bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post mortemsurvey of dental disorders in 349 donkeys from an aged population (2005–2006). Part 1: Prevalence of specific dental disorders
Authors: du TOIT N. , GALLAGHER J. , BURDEN F. A. , DIXON P. M.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing study: Donkey dental disorders are being recognised with increased frequency worldwide and have important welfare implications; however, no detailed investigations of dental disorders in donkeys appear to have been published.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of specified dental disorders in donkeys by performing a prospectivepost mortemstudy on donkeys that were subjected to euthanasia or died for other reasons at the Donkey Sanctuary, UK.

Methods:Post mortemexaminations were performed on 349 donkeys over an 18 month period, 2005–2006. The presence and extent of specified dental disorders were recorded and these data analysed to determine their prevalence and common locations.

45Results: A high prevalence (93%) of disorders was noted in the population with a median age of 31 years. In particular, cheek teeth diastemata (85% prevalence) were very common, often associated with advanced periodontal disease. Other disorders observed included missing teeth (in 55.6% of donkeys), displaced teeth (43%), worn teeth (34%), local overgrowths (15%), focal sharp overgrowths (3%) and dental‐related soft tissue injuries (8%).

Conclusions and potential relevance: Aged donkeys have a high prevalence of significant dental disease, especially cheek teeth diastemata. These findings highlight the importance of routine dental examinations and prophylactic dental treatments to improve the dental health and welfare of donkeys.
Post mortem survey of dental disorders in 349 donkeys from an aged population (2005–2006). Part 2: Epidemiological studies
Authors: du TOIT N. , GALLAGHER J. , BURDEN F. A. , DIXON P. M.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing study: Dental disorders have recently been recognised as having major clinical and welfare implications in donkeys. However, no investigation appears to have examined the association of dental disorders with managemental factors and any intercurrent illness.

Objectives: To determine the association of dental disorders observed in a post mortem study with age group, body condition score, time since last dental treatment, feeding and the illness that necessitated euthanasia or caused death.

Methods: A prospective study documented the type and prevalence of dental disorders in 349 mainly aged donkeys (median estimated age of 31 years) that were subjected to euthanasia over an 18 month period in 2005–2006. The estimated age, body condition score, supplemental feed status, time since last dental treatment and nature of the intercurrent disease that necessitated euthanasia or caused death were also recorded. Multivariable analysis was performed to examine associations of these factors with specific dental disorders and between specific dental disorders.

Results: There was a high prevalence (93.4%) of significant dental disease. Age group was significantly associated with the presence of dental disorders and an older age range was a high risk factor for the presence of cheek teeth (CT) diastemata. There was a significant association between the presence of CT diastemata and the concurrent presence of displaced, missing and worn CT. There was also a significant association between the presence of diastemata and colic.

Conclusions and potential relevance: Aged donkeys have a high prevalence of dental disorders especially of CT diastemata. Dental disorders and, in particular, the presence of CT diastemata were significantly associated with colic. Routine, prophylactic dental treatments should be performed, especially in aged donkeys.
Equine laminitis: Membrane type matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐14) is involved in acute phase onset
Authors: Kyaw‐Tanner M. T. , Wattle O. , Van Eps A. W. , Pollitt C. C.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing study: Enzymatic separation at the hoof lamellar dermal‐epidermal interface may play a role in the development of laminitis and characterising and locating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of MMPs or TIMPs) in lamellar tissues may further understanding of pathogenesis.

Objectives: To clone and sequence the cDNA encoding lamellar MMP‐14 and TIMP‐2, and quantify their transcription in normal and laminitic tissue; and to develop antibody to locate MMP‐14 in lamellar tissues.

Methods: Tissue samples were obtained from an oligofructose induced model of laminitis. Total RNA was isolated, amplified by RT‐PCR, cloned into a vector and sequenced. Real‐time PCR was used to quantify MMP‐14 and TIMP‐2 expression. Rabbit anti‐equine MMP‐14 antibody was developed to analyse MMP‐14 proteins from hoof tissues.

Results: Immunohistochemistry detected MMP‐14 in the cytoplasm of normal lamellar basal and parabasal cells in close proximity to the lamellar basement membrane. In laminitis affected tissue MMP‐14 immunostaining was depleted in lamellar basal cells. Quantitative real‐time PCR showed MMP‐14 and TIMP‐2 expression significantly (P<0.05) elevated and lowered respectively in laminitis affected tissues.

Conclusion: MMP‐14, located in the cytoplasm of normal lamellar basal cells, disappears during laminitis development. The pathology of laminitis is associated with increased and lowered transcription of MMP‐14 and TIMP‐2, respectively.

Potential relevance: Enzymes have a role in laminitis pathology and inhibition of their activity may prevent laminitis.
Cartilage‐derived retinoic acid‐sensitive protein in equine synovial fluid from healthy and diseased joints
Authors: BERG L. C. , LENZ J. , KJELGAARD‐HANSEN M. , THOMSEN P. D. , JACOBSEN S.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing study: More sensitive and specific diagnostic methods for early detection of changes in the joint cartilage are needed. Cartilage‐derived retinoic acid‐sensitive protein (CD‐RAP) is a potential marker of cartilage synthesis and regeneration. This is the first study on equine CD‐RAP.

