bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principais causas básicas da mortalidade infantil no Distrito Federal, Brasil: 1990 a 2000
Authors: Monteiro Renata Alves , Schmitz Bethsáida de Abreu Soares
Published: April 2005

OBJETIVOS: caracterizar a tendência da mortalidade infantil no Distrito Federal por causa básica de morte e segundo causas evitáveis entre 1990 e 2000. MÉTODOS: estudo ecológico a partir do total de óbitos infantis e nascimentos ocorridos, utilizando-se os sistemas de informação produzidos pelo Ministério da Saúde. Para avaliação, segundo causa básica de morte, usou-se a Classificação Internacional de Doenças. Para a análise, segundo causas evitáveis, foi utilizado o critério estabelecido pela Fundação SEADE. RESULTADOS: predominaram os óbitos devido a afecções perinatais, seguidos das mortes em decorrência de anomalias congênitas, porém a maior redução ocorreu no coeficiente de mortalidade por doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. Quando se avalia cada coeficiente em separado, destacam-se, nos óbitos neonatais, aqueles redutíveis por meio de ações de diagnóstico e tratamento precoces e os não evitáveis. Entre as mortes pós-neonatais, destacam-se aquelas também redutíveis por ações precoces de diagnóstico e tratamento e por meio de parcerias com outros setores, como aqueles óbitos por diarréia e infecções respiratórias agudas. CONCLUSÕES: verifica-se a necessidade de intervenção efetiva nas causas de morte e componentes da mortalidade infantil, principalmente naquelas relacionadas ao cuidado durante a gravidez, parto e puerpério, além daquelas que implicam na ação conjunta de vários setores.
Lifetime Prevalence of Pathological Gambling Among American Indian and Hispanic American Veterans
Authors: Westermeyer Joseph , Canive Jose , Garrard Judith , Thuras Paul , Thompson James
Published: April 2005

Objectives. We examined the prevalence and clinical correlates of pathological gambling among 1228 American Indian and Hispanic American veterans in the southwest and north central regions of the United States.

Methods. We surveyed a community sample of American Indian and Hispanic American veterans to obtain data on psychiatric disorder and treatment.

Results. American Indian veterans had a 10% lifetime prevalence of pathological gambling. The Hispanic American lifetime prevalence was less than that of the American Indian veterans but higher than the prevalence found for Hispanic American veterans in other surveys. Comorbid conditions associated with pathological gambling included substance, mood, and antisocial personality disorders. Ready access to casino gambling may encourage, support, or contribute to high rates of pathological gambling in both men and women.

Conclusions. A 70% lifetime comorbidity of psychiatric disorders suggests that early interventions for pathological gambling should consider common psychiatric conditions rather than focusing on pathological gambling alone.
Early Alcohol Initiation and Subsequent Sexual and Alcohol Risk Behaviors Among Urban Youths
Authors: Stueve Ann , O’Donnell Lydia N.
Published: April 2005

Objectives. We examined relations between early alcohol use and subsequent alcohol and sexual risk behaviors among urban adolescents.

Methods. A total of 1034 African American and Hispanic youths completed surveys assessing alcohol and sexual behaviors at 7th and 10th grade. After we controlled for early sexual initiation, we examined relations between early drinking and subsequent alcohol and sexual behaviors.

Results. Early drinking was associated with alcohol and sexual risks through mid-adolescence. Early drinkers were more likely to report subsequent alcohol problems, unprotected sexual intercourse, multiple partners, being drunk or high during sexual intercourse, and pregnancy. Among females, early drinking was also related to sexual initiation and recent sexual intercourse.

Conclusions. Prevention programs should address combined risks of early alcohol use and sexual intercourse, especially where levels of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections are elevated.
Pathways to Recurrent Trauma Among Young Black Men: Traumatic Stress, Substance Use, and the “Code of the Street”
Authors: Rich John A. , Grey Courtney M.
Published: April 2005

Recurrent interpersonal violence is a major cause of death and disability among young Black men. Quantitative studies have uncovered factors associated with reinjury, but little is known about how these factors work together.

We interviewed young Black male victims to understand their experience of violence. Qualitative analysis of their narratives revealed how their struggle to reestablish safety shaped their response to injury. Aspects of the “code of the street” (including the need for respect) and lack of faith in the police combined with traumatic stress and substance use to accentuate their sense of vulnerability. Victims then reacted to protect themselves in ways that could increase their risk of reinjury.

We describe a model with implications for reducing rates of recurrent violent injuries.
Building Healthy Tribal Nations in Montana and Wyoming Through Collaborative Research and Development
Authors: Andersen Steve R. , Belcourt Gordon M. , Langwell Kathryn M.
Published: April 2005

We describe a collaborative approach to reducing health disparities affecting Montana and Wyoming tribal nations while promoting health-protective practices and interventions among these populations.

