bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Everyday Ways of Thinking about Multiculturalism
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel
Published: May 2004

This article examines the everyday thinking on multiculturalism of majority group members in The Netherlands. Using material from two empirical studies, it investigates what ethnic Dutch people think about multiculturalism and how they justify or criticize multicultural notions. The first study examines the reasons and arguments perceived to exist in society for supporting or questioning multiculturalism. This study maps the meanings that have been created within Dutch society in response to increased ethnic diversity. The reasons used to justify or criticize multiculturalism were found to form two sets of arguments. The second study examines the ways that people in the context of an interview actually construct different versions of multiculturalism and account for their positions. Here, the focus is on the interpretations used and the discursive consequences of their deployment. Two main interpretations were identified and it is shown how these are actually and strategically used to justify and criticize particular ideas and views on multiculturalism.
When Researchers Disagree
Authors: Lithman Yngve
Published: May 2004

Two epistemological roots are traced for the social sciences, one related to wonderment over how society is possible, the other to their auxiliary role in the political-administrative system. The conflict between these epistemological traditions, it is argued, has had beneficial effects upon the social sciences. In the scholarship about multicultural societies, it is shown that these two epistemological traditions result in very different accounts of immigrant/minority life, designations of deviancy, etc., and also in terms of defining areas of legitimate interventions from the surrounding society. It is argued that present-day changes in the universities, including the specific interpretation of excellence, as well as research funding mechanisms, significantly serve to impoverish the epistemological pluralism in the social sciences, with malevolent results for our understanding of multicultural challenges. The article builds mainly on some case material from Norway, but the arguments are meant to have wide external validity.
Children’s Favourite Books
Authors: Wilkinso Karen
Published: May 2004

This article reports on a study of four pre-school children’s reading choices, their ‘favourite books’ and the impact of parents’ own reading choices upon their children’s choices. It set out to examine the reading choices available to pre-school children at home and the factors involved in the parental selection of books, in addition to the impact of parents’ own experiences of favourite books upon their children’s choices. Four parents took part in a series of interviews in their home and maintained a diary reflecting their children’s reading choices over a seven-day period. Vignettes were then developed which reflected on the children’s reading choices. Data were analysed for patterns and themes. The main findings were that parents selected books for children based on their children’s interests, that parents’ own reading histories impacted upon their choices and that parents used an array of indicators to identify their children’s favourite books. It is suggested that further research is needed in relation to pre-school children’s reading choices, given that most surveys of reading focus on older children.
Tactical Underlife: Understanding Student’s Perceptions
Authors: Larson Joanne , Gatto Lynn Astarita
Published: May 2004

This article describes one urban classroom and the language and literacy practices jointly constructed by a veteran urban teacher, Lynn Gatto, and her 3rd grade students. Drawing from two ethnographic studies of Gatto’s 2nd–4th grade looped classroom, we argue that Gatto and her students use the interplay between strategies and tactics (De Certeau, 1984) and between disruptive and contained underlife (Goffman, 1961), or what we are calling tactical underlife, to construct their own spaces of resistance to the constraining demands of the standardization and accountability movement.
Getting the Big Picture: Regulating Knowledge in the Early Childhood Literacy Curriculum
Authors: Comber Barbara , Nichols Susan
Published: May 2004

As part of the Commonwealth’s drive to enhance Australia’s competitiveness in the global economy, Australia is five years from implementing ‘National Benchmarks’ to leverage measurable literacy outcomes from schools. This ‘back to basics’ agenda is in tension with another drive to foster advanced thinking skills in children. Teachers are being positioned as deskilled technicians on the one hand and model ‘new economy’ workers on the other, whilst working to meet the needs of diverse student populations. This article discusses the impact of these tensions on ‘Riverside Primary School’ located in a culturally diverse, socio-economically disadvantaged suburb of Adelaide. A case study of student–teacher interactions during a literacy lesson is used to illustrate how dominant educational and political discourses operate at a classroom level to construct children as ‘normal’, ‘gifted’ or ‘slow’.
Literacy and Risk: an Analysis of One Middle-Class Parent’s Taken-Forgranted Understandings of Independence and Freedom
Authors: Bialostok Steve
Published: May 2004

