bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No‐tillage farming: co‐creation of innovation through network building
Authors: Schneider F. , Steiger D. , Ledermann T. , Fry P. , Rist S.
Published: December 2010

This paper studied the development of no‐tillage by combining concepts of co‐creation of knowledge and actor‐network theory. Reconstructing the process of no‐tillage development in Switzerland has made it possible to show that no‐tillage development may be regarded as a dynamic process of co‐creation of innovation, where human and non‐human actors are building networks by reciprocally transforming and translating each other and the relations between them. This conceptualisation reveals that spread of no‐tillage requires fundamental transformations within the network of conventional plough‐tillage agriculture, including institutional arrangements, farm equipment, work organisation, concepts of agriculture and personal and professional identities. Against this background, the limited spread of no‐tillage—despite its economic and ecological advantages—can be explained by the fact that the required transformations are too radical for many agricultural actors. This conceptualisation also implies that policy interventions are not understood as top down measures that intend to induce one‐to‐one direct causal chains between knowledge and action of farmers, but as mediators in a complex process of reciprocal translations between farmers, experts and scientists, as well as many non‐human actors. We conclude that investigating processes of co‐creation of knowledge from the perspective of actor‐network theory is a promising complement to hermeneutic approaches to co‐creation of knowledge such as social learning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second order total generalized variation (TGV) for MRI
Authors: Knoll Florian , Bredies Kristian , Pock Thomas , Stollberger Rudolf
Published: December 2010

Total variation was recently introduced in many different magnetic resonance imaging applications. The assumption of total variation is that images consist of areas, which are piecewise constant. However, in many practical magnetic resonance imaging situations, this assumption is not valid due to the inhomogeneities of the exciting B1 field and the receive coils. This work introduces the new concept of total generalized variation for magnetic resonance imaging, a new mathematical framework, which is a generalization of the total variation theory and which eliminates these restrictions. Two important applications are considered in this article, image denoising and image reconstruction from undersampled radial data sets with multiple coils. Apart from simulations, experimental results from in vivo measurements are presented where total generalized variation yielded improved image quality over conventional total variation in all cases. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correction of main and transmit magnetic field (B0 and B1) inhomogeneity effects in multicomponent‐driven equilibrium single‐pulse observation of T1 and T2
Authors: Deoni Sean C. L.
Published: December 2010

Multicomponent‐driven equilibrium single‐component observation of T1 and T2 offers a new approach to multiple component relaxation time and myelin water analysis. The method derives two‐component relaxation information from spoiled and fully balanced steady‐state (SPGR and bSSFP) imaging data acquired over multiple flip angles. Although these steady‐state imaging techniques afford rapid acquisition times and high signal‐to‐noise ratio efficiency, they are also sensitive to main (B0) and transmit (B1) magnetic field inhomogeneities. These effects alter the measured signal from their theoretical values and lead to substantive errors in the derived myelin volume fraction estimates. Here, we incorporate correction techniques to mitigate these effects. DESPOT1‐HIFI is used to first calibrate the transmitted flip angles; and B0 affects are removed through the inclusion of an additional parameter in the multicomponent‐driven equilibrium single‐component observation of T1 and T2 fitting, coupled with the acquisition of multiple phase‐cycled bSSFP data. The performance of these correction techniques was evaluated using numerical simulations, demonstrating effective removal of B0 and B1‐induced errors in the derived myelin fraction relaxation parameters. The approach was also successfully demonstrated in vivo, with near artifact‐free whole‐brain, high spatial resolution (1.7 mm × 1.7 mm × 1.7 mm isotropic voxels) myelin water fraction maps acquired in a clinically feasible 16 min. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain metabolite composition in relation to cognitive function and dystrophin mutations in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Kreis Roland , Wingeier Kevin , Vermathen Peter , Giger Elisabeth , Joncourt Franziska , Zwygart Karin , Kaufmann Franz , Boesch Chris , Steinlin Maja
Published: December 2010