Under the auspices of the Montana-Wyoming Tribal Leaders Council, a consortium has undertaken activities to (1) establish the research infrastructure necessary for conducting ongoing health disparities research, (2) develop a target research agenda that addresses tribally identified priority health issues and tests the feasibility of interventions, (3) develop increased research skills and cultural competency through mentoring activities, and (4) develop effective collaborative relationships. All research projects are user-defined and -authorized, and participation is voluntary.
Ethnic Inequalities in Cancer Survival in New Zealand: Linkage Study
Authors: Jeffreys Mona , Stevanovic Vladimir , Tobias Martin , Lewis Chris , Ellison-Loschmann Lis , Pearce Neil , Blakely Tony
Published: April 2005

We explored the contribution of stage at diagnosis to ethnic disparities in cancer survival in New Zealand. We linked 115811 adult patients with invasive cancer registered on the cancer registry (1994 to 2002) to mortality data. Age-standardized, 5-year relative survival rates were lowest for Maori, intermediate for Pacific people (otherwise known as Pacific Islanders), and highest for non-Maori/non-Pacific people for many cancers. Stage at diagnosis accounted for only part of these differences. Possible factors responsible for ethnic inequalities might include access to specialized cancer services and the quality of care received.
Solid‐state modification of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) via grafting of styrene. II. Morphology and melt processing
Authors: Picchioni F. , Goossens J. G. P. , van Duin M.
Published: April 2005

Grafting of vinyl monomers onto isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in the solid state represents a convenient route to chemically modify iPP and, consequently, its properties. Solid‐state modification can be carried out on iPP powder directly from the polymerization reactor. The modified powder is then processed in the melt, usually with the addition of fillers and/or additives, to obtain the final product. In this work we have studied the effect of melt processing on the morphology of solid‐state polymerized PP/polystyrene (PS) blends, i.e., of a iPP powder previously modified in the solid‐state with styrene (St) and optionally in the presence of divinylbenzene (DVB). A series of samples containing different amounts of PS and displaying different grafting efficiencies were investigated before and after processing in the melt. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and solid‐state NMR were used to investigate the morphology on different length scales. It was shown that PS coalescence during processing can be hindered, thereby stabilizing the initially polymerized iPP/PS blends morphology. Indeed, reducing the PS amount in the blend or increasing the grafting efficiency resulted in less coalescence of the PS domains. Crosslinking of the PS phase during the solid‐state polymerization resulted also in a very fine but heterogeneous morphology. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 575–583, 2005
Degree of crosslinking and physical properties of dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea/acrylic acid crosslinked cotton fabrics after treatment with various metallic salts
Authors: Yen Meng‐Shung , Chen Jui‐Chin , Chen Cheng‐Chi
Published: April 2005

Three metallic salts were used to posttreat dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU)/acrylic acid (AA) crosslinked cotton fabrics, and the results showed that at a given value of the tensile strength retention (TSR), the dry crease recovery angle (DCRA) and wet crease recovery angle (WCRA) of the crosslinked and posttreated fabrics were higher than those of the DMDHEU–AA‐treated fabrics, and those of the crosslinked and posttreated fabrics were in the order of Ag+ > Cu+2 > Al+3. The DCRA and TSR values for the crosslinked and posttreated fabrics were higher than those for the DMDHEU–AA‐crosslinked fabrics, and those for the crosslinked and posttreated fabrics were in the order of Ag+ > Cu+2 > Al+3; however, WCRA values for the crosslinked and posttreated fabrics were lower than those for the DMDHEU–AA‐crosslinked fabrics, and those for the crosslinked and posttreated fabrics were ranked as Ag+ > Cu+2 > Al+3 at a given number of crosslinks per anhydroglucose unit. IR spectra clearly revealed the different interactions and bonding states between the hydroxyl group of the cellulose and the various metallic ions and the strength of the interaction. All crosslinked and posttreated fabric samples showed good odor absorption and antibacterial and washing‐fastness properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 584–594, 2005
Reactive processing compatibilization of direct injection molded polyamide‐6/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends
Authors: Retolaza A. , Eguiazábal J. I. , Nazábal J.
Published: April 2005

Finely dispersed blends of polyamide 6 (PA‐6) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were obtained by direct injection molding throughout the full composition range. The blends comprised a probably pure PA‐6 phase, and a PET phase that was apparently pure in PET‐rich blends and contained slight reacted PA‐6 amounts in PA‐6‐rich blends. This very complex morphology was characterized by the presence of dispersed particles at three levels and by a very large interface area/dispersed phase volume ratio. The linear ductility behavior was attributed to both the presence of reacted copolymers and the large interface area/dispersed volume ratio, and the synergism in both the Young's modulus and yield stress to the increased orientation of the blends related to that of the pure components. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 564–574, 2005
Electron‐beam curing of hydrogenated acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber
Authors: Das Pradip K. , Ganguly Anirban , Banerji Madhusudan
Published: April 2005

