bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Body Esteem: An Exception to Self‐Enhancing Illusions?1
Authors: Powell Jack L. , Matacin Mala L. , Stuart Anne E.
Published: August 2006

Participants were 192 university students (96 males, 96 females) who completed the Body Esteem scale (Franzoi & Shields, 1984) under instructions to rate their feelings about their own bodies, rate their feelings about a specific or “average” student's body, and rate the importance they and others attached to these feelings. One of the findings is that when individuals perceived themselves as less positive on a particular desirable physical trait, they also rated the trait as less important to possess in the first place. The only exception to this was women's weight concern. It was also found that men generally rated themselves higher on body‐esteem subscales than they rated other men, while women did not exhibit such self‐serving evaluations of their bodies. One implication from these results is that the same self‐enhancement strategies successfully employed by individuals in other areas of self‐evaluations were not successful in enhancing one's body esteem, especially women's weight concern.
A Typology of Stages of Adherence to Exercise Behavior: A Cluster Analysis
Authors: Godin Gaston , Valois Pierre , Desharnais Raymond
Published: August 2006

The aim of the study was to report the results of a cluster analysis of current exercise behavior and of intention to exercise in the next year. A sample of 22,286 individuals was recruited over 4 successive 3‐month periods. Each individual was asked to complete a self‐administered questionnaire assessing exercise behavior in the last 3 months and intention, attitudes, perceived social norms, and perceived behavioral control with respect to exercising in the coming year. The Beale's pseudo F statistic clearly suggests that there are 4 stages of adherence to exercise: unconcerned, ambivalent, optimistic, and active. Finally, MANOVAs and univariate tests indicated that the 4 clusters differed in attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control (p < 0001). These results support the appropriateness of combining intention and behavior to identify stages of adherence to exercise.
Reasoned Action and Irrational Motives: A Prediction of Drivers' Intention to Violate Traffic Laws1
Authors: Yagil Dana
Published: August 2006

The aim of the study was to predict drivers' intention to commit traffic violations by means of the model of reasoned action. The respondents were 359 drivers. Four scenarios, each describing 1 of 4 traffic violations, were presented to the respondents. Two situational factors, time pressure and the presence of an authority figure, were manipulated through the description of the scenarios. Attitudes toward the commission of traffic violations affect the intention to commit the violations. Sensation seeking and external locus of control are positively related to behavioral attitudes. Both aggression and anxiety are directly related to intention to commit violations. The results are discussed in regard to the influence of cognitive and noncognitive variables on driving behavior.
Attempts to Improve Children's Identifications From Sequential‐Presentation Lineups
Authors: Parker Janat Fraser , Myers Amber
Published: August 2006

The effectiveness of practice and stringent lineup instructions in improving children's identifications from sequential‐presentation lineups was investigated. Elementary school children (N= 144) viewed a slide sequence of a crime followed by practice or control procedures. In the practice conditions, children either practiced themselves (self) or watched a videotape of a child practicing (modeled). Practice consisted of 2 target‐absent lineups (unmixed) or a target‐absent lineup and a target‐present lineup (mixed) of female photos unrelated to the crime. The control conditions did not engage in identification practice. All witnesses were given stringent instructions for identifying the criminal from target‐present or target‐absent sequential‐presentation lineups. Multiple responding was dramatically reduced. Practice affected gender differentially. Female children increased in correct identifications, whereas male children increased in false rejections. None of the practice procedures reduced foil identifications from target‐absent lineups.
Effects of Considering Who and Why the Defendant Attacked1
Authors: Heath Wendy P. , Grannemann Bruce D. , Peacock Michelle A. , Dulyx Jennyfer
Published: August 2006

Some people who are accused of a crime admit to the act, but provide an excuse. The effects of an excuse's self‐inflictedness level (high, moderate, or low) and the type of victim attacked (one partially responsible for the defendant's excusing condition, or innocent victim) were investigated. After a pretest (N= 26) to choose stimuli, participants (N= 220) read a scenario in which a male attacks another and then, once on trial, gives an excuse for his act. Those giving highly vs. less self‐inflicted excuses were more likely to receive a guilty verdict, received higher guilt level ratings, and tended to receive longer sentences; those who hurt an innocent vs. a partially responsible victim were more likely to be found guilty. In addition, the defendant's sentence was influenced by both the type of victim and the self‐inflictedness level of the excuse. The influence of perceived responsibility for an act on jurors' decisions is discussed
Hierarchical Position, Gender, Accident Severity, and Causal Attribution
Authors: Kouabenan Dongo RÉMI , Medina Muriel , Gilibert Daniel , Bouzon Frederic
Published: August 2006

