bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Identifications Theory
Authors: Chen Yea‐Wen
Published: December 2017

This entry provides an introduction to cultural identifications theory (also known as cultural identity theory, cultural identity negotiation theory, or CIT). This theory began as cultural identity theory, an interpretive theory that examines, understands, and describes the communitive processes through which individuals come to know, construct, and negotiate their cultural group identities in intercultural communication interactions. Now—responding to postcolonial and postmodern critiques—it has evolved into cultural identity negotiation theory, or theorizing cultural identifications, which is a critical/interpretive theory that understands and interrogates processes and forms of cultural identifications as historical, relational, and cultural constructions. This introduction traces the theoretical evolutions of the CIT framework and synthesizes ongoing commitments of the theory.
Conversational Norms Across Cultures
Authors: Kim Min‐Sun
Published: December 2017

As intensive communication with speakers of differing backgrounds and assumptions is now the rule, conversing competently across cultures is becoming a major concern for many. It is important to be aware of
how
language is used in another culture and to understand the culturally specific patterns of communication. Normative conduct is a major component of the system of culture, and the notion of conversational norms has already proven a powerful tool for understanding social interactions. This entry describes main conversational norms across cultures, focusing on different styles (“how”) and approach vs. avoidance (“how much”). Speakers' negative evaluations of cultural others are typically attributed to misidentification of the meanings associated with different ways of speaking. Recognizing and respecting different communication styles is the first step in developing intercultural competence. Knowledge of conversational norms in different cultures can provide new insights into the dynamics of social interactions and help build such competence.
Pedagogy across Cultures
Authors: Grove Cornelius N.
Published: December 2017

With Greek roots meaning “the child” and “to lead,”
pedagogy
today may refer to the theory and practice of classroom instruction, or more broadly to the bringing about of a child's development into adulthood. This entry adopts the broader meaning, and applies a cross‐cultural perspective by relying on the voluminous research findings of anthropologists and others who, since the 1970s in East Asia and the West (especially the United States), have explored cultural factors in homes and schools to uncover the values and concepts that people
think with
when they think about child development. In the discussion of schools, the organizing principle is the distinction between the knowledge‐focused and learner‐focused approaches to instruction. The discussion of homes is shaped by differences in how East Asian and Western parents conceive of their newborn and their responsibility for her learning, and how their child comes to regard learning.
Personal Space across Cultures
Authors: Høgh‐Olesen Henrik
Published: December 2017

This entry provides an introduction to the research related to the concept of personal space (PS) and the field of human spatial behavior. PS is defined as an emotionally tinged
integrity zone
surrounding the body and functioning as a portable territory, serving both protective and communicative functions. The integrity zone has no fixed size but varies according to variables such as age, gender, personality, relation, and culture. The key theoretical traditions and models are presented and the field's methodological techniques and measurements are discussed.
Proxemics
—cultural differences—constitutes one of the main areas of interest, dividing cultures into either contact or low‐contact cultures. Examples of
proxetics
—human spatial behavior studied in terms of universal spacing patterns and cultural similarities—are presented. Finally, future directions for the study of PS in the digital age are outlined.
AComparative Immunohistochemical Study of Anal Canal Epithelium in Humans and Swine, Focusing on the Anal Transitional Zone Epithelium and the Anal Glands
Authors: Muranaka Futoshi , Nakajima Tomoyuki , Iwaya Mai , Ishii Keiko , Higuchi Kayoko , Ogiwara Naoko , Miyagawa Shinichi , Ota Hiroyoshi
Published: December 2017

To better understand the cellular origins and differentiation of anal canal epithelial neoplasms, the immunohistochemical profiles of the anal canal epithelium in humans and swine were evaluated. Formalin‐fixed tissue sections were immunostained for mucin (MUC: MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B), desmoglein 3 (DGS3), p63, CDX2, SOX2, and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA). The anal transitional zone (ATZ) epithelium covered the anal sinus and consisted of a stratified epithelium with mucous cells interspersed within the surface lining. Anal glands opened into the anal sinus. Ducts and acini of intraepithelial or periepithelial mucous type were the main structures of human anal glands, whereas those of swine were compound tubuloacinar mixed glands. Distal to the ATZ epithelium, non‐keratinized stratified squamous epithelium merged with the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the perianal skin. MUC5AC expression predominated over MUC5B expression in the ATZ epithelium, while MUC5B expression was higher in the anal glands. SOX2 was positive in the ATZ epithelium, anal glands, and squamous epithelium except in the perianal skin. In humans, DGS3 was expressed in the ATZ epithelium, anal gland ducts, and squamous epithelium. p63 was detected in the ATZ epithelium, anal glands, and squamous epithelium. Myoepithelial cells positive for α‐SMA and p63 were present in the anal glands of swine. Colorectal columnar cells were MUC5B+/MUC2+/CDX2+/MUC5AC−/SOX2−. The ATZ epithelium seems to be a distinctive epithelium, with morphological and functional features allowing smooth defecation. The MUC5AC+/SOX2+/MUC2−/CDX2− profile of the ATZ epithelium and anal glands is a useful feature for diagnosing adenocarcinoma arising from these regions. Anat Rec, 301:796–805, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diabetic Status Influences the Storage of Melatonin in Human Salivary Glands
Authors: Isola Michela , Lilliu Maria Alberta , Loy Francesco , Isola Raffaella
Published: December 2017

