bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comportamento suíno influenciado por dois modelos de maternidade
Authors: Sabino Luana A. , Sousa Júnior Vilmar R. de , Abreu Paulo G. de , Abreu Valéria M. N. , Lopes Letícia dos S. , Coldebella Arlei
Published: December 2011

Neste estudo foram avaliados dois modelos de maternidade. O modelo um (MOD 1) era formado por duas salas similares, cada sala composta de oito celas parideiras individuais. O escamoteador era de alvenaria com tampa de madeira e aquecimento no piso, por resistência elétrica. A sala do modelo dois (MOD 2), continha 20 celas parideiras individuais, dentre as quais foram avaliadas apenas 16. Os escamoteadores eram de madeira com aquecimento por lâmpada incandescente de 60 W. Foram avaliadas as condições de ambiente das salas e do interior dos escamoteadores. O comportamento dos leitões foi avaliado no ambiente das salas e nos escamoteadores. O ambiente mais favorável para os leitões foi no MOD 1 com o maior percentual de valores de temperatura e umidade dentro da zona de conforto. A temperatura do piso do escamoteador do MOD 2 obteve os melhores resultados. O comportamento mais observado nos leitões foi o de permanecerem no interior do escamoteador e deitados aglomerado. A presente área de estudo carece de mais pesquisas que levem em consideração variáveis que possam afetar a temperatura no interior dos escamoteadores, como o material utilizado na construção dos abrigos e a troca de calor entre os leitões.
Surface electromyography: proposal of a protocol for cervical muscles
Authors: Moraes Klyvia Juliana Rocha de , Cunha Daniele Andrade da , Bezerra Luciana Ângelo , Cunha Renata Andrade da , Silva Hilton Justino da
Published: December 2011

PURPOSE: to present a proposal of a surface electromyography evaluation method for cervical muscles specific and detailed protocol, with a standardized collection method of electrical signal in these muscles. METHODS: the researchers took as reference the existing publications about this subject which evidenced a need for standardization, clarity, better reproducibility and greater specificity for the surface electromyography evaluation of the upper trapezium and sternocleidomastoid muscles fibers. The proposal preparation process for the current protocol included the cleaning of the target area, placing the electrodes, required tasks in order to collect and register the electrical signal and interpretation of the electromyography signal parameters. This evaluation method was carried out in 24 healthy volunteers of both genders, with an average age of 26 years. We used the electromyography Miotool 400 with 4 channels. RESULT: an evaluation surface electromyography method for upper trapezium and sternocleidomastoid muscles fibers was developed and tested in order to determine the best form of electrical signal data collection for these muscles. CONCLUSION: we submitted a protocol proposal to evaluate the cervical muscles by a surface electromyography, allowing the healthy professionals and researchers to get more information about this electrical potential evaluation method for the sternocleidomastoid and the upper trapezium muscles fibers. This knowledge will be an adjuvant in a more specific therapy.
Influência da irrigação, da densidade de plantio e da adubação nitrogenada nas características morfogênicas, estruturais e de produção do capim-tanzânia
Authors: Magalhães Marcela de Azevedo , Martuscello Janaina Azevedo , Fonseca Dilermando Miranda da , Oliveira Ivanna Moraes de , Freitas Fabrício Paiva de , Faria Dawson José Guimarães , Oliveira Rubens Alves de , Ribeiro Júnior José Ivo
Published: December 2011

O experimento foi conduzido com os objetivos de avaliar a altura do dossel com 95% de interceptação luminosa e quantificar a influência da adubação nitrogenada e da densidade de plantas nas características morfogênicas e estruturais de capim-tanzânia. Quatro doses de nitrogênio, N (0, 80, 160 e 320 kg.ha-1), foram combinadas com três densidades de plantas (9, 25 e 49 plantas.m-2), em um arranjo fatorial 4 × 3, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições, para avaliação da produção de biomassa, e duas repetições, para avaliação das características morfogênicas e estruturais. O acúmulo de MS total durante o período experimental foi influenciado pela adubação nitrogenada e pela densidade de plantas. No período das águas, as maiores doses de nitrogênio diminuíram o intervalo de colheitas e, consequentemente, aumentaram o número de colheitas. A altura do dossel de capim-tanzânia com 95% de IL foi positivamente influenciada pela densidade de plantas nos períodos das águas e de transição água-seca e seca. A altura do capim-tanzânia com 95% de IL apresentou variações ao longo das avaliações, de modo que os valores foram maiores (próximos a 70 cm) no período das águas, seguido pelos períodos de transição água-seca e seca.
Características estruturais e acúmulo de forragem em capim-tanzânia sob pastejo rotativo
Authors: Zanine Anderson de Moura , Nascimento Júnior Domicio do , Santos Manoel Eduardo Rozalino , Pena Karine da Silva , Silva Sila Carneiro da , Sbrissia André Fischer
Published: December 2011

