bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergistic effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and an intumescent flame retardant: Toward an ideal electromagnetic interference shielding material with excellent flame retardancy
Authors: Ma Yuying , Ma Pengfei , Ma Yujiao , Xu Dong , Wang Peifeng , Yang Rui
Published: April 2017

To shield undesirable electromagnetic waves caused by electronic devices and simultaneously resolve the flame safety of the electronic components, an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material with excellent flame‐retardant properties is urgently needed. The synergistic effect of the intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites prepared by melt blending was investigated. The results show that addition of certain amounts of IFRs facilitated the dispersion of MWCNTs in the PS matrix, and the percolation threshold of the MWCNTs in the PS matrix also decreased from 1.67 ± 0.05 to 1.29 ± 0.04 wt %. Moreover, the EMI shielding efficiencies (SEs) of the PS–MWCNT–IFR composites were consistently higher than those of the PS–MWCNT composites without the addition of the IFRs at the same MWCNT content; this indicated that the synergistic effect of the MWCNTs and IFRs effectively improved the EMI SE of the PS–MWCNT–IFR composites. Furthermore, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) testing results show that the LOI values of the PS–MWCNT composites were consistently higher than 27%; this indicated that the PS–MWCNT composites effectively met the needs of flame safety; this indicated that the PS–MWCNT–IFR composite is a novel and promising candidate for an ideal EMI shielding material with excellent flame‐retardant properties for today's electronic devices. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45088.
Antistatic effects and mechanism of ionic liquids for methyl vinyl silicone rubber
Authors: Ye Xiwang , Guo Jianhua , Zeng Xingrong
Published: April 2017

The effect of two ionic liquids (ILs), namely, 1‐allyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium chloride ([AMIM]Cl) and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM]BF4), on the surface and volume resistivities, mechanical properties, transparency, and water contact angle of methyl vinyl silicone rubber (MVQ) were investigated. The chemical structures of the two ILs before and after heat treatment were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology and fluorine and chlorine elemental dispersion were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy mapping, respectively. The antistatic mechanism was revealed. The results show that the MVQ–[EMIM]BF4 composites had lower surface and volume resistivities than the MVQ–[AMIM]Cl composites. The mechanical properties of the MVQ–[EMIM]BF4 and MVQ–[AMIM]Cl composites were slightly lower than those of the pristine MVQ. With increasing [EMIM]BF4 content, the surface and volume resistivities and water contact angle of the MVQ–[EMIM]BF4 composites decreased. When the content of [EMIM]BF4 was 2.0 phr, the MVQ–[EMIM]BF4 composites showed better antistatic performance with lower surface and volume resistivities of 9.6 × 109 Ω and 1.2 × 1011 Ω cm, respectively. The antistatic mechanism of the MVQ–IL composites was ascribed to the synergistic effect of ionic migration and moisture absorption. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45180.
Alternating pH landscapes shape epithelial cancer initiation and progression: Focus on pancreatic cancer
Authors: Pedersen Stine F. , Novak Ivana , Alves Frauke , Schwab Albrecht , Pardo Luis A.
Published: April 2017

We present here the hypothesis that the unique microenvironmental pH landscape of acid‐base transporting epithelia is an important factor in development of epithelial cancers, by rendering the epithelial and stromal cells pre‐adapted to the heterogeneous extracellular pH (pHe) in the tumor microenvironment. Cells residing in organs with net acid‐base transporting epithelia such as the pancreatic ductal and gastric epithelia are exposed to very different, temporally highly variable pHe values apically and basolaterally. This translates into spatially and temporally non‐uniform intracellular pH (pHi) patterns. Disturbed pHe‐ and pHi‐homeostasis contributes to essentially all hallmarks of cancer. Our hypothesis, that the physiological pHe microenvironment in acid‐base secreting epithelia shapes cancers arising in these tissues, can be tested using novel imaging tools. The acidic tumor pHe in turn might be exploited therapeutically. Pancreatic cancers are used as our prime example, but we propose that this concept is also relevant for other cancers of acid‐base transporting epithelia.
Stem cell dynamics in muscle regeneration: Insights from live imaging in different animal models
Authors: Ratnayake Dhanushika , Currie Peter D.
Published: April 2017

In recent years, live imaging has been adopted to study stem cells in their native environment at cellular resolution. In the skeletal muscle field, this has led to visualising the initial events of muscle repair in mouse, and the entire regenerative response in zebrafish. Here, we review recent discoveries in this field obtained from live imaging studies. Tracking of tissue resident stem cells, the satellite cells, following injury has captured the morphogenetic dynamics of stem/progenitor cells as they facilitate repair. Asymmetric satellite cell division generated a clonogenic progenitor pool, providing in vivo validation for this mechanism. Furthermore, there is an emerging role of stem/progenitor cell guidance at the injury site by cellular protrusions. This review concludes that live imaging is a critical tool for discovering the distinct processes that occur during regeneration, emphasising the importance of imaging in diverse animal models to capture the entire scope of stem cell functions.

