bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Neurofibromatosis type 1:A dominantly inherited tumors-predisposing disorder
Authors: Scalzone Maria , Coccia Paola , Ruggiero Antonio , Lazzareschi Ilaria , Mastrangelo Stefano , Riccardi Riccardo
Published: February 2009

Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a hereditary multisystem disease involving the skin and nervous system. It is the most common form of autosomal dominant phakomatoses with 100% penetrance but wide phenotypic variability. The NF1 gene is located on chromosome 17q11.2 and encodes for a tumour suppressor protein. Because affected individuals have an increased risk of tumor formation, this disorder is classified as inherited cancer syndrome. The risk of malignancies in NF1 affected patients is estimated to be 5–15% higher than in the general population. We reviewed clinical aspects and genetic mechanisms of tumorigenesis in NF1 affected patients.
Oxidation of thiophene over copper-manganese mixed oxides
Authors: Szynkowska Małgorzata , Węglińska Aneta , Wojciechowska Elżbieta , Paryjczak Tadeusz
Published: February 2009

Commercial hopcalite calcined at different temperatures and hopcalite modified with noble metals (Pt, Pd, and Au) were studied in oxidation of thiophene. Surface and bulk properties of catalysts were studied using temperature-programmed reduction (TPRH2), X-ray diffraction method (XRD) and thermal analysis (TG-DTA-MS). It was shown that calcined samples displayed higher activity in comparison with commercial untreated hopcalite; however, a lower temperature of calcination was favourable. High temperature of thermal treatment induced an increase in the crystallinity and a decrease in the surface area of the samples, and, as a consequence, the loss of catalysts activity. Moreover, marked improvement in the catalytic performance of platinum and palladium modified catalysts in relation to base hopcalite was observed. The obtained results indicate that the higher activity of samples containing Pt and Pd was accompanied by better reducibility of the catalysts.
Intelligent control of a pH process
Authors: Mészáros Alois , Čirka L’uboš , Šperka L’ubomír
Published: February 2009

A new strategy, to augment the pH process control is offered in this paper. The intelligent controller proposed herein is based on an inverse neural plant model. An integration term is introduced to improve the pure inverse neural controller performance. This element, adjusted by a fuzzy system with respect to the control error, operates in parallel with the neural controller to ensure offset-free performance, in case of system uncertainties or modelling mismatch. Four fuzzy rules were applied to generate the integrator parameters. Experimental results, carried out under pH control on a laboratory scale set-up, demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed control system.
Some Perspectives on Changing the Pension System
Authors: Hicks Peter , Halliwell Cliff , Hébert Benoît-Paul , Lenjosek Gordon
Published: February 2009

This paper addresses the perceived difficulties in making changes to the retirement income system as a whole. We focus on public system reforms and observe some of the changes that have taken place in Canada and in a number of OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. Reforming social institutions is never easy. We examine some of the preconceived notions or “myths” that create public resistance to reform. Further, the complexity of the retirement income system in Canada makes consensus difficult to achieve. Nonetheless, we argue that pension reforms can and should be made to ensure the delivery of promised benefits, and we demonstrate the efficacy of smaller-scale reforms.
Magnetohydrodynamic free convection and mass transfer flow past a vertical porous flat plate with Dufour and Soret effects
Authors: Maleque Md Abdul , Alam Md Shariful
Published: February 2009

An analysis of free convection and mass transfer unsteady magnetohydrodynamic flow of an electrically conducting viscous incompressible fluid past an infinite vertical porous plate is presented by taking into account the Dufour and Soret effects. With a goal to attain similarity solutions of the problem posed, similarity equations are derived by introducing a time dependent length scale. The non-linear similarity equations, which are locally similar, are solved numerically using shooting method. Dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are displayed graphically for different values of the parameters entering into the problem. Finally, the corresponding local skin-friction, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number, which are of physical interest are tabulated. Keywords: Magnetodydrodynamic, Free convection, Mass transfer, Dufour and Soret effects. Â  doi: 10.3329/jname.v1i1.2035 Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 1(2004) 18-25
Introduction: The Epistemology of Mass Collaboration
Authors: Fallis Don
Published: February 2009

Human beings regularly work together to get things done. In particular, people frequently collaborate on the production and dissemination of knowledge. For example, scientists often work together in teams to make new discoveries. How such collaborations produce knowledge, and how well they produce knowledge, are important questions for epistemology. In fact, several epistemologists (e.g., Hardwig 1991, Thagard 1997, Wray 2002) have addressed such questions regarding collaborative scientific research.
Wikipediaand the Epistemology of Testimony
Authors: Tollefsen Deborah Perron
Published: February 2009

In “Group Testimony” (2007) I argued that the testimony of a group cannot be understood (or at least cannot always be understood) in a summative fashion; as the testimony of some or all of the group members. In some cases, it is the groupitselfthat testifies. I also argued that one could extend standard reductionist accounts of the justification of testimonial belief to the case of testimonial belief formed on the basis of group testimony. In this paper, I explore the issue of group testimony in greater detail by focusing on one putative source of testimony, that ofWikipedia. My aim is to the answer the following questions: IsWikipediaa source of testimony? And if so, what is the nature of that source? Are we to understandWikipediaentries as a collection of testimonial statements made by individuals, some subset of individuals, or isWikipediaitself (the organization or theWikipediacommunity) the entity that testifies? IfWikipediaitself is a source of testimony, what resources do we have for assessing the trustworthiness of such an unusual epistemic source? In answering these questions I hope to further elucidate the nature of collective epistemic agency (Tollefsen 2006), of which group testimony is a paradigm example.

