bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The potential role of gap junction communication between cumulus cells and bovine oocytes during in vitro maturation
Authors: Atef Ali , François Paradis , Christian Vigneault , Marc‐André Sirard
Published: April 2005

Preliminary studies in our laboratory have indicated that modulating cumulus expansion early or late during culture has a profound influence on the subsequent development of cumulus‐enclosed oocytes. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of short term exposure to recombinant human follicle‐stimulating hormone (r‐hFSH) during in vitro maturation (IVM) on cumulus expansion and developmental competence of bovine oocytes. A highly significant (P < 0.0001) improvement in blastocyst development rate as a proportion of cleaved oocytes after IVM of oocytes was observed in the presence of r‐hFSH for the first 6 hr of culture. To demonstrate the importance of the functional coupling between the oocyte and the cumulus compartment during that period of 6 hr, cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured with r‐hFSH for the first 6 hr followed by 18 hr in presence of 1‐heptanol or 1‐octanol (gap junction inhibitors) to block the communication between the two. With the coupling inhibitors, the blastocyst yield was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). A brief treatment (30 min) with the weak base methylamine, known to reverse the gap junction inhibitors effect, significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the inhibitory action of these agents on the blastocyst rate. Gap junction communication between the oocyte and surrounding cumulus cells was further studied using microinjection of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow. Morphological evidences (dye transfer) were obtained that support the presence of functional coupling for a longer period with the FSH short exposure. In conclusion, high developmental rates of bovine oocytes can be achieved with a short exposure to r‐hFSH. This effect is believed to be mediated through gap junctions as developmental competence of oocytes is compromised by the inhibition of their function. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pregnancy associated glycoprotein‐1, ‐6, ‐7, and ‐17 are major products of bovine binucleate trophoblast giant cells at midpregnancy
Authors: Klisch Karl , De Sousa Noelita Melo , Beckers Jean‐FranÇois , Leiser Rudolf , Pich Andreas
Published: April 2005

Pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are extensively glycosylated secretory proteins of ruminant trophoblast cells. In cattle placenta several PAG cDNAs are expressed, but the variety of correspondent proteins and their degree of glycosylation are not well characterized. Thus, we purified PAGs by using a protocol which included a lectin (Vicia villosa agglutinin) affinity chromatography. Due to their specific glycosylation pattern, PAGs derived from binucleate trophoblast giant cells were highly enriched by this protocol. PAGs were purified from cotyledons of 2 day 100 placentas and from a single placenta at day 155 and 180. In all samples three major bands (75; 66; 56 kDa) were detected by one‐dimensional SDS–PAGE. Mass‐spectrometric analysis identified the 75 kDa band as a mixture of PAG‐7 and PAG‐6, the 66 kDa band as PAG‐1 and the 56 kDa band as PAG‐17. N‐terminal sequencing of the day 100 sample confirmed the mass spectrometric identifications. Enzymatic release of N‐glycans with peptide‐N‐glycanase‐F from PAGs reduced the molecular weight to approximately 37 kDa which corresponds to the theoretical molecular mass of PAGs. Limited peptide‐N‐glycanase‐F treatment revealed that all four N‐glycosylation sites are quantitatively occupied in PAG‐1. Compared to PAG‐1 the number of potential N‐glycosylation sites is lower in PAG‐17 (three sites) and higher in PAG‐6 and ‐7 (five and six sites, respectively). This suggests that the number of attached N‐glycans is the main determinant of molecular mass of bovine PAGs. The degree of glycosylation may be a major factor regulating the plasma half life of PAGs. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential Trk expression in explant and dissociated trigeminal ganglion cell cultures
Authors: Genç Barış , Ulupınar Emel , Erzurumlu Reha S.
Published: April 2005

During embryonic development, expression of neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinases (Trks) by sensory ganglia is continuously and dynamically regulated. Neurotrophin signaling promotes selective survival and axonal differentiation of sensory neurons. In embryonic day (E) 15 rat trigeminal ganglion (TG), NGF receptor TrkA is expressed by small diameter neurons, NT‐3 receptor TrkC and BDNF receptor TrkB are expressed by large diameter neurons. Organotypic explant and dissociated cell cultures of the TG (and dorsal root ganglia) are commonly used to assay neurotrophin effects on developing sensory neurons. In this study, we compared Trk expression in E15 rat TG explant and dissociated cell cultures with or without neurotrophin treatment. Only a subset of TG cells express each of the three Trk receptors in wholemount explant cultures as in vivo conditions. In contrast, all TG neurons co‐express all three Trk receptors upon dissociation, regardless of neurotrophin treatment. Neurons cultured in low concentrations of one neurotrophin first, and switched to higher concentrations of another after 1 day, survive and display morphological characteristics of neurons cultured in a mixture of both neurotrophins for 3 days. Our results indicate that wholemount explant cultures of sensory ganglia represent in vivo conditions in terms of Trk expression patterns; whereas dissociation dramatically alters Trk expression by primary sensory neurons. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Neurobiol, 2005
Pathology of radiation and anthracycline cardiotoxicity
Authors: Berry Gerald J. , Jorden Michelle
Published: April 2005

