bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pseudopeptide bioconjugate additives for CO2 separation membranes
Authors: Solimando Xavier , Lherbier Clément , Babin Jérôme , Arnal‐Herault Carole , Romero Eugénie , Acherar Samir , Jamart‐Gregoire Brigitte , Barth Danielle , Roizard Denis , Jonquieres Anne
Published: July 2016

1:1[α/α‐Nα‐Bn‐hydrazino] pseudopeptide−polymer bioconjugates were synthesized and investigated as additives in a reference gas separation membrane (Pebax®) for CO2 capture. Pebax® is a polyether block amide thermoplastic elastomer provided by Arkema and is already well known for its good performance for CO2 separations. First, dimer and tetramer pseudopeptides were synthesized and their terminal amine was modified into a ‘clickable’ alkyne group in view of coupling. Second, an α‐azido acrylic poly(ethylene glycol)‐based oligomer was obtained by single‐electron transfer living radical polymerization and the two partners were coupled using copper(I) catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) ‘click’ chemistry. The pseudopeptides and their bioconjugates were then assessed as original additives in Pebax® membranes for CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separations. The permeation data were analyzed according to the solution‐diffusion model. Compared to pseudopeptides, the pseudopeptide−polymer bioconjugates enabled the membrane properties to be greatly improved with better permeability (×1.5) and a good constant selectivity for CO2 capture. The best membrane properties were obtained with 3 eq. wt% of the tetramer‐based bioconjugate with a CO2 permeability of 194 Barrer (+46% compared to that of Pebax®) and constant selectivity (αCO2/N2 = 44 and αCO2/CH4 = 13). © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Fluorescence properties of nanodiamonds with NV centers in water suspensions
Authors: Vervald Alexey , Burikov Sergey , Borisova Nataliya , Vlasov Igor , Laptinskiy Kirill , Laptinskaya Tatiana , Shenderova Olga , Dolenko Tatiana
Published: July 2016

Influence of nanodiamonds (ND) of 35 and 100 nm in size, containing NV centers, on the strength of hydrogen bonds under heating of the ND water suspensions in the range of 5–95 °C was studied by Raman spectroscopy. General tendency of both NDs to weaken hydrogen bonds in water was found. Substantial influence of functional state of ND surface on hydrogen bond strength was revealed. An influence of hydrogen bonds on fluorescence properties of the NDs in water suspensions was studied as well. It was found that fluorescence properties of NV centers of 100‐nm NDs are stable with regard to change of their surface state, whereas, a fluorescence intensity of the 35‐nm NDs essentially depends on strength of hydrogen bonds in the suspension.
Numerical discretization and subgrid‐scale model effects on large‐eddy simulations of a stable boundary layer
Authors: Matheou Georgios
Published: July 2016

Aspects of a large‐eddy simulation (LES) model performance are investigated in simulations of a moderately stable boundary layer. The LES utilizes the constant‐coefficient Smagorinsky–Lilly subgrid‐scale (SGS) closure. Three model parameters are considered: grid spacing, SGS model constant and order of accuracy (resolving power) of the advection discretization. Second‐, fourth‐ and sixth‐order fully conservative non‐dissipative advection schemes are examined. All three model parameters considered significantly affect the LES results. Depending on the value of the model constant, two main error‐producing mechanisms are identified. For high values of the model constant, spurious turbulence collapse, either during the short period of model spin‐up, or for the entire simulation duration, is observed. Even though this spurious model characteristic was previously documented, and perhaps expected for low‐resolution simulations, it depends on the order of the advection discretization, implying a significant discretization and SGS closure interaction. For low values of the model constant, numerical discretization errors dominate, leading to accumulation of energy at small scales and over‐prediction of the magnitude of the surface heat flux. Differences in potential temperature profiles are well correlated with the surface heat flux. Overall, the fourth‐ and sixth‐order schemes perform significantly better than the second‐order scheme. The differences between the fourth‐ and sixth‐order schemes are relatively small and the increased computational expense of the sixth‐order scheme may not be effective in most applications, at least for the low‐order statistics considered in this study. Even though the results of the Smagorinsky–Lilly closure show persistent dependence on all model parameters examined, for several parameter combinations the differences with respect to a reference simulation are small. Thus, in contrast to the conclusions of previous studies, the closure can accurately capture moderately stable flows.
Mono‐ and Dinuclear Ferrocenyl Ionic Compounds with Polycyano Anions. Characterization, Migration, and Catalytic Effects on Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Compounds
Authors: Shao Ersha , Li Dongdong , Li Jizhen , Zhang Guofang , Zhang Weiqiang , Gao Ziwei
Published: July 2016

