bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X
‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (
XPS
)
Authors: Fantauzzi M. , Rossi A.
Published: November 2018

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface‐sensitive laboratory technique exploited to obtain elemental analysis, chemical state information, and quantitative composition of materials of historical interest in a nondestructive way. The sample has to be stable in ultra‐high vacuum, and limitation on the size requires sometimes an appropriate sampling strategy before XPS analysis. The basics of the technique and some examples of its application to pottery, glass, metals, alloys, and cellulose materials are provided in this brief review, aiming to highlight the possible applications of XPS in the analysis of historical materials, in ascertaining the origin of the degradation of artifacts in order to tailor proper conservation actions.
X
‐Ray Tomography
Authors: Casali Franco
Published: November 2018

Public interest in archaeology has increased dramatically in recent years. Scientific studies of archaeological objects have answered and generated detailed questions as to the origins, dating, material composition, and ancient methods of fabrication. All of these results have impacted our developing understanding of culture and heritage. Three‐dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) can provide unrivalled inspections of the structure and details of objects and assemblies. While some objects fall within the effective energy range of medical scanners, many metal objects or larger objects require energies that are beyond the restricted range of medical CT. Further, it is frequently impossible to move objects of archaeological interest to diagnostic laboratories, which encourages the development of transportable 3D CT systems. This essay provides a brief overview of the uses of 3D CT (using X‐rays, gamma‐rays or neutrons) for addressing the current questions posed by archaeologists.
Zooarchaeology
Authors: O'Connor Terry
Published: November 2018

Zooarchaeology uses excavated animal remains, principally bones and shells, as evidence of past human interaction with other animal species. From origins in the nineteenth century, zooarchaeology gradually developed a suite of techniques that can be applied to a range of research topics. These include prey selection and resource scheduling by hunter‐gatherers, the origins and spread of domestic livestock, the socioeconomic place of animals in complex societies, and the use of animals in mortuary and other ceremonial contexts. Recent advances in biomolecular archaeology are taking zooarchaeology in new and productive directions.
Zooarchaeology and Human Diet Reconstruction
Authors: Egeland Charles P.
Published: November 2018

Animal resources have long played a role in human diet and subsistence. The nature of this relationship can be unlocked through the analysis of animal remains from archaeological sites. Zooarchaeological analyses of diet begin with an evaluation of the adequacy of the study sample and the isolation of those remains that can be securely linked to human dietary decisions. The constituents of past menus, which offer important insights into human lifeways, are reconstructed by listing the type and number of consumed taxa. Understanding the selection of a diet and how it fits into a wider subsistence strategy, however, requires a grasp of the value assigned by humans to particular animal resources. Zooarchaeologists utilize a diverse set of measures to estimate value in order to construct predictive models of resource utilization over space and time. Zooarchaeology thus remains a key tool for reconstructing the diets of past peoples.
Digital Models of the Land Surface (Digital Elevation and Terrain Models)
Authors: Hesse Ralf
Published: November 2018

Topography is perhaps the most important characteristic of the physical environment. It has direct relevance for human activities and also influences a multitude of other parameters, many of which are relevant for the availability and accessibility of resources. Digital models of the land surface thus have enormous analytical and modeling potential with regard to past human–environment interactions. These include, for example, visibility, movement, settlement, and resource exploitation. Different technologies are available for the creation of digital elevation models, of which airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is presently by far the most favored due to canopy penetration, spatial resolution, and availability. High‐resolution, LiDAR‐based digital terrain models are commonly used for archaeological prospection. In combination with advanced visualization techniques, this has contributed to a focus shift from individual sites to archaeological landscapes.
Foraminifera
Authors: Cearreta Alejandro
Published: November 2018

Foraminifera are abundant in all marine and coastal settings. Their microfossils have proved to be particularly useful in Quaternary stratigraphic, paleoenvironmental, and paleoclimate reconstructions. Since the 1980s, benthic foraminifera have been employed to answer important archaeological questions mainly focused on the study of provenance and technology of ancient ceramics, the distinction between natural and cultural marine shell deposits, the reconstruction of sea‐level changes and submerged Paleolithic and Mesolithic sites, and the investigation of coastal human occupation since the Neolithic, particularly ancient harbours.
Remote Sensing
Authors: Parcak Sarah
Published: November 2018

This entry is a general overview of the field of remote sensing in archaeology, covering ground‐, air‐, and space‐based approaches to the analysis of ancient sites and landscapes. It discusses the history of the field, how to specialize in remote sensing, recent discoveries, the types of approaches archaeologists can take, the tools they use, and the future of the field.
R
Coding and Modeling
Authors: Marwick Ben
Published: November 2018

R is a scientific programming language that is widely used by archaeologists. This entry briefly describes the history and distinctive characteristics of the language, and how archaeologists have used it. The importance of R for reproducible research in archaeology is outlined, and future directions for the language in archaeology are indicated.
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Bone Erosion in Patients With Gout
Authors: Wu Mian , Liu Feng J. , Chen Jie , Chen Li , Wei Chong , Hu Zhu M. , Han Ying , Lu Jun X. , Jiang Li X. , Chen Hai B.
Published: November 2018

Objective

To determine the prevalence, distribution, and factors associated with bone erosion detectable by ultrasound in patients with gout.

