bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Capillary Flow on Edge Effect in Resin Transfer Moldinga
Authors: Hourng Lih-Wu , Chang Chih-Yuan
Published: July 2017

A model has been developed for analyzing the capillary flow along the edge of the unidirectional fiber mats. The model is based on the existence of two flow regions of resin, namely, the porous media region formed by fiber mats and the fiber free gap region between the wall and the fiber mats. The lubrication approximation is used to simplify the resin flow equation in the gap, while Darcy's law is used to calculate the flow fields in the fiber mats. Results show that 2KD 5 is the critical gap size for the consideration of the edge effect. Capillarity cannot be neglected for such a little gap as the injection pressure is low. Relationship analogous to the Washburn one is used to simplify the capillary flow. Results show that the mechanism of formation of dry spots is eliminated in the case with low injection pressure. Based on the experimental data for the TGFM-300 P/E random fiber mat, the correlation between the quasi-steady capillary pressure and the other properties of fibrous network is proposed by Buckingham Xr theorem. The body-fitted finite element method is used in the numerical simulation.
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Microchip Encapsulation
Authors: Reddy A. M. K. , Han Ruihua , Gupta Mahesh
Published: July 2017

A numerical simulation of moving boundaries in a two-dimensional, inertia-free, incompressible flow with shear-thinning viscosity is presented. A controlvolume approach with fixed finite-element mesh is used for predicting the fluid-front advancement. The experimental results for nine different configurations of upperand lower-cavity thickness in a flow domain similar to the mold cavity used for microchip encapsulation are reported. The predicted fluid-front advancement and pressure are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental measurements. The difference in pressure on two sides of the paddle is used to develop an analytical model for predicting the paddle shift during microchip encapsulation.
Damage Development in GF/PET Composite Sheets with Different Fabric Architecture Produced of a Commingled Yarn
Authors: Czigany T. , Ostgathe M. , Karger-Kocsis J.
Published: July 2017

Glass fiber (GF) fabric-reinforced poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) composite sheets with various reinforcement architecture were produced by the autoclave bagging technique from a commingled yarn with a GF content of 65 wt% (-50 vol%). The composite sheets were reinforced by swirl mat (SM), plane weft knitted (WK) and woven fabrics (WF), respectively, all of them containing continuous GF. The damage development and growth in the composites were studied on single-edge notched tensile loaded specimens (SEN-T) by location of the acoustic emission (AE) and by infrared thermography (IT). Both techniques are suitable to conclude the damage zone and assess the fiber structuring caused mechanical anisotropy. SM and WF proved to be isotropic reinforcements, whereas WK exhibited a strong dependence on the loading direction. The damage zone derived from the AE study was considerably larger than that from IT inspection. It was argued that the latter technique is sensitive only for detection of the process zone, which is a part of the overall damage. Assuming that the mechanical strength correlates with the size of the damage zone, the following ranking was concluded for the textile reinforcements incorporated:

WK in course direction (90°) ≤ SM < WK in wale direction (0°) < WF.
The Fatigue Behaviour of Filament-Wound Fiberglass/Epoxy Tubes under Cyclic Pressure
Authors: Kujawski Daniel , Ellyin Fernand , Culen Martin
Published: July 2017

An experimental study of the behaviour of multidirectional filament-wound fiberglass/epoxy tubes under cyclic loading is presented. Commercially wound tubes were investigated under a biaxial loading condition. Two series of tests were conducted with the different pressure ratios, R =pmin/pmax= 0.05 and R = 0.3. The results are discussed based on macroscopic and microscopic damage observed. The hysteresis loops are analyzed and fatigue life curves are constructed. The fatigue results for the two R-ratios are reduced into a single life curve with a narrow scatter band, by using an effective stress damage parameter.
Stresses and Deflection under Transverse Loading of Antisymmetric Angle-Ply Clamped Plates Including the Effect of Shear Deformation
Authors: Yeh Hsien-Yang , Tran James V.
Published: July 2017

A mathematical formulation utilized the Ritz technique with Lagrange multipliers to predict the behavior of laminated composites under uniform transverse loading with particular focus on the Antisymmetric Angle Ply Clamped plates. The numerical results, with the effect of shear deformation theory, for both graphite/epoxy and boron/epoxy plates are presented. Cases of deflections and stresses of the laminate are analyzed for several geometric parameters of the plate. A brief examination to failure also studied using both Tsai Wu theory and the recently developed Yeh Stratton criterion.
Critical Strain Energy Release Rate of Broken Ply Composite Laminates
Authors: Chakraborty Debabrata , Pradhan B.
Published: July 2017