Recently we reported on the detailed localization of melatonin (and its receptors) in human salivary glands, revealing that serous cells are able to store and secrete melatonin into saliva. Since we found that type 2 diabetic patients display reduced melatonin content in saliva, our next step was to examine the presence of melatonin in salivary glands removed from type 2 diabetic subjects. The resulting data were compared with those previously obtained by identical procedures in non‐diabetics, to establish if the diabetic status may affect melatonin distribution. Bioptic samples of diabetic parotid and submandibular glands were fixed, dehydrated, embedded in Epon Resin and processed to demonstrate melatonin reactivity by the immunogold staining method. The labeling density (expressed as the number of gold particles per μm2/granule) and the percentage of melatonin‐positive granules were assessed in diabetic samples. These values were compared with those in non‐diabetic samples and differences were evaluated. In parotid and submandibular diabetic glands the reactivity for melatonin was specifically associated with secretory granules and small vesicles in serous cells. Melatonin reactivity was higher in parotid than in submandibular glands. Our data were in line with those obtained in our previous study on non‐diabetic glands. Diabetic salivary glands showed a higher labeling density and a lower number of melatonin‐positive granules compared to non‐diabetic glands. Taken together, these data might explain the decreased salivary melatonin content and the associated oral problems observed in diabetics. Anat Rec, 301:711–716, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oakland Bay Bridge – Rückbau der 504′‐Brückenfelder
Authors: Brunold Urs , Joss Beat
Published: December 2017

Der 3,4 km lange östliche Teil der um 1936 in Verkehr gesetzten Brücke zwischen San Francisco und Oakland wurde 2013 nach mehreren Jahren Bauzeit durch eine neue, nach modernem Stand der Technik erbauten Brücke ersetzt. Die drei Hauptabschnitte der historischen Brückenkonstruktion wurden im Nachgang zum Rückbau freigegeben.

Für den Rückbau der fünf 504′ (154 m) langen und ca. 1 680 t schweren Brückenfelder wurde Litzenhebertechnik angewandt. Die Felder wurden in fünf Vorgängen von ihren ursprünglichen Lagen auf Lastkähne abgesenkt. Mittels der Lastkähne wurden dann diese Brückenfelder in einen Hafenbereich verbracht, wo diese zerlegt wurden und der Stahl anschließend einem Recyclingzyklus zufloss.

Einflussgrößen wie der genietete starre Brückenkörper, Verankerung von Reaktionslasten unter erschwerten Platzverhältnissen, Arbeiten über Wasser, eingeschränkte Montagemittel, Zeitpläne, Wettereinflüsse usw. bestimmten Ausführung und Arbeitsplan.

Für die Absenkung der Brückenfelder wurde ein computergesteuertes Litzenhebersystem eingesetzt, welches an den vier Hauptauflagepunkten der jeweiligen Brückenfelder aufgebaut wurde. Gleichzeitig wurden zusätzliche Litzenheber zur notwendigen Rückverankerung eingesetzt. Um den Umbau für die jeweils nächste Absenkung zu vereinfachen, wurden die Absenkheber zusammen mit einer Vorrichtung zum Auf‐ und Abrollen der Litzen auf demontierbaren Plattformen aufgebaut.

Die eingesetzte Technik trug dazu bei, den für die Arbeiten vorgesehenen Zeitrahmen von 14 auf acht Monate zu verkürzen.
AN IMPROVED FMI METHOD OF DERIVING K INDICES
Authors: Jian‐Jun WANG , Qi LI , Dong‐Mei YANG , Jing‐Hui LU
Published: December 2017

The differences between the K indices derived with the FMI Method (V1.0) and the Kp indices were analyzed, four problems were found such as discrete K1 and K8 among different observatories, K indices about 0.5 larger than Kp indices, wrong SR on several individual days, steps between SR and its next day SR. In order to resolve the above mentioned problems, we improved the FMI method of deriving K indices. The K indices derived with the improved FMI Method were compared with the Kp indices, the K indices derived with the original FMI Method and other methods as well, it was found that the K indices derived with the improved FMI Method were closer to the Kp indices and the K indices derived with other methods than the original FMI Method.
THE NATURE OF THE LITHOSPHERE‐ASTHENOSPHERE BOUNDARY BENEATH THE CENTRAL SOUTH AMERICA AREA FROM THE STACKING OF sP PRECURSORS
Authors: Qing‐Hui CUI , Ya‐Jian GAO , Yuan‐Ze ZHOU
Published: December 2017

The lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is a seismic discontinuity with negative velocity contrast in the upper mantle. Seismic detections of the LAB in subduction zone region are helpful to understand the interaction between the lithosphere and asthenosphere and the geodynamic process associated with the slab subduction. In this paper, the vertical broadband waveforms are collected from four deep earthquakes occurred from 2006 to 2012 beneath the central South America area. The seismic waveforms are processed with the linear slant stack method to get the vespagrams in the relative travel‐time vs. slowness domain, and the sP precursors reflected at the bottom of the LAB (sLABP) are successfully extracted. Based on the one‐dimensional modified velocity model (IASP91‐SA), the horizontal distribution for the six sLABP reflecting points is obtained and divided into the western part (I) and the eastern part (II). In the part I, the LAB depth ranges between 60 km and 63 km, with the average depth of 61 km and the topography of 3 km; in the part II, the LAB depth ranges between 78 km and 82 km, with the average depth of 80 km and the topography of 4 km. Our results reveal the increasing LAB depths from west to east in the central South America area, and the trend may possibly represent the reformation differences of the continental lithosphere. We infer that near the trench, the continental lithosphere may be subjected to the stronger erosion for the higher degree of partial melting and more fertile melts in the asthenosphere; while far from the trench, the continental lithosphere may be subjected to the weaker erosion for the lower degree of partial melting and less fertile melts in the asthenosphere.
INVESTIGATION ON DIVERSITY OF CRUSTAL STRUCTURES BENEATH THE BAYAN HAR BLOCK
Authors: Shi‐Xu JIA , Ji‐Yan LIN , Wen‐Bin GUO , Nan ZHAO , Yong QIU
Published: December 2017

