bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fieldwork Embodied
Authors: Okely Judith
Published: July 2010

Participation entails bodily engagement. Participant observation has been integral to anthropological fieldwork. Although cross-cultural ideas of the body have been elaborated theoretically in social anthropology, the Cartesian mind/body dichotomy has privileged the cerebral in the understanding of fieldwork practice and the bodily experience of the fieldworker has been under-scrutinized. In seeking to rectify this situation, this chapter draws on extensive dialogues with leading anthropologists about their fieldwork. Examples are selected from Africa, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Malaysia and Europe. The anthropologists’ conscious and hitherto unarticulated bodily adaptations are disentangled, and research is examined as a process of physical labour, bodily interaction and sensory learning which constitutes a foundation for the production of written texts.
Breathing like a Soldier: Culture Incarnate
Authors: Lande Brian
Published: July 2010

Breathing appears to be so natural and organic that it hardly seems worth analyzing. Yet to inhabit an institution can mean having to learn to breathe in culturally distinct ways. This chapter presents the findings of an ethnographic study of ‘learning to breath like a soldier’ in the army. I focus on the processes by which the body is transformed and new disciplinary techniques are developed, and present the body as an alternative category of cultural analysis to a vision of military culture as the internalization of norms, values and beliefs that shape identities and provide cognitive frames for social action. Cultural patterning in the army is not an abstract intellectual process, but takes place at the level of the body as it engages in practical activity in the training environment, and becomes adapted to the military milieu.
Listening to the Dancer's Body
Authors: Aalten Anna
Published: July 2010

This article examines the occupational culture of ballet, specifically looking at body awareness and body experiences. Using a phenomenological approach, complemented by ethnographic interview data, the experiences of the ballet dancer's body, in its daily training process, are described and analysed. Focusing on the dancer's attitudes to and dealings with pain and injuries, but also looking at the issue of eating disorders, the implications of this analysis for theorizing the body as a material and only contingently elusive phenomenon are explicated. Drawing on contemporary body theory, the meaning of injuries and pain are analysed in the context of ballet culture. The concept of the phenomenologically ‘absent body’ is used to understand the temporary disappearance of the body from awareness, while the notion that pain and illness can be considered a form of communication offers an insight into the relationship between the individual body and the social and cultural worlds it is part of. The use of an ethnographic perspective ensures an attentiveness to the dancer's agency, informing and enriching the analysis.
New series for agricultural prices in London, 1770–1914
Authors: SOLAR PETER M. , KLOVLAND JAN TORE
Published: July 2010

New annual series for the prices of major agricultural commodities sold in London markets between 1770 and 1914 are presented. These series are based on bimonthly observations drawn from newspaper market reports. The products covered are wheat, barley (grinding and malting), oats, potatoes, hay, butter, beef, mutton, and pork. Annual prices are calculated for both calendar and production years. The new series are compared to existing series.
Evaluating Projects in a Dynamic Economy: Some New Envelope Results
Authors: Li Chuan-Zhong , Löfgren Karl-Gustaf
Published: July 2010

This paper deals with the modern theory of social cost-benefit analysis in a dynamic economy. The theory emphasizes the role of a comprehensive, forward looking, dynamic welfare index within the period of the project rather than that of a project’s long-term consequences. However, what constitutes such a welfare index remains controversial in the recent literature. In this paper, we attempt to shed light on the issue by deriving three equivalent cost-benefit rules for evaluating a small project. In particular, we show that the direct change in a net national product (NNP) qualifies as a convenient welfare index without involving any other induced side effects. The project evaluation criterion thus becomes the present discounted value of the direct changes in NNP over the project period. We also illustrate the application of this theory in a few stylized examples.
A New Technical Progress Function (1962)
Authors: Christian von Weizsäcker Carl
Published: July 2010

In this paper, I show that labour-saving or capital-saving technical progress is induced by the distribution of income between capital and labour. In the long run, technical progress is Harrod neutral. The long-run equilibrium factor income distribution is determined by a parameter of the technical progress function.
Negotiating ‘solidarity’ and internationalism: the response of Polish trade unions to migration
Authors: Hardy Jane , Fitzgerald Ian
Published: July 2010

In the context of massive outward migration after Poland's accession to the EU in 2004, this article explores the possibilities for cross‐border collaboration by Polish trade unions. The findings are based on interviews with the two main trade union/trade union federations, Solidarity and Ogolnopolskie Porozumnie Związków Zawodowych: All‐Poland Alliance of Trade Unions, at national, regional and sectoral levels. Examining the issues and challenges faced by Polish trade unions in terms of loss of membership and social capital, the article also evaluates the significance of Poland's status as a country of some inward migration. It is argued that cross‐border trade union collaboration has become an even more urgent project as the economic crisis intensifies competition in the labour market and increases the potential for xenophobia.
On Faithfully Knowing an Infinite God: Humility as an Intellectual Virtue in Gregory of Nyssa's Contra Eunomium II
Authors: PARDUE STEPHEN
Published: July 2010