Neutral ferrocene‐based burning rate (BR) catalysts show strong migration trends and volatility during long‐time storage and curing of the composite solid propellants. To reduce these disadvantages thirty‐two ferrocenyl quaternary ammonium compounds, paired with polycyano anions, were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy, as well as elemental analysis. Additionally, crystal structures of eight compounds were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. TG and DSC analyses indicated that the compounds containing 1,1,2,3,3‐pentacyanopropenide anions show high thermal stability. Cyclic voltammetry studies suggested that they are quasi‐reversible or irreversible redox systems. Anti‐migration tests verified that the tested compounds show very low migration tendency and some of them exhibit no migration after 30 days aging at 70 °C. Their catalytic efficiency in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP), 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (RDX), and 1,2,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) were examined by DSC analyses. The results revealed that most of the compounds exhibit distinct effects on the thermal degradation of AP and RDX. Two compounds have good catalytic ability in the thermal decomposition of HMX, representing rare examples of the reported ferrocenyl ionic compounds, which display catalytic property during combustion of HMX.
Population‐Based Studies Should not be Used to Justify a Policy of Routine Cholangiography to Prevent Major Bile Duct Injury During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Wysocki A. Peter
Published: July 2016

Iatrogenic bile duct injury at time of cholecystectomy is a rare but devastating event. A twofold higher frequency of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy without cholangiography is reported in population‐based studies. Some interpret this as a cause‐and‐effect relationship and thus mandate routine cholangiography. A critical appraisal of population studies is required to determine whether these studies are suitable in determining the role of routine cholangiography. The literature search was performed using combinations of the forced search terms “duct injury”, “population” and “cholangiography” to identify population‐based studies assessing the relationship between cholangiography and iatrogenic bile duct injury. All seven population‐based studies reported a numerically higher rate of bile duct injury when an intraoperative cholangiogram was not obtained during cholecystectomy. Five predate the critical view technique. Only one was limited to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All studies identified cholangiography as a likely marker for disease severity or surgical technique. Six studies did not demonstrate a cause‐and‐effect relationship by not including effect modifiers. The only study to address confounders reported the same rate of injury irrespective of the use of cholangiography. Critical appraisal of population‐based studies does not support their use in justifying a policy of routine cholangiography to prevent major bile duct injury.
Microstructure and composition of the periderm of conulariids
Authors: Ford Robert C. , Van Iten Heyo , Clark George R.
Published: July 2016

Transmitted light and scanning electron imaging of sectioned specimens ofConulariaandParaconularia, prepared using HCl etching and critical point drying, revealed that their periderm is composed of extremely thin (approximately 0.5–3 µm), variably distinct microlamellae that are alternately organic poor and organic rich. Organic-rich microlamellae are cross-connected by slender strands of organic matter originally embedded in calcium phosphate, which in etched specimens has been dissolved. Microlamellae may be organized in thicker (approximately 5–75 µm) layers, or macrolamellae, that vary in color and organic matter content, possibly owing to changes in the ambient paleoenvironment. Thickening of the periderm to form transverse ribs and internal carinae was achieved through gradual thickening of individual microlamellae. In the core of the transverse ribs and internal carinae the distinction between organic-rich and organic-poor microlamellae may be reduced, owing to organic material becoming dominant over (former) mineral matter or vice versa. Combined with observations of plicated aperture closure in thin-walled conulariids, includingArchaeoconularia slateri(Reed, 1933) (Upper Ordovician, Scotland) showing smooth folding of midline carinae through angles greater than 90°, these results suggest a structure and original flexibility in the organic-rich biocomposite forming the conulariid periderm that supports its homology to the chitinous lamellar periderm of coronate scyphozoans.
Statistical language learning: computational, maturational, and linguistic constraints
Authors: NEWPORT ELISSA L.
Published: July 2016

abstract

Our research on statistical language learning shows that infants, young children, and adults can compute, online and with remarkable speed, how consistently sounds co-occur, how frequently words occur in similar contexts, and the like, and can utilize these statistics to find candidate words in a speech stream, discover grammatical categories, and acquire simple syntactic structure in miniature languages. However, statistical learning is not merely learning the patterns presented in the input. When their input is inconsistent, children sharpen these statistics and produce a more systematic language than the one to which they are exposed. When input languages inconsistently violate tendencies that are widespread in human languages, learners shift these languages to be more aligned with language universals, and children do so much more than adults. These processes explain why children acquire language (and other patterns) more effectively than adults, and also may explain how systematic language structures emerge in communities where usages are varied and inconsistent. Most especially, they suggest that usage-based learning approaches must account for differences between adults and children in how usage properties are acquired, and must also account for substantial changes made by adult and child learners in how input usage properties are represented during learning.
Quantifying Charcoal Degradation and Negative Priming of Soil Organic Matter with a 14C-Dead Tracer
Authors: Tilston Emma L , Ascough Philippa L , Garnett Mark H , Bird Michael I
Published: July 2016

