Evaluation of the gap in delivery of opioid agonist therapy among individuals with opioid‐related health problems: a population‐based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Paul Lauren A. , Bayoumi Ahmed M. , Chen Cynthia , Kocovska Elena , Smith Brendan T. , Raboud Janet M. , Gomes Tara , Kendall Claire , Rosella Laura C. , Bitonti‐Bengert Lisa , Rush Brian , Yu Melissa , Spithoff Sheryl , Crichlow Frank , Wright Amy , Watford Jase , Besharah Jes , Munro Charlotte , Taha Sheena , Nosyk Bohdan , Strike Carol , Manson Heather , Kahan Meldon , Leece Pamela 
Published: November 2022

Aims

Although opioid‐related harms have reached new heights across North America, the size of the gap in opioid agonist therapy (OAT) delivery for opioid‐related health problems is unknown in most jurisdictions. This study sought to characterize the gap in OAT treatment using a cascade of care framework, and determine factors associated with engagement and retention in treatment.

Design

A population‐based retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Ontario, Canada.

Participants

Individuals who sought medical care for opioid‐related health problems or died from an opioid‐related cause between 2005 and 2019.

Measurements

Monthly treatment status for buprenorphine/naloxone or methadone OAT between 2013 and 2019 (i.e. ‘off OAT’, ‘retained on OAT < 6 months’, ‘retained on OAT ≥ 6 months’).

Findings

Of 122 811 individuals in the cohort, 97 516 (79.4%) received OAT at least once during the study period. There was decreasing 6‐month treatment retention over time. Model results indicated that males had higher odds of being on OAT each month [odds ratio (OR) = 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23–1.28] but lower odds of OAT retention (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.88–0.92), while the reverse was observed for older individuals (monthly: OR = 0.76 per 10‐year increase, 95% CI = 0.76–0.77; retention: OR = 1.36 per 10‐year increase, 95% CI = 1.34–1.38) and individuals with higher neighbourhood income (e.g. highest income quintile, monthly: OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.77–0.82; highest income quintile, retention: OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.11–1.20). Individuals residing in rural areas and with a history of mental health diagnoses had poorer outcomes overall, including lower odds of being on OAT each month (rural: OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.73–0.78; mental health: OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.87–0.92) and OAT retention (rural: OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.77–0.82; mental health: OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.78–0.83), as well as higher risk of starting/stopping OAT [rural, starting OAT: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.05–1.10; mental health, starting OAT: HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.18–1.23; rural, stopping OAT: HR = 1.24, 95% CI: = 1.22–1.26; mental health, stopping OAT: HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.09–1.13]. Individuals with a history of mental health diagnoses also had a higher risk of death, regardless of OAT status (off OAT death: HR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.33–1.66; on OAT death: HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.09–1.31).

Conclusions

Factors influencing engagement and declining retention in treatment with opioid agonist therapy in Ontario’s health system include age, sex and neighbourhood income, as well as mental health diagnoses or residing in rural regions.