bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studying cuticle shedding in three species of leeches (Hirudinea, Annelida)
Authors: Vortsepneva Elena , Lavrov Andrey
Published: March 2021

The renewal and shedding of hard ectodermal structures are widespread in invertebrates. The most impressive example of these processes in Trochozoa is the cuticle shedding observed in Hirudo medicinalis, originally studied over a century ago. Here we investigate cuticle shedding across three leech species: Hirudo sp., Haemopis cf. sanguisuga, and Erpobdella cf. octoculata. According to the ultrastructural data, all three species have a typical leech cuticle, consisting of basi‐ and epicuticles. Using in vivo observations and morphological investigations, we confirm cuticle shedding in Hirudo sp., and for the first time, report this process in Haemopis cf. sanguisuga. The successive stages of shedding of the old cuticle and formation of the new cuticle are ultrastructurally described for both species. Interestingly, individuals of Erpobdella cf. octoculata did not shed their cuticle during the entire observation period, neither as adults nor as juveniles. The semi‐terrestrial lifestyle and the consumption of large food volumes may possibly be a prerequisite driving the development of regular cuticle shedding in Hirudo sp. and Haemopis cf. sanguisuga.
Ce3+/Tb3+‐coactived NaMgBO3 phosphors toward versatile applications in white LED, FED, and optical anti‐counterfeiting
Authors: Xue Junpeng , Yu Zhongkai , Noh Hyeon Mi , Jeong Jung Hyun , Choi Byung Chun , Park Sung Heum , Lee Bo Ram , Du Peng , Song Mingjun
Published: March 2021

Ce3+/Tb3+ co‐doped NaMgBO3 phosphors were successfully synthesized by solid‐state method. Under 381 nm excitation, the cyan emission owing to the 5d → 4f of Ce3+ ions and green emissions arising from the 5D4 → 7FJ (J = 6, 5, 4, and 3) transitions of Tb3+ ions were seen in all the phosphors. Through theoretical analysis, one knows that the energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+ ions with high efficiency of 83.74% was contributed by dipole–dipole transition. Furthermore, the internal quantum efficiency of NaMgBO3:0.01Ce3+,0.03Tb3+ phosphor was 54.28%. Compared with that of at 303 K, the emission intensity of the developed products at 423 K still kept 73%, revealing the splendid thermal stability of the studied phosphors. Through utilizing the resultant phosphors as cyan‐green components, the fabricated white‐LED device exhibited an excellent correlated color temperature of 2785 K, high color‐rendering index of 85.73, suitable luminance efficiency of 25.00 lm/W, and appropriate color coordinate of (0.4279, 0.3617). Aside from the superior photoluminescence, the synthesized phosphors also exhibited excellent cathode‐luminescence properties which were sensitive to the current and accelerating voltage. Furthermore, the NaMgBO3:0.01Ce3+,0.03Tb3+ phosphors with multi‐mode emissions were promising candidates for optical anti‐counterfeiting. All the results indicated that the Ce3+/Tb3+ co‐doped NaMgBO3 phosphors were potential multi‐platforms toward white‐LED, field emission displays, and optical anti‐counterfeiting applications.
SrZnV2O7: A low‐firing microwave dielectric ceramic with high‐quality factor
Authors: Chen Xiaoqing , Li Hao , Zhang Pengcheng , Hu Houlin , Tao Yu , Li Gaosheng
Published: March 2021

A low‐firing SrZnV2O7ceramic was synthesized via a traditional solid‐state sintering route. The phase formation, grain morphology, and dielectric performance were studied in detail. Rietveld refinements based on XRD data revealed that SrZnV2O7crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/n, which was further confirmed by TEM analysis. The dense SrZnV2O7ceramic with anεrof 11.28, aQfof 56 660 GHz, and aτfof −27.2 ppm/°C was yielded at a low sintering temperature of 740°C for 4 h. Its chemical compatibility with Ag was verified via XRD and SEM‐EDS analysis, which rendered SrZnV2O7a prospective candidate for LTCC technology.
Socio‐ecological perspective on factors influencing acute recovery of younger stroke survivors: A mixed methods study
Authors: Harris Walker Gabrielle , Gonzalez‐Guarda Rosa , Yang Qing , Shah Shreyansh , Prvu Bettger Janet
Published: March 2021

Aims

Stroke is affecting an increasing number of young and middle‐aged adults. Given the substantial diversion from anticipated life trajectories that younger stroke survivors experience as a result of their stroke deficits, their health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) is likely to be negatively impacted during the immediate post‐acute recovery period. The aim of this study was to generate a comprehensive understanding of the influences on HRQOL and acute recovery during the first three months following stroke for younger adults using a socio‐ecological perspective.

Design

Longitudinal, convergent mixed methods design.

Methods

HRQOL survey data, assessed using the Patient Generated Index (N = 31), and qualitative interview data about survivors’ recovery experiences (N = 20) were collected. Simple linear regression and effect size results were integrated with themes and sub‐themes identified from conventional content analysis using joint data displays.

