bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Wolf and the Hare
Authors: Gillespie Caitlin C.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 7 places Boudica’s revolt in the context of other native revolts against Rome in order to demonstrate both the similarities between provincial uprisings and the uniqueness of Boudica as a female leader. While Dio connects Boudica to the revolt in Dalmatia in AD 6–9, Tacitus aligns Boudica with Arminius and his destruction of Varus and his three Roman legions in AD 9. Dio uses similar terms in his discussion of the Dalmatian revolt and that of Boudica, which question the morality of the Romans’ actions in their provinces. In Tacitus’s accounts, the memory of Varus reminds readers that Boudica’s revolt could have lost the Romans full legions and an entire province. However, readers must question Boudica’s lasting memory in light of her ultimate failure to stem the imperial progress of the Romans.
Epilogue
Authors: Gillespie Caitlin C.
Published: June 2018

The epilogue addresses the reception of Boudica. In her immense afterlife, Boudica primarily serves as a symbol of freedom, nationalism, and womanhood. Under Elizabeth I, she was celebrated as a warrior woman. In the eighteenth century, she became a figure for British nationhood. William Cowper’s “Boadicea: An Ode” has had lasting importance for this image. Thomas Thornycroft’s statue of Boudica on the Thames Embankment remains the most prominent image of her Victorian reception. In Cardiff, J. Havard Thomas’s statue honors the mother more than the warrior. Modern museum exhibits variously condemn Boudica’s destruction or claim her as a local heroine. Her scythed chariot is the emblem of her modern persona, although it has no archaeological basis. Today, her importance lies in her adaptability to be presented as a model queen, rebel, mother, and warrior.
PreludeThe Virtue of Improvisation
Authors: Gooley Dana
Published: June 2018

IN RECENT TIMES improvisation has made a significant comeback in classical music concerts, education, and scholarship. Pianist Robert Levin has injected fresh life into Mozart by improvising ornaments, lead-ins, and whole cadenzas to Mozart concertos. More impressively still, he plays free fantasies in Mozart style on themes given by the concert audience. Gabriela Monteiro has built a distinctive reputation among concert pianists by improvising at length on themes solicited from the audience, drawing on an eclectic range of styles from Bach-like baroque to modern jazz. Early music practitioners have long understood the importance of improvisation to historically informed practice, but artists such as violinist Andrew Manze and harpsichordist Richard Egarr have pressed it to new limits. Organist Thierry Escaich has been inventing entire four-movement symphonies on themes suggested by the audience, setting a new standard for a tradition already rich in improvisation. Students and fans of these elite musicians are showing signs that they intend to keep the flame burning by cultivating improvisational practice in various classical idioms....
Improvisatoriness
Authors: Gooley Dana
Published: June 2018

Chapter 6 differs from the other chapters in its focus on representations and discourses about improvisation, which overtook practices in the period 1847–1880. The chapter begins with a discussion of pockets of improvisational activity that survived in the tributaries, including conservatory training in accompagnement, the ongoing interludes and preludes of concert pianists, and the uninterrupted practice of organists. It then discusses literary representations of improvisation, all of which present it in aesthetically and ethically positive light. Wagner’s essay “On the Destiny of Opera” praises improvisation as a model of perfect artistic creation, uniting invention and execution in a single moment. Improvisation also finds heavily idealized representation in the figure of the gypsy, about whom Liszt writes in a simultaneously idealizing and condescending manner. The coup de grâce of the improvisation imaginary, however, was the installation of a receptive disposition that defined the ideal performance as “improvisatory.”
Introduction
Authors: Alonso Paul
Published: June 2018

Chapter 1 introduces contemporary satiric TV shows as new forms of negotiated dissent that respond, at the national and global level, to the relation between power and media, the evolution of media spectacle and infotainment as a primary form of political communication, and the connection between national traumas, social tensions, and popular culture. After formulating the structural research questions, this chapter presents the theoretical and academic context of satire in Latin America and the United States, and describes the satiric cases to be analyzed throughout the book. It places the phenomenon of satiric TV as sociopolitical communication within the following intellectual debates and lines of work in media studies and popular culture: 1) media spectacle and global infotainment; 2) celebrity culture and identity; 3) tabloidization, hybridity, and discursive integration in the post-network era; and 4) satire, carnival, and critical metatainment. It finally presents the structure of the book.
Last Week Tonight With John Oliver and the Stewart/Colbert Impact on U.S. Political Communication in the Post-Network Era
Authors: Alonso Paul
Published: June 2018