This article explores the concept of intellectual humility, a crucial but undertreated dimension of Gregory of Nyssa's thought, first by focusing on a key section of Contra Eunomium II, and then by contrasting this account with contemporary versions of Kantian humility. While Gregorian and Kantian humility share similarities on the surface (e.g. both dwell on our inability to know the ‘essence’ of a thing), Gregory's vision of the virtue is formed through engagement with the biblical text and in the quest to know an infinite, self‐revealing God. In contrast to the flat resignation that characterizes Kantian versions of epistemic humility, Gregory's account of humility not only restrains but also empowers its practitioners in theological reflection.1
The moisturizing effect of a wheat extract food supplement on women’s skin: a randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Guillou S. , Ghabri S. , Jannot C. , Gaillard E. , Lamour I. , Boisnic S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Ceramides, specific lipid components of the skin, represent 35–40% of the intercellular cement binding cells together and contributing to skin hydration. A wheat extract rich in ceramides and digalactosyl‐diglycerides was developed by Hitex in two forms: wheat extract oil (WEO) and wheat extract powder (WEP). In vitro tests and two clinical studies demonstrated promising efficacy results with WEP on skin hydration. To confirm these early results, a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study was carried out on 51 women aged 20–63 years with dry to very dry skin who received either 350 mg of WEO or placebo for 3 months. Evaluation of skin hydration on legs, arms and face, assessed at baseline (D0) and at study end (D84) was performed by the dermatologist using dermatological scores (dryness, roughness, erythema), skin hydration measurement (corneometry) and self‐assessment scores (Visual Analogue Scale: VAS). Perceived efficacy was noted by participants throughout the study; tolerability and overall acceptability of the study products were evaluated by the dermatologist and the participants at the end of study. Skin hydration was significantly increased between D0 and D84 on the arms (P < 0.001) and legs (P = 0.012) in the WEO group compared with placebo. Even if no significant statistical differences between groups were observed for the dermatological evaluation, skin dryness and redness tended to be reduced in the WEO group. Moreover, from D0 to D84, the VAS index had a tendency to increase in favour of WEO for the overall skin hydration (P = 0.084) indicating that participants perceived an improvement. The WEO capsules were perceived by participants as being more effective than placebo on all skin dryness signs. In conclusion, WEO capsules were well tolerated and appreciated. After 3 months’ treatment, a significant increase in skin hydration and an improvement in associated clinical signs were observed in women with dry skin.
Serum levels of IGF‐1 are related to human skin characteristics including the conspicuousness of facial pores
Authors: Sugiyama‐Nakagiri Y. , Naoe A. , Ohuchi A. , Kitahara T.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Conspicuous facial pores are one type of serious aesthetic defects for many women. However, the mechanism(s) that underlie the conspicuousness of facial pores remains unclear. We previously characterized the epidermal architecture around facial pores that correlates with the appearance of those pores in various ethnic groups including Japanese. The goal of this study was to evaluate the possible relationships between facial pore size, the severity of impairment of epidermal architecture around facial pores and sebum output levels to investigate the possible role of IGF‐1 in the pathogenesis of conspicuous facial pores. The subjects consisted of 38 healthy Japanese women (aged 22–41 years). IGF‐1 was measured using immunoradiometric assay. Surface replicas were collected to compare pore sizes of cheek skin and horizontal cross‐section images of cheek skin were obtained non‐invasively from the same subjects using in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy and the severity of impairment of epidermal architecture around facial pores was determined. The skin surface lipids of each subject were collected from their cheeks and lipid classes were determined using gas chromatography/flame ionization detection. The serum level of IGF‐1 correlated significantly with total pore area (R = 0.36, P < 0.05), with the severity of impairment of epidermal architecture around facial pores (R = 0.43, P < 0.05) and with sebum output levels (R = 0.41, P < 0.01). The sebum output levels correlated with total pore area (R = 0.32, P < 0.05). Our study found that serum levels of IGF‐1 are correlated with facial skin characteristics including facial pore size and with the severity of impairment of epidermal architecture around facial pores.
Genetic variants in RELN are associated with otosclerosis in a non‐European population from Tunisia
Authors: Khalfallah Ayda , Schrauwen Isabelle , Mnaja Malek , Fransen Erik , Lahmar Imed , Ealy Megan , Dhouib Leila , Ayadi Hammadi , Charfedine Ilhem , Driss Nabil , Ghorbel Abdelmonem , Smith Richard J.H. , Masmoudi Saber , Van Camp Guy
Published: July 2010

Otosclerosis is a common form of conductive hearing loss, caused by an abnormal bone remodelling in the otic capsule. Both environmental and genetic factors have been implicated in the etiology of this disease. A recent genome wide association study identified two regions associated with otosclerosis, one on chr7q22.1, located in the RELN gene, and one on chr11q13.1. A second study in four European populations has replicated the association of the RELN gene with otosclerosis. To investigate the association of these loci with otosclerosis in a non‐European population, we tested 11 SNPs from the two regions in 149 unrelated Tunisian patients and 152 controls. Four SNPs were significantly associated with otosclerosis. Three SNPs are located in the RELN region and the last one is located in the region on chromosome 11. We also observed a significant interaction with gender for rs3914132. This suggests an influence of sex on the association of RELN with otosclerosis. A meta‐analysis showed that the disease‐associated alleles in the Tunisian sample are the same as in all previously reported associations. Our study provides additional evidence implicating RELN in the development of otosclerosis. Additional functional studies should determine the role of RELN in the physiopathology of this disease.
Candidate Molecular Pathway Genes Related to Appetite Regulatory Neural Network, Adipocyte Homeostasis and Obesity: Results from the CARDIA Study
Authors: Friedlander Yechiel , Li Guo , Fornage Myriam , Williams O. Dale , Lewis Cora E. , Schreiner Pamela , Pletcher Mark J. , Enquobahrie Daniel , Williams Michelle , Siscovick David S.
Published: July 2010

Appetite regulatory neural network and adipocyte homeostasis molecular pathways are critical to long‐term weight maintenance.

