bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Pengaruh Rasio Keuangan dan Ukuran Aset Pada Pertumbuhan Laba Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Pada Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2010-2013
Authors: Sari Dian Permata , Paramu Hadi , Utami Elok Sri
Published: March 2018

This article aims to analyze the influence of financial ratios and asset size on the earning growth of manufacture companies.60 manufature companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2010-2013 were selected as samples.using simple randomsampling method. Data analysis method used was multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that only partiallyReturn on Assets influences the earning growth, while the current ratio, total asset turnover, debt ratio, earnings per share anda dummy variable (asset classes) do not influence on earning growth. This informs that the company's earning growth could beindicated by Return on Assets while other financial ratios and asset size could not provide a signal for company's earninggrwoth.
Persepsi Mahasiswa Terhadap E-commerce melalui Facebook di
Authors: Putra Senna Saflianda Cendikia , Indraningrat Ketut , Halim Abdul
Published: March 2018

This study aimed to describe the students’ perceptions of E-commerce via Facebook in the subdistrict Sumbersaridistrict of Jember. Research approach used in this study is a qualitative research, study subjects are set in a waythat amounted to 7 Sampling Snowball informants students. Informants were selected based on experience using theE-commerce via Facebook and advised his colleagues who had similar experiences to serve as the next informant.The method used is Triangulation of data, whereas the method of analysis using descriptive analysis aims todetermine the depiction of the condition of the research is based on interviews of informants answer. The datacollection process begins with interviews and retrieval of documents directly to the informant. The results showedabout their perceptions of E-commerce via Facebook divided into two groups, namely that the E-commerce viaFacebook is a trend to shop online nowadays, and is considered very good, effective and efficient. Also obtainedinformation that the majority of informants using E-commerce via Facebook on its own initiative and rest on therecommendation of a friend.
Analisis Pengaruh Sektor Pengangkutan dan Komunikasi terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kota Banyuwangi Tahun 2010-2014 (PDRB)
Authors: Setiawan Wahyudi , S Rafael Purtomo , Widjajanti Andjar
Published: March 2018

Transport and communications sector is have a the direct and un-directly linkage behind the upstream industry andalso gives the best impact on output generated by Banyuwangi. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect ofthe development of the transport and communications sector to economic growth in the city of Banyuwangi and conductforecasting the development of economic growth in the city of Banyuwangi if the review of the transport andcommunications sector. This research is a non-survey study with explanatory method, namely the search for large,there is not and how the pattern of relationships between two or more variables. Unit research used in this study is theperformance of the transport and communications sector to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) andeconomic growth of the city of Banyuwangi in 2010-2014. These analysis are simple linear regression and trendanalysis with regression approach. The result showed that the development of the transport and communications sectorto economic growth in the city of Banyuwangi showed a positive development trend in 2010-2014 with an upward trendfrom year to year. Transport and communications sector performance significantly affect economic growth in the cityof Banyuwangi with a value of 37.964 t-test and significance value of 0.000. Forecasting the performance of thetransport and communications sector, the development of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) and economicgrowth Banyuwangi in 2015 showed improved results compared to previous years, with the value of the transport andcommunications sector performance amounted to 654,689.34 million, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of15,095,868.203 million and an economic growth of 5.92%.
Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Dan Karakteristik Individu Terhadap Motivasi dan Kinerja Karyawan Pada PT Perkebunan Nusantara XII Kantor Wilayah I Jember
Authors: Nurisman Iqbal Hadi , T Diana Sulianti , Syaharudin M.
Published: March 2018

This research aims to examine the effect of organitation culture on motivation, individual characteristics on motivation,organitation culture on performance of employees, individual characteristics on performance of employees, and motivation onperformance of employees in PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII Regional Office I Jember . The population in this research is allemployees of PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII Regional Office I Jember. The sampling method used was sensus method.withrespondent total as many as 37 people. Variables used as many as four variables; organizational culture, individualcharacteristics, motivation, and performance of employees. The analysis tool used is the path analysis (path analysis). Theresults showed that: 1) There is influence of organizational culture on motivation in PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII RegionalOffice I Jember; 2) There is influence of individual characteristic on employees motivation in PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XIIRegional Office I Jember; 3) There is influence of organizational culture on performance of employees in PT. PerkebunanNusantara XII Regional Office I Jember; 4) There is effect of individual characteristics on employees performance PT.Perkebunan Nusantara XII Regional Office I Jember; and 5) There is effect of motivation on performance of employees PT.Perkebunan Nusantara XII Regional Office I Jember.
Pengaruh JUB, Suku Bunga, Inflasi, Ekspor dan Impor terhadap Nilai Tukar Rupiah atas Dollar Amerika Serikat
Authors: Hazizah Nurul , Viphindrartin Sebastiana , Zainuri Zainuri
Published: March 2018