Chapter 2 analyzes Last Week Tonight With John Oliver (LWT), the political news satire show aired on HBO since 2014. While TDS satirized TV journalism’s coverage of news and TCR parodied the conservative rhetoric in the media, LWT presents investigations, generating in-depth coverage of national and international public interest issues. Chapter 2 analyzes LWT in relation to the academic debates and scholarly work generated by its successful predecessors. By contextualizing and examining the show in relation to the evolution of political infotainment in the United States, I show how LWT not only fills gaps left by mainstream media, but also takes satire to a more international, activist, and investigative level. Because U.S. political infotainment has been internationally influential, this chapter also serves to illuminate the debates about the genre to be applied to the Latin American cases, which have remained academically unexplored.
Brozo’s El Mañanero
Authors: Alonso Paul
Published: June 2018

Brozo, el payaso tenebroso (the creepy clown)—a misogynistic, alcoholic, coarse, and marginal character—is one of the most popular and influential “journalists” in Mexico. His show, El Mañanero, has been broadcast on Mexican TV since 2000, when the 71-year regime of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) ended. Chapter 4 analyzes the carnivalesque role of Brozo as a subversive and profane court jester able to confront with impunity the elites at the heart of the Mexican power de facto: Televisa, one of the biggest media conglomerates in the world, which has a problematic adhesion to political power. Connecting with the Mexican tradition of clowns and satiric underdogs, this chapter also examines Brozo’s media performance and discursive configuration in relation to the history of institutionalized corruption and violence against journalists in Mexico.
Latin American Digital Satire
Authors: Alonso Paul
Published: June 2018

Chapter 6 focuses on Latin American digital satire, analyzing the cases of: 1) Enchufe.tv, an online comedy series that satirizes Ecuadorian idiosyncrasies and local urban culture; 2) El Pulso de la República, an independent Mexican online satiric news show created in 2012 by comedian Chumel Torres; and 3) Cualca, an Argentinean satiric sketch show focused on gender issues, created by feminist YouTube star Malena Pichot. Critically dialoguing with their respective national contexts and sociopolitical tensions, these cases not only reveal successful models for the development of Latin American independent digital media but also exemplify how cultural globalization and hybridity operate in today’s transnational entertainment and commercial critical humor.
Conclusions
Authors: Alonso Paul
Published: June 2018

Chapter 7 details the conclusions of the book. Summarizing the analysis of the cases in light of the research questions, it contrasts and compares among the cases in order to illuminate similarities and differences. The final analysis also highlights the local implications of the global trend toward infotainment and spectacle, locating satire at a privileged intersection between transgression and media norms. Using the notion of “critical metatainment”—a postmodern, carnivalesque result of and a transgressive, self-referential reaction to the process of tabloidization and the cult of celebrity in the media spectacle era—this book argues that the global trend toward political satire television should be understood as a space of “negotiated dissent,” where sociopolitical and cultural tensions are played out.
The Saunders of Hadley Hurst (1918 – 1938)
Authors: Clark David
Published: June 2018

This opening chapter sets out the family origins, the culture, and life into which Cicely Saunders was born, and her childhood and teenage years during the inter-war period. How did this privileged upbringing, based on her father’s growing business success, lead to her subsequent caring role and long-term religious commitment? The character and personality of her parents are examined, as are the nature of their marriage, Cicely’s relationships with her two younger brothers, the domestic arrangements – and tensions — of an increasingly prosperous household, and Cicely’s conflicted ideas about faith, service, and vocation. Her schooling is explored, particularly Cicely’s time at Roedean, along with the circumstances which eventually enabled her to gain entry to Oxford for undergraduate study.
Social Science, Nursing, Social Work (1938 – 1951)
Authors: Clark David
Published: June 2018

Following teenage schooling at Roedean, the late 1930s saw Cicely Saunders begin studies in politics, philosophy, and economics at Oxford just before the outbreak of the Second World War. The chapter proceeds through her eventual decision to abandon her degree and train as a nurse in London and describes her wartime work, her deepening religious life, and the eventual switch (following a back injury) from nursing to social work — as a hospital almoner. It explores the family reactions to these decisions and experiences. Key to the chapter is a critical exploration of the foundational story about her encounter in 1948 with the dying Jewish émigré David Tasma whilst working at the London Hospital. This precipitated a growing curiosity about the care of the dying — and the crucial decision in her early thirties to read Medicine.
Becoming a Doctor (1951 – 1957)
Authors: Clark David
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores Cicely Saunders’s decision to read Medicine and her years as a medical student, with its friendship groups, social activities, and spiritual journeying. It examines her deepening knowledge of terminal care, shown through her ongoing studies of and attachments to some of the London homes for the dying in the 1950s. It presents an opportunity to elaborate the wider context of terminal care in this era, when the understanding of pain and symptom relief remained rudimentary and when the newly formed National Health Service was giving little attention to the care of the aged and the dying. It takes us to 1958 and the publication in St Thomas’ Hospital Gazette of her first article, ‘Dying of Cancer’.
Reflection, Illness, Loss, and Death (1985 – 2005)
Authors: Clark David
Published: June 2018

