bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A LESSON IN VALUATION FROM ESTONIA: THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUE OF EQUITY UNDER DISTRIBUTED AND TRADITIONAL PROFIT TAXATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Kantšukov Mark , Sander Priit
Published: July 2018

Corporate value creation and management are one of the key issues for any business enterprise. A gap exists in research into the implications of the distributed profit taxation (DPT) system in Estonia for corporate value creation. Under the Estonian system of corporate taxation, companies need not pay income tax on undistributed earnings, allowing them to postpone income tax liability indeterminately. This theoretical paper compares the relationship between a company’s equity value and taxation of profits under traditional (or classical) (TPT) and DPT systems. A TPT system is a system where the amount of corporate income tax is determined by the profit the company earned during the taxation period. We show that fundamental equity value under a DPT system should be higher vis-à-vis equity value under a TPT system (ceteris paribus). To illustrate this, we use a dividend discount model and values from a hypothetical company. The equity value under DPT is also higher when financial leverage is considered. The results suggest that conventional valuation models and their inputs should be adjusted when valuing Estonian companies. Ignoring these adjustments runs the risk of undervaluing the equity of Estonian companies, as well as the equity of companies operating under similar tax regimes.
CRITICAL ASPECTS OF A SMART CITY / KRITINIAI IŠMANIOJO MIESTO ASPEKTAI
Authors: Šiupšinskas Matas
Published: July 2018

The aim of this article is to discuss the concept of the Smart City and to name the critical aspects of the phenomenon. Presumption is made in the article that the Smart City concept first of all is not a new paradigm of future city development, but rather a marketing strategy, which uses the rhetorics of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) industry. It is recognized in the article that utopian thinking and an aim to radically transform city environment are quite common among the Smart City proposals.
Straipsnio tikslas – aptarti išmaniojo miesto idėją ir įvardyti kritinius šio reiškinio bruožus. Straipsnyje daroma prielaida, kad išmaniojo miesto koncepcija nėra nauja ateities miestų raidos paradigma, bet greičiau rinkodaros priemonė, didinanti verslo kuriamų prekių ir paslaugų patrauklumą pasitelkiant informacinių ir ryšio technologijų (ICT) sektoriaus retoriką. Tekste atkreipiamas dėmesys į tai, kad išmaniojo miesto pasiūlymams nesvetimas utopinis ateities suvokimas ir siekis naudojant technologijas radikaliai transformuoti miesto aplinką.
The Reactivation and Nucleus Characterization of Main-belt Comet 358P/PANSTARRS (P/2012 T1)
Authors: Hsieh Henry H. , Ishiguro Masateru , Knight Matthew M. , Micheli Marco , Moskovitz Nicholas A. , Sheppard Scott S. , Trujillo Chadwick A.
Published: July 2018

We present observations of main-belt comet (MBC) 358P/PANSTARRS (P/2012 T1) obtained using the Gemini South telescope from 2017 July to December, as the object approached perihelion for the first time since its discovery. We find best-fit IAU phase function parameters of H

R
= 19.5 ± 0.2 mag and G

R
= −0.22 ± 0.13 for the nucleus, corresponding to an effective radius of r

N
= 0.32 ± 0.03 km (assuming an albedo of p

R
= 0.05). The object appears significantly brighter (by ≥1 mag) than expected starting in 2017 November, while a faint dust tail oriented approximately in the antisolar direction is also observed on 2017 December 18. We conclude that 358P has become active again for the first time since its previously observed active period in 2012–2013. These observations make 358P the seventh MBC candidate confirmed to exhibit recurrent activity near perihelion with intervening inactivity away from perihelion, strongly indicating that its activity is sublimation-driven. Fitting a linear function to the ejected dust masses inferred for 358P in 2017 when it is apparently active, we find an average net dust production rate of

kg s−1 (assuming a mean effective particle radius of

mm) and an estimated activity start date of 2017 November 8 ± 4 when the object was at a true anomaly of ν = 316° ± 1° and a heliocentric distance of R = 2.54 au. Insufficient data is currently available to ascertain whether activity strength has changed between the object’s 2012–2013 and 2017 active periods. Further observations are therefore highly encouraged during the object’s upcoming observing window (2018 August through 2019 May).
Photochemical Haze Formation in the Atmospheres of Super-Earths and Mini-Neptunes
Authors: He Chao , Hörst Sarah M. , Lewis Nikole K. , Yu Xinting , Moses Julianne I. , Kempton Eliza M.-R. , Marley Mark S. , McGuiggan Patricia , Morley Caroline V. , Valenti Jeff A. , Vuitton Véronique
Published: July 2018

