bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locating civil society in Foucault
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: May 2021

For both Marx and Gramsci, the separation between the economic and political spheres was a key feature of bourgeois societies. Marx saw the conflict between bourgeois and citoyen as requiring resistance to this separation as crucial to democratic emancipation and wrote that the Paris Commune realized this. He also saw social emancipation in terms of the expansion of free time rather than work time. Gramsci argued that civil society became more important in the 1870s as the masses gained the vote in political rights. They both argued that democracy could not be restricted to the political sphere but should also involve economic democracy. This is undermined by the expansion of the world market and survival of national states.
The dynamics of economic and social partnerships and governance failure
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: May 2021

It is not just market forces and imperative coordination that fail; civil society as a mode of governance at the intersection of networks and solidarity is also prone to failure. This claim is illustrated from four case studies. First, recent work on global social policy; second, a critique of the literature on the neoliberal project of ‘good governance’ to solve the problems of local economic development; third, a study of the difficulties of economic governance in Dartford (regarding the London Science Park) and Greater Manchester (its Olympic Bid); and, fourth, a periodization of corporatism and social economy models. In each case, the focus is on the discourses and multi-spatial character of the social problem and the dynamics of policy failure.
Good Policing
Authors: Hough Mike
Published: May 2021

This book conveys the ideas behind procedural justice theory as they apply to policing. It sets out important but complex ideas in jargon-free language to non-specialist readers with an interest in policing – including serving police officers and police recruits as they embark on a degree-level entry programme into the police service. The book’s main message is that public trust in the police builds police legitimacy, and people comply with the law and cooperate with the police when they see the police as legitimate. It argues that public trust in the police serves as the bedrock of police legitimacy. Procedural justice theory provides an account of the reasons why people obey the law that stresses the importance of fair and respectful treatment of the public, and an alignment between policing practice and people’s moral standards. It provides a narrative about crime control that questions the tough ‘no-nonsense’ solutions that politicians often reach for when crime problems emerge. The book’s main policy recommendations are that policing strategies and tactics should always be assessed against criteria of legitimacy, and that the quality of treatment in police contacts with the public is one of the keys to good policing.
Introduction
Authors: Hough Mike
Published: May 2021

The introduction first describes the policy context in which discussions of policing take place, and the tendency for politicians and the media to see crime problems – and solutions – within a simplistic deterrence framework which rappeals to provides some context for a discussion of good policing. It then summarises the book’s arguments in brief. It moves on to characterise procedural justice theory as offering both a descriptive account of how legitimacy is built (or lost) and a normative theory about what good policing looks like. It traces similarities between procedural justice theory and other approaches such as ‘responsive regulation’. It describes how procedural justice theory relates to other theories of policing. The chapter ends by describing the content of the remaining chapters.
Trust and legitimacy: the basic ideas
Authors: Hough Mike
Published: May 2021

This chapter sets out the conceptual framework that underpins the book’s arguments. Police legitimacy, seen through the eyes of the policed, provides the foundation of good policing. Whilst many factors can shape the degree of legitimacy that people confer on the police, policing styles – how the police go about their work – matter greatly. The surest route to building police legitimacy is for officers to act with procedural fairness. People value being treated with dignity and respect; they want to be listened to, and to get explanations for police actions; they expect the police to act fairly and ‘play by the rules’. The more that the police achieve this, the stronger the sense of identification will be between police and policed, and the more that people will feel that the police share their values and have their best interests at heart. That lays the foundation for a strong commitment to the rule of law.
The policing of minority groups
Authors: Hough Mike
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines trust in the police and perceptions of police legitimacy among minority groups, focussing on those from migrant and ethnic minorities. These groups are disproportionately ensnared in the justice system in most ethnically diverse Western countries, and they are over-represented in their prison populations. The chapter offers an explanation for these patterns that focusses on the progressive social and economic marginalisation of migrants from visible minority groups over time, resulting from discriminatory treatment in systems of education, employment and justice. Migrants have generally arrived in their new countries with optimism and positive attitudes towards the police and other institutions of their chosen country. Over time and over generations, this positive outlook is overshadowed by negative experiences of the police, by falling trust in the police, and by reductions in levels of legitimacy conferred on the police. The chapter discusses ways of recovering relations between police and minority groups.
Postscript: Policing the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Hough Mike
Published: May 2021