Objectives: To evaluate the ability of a commercially available human sandwich ELISA assay to detect equine CD‐RAP in synovial fluid from healthy and diseased joints.

Methods: Synovial fluid was collected from 28 horses with no signs of joint disease and from 5 with induced inflammatory arthritis. CD‐RAP concentrations were measured using a human CD‐RAP ELISA. Intra‐ and interassay imprecision of the assay were evaluated by multiple measurements on pools of equine synovial fluid. Assay inaccuracy was determined by linearity under dilution.

Results: The assay showed moderate to large intra‐ and interassay variation when applied to equine synovial fluid. Equine CD‐RAP was detected in synovial fluid from healthy horses ranged at 8.2–52 ng/ml. Repeated arthrocentesis (after injection of isotonic saline), age, joint or gender did not significantly affect CD‐RAP concentrations. Twelve hours after intra‐articular injection of lipopolysaccharide, concentrations of CD‐RAP were significantly lower than after injection of isotonic saline and remained significantly lower until the end of the study at 144 h.

Conclusion and potential relevance: The assay is suitable for longitudinal monitoring of CD‐RAP concentration in individual horses. Disease significantly influenced CD‐RAP levels. Similar to previous results obtained in man, CD‐RAP seems to be a marker of cartilage synthesis and/or regeneration in horses.
Regionalisation of the muscle fascicle architecture in the equine longissimus dorsi muscle
Authors: RITRUECHAI P. , WELLER R. , WAKELING J. M.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing study: The longissimus dorsi is the largest muscle in the equine back and plays an important role in locomotor ability and performance in the horse. In vivo studies suggest that the mechanical function varies between different muscle segments, in part determined by anatomy. It is possible therefore that variations in function reflect variations in the anatomy of the longissimus dorsi along its length.

Objectives: To identify if there are regional variations in muscle architecture of the longissimus dorsi.

Methods: Computed tomography scans were obtained from 8 cadaver backs to identify the cross‐sectional area and volume of the muscle. The 3D orientations of the muscle fascicles were quantified in situ by their direction cosines using a magnetic digitisation system.

Results: Mean ± s.e. volume of the muscle was 2.34 ± 0.18 l for each side and mean length of the vertebral column from T4 to L6 dorsal spinous processes was 56.57 ± 2.0 cm. There were significant differences in the cross‐sectional area and the moment arm lengths between muscle segments (P<0.05). In the lumbar region, the mediolateral moment arms were 2–3 times greater than the dorsoventral moment arms. There were significant variations in the direction cosines (n = 7129) between muscle segments and between different regions within each segment (P<0.05).

Potential relevance: These observations indicate that the muscle fascicle architecture predisposes the longissimus dorsi to different functions both along its length and between different regions within each segment. Detailed 3D anatomical measures of the structure with in vivo measures of function (back motion and muscle activity) will be investigated in further studies.
Mechanical nociceptive thresholds within the pastern region of Tennessee Walking Horses
Authors: Haussler K. K. , Behre T. H. , Hill A. E.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing study: ‘Soring’ is the term used to describe the application of an irritant to the distal forelimbs of gaited horses with the sole intent of inflicting pain and inducing altered gait, illegally practiced in Tennessee Walking Horses. Objective methods for the detection of limb pain due to this practice are, however, lacking.

Objectives: To assess whether Tennessee Walking Horses respond to manual pressures ≤10 kg/cm2 and to establish reference mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) within the pastern region.

Methods: In 25 mature Tennessee Walking Horses in which no irritant had been applied, MNTs were evoked by a pressure algometer at 4 sites within the pastern region of each thoracic limb by 6 different examiners. The effects of age, sex, weight, height at withers, exercise and hand dominance of the examiners on MNTs were assessed. Correlations between the horse's perceived mental status, tolerance to the procedure and MNT values were also evaluated.

Results: Mechanical nociceptive thresholds ≤10 kg/cm2 were observed in 20% of measurements, of which the mean ± s.d. MNT was 9.5 ± 0.3 kg/cm2. Within 4 pastern sites, the palmar region had the lowest reference MNT value of 19.5 ± 3.6 kg/cm2. Subject status, exercise, hand dominance, horse mental status and horse procedure tolerance did not significantly affect MNT values.

Conclusions: Reference MNTs of the pastern region of nontreated Tennessee Walking Horses provide an objective standard for the evaluation of those potentially applied irritant.

Potential relevance: Pressure algometry, in lieu of digital pressure, can quantify mechanical pressure applied during inspections to detect irritant therapy and provide consistency between examiners.
Penile and preputial tumours in the horse: A retrospective study of 114 affected horses
Authors: van den TOP J. G. B. , DE HEER N. , KLEIN W. R. , ENSINK J. M.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing study: Preputial and penile tumours are more common in horses than in other domestic animals, but no large surveys of male horses with tumours of the external genitalia are available.

Objective: To present a retrospective analysis of male horses with neoplasms of the external genitalia.