UV radiation can induce photochemical processes in exoplanet atmospheres and produce haze particles. Recent observations suggest that haze and/or cloud layers could be present in the upper atmospheres of exoplanets. Haze particles play an important role in planetary atmospheres and may provide a source of organic material to the surface that may impact the origin or evolution of life. However, very little information is known about photochemical processes in cool, high-metallicity exoplanetary atmospheres. Previously, we investigated haze formation and particle size distribution in laboratory atmosphere simulation experiments using AC plasma as the energy source. Here, we use UV photons to initiate the chemistry rather than the AC plasma, as photochemistry driven by UV radiation is important for understanding exoplanet atmospheres. We present photochemical haze formation in current UV experiments; we investigated a range of atmospheric metallicities (100×, 1000×, and 10000× solar metallicity) at three temperatures (300, 400, and 600 K). We find that photochemical hazes are generated in all simulated atmospheres with temperature-dependent production rates: the particles produced in each metallicity group decrease as the temperature increases. The images taken with atomic force microscopy show the particle size (15–190 nm) varies with temperature and metallicity. Our laboratory experimental results provide new insight into the formation and properties of photochemical haze, which could guide exoplanet atmosphere modeling and help to analyze and interpret current and future observations of exoplanets.
Li in Open Clusters: Cool Dwarfs in the Young, Subsolar-metallicity Cluster M35 (NGC 2168)*
Authors: Anthony-Twarog Barbara J. , Deliyannis Constantine P. , Harmer Dianne , Lee-Brown Donald B. , Steinhauer Aaron , Sun Qinghui , Twarog Bruce A.
Published: July 2018

Hydra spectra of 85 G–K dwarfs in the young cluster M35 near the Li 6708 Å line region are analyzed. From velocities and Gaia astrometry, 78 are likely single-star members that, combined with previous work, produce 108 members with T
eff ranging from 6150 to 4000 K as defined by multicolor, broadband photometry, E(B − V) = 0.20, and [Fe/H] = −0.15, though there are indications the metallicity may be closer to solar. The Lithium abundance A(Li) follows a well-delineated decline from 3.15 for the hottest stars to upper limits ≤1.0 among the coolest dwarfs. Contrary to earlier work, M35 includes single stars at systematically higher A(Li) than the mean cluster relation. This subset exhibits higher V
ROT than the more Li-depleted sample and, from photometric rotation periods, is dominated by stars classed as convective (C); all others are interface (I) stars. The cool, high-Li rapid rotators (RRs) are consistent with models that simultaneously consider rapid rotation and radius inflation; RRs hotter than the Sun exhibit excess Li depletion, as predicted by the models. The A(Li) distribution with color and rotation period, when compared to the Hyades/Praesepe and the Pleiades, is consistent with gyrochronological analysis placing M35's age between the older M34 and younger Pleiades. However, the Pleiades display a more excessive range in A(Li) and rotation period than M35 on the low-Li, slow-rotation side of the distribution, with supposedly younger stars at a given T
eff in the Pleiades spinning slower, with A(Li) reduced by more than a factor of four compared to M35.
Identifying Typical Mg ii Flare Spectra Using Machine Learning
Authors: Panos Brandon , Kleint Lucia , Huwyler Cedric , Krucker Säm , Melchior Martin , Ullmann Denis , Voloshynovskiy Sviatoslav
Published: July 2018

The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) performs solar observations over a large range of atmospheric heights, including the chromosphere where the majority of flare energy is dissipated. The strong Mg ii h&k spectral lines are capable of providing excellent atmospheric diagnostics, but have not been fully utilized for flaring atmospheres. We aim to investigate whether the physics of the chromosphere is identical for all flare observations by analyzing if there are certain spectra that occur in all flares. To achieve this, we automatically analyze hundreds of thousands of Mg ii h&k-line profiles from a set of 33 flares and use a machine learning technique, which we call supervised hierarchical k-means, to cluster all profile shapes. We identify a single peaked Mg ii profile, in contrast to the double-peaked quiet Sun profiles, appearing in every flare. Additionally, we find extremely broad profiles with characteristic blueshifted central reversals appearing at the front of fast-moving flare ribbons. These profiles occur during the impulsive phase of the flare, and we present results of their temporal and spatial correlation with non-thermal hard X-ray signatures, suggesting that flare-accelerated electrons play an important role in the formation of these profiles. The ratio of the integrated Mg ii h&k lines can also serve as an opacity diagnostic, and we find higher opacities during each flare maximum. Our study shows that machine learning is a powerful tool for large scale statistical solar analyses.
Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). IV. Discovery of 41 Quasars and Luminous Galaxies at 5.7 ≤ z ≤ 6.9
Authors: Matsuoka Yoshiki , Iwasawa Kazushi , Onoue Masafusa , Kashikawa Nobunari , Strauss Michael A. , Lee Chien-Hsiu , Imanishi Masatoshi , Nagao Tohru , Akiyama Masayuki , Asami Naoko , Bosch James , Furusawa Hisanori , Goto Tomotsugu , Gunn James E. , Harikane Yuichi , Ikeda Hiroyuki , Izumi Takuma , Kawaguchi Toshihiro , Kato Nanako , Kikuta Satoshi , Kohno Kotaro , Komiyama Yutaka , Lupton Robert H. , Minezaki Takeo , Miyazaki Satoshi , Morokuma Tomoki , Murayama Hitoshi , Niida Mana , Nishizawa Atsushi J. , Oguri Masamune , Ono Yoshiaki , Ouchi Masami , Price Paul A. , Sameshima Hiroaki , Schulze Andreas , Shirakata Hikari , Silverman John D. , Sugiyama Naoshi , Tait Philip J. , Takada Masahiro , Takata Tadafumi , Tanaka Masayuki , Tang Ji-Jia , Toba Yoshiki , Utsumi Yousuke , Wang Shiang-Yu , Yamashita Takuji
Published: July 2018

