bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Development of Memory in Children [Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Gedachtnissentwickelung bei Schülkindern]. (Zeits. f. Psych., Bd. xxvii, H. 1 and 2, 1901.) Lobsien. Marx.
Authors: Ellis Havelock
Published: August 2008

These experiments were made on 238 boys and 224 girls, between the ages of 9 and 14, in the schools at Kiel. Eight different kinds of memory were investigated, involving in each group a test of the ability to remember in exact order nine sensory impressions (nine objects exhibited in succession, nine figures repeated, nine names of visual objects repeated, nine names of states of feeling, nine difficult unknown words, etc.). Among the boys the average order of excellence reached was as follows (in decreasing values): real things, figures, words referring to touch, visual words, words representing sounds, actual sounds, words referring to feelings, difficult words. In every group (except that of objects exhibited) there was a regular improvement with age. In regard to objects seen, sounds heard, and representations of feeling, there was a marked improvement in memory about the thirteenth year. The memory for figures, and for sound-words, touch-words, and feeling-words, showed most rapid development at an earlier age (ten to eleven years). There was no tendency to a simultaneous development in all the groups; mental energy seemed to be concentrated on one group at a time.
Projection of Dreams into the Waking State [Projection du Rève dans l'État de Veille]. (Rev. de Psychiat., No. 2, 1901.) Vaschide et Meunier
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

The notes of a case—an epileptic female suffering from complicated delusional insanity—are given to show the preponderating influence of dreams upon the mental life. E. V—, now æt. 45 years, was brought up as a child under unsatisfactory conditions (family quarrels, unkind mother, etc.). She was married at the age of twenty-six, and took to gambling. She had her first epileptic fit when thirty-one, after a violent emotional shock (witnessing the paternal house on fire); it was followed by disordered mind for forty-eight hours. Subsequently fits recurred for a time every six months, always followed by short periods of mental disorder; then they became more frequent. When thirty-seven, after an attack, she developed hypochondriacal ideas and delusions of persecution with auditory and sensory hallucinations, on account of which she was sent to an asylum.
The Neurosis of the End of the Century [Il Nervosismo di questa Fine di Secolo], (Conferenza 1899. Nel Circolo Filologico di Napoli-Estratto da Flegrea.) Bianchi, L.
Authors: Gilmour J. R.
Published: August 2008

This address was delivered at the conference of the Philological Club at Naples, in 1899. The author points out that the neuroses are as old as man. He passes in review the different phases of these neuroses through which races have come as knowledge advanced. In the early ages as the result of a belief in a vindictive God, the neuroses assumed a melancholic form with religious ideas. The neuroses of the Greeks and Romans were coloured by the realism of the period. There followed an era in which all power was given to Satan, and in consequence an ascetic mysticism resulted, with the foundation of many religious orders, which spread all over Europe. Epidemics of hysterical and demoniacal possession were common. A new era dawned with greater liberty of thought and action. The author then gave statistics pointing to the great advances made in language and education, in our knowledge of the human body, and the laws governing it. From these have followed the neuroses of the present time—the weariness of life, the diffidence, the excitability, the unrest that needs always new and more powerful stimuli, the intolerance of restriction and of discipline that denotes a great hypertrophy of egoism which, in its most marked development, gives us the anarchist epidemic.
Systematised Delusional Insanity from Dream to Dream [Délire systématisé de Rève à Rève]. (Rev. de Psychiat., No. 4, 1901.) Klippel and Trenaunay
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

This is a case with a long chronic evolution, which shows the narrow relations which may exist between dreams and delusions. Whether dreaming during sleep, or apparently at times dreaming when awake, the patient presented persistent delusions which were grafted on or sprang from the dreams, and occasionally led to acts. O. L— was aged 49 when he came under the authors' care, having been in the post office for twenty-four years; he complained of pains in the lower limbs, which exaggerated a natural limp (due to former injuries), and pains in the head, which he referred to visions he had recently experienced. The patient had written a long account of these hallucinations, which revealed two dominant ideas: (1) that the patient was God's elect, and (2) that he was persecuted. To explain them he referred to certain episodes which had occurred far back in his life, and the visions seemed to be of two kinds: (a) representations of his ordinary life; (b) supernatural. As regards these supernatural visions, a few of these were extra-terrestrial (referring to the heavens, to the sun, etc.), but most (a large number altogether) were terrestrial (a rainbow descending about the patient's head, beholding Christ on the Cross appearing on a newspaper he was reading, a star falling and the moon stretching out to catch it, etc.). Hallucinations of hearing occasionally accompanied the last-mentioned hallucination of vision. The ideas of persecution arose in his mind at the time of appearance of these visions; they mostly referred to his thoughts being read. The various hallucinations appear to begin in dreams, during which he is authorised to divulge them, etc.
Epilepsy and Crime [Juristische Briefe; III. Fallsucht und Verbrechen], (Allgem. österreich. Gerichts-Zeitung, 1901.) Benedikt
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