When a mans Discourse begineth…at some saying of another, of whose ability to know the truth, and of whose honesty in not deceiving, he doubteth not; and then the Discourse is not so much concerning the Thing, as the Person; and the Resolution is called Beleefe, and Faith: Faith in the man. (1651/1991, Ch. 7; p. 48)
The Fate of Expertise after Wikipedia
Authors: Sanger Lawrence M.
Published: February 2009

Wikipedia has challenged traditional notions about the roles of experts in the Internet Age. Section 1 sets up a paradox. Wikipedia is a striking popular success, and yet its success can be attributed to the fact that it is wide open and bottom-up. How can such a successful knowledge project disdain expertise? Section 2 discusses the thesis that if Wikipedia could be shown by an excellent survey of experts to be fantastically reliable, then experts would not need to be granted positions of special authority. But, among other problems, this thesis is self-stultifying. Section 3 explores a couple ways in which egalitarian online communities might challenge the occupational roles or the epistemic leadership roles of experts. There is little support for the notion that the distinctive occupations that require expertise are being undermined. It is also implausible that Wikipedia and its like might take over the epistemic leadership roles of experts. Section 4 argues that a main reason that Wikipedia’s articles are as good as they are is that they are edited by knowledgeable people to whom deference is paid, although voluntarily. But some Wikipedia articles suffer because so many aggressive people drive off people more knowledgeable than they are; so there is no reason to think that Wikipedia’s articles will continually improve. Moreover, Wikipedia’s commitment to anonymity further drives off good contributors. Generally, some decisionmaking role for experts is not just consistent with online knowledge communities being open and bottom-up, it is recommended as well.
The Autonomous Stress Indicator for Remotely Monitoring Power System State and Watching for Potential Instability
Authors: McGillis Donald , Brearley Reginald , El Arroudi Khalil , Joos Geza
Published: February 2009

The proposed Autonomous Stress Indicator (ASI) is a device that monitors the contents of the protection relays on a suspect weak power system bus and generates a performance level related to the degree of system performance degradation or instability. This gives the system operators some time (minutes) to take corrective action. In a given operating area there would not likely be a need for an ASI on every bus. Note that the ASI does not trip any breakers; it is an INFORMATION ONLY device. An important feature is that the system operator can subsequently interrogate the ASI to determine the factor(s) that led to the performance level that has been initially annunciated, thereby leading to a course of action. This paper traces the development of the ASI which is an ongoing project. The ASI could be also described as a stress-alert device whose function is to alert the System Operator of a stressful condition at its location. The characteristics (or essential qualities) of this device are autonomy, selectivity, accuracy and intelligence. These will fulfill the requirements of the recommendation of the Canada –US Task Force in the August 2003 system collapse. Preliminary tests on the IEEE 39-bus model indicate that the concept has merit and development work is in progress. While the ASI can be applied to all power system operating conditions, its principal application is to the degraded state of the system where the System Operator must act to restore the system to the secure state before it migrates to a stage of collapse. The work of ASI actually begins with the Areas of Vulnerability and ends with the Predictive Module as described in detail in this paper. An application example of a degraded system using the IEEE 39-bus system is included.
Nicotine Contamination in Particulate Matter Sampling
Authors: Chiu Yueh-Hsiu , Hart Jaime  E. , Smith Thomas  J. , Hammond S. Katharine , Garshick Eric , Laden Francine
Published: February 2009

We have addressed potential contamination of PM2.5 filter samples by nicotine from cigarette smoke. We collected two nicotine samples – one nicotine sampling filter was placed in-line after the collection of PM2.5 and the other stood alone. The overall correlation between the two nicotine filter levels was 0.99. The nicotine collected on the “stand-alone” filter was slightly greater than that on the “in-line” filter (mean difference = 1.10 μg/m3), but the difference was statistically significant only when PM2.5 was low (≤ 50 μg/m3). It is therefore important to account for personal and secondhand smoke exposure while assessing occupational and environmental PM.
Synthesis and Characterization of N-(Arylcarbamothioyl)-cyclohexanecarboxamide Derivatives: The Crystal Structure of N-(Naphthalen-1-ylcarbamothioyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
Authors: Özer Cemal Koray , Arslan Hakan , VanDerveer Don , Külcü Nevzat
Published: February 2009

A number of N-(arylcarbamothioyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide derivatives (aryl substituents: phenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, o-tolyl, p-tolyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl and naphthalen-1yl) have been synthesized. The compounds obtained were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. N-(naphthalen-1-ylcarbamothioyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide, H2L9, was also characterized by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. This compound, C18H20N2OS, crystallizes in the triclinic space group Pī, with Z = 2, and unit cell parameters a = 6.9921(14) Å, b = 11.002(2) Å, c = 12.381(3) Å, α = 113.28(3)°, b = 99.38(3)°, and g = 101.85(3)°. The cyclohexane ring adopts a chair conformation. The molecular conformation of the compound is stabilized by an intramolecular (N2-H2•••O1) hydrogen bond which forms a pseudo-six-membered ring.
Solid substrate bioassay to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma and Clonostachys on the production of zearalenone by Fusarium species
Authors: Gromadzka K. , Chelkowski J. , Popiel D. , Kachlicki P. , Kostecki M. , Golinski P.
Published: February 2009

