bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The science case for LIGO-India
Authors: Saleem M , Rana Javed , Gayathri V , Vijaykumar Aditya , Goyal Srashti , Sachdev Surabhi , Suresh Jishnu , Sudhagar S , Mukherjee Arunava , Gaur Gurudatt , Sathyaprakash Bangalore , Pai Archana , Adhikari Rana X , Ajith P , Bose Sukanta
Published: November 2021

The global network of gravitational-wave detectors has completed three observing runs with ∼50 detections of merging compact binaries. A third LIGO detector, with comparable astrophysical reach, is to be built in India (LIGO-Aundha) and expected to be operational during the latter part of this decade. Such additions to the network increase the number of baselines and the network SNR of GW events. These enhancements help improve the sky-localization of those events. Multiple detectors simultaneously in operation will also increase the baseline duty factor, thereby, leading to an improvement in the detection rates and, hence, the completeness of surveys. In this paper, we quantify the improvements due to the expansion of the LIGO global network in the precision with which source properties will be measured. We also present examples of how this expansion will give a boost to tests of fundamental physics.
Transition analysis of the non-OT G
2 stiff fluid spike solution
Authors: Lim W C , Moughal M Z A
Published: November 2021

We use the technique developed in Moughal’s doctoral thesis to analyse the joint spike transition, revealing new groups of worldlines which undergo distinct transitions, and correcting misconceptions about spikes.
Optical constants retrieval from a thin film at elevated temperatures using emittance
Authors: Chang Jui-Yung , Yang Yi-Hua , Yadav Vikas , Chen Yu-Bin
Published: November 2021

The refractive index and the extinction coefficient (optical constants) are essential in photonic design and thermal radiation utilization. These constants vary with the material phase, temperature, wavelength, and subject dimension. However, precisely retrieving these constants from a thin film is challenging at elevated temperatures and therefore temperature dependency is usually neglected. To tackle this challenge, a methodology for retrieval using emittance at different emission angles, θ, is developed here. The method contains four steps and takes advantage of emissometry. The method is firstly validated using simulation and then its feasibility is demonstrated by retrieving optical constants of a phase-change germanium-antimony-tellurium (Ge2Sb2Te5, GST) film. Emittance from samples at 100 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C, and 400 °C is measured at θ = 0°, 15°, and 30°. The spectral range of retrieval covers from 4 μm to 18 μm where thermal radiation dominates. The investigated film considers amorphous, face-centered cubic, and hexagonal close packed phases. The retrieved constants exhibit temperature and substrate independence, but they show a significant phase reliance.
Non-equilibrium relaxation and aging in the dynamics of a dipolar fluid quenched towards the glass transition
Authors: Peredo-Ortiz Ricardo , Zubieta Rico Pablo F , Cortés-Morales Ernesto C , Pérez-Ángel Gabriel G , Voigtmann Thomas , Medina-Noyola Magdaleno , Elizondo-Aguilera Luis F
Published: November 2021

The recently developed non-equilibrium self-consistent generalized Langevin equation theory of the dynamics of liquids of non-spherically interacting particles [2016 J. Phys. Chem. B
120 7975] is applied to the description of the irreversible relaxation of a thermally and mechanically quenched dipolar fluid. Specifically, we consider a dipolar hard-sphere liquid quenched (at t
w = 0) from full equilibrium conditions towards different ergodic–non-ergodic transitions. Qualitatively different scenarios are predicted by the theory for the time evolution of the system after the quench (t
w > 0), that depend on both the kind of transition approached and the specific features of the protocol of preparation. Each of these scenarios is characterized by the kinetics displayed by a set of structural correlations, and also by the development of two characteristic times describing the relaxation of the translational and rotational dynamics, allowing us to highlight the crossover from equilibration to aging in the system and leading to the prediction of different underlying mechanisms and relaxation laws for the dynamics at each of the glass transitions explored.
Smart monitoring of a full-scale composite hydrofoil manufactured using automated fibre placement under high cycle fatigue
Authors: Shamsuddoha Md , Prusty Gangadhara B , Maung Phyo Thu , Phillips Andrew W , St John Nigel A
Published: November 2021

