bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Gospel of Judas: Its Polemic, its Exegesis, and its Place in Church History
Authors: Williams Frank
Published: August 2008

The Gospel of Judas is a Sethian gnostic revelation dialogue which contains an unusual amount of narrative movement and casts Judas as recipient of the revelation. It is in large part polemic and is comparable to other early polemics, both of the gnostics and of their opponents. It inveighs against the eucharist and the clergy who celebrate it, attempts to substitute, for the supposedly inaccurate passion narrative of the four gospels, an account of the events as they really transpired, and sharply contrasts the character and fate of gnostic with those of catholic Christians. We treat first of its attack on the eucharist, next of its handling of the gospel narratives, and then of its polemic stance, comparing this with that of three other gnostic polemics, The Testimony of the Truth, The Apocalypse of Peter, and The Second Treatise of the Great Seth. In the light of this comparison we conclude with suggestions concerning the sort of situation our document might reflect, and the reasons for the selection of Judas as its protagonist.
Regional Projections of Future Seasonal and Annual Changes in Rainfall and Temperature over Australia Based on Skill-Selected AR4 Models
Authors: Pitman A. J. , Perkins S. E.
Published: August 2008

Daily data from climate models submitted to the Fourth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are compared with daily data from observations over Australia by measuring the overlap of the probability density functions (PDFs). The capacity of these models to simulate maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation is assessed. The resulting skill score is then used to exclude models with relatively poor skill region by region over Australia. The remaining sample of coupled climate models is then used to determine the seasonal changes in these three variables under a high- (A2) and low- (B1) emission scenario for 2050 and 2100. The authors demonstrate that some projected phenomena, such as the projected drying over southwest Western Australia, are robust and not caused by the inclusion of some weak models in earlier assessments. Some other results, such as the projected change in the monsoon, are more consistent among the good climate models. Consistent with earlier work, a consistent pattern of mean warming is identified in the projections. The amount of warming in the 99.7th percentile is not dramatically higher than the warming in the mean. However, while the mean warming is generally least in the south, the amount of warming in the 99.7th percentile is substantially higher along the southern coast of Australia. This is due to a coupling of the temperature response with reduced rainfall, which causes drying and allows extreme maximum temperatures to increase dramatically. The authors show that, in general, the amount of rainfall is projected to change relatively little, but the frequency of rainfall decreases and the intensity of rainfall at the upper tail of the distribution increases. However, the scale of the increase in extreme rainfall is not large on the time scales analyzed here. The range in projected temperature changes among those climate models with skill in simulating the observations is at least twice as large for the 99.7th/0.3rd percentiles as for the mean. For rainfall, the range among the good models is of order 10 times greater in the 99.7th percentile than in the mean. Since the impact of changes in extremes is increasingly recognized as societally important, this result strongly limits the use of climate model data to explore sectors that are vulnerable to extremes. This suggests an evaluation strategy that focuses on model capacity to simulate whole PDFs since capacity to simulate the mean is a necessary but insufficient criterion for determining a model’s value for future projection.
The Frontogenetical Forcing of Secondary Circulations. Part II: Properties of Q Vectors in Exact Linear Solutions
Authors: Davies-Jones Robert
Published: August 2008

An exact solution of the primitive equations (PEs) and the corresponding exact solutions of the alternative balance (AB), geostrophic momentum (GM), and quasigeostrophic (QG) equations are presented. The PE solution illustrates how the temperature and horizontal vorticity fields evolve in a linear horizontal flow with constant deformation and vertical vorticity when the initial temperature field is also linear, as well as how ageostrophic circulations are produced. The other exact solutions show the errors produced by the various approximations and confirm that the AB solution is more accurate than the GM one and that the QG solution is almost always the most inexact. The utility of the Q vector and similar vectors is examined for each solution.

The PE solution verifies that in a hyperbolic wind field (i) the isotherms eventually parallel the outflow axis, (ii) the ageostrophic circulation ultimately becomes normal to the outflow axis, (iii) thermal-wind balance becomes established in the direction normal to the isotherms, and (iv) the rotational component of the vector frontogenetical function decays.
Galilee, Jesus and the Contribution of Archaeology
Authors: Freyne Sean
Published: August 2008

After a brief outline of the history of archaeological investigation of Galilee and the interpretative issues that have arisen, the article focuses on recent discussions of the region in the Roman period. The aim is to suggest ways in which this evidence may help in providing a fuller context for the ministry of Jesus there. The results of various surveys are discussed in relation to the issue of the ethnic make up of the region. This is followed by assessments of the alleged `urbanisation' of Galilee and the nature of the village culture there.
Outworkings: Twelve as Christian Community
Authors: Vincent John J.
Published: August 2008