Converting biomass to charcoal produces physical and chemical changes greatly increasing environmental recalcitrance, leading to great interest in the potential of this carbon form as a long-term sequestration strategy for climate change mitigation. Uncertainty remains, however, over the timescale of charcoal’s environmental stability, with estimates varying from decadal to millennial scales. Uncertainty also remains over charcoal’s effect on other aspects of carbon biogeochemical cycling and allied nutrient cycles such as nitrogen. Radiocarbon is a powerful tool to investigate charcoal mineralization due to its sensitivity; here we report the results of a study using 14C-dead charcoal (pMC=0.137±0.002) in organic-rich soil (pMC=99.76±0.46), assessing charcoal degradation over 55 days of incubation. Using this method, we discriminated between decomposition of indigenous soil organic matter (SOM) and charcoal by microorganisms. SOM was the major source of carbon respired from the soil, but there was also a contribution from charcoal carbon mineralization. This contribution was 2.1 and 1.1% on days 27 and 55, respectively. We also observed a negative priming effect due to charcoal additions to soil, where SOM mineralization was repressed by up to 14.1%, presumably arising from physico-chemical interactions between soil and charcoal.
Introduction: Paradoxes of Democratization in Africa
Authors: Newbury Catharine
Published: July 2016

As demands for democracy have swept across the continent since 1989, dramatic change has affected states in sub-Saharan Africa. Frustrated by declining economies and the failures of incumbent governments, people from many different social strata have called for an end to authoritarian rule. Events in Eastern Europe have served as a catalyst, and donor pressures have sometimes acted to facilitate such movements; but the real impetus for change arises from internal struggles which have been incubating for several decades. In response, authoritarian states have moved to liberalize repressive structures, allow multiparty competition and move towards competitive elections. To many analysts such trends represent an important new departure that holds out promise for a more hopeful future. But others are less optimistic, noting the legacies of authoritarian systems and other structural obstacles to sustainable democratic rule. Whatever the outcome, the struggle for the future is now hotly contested.

Meanwhile, these processes present a potent challenge for political and social analysis. Why are these demands for change occurring now? What is the role of institutional arrangements and groups in “civil society” in transitions from single-party authoritarian regimes towards multiparty systems? Who are the key actors and which groups are excluded? Do multiparty elections lead to greater tolerance, expanded participation, respect for the rule of law and more accountability? What is required to sustain democratic rule? These and other questions have spawned a lively debate among Africanists, a debate with important theoretical and practical implications.
“Me Do Wu,” My Val: The Creation of Valentine's Day in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Fair Jo Ellen
Published: July 2016

Media privatization, commercial growth, and new concern in the popular culture about changing patterns of marriage, love, and sexuality led to a sudden embrace during the 1990s by upwardly mobile urban Ghanaians of a previously minor element of globally circulating mass culture, Valentine's Day. Far from a story of cultural imperialism, the rise of Valentine's Day in present-day Accra shows that local adoption of global consumerist preferences is best understood as a local process imbued with local meanings and values, deliberately and rationally pursued.
Nigeria
Authors: Mahmud Sakah Saidu
Published: July 2016

The recent (2000) reenactment of the Shari'a legal code in twelve states of Northern Nigeria and the other expressions of Islam in public affairs in the region have been preceded by a long history that should also be understood as determined by the social and political conditions of specific stages in the evolution of the Nigerian social formation. This article attempts to explain Islamism in the region through such factors as Islamic identity for many Muslims, the competition over interpretation and representation of Islam, the nature of the Nigerian state and society, Muslim organizations and leadership, as well as the activities of other religious organizations (especially Christian evangelicals). In this regard, Islamism is driven essentially by internal (Nigerian) forces, even though external forces may have had an effect. The article argues that while Islamism poses major challenges to the Nigerian state and society, it has also exposed itself to challenges from both Muslims and Nigerian society as a whole.
Niger
Authors: Charlick Robert B.
Published: July 2016

This article posits that a new and important transformation is occurring in Sahelian society. Westerners have tended to see the rise of “Islamism” as just another rejection of globalization and modernization. This article argues that another interpretation is possible, one that looks at the rise of movements like Izala as an attempt of embryonic Hausa capitalists to become part of globalization by substituting a much more individualized set of beliefs and behaviors for the older social and normative constructs of “traditional” Hausa society that obliged them to limit their accumulation of capital.
Conclusions
Authors: Miles William F. S.
Published: July 2016

West African Islam is evolving politically and fast: This much these four rich case studies on Niger, Gambia, Nigeria, and Senegal assure us. How quaint now seems the early postcolonial notion that meaningful separation of mosque and state would remain a bedrock of the independent nation-state in a region of Africa marked by such a strong Muslim presence. Significant inroads into the superimposed European ideal of governance through secular institutions alone had already been made before the events of 9/11 recalibrated our focus on Islam in West Africa. As Mahmud and Villalón show us, partisan democratizing pressures in Nigeria and Senegal had put Shari'a and anti-Mouride Reformism on the the political table well before Osmana bin Laden became a household name. Similarly, the emergence of civil society associations in Niger and Wahhabi proselytizing in Gambia, according to Charlick and Darboe, elevated Islamist movements there prior to the attacks on the Twin Towers and Pentagon.After9/11, the significance of Islamism in West Africa is of course inescapable: Mahmud's mere reference to a “Nigerian Taliban” inevitably whets curiosity. This response, however, is disproportionate to the group's real impact. It is crucial, in other words, that scholars of West African Islam not fall into thereductio ad al-Qaedumtrap of neophyte Africanist students and intelligence analysts.
Research Opportunities in the Social Sciences and Humanities in Sudan, Ethiopia, South Africa, Lesotho, And Swaziland (A Report to the Research Liaison Committee of the African Studies Association)
Authors: Lystad Robert A.
Published: July 2016