Methods

Ultrasound scans were performed in 980 patients with gout, and bone erosion was detected. The prevalence and distribution of bone erosion in gout patients were calculated. Both clinical variables and ultrasound signs were entered into a multivariate logistic regression analysis to clarify the factors associated with bone erosion in patients with gout.

Results

Bone erosion was found in 431 (44.0%) of the 980 patients with gout, and in 338 (78.4%) of these patients, the bone erosion was found in the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. A multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age, duration of gout, the existence of tophi, ultrasound‐detected synovial hypertrophy, and joint effusion were independently associated with bone erosion. A tophus was the most powerful factor associated with bone erosion, with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.218 (95% confidence interval 3.092–5.731). The risk for bone erosion also increased as the number of tophi increased (P < 0.001). However, after stratifying the size of tophi, the ORs did not increase significantly (P = 0.206).

Conclusion

A high percentage of gout patients had bone erosions; the first MTP joint was the most frequently involved site. Age, duration of gout, tophi, and synovial hypertrophy were factors associated with bone erosion in gout patients. The number of tophi, but not their size, was strongly associated with bone erosion in patients with gout.
Intergranular Oxynitride to Regulate Solution–Reprecipitation Process in Gas–Pressure‐Sintered SiC Ceramics with AlN–Y2O3 Additives
Authors: Huang Rong , Gu Hui , Aldinger Fritz
Published: November 2018

Core−rim structures are found as a general microstructural feature in SiC ceramics gas–pressure sintered with AlN−Y2O3 additives in different ratio, combined with a range of α/β‐SiC seeding to control the phase transformation. Using analytical electron microscopy, the authors investigate the re‐distribution of additives to detect uniform level of AlN solution into SiC rims, independent to the seeding ratio, and also not proportional to additives. The behavior of AlN solution reveals the presence of sintering melt based on nitro‐carbide to start the reprecipitation of SiC rims, while the cores are remnants from starting powders to control the phase transformation as well as the grain growth behavior. Among various intergranular phases, Y10Al2‐zSi3+zO18+zN4‐z is observed as common hence the secondary phase, while its Al level changes in an opposite trend to AlN solution in SiC rims. This oxynitride phase precipitates from the Y‐rich oxynitride melt, which extends and regulates the solution−reprecipitation process and develops into the Y−Si−O−(C) melt to create a series of residual intergranular oxides. Post‐annealing can fully devitrify the viscous intergranular glass to reach complete crystallization of ceramic body, which leads to improved creep resistance at high temperature for this SiC ceramic system.
A Regio‐ and Stereoselective Carbonylative Approach to Alkyl (Z)‐2‐[3‐Oxoisobenzofuran‐1‐(3H)‐ylidene]acetates
Authors: Mancuso Raffaella , Ziccarelli Ida , Fini Francesco , Della Ca' Nicola , Marino Nadia , Carfagna Carla , Gabriele Bartolo
Published: November 2018

The first example of the oxidative carbonylation of 2‐ethynylbenzoic acid derivatives, leading to alkyl (Z)‐2‐[3‐oxoisobenzofuran‐1‐(3H)‐ylidene]acetates in a regio‐ and stereoselective manner, is reported. Under the catalytic action of PdI2 (2 mol%) in conjuction with KI (20 mol%), different 2‐[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]benzoic acids were converted into the corresponding isobenzofuranones in high to excellent yields (70–98%). The proposed reaction mechanism involves syn 5‐exo‐dig cyclization, carbon monoxide insertion, and nucleophilic displacement by an alcohol. Desilylation occurred under the reaction conditions. The structure of a representative product, that is, methyl (Z)‐2‐[3‐oxoisobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐ylidene]acetate, was confirmed by XRD analysis.

magnified image
Broadband Optical‐Fiber‐Compatible Photodetector Based on a Graphene‐MoS2‐WS2 Heterostructure with a Synergetic Photogenerating Mechanism
Authors: Xiong Yi‐Feng , Chen Jin‐Hui , Lu Yan‐Qing , Xu Fei
Published: November 2018

Integrating 2D crystals into optical fibers can grant them optoelectronic properties and extend their range of applications. However, the ability to produce complicated structures is limited by the challenges of chemical vapor deposition manufacturing. Here, a 2D‐material heterostructure created on a fiber end‐face is successfully demonstrated by integrating a microscale multilayer graphene‐MoS2‐WS2 heterostructure film on it, using a simple layer‐by‐layer transferring method. The all‐in‐fiber photodetector (FPD) exhibits an ultrahigh photoresponsivity of ≈6.6 × 107 A·W−1 and a relatively fast time response of ≈7 ms at 400 nm light wavelength, due to the strong light absorption and the built‐in electric field of the heterostructure. Moreover, owing to the type‐II staggered band alignments in the MoS2‐WS2 heterostructure, the interlayer optical transition between the MoS2 and WS2 layers enables the FPD to sense the infrared light, displaying a photoresponsivity of ≈17.1 A·W−1 at 1550 nm. In addition, an inverse photoresponse is observed under high illuminating powers, indicating a competing photocurrent generation mechanism, comprising the photoconductive and photobolometric effects. It is believed that the findings will offer a new strategy for the development of novel all‐fiber optoelectronic devices based on 2D crystals.
Six‐Month Assessment of a Hand Prosthesis with Intraneural Tactile Feedback
Authors: Petrini Francesco M. , Valle Giacomo , Strauss Ivo , Granata Giuseppe , Di Iorio Riccardo , D'Anna Edoardo , Čvančara Paul , Mueller Matthias , Carpaneto Jacopo , Clemente Francesco , Controzzi Marco , Bisoni Lorenzo , Carboni Caterina , Barbaro Massimo , Iodice Francesco , Andreu David , Hiairrassary Arthur , Divoux Jean‐Louis , Cipriani Christian , Guiraud David , Raffo Luigi , Fernandez Eduardo , Stieglitz Thomas , Raspopovic Stanisa , Rossini Paolo M. , Micera Silvestro
Published: November 2018

