bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information Technology and the Voluntary Sector Workplace
Authors: Saidel Judith R. , Cour Stephanie
Published: April 2003

There is little debate over whether technological change affects work processes and tasks. Yet, exactly how this happens is not at all clear. This study asks the question: How have information technologies changed the nature and distribution of work and workplace relationships in voluntary sector organizations? The authors conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews with 23 respondents in three nonprofit agencies in the capital region of New York State that had an extensive history of involvement in contracting relationships with multiple government bureaucracies. The results indicate that the autonomy and flexibility associated with much of the work performed by the nonprofit labor force influence how information technology affects workplace processes and relationships. Employees with widely varying backgrounds fill newly defined IT jobs. Job satisfaction, workload, and the distribution of power have been altered in a number of complex ways. Responses regarding technology and the relationship between nonprofits and government are also explored.
The Intrametropolitan Geography of Poverty and the Nonprofit Sector in Southern California
Authors: Joassart-Marcelli Pascale , Wolch Jennifer R.
Published: April 2003

This article investigates the geographic distribution of nonprofit social service providers across southern California cities in an attempt to see whether they reach people in poverty. Using 1996 Internal Revenue Service data from the National Center on Charitable Statistics, combined with 1990 census data, the authors find that the number of antipoverty nonprofits and their level of expenditure are higher in poorer cities. Nevertheless, given poverty concentration patterns, these activities are insufficient to guarantee equal services to poor persons in the poorest areas compared with those in wealthier cities. Regression analyses indicate that higher levels of nonprofit antipoverty activity are likely to be found in older and centrally located cities with higher socioeconomic status and significant government contribution to the provision of social services. These findings suggest that nonprofits and governments ought to be seen as complements rather than substitutes in efforts to alleviate intrametropolitan poverty disparities.
New Technologies, Embedded Values, and Strategic Change: Evidence From the U.K. Voluntary Sector
Authors: Burt Eleanor , Taylor John
Published: April 2003

Advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs) have the capability to support strategic innovation within voluntary organizations as they seek to respond to shifts in their environments. Evidence from this study of two U.K. voluntary organizations demonstrates that they are using ICTs to reconfigure key information flows in support of enhanced campaigning and more effective user services. The study also reveals that adherence to embedded values and relationships tempers the extent to which the organizations are able to exploit opportunities for radical shifts in organizational arrangements that the transformational potential of the technologies makes possible. This article describes the way in which emergent tensions have been reconciled as both organizations seek to exploit the transformational capability of ICTs in ways that accommodate, and largely sustain, their organizational values.
Fund-Raising and the Articulation of Common Goods
Authors: Clohesy William W.
Published: April 2003

Nonprofit organizations enable citizens to engage in diverse sorts of public action for the sake of common goods. Nonprofits‘ importance is recognized in political theory but less so in applied ethics. This article examines fund-raising from the perspective of applied ethics through examining Albert Anderson’s Ethics for Fundraisers. The article’s concern is not fund-raisers’ day-to-day routine but the relationships they establish. Fund-raisers, it is proposed, emphasize developing relations with donors but not between donors and recipients, thereby creating the danger of donor dominance. Fund-raising, moreover, falls victim to business imagery likening donors with customers or stockholders and uncritically comparing fund-raising with marketing. Through analyzing these analogies, the article concludes that fund-raisers should seek to engage donors with the work, needs, and beneficiaries of their organization and articulate how nonprofits enable donors and beneficiaries to participate together in articulating and implementing public action for the common good.
What's Changed?
Authors: DAWES ANDREW , FINCHILESCU GILLIAN
Published: April 2003

The authors outline cross-sectional studies (across time and age) of the effects of the political changes in South Africa on the intergroup orientations of adolescents, as well as their orientations to the new democracy. The study was undertaken between 1992 (before the end of apartheid) and 1996 (after apartheid), with 14-year-old and 17-year-old high school students from formerly designated Black, Coloured, White and Indian population groups. Participants completed Duckitt's Subtle Racism Anti-Black Scale, a Repertory Grid following Kelly and measures of adjustment to political change. The results indicate that levels of anti-Black African racism, particularly among Whites previously advantaged under apartheid, were high in both years, and have increased with the emergence of the new state. The study found in addition, that orientations towards the new political dispensation were related to levels of racism. Some evidence of outgroup preference for Whites was evident among Black participants, while a degree of outgroup rejection of other Black groups was also evident among these groups in 1996.
Working on Your Doorstep
Authors: LEONARD MADELEINE
Published: April 2003