Radiation‐induced heart disease (RIHD) and anthracycline cardiotoxicity are two patterns of cardiac dysfunction caused by therapeutic interventions to treat malignancies. They occur in both the pediatric and adult populations and there is evidence to suggest that pediatric patients are at greater risk. This is due in part to the longer survival rates but also reflects increased susceptibility to the attendant complications caused by both therapies. Radiation can cause injury to all the components of the heart, including the vasculature, while anthracycline toxicity is generally limited to the myocardium. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;44:630–637. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A structural alphabet for local protein structures: Improved prediction methods
Authors: Etchebest Catherine , Benros Cristina , Hazout Serge , de Brevern Alexandre G.
Published: April 2005

Three‐dimensional protein structures can be described with a library of 3D fragments that define a structural alphabet. We have previously proposed such an alphabet, composed of 16 patterns of five consecutive amino acids, called Protein Blocks (PBs). These PBs have been used to describe protein backbones and to predict local structures from protein sequences. The Q16 prediction rate reaches 40.7% with an optimization procedure. This article examines two aspects of PBs. First, we determine the effect of the enlargement of databanks on their definition. The results show that the geometrical features of the different PBs are preserved (local RMSD value equal to 0.41 Å on average) and sequence–structure specificities reinforced when databanks are enlarged. Second, we improve the methods for optimizing PB predictions from sequences, revisiting the optimization procedure and exploring different local prediction strategies. Use of a statistical optimization procedure for the sequence–local structure relation improves prediction accuracy by 8% (Q16 = 48.7%). Better recognition of repetitive structures occurs without losing the prediction efficiency of the other local folds. Adding secondary structure prediction improved the accuracy of Q16 by only 1%. An entropy index (Neq), strongly related to the RMSD value of the difference between predicted PBs and true local structures, is proposed to estimate prediction quality. The Neq is linearly correlated with the Q16 prediction rate distributions, computed for a large set of proteins. An “expected” prediction rate QE16 is deduced with a mean error of 5%. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defending OSHA facility siting citations: Issues and recommendations
Authors: Dreux Esq. Mark S.
Published: April 2005

Since the Process Safety Management Standard was promulgated, industry has struggled with how to effectively and feasibly comply with the facility siting provision of the Standard. This issue is very complex and involves various industry guidance documents, good engineering practices, and the exercise of professional judgment. Many facets of the issue are evolving and subject to continuous debate within industry. For example, should qualitative or quantitative risk analysis be used? Should credible or worst‐case scenarios be used? Should occupancy criteria be 200 or 400 man hours per week? Should control rooms be moved or reinforced? Because the PSM Standard is a performance standard, industry and individual employers have a great deal of discretion in resolving these issues. This editorial discusses these issues from a lawyer's perspective and includes recommendations. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Two‐photon induced three‐dimensional optical data storage in PMMA films doped with a novel dye
Authors: Guo F. Q. , Tang H. H. , Guo R. , Zhang Q. J. , Huang W. H. , Xia A. D.
Published: April 2005

One‐photon and two‐photon spectroscopic properties of a novel two‐photon dye doped polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were reported. High‐density three‐dimensional (3D) optical data storage was achieved by photobleaching two‐photon fluorescence in the dye‐doped PMMA film with data storage storage density as high as 14 Gbits/cm3 theoretically. Photobleaching decay kinetics at different excitation intensity reveal that the mechanism of two‐photon photobleaching process concerns the action of three photons. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A prospective study of ultrasound screening for molar pregnancies in missed miscarriages
Authors: Johns J. , Greenwold N. , Buckley S. , Jauniaux E.
Published: April 2005

Objective

To examine the relationship between ultrasound and histological features in the screening for molar changes in missed miscarriage.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was conducted on all missed miscarriages, with features suspicious of molar pregnancy, on transvaginal ultrasound and/or on histological examination over a 5‐year period. All cases of molar pregnancy diagnosed histologically were examined and cross‐referenced with cases diagnosed on ultrasound and with the supplementary report from the regional referral center. When available, maternal serum β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels were recorded.

Results

Fifty‐one cases of suspected molar pregnancy were referred to the regional center for further histological opinion and follow‐up, and five cases were subsequently excluded from the final analysis because of the diagnosis of hydropic abortion (HA). In 33 cases a molar pregnancy was suspected at the initial scan. Of these, 26 (78.8%) were confirmed on histology, resulting in a 56% detection rate using ultrasound alone. In 15 cases hCG results were available, of which nine were greater than two multiples of the median.

Conclusions

The diagnosis of both complete (CHM) and partial (PHM) hydatidiform moles in first‐trimester miscarriages is difficult. hCG is significantly higher in both CHM and PHM and, in conjunction with transvaginal ultrasound, could provide the screening test required to enable clinicians to counsel women more confidently towards non‐surgical methods of management of their miscarriage, where histopathological examination is not available. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Illness behaviour in neurological inpatients with psychiatric morbidity
Authors: Lykouras Lefteris , Vassiliadou Maria , Adrachta Dora , Voulgari Argyro , Kalfakis Nikos , Soldatos Constantine R.
Published: April 2005

Objective.