The author points out, that in relation to crime, it is necessary to consider separately the periodic attacks and the intervallary condition of the epileptic. Of the former he distinguishes three varieties— (1) absences, or petit mal; (2) convulsive attacks; and (3) attacks characterised by phases of altered consciousness—psychic epilepsy. It is regarding the last class of epileptic phenomena—the most important in legal medicine—that Benedikt's remarks are specially interesting. He points out that in these epileptic dream-states the actions performed may be very complex, and may have the appearance of deliberation; that memory may be partially retained for events at any period of the attack; and that the attacks may last for hours, days, or even longer. He considers that such prolonged attacks have affinities with periodic insanity and with dipsomania.
A Contribution to the Statistics of the Asylum Treatment of Alcoholics [Zur Statistik der Anstaltsbehandlung der Alkoholisten]. (Allg. Zeits. f. Psychiat., Bd. lviii, H. 4, 1901.) Moeli.
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

This paper gives a very elaborate analysis of 742 cases of alcoholism (males) admitted to the Lichtenberg Asylum during the six years 1893–99. The cases are classified according to the number of previous admissions, mode of admission (from police, from hospitals, and voluntarily), length of interval in relapsing cases, duration of treatment, nature of symptoms, predisposition (heredity, trauma, epilepsy, etc.), external influences (occupation, home conditions, etc.), nature of offence in criminal cases. Further cross classifications show the relations of these different orders of fact to one another.
Statistical Consideration of a Series of Gynæcological Observations at the Asylum of Ville-Evrard in 1899 [Considérations statistiques sur le Service d'Observations gynécologiques de l'Asile public de Ville-Evrard en 1899]. (Arch. de Neurol., Aug., 1901.) Picqué et Febvré
Authors: Sainsbury Harrington
Published: August 2008

In this paper, the authors point out the frequency with which gynæcological troubles are found associated with mental perversions, and they insist upon the dependence in many cases of the latter upon the pelvic mischief. According to the traditions of asylum practice in France a pelvic examination is only performed after the consent of the relations has been obtained. At the asylum of Ville-Evrard, with 400 to 450 beds, this consent was obtained in sixty-six cases only. Excluding, for reasons, five of these cases, there were found gynæcological troubles in fifty-nine out of the remaining sixty-one cases. With this enormous proportion in view, and the frequent ætiological relationship between this form of disease and mental aberration, the refusal of the relations to allow the necessary examination of patients who are themselves not able to act on their own behalf becomes a very serious matter, and the authors ask whether society, which takes upon itself to commit a patient to an asylum and by law to administer and protect the property of the individual, cannot take better care of that other form of property—health. True, in cases where symptoms are urgent we may take it upon our own consciences and act then and there as we deem best for the patient, but, as MM. Picqué and Febvré insist, where does urgency begin in matters medical and surgical?
On the Isolation of Tubercular Patients in Asylums for the Insane [Sur l'isolement des Tuberculeux dans les Asiles d'Aliénés]. (Rev. de Psychiat., No. 1, 1901.) Marie
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

This is an extract from a communication made at the Congress of Psychiatry, 1900, in collaboration with Dr. Toulouse. It is important, in the first place, that candidates for the post of attendants in asylums should be carefully selected before being engaged, and attendants properly treated (isolated, etc.) when suffering from phthisis. Disinfection of infected rooms, and avoidance of overwork among them should be attended to. A special asylum sanatorium for tubercular patients should be erected. At Villejuif this is already realised. Attention is called to the mortality statistics of the asylum in the department of the Seine. Out of a total of 1017 deaths there were 170 from pulmonary affections (including forty-five cases of phthisis, eleven of hæmoptysis, and thirty-three of chronic bronchitis). Some reference is made to information obtained from Great Britain, Italy, and Germany on this question of tuberculosis in the insane.
Hospital Ideals in the Care of the Insane: a Statement of Certain Methods in Use at the Stirling District Asylum, Larbert
Authors: Robertson George M.
Published: August 2008

Before giving a description of the particular methods of caring for the insane in use here, to which attention is to be drawn, I consider a statement of the general principles underlying these methods a necessary preliminary, in order to place the reader in touch, if not in sympathy, with my motives, and to enlighten him as to my objects.
A Flaw in the English Lunacy Law
Authors: White Ernest W.
Published: August 2008