This short postscript was written in early June 2020 after the book was largely complete, to consider the important implications that the procedural justice perspective has for the policing of emergencies that require significant restrictions of citizens’ freedom. The chapter summarises how the pandemic emerged in the UK over the first five months of 2020. It discusses how the government advice and requirements were more far-reaching and intrusive than the emergency legislation, and how this initially created tensions. The police response improved, with effective guidance from their profession bodies, stressing a graduated approach to enforcement. However, the government response suffered from a series of misjudgements and scandals that seriously dented public trust and reduced public compliance with government requirements.
Young and Lonely
Authors: Batsleer Janet , Duggan James
Published: May 2021

Young and Lonely The Social Conditions of Loneliness gathers evidence of young people’s experience of loneliness and connection from a youth co-produced research project and locates these within longstanding cultural and historical discussions of loneliness and solitude, friendship and belonging. The study explores loneliness and the experiences of connection/disconnection and inclusion/exclusion with a particular focus on the experience of loneliness in young lives and on how it is navigated when it is first encountered. It proposes that loneliness should not be considered only or even primarily as another psychological disorder or contagion, whilst recognising that severe loneliness may be an aspect of and connected to severe forms of psychological and emotional distress. The ways that young people encounter loneliness have resonance across the age spectrum and for questions of social organisation more generally. In three subsections, The social conditions of loneliness, The experience of loneliness, and Building friendship and connection, which focuses on the innovative critical and creative co-research used methods (which built on youth work practice) which enabled the conditions in which from the transient to the more enduring loneliness is experienced to be explored are explored. An accompanying attention to the range of methods of finding friendship and connection allows the complexity of young people’s experience to be foregrounded. The creative research methods used in the ‘Loneliness Connects Us’ collaborative research give a sense of some of the ways this sensitive topic might be approached and enhance understanding of friendship and solidarity.
I’m new here: creating a new research project and a young person-led research agenda
Authors: Batsleer Janet , Duggan James
Published: May 2021

Presenting the co-designed carousel of methods and the iterative conversations which created the research questions and events, this chapter explains the collaborative and youth led research process which underpins the qualitative findings presented throughout the book. It offers examples of how the creative methods generated a research agenda. It locates the book in traditions of youth work as accompaniment and socio-cultural animation with strong links to critical participatory action research. It explains the recruitment of the research team, the range of creative methods of engagement, data collection and philosophical discussion which were used, the partnership with arts practitioners and the performance tour which followed, and presents the youth-led research agenda which emerged as well as introducing the legacy project developed from the initial findings.
Loss, grief and loneliness
Authors: Batsleer Janet , Duggan James
Published: May 2021

Loss is strongly present in early experience of loneliness. This may be bereavement, but it may also be an experience of parental divorce and separation, of moving into foster care. Sometimes a loss of a feeling of safety and good connection which is the result of violence is accompanied by a loneliness; and the stigma, shame and self-reproach which is associated with becoming a victim of violence is then multiplied in a further stigma associated with loneliness. Using examples of attempted suicide, the trauma of witnessing domestic violence and the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder experienced by a young refugee this chapter’s sub-themes are loss and grief; shame; and social isolation.
Asking for help and offering connection
Authors: Batsleer Janet , Duggan James
Published: May 2021

The complexity of asking for help and giving and receiving it at a time of life when independence is prized above everything is explored. Requests for and offers of help and connection intersect with flows of power where control can masquerade as care. Such masquerades carry the marks of patriarchal control, class-based symbolic violence as well as of individual personalities and life stories. The small acts and everyday connections presented in this chapter are often ingenious and creative forms of mutual support and friendship, subtly undermining expectations about status and control.
New ways for thinking and feeling loneliness
Authors: Batsleer Janet , Duggan James
Published: May 2021