`Practice Interpretation' of Gospel passages was pursued in the Expository Times with Mark chapter 2 as heard and lived within a small street-corner inner-city congregation (ExpTimes 118/7, April 2007). Here, distinctive aspects of the tradition of the calling and tasking of the Twelve disciples in Mark chapter 3 are responded to in the life of the alternative group, intentional community, and Christian para-church. The growing phenomenon of post-denominational `fresh expressions' communities and congregations might find commonality also in the Twelve-type Christian community.
Theology, the Arts and Popular Culture: An Annotated Resource List
Authors: Marsh Clive
Published: August 2008

This article offers the results of critically sifting resources available for the study of religion and theology with respect to visual art, popular culture, music and film. It locates the choice within a selection of more general works dealing with religion, aesthetics and the sacred today. The focus is on books, though a final section broadens out to journals and websites to take the reader further.
Effects of prior experience in raised line materials and prior visual experience in length estimations by blind people
Authors: Dulin David
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this research was to examine the role of expertise (as a result of previous training) in the use of raised line materials, and of visual experience by blind adults (congenitally, early and late blind), by means of tasks involving size estimation of common objects and length estimation. Results showed that, depending on the size of the objects, most participants were more successful in size estimations of common objects than in length estimations. They also showed an effect of visual experience in common object size estimation and an effect of expertise in length estimation. The results on length estimation suggested that, in this type of task, the advantage provided by prior expertise in raised line materials could surpass the one generally brought by the duration of visual experience. The findings suggest that blind people could improve their spatial mental imagery through being encouraged to use raised line materials.
Support for children with a visual impairment in Northern Ireland: the role of the rehabilitation worker
Authors: Gray Colette
Published: August 2008

This article reports findings from one aspect of a large scale research project funded by the Guide Dogs for the Blind Association, to investigate the mobility, independence and life skills education available to children and young people with a visual impairment between 0 and 19 years of age in Northern Ireland (NI). Here the focus is on the nature of the support provided by rehabilitation workers for this age group. A mixed method approach (questionnaire survey, focus group and one-to-one interviews) was utilized to triangulate the findings. Whereas the results show that rehabilitation workers (RWs) in NI support some 147 children and young people across NI, most of this support is aimed at parents and takes the form of advice about service provision. At the outset of the project, only one part-time contracted Rehabilitation Worker (RW) had specialist training in working with children; during the project he was redeployed to adult services. In contrast to the small number of children catered for by the service, the majority of RWs work with adults over the age of 65. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Motivating visually impaired and deaf-blind people to perform regular physical exercises
Authors: Surakka Airi , Kivela Tero
Published: August 2008

The aim of this study was to examine the different ways in which visually impaired and deaf-blind people can be motivated to perform regular physical exercises through the use of a physical training programme. The programme was designed for visually impaired and deaf-blind people with the aim of reducing their most common physical problems: those of balance, posture, coordination, tense neck and shoulder muscles, and loss of spinal rotation and reciprocal arm swing. Twenty-seven participants (23 visually impaired, 4 deaf-blind; mean age 54 years, range 31 to 75) participated in a 5—6 week physical training programme (three 60-minute sessions per week) in four groups. Twenty-four participants completed the programme, 12 of whom had a `physically active' lifestyle and 12 a `sedentary' lifestyle. After the intervention, the participants assessed the effect of it through a questionnaire. Drawing upon their responses, three different indicators were examined further: physical condition, mental state and balance. All except one of the 24 participants who completed the programme reported that at least one of these indicators had improved.
Knitting in the dark: narratives about the experience of sight loss in a counselling context
Authors: Dale Susan
Published: August 2008

This report seeks to demonstrate how the telling of stories both within a counselling and research setting enables people to reconnect with strengths and abilities that `enable' rather than `disable' and how, by resisting disabling practices and medical models of understanding, people can find new ways of identifying themselves outside the labels of `visually impaired' and `blind'.
The Effects of a Contingency Contracting Program on the Nocturnal Enuresis of Three Children
Authors: Stover Anthony C. , Dunlap Glen , Neff Bryon
Published: August 2008

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a contingency contracting program to eliminate nocturnal enuresis of three children ages 5 to 12. Methods: The program was implemented by the children's primary caregivers, two of whom were foster parents and the third a case worker in the foster care system. The program was a package intervention that included a written contingency contract, positive reinforcement for dry nights, removal of pull-ups, and a morning clean-up procedure when nocturnal enuresis occurred. A nonconcurrent multiple baseline across children design was used to evaluate the effects of the intervention. Results: Results show that the contingency contracting program was effective in eliminating nocturnal enuresis across all three participants. Discussion: The results are discussed in relation to the advantages of behavioral, nonpharmacological approaches to nocturnal enuresis and to the particular importance of successfully resolving such problems for children who are in foster care.
Reorganization of the Adult Auditory System: Perceptual and Physiological Evidence From Monaural Fitting of Hearing Aids
Authors: Munro Kevin J.
Published: August 2008

