bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How fictive dynamicity motivates aspect marking: The riddle of the Finnish quasi-resultative construction
Authors: Huumo Tuomas
Published: April 2006

This article studies fictive dynamicity as a factor motivating aspectual case marking in Finnish. In Finnish transitive sentences aspect is marked with the morphological case of the object: the restrictive object is used in sentences with a resultative meaning, whereas the partitive object is used in sentences indicating either atelicity, irresultativity, or progressivity. Interestingly, however, the restrictive object is also used in so-called quasi-resultative sentences, the aspectual meaning of which is atelic. These typically express a static physical location, perception, or cognition. In this article I argue that the use of the restrictive object in quasi-resultative sentences reflects the telic features of the conceptualization used to construct the representation of the atelic situation, where the atelic situation is represented as the result of a fictive change. This study thus extends the concept of fictive dynamicity to cover phenomena related to linguistic aspect.
Addressing an audience: Time, place, and genre in Peter van Straaten’s calendar cartoons
Authors: Forceville Charles
Published: April 2006

Cartoons, like other forms of mass media, are aimed not just at anybody, but at a multitude of individuals. The extent to which these numerous individuals understand the cartoons in the same way depends not only on their shared interpretations of the word and image texts themselves, but also on interpretation strategies suggested by the (near)identical circumstances under which the cartoons are accessed. As Gail Dines points out, ‘‘locating cartoons within the cultural realm of mass communication requires an understanding of how these media forms come into existence and how they are consumed by the intended audience’’ (1995: 238). To understand better how cartoons are processed, it is necessary to generalize about contextual factors governing their perception. In this paper I examine cartoons by the Dutchman Peter van Straaten that all appeared on a tear-off calendar in the year 2001. The question addressed is how the temporal and spatial circumstances under which the cartoons are accessed, in combination with the generic conventions of the calendar in which they appear, trigger the activation of specific cognitive schemata, and thus steer and constrain possible interpretations. The general framework in which these matters are discussed is Sperber and Wilson’s (1995) Relevance Theory.
China’s Biotechnology Industry and the International Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Loppacher Laura J. , Kerr William A.
Published: April 2006

Intellectual property rights were an anathema to the Marxist philosophy that dominated China for the second half of the 20th century. China's recent economic reforms have recognised the need for property rights in a market-oriented economy. Further, China's accession to the market oriented World Trade Organization (WTO) requires that it become legally compliant with the WTO's Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS). China has, however, struggled to put in place an effective legal regime for intellectual property. Agricultural biotechnology is a knowledge industry. While China has worked hard to develop a domestic biotechnology industry, it is almost entirely funded by the government. Both because the investment demands of the Chinese biotechnology industry exceed the funds that can be made available by the government and to fully capitalize on the industry's potential requires the participation of foreign biotechnology firms, intellectual property protection for biotechnology has become of central importance to its future development. This paper reviews the progress China has made in putting in place an internationally compliant intellectual property regime for biotechnology. The constraints and prospects for the future development of the biotechnology industry in China are reviewed.

The TRIPS Agreement, which came into effect on 1 January 1995, is to date the most comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property. (World Trade Organization, 2004a, p.1)
Biotechnology Law in The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Authors: Hilmer Sarah E.
Published: April 2006

Introduction

The communist state of Vietnam with its currently 64 provinces (tinh) and 5 municipalities (thu do), experienced little economic growth over the last two decades. This was a result of the more conservative leadership policies in the country. However, since 2001 Vietnamese authorities have committed to economic liberalization, whereby structural reforms were enacted, as well as the economy was modernized and the country produced more competitive, export-driven industries.

With a population of approximately 82,689,518, over 70 % of the people are involved in agricultural production, such as paddy rice, corn, potatoes, rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas, sugar; pigs, and fish. Other active development of the country, besides agriculture, is considered to be industry with its imports and exports. The growth rate of the national economy is estimated of 7.2 % on average, and investments for science, technology and environmental protection can be seen as the major reasons of economic growth.
Editorial
Authors: Spranger Tade Matthias
Published: April 2006

With its recently enforced Act on the Reform of the Law on Genetical Engineering, the German Government regulated the so-called coexistence of genetically modified crops with other forms of farming, i.e. conventional and organic farming. The new provisions aim at protecting organic and conventional farming from the supposedly dangerous or hazardous effects of genetically modified crops. By establishing this unbalanced legal framework, the German Legislator not only breaks with basic principles of the law of torts (regarding liability and the burden of proof), it also violates various obligations arising from EC law.
The new EU Regulatory Framework for GM Food (Part II)
Authors: Meulen Bernd van der
Published: April 2006

Introduction

Part 1 of this article describing the EU new regulatory framework for GM food was published in the last issue of this journal. Part 1 dealt with the new authorisation procedure. In that context some attention was given to the developments that led to the new framework and to administrative review. The main topics discussed in this final part are the traceability requirements and labelling requirements. These are followed by supervision and emergency measures. At the end transitional measures are treated.
Political representation within the libidinal economy of a pictorial space: A political-semiotic reading of three propaganda posters of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
Authors: Xing-Hua Lu
Published: April 2006