Fibre reinforced composites materials offer a pathway to produce passive shape adaptive smart marine propellers, which have improved performance characteristics over traditional metallic alloys. Automated fibre placement (AFP) technology can provide a leap forward in cyber-physical automated manufacturing, which is essential for the implementation and operation of smart factories in the marine propeller industry towards Industry 4.0 readiness. In this paper, a comprehensive structural health monitoring routine was performed on an AFP full-scale composite hydrofoil to gain confidence in its dynamic and structural performances through a number of active and passive sensors. The hydrofoil was subjected to constant amplitude flexural fatigue loading in a purpose-built test rig for 105 cycles. The hydrofoil was embedded with distributed optical fibre sensors, traditional electrical strain gauges and linear variable displacement transducers. Both microelectromechanical system and piezoelectric accelerometers were used to conduct experimental modal analyses to observe changes in the modal response of the hydrofoil at regular intervals throughout the fatigue program. The hydrofoils modal response, as well as the stiffness measured using both displacements and strains, remained unchanged over the fatigue loading regime demonstrating the structural integrity of the hydrofoil. The optical fibre sensors endured the fatigue test cycles showing their robustness under fatigue loads. Furthermore, the sensing systems demonstrated the potential of being utilised as a useful maintenance tool combining their adaptability with automated manufacturing during manufacturing through integration within the hydrofoil, a structural test framework for performance measurement, data acquisition and analytics for visualisation, and the prospect of decision making for maintenance requirement during any onset in structural performance.
Temperature-dependent dynamic properties of magnetorheological gel composite: experiment and modeling
Authors: Mao Runsong , Zhang Guang , Wang Huixing , Wang Jiong
Published: November 2021

Of all the smart materials that can vary with a change in external excitation, magnetorheological gel (MRG) is one of the most pre-eminent composites, having controllable and reversible responses according to the magnitude of the external magnetic field. Temperature has been identified as another important driver that can alter the dynamic properties of a MRG, and so far this has not been studied systematically. The temperature-dependent dynamic properties of a MRG under different magnetic field strengths were investigated by three kinds of experiments—strain amplitude, frequency and magnetic field sweep tests. The experimental results demonstrate that the storage and loss moduli of MRGs display a temperature-induced stiffening effect with a magnetic field but a temperature-induced softening effect in the absence of a magnetic field. The storage modulus improves with magnetic field strength, whereas the loss modulus first shows rapid growth and then a gradual reduction with increasing magnetic field strength. This temperature dependence of dynamic properties is also interpreted through different mechanisms related to the transformation of the MRG microstructure. Furthermore, a modified magnetic dipole model which could predict the relationship between storage modulus and magnetic field strength is combined with the classical Arrhenius equation expressing the effect of temperature on viscosity to describe the temperature dependence of the storage modulus of a MRG under different magnetic field strengths. This paper may provide some useful guidance for designing a magnetorheological device.
Convective transport of thermal and solutal energy in unsteady MHD Oldroyd-B nanofluid flow
Authors: Yasir Muhammad , Ahmed Awais , Khan Masood , Ullah Malik Zaka
Published: November 2021

In this work, an analysis is presented for the unsteady axisymmetric flow of Oldroyd-B nanofluid generated by an impermeable stretching cylinder with heat and mass transport under the influence of heat generation/absorption, thermal radiation and first-order chemical reaction. Additionally, thermal and solutal performances of nanofluid are studied using an interpretation of the well-known Buongiorno’s model, which helps us to determine the attractive characteristics of Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion. Firstly, the governing unsteady boundary layer equation’s (PDEs) are established and then converted into highly non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using the suitable similarity transformations. For the governing non-linear ordinary differential equations, numerical integration in domain [0, ∞) is carried out using the BVP Midrich scheme in Maple software. For the velocity, temperature and concentration distributions, reliable results are prepared for different physical flow constraints. According to the results, for increasing values of Deborah numbers, the temperature and concentration distribution are higher in terms of relaxation time while these are decline in terms of retardation time. Moreover, thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption are increased the temperature distribution and corresponding boundary layer thickness. With previously stated numerical values, the acquired solutions have an excellent accuracy.
Optical applications of transition metal ion doped phosphate glasses
Authors: Sreenivasulu M , Chavan Vijaya Kumar
Published: November 2021

The transition metal ion-doped lithium phosphate glasses are prepared with a novel composition by melt quenching method, XRD patterns revealed their characteristic amorphous nature. The structural and physical properties of the prepared glasses are significantly varying with the increased concentration levels of dopant. Optical absorption and transmission spectra of the glass samples are analyzed. The absorption peaks are observed in ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions.The direct and indirect energy band gap values are decreasing while Urbach’s energy values are increasing as the concentration levels of dopants are increasing. The obtained energy band gap values are in the range of semiconductor materials. The optical transmission spectra of these transition metal ion-doped glasses reveal their application as bandpass filters with filtering ability in UV or Visible regions at double and triple wavelengths and hence useful as dual band-pass filters. The glasses with <10 full width half maximum(FWHM) values are useful for narrowband lasers.
Controlling the size of non-axisymmetric magnetic footprints using resonant magnetic perturbations
Authors: Munaretto S. , Orlov D.M. , Paz-Soldan C. , Bykov I. , Lasnier C.J. , Lyons B.C. , Wang H.
Published: November 2021