Changes in the sensory environment modify our sensory experience and may result in experience-related or learning-induced reorganization within the central nervous system. Hearing aids change the sensory environment by stimulating a deprived auditory system; therefore, they may be capable of inducing changes within the central auditory system. Examples of studies that have shown hearing aid induced perceptual and/or physiological changes in the adult human auditory system are discussed. Evidence in the perceptual domain is provided by studies that have investigated (a) speech perception, (b) intensity discrimination, and (c) loudness perception. Evidence in the physiological domain is provided by studies that have investigated acoustic reflex thresholds and event-related potentials. Despite the controversy in the literature concerning the rate, extent, and clinical significance of the acclimatization effect, there is irrefutable evidence that the deprived auditory system of some listeners can be modified with hearing aid experience.
The Council Presidency
Authors: Warntjen Andreas
Published: August 2008

The potential impact of the EU Council Presidency on legislative decision-making has been frequently identified. This article provides an empirical analysis of the Presidency's influence on decision outcomes based on a large-n data set. Two counterfactuals are used to represent consensual decision-making and hard bargaining in the Council. The role of supranational actors is controlled for directly. The findings show that a member state benefits from holding the Presidency during the final stages of the legislative proceedings. Besides the support of supranational actors, the regression analysis controls for the voting threshold, the type of proposal and salience.
Does European Citizenship Increase Tolerance in Young People?
Authors: Quintelier Ellen , Dejaeghere Yves
Published: August 2008

While Europe is celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Rome Treaty, there is much doubt about the extent of citizens' emotional attachment to Europe. In this article we examine whether young Belgians show a sense of European citizenship, using a range of questions about the European Union (EU) from a survey administered to more than 6000 secondary school students. We show that a genuine identification with Europe — one that is not purely based on a positive evaluation of the EU from a utilitarian point of view — is related to higher levels of tolerance towards ethnic minorities, Muslims and immigrants. In addition, we will provide an overview of the literature on European citizenship and its potential connection to a higher degree of tolerance towards different cultures.
Determinants of Support for European Integration
Authors: Tanasoiu Cosmina , Colonescu Constantin
Published: August 2008

The electorate's ability to influence the European agenda through European elections and national referenda has led to a close inspection of public attitudes by both academics and politicians. Taking a micro-level approach, this article contributes to the larger literature on the formation of public attitudes and aims at identifying the factors that influence public attitudes towards European integration in Bulgaria, one of the new member states. We use a national survey and rely upon utilitarian, value-based and heuristic factors to test several hypotheses. Although our data confirm the argument that support is higher in countries with lower opportunity costs of transferring sovereignty to the European Union, we also find that EU membership is assessed by projecting potential benefits for future generations rather than self-centered expectations of immediate returns.
Embracing European Law
Authors: Toshkov Dimiter
Published: August 2008

Accession to the European Union (EU) demands the adoption of a vast body of legislation. This paper analyses compliance with EU directives in eight post-communist countries during the Eastern enlargement and tries to account for the puzzling embrace of EU law in Central and Eastern Europe. Drawing on a new data set tracking the transposition of a sample of 119 directives, the paper finds effects of both political preferences and government capacity on the likelihood of timely transposition. Furthermore, important sectoral differences are uncovered, with trade-related legislation having a better chance and environmental legislation having a significantly worse chance of being incorporated into national legal systems on time. Beyond the conditionality of the accession process, the paper unveils a complex causal structure behind the ups and downs in transposition performance.
Mobilizing Bias in Europe
Authors: Greer Scott L. , da Fonseca Elize Massard , Adolph Christopher
Published: August 2008

What effects do interest groups have on the democratization and legitimacy of the European Union (EU)? Interest groups can democratize the EU only to the extent that they do not replicate inequalities. We use a newly constructed database to look for inequalities: Are the big organizations in Brussels the same as the ones in the EU member states? Are some member states' lobbies more active than others? And does the structure of EU lobbying create insiders and outsiders itself? We find representative biases in favor of powerful incumbents, groups from some member states and wellresourced groups.
Forum Section: The Two Faces of Framing
Authors: Baumgartner Frank R. , Mahoney Christine
Published: August 2008

Policy decisions are greatly affected by the way issues are understood collectively by policy-makers and the public. Naturally, advocates attempt to affect these dynamics by drawing attention to one dimension or another. Lobbyists outside government, such as political leaders and civil servants within governing institutions, try to spin or frame the issues on which they work. Research on framing is difficult, however, because of a methodological complication: no individual actor single-handedly determines how issues are defined collectively. The collective dynamics of agenda-setting and framing are subject to strong competitive forces, maintaining a stable equilibrium at most times, but also to threshold effects that can occasionally lead to rapid shifts in issue definitions. Research strategies used to study one face of framing (at the individual level) are ill suited to study the second face of framing (aggregate shifts in collective issue definitions). We discuss the two faces of framing as they relate to recent literature on policy-making in the European Union and we suggest some avenues for future research.
Gendering the diversification of diversity
Authors: Coene Gily , Longman Chia
Published: August 2008