Associations between obesity‐related phenotypes and four genes in these pathways – leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR), neuropeptide Y2 receptor (NPY2R) and peptide YY (PYY) were examined in CARDIA Study participants (aged 18–30 at recruitment in 1985–6). Weight, BMI and waist circumference were measured at baseline and at years 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20. Genotyping was conducted using tag SNPs characterising common genetic variations in these genes. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models estimated associations between SNPs and repeated anthropometric measurements, controlling for sex and age. False discovery rate was used to adjust for multiple testing.

In African‐Americans, SNPs across theLEPgene demonstrated significant overall associations with all obesity‐related phenotypes. The associations between LEP rs17151919 with weight tended to strengthen with time – the difference in weight associated with each additional minor allele increased from 2.6 kg at baseline to 4.8 kg at year 20 (SNP*time interaction p = 0.0193).NPY2Rgene SNPs were associated with waist circumference among African‐American men (p = 0.0462). In Caucasians,LEPSNPs also tended to be associated with weight (p = 0.0471), andPYYrs11684664 was associated with obesity‐related phenotypes in women only (p = 0.010–0.026).

SeveralLEP, andNPY2RandPYYSNPs were associated with obesity‐related phenotypes in young adults, particularly among African‐Americans.
Dynamics of longitudinal arch support in relation to walking speed: contribution of the plantar aponeurosis
Authors: Caravaggi Paolo , Pataky Todd , Günther Michael , Savage Russell , Crompton Robin
Published: July 2010

The plantar aponeurosis (PA), in spanning the whole length of the plantar aspect of the foot, is clearly identified as one of the key structures that is likely to affect compliance and stability of the longitudinal arch. A recent study performed in our laboratory showed that tension/elongation in the PA can be predicted from the kinematics of the segments to which the PA is attached. In the present investigation, stereophotogrammetry and inverse kinematics were employed to shed light on the mechanics of the longitudinal arch and its main passive stabilizer, the PA, in relation to walking speed. When compared with a neutral unloaded position, the medial longitudinal arch underwent greater collapse during the weight‐acceptance phase of stance at higher walking speed (0.1°±1.9° in slow walking; 0.9°±2.6° in fast walking; P = 0.0368). During late stance the arch was higher (3.4°±3.1° in slow walking; 2.8°±2.7° in fast walking; P = 0.0227) and the metatarsophalangeal joints more dorsiflexed (e.g. at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, 52°±5° in slow walking; 64°±4° in fast walking; P < 0.001) during fast walking. Early‐stance tension in the PA increased with speed, whereas maximum tension during late stance did not seem to be significantly affected by walking speed. Although, on the one hand, these results give evidence for the existence of a pre‐heel‐strike, speed‐dependent, arch‐stiffening mechanism, on the other hand they suggest that augmentation of arch height in late stance is enhanced by higher forces exerted by the intrinsic muscles on the plantar aspect of the foot when walking at faster speeds.
Dynamic methylation and expression of Oct4 in early neural stem cells
Authors: Lee Shih‐Han , Jeyapalan Jennie N. , Appleby Vanessa , Mohamed Noor Dzul Azri , Sottile Virginie , Scotting Paul J.
Published: July 2010

Neural stem cells are a multipotent population of tissue‐specific stem cells with a broad but limited differentiation potential. However, recent studies have shown that over‐expression of the pluripotency gene, Oct4, alone is sufficient to initiate a process by which these can form ‘induced pluripotent stem cells’ (iPS cells) with the same broad potential as embryonic stem cells. This led us to examine the expression of Oct4 in endogenous neural stem cells, as data regarding its expression in neural stem cells in vivo are contradictory and incomplete. In this study we have therefore analysed the expression of Oct4 and other genes associated with pluripotency throughout development of the mouse CNS and in neural stem cells grown in vitro. We find that Oct4 is still expressed in the CNS by E8.5, but that this expression declines rapidly until it is undetectable by E15.5. This decline is coincident with the gradual methylation of the Oct4 promoter and proximal enhancer. Immunostaining suggests that the Oct4 protein is predominantly cytoplasmic in location. We also found that neural stem cells from all ages expressed the pluripotency associated genes, Sox2, c‐Myc, Klf4 and Nanog. These data provide an explanation for the varying behaviour of cells from the early neuroepithelium at different stages of development. The expression of these genes also provides an indication of why Oct4 alone is sufficient to induce iPS formation in neural stem cells at later stages.
Effects of growth and exercise on composition, structural maturation and appearance of osteoarthritis in articular cartilage of hamsters
Authors: Julkunen Petro , Halmesmäki Esa P. , Iivarinen Jarkko , Rieppo Lassi , Närhi Tommi , Marjanen Juho , Rieppo Jarno , Arokoski Jari , Brama Pieter A. , Jurvelin Jukka S. , Helminen Heikki J.
Published: July 2010