The final chapter concludes by suggesting ways to think and relate to loneliness beyond individualising accounts and in ways that account for social conditions. The chapter returns to the youth co-researchers agenda for youth loneliness and considers the research findings in relation to the themes of experiencing difference, re-imagining connection, and recognising the productivity of youth work practices and moving methods in researching youth loneliness. The findings are used to re-engage with the youth loneliness agenda in ways that push beyond the constraints of the neoliberalising commonsense. Instead, the case is made that responding to the challenge of youth loneliness requires enabling young people to encounter forms of radical democracy and once again re-imagining the potentials of friendship, mutuality, association and co-operation for young people today. Finally, the chapter concludes with a series of recommendations for things we can all do or not do to help young people navigate unwanted experiences of loneliness.
Family arguments: finding one’s voice
Authors: Muddiman Esther , Power Sally , Taylor Chris
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses the socially significant nature of family arguments. Existing research on family arguments is usually undertaken from a psychological perspective and presents family arguments as either an indicator of family dysfunction or an inevitable stage of the lifecourse. However, the data demonstrate that arguments in the home not only reveal something about the social context in which parents raise their children, but may also be important for wider civic engagement. The chapter describes the distribution and frequency of family arguments as reported by young people and their parents, as well as those issues that appear to generate the most conflict. It also explores the potentially transformative dimensions of family arguments, revealing a significant and positive relationship between families that argue and young people's levels of civic participation. It is quite possible to view young people's dissent as the means by which they find their 'voice' and a necessary precursor to future civic engagement and political activism.
Politicising family food practices
Authors: Muddiman Esther , Power Sally , Taylor Chris , Muddiman Esther , Power Sally , Taylor Chris
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the role of family mealtimes and shared food practices in fostering skills and values that may be of benefit to civil society. A number of scholars have emphasised the importance of food and mealtimes for family life, and the chapter extends this argument by outlining the ways in which skills and values developed in family food spaces can shape and inform political and civic activities. Indeed, the relationship between families and food is one of the most socially significant, highly charged, and politically contested issues in contemporary Britain. The chapter then demonstrates how shared family meals provide an important environment for civic and political socialisation. It also considers the provision of food itself as symbolic of care both within and beyond the family home, before turning to moral and ethical values attributed to certain foods.
Protecting Children, Creating Citizens
Authors: Križ Katrin
Published: May 2021

This book examines a participatory approach in child protection practices in Norway and the United States, exploring ways of empowering children. The book shows how children can be encouraged to develop and express their own opinions and explores tools for child protection workers to negotiate complex boundaries around the inclusion of children in decision-making. The goal of the book is to show in what ways child protection caseworkers employed by public child protection agencies in Norway and the United States can create citizens by promoting the participation of children and young people in their everyday practice. Public child protection agencies are only one part of the citizenship piece, but they are a salient one in the lives of children and young people who encounter them. Child protection caseworkers working in public child protection agencies, make very important decisions about children and young people's lives and provide children, youth, and families with pertinent services. The book presents valuable insights from front-line child protection professionals' unique perspectives and experiences within two very different systems, and evaluates the impacts of different organizational practices in promoting children's participation.
Children’s participation as contested practice
Authors: Križ Katrin
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how children's participation in child protection remains a contested practice. The term 'contested practice' here refers to a set of social practices related to children's participation in decision-making occurring in child protection, including decisions about children's removal from home into foster or residential care, out-of-home placements, contact with parents and siblings while in care, and decisions related to family reunification. The chapter starts by describing how children experience participation in different child protection systems in Norway, the United States, and other countries. It then focuses on the barriers to children's participation in child protection, especially the role that child protection workers play in creating participation barriers. The chapter shows that child protection workers' lack of availability, skills, training and a respectful rapport with children present participation barriers. Workers' protective attitudes and safety concerns in high-risk case contexts prevent children's participation too.
Non-participation triggers
Authors: Križ Katrin
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines child protection caseworkers' views of the factors that lead to children's non-participation. It analyses the interview responses of 67 child protection caseworkers who were asked whether they thought there were situations when it would not be appropriate to involve children in child protection-related processes. Workers in both Norway and the United States perceived several reasons why children can or should not participate. These reasons, which can be called 'non-participation triggers', included: children's young age; children's severe disability or mental illness, such as speech problems or a severe mental health issue that incapacitated children; and the possibility of negative emotional impact of the involvement on children. Study participants also mentioned the possibility of retraumatizing the child if they faced an abuser in a meeting and any imminent risk to children's safety. A few workers in both countries mentioned the occurrence of a crime as a non-involvement trigger, a case focus on providing parenting support services, or the child's wish not to be involved.
The challenges facing local authorities in supporting children and families
Authors: Munro Gayle , Clements Keith
Published: May 2021