The structure of the non-axisymmetric heat load distribution at the divertor plates is determined not only by the toroidal but also from the poloidal spectrum of non-axisymmetric field perturbations. Whether they are intrinsic, like error fields, or they are applied through 3D coils, the non-axisymmetric fields produce complex 3D edge magnetic topologies (footprints) that alter the properties of the heat and particle flux distributions on the divertor target plates. In this manuscript, a study of the impact of applied 3D field poloidal spectrum on the footprint size and structure is done for the DIII-D tokamak using the resistive MHD code M3D-C1 coupled with the field line tracing code TRIP3D. To resolve the impact of the poloidal spectrum of the magnetic perturbation, the relative phase of the two rows of in-vessel 3D coils used to produce both a n = 2 and a n = 3 perturbation is varied, where n is the toroidal harmonic of the magnetic perturbation. This shows that the largest footprint is predicted when the relative phase of the two rows is close to zero, which is also where the resonant coupling with the plasma is maximized. These results suggest that it will be challenging to decouple the footprint size from the requisite resonant coupling for RMP–ELM control. The correlation between the measured heat load and particle flux distributions at the outer divertor plates in DIII-D and the magnetic measurements is in good agreement with the predicted dependence of the magnetic footprint size on the amplitude of the resonant component of the plasma response.
Fluid turbulence simulations of divertor heat load for ITER hybrid scenario using BOUT++
Authors: Wang Xueyun , Xu Xueqiao , Snyder Philip B , Li Zeyu
Published: November 2021

The BOUT++ six-field turbulence code is used to simulate the ITER 11.5 MA hybrid scenario and a brief comparison is made among ITER baseline, hybrid and steady-state operation (SSO) scenarios. Peeling–ballooning instabilities with different toroidal mode numbers dominate in different scenarios and consequently yield different types of ELMs. The energy loss fractions (ΔW
ped/W
ped) caused by unmitigated ELMs in the baseline and hybrid scenarios are large (∼2%) while the one in the SSO scenario is dramatically smaller (<1%), which are consistent with the features of type-I ELMs and grassy ELMs respectively. The intra ELM divertor heat flux width in the three scenarios given by the simulations is larger than the estimations for inter-ELM phase based on Goldston’s heuristic drift model. The toroidal gap edge melting limit of tungsten monoblocks of divertor targets imposes constraints on ELM energy loss, giving that the ELM energy loss fraction should be smaller than 0.4%, 1.0%, and 1.2% for ITER baseline, hybrid and SSO scenarios, correspondingly. The simulation shows that only the SSO scenario with grassy ELMs may satisfy the constraint.
Pellet triggering of edge localized modes in low collisionality pedestals at DIII-D
Authors: Wilcox R.S. , Baylor L.R. , Bortolon A. , Knolker M. , Lasnier C.J. , Shiraki D. , Bykov I. , Chrystal C. , Scotti F. , Paz-Soldan C. , Wingen A.
Published: November 2021

Edge localized modes (ELMs) are triggered using deuterium pellets injected into plasmas with ITER-relevant low collisionality pedestals, and the resulting peak ELM energy fluence is reduced by approximately 25%–50% relative to natural ELMs destabilized at similar pedestal pressures. Cryogenically frozen deuterium pellets are injected from the low-field side of the DIII-D tokamak at frequencies lower than the natural ELM frequency, and heat flux is measured by infrared cameras. Ideal MHD pedestal stability calculations show that without pellet injection, these low collisionality pedestals were limited by their current density (peeling-limited) rather than their pressure gradient (ballooning-limited). ELM triggering success correlates strongly with pellet mass, consistent with the theory that a large pressure perturbation is required to trigger an ELM in low collisionality discharges that are far from the ballooning stability boundary. For sufficiently large pellets, both instantaneous and time-integrated ELM energy deposition measured by infrared cameras is reduced with respect to naturally occurring ELMs at the inner strike point, which is the position where it is largest for natural ELMs. Energy fluence at the outer strike point is less effected. Cameras observing both heat flux and D-alpha emission often find significant toroidally asymmetric striations in the outboard far scrape-off layer resulting from ELMs that are triggered by pellets. Toroidal asymmetries at the inner strike point are similar between natural and pellet-triggered ELMs, suggesting that the reduction in peak heat flux and total fluence at that location is robust for the conditions reported here.
Buildingenergy.ninja: A web-based surrogate model for instant building energy time series for any climate.
Authors: Westermann Paul , Rousseau Guillaume , Evins Ralph
Published: November 2021

Machine learning-based surrogate models are trained on building energy simulation input and output data. Their key advantage is their computational speed allowing them to produce building performance estimates in fractions of a second. In this work we showcase the use of deep convolutional neural network surrogate models embedded into a web application, allowing users to rapidly explore building performance at high spatio-temporal resolution. Users can pick any climate on an interactive map, customize a building design with thirteen decisive design parameters, and the surrogate model allows them to retrieve hourly heating and cooling load time series data in fractions of a second.

