bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Brain Deuterium Metabolic Imaging at 7 T: Impact of Different [6,6′‐2H2]Glucose Doses
Authors: Ahmadian Narjes , Konig Maaike M. , Otto Sigrid , Tesselaar Kiki , van Eijsden Pieter , Gosselink Mark , Gursan Ayhan , Klomp Dennis W. , Prompers Jeanine J. , Wiegers Evita C.
Published: July 2024

Background

Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) is an innovative, noninvasive metabolic MR imaging method conducted after administration of 2H‐labeled substrates. DMI after [6,6′‐2H2]glucose consumption has been used to investigate brain metabolic processes, but the impact of different [6,6′‐2H2]glucose doses on DMI brain data is not well known.

Purpose

To investigate three different [6,6′‐2H2]glucose doses for DMI in the human brain at 7 T.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Six healthy participants (age: 28 ± 8 years, male/female: 3/3).

Field Strength/Sequence

7 T, 3D 2H free‐induction‐decay (FID)‐magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) sequence.

Assessment

Three subjects received two different doses (0.25 g/kg, 0.50 g/kg or 0.75 g/kg body weight) of [6,6′‐2H2]glucose on two occasions and underwent consecutive 2H‐MRSI scans for 120 minutes. Blood was sampled every 10 minutes during the scan, to determine plasma glucose levels and plasma 2H‐Glucose atom percent excess (APE) (part‐1). Three subjects underwent the same protocol once after receiving 0.50 g/kg [6,6′‐2H2]glucose (part‐2).

Statistical Test

Mean plasma 2H‐Glucose APE and glucose plasma concentrations were compared using one‐way ANOVA. Brain 2H‐Glc and brain 2H‐Glx (part‐1) were analyzed with a two‐level Linear Mixed Model. In part‐2, a General Linear Model was used to compare brain metabolite signals. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

Between 60 and 100 minutes after ingesting [6,6′‐2H2]glucose, plasma 2H‐Glc APE did not differ between 0.50 g/kg and 0.75 g/kg doses (P = 0.961), but was significantly lower for 0.25 g/kg. Time and doses significantly affected brain 2H‐Glucose levels (estimate ± standard error [SE]: 0.89 ± 0.01, 1.09 ± 0.01, and 1.27 ± 0.01, for 0.25 g/kg, 0.50 g/kg, and 0.75 g/kg, respectively) and brain 2H‐Glutamate/Glutamine levels (estimate ± SE: 1.91 ± 0.03, 2.27 ± 0.03, and 2.46 ± 0.03, for 0.25 g/kg, 0.50 g/kg, and 0.75 g/kg, respectively). Plasma 2H‐Glc APE, brain 2H‐Glc, and brain 2H‐Glx levels were comparable among subjects receiving 0.50 g/kg [6,6′‐2H2]glucose.

Data Conclusion

Brain 2H‐Glucose and brain 2H‐Glutamate/Glutamine showed to be [6,6′‐2H2]glucose dose dependent. A dose of 0.50 g/kg demonstrated comparable, and well‐detectable, 2H‐Glucose and 2H‐Glutamate/Glutamine signals in the brain.

Evidence Level

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates mild‐moderate COVID‐19 associated diarrhoea and depression symptoms: A prospective study of a randomized, double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Jiang Xia , Gao Xian , Ding Jiaqi , Pang Bo , Pei Yongbin , Zhao Zifeng , Zhao Ning , Wang Zibin , Chen Chengyang , Gao Da , Yan Fu , Wang Feifan , Liu Chengcheng , Zhang Zheng , Li Zhongxin , Zhao Zengren
Published: July 2024

Currently, the emergence of the endemic Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) situation still poses a serious threat to public health. However, it remains elusive about the role of fecal microbiota transplantation in treating COVID‐19. We performed a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial enrolling a cohort of 40 COVID‐19 patients with mild‐moderate symptoms. Our results showed that fecal microbiota transplantation provided an amelioration in diarrhoea (p = 0.026) of digestive system and depression (p = 0.006) of neuropsychiatric‐related symptom in COVID‐19 patients, respectively. Meanwhile, we found that the number of patients with diarrhoea decreased from 19 to 0 on day 7 after fecal microbiota transplantation treatment, and it was statistically changed compared to the placebo group (p = 0.047). Of note, the serum concentration of aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐alanine aminotransferase ratio (AST/ALT, fecal microbiota transplantation, pre vs. post: 0.966 vs. 0.817), a biomarker for predicting long COVID‐19, was significantly reduced by fecal microbiota transplantation. In all, our study supports that fecal microbiota transplantation could be a novel therapeutic strategy for COVID‐19 patients with diarrhoea and depressive symptoms, which is potentially valuable in ameliorating long COVID‐19 symptoms.
Interleukin‐2‐mediated CD4 T‐cell activation correlates highly with effective serological and T‐cell responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination in people living with HIV
Authors: Gupta Akshita , Righi Elda , Konnova Angelina , Sciammarella Concetta , Spiteri Gianluca , Van Averbeke Vincent , Berkell Matilda , Hotterbeekx An , Sartor Assunta , Mirandola Massimo , Malhotra‐Kumar Surbhi , Azzini Anna Maria , Pezzani Diletta , Monaco Maria Grazia Lourdes , Vanham Guido , Porru Stefano , Tacconelli Evelina , Kumar‐Singh Samir
Published: July 2024