The libidinal economy could be exploited by both
political movements and advertising campaigns in a pictorial space that is
related to the social space at any historical moment. The arrangement of desires
in a propaganda poster of the Chinese Cultural Revolution is, in light of
political semiotics, the same as in a campaign poster in a consumer society
today. The same libidinal economy is rooted in our political unconsciousness and
remains to be the deep structure of our political performance. A critical image
analysis or a political semiotic critique of this libidinal economy that rules
us in the Chinese Cultural Revolution and in consumer society today is necessary
and urgent.
A semiotic study on the Transworld Skateboarding magazine
Authors: Ryu Won Hyung A.
Published: April 2006

Skateboarding has been a hallmark of adolescent
experience in suburban America ever since its beginning in the 1950s.
Skateboarding has become an underground subculture, providing the youth
population a novel outlet for self-expression and independence. Transworld
Skateboarding magazine displays the ideological characteristic of the
skateboard movement through their unique populist syntext, distinctive
signification system, and extensive textual convergence. However, while
expressing adolescent resistance against homogeneity, the magazine also reflects
the influence of popular culture on skateboarders. This idiosyncrasy of
Transworld Skateboarding magazine reflects popular culture’s constant
struggle between the need for hegemonic provision and resistance of mainstream
conformity.
Making sense of the visual — is Google the seventh language?
Authors: Logan Robert K.
Published: April 2006

The visual bias of all written or notated forms of
language is examined. These include writing, math, science, computing and the
Internet which together with speech form an evolutionary chain of six languages.
The proposition that Google might be the seventh language is
explored.
PTSD: A situated look at the semiotic process and role of individual umwelts in human existence/function
Authors: Harper Julie Rea
Published: April 2006

When someone is trying to teach
us mathematics, he will not begin by assuring us that he knows that
a + b =

b + a.

—Wittgenstein (1969)

 

Wittgenstein reminds us that the avenue toward belief
isn’t through logic alone. We do not know those things that we have
only reasoning to support. We feel sure of those things which by experience, and
belief have come to exist within us, with an ‘absence of doubt.’ To consider the
impact of knowing on behavior, it could be said that we act, from what
we know.

The purpose of this paper
is to consider how we come to know on a multi-model level, as
exemplified by both a semiotic theory base and a situated example of how
the notion of an individual Umwelt can house particular ‘knowledge’ and act
upon it.

PTSD, or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, is a
diagnosis, which can be given when individuals suffer negative and long lasting
effects that stem from traumatic experience.
Nicänismus und Gnosis im Rom des Bischofs Liberius: Der Fall des Marius Victorinus
Authors: Abramowski Luise
Published: April 2006

Michel Tardieu, Recherches sur la formation de l’Apocalypse de Zostrien et les sources de Marius Victorinus. Pierre Hadot, „Porphyre et Victorinus“ Questions et hypothèses, Res Orientales 9, Bures-sur-Yvette 1996. (Bezug über: Peeters Press, Bondgenotenlaan 153, B.P. 41, B-3000 Leuven).

Der Gegenstand von Tardieus Untersuchung ist die textliche Parallele zwischen einigen schlecht erhaltenen Seiten der „Apokalypse des Zostrianus“ (NHC VIII,1) und zwei Kapiteln bei Marius Victorinus. „Zostrianus“ gehört bekanntlich zu den Titeln gnostischer Schriften, die man bis zu den Funden von Nag Hammadi nur aus der Vita Plotini (c. 16) des Porphyrius kannte. Die christlich-gnostischen Hörer in der Schule Plotins stießen auf den auch schriftlichen Widerspruch des Meisters; die eingehende Widerlegung ihrer namentlich aufgezählten Schriften fiel den Schülern zu: Porphyrius widerlegte „Zoroaster“, Amelius „Zostrianus“, charakteristischerweise in vierzig biblia .
Die Wiederentdeckung von Emmaus bei Jerusalem
Authors: Thiede Carsten Peter
Published: April 2006

Zwei Quellen des ersten Jahrhunderts berichten über die Existenz eines Ortes namens Emmaus in der Nähe Jerusalems: das Evangelium des Lukas (24,13) und eine nur wenig jüngere Schrift des Flavius Josephus (Bellum Judaicum VII 217). Josephus nennt eine Entfernung von dreißig Stadien, Lukas spricht von sechzig Stadien. Nimmt man an, daß beide Autoren das reichsrömische Längenmaß zugrunde legen (1 Stadion = ca. 185 m), handelt es sich um 11,1 km bzw. 5,55 km. Sprechen sie trotz der Differenz vom gleichen Ort? Beide wissen jedenfalls auch von der Existenz eines anderen Ortes gleichen Namens: Josephus berichtet ausführlich über Ereignisse zur Zeit der Makkabäer-Kriege und erwähnt einen umkämpften Ort namens Emmaus, dessen Namen mancher noch vom hebräischen „Chammat“ = „warme Quelle“ herleitet.
Einleitung / Editorial
Authors: Markschies Christoph
Published: April 2006