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a hereditary X‐linked recessive disorder affecting the synthesis of dystrophin, a protein essential for structural stability in muscle. Dystrophin also occurs in the central nervous system, particularly in the neocortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Quantitative metabolic analysis by localized 1H MRS was performed in the cerebellum (12 patients and 15 controls) and a temporo‐parietal location (eight patients and 15 controls) in patients with DMD and healthy controls to investigate possible metabolic differences. In addition, the site of individual mutations on the dystrophin gene was analyzed and neuropsychological cognitive functions were examined. Cognitive deficits in the patient group were found in line with earlier investigations, mainly concerning verbal short‐term memory, visuo‐spatial long‐term memory and verbal fluency, but also the full‐scale IQ. Causal mutations were identified in all patients with DMD. Quantitative MRS showed consistent choline deficits, in both cerebellar white matter and temporo‐parietal cortex, as well as small, but significant, metabolic abnormalities for glutamate and total N‐acetyl compounds in the temporo‐parietal region. Compartment water analysis did not reveal any abnormalities. In healthy subjects, choline levels were age related in the cerebellum. The choline deficit contrasts with earlier findings in DMD, where a surplus of choline was postulated for the cerebellum. In patients, total N‐acetyl compounds in the temporo‐parietal region were related to verbal IQ and verbal short‐term memory. However, choline, the putative main metabolic abnormality, was not found to be associated with cognitive deficits. Furthermore, in contrast with the cognitive performance, the metabolic brain composition did not depend significantly on whether or not gene mutations concerned the expression of the dystrophin isoform Dp140, leading to the conclusion that the effect of the missing Dp140 isoform on cognitive performance is not mediated through the observed metabolite composition, or is caused by local effects beyond the resolution accessible to MRS investigations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of multiparametric MRI in a human glioma model to monitor cytotoxic and anti‐angiogenic drug effects
Authors: Lemasson Benjamin , Christen Thomas , Tizon Xavier , Farion Régine , Fondraz Nadège , Provent Peggy , Segebarth Christoph , Barbier Emmanuel L. , Genne Philippe , Duchamp Olivier , Remy Chantal
Published: December 2010

Early imaging or blood biomarkers of tumor response is needed to customize anti‐tumor therapy on an individual basis. This study evaluates the sensitivity and relevance of five potential MRI biomarkers. Sixty nude rats were implanted with human glioma cells (U‐87 MG) and randomized into three groups: one group received an anti‐angiogenic treatment (Sorafenib), a second a cytotoxic drug [1,3‐bis(2‐chloroethyl)‐1‐nitrosourea, BCNU (Carmustine)] and a third no treatment. The tumor volume, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water, blood volume fraction (BVf), microvessel diameter (vessel size index, VSI) and vessel wall integrity (contrast enhancement, CE) were monitored before and during treatment. Sorafenib reduced tumor CE as early as 1 day after treatment onset. By 4 days after treatment onset, tumor BVf was reduced and tumor VSI was increased. By 14 days after treatment onset, ADC was increased and the tumor growth rate was reduced. With BCNU, ADC was increased and the tumor growth rate was reduced 14 days after treatment onset. Thus, the estimated MRI parameters were sensitive to treatment at different times after treatment onset and in a treatment‐dependent manner. This study suggests that multiparametric MR monitoring could allow the assessment of new anti‐tumor drugs and the optimization of combined therapies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
13C MR reporter probe system using dynamic nuclear polarization
Authors: Chen Albert P. , Hurd Ralph E. , Gu Yi‐ping , Wilson David M. , Cunningham Charles H.
Published: December 2010

Reporter‐based cell detection and localization in vivo may become an important imaging tool with the emergence of cellular therapy. With the strong signal enhancement provided by dynamic nuclear polarization, an NMR‐based reporter probe system utilizing specific enzyme expression and activity can potentially provide stable, high‐resolution visualization of the cells of interest noninvasively. In this work, a proof‐of‐concept 13C MR reporter system, using the aminoacylase‐1 reporter gene (Acy‐1) and prepolarized [1‐13C]N‐acetyl‐L‐methionine as the paired substrate, was developed. Using a 3‐T MR scanner, the feasibility of detecting and imaging de‐acetylation of the prepolarized 13C‐labeled substrate by the aminoacylase‐1 enzyme was demonstrated with purified protein in solution by dynamic 13C MRS and two‐dimensional MRSI experiments. The potential to perform targeted MRI of cells using this system was also demonstrated by 13C MR measurement of aminoacylase‐1 activity in HEK 293 cells transfected with the Acy‐1 gene. The de‐acetylation of the substrate was not observed in control cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A radiofrequency coil to facilitate B shimming and parallel imaging acceleration in three dimensions at 7 T
Authors: Gilbert Kyle M. , Curtis Andrew T. , Gati Joseph S. , Klassen L. Martyn , Menon Ravi S.
Published: December 2010

A 15‐channel transmit–receive (transceive) radiofrequency (RF) coil was developed to image the human brain at 7 T. A hybrid decoupling scheme was implemented that used both capacitive decoupling and the partial geometric overlapping of adjacent coil elements. The decoupling scheme allowed coil elements to be arrayed along all three Cartesian axes; this facilitated shimming of the transmit field, B, and parallel imaging acceleration along the longitudinal direction in addition to the standard transverse directions. Each channel was independently controlled during imaging using a 16‐channel console and a 16 × 1‐kW RF amplifier–matrix. The mean isolation between all combinations of coil elements was 18 ± 7 dB. After B shimming, the standard deviation of the transmit field uniformity was 11% in an axial plane and 32% over the entire brain superior to the mid‐cerebellum. Transmit uniformity was sufficient to acquire fast spin echo images of this region of the brain with a single B shim solution. Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) maps showed higher SNR in the periphery vs center of the brain, and higher SNR in the occipital and temporal lobes vs the frontal lobe. Parallel imaging acceleration in a rostral–caudal oblique plane was demonstrated. The implication of the number of channels in a transmit–receive coil was discussed: it was determined that improvements in SNR and B shimming can be expected when using more than 15 independently controlled transmit–receive channels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The volunteer matrix: positioning of volunteer organizations
Authors: Haski‐Leventhal Debbie , Meijs Lucas C. P. M.
Published: December 2010