Articular cartilage composition and structure are maintained and remodeled by chondrocytes under the influence of loading. Exercise‐induced changes in the composition, structure, mechanical properties and tissue integrity of growing and aging hamster articular cartilage were investigated. Articular cartilage samples (n = 191) were harvested from the proximal tibiae of hamsters aged 1, 3, 6, 12 and 15 months. The hamsters were divided into runners and controls. The runners had free access to a running wheel between 1 and 3 months (runner groups 3‐, 12‐ and 15‐month‐old hamsters) or 1 and 6 months (runner group 6‐month‐old hamsters) of age. Control animals were subjected to a sedentary lifestyle. Mechanical indentation tests and depth‐wise compositional and structural analyses were performed for the cartilage samples. Furthermore, the integrity of articular cartilage was assessed using histological osteoarthritis grading. Exercise affected the collagen network organization after a 5‐month exercise period, especially in the middle and deep zones. However, no effect on the mechanical properties was detected after exercise. Before the age of 12 months, the runners showed less osteoarthritis than the controls, whereas at 15 months of age the situation was reversed. It is concluded that, in hamsters, physical exercise at a young age enhances cartilage maturation and alters the depth‐wise cartilage structure and composition. This may be considered beneficial. However, exercise at a young age demonstrated adverse effects on cartilage at a later age with a significant increase in the incidence of osteoarthritis.
Intracellular expression of a host‐selective toxin, ToxA, in diverse plants phenocopies silencing of a ToxA‐interacting protein, ToxABP1
Authors: Manning Viola A. , Chu Ashley L. , Scofield Steven R. , Ciuffetti Lynda M.
Published: July 2010

Featured paper: See Editorial p877
The Problems and Needs of Parents of Cerebral Palsied Children
Authors: Sykes M. Kathleen
Published: July 2010

A study of the family backgrounds of a group of children with cerebral palsy.
Late Reading in Children
Authors: Barger William Calvin
Published: July 2010

Late reading may be due to twisted perception of letters, seeing “b” as “d”, etc. Such “strephosymbolia” has been ascribed to the lateral dominance of hands and eyes being mixed and to the child's failure to establish a necessary dominance. Dr. Barger describes tests for lateral dominance and his method of treating delayed reading in which the pupil starts by learning to read well in a mirror.
Effects of Abnormal Brain Development on Function
Authors: Polani Paul E.
Published: July 2010

There is evidence that many cases of simple spastic diplegia originate in a developmental error. This may not arise during pregnancy but may be specifically brought about in the neonatal period in an incompletely mature nervous system.
The Habilitation of Adult “Spastics”
Authors: Agassiz C. D. S.
Published: July 2010

Owing to the brain damage which is the basis of cerebral palsy, its treatment has to be on essentially different lines from that of other disabilities. These patients often require expert supervision at all times, not only during physiotherapy. In the habilitation of adults the aim should be to improve their social bearing, give them the largest possible measure of independence, and train them for suitable work.
The Neuropathology of Cerebral Palsy and its Importance in Treatment and Diagnosis: The Cerebral Palsy Problem. B. Normal Development of Motor Abilities. C. Causes of Motor Handicap in Cerebral Palsy. D. Early Diagnosis.
Authors: Bobath K.
Published: July 2010

In the cerebral palsied child early treatment seems desirable but impossible for lack of active co‐operation by the patient. Dr. and Mrs. Bobath have used inherent motor reactions to promote good movement patterns even in infancy. This “meaty” article gives a postgraduate course on the postural reflexes underlying our equilibrium, their emergence and later integration and inhibition in the normal infant's early years.

A knowledge of these reactions and of the abnormal reflexes of the cerebral palsied child will help us to recognise the postures displayed and to understand the ideas underlying the Bobaths' methods of treatment.
RESULTS OF CEREBRAL SURGERY FOR MOTOR DISORDERS*
Authors: BATES JOHN A. V.
Published: July 2010

Following a chance observation, it has been discovered that the destruction of nervous tissue deep in the cerebral hemisphere can relieve tremor and rigidity on the contralateral side in some cases of Parkinson's disease, without impairing motor performance.

There are many possible explanations for this, and six are briefly reviewed here, but the full significance of this knowledge will only be realised when post‐mortem studies of the lesion in successful and unsuccessful cases are available.
Research Backed by the National Spastics Society
Authors: Donald Alison D. Mac
Published: July 2010

A brief survey of the work done since 1953 by research workers receiving grants from the Society, as recommended by its Medical Advisory Committee, as well as by the Society's Medical Research Unit at Guy's Hospital; with some account of other activities fostered by the Society as likely to advance and spread knowledge over a wide field centred on but by no means confined to cerebral palsy.
Hip Deformities in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: BATCHELOR J. S.
Published: July 2010

Les difformités de la hanche

Les deux techniques les plus utiles pour corriger les difformités spastiques de la hanche sont l'ostéotomie de rotation de la diaphyse fémorale et l'ostéotomie de Lorenz. Ces techniques corrigent la difformité au dessous de l'insertion des muscles spastiques de la hanche qui ne sont pas modifyés.

