bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bevaring, formidling, interaksjon. Refleksjoner rundt arkivet som levende hus
Authors: Christensen Camilla
Published: May 2017

Arkivenes samfunnsmandat er uløselig knyttet til deres rolle som vår kollektive kunnskapsbank, den demokratiske informasjonsfrihet og som historiske og kulturelle identitetsmarkører. Likevel må det kunne sies at arkivene fremdeles fremstår for mange som utilgjengelige og innesluttede institusjoner, i motsetning til sine "søsken", museene og bibliotekene. Ifølge Meld.St. 7 (2012-2013) er imidlertid målsettingen om at arkiv skal være tilgjengelig for flest mulig, uavhengig av forhåndskunnskap og tilpasningsbehov. Hvordan kan arkivinstitusjonene i større grad fremheve seg selv som levende, aktive samfunnsaktører? Hvordan står arkivformidling på brukernes premisser i konflikt med premisser vedrørende bevaring og proveniens? Denne artikkelen er basert på min eksamensoppgave i emnet Arkivformidling (Ark3200) ved Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus, avholdt våren 2016.
Storm‐induced changes in pCO2 at the sea surface over the northern South China Sea during Typhoon Wutip
Authors: Ye Haijun , Sheng Jinyu , Tang Danling , Siswanto Eko , Ali Kalhoro Muhsan , Sui Yi
Published: May 2017

In situ oceanographic measurements were made before and after the passage of Typhoon Wutip in September 2013 over the northern South China Sea. The surface geostrophic circulation over this region inferred from satellite altimetry data features a large‐size anticyclonic eddy, a small‐size cyclonic eddy, and smaller‐size eddies during this period. Significant typhoon‐induced changes occurred in the partial pressure of CO2 at the sea surface (pCO2sea) during Wutip. Before the passage of Wutip, pCO2sea was about 392.92 ± 1.83, 390.31 ± 0.50, and 393.04 ± 4.31 μatm over the cyclonic eddy water, the anticyclonic eddy water, and areas outside two eddies, respectively. The entire study region showed a carbon source (1.31 ± 0.46 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1) before Wutip. In the cyclonic eddy water after Wutip, high sea surface salinity (SSS), low sea surface temperature (SST), and high pCO2sea (413.05 ± 7.56 μatm) made this area to be a carbon source (3.30 ± 0.75 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1). In the anticyclonic eddy water after Wutip, both the SSS and SST were lower, pCO2sea was also lower (383.03 ± 3.72 μatm), and this area became a carbon sink (–0.11 ± 0.55 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1), in comparison with the pretyphoon conditions. The typhoon‐induced air‐sea CO2 flux reached about 0.03 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1. Noticeable spatial variations in pCO2sea were affected mainly by the typhoon‐induced mixing/upwelling and vertical stratifications. This study suggests that the local air‐sea CO2 flux in the study region was affected significantly by oceanographic conditions during the typhoon.
The structural, stratigraphic, and paleoenvironmental record exposed on the rim and walls of Iazu Crater, Mars
Authors: Powell K. E. , Arvidson R. E. , Zanetti M. , Guinness E. A. , Murchie S. L.
Published: May 2017

Iazu is a 6.8 km diameter crater located ~25 km south of Endeavour Crater in Meridiani Planum, Mars. The asymmetrical ejecta deposit and crater shape demonstrate that Iazu was formed by the impact of a projectile moving from west to east at 20 to 30° above the horizontal. The crater rim and walls expose an ~115 m thick section of intact banded bright and dark Burns formation polyhydrated sulfate deposits that overlie a lower section of basaltic crust of unknown thickness that has been slightly altered to Fe3+─Mg2+ smectites. The lower section also exhibits several basaltic outcrops that are overlain by banded bright and dark layers similar in appearance to the bright and dark bands evident in the overlying Burns formation. We interpret the lower section as indicative of a transition from regional‐scale fluvial activity to accumulation of sulfate‐rich deposits, culminating in a thick overlying section of Burns formation strata. Banding in the Burns formation and underlying strata is inferred to be a consequence of periodic variations in sulfate‐forming depositional environments.
Calibration of the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of benthic foraminifera
Authors: Schmittner Andreas , Bostock Helen C. , Cartapanis Olivier , Curry William B. , Filipsson Helena L. , Galbraith Eric D. , Gottschalk Julia , Herguera Juan Carlos , Hoogakker Babette , Jaccard Samuel L. , Lisiecki Lorraine E. , Lund David C. , Martínez‐Méndez Gema , Lynch‐Stieglitz Jean , Mackensen Andreas , Michel Elisabeth , Mix Alan C. , Oppo Delia W. , Peterson Carlye D. , Repschläger Janne , Sikes Elisabeth L. , Spero Howard J. , Waelbroeck Claire
Published: May 2017

The carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of seawater provides valuable insight on ocean circulation, air‐sea exchange, the biological pump, and the global carbon cycle and is reflected by the δ13C of foraminifera tests. Here more than 1700 δ13C observations of the benthic foraminifera genus Cibicides from late Holocene sediments (δ13CCibnat) are compiled and compared with newly updated estimates of the natural (preindustrial) water column δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDICnat) as part of the international Ocean Circulation and Carbon Cycling (OC3) project. Using selection criteria based on the spatial distance between samples, we find high correlation between δ13CCibnat and δ13CDICnat, confirming earlier work. Regression analyses indicate significant carbonate ion (−2.6 ± 0.4) × 10−3‰/(μmol kg−1) [CO32−] and pressure (−4.9 ± 1.7) × 10−5‰ m−1 (depth) effects, which we use to propose a new global calibration for predicting δ13CDICnat from δ13CCibnat. This calibration is shown to remove some systematic regional biases and decrease errors compared with the one‐to‐one relationship (δ13CDICnat = δ13CCibnat). However, these effects and the error reductions are relatively small, which suggests that most conclusions from previous studies using a one‐to‐one relationship remain robust. The remaining standard error of the regression is generally σ ≅ 0.25‰, with larger values found in the southeast Atlantic and Antarctic (σ ≅ 0.4‰) and for species other than Cibicides wuellerstorfi. Discussion of species effects and possible sources of the remaining errors may aid future attempts to improve the use of the benthic δ13C record.
High‐resolution flow characterization close to the sediment‐water interface in a run of the river reservoir
Authors: Brand Andreas , Noss Christian
Published: May 2017

A bistatic high‐resolution acoustic profiler was used in order to characterize the lowermost boundary layer of a run of the river reservoir. The profiler allows determining the statistics of the three‐dimensional flow field at a single point (sweet spot) as well as the measurement of the time averaged flow velocity profiles at 1 mm resolution around the sweet spot. Therefore, in addition to the flow statistics provided by single point acoustic Doppler profilers, mixing coefficients as well as production of turbulent kinetic energy can be calculated using a single device. Fitting of semiempirical relations to observed cospectra allowed eliminating artifacts as they result from coordinate system rotation during calculation of Reynolds stress profiles at millimeter resolution. While most parameters showed characteristics of a constant stress layer, length scales indicated anisotropy of the turbulent flow. Under these anisotropic near wall conditions, we found that the use of the commonly accepted Kolmogorov constants for the determination of dissipation rates using the inertial dissipation method is not valid any more. Instead, these constants vary with distance from the sediment water interface. We provide evidence that coefficients determined by numerical simulations are the appropriate choice also in field applications. In addition we resolved the viscous boundary layer close to the sediment‐water interface in high resolution (1 mm) profiles and identified a double logarithmic layer above 1.5 cm at one location. The discrepancy of the scales as well as the double logarithmic layer suggests the existence of roughness elements upstream of the measurement sites.
Seismic and experimental insights into eruption precursors at Volcán de Colima
Authors: Lamb Oliver D. , De Angelis Silvio , Wall Richard J. , Lamur Anthony , Varley Nick R. , Reyes‐Dávila Gabriel , Arámbula‐Mendoza Raúl , Hornby Adrian J. , Kendrick Jackie E. , Lavallée Yan
Published: May 2017

We combine geophysical and experimental observations to interpret preeruptive unrest at Volcán de Colima in 1998. 17,893 volcanic earthquakes were detected between 1 October and 31 December 1998, including 504 clusters. Using seismic ambient noise interferometry, we observe a drop in velocity prior to the eruption linked to damage accumulation during magma ascent. This is supported by experimental observations where static stress causes a velocity decrease prior to failure. Furthermore, we observe acoustic emission clusters during the experiments, with lower porosity samples producing higher numbers of repeaters. This behavior introduces tensile failure as an additional viable mechanism for clusters during magma ascent. The findings suggest that preeruptive magma ascent may be monitored to variable degrees of accuracy via descriptions of damage accumulation and associated seismic velocity changes.
New reporter gene assays for detecting natural and synthetic molting hormone agonists using yeasts expressing ecdysone receptors of various insects
Authors: Ito‐Harashima Sayoko , Matsuura Mai , Kawanishi Masanobu , Nakagawa Yoshiaki , Yagi Takashi
Published: May 2017

Synthetic nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists, a class of insect growth regulators (IGRs), target the ecdysone receptor (EcR), which forms a heterodimer with ultraspiracle (USP) to transactivate ecdysone response genes. These compounds have high binding affinities to the EcR–USP complexes of certain insects and their toxicity is selective for certain taxonomic orders. In the present study, we developed reporter gene assay (RGA) systems to detect molting hormone (ecdysone) activity by introducing EcR–USP cDNA and a bacterial lacZ reporter gene into yeast. EcR and USP were derived from the insect species of three different taxonomic orders: Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera), Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera), and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera). Transcriptional coactivator taiman (Tai) cDNA cloned from D. melanogaster was also used in this RGA system. This yeast RGA system responded to various EcR ligands in a dose‐dependent and ecdysteroid‐specific manner. Furthermore, the insect order‐selective ligand activities of synthetic nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists were linearly related to their binding activities, which were measured against in vitro translated EcR–USP complexes. Our newly established yeast RGA is useful for screening new molting hormone agonists that work selectively on target insects.
Stochastic Control Theory for Pension Funds
Authors: Højgaard Bjarne , Vigna Elena
Published: May 2017

The theory of stochastic control deals with the problem of optimizing the behavior of stochastic processes in a dynamic way, which means that the controller at any given point in time can make new decisions based on all information, which is available to him at that time. In the past decades, stochastic control theory has been applied in many ways to pension funds. In this article, we show how stochastic optimal control can be used to solve relevant decision‐making problems in the context of pension funds.
Humidity‐Tolerant Single‐Stranded DNA‐Functionalized Graphene Probe for Medical Applications of Exhaled Breath Analysis
Authors: Jung Youngmo , Moon Hi Gyu , Lim Chaehyun , Choi Keunsu , Song Hyun Seok , Bae Sukang , Kim Soo Min , Seo Minah , Lee Taikjin , Lee Seok , Park Hyung‐Ho , Jun Seong Chan , Kang Chong‐Yun , Kim Chulki
Published: May 2017

