bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ab. No. 131 Physical Performance and Sarcopenia Among Children and Adolescents With Nephrotic Syndrome: A Cross Sectional Analysis
Authors: Alva Rajitha , Hamsa V , Joshi Kirti , Jain Aditi
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

Literature suggests that renal disease & long term steroid therapy are likely to affect muscle function. There are no studies done on children & adolescents with nephrotic syndrome (NS). Hence, this study focuses on assessing sarcipenia & physical performance among children & adolescence with NS. This will help us in understanding structural impairment at muscle level & physical performance.

Methods:

Participants- Age 5- 18 years of children & adolescents with NS. Following ethical approval, parent consent & assent of participants were taken. Components included in Physical performance were 2minute walk test (2WMT), Hand grip strength (HGS),1 minute sit to stand(IMSTS). Sarcopenia was evaluated using diagnostic ultrasound to measure cross sectional area (CSA) of dominant side rectus femoris (RF) muscle. Descriptive statistics and comparison statistics were performed.

Results:

14 participants with mean age, gender & BMI (9.1±3.4 years; 64% boys; BMI: 17.5±3.1kgm-2) were recruited. 2MWT distance (139.8±32.7m), HGS (10.1±2.9kg), 1MSTS (29.2±4.3) & CSA – RF (2.43±0.87cm2). 2MWT distance, HGS & 1MSTS were reduced in compare to normative data (p<0.05, CI 95%). CSA – RF of pediatirc with other chronic condition presented (3.91±1.51cm2) which is aligning with our findings.

Conclusion:

Physical performance data shows significant reduction in comparison to established norms. CSA of muscle assessed in this study aligns closely with that observed in other chronic conditions within the pediatric population, suggesting presence of sarcopenia.

Implications:

Timely evaluation and rehabilitation of sarcopenia among children & adolescents with NS is very crucial. Conducting this study on a larger population is essential to establish relationship between physical performance & sarcopenia. This finding will help in developing clinical care pathway in management of children & adolescents with NS & advocating Nephrologists about the significance of muscle function evaluation.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by Society of Indian Physiotherapists, Ref No: SIP_2021_SR03
Ab. No. 133 Effect of 12-Week Neuromuscular Exercise Program on Hip, Knee, Ankle Joint Proprioception and Risk of Falls in Patients With Total Knee Replacement With and Without Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Butala Rutuja , Mullarpatan Rajani , Shetty Mamta
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

The purpose is to study the effect of 12-week neuromuscular exercise program (NEP) on hip, knee and ankle joint proprioception (JP) and risk of falls in patients with total knee replacement (TKR) with and without type II diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods:

Forty patients with TKR with DM (n=20) and without DM (n=20) between 45-80 years of age at moderate protection phase were included using convenient sampling.

The study commenced after ethical approval from Institutional Ethics Committee. Outcome measures assessed at baseline and post 4-weeks of intervention were JP, muscle strength, range of motion and risk of falls. After the baseline assessment patients were taught the NEP.

SPSS (version 24) Shapiro–Wilk test was used to analyse normality. Paired t-test was used for data which was normally distributed and Mann Whitney-U test was used for data which did not follow normal distribution. Effect size was used to compare the effect of NEP in both the groups.

Results:

Significant improvement was observed in JP angles of hip flexion, hip abduction and knee flexion after 4-weeks of NEP in patients with TKR without DM(p=0.00) and with DM (p< 0.05). Significant difference was found in risk of falls in patients with TKR with DM(p=0.00) and without DM(p=0.00).

Conclusions:

Significant improvement was reported in JP angles of hip flexion, hip abduction and knee flexion in both the groups, post intervention. Risk of falls reduced in both the groups, post intervention. There was no significant change in JP of hip, knee and ankle joint of the operated side when compared to non-operated side in patients with TKR with and without DM.

Implications:

NEP can be used in TKR patients with and without DM, and it can be used as a part of post-operative rehabilitation after TKR.
Ab. No. 137 Comparison of Effects of High Intensity Laser Therapy, Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy and Ultrasound Therapy in Patients With Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jadhav Mansi , Ravindran R , Kasture Pallavi
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

Ultrasound therapy (UST) is one of the common modality available for treatment of Plantar fasciitis (PF). Recent technological advancements have let to development of new modalities like High Intensity LASER therapy (HILT) & Extracorporeal Shockwave therapy (ESWT) for treatment of PF. There is a lack of evidence as to suggest which modality is superior in the treatment of PF. Hence the purpose of the study was to observe the effect of HILT, ESWT & UST on pain and function in patients with PF.

Methods:

Total of 120 participants fulfilling the inclusion/exclusion criteria were recruited after obtaining the informed consent & were randomly assigned to 3 study-groups of 40 each and allocation was done using sealed envelope. Assigned treatment modality as per the prescribed dosage along with the exercise programme was given for period of 2 weeks. Outcome measures - Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Pain perception threshold (PPT) & Foot function index (FFI) were taken prior to & after completion of treatment.