The electron‐beam‐induced crosslinking of hydrogenated acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (HNBR) was investigated. HNBR sheets were exposed to electron‐beam irradiation in air at a room temperature of 25 ± 2°C over a dose range of 0–20 Mrad. An attempt was made to correlate the structure of the irradiated rubber with the properties. The ratio of chain scission to crosslinking and the gelation dose were determined by a method proposed elsewhere. The gel content and dynamic storage modulus increased with the radiation dose. Fourier transform infrared studies revealed the formation of double bonds and carbonyl and ether groups. These observations were further supported by a thermogravimetric analysis of the carbonaceous residue of irradiated HNBR. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 648–651, 2005
Salvage reoperation for complications after ileal pouch–anal anastomosis
Authors: Dehni N , Remacle G , Dozois R R , Banchini F , Tiret E , Parc R
Published: April 2005

Background

Surgical revision may be possible in patients with a poor outcome following ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA), using either a transanal approach or a combined abdominoperineal approach with pouch revision and reanastomosis.

Methods

Sixty-four patients underwent revisional surgery. The indication for salvage was sepsis in 47 patients, mechanical dysfunction in ten, isolated complications of the residual glandular epithelial cuff in three and previous intraoperative difficulties in four patients.

Results

A transanal approach was used in 19 patients and a combined abdominoperineal procedure in 45. Six of the latter had pouch enlargement and 25 received a new pouch. During a mean(s.d.) follow-up of 30(25) months, three patients required pouch excision because of Crohn's disease. Two patients had poor continence after abdominoperineal surgery. At last follow-up 60 (94 per cent) of 64 patients had a functional pouch. Half of the patients experienced some degree of daytime and night-time incontinence, but it was frequent in only 15 per cent. Of 58 patients analysed, 27 of 40 who had an abdominoperineal procedure and 13 of 18 who had transanal surgery rated their satisfaction with the outcome as good to excellent.

Conclusion

Surgical revision after failure of IPAA was possible in most patients, yielding an acceptable level of bowel function in two-thirds of patients.
Basic studies on aperture for adaptive antenna with switched loads of parasitic elements
Authors: Nakane Yoshiaki , Kuwahara Yoshihiko
Published: April 2005

This paper considers an adaptive array antenna in which multiple parasitic elements are placed in concentric circles with the radiating element as the center, and the outputs of the parasitic elements are connected to open, shorted, or fixed loads, so that the directivity can be controlled adaptively. The number of circular arrays, the number of parasitic elements in a circular array, the radius of the circular array, and the value of the fixed load are investigated. All combinations of three arrival wave angles are considered in the horizontal plane within the range of adaptive beam forming. All combinations of load settings are investigated. The design parameters are investigated on the basis of the achieved cumulative SINR distribution function. We find that SINR values above 10 dB can be expected in an environment with up to two interfering waves by constructing an aperture with one circular array with a radius of 0.5λ containing 10 parasitic elements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(9): 19–26, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20202
Adaptive DOA estimation using a radial basis function network
Authors: Mochida Eiji , Iiguni Youji
Published: April 2005

DOA (direction‐of‐arrival) estimation problems have considerable importance in the fields of radar, sonar, and high‐resolution spectral analysis. Many methods have been proposed for solution of DOA estimation by using array antennas. In general, the computational complexity is significant. In the present paper, adaptive estimation of the direction of arrival is proposed by using the training network called the RBF (Radial Basis Function). In this method, the problem is treated as one of deriving the mapping from the autocorrelation matrix to the angle of arrival and then the DOA estimation problem is solved. Specifically, the angle of arrival and the signal power are independently discretized. The autocorrelation matrix corresponding to these discretized data is used as the training data for the RBF network. In this processing, the basis functions are reduced by means of clustering. Also, by sensitivity analysis, a network that is robust to the estimation error of the autocorrelation matrix is constructed. In this way, the DOA can be estimated at high speed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(9): 11–20, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20161
Unsupervised training of phoneme models using HMM sufficient statistics and a speaker distance function
Authors: Yoshizawa Shinichi , Baba Akira , Matsunami Kanako , Mera Yuichiro , Yamada Miichi , Lee Akinobu , Shikano Kiyohiro
Published: April 2005

We propose an unsupervised method for the training of phoneme models using sufficient statistics from hidden Markov models and a speaker distance function. Our proposed method uses sufficient statistics calculated for acoustic models of speakers that are acoustically close to a test speaker to construct an accurately adapted model. The method involves (1) the selection of a group of speakers that are acoustically close to the test speaker and (2) the creation of phoneme models that are adapted to the test speaker using sufficient statistics from the models of the selected group of speakers. The calculation of sufficient statistics is performed prior to adaptation off‐line. The proposed method results in high recognition rates by performing adaptation based on the calculations of sufficient statistics of models of speakers that are acoustically close to the test speaker. In addition, only a small amount of adaptation data is required. The adaptation is performed rapidly since the sufficient statistics can be calculated off‐line. In comparison with speaker clustering methods, our proposed method allows for a more appropriate determination of the speaker cluster since this is selected dynamically on‐line using data from the test speaker. We show that in recognition experiments with small amounts of adaptation data, our proposed method results in a higher recognition rate than MLLR. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(9): 33–41, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20188
Escape from microenvironmental control and progression of intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Zhang Weitian , Vaccariello Michael A. , Wang Youai , Alt‐Holland Addy , Fusenig Norbert E. , Garlick Jonathan A.
Published: April 2005

