bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diet and exercise improve chemoreflex sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Maki‐Nunes Cristiane , Toschi‐Dias Edgar , Cepeda Felipe X. , Rondon Maria Urbana P.B. , Alves Maria‐Janieire N. N. , Fraga Raffael F. , Braga Ana Maria F. W. , Aguilar Adriana M. , Amaro Aline C. , Drager Luciano F. , Lorenzi‐Filho Geraldo , Negrão Carlos E. , Trombetta Ivani C.
Published: July 2015

Objective

Chemoreflex hypersensitity was caused by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study tested the hypothesis that hypocaloric diet and exercise training (D+ET) would improve peripheral and central chemoreflex sensitivity in patients with MetS and OSA.

Methods

Patients were assigned to: (1) D+ET (n = 16) and (2) no intervention control (C, n = 8). Minute ventilation (VE, pre‐calibrated pneumotachograph) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, microneurography) were evaluated during peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity by inhalation of 10% O2 and 90% N2 with CO2 titrated and central chemoreflex by 7% CO2 and 93% O2 for 3 min at study entry and after 4 months.

Results

Peak VO2 was increased by D+ET; body weight, waist circumference, glucose levels, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, and apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) (34 ± 5.1 vs. 18 ± 3.2 events/h, P = 0.04) were reduced by D+ET. MSNA was reduced by D+ET at rest and in response to hypoxia (8.6 ± 1.2 vs. 5.4 ± 0.6 bursts/min, P = 0.02), and VE in response to hypercapnia (14.8 ± 3.9 vs. 9.1 ± 1.2 l/min, P = 0.02). No changes were found in the C group. A positive correlation was found between AHI and MSNA absolute changes (R = 0.51, P = 0.01) and body weight and AHI absolute changes (R = 0.69, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Sympathetic peripheral and ventilatory central chemoreflex sensitivity was improved by D+ET in MetS+OSA patients, which may be associated with improvement in sleep pattern.
Down‐regulation of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) by Slug promotes metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Wang Li , Sang Yi , Tang Jianjun , Zhang Ru‐Hua , Luo Donghua , Chen Mingyuan , Deng Wu‐Guo , Kang Tiebang
Published: July 2015

Distant metastasis and local recurrence are still the major causes for failure of treatment in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), making it urgent to further elicit the molecular mechanisms of NPC metastasis. Using a gene microarray including transcription factors and known markers for cancer stem cells, prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) was found to be significantly down‐regulated in metastatic NPC in lymph node, compared to its primary tumour, and in NPC cell lines with high metastatic ability compared to those with low metastatic ability. NPC patients with low PSCA expression had a consistently poor metastasis‐free survival (p = 0.003). Knockdown and overexpression of PSCA respectively enhanced and impaired the migration and invasion in vitro and the lung metastasis in vivo of NPC cells. Mechanistically, the enhancement of NPC metastasis by knocking down PSCA probably involved epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), by up‐regulating N‐cadherin and ZEB1/2 and by activating RhoA. The down‐regulation of PSCA in NPC cells resulted directly from the binding of Slug to the PSCA promoter. PSCA may be a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with NPC. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Useful surface parameters for biomaterial discrimination
Authors: Etxeberria Marina , Escuin Tomas , Vinas Miquel , Ascaso Carlos
Published: July 2015

Topographical features of biomaterials’ surfaces are determinant when addressing their application site. Unfortunately up to date there has not been an agreement regarding which surface parameters are more representative in discriminating between materials. Discs (n = 16) of different currently used materials for implant prostheses fabrication, such as cast cobalt‐chrome, direct laser metal soldered (DLMS) cobalt‐chrome, titanium grade V, zirconia (Y‐TZP), E‐glass fiber‐reinforced composite and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) were manufactured. Nanoscale topographical surface roughness parameters generated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), microscale surface roughness parameters obtained by white light interferometry (WLI) and water angle values obtained by the sessile‐water‐drop method were analyzed in order to assess which parameter provides the best optimum surface characterization method. Correlations between nanoroughness, microroughness, and hydrophobicity data were performed to achieve the best parameters giving the highest discriminatory power. A subset of six parameters for surface characterization were proposed. AFM and WLI techniques gave complementary information. Wettability did not correlate with any of the nanoroughness parameters while it however showed a weak correlation with microroughness parameters. SCANNING 37:429–437, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Long‐Term Economic Benefits of Natural Mentoring Relationships for Youth
Authors: Timpe Zach C. , Lunkenheimer Erika
Published: July 2015

Natural mentors have been shown to help improve psychological and educational outcomes of youth, and may serve an important role for youth experiencing risk in the home. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we investigated the associations between natural mentors during youth and income during early adulthood, including how these relations were moderated by the absence of a father figure and race. We also estimated the lifetime economic benefits to having a natural mentor. The presence of a natural mentor alone did not have a significant impact on annual earnings during adulthood. However, youth without a father but who had a male mentor earned significantly more, on average, than those without a male mentor. These effects were more pronounced in a subsample of African American youth. The net present value of total lifetime benefits to having a male natural mentor was approximately $190,000 for all fatherless youth and $458,000 for African American fatherless youth. These results suggest that natural mentors play a crucial role in economic outcomes for youth, which may vary by sociodemographic factors.
Anatomic Relationships in Distal Radius Bridge Plating: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Dahl Jason , Lee Daniel J. , Elfar John C.
Published: July 2015

Background

Two separate approaches have been described for radiocarpal spanning internal fixation for high-energy distal radius fractures with metaphyseal extension. To our knowledge, relevant anatomic relationships and structures at risk for iatrogenic injury have not been identified in the literature.