Methods: The penile and preputial tumours of 114 horses were evaluated. Data recorded included age, gelding or stallion and breed; type and site of lesion; involvement of regional lymph nodes; histopathology (including grading of squamous cell carcinoma); and results of radiographic examination of the thorax.

Results: Mean age of horses was 19.5 years with no apparent breed predilection. Common presenting clinical signs were irregularities (e.g. the presence of a mass and/or ulceration) on the integument of the penis and prepuce, and purulent or sanguineous discharge from preputial orifice. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most prevalent neoplasm followed by papillomas and melanomas. A basal cell carcinoma, neurofibrosarcoma, adenocarcinoma or fibrosarcoma were each found on single horses. Squamous cell carcinomas with poor differentiation had a higher tendency to metastasise than did more differentiated tumours.

Conclusions: Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common urogenital tumour of the male horse and occurs primarily in old horses. Horses with poorly differentiated SCCs tend to have a higher incidence of regional metastases. Pathology of lymph nodes, even when not palpably enlarged, is a valuable diagnostic exercise. Radiology of the thorax to detect lung metastases is of little value.
Effect of paddock vs. stall housing on 24 hour gastric pH within the proximal and ventral equine stomach
Authors: HUSTED L. , SANCHEZ L. C. , OLSEN S. N. , BAPTISTE K. E. , MERRITT A. M.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing study: Stall housing has been suggested as a risk factor for ulcer development in the equine stomach; however, the exact pathogenesis for this has not been established.

Objectives: To investigate the effect of 3 environmental situations (grass paddock, stall alone or stall with adjacent companion) on pH in the proximal and the ventral stomach.

Methods: Six horses with permanently implanted gastric cannulae were used in a randomised, cross‐over, block design. Each horse rotated through each of three 24 h environmental situations. Horses remained on their normal diet (grass hayad libitumand grain b.i.d.) throughout the study. Intragastric pH was measured continuously for 72 h just inside the lower oesophageal sphincter (proximal stomach) and via a pH probe in the gastric cannula (ventral stomach).

Results: Neither proximal nor ventral 24 h gastric pH changed significantly between the 3 environmental situations. Mean hourly proximal gastric pH decreased significantly in the interval from 01.00–09.00 h compared to the interval from 13.00–20.00 h, regardless of environmental situation. Median hourly proximal pH only differed in the interval from 06.00–07.00 h compared to the interval 14.00–19.00 h. Neither mean nor median hourly ventral gastric pH varied significantly with the time of day.

Conclusions: The change in housing status used in the current study did not affect acid exposure within either region of the equine stomach. The pH in the ventral stomach was uniformly stable throughout the study, while the proximal pH demonstrated a 24 h circadian pattern.

Potential relevance: Since stall housing was not associated with prolonged acid exposure to the proximal stomach, this aspect alone does not explain the increased risk of squamous ulcer development. The circadian rhythm associated with proximal intragastric pH warrants further investigation.
In vitroeffects of hydrochloric and lactic acids on bioelectric properties of equine gastric squamous mucosa
Authors: ANDREWS F. M. , BUCHANAN B. R. , ELLIOTT S. B. , JASSIM R. A. M. AL , McGOWAN C. M. , SAXTON A. M.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing study: Volatile fatty acids, byproducts of carbohydrate fermentation by resident bacteria, have been implicated in causing nonglandular (NG) gastric ulcers. Lactic acid (LA), also produced by stomach bacteria, may cause gastric ulcers when exposed to the equine NG mucosa.

Objectives: To investigate thein vitroeffects of LA on equine NG mucosa bioelectric properties, sodium transport and tissue resistance.

Methods: Gastric tissues obtained from 13 mature horses were studied in Ussing chambers. Short‐circuit current (Isc) and potential difference (PD) were measured, and electrical resistance (R) and conductance (G) calculated for tissues after addition of HCl and LA (5, 10, 20 and 40 mmol/l) in normal Ringer's solution (NRS).

Results: Mucosa exposed to HCl or LA (5, 10 and 20 mmol/l) in NRS (pH 1.5 and to a lesser extent pH 4.0) had a significant decrease in Isc and PD. Mucosa exposed to a high concentration of LA (40 mmol/l) in NRS (LRS) at pH 1.5 showed an increased G, but this increase was not significant. Values returned to baseline after solutions were returned to pH 7.0. Histological changes were consistent with HCl‐induced (pH <4.0) acid damage.

Conclusions: HCl induced alteration in bioelectric properties of equine NG mucosa whereas addition of LRS did not, other than those changes seen with HCl alone.

Potential relevance: Lactic acid, produced in the stomach of horses fed a high‐grain diet, does not significantly alter sodium transport or permeability in equine NG mucosal tissue. Lactic acid may require a longer exposure time or may need the presence of other VFAs in HCl to cause gastric ulcers.
Validity of indicators of dehydration in working horses: A longitudinal study of changes in skin tent duration, mucous membrane dryness and drinking behaviour
Authors: PRITCHARD J. C. , BURN C. C. , BARR A. R. S. , WHAY H. R.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing study: Dehydration is a serious welfare concern in horses working in developing countries. Identification of a valid and practical indicator of dehydration would enable more rapid treatment and prevention.