Also see the Video Abstract. Link to: https://youtube/tgUHSBD1N0g
The CRISPR/Cas9 system: Their delivery, in vivo and ex vivo applications and clinical development by startups
Authors: Song Minjung
Published: April 2017

The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system was originally derived from the prokaryotic adaptive immune system mediated by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR‐associated proteins (Cas). The system has been successfully applied to genome editing in eukaryotes and has contributed to remarkable advances in the life sciences, in areas ranging from agriculture to genetic disease therapies. For efficient editing and extending the influence of this system, proper delivery of its components is crucial. Both viral and nonviral delivery methods are reviewed here, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each. In addition, we review ex vivo and in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 applications for disease therapies. Related remarkable studies are highlighted and relevant startup companies and their drug development pipelines are described. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1035–1045, 2017
Production of itaconic acid from pentose sugars by Aspergillus terreus
Authors: Saha Badal C. , Kennedy Gregory J. , Qureshi Nasib , Bowman Michael J.
Published: April 2017

Itaconic acid (IA), an unsaturated 5‐carbon dicarboxylic acid, is a building block platform chemical that is currently produced industrially from glucose by fermentation with Aspergillus terreus. However, lignocellulosic biomass has potential to serve as low‐cost source of sugars for production of IA. Research needs to be performed to find a suitable A. terreus strain that can use lignocellulose‐derived pentose sugars and produce IA. One hundred A. terreus strains were evaluated for the first time for production of IA from xylose and arabinose. Twenty strains showed good production of IA from the sugars. Among these, six strains (NRRL strains 1960, 1961, 1962, 1972, 66125, and DSM 23081) were selected for further study. One of these strains NRRL 1961 produced 49.8 ± 0.3, 38.9 ± 0.8, 34.8 ± 0.9, and 33.2 ± 2.4 g IA from 80 g glucose, xylose, arabinose and their mixture (1:1:1), respectively, per L at initial pH 3.1 and 33°C. This is the first report on the production of IA from arabinose and mixed sugar of glucose, xylose, and arabinose by A. terreus. The results presented in the article will be very useful in developing a process technology for production of IA from lignocellulosic feedstocks. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1059–1067, 2017
A new approach to obtain cellulose nanocrystals and ethanol from eucalyptus cellulose pulp via the biochemical pathway
Authors: Bondancia Thalita J. , Mattoso Luiz Henrique C. , Marconcini José M. , Farinas Cristiane S.
Published: April 2017

The feasibility of integration of cellulosic ethanol production with the manufacture of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) was evaluated using eucalyptus cellulose pulp as feedstock and employing the biochemical route alone. For the enzymatic hydrolysis step, experimental central composite design (CCD) methodology was used as a tool to evaluate the effects of solids loading (SL) and enzymatic loading (EL) on glucose release and cellulose conversion. Glucose concentrations from 45 to 125 g/L were obtained after 24 h, with cellulose conversions from 35 to 96%. Validation of the statistical model was performed at SL of 20% and EL of 10 mg protein/g, which was defined by the desirability function as the optimum condition. The sugars released were used for the production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting in 62.1 g/L ethanol after 8 h (yield of 95.5%). For all the CCD experimental conditions, the residual solids presented CNF characteristics. Moreover, the use of a new strategy with temperature reduction from 50 to 35°C after 24 h of enzymatic hydrolysis enabled CNC to be obtained after 144 h. The CNC showed a crystallinity index of 83%, length of 260 nm, diameter of 15 nm, and aspect ratio (L/D) of 15. These characteristics are suitable for many applications, such as reinforcement in polymeric materials and other lower volume higher value bio‐based products. The findings indicate the viability of obtaining ethanol and CNC using the biochemical route exclusively, potentially contributing to the future implementation of forest biorefineries. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1085–1095, 2017
Hypofractionated short‐course radiotherapy in elderly patients with glioblastoma multiforme: an analysis of the National Cancer Database
Authors: Mak Kimberley S. , Agarwal Ankit , Qureshi Muhammad M. , Truong Minh Tam
Published: April 2017

For elderly patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), randomized trials have shown similar survival with hypofractionated short‐course radiotherapy (SCRT) compared to conventionally fractionated long‐course radiotherapy (LCRT). We evaluated the adoption of SCRT along with associated factors and survival in a national patient registry. Using the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), we identified patients aged ≥70 years with GBM, diagnosed between 1998 and 2011, who received SCRT (34–42 Gy in 2.5–3.4 Gy fractions), or LCRT (58–63 Gy in 1.8–2.0 Gy fractions). Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using Cox regression modeling. 4598 patients were identified, 304 (6.6%) in the SCRT group and 4294 (93.4%) in the LCRT group. Median follow‐up was 8.4 months. Median age was 78 versus 75 years, respectively (P < 0.0001). Patients who received SCRT had higher Charlson–Deyo comorbidity scores versus LCRT (score of ≥2: 16.9% vs. 10.8%, respectively; P = 0.006), and were more likely to be female (53.0% vs. 44.6%, P = 0.005). Patients who received SCRT were less likely to undergo chemotherapy (42.8% vs. 79.3%, P < 0.0001), more likely to undergo biopsy only (34.5% vs. 19.5%, P < 0.0001), and more likely to receive treatment at academic/research programs (49.2% vs. 37.2%, P = 0.0001). Median survival was 4.9 months versus 8.9 months, respectively (P < 0.0001). The survival detriment with SCRT persisted on multivariable analysis [HR 1.51 (95% CI: 1.33–1.73, P < 0.0001)], adjusting for age, gender, race, comorbidities, diagnosis year, facility type, surgery, and chemotherapy. In conclusion, hypofractionated SCRT was associated with worse survival compared to conventionally fractionated LCRT for elderly patients with GBM. Patients who received SCRT were older with worse comorbidities, and were less likely to undergo chemotherapy or resection.
Boron Nitride‐supported Sub‐nanometer Pd6 Clusters for Formic Acid Decomposition: A DFT Study
Authors: Schimmenti Roberto , Cortese Remedios , Duca Dario , Mavrikakis Manos
Published: April 2017

