bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unfolkloric Slavery
Authors: Godreau Isar P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the history of plantation slavery and sugar cane in Ponce. Before emancipation, libertos performed tasks related to the processing of sugar in the mills. From the point of view of hacendados, libertos were the most knowledgeable labor force and the most familiar with daily routines of sugar production. That placed them at a high position in the hierarchy of labor. As the sugarcane industry became more mechanized, the knowledge and skills of libertos became more indispensable. Consequently, after the abolition of slavery in 1873, hacendados adopted various methods to try to keep libertos working for them. One strategy consisted of offering libertos small plots of land on the grounds of the hacienda. Libertos could farm and grow animals for their family's subsistence in these plots. The ownership of land, albeit small, also gave libertos some degree of autonomy.
Hispanophile Zones of Whiteness
Authors: Godreau Isar P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines narratives developed during the 1930s that exalted the influence of Spain in Puerto Rican culture in order to counteract the political and economic colonial encroachment of the United States. Hispanophile proponents consider Puerto Rico an offshoot of Spain and Puerto Rican culture a product of Spain's colonizing influence. However, more than a discourse in favor of Spain, Hispanophilia was first and foremost a discourse that sought to differentiate Puerto Rico from the United States. Proponents of Hispanophilia argue that the nation is culturally white. In the context of narratives that distinguish Puerto Rico from the United States, such “cultural whiteness” can be qualified as Spanish or “Hispanic whiteness” vis-à-vis “Anglo-Saxon whiteness.”
Death, Mourning, and Cultural Memory on the Internet
Authors: Thorpe Holly
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the cultural production of memory in the digital era through Facebook memorial pages and virtual memorial websites dedicated to deceased sporting heroes. Increasingly, fans, family, friends, and journalists are turning to the Internet to express their condolences, communicate with other mourners, and memorialize the deceased in “highly creative, interactive, and dynamic ways.” Constituting a “record of the multiple, contested, and changing emotional responses,” these websites become “valuable archives of the public affective responses to cultural trauma.” The chapter then focuses on surfer Andy Irons and skier Sarah Burke, who died in 2010 and 2012, respectively, and who have been memorialized extensively online.
On the Nature of Sport
Authors: Sydnor Synthia
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that digital culture is a recent addition to myriad forms of expression and expressiveness that have occurred since time immemorial. Digital media then, “are tools that enable humans to continue doing what has always been at the core of the human condition: living in community, communicating, consuming, gathering, playing.” The chapter also develops a treatise on the nature of sport that takes into account both the digital era and theories of play, ritual, and culture. Cyber activities around sport, including “fantasy league play; social and individual memories of sports performance; video/computer games; the seemingly infinite growth of sport performances/stunts showcased on YouTube, tweets, and the colossal transglobal economy associated with sport,” replicate the “fun, thrills, danger, gravity play” and other affective sensations surrounding participation in sport itself. Ultimately, the digital revolution confirms the formal, symbolic ritualistic nature of sport more than it transforms.
Who’s Afraid of the Internet?
Authors: Mclachlan Fiona , Booth Douglas
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the Internet and its broad array of social media effectively constitute an endless historical archive that immerses historians “in an expanded, and expanding, collection of fragments.” This immersion coincides time-wise with changing historical approaches that embrace cultural forms and new ontologies, epistemologies, and methodologies. Using three historical genres—reconstructionism, constructionism, and deconstructionism—the chapter analyzes the ways that sport historians do, and could, engage with the Internet. For reconstructionists, the Internet facilitates research by providing access to sites, artifacts, news, and official documents, but does not fundamentally alter practice. Constructionists use social theory to investigate not only the documents and other remnants of the past but also the repositories of those items, such as libraries, archives, museums, and the Internet itself. Meanwhile, for deconstructionists—who focus on the production and form of historical narratives—the Internet changes the way narratives are represented and understood and enables new ways of arranging and presenting subject matter.
Fahrenheit 451 in Contexts
Authors: Seed David
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and its dystopian contexts. The novel widely is recognized as a classic among postwar American dystopias. It belongs in that body of science fiction published just after the Second World War, which gradually took over the function of social criticism previously performed by realist fiction. The novel shares an overall pattern common to two of the most famous dystopias of the period: Frederik Pohl and Cyril Kornbluth's The Space Merchants and Kurt Vonnegut's Player Piano (1952). All three novels focus on a protagonist working within an organization with which he becomes increasingly dissatisfied. Under the impact of a catalytic character or event, these dissatisfactions gradually come to a head and result in final separation from that organization.