Results:

While comparing VAS, PPT & FFI values of all 3 groups using one-way ANOVA, between group analysis showed statistically significant difference among the groups for VAS (F (2:105)4.444, p:0.0140) & PPT (F (2:105)5.651, p:0.0047) & not for FFI.

Post -hoc analysis data revealed statistically significant difference for UST in PPT (p<0.005) than HILT & ESWT. & for UST in VAS than HILT. Within the group analysis showed, statistically significant improvement in all 3 groups.

Conclusion:

All three modalities are effective in reducing pain & improving function in patients with PF. UST seems to be better in reducing pain but in improving function none of the modality was found to be superior than other.

Implication:

UST can be preferred modality in alleviating the pain in patients with PF as its easily available and cost effective over the new expensive modalities.
Ab. No. 147 Pelvic Floor Health Literacy in Ahmedabad- A Pilot Study
Authors: Purohit Manthan , Jeevrajani Jeel , Pandya Rachna , Sheth Megha
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

The purpose of the study is to investigate, beliefs and mentalities prevalent in community related to pelvic floor problems. Pelvic floor problems are not discussed because of certain barriers and healthcare personnel remain uninformed about the condition. Literature also mentions that, there are barriers in community. A Physiotherapist, working with diverse population needs knowledge about health literacy levels in community so as to educate, prevent and approach community with acceptable solutions.

Methods:

Both genders, 18-65 years were included from the community of Ahmedabad using convenience sampling was used. Participants from different socio-cultural, economic, educational backgrounds with/without history of pelvic floor issues were included. Participants belonging to medical background, and not willing to participate were excluded.

Close-ended in English language questionnaire, validated by expert panel was prepared to investigate health literacy. A google form was filled by investigator in front of the participant after obtaining verbal consent.

Descriptive analysis of 37(25 females,12 males) participants was done using Microsoft excel 2019 and Google spreadsheet.

Result:

Data collection is on-going. Mean age of participants was (38.41 + 12.06) years. More than 50% participants do not know the term “Pelvic Floor”. 60% participants do not know whom to consult, around 60% participants rely on family and/or friends’ advices. 56% of participants do not want to share these problems. Large number of participants feel cultural/societal barriers in sharing these problems, do not find information in news or social media and do not have an access to sources providing reliable information.

Conclusion:

Pelvic floor health literacy is low in community. Unawareness about “Pelvic Floor,” not having reliable sources, cultural and societal barriers about these problems keeps health care providers uninformed about the problem.

Implication:

Findings may help Physiotherapist build a culturally sensitive protocol, develop educational material, improve public awareness, plan early intervention and prevention.
Ab. No. 153 Comparison of 3d Scapular Kinematics of the Affected and Unaffected Shoulder in Subjects With Unilateral Adhesive Capsulitis
Authors: Sharma Ridhi , Phadke Vandana , Makhija Meena
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

The purpose of the study is to compare 3D scapular kinematics and scapulohumeral rhythm of affected and unaffected side in subjects with unilateral adhesive capsulitis at various degrees of elevation and lowering during flexion. Improving precise measurement of all scapular rotations will enhance comprehension of shoulder dysfunction and may aid in the development of targeted rehabilitation strategies.

Methods:

20 subjects with unilateral adhesive capsulitis, average age (51.7±7.6 years) with symptoms since 4.3±2.5 months using purposive sampling were included.

3-dimensional Euler angles using the International Society of Biomechanics standards were estimated during flexion via Ascension trakSTAR sensors integrated with Motion Monitor Software. The scapular movements (upward/downward rotation, internal/external rotation and anterior/posterior tilt) were measured at rest(0°), 30°, 60°, 90° and 120° of arm elevation and the scapulohumeral rhythm was calculated between these motion increments.

The kinematic variables at rest were compared using paired t-tests and scapular kinematic variables were compared across angles of elevation and sides for each phase separately using 2-way repeated measures ANOVA. In case of significant interactions, post hoc testing was done using Tukey Kramer test for pairwise comparisons.

Results:

The affected side was 6.81° more upwardly rotated than unaffected at 90°. There was statistical difference between phases of elevation and lowering for upward rotation at 60° and 90°, anterior tilt at 30°, 60° and 90° and scapular internal rotation at 90° and 120°. The differences at 120 degrees could not be measured in all subjects. The scapulohumeral rhythm was different between sides only for 60°-90° during flexion.

Conclusion:

There was a more substantial scapular substitution beyond the middle region of arm elevation during shoulder flexion. Beyond correcting the scapular shrug that would have increased scapular tilt, therapists may focus on reducing scapular upward rotation.
Ab. No. 154 Effect of High Intensity Circuit Training on Central Fatigue and Cognitive Function Among Recreational Athletes: An Annotated Bibliographic Review
Authors: Sharma Pooja , Ahmad Irshad , Aggarwal Divya , Sethi Priyanka , Kumari Sunita
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

Circuit training is a type of training evolved by Morgan and Anderson in 1953. This training involves “a circuit” including 6-9 exercises (aerobic exercises, resistance exercise etc). Averting fatigue is an area of discussion nowadays for recreational athletes too along with professional athletes. This concern needs comprehension about the fatigue’s understanding, its aetiology and mechanisms. Central fatigue stipulates decrease in voluntary activation during exercise. The type, duration and intensity of exercise are several factors which are responsible for the magnitude of fatigue as well as cognitive function.