This chapter evaluates some of the challenges for local authorities providing services to children, young people, and their families. It considers the impact upon the health of those young people seeking support and the intersection with the work of the voluntary sector. This discussion draws upon the research and policy work of the National Children's Bureau (NCB), which works with children, young people, and their families through research, advocacy, the delivery of training, and the facilitation of learning and development across a range of child-focused programmes. The overall aim of the body of work across the fields of early years, education, health, and participation is to support those who work with children and young people to achieve better outcomes and a better childhood for all children. The chapter provides a brief outline of some of the background to the financial pressures under which services find themselves working before focusing on some of the implications for social care and health outcomes for children and young people.
The cost of care if you don’t own your home
Authors: Roberts Glenda
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses the complex set of issues when a person does not own their home. It has been acknowledged and debated for a long time that the social care funding system is not fit for purpose, and in its current form is untenable both monetarily and politically. The focus of the funding debate continues to be on those individuals who do own their own home and how they make a valuable contribution to maintaining the current system. There is consideration that this system is unfair on individuals who are deemed to have provided for their future, but little consideration of the implications for individuals who, whether through choice or circumstance, have no assets to use towards the cost of their care. Despite one in four people over the age of 75 not owning their own home, they have been largely ignored as part of the deliberations. Disappointingly, the interpretation of what is fair seems based on what can be contributed in financial terms. Unfairness should also be measured morally and ethically: people who do not own their own home also face an unfair system, one of limited choice and delayed access to care.
Future generations: the role of community-based organisations in supporting young people
Authors: Bonner Adam
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents two non-statutory approaches aimed at engaging young people in the community. The Youth United Foundation (YUF) supports the development of well-established community-based organisations including the Scouts, Guides, and Boys' Brigade, joined recently by the creation of new uniformed youth organisations, including Fire and Police Cadets, to help significantly increase opportunities for young people from the most disadvantaged communities. Building on the place-based policies of the London Borough of Sutton, Sutton Community Dance (SCD) is an example of reimagining the local high street and prioritising shared places as an important context for building intergenerational bridges. Such a model of reimagination and creative agility will be critical in helping already challenged town centres to develop new possibilities for reform post the COVID-19 pandemic. This all-age inclusive development makes a significant contribution to the social determinants of health in this South London borough, through improvements in health and wellbeing and the promotion of self-actualisation.
Remaking the Real Economy
Authors: Pearson Gordon
Published: May 2021

The fundamental distinction is made between the real economy and the financial. The financial economy came into existence to serve the real economy, but led by false neoclassical microeconomic theory, it has become predatory on the real economy. Rather than seeking to correct the false theorising, this book sets it aside in its entirety, focusing instead on practical realities. A Deming based systems analysis is provided of organisational systems, their individual components and their interactions with the social and ecological macro systems within which they operate. Those organisational systems serve the real economy which is recognised as having three distinct layers, each requiring a very different approach for their effective service. The social-infrastructural layer is a mandatory state responsibility, rather than being voluntary and competitive. The progressive-competitive layer, served largely by private for-profit organisations, depends on its competitive characteristics being protected and energised. The technological-revolutionary layer is best served by a collaborative involvement of both private and public organisational systems developing and applying new technologies to generate economic progression including the necessary sustainability revolution. Required actions are identified for that remaking of the real economy and escaping destruction by organised money. Appropriate measures of progression are proposed to replace the current orthodox measures such as GDP and its growth. Practitioner Notes provide examples of the practical realities of organisational systems in both the real and financial economies, demonstrating the inadequacy and falseness of neoclassical modelling and the destructiveness of its prime beneficiaries, organised money.
Real people: engines of enterprise
Authors: Pearson Gordon
Published: May 2021

Progression without destruction will only be achieved by real people working singly or together in organisational systems. Human motivation has been the focus of much empirical study, including Taylor’s deliberately misinterpreted work study or management science. Motivation is fairly well understood and was summarised in 1960 by McGregor under the headings Theory X and Theory Y, which updated the mid 19th century assumptions of economic man which is the core of neoclassical economics. It is far more nuanced than the simplistic ‘greed is good’ assumption of neoclassical belief. Empirical studies of intrinsic motivation and demotivation in the context of hierarches of human need, are reviewed and conclusions drawn regarding the roles of leadership and money and their impacts on human and organisational performance, nicely summarised by Wilfred Brown’s explanation in ‘Piecework Abandoned’.
Organisational systems and their coordination
Authors: Pearson Gordon
Published: May 2021