Crustal lithology transformation, lithological variations with depth and tectonic deformation in the Tibetan plateau are the key to explore the crustal thickening and material motion in this region. Located in the central plateau, the Bayan Har block has a vast geographical territory. To make a further study on the fine crustal structure in the central and eastern Bayan Har block, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the deep seismic wide‐angle reflection/refraction phase data of different areas of this block, and then perform detailed simulation calculation of the travel‐time and amplitude characteristics of different phases using the synthetic reflectivity seismograms. The results indicate that the thickness of the Bayan Har block varies from 50 km to 60 km, increasing westward gradually. The average velocity in the crystalline crust is 6.07∼6.18 km·s−1, which is obviously reduced, and there are several strong reflection interfaces in the crust, which differ in different regions. In the east, the Zoigě basin has a low velocity within the crust and a clear crust‐mantle boundary. In the central part, a high velocity structure (6.8 km·s−1) is present beneath the Yushu‐Madoi segment with an unclear crust‐mantle boundary, i.e. the Moho interface transformed into a high velocity gradient layer with a thickness of 2∼4 km. These characteristics indicate the discrepancy of crustal thickening and lithology transformation within the Bayan Har block. Multi‐group strong reflections in the crust and the low apparent velocity indicate the shattered, low‐velocity, weakened, creeping, and possibly decoupling structures in the crust. High apparent velocity phase in the lower crust displays that there may be stable original crust residual or material exchanging with the upper mantle under the background of the crustal thickening and transformation in the Tibetan plateau. The diversity of different areas within the Bayan Har block involves the crustal thickening, lithology structure, crystalline basement and crust‐mantle boundary nature transformation, which can provide new insights into the understanding of the crustal deformation and dynamical process in the Tibetan plateau.
Synthesis of α‐Branched Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates as Potential Inhibitors of Bacterial Adenylate Cyclases
Authors: Frydrych Jan , Skácel Jan , Šmídková Markéta , Mertlíková‐Kaiserová Helena , Dračínský Martin , Gnanasekaran Ramachandran , Lepšík Martin , Soto‐Velasquez Monica , Watts Val J. , Janeba Zlatko
Published: December 2017

Inhibition of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) and Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF), key virulence factors with adenylate cyclase activity, represents a potential method for treating or preventing toxemia related to whooping cough and anthrax, respectively. Novel α‐branched acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) having a hemiaminal ether moiety were synthesized as potential inhibitors of bacterial adenylate cyclases. ANPs prepared as bisamidates were not cytotoxic, but did not exhibit any profound activity (IC50>10 μm) toward ACT in J774A.1 macrophages. The apparent lack of activity of the bisamidates is speculated to be due to the inefficient formation of the biologically active species (ANPpp) in the cells. Conversely, two 5‐haloanthraniloyl‐substituted ANPs in the form of diphosphates were shown to be potent ACT and EF inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 55 to 362 nm.
MnCo2O4/MoO2 Nanosheets Grown on Ni foam as Carbon‐ and Binder‐Free Cathode for Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Cao Xuecheng , Sun Zhihui , Zheng Xiangjun , Jin Chao , Tian Jinhua , Li Xiaowei , Yang Ruizhi
Published: December 2017

Carbon is usually used as cathode material for Li–O2 batteries. However, the discharge product, such as Li2O2 and LiO2, could react with carbon to form an insulating lithium carbonate layer, resulting in cathode passivation and capacity fading. To solve this problem, the development of non‐carbon cathodes is highly desirable. Herein, we successfully synthesized MnCo2O4 (MCO) nanoparticles anchored on porous MoO2 nanosheets that are grown on Ni foam (current collector) (MCO/MoO2@Ni), acting as a carbon‐ and binder‐free cathode for Li–O2 batteries, in an attempt to improve the electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, and durability. This MCO/MoO2@Ni electrode delivers excellent cyclability (more than 400 cycles) and rate performance (voltage gap of 0.75 V at 5000 mA g−1). Notably, the battery with this electrode exhibits a high energy efficiency (higher than 85 %). The advanced electrochemical performance of MCO/MoO2@Ni can be attributed to its high electrical conductivity, excellent stability, and outstanding electrocatalytic activity. This work offers a new strategy to fabricate high‐performance Li–O2 batteries with non‐carbon cathode materials.
Chip‐Scale Fabrication of Uniform Lead Halide Perovskites Microlaser Array and Photodetector Array
Authors: Duan Zonghui , Wang Yujie , Li Gang , Wang Shuai , Yi Ningbo , Liu Shuai , Xiao Shumin , Song Qinghai
Published: December 2017