The Rise of Louis St. Ange de Bellerive
Authors: Ekberg Carl J. , Person Sharon K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces Louis St. Ange de Bellerive's slow ascent to power during the three decades preceding the French and Indian War, with particular emphasis on his rise as an Indian diplomatist and important Illinois Country administrator during his command of the outpost of Vincennes on the east bank of the Wabash (Ouabache) River. St. Ange's peculiar calling was Indian diplomacy. He spent his entire adult life conducting intricate, peaceful negotiations with Indians. The chapter begins with a discussion of St. Ange's appointment as commandant for the Wabash post vacated by François-Marie Bissot de Vincennes, along with the gradual disintegration of the anti-French coalition that left the Wabash Valley in relative peace during the French and Indian War. It then considers St. Ange's establishment of a traditional Illinois Country settlement at Vincennes and his eventual departure on May 18, 1764 to replace Neyon de Villiers as commandant at Fort de Chartres.
End of an Era
Authors: Ekberg Carl J. , Person Sharon K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter reflects on Louis St. Ange de Bellerive's diplomatic work with various Indian tribes during his lifetime. From the time that St. Ange was stationed with his father at Fort St. Joseph until he arrived at St. Louis as commandant in October 1765, he dealt with Indians of one tribe or another on a daily basis. His entire adult life was all about Indians, not only in the public arena, but also about the Indian women who bore his children. In discussing Indian affairs, St. Ange never once suggested employing force of any kind as an instrument of policy. Although a military man, his passion, his knowledge, and his skill lay in diplomacy, not warfare. This chapter discusses St. Ange's attitude toward Indians as well as his concubines, his Indian slaves, and the last seventeen months of his life, which he spent in the residence of Marie-Thérèse Bourgeois Chouteau. St. Ange was found dead in his bed on December 27, 1774.
Introduction
Authors: Hasinoff Amy Adele
Published: May 2017

This book explores the debate over sexting—the creation and sharing of personal sexual images or text messages via mobile phones or internet applications, including Facebook, Snapchat, and email— and the questions it raises about adolescent girls' sexuality in the larger context of privacy in digital media, including the standards for consent, information ethics, and the nature of participation and agency in an information economy. The book critiques typical responses to sexting and argues that protecting teens, and girls in particular, from malicious peers and overzealous prosecutors may require recognizing the girls' sexual agency and choices when they sext consensually. This introduction considers why sexting is illegal and discusses the fear and promise of technology, particularly the internet. It also explains how the vague and broad nature of child pornography laws amplifies the panic about sexting. Finally, it provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
Information and consent
Authors: Hasinoff Amy Adele
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the idea that personal information is impossible to control and how this assumption operates in discussions about sexting. It argues that current models of privacy and information flows online do not adequately account for consent and instead stresses the need for better policies and a more robust conversation about social norms of privacy online. Building on feminist theories of sexual consent and challenging the view that all information should be free, the chapter proposes a framework for privacy that requires explicit consent for the circulation of any private information. It explains how thinking about consent in the circulation of media leads to a range of alternative responses to privacy violations. It also maintains that privacy should be seen as context-dependent, not technology-or format-dependent.
Anarchist Immigrants in Spain and Argentina
Authors: Baer James A.
Published: May 2017

From 1868 through 1939, anarchists' migrations from Spain to Argentina and back again created a transnational ideology and influenced the movement's growth in each country. This book follows the lives, careers, and travels of Diego Abad de Santillán, Manuel Villar, and other migrating anarchists to highlight the ideological and interpersonal relationships that defined a vital era in anarchist history. Drawing on extensive interviews with Abad de Santillán, José Grunfeld, and Jacobo Maguid, along with unusual access to anarchist records and networks, the book uncovers the ways anarchist migrants in pursuit of jobs and political goals formed a critical nucleus of militants, binding the two countries in an ideological relationship that profoundly affected the history of both. It also considers the impact of reverse migration and discusses political decisions that had a hitherto unknown influence on the course of the Spanish Civil War. Personal in perspective and transnational in scope, the book offers an enlightening history of a movement and an era.
Anarchists and Immigration from Spain to Argentina
Authors: Baer James A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the Spanish anarchist movement and its link to emigration through the lives of Antonio Pellicer Paraire, José Prat, and Gregorio Inglán y Lafarga. Their travels, experiences, and influence link the anarchist movements in Spain and in Argentina. Some Italian and Spanish and a few French immigrants had been familiar with or participants in European anarchist movements. Many had struggled with internecine conflicts before coming to Argentina and brought these quarrels with them. But in a new environment with mixtures of peoples and ideas from many areas, they began to integrate different notions into a truly Argentine anarchism that became very dynamic at the turn of the twentieth century.