Alexis de Tocquevile (1969: 506) predicted that Americans would be prone to isolation and increasing individualism, ‘which disposes each citizen to isolate himself from the mass of his fellows and withdraw into the circle of family and friends; with this little society formed to his taste; he gladly leaves the greater society to look after itself’. While literacy and literacy education in this country do not have a monopoly on Tocquevile’s prophesy, his conclusions do have implications for both early literacy practice and policy. In this article I demonstrate how prevailing literacy practices and ideologies in middle-class school systems both depend on and reinforce notions of personal autonomy and independence that conform to the needs of late-modern capitalism. In order to convince or coerce middle-class parents, teachers, and students to embrace these ideologies of personhood and literacy, there must be some kind of scary ‘Other’ against which the positive image of autonomy and independence is compared – this ‘Other’ is the image of the dependent subject, with all the stereotypical assumptions about class, race, and gender that go along with that in US society. This scary ‘Other’ is conjured up through what I call ‘narratives of risk’ – hypothetical stories about the dangers that may befall children who do not embrace the kinds of literacy practices that their teachers and parents want.
Literacy Instruction, Disciplinary Practice, and Diverse Learners: a Case Study
Authors: Manyak Patrick C.
Published: May 2004

This article presents a close analysis of a reading group in a first-grade class of Spanish-dominant Latina/o children established through the English-only mandate of California’s Proposition 227. First, I discuss how the practice of the reading group was shaped by the intersection of socio-political and institutional discourses and practices. Next, I present findings that demonstrate that the reading group functioned in problematic ways to construct the children as individuals who were responsible for their own cognitive-academic performances; to evaluate and rank the children by these performances; and to reconstruct their bodily and linguistic habitus in the image of a disciplined literate subject.
Children with Disabilities Need a Head Start Too!
Authors: Beauchesne Michelle A. , Barnes Andrea , Patsdaughter Carol
Published: May 2004

Recently, the US Head Start program has been expanded to Early Head Start, which targets pregnant women and children under 3 years. Head Start is mandated to enroll children with disabilities as at least 10 percent of their population, and such children comprise approximately 13 percent of the programs in Massachusetts. However, the majority of these children have speech and language problems; less than 1 percent are diagnosed with more severe or complex disorders. To further clarify service patterns, a mail survey was conducted with directors of Head Start programs in New England. Fifty surveys were completed and analyzed. The results are consistent with previous findings that Head Start is underused as a service for children with more than mild disabilities. Specific issues are discussed and recommendations made.
Making the Mundane Sacred Through Technology: Mediating Identity, Ecology and Commodity Fetishism
Authors: Vail Peter
Published: May 2004

This article explores the sanctifying power of technology and digital imagery, and its use for local political action. Drawing on fieldwork undertaken in northeastern Thailand, the author examines how a photograph of a tree and its presentation on a laptop computer were used to save the tree from being cut down. He shows how a unique combination of rhetorical strategy and commodity fetishism, when coupled with the digital image, rendered the tree sacred and therefore untouchable; this was possible due to the cultural identity of rural villagers, who imagine themselves simultaneously as both rural and national.
The Completeness of Public Reason
Authors: Schwartzman Micah
Published: May 2004

A common objection to the idea of public reason is that it cannot resolve fundamental political issues because it excludes too many moral considerations from the political domain. Following an important but often overlooked distinction drawn by Gerald Gaus, there are two ways to understand this objection. First, public reason is often said to be inconclusive because it fails to generate agreement on fundamental political issues. Second, and more radically, some critics have claimed that public reason is indeterminate because it cannot provide any citizen with sufficient reason(s) for making important political decisions. Against the first of these objections, I argue that the purpose of public reason is not to end reasonable disagreement. Rather, it is to provide a suitable framework of values and principles within which citizens may resolve their moral and political differences. Against the second objection, I argue, first, that the indeterminacy of public reason is much less common than its inconclusiveness; and, second, that there are second-order decision-making strategies that may enable citizens to cope with cases of indeterminacy. The incompleteness of public reason, whether it takes the form of inconclusiveness or indeterminacy, is not a reason for citizens to abandon their commitment to public justification.
A Multi-Level Approach to Cross Cultural Work-Family Research
Authors: Korabik Karen , Lero Donna S. , Ayman Roya
Published: May 2004

This article describes the theoretical framework and rationale that underlie a large-scale international study of the work-family interface. This research study utilizes a multi-level, theoretically based approach. It is being undertaken by a collaborative, multicultural team composed of indigenous researchers from countries that were selected based on theoretically important dimensions. It consists of three empirical components: (1) qualitative focus groups, (2) a social policy analysis, and (3) a quantitative two-wave survey. Thus the data are both qualitative and quantitative, both emic and etic, and both micro- and macro-level in nature.
The Macro-Environment and Work-Family Conflict
Authors: Joplin Janice R. W. , Shaffer Margaret A. , Francesco Anne Marie , Lau Theresa
Published: May 2004