Objectives: To examine changes in bodyweight, clinical and blood parameters during rehydration of working horses, identify a ‘gold standard’ criterion for dehydration and use this to validate a standardised skin tent test, drinking behaviour and mucous membrane dryness as potential field indicators.

Methods: Fifty horses with a positive skin tent test, working in environmental temperatures of 30–44°C in Pakistan, were rested and offered water to drink ad libitum. Bodyweight, clinical and blood parameters, mucous membrane dryness, drinking behaviour and skin tent duration at 6 anatomical locations were measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min.

Results: Skin tent duration was affected by side of animal (P = 0.008), anatomical location and coat moisture (both P<0.001). Younger animals had shorter skin tents at all time points (P = 0.007). There was no significant association between plasma osmolality (Posm) or water intake and skin tent duration. Horses with a higher Posm drank significantly more water (P<0.001), and had longer (P<0.001) and more frequent (P = 0.001) drinking bouts. Neither Posm nor water intake affected qualitative and semi‐quantitative measurements of mucous membrane dryness significantly.

Conclusions and potential relevance: The standardised skin tent test and measures of mucous membrane dryness investigated in this study were not valid or repeatable indicators of dehydration when compared with Posm as a ‘gold standard’ criterion. The volume of water consumed and the number and duration of drinking bouts were the most reliable guide to hydration status currently available for mature working horses. Offering palatable water to drink ad libitum provides both the diagnosis and the remedy for dehydration in working horses.
Racing performance following the laryngeal tie‐forward procedure: A case‐controlled study
Authors: Cheetham J. , Pigott J. H. , Thorson L. M. , Mohammed H. O. , Ducharme N. G.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing study: The laryngeal tie‐forward procedure (LTFP) is becoming widely used for correction of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) despite the absence of an evidence‐based assessment of its efficacy.

Hypotheses: The LTFP returns racing performance to preoperative baseline levels and to that of matched controls; and post operative laryngohyoid position is associated with post operative performance.

Design and population: Case‐controlled study of racehorses undergoing a LTFP for dorsal displacement of the soft palate at Cornell University between October 2002 and June 2007.

Methods: The presence of at least one post operative start and race earnings ($) were used as outcome variables. Controls were matched by age, breed and sex from the third race prior to surgery. A novel radiographic reference system was used to determine laryngohyoid position pre‐ and post operatively. Data for definitively and presumptively diagnosed cases were analysed separately.

Results: During the study interval, 263 racehorses presented, of which 106 were included in the study; 36 had a definitive diagnosis of DDSP and 70 a presumptive diagnosis. Treated horses were equally likely to race post operatively as controls in the equivalent race. Treated horses had significantly lower earnings in the race before surgery than matched controls. The procedure moved the basihyoid bone dorsally and caudally and the larynx dorsally and rostrally. A more dorsal post operative basihyoid position and more dorsal and less rostral laryngeal position were associated with an increased probability of racing post operatively.

Conclusions: Horses undergoing a LTFP are as likely to race post operatively as matched controls. The procedure restores race earnings to preoperative baseline levels and to those of matched controls.

Potential relevance: This study provides strong evidence supporting the use of the LTFP in racehorses. Further work is needed to determine the relationship between laryngohyoid conformation and nasopharyngeal stability in horses.
Molecular insights into dietary induced colic in the horse
Authors: SHIRAZI‐BEECHEY S. P.
Published: September 2008

Equine colic, a disorder manifested in abdominal pain, is the most frequent cause of emergency treatment and death in horses. Colic often requires intestinal surgery, subsequent hospitalisation and post operative care, with a strong risk of complications arising from surgery. Therefore strategies that explore approaches for preventing the condition are essential. To this end, a better understanding of the factors and mechanisms that lead to the development of colic and related intestinal diseases in the horse allows the design of preventive procedures.

Colic is a multifactorial disorder that appears to be induced by environmental factors and possibly a genetic predisposition. One factor that seems to influence the risk of developing colic is the excessive consumption of diets containing high levels of carbohydrates. Therefore, major efforts have been made by various laboratories and institutions across the world to study the type and digestibility of various feed in order to formulate accurate and safe feed components and proportions. However, relatively little work has been carried out to characterise, in detail, the carbohydrate digestive and absorptive capacity and mechanisms underlying the potential adaptive response of equine gut epithelium to a changing diet.

This review focuses on advances made towards understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates in the equine gastrointestinal tract and the implication of these processes for the whole body physiology. It addresses the underlying mechanisms that may govern the adaptive response of equine small intestine to increased dietary hydrolysable carbohydrates. Furthermore, it describes changes that occur in the equine large intestinal microbiology and host tissue biology brought about by alterations in diet and in colic. It is hoped that a better understanding of the molecular and cellular processes that play important roles in the physiology and pathology of the equine gastrointestinal tract will assist the development of effective strategies to prevent equine colic.
The use of race winnings, ratings and a performance index to assess the effect of thermocautery of the soft palate for treatment of horses with suspected intermittent dorsal displacement. A case‐control study in 110 racing Thoroughbreds
Authors: Reardon R. J. M. , Fraser B. S. L. , Heller J. , Lischer C. , Parkin T. , Bladon B. M.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing the study: There have been no reports of the efficacy of thermocautery of the soft palate (TSP) assessed objectively as a treatment of intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP).