Organisational systems come in many different formats and ownerships. The essential characteristic of any system is that it must have a system purpose which it exists to fulfil. For organisational systems, the various components, that is the people working in the system, must know and understand what that purpose is and their role in its fulfilment, as well as the system’s relationship with the macro system within which it operates. Such organisational systems are essentially dynamic, progressing through a system life cycle of essentially unpredictable stages, but with certain predictable changes occurring at each phase change. Effective system coordination depends on the coordinator fully understanding the system operations and how it relates to its various environments. System ownership is external to system operation and has no direct engagement with coordination and control. The importance is noted of real competition to systems serving the progressive-competitive economy and the failure of pretend competition being imposed on systems serving the social-infrastructural economy.
Cruelty or Humanity
Authors: Rees Stuart
Published: May 2021

Discrimination, unjust economic policies and violent regimes continue in the 21st century. This book exposes politicians' cruel motives and the resulting outcomes. The book begins with an overview of the role of cruelty in politics, in the design and implementation of state policies and in non-state responses. Cruel acts and policies are worldwide, though the United Nations has set prohibitions on cruelty which represent global standards. If truths about worldwide cruelties become evident, the elimination of such practices should become a key consideration in any future crafting of policies and in the advocacy of values which influence political cultures. Advocacy of humanitarian alternatives to cruelty would depend on the spirit of universal human rights, challenges to oppressive uses of power, and the promotion of policies to address social and economic inequalities. Understanding cruelty can be made easier by theory about patterns which persist irrespective of differences between countries and cultures. Through empirical analysis, human stories and poetic commentary, the book identifies non-destructive exercise of power, courageous public action and compelling humanitarian alternatives as the key to achieving a future in which dignity and equality flourish.
Introduction: towards a theory
Authors: Rees Stuart
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the role of cruelty in politics, in the design and implementation of state policies and in non-state responses. Cruel acts and policies are worldwide, though the United Nations has set prohibitions on cruelty which represent global standards. If truths about worldwide cruelties become evident, the elimination of such practices should become a key consideration in any future crafting of policies and in the advocacy of values which influence political cultures. Advocacy of humanitarian alternatives to cruelty would depend on the spirit of universal human rights, challenges to oppressive uses of power, and the promotion of policies to address social and economic inequalities. The chapter then explains how understanding cruelty can be made easier by theory about patterns which persist irrespective of differences between countries and cultures. A first step in theorizing concerns the common ground between degrees of cruelty. Somewhat ironically, an understanding of humanity derives from observing cruelty, and provides the rationale for 'humanitarian alternatives'.
Perpetrators and victims
Authors: Rees Stuart
Published: May 2021