Objective

Hand amputation is a highly disabling event, which significantly affects quality of life. An effective hand replacement can be achieved if the user, in addition to motor functions, is provided with the sensations that are naturally perceived while grasping and moving. Intraneural peripheral electrodes have shown promising results toward the restoration of the sense of touch. However, the long‐term usability and clinical relevance of intraneural sensory feedback have not yet been clearly demonstrated.

Methods

To this aim, we performed a 6‐month clinical study with 3 transradial amputees who received implants of transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrodes (TIMEs) in their median and ulnar nerves. After calibration, electrical stimulation was delivered through the TIMEs connected to artificial sensors in the digits of a prosthesis to generate sensory feedback, which was then used by the subjects while performing different grasping tasks.

Results

All subjects, notwithstanding their important clinical differences, reported stimulation‐induced sensations from the phantom hand for the whole duration of the trial. They also successfully integrated the sensory feedback into their motor control strategies while performing experimental tests simulating tasks of real life (with and without the support of vision). Finally, they reported a decrement of their phantom limb pain and a general improvement in mood state.

Interpretation

The promising results achieved with all subjects show the feasibility of the use of intraneural stimulation in clinical settings. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:137–154.
Oxygen‐Assisted Cathodic Deposition of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks with Controlled Thickness
Authors: Zhang Qing , Wu Zhengming , Lv Yuan , Li Yali , Zhao Yajing , Zhang Rui , Xiao Yushuang , Shi Xiaofei , Zhang Danrui , Hua Rui , Yao Jianlin , Guo Jun , Huang Rong , Cui Yi , Kang Zhenhui , Goswami Subhadip , Robison Lee , Song Kepeng , Li Xinghua , Han Yu , Chi Lifeng , Farha Omar K. , Lu Guang
Published: November 2018

Processing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as films with controllable thickness on a substrate is increasingly crucial for many applications to realize function integration and performance optimization. Herein, we report a facile cathodic deposition process that enables the large‐area preparation of uniform films of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF‐8, ZIF‐71, and ZIF‐67) with highly tunable thickness ranging from approximately 24 nm to hundreds of nanometers. Importantly, this oxygen‐reduction‐triggered cathodic deposition does not lead to the plating of reduced metals (Zn and Co). It is also operable cost‐effectively in the absence of supporting electrolyte and facilitates the construction of well‐defined sub‐micrometer‐sized heterogeneous structures within ZIF films.
Electrochemical Dimerization of Phenylpropenoids and the Surprising Antioxidant Activity of the Resultant Quinone Methide Dimers
Authors: Romero Kevin J. , Galliher Matthew S. , Raycroft Mark A. R. , Chauvin Jean‐Philippe R. , Bosque Irene , Pratt Derek A. , Stephenson Corey R. J.
Published: November 2018

A simple method for the dimerization of phenylpropenoid derivatives is reported. It leverages electrochemical oxidation of p‐unsaturated phenols to access the dimeric materials in a biomimetic fashion. The mild nature of the transformation provides excellent functional group tolerance, resulting in a unified approach for the synthesis of a range of natural products and related analogues with excellent regiocontrol. The operational simplicity of the method allows for greater efficiency in the synthesis of complex natural products. Interestingly, the quinone methide dimer intermediates are potent radical‐trapping antioxidants; more so than the phenols from which they are derived—or transformed to—despite the fact that they do not possess a labile H‐atom for transfer to the peroxyl radicals that propagate autoxidation.
Bottom‐Up Construction and Reversible Structural Transformation of Supramolecular Isomers based on Large Truncated Tetrahedra
Authors: Gong Yaru , Zhang Yuteng , Qin Chao , Sun Chunyi , Wang Xinlong , Su Zhongmin
Published: November 2018