The aim of the present study is to find out the effect of circuit training on fatigue and cognitive function among recreational athlete.

Methods:

A literature search was performed using Google Scholar, PubMed and Cochrane databases. A total of more than 50 articles showed up on PubMed and 15 on Cochrane with the term “recreational athletes”. The search terms used were ‘circuit training’, ‘central fatigue’, ‘recreational athletes’, ‘cognition’, ‘beep test’, ‘GPAQ’. In order to decrease the risk of neglecting relevant articles, a detailed research plan was created. Articles were evaluated with central fatigue & Stroop test and the effect of high resistance circuit provided to recreational athletes were included. Exercise interventions other than high resistance circuit training were excluded. The articles were checked thoroughly and only full text articles were included for this review. These studies were reviewed in a narrative way.

Conclusion:

This bibliographic study conclude that the circuit and high intensity resistance training has improved various parameters such as resistance to fatigue, cognitive function in recreational athletes.
Ab. No. 161 An Immediate Effect of Active Release Technique [ART] Versus Graston Technique [GT] on Neck Pain in Individuals Having Myofascial Trigger Point of Upper Trapezius
Authors: Prajapati Jency , Purohit Alpa
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) are hyperirritable, palpable nodules found along taut bands of muscle fibers. It has been estimated that 85% of people who come to pain in clinics have trigger points in the neck, and they occur more often in women than in men. MTrPs are classified clinically into active and latent. latent trigger points produce pain when palpated and cause restriction of movement. ART can identify and reduce fibrous adhesions, microscopic tissue injury and inflammation. Graston technique is an Instrument assisted soft Tissue Mobilization method. It helps the healing process by intentional micro-trauma, breaking down collagen cross-linkage, increasing blood flow and cellular regeneration. The purpose is to compare the immediate Effect of Active Release Technique

Methods:

30 participants age (18-34) years were included, 15 per group. Ethical approval was taken. Groups A received ART & Group B - Graston technique. Pre and post evaluation was done using pain pressure threshold (PPT) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain.

Result:

Within group analysis showed Group A PPT (p>0.05), VAS (p<0.05) and Group B PPT p>0.05), VAS (< 0.05). Between group showed statistical significance in PPT (p<0.05) but did not in VAS (p>0.05).

Conclusion:

Graston technique is more effective in increasing PPT.

Implications:

Graston technique can be used to get faster results.
Differences in Oral Health According to the Presence of Hearing Loss: Data from the 2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Kim Yu Rin , Kim Seon Rye
Published: June 2024

Background: The prevalence of hearing loss is increasing annually and has a strong relationship with oral health. However, existing research on hearing loss is limited to children, making it necessary to expand the analysis to adults. Therefore, this study aims to identify differences in oral health-related factors according to hearing loss in adults over 40 years of age using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: This study analyzed survey data from 2021. The study participants were divided into 1738 individuals in the nonhearing loss group and 1384 in the hearing loss group. Complex sample chi-square and complex sample independent t-tests were performed to determine differences in the sociodemographic characteristics, systemic diseases, hearing loss-related factors, and oral health status between the two groups. Results: Compared to the nonhearing loss group, the hearing loss group was older and had lower income and education levels. In terms of oral health, the hearing loss group had fewer existing natural teeth, poorer prosthesis conditions, and a higher number of implants than the nonhearing loss group. The hearing loss group also experienced comparatively more problems with chewing and speaking (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Individuals with hearing loss exhibited poorer oral health status than those without hearing loss. Therefore, dental professionals in clinical practice should develop their communication skills to interact effectively with patients with hearing loss and strive to improve their oral health.
Influence of White Sound on Sleep Quality, Anxiety, and Depression in Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Zhu Lingli , Zheng Lifeng
Published: June 2024

Background: Patients with schizophrenia frequently experience issues such as poor sleep quality, anxiety, and depression. White sound has been identified as a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance sleep quality and alleviate negative emotions. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of white sound in improving sleep quality, anxiety, and depression among patients with schizophrenia. Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis included clinical data from 212 patients with schizophrenia divided into two groups based on their treatment approach. Group C (control, without white sound, n = 106) received standard pharmacological treatments, while group W (white sound, n = 106) was exposed to white sound (40–50 dB) for 2 hours nightly at 9:00 pm. All patients were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) before and after 12 weeks of intervention. Results: After 12 weeks, group W showed significant improvements in sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and overall PSQI scores compared to group C (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the HAMD and HAMA scores were significantly lower in group W (P < 0.05), indicating reduced levels of anxiety and depression. The negative symptoms score was significantly lower in group W (P < 0.05) after treatment. Conclusion: White sound shows promise in improving sleep quality, and alleviating anxiety and depression in patients with schizophrenia.
A Comprehensive Review of Auditory and Non-Auditory Effects of Noise on Human Health
Authors: Mehrotra Anupam , Shukla Sheo Prasad , Shukla A.K. , Manar Manish K. , Singh S.K. , Mehrotra Monica
Published: June 2024