Wie seit dem voraufgegangenen Jahrgang üblich, ist das jeweils erste Heft eines Jahrgangs einem besonderen Thema gewidmet – im Falle des Jahrgangs 2005 zugleich auch einer konkreten Person. Am Mittwoch, den 30. April 2003, veranstalteten die Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften und die Theologische Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin im großen Hörsaal des Berliner Doms eine akademische Gedenkfeier für Hans-Martin Schenke, der am 4. September 2002 gestorben war. Sein Schüler Hans-Gebhard Bethge trug „Erinnerungen an den Lehrer, Forscher und Freund“ vor, die Leben, Werk und Wirkung dieses Neutestamentlers, Koptologen und Gnosis-Forschers ausführlich nachzeichnen. Spätestens die Lektüre dieses Textes macht deutlich, daß die Erinnerung an diesen ebenso liebenswürdigen wie bescheidenen Zeitgenossen keine Aufgabe von zwei Berliner Institutionen allein sein kann; verschiedenste Fachgebiete und wissenschaftliche Unternehmungen verdanken Schenke zentrale Impulse für ihre Arbeit. Deswegen widmet unsere Zeitschrift ihr erstes Heft im Jahrgang 2005 weitgehend der Erinnerung an Hans-Martin Schenke.
Unterschiede zwischen Strafverfahrensordnungenund ihre kulturellen Hintergründe
Authors: Hörnle Tatjana
Published: April 2006

I. Einleitung

Die folgenden Erörterungen beziehen sich auf nationale Strafrechtsordnungen in Europa. Ausgeklammert bleibt die reiche Vielfalt an Rechtssystemen auf anderen Kontinenten, und auch innereuropäische Vergleiche sind nur in sehr selektiver Form möglich, da im Rahmen des zur Verfügung stehenden Raumes nicht die Verfahrensrechte in allen europäischen Ländern analysiert werden können. Anhand einiger Beispiele sollen Unterschiede der nationalen Systeme aufgezeigt werden. Ausgangspunkt ist die These, dass im Strafverfahren traditionell und auch noch zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt ausgeprägtere Unterschiede zu finden sind als im materiellen Strafrecht. Allerdings würde die Konzentration ausschließlich auf Divergenzen ein verzerrtes Bild ergeben. Vielmehr ergibt ein Blick auf die europäischen Strafverfahrensordnungen ein komplexes Mosaik . Ein Überblick muss auch Prozesse der Annäherung und Angleichung verzeichnen.
Terroristen als Personen im Recht?
Authors: Jakobs Günther
Published: April 2006

I.

Kann mit den Mitteln eines rechtsstaatlichen Strafrechts „Krieg gegenden Terror“ geführt werden? Nun, bereits 1986 wurde ein „Gesetz zur Bekämpfung (!) des Terrorismus“ erlassen, 2003 in Umsetzung eines Rahmenbeschlusses des Rates der Europäischen Union ein weiteres zur„Terrorismusbekämpfung“ , und auch das kurz zuvor erlassene, unscheinbar „34.Strafrechtsänderungsgesetz“  genannte Gesetz gehört in die Reihe der gegen Terrorismus gerichteten Kampfgesetze. „Krieg“ und „Kampf“, sind dasbloße Worte, dann sollte man sie nicht unbedingt auf die Goldwaage legen,oder sind es doch Begriffe, dann implizieren „Krieg“ und „Kampf“ einen Feind, gegen den es vorzugehen gilt.

Wenn die Gesetze als das zu Bekämpfende nicht die Terroristen, sondern den Terrorismus nennen, vergleichbar dem Kampf gegen die Cholera oder den Analphabetismus, so verschlägt das nichts: Es handelt sich um Straf gesetze,und Strafe gilt nun einmal nicht dem Terrorismus, sondern den Terroristen. Aber wie der Name der Gesetze zeigt, ist die Bestrafung der Terroristen nur ein Zwischenziel, nicht das Hauptanliegen des Gesetzgebers;offenbar soll durch die Bestrafung der Terroristen der Terrorismus insgesamtbekämpft werden, mit anderen Worten, die Strafe ist ein Mittel zueinem polizeilichen Zweck, ein Schritt im Kampf um Sicherheit. Wie demauch sei, jedenfalls bleibt die Frage: „Kampf“ als Wort oder als Begriff?
Die Strafbarkeit der Suizidteilnahmenach ungarischem Strafrecht
Authors: Filó Mihály
Published: April 2006

1. Zur Aktualität der Selbsttötungsproblematik – der Fall Pretty

Diese Studie befasst sich mit der Frage, ob und inwieweit das ungarische Strafrecht die aktive Beteiligung an einer fremden Selbsttötung oder deren Nichthinderung unter Strafe stellt. Nachfolgend soll die einschlägige Rechtsliteratur dargestellt und zugleich auch auf Inkonsequenzen der herrschenden Meinung kritisch hingewiesen werden. Angesichts der auffällig hohen Suizidrate in Ungarn, wo der Selbstmord oft auch als morbus hungaricus bezeichnet wird, ist zudem die weit verbreitete Ansicht anzusprechen, dass die Primärprävention des Suizids in allen Gesellschaften grundsätzlich indiziert ist, in denen suizidales Verhalten eine wesentliche Rolle spielt. Weiterhin verleihen die jüngste Rechtsprechung zur EMRK und die ungarische Sterbehilfe-Debatte der vorliegenden Arbeit eine besondere Aktualität. In dem viel beachteten Urteil des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte (EGMR) litt die Beschwerdeführerin, die inzwischen verstorbene Diane Pretty, an einer degenerativen unheilbaren Nervenkrankheit. Im Zeitpunkt der Verfahrenseröffnung betrug ihre Lebenserwartung nur noch wenige Monate. Gegenstand des Verfahrens war die Strafbarkeit der Beihilfe zur Selbsttötung nach englischem Recht. Die Beschwerdeführerin wünschte sich den Tod, doch konnte sie sich aufgrund ihrer Krankheit nicht mehr selbst töten. Deswegen erwartete sie Suizidbeihilfe von ihrem Mann, der dazu auch bereit war. Da jede vorsätzliche Teilnahme am Suizid nach englischem Recht strafbar ist, lehnten der Generalstaatsanwalt und in letzter Instanz auch das House of Lords den Antrag der Beschwerdeführerinab, mit dem sie die Zusicherung verlangte, dass die britischen Behörden ihren Mann strafrechtlich nicht verfolgen würden. Am 29. 4. 2002erklärten aber die sieben Richter den Antrag einstimmig für unbegründet.Aus Art. 2 EMRK könne nicht das Recht abgeleitet werden, unter Beihilfeeines Dritten oder des Staates zu sterben.
Electroplating/electrodissolution/recovery cycle for rhodium target used for an industrial scale cyclotron production of palladium-l03
Authors: Sadeghi Mahdi , Afarideh Hossein , Raisali Gholamreza , van den Winkel P.
Published: April 2006