Ply breakage in laminated composites may be caused by impact load. Delamination usually precedes the failure of such broken ply laminates and it occurs at the interface of the broken and continuous plies. In the present work, an attempt has been made to find out the delamination initiation stress as well as critical strain energy release rate (Gc) for unidirectional [00] GL/E and GR/E laminates having one or more central ply/plies broken. Prediction of delamination initiation stress was attempted using "Quadratic Stress Criterion" and critical energy release for delamination has been assessed using LEFM in conjunction with a 3 D FE analysis.
Modeling Approaches for 3D Orthogonal Woven Composites
Authors: Tan P. , Tong L. , Steven G. P.
Published: July 2017

In this paper, a unit cell model and a laminate model are presented for predicting engineering elastic constants of 3D orthogonal woven composites. For the unit cell model, one finite element analysis (FEA) and four theoretical analytical approaches were proposed. In the FEA approach, a finite element mesh of a unit cell was generated by interfacing an in-house computer code with the commercial FEA software Strand6, and then used to investigate the effects of some geometrical parameters on engineering elastic constants and yarn volume fractions. In the theoretical approaches, all four analytical methods were developed using the elastic mechanics theory and "X model," "Y model" and "Z model" developed previously [1]. For the laminate model, one FEA modeling approach and one theoretical method were proposed by introducing three new lamina blocks. The finite element analysis of a laminate block was conducted using Strand6 and the theoretical method was developed using the same theory as the unit cell model above. The effect of the warp lamina block layer number on engineering elastic constants was discussed using the theoretical method. Good agreement between the FEA and theoretical analysis results were achieved for both the unit cell model and the laminate model. In addition, the in-plane Young's moduli El and E2 predicted using the unit cell and the laminate models correlated well with the experimental results available in the literature [2].
Fatigue Damage Characterization in Plain-Weave Carbon-Carbon Fabric Reinforced Plastic Composites
Authors: Khan Z. , Al-Sulaiman F. S. , Farooqi J. K.
Published: July 2017

The multi-mode fatigue failure process in a plain-weave woven carboncarbon fabric reinforced polyester matrix composite has been investigated. Enhanced dye penetrant X-ray radiography, scanning electron fractography, optical microscopy, and edge replication techniques have been employed to examine the fatigue damage mechanisms. The 8 ply laminates were obtained from polyester resin-prepreg plain-weave carbon-carbon fabric layers, stacked in three different stacking sequences producing a unidirectional (0)8 and two angle-plied (0,0,45,-45)s, and (45,-45,0,0)s, fiber orientations. It is shown that the fatigue failure in the angle-plied (0,0,45,-45)s and (45,-45,0,0)s laminates, occurs through a multi-mode damage process, which involves matrix cracking, fiber-matrix debonding, fiber fracture, and delamination. Delamination of the stacked plies was noted to be the dominant damage process, which led to the eventual fatigue fracture in the angle-plied laminates. In the unidirectional (0)8 laminates, the fatigue failure occurred in a more simple, yet a rather more catastrophic manner. In these laminates, instead of delamination, the fatigue failure occurred predominantly by a fiber fracture process.
Runner Design with Minimum Volume for Multicavity Injection Molds: Part I. Runner Sizing
Authors: Lee Ching-Chih , Stevenson James F.
Published: July 2017

A design procedure has been developed which guarantees the minimum volume for a balanced runner system filling an injection mold with identical cavities. The procedure is based on a mathematically rigorous derivation for the power-law model under conditions where viscosity is not significantly altered by temperature variations.

The design rule for runner sizing to minimize volume is unexpectedly simple: The diameter of any runner downstream from ajunction is determined by dividing the diameter of the upstream runner by the cube root of the number of downstream branches at thejunction. This applies to any runner length, number of branches, power-law index, and location within the runner system. The rule has been extended to noncircular runners.
Runner Design with Minimum Volume for Multicavity Injection Molds: Part II. Runner Layout
Authors: Lee Ching-Chih
Published: July 2017

Following the optimal runner sizing given in Part I, this paper establishes rules for runner layouts to minimize volume using a mathematical analysis. For four cavities with their centers forming a rectangle, the X layout gives the smallest runner volume unless the aspect ratio of the rectangle exceeds 1.305. In the latter case, a double Y shaped (>-<) layout is the optimal. This rule is extended to multiple-of-four cavities in a rectangle and circularly arranged cavities. Several examples of optimal and recommended simpler runner layouts illustrate that runner volume can be reduced by up to 39%. In addition, a procedure based on a "runner design invariant" concept has been developed for modifying an existing runner design to reduce runner volume without knowing the material and processing parameters other than the power-law index.
A Comparison of Transverse Properties of 50% Short and Long Glass Fiber Reinforced Nylon 6/6 Resin
Authors: Hollin Joshua , Miller Daria , Vautour Daniel
Published: July 2017

The mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics are affected by fiber length and orientation within the skin and core regions that are developed during the injection molding process. Since glass fibers orient and align themselves in the direction of flow the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced materials tend to be greater in the flow direction as compared to the transverse direction. In this paper, the tensile modulus and strength of 50% long and short Glass Fiber Reinforced (GFR) nylon 6/6 machined specimens are compared in the flow and transverse direction in order to increase the understanding of transverse mechanical properties. Both materials were molded at varying wall thicknesses to investigate tensile properties as a function of part thickness. Micrographs showing the skin/core regions within the various machined tensile specimens are also presented. In general, the 50% long GFR nylon 6/6 materials yielded a higher modulus and strength in the transverse direction compared to the short GFR nylon 6/6 resin. The long GFR nylon 6/6 resin also exhibited comparable tensile properties in the flow and transverse direction at wall thicknesses of 3.2 and 4.4 mm (0.125 and 0.175 in). The greater core region in the long GFR nylon 6/6 material at the thinner wall thicknesses results in higher retention of tensile properties in the transverse direction, as compared to the short GFR nylon 6/6 material. The study shows that the long GFR nylon 6/6 resins offer significant material and performance advantages in demanding structural applications, which will be subjected to biaxial stress conditions.
Correlation between Modeling and Measurement of Material Parameters for Thermoplastic Materials Under High-Speed Impact Events
Authors: Burr Scott , Hertema Daryl , Sweeney Jeff
Published: July 2017

Determining material properties for input into high speed impact event simulations is a very difficult task. Generation of these material properties first requires a knowledge of how they are used in the respective analytical tool. Three statistically designed studies were completed to investigate the sensitivity of a dynamic finite element code to material parameter inputs. The critical material parameters were found to be a function of the type of response studied as well as the functionality of the specific component. It was determined that the method of material property generation used for the present work provides good correlation with experimentally measured results.
A Diagonal Tension and Failure Study of Stiffened Stitched Composite Panels
Authors: Yeh Hsien-Yang , DuFour Paul B.
Published: July 2017

Two panels are constructed of a skin and J stiffeners which are stitched together as dry preforms from a unidirectional carbon fabric material, which is then impregnated with epoxy resin and cured by the Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) technique. The intended purpose of the skin and skin to stiffener stitching is for delamination resistance after impact damage. An important side benefit shown by the data in this study is increased post-buckling strength. A non-linear finite element model of the panel was constructed to determine the internal loads in the post-buckled state. A new failure criterion, the Yeh-Stratton criterion, was compared to five other popular theories of failure and found to very reasonably predict the failure. The basis for calculating the failure load was first ply failure, failure considering the average laminate stresses, and cumulative damage ply-by-ply failure scheme. The Yeh-Stratton criterion was also examined in conjunction with a traditional semi-empirical diagonal tension calculation which has its basis in the testing of many metallic panels and adapted for composites. The panel does not fail due to gross area stress, but to a stress concentration in the skin at the edge of the stiffener, which occurs because the stiffener does not “pop off” the skin as in conventionally bonded stiffeners, but is held to the panel with the stitching.
Post-Failure Analysis of Composite Cylindrical Panels under Compression
Authors: Kweon J. H.
Published: July 2017

In this study, the most conservative stiffness degradation method called the complete unloading model is used for the progressive failure analysis after the buckling of composite shell structures. To incorporate the complete unloading-failure model into the post-failure analysis of shell structures under compression, a modified arc-length control method is presented. In the method, unlike the previous arc-length methods, discontinuity of equilibrium path due to the abrupt change in stress and stiffness by failure of laminates is included in the determination of arc-length. Numerical examples considered are composite cylindrical panels under compression with various stacking sequences. The results of the numerical examples show the proposed numerical method can be extensively used for the progressive-failure analysis of composite shell structures after snap-through compression buckling.
Failure Prediction for Laminated Composites under Multiaxial Loading
Authors: Ardiç E. S. , Anlaş G. , Eraslanoglu G.
Published: July 2017

An analysis for failure prediction is presented for laminated composites under extension and bending. The method is based on the determination of the fiber and matrix strains in each composite lamina. Under combined extension and bending, layer strains in a composite section are computed by means of the laminate theory and used as input for a three dimensional elasticity analysis to calculate fiber and matrix strains in each lamina of the composite section. Maximum principal strain failure criterion is applied to fiber and matrix separately. Two dimensional failure envelopes based on failure initiation and first ply failure of combined loading cases are presented and compared with the results of Tsai-Wu failure criterion.
Study of Stress Concentrations in Woven Composites
Authors: Feng Zheng-Nong , Allen Howard G. , Moy Stuart S. J.
Published: July 2017