Objective: Excessive noise is unpleasant and induces several physiological and psychological effects. Noise pollution is a potential threat to humans, particularly those continuously exposed for extended periods throughout the day over many years. This review aims to examine the various auditory and non-auditory outcomes associated with prolonged exposure to noise pollution. Materials and methods: The review utilized a combination of relevant keywords to search the electronic databases. After screening based on the applied selection criteria for title, abstract, and full text, 44 articles were finally selected for critical review. Results: We identified and analyzed research findings related to noise-induced hearing loss, tinnitus, and sleep disturbances along with non-auditory issues such as annoyance, cognitive impairments, and mental stress associated with cardiovascular disorders. Furthermore, the existing studies were compared and collated to highlight the unique challenges and significance of noise pollution as a distinctive environmental concern and to explore the ongoing efforts in its research and prevention, including the early detection and potential reversal of noise-induced hearing loss. Conclusion: The fundamental health consequences of noise pollution underscore the need for extensive research encompassing emerging noise sources and technologies to establish a health management system tailored to address noise-related health concerns and reduce noise exposure risk among populations. Finally, further research is warranted to ensure improved measurement of noise exposure and related health outcomes, especially in the context of occupational noise.
Effect of Ward-Noise-Reduction Management on the Mental Health and Quality of Life of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Huang Xiuqin , Zheng Linxiu , Yang Wenjing , Zhou Sifang , Liu Tianna , Ding Yinrong
Published: June 2024

Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of ward-noise-reduction management on the mental health and quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: The medical records of 275 patients with inflammatory bowel disease admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2020 to January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Routine care was performed for such hospitalized patients from January 2020 to July 2021. Thus, 124 patients were enrolled in the control group. From August 2021 to January 2023, our hospital implemented ward-noise-reduction management for such inpatients, and 151 patients were included in the observation group. The Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ), and the noise level at the time of admission and discharge were compared. Results: No significant difference in the State Anxiety Scale (S-AI), Trait Anxiety Scale (T-AI), and AIS and IBDQ scores at baseline existed between the two groups (P > 0.05). After nursing, the S-AI, T-AI, and AIS scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group, and the IBDQ score of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The noise level of the observation group was lower than that of the control group during hospitalization in maximum sound level and average intermediate (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The application of ward-noise-reduction management in the nursing of patients with inflammatory bowel disease can improve their negative mood, improve their sleep quality, and quality of life, and reduce the ward noise level in maximum sound level and average intermediate, which has high clinical value.
Effects of Natural Delivery and Cesarean Section on the Result of First Hearing Screening of Newborns
Authors: Fu Hui , Wang Feng
Published: June 2024

Background: Early detection and intervention of hearing issues in newborns are crucial for their auditory and speech development, necessitating newborn hearing screenings. This study aimed to investigate the impact of delivery methods, specifically natural delivery and cesarean section, on newborn hearing screening outcomes. Methods and material: A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 600 newborns delivered at The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University between January 2020 and January 2023. The initial hearing screenings used the AccuScreen otoacoustic emission instrument. The study examined the influence of delivery method on the pass rates of newborns’ first hearing screenings within and beyond 48 h postbirth. Results: The pass rates for the initial hearing screenings, conducted within and after 48 h of birth, were significantly higher in the natural delivery group compared to the cesarean section group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, multivariate analysis identified the delivery method as a significant factor influencing the pass rates of newborns’ first hearing screenings. Conclusions: The mode of delivery appears to affect the results of the initial hearing screenings of newborns, though further research is needed to validate these findings.
Neural Mechanisms of Nonauditory Effects of Noise Exposure on Special Populations
Authors: Xue Zixuan , Ling Xinran , Zhao Xinru , Geng Libo
Published: June 2024

Due to the abnormal structure and function of brain neural networks in special populations, such as children, elderly individuals, and individuals with mental disorders, noise exposure is more likely to have negative psychological and cognitive nonauditory effects on these individuals. There are unique and complex neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. For individuals with mental disorders, there are anomalies such as structural atrophy and decreased functional activation in brain regions involved in emotion and cognitive processing, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Noise exposure can worsen these abnormalities in relevant brain regions, further damaging neural plasticity and disrupting normal connections and the transmission of information between the PFC and other brain areas by causing neurotransmitter imbalances. In the case of children, in a noisy environment, brain regions such as the left inferior frontal gyrus and PFC, which are involved in growth and development, are more susceptible to structural and functional changes, leading to neurodegenerative alterations. Furthermore, noise exposure can interrupt auditory processing neural pathways or impair inhibitory functions, thus hindering children’s ability to map sound to meaning in neural processes. For elderly people, age-related shrinkage of brain regions such as the PFC, as well as deficiencies in hormone, neurotransmitter, and nutrient levels, weakens their ability to cope with noise. Currently, it is feasible to propose and apply coping strategies to improve the nonauditory effects of noise exposure on special populations based on the plasticity of the human brain.
Prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Nigeria: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis of Seroprevalence Studies
Authors: Ramalan Mansur Aliyu , Musa Baba Maiyaki , Abdullahi Rabiu Abubakar , Abdullahi Amina , Damagum Fatima
Published: June 2024

Background:

In early 2020, Nigeria recorded its first case of COVID-19. The disease later became a pandemic with devastating consequences on the health and population globally. The exact incidence of the disease in Nigeria has not been reported.