In this work, we further show that the surrogate model reaches an accuracy of R
2 > 0.93 (MAE < 0.27 kWh) for unseen design specifications and climates. These results motivate the use of computationally cheap surrogate models to replace building energy simulation for a wide variety of tasks in the future.
Data analytics for smart buildings: a classification method for anomaly detection for measured data
Authors: Roy Enguerrand de Rautlin de la , Recht Thomas , Zemmari Akka , Bourreau Pierre , Mora Laurent
Published: November 2021

Data generated by the increasingly frequent use of sensors in housing provide the opportunity to monitor, manage and optimize the energy consumption of a building and the user comfort. These data are often strewn with rare or anomalous events, considered as anomalies (or outliers), that must be detected and ultimately corrected in order to improve the data quality. However, many approaches are used or might be used (for the most recent ones) to achieve this purpose. This paper proposes a classification methodology of anomaly detection techniques applied to building measurements. This classification methodology uses a well-suited anomaly typology and measurement typology in order to provide, in the future, a classification of the most adapted anomaly detection techniques for different types of building measurements, anomalies and needs.
Multi-objective optimization of a power-to-hydrogen system for mobility via two-stage stochastic programming
Authors: Fochesato Marta , Heer Philipp , Lygeros John
Published: November 2021

A systematic way for the optimal design of renewable-based hydrogen refuelling stations in the presence of uncertainty in the hydrogen demand is presented. A two-stage stochastic programming approach is used to simultaneously minimize the total annual cost and the CO2 footprint due to the electricity generation sources. The first-stage (design) variables correspond to the sizing of the devices, while the second-stage (operation) variables correspond to the scheduling of the installed system that is affected by uncertainties. The demand of a fleet of fuel cell vehicles is synthesized by means of a Poisson distribution and different scenarios are generated by random sampling. We formulate our problem as a large-scale mixed-integer linear program and we rely on a two-level approximation scheme to keep the problem computationally tractable. A solely deterministic setting which does not take into account uncertainties leads to underestimated device sizes, resulting in a significant fraction of demand remaining unserved with a consequent loss in revenue. The multi-objective optimization produces a convex Pareto front, showing that a reduction in carbon footprint comes with increasing costs and thus diminishing profit.
Comparison of flexibility factors for a residential building
Authors: Hall Monika , Geissler Achim
Published: November 2021

Buildings that are able to shift their loads without comfort restraints are important for the ongoing transformation of the power supply. This flexibility potential can be expressed in flexibility factors. The usefulness of four factors is investigated based on load control for the heat pump of a small apartment building according to electricity prices (high/low tariffs, spot market prices), CO2eq emissions share in the grid and a restricted operation period during daytime. The calculation methodology of the presented flexibility factors GSC, RIP, FF and FI is very different. RIP and FF are preferable because they have defined valid ranges which makes them easier to understand. Current electricity prices force the heat pump operation mainly into the night. The optimization of CO2eq emissions encourages operation mainly during the day. The optimization goals costs or CO2eq emissions thus lead to opposing heat pump operation times and can currently therefore not both be met simultaneously.
Self-adjusting model predictive control for modular subsystems in HVAC systems
Authors: Kümpel Alexander , Stoffel Phillip , Müller Dirk
Published: November 2021

In order to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the building sector, an efficient control strategy, such as model predictive control (MPC) is required. However, MPC is rarely applied in buildings since the implementation and modeling is complex, time consuming and costly. To bring MPC into practice, controllers and models are needed, that automatically adapt their behavior to the controlled system. In this work, such a self-adjusting MPC applicable to heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is developed. The MPC is based on a simple grey-box model that is able to cover the general dynamics of the considered subsystem. The controller adapts the model parameters online according to the past measurements of the controlled system using a moving horizon estimation. The developed self-adjusting MPC is applied to three heating coils in a simulation. Compared with a PID controller, the self-adjusting MPC is able to increase the control quality up to 10%, while no manual tuning is needed. Additionally, the model predictive approach is able to reduce the power consumption of the pump by 80%.
An investigation on the radiant heat balance for different urban tissues in Mediterranean climate: a case study
Authors: Evola G , Costanzo V , Marletta L , Nocera F , Detommaso M. , Urso A.
Published: November 2021

The outdoor radiant field is a key aspect to determine outdoor comfort conditions for humans, especially in urban areas. In order to unveil the dependence of the radiant field on the features of the urban fabrics, this study analyses the space distribution of the Mean Radiant Temperature (TMRT) and the radiant field in various urban tissues of the city of Catania (Italy) in a typical Mediterranean climate. The study is based on simulations through the Solar and LongWave Environmental Irradiance Geometry model (SOLWEIG) implemented in UMEP. Results show that the worst conditions occur in areas with moderately deep urban canyons, abundant impervious surfaces and lack of vegetation: here, the TMRT can easily reach 78 °C while in more than 80% of the area it exceeds 60 °C. By modelling the time trends of the shortwave and longwave radiant heat fluxes perceived by a pedestrian, it has been possible to observe that the highest contribution to the outdoor radiant field comes from the downward solar irradiance. However, the downward and upward longwave radiant flux closely follows: this suggests the importance of providing shading rather than using highly reflective surfaces that can exacerbate heat stress by means of the increased reflected shortwave radiation.
Linking urban scenarios with energy simulations for dense urban planning under climate change
Authors: Felkner J , Marshall B , Richter S , Mbata E , Zigmund S , Nagy Z
Published: November 2021