The two studies reported here confirmed the role of the attributor's hierarchical level in causal attributions about accidents in different types of organizations. In both studies, supervisors vs. subordinates had to analyze a minor work accident vs. a serious one. The first study used male vs. female subjects, whereas the second compared the target's position in the same (in‐group) vs. different (out‐group) hierarchical level as the attributor. In all cases, more internal attributions than external ones were given to explain the accident. These results demonstrate a tendency toward defensive attribution, whereby people tend to protect themselves or their group from blame or prejudice (Shaver, 1970a). This self‐protective attribution bias was found to increase with accident severity, particularly in Study 2. The conclusion offers some suggestions for accident analysis and prevention.
Perception of Easy–Difficult: Attitude or Self‐Efficacy?
Authors: Leach Mark , Hennessy Michael , Fishbein Martin
Published: August 2006

This study investigates the semantic‐differential item easy‐difficult in order to evaluate whether it can be considered a measure of attitude or self‐efficacy in relation to consistent condom use with sex partners. Using confirmatory factor analysis and comparing a set of logically nested models, our findings suggest that easy‐difficult acts most like an attitude item in relation to this particular behavior, especially for males rating condom use with their main sex partners. However, for females and to a less extent males with nonmain sex partners, easy‐difficult acts as a measure of both attitude and self‐efficacy. Therefore, the use of easy‐difficult items should be avoided or used with caution in this research context.
Are the Monday Blues Ail in the Mind? The Role of Expectancy in the Subjective Experience of Mood1
Authors: Croft Giles P. , Walker Anne E.
Published: August 2006

The role of expectations based on the Monday‐blues stereotype was explored in self‐reports of mood throughout the week. Participants (N= 66) were allocated to 3 matched groups. Expectations were manipulated in 2 experimental groups: 1 in support of Monday blues and 1 against them. All participants completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) daily for 2 weeks, and ranked the days of the week in terms of mood after completion. While there were no effects on negative affect, the pro‐blues group reported lower positive affect on Monday. All 3 groups recalled Monday as the worst day in terms of mood. This suggests that expectations have subtle effects on the experience of Monday blues, and highlights the discrepancies between prospective and retrospective self‐reports.
Does Unrealistic Optimism Change Following a Negative Experience?1
Authors: Mkenna Frank P. , Albery Ian P.
Published: August 2006

One important counteracting force that may decrease the effects of unrealistic optimism is personal experience with threat. To examine this hypothesis, several groups were examined who had been exposed to varying degrees of threat. It was found that only those who had been exposed to the most severe threat (being hospitalized after a road accident) showed differential comparative risk estimates from those who had experienced no threat. Differences between these two groups were also found for their self‐reported risk behavior. The generality of the debiasing effect was assessed by examining risk perceptions in other domains. It was found that the effect was domain specific.
Positive Affectivity as a Moderator of the Objective‐Task Characteristics/Perceived‐Task Characteristics Relationship
Authors: Fortunato Vincent J. , STONE‐ROMERO EUGENE F.
Published: August 2006

Data from a randomized experimental study were used to examine whether the dispositions of negative affectivity (NA) and positive affectivity (PA) moderated the relationships between task enrichment, task perceptions (job scope), and task satisfaction. Participants performed tasks that were low, moderate, or high in terms of enrichment. Results of regression analyses show that the task‐enrichment manipulations explained a greater proportion of variance in job scope and task satisfaction than did the dispositions. Furthermore, PA, but not NA, moderated the relationship between task enrichment and job scope. Consistent with previous theory and research, our findings suggest that dispositions may play a role in individuals' perceptions of situational characteristics, but only when such characteristics are ambiguous.
Appraisal of Sociopolitical Change Among South African Youth: The Relation to Psychological Maladjustment1
Authors: Slone Michelle , Kaminer Debra , Durrheim Kevin
Published: August 2006

The study aimed to assess the emotional effects of appraisals of the South African sociopolitical transition among adolescents. The central hypothesis predicted a direct relation between negativity of appraisals and psychological maladjustment indexes. Participants were 540 adolescents (Black and White), relatively evenly divided by race, gender, and school grade level. Appraisals were quantifiably measured using the Sociopolitical Change Scale (SCS), which was developed for the study; and maladjustment indexes were measured using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis & Spencer, 1982). The hypothesis was confirmed for the Impact of Change factor of the SCS and was partially confirmed for the Evaluation factor. These findings suggest a direct relation between negative appraisals of the transition and psychological maladjustment. Interactions with the race variable indicate residual emotional effects, particularly among Black youth. Methodological, clinical, and political implications of these findings are explored.
Predicting Exercise and Health Behavioral Intentions: Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Other Behavioral Determinants1
Authors: Finlay Krystina A. , Trafimow David , Villarreal Aimee
Published: August 2006