Aim:

We determined pooled estimates, clinical characteristics, outcomes, and disease severity for COVID-19 patients in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:

The search for relevant literature was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines across multiple databases, including PUBMED, Web of Science, AJOL, BIOLINE, Hinari, and Cochrane Library. The search was done from November 1, 2021, to February 2, 2022. Studies of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases with relevant data were included. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, article screening, and data extraction. Studies that did not differentiate between confirmed pathogenic isolates and specimen contamination or colonization were excluded. Of 58 articles, 14 studies were included in qualitative analysis, 77,419 total tested population.

Results:

The study found the prevalence of COVID 19 to be 20.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 13.2–27.4. Of these 16.2% 95% CI: (5.1–26.2) were symptomatic, while 21.3% 95% CI: (12.4–30.2) were asymptomatic. The prevalence based on diagnostic modality was 39.3%; 95% CI (30.2–48.1) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay based rapid diagnostic test, 25.1% 95% CI (19.3–31.1) using polymerase chain reaction based test. Based on study design, the Prevalence was 10.3% 95% CI (4.1–24.2) in cross sectional studies; with 25.1% 95% CI (19.2–31.1) in retrospective study. The regional difference ranges from 11.1%; 95% CI (6.3–28.2) in North Central Nigeria to 42.4%; 95% CI (41.2–44.3) in North Western Nigeria.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, this meta-analysis reported an estimated prevalence of COVID-19 in Nigeria, indicating a moderate community transmission. It also demonstrates a tendency to decline in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 positivity. This finding provides a window of opportunity for strengthening existing preventive intervention measures, enhancing serologic and genomic surveillance, improving clinical management, and improving mobilization towards vaccination, particularly among susceptible populations.
Use of Antiplatelets for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in the Medical Outpatient Setting of a Tertiary Centre in Nigeria: A Six-Month Review
Authors: Okechukwu Uzoma Chukwunonso , Abonyi Chinweuba Michael , Eze Christian Chukwuemeka
Published: June 2024

Background:

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. The use of antiplatelets in the secondary prevention of CVD is well established. Their role in primary prevention of CVD is uncertain.

Aim:

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of antiplatelet prescription as well as the clinical determinants for their use at a medical outpatient setting in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:

The study was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of antiplatelet prescription at the medical outpatient clinic of a Nigerian tertiary hospital over a six-month period. Medical records of 200 adults were selected by the simple random sampling after excluding atrial fibrillation, acute pericarditis, chronic stable angina, acute rheumatic fever, and preeclampsia.

Results:

We studied the records of 200 patients. Antiplatelets were prescribed for the majority of participants (65.5%), out of which 85.5% were for the primary prevention of CVD. Of those receiving antiplatelets for secondary prevention, about eight out of every ten had a prior stroke and/or transient ischemic attack. There was a significant difference in the use of antiplatelets across age groups (χ2 = 45.275 and P < 0.001). Subjects <50 years of age were significantly less likely to use antiplatelet than those 50 years and above (P < 0.001, odds ratio = 0.112, and 95% confidence interval = 0.052–0.245). The odds of hypertensive and diabetic patients receiving antiplatelets were about 12 and 3 times those of patients without hypertension and diabetes, respectively. The use of antiplatelets did not show any significant relationship with sex, duration of hypertension, duration of diabetes, smoking status, congestive heart failure, and chest pain. Of the patients on antiplatelets, 44% were receiving drugs that cause additional bleeding risk. Three percent of patients reported side effects.

Conclusion:

Our study has found a high degree of antiplatelet utilisation for the primary prevention of CVD in spite of the current lack of evidence in recent trials. We encourage formal CVD risk assessment for all patients in whom antiplatelets are considered for primary CVD prevention.
Toothache as the Leading Clinical Symptom of Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Anyimba Solomon Kenechukwu , Okechi Uchenna Chukwuemeka , Chinwike Chike , Nwokoro Onyekachi Chibueze , Uzoigwe Joseph Chukwuma , Amu Okwudili Calistus , Ayogu Benjamin Okafor , Mbadiwe Okezie Michael
Published: June 2024