Fluctuations of exchange rate against Rupiah to U.S Dollar which unstable are influenced the domestic and foreign’s economicconditions. Macroeconomic conditions in the two countries both Indonesia and United States can make the exchange ratedepreciate or appreciate. The purpose of this research is to acknowledge the difference impact macro variables in both countriesIndonesia and the United States against the value on rupiah to US Dollar. Dynamic model is applied in this research that isPartial Adjustment Model (PAM). This model is considered to existing inertia variable that is expectation of exchange rateinfluence by the value of exchange rate that occurred previously. There are two analysis is descriptive analysis and causalanalysis. Causal is using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. OLS estimation of PAM shows all independent variable havepositive impact to the exchange rate expectation besides difference Export variable, in addition the difference of the interest ratevariable can’t influence the exchange rate significantly on important of the exchange rate expectation. In conclusion, theinterest rate policy is considered to influence the rupiah exchange rate if two countries do not change the interest ratesimultaneously and other macro policy variables must bring into line.
Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja dan Kompensasi Terhadap Kinerja Melalui Motivasi Karyawan Bagian Produksi UD.Lumintu Ambulu Jember
Authors: Jannah Elok Faiqotul , Tobing Diana Sulianti K. , Sunardi Sunardi
Published: March 2018

This research aims to know and analyze the influence of the work environment and compensation on performance throughmotivation of the production employees UD.Lumintu Ambulu Jember. This research perform with explanatory research. Thesample was 35 respondents. The population in this study as well as samples so this research included in the populationresearch (census). These results indicate that the work environment and compensation effect directly or indirectly to theperformance through motivation of the production employees UD.Lumintu Ambulu Jember.
Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia, Profesionalisme Kerja, Dan Komitmen Sebagai Faktor Pendukung Peningkatan Kinerja Karyawan PDAM Kabupaten Jember
Authors: Aisyah Merisa Fajar , Utami Wiji , Sunardi Sunardi , Sudarsih Sudarsih
Published: March 2018

This study aims to determine the effect of human resource quality, professionalism of work, commitment to employeeperformance PDAM Jember partially and simultaneously. Research approach used in this study is quantitative. Population inthe company amounted to 150 and taken 75 respondents to use the sample with the sampling method is simple randomsampling or simple random sample by means of a lottery / raffle of names of employees PDAM Jember is then taken assamples used lottery of 75 names of employees Selected in the draw. Methods of analysis using multiple linear regressionanalysis were used to determine the influence of strong between the dependent variable and independent variables. The testresults and analysis conducted states that the variable quality of human resources and a significant positive effect on employeeperformance PDAM Jember Regency. Variable professionalism and significant positive effect on employee performancePDAM Jember. And variable commitment and significant positive effect on employee performance PDAM Jember. And thequality of human resources, professionalism, and commitment to simultaneously positive and significant influence on employeeperformance PDAM Jember Regency.
Efektivitas Pengendalian Internal Kredit pada KPRI Universitas Jember
Authors: Wasito W. , Khotimah Khusnul , Prita DS Septarina
Published: March 2018

The rapid development of cooperative demands the internal control to be more accurate. The Employees Cooperative Republic of Indonesia of Jember University (KP-RI UNEJ) has increased the quantity and time period for provision credit. The aim of this study was to determine whether the implementation of the internal control of credit at KPRI UNEJ using COSO has been running effectively. This research employed descriptive analysis method in which the researcher used interview, observation and documentation instruments in collecting data. Moreover, data collected was tested the validity by using triangulation technique and Miles Hubberman method. As the result, the research showed that the internal control of KP-RI UNEJ has worked well. Althought there are some constraints and weaknesess that occurred in the USP(Saving and loan unit) such as adding human resources and information system updates. But overall the internal control of credit at KPRI has run effective.Keywords: COSO, Credit, Effectiveness, Internal Control.
Determinan Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka di Provinsi Banten Tahun 2008-2013
Authors: Wibisono Sunlip , Sidania Jefti , S Rafael Purtomo
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine of the effect of population, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GDP), and the Minimum Wages District (UMK) on the level of open unemployment rate in Banten Province. The data that used in this research was secondary data and data obtained Bps and relevance agencies. The analytical tool used in this research is panel data regression methods Fixed Effext Model (FEM). The object of this research is the district/city in Banten Province Period 2008-2013. The results of the research conducted is known that the number of populaton, GDP, and UMK significantly along the open unemployment rate in Banten Province.

Keywords : Open unemployment rate, Population, GDP, and UMK
Pengaruh Customer Relationship Marketing Terhadap Customer Loyalty Melalui Customer Value Pada Bank Jatim Di Jember
Authors: Yulisetiarini Diah , Riadi Rizal Syahrial , Wulandari Gusti Ayu
Published: March 2018

This research is aimed to analyse the influence of customer relationship marketing and customer value to customer loyalty in Bank Jatim Jember. This reserach using explanatory research aproach, the population are those customers who of bank jatim jember with obtained 110 respondents as sample using ferdinand formulas .The analyse method in this research using path analyse .The result of this research is customer relationship marketing significantly influenced customer value, customer relationship marketing significantly influenced customer loyalty, customer value significantly influenced customer loyalty .