Fusarium head blight and maize ear rot are destructive diseases in various cereal production regions, leading to
significant yield losses and to the contamination of cereal grain with Fusarium mycotoxins. The mycotoxin zearalenone
belongs to the three most important mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species worldwide; moreover, its hormonal
oestrogenic activity is higher than its toxicity. The compound also exhibits fungitoxic activity. Toxigenic Fusarium
species sporulate on cereal crop residues and produce inoculum to infect the next crop. Reduction of mycotoxin
production and pathogen sporulation may be influenced by saprophytic fungal antagonists. Selected Trichoderma
and Clonostachys isolates in dual culture bioassays on rice reduced zearalenone, α-zearalenol and zearalenone
sulphate production by two isolates of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe and two isolates of F. culmorum (W.G.
Smith) Saccardo belonging to three different chemotypes, by over 97%. Two Trichoderma isolates reduced the
amount of zearalenone produced by the same four Fusarium isolates by 5-83% in solid substrate bioassays, whereas
several Clonostachys isolates reduced the amount of zearalenone by over 96%. Examination of the dynamics of
zearalenone reduction showed that the reduction occurred at the fastest rate during the first four days of incubation.
Selected non-toxigenic Trichoderma and Clonostachys isolates are candidates for biocontrol agents against toxigenic
Fusarium pathogens of cereals and may be useful for decomposition of zearalenone in contaminated cereal grain
and cereal products.
Effects of ethnicity and socioeconomic status on body composition in an admixed, multiethnic population in Hawaii
Authors: Brown Daniel E. , Hampson Sarah E. , Dubanoski Joan P. , Murai Amy Stone , Hillier Teresa A.
Published: February 2009

This study determined ethnic differences in anthropometric measures of a sample of adults in Hawaii, examining the effects of differing degrees of ethnic admixing and socioeconomic status (SES) on the measures. Adults who had attended elementary school in Hawaii underwent anthropometric measurements and answered questionnaires about their educational attainment, income, age, cultural identity, ethnic ancestry, and health. Individuals reporting Asian American cultural identity had significantly lower mean body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) than others, whereas those with Hawaiian/Pacific Islander cultural identity had significantly higher BMI and WC. Educational attainment, but not reported family income and age, was significantly related to BMI and WC, and differences in educational attainment accounted for the increased mean BMI and WC in Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders, but did not account for the lower mean BMI and WC among Asian Americans. Higher percentage of Asian ancestry was significantly correlated with lower BMI and WC, whereas higher percentage of Hawaiian/Pacific Islander ancestry was significantly correlated with increased BMI and WC. Differences in education accounted for the significantly increased BMI in participants with a higher percentage of Hawaiian/Pacific Islander ancestry, but did not entirely account for the lower BMI in individuals with a higher percentage of Asian American ancestry. These results suggest that the high rate of obesity and its sequelae seen in Pacific Islanders may be more a result of socioeconomic status and lifestyle than of genetic propensity, whereas the lower rates of obesity observed in Asian American populations are less directly influenced by socioeconomic factors. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design of Peptidic Foldamer Helices: A Stereochemical Patterning Approach
Authors: Mándity István M. , Wéber Edit , Martinek Tamás A. , Olajos Gábor , Tóth Gábor K. , Vass Elemér , Fülöp Ferenc
Published: February 2009

Klares Konstruktionsprinzip: Die programmierten Sequenzen von stereochemischen Bausteinen führen zu neuartigen biomimetischen Helices. Dieser rationale Ansatz eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten beim Aufbau periodischer Sekundärstrukturen.

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Phosphine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Oxygen Heterocycles
Authors: Chung Ying Kit , Fu Gregory C.
Published: February 2009

Das chirale Phosphepin 1 katalysiert die enantioselektive Umwandlung zahlreicher Hydroxy‐2‐alkinoate in gesättigte Sauerstoffheterocyclen. Auch phenolische Substrate gehen diese phosphankatalysierten Cyclisierungen ein. Die Methode eröffnet einen neuen enantioselektiven Zugang zu Tetrahydrofuranen, Tetrahydropyranen und Dihydrobenzopyranen.

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Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters by an Enantiopure Heteroscorpionate Rare Earth Initiator
Authors: Otero Antonio , Fernández‐Baeza Juan , Lara‐Sánchez Agustín , Alonso‐Moreno Carlos , Márquez‐Segovia Isabel , Sánchez‐Barba Luis F. , Rodríguez Ana M.
Published: February 2009

Mit erhobenem Stachel: Ein enantiomerenreiner Neodymkomplex (siehe Schema) wirkt als effizienter Initiator für eine kontrollierte Ringöffnungspolymerisation von rac‐Lactid zu einem isotaktischen Polyester. Der Heteroskorpionatkomplex wurde spektroskopisch und durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert.