The following case shows the necessity for reform in the legal procedure connected with the admission of private patients:—E. E. S—, a lady patient, was admitted on October 26th last, upon the order of a justice of the peace who had not seen her, and upon the medical certificate of her regular medical attendant, and the second certificate of a neighbouring practitioner. Within the statutory period after admission she signed a request to be seen and examined by a judicial authority, under 53 and 54 Vict., cap. 5, sec. 8 (2). On November 2nd I made a return to the Commissioners in Lunacy stating—“She was insane, suffering from melancholia; had a dejected appearance and nervous manner, with delusions of unworthiness; said ‘God would never forgive her her sins’; was agitated, restless, and dissatisfied,” etc. On November 5th she was seen and examined by a local county justice of the peace, who, in the face of these three certificates, and a note in the case book by Dr. Patterson, reported that he did not consider the patient insane. In consequence of this report she was removed by her brother on November 26th, the Commissioners in Lunacy, who apparently, under 53 and 54 Vict., cap. 5. sec. 8 (3), had no option in the matter, having requested him to take this step. I may add we considered her probably suicidal, and when she left I wrote her ordinary medical attendant advising him to watch her, and have her placed under fresh certificates, but she declined to see him again. On the night of December 9th (that is, less than fourteen days after leaving the asylum) E. E. S— committed suicide on the permanent way of the Great Northern Railway in North London. Thus a report by a young and inexperienced justice of the peace outweighs the opinions of two experts, the family medical attendant, who had watched the case for months, and a fourth medical man, who signed the second certificate on admission. Surely this life was sacrificed through a defect in lunacy law!
Stimulation and Fatigue [Notes sur l'Excitabilité dans la Fatigue]. (Comptes rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie, December, 1900, to July, 1901.) Féré Ch
Authors: Ellis Havelock
Published: August 2008

Féré has always consistently upheld the doctrine that states of fatigue constitute the physical basis of very many psychoses and neuroses. His experimental work has largely been devoted to the illustration of this relationship, and he has lately carried out, in accordance with an elaborate but uniform method, a long series of observations showing the results of very various stimuli in affecting fatigue, as measured by work done.
A Case of Catatonia [Un cas de Catatonie]. V (Bull, de la Soc. de Méd. ment. de Belgique, September, 1901.) Sano et Heilpoin
Authors: Wilcox A. W.
Published: August 2008

The interest of this case is enhanced by the fact that minute clinical descriptions of this particular form of insanity are few in number.
Effect of the Combined Action of Bromides with Hypochlorisation on the Convulsive Seizures of Epilepsy and their Psychic Equivalents [Effets de la Bromuration combinée avec l'Hypochloruration sur les Accès convulsifs et les équivalents psychiques épileptiques]. (Rev. de Psychiat., October, 1901.) Toulouse et Meunier
Authors: Sainsbury Harrington
Published: August 2008

This paper describes a case of inveterate epilepsy, in which periods of mental calm along with convulsive seizures alternated with periods of delirious excitement without convulsions. The effect on this case of the above-mentioned treatment was to suppress wholly the delirious periods, whilst at the same time the spasmodic attacks were greatly diminished.
The Surgical Treatment of Delusional Insanity based upon its Physiological Study
Authors: Shaw T. Claye
Published: August 2008

The manifestation of delusions is so striking a proof of aberration of mind that we seem tempted to inquire if the study of them will in any degree help us to an elucidation of the actual physical change which must either be the cause or, at any rate, the accompaniment of them.
Notes on some Cases of Morphinomania
Authors: Jones Robert
Published: August 2008

It is a well-known fact that the practice of many physicians and some alienists includes the treatment of persons who have brought themselves to the verge of mental or moral ruin by an indulgence in the use of opium or morphia, the result too commonly of medical advice. This is probably the most common origin of the morphia habit, which was called Morphinomania by Charcot, and Morphinism by Levinstein. Other methods by which the habit becomes established are either through friends or persons in the same house imitating the habit of another, and from curiosity or experiment adopting it and succumbing to its sway. Others have tried it on the recommendation or suggestion of friends, and finding they could not do without it have become victims.
The Evolution of Delusions in some Cases of Melancholia
Authors: Weatherly Lionel
Published: August 2008

Do not expect anything new from this paper. Do not imagine that I am going to bring forward any startling theory concerning the origin of delusion, or make any attempt to unravel the mysteries of the cerebral pathology of any one class of delusion.
Pupillary Symptoms in the Insane, and their Import
Authors: Cowen T. P.
Published: August 2008

Derangements of the motor functions of the iris are commonly met with in the insane. They are as common in general paralysis as they are uncommon in all the other forms of insanity together. Their mechanism and import is not well understood, and it is in order to elucidate certain points that I venture to put the following observations before you, and to ask you to comment on them.
The Prophylaxis and Treatment of Asylum Dysentery
Authors: Macmillan N. H.
Published: August 2008

Dysentery and diarrhóal affections in English asylums have, for some time past, been attracting considerable attention.
The Psychiatric Wards in the Copenhagen Hospital
Authors: Pontoppidon Knud
Published: August 2008

