bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maya Economic Organization and Power
Authors: Triadan Daniela , Inomata Takeshi
Published: January 2021

The rich data from elite households at the Classic Maya site of Aguateca indicate that each household was a relatively autonomous economic unit of production and consumption of staples and utilitarian goods. While individual households were also specializing in the production of a variety of prestige items, there is little evidence for central control of any sphere of the economy by the royal court or elites. Individual households also seem to have maintained their own long-distance relationships with other elites from different areas. One intriguing question is why Maya elites, in apparent contrast to elites of complex societies in other parts of the world, did not seem to have developed and used a centralized economy as a means of power and political control. The unique data from Aguateca elite households contributes to a better understanding of Classic Maya economic organization.
Classic Maya Interaction Networks and the Production and Consumption of Cotton Fiber and Textiles
Authors: Reents-Budet Dorie , Bishop Ronald L.
Published: January 2021

Ethnohistorical accounts of tribute among the Yukatek Maya provide an impressive list of materials and products in circulation at the time of Spanish contact while also affording a glimpse of the interwoven layers of socioeconomic relationships underlying these acts of exchange, tribute, and taxation. This chapter compares the 16th-century Yukatekan configurations with patterns of production and distribution of Classic period decorated ceramics that also link prime cotton-producing regions to major centers of political power. The data intimate that cotton and cloth were crucial components of Classic period exchange networks underlying political power. The study employs a multidisciplinary approach combining investigations of artistic style, ceramic paste chemical analysis, epigraphy, and archaeology.
The Political Geography of Long-Distance Exchange in the Elevated Interior Region of the Yucatán Peninsula
Authors: Volta Beniamino , Gunn Joel D. , Folan Lynda Florey , Folan William J. , Braswell Geoffrey E.
Published: January 2021

Understanding how exchange networks vary through time can provide important insights into the nature and extent of political control. In the Maya Lowlands, the political and economic spheres of ancient polities tend to overlap because elites sought to administer the movement of goods within their territories. We use data on the distribution of obsidian, jade, ceramics, and other commodities to reconstruct patterns of long-distance trade in the Elevated Interior Region. We suggest possible routes based on least-cost path analysis and integrate them into our analysis of the political economy. Finally, we discuss the relevance of data on long-distance exchange for studying the shifting political organization of the region.
The Difference a Marketplace Makes
Authors: Cap Bernadette
Published: January 2021

Chapter 22 examines Classic Maya marketplace exchange from the perspective of the marketplace facility, which can differ or compliment from that which is learned from household-based studies of consumption patterns. Presented as a case study is the Late to Terminal Classic Maya marketplace in the urban center of Buenavista del Cayo where chert and limestone bifaces, obsidian blades, organics, and perhaps ceramics were available for exchange. Insights gained are that limestone tools were included as marketplace trade goods and that the vendors of the different stone stools were also the producers. The discovery of clay-covered wooden stalls that divided activity areas in the facility speaks to the level of commitment to this venture. The presence of a marketplace in the site’s architectural center was likely at the favor of or planned by rulers who would have been positioned to extract from it economic or social capital.
A Stone Duty?
Authors: Andrieu Chloé
Published: January 2021

The scarcity of workshops found in the Maya epicenters has very often been used as an argument that Classic Lowland economies were decentralized, with a low level of specialization. This chapter suggests that special flake deposits in royal or elite contexts, though clearly ritual in function, also reflect important aspects of organization of lithic production. Considering the technological attributes of the flakes from such contexts at Naachtun, Cancuen, and other published cases reveals that special lithic deposits represent workshop production waste that was displaced and reused as stelae or elite burial offerings. The contexts of recovery thus contrast with the data from lithic workshops at modest residential structures. These differences imply the existence of at least two coexisting systems of production of the same tools at the same cities, perhaps explained by a form of tribute or duty performed at certain workshops. This hypothesis transcends opposing views of centralists and non-centralists, given that both contexts of production coexisted within the same cities.
Terminal Classic Interactions between the Western Petén Lakes Chain and the Western Lowlands
Authors: Rice Prudence M.
Published: January 2021

Innovations in a poorly known Terminal Classic pottery type, Jato Black-on-Gray (JBG), at sites around Lake Petén Itzá include use of gray slips and the presence of monkey and ik’ motifs. They appear on local forms (cylinders, plates) and are particularly associated with burials. These suggest emulations of varied gray ware pottery in the western and southwestern lowlands, such as Chablekal Fine Gray. JBG thus supports inferences based on other data (architecture) of ties to these regions, including in-migration into the lakes area, featuring a reworking of the new (motifs; firing technology) with the old (forms). The western lakes area was part of a larger ceramic system in the western lowlands, suggesting that Terminal Classic pottery makers were engaged with innovations in a thriving “business.”
Maya Economics
Authors: Yoffee Norman
Published: January 2021