With rare and only partial exceptions, research and teaching institutions and individual scholars in these countries welcome the prospect of an increase in the frequency, range, and quality of research by American students of Africa and of greater coordination between them and scholars in Africa. Each government in principle also welcomes researchers who are intellectually, personally, and politically respected and whose projects are thought to be broadly relevant, or at least not antithetical to, the needs of the society. Despite the resemblance among countries in these general respects, each presents a unique cluster of opportunities, research settings, and problems which will be discussed in this report.

The information for this study was collected over a period of six weeks during the summer of 1968. Periods of one week were spent in Khartoum and Addis Ababa and of four weeks in South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Twenty-three interviews were conducted in Khartoum, twenty-two in Addis Ababa, and fifty-five in southern Africa, including thirteen in Lesotho and Swaziland. Eight of the eleven universities and three of the five university colleges in South Africa were visited. 150 people participated in the interviews. Of these eighty percent were in academic occupation such as university teachers/researchers or administrators, and twenty percent were in government posts (including a few officers in American embassies or consulates), international organizations, or private organizations engaged in or concerned with research.
The Comoro Islands: A Bibliographical Essay
Authors: Dubins Barbara
Published: July 2016

The Comoro Archipelago is situated at the head of the Mozambique Channel, midway between Cape Amber and Cape Delgado. The largest of the four islands, Great Comoro (or Grande Comore), 175 miles from Mozambique, is the northernmost island in the group. Mayotte (or Mayotta), the first of the islands to become a French colony, and the southernmost in the group, is the closest to Madagascar. To the northwest of Mayotte is Anjouan (or Johanna), referred to by authors, both ancient and modern, because of its fertility, as the “Pearl of the Comoro Islands”; immediately to the south of Great Comoro, and almost parallel with Anjouan, is Mohilla (or Moheli), the smallest island in the group.

The population of the islands is a mixture of African, Arab, and Malagasy, numbering over 170,000 people, with the heaviest concentration on Anjouan. The exportation of agricultural products has always been the chief industry of the archipelago. Its location at the head of the Mozambique Channel, and the wide range of food products available, made the Comoro Islands a popular supply stop for ships bound for India and the Far East via the Mozambique Channel; for the ships of the British antislavery squadron; and for whalers fishing in the southern Indian Ocean. European technological progress and the opening of the Suez Canal combined to render this function obsolete. During the last half of the nineteenth century, Mayotte, which became a French colony in 1841, was a moderately successful sugar colony. Plantations were also opened on Anjouan and Mohilla, but it was not until after the establishment of a French protectorate over the other two islands in 1886 that plantation economies and new crops were introduced to the rest of the archipelago. Ylang-Ylang, a perfume essence, is the major export crop; sisal, vanilla, cocoa, and coffee are also exported. Coconuts are the only export commodity which has survived from the precolonial economy.
African Archaeology in the United States, 1968
Authors: Gabel Creighton
Published: July 2016

This is the second in a series of progress reports on African archaeology in the United States. These reports are being produced at the request of the Archaeology Committee of the African Studies Association as a means of indicating the nature and extent of current North American participation in this aspect of African research.

William Y. Adams of the University of Kentucky is leading an archaeological expedition to excavate the medieval Nubian village site of Kulubnarti in the Republic of the Sudan. The object of the expedition is to try to discover evidence of Islamization in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries -- a historical problem which received almost no attention during the recent High Dam salvage campaign in Nubia. Work will be carried on from January to May 1969 under the direction of Dr. and Mrs. Adams with four student assistants and a labor force of 125. The expedition is sponsored by the Department of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, under a grant from the National Science Foundation.
A Note on the Gambian Archives
Authors: Gailey Harry A.
Published: July 2016

In the summer 1963 issue of Africana Newsletter (pp. 38–39), I reported on the then sad state of public records in the Gambia. Since that time the Gambian government has acted to preserve and catalogue the materials which prior to independence had been so carelessly handled. This reconstruction was made possible by a substantial gift by Nigeria on the occasion of independence. With these funds a trained Library Records Officer, J. M. Smyth, was brought from the Colonial Office to Gambia. From November 1965 to February 1966 he planned and did the preliminary work necessary for a functioning archive. Before he left Gambia the bulk of collecting, sorting, and cataloguing had been done and the framework for future growth had been created (see Smyth’s Report, Sessional no. 10, 1966).
Report of the Archaeology Committee of the African Studies Association for the Year 1966-1967
Authors: Clark J. Desmond
Published: July 2016