The aim of the present study was to examine whether psychiatric morbidity can influence the type of illness behaviour of neurological inpatients.

Methods.

For this purpose, we compared neurological inpatients with and without psychiatric disorders (DSM-IIIR criteria) for the seven scales of Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ) and searched for possible differences between the two patient subgroups.

Results.

Of the 105 neurological inpatients who participated in the study, 54 (51.4%) were diagnosed as having some type of psychiatric disorder. These patients scored significantly higher than patients without psychiatric morbidity in the scale of Irritability. A suggestive trend for higher scores in the scales of Hypochondriasis, Disease Conviction, and Affective Disturbance, and significantly lower score in the scale of Denial, in patients with psychiatric morbidity, were also found.

Conclusion.

The present study has shown that neurological inpatients with psychiatric morbidity tend to develop more intense illness behaviour than those without. The effect of psychiatric morbidity on certain components of illness behaviour in neurological patients can be taken into account when therapeutic strategies are planned.
The recreational fishery off Majorca Island (western Mediterranean): some implications for coastal resource management
Authors: Morales-Nin Beatriz , Moranta Joan , García Cristina , Tugores María Pilar , Grau Antoni Maria , Riera Francisco , Cerdà Margalida
Published: April 2005

The sociology and habits of recreational anglers on the Island of Majorca (western Mediterranean) were evaluated using telephone and on-site surveys, as well as fishing logbooks and recreational fishing competitions. The recreational fishery is one of the island's main leisure activities, 5.14% of the population (37 265 people) participating. Enthusiasts tend to be mainly middle class (most anglers own boats moored at marinas), middle-aged males (90% male, mean age 46 ± 2 years). The most popular fishing method is from a boat (62.9%), followed by fishing from shore (32.4%), and spearfishing (3.6%). The mean time spent fishing is 3.86 ± 0.03 h d−1, and more than one type of gear (mean 1.27 ± 0.21) is used simultaneously by a single angler. The frequency of fishing is 4–6 times per month, mainly on holidays and weekends, increasing in summer. The activity has a sizeable impact on the coastal fauna, with diverse catches of at least 1209.25 t year−1 (about 615 000 fishing outings year−1). Thus, the amount of carbon extracted annually is at least 137.34 kg C km−2 year−1, and the recreational fishery removes about 31% of production at trophic level 4. Although these are gross estimates and more detailed study of the effect on trophic level and local production is needed, the values do highlight the pressure the recreational fishery exerts on coastal fish communities. Assuming that this level of exploitation is common to north-shore Mediterranean countries, there may be cause for concern about sustainable exploitation in the recreational fishery, and the effectiveness of current protection measures is discussed. Despite the limitations of the study, recreational fisheries clearly should be taken into account when considering measures for fisheries management. Moreover, fishing has considerable social import, and the benefits must be taken into account when investments to protect exploited resources are being contemplated.
An Assessment of the Tensile Properties and Technical Difficulties of Two- and Four-Strand Flexor Tendon Repairs
Authors: LAWRENCE T. M. , WOODRUFF M. J. , ALADIN A. , DAVIS T. R. C.
Published: April 2005

This study compares the mechanical properties of locking Kessler and four-strand flexor tendon repairs and examines for difficulties related to technical ability. Two trainee surgeons each carried out 10 locking Kessler and 10 four-strand single-cross flexor tendon repairs on an in vitro porcine model. Outcome measures included gap formation and ultimate forces, operative time and repair bulk. Ultimate force was 81% greater for the four-strand repair compared to the Kessler (52 N, SD 5, versus 29 N, SD 6). Operating times were similar between the two techniques (Kessler 10.0 minutes, four strand 10.1 minutes). Rupture force and operating times improved slightly during the study for the Kessler repairs, but in the four strand repairs results remained stable throughout the study. We conclude that the single-cross four-strand repair tolerates superior loads yet is no more technically demanding than the modified Kessler, and can be reliably performed without additional operating time.
WHO CAN BE HARASSED? CLAIMS AGAINST ANIMAL RIGHTS PROTESTORS UNDER SECTION 3 OF THE PROTECTION FROM HARASSMENT ACT 1997
Authors: Seymour Jillaine
Published: April 2005

PROTESTORS of many types have featured in recent news reports—including both those who would hunt animals and those who would save them. The devastating impact of the activities of animal rights protestors on research facilities in Cambridge and elsewhere is well known. One response has been to seek injunctive relief under section 3 of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 (“the Act”). These claims allege that the defendants seek to achieve the objective of closing laboratories in which experimentation on live animals is conducted by a concerted campaign of unlawful harassment and intimidation directed at laboratories, their customers and suppliers and their employees.
George Oppen in Exile: Mexico and Maritain (For Linda Oppen)
Authors: NICHOLLS PETER
Published: April 2005

