bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a diagnostic model for differentiating tuberculous spondylitis from brucellar spondylitis using machine learning: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Yasin Parhat , Mardan Muradil , Xu Tao , Cai Xiaoyu , Abulizi Yakefu , Wang Ting , Sheng Weibin , Mamat Mardan
Published: January 2023

Background

Tuberculous spondylitis (TS) and brucellar spondylitis (BS) are commonly observed in spinal infectious diseases, which are initially caused by bacteremia. BS is easily misdiagnosed as TS, especially in underdeveloped regions of northwestern China with less sensitive medical equipment. Nevertheless, a rapid and reliable diagnostic tool remains to be developed and a clinical diagnostic model to differentiate TS and BS using machine learning algorithms is of great significance.

Methods

A total of 410 patients were included in this study. Independent factors to predict TS were selected by using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model, permutation feature importance, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. A TS risk prediction model was developed with six different machine learning algorithms. We used several metrics to evaluate the accuracy, calibration capability, and predictability of these models. The performance of the model with the best predictability was further verified with the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the calibration curve. The clinical performance of the final model was evaluated by decision curve analysis.

Results

Six variables were incorporated in the final model, namely, pain severity, CRP, x-ray intervertebral disc height loss, x-ray endplate sclerosis, CT vertebral destruction, and MRI paravertebral abscess. The analysis of appraising six models revealed that the logistic regression model developed in the current study outperformed other methods in terms of sensitivity (0.88 ± 0.07) and accuracy (0.79 ± 0.07). The AUC of the logistic regression model predicting TS was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.81–0.90) in the training set and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.78–0.92) in the validation set. The decision curve analysis indicated that the logistic regression model displayed a higher clinical efficiency in the differential diagnosis.

Conclusions

The logistic regression model developed in this study outperformed other methods. The logistic regression model demonstrated by a calculator exerts good discrimination and calibration capability and could be applicable in differentiating TS from BS in primary health care diagnosis.
Clinical application of Kirschner wires combined with 5-Ethibond fixation for patella fractures
Authors: Liang Yuan , Hu Jinlong , Zhang Pei , Zhang Jiale , Yang Lixun , Zhang Wendong , Chen Jiaxin , He Jinshan , Fang Yongchao , Zhou Yuelai , Chen Pengtao , Wang Jingcheng
Published: January 2023

Background

Patella fractures that require surgery are conventionally treated using Kirschner wires (K-wires) and stainless steel wires. In recent years, the nonabsorbable polyester has been reported to have excellent outcomes clinically. Therefore, the goal of our study was to evaluate the effects of Kirschner wires combined with 5-Ethibond on treating patellar fractures.

Methods

From July 2018 to January 2022, 22 patella fracture patients were treated with Kirschner wires combined with 5-Ethibond. Radiographs of the knees were used to evaluate fracture healing and hardware complications. The clinical results were evaluated through the functional score, knee joint range of motion (ROM), and Bostman patella fracture functional score.

Results

The average age of patients was 57.4 ± 11.9 (range 33–74) years. The mean follow-up time was 15.2 ± 7.6 (range 4–36) months. The mean operation time was 56.8 ± 8.7 (range 45–80) min. The entire patients had bony union at an average of 10.5 ± 1.9 (range 8–14) weeks. At the final follow-up, the mean range of postoperative ROM was 123.4° ± 14.6° (range 95°–140°), and the functional score was 28.7 ± 1.2 (range 26–30) points. No patient exhibited internal fixation failure, and no symptomatic implants or skin complications were recorded.

Conclusions

The fixation approach using K-wires combined with 5-Ethibond has a lower complication rate and delivers superior clinical results. This research reveals that such technology is a safe and prospective substitute for conventional metal fixation approaches.
Formation, Emission and Control Technology of Particulate Matters during Solid Fuel Combustion
Authors: Wen Chang , Zhu Youjian , Xu Yishu
Published: January 2023

The emission of particulate matters during anthropic activities is an environmental pollution and health hazard to countries globally, especially developing ones, which cannot be ignored [...]
Preparedness during Head Impacts in Intercollegiate Men’s and Women’s Soccer Athletes
Authors: Jackson Bradley C. , Rogerson Catherine E. , Bradney Debbie A. , Breedlove Katherine M. , Bowman Thomas G.
Published: January 2023

Research in hockey has found that preparedness and activity alter head impact magnitudes. It is unknown if similar occurrences take place in soccer. Therefore, our study purpose was to determine differences in the magnitudes and frequencies of head impacts due to sex and preparedness. Sixteen female (age: 19 ± 1.05 years, height: 163.68 ± 5.03 cm, mass: 61.36 ± 4.99 kg) and 14 male (age: 20 ± 1.07 years, height: 180.34 ± 5.58 cm, mass: 74.357 ± 8.64 kg) Division III intercollegiate soccer players were included in this study. The independent variables were sex and preparedness (anticipated with good body position, anticipated with poor body position, and unanticipated). xPatch sensors (X2 Biosystems, Seattle, WA, USA) applied over the participants’ right mastoid processes for practices and games provided the frequency and biomechanics of all of the head impacts over 10 g. A total of 860 female and 870 male impacts were verified and coded by preparedness and activity during 1182 female (IR = 727.58, CI = 678.95–776.21) and 801 male (IR = 1086.14, CI = 1013.97–1158.32; IRR = 1.49, CI = 1.36–1.64) exposures. The interaction between sex and preparedness was significant for the combined dependent variables (multivariate F6,3442 = 3.67, p = 0.001, ηp2 < 0.01). Male and female intercollegiate soccer players, although exposed to different frequencies of head impacts, sustained similar magnitude impacts to the head within the preparedness categories. Training interventions should aim at improving technique while sustaining impacts as both sexes often received impacts while unprepared.
Partial Truncation of the C-Terminal Domain of PTCH1 in Cancer Enhances Autophagy and Metabolic Adaptability
Authors: Caballero-Ruiz Begoña , Gkotsi Danai S. , Ollerton Hattie , Morales-Alcala Cintli C. , Bordone Rosa , Jenkins Georgia M. L. , Di Magno Laura , Canettieri Gianluca , Riobo-Del Galdo Natalia A.
Published: January 2023