Electrodeposition of rhodium metal on a copper backing was performed in acidic sulfate media using RhCl3 · 3 H2O, Rh2(SO4)3 (recovered from hydrochloric acid solution) and also the commercially available Rhodex plating baths. This work describes the development of a high current density (2.4 A·cm-2) electrodissolution system that allows solubilisation of rhodium fragments, powder and pieces of foils and wires in the presence of hydrochloric and chlorine gas. Solvent-solvent extraction of no-carrier-added 103Pd from the irradiated rhodium target with a-furyldioxime into chloroform under the influence of hydrochloric acid concentration was investigated. The extraction yield was 85.3% for a single extraction with 0.37 M HCl, and 103Pd was more than 99% pure.
Experiments on Culture Psychology
Authors: Nadel S. F.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The claim of psychology to a share in the study of culture and society is by no means firmly established. Indeed, a certain school of modern sociology and anthropology would cleanse the study of society from all psychological assumptions and interpretations and would deal with cultural and social phenomena as phenomena entirely in their own right. As this article is to describe an attempt to include psychology in anthropological field work a few words must be said first in justification of this attempt to examine, over and above the concrete realities of culture, the psychological factors ‘behind’ culture.
Education and Nutrition in the Colonies
Authors: Scott H. S.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

I must make it clear at the outset that I do not profess to have any expert knowledge of nutritional questions, but I hope it will be agreed that it is riot necessary to have the knowledge of an expert in order to realize that there are vital differences between the problems of nutrition in highly developed countries of Western civilization and the tropical countries of which, in the main, the Colonial Empire consists. In these territories the bulk of the inhabitants are still living in conditions which are extremely primitive or backward.
Practical Anthropology
Authors: Malinowski Bronislaw
Published: April 2006

I am starting from the question: is there any specific task for the Institute so that it shall not duplicate the work of scientific societies or political and educational organizations already existing? The Institute stands in the first place for the practical application of scientific knowledge. It can reach on the one hand various Colonial interests in their practical activities, while at the same time it has at its disposal the knowledge of theoretically trained specialists.
The Moral Code of the Ngoni and their former Military State
Authors: Read Margaret
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Modern anthropological research has shown that at every level of civilization there exists a moral code which is expressed in the ideal behaviour of individuals in the community, that is a behaviour which is ‘correct’ according to the people's ideas and praised by them in speech and story. Part of this moral code consists of regulations determining the mutual behaviour of the sexes, that is, of rules attempting to direct and control the physiological and emotional sexual impulses in individuals in the interest of the social well-being of the community or state. These physiological and emotional forces of sex are part of the biological equipment of human beings and hence common to all peoples. The anthropologist among so-called primitive people can approach the study of the moral code and its application from two angles: that of the individual, and that of the community. In all forms of society there is a supposition that individuals find control in sexual matters irksome, and only submit to restraint as a result of effective training allied to effective external pressure. A further universal supposition is that the community finds it necessary to demand a certain type of behaviour from individuals for the sake of its cohesion and stability. Both these suppositions are borne out by anthropological studies in primitive sociology. As soon, however, as we descend from general principles to a particular tribe, we begin to ask whether there is any connexion between the nature of the community and its demands on individuals as represented by the moral code and especially by the sexual regulations. Is there, for example, less need for stringent sexual regulations in a small isolated community than in a warlike tribe dependent for its existence on the strength of its arms? And if there is any such connexion what are the reasons for it?
The ‘Native’ Newspaper
Authors: Young T. Cullen
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

In a recent issue of a weekly review devoted to the interests of East Africa, the Editor drew attention to an African aptitude which is of a very modern kind and has a particular interest for every one anxious to know, and to utilize, Africa's own thought and opinion. He had been studying a copy of Mutende (‘Peace’), which is the newspaper experiment of the moment in Northern Rhodesia under government auspices, and had been struck—as a journalist—with the contributions to its columns by Africans. Mutende is a multi-lingual production, under European editorship, and occupies a place of great potential importance within the Copper Belt area, where the absence of any sort of provision for the intelligent use of leisure time was shown to have been a contributing cause of the unfortunate trouble in 1935 between government and mine employees.
A Note on ‘Woman Marriage’ in Dahomey
Authors: Herskovits Melville J.
Published: April 2006