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Nickel‐Catalyzed Borylative Coupling of Alkynes, Enones, and Bis(pinacolato)diboron as a Route to Substituted Alkenyl Boronates
Authors: Mannathan Subramaniyan , Jeganmohan Masilamani , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: February 2009

Three‐component coupling reactions of an alkyne, an enone, and a diboron reagent provide access to highly substituted alkenyl boronates in good to excellent yields (see scheme). The coupling is highly regio‐ and stereoselective, and the products are amenable to further functional‐group transformations. R1,R2=H, alkyl, aryl, CO2Me; R3=alkyl, Ph; R4,R5=H, alkyl.

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Phosphine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Oxygen Heterocycles
Authors: Chung Ying Kit , Fu Gregory C.
Published: February 2009

Chiral phosphepine 1 catalyzes the transformation of an array of hydroxy‐2‐alkynoates into saturated oxygen heterocycles with good enantioselectivity. Phenols are also shown to participate in such phosphine‐catalyzed cyclizations, including an asymmetric variant. This method provides a new approach to the enantioselective synthesis of tetrahydrofurans, tetrahydropyrans, and dihydrobenzopyrans.

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Highly Efficient and Regioselective Platinum(II)‐Catalyzed Tandem Synthesis of Multiply Substituted Indolines and Tetrahydroquinolines
Authors: Liu Xin‐Yuan , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: February 2009

A special advantage: The platinum(II)‐catalyzed tandem cyclization of aminoalkynes with 1,3‐diketones offers a new and highly efficient method for the synthesis of indolines and tetrahydroquinolines (see scheme; M.S.=molecular sieves). This transformation affords good to excellent product yields with high regio‐ and chemoselectivity under mild reaction conditions.

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Two‐phase bifurcated dividing pipe flow
Authors: Murphy A. , Spedding P. L. , Doherty A. P.
Published: February 2009

Data are reported on the pressure drop of co‐current air–water two‐phase flow through 0.0454 m i.d. bifurcations with included angles of 60°, 90°, 120° and 180°. The pressure changes on account of the angles at the junctions depended on the superficial phase velocities and the angle of bifurcation.

For the 60° lowest angle of bifurcation the pressure drop was insensitive to flow rates if the superficial liquid velocity was in the lower range at and below 0.1 m s−1. For higher liquid flows the pressure loss increased dramatically, particularly in the annular‐type regimes.

When the angle at the junction was increased, negative values of pressure loss, i.e. an increase in pressure was recorded across the bifurcation in the gas velocity region under 10 m s−1and liquid rates at and above 0.1 m s−1in the slug and blow‐through slug regimes. The effect coincided with liquid separation from the inner inlet pipe wall of the junction and its subsequent reformation on the downstream walls. A second less dramatic increase in junction pressure drop occurred at the lowest liquid flow rate of 0.05 m s−1for the tee (180° bifurcation) that was due both to the smooth transition of liquid through the junction and the damping of surface waves in stratified‐type flow.

A flow regime map was presented for the tee junction. The inlet flow showed agreement with the map but the flow regimes found in the outlet arms of the junction tended to form earlier than expected being triggered by the pressure disturbances in the passage through the bifurcation. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining the optical and geometrical properties of irregular fibers during the dynamic cold drawing process
Authors: Hamza A. A. , Sokkar T. Z. N. , El‐Bakary M. A. , El‐Morsy M. A. , Ali A. M.
Published: February 2009

A dynamic method was suggested to determine the variation of both refractive index and transverse sectional area of regular and/or irregular fibers during the dynamic cold drawing process. The suggested method depends on the physical principle of constant volume of the filament during the cold drawing process. The mathematical analysis of the method was given. The optical and geometrical properties of acrylic fibers with denier 2 and polypropylene fibers were determined. One dimension optical Fourier transform was used for automatic analysis of microinterferograms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of rubber content on mechanical properties and heat shrinkage of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer blended with epoxidized natural rubber
Authors: Tanrattanakul Varaporn , Kaewprakob Thongsak
Published: February 2009

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA, 18 mol % vinyl acetate) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR, 50 mol % epoxidation) were blended in an internal mixer and compared to EVA. Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was used as a curing agent. The blends consisted of 10–50 wt % of ENR and were compared with crosslinked EVA in terms of heat shrinkage, mechanical properties, and degree of crystallinity. It is found that the blends showed a decrease in mechanical properties with increasing ENR content because DCP was not a good vulcanizing agent of ENR. The addition of ENR did not affect heat shrinkability of EVA. The maximum heat shrinkage obtained was 80% for EVA and the blends. ENR did not affect thermal properties of EVA investigated by the differential scanning calorimetry. The X‐ray diffractometry showed discrepancy in degree of crystallinity before and after specimen stretching and after heat shrinking. It is believed that ENR particles decreased molecular orientation of EVA resulting in a decrease in degree of crystallinity but the remained orientation was sufficient for heat shrinking. The blend showed better extrudability than EVA after increasing take‐up speed. Therefore, the extruded tube prepared from the blend provided higher heat shrinkage than EVA tube. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Screening of Piperazine‐1‐carbodithioate Derivatives of 2‐Substituted Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones
Authors: Cao Sheng‐Li , Guo Yan‐Wen , Wang Xian‐Bo , Zhang Mei , Feng Yu‐Ping , Jiang Yu‐Yang , Wang Yue , Gao Qian , Ren Jian
Published: February 2009