In 1960, George Oppen and his wife Mary settled in New York City after a period of nine years of political exile in Mexico. Oppen was the author of a slim volume of poems entitled Discrete Series, published back in 1934 with a then highly desirable preface by Ezra Pound. Few of Oppen's contemporaries, however, would remember him now as a poet, and back in New York he was having to reckon with what he would term in a later interview “my rejection of poetry for twenty or twenty-five years.”. For only at the end of the fifties, at the very end of the period spent in Mexico, had Oppen begun to write again. Success would come to him later in the decade, with the award of the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, but, for the time being, as Oppen observed of the rather similar case of Basil Bunting, he felt as if he had returned to poetry “as from the dead.”
Special Issue: AI in equipment service
Authors: AGOGINO ALICE , BONISSONE PIERO , GOEBEL KAI , VACHTSEVANOS GEORGE
Published: April 2005

This issue of AIEDAM focuses on AI in equipment
service. Recently there has been a strong and renewed emphasis
on AI technologies that can be used to monitor products and
processes, detect incipient failures, identify possible faults
(in various stages of development), determine preventive or
corrective action, and generate a cost-efficient repair plan
and monitor its execution. This renewed emphasis stems from
a focus of manufacturing companies on the service market where
they hope to grow their market share by offering their customers
novel and aggressive service contracts. This service market
includes power generation equipment, aircraft engines, medical
imaging systems, and locomotives, just to name a few. In some
of these new service offerings, the old parts-and-labor billing
model is replaced by guaranteed uptime. This in turn places
the motivation to maintain equipment in working order on the
servicing company. Monitoring can be more efficiently accomplished,
in part, by employing remotely monitored systems. Big strides
have been taken for in-use monitoring of stationary equipment,
such as manufacturing plants or high-end appliances, and also
mobile systems such as transportation systems (vehicles, aircraft,
locomotives, etc.). While advances in hardware development make
it possible to perform these tasks efficiently, there are new
avenues for progress in accompanying AI software techniques.
Some of these approaches have their roots in efforts of years
past while others arise from new challenges. Characteristics
of typical challenges for AI in monitoring and diagnosis (M&D)
service can be categorized into input, model, and output. In
particular, input questions try
Soft Computing for diagnostics in equipment service
Authors: BONISSONE PIERO , GOEBEL KAI
Published: April 2005

We present methods and tools from the Soft Computing (SC) domain,
which is used within the diagnostics and prognostics framework
to accommodate imprecision of real systems. SC is an association
of computing methodologies that includes as its principal members
fuzzy, neural, evolutionary, and probabilistic computing. These
methodologies enable us to deal with imprecise, uncertain data
and incomplete domain knowledge typically encountered in real-world
applications. We outline the advantages and disadvantages of
these methodologies and show how they can be combined to create
synergistic hybrid SC systems. We conclude the paper with a
description of successful SC case study applications to equipment
diagnostics.
A note on tonal markedness in Yoruba
Authors: Pulleyblank Douglas
Published: April 2005

It is well established that the tonal system of Yoruba involves the asymmetric marking or retention of certain tones and the absence or loss of others. The behaviour of Yoruba's three tones is scalar but non-linear, with H tones being the most stable and M tones being the most unstable. In this note, it is shown that previous accounts of the asymmetries in terms of underspecification are problematic, arguing instead for the incorporation of tonal markedness directly into the formulation of faithfulness constraints.
The use of Geographic Information Systems in climatology and meteorology: COST 719
Authors: Dyras Izabela , Dobesch Hartwig , Grueter Estelle , Perdigao Antonio , Tveito Ole E. , Thornes John E. , Wel Frans van der , Bottai Lorenzo
Published: April 2005

The COST Action 719 started in 2001 and presently 20 European countries are participating. The main objectives of the Action are to establish interfaces between GIS and meteorological data, assess the availability, contents and accessibility of meteorological and climatological data sets and encourage and foster European co‐operation.

The tasks are carried out within three working groups concentrated on issues such as data access and availability, methods of spatial interpolation and developing recommendations for standardised GIS applications.

The applications that have been adopted mainly focus on three parameters, i.e. precipitation, temperature and energy balance for which three demonstration projects have been formulated.

It is expected that the Action will result in recommendations for better and more cost‐effective production of state‐of‐the‐art meteorological and climatological information. Also an improvement of the co‐operation between European countries in the application of GIS in the field of meteorology, climatology and environmental sciences should be achieved together with better‐trained personnel within the operational and scientific divisions of national meteorological services.

Additionally, the development of a visualisation system for climate data sets for internet applications is under preparation. This paper provides information concerning the work in progress on the demonstration projects made within COST 719. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Social Policy and Political Economy: A Tale of (at least) Two Disciplines
Authors: Holden Chris
Published: April 2005

This article discusses the nature of, and links between, the academic disciplines of Social Policy and Political Economy. Two core concerns of mainstream Social Policy are identified: firstly, a focus upon the development and operation of the welfare state and, secondly, a concern with concepts such as equity. Political Economy is identified as a discipline based upon the understanding that the production and distribution of wealth can only effectively be studied alongside the operation of power. It is argued that the core concerns of Social Policy are best approached from a Political Economy perspective. Three contemporary trends make this a particularly opportune time to apply the Political Economy approach to the concerns of Social Policy. These are, firstly, the growing importance of processes of ‘globalisation’, secondly, the increasingly explicit linking of economic and social policies by governments and, thirdly, the emergence of new actors in the social welfare field, particularly for-profit corporations.
Globalisation, Domestic Politics, and Welfare State Retrenchment in Capitalist Democracies
Authors: Swank Duane
Published: April 2005