Cicely Saunders’s achievements were hard won. Illness led to periods of time away from work. In 1984, she stepped down as medical director of the hospice. There were also growing concerns about her husband’s health, with accompanying scares and worries. She moved into the role of solicitous wife and carer, and eased back from professional commitments. After his death, she seemed to deepen her spiritual preoccupations, through reading, daily religious practise, and conversation with thinkers and writers she admired. Despite a measure of frailty, she took on more speaking engagements, accepted further prizes and honorary degrees, and enjoyed writing short pieces for textbooks and edited collections. When her breast cancer recurred, she showed strength and pragmatism, but this was also a lonely period and one in which her confidence faltered at times. In the spring of 2005, she entered St Christopher’s as a terminally ill patient.
The Sound of a Superpower
Authors: Ansari Emily Abrams
Published: June 2018

Classical composers seeking to create an American sound enjoyed unprecedented success during the 1930s and 1940s. Aaron Copland, Roy Harris, Howard Hanson, and others brought national and international attention to American composers for the first time in history. In the years after World War II, however, something changed. The prestige of musical Americanism waned rapidly as anti-Communists made accusations against leading Americanist composers. Meanwhile, a method of harmonic organization that some considered more Cold War–appropriate—serialism—began to rise in status. For many composers and historians, the Cold War had effectively “killed off” musical Americanism. In this book, the author offers a fuller, more nuanced picture of the effect of the Cold War on Americanist composers. She shows that the ideological conflict brought both challenges and opportunities. Some leftist Americanist composers struggled greatly in this new artistic and political environment, especially as American nationalism increasingly meant American exceptionalism. But composers of all political stripes would find in the federal government a new and unique channel through which to ensure the survival of musical Americanism, as the White House sought to use American music as a Cold War propaganda tool and American composers as cultural diplomats. The Americanists’ efforts to safeguard the reputation of their style would have significant consequences. Ultimately, they effected a rebranding of musical Americanism, with consequences that remain with us today.
Interrupting Capitalism
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

Interrupting Capitalism: Catholic Social Thought and the Economy traces the history of Catholic thinking about economic life from the Second World War to the present, from the perspective of a “theology of interruption.” God interrupts history through the Incarnation and the continued mission of the church, but in an increasingly pluralist society, Christians must learn to see God’s presence in the religious other and in the poor and vulnerable, as well. Faithful to God’s call, the church’s social teaching provides a way for Christians to interrupt capitalism, to live out economic life faithfully in the midst of the global economy. The book traces official Catholic social teaching on the economy from the Second Vatican Council to Pope Francis, but also looks at four important voices in recent Catholic theological reflection on economic life: liberation theology, progressive Catholicism, neoconservative Catholicism, and communitarianism. Of the four, the communitarian perspective appeals to those aspects of the church’s social tradition that are most vital to living out the Christian vocation in contemporary American economic life. The book also turns to critical realism and institutional economics—two perspectives from the social sciences that can help the Catholic social tradition understand the global economy, including the relationship between local practices and broader social structures and institutions.
Interrupting Capitalism
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

Although the anxieties caused by globalization and the turmoil of the financial crisis have left people looking for alternatives to our present economic system, the Catholic Church in the United States has not adequately drawn upon its own tradition of social teaching to help the faithful contribute to this search. This chapter argues that the church has failed to adapt to the contemporary condition of postmodernity, characterized by postsecularism, pluralization, and individualization. It traces how capitalism emerged as part of the modernization and secularization process, but that now we have entered a postmodern era to which the church must adapt its social teaching on economic life.
Reconstructing Europe’s Economy
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

After the Second World War, Western Europeans had to rebuild their nations’ economies. This chapter describes the varieties of capitalism they adopted: social democratic, organicist, and social market. The chapter looks at how these economies differed in terms of property rights, government planning, labor relations, and social welfare. It illustrates a key insight of institutional economics: that there are a variety of capitalisms dependent on different institutional arrangements. The chapter also looks at important social changes, such as the increasing affluence of European society and the early stages of European integration. All these developments set the stage for postwar Catholic thinking about the economy.
Modern Catholic Social Thought
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