Lead halide perovskites have recently attracted attention due to their outstanding photoelectric properties. Hence, perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices are widely studied. Herein, a simple solution‐based one‐step anti‐solvent method to produce well‐controlled and uniform CH3NH3PbBr3‐based micro‐devices is reported. It is confirmed that the size and mode numbers of the self‐assembled microdisk cavities can be well controlled by modifying the size of the SiO2 microdisks on the substrate or changing the concentration of the perovskite precursor. With this simple and robust method, the produced CH3NH3PbBr3 microdisk arrays are extremely uniform in both their size distribution and emission spectra. Moreover, a perovskite photodetector array with fast rise (<8.3 ms) and decay (<8.3 ms) times was fabricated by periodically patterning the substrate. Based on the high controllability and high reproducibility of the patterned CH3NH3PbBr3 microdisk arrays, this cost‐effective and mass‐manufacturable approach significantly increases the production yield of lead halide perovskite microdevices and boosts their ability to be used in practical applications.
Directional probe for radio‐guided surgery: A pilot study
Authors: Massari Roberto , Ucci Antonio , D'Elia Annunziata , Campisi Costantino , Bertani Emilio , Soluri Alessandro
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy technique has highly evolved during the last 20 yr. Consequently, the intraoperative use of Gamma Probes (GPs) for SLN mapping is increased. This preliminary study evaluates a novel directional GP prototype. This proof‐of‐concept prototype is designed to identify the direction of radiopharmaceuticals uptakes, by combining the information from multiple detectors. The purpose of this work is to develop a tool able to effectively guide the surgeon reducing the surgery time.

Methods

The proposed prototype consists of three CsI(Tl) scintillation crystals, each coupled with an S10931 silicon photomultiplier (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, JP). The three detectors lie on the same plane with an angle of 30° between them. The central detector is placed as in a common GP, so it can be used to pinpoint the target tissue. Meanwhile, the lateral sensors provide a broader view of the surgical field. A dedicated data acquisition system digitizes and processes the signals from the front‐end electronics. Finally, an embedded system, based on ARM processor, calculates and displays the acquired count rates. In order to assess the prototype behavior, the isosensitivity curves for the three detectors were measured. Meanwhile, for the central one, the main quality criteria measurements were also performed (i.e., sensitivity, radial sensitivity, and spatial resolution).

Results

For the central detector, the measured sensitivity at the tip of the probe is better than 5 cps/kBq. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the radial sensitivity is less than 30° and the FWHM of the lateral sensitivity (spatial resolution) is about 7.2 mm. The central detector measured isosensitivity distribution shows a narrow profile in agreement with the spatial resolution measured. On the contrary, the two lateral detectors exhibit widespread isosensitivity distributions that mean a larger field of view. The system had shown satisfactory performance and reliability, meeting the minimal requirements of gamma probe systems.

Conclusions

The prototype presented in this paper allows a rapid localization by the use of the whole system, while the sole central detector can be used to pinpoint the target source. This device, unlike common GPs, allows localizing simultaneously different areas of radiopharmaceuticals uptake, thus precisely guiding the surgeon to the region of interest. These preliminary results encourage to develop a further prototype for intraoperative validation.
Seasonal variability of shallow cumuliform snowfall: A CloudSat perspective
Authors: Kulie Mark S. , Milani Lisa
Published: December 2017

Cumuliform snowfall seasonal variability is studied using a multi‐year CloudSat snowfall rate and cloud classification retrieval dataset. Microwave radiometer sea ice concentration datasets are also utilized to illustrate the intimate link between oceanic cumuliform snowfall production and decreased sea ice coverage. Three metrics are calculated to illustrate seasonal cumuliform snowfall signatures: (a) cumuliform snowfall frequency of occurrence, (b) mean cumuliform snowfall rate, and (c) fraction of snowfall attributed to cumuliform snowfall events. Distinct seasonal cumuliform snowfall cycles are observed over the Northern Hemispheric oceans. Cumuliform snowfall frequency of occurrence (mean snowfall rate) peaks in months SON (DJF) at most latitudes. Maximum mean cumuliform snowfall rates exceed 300 mm/year in various North Atlantic Ocean locations, with DJF exhibiting the largest areal extent of higher snowfall rates. Cumuliform snow occurrence fraction frequently exceeds 0.5, but regional seasonal sensitivity is observed where transient sea ice coverage exists. Annual snowfall rate fraction attributed to cumuliform snow does not vary appreciably during SON, DJF and MAM north of ∼70°N, but seasonal zonal variability is evident south of this latitudinal threshold. Land cumuliform snowfall features do not universally display strong seasonal signals. Southern Hemisphere seasonal results indicate a strong mean cumuliform snowfall rate maximum (minimum) in JJA (DJF) accompanied by a seasonal latitudinal shift in the snowfall rate peak. Maximum regional snowfall rates exceed 300 mm/year over a broader area compared to the Northern Hemisphere. Cumuliform snowfall production is again strongly linked to seasonal sea ice coverage. Southern Hemispheric cumuliform snowfall occurrence and snowfall rate fraction seasonality is not as obvious as in the Northern Hemisphere, but some latitudinal zones experience ∼5–20% seasonal variability in these quantities. Typical cumuliform snowfall fractions range from 0.4 to 0.6 in the prominent cumuliform snowfall belt covering most of the Southern Ocean. Some subtle seasonal cumuliform snowfall signatures are observed over Antarctica.
A Novel Approach to Preparing Highly Porous and Dispersed Supported Nickel Catalyst
Authors: Cui Sha , Wang Zhenqing , Wang Genggeng , Yang Ying , Liu Baijun
Published: December 2017