The Commune Hospital was built in 1863 for the reception of poor patients of all classes from the city of Copenhagen. It was therefore necessary to provide a ward for the treatment of the insane. For this special purpose a pavilion was erected simultaneously with the main building, within the grounds of the hospital. It was arranged on the corridor plan, with single rooms only. The pavilion cost between £3000 and £4000. It was forty-two yards long, and had twenty-two single rooms, on two flats, besides a special room in the basement for the reception of patients suffering from delirium tremens. It was by no means intended to provide the city with a regular fully-equipped hospital for the continuous treatment and nursing of the insane. The pavilion was designed to serve as a reception-house, and those patients who did not show signs of improvement within a short time were removed to one of the country asylums. Besides ordinary insane persons, the pavilion was also to receive patients whose condition necessitated isolation, e. g. suicidal cases, epileptics, and severe cases of alcoholic poisoning. Later on, when the physician in charge was appointed Physician of the Court of Justice, all criminals suspected of insanity were sent to the pavilion for observation.
Hæmatoma of the Cerebral Dura Mater (Pachymeningitis Interna Hæmorrhagica) associated with Hæmorrhage from the Colon
Authors: Longworth Stephen G.
Published: August 2008

An unmarried female, æt. 56, was admitted into the Suffolk County Asylum on February 24th, 1902. Owing to circumstances at the time no very complete examination into the mental condition was made, but the case appeared to be one of dementia of quite an ordinary type, characterised by dulness, stupidity, inability to sustain a connected conversation, although able to give replies to simple questions, loss of memory, tendency to wander aimlessly about, and negligence in habits. Nothing of any particular note could be ascertained in the previous history of the case, which was evidently of some months' duration, although the mental condition did not necessitate removal to an asylum until a week or so before admission.
1. Anthropology
Authors: Ellis Havelock
Published: August 2008

The authors examined the finger-prints of forty boys in an elementary school in Rome, forty boys in an establishment for the weak-minded (not including cases of extreme idiocy), and twenty-three deaf-mute boys; the ages varied between six and fourteen.
Consanguine Marriages and their Consequences [Consanguinität in der Ehe und seinen Foigen]. (Allgem. Zeitschr. f Psychiat., B. lviii, H. 5.) Peipers
Authors: Ireland William W.
Published: August 2008

Mr. Felix Peipers has taken much pains to gather all the published reports bearing on the question of consanguine marriages, and his collection, though additions could be made, is pretty complete. In handling statistical literature of this kind one generally meets some contributions which show a controversial bias; Mr. Peipers especially remarks that three authors have published figures which are so far out of line with those of other inquirers in the same field that they may be treated as palpably incorrect, and the question occurs, Are they not to be rejected as untrustworthy? As these papers all support the old notion that close marriages entail something prejudicial to the offspring, it is possible that if they were summarily rejected, the remaining advocates of this view would consider that the question had been prejudged. Probably the authors in question had begun with the assumption that such marriages were prejudicial, and had collected supposed facts with too little scrutiny. If one were content to take the statistics of the last thirty years only, it would appear that the great preponderance of evidence is in favour of those who consider that consanguine marriages, per se, have no unhealthy effects; and if statistical inquiry continues to realise the same result, the older array of figures on the opposite side will, in comparison, shrink more and more. The author has himself made some extensive inquiries in special institutions, especially amongst the epileptics in Bielefeld, and in various asylums and schools for deaf mutes and idiots, as well as from private sources. He has arrived at the conclusion that a degenerative tendency in the offspring of the union of consanguine relations has, as yet, not been proved.
Statistical Contribution to the Etiology and Symptoms of General Paralysis [Statischer Beitrag zur Aetiologie und Symptomatologie der progressiven Paralysie]. (Arch. Psychiat., B. xxxv, H. 2.) Raecke
Authors: Ireland William W.
Published: August 2008

Dr. Raecke has made an elaborate study of 136 patients suffering from general paralysis. Of these, twenty-nine men and three women were followed to the end, the others being transferred to various asylums. His inquiries confirm the results of previous observers. The evidence of the great part played by syphilis in the causation of the malady is powerful. The previous existence of lues was found to be certain in 57 per cent., of the cases, to be probable in 20.9 per cent., unknown in 10 per cent., and denied in 11.8 per cent. Only fifteen of the sixty-three had been under medical care for venereal disease prior to the onset of nervous disease. Antispecific treatment was practised on twenty-eight patients with little success. Immobility of the pupil to light in both eyes was found in fifty-four patients, and on one side only in ten; slow reaction of the pupil in thirty-eight, prompt in eight, i. e. the reaction was impaired in 92 per cent. In only one case was there a return of pupil activity. In above half the cases the patellar reflex was increased. Dr. Raecke found that the paralysis of the pupil and exaggerated patellar reflex frequently go together, though he does not consider that impairment of the pupillary reaction indicates affection of the posterior column of the spinal cord, as Gaupp has maintained. Tremor of the tongue appears to be about the most constant symptom. It was present in ninety-five cases; deviation of the tongue to one side in twenty-four. He found the duration of general paralysis to be two years and three months. Sprengeler, from an observation of 337 cases in Gottingen, found the mean duration to be two years and six months for men, and three years five months and a half for women.
On the Early Symptoms of General Paralysis [Ueber die Frühsymptome der progressiven Paralysie]. (Allgem. Zeitschr. für Psychiat., B. lviii, H. 5.) Moravesik
Authors: Ireland William W.
Published: August 2008