We report the discovery of 41 new high-z quasars and luminous galaxies that were spectroscopically identified at 5.7 ≤ z ≤ 6.9. This is the fourth in a series of papers from the Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) project, based on the deep multi-band imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program survey. We selected the photometric candidates using a Bayesian probabilistic algorithm and then carried out follow-up spectroscopy with the Gran Telescopio Canarias and the Subaru Telescope. Combined with the sample presented in the previous papers, we have now spectroscopically identified 137 extremely red HSC sources over about 650 deg2, which includes 64 high-z quasars, 24 high-z luminous galaxies, 6 [O iii] emitters at z ∼ 0.8, and 43 Galactic cool dwarfs (low-mass stars and brown dwarfs). The new quasars span in luminosity range from M
1450 ∼ −26 to −22 mag, and continue to populate luminosities a few magnitudes lower than have been probed by previous wide-field surveys. In a companion paper, we derive the quasar luminosity function at z ∼ 6 over an unprecedentedly wide range of M
1450 ∼ −28 to −21 mag, exploiting the SHELLQs and other survey outcomes.
The Difference in Abundance between N-bearing and O-bearing Species in High-mass Star-forming Regions
Authors: Suzuki Taiki , Ohishi Masatoshi , Saito Masao , Hirota Tomoya , Majumdar Liton , Wakelam Valentine
Published: July 2018

The different spatial distributions of N-bearing and O-bearing species, as are well known toward Orion KL, is a longstanding mystery. We conducted a survey observation and chemical modeling study to investigate if the different distributions of O- and N-bearing species are widely recognized in general star-forming regions. First, we report our observational results of complex organic molecules (COMs) with the 45 m radio telescope at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory toward eight star-forming regions. Through our spectral survey ranging from 80 to 108 GHz, we detected CH3OH, HCOOCH3, CH3OCH3, (CH3)2CO, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CN, CH2CHCN, and NH2CHO. Their molecular abundances were derived via the rotation diagram and the least squares methods. We found that N-bearing molecules tend to show stronger correlations with other N-bearing molecules rather than O-bearing molecules. While G10.47+0.03 showed high fractional abundances of N-bearing species, those in NGC 6334F were not so rich, being less than 0.01 compared to CH3OH. Then the molecular abundances toward these sources were evaluated by chemical modeling with the NAUTILUS three-phase gas-grain chemical code. Based on the simulations of time evolution for the abundance of COMs, we suggest that the observed correlations of fractional abundances between COMs can be explained by a combination of different temperature structures inside the hot cores and the different evolutionary phases. Since our modeling could not fully explain the observed excitation temperatures, it is important to investigate the efficiency of grain surface reactions and their activation barriers and the binding energy of COMs to further promote our understanding.
Generalized, Energy-conserving Numerical Simulations of Particles in General Relativity. I. Time-like and Null Geodesics
Authors: Bacchini F. , Ripperda B. , Chen A. Y. , Sironi L.
Published: July 2018

The numerical integration of particle trajectories in curved spacetimes is fundamental for obtaining realistic models of the particle dynamics around massive compact objects such as black holes and neutron stars. Generalized algorithms capable of handling generic metrics are required for studies of both standard (Schwarzschild and Kerr metrics) and nonstandard (e.g., Schwarzschild metric plus nonclassical perturbations or multiple black hole metrics) spacetimes. The most commonly employed explicit numerical schemes (e.g., Runge–Kutta) are incapable of producing highly accurate results at critical points, e.g., in the regions close to the event horizon where gravity causes extreme curvature of the spacetime, at an acceptable computational cost. Here we describe a generalized algorithm for the numerical integration of time-like (massive particles) and null (photons) geodesics in any given 3 + 1 split spacetime. We introduce a new, exactly energy-conserving implicit integration scheme based on the preservation of the underlying Hamiltonian, and we compare its properties with a standard fourth-order Runge–Kutta explicit scheme and an implicit midpoint scheme. We test the numerical performance of the three schemes against analytic solutions of particle and photon orbits in Schwarzschild and Kerr spacetimes. We also prove the versatility of our framework in handling more exotic metrics, such as Morris–Thorne wormholes and quantum-perturbed Schwarzschild black holes. The generalized approach is also discussed in the perspective of future extensions to more complex particle dynamics, e.g., the addition of the Lorentz force acting on charged particles, which allows for test particle diagnostics in GRMHD simulations.
Establishing a New Framework for Paleontological Data Through an Evaluation of Current Data Sharing Practices
Authors: Little Holly
Published: July 2018

The long-term lifecycle management of natural history data requires careful planning. Elements that have a significant impact on this planning include data quality, domain-specific requirements, and data interoperability. Standards like Darwin Core Wieczorek et al. 2012 are built to be flexible, allowing institutions to share data quickly without extensive modification of internal information management processes. However, there is often limited consensus on the exact meanings and use of key terms by various domains. If we want to increase the quality, interoperability, and long-term health of collections data, we must reassess how we record specimen data, paying special attention to the terms we use and how we use them.