We previously reported that normal human keratinocytes controlled neoplastic progression of tumor cells at an early stage of transformation in stratified squamous epithelium. We now studied if cells at a more advanced stage of transformation were also subject to such microenvironmental control. To accomplish this, 3D human tissues that mimic intraepithelial neoplasia were fabricated by mixing genetically marked (β‐gal), early‐stage (II‐4 cells) or advanced‐stage (SCC13) transformed keratinocytes with normal keratinocytes, and tumor cell fate and phenotype were monitored in organotypic culture and after surface transplantation to nude mice. In vivo, SCC13 cells evaded local growth suppression to undergo connective tissue invasion at significantly lower tumor cell volumes (12:1, 50:1 normal:tumor cells) than II‐4 cells. This behavior was explained by the growth suppression of II‐4 cells, while advanced‐stage tumor cells escaped this control and continued to undergo clonal expansion in mixed cultures to form large, intraepithelial tumor clusters. These communities of tumor cells underwent autonomous growth that was associated with altered expression of markers of differentiation (keratin 1) and cell–cell communication (connexin‐43). Furthermore, significantly greater numbers of SCC13 cells expanded into a basal position after low‐calcium stripping of suprabasal cells of mixed cultures compared to II‐4 cells, suggesting that expansion of these cells enabled tumor cell invasion after transplantation. These findings demonstrated that early tumor development in human stratified squamous epithelium required escape from microenvironmental growth control that was dependent on the transformation stage of intraepithelial tumor cells during the premalignant stage of cancer progression. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient charge assignment and back interpolation in multigrid methods for molecular dynamics
Authors: Banerjee Sanjay , Board John A.
Published: April 2005

The assignment of atomic charges to a regular computational grid and the interpolation of forces from the grid back to the original atomic positions are crucial steps in a multigrid approach to the calculation of molecular forces. For purposes of grid assignment, atomic charges are modeled as truncated Gaussian distributions. The charge assignment and back interpolation methods are currently bottlenecks, and take up to one‐third the execution time of the multigrid method each. Here, we propose alternative approaches to both charge assignment and back interpolation where convolution is used both to map Gaussian representations of atomic charges onto the grid and to map the forces computed at grid points back to atomic positions. These approaches achieve the same force accuracy with reduced run time. The proposed charge assignment and back interpolation methods scale better than baseline multigrid computations with both problem size and number of processors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 957–967, 2005
Adaptive approach for nonlinear sensitivity analysis of reaction kinetics
Authors: Horenko Illia , Lorenz Sönke , Schütte Christof , Huisinga Wilhelm
Published: April 2005

We present a unified approach for linear and nonlinear sensitivity analysis for models of reaction kinetics that are stated in terms of systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The approach is based on the reformulation of the ODE problem as a density transport problem described by a Fokker–Planck equation. The resulting multidimensional partial differential equation is herein solved by extending the TRAIL algorithm originally introduced by Horenko and Weiser in the context of molecular dynamics (J. Comp. Chem. 2003, 24, 1921) and discussed it in comparison with Monte Carlo techniques. The extended TRAIL approach is fully adaptive and easily allows to study the influence of nonlinear dynamical effects. We illustrate the scheme in application to an enzyme‐substrate model problem for sensitivity analysis w.r.t. to initial concentrations and parameter values. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 941–948, 2005
Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology
Authors: de Veld Diana C.G. , Skurichina Marina , Witjes Max J.H. , Duin Robert P.W. , Sterenborg Henricus J.C.M. , Roodenburg Jan L.N.
Published: April 2005

Background and Objectives

Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy have been used separately and combined for tissue diagnostics. Previously, we assessed the value of autofluorescence spectroscopy for the classification of oral (pre‐)malignancies. In the present study, we want to determine the contributions of diffuse reflectance and autofluorescence spectroscopy to diagnostic performance.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectra were recorded from 172 oral lesions and 70 healthy volunteers. Autofluorescence spectra were corrected in first order for blood absorption effects using diffuse reflectance spectra. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) with various classifiers was applied to distinguish (1) cancer and (2) all lesions from healthy oral mucosa, and (3) dysplastic and malignant lesions from benign lesions. Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectra were evaluated separately and combined.

Results

The classification of cancer versus healthy mucosa gave excellent results for diffuse reflectance as well as corrected autofluorescence (Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) areas up to 0.98). For both autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectra, the classification of lesions versus healthy mucosa was successful (ROC areas up to 0.90). However, the classification of benign and (pre‐)malignant lesions was not successful for raw or corrected autofluorescence spectra (ROC areas <0.70). For diffuse reflectance spectra, the results were slightly better (ROC areas up to 0.77).