The Hedgehog receptor, Patched1 (PTCH1), is a well-known tumour suppressor. While the tumour suppressor’s activity is mostly ascribed to its function as a repressor of the canonical Smoothened/Gli pathway, its C-terminal domain (CTD) was reported to have additional non-canonical functions. One of them is the reduction of autophagic flux through direct interaction with the Unc-51, like the autophagy activating kinase (ULK) complex subunit autophagy-related protein-101 (ATG101). With the aim of investigating whether this function of PTCH1 is important in cancer cell fitness, we first identified frameshift mutations in the CTD of PTCH1 in cancer databases. We demonstrated that those mutations disrupt PTCH1 interaction with ATG101 and increase autophagic flux. Using deletion mutants of the PTCH1 CTD in co-immunoprecipitation studies, we established that the 1309–1447 region is necessary and sufficient for interaction with ATG101. We next showed that the three most common PTCH1 CTD mutations in endometrial, stomach and colon adenocarcinomas that cause frameshifts at S1203, R1308 and Y1316 lack the ability to interact with ATG101 and limit autophagic flux, determined by bafilomycin A1-sensitive accumulation of the autophagy markers LC3BII and p62. We next engineered PTCH1 indel mutations at S1223 by CRISPR/Cas9 in SW620 colon cancer cells. Comparison of two independent clones harbouring PTCH1 S1223fs mutations to their isogenic parental cell lines expressing wild-type PTCH1 showed a significant increase in basal and rapamycin-stimulated autophagic flux, as predicted by loss of ATG101 interaction. Furthermore, the PTCH1 CTD mutant cells displayed increased proliferation in the presence of rapamycin and reduced sensitivity to glycolysis inhibitors. Our findings suggest that loss of the PTCH1-ATG101 interaction by mutations in the CTD of PTCH1 in cancer might confer a selective advantage by stimulating autophagy and facilitating adaptation to nutrient deprivation conditions.
Comment on Gassenmaier et al. Accelerated T2-Weighted TSE Imaging of the Prostate Using Deep Learning Image Reconstruction: A Prospective Comparison with Standard T2-Weighted TSE Imaging. Cancers 2021, 13, 3593
Authors: Pucciarelli Francesco , Laghi Andrea , Caruso Damiano
Published: January 2023

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a central role in oncology without using ionizing radiation or radioactive markers [...]
Optimizing Molecular Minimal Residual Disease Analysis in Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Della Starza Irene , De Novi Lucia Anna , Elia Loredana , Bellomarino Vittorio , Beldinanzi Marco , Soscia Roberta , Cardinali Deborah , Chiaretti Sabina , Guarini Anna , Foà Robin
Published: January 2023

Minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) evaluation has resulted in a fundamental instrument to guide patient management in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). From a methodological standpoint, MRD is defined as any approach aimed at detecting and possibly quantifying residual neoplastic cells beyond the sensitivity level of cytomorphology. The molecular methods to study MRD in ALL are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification-based approaches and are the most standardized techniques. However, there are some limitations, and emerging technologies, such as digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS), seem to have advantages that could improve MRD analysis in ALL patients. Furthermore, other blood components, namely cell-free DNA (cfDNA), appear promising and are also being investigated for their potential role in monitoring tumor burden and response to treatment in hematologic malignancies. Based on the review of the literature and on our own data, we hereby discuss how emerging molecular technologies are helping to refine the molecular monitoring of MRD in ALL and may help to overcome some of the limitations of standard approaches, providing a benefit for the care of patients.
Predictive Biomarkers for Immune-Related Endocrinopathies following Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Treatment
Authors: Shalit Almog , Sarantis Panagiotis , Koustas Evangelos , Trifylli Eleni-Myrto , Matthaios Dimitris , Karamouzis Michalis V.
Published: January 2023