It’s About Time Women Put a New Face on Love
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Timmermann Marybeth
Published: May 2017

It’s about time women put a new face on love. They are becoming both independent and responsible, active builders of the world. But this metamorphosis still causes dismay. A thousand prophets mutter that they will drag love to its ruin, and with it all poetry, illusion, and happiness. Until now our civilization has never known a love that was not founded on inequality. Women capable of genuine passion kneel worshipfully before their master, sovereign, god. This idea is so deeply rooted in men’s hearts that if a woman does not lie prostrate at their feet, they fear that they may themselves be forced to play the ignominious slave. The myth of the patient Griselda has been replaced by that of the praying mantis. The one gives, the other exploits. The gifts that the first showers upon him are a burden, and the second succeeds in wringing profit from the male only through submission to him; both are parasites who camouflage, each in her own way, their dependence. Is it not possible to conceive a new kind of love in which both partners are equals—one not seeking submission to the other? Or in the society of the future will there only be room, as so many claim, for a comradeship in which sex occurs only at absolute need?...
Preface to Family Planning
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone
Published: May 2017

The idea of “family planning” has only hesitantly begun to make its way into France, even though it is common practice in four-fifths of the world. Dr. Lagroua Weill-Hallé’s book shows the benefits gained by the countries that put it into practice, and by contrast, brings attention to the outrageously backward legislation to which French families are subjected....
Introduction
Authors: Chaperon Sylvie
Published: May 2017

The following texts, published initially in Le nouvel observateur for the most part, are able to shed some light on the partnership that unites Simone de Beauvoir with the MLF (French Women’s Liberation Movement). Three generations separate Simone de Beauvoir from the movement’s young activists. Activists such as Claudine Monteil, who was twenty years old and deeply moved when she met the elderly lady of Schoelcher Street, was in her mother’s womb when ...
The Classification of Style
Authors: Bosse Joanna
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces the reader to to the tenets of ballroom dance by focusing on the various classificatory systems used in social dances. It begins with a discussion of the “ballroom umbrella” and the wealth of symbolic resources it encompasses, first by considering dancesport and social dancing, followed by an analysis of International and American styles of ballroom performance. It then examines four themes that emerge from classificatory systems: an emphasis on a high degree of specialization in performance; the demonstration of control over the body and its movement; the rationalization of movement and the ideas articulated by it, especially as mediated by language and other symbols; and an association with Western Europe. The chapter suggests that dance classifications also function as social classifications that serve to stratify individuals and groups according to their perception of the social order. More specifically, they articulate the betwixt-and-between-ness that characterizes the American middle class.
Performing Race, Remaking Whiteness
Authors: Bosse Joanna
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the intersection between race and ballroom dance by focusing on the racial stereotypes encoded within Standard and Latin genres. More specifically, it considers more tacit aspects of ballroom dance, race, whiteness, and exoticism, and how they are encoded as different aspects of beauty in American expressive forms. The chapter first considers the performance of Standard and Latin dances before discussing the competition dances of both genres. It also examines a third category employed at the Regent Ballroom and Banquet Center, the Nightclub/street dances, and proceeds by looking at the relationship between essentialism and the performance of race. It argues that the performance of ballroom dance is structured by the dualistic and racialized notions of a rational self, a normalized whiteness, and an embodied, explicitly racialized other.
War
Authors: Ehrlich Matthew C. , Saltzman Joe
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how popular culture reflects the conflicted image of war reporting. War reporting commands unique prestige, having been viewed as “the ultimate journalistic challenge” and “a glamorous specialism of journalism” that is practiced by “an elite, specialized class apart and above regular reporters.” Although there have been notable exceptions, the war correspondent has been regularly portrayed as a hero whose job requires day-to-day courage and toughness. At the same time, those correspondents have confronted both pointed questions about their loyalties and blatant attempts to manipulate or intimidate them. Their efforts to remain as neutral observers fail again and again, and the terrible things they witness threaten to do them irrevocable harm.
Innovation, Participation, and “A Horrible Musical Stew”
Authors: Gough Peter , Seeger Peggy
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores California's Federal Music Project (FMP), which produced the largest, most comprehensive and eclectic of the Music Projects in the western region. More than in any other state outside of New York, the opera proved quite popular in California, and musical productions drew tremendous critical praise and public interest. African American choral groups in both the Bay Area and Los Angeles also garnished much approval and remained some of the most popular of all Federal One efforts. Moreover, the California Folk Music Project—cosponsored by the University of California, Berkeley—collected and preserved an extensive array of traditional music, and several orquestas tipicas in Southern California grew and public approval. Federal Music in California also engaged the first female conductor of a major symphony orchestra.
