bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tradição discursiva e mudança no sistema de tratamento do português brasileiro: definindo perfis comportamentais no início do século XX
Authors: Lopes Célia Regina dos Santos
Published: August 2012

Propõe-se, neste estudo, delimitar os sistemas de tratamento vigentes no início do século XX em documentação produzida por brasileiros. A amostra utilizada para análise é constituída por cartas pessoais escritas entre 1906 e 1937. Na descrição e explicação do fenômeno, adotam-se alguns pressupostos da Teoria da Variação e do modelo das Tradições Discursivas. Os resultados encontrados indicaram quatro padrões comportamentais: (I) uso exclusivo do tu-íntimo em cartas de maior intimidade; (II) emprego categórico de você em cartas de mesma natureza; (III) predomínio de tu-íntimo ao lado de formas do paradigma de você, como o imperativo-subjuntivo, em uma seção específica da carta; e (IV) variação entre tu e você nos mesmos contextos funcionais com uma distribuição morfossintática diferenciada: formas do paradigma de tu predominam em contextos [+morfologizados] como o afixo verbal de segunda pessoa e o clítico acusativo/dativo te, ao passo que o paradigma de você prevalece em contextos [-morfologizados], como o pronome forte (nominativo ou complemento preposicionado).
(Inter)subjetivização de marcadores discursivos de base verbal: instâncias de gramaticalização
Authors: Snichelotto Cláudia Andrea Rost , Görski Edair Maria
Published: August 2012

Este artigo objetiva apresentar, numa perspectiva pancrônica, uma descrição da multifuncionalidade dos marcadores discursivos olha e vê¹ em amostras de escrita e de fala catarinense. A análise é sustentada por uma abordagem funcionalista da gramaticalização, com ênfase na mudança semântico-pragmática e categorial dos itens, considerando a questão da (inter)subjetividade e (inter)subjetivização e sua relação com as funções da linguagem no processo de mudança. As ocorrências examinadas evidenciam que (i) das práticas comunicativas emergem polissemias pragmáticas, que sinalizam, em graus variáveis, o envolvimento do falante com o ouvinte, bem como um incremento de significados vinculados à atitude do falante a respeito do que é dito, além de tímida função dos itens no âmbito textual; (ii) os diferentes contextos de atuação discursiva de olha e vê são atestados a partir de frequências de uso que apontam tanto para situações de variação como para contextos de restrição de uso; (iii) há indícios de gramaticalização desses marcadores discursivos, estando olha num processo mais adiantado do que vê.
Aspecto inerente e passado imperfectivo no português: atuação dos princípios da persistência e da marcação
Authors: Freitag Raquel Meister Ko.
Published: August 2012

Neste texto são apresentados indícios da ação dos princípios da persistência (HOPPER, 1991) e da marcação (GIVÓN, 2001) na gramaticalização das formas de expressão do passado imperfectivo no português. O controle do aspecto inerente ao verbo em um modelo quantitativo apontou que o traço aspectual [dinamismo] determina as associações entre formas na expressão do passado imperfectivo, por conta do histórico aspectual de PPROG, marcado com relação direta com o traço [+ dinâmico], e IMP, associado com o traço [- dinâmico] por conta do seu histórico de marcar distanciamento. Esses resultados sugerem que a persistência e a marcação podem ser consideradas motivações convergentes no processo de variação na expressão do passado imperfectivo
Mudança de estrutura moraica do latim ao português
Authors: Costa Evellyne Patrícia Figueiredo de Sousa
Published: August 2012

Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a evolução da estrutura moraica do latim ao português. A língua latina apresenta distinção quantitativa vocálica e consonantal: (i) sílabas leves, portadoras de uma mora (e.le.men.tum); (ii) sílabas pesadas, portadoras de duas moras (bul.ga); (iii) sílabas superpesadas, portadoras de três moras segundo a nossa proposta (paul.lum). Diacronicamente, há a perda da distintividade quantitativa dentre as vogais e, na passagem às línguas neorromânicas, a estrutura moraica tem seus efeitos. Diante desse cenário e a partir dos pressupostos da Teoria Moraica de Hayes (1989), investigamos os efeitos dessa mudança através de processos fonológicos envolvidos, tais como ditongação e monotongação. A Teoria Moraica busca caracterizar de que modo as línguas atribuem estrutura moraica e que princípios atuam nessas línguas. Hayes (1989) define mora como uma unidade de peso do tier prosódico que caracteriza o contraste entre sílabas longas e breves, além de contar como uma posição fonológica (segmento longo é representado como duplamente ligado). Propomos que as escolhas feitas pela língua portuguesa, tais como ditongação e monotongação, para lidar com a estrutura moraica latina já estão disponíveis em latim vulgar e que princípios como Stray Erasure e Parasitic Delinking, relacionados com Licenciamento Prosódico atuam na referida mudança.
Comparando as consoantes das línguas Tapajúna e Suyá
Authors: Rodrigues Cíntia Karla Coelho , Ferreira-Silva Marília de Nazaré
Published: August 2012