In recent years, in the context of the increase in the life expectancy of cancer patients, special attention has been given to immunotherapy and, indeed, to immune checkpoint inhibitors. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has increased rapidly, and approximately 40% of cancer patients are eligible for this treatment. Although their impact is valuable on cancer treatment, immune checkpoint inhibitors come with side effects, known as immune-related adverse effects. These can affect many systems, including cutaneous, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, neural, and pulmonary systems. In this review, we focus on immune-related endocrinopathies that affect around 10% of all treated patients. Endocrine dysfunctions can manifest as hypophysitis, thyroid dysfunction, hypoparathyroidism, insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus, and primary adrenal insufficiency. Currently, there are multiple ongoing clinical trials that aim to identify possible predictive biomarkers for immune-related adverse effects. The design of those clinical trials relies on collecting a variety of biological specimens (tissue biopsy, blood, plasma, saliva, and stool) at baseline and regular intervals during treatment. In this review, we present the predictive biomarkers (such as antibodies, hormones, cytokines, human leukocyte antigens, and eosinophils) that could potentially be utilized in clinical practice in order to predict adverse effects and manage them appropriately.
Is an Endorectal Balloon Beneficial for Rectal Sparing after Spacer Implantation in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with Hypofractionated Intensity-Modulated Proton Beam Therapy? A Dosimetric and Radiobiological Comparison Study
Authors: Ahmad Khalil Dalia , Wulff Jörg , Jazmati Danny , Geismar Dirk , Bäumer Christian , Kramer Paul-Heinz , Steinmeier Theresa , Schleithoff Stefanie Schulze , Tschirdewahn Stephan , Hadaschik Boris , Timmermann Beate
Published: January 2023

Background: The aim of this study is to examine the dosimetric influence of endorectal balloons (ERB) on rectal sparing in prostate cancer patients with implanted hydrogel rectum spacers treated with dose-escalated or hypofractionated intensity-modulated proton beam therapy (IMPT). Methods: Ten patients with localized prostate cancer included in the ProRegPros study and treated at our center were investigated. All patients underwent placement of hydrogel rectum spacers before planning. Two planning CTs (with and without 120 cm3 fluid-filled ERB) were applied for each patient. Dose prescription was set according to the h strategy, with 72 Gray (Gy)/2.4 Gy/5× weekly to prostate + 1 cm of the seminal vesicle, and 60 Gy/2 Gy/5× weekly to prostate + 2 cm of the seminal vesicle. Planning with two laterally opposed IMPT beams was performed in both CTs. Rectal dosimetry values including dose-volume statistics and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) were compared for both plans (non-ERB plans vs. ERB plans). Results: For ERB plans compared with non-ERB, the reductions were 8.51 ± 5.25 Gy (RBE) (p = 0.000) and 15.76 ± 11.11 Gy (p = 0.001) for the mean and the median rectal doses, respectively. No significant reductions in rectal volumes were found after high dose levels. The use of ERB resulted in significant reduction in rectal volume after receiving 50 Gy (RBE), 40 Gy (RBE), 30 Gy (RBE), 20 Gy (RBE), and 10 Gy (RBE) with p values of 0.034, 0.008, 0.003, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively. No differences between ERB and non-ERB plans for the anterior rectum were observed. ERB reduced posterior rectal volumes in patients who received 30 Gy (RBE), 20 Gy (RBE), or 10 Gy (RBE), with p values of 0.019, 0.003, and 0.001, respectively. According to the NTCP models, no significant reductions were observed in mean or median rectal toxicity (late rectal bleeding ≥ 2, necrosis or stenosis, and late rectal toxicity ≥ 3) when using the ERB. Conclusion: ERB reduced rectal volumes exposed to intermediate or low dose levels. However, no significant reduction in rectal volume was observed in patients receiving high or intermediate doses. There was no benefit and also no disadvantage associated with the use of ERB for late rectal toxicity, according to available NTCP models.
Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Schubach Abigail , Kothari Shivangi , Kothari Truptesh
Published: January 2023

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers, largely related to the difficulties with early detection, as it typically presents in later stages. Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCN) are commonly diagnosed as incidental findings on routine imaging. PCN is becoming more frequently detected with the increasing ease and frequency of obtaining cross-sectional images. Certain subtypes of pancreatic cysts have the potential to progress to malignancy, and therefore, clinicians are tasked with creating a patient-centered management plan. The decision of whether to undergo surgical resection or interval surveillance can be challenging given the criteria, including PCN size, pancreatic duct dilation, presence of a mural nodule, and clinical symptoms that play a potential role in risk stratification. Furthermore, the guidelines available from the major gastrointestinal societies all differ in their management recommendations. In this review, we detail an overview of the different types of PCNs and compare major guidelines for both diagnosis and management. We include emerging evidence for next-generation sequencing as well as confocal needle endomicroscopy to aid in the diagnosis and determination of malignancy potential and diagnosis.
Utilizing Locally Available Bioresources for Powering Remote Indigenous Communities: A Framework and Case Study
Authors: Trombley Jeremy B. , Sangha Kamaljit K. , Andersen Alan N. , Thennadil Suresh N.
Published: January 2023

We establish a framework to examine the feasibility of using local vegetation for bioenergy power systems in small-scale applications and remote settings. The framework has broad application, and we present a specific case here to demonstrate the process. Our case study is the Tiwi Islands in northern Australia, where a large Acacia mangium plantation is a potential source of biofuel feedstock. Two types of technology were considered: 1. Bio-oil from pyrolysis in diesel generators and 2. Direct combustion coupled with a steam turbine. The biomass was characterized and found to have adequate properties for an energy crop, with a lower heating value of about 18 MJ/kg and entire tree ash content of 2%. Measurements from trees that were damaged from wildfires had similar results, showing potential value recovery for a plantation after unplanned fire. In comparison to a petroleum diesel-based generator, the bio-oil system was 12% more expensive. The direct combustion system was found to be the most economical of those explored here, costing as low as 61% of the bio-oil system. Additional social and environmental benefits were identified, including local employment opportunities, improved energy security and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Our findings of high techno-economic potential of bioenergy systems, especially through direct combustion, are widely applicable to on-demand renewable energy supply in remote communities.
Development Trend of Cooling Technology for Turbine Blades at Super-High Temperature of above 2000 K
Authors: Xu Liang , Sun Zineng , Ruan Qicheng , Xi Lei , Gao Jianmin , Li Yunlong
Published: January 2023