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar as características estruturais e o acúmulo de forragem do capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia) sob pastejo rotativo e submetido às combinações de duas frequências de pastejo (tempo para o dossel atingir 90 ou 95% de interceptação da luz - IL) e duas alturas pós-pastejo (30 ou 50 cm). Adotou-se um arranjo fatorial 2 × 2 em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. As alturas pré-pastejo foram estáveis durante o período experimental (7/11/2005 a 12/10/2006) e corresponderam a 65 e 75 cm para metas de 90 e 95% de IL, respectivamente. Os pastos manejados com altura pós-pastejo de 50 cm e com 90% de IL apresentaram maior número de ciclos de pastejo em comparação àqueles submetidos à altura pós-pastejo de 30 cm e com 95% de IL. Padrão de resposta contrário ocorreu para o intervalo de pastejo. O acúmulo de lâmina foliar (LF) foi maior no verão, intermediário no final da primavera e menor no outono e no inverno e início da primavera. O acúmulo de FT e de LF foi maior nos pastos manejados com 30 cm de altura pós-pastejo em comparação àqueles com 50 cm. Por outro lado, os efeitos da condição pré-pastejo no acúmulo de FT dependeu do resíduo usado. Os níveis de IL (90 ou 95%) não influenciaram o acúmulo de lâminas foliares. As combinações de intensidades e frequências de pastejo resultaram em pouca variação na composição morfológica da forragem, exceto no outono, quando se observou maior percentual de material morto em pastos manejados com 50 cm de altura pós-pastejo em comparação àqueles sob 30 cm de resíduo. O pastejo rotativo do capim-tanzânia deve ser iniciado com 95% de IL pelo dossel e encerrado com 30 cm de altura pós-pastejo. Quando necessário, e para gerar flexibilidade no manejo do pastejo, o capim-tanzânia pode ser pastejado com 90% de IL pelo dossel.
Modelagem de efeitos genéticos e ambientais que influenciam o peso à desmama de bezerros mestiços Charolês-Zebu
Authors: Toral Fábio Luiz Buranelo , Torres Júnior Roberto Augusto de Almeida , Lopes Paulo Sávio , Silva Luiz Otávio Campos da
Published: December 2011

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar alternativas para modelagem de efeitos genéticos e ambientais que influenciam o peso à desmama de bezerros mestiços Charolês-Zebu. Foram utilizados os dados de peso à desmama de 56.965 bezerros, com percentuais de alelos de origem da raça Charolesa variando entre 23% e 66%. Os modelos considerados diferiram quanto à inclusão de efeitos genéticos aditivos e não-aditivos médios, individuais e maternos, bem como quanto à maneira de modelar estes efeitos (regressão múltipla ou variável classificatória). Também foi avaliada a inclusão da interação entre o grupo genético do bezerro e seu grupo de contemporâneos, como um efeito aleatório não correlacionado. De acordo com os critérios de ajuste utilizados, a interação entre o grupo genético e o grupo de contemporâneos representa parte significativa da variação observada para o peso à desmama de bezerros Charolês-Zebu e os efeitos dos percentuais de alelos de origem da raça Charolesa e de heterozigoses, individuais e maternos, podem ser modelados por meio da utilização de regressão múltipla.
Desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais alimentadas com rações contendo farelo de coco tratado ou não com antioxidante
Authors: Lopes Irani Ribeiro Vieira , Freitas Ednardo Rodrigues , Lima Janice Ribeiro , Viana Neto José Lopes , Bezerra Roseane Madeira , Lima Raffaella Castro
Published: December 2011