Este estudo faz considerações sobre a investigação histórico-comparativa da língua tapajúna (Jê), mais especificamente sobre as consoantes em seu aspecto fonético-fonológico, comparando cognatos dessa língua e da língua suyá (também da família Jê) com o objetivo de verificar suas semelhanças e diferenças no contexto das consoantes, tendo em vista contribuir para a reconstrução do tronco linguístico Macro-Jê. Para o estudo aqui desenvolvido, foi utilizado o método comparativo por meio do qual são verificadas as correspondências existentes entre as línguas envolvidas em um estudo dessa natureza, com o fim de observar como seria possivelmente constituída a forma original, que teria originado as formas das duas línguas. Os dados de tapajúna e de suyá também foram comparados aos dados do Proto-Jê, reconstruído por Davis (1966). De um modo geral, observa-se que há poucas diferenças entre tapajúna e suyá. No caso das variações em contextos fonético-fonológicos idênticos, há a questão da variação de faixa etária, como a ocorrência das consoantes pré-nasalizadas na fala dos mais jovens do povo tapajúna, enquanto os mais velhos usam as nasais.
A contribution to the linguistic history of the língua geral amazônica
Authors: Rodrigues Aryon Dall'Igna , Cabral Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara
Published: August 2012

This paper demonstrates that the changes undergone by Língua Geral Amazônica over 300 years, although it had been exposed to external interference from the Portuguese language and a number of indigenous languages, its development has been gradual without a breakdown on its transmission. This accounts for its genetic origin, according to the principles underlying the Comparative Method and the theoretical model proposed by Thomason and Kaufman (1988). This approach brings evidence against the claim that Língua Geral Geral Amazônica is a creole language neither a language developed by the seventeenth century Jesuit missionaries. Therefore, this paper contributes to the viewing of Língua Geral Amazônica is a version of the Tupinambá language which developed outside the Tupinambá villages but maintaining its genetic relations with the subbranch III of the Tupí-Guaraní linguistic family, together with Tupinambá, Tupí Antigo and the Língua Geral Paulista, as proposed by Rodrigues (1985), in his internal classification of that family
A construção da norma linguística na gramática do século XVIII
Authors: Leite Marli Quadros
Published: August 2012

A gramática do Pe. Jerônimo Contador de Argote, Regras da lingua portugueza, espelho da lingua latina, na sua segunda edição (1725), traz um capítulo voltado à variação linguística, que constitui um pequeno tratado de dialetologia, com minucioso estudo dos dialetos regionais e comentários importantes sobre os dialetos sociais, pelos quais se conhece não somente o estágio em que se encontravam os estudos linguísticos da época, como também pormenores sobre a norma do português praticado na época. Essa é uma obra iluminista e tem como objetivo fundamental descrever as regras da língua portuguesa de modo a identificá-la completamente com o latim, de tal maneira que tudo o que, no português, não estivesse de acordo com as regras dessa língua deveria ser posto de lado, e o mestre deveria negar-se a ensinar aos alunos as estruturas desviantes, por considerá-las idiotismos. Essa gramática constrói-se sobre dados linguísticos observados pelo autor na prática da língua e, portanto, não traz exemplos literários. Nosso objetivo é mostrar, com base em princípios e métodos da historiografia linguística, como aspectos da variação linguística foram considerados e registrados nessa gramática e como revelam aspectos da normalização do português.
História de uma completiva: origem e desenvolvimento do complemento oracional introduzido por se do português
Authors: Sousa Gisele Cássia de
Published: August 2012

O propósito deste trabalho é investigar o percurso histórico da oração completiva iniciada pela conjunção "se" do português, que também introduz, nessa e em outras línguas românicas, uma oração adverbial condicional. Com base em registros de filólogos e romanistas, demonstra-se que a similaridade existente entre essas orações é resultado de gramaticalização da oração condicional que, no latim, passou a funcionar como oração completiva, em razão da extinção das partículas interrogativas que passaram a ser substituídas pela conjunção condicional latina si. Como oração completiva, a oração com "se" submete-se à gramaticalização, integrando-se à oração matriz de um modo que, conforme proposta de Hopper e Traugott (1993) e de Lehmann (1988), é próprio a construções completivas. A forma que tem essa oração de se gramaticalizar, incorporando-se à oração matriz, é, entretanto, diferente do que é previsto ocorrer a uma completiva introduzida por "que", uma diferença que se deve, sobretudo, ao significado hipotético que a completiva com "se" preserva de sua fonte histórica. Demonstra-se, por fim, que, do português arcaico ao português contemporâneo, a gramaticalização do complemento oracional introduzido por "se" não se configura em mudança diacrônica, já que essa gramaticalização é atestada desde períodos mais remotos, em textos do século XIV.
Ensino de língua portuguesa e inquietações teórico-metodológicas: os gêneros discursivos na aula de português e a aula (de português) como gênero discursivo
Authors: Cerutti-Rizzatti Mary Elizabeth
Published: August 2012