Aeroengines and heavy-duty gas turbines are the core power equipment in the field of national defense and energy. Their research and development (R&D) level and manufacturing level represent the status of a country’s heavy industry in the world. The common cooling technologies of turbine blades including impingement cooling, film cooling, effusion cooling, layer cooling, pin fin cooling, and rough ribs were introduced in this paper. With the continuous improvement of the efficiency and performance of aeroengines and gas turbines, the turbine inlet temperature increases gradually every year; turbine blades will be exposed to higher gas temperatures in the future as gas temperatures break 2000 K. In order to ensure the safe operation of turbine blades under severe super-high temperature working conditions, cooling technology must be developed emphatically. This paper first reviews the research status of turbine blade cooling technology and points out future research focuses. The development trends of next-generation turbine blade cooling technology for above 2000 K temperature are summarized from several aspects: the innovative excavation of high-efficiency composite cooling configuration, multi-objective cooperative cooling structure and optimization design based on 3D printing, composite cooling structure design and optimization based on an artificial intelligence algorithm, tapping the cooling potential of new cooling media and heat pipes, integrated thermal protection with new thermal insulators, and the application of low-resistance and high-efficiency surface dimple cooling. The summary of this paper can provide a reference for the researchers of turbine blade cooling technology.
Biometric-Based Net Primary Production (NPP) and the Effects of a Masting Event on Production Allocation in a Secondary Lucidophyllous Forest in Central Japan
Authors: Ohtsuka Toshiyuki , Suzuki Riona , Chen Siyu , Cao Ruoming , Yoshitake Shinpei , Kondo Miyuki , Kato Shogo
Published: January 2023

Lucidophyllous (evergreen broad-leaved) forests are the dominant forests in human-dominated subtropical/warm-temperate regions in East Asia. Biometric-based estimates of net primary production (NPP) were conducted in a secondary lucidophyllous forest on Mt. Kinka (35°26′ N, 136°47′ E) near the northern limit of their distribution in central Japan for three years, including the masting event. The forest stand mainly consists of Castanopsis cuspidata (Thunb.) Schottky and Cleyera japonica Thunb. in the canopy and subtree layers, respectively. In 2018, the total NPP of the masting year was 14.53 ± 2.03 ton ha−1 yr−1, including woody NPP (above: 2.63 ± 0.35 ton ha−1 yr−1; below: 0.57 ± 0.08 ton ha−1 yr−1), foliage NPP (4.07 ± 0.23 ton ha−1 yr−1), reproductive NPP (4.81 ± 0.77 ton ha−1 yr−1), and fine root production (Pfr) (2.46 ± 1.84 ton ha−1 yr−1). Pfr and belowground production comprised 16.9% and 20.9%, respectively, of the total NPP. The nut production of C. cuspidata in 2018 (4.31 ± 0.75 ton ha−1 yr−1) was significantly higher than that in 2017 (0.77 ± 0.13 ton ha−1 yr−1) and 2019 (0.23 ± 0.06 ton ha−1 yr−1). No significant change was observed for the three years of foliage NPP and total NPP without Pfr. However, the woody NPP in 2018 (3.20 ± 0.43) was lower than in 2017 (5.37 ± 0.33 ton ha−1 yr−1) and 2019 (4.71 ± 0.38 ton ha−1 yr−1). This suggests that nut production in the masting years compensated by decreasing woody production in the Castanopsis forest.
Editorial on the Special Issue “Advances in Composite Gels”
Authors: Takeno Hiroyuki
Published: January 2023

Polymer gels are soft materials composed of a large amount of solvent (water, organic solvent, and ionic liquid) and a polymer, and they are constructed using a three-dimensional network [...]
Why Are X Autosome Rearrangements so Frequent in Beetles? A Study of 50 Cases
Authors: Dutrillaux Bernard , Dutrillaux Anne-Marie
Published: January 2023