Reports of the occurrence of ‘woman marriage’ in parts of Africa as far distant from one another as northern and southern Nigeria, the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and the Union of South Africa indicate the possibility that there may be other instances of this institution that have gone unrecorded. The purpose of this paper is therefore to call attention to this striking phase of social organization by describing the form which ‘woman marriage’ takes in Dahomey, presenting data collected in the field in 1931. In doing this, attention will be paid to such aspects of the social setting in which this kind of marriage is lodged as may be needed to allow it best to be understood, while some of the attitudes which arise from it will also be indicated.
The Missionary's Concern in Sociology and Psychology
Authors: Thurnwald Richard
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The knowledge of the social organization and its changes, of the attitude of the average man towards his daily problems, of the emotional and intellectual background of conduct, must be the starting-point for every effort to influence a man in his particular world. The European missionary or teacher comes from another environment, he is accustomed to social conditions, mental ways, intellectual and emotional responses different from those of his pupils. This divergence in the mind of individuals and in the functioning of society often becomes a stumbling-block to the European, especially to a newcomer. A careful study of the situation he has to deal with is therefore essential for the missionary and teacher.
A Standard Hausa Dictionary
Authors: Westermann D.
Published: April 2006

The Arab scholar Ibn Batuta, who travelled in the Sudan in the fourteenth century, speaks in his report of the country of Gobar, the Gobir of to-day. Gobir must at that time have been one of the important centres of Hausaland, for again Leo Africanus, a Berber born in Granada, and a great African traveller, whose book was published in Latin in 1556, mentions the language of Gobir, which is Hausa, and which, according to him, was even then one of the most important languages in the Sudan. This is still so to-day. Hausa, from being the language of very active and very far-travelling traders, has a radiation hardly inferior to that of any other African language. Hausa merchants are to be found in all the important places in the West Central Sudan between the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, in the oases of the great desert, and even in the Eastern Sudan and on the Red Sea: it has for centuries been a real lingua franca. It is therefore natural that the language should have come early to the notice of European travellers and scholars. In 1812, Adelung and Vater published their Mithridates, which contains among other subjects a collection of African vocabularies; in these is found on page 153 a list of ‘Afnu and Kashne’ words. Afnu is a designation of the Hausa people and Kashne is Katsina. From this time on a large number of English and German, and to a smaller extent of French, travellers, missionaries, and linguists have contributed to the exploration of the language and to its literature. There is an abundance of grammars, vocabularies, dictionaries; also a considerable amount of translation work has been done, of which Dr. Miller's translation of the Bible is the most important. The language had become literary even before the advent of the European: through Islam the Arabic script had become known, and it was soon used by learned Hausa malams to write theirown language. This art is not extinct to-day, and manuscripts on various subjects—mostly history, religion, poetry, and folk-lore, are stored in European libraries and in private libraries of native Hausa scholars.
Bride-Wealth Among the Hehe
Authors: Brown G. Gordon
Published: April 2006

The following notes on the transfer of property by a man to his bride's father on the occasion of marriage are written as a result of the late Mr. Torday's paper upon this custom. Since the appearance of Mr. Torday's paper, and his suggestion that the word ‘earnest’ be used to designate this property instead of ‘bride-price’, many other people have written on the subject and many other terms have been suggested. It is not my intention to add to the already large list of possible terms, but to examine the custom as it exists in one tribe, the Hehe of Iringa, Tanganyika Territory. Such studies have, of course, been made in many good monographs on African tribes, but certain aspects of the custom, which are of some relevance to the present controversy, have not been emphasized.
The Dietetics of Natives Employed on the Witwatersrand Gold Mines
Authors: Orenstein A. J.
Published: April 2006

The Witwatersrand gold mines are a series of approximately forty gold mines situated in the Witwatersrand district of the Transvaal. The mining area runs roughly from east to west for a distance of about sixty miles. All the gold mines are what is known as ‘deep’ mines, the average working depth being well over 4,000 ft. below the surface. Some mines are considerably deeper, and a few are now working at a depth of approximately 7,000 ft. The Witwatersrand is situated at an elevation of between 5,000 to 6,000 ft. above sea-level.
Le Coton et l'Indigène. (Afrique Occidentale Française)
Authors: Labouret Henri
Published: April 2006

Le problème du coton, qui a pris tant d'importance depuis un quart de siècle, est posé en réalité depuis plus de cent ans et il semble bien que les tentatives faites pour le résoudre au début du XIXe siècle dans la vallée du Sénégal furent les premières de cette nature réalisées en Afrique.
Orthography in the Gold Coast
Authors: Dickens K. J.
Published: April 2006