Conclusions

The results for plain and corrected autofluorescence as well as diffuse reflectance spectra were similar. The relevant information for distinguishing lesions from healthy oral mucosa is probably sufficiently contained in blood absorption and scattering information, as well as in corrected autofluorescence. However, neither type of information is capable of distinguishing benign from dysplastic and malignant lesions. Combining autofluorescence and reflectance only slightly improved the results. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The explicit factorization of the Cremona transformation which is an extension of the Nagata automorphism into elementary links
Authors: Kishimoto Takashi
Published: April 2005

We consider the Cremona transformation Φσ: ℙ3… → ℙ3which is an extension of the famous Nagata automorphismσon the affine 3‐space 𝔸3. In this paper we shall factorize this Cremona transformation Φσexplicitly into 8 elementary links according to the Sarkisov Program. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bilateral stimulation of nucleus subthalamicus in advanced Parkinson's disease: No effects on, and of, autonomic dysfunction
Authors: Holmberg Björn , Corneliusson Olle , Elam Mikael
Published: April 2005

It is not known whether bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus, performed to improve skeletal motor control in advanced Parkinson's disease, also affects central autonomic regulation of cardiovascular motor function. Furthermore, reduced treatment with dopaminergic and other drugs after bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus could affect cardiovascular autonomic reflexes and/or other factors controlling blood pressure level. The primary aim of this study was to investigate putative effects of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on the autonomic nervous system, using respiratory heart rate variability and blood pressure responses to tilt as indices. Baseline autonomic tests were performed in 19 patients with Parkinson's disease and 10 matched healthy subjects. Patients were divided in two groups and re‐investigated after 1 year of optimized pharmacological treatment (n = 8) or 1 year of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation (n = 11). Both skeletal motor dysfunction and dopaminergic drug treatment were significantly reduced after 1 year of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation. However, heart rate variability as well as blood pressure during tilt was reduced compared to baseline to a similar extent in both patient groups. The number of individual patients showing pathological autonomic test results at 1‐year follow‐up increased only in the subthalamic nucleus stimulation group. Despite reduced pharmacological treatment and reduced motor disability, bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation does not improve cardiovascular autonomic reflex function or protect against development of cardiovascular autonomic failure in Parkinson's disease. Preoperative cardiovascular autonomic reflex dysfunction, conversely, does not exclude an excellent stimulation effect. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Direct comparison between regional cerebral metabolism in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Klein Reinoud C. , de Jong Bauke M. , de Vries Joeke J. , Leenders Klaus L.
Published: April 2005

The differentiation between progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Parkinson's disease (PD) may be difficult, especially in the early stages of disease. Positron emission tomography potentially provides a tool for making such a distinction. To identify key features in the spatial distributions of cerebral glucose metabolism, 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) measurements of 10 patients with probable or possible PSP were directly compared with those of 9 PD patients. This analysis was done with statistic parametric mapping. After normalization of global brain uptake, in PSP, relative uptake of FDG was reduced in the caudal (motor) part of the anterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann's area BA 24; P < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). At a lower threshold, an additional decrease was present in the dorsal mesencephalon. In PD, relative hypometabolism was seen in extrastriate visual, ventrolateral temporal, posterior parietal, and orbitofrontal regions. Only reduction in the right fusiform gyrus and the lateral extrastriate visual cortex reached statistical significance. We concluded that particularly the reduction of medial frontal metabolism may be a valuable diagnostic imaging parameter in distinguishing PSP from PD. For PD, a possible association between occipitotemporal FDG decrease and vulnerability to hallucinations is suggested. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
EGF‐induced EGF‐receptor and MAP kinase phosphorylation in goat cumulus cells during in vitro maturation
Authors: Gall Laurence , Boulesteix Claire , Ruffini Sylvie , Germain Guy
Published: April 2005

EGF has been shown to influence meiotic maturation and development competence of oocyte in various mammalian species. We previously reported, in goat, that the EGF receptor (EGF‐R) was present both on cumulus cells and oocytes. Here, EGF‐induced signaling was investigated during the in vitro maturation process in goat cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs). Cumulus cells and oocytes were subjected to Western immunoblotting analysis using anti‐MAP kinase, anti‐phosphotyrosine, anti‐phospho MAP kinase, and anti‐phospho EGF‐R antibodies. We demonstrated that treatment with EGF during the in vitro maturation process induced rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF‐R in a time and concentration dependent manner in cumulus cells. A similar pattern of activation by phosphorylation was observed for MAP kinase upon EGF stimulation. AG 1478, an inhibitor of the EGF kinase, suppressed EGF‐stimulated phosphorylation of EGF‐R and also affected the MAP kinase activation. Treatment with the MEK inhibitor PD 98059 abolished EGF‐induced MAP kinase activation. We did not observe oocyte EGF‐R phosphorylation in our experiments during the in vitro maturation process. Our data indicate, in goat cumulus cells, that activation of EGF‐R by EGF triggers signaling through the MAP kinase pathway during in vitro maturation. This supports the hypothesis that the major site of action for EGF, that regulates oocyte maturation, is the cumulus cell. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurobehavioral assessment from fetus to infant: The NICU network neurobehavioral scale and the fetal neurobehavior coding scale
Authors: Salisbury Amy L. , Fallone Melissa Duncan , Lester Barry
Published: April 2005