Metastatic tumours in the oral region are rare and account for approximately 1% of all malignant oral tumours. Metastatic spread to the oral cavity has mostly been found in the jaws compared to the soft tissues but mandibular metastasis as the first manifestation of undiscovered prostate adenocarcinoma is very rare. We present the case of a 56-year-old man that had teeth extraction in a peripheral hospital following a complaint of toothache. Five months after the teeth extraction, he presented at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, with complaints of lower urinary tract symptoms, left jaw pain, left jaw mass, difficulty in opening the mouth, low back pain, lower limb edema, and abdominal distension. After review by the gastroenterology, urology, and maxillofacial teams, the working diagnoses were metastatic prostate cancer, primary jaw tumor, and primary liver cell carcinoma. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan was suggestive of metastatic liver disease from an occult site. It also showed metastatic deposits on the right lung and an enlarged prostate with a suspicious focus. Craniofacial CT scan done was suggestive of an aggressive tumour of the left mandible while prostate-specific antigen was 116.5 ng/mL. He had a digitally guided prostate biopsy and an incisional biopsy of the left jaw mass. Histopathologic examination of both specimens was consistent with adenocarcinoma, hence establishing a diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the left jaw, the liver, and the right lung.
Prevalence of Dysglycaemia and Diabetes Mellitus amongst Adults in High-burden Kidney Disease Areas of Jigawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Ibrahim Usman Muhammad , Karkarna Mustapha Zakariyya , Babura Salisu Muazu , Zubairu Zahrau , Namadi Faruk Abdullahi , Ringim Sadiq Hassan , Shehu Usman Lawal , Sidi Kamalu Shehu , Buba Luka Fitto , Jalo Rabiu Ibrahim , Tsiga-Ahmed Fatimah Ismail , Abdulsalam Kabiru , Ringim Saadatu Uba , Jibo Abubakar Mohammed
Published: June 2024

Background:

Dysglycaemia and diabetes mellitus (DM) are important and preventable risk factors associated with kidney diseases, cardiovascular complications, and mortality worldwide.

Aim:

This study aimed to identify the prevalence and factors associated with dysglycaemia and diabetes among adults in high-burden kidney disease areas of Jigawa State, Northwest Nigeria.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey of representative sample of 361 adults, aged ≥18 years, was conducted in four local government areas (LGAs) of Jigawa State, considered to have a high burden of kidney disease requiring hemodialysis. Data were collected using a modified World Health Organization STEPS questionnaire using a multistage sampling technique and were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0, with statistical significance set at P ≤ 0.05.

Results:

The minimum age of the respondents was 18 and the maximum was 102 with a median of 45 (interquartile range = 30–80) years. The majority of the respondents 89.5% were >24 years of age. The prevalence of dysglycemia and DM in the high-burden LGAs was 10.5% and 3.6%, respectively. Dutse LGA had the highest prevalence of dysglycemia 16.7%, followed by Hadejia LGA with a prevalence of 12.2%. On the other hand, Hadejia LGA had the highest prevalence of DM 7.7%, followed by Jahun LGA with a prevalence of 3.3%. Age ≥40 years, family histories of diabetes, being overweight, alcohol ingestion, and previous blood sugar tests were identified as factors associated with DM. The odds of developing diabetes were significantly higher among those with a reported history of alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes, and overweight.

Conclusion:

Dysglycaemia and diabetes are significant public health problems, and many people who have the conditions are unaware they have them. Family history of diabetes, alcohol ingestion, and overweight are important risk factors. The government and all the relevant stakeholders should prioritize community screening and other relevant interventions for early detection and timely management of cases.
Ocular Complications in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease in Lagos – A Comparative Study
Authors: Oliyide Kuburat , Ilo Olubanke Theodora , Babalola Olufemi Emmanuel , Adenekan Tunji , Kehinde Michael Olufemi , Tade Aribaba Olufisayo , Akinsola Folasade
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

Sickle cell disease has been associated with ocular complications in several studies. However, it has not often been compared with nonhemoglobinopathy controls.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to determine the ocular complications of sickle cell disease patients compared with controls in Lagos.

Study Design:

This was an open-label comparative study.

Materials and Methods:

Consecutive consenting confirmed sickle cell disease patients with hemoglobin SS and hemoglobin SC (HbSS and HbSC) were recruited, as were age- and sex-matched hemoglobin AA (HbAA) (non-HbSS/HbSC) controls. All had genotype screened, interviewed, and examined. Systemic comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, human immunodeficiency virus, etc.) were excluded. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

One hundred Non hemoglobinopathy controls HbAA versus 100 Sickle cell cases (85 HbSS plus 15 HbSC) were recruited. The mean age was similar in both cases (26.85 years) and controls (27.55 years). There were 118 male versus 82 female respondents. Cases (77%) had yellow eye discoloration compared to zero controls. Cases (63%) had conjunctival sickle sign, none in controls. Cases (17%) had retinal vascular tortuosity and only 1% of controls. Potentially blinding proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSR) was found in 20% of HbSC and in 7.1% of HbSS patients, none in controls. There was a significant association with age and ptosis in cases (P = 0.001), no significant association between gender and ocular findings.