Deformitäten der Hüfte

Die zwei üblichsten Verfahren für die Verbesserung der spastischen Deformitúten der Hüfte sind die Drehungsosteotomie der Diaphyse des Oberschenkelknochens und die Lorenzsche Osteotomie. Diese Verfahren verbessern die Deformität unter der Ansatzstelle der spastischen Hüftenmuskeln, welche nicht verändert werden.
Pneumoencephalographic Findings in Various Forms of Cerebral Palsy
Authors: DITTRICH J. , VLACH V. , JIROUT J.
Published: July 2010

Pneumoencephalography can be useful in the differential diagnosis and classification of cerebral palsy, in localising the lesions, and in defining the indications for surgery.

Pneumoencephalography examination is an important method for the study of cerebral palsy. It to some extent acts as a substitute for pathological observations. By showing the site of the maximal tissue lesion it helps in pathological analysis. It also helps in the differentiation of various forms of the disease and in their clinical study. The method is useful in the differential diagnosis of cerebral palsy from congenital neoplasms, developmental abnormalities, etc., and it helps us to draw up more precise indications for surgical intervention.

The number of patients in this series (117) is small when it has to be divided into separate forms. It is therefore not possible to draw any final conclusions.

L'encéphalographie gazeuse dans les différentes formes d'infirmite motrice cérébrale.

L'encéphalographie gazeuse est une importante méthode d'examen dans l'étude de l'infirmité motrice cérébrale. Elle se substitue dans une certaine mesure aux études anatomo‐pathologiques. La détermination du siège de la lésion tissulaire maxima facilite l'analyse physiopathologique. Elle permet de distinguer les différentes formes de la maladie et d'effectuer leur étude clinique. La méthode est utile pour le diagnostic différentiel de l'infirmité motrice cérébrale d'avec les néoplasmes congénitaux, les anomalies du développe‐ment, etc. Elle nous aide à poser des indications chirurgicales plus précises.

Le nombre de malades dans cette étude (117) est faible si on les répartit sous différentes rubriques. Aussi n'est‐il pas possible d'émettre de conclusion définitive.

Die Befunde der Pneumoencephalographie in den verschiedenen Formen der zerebralen Kinderlähmung.

Die Pneumoencephalographie ist eine wichtige Untersuchungsmethode für das Studium der Zerebrallähmung. Sie ersetzt in gewissem Mass pathologische Beobachtungen. Indem sie den Sitz der maximalen Gewebsschädigung angibt, erleichtert sie die physiopathologische Analyse. Sie erlaubt es, die verschiedene Formen der Krankheit zu unterscheiden und ihr klinisches Studium durchzuführen. Die Methode ist für die Differentialdiagnostik der Zerebrallähmung gegenüber angeborenen Neubildungen, Entwicklungsmissbildungen, usw., nützlich. Sie hilft uns, genauere chirurgische Indikationen zu stellen.

Die Zahl der Kranken dieser Serie ist gering (117), wenn man sie in verschiedenen Formen aufteilt. Darum ist es nicht möglich, endgültige Schlüsse zu Ziehen.
The Subacute Encephalitides
Authors: BOGAERT LUDO van
Published: July 2010

The subacute encephalitides are becoming increasingly common, and the cases often pass unrecognised because of their resemblance to unadapted extrapyramidal degenerative disease.

The various forms of the condition and their symptoms are described.

Unfortunately the treatment is still wholly ineffective and the cause remains unknown.

Les Encéphalites Subaiguës

Les encéphalites subaigués deviennent de plus en plus fréquentes. Les diagnostics ne sont souvent pas précisés à cause de leur ressemblance avec les maladies extrapyramidales dégénératives.

Les différentes formes et leur sémiologie sont décrites.

Malheureusement le traitement est encore totalement inefficace et la cause en demeure inconnue.

Subakute Encephalitides

Die subakuten Encephalitides werden immer häufiger und die Fälle verlaufen oft, ohne erkannt zu werden, weil sie den extrapyramidalen Entartungskrankheiten ähnlich sehen.

Die verschiedenen Formen der Krankheit und ihre Semiotik werden beschrieben. Leider ist die Behandlung noch völlig unwirksam und die Ursache unbekannt.
Hearing and Speech Disorders
Authors: REED MICHAEL
Published: July 2010

Many children present a complex picture, of which the outstanding symptom is lack of response to sound or a varying response to sound. Many different conditions in children may give rise to this superficial picture of hearing defect, and all the possible causes have to be differentiated. This problem of differentiation is discussed in detail.

In some cases children may be thought to hear normally and yet have an impairment of hearing or of speech‐perception. It is important to know of all the possible conditions that might be influencing the situation, so as to make an accurate diagnosis as early as possible.

Les troubles de l'audition et de la parole.

De mombreux enfants présentent un tableau complexe dont le symptôme principal est l'absence de réponse au son ou une réponse variable au son. De nombreuses maladies peuvent donner lieu, chez l'enfant, à ce tableau superficiel des troubles de l'audition et les causes possibles doivent être reconnues. Ce problème diagnostique est discuté en détail.