Keywords: Instability of exports, instability indexes, non-oil, export
Factores asociados a la no atención médica de los accidentes por mordedura de perros en escolares de San Martin de Porres - Lima y familiares de escolares de Huaraz – Ancash. Perú 2014.
Authors: Belaunde Morla Mariana , León Córdova Daphne , Falcón Pérez Néstor
Published: March 2018

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los factores asociados a la no atenciónmédica de accidentes por mordedura en escolares del distrito de San Martin de Porres - Lima y familiares de escolares de Huaraz – Ancash. Para ello se utilizó la base de datos de encuestas de los estudios “Frecuencia de accidentes por mordedura en escolares de instituciones educativas estatales y privadas de San Martin de Porres” y “Frecuencia de accidentes por mordedura en hogares de estudiantes de instituciones educativas de la ciudad de Huaraz, departamento de Ancash – Perú”. Los datos fueron analizados para cada población en forma independiente. Se utilizó la prueba de Regresión Logística en un análisis multivariado y  los análisis se desarrollaron mediante el programa estadístico SPSS Statistics 19.0. Las variables involucradas en el estudio se agruparon como ambientales (tipo de vivienda, habitantes por vivienda, tenencia de perros) y variables asociadas al perro mordedor y persona agredida (edad, sexo, lugar de accidente, tamaño del perro, si conocen al perro, si está vacunado, tipo de accidente y número de heridas). En San Martin de Porres, se encontró que la variable edad de los estudiantes estuvo asociada a una mayor frecuencia de no atención médica (p=0.008), entre ellos los de 15 a 19 años estuvieron más expuestos (OR=3.51, IC: 1.41-10.81). En Huaraz, las variables asociadas a la no atención médica de las mordeduras fueron conocer al perro mordedor (p=0,028), los que conocían al animal mordedor eran los más expuestos (OR=1,88, IC: 1,07 - 3,31); y la condición inmunológica del perro(p=0,000), quienes sabían que el perro no estaba vacunado contra la rabia o desconocían dicha información fueron los más expuestos (OR=4.30, IC: 1,65-11,17 y OR=4,57, IC: 2,38-8,79, respectivamente).
A soltvadkerti borok előállításának és fogyasztásának aktuális kérdései
Authors: Lendvai Edina , Nagy Adrienn
Published: March 2018

Összességében megállapítható, hogy bár a fogyasztók részéről nő az érdeklődés az alföldi borok iránt, de még hosszú út vezet a régi jó hírnevének visszaállításáig. Ennek első lépéseként tekinthetünk arra, hogy Frittman János soltvadkerti borász 2007-ben megkapta az „Év bortermelője” címet. A helyi borászok a megoldást a borok minőségének javításában és aktívabb marketing tevékenységben látják. Reméljük, hogy mind a hazai, mind a nemzetközi borversenyeken elért sikerekkel, és az új fejlesztésekkel jó úton haladnak e felé.
Az élelmiszer-fogyasztói magatartás vizsgálata online környezetben: Létezik-e hazánkban digitális élelmiszerfogyasztó?
Authors: Fehér András , Soós Mihály , Szakály Zoltán
Published: March 2018

Az utóbbi években gyökeresen megváltozott a piac egyik legfontosabb szereplője, a fogyasztó. Különféle kutatások már „digitálisan felvilágosult” polgárnak titulálják őket. A „hagyományos” fogyasztók magatartásának legfőbb jellemzőiről számos kutató értekezett a korábbiakban. Azonban a digitális fogyasztókkal kapcsolatos kutatások, főleg hazai körökben még kezdeti stádiumban vannak.Jelen cikkben a legfőbb célkitűzésünk, hogy meghatározzuk az online fogyasztói magatartás tendenciáit hazánkban, különös tekintettel az élelmiszerekkel kapcsolatos információk és vásárlási lehetőségek függvényében. A közlemény végén szándékunkban áll megválaszolni a címben feltett kérdést, ami egyben a kutatási kérdésünk is, azaz: „Létezik-e hazánkban digitális élelmiszerfogyasztó?A vizsgálataink során az online (digitális) fogyasztó vásárlási magatartásának folyamatát vettük alapul. Az egyes lépéseket releváns és aktuális szakirodalmi elemzésekkel térképeztük fel. Az országos, reprezentatív kérdőíves megkérdezésünk (N=1000) segítségével az élelmiszerekhez kapcsolódó online információkeresést és a webáruházakban történő vásárlási lehetőségeket vizsgáltuk részletesen.A kényelmi szempont – a szakirodalmi ismertetéshez hasonlóan – a leginkább előnyös jellemzője az online vásárlásnak. A webáruházaknál a többi vizsgált tényező középértékekhez való közeledése a fogyasztók vásárlási magatartásában bekövetkező bizonytalanságot mutatja, amely bizalmatlanságot eredményez az élelmiszervásárlásoknál.Összességében elmondható, hogy az élelmiszer-fogyasztói magatartással kapcsolatos szakirodalom és a kutatások többsége nem különíti el megfelelően az online (digitális) fogyasztó szerepeit és leginkább a végső vásárlásokra helyezik a hangsúlyt. A szakirodalmi kutatásaink alapján kísérletet tettünk a digitális élelmiszer-fogyasztók differenciálására az online magatartásuk alapján, amely során öt a későbbi kutatásainkat megalapozó hipotetikus kategóriát különböztettünk meg.
Az egészségtudatos élelmiszer-fogyasztói magatartás értelmezése a LOHAS koncepció alapján
Authors: Lehota József , Csíkné Mácsai Éva , Rácz Georgina
Published: March 2018