A periodic, self‐consistent planewave DFT study was carried out to explore the potential use of Pd6 clusters supported on a boron nitride sheet as a catalyst for the selective decomposition of formic acid (HCOOH) to CO2 and H2. The competition between formate (HCOO) and carboxyl (COOH) paths on catalytic sites, with different proximities to the support, was studied. Based on energetics alone, the reaction may mainly follow the HCOO route. Slightly lower activation energies were found at the lateral sites of the cluster as compared to top face sites. This is particularly true for the bidentate to monodentate HCOO conversion. Through comparison of results with similar studies on HCOOH decomposition on extended Pd surfaces, it was demonstrated that the existence of undercoordinated sites in the sub‐nanometer cluster could play a key role in preferentially stabilizing HCOO over COOH, which is a common CO precursor in this reaction. A hydrogen spillover mechanism was also investigated; migration toward the boron nitride support is not favorable, at least in the early stages of the reaction. However, hydrogen diffusion on the cluster has low barriers compared to those involved in formic acid decomposition.
Carbonate‐Grafted Polysilane as a New Additive for Elevated‐Temperature Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lu Wei , Xiong Shizhao , Pu Wenjing , Xie Kai , Zheng Chunman
Published: April 2017

New additives are required to meet the challenge for Li‐ion batteries working at elevated temperature. Here, we report ethylene‐carbonate‐grafted polysilane (PMSVC) as an additive of commercial carbonate‐based electrolytes. PMSVC is synthesized by using graft copolymerization of ethylene carbonate onto polymethylsilane within tetrahydrofuran solvent and azodiisobutyronitrile initiator. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy show that the substitution degree of Si−H in final product is about 5 %. Electrochemical impedance spectra and charge−discharge tests of the cell with 0.5 wt % additive show that the film on a positive electrode was mainly formed during the initial five cycles at 0.2 C. The capacity retention of the cell with additive is about 87 % after 60 cycles at 60 °C, whereas the cell with baseline electrolyte is about 80 % under the same conditions. The results suggest that the addition of PMSVC is beneficial to the cycling stability of the cell at elevated temperature. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis identified the compounds on a cycled LiCoO2 electrode, which are associated to the degradation, oxidation‐crosslink reaction, and unreacted groups of PMSVC. The mechanism to form the protective film on positive electrode is also further discussed in this work.
C11/C9 Helical Folding in αβ Hybrid Peptides Containing 1‐Amino‐cyclohexane acetic acid (β3, 3‐Ac6c)
Authors: Wani Naiem Ahmad , Raghothama Srinivasarao , Singh Umesh Prasad , Rai Rajkishor
Published: April 2017

The present study describes the solid‐state conformation of αβ hybrid peptides, Boc‐Leu‐β3, 3‐Ac6c‐OH, P1; Boc‐Leu‐β3, 3‐Ac6c‐Leu‐β3, 3‐Ac6c‐OMe, P2; and Boc‐Leu‐β3, 3‐Ac6c‐Leu‐β3, 3‐Ac6c‐Leu‐OMe, P3. The dipeptide P1 adopts extended conformations, whereas tetrapeptide P2 and pentapeptide P3 favor a helical conformation stabilized by mixed types of C11/C9 intramolecular hydrogen bonds. In peptide P3, the amino group of β3, 3‐Ac6c(2) and β3, 3‐Ac6c(4) residues occupies axial orientation, whereas in P2 it occupies axial and equatorial orientations for residues β3, 3‐Ac6c(2) and β3, 3‐Ac6c(4), respectively. The self‐assembly of P3 forms channels filled with solvent molecules that present interesting patterns.
Factors screening to statistical experimental design of racemic atenolol kinetic resolution via transesterification reaction in organic solvent using free Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase
Authors: Agustian Joni , Kamaruddin Azlina Harun , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: April 2017