Amongst the 460 karyotypes of Polyphagan Coleoptera that we studied, 50 (10.8%) were carriers of an X autosome rearrangement. In addition to mitotic metaphase analysis, the correct diagnosis was performed on meiotic cells, principally at the pachytene stage. The percentages of these inter-chromosomal rearrangements, principally fusions, varied in relation to the total diploid number of chromosomes: high (51%) below 19, null at 19, low (2.7%) at 20 (the ancestral and modal number), and slightly increasing from 7.1% to 16.7% from 22 to above 30. The involvement of the X in chromosome fusions appears to be more than seven-fold higher than expected for the average of the autosomes. Examples of karyotypes with X autosome rearrangements are shown, including insertion of the whole X in the autosome (ins(A;X)), which has never been reported before in animals. End-to-end fusions (Robertsonian translocations, terminal rearrangements, and pseudo-dicentrics) are the most frequent types of X autosome rearrangements. As in the 34 species with a 19,X formula, there was no trace of the Y chromosome in the 50 karyotypes with an X autosome rearrangement, which demonstrates the dispensability of this chromosome. In most instances, C-banded heterochromatin was present at the X autosome junction, which suggests that it insulates the gonosome from the autosome portions, whose genes are subjected to different levels of expression. Finally, it is proposed that the very preferential involvement of the X in inter-chromosome rearrangements is explained by: (1) the frequent acrocentric morphology of the X, thus the terminal position of constitutive heterochromatin, which can insulate the attached gonosomal and autosomal components; (2) the dispensability of the Y chromosome, which considerably minimizes the deleterious consequences of the heterozygous status in male meiosis, (3) following the rapid loss of the useless Y chromosome, the correct segregation of the X autosome–autosome trivalent, which ipso facto is ensured by a chiasma in its autosomal portion.
Comparison of Pre-Diagnosis Physical Activity and Its Correlates between Lung and Other Cancer Patients: Accelerometer Data from the UK Biobank Prospective Cohort
Authors: Zhou Weijiao , Veliz Philip T. , Smith Ellen M. Lavoie , Chen Weiyun , Reddy Rishindra M. , Larson Janet L.
Published: January 2023

Purpose: Physical activity (PA) plays an important role in health outcomes for people with cancer, and pre-diagnosis PA influences PA behaviors after cancer treatment. Less is known about the PA of lung cancer patients, and the strong history of smoking could influence pre-diagnosis levels of PA and place them at risk for health problems. This study aimed to compare pre-diagnosis PA and its correlates in patients with lung cancer and other types of cancer (female breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer) and examine the relationship between pre-diagnosis PA and all-cause mortality. Methods: This study used data from the UK Biobank, which is a national cohort study with accelerometry data. We included 2662 participants and used adjusted linear regressions and survival analyses. Results: Male and female lung cancer groups spent a mean of 78 and 91 min/day in pre-diagnosis moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), respectively; this is lower than the 3 other types of cancer (p < 0.001). Younger age and faster walking pace had a strong association with PA in all the four types of cancer (p < 0.01). Smoking status had a strong association with PA in the lung cancer group, while obesity had a strong association with PA in female breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer (p < 0.01). Higher levels of pre-diagnosis MVPA (≥1.5 h/day) were associated with a significantly lower all-cause mortality risk. Conclusions: The present study suggests that lung cancer patients are the most inactive population before diagnosis. The identified difference in correlates of PA suggest that cancer-specific approaches are needed in PA research and practices. This study also highlights the importance of high PA for individuals with high cancer risk.
Pollution Profiles, Source Identification and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil near a Non-Ferrous Metal Smelting Plant
Authors: Qi Mengdie , Wu Yingjun , Zhang Shu , Li Guiying , An Taicheng
Published: January 2023

Heavy metal pollution related to non-ferrous metal smelting may pose a significant threat to human health. This study analyzed 58 surface soils collected from a representative non-ferrous metal smelting area to screen potentially hazardous heavy metals and evaluate their health risk in the studied area. The findings demonstrated that human activity had contributed to the pollution degrees of Cu, Cd, As, Zn, and Pb in the surrounding area of a non-ferrous metal smelting plant (NMSP). Cu, Cd, As, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Co pollution within the NMSP was serious. Combining the spatial distribution and Spearman correlations with principal component analysis (PCA), the primary sources of Cd, As, Pb, and Zn in surrounding areas were related to non-ferrous metal smelting and transportation activities. High non-cancer (THI = 4.76) and cancer risks (TCR = 2.99 × 10−4) were found for adults in the NMSP. Moreover, heavy metals in the surrounding areas posed a potential cancer risk to children (TCR = 3.62 × 10−6) and adults (TCR = 1.27 × 10−5). The significant contributions of As, Pb, and Cd to health risks requires special attention. The construction of a heavy metal pollution management system will benefit from the current study for the non-ferrous metal smelting industry.
Organophosphate Pesticides and Pyrethroids in Farmland of the Pearl River Delta, China: Regional Residue, Distributions and Risks
Authors: Yao Runlin , Yao Siyu , Ai Tao , Huang Jiahui , Liu Yang , Sun Jianteng
Published: January 2023

A regional-scale survey was conducted to assess the occurrence, distribution, and risk of two extensively used pesticides (organophosphate pesticides and pyrethroids) in agricultural soils from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. All target organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) and pyrethroids (PYs) were detected in the soil samples and both with a detection rate of 100%. The residues of the sum of six OPPs and the sum of four PYs were in the range of LOD–991 ng/g and 8.76–2810 ng/g, respectively. Dimethoate was the dominant OPPs, and fenpropathrin was the predominant PYs in the soils of the PRD region. With intensive agricultural activities, higher residues of OPPs and PYs in soils were detected closer to the seaside, among which Zhuhai city and Huizhou city suffered more serious combined pesticide pollution. The vertical compositional profiles showed that dimethoate could be detected through each soil layer in the PRD region’s nine cities. The human exposure estimation of OPPs showed insignificant risks to the local population. In contrast, cypermethrin and fenpropathrin showed a potential ecological risk of 2.5% and 3.75% of the sampling sites, respectively. These results can facilitate those commonly used pesticide controls and promote sustainable soil management.
Factors Associated with Epidemiological, Preventive and Health Care Knowledge of Dentists from North of the Peruvian Capital about COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study under a Predictive Model
Authors: Aquiles-Barzola Flor , Verástegui-Sandoval Arturo , Machco-Pasmiño Heriberto , Córdova-Limaylla Nancy , Ladera-Castañeda Marysela , Cervantes-Ganoza Luis , Cayo-Rojas César
Published: January 2023