People living with HIV (PLWH) despite having an appreciable depletion of CD4+ T‐cells show a good severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination response. The underlying mechanism(s) are currently not understood. We studied serological and polyfunctional T‐cell responses in PLWH receiving anti‐retroviral therapy stratified on CD4+ counts as PLWH‐high (CD4 ≥ 500 cells/mm3) and PLWH‐low (<500 cells/mm3). Responses were assessed longitudinally before the first vaccination (T0), 1‐month after the first dose (T1), 3‐months (T2), and 6‐months (T3) after the second dose. Expectedly, both PLWH‐high and ‐low groups developed similar serological responses after T2, which were also non‐significantly different from age and vaccination‐matched HIV‐negative controls at T3. The immunoglobulin G titers were also protective showing a good correlation with angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2‐neutralizations (R = 0.628, p = 0.005). While surface and intracellular activation analysis showed no significant difference at T3 between PLWH and controls in activated CD4+CD154+ and CD4+ memory T‐cells, spike‐specific CD4+ polyfunctional cytokine expression analysis showed that PLWH preferentially express interleukin (IL)‐2 (p < 0.001) and controls, interferon‐γ (p = 0.017). CD4+ T‐cell counts negatively correlated with IL‐2‐expressing CD4+ T‐cells including CD4+ memory T‐cells (Spearman ρ: −0.85 and −0.80, respectively; p < 0.001). Our results suggest that the durable serological and CD4+ T‐cell responses developing in vaccinated PLWH are associated with IL‐2‐mediated CD4+ T‐cell activation that likely compensates for CD4+ T‐cell depletion in PLWH.
Prospective identification of medication harm in geriatric inpatients using a modified trigger tool
Authors: Wang Andre , Lam Jonathan Yong Jie , Falconer Nazanin , Barras Michael
Published: July 2024

Background

Medication harm (MH) causes patient morbidity and is a major healthcare burden. Research into MH is growing, but effective methods to identify MH are debated. The prevalence of MH is often based on an incomplete, retrospective chart review or spontaneous reporting, reliant on busy clinicians. A practical and clinically relevant method to detect MH is required. A trigger tool (TT) offers a solution.

Aim

To evaluate a modified TT to prospectively detect MH and determine the prevalence and severity of MH in a geriatric population.

Method

An international TT was peer evaluated and modified for use in a geriatric ward of a quaternary hospital. Patients were recruited over a 6‐month period. The TT was applied to prospectively help identify MH, which was assessed for causality and severity. Positive predictive values (PPV) were estimated for each trigger to determine its sensitivity in identifying MH. Ethics approval was granted by the Metro South Human Research Ethics Committee (Reference no: HREC/2022/QMS/80654) and the study conforms to the Australian National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research. Informed consent was obtained from all participants through completion of a written consent form, after a full explanation of the protocol design.

Results

Fifty patients consented, of which 16 (32%) patients experienced one or more MH events. A total of 257 triggers were activated (mean of 5.14 per patient) and 31 (12%) predicted an event. Of the 31 events, 19 (61.3%) events were rated as mild and 12 (38.7%) events were rated as moderate to severe. The most common events were bleeding/large bruising, major constipation, diarrhoea, and vomiting. The triggers with the highest PPV included triggers T5 (bleeding/bruising), T9 (gastrointestinal disorders), and T11 (major constipation) with PPVs of 0.455, 0.238, and 0.286, respectively.

Conclusion

A modified TT helped to detect MH in a geriatric population and will aid in identifying events in future studies.
Three‐dimensional fiber patterning in the annulus fibrosus can be derived from vertebral endplate topography
Authors: Raza Ali , Howell Gwynneth T. , Michalek Arthur J.
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The annulus fibrosus (AF) of the Intervertebral disc (IVD) is composed of concentric lamellae of helically wound collagen fibers. Understanding the spatial variation of collagen fiber orientations in these lamellae, and the resulting material anisotropy, is crucial to predicting the mechanical behavior of the complete IVD.

Methods

This study builds on a prior model predicated on path‐independent displacement of fiber endpoints during vertebral body growth to predict a complete, three‐dimensional annulus fibrosus fiber network from a small number of subject‐independent input parameters and vertebral endplate topographies obtained from clinical imaging. To evaluate the model, it was first fit to mid‐plane fiber orientations obtained using polarized light microscopy in a population of bovine caudal discs for which computed tomography images vertebral endplates were also available. Additionally, the model was used to predict the trajectories based on human lumbar disc geometries and results were compared to previously reported data. Finally, the model was employed to investigate potential disc‐related variations in fiber angle distributions.

Results

The model was able to accurately predict experimentally measured fiber distributions in both bovine and human discs using only endplate topography and three input parameters. Critically, the model recapitulated previously observed asymmetry between the inclinations of right‐ and left‐handed fibers in the posterolateral aspect of the human AF. Level to level variation of disc height and aspect ratio in the human lumbar spine was predicted to affect absolute values of fiber inclination, but not this asymmetry.