A rational synthetic strategy to construct two supramolecular isomers based on polyoxovanadate organic polyhedra with tetrahedral symmetries is presented. VMOP‐α, a low‐temperature product, has an extremely large cell volume (470 842 Å3), which is one of the top three for well‐defined MOPs. The corner‐to‐corner packing of tetrahedra leads to a quite low density of 0.174 g cm−3 with 1D channels (ca. 5.4 nm). The effective pore volume is up to 93.6 % of cell volume, nearly the largest found in MOPs. For the high‐temperature outcome, VMOP‐β, the cell volume is only 15 513 Å3. The packing mode of tetrahedra is corner‐to‐face, giving rise to a high‐density architecture (1.324 g cm−3; channel 0.8 nm). Supramolecular structural transformation between VMOP‐α and VMOP‐β can be reversibly achieved by temperature‐induced solvent‐mediated transformation. These findings give a good opportunity for understanding 3D supramolecular aggregation and crystal growth based on large molecular tectonics.
Binding of a Telomestatin Derivative Changes the Mechanical Anisotropy of a Human Telomeric G‐Quadruplex
Authors: Jonchhe Sagun , Ghimire Chiran , Cui Yunxi , Sasaki Shogo , McCool Mason , Park Soyoung , Iida Keisuke , Nagasawa Kazuo , Sugiyama Hiroshi , Mao Hanbin
Published: November 2018

Mechanical anisotropy is an essential property for biomolecules to assume structural and functional roles in mechanobiology. However, there is insufficient information on the mechanical anisotropy of ligand–biomolecule complexes. Herein, we investigated the mechanical property of individual human telomeric G‐quadruplexes bound to telomestatin, using optical tweezers. Stacking of the ligand to the G‐tetrad planes changes the conformation of the G‐quadruplex, which resembles a balloon squeezed in certain directions. Such a squeezed balloon effect strengthens the G‐tetrad planes, but dislocates and weakens the loops in the G‐quadruplex upon ligand binding. These dynamic interactions indicate that the binding between the ligand and G‐quadruplex follows the induced‐fit model. We anticipate that the altered mechanical anisotropy of the ligand–G‐quadruplex complex can add additional level of regulations on the motor enzymes that process DNA or RNA molecules.
Same Magic Number but Different Arrangement: Alkynyl‐Protected Au25 with D3 Symmetry
Authors: Li Jiao‐Jiao , Guan Zong‐Jie , Lei Zhen , Hu Feng , Wang Quan‐Ming
Published: November 2018

Two homoleptic alkynyl‐protected gold clusters with compositions of Na[Au25(C≡CAr)18] and (Ph4P)[Au25(C≡CAr)18] (Na⋅1 and Ph4P⋅1, Ar=3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) were synthesized via a direct reduction method. 1 is a magic cluster analogous to [Au25(SR)18]− in terms of electron counts and metal‐to‐ligand ratio. Single‐crystal structure analysis reveals that 1 has an identical Au13 kernel to [Au25(SR)18]−, but adopts a distinctly different arrangement of the six peripheral dimer staple motifs. The steric hindrance of alkynyl ligands is responsible for the D3 arrangement of Au25. The introduction of alkynyl also significantly changes the optical absorption features of the nanocluster as supported by DFT calculations. This magic cluster confirms that there is a similar but quite different parallel alkynyl‐protected metal cluster universe in comparison to the thiolated one.
Supramolecularly Assembled Nanocomposites as Biomimetic Chloroplasts for Enhancement of Photophosphorylation
Authors: Li Yue , Feng Xiyun , Wang Anhe , Yang Yang , Fei Jinbo , Sun Bingbing , Jia Yi , Li Junbai
Published: November 2018

Prototypes of natural biosystems provide opportunities for artificial biomimetic systems to break the limits of natural reactions and achieve output control. However, mimicking unique natural structures and ingenious functions remains a challenge. Now, multiple biochemical reactions were integrated into artificially designed compartments via molecular assembly. First, multicompartmental silica nanoparticles with hierarchical structures that mimic the chloroplasts were obtained by a templated synthesis. Then, photoacid generators and ATPase‐liposomes were assembled inside and outside of silica compartments, respectively. Upon light illumination, protons produced by a photoacid generator in the confined space can drive the liposome‐embedded enzyme ATPase towards ATP synthesis, which mimics the photophosphorylation process in vitro. The method enables fabrication of bioinspired nanoreactors for photobiocatalysis and provides insight for understanding sophisticated biochemical reactions.
Reversible Hydrogen Uptake/Release over a Sodium Phenoxide–Cyclohexanolate Pair
Authors: Yu Yang , He Teng , Wu Anan , Pei Qijun , Karkamkar Abhijeet , Autrey Tom , Chen Ping
Published: November 2018

Hydrogen uptake and release in arene–cycloalkane pairs provide an attractive opportunity for on‐board and off‐board hydrogen storage. However, the efficiency of arene–cycloalkane pairs currently is limited by unfavorable thermodynamics for hydrogen release. It is shown here that the thermodynamics can be optimized by replacement of H in the ‐OH group of cyclohexanol and phenol with alkali or alkaline earth metals. The enthalpy change upon dehydrogenation decreases substantially, which correlates with the delocalization of the oxygen electron to the benzene ring in phenoxides. Theoretical calculations reveal that replacement of H with a metal leads to a reduction of the HOMO–LUMO energy gap and elongation of the C−H bond in the α site in cyclohexanolate, which indicates that the cyclohexanol is activated upon metal substitution. The experimental results demonstrate that sodium phenoxide–cyclohexanolate, an air‐ and water‐stable pair, can desorb hydrogen at ca. 413 K and 373 K in the solid form and in an aqueous solution, respectively. Hydrogenation, on the other hand, is accomplished at temperatures as low as 303 K.
Genetically Encoding a Lipidated Amino Acid for Extension of Protein Half‐Life in vivo
Authors: Fu Caiyun , Chen Qi , Zheng Feng , Yang Liu , Li Haorong , Zhao Qianqian , Wang Xiumei , Wang Lei , Wang Qian
Published: November 2018