This review provides an overview and definition of the concept of neurobehavior in human development. Two neurobehavioral assessments used by the authors in current fetal and infant research are discussed: the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Assessment Scale and the Fetal Neurobehavior Coding System. This review will present how the two assessments attempt to measure similar processes from pre to post‐natal life by examining three main components of neurobehavior: neurological, behavioral and stress/reactivity measures. Assessment descriptions, strengths and weaknesses, as well as cautions and limitations are provided. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:14–20.
Legacy fundraising: a practical guide to the basics
Authors: Wise Patrick
Published: April 2005

Remember a Charity, the public awareness campaign run by over 130 charities in the UK, has stated that donations in wills are the largest single source of voluntary income for charities—currently worth £1.3 billion per year (April 2005).

So can legacies to charity still be described as just windfall money? Should charities spend precious funds on promoting legacy giving when it is difficult to monitor results? It so, what is the message? Who are the target audiences? What form should legacy promotional literature take? What part could or should solicitors and funeral directors play in legacy campaigns? Patrick Wise looks back on his twenty plus years of experience in the world of charitable legacies, and gives his views on the answers to these questions, and why he thinks all charities should take legacy promotion very seriously.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The UK's Legacy Promotion Campaign: a review after nearly two years of public influence
Authors: Dauncey Theresa
Published: April 2005

Launched in October 2002, uniquely the Legacy Promotion Campaign has brought together over 100 charities in a common cause. Donations in wills provide approximately a third of all voluntary income, but relatively few charity supporters take this step. Using a combination of advertising, direct marketing and press activity, the Campaign seeks to increase the level of giving, making it normal behaviour, rather than the exception. Focusing on both the public and professional audiences the Campaign is already shifting opinions and laying the groundwork for a long‐term increase in voluntary income.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in young children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Esther Charles R. , Henry Marianna M. , Molina Paul L. , Leigh Margaret W.
Published: April 2005

Although nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are recognized pathogens in adolescent and adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), the role of NTM in younger CF patients is not well‐defined. To explore NTM infection in CF patients less than 12 years old, a retrospective review was performed. Prevalence was estimated from routine mycobacterial cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens collected over a 3‐year period. NTM‐positive cultures were obtained from 9 of 258 BALs collected from 7 of 114 different patients (5 months to 11 years of age). Further data were acquired from microbiological and clinical records of all pediatric patients with CF over a 10‐year period. A total of 17 patients had at least one positive mycobacterial culture at less than 12 years of age, 5 of whom had positive cultures before age 5. The most commonly identified organisms were Mycobacterium avium‐complex and Mycobacterium abscessus. Of the 17 patients, 10 met American Thoracic Society (ATS) microbiological criteria for mycobacterial disease, and 7 did not. The two groups did not differ with respect to age, gender, or presence of other respiratory pathogens. Patients who met ATS microbiological criteria for disease were more likely to have positive smears for acid‐fast bacilli and grow Mycobacterium abscessus from culture. These patients also had a greater decline in lung function over time than patients who did not meet the microbiologic criteria. These data suggest that NTM represent a clinically significant pathogen, even in young patients with cystic fibrosis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A staging system for malignant melanoma
Authors: Ketcham Alfred S. , Christopherson William O.
Published: April 2005

The American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting has developed a classification system for staging malignant melanoma. Based on the TNM classification system of the International Union Against Cancer, the American system uses information derived from over 1700 cases. Characteristics including level of invasion, thickness of penetration, nodal involvement, and incidence of metastases are considered and rules for classification are included.
Papillary ureteroneocystostomy in renal transplantation: An experimental and clinical study
Authors: Marks Charles , Marks Peter H. , Rees Riley S.
Published: April 2005

The need to avoid leakage, stenosis, or reflux of urine after ureteroneocystostomy in renal transplantation has led to the development of a new technique consisting of a simple end‐to‐side ureterovesical anastomosis. The technique has special merit in the case of a short donor ureter and obviates the difficulty in creating a submucous vesical tunnel.

In a series of 18 dogs, renal transplantation was performed, and the open end of the distal ureter was everted to provide a mucosal cuff 2 cm in length and fixed in position with sutures of 6‐0 plain catgut. A small cystotomy was then made in the bladder dome and a direct mucosa‐tomucosa anastomosis was established between the vesical mucosa and the upper end of the mucosal cuff, permitting projection of 2 cm of everted mucosally lined ureter into the bladder as a small nipple or papilla. Two months later, cystography and intravenous pyelography showed a patent anastomosis, and gross and microscopic examination of the ureterovesical ostia upon sacrifice of the dogs confirmed absence of stenosis.