Este experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a estabilidade oxidativa do farelo de coco (FC) tratado ou não com butil-hidroxitolueno (BHT) e armazenado por 35 dias e estudar o efeito de rações contendo esse ingrediente sobre o desempenho e a qualidade do ovo de poedeiras. Um lote de 200 kg de farelo de coco foi dividido em cinco partes: uma foi armazenada sem a adição de antioxidante e as demais tratadas com 500 ppm de BHT nos dias 0, 7, 14 e 21. A estabilidade oxidativa do farelo de coco foi acompanhada por meio dos índices de acidez e de peróxidos, determinados semanalmente. Após 35 dias de armazenamento, 10% de farelo de coco tratado e não tratado com BHT nos diferentes tempos de armazenamento foi usado na formulação de rações isonutrientes para poedeiras comerciais. Foram utilizadas 180 poedeiras da linhagem Hisex White, distribuídas ao acaso em 5 tratamentos e 6 repetições de 6 aves cada. Os índices de acidez e de peróxidos do farelo de coco armazenado com ou sem BHT aumentaram com o tempo de armazenamento. Contudo, os tratamentos não afetaram o desempenho nem a qualidade dos ovos das aves. O farelo de coco armazenado por 35 dias sem antioxidante, embora sofra oxidação, pode ser usado em níveis de até 10% na ração para poedeiras comerciais.
Pigmentantes naturais em rações à base de sorgo para codornas japonesas em postura
Authors: Moura Adolpho Marlon Antoniol de , Takata Fátima Naomi , Nascimento Guilherme Rodrigues do , Silva Almir Ferreira da , Melo Thiago Vasconcelos , Cecon Paulo Roberto
Published: December 2011

Esta pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar os efeitos do uso de pigmentantes naturais e extratos de marigold e páprica em rações à base de sorgo para codornas japonesas. Foram utilizadas 180 codornas japonesas (Coturnix japonica), com 98 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, composto por cinco tratamentos e seis repetições com seis aves cada. O experimento foi dividido em seis períodos de quatro dias, totalizando 24 dias. Foram analisados o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade dos ovos das codornas. A cor da gema foi avaliada a cada quatro dias durante 24 dias pelo método do escore colorimétrico DSM. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos das codornas, à exceção da cor da gema. O extrato de marigold proporcionou escore colorimétrico da gema equivalente ao das aves alimentadas com milho. A suplementação associada dos extratos de marigold e páprica proporcionou maior escore colorimétrico e em menor tempo. A utilização de pigmentantes naturais deve ser analisada considerando o escore colorimétrico que se deseja obter e o custo da suplementação de cada fonte comercial.
Níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível em rações com fitase para frangos de corte nas fases pré-inicial e inicial
Authors: Santos Luziane Moreira dos , Rodrigues Paulo Borges , Freitas Rilke Tadeu Fonseca de , Bertechini Antônio Gilberto , Fialho Elias Tadeu , Gomide Elisangela Minati , Naves Luciana de Paula
Published: December 2011

Dois experimentos independentes, um na fase pré-inicial (1 a 7 dias) e outro na fase inicial (8 a 21 dias de idade), foram realizados com frangos de corte para avaliar níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível (Pdisp) em rações suplementadas com 500 unidades de atividade de fitase/kg de ração. Cada experimento constou de um ensaio de desempenho e outro de metabolismo e foi conduzido em esquema fatorial (3 × 4) + 1, sendo três níveis de Pdisp (0,42; 0,37; 0,32% na fase pré-inicial e 0,39; 0,34; 0,29% na fase inicial), quatro níveis de cálcio (0,94; 0,84; 0,74; 0,64% na fase pré-inicial e 0,88; 0,78; 0,68; 0,58% na fase inicial) mais uma ração controle. O controle correspondeu à única ração sem fitase e continha 0,47% de Pdisp e 0,94% de cálcio (fase pré-inicial) ou 0,44% de Pdisp e 0,88% de cálcio (fase inicial). Nos ensaios de desempenho, aos 7 e aos 21 dias de idade, foram avaliados o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar e o teor de cinzas na tíbia. Nos ensaios de metabolismo, determinaram-se a energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) das rações e os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca (CMMS). Na fase pré-inicial, os níveis de cálcio influenciaram o consumo de ração, a EMAn e o CMMS e, na fase inicial, afetaram o conteúdo de cinzas ósseas, a EMAn e o CMMS. Os níveis de Pdisp influenciaram o teor de cinzas na tíbia, a EMAn e o CMMS na fase pré-inicial e as cinzas ósseas e o CMMS na fase inicial. Adicionando 500 unidades de atividade de fitase/kg de ração, é possível reduzir, respectivamente, os níveis de cálcio e Pdisp para 0,64% e 0,37% na fase pré-inicial e 0,58% e 0,29% na fase inicial, pois essa redução não tem efeito negativo sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea dos frangos de corte nessas fases.
Ofertas de suplementos múltiplos para tourinhos Nelore na fase de recria em pastagens durante o período da seca: desempenho produtivo e características nutricionais
Authors: Porto Marlos Oliveira , Paulino Mário Fonseca , Detmann Edenio , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos , Sales Maykel Franklin Lima , Cavali Jucilene , Nascimento Michele Lopes do , Acedo Tiago Sabella
Published: December 2011