This chapter details individual cases of cruelty which illustrate the character of perpetrators, whether governments, state institutions, or individuals, and the awfulness experienced by the victims. In each of these cases, individuals lived in contexts of discrimination and violence. Political forces, government policies, and cultural influences prepared the stage and built the contexts. Examples cover the plights of asylum seekers, refugees, immigrants, prisoners, and indigenous peoples. The chapter also discusses the mass murders of the 20th century, several of which are counted as genocides. Despite the 'never again' motives of those who crafted the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the small print of the Geneva Conventions, those genocides gave momentum to cruelty which has not been easy to stop. The chapter then argues that citizens who stay silent about cruelty may be as responsible as the leaders of governments, as responsible as the members of police forces and military who obey politicians' orders. From 2000, participants in cruelty could include media personnel; they may say or write nothing about inhumanities presented to them, thereby enabling the public to remain ignorant or indifferent to suffering.
Explaining causes
Authors: Rees Stuart
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses the causes of cruelty. It covers a continuum of explanations from the banality of evil to automaton-like behaviour in bureaucracies, from pleasures derived from sadism to the cruelties fostered by selfishness. The banality thesis identifies widespread acceptance of cruelties if legitimized by states, their governments, their policies and/or by other powerful institutions. Analysis of conditioned behaviour refers largely to operators of state and non-state organizations who keep the wheels of cruelty turning, yet such personnel usually remain invisible, inaccessible, and non-accountable. Completing the cruelty puzzles requires accounts of sadistic behaviour, which is embedded as much in cultures of violence as in the pathology of any one person. The explanations overlap but have distinct characteristics. The chapter also considers cruelty driven by managerial demands for efficiency, a powerfully addictive notion which is not value neutral, and looks at the civil war between Colombian government forces and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) rebels in Colombia.
Humanitarian alternatives
Authors: Rees Stuart
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on humanitarian alternatives as a response to the persistence of cruelty worldwide. It explores the diverse forms of advocacy for a common humanity through literacy about non-violence and for the health-promoting values of creative, non-destructive uses of power. A common humanity refers to a quality of living, as in the enjoyment of political and economic rights, and to a set of values, as in the acknowledgement of responsibility to care for others. Commitment to 'humanity' includes a moral imperative to respect such rights and to live by such values and begins by assessing the ways in which power is exercised. Ultimately, the philosophy, language, and practice of non-violence offers the fulfilling alternative to a global fascination with punishment and other forms of violence. In commentary about the vision required to build an economy not based on inequalities and injustices, the chapter also assesses the place of technology, whether it is help or hindrance.
Language for humanity
Authors: Rees Stuart
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how seizing the opportunities to remove cruelties depends on enthusiasm for a revived democratic politics, plus facility in language to reinterpret human rights, advocate UN peace-keeping responsibilities, and promote the principles of humane governance. A language for humanity includes questions of identity, ideals of humane governance, and determination not to be cruel to future generations. Politicians have been curtailing freedoms in the interests of 'security', allegedly to make nation-states more efficient and to combat terrorist threats. These developments, coupled to a burning planet, display immediate crises. Instead of undue reverence for the integrity of nation-states, humane governance would champion the principle of the Responsibility to Protect. Advocacy of humane governance rests on indictments of the worst effects of capitalism: worldwide inequity, the invisible powers of corporations and appropriation of resources, impoverishment, huge incidence of mental illness, and vast numbers of people feeling worthless.
Giving voice and making sense
Authors: Marinari Angela
Published: May 2021

This chapter shares the main findings of this interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) study, by giving voice to the participants and making sense of their voices. Three theoretical insights are presented, each illustrated with extended quotes from the participants. Through this, the complex, triangulated relationships of sexual abuse are uncovered, and the participants’ need for the act and the impact of abuse to be recognised is highlighted. The chapter concludes by exploring the role of narrative in the participants’ journeys towards justice and healing, and how these are strengthened or challenged through the cycle of narrative development.
Conclusion
Authors: Marinari Angela
Published: May 2021

The text has answered the question, when it comes to restorative justice for survivors of sexual abuse – does it have to be with the abuser? By proposing restorative justice processes with enablers of abuse, and through the pyramid programme of restorative justice, justice options can be significantly widened. The chapter explores how this research widens survivors’ opportunities by increasing the justice pathways available; widens practitioner opportunities by enhancing the viability of programmes; and widens researchers’ opportunities by presenting a framework for further empirical research.
Foundations, Principles, Rights and Religion
Authors: Bulmer W. Elliot
Published: May 2021

The chapter describes a written constitution as both a moral and legal document and as a charter of self-government that provides a covenantal statement of identity, purpose, and values. It discusses how a written constitution proclaims the highest aspirations and deepest sentiments of the community, affirming the common things that unite Britain as a res publica despite many differences of party, ideology, or interest. It also cites Westminster Model constitutions that express a 'liberal-procedural' constitutional order based upon democratic procedures, fundamental rights, and guarantees to minorities. The chapter points out that Many Westminster Model constitutions declare a country to be a democracy, such as the Constitution of Antigua & Barbuda that opens with the words, 'Antigua and Barbuda shall be a unitary sovereign democratic State'. It discusses particular constitutional design choices that are likely to arise in the United Kingdom to cover foundational principles, rights, and religion.
Case I.3: Domestic Abuse Survivors: Public Sociology and the Risks of Speaking Out
Authors: Young Julie
Published: May 2021

Decades of feminist research and advocacy have given voice to a recognition of domestic abuse as a social problem, driven by structural factors in society, underpinned by and perpetuating gender inequality. Yet, at an individual level, women experiencing domestic abuse may be left feeling they have lost their voice both literally and metaphorically. The hidden nature of coercion and control means their lived reality has no public audience (...
Case I.4: A Public Sociology for Post-industrial Fife
Authors: Gilfillan Paul
Published: May 2021