This article presents an analysis of the recent headscarf debate in Belgium, and explores in particular to what extent issues of gender equality and feminist arguments were central to the discussion. It is argued that compared to France, concerns about secularity and state-neutrality, national identity and equality, all find resonance in the Belgian context, but are articulated in a more ambiguous and less `principled' way. This partly explains the paradoxical situation in which, despite a widespread resistance to a general law banning the wearing of religious symbols in public schools, in practice, headscarf prohibitions are on the rise throughout various regions of the country. Although issues of gender equality and cultural diversity often cut and flow across debates and policies in European nation states, the Belgian hijab question provides a unique case, because of various lines of fracture and processes of increasing diversification that characterize Belgian society.
Tracks, intersections and dead ends
Authors: Siim Birte , Skjeie Hege
Published: August 2008

This article discusses multicultural challenges to state feminism in Denmark and Norway, focusing both on similarities and differences in the two countries policy responses. In spite of important differences, we point towards similar problems and dilemmas in the public responses to multiculturalism and diversity among women connected to a state feminist agenda that in both countries has been rather one-sided in its conception of what women-friendliness may imply. The first part of the paper expands on institutional `tracks': (Variations in) state feminist traditions, in religious traditions, and in the inclusion of organizations of civil society in political power. The second part explores the framing of the hijab as a political issue of `intersections' of gender equality versus religious belongings. The third part investigates what we see as a `dead end' in policy making to prevent violations of women's rights; that is the general, age based, restrictions on family unification as a means to combat forced marriages. Finally, we emphasise the importance of participatory women-friendly politics that include all who are affected by political decisions.
The ambivalent role of gender in redefining the German nation
Authors: Rostock Petra , Berghahn Sabine
Published: August 2008

Since the maxim of Germany as a non-immigration country was finally relinquished at the end of the 20 th century, the country has struggled with redefining itself as an immigration society and inventing a modified national identity. Our article argues that gender has come to play a pivotal role in this process of redefining a `German' identity because it helps secure the `self' by creating the Muslim/migrant `other' as culturally different. Under the pretext of preventing women's rights violations, a renewed debate on integration and the duties of migrants is taking place. While we criticize the deployment of gender against the civic recognition of Muslims, violations of women's rights within minority groups do exist and must be combated. Our article offers some preliminary considerations as to how public agencies can intervene effectively against practices that are harmful to women, without in the process demonizing minority groups.
In the spotlight
Authors: Prins Baukje , Saharso Sawitri
Published: August 2008

Within a short period of time, the Netherlands transformed itself from a relatively tolerant country to a nation that called for cultural assimilation, tough measures and neo-patriotism. The discursive genre of `new realism' played a crucial role in this retreat from multiculturalism, and that had a dual effect for immigrant women. Whereas formerly they were virtually ignored by both the integration and the emancipation policy, since the triumph of new realism they are in the centre of both policy lines and there is now more policy attention for their needs and interests. Yet in the public debate the culture card is drawn frequently and immigrant women are portrayed as either victims or accomplices of their oppressive cultures. Policy makers and practitioners in the field, however, succeeded in avoiding cultural stereotyping by developing cultural-sensitive measures, while naming them in culture-blind terms.
Cultural dialogues in the good society
Authors: Hellgren Zenia , Hobson Barbara
Published: August 2008

Value conflicts involving gender equality are interwoven into current multicultural tensions in many European societies. They are at the core of these tensions in Sweden, in which gender equality and principles of individual human rights constitute the state profile and political identity. In this article, we focus on three cases of honor killings that became flash points for public debates on `culture and cultures' among political parties, immigrant groups and feminists in Sweden. The media fervor surrounding honour-related violence has provided xenophobic groups with political opportunities, but at the same time, the public debate has given visibility and opened up public space for immigrant women's groups. We conclude that the notion of the `good society' has kept at bay the recognition of overtly xenophobic parties, but it has also inhibited open dialogue across and within majority and minority cultures, which would allow for reflections upon the diversity within cultures, marked by religion, gender, class differences and generational conflicts.
Whose agenda Is It?
Authors: Dustin Moira , Phillips Anne
Published: August 2008