Highly sensitive and selective chemiresistive sensors based on graphene functionalized by metals and metal oxides have attracted considerable attention in the fields of environmental monitoring and medical assessment because of their ultrasensitive gas detecting performance and cost‐effective fabrication. However, their operation, in terms of detection limit and reliability, is limited in traditional applications because of ambient humidity. Here, the enhanced sensitivity and selectivity of single‐stranded DNA‐functionalized graphene (ssDNA‐FG) sensors to NH3 and H2S vapors at high humidity are demonstrated and their sensing mechanism is suggested. It is found that depositing a layer of ssDNA molecules leads to effective modulation of carrier density in graphene, as a negative‐potential gating agent and the formation of an additional ion conduction path for proton hopping in the layer of hydronium ions (H3O+) at high humidity (>80%). Considering that selectively responsive chemical vapors are biomarkers associated with human diseases, the obtained results strongly suggest that ssDNA‐FG sensors can be the key to developing a high‐performance exhaled breath analyzer for diagnosing halitosis and kidney disorder.
Development and Translation of PEDOT:PSS Microelectrodes for Intraoperative Monitoring
Authors: Ganji Mehran , Kaestner Erik , Hermiz John , Rogers Nick , Tanaka Atsunori , Cleary Daniel , Lee Sang Heon , Snider Jospeh , Halgren Mila , Cosgrove Garth Rees , Carter Bob S. , Barba David , Uguz Ilke , Malliaras George G. , Cash Sydney S. , Gilja Vikash , Halgren Eric , Dayeh Shadi A.
Published: May 2017

Recording neural activity during neurosurgical interventions is an invaluable tool for both improving patient outcomes and advancing our understanding of neural mechanisms and organization. However, increasing clinical electrodes' signal‐to‐noise and spatial specificity requires overcoming substantial physical barriers due to the compromised metal electrochemical interface properties. The electrochemical properties of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) based interfaces surpass those of current clinical electrocorticography electrodes. Here, robust fabrication process of PEDOT:PSS microelectrode arrays is demonstrated for safe and high fidelity intraoperative monitoring of human brain. PEDOT:PSS microelectrodes measure significant differential neural modulation under various clinically relevant conditions. This study reports the first evoked (stimulus‐locked) cognitive activity with changes in amplitude across pial surface distances as small as 400 µm, potentially enabling basic neurophysiology studies at the scale of neural micro‐circuitry.
Porous Ti4O7 Particles with Interconnected‐Pore Structure as a High‐Efficiency Polysulfide Mediator for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Mei Shilin , Jafta Charl J. , Lauermann Iver , Ran Qidi , Kärgell Martin , Ballauff Matthias , Lu Yan
Published: May 2017

Multifunctional Ti4O7 particles with interconnected‐pore structure are designed and synthesized using porous poly(styrene‐b‐2‐vinylpyridine) particles as a template. The particles can work efficiently as a sulfur‐host material for lithium–sulfur batteries. Specifically, the well‐defined porous Ti4O7 particles exhibit interconnected pores in the interior and have a high‐surface area of 592 m2 g−1; this shows the advantage of mesopores for encapsulating of sulfur and provides a polar surface for chemical binding with polysulfides to suppress their dissolution. Moreover, in order to improve the conductivity of the electrode, a thin layer of carbon is coated on the Ti4O7 surface without destroying its porous structure. The porous Ti4O7 and carbon‐coated Ti4O7 particles show significantly improved electrochemical performances as cathode materials for Li–S batteries as compared with those of TiO2 particles.
Engineered 3D Cardiac Fibrotic Tissue to Study Fibrotic Remodeling
Authors: Sadeghi Amir Hossein , Shin Su Ryon , Deddens Janine C. , Fratta Giuseppe , Mandla Serena , Yazdi Iman K. , Prakash Gyan , Antona Silvia , Demarchi Danilo , Buijsrogge Marc P. , Sluijter Joost P. G. , Hjortnaes Jesper , Khademhosseini Ali
Published: May 2017

Activation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts is considered to play an essential role in cardiac remodeling and fibrosis. A limiting factor in studying this process is the spontaneous activation of cardiac fibroblasts when cultured on two‐dimensional (2D) culture plates. In this study, a simplified three‐dimensional (3D) hydrogel platform of contractile cardiac tissue, stimulated by transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), is presented to recapitulate a fibrogenic microenvironment. It is hypothesized that the quiescent state of cardiac fibroblasts can be maintained by mimicking the mechanical stiffness of native heart tissue. To test this hypothesis, a 3D cell culture model consisting of cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts encapsulated within a mechanically engineered gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel, is developed. The study shows that cardiac fibroblasts maintain their quiescent phenotype in mechanically tuned hydrogels. Additionally, treatment with a beta‐adrenergic agonist increases beating frequency, demonstrating physiologic‐like behavior of the heart constructs. Subsequently, quiescent cardiac fibroblasts within the constructs are activated by the exogenous addition of TGF‐β1. The expression of fibrotic protein markers (and the functional changes in mechanical stiffness) in the fibrotic‐like tissues are analyzed to validate the model. Overall, this 3D engineered culture model of contractile cardiac tissue enables controlled activation of cardiac fibroblasts, demonstrating the usability of this platform to study fibrotic remodeling.
Ambient Protection of Few‐Layer Black Phosphorus via Sequestration of Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Walia Sumeet , Balendhran Sivacarendran , Ahmed Taimur , Singh Mandeep , El‐Badawi Christopher , Brennan Mathew D. , Weerathunge Pabudi , Karim Md. Nurul , Rahman Fahmida , Rassell Andrea , Duckworth Jonathan , Ramanathan Rajesh , Collis Gavin E. , Lobo Charlene J. , Toth Milos , Kotsakidis Jimmy Christopher , Weber Bent , Fuhrer Michael , Dominguez‐Vera Jose M. , Spencer Michelle J. S. , Aharonovich Igor , Sriram Sharath , Bhaskaran Madhu , Bansal Vipul
Published: May 2017