Using data from focus groups in five countries (China, Hong Kong, Mexico, Singapore, and the United States), we identified macro-level influences on the work-family interface across the countries. Because macro-level influences are rarely investigated in work-family interface research, we sought to understand the nature of the influence and to guide future research in this area of inquiry. Using archival data, we viewed (changes in) economic, social, technological and legal factors across the five countries to explain differences and similarities associated with managing the work and family domains. Based on our integration of archival statistics and qualitative data grounded in the real experiences of employees in each of the five countries, we developed a general framework that can be applied to understanding work-family conflict across cultures. Our preliminary evidence indicates that changes in macro-level factors that are in greater conflict with cultural values lead to higher levels of stress and work-family conflict.
The Influence of Confucian Ideology on Conflict in Chinese Family Business
Authors: Yan Jun , Sorenson Ritch L.
Published: May 2004

The dual-concern conflict model argues that choice of conflict strategies are based on two concerns: concern for interests or goals of self and other. This article argues that the dual-concern model may only partially account for choice of conflict management strategies in Chinese family businesses, particularly in families that are strongly influenced by Confucianism. The article uses Confucian values and norms, which are an ancient set of guidelines for social interaction, as the basis for introducing additional concerns to explain choice of conflict strategies in Chinese family businesses: concern for relationships, interpersonal norms, and collective interests. Two sets of moderating variables are introduced based on the unique features of Confucian ideology. They include differences in age, status, and gender between conflicting parties, and types of conflict – normative or personal goal related, and task or relationship. Propositions summarize the major arguments.
Managing Values and Ethics in an International Bank
Authors: van Nimwegen Ton , Soeters Joseph , van Luijk Henk
Published: May 2004

Multinational companies face serious problems when personnel in their national subsidiaries are not acting in accordance with basic principles of ‘proper behavior’ and moral standards. In this article a description is given of the way in which an internationally operating bank has formulated four company values, in order to implement basic standards in their organization on a worldwide scale. These values (integrity, respect, teamwork and professionalism) have subsequently been diffused among the bank’s subsidiaries by means of a rollout program. This article focuses on this rollout program and the way it has been received in the national subsidiaries of the bank. Data from a comparative survey in 19 countries help to understand the dynamics of this process of formulating, diffusion and reception. The article closes with some points of discussion.
Illustrating the Importance of Including the Views and Experiences of Users and Carers in Evaluating the Effectiveness of Drug Treatments for Dementia
Authors: Traynor Victoria , Pritchard Emma , Dewing Jan
Published: May 2004

Undertaking a literature review revealed that when evaluating the effectiveness of the drug treatments for dementia few studies purposefully explore the views of users and carers. Their views are mainly derived from secondary analysis of conventional scientific evidence. Where the views of users and carers were explored it was discovered that they evaluate the effectiveness of the drug treatments in terms of quality of life. On its own, the conventional scientific approach of using outcome measures to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs is not sufficiently relevant or meaningful to users and carers. Findings from a study exploring the views of users and carers also demonstrate that professionals are willing to utilize the users’ and carers’ evaluations of the drug treatments for dementia. We suggest that reliable and valid measures are developed which explicitly explore the views of users and carers. This will go towards ensuring clinical trials are relevant and meaningful to the users and carers and not to professionals alone.
Harvesting Health
Authors: Gigliotti Christina M. , Jarrott Shannon E. , Yorgason Jeremy
Published: May 2004

Providing meaningful activities for persons with dementia in institutional care settings challenges many activity staff. Horticultural therapy (HT), is one approach to addressing this challenge. HT involves the use of plant materials to achieve measurable treatment goals with special populations. The current exploratory study investigated differential responses of persons with dementia to three types of HT activities: cooking, crafts, and planting. We conducted HT activities three times per week at an adult day service (ADS) program over a nine-week period. Observational data for each participant were collected during HT and more traditional ADS activities at five-minute intervals using a modified Dementia Care Mapping (DCM) technique. Predominant behavior and affect of each timeframe were recorded for participants. High levels of positive affect and engagement were observed during all of the categories of HT activities, but no significant differences were found between the three categories of HT activities. While levels of engagement in the presented HT and traditional activities were similar, the percentage of time spent doing nothing was lower during HT than traditional activities. Affect was more positive during HT than traditional activities. The current study lends support to the value of HT activities for participants with dementia regardless of the HT modality employed.
Alzheimer’s Caregiver Differences in Experience of Loss, Grief Reactions and Depressive Symptoms Across Stage of Disease
Authors: Adams Kathryn Betts , Sanders Sara
Published: May 2004