Avaliaram-se o desempenho produtivo e as características nutricionais em tourinhos Nelore em fase de recria, não-castrados, recebendo diferentes ofertas de suplementos em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens, de julho a setembro de 2006. A área foi dividida em cinco piquetes de 2,0 ha, com disponibilidade média de matéria seca (MS) e matéria seca potencialmente digestível (MSpd) de 3,88 e 2,22 t/ha, respectivamente. Foram utilizados 30 bezerros com peso e idade iniciais médios de 230,0 ± 6,14 kg e 8,5 ± 0,18 meses, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado contendo cinco tratamentos: quatro ofertas de suplementos em comparação a mistura mineral (MM). Foram avaliados a MM (60 g/animal) e suplementos múltiplos, fornecidos diariamente nas quantidades de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 kg/animal para suprir 300 g/dia de PB. Os animais responderam ao uso de suplementos múltiplos, ganhando mais peso (88,72%) e apresentaram maiores níveis séricos de N-ureia (19,95 vs. 9,66) em comparação àqueles que receberam mistura mineral. Os animais sob suplementação apresentaram maiores consumos de MS, MO, EE, FDN, CNF e NDT e esses consumos aumentaram com os níveis de oferta de suplemento. A suplementação aumentou o coeficiente de digestão da maioria das variáveis avaliadas, independentemente do nível de suplemento fornecido. Os níveis mais moderados (0,5 kg) de suplementos múltiplos podem ser fornecidos aos tourinhos em fase de recria durante o período da seca para estimular o consumo de pasto, porém a máxima produção microbiana é obtida com oferta de 1,34 kg de suplemento. As melhores respostas de desempenho e características nutricionais podem ser obtidas com o fornecimento diário de suplemento em níveis de 0,5 a 1,34 kg/animal.
Toxicity as a Biomarker of Efficacy of Molecular Targeted Therapies: Focus on EGFR and VEGF Inhibiting Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Dienstmann Rodrigo , Braña Irene , Rodon Jordi , Tabernero Josep
Published: December 2011

In addition to being present in tumor cells, many targets of signal transduction inhibitors are also found in normal tissue. Side effects attributable to the mechanism of action of molecular targeted agents thus represent “on-target” modulation in normal tissues. These mechanism-based toxicities can be pharmacodynamic effects of pathway inhibition and, in tumors depending on the inhibited pathway for proliferation, might be biomarkers of efficacy. The development of rash with tyrosine kinase inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor is associated with superior outcomes in lung, head and neck, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer studies. Correlated with superior efficacy in retrospective analyses of large studies in advanced colorectal, breast, and renal cell carcinoma, arterial hypertension as an adverse event of antiangiogenic agents may also be a marker of effective target inhibition. An association between hypothyroidism and the activity of multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors has been identified in renal cell carcinoma patients. Tumor growth addiction to the specific pathway that is effectively targeted may be the link between a mechanism-based toxicity and efficacy. The biological basis for this correlation can be pharmacological, with higher drug exposure being associated with greater toxicity and antitumor activity, and can also be genetic, because single nucleotide polymorphisms play an important role in drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Investigators have proposed that interpatient differences and associated toxicities can be exploited for dose selection and titration, and clinical trials are currently exploring intrapatient “dosing-to-toxicity” strategies. Ultimately, the predictive value of a side effect of molecular targeted therapies requires validation in prospective trials.
The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Cancer Treatment–Related Side Effects
Authors: Peppone Luke J. , Mustian Karen M. , Morrow Gary R. , Dozier Ann M. , Ossip Deborah J. , Janelsins Michelle C. , Sprod Lisa K. , McIntosh Scott
Published: December 2011

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the influence of cigarette smoking on side effects during cancer treatment and following the end of cancer treatment.Identify areas in your practice in which smoking status can be assessed on a regular basis and devise a plan for disseminating cessation information and free cessation aids.

CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.

Cigarette smoking has long been implicated in cancer development and survival. However, few studies have investigated the impact of smoking on symptom burden in cancer survivors during treatment and at survivorship stage. This study examines the influence of cigarette smoking on side effects among 947 cancer patients during and 6 months following treatment.