This article proposes a new synthesis of amorphous silica‐alumina (ASA) supported Ni catalyst using hydrothermal synthesis method by the assistant of cis‐9‐octadecenylamine. Cis‐9‐octadecenylamine, as a coordination agent and surfactant, could form Ni‐cis‐9‐octadecenylamine complex with nickel salt under hydrothermal condition, which boosts the metal dispersion. Characterization results by N2 adsorption‐desorption shows that the as‐prepared catalyst is provided with enhanced porosity, especially mesoporous and by XRD, TEM and H2‐TPR display that the resulting Ni particles are very small and uniform. The ASA supported Ni catalyst proves to be highly efficient and stable in naphthalene hydrogenation, and gives 100% conversion and more than 99% selectivity to decalin with an extremely wide activity window at 180∼280 °C, which is superior to its counterparts prepared via traditional impregnation method.
Proteomic Analysis Shows Constitutive Secretion of MIF and p53-Associated Activity of COX-2−/− Lung Fibroblasts
Authors: Dave Mandar , Islam Abul B.M.M.K. , Jensen Roderick V. , Rostagno Agueda , Ghiso Jorge , Amin Ashok R.
Published: December 2017

The differential expression of two closelyassociated cyclooxygenase isozymes, COX-1 and COX-2, exhibited functions beyond eicosanoid metabolism. We hypothesized that COX-1 or COX-2 knockout lung fibroblasts may display altered protein profiles which may allow us to further differentiate the functional roles of these isozymes at the molecular level. Proteomic analysis shows constitutive production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in lung fibroblasts derived from COX-2−/− but not wild-type (WT) or COX-1−/− mice. MIF was spontaneously released in high levels into the extracellular milieu of COX2−/− fibroblasts seemingly from the preformed intracellular stores, with no change in the basal gene expression of MIF. The secretion and regulation of MIF in COX-2−/− was “prostaglandin-independent.” GO analysis showed that concurrent with upregulation of MIF, there is a significant surge in expression of genes related to fibroblast growth, FK506 binding proteins, and isomerase activity in COX-2−/− cells. Furthermore, COX-2−/− fibroblasts also exhibit a significant increase in transcriptional activity of various regulators, antagonists, and co-modulators of p53, as well as in the expression of oncogenes and related transcripts. Integrative Oncogenomics Cancer Browser (IntroGen) analysis shows downregulation of COX-2 and amplification of MIF and/or p53 activity during development of glioblastomas, ependymoma, and colon adenomas. These data indicate the functional role of the MIF-COX-p53 axis in inflammation and cancer at the genomic and proteomic levels in COX-2-ablated cells. This systematic analysis not only shows the proinflammatory state but also unveils a molecular signature of a pro-oncogenic state of COX-1 in COX-2 ablated cells.
Is there a missing factor? A canonical correlation approach to factor models
Authors: Ahn Seung C. , Dieckmann Stephan , Perez M. Fabricio
Published: December 2017

A common question in asset pricing research is if a finite set of observable variables can completely capture the systematic or common variations in a large number of response variables. This paper provides a new approach to answer this question. A novelty is that common factors are extracted using canonical relations between response variables and observable factors. We show how these factors in combination with tests for the number of factors can be used to evaluate if a given set of macroeconomic and financial variables is sufficient to capture all the systematic variation in the response variables. We illustrate the usefulness of our methods by analyzing the systematic determinants of credit spreads of U.S. corporate bonds.
A Measurement Model for Dignity, Face, and Honor Cultural Norms
Authors: Yao Jingjing , Ramirez-Marin Jimena , Brett Jeanne , Aslani Soroush , Semnani-Azad Zhaleh
Published: December 2017

In this work we develop and validate a model measuring norms that distinguish three types of culture: dignity, face, and honor (Leung & Cohen, 2011). Our motivation is to produce empirical evidence for this new cultural framework and use the framework to explain cultural differences in interdependent social interactions such as negotiation. In two studies, we establish the content validity, construct validity, predictive validity, and measurement invariance of this measurement model. In Study 1, we present the model's three-factor structure and situate the constructs of dignity, face, and honor in a nomological network of cultural constructs. In Study 2, which uses a sample of participants from 26 cultures, we show that the measurement model discriminates among people from the three cultural regions corresponding to the dignity, face, and honor framework. In particular, we report differences between face and honor cultures, which are not distinguished in other cultural frameworks (e.g., Hofstede, 1980). We also show that the measurement model accounts for cultural differences in norms for use of negotiation strategy.
Multisensory control of ingestive movements and the myth of food addiction in obesity
Authors: Booth David A.
Published: December 2017

Some individuals have a neurogenetic vulnerability to developing strong facilitation of ingestive movements by learned configurations of biosocial stimuli. Condemning food as addictive is mere polemic, ignoring the contextualised sensory control of the mastication of each mouthful. To beat obesity, the least fattening of widely recognised eating patterns needs to be measured and supported.
Infant orofacial movements: Inputs, if not outputs, of early imitative ability?
Authors: O'Sullivan Eoin P. , Caldwell Christine A.
Published: December 2017