Results

Depression and fatigue negatively affected recovery at the individual level. At the family and societal level, family functioning, social support including being married, having insurance, working, adequate income and being unemployed post‐stroke all positively impacted recovery. Qualitative findings revealed determination, coping, and accessing healthcare to positively affect recovery though a meta‐inference could not be drawn as no quantitative data addressed these concepts.

Conclusion

A variety of factors intersecting across socio‐ecological levels were perceived by young stroke survivors to influence acute recovery experiences and outcomes.

Impact

This study identified individual‐, family‐ and societal‐level factors in younger adults’ environments that may affect the acute stroke recovery experience. Findings underscore the need for research and clinical approaches that consider environmental factors at multiple levels of influence when supporting stroke recovery for younger adults.
SIRT1 is involved in adrenocortical cancer growth and motility
Authors: Chimento Adele , De Luca Arianna , Nocito Marta Claudia , Sculco Sara , Avena Paola , La Padula Davide , Zavaglia Lucia , Sirianni Rosa , Casaburi Ivan , Pezzi Vincenzo
Published: March 2021

Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare tumour with unfavourable prognosis, lacking an effective treatment. This tumour is characterized by IGF‐II (insulin‐like growth factor II) overproduction, aromatase and ERα (oestrogen receptor alpha) up‐regulation. Previous reports suggest that ERα expression can be regulated by sirt1 (sirtuin 1), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)‐dependent class III histone deacetylases that modulates activity of several substrates involved in cellular stress, metabolism, proliferation, senescence, protein degradation and apoptosis. Nevertheless, sirt1 can act as a tumour suppressor or oncogenic protein. In this study, we found that in H295R and SW13 cell lines, sirt1 expression is inhibited by sirtinol, a potent inhibitor of sirt1 activity. In addition, sirtinol is able to decrease ACC cell proliferation, colony and spheroids formation and to activate the intrinsic apoptotic mechanism. Particularly, we observed that sirtinol interferes with E2/ERα and IGF1R (insulin growth factor 1 receptor) pathways by decreasing receptors expression. Sirt1 involvement was confirmed by using a specific sirt1 siRNA. More importantly, we observed that sirtinol can synergize with mitotane, a selective adrenolitic drug, in inhibiting adrenocortical cancer cell growth. Collectively, our data reveal an oncogenic role for sirt1 in ACC and its targeting could implement treatment options for this type of cancer.
Lynniagrapsolytican. gen, n. sp. (Ciliophora: Apostomatida: Colliniidae), a Deadly Blood Parasite of Crabs with a Novel Pseudocytopharynx
Authors: Metz Daniel C.G. , Hechinger Ryan F.
Published: March 2021

We describe a new genus and species of blood‐dwelling apostome ciliate,Lynniagrapsolytican. gen., n. sp. (Apostomatida: Colliniidae). A distinct kinety “hook” pattern on the tomite’s posterior ventral face, coupled with its marine habitat and use of a decapod host, readily distinguishes this ciliate from all known colliniids. We detected the parasite in ~12% ofPachygrapsuscrassipes(Brachyura: Grapsidae) crabs in a California estuary and confirmed its presence at a Baja California rocky intertidal site. As existing methods failed to adequately stain this ciliate, we developed a new miniaturized silver carbonate impregnation staining method that produced excellent somatic and nuclear stains in all five observed cell types. A possibly unique trait is the active invagination of the tropho‐tomont’s anterior to form a temporary “pseudocytopharynx,” likely used for feeding. Histological examination revealed that the ciliate invaded and damaged skeletal muscle, the heart, connective tissues, and gonads. Survivorship analysis indicated that infected crabs experienced 2.6 times greater daily mortality than uninfected crabs. Laboratory and field experimental infection attempts failed, suggesting a complex life cycle with outside‐host development. Phylogenetic analysis at the 18S and COI loci confirmed the ciliate's placement in the Colliniidae. We emend the diagnosis of Family Colliniidae.
Optimization of rice bran stabilization by infrared‐vacuum process and storage stability
Authors: Kreungngern Danchai , Kongbangkerd Teeraporn , Ruttarattanamongkol Khanitta
Published: March 2021

Hydrolytic rancidity seriously reduces the quality and limits the utilization of rice bran (RB) in foods. Thus, stabilization of RB has become of great interest to producers. This study proposes a new stabilization technique using infrared heat in combination with a vacuum (IR‐VC) to inhibit free fatty acids (FFA) and microbial growth as well as to preserve the phytochemical compounds in the RB. Optimization of the IR‐VC process was performed by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) and found to be 999 W of infrared power, 650 mmHg of vacuum strength, and 562 s of treatment time. This level of IR‐VC treatment successfully reduced FA hydrolysis while still preserving the bran's beneficial components such as tocols, and essential fatty acids. The improved shelf life of thus stabilized rice bran (SRB) was 130 days (30°C), compared to only 35 days for the fresh rice bran. Slow rate increase in FFA was found in SRB over 8 weeks of storage at 35°C in a range from 1.50% to 3.24% with effective microbial growth control (<1 × 104 CFU/g TPC). Nutritional values, tocols and oryzanol in the SRB were well preserved with approximately four times longer shelf life than fresh rice bran.