Neoliberal reforms in social welfare policy have been common across the developed capitalist democracies in the latter decades of the twentieth century. A central question for political economists has been whether or not economic globalisation has played a significant role in fostering these reforms in public social welfare provision. In the present paper, I review the best recent work on globalisation and the democratic capitalist welfare state. I also provide a synopsis of recent arguments about the domestic political sources of contemporary trajectories of the welfare state. After brief surveys of welfare state retrenchment and recent scholarship, I utilise newly available data to offer an analysis of the impacts of globalisation and key features of domestic politics on 1981–2000 variations in social welfare entitlements and decommodification.
Ground observations of high‐latitude Pc3‐4 ULF waves
Authors: Howard T. A. , Menk F. W.
Published: April 2005

A detailed study has been undertaken of Pc3‐4 waves recorded on the ground with the IMAGE magnetometer array (56° < Λ < 76°) during January and March 1998. We focus only on daytime events exhibiting high coherence (>0.6) across the entire station array. Most of these had well‐defined wave packet appearance in time series records and a clear peak in power spectra. Their occurrence and frequency suggest the waves are generated by the upstream ion‐cyclotron resonance mechanism, with no evidence of generation by the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability. For each event the amplitude, phase, coherence, ellipticity, azimuth angle, and degree of polarization across the ground array were examined. The coherence length, azimuthal wave number, and hence the apparent wave propagation velocity were thus determined, with emphasis on the precision and significance of these measurements. It was found that these daytime Pc3‐4 pulsations usually have maximum amplitude near the magnetopause projection, meridional coherence lengths of order 1.5–2.0 × 103 km, and low azimuthal wave numbers during morning hours, averaging around −4.0 (indicating westward propagation). Over 80% of events propagated poleward and westward, with average equivalent ground velocity of 41 km/s N43°W for the H component. About 24–30% of the events are higher harmonics of field line resonances. There is no evidence that the remaining events arise from cavity modes or localized modulated electron precipitation. The observations instead suggest a mechanism involving mode coupling and field‐guided propagation. In this model, fast mode waves in the Pc3‐4 range entering near the subsolar point propagate earthward and due to the inhomogeneity of the magnetosphere couple to the field‐guided Alfvén mode. At certain latitudes, standing oscillations are established at harmonics of the local resonant frequency, while at other latitudes traveling waves convey energy to low altitudes. The expected L dependence of wave power and travel time agree well with observed amplitude and phase profiles.
Hall effect in incompressible magnetic reconnection
Authors: Morales Laura F. , Dasso Sergio , Gómez Daniel O.
Published: April 2005

Theoretical models of magnetic reconnection have been traditionally developed within the framework of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). However, in low‐density astrophysical plasmas like those found in the magnetopause and the magnetotail, kinetic effects such as the Hall current are expected to play a significant role. We present results from externally driven magnetic reconnection simulations, within the framework of incompressible Hall MHD in 2 1/2 dimensions. We evaluate the relevance of the Hall current in the reconnection process by performing a set of simulations with different values of the Hall parameter. We compute the corresponding reconnection rates as a function of time and explore the spatial structure of the fields in the surroundings of the diffusion region.
A new pseudodeterministic multivariate receptor model for individual source apportionment using highly time‐resolved ambient concentration measurements
Authors: Park Seung Shik , Pancras J. Patrick , Ondov John , Poor Noreen
Published: April 2005

A new multivariate pseudodeterministic receptor model (PDRM), combining mass balance and Gaussian plume dispersion equations, was developed to exploit highly time‐resolved ambient measurements of SO2 and particulate pollutants influencing air quality at a site in Sydney, Florida, during the Tampa Bay Regional Aerosol Chemistry Experiment (BRACE) in May 2002. The PDRM explicitly exploits knowledge of the number and locations of major stationary sources, source and transport wind directions, stack gas emission parameters, and meteorological plume dispersion parameters during sample collections to constrain solutions for individual sources. Model outputs include average emission rates and time‐resolved ambient concentrations for each of the measured species and time‐resolved meteorological dispersion factors for each of the sources. The model was applied to ambient Federal Reference Method SO2 and 30‐min elemental measurements during an 8.5‐hour period when winds swept a 70° sector containing six large stationary sources. Agreement between predicted and observed ambient SO2 concentrations was extraordinarily good: The correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.97, their ratio was 1.00 ± 0.18, and predicted SO2 emission rates for each of four large utility sources lie within 8% of their average continuous emission monitor values. Mean fractional bias, normalized mean square error, and the fractions of the predictions within a factor of 2 of the observed values are −2.7, 0.9, and 94%, respectively. For elemental markers of coal‐fired (As and Se) and oil‐fired (Ni) power plant emissions the average ratio of predicted and observed concentrations was 1.02 ± 0.18 for As, 0.96 ± 0.17 for Se, and 0.99 ± 0.41 for Ni, indicating that the six sources located in the wind sector between approximately 200° and 260° well accounted for background‐corrected concentrations measured at the sampling site. Model results were relatively insensitive to the choice of upper bound used to constrain solutions.
Evaluation of aerosol properties over ocean from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) during ACE‐Asia
Authors: Chu D. A. , Remer L. A. , Kaufman Y. J. , Schmid B. , Redemann J. , Knobelspiesse K. , Chern J.‐D. , Livingston J. , Russell P. B. , Xiong X. , Ridgway W.
Published: April 2005