The present paper provides a detailed micromechanical analysis of a plain woven composite. Geometrical and finite element modelling are carried out by accounting for the complicated architecture of the composite. Detailed modelling allows one to study the stress distributions and concentrations inside the composite. Plotted results clearly show the stress concentrations in the yams and in the matrix due to the interlacing and waviness (undulation) of the fabric. The term stress variation factor is used to study the effects of various characteristics of the composite on the stress concentrations. The results help to identify failure initiation and facilitate the study of the failure mechanism of the composite.
Investigation of the Shear Stresses Experienced during Melting Using Novel Microencapsulated Dye Sensors
Authors: Clark D. C. , Geramita K. , Baker W. E.
Published: July 2017

A novel technique employing shear stress sensitive microcapsules (MC) was utilized to investigate the shear stresses that were experienced by a single polymer and the components of a polymer blend during melting, in both a lab scale single screw extruder (SSE) and internal batch mixer. It was found that the MC could sense differing melting environments when process variables such as temperature and shear rate, as well as blend constituents were manipulated.
Viscoelastic Properties of a Resin Commonly Used in the Single Fiber Fragmentation Test
Authors: Hunston Donald , Holmes Gale , Peterson Richard
Published: July 2017

The fiber-matrix interface can play an important role in the performance of a composite, and consequently, it has been the subject of considerable study. One of the experiments often used to characterize the strength or quality of the interface is the single-fiber fragmentation test. The models used to analyze the data from this test involve a number of assumptions, one of which is the constitutive behavior of the matrix resin. To evaluate this assumption, a fragmentation apparatus was modified to include a load cell so both stress and strain could be measured during the experiment. Surprisingly, the results show that not only is the behavior viscoelastic, but virtually all of the fragmentation takes place in a range where the response is non-linear. To characterize this behavior, single-step, stress-relaxation experiments were conducted on a resin system often used in such tests. The results indicate that a simple power law model with strain-dependent parameters could describe the behavior over a very wide range of conditions. By using this characterization and the strain history, a crude fit to the actual loading curve in a fragmentation test could be obtained. In order to achieve quantitative agreement, however, a modified power law model was required. Such a relationship was shown to describe the loading curve for two quite different loading procedures.
Impact Transverse Shear Properties in CFRP Laminates
Authors: Byon (Goichi Ben) O-Il , Hashimoto Miho
Published: July 2017

Transverse mechanical properties of CFRP laminates have been studied by use of our proposed method and its validity first obtaining the static transverse shear modulus and strain has been able to confirm our former paper (Byon, Tanimoto and Hashimoto, 1997).

In this paper, the proposed method is applied to obtaining the impact transverse shear properties in CFRP laminate under impact load owing to a drop weight. Then, the curves of the impact transverse shear modulus and failure strain to the fiber orientation angle are obtained as well as the static load. Both curves have a maximum at 0 = 00 and decrease nonlinearly with increasing 0. They have an inflection point near 300 and the failure mode is expected to change from transverse shear failure to the flexural one at this angle. These experimental results are compared with ones obtained by a 3D Finite Element Code.
Cable Television News Viewed as Most Credible
Authors: Ibelema Mineabere , Powell Larry
Published: July 2017

Alabama residents rated cable television news as the most trustworthy of all news services. Minor differences were found in ratings of local and network news and local and national newspapers.
Computer-Assisted Reporting near Complete Adoption
Authors: Garrison Bruce
Published: July 2017

This study of U.S. daily newspapers with circulations of 20,000 or greater shows that in 1998 journalists at 90 percent of the papers were using computers to find and analyze information.
Media Associations Driven by Economic Needs
Authors: Pratte Alf
Published: July 2017

While associations have made progress toward goals such as freedom of information, comradery and communication, they've failed to lead in other areas critical to journalism and society.
Personalizing News Websites Attracts Young Readers
Authors: Chen Gina Masullo , Chock T. Makana , Gozigian Hillary , Rogers Ryan , Sen Arushi , Schweisberger Valarie N. , Steinhardt Joseph , Wang Yi
Published: July 2017

Young adults who think a news website is personalized to their interests are more likely to return to the site than are those who do not think the site has been personalized for them. Findings suggest that fostering a sense of group loyalty will make the site more attractive to young readers.
Print Subscribers Add Value to Newspaper Websites
Authors: Simpson Edgar C.
Published: July 2017

This study examines the value of free website viewers versus paid print subscribers and finds that the value of an Internet viewer to a newspaper website is higher in the digital environment than is a print subscriber, although noting toggling effects were noted, in which print readers added value to websites.
Study Examines Relationship among Mainstream, other Media
Authors: Lacy Stephen , Watson Brendan , Riffe Daniel
Published: July 2017