The Committee for the year consisted of seven members: J. D. Clark, Chairman; Glen H. Cole; Brian M. Fagan; W. Creighton Gabel; F. Clark Howell; Glynn L. Isaac; and Frank Willett. On their taking up appointments in the United States, it was with pleasure that we welcomed, in January, Messrs. Fagan and Willett to the small group of archaeologists actively engaged on research in Africa. The two retiring members -- J. D. Clark and F. Clark Howell -- will be replaced on the Committee by C. M. Keller; W. Creighton Gabel has been appointed chairman for 1967-1968.

During the past year the Committee has concerned itself with (1) collecting and regularly disseminating information on current research and teaching and on the interest generally in African archaeology in America; (2) promoting discussion on general developments and trends in African archaeology; (3) promoting urgent research projects in connection with dam construction; and (4) training and liaison. The results under each of these heads are described below.

In order to discover the extent and nature of later archaeological (post “neolithic”) research presently in progress, a circular was distributed to a number of individuals both in Africa and in the United States. The response was excellent and resulted in valuable summaries of current work together with suggestions for future work. Most of the research is being done by local nationals and expeditions in Africa and, thanks to the regular meetings of the Pan-African Congress on Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, the majority are known to each other and are in regular communication. This circular supplements that previously distributed to individuals and institutions in this country, and its results have been mimeographed and circulated by the University of Illinois at Urbana.
Turkish Archival Sources for West African History
Authors: Martin B. G.
Published: July 2016

About 1960, the study of West African history took a new turn as historians became aware of the interest and value of Islamic sources for their work, particularly manuscript materials in Arabic. To be sure, the use of Arabic sources for the history of West Africa is nothing new: in 1841, W. Des-borough Cooley published his The Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained; or, an Inquiry into the Early History and Geography of Central Africa. But Cooley's pioneering book was discounted by later British and American writers on Africa as the work of an eccentric. In the 1880's and 1890's, many of these writers were spellbound by their vision of what Christianity might do for the African, while others were preoccupied by what they deemed to be the morally indefensible activities of the Muslims as slave-raiders and traders in West and East Africa. As late as the 1930's, the well-known British anthropologist C. K. Meek indicted Islam in northern Nigeria when he wrote: “The institution of slavery is a pivotal feature of Islamic society, and we are justified with charging Muhammadanism with the devastation and desolation in which Northern Nigeria was found at the beginning of this century.” Other writers, like Sir A.C. Burns for Nigeria, and A. W. Cardinall and W. E. F. Ward for Ghana, dismissed the Islamic side of West African history in few words, or gave it no mention at all. There were other reasons for this lack of emphasis. In northern Nigeria, for example, many British officials were apprehensive of an outbreak of “Mahdism” among the Muslims; and very frequently, French officials looked on Islam as a rival political system, dangerous and potentially subversive.
African Studies in the United States: Report for Dr. Paul Miller, Department of Health, Education and Welfare
Authors: Carter Gwendolen M.
Published: July 2016

In preparation for the enclosed report, each Fellow of the African Studies Association was sent a copy of the guidelines with a request for his or her suggestions. Over 50 individual replies representing major fields of the social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences were received, along with a number of responses from librarians, and from Africanists in small and/or isolated colleges.

A special appeal was also made to all major Programs of African Studies to discuss the issues raised by the report and was followed with a draft report covering all the major points raised in the outline. This draft report was discussed in detail with the faculty and a selected group of advanced graduate students in the Program of African Studies at Northwestern University and subsequently formed the basis for a meeting in Evanston of directors of major Programs of African Studies. Directors or their representatives from nine of these centers - - UCLA, Wisconsin, Chicago, Indiana, Michigan State University, Boston University, Howard, Syracuse, and the University of Florida -- attended the meeting, which proved to be extremely helpful. Previousy, the draft report was also discussed with representatives from Berkeley and from the Connecticut Valley.

The report reflects what proved to be a very wide measure of consensus about the present status and the particular needs of African Studies. It is sincerely hoped that the International Education Act will enable gains to date to be consolidated and progress to be made in the ways identified in the report.
The Development of African Studies in the United States
Authors: Dressel Carol A.
Published: July 2016

The earliest interest in Africa among institutions of higher education in the United States was probably that of denominational colleges which trained missionaries for Africa and other areas. But their motivation was to bring the fruits of Western civilization to non-Western areas, and this had no effect on the college curriculum of the nineteenth century. The missionary interest has continued in at least one major African studies program. The Hartford Seminary Foundation offers courses on missionary problems, African religions, and Christianity in Africa. It also teaches several African languages.

Northwestern University has had an interest in African anthropology which dates back to 1927. No available information, however, has revealed whether courses then offered included the study of Africa.