Methods

Twelve fresh frozen cadaver arms were randomized to fixation with a dorsal radiocarpal spanning plate using one of two techniques: (1) index finger metacarpal fixation (index group) or (2) middle finger metacarpal fixation (middle group). Cadaveric dissection and relevant anatomic relationships were assessed in relation to the plate.

Results

Superficial branches of the radial sensory nerve were in contact with the index group plate in all specimens, while no contact occurred in the middle group specimens. No extensor digitorum comminus (EDC) middle extensor tendons contacted the plate in the index group; an average of 10 cm of plate contact was seen in the middle group. The extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon contacted the plate in both the index and middle groups for an average distance of 12.4 and 25.5 mm, respectively. One complication [EPL and extensor indicis proprius (EIP) entrapment] was observed in the middle finger metacarpal group.

Conclusion

Mounting the dorsal bridge plate to the index finger metacarpal places the superficial branches of the radial sensory nerve at risk during dissection, while mounting the plate to the middle finger metacarpal leads to a greater degree of tendon-plate contact.
How Can European Political Parties Maximise Their Success in the 2019 Elections?
Authors: Peglis Michalis
Published: July 2015

During the 24 years that have passed since the Maastricht Treaty, there has been unprecedented progress in both the deepening and the widening of the EU. The European party federations, however, have not kept pace. This has created an asymmetry between the deepening of integration in the EU and its politically miniscule European political parties. There are several issues that need to be addressed. Doing so might improve the situation in the medium term.
A general self-preservation analysis for decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence
Authors: Djenidi L. , Antonia R. A.
Published: July 2015

A general framework of self-preservation (SP) is established, based on the transport equation of the second-order longitudinal velocity structure function in decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT). The analysis introduces the skewness of the longitudinal velocity increment, $S(r,t)$ ($r$ and $t$ are space increment and time), as an SP controlling parameter. The present SP framework allows a critical appraisal of the specific assumptions that have been made in previous SP analyses. It is shown that SP is achieved when $S(r,t)$ varies in a self-similar manner, i.e. $S=c(t){\it\phi}(r/l)$ where $l$ is a scaling length, and $c(t)$ and ${\it\phi}(r/l)$ are dimensionless functions of time and $(r/l)$, respectively. When $c(t)$ is constant, $l$ can be identified with the Kolmogorov length scale ${\it\eta}$, even when the Reynolds number is relatively small. On the other hand, the Taylor microscale ${\it\lambda}$ is a relevant SP length scale only when certain conditions are met. The decay law for the turbulent kinetic energy ($k$) ensuing from the present SP is a generalization of the existing laws and can be expressed as $k\sim (t-t_{0})^{n}+B$, where $B$ is a constant representing the energy of the motions whose scales are excluded from the SP range of scales. When $B=0$, SP is achieved at all scales of motion and ${\it\lambda}$ becomes a relevant scaling length together with ${\it\eta}$. The analysis underlines the relation between the initial conditions and the power-law exponent $n$ and also provides a link between them. In particular, an expression relating $n$ to the initial values of the scaling length and velocity is developed. Finally, the present SP analysis is consistent with both experimental grid turbulence data and the eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian numerical simulation of decaying HIT by Meldi & Sagaut (J. Turbul., vol. 14, 2013, pp. 24–53).
Interaction of a vortex ring with a single bubble: bubble and vorticity dynamics
Authors: Jha Narsing K. , Govardhan R. N.
Published: July 2015

The interaction of a single bubble with a single vortex ring in water has been studied experimentally. Measurements of both the bubble dynamics and vorticity dynamics have been done to help understand the two-way coupled problem. The circulation strength of the vortex ring (${\it\Gamma}$) has been systematically varied, while keeping the bubble diameter ($D_{b}$) constant, with the bubble volume to vortex core volume ratio ($V_{R}$) also kept fixed at about 0.1. The other important parameter in the problem is a Weber number based on the vortex ring strength $(\mathit{We}=0.87{\it\rho}({\it\Gamma}/2{\rm\pi}a)^{2}/({\it\sigma}/D_{b});a=\text{vortex core radius},{\it\sigma}=\text{surface tension})$, which is varied over a large range, $\mathit{We}=3{-}406$. The interaction between the bubble and ring for each of the $\mathit{We}$ cases broadly falls into four stages. Stage I is before capture of the bubble by the ring where the bubble is drawn into the low-pressure vortex core, while in stage II the bubble is stretched in the azimuthal direction within the ring and gradually broken up into a number of smaller bubbles. Following this, in stage III the bubble break-up is complete and the resulting smaller bubbles slowly move around the core, and finally in stage IV the bubbles escape. Apart from the effect of the ring on the bubble, the bubble is also shown to significantly affect the vortex ring, especially at low $\mathit{We}$ ($\mathit{We}\sim 3$). In these low-$\mathit{We}$ cases, the convection speed drops significantly compared to the base case without a bubble, while the core appears to fragment with a resultant large decrease in enstrophy by about 50 %. In the higher-$\mathit{We}$ cases ($\mathit{We}>100$), there are some differences in convection speed and enstrophy, but the effects are relatively small. The most dramatic effects of the bubble on the ring are found for thicker core rings at low $\mathit{We}$ ($\mathit{We}\sim 3$) with the vortex ring almost stopping after interacting with the bubble, and the core fragmenting into two parts. The present idealized experiments exhibit many phenomena also seen in bubbly turbulent flows such as reduction in enstrophy, suppression of structures, enhancement of energy at small scales and reduction in energy at large scales. These similarities suggest that results from the present experiments can be helpful in better understanding interactions of bubbles with eddies in turbulent flows.
A NOTE ON RAMSEY NUMBERS FOR FANS
Authors: ZHANG YANBO , BROERSMA HAJO , CHEN YAOJUN
Published: July 2015