A study of public affairs blogs, alternative weeklies and mainstream news media in 216 cities found negative relationship among the presence of alternative weeklies and the presence of mainstream weeklies and public affairs blogs, suggesting their substitutability.
Early Recruitment Key to College Newsroom Racial Diversity
Authors: Hipsman Barbara J. , Wearden Stanley T.
Published: July 2017

This second national census of minority journalists in the college press finds that numbers have remained more or less static. If the newspaper business really is committed to increasing diversity, it must develop and nurture the pipeline of promising minority students from high schools into college journalism programs and campus papers..
The Influence of Chain Ownership on News Service Subscribing
Authors: Hale F. Dennis
Published: July 2017

Use of news services may be an indicator of quality and completeness of a newspaper's content. This examination of how 180 newspapers use wire services finds no significant differences on this measure of content quality between independent and chain-owned papers, more data in the debate over the impact of chain ownership.
Predicting the Failure of Sister Newspapers
Authors: Lisby Gregory C.
Published: July 2017

Sister newspaper are perhaps the most endangered species in an already beleaguered industry. Predicting such failures using available economic data is impossible, since other social and political factors – and an owner with deep pockets – can contribute to keeping an economically unprofitable paper afloat indefinitely.
Photo Coverage of the Third World in Four Prestige U.S. Newspapers
Authors: Langton Loup M.
Published: July 2017

How much and what kind of images of the Third World do Americans get through their daily newspapers? This study suggests that critics may be correct when they complain that U.S. press coverage of developing nations is distorted and concentrates on crises and conflicts at the expense of a more balanced view.
Public Attitudes toward Libel: Do Newspaper Readers and Editors See Eye-to-Eye?
Authors: Hansen Elizabeth S. , Moore Roy L.
Published: July 2017

Kentucky survey shows the public believes libel suits are not justified if papers have published retractions. Majority also believe threat of libel suits cause papers not to publish some stories.
Canadian and U.S. Coverage of Latin American Elections
Authors: Soderlund Walter
Published: July 2017

1984 elections in El Salvador, Nicaragua and Grenada are test of ‘Demonstration Election’ hypothesis.
Daily Newspaper Use of Computers to Analyze Data
Authors: Friend Cecilia
Published: July 2017

Most editors recognize the importance of computer analyses for reporting and the majority of readers read papers that do computer-assisted reporting.
Truth about Daily Fluctuations in 1992 Pre-Election Polls
Authors: Bare John
Published: July 2017

Despite criticism from candidates and others polls during the 1992 presidential campaign were remarkably stable. Differences among polls by different organizations were slight.
Race Yields to Education as Predictor of Newspaper Use
Authors: Stone Gerald
Published: July 2017

Newspaper research has depicted African Americans as non-readers. But this study finds that, controlling for education level, newspaper use by young black adults equals the newspaper use of young white adults.
A Community Accounting Matrix for Buffalo's East Side Neighborhood
Authors: Cole Sam
Published: July 2017

A community accounting matrix (CAM) is an economic model that summarizes the transactions between the various industries and types of household in a neighborhood, as well as the neighborhood's links with its adjoining city and region. This article describes the construction and findings of a prototype CAM for the mainly African-American-populated East Side neighborhood of Buffalo and the more affluent, mainly white-populated city and suburbs. The CAM thus quantifies key structural relationships between race, space, and class in the Buffalo area. The CAM is used to calculate the implications of changes in this structure, such as continued shifts from manufacturing to services in the metropolitan area. It may also be used to evaluate neighborhood development projects and strategies that are designed to reverse the East Side's historic decline. The article begins with a summary of the demographic and economic history of Buffalo and the East Side and summarizes an analysis by Taylor of the need for a territorially focused community development strategy for the East Side. In the light of this analysis, several requirements for the CAM are discussed. The construction of CAM is then described, using a variety of data and a cultural accounting methodology developed elsewhere. Calculations are presented that demonstrate the “multiplier” and income distribution processes at work in the East Side's economy. Last, some possible applications of the CAM are discussed, and the empirical structure of the CAM and preliminary findings are related to other theories of poverty and the inner city.
A Benefit-Cost Approach to the Evaluation of State Technology Development Programs
Authors: Feller Irwin , Anderson Gary
Published: July 2017

A benefit-cost study of New York State's Centers for Advanced Technology (CAT) program was undertaken to (1) respond to increasing legislative and executive demands for quantitative assessments of these programs; (2) demonstrate the feasibility, within identified limits, of evaluating the economic impacts of state technology programs; and (3) use the empirical findings to highlight important but largely ignored economic and political issues related to distributive criteria and differences in the distribution of benefits between producers and consumers. Estimated total state benefits related to increases in private- and public-sector research grants, technological innovation and increased productivity, increased or retained employment, and improved quality of the technical workforce ranged between $190 million and $360 million, or between three and six times New York's direct investment in the CAT program.
Running Hard to Stay in One Place: Low-Wage Poverty Among Immigrant Women in Los Angeles
Authors: Mueller Elizabeth J.
Published: July 2017