Amongst the early symptoms of general paralysis are mentioned disorders of digestion, wandering neuralgic pains, a diminution in mental activity, a feeling of tightness or beating within the orbits, flashes before the eye, sounds in the ear, with pulsation in the arteries of the neck and temples. The reproduction of ideas becomes sluggish. He cannot hit upon the right word, and has to use less appropriate expressions. His memory begins to fail him. Sometimes, on the other hand, the intensity of intellectual power seems increased, even while the patient is suffering from the troubles of digestion, loss of flesh, sleeplessness, inequality of the pupils, and heightened patellar reflex, and he is able to work as well or even better than usual. At an early date the patient becomes more emotional, and shows a sentimental distress at anything pathetic or unpleasant. He has paleness of the face and a blue ring around the eyes. There is often a rise of temperature during the night and an increased secretion of saliva.
On a Special Form of Negation of Memory [Sopra una forma speciale di negativismo mnemonico]. (Il Manicomio, anno xvii, No. 3, 1901.) Angiolella
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

The patient was a man æt. 40 years, with nothing special in his family history. His first mental symptoms—apparently of an acute confusional type—occurred in 1899, following an attack of some infective fever, probably typhoid, in Brazil. After treatment in an asylum he returned to Italy in April, 1900, when he presented no other mental symptoms except the peculiar disorder of memory described in this paper. Up to the date of the paper (October, 1901) this disorder has persisted unchanged.
7. Sociology
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

In this critical review the author, by reference to some of the recent literature on the subject, illustrates the frequency with which persons suffering from mental disease are committed to prison for criminal acts. A number of personal observations (referring chiefly to general paralytics) are quoted to the same effect. To prevent such miscarriages of justice the author suggests that all persons accused of criminal offences should be submitted to examination by an alienist; and he quotes the opinion of Dr. Paul Gamier—an exceptionally competent judge in the matter—as to the practicability of such a plan, at all events in large centres of population. The author also advocates the Belgian system of frequent examinations of prisoners by alienist inspectors, and recommends certain modifications in the French procedure of expertise in criminal cases.
The Care of Idiots and Imbeciles
Authors: Sproat J. H.
Published: August 2008

The question of better provision for the care of idiots and imbeciles has of late been one of some prominence in the more thinly populated counties, and in several of these the county authorities are being urged to act in the matter. In large centres of population, where the number of the congenitally deficient is sufficiently great, and is under a single authority responsible for their care, it is more economical to provide for this class in separate institutions; but where you have, say in a county, a number of authorities, each responsible for the maintenance of only a few cases, it is on the face of it an expensive business for each of them to provide special and separate accommodation; still, it is highly desirable that some steps should be taken to put this class of case under more favourable conditions than at present.
1. Anthropology
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

This paper is an abstract of a study which is to be embodied in the author's Psychology of Sex.
3. ætiology of Insanity
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

This paper is chiefly concerned with the ætiology of general paralysis. Bianchi reaffirms his well-known views that syphilis is not the only, or even the most important factor in the genesis of the disease. It is a dystrophic malady of the nervous system, due to the accumulation in the nerve-cell of the waste products of its own activity. The syphilitic poison is one of many causes which can produce this bio-chemical change in the cell; alcoholism, arthritism, neuropathic heredity, sexual excess, are other and not less important agents. As a rule, in any given case several of these causes co-operate. They create the predisposition; any over-strain of the nerve-cell—mental work, worry, excess—develops the disease.
Progress of Psychiatry in 1902
Authors: Bannister H. M.
Published: August 2008

The past year has not been notable for any special events in American psychiatry, though the usual amount of activity has existed. There has been no retrogression, and signs of a better future ahead as regards political control of charitable institutions have appeared in quarters where they are most welcome. In Illinois, for example, where for ten years past politicians have controlled the institutions, recent events have made reform in this regard a political issue, and both parties are, so to speak, tumbling over each other in their zeal to utilise it to their own advantage. The scandal that excited this was not abuse of patients or bad financial management, for neither of these has been proven, but the assessment of employés for political purposes, which has at last aroused the public conscience. The outcome can hardly fail to be good, and we may hope at least for a better state of affairs than existed even before the politicians took control. It is a slow work educating the public as to the political neutrality of hospitals for the insane, but it is being done, and the prospect is that they will before very long be as free from the abuses of partisan politics in Illinois as in any of the older states of the Union. I have spoken of this matter in previous letters, but it is right that I mention it again, for it is the chief fault of our public institutions, and the one that is more than everything else responsible for their failings.
1. Neurology
Authors: Gilmour J. R.
Published: August 2008

In this paper the author discusses at some length the nature and relationships of the various reflexes which have been described in the foot. There are at present very marked differences of opinion among the various authorities as to the value and pathological significance of these reflexes.
Clinical and Histological Facts in Relation to the Softenings surrounding Cerebral Tumours [Fatti clinici ed istologici in rapporto ai rammollimenti che ciscondario certi tumori cerebrali] (Riv. di Pat. nerv. e men t., January, 1902.) Pellizzi, G. B.
Authors: Gilmour J. R.
Published: August 2008