Este artigo tem como tema a aula de Português, focalizando a abordagem dos gêneros discursivos nas práticas de ensino e aprendizagem em língua materna. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, de cunho etnográfico, parte de um projeto maior que implica a constituição de um banco de dados sobre a aula de Língua Portuguesa na Educação Básica em redes públicas de ensino. Como parte desse projeto, este estudo objetiva responder à seguinte questão: que implicações metodológicas são depreensíveis no processo de ensino e aprendizagem de língua materna, na Educação Básica, organizado a partir da concepção dos gêneros discursivos como instrumentos para o desenvolvimento de práticas de leitura e escrita? Para tanto, topicaliza o trabalho com os gêneros do discurso na aula de Português, tanto quanto focaliza a aula (de Português) como gênero discursivo. As bases teóricas são estudos sobre o tema derivados de Mikhail Bakhtin e teorizações sobre letramento derivadas de Brian Street. As conclusões, a partir da abordagem de tipo etnográfico, sugerem dificuldades dos professores participantes deste recorte de pesquisa para elaborações didáticas a partir dos gêneros discursivos em sua ação metodológica, tanto quanto dificuldades em constituir a aula (de Português) como gênero discursivo.
Relação poder-saber e formas de resistência em documentos educacionais governamentais sobre ensino de língua estrangeira
Authors: Marques Sandra Mari Kaneko
Published: August 2012

Considerando o discurso político-educacional como meio de manifestação de poder, este artigo tem como objetivo propor reflexões acerca da relação poder-saber em documentos educacionais de diferentes esferas governamentais, nos quais se apresentam eventuais formas de resistência. Para verificar como se dá essa relação, serão analisadas as Orientações Curriculares para o Ensino Médio: Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias, documento elaborado pela Secretaria de Educação Básica (SEB) e a Proposta Curricular do Estado de São Paulo: Língua Estrangeira Moderna - Inglês, da Secretaria da Educação de São Paulo (SEE), publicadas em 2006 e 2008, respectivamente. Para tanto, o arcabouço teórico será embasado em conceitos sobre a relação poder-saber, formas de resistência e regimes de verdade amplamente discutidos por Foucault (1971, 2008), Pêcheux (1990), Mascia (2002), Bertoldo (2003), Coracini (2003), Gregolin (2004), Orlandi (2006), Veiga-Neto (2007), Possenti (2007) e Amarante (2009). Por meio da análise desses documentos, notou-se a presença de traços argumentativos que contribuem para o estabelecimento de um regime de verdade, perpassado por relações de poder-saber. Além disso, os resultados obtidos apontam para polêmicas existentes entre as Orientações Curriculares Nacionais e a Proposta Curricular do Estado de São Paulo no que concerne aos pressupostos teóricos e orientações práticas para o ensino e aprendizagem de línguas.
O sujeito porta-voz é sempre um nós em construção?
Authors: Venturini Maria Cleci
Published: August 2012

Nosso objeto de estudo, neste espaço, é o discurso sobre o professor, enquanto se sustenta em um discurso o qual chamamos de discurso de e que, em seu funcionamento, sustenta e legitima o dizer e o saber em torno de sujeitos. O corpus de análise é a Revista Nova Escola, designada como "a revista de quem ensina". Entendemos que essa designação coloca num mesmo eixo o sujeito-professor e a escola, simulando, dessa forma, a constituição de um nós diante do qual perguntamos: O sujeito porta-voz é sempre um nós em construção? Concluímos que não, especialmente, no caso em que um dos elementos desse "nós" se coloca na posição daquele que detém o poder e a quem cabe dizer o que é certo e o que é errado. Sustentamos nossas posições nos pressupostos teóricos da Análise de Discurso brasileira, considerando os distanciamentos e as reformulações empreendidas em relação à orientação francesa, proposta por Pêcheux.
Infancia, hormonas y género: un análisis histórico de los discursos de la biotipología en Argentina en los años 1930
Authors: Rustoyburu Cecilia
Published: August 2012

Este artículo analiza saberes europeos y norteamericanos sobre hormonas que circularon en el ámbito de la biotipología argentina en la década de 1930, focalizando en una serie de artículos publicados en los Anales de Biotipología, Eugenesia y Medicina Social y en una historia clínica presentada en los Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría. El texto se centra en los tratamientos con niños y niñas pues permiten profundizar acerca de cómo se intervenía en la construcción de la diferencia sexual desde el campo médico-científico, y cómo determinadas concepciones sociales sobre los comportamientos de género mediaban prácticas biomédicas.
"Vem meu menino, deixa eu causar inveja": ressignificações de si nas transas do sexo tarifado
Authors: Pocahy Fernando
Published: August 2012

Este texto refere-se a representações do corpo, gênero e sexualidade a partir de cenas de amor romântico explicitamente tarifadas, envolvendo homens idosos e jovens garotos de programa, frequentadores de um bar "gay" na cidade de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Essas experiências de sociabilidade permitem produzir uma análise sobre a interseccionalidade entre gênero e idade. As cenas que apresentamos aqui possibilitam compreender relações de poder em torno das formas de regulação da vida que se interseccionam com as "marcas" e as "habilidades" do corpo, a raça, a "orientação sexual", a classe social e a masculinidade, no contexto de relações sociais abertamente monetarizadas. Baseado numa aproximação etnográfica, este trabalho sinaliza que, mesmo que os sujeitos implicados nesses jogos de poder não tenham a intenção de produzir uma crítica à norma em questão, as cenas performatizadas nesses espaços de sociabilidade parecem produtivas para compreender a hetero e a homonormatividade como regimes discursivos.
La dinámica placer/afecto en la constitución de feminidades en mujeres negras y mestizas-blancas de diferentes sectores sociales en el suroccidente colombiano
Authors: Urrea Giraldo Fernando , Moncayo Quevedo Jorge Eduardo
Published: August 2012