Objective: To compare: racing performance of horses that underwent thermocautery of the soft palate with matched controls; and ‘Racing Post ratings’ (RPR) with prize money won (RE) and a performance index (PI) for each of the horses in the study.

Hypothesis: Thermocautery of the soft palate has no beneficial effect on racing performance and the 3 measures of performance are significantly related.

Methods: The inclusion criteria were fulfilled by 110 horses and each was matched with 2 controls. Changes in performance were compared statistically. RPR, RE and PI were analysed using a regression model.

Results: The percentage of horses that improved in performance following the procedure was 28–51% for the 3 measures of performance, compared to 21–53% for the matched controls. There was no significant effect of the procedure on the changes in RPR or RE. There was a significant effect of the procedure on the change in PI (P = 0.015) with more treated horses achieving an improved PI and fewer acquiring a worse PI than matched control horses. The measures of performance showed significant correlation.

Conclusions: Thermocautery of the soft palate alone may not be the most efficacious treatment of DDSP.

Potential relevance: Production of a reliable measure of racehorse performance may be possible.
Treatment of oromaxillary fistulae in nine standing horses (2002–2006)
Authors: HAWKES C. S. , EASLEY J. , BARAKZAI S. Z. , DIXON P. M.
Published: September 2008

Reasons for performing study: There is minimal published information on equine oromaxillary fistulae that are unrelated to cheek teeth (CT) repulsion or on the conservative treatment of these atypical fistulae.

Objectives: To report equine oromaxillary fistulae unrelated to CT extraction and describe their management in standing horses.

Methods: Case details of oromaxillary fistulae of atypical aetiology occurring at 2 referral centres between 2002–2006, including their treatment and response to treatment were examined.

Results: Nine cases of oromaxillary fistula were recorded, mainly in aged horses (median 22 years). Fistulae were associated with CT diastemata in 7 cases, fractured CT in one and a central defect in a worn CT in another. After removing food and exudate from the sinuses, 6 cases were treated successfully by filling the diastema or dental defect with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Following dental extraction, the other 3 cases were treated successfully by use of PMMA alveolar packing.

Conclusion: Older horses can spontaneously develop oromaxillary fistulae, usually secondary to CT diastemata. In the absence of apical infection, this disorder can usually be treated successfully in standing horses by treating the sinusitis and sealing the oral aspect of the diastema with PMMA.

Potential relevance: Older horses with sinusitis should be assessed for the presence of CT diastemata and oromaxillary fistulae. If detected, these disorders can be treated successfully in the standing horse.
Radiological interpretation of the navicular bone
Authors: Dyson S.
Published: September 2008

Acquisition of a sufficient number of high quality radiographic views is an essential prerequisite to accurate radiological interpretation of the navicular bone. This requires appropriate preparation of the foot, careful attention to limb position and to both centring and direction of the x‐ray beam, according to hoof capsule conformation. Artefacts are easily created. Potentially significant radiological abnormalities include: entheseiophytes at the proximomedial and proximolateral aspect of the bone; proximal or distal extension of the flexor border of the bone, distal border fragments, 8 or more large and variably shaped distal border radiolucent zones; discrete radiolucent areas in the spongiosa with or without detectable communication with the flexor cortex; new bone at the sagittal ridge; increased thickness of the flexor cortex; sclerosis of the spongiosa; and a bipartite bone.
Intermittent peritoneal dialysis for the treatment of acute renal failure in two horses
Authors: Han J. H. , McKenzie H. C.
Published: September 2008

Acute renal failure (ARF) in the horse is most commonly due to decreased renal perfusion or a nephrotoxic insult. Conventional therapy includes the administration of i.v. fluids, frusemide, mannitol and/or dopamine, as well as general supportive care. However, not all horses with ARF will respond to these treatments. In these cases, peritoneal dialysis is a viable therapeutic option.

This case report describes 2 horses with ARF that was refractory to conventional therapy. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis was used effectively in both cases for treatment of the ARF. Dialysis was easy to perform and associated only with minor complications. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing the successful use of intermittent peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of ARF in the horse.
Hand‐assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy in a standing horse for the management of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Hilton H. G. , Aleman M. , Maher O. , Peterson T. S. , Whitcomb M. B. , Galuppo L. D.
Published: September 2008

An 18‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding was examined for haematuria of 6 weeks' duration. Rectal examination identified an enlarged left kidney and ultrasonographic examination of the kidney identified grossly abnormal renal architecture. Hand‐assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed following laparoscopic exploration of the abdomen for metastatic disease. A laparoscopic stapling device was successfully used to transect and ligate the renal vasculature and ureter. Histopathological examination of the kidney identified renal cell carcinoma. A 7 month survival was documented following surgery. Unilateral nephrectomy should be considered a therapeutic or palliative procedure for horses with renal cell carcinoma.
Atypical myopathy: New insights into the pathophysiology, prevention and management of the condition
Authors: van Galen G. , Serteyn D. , Amory H. , Votion D. M.
Published: September 2008