The formation has been recently announced of a Department of African Linguistics at the London School of Oriental Studies. ‘The new department’, it is stated in a recent number of Le Maître Phonétique, ‘is to apply phonetics to the analysis of the structure of African languages, and will no doubt be instrumental in furthering the movement for introducing phonetic systems of spelling into Africa.’ It may be useful in the early stages of the project to call attention to some of the difficulties which have to be overcome in carrying out the latter implied part of it, and to make a suggestion as to a means of overcoming them. It is therefore proposed to give an account of the introduction of a phonetic script into one African territory, and incidentally to advocate a slight but desirable revision of the Institute's memorandum Practical Orthography of African Languages.
Zur Erforschung Der Alten Buschmann-Religion
Authors: Schmidt P. W.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Wer einen rechten Begriff davon bekommen will, wie in einander verwickelt die ganze Vorbantu-Ethnologie von Südafrika ist, der muss sich mit dem Problem der alten Buschmannreligion näher befassen. Was ich vor achtzehn Jahren in meinem Werk Die Stellung der Pygmäenvölker in der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen über dieselbe geschrieben, erscheint heute nicht nur wegen des unterdessen zutage geförderten besseren Materiales als unzulänglich, sondern vor allem deshalb, weil die Lösung dort von den Buschmännern allein aus verursacht wurde. Es steht nämlich heute fest, dass diese Lösung nicht möglich ist, ohne zugleich die Religion der Hottentotten wie der Bergdama einer gründlichen Prüfung zu unterziehen. Mit anderen Worten: keine der Religionen der Vorbantu-Völker von Südafrika kann gebuhrend erforscht werden, ohne die anderen Religionen der gleichen Schicht mit einzubeziehen.
The Future of African Art with Special Reference to Problems Arising in Gold Coast Colony
Authors: Stevens G. A.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The Education Code of 1887 provided for the teaching of art subjects as they were understood in South Kensington at that time—the age of Froebel and Slojd: the aim seems to have been the vague one of ‘hand-and-eye training’. But the purpose for which hand and eye were to be trained does not appear clearly in its instructions, and I am perfectly certain that the bulk of teachers of the older generation do not know of one. One cannot trace in the Code any real policy of artistic development in the country by means of the educational system. ‘Drawing’ was, and is, taught not primarily from the artist's point of view at all, i. e. as a study of form. The study of colour is not taught, nor the elements of design. Now form, colour, and design are the elements of the graphic and plastic art, and one would have thought that they would have been incorporated in a balanced scheme of elementary education. There was, and is, no provision for the training of taste, appreciation, criticism, or for the slightest perception of the horizons of art history.
La Tribu Kwanyama en Face de la Civilisation Européenne
Authors: Estermann P. C.
Published: April 2006

Il faut sans doute compter les tribus du sud-ouest de l'Angola, c'est-à-dire les Ambo et puis toutes les petites peuplades qui habitent le pays qui s'étend de la mer jusqu'au Kunene à partir du 14° 30′ de latitude sud jusqu'à la frontière et au delà, parmi celles qui opposent le plus de résistance à la pénétration de la civilisation européenne. Encore y a-t-il sous ce rapport des différences assez notables entre elles. Tous ces peuples sont à la fois éleveurs de bétail et agriculteurs, sauf les Kuvale d'en bas des montagnes de la Chela, proches parents des Herero, qui se dédient uniquement à l'élevage. En laissant donc de côté cette dernière tribu, qui est du reste numériquement de peu d'importance, il nous reste pour l'ensemble de ces peuples au point de vue de la culture matérielle une homogénéité assez grande. Leur attitude différente en face de la civilisation européenne est d'autant plus curieuse. Les plus réfractaires sont sans doute les Nyaneka de la région de Huila et Gambos. Bien que, par endroits, leur pays soit occupé depuis des années par beaucoup de colons blancs, ils n'ont presque rien modifié dans leurs coutumes ancestrales. Les Ambo par contre, ayant été beaucoup moins soumis à l'influence directe des Blancs, ont cédé plus facilement sur certains points. Il serait certes intéressant d'étudier à ce point de vue ces divers peuples et de tâcher d'expliquer la raison de leur attitude — les raisons en seront surtout d'ordre psychologique — mais pour pouvoir donner des conclusions sérieuses, il faudrait une connaissance profonde puisée au contact direct de tous ces peuples. Comme cette condition préalable n'est pas réalisée pour le moment, le présent article ne comprend directement que les Ambo et plus particulièrement la tribu la plus importante de ce groupe, celle des Kwanyama.
Ibo Texts
Authors: Adams R. F. G.
Published: April 2006

Mba de icɛ icɛ na ala Igbo nwɛrɛ ɛmumɛ-ihɛ ha na-ɛmɛ na arɔ na arɔ de ka omɛ-na-ala ha si de. Na ala Owɛrɛ, otu ɛmumɛ-ihɛ de nkɛ ana-akpɔ Oru Owɛrɛ, ana-ɛmɛ na arɔ na arɔ mgbɛ iri ji ɔhɵrɵ fɔdɵrɵ ihɛ de ka otu ɔnwa. Ɔ bɵ ɛmumɛ-ihɛ nkɛ mɛrɛ ka ndi Owɛrɛ mɛfuɛ ɔtɵtɵ ɛgo na ogɛ ociɛ ma ɔ bɵgh kwa otu ahɵ ugbua na ihi na ɔtɵtɵ ndi Owɛrɛ aghɔɔla ndi Church wɛɛ rapɵ ya.
Portuguese Colonial Policy
Authors: Moreira Eduardo
Published: April 2006

Many Portuguese have been brought up to dislike the term ‘policy’, owing to its having been so often misused in the course of the liberal period in our history (1820-1926); yet true it is that many others were led similarly to dislike the term ‘religion’ in consequence of its having been misused, chiefly in the period when intolerant clergy were to the fore (from the reign of Dom Manuel I, in the sixteenth century, to that of Dona Maria I, in the nineteenth century). By degrees, these terms are coming into their own again. The Portuguese politica, derived from the Greek through the Latin, has in English three equivalents— ‘politics’, the science of guiding peoples; ‘polity’, their constitution; and ‘policy’, the resulting activities. It is mainly with this last I wish to deal, viz. with Portuguese activities in the handling of colonial peoples and affairs. However, it appears to me necessary to begin with the constitutional and legal documents which determine such activities at the present day, in order to ascertain the factors which brought into being the legislation in question, the methods of applying it, and what has resulted therefrom.
Insanity among the Bemba of Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Brelsford W. V.
Published: April 2006

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This article is concerned with tribal ideas on insanity among the Bemba of the Northern Province of Northern Rhodesia.