Este articulo analiza la producción de determinadas feminidades en el suroeste colombiano actual, a través de las tensiones entre placer y afecto reveladas por las biografías sexuales de 18 mujeres negras y blancas-mestizas, de diferentes clases sociales, color de piel, orientación sexual, generación, edad, estado civil y prole. A través de la construcción de cuatro tipologías, se aborda el papel creciente del placer en la conformación social de las subjetividades contemporáneas. Parte de los resultados son debatidos a partir de la perspectiva foucaultiana, el feminismo radical, la teoría queer, y el psicoanálisis lacaniano, con aportes de la sociología y el feminismo afroamericano. El presente texto se inscribe en la teoría feminista de la interseccionalidad, y plantea especialmente el papel de la racialización en la vivencia de la sexualidad de las mujeres negras entrevistadas, mediante la articulación de las dimensiones sexual y racial.
Length-weight regressions of the microcrustacean species from a tropical floodplain
Authors: Azevedo Fábio de , Dias Juliana Déo , Braghin Louizi de Souza Magalhães , Bonecker Cláudia Costa
Published: August 2012

AIM: This study presents length-weight regressions adjusted for the most representative microcrustacean species and young stages of copepods from tropical lakes, together with a comparison of these results with estimates from the literature for tropical and temperate regions; METHODS: Samples were taken from six isolated lakes, in summer and winter, using a motorized pump and plankton net. The dry weight of each size class (for cladocerans) or developmental stage (for copepods) was measured using an electronic microbalance; RESULTS: Adjusted regressions were significant. We observed a trend of under-estimating the weights of smaller species and overestimating those of larger species, when using regressions obtained from temperate regions; CONCLUSION: We must be cautious about using pooled regressions from the literature, preferring models of similar species, or weighing the organisms and building new models.
Net cages in fish farming: a scientometric analysis
Authors: Dias Juliana Déo , Simões Nadson Ressyé , Bonecker Cláudia Costa
Published: August 2012

AIM: This study presents a scientometric analysis of studies on net cages in order to determine whether these studies are considering environmental issues or only seeking an increase in food production; METHODS: The survey of articles was accomplished using the Thomson Reuters Database (ISI Web of Knowledge), with "cage culture" and "net cage" as keywords. We selected 238 articles that were published between 1990 and 2009; RESULTS: There was a temporal increase in the number of articles published. These articles focused mainly on fish production and environmental impacts; CONCLUSION: The studies of net cages in fish farming mainly investigated fish production, although environmental issues relating to this recent human activity were also important. Policy makers should consider both sides of the coin (i.e., both the benefits and environmental impacts of fish production) in regulation of this activity.
Weed Suppression by Grasses for Orchard Floor Management
Authors: Tworkoski Thomas J. , Michael Glenn D.
Published: August 2012

Fruit trees in orchards of the mid-Atlantic region of the United States are often planted in vegetation-free rows alternating with grass alleys. Grass managed to suppress weeds but to compete minimally with fruit trees may be an alternative to herbicide and tillage. This research was conducted in the greenhouse and field to assess five different grasses that may suppress weeds without reducing yield of fruit trees. In the greenhouse with high seeding rates, red fescue competed more effectively than did chewings fescue, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass with three weeds (damesrocket, cornflower, and chicory). However, with reduced seeding rates, similar to rates used in the field, grass competitiveness with weeds was similar between red fescue, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass. Similar results were obtained during a 4-yr field experiment; roughstalk bluegrass competed least effectively with weeds but the other four grasses provided similar weed suppression—generally providing as much weed suppression as traditional herbicides. None of the candidate grasses significantly reduced yields of 10-yr-old apple and peach trees, although fruit size was affected by some grasses. The grass that was least suppressive of yield, roughstalk bluegrass, was the least effective in controlling weeds. Annual mowing in combination with four of the grasses tested is one option to manage the orchard floor with reduced herbicides, but fruit size may decrease.
Sulfentrazone and Carfentrazone Accelerate Broadleaf Weed Control with Metsulfuron
Authors: Brosnan James T. , Breeden Gregory K. , Henry Gerald M. , Walls Franklin R.
Published: August 2012

Ground ivy and khakiweed are troublesome broadleaf weeds of warm-season turfgrass. Field studies were conducted in Tennessee (TN) and Texas (TX) from 2008 to 2010 to evaluate the efficacy of sulfentrazone plus metsulfuron and carfentrazone plus metsulfuron tank mixtures compared with metsulfuron alone for control of ground ivy and khakiweed. In TN, sulfentrazone plus metsulfuron and carfentrazone plus metsulfuron provided accelerated control of ground ivy compared with metsulfuron alone. Over a 2-yr period, ground ivy control with metsulfuron at 10, 21, and 42 g ai ha−1ranged from 0 to 5% 7 d after treatment (DAT) and 12 to 60% 14 DAT. Ground ivy control with mixtures of sulfentrazone plus metsulfuron ranged from 40 to 72% 7 DAT and 87 to 100% 14 DAT. Similarly, carfentrazone plus metsulfuron controlled ground ivy 5 to 32% 7 DAT and 23 to 93% 14 DAT. In TX, carfentrazone plus metsulfuron and sulfentrazone plus metsulfuron controlled khakiweed greater than metsulfuron alone 7 and 14 DAT as well. Few differences in ground ivy and khakiweed control were detected 56 DAT because metsulfuron applied alone at 21 g ai ha−1controlled both weeds > 77%, similar to each mixture. These data indicate that when applied in mixtures, sulfentrazone and carfentrazone accelerate ground ivy and khakiweed control with metsulfuron but do not affect long-term efficacy.
Effects of a New Herbicide (Aminocyclopyrachlor) on Buffalograss and Forbs in Shortgrass Prairie
Authors: Harmoney Keith R. , Stahlman Phillip W. , Geier Patrick W. , Rupp Robert
Published: August 2012