Conclusion

Taken together these results suggest that patient‐specific distributions of AF fiber orientation may be readily incorporated into computational models of the spine using only disc geometry and a small number of subject‐independent parameters.
Trust dynamics in sharing economy services during a crisis: A comparison between Airbnb and Uber
Authors: Amrollahi Alireza , Kummer Tyge‐F. , Rajaeian Mehdi , (Hana) Hadinejad Arghavan
Published: July 2024

This study investigates trust dynamics in sharing economy services during the COVID‐19 crisis, comparing Airbnb and Uber as prominent representatives of accommodation and transportation services in tourism. Guided by two research questions, the study first explores the antecedents and mechanisms of trust creation on these platforms and then examines how the global pandemic affected trust in these services. The findings reveal that structural assurance, privacy protection, and social influence (only for Uber) are key antecedents of trust. Trust, in turn, significantly influences perceived usefulness and the intention to use both platforms. The results also show that perceived risk, heightened by COVID‐19 concerns, negatively moderates the relationship between trust and usage intention. Comparing the two platforms, Airbnb exhibited higher levels of structural assurance, perceived usefulness, social influence, and usage intentions than Uber. Theoretically, this study advances knowledge by integrating technology acceptance literature with trust‐focused insights from tourism research. Practically, the findings guide sharing economy platforms in enhancing user trust and intention, particularly during crises.
Influence of responsible tourism practices on the destination perceptions of tourists
Authors: Mathew Paul V. , Cabral Clement , Mohandas Nimmi P.
Published: July 2024

Tourism destination development and visitor satisfaction are significantly enhanced by responsible tourism practices. Responsible tourism should be taken into consideration as a policy choice being a strategic marketing tool improving destination quality and tourist satisfaction. This study is an effort to comprehend how responsible tourism practices affect visitor satisfaction, re‐visit intention, and word‐of‐mouth. The study also took into account how visitors' awareness of responsible tourism mediated their satisfaction with their experiences while visiting the area. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed model from the data gathered from 548 tourists. Results revealed that responsible tourism practices significantly improved visitor satisfaction, followed by increased likelihood of returning and favorable word‐of‐mouth recommendations.
Thermo‐Compressed Films of Poly(butylene succinate) Reinforced with Cellulose Fibers Obtained from Rice Straw by Green Extraction Methods
Authors: Olivas‐Alonso Carmen , Freitas Pedro A. V. , Torres‐Giner Sergio , Chiralt Amparo
Published: July 2024

In this study, two green extraction methods are explored to valorize rice straw into cellulose fibers (CFs), namely subcritical water extraction (SWE) and combined ultrasound‐heating treatment (USHT). The resultant fibers are, thereafter, successfully pretreated with (3‐glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPS) and incorporated at 3% wt into poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) by melt‐mixing. The green composites are shaped into films by thermo‐compression and characterized in terms of their performance for food packaging applications. The chemical analysis of the fibers reveals that SWE is more effective to selectively remove hemicelluloses than USHT, whereas silanization promotes the removal of lignin in both fiber types. Fiber incorporation, more notably in the case of the silanized fibers, restricts the movement of the PBS chains, indicating good interaction with the biopolyester matrix. In particular, CFs act as antinucleating agents in PBS, delaying both glass transition and crystallization from the melt phenomena and hindering crystal formation. Furthermore, the fibers mechanically reinforce and improve the oxygen barrier of the PBS films. The highest barrier enhancement is obtained for the thermo‐compressed composite film with silanized fibers obtained by SWE, yielding a decrease of nearly 20% in the permeability to oxygen versus the unfilled PBS film.
Encouraging prosocial consumer behaviour: A review of influencer and digital marketing literature
Authors: Li Xiaoqian , Liu Yeyi , Zhu Jingyu , Lou Jingyi
Published: July 2024

Prosocial consumer behaviours, or actions taken by consumers intended to benefit others, are essential for society's stability. Thus, marketers need to systematically develop strategies that promote such intentions among consumers. Influencer marketing is a particularly effective strategy. We systematically review and propose how to encourage prosocial consumer behaviour, depending on consumers' capability, opportunity, and motivation. In Study 1, a scoping review of 15 articles on influencer marketing encouraging prosocial consumer behaviour yields a research map that confirms the relevance of influencer marketing in encouraging such behaviour. In Study 2, a bibliometric review of 867 articles on prosocial consumer behaviour results in a keyword map that identifies critical factors influencing prosocial consumer behaviour. The findings offer future research directions on influencer marketing to encourage prosocial consumer behaviour. More importantly, we propose practical digital interventions for encouraging prosocial consumer behaviour. This research provides a state‐of‐the‐art overview of prosocial consumer behaviour and illustrates how influencer marketing can promote prosocial consumer behaviour.
Fifty years of deceptive marketing research: A systematic review and future research agenda
Authors: Welch Emma G. , Galvan John M.
Published: July 2024