Practical applications

The rice bran stabilization process by IR‐VC was optimized by RSM. IR‐VC process effectively inhibited lipase activity in the fresh rice bran by lowering the FFA to <5% suitable for oil extraction and consumption. IR‐VC process enabled the deactivation of undesired chemical changes in the rice bran while still maintaining nutrients and biochemicals such as tocols and oryzanol. The shelf life of stabilized rice bran was extended to ~4 months with acceptable qualities. Further development of a pilot‐scale, continuous stabilization process of rice bran using IR‐VC is carried out to meet the demand of rice bran and RBO manufacturers.
Diagnostic value of the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratios in adnexal torsion cases
Authors: Kinay Tugba , Akgul Mehmet A. , Kiykac Altinbas Sadiman , Tapisiz Omer L. , Kayikcioglu Fulya , Moraloglu Tekin Ozlem
Published: March 2021

Aim

To evaluate if the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) could be used to diagnose adnexal torsion.

Methods

A retrospective study reviewed medical records of women who underwent surgery due to an adnexal mass between January 2012 and December 2017 at a tertiary referral center in Turkey. According to the surgical findings, the women were divided into a torsion group and a control group. NLR and PLR were compared between women who had adnexal torsion and those who did not.

Results

A total of 201 women were included in the study: 67 in the torsion group and 134 in the control group. Mean WBC count (9584.0 ± 3080.8 vs. 6678.2 ± 1886.1 h/mm3), mean NLR (5.9 ± 4.3 vs. 2.1 ± 0.8), and mean PLR (210.5 ± 132.7 vs. 147.9 ± 48.7) were higher in the torsion group than in the control group (p < 0.001). According to the ROC curve analyses, the optimal cut‐off value for NLR and PLR were 2.51 (sensitivity, 72%; specificity, 78%) and 154.4 (sensitivity, 61%; specificity, 64%) in the diagnosis of adnexal torsion, respectively.

Conclusion

NLR and PLR have been found useful hematological markers for the diagnosis of adnexal torsion. NLR and PLR could be helpful in cases, which is difficult to make a definitive diagnosis with patients' symptom and the ultrasonographic examination.
Urbanization and firm access to credit
Authors: Carmignani Amanda , de Blasio Guido , Demma Cristina , D'Ignazio Alessio
Published: March 2021

The paper investigates whether firms have better access to bank credit in territories characterized by a larger degree of urbanization. It uses Italian bank‐firm data drawn from the Credit Register to devise an indicator of easiness of access to credit. The paper proposes an instrumental variable strategy that exploits as instruments past population density and urbanization driven by political economy considerations. The results show that urbanization positively affects access to credit for construction firms, whose collateral greatly benefits from thicker real estate markets. No impact is found for service and manufacturing firms.
Nitrogen availability improves the physiological resilience of coral endosymbiont Cladocopium goreaui to high temperature
Authors: Zhou Zhi , Zhang Kaidian , Wang Lingui , Su Yilu , Wang Jierui , Song Tingting , Yang Xiaohong , Tang Jia , Lin Senjie
Published: March 2021

The physiological response of symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae to high temperature is believed to result in coral bleaching. However, the potential effect of nitrogen availability on heat acclimatization of symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae is still unclear. In this study, physiological responses of Symbiodiniaceae Cladocopium goreaui to temperature and nitrogen nutrient stress conditions were investigated. Nitrogen deficiency caused significant declines in cell concentration and chlorophyll content per cell, but significant increases in nitric oxide synthase activity, caspase3 activation level, and cellular carbon content of C. goreaui at normal temperature. Algal cells under high temperature and nitrogen deficiency showed significant rises in Fv/Fm, catalase activity, and caspase3 activation level, but no significant changes in cell yield, cell size, chlorophyll content, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide synthase activity, and cellular contents of nitrogen and carbon, in comparison with those under normal temperature and nitrogen deficiency. Growth, chlorophyll, and nitrogen contents of algal cells under the high temperature and nitrogen‐replete conditions were significantly higher than those under high temperature or nitrogen deficiency alone, whereas nitric oxide synthase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, catalase activity, carbon content, and caspase3 activation level exhibited opposite trends of variation. Transcriptomic and network analyses revealed ion transport and metabolic processes mainly involved in regulating these physiological activities under different temperature and nitrogen nutrient. The totality of results shows that high temperature activates stress responses, induces antioxidant capacity of apoptosis, and limits the growth rate of C. goreaui. Adequate nitrogen nutrient can improve the resilience of this Symbiodiniaceae against heat stress through repressed apoptosis, promoted ion transport, and optimized metabolism.
Global Romanticism: Out of bounds in the transnational 19th century
Authors: Bergren Katherine
Published: March 2021