In the fierce competition that volunteer involving organizations face nowadays over people's willingness to donate their time, marketing strategies should be used. In order to enhance the organization's recruitability (ability to recruit suitable volunteers), it is important for volunteer organizations to understand what the positioning of the organization is and the type of volunteering that is being offered. In the current article we suggest using a marketing tool to increase the ability to recruit volunteers: positioning and perceptual mapping. Our perceptual mapping – the volunteer matrix is based on two dimensions: price (different costs attached to the volunteer experience) and quality (the overall quality of the volunteering experience). Thus, the matrix includes four different positions, and we demonstrate the manners in which different volunteer organizations or roles are positioned in each. Discussed are also the possible implementations of the matrix in order to recruit suitable volunteers and retain them.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of tarsal coalition and frequency estimates from skeletal samples
Authors: Case D. T. , Burnett S. E.
Published: December 2010

Tarsal coalition is a congenital defect that results when adjacent tarsals fail to separate properly during embryonic development. Anatomically, coalitions present as non‐osseous bridges of cartilage or fibrocartilage – and occasionally as osseous bridges – between two neighboring bones. In skeletons, non‐osseous tarsal coalitions are recognizable as matching lesions between two bones at predictable locations. These coalitions are of interest because they are known to be heritable and are therefore useful for tracing genetic relatives in archaeological cemeteries, because they can be misinterpreted in skeletons as trauma or joint disease, and because they can result in associated pathology. However, despite a considerable literature on tarsal coalition, estimates of coalition frequencies disagree considerably, perhaps due to biases inherent in clinical sampling. In order to gain a better estimate of tarsal coalition frequencies in human populations, data were gathered on 342 European‐Americans from the Terry Collection (Smithsonian Institution), 536 South Africans from the Dart Collection (University of Witwatersrand, South Africa), and 756 medieval Danish skeletons (Anthropological Database, Odense University). The Danish skeletons are archaeological, with sample sizes by coalition type ranging from 366–507 individuals. Examples of eight different types of intertarsal coalition were identified among the 1634 skeletons examined. Overall frequency estimates for tarsal coalition ranged from 2.1%–3.5%. South Africans exhibited significantly higher frequencies in the midfoot, with naviculocuneiform I coalition (1.0%) the most common type. Conversely, no coalitions of the midfoot were found among the Euro‐Americans or medieval Danes. Instead, these groups exhibited calcaneonavicular coalition as the most common type in the hindfoot (2.0% and 2.1% respectively), while calcaneonavicular coalition was among the least common in the South Africans (0.2%). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between dental occlusal wear and approximal facet length
Authors: Deter C. A.
Published: December 2010

The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between occlusal surface wear and approximal facet length in a North American archaeological sample of modern human hunter–gatherers (n = 111) and agriculturalists (n = 123).

First maxillary molars (M1) were selected. The approximal wear facet was measured on the mesial surface of each M1 at the widest breadth using needle tipped digital callipers. Digital images were taken of the occlusal surface and wear was recorded as the percentage of dentine exposed to the total occlusal surface. Independent age estimate was based on age‐related changes, (pubic symphysis and auricular surface). Results show the hunter–gatherers had a significantly faster rate of wear on both tooth surfaces compared to the agriculturalists in each of the four age groups. Both lifeway groups showed a positive correlation between the two tooth surfaces during the early stages of tooth wear (less than 25% occlusal wear), where the percentage of occlusal wear and the length of the approximal facet increased at a similar rate. During the middle and final stages of tooth wear (occlusal wear greater than 35%) there was a strong negative correlation between the two surfaces in both groups. It is suggested this pattern is due to the shape and function of the M1. Both correlations were more extreme in the hunter–gatherers than the agriculturalists. When the per cent of occlusal wear exceeded 35% the length of the approximal facet started to decrease, and it is therefore recommended studies that include approximal wear exclude molars with heavy occlusal wear. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crown‐ether and azobenzene‐containing liquid crystalline polymers: An influence of macromolecular architecture on optical properties and photo‐orientation processes
Authors: Ryabchun Alexander , Bobrovsky Alexey , Medvedev Alexey , Shibaev Valery
Published: December 2010