Deceptive marketing practices have continued to emerge as a persistent and difficult challenge that affects marketing exchanges and government agents alike. While thorough reviews have previously emerged to explore each of the multifaceted areas of deceptive marketing practices, the current review seeks a more holistic perspective. Utilizing an exhaustive systematic review of peer‐reviewed journal articles (n = 92), the goal of the current work is threefold: (1) review and integrate existing research, (2) identify common themes to develop a comprehensive framework for deception, and (3) map future avenues for research. To accomplish this, the literature was reviewed to identify specific eras pivotal to the 50‐year evolution of deceptive marketing, which revealed several notable observations: a continuously evolving definition, an insufficient depth of theoretical underpinnings, and a vast breadth of construct diversity. After providing a clear definition for deceptive marketing, a new framework is proposed to view the deception literature based on a thematic approach (advertising, ethics & public policy, deceptive marketing tactics, covert marketing communication) encompassed by exogenous factors (posttruth phenomena, impact proximity, social consensus, and exchange type). Future research accompanies the new robust framework in the hopes that the current research will guide future researchers in expanding the domain of deceptive marketing research cohesively.
Enhancing CO2 Transport Across the PEG/PPG‐Based Crosslinked Rubbery Polymer Membranes with a Sterically Bulky Carbazole‐Based ROMP Comonomer
Authors: Kabir Md. Homayun , Kannan Senthil , Veetil Kavya Adot , Sun Eun Kyu , Kim Tae‐Hyun
Published: July 2024

A series of poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(propylene glycol) (PEG/PPG)‐ and 5,6‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)isoindoline‐1,3‐dione (2CZPImide)‐based crosslinked rubbery polymer membranes, denoted as PEG/PPG‐2CZPImide (x:y), are prepared from the norbornene‐functionalized PEG/PPG oligomer (NB‐PEG/PPG‐NB) and 2‐(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2‐ylmethyl)‐5,6‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)isoindoline‐1,3‐dione (2CZPImide‐NB) via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The molar ratio (x:y) of the NB‐PEG/PPG‐NB (x) to 2CZPImide‐NB (y) monomers is varied from 10:1 to 6:1. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), and pure gas permeability studies reveal that the comonomer 2CZPImide‐NB successfully increases the d‐spacing among the crystalline PEG/PPG segments, hence enhancing the diffusivity of gases through the membranes. The synthesized membranes exhibit good CO2 separation performance, with CO2 permeabilities ranging from 311.1 to 418.1 Barrer and CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivities of 39.4–52.0 and 13.4–16.0, respectively, approaching the 2008 Robeson upper bound. Moreover, PEG/PPG‐2CZPImide (6:1), displaying optimal CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivities, shows long‐term stability against physical aging and plasticization resistance up to 20 days and 10 atm, respectively.
Symptom Network Analysis in a Large Sample of Children and Adults with a Chronic Tic Disorder
Authors: Forlim Caroline Garcia , Brandt Valerie , Jakubovski Ewgeni , Ganos Christos , Kühn Simone , Müller‐Vahl Kirsten
Published: July 2024

Background

Chronic tic disorders (CTD) are multifaceted disorders characterized by multiple motor and/or vocal tics. They are often associated with complex tics including echophenomena, paliphenomena, and coprophenomena as well as psychiatric comorbidities such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD).

Objectives

Our goal was to uncover the inter‐relational structure of CTD and comorbid symptoms in children and adults and to understand changes in symptom structure across development.

Methods

We used network and graph analyses to uncover the structure of association of symptoms in childhood/adolescence (n = 529) and adulthood (n = 503) and how this structure might change from childhood to adulthood, pinpointing core symptoms as a main target for interventions.

Results

The analysis yielded core symptom networks in young and adult patients with CTD including complex tics and tic‐related phenomena as well as touching people and objects. Core symptoms in childhood also included ADHD symptoms, whereas core symptoms in adults included symptoms of OCD instead. Interestingly, self‐injurious behavior did not play a core role in the young CTD network, but became one of the central symptoms in adults with CDT. In addition, we found strong connections between complex motor and vocal tics as well as echolalia and echopraxia.

Conclusions

Next to other complex tics, echophenomena, paliphenomena, and coprophenomena can be regarded core symptoms of CTD. ADHD symptoms are closely related to CTD in childhood, whereas symptoms of OCD and self‐injurious behavior are closely associated with CTD in adults. Our results suggest that a differentiation between motor and vocal tics is somewhat arbitrary.
Study: Racial disparities in MH worsened during pandemic
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: July 2024

Mental health disparities that were already present for racial/ethnic minorities prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic only worsened during the public health crisis, suggests a newly published analysis of data from a Los Angeles County survey.
Design of calibration‐free RF pulses for T 2$$ {}_2 $$‐weighted single‐slab 3D turbo‐spin‐echo sequences at 7T utilizing parallel transmission
Authors: Lowen Daniel , Pracht Eberhard D. , Gras Vincent , Massire Aurelien , Mauconduit Franck , Stoecker Tony , Boulant Nicolas
Published: July 2024

Purpose

T‐weighted turbo‐spin‐echo (TSE) sequences are a fundamental technique in brain imaging but suffer from field inhomogeneities at ultra‐high fields. Several methods have been proposed to mitigate the problem, but were limited so far to nonselective three‐dimensional (3D) measurements, making short acquisitions difficult to achieve when targeting very high resolution images, or needed additional calibration procedures, thus complicating their application.

Methods

Slab‐selective excitation pulses were designed for flexible placement utilizing the concept of k‐spokes. Phase‐coherent refocusing universal pulses were subsequently optimized with the Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering algorithm and tested in vivo for improved signal homogeneity.

Results

Implemented within a 3D variable flip angle TSE sequence, these pulses led to a signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) improvement ranging from 10% to 30% compared to a two‐dimensional (2D) T2w TSE sequence employing ‐shimmed pulses. field inhomogeneities could be mitigated and artifacts from deviations reduced. The concept of universal pulses was successfully applied.