Emphasis on the problems of the “underclass” has diverted attention from the problem of low-wage poverty. Yet low-wage poverty is becoming more prevalent in cities such as Los Angeles. The downgraded manufacturing and service-sector jobs emerging there are increasingly filled by women. This article relies on fieldwork among immigrant domestic workers to argue that popular theoretical explanations of low-wage poverty are inadequate in the case of women, relying on simplistic assumptions about women's roles at home and the organization of their households. They result in policies meant to force households and women to conform to these outmoded assumptions. Through field research, the author documents the diversity of household forms in one community of women workers. Within households, differing domestic burdens for women are identified and related to the composition of each household and to relationships among household members. These burdens, in turn, are linked to women's ability to work consistently. Finally, the author advocates increased support for those community organizations best able to develop appropriate services for poor working women and recommends a program of systematic evaluation of the largely undocumented universe of current programs.
Women Workers in a Restructured Domestic Apparel Industry
Authors: Rosen Ellen I.
Published: July 2017

In the context of theories of gender and skill, this article provides an analysis of the way new efforts to restructure domestic apparel production are affecting women production workers. The theoretical framework embodies the notion that skill has traditionally been defined by the work that men do. Women's socially and culturally devalued position has relegated them to labor-intensive, low-wage work, traditionally seen as unskilled. The emergence of new forms of international trade, changing U.S. policies, and transformations in America's financial and retail markets have contributed to new forms of labor intensity for women apparel operators. Evidence from a study of the men's tailored clothing industry and other firms producing comparable garments leads to the conclusion that efforts to restructure domestic apparel production through flexible manufacturing tend to create new forms of taylorist production in certain segments of the industry. Rather than improving the quality of work for women apparel operators, flexible manufacturing tends to intensify the labor of these workers and may have the potential to contribute to their experience of declining wages.
Rejoinder: Industry-Level Shift-Share Analysis
Authors: Hoppes R. Bradley
Published: July 2017

Shift-share analysis results with either the conventional model or the DEM model are identical at the regional level. At the industrial level, however, the two models are quite different. In the author's original article, he indicated that he believed the DEM model to be superior to the conventional model at the industrial level in its analytical, interpretive, and policy qualities. DEM's homothetic approach as well as its reallocation of the growth and mix effects are more didactic than conventional model results. Neither shift-share model is a growth model nor designed for analyzing demand-pull or foreign competition factors.
Community Career Services—23 Years Outside the Box
Authors: McKinnon Lynn C.
Published: July 2017

The Community Career Services (CCS) program at the University of Missouri-Columbia provides one-on-one career counseling using graduate level counselors-in-training and has been in place since the fall of 1978. Community members, faculty/staff, students and alumni have access to Career Center resources such as career planning and job search strategies, graduate practice exams, mock interviews, resume/cover letter critiques and a wealth of printed resources and information through access to the Center's web site. This article discusses the original concept behind development of the program and provides a brief programmatic history. It also provides a demographic overview of the clients participating in the program over the last eight years as well as the benefits of CCS in terms of the community, university, Career Center and counselors-in-training. In addition, it discusses what marketing tools seemed to have been most successful and concludes with possible areas of growth for the program in its future.
Widening Our Global View
Authors: Yang Eunjoo , Sing Chee Wong  , Hwang Mae-hyang , Heppner Mary J.
Published: July 2017

The increased number of international students in United States universities and colleges have created the need for the development of services that appropriately reflect their needs and characteristics. The Career Center at the University of Missouri, Columbia reacted to this phenomenon by developing career services exclusively for international students. Career services are provided as individual services and online services, and consist of information on graduate schools and entrance examination practices, information on available employment opportunities and work permit policies, career assessments, and information about specific skills for obtaining a job in the United States. Several marketing strategies were used to ensure international students' use of services. Important points in developing career services for international students are presented.
Being Mentored: The Experience of Women Faculty
Authors: Gibson Sharon K.
Published: July 2017

Mentoring has been proposed as a means to enhance the career success of women faculty in the academic environment. This phenomenological study was undertaken to understand and describe the essential nature and meaning of the experience of being mentored for women faculty. In-depth conversational interviews were conducted with nine women faculty who stated that they had been mentored while in a faculty role. Their mentoring relationships were formal and informal, with male and female mentors of varying ranks, and both internal and external to the protégés' institutions. Through an analysis of the interview text, five essential themes of the experience of being mentored for women faculty emerged. These essential themes are (a) having someone who truly cares and acts in one's best interest, (b) a feeling of connection, (c) being affirmed of one's worth, (d) not being alone, and (e) politics are part of one's experience.
Constructivist Assessment in Career Counseling
Authors: Brott Pamelia E.
Published: July 2017