Protein therapeutics are increasingly used to treat various diseases, yet they often suffer from short serum half‐lives. An emerging strategy to extend lifetime in vivo is to attach fatty acids onto proteins to increase their binding to human serum albumin (HSA). Herein, the genetic encoding of ϵ‐N‐heptanoyl‐l‐lysine (HepoK) is reported, which introduces a fatty‐acid‐containing amino acid into proteins with exquisite site‐specificity and homogeneity, overcoming issues associated with existing chemical conjugation methods. The expression in E .coli and purification of HepoK‐incorporated glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP1) is demonstrated. GLP1(HepoK) showed stronger binding to HSA than GLP1(WT), without impairing the stimulation of the GLP1 receptor in cells. Moreover, GLP1(HepoK) decreased blood glucose level to the same level as GLP1(WT) in mice, showing longer‐lasting effects than GLP1(WT). HepoK incorporation will also be useful for investigating the function of protein lipidation.
Intermolecular Regio‐ and Stereoselective Hetero‐[5+2] Cycloaddition of Oxidopyrylium Ylides and Cyclic Imines
Authors: Zhao Changgui , Glazier Daniel A. , Yang Daoshan , Yin Dan , Guzei IIia A. , Aristov Michael M. , Liu Peng , Tang Weiping
Published: November 2018

We have developed the first intermolecular hetero‐[5+2] cycloaddition reaction between oxidopyrylium ylides and cyclic imines with excellent control of regio‐ and stereoselectivity. Surprisingly, divergent stereochemistry was observed depending on the substitution pattern of the oxidopyrylium ylide. This new reaction provides quick access to highly substituted nitrogen‐containing seven‐membered rings—azepanes. Notably, a broad range of oxidopyrylium ylides and cyclic imines participate in this novel hetero‐[5+2] cycloaddition reaction and the cycloadducts can be readily transformed into the core skeletons of bioactive natural products. DFT calculations revealed that the cycloaddition proceeds through a stepwise pathway and the imine nitrogen atom serves as the nucleophile to initiate the cycloaddition.
Catalytic Enantioselective Intramolecular C(sp3)−H Amination of 2‐Azidoacetamides
Authors: Zhou Zijun , Chen Shuming , Qin Jie , Nie Xin , Zheng Xingwen , Harms Klaus , Riedel Radostan , Houk K. N. , Meggers Eric
Published: November 2018

An enantioselective ring‐closing C(sp3)−H amination of 2‐azidoacetamides is catalyzed by a chiral‐at‐metal ruthenium complex and provides chiral imidazolidin‐4‐ones in 31–95 % yield, with enantioselectivities of up to 95 % ee, and at catalyst loadings down to 0.1 mol % (turnover number (TON)=740). To our knowledge, this is the first example of a highly enantioselective C(sp3)−H amination with aliphatic azides. Mechanistic experiments reveal the importance of the amide group, which presumably enables initial bidentate coordination of the 2‐azidoacetamides to the catalyst. DFT calculations show that the transition state leading to the major enantiomer features a better steric fit and favorable π–π stacking between the substrate and the catalyst framework.
Tuning the electronic‐optical properties of porphyrin‐like porous C24N24 fullerene with (Li3O)n = (1–5) decoration. A computational study
Authors: Shakerzadeh Ehsan , Tahmasebi Elham , Solimannejad Mohammad , Chigo Anota Ernesto
Published: November 2018

Using DFT methods, the electronic properties and the first hyperpolarizabilities of porphyrin‐like porous C24N24 fullerene decorated with (Li3O)n = (1–5) have been systematically investigated. It is found that Li3O molecules can effectively be adsorbed over N4 cavities of C24N24 with high interaction energies. This interaction is found to narrow the HOMO‐LUMO gap and work function values of C24N24. Thus its electronic properties are strongly sensitive to interaction with the Li3O molecules. Indeed, compared with the sole parent C24N24 fullerene, (Li3O)n = (1–5)@C24N24 possess large first hyperpolarizabilities (β0). Obviously, the Li3O superalkali chemisorbed over C24N24 fullerene exhibit not only excellent stability but also large first hyperpolarizability. Therefore, they are expected to be potential innovative candidates for excellent electro‐optical materials.
Economic design of an attribute control chart for monitoring mean life based on multiple deferred state sampling
Authors: Balamurali S. , Jeyadurga P.
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we design an attribute np control chart using multiple deferred state (MDS) sampling under Weibull distribution based on time truncated life test. This chart is constructed for monitoring the variation of mean life of the product in a manufacturing process. The optimal parameters of MDS sampling and the control limit coefficients are determined so that the in‐control average run length (ARL) is as close as to the target ARL. The optimal parameters of MDS sampling are sample size and number of successive subgroups required for declaring the current state of process. Out‐of‐control ARL is considered as a measure of the performance of proposed chart and reported with determined optimal parameters for various shift constants. The out‐of‐control ARL of the proposed chart obtained under various distributions is compared with each other. The performance of proposed control chart is compared with the performance of the existing control chart designed under single sampling. In addition, the economic design of proposed chart using variable sampling interval scheme is discussed, and sensitivity analysis on expected costs is also investigated.
A pilot community‐based randomized comparison of speech generating devices and the picture exchange communication system for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Gilroy Shawn P. , Leader Geraldine , McCleery Joseph P.
Published: November 2018