The Aerosol Characterization Experiment‐Asia (ACE‐Asia) was conducted in March–May 2001 in the western North Pacific in order to characterize the complex mix of dust, smoke, urban/industrial pollution, and background marine aerosol that is observed in that region in springtime. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provides a large‐scale regional view of the aerosol during the ACE‐Asia time period. Focusing only on aerosol retrievals over ocean, MODIS data show latitudinal and longitudinal variation in the aerosol characteristics. Typically, aerosol optical depth (τa) values at 0.55 μm are highest in the 30°–50° latitude band associated with dust outbreaks. Monthly mean τa in this band ranges ∼0.40–70, although large differences between monthly mean and median values indicate the periodic nature of these dust outbreaks. The size parameters, fine mode fraction (η), and effective radius (reff) vary between monthly mean values of η = 0.47 and reff = 0.75 μm in the cleanest regions far offshore to approximately η = 0.85 and reff = 0.30 μm in near‐shore regions dominated by biomass burning smoke. The collocated MODIS retrievals with airborne, ship‐based, and ground‐based radiometers measurements suggest that MODIS retrievals of spectral optical depth fall well within expected error (Δτa = ±0.03 ± 0.05τa) except in situations dominated by dust, in which cases MODIS overestimate both the aerosol loading and the aerosol spectral dependence. Such behavior is consistent with issues related to particle nonsphericity. Comparisons of MODIS‐derived reff with AERONET retrievals at the few occurrences of collocations show MODIS systematically underestimates particle size by 0.2 μm. Multiple‐year analysis of MODIS aerosol size parameters suggests systematic differences between the year 2001 and the years 2000 and 2002, which are traced to instrumental electronic cross talk. Sensitivity studies show that such calibration errors are negligible in τa retrievals but are more pronounced in size parameter retrievals, especially for dust and sea salt.
A dynamical ammonia emission parameterization for use in air pollution models
Authors: Gyldenkærne Steen , Ambelas Skjøth Carsten , Hertel Ole , Ellermann Thomas
Published: April 2005

A parameterization of the temporal variation of ammonia (NH3) emission into the atmosphere is proposed. The parameterization relies on several simple submodels reflecting emission from stores and barns, agricultural practice in application of manure, and emission from grown crops. Some of the submodels depend on a simple crop growth model, which again depends on temperature variations throughout the year. The parameterization reflects the differences in agricultural practices, differences in the climate due to latitude/longitude, and differences in meteorological conditions between years. Measured as well as modeled meteorology can be applied by the parameterization, which is developed for use down to single farm level as well as in large‐scale physical/statistical Eulerian and Lagrangian air pollution models. The parameterization is based on simple principles and is applied for northwestern Europe. The simple principles ensure that the parameterization may be adapted to other climatic conditions. The proposed parameterization is considered as a large improvement compared to previous simpler models with fixed seasonal variation.
Recording head metrology at sub-100 nm device dimensions
Authors: Gokemeijer N. J. , Clinton T. W. , Crawford T. M. , Johnson Mark
Published: April 2005

A patterned InAs Hall cross was used to quantitatively image the magnetic field produced by magnetic recording write head as a function of current, obtaining field-current transfer functions for both poles. Using the same instrument, the magnetic field of current-carrying wires as small as 95 nm was measured using a magnetic recording read head in near-contact with the wire surface. The measured magnetic fields from the wire agree closely with the Biot–Savart law predictions for the field from a rectangular current carrying wire over a range of sub-500 nm wire widths. However, for narrow wires, a broadening of the wire field is observed. This broadening is likely due to the finite magnetic response width of the read head. These measurements demonstrate the potential of near-contact recording metrology for magnetic recording heads targeting 1Tbit∕in2 areal-density information storage.
Barrier thickness dependence of the magnetoresistance in TaOx magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Koller P. H. P. , de Jonge W. J. M. , Coehoorn R.
Published: April 2005

A systematic study has been conducted on the dependence of the magnetoresistance (MR) ratio on the barrier thickness in TaOx-based magnetic tunnel junctions. The relatively low MR ratio (<10%) for the thinnest barriers studied decreases rapidly with increasing thickness. From Rutherford backscattering analysis and current-voltage measurements evidence for a Ta thickness dependent oxidation rate has been found. Photoconductance spectra measured on the same junctions indicate changes in the hot-electron transport into the barrier, independent of the barrier asymmetry. These changes further indicate a modification of the junction structure with increasing Ta thickness, which can have a strong adverse effect on the spin polarization of the tunnel current.
Magnetic-field effects on Coulomb blockade conductance oscillations in a normal metal-insulator-normal metal double-barrier tunnel junction formed using atomic force microscope nanolithography
Authors: Wiemeri J. C. , Spencer T. A. , Banerjee S. K.
Published: April 2005