A series of novel crown ether‐containing photochromic comb‐shaped liquid crystalline polyacrylates with different macromolecular structure of side groups were synthesized and investigated. Phase behavior, optical and photo‐optical properties of thin spin‐coated films of these polymers were studied. A special attention was paid to a comparative study of the photo‐orientation phenomena occurring in the polymer films under a polarized light action. It was shown that complex formation with the potassium ions results in the decrease in degree of the photoinduced order that can be used for the creation of new materials for sensor devices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene: Search for active catalysts, variation of monomer to catalyst ratios and monomer concentrations
Authors: Schneider Martin F. , Gantner Carola , Obrecht Werner , Nuyken Oskar
Published: December 2010

The ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene initiated by ruthenium‐based catalysts of the first, second, and third generation was studied. For the polymerization with the second generation Grubbs catalyst [RuCl2(CHPh)(H2IMes)(PCy3)] (H2IMes = N,N′‐bis(mesityl)‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐ylidene), the critical monomer concentration at which polymerization occurs was determined, and variation of monomer to catalyst ratios was performed. For this catalyst, ROMP of cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene did not show the features of a living polymerization as Mn did not linearly increase with increasing monomer conversion. As a consequence of slow initiation rates and intramolecular polymer degradation, molar masses passed through a maximum during the course of the polymerization. With third generation ruthenium catalysts (which contain 3‐bromo or 2‐methylpyridine ligands), polymerization proceeded rapidly, and degradation reactions could not be observed. Contrary to ruthenium‐based catalysts of the second and third generation, a catalyst of the first generation was not able to polymerize cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Noncovalent binding interactions of polyacrylamide and clay in nanocomposite hydrogels
Authors: Wu Yongtao , Xia Mengge , Fan Qingqing , Zhang Yan , Yu Hao , Zhu Meifang
Published: December 2010

The interactions between organic and inorganic components in pregel solution for polyacrylamide (PAAm)/clay nanocomposite hydrogels (NC gels) and in prepared NC gels are investigated. Besides, a kind of self‐crosslinked PAAm gels with excellent mechanical properties is fabricated in the absence of any cross‐linking agents, the hydrogen bonding interactions among PAAm chains are acted as the cross‐linking force. It is revealed that the binding interactions of PAAm and clay in NC gels are owing to the noncovalent interactions between amide groups on PAAm chains and clay platelets, which afford the cross‐linking force for NC gels network formation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Proteome analysis of biological fluids from autoimmune‐rheumatological disorders
Authors: De Franceschi Lucia , Bosello Silvia , Scambi Cinzia , Biasi Domenico , De Santis Maria , Caramaschi Paola , Peluso Giusy , La Verde Valentina , Bambara Lisa Maria , Ferraccioli Gianfranco
Published: December 2010

Autoimmune‐rheumatological diseases are worldwide distributed disorders and represent a complex array of illnesses characterized by autoreactivity (reactivity against self‐antigens) of T‐B lymphocytes and by the synthesis of autoantibodies crucial for diagnosis (biomarkers). Yet, the effects of the autoimmune chronic inflammation on the infiltrated tissues and organs generally lead to profound tissue and organ damage with loss of function (i.e., lung, kidney, joints, exocrine glands). Although progresses have been made on the knowledge of these disorders, much still remains to be investigated on their pathogenesis and identification of new biomarkers useful in clinical practice. The rationale of using proteomics in autoimmune‐rheumatological diseases has been the unmet need to collect, from biological fluids that are easily obtainable, a summary of the final biochemical events that represent the effects of the interplay between immune cells, mesenchymal cells and endothelial cells. Proteomic analysis of these fluids shows encouraging results and in this review, we addressed four major autoimmune‐rheumatological diseases investigated through proteomic techniques and provide evidence‐based data on the highlights obtained in systemic sclerosis, primary and secondary Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Towards developing a tandem of organic solar cell and light emitting diode
Authors: Singh Jai
Published: December 2010

It is proposed here to design a tandem of organic solar cell (OSC) and white organic light emitting diode (WOLED) which can generate power in the day time from the sun and provide lighting at night. With the advancement of chemical technology, such device is expected to be very‐cost effective and reasonably efficient. A device thus fabricated has the potential of meeting the world's sustainable domestic and commercial power and lighting needs (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intraband relaxation process in highly stacked quantum dots
Authors: Kojima Osamu , Mamizuka Masataka , Kita Takashi , Wada Osamu , Akahane Kouichi
Published: December 2010

We report on the intraband relaxation properties of photoexcited carriers in ordinary stacked quantum dots (QDs) and QD chains in which QDs are interconnected along the growth direction via electron envelope functions. The detection‐energy dependence of the photoluminescence (PL) decay time indicates the in‐plane interaction between QDs even at 50 K by carrier transfer.