Jacques Maritain and Marie-Dominique Chenu, O.P., were two Catholic thinkers who had a significant impact on Catholic social teaching. Jacques Maritain proposed the idea of a “New Christendom” in which the “temporal order” and the “spiritual order” were distinguished and the dignity and rights of each person respected. Maritain envisioned an economy in which workers cooperatively owned their own businesses and in which associations of workers collaborated to promote the common good. Marie-Dominique Chenu developed a “theology of work” exploring the human vocation to gain mastery over the earth. He believed modern society was witnessing the “socialization” of work, an increasing sense of collective effort and ownership over the production process. He believed socialization was a manifestation of the Incarnation, the presence of grace in history.
The Aggiornamento Framework
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

The official social teaching of Popes John XXIII and Paul VI and the Second Vatican Council embraced secularization—what they called the “legitimate autonomy” of the world. It also recognized the intrinsic value of human work and humankind’s increasing mastery over the created world. The “aggiornamento framework” proposed in their teaching envisions the church as open to the modern world. This framework proposes a humanistic vision of development, including the human person’s material, social, and spiritual dimensions. The aggiornamento framework also presents a historical view of social development, recognizing both that humankind can transform the institutions of society and that God is present in history and leads humankind onward through history to the Kingdom of God.
The Early Teaching of John Paul II
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

The future Pope John Paul II’s intellectual development was shaped by his experience in communist Poland, a context very different from Western Europe, Latin America, and the United States, where the main strands of Catholic social thought had emerged. As archbishop of Krakow, Karol Wojtyła developed a philosophy centered on the concepts of praxis and participation, which laid the groundwork for his later social teaching as pope. This chapter looks at this early philosophical work, as well as his first two social encyclicals, Laborem Exercens and Sollicitudo Rei Socialis. In particular, it looks at the issues of human work, structures of sin, and liberation. John Paul II’s early teachings represent the beginning of a new framework for Catholic social teaching, the communio framework, which emphasizes the distinctiveness of Christian revelation in the midst of the contradictions of modernity.
John Paul II’s Centesimus Annus
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

Pope John Paul II wrote his 1991 encyclical Centesimus Annus to offer a Catholic vision of political and economic life after the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the democratization of many countries in Latin America and Asia. The encyclical provided a stronger defense of the free-market economy than had previous Catholic social teaching, and neoconservative Catholics saw it as a vindication of their views. Centesimus Annus also harshly condemns consumerism, however, and proposes that the state has a greater role in ensuring that the economy serves the common good than do the neoconservatives. John Paul II recognizes the essential role of human creativity and ingenuity in the economy, but balances this by emphasizing that the human person is the recipient of God’s grace.
Remembering From-the-Outside
Authors: McCarroll Christopher
Published: June 2018

This chapter sets out some key issues related to a philosophical analysis of point of view in memory. It does so by looking at examples of psychological, philosophical, and literary accounts of the phenomenon, as well as examples of the author’s own observer perspective memories. The chapter provides an overview of some of the empirical evidence related to visual perspective in memory. Despite these consistent empirical findings, however, a number of doubts and misconceptions about remembering from-the-outside still linger, especially concerning the status of observer perspectives in memory. This chapter outlines some of the skepticism to the possibility of remembering from-the-outside and points to a possible diagnosis of why such skepticism arises. This chapter points to a way of thinking about memory—to be developed through the course of the book—which eases the worries about remembering from-the-outside.
Seeing Oneself From-the-Outside
Authors: McCarroll Christopher
Published: June 2018

In “subjective” imagination one views the action from-the-inside, from an internal point of view. In “objective” imagination one views oneself in the imagined scene. Vendler thinks that “objective” imaginings reduce to “subjective” imaginings. And, even though this distinction seems to correspond to field and observer perspectives in episodic memory, Vendler thinks there is no possibility of remembering from-the-outside. This chapter explores the connection between these two claims. Vendler’s reduction entails that the point of view in visual mental imagery is occupied, and that imagery necessarily involves the experience of seeing. And it is this notion of an occupied point of view that fuels Vendler’s skepticism about observer memory. This chapter shows that the point of view in visual imagery can be unoccupied, and imagery need not involve the experience of seeing. Remembering from-the-outside involves an unoccupied point of view and this helps account for the quotidian nature of such memories.
The Plurality of Perspectives
Authors: McCarroll Christopher
Published: June 2018

There is a second problem with Vendler’s proposed reduction of “objective” imaginings (from-the-outside) to “subjective” imaginings (from-the-inside): it dismisses the possibility of seeing oneself from-the-outside while still maintaining internal or embodied perspectives such as kinesthetic imagery. Yet internal and external perspectives can often come together or come apart in interesting ways: there is a plurality of perspectives. Evidence for the claim that an external visual perspective may coexist and align with internal embodied and emotional imagery is explored by drawing on examples from autobiographical memory, cinema, and sports psychology. Observer perspectives are memories in which one sees oneself from-the-outside, but one may still maintain internal embodied and emotional imagery and there need be no inherent feeling of detachment.
Modes of Presentation in Personal Memory
Authors: McCarroll Christopher
Published: June 2018