Few‐layer black phosphorous (BP) has emerged as a promising candidate for next‐generation nanophotonic and nanoelectronic devices. However, rapid ambient degradation of mechanically exfoliated BP poses challenges in its practical deployment in scalable devices. To date, the strategies employed to protect BP have relied upon preventing its exposure to atmospheric conditions. Here, an approach that allows this sensitive material to remain stable without requiring its isolation from the ambient environment is reported. The method draws inspiration from the unique ability of biological systems to avoid photo‐oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Since BP undergoes similar photo‐oxidative degradation, imidazolium‐based ionic liquids are employed as quenchers of these damaging species on the BP surface. This chemical sequestration strategy allows BP to remain stable for over 13 weeks, while retaining its key electronic characteristics. This study opens opportunities to practically implement BP and other environmentally sensitive 2D materials for electronic applications.
Semiconducting Nanowire‐Based Optoelectronic Fibers
Authors: Yan Wei , Qu Yunpeng , Gupta Tapajyoti Das , Darga Arouna , Nguyên Dang Tùng , Page Alexis Gérald , Rossi Mariana , Ceriotti Michele , Sorin Fabien
Published: May 2017

The recent ability to integrate semiconductor‐based optoelectronic functionalities within thin fibers is opening intriguing opportunities for flexible electronics and advanced textiles. The scalable integration of high‐quality semiconducting devices within functional fibers however remains a challenge. It is difficult with current strategies to combine high light absorption, good microstructure and efficient electrical contact. The growth of semiconducting nanowires is a great tool to control crystal orientation and ensure a combination of light absorption and charge extraction for efficient photodetection. Thus far, however, leveraging the attributes of nanowires has remained seemingly incompatible with fiber materials, geometry, and processing approaches. Here, the integration of semiconducting nanowire‐based devices at the tip and along the length of polymer fibers is demonstrated for the first time. The scalable thermal drawing process is combined with a simple sonochemical treatment to grow nanowires out of electrically addressed amorphous selenium domains. First principles density‐functional theory calculations show that this approach enables to tailor the surface energy of crystal facets and favors nanowire growth along a preferred orientation, resulting in fiber‐integrated devices of unprecedented performance. This novel platform is exploited to demonstrate an all‐fiber‐integrated fluorescence imaging system, highlighting novel opportunities in sensing, advanced optical probes, and smart textiles.
Superlubricity between MoS2 Monolayers
Authors: Li He , Wang Jinhuan , Gao Song , Chen Qing , Peng Lianmao , Liu Kaihui , Wei Xianlong
Published: May 2017

The ultralow friction between atomic layers of hexagonal MoS2, an important solid lubricant and additive of lubricating oil, is thought to be responsible for its excellent lubricating performances. However, the quantitative frictional properties between MoS2 atomic layers have not been directly tested in experiments due to the lack of conventional tools to characterize the frictional properties between 2D atomic layers. Herein, a versatile method for studying the frictional properties between atomic‐layered materials is developed by combining the in situ scanning electron microscope technique with a Si nanowire force sensor, and the friction tests on the sliding between atomic‐layered materials down to monolayers are reported. The friction tests on the sliding between incommensurate MoS2 monolayers give a friction coefficient of ≈10−4 in the regime of superlubricity. The results provide the first direct experimental evidence for superlubricity between MoS2 atomic layers and open a new route to investigate frictional properties of broad 2D materials.
An Advanced Separator for Li–O2 Batteries: Maximizing the Effect of Redox Mediators
Authors: Lee Seon Hwa , Park Jin‐Bum , Lim Hyung‐Seok , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: May 2017

Although Li–O2 batteries are promising next‐generation energy storage systems with superior theoretical capacities, they have a serious limitation regarding the large overpotential upon charging that results from the low conductivity of the discharge product. Thus, various redox mediators (RMs) have been widely studied to reduce the overpotential in the charging process, which should promote the oxidation of Li2O2. However, RMs degrade the Li metal anode through a parasitic reaction between the RM and the Li metal, and a solution for this phenomenon is necessary. In this study, an effective method is proposed to prevent the migration of the RM toward the anode side of the lithium using a separator that is modified with a negatively charged polymer. When DMPZ (5,10‐dihydro‐5,10‐dimethylphenazine) is used as an RM, it is found that the modified separator suppresses the migration of DMPZ toward the counter electrode of the Li metal anode. This is investigated by a visual redox couple diffusion test, a morphological investigation, and an X‐ray diffraction study. This advanced separator effectively maximizes the catalytic activity of the redox mediator. Li–O2 batteries using both a highly concentrated DMPZ and the modified separator exhibit improved performance and maintained 90% round‐trip efficiency up to the 20th cycle.
Molecular Engineered Hole‐Extraction Materials to Enable Dopant‐Free, Efficient p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Huanle , Fu Weifei , Huang Chuyi , Zhang Zhongqiang , Li Shuixing , Ding Feizhi , Shi Minmin , Li Chang‐Zhi , Jen Alex K.‐Y. , Chen Hongzheng
Published: May 2017