The self-reported losses, grief reactions, and depressive symptoms experienced by caregivers in the early, middle, and late stages of dementia were assessed using open-ended descriptive questions and scaled measures including the Meuser-Marwit Caregiver Grief Inventory (MM-CGI; Marwit & Meuser, 2002). Ninety-nine caregivers associated with an urban Alzheimer’s Association chapter were surveyed by post. While there were moderate levels of grief and depression reported across the entire sample, those caring for individuals in the late stage of dementia reported significantly more symptoms of grief and depression than those in the early or middle stages. Responses to open-ended questions regarding losses and grief also differed across the groups in the three disease stages. The late-stage group’s comments most resembled bereavement, in keeping with the higher grief and depression scores among members of this group. Findings suggest there are different emotional tasks faced by caregivers as the dementia progresses, and it is important to acknowledge the particular losses and facilitate grieving at each stage.
Negotiating the Impact of Forgetting
Authors: Clare Linda , Shakespeare Pam
Published: May 2004

Dialectical and social constructionist approaches to dementia emphasize the importance of social interaction, and recent work has begun to call for a more relationship-based approach. However, little attention has yet been paid to the interactions of couples where one partner has early-stage dementia. This article describes some of the findings from an exploratory, qualitative study investigating conversational interactions between people with early-stage dementia and their spouses. Analysis of data from ten couples draws primarily on voice-relational analytic methods to explore how these couples use talk in conversation to negotiate and co-construct an account of their situation, and to outline the dimensions of resistance in this context. The findings suggest a need to attend to interaction and conversation from the very earliest stages of dementia. The concept of resistance, as evidenced in the interactions presented here, provides a framework that can assist in this endeavour.
Offering a Doctoral Program Internationally Tensions and Congruities
Authors: Maxwell T. W. , McConaghy Cathryn , Ninnes Peter
Published: May 2004

The article begins by setting out a confluence of events that initiated a proposal to attract students from Taiwan to a new EdD program in Australia, and then explores the tensions and congruities that ensue from this scenario. The main tensions and congruities revolved around issues of standards, quality, Englishlanguage levels, profit motives, visa requirements, and the nature and uses of postdoctoral programs. These issues are brought into greater relief in a globalizing university sector in which time and space are reconfigured and local/global tensions are raised. We offer a program internationally that allows us to be ‘respectful’ of the students, i.e. the course work and research output is based upon student interest derived from data developed in context. The model allows for the development of national interest (through nationals’ interests), crossing over boundaries in process and framework. In a sense we have internationalized our program through this ‘respectful’ model.
Staff Induction
Authors: Stirzaker Rosalind
Published: May 2004

This article analyses the literature on staff induction into international schools. It defines what is meant by the term ‘induction’ and identifies the benefits to both individuals and organization if it is done well. It stresses that induction is a process, not an event, and discusses the various stages involved: the initial recruitment, the first day and succeeding months. It uses the literature to produce key guidelines for each phase that should be of value in any international school’s context.
Structural Damage Diagnosis by Kalman Model Based on Stochastic Subspace Identification
Authors: Yan Ai-Min , De Boe Pascal , Golinval Jean-Claude
Published: May 2004

This paper presents an application of statistical process control techniques for damage diagnosis using vibration measurements. A Kalman model is constructed by performing a stochastic subspace identification to fit the measured response histories of the undamaged (reference) structure. It will not be able to reproduce the newly measured responses when damage occurs. The residual error of the prediction by the identified model with respect to the actual measurement of signals is defined as a damage-sensitive feature. The outlier statistics provides a quantitative indicator of damage. The advantage of the method is that model extraction is performed by using only the reference data and that no further modal identification is needed. On-line health monitoring of structures is therefore easily realized. When the structure consists of the assembly of several sub-structures, for which the dynamic interaction is weak, the damage may be located as the errors attain the maximum at the sensors instrumented in the damaged sub-structures.
The Use of Vibration Data for Damage Detection in Bridges: A Comparison of System Identification and Pattern Recognition Approaches
Authors: Haritos N. , Owen J. S.
Published: May 2004

This paper briefly outlines the rationale for structural health monitoring as an integral component of bridge management systems. Two different approaches, system identification and statistical pattern recognition, are summarised and applied in turn to vibration data collected from three scale modelreinforced concrete bridges. The results show that the system identification paradigm can successfully locate and quantify the damage to the decks when they are loaded to incipient collapse, especially when experience is used to determine the parameters to use in the finite element updating procedure. However, the study also demonstrated that this approach requires a large amount of high quality data, requirements that cannot always be met readily in the field. In contrast, although the statistical pattern recognition approach was not able to quantify or locate the damage, it was able to clearly indicate that damage had occurred from relatively few measurements. A comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches suggests that they should be used in a complementary manner. The statistical pattern recognition approach can be employed as a simple, cost efficient way to indicate that damage has occurred. It can then trigger a more detailed investigation using system identification.
Dissociation and Violence
Authors: Moskowitz Andrew
Published: May 2004