When thinking about intentional states such as memory, there is a distinction drawn between “content” and “modes of presentation” of that content. How do field and observer perspectives relate to this distinction? By exploring the nature of first-personal de se thoughts, and how the self is represented in perspectival memory imagery, this chapter argues that field and observer perspectives are different ways of thinking about a particular past event. Field and observer perspective memories can have the same intentional object, in that they can be about the same past event, but they involve different modes of presentation of that past event. This chapter looks at how the mode of presentation affects the content of memory, and it shows that the self-presence of remembering from-the-outside is provided implicitly by the mode of presentation.
Personal Memory and the Perspectival Mind
Authors: McCarroll Christopher
Published: June 2018

This chapter draws together the different strands of the book and it also resolves some outstanding issues, responding to some questions that were left unanswered. If autobiographical memory can involve memories of repeated or more generic events, can the field and observer perspective distinction be usefully applied in these cases? If autobiographical memory becomes semanticized over time, do observer perspectives involve more semantic information? What does remembering from-the-outside tell us about the nature of personal memory and the ways we have of getting outside of ourselves? This chapter answers questions such as these and summarizes the progress made by the book on understanding the nature of personal memory and the perspectival mind.
Cold War Comics
Authors: Grieve Victoria M.
Published: June 2018

During the Cold War, the “creation story” of the nation, of pioneers settling the western frontier through hard work and individual striving, was pressed into national service to provide a Cold War narrative that explained the role of the United States on new frontiers in Third World nations. One of the primary ways children learned this lesson was through Western-themed popular culture. Lone Ranger comic books suggested to American children an appropriate role for the nation and for them, as its future leaders in a world of global competition. The Lone Ranger modeled for young viewers in both the United States and colonized nations the appropriate role for the postwar United States as civilizer and savior, not conqueror or colonizer, in a relationship of “benevolent supremacy.” The federal government and Hollywood mobilized this national narrative in order to encourage young Americans to fund and fight the Cold War.
A Small Paintbrush in the Hands of a Small Child
Authors: Grieve Victoria M.
Published: June 2018

Children’s art became a powerful weapon in America’s Cold War arsenal. Through art exchange programs like Art for World Friendship, American children functioned as cultural ambassadors as their assumed innocence came to symbolize national innocence. Children’s art functioned as propaganda and public relations, a tool of statecraft, and a means of citizen education. But peace activists and educators also encouraged children’s cultural diplomacy through the visual arts as a means of achieving “world friendship.” Art for World Friendship highlights the fact that children were considered crucial actors in national and international Cold War politics. Educators, government officials, and peace activists believed that children could and should help to foster international understanding of the United States in an increasingly dangerous world. Implicit in postwar youth art exchange programs was a belief in the political and cultural innocence of children, coupled with the explicit politicization of childhood innocence.
Theorizing Identity from Qualitative Synthesis
Authors: Urrieta Luis , Noblit George W.
Published: June 2018

This chapter highlights the contributions drawn from the case studies in the volume to identity work and identity theory but also to future directions for theory and meta-ethnography (qualitative synthesis). Overall, the chapter analyzes how the contributors theorized with meta-ethnography in and through their studies. The collective findings of their analyses on the cultural construction of identities in education in particular emphasize race and ethnicity and their intersections with gender, class, and sexual orientation. The chapter further confirms that the Western identity binary is a set-up that (a) upholds power hierarchies and (b) protects whiteness. Meta-ethnography in this book has been about advancing scholarship through seeing synthesis as related to theory, and especially critical theories, and these efforts can be used strategically to address, and alter, injustices.
Contemporary Studies of Peace
Authors: Davenport Christian , Melander Erik , Regan Patrick M.
Published: June 2018

This chapter offers a review of the extensive literature on the topic of peace. It works through definitions, measurements, approaches, and limitations. The survey of existing research is then used to guide improvements in the study of the phenomenon of interest. Perhaps most important, this chapter lays out the different ways that the concept of peace moves beyond that of simply the absence of violence into issues of conflict resolution, justice and law, equality and nondiscrimination, political freedom and civil rights, socioeconomic opportunity, human rights, social integration, reconciliation, trust, harmonious relationships, and order.
A Relational Approach to Quality Peace
Authors: Davenport Christian
Published: June 2018

This chapter lays out the measure of peace developed by Christian Davenport. As he sees it, peace concerns the degree to which two actors mutually and respectfully integrate. That is, they achieve a level of mutuality, with recognition of each other’s value. The author draws upon the earlier work of Harry Eckstein and Karl Deutsch for developing his measures for a scale of quality peace. His scale ranges from opposition on the mass
Concluding Observations
Authors: Davenport Christian , Melander Erik , Regan Patrick M.
Published: June 2018