Conclusion

We present a pulse design method which provides a set of calibration‐free universal pulses (UPs) for slab‐selective excitation and phase‐coherent refocusing in slab‐selective TSE sequences.
Automatic removal of large blood vasculature for objective assessment of brain tumors using quantitative dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kesari Anshika , Yadav Virendra Kumar , Gupta Rakesh Kumar , Singh Anup
Published: July 2024

The presence of a normal large blood vessel (LBV) in a tumor region can impact the evaluation of quantitative dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) parameters and tumor classification. Hence, there is a need for automatic removal of LBVs from brain tissues including intratumoral regions for achieving an objective assessment of tumors. This retrospective study included 103 histopathologically confirmed brain tumor patients who underwent MRI, including DCE‐MRI data acquisition. Quantitative DCE‐MRI analysis was performed for computing various parameters such as wash‐out slope (Slope‐2), relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF), blood plasma volume fraction (Vp), and volume transfer constant (Ktrans). An approach based on data‐clustering algorithm, morphological operations, and quantitative DCE‐MRI maps was proposed for the segmentation of normal LBVs in brain tissues, including the tumor region. Here, three widely used data‐clustering algorithms were evaluated on two types of quantitative maps: (a) Slope‐2, and (b) a new proposed combination of rCBV and Slope‐2 maps. Fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery‐MRI hyperintense lesions were also automatically segmented using deep learning‐based architecture. The accuracy of LBV segmentation was qualitatively assessed blindly by two experienced observers, and Likert scoring was also obtained from each individual and compared using Cohen's Kappa test, and multiple statistical features from quantitative DCE‐MRI parameters were obtained in the segmented tumor. t‐test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed for comparing the effect of removal of LBVs on parameters as well as on tumor grading. k‐means clustering exhibited better accuracy and computational efficiency. Tumors, in particular high‐grade gliomas (HGGs), showed a high contrast compared with normal tissues (relative % difference = 18.5%) on quantitative maps after the removal of LBVs. Statistical features (95th percentile values) of all parameters in the tumor region showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between with and without LBV maps. Similar results were obtained for the ROC curve analysis for differentiation between low‐grade gliomas and HGGs. Moreover, after the removal of LBVs, the rCBV, rCBF, and Vp maps show better visualization of tumor regions.
Integration of carbon nanotube yarns into glass‐fiber reinforced composites for electrical self‐sensing of damage under cyclic bending and impact loading
Authors: Uribe‐Riestra G. , Pech‐Pisté R. , Avilés F.
Published: July 2024

Continuously long carbon nanotube yarns (CNTYs) were integrated into glass fiber weave/vinyl ester composites to act as electrical sensing elements to self‐monitoring damage. A grid comprising one longitudinal and three transverse CNTYs, running through the 125 mm long flexural specimen, was integrated into the top and bottom layers of glass fiber weaves to allow monitoring of the electrical resistance and locate damage. Four‐point bending specimens were tested under cyclic flexural loading, alternating with low‐velocity impacts to monitor damage initiation and progression. The electrical response of the CNTY grid is able to pinpoint the region where damage initiates, accumulates, and propagates under cycling loading, triggered or not by impact. The damage location identified by the electrical response of CNTYs is supported by in situ in‐plane and through‐thickness strain fields measured by digital image correlation (DIC). The correlation between the electrical technique and the DIC‐measured strain fields indicate that the majority of damage occurs through interlaminar stresses at or near the supports and/or loading introduction elements of the flexural test rig. Integrating CNTYs into structural composites enables online damage monitoring, leading to intelligent condition‐based maintenance for naval ships, aircrafts, and other structures, ultimately extending service life and reducing costs.

Highlights

CNTYs were integrated into composites for damage self‐sensing.

Electrical response of CNTYs pinpoints the region of damage.

Damage caused by cyclic bending and low velocity impacts were identified.

Electrically identified damage is supported by DIC.
Synthesis and characterization of biobased copolyesters based on pentanediol: (2) Poly(pentylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate)
Authors: Aboukeila Hesham , Singh Onkar , Klier John , Huber George W. , Grady Brian P.
Published: July 2024

Traditionally, most flexible food packaging is made of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) which cannot easily be recycled, nor will it degrade in a reasonable timescale. In this work, a biobased biodegradable polyester alternative was investigated as a possible replacement for LLDPE. High molecular weight poly (pentylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) with a 40/60 adipic acid/terephthalic acid mole ratio was synthesized using direct esterification and polycondensation. Glycerol and hexane‐1,2,5,6‐tetrol were added as branching agents to better match the structure of the LLDPE which in turn might help the ability of these materials in film‐blowing. Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of the copolyesters were thoroughly investigated. All copolyesters had a weight‐average molecular weight of over 140,000 g/mol, which is necessary for proper rheology, and were thermally stable up to 350°C. The addition of branching agents led to a slight decrease in crystallinity, d‐spacing, melting temperature, enthalpy of melting, stress at break, and elongation at break. However, an increase in Young's modulus and complex viscosity at high frequency were observed compared to PPeAT60 without branching agent added. Although the improved crystallinity and mechanical properties of the copolyesters made them viable for film‐blowing, the slow crystallization rate creates a major challenge.