“Spit, Baling Wire, Mirrors” and the WPA
Authors: Gough Peter , Seeger Peggy
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Musical Projects in Colorado, Utah, Oregon and Washington. The intermountain states of Colorado and Utah and the Pacific northwestern states of Oregon and Washington all maintained Federal Music Project (FMP) programs. These FMP programs strove, to varying degrees, to integrate indigenous themes and folksong into their musical repertoire. While none experienced the confrontations with the federal or regional administrations that Arizona or New Mexico did, or the unceasing internal squabbling of California, all demonstrated a desire for agency and autonomy in their musical productions. These programs also reflected the regional and musical complexion of their individual states. Indeed, the goals of the individual programs and the resultant power plays between local, state, and national administrations—as well as the subsequent compromises and adjustments—determined the direction of Federal Music in each of these projects.
Lost People and Distant Kin
Authors: High Casey
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Waorani understandings of violence are linked to ongoing political and economic transformations in Amazonia by focusing on the Taromenani massacre of 2003. Multinational oil development and illegal logging on indigenous lands are among the ecologically destructive and socially disruptive forces that Waorani and other indigenous peoples of Amazonia face today. These and other kowori-driven processes contribute to violent conflicts within and between indigenous communities in unpredictable ways. Rather than viewing Waorani people simply as victims of powerful outsiders, the chapter considers how these processes are also embedded in Waorani understandings of sociality, alterity, and revenge. It suggests that the Taromenani massacre is a manifestation of the complex interrelationships between Waorani cosmology and ongoing processes of economic development in Amazonia, including oil roads and the rapid influx of colonists and illegal loggers. The massacre also illustrates how violence at once creates and transcends boundaries between kinship and enmity, whether we consider the logic of revenge killing that appears to have motivated the perpetrators or Waorani concerns about losing potential kin.
Afterword
Authors: High Casey
Published: May 2017

This afterword discusses some of the recent events described in this book that have continued to unfold in Ecuador. The most important of these is the arrest and imprisonment of seven Waorani men involved in the latest revenge attack against the Taromenani. Just as Waorani make appeals to the Ecuadorian authorities to respect their autonomy, lawyers and other commentators call for the state to recognize the latest massacre of the Taromenani as a form of “indigenous justice,” arguing that revenge killings are necessary for restoring “equilibrium” in Waorani society. Another contentious issue is the ever-expanding oil frontier in Ecuador that continues to pressurize relations between Waorani people and groups living in voluntary isolation. The author concludes by expressing the hope that national and global attention to environmental conservation and indigenous rights in Amazonia will make the growing public concern about these issues less easily ignored in the future.
The End of an Era
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter details advances in figure skating as well as international competitions in the late nineteenth century. In England, combined skating reached a high level of perfection. On the Continent, the connection of figures provided the seminal beginning of modern free skating. In the Scandinavian countries, special figures became ever more intricate. Although these styles tended to remain regional in scope, communication through books, competitions, and fellowship at the winter resorts in Switzerland created a broad awareness of them, and some mixing of the styles would seem to have been inevitable. Unfortunately, they were fundamentally so different that any logical mixing of them was not possible. Ultimately, there had to be universal acceptance of one style rather than the creation of a new hybrid style. International competitions in the 1880s accelerated the need for change, and the establishment of the International Skating Union in 1892 provided a structure capable of effecting that change.
Skating for an Audience
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the evolution of show skating. Show skating is neither new nor unique. Its roots can be traced back farther than competitive skating. In Victorian England, gentlemen amateurs tell of interested observers who watched in amazement as they traced their figures, and they admit that their egos swelled with pride when spectators watched them go through their paces. That was amateur skating at its best, albeit with an element of showing off to those less skilled. Jackson Haines, however, skated professionally in the United States and Canada before moving permanently to Europe to continue his career. Thus, exhibition types of skating, from individuals showing off on local ponds to itinerant professionals were a part of the skating scene in the mid-nineteenth century. While the success of Haines' performances in Europe is legion, skating shows were popular in America as well. The importance of carnivals to the advancement of the sport cannot be overemphasized because they provided performance experience to skaters at all levels.
The Golden Age of American Skating
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the evolution of figure skating after World War II. World War II was more devastating to the skating community than was World War I, primarily because figure skating between the wars had become more widespread. The seven-year lapse in international competition retested figure skating's resilience. However, it not only survived but developed into a greater sport than it was before. Before the war, North Americans did not win any European, World, or Olympic titles. When the European and World Championships were reestablished in 1947, Barbara Ann Scott of Canada won gold medals. The following year Scott and Dick Button of the United States won gold medals at those competitions and at the Olympic Games as well. From 1947 through 1960 North American skaters were gold medalists in at least one discipline every year, and they dominated the sport in singles skating, changing it dramatically through expanded athleticism. The leader in what has been called the golden age of American skating was Dick Button.