This concluding chapter revisits the core argument of the book—that is, that a definition of peace is much broader than the mere absence of violence. It discusses the different approaches the three authors have taken to define peace and to develop reliable measures of peace that can extend beyond time and place. The chapter also considers the lessons about the field of peace research that the three authors learned while developing their individual concepts, which blended in the end to common views on the subject. Finally, the authors lay out a research program for what should be done in the future in this broad, interdisciplinary field. They do not attempt to push a particular program, but do identify how such new programs in the subject should be structured and framed.
Communications and Politics
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

An effective communications approach starts with a basic dictum set forth by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: “Be first, be right, be credible.” Agencies must establish themselves as vital sources of accurate information to maintain the public’s trust. At the same time, public health officials must recognize that communications play out in the context of ideological debates, electoral rivalries, and other political considerations. During a public health crisis, this means that health officials often need to constructively engage political leaders in communications and management. Navigating these waters in the middle of a crisis can be treacherous. Figuring out the best way to engage elected leaders is a core aspect of political judgment.
Targeted Development in Perspective
Authors: Bermeo Sarah Blodgett
Published: June 2018

This chapter places the concept of targeted development in historical context, starting with an overview of the time immediately following the end of World War II. Interestingly, the logic for targeted development today has much in common with the decision to target development resources to Europe, rather than the developing world, in the second half of the 1940s. As the Cold War unfolded and the strategy of containment took hold, the chapter demonstrates how development promotion was sidelined in favor of a more direct approach to pursuing geopolitical goals in developing countries. The chapter then traces the rise of interconnections between industrialized and developing countries since the end of the Cold War and the impact of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks for focusing attention on spillovers associated with underdevelopment.
Maximizing Utility vis-à-vis Developing Countries
Authors: Bermeo Sarah Blodgett
Published: June 2018

This chapter develops a formal model of targeted development. It starts from the assumption that governments in industrialized states seek to maximize their own utility in interactions with developing countries. Development concerns compete with other policy goals for scarce government resources. The level of development resources an industrialized country government targets to a particular developing country depends on the weight the government places on development in that country as well as the efficiency of the country in turning resources into development outcomes that the industrialized state values. One of the key insights of the model is that, as governments work to maximize the utility gained per dollar (or euro, yen, etc.) spent, development motives will influence policy in multiple issue areas. The chapter also draws out implications of the theory for each of the issue areas examined in the empirical chapters.
Forgiveness
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that there is a crucial difference in the ways Jesus and the Apostle Paul defined the practice of interpersonal forgiveness, which theologians have largely ignored or downplayed. Jesus and Paul present different models of what forgiveness means, what power it possesses, and its place in the dynamics of salvation. Paul rewrites what Jesus says is most important about interpersonal forgiveness and its relationship to divine forgiveness in a way that undermines what Jesus insisted on in emphasizing the role forgiveness should play in human interactions. That Biblical debate, in the moment that arguably constitutes the origins of the concept of interpersonal forgiveness, reveals how contemporary philosophy conceives of forgiveness when it debates its possibility and its function.
The Banality of Forgiveness
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that some postmodern philosophers of forgiveness—especially John Milbank, Jacques Derrida, and Vladimir Jankélévitch—develop a restrictive model of what forgiveness is and argue that it is therefore “impossible” because they implicitly draw on a Pauline conception of forgiveness. In the Pauline model, the forgiveness humans extend to each other is modeled on the kind of forgiveness that a divine being can give to a fallen humanity. Milbank, Derrida, and Jankélévitch suggest that it is what forgiveness is, that it is the only practice that can be called forgiveness, and any less “pure” form of forgiveness just isn’t forgiveness. This chapter demonstrates the problem with such mystical and sceptical conceptions of the moral practice of interpersonal forgiveness.
Forgiving Retribution
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the intricate relationship between forgiveness and retribution as philosophies and practices. It traces different conceptions of that relationship—from those who argue that forgiveness and retribution are evolutionary inheritances, or Biblical injunctions, or deontological imperatives—in order to give a wider and more capacious context to modern philosophical debates about conflicts and possible resolutions between the desire and duty to forgive and to punish. It looks at the debate between philosophers who believe in retribution—retributivists, who believe that whatever is expressed without a sign and expression of sincere repentance is not forgiveness but something else—and those who believe in unconditional forgiveness—unconditionalists, who believe that forgiveness must be unconditional and therefore cannot require an expression of repentance—to show what kind of morality each positions entails.
The Unforgiven Lives of Others
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter introduces the concept of apology by looking at how the range of different apologetic acts can be delineated or categorized. It examines how contemporary writers have proposed different ways to do so, and then proposes its own model of distinguishing between private and public apologies. It then examines two films—the American Unforgiven and the German The Lives of Others—to demonstrate how moral worlds that structure what it means to apologize and to forgive are formed through particular kinds of mythologizing and demythologizing. The two films represent exemplary kinds of social orders—the vigilante West, a totalitarian state—that can promote or foreclose the kind of moral world where such exchanges can be meaningful.
Conclusion
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter sums up what the three moral practices of resentment, apology, and forgiveness have come to represent in the modern age, given what issues were most contentious in their moments of origin and evolution. Forgiveness, at the dawn of the Christian era, went from being a form of divine absolution to a strategy for interpersonal reconciliation, resentment at the turn from the eighteenth to the nineteenth centuries from being an individual property inspiring justice to a collective malaise of cultural spite, and apology at the end of World War II from being an essentially private to a manifestly public act. The chapter focuses in particular on the question of how the public–private division can explain the dynamics of these practices in different spheres of interpersonal and collective life.
Afterword The Arts of Empathy
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