By comparing exercise and health domains, the current experiment extends recent findings that within‐participant analyses of attitudes and subjective norms predict behavioral intentions well (Finlay, Trafimow, & Moroi, 1999). Within‐participant analyses show that health behaviors are particularly likely to be influenced by subjective norms, and those that are relatively normatively influenced are intended to be performed more than those that are not. However, neither was true of exercise behaviors. Additionally, other potential predictors for exercise (e.g., indirect attitudinal measures and goal‐oriented attitudes and intentions) correlated more strongly with exercise behavioral intentions than did general health attitudes and intentions.
Ruminative Thoughts and Their Relation to Depression and Anxiety1
Authors: Harrington Jennifer A. , Blankenship Virginia
Published: August 2006

Although past research has shown a correlation between ruminative response style and depression (Nolen‐Hoeksema, 1991), the basic relationships among amount of ruminative thoughts, depression, and anxiety has not been established. Scores from the Beck Depression Inventory‐Second Edition (BDI‐II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck & Steer, 1993), and the McIntosh and Martin (1992) Rumination Scale were analyzed for 199 participants. The correlation between rumination and depression was .33, between rumination and anxiety was .32, and between depression and anxiety was .56. The partial correlation between rumination and depression (controlling for anxiety level) was .20, and the partial correlation between rumination and anxiety (controlling for depression level) was .17. The finding that rumination is not unique to depression but is also associated with the specific negative affect of anxiety alone might also suggest new treatments of these two prevalent disorders.
Effects of a Curriculum Designed to Generalize Self‐Efficacy From Weight‐Training Exercises to Activities of Daily Living Among Adults With Spinal Injuries
Authors: Wise James B. , Ellis Gary D. , Trunnell Eric P.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the effects of a special curriculum designed to facilitate generalization of self‐efficacy from weight‐training exercises to activities of daily living (ADL) among a sample of adults with spinal injuries. Participants (N= 17) were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (a) a weight‐training instruction and self‐efficacy generalization group; (b) a weight‐training instruction only group; or (c) a control group. The 2 groups that received weight‐training instruction received 6 weight‐training lessons. The group that also received the self‐efficacy generalization curriculum was exposed to techniques designed to generalize self‐efficacy. Participants in the group exposed to the self‐efficacy generalization curriculum experienced a significantly greater generalization of self‐efficacy than did those who received weight‐training instruction only and those in the control group.
Political Implications of Group Stereotypes: Campaign Experiences of Openly Gay Political Candidates1
Authors: Golebiowska Ewa A.
Published: August 2006

The survey of openly gay officials and candidates was undertaken to investigate openly gay candidates’ perceptions about the role of stereotypical beliefs associated with their group in their political experiences. In addition to examining the general presence of stereotypical rhetoric in the campaign experiences of openly gay candidates, I investigated how its pervasiveness varied with the “liberalness” of the district in which the candidates competed, the timing of the candidates’ sexual‐orientation disclosure, and the success or failure of their electoral efforts. While stereotypical beliefs about gay men seem not to play a prominent role in all openly gay candidates’ electoral experiences, generally speaking, their perceived influence is magnified under certain conditions.
Language Use and Post‐Traumatic Stress Symptomatology in Parents of Pediatric Cancer Survivors1
Authors: Manne Sharon
Published: August 2006

The words parents use when disclosing their current thoughts and feelings about their children's cancer were hypothesized to be associated with post‐traumatic stress symptomatology among parents of children who had successfully completed treatment. A word‐based, computerized text‐analysis program was used to analyze writing samples from 82 parents. Parents completed a questionnaire and a structured interview assessing post‐traumatic stress symptomatology. Results indicate partial support for the association between language use and post‐traumatic stress symptoms. Use of past‐tense verbs was associated with fewer traumatic stress symptoms, and use of future‐tense verbs was associated with more traumatic stress symptoms. Time since completion of the child's treatment moderated the relationship between use of past‐ and future tense verbs and post‐traumatic stress symptoms. Implications for using computer‐based text analyses in the study of psychological processes associated with post‐traumatic responses are discussed.
Toward Better Prevention: Constructions of Trust in the Sexual Relationships of Young Women
Authors: Lane Lisbeth G. , Viney Linda L. L.
Published: August 2006

Research on HIV/AIDS interventions indicates that many heterosexual women implement the construct of trust when deciding if preventive measures are necessary. The personal construct model evaluated in this experiment proposes that young women's choice to resist changing from a trust to a nontrust position can be understood in terms of the relationship between their constructs and the hierarchical organization of their construct subsystems. Findings suggest that women with well‐defined networks of implications on their nonpreferred pole of the trust/mistrust construct resist HIV‐preventive messages that require them to mistrust their partner because the proposed change will involve successive use of subordinate constructs that are incompatible with each other.
Charismatic Leadership and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas: A Matter of Transforming Motives?1
Authors: Cremer David De
Published: August 2006