Highlights

Linear and branched poly(pentylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PPeAT) synthesized.

Properties compared to commercial poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT).

Glass and melting temperatures comparable to commercial PBAT.

Extensional and shear viscosity comparable to commercial PBAT.

PPeAT stiffness is factor of 2 higher than PBAT; ultimate properties similar.
Approach to the patient with Childhood Interstitial and Diffuse Lung Disease
Authors: Fiorino Elizabeth K. , Fishman Martha P.
Published: July 2024

Childhood Interstitial and Diffuse Lung Disease (chILD) encompasses a group of rare, chronic lung disorders in infants and children with overlapping clinical features but diverse etiologies. The clinical presentation of chILD is of chronic or recurring respiratory signs and symptoms, often including increased work of breathing and hypoxia, with diffuse radiographic abnormalities on chest imaging. Recognition can be challenging since some clinical features overlap with those of more common pediatric respiratory diseases including asthma and recurrent viral infections, among others. chILD should be considered as an underlying diagnosis when a patient's respiratory symptoms seem disproportionate to the clinical scenario and/or persist. The diagnostic process involves multiple steps and is tailored to the individual patient. Nearly all children will undergo imaging and pulmonary function testing, many will undergo bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, many will receive genetic testing, and some will require lung biopsy. Treatment includes preventive care, evaluation for comorbidities, pharmacotherapy according to diagnosis, and ongoing disease surveillance, including revisiting genetic and histopathologic results as new clinical information becomes available and as our understanding of these rare disorders improves. The purpose of this review is to provide a broad approach to the diagnosis and management of patients with chILD.
Feasibility of synchronized high flow nasal cannula
Authors: Matlock David N. , Beck Jennifer , Lu Cong , Wang Danqiong , Winningham Victoria L. , Courtney Sherry E. , Sinderby Christer
Published: July 2024

Background

A high‐flow nasal cannula (cHFNC) delivers flow continuously (during inspiration and expiration). Using the diaphragm electrical activity (Edi), synchronizing HFNC could be an alternative (cycling high/low flow on inspiration/expiration, respectively). The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of synchronized HFNC (sHFNC) and compare it to cHFNC.

Methods

Different levels of cHFNC and sHFNC (4, 6, 8, and 10 liters per minute [LPM], with 2 LPM on expiration for sHFNC) were compared in eight rabbits (mean weight 3.16 kg), before and after acute lung injury (pre‐ALI and post‐ALI). Edi, tracheal pressure (Ptr), esophageal pressure (Pes), flow, and arterial CO2 were measured. In addition to the animal study, one 3.52 kg infant received sHFNC and cHFNC using a Servo‐U ventilator.

Results

In the animal study, there were more pronounced decreases in Edi, reduced Pes swings and reduced PaCO2 at comparable flows during sHFNC compared to cHFNC both pre and post‐ALI (p < .05). Baseline (pre‐inspiratory) Ptr was 2−7 cmH2O greater during cHFNC (p < .05) indicating more dynamic hyperinflation. In one infant, the ventilator performed as expected, delivering Edi‐synchronized high/low flow.

Conclusion

Synchronizing high flow unloaded breathing, decreased Edi, and reduced PaCO2 in an animal model and is feasible in infants.
Self‐triggered adaptive neural control for USVs with sensor measurement sensitivity under deception attacks
Authors: Wu Chen , Zhu Guibing , Liu Yongchao , Li Feng
Published: July 2024

This article investigates the control problem of unmanned surface vessels with sensor measurement sensitivity under deception attacks, and proposes a novel self‐triggered adaptive neural control scheme under the backstepping design framework. To solve the control design problem of unknown time‐varying gains caused by deception attacks and measurement sensitivity in kinematic and kinetic channels, the parameter adaptive and neural network technology are involved. In addition, to decrease actuator wear caused by the high‐frequency wave and sensor measurement sensitivity and reduce the computational burden caused by continuous monitoring of the triggered condition, a self‐triggered mechanism is constructed in the controller–actuator channel. Finally, a self‐triggered adaptive neural control solution is proposed, which can guarantee that all signals in the whole closed‐loop system are bounded by theoretical analysis. The effectiveness and superiority are verified by numerical simulations.
How do organizational conditions inform teachers’ equity self‐efficacy and implementation during professional development?
Authors: Hayes Kathryn N. , Gladstone Jessica R. , Toven‐Lindsey Brit , Bae Christine L.
Published: July 2024