From the excitation‐energy dependence of the PL intensity, we found the change in the intraband relaxation process due to the transfer process in the QD chain sample with longer exciton lifetime than in the stacked QD sample. Our results indicate that the change in the intraband relaxation process depends on the exciton lifetime (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
UV irradiation effect on Al‐doped anatase titanium dioxide
Authors: Sekiya Takao , Takeda Yasuhiro , Ohya Shohei , Kodaira Tetsuya
Published: December 2010

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurement under uv light irradiation was performed on Al‐doped anatase TiO2 crystals grown by a chemical vapor transport method. In an as‐grown crystal, characteristic signals of EPR sextuplets are observed at 100–40 K. The intensity of the sextuplets decreases gradually with decreasing temperature. The sextuplets arise from a photogenerated hole of S =1/2 interacting with an Al nuclear spin of I =5/2. The angular dependence of the sextuplets is successfully explained by a model where four symmetrically equivalent paramagnetic species giving the sextuplets are present in the crystal and the principal z‐axis of a diagonal g‐matrix for the paramagnetic species has a small deviation from the crystalline c‐axis. The analysis of the angular dependence of the sextuplets gives anisotropic g ‐values of gxx=2.0254, gyy=2.0016, and gcomplexes=2.0129, and hyperfine coupling constants of Axx=4.93, Ayy=6.04, and Acomplexes=5.98 G. An EPR signal from bulk Ti3+ is also observed at temperatures below 40 K regardless of uv irradiation. In an annealed crystal, the sextuplets are observed at temperatures below 70 K under uv irradiation. The EPR signal corresponding to bulk Ti3+ is absent in the entire temperature range. These experimental results differ greatly from those for the as‐grown crystal (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time‐resolved composite nature of the self‐trapped exciton luminescence in PbMoO4
Authors: Kajitani Takushi , Itoh Minoru
Published: December 2010

Time‐resolved luminescence measurements have been carried out for PbMoO4 crystals with the scheelite structure. A fast‐decaying luminescence band with a lifetime of the order of 10 ns is observed at 400 nm at low temperatures (T < 170 K). This luminescence is tentatively assigned to the radiative transition of a singlet excited state of a self‐trapped exciton (STE) located on a (MoO4)2–ion. The green luminescence, which is ascribed to the triplet STE states in PbMoO4, is found to consist of three emission bands peaking at 405, 520, and 600 nm at T = 150–220 K. Such a composite nature is explained by taking into account the symmetry lowering of (MoO4)2– ions due to the Jahn‐Teller effect. The present observation provides strong support to the previous results of PbWO4, in which the triplet STE luminescence is also decomposed into three individual bands. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal growth and characterization of CsSr1–xEux I3 high light yield scintillators
Authors: Yang Kan , Zhuravleva Mariya , Melcher Charles L.
Published: December 2010

In this work, we report on single crystal growth and characterizations of a new scintillation material: CsSr1–xEux I3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). Single crystals of CsSr0.99Eu0.01I3, CsSr0.92Eu0.08I3 and CsEuI3 were grown via the Vertical Gradient Freeze method. The crystals exhibit good crystal quality, high light yield, and excellent energy resolution. Initial results show that the scintillation light yield of our CsSr0.92Eu0.08I3 crystal is ∼65,000 ph/MeV with 5.9% energy resolution at 662 keV. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A flexible multi‐stage design for phase II oncology trials
Authors: Tan Ming T. , Xiong Xiaoping
Published: December 2010

Phase II trials evaluate whether a new drug or a new therapy is worth further pursuing or certain treatments are feasible or not. A typical phase II is a single arm (open label) trial with a binary clinical endpoint (response to therapy). Although many oncology Phase II clinical trials are designed with a two‐stage procedure, multi‐stage design for phase II cancer clinical trials are now feasible due to increased capability of data capture. Such design adjusts for multiple analyses and variations in analysis time, and provides greater flexibility such as minimizing the number of patients treated on an ineffective therapy and identifying the minimum number of patients needed to evaluate whether the trial would warrant further development. In most of the NIH sponsored studies, the early stopping rule is determined so that the number of patients treated on an ineffective therapy is minimized. In pharmaceutical trials, it is also of importance to know as early as possible if the trial is highly promising and what is the likelihood the early conclusion can sustain. Although various methods are available to address these issues, practitioners often use disparate methods for addressing different issues and do not realize a single unified method exists. This article shows how to utilize a unified approach via a fully sequential procedure, the sequential conditional probability ratio test, to address the multiple needs of a phase II trial. We show the fully sequential program can be used to derive an optimized efficient multi‐stage design for either a low activity or a high activity, to identify the minimum number of patients required to assess whether a new drug warrants further study and to adjust for unplanned interim analyses. In addition, we calculate a probability of discordance that the statistical test will conclude otherwise should the trial continue to the planned end that is usually at the sample size of a fixed sample design. This probability can be used to aid in decision making in a drug development program. All computations are based on exact binomial distribution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Doppler radar with a simple explicit microphysics model to diagnose problems with ice sublimation depth‐scales in forecast models
Authors: Wilkinson Jonathan M. , Hogan Robin J. , Illingworth Anthony J.
Published: December 2010