The present experiment examined whether leaders high in charisma are able to motivate decision‐makers to cooperate more in a public goods dilemma. On the basis of charismatic leadership theories, it was expected that a charismatic leader would be able to transform people's motives beyond self‐interest, consequently increasing cooperation. This transformation effect was expected to occur among individuals aimed at maximizing their own self‐interest (i.e., pro‐selfs), but not among those aimed at maximizing joint or collective outcomes (i.e., pro‐socials). Furthermore, leader's charisma was experimentally manipulated by means of describing the leader as either self‐sacrificing or benefiting. The results revealed that self‐sacrificing leaders, contrary to benefiting leaders, were perceived as more charismatic and were able to motivate decision‐makers to cooperate more. The latter effect appeared to be more pronounced among pro‐selfs rather than pro‐socials, as such supporting the transformational idea of charismatic leaders. Further results showed that this behavioral effect was mediated by perceptions of legitimacy. The meaning and conception of charismatic leadership in decision‐making situations are discussed by using insights from the social dilemma and charismatic leadership literature.
Coping With Academic Problems: An Empirical Examination of Brickman et al.'s Models of Helping and Coping1
Authors: Clary E. Gil , Thieman Thomas J.
Published: August 2006

According to Brickman et al. (1982), people facing problems make attributions about responsibility for causing and for solving the problem. Four models of helping and coping emerge. The present investigation examined 2 key questions. First, do individuals assign responsibility exclusively to the person or external forces, or do they exhibit a pattern of distributing responsibility among several causes? And second, do the models provide superior explanatory power relative to the individual attributions? College students provided information about their assumptions about causes and solutions to their own academic problems. Students revealed all 3 patterns. Furthermore, those making self‐attributions of responsibility for solutions had higher grade point averages (GPAs) than did those making other attributions. Implications for the Brickman et al. analysis and framework are discussed.
Individualism, Authoritarianism, and Attitudes Toward Assisted Death: Cross‐Cultural, Cross‐Regional, and Experimental Evidence1
Authors: Kemmelmeier Markus , Wieczorkowska Grazyna , Erb Hans‐Peter , Burnstein Eugene
Published: August 2006

We hypothesized that in individualistic cultures, individualism predicts positive attitudes toward assisted death, whereas authoritarianism is negatively associated with favorable views of this issue. Study 1 confirmed this hypothesis in a Polish sample (n= 100). Study 2, using a German sample (n= 102), found the predicted relationships only for forms of assisted death that involved the individual self‐determination of a terminally ill patient. In Study 3 (n= 72), we found experimental evidence that priming individualistic aspects of the self‐concept results in more favorable views of physician‐assisted suicide. Using a representative sample (n= 1158), Study 4 found that across the United States, regional levels of individualism are reflected in corresponding patterns of support for assisted suicide. Our research confirms that individualism shapes positive views of assisted suicide. The discussion focuses on assisted suicide as a cultural phenomenon and explores the implications of growing levels of individualism for public opinion and policy on assisted suicide.
What Is Too Much or Too Little? The Curvilinear Effects of Job Tension on Turnover Intent, Value Attainment, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Zivnuska Suzanne , Kiewitz Christian , Hochwarter Wayne A. , Perrewé Pamela L. , Zellars Kelly L.
Published: August 2006

This study addressed 2 relatively unexplored issues in the current job stress literature. First, a significant body of research has substantiated a curvilinear relationship between job tension and performance without examining the potential impact of work stress on other important outcomes. Second, past research has failed to control for the influence of role stressors and other important variables that might alter the job‐tension/work‐outcomes relationship. We hypothesized that experienced job tension would predict turnover intent, value attainment, and job satisfaction, and that this relationship would be nonlinear. Data gathered from 270 hotel managers confirmed our hypotheses. Notably, tension predicted turnover intent (U shape), value attainment (inverted‐U shape), and job satisfaction (inverted‐U shape) in the expected manner, while explaining additional variance beyond that contributed by demographic factors, role stressors, and linear tension terms. Implications of these findings for theory and practice, as well as avenues for future research are provided.
A Descriptive Methodology of Color Bias in Puerto Rico: Manifestations of Discrimination in the New Millennium
Authors: Hall Ronald E.
Published: August 2006

The perception of discrimination in psychology is dominated by racial criteria. Among Puerto Ricans, such domination obscures discrimination on the basis of skin color. After questioning students in Puerto Rico, via descriptive methods, it was determined that dark skin is perceived as less than ideal among the population tested. This color bias is not accessible under the guise of race. As a relevant aspect of the entire Western cultural milieu, psychology must expand current concepts of discrimination to encompass color bias, as it will prevail in the future. The aftermath will enable a more comprehensive understanding of discrimination in the new millennium.
Mental Distress and Physical Symptoms in the Slums of New Delhi: The Role of Individual, Household, and Neighborhood Factors1
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Pandey Janak
Published: August 2006