One of the most common forms of employment for children in the UK is newspaper delivery work. The occupation is portrayed as ideally suitable for young teenagers as it enables them to combine attending school with part-time employment. However, as this article demonstrates, the reality is far removed from this rosy image. Drawing on empirical work carried out in Belfast in 1998, the article illustrates the heterogeneous nature of newspaper delivery work. The article demonstrates this by examining the hours worked, wage levels and general working conditions of newspaper deliverers in Belfast. The article also challenges the notion that the work that children commonly do tends to provide them with few transferable skills.
Appropriating Cultural Conceptions of Childhood
Authors: FORRESTER MICHAEL A.
Published: April 2003

Participating in conversation involves the co-construction of ideas, folk-beliefs and narratives concerning childhood, where young children learn to display versions of themselves in context. Using conversation analysis, this study looks in detail at several samples of talk of two British children, at ages ranging between 2 and 10 years, as they interact with other children, and their parents and grandparents. The article considers representations or discourses of childhood evident in these everyday conversations, and the ways in which children position themselves with regard to such discourses. Learning how to `be' a child is likely to involve taking on board `child-subject' positionings available in everyday talk. The conclusion discusses these observations in relation to contemporary accounts of the child subject-self and discourse.
Recommended Readings
Authors: SCHILDKROUT ENID
Published: April 2003

Enid Schildkrout is Curator for African Ethnology in the Division of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History; she is also an Adjunct Professor at Columbia University and at the City University of New York. She has studied the fostering of children in urban Ghana and written extensively on children's work and women's work among Muslims in Kano, northern Nigeria. She has also curated museum exhibits and published books and articles about African art and material culture. In recent years, Enid Schildkrout has returned to the study of children, working with Ghanaian immigrants, who come from families she knew in Ghana in the 1960s. She is especially interested in how these children learn about Africa and how they think about their identity in New York City.
Seen But Not Heard?
Authors: MAUNDENI TAPOLOGO
Published: April 2003

Using findings from a study of children's experiences of parental separation and divorce in Botswana, the author examines the extent to which children's expressed needs for information were or were not met by their mothers. A majority of children expressed dissatisfaction about the informational support received from their mothers. Most mothers' abilities to meet children's communication needs were influenced by their perceptions of children, their beliefs of children's needs, their experiences of divorce-related economic distress as well as their feelings about the breakdown of the marriages. The author concludes the article by noting that while Botswana has ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, in practice, children's rights to information and participation in situations such as divorce are rarely exercised. The conclusion also emphasizes the importance of addressing the needs of children from divorced homes and making sure they are listened to.
Employment Restructuring in Russian Industrial Enterprises
Authors: Schwartz Gregory
Published: April 2003

Labour market developments in post-Soviet Russia have presented liberal economists with an apparent paradox: the absence of mass compulsory redundancies in the face of substantial collapse in output. The seemingly irrational `labour hoarding' in Russian enterprises has been interpreted as either influenced by workers choosing a wage cut in exchange for job security, or enterprises resisting redundancies in order to obtain state funding, or as a result of rent-seeking firm behaviour. However, systematic research on employment decision-making in industrial enterprises presents another picture. By combining documentary sources with interviews conducted in six industrial enterprises in Russia, this article will suggest that the disproportionate correlation between employment and production decline lies in the fact that the acute technological and structural degradation of the post-Soviet economy has resulted in enterprise adjustment being made through demand for labour.
Assessing Anti-ageism Routes to Older Worker Re-engagement
Authors: Duncan Colin
Published: April 2003

Measures that challenge ageism in employment are among the most prominent policy approaches towards reversing the dramatic decline over the last two decades in the labour market participation of older workers in developed economies. In Britain, such measures have evolved through three related phases: the `business case' approach; equality routes, incorporating equal opportunities and diversity policies; and progress towards anti-age discrimination legislation. Discriminatory attitudes displayed by employers have been overemphasized in explaining early exit from the labour market. Paradoxically, targeting such prejudice and ignorance through the business case approach has narrowed the scope for challenging more covert forms of ageism in employment. Nor is age easily incorporated into equal opportunities and diversity agendas in effective ways. Moreover, legislation will need to depart significantly from the principles underlying voluntary approaches if it is to be successful. The ambiguity and fluidity of the ageism concept also allow scope for opportunistic responses on the part of labour market actors that can be detrimental to the interests of older workers, and preoccupation with ageism may therefore act to impede progress towards more targeted, co-ordinated and effective policy responses.
Anatomy of a Care Manager
Authors: Carey Malcolm
Published: April 2003