Several previous studies have attempted to assess the sublimation depth‐scales of ice particles from clouds into clear air. Upon examining the sublimation depth‐scales in the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM), it was found that the MetUM has evaporation depth‐scales 2–3 times larger than radar observations. Similar results can be seen in the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO) and Météo‐France models. In this study, we use radar simulation (converting model variables into radar observations) and one‐dimensional explicit microphysics numerical modelling to test and diagnose the cause of the deep sublimation depth‐scales in the forecast model. The MetUM data and parametrization scheme are used to predict terminal velocity, which can be compared with the observed Doppler velocity. This can then be used to test the hypothesis as to why the sublimation depth‐scale is too large within the MetUM. Turbulence could lead to dry air entrainment and higher evaporation rates; particle density may be wrong, particle capacitance may be too high and lead to incorrect evaporation rates or the humidity within the sublimating layer may be incorrectly represented. We show that the most likely cause of deep sublimation zones is an incorrect representation of model humidity in the layer. This is tested further by using a one‐dimensional explicit microphysics model, which tests the sensitivity of ice sublimation to key atmospheric variables and is capable of including sonde and radar measurements to simulate real cases. Results suggest that the MetUM grid resolution at ice cloud altitudes is not sufficient enough to maintain the sharp drop in humidity that is observed in the sublimation zone. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright.
The 4D‐Var assimilation of ozone‐sensitive infrared radiances measured by IASI
Authors: Han W. , McNally A. P.
Published: December 2010

An analysis of ozone that is constrained only by observations of ultraviolet backscatter has an obvious limitation. These data are not available at night‐time. A system has been developed to exploit ozone information from infrared radiances measured by IASI which suffer no such sampling problems related to the position of the sun. It has been found that, relative to a baseline system that has no ozone observations, the use of IASI significantly improves the fit to independent ozone estimates from the Aura MLS. Indeed this improvement is, in some areas, comparable to or better than that obtained when more established ozone estimates from UV sensors are assimilated. One area where the assimilation of IASI is found to be clearly beneficial is in the winter high latitudes and southern polar night. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Analysis of prognostic cloud scheme increments in a climate model
Authors: Morcrette Cyril J. , Petch Jon C.
Published: December 2010

An analysis of a cloud scheme is presented, which can aid the development of climate and weather forecasting models. Budget tendency terms, or cloud increment diagnostics, are analysed to show the relative importance of the various physical processes in creating the cloud fields simulated by a climate model. When looking at time‐averaged diagnostics, the use of mean positive and mean negative increments separately, as well as mean net increments, is shown to be informative in understanding how the model is behaving. Maps of vertically integrated tendency terms illustrate how the dominant cloud production terms vary geographically. A cross‐section through the Hadley Circulation shows how the tendency terms vary across a transition region as the clouds change from stratocumulus to shallow cumulus and then to cumulonimbus. Although there are no observations against which these increment diagnostics can be compared, identification of the key cloud formation and dissipation processes highlights the parts of the cloud scheme where further work should be focussed in order to improve the climatological cloud fields. Simulations with changes to a part of the cloud parametrization are analysed using the increment diagnostics and the change in the relative importance of the different processes highlights some of the feedbacks present in the model. While our detailed findings are model specific, the analysis technique could be used in the development of any weather forecasting or climate model. © Crown Copyright 2010. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assimilation of Global Positioning System radio occultation data in the ECMWF ERA–Interim reanalysis
Authors: Poli P. , Healy S. B. , Dee D. P.
Published: December 2010

This article presents results of the assimilation of Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) bending‐angle data from CHAMP, FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC and MetOp‐A GRAS in the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global reanalysis ERA–Interim. We find that GPSRO data present the highest daily assimilation percentage rate among all the various types of observations, suggesting that these data are readily usable by today's reanalysis systems. Over time, except when additional GPSRO data are introduced, the ERA–Interim short‐term forecasts (background) are found to be stable compared with GPSRO data, and so are the ERA–Interim temperatures compared with radiosondes. This suggests that the GPSRO data are potentially as stable as the verification used here, at least to the extent that the possible quality variations in GPSRO data assimilated in ERA–Interim appear invisible when compared with radiosondes. We observe very good consistency between data from all six COSMIC receivers. Small differences between COSMIC and CHAMP (GRAS) data are observed in the lower troposphere (stratosphere). The mean effect of adding GPSRO data in ERA–Interim is to reduce temperature biases with respect to radiosondes in the ERA–Interim background by warming the tropopause region and lower stratosphere by about 0.1–0.2 K in all hemispheres. We also find hints of a drying effect in the mean water‐vapour content in the Tropics in ERA–Interim when GPSRO data are introduced. The fit to upper tropospheric wind observations in the Southern Hemisphere and the Tropics is also improved when GPSRO data are present. Overall the GPSRO data act as references via variational bias correction to correct satellite radiances. Removing the GPSRO data from the ERA–Interim system leaves the latter more prone to fitting the warmly biased aircraft data. All these effects mostly became apparent when large amounts of GPSRO data started being assimilated, at the end of 2006, with the introduction of COSMIC data. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
The gas‐phase H‐abstraction reactions of CCl3H with CX1X2•− (X1X2 = HF, HCl, HBr, HI, FF, ClCl, BrBr, and II), a DFT study
Authors: Liang Jun‐Xi , Geng Zhi‐Yuan , Wang Yong‐Cheng
Published: December 2010