Aim: In dental practice there is a high risk of contact with fluids that may contain SARS-CoV-2. Salivary secretions in the form of droplets are the main route of infection. The present study aimed to evaluate factors associated with epidemiological, preventive and health care knowledge of dentists from the north of the Peruvian capital about COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This analytical, observational, cross-sectional and prospective study evaluated 142 dental professionals from the Directorate of Integrated Health Networks (DIRIS) in the north of the Peruvian capital during June to August 2022. A validated questionnaire of 20 closed multiple-choice questions was used to measure the level of epidemiological, preventive and health care knowledge about COVID-19. A logit model was used to evaluate the influence of the following variables: age, sex, marital status, children, origin, university of origin, academic degree, work modality, work status and number of training courses. In addition, a predictive model was constructed with the causal variables considering a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Epidemiological, preventive and health care knowledge about COVID-19 was fair in 17.6%, 34.5% and 57.7%, respectively. Likewise, all the variables analyzed were influential factors. It was observed that being single (OR = 0.05, CI: 0.01–0.26), having studied at a private university (OR = 0.09, CI: 0.023–0.38) and having received four to six trainings on COVID-19 related topics (OR = 0.02, CI: 0.002–0.238) were protective factors against fair knowledge. Conclusions: More than half of the dentists surveyed had fair knowledge about COVID-19. The factors that favored a good level of overall knowledge were: being single, having studied at a private university and having received 4 to 6 training courses on COVID-19-related topics. It is advisable that the competent authorities continue to educate dental professionals with training programs about infection control practices in accordance with the health care work they perform in their specialty. It will also be of utmost importance for the professional to be updated with reliable information accredited by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as well as the WHO.
Promoting Physical Activity among Working Women: The Influence of Perceived Policy Effectiveness and Health Awareness
Authors: Wang Huilin , Xu Ziqing , Yang Jingyu , Huang Dan
Published: January 2023

In recent years, patients with chronic diseases have shown a younger trend due to physical inactivity and irregular lifestyles. Accordingly, the Chinese government has implemented the “National Fitness Program”, which aims to enhance people’s health by popularizing exercise and a healthy lifestyle. However, women are less physically active than men, and how to appeal to women to devote themselves to fitness activities has become a social concern. Based on the expanded theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study explores the impact of the perceived policy effectiveness and health awareness on physical activity among working women. This study adopted a repeated cross-sectional study method, and each respondent was asked to complete a two-stage survey. The structural model of the extended TPB was tested using sample data from 376 working women in Changsha, China. The results show that perceived policy effectiveness and health awareness positively affect actual behavioral control and implementation intention. Among them, perceived policy effectiveness has the most significant impact on implementation intention, followed by health awareness. Furthermore, actual behavioral control and implementation intention mediate the relationship between perceived policy effectiveness/health awareness and physical activity. The findings suggest that to promote physical activity among working women, the Chinese government should deepen the implementation of the “National Fitness Program” and raise the public’s health awareness.
Determination of Selected Harmful Substances in Baby Diapers Available on the South African Market
Authors: Nyamukamba Pardon , Mququ Zethu , Nkosi Sandile , Isaacs Shamil
Published: January 2023

Baby diaper rash is a common problem, especially allergic contact dermatitis, which could be due to heavy metals, pH, formaldehyde, or allergens in the diapers. This study reports on the determination of formaldehyde, heavy metals (Pb, As, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Sr, Fe, and Cd), and pH in diapers purchased from low-, medium-, and high-end stores. Inductively coupled plasma was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals after extraction using artificial urine and artificial sweat. All heavy metals were found in all diapers except Sr, which was not found in sample M7. All samples had concentrations of heavy metals within the Oeko-Tex limits, except samples H2 and L2, whose Ni concentrations were above permissible limits. Fifty percent of diapers had a formaldehyde concentration above the Oeko-Tex recommended limits. The highest formaldehyde concentration of 17.62 mg/kg was found in diaper M2 and the lowest (ca. 10.4 mg/kg) in H1. All samples had pH values in the alkaline region, with only five samples having pH values within the recommended limits. The research concluded that the diaper rash experienced by some babies, among other factors, could be due to high alkaline skin pH and formaldehyde levels, which are higher than the Oeko-Tex recommended limits.
Peer Crowds and Tobacco Product Use in Hawai‘i: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Tabangcura Kayzel R. , Taketa Rachel , Kawamoto Crissy T. , Amin Samia , Sussman Steve , Okamoto Scott K. , Pokhrel Pallav
Published: January 2023