Here we share results from efforts to evaluate current data sharing practices for data from paleontology collections. By analysing the use of terms in Darwin Core, we are constructing a framework for how paleontological data is shared, how terms are used across many institutions, and where there are inconsistencies or lack of terms to support a fully robust record. We have also used data quality assessment and validation tools developed by organizations like the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to provide insight and testing for term-specific requirements addressing quality on a more global scale than might be the focus of any more locally driven data quality assessment.

These assessments can guide the development of a new framework for sharing paleontological data, enabling the community to collaborate and find solutions to increase quality and interoperability. Additionally, individual institutions can utilize the framework to enhance long-term care of digital assets with global participation in mind.
Vocabulary challenges with invasive species data sharing
Authors: Simpson Annie
Published: July 2018

Biodiversity Information Serving our Nation - BISON (bison.usgs.gov) is the U.S. node to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (gbif.org), containing more than 375 million documented locations for all species in the U.S. It is hosted by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and includes a web site and application programming interface for apps and other websites to use for free. With this massive database one can see not only the 15 million records for nearly 10 thousand non-native species in the U.S. and its territories, but also their relationship to all of the other species in the country as well as their full national range. Leveraging this huge resource and its enterprise level cyberinfrastructure, USGS BISON staff have created a value-added feature by labeling non-native species records, even where contributing datasets have not provided such labels.

Based on our ongoing four-year compilation of non-native species scientific names from the literature, specific examples will be shared about the ambiguity and evolution of terms that have been discovered, as they relate to invasiveness, impact, dispersal, and management. The idea of incorporating these terms into an invasive species extension to Darwin Core has been discussed by Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) working group participants since at least 2005. One roadblock to the implementation of this standard's extension has been the diverse terminology used to describe the characteristics of biological invasions, terminology which has evolved significantly over the past decade.
Different forest cover and its impact on eco-hydrological traits, invertebrate fauna and biodiversity of spring habitats
Authors: Reiss Martin , Chifflard Peter
Published: July 2018

Headwater springs in the German Low Mountain Ranges are local ecotone habitats and biogeographical islands embedded in and interlinked with their adjacent landscape. The structure of forests reflects the eco-hydrological conditions in substrate type occurrence, microhabitat richness and biodiversity in forest springs. This study considers effects from different forest land cover by comparing spring habitats in deciduous beech forests and coniferous spruce forests on eco-hydrological structures and biodiversity. Study areas include six different forest landscapes in the Low Mountain Ranges in Central Germany in Hesse and Thuringia. Hydro-morphological structure mapping and invertebrate sampling was executed within a multi-habitat sampling regime, which involves sampling plots being allocated according to the cover ratio of the occurring substrata. Aquatic and terrestrial spring zones are considered with respect to an ecotone approach. Some in situ measurements were implemented, such as pH values, to assess the acidity of the spring water. Results show obvious differences in acidity, substrate type cover ratios and biodiversity in deciduous and coniferous forest springs. Conifer forest springs were found tending to acidification while deciduous forest springs were slightly alkaline. Deciduous forest springs had higher cover ratios of organic microhabitats as well as a higher biodiversity in species richness and total number of individuals. Although it was not possible to clearly distinguish one direct key factor of fauna assemblages, negative effects from forest management practices (e.g. monoculture plantations of conifer forest) on spring habitats can be concluded.
Breeding site fidelity, and breeding pair infidelity in the endangered Carnaby’s Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris
Authors: Saunders Denis A. , White Nicole E. , Dawson Rick , Mawson Peter R. M.
Published: July 2018

The ecology and behaviour of the endangered Carnaby’s CockatooCalyptorhynchuslatirostrishave been studied in detail at Coomallo Creek in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia from 1969 until the present. Results of research on this breeding population conducted on individually marked birds from 1970 to 1990 were compared with results from analyses of DNA taken from nestlings in the study area from 2003, 2005, and each year from 2009 to 2013. Analyses of DNA confirmed earlier findings about the stability of adult breeding pairs, and that females used the same breeding hollow they used previously, provided the hollow was not occupied when they returned to breed. When moving to another hollow, they chose a hollow in the same vicinity of the previous hollow. Analyses in 22 cases where DNA was obtained from both nestlings of a breeding attempt revealed that in six (27.3%) cases, the second egg was fertilised by a male not paired with the female. These extra-pair copulations were not suspected during the earlier study based on observations of individually marked birds.
Prévention ; l’apologie du changement
Authors: Azocar Betty
Published: July 2018

La prévention a toujours été présente chez les acteurs de la santé, prenant en compte les évolutions des individus et de la société afin de répondre aux impératifs du moment (administratifs, économiques, juridiques, etc.). Des momentsclés dans notre histoire récente modèlent et structurent ces évolutions. Entre parcours individuels et interactions avec le collectif, la prévention trouve peu à peu de la pertinence dans une démarche où éthique et technique permettent de trouver les postures et les leviers les plus aidants, afin de susciter le désir de s’inscrire dans une dynamique de changement de comportements favorables à la prévention.
La prévention en Protection de l’enfance existe-t-elle ?
Authors: Capitaine Virginie
Published: July 2018