This article evaluates the contributions of global Romanticism to the study of Romanticism at large, connecting these contributions to work in transnational 18th and 19th‐century literary studies and world literature studies. The first section provides a genealogy of global Romanticism as a subfield, which has developed into roughly two strands: studies of imperialism or slavery on the one hand, and studies of globalization or translocalism on the other. The first strand has been dominant throughout global Romanticism's history, while the latter has mostly appeared in the last decade, and each strand of scholarship has understood and mobilized historicist methodologies differently. While the impulse to historicize was well suited to scholarship on imperialism and slavery, it initially seemed presentist to speak of globalization. That has changed, and work on globalism has made it possible to see Romanticism playing out in times and places far from Britain between the French Revolution and the First Reform Act. The second section explores global Romanticism's limitations and challenges, chief among which is how to resist centering British writing and Euro‐centric epistemologies. How do critics in English studies articulate and understand their disciplinary limitations? How might World Literature studies approach a global Romanticism differently? The third section attempts to come to terms with these challenges by highlighting three productive trends in recent scholarship: close and nuanced attention to transculturation, resistance to English‐language dominance, and flexibility with regards to temporal boundaries. These developments push against ingrained practices of English literary studies in general. The final section highlights a productive direction for future work in the field by analyzing anonymous parodies of British Romantic poetry published in American newspapers. This case study joins the work of other scholars studying the unread poetry of colonialism, arguing for the importance of evanescent, seemingly disposable writing to our understanding of literary history across national borders.
Otto Said that I am a Fool: Sententialism, Indexicals and Kaplanian Monsters
Authors: Felappi Giulia
Published: March 2021

According to sententialism, ‘Otto said that I am a fool’ expresses the holding of a relation between Otto and the sentence ‘I am a fool’. Sententialism is generally considered doomed, but I will show that a suitably developed sententialist account can surmount the many objections that have been raised. I will also show how important it is to have a fairer attitude towards sententialism. For if sententialist accounts are recognised as real options, it should also be recognised that the conclusion, drawn by many, that sentences such as the report above force us to introduce Kaplanian monsters is unwarranted.
Alopecia totalis following hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease
Authors: Oska Sandra , Bedford Lisa M. , Potts Geoffrey A.
Published: March 2021

We present a case of a 13‐month‐old male patient with alopecia totalis that began two months after an episode of hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease. It is hypothesized that the viral infection triggered an autoimmune response, which lead to production of lymphocytes targeting an antigen present in the hair bulb. Future research is necessary to determine whether and how the pathophysiology of alopecia totalis may be triggered by viral infection.
Instrumental evaluation of skin barrier function and clinical outcomes during dupilumab treatment for atopic dermatitis: An observational study
Authors: Cristaudo Antonio , Pigliacelli Flavia , Sperati Francesca , Orsini Diego , Cameli Norma , Morrone Aldo , Mariano Maria
Published: March 2021

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by pruritus, xerosis, and skin barrier dysfunction. Skin barrier alteration is associated with an increase in trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL) and reduction in skin hydration. Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin‐13 modulating pro‐inflammatory signal transduction, which has been approved for moderate to severe AD. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Dupilumab on skin barrier functions, using non‐invasive instruments and clinical evaluation.

Materials and methods

Thirty patients affected by moderate‐severe AD, who had been administered dupilumab, were evaluated by clinical examination and through the instrumental measurements of TEWL and corneometry at the baseline (T0) and 8 weeks (T1) on lesional skin. The clinical evaluation was performed using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score. Moreover, a Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and 7‐day numeric rating scale (NRS) questionnaires were administered to each patient.

Results

The instrumental parameters of skin barrier recovery confirmed the clinical improvement outcomes with a statistically significant reduction of TEWL at T1.

Conclusion

Our data confirm the clinical outcomes already reported in the literature and show that there was an inverse proportional correlation between TEWL levels and clinical severity after 8 weeks of treatment with dupilumab.
On Some Sceptical Elements in Barhebraeus
Authors: Schmitt Jens Ole
Published: March 2021

This paper shall look briefly into the treatment of some topics related to scepticism in general in works by Barhebraeus, the famous Syrian Orthodox polymath and theologian (1226–1286). He addresses scepticism both directly by a discussion of sensory and intellectual fallacies or sceptical scenarios as well as indirectly by the definition of knowledge and the role of intuitive knowledge regarding primary notions and logical principles, which have an impact on establishing secure knowledge. Despite writing in Syriac, his dealing with the matter is heavily indebted to Arabic sources, primarily contemporary post‐Avicennan authors, and here especially Fakhr al‐Dīn al‐Rāzī (1149–1209) and Naṣīr al‐Dīn al‐Tūṣī (1201–1274) but also Avicenna (980–1037) himself, although Barhebraeus adds a decisively Christian note in some instances. The Syriac tradition, therefore, should not be neglected when dealing with medieval scepticism.
Targeting the neonatalFcreceptor (FcRn) to treat autoimmune diseases and maternal‐fetal immune cytopenias
Authors: Wyckoff Sarah L. , Hudson Krystalyn E.
Published: March 2021

Key Ideas

FcRn, a non‐classical Fc gamma (γ) receptor (FcγR) with near ubiquitous expression, plays key roles in disease pathogenesis and progression though immunoglobulin G (IgG) transport, IgG recycling, and IgG‐immune complex clearance.

FcRn function can be inhibited using IgG‐based and non‐IgG‐based antagonists, by exploiting the pH‐dependent binding affinity of FcRn for the IgG Fc region.

FcRn therapeutics have shown promise in murine models and human clinical trials for autoimmune diseases and maternal‐fetal immune cytopenias; they appear safe, well‐tolerated, and reduce circulating IgG levels.