A new series of piperazine‐1‐carbodithioate derivatives of 2‐substituted quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones were synthesized via a five‐steps procedure starting from 2‐amino‐5‐methylbenzoic acid. The cytotoxicity of the resulting compounds against A‐549 (human lung cancer), HCT‐8 (human colon cancer), HepG2 (human liver cancer), and K562 (human myelogenous leukaemia) cell lines was determined by the MTT assay. Preliminary screening results of these compounds are reported.
Conformational evaluation of labeled C3′‐O‐P‐13CH2‐O‐C4″ phosphonate internucleotide linkage, a phosphodiester isostere
Authors: Točík Zdeněk , Buděšínský Miloš , Barvík Ivan , Rosenberg Ivan
Published: February 2009

Modified internucleotide linkage featuring the C3′‐O‐P‐CH2‐O‐C4″ phosphonate grouping as an isosteric alternative to the phosphodiester C3′‐O‐P‐O‐CH2‐C4″ bond was studied in order to learn more on its stereochemical arrangement, which we showed earlier to be of prime importance for the properties of the respective oligonucleotide analogues. Two approaches were pursued: First, the attempt to prepare the model dinucleoside phosphonate with 13C‐labeled CH2 group present in the modified internucleotide linkage that would allow for a more detailed evaluation of the linkage conformation by NMR spectroscopy. Second, the use of ab initio calculations along with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in order to observe the most populated conformations and specify main structural elements governing the conformational preferences. To deal with the former aim, a novel synthesis of key labeled reagent (CH3O)2P(O)13CH2OH for dimer preparation had to be elaborated using aqueous 13C‐formaldehyde. The results from both approaches were compared and found consistent. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 514–529, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Replacement of the 4′‐Hydroxy Group of Amodiaquine and Amopyroquine by Aromatic and Aliphatic Substituents: Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity
Authors: Păunescu Emilia , Susplugas Sophie , Boll Emmanuelle , Varga Richard , Mouray Elisabeth , Grosu Ion , Grellier Philippe , Melnyk Patricia
Published: February 2009

4′‐Substituted analoguesof amodiaquine and amopyroquine were synthesized using Csp2–Csp2and Csp2–Csp3Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions as the key step. The new derivatives were found to be active against both chloroquine (CQ)‐sensitive and CQ‐resistant strains ofP. falciparum, with IC50values in the range of 7–200 nM; one compound showed in vivo activity.

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The prophylactic administration of amodiaquine (AQ), a 4‐aminoquinoline antimalarial drug, has been associated with side effects such as agranulocytosis and liver damage. The toxicity of this drug is mediated by amodiaquine quinone‐imine, an electrophilic metabolite. Replacement of the 4′‐hydroxy function of AQ with various alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl substituents would provide analogues that avoid metabolism to potentially toxic derivatives. Following a multistep procedure, 33 compounds containing hydrophobic groups at the 4′‐position were synthesized using Csp2–Csp2and Csp2–Csp3Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions as the key step. The new derivatives were found to be active against both chloroquine (CQ)‐sensitive and CQ‐resistant strains ofP. falciparum, with IC50values in the range of 7–200 nM. Alkyl analogues are more efficient than aryl or heteroaryl derivatives. All compounds were also assessed for their cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit β‐hematin formation in vitro. A detailed investigation of the structure–activity relationships for these new compounds was carried out; the 4′‐methyl compound showed interesting in vivo antimalarial activity.
Dimensions of coupling in middleware
Authors: Aldred Lachlan , van der Aalst Wil M. P. , Dumas Marlon , ter Hofstede Arthur H. M.
Published: February 2009

It is well accepted that different types of distributed architectures require different degrees of coupling. For example, in client‐server and three‐tier architectures, application components are generally tightly coupled, both with one another and with the underlying middleware. Meanwhile, in off‐line transaction processing, grid computing and mobile applications, the degree of coupling between application components and with the underlying middleware needs to be minimized. Terms such as ‘synchronous’, ‘asynchronous’, ‘blocking’, ‘non‐blocking’, ‘directed’, and ‘non‐directed’ are often used to refer to the degree of coupling required by an architecture or provided by a middleware. However, these terms are used with various connotations. Although various informal definitions have been provided, there is a lack of an overarching formal framework to unambiguously communicate architectural requirements with respect to (de‐)coupling. This article addresses this gap by: (i) formally defining three dimensions of (de‐)coupling; (ii) relating these dimensions to existing middleware; and (iii) proposing notational elements to represent various coupling integration patterns. This article also discusses a prototype that demonstrates the feasibility of its implementation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐Valent Indium as a Catalyst for the Allylation of Ketones and N‐Acylhydrazones
Authors: Yoo Woo‐Jin , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: February 2009

Indium summer: The use of low‐valent indium species in organic chemistry was, until quite recently, underdeveloped. Then came reports of indium(I) halides serving as excellent catalysts for the allylation of ketones and N‐acylhydrazones with pinacol allylboronates, and more recently of indium(0) being used as a catalyst for the allylation of ketones in water.