Methods.

Patients diagnosed with cancer and scheduled to receive chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy reported on current smoking status (yes, no) and total symptom burden [the sum of 12 common symptoms (fatigue, hair loss, memory, nausea, depression, sleep, pain, concentration, hot flashes, weight loss, skin problems, and dyspnea) scored on an 11-point scale ranging from 0 = “not present” to 10 = “as bad as you can imagine”] during treatment and at 6-month follow-up. The adjusted mean total symptom burden by smoking status was determined by analysis of covariance controlling for age, gender, race, education, occupation, treatment, cancer site, and Karnofsky performance score.

Results.

During treatment, smokers (S) had a significantly higher total symptom burden than nonsmokers (NS) (S = 46.3 vs. NS = 41.2; p < 0.05). At 6-month follow-up, smokers continued to report a higher total symptom burden than nonsmokers (S = 27.7 vs. NS = 21.9; p < 0.05). Participants who quit smoking before treatment levels had a total symptom burden similar to nonsmokers.

Conclusion.

Smoking was associated with an increased symptom burden during and following treatments for cancer. Targeted cessation efforts for smokers to decrease symptom burden may limit the likelihood of treatment interruptions and increase quality of life following treatment.
Engineers and planners: sustainable water management alliances
Authors: Potter Karen , Ward Sarah , Shaw David , Macdonald Neil , White Iain , Fischer Thomas , Butler David , Kellagher Richard
Published: December 2011

In the future, increasing pressure will inevitably be placed on the spatial planning system to improve its consideration of water management issues. Emerging challenges include designing for climatic extremes, reducing flood risk, managing increasingly scarce water resources and improving water quality. These issues need to be balanced with a range of other spatial planning priorities and objectives, including meeting new housing needs, facilitating economic growth, and creating and maintaining quality places. The sheer complexity of the issues surrounding water management and the impacts upon spatial planning mean that partnership working is essential to achieve an integrated approach. Planners need the expertise, and crucially the understanding, of engineers and hydrologists. However, there can be considerable misunderstanding and miscommunication between disciplines, often concerning the institutional context in which the various parties operate. A plethora of policies, tools and assessments exist, which can make integrated water management an overwhelming prospect for the planner. This paper attempts to identify and address some of the issues faced, as well as examining how planners embed hydrological issues in decision making and how engineers could better facilitate this.
Equivalent stress block for normal-strength concrete incorporating strain gradient effect
Authors: Peng Jun , Ho Johnny Ching Ming , Pam Hoat Joen , Wong Yuk Lung
Published: December 2011

To account for the different behaviours of concrete under uniaxial compression and bending in the flexural strength design of reinforced concrete (RC) members, the stress–strain curve of concrete is normally scaled down so that the adopted maximum concrete stress in flexural members is less than the uniaxial strength. However, it was found from previous experimental research that the use of a smaller maximum concrete stress would underestimate the flexural strength of RC beams and columns. To investigate the effect of strain gradient on the maximum concrete stress developed in flexure, a total of 12 plain concrete and RC inverted T-shaped specimens were fabricated and tested under concentric and eccentric loads separately. The maximum concrete stress developed in the eccentric specimens was determined by modifying the concrete stress–strain curve obtained from the counterpart concentric specimens based on axial force and moment equilibriums. The test results revealed that the maximum concrete stress increases with strain gradient up to a certain maximum value. A formula was developed to correlate the maximum concrete stress to strain gradient. A pair of equivalent rectangular concrete stress block parameters that incorporate the effects of strain gradient was proposed for flexural strength design of RC members.
The Emergence of Thanatology and Current Practice in Death Education
Authors: Fonseca Luciana Mascarenhas , Testoni Ines
Published: December 2011

Thanatology is a recent field that contemplates death studies and employs an interdisciplinary approach to practice. This science emerged in a historical context marked by intense social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the concept of death being excluded from social life. This literature review aims to outline the history and evolution of thanatology in Western society, delineating the contextual circumstances that led to its origin and drawing special attention to current works on death education. In our post-modern society, the call for studies in the field of thanatology appears to be increasing. However, although there have been significant contributions and promising research is underway, there are still many questions to be answered.
Determinants of Access to Legislative and Executive Branch Officials: Business Firms and Trade Policymaking in the U.S.
Authors: Schuler Douglas A. , Rehbein Kathleen
Published: December 2011