This Afterword argues that the moral practices of resentment, apology, and forgiveness all have particular meaning for what has been called, by both primatologist Frans de Waal and economist Jeremy Rifkin, the contemporary “age of empathy.” De Waal focuses on biological evolution to show how our empathy is producing a “kinder society,” Rifkin examines social evolutions in the harnessing of energy and the production of communication patterns tied to those energy regimes to show how moments in our past may help us see that our trajectory is inexorably leading us to a “global consciousness.” Empathy is in our nature and in our history, and a product of our nature and our history—and, in either case, an aspect of who we are as individuals and what we are as a society or world.
Stilo Texere Gesta: Jonas the Hagiographer
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: June 2018

This chapter deals with Jonas’s hagiography from four perspectives: motivations for writing, sources, language and style, and audience. Hagiography was a way of recording sacred history and thus had a commemorative function, but it also had a programmatic intent in that it was written to provide models and inspiration for those leading religious lives. Jonas was not any different in this regard from hagiographers before him. What was different was his audience. Jonas was not writing for a small coterie of other ascetics or for one monastic community; his writings had a more public and widespread audience. He was writing for a network of monasteries and their patrons and, as such, his writings had a much more institutional function than previous Late Antique monastic hagiography.
Jonas and Biblical Stylization
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: June 2018

Biblical stylization is so implicit in hagiographical works that there is the danger that we might overlook its influence without considering how hagiographers used the Bible to communicate and emphasize their ideas. Jonas of Bobbio’s use of the Bible as an implicit source of stylization in his depictions of Brunhild as a second Jezebel or Columbanus as Elijah reveals the influence that the Old Testament (especially the Book of Kings) exerted on Jonas’s character representation. The chapter explores in detail this implicit biblical stylization and the ways in which Jonas sought to emphasize his ideas through biblical citations and allusions.
PIT’s Status as a Theory of Intentionality
Authors: Mendelovici Angela
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers several objections that aim to challenge PIT's status as a theory of intentionality, including the objections that PIT should not be considered a theory of intentionality in terms of consciousness rather than a theory of consciousness in terms of intentionality, that PIT is trivial or uninteresting, and that considerations of naturalism tell against PIT. This chapter responds to these worries, arguing that what makes PIT a theory of consciousness in terms of intentionality is that it "fits" intentionality to consciousness, rather than fitting consciousness to intentionality, that PIT is not trivial or even a priori, and that naturalism is a virtue indicative of the truth of a theory only because it is a special case of a more general virtue that both naturalistic theories and PIT, which may or may not be naturalistic, have.
Thought
Authors: Mendelovici Angela
Published: June 2018

Thoughts present a challenge for PIT. They seem to represent various contents, including rich descriptive contents, broad contents, and object-involving contents, but it is not clear how PIT can accommodate them. This chapter argues that thoughts have a largely neglected kind of content, immediate content, which is plausibly phenomenally represented and from which rich descriptive, broad, and object-involving contents can be derived. On the proposed view of derived mental representation, self-ascriptivism, thoughts derivatively represent their alleged contents because we ascribe them to our thoughts' immediate contents. This self-ascription is a matter of our dispositions to have certain thoughts that specify that one content cashes out into another. Although on this view, thoughts derivatively represent their alleged contents, this kind of derived representation is not a kind of intentionality. The chapter also briefly suggests that self-ascriptivism can be applied to perceptual states and to the attitude component of propositional attitudes.
Is Intentionality a Relation to a Content?
Authors: Mendelovici Angela
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues against the relation view of intentionality, on which intentionality is a relation to distinctly existing contents, and for the alternative aspect view, on which intentionality is a matter of having states with certain aspects. The relation view faces two problems: First, it cannot accommodate all the intentional contents we can manifestly represent without accepting a bloated ontology, which suggests that the view is wrong-headed. Second, it is not clear why being related to an item should make it perceptually represented, thought, entertained, or otherwise represented. The relation view might be thought to have many virtues that the aspect view lacks: It is arguably supported by common sense, allows for public contents, provides an account of structured intentional states, facilitates a theory of truth and reference, and is congenial to externalism. This chapter argues that the aspect view has any such truth-indicating virtues to the same extent as the relation view.
The Reformation of Prophecy
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: June 2018