As the (R)‐enantiomer of racemic atenolol has no β‐blocking activity and no lack of side effects, switching from the racemate to the (S)‐atenolol is more favorable. Transesterification of racemic atenolol using free enzymes investigated as a resource to resolve the racemate via this method is limited. Screenings of enzyme, medium, and acetyl donor were conducted first to give Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase, tetrahydrofuran, and vinyl acetate. A statistical design of the experiment was then developed using Central Composite Design on some operational factors, which resulted in the conversions of 11.70–61.91% and substrate enantiomeric excess (ee) of 7.31–100%. The quadratic models are acceptable with R2 of 95.13% (conversion) and 89.63% (ee). The predicted values match the observed values reasonably well. Temperature, agitation speed, and substrate molar ratio factor have low effects on conversion and ee, but enzyme loading affects the responses highly. The interaction of temperature–agitation speed and temperature–substrate molar ratio show significant effects on conversion, while temperature–agitation speed, temperature–substrate molar ratio, and agitation speed–substrate molar ratio affect ee highly. Optimum conditions for the use of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase, tetrahydrofuran, and vinyl acetate were found at 45°C, 175 rpm, 2000 U, and 1:3.6 substrate molar ratio.
Does Corporate Social Responsibility Put Reputation at Risk by Inviting Activist Targeting? An Empirical Test among European SMEs
Authors: Graafland Johan
Published: April 2017

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is believed to improve a company's reputation. However, CSR may also put reputation at risk by making the company a more attractive target for activists' campaigns. We test this effect on a sample of 1355 European small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). We find that CSR increases the future probability that an SME's CSR is monitored by local non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) and that this moderates criticism of the SME's CSR. The results imply that SMEs that only halfheartedly implement CSR are more vulnerable to public criticism than SMEs that do not engage in CSR at all. It is advisable that SMEs only position themselves as sustainable companies if their environmental policies have proven to contribute to sustainable development. When initiating stakeholder engagement, SMEs should prevent disappointment by tempering stakeholders' expectations, as NGOs participating in a stakeholder dialogue can use inside information to raise public criticism. © 2017 The Authors. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Contact sensitizers trigger human CD1‐autoreactive T‐cell responses
Authors: Betts Richard J. , Perkovic Adrijana , Mahapatra Subhashree , Del Bufalo Aurélia , Camara Kaddy , Howell Amy R. , Martinozzi Teissier Silvia , De Libero Gennaro , Mori Lucia
Published: April 2017

Allergic contact dermatitis is a primarily T‐cell‐mediated inflammatory skin disease induced by exposure to small molecular‐weight haptens, which covalently bind to proteins. The abundance of cutaneous T cells that recognize CD1a antigen‐presenting molecules raises the possibility that MHC‐independent antigen presentation may be relevant in some hapten‐driven immune responses. Here we examine the ability of contact sensitizers to influence CD1‐restricted immunity. Exposure of human antigen‐presenting cells such as monocyte‐derived dendritic cells and THP‐1 cells to the prototypical contact sensitizer dinitrochlorobenzene potentiated the response of CD1a‐ and CD1d‐autoreactive T cells, which released a vast array of cytokines in a CD1‐ and TCR‐dependent manner. The potentiating effects of dinitrochlorobenzene depended upon newly synthesized CD1 molecules and the presence of endogenous stimulatory lipids. Further examination of a broad panel of contact sensitizers revealed 1,4‐benzoquinone, resorcinol, isoeugenol, and cinnamaldehyde to activate the same type of CD1‐restricted responses. These findings provide a basis for the antigen‐specific activation of skin‐associated CD1‐restricted T cells by small molecules and may have implications for contact sensitizer‐induced inflammatory skin diseases.
Dissecting and modeling the emergent murine TEC compartment during ontogeny
Authors: Brunk Fabian , Michel Chloé , Holland‐Letz Tim , Slynko Alla , Kopp‐Schneider Annette , Kyewski Bruno , Pinto Sheena
Published: April 2017

The origin of the thymic epithelium, i.e. the cortical (cTEC) and medullary (mTEC) epithelial cells, from bipotent stem cells through TEC progenitors and lineage‐specific progeny still remains poorly understood. We sought to obtain an unbiased view of the incipient emergence of TEC subsets by following embryonic TEC development based on co‐expression of EpCAM, CD80 and MHC class II (MHCII) on non‐hematopoietic (CD45−) thymic stromal cells in wild‐type BL6 mice. Using a combination of ex vivo analysis, Re‐aggregate Thymic Organ Culture (RTOC) reconstitution assays and mathematical modeling, we traced emergent lineage commitment in murine embryonic TECs. Both experimental and mathematical datasets supported the following developmental sequence: MHCII−CD80− → MHCIIloCD80− → MHCIIhiCD80− → MHCIIhiCD80hi TECs, whereby MHCIIhiCD80− and MHCIIhiCD80hi TECs bear features of cTECs and mTECs respectively. These emergent MHCIIhiCD80− cTECs directly generate mature MHCIIhiCD80hi mTECs in vivo and in vitro, thus supporting the asynchronous model of TEC lineage commitment.
Regioselective C–H Bond Activation of Asymmetric Bis(ylide)s Promoted by Pd
Authors: Serrano Elena , Soler Tatiana , Urriolabeitia Esteban P.
Published: April 2017