Dr. Alan Gregg, the Director of Medical Services Division of the Rockefeller Foundation, states that ‘Psychiatry as the study of disordered conduct is intimate to an almost suspicious degree with ethics, with cultural anthropology, with sociology, with metaphysics, with religion, with artistic activities . . . ’, and adds that many mental disorders are ‘often discernible only in terms of the patient's relationships with other human beings in some given intellectual or cultural or social or moral system’. He thus definitely emphasizes the necessity of studying the sociological background of the insane patient when cures are attempted.
The Semitic Languages of Ethiopia and their Contribution to General Semitic Studies
Authors: Ullendorff Edward
Published: April 2006

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I Propose to examine in this short paper, in the very limited time at my disposal, some of the ways in which a study of the Semitic languages of Ethiopia, ancient as well as modern, can and should be of use to our understanding of general Semitic linguistic phenomena and to a clearer appreciation of inter-Semitic relationships. At present we shall be concerned with the aid extended by Ethiopics to other languages rather than with the Ethiopian tongues at the receiving end, so to speak; with their active rather than their passive capacity, though I should not wish to pretend that it is always possible, or even desirable, to disentangle the two. In a minority of cases only can we detect a direct ‘influence’ of Ethiopic on other Semitic languages, i.e. impact at a time when these tongues were already fully differentiated from each other. Generally, the value of Ethiopian languages lies in their having preserved a feature lost elsewhere, or a root that has otherwise disappeared, or in revealing a parallel that may be significant to an assessment of general Semitic affinities.
The Letter-order of the Semitic Alphabets in Africa and the Near East
Authors: Honeyman A. M.
Published: April 2006

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The Ethiopic syllabary employed for writing the classical Ge'ez and also, with certain modifications, the contemporary South Semitic vernaculars of East Africa, was formed by super-imposing a system of auxiliary vowel-marks upon a basic consonantal alphabet; this alphabet occurs, alongside of the syllabic script, in the Old Ethiopic inscriptions of the Axumite Kingdom in the fourth century of our era, and is a derivative of the Sabaeo-Minaean or Old South Arabic script found in the monuments of the south-west Arabian kingdoms. But although the Ethiopic syllabary is thus genetically connected with the other main branches of the Semitic alphabet, the traditional order of the signs, in which the consonantal component and the accompanying vowel are the primary and secondary determining factors respectively, does not agree with that of any Semitic alphabet hitherto known. There is no old or reliable native tradition as to the reason underlying the order of the signs; no help is to be had from numerical signs, which elsewhere, as will shortly appear, afford valuable testimony to the order of the letters; for Ethiopic borrowed Greek alphabetic signs for this purpose, while the South Arabian inscriptions used single strokes for the units, and for higher denominations the initial letters of the native words for five, ten, hundred, &c. The mnemonic word-groups reconstructed by Bauer and others are open to objection on grounds of language and sense. Other external criteria yield only tentative and inconclusive results, and the subject has accordingly remained one of speculation and controversy.
Funeral Friendship in Central Africa
Authors: Stefaniszyn B.
Published: April 2006

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The basis of the funeral friendship

Among the Ambo there exists a joking relationship based on the interrelations of clan objects, but to call it simply a joking relationship would hardly be appropriate, since the joking relationship is only accessory. The institution is first and foremost a real and close friendship which has for its aim assistance in the funeral of the friend, and this aim is never lost sight of, but is always alluded to even in joking. This social institution of the Ambo people may therefore aptly be termed ‘funeral friendship’ (bunungwe)
The Winged Solar Disk or Ibo Itεi Facial Scarification
Authors: Jeffreys M. D. W.
Published: April 2006

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This article is based on researches, undertaken in 1930-1 at the request of the Nigerian Government, into the magico-religious beliefs of the Umundri group of Ibo in the Awka Division, Onitsha Province, Southern Nigeria. Umundri means ‘children of Ndri’ (a ‘Sky-Being’).
L'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire
Authors: Monod Th.
Published: April 2006

Dans un volume publié en 1942 par le Haut Commissariat de l'Afrique Française, L'Afrique Occidentak Françalse en 1942, j'écrivais, en tête du chapitre consacré à l'Institut d'Afrique: ' L'équipement de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler un pays neuf n'est pas fait que de rails, de camions et d'usines. L'édifice africain aura, on le sait aujourd'hui, plusieurs façades et les constructeurs, déjà, commencent, dans leurs plans, à en tenir compte. La politique et l'économie ont leur place, la science aura la sienne, la vie intellectuelle et spirituelle aurqnt la leur.
Analysis of the Bahima Marriage Ceremony
Authors: Oberg Kalervo
Published: April 2006