Tanulmányunkban a tudatos fogyasztói csoportok, kiemelten a fenntartható fogyasztás iránt elkötelezett szegmens, információkereső magatartását vizsgáltuk az élelmiszervásárlás során. Kiemelt hangsúlyt fektettünk az élelmiszerek csomagolásán elhelyezett, azok élettani hatásával összefüggő jelölésekkel kapcsolatos vélemények feltárására. A hazai és nemzetközi kutatási eredmények rámutattak arra, hogy a tudatos fogyasztói csoportokat aprólékos információkeresési folyamat jellemzi, amely során a bizalmi tényező kiemelt szerepet kap.Kutatási eredményeink bizonyították, hogy az ilyen típusú magatartás a hazai fenntarthatóság iránt elkötelezett fogyasztói csoporttal kapcsolatban is megjelenik. A „Trendkövetők” ugyanis valóban megnövekedett információigénnyel rendelkeznek az élelmiszervásárlás során. Vásárlási döntésüket nagy mértékben befolyásolják a napi kiegyensúlyozott étrend kialakítását segítő, egyszerűsített jelölések (pl. kj/kcal; 1 adagban kifejezett értékek). Rámutattunk továbbá az információk értelmezése és a márkahűség kialakulása közötti összefüggésekre. Azaz a vállalatok számára nélkülözhetetlen, hogy fogyasztóik felismerjék a használt jelölések valós jelentéstartalmát, hiszen jellemzően csak új márka vásárlása esetén keresnek a tudatos vásárlók átfogóan. A márkával való többszöri találkozás rutin döntésként jellemezhető az élelmiszervásárlási folyamatban.A pontos tájékoztatás a fogyasztói bizonytalanság csökkentésével kapcsolatban is kulcstényező, amelyet új jelölés bevezetése esetén a különböző minősítő szervezetek (állam, gyártó, nonprofit szféra) közös koordinációja tovább támogat. A „Trendkövetők” magatartásának vizsgálata rámutatott továbbá arra, hogy a magasabb fokú előzetes tudás, nemcsak az élelmiszervásárlás során felmerülő fogyasztói kockázatok csökkentését segíti, hanem a felárfizetési hajlandóságot is növeli. Azaz a tudatos fogyasztói csoportok nem riadnak vissza a valamivel magasabb árak megfizetésétől abban az esetben, ha rendelkezésükre állnak értékrendjüknek megfelelő tulajdonságokkal rendelkező élelmiszerek.Tanulmányunk végén, eredményeinkre alapozva négy javaslatot fogalmaztunk meg az élelmiszeripari vállalatok számára, amelyek véleményünk szerint támogatják a jövőben a piaci pozíció megtartását, a feltárt szegmens igényeinek kielégítésével hozzájárulnak a piaci részesedés növeléséhez.
Theory of an Emerging-State Actor: the ISIS Case
Authors: Clancy Timothy
Published: March 2018

This paper seeks to explain the rapid growth of the Islamic State of Iraq & Syria (ISIS) and approach the question of “what is” the Islamic State? The paper offers several contributions. First is the proposal of a dynamic hypothesis that ISIS is an emerging-state actor and differs notably from traditional non-state actors and insurgencies. The theory consists of both a causal loop diagram and key propositions. A detailed system dynamics simulation (E-SAM) was constructed to test the theory. The propositions of emerging-state actor theory are constructed as synthetic experiments within the simulation and confirm evidence of emerging-state actor behavior. E-SAM’s novelty is its combination of combat simulation with endogenous geospatial feedback, ethnographic behavior in choosing sides in conflict, and details internal simulation of key actor mechanisms such as financing, recruiting and governance. E-SAM can be loaded with scenarios to simulate non-state actors in different geospatial domains: ISIS in Libya, Boko Haram in Nigeria, Taliban in Afghanistan and even expatriated ISIS fighters returning to pursue new conflicts such as in Indonesia.
On the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Environmental Monitoring
Authors: Manfreda Salvatore , McCabe Matthew , Miller Pauline , Lucas Richard , Pajuelo Madrigal Victor , Mallinis Giorgos , Ben Dor Eyal , Helman David , Estes Lyndon , Ciraolo Giuseppe , Müllerová Jana , Tauro Flavia , De Lima M. Isabel , De Lima Joao L.M.P. , Frances Felix , Caylor Kelly , Kohv Marko , Maltese Antonino , Perks Matthew , Ruiz-Pérez Guiomar , Su Zhongbo , Vico Giulia , Toth Brigitta
Published: March 2018