According to Keven & Akins (K&A), infant orofacial gestures may not reflect imitative responses. Here, we emphasise that these actions nonetheless represent a significant feature of the infant's early sensorimotor experience, and therefore may play a key role in the development of imitative capacities. We discuss how the ideas proposed in the target article could contribute substantially to experiential accounts of imitation.
Beyond neonatal imitation: Aerodigestive stereotypies, speech development, and social interaction in the extended perinatal period
Authors: Keven Nazim , Akins Kathleen A.
Published: December 2017

In our target article, we argued that the positive results of neonatal imitation are likely to be by-products of normal aerodigestive development. Our hypothesis elicited various responses on the role of social interaction in infancy, the methodological issues about imitation experiments, and the relation between the aerodigestive theory and the development of speech. Here we respond to the commentaries.
Parental work characteristics and diet quality among pre-school children in dual-parent households: results from a population-based cohort in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Jennifer Chun-Li
Published: December 2017

Objective

To examine the relationship between parental work characteristics and diet quality among pre-school children in dual-parent households.

Design

Cross-sectional study. Parental work characteristics were measured by the types of combined parental work schedules and work hours. The main outcome variables included meal eating habits as well as ‘health-conscious food’ and ‘unhealthy non-core food’ dietary patterns derived by using principal component analysis. Sociodemographic covariates were considered to reduce confounding and selection biases.

Setting

The Taiwan Birth Cohort Study, Taiwan.

Subjects

A population-based sample of 18 046 children.

Results

Multiple regression analyses indicated that compared with having both parents working standard schedules, having at least one parent who worked non-standard schedules was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of a child eating breakfast every day and a higher consumption of unhealthy non-core foods. If only one parent was employed and worked standard schedules, the children demonstrated greater odds of having home-prepared dinner most of the time. The mother’s working long hours was associated with lower odds of eating breakfast every day, more frequent consumption of unhealthy non-core foods and a lower frequency of healthy food consumption.

Conclusions

The findings raise concern that parents’ non-standard work schedules and mother’s long working hours have negative effects on diet quality of pre-school children. Policy implications include the need for a multifaceted approach to supporting working parents so as to create healthier food environments.
Frequency reconfigurable dual-band MIMO antenna using pentagon slot resonator with improved bandwidth
Authors: Borakhade Deepali , Pokle Sanjay
Published: December 2017

In this paper, multiple-input–multiple output (MIMO) antenna with dual-band frequency reconfiguration is presented. The proposed antenna consists of two symmetrical pentagon radiating elements. These radiating elements support bands of 1.5 GHz (GPS) and 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi) frequency. The two PIN diodes are appropriately located on slot line in order to control the current flowing through the radiator. All simulated results are compared and confirmed with measured results. The antenna has VSWR ⩽1.8 and isolation of −28 dB. The advantage of this antenna is that bandwidth is increased by switching of PIN diode in the range from 80 MHz up to maximum 300 MHz. These characteristics demonstrate that proposed antenna is an attractive solution for a multimode application such as GPS, Wi-Fi routers, vehicular communication, etc. where wideband is required.
Nonflood Flow May Be Major Driver of Delta Growth
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: December 2017

Plants and fluctuating river flow work together to balance vertical sediment buildup with sediment delivery to the delta’s edge.
Offshore Islands Might Not Shield Coastlines from Tsunami Waves
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: December 2017

Rather than offering protection, islands sometimes cause increased wave run-up on shorelines, experiments in a wave laboratory suggest.
Comparison of the effect of omega-3 supplements and fresh fish on lipid profile: a randomized, open-labeled trial
Authors: Zibaeenezhad Mohammad Javad , Ghavipisheh Maryam , Attar Armin , Aslani Amir
Published: December 2017

Background

Dietary fish is a rich source of Omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). These compounds may have protective effect against cardiovascular events possibly by modifying lipid profiles. Consequently, fish oil supplements are produced commercially to complement low fish intake. It is not clear if both interventions have similar effects. The aim of this trial was to compare the anti-hyperlipidemic effect of omega3 fatty acid supplements with fresh fish.

Method

A total of 106 patients with hyperlipidemia were randomized. One group received 2 g/day of omega-3 capsules for a period of 8 weeks and the other group received a mean of 250 g trout fish twice weekly (for dinner and lunch) for the same time period. The effects of these diets on the lipid profile after the intervention were compared between the two groups.