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Synthesis, Characterisation, Electrochemistry and Ion‐Binding Studies of Ruthenium(II) and Rhenium(I) Bipyridine/Crown Ether Receptor Molecules
Authors: Boricha Vinod P. , Patra Subrata , Chouhan Yogendra S. , Sanavada Pankaj , Suresh E. , Paul Parimal
Published: February 2009

A number of molecular receptors containing a ruthenium(II)/rhenium(I) bipyridine moiety as fluorophore and a crown ether, connected to the 4,4′‐positions of the bipyridine/phenanthroline unit through >C=O and ‐HC=N‐ spacers, as ionophore have been synthesised and characterised. The luminescence and electrochemical properties of these receptors have been studied. The cation‐binding properties of these molecules have been investigated with the cations Na+, K+, Rb+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ and the recognition event monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy, luminescence, the oxidation potential of the metal ion and UV/Vis absorption studies. The emission intensities of complexes 1–3 are strongly quenched by the addition of Pb2+, Cu2+, Hg2+ and Na+, whereas a significant enhancement of the emission intensities is observed for 4 in the presence of Cu2+ and Hg2+ and for 5 in the presence of Cd2+ and Hg2+. Luminescence titrations for 1–5 with the above‐mentioned metal ions have been carried out. The binding constants (Ks) and stoichiometry of the complexes have been calculated from titration data, with values of Ks ranging from 9.97 × 103 to 1.28 × 102 M–1 in the decreasing order Pb2+ > Na+ > Cu2+ > Hg2+ > Cd2+. The stoichiometries found for 1–3 and 5 are in the range 1.85–2.09 and for 4 0.99–1.04. A 1H NMR spectroscopic study with selected metal ions exhibits significant spectral changes for the protons attached to the crown moiety; a few significant changes are also noted in the aromatic region. Among the ions studied, the highest change is observed with Na+ and Pb2+, whereas K+ does not show any significant change. The electrochemical study exhibits a significant cathodic shift of the oxidation potentials of the RuII centre in the presence of Na+ and Pb2+, thereby indicating complexation of these ions with the crown moiety. The electronic spectra, however, do not show significant spectral changes with various metal ions except for that of the ReI complex 6, which exhibits some change upon addition of Na+. The results obtained are presented and discussed in light of selectivity and intramolecular energy‐transfer.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Elongated Titanate Nanostructures and Their Applications
Authors: Bavykin Dmitry V. , Walsh Frank C.
Published: February 2009

Recent advances in the synthesis, characterisation and applications of elongated titanate and TiO2nanostructures (including nanotubes, nanofibres and nanorods) are reviewed. The physicochemical properties of nanostructures, such as high surface area, efficient ion‐exchange properties, electron and proton conductivity and high aspect ratio, are described in connection with a particular application. Practical aspects of the preparation, stability and transformation of elongated titanates are considered. A critical survey of the literature is provided together with the development of prospectiveenergy applications of elongated titanates in catalysis, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, solar cells, fuel cells, lithium batteries and hydrogen storage. Other applications utilising the high aspect ratio of elongated nanostructures include biomedical implants, sensors, drug delivery systems and smart, tribological composite coatings. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Cobalt and Silver Complexes of Terdentate Pyrazine‐Based Amide Ligands and Assembly of Monocobalt Building Blocks through a Silver Connector
Authors: Hellyer Ryan M. , Larsen David S. , Brooker Sally
Published: February 2009

Two terdentate pyrazine‐based amide ligands have been prepared from methyl pyrazine‐2‐carboxylate and 2‐(aminomethyl)pyridine (HL1M) or 2‐(2‐aminoethyl)pyridine (HL1E) in order to probe the potential of the “spare” nitrogen atom “out the back” of the pyrazine ring to coordinate to a different metal ion and thereby act as a linker between complexes. Two inert cobalt(III) complexes, [CoIII(L1M)2](BF4)·${1 \over 4}$H2O and [CoIII(L1E)2](BF4)·${1 \over 2}$H2O, have been prepared as building blocks and the silver(I) coordination of the ligands also probed, forming {[AgI(HL1M)]BF4}∞ and [AgI2(HL1LE)2](BF4)2. The [CoIII(L1E)2](BF4) building block has been successfully connected to a second such complex by coordination of silver(I) to a “spare” pyrazine nitrogen atom on each complex, resulting in [{CoIII(L1E)2}2AgI](BF4)(NO3)2. All five complexes have been structurally characterised. Mass spectra and cyclic voltammetry studies on “aged” (kept in solution in air for 2 d) samples clearly showed that the cobalt complex of the methylene‐linked ligand was prone to slow ligand oxidation, forming [CoIII(L1Mox)(L1M)](BF4) and [CoIII(L1Mox)2](BF4). Fresh samples of [CoIII(L1M)2](BF4)·${1 \over 4}$H2O and [CoIII(L1E)2](BF4)·${1 \over 2}$H2O undergo a chemically reversible one‐electron reduction in dry acetonitrile, at –0.71 and –0.48 V vs. 0.01 M AgNO3/Ag, respectively, consistent with the methylene‐linked ligand being better able to stabilise the higher oxidation state of cobalt than the ethylene‐linked ligand.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
On the sum capacity of aT‐userN‐frequency multiple access channel with noise
Authors: Sharma Manish , Portugheis Jaime
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we investigate the sum capacity of a noisy multiple access channel (MAC): theT‐userN‐frequency noiseless MAC in cascade with a noisy channel. The noisy channel includes frequency‐selective Rayleigh fading and Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The receiver may use multiuser detection (MUD) or single user detection (SUD). We show that when using SUD, the uniform distribution achieves sum capacity. Considering MUD and assuming that all users have the same input distribution, we show through numerical optimisation, that, for most relevant values ofTandN, a product of uniform input distributions maximises a tight upper bound on sum capacity. Numerical results were obtained and it was observed that, for fixedN, there is a value ofTwhich maximises sum capacity. As expected, the results also show that there is a significant gain in sum capacity when MUD is used. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pricing in vitro fertilization procedures
Authors: Dukes Anthony J. , Tyagi Rajeev K.
Published: February 2009