During World War II, there was an abortive attempt to organize an International Conference on Africa, and just after the war, an instructor at Colby Junior College included the study of African literature in an English course. The Carnegie Corporation aided the development of African studies by extending their grants for area studies to the African field, giving funds for fellowships and sending small groups of scholars to Africa for “look-see” tours. Superficial as these tours may have been, a number of their participants later became Africanists.
“Research in the Western Indian Ocean Region” Conference’: Preliminary Report and Recommendations
Authors: Southall Aidan
Published: July 2016

The conference was sponsored by the African Research Committee and was held at the Minnowbrook Conference Center of Syracuse University from October 30 to November 2, 1965. The disciplines represented were social and cultural anthropology, musicology, sociology, social psychology, political science, and history. Participants included Philip Allen (Department of State); Frederick Burke (Syracuse University); Remi Clignet (Northwestern University); L. Gray Cowan (Columbia University); Norma McCloud (Tulane University); John Middleton (Northwestern University); Allen Rawick (Library of Congress); Aidan Southall, Chairman (Syracuse University); and Peter Wilson (Yale University).

The conference concentrated its efforts on seeking and sharing a common understanding of the social background of the diverse ocean and island region that includes Madagascar, the Comoros, Mauritius, Réunion, and the Seychelles and on exploring precisely the extent to which linked interdisciplinary and comparative studies would be fruitful. The conference came to a strong and unanimous conclusion that the Western Indian Ocean Region offers the challenging possiblity of a real breakthrough in a number of dissimilar but closely interlocking research interests.

The main recommendations of the conference are as follows:

1. That a rather informal clearinghouse should be established which would institute and maintain contact between social scientists interested in the region and keep them up to date on all relevant plans and work in progress.

2. That a careful and detailed application should be drawn up to obtain funds for carrying out a series of well-balanced and integrated studies, attracting graduate students and training them for further work, securing library resources, and forming appropriate ties with interested scholars and academic institutions overseas.
Introduction
Authors: Carter Gwendolen M.
Published: July 2016

One of the major, largely untapped sources for historical and social science research in Africa is the firsthand knowledge of Africans who were closely associated with the formation and life history of early political movements. At a conference held in February 1965 at Northwestern University, the Program of African Studies, with the assistance of the Carnegie Corporation, a number of scholars in the African field agreed in the course of a three-day meeting that it is particularly urgent to undertake a systematic canvass of these sources of information on the earliest nationalist movements in African countries. The conference stressed the importance of moving rapidly to make use of such firsthand data in helping to fill a major gap in our information about African responses to European intrusion. Not only is the material all that is available on the movements but it is rapidly disappearing (a fact underlined by the death of Dr. Danquah during the time the conference was meeting). In addition, the conference carefully examined the problems involved in such oral history retrieval.
The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
Authors: Chidzero B. T. G.
Published: July 2016

The Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) with its headquarters at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, was established in 1958 under resolution 67aA (XXV) of the Economic and Social Council.

It is one of the four regional commissions of the United Nations, the other three, which were established much earlier, being the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) with headquarters in Geneva, the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) with Bangkok, Thailand, as its headquarters and the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) at Santiago de Chili.

The establishment of these regional commissions was a result of the need and desirability to decentralize United Nations activities, not only on a functional but also on a geographical basis.
African Universities
Authors: de Kiewiet C. W. , George Betty
Published: July 2016

The opening session was devoted to a discussion of the UNESCO Conference
on the Development of Higher Education in Africa held in Tananarive,
September 3-12, 1962, and its implications for the United States. Speakers
on the panel were Dr. de Kiewiet; Karl Bigelow, Teachers College of
Colum-gia University; Robert Van Duyn, Agency for International Development;
and Kenneth Snyder, Bureau of International Educational and Cultural
Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Dr. de Kiewiet, introducing the panel,
paid a tribute to Dr. Ras Johnson of AID, a member of the official
delegation, who lost his life while returning to the United States.

Dr. de Kiewiet remarked that, having assumed official delegations went
out with highly specific instructions, he had made the reassuring discovery
this was not the case. The delegation had largely determined for itself what
the issues were and had developed responses to them; this flexibility had
been important in establishing a successful relationship between the
conference as a whole and the public and private sectors of American higher
education.
African Studies in the USSR
Authors: Holdsworth Mary
Published: July 2016

African studies in the USSR are at present concentrated in Moscow and Leningrad. The two centers have individual characteristics and, in the case of Africa, fairly defined fields of academic interests. Some introductory remarks on the disciplines concerned and on the general organization of higher studies in the Soviet Union will be relevant, before examining African studies in detail.