Compared to traditional therapeutics, inhibiting FcRn has fewer adverse side effects and represents a new approach that is less invasive, time‐consuming, and costly.
Teaching During Covid: The Effectiveness of the HyFlex Classroom in a 300 Level Statistics Class
Authors: Verrecchia PJ , McGlinchey Mary J.
Published: March 2021

This study compares a 300 level statistics class taught using a HyFlex classroom to the same class taught one year earlier in the traditional, face to face method. While one quiz score was better for the face to face class, the HyFlex class did better than the traditional class on one quiz and final the examination. Every other point of comparison showed no difference between the classes.
NMDA receptor membrane dynamics tunes the firing pattern of midbrain dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Etchepare Laetitia , Gréa Hélène , Durand Pauline , Bouchet Delphine , Groc Laurent
Published: March 2021

Key points

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) expressed by dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play a central role in glutamate synapse plasticity, neuronal firing and adaptative behaviours.

The NMDAR surface dynamics shapes synaptic adaptation in hippocampal networks, as well as associative memory.

We investigated the basic properties and role of the NMDAR surface dynamics on cultured mesencephalic and VTA dopamine neurons in rodents.

Using a combination of single molecule imaging and electrophysiological recordings, we demonstrate that NMDARs are highly diffusive at the surface of mesencephalic dopamine neurons.

Unexpectedly, the NMDAR membrane dynamics per se regulates the firing pattern of VTA dopaminergic neurons, probably through a functional interplay between NMDARs receptors and small‐conductance calcium‐dependent potassium (SK) channels.

Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons play a central role in major physiological brain functions, and their dysfunctions have been associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. The activity of midbrain DA neurons is controlled by ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, such as the glutamate NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and small‐conductance calcium‐dependent potassium (SK) channels. However, the cellular mechanisms through which these channels tune the firing pattern of midbrain DA neurons remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether the surface dynamics and distribution of NMDARs tunes the firing pattern of midbrain DA neurons. Using a combination of single molecule imaging and electrophysiological recordings, we report that NMDARs are highly diffusive at the surface of cultured midbrain DA neurons from rodents and humans. Reducing acutely the NMDAR membrane dynamics, which leaves the ionotropic function of the receptor intact, robustly altered the firing pattern of midbrain DA neurons without altering synaptic glutamatergic transmission. The reduction of NMDAR surface dynamics reduced apamin (SK channel blocker)‐induced firing change and the distribution of SK3 channels in DA neurons. Together, these data show that the surface dynamics of NMDAR, and not solely its ionotropic function, tune the firing pattern of midbrain DA neurons partly through a functional interplay with SK channel function.
Friction Coefficients for the Compressible Flow of Steam
Authors: Keenan Joseph H.
Published: March 2021

The effect of friction on the flow of compressible fluids in pipes of uniform cross-sectional area was investigated analytically by Grashof and Zeuner who arrived at a relationship between velocity and friction coefficient for ideal gases. Stodola showed that “the curves of Fanno permit a general graphical treatment for any law of friction.” Frössel presented the first extensive measurements of friction coefficients for air flow through a smooth tube with velocities above and below the velocity of sound. His measured coefficients for compressible flow were in excellent agreement at corresponding Reynolds’ numbers with coefficients measured for incompressible flow. Egli expressed in dimensionless form the equations for flow of an ideal gas through a channel, and used them to deduce friction coefficients from measurements of flow through channels varying in width from 0.0025 in. to 0.010 in.

In this paper are presented some experiments by Lang on friction in a commercial 1-in. pipe for steam flow at velocities up to the velocity of sound, and some auxiliary experiments by Benson on a similar pipe with liquid water. In an Appendix the analysis of flow of a compressible fluid in a passage of uniform cross section is restated without introducing difficult concepts, such as “work of friction” or “heat of friction.” It is elaborated to include cases in which heat flow is appreciable.
Flow Through Granular Media
Authors: Hatch L. P.
Published: March 2021

The author points out that the equation which appears to define flow through granular media is essentially identical to the equation for flow through pipes, but the expression is not useful to determine resistance to flow through granular media unless some of the variables are modified. The author discusses these variables and sets up formulas to determine the resistance to flow through granular media. He gives experimental results which show close agreement between calculated and observed values.
Effects of a Change of Poisson’s Ratio Analyzed by Twinned Gradients: Illustrated by Simple Solutions of Boussinesq’s Problem of a Normal Force and Cerruti’s Problem of a Tangential Force Acting on the Surface of a Large Solid, and by a Simple Derivation of the Stresses in a Rotating Thick Disk
Authors: Westergaard H. M.
Published: March 2021