A constructivist approach to assessment in career counseling presents an opportunity for counselors to gain insight into clients' stories, amplify clients' self-awareness, and develop with clients a future orientation through action steps. The author presents four strategies for constructivist assessment using "The Storied Approach" (Brott, 2001) as the framework for the counseling process. The four constructivist assessment strategies include the life line, card sorts, life roles circles, and the goal map.
Process Evaluation of a Career Course: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Vernick Stacie H. , Reardon Robert C. , Sampson James P.
Published: July 2017

A process evaluation of a three-credit, upper division career course at a south-eastern university is described. Student responses to a standardized course rating instrument were analyzed. Anonymous course evaluations of 293 students enrolled in 11 sections of the career course were compared to student ratings of one section of the course 5 years earlier, and normative data taken from summary reports provided by the university. Results indicated that student perceptions of the course are consistent over time, and more positive in classes meeting multiple times per week. The course was rated higher in course demands, student-instructor involvement, and course organization than other courses. The career course was rated lower in student interest than other courses. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed. Course designers and instructors might benefit from using the information gleaned from this study in structuring career courses and in planning course schedules.
The Effects of Structural Attributes and Demographic Characteristics on Protege Satisfaction in Mentoring Programs
Authors: Lyons Brian D. , Oppler Edward S.
Published: July 2017

This study examined whether the structural attributes of a formal mentoring program and/or certain demographic characteristics of participants in the program influence protege satisfaction. Proteges, employed in a traditionally male occupation, were sampled from a federal agency's mentoring program. According to policy, the agency attempted to assign proteges to one of three mentors they previously requested. An internally-developed measure, designed to assess protege satisfaction, was distributed after their completion in the program. A total of 565 surveys were received from 1998 to 2000. Results indicated that feedback in the assignment process and the frequency of meetings between the protege and mentor were more important determinants of protege satisfaction than racial and gender differences between proteges and the dyad.
HE-industry collaboration in the EEC
Authors: Sellar F. Keith
Published: July 2017

The technological imperative is one of the major competitive challenges facing the EEC's future industrial and economic development. The need to establish structures to ensure effective cooperation between higher education and industry is pressing. This article examines each member state in turn, with special attention paid to their attitude towards cooperation and the training of academic liaison staff. Factors required for cooperation are analysed and obstacles discussed. The author emphasizes the urgency for the training requirement to be dealt with to meet the technological challenges of the 1990s.
Setting up academic spin-out companies
Authors: Watson Dennys
Published: July 2017

Following some relaxation in recent years of contractual and legal constraints on academic entrepreneurship, there has been an increasing interest in venture capital as a source of financial backing. This paper analyses availability, methodology and management of venture capital investment in this field, looks at how investment projects are chosen, and suggests possible future developments.
An idea to the marketplace
Authors: Newell Alan F.
Published: July 2017

This paper gives a case history of a transfer of technology from the university sector to the private sector. The particular example chosen is a speech transcription system. This is a specific example of the problems of trying to commercialize a product which has been developed in the university sector, but there are a number of more generally applicable lessons which can be learned from the case study. The paper illustrates some of the pitfalls which can occur and underlines how the constraints of academic life and those in the commercial sector have both advantages and disadvantages in this difficult exercise.
EEC initiatives in distance learning
Authors: Walker Peter A.
Published: July 2017

The traditional approach to learning will require a significant change in adaptability to increasingly diversified learner needs to meet future demand. New tools for learning (advanced learning technologies) apply advanced information and telecommunication technology to the support of learning, teaching and training. The EC has initiated DELTA, a programme of work directed to supporting advanced learning technologies. This article discusses the implementation of learning technology throughout the EEC, the EEC action programme and the role within this of DELTA.
The CAE Centre at Wolverhampton Polytechnic
Authors: Gough N.E.
Published: July 2017

The Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) Centre at Wolverhampton Polytechnic offers an interdisciplinary service to industry, providing short courses, consultancy and research in computer-aided engineering. The main subjects offered are design, manufacturing, electronics and control. This report presents a brief account of the facilities of the Centre and the activities recently undertaken to promote research, technology transfer and collaboration.
The age of enlightenment
Authors: Bragg S.L.
Published: July 2017

The past 20 years have seen a great advance in the relationships between universities and industry, with contacts facilitated by industrial liaison officers, and technology transfer effected by university companies. This paper argues that these developments are only facilitators, and that the real advance is the change of attitude of higher education institutions.
Updating courses for industry
Authors: Harland G.E. , Hughes J. , Martin G.
Published: July 2017