The article considers the impact of the NHS and Community Care Act (1990), and the redefined role of `care manager', upon social work. It draws from a three-year ethnographic study of five area teams; one based in inner London and the others, including a hospital team, based in the north of England. Particularly it uncovers the considerable impact of intense bureaucracy, circumscribed budgets and the consequential removal of the care manager from the community. The article also questions any `seamless service' in work with other professionals and raises doubts as to whether need is even being partially met. Care managers are rarely able to utilize the skills that they develop during the Diploma in Social Work course. Frustration is felt on behalf of staff in the area office, who are now working under considerable strain, with little recognition, within what resembles a new emergency service. It is hoped the article is able to draw attention to the consequences of the continued deskilling of social work and retrenchment of what little remains of welfare.
Managing Self-management: Successful Transitions to Portfolio Careers
Authors: Gold Michael , Fraser Janet
Published: April 2003

Various economic and social pressures have, arguably, combined to effect a shift in both the reality and perceptions of career structures. Recent debates have centred on the extent to which traditional organizational careers have given way to self-employment for a client portfolio. This article builds on distinctions between `subjective', `objective' and `organizational' careers to analyse how individuals manage the transition from a traditional to a portfolio-based career. It focuses on freelance translators, a group of workers with a long history of working outside organizations, and draws out some of the factors involved in their successful transition from employment to self-employment. It evaluates the constraints on creating portfolio careers, particularly the role of safety nets and professional networks, and explores the `organizing principles' to which translators refer in creating coherent narratives of their working lives. The article concludes that, in the absence of an organizational structure, clear identification of such principles proves to be critical for translators in defining both successful transitions and successful careers.
A Divided Working Class? Planning and Career Perception in the Service and Working Classes
Authors: Li Yaojun , Bechhofer Frank , Stewart Robert , McCrone David , Anderson Michael , Jamieson Lynn
Published: April 2003

The contrast between the service class and the working class is central to much class analysis. This structural distinction, based on differences in the employment relationship, is analytically powerful, has validity, and is not in question here. The working class, however, is not homogeneous in all respects. This paper focuses on a sizeable group within the working class who perceive themselves as having (or having had) a career. As well as having this perception, they exhibit a forward-looking perspective, both in the world of employment and with regard to more general planning. They demonstrate degrees of planning, in work and non-work areas, strikingly comparable to service class respondents, and significantly greater than working class respondents without career perceptions. They believe that they can achieve their plans and indeed some have done so successfully. This exercise of forethought is materially aided by this group's possession of rather greater resources of various kinds than the rest of the working class. But this is by no means the whole story. The findings suggest strongly that a willingness to exercise or not to exercise forethought sharply distinguishes two groups within the working class, and may indicate a significant and hitherto unreported cleavage worthy of further investigation.
Overqualification in Employment
Authors: Brynin Malcolm
Published: April 2003

There is widespread evidence that many workers have higher qualifications than are needed for their job. This finding of a substantial degree of overqualification should not be the case if, as has often been argued, there has been a consistent upgrading of the skills of the labour force as a result of technological change. It might also be argued that even if overqualification exists, this is a result of a new emphasis on flexible employment and therefore increased labour-market uncertainty: people start careers at a level below the traditional start, and so are initially overqualified. In this case overqualification is only a temporary, life-course phenomenon. Evidence is presented here using BHPS and LFS data to suggest, first, that an upgrading of labour does not adequately describe recent change in employment and, second, that overqualification is not a temporary factor resulting from changed employment practices. We should therefore view overqualification as having some sort of structural causation. One tentatively given explanation is that the social demand for education is causing a bunching of qualifications at the higher levels, which means that employers cannot easily discriminate between different apparent skill levels. As a result they reduce the rewards for such skills.
Jobseekers and Gatekeepers: the Role of the Private Employment Agency in the Placement of the Unemployed
Authors: Gray Anne
Published: April 2003

This paper discusses two conflicting discourses about the role of temporary work agencies. Some labour market analysts argue that they mobilize the unemployed labour reserve to undercut established employees' pay and conditions, thus offering the unemployed worse opportunities than they could obtain through other channels. By contrast, current UK policy on the reintegration of the unemployed assumes that any job is better than no job and encourages them to use agencies as a job search channel. This tiny segment of the labour market demands our attention for its rapid growth and particular importance in the experience of those moving in and out of unemployment. This paper examines the paradox that whilst employers increasingly turn to agencies to reduce labour costs, agencies seek to maximize the value of the labour they sell, in some circumstances acting as `levellers' of pay and prospects for disadvantaged jobseekers. It then considers how the unemployed will be affected by the response of agency employment to the proposed European directive on temporary work.
Labour Market Integration and Institutions: An Anglo-german Comparison
Authors: Hillmert Steffen
Published: April 2003