Asymmetric ylide–phosphonium [Ph3PCHC(O)CH2PR3]Br (PR3 = PPh2Me 4, PPhMe2 5) and bis(phosphonium) salts [Ph3PCH2C(O)CH2PR3]X2 (PR3 = PPh2Me 6, PPhMe2 7) react with PdCl2(NCMe)2/NEt3 or Pd(OAc)2, respectively, to give the C,C‐chelating bis(ylide) complexes [PdCl2{η2‐[Ph3PCHC(O)CHPR3‐κ‐C,C]}] (PR3 = PPh2Me 8, PPhMe2 9) regioselectively in the erythro form. Starting from 8 and 9, the corresponding halide‐bridge dimers [Pd(µ‐Cl){η2‐[Ph3PCHC(O)CHPR3‐κ‐C,C]}]2(ClO4)2 (PR3 = PPh2Me 12, PPhMe2 13) can be easily prepared. Complexes 12 and 13 react with bulky phosphines or diphosphines, undergoing intramolecular Caryl–H bond activation and ortho‐palladation of the C,C‐chelating bis(ylide), thereby transforming the Pd{η2‐[Ph3PCHC(O)CHPR3‐κ‐C,C]} fragment into the Pd(C6H4‐2‐PPh2CHC(O)CH2PR3‐κ‐C,C) moiety in complexes 14–21. This ortho‐palladation takes place with complete regioselectivity, because only the PPh3 unit undergoes the C–H bond activation process.
Effects of majority members' positive intergroup contact on minority members' support for ingroup rights: Mobilizing or demobilizing effects?
Authors: Kauff Mathias , Green Eva G. T. , Schmid Katharina , Hewstone Miles , Christ Oliver
Published: April 2017

While some research suggests that ethnic and cultural diversity hinders societal cohesion, other studies show that it promotes intergroup contact opportunities, which, if exploited, help to overcome intergroup prejudice. Recently, however, intergroup contact theory has been criticized for neglecting the wider social context as well as for ignoring potential demobilizing contact effects for minority members. Using two cross‐sectional general population surveys (European Social Survey in 22 countries, Swiss MOSAiCH), we address these criticisms by examining whether ethnic majority members' positive contact influences ethnic minority members' support for ingroup rights at the social context level. Applying multilevel path analysis, we show that minority members are more likely to support anti‐discrimination laws and immigrant rights when living in social contexts in which majority members have positive intergroup contact experiences. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed for understanding how minority groups are affected by the climate of the social context they reside in.
Affirmative action policies in job advertisements for leadership positions: How they affect women's and men's inclination to apply
Authors: Nater Christa , Sczesny Sabine
Published: April 2017

This research investigates how affirmative action policies in job advertisements for leadership positions affect women's and men's inclination to apply. Management students (N = 389) received advertisements that differed in the strictness of announced gender policies: no statement, women explicitly invited to apply, preferential treatment of equally qualified women, or quota of 40% women. When women were treated preferentially, female participants reported higher self‐ascribed fit, which resulted in higher inclinations to apply compared with the control condition and with men. However, when quota regulations were active, female participants showed neither an increased self‐ascribed fit nor higher inclinations to apply. Interestingly, the underlying mechanism was not different when a quota regulation or no statement was announced: participants with higher agency levels reported higher inclinations to apply owing to an increase in self‐ascribed fit. This study provides evidence that only some preferential treatment policies may be successful in increasing women's interest in leadership positions.
The opportunities and challenges of diversity: Explaining its impact on individuals and groups
Authors: Ramos Miguel R. , Hewstone Miles , Barreto Manuela , Branscombe Nyla R.
Published: April 2017

Demographic trends reveal that modern societies have become increasingly diverse. Within the social sciences, these changes have been reflected in concerns about the implications of social diversity. Although early research noted that diversity may have negative consequences for societies and individuals, more recent scholarship has indicated that diversity is not always translated into negative outcomes. These inconsistent findings initiated a scholarly debate concerning the impact of many different forms of diversity for a host of social outcomes. It is now clear that the boundary conditions of these effects are yet to be fully understood. This Special Issue offers a collection of research advances identifying mediating and moderating variables addressing when and why diversity impacts intergroup relational outcomes. By focusing on different levels of diversity (i.e., in the society and in groups), this research also sheds light on the effectiveness of ideologies and policies for managing diversity.
Photocoupled Bioanode: A New Approach for Improved Microbial Fuel Cell Performance
Authors: Kim Hyeon‐Woo , Lee Kyeong‐Seok , Razzaq Abdul , Lee Sung Hyun , Grimes Craig A. , In Su‐Il
Published: April 2017

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) received considerable attention because of their ability to provide dual advantages of electricity generation and wastewater treatment. However, their performance is primarily limited by the slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). To alleviate this problem, we describe a hybrid MFC in which a conventional bioanode is coupled with a TiO2 photoanode. The photocatalytic photoanode utilizes light to provide additional photogenerated electrons to the external circuit of the MFC, which promotes the ORR, as confirmed by power density curves and electrochemical impedance spectra, resulting in improved power generation (1284±20 mW m−2) compared to that of a normal MFC (850±12 mW m−2). Furthermore, the ability of the TiO2 photoanode to reduce CO2 to methane is demonstrated.
Microplastics as vectors for environmental contaminants: Exploring sorption, desorption, and transfer to biota
Authors: Hartmann Nanna B , Rist Sinja , Bodin Julia , Jensen Louise HS , Schmidt Stine N , Mayer Philipp , Meibom Anders , Baun Anders
Published: April 2017