Environmental monitoring plays a central role in diagnosing climate and management impacts on natural and agricultural systems, enhancing the understanding hydrological processes, optimizing the allocation and distribution of water resources, and assessing, forecasting and even preventing natural disasters. Nowadays, most monitoring and data collection systems are based upon a combination of ground-based measurements, manned airborne sensors or satellite observations. These data are utilized in describing both small and large scale processes, but have spatiotemporal constraints inherent to each respective collection system. Bridging the unique spatial and temporal divides that limit current monitoring platforms is key to improving our understanding of environmental systems. In this context, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have considerable potential to radically evolve environmental monitoring. UAS-mounted sensors offer an extraordinary opportunity to bridge the existing gap between field observations and traditional air- and space-borne remote sensing, by providing not just high spatial detail over relatively large areas in a cost-effective way, but as importantly providing an entirely new capacity for enhanced temporal retrieval. As well as showcasing recent advances in the field, there is also a need to identify and understand the potential limitations of UAS technology. For these platforms to reach their monitoring potential, a wide spectrum of unresolved issues and applications specific challenges require focused community attention. Indeed, to leverage the full potential of UAS-based approaches, sensing technologies, measurement protocols, post-processing techniques, retrieval algorithms and evaluations techniques need to be harmonized. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive general overview of the existing research on studies and applications of UAS in environmental monitoring in order to suggest users and researchers on future research directions, applications, developments and challenges.
Effect of Chlorite Clay-Mineral Dissolution on the Improved Oil Recovery From Sandstone Rocks During Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid Chelating-Agent Flooding
Authors: El-Din Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed
Published: March 2018

Sandstone oil reservoirs consist of different clay minerals, such as kaolinite, illite, and chlorite. While these clay minerals can highly affect oil recovery from sandstone oil reservoirs, no attention has been given to investigating the effects of clay minerals during such oil recovery, and no solution has been introduced to alleviate the effects.

In this study, and for the first time, the effect of chlorite clay-mineral content on the improved oil recovery (IOR) from different sandstone rock samples was investigated. A new solution was proposed to eliminate the effect of chlorite on the oil recovery from sandstone rocks. Different sandstone cores were used, such as Berea (BSS), Bandera (BND), Kentucky (KSS), and Scioto (SCS) sandstone rocks with different clay minerals. ζ-potential measurements were used to investigate the surface charge of the different clays and different sandstone rocks with different fluids. Fluids such as seawater (SW), low-salinity water (LSW), fresh water, and chelating agents were used. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) chelating agent was introduced to mitigate the chlorite effect on oil recovery from sandstone rocks. The wettability was evaluated using contact-angle measurements and the Amott test for different solutions and different rocks in the presence of actual crude oil. Coreflooding experiments were conducted using these fluids with different sandstone rocks to identify the effect of chlorite on the oil recovery.

Coreflooding experiments showed that sandstone cores with high chlorite content yielded the lowest oil recovery when SW and LSW were used. The effect of chlorite on the oil recovery from the two sandstone rocks was minimized with 3 wt% DTPA chelating agent. More oil was recovered in the case of DTPA because of the iron chelation from chlorite. ζ-potential showed that sandstone with high chlorite content has a surface charge close to zero in the case of SW and fresh water. In addition, contact-angle measurements showed that samples with high chlorite content have less water-wetness, which will reduce oil recovery. Contact-angle measurements on chlorite sheets showed that chlorite is oil-wet compared with mica at the same conditions. The addition of high-pH DTPA chelating agent sequestered the iron from the chlorite clay minerals and changed the surface charge to very high negative value, and the contact angle confirmed that the rock changed to water-wet after adding the chelating agent. The Amott index showed that adding DTPA increased the water-wetness for SCS that contains 4 wt% chlorite.
The Impact of Gas/Oil IFT and Gas Type on the Performance of Gas, WAG and SWAG Injection Schemes in Carbonates Rocks
Authors: Shahrokhi Omid , Sohrabi Mehran , Masalmeh Shehadeh
Published: March 2018

Enhanced oil recovery schemes that control gas mobility (including WAG and SWAG) are often considered among viable options for oil recovery under challenging flow conditions of carbonate reservoirs. Miscible gas injection would be beneficial to oil recovery, however, in some cases, the reservoir pressure and availability of injectants are among the limiting factors. In this paper, we present the results of a series of immiscible and miscible gas injection coreflood experiments performed using a limestone reservoir core under different injection strategies. The experiments were performed under reservoir conditions using live crude oil. The core wettability was restored by ageing the core in crude oil for several weeks under reservoir temperature. Hydrocarbon gas was used as the immiscible injectant, and CO2 was used in the miscible experiments. To study the impact of the order of fluid injection, multiple WAG injection cycles were performed in separate experiments after water or gas injection. To investigate the impact of gravity on gas injection and WAG after gas injection on core scale, we have performed these experiment in both vertical and horizontal orientation. SWAG injection experiment with the same ratio of gas and water was also investigated. While saturation history affected the amount of trapped gas in the immiscible (high IFT) WAG injection experiments, only small amounts of gas were trapped regardless of injection direction. Regardless of the amount of trapped gas, no additional oil was recovered during water injection periods. Therefore, no meaningful linear relationship was observed between three-phase residual oil saturation and trapped gas saturation. Under immiscible conditions, gravity-stable gas injection recovered more than 45% of IOIP. In comparison, waterflooding produced 61% of IOIP. WAG injection after waterflooding only managed to produce 6% additional oil. Subsequent WAG cycles after first gas injection could only reduce the residual oil saturation to that observed for waterflooding (Sorw). SWAG injection improved the gas sweep efficiency considerably, however, the recovery factor at the end of the experiment was lower than waterflooding. Miscibility significantly improved the performance of WAG injection. The first miscible gas slug injected after waterflood, led to the recovery of about 70% of Sorw. Similar to WAG under immiscible conditions, trapped gas did not contribute to additional oil recovery in water injection periods thereafter. The observed difference in residual oil saturation versus trapped gas saturation relationship in carbonate rocks with those of sandstone reservoirs regardless of miscibility emphasises the importance of developing relevant three phase models specific to oil-wet carbonate reservoirs. The results provide rarely available experimental data that can help improve the available models for simulating and predicting the performance of WAG injection in oil-wet carbonates.
Implementing WRFM Well, Reservoir, Facility Management and Smart Field Best Practices for EOR Optimization
Authors: Zeidan A. A. , Redha Reeham Ali , Williams Darryl D.
Published: March 2018

Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) is operating two Heavy Oil fields. Field A aims at production by Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS), followed by steam flood. Field B envisages primary recovery through cold production, followed by non-thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). This requires drilling and completion of large number of wells. Implementing Well, Reservoir and Facilities Management (WRFM) and Smart Field approach will be a key requirement for operation excellence in these fields.

Currently both fields have some wells in production, mostly as single isolated wells or wells in 5-acre/10-acre spacing. These pilot projects aimed at de-risking the commercial phase, which is to follow in the coming years. These wells are the training ground for young KOC staff to learn how to work in integrated teams using WRFM processes.

WRFM processes are tailor-made for KOC's operating environment. These processes include Digital Oil Field based on Exception Based Surveillance (to flag out only those wells and facilities outside of their operating envelope and/or optimization window) and Production System Optimization. This would help to eliminate operational bottlenecks, leading to optimization in manpower to deal with large number of wells. It is expected to be achieved by combining existing best practices of International Oil Companies (IOC) with existing KOC applications, leveraging successful global practices.

The paper shall highlight the timeline, activities and organizational changes underway to effect the transformation from existing operation to a larger and more complex development that includes continuous drilling, completion and well intervention (CWI) and facilities installation occurring simultaneously.

The implementation of WRFM Processes along with Digital field will achieve the production and operation goals by reducing well, artificial lift, and facility downtime. This innovative production optimization system by enabling efficient decision-making process shall lower the cost per bbl. and reduce down time by implementing automated surveillance workflow.
Water-Alternating-Gas Injection Simulation - Best Practices
Authors: Alzayer Hassan , Sohrabi Mehran
Published: March 2018

Water-Alternating-Gas injection is one of the most applicable EOR techniques in oil reservoirs worldwide. To optimize the WAG injection projects, numerical simulation is the best available tool to aid with such objective. In this paper, we are looking into the simulation process (from core-scale to reservoir-scale) in more details to understand the challenges and try to suggest best practices and guidelines.

The first part of this paper will discuss the role of hysteresis in WAG injection based on the results of several three-phase Water-Alternating-Gas injection experiments. Then the significance of three-phase hysteresis in simulating WAG injection will be highlighted. After establishing a good understanding of the role of three-phase hysteresis in WAG injection simulation, the second part will present sensitivity study at reservoirs-scale to identify the main differences in the simulation results. Finally, towards the end of the paper, WAG injection's best practices guideline will be suggested.

Currently, the common practice is to estimate three-phase hysteresis parameters (Land trapping parameter [C], secondary drainage gas relative permeability reduction exponent [alpha], residual oil modification factor [a], and three-phase water relative permeability [krw3ph]) from coreflood experiments. Based on several three-phase WAG injection experiments conducted at Heriot-Watt University, we came up with several conclusions. These conclusions are: If the pressure drop (DP) during the three-phase water injection experiment is significantly higher than the DP during two-phase water injection, then a lower three-phase water relative permeability is essential to match the three-phase WAG injection experimental data.If the pressure drop (DP) at the end of two-phase gas injection is lower than the DP at the end of three-phase gas injection, then alpha [α] is critical to match the three-phase WAG injection experimental data.If the experimental results showed significant gas trapping [Sgt] during water injection after gas injection, then Land's trapping parameter is essential to model such trapping behaviour at any scale.These parameters should be obtained from experiments starting with gas injection (GAW) to fit with the definitions accepted into the numerical simulations.

Many studies in the literature either ignores the effect of hysteresis in WAG injection or use invalid WAG hysteresis parameters. In this paper, we highlighted the role of hysteresis in WAG injection and clarified the confusion on the procedures to obtain the correct hysteresis parameters. Also, we provided an easy guideline to help the industry in making accurate predictions for WAG injection projects.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Rate, Temperature and Solvent-Type Effects on Vapor Oil Gravity Drainage VOGD in Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Anand Neha , Tang Brandon C. , Nguyen Bradley , Sie Chao-yu , Verlaan Marco , Castellanos-Diaz Orlando , Nguyen Quoc. P.
Published: March 2018

Application of thermal and solvent EOR technologies for heavy oil recovery in naturally fractured reservoirs is generally challenging due to low permeability, unfavorable wettability and mobility, and considerable heat losses. Vapor-Oil Gravity Drainage (VOGD) is a modified low temperature, solventonly injection technology, targeted at improving heavy oil recovery in fractured reservoirs. It utilizes high fluid conductivity in vertical fractures to establish large solvent-oil contact area rapidly and eliminates the need for massive energy and water inputs as compared to thermal processes, by operating at significantly lower temperatures with no water requirement. Investigation of the effect of solvent injection rate, temperature and solvent-type (n-Butane and dichloromethane (DCM)) on the recovery profile was carried out on a single-fracture core model. This work combines the knowledge obtained from experimental investigation and analytical modeling using Butler's correlation with validated fluid property models to understand the relative importance of various recovery mechanisms behind VOGD, namely molecular diffusion, asphaltene precipitation and deposition, capillarity, and viscosity reduction.