Violent acts are sometimes committed by people who do not normally appear violent or aggressive. This simple observation and others have led some to speculate about a relationship between dissociation and violence. However, no systematic review of the literature has so far been published. To address this gap, studies assessing the prevalence of dissociation among violent individuals, and violence among highly dissociative persons, are reviewed. Possible links between dissociation and violent behavior are explored. It is concluded that dissociation predicts violence in a wide range of populations and may be crucial to an understanding of violentbehavior. There is a clear need, however, for large scale, well-designed studies using reliable structured instruments in a number of areas reviewed. Recommendations for clinical applications include the routine screening of offenders for dissociative disorders and adequate consideration of dissociation and dissociative disorders in the development and implementation of violence treatment and prevention programs.
Predictors of Change among Male Batterers
Authors: Scott Katreena L.
Published: May 2004

The efficacy of batterer treatment is a concern of clinicians, researchers, and policy makers. Most past research on batterer treatment has defined success as a cessation of men’s physical abuse against their intimate partner. Although clearly an important outcome, focus on assault leaves many questions unanswered about the broader impact of batterer treatment and the processes through which successful change may be promoted. With the aim of encouraging complexity in the consideration of change among batterers, the current article reviews studies that go beyond dichotomous outcomes. First, evidence for the success of batterer treatment is considered from multiple perspectives: men’s, women’s, and the intervention system. Next, an in-depth review of research on factors relating to change in abusive men is completed using feminist, family systems, individual, and typology theories as an organizing framework. Numerous recommendations are made for integrating theories of change with investigations of treatment success in future work.
Application of the Transtheoretical Model to Health Education for Older Adults
Authors: Lach Helen W. , Everard Kelly M. , Highstein Gabrielle , Brownson Carol A.
Published: May 2004

The application of theory to practice can be challenging. This article describes the experiences of one organization in applying the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) to a health promotion program for older adults, Health Stages. The concepts of the model, especially stage of change, were successfully used for program planning, curriculum development, and program evaluation. A Programming Grid was developed to guide curriculum development and evaluate if programs were reaching out to people at all stages of readiness to make healthy changes. Other TTM constructs, including self-efficacy, decisional balance, and processes of change were incorporated into the Health Stages curriculum. Evaluation showed that the pilot sites increased their offering of action- and maintenance-oriented programs, filling in the gaps in current programming. Older adults were receptive and interested in the model. The TTM enhanced the program by providing a framework for design and a method for reaching a wider audience of older adults with important health information.
Development of a Cervical Cancer Educational Program for Chinese Women Using Intervention Mapping
Authors: Hou Su-I , Fernandez Maria E. , Parcel Guy S.
Published: May 2004

This article describes the development of a program to increase Pap screening behavior among women in Taiwan. Intervention mapping, an innovative process of intervention design, guided the development of this program. The development process included a needs assessment identifying factors influencing Pap screening behavior relevant to Chinese women. The program used methods such as information transmission, modeling, persuasion, and facilitation. Strategies included direct mail communication, role-model stories and testimonials, and a telephone-counseling component. The delineation of specific plans for implementation and evaluation are also described.
Using Scenario Planning in Public Health: Anticipating Alternative Futures
Authors: Neiner Jennifer A. , Howze Elizabeth H. , Greaney Mary L.
Published: May 2004

Scenario planning is a method for anticipating possible alternative futures. Used widely in business applications, it allows planners to anticipate problems, reevaluate assumptions, and reflect on consequences of those alternative futures. In this article, scenario planning is applied to public health, specifically to illustrate the four steps in scenario planning for public health using a health department’s desire to address chronic disease prevention and control. An unhealthy diet and physical inactivity are considered to be key risk factors. The scenarios are presented in table format and are for illustration purposes only. Many other plausible scenarios could be constructed. Scenario planning allows stake-holders to define a desired, shared vision of the future, but more important, they can better prepare public health professionals to be successful in a constantly changing environment.
Public Librarians as a Resource for Promoting Health: Results from the Health for Everyone in Libraries Project (HELP) Librarian Survey
Authors: Linnan Laura A. , Wildemuth Barbara M. , Gollop Claudia , Hull Peggy , Silbajoris Christie , Monnig Ruth
Published: May 2004