We report on magnetic-field effects on Coulomb blockade conductance features in a Ti∕TiO2∕Ti-cluster∕TiO2∕Ti double tunnel junction device formed using atomic force microscope nanolithography. Conductance oscillations are observed at 1.8, 10, and 50K and are attributed to Coulomb blockade effects. Applying a 9-T magnetic field enhanced the conductance oscillations and clarified the Coulomb staircase in I–V curves through suppression of inelastic quantum cotunneling through both barriers. A zero-bias conductance anomaly peak is observed at 1.8K in multiple devices and is attributed to contaminant particles creating localized magnetic moments in the tunnel junction.
A novel method for static equation-of state-development: Equation of state of a cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) network to 10 GPa
Authors: Dattelbaum Dana M. , Jensen Jeremy D. , Schwendt Ana M. , Kober Edward M. , Lewis Matthew W. , Menikoff Ralph
Published: April 2005

Pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) equation-of-state (EOS) information for polymers and polymeric composites is valuable for predicting their response to extreme conditions. An obstacle in determining equations of state for polymeric materials is the lack of a simple, static experimental method for acquiring PVT data for solid networks and liquids at pressures greater than several kilobars. Here, we report a novel approach in determining static EOS for polymers using high-pressure diamond-anvil cells coupled with optical microscopy and image analysis. Results are presented for a cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) polymer, SylgardR 184. Static isothermal results were fitted to empirical and semiempirical equations of state, including the Tait, Birch–Murnaghan, and Vinet forms. Static PV data were also converted to pseudoshock velocity–pseudoparticle velocity (Us–up) for comparison to dynamic Hugoniot data. A linear Rankine–Hugoniot fit Us=sTup+cT gives cT=1.572km∕s and sT=1.703. sT is related to the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus B0′ by sT=(B0′+1)∕4 and B0′=5.8. A comparison of the static and shock data is given, along with an estimate of the Grüneisen parameter, and a discussion of the free volume content in the polymer network, and limitations of this novel method.
Interaction of multiple iron balls in magnetic fields
Authors: Murakami M. , Nishimura Y. , Hirooka T. , Sasaki S. , Yagi I.
Published: April 2005

We have measured the field distribution around multiple iron balls exposed to nearly parallel magnetic fields generated from a large permanent magnet. It has been found that all the balls are magnetized in the same direction, which causes repulsive interaction among them. Such a repulsive interaction between magnetized sphere iron balls results in peculiar distributions of the iron balls, in that the balls are separated each other, and those sitting in the second row and the third row could be suspended in midair when they are packed in a plastic box. A group of floating balls could jointly be transported by rotating the lifting magnet.
Structural phase transformation and phase boundary∕stability studies of field-cooled Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3O3)–32%PbTiO3 crystals
Authors: Cao Hu , Bai Feiming , Li Jiefang , Viehland D. , Xu Guangyong , Hiraka H. , Shirane G.
Published: April 2005

Structural phase transformations in (001)-oriented (1−x)Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3O3)–32%PbTiO3 crystals have been investigated by x-ray diffraction. A C→T→MC sequence was observed in both the field-cooled and zero-field-cooled conditions. Most interestingly, an anomalous increase in the C→T phase boundary with increasing field has been observed, which is seemingly a common characteristic of crystals whose compositions are in the vicinity of the morphotropic phase boundary, irrespective of the width of the T and MC phase regions.
Importance of barrier layers in thermal diodes for energy conversion
Authors: Kucherov Yan , Hagelstein Peter , Sevastyanenko Victor , Brown Harold L. , Guruswamy Sivaraman , Wingert Wayne
Published: April 2005

Very high thermal to electric conversion efficiencies have been reported previously with thermal diode structures in which a thin n-type emitter layer is formed on the hot side of a thick near-intrinsic thermoelectric semiconductor. The figure of merit derived from direct measurements of electrical parameters and heat flow is increased by as much as a factor of eight. The question of what physical mechanisms are involved has been of interest since the initial observations of the effect. We have conjectured that the short-circuit current injection in these experiments is due to a second-order thermionic injection mechanism. More recently, we proposed that the open-circuit voltage comes about due to the presence of a p-type blocking layer between the emitter and the near-intrinsic bulk region. The experiments reported here show that a p-type blocking layer is required for the effect, and the dependence of conversion efficiency on the blocking layer concentration and width is studied. The results are generally consistent with calculations done so far based on a nonlocal generalized Onsager-type transport model.
Linear coupling of acoustic and cyclotron waves in plasma flows
Authors: Rogava Andria , Gogoberidze Grigol
Published: April 2005

It is found that in magnetized electrostatic plasma flows the velocity shear couples ion-acoustic waves with ion-cyclotron waves and leads, under favorable conditions, to their efficient reciprocal transformations. It is shown that in a two-dimensional setup this coupling has a remarkable feature: it is governed by equations that are mathematically equal to the ones describing coupling of sound waves with internal gravity waves [Rogava and Mahajan, Phys. Rev. E 55, 1185 (1997)] in neutral fluids. For flows with low shearing rates a fully analytic, quantitative description of the coupling efficiency, based on a noteworthy quantum-mechanical analogy, is given and transformation coefficients are calculated.
Electron acceleration by a circularly polarized laser pulse in the presence of an obliquely incident magnetic field in vacuum
Authors: Gupta D. N. , Ryu Chang-Mo
Published: April 2005