Intervenir en qualité de médecin dans le domaine de la Protection de l’enfance demande à se former au cadre légal qui encadre cette mission départementale complexe. La dimension préventive existe dans l’exercice médical quotidien. Mais peut-on aussi parler de prévention en protection de l’enfance ? Ne fait-on pas un diagnostic quand on évalue une information préoccupante ? Ne décidet- on pas d’un traitement quand une mesure d’assistance éducative se met en place ? À quel moment est-ce une action préventive ? En quoi un regard médical peut-il participer à cette mission où les besoins fondamentaux de l’enfant doivent être pris en compte ?
Arqueología del Paisaje: historia, problemas y perspectivas
Authors: Orejas Almudena
Published: July 2018

La Arqueología del paisaje tiene poco más de treinta años, y el nacimiento de un auténtico interés por el paisaje como objeto de estudio en esta ciencia poco más de quince. Sin embargo, en su gestación han intervenido prácticamente todas las tendencias que han conformado la evolución de la Arqueología en la última centuria. Su aceptación encuentra numerosos obstáculos, nacidos tanto de reticencias y escepticismos, como de problemas surgidos de su indefinición y de unos objetivos y métodos aún poco sólidos. No obstante, la reciente puesta en marcha de una reflexión teórica y metodológica y de proyectos de investigación concebidos en esa dirección permiten perfilar algunos de sus rasgos mas característicos, sus perspectivas y formas de trabajo. Por último, el desarrollo de la Arqueología del paisaje y el interés que suscita en diferentes medios está estrechamente vinculado a unas nuevas condiciones y exigencias sociales ligadas a los complejos problemas de planificación y gestión del espacio, que demandan una reunión del ámbito científico y el social, progresivamente disociados.
Inscripciones honoríficas del teatro de Carthago Nova
Authors: Ramallo Asensio Sebastián F.
Published: July 2018

En este trabajo se analizan tres inscripciones conmemorativas halladas en el teatro romano de Canagena en 1990. Dos de ellas se inscriben sobre sendas arae de mármol blanco. mientras que la tercera corresponde a un gran dintel horizontal. Representan una exaltación a la figura de Gaius Caesar. posible patrono de la ciudad.
Capiteles hispánicos altomedievales. Las contradicciones de la cultura mozárabe y el núcleo bizantino del noroeste
Authors: Domínguez Perela Enrique
Published: July 2018

El estudio tiene por objeto el fenómeno cultural encerrado en las llamadas «Iglesias mozárabes». La conclusión del análisis correspondiente es que en ellas conviven dos universos culturales distintos: uno, relacionado con un influjo bizantino directo, que es posible situar en el siglo VI; y otro de manifiesto sentido rural, que corresponde a la cultura astur-leonesa. Asimismo se propone una revisión radical del concepto de «mozarabismo arquitectónico», que aquí se sustancia, más que en el uso de ciertos elementos formales, en un criterio «funcionalista» homólogo al de las primeras fases de la mezquita mayor de Córdoba, que se manifestaría en la reutilización sistemática de restos arquitectónicos y estructurales de épocas anteriores.
Art et enjeux politiques en Méditerranée : les tombes de gouverneurs de Minorque (1759‑1763)
Authors: Roffidal Émilie
Published: July 2018

Les tombeaux des gouverneurs français de Minorque, réalisés à la demande du roi Louis XV, sont installés au terme d’un processus de commande ayant mobilisé de nombreux acteurs à Versailles, Marseille et Mahon. Ces modestes projets funéraires, que le sculpteur Jean-Michel Verdiguier – directeur de l’Académie de peinture et de sculpture de Marseille – aurait souhaités plus ambitieux, dépassent le cadre de la micro-histoire locale. Ils témoignent d’un certain nombre d’enjeux spécifiques, propres aux territoires situés aux frontières du royaume. Sont ici interrogés la charge symbolique de ces « objets » dans un contexte politique très particulier, celui de la guerre de Sept Ans, l’impact des faits de guerre sur la production littéraire et artistique, tout comme la place de Marseille et de ses institutions académiques comme interface du pouvoir royal en Méditerranée.
Des concurrentes de l’Académie de peinture et de sculpture de Marseille ?
Authors: Tauziède-Espariat Maël
Published: July 2018

L’étude d’un Mémoire du sculpteur Chastel révèle que le développement de l’enseignement artistique aixois dans la seconde moitié du xviiie siècle s’appuie sur des carences de l’Académie de Marseille. Sur le plan artistique, Aix tâche ainsi de favoriser les Beaux-Arts, en particulier la sculpture, afin de s’approprier un espace culturel négligé par Marseille, où les arts décoratifs sont mis à l’honneur. Sur le plan professionnel, les écoles aixoises offrent un statut social enviable aux artistes qui y enseignent, à la fois indépendant du système corporatif et alternatif au statut de l’académicien expérimenté à Marseille. Dès lors, la concurrence entre les écoles d’Aix et l’Académie de Marseille s’analyse positivement comme une quête de distinction dans un espace géographique partagé.
Les ateliers de peinture et de sculpture des arsenaux en Provence en marge de l’Académie de peinture et de sculpture de Marseille
Authors: Théron Magali
Published: July 2018