A pilot community‐based randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) to a teaching sequence using a high‐tech Speech Generating Device (SGD) to teach social communication behaviors. The two approaches were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of the newer, more high‐tech intervention using technology to improve social and communicative behavior of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. A total of 35 school‐age children were randomized to either a high‐tech (SGD device) or low‐tech (PECS cards) form of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC). Study participants received 4 months of communication training delivered in their classrooms, and the primary outcome measures of the trial were several functional communication skills emphasized in the PECS teaching sequence. Results indicated that both high‐tech and low‐tech AAC approaches resulted in significant improvements in communication, and that these improvements did not differ significantly between the two approaches. These findings support the use of high‐tech AAC, and highlight the need for evidence‐based guidelines for its use as well as evaluation with individuals with a range impairments and disabilities. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1701–1711. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

This study compared the effectiveness of a free and open‐source app for teaching social and communicative behavior to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to traditional picture card approaches. Thirty‐five children with ASD were randomized to a picture card or app‐based intervention and both treatment approaches resulted in significant improvements in social and communicative behavior. These data indicated that both “high‐tech” and “low‐tech” interventions were effective for improving behavior and that there was not a significant difference between the two approaches.
Auditory–visual misalignment: A theoretical perspective on vocabulary delays in children with ASD
Authors: Venker Courtney E. , Bean Allison , Kover Sara T.
Published: November 2018

In this commentary, we describe a novel theoretical perspective on vocabulary delays in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)—a perspective we refer to as auditory–visual misalignment. We synthesize empirical evidence that: (a) as a result of differences in both social and nonsocial visual attention, the auditory–visual statistics available to children with ASD for early word learning are misaligned; (b) this auditory–visual misalignment disrupts word learning and contributes to the vocabulary delays shown by children with ASD; and (c) adopting a perspective of auditory–visual misalignment has important theoretical and clinical implications for understanding and supporting vocabulary development in children with ASD. Theoretically, the auditory–visual misalignment perspective advances our understanding of how attentional differences impact vocabulary development in children with ASD in several ways. By adopting the point of view of the child, we provide a framework that brings together research on social and domain‐general visual attention differences in children with ASD. In addition, the auditory–visual misalignment perspective moves current thinking beyond how misalignment disrupts vocabulary development in the moment, and considers the likely consequences of misalignment over developmental time. Finally, considering auditory–visual misalignment may assist in identifying active ingredients of existing language interventions or in developing new interventions that deliver high quality, aligned input. Future research is needed to determine how manipulating auditory–visual alignment changes word learning in ASD and whether the effects of auditory–visual misalignment are unique to ASD or shared with other neurodevelopmental disorders or sources of language impairment. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1621–1628. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

This article describes a new way of thinking about vocabulary delays in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We suggest that children with ASD may have difficulty learning words because their attention is not tuned in to what is most important for learning, creating a mismatch between what they see and what they hear. This perspective brings together research on different types of attentional differences in people with ASD. It may also help us to understand how language interventions work.
A sustainability framework for assessing studies about marginal lands for planting perennial energy crops
Authors: Jiang Wei , Jacobson Michael G. , Langholtz Matthew H.
Published: November 2018

One of the issues with large‐scale perennial energy crop production is increasing land use competition between ‘food and feed’ and ‘fuel’. A commonly suggested solution is to limit energy crop plantation to marginal lands. However, the concept and the methods used to assess marginal lands remain vague and inconsistent across bioenergy‐related studies. We propose a sustainability‐based framework to review and classify studies for marginal lands used for bioenergy crops. This framework innovatively puts the marginal land in a sustainability‐based framework, showing the interaction of biophysical, socioeconomic, qualitative, and quantitative assessments. We found that current studies lack integration of biophysical and socioeconomic considerations in the marginal land analysis. They also lack qualitative approaches to assess marginal land. We suggest that future work should emphasize integrating biophysical, socioeconomic, quantitative, and qualitative analysis for sustainable marginal land identification and use. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Hypomagnetic fields cause anxiety in adult male mice
Authors: Ding Hai‐min , Wang Xue , Mo Wei‐chuan , Qin Ling‐ling , Wong Steven , Fu Jing‐peng , Tan Yan , Liu Ying , He Rong‐qiao , Hua Qian
Published: November 2018