Results

Data from 48 patients in fish oil group and 47 patients from fish group was used for final analysis. In both groups, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) levels, and Castelli I index (total cholesterol/HDL ratio) were reduced significantly following the treatment; however, dietary-fish intake had a more pronounced effect (−85.08 ± 74.82 vs. −30.75 ± 89.00, P < 0.001; 75.06 ± 35.43 vs. −16.93 ± 40.21, P < 0.001; −66.55 ± 30.79 vs. −12.7 ± 35.48, P = 0.003; and −0.77 ± 1.39 vs. −3.02 ± 1.85, P < 0.001; respectively). HDL level was increased in both groups with a higher effect in dietary fish group (4.47 ± 7.83 vs. 8.51 ± 8.79, P = 0.022). Atherogenic (Log [TG/HDL ratio]) and Castelli II (LDL/HDL ratio) indices did not change in fish oil group while were reduced significantly by fresh fish consumption (−0.04 ± 0.27 vs. −0.26 ± 0.17, P < 0.001; and 0.15 ± 0.7 vs. -1.32 ± 1.15, P < 0.001, respectively). LDL level was increased in the supplementation group, while it was significantly reduced in the dietary-fish group (+18.7 ± 24.97 vs. −22.75 ± 27.28, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Consumption of fresh fish seems to be superior in positively modifying the lipid profiles which may have important translations in the occurrence of cardiovascular events.
MicroRNA-105 is involved in TNF-α-related tumor microenvironment enhanced colorectal cancer progression
Authors: Shen Zetao , Zhou Rui , Liu Chen , Wang Yaofeng , Zhan Wanqi , Shao Ziyun , Liu Jian , Zhang Feifei , Xu Lijun , Zhou Xinying , Qi Lu , Bo Feng , Ding Yanqing , Zhao Liang
Published: December 2017

TNF-α is a central proinflammatory cytokine contributing to malignant tumor progression in tumor microenvironment. In this study, we found the upregulation of miR-105 in colorectal cancer was associated with aggressive phenotype, and the enhanced expression of miR-105 was required for TNF-α-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). The expression of miR-105 was remarkably stimulated by TNF-α in a time-dependent manner using real-time qPCR analysis. Inhibition of miR-105 remarkably weakened the aggressive effects of TNF-α through preventing the activation of NF-κB signaling and the initiation of EMT. Furthermore, miR-105 was demonstrated directly targeted on the 3′-UTRs of RAP2C, a Rap2 subfamily of small GTP-binding protein. Consistently, suppression of RAP2C stimulated the role of miR-105, which dramatically promoted the invasion and metastasis of CRC cells. Thalidomide, a TNF-α and NF-κB inhibitor, significantly weakened the metastasis and homing capacity of miR-105-overexpressed CRC cells in nude mice. Our investigation initiatively illustrated the modulatory role of miR-105 in TNF-α-induced EMT and further CRC metastasis. We also offer a better understanding of TNFα-induced metastasis and suggest an effective therapeutic strategy against CRC metastasis.
The malignant niche: safe spaces for toxic stem cell marketing
Authors: Sipp Douglas
Published: December 2017

Many tumors are sustained by microenvironments, or niches, that support and protect malignant cells, thus conferring a competitive advantage against both healthy cells and therapeutic interventions (for a brief review, see Yao and Link (Stem Cells 35: 3–8, 2017)). The global industry engaged in the commercial promotion of unproven and scientifically implausible cell-based “regenerative” therapies has developed a number of self-protective strategies that support its survival and growth in ways that are broadly analogous to the functions of the malignant niche.
VEGFR1 promotes cell migration and proliferation through PLCγ and PI3K pathways
Authors: Weddell Jared C. , Chen Si , Imoukhuede P. I.
Published: December 2017

The ability to control vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling offers promising therapeutic potential for vascular diseases and cancer. Despite this promise, VEGF-targeted therapies are not clinically effective for many pathologies, such as breast cancer. VEGFR1 has recently emerged as a predictive biomarker for anti-VEGF efficacy, implying a functional VEGFR1 role beyond its classically defined decoy receptor status. Here we introduce a computational approach that accurately predicts cellular responses elicited via VEGFR1 signaling. Aligned with our model prediction, we show empirically that VEGFR1 promotes macrophage migration through PLCγ and PI3K pathways and promotes macrophage proliferation through a PLCγ pathway. These results provide new insight into the basic function of VEGFR1 signaling while offering a computational platform to quantify signaling of any receptor.
PECAplus: statistical analysis of time-dependent regulatory changes in dynamic single-omics and dual-omics experiments
Authors: Teo Guoshou , Bin Zhang Yun , Vogel Christine , Choi Hyungwon
Published: December 2017

Simultaneous dynamic profiling of mRNA and protein expression is increasingly popular, and there is a critical need for algorithms to identify regulatory layers and time dependency of gene expression. A group of scientists from United States and Singapore present PECAplus, a comprehensive set of statistical analysis tools to address this challenge. Protein expression control analysis (PECA) computes the probability scores for change in mRNA and protein-level regulatory parameters at each time point, deconvoluting gene expression regulation in the presence of measurement noise. PECAplus adapted PECA’s mass action model to a variety of proteomic data including pulsed SILAC and generic protein expression data. It also features analysis modules to fit smooth curves on rugged time series observations, and to facilitate time-dependent interpretation of the data for genes and biological functions.  They demonstrate the core modules with two time course datasets of mammalian cells responding to unfolded proteins and pathogens.
Complement enhances in vitro neutralizing potency of antibodies to human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (gB) and immune sera induced by gB/MF59 vaccination
Authors: Li Fengsheng , Freed Daniel C. , Tang Aimin , Rustandi Richard R. , Troutman Matthew C. , Espeseth Amy S. , Zhang Ningyan , An Zhiqiang , McVoy Michael , Zhu Hua , Ha Sha , Wang Dai , Adler Stuart P. , Fu Tong-Ming
Published: December 2017