A systematic investigation on the H‐abstraction reactions of 8 carbene radical anions with CCl3H has been performed theoretically using the popular DFT functional BHandHLYP/aug‐cc‐pVTZ/RECP level of theory. As a result, our studies strongly suggest that the reactivity of the title reactions (CX1X2•− + CCl3H) present increase in the order: CHI•− < CHBr•− < CHCl•− < CHF•− for first halogen CHX•− and CCI2•− < CBr2•− < CCl2•− < CF2•− for second halogen CX2•−, more important, the reactions of the former exhibit more activity than those of corresponding the latter. Moreover, based on the NBO analysis, the Activation Strain model analysis and the correlations analyses of activation barrier with both PA and IE, respectively, we further confirm over the conclusion. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Assessing DEM interpolation methods for effective representation of upland stream morphology for rapid appraisal of bed stability
Authors: Schwendel Arved C. , Fuller Ian C. , Death Russell G.
Published: December 2010

Digital elevation models (DEMs) of river channels, built by interpolation between samples of topographic survey points, are widely used to represent surfaces and to derive land‐surface parameters. Differencing between successive DEMs permits quantification of change, which in gravel‐bed rivers is used to construct a morphological budget of lower bound estimates of sediment flux and bed‐stability surrogate. Choice of DEM interpolation method strongly influences DEM quality and realistic representation of channel forms. When comparing morphological budgets between multiple contrasting reaches, e.g. for rapid ecological appraisal, an effective and consistent means of DEM construction is required to avoid digitally generated inconsistencies. An appropriate interpolation method should be suitable for accurate representation of channels contrasting in substrate and hydraulic conditions, surveys of varying data density and distribution, and avoidance of site‐specific parameterization. This paper investigates representation of channel form using a series of DEMs generated within Surfer® by triangulation with linear interpolation, natural neighbours, point kriging, universal kriging, multiquadratic radial basis function, modified Shepard's method and inverse distance to a power on the example of four reaches of mountain streams in New Zealand. These reaches represent a diversity of channel forms, substrate and hydraulic properties. DEMs from triangulation with linear interpolation revealed consistently the best results and this method is recommended for geomorphological and ecological studies of multiple reaches. The main advantage over point kriging and radial basis function is better representation of channel margins and bedforms without introduction of breaklines, while it outperforms natural neighbours in honouring measured points. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fish community structure associated with stabilized and unstabilized shoreline habitats, Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, USA
Authors: Gidley C. A. , Scarnecchia D. L. , Hansen J. A.
Published: December 2010

Stabilization of riverbanks and lake shorelines has become widely used to reduce erosion. Studies on effects of stabilization on fish species and communities have indicated highly variable effects from beneficial to detrimental. Bank stabilization implemented to reduce shoreline erosion of metals‐contaminated sediments in the lower Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, prompted concern of possible effects on the fish community. Fish sampling (electrofishing and gillnetting) and habitat assessment were conducted at 24 sites in the lower 54 km of river during 2005 and 2006 to assess differences in the fish community (relative abundance, species diversity and community composition) at stabilized and unstabilized shorelines. Within stabilized and unstabilized shorelines we evaluated seasonal differences as well as upstream and downstream differences. We captured 3511 fish from 17 species and 7 families; 83% of fish were captured by electrofishing. Fish relative abundance was significantly higher at stabilized than unstabilized sites for electrofishing. We also found positive correlations between relative abundance and diameter of rock at stabilized sites for both sampling gears. Three species (brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus, northern pike Esox lucius and pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus) were captured more readily at stabilized shoreline sites. Seasonally, the differences in relative abundance among habitat types indicate that stabilized structures are providing stable habitat year‐round. Overall, stabilized shorelines on the lower Coeur d'Alene River were not found to be adversely affecting overall fish relative abundance, diversity and species composition under the existing low fraction (2.5%) of bank stabilization. Based on these results and reviews of other studies, we suggest that two factors affecting the results of bank stabilization studies are (i) the habitat quality of the unstabilized river, and (ii) the percentage of the river that has been stabilized. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progressive collapse resisting capacity of building structures with outrigger trusses
Authors: Kim Jinkoo , Park Junhee
Published: December 2010