For two given graphs $G_{1}$ and $G_{2}$, the Ramsey number $R(G_{1},G_{2})$ is the smallest integer $N$ such that, for any graph $G$ of order $N$, either $G$ contains $G_{1}$ as a subgraph or the complement of $G$ contains $G_{2}$ as a subgraph. A fan $F_{l}$ is $l$ triangles sharing exactly one vertex. In this note, it is shown that $R(F_{n},F_{m})=4n+1$ for $n\geq \max \{m^{2}-m/2,11m/2-4\}$.
FREDHOLM MODULES OVER GRAPH -ALGEBRAS
Authors: CRISP TYRONE
Published: July 2015

We present two applications of explicit formulas, due to Cuntz and Krieger, for computations in$K$-homology of graph$C^{\ast }$-algebras. We prove that every$K$-homology class for such an algebra is represented by a Fredholm module having finite-rank commutators, and we exhibit generating Fredholm modules for the$K$-homology of quantum lens spaces.
Toxoplasma gondiicoinfection with diseases and parasites in wild rabbits in Scotland
Authors: MASON SAM , DUBEY J. P. , SMITH JUDITH E. , BOAG BRIAN
Published: July 2015

In wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on an estate in Perthshire, central Scotland, the seroprevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiwas 18/548 (3·3%). The wild rabbit could be aT. gondiireservoir and it has potential value as a sentinel ofT. gondiiin environmental substrates.Toxoplasma gondiiwas associated with female sex (P< 0·001) and with relatively heavy infections byEimeria stiedae(P= 0·036). It was not associated with the intensity of coccidial oocysts, the severity of myxomatosis caused by the virusMyxomatosis cuniculi, the intensity of roundworm eggs, the year or season, rabbit age or distance from farm buildings. Coinfections could have been affected by gestational down regulation of type 1 T helper cells. A sudden influx or release ofT. gondiioocysts might have occurred. This is the first report ofT. gondiiin any wild herbivore in Scotland and also the first report of lapineT. gondiias a coinfection withE. stiedae, M. cuniculiand helminths.
Systematic data are the best way forward in studies of teaching
Authors: Caro Tim
Published: July 2015

Functionalist approaches to teaching can be used to great effect in the study of teaching in both human societies and nonhuman species.
Evolutionary mechanisms of teaching
Authors: Gärdenfors Peter , Högberg Anders
Published: July 2015

We argue that Kline's analysis does not account for the evolutionary mechanisms that can explain the uniqueness of human teaching. We suggest that data should be complemented by an analysis of archaeological material with respect to what forms of teaching are required for the transmission of technologies over generations.
Multiple dilemmas of help and counteraction to teaching in complex social worlds
Authors: Poddiakov Alexander
Published: July 2015

Human civilization has a system of different social tools, institutions, and types of positive and negative work with teaching/learning determined by different interests of many actors. Negative work is more hidden and less studied. A paradoxical adaptive problem for teachers with good intentions is design of teaching/learning that equips pupils for learning in future environments unknown to the teachers.
The benefits of an evolutionary framework for the investigation of teaching behaviour: Emphasis should be taken off humans as a benchmark
Authors: Ridley Amanda R. , Ashton Benjamin J.
Published: July 2015

We agree with Kline that a lack of unification is preventing progress in understanding the occurrence of teaching behaviour and the selective pressures influencing its presence. However, we feel that the proposed framework, which incorporates mentalistic and cultural approaches, continues to overlook cases of teaching in nonhuman animals. We advocate the comparative functionalist framework to identify the proximate causes of teaching behaviour in both humans and other animals.
The mutual relevance of teaching and cultural attraction
Authors: Scott-Phillips Thomas C. , Sperber Dan
Published: July 2015

As Kline envisages, there is an important relationship between cultural attraction and teaching. The very function of teaching is to make the content taught an attractor. Teaching, moreover, typically fulfills its function by exploiting a variety of factors of cultural attraction that help make its content learnable and teachable.
Robot teachers: The very idea!
Authors: Sharkey Amanda
Published: July 2015