The Banyankole, who live in western Uganda, East Africa, are made up of two ethnic groups, the Baku and the Bahima. The Bairu, who number about a quarter of a million, are Bantu agriculturists. The Bahima, on the other hand, are Hamiticized negro cattle people of north African origin. Although numbering only about ten thousand, the Bahima were able, before British control, to dominate the Bairu and rule them as serfs.
Some Aspects of the Economics of Sixteen Ibo Individuals
Authors: Harris J. S.
Published: April 2006

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Of the various aspects of ethnology, perhaps that of economics has been most neglected. Within the past few years a number of books and articles have appeared with the intent to remedy this situation, but the study of the economic life of primitive peoples is still in its infancy. Particularly is this true of consumer economics in primitive societies. More and more data, especially of a concrete, quantitative nature, are needed. This study is a small contribution in that direction. It presents the annual monetary incomes and expenditures of sixteen Ibo natives living in the community of Ozuitem in south-eastern Nigeria.
Les Dialectes dogon
Authors: Calame-Griaule Geneviève
Published: April 2006

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Dans le pays dogon qui se situe au coeur du Soudan français, dans la boucle du Niger vit une population dl'environ 220.000 individus, race vigoureuse et homogène qui a conservé intacte une civilisation millénaire, peut-être héritée de célèbres civilisations méditerranéennes aujourdl'hui disparues. Au cours des dernières années, les travaux d'une équipe ethnographique française ont fait des Dogon une des populations les mieux étudiées de l'Afrique Occidentale sur le plan des institutions et des croyances. Il n'en est pas de même de leur langue, qui n'a encore fait l'objet d'aucune étude d'ensemble, et dont la situation parmi les autres groupes de langues africaines reste mal définie. Delafosse, après avoir hésité entre le groupe voltaïque et le groupe mandé, penche pour ce dernier dans la dernière édition des Langues du Monde, où il classe le dogon dans le groupe nigéro-sénégalais (sousgroupe de l'Est, avec le samogho et le sia). Par contre, le R. P. Bertho, dans une récente étude, rapproche le dogon des langues voltaïques. M. de Lavergne de Tressan, dans son Inventaire Linguistique de l' A.O.F. et du Togo, juge préférable ‘d’opter pour la prudence, tant que les catégories grammaticales n'auront pas été étudiées’ (p. 211). Cette attitude de prudence sera aussi la nôtre; il ne semble pas que l'on puisse aboutir à des conclusions valables dans le domaine du comparatisme avant qu'une description aussi complète que possible ait été donnée, sinon de la langue dogon, du moins d'un de ses nombreux dialectes.
Notes on Form and Structure in Bantu Speech
Authors: Ashton E. O.
Published: April 2006

An outstanding characteristic of Bantu speech is economy of form combined with flexibility in the use of forms. This economy in word form contributes to simplicity of expression, but can nevertheless be baffling to non-Bantu people unless flexibility in function is accorded its due recognition.
Preliminary Study of the Nyangwara System of Agriculture
Authors: de Schlippe P. , Batwell B. L.
Published: April 2006

Introduction

The present article is based on a report submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture in Khartoum (Sudan) by an agricultural research officer and an inspector of agriculture and is the result of a preliminary study of the agriculture of a tribe which had been earmarked by the provincial administration for commercial production of sorghum. Most tribes of the Southern Sudan are sorghum cultivators, but none has taken to growing this staple food for sale despite the increasing demand for grain in townships. It was realized that some limitations, possibly of a social or cultural character, stood in the way of such development and therefore it seemed desirable to study the tribal customary agriculture by the methods of social anthropology, instead of approaching it only from the point of view of agronomy.
The Significance of Descent in Tale Social Structure
Authors: Fortes M.
Published: April 2006

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The Tallensi of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast furnish data of special interest for the study of comparative social structure among the peoples of West Africa. Large as the ethnographic literature on West Africa is, it is singularly lacking in analytical data concerning social structure. Some of the most useful collections of ethnographic information on West African peoples thus lack the foundation without which a coherent picture of a society is impossible. Tables of kinship terms, enumerations of kinship usages, catalogues of marriage and inheritance customs, and such-like information are no more than the raw materials for the construction of a systematic representation of social structure. And very often the raw materials are not sufficient. There are plenty of bricks but no mortar. The reasons for such lacunae are obvibys. A sympathetic amateur ethnographer can bring together material of inestimable value; but without a good theoretical grounding in modern social anthropology the field worker will not look for, and even if he stumbles across it, will not recognise the kind of material necessary for an understanding of social structure. He must; first of all, have the concept of a total social structure clearly in his mind; and he must look for the connexions, which are very often implicit, by which ostensibly discrete processes and institutions are related to one another in a meaningful pattern.
An Historical Sketch of Egba Traditional Authorities
Authors: Biobaku S. O.
Published: April 2006

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The Yoruba were probably first established in what is now Nigeria in the region of Nupe, whence they crossed the Niger and went southwards in search of a suitable settlement. They chose Ile-Ife where, according to tradition, they encountered no opposition from the aborigines. Ife was later idealized; it became their Holy City and the revered cradle of their civilization. They probably remained under a single government at Ife until they had consolidated their power sufficiently to undertake the conquest of their neighbours. The general drive was towards the south, although a counter-migration back to the north resulted in the foundation of Old Oyo. When the Yoruba fanned out from Ife, they left principalities in their wake as they drove towards the sea. This region was probably then occupied by the Fon or Egun people, who were either absorbed or expelled as the Yoruba, in various waves and in different directions, penetrated the tropical forest.