Developments in Britain reflect a shift from a shallow but widely endorsed multiculturalism to a growing preoccupation with abuses of women in minority cultural groups. Four main issues have been debated in the media and have become the basis of either public policy or legal judgment: forced marriage, honour killing, female genital cutting and women's Islamic dress. The treatment of these issues has often been problematic, with discourses over culture tending to misrepresent minority cultural groups as monolithic entities, and initiatives to protect women becoming entangled with anti-immigration agendas. It has therefore proved hard to address abuses of women without simultaneously promoting stereotypes of culture. The most encouraging signs of resolving these tensions appear where there has been a prior history of women's activism, and a greater willingness on the part of government to draw groups into consultation. We argue that this offers a greater prospect of devising effective initiatives that do not set up multiculturalism in opposition to women's rights.
Gang talk and gang talkers: A critique
Authors: Hallsworth Simon , Young Tara
Published: August 2008

Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of interest in the phenomenon of the gang both in the UK and across Europe. Such concern has been driven forward by growing reports of gang activity reported in the media, circulated by populist politicians as well as by academic researchers convinced the European gang has been ignored for too long. This anxiety has coalesced in a perception that the gang is a serious and growing problem, that the rise in lethal violence, as seen recently in inner cities such as London, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool, is connected to the proliferation of the gang, and that the solution to the problem of urban gang violence lies in its suppression. This article takes a critical standpoint against these statements and challenges attempts to interpret urban violence in the UK as a problem of gangs or a burgeoning gang culture. It argues that the problem of street-based violence is not always reducible to the gang and suggests that the solution to preventing urban violence will not be found by sanctioning crackdowns or gang suppression programmes. It concludes by offering an alternate perception of the gang and urban violence and signposts areas that research on urban violence might need to address.
Suitable vehicles: Framing blame and justice when children kill a child
Authors: Green David A.
Published: August 2008

This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of English and Norwegian newspaper coverage of two child-on-child homicides from the 1990s. Domestic coverage of the English case of James Bulger presented it as alarmingly symptomatic of deep-seated moral decline in Britain that only tough, remoralizing strategies could address. Coverage of the Norwegian case of Silje Redergård constructed it as a tragic one-off, requiring expert intervention to facilitate the speedy reintegration of the boys responsible. Four sets of plausible explanations are offered to account for differences in the ways the two cases were constructed. First, different cultural constructions of childhood endure in each country and these condition the responses deemed appropriate for children who commit grave acts. Second, the dominant claims makers were very different in each jurisdiction with consequences for the quality of the discourses readers encountered. Third, while the legitimacy of elite expertise appears to survive in Norway, it appears to ail in Britain, and addressing this absence of public confidence has become a political priority. Fourth, a consensual political culture obtains in Norway and this makes Norwegian politicians less susceptible to the temptations experienced by adversarially acculturated English politicians to politicize high-profile crimes.
The subversion of Eros: Dialectic, revolt, and murder in the polity of the soul
Authors: Walsh Sean Noah
Published: August 2008

The political is most often conceived in terms of being exterior to the individual. Yet, if capitalism represents a kind of ubiquitous horizon, one that succeeds in conforming the unrestricted desires of the individual to the burdens of `reality', as Marcuse suggests in Eros and Civilization (1966), then the political can easily constitute the interior as well. The unified self becomes the projection of an interior polity composed of conflicting interests struggling for control. In this article I explore the phenomena of self-destructive sexualities through a reengagement with Marcuse's performance principle. First, I argue that Marcuse's concept of performance requires an elaboration that prohibits discrete boundaries for when an individual is performing and when they are purely governed by the quest for pleasure. I suggest that only in the briefest instances is pleasure free from the strictures of ideological performance. Consequential to the expansion of Marcuse's performance principle, I examine the dialectic reversal of Eros and Thanatos that suggests self-destructive sexuality as a struggle against endogenous political repression. Finally, I suggest that a self-destructive sexuality is a political act where the body of the individual intersects coextensively with the site of the performance principle.
Mediating crime, mediating culture: Nationality, femininity, corporeality and territory in the Schapelle Corby drugs case
Authors: Lambert Anthony
Published: August 2008

This article uses the arrest and conviction of Australian Schapelle Corby (for smuggling drugs into Indonesia) to articulate and explore the mediation of criminal `events' across borders, bodies and technologies. As such, connections are drawn to the resurgence of nationalistic and neocolonial discourses within the contexts of globalization and the `war on terror'. Working at the intersections of gender, race, border control and national identity, the Corby phenomenon is taken as a political drama of visuality and nationality that equates bodily security with regional integrity. Thus this article necessarily tracks the persistence of the body of the white female as a unit of currency in the aggressive adherence to historical tropes of nationalism. The mediation of Schapelle's `criminal' body is shown to deploy a corporeal lexicon of terror through which the celebrity prisoner articulates tensions and changes in bilateral relations with Indonesia.
Wild pigs and outlaws: The kindred worlds of policing and outlaw bikers
Authors: Librett Mitch
Published: August 2008