Insufficient attention has been paid to the use of robots in classrooms. Robot “teachers” are being developed, but because Kline ignores such technological developments, it is not clear how they would fit within her framework. It is argued here that robots are not capable of teaching in any meaningful sense, and should be deployed only as educational tools.
The proximate-ultimate confusion in teaching and cooperation
Authors: Thornton Alex , Raihani Nichola J.
Published: July 2015

Kline does an admirable job of extending the functionalist framework developed by comparative researchers to help understand the function and form of human teaching. Functionalist approaches consider the adaptive value and underlying mechanisms of behaviour as separate but complementary questions, avoiding the conflation of ultimate and proximate explanations that has long hindered research on teaching and other forms of cooperation.
Human teaching and learning involve cultural communities, not just individuals
Authors: Rogoff Barbara
Published: July 2015

Cultural accounts of how people facilitate learning extend beyond the five types of teaching outlined by Kline's target article. Rather than focusing so exclusively on individual teaching, cultural accounts examine the mutually constituting efforts of individuals who are teaching, together with those who are learning. Further, cultural research emphasizes the community contexts of people's arrangements for learning and their teaching/learning interactions.
On emotion-cognition integration: The effect of happy and sad moods on language comprehension
Authors: Egidi Giovanna
Published: July 2015

I comment on Pessoa's (2013) idea that the interaction between emotion and cognition cannot be reduced to mutual interference. As an example that bolsters Pessoa's position, I discuss the effects of happy and sad moods on discourse and sentence comprehension. I distinguish between the effects of moods elicited without participants' knowledge (incidental) and moods elicited with participants' contribution (constructed).
The cognitive-emotional brain is an embodied and social brain
Authors: Kiverstein Julian , Miller Mark
Published: July 2015

Pessoa (2013) makes a compelling case for conceiving of emotion and cognition as deeply integrated processes in the brain. We will begin our commentary by asking what implications this view of the brain has for an ontology of cognition – a theory of what cognition is and what cognitive processes exist. We will suggest that Pessoa's book, The Cognitive-Emotional Brain, provides strong support for an embodied theory of cognition. We end our commentary by offering some speculation about how Pessoa's arguments naturally extend to social cognition.
When emotion and cognition do (not) work together: Delusions as emotional and executive dysfunctions
Authors: Petrolini Valentina
Published: July 2015

In this commentary, I argue that the cognitive-emotional framework put forward by Pessoa (2013) can be successfully applied to psychopathology and, in particular, to the reasoning of delusional subjects. More specifically, I show that the notion of executive competition (Ch. 7) offers a significant contribution to the idea that delusions may involve both executive and emotional dysfunctions.
Active inference and cognitive-emotional interactions in the brain
Authors: Pezzulo Giovanni , Barca Laura , Friston Karl J.
Published: July 2015

All organisms must integrate cognition, emotion, and motivation to guide action toward valuable (goal) states, as described by active inference. Within this framework, cognition, emotion, and motivation interact through the (Bayesian) fusion of exteroceptive, proprioceptive, and interoceptive signals, the precision-weighting of prediction errors, and the “affective tuning” of neuronal representations. Crucially, misregulation of these processes may have profound psychopathological consequences.
Social theory and the cognitive-emotional brain
Authors: Verweij Marco , Senior Timothy J.
Published: July 2015

Pessoa's (2013) arguments imply that various leading approaches in the social sciences have not adequately conceptualized how emotion and cognition influence human decision making and social behavior. This is particularly unfortunate, as these approaches have been central to the efforts to build bridges between neuroscience and the social sciences. We argue that it would be better to base these efforts on other social theories that appear more compatible with Pessoa's analysis of the brain.
Much to learn about teaching: Reconciling form, function, phylogeny, and development
Authors: Kline Michelle Ann
Published: July 2015

The collection of commentaries expands an already extensive field of research on teaching, and contributes new questions, techniques, and strengths to the evolutionary approach proposed in the target article. In my response, I show how reconciling multiple levels of explanation – mechanistic, ontogenetic, phylogenetic, and functional – enables researchers to build a more integrated, interdisciplinary approach to the study of teaching in humans and other animals.
HOW EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE AFFECTS ONLINE L2 PROCESSING
Authors: Andringa Sible , Curcic Maja
Published: July 2015

Form-focused instruction studies generally report larger gains for explicit types of instruction over implicit types on measures of controlled production. Studies that used online processing measures—which do not readily allow for the application of explicit knowledge—however, suggest that this advantage occurs primarily when the target structure is similar in the first language (L1) and the second language (L2). This study investigated how explicit knowledge of a structure that does not exist in the L1 affects the initial stage of adult L2 acquisition. Fifty-one Dutch L1 speakers received a short auditory exposure (instruction) to a new language that included differential object marking (DOM), in which animate but not inanimate direct objects are preceded by a preposition. For 26 learners, the instruction was complemented by a brief rule explanation. Afterward, learners’ online processing and explicit knowledge of DOM were measured by means of eye-tracking (visual world paradigm) and oral grammaticality judgments. Results show that metalinguistic information promoted learners’ performance on the grammaticality judgment task. Although differences between the groups were also found on the eye-tracking measure, learners were not able to use DOM to predict the following object.
Gottlieb groups of function spaces
Authors: LUPTON GREGORY , SMITH SAMUEL BRUCE
Published: July 2015