Having been an associate member of the Workers’ Educational Association (WEA) from attending WEA courses when conducting research into the politicisation of Scottish national identity (Gilfillan, 2014), the WEA seemed an ideal public to partner with in light of Burawoy’s (2005) call for sociologists to engage with the likes of church groups, the labour movement and the working class. When going to meet with the WEA education development manager for Fife (‘Maesie’) at her Lumphinnans office in March 2017, it seemed appropriate to park in Gagarin Way opposite the WEA office as this street name indicated the previous industrial era when this former ‘pit village’ had earned the local nickname ‘Little Moscow’ thanks to a Communist tradition strong enough to have streets named after heroes of the Soviet Union. However, in light of 1980s deindustrialisation and the flight of private capital from the central Fife corridor from Buckhaven and Methil in the east to Ballingry and Lochore in the west, Burawoy’s question ‘are there any publics out there?’ (in ...
‘Really Useful’ Public Sociology Knowledge
Authors: Scandrett Eurig
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes special knowledges that public sociology pedagogies can generate and the theoretical point of departure in the nineteenth-century working class that demand for control of educational curricula. It points out how public sociology knowledge is be validated as 'really useful' by the participants in public sociology education. It also addresses the 'what' of public sociology education and the political, and epistemological status of public sociology knowledge. The chapter refers to the concept of 'really useful knowledge' that has been used in radical adult education theory. It explains knowledge that is selected, critiqued, and generated by communities and groups engaged in struggles against oppression.
Case II.1: Crossing the Quadrant: Policy Research and Public Sociology
Authors: Law Jan
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the relationship between policy research and public sociology. Sociology, as Burawoy (2007a) famously argued, has a responsibility to turn the reflexive knowledge that it produces over to the service of social and political ‘progress’ and has a long tradition of producing ‘really useful knowledge’ to address ‘social problems’. Useful knowledge is subject to dialectical and dialogical processes between diverse publics and sociologists, producing open-ended, morally and politically freighted possibilities that cannot be predetermined. In terms of extra-academic knowledge ...
Case II.6: The Construction of ‘Public Knowledge’ within Community Planning Partnerships: Reducing Structurally Embedded Inequalities at Local Level?
Authors: Ellison Marion
Published: May 2021

The concept of ‘public knowledge’, how it is created, its role and influence has become central to understandings of forms of democratic community engagement, which are designed to address economic, social and economic inequalities at local level (Fraser, 1990; Williams, 2008; Bivens et al, 2015...
Public Sociology Practices, Privatising Universities
Authors: Scandrett Eurig
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses how public sociology education is practised in diverse contexts and where public sociology educators locate their practice with respect to communities and movements of publics. It describes institutions and forms of educational organisation that are allowed for public sociology education. It also discusses how public sociologists work with institutions of higher education, in which it is possible to do public sociology education in increasingly neoliberal universities. The chapter explores what public sociologists do and illuminate the ambivalent institutional locations of public sociology. It explains how locatedness and institutional status is marked by the power relations considered in the constitution of publics and the production and validation of knowledge in public sociology.
Case III.6: Trade Unionism as Collective Education
Authors: Wånggren Lena
Published: May 2021

When you’re telling me to be resilient you are really telling me that I am failing the system, when really it is the system that is failing me.

So fuck you.

Fuck you for sending me invitations to stress reduction courses

While you make me teach larger classes for less money....
Conclusion
Authors: Scandrett Eurig
Published: May 2021

This collection makes an argument for understanding public sociology more dialectically. The focus of our practice is on dialogue, and the dynamics of knowledge production involves dialectical relations: between teachers and students; researchers and publics; practice and theory; between different practices of sociology reflected in Burawoy’s ‘quadrants’; between the parochial and the universal; the local and global; and between the neoliberal university and the spaces that public sociologists find to engage in dialogue with subaltern counterpublics....
Beer and Racism
Authors: Chapman Nathaniel , Brunsma David
Published: May 2021