This article compares processes of labour market entry and early career stages in Britain and West Germany. It starts by looking at the characteristics of the respective institutional structures in which human capital is formed and allocated. The two national systems of formal institutions can be regarded as generating particular modes of coordination between education and the labour market, that is, the labour market integration of young people follows different rules in the two countries. A frame of reference is provided by a general model that distinguishes between a horizontal, a vertical and a temporal dimension of the process of integration into the labour market. These dimensions are further pursued in empirical terms: here, the major aims of the article are to assess the effects of formal qualifications on the quality of first jobs and to analyse the multi-dimensional stability of entry positions in early careers. In Britain, coordination is, to a larger extent, achieved by criteria of timing, in addition to the hierarchical grading of qualifications; in Germany the latter, as well as substantive occupational skills, play a major role. There have also been important historical changes in these dimensions, especially in the UK.
Transgressive Desires: New Enterprising Selves in the New Capitalism
Authors: Fenwick Tara J.
Published: April 2003

The growth of self-employed enterprise and the supposed ascendancy of the `enterprising self' are commonly associated with the forces of flexibilization and individualization in contemporary work arrangements. What is driving these forces and their effects can be understood, in part, by examining what psychoanalytic theory would name desire. The focus here is upon the dynamics of desire among individuals who leave jobs to enter the growing ranks of the self-employed. Drawing from findings of a qualitative study of such new women entrepreneurs across Canada, changing concepts of the enterprising self are explored with specific attention to the relations between their desires and their conception of work. This article addresses three questions in particular: How is desire enmeshed in the development of enterprising selves? How do women come to desire work through self-employed enterprise, often entailing personal and economic pain? Do these desires configure possibilities for new alternatives in enterprise? The study findings suggest not only that contradictory desires are closely integrated with identity in the transition to enterprise, but also that some women's desires appear to form resistance to aspects of conventional models of business development. Through analysis informed by psychoanalytic theories of desire, these impulses are named `transgressive desires' and their importance is demonstrated in their links to the new models of entrepreneurism that seem to be appearing among these women's enterprises.
Institutionalism as a Methodology
Authors: Diermeier Daniel , Krehbiel Keith
Published: April 2003

We provide a definition of institutionalism and a schematic account that differentiates between institutional theories (in which institutions are exogenous) and theories of institutions, in which some (but not necessarily all) institutions are endogenous. Our primary argument is that institutionalism in the contemporary context is better characterized as a method than as a body of substantive work motivated by the so-called chaos problem. Secondary arguments include the following. (1) While it is important to differentiate sharply between institutions and behavior, institutionalism presupposes a well-defined behavioral concept. (2) When making the challenging transition from developing institutional theories to developing theories of institutions, it is essential to hold behavioral axioms fixed and to choose a form of equilibrium that exists for the class of games studied. (3) For most research programs today, a form of Nash equilibrium has the requisite properties while the core, and structure-induced equilibria (SIE) that rely on the core, often lack the requisite properties.
Some Complex Answers to the Simple Question ‘Do Institutions Matter?’
Authors: Hammond Thomas H. , Butler Christopher K.
Published: April 2003

Much current research in political science focuses on the impact which political institutions have on policy outcomes. A substantial body of this ‘neo-institutional’ work, often organized around the question, ‘Do institutions matter?’, examines differences in the performance of presidential and parliamentary systems. The conventional wisdom in the literature has been that presidential and parliamentary systems tend to select different policies and exhibit different patterns of policy change. But the key question is whether the two different kinds of institutional systems should necessarily be expected to choose different policies or exhibit different patterns of policy change. This paper emphasizes that one cannot draw valid inferences about the nature of policy choice and policy change in different kinds of institutional systems just by considering the institutional rules alone. Instead, if we wish to compare the nature of policy choice and policy change in the different systems, it is essential to consider the interaction between the institutional rules and the policy preferences of the individual officeholders in these systems. And what must be compared involves the sets of policy equilibria produced by each of the systems. When these policy equilibria are systematically compared across institutional systems, the results about policy choice and policy change do not always support the inference that ‘institutions matter’.
Kant's cosmopolitanism and human history
Authors: Papastephanou Marianna
Published: April 2003