Background: Young adults often derive self-identity from affiliation with peer crowds, which may be defined as reputation-based peer groups centered around characterizable lifestyle norms. Little is known about peer crowds prevalent among Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander (AANHPI) populations and the peer crowds’ normative tobacco and other substance use behavior. To address this gap in knowledge, this study conducted focus groups with young adult community college students. Methods: Focus group discussions were conducted with a convenience sample of 42 young adults (Mean age = 21.5, SD = 2.7) recruited across community colleges on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. The participants represented 60% women, 55% NHPI, and 29% Asian American. Results: Results indicated the presence of a wide range of peer crowds in the population, which may be classified into the following seven categories prevalent in the literature: Regular, Academic, Alternative, Athlete, Geek, High Risk, and Popular. Several peer crowds within the Alternative, Athlete, Geek, High Risk, and Popular categories appeared to represent subcultures relevant for NHPI young adults. High-risk peer crowds were reported to be vulnerable to different types of substance use. Tobacco product use, particularly e-cigarette use or vaping, was noted to be characteristically present among Popular crowds and certain Athlete crowds. Conclusion: Tobacco and other substance use prevention interventions, such as mass media campaigns, may benefit from targeting high-risk peer crowds, especially those relevant for NHPI young adults, who are at high risk for tobacco and other substance use. E-cigarette use prevention interventions may benefit from paying close attention to vulnerable Popular and Athlete groups.
Alzheimer’s Disease—Biochemical and Psychological Background for Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Beata Bocwinska-Kiluk , Wojciech Jelski , Johannes Kornhuber , Piotr Lewczuk , Barbara Mroczko
Published: January 2023

There is a paucity of empirical research on the use of non-pharmacological interventions to both treat and curb the spread of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) across the globe. This paper examines the biochemical and clinical outlook and the social implications of the condition in relation to psychological aspects that may indicate a direction for further interventions. There is a scarcity of research on the effectiveness of using various psychological aspects of AD, a disease characterized by a process of transition from health and independence to a dependent state with a progressive loss of memory and functional skills. The paper investigates the biochemical and psychological aspects of AD and their significance for improving quality of life for patients with this disease. Psychological interventions based on, among other factors, biochemical studies, are conducted to improve the emotional wellbeing of AD patients and may assist in slowing down the progression of the disease. To date, however, no effective methods of AD treatment have been established.
High–Performance Biscrolled Ni–Fe Yarn Battery with Outer Buffer Layer
Authors: Choi Jin Hyeong , Kim Juwan , Noh Jun Ho , Lee Gyuyoung , Yoon Chaewon , Kim Ui Chan , Jang In Hyeok , Kim Hae Yong , Choi Changsoon
Published: January 2023

The increasing demand for portable and wearable electronics has promoted the development of safe and flexible yarn–based batteries with outstanding electrochemical properties. However, achieving superior energy storage performance with a high active material (AM) load and long cycle life with this device format remains a challenge. In this study, a stable and rechargeable high–performance aqueous Ni–Fe yarn battery was constructed via biscrolling to embed AMs within helical carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn corridors. Owing to the high load of charge storage nanoparticles (NPs; above 97 wt%) and the outer neat CNT layer, the buffered biscrolled Ni–Fe yarn battery demonstrates excellent linear capacity (0.053 mAh/cm) and cycling stability (60.1% retention after 300 charge/discharge cycles) in an aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, our flexible yarn battery exhibits maximum energy/power densities of 422 mWh/cm3 and 7535 mW/cm3 based on the total volume of the cathode and anode, respectively, which exceed those reported for many flexible Ni–Fe batteries. Thus, biscrolled Ni–Fe yarn batteries are promising candidates for next–generation conformal energy solutions.
Optic Nerve Structural and Functional Changes in LHON-Affected and Asymptomatic Maternal Relatives: Association with H and HV Mitochondrial Haplogroups
Authors: Quigley Clare , Stephenson Kirk A. J. , Kenna Paul , Cassidy Lorraine
Published: January 2023

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) affects a minority of carriers of causative mitochondrial DNA mutations. We investigated a cohort of patients with LHON, including m.11778G>A, m.3460G>A, m.14484T>C and DNAJC30 c.152A>G variants, and their asymptomatic maternal carrier relatives for additional potential associations with vision loss. We assessed visual acuity, optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), visually evoked potential including P-100 latency, and full mitochondrial genome sequencing. Comparison was made with a reference standard for OCT; European Descent, Heidelberg Engineering ©; and electrophysiology measurements with in-house normative ranges. RNFL was thinned overall in LHON patients (n = 12); median global RNFL −54 μm in the right eye (RE) and −50 μm in the left eye (LE) versus normal, and was found to be normal overall in asymptomatic carriers at +1 μm RE and −2 μm LE (n = 16). In four asymptomatic carriers there was RNFL thinning found either unilaterally or bilaterally; these cases were associated with isolated delay in P-100 latency (25%), delay and reduced visual acuity (50%), or reduced visual acuity without P-100 latency delay (25%). Optic nerve dysfunction was associated with mitochondrial haplogroup H and HV, versus non-H haplogroups, in the asymptomatic carriers (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.05). Our findings suggest that optic nerve abnormalities may be identified in asymptomatic LHON mitochondrial mutation carriers, which may be associated with optic nerve dysfunction. For asymptomatic carriers these findings were associated with mitochondrial haplogroup H and HV.
No Placebo Effect beyond Regression to the Mean on the Six Minute Walk Test in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Trials
Authors: Anheyer Dennis , Bugaj Till Johannes , Lüdtke Rainer , Appelbaum Sebastian , Trübel Hubert , Ostermann Thomas
Published: January 2023