The Psychology of Play
Authors: Henricks Thomas S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the psychology of play, with particular emphasis on one of the contexts that support play and provide the terms for its explorations: the psyche. It first highlights key themes that are pertinent to psychological interpretations of play before discussing three classic descriptions of how play is “minded”: Jean Piaget's cognitive-moral behavior theory, Sigmund Freud's expressive behavior theory, and Lev Vygotsky's imaginative-performance theory. The chapter also considers the perspectives of some psychologists and human development theorists who advance the theories presented above by offering their own integrative visions of play. These scholars include Erik Erikson, Jerome Bruner, Greta Fein, Dorothy and Jerome L. Singer, and Brian Sutton-Smith. The chapter concludes with an assessment of play's role in therapy and how it helps people explore the implications of self, in its individual and collective dimensions.
The Social Life of Play
Authors: Henricks Thomas S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the social life of play. As the patterning of human relationships, social context shapes play by offering behavioral formats or directives that both support and restrict our actions. Such directives are manifested in countless situations and at different levels of abstraction; they constitute the social reality of our lives. In that context, the chapter examines play as a “social construction of reality”—that is, a process of reality construction and maintenance. It discusses three levels of social reality: self-identity, social relationships, and social structure. It also considers George Herbert Mead's play and game stages of development, play as performance and presentation, Georg Simmel's play form of association, Erving Goffman's theory of frame utilization, social functions of play, and play's relationship to power and privilege. The chapter concludes by revisiting Pierre Bourdieu's argument that similarly situated groups of people develop their own tastes and style of life that afford them personal satisfaction and easeful interaction.
Books and Angels
Authors: Hicks Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the Mormons' earliest choirs, first by considering passages in the Book of Mormon that mentioned heavenly “choirs”—all of which would have made sense to a young religious American in the 1820s named Joseph Smith. For almost a decade Smith had visits from spirits awash in heavenly light. One of those spirits, an angel named Moroni, had led him repeatedly to a local hillside where a stone box of gold plates lay buried. The result was the Book of Mormon; one of its passages makes reference to the prophet Mormon's promise of heavenly choir membership as a reward to the faithful. This chapter discusses the founding and organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the first choirs it assembled, including the one at Kirtland Temple in Ohio and another at Nauvoo Temple in Illinois. It also examines the anti-choir, anti-music-literacy strand of American Protestantism during the nineteenth century and how conflicting visions of musical literacy lived on in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
From within the Shadow
Authors: Hicks Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the activities of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir under Spencer Cornwall's conductorship. Cornwall began his tenure by refashioning the Choir's sound. He summoned each Choir member to his office at the McCune School of Music for them to reaudition. By the end of the auditions, Cornwall had cut the membership rolls by 187 from the levels at Anthony Lund's death. Cornwall brought not only new standards but a new set of ideals, attitudes, and rehearsal techniques. In the Choir's tone and delivery, Cornwall seemed to care most about dynamics, straight tone, and enunciation. As for the pacing and mood of rehearsals, Cornwall's public-school career guided his style. This chapter first considers the Choir's conflict with the Utah Symphony and University of Utah choirs before describing its radio and television broadcasts, repertoire, recordings, concerts, and international tours with Cornwall at the helm.
The Polish Hearst
Authors: Jaroszynska-Kirchmann Anna D.
Published: May 2017

Arriving in the United States in 1883, typesetter Antoni A. Paryski founded a publishing empire that earned him the nickname “The Polish Hearst.” His weekly Ameryka-Echo became a defining publication in the international Polish diaspora and its much-read letters section a public sphere for immigrants to come together as a community to discuss issues in their own language. This book mines seven decades' worth of thoughts expressed by Ameryka-Echo readers to chronicle the ethnic press' long-overlooked role in the immigrant experience. Open and unedited debate harkened back to homegrown journalistic traditions, and this book opens the door on the nuances of an editorial philosophy that cultivated readers as important content creators. As the book shows, ethnic publications in the process forged immigrant social networks and pushed notions of education and self-improvement throughout Polonia.
Got On My Traveling Shoes
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role played by the Great Migration in the development of black sacred music in Chicago. Starting around 1916, thousands of black men, women, and children landed on Chicago's shores as part of the Great Migration, also known as the Great Northern Drive. Regardless of the way migrants traveled, Chicago was the destination of choice, the Promised Land. This chapter first discusses the sources of the new African American migrants' disillusionments in Chicago, including unemployment and substandard housing, before turning to early congregational singing in sanctified services and in storefront churches. It then considers the rise of African American Protestant churches as well as the migrants' creation of their own “islands of southern culture.” It also compares northern and southern worship practices among African American churches and concludes with an overview of the proliferation of storefront and sanctified churches in Chicago, along with sanctified worship in Spiritual churches and their influence on gospel music.