Two hole‐extraction materials (HEMs), TPP‐OMeTAD and TPP‐SMeTAD, have been developed to facilitate the fabrication of efficient p‐i‐n perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). By replacing the oxygen atom on HEM with sulfur (from TPP‐OMeTAD to TPP‐SMeTAD), it effectively lowers the highest occupied molecular orbital of the molecule and provides stronger PbS interaction with perovskites, leading to efficient charge extraction and surface traps passivation. The TPP‐SMeTAD‐based PVSCs exhibit both improved photovoltaic performance and reduced hysteresis in p‐i‐n PVSCs over those based on TPP‐OMeTAD. This work not only provides new insights on creating perovskite‐HEM heterojunction but also helps in designing new HEM to enable efficient organic–inorganic hybrid PVSCs.
High‐Quality Graphene Microflower Design for High‐Performance Li–S and Al‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Hao , Chen Chen , Liu Yingjun , Zhao Xiaoli , Ananth Nimrodh , Zheng Bingna , Peng Li , Huang Tieqi , Gao Weiwei , Gao Chao
Published: May 2017

Poor quality and insufficient productivity are two main obstacles for the practical application of graphene in electrochemical energy storage. Here, high‐quality crumpled graphene microflower (GmF) for high‐performance electrodes is designed. The GmF possesses four advantages simultaneously: highly crystallized defect‐free graphene layers, low stacking degree, sub‐millimeter continuous surface, and large productivity with low cost. When utilized as carbon host for sulfur cathode, the GmF‐sulfur hybrid delivers decent areal capacities of 5.2 mAh cm−2 at 0.1 C and 3.8 mAh cm−2 at 0.5 C. When utilized as cathode of Al‐ion battery, the GmF affords a high capacity of 100 mAh g−1 with 100% capacity retention after 5000 cycles and excellent rate capability from 0.1 to 20 A g−1. This facile and large‐scale producible GmF represents a meaningful high‐quality graphene powder for practical energy storage technology. Meanwhile, this unique high‐quality graphene design provides an effective route to improve electrochemical properties of graphene‐based electrodes.
Capillary driven flow in wettability altered microchannel
Authors: Sett Ayantika , Bano Uzma , DasGupta Sunando , Sarkar Debasish , Mitra Arijit , Das Siddhartha , Dasgupta Swagata
Published: May 2017

The capillary driven flow of water inside a microchannel with altered wettabilities is experimentally investigated and modeled theoretically. The surfaces of the PDMS made microchannel are exposed to oxygen plasma, rendering the surfaces increasingly hydrophilic, which provides the driving force for the flow. The plasma treated surfaces are characterized using topography and phase imaging of AFM scanning, as well as nano‐indentation, to correlate the distinct structural changes to the hydrodynamic profiles of the advancing meniscus. The experimental results are further analyzed using a newly proposed slip velocity model. The aim is to obtain a qualitative relationship between the surface properties and the flow parameters, namely the advancing meniscus velocity and pressure drop inside the channel. The insights are of fundamental importance in diverse fields, such as enhanced oil recovery, microfluidic devices, cell separation, and pathology. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4616–4627, 2017
A data‐driven multistage adaptive robust optimization framework for planning and scheduling under uncertainty
Authors: Ning Chao , You Fengqi
Published: May 2017

A novel data‐driven approach for optimization under uncertainty based on multistage adaptive robust optimization (ARO) and nonparametric kernel density M‐estimation is proposed. Different from conventional robust optimization methods, the proposed framework incorporates distributional information to avoid over‐conservatism. Robust kernel density estimation with Hampel loss function is employed to extract probability distributions from uncertainty data via a kernelized iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm. A data‐driven uncertainty set is proposed, where bounds of uncertain parameters are defined by quantile functions, to organically integrate the multistage ARO framework with uncertainty data. Based on this uncertainty set, we further develop an exact robust counterpart in its general form for solving the resulting data‐driven multistage ARO problem. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed framework, two typical applications in process operations are presented: The first one is on strategic planning of process networks, and the other one on short‐term scheduling of multipurpose batch processes. The proposed approach returns 23.9% higher net present value and 31.5% more profits than the conventional robust optimization method in planning and scheduling applications, respectively. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4343–4369, 2017
Differential investment in body girths by sex: Evidence from 3D photonic scanning in a Thai cohort
Authors: Shirley Meghan K. , Cole Tim J. , Charoensiriwath Supiya , Treleaven Philip , Wells Jonathan C.K.
Published: May 2017

Objectives

Life history trade‐offs may manifest between competing organs and tissues in the body. Sexual dimorphism in tissue investment is well‐established in humans, with sex‐associated body shape differences linked to natural and sexual selection. This study uses three‐dimensional (3D) photonic scanning to test whether males and females differentially invest energy in various body regions in relation to two independent proxies of growth.