Ce fut l’une des ambitions formulées dès 1755 par la future Académie de Marseille, de former des artistes et des dessinateurs pour les arsenaux de Marine. Se proposant de pallier le manque de peintres et de sculpteurs pour l’ornementation des vaisseaux, elle ambitionnait en outre d’enseigner « les éléments des arts du dessin » à un public plus élargi rassemblant l’ensemble du personnel maritime. Ces effets d’annonce de l’institution tendent toutefois à occulter cette réalité : que les arsenaux étaient déjà pourvus depuis le xviie siècle d’un ensemble de structures d’apprentissage du dessin. Quel a donc pu être l’apport de l’Académie phocéenne à l’arsenal de Toulon ? Pour y répondre, cet article se propose de revenir en amont, sur la genèse de l’apprentissage du dessin dans les arsenaux comme sur la délicate question du dessin d’après le modèle vivant, qui constituait, depuis 1655, le privilège de l’enseignement académique.
Free Radicals in Oxidative Stress, Aging, and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Biney Robert Peter , Mpofana Thabisile , Kasanga Ella Anle
Published: July 2018

Free radicals are intricately woven into the fabric of oxidative stress and are significant in the development of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). This chapter examines free radicals in the context of neurodegeneration and provides overview of the multiple roles they play in the pathophysiology and clinical progression of varying NDs including Pick's disease (PiD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), prion diseases (PrD), traumatic brain injury, and aging. The molecular mechanisms of degeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) are also examined with respect to free radicals. Different antioxidant systems and their mechanisms of action are briefly reviewed in addition to the role of diet in aging. The effectiveness of selected synthetic drugs and natural products used in oxidative stress is also reviewed. Lastly, the chapter examines challenges associated with the use of antioxidants and how promising future directions like the endocannabinoid system is being pursued in the race to effectively manage NDs.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging and Neurodegeneration
Authors: Walia Vaibhav , Garg Munish
Published: July 2018

Mitochondria are a dynamic organelle of the cell involved in the various biological processes. Mitochondria are the site of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, electron transport chain (ETC), oxidation of fatty acids, tricarboxylic acid (TCA), and cellular apoptosis. Besides these, mitochondria are the site of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which further disrupts the normal functioning of this organelle also making mitochondria itself as an important target of oxidative stress. Thus, mitochondria serve as an important target in the process of neurodegeneration. In the present chapter, the authors describe mitochondria and its functioning, dynamics, and the mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative disorders (NDs).
Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Walia Vaibhav , Gakkhar Ashish , Garg Munish
Published: July 2018

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which a progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons occurs. The loss of the neurons is most prominent in the substantia nigra region of the brain. The prevalence of PD is much greater among the older patients suggesting the risk of PD increases with the increase of age. The exact cause of the neurodegeneration in PD is not known. In this chapter, the authors introduce PD, demonstrate its history, pathogenesis, neurobiology, sign and symptoms, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy.
Alpha-Synucleinopathies
Authors: Camargo Carlos Henrique Ferreira , Della-Coletta Marcus Vinicius , José da Silva Delson , Teive Hélio A. G.
Published: July 2018

Alpha-synuclein is a protein that forms a major component of abnormal neuronal aggregates known as Lewy bodies. A particular group of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein; termed the α-synucleinopathies, this group includes Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Lysosomal storage diseases have also been linked to α-synuclein toxicity. Several therapeutic targets have been chosen among steps of metabolism of α-synuclein. Reducing α-synuclein synthesis or expression and increasing the clearance can be achieved in many ways. The development of immunotherapeutic approaches targeting α-synuclein has received considerable attention in recent years. The aim of this chapter is to present the α-synucleinopathies, as well as to present the most recent researches about treatment of synucleinopathies based on knowledge of the pathophysiology of α-synuclein pathways.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Authors: Sheshe Sadeeq Muhammad
Published: July 2018

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare disease associated with neurodegeneration mostly characterized by damage to the neurons. CJD is caused by aggregation of misfolded proteins known as prions; thus, CJD is said to be a prion-related illness. CJD and other prion-related illnesses such as Kuru and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) have been reported to have complex mechanisms due to their association with the brain and the nervous system in general. A lot of questions have been raised about the mechanism, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of this disease. The complexity of prion proteins themselves have contributed to more questions about the complications of CJD, whether misfolding of the prions are responsible for neurodegeneration or the misfolding are mere symptoms of the disease. This chapter attempts to explore some details about CJD and answers most related questions about the disease's mechanism. The author finally attempts to explore recent development in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of CJD.
Neurosurgical Treatments of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Camargo Carlos Henrique Ferreira , Francisco Alexandre Novicki , Zanatta Alessandra , Germiniani Francisco Manoel Branco , Teive Hélio A. G.
Published: July 2018