What are the similarities and differences between police officers and gang members? From a largely cultural and thoroughly critical perspective it is logical to develop a comparative analytical design that focuses on outlaw motorcycle clubs and police motorcycle fraternal organizations. Outlaw motorcycle clubs arose following the Second World War, and across the past 50 years have been targeted by law enforcement for their increasingly sophisticated involvement in violent criminal activity. They are characterized by hierarchical command structures, initiation rites and socialization processes, oaths of loyalty, codes of silence, a uniform mode of dress, and outwardly symbolic accoutrements of rank and achievement. Police organizations and cultures are not much different in these aspects of signification; comparative analysis based on naturalistic inquiry may hold the key to greater understanding of both subcultures.
Bad, mad or sad? Mothers who kill and press coverage in Israel
Authors: Cavaglion Gabriel
Published: August 2008

Israeli scholars have found that a lenient and paternalistic perception of violent mothers has been characteristic of Israeli court decisions over the last few decades and the general public. Mothers, in comparison to fathers, are perceived as being more influenced by mental disorders and therefore deserving of cure and care rather than punishment.

As part of a wider research that compares the construction of fathers and mothers who kill, this article analyzed 19 articles from the three most popular secular Israeli daily newspapers that covered six notorious cases of filicide by mothers between 1992 and 2001. The coverage during the first few days, at the significant initial stages of the process of covering the events, received more in-depth examination.

This research shows that the local press tends to stress the psychopathological etiology for the rare Jewish married mother who kills. It also suggests that this attitude is not present in cases of marginalized `criminal' women: women from ethnic minorities (e.g. Arab women), and mothers who do not fill the traditional role of wife inside the `well ordered family', as is true of young and unwed girls.
Immobilization of Polythiophene Chirality Induced by a Helix-Forming β-1,3-Glucan Polysaccharide (Schizophyllan) through Sol–Gel Reaction
Authors: Haraguchi Shuichi , Numata Munenori , Kaneko Kenji , Shinkai Seiji
Published: August 2008

It is known that an achiral water-soluble polythiophene (PT-1) is chirally twisted by complexation with a natural helix-forming polysaccharide, shizophyllan (SPG). We found that the chirality can be immobilized by sol–gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with benzylamine as a catalyst (“solution mechanism”), where SPG acts not only as a chirality inducer for PT-1 but also as a chemical glue to adsorb silica particles onto the composite surface. When a complex with amine-appended SPG (SPG-NH) was used as a template, the sol–gel reaction proceeded according to the “surface mechanism,” where silica particles were formed mainly on the composite surface due to the catalytic effect of the covalently bound amino groups and thus the reaction conditions became milder. It was confirmed that under the “surface mechanism” the chemical and physical properties of the original PT-1/SPG-NH composite are maintained more efficiently.
Virgaurols A–D: Novel Asymmetric Eremophilane Dimers from the Roots of Ligularia virgaurea
Authors: Zhang Zhan-Xin , Fei Dong-Qing , Jia Zhong-Jian
Published: August 2008

Virgaurols A–D (1–4), four novel asymmetric eremophilane sesquiterpene dimers were isolated from the roots of Ligularia virgaurea. Especially, virgaurols A (1) and B (2) possessed novel carbon skeleton in which the two sesquiterpene units are uniquely connected by a single C–C bond directly. The structures of these dimers were determined on the basis of comprehensive spectral analysis. Compounds 1 and 3 were found to exhibit weak cytotoxicity against human leukemia (HL-60), human hepatoma (SMMC-7721), and human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells.
Preparation of Tethered Palladium Catalysis Supported on Gold(111) and Its Surface Characterization by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
Authors: Gulam Rabbani M , Hamada Masahiro , Takamiya Ikuko , Shimoda Masahiko , Shuto Satoshi , Nishida Atsushi , Tsukamoto Shiro , Arisawa Mitsuhiro
Published: August 2008

Chelated tethering ligands were confined on a Au(111) substrate, and the confinement of the ligands was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Palladium was anchored to the ligands to construct heterogeneous {Pd}–L–Au(111) catalysts (L = ligand). A {Pd}–Au(111) catalyst was also prepared by adsorbing the Pd complex directly on the Au(111) substrate without a tethering ligand. Both types of catalysts were used in the Mizoroki–Heck reaction to evaluate their catalytic activities. The tether-ligated Pd catalyst {Pd}–L–Au(111) activity decreased with recycling, whereas the {Pd}–Au(111) catalyst was quite stable upon reuse. The surfaces of both catalyst types were evaluated using XPS to determine the presence of tethering ligands and/or Pd on the Au(111). The ligands of the tether-ligated Pd catalysts could not be detected on the Au(111) surface after the Mizoroki–Heck reaction, which suggests weak bonding of the S–Au by which the ligand is bound to the Au(111) substrate.
Stepwise Palladium-Catalyzed 1,4-Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Enones and Regioselective Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation for Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Diaryl Esters and (+)-(R)-Tolterodine
Authors: Kobayashi Kenya , Nishikata Takashi , Yamamoto Yasunori , Miyaura Norio
Published: August 2008