We analyse the Gottlieb groups of function spaces. Our results lead to explicit decompositions of the Gottlieb groups of many function spaces map(X, Y)—including the (iterated) free loop space of Y—directly in terms of the Gottlieb groups of Y. More generally, we give explicit decompositions of the generalised Gottlieb groups of map(X, Y) directly in terms of generalised Gottlieb groups of Y. Particular cases of our results relate to the torus homotopy groups of Fox. We draw some consequences for the classification of T-spaces and G-spaces. For X, Y finite and Y simply connected, we give a formula for the ranks of the Gottlieb groups of map(X, Y) in terms of the Betti numbers of X and the ranks of the Gottlieb groups of Y. Under these hypotheses, the Gottlieb groups of map(X, Y) are finite groups in all but finitely many degrees.
Punishing Corrupt Officials in China
Authors: Zhu Lin
Published: July 2015

China presents a mixed picture in terms of its anti-corruption efforts. On the one hand, rampant corruption remains a huge challenge for the party-state because it not only results in the loss of state assets but also damages the legitimacy of the regime. On the other hand, China's record of curbing corruption is not particularly worse than other comparable countries. This paper explains the reasons behind this mixed picture by focusing on the anti-corruption strategy employed by the central Party authorities. Effective anti-corruption measures are determined by the high probability of detecting corrupt agents and the meting out of effective and warranted punishment. In China, the central government is unable or unwilling to investigate a large number of officials, especially high-ranking officials. However, at the same time, it must impose severe punishment on convicted high-ranking officials. Although this mode of selective discipline compromises the credibility of the state in terms of anti-corruption efficacy, it also creates uncertainty for corrupt agents because corrupt officials are not guaranteed exemption.
Zero dissipation limit and stability of boundary layers for the heat conductive Boussinesq equations in a bounded domain
Authors: Wang Jing , Xie Feng
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we study the zero dissipation limit of the initial boundary-value problem of the multi-dimensional Boussinesq equations with viscosity and heat conductivity. Such equations are used as models for the motion of multi-dimensional incompressible fluids in atmospheric and oceanographic turbulence. In particular, they describe the thermal convection of an incompressible flow, and constitute the relations between the velocity field, the pressure and the local temperature. Under the Navier slip boundary condition in the velocity field and the thermal isolation boundary condition for the temperature, we prove the existence of weak amplitude characteristic boundary layers. Then, by a standard energy method, we prove theL2convergence of the solutions when both the viscosity and the heat conductivity coefficients tend to 0.
On finite time blow-up for the mass-critical Hartree equations
Authors: Cho Yonggeun , Hwang Gyeongha , Kwon Soonsik , Lee Sanghyuk
Published: July 2015

We consider the fractional Schrödinger equations with focusing Hartree-type nonlinearities. When the energy is negative, we show that the solution blows up in a finite time. For this purpose, based on Glassey’s argument, we obtain a virial-type inequality.
Singular sets and the Lavrentiev phenomenon
Authors: Gratwick Richard
Published: July 2015

We show that non-occurrence of the Lavrentiev phenomenon does not imply that the singular set is small. Precisely, given a compact Lebesgue null subsetE⊆ ℝ and an arbitrary superlinearity, there exists a smooth strictly convex Lagrangian with this superlinear growth such that all minimizers of the associated variational problem have singular set exactlyEbut still admit approximation in energy by smooth functions.
Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory virus infections in Vietnamese children
Authors: TRAN D. N. , TRINH Q. D. , PHAM N. T. K. , VU M. P. , HA M. T. , NGUYEN T. Q. N. , OKITSU S. , HAYAKAWA S. , MIZUGUCHI M. , USHIJIMA H.
Published: July 2015

Information about viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs) is essential for prevention, diagnosis and treatment, but it is limited in tropical developing countries. This study described the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ARIs in children hospitalized in Vietnam. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from children with ARIs at Ho Chi Minh City Children's Hospital 2 between April 2010 and May 2011 in order to detect respiratory viruses by polymerase chain reaction. Viruses were found in 64% of 1082 patients, with 12% being co-infections. The leading detected viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV; 30%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 23·8%), and human bocavirus (HBoV; 7·2%). HRV was detected all year round, while RSV epidemics occurred mainly in the rainy season. Influenza A (FluA) was found in both seasons. The other viruses were predominant in the dry season. HRV was identified in children of all age groups. RSV, parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1, PIV3 and HBoV, and FluA were detected predominantly in children aged <6 months, 6–12 months, 12–24 months, and >24 months, respectively. Significant associations were found between PIV1 with croup (P < 0·005) and RSV with bronchiolitis (P < 0·005). HBoV and HRV were associated with hypoxia (P < 0·05) and RSV with retraction (P < 0·05). HRV, RSV, and HBoV were detected most frequently and they may increase the severity of ARIs in children.
ORPHANED DAUGHTERS: ON THE SO-CALLED PROPERTY RIGHTS OF DAUGHTERS IN THE SOUTHERN SONG PERIOD
Authors: Takahashi Yoshirō , Fraleigh Matthew
Published: July 2015