In this article I discuss Kant's idea of cosmopolitanism both in its prescriptive dimension (its normative content and regulative aspirations) and also its descriptive basis (its crucial philosophical-anthropological assumptions constituting its theoretical justification). My aim is to show that the prescriptive dimension cannot be treated separately from the descriptive one for some difficulties that the latter confronts pervade the former and misinform it. I then proceed to an examination of those difficulties which I locate mainly in Kant's onto-theological commitment to some anthropological tenets of his era. I explore the implications of these tenets and show that they contribute negatively to the task of the promotion of a cosmopolitanism that respects difference and heterogeneity. I conclude with some critical suggestions pro-pounding a renegotiation of the paradigmatic certainties of Kant's cosmopolitanism in order to salvage its normative import and couch it in less onto-theological terms.
Moral supervision and autonomous social order: wages and consumption in 18th-century economic thought
Authors: Firth Ann
Published: April 2003

Political oeconomy in the 18th century operated in the absence of the conception of an autonomous social order articulated in the later concepts of `the economy' and `society'. Without a self-sustaining mechanism oriented to stability and endogenous economic growth, national prosperity and social order were assumed to depend upon the detailed interventions in economic life that are characteristic of mercantilism and the police of the poor. Smith's theory that autonomous economic growth underpinned a stable order of social interdependencies based upon the division of labour allowed him to move beyond or modify these assumptions. It freed him from the ideas that constant interference in the relationship between agriculture and manufacturing was necessary in order to guarantee food security and that social order and national prosperity depended upon enforcing constraints upon the interests of wage earners.
From sinners to degenerates: the medicalization of morality in the 19th century
Authors: Rimke Heidi , Hunt Alan
Published: April 2003

This article explores two very different forms in which immoral conduct was problematized over the course of the 19th century. It does this by contrasting the sexual purity politics of the Vice Society and the medicalization of morality as `moral insanity'. Early in the century the Vice Society promoted coercive legislation with the aim of `suppressing vice'. From mid-century, moral insanity theories sought to grapple with vice by disaggregating `moral' from other forms of insanity. These two movements had quite distinct and incompatible lines of development; and they never overtly engaged with each other. The article makes its key argument by demonstrating the way in which such dissimilar trajectories came together towards the end of the century in the `moral hygiene' movement, mobilizing discourses of `degeneration' (and `feeblemindedness') with projects promoting sexual purity.
An analytics of power relations: Foucault on the history of discipline
Authors: Deacon Roger
Published: April 2003

To understand how we have become what we are requires, following Foucault, not a theory but an `analytics' which examines how technologies of power and knowledge have, since antiquity, intertwined and developed in concrete and historical frameworks. Distilling from Foucault's oeuvre as a whole a rough periodization of western political rationalities, this article shows how the processes whereby some people discipline or govern others are frequently closely connected to procedures of identity-constitution and knowledge-production. Platonic, Stoic and Christian pursuits of self-mastery and self-knowledge, often via the intervention of an external master, were initially confined to an elite, but thereafter were amplified and generalized to encompass entire populations in conjunction with the rise of the modern state. Via techniques of confession and ascetic conduct, faith and empiricism, and selfreflection and everyday reality, western political rationalities, in the form of combined totalization and individualization technologies whereby some (struggle to) discipline others even as all (are exhorted to) discipline themselves, have come to dominate the globe.
A humanist critique of the archaeology of the human sciences
Authors: Bevir Mark
Published: April 2003

Foucault's archaeological method is contrasted with that of a humanist history. The contrast highlights strengths and weaknesses found in Foucault's approach. It is argued that he is right to reject a concept of objective knowledge based on pure facts and pure reason; and that he is right to reject the idea of the autonomous individual uninfluenced by the social context; but that he is wrong to extend these rejections to an utter repudiation of respectively our having reasonable knowledge of an external reality and our being creative and rational agents. A recognition of these strengths and weaknesses is used as a basis for the development of an account of the human sciences that is an alternative to that of Foucault's The Order of Things. This alternative history shows his proclamation of the death of Man to be mistaken.
A requiem for the `primitive'
Authors: Kurasawa Fuyuki
Published: April 2003