Regional studies have developed strongly inside the Soviet Union, first because the living material for such studies is within the confines of the state; secondly because a society which is consciously remolding its future to a specific pattern needs such basic knowledge, and thirdly because of a tradition in and love of the study of popular cultures going well back into the 19th century. Such studies cut across academic disciplines; field work is predominantly undertaken by “complex expeditions” which, to the core of ethnographers, add archaeologists, linguists, folk-lorists, art historians, and sociologists. Ethnography in the Russian sense is mainly concerned with material culture; folklore deals entirely with recording oral tradition and poetry. In a paper read at the VIth International Congress of Anthropologists and Ethnographers in Paris in June, 1960, Professor Tolstov, President of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences, explained the Institute's academic conceptions as follows:-

“If one can call economic geography the bridge between geography and economics, then ethnography can be called the link between geography and history. We see ethnography as a complex of academic disciplines which branches outward from a core of ethnography proper”.
Notes on Dares and Dictys
Authors: Clark R. T.
Published: July 2016

C. i., p. 2, 12 (Meister's paging) dicit Peliae regi se eo uelle ire si uires sociique non deessent. Pelias … Argum … iussit … nauim aedificaret.

Considering the next sentence read perhaps n a u e s for uires.

C. ii., p. 3, 25. Graeci aduentare nauibus. mittit ad portam.

M reads nauibus uti. May this conceal e t i t a ? cf. p. II , 2. For change of tense cf. opening lines of C. iii.
The Last Sibylline Oracle of Alexandria
Authors: Scott Walter
Published: July 2016

The sense appears to be somewhat as follows: ‘An ill-fated army of “Siceli” shall come, bringing terror with it; but God shall give them evil and not good. Again and again stranger shall plunder stranger.’
Intrare svb ivgvm
Authors: Nock A. D.
Published: July 2016

That is, Saturno Augusto sacrum. Gaius Memmius Pudens sacerdos intrauit sub iugum libens animo. Intrauit sub iugum is peculiar to this text, but it is reasonable to suppose that the plain intrauit used in other inscriptions of priests of the African Saturnus is a shorter equivalent. Professor Schulten has suggested that some symbolical act indicating the assumption of priesthood is thereby indicated. We may go a little further.
Censorship or self-control? Hate speech, the state and the voter in the Kenyan election of 2013
Authors: Bowman Warigia M. , Bowman J. David
Published: July 2016

In 2013, the Kenyan government adopted a hybrid censorship strategy that relied on regulation, the presence of a strong security state, and the willingness of Kenyans to self-censor. The goal of this censorship strategy was to ensure a peaceful election. This study examines two issues. First, it investigates steps taken by the Kenyan government to minimise hate speech. Second, it explores how efforts to minimise hate speech affected citizen communications over SMS during the 2013 election. An initial round of qualitative data was gathered (n = 101) through a structured exit interview administered election week. A statistically significant, representative sample of quantitative data was gathered by a reputable Kenyan polling firm (n ≥ 2000). Both sets of empirical data indicate that Kenyan citizens cooperated in large part with efforts to limit political speech. Yet speech was not always completely “peaceful’. Rather, voters used electronic media to insult, offend, and express contentious political views as well as express peace speech. This study argues that the empirical evidence suggests hate speech over text messages during the Kenyan election declined between 2008 and 2013.”
The changing religious composition of Nigeria: causes and implications of demographic divergence
Authors: Stonawski Marcin , Potančoková Michaela , Cantele Matthew , Skirbekk Vegard
Published: July 2016

At nearly 170 million inhabitants, Nigeria is Africa's most populous country by twofold and fertility levels remain higher than most other sub-Saharan African nations. Throughout the last several decades, the fertility gap between Christians and Muslims has widened with significant political implications for a nascent democracy. Where the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) survey of 1990 revealed a non-significant difference of 0·3 children, this figure had increased to 2·3 children by 2013. As the total fertility rate (TFR) of Christians decreased significantly from 6·1 to 4·5 children per woman between 1990 and 2013, the TFR of Muslims increased from 6·4 to 6·8 children per woman. The timing of this divergence coincides with the formal institutionalization of Sharia law in 1999. We examine the role of religion on education, contraception and family behaviour. Finally, we touch upon the implications for population growth and the religious composition of Nigeria in the coming decades.
Stapehill in Dorset before the Cistercians
Authors: Holt Geoffrey
Published: July 2016

The Cistercian nuns of Holy Cross Abbey at Stapehill near Wimborne in Dorset have recently moved and settled in South Wales after more than 180 years in the house given to them in the nineteenth century by Lord Arundell of Wardour, so now is perhaps a suitable time for investigating the story of the place when it was a Jesuit centre for at least 135 years. One of the stations in the ‘College of St. Thomas of Canterbury’ or Hampshire district (which included Hampshire, Wiltshire and Sussex as well as Dorset), others in that part of the district being Lulworth, Wardour, Great Canford, Marnhull, Bonham and Odstock, it was sufficiently isolated and remote for a school to have existed there safely for some years.
A History of Henry Manning’s Religious Opinions, 1808–1832
Authors: O’Gorman Christopher
Published: July 2016