Functional neurosurgery consists of procedures that either promotes judicious destruction or chronic stimulation of the nervous system in order to treat disordered behavior or aberrant function, as it is expected in neurodegenerative disorders ([NDs], e.g., movement disorders [Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, essential tremor, ballism, and dystonia]). Over the past 20 years, approximately 100,000 deep brain stimulation implant procedures have been performed worldwide. Neurosurgery is also a well-established therapeutic option for people with epilepsy whose seizures are not controlled by anti-epilepsy drugs. The most common pathological finding in patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is hippocampal sclerosis. The aim of this chapter is to present the main NDs that can be treated through surgical procedures, and to describe the surgeries with a focus on the pathophysiology of diseases.
Properties of Nanomaterials and Environment
Authors: Shahzadi Phool
Published: July 2018

The chapter provides a timely review of the various properties of nonmaterial and their applications into environmental compartments. An extensive variety of poisonous chemicals is discharged into the environment because of globalization and industrialization. The dimensional, compositional, geometric, and structural properties are fundamental to convey usefulness of the nanomaterials. The controlled sizes and shapes of nanoparticles are anticipated to yield unique catalytic, electrochemical, and photochemical properties. The electrochemical properties of monolayer-functional metal nanoparticles are expected to be controlled by the particle sizes. Metal nanomaterials have interesting optical properties due to strong surface plasmon absorption and field enhancement effects; metal oxides lack visible absorption due to very large bandgap. Nanocomposites have complex optical properties. Nanomaterials present gigantic advantages on diverse applications, catalysis, imaging, biotechnological, and sensor applications due to their improved properties.
Nanotechnology for Air Remediation
Authors: Mubarak Shafaq Mubarak
Published: July 2018

The world around us is a gift of God. A thrust to know and reconnoiter the environment around us is innate. Man has drastically explored and utilized the resources hidden in nature, but unfortunately in this sprint of development, the natural environment is severely affected. It is the need of the hour to focus on methodologies for environmental remediation. Many technologies have been developed to reduce the pollution causing factors. Use of nanotechnology for the sake of saving environment is an emerging field. Nano-technology is based on nano-sized (smaller than 1 micron) materials. Nanosize particles have initiated the advancement in new and low cost techniques for environmental pollution control including air pollution.
Introduction to Water and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Tajarudin Husnul Azan Bin , Makhtar Muaz Mohd Zaini , Azmi Muhammad Syazwan , Zainuddin Nor Izzah , Ali Dayang Haszelinna Abang
Published: July 2018

This chapter elaborates the importance of water and wastewater treatment to human, environment, and world. It further discusses the water-borne diseases and other effects without implementation of water and wastewater treatment system. The principles of treatments are elaborated in detail as well. The standard parameters and value needed to be checked and compiled by the water and wastewater treatment system are not forgotten. This chapter explains the sources of water pollution such as from geography, ecology, and industry site. It also includes thoughtful discussion on causative factors behind water pollution, either human or other activity. The chapter views the importance of clean water in a variety of economic aspects. Without clean water what will happen to the world economy?
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) to Treat the Petroleum Wastewater
Authors: Ali Dheeaa al deen Atallah , Palaniandy Puganeshwary , Feroz Shaik.
Published: July 2018

Petroleum wastewater generation is one of the main pollutants associated with oil refineries processes. The petroleum wastewater usually contains a complex variety of materials and organic compounds. Dedicated treatment facilities are required before the petroleum wastewater can be discharged to the environment. Researchers worldwide are still searching for a total solution to solve petroleum wastewater problem. In this chapter, different chemical treatment methods for the petroleum wastewater including coagulation-flocculation, Fenton and electro-Fenton oxidation, photocatalyst oxidation, and advanced oxidation processes are reviewed and discussed. Nevertheless, the efficiency of each process was also evaluated. It can be concluded that the performance of these processes is mainly attributed to petroleum wastewater type and initial organic concentrations whereas treatment performance weakens reported at higher initial concentrations of pollutants.
Concentrated Landfill Leachate Treatment by Electro-Ozonation
Authors: Mojiri Amin , Ziyang Lou , Hui Wang , Gholami Ali
Published: July 2018

Municipal solid waste has continued to be a major problem in many nations of the world. The primary methods of treating landfill leachate include physical-chemical and biological treatment processes. Pressure-driven membrane processes, such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis (RO), are among the utmost promising and capable ways for treating landfill leachate. The concentrated leachate created from pressure-driven membrane processes typically represents 13%–30% of total incoming landfill leachate. Concentrated leachate is a dark brown solution with high levels of pollutants. Treating concentrated leachate is extremely difficult, and thus, a combined treatment system is suggested. In the present study, concentrated landfill leachate was treated using a combined treatment technique that included electro-ozonation. The removal efficacies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, and nickel were monitored at original pH (7.3) as well as current and voltage of 4 A and 9 V, respectively.
Photocatalysis (TiO2/Solar) in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Aziz Nurul Aiin Ab , Palaniandy Puganeshwary
Published: July 2018