Same‐gender researchers interviewed 218 male and 198 female residents of 7 slums in New Delhi, India, which varied in terms of both household‐level variables (e.g., number of people and number of rooms per house) and neighborhood‐level variables (e.g., number of families sharing a water source). Consistent with prior research, women rated household stressors more negatively than did men. In contrast, men rated environmental stressors (traffic, garbage, air pollution, and crime) more negatively than did women. Individual‐level factors (age and psychological variables) significantly predicted both mental distress and physical symptoms. However, multivariate analyses revealed significant household‐and neighborhood‐level effects on mental distress, but not physical symptoms.
Person Recall in Field Settings1
Authors: Yarmey A. Daniel , Jacob Jeremy , Porter Allison
Published: August 2006

Men and women were stopped in public places by a target, who approached them either in an open and friendly demeanor or with a closed and hesitant demeanor. Witnesses interacted with the target for either 5 s or 30 s, and were tested for cued recall 2 min after the encounter. Demeanor did not influence overall recall, but did affect recall of specific characteristics. Men were superior to women in recall of physical characteristics, but gender differences were not found in recall of clothing characteristics. Witnesses were superior with longer observation periods, especially for recall of clothing. Significant but low confidence‐accuracy correlations were found for recall of 8 of 14 person characteristics. Men were superior to women in their accuracy of duration estimations, but men and women both consistently overestimated durations.
Effects of Victim, Defendant, and Juror Gender on Decisions in Child Sexual Assault Cases1
Authors: Quas Jodi A. , Bottoms Bcette L. , Haegerich Tamara M. , Nysse‐Carris Kari L.
Published: August 2006

We examined the combined influence of juror, victim, and defendant gender on jurors’ decisions in child sexual abuse cases. Mock jurors read scenarios of an assault case involving a man or woman defendant accused of molesting a 15‐year‐old boy or girl. Jurors then rendered verdicts and rated the defendant's and victim's believability and responsibility for the abuse. Female jurors were generally more pro‐victim in case judgments than were male jurors. Additionally, a woman perpetrator was evaluated more leniently than was a man perpetrator, especially by male jurors when the victim was a boy. Case judgments were unrelated to jurors’ social conservatism, sexism, or attitudes toward homosexuality. Results have implications for understanding social perceptions of mixed‐ and same‐gender abuse involving adolescent victims, and juror decision making in man‐ and woman‐perpetrated child sexual assault cases.
Past Disclosure and Conversational Experience: Effects on Cardiovascular Functioning While Women Talk
Authors: Lyons Antonia C. , Farquhar Catriona
Published: August 2006

A sense of self arises through social interaction and discourse, and this process of self‐construction might have physiological correlates. We argue that cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) during communication is related to the salience of subjectivity and self‐construction processes. We expected that the context in which a conversation occurs, the extent of disclosure during talk, and speakers’ conversational histories (past conversational experience and past tendency to disclose) would be related to CVR. Women (N= 44) engaged in talk to either a friend or a stranger about a personally relevant topic. Among low disclosers, extent of disclosure was positively related to CVR, while this effect was reversed for high disclosers. Low disclosers who tend not to disclose much but who usually feel comfortable conversing exhibited the largest cardiovascular responses. The findings highlight the importance of past social behavior and language use for physiological processes.
Personal Control and Disordered Eating Patterns Among College Females
Authors: Watt Toni Terling , Sharp Susan F. , Atkins Leslie
Published: August 2006

Individuals deemed high in personal control tend to attribute life events to internal, rather than external causes. A lack of perceived personal control has been linked repeatedly to deficiencies in mental and physical health. Many scholars and practitioners have suggested that eating disorders are yet another problem stemming from a perceived lack of personal control. However, empirical research linking attributional tendencies and eating disorders is limited. In the present study, it is argued that eating disorders actually could be associated with a tendency to make internal attributions of responsibility for events. Using a sample of college females, this study offers preliminary support for this assertion. Results offer a unique challenge to the view of internal attributions as universally adaptive.
Masculinity and Self‐Esteem in Israeli Jewish Professional Women 1
Authors: Long Vonda O. , Goldfarb Katia Paz
Published: August 2006

The literature suggests that while women experience unique challenges with self‐esteem and self‐acceptance, Jewish professional women in Israel face additional challenges in balancing majority culture values, ethnic traditions, and the socio‐historical‐political context of the country. The present study investigated differences in masculinity, femininity, locus of control, self‐esteem, and self‐acceptance among Israeli Jewish and other professional women, including professional women scientists. Masculinity scores were significantly lower for Israeli Jewish women, and self‐acceptance scores were significantly lower for Israeli Jewish women than for the group of professional women.
Social and Temporal Comparisons Made by Individuals Living With HIV Disease: Relationships to Adherence Behavior1
Authors: Bogart Laura M. , Gray‐Bernhardt Michelle L. , Catz Sheryl L. , Hartmann Barbara R. , Otto‐Salaj Laura L.
Published: August 2006