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of chiral β-diaryl ketones synthesized by 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to β-aryl-α,β-unsaturated ketones catalyzed by a palladium(2+)–chiraphos complex provided optically active β-diaryl esters up to 98% ee. The protocol was applied to the synthesis of a potent competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist, (R)-tolterodine (21), which has a chiral center consisting of two aryl rings.
20-N-Methylpurpuramine E: New Bromotyrosine-Derived Metabolite from Okinawan Marine Sponge Pseudoceratina purpurea
Authors: Teruya Toshiaki , Iwasaki Arihiro , Suenaga Kiyotake
Published: August 2008

A new bromotyrosine-derived metabolite, 20-N-methylpurpuramine E (1), was isolated from the marine sponge Pseudoceratina purpurea. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. 20-N-Methylpurpuramine E (1) showed weak cytotoxicity against HeLa S3 cells.
Synthesis and Solid-State Polymerization of Triyne and Enediyne Derivatives with Similar π-Conjugated Structures
Authors: Mizukoshi Kana , Okada Shuji , Kimura Tatsumi , Shimada Satoru , Matsuda Hiro
Published: August 2008

Three diacetylene monomer model compounds with similar π-conjugation systems, 10-phenyl-5,7,9-decatriynyl N-phenylcarbamate (1), (E)-10-phenyldec-9-en-5,7-diynyl N-phenylcarbamate (2), and (E)-10-phenyldec-5-en-7,9-diynyl N-phenylcarbamate (3), were synthesized and their properties and solid-state polymerization were investigated. Based on the absorption spectra of the monomers, it was found that the conjugation effect of a double bond was different from that of a triple bond in solution. Monomers 1, 2, and 3 gave one, two, and five crystal forms, respectively, of which 1 and one of the crystal forms of 2 (2a) could be polymerized in the solid state. The conversions after γ-ray irradiation (1 MGy dose) were 53% and 20%, respectively. The longest-wavelength absorption maxima of the polymers prepared from 1 and 2a were 645 and 655 nm, respectively. The polymerizable crystals 1 and 2a were found to have layered monomer structures with spacing of 3.1–3.6 nm. Based on solid-state 13C NMR spectra, the polymerization sites of 1 were determined to be the 1,4- and 3,6-positions with respect to the phenyl ring, and that of 2a was determined to be the 3,6-position with respect to the phenyl ring.
Photochromism and Molecular Mechanical Devices
Authors: Irie Masahiro
Published: August 2008

It is a dream for chemists to synthesize molecular systems, which can transform changes of molecular shape induced by external stimuli, such as chemicals, photons, and electrons (or holes), to macro-scale motion of the materials and perform mechanical work. To realize this dream we first prepared photoresponsive polyamides having azobenzene chromophores in the main chain. Although the polyamides changed conformation in solution upon photoinduced trans–cis isomerization, we failed to link the conformational change to macro-scale motion of polymer films and gels. During the course of study on photochromism of diarylethene single crystals we found that the surface morphology as well as the bulk shape of the single crystals reversibly changes upon photoisomerization of the component diarylethene molecules in the crystals. The photoinduced shape changes of the molecules in the densely packed crystals give rise to mechanical motion of the crystals and launch a tiny silica-particle. This is the first molecular system, which directly transforms changes of molecular shape to macro-scale motion of the materials and performs mechanical work. This account describes the progress of the research.
Surface Modification of TaON with Monoclinic ZrO2 to Produce a Composite Photocatalyst with Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Activity under Visible Light
Authors: Maeda Kazuhiko , Terashima Hiroaki , Kase Kentaro , Higashi Masanobu , Tabata Masashi , Domen Kazunari
Published: August 2008

A composite material consisting of tantalum oxynitride (TaON) and monoclinic zirconium oxide (m-ZrO2) is prepared by a surface modification method as a photocatalyst with enhanced activity for H2 evolution from water under visible light (λ>420 nm). The composite is prepared by loading particulate Ta2O5 with nanoparticulate m-ZrO2 followed by nitridation at 1123 K for 15 h under NH3 flow. The activity of the m-ZrO2/TaON composite for H2 evolution from aqueous methanol solution is higher than that of either m-ZrO2 or TaON when loaded with nanoparticulate ruthenium as a H2 evolution site. The highest activity is obtained using a composite prepared with a Zr/Ta molar ratio of 0.1. The optimized material also provides elevated activity when used as an H2 evolution photocatalyst in Z-scheme overall water splitting in combination with Pt-loaded WO3 as an O2 evolution photocatalyst and an IO3−/I− shuttle redox mediator. The improvement in activity is attributed to the suppression of surface defect formation by inhibiting tantalum reduction during nitridation.
Study of the Temperature Dependence of the Reaction of NO3 with CH3I and the Estimation of Its Impact on Atmospheric Iodine Chemistry
Authors: Nakano Yukio , Ukeguchi Hiromi , Ishiwata Takashi , Kanaya Yugo , Tachikawa Hiroto , Ikeda Atsushi , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Kawasaki Masahiro
Published: August 2008