Herbicides used to control many forb species in pastures may injure desirable native grass species. Buffalograss, a major component of shortgrass rangeland, often is injured by some growth regulator herbicides, such as 2,4-D and dicamba. Aminocyclopyrachlor (formerly known as DPX-MAT28 and herein termed ACPCR), a new synthetic auxin herbicide chemistry for control of broadleaf weeds, was investigated for injury to buffalograss and control of forbs in shortgrass prairie at varying rates of application. In the season of application, ACPCR at rates of 140 g ai ha−1or less caused buffalograss injury that was either negligible or short-lived, and visual estimates of grass injury were 8% or less at the end of the growing season. At ACPCR rates of 280 g ha−1, more injury was evident at 3 wk after treatment (WAT) than at the end of the season if adequate precipitation was available for new leaf growth. When precipitation was lacking, evidence of injury persisted through to the end of the season when treated at the greatest rate of ACPCR. Buffalograss injury was mainly in the form of browned leaf tips, but total buffalograss dry matter yield was not different between any treatments in either year. The year after treatment, no buffalograss injury was evident from any of the herbicide rates. Final forb control was 97% or greater each year for ACPCR at the 140 and 280 g ha−1rates. In this experiment, rates as low as ACPCR at 140 g ha−1provided excellent forb control and maintained buffalograss productivity.
Safening of Native Grass to Herbicides by Using Carbon Bands
Authors: Grichar W. James , Lloyd-Reilley John , Rahmes Jeff , Ocumpaugh W. R. , Foster Jamie L.
Published: August 2012

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of a carbon band to provide a “safe zone” for seedling emergence and growth of three native grass species. ‘KIKA677’ streambed bristlegrass germplasm, ‘Alamo’ switchgrass, and ‘Waelder’ shortspike windmillgrass germplasm were used in combination with several PRE- and POST-applied herbicides including cloransulam, flumioxazin, imazapic, imazethapyr, and 2,4-D. In a greenhouse experiment, switchgrass emergence was improved when a carbon band was used with imazapic or imazethapyr at 0.04 and 0.07 kg ai ha−1or 2,4-D at 2.12 kg ae ha−1. Windmillgrass emergence was improved when carbon was used in combination with flumioxazin at 0.05 and 0.1 kg ai ha−1, imazapic at 0.04 and 0.07 kg ha−1, imazethapyr at 0.07 kg ha−1, and 2,4-D at 1.06 kg ha−1, whereas bristlegrass emergence was improved when carbon was used in combination with flumioxazin at 0.1 kg ai ha−1, imazapic at both rates, and imazethapyr at 0.04 kg ha−1. Field studies indicated that flumioxazin at 0.05 and 0.1 kg ha−1, imazapic at 0.04 kg ha−1, and imazethapyr at 0.04 and 0.07 kg ha−1, were safened for bristlegrass and switchgrass emergence when used with carbon. Windmillgrass emergence and growth were improved when carbon was used in combination with flumioxazin at 0.1 kg ha−1.
Corn Replant Situations: Herbicide Options and the Effect of Replanting into Partial Corn Stands
Authors: Terry Ryan M. , Dobbels Tony , Loux Mark M. , Thomison Peter R. , Johnson William G.
Published: August 2012

Inadequate corn stands due to extreme weather conditions may require producers to replant their corn fields. The use of GR corn, however, can result in difficulty in managing replanted corn without experiencing yield loss. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate the herbicide options for control of GR corn in a corn replant situation and to determine the effect of corn replanted into various initial corn stands on grain yield. Two field studies were conducted to accomplish the objectives. The first experiment was designed to identify the most efficacious herbicide treatment for GR corn removal in a corn replant situation. Clethodim (51 g ai ha−1) applied 6 d prior to replanting, paraquat (700 g ai ha−1) plus metribuzin (160 g ai ha−1) applied at replanting, and glufosinate (450 g ai ha−1) applied at replanting along with a sequential treatment 3 wk later provided 96 to 100% control of the initial corn stand and resulted in the highest yield. If corn from the first planting remains, the interaction between different sized plants can reduce yield of corn. Thus, a second field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence on grain yield of corn replanted into various initial corn stands. Corn stands of 0, 20,000, 40,000, 60,000, 80,000, and 100,000 plants ha−1 were established and either followed by a corn replant at 80,000 seeds ha−1 or not replanted. Initial stands ≥ 60,000 plants ha−1 did not require a replant to maximize yield. Initial corn stands ≤ 40,000 plants ha−1 required a replant with initial stand control to maximize grain yield. The percent yield contribution from an initial stand of 20,000 plants ha−1 was 20% greater than the same population replanted a few weeks later, which showed the competitive advantage to earlier planting even at the lowest initial corn stand. Because of this competitive advantage, an initial stand must be removed to maximize corn yield in a replant situation.
Herbicidal Control of Largeleaf Lantana (Lantana camara)
Authors: Ferrell Jason , Sellers Brent , Jennings Ed
Published: August 2012