A longstanding and contentious issue in Chinese legal history is whether women had the legal right to inherit and own property. During the Southern Song in particular, certain historical and legal sources have been interpreted by scholars in such a way as to propose that they did, at least to a limited extent, as reflected, for example, in the “daughter's half-share law” (nüzi fenfa 女子分法), which stipulated that a daughter would receive half a son's portion upon the death of both parents. The current study, through an examination of documentary sources on the inheritance rights of daughters, clarifies the historical circumstances surrounding the phenomenon, and concludes that no fundamental legal right to inherit and own property such as that enjoyed by men was intended. Rather, laws specifying the inheritance rights of women were the result of legislative measures for the protection of orphaned daughters, out of a concern to ensure that they would not be deprived of property that they would have received (for example, as dowry) had their parents not died. The Song's uniqueness lay not in the elevation of women's property rights, but rather in the implementation of explicit policies for the social good. That similar laws were not continued in the Ming and Qing did not in itself mean that the principle of protecting orphaned daughters had been abandoned, but rather that this principle would be applied through the discretionary powers of magistrates, as records of actual legal judgments demonstrate.
FRUSTRATED ALIGNMENT: THE PACIFIC PACT PROPOSALS FROM 1949 TO 1954 AND SOUTH KOREA–TAIWAN RELATIONS
Authors: Park Junghyun
Published: July 2015

This research deals with South Korea–Taiwan relations from 1949, when the concept of a “Pacific Pact” was first introduced, to 1954, when the Asian People's Anti-Communist League (APACL) was formed. Thus far, studies on the regional order of East Asia during the early Cold War period have focused on U.S. policies toward East Asia and U.S. relations with individual East Asian states. In contrast, this present work examines the multilateral nature of the international relations in the region at the time. The extended cooperation, conflict, and competition between South Korea (ROK) and Taiwan (ROC) over the Pacific Pact from 1949 to 1954 vividly show how actively the two nations attempted to engage in the international arena to ensure their own security. Certainly, the primary purpose of this pact was not to form an autonomous regional alliance independent of the United States. In post-World War II Asia, the United States sought to reorganize a new regional order in Asia, with Japan at the center of this proposed order. Under these circumstances, Taiwan and South Korea, standing at the front line of the Cold War, were desperate to attract the U.S.'s attention. Once the two new nations had secured U.S. military and economic aid, however, they no longer pursued their former aggressive and expansive diplomatic strategies. After the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, signed on December 2, 1954, Taiwan discarded the Pacific Pact as an offensive and defensive treaty and concentrated on the APACL. South Korea, for its part, did not further pursue the Pacific Pact after the ROK–U.S. Mutual Defense Agreement was concluded on October 1, 1953.

South Korea and Taiwan maintained an exceptionally close relationship even after signing individual treaties with the United States. At times, the two nations competed to play a leading role in the international relations of Asia. Yet, their differences of opinion did not cross the line of cooperation between the two countries until the collapse of the Soviet Union brought an end to the Cold War system: South Korea then normalized relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1992.
Cosmopolitan law and time: Toward a theory of constitutionalism and solidarity in transition
Authors: LINDEN-RETEK PAUL P
Published: July 2015

This article seeks to confront the contemporary condition in which cosmopolitan law – meant to resonate as something citizens across borders author and live together – instead is increasingly a source of detachment, confusion, and alienation. Taking the European Union’s twin crises of democratic legitimacy and social solidarity as its starting point, the article offers a critique of existing approaches to supranational constitutionalism that are insufficiently responsive to this disenchantment. The article’s purpose, in turn, is to present perspectives from philosophy and legal theory that might promisingly recast, in this new cosmopolitan frame, our thinking about law as a mode of social integration. Specifically, the article’s central claim is that time – as a seldom-examined, yet essential dimension of law – is closely linked to law’s cosmopolitan potential and, concurrently, to the motivational resources for cosmopolitan solidarity. It is through a sensitivity to time – our awareness of the past passing into the present in anticipation of a future – that citizens can meaningfully hold together cosmopolitan law’s dual, ostensibly divergent hopes: shared commitment and self-decentring plurality. Drawing on Seyla Benhabib’s ‘democratic iterations’ and its roots in the work of Jacques Derrida and Robert Cover, the article elaborates the following two concepts: ‘cosmopolitan promise-making’, a diachronic form of cosmopolitan political agency; and ‘cosmopolitan legal narrative’, a set of plural, evolving constitutional interpretations open to mutual engagement over time. These concepts, in temporalizing our understanding of political identity and constitutional law, together serve to underwrite a cosmopolitan legal order without also thinning solidarity’s social and democratic foundations. The article concludes with a critique of the contemporary role of European courts and a concrete vision for the cosmopolitan development of EU jurisprudence. Reinterpreting Article 4(2) TEU as the right to constitutional narrative, the article advances new modalities and normative aspirations for constitutional interpretation beyond the nation-state.
Access to mental health services and psychotropic drug use in refugees and asylum seekers hosted in high-income countries
Authors: Nosè M. , Turrini G. , Barbui C.
Published: July 2015