Experimental and analytical model studies indicated that molecular diffusion, convective dispersion, viscosity reduction via solvent dissolution and gravity drainage are dominant phenomena in the recovery process. Material balance analysis indicated limited asphaltene precipitation. High fluid transmissibility in the fracture along with gravity drainage led to early solvent breakthroughs and oil recoveries as high as 75% OOIP. Injecting butane at higher rate and operating temperature enhanced vapor solvent rate inside the core leading to highest ultimate recovery. Increasing operating temperature alone did not improve ultimate recovery due to decreased solvent solubility in the oil. Although with DCM, lower asphaltene precipitation should maximize oil recovery rate, its higher solvent (vapor)-oil interfacial tension resulted in lower ultimate recovery than butane. Ideal density and non-ideal double-log viscosity mixing rules along with molecular diffusivity as a power function of oil viscosity were used to obtain an accurate physical description of the fluids for modeling solvent-oil behavior. With critical phenomena such as capillarity and asphaltene precipitation missing, Butler's analytical model under predicts recovery rates by as much as 70%.
Field-Scale Evaluation of Re-injecting the Associated Gas to Enhance the Recovery of Oil Through the GAGD Process: A Prospective Pilot Project in A Southern Iraqi Oil Field
Authors: Al-Mudhafar Watheq J. , Al-Maliki Ali K. , Al-Tameemi Abdullah , Al-Attar Atheer , Al-Ameri Riyam H. , Hosseini-Nasab S. M.
Published: March 2018

The Gas-Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) process has been suggested to improve oil recovery in both secondary and tertiary recovery through immiscible and miscible injection modes. In contrast of Continuous Gas Injection (CGI) and Water-Alternative Gas (WAG), the GAGD process takes advantage of the natural segregation of reservoir fluids to provide gravity-stable oil displacement and improve oil recovery. In the GAGD process, the gas is injected through vertical wells to formulate a gas cap to allow oil and water drain down to the horizontal producer (s). In this paper, a field-scale compositional reservoir simulations were conducted to study the feasibility of the GAGD process to enhance the recovery of oil in synthetic and real oil reservoirs. The GAGD process was implemented through the 5th SPE comparative solution project model (SPE5) and the heterogeneous upper sandstone oil reservoir in the South Rumaila oil field, located in Southern Iraq. Four different gas mixtures were injected: carbon dioxide, flue gas, nitrogen to methane, and associated gas (AG). In the SPE5 model, it was investigated that CO2-AGD process is much better than other gas mixtures with respect to achieving the highest oil recovery because of the influential role of CO2-rock-oil interaction to enhance the recovery of oil in this homogeneous system. The flue gas and nitrogen plus methane mixtures had similar efficiency by obtaining approximate oil recovery. However, the results of south Rumaila field GAGD evaluation indicated that the associated gas has a slight higher oil recovery than other gas mixtures including CO2 because of its compatibility with the existing reservoir and fluid properties. More specifically, the oil recovery by the end of the perdition period through the CO2, AG, flue gas, and N2+CH4 were 73.88%, 74.25%, 74.13%, and 73.91%, respectively; whereas, oil recovery at the beginning of the prediction period is 66.8%. In addition, there are many other reservoir factors have significant impact on the process efficiency and led to change the efficiency of each of the four gas mixtures, such as heterogeneity. It can be concluded that the immiscible flooding of using associated gas for re-injection in the South Rumaila field has the same effect of using the CO2 with respect to achieving a promising oil recovery. Consequently, associated gas can be efficiently utilized for a pilot EOR project implementation in the Rumaila field as a cheap solvent alternative to the carbon dioxide.
Immiscible Gas Injection Pilot on an Offshore Mature Field with Undersaturated Viscous Oil
Authors: Bourgeois Marcel J , Boot Nicolaas , Saint-Felix Martin , Boudimbou Innocent , Tollis Arnaud
Published: March 2018

This paper reviews the rationale and first results of the gas injection pilot that was performed in 2014-2015 on a conventional offshore mature field. This field is a low permeability heterogeneous reservoir under water-flood with undersaturated viscous oil (21°API). The objective of the pilot was to check in a low-cost environment if injecting rich hydrocarbon gas in this oil would be beneficial for oil production.

Preparatory work included PVT experiments and SCAL data. The SCAL data allowed to estimate the gas/oil relative permeabilities for gas injection. The PVT work allowed to quantify the gas-oil interactions, especially swelling and deviscosification of the viscous oil. In the field, the pilot was planned and safely implemented in a low-cost environment, using the Huff and Puff approach: an existing producer was used as a gas injector using the gas-lift facilities, and after a 2 week soaking period, it was put back on production, and production data were closely monitored for each cycle.