Largeleaf lantana is a perennial shrub that commonly infests pastures, roadsides, and natural areas. Many experiments have been conducted to manage this weed, but few successful herbicides have been found. Little information is available for the effectiveness of fluroxypyr, aminopyralid, or aminocyclopyrachlor on largeleaf lantana. Experiments were conducted in central Florida on dense, natural infestations of largeleaf lantana. Aminopyralid (0.12 kg ha−1), fluroxypyr (0.56 kg ha−1), and aminocyclopyrachlor (0.2 kg ha−1) were either applied in the fall (approximately 2 mo before frost) or in the fall followed by a spring application. Aminopyralid was ineffective on largeleaf lantana, and neither one nor two applications resulted in > 20% control 1 yr after treatment (YAT). Fluroxypyr applied once in the fall resulted in 12% control at 1 YAT, but two applications resulted in 80% control after 1 yr. The combination of fluroxypyr + aminopyralid, applied twice, resulted in approximately 90% control 1 YAT. A single application of fluroxypyr + aminopyralid failed to provide greater than 20% control. Conversely, aminocyclopyrachlor applied once in the fall provided 98% control of largeleaf at 1 YAT. Where aminocyclopyrachlor was applied twice, largeleaf lantana control was 100%. From these data, largeleaf lantana can be effectively controlled by two applications of fluroxypyr, two applications of fluroxypyr + aminopyralid, or a single application of aminocyclopyrachlor. Individual plant treatments were also investigated using herbicides applied as basal or cut surface applications. At 1 YAT, only triclopyr + aminopyralid provided > 90% control as a basal application. The other herbicide combinations appeared to be effective earlier, but significant regrowth had occurred by 1 YAT. Cut surface applications were similar with triclopyr + aminopyralid and triclopyr + fluroxypyr providing effective control. Neither triclopyr alone nor imazapyr provided effective control for 1 YAT with basal or cut surface applications.
Georgia-06G, Florida-07, and Tifguard Peanut Cultivar Response to Chlorimuron
Authors: Prostko Eric P. , Kemerait Robert C. , Webster Theodore M.
Published: August 2012

Recent shifts in the peanut cultivars commercially grown have led to a renewed interest in the tolerance of these new cultivars to herbicides. Field experiments were conducted in Georgia from 2008 to 2011 to evaluate the effects of chlorimuron on the incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and yield of ‘Florida-07’, ‘Georgia-06G’, and ‘Tifguard’. Chlorimuron at 9 g ai ha−1 was applied at 60 to 69, 70 to 79, 90 to 99, and 100 to 109 d after peanut emergence (DAE). TSWV was increased by only 3% when chlorimuron was applied to Tifguard at 60 to 69 DAE. Yields of Florida-07 were not influenced by any timing of chlorimuron. Chlorimuron applied 60 to 69, 70 to 79, and 90 to 99 DAE caused yield reductions when applied to Georgia-06G. Yields of the cultivar Tifguard were reduced when chlorimuron was applied 70 to 79, 90 to 99, and 100 to 109 DAE. Yield losses from chlorimuron ranged from 7 to 11%.
Glyphosate-Resistant Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Control in Dicamba-Tolerant Soybean
Authors: Vink Joseph P. , Soltani Nader , Robinson Darren E. , Tardif François J. , Lawton Mark B. , Sikkema Peter H.
Published: August 2012

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed has been confirmed in Ontario, Canada. Giant ragweed is an extremely competitive weed and lack of control in soybean will lead to significant yield losses. Seed companies have developed new herbicide-resistant (HR) crop cultivars and hybrids that stack multiple HR traits. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate and glyphosate plus dicamba tank mixes for the control of GR giant ragweed under Ontario environmental conditions in dicamba-tolerant (DT) soybean. Three field trials were established over a 2-yr period (2010 and 2011) on farms near Windsor and Belle River, ON. Treatments included glyphosate (900 g ae ha−1), dicamba (300 g ae ha−1), and dicamba (600 g ha−1) applied preplant (PP), POST, or sequentially in various combinations. Glyphosate applied PP, POST, or sequentially provided 22 to 68%, 40 to 47%, and 59 to 95% control of GR giant ragweed and reduced shoot dry weight 26 to 80%, 16 to 50%, and 72 to 98%, respectively. Glyphosate plus dicamba applied PP followed by glyphosate plus dicamba applied POST consistently provided 100% control of GR giant ragweed. DT soybean yield correlated with GR giant ragweed control. This is the first report in Canada of weed control in DT soybean, specifically for the control of GR giant ragweed. Results indicate that the use of dicamba in DT soybean will provide an effective option for the control of GR giant ragweed in Ontario.
Negative Cross-Resistance of Acetolactate Synthase Inhibitor–Resistant Kochia (Kochia scoparia) to Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase– and Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase–Inhibiting Herbicides
Authors: Beckie Hugh J. , Johnson Eric N. , Légère Anne
Published: August 2012