The occurrence and effects of microplastics (MPs) in the aquatic environment are receiving increasing attention. In addition to their possible direct adverse effects on biota, the potential role of MPs as vectors for hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs), compared to natural pathways, is a topic of much debate. It is evident, however, that temporal and spatial variations of MP occurrence do (and will) occur. To further improve the estimations of the role of MPs as vectors for HOC transfer into biota under varying MP concentrations and environmental conditions, it is important to identify and understand the governing processes. Here, we explore HOC sorption to and desorption from MPs and the underlying principles for their interactions. We discuss intrinsic and extrinsic parameters influencing these processes and focus on the importance of the exposure route for diffusive mass transfer. Also, we outline research needed to fill knowledge gaps and improve model-based calculations of MP-facilitated HOC transfer in the environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:488–493. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points

Concentrations of microplastics (MPs) and environmental conditions change over time, meaning that spatio-temporal hotspots do (and will) occur, potentially changing the relative importance of MPs as hydrophobic organic chemical (HOC) vectors compared to natural pathways (such as water, food, and natural particulate matter). An improved understanding of the governing processes is needed to better evaluate the role of MPs as pathways for HOC transfer into biota under such varying conditions. We point out future research needed and highlight direct contact exposure as a route of HOC transfer process, which should not be overlooked when working toward a better understanding and model-based estimations of microplastic as HOC vectors in the environment.
Microplastics in the context of regulation of commercial shellfish aquaculture operations
Authors: Schoof Rosalind A , DeNike Jesse
Published: April 2017

Shellfish aquaculture in the Salish Sea (encompassing the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, and the Georgia Strait) is a major source of clams, oysters, and mussels in the United States and Canada. Plastic gear is necessary for the viability of many of these operations. During the past few years, shellfish farm permits issued in Washington State have been challenged on various bases that have included allegations that the plastic gear is releasing microplastics, commonly defined as particles less than 5 mm in diameter. Published survey data on sources of marine plastic debris demonstrate the very limited contribution of aquaculture gear. Both permits and industry codes of practice provide procedures to minimize loss of gear to the marine environment. Plastic gear is also designed specifically to maintain its integrity and not degrade in the marine environment. Plastic degradation is greatest on beaches with high UV exposure, whereas aquaculture gear is mostly underwater and/or covered by biofoulants. Available data for microplastics in water, sediment, and biota of the Salish Sea do not suggest significant release of microplastics from shellfish aquaculture operations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:522–527. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points

Shellfish aquaculture in the Salish Sea is a major source of clams, oysters, and mussels in the United States and Canada, and plastic gear is necessary for the viability of many of these operations. Shellfish farmers use plastic gear that is designed to maintain its integrity in the marine environment, and management practices and permit conditions further minimize the potential for generating microplastics. Microplastics are ubiquitous in the marine environment, and both wild and farmed bivalves contain microplastics, with limited evidence indicating that bivalves in direct contact with aquaculture gear may have marginally higher concentrations of microplastic fibers. Available data for the Salish Sea indicate debris was higher near urban areas and appeared to be locally generated, whereas areas with high density of aquaculture activities do not appear to have greater levels of plastic marine debris.
Trophic transfer of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems: Identifying critical research needs
Authors: Au Sarah Y , Lee Cindy M , Weinstein John E , van den Hurk Peter , Klaine Stephen J
Published: April 2017

To evaluate the process of trophic transfer of microplastics, it is important to consider various abiotic and biotic factors involved in their ingestion, egestion, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification. Toward this end, a review of the literature on microplastics has been conducted to identify factors influencing their uptake and absorption; their residence times in organisms and bioaccumulation; the physical effects of their aggregation in gastrointestinal tracts; and their potential to act as vectors for the transfer of other contaminants. Limited field evidence from higher trophic level organisms in a variety of habitats suggests that trophic transfer of microplastics may be a common phenomenon and occurs concurrently with direct ingestion. Critical research needs include standardizing methods of field characterization of microplastics, quantifying uptake and depuration rates in organisms at different trophic levels, quantifying the influence that microplastics have on the uptake and/or depuration of environmental contaminants among different trophic levels, and investigating the potential for biomagnification of microplastic-associated chemicals. More integrated approaches involving computational modeling are required to fully assess trophic transfer of microplastics. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:505–509. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points

The trophic transfer of microplastics are dependent on a variety of abiotic and biotic factors including the feeding strategies of the organisms within the food web, their exposure to these particles in their habitat, the physical and chemical characteristics of the particles, and their residence times within organisms. Limited field evidence from higher trophic level organisms in a variety of habitats suggests that trophic transfer of microplastics may be occurring concurrently with direct ingestion. Integrated approaches involving computational modeling will be required to fully assess trophic transfer of microplastics.
Determining global distribution of microplastics by combining citizen science and in-depth case studies
Authors: Bosker Thijs , Behrens Paul , Vijver Martina G
Published: April 2017