In the latest studies of Maya economics, scholars foreground evidence for and the importance of trade and markets. Now, In Mesopotamia, also a land of city-states, new research examines the relationships between merchants, not as agents of the state, but as elites who must and do interact with princes and governments. A comparison of Maya and Mesopotamian economics provides new light on the nature of ancient states and some their most important citizens.
Conclusion
Authors: Masson Marilyn A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter summarizes the economic principles, research questions, and findings in the book. Themes reviewed include: autonomy, interdependence, and labor specialization, markets and merchants, boundedness and regional economies, movements of goods and social affiliations, and trade routes. Lingering questions are also discussed, especially the fact that it is time for archaeologists to consider data regarding Maya economies on their own terms, without consideration of previous assumptions based on comparative work from outside this region. Current controversies such as the issue of market form evolution (via barter markets) or the status of general purpose monies in Pre-Columbian Maya exchange are also discussed.
Growing Up
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 1 covers Pete O’Neal’s life from childhood to young adulthood. Pete describes his family life—his sometimes violent father, his nurturing mother, and his grandmother. He describes his first arrest at age eleven and the racist language and physical intimidation of the policeman who interrogated him. He explains how the night life on Kansas City’s 12th Street both frightened and attracted him because of the admiration paid to its successful hustlers. Pete fails to socially adjust to racially integrated high school. After more scrapes with the law, he joins the Navy to avoid detention, only to be dishonorably discharged after fighting with fellow seamen and violating orders. He ends up in Soledad Prison where he applies himself to the education program it offers and achieves a sense of accomplishment by winning the Toastmaster International writing and speaking competition.
Black Panther Party–Community Relations
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: January 2021

Pete O’Neal describes the Black Panther Party’s various community support programs in Kansas City, Missouri. They include a pre-school breakfast program for inner-city children, as well as clothing, food, medical support, and job and family counseling for people in need. O’Neal explains how these programs were supported by local churches and businesses. O’Neal describes ways the Panthers joined forces with other civil rights organizations such as Soul Inc., the Black Youth of America, and Students for a Democratic Society to protest city policies they deemed to be unfair to inner-city residents and to expose persons who took advantage of these same people. O’Neal also describes the Panthers’ confrontation with a “white” inner-city church (Linwood United Methodist Church) and the resulting reconciliation between the church and the Black Panther Party.
Police and US Government Relations
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 4 discusses the strained relations between the Black Panthers and the Kansas City, Missouri, police department and the federal government. Police hostility toward Pete O’Neal resulted in frequent traffic stops, constant surveillance, and other harassing tactics. A newspaper article by a Panther that applauded the death of John Edward Dacy, a local policeman, infuriated the police. The Panthers publically charged Police Chief Clarence Kelley with the sale of confiscated weapons to right-wing organizations. Black and white citizens expressed concern over the brutal beating police inflicted on four unarmed Panthers who tried to attend the police chief’s press conference. The U.S. House Committee on Internal Security conducted investigations and held hearings on the Kansas City Black Panther Party but produced no evidence of criminal activity by the Panthers.
Arrest, Trial, Escape
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: January 2021

In chapter 5 Pete O’Neal describes his arrest in Kansas City, Missouri, for allegedly violating the Federal Gun Control Act of 1968. O’Neal travels to California to seek help from Charles Gary, the Panthers’ regular defense attorney. Rather than offering to defend O’Neal, Gary tells him he could help the Party more from inside prison. Deeply disappointed, O’Neal leaves the Black Panther Party and forms the Sons of Malcolm. He is convicted in Federal District Court with attorney Austin Shute defending and Judge Arthur J. Stanley presiding. Fearing that he would be killed in prison, O’Neal flees to Sweden with his wife, Charlotte.
Settling in Imbaseni Village
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: January 2021

After living in Ngaramtoni for five years, Charlotte and Pete buy a vacant piece of rocky land in Embaseni village near Arusha, in the tribal land of the Meru people. Pete and Charlotte O’Neal construct a multi-building compound consisting of their home, guest house, dormitories for visiting students, dining facility, classrooms, workshops, and a home for over twenty underprivileged Tanzanian children. They establish friendly relations with the Meru and work to bring piped water and electricity to parts of the village. With financial help from Omar Jamal, a Washington, D.C., businessman, they create the United African American Community Center to promote Tanzanian development and share Tanzanian traditions with Americans. In separate interviews, Pete and Charlotte assess their lives and experience raising a family in Tanzania. Pete also describes meeting attorney Paul Magnarella and asking him to review his 1970 trial.
From The Hague to Arusha to Kansas Federal Court
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: January 2021