“When the Fire Fell”
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the sanctified churches' contribution to the development of Chicago gospel music. Female evangelist Mattie L. Thornton is considered the organizer of Chicago's first sanctified church, the Holy Nazarene Tabernacle Apostolic Church, around 1908. By 1919, about twenty Holiness churches had been established throughout the city. This chapter first considers Holiness and Pentecostal movements with sanctified denominations that played significant roles in planting the seeds of gospel music in Chicago, including the Church of God in Christ (COGIC). It then profiles two leaders in the COGIC church community whose progeny would become important figures in gospel music: Bishop William Roberts and Elder Eleazar Lenox. It also explores how gospel music and sermon recordings became a way for sanctified churches to spread their message beyond the confines of the church walls, focusing on such artists as Arizona Dranes and preachers like Rev. William Arthur White, Rev. Ford Washington McGee, Rev. D. C. Rice, and Rev. Leora Ross.
Sacred Music in Transition
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Chicago sacred music in a period of transition, focusing on the roles played by Charles Henry Pace and the Pace Jubilee Singers. The Pace Jubilee Singers are a fascinating example of African American sacred music in transition. They were among Chicago's first black religious artists to perform on radio, broadcasting during the 1920s and early 1930s over radio station WCBN and megawatt stations WLS and WGN. The group was also among the first mixed jubilee ensembles to feature a female soloist prominently in the person of Hattie Parker. This chapter first provides a historical background on Pace and his formation of the Pace Jubilee Singers before discussing the group's recordings, including sessions with Victor Records, and Parker's contribution to the group. It also considers the Pace Jubilee Singers' radio appearances following the end of their recording career, as well as the careers of Parker and Pace after the group's disbandment. Pace continued writing and publishing sacred music, including gospel songs, in Pittsburgh. He died on December 16, 1963.
From Birmingham to Chicago
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the advent of gospel quartet singing in Chicago around the late 1920s, when Norman McQueen, Charles Bridges, and other quartet trainers migrated to Chicago from the South. McQueen, Bridges, and others introduced to Chicago a style of part singing that was earthier and more vocally percussive than what jubilee quartets were used to singing. Thanks to the quartet sound, gospel music became extremely popular nationally. This chapter documents the history of jubilee quartets in Chicago, beginning with the Standard Quartette followed by the Sunset Four, and proceeds with a discussion of the contributions of McQueen, Bridges, the Soul Stirrers, the Famous Blue Jays of Birmingham, and other gospel quartets to the growth of the Chicago quartet movement. Finally, it looks at some Chicago-based female quartets such as the Four Harmony Queens, the Crooning Sisters, the GoldenTone Female Quartet, the Four Loving Sisters, and the Jubilee Four Female Quartet.
The Rise of Cantonese Opera
Authors: Ng Wing Chung
Published: May 2017

Defined by its distinct performance style, stage practices, and regional- and dialect-based identities, Cantonese opera originated as a traditional art form performed by itinerant companies in temple courtyards and rural market fairs. In the early 1900s, however, Cantonese opera began to capture mass audiences in the commercial theaters of Hong Kong and Guangzhou—a transformation that changed it forever. This book charts Cantonese opera's confrontations with state power, nationalist discourses, and its challenge to the ascendancy of Peking opera as the country's preeminent “national theatre.” Mining vivid oral histories and heretofore untapped archival sources, the book relates how Cantonese opera evolved from a fundamentally rural tradition into urbanized entertainment distinguished by a reliance on capitalization and celebrity performers. It also expands analysis to the transnational level, showing how waves of Chinese emigration to Southeast Asia and North America further re-shaped Cantonese opera into a vibrant part of the ethnic Chinese social life and cultural landscape in the many corners of a sprawling diaspora.
Itinerant Actors and Red Boats in the Pearl River Delta
Authors: Ng Wing Chung
Published: May 2017

This chapter reconstructs the early history of Cantonese opera, from the theater activities in Ming-Qing Guangdong to opera troupes from various parts of China where major theatrical genres had taken shape. The ensuing process of domestication of such extra-provincial theatrical materials, mingled with local musical sources, gradually nurtured a regional style of theater that has been known for its eclectic quality ever since. By the last third of the nineteenth century, local opera had flourished as an itinerant operation with acting troupes performing on stage in temple courtyards and in makeshift structures at rural market fairs across the estuaries of the Pearl River Delta. This was the legendary “era of the red boat,” named after the flat-bottomed wooden crafts used as means of conveyance and as accommodations by the actors.