When faced with the uncertainty of serious illness, individuals cope by comparing themselves to other people (social comparisons) and to other times in their lives (temporal comparisons). Participants were 44 individuals being treated for HIV who completed questionnaires measuring comparisons, adherence, and self‐efficacy; 34 also completed qualitative interviews that were coded for comparisons. High levels of comparison to worse‐off others, worse‐off past selves, and better‐off future selves were prevalent. Comparisons to worse‐off others resulting in positive affect were associated with greater medication adherence; comparisons to better‐off others resulting in negative affect were related to worse adherence. Self‐efficacy to adhere mediated the relationship between comparison and adherence. Individuals who are uncertain about treatment outcomes may engage in social comparison to gain specific knowledge about adherence.
Women and Ideology: Representations of Women in Religious and Secular Turkish Media1
Authors: Hortacsu Nuran , Ertürk Elvan Melek
Published: August 2006

The present research examined representations of women in Turkish religious and secular daily newspapers. Based on social identity theory, it was predicted that religious and secular newspapers would differ with respect to evaluative references to mother/homemaker, career woman, and vamp subtypes. Secular and religious newspapers were examined every other day for a month. Analyses reveal that secular newspapers included higher proportions of positive references to the career woman and vamp subtypes than did religious newspapers. The 2 types of newspapers also differed with respect to the proportion of women mentioned as agents and targets, and with respect to actions performed by women agents and items related to victimization of women.
Parental Socialization in Childhood and Offspring Materialist and Postmaterialist Values in Adult Life1
Authors: Flouri Eirini
Published: August 2006

This study used data from the British National Child Development Study (NCDS) to examine the role of parental socialization in offspring materialist and postmaterialist values in adult life. It was found that for both genders, educational attainment was positively associated with postmaterialist values. Poor relations with father in adolescence and absence of partner in adult life predicted postmaterialist values in women, and religiosity and absence of financial difficulties in childhood predicted materialist values in men.
The Protestant Work Ethic, Expectancy Violations, and Criminal Sentencing1
Authors: Christopher Andrew N. , Marek Pam , May Jeffrey C.
Published: August 2006

To test the hypothesis that endorsement of the Protestant work ethic would be related positively to sensitivity to criminal behavior that violated expectations, American college students (N = 159) read scenarios describing a crime committed by a typical or an atypical offender. After answering questions about the crime, they completed Mirels and Garrett's (1971) Protestant Work Ethic (PWE) scale. Extent of punishment was positively related to PWE for atypical criminal behavior. Yet, high PWEs also were more likely to perceive an affluent criminal as experiencing greater remorse for a blue‐collar crime than a white‐collar crime. We relate our results to perceptions of criminal behavior, information‐processing tendencies among individuals endorsing the PWE, and jury selection considerations.
Psychological Well‐Being in a Sample of Male and Female Office Workers
Authors: Bryce Jo , Haworth John
Published: August 2006

This questionnaire study used a model of mental health proposed by Warr (1987, 1993) to examine how 8 aspects of the work situation (principal environmental influences, PEIs) were associated with psychological well‐being, measured on several dimensions. It is hypothesized that the importance of different PEIs for well‐being will be influenced by gender, particularly the relationship between control and work‐related mental health. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated similarities and differences in the association of PEIs with well‐being in males and females. In the male sample, control at work was significantly associated with all dimensions of work‐related mental health; but in the female sample, it was not associated with any dimension of mental health. The influence of gender is discussed.
Factor Structure of a Coping Scale Across Two Samples1
Authors: Murphy Debra A. , Rotheram‐Borus Mary Jane , Marelich William D.
Published: August 2006

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to assess the structure of a coping with illness scale. Two HIV‐positive samples from different geographical areas were used to verify the underlying factor structure: a sample of 320 young adults (M age = 20.9 years; 72% males) and a second sample of 273 older adults (M= 38.1 years; 81% females). Exploratory results with the young adult sample assuming correlated factors showed 7 reliable factors; CFA results supported these findings in that sample. Confirmation of the 7 derived subscales using the adult sample was found using CFA, although 2 subscale reliabilities were just below .50. Correlations between the 7 sub‐scales and other scales used for construct validation were generally as predicted. Coping similarities and differences between HIV‐infected young adult and adult populations are discussed.
Similarities and Differences Between African Americans’ and European Americans’ Attitudes, Knowledge, and Willingness to Communicate About Organ Donation1
Authors: Morgan Susan E. , Miller Jenny K. , Arasaratnam Lily A.
Published: August 2006