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of in utero viral infection in the United States. Since congenital HCMV infection can lead to birth defects in newborns, developing a prophylactic vaccine is a high priority. One of the early experimental vaccines, composed of a recombinant glycoprotein B (gB) formulated with MF59 adjuvant, has demonstrated approximately 50% efficacy against HCMV infection in seronegative women. Using immune sera from two gB/MF59 Phase 1 studies in humans we showed that complement can enhance the in vitro HCMV neutralizing potency of antibodies induced by the gB/MF59 vaccination. To characterize this complement-dependent antiviral activity, we analyzed three rabbit non-neutralizing gB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with different biochemical profiles including epitope specificity. Two of the three mAbs, r272.7 and r210.4, exhibited neutralizing activity when complement was added to the assays, and this complement-dependent antiviral activity was not related to the antibody’s affinity to gB but appeared to be associated with their epitope specificities. Moreover, neutralization could only be demonstrated when complement was present at or before viral entry, suggesting that IgG Fc-mediated function was not the basis for this antiviral activity. Lastly, we demonstrated that gB/MF59 immune sera contained antibodies that can cross-compete with r272.7 for gB binding and that the titers of these antibodies correlated with complement-dependent neutralization titers. These results suggested that gB antibodies with certain biochemical properties have neutralizing potency when complement is present and that this complement-dependent antiviral activity may be a part of immune components which conferred protection against HCMV infection by gB/MF59 vaccination.
Cell softening in malignant progression of human lung cancer cells by activation of receptor tyrosine kinase AXL
Authors: Iida Keisuke , Sakai Ryo , Yokoyama Shota , Kobayashi Naritaka , Togo Shodai , Yoshikawa Hiroshi Y. , Rawangkan Anchalee , Namiki Kozue , Suganuma Masami
Published: December 2017

To study the role of cell softening in malignant progression, Transwell assay and atomic force microscope were used to classify six human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines into two groups: a high motility-low stiffness (HMLS) group and a low motility-high stiffness (LMHS) group. We found a significant role of activity of the AXL receptor tyrosine kinase, which belongs to the TAM (Tyro3, AXL, Mer) family, in the stimulation of motility and cell softening. HMLS cells expressed higher AXL levels than LMHS cells and contained phosphorylated AXL. H1703 LMHS cells transfected with exogenous AXL exhibited increased motility and decreased stiffness, with low levels of actin stress fibre formation. Conversely, the AXL-specific inhibitor R428 and AXL-targeting siRNA reduced motility and increased stiffness in H1299 HMLS cells. Knockdown of AXL stimulated actin stress fibre formation, which inhibited tumour formation in a mouse xenograft model. The Ras/Rac inhibitor SCH 51344, which blocks disruption of actin stress fibres, exerted similar effects to AXL inactivation. We therefore propose that the Ras/Rac pathway operates downstream of AXL. Thus, AXL activation-induced cell softening promotes malignant progression in non-small cell lung cancer and represents a key biophysical property of cancer cells.
Hubness of strategic planning and sociality influences depressive mood and anxiety in College Population
Authors: Yun Je-Yeon , Choi Yoobin , Kwon Yoonhee , Lee Hwa Young , Choi Soo-Hee , Jang Joon Hwan
Published: December 2017

Depressive mood and anxiety can reduce cognitive performance. Conversely, the presence of a biased cognitive tendency may serve as a trigger for depressive mood-anxiety. Previous studies have largely focused on group-wise correlations between clinical-neurocognitive variables. Using network analyses for intra-individual covariance, we sought to decipher the most influential clinical-neurocognitive hub in the differential severity of depressive-anxiety symptoms in a college population. Ninety college students were evaluated for depressive-anxiety symptoms, Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2(MMPI-2), and neuro-cognition. Weighted and undirected version of the intra-individual covariance networks, comprised of 18 clinical-neurocognitive variables satisfied small-worldness and modular organization in the sparsity range ofK = 0.20–0.21. Furthermore, betweenness centrality of perseverative error for the Wisconsin card sorting test was reduced in more depressive individuals; higher anxiety was related to the increased betweenness centrality of MMPI-2 clinical scale 0(Si). Elevated edge-betweenness centrality of covariance between the MMPI-2 clinical scale 7(Pt) versus commission error of the continuous performance test predicted more anxiety higher than depressive mood. With intra-individual covariance network of clinical-neurocognitive variables, this study demonstrated critical drivers of depressive mood[attenuated influence of strategic planning] or anxiety[domination of social introversion/extroversion, in addition to the influence of compulsivity-impulsivity covariance as a shortcut component among various clinical-neurocognitive features].
Quantum-mechanical analysis of effect of alloying elements on ε-martensite start temperature of steels
Authors: Jang J. H. , Moon J. , Ha H.-Y. , Lee T.-H. , Suh D.-W.
Published: December 2017

With regard to the transformation mechanism of austenitic high manganese steel, the prediction of the ε-martensite start temperature is a critical consideration in alloy design. Evaluation of the ε-martensite start temperature makes it possible to predict the microstructure and to understand the phase transformation occurring during deformation. Here we use the quantum mechanical calculation of random alloys to understand the physics for ε-martensitic transformation in steels. We could find the linear relationship between the measured ε-martensite start temperatures and the crystal structure stability for various compositions. We also could estimate the effect of several alloying elements. It is expected that the effect of decreasing the temperatures for the same amount of alloying elements addition will be larger moving farther from Group VIII. By creating a free-energy model that reflects the temperature effect, we were able to calculate the average driving force required for the ε-martensitic transformations.