Dans certains cas, on considère que les enfants entendent normalement, ils peuvent cependant avoir une atteinte de l'audition ou de la perception de la parole. Il est important de connaître tous les états qui peuvent influencer cette situation arm de faire un diagnostic exact aussi précoce que possible.

Gehör‐ und Sprachstörungen

Viele Kinder zeigen ein verwickeltes Bild, dessen Hauptsymptom Ausfall der Antwort auf den Klang oder eine veränderliche Antwort auf den Klang ist. Viele Krankheiten können bei Kindern dieses oberflächliche Bild der Gehörstörungen geben und es ist nötig, alle möglichen Ursachen zu erkennen. Dieses diagnostische Problem wird gründlich besprochen.

In gewissen Fällen nimmt man an, dass die Kinder normal hören. Sie können aber an einer Störung der Gehörfähigkeit oder der Wahrnehmung der Sprache leiden. Es ist nötig, alle Bedingungen, die einen Einfluss auf diesen Zustand ausüben können, zu kennen, um eine genaue Diagnose so rasch wie möglich zu stellen.
Assessment, Training and Employment of Adolescents and Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: KEITH R. C. MAC , BAX M. C. O.
Published: July 2010

This article, which is intended to supplement Miss Morgan's account of the facilities now available for cerebral palsied adolescents and adults, discusses some of the problems which remain unsolved for these people after they leave school. It is by no means a full account of these problems, but it may stimulate more thought about, and ultimately better facilities for, the adolescent with cerebral palsy.

Cet article, destinéà complèter le compte rendu de Miss Morgan sur les facilités dont dispose actuellement le spastique, a amorcé des discussions sur certains problèmes non encore résolus pour lui, une fois qu'il a quitté l'ecole. Il ne faut nullement y voir un compte rendu complet de ces problèmes. Nous espérons simplement qu'il servira à faire penser davantage à l'adolescent infirme moteur cérébral et à lui apporter, par la suite, de plus grandes facilités.

In diesem Artikel, der den Bericht von Miss Morgan über die Erleichterungen über die jetzt der Spastiker verfucht ergänzensoll, wird versucht einige Probleme für die der Spastiker noch keine Lösung gefunden hat wenn er die Schule verlässt, zu erörtern. Man darf darin nicht einen vollstärdigen Bericht über diese Probleme sehen. Wir hoffe nnur, dass er dazu dienen wird, dass man mehr an den Jugendlichen mit Zerebrallähmung denkt und ihm später grössere Erleichterungen bringt.
Assessment, Training and Employment of Adolescents and Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: MORGAN Miss M. R.
Published: July 2010

When a child with cerebral palsy leaves school, it is usual for a completely new set of people to take over responsibility for the boy or girl, and there is no clear‐cut guidance about spheres of responsibility or the local authority or department who can best offer advice.

Parents and advisers are often unaware of what is available in different parts of the country or to whom to apply for guidance and help.

An attempt has here been made to indicate what facilities are now available for assessment, vocational guidance, training, employment (open and sheltered), residential centres, and home‐work.

L'adolescent et l'adulte infirmes moteurs cérébraux.

Lorsqu'un enfant atteint d'infirmité motrice cérébrate quitte l'école, un groupe de personnes totalement nouveau assume d'habitude la responsabilité de ce jeune; or il n'existe rien qui puisse nettement les guider sur l'étendue de leurs responsabilités ou sur les autorités qui, à l'échelon local ou départemental, sont les plus aptes àêtre consultées.

Parents et conseillers ignorent souvent les facilités dont ils disposent dans différentes parties du pays et ne savent à qui demander conseil ou aide.

Nous avons essayé d'indiquer quelles facilités s'offraient actuellement à eux en ce qui concerne l'évaluation des capacités, l'orientation professionnelle, la formation, l'emploi (libre ou protégé) et le travail à domicile.

Der Jugendliche und der Erwachsene mil Zerebrallähmung.

Wenn ein an Zerebrallähmung leidendes Kind die Schule verlässt, ubernimmt gewöhnlich eine ganz neue Gruppe von Personen die Verantwortung dieses jungen Menschen; nun gibt es aber keine ganz klare Führung in betreff ihres Verantwortungs kreises oder der lokalen oder Bezirksautoritäten die am fähigsten sind, sie zu beraten.

Eltern und Erzieher wissen oft nicht, was ihnen in den verschiedenen Teilen des Landes zur Verfügung steht und an wen sie sich wenden miissen, urn Rat oder Hilfe zu bekommen.

In diesem Artikel hat man versucht zu zeigen, welche Erleichterungen sich jetzt im Bereiche der Abschätzung der Fähigkeiten, der Berufsberatung, der Ausbildung, der Anstellung (frei oder geschützt) und der Heimarbeit darbieten.
Social Status of the Parents of Cerebral Palsied Children
Authors: ILLINGWORTH R. S. , WOODS GRACE E. , GORDON R. R. , ROBERTS LLYWELYN
Published: July 2010

We have studied the social status of parents of children with cerebral palsy in Bristol and Sheffield. There was no significant difference from the normal distribution of the social classes in those regions.

Statut social des parents d'enfants atteints de paralysie cérébrale

Nous avons étudié le groupement social des parents d'enfants atteints de paralysie cérébrale à Bristol et à Sheffield. Il n'a été trouvé aucune différence significative avec la répartition normale des groupes sociaux dans ces régions.

Soziales Statut der Kinder mit Zerehrallaehmung

Wir haben die soziale Zusammenstellung der Eltern der Kinder mit Zerebrallähmung in Bristol und Sheffield untersucht. Es wurde kein bedeutsamer Unterschied mit der normalen Verteilung der sozialen Gruppen in diesen Gegenden gefunden.
The Care of Children with Motor Handicaps in Sweden
Authors: D'AVIGNON MARCEL
Published: July 2010

The medical and educational care of motor‐handicapped children and young people in Sweden is described. Emphasis is on home care where possible. Regional and local institutions offer specialist treatment and educational facilities, and provide residential accommodation if desirable.

Eugeniahemmet in Stockholm is a national institution of 160 beds which provides modern comprehensive care of the cerebral‐palsied child.

Re‐organisation of the provisions for cerebral palsied children is in progress, pari‐passu with an increased national awareness of the problems of the handicapped.

Soins aux enfants atteints d'infirmités motrices, en Suède

Description des soins médicaux et éducatifs donnés en Suède aux enfants et aux jeunes gens atteints d'infirmités motrices. La préférence va aux soins à domicile, partout où ils sont possibles. On trouve dans des établissements régionaux et locaux des traitements par spécialistes et des facilités d'ordre éducatif; on peut y séjourner, si c'est opportun.

A Stockholm, Eugeniahemmet est un établissement d'Etat de 160 lits où l'on donne des soins modernes éclairés à l'enfant infirme moteur cérébral.

La refonte des dispositions relatives aux enfants infirmes moteurs est en cours, cependant que la conscience nationale s'émeut de plus en plus des problemes de l'infirme.

Die Pftege der Kinder mit moförischen Störungen in Schweden

Ärztliche und erzieherische Pflege der Kinder und Jugendlichen mit motorischen Störungen in Schweden wird beschrieben. Wo möglich ist, hat Hauspflege den Vorzug. Regionale und lokale Einrichtungen bieten Behandlung durch Spezialisten und Erziehungs‐erleichterungen und beschaffen Wohnmöglichkeiten, wenn es wünschenswert ist.

Eugeniahemmet in Stockholm ist eine Staatsanstalt von 160 Betten, wo das Kind mit Zerebrallähmung sachkundige moderne Pflege bekommt.

Die Reorganisation der Einrichtungen für Kinder mit Zerebrallähmung ist im Gang, gleichzeitig mit dem zunehmenden nationalen Bewustsein der Probleme des Krüppels.
Phoniatric Treatment of Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: OHLSSON‐EDLUND ELLY
Published: July 2010

The Eugenia Home (Eugeniahemmet) in Stockholm is a boarding‐school for children with motor handicaps. In addition, there are two sick wards with 40 beds. The staff includes an orthopaedic surgeon, a paediatrician, a child psychiatrist, a medically qualified speech‐therapist, a dentist, and nurses and medical gymnasts.

The phoniatric treatment of cerebral palsied children with serious motor handicaps and relatively normal intellects is described. Using tones from a tuning‐fork series C–Cv the children notice the qualities of sounds. The speech muscles are stimulated with the help of vibrations from the tuning‐fork, CI to CII. The children may look at pictures which show how certain sounds are formed and compare the mouth positions of the various sounds. They check in a mirror how they themselves articulate. Furthermore, they may hear their own speech on a tape recording. After long training the children in many cases really speak better.

Traitement phoniatrique des enfants atteints d'infirmité motrice cérébrate

Cet article est consacré au traitement phoniatrique des enfants infirmes moteurs cérébraux, atteints de graves infirmités physiques mais ayant conservé une intelligence relative. Les enfants notent la qualité des sons d'après la tonalite d'un diapason de la série C–Cv. Les muscles de la parole sont stimulés par les vibrations du diapason en CI–CII. Les enfants ont la possibilité de regarder sur des images le processus de formation de certains sons et de comparer les positions de la bouche à chaque son. Les enfants contrôlent dans une glace leur propre articulation. D'autre part, ils peuvent s'entendre parler sur des bandes enregistrées. Les résultats prouvent qu'une longue éducation permet a de nombreux enfants de bien mieux parler.

Phoniatrische Behandlung der Kinder mit Zerebrallaehmung

Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der phoniatrischen Behandlung der Kinder mit Zerebrallähmung, mit schweren körperlichen Gebrechen, aber mit einigermassen erhaltener Intelligenz. Mit Hilfe der Töne einer Stimmgabel der Serie C–Cv, bemerken die Kinder die Lautwerte. Die Sprechmuskeln werden durch die Schwingungen der Stimmgabel CI–CII angetrieben. Die Kinder können auf Bilder blicken die zeigen, wie gewisse Laute gebildet werden, und die Haltungen des Mundes bei den verschiedenen Lauten vergleichen. Die Kinder kontrollieren in einem Spiegel wie sie selbst aussprechen. Ferner können sie ihre eigene Rede auf einem Band hören. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Kinder nach langer Ubung in zahlreichen Fällen viel besser sprechen.
Disturbances of Manual Perception in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: MONFRAIX C. , TARDIEU G. , TARDIEU C.
Published: July 2010

The recognition of shapes held in the hand without the help of sight is one of the gnosias that should be studied in children with cerebral palsy.