Henry Manning has proved to be a figure of considerable interest for biographers, and versions of his life story have been committed to print in various different forms. First, came E. S. Purcell’s Life of Cardinal Manning: full of subtle insinuation and open attack, constructed around a cab load of pilfered papers, riddled with errors, and therefore, of course, immensely popular. Several other smaller works of some interest but no great merit appeared subsequently, but then came Lytton Strachey’s Eminent Victorians: Purcell’s animus against Manning was transplanted into a man who had little to say for the Victorians and a great deal to say against them. The result was malicious, unfair, vitriolic, and even more popular. So Shane Leslie, when a fellow of King’s College, Cambridge, set out a few years later to write a fairer study and to restore the damage, but his book lacks sustained scholarly depth and, as I shall attempt to show in this study, cannot always be relied upon in its opinions.
O Felix Roma! Henry Manning, Cutts Robinson and Sacerdotal Formation 1862–1872
Authors: McClelland V. Alan
Published: July 2016

On whit Monday, June 1st, 1857, the first general chapter of the Oblates of St. Charles Borromeo in the diocese of Westminster was held at Bayswater, one month before the splendid new gothic-conceived church of Thomas Meyer was solemnly blessed by Cardinal Wiseman and dedicated to St. Mary of the Angels, a title reflecting Manning’s enduring devotion to St. Francis of Assisi and the Franciscan Third Order. Subsequent building, extensions and additions were to be the work of John Francis Bentley. The founding group of Oblates was small, all its members being admitted as novices of the community on the day of the first general chapter. When the first biennial elections were held, Manning was confirmed by Wiseman as Superior and henceforth known to the community simply as ‘the Father’. Before the year was over the group was to be joined by three new novices and two postulants, all of whom eventually persevered in their vocation. By the time Manning died in 1892, the Oblates had been able to number a total of forty-six priests in their ranks in the space of only thirty-five years, thus easily outstripping the recruitment pattern of Brompton Oratory, the closest to the concept of the Oblates in both spiritual formation and organisation. Over the eighty years immediately following Manning’s demise, a further thirty-three priests were to be counted among the Oblates.
Still Investigating Gunpowder Plot
Authors: Edwards Francis
Published: July 2016

Dr. Mark Nicholls’sInvestigating Gunpowder Plotpublished in May, 1991, is a useful reminder thatGuy Fawkes: the Real Story of the Gunpowder Plot?,to name nothing else published in or near 1969, has by no means found universal acceptance as the more probable solution of the confused evidence surrounding this bizarre episode. This is not surprising. The last mentioned book was written for a wide audience. Thanks no doubt in large measure to the kindly influence of Lady Antonia Fraser it was chosen as the Book of the Month by PUNCH all those years ago. Evidently, such a choice, however desirable in itself, could not be regarded as the highest of recommendations by the world of Academe. Nevertheless, it must be insisted that the book was based on extensive research not only in this country but also abroad, notably in Rome, Florence, Spain, Holland and Belgium. Errors occurred which will need to be corrected in any future edition or new work. Dr. Nicholls, while attempting to refute the basic thesis, was fair enough to admit, ‘such views have found perhaps their most determined and skilful advocate in Fr. Francis Edwards’. But one hopes that an opposing view is based on more than skill, which could be mere forensic adroitness, and on determination which could be another word for obstinacy.
Fr. Joseph Creswell'sInformaciónfor Philip II and the Archduke Ernest,ca.August 1594
Authors: Loomie Albert J.
Published: July 2016

Toward the end of the summer of 1594 King Philip II received from the hands of Sir Francis Englefield at the Escorial anInformación,or report, written by Joseph Creswell, S.J. concerning English matters of significance for his régime in Flanders. Creswell did not claim to be the sole author for, together with Englefield's name, he mentioned in his first sentence that two other English Jesuits, Robert Persons and William Holt had also contributed to it and that Hugh Owen, a veteran observer of English affairs at the court in Brussels, vouched for its contents. Since Flanders was the province where the larger number of English Catholics lived overseas during the last decade of the reign of Elizabeth, the document translated and edited here for the first time can shed light on the situation facing them at that period. There are some questions that deserve attention first, about its origins, the experiences of the author and his collaborators which prompted them to prepare it, and above all the political and diplomatic crisis which seemed to give urgency to the report.
The Last Haydock Bible
Authors: Ohlhausen Sidney K.
Published: July 2016

The Haydock Bibles were a series of self-interpreting editions of the Douay Version with annotations compiled chiefly by Rev. George Leo Haydock. The first edition was published in serialized form over the years 1811 to 1814 by Father Haydock's brother, Thomas. It enjoyed great popularity and was frequently reprinted in a series of British and American editions. According to standard Bible bibliographies, the latest known editions were published in the 1880's. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief historical account of editions in this important series and to describe a 1910 reprint of the final edition recently located by the author. This copy establishes that the Haydock Bible series lasted longer than was generally known.