In drug studies, patients are often included when the disease activity is high. This will make any treatment appear to lessen disease activity, although the improvement is biased by selection. This effect is known as regression towards the mean (RTM). We aimed at investigating drug trials in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) using the 6-minute walking distance test (6MWD) as a primary outcome for the phenomenon of RTM. An existing registry of 43 open label studies and 23 randomized controlled trials conducted between 1990 and 2009 was used as the data source. Data analysis was carried out for 18 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 24 open label studies out of this registry. Data were analyzed for verum and placebo arms of the RCTs separately, as well as for the open label arms. In the verum arms, the overall effect given as 33.2 m (95% CI: 25.7; 40.6]); 6MWD was slightly lower than the effect in the observational studies, with 44.6 m (95% CI: [25.4; 63.8]). After studying and interpreting the data, we found that regression towards the mean plays only a minor role in PAH studies. In particular, placebo effects in the RCTs were negligibly small, with a mean 6MWD of −2.5 m (95% CI: [−9.8; 4.7]) in the placebo arm. Therefore, our analysis indicates that results of non-randomized observational studies can be regarded as valid tools for gaining valid clinical effects in patients with PAH.
Korean Red Ginseng Saponins Play an Anti-Inflammatory Role by Targeting Caspase-11 Non-Canonical Inflammasome in Macrophages
Authors: Cho Hui-Jin , Kim Eojin , Yi Young-Su
Published: January 2023

We previously reported that Korean red ginseng (KRG) exerts an anti-inflammatory role through inhibiting caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome in macrophages; however, the components responsible for the anti-inflammatory role remained unclear. This study explored the anti-inflammatory activity of the KRG saponin fraction (KRGSF) in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated macrophages. KRGSF inhibited pyroptosis, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and inflammatory mediator production in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 cells. A mechanism study revealed that KRGSF-induced anti-inflammatory action was mediated via suppressing the proteolytic activation of caspase-11 and gasdermin D (GSDMD) in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 cells. Moreover, KRGSF increased the survival of lethal septic mice. Taken together, these results reveal KRGSF-mediated anti-inflammatory action with a novel mechanism, by inhibiting caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome in macrophages.
The Silkworm Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor Prevents Gastric Cancer Cells’ Proliferation through the EGF/EGFR Signaling Pathway
Authors: Ye Junhong , Li Jifu , Zhao Ping
Published: January 2023

Gastric cancer is a common malignant tumor originating from the gastric mucosa epithelium. Studies have shown that bioactive substances such as antimicrobial peptides and cantharidin contained in a variety of insects can exert anti-cancer functions; when compared with chemotherapy drugs, these bioactive substances have less toxicity and reduced side effects. Here, we report the first Bombyx mori carboxypeptidase inhibitor that is specifically and highly expressed in silk glands, which can significantly prevent the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by inhibiting the MAPK/ERK pathway initiated by EGF/EGFR through the promotion of expression of the proto-oncogene c-Myc, thereby affecting the expression of related cyclins. Through molecular docking and virtual screening of silkworm carboxypeptidase inhibitors and epidermal growth factor receptors, we identified a polypeptide that overlapped with existing small-molecule inhibitors of the receptor. In the present work, we explore the medicinal potential and application of silkworm carboxypeptidase inhibitors to promote the development of anti-tumor drugs from insect-derived substances.
Defining the Molecular Mechanisms of the Relaxant Action of Adiponectin on Murine Gastric Fundus Smooth Muscle: Potential Translational Perspectives on Eating Disorder Management
Authors: Garella Rachele , Cassioli Emanuele , Chellini Flaminia , Tani Alessia , Rossi Eleonora , Idrizaj Eglantina , Guasti Daniele , Comeglio Paolo , Palmieri Francesco , Parigi Martina , Vignozzi Linda , Baccari Maria Caterina , Ricca Valdo , Sassoli Chiara , Castellini Giovanni , Squecco Roberta
Published: January 2023

Adiponectin (ADPN), a hormone produced by adipose tissue, facilitates gastric relaxation and can be a satiety signal in the network connecting peripheral organs and the central nervous system for feeding behavior control. Here, we performed preclinical research by morpho-functional analyses on murine gastric fundus smooth muscle to add insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning ADPN action. Moreover, we conducted a clinical study to evaluate the potential use of ADPN as a biomarker for eating disorders (ED) based on the demonstrated gastric alterations and hormone level fluctuations that are often associated with ED. The clinical study recruited patients with ED and healthy controls who underwent blood draws for ADPN dosage and psychopathology evaluation tests. The findings of this basic research support the ADPN relaxant action, as indicated by the smooth muscle cell membrane pro-relaxant effects, with mild modifications of contractile apparatus and slight inhibitory effects on gap junctions. All of these actions engaged the ADPN/nitric oxide/guanylate cyclase pathway. The clinical data failed to unravel a correlation between ADPN levels and the considered ED, thus negating the potential use of ADPN as a valid biomarker for ED management for the moment. Nevertheless, this adipokine can modulate physiological eating behavior, and its effects deserve further investigation.