In the populations of refugees and asylum seekers hosted in high-income countries, access to mental health care and psychotropic drugs, is a major challenge. A recent Swedish cross-sectional register study has explored this phenomenon in a national cohort of 43 403 young refugees and their families from Iraq, Iran, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Afghanistan. This register study found lower rates of dispensed psychotropic drugs among recently settled refugees, as compared with Swedish-born residents, with an increase in the use with duration of residence. In this commentary, the results of this survey are discussed in view of their global policy implications for high-income countries hosting populations of refugees and asylum seekers.
Demography and Social Epidemiology of Admissions to the Colorado Insane Asylum, 1879–1899
Authors: Magennis Ann L. , Lacy Michael G.
Published: July 2015

This paper analyzes admissions to the Colorado Insane Asylum from 1879 to 1900. We estimate and compare admission rates across sex, age, marital, occupation, and immigration status using original admission records in combination with US census data from 1870 to1900. We show the extent to which persons in various status groups, who varied in power and social advantage, differed in their risk of being institutionalized in the context of nineteenth-century Colorado. Our analysis showed that admission or commitment to the Asylum did not entail permanent incarceration, as more than half of those admitted were discharged within six months. Men were admitted at higher rates than women, even after adjusting for age. Marital status also affected the risk of admission; single and divorced persons were admitted at about 1.5 times the rate of their married counterparts. Widows of either sex were even more likely to be admitted to the Asylum, and the risk increased with age. Persons in lower income/lower prestige occupations were more likely to be institutionalized. This included occupations in the domestic and personal service category in the US census, and this was evident for both males and females. Foreign-born men and women were admitted at, respectively, twice and three times the rate of their native counterparts, with particularly elevated rates observed among the Irish. In general, admission to the Colorado Insane Asylum appears to differ only in a slightly greater admission of males when compared to similar contemporaneous institutions in the East, despite the obvious differences in the Colorado population size and urban concentration.
The Capitalist Epoch
Authors: Sewell William H.
Published: July 2015

This presidential address argues that capitalism must be understood as an epochal phenomenon, that is, as a historically specific and temporally limited form of life with social and temporal dynamics that set it off from previous eras of history and that are not destined to last indefinitely. Capitalism's most distinctive feature—sustained secular economic growth in per capita terms—has brought great benefits to the human race, not only increasing economic well-being but endowing people with bigger, stronger, and more resilient bodies and radically increased life spans. It has also made possible an astounding increase in society's technical, educational, and scientific powers. The experience of sustained economic growth has led to a particular sense of time as open-ended and progressive—making possible modern historical consciousness. Meanwhile, the relentless commodification of social relations under capitalism has tended to free people from domination based on personal status, but also to subject them to more abstract forms of domination. Creative destruction, which is capitalism's key mechanism for producing sustained economic growth, has also produced an unmasterable cyclical pattern of boom and bust, creating new forms of insecurity at the same time that it tends to lift people out of absolute poverty. Capitalist development has always been spatially uneven. There is reason, however, to think that the capitalist era may be approaching its end. The shape of the postcapitalist era will depend on how well we collectively make use of the powers that the capitalist era has produced—science and technology, to be sure, but also the critical historical consciousness that lies at the heart of social science history.
The Young Schema Questionnaire 3 Short Form (YSQ-S3)
Authors: Bach Bo , Simonsen Erik , Christoffersen Peter , Kriston Levente
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Early Maladaptive Schemas, as measured with the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), are proposed to underlie a variety of mental health problems, in particular Personality Disorders. The latest short version of the instrument measuring all 18 schemas, the YSQ-S3, has only been examined to a limited extent, and its associations with Personality Disorders have not yet been tested in a psychiatric setting. We investigated psychometric properties of the Danish YSQ-S3 including its associations with Personality Disorders. A mixed Danish sample of clinical and nonclinical participants (N = 567) completed the YSQ-S3, whereas a clinical subsample (n = 142) was also assessed with a diagnostic interview for Personality Disorders. We performed reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, regression analysis, and tested for group differences using analysis of variance. The Danish YSQ-S3 proved to be a reliable and valid measure. Its theoretical factorial structure was weakly but sufficiently supported. Its scales were meaningfully associated with specific Personality Disorders and discriminated between relevant groups. We conclude that the YSQ-S3 is a psychometrically valuable instrument for the assessment of Early Maladaptive Schemas in both clinical and research settings. Findings are discussed in relation to Personality Disorders and the Schema Therapy model.
Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Academic Resilience	in Mathematics
Authors: Ricketts Shanna N. , Engelhard George , Chang Mei-Lin
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to describe the development and validation of a scale designed to measure academic resilience in mathematics (ARM). The ARM scale includes nine items and was administered to 528 7th and 8th grade students in a low-income urban school in the United States. The Many-Facet Rasch model was used to investigate the psychometric quality of the scale. Students responded to a six-category rating scale with responses ranging from 1 (= strongly disagree) to 6 (= strongly agree). The overall reliability of person separation was good (Rel = .79), and the scale exhibited good model-data fit. The data indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in student perceptions of their academic resilience by socioeconomic status (SES) or by performance levels on a statewide-standardized mathematics assessment. There were, however, statistically significant differences in student perceptions of their academic resilience by gender and teacher-assigned grades. The ARM scale is a promising addition to the array of instruments for measuring affective and motivational states of students. This study supports the inference that individual perceptions of academic resilience can be measured in a meaningful way. The ARM scale holds promise as a tool for examining academic resilience in future research.
Functional Equivalence of the Color Red and Enacted Avoidance	Behavior?
Authors: Thorstenson Christopher A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Research has shown that subtle stimuli and action can elicit approach and avoidance motivational states. In separate literatures, both the color red and enacting avoidance behavior have been hypothesized to evoke avoidance motivation. The purpose of the present research was to both replicate and empirically integrate prior work on red and enacted avoidance behavior. This was done by testing them together within the same paradigms in two experiments, one on anagram performance and the other on local-relative-to-global processing. Both experiments replicated prior research in each literature, with red and enacted avoidance behavior producing comparable effects across both experiments. Implications of the findings for the two literatures are discussed.
Bcl-2-like protein 13 is a mammalian Atg32 homologue that mediates mitophagy and mitochondrial fragmentation
Authors: Murakawa Tomokazu , Yamaguchi Osamu , Hashimoto Ayako , Hikoso Shungo , Takeda Toshihiro , Oka Takafumi , Yasui Hiroki , Ueda Hiromichi , Akazawa Yasuhiro , Nakayama Hiroyuki , Taneike Manabu , Misaka Tomofumi , Omiya Shigemiki , Shah Ajay M. , Yamamoto Akitsugu , Nishida Kazuhiko , Ohsumi Yoshinori , Okamoto Koji , Sakata Yasushi , Otsu Kinya
Published: July 2015