Materials and methods

Body shape data (multiple girths) came from a Thai cohort (n = 11,610; 53% female; age range 21‐88 years). Weight was considered a proxy for recent energy acquisition. Stature represented completed growth, a proxy for energy acquisition earlier in life. The data were analyzed using growth‐proxy by sex interaction log‐log regression models adjusting for age, salary and number of children.

Results

For a given percentage increase in weight, females showed greater percentage increases than males in girths of the arm, chest, hip, thigh, knee and calf (p < 0.001), whilst males exceeded females in head and waist girths (alsop < 0.001). For a given percentage increase in height, weight and all girths showed greater proportional changes in males than females (p < 0.001).

Discussion

These results indicate sex‐specific life history strategies wherein the direction and timing of energy investment in girths varies between the sexes. The results add to literature suggesting that sexual dimorphism in body morphology is not a fixed trait; rather, differential energy allocation to specific body regions appears to be a plastic strategy adjusted in relation to energy acquisition across the life course.
Deviant burials and social identity in a postmedieval Polish cemetery: An analysis of stable oxygen and carbon isotopes from the “vampires” of Drawsko
Authors: Gregoricka Lesley A. , Scott Amy B. , Betsinger Tracy K. , Polcyn Marek
Published: May 2017

Objectives

Deviant burials can reveal important information about both social and individual identity, particularly when the mortuary record is supplemented by an examination of skeletal remains. At the postmedieval (17th to 18th c. AD) cemetery of Drawsko (Site 1), Poland, six individuals (ofn = 285) received deviant, anti‐vampiristic mortuary treatment. A previous study using radiogenic strontium isotope ratios (= 0.7112 ± 0.0006, 1σ,n = 60) found that these “vampires” were in fact locals, not migrants to the region targeted for deviant burial due to their status as immigrant outsiders. However, considerable geologic overlap in strontium isotope ratios across the North European Plain may have masked the identification of at least some nonlocal individuals. This study further contextualizes strontium isotope ratios using additional biogeochemical data to test the hypothesis that additional nonlocals were present in the Drawsko cemetery.

Methods

Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes from the dental enamel of 58 individuals interred in both normative and atypical burials at Drawsko were analyzed.

Results

Bothδ18Oc(VPDB)(= −4.5 ± 0.7‰) andδ13Capisotope values (= −13.6 ± 0.8‰) displayed little variability and were not significantly different between vampire and normative burials, supporting prior strontium results of a largely local population. Nevertheless, homogeneity in oxygen isotope values across other northern European sites makes it difficult to speculate about isotopic regional diversity, leaving open the possibility that additional migrants to the region remain undetected. Additionally, carbon isotope values point to a locally sourced diet dominated by C3resources but with some supplementation by C4goods that likely included millet, fitting with historic descriptions of postmedieval diet in Poland.

Conclusions

Those interred as vampires appear local to the region and thus likely underwent deviant funerary treatment due to some other social stigma not apparent from the skeleton.
Direct Asymmetric Alkylation of Ketones: Still Unconquered
Authors: Cano Rafael , Zakarian Armen , McGlacken Gerard P.
Published: May 2017

The alkylation of ketones is taught at basic undergraduate level. In many cases this transformation leads to the formation of a new stereogenic center. However, the apparent simplicity of the transformation is belied by a number of problems. So much so, that a general method for the direct asymmetric alkylation of ketones remains an unmet target. Despite the advancement of organocatalysis and transition‐metal catalysis, neither field has provided an adequate solution. Indeed, even use of an efficient and general stoichiometric chiral reagent has yet to be reported. Herein we describe the state‐of‐the‐art in terms of direct alkylation reactions of some carbonyl groups. We outline the limited progress that has been made with ketones, and potential routes towards ultimately achieving a widely applicable methodology for the asymmetric alkylation of ketones.
Efficient Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 by Nitrogen‐Doped Nanoporous Carbon/Carbon Nanotube Membranes: A Step Towards the Electrochemical CO2 Refinery
Authors: Wang Hong , Jia Jia , Song Pengfei , Wang Qiang , Li Debao , Min Shixiong , Qian Chenxi , Wang Lu , Li Young Feng , Ma Chun , Wu Tom , Yuan Jiayin , Antonietti Markus , Ozin Geoffrey A.
Published: May 2017

Herein we introduce a straightforward, low cost, scalable, and technologically relevant method to manufacture an all‐carbon, electroactive, nitrogen‐doped nanoporous‐carbon/carbon‐nanotube composite membrane, dubbed “HNCM/CNT”. The membrane is demonstrated to function as a binder‐free, high‐performance gas diffusion electrode for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to formate. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) for the production of formate is 81 %. Furthermore, the robust structural and electrochemical properties of the membrane endow it with excellent long‐term stability.
Pallada‐ and platinacycle complexes of phosphorus ylides; synthesis, X‐ray characterization, theoretical and electrochemical studies and application of Pd(II) complexes as catalyst in Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling reaction
Authors: Sabounchei Seyyed Javad , Sedghi Asieh , Hashemi Ali , Hosseinzadeh Marjan , Bayat Mehdi , Gable Robert W.
Published: May 2017