In this paper, the progressive collapse potential of building structures with core and outrigger trusses were evaluated using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. To this end 36‐storey analysis model structures composed of RC core walls and perimeter frames connected by outrigger trusses at the top were prepared. The static pushdown analysis of the structure with mega‐columns and outrigger trusses showed that the maximum strength reached only about 20% of the load specified in the US General Services Administration guideline when a mega‐column in the first storey was removed. According to dynamic analysis results, the vertical displacement monotonically increased until collapse as a result of buckling of some of outrigger truss members. However the structure with outrigger and belt trusses remained stable after a perimeter column was removed. The stability of the structure with mega‐columns and outrigger trusses could be achieved by redesigning it with additional belt trusses or with moment connections in interior or exterior frames. Based on the analysis results it was concluded that the dynamic amplification factor of 2.0 recommended in the guidelines provided reasonably conservative results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance‐based seismic evaluation of the Icon Hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Berahman Farshad
Published: December 2010

The Icon Hotel, which is part of the Dubai Promenade in Dubai, is a new waterfront development and represents cutting edge architecture. This building has a unique ‘donut shape’ with significant design and buildability challenges in the field of structural engineering. The wheel shape tower is 160  m high with an external diameter of 165  m, an internal diameter of 78  m and a depth of 35  m. It was designed to accommodate hotel and residential occupancies. The building's primary structural system is composed of two concrete core walls placed 96  m apart on either side and partially coupled by mega steel trusses at upper mechanical floor as well as long‐span steel arches located at the top to accommodate the required shape of the building. This paper presents the structural engineering design approach used to evaluate the seismic behaviour of this building by implementing performance‐based design methodology. The analysis results show that the building will behave in a desired manner during future anticipated earthquakes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The longest quinoidal oligothiophene: A Raman story
Authors: Casado Juanjuan , López Navarrete Juan T.
Published: December 2010

The main research on the family of aromatic and quinoidal oligothiophenes is described, with a focus on their longest members. We have described how the comprehensive understanding of the vibrational Raman spectra of oligothiophenes in a variety of situations permitted the elucidation of properties of fundamental importance, not only for basic research in molecular physics and in physical chemistry, but also for applications. We have written the Raman story that brought us to the elucidation of the biradicaloid nature of the longest quinoidal oligothiophene. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201000022
Forms and issues in experiential learning
Authors: Moore David Thornton
Published: December 2010

This chapter introduces some of the forms and practices of experiential education and raises some challenging questions about the role that pedagogy plays in institutions of higher learning.
Demystifying experiential learning in the performing arts
Authors: Kindelan Nancy
Published: December 2010

“Operational and value‐focused skills” and active learning strategies together with experiential opportunities found in performing arts programs bring integrity and quality to intentional learning and undergraduate liberal arts education in the twenty‐first century.
Work‐based learning: Valuing practice as an educational event
Authors: Raelin Joseph A.
Published: December 2010

This chapter introduces the theory and practice of work‐based learning and provides guidelines for faculty with a particular emphasis on the value of reflective practice.
Campus stories: Three case studies
Authors: Farrar‐Myers Victoria A. , Dunn Dana
Published: December 2010

Campus implementation of experiential education can seem daunting. This chapter shares three case studies of successful implementation at very different types of institutions.
Experiencing success: Some strategies for planning the program
Authors: Donovan Timothy , Porter Richard , Stellar James
Published: December 2010

Developing experiential education programs can be both rewarding and daunting. This chapter offers possible strategies for designing and implementing such programs.
Making the most of learning outside the classroom
Authors: Qualters Donna M.
Published: December 2010

Reflection is the key to making the most of experiential learning. Only by seriously addressing reflection as a curriculum strand can we insure that students really do integrate and transform their experiences into meaningful learning.
Genotoxicity of dicrotophos, an organophosphorous pesticide, assessed with different assays in vitro
Authors: Wu Jong‐C. , Chye Soi M. , Shih Ming–K. , Chen Chin‐H. , Yang Hsin‐L. , Chen Ssu C.
Published: December 2010

Dicrotophos is a systemic insecticide with a wide range of applications. We investigated the genotoxicity of dicrotophos using the Ames test, the chromosome aberration test in CHO‐K1 cells, and the comet assay in the Hep G2 cells, while this chemicals' toxicity to both the cell lines was evaluated with the MTT assay. Results showed that dicrotophos did not show any cytotoxicity to CHO‐K1 cells, whereas it was cytotoxic to HepG2 cells incubated for 24 h but not for 2 h. For genotoxicity of dicrotophos, a significant change in the numbers of bacterial reveratnts using Salmomella typhimurium TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535 as the tester strains, an increase in the frequencies of chromosome aberration in CHO‐K1 cells, and an induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells were observed, indicating that dicrotophos was genotoxic in these three performed assays. From this study, we provide further evidence towards of genotoxic effects of dicrotophos. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.