This paper is part of the special issue on Teacher Learning and Practice within Organizational Contexts. Shifting instructional practices in elementary schools to include more equitable, reform‐based pedagogies is imperative for supporting students’ development as science learners. Teachers need high quality professional development (PD) to learn such practices, but research shows considerable variability in the extent to which teachers implement instructional practices learned during PD. Individual teacher characteristics such as self‐efficacy may influence teacher learning during PD, but only account for part of the variability. The organizational conditions of teachers’ schools and districts may also play a key role in teachers’ implementation of new instructional practices. However, because systematic research in this area in science education is still nascent, it is difficult for districts and PD providers to address organizational barriers to professional learning. To meet this need, we conducted an explanatory mixed‐methods study using surveys (N = 54) and interviews (N = 19) of elementary teachers engaged in equity‐focused, reform‐based science PD, testing the degree to which a conceptually framed set of organizational conditions predicted teacher equity self‐efficacy and instructional practice alignment. Out of the 11 organizational conditions, only teacher professional impact and their sense of autonomy in their instructional practice explained variance in the outcomes. Qualitative findings showed these relationships to be iterative and recursive, rather than linear. Our findings underscore the essential role of teacher professionalism and sense of agency over commonly cited organizational conditions such as materials and labs in supporting teachers to implement more equitable science instructional practices during PD.
Influence of the base pressure in deposition of a‐SiCx interlayers for adhesion of Diamond‐Like Carbon on metallic alloy
Authors: Weber Jennifer Stefani , Goldbeck Michael Cristian , Piroli Vanessa , Boeira Carla Daniela , Perotti Bruna Louise , Fukumasu Newton Kiyoshi , Alvarez Fernando , Michels Alexandre Fassini , Figueroa Carlos Alejandro
Published: July 2024

Diamond‐like carbon (DLC) is an amorphous material widely used in industrial applications due to its chemical, mechanical, and tribological properties and, also, for decorative purposes. However, its low adhesion to ferrous alloys reduces its effectiveness in certain applications, necessitating the use of adhesion interlayers to reduce stresses at the interfaces and enhance the density of strong bonds. In this context, the factors that promote good adhesion in this system and specify the parameters must be understood in detail. Thus, the present study aims to assess the influence of the base pressure on the deposition of an amorphous silicon carbide adhesion interlayer between DLC coating and a ferrous alloy substrate. Microstructural, physicochemical, morphological, and mechanotribological analyses were conducted to understand the adhesion behavior in terms of structural and chemical aspects. In addition to the influence of the interlayer thickness, the elemental Si/C ratios and the relative oxygen content have an impact on the maximum load supported by the coatings, as well as the different delamination mechanisms generated in adhesion tests.
Optimal model averaging for partially linear models with missing response variables and error‐prone covariates
Authors: Liang Zhongqi , Wang Suojin , Cai Li
Published: July 2024

We consider the problem of optimal model averaging for partially linear models when the responses are missing at random and some covariates are measured with error. A novel weight choice criterion based on the Mallows‐type criterion is proposed for the weight vector to be used in the model averaging. The resulting model averaging estimator for the partially linear models is shown to be asymptotically optimal under some regularity conditions in terms of achieving the smallest possible squared loss. In addition, the existence of a local minimizing weight vector and its convergence rate to the risk‐based optimal weight vector are established. Simulation studies suggest that the proposed model averaging method generally outperforms existing methods. As an illustration, the proposed method is applied to analyze an HIV‐CD4 dataset.
A Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of γ‐Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity and its Application in Garlic
Authors: Ding Leyuan , Wu Xiaoming , Yang Shaoxiang , Tian Hongyu , Sun Baoguo
Published: July 2024

A fluorescent probe (probe 1) was developed for detection the activity of γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Probe 1 could recognize GGT by the enzymatic hydrolysis of peptide bond by GGT. There has a linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity of probe 1 at 416 nm and the activity of GGT, and the detection limit of GGT activity was 0.0796 U/mL. And the color of the probe solution gradually changed from light blue to bright yellow with the increase of GGT activity under 365 nm ultraviolet light. Importantly, the activity of GGT was linearly related to the photo of the probe solution with B/(R+G) value. Probe 1 could detect GGT activity by smartphone without professional equipment. Furthermore, the probe has been successfully applied to detect of GGT activity in garlic.
Naringin Induces ROS‐Stimulated G1 Cell‐Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Chen Chan‐Hung , Tien Ni , Yao Chun‐Hsu , Chen Siang‐Jyun , Bau Da‐Tian , Pandey Sudhir , Yang Hsin‐Ling , Hseu You‐Cheng , Chen Shih‐Shun , Lin Meng‐Liang
Published: July 2024

Naringin, a bioflavonoid compound from grapefruit or citrus, exerts anticancer activities on cervical, thyroid, colon, brain, liver, lung, thyroid, and breast cancers. The present investigation addressed exploring the anticancer effects of naringin on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Naringin exhibits a cytotoxic effect on NPC‐TW 039 and NPC‐TW 076 cells with IC50 372/328 and 394/307 μM for 24 or 48 h, respectively, while causing little toxicity toward normal gingival epithelial (SG) cells (>500/500 μM). We established that naringin triggered G1 arrest is achieved by suppressing cyclin D1, cyclin A, and CDK2, and upregulating p21 protein in NPC cells. Exposure of NPC cells to naringin caused a series of events leading to apoptosis including morphology change (cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing) and chromatin condensation. Annexin V and PI staining indicated that naringin treatment promotes necrosis and late apoptosis in NPC cells. DiOC6 staining showed a decline in the mitochondrial membrane potential by naringin treatment, which was followed with cytochrome c release, Apaf‐1/caspase‐9/‐3 activation, PARP cleavage, and EndoG expression in NPC cells. Naringin upregulated proapoptotic Bax and decreased antiapoptotic Bcl‐xL expression, and dysregulated Bax/Bcl‐xL ratio in NPC cells. Notably, naringin enhanced death receptor‐related t‐Bid expression. Furthermore, an increased Ca2+ release by naringin treatment which instigated endoplasmic reticulum stress‐associated apoptosis through increased IRE1, ATF‐6, GRP78, GADD153, and caspase‐12 expression in NPC cells. In addition, naringin triggers ROS production, and inhibition of naringin‐induced ROS generation by antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine resulted in the prevention of G1 arrest and apoptosis in NPC cells. Naringin‐induced ROS‐mediated G1 arrest and mitochondrial‐, death receptor‐, and endoplasmic reticulum stress–mediated apoptosis may be a promising strategy for treating NPC.
Propofol and medetomidine intravenous anaesthesia for transvenous electrical cardioversion in horses
Authors: Smith Kieran , Raisis Anthea , Moreno‐Martinez Fernando
Published: July 2024