Public libraries are located in all communities, and two thirds of adults visit one each year. Libraries give the public access to computers and the Internet, and librarians offer technical assistance for accessing information. The interests and training needs of public librarians for assisting the public in accessing health information have not been addressed. One public library/librarian in each North Carolina county was randomly selected to complete a written questionnaire to assess health-related information services and librarians’ skills for providing these services. 84% of librarians (83/99) completed the questionnaire. Results indicate that librarians answer more than 10 health-related questions per week, feel moderately comfortable answering these questions, and are very interested in receiving additional training for addressing health related questions. Creating public library/public health partnerships holds much promise for enhancing the ability of community members to access desired health information.
Network Analysis as a Tool for Assessing and Building Community Capacity for Provision of Chronic Disease Services
Authors: Provan Keith G. , Veazie Mark A. , Teufel-Shone Nicolette I. , Huddleston Carol
Published: May 2004

A network analysis was conducted in spring 2000 by the Southwest Center for Health Promotion in the U.S. Mexico border community of Douglas, Arizona. The purpose of the analysis was to assess the level of collaboration among the 23 public and not-for-profit agencies that provided health and human services for a broad range of chronic disease prevention, screening, and treatment services. Data were also collected on levels of trust and anticipated outcomes (benefits and draw-backs) of collaboration. The article presents the findings of the network analysis, focusing on its usefulness as a tool for evaluating efforts at building community capacity through enhanced interagency collaboration.
Dialogue Boxes: A Tool for Collaborative Process Evaluation
Authors: Roe Kathleen , Roe Kevin
Published: May 2004

Process evaluation is now a core component of health promotion program evaluations. Over the past decade, considerable attention and resources were devoted to developing sensitive and collaborative process evaluation methodologies. These efforts share the broad commitments that process evaluation should (a) support program goals and objectives, (b) lead to program improvement, and (c) whenever possible, develop evaluation capacity among participants. This article describes dialogue boxes, a process evaluation tool that has proven extremely useful in diverse health promotion program and planning efforts. The tool itself is described, along with eight lessons learned about the power of this seemingly simple evaluation method, comments about the challenges of this type of process evaluation, and tips for using dialogue boxes in health promotion planning and programs.
Evaluating Community Partnerships and Coalitions with Practitioners in Mind
Authors: Butterfoss Frances D. , Francisco Vincent T.
Published: May 2004

Evaluation plays a key role in developing and sustaining community partnerships and coalitions. We recommend focusing on three levels of coalition evaluation that measure (a) processes that sustain and renew coalition infrastructure and function; (b) programs intended to meet target activities, or those that work directly toward the partnership’s goals; and (c) changes in health status or the community. A tendency to focus on quick wins and short-term effects of programs may explain why some coalitions are not able to achieve systems and/or health outcomes change. Although measuring community-level or system changes (e.g., improving environmental quality or changing insurance coverage policies) is much more difficult than evaluating program outcomes, it is essential. This article presents challenges that coalition practitioners and evaluators face and concludes with practical resources for evaluation.
And Then There Were Three: Self-Presentational Styles and the Presence of the Partner as a Third Person in the Interview
Authors: Boeije H. R.
Published: May 2004

As a result of a third person’s being present in an interview, the interviewee can be motivated to change his or her answer and try to present a certain impression to the interviewer and the third person. Drawing on a qualitative interview study conducted in the Netherlands and Belgium, the present study examines why partners want to be present in interviews and what self-presentational styles their spouses use when they are present. Seventeen interviews conducted with eight families were analyzed from a self-presentational framework. Some interviewees used a protective self-presentation when partners were around, only to shift to an offensive style when the partner had left. Assertive and defensive strategies were also used in joint interviews. Contrary to expectations, several couples did not adjust their opinions and made no attempt to convey the image of a harmonious marriage. It is concluded that interviewees are subject to motivation change in some cases, which can undermine the validity of the data as less information is collected.
Finding Time: Studying the Concepts of Time Used in Daily Life
Authors: Birth Kevin K.
Published: May 2004

Time is a fundamental dimension of human experience, but its study presents special challenges, including the methodological problems of how to get people to talk about time and how to recognize discourse and actions that reveal cultural conceptions of time. In addition to classic ethnographic approaches that related conceptions of time to social organization, the growing concern over time-space compression in the study of globalization adds an additional set of concerns in the social scientific study of time. Through recounting some of the author’s own mistakes and efforts at studying time in Trinidad, this article makes suggestions for how to ethnographically approach the topic of time in order to understand the connections between cognition, cultural conceptions of time, social organization, and the relationship of global influences and local actions.
A New Addition to the Family of Space Sampling Methods
Authors: Lang Hartmut , Challenor Peter , Killworth Peter D.
Published: May 2004