Damaged mitochondria are removed by mitophagy. Although Atg32 is essential for mitophagy in yeast, no Atg32 homologue has been identified in mammalian cells. Here, we show that Bcl-2-like protein 13 (Bcl2-L-13) induces mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy in mammalian cells. First, we hypothesized that unidentified mammalian mitophagy receptors would share molecular features of Atg32. By screening the public protein database for Atg32 homologues, we identify Bcl2-L-13. Bcl2-L-13 binds to LC3 through the WXXI motif and induces mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy in HEK293 cells. In Bcl2-L-13, the BH domains are important for the fragmentation, while the WXXI motif facilitates mitophagy. Bcl2-L-13 induces mitochondrial fragmentation in the absence of Drp1, while it induces mitophagy in Parkin-deficient cells. Knockdown of Bcl2-L-13 attenuates mitochondrial damage-induced fragmentation and mitophagy. Bcl2-L-13 induces mitophagy in Atg32-deficient yeast cells. Induction and/or phosphorylation of Bcl2-L-13 may regulate its activity. Our findings offer insights into mitochondrial quality control in mammalian cells.
Cryo-EM structure of the bacteriophage T4 portal protein assembly at near-atomic resolution
Authors: Sun Lei , Zhang Xinzheng , Gao Song , Rao Prashant A. , Padilla-Sanchez Victor , Chen Zhenguo , Sun Siyang , Xiang Ye , Subramaniam Sriram , Rao Venigalla B. , Rossmann Michael G.
Published: July 2015

The structure and assembly of bacteriophage T4 has been extensively studied. However, the detailed structure of the portal protein remained unknown. Here we report the structure of the bacteriophage T4 portal assembly, gene product 20 (gp20), determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to 3.6 Å resolution. In addition, analysis of a 10 Å resolution cryo-EM map of an empty prolate T4 head shows how the dodecameric portal assembly interacts with the capsid protein gp23 at the special pentameric vertex. The gp20 structure also verifies that the portal assembly is required for initiating head assembly, for attachment of the packaging motor, and for participation in DNA packaging. Comparison of the Myoviridae T4 portal structure with the known portal structures of φ29, SPP1 and P22, representing Podo- and Siphoviridae, shows that the portal structure probably dates back to a time when self-replicating microorganisms were being established on Earth.
Heat capacity peak at the quantum critical point of the transverse Ising magnet CoNb2O6
Authors: Liang Tian , Koohpayeh S. M. , Krizan J. W. , McQueen T. M. , Cava R. J. , Ong N. P.
Published: July 2015

The transverse Ising magnet Hamiltonian describing the Ising chain in a transverse magnetic field is the archetypal example of a system that undergoes a transition at a quantum critical point (QCP). The columbite CoNb2O6 is the closest realization of the transverse Ising magnet found to date. At low temperatures, neutron diffraction has observed a set of discrete collective spin modes near the QCP. Here, we ask if there are low-lying spin excitations distinct from these relatively high-energy modes. Using the heat capacity, we show that a significant band of gapless spin excitations exists. At the QCP, their spin entropy rises to a prominent peak that accounts for 30% of the total spin degrees of freedom. In a narrow field interval below the QCP, the gapless excitations display a fermion-like, temperature-linear heat capacity below 1 K. These novel gapless modes are the main spin excitations participating in, and affected by, the quantum transition.