The author describes a case and the pathological appearances found after death, and bases upon it some considerations regarding cerebral tumours. The patient for years had suffered from a monoplegia affecting the one arm, and was also subject to attacks of epilepsy. There was no headache, no vomiting, no disturbance of vision, and no weakening of the intellect. Twenty-five years after the beginning of these symptoms dementia supervened. At the autopsy, a tumour about the size of a small hen's egg was found in the middle of the right Rolandic region in correspondence with the posterior third of the frontal lobe. The tumour was an endothelioma, rich in cells probably of a sarcomatous nature, and without any nervous elements. The author points out the complete absence for twenty-five years of any mental symptoms is in complete accord with the theory of Bianchi, the unilateral nature of the lesion and the extraordinary slowness of its development giving time for compensation. An examination of the contents of the softening showed that the vessels remained normal; the nerve-fibres were very markedly altered, and the nerve-cells were reduced in number. The permanence of any cortical nerve elements was due to the slowly progressive interruption from the gradual compression and to the absence of any inflammatory process. The softening that surrounds tumours has been attributed by some to the compression of the small vessels, or to a superadded obliterative arteritis caused by syphilis or tubercle, the degeneration of the nervous elements following this. The author regards the extension of the softening to have been caused, not by the pressure of the tumour itself, but rather by pressure of fluid surrounding it. This produces in some cases an increase of tension, to which the white matter cannot offer sufficient resistive power, and hence the degeneration.
Suicidal Tendency and Suicide in the Insane [La tendenza al suicidio ed i suicidii negli alienati]. (Il Manicomio, Anno xviii, No. 2, 1902.) Gucci
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

The aim of this paper is to investigate the frequency of suicidal tendency in the insane, and the forms of mental disease in which such tendency is more common, and further to determine how often and under what conditions asylum patients find means to commit suicide.
The Accommodation Reflex (Pupillary) studied in the same Patients during the Three Stages of General Paralysis [Ze réxe accommodateur étudié chez les mêmes malades aux trois périodes de la paralysie générale]. (Rev. de Psychiat., No. 6, Juin, 1902.) Marandon de Montyel
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

Dr. de Montyel gives the results of his investigations on the sixth of the reflexes which he undertook to study in general paralysis. The discrepancies noticed in the conclusions of many other observers are attributed to their studying patients in various stages; in all researches of this nature it is indispensable to follow the only method susceptible of furnishing data which may be compared with one another,—that is, following up and examining the same patients from the onset to the termination of the disease. Out of 104 cases of general paralysis this method was satisfactorily carried out in the case of thirty only, the others having succumbed either in the first or second stage; 680 satisfactory observations were made, and the results of these are carefully tabulated. The following are some of the author's general conclusions:—Accommodation is more often abnormal than normal in general paralysis; exaggeration of the reflex is rare; diminution is twenty-four times more frequent—abolition being slightly more common than simple diminution. The reaction is nearly always equal on the two sides; in a few rare cases one finds normal accommodation on one side and abolition on the other. In the early stage only does one find normal accommodation more frequent than abnormal; but in the second, and more so in the third stage, abnormality is the rule. Abolition is commoner in the late stage. In more than a third of the remissions there was abnormality. Certain differences in the accommodation reflex are found in the various forms of the disease; it is more often and more profoundly altered with conditions of excitement. As regards the ætiology the reflex was always found abnormal in traumatic general paralysis; next in frequency (i. e. after abnormality of reflex) comes the alcoholic form. Alteration of the reflex is common with cases at the extreme ages of incidence of the disease (after fifty and below thirty). Accommodation was more often and more profoundly affected in the first two stages of general paralysis in proportion to the impairment of motor power. The investigation of the accommodation reflex on account of its frequent and early alterations may be helpful in the diagnosis of doubtful cases, but it affords no indication as to the slow or rapid evolution of the disease. H. J. Macevoy.
Observations on General Paralysis at the Clinique of the University of Moscow [La paralysie générale d'après les données de la clinique psychiatrique de l'Université de Moscou]. (Arch, de Neurol No. 81, Sept., 1902.) Soukhanoff and Gannouchkine
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