Space sampling is a useful substitute for classical random sampling if the sampling universe is unknown. It is a family of sampling methods that uses geographical features such as patches on maps or geographical points. So far, the methods have been applied to problems in which the spatial dimensions of the sampling units are irrelevant (i.e., where the probability of sampling any unit is independent of its size, for example, persons surveyed with the street intercept method). If, however, space sampling is applied to problems in which the spatial dimensions of the sampling units matter, the existing evaluation procedures fail. This article describes evaluation procedures that work in such cases.
Field Notes as a Web Site: Integrating Multimedia into Anthropological Documents
Authors: Barkin Gareth , Stone Glenn Davis
Published: May 2004

Anthropologists are increasingly returning from the field with digital images and other media, along with their field notes. This article lays out the “Web site model” for integrating digital images, audio, and other media files into unified field note documents through the use of a Web page editor. It explains how to generate multimedia galleries and link them within textual documents, to help restore the intuitive relationships between image, sound, and word that earlier technological limitations dissolved. This allows the ethnographer to review descriptions of particular events, interviews, or periods of participant observation with all the available forms of recording, as part of a single text, rather than artificially separating out the review process by medium.
Understanding Institutional Change
Authors: Grossback Lawrence J. , Peterson David A. M.
Published: May 2004

The study of state legislative change is dominated by concerns with the development of professional legislatures, but do the components of a professional legislature develop in the sameway? If not, what accounts for change in state legislative institutions? We separate legislative staff from the larger concept of professionalism and offer a theory that explains staff development and its impact on both legislative activity and conflict with the governor. We demonstrate that staff size and organizational structure respond to internal and external competitive pressures and they in turn have an affect on the larger policy environment separate from professionalism.
The Reintroduction of the Elephas Maximus to the Southern United States
Authors: Hood M. V. , Kidd QuentIn , Morris IrwIn L.
Published: May 2004

Over the last half-century, the South has undergone a radical transformation. One aspect of this transformation, the growth of the Republican Party, has produced a viable and competitive twoparty system in the region. Contrary to other studies examining this phenomenon, this study offers an explicitly political explanation—the theory of relative advantage—for the growth of Southern Republicanism. Using a pooled time series methodology to simultaneously examine the implications of this theory, as well as the effect of economic and demographic factors traditionally associated with GOP growth, it is shown that the observed pattern mirrors the expectations of relative advantage theory. In contrast to the existing literature, little support was found for economic or demographic explanations of Republican growth.
Are Federal Programs Immortal?
Authors: Corder J. KevIn
Published: May 2004

Two perspectives on program longevity informwork on the life cycle and political control of federal programs. One set ofwork represents programs as immortal and implies that elected officials face severe problems controlling programs. Asecond set ofwork claims that programs face pressures that lead to termination. A single empirical feature—the hazard of program termination over time—distinguishes these mutually exclusive perspectives. A survival data analysis strategy is applied to a sample of federal credit programs to estimate this hazard. The data indicate high risks of termination early in the life of a program and lower risks as programs age. Further, the types of new programs that are terminated—programs that rely on direct loans or are housed in independent agencies—influence the long-term structure of federal intervention in capital markets.
Presidential Source Cues and Policy Appraisals, 1981-2000
Authors: Mondak Jeffery J. , Lewis Christopher J. , Sides Jason C. , Kang Joohyun , Long J. Olyn
Published: May 2004

To gain efficiency in political decision making, citizens rely on a great number of simplifying devices. One especially significant approach involves attention to elite political signals, or source cues. Although the nature of individual-level cue-based processing has been examined in numerous studies, less is known about the effects of elite signals on collective opinion. In this article, we expand on past quasi-experimental research in this area. Whereas previous research focused on the impact of source cues during the Reagan era, we broaden the analysis to include data from the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton administrations. Furthermore, we advance and test the thesis that the effects of presidential cues are contingent on baseline levels of policy support. Results reveal very strong effects of presidential approval on opinion about policy, findings that highlight the potential significance of presidential leadership of public opinion.
Gone Public
Authors: Barrett Andrew W.
Published: May 2004

Since the publication of Samuel Kernell’s Going Public in 1986, many political scientists have accepted the theory of going public; yet, few scholars have tested the effectiveness of this presidential strategy. This article provides the first large-scale quantitative test of going public to determine whether this strategy increases the president’s probability of success in the legislative arena. In particular, this study is based on a content analysis of thousands of presidential remarks from the PublicPapers of the Presidentsfor the years 1977-1992regarding 186 significant pieces of legislation. Based on this analysis, going public is a successful legislative strategy for presidential initiatives and other bills supported by the president.
Meaghan Morris and the Formation of Australian Cultural Studies: a Narrative of Intellectual Exchange and Located Transnationalism
Authors: Lewis Tania
Published: May 2004