While little is known about African Americans’ attitudes and knowledge about organ donation, even less is known about how African Americans’ attitudes, values, and beliefs affect their behavior and behavioral intentions regarding organ donation; or how African Americans’ views are similar to or different from those of European Americans. Adults working 2 sites of a national corporation were randomly selected to complete a survey about organ donation willingness, intention to sign an organ donor card, knowledge and attitudes toward organ donation, and level of altruism. Results indicate that African Americans differ significantly from Whites on several individual attitude and knowledge items. However, the basic relationship between knowledge, attitudes, values, and behaviors regarding organ donation between the 2 groups appears the same. Furthermore, these results indicate that future organ donation promotion campaigns must focus on increasing basic knowledge and countering myths about organ donation for both populations.
Predicting Breast Self‐Examination: A Test of the Information‐Motivation‐Behavioral Skills Model1
Authors: Misovich Stephen J. , Martinez Todd , Fisher Jeffrey D. , Bryan Angela , Catapano Nicole
Published: August 2006

The present research utilizes the information‐motivation‐behavioral skills (IMB) model (Fisher & Fisher, 1992, 2000) to predict breast self‐examination (BSE) and related behaviors in women. Results from a cross‐sectional survey study of 166 women found deficiencies in BSE‐related information, motivation, and behavioral skills, as well as insufficient rates of BSE‐related behaviors. Structural equation modeling indicated that IMB model variables account for significant variance in BSE and BSE‐related behaviors, and that the predicted relationships between the constructs of the 1MB model were supported. The present research extends the utility of the IMB model beyond preventive behaviors such as HIV prevention into the domain of detection behaviors such as BSE.
Validity of the Cognitive Representations of Hypertension Scales (CRHTN)1
Authors: Scisney‐Matlock Margaret , Watkins Ken W.
Published: August 2006

Leventhal and Diefenbach's (1991) self‐regulatory theory is discussed in explaining the dynamic nature of “how” and “what” people think about hypertension and how this information is different according to severity of hypertension. Using a sample of hypertensive adults who had controlled and uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) status, the factor structure of the Cognitive Representations of Hypertension (CRHTN) scales, an instrument based on self‐regulatory theory of Leventhal & Diefenbach, is examined through exploratory, confirmatory, and multigroup factor analyses. Results indicate that a 5‐factor model is representative of theoretical constructs of disease label or symptoms, consequences, and controllability. The model accurately fits observed data for outpatients with controlled and uncontrolled BP status. Results provide support for an understanding of individuals’ cognitive structuring of disease‐specific attitudes, beliefs, and self‐management skills.
The Effect of Reducing Opportunities for Downward Comparison on Comparative Optimism
Authors: Brown Stephen L. , Imber Amantha
Published: August 2006

Comparative optimism is a pervasive tendency for people to rate personal future prospects more favorably than those of comparable others. This may be caused by deliberately choosing targets on the basis of vulnerability. Restricting the range of comparison targets reduces the opportunity to make downward comparisons and should reduce comparative optimism. We asked 100 undergraduates to assemble a list of other students known to them. Participants estimated their personal risk of being victim of a road crash and skin cancer, and estimated the risk of 2 targets from the list. The participant selected one target, while the experimenter randomly chose the other target. Comparative optimism was greater in the participant‐selected target condition, and this effect was almost exclusive to participants who reported making downward comparisons. We concluded that downward comparison processes could affect comparative optimism when targets are individual people.
The Viability of Organizational Wellness Programs: An Examination of Promotion and Results
Authors: Watson Warren , Gauthier Janine
Published: August 2006

Wellness programs in contemporary organizations are increasing in number, but attendance is low and results often are difficult to track. We examined participant and program characteristics in 2 organizations that offered extensive wellness activities. One organization considered its program successful and had been in operation for 10 years, while the other organization's program ran for 2 years and ended because of a lack of funding. In the successful program, wellness program attendance showed a relationship to time employees took off for sick days, and improved fitness produced similar results. In the less successful operation, interviews were held with mangers and employees regarding promotion and program support. Suggestions are provided for future wellness programs.
Giving Directions: Gender and Perceived Quality
Authors: Devlin Ann Sloan
Published: August 2006

Two related studies examined gender differences in directions given between 2 campus buildings (Experiment 1) and the rated quality of these directions and their authorship in terms of gender (Experiment 2). In the first experiment, 95 participants gave written directions for newcomers to their college campus. No significant gender differences were found in 6 assessment categories adapted from Ward, Newcombe, and Overton (1986). In the second experiment, 14 sets of directions from Experiment 1 were evaluated by 111 participants in a between‐subjects design, half evaluating them in terms of the gender of the author and half in terms of the quality of the directions. Results indicated that length (in terms of gender) and errors (in terms of quality) most clearly differentiated the directions. The findings are discussed in terms of the schism between performance and perception.
The Perceived Fairness of Layoff Practices1
Authors: Hemingway Monica A. , Conte Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2006