We have compared, in identical conditions, the responses given by 218 normal children with those given by 92 children with cerebral palsy.

It is possible to establish the existence of disorders of manual perception, and to judge the severity of this type of agnosia, by comparing a child's gnosic age and mental age. This procedure provides a useful check on progress during re‐education.

The present study shows that disorders of manual perception can be found in all forms of cerebral palsy. This type of agnosia occurs more frequently, and is often more severe, in cases with spasticity or rigidity than in those with athetosis. It is perhaps more frequent in cases where the right side is affected rather than the left, and possibly also in unilateral rather than bilateral cases.

Troubles de la perception manuelle chez les enfants infirmes moteurs cérébraux

La faculté permettant de reconnaître les formes tenues dans la main sans Ľintervention visuelle est une des gnosies que Ľon doit étudier chez les enfants atteints ďinfirmité motrice cérébrate.

Nous avons comparé, dans des conditions identiques, les réponses de 218 enfants nor‐maux et celles de 92 enfants infirmes cérébraux.

On peut fonder Ľexistence de troubles de la perception manuelle et juger de la gravité de ce type ďagnosie sur la seule comparaison de Ľâge gnosique et de Ľâge mental ďun enfant. Nous verrons, dans le prochain article, que ce procédé permet de contrôler utilement le progrès survenant au cours de la ré‐éducation.

La présente étude prouve que les troubles de la perception manuelle peuvent se rencontrer dans toutes les formes ďinfirmités motrices cérébrates. Ce type ďagnosie est plus fréquent, et souvent plus grave, dans les cas avec spasticité et rigidité que dans ceux avec athétose. Peut être le rencontre‐t‐on plus souvent dans les cas où le côté droit est plus atteint que le gauche et aussi dans les cas de paralysie unilatérale plutôt que bilatérale.
The Organisation of Film Shows
Authors: BAMPING FRANK
Published: July 2010

In setting out some notes to guide secretaries of medical societies in particular and all those who might have occasion to use the film show for a meeting, the author discusses the needs under the headings of programme content and arrangement, technical considerations and legal aspects.
Spasticity and Spasms in Hemiplegia and Paraplegia*
Authors: GLASER GILBERT H.
Published: July 2010

There are differences between the spasticities appearing in hemiplegia due to supraspinal lesions and in paraplegia due to spinal lesions, although the basic quality is progressive increased tension in muscles in response to stretch. Spasticity in hemiplegia is characterised by extensor predominance in the lower extremity and flexor predominance in the upper. In spinal paraplegia the spastic lower extremities are usually in flexion, although occasionally extension is present, more so with incomplete spinal lesions. Spasms, or rapid involuntary muscular contractions, have a similar distribution in the two states and may be spontaneous or induced by a variety of stimuli.

The general physiological mechanisms involve exaggerated spinal stretch reflexes, due to release from and facilitation by supraspinal controls, especially reticular and cerebellar influences, increased susceptibility to proprioceptive stimuli, and possible overactivity in the gamma control system of the muscle spindles.

Other special factors in spinal lesions include irritative phenomena at the site of the lesion and excessive activity at interneurones related to sprouting of boutons.
Vocational Training for the Cerebral Palsied
Authors: WIGFIELD M. E.
Published: July 2010

Three years' experience in training young adult cases of cerebral palsy is reported.

The method of assessment and selection of candidates is described and the main presenting features of 211 cases analysed.

A description is given of the facilities which exist and are projected at Sherrards Training Centre.

Reference is made to the social, domestic and technical problems presented by the trainees and an explanation is offered where the attempt at training has failed.

Comments are made on the education and medical and surgical treatment previously given to the cases examined.

RESUME

Formation professionnelle pour infirmes moteurs cérébraux

Compte rendu de trois années d'expérience en matière de formation de jeunes adultes infirmes moteurs cérébraux.

Description de la méthode d'évaluation et de sélection des candidats, et analyse des principales caracteristiques de 211 cas.

Description des facilités existant et à L' étude au Centre de Formation de Sherrards.

Référence aux problèmes sociaux, domestiques et techniques présentés par les élèves, et explication des cas d'échecs.

Discussions sur L'éducation et le traitement médical et chirurgical recus antérieurement par les sujets examinés.

Berufs‐bildung für Patienten unit Zerebrällahmung

Es wird über dreijährige Erfahrung im Gebiet der Ausbildung junger Erwachsener mit Zerebrallähmung berichtet.

Die Schätzungs‐ und Auswahlmethoden der Kandidaten werden beschrieben und die hauptsächlisten Merkmale von 211 Fallen analysiert.

Man beschreibt die vorhandenen und geplanten Erleichterungen in der Ausbildungs‐anstalt von Sherrards.

Man verweist auf die sozialen, häuslichen und technischen Probleme, die die Schüler stellen und bringt eine Erklärung der Misserfolge.

Man gibt Erläuterungen über die Erziehung und die medizinische und chirurgische Behandlung, die die untersuchten Patienten vorker erhalten hatten.