Out of a total of 3916 cases of insanity (2493 male and 1423 female) observed at the Moscow Clinique for Mental Diseases between November, 1887, and January, 1901, there were 682 of general paralysis —590 men and 92 women; so that nearly 25 per cent, of the male and 6.57 per cent, of the female cases were general paralytics. The proportion is larger in recent years than in the earlier years of the foundation of the clinique. The greater number of cases in men were between thirty-six and forty years of age; in the case of women the commonest age is thirty-one to thirty-five years. The authors give notes of three cases of juvenile general paralysis. Various tables of classification dealing with occupation, nervous heredity, alcoholic inheritance, presence of syphilis, etc., are given, and the following are some of the authors' general conclusions:—General paralysis is uncommon or even rare in the case of farm labourers. The importance of heredity is great in the case of general paralysis, as in other psychoses or mental diseases. Syphilis was present in more than 75 per cent, of the cases, and in 90 per cent, of these there was an interval of from six to twenty years between the date of infection and the appearance of morbid symptoms. Alcoholism is of importance in the ætiology of general paralysis in men; in over 60 per cent, there is a marked history of abuse. The demented form of general paralysis was observed in half the male cases, the maniacal form being next in frequency. In women two thirds of the cases were of the demented type, and a quarter of the maniacal. The demented type was decidedly commoner in recent years. Concerning certain symptoms especially noted in general paralysis, the authors found that among men exaggeration of the knee-jerks was present in about half the cases, absence in one fifth; among women exaggeration was found in about 60 per cent., and absence in 15 per cent.
The Serum Therapeutics of Epilepsy [La sieroterapia dell’ epilessia] (Arch, di Psichiat., vol. xxiii, fasc. 4, 5, 1902.) Roncoroni
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

The author criticises adversely the experiments and theories of Dr. Ceni published in a paper analysed by Dr. Sainsbury in this Journal (vide page 782), and records a series of observations which he has made with a view to testing Ceni's results.
Criminal Sociology [La Sociologie criminelle]. (Rev. de l'Hyp., May and June, 1902.) Niceforo
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

In this lecture, delivered before the University of Lausanne, the author defines the issues between the old classic school of penology and the modern scientific spirit.
Bacteriological and Clinical Observations on the Blood of Cases suffering from Acute Continuous Mania
Authors: Bruce Lewis C.
Published: August 2008

Two years ago, when the toxic theory of the causation of insanity was attracting attention in this country, I made a series of observations on the blood of acute recent cases of insanity with the object of ascertaining whether organisms were ever present. In no case, with the exception of one of general paralysis, did I ever find an organism in the blood. It occurred to me, however, that if I could make an aseptic necrotic area subcutaneously, the serum and pus in such an area would be a suitable nidus for the growth of organisms circulating in the blood, and that by aspirating the serum and pus and placing it in suitable nutrient media one should be able to grow such organisms, if present. Acting upon this theory, I took a case of acute mania—an adult woman—and, with antiseptic precautions, injected into the soft tissues of the flank 2 c.c. of turpentine.(1) An abscess formed, and on the third day after the injection I aspirated some fluid, consisting of blood-serum and pus. A couple of drops of this fluid were then added to each of four tubes containing 8 c.c. of sterile nutrient broth. These tubes were incubated for forty-eight hours, when they showed slight turbidity, and upon microscopical examination the broth was found to contain a pure growth of a small diplo-bacillus.
The Care and Treatment of Persons of Unsound Mind in Private Houses and Nursing Homes
Authors: White Ernest W.
Published: August 2008

My paper to-day is the natural outcome of the address by Sir William Gowers upon “Sanity and Insanity, Lunacy and Law, the Views of a London Hospital Physician, particularly in regard to Private Patients,” given at our last general meeting in London. The discussion which followed was hardly worthy of the subject. Most of the earlier speakers, although eminent general physicians, had had little or no experience in the care and treatment of the insane; therefore, when the turn came for those practically acquainted with mental diseases to speak, the hour was advanced, the audience was weary, and an all too exacting brevity resulted.
The Physiological Stigmata of Degeneration [Les stigmates physiologiques de la dégénérescence]. (Gaz. des Hôp., Feb., 1903.) Mayet
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

The author divides the stigmata of degeneration into four classes—anatomical, physiological, psychological, and sociological. The first group he discussed in an earlier paper contributed to the same journal, and the third and fourth groups he proposes to deal with later on. The present paper is devoted to the physiological group, and is, as the author expressly points out, a simple catalogue of the several functional disorders which, for good, bad, or indifferent reasons, various observers have brought into the wide net of “dégénérescence.” It is needless to add that the catalogue is a long one, seeing that some authors claim for the degenerate a monopoly of tubercular diseases and of post-nasal adenoids; and one expansionist even goes so far as to insist that every departure from the left occipito-anterior presentation in childbirth is to be accounted a stigma. The paper is followed by a useful list of the literature on the subject.
On the Utility of Lumbar Puncture in the Diagnosis of General Paralysis. (Journ. of Ment. Path,, Oct.–Nov., 1902.) Joffroy and Mercier.
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

In this paper, originally communicated to the Congress of French Alienists held at Grenoble in 1902, the authors record the result of an inquiry into the value of cytological examination of the cerebro-spinal fluid in general paralysis.
Mongolian Imbecility
Authors: Fennell C. H.
Published: August 2008