The new unsymmetrical phosphonium salts [Ph2PCH2PPh2CH2C(O)C6H4R]Br (R= m‐Br (S1) and p‐CN (S2)) were synthesized in the reaction of 1,1‐bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) and BrCH2C(O)C6H4R (R= m‐Br and p‐CN) ketones, respectively. Further treatment with NEt3 gave the α‐keto stabilized phosphorus ylides Ph2PCH2PPh2C(H)C(O)C6H4R (R= m‐Br (Y1) and p‐CN (Y2)). These ligands were reacted with [MCl2(cod)] (M= Pd and Pt; cod= 1,5‐cyclooctadiene) to give the pallada‐ and platinacycle complexes [MCl2(Ph2PCH2PPh2C(H)C(O)C6H4R)] (M= Pd, R= m‐Br (3); R= p‐CN (4) and M= Pt, R= m‐Br (5); R= p‐CN (6)). Cyclic voltammetry, elemental analysis, IR and NMR (1H, 13C and 31P) spectroscopic methods were used for characterization of the obtained compounds. Further, the structure of complexes 3 and 4 were characterized crystallographically. Palladacycles 3 and 4 were proved to be excellent catalysts for the Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling reactions of various aryl chlorides and arylboronic acids in mixed DMF/H2O media. Also, the bonding situations between two interacted fragments [PtCl2] and Y1 and Y2 ligands in platinacycles 5 and 6 were investigated based on DFT method by using NBO, EDA and ETS‐NOCV analysis.
Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Diels–Alder Reactions: Principles and Applications
Authors: Png Zhuang Mao , Zeng Huining , Ye Qun , Xu Jianwei
Published: May 2017

Inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder (iEDDA) reactions are an intriguing class of cycloaddition reactions that have attracted increasing attention for their application in bioorthogonal chemistry, the total synthesis of natural products, and materials science. In many cases, the application of the iEDDA reaction has been demonstrated as an innovative approach to achieve target structures. The theoretical aspects of this class of reactions are of particular interest for scientists as a means to understand the various factors, such as steric strain and electron density of the attached groups, that govern the reaction and thus to elucidate the reaction mechanism. This review aims to summarize both theoretical investigations and application‐driven research work on the iEDDA reaction. First, the historical aspects and the theoretical basis of the reaction, especially recent advances in time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations, as well as catalysis strategies will be highlighted and discussed. Second, the applications of this novel reaction in the context of materials science, bioorthogonal chemistry, and total synthesis of natural products will be elaborated with selected recent examples. The challenges and opportunities of the iEDDA reaction will be highlighted to give more insight into its potential applications in many other research areas.
Effect of valve design and anticoagulation strategy on 30‐day clinical outcomes in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Results from the BRAVO 3 randomized trial
Authors: Linke Axel , Chandrasekhar Jaya , Sartori Samantha , Lefevre Thierry , van Belle Eric , Schaefer Ulrich , Tchetche Didier , Sardella Gennaro , Webb John , Colombo Antonio , Windecker Stephan , Vogel Birgit , Farhan Serdar , Sorrentino Sabato , Sharma Madhav , Snyder Clayton , Asgar Anita , Dumonteil Nicolas , Tamburino Corrado , Hink Ulrich , Violini Roberto , Stella Pieter , Bernstein Debra , Deliargyris Efthymios , Hengstenberg Christian , Baber Usman , Mehran Roxana , Anthopoulos Prodromos , Dangas George ,   for the BRAVO‐3 Investigators
Published: May 2017

Background

Selection of valve type and procedural anticoagulant may impact bleeding and vascular complications in transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We sought to compare outcomes by valve [balloon expandable (BE) or non‐BE] and anticoagulant [bivalirudin vs. unfractionated heparin (UFH)] type from the BRAVO‐3 trial.

Methods

BRAVO‐3 was a randomized multicenter trial including 500 BE‐TAVR and 282 non‐BE TAVR patients, randomized to bivalirudin versus UFH. Selection of valve type was at the discretion of the operator but randomization was stratified according to valve type. Total follow up was to 30 days. We examined the incidence of Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type ≥3b bleeding, major vascular complications and all ischemic outcomes at 30‐days. Outcomes were adjusted using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Of the trial cohort, 63.9% were treated with BE valves (n = 251 bivalirudin vs. n = 249 UFH) and 36.1% with non‐BE valves (n = 140 bivalirudin vs. n = 142 UFH). Patients treated with non‐BE valves were older, with higher euroSCORE I. At 30 days, there were nonsignificant differences between the two valve types for adjusted risk of all‐cause death (HR 2.07, 95% CI 0.91–4.70, P = 0.084) and major vascular complications (HR 1.78, 95% CI 0.97–3.26, P = 0.062) with non‐BE compared with BE valves, but all other outcomes were similar. A significant interaction was observed between valve and anticoagulant type, with lower risk of major vascular complications with bivalirudin compared with UFH in non‐BE TAVR (P‐interaction = 0.039).