Microplastics (<5 mm) are contaminants of emerging global concern. They have received considerable attention in scientific research, resulting in an increased awareness of the issue among politicians and the general public. However, there has been significant variation in sampling and extraction procedures used to quantify microplastics levels. The difference in extraction procedures can especially impact study outcomes, making it difficult, and sometimes impossible, to directly compare results among studies. To address this, we recently developed a standard operating procedure (SOP) for sampling microplastics on beaches. We are now assessing regional and global variations in beach microplastics using this standardized approach for 2 research projects. Our first project involves the general public through citizen science. Participants collect sand samples from beaches using a basic protocol, and we subsequently extract and quantify microplastics in a central laboratory using the SOP. Presently, we have 80+ samples from around the world and expect this number to further increase. Second, we are conducting 2, in-depth, regional case studies: one along the Dutch coast (close to major rivers, a known source of microplastic input into marine systems), and the other on the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean (in the proximity to a hotspot of plastics in the North Atlantic Ocean). In both projects, we use our new SOP to determine regional variation in microplastics, including differences in physicochemical characteristics such as size, shape, and polymer type. Our research will provide, for the first time, a systematic comparison on levels of microplastics on beaches at both a regional and global scale. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:536–541. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points

To minimize procedural variation, we have developed a standard operation procedure (SOP) for the sampling and extraction of microplastics from sand samples. Sampling approaches on depth, distance to tidal line showed smaller differences in outcomes compared to extraction approach executed. We apply this SOP in a citizen science project, in which participants collect beach samples across the world, while extraction occurs in a central laboratory to ensure standardization. In addition, we are conducting 2 in-depth regional case studies to relate potential sources of microplastics to differences in microplastics levels and physicochemical characteristics (size, shape, and polymer type).
Microplastics as contaminants in commercially important seafood species
Authors: Santillo David , Miller Kathryn , Johnston Paul
Published: April 2017

The ingestion of microplastic fragments, spheres, and fibers by marine mollusks, crustaceans, and fish, including a number of commercially important species, appears to be a widespread and pervasive phenomenon. Evidence is also growing for direct impacts of microplastic ingestion on physiology, reproductive success and survival of exposed marine organisms, and transfer through food webs, although the ecological implications are not yet known. Concerns also remain over the capacity for microplastics to act as vectors for harmful chemical pollutants, including plastic additives and persistent organic pollutants, although their contribution must be evaluated alongside other known sources. The potential for humans, as top predators, to consume microplastics as contaminants in seafood is very real, and its implications for health need to be considered. An urgent need also exists to extend the geographical scope of studies of microplastic contamination in seafood species to currently underrepresented areas, and to finalize and adopt standardized methods and quality-assurance protocols for the isolation, identification, and quantification of microplastic contaminants from biological tissues. Such developments would enable more robust investigation of spatial and temporal trends, thereby contributing further evidence as a sound basis for regulatory controls. Despite the existence of considerable uncertainties and unknowns, there is already a compelling case for urgent actions to identify, control, and, where possible, eliminate key sources of both primary and secondary microplastics before they reach the marine environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:516–521. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points

Ingestion of microplastics by marine species, including bivalves, crustaceans, and fish of commercial importance, is a widespread and pervasive phenomenon, as is the transfer of these contaminants through food webs. Evidence for direct impacts of microplastics on the physiology and health of marine species is growing, and concerns remain regarding their potential role in accumulating, transferring, and delivering doses of harmful pollutants. It is almost inevitable that humans consuming seafood will also be ingesting some level of microplastic pollution, although the possible health implications are only beginning to be considered. Other urgent priorities include harmonization of methods for isolation and analysis of microplastics from biological tissues, to allow reliable investigation of spatial and temporal trends, as well as efforts to identify, control, and, where possible, eliminate sources of plastic pollution.
Current understanding of microplastics in the environment: Occurrence, fate, risks, and what we should do
Authors: Peng Jinping , Wang Jundong , Cai Liqi
Published: April 2017

Microplastics pollution has been documented in the global environment, including at sea, in freshwater and in atmospheric fallout. Ingestion of microplastics by multiple kinds of organisms has been reported and has received increasing attention, because microplastics not only act as a source of toxic chemicals but also a sink for toxic chemicals. To better understand the great concerns about microplastics and associated toxic chemicals potential exposed to the organisms ingesting the debris, we should know more about the occurrence, fate, and risks of microplastics in the environment. What we should do depends on this better understanding. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:476–482. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points

Microplastics were found in the marine environment, the freshwater environment, and atmospheric fallout. Microplastics not only act as a source of toxic chemicals but also a sink for toxic chemicals. Fate of microplastics might associate with sedimentation, shore deposition, nanofragmentation, and ingestion. Further research is needed, and what we should do depends on better understanding.
Ingestion of microplastics by fish and its potential consequences from a physical perspective
Authors: Jovanović Boris
Published: April 2017