We examine the characteristics of business firms that gain access to legislative and executive branch officials in the trade policymaking area. Our empirical analysis of over 1200 manufacturers reveals that legislators were most attracted to firms with foreign market expertise, firms which actively participated in politics with outside lobbyists and campaign contributions, and firms with significant employment in the state and/or district. Executive branch officials were responsive to firms with foreign market expertise, firms from industries that had previously received tariff protection, firms using in-house government affairs specialists and outside lobbyists to convey information, and firms making campaign contributions to members of the trade oversight legislative committees. Our results largely support the political market framework and provide insights about the attractiveness of certain demanders to suppliers of trade policies from the legislative and executive branches of the U.S. federal government.
From Foe to Friend? Business, the Tipping Point and U.S. Climate Politics
Authors: Vormedal Irja
Published: December 2011

This article develops a model for analyzing corporate strategy formation and regulatory change in environmental politics. The model emphasize how conditions that materialize through the dynamic interplay between corporate preferences and multilevel environmental governance can trigger the emergence of “tipping points,” at which a critical mass of leading industries begin to push for regulatory change. It is argued that tipping points often generate new political momentum and may lead to considerable progress in political and legislative bargaining. The model is applied to a case study of U.S. climate politics between 1990 and 2010. The case demonstrates that the tipping point model provides a plausible account of the intersection between business strategies and the failures and successes of federal climate action in this period.
Insuring Free Trade: Unemployment Insurance and Trade Policy
Authors: Kono Daniel Y.
Published: December 2011

Research shows that trade openness and high social spending go hand in hand, at least in wealthy democracies. It is not clear, however, exactly why this is so. Many scholars and policymakers argue that generous social spending facilitates trade liberalization, but there is no direct empirical support for this claim. This paper is the first to show directly that social spending promotes freer trade. Specifically, I show that U.S. state-level unemployment insurance makes Congress members significantly more likely to vote for freer trade. Since state unemployment insurance is exogenous to individual congressional votes, my analysis shows clearly that the former affects the latter. My results imply that social spending insures not only citizens but also open trade policies against hard economic times. They also highlight the importance of subnational policy choices to national policy outcomes.
The Domestic Political Origins of Global Financial Standards: The Agrarian Roots of American Securities Regulations
Authors: Carney Richard
Published: December 2011

America's securities markets constitute a central distinguishing feature of its brand of capitalism. What are their political origins? In contrast to arguments which point to business owners as determining the institutional foundations of America's political economy, this paper argues that farmers played a leading role. Indeed, the rules and regulations governing U.S. securities markets were created in opposition to the wishes of business owners, and without farmers' political influence, the U.S. may have developed a financial system similar to that found in continental Europe. Moreover, to the extent that U.S. securities regulations serve as a template for international financial standards, the paper shows that the humble American farmer inadvertently contributed to the financialization of the modern global economy.
Risk Heterogeneity and the Value of Reducing Fatal Risks: Further Market-Based Evidence
Authors: Kochi Ikuho , Taylor Laura O.
Published: December 2011

The benefits associated with mortality risk reductions are a critical input for the benefit-cost analysis of economically significant federal regulations that affect health and safety. The dominant method of estimating the benefits of reducing mortality risks relies on labor markets to estimate the tradeoffs between workers’ wages and occupational risk. The past literature considers all labor market risks to be equivalent, failing to recognize the inherent heterogeneity in occupational hazards. In this research, heterogeneity in the value of reducing risks is explored within the labor market context. Unique location-specific risk data are developed for over 300 U.S. cities to separately identify the wage premiums for facing two disparate occupational risks: violent assault and motor vehicle accident risks. We find that ignoring the underlying heterogeneity in risks can lead to substantial over/under-statements of the benefits of reducing any one particular risk by up to 350%. As such, caution is urged for benefits transfer exercises that apply estimates of the marginal willingness to pay for reducing labor market accident risks to policies affecting very different risks, such as public safety or environmental risks.
Comment on Burgess and Zerbe’s “Appropriate Discounting for Benefit-Cost Analysis”
Authors: Szekeres Szabolcs
Published: December 2011

This is a comment on a paper by David F. Burgess and Richard O. Zerbe. It derives a different set of conclusions than the cited authors do from the customary premises underlying benefit-cost analysis. It concludes that capital should be shadow priced, and that the appropriate discount rate to use in benefit-cost analysis is the interest rate of the capital market to which the public sector has access. It proposes that a plausible source of the great divergence in approaches to discounting stems from different answers being given to the question of whether present day consumption has a future consumption opportunity cost.
Comment on Burgess and Zerbe: On Bank Market Power and the Social Discount Rate
Authors: Johansson Per-Olov , Kriström Bengt
Published: December 2011