Paul Magnarella describes his legal work with the UN Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and his travel to Arusha, Tanzania, to work with the UN Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. He describes meeting the O’Neals and agreeing to become Pete O’Neal’s attorney. After examining Pete’s court records and trial transcript, Magnarella concludes that the presiding judge, Arthur J. Stanley, made a number of crucial errors that resulted in Pete’s wrongful conviction. Magnarella examines Judge Stanley’s previous famous case involving George John Gessner, a private first-class nuclear weapons specialist. Judge Stanley’s court found Gessner guilty of communicating restrictive data to a foreign nation. Federal appellate judges overturned the conviction, ruling that the U.S. military had coerced Gessner’s confession and the Stanley court had suspended Gessner’s constitutional protections to satisfy the needs of government.
Evidence of Perjury and a New Petition
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: January 2021

Attorney Paul Magnarella filed another petition with the Federal District Court asserting that during O’Neal’s 1970 trial, Jean Young, a key witness for the prosecution, had falsely claimed to have forgotten that she had received numerous payments from the FBI for information. Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Agent James Moore lied on the witness stand when he said he had not heard of Jean Young receiving FBI payments for information. FBI records established that Jean M. Young had gone by at least seven different surnames, had been arrested three times by Kansas City, Missouri, police, had received a total of fourteen payments from the FBI for information, and had provided information to the FBI on Pete O’Neal. ATF agent Moore testified that he did not know of Young’s paid informant status, even though he later would write that both Young and an FBI agent had told him before the 1970 trial that Young was a paid informant. Magnarella argued that the prosecution was required to reveal to the judge, jury, and defense any evidence that reflects negatively on its witnesses. Failure to do so should result in a new trial.
The Shakur Proposal
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: January 2021

Defense attorney Paul Magnarella describes American law enforcement’s attempt to bribe Pete O’Neal to arrange for the arrest of fugitive Assata Shakur, who enjoyed refuge from U.S. authorities in Cuba. Magnarella informed O’Neal of the bribe offer, which included money and a possible reduction of O’Neal’s four-year sentence. O’Neal emphatically rejected the offer.
Life Then and Now
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: January 2021

Paul Magnarella describes his first meeting with the O’Neals and summarizes their experiences and accomplishments in Tanzania and abroad. Through the UAACC the O’Neals have organized free workshops and classes on health and nutrition, conservation, AIDS education, writing, art appreciation, crafts, history, and computer skills to well over 100 Tanzanian youths annually. They established a student-exchange program with De LaSalle Academy in Kansas City, a Sister City relationship between Arusha and Kansas City, as well as linkages with several study-abroad programs in the U.S. Their supporters have donated needed medical supplies and equipment to Arusha hospitals. The UAACC and the Kuji Foundation, created by Geronimo Ji Jaga Pratt, hired a South African company to drill a deep well for the village community. Geronimo’s Fugi Foundation also donated an ambulance truck to the UAACC. With support from the Fugi Foundation, the Center trained several young, mixed-gender Tanzanian teams to install solar panels in 85 village homes that had no electricity. Charlotte O’Neal has become a recognized visual and spoken-word artist, musician, and filmmaker. She travels the world giving performances and spreading the news of the UAACC. Both she and Pete O’Neal have received many awards and recognitions for their communal work.
What Kind of War Is This?
Authors: Sheehan-Dean Aaron
Published: January 2021

When considering the role of war, historians often focus on war’s role as a unifier. Citizens rally to the flag and society anneals in the face of suffering and sacrifice. Even military defeat can drive this process when people build a narrative of tragedy that inspires devotion. However, this phenomenon was not the only connection between wars and nation-building. Most insurgents in mid-nineteenth-century conflicts resorted to irregular warfare, in form or another. This decision impeded their efforts to obtain political autonomy. Irregular war generated stiff counter-insurgencies from dominant powers, weakened domestic and foreign support for rebels, and diminished claims to civilizational fitness necessary for inclusion in the family of nations. The great powers of the nineteenth century did not collude about the best ways to suppress rebellion but they shared the same reactions to insurgencies nonetheless.
The Center Holds
Authors: Sheehan-Dean Aaron
Published: January 2021

Over the course of the mid-nineteenth-century wars, the dominant powers (Britain, the U.S., Russia, and Qing China) came to espouse a surprisingly similar orientation toward legitimate statehood. While the liberation wars of the late-eighteenth century witnessed the creation of many new republics, by midcentury those republics and the empires that had survived pursued greater central authority. Although sometimes at odds with liberal rhetoric of the age (especially among reforming Republicans in the U.S.), these actors recognized the importance of coercion of violence to maintaining their states. The victory of centralized authority, whether it took the form of empires or republics, reinforced the power of established states and of organized, aggressive defense of that order.
Robert J. Walker
Authors: Delgado James P. , Nagiewicz Stephen D.
Published: January 2021

This book tells the story of the steamship Robert J. Walker, an early coastal survey ship for the agency that would later become the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), that sank with loss of 21 crew off the coast of New Jersey in 1860. The wreck was a frequent stop for divers and anglers before it was identified by a team of researchers in 2013. Here, leaders in the documentation efforts describe the history of the ship and the archaeology of the shipwreck, emphasizing the collaborative community participation that made the project successful. James Delgado and Stephen Nagiewicz highlight the contributions of government archaeologists from NOAA as well as local divers from varying backgrounds. Although such groups are not typically known for working together, they united to achieve the shared goal of mapping and interpreting this historically significant shipwreck. Delgado and Nagiewicz show how incorporating local knowledge both improves archaeological work and empowers community members as stakeholders, inspiring residents to promote their maritime heritage.
Introduction
Authors: Delgado James P. , Nagiewicz Stephen D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the background conflicts between the groups that came together cooperatively to explore and preserve the Robert J. Walker shipwreck. As sport and wreck diving expanded globally through the last decades of the twentieth century, legislation regulating diving was enacted Some divers defied regulations and rules. Government officers boarded vessels, making arrests and seizing artifacts. When the government proposed creating underwater reserves in the U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries, divers were part of the vocal resistance, citing restrictions to access, the need for permits, and actions by government officials that they viewed as capricious and harsh.
The Coast Survey Expands and Acquires Steamships
Authors: Delgado James P. , Nagiewicz Stephen D.
Published: January 2021

The U.S. Coast Survey survived political challenges and the death of its founding director to thrive under a new director, Alexander D. Bache, after 1844. The story of the survey, its expansion into a truly national entity, and the acquisition and work of its expanding fleet including new “experimental” iron steamships, are discussed.
Walker’s Survey Career, 1849–1860
Authors: Delgado James P. , Nagiewicz Stephen D.
Published: January 2021

The majority of Walker’s career was spent surveying the Gulf of Mexico and the coasts of Pensacola, Florida, Mobile, Alabama, and Louisiana. The work, accomplishments, experiences of the crew, and the various commanding officers of the steamer are discussed.
“A Most Disastrous Accident”
Authors: Delgado James P. , Nagiewicz Stephen D.
Published: January 2021

The loss of Walker off Absecon Inlet on the New Jersey coast is discussed in detail with an account of the particulars of the wreck, the rescue of the survivors, public reaction, the response of the U.S. Coast Survey, and the subsequent career of the steamer’s last captain, John Julius Guthrie.
The Robert J. Walker Shipwreck Project
Authors: Delgado James P. , Nagiewicz Stephen D.
Published: January 2021

The origins, politics, organization, planning, and work done in the field as a partnership of wreck divers and NOAA’s archaeological team to extensively study, map, and document the wreck using underwater survey and underwater photography, and in doing so confirming the wreck’s identity, as well as the friendships that developed, are discussed.
The Sunken Court Tradition in the South Central Andes
Authors: Levine Abigail
Published: January 2021

The sunken court or patio represents one of the most enduring and ritually significant architectural forms in Andean prehistory. First created in the 3rd millennium BC, the sunken court was repeatedly reworked over 3500 years by different cultures in the highlands and coast. Perhaps as significant, a number of cultures rejected the court architecture for other monumental forms of political and ritual expression. This chapter examines the sunken court tradition in the central Andes, tracing its development, elaboration, and rejection over space and time. Authors likewise will contextualize this architectural form using theories of political and ritual performance.
Introduction
Authors: Pobutsky Aldona Bialowas
Published: January 2021

The introduction lays out the theoretical framework for the exploration of narcocultura in Colombia. First, it establishes how the book’s interdisciplinary nature is the result of simultaneously tackling history, crime, media, and popular entertainment. It also explains how the inclusion of non-academic and “lowbrow” materials enriches our understanding of narco culture and aligns with the premises of New Historicism, postmodernism, cultural criminology, and tabloid studies. They attest with force to the process of continuous intertextual reinscription and constant debates between narratives (interpretations), thereby exposing contemporary cultural myths and beliefs surrounding Pablo Escobar, the Medellín Cartel, and Colombian narcocultura. Next, the initial chapter traces the trajectory of cocaine production, the pioneer traffickers and cocaine producers from Latin America, and how Colombians eventually entered and monopolized the business. It looks at the impact of Pablo Escobar on Colombian cultural production, with an emphasis on the years after 2000. The introduction also explains how the marketing concept of branding and its use of Jungian personality archetypes will serve as a tool to illuminate Escobar’s versatile and dynamic cultural legacy.
Romancing Pablo Escobar
Authors: Pobutsky Aldona Bialowas
Published: January 2021

Chapter 3 focuses on Pablo Escobar’s former “trophy woman” (“mafia doll”), the 1980’s television celebrity Virginia Vallejo, whose autobiography details her tumultuous affair with the capo. It explores how Vallejo negotiates her own position vis-à-vis Colombia’s war on drugs, including the issue of culpability and her own victimhood once Escobar’s influences began to falter and how Vallejo became the subject of a multifold harassment that ended her career. Hers is the first melodramatic take on Escobar, an account that mobilizes the traditional tropes of female sentimentality wherein the Capo appears to be an alluring lover capable, nonetheless, of the most horrid acts. This chapter also examines Colombia’s infatuation with machismo and the figure of the classic Latin American strongman, whose brutality was part of their mass appeal. A substantial section of this chapter is devoted to the discourses born around Vallejo’s self-exposure as Escobar’s former lover, where public outrage, misogyny, sexism, and private interests reveal as much about Colombian society as about the memoirist.
Mad about Boobs
Authors: Pobutsky Aldona Bialowas
Published: January 2021

This chapter delves into Colombia’s so-called trash literature, particularly Gustavo Bolívar’s widely criticized bestseller novel Sin tetas no hay paraíso (2005), in order to explore the encounter between women and narco money. It examines how various narcos came to finance beauty pageants in Colombia, how they allured attractive women with promises of fame and wealth, and how they transformed the female beauty ideal, insisting on plastic surgery that exalted voluptuousness and excess. Of questionable literary value, Sin tetas nonetheless became a poignant social testimony on the destructive forces present in narco societies, where the least privileged pay the highest price. Its insight into corruption and ultimately the demise of working-class youth who sacrifice themselves in exchange for the short-lived intoxication of consumerism, immediately connected with Colombian (and worldwide) audiences, as confirmed by the popularity of the Sin tetas franchise (it appeared as a film and various telenovelas throughout the Hispanic world).
Colombian Sicariato and Rosario Tijeras
Authors: Pobutsky Aldona Bialowas
Published: January 2021

This chapter turns to the other by-product of Colombia’s narco machine: the plague of sicarios recruited from that nation’s hardscrabble neighborhoods. It traces the rise of hitmen from its original press coverage, when Escobar ordered the assassination of Colombia’s Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara Bonilla in 1984, to the present-day “baby sicarios,” whose disturbingly premature entry into delinquency has become the subject of several film documentaries. Though real-life sicarios have been associated with men, it is Jorge Franco’s female rendition of the phenomenon, the eponymous heroine of the novel Rosario Tijeras, which in a brief time moved to both the small and the big screens. This chapter explores the trajectory of the Rosario Tijeras franchise, where her multiple renditions turned the femme fatale into a household name. Albeit fictional, she grew to incarnate Colombia’s women who became hardened by the volatile circumstances of drug and guerrilla violence.
Epilogue
Authors: Pobutsky Aldona Bialowas
Published: January 2021

My final thoughts in the epilogue extend beyond Colombia, observing how the Escobar brand has been putting down roots in much wider settings, with its historical referent often bearing little to almost no resemblance. From a Chilean variety show with an Escobar character whose endearing joviality portrays the drug baron as a likeable fatty to the Netflix television series Narcos and the film Escobar: Paradise Lost featuring Hollywood icon Benicio del Toro, Escobar is undeniably present at the core of the argument, albeit not in a true-to-life rendition. Thus the capo has become a postmodern simulacrum and a catalyst for dynamic storytelling, where each new tale affords its own ideology, merely bouncing off Escobar’s notorious traits and life story. This chapter also traces the rise of Escobar-themed establishments all over the globe, from restaurants and bars to strip clubs and ice-cream parlors. It examines how Escobar’s memory is branded in a variety of ways and by different subjects, including Escobar’s son Sebastian Marroquín. It explores the tensions inherent in the conflict between trauma of Escobar’s violence and the ongoing aggressive commodification of his persona.
The Artist’s Voice
Authors: Cordones-Cook Juanamaría
Published: January 2021

This chapter includes an overview of the origin and evolution of Ediciones Vigía, which resonated with the Arte Povera movement, as well as the development of Vigía’s aesthetics, materials employed, and production process. Rolando Estévez Jordán discusses his practice of book design, Vigía’s collaborative work, the effect of political events on the publisher, and the artisans’ involvement in the production of Vigía’s multiple originals.
The Brilliant Poverty of Vigía
Authors: Santos Carina Pino
Published: January 2021

There was a radical change in cultural policy following the Cuban Revolution. The founding of Imprenta Nacional and the National School of Art were attempts to make the arts accessible to as many people as possible, not for profit but for political and cultural purposes. Ediciones Vigía inherited this revolutionary agenda when the press was established a quarter of a century later, along with the aspirations of global, hemispheric, and national movements—including notably Arte Povera, publishing collectives, and the New Art. The chapter examines three hallmarks of Vigía publications—their synthesis of literary and visual arts, graphic style, and expression of literary symbolism through natural and/or found materials—to explore the history of artists’ books in Cuba and develop a critical discourse for its continued study.
Instigating Intimacies
Authors: White Bretton
Published: January 2021

Chapter 1 examines the blurring of distinctions between audience and actor in director Carlos Díaz’s creative staging of Las relaciones de Clara (2007) (by German playwright Dea Loher) in the musty rooms of a colonial home. Using Bersani and Phillips’s theories, the chapter investigates how a proliferation of intimacies creates a sense of sameness that is rooted in physical proximity and discomfort. This chapter shows how reimagining the possibility of physical intimacies can produce a shared hopefulness between audience, play troupe, and nation. What makes these theatrical intimacies relevant in a contemporary Cuban context is how they resist the state’s persistent attempts to fabricate its own version of a unified society.
Sharing Shame
Authors: White Bretton
Published: January 2021

Chapter 2 reveals how the play Baños públicos, S.A. (1996) by Esther Suárez Durán explores how a more liquid connection between shame and dignity might allow for the introduction of queerness into dialogues about national identity. In conjunction with theory by Michael Warner, the chapter elucidates the connectedness between the spaces, bodies, and behaviors presented openly in the play—bathroom space, asexualized bodies, and the act of urination—and those that are present via a subtextual understanding of the work—gay meeting place, homosexual bodies, and gay sex. Here a more complete understanding of Cubanness is achieved through a reinterpretation of everyday spaces that is simultaneously engaged with queerness.
Frustrating Futurity
Authors: White Bretton
Published: January 2021

Chapter 3 is concerned with the performance of Pájaros de la playa (2001, 2007) performed by the group El Ciervo Encantado, written by Nelda Castillo and based on the novel (1993) by Severo Sarduy. Here, the staging of bodies dying of AIDS links the queer body to the body in pain in a performance that is beyond language. At its essence, Pájaros challenges the spectator to create meaning in spite of frustration that is caused by denying the audience access to the beautiful through persistent returns to the painful. This vacillation between the agonizing and the beautiful offers a way to understand the sick body, and how to resist the ways in which bodies become mired in singular linear destinations based upon political myopia and fear. Lee Edelman’s sinthomosexuality theory forms the basis of my exploration into how queer bodies resist the linear finality of reproduction and historical narratives. The chapter argues that it is in the moment that the spectator witnesses pain and dying that doubt—about justice and self—emerges and real change can commence.
Fronting Failure
Authors: White Bretton
Published: January 2021

The fifth chapter of this book examines the intersection between the body’s diminishing capacity over time and subsequent feelings of failure in the play Perros que jamás ladraron (2013), written and directed by Rogelio Orizondo. Inspired by images of Cuba created by visitors—including Columbus, Leni Riefenstahl, and tourists—this play focuses on redefining the revolution through queer, black, and femme disability. The aesthetic of the staging is as disorganized as Riefenstahl’s work is fluid, although both work to undermine the univocality of the state. Using queer theory from Judith Halberstam and queer disability theory from Robert McRuer, this chapter explores whether feeling failure constitutes failure itself, and how collective acts of performance—such as the audience texting instructions for performers to act—fail too, but allow for a reconsideration of what is possible together.
Conclusion
Authors: White Bretton
Published: January 2021

The conclusion outlines possibilities for the future of Cuban theater and queer artists. Theater, which is largely dependent upon the state, has few opportunities for growth. Queer rights, while championed by some in the administration, are still highly vulnerable, and violence against queer and trans people still occurs regularly. Likewise, artists’ rights are also in jeopardy with the implementation of Decree 349. This seems to indicate that works that require audiences to read into them in acts of momentary togetherness will be a possible way to resist repression against arts, queer people, and queer artists in the formation of community.
Introduction
Authors: Shnookal Deborah
Published: January 2021

The story of Operation Pedro Pan (or Operation Peter Pan) and the Cuban Children’s Program remains a highly contested one, still regarded in Miami as an urgent humanitarian “rescue” mission while in Havana it is viewed as a scheme that hoodwinked parents into sending their offspring out of the country as unaccompanied minors and sometimes even described as a mass kidnapping. This book moves beyond Cold War tropes about threats to the Cuban family by the revolutionary government and uses the episode to examine in detail the social reforms that unfolded in the wake of the 1959 Cuban Revolution and how these changes encouraged a new revolutionary youth culture of political activism and challenged the United States’ historical, political, and economic control and cultural influence in Cuba. By focusing on the generation of young Cubans who came to maturity in the early 1960s and tracking the parallel trajectories of the Pedro Pan children and their siblings, friends, and classmates who stayed on the island (100,000 of whom participated in the 1961 national literacy campaign), this book for the first time takes a broader view and presents a more nuanced explanation of this history.
A Revolutionary Hurricane Sweeps Cuba
Authors: Shnookal Deborah
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the countervailing forces within Cuban society that were exposed as a revolutionary hurricane swept the island after the 1959 Revolution. It discusses the revolutionary government’s social reforms regarding child care, the nationalization of education, race relations, and gender equality, and argues that the revolutionary project initiated in January 1959 was essentially a process of economic and cultural transformation, an assertion of a vision of a New Cuba and a New Cuban. This challenged the values of more affluent Cubans who were more likely to be influenced by U.S. culture, the Catholic church, and Cold War tropes about communism’s threat to the patriarchal family and children’s minds. In drawing young Cubans into the literacy campaign, the new government encouraged them to see themselves as contributing to the revolutionary project.
Alfabeticemos! Let’s Teach Literacy!
Authors: Shnookal Deborah
Published: January 2021

The Cuban revolutionary government prioritized education reform as the key to lifting the country out of underdevelopment and creating a new political culture of participatory democracy, epitomized by the 1961 literacy campaign. Fidel Castro’s opponents, however, regarded this campaign as evidence of the “communist indoctrination” by the government of young Cubans and were therefore determined to “save” as many children as possible by sending them to Miami until Castro was ousted. This chapter takes a detailed look at how the battle for the hearts and minds of the next generation unfolded with the mobilization of 100,000 teenagers as literacy brigadistas to teach in the mountains and remote parts of the island. It examines the objectives of the campaign, the recruitment propaganda used to mobilize the Conrado Benítez brigades, how the campaign affected relations between parents and children, and the impact that participation in the campaign had on a generation of revolutionary youth.
The Patria Potestad Hoax
Authors: Shnookal Deborah
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews the impact in Cuba of Cold War propaganda about the family and communism. It investigates the origins of the rumor campaign maintaining that the Cuban revolutionary government planned to eliminate patria potestad (parental authority) and make all Cuban children wards of the state. The rumors were backed up by the printing and circulation of a fake law by the anti-Castro movement. The author examines how this hoax was also spread through sensational news broadcasts on the CIA’s Radio Swan and through other psychological warfare (or psywar) propaganda, along with pronouncements by Catholic clergy, and considers why this fearmongering was so effective in convincing many Cuban parents to send their children out of the country with Operation Pedro Pan.
The Dark Side of Neverland
Authors: Shnookal Deborah
Published: January 2021

Operation Pedro Pan is shown in this chapter to be both the result of and an integral part of the CIA’s covert action program to undermine and overthrow the revolutionary government in Cuba, beginning with the attempted invasion at the Bay of Pigs and later with Operation Mongoose. The author describes how the children’s departures were dependent on the anti-Castro movement networks run by Ramon Grau and others closely linked to the CIA. She also shows how the Pedro Pan children were used in Washington’s international propaganda war against the Cuban revolution and in the United States as a response to domestic resentment against Cuban refugees, as well as how the young Cubans were even regarded as potential “freedom fighters” or spies against Castro.
Pay-Television Welcomes Brazil
Authors: Carter Eli Lee
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the pay-television sector. Though it first arrived to Brazil in 1990, for the better part of two decades Brazilian pay-television was largely characterized by slow growth, access limited to the country’s most affluent classes, and a programming-grid chock-full of content imported from the United States. The Pay-TV Law’s establishment of quotas for locally produced content, however, has helped to carve out a space for the production and distribution of Brazilian content. With this in mind, the chapter analyzes 1 contra todos (1 Against All, Fox Brasil) and Lama dos dias (Mud of the Days, Canal Brasil). In addition to satisfying the content quotas outlined in the Pay-TV Law, both series benefited from government financing mechanisms, were directed by celebrated Brazilian filmmakers, and explicitly, albeit in distinct ways, contemplate the nation and Brazilianness.
The New Frontier
Authors: Carter Eli Lee
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the expansion of Internet access in Brazil since 2011 and analyzes three critically acclaimed web series: Septo (Septum, YouTube), Marcos: Uma websérie quase original (Marcos: An Almost Original Web series, Instagram and YouTube), and 3% (YouTube and Netflix). The former two were made exclusively for Internet distribution and are the products of recently formed production companies in cities far from the Rio–São Paulo axis of production: Natal and Caxias do Sul. While they differ in genre, tone, length, and themes, both Septo and Marcos stand out for representing regions of Brazil not often portrayed on the small screen during the period leading up to 2011. For its part, 3% eschews regional and national differences, focusing instead on a post-apocalyptic world. Unlike Septo and Marcos, both of which emerged within the context of the new Brazilian mediascape, the production of 3% spans the pre- and post-2011 mediascapes.
Entering Television through the Porta dos Fundos
Authors: Carter Eli Lee
Published: January 2021

The present chapter begins by delving deeper into the Brazilian mediascape during the period between 1990 and 2011, revealing the early appearance of developments that challenged TV Globo’s audience shares over the two decades. This first part of the chapter sets the stage for the subsequent emergence of Porta dos Fundos, a recently formed independent production company and YouTube sensation. The remainder of the chapter explores the Pay-TV Law and the post-2011 mediascape through an analysis of Porta dos Fundos’s formation, founders, partnerships, and multimedia production.
Blackness in the Post-2011 Mediascape
Authors: Carter Eli Lee
Published: January 2021

This chapter expands on the structural analyses of earlier chapters by emphasizing the interrelatedness of developments occurring within the post-2011 mediascape and a broader theme: blackness in two contemporary Brazilian serial comedies: Mister Brau (Mr. Brown) and O Grande Gonzalez (The Great Gonzalez). The analysis of the two series’ distinct portrayals of blackness embodies an argument in favor of studies of representation that include fictional works of television outside of or in addition to TV Globo’s telenovelas. More specifically, it is a call for scholars to consider the varied matters of representation within the context of the structural shifts occurring during the post-2011 mediascape, accounting for how such shifts have played (or perhaps not) a central role in expanding production beyond the hegemonic confines of TV Globo’s vertical production model, resulting in the emergence of new voices and the possibility for more critical contemplations of race and other pressing social issues.
Globo Plays Series
Authors: Carter Eli Lee
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on TV Globo’s efforts to reposition itself within the increasingly complex and competitive new Brazilian mediascape, particularly as those efforts pertain to strengthening its streaming service, Globo Play. With the growth of Netflix Brasil in recent years and the streaming platform’s emergence as one of Globo’s biggest threats, chapter six considers some of the tactics employed by Globo to remain competitive. Namely, such tactics center on the media conglomerate’s experimentation with its over-the-air and over-the-top businesses and an increased production in series. To illustrate Globo’s efforts in this arena, the chapter analyzes the production and rollout of two Globo original series, Supermax and Assédio.
Our Rightful Place
Authors: Birdwhistell Terry L. , Scaggs Deirdre A.
Published: January 2021

Since women first entered the University of Kentucky (UK) in 1880 they have sought, demanded, and struggled for equality within the university. The period between 1880 and 1945 at UK witnessed women’s suffrage, two world wars, and an economic depression. It was during this time that women at UK worked to take their rightful place in the university’s life prior to the modern women’s movement of the 1960s and beyond.
The history of women at UK is not about women triumphant, and it remains an untidy story. After pushing for admission into a male-centric campus environment, women created women’s spaces, women’s organizations, and a women’s culture often patterned on those of men. At times, it seemed that a goal was to create a woman’s college within the larger university. However, coeducation meant that women, by necessity, competed with men academically while still navigating the evolving social norms of relationships between the sexes. Both of those paths created opportunities, challenges, and problems for women students and faculty.
By taking a more women-centric view of the campus, this study shows more clearly the impact that women had over time on the culture and environment. It also allows a comparison, and perhaps a contrast, of the experiences of UK women with other public universities across the United States.
NEUTER GENDER DIMINUTIVE SUFFIXES IN RUSSIAN IN COMPARISON TO CZECH
Authors: Sokolova Anastasija , Strachotová Kateřina
Published: January 2021

The paper is devoted to the word formation of diminutive forms of nouns of the neuter gender (NG) in Russian and Czech. The paper presents diminutive suffixes of NG nouns in Russian and Czech according to grammars, as well as derivational dictionaries of both languages. In the last part of the paper, corpus data is provided regarding diminutives formed from the words слово, окно / slovo, okno that belong to the basic vocabulary of both languages.
POETIC TEXT OF VASILY SHUKSHIN – THE RED GUELDER ROSE IN RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASS
Authors: Figedyová Marianna
Published: January 2021

The paper is devoted to teaching the interpretation of the artistic text in the master’s degree program at the Department of Russian Studies, Faculty of Arts, UCM. In the process of study, we look for the most effective way to bring students to learn about fiction, to help them discover the meaning of the work of art and find its place in the Russian and world artistic heritage. The paper aims to approach the teaching process as a synthesis of the reader’s own experiences and work with relevant scientific resources. The aim of such work is to gain deeper and more professional knowledge of students.
COMPARISON OF TONGUE TWISTERS IN CZECH AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES
Authors: Rouboudová Lenka , Korneeva Evgeniia
Published: January 2021

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of Czech and Russian tongue twisters in terms of their content and structure. The initial part of the article provides a general description of a tongue twister as a part of children’s folklore. The main part focuses on specific similarities and differences of tongue twisters related to their structure and content and offers tongue twisters for practicing individual sounds in Czech and Russian.
FORMULATIONS OF WISHES IN THE TRADITIONAL RUSSIAN FOLKLORE AND IN THE INTERNET COMMUNICATION
Authors: Tyshchenko Oleh
Published: January 2021

The article discusses the processes of transformation of wishes in modern precedent texts and social networks. It also focuses on the messages from Russian Twitter (in which there occur substitutions, omissions, additions, contaminations, occasional coinages or the usage of expressions in their direct meaning). The research presents the results of the origin of expressions Pip to your tongue, No bottom no cover, etc. analysis and reveals their frequency in text corpora from chronological perspective. The origin of these phrases is well known and is recorded in dictionaries and in the usage, speech practice and dialect phraseology of the Russian language and traditional folklore.
USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE TEACHING
Authors: Půža Miroslav
Published: January 2021

In this work I will focus on using the most common digital technologies in Russian language teaching. Special attention will be paid to the applications and BOYD principle in Czech schools and also to the most popular applications for mobile platforms. All these applications can be used in distance learning in primary and secondary schools, even in teaching Russian as a foreign language.