Some problems of elasticity have a simple solution for a particular value of Poisson’s ratio. For example, Boussinesq’s problem of a normal force and Cerruti’s problem of a tangential force, acting on the plane surface of a semi-infinite solid, are solved when Poisson’s ratio is 1/2 by referring to Kelvin’s problem of a force at a point in the interior of an infinite solid. For, when Poisson’s ratio is 1/2, the solution of Kelvin’s problem can be stated in terms of one principal stress at each point, acting along the radial line from the point of the load; the other principal stresses are zero; and one half of the total force may be assigned to one half of the infinite solid. For other values of Poisson’s ratio terms must be added in the formulas for the displacements and stresses. The derivations that have been available are somewhat lengthy, especially for Cerruti’s problem. The difficulties are reduced by a simple analytical device, here called “the twinned gradient.” The displacement to be added by the change of Poisson’s ratio is stated as the gradient of a potential except that one of the components is replaced by its twin, an identical component in reversed direction. This device also lends itself to a simplification of the analysis of stresses in a rotating thick disk.
Understanding Carbon Dioxide Transfer in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Using a Pore-Scale Model
Authors: Metzger Nathaniel , Sekar Archana , Li Jun , Li Xianglin
Published: March 2021

The gas flow of carbon dioxide from the catalyst layer (CL) through the microporous layer (MPL) and gas diffusion layer (GDL) has great impacts on the water and fuel management in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). This work has developed a liquid–vapor two-phase model considering the counter flow of carbon dioxide gas, methanol, and water liquid solution in porous electrodes of DMFC. The model simulation includes the capillary pressure as well as the pressure drop due to flow resistance through the fuel cell components. The pressure drop of carbon dioxide flow is found to be about two to three orders of magnitude higher than the pressure drop of the liquid flow. The big difference between liquid and gas pressure drops can be explained by two reasons: volume flowrate of gas is three orders of magnitude higher than that of liquid; only a small fraction of pores (<5%) in hydrophilic fuel cell components are available for gas flow. Model results indicate that the gas pressure and the mass transfer resistance of liquid and gas are more sensitive to the pore size distribution than the thickness of porous components. To buildup high gas pressure and high mass transfer resistance of liquid, the MPL and CL should avoid micro-cracks during manufacture. Distributions of pore size and wettability of the GDL and MPL have been designed to reduce the methanol crossover and improve fuel efficiency. The model results provide design guidance to obtain superior DMFC performance using highly concentrated methanol solutions or even pure methanol.
Speech intelligibility with various head-related transfer functions: A computational modelling approach
Authors: Ahrens Axel , Cuevas-Rodriguez Maria , Brimijoin W. Owen
Published: March 2021

Speech intelligibility (SI) is known to be affected by the relative spatial position between target and interferers. The benefit of a spatial separation is, along with other factors, related to the head-related transfer function (HRTF). The HRTF is individually different and thus, the cues that affect SI might also be different. In the current study, an auditory model was employed to predict SI with various HRTFs and at different angles on the horizontal plane. The predicted SI threshold was found to be largely different across HRTFs. Thus, individual listeners might have different access to SI cues, dependent on their HRTF.
Criterion Validity of a Field-Based Assessment of Aerobic Capacity in Wheelchair Rugby Athletes
Authors: Goosey-Tolfrey Vicky L. , de Groot Sonja , Tolfrey Keith , Paulson Tom A.W.
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To confirm whether peak aerobic capacity determined during laboratory testing could be replicated during an on-court field-based test in wheelchair rugby players. Methods: Sixteen wheelchair rugby players performed an incremental speed-based peak oxygen uptake () test on a motorized treadmill (TM) and completed a multistage fitness test (MFT) on a basketball court in a counterbalanced order, while spirometric data were recorded. A paired t test was performed to check for systematic error between tests. A Bland–Altman plot for illustrated the agreement between the TM and MFT results and how this related to the boundaries of practical equivalence. Results: No significant differences between mean were reported (TM: 1.85 [0.63] vs MFT: 1.81 [0.63] L·min−1; P = .33). Bland–Altman plot for suggests that the mean values are in good agreement at the group level; that is, the exact 95% confidence limits for the ratio systematic error (0.95–1.02) are within the boundaries of practical equivalence (0.88–1.13) showing that the group average TM and MFT values are interchangeable. However, consideration of the data at the level of the individual athlete suggests that the TM and MFT results were not interchangeable because the 95% ratio limits of agreement either coincide with the boundaries of practical equivalence (upper limit) or fall outside (lower limit). Conclusions: Results suggest that the MFT provides a suitable test at a group level with this cohort of wheelchair rugby players for the assessment of (range 0.97–3.64 L·min–1), yet caution is noted for interchangeable use of values between tests for individual players.
Neighborhood Urban Design and Outdoor Later Life: An Objective Assessment of Out-of-Home Time and Physical Activity Among Older Adults in Barcelona
Authors: Akinci Zeynep S. , Delclòs-Alió Xavier , Vich Guillem , Miralles-Guasch Carme
Published: March 2021

This study explores how older adults’ time out-of-home and physical activity (PA) are associated with the provision of urban open spaces (green spaces, plazas, and boulevards) and microelements (street trees and benches) in their neighborhoods. The authors used data from 103 residents in Barcelona and matched it to official geospatial data. The authors adjusted a set of mixed-effects linear regressions, both for the entire sample and also stratified by age and gender. For the entire sample, the percentage of green spaces showed a positive association with neighborhood time out-of-home and PA, while participants’ PA also showed a positive association with the presence of benches. Outdoor time among older women was not associated with any of the measured exposures. For men, the provision of green spaces and benches was positively associated with time out-of-home and PA. These results could inform the design of urban spaces that aim to encourage outdoor activity among older adults.
Supplemental Material: Re-Os geochronology highlights widespread latest Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1090–1050 Ma) cratonic basin development on northern Laurentia
Authors: Greenman J. Wilder , al. et
Published: March 2021