Conclusions

Majority of patients in the BRAVO 3 trial received BE valves. At 30‐days, adjusted risk of clinical outcomes was similar with non‐BE vs. BE valves. A significant interaction was observed between valve type and procedural anticoagulant for lower risk of major vascular complications with bivalirudin versus UFH in non‐BE TAVR.
Hemoglobin Titusville: a rare low oxygen affinity hemoglobinopathy
Authors: Yasar Senan John , Ravn Berg Vivian Irene , Ahmad Asim , Doll Donald
Published: May 2017

Key Clinical Message

The relevance of this case lies in the extensive diagnostic workup that can be avoided with proper laboratory evaluation of relatively unsophisticated tests.
Radiation‐induced tongue myokymia with hypoglossal nerve damage, mimicker of motor neuron disease
Authors: Memon Anza B. , Playfoot Kimberly A.
Published: May 2017

Key Clinical Message

This teaching case of tongue myokymia offers clear electromyographic findings of myokymic discharges on two different sweeps. Radiation‐induced tongue myokymia should be considered in the differential diagnosis for motor neuron disease (MND).
Platinum Complexes Bearing Bulky N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands as Efficient Catalysts for the Fully Selective Dimerization of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Żak Patrycja , Bołt Małgorzata , Lorkowski Jan , Kubicki Maciej , Pietraszuk Cezary
Published: May 2017

New platinum(0) complexes of the general formula [(NHC)Pt(dvtms)] (dvtms=1,3‐divinyltetramethyldisiloxane) containing bulky N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands were prepared, characterized, and found to be catalytically active in the fully regio‐ and stereoselective dimerization of terminal acetylenes.
A Robust Ru/ZSM‐5 Hydrogenation Catalyst: Insights into the Resistances to Ruthenium Aggregation and Carbon Deposition
Authors: Zhang Bin , Wu Qifan , Zhang Chao , Su Xinluona , Shi Ruhui , Lin Weiwei , Li Yan , Zhao Fengyu
Published: May 2017

A long‐life topic in the field of heterogeneous catalysis has been to develop supported catalysts that are stable against the aggregation of active metal and carbon deposition. Herein, we report a highly stable Ru/ZSM‐5 catalyst for the hydrogenation of levulinic acid in water, which can be recycled at least 10 times without apparent loss of activity (conv. >95 %, yield >85 %). The influences of types of Al species, structure of support, Ru sizes, Ru leaching, and carbon deposition, etc. on activity and stability were discussed in detail. It was confirmed that the tetrahedral‐coordinated framework Al in ZSM‐5 contributed to the favorable metal–support interaction, and thus suppressed the aggregation and leaching of ruthenium during recycling. Besides, the suitable pore volume and channel network connectivity successfully prevent from deposition of carbonaceous residues.
Tutorial – applying extreme value theory to characterize food‐processing systems
Authors: Skou Peter B. , Holroyd Stephen E. , van den Berg Frans
Published: May 2017

This tutorial presents extreme value theory (EVT) as an analytical tool in process characterization and shows its potential to describe production performance, eg, across different factories, via reliable estimates of the frequency and scale of extreme events. Two alternative EVT methods are discussed: point over threshold and block maxima. We illustrate the theoretical framework for EVT by process data from two different examples from the food‐processing industry. Finally, we discuss limitations, decisions, and possibilities when applying EVT for process data.
A Series of Bimetallic Ammonium AlNa Formates
Authors: Yu Yao , Shang Ran , Chen Sa , Wang Bing‐Wu , Wang Zhe‐Ming , Gao Song
Published: May 2017

A series of AlNa bimetallic ammonium metal formate frameworks (AlNa AMFFs) have been prepared by employing various ammoniums from NH4+ to large linear polyammoniums. The series consists of six perovskites of (412⋅63) topology for mono‐ammoniums, two chiral (49⋅66) frameworks incorporating polyethylene ammoniums, two niccolites with (412⋅63)(49⋅66) topology containing diammoniums, and two layered compounds made of 2D (4,4) AlNa formate sheets intercalated by small diammoniums. The first ten compounds present the structural hierarchy of (412⋅63)m(49⋅66)n framework topologies for (m, n)=(1, 0), (0, 1), and (1, 1), respectively, in parallel to the homometallic AMFFs for divalent metals. The symmetry lowering, asymmetric formate bridges, and different hydrogen‐bonding strengths appeared in the bimetallic structures owing to the different charge and size of Al3+ and Na+ seemingly inhibits the occurrence of phase transitions for more than half the AlNa AMFFs within the series, and the bimetallic members undergoing phase transitions show different transition behaviors and dielectric properties compared with the homometallic analogs. Anisotropic/negative/zero thermal expansions of the materials could be rationally attributed to the librational motion, or flip movement between different sites, of the ammonium cations, and the coupled change of AlNa formate frameworks. The thermal and IR spectroscopic properties have also been investigated.
Layered Double Hydroxides Derived ZnO‐Al2O3 Supported Pd‐Ag Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene
Authors: Gao Xiaoping , Zhou Yanan , Jing Fangli , Luo Jingjie , Huang Qingsong , Chu Wei
Published: May 2017

ZnO‐Al2O3 derived from layered double hydroxides (ZnAl‐LDH) was successfully applied for dispersion of Pd‐Ag bimetallic catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene and the Pd‐Ag/ZnO‐Al2O3 catalyst showed the best catalytic performance among the prepared samples. It was found that the catalyst carrier of ZnO‐Al2O3 metal‐oxides derived form ZnAl‐LDH could significantly suppress the over‐hydrogenation of acetylene to obtain the relatively higher selectivity of ethylene. The introduction of Ag restricted efficiently the formation of coke because of the oligomerization reaction, which was further evidenced by thermal gravimetric analysis. The selectivity towards ethylene was in the order of Pd‐Ag/ZnO‐Al2O3>Pd/ZnO‐Al2O3>Pd‐Ag/Al2O3>Pd/Al2O3 at a high conversion level. As the thermal gravimetric and differential temperature analysis (TG‐DTA) revealed, Pd‐Ag intermetallic catalyst on the ZnO‐Al2O3 support showed less coke formation.