Policy capturing was used to identify layoff practices having the greatest impact on the perceived fairness of layoffs. Full‐time employees (N = 23) rated the fairness of 100 hypothetical layoffs incorporating each of 12 layoff practices reflecting different approaches to organizational justice. Managerial consistency in implementing layoffs, an unbiased layoff policy, and the size of severance packages had the strongest influence on fairness judgments. These results suggest that practices reflecting structural aspects of justice play the greatest role in layoff fairness perceptions, whereas practices consistent with social aspects of justice may be relatively less important.
Corporate Teamwork and Diversity Statements in College Recruitment Brochures: Effects on Attraction1
Authors: Rau Barbara L. , Hyland Maryanne M.
Published: August 2006

Organizations are increasingly emphasizing group work or teamwork as a source of competitive advantage in a diverse workforce. It has been suggested that such organizations must target their recruitment efforts at applicants who are both diverse and amenable to working in teams. Data were collected from 181 undergraduates at a large northeastern university who viewed a recruitment brochure of a fictitious firm in which statements about teamwork and diversity were manipulated. Results indicate that applicants' teamwork attitude moderated the relationship between teamwork statements and applicant attraction to the organization. Minority and gender status moderated the relationship between diversity statements and applicant attraction. These results provide evidence that organizations can target specific applicant characteristics with appropriate statements in recruitment brochures.
Race and Cognitive‐Ability Test Performance: The Mediating Effects of Test Preparation, Test‐Taking Strategy Use and Self‐Eff icacy
Authors: ELLIS ALEKSANDER P. J. , RYAN ANN MARIE
Published: August 2006

Test‐taking strategy use, cognitive‐ability test preparation, and test‐taking self‐efficacy were examined as possible mediators of the relationship between race and cognitiveability test performance. We hypothesized that African Americans would report using fewer test‐taking strategies and less test preparation when compared to White Americans. In addition, we proposed that Afiican Americans would report lower levels of test‐taking self‐efficacy when faced with a cognitive‐ability test. It was expected that these 3 variables would mediate the relationship between race and cognitive‐ability test performance. Using a sample of 170 college students, results indicated that African Americans reported using more ineffective test‐taking strategies, reported participating in more cognitiveability test preparation, and reported higher levels of test‐taking self‐efficacy when compared to White Americans. A portion of the difference in performance on a cognitiveability test between African Americans and White Americans could be attributed to the use of ineffective strategies and test preparation.
Effects of Coworker Race and Task Demand on Task‐Related Outcomes as Mediated by Evoked Affect1
Authors: Hosoda Megumi , Stone‐Romero Eugene F. , Stone Dianna L.
Published: August 2006

Using a 2 × 2 (Coworker Race × Task Demand) design and data from 180 White women who worked in dyads with a male confederate, the present study examined the effects of coworker race (White vs. Black) and task demand (low vs. high cognitive demand) on evoked affect, task attention, task performance, task satisfaction, and the desire to work alone (as opposed to with a coworker). As expected, results showed that coworker race and task demand evoked differing levels of affect, which, in turn, influenced several other outcomes. These findings have important implications for promoting racial diversity in organizations.
Specificity of Prediction Requests: Evidence for the Differential Effects of Self‐Prophecy on Commitment to a Health Assessment
Authors: Sprott David E. , Smith Ronn J. , Spangenberg Eric R. , Freson Timothy S.
Published: August 2006

Modification of behavior is an important goal for organizations desiring to improve the healthfulness of a society. Unfortunately, many strategies used to affect health‐related behaviors (e.g., health beliefs model) are relatively complex and sometimes difficult to apply. A strategy potentially more useful for achieving such behavior change is self‐prophecy a simple technique requiring people to predict their future behavior, which in turn yields an increased probability of performing the behavior in a socially desirable manner. In the current research, we test the capacity of self‐prophecy to influence people's commitment to a health and fitness assessment. In addition, we explore an under‐researched issue regarding the application of self‐prophecy; namely, does specificity of the prediction request impact the effectiveness of self‐prophecy?
Stereotypes in Persuasive Communication: Influence Exerted by a Disapproved Source
Authors: Abbate Costanza Scaffidi , Boca Stefano , Bocchiaro Piero
Published: August 2006

The present paper examines how someone's use of stereotypes can exert influence over others’ judgments. In the 2 studies reported here, participants were presented with messages containing information provided by a source. In Study 1, the source was an in‐group member. The messages were manipulated in a between‐subjects design so that participants were either given stereotypical or counterstereotypical information. After being given a hint regarding the source's estimate, participants were asked to provide their own estimates about a number of points displayed on a computer screen. Results indicate that participants tended to use as an anchor the estimate provided by the source that made use of stereotypes. In Study 2, an out‐group member provided participants with information that was either stereotypical or neutral. Again, results indicate that participants were influenced by the source making use of stereotypes.