In recent years, Australian cultural studies has gained significant recognition internationally. However, despite its prominence, there have been few attempts to chart the history of this intellectual formation. This essay offers a historical account that is framed by the biography of the Australian cultural studies theorist Meaghan Morris. Morris’s intellectual development has been strongly influenced by a mixture of both local and foreign intellectual traditions. This article maps out her specific intellectual genealogy as a way of highlighting the complex interchanges between the local, the national, and the transnational influences that have contributed to the development of Australian cultural studies.
True Love Stories
Authors: Aoki Douglas Sadao
Published: May 2004

This article attempts to say something about love by examining how love defies being said (or written). One of its early propositions is that we have little choice but to plagiarize love, and the text proceeds by doing just that. But its plagiarism is selective, explicit, and carefully arranged, so that elegant inarticulations of love by Kristeva, Arendt, Geertz, and a host of others shape a determined narrative line. The text moves from writer to writer and from bodies to mystery, not to build an argument, but to pursue a gambit: Perhaps love is constituted in the very impossibility of its articulation. Of course, the inevitable implication is that the article can only succeed by failing. Still, such failures can be redemptive, for love itself suggests the simultaneous admission and defiance of futility—at least, that will be the author’s sort-of conclusion.
Musikonceit: a Postmodern Bravura Sans Footnotes
Authors: Kohn Nathaniel , Lee Y. S.
Published: May 2004

Marshaling the so-called universal model of music, the authors examine the conceits of traditional discursive scholarship. One of the epistemological challenges of postmodernism is (con)textual: How do people re-form narrowly tailored, methodologically formalized textuality? How do people deploy postmodern playfulness, hybridity, and bricolage effectively to displace reified methodologies with new ways of knowing? In this article, the authors mingle ethnography, literary criticism, aesthetic hermeneutics, and cultural studies to examine the movements, riffs, and flows of music, from Puccini to hip-hop. By emulating the varied structures of music (their subject matter), the authors work to perform textually the cross-cultural aspects of musical flirtations and, in the process, rehearse how postmodern epistemologies might innovate cultural scholarship, improvising new strains of historical and analytical discursivity.
A Moveable Fascism: Fear and Loathing in the Empire of Sand
Authors: McLaren Peter , Jaramillo Nathalia E.
Published: May 2004

This article discusses the political and cultural fallout following the illegal war and occupation of Iraq by the U.S. military and its allies, focusing on the lies, deceptions, and hypocrisy of the Bush Jr. regime and the media.
Everybody’s Life is Like a Spiral: Narrating Post-Fordism in the Lifestyle Movement of the 1970s
Authors: Binkley Sam
Published: May 2004

What has been variously termed the post-Fordist turn in the social and economic organization of Western societies describes (among other things) the demise of a middle class professional culture and the emergence of a new lifestyle morality of expressive self realization. This study examines the role played by selection of lifestyle innovators in this process: through an interpretive study of narratives of moral change, the shift from the old professional morality to the new lifestyle morality is interpreted as a story of learned relaxation and impulsive release. Drawing material from over 83 lifestyle publications and 34 open-ended biographical interviews, the importance of this vanguard lifestyle movement is related to a wider historical consideration of the moral culture of the American middle class, and to an overview of theories of the post-Fordist turn.
The Roots/Routes of Academic Freedom and the Role of the Intellectual
Authors: Tierney William G.
Published: May 2004

The author discusses the roots of academic freedom in the American research university. He begins by discussing the Ross case at Stanford University and suggests that the case revolved around what would be seen today as “hate speech.” He then turns to the more current case of Sami Al-Arian, who was fired from his tenured position at the University of South Florida after he was suspected of being a terrorist. The author argues that the role of the intellectual is being tested today in ways that are new and current, and that however distasteful, it is essential to protect the rights of all academics, even those with whom we disagree.
Cultural Studies is the Crisis: Culturalism and Dynamic Justice
Authors: Shepperson Arnold , Tomaselli Keyan G.
Published: May 2004

The sometimes overrated “crisis in cultural studies” may be to some extent self-inflicted. The authors outline the transformation of the moral or ethical origins of cultural studies as those of what was essentially a research project, into the instrumentalist routines of an academic bureaucracy. Because these developments arise largely from the failure of the political Left to accommodate the collapse of the Cold War ideological stand-off, it is suggested that cultural studies has in many ways become something of an intellectual commodity that informs reactionary agendas equally, as well as those claiming to be Progressive. The article proposes an elaboration of the concept of Dynamic Justice, as developed by Agnes Heller (1987), as the grounds for recovering cultural studies’ earlier research impetus.