This article argues that the implications of the recent eclipse of the construct of the `primitive' for the practice of the human sciences have not been adequately pondered. It asks, therefore, why and how the myth of primitiveness has been sustained by the human sciences, and what purposes it has served for the modern West's self-understanding. To attempt to answer such a query, the article pursues two principal lines of inquiry. In order to appreciate what is potentially being lost, the space that may be closing up as a result of the death of the `primitive', the first part of the article strives to demonstrate the latter's significance for the self-critique of modern ways of thinking and acting by historiographically reconstructing its changing roles within and representations by the human sciences. In the second section, it is contended that the eclipse of primitiveness has created a potentially problematic situation for the human sciences, since the cross-cultural mode of critique cultivated through this myth risks being neglected in a post-`primitive' age. All in all, then, the article claims that continued engagement with cultural alterity is essential for the human sciences after primitiveness, and that such an engagement can be sustained by an understanding of the different ways in which the `primitive' has been defined and has functioned over the course of the modern era.
Between Scylla and Charybdis: Reinhard Bendix on theory, concepts and comparison in Max Weber's historical sociology
Authors: Caldwell Raymond
Published: April 2003

Reinhard Bendix made a major contribution to the early reception and interpretation of Max Weber's work. His classic study, Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait (1960), developed a remarkably consistent interpretation of Weber as a comparative historical sociologist. Bendix also emulated and subtly reinterpreted in his own work key aspects of Weber's comparative method and research strategies. By searching for a middle course between `Scylla and Charybdis', between the abstractions of theoretical concepts and the richness of empirical evidence, Bendix sought to reinterpret and renew the vital centre of Weber's comparative enterprise as a study of western uniqueness. In so doing, he decisively challenged Talcott Parsons's alternative methodological reading of Weber's work. Yet, curiously Bendix's status as a Weber interpreter and comparative historian profoundly influenced by Weber's legacy has often been neglected or misinterpreted. This article re-examines Bendix's classic reading of Weber's corpus, and the way in which he sought to keep alive in his substantive work the promise and spirit of Weber's comparative historical sociology.
From nature to history, and back again: Blumenberg, Strauss and the Hobbesian community
Authors: Yar Majid
Published: April 2003

This article explores the origins of the problematic of political community by considering it in relation to the founding principles of `modern thought'. These principles are identified with the extirpation of moral values and ends from nature, in keeping with the rise of a `disenchanted' and mechanical scientific world-view. The transition from an `ancient' to a `modern' world-view is elaborated by drawing upon the work of Hans Blumenberg and Leo Strauss. The `demoralization' of nature, it is claimed, projects the formation of the political commons into the space of history, a space within which community must be produced via artifice on the part of the willing subject. This Leitbild of modern community is examined through a reading of Hobbes's Leviathan which, it is claimed, stands as the founding attempt to remember the political commons from the sphere of human immanence, without recourse to natural or theological externality. However, it is argued, nature occupies an intermediary and ambiguous position in Hobbes's thought, at once transcended and reinscribed into political life as a `hedonist anthropology' that defines the human animal. Further, Hobbes's insistence that conventionally produced standards need be misrecognized as necessary and non-contingent undermines their legitimacy from the standpoint of human autonomy. This failure to break decisively with the appeal to nature leads to a political community that is at best a simulacrum, far removed from the vision of ethical unity that characterizes the classical conception of the polis and political life. Yet, it is argued, Hobbes's strategy nevertheless presents the key to subsequent attempts to complete a political `revolt' against nature, as developed in the thought of Rousseau, Kant and Hegel.
Repression in retrospect: constructing history in the `memory debate'
Authors: Howard Christina , Tuffin Keith
Published: April 2003

Psychologists have often been criticized for their reluctance to engage with history, so it is interesting to find that historical accounts play an important role in the recovered memory/false memory syndrome debate. Using techniques of rhetorical and discursive analysis, we examined accounts of the historical origins of repression and of battlefield trauma in popular texts. The flexible and selective nature of these accounts was highlighted, and was discussed in terms of the rhetorical practice of ontological gerrymandering. Also, the employment of discursive practices similar to Gilbert and Mulkay's (1984) `empiricist' and `contingent' repertoires was noted. We also comment upon how different understandings of the nature of history (as linear, cyclical, or geographical) were rhetorically employed by participants, and suggest that historical contexts are constructed for rhetorical effect.
Indeterminacy in the past?
Authors: Sharrock Wes , Leudar Ivan
Published: April 2003

This article discusses some issues that arise from the fact of `conceptual change'. We focus on the difficulties that Ian Hacking encountered when considering whether the consequence of conceptual change is the fact that the past of individual actions is indeterminate (Hacking, 1995). We consider his use of Anscombe's thesis on actions under description and find that he misrepresents it. We further find that he neglects tenses of descriptions and redescriptions, the contrast of which is essential to concepts that entail a contrast in understandings of how the matters were then, how they are now, or will be in the future.
A family discussion: the Herzens on the science of man
Authors: Sirotkina Irina
Published: April 2003