The rate constants of the reaction of NO3 with CH3I, which can affect iodine chemistry in the atmosphere, were measured in the temperature range of 298–323 K with cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The reaction has a rate constant of k=(4.1±0.2)×10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 298 K. Uncertainties reported herein are one standard deviation. On the basis of an Arrhenius plot in the region of 298–323 K, the reaction has an activation energy (Ea=13±3 kJ mol−1). Density functional and coupled-cluster calculations suggest that the reaction proceeds via a transition state in which the hydrogen atom is nearly located at the middle position between the carbon atom of CH3I and the oxygen atom of NO3 to give HNO3+CH2I. On the atmospheric implications, box model simulations indicate that the present reaction has an important effect on the levels and diurnal patterns of the mixing ratios of NO3 and CH3I, and also on the activation of iodine chemistry in the atmosphere.
Flat Resistivity in θ-Phase Charge-Transfer Salts of Selenium-Containing TMET-TTP Derivatives
Authors: Bando Yoshimasa , Ashizawa Minoru , Kawamoto Tadashi , Mori Takehiko
Published: August 2008

Two new tetrathiapentalene (TTP)-based donor molecules have been synthesized, in which two of the four sulfur atoms of the inner TTP-skeleton of TMET-TTP (2-[4,5-bis(methylthio)-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene]-5-(4,5-ethylenedithio-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalene) are replaced by Se atoms. Four charge-transfer salts of these donors realize θ-type structures. One of the salts shows almost temperature-independent resistivity over a wide temperature range from 50 to 200 K. The calculated highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is more populated on the non-Se-substituted side. This distribution is associated with the temperature-independent resistivity.
Eigenspectral Analysis of Pendant Vertex- and Pendant Edge-Weighted Graphs of Linear Chains, Cycles, and Stars
Authors: Mandal Bholanath
Published: August 2008

Three classes of pendent vertex- and pendant edge-weighted graphs of linear chains (class I), stars (class II), and cycles (class III) have been presented. These graphs (particularly class I and III) represent heteroconjugated π-systems. Sometimes such graphs appear as factored subgraphs of some complicated graphs. The eigenspectra of these graphs have been found out in analytical forms. These eigenspectra have been utilized i) to calculate the band (i.e., HOMO–LUMO) gaps of such graphs, ii) to find out three classes of inversely proportional graphs (with inversely proportional pairs of eigenvalues), and iii) to express eigenspectra of some complicated graphs in analytical forms along with some subspectral relationships. In the limit of n (number of vertices) to infinity, the band gap of the graph of class I has been shown to be the same with that calculated by considering its hypothetical “cyclic dimer.” Reciprocal graphs have also been considered in this context. These graphs are not all hypothetical. A few of them have also been synthesized.
Magnetic Ordering in Organic-Radical Assemblies
Authors: Hatanaka Masashi , Shiba Ryuichi
Published: August 2008

Ferromagnetic interactions in three-dimensionally stacked organic-radical assemblies were deduced under periodic boundary conditions. Although the topological-linkage patterns apparently contained pentavalent carbon atomic sites due to the three dimensionalities, it was shown that the degenerate non-bonding crystal orbitals (NBCOs) were subject to orbital mixing to form Wannier-transformed NBCOs, analogous to non-Kekulé polymers. In the ferromagnetic π–π stacking modes, the NBCOs were spread over more than two adjacent unit cells. On the other hand, in the π–π antiferromagnetic stacking modes, the NBCOs were localized only at one unit cell. High-spin preferences in the ferromagnetic stacking modes were attributed to anti-parallel-spin instabilities in effective two-electron wave functions consisting of products of NBCOs (PNBCOs). Our analysis was confirmed by theoretical calculations.
Markaracter Table and Q-Conjugacy Character Table for the Non-Rigid Group 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
Authors: Darafsheh M R , Moghani A
Published: August 2008

The maturated and unmaturated groups were introduced by Shinsaku Fujita who used them in the markaracter table and the Q-conjugacy character table of a finite group. Then, he applied his results in this area of research to enumerate isomers of molecules. Using non-rigid group theory, it was shown that the full non-rigid (f-NRG) group of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) is isomorphic to wreath product of the cyclic group of order three and the symmetric group of order six on three letters (see Int. J. Quantum Chem.2007, 107, 340). In this paper, we will show that this group has 13 dominant classes (similarly, Q-conjugacy characters) 9 of which are unmatured (similarly, Q-conjugacy characters such that they are the sum of two irreducible characters). Then Markaracter table and Q-conjugacy character table of the unmatured full non-rigid group TMB is derived.