This greenhouse experiment examined the response of homozygous susceptible and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor–resistant plants from six Canadian kochia accessions with the Pro197 or Trp574 mutation to six alternative herbicides of different sites of action. The null hypothesis was ALS-inhibitor–resistant and –susceptible plants from within and across accessions would respond similarly to herbicides of different sites of action. This hypothesis was accepted for all accessions except that of MBK2 with the Trp574 mutation. Resistant plants of that accession were 80, 60, and 50% more sensitive than susceptible plants to pyrasulfotole, mesotrione (hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase [HPPD] inhibitors), and carfentrazone (protoporphyrinogen oxidase [PPO] inhibitor), respectively. However, no differential dose response between resistant and susceptible plants of this kochia accession to bromoxynil, fluroxypyr, or glyphosate was observed. A previous study had found marked differences in growth and development between resistant and susceptible plants of this accession, but not of the other accessions examined in this experiment. Negative cross-resistance exhibited by resistant plants of accession MBK2 to PPO and HPPD inhibitors in this experiment may be a pleiotropic effect related to the Trp574 mutation.
Numerical study on the entrainment of bed material into rapid landslides
Authors: PIRULLI M. , PASTOR M.
Published: August 2012

The entrainment of channel-path material plays an important role during runout of many rapid landslides. Such a mechanism is able to change the mobility of a flow significantly, through rapid changes of the flow volume and rheology. The purpose of this paper is to use mathematical, rheological and constitutive models to analyse the entrainment effect on runout analysis results. After a brief review and classification of some well-established erosion laws, a simple, yet effective, empirical formula for the entrainment rate has been selected, and is implemented in a continuum mechanics-based numerical model. First, some hypothetical examples are used to test the effectiveness of the implemented entrainment process, and to evidence the respective role of entrainment and topography on a flow propagation. Then a back-analysis is presented of the 2000 Tsing Shan event (Hong Kong), where a small volume of 150 m3 of material grew to 1620 m3 because of the strong erosion along the slope. From the results obtained, it emerges that the new model with erosion implemented can provide a useful contribution in describing the consequences of mass movements in which the entrainment process can play a key role.
Validation experiments for lower-bound shakedown theory applied to layered pavement systems
Authors: BROWN S.F. , YU H.S. , JUSPI S. , WANG J.
Published: August 2012

Experiments involving the application of moving-wheel loads to a series of two- and three-layered pavement systems, involving various soils and unbound granular materials, were used to determine the applied contact pressure ranges within which the structures may be assumed to have developed a ‘shakedown' condition. Shakedown implies that the pavement responds to loading in a resilient manner after some limited plastic deformation during the early load applications. The data were used to assess the validity of applying three-dimensional lower-bound shakedown theory to pavements as a basis for improving pavement design computations. The research indicated that this approach has considerable promise, and that further experimental validation work is desirable.
Bridge pier flow field in the presence of debris accumulation
Authors: Pagliara Stefano , Carnacina Iacopo
Published: August 2012

The accumulation of debris and drifts around a bridge pier can substantially modify the local scour pattern. These local accumulations influence the hydraulic structure, which results in a new scour configuration. As a result, the scour hole dimensions generally increase as debris accumulation increases. Moreover, the scour process is also affected by the roughness of the accumulation. This paper investigates the time-averaged flow field of debris accumulation at a cylindrical bridge pier and analyses the influence of debris roughness on the flow field. Velocity fields were examined in the presence of different rough debris accumulations with a constant frontal area of 5% of the total flow area. The data confirm the effect of debris accumulation on the flow field compared with pilot tests. The flow field generally resulted in larger flow velocities and turbulence near the pier and in the pier wake. Finally, the data show that the roughness of debris accumulation affects the development of the boundary layer underneath the debris, the downflow intensity and the maximum observed velocities.
“Nurses’ Training May Be Shifted”: The Story of Bellevue and Hunter College, 1942–1969
Authors: Lewenson Sandra B.
Published: August 2012

During the mid-20th century, nursing leaders advocated moving nursing education out of hospital-based programs and into colleges and universities for the purpose of preparing nurses to meet the demands of increasingly complex health care situations. Nursing leaders in New York City’s municipal hospitals recognized the value of this change and sought to increase the number of baccalaureate-prepared nurses to fill the many vacancies within city hospitals. This article examines the political support New York gave to the expansion of Hunter College’s baccalaureate program in nursing (a college within the City University of New York system) while closing the almost 100-year-old Bellevue and Mills Schools of Nursing diploma program. The efforts to change nursing at Bellevue started in the 1940s, but the transfer to Hunter College was not realized until 1967. Although the decision to close the diploma school met resistance among various stakeholders, the expansion ultimately succeeded. It was supported by the New York City Department of Hospitals and received approval from the Board of Estimates and Board of Higher Education. Both Bellevue and Hunter’s leadership was ready to make this change and participated in this transformation.
Water quality evaluation, health risk assessment and multivariate apportionment of selected elements from Simly Lake, Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Javed , Shah Munir H.
Published: August 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of selected elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Sr, Li, Mn, Co, Cr, Cd and Pb) and physicochemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity) in the freshwater of Simly Lake, Pakistan. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to study the apportionment of elements in the water samples, while their suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes were also assessed. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) revealed considerable anthropogenic contributions of the elements in water samples. Average levels of Cd, Co, Cr and Pb in the waters were significantly higher than national and international standards. In order to ascertain the potential health risk of heavy metal contents to the local population, non-carcinogenic health risk assessment was evaluated in terms of exposure assessment (Exping/derm) and hazard quotient (HQing/derm) which demonstrated that the measured levels of Cd, Co, Cr and Pb were higher than the safety limit, thus indicating adverse health effects associated with the consumption of the lake water.
An expert system for real-time well field management
Authors: Marti B. S. , Bauser G. , Stauffer F. , Kuhlmann U. , Kaiser H.-P. , Kinzelbach W.
Published: August 2012