The article deals with the argument about free will and determinism between A. I. Herzen (1812—70) and his son, the physiologist A. A. Herzen (1839—1906). The topic, sufficiently familiar to Herzen scholars, interests me above all for its relevance to the history of science. The polemics between father and son touched upon such burning questions of the day as materialism in understanding human beings, positivism as scientific methodology, and the relation of the human sciences to the natural sciences. Seeing physiological materialism as a threat to the values he shared, Herzen the father sought to convince his son of the limitations of mechanistic explanation. At first, Herzen had invested his hopes in the human sciences which were then in the course of forming disciplines — psychology, sociology, and history. He believed they would encompass freedom and consciousness, rejected by the natural sciences, as their subject-matter. But, when it had become clear that these disciplines were following the model of the natural sciences, Herzen then abandoned arguments taken from science and turned towards literature. His argument with his son, which was to do with rethinking rationality, was both critical and constructive for the nascent human sciences.
The making of modern scientific personae: the scientist as a moral person? Emil Du Bois-Reymond and his friends
Authors: Veit-Brause Irmline
Published: April 2003

This article examines the notion of the `scientist as a moral person' in the light of the early stages of the commodification of science and the transformation of research into a big enterprise, operating on the principle of the division of labour. These processes were set in train at the end of the 19th century. The article focuses on the concomitant changes in the public persona and the habitus of scientific entrepreneurs. I begin by showing the significance of the professional networks that were built up and maintained to further a group's research ideas and the careers of its members, thus demonstrating one condition on which depended their practice of science and their ability to earn a living. This leads to a characterization of the changing styles of work, thought and life, and to a consideration of public perceptions and of the ways in which a new self-image of scholarship and science was fashioned. A critical discussion of the public role of these mandarin scientists follows in order to highlight the strains created by the commodification of science at a time of international tensions and conflicts, when shared beliefs in scholarly cosmopolitanism were subverted by appeals to science and scholarship to work in the service of one's own nation as its `courtiers'. Various considerations of peculiar analogies between national styles of research and the style of social organization are then noted. In the final section, the article queries the long-term impact of these developments on the ideal of the scientist as a `moral person'. Taking a cue from Max Weber and pursuing reflections by Zygmunt Bauman on `science moralized', I argue that the emergence of a type of `specialists without spirit' was an unintended but fatal consequence of the changes in research practices promoted by scientific entrepreneurs such as Du Bois-Reymond. I conclude that the temptation to sever the ties to a general ethos of civil virtues lay in the rationalization, specialization and potential de-humanization of the objectifying scientific outlook once advocated for its efficiency.
Synthesis and Characterization of Aromatic Polyamides Obtained from 4-4'-(9-Fluorenylidene)Diamine, 4-4'-(Hexafluoro-Isopropylidene)Dianiline and 4-4'-Diamine-Benzophenone
Authors: Palί R. , M. Lorίa-Bastarrachea , Aguilar-Vega M. , Angulo J. L. , Vazquez H.
Published: April 2003

Nine aromatic polyamides were synthesized from three different diamines by high-temperature polycondensation using three different aromatic diacid chlorides. A comparison of the effect that structural modifications afforded by the substitutions at the diacid chloride phenyl position and the introduction of bulky side groups in the diamine contribution were evaluated. Polyamide properties were characterized by DSC, TGA, wide angle x-ray scattering, density, light scattering and solubility. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicated that all polymers have high glass transition temperatures ranging from 236 to 319 'C, while thermogravimetrical measurements show that the onset of decomposition of these polymers is above 460 'C and that they are thermally stable. It was also found that almost all polymers were soluble in polar aprotic solvents. The results indicate that introduction of bulky side groups in the structure of the aromatic polyamides increases the Tg, while packing efficiency is lowered by these aromatic groups. Furthermore, the hexafluoro substitution in the polyamides raises their thermal stability, which may be attributed to the strong C-F bond. A relationship between Tg and the conformational entropy determined by structure was found, indicating that the higher the rigidity of the polyamide the higher the Tg. Moreover, the incorporation of bulky side groups on the structure increases the Tg more than an increase on rigidity, which indicates that the effect of intermolecular interactions is more important for an increase in Tg than the effect of chain stiffniess.
Crosslinked Copolymers Based on N-(ρ-Carboxyphenyl)-Maleimide
Authors: Vlad Cristina Doina , Hulubei Camelia
Published: April 2003