Analytical methods and Re-Os isotopic composition data.
Supplemental Material: Coseismic deformation of the ground during large-slip strike-slip ruptures: Finite evolution of “mole tracks”
Authors: Little T.A. , al. et
Published: March 2021

Item S1: Summary of RPAS aerial photography data sets. Item S2: Transect locations. Item S3: Complete set of orthophotographs with structural interpretations. Item S4, Part A: Explanation of deformable slat model—case of pure strike-slip. Item S4, Part B: Explanation of deformable slat model—case of transpression.
Effects and mechanism of action of transcutaneous electrical acupuncture point stimulation in patients with abnormal semen parameters
Authors: Yu Yan , Sha Shu-Bin , Zhang Bin , Guan Qun , Liang Ming , Zhao Lu-Gang , Zhang Qi-Yao , Wen Ji , Sun Wei
Published: March 2021

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupuncture point stimulation (TEAS) on sperm parameters and the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Methods:

A total of 121 patients diagnosed with oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia or oligoasthenozoospermia were randomised into four groups (three treatment groups, one control): the TEAS groups were treated with 2 Hz (n=31), 100 Hz (n=31), or mock stimulation (n=29) at acupuncture points BL23, ST36, CV1 and CV4 for 2 months. The control group (n=30) was provided with lifestyle advice only.

Results

The changes in total sperm count and motility in the 2 Hz TEAS group were significantly greater than those in the mock group and the control group. The change in neutral α-glucosidase (NAG) and zinc levels in the 2 Hz group were significantly greater than those in the mock group and control group, and the changes in fructose levels of the 2 Hz group were significantly greater than those in the control group. Significant increases in calcium and integrin-binding protein 1 (CIB1) and reduction of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 b (CDK1) were also found after 2 Hz TEAS treatment.

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that 2 Hz TEAS can improve sperm count and motility in patients with abnormal semen parameters, and is associated with increases in seminal plasma zinc, NAG and fructose. The upregulation of CIB1 and downregulation of CDK1 by TEAS may be associated with its positive effects on sperm motility and count.

Trial registration:

http://www.chictr.org ; registration no. ChiCTR-TRC-11001775.
Effect of transcutaneous electrical acupuncture point stimulation on expression of p-JNK in the dorsal root ganglion in a rat model of myofascial pain syndrome
Authors: Yu Xiangdi , Zhang Fangxiang , Zhang Jingchao
Published: March 2021

Background:

Acupuncture has been used to treat myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) for 2000 years in China, but its mechanisms are still not entirely clear. In the present study, we explored the effects of transcutaneous electrical acupuncture point stimulation (TEAS) at an Ashi acupuncture point on expression of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) using a rat model of MPS.

Methods:

32 rats were divided into four groups: normal, MPS, MPS+TEAS and MPS+sham- TEAS. MPS was produced by a blunt strike to the left vastus medialis combined with eccentric exercise for 8 weeks. Rats in the MPS+TEAS group received TEAS (6–9 mA, 2 Hz, 30 min) treatment at the Ashi acupuncture point for 2 weeks; rats in the MPS+sham -TEAS group had the same electrodes applied but received no stimulation. Paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) was studied at baseline and on days 3, 7, 11 and 15 after treatment. Haematoxylin and eosin staining was used to examine for morphological changes in the left vastus medialis muscles; expression of p-JNK in the L3–L5 DRG was determined by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting after treatment.

Results:

Compared with the normal group, PWTL decreased significantly (P<0.01) and the expression of p-JNK in the DRG increased in the MPS and MPS-sham-TEAS groups (P<0.01); compared with the MPS group, PWTL was increased significantly (P<0.01) and expression of p-JNK in the DRG was decreased in the MPS+TEAS group. However, when compared with the normal group, PWTL did not recover to baseline and expression of p-JNK was still higher.

Conclusion:

TEAS treatment may produce an analgesic effect, probably by inhibiting the expression of p-JNK in the DRG of rats with MPS.
Acupuncture and clomiphene citrate for anovulatory infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gao Ranran , Guo Baojun , Bai Jun , Wu Yeke , Wu Keming
Published: March 2021

Objective:

To evaluate the comparative effectiveness of acupuncture or acupuncture combined with clomiphene citrate (CC) versus CC alone on the outcomes of anovulatory infertility.

Methods:

A literature search in eight databases yielded nine randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the comparative effectiveness of acupuncture and CC in anovulatory infertility. Subsequently, data were extracted and the studies were assessed for the quality of their methodological designs and risk of bias. Meta-analyses of the RCT data were conducted.