In this note we discuss how to estimate the social discount rate when banks have market power. Some data from Sweden are used to illustrate the approach. If other investments are crowded out, the implied social discount rate is around 7 percent, i.e. more or less equal to the one suggested by Burgess and Zerbe (2011) for the U.S. but similar to those often used in the EU (3-4 percent) if private consumption is crowded out by the considered investment.
Regulatory-Science: Biphasic Cancer Models or The Lnt—Not Just A Matter of Biology!
Authors: Ricci Paolo F. , Sammis Ian R.
Published: December 2011

There is no doubt that prudence and risk aversion must guide public decisions when the associated adverse outcomes are either serious or irreversible. With any carcinogen, the levels of risk and needed protection before and after an event occurs, are determined by dose-response models. Regulatory law should not crowd out the actual beneficial effects from low dose exposures—when demonstrable—that are inevitably lost when it adopts the linear non-threshold (LNT) as its causal model. Because regulating exposures requires planning and developing protective measures for future acute and chronic exposures, public management decisions should be based on minimizing costs and harmful exposures. We address the direct and indirect effects of causation when the danger consists of exposure to very low levels of carcinogens and toxicants. The societal consequences of a policy can be deleterious when that policy is based on a risk assumed by the LNT, in cases where low exposures are actually beneficial. Our work develops the science and the law of causal risk modeling: both are interwoven. We suggest how their relevant characteristics differ, but do not attempt to keep them separated; as we demonstrate, this union, however unsatisfactory, cannot be severed.
Renal Phosphate Loss in Long-Term Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Sirilak Supinda , Chatsrisak Kamonwan , Ingsathit Atiporn , Kantachuvesiri Surasak , Sumethkul Vasant , Stitchantrakul Wasana , Radinahamed Piyanuch , Disthabanchong Sinee
Published: December 2011

Background and objectives

Renal phosphate wasting occurs early postkidney transplantation as a result of an accumulation of parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23 from the CKD period. Serum phosphate, parathyroid hormone, and fibroblast growth factor 23 return to baseline 1 year postkidney transplantation. What happens beyond this period is unknown.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Mineral parameters were obtained from 229 kidney transplant recipients at least 1 year posttransplantation; 46 normal subjects and 202 CKD patients with similar GFR served as controls. Factors associated with phosphate metabolism were analyzed.

Results

Despite the reduced graft function, most kidney transplant recipients had lower serum phosphate than normal subjects accompanied by renal phosphate loss. Fibroblast growth factor 23 was mostly lower or comparable with normal subjects, whereas parathyroid hormone was elevated in most patients. Hyperparathyroidism is also more common among kidney transplant recipients compared with CKD patients. Both parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23 showed relationships with renal phosphate excretion, but only parathyroid hormone displayed an independent association. Parathyroid hormone showed the highest area under the curve in predicting renal phosphate leak. When patients were categorized according to parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23 levels, only subset of patients with high parathyroid hormone had an increased renal phosphate excretion.

Conclusions

Relatively low serum phosphate from renal phosphate leak continued to present in long-term kidney transplantation. Both parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23 participated in renal tubular phosphate handling, but persistent hyperparathyroidism seemed to have a greater influence in this setting.
Developments of instruments and methods related with high-speed countercurrent chromatography and their applications in research of natural medicines
Authors: Yao Shun , Cao Yu , Jia Chun-mei , Wang Yan , Song Hang
Published: December 2011

High-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) is a liquid-liquid separation chromatographic technique which uses no solid supporting medium. During its rapid development in the last 30 years, great progress has been made in the instrumentation, the basic study and application of HSCCC. It has significant advantages over other instrumental separation techniques, in its high efficiency and continuous processing capability. In recent years, HSCCC has been widely used in research and development of natural medicines and functional foods, including preparative separation, fingerprint analysis and screening of bioactive constituents. A review of the technique is presented in this paper.
The cytotoxic effect of diphtheria toxin on the actin cytoskeleton
Authors: Varol Başak , Bektaş Muhammet , Nurten Rüstem , Bermek Engin
Published: December 2011