Popular Theater in the Diaspora
Authors: Ng Wing Chung
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an overview on the spread of theater activities in the wake of massive emigration from Guangdong to Southeast Asia and North America from the mid-nineteenth century to the eve of the Pacific War. Extant records indicate a historical outline with three succeeding phases: (1) the opening period from the 1850s to the 1880s, when Cantonese opera activities were noticed in various locations on the heels of the first major wave of migration from the Pearl River Delta region to different parts of the Pacific Basin; (2) the intermediate period from the 1890s to the 1910s, with ups and downs registered in different places according to specific conditions; and (3) the interwar years of the 1920s and the early 1930s, when Cantonese opera, as a transnational theater, achieved unprecedented vibrancy.
The Real Cyber War
Authors: Powers Shawn M. , Jablonski Michael
Published: May 2017

Contemporary discussion surrounding the role of the Internet in society is dominated by words like: internet freedom, surveillance, cybersecurity, Edward Snowden and, most prolifically, cyber war. Behind the rhetoric of cyber war is an on-going state-centered battle for control of information resources. This book conceptualizes this real cyber war as the utilization of digital networks for geopolitical purposes, including covert attacks against another state's electronic systems, but also, and more importantly, the variety of ways the internet is used to further a state's economic and military agendas. Moving beyond debates on the democratic value of new and emerging information technologies, the book focuses on political, economic, and geopolitical factors driving internet freedom policies, in particular the U.S. State Department's emerging doctrine in support of a universal freedom to connect. It argues that efforts to create a universal internet built upon Western legal, political, and social preferences is driven by economic and geopolitical motivations rather than the humanitarian and democratic ideals that typically accompany related policy discourse. In fact, the freedom-to-connect movement is intertwined with broader efforts to structure global society in ways that favor American and Western cultures, economies, and governments. The book reveals how internet policies and governance have emerged as critical sites of geopolitical contestation, with results certain to shape statecraft, diplomacy, and conflict in the twenty-first century.
Conclusion
Authors: Powers Shawn M. , Jablonski Michael
Published: May 2017

This book has argued that the real cyber war is a competition among different political economies of the information society. It has shown how discourses of “internet freedom” serve to legitimize a particular political economy of globalism and how the increasingly vocal call for information sovereignty serves a legitimating function for state efforts to govern highly complex societies in a world wired for globally instantaneous communications. By emphasizing four lines of conceptual inquiry—history, social totality, moral philosophy, and praxis—a political-economy framework places the internet-freedom movement in the broader geopolitical and economic context within which strategic actors are competing for resources and power. The book has also examined the various economic and political interests at stake in debates over internet governance by focusing on Google's efforts to dominate each of the four distinct aspects of the information economy, the economics of internet connectivity, and the myth of multistakeholderism. In closing, the book revisits the idea that data is the new oil.
Player Rights 1951 and 1957
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines one of the most contentious issues in professional sports leagues that were tackled at the Congressional hearings in 1951 and 1957: player rights. The reserve clause and the player draft allowed owners to minimize competition for players and therefore to have salary-setting power over their players, giving them discretion in how much they paid them. Owners and their commissioners employed novel arguments supporting the necessity of having the reserve clause. This chapter first provides an overview of the sorry state of player salaries in professional team sports before considering the owners' explicit use of the reserve clause and how players began challenging it. It concludes with a discussion of Congress's inquiry into player rights, the challenges to the player draft, the formation of players' associations, the outcome of the hearings, and the inquiry's impact on owner-player relations.
Closing the Last Vestige of a “Free Market” In Labor 1964
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the issues surrounding player draft in professional sports leagues. During the postwar era, baseball officials and players often mentioned free agents. Unlike the free agents of our era, however, these players were talented amateur players. Indeed, high school and college players constituted the remaining vestige of a free market for baseball labor during the postwar era. The owners quickly discovered that this free market for labor was costly and made attempts to curb spending on amateur players, sparking allegations of cheating that led to distrust among them. This chapter first considers the creation of the amateur draft in Major League Baseball (MLB) before discussing the reverse-order draft in the National Football League (NFL) and the player draft in the National Basketball Association (NBA). It concludes with an assessment of the impact of the draft on owners and players.