This paper examines the economics of pricing practices at artificial reproductive clinics, which have introduced money‐back guarantees (MBGs) for in vitro fertilization. We identify incentives for clinics to offer MBGs and evaluate the impact on couples' choices and on social welfare. Introducing MBGs allows a clinic to (i) segment couples simultaneously on their relative fertility and on risk preferences; (ii) offer quantity discounts to relatively infertile couples; and (iii) offer some risk‐sharing to couples for this costly procedure, whose outcome is uncertain. Our results also show how the addition of MBGs can affect the overall social welfare. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investment in quality improvement: how to maximize the return
Authors: Gandjour Afschin
Published: February 2009

Today, one of the most pressing concerns of health‐care policymakers in industrialized countries are deficits in the quality of health care. This paper presents a decision program that addresses the question in which disease areas and at what intensity to invest in quality improvement (QI) in order to maximize population health. The decision program considers both a budget constraint as well as time constraints of educators and health professionals to participate in educational activities. The calculations of the model are based on a single assumption which is that more intense quality efforts lead to larger QIs, but with diminishing returns. This assumption has been validated by previous studies. All other relationships described by the model are deduced from this assumption. The model uses data from QI trials published in the literature. Thus, it is able to assess how the vast number of published QI strategies compare in terms of their value. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biocompatibility and osseointegration of reconstituted keratin in an ovine model
Authors: Dias George J. , Peplow Philip V. , McLaughlin Andrew , Teixeira Fernanda , Kelly Robert J.
Published: February 2009

Reconstituted keratin has potential as a raw material for orthopaedic applications. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo biocompatibility and osseointegration of keratin materials in an ovine model. Six different modifications of the keratin polymer, based on porous or dense constructs, regenerated by either neutral or acidic treatment, with or without hydroxyapatite, were made as small rods and inserted into drilled round defects in the femur and tibia of sheep. Histology was carried out on samples taken at different time points up to 24 weeks postsurgery. All keratin implants showed similar histological profiles, which included granulation tissue surrounding and infiltrating the implants, followed by new bone formation radiating from the existing bone. By 8 weeks, new bone had grown to within a short distance of the implant surface, and in some places was in direct apposition to the keratin implant. In the 12 to 24‐week period, there was peripheral resorption and infiltration of bony trabeculae with regard to the porous constructs only. The tissue reaction appeared to model that of a fairly inert material. Further work on improving the extent of osseointegration and acceleration of the biodegradation rate of reconstituted keratin is underway. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Efficacy of polarized hydroxyapatite and silk fibroin composite dressing gel on epidermal recovery from full‐thickness skin wounds
Authors: Okabayashi Rumi , Nakamura Miho , Okabayashi Tamaki , Tanaka Yumi , Nagai Akiko , Yamashita Kimihiro
Published: February 2009

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used to produce biomaterials. We reported that electrically polarized HA (pHA) induces cells as a scaffold. Recently, in the biomedical field, many studies are underway, seeking new applications of silk fibroin (SF), because SF can be gelatinized and still retain its biocompatibility and permeability. To develop an innovative composite material for effective wound dressings, we added pHA powder to SF and gelatinized the compound. We then applied the gel composite on full‐thickness porcine skin wounds for investigation of its healing effect. The pHA transforms the SF structure into a porous three‐dimensional scaffold. It was found that the SF gel containing pHA (pHA/SF) had higher promotive effects on wound healing, re‐epithelization, and matrix formation than did the other prepared gel composites in the study. The pHA/SF effectively advanced the maturation of fibroblast cells benefiting from its structural advantages and stored charges. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the preparation of pHA/SF gel and identification of its wound‐healing effects in vivo. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Bioactivity, pre‐osteoblastic cell responses, and osteoconductivity evaluations of the electrospun non‐woven SiO2–CaO gel fabrics
Authors: Seol Yang‐Jo , Kim Kyoung‐Hwa , Kang Young Mi , Kim In Ae , Rhee Sang‐Hoon
Published: February 2009