Pressure and Temperature conditions imply that the injected HC gas is not miscible, but since the oil is strongly undersaturated, it was found that the beneficial effect of the gas injection was quite strong on oil properties (Bo and viscosity). Moreover, the richness of the gas allowed a condensing gas drive that is more efficient in terms of deviscosification than what could be achieved with a lean gas.

In terms of implementation in the field, a phased approach was adopted. The pilot was started in 2015 using the Huff and Puff technique, with Cycle 1 & 2 showing good results: a beneficial effect has clearly been seen on the liquid and oil rates at the producer when injected gas rate was sufficient, and could be history matched sucessfully.

A way forward is also proposed, as a further cycle 3 is currently planned early 2018, in order to derisk the mechanism for larger injected gas volumes, with a possible phase 2 to be planned later on.
Impact of Salinity on Crude Oil/Brine/Rock Interfaces: A New Insight on Carbonate Wettability from Cryo-BIB-SEM
Authors: Gmira A. , Cha D. K. , Al-Enezi S. M. , Yousef A. A.
Published: March 2018

It is well-established that smartwater flooding through tuning of injection water chemistry and ionic composition, has a significant impact on the recovered oil, but the exact underlying mechanism by which this occur, is not well understood, and is supposed to be caused by a complex interactions occurring at the fluid/fluid and fluid/rock interfaces. Most of the laboratory studies reported so far have been focused on characterization of crude oil/brine/carbonate system and wettability alteration at micro- and macroscale using classic measurements, including contact angle, IFT, NMR, zeta potential and coreflooding. However, those techniques depend strongly on carbonate heterogeneities, roughness and fluids distribution inside the pores. Thus, a direct visualization at pore scale is needed to identify fluids distribution in-situ, wettability state at pore scale and wettability alteration by injection water composition tuning. We used Broad Ion Beam slope-cutting in combination with Scanning Electron Microscopy under Cryogenic conditions (Cryo-BIB-SEM) to study crude oil/brine/carbonate interfaces. Direct imaging at nanoscale allows investigation of the porosity, in-situ preserved fluids and, combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) identify crude oil and brine distribution and quantifies wettability state by measuring contact angle at pore level. In this study, we compare carbonate rocks that have been aged in crude oil and saturated with brines at high and low ionic strength brines. In both samples, we investigate oil and brine distribution in the carbonate porous matrix. Results show that ion milling at cryogenic conditions allows the preparation of a large smooth cross-section. The presence of pinning points contribute to the crude oil adherence to carbonate surface. Scanning electron microscope images indicate that in presence of high ionic strength brine, large trapped oil patches have an elongated shape, following the carbonate surface morphology. While oil droplets have a pseudo-spherical shape with low ionic strength brine in addition to a distinct boundaries between oil and brine phase. Statistical analysis of in-situ contact angle and carbonate/oil/brine interface demonstrate the sensitivity of cryo-BIB-SEM approach to sub-micron scale wettability alteration caused by ionic strength variations.
Development of Thermo-Responsive Polymers for CEOR in Extreme Conditions: Applicability to Oman Oil Fields
Authors: Divers T. , Al-Hashmi A. R. , Al-Maamari R. S. , Favero C.
Published: March 2018

The selection of the right polymer chemistry in chemical enhanced oil recovery operations is key for a successful field implementation. Operators require guarantees on polymer robustness and efficiency in order to optimize their polymer flooding processes, especially in the current context of low oil price. We evaluated different thermo-responsive polymers dedicated to Oman fields conditions in this perspective.

Several thermo-responsive polymers were considered in this study, the properties and performances of which were assessed. The purpose was to make sure that gain in dosage brought by these structured polymers is not detrimental to polymer stability and injectivity. Consequently, polymers were characterized in terms of rheological properties, thermal stability and propagation through porous media.

Thermo-responsive polymers are characterized by a LCST (Lower Critical Solution Temperature). They behave like regular polymers below this specific temperature and like associative polymers above it. The LCST varies with several parameters, including thermo-responsive moieties composition, content and molar mass, as well as brine salinity. The viscosifying properties and overall performances of such polymers are subsequently strongly driven by field conditions. Several thermo-responsive polymers were thus designed to fit model field conditions representing Oman oil fields. Rheological properties were firstly evaluated in stationary and dynamic modes, what permitted to emphasize the unique behavior of such polymers and the gain in dosage they can bring. Core flooding tests were then performed to assess polymer injectivity in porous medium. Interestingly, thermo-responsive polymers can display very high resistance factor compared to regular ones while maintaining good transport properties. The polymer retention in the core remained low. Core flood tests also gave an idea of this chemistry limitations for an use in Oman oil fields. Polymers thermal stability was determined in several conditions, fully anaerobic or in presence of O2 and H2S. The efficiency of two protective packages against H2S induced degradation was evaluated. The results after one year aging highlight the importance to avoid oxygen ingress in the system in presence of H2S. However, it is still possible to keep an acceptable level of viscosity by fine-tuning protective additives.

This study demonstrates the applicability and limitations of thermo-responsive polymers, especially in conditions that mimic Oman oil fields. These new thermo-responsive polymers are promising candidates to keep CEOR economically viable in tough conditions.