Compositional Beginnings, 1933–1936
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Beyer's compositional beginnings. Aside from several solo pieces composed in 1931 and 1932—a piano waltz and two solo clarinet suites, respectively—Beyer composed several chamber pieces during 1933. She continued making strides in her compositional work and developed new working methods. By December 1934, Beyer was gaining recognition for her music, but no money. Like most musicians during the Depression, Beyer struggled financially. However, despite foreclosures and other threats, the year 1935 brought some relief through the Works Progress Administration and its associated initiatives, and it is probably during this time that she taught piano under the auspices of the Federal Music Project. Eventually, Beyer had the first of her two Composers' Forum-Laboratory concerts on May 20, 1936, during which a number of her pieces were performed.
New York Waltzes
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Beyer's solo piano pieces. The titles for her three major piano suites—Gebrauchs-Musik, Dissonant Counterpoint, and Clusters—derive from techniques in the air during the mid-1930s. Beyer's Gebrauchs-Musik (1934) consists of five short, mostly two-voice pieces. The undated Dissonant Counterpoint likewise explores repeating and evolving rhythmic patterns, as well as additive rhythm ideas, expanding the length of individual measures within an ametrical setting and creating discretely separate phrase structures similar to techniques used in her clarinet suites. Like much of Beyer's music, these pieces frequently include difficult polyrhythms. Indeed, the pieces in these suites tend to alternate between a quick, rhythmic style and a slow, static one.
The People, Yes
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Beyer's compositions for voice—songs and choral works—between 1933 and 1937. Her three single songs and two three-song sets make use of her own poetry and that of two other writers. Beyer's manuscripts of Sky-Pieces (1933) are accompanied by four different cover pages, three of which reproduce Carl Sandburg's quirky poem about fedoras, slouch and panama hats, derbies, and sombreros. Perhaps due to her acquaintance with the Boston Symphony Orchestra principle clarinetist Rosario Mazzeo, Beyer then wrote a total of four songs for soprano and clarinet in 1934. Also composed in 1934, Beyer's Three Songs for Soprano and Clarinet are settings of Beyer's own poetry. Two of the poems (“Total Eclipse” and “Universal-Local”) had been written in 1932, and the third (“To Be”) was dated December 1934. Additionally, between 1935 and 1937, Beyer wrote five choral works.
Beyer’s Final Years, 1940–44
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at Beyer's final years. The summer of 1940 was busy for Beyer. She taught piano at a number of schools and private homes around the greater New York area, and the families for whom she taught were central to her social life. She also spent much of July house-sitting for the family of her gifted ten-year-old piano student Roland Leitner, with whom she was particularly close and to whom she dedicated one of her last works, the Sonatina in C, in 1943. The chapter then examines Beyer's illness, which became acute in 1941. According to Bertha Reynolds, Beyer received a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in June of that year, and Reynolds later believed that to be the cause of her death. However, according to Beyer's death certificate, she had received a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as early as 1938.
Conclusion
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter argues that both Beyer the woman and Beyer the composer have been received and interpreted in a variety of ways that warrant further exploration and consideration. Her biography itself is intriguing, and her compositions are important works of their time, but the story of her absence from history following her death is fascinating in and of itself, as is the revival and reassessment of her work in recent decades. From her disappearance from the historical record to the many archival sources, editions, performances, recordings, and works of scholarship that are available today, Beyer seems to have finally achieved the attention she so desperately—and futilely—sought for her music during her lifetime.
Introduction
Authors: Tapias Maria
Published: May 2017

This book examines how the intimate experiences of illness and distress are linked to what medical anthropologists refer to as “social suffering”—the broad array of social and structural conditions that underlie human anguish and misery. Drawing on the narratives of market- and working-class women from the small Bolivian town of Punata, the book argues that emotions and the embodiment of emotion are at the heart of various diseases and symptoms. It shows how the political and economic volatility that hit Bolivia during the 1990s and in the first years of the twenty-first century as a result of neoliberal reforms sparked protest on a much smaller scale as people complained and embodied the so-called violences of everyday life. It shows that much of the emotional distress voiced by the women of Punata was related to social conflicts, domestic violence, economic scarcity, and what is termed “failed sociality.” This introduction explains the book's research methodology and provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
The Intergenerational Embodiment of Social Suffering
Authors: Tapias Maria
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how market and working-class women in Bolivia perceived children's health to be affected through mothers' faulty emotional responses to distress and through their bodies. Focusing on the experience of two working-class women in Punata, the chapter examines the intergenerational embodiment of emotional distress and the ways in which social suffering affects children through folk illnesses known as arrebato and debilidad. The discussion centers on the interrelationships among maternal emotions, breastfeeding, pregnancy, and infant susceptibility to illness. The cases are presented within the context of the global war on drugs and money-laundering activities that reveal the entanglement of the interrelational politics of emotional expression, gender relations, and the impact of the economic reforms and the coca/cocaine industry at a local level.