Hypomagnetic fields (HMF), that is, the elimination of the geomagnetic field (GMF), are a risk factor to the health of astronauts in outer space. It has been established that continuous HMF exposure affects cytoskeleton assembly, cell proliferation, embryonic development, and even learning and memory. In addition, although there were some previous studies that focused on the effects of long‐term HMF‐exposure, so far very limited investigations have been conducted to examine the short‐term HMF effect in animals. In this study, we exposed adult male C57BL/6 mice to a 3‐axis Helmholtz‐coil HMF‐simulation system for 72 h and found that short‐term HMF‐exposure induced a significant increase in anxiety‐related behaviors. And our findings provide important information for both psychological intervention and the health care of astronauts. Bioelectromagnetics. 40:27–32, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel lncRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA network analysis identified the hub lncRNA RP11‐159F24.1 in the pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer
Authors: Jiang Wei , Zhan Hua , Jiao Yanyan , Li Sha , Gao Weixu
Published: November 2018

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and its carcinogenesis is influenced by a complex network of gene interactions. In this study, the microarray expression profile was re‐annotated into a lncRNA‐mRNA biphasic profile. LncRNA‐mRNA interactions were confirmed by established miRNA‐RNA data and hypergeometric test. Then, a PTC‐related lncRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA network (PTCRN) was constructed by integrating differentially expressed genes with the RNA‐RNA networks. The new network consisted of 21 lncRNAs, 241 mRNAs and 803 edges. To prioritize PTC‐related genes, we performed topological analysis and random walk with restart (PWR) algorithm analysis of PTCRN. Both analyses identified lncRNA RP11‐159F24.1 as a hub node in the network, which could interact with 47 mRNAs by sponging miR‐485. In functional enrichment analysis, these interacting mRNAs were associated with the pathways in cancer. In validation, RP11‐159F24.1 (up‐regulated; P = 0.0013) showed an opposite expression pattern with its target miR‐485 (down‐regulated; P = 0.0013) in PTC, indicating that the RP11‐159F24.1/miR‐485/mRNAs axis might play an important role in the development of PTC. In conclusion, this study has constructed a PTC‐related lncRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA network and identified the hub lncRNA RP11‐159F24.1 in the tumorigenesis, which provided novel insights to explore the underlying mechanism of PTC.
The Double Palatal Graft: A Novel Management of Severe Vertical and Horizontal Soft Tissue Deficiency
Authors: Ragab Omar
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Management of a severe soft tissue defect in the anterior esthetic zone is challenging, especially when associated with a palatal cleft. This case report describes a novel technique to augment soft tissue thickness and height with a procedure that combines two different soft tissue grafting techniques in one step.

Case Presentation

A patient presented to the author's private practice with a unilateral cleft lip and palate with a severe vertical and horizontal soft tissue deficiency at the cleft site. Double graft was used to correct the soft tissue defect in one session; one as a pedicle harvested from the palate close to the defect, and the other as a partially de‐epithelialized free graft harvested from the other side of the palate. Both grafts were sutured overlying each other as a double graft. The pedicle graft was sutured at the base of the labial flap, whereas the partially de‐epithelialized free graft was adapted to the recipient site, which included labial and palatal pouches, overlying the pedicle. After 3 months, clinical outcome exhibited favorable results in the form of ample gain in both volume and quality of the soft tissue, restoration of the level of the mucogingival junction, and closure of the palatal cleft.

Conclusion

The technique described in this case report could be considered as a method to augment soft tissue volume and quality prior to hard tissue augmentation in severe soft tissue defects.
Use of Transalveolar Sutures for Anchorage of a Resorbable Membrane During Horizontal Ridge Augmentation
Authors: Golob Deeb Janina , McCormack Danielle , Laskin Daniel M. , Deeb George R.
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Reconstruction of the hard tissue components plays an important role in site development for dental implant placement Barrier membranes are often used to contain the graft material and exclude soft tissue ingrowth. Anchorage of the membrane is extremely important. This report describes the use of transalveolar sutures for barrier membrane fixation to the alveolus.

Case Presentation

This report describes two cases involving an edentulous mandible and a partially edentulous maxilla undergoing horizontal ridge augmentation to develop future implant sites in which the anatomic conditions and thin supporting bone made the placement of tacks or screws difficult, and transalveolar sutures were used for membrane fixation.

Conclusions

In horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation proper anchorage of the membrane can present a clinical challenge. The technique described, which is applicable to both jaws, can be used as a planned or rescue method when tacks or screws cannot be used.
How do counsellors and psychotherapists understand diet and nutrition as part of the therapy process? A heuristic study
Authors: Terry Nicola , Reeves Andrew
Published: November 2018

Background

Opinion and information in the public domain suggest that an individual's dietary and nutritional intake may be an important factor in both their physical and mental health. However, at this time in the counselling and psychotherapy field, it is not common for therapists to address issues of dietary intake and nutrition with clients.

Aims

This qualitative heuristic study explores the perceptions and beliefs of qualified counsellors and psychotherapists, exploring how they understand dietary and nutritional information to be relevant as part of the therapeutic process with clients.

Method

Six participants were recruited through email, journal advert, poster and leaflet distribution. Data were gathered with semi‐structured telephone interviews and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Findings

Seventeen themes were identified and organised under four master themes: (A) personal aspects of the therapist; (B) therapeutic approach and philosophy; (C) diet and nutrition within the therapy process; and (D) considering ethical practice.