Atrial fibrillation is a common tachyarrhythmia in racing horses associated with decreased performance. Transvenous electrical cardioversion is the preferred treatment for atrial fibrillation in those horses where medical therapy is either unsuccessful or unacceptable. Transvenous electrical cardioversion's main drawback is the necessity for general anaesthesia. This case series documents the details of three horses that were managed for sustained atrial fibrillation via transvenous electrical cardioversion procedures. In each case, the anaesthesia was maintained with the use of propofol and medetomidine intravenous infusions, which has not been previously reported for use in horses undergoing transvenous electrical cardioversion. Two of the horses were successfully converted without significant complications. One horse was unable to be converted after nine defibrillation attempts; however, anaesthesia was stable in all horses despite the concurrent use of antiarrhythmic drugs. No animal required inotropic support. Propofol‐based protocols were safely utilised for three anaesthetics for transvenous electrical cardioversion with encouraging cardiovascular stability.
The precedent of defensive medicine practice among physicians with a glance at the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Lashin Heba I. , Abu‐Elenin Mira M. , Elshora Ahmed A. , Elsharkawy Ahmed E. , Ghonem Mona M.
Published: July 2024

The practice of defensive medicine is highly evident with the purpose of the legal self‐interest of physicians. It might be widely increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic to avoid lawsuits, especially in the absence of specific effective treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the practice of defensive medicine among the Egyptian physicians, and to identify the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on malpractice suits. An electronic survey link was sent to the sampled physicians working at Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University Hospitals. It included personal information, two questions measuring the physicians' perceptions about defensive medicine, Defensive Medicine Behavior Scale (DMBS) and eight questions evaluating physicians' concerns in terms of the COVID‐19 pandemic effects. The study enrolled 1074 physicians; 78.5% of them didn't possess sufficient knowledge about defensive medicine. About 73% of participants practiced defensive medicine more after the COVID‐19 pandemic, and 68.2% demonstrated increasing concerns about malpractice suits after the emergence of COVID‐19. DMBS was statistically significant high among surgical specialties physicians and those who spent less duration in the field of their expertise. There is a need to legislate a malpractice law to control the precedent increase of defensive medicine practice in Egypt. This will help to control the prevalence of defensive medicine practice, improve the quality of care, and reduce healthcare costs.
Robin and zero‐mass diffusion analysis for radiated unsteady flow of Maxwell nanofluid due to porous stretched regime: Analytical simulations
Authors: Ahmad Manzoor , Khan Sami Ullah , Bibi Qudsia , Taj Muhammad , Tlili Iskander , Butt Faisal Mehmood
Published: July 2024

Owing to the multidisciplinary applications of nanomaterials, a wide range of research has been conducted on this topic recently. The aim of current research is to analyze the enhancement of heat transfer due to the unsteady flow of Maxwell nanofluid associated with the zero mass thermal constraints. The applications of the radiated phenomenon and magnetic force are contributed to the current flow problem. The analysis is subject to the implementation of Robin and zero‐mass diffusion constraints. A bidirectional moving porous surface endorsed the flow. The appropriate variables are taken for simplifying the system. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used to compute the solution procedure. The obtained results are confirmed with already performed studies. It has been observed that the temperature and nanoparticle concentration distributions decrease for higher unsteady parameter values.
Sprachentwicklung bei Frühgeborenen
Authors: Holzinger Daniel , Fellinger Johannes
Published: July 2024

Frühgeborene Kinder zeigen über alle Teilgruppen hinweg eine deutlich erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten von Problemen der Sprach- und Kommunikationsentwicklung. Diese betreffen sowohl expressive als auch rezeptive Sprachfertigkeiten, die Anwendung von Sprache in der sozialen Kommunikation und auch die Lesekompetenz. Die zumeist komplexe Konstellation der Korrelate von Sprachenwicklungsproblemen umfasst einerseits neurologische und auditorische sowie andererseits sozioökonomische Faktoren und dysfunktionale Eltern-Kind-Kommunikation. Einschränkungen der Sprachentwicklung haben häufig negative Effekte auf das Lernen, soziale Beziehungen und die psychische Gesundheit. Die Stabilität von Sprachentwicklungsproblemen ist bereits ab dem frühen Kleinkindalter hoch. Demnach sind die frühe Erkennung und kontinuierliche Kontrolle sprachlich-kommunikativer Fertigkeiten entscheidende Komponenten von Nachsorgeprogrammen. Präventive Intervention vor und nach der Entlassung aus der Klinik ist effektiv, wenn sie die Entwicklung responsiver Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen und das Wohlbefinden der Eltern kontinuierlich unterstützt.