New crosslinked bead shape (0.1- 1.0mm in diameter) copolymers of poly(N-p-carboxyphenylmaleimide-co-divinylbenzene) have been prepared by the suspension copolymerization technique. The characterization of the network edifice was performed by IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, ion exchanger capacities and the swelling values at equillibrium. Practical and theoretical average molecular weight between crosslinks and crosslinking density were measured and calculated. The mechanism for the synthesis of the new network based on the relationship which was established between the synthesis parameters and the resulting structures is also discussed.
Identity, categorization and sequential organization: the sequential and categorial flow of identity in a radio phone-in
Authors: Fitzgerald Richard , Housley William
Published: April 2003

Radio phone-in programmes have been the subject of a number of studies using the methodology of conversation analysis. Although this has been successful in making apparent the sequential organization of this type of interaction, little has been said about its categorial organization. Adopting an ethnomethodological approach, it is demonstrated in this article that interaction on public access radio can be seen to rely upon categorial and sequential identities built up and developed upon over the course of interaction. By paying attention to the categorial features within media interaction, together with the sequential organization, it is possible to examine the way identities are reflexively developed in conjunction with the sequential flow of interaction. This in turn allows an analysis able to address the multilayered organizational methods used by members as part of the on-going flow of interaction.
Keeping the public in their place: audience participation in lifestyle television programming
Authors: Giles David Clifford
Published: April 2003

The participation of members of the public in the mass media has been studied discursively at the level of live broadcasting, notably in talk radio and talk shows on television. In this article I examine the construction of public identities in `lifestyle' television programming, specifically property shows, in which members of the public appear either as potential home buyers (`house-hunters') or as home owners looking to maximize the value of their properties (`vendors'). In a selected episode of the Channel 5 show Hot Property, I explore the way in which these identities are managed within the text, through an eclectic analysis both of broad sociocultural discourses and of the verbal and physical interaction between the host and the public participants. It is sometimes argued that media exposure can be empowering for the general public, but in a tightly edited production such as this, subject positions are created for participants that may be less than flattering.
`I know, 'cos I was there': how residence abroad students use personal experience to legitimate cultural generalizations
Authors: Tusting Karin , Crawshaw Robert , Callen Beth
Published: April 2003

This article examines the discursive construction of cultural generalizations, by analysing generalizations about gender and culture made in a large corpus of diary, focus group and interview data produced by modern languages students at university in Britain during or shortly after their period of residence abroad. It is argued that although students demonstrate an awareness of the negative cultural evaluation of stereotyping through the use of mitigation strategies, they are nevertheless willing to produce generalizations under the right discursive conditions, particularly when permission is given by the other participants in the interaction and when they are able to produce evidence to legitimate the generalization in some way. Analysis of the entire corpus shows that the most common form of legitimation is the appeal to personal experience, whereas close analysis of extracts from the data demonstrates the importance of discursive context and process in making such generalizations possible and acceptable.
The verbal construction of non-verbal behaviour: British press reports of President Clinton's grand jury testimony video
Authors: Jaworski Adam , Galasiński Dariusz
Published: April 2003

On Monday 21 September 1998, the videotapes of president Clinton's 17 August testimony to the grand jury in the Clinton—Lewinsky affair were released to the public. In this article we analyse reports of the event in eight British national newspapers with a special interest in how Clinton's nonverbal behaviour (NVB) in the grand jury testimony is presented, evaluated and used to evaluate his overall `performance' and political persona. Overall, we find somewhat predictable differences with the broadsheet and left-leaning newspapers being more positive in their evaluation of Clinton's NVB than the tabloids and right-leaning newspapers. However, we also observe instances of the genre and ideological cross-over when this pattern is not always clearly upheld. We also discuss the susceptibility of NVB to metapragmatic commentary and manipulation.
From `Politically Correct Councillors' to `Blairite Nonsense': Discourses of `Political Correctness' in Three British Newspapers
Authors: JOHNSON SALLY , CULPEPER JONATHAN , SUHR STEPHANIE
Published: April 2003

This article explores discourses of `political correctness' (`PC') in a corpus of articles gathered from three broadsheet newspapers in the UK between 1994 and 1999. Using the software package WordSmith Tools (Scott, 1999) two types of analysis were undertaken: first, a numerical count of so-called `PC'-related terms (`political correctness', `politically correct', etc.) in each of the three newspapers; and second, a compilation of the `keywords' which occurred most frequently within the corpus in relation to the term `political correctness'. Our study reveals an overall decline in the use of `PC'-related terms throughout the period in question, but suggests some interesting shifts in the way in which discourses of `political correctness' have been drawn upon as a means of framing debates over the British Labour Party.