This article describes two distance learning modular programmes of study, one on industrial applications of computers and the other on manufacturing processes, systems and operations, developed by the Open University in conjunction with the SERC to update practising engineers and managers in industry. It looks at one particular course in detail, and attempts to show how the Open University is playing its part in helping UK industry sharpen its competitive edge.
MSC enterprise in higher education
Authors: Jones Anne
Published: July 2017

For a number of years, UK employers have felt that, while graduates from higher education are well educated, they are not well enough prepared for employment in business and commerce. The world of higher education is also conscious of this. Graduates themselves, when surveyed shortly after graduating, reflect similar beliefs.
Exploiting university research: The scope of an intellectual property portfolio
Authors: Duff E. J.
Published: July 2017

The identification through a ‘technology audit’ of ‘Background Intellectual Property’ upon which application development programmes can be based, may provide academic institutions with the possibility of generating research income from industrial collaboration whilst retaining the ownership of the technology upon which the application development is based. Not only is the more traditional role of the academic institution as a teaching/research organization maintained, but income from exploitation of the application development might be reasonably expected to augment future income.
The British Technology Group: Leading the way forward
Authors: Tanner Peter
Published: July 2017

The British Technology Group, an organization at the forefront of technology transfer, has recently concluded another highly successful year with expansion in all areas of its business. The key to this is the combination and breadth of technical, commercial, patenting and legal skills which are encompassed in a single organization. The group has recently taken a number of initiatives to license its total portfolio of inventions more widely internationally as well as promoting new areas of business, all directed at consolidating its position as the leading technology transfer organization in the world.
Governing intellectual property
Authors: Richenberg C.S.
Published: July 2017

During the past decade or so, a number of factors have conspired together to ensure that the universities in the UK have increasingly had to pay regard to the intellectual property (IP) created on-campus. The idea of the systematic commercial exploitation of commercially applicable university research is something many academics still do not find congenial — indeed, some think it incompatible with the tradition of scholarship and the free interchange of knowledge and ideas.
The Science Council of Canada's University Strategy for National Economic Development
Authors: Lapping Mark B. , Lapping Joyce E.
Published: July 2017

This article sets Winning in a World Economy in the context of Canadian concern about competitiveness, technological innovation and R&D. It examines reports studying these issues that have been published since the Science Council of Canada was founded in 1966, and shows how these led to publication of Winning in a World Economy. Through this report the Science Council called for Canadian universities to redefine themselves as the ‘service university’, which is analysed in detail.
Continuing Engineering Education
Authors: Markkula Markku
Published: July 2017

Against the background of influential reports by the Industrial Research and Advisory Committee and the Round Table of European Industrialists which highlighted fundamental challenges for education and training in Europe, the author stresses the importance of the three-way relationship between company, individual employee and the providers of education and training. He points up key elements in the achievement of professional competence and in the way forward for continuing education. Focusing on the importance of international networking, he picks out COMETT's EuroPro programme as a path-breaking venture which benefits all participants. Successful teamwork across Europe, he concludes, is essential to global competitiveness and a key element in the solution that continuing education must provide to the European skills shortage.
Goal-Oriented CE in Environmental Engineering
Authors: Cawsey David C.
Published: July 2017

COMETT-sponsored University Enterprise Training Partnership (UETPs) fall into two distinct categories. Regional UETPs operate within geographical regions, while sectoral UETPs sponsor activities within a specific industry or scientific discipline. This article describes the activities of the UETP Environmental Engineering Education and the following article looks at the environmental engineering activities carried out by a related sectoral UETP, the European Polytechnic Environmental Association.
Advanced Training Needs in Environmental Technology
Authors: Ave Gastone
Published: July 2017

This article describes the activities of the Consortium for Training University-Industry of the Polytechnic of Turin (COREP) in the field of advanced training in environmental technology. COREP's activities in the context of the European Polytechnic Environmental Association are outlined, as are the new European masters course in environmental engineering, student placement programmes and TEMPUS activities.
Skill Needs in Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems Techniques
Authors: Fantasia Manuel , Pagliani Piero , Zucchermaglio Cristina
Published: July 2017

This article describes a COMETT project in the field of artificial intelligence and expert systems. The project's transnational dimension, its use of innovative training materials and the development of a modular approach are all outlined. The article concludes by emphasizing the centrality of the human resource.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Prosser Ed
Published: July 2017

This article is an edited version of the draft conclusions drawn up and presented by Ed Prosser at the end of the conference, and summarizing the significance of the discussions and analysis from the perspective of COMETT. Assembling the main conclusions of each discussion group, he structures his conclusions around the central topics of skills analysis; specific components of the COMETT programme; and ‘horizontal’ themes of special importance for university–industry cooperation but whose importance goes far beyond COMETT.