This technique has been used in 7 human renal transplants and examination by intravenous pyelography, cystoscopy, cystometry, and retrograde pyelography demonstrated absence of reflux, stenosis, or leakage with graft survival ranging between 1 and 3 years. In 1 case, nephroureterectomy of the transplanted kidney became necessary because of rejection, providing the opportunity to confirm a well‐healed anastomosis.
Interrelationship between serum gastrin concentration, gastric acid secretion, and gastric emptying rate in recurrent peptic ulcer
Authors: Amdrup Erik , Brandsborg Margrethe , Brandsborg Ole , Løvgreen Nils Axel
Published: April 2005

In 36 patients with recurrent peptic ulcer after surgery (11 partial gastrectomy, 25 vagotomy with or without drainage), 12 had a gastric and 24 an intestinal recurrence. Gastric recurrence after partial gastrectomy was characterized by retained antral tissue and a marked serum gastrin response to feeding. Fasting serum gastrin concentration and gastric acid secretion were not correlated with the location of the recurrent ulcer. Gastric recurrences in patients treated by vagotomy correlated mainly with prolonged gastric emptying, and basal acid secretion was significantly lower than in patients with intestinal recurrence. Following complete vagotomy, the recurrence was usually gastric, but it was intestinal after incomplete vagotomy. In the vagotomy group, no correlations between location of ulcer and pentagastrin‐stimulated acid secretion, or fasting and foodstimulated serum gastrin concentrations were found.
A fourteen‐year experience with nonoperative instrument extraction of retained bile duct stones
Authors: Mazzariello R. M.
Published: April 2005

This is a report of nonoperative extraction of residual biliary stones in 1,086 patients over a period of 14 years. Successful stone extraction was accomplished in 95.9% of patients, including extractions effected through the most complex accesses of the cystic duct. The author favors the use of a variety of extraction instruments because so doing makes it possible to cope with the various situations which may arise. It is strongly recommended that surgeons leave short, large diameter drainage tubes in the common bile duct, so as to facilitate the instrumental extraction of residual stones should this need arise.
Progress in the surgical management of hiatal hernia
Authors: Hill Lucius D.
Published: April 2005

A median arcuate repair which anchors the gastroesophageal junction posteriorly has been used in 559 patients operated on for primary hiatal hernia. With 95% follow‐up, there have been 5 (0.89%) recurrences and 2 (0.35%) deaths. Since the introduction of intraoperative manometrics, there have been no recurrences in the last 120 patients operated on for hiatal hernia. A study of the first 126 patients operated on with the use of intraoperative manometry indicates that sphincter competence was restored. The operation, used by surgeons other than the author with equal success when done properly, offers a surgical option for relief of hiatal hernia in those cases when medical treatment has failed or is contraindicated.
Surgical management of acquired short esophagus with dilatable peptic stricture
Authors: Pearson F. G.
Published: April 2005

Between 1964 and 1975, 175 patients were managed by gastroplasty combined with the Belsey Mark IV repair, for peptic stricture (87), esophagitis without stricture (25), recurrent hiatal hernia without stricture (25), incarcerated hiatal hernia (25), and primary motor disorder without stricture (13). Of the 175 patients, 163 (93%) were followed up from 1 to 13 years after repair. The clinical results obtained are good to excellent in more than 90% of the 175 patients. There was no postoperative mortality, morbidity is small, and no patient was considered to have such an unsatisfactory functional result as to warrant further surgery. A more critical and complete follow‐up of the first 33 patients operated on from the series of 175 confirmed these findings. With a 5‐to 13‐year follow‐up, 5 patients died of unrelated disease before the fifth postoperative year, 4 of whom were free of symptoms of stricture and reflux; 2 were lost to follow‐up, but were improved at last contact; 1 patient developed recurrent stenosis without evidence of esophagitis; 1 developed recurrent reflux due to peptic ulceration and pyloric stenosis; and 24 patients have no symptomatic reflux. The addition of gastroplasty to the Belsey Mark IV procedure is conceptually superior to some of the alternative operative procedures used in dealing with acquired short esophagus and stricture. However, a detailed, uniform reporting of long‐term follow‐up data and clearly defined case selection are necessary before an accurate and meaningful comparison of the results of various procedures can be accomplished.
Comparison of catgut and polyglycolic acid sutures in colonic anastomoses
Authors: Clark Charles G. , Wyllie John H. , Haggie Stephen J. , Renton Peter
Published: April 2005

In a randomized prospective trial performed on patients undergoing colonic surgery, comparison was made between catgut and polyglycolic acid sutures as a continuous all‐coats layer in a two‐layer anastomosis, where the seromuscular layer in all cases was interrupted silk. The incidence of anastomotic dehiscence was significantly less when polyglycolic acid sutures were used.
Experimental study of long nonlinear internal waves in rotating fluid
Authors: Renouard Dominique , Germain Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2005