Atypical myopathy (AM) is a frequently fatal seasonal pasture myopathy that has emerged in several European Countries in recent years. Currently, the aetiology of AM is unknown but recent surveys of confirmed cases have led to new insights into the pathophysiology, prevention and management of the condition.
Detailed echocardiographic findings in a newborn foal with tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Schmitz R. R. , Klaus C. , Grabner A.
Published: September 2008

This case report is the first detailed description of the echocardiographic findings in tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in a newborn foal. In addition to the characteristic elements of TOF, asynchronous wall movement patterns were also evident. Measurements in 2D and M‐mode echocardiography revealed marked changes in cardiac dimensions. Haemodynamic studies in both right and left ventricular outflow tracts, as well as haemodynamic studies of the shunt flow situation, were performed. Shunting flows through the ventricular septal defect in both directions, and also from the right ventricle into the aorta, were present. A mild to moderate stenosis of the pulmonary valve, as the determining factor in longterm prognosis, could be found by echocardiography.
Ocular angiosarcoma in a pony ‐ MRI and histopathological appearance
Authors: Bischofberger A. S. , Konar M. , Posthaus H. , Pekarkova M. , Grzybowski M. , Brehm W.
Published: September 2008

Ocular angiosarcomas are an infrequent aetiology of exophthalmus in the horse. In the case presented here, a pony was referred with a history of supraorbital swelling, exophthalmus and conjunctivitis of the right eye. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were used for diagnosis; however, the exact definition of the retrobulbar changes could only be made by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI shows anatomic and physiological detail in both the osseous and soft tissue structures. Only 3 sequences were used in this case: a transverse T2‐weighted and a dorsal high resolution, T1‐weighted gradient echo with multiplanar reconstruction capability pre‐ and post contrast application. This case report suggests that MRI should be used more frequently in the diagnosis of head tumours in horses.
Laparoscopic‐assisted splenectomy in a horse with splenomegaly
Authors: Ortved K. F. , Witte S. , Fleming K. , Nash J. , Woolums A. R. , Peroni J. F.
Published: September 2008

This reports describes the surgical management of a horse evaluated for recurrent colic. These frequent colic episodes were attributed by exclusion to an abnormally enlarged spleen (idiopathic splenomegaly). Splenectomy was elected and performed with a laparoscopic assisted technique. The advantages observed by using this surgical approach were a clear view of the visceral aspect of the spleen and consequently an accurate dissection of the hilus of the spleen and associated vasculature. Ultimately the laparoscopic technique allowed the surgeons to reduce the size of the laparotomy incision required to remove the spleen and the overall invasiveness of the procedure. The horse recovered well from the procedure and ultimately returned to the previous level of competitiveness.
Splenic rupture and splenectomy in a foal
Authors: Garcia‐Seeber F. , McAuliffe S. B. , McGovern F. , DeFeo J.
Published: September 2008

A 45‐day‐old foal was presented for abdominal pain. Examination revealed the presence of haemoabdomen. An exploratory celiotomy was performed that revealed a large tear on the visceral surface of the spleen. A splenectomy was performed without rib resection. An abdominal wall hernia and leucocytosis had developed by 6 weeks post surgery. A second celiotomy to repair the hernia and explore the cause of the leucocytosis was performed 10 weeks after the first surgery. A portion of the caecum and colon had become adhered to the body wall at the site of the hernia; these areas were resected and the hernia repaired with a polypropylene mesh. The filly made a good recovery and is currently in training. Splenic rupture should be considered in any horse showing signs of abdominal pain with ultrasonographic findings consistent with haemoabdomen.
Injection of the insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon in horses using radiographic guidance
Authors: Anderson J. D. C. , Puchalski S. M. , Larson R. F. , Delco M. L. , Snyder J. R.
Published: September 2008

Insertional tendinopathies of the DDFT have been reported both as the sole lesion and as part of a multifocal lesion (Dyson et al. 2003). Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging allow specific diagnosis of deep digital flexor tendon lesions within the hoof capsule; however, direct intralesional treatment of such lesions is difficult because of the hoof's rigid structure. A technique designed to mimic intralesional injection of insertional tendinopathies of the DDFT in the standing horse using radiographic guidance was assessed. Radiographic and contrast CT imaging and sectioning of the limbs confirmed accurate injection in all cases although inadvertant administration of injectate into adjacent structures was also evident.
Mesothelioma of thetunica vaginalistestes in a stallion
Authors: Johnson A. K. , Love C. C. , Casillo A. L. , Pool R. R.
Published: September 2008

Scrotal enlargement is a problem in stallions that often leads to poor semen quality. Although there are many causes for scrotal enlargement, testicular neoplasia is often high on the differential list, especially in an aged stallion.