The Reformation of Prophecy presents and supports the case for viewing the prophet and biblical prophecy as a powerful lens by which to illuminate many aspects of the reforming work of the Protestant reformers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It provides a chronological and developmental analysis of the significance of the prophet and biblical prophecy across leading Protestant reformers in articulating a theology of the priesthood of all believers, a biblical model of the pastoral office, a biblical vision of the reform of worship, and biblical processes for discerning right interpretation of Scripture. Through the tool of the prophet and biblical prophecy, the reformers framed their work under, within, and in support of the authority of Scripture—for the true prophet speaks the Word of God alone and calls the people, their worship and their beliefs and practices, back to the Word of God. The book also demonstrates how interpretations and understandings of the prophet and biblical prophecy contributed to the formation and consolidation of distinctive confessional identities, especially around differences in their visions of sacred history, Christological exegesis of Old Testament prophecy, and interpretation of Old Testament metaphors. This book illuminates the significant shifts in the history of Protestant reformers’ engagement with the prophet and biblical prophecy—shifts from these serving as a tool to advance the priesthood of all believers to a tool to clarify and buttress clerical identity and authority to a site of polemical-confessional exchange concerning right interpretations of Scripture.
Prophecy and the Priesthood of All Believers
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: June 2018

Luther’s, Zwingli’s, Bucer’s, and Zell’s early uses of prophecy focused on buttressing their teachings of the priesthood of all believers, rejecting Roman Catholic distinctions between the spiritual and temporal estates, and challenging Roman Catholic “tyranny” over biblical interpretation. These Protestant reformers defined a true prophet as one who proclaims and interprets the Word of God alone; the prophet and prophecy were therefore significant tools for rejecting Roman Catholic authority—by spurning Roman Catholic conceptions of the priesthood and identifying Roman Catholic leaders as false prophets—and ultimately for asserting the prime authority of Scripture. In the 1520s lay pamphleteers, including several female pamphleteers, embraced Luther’s, Zwingli’s, Bucer’s, and Zell’s early conceptions of the prophet in order to defend their call to proclaim God’s Word, interpret Scripture, and rebuke wrong teaching.
Old Testament Prophecy and Protestant Conceptions of Sacred History
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: June 2018

Luther, Swiss Reformed leaders, and Calvin divergently identified the prime content of sacred history. Luther sharply contrasted the history of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah and historical prophecies of Christ in Old Testament prophecy, the latter serving as the prime content. Swiss Reformed exegetes affirmed the history pertaining to the Old Testament prophets and its Christological fulfillment and did not draw a stark contrast between these. Calvin emphasized the histories pertaining to the Old Testament prophets’ time as a mirror for God’s providential activity with the church across time. Luther’s view of sacred history affirmed a clear apocalyptic element, characterized by the expected decline of the Last Days. Calvin’s view almost completely lacked any apocalyptic element, viewing sacred history as a continual march of progress toward the culmination of Christ’s kingdom. Swiss Reformed leaders retained a stronger apocalyptic element, while ultimately affirming a progressive sense of history.
Christological Exegesis and the Interpretation of Metaphors in Old Testament Prophecy
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: June 2018

In identifying the history of Christ and the Gospel as the prime content of sacred history, Luther exhibited widespread Christological exegesis of the Old Testament prophets. Calvin read the original histories of the Old Testament prophets analogically to serve as a mirror of God’s providential activity with the church. Metaphor in particular functioned in distinctly different ways in their exegeses. While for Luther, Old Testament metaphors overwhelmingly pointed to the advent of Christ and the Gospel, for Calvin, metaphors—in direct distinction from allegorical reading—served as visual signposts of meaning precisely delimited by authorial intention, the prophet’s historical context, and the literary properties of the text. Such distinctions become consolidated along confessional lines in the next generation so that Christological exegesis and the interpretation of the Old Testament metaphors served as a prime site of Lutheran and Reformed confessional polemics.