Well field management in urban areas faces challenges such as pollution from old waste deposits and former industrial sites, pollution from chemical accidents along transport lines or in industry, or diffuse pollution from leaking sewers. One possibility to protect the drinking water of a well field is the maintenance of a hydraulic barrier between the potentially polluted and the clean water. An example is the Hardhof well field in Zurich, Switzerland. This paper presents the methodology for a simple and fast expert system (ES), applies it to the Hardhof well field, and compares its performance to the historical management method of the Hardhof well field. Although the ES is quite simplistic it considerably improves the water quality in the drinking water wells. The ES knowledge base is crucial for successful management application. Therefore, a periodic update of the knowledge base is suggested for the real-time application of the ES.
Pan-European freshwater resources in a changing environment: how will the Black Sea region develop?
Authors: Flörke M. , Bärlund I. , Schneider C. , Kynast E.
Published: August 2012

Climate change and socio-economic driving forces will affect Europe's future freshwater resources. A large-scale water model is used to analyse these effects and to identify ‘hot spots’ of water stress in the Black Sea region, as an example of an area where future water demand is expected to exceed the available water resources. Two scenarios are analysed, describing different developments of water withdrawals. Depending on the scenario, water stress increases or decreases due to changing water withdrawals which are identified as the principal cause of additional water stress in the future. According to the ‘economic-oriented’ pathway, water withdrawals are expected to increase by 58%. In Turkey and Bulgaria where water is already scarce, a further decrease in water availability will exacerbate the situation. By contrast, the ‘quality of life oriented’ scenario, assuming raised awareness to save water, results in a reduction of water withdrawals by approximately 59%. The situation of decreasing availability and increasing demand leads to growing competition between users and may finally end in cross-sectoral conflicts. This type of modelling study helps to prepare and foresee which kind of management options (in which sectors especially, and where) would be required to reduce ecological, economic and social consequences.
Water quality event detection and customer complaint clustering analysis in distribution systems
Authors: Mounce Stephen , Machell John , Boxall Joby
Published: August 2012

Safe, clean drinking water is a foundation of society and water quality monitoring can contribute to ensuring this. A case study application of the CANARY software to historic data from a UK drinking water distribution system is described. Sensitivity studies explored appropriate choice of algorithmic parameter settings for a baseline site, performance was evaluated with artificial events and the system then transferred to all sites. Results are presented for analysis of nine water quality sensors measuring six parameters and deployed in three connected district meter areas (DMAs), fed from a single water source (service reservoir), for a 1 year period and evaluated using comprehensive water utility records with 86% of event clusters successfully correlated to causes (spatially limited to DMA level). False negatives, defined by temporal clusters of water quality complaints in the pilot area not corresponding to detections, were only approximately 25%. It was demonstrated that the software could be configured and applied retrospectively (with potential for future near real time application) to detect various water quality event types (with a wider remit than contamination alone) for further interpretation.
Perchlorate, chlorate and bromate in water samples from the South-West coast of India
Authors: Anupama V. N. , Kannan K. , Prajeesh P. V. G. , Rugmini S. , Krishnakumar B.
Published: August 2012

Occurrence of perchlorate (ClO4−), chlorate (ClO3−) and bromate (BrO3−) in public drinking, open well and surface water sources at 20 locations in the South-West coastal state of Kerala (India) is reported. The analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography interfaced with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Irrespective of water source (public tap water, open well water and surface water) all the analyzed samples contained high levels of ClO4−, indicating its contamination throughout the region. The highest ClO4− level found was 91.4 μg/L, which is 3.7 times higher than US EPA recommendations. ClO3− and BrO3− were also detected in the samples, with highest concentrations of 177 and 5.34 μg/L respectively in tap water samples. Regression analysis showed moderate positive correlation between ClO4− and bromide (Br−) in tap water (r2=0.659) and open well water (r2=0.485) samples, respectively. Similar correlation was also observed between ClO4− and Cl− (r2=0.591) concentrations in well water samples, indicating sea water could be one of the probable sources in addition to ClO4− manufacturing in the area. This is the first report of high levels of ClO4− and ClO3− and detectable BrO3− in water samples from anywhere in India.
Changing of the water recycling paradigm in Australia
Authors: Muston M. H.
Published: August 2012

The development of water recycling schemes in Australia has, in recent years, undergone a maturity characterised by some emerging trends in the paradigm of water reuse and its integration into the overall water supply strategies for large urban and peri-urban areas. This paper looks at case studies within the context of these observed trends and discusses the institutional frameworks as well as some technical aspects of the case studies to illustrate the trends. Comparison is made with some selected international examples to develop a better understanding of these recent Australian developments within the international context. While not a complete inventory of the many recent recycling schemes in Australia, the paper examines these emerging trends within the context of the growing number of larger-scale industrial, agricultural and dual reticulation urban recycled water systems in Australia and the trend to decentralised recycling schemes.