The evaluations of the fibers characteristics, bioactivity, pre‐osteoblastic cell responses, and osteoconductivity of the non‐woven SiO2–CaO gel fabric made by electrospinning method was carried out. Silica gels with four different calcium contents were prepared by condensation following hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate under acidic conditions. The molar ratios of Ca to Si prepared ranged from 0 to 0.15. SiO2–CaO gel fabrics were heat‐treated at 300°C for 3 h after spinning under an electric field of 2 kV/cm. As the Ca to Si ratio increased, the diameter of electrospun SiO2–CaO gel fibers increased because the viscosity of the SiO2–CaO gel solution increased. The apatite‐forming ability of heat‐treated, non‐woven SiO2–CaO gel fabric was evaluated in simulated body fluid and tended to increase with an increasing Ca to Si molar ratio. However, proliferation and differentiation tended to decrease with an increasing Ca to Si molar ratio. The sample which had the Ca to Si ratio as 0.10 showed good osteoconductivity in vivo in the calvarial defect New Zealand white rabbit model compared to that had the Ca to Si ratio as 0 and empty defect. These results strongly suggest that non‐woven SiO2–CaO gel fabric made by the electrospinning method has potential for application as a bone grafting material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Antibacterial properties of a tri‐sodium citrate modified glass polyalkenoate cement
Authors: Wren A. W. , Boyd D. , Thornton R. , Cooney J. C. , Towler M. R.
Published: February 2009

Primary deep infection following joint replacement surgery accounts for 7% of all revisions. Glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs) have previously been shown to exhibit antibacterial properties. The present study had two objectives. The first was to determine if addition of tri‐sodium citrate (TSC) to the powder phase of an Al‐free GPC (0.04 SrO–0.12 CaO–0.36 ZnO–0.48 SiO2, by mole fraction) enhanced the resultant cement's antibacterial properties against three strains of bacteria that are commonly found in periprosthetic sites following total joint replacements (TJRs); namely, E. coli, B. fragilis, and S. epidermidis. Four cement sets were prepared, which contained 0 wt% TSC (control), 5 wt% TSC, 10 wt% TSC, and 15 wt% TSC. All the TSC‐modified cements were found to exhibit large inhibition zones against all the bacterial strains, especially the cement containing 15 wt% TSC against E. coli. The antibacterial properties of the TSC containing GPCs are attributed to the release of Zn and Na ions from the cements and the presence of the TSC. The second objective was to investigate if, when a modified GPC is embedded in a bovine bone model, ionic transfer occurs. It was found that Zn ions migrated from the cement to the surrounding bone, particularly at the cement–bone interface. This is a desirable outcome as Zn ions are known to play a vital role in both bone metabolism and the regeneration of healthy bone. The present results point to the potential clinical benefits of using TSC‐modified GPCs in TJRs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Effect of cross‐link density on the high pressure crystallization of UHMWPE
Authors: Oral Ebru , Godleski‐Beckos Christine , Ghali Bassem W. , Lozynsky Andrew J. , Muratoglu Orhun K.
Published: February 2009

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a bearing surface material for total joint implants. It is radiation cross‐linked for high wear resistance and is melted or treated with vitamin E for oxidative stability. We investigated high pressure crystallization (HPC) of irradiated UHMWPE as an alternative method to improve the mechanical strength while stabilizing the residual free radicals from radiation cross‐linking. HPC of uncross‐linked UHMWPE has resulted in the formation of extended chain crystals and increased crystallinity, leading to improved strength. We hypothesized that increased cross‐link density would hinder crystallization during HPC due to decreased chain mobility. Therefore, we investigated the crystalline structure and tensile mechanical properties of high pressure crystallized 25‐, 65‐ and 100‐kGy irradiated UHMWPE. We also determined free radical content and wear. The strength of 25‐ and 65‐kGy irradiated UHMWPEs was improved by HPC with increased crystallinity and crystal size. 100‐kGy irradiated UHMWPE did not show improved strength, supporting our hypothesis that decreased chain mobility would hinder crystal formation and strength improvement. None of the HPC irradiated UHMWPEs contained detectable free radicals and their wear properties were maintained, suggesting oxidative and mechanical stability in the long term. Therefore, HPC can be used effectively for imparting oxidative stability while strength improvement can be achieved for irradiated UHMWPE with low to moderate cross‐link density. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Flapping of the dissected intima in a case of traumatic carotid artery dissection in a jackhammer worker
Authors: Vadikolias Konstantinos , Heliopoulos John , Serdari Aspasia , Vadikolia Chrissanthi M. , Piperidou Charitomeni
Published: February 2009

We present the sonographic finding of flapping of the dissected intima inside the carotid artery in a 48‐year‐old man who suffered an acute stroke after vigorous use of a jackhammer. The dissected intima was seen to flap inside the lumen regularly and in synchrony with the vessel's pulse. There was no distal segmental stenosis. The extracranial blood flow velocities were within normal limits and transcranial Doppler examination did not reveal any velocity alteration. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009
Solvent‐free chemoselective synthesis of some novel substituted 2‐arylbenzimidazoles using amino acid‐based prolinium nitrate ionic liquid as catalyst
Authors: Rostamizadeh Shahnaz , Aryan Reza , Ghaieni Hamid Reza , Amani Ali Mohammad
Published: February 2009

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A simple and eco‐friendly protocol for the synthesis of substituted 2‐arylbenzimidazoles is described. In this process, 2‐arylbenzimidazoles were prepared in the presence of a newly introduced ionic liquid prolinium nitrate [Pro]NO3 as catalyst, under solvent‐free condition. This process was performed under mild condition without using any oxidant with good to excellent yields and remarkable chemoselectivity in the absence of any byproduct. The ionic liquid can be recovered easily and reused. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 46, 74 (2009).