This research aims at linking Urban Planning, Energy Simulations and Climate Change projections into the year 2100 for hot climates. The workflow of going back and forth between urban and city scale plans and individual neighborhood parcels to building scale, for the sake of simulating energy demand for a given city into the future is complex. It is prone to rely on many assumptions and simplifications in order to aid the simulations. In this work, we streamline the process with new computational tools, with the goal of communicating a more precise impact of building scale and neighborhood morphological scale design and retrofit strategies in order to meet energy reduction and carbon emission targets focusing on 2030, 2050 and 2100. Urban scenarios are developed using Envision Tomorrow. The building archetypes used therein are associated with energy demand profiles which we simulate using EnergyPlus for various climate change scenarios to improve the forecasting ability of Envision Tomorrow. Denser developments yield far lower neighborhood energy use.
Quantifying the impacts of urban morphology on modifying microclimate conditions in extreme weather conditions
Authors: Javanroodi K. , Nik V.M. , Scartezzini JL.
Published: November 2021

It is well-known that the morphology of urban areas modifies the variations of climate variables at microscale; known as microclimate conditions. The complexity of urban morphology can lead to undesired wind conditions or excessive air temperature; particularly in extreme weather conditions. This study attempts to quantify the impacts of urban morphology on the evolution of wind speed and air temperature at the urban canopy layer using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations. In this regard, three urban neighbourhoods are generated based on a novel urban morphology parameterization method and assessed in two extreme low and high wind conditions. Results showed that wind speed (up to 75%) and air temperature (up to 28%) at the microscale can get amplified or dampened in extreme conditions. A negative correlation was observed between wind speed and air temperature variations indicating a great potential to reduce outdoor air temperature through heat removal in urban canyons. The findings of the study are categorized based on the morphological parameters to present a series of design-based strategies for the newly-built urban neighbourhoods.
Climate change and indoor temperature variation in Venetian buildings: the role of density and urban form
Authors: Maiullari D , Gherri B , Finizza C , Maretto M , Naboni E
Published: November 2021

Although the influence of urban form on microclimate and building thermal processes has been acknowledged, few studies have addressed the influence of overheating mechanisms on heterogeneous urban fabrics for existing historical cities. This study investigates the impact of changing urban climate on indoor temperatures by focusing on three Venice morphological patterns. Through microclimate modelling techniques, outdoor and indoor temperatures are simulated in 2020 and 2050 scenarios. Results show that the compactness of the urban fabric contributes to reducing indoor building temperatures. The analysis suggests that the increased density of shadow areas can mitigate the outdoor temperature values and reduce direct radiation on façades. When comparing the two climate scenarios 2020 and 2050, average indoor temperatures increase in the latter. However, the analysis highlights that the absence of insulation and the relatively high thermal mass of typical Venetian envelopes plays a crucial role in the building thermal processes preserving indoor comfort in a warmer climate future.
Simulation-based optimization of energy performance with focus on sustainable building services engineering
Authors: Kierdorf Daniel , Banihashemi Farzan , Harter Hannes , Vollmer Michael , Lang Werner
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study is to compare and validate a building energy simulation model of a university building with monitored data. In addition, different building services engineering concepts are compared with each other regarding their ecological life cycle-based performance using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods. Optimizing these performances regarding sustainability indicators plays an essential role in realizing a climate-neutral building stock. A university building from the 90s, which consists of almost 900 thermal zones, is used as a case study. Detailed heating consumption data are available for the inspected building and are compared to the simulation results. Different energy supply concepts are first subjected to conducting LCA and then to a detailed energy performance simulation. This paper presents a procedure that enables decision-makers to examine building services engineering issues and to derive conclusions in a time-saving manner regarding appropriate sustainable actions. The focus on sustainable energy supply systems is an essential milestone for the realization of climate-neutral building stocks. The scientific innovation is in the detailed reproduction of the existing building and the comparison between simulation data and real-time data as well as an innovative and experimental approach to building and Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system simulation.
The Energy Performance Gap in Swiss residential buildings: a roadmap for improvement
Authors: Cozza Stefano , Chambers Jonathan , Patel Martin K.
Published: November 2021

This work deals with the Energy Performance Gap (EPG) in buildings, defined as the difference between actual and theoretical energy consumption. This paper investigates how to close the EPG of existing buildings in Switzerland, by which measures, until when, and at which costs. To address these questions an extensive literature review was conducted combined with qualitative interviews in order to better understand practitioners’ experience and to support the findings from the literature. Several approaches have been found to reduce the EPG. These include both measures to make the building consume as expected and to arrive at a more accurate calculation of the theoretical consumption. We highlight the most relevant solutions for the Swiss context.
The influence of envelopes in the thermal performance of residential buildings, from the perspective of bioclimatic architecture
Authors: Guarda Emeli Lalesca Aparecida da , Gnecco Veronica Martins , Kamimura Artur Martins , Mizgier Martin Ordenes , Fossati Michele
Published: November 2021