Conclusions:

Ophthalmic manifestations occur in sickle cell disease patients. Prompt initial and periodic ophthalmic evaluation is recommended in all hemoglobin HbSS and HbSC patients to identify lesions amenable to treatment.
The Prevalence of Maternal Obesity at First Antenatal Visit and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study in a Southern Nigerian Region
Authors: Akpan Ubong Bassey , Akpanika Chinyere , Okpebri Komommo Okoi , Udeke Ugochukwu , Etuk S. J.
Published: June 2024

Background:

Alarmingly, high prevalence of obesity has been reported globally. There is a paucity of data on maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity among pregnant women at their first antenatal visit and its impact on pregnancy outcome.

Patients, Materials and Methods:

This was an institution-based prospective cohort study involving 1050 pregnant women. Their baseline body mass index (BMI) was calculated and obesity was diagnosed based on the World Health Organisation cutoff of 30 kg/m2. They were followed up to delivery and major maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared between the obese and nonobese women using appropriate statistical models.

Results:

The prevalence of obesity at the first ANC visit among the women was 29.55%. Obese pregnant women had higher risk for hypertensive disorders (P = 0.049, relative risk [RR] =1.40; 95% [CI]: 1.02–1.92) and gestational diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), (P = 0.003, RR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.59–3.35). Other maternal outcomes were comparable in both groups. Obese women also had higher risk of giving birth to a macrosomic infant (P = 0.001, RR = 2.65; 95% CI: 2.23–3.15). Baseline BMI had stronger positive correlation with infant birth weight than gestational weight gain (r = 0.43 vs. r = 0.18), respectively.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of obesity in pregnancy in this region is high and carries higher risk for major pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and GDM as well as giving birth to a macrosomic infant. Prepregnant lifestyle modification is, therefore, advised for such women.
Action on the circle at infinity of foliations of ${\mathbb{R}}^{2}$
Authors: Bonatti Christian
Published: June 2024

This paper provides a canonical compactification of the plane

{\mathbb{R}}^{2}

by adding a circle at infinity associated to a countable family of singular foliations or laminations (under some hypotheses), generalizing an idea by Mather (1982). Moreover, any homeomorphism of

{\mathbb{R}}^{2}

preserving the foliations extends on the circle at infinity. Then, this paper provides conditions ensuring the minimality of the action on the circle at infinity induced by an action on

{\mathbb{R}}^{2}

preserving one foliation or two transverse foliations. In particular, the action on the circle at infinity associated to an Anosov flow

X

on a closed

3

-manifold is minimal if and only if

X

is non-

{\mathbb{R}}

-covered.
Cohort profile: understanding health service system needs for people with intellectual disability using linked data in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Reppermund Simone , Srasuebkul Preeyaporn , Vajdic Claire M. , Pearson Sallie-Anne , Moorin Rachael E. , Trollor Julian N.
Published: June 2024

This cohort profile describes one of the largest linked datasets in the world concerning the health of people with intellectual disability. The cohort comprises a retrospective group of 100,089 individuals with intellectual disability who received disability and/or health services in New South Wales, Australia. Of these participants, 34% were female, with a median age at cohort entry of 3 years (interquartile range, 0-19). A separate comparator cohort included 455,677 individuals, matched by 5-year age group, sex, and residential postcode at a 5:1 ratio. Initial results indicate that between 2001 and 2018, people with intellectual disability experienced more than double the rate of hospitalisations (538 vs. 235 per 1,000 person-years), as well as markedly higher rates of emergency department presentations (707 vs. 379 per 1,000 person-years) and use of ambulatory mental health services (1,012 vs. 157 per 1,000 person-years), relative to the comparator cohort. The largest disparities in hospital admissions were for mental disorders, dialysis, and diseases of the nervous system and sense organs. Furthermore, individuals with intellectual disability had more than double the rate of dispensed medications found in the comparator cohort. Of these medications, 46.6% were for the treatment of nervous system conditions, as opposed to 24.7% for the comparator cohort. The mean±standard deviation age at death was 52±19 years for people with intellectual disability and 64±22 years for the comparator participants.
Comparison of HIV characteristics across 3 datasets: the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study prospective, retrospective, and national reporting system
Authors: Choi Yunsu , Choi Jun Yong , Choi Bo Youl , Park Bo Young , Kim Shin-Woo , Song Joon Young , Kim Jung Ho , Kim Sang Il
Published: June 2024