The European Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the United States Microbead Free Waters Act are credited for being ambitious in their goals for protecting the marine environment from microplastics pollution. As a result, the microplastic pollution of marine environments and the incidence of microplastic ingestion by fish is rapidly receiving an increase in overdue attention. This commentary summarizes recent discoveries regarding the potential negative effects of micro- and nanoplastic ingestion by fish. Analysis shows that the occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of fish is ephemeral, with low accumulation potential in the gastrointestinal tract, although translocation to the liver may occur. Nevertheless, the total load of micro- and nanoplastics that will pass through the gastrointestinal tract of a fish in its lifetime is likely high and will keep increasing in the future. This may pose a risk because there is evidence that micro- and nanoplastic ingestion can interfere with fish health. Observed effects of microplastics ingestion include (but are not necessarily limited to) intestinal blockage, physical damage, histopathological alterations in the intestines, change in behavior, change in lipid metabolism, and transfer to the liver. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:510–515. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points

The mass of plastic in certain parts of some oceans is already surpassing the mass of plankton, and in the relatively near future, plastic will surpass fish stocks in the oceans by weight while the count of plastic micro- and nanoparticles will be considerably greater than the count of plankton. Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of fish is ephemeral, with low accumulation potential in the gastrointestinal tract, although translocation to the liver may occur. Ingestion of micro- and nanoplastics by fish may lead to physical blockage of the digestive organs and interference with feeding, change in behavior, mechanical injury, histopathological alterations in intestinal tract and liver, and change in lipid metabolism among other problems. Both microplastics quantity and ingestion frequency by fish will rise in the future as the input of microplastics in marine environment is increasing, whereas the cost of ocean cleanup operations from plastic litter is very high and microplastics cleanup, in particular, is highly unfeasible.
Microplastics are not important for the cycling and bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in the oceans—but should microplastics be considered POPs themselves?
Authors: Lohmann Rainer
Published: April 2017

The role of microplastic particles in the cycling and bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is discussed. Five common concepts, sometimes misconceptions, about the role of microplastics are reviewed. While there is ample evidence that microplastics accumulate high concentrations of POPs, this does not result in microplastics being important for the global dispersion of POPs. Similarly, there is scant evidence that microplastics are an important transfer vector of POPs into animals, but possibly for plastic additives (flame retardants). Last, listing microplastics as POPs could help reduce their environmental impact. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:460–465. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points

Microplastics accumulate POPs relative to their surroundings, acting as passive samplers, yet there are insufficient microplastic particles to affect the global cycling of POPs. Laboratory experiments exposing clean animals to POP-contaminated microplastics observe the transfer of POPs into the animals but cannot demonstrate that this pathway is relevant in the field. Field observations of POPs in animals show little evidence that the ingestion of microplastics contributed much to their body burden with the exception of plastic additives. Microplastics should be considered as POPs as they share persistence, long-range transport, potential for bioaccumulation, and adverse effects with other POPs.
Microplastics in a freshwater environment receiving treated wastewater effluent
Authors: Lasee Steven , Mauricio Jessica , Thompson William A , Karnjanapiboonwong Adcharee , Kasumba John , Subbiah Seenivasan , Morse Audra N , Anderson Todd A
Published: April 2017

Small plastic fragments (microplastics or solid particles <5 mm in size or “microbeads” used in personal care products and cosmetics) may ultimately find their way into aquatic environments. We studied the presence of microplastics (particle sizes 53–105 μm and 106–179 μm) spatially and temporally in 3 connected urban lakes being fed by treated wastewater effluent in Lubbock, Texas. These lakes also serve as drainage during storm events. Water samples from drainage playa wetlands within the city were also collected. Our interest was in determining the presence or absence of microplastics in a freshwater environment as well as the source apportionment between personal care products (via wastewater) and discarded plastics (via runoff). Results showed that average concentrations of microplastics in samples collected from lakes ranged from 0.79 ± 0.88 mg/L to 1.56 ± 1.64 mg/L for the 53–105 μm size fraction and from 0.31 ± 0.72 mg/L to 1.25 ± 1.98 mg/L for the 106–179 μm size fraction. For samples collected from playa wetlands, average microplastic concentrations ranged from 0.64 ± 0.92 mg/L to 5.51 ± 9.09 mg/L for the 53–105 μm size fraction and from nondetectable (ND) to 1.79 ± 3.04 mg/L for the 106–179 μm size fraction. Our results (based on comparison of microplastic masses) suggest that urban runoff also contributes microplastics to surface water in addition to the treated wastewater effluent (in this particular case). The present findings may assist in adopting additional monitoring efforts and provide information on the potential contribution of secondary microplastic input into aquatic environments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:528–532. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points

Our results suggest that urban runoff contributes microplastics to surface waters in addition to treated effluent. Our findings clarify the potential contribution of secondary microplastics into aquatic environments.
Sonographic detection of a lingual node metastasis from early squamous cell cancer of the tongue
Authors: Nishio Naoki , Fujimoto Yasushi , Hiramatsu Mariko , Yamamoto Yoko , Sone Michihiko
Published: April 2017

Lingual node metastasis from early‐stage squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue is uncommon and difficult to detect. We present a case of a lingual lymph node metastasis from an early tongue cancer. Sonography demonstrated a small nonpalpable lingual node on the floor of the mouth. The patient underwent complete surgical resection and had no evidence of recurrence 5 years later. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 46:69–72, 2018;