Energy efficiency measures (EEMs) and their impact on the thermal performance of buildings as well as on the user's thermal comfort, have become the focus of several studies. Bioclimatic strategies can contribute to improving thermal performance while increasing indoor thermal comfort for users. This paper aims to verify the bioclimatic potential of two types of dwellings in three Brazilian cities. The first one is the baseline, with basic construction systems. The other includes EEMs. The method consists of the verification of bioclimatic potential by psychometric charts for indoor and outdoor conditions. The results show significant indoor discomfort caused by heat in both dwellings—thermal comfort conditions during more than 95% of annual hours in Manaus, and during 85% in São Paulo. Therefore, energy efficiency strategies such as shading, ventilation and HVAC systems are necessary to promote thermal comfort conditions in hot climates.
Embodied greenhouse gas emissions reduction for structural elements in office buildings
Authors: Alaux Nicolas , Hoxha Endrit , Saade Marcella Ruschi Mendes , Passer Alexander
Published: November 2021

In order to reach the COP21 objectives, mitigation strategies must be identified in all economic sectors. In Austria, the construction sector represents one of the greatest sources of carbon intensive activities. Within this sector, buildings have a significant role to play. Through a systematic literature review, this paper identifies strategies to reduce the embodied carbon emissions of structural building materials. Then, by implementing the most promising alternatives in building case studies and performing a life cycle assessment, up to 15% reduction of the embodied greenhouse gas emissions was observed. This paper, however, intends to show that there is no technology that is intrinsically best at surpassing all others.
LCA evaluation and Energy performance of a housing building in different technological scenarios
Authors: Costardi Luigi , Tagliabue Lavinia Chiara , Hamdy Mohamed , Dotelli Giovanni
Published: November 2021

Reaching nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) standards through retrofit can be achieved by adopting controlled procedures and assessment tools. The main issue of operational energy consumption before and after refurbishment should be calculated with reliable predictive models to support investment payback time evaluations. For that purpose, dynamic simulation can reduce the performance gap between simulated and actual performance, however, multiple issues are involved. In the EU Directives, the nZEB framework addresses the operational consumption, which traditionally was the main portion in the building life cycle. However, where nZEB is concerned, the running energy is strongly reduced and embedded energy and disposal assume a higher contribution to the energy life cycle cost. It is worthy to note that LC-ZEBs (Life Cycle Zero Energy Buildings) have been conceptualized more than 10 years ago and the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) approach is now integrated into the most advanced CVEs (Calculation Virtual Environments) to enable a broader evaluation of building energy during the lifespan. The paper presents LCA scenarios for a housing case study located in Italy and Norway where energy saving is regulated and suitable solutions are strongly connected to materials and energy supply contexts.
CARES research: product and process digitalization for design and manufacturing of prefabricated cardboard panels
Authors: Gallo Paola , Romano Rosa , Belardi Elisa
Published: November 2021

Building prefabrication is facing the challenge to reduce the life-cycle impact of construction, enhance material circularity, and increase the quality of building products and processes. The paper presents the first phase of the research CARES - CArdboard RElocatable School developed with the Italian brand Archicart by Area S.r.l with the aim to prototype a temporary school unit. The work presented is focused on the industrialization of a prefabricated building technology based on the use of cardboard panels (PACOTECTM Stre-Wall panels). Cardboard is a circular and environmentally sustainable material but currently the design and manufacturing process lacks digital integration, resulting in poor quality control, limited adaptability, and lack of material optimization. To address sustainability goals, the work implemented a “file-to-factory” approach to redesign the design-manufacturing process of prefabricated cardboard panels, integrating industry 4.0 paradigms in manufacturing (automation, high-precision manufacturing) and the use of BIM tools for design to achieve better product-process quality and predictability. The redesigned workflow allows achieving sustainability goals, such as reduction of errors, reduction of material wastes, cost and time predictability, product customization, and adaptability. The workflow will be verified and tested in the design and manufacturing of prefabricated cardboard panels to build a temporary school unit.
Non-Commutative Worlds and Relativity
Authors: Kauffman Louis H
Published: November 2021

This paper shows how aspects of gauge theory, Hamiltonian mechanics and quantum mechanics arise naturally in the mathematics of a non-commutative framework for calculus and differential geometry.
Noise factor and reception bandwidth in optoacoustical GW antenna
Authors: Krysanov V A
Published: November 2021

An expression has extracted from the OGRAN project theory, which provides connection between numerical values of noise factor F and achieved displacement resolution and antenna’s threshold signal in metric variations. Noise factor and “reception bandwidth” connects across displacement resolution. There is defined analytical expression and numerical value for design displacement resolution (sensitivity) on the base intention F = 1. It has appeared that the extracted analytical expression for readout resolution does not correspond to applied Pound-Drever-Hall technique and AURIGA circuitry. This requires an improvement in theoretical design. The achieved resolution value 2·10−15 cm/Hz1/2 is matched to the value for metric sensitivity in pulse hmin
≃ 10−18, which is 15 dB higher than the thermal sensitivity limit.
Spinor vacuum and C, P, T inversions
Authors: Monakhov V V , Kozhedub A V
Published: November 2021

We have developed the theory of Clifford reflections and extended spacetime inversions. This extended spacetime has two additional dimensions associated with the presence of internal degrees of freedom of spinors. Inversions C, P, and T contain not only reflections of the basis Clifford vectors and transformations of basis spinors, but also transformations of the components of vector and spinor quantities. The research is carried out on the basis of algebraic quantum field theory using the superalgebraic representation of spinors as well as the 8-component matrix representation of spinors. We have proved that due to the presence of internal degrees of freedom of spinors, there are two vacua, the vacuum of our Universe and an alternative vacuum. The inversion operators C and T transform the vacuum into an alternative one, and therefore cannot be operators of the exact symmetry of our Universe.
Improving professional skills in a multidisciplinary team of undergraduate engineering students through project-based learning
Authors: Ccama-Mamani K R , Chipoco Haro D , Gutierrez M R , Palomino-Marcelo L , Rodriguez-Reyes J C F
Published: November 2021

Even though undergraduate engineering education often considers laboratory experiments as its practical component, these activities may not contribute to the development of soft (professional) skills. At “Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia”, Perú, a series of courses called interdisciplinary projects has been created to promote the development of professional skills through project-based learning; herein, we report the experience of an interdisciplinary group of students focused on designing an indoor air filtration system to improve air quality and to reduce the spread of coronavirus diseases. Eight undergraduate engineering students were organized into three groups and worked collaboratively to learn about antiviral nanocomposites, user-centered design, and electromechanical systems design; they showed their progress and received feedback from each other through weekly meetings. In addition, they leaned on applications to organize the group work and share the bibliography consulted; finally, we collected feedback from these students on the proposed learning method. The positive impact of our problem-based learning approach on undergraduate engineering students is discussed.
Analysis of cognitive states in response to stimuli from augmented reality applications for teaching physics
Authors: Rojas-Contreras M , Peña-Cortés C A , Moreno-Cuevas L A
Published: November 2021

The scope of this article is to analyze the behavior of children’s brain waves in response to interaction with an augmented reality application that aims to support the concept of measurement in physics teaching. In particular, the analysis of brain waves is carried out through a brain-computer interface that measures 6 cognitive states such as engagement, interest, stress, focus, excitation, and relaxation. The method used to perform the analysis is carried out by means of electroencephalography, which is an electrophysiological process to record the electrical activity of the brain, and which is captured by means of sensors located on the scalp. Once the signals are captured, they are amplified, digitized, and stored in a computer for processing and analysis. Initially, electrical signals are recorded in response to a measurement stimulus with traditional methods and later with an augmented reality application stimulus. Among the most relevant findings, it was possible to establish that interest and commitment increase in response to the teaching method supported with an augmented reality application for the measurement concept with respect to the traditional teaching method. The use of vision technologies in teaching the concept of measurement improves cognitive states of interest, commitment and reduces the level of stress.
Development of a virtual bench for the analysis of the physical processes of internal combustion engines
Authors: Rojas Suárez J P , Pabón León J A , Orjuela Abril M S
Published: November 2021

Currently, internal combustion engines face the challenge of reducing fuel consumption and reducing polluting emissions due to their significant impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to use tools that allow us to evaluate the operating characteristics of this type of thermal machines. In the present investigation, the development of a virtual bench was proposed for the analysis of the behavior and performance characteristics of an internal combustion engine for use as a learning tool in higher education students. From the results obtained, it could be demonstrated that the pressure curves of the combustion chamber and the rate of heat release obtained by means of the virtual bench presented a high concordance with the experimental records. The maximum deviation obtained was 5% and 15% for the pressure curve and the heat release rate. Comparing the performance parameters of the brake specific fuel consumption of the engine and energy efficiency, a maximum deviation of 2.96% was shown compared to the real engine. In general, the virtual development bank can describe the behavior of the engine, allowing the characterization of physical phenomena, as well as evaluating the effect of auxiliary technologies such as turbo-compression systems.
Effect of aging on the physical-mechanical characteristics of an asphalt mixture with rubber
Authors: Bastidas-Martínez J G , Ruge J C , Zuluaga R A G , Medina L
Published: November 2021