Beer in the United States has always been bound up with race, racism, and the construction of white institutions and identities. This unique book carves a much-needed critical and interdisciplinary path to examine and understand the racial dynamics in the craft beer industry and the popular consumption of beer. The book's guiding theoretical perspectives are race and the founding of the United States; racial ideology and the boundaries of Americanity; the production of (beer as) culture; and cultural diversity and brewing. It begins with an overview of the whiteness of craft beer. Looking at the history of beer and its origin stories in the 'new world' shows that beer in the United States has always been bound up with race, racism, and the construction of white institutions and identities. Given the very quick and meteoric rise of the craft beer industry, as well as the myopic scholarly focus on economic and historical trends in the industry, the book states that there is an urgent need to take stock of the intersectional inequalities that such realities gloss over.
The Paths to Becoming a Craft Brewer and Craft Beer Consumer
Authors: Chapman Nathaniel G. , Brunsma David L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines how, given the historical realities that have built the current structure of the craft beer industry in the United States, we today see a structure that is itself racialized, gendered, and exclusionary. The systematic erasure of black and brown practices of brewing and drinking in early America; the creation and solidification of pubs and taverns, and the subsequent establishment and legal consecration of such spaces as 'white' establishments; the construction and solidification of the three-tiered distribution system that defined the oligopolistic beer structure that launched the big beer families; and all the way through the signing of the Homebrewers Act in 1978 — all these things have contributed to and solidified this structure. It is worth interrogating how it is that individuals have gotten and contemporarily get into the positions within the three-tiered system itself. The structure itself is one thing; the bodies within that structure are another, having the potential to either challenge the structural realities and/or to build the culture and symbolic violence that continues to actively exclude people of color. The chapter then lays out the social structure of becoming a brewer, a beer representative/distributor, and a consumer — the three parts of the three-tiered distribution system.
#WeAreCraftBeer: Contemporary Movements to Change the Whiteness of Craft Beer
Authors: Chapman Nathaniel G. , Brunsma David L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains that although the central story of race and beer in the United States is one that centers on the production and reproduction of whiteness, there is reason to believe that the racialized social structure of beer might be cracking. It looks at several developments that may indicate critical change in the phenomenon of craft beer. There is no doubt that there are several contemporary currents that are pressing against the whiteness of craft beer, and there is also no doubt that it is all happening right now. The chapter highlights several of these taking place across the country, in minority-owned breweries and in the digital space of social media, in order to get a bird's eye view of their challenges and resilience in the face of such a structure. It also considers the few black/Latino/Asian and immigrant enclaves of beer in the country where beer is celebrated to its fullest. This leads into discussions of cutting-edge festivals like Fresh Fest and High Gravity Hip-Hop, as well as clever collaborations that are challenging the centuries-long relationship between whiteness and beer.
Sharing Milk
Authors: Carter Shannon , Reyes-Foster Beatriz
Published: May 2021

The feeding of human milk to socially and biologically unrelated infants is not a new phenomenon, but the Euroamerican values of individualism have generated expectations that mothers are individually responsible for feeding their own infants. Using a bio-communities of practice framework, this dynamic new analysis explores the emotional and material dimensions of the growing milk-sharing practice in the Global North and its implications for contemporary understandings of infant feeding in the United States. Ranging widely across themes of motherhood, gender and sociology, this is a compelling empirical account of infant feeding that stimulates new thinking about a contentious practice.
The Milk-Sharing Network
Authors: Carter Shannon K. , Reyes-Foster Beatriz M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Educated Mama, a closed Facebook group devoted to natural parenting and informed choice and addresses questions about child development, baby sleep, and cloth diapering. It looks at breastfeeding struggles as a frequent topic of conversation in Educated Mama, in which the contexts of milk-sharing often comes up. It also discusses collages that are lovingly created by mothers whose babies have benefitted from donor milk as one of the most visually striking posts observed in Educated Mama. The chapter assesses the nature of the visual stories that present a narrative of interconnectedness, of babies connected to unrelated mothers, and each other by the milk they consume. It refers to expectant parents who navigate a complex set of often competing discourses that informs their decisions around all aspects of birth and infant care.
Conclusion
Authors: Carter Shannon K. , Reyes-Foster Beatriz M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter studies two news headlines that were circulating within the milk-sharing communities. It reviews the article in The Washington Post titled “Why These Bikers Crisscross New York Delivering Donated Breast Milk”, which tells the story of a motorcycle club that has partnered with a milk bank in New York to deliver pasteurized breastmilk to homes and hospitals. It also explains how The Washington Post article emphasizes the altruism in both breastmilk donation and shows how two unlikely worlds come together for a greater purpose. The chapter analyses the headline derived from a news article from Physician's Weekly titled “AAP: Most Moms Unconcerned with Informal milk-sharing”. It discusses that the article presents a new study on concerns related to breastmilk obtained through informal milk-sharing.