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have gained growing importance for the removal of organic pollutants from water. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been rapidly expanding for water treatment. This approach has economic and sustainability advantages compared with other processes. The main advantage of this process is its capability to gain complete oxidation or mineralization of organic contaminants at conditions of near ambient temperature and pressure. This chapter aims to review the mechanism involved in this process, characteristics of semiconductor photocatalyst, difference between suspended and immobilized photocatalyst system, comparison between the use of natural sunlight and commercial lamp, also the reactor involved. Potential advantages and limitations, as well as the application of photocatalysis in water and wastewater are also discussed.
An Overview of Treatment of Antibiotics Using Advanced Oxidation Process
Authors: Rajasekaran Rajesh Nithyanandam , Puddoo Hastheesudabye , Nguyenhuynh Thaothy Nithyanandam
Published: July 2018

Antibiotics present in the environment are originated from pharmaceutical manufacturing processes or through wastes such as urine and feces. As antibiotics remain recalcitrant and persist in the treated water, consumption of treated water containing antibiotics raises a concern in the development of antibiotic resistance bacteria which would be later released to the environment. It might result in a vicious cycle which new antibiotics needs to be developed and dosage has to increase. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have been studied to effectively degrade antibiotics. During this process, hydroxyl radicals are formed to degrade organic compounds. Different APO are available in the literature such as photo-Fenton, Fenton, ozonation, sonolysis (UV), ultrasound combined with ozone, TiO2/direct photolysis, UV/H2O2, UV/ TiO2, UV/IGBT. To treat the high level of concentration of antibiotics, retention time of AOPs needs to be extended or/and OH• radicals need to be produced in a higher concentration for a complete mineralization.
Introduction to the International Managerial Competences
Authors: Diaz-Carrion Rosalia , López-Fernández Macarena , Romero-Fernandez Pedro M.
Published: July 2018

Considering that markets today are characterized by high levels of competition and dynamism, the managerial function is becoming increasingly complex. Managers need to develop a series of skills to be able to respond to these changes in the environment. These competences must cover a broad spectrum: (1) at the strategic level, analyzing opportunities, threats, and the strengths and weaknesses of the organization in order to ensure its survival; (2) at the group or collective level, managing people who work inside and outside the company, and (3) individually, the manager must be in control of him/herself before being able to manage those in his/her charge. Thus, proactivity, creativity, team management, and stress or time management are just some of those skills that managers should not ignore. This chapter focuses on analyzing the competences that managers must develop in order to be successful in both domestic and international markets.
Managing and Shaping Change in International Projects
Authors: Janssens Jürgen
Published: July 2018

Companies are either international by nature, either their workforce is, or business dynamics and agile optimization create an extended web making it international. This obliges managers to gear up for the needs of this evolving DNA. This is especially the case in strategy critical project portfolio contexts focusing on organizational change, process transformation, or roll-out of headquarter-driven products/services. This chapter will address the required hard and soft assets: integrating the cultural essence and maturity of the ecosystem, combining experience with a pragmatic approach, and being dedicated to continuous shaping of collaborations. Additional focus will be set on managing in the digital age. To give more depth to the tangible value, different real-life cases will be integrated. Together, the theoretical insights and the empirical examples will offer a big picture view that will benefit the management of hybrid portfolios in geographically blended environments.
The Relevance of Stakeholders in an International Context
Authors: Guerrero-Villegas Jaime
Published: July 2018

The study of the stakeholders is key to a firm's survival and success. This chapter serves as a point of reference for managers by providing a better understanding of stakeholder theory and of the different groups of stakeholders. Additionally, the chapter analyzes the international scenario characterized by globalization and a high level of competitiveness in order to understand the role played by specific stakeholders such as shareholders, employees, governments, and non-governmental organizations. After reading this chapter, readers should be able to understand the basic principles of stakeholder theory; to identify the different groups of stakeholders, analyzing the role that they play in the firm; to understand the motives which push firms to operate internationally and the different methods that they can use to carry this out; and to reflect on the key stakeholders in an international context.
Barriers to Success
Authors: Haswell Melissa M.
Published: July 2018

Cultural ideals of gender normativity creates stereotypes that lead to the identification of specific occupations as being male-oriented or female-oriented, further perpetuating institutional sexism. Research shows that stereotypical beliefs are pervasive and exist in all professions, including higher education. Women academics, especially in the STEM fields, are still present in low numbers and often have to sacrifice marriage and family for their careers due to the overarching masculine organizational structure that forms the basis of most higher education institutions. This chapter will discuss the history of women in academia, gender equity in higher education, and the consequences of gender normative language on women in academia.
A Trans*+ Media Literacy Framework for Navigating the Dynamically Shifting Terrain of Gender in Media
Authors: Funk Steven S.
Published: July 2018

Of the many identity markers that students claim and encounter throughout their educational journeys, none might be more salient than gender. While much of the European Union seems to be sloughing off the gender binary as a vestige of the 20th century, many educators and students in the U.S. continue to reinforce the binary through explicit and implicit strategies that normalize the cisgender condition while othering those who are trans*+. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the entrenchment of the gender binary in the American post-secondary system, to analyze the media frenzy currently addressing trans*+ identities, and to offer a theoretical framework of Trans*+ Media Literacy, borne of Critical Media Literacy, to address specifically how post-secondary educators and students can create gender expansive and inclusive spaces that might foster the growth of students prepared to think of gender representation and media production that challenge the binary and encourage gender expansiveness to flourish.