OBJECTIVES: The Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study has been conducted prospectively for 18 years. However, it faces limitations in representing the entire population of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Korea. To address these limitations and validate the study design, we analyzed characteristics across several HIV datasets.METHODS: We compared epidemiological and clinical characteristics from 3 datasets: the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (dataset 1, n=1,562), retrospective cohort data (dataset 2, n=2,665), and the national HIV reporting system of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) (dataset 3, n=17,403).RESULTS: The demographic characteristics of age, sex, and age at HIV diagnosis did not differ significantly across datasets. However, dataset 3 contained a higher proportion of patients diagnosed after 2008 (69.5%) than the other datasets. Regarding transmission routes, same-sex contact accounted for a greater proportion of dataset 1 (59.8%) compared to datasets 2 (20.9%) and 3 (32.6%). The proportion of patients with CD4 T-cell counts below 200/mm3 at HIV diagnosis was higher in datasets 1 (39.4%) and 2 (33.3%) compared to dataset 3 (16.3%). Initial HIV viral load measurements were not obtained for dataset 3.CONCLUSIONS: The Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study demonstrated representativeness regarding the demographic characteristics of Korean patients. Of the sources, dataset 1 contained the most data on transmission routes. While the KDCA data encompassed all HIV patients, it lacked detailed clinical information. To improve the representativeness of the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study, we propose expanding and revising the cohort design and enrolling more patients who have been recently diagnosed.
Rate of convergence of Thresholding Greedy Algorithms
Authors: Temlyakov Vladimir Nikolaevich
Published: June 2024

The rate of convergence of the classical Thresholding Greedy Algorithm with respect to some bases is studied. We bound the error of approximation by the product of two norms, the norm of $f$ and the $A_1$-norm of $f$. We obtain some results for greedy bases, unconditional bases and quasi-greedy bases. In particular, we prove that our bounds for the trigonometric basis and Haar basis are optimal.
Bibliography: 16 titles.
Continuous Combustion General Purpose Engine System
Authors: Kashmerick Jerry E. , Shedd Timothy A.
Published: June 2024

A modified Brayton cycle is incorporated into a continuous combustion engine system. This 6-stroke engine system is described and illustrated with pressure-volume diagrams. Potential advantages over the traditional 4-stroke Otto cycle are reviewed in the areas of emissions, flexible-fuel use, energy conversion efficiency, and noise. A detailed 1-D air standard thermodynamic model of the K6 cycle is generated and used to investigate the potential efficiency of this cycle and analyzed from partial throttle to wide-open throttle power output. The affects of compression ratio and expansion variations on efficiency are evaluated. The power output and power density are estimated. Key assumptions in the analysis of the thermodynamic model are discussed. Comparisons are made to a similar level of analysis of an Otto cycle 4-stroke engine. A utility engine simulating this cycle operating on compressed air is described.
Influence of blend fuels on combustion characteristics for small diesel engine
Authors: SUGIYAMA Hiroaki , KAWAKAMI Tadashige
Published: June 2024

In practical diesel engines it is necessary to achieve a low emission and low fuel consumption with high load operation. Several techniques were developed for reducing the emissions and fuel consumption from diesel engines, such as EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) and blend fuels. Nevertheless, there are only very few data available for reducing the emissions and fuel consumption in small diesel engines (100-250cc) by using blend fuels. As the first step of this study, experiments have been carried out to examine the influence of blend fuels on combustion characteristics in small diesel engine. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The maximum burning pressure for water emulsion oil is smaller than that of light oil. 2) NOx emission of light fuel with coconut oil is higher than that of light oil. 3) It is possible to improve the combustion behavior by using blend fuel for small diesel engines.
Effect of Fuel Injection Rate on the Performance of a 2-Stroke CNG Spark-Ignition Engine with Scavenging-Port Injection
Authors: NAKAMURA Hiroshi , FUKUSHIMA Takenori , KISHIMOTO Hideo , ARAKI Mikiya , SHIGA Seiichi , NAKAMURA Hisao , OBOKATA Tomio
Published: June 2024

The most serious problem in a 2-stroke spark-ignition engine is poor trapping of fresh charge. To solve this problem, a scavenging-port injection was applied, and a fuel injection pipe (FIP) was installed at the injector tip. In a previous study, it was shown that the BSFC and emission characteristics were drastically improved. In the present study, effect of increase in the fuel injection rate was investigated. It is shown that the BSFC and the THC emissions improved at high engine speeds, while they slightly deteriorate at low engine speeds. The increase in the fuel injection rate is effective particularly at high engine speeds, where the scavenging duration becomes shorter.
Fuel Behavior Model-Based Injection Control for Motorcycle Port-Injection Gasoline Engines
Authors: TANABE Hiroki , TORIGOSHI Masaki , SAKODA Shigeho
Published: June 2024

Today, environmental issues have become major global issues. Under these social circumstances, restrictions on vehicles powered by internal-combustion engines have become increasingly stringent. While, many models of motorcycle are intended for hobbyists, and enjoyment is a major factor in the appeal of these products. So it is necessary to simultaneously realize improved environmental performance and heightened enjoyment. Therefore, the authors focused on controlling the richness of the mixture, the air-fuel ratio. In the case of intake port-injection engines, it is common these days to control fuel injection using a fuel model that takes fuel adhered in the intake port into consideration, in order to control the air-fuel ratio. When this method of control is used, it is necessary to derive the ratio of injected fuel that adheres inside the intake pipe and the ratio of adhered fuel that is drawn into the cylinder. However, it is difficult to actually measure these values, and the ratios need to be estimated. Therefore, the authors developed appropriate technologies to derive the fuel adhesion ratio and fuel removal ratio statistically using the system identification approach, thereby achieving highly accurate air-fuel ratio control.