Laser-induced acceleration of an electron injected initially at an angle to the direction of a circularly polarized laser pulse in the presence of an obliquely incident magnetic field has been investigated. For a suitable position of the peak of the laser pulse, the external magnetic field exists at an angle such that it can be parallel to the magnetic field of the laser pulse. The electron gains considerable energy and retains it even after passing of the laser pulse in the presence of an optimum magnetic field in vacuum. The electron attains the maximum amount of energy at a particular angle of the incident magnetic field due to the betatron resonance.
Relations between multiresolution analysis and quantum mechanics
Authors: Bagarello F.
Published: April 2005

We discuss a procedure to construct multiresolution analyses (MRA) of L2(R) starting from a given seed function h(s) which should satisfy some conditions. Our method, originally related to the quantum mechanical Hamiltonian of the fractional quantum Hall effect, is shown to be model independent. The role of a canonical map between certain canonically conjugate operators is discussed. This clarifies our previous procedure and makes much easier most of the original formulas, producing a convenient framework to produce examples of MRA.
All-optical dynamic correction of distorted communication signals using a photorefractive polymeric hologram
Authors: Li Guoqiang , Eralp Muhsin , Thomas Jayan , Tay Savaş , Schülzgen Axel , Norwood Robert A. , Peyghambarian N.
Published: April 2005

All-optical real-time dynamic correction of wave front aberrations for image transmission is demonstrated using a photorefractive polymeric hologram. The material shows video rate response time with a low power laser. High-fidelity, high-contrast images can be reconstructed when the oil-filled phase plate generating atmospheric-like wave front aberrations is moved at 0.3mm∕s. The architecture based on four-wave mixing has potential application in free-space optical communication, remote sensing, and dynamic tracking. The system offers a cost-effective alternative to closed-loop adaptive optics systems.
Simple color tuning of phosphorescent dendrimer light emitting diodes
Authors: Namdas Ebinazar B. , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Samuel Ifor D. W. , Frampton Michael J. , Lo Shih-Chun , Burn Paul L.
Published: April 2005

A simple way of tuning the emission color in solution processed phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes is demonstrated. For each color a single emissive spin-coated layer consisting of a blend of three materials, a fac-tris(2-phenylpyridyl)iridium (III) cored dendrimer (Ir–G1) as the green emitter, a heteroleptic [bis(2-phenylpyridyl)-2-(2′-benzo[4,5-α]thienyl)pyridyl]iridium (III) cored dendrimer [Ir(ppy)2btp] as the red emitter, and 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl) biphenyl (CBP) as the host was employed. By adjusting the relative amount of green and red dendrimers in the blends, the color of the light emission was tuned from green to red. High efficiency two layer devices were achieved by evaporating a layer of electron transporting 1,3,5-tris(2-N-phenylbenzimidazolyl)benzene (TPBI) on top of the spin-coated emissive layer. A brightness of 100cd∕m2 was achieved at drive voltages in the range 5.3–7.3 V. The peak external efficiencies at this brightness ranged from 31cd∕A(18lm∕W) to 7cd∕A(4lm∕W).
Effect of gold coating on local oxidation using an atomic force microscope
Authors: Hwang J. S. , You Z. Y. , Lin S. Y. , Hu Z. S. , Wu C. T. , Chen C. W. , Chen K. H.
Published: April 2005

A simple method to enhance atomic force microscopy local oxidation by coating the substrate with a thin layer of gold is reported. The effect of gold coating is demonstrated experimentally by atomic force microscopy oxidation at various thicknesses of gold on Si and InP. Oxide heights reaching 30nm are easily achieved on silicon at rates 10 times greater than traditional methods. The gold layer is assumed to increase conductance and current during oxidation, thereby reducing decline in growth rates caused by the increasing resistance of the growing oxide layer itself. Improvement in growth rate and height increases with increasing gold thickness up to a maximum height, but beyond that thickness the heights and rates decrease because the gold layer itself becomes a barrier to the migration of oxyions. The presented method is demonstrated to improve the oxidation rate and height on normal and highly resistive substrates, with lower requirements for applied voltage during oxidation.
Role of light scattering in excimer laser annealing of Si
Authors: La Magna Antonino , Alippi Paola , Privitera Vittorio , Fortunato Guglielmo
Published: April 2005

We have studied, by means of simulations and experiments, the interaction between the electromagnetic field, generated by excimer laser, and Si device. This study strictly refers to laser annealing process, recently attracting a broad interest as an alternative thermal treatment. Our numerical methodology is based on coupling the simulation of the electromagnetic field, for the calculation of the heat source distribution, and the simulations of the thermal, phase, and impurity fields. Simulations of laser irradiation in metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor structures are discussed and compared to the corresponding experimental analysis. Our results are useful to understand problematics and perspectives of the laser annealing application in the fabrication of scaled devices.