This paper evaluated the physical-mechanical characteristics of two asphalt mixtures. One mix with conventional asphalt and the other with asphalt modified with recycled rubber grain. For this purpose, the asphalt mix designs were made by means of the Marshall methodology. Subsequently, asphalt mixtures were manufactured to analyze the action of monotonic loads (indirect tensile strength) and dynamic loads (resilient modulus). Previously, each type of asphalt mix was subjected to short- and long-term aging conditions, following Aastho guidelines. It is concluded that the incorporation of recycled rubber grain makes the changes in mechanical properties with aging not very noticeable in relation to mixtures without this material.
Proposal for fiber-optic data acquisition system for Baikal-GVD
Authors: Allakhverdyan V.A. , Avrorin A.D. , Avrorin A.V. , Aynutdinov V.M. , Bannasch R. , Bardаčová Z. , Belolaptikov I.A. , Borina I.V. , Brudanin V.B. , Budnev N.M. , Dik V.Y. , Domogatsky G.V. , Doroshenko A.A. , Dvornický R. , Dyachok A.N. , Dzhilbkibaev Zh.-A.M. , Eckerová E. , Elzhov T.V. , Fajt L. , Fialkovsky S.V. , Gafarov A.R. , Golubkov K.V. , Gorshkov N.S. , Gress T.I. , Katulin M.S. , Kebkal K.G. , Kebkal O.G. , Khramov E.V. , Kolbin M.M. , Konischev K.V. , Kopański K.A. , Korobchenko A.V. , Koshechkin A.P. , Kozhin V.A. , Kruglov M.V. , Kryukov M.K. , Kulepov V.F. , Malecki Pa. , Malyshkin Y.M. , Milenin M.B. , Mirgazov R.R. , Naumov D.V. , Nazari V. , Noga W. , Petukhov D.P. , Pliskovsky E.N. , Rozanov M.I. , Rushay V.D. , Ryabov E.V. , Safronov G.B. , Shaybonov B.A. , Shelepov M.D. , Šimkovic F. , Sirenko A.E. , Skurikhin A.V. , Solovjev A.G. , Sorokovikov M.N. , Štekl I. , Stromakov A.P. , Sushenok E.O. , Suvorova O.V. , Tabolenko V.A. , Tarashansky B.A. , Yablokova Y.V. , Yakovlev S.A. , Zaborov D.N.
Published: November 2021

The first stage of the construction of the Baikal-GVD deep underwater neutrino telescope is planned to be completed in 2024. For the second stage of the detector deployment, a data acquisition system based on fiber-optic technologies has been proposed, which will allow for increased data throughput and more flexible trigger conditions. A dedicated test facility has been built and deployed at the Baikal-GVD site to test the new technological solutions. We present the principles of operation and results of tests of the new data acquisition system.
Characterization of the scintillation time response of liquid argon detectors for dark matter search
Authors: Agnes P. , De Cecco S. , Fan A. , Fiorillo G. , Franco D. , Galbiati C. , Giganti C. , Korga G. , Lebois M. , Mandarano A. , Martoff C.J. , Pagani L. , Pantic E. , Razeto A. , Renshaw A.L. , Riffard Q. , Schlitzer B. , Tonazzo A. , Wang H. , Wilson J.N.
Published: November 2021

The scintillation time response of liquid argon has a key
role in the discrimination of electronic backgrounds in dark matter
search experiments. However, its extraordinary rejection power can
be affected by various detector effects such as the delayed light
emission of TetraPhenyl Butadiene, the most commonly used wavelength
shifter, and the electric drift field applied in Time Projection
Chambers. In this work, we characterized the TetraPhenyl Butadiene
delayed response and the dependence of the pulse shape
discrimination on the electric field, exploiting the data acquired
with the ARIS, a small-scale single-phase liquid argon detector
exposed to monochromatic neutron and gamma sources at the ALTO
facility of IJC Lab in Orsay.
Performance of Michigan sMDT prototype chambers for the HL-LHC ATLAS muon detector upgrade
Authors: Nelson K. , Guo Y. , Amidei D. , Diehl E.
Published: November 2021

A new small-diameter Monitored Drift Tube (sMDT) chamber has
been developed for the muon spectrometer of the ATLAS experiment to
handle the higher collision rates expected at the CERN High
Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). This paper presents
measurements of the tracking resolution and hit efficiency of two
prototype sMDT chambers constructed at the University of
Michigan. Using cosmic-ray muons the sMDT tracking resolution of
103.7 ± 8.1 μm was measured for one chamber and
101.8 ± 7.8 μm for the other, compared with a design
resolution of 106 μm. A further tracking resolution
improvement to 83.4 ± 7.8 μm was obtained by using new
high-gain readout electronics which will be added for HL-LHC. An
average tracking efficiency of (98.5 ± 0.2)% was found for both
chambers. The methodology used to determine the detector tracking
resolution and efficiency, including reconstruction of sMDT data and
a Geant4 simulation of the test chamber, is presented in detail.