The type of imbecility with which my paper deals is chiefly met with in the special institutions and in the out-patient clinics of children's hospitals, and is fairly common in this country. The somewhat scanty literature of the subject, however, includes descriptions of the leading features of the class which differ a good deal in detail. This divergence of opinion is due, I think, mainly to the fact that observers are by no means agreed as to the degree of deviation from other types which qualifies an imbecile for inclusion in the Mongol group—a disagreement easy to understand when we realise that there is hardly one single feature which can be regarded as peculiar to Mongolism. Further, many recorded cases have been noted only at an early age, when certain later-developed aids to diagnosis are wanting. I have thought it of interest to record my observations of twenty-one well-marked cases met with among the 2000 inmates of Darenth Asylums, where the minimum age of admission is five, trusting that they may afford some guide to the mental and physical forecast advisable in dealing with the infant.
A Short History of St. Luke's Hospital
Authors: Rawes William
Published: August 2008

On June 13th, 1750, Dr. Thomas Crow, Mr. William Prouting, and four other gentlemen met in a tavern in Exchange Alley, their object being to promote the establishment by subscription of a hospital as a further provision for poor lunatics. They drew up certain “considerations,” which were printed and distributed to the public.
The Relationship of Wages, Lunacy, and Crime in South Wales
Authors: Stewart R. S.
Published: August 2008

The conditions of life of the whole community in the county of Glamorgan, the staple industry of which is that of coal, in which 17 per cent. of its population are directly employed, are subject to modification through the influence of an arrangement known as the sliding scale, by which the wages of the colliery operatives are determined in accordance with the selling price of that commodity. This scale has undergone several considerable fluctuations in the past twenty-eight years, and these fluctuations have been productive of consequences of no small sociological importance.
Herbert Spencer
Authors: C. M.
Published: August 2008

Herbert Spencer is dead. The last and greatest of the giants of the Victorian age has passed away; and, in the tumult and clamour of evanescent political strife, the country of his birth is strangely indifferent to the portentous loss that it has suffered. From the uttermost parts of the earth—from the length and breadth of the great continent of America; from France, Germany, and Italy; even from far-off Japan—come messages of condolence and appreciation of the mighty dead; but here his loss is scarcely noticed. Truly, a prophet is not without honour, save in his own country and among his own people. Queen Victoria was a great queen, and worthily ruled a great nation; but to distant generations the name of Queen Victoria will mean as little as the name of Semiramis means to us, while the name of Herbert Spencer will loom as large as to us does that of Aristotle. In a future which may be distant, or may be nearer than we expect, when England, after occupying for a time the position of Holland, has become a sort of Isle of Wight for honeymooning Americans, Golders Hill will share with Stratford-on-Avon the honours of a place of pilgrimage for those who desire to honour the greatest of their race. What Sir Isaac Newton achieved in co-ordinating phenomena in space, Herbert Spencer achieved in co-ordinating phenomena in time. His task was almost superhuman, yet through ridicule and neglect at first, and at last in spite of the affectation of prigs, who feigned that his teaching was obsolete, he kept steadily to his task; devoting his life with wonderful purity of purpose to the completion of his great system of philosophy. He began in spite of scorn and ridicule; he lived to see his philosophy well-nigh universally accepted; and he lived to see it sneered at as antiquated by writers with less than a tithe of his knowledge, and with not a twentieth part the tithe of his intellect. He heaved Germany out of the slough of Hegelianism, only to see his own countrymen plunge and wallow in the same mire—to see them, as they struggled against asphyxiation, affect a sublime superiority over those who stood dry upon the bank, with limbs unhampered and breathing unobstructed.
Obsessions
Authors: Shaw James
Published: August 2008

Reviews, abstracts, and papers concerning this subject having appeared from time to time in the Journal of Mental Science, I shall, with the exception of making a few incidental explanatory quotations, confine myself to an account, more or less brief, of some of my own cases and to the remarks suggested by them.
Notes on Adolescent Insanity in Dorset
Authors: Rorie George A.
Published: August 2008

Considerable attention has recently been directed by several observers to adolescent insanity and dementia præcox, and an increase in the numbers of these varieties, especially of dementia præcox, has been stated to occur, which means an increase in the more hopeless and demented cases. Dr. Wood, for instance, at the Annual Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association, remarked on the increase in the number of cases of mental breakdown during the age of puberty and adolescence among persons of the upper and middle classes— the ages of which on admission he placed at from eighteen to twenty-eight years—and he suggested as a cause the greater strain of education and the worries of life during the present time. Again, at a meeting of the Section of Psychological Medicine of the British Medical Association, Dr. Robert Jones mentioned an increase of dementia præcox and a general increase of the less curable forms of insanity.
The Relation of Hysteria to Insanity
Authors: Edridge-Green F. W.
Published: August 2008

There are probably few conditions which are more difficult to define than hysteria. It is unsatisfactory to make any attempt at generalisation with regard to hysteria, as so many exceptions can be found. It is my opinion that a great many distinct conditions are included under the name hysteria. These conditions are probably as different as epilepsy and migraine. All the various so-called hysterical conditions are closely related to insanity. In many families, whilst one or two of the members are insane, several others are hysterical, and others, again, suffer from allied nervous disorders. I will discuss the varieties of hysteria under the following heads: