bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

This conclusion is in two parts. One part covers the national cycle and especially aging, the other the nature of succession of world economic primacy. It reprises, if you will, chapters 2 and 3. Since starting to write this book at the beginning of 1993, I have learned that another economist is working on a book on the “national life cycle,” like mine in an historical dimension, but going back to Greece and Rome, and in cycles of five hundred and two hundred years as the author comes up to modern times, when fifty-year cycles take over (Athanas, forthcoming). Christos Athanas is also interested in the analogy of nations with human beings, postulating an adult productive life cycle of homo sapiens of fifty years. He acquainted me with a study by Daniel J. Levinson, The Seasons of  a Man Life (1978), which divides the human life span into childhood and adolescence (to age 22), early adulthood (17 to 45), middle adulthood (40 to 65), late adulthood (after 80). Peak biological functioning runs from 20 to 40 years of age. By age 20 a man is close to his full height, strength, sexual capacity, cardiac and respiratory capacity, and general biological vigor, and close to his peak in intelligence, memory, and capacity for abstract thought. These aspects of life are generally stable to age 40, which in his (Levinson’s) intuition is a critical time, though some men start to decline at 30. Levinson looked for some attribute like menopause in women which brought about changes in men, but was unable to find it (ibid., pp. 21-24).
The Countertype
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: October 2023

The construction of masculinity had fashioned a stereotype that in its “quiet grandeur” and self-control reflected the view society liked to have of itself. It was relatively easy to identify with such an unambiguous symbol whose external appearance reflected the moral universe, a normalcy that set the standard for an acceptable way of life. But this ideal of masculinity, indeed modem society as a whole, needed an image against which it could define itself. Those who stood outside or were marginalized by society provided a countertype that reflected, as in a convex mirror, the reverse of the social norm. Such outsiders were either those whose origins, religion, or language were different from the rest of the population or those who were perceived as asocial because they failed to conform to the social norms. For those so marginalized, the search for an identity proved difficult and painful. However, not all outsiders faced the same problems, though basically their options were limited to a denial of their identity or its co-optation by the acceptable norm, until—in the last decades of the nineteenth century—these choices were increased by acts of selfemancipation.
A Note On The Text
Authors: Hirst Robert H
Published: October 2023

This text of Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven is a photographic facsimile of a copy of the first American edition, all known copies of which are dated 1909 on the title page. The first edition was published on October 14, 1909 (BAL 3511). The original volume reproduced here is in the Mark Twain Papers, The Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley (PS1322/C25/1909/copy 5).
New Imperatives Of Human Security
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

Another perception will change as well. Human security will be regarded as universal, global and indivisible. The same speed that has brought many modern products and services to our doorsteps has brought much human misery to our backyards. Every drug that quietly kills, every disease that silently travels, every form of pollution that roams the globe, every act of terrorism that destroys life senselessly-imagine for a moment that they all carried a national label of origin, much as traded goods do, and there will be a sudden shocked recognition that human security concerns are more global today than global trade. A third perception will change-it will be recognized that poverty cannot be stopped at national borders. Poor people can be stopped. But not the tragic consequences of their poverty. Those consequences travel without a passport-and in unpleasant forms. Drugs, AIDS, pollution and terrorism stop at no national frontier today.
Czechoslovakia between Stalin and Hitler
Authors: Lukes Igor
Published: October 2023

This is a diplomatic history of events leading up to the Munich crisis in 1938 in which Great Britain and France decided to appease Hitler's demands to annex the Sudentenland. While much has been written on this period, Igor Lukes' study is the most comprehensive to date and also the first to integrate a full understanding of the Czech role with wider events.
Preferences and Politics
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

The drafting of the U.S. Constitution, it is often said, signaled a rejection of conceptions of politics founded on classical ideals in favor of a quite different modern view. The precise terms of the supposed shift are not altogether clear, but it is possible to identify the most prominent strands. The classical conception assumes a relatively homogeneous people and prizes active participation by the polity’s citizenry. In the classical conception, the polity is selfconsciously concerned with the character of the citizens; it seeks to inculcate virtue in them and to profit from a commitment to the public good. Plato said that politics is the “art whose business it is to care for souls”; and under the classical conception, civic virtue, not private interest, is the wellspring of political behavior. Whether or not the state imposes a “comprehensive view” on the nation, it relies relatively little on private rights to constrain government. The underlying vision of “republican” politics is one of frequent participation and deliberation in the service of decision, by the citizenry, about the sorts of values according to which the nation will operate.
Introduction Or, “Speaking Sweetly Of Phillis Wheatley”
Authors: Reid-Pharr Robert
Published: October 2023

This work is concerned most faithfully with questions of history and in particular the question of how one might properly historicize the blackness of Black America, how one might unpack the common sense of that deep tendency within black intellectual life to insist upon black singularity, to conjure that which is pure, unique, that which is decidedly black. I have insisted, therofore, upon the modest assumption that racial and national identity exist within history and are thus permeable and dynamic. The blackness of early national America does not and cannot fit snugly or seamlessly our contemporary realities.
Clean House Peculiar People
Authors: Reid-Pharr Robert
Published: October 2023

Even though I have struggled in this study to demonstrate that (black) bodies both constitute and are constituted by domesticity, by households, I do not want to suggest a simple symbiosis between body and house. Instead, I maintain an emphasis on ambiguity and indeterminacy, arguing that corporeal existence is always and inevitably awkward and unstable, even as it is figured as transparent and natural. Thus, by collapsing notions of domesticity and corporeality into one another, by insisting that they are essentially one and the same, I do not mean to resuscitate the very conceptual rigidity that I have attempted to combat. Domesticity should not be understood, then, as a static phenomenon, the achievement of a sort of guarded peace between individual desire and communal interest.
Developing Despite Monopoly, 1660-80
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

Histories of English journalism pass rapidly over the period 1655–95 as a dead spot, the era of a managed press when the promise of mid century experiments went unrealized. The perspective of those historians, of course, is that of the journalists-what they were trying to do and what they were kept from doing.’ From that viewpoint it was a frustrating period. Our perspective is that of readers-what they paid money for and read week after week through those decades, and how it shaped their thinking. Our evidence is in the papers historians dismiss as censored and therefore illegitimate. What is impressive is how the dynamics of periodicity broke through constraints, to maintain a news consciousness. We have not concentrated so much on the journalists’ putative concern to inform their public as on their desire to market their product. And even official newspapers must be sold, in order to have the desired effect. The period of the English Restoration gives us a chance to test the theory that the demands of periodicity can overcome the intentions of editors. The development of the London Gazette shows how subtle those pressures can be. Observing this process may affect the way we think about the press, even in totalitarian countries.
Periodicity and Press Freedom, 1670-90
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

we are used to thinking of the press as an instrument that can be turned on government to create pressure for change. But whence comes the pressure that is needed to win press freedom where it had not existed? To all appearances, the restored Stuart monarchy had succeeded in strangling the infant press. It may seem paradoxical to look at the controlled press itself as part of the explanation for the Revolution of 1688 and its associated changes. And yet the bare existence of periodical publication and of coffeehouse periodicity generated a public opinion that helped win press freedom and liberate the political classes from an unacceptable dynasty. Even the official London Gazette inadvertently helped in this process. It all has to do with events in the late 1670s and early 1680s that historians call the Popish Plot and Exclusion Controversy. Taking stock of the situation after 1660, we recall that only one newspaper was allowed, and eventually that it issued directly from a government office. In 1665 the London Gazette was joined by the Philosophical Transactions, and there were other publications that kept up the habit of weekly appearance, even if only in an obscene vein. Beginning in March 1676 and running for a year and a half, Poor Robin’s Intelligence was heir to John Crouch’s pornographic periodicals. Not as grossly obscene as Crouch, it could better be described as ribald, and in fact, knew enough to refer to Rabelais.’ Why it needed to appear periodically is a mystery, unless it has to do with profits. But it must have been profitable to run so long, and the copies that survive look like they have passed through hundreds of hands. One almost feels sorry for the licenser, Roger L’Estrange, who had to read each one carefully to make sure it could not be taken as political comment.
Jurismania
Authors: Campos Paul F
Published: October 2023

In Jurismania, Paul Campos asserts that our legal system is beginning to exhibit symptoms of serious mental illness. Trials and appeals that stretch out for years and cost millions, 100 page appellate court opinions, 1,000 page statutes before which even lawyers tremble with fear, and a public that grows more litigious every day all testify to a judicial overkill that borders on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Campos locates the source of such madness, paradoxically, in our worship of reason and the resulting belief that all problems are amenable to legal solutions. In insightful discussions of a wide range of cases, from NCAA regulations of student-athletes to the Simpson trial, from our most intractable social disputes over abortion and physician-assisted suicide to the war on drugs and the increasingly fastidious attempts to regulate behavior in public spaces, Campos shows that the mania for more law exacerbates the very problems it seeks to remedy. In his final chapter, the author calls instead for a humbling recognition of the limits of reason and a much more modest role for our legal system. Clearly written and laced with a delicious wit, Jurismania gives us a CAT-scan of the American legal mind at work. It reveals not only that the patient is even worse off than we imagined, but also clarifies the many reasons why.
Contemporary Peoples/ Contested Places
Authors: Deutsch Sarah , Sanchez George J , Y.Okihiro Gary
Published: October 2023

Toward the end of the summer of 1924, the Los Angeles Times Illustrated Magazine ran a one-page article extolling the virtues of southern California. In “Where Folks Are Folks,” the author characterized Los Angeles as “the most American of American cities” because in Los Angeles, in contrast to the East, “the native American” (i.e., the nonimmigrant) was still “in the great majority.” Like other important metropolises, Los Angeles had high buildings and high culture. But whereas New York was “overrun with Europeans,” its ill-natured crowds “a nightmare to the traveler,” Los Angeles was still the archetypical “middle-class American city, a metropolis with small-town ways-American ways.” In the mind of this booster, Los Angeles was nothing less than “America regenerated, more eastern than the East,”which had “become continental European.” The many promoters of the urban American West in the early twentieth century who extolled the absence of teeming immigrant masses ignored that the industrial and agricultural expansion that generated urban growth had, in fact, attracted large numbers of immigrants. The downtown region of Los Angeles and the areas just south and east of it held heavy concentrations of foreign-born and nonwhite newcomers. Ignored by promoters and largely excluded from the city’s ruling elite, the Southside and the Eastside made up the “other” Los Angeles. Boyle Heights, an Eastside community, became the city’s most heterogeneous region from the 1920s through the 1950s.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor and Other Modulators of Angiogenesis
Authors: Deuel Thomas F
Published: October 2023

Understanding the complexity of the formation of the vascular system and its regulation has been exceedingly difficult since this is also the study of organogenesis. Remarkable advances in the identification and characterization of factors capable of inducing new blood vessel growth have recently made study of the important processes of neovascularization and maintenance of blood vessels at the molecular level possible. These advances have assumed additional importance since it is now apparent that new therapies can be developed that effectively modify disease processes that depend upon angiogenesis for progression.
The Colonial Phase
Authors: Jensen Merrill
Published: October 2023

For nearly three centuries the New World was a part of the colonial empires of western European nations, most notably Spain, Portugal, France, and England. It was not until nearly three centuries after Columbus’ first voyage in 1492 that the first of the European colonies began the movement that was to free most of the New World from European domination by the 1820’s. In 1776 thirteen of England’s thirty American colonies declared their independence as the United States of America. It has been only 190 years since the founding of the United States in 1776, as contrasted with the 284 years of colonial history which preceded it. Thus the colonial history of the New World is far longer than its history as a group of independent nations.
The Enlightenment
Authors: Gay Peter
Published: October 2023

To compare the American with the European Enlightenment is a risky business, not because they have nothing in common­ they have in fact a great deal in common-but because they are not of the same logical order. The Enlightenment was a great revolution in man’s style of thinking that came to dominate the Western world in the eighteenth century. It was composed of the interplay among ideas and events, inventions and expectations; its raw materials were the triumph of Newtonian science, striking improvements in industrial and agricultural techniques, a widespread loss of religious fervor and a corresponding rise of “reasonable” religion, an ever bolder play of the critical spirit among the old mysteries of church and state which had for centuries escaped criticism, a new sense of confidence in man’s power over his worldly destiny. The philosophes in many areas, including the British colonies in America, articulated and organized these developments into a coherent philosophy and made it into a set of demands, a full-fledged political program.
Immigration
Authors: Higham John
Published: October 2023

In the late 177o’s a well-to-do French farmer who had settled in the Hudson River Valley posed a question that has fascinated every subsequent generation and reverberated through American history. “What then is the American, this new man?” asked Hector St. John de Crevecoeur in writing an affectionate sketch of his adopted country. Crevecoeur’s answer elaborated a claim already advanced by another recent arrival from Europe, Tom Paine. Paine’s famous revolutionary pamphlet, Common Sense (1776), was the first stentorian call for independence from Britain. It declared, and Crevecoeur heartily agreed, that the Americans are not transplanted Englishmen. They are an inter­ mixture of many European peoples, a nation of immigrants.
The Negro since Freedom
Authors: Franklin John Hope
Published: October 2023

It has often been remarked that the history of the Negro in the United States is, in many ways, unique in world history. Those who make this assertion point out that in no other country of the world has such a large and distinctive Negro minority persisted for such a long period of time. Indeed, with the exception of Nigeria, which became independent only in 1960, Negroes are in no other state as numerous as they are in the United States. To advance further their argument that Negro Americans are unique they point to the fact that in no other country of the world has the position of the Negro been so clearly defined in law and custom. It should be pointed out, of course, that in few countries of the world is there such preoccupation with racial desegregation of the various elements of the population. Only in the United States is a Negro regarded as any person having a known trace of “Negro blood” in his veins-no matter how far back it was acquired.
World War I
Authors: Mayer Arno J
Published: October 2023

In July-August 1914, Europe’s statesmen faced the decision for war against a background of grave internal tensions and dis­ orders, in some instances bordering on civil war. Parliamentary government was on trial, in Britain over Ulster and the strike threat of the Triple Industrial Alliance, in France over the draft law and the income tax, and in Italy over economic and social reform. Germany’s semi parliamentary system floundered because, except for the far-right conservatives and nationalists, the major parties of the Second Empire pressed for the end of Prussia’s three-class franchise and the institution of cabinet responsibility to the Reichstag. The power elite of both halves of the Dual Monarchy was confronted by explosive nationality unrest which itself was an expression of mounting political, economic, and social dysfunctions. In tsarist Russia, meanwhile, the counterfeit Fourth Duma was in no position to blunt the challenge of militant workers and of restless national minorities.
The Test of Comparison
Authors: woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

Nations, like individuals, are slow in adjusting their mental habits to the processes of aging. Patterns of thought, expectation, and self-image are normally fixed in youth and tend to persist past the age to which they are appropriate. So it has been with “the first new nation,” now quite an old nation comparatively speaking. America grew up among the numerous New World offspring of the family of western European parent nations. Most of the latter were fairly young as nations themselves in that age of discovery, exploration, and colonization in which the new generation of offspring was born and brought up. The Americans went through a prolonged period of subordination and dependency as colonies, a period nearly as long as that of adult independence has been. Formal acknowledgment of independence only marked the start of a new stage in the long struggle to establish real national autonomy and identity.
Shared Architectural Knowledge
Authors: Davis Howard
Published: October 2023

0ne of the key qualities of a building culture is that the people in it share architectural knowledge. An important part of this knowledge consists of rules about building form itself. These rules are expressed as types or patterns—commonly understood configurations of building arrangement or construction that characterize the buildings of the culture.
Culturally Appropriate Buildings
Authors: Davis Howard
Published: October 2023

In the last chapter we looked primarily at process-at innovative techniques and initiatives, at different scales, that allow buildings to be carefully and individually shaped. Such techniques do not by themselves guarantee that the content of the built result is culturally appropriate. The quotes from Pevsner, Norberg-Schulz, and Tanizaki in chapter 4 were poetic expressions of the idea that the building culture—and the architecture within it—reinforce the larger culture of which they are a part. Although in modern society, this intimate relationship exists, and our buildings do represent our culture, the nature of our commodity culture does not allow for necessary connections between people and their own pasts, the places where they live, and larger communities. Buildings that foster such connections are not the norm.
Research On the Vulnerable Sick
Authors: Brody Baruch A
Published: October 2023

We are in the midst of a reconceptualization of the concept of justice in research. The older conceptualization, the protective conception, emphasized the protection of vulnerable subjects from being used without their consent and from being exploited in excessively risky research. The newer conceptualization, the balancing conception, incorporates access to the benefits of research as an additional demand of justice. As a result, justice in research is now seen as demanding a proper balance of access to the benefits of research with protection from unconsented use and from exploitation.
Antecedents of the Praetorship
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

From the very beginning of the Republic, the Romans were faced with the difficult question of how to meet increasingly demanding administrative needs without giving imperium and regal auspicia to too many men. The introduction of a new praetor in 366 to serve as a colleague of the consuls was just one in a series of attempts to solve this problem. This magistracy has to be counted a success. But to create it, the Romans had to put a bold new construction on the regal power. The praetor was to hold imperium which was defined as of the same nature as the consuls’, but minus, “lesser,” in relation to theirs.
The Spains, 218-122
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

The year 197 is a landmark for this study. The number of praetors increased from four to six, and the two Spains were added to the traditional praetorian provinciae of the urban and peregrine jurisdictions, and Sardinia and Sicily. This decision brought to an end the string of nonmagistrates endowed with special imperium whom the Senate had sent as commanders to Spain since 218, the very start of Roman involvement in this area.It is impossible to examine the creation and development of the new provinciae of Hispania Ulterior and Citerior without some discussion of these privati (7.1.1-6). Their special commands provide precedents for a range of later practices, in the Spains and beyond.
General Developments in the Praetorship, 165-122
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, I examine the Senate’s decision not to annex one territory (Cyrene) in 154, and the addition of the new praetorian provinciae of “Macedonia” and “Africa” in 146, and “Asia” following a bequest of Attal us III in 133 (9.1.1-5). I post pone the question of the consular campaigns in Gallia Transalpina in the years 125-121 and the foundation, soon afterward, of Narbo Martius-steps which some have argued constitute the foundation of a new Roman provincia-to 10.2.3. What follows (9.2.1-2) is a brief discussion of the creation of a new praetorian provincia in the city-the quaestio repetundarum-in 122 B.C.
An Invocation
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

Let us start with a map. Unfold like a painted fan a mercator projection, a view from high above the earth encompassing the Pacific Ocean, with Asia on the left and the Americas on the right. The arc of the Pacific Rim sweeps from the blotch of Australia to Indonesia and Southeast Asia, up the coast of China past the Korean peninsula and Japan, around Alaska and down the West Coast of Canada and the United States, tailing off to the tip of South America. Imagine the map as a parchment through which to relive the past, a chart to trace the stories of people as they move about, leaving a trail of dotted lines that follow them from place to place. The story of these people is one of movement, and like a travel-worn atlas that shows the scrawled markings of roads taken and places seen, this map will show journeys and tell stories of how people came to see things previously unseen, how they tried to understand what they saw, and how they often kept going somewhere farther in order to understand what they had just seen. Place-names coalesce on this imaginary map, given meaning within and connected to the lives of our travelers. Guangdong Province in southern China, Japan, Hawaii, Seattle, San Francisco, Stockton, Los Angeles, Butte, Tule Lake, Iowa City, Nashville, and, on the extreme edge of our map, Chicago.
Speech at the Olympus Theater
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

“I’m about to be dragged down the good road,” I said in 1887 when I assumed the presidency of the Literary Circle, and today I’m obliged to say that during the past year I was not the captain at the head of his company, but the recruit enlisted in the ranks of men with smooth brows and strong hearts. Happily, far from futilely marching around a pole like the character from popular legend, we marched toward the realms of light and glimpsed the land where storms are born.
Catholic Education
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Let’s get a map of Lima and mark in red the buildings occupied by religious orders, the way doctors mark on the world map the places infected by an epidemic. We’ll see that we are threatened by an irresistible inundation of priests. Fathers of the Sacred Hearts, Redeemers, Salesians, Jesuits, and Barefoot Brothers, all of them are setting up or preparing to set up schools. Even our ancient, moribund convents are trying to get face-lifts and come back to life to incorporate themselves as teaching institutions.
Our judges
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Mariano Amezaga was not only a sincere and virile writer but a lawyer of proverbial honesty, a true character in the best sense of the word. If a malicious litigant tried to get him to take on some innocuous case, Amezaga would discourage him gently: “Friend, since there’s no merit to your case, I won’t represent you.” If the cause seemed just, he would take the case, but most of the time it turned out that they would n’t pay his fee. Maybe in the tumult of forensic give-and-take the litigant would say to him roguishly, “Doctor, sir, to tell the truth, I just learned from the reverend father N.N. that you have published a book attacking the dogma of our holy religion; and I, as a good Catholic, cannot continue to hire a heretic as my lawyer.”
Our Mother
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Situated at one end of the Continent, fused to the Pyrenees the way the appendix adheres to the trunk, Spain lives breathing in the digestive exhalations of the French stomach. Germany smells like gun powder, England like coal, the United States like oil and printer’s ink, but Spain smells of mold, incense, and fried olive oil. What was its penultimate king? A satyr born of the union of a tabula rasa and a cretinoid. Alphonso XII died young, undermined by his pathological ancestral stock and his vices, but he had time to marry twice and to leave an heir who conjoined in his veins the rancid aqueous humor of the Borbonnes and the pale red cells of the Austrians.
Antipoliticians (1907)
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

In addition to the existence in Lima of publications that openly call themselves antipolitical, conferences and meetings of an antipolitical nature are beginning to be held, as for example the one celebrated in this city on May 19. Ten years ago, a meeting like this would not have been possible, for lack of both a public and speakers. Today it is possible because workers groups have produced conscious individuals who are eager to bring light to the minds of their comrades, and because even the most ignorant are beginning to sense that there is light beyond the subterranean dark ness where they vegetate and die.
Revolution
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

The life and death of societies obey a determinism as inflexible as the germination of a seed or the crystallization of a salt. If sociologists had been able to enunciate laws similar to those formulated by the astronomers, we would now be able to announce revolutions the way we fix the date of an eclipse or a full moon. Everything follows the law. But in this universal determinism in which innumerable unknown forces act, are we capable of measuring the human factor? If we can promote germination and impede crystallization, shoul dn’t we be able to influence the development of events or phenomena related to collectivities? “Social forces,” says Engels, “work the same as those of nature, blindly, violently, destructively, as long as we don’t understand them or know how to use them.”
A Year in California
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela
Published: October 2023

One day, very late in the afternoon, tired, sick, and freezing cold, I was pushing my horse to reach the underground sanctuary of Uchusuma; it was in the middle of a long and difficult journey eighteen leagues in length, the most dangerous stretch of road between Bolivia and Tacna.

I had already left Mauri and the steep mountains surrounding it behind and was galloping across the dry plains, regularly swept by cold north winds and covered with bogs. These plains are bordered by a group of rocky outcroppings, made by an old cataclysm, at the center of which is the entrance to the cave, the only shelter for the traveler in those frozen barren lands.

All of a sudden, through the gusts of wind that were making it so difficult to see, I spotted a bright object shining among the small pebbles on the road.
Immunologic and Molecular Techniques
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Immunologic and molecular techniques have had major impact on hematopathological diagnosis. The diagnosis and classification of the malignant lymphomas has evolved from an essentially morphologic descriptive level in the 1960s to the immunophenotypic level in the 1970s and to the genotypic level in the 1980s and 1990s. Immunologic and molecular techniques are routinely applied to the diagnosis of lymph node biopsies. The development of monoclonal antibody technology has vastly expanded the availability of diagnostic reagents for the recognition of lymphoid differentiation antigens (Kishimoto et al, 1997). The development of monoclonal antibodies suitable for immunohistochemical studies on deparaffinized sections has broadened the applicability of immunophenotypic studies to routinely processed tissue and permitted the use of archival material (Perkins and l\jeldsberg, 1993). Similarly, the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplifying small sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has permitted molecular studies on DNA extracted from routinely processed paraffin embedded tissue (Mies, 1994). The diagnostic techniques reviewed in this chapter are an adjunct to histopathologic diagnosis and no one of these techniques can be considered a “gold standard” for hematopathologic diagnosis. The information gleaned from these techniques must be integrated with the histopathologic and clinical findings.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause a complex disorder resulting in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The lymph nodes are an important site of HIV replication and of the pathophysiologic events leading to immunodeficiency. The lymph nodes are also a major site of involvement of the opportunistic infections and neoplasms which characterize the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Peripheral B Cell Neoplasms: IV. Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma, Burkitt’s Lymphoma, and Burkitt-Like Lymphoma
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, and Burkitt-like lymphoma are tumors of transformed B lymphocytes. These are aggressive B cell lymphomas which are classified as intermediate to high grade in the WF. They are characterized by aggressive clinical course with potential curability with combination chemotherapy.
Peripheral T Cell and NK Cell Neoplasms: Ill. Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The anaplastic large cell lymphomas include anaplastic large cell lymphoma (CD30 +) of T and null cell types, primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma, Hodgkin’s-like. Anaplastic large cell lymphomas of B cell type are considered with the diffuse large B cell lymphomas in Chapter 18.
Myeloproliferative Disorders and Mastocytosis
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Myeloproliferative disorders which may involve the lymph node include granulocytic sarcoma (extramedullary myeloid cell tumor or chloroma), plasmacytoid monocytic proliferation (plasmacytoid T cell lymphoma), and the chronic myeloproliferative diseases, including chronic granulocytic leukemia and myeloid metaplasia-myelofibrosis. Mastocytosis, which is related to the myeloproliferative disorders, is also considered in this chapter.
Toward A Rich Man’s Fight
Authors: Blair William
Published: October 2023

When Allen T. Caperton of Virginia urged his fellow senators to throw the wealthy men who had paid for substitutes into the army, he knew the matter interested people beyond the Senate chambers. Representatives at that session of December 29, 1863, understood the need to placate soldiers who complained that the poor man fought a rich man’s war. Military fortunes had declined. Food shortages and inflation wracked the home front, hurting morale and stimulating absenteeism from the army. A few days before Caperton spoke, Congress had ended substitution. Now, members planned a further assault against the rich who were sitting out the war. Caperton proposed that Congress pass a bill voiding arrangements with substitutes as a New Year’s present for the soldiers. On January 5, 1864, President Davis signed the legislation that placed into the ranks the men who had purchased these exemptions. Momentum had swung toward turning the war into more of a rich man’s fight.
The Life of a Graduate Student
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas
Published: October 2023

What is the world of the budding scientist like? For students in their first few years of training who are not working in the lab or field, life is not totally different from that of an undergraduate. Students attend classes, spend hours in the library gathering articles for papers that they have to write, work on problem sets, study for exams. They are challenged to think more deeply, carefully, and creatively than they were when they were undergraduates, however, and memorization is not emphasized. They likely spend a few hours each week attending seminars and journal clubs. Characteristically, they take knowledge very seriously and aresearching for questions that they want to devote themselves to in later years. Students who are also expected to participate in research during these years may start out by working on simple projects or by helping more advanced researchers; temporarily assisting others is a good way to learn techniques and scientific thinking, and students who work long and hard at this may have their efforts re warded by middle authorship on the published studies. Students do not really have to know much about a field to physically start researching at a “cookbook” level. Many are actually unaware of the meaning of their work until they later fill in the gaps in their knowledge.
Diagnostic Pathology of Parasitic Infections with Clinical Correlations
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: October 2023

This book provides a comprehensive reference and diagnostic aid to the practicing pathologist or infectious disease specialist encountering a parasite in an examined tissue sample. Organized by phylogenetic group, the text facilitates diagnosis by discussing common characteristics and patterns of different parasites, and misleading artifacts that resemble parasites in tissue. This second edition includes molecular biology and immunologic aspects, and a more in-depth discussion of syndromes more prevalent due to increased world travel, immigration and the AIDS epidemic.
Social Support: Its Present Significance for Psychiatric Epidemiology
Authors: Henderson A Scott
Published: October 2023

The aim of this chapter is to examine the present state of knowledge about social support as a determinant of mental health. Evidence is presented that what has been measured in most studies is probably not a valid estimate of the actual social environment; it is instead the subject’s personal perception of this. It may be that it is the internal representation of the social environment rather than its true state that has a protective effect on mental health.
Physiological Correlates of Stress, Adversity, and Psychopathology
Authors: Frank Ellen , Karp Jordan
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the available data on physiological correlates of stress, adversity, and psychopathology. It is in the development of depressive illness and posttraumatic stress disorder that life stress has been most strongly implicated. Thus it is not surprising that most of the literature we were able to locate relevant to the question of what the physiological correlates of stress and psychopathology might be focuses on these two disorders.
Adversity, Stress, and Psychopathology: A Psychiatric Genetic Perspective
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S
Published: October 2023

How can the discipline of psychiatric genetics improve our understanding of the interrelationship between adversity, stress, and psychopathology? One logical way to begin addressing this question is to review possible mechanisms whereby genetic factors can interact with environmental factors to influence vulnerability to psychiatric illness (see Kendler & Eaves, 1986, for a more complete discussion of this topic).
Blueprints For Reform
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

What would it cost the education system to adopt policies that emphasize science literacy for all students? How can we ensure that tests measure what educators, parents, and others want them to? How can universities set admissions policies that motivate K-12 institutions to produce science literate graduates? Project 2061 of the American Association for the Advancement of Science believes that serious efforts to reform the K-12 curriculum in this country require an understanding of the whole of education. To gain this kind of perspective, Project 2061 commissioned experts to prepare reports on a dozen areas of the education system that would have implications for the implementation of the reforms defined in their earlier volumes Science for All Americans and Benchmarks for Science Literacy. Blueprints for Reform is a summation of those reports offering teachers, parents, policymakers, business leaders, and others a starting point for their exploration of the education system and its response to reform. Blueprints for Reform includes discussions of equity, assessment, teacher education, policy, finance, school organization, curriculum connections, family and community, research, materials and technology, and business and industry. A chapter is devoted to each of these topics providing an overview of the issue and some recommendations on how to move forward. The idea behind this strategy is to bring current research together in one place so anyone working in the area of science education and reform can have complete access to the latest information, methods, and debates. To spark the kind of thoughtful debate that can lead to meaningful change, Blueprints for Reform also has an on-line component providing summaries of the chapters in the book, as well as a database of bibliographies and science- and education-related topics. Through Blueprints On-Line, anyone with a stake in improving science education can share experiences with peers, find information on interrelated facets of the education system, or air their views on how best to go about systemic change. Blueprints for Reform offers a bold new examination of the current system to determine what changes are desirable and possible in science education, and how best to ensure our children are prepared for life in the twenty-first century.
The Turning
Authors: Ayers Edward L , Mittendorf Bradley C
Published: October 2023

World War II changed the South more deeply than any event since the Civil War. Whether serving in the military or entering the industrial workplace for the first time, many Southerners encountered challenges to long-held assumptions concerning race, religion, work, and regional identity. An infusion of government spending and outside investment brought a prosperity to the South of the 1950s and 1960s that the region had not seen for a century. The landscape changed with remark­ able speed, as interstate highways, suburbs, and fast-food franchises sprouted up in fields. Television introduced Southerners to styles of life earlier generations had only glimpsed during brief visits to the cities of the North.
Introduction: A History of Oppression and Maltreatment
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

The persecution of the Gypsies by the Nazi regime represents but a chapter in a long history replete with abuse and cruel oppression. Ever since the Gypsies appeared in central Europe in the early fifteenth century, they have been expelled, branded, hanged and subjected to various other kinds of mal treatment. Indeed, in some parts of Europe the vicious tribulations experienced by this minority continue unabated to the present day. As a result of this history, many Gypsies are reluctant to acknowledge their ethnic identity, and statistics about the number of Gypsies in the world are therefore notoriously unreliable.
The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution 1770-1823
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: October 2023

The author explores the international impact and social significance of antislavery thought in a critical era of political and industrial revolution. He examines the implications and historical consequences of challenging the long-accepted institution of slavery. The study not only provides a comparative account of early antislavery movements, but also uses the controversies over slavery to analyse shifting attitudes towards labour, social order, political representation, and the authority of law and religion. The focus is on the Anglo-American experience, but Davis makes illuminating comparisons with the history of slavery in France and Latin America. The book also offers portraits of important historical figures, including Thomas Jefferson, Granville Sharp, Bryan Edward, and Moreau de Saint-Mery, and accounts of key groups, movements, and bodies of literature. Through the history of slavery, Davis explores many areas of the social and intellectual history of the revolutionary era, creating a new reading of the entire age.
A Methodology For Determining An International Legal Rule
Authors: Arend Anthony Clark
Published: October 2023

The previous chapter examined the basic ways in which states create international legal rules. While there is general agreement about the primary means that states use to develop these rules, it is not always easy to determine when states have truly expressed their consent. Indeed, one of the most difficult and time-consuming tasks for contemporary scholars and government officials is to determine when a rule of international law exists. As Professor Weil explains, “the acts accomplished by subjects of international law are so diverse in character that it is no simple matter for a jurist to determine what may be called the normativity threshold: i.e., the line of transition between the nonlegal and the legal, between what does not constitute a norm and what does.” Customary international law has always been quite elusive. When is there sufficient state practice? And when is there sufficient opinio Juris? Similarly, general principles of law can be quite difficult to identify-especially since there is no common understanding of pre­cisely what a general principle is. How do we know when the principle is truly “general”?
Every Cell is Sacred: Logical Consequences of the Argument from Potential in the Age of Cloning
Authors: Alta Charo R
Published: October 2023

In Monty Python’s The Meaning of Life there is a song that pokes fun at the Catholic Church’s opposition to contraception and, by extension, at the classic argument from potential that any entity which has the potential to become a baby must be treated as sacredly as babies.
Spine Trauma, Spinal Cord Injury, and Spinal Stability
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G
Published: October 2023

Most spinal cord injuries (SCI) are caused by closed trauma (nonpenetrating injuries, usually via spinal column failure); some arise from missile, or less commonly, impalement (penetrating injuries). The presence and extent of spinal cord injuries depend on how much kinetic energy is imparted to the spine, the extent of spinal column failure, the extent of neural compression, the presence of persistent neural compression or neural element transection, and the resilience of the spinal cordand nerve roots in the face of injury. Each of these factors must be considered separately. Many have a variable effect that is dependent upon the region of the spine injured. Therefore, region-specific anatomical and biomechanical factors must be understood and repetitively assessed.
Conclusion
Authors: Herlihy Patricia
Published: October 2023

It is clear that in one foreign observer’s eyes the 1914 ban on alcohol could be directly attributed to the power of the Russian people. Whether the people persuaded Nicholas to announce prohibition or whether he had made the decision independently remains moot until historians find evidence to support one view or the other decisively. Also moot is the issue of whether or not the massive efforts of temperance activists reduced alcoholism in the Russian Empire. But it is significant that Russia was the first country to adopt prohibition.

There are other significant observations to be made about the mass temperance movement, however. Contemporaries themselves recognized that the temperance movement, in all its variety, was nearly unique in the Russian experience. It originated and grew without the tutelage of the state and even, in large part, in opposition to its policies. Most private societies, whether religious or lay in character, were highly critical of the state’s liquor monopoly and implicitly critical of the regime that sponsored it. The state in turn remained suspicious and ambivalent toward private societies, but the magnitude of the alcoholism issue won for them a grudging toleration.