Results:

Nine trials including 1441 women were included in the meta-analysis. There were no significant differences in the rates of pregnancy (odds ratio (OR) 1.18, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.69), ovulation (OR 2.57, 95% CI 0.59 to 11.29) or pregnancy loss (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.63) when acupuncture was used as an adjuvant therapy alongside CC. Although acupuncture alone did not increase the ovulation rate (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.11 to 1.49), our review demonstrated superior effects in patients who received acupuncture as a separate treatment modality with respect to both the pregnancy rate (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.76 to 3.10) and the maximum follicular diameter (mean difference 0.50 mm, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.56 mm) when compared with CC alone. Statistical analysis also showed a reduction in the rate of pregnancy loss when acupuncture was used as a separate treatment compared with CC alone (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.45).

Conclusions:

Based on the above pooled results of the studies, the use of acupuncture as a monotherapy significantly improved the rate of pregnancy among the study participants compared with the use of CC alone. However, any results drawn from these studies should be interpreted with caution when considering the context of clinical practice.
Effects of acupuncture on breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Zhang Xinyan , Wang Xiuli , Zhang Bingyan , Yang Sa , Liu Dongling
Published: March 2021

Objective:

Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is a common complication after breast cancer treatment. We investigated whether acupuncture could be used to manage limb oedema in women after breast cancer surgery.

Methods:

The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and four Chinese databases were electronically searched for papers published through November 2017. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of acupuncture for BCRL were included.

Results:

In total, six RCTs with 318 patients were identified. The main analysis revealed a positive overall effect of acupuncture intervention on pre/post-treatment differences in the diameter of the elbow joint, reductions in upper limb lymphoedema and effectiveness index based on arm measurement data in patients with breast cancer. Two studies evaluating the outcome of acupuncture on the diameter of the elbow joint found a significant reduction in diameter between the acupuncture and control groups (weighted mean difference (WMD) 6 cm, 95% CI 5.11 to 6.89 cm; P<0.001). The same two studies investigated the effect of acupuncture on upper limb lymphoedema reduction and found a significant difference between the acupuncture and control groups (risk ratio 1.4, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.67; P<0.001). Two other studies used the effectiveness index to assess the arm and found a significant difference between the acupuncture and control groups (WMD 23.34, 95% CI 10.74 to 35.94; P<0.001). The fifth study used bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy to assess lymphoedema at several points on the arm before and after acupuncture; this study also reported a significant reduction in lymphoedema. The sixth study reported no significant difference in bioimpedance between the groups.

Conclusions:

The present meta-analysis and systematic review suggests that acupuncture is effective at reducing BCRL in patients after breast cancer treatment.
Bilateral serous retinal detachment: an unusual complication of HELLP syndrome
Authors: Haque Obaid Imtiyazul , Waris Abdul , Rizvi Syed Asghar
Published: March 2021

A 23-year-old primigravida presented to the emergency department with reports of headache. On examination, her blood pressure was found to be 190/140 mm Hg. Her laboratory results were notable for proteinuria, deranged liver function and low platelets. She was diagnosed with HELLP syndrome and was delivered via caesarean section. She noticed diminution of vision 2 days after delivery. Fundus examination revealed bilateral serous retinal detachment involving the maculae. She was managed conservatively and had complete recovery of her vision by 3 weeks postpartum.
Chronic ectopic pregnancy mimicking pelvic malignancy
Authors: Omih Edwin , Makris Argyrios , Choy Cheng , Bhuskute Nikhil
Published: March 2021

Ectopic pregnancy is a common complication of early pregnancy. We present a very atypical case of an ectopic gestation in a woman who presented with a negative pregnancy test, a large pelvic mass, weight loss and bowel obstruction.
Pneumonia due toMycobacterium cosmeticumin a renal transplant recipient
Authors: Aljishi Ahmed , Alwazzeh Marwan Jabr , Kristjansson Mar
Published: March 2021

A 69-year-old man renal transplant recipient for 4 years, presented with 4-day history of cough and dyspnoea. He was diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia and treated accordingly. He deteriorated requiring intensive care unit admission and intubation. Mycobacterial culture from bronchoalveolar lavage grew colonies within 7 days of incubation whileMycobacterium tuberculosisPCR was negative. The antibiotic regimen was adjusted to cover for rapidly growing mycobacteria with imipenem, amikacin and clarithromycin. The final culture reportedMycobacterium cosmeticum. He improved on the antibiotic regimen given which the organism turned to be sensitive to. We reported the second case withM. cosmeticumthat fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung infection. Improvement of patient’s lung infection on appropriate antibiotics points to a causal relationship.
Good functional outcome following severe neutropenic enterocolitis and perforation in a 48-year-old woman undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer
Authors: Fenton Richard , Schneiders Hannah , Reid Jeremy
Published: March 2021

Neutropenic enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening bowel condition, usually resulting from chemotherapy, with a mortality rate thought to be as high as 50%. Markers of poor prognosis include gastrointestinal perforation and bowel wall thickness radiologically detected to be greater than 10 mm. NEC is associated with severe neutropenia and predominantly affects the large bowel; however, we present a case of severe NEC with oesophageal perforation requiring transfer to a specialist upper gastrointestinal unit for corrective stenting. Despite initial bowel wall thickness of 20 mm in the ascending colon, two discrete episodes of bowel perforation and an inpatient stay totalling 89 days, the patient was discharged with full independence, a good quality of life and a plan for curative mastectomy plus axillary clearance.