Abstract. Experiments were performed on the rotating platform 14 m in diameter equipped with a simple internal wave generator. Internal waves were generated for a wide range of Coriolis parameters. When the rotation is very weak, i.e., when the internal Rossby radius of deformation is much larger than the wavelength, then the stable nonlinear waves generated are solitary waves. These have a horizontal crest, as in the nonrotating case. When the rotation is strong, i.e., when the internal Rossby radius is at most comparable with the wavelength, then Sverdrup-like periodic waves can be generated, but no solitary wave can then propagate. For the intermediate case, Ostrovsky waves are generated. Their phase speed increases with increasing amplitude. Then, there are two characteristic wave lengths: one which varies with the inverse square root of the amplitude, as for the KdV wave, and the other, linked with the rotation, which varies as the square root of the amplitude. The experimental results are thus in agreement with most of the conclusions in recent analytical developments.
Plasma pressure and anisotropy inferred from the Tsyganenkomagnetic field model
Authors: Cao F. , Lee L. C.
Published: April 2005

Abstract. A numerical procedure has been developed to deduce the plasma pressure and anisotropy from the Tsyganenko magnetic field model. The Tsyganenko empirical field model, which is based on vast satellite field data, provides a realistic description of magnetic field configuration in the magnetosphere. When the force balance under the static condition is assumed, the electromagnetic J×B force from the Tsyganenko field model can be used to infer the plasma pressure and anisotropy distributions consistent with the field model. It is found that the J×B force obtained from the Tsyganenko field model is not curl-free. The curl-free part of the J×B force in an empirical field model can be balanced by the gradient of the isotropic pressure, while the nonzero curl of the J×B force can only be associated with the pressure anisotropy. The plasma pressure and anisotropy in the near-Earth plasma sheet are numerically calculated to obtain a static equilibrium consistent with the Tsyganenko field model both in the noon-midnight meridian and in the equatorial plane. The plasma pressure distribution deduced from the Tsyganenko 1989 field model is highly anisotropic and shows this feature early in the substorm growth phase. The pressure anisotropy parameter αP, defined as αP=1-P\\VertP⊥, is typically ~0.3 at x ≈ -4.5RE and gradually decreases to a small negative value with an increasing tailward distance. The pressure anisotropy from the Tsyganenko 1989 model accounts for 50% of the cross-tail current at maximum and only in a highly localized region near x\\sim-10RE. In comparison, the plasma pressure anisotropy inferred from the Tsyganenko 1987 model is much smaller. We also find that the boundary conditions have significant effects on the plasma pressure distributions and have to be considered carefully.
A three-dimensional model comparison of PSC processing during the Arctic winters of 1991/1992 and 1992/1993
Authors: Chipperfield M. P.
Published: April 2005

Abstract. A three-dimensional transport model has been used to compare and contrast the extent of processing by polar stratospheric clouds during the northern hemisphere winters of 1991/1992 and 1992/1993. The model has also been used to compare the potential for ozone loss between these two winters. The TOMCAT off-line model is forced using meteorological analyses from the ECMWF. During winter 1992/1993 polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in the model persisted into late February/early March, which is much later than in 1991/1992. This persistence of PSCs should have resulted in much more ozone loss in the later winter. Interestingly, however, the extent of PSC processing and ozone loss was greater in January 1992 than January 1993. In January 1992 PSCs occurred at the edge of a distorted polar vortex whilst in January 1993 the PSCs were located at the centre of a much more zonally symmetrical vortex. In March 1993, distortions of the vortex led to the tearing off of vortex air and its mixing into midlatitudes.
On the effect of emissions from aircraft engines on the state of the atmosphere
Authors: Schumann U.
Published: April 2005

Abstract. Emissions from aircraft engines include carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrogen oxides, sulphur components and various other gases and particles. Such emissions from high-flying global civil subsonic air traffic may cause anthropogenic climate changes by an increase of ozone and cloudiness in the upper troposphere, and by an enhanced greenhouse effect. The absolute emissions by air traffic are small (a few percent of the total) compared to surface emissions. However, the greenhouse effect of emitted water and of nitrogen oxides at cruise altitude is potentially large compared to that of the same emissions near the earth's surface because of relatively large residence times at flight altitudes, low background concentrations, low temperature, and large radiative efficiency. Model computations indicate that emission of nitrogen oxides has doubled the background concentration in the upper troposphere between 40°N and 60°N. Models also indicate that this causes an increase of ozone by about 5-20%. Regionally, the observed annual mean change in cloudiness is 0.4%. It is estimated that the resultant greenhouse effect of changes in ozone and thin cirrus cloud cover causes a climatic surface temperature change of 0.01-0.1 K. These temperature changes are small compared to the natural variability. Recent research indicates that the emissions at cruise altitude may increase the amount of stratospheric aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds and thereby have an impact on the atmospheric environment. Air traffic is increasing about 5-6% per year, fuel consumption by about 3%, hence the effects of the related emissions are expected to grow. This paper surveys the state of knowledge and describes several results from recent and ongoing research.