This case report describes a stallion with scrotal enlargement caused by a rare neoplasia located in thetunica vaginalis, and not in the testicular parenchyma. Diagnosis of mesothelioma was made following hemicastration. Prognosis in other species is variable, but this stallion returned to his successful breeding career following treatment and has remained healthy one year following the diagnosis.
Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, pancytopenia and equine herpesvirus‐5 infection in a Thoroughbred gelding
Authors: Hart K. A. , Barton M. H. , Williams K. J. , Flaminio M. J. B. F. , Howerth E. W.
Published: September 2008

A 21‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding was examined for intermittent fever, lethargy, inappetance and weight loss. Initial diagnostic evaluation revealed pancytopenia (anaemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia), hyperfibrinogenaemia and multifocal pulmonary nodules. Bacterial and fungal culture and viral isolation on transtracheal aspirate samples were negative, consistent with either pulmonary neoplasia, idiopathic granulomatous pneumonia or equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF). Bone marrow evaluation was consistent with pancytopenia due to a combination of peripheral consumption/destruction and suppression/destruction of progenitor cells at the level of the marrow. Pancytopenia resolved and clinical signs improved transiently with immunosuppressive corticosteroid therapy, but the horse deteriorated rapidly one month after presentation and was subjected to euthanasia. Necropsy findings were consistent with EMPF, and equine herpesvirus‐5 (EHV‐5) DNA was found in both the lung and bone marrow. The specific role of EHV‐5 in the development of the pulmonary pathology in EMPF and the pancytopenia in this horse is unclear, but an aberrant host immune/inflammatory response to EHV‐5 infection may be important.
Current methods for the diagnosis and management of twin pregnancy in the mare
Authors: Hodder A. D. J. , Liu I. K. M. , Ball B. A.
Published: September 2008

Historically, twin pregnancy has been one of the leading causes of pregnancy loss in the mare. Numerous studies have identified factors that increase the incidence of twinning. The identification and management of twins during the mobility phase remains the most effective method to control the potentially detrimental effects of twin pregnancy. Options exist for post fixation management of twins, although these methods are generally less successful than management during the mobility phase.
Die Vegetationskarte der Khumbu Himal (Mt. Everest-Südabdachung) 1:50.000. Gefügemuster der Vegetation und Probleme der Kartierung
Authors: Miehe Georg
Published: September 2008

The map was surveyed between August and November 1982 and drafted in the scale of 1: 25,000. The differentiation of vegetation units was undertaken by physiognomic criteria. The vegetation of the cloud forest belt is quasinatural on the shady slopes (Betula utilis and evergreen Rhododendron-woodlands) and mostly anthropogenic on the sunny slopes, which are widely used for winter grazing, because here the snow melts within a few days, whereas the shady slopes remain snow-covered for several months. The potential natural Usnea-covered Abies spectabilis-forests are partly conserved due to the indigenous rules of the Sherpas, a Tibetan tribe inhabiting the Khumbu. Most forests of the sunny slope were removed by the initial fire clearing, probably 450 years ago, and have been successively replaced by grazed open woodlands of Rhododendron arboreum v. roseum and Juniperus recurva, which were degraded by extensive grazing to the present anthropogenic climax, dominated by grazing weeds such as Cotoneaster microphyllus. The potential natural treeline as indicated by forest remnants, is at 4400 m.a.s.l. on the sunny slopes Uuniperus recurva) and at 4200 m.a.s.l. (Betula utilis) on shady slopes. In the alpine belt valley-up wind is decisive for the vegetation pattern of Cyperacee-mats covering windward slopes, and evergreen dwarf Rhododendrons confined to slopes which are snow-protected in winter. In the upper alpine belt the closed cover of alpine turf has been destroyed in a patchy manner, showing open morainic substratum freely moved by periglacial processes, surrounded by a solifluction cliff on alpine turf. The open patches are not recolonized by vegetation but slowly extended by ne edle i'ee. Obviously solifluction is stronger than plant growth. Under the present climatic conditions the vegetation is unable to rebuild a new vegetation cover. This indicates a depression of the altitudinal belts and the temperature. The present 'zonal' vegetation on a closed layer of alpine turf turns out to be a relic of a climatic period which was more favourable for plant growth.
Heterogeneity of endoscopy negative heartburn: Epidemiology and natural history
Authors: Pace Fabio
Published: September 2008

Laparoscopic surgery is the main treatment method for patients with gastrointestinal malignant tumors. Although laparoscopic surgery is minimally invasive, its tool stimulation and pneumoperitoneum pressure often cause strong stress reactions in patients. On the other hand, gastrointestinal surgery can cause stronger pain in patients, compared to other surgeries. Transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) can effectively inhibit the transmission of nerve impulses caused by surgical stimulation, alleviate patient pain, and thus alleviate stress reactions. Remazolam is an acting, safe, and effective sedative, which has little effect on hemodynamics and is suitable for most patients. TAPB combined with remazolam can reduce the dosage of total anesthetic drugs, reduce adverse reactions, reduce stress reactions, and facilitate the rapid postoperative recovery of patients.
A novel report of cig‐FISH and cytogenetics in POEMS syndrome
Authors: Bryce Alan H. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Gertz Morie A. , Lacy Martha , Knudson Ryan A. , Kumar Shaji , Kyle Robert A. , Fonseca Rafael , Greipp Phillip R. , Lust John A. , Rajkumar Vincent S. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Buadi Francis , Russell Stephen J. , Zeldenrust Stephen R. , Dispenzieri Angela
Published: September 2008

POEMS syndrome is a plasma cell proliferative disorder whose pathogenesis is poorly understood. We provide the first report of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin/FISH testing (cIg‐FISH) in POEMS syndrome using established myeloma markers. We reviewed all 37 POEMS cases seen at our institution in which cIg‐FISH testing had been obtained. Monosomy 13 was seen in 14 of the 37 (38%) cIg‐FISH samples. One patient had trisomy 3 and 7. Three patients had IgH translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32). No abnormalities were seen at 17p13(p53). The monosomy 13 is in line with other plasma cell disorders while the low prevalence of hyperdiploidy and abnormalities at 14q32 is unique. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factor XI gene mutations in factor XI deficient patients of the Czech Republic
Authors: Castaman Giancarlo , Giacomelli Sofia H. , Habart David , Asselta Rosanna , Duga Stefano , Rodeghiero Francesco
Published: September 2008

Factor XI (FXI) deficiency is an autosomal inherited coagulation disorder characterized by bleeding symptoms mainly associated with injury or surgery. Although most of the FXI gene mutations in Ashkenazi Jews are represented by the Glu117stop or Phe283Leu mutations, considerable genetic heterogeneity has been reported in other populations. We report here the genotypic characterization of four families with severe inherited FXI deficiency from the Czech Republic. Seven different gene mutations (three novel) were identified, thus, excluding the existence of a major founder effect in this population. Interestingly, both Glu117stop and Phe283Leu were detected once, further demonstrating the occurrence of these mutations also outside the Jewish populations. In conclusion, we confirm that FXI deficiency in non‐Jewish populations is because of different gene mutations; however, the presence of the Glu117stop and Phe283Leu mutations suggests that genetic testing in FXI‐deficient patients can start with these two point mutations. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mixed‐longitudinal growth of Karimojong girls and boys in Moroto District, Uganda
Authors: Gray Sandra , Akol Helen A. , Sundal Mary
Published: September 2008

In this article we examine results of a mixed‐longitudinal study of child and adolescent growth among agropastoral Karimojong children in Moroto District, northeast Uganda. During a 5‐month period from August to December, 2004, longitudinal data were collected for a mixed sample of 104 Karimojong children, aged from birth to 18 years. During a previous study in 1998–1999,we had measured 26 of these children who then ranged in Age between 3 months and 7 years. Most of the children were small and thin relative to accepted growth standards, and prevalence of stunting and wasting in childhood was high. In the period from the end of childhood through adolescence, however, Karimojong girls showed marked variability in annual growth, with some attaining a large adult size relative to what we predicted based on their poor childhood growth. Developmental, evolutionary, and environmental determinants are considered. We conclude that growth of these children reflects exposure to environmental insults that vary unpredictably within relatively short intervals. Variability in the magnitude and timing of these insults among children from different birth‐cohorts is probably sufficient to account for so‐called “shifting” of growth percentiles in childhood and adolescence in this mixed sample. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perlman syndrome: Report, prenatal findings and review
Authors: Alessandri Jean‐Luc , Cuillier Fabrice , Ramful Duksha , Ernould Sandrine , Robin Stéphanie , de Napoli‐Cocci Stefan , Rivière Jean‐Pierre , Rossignol Sylvie
Published: September 2008

Perlman syndrome is a rare overgrowth syndrome characterized by polyhydramnios with neonatal macrosomia, nephromegaly, distinctive facial appearance, renal dysplasia, nephro‐blastomatosis, and predisposition to Wilms tumor (WT). We report on a newborn with prenatal sonographic signs of Perlman syndrome, large fetal ascites, nephromegaly and macrosomia. The clinical course was marked by neonatal distress, renal failure and refractory hypoxemia leading to death at 2 days of life. Renal histologic examination showed bilateral nephroblastomatosis. Genetic or epigenetic alterations of the 11p15 region (involved in the BWS), including mutation of the CDKN1C gene were excluded. No mutation of the GPC3 gene was identified. We review the 28 patients who have been reported with Perlman syndrome. The prognosis of Perlman syndrome is poor with a high neonatal mortality rate. Among the infants who survived beyond the neonatal period, 64% developed a WT and all had a developmental delay. Fetal macrosomia, ascites and polyhydramnios are frequent manifestations. Clinical overlaps with other overgrowth syndromes particularly Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome and Simpson‐Golabi‐Behmel syndrome have been emphasized. Perlman syndrome is considered as an autosomal recessive condition. We review 19 patients from seven sibships with parental consanguinity in two families only. The other cases were sporadic. The 28 reported patients had only 10 unaffected sibs. The low percentage of consanguinity among parents is also puzzling for a rare recessive condition. The molecular basis of Perlman syndrome is unknown. (Epi)genetic anomalies of 11p15 and mutations in GPC3 were not studied in most of the previous reports. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.