Implications

Implications for practice include the consideration of multidisciplinary working and developing appropriate training for practitioners in this area.
Halogen Substituents in the Isoquinoline Scaffold Switches the Selectivity of Inhibition between USP2 and USP7
Authors: Vamisetti Ganga B. , Meledin Roman , Gopinath Pushparathinam , Brik Ashraf
Published: November 2018

Deubiquitinases are important components of the protein regulatory network and, hence, constitute a tempting drug target. We report herein structure–activity relationship studies to develop halogen‐substituted isoquionoline‐1,3‐dione‐based inhibitors of the deubiquitinase USP2. In contrast to our previous reports, the best compound discovered was found to act through a reactive oxygen species independent, uncompetitive mechanism with an IC50 of 250 nm. We show the crucial role of halogens in the common scaffold to provide potency and selectivity of our compound, where the introduction of the fluorine atom completely switches the selectivity of the inhibitor between USP2 and USP7. Our cellular studies highlight the potential applicability of the reported compound for in vivo experiments. The discovery of the isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione core and the knowledge obtained with regard to halogen substituents provide a platform towards understanding USP2 inhibition and the development of highly selective next‐generation deubiquitinase inhibitors.
Toll‐like receptor 4 promoter polymorphisms in a familial mediterranean fever patient with asymptomatic bacteriuria
Authors: Kawamoto Shinichiro , Masutani Ryota , Kurata Keiji , Shima Etsuko , Iwatani Yoshinori , Takubo Takayuki
Published: November 2018

Key Clinical Message

A periodic fever, due to inherited inflammatory disorders, can be misdiagnosed as a common infection, when a possible pathogen is detected from a patient. TLR4 SNPs that are responsible for asymptomatic bacteriuria might disturb the pathophysiology of familial Mediterranean fever without MEFV mutations.
Structure Sensitivity in Hydrogenation Reactions on Pt/C in Aqueous‐phase
Authors: Sanyal Udishnu , Song Yang , Singh Nirala , Fulton John L. , Herranz Juan , Jentys Andreas , Gutiérrez Oliver Y. , Lercher Johannes A.
Published: November 2018

Hydrogenation of phenol and of the benzaldehyde carbonyl group catalyzed by Pt are structure sensitive in aqueous phase. The intrinsic reaction rates are directly proportional to the average size of the Pt particles. This trend is indifferent of the genesis of the reduction equivalents, i. e., dissociation of H2 or proton reduction under cathodic potential. It is concluded that the structure sensitivity is caused by the ensemble size sensitivity of the adsorption of the aromatic molecules, which is favored on (100) and (111) surfaces of larger particles. For electrocatalytic reduction, this structure sensitivity implies that hydrogen evolution increases in rate relative to hydrogen addition to reacting substrates as the size of Pt particles decreases.
Preparation of Zn3In2S6/TiO2 for Enhanced CO2 Photocatalytic Reduction Activity Via Z‐scheme Electron Transfer
Authors: She Houde , Wang Yan , Zhou Hua , Li Yuan , Wang Lei , Huang Jingwei , Wang Qizhao
Published: November 2018

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 is increasingly attracting research interest for the growing concerns about climate change resulted from the greenhouse effect due to the industrial emission of CO2. In this paper, we report the synthesis of Zn3In2S6 modified TiO2 nanocomposite via a facial hydrothermal method. The samples were characterized by photoluminescence spectra (PL), UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). The production rate of CO from CO2 is dramatically improved over the obtained composite catalyst. The contact between Zn3In2S6 and TiO2 is responsible for this ameliorated photocatalytic activity because of the formation of the Z‐scheme charge transfer mechanism which favors the separation of photo‐induced charges.
Hierarchical Microspheres of Aggregated Silicon Nanoparticles with Nanometre Gaps as the Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries with Excellent Cycling Stability
Authors: Wang Mingshan , Ma Yan , Jiang Jianyang , Huang Yun , Li Xing , Zheng Jianming , Qin Changdong , Yan Pengfei , Cao Guozhong
Published: November 2018

Novel hierarchical microspheres of aggregated silicon nanoparticles (p‐Si microsphere) with nanometre gaps have been synthesized through reverse microemulsion in combination with a modified magnesiothermic reduction approach using silica (∼200 nm) as the precursor. The hierarchical porous structure of p‐Si microspheres is composed of abundant intergranular gaps (100–200 nm) in the interconnected nanosized Si particles, along with ultrafine Si nanosized grains (∼5 nm) and intragranular voids formed in interconnected nanosized Si particles. The hierarchical microspheres of aggregated Si nanoparticles possess a high specific surface area of 136 m2 g−1 and can achieve a high tap density of 0.3 g cm−3. Such a novel microstructure with a large surface area and void gaps between interconnected Si nanoparticles can accommodate the volume change of Si during the lithium ion (Li+) alloying/dealloying process. Meanwhile, the mesoporous structure facilitates Li+ penetration into the nano‐Si grain interface, significantly shortening the Li+ diffusion pathway as well as enhancing the heterogeneous reaction sites. Such hierarchical microspherical Si anodes demonstrated excellent cycling stability, delivering reversible capacity of 845 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g−1 and rate performance with a high reversible capacity of 681 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 with 97 % of initial capacity retention.