Diphtheria toxin (DT) and its N-terminal fragment A (FA) catalyse the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) into a covalent linkage with eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). DT-induced cytotoxicity is versatile, and it includes DNA cleavage and the depolymerisation of actin filaments. The inhibition of the ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPrT) activity of FA did not affect the deoxyribonuclease activity of FA or its interaction with actin. The toxin entry rate into cells (HUVEC) was determined by measuring the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. DT uptake was nearly 80% after 30 min. The efficiency was determined as Km = 2.2 nM; Vmax = 0.25 pmol.min−1. The nuclease activity was tested with hyperchromicity experiments, and it was concluded that G-actin has an inhibitory effect on DT nuclease activity. In thepresence of DT and mutant of diphtheria toxin (CRM197), F-actin depolymerisation was determined with gel filtration, WB and fluorescence techniques. In the presence of DT and CRM197, 60–65% F-actin depolymerisation was observed. An in vitro FA-actin interaction and F-actin depolymerisation were reported in our previous paper. The present study thus confirms the depolymerisation of actin cytoskeleton in vivo.
Case Study in Planning Revisions to a Veterinary Professional Curriculum: Opportunity, Motive, and Means
Authors: Olson Lynne E. , DiBartola Stephen P.
Published: December 2011

The Ohio State University (OSU) recently responded to a mandate from the state to convert from a quarter-based to a semester-based academic calendar. The OSU College of Veterinary Medicine took this opportunity to review and revise the curriculum leading to the DVM degree. This mandate occurred at a time when the college was motivated to act on recommendations that had been made during a recent reaccreditation process, some of which had been under discussion for several years, and had the personnel in place to initiate the change process. This article describes the means by which the curriculum change was planned. A review of the literature on change in health-sciences-related programs suggested that the ability to conclude the planning of changes in a relatively short time period was facilitated by adopting practices shown to promote successful curricular change. Critical aspects of the process included engaging the faculty, establishing a collective vision that entails agreement on principles, having a clear mandate and time frame for change, providing resources and training to support and sustain the change effort, and managing the effort centrally with groups that are broadly representative of the faculty.
Peri-operative Morbidity Associated with Ovariohysterectomy Performed as Part of a Third-Year Veterinary Surgical-Training Program
Authors: Kennedy Katie C. , Tamburello Kathereen R. , Hardie Robert J.
Published: December 2011

The present study describes the morbidity associated with ovariohysterectomy (OVH) when performed by third-year veterinary students as part of a surgical-training program. Data recorded from medical records included signalment, concurrent illness(es), surgical procedure(s), anesthesia and surgery time, anesthetic and surgical complications, and semester performed. The students' surgical training before the OVH included 39 lecture and 26 laboratory hours. In the present study, 513 animals (206 dogs and 307 cats) were included, of which 120 (23.4%) animals had concurrent illnesses. Median anesthesia time was 145 minutes (ranging from 65 to 240) for cats and 180 minutes (ranging from 90 to 360) for dogs. Median surgery time was 105 minutes (ranging from 50 to 210) for cats and 140 minutes (ranging from 65 to 265) for dogs. There were two (0.4%) major anesthetic complications, one resulting in death. There were 206 (41.7%) minor anesthetic complications, the most common being hypothermia. There were 17 (3.3%) major surgical complications, the most common being body wall dehiscence (n=15), and 49 (9.5%) minor surgical complications, the most common being seroma formation (n=35). Complications were comparable to previous reports. Specific aspects of the program identified for improvement included placing greater emphasis on securely tying the terminal knot of a simple continuous suture pattern to prevent body wall dehiscence, improved measures to reduce post-operative hypothermia, and implementing stricter health screening of animals before enrollment into the program. Faculty program coordinators are encouraged to conduct similar studies so that best practices can be shared and outcomes can be compared as we work toward determining the ideal methods of training students to instill core surgical competencies.
Asian Theology in the Ablative Case
Authors: Morimoto Anri
Published: December 2011

Asian theology in the ablative case asks the question of the essence of Christianity in a renewed form by means of Asia and from Asia. The question was once posed by Asia to Western Christianity in the nineteenth century, but the importance of addressing it remains the same today for all who seek to understand the identity of global Christian communion. The question leads us to reaffirm the historical nature of the Christian religion. Its essence cannot be readily defined by a primitivist return to the ‘origin,’ however construed this ‘origin’ might be. Rather, as the examples of Lee and Kitamori among others indicate, it is defined by the experience of active faith communities in constant conversation with tradition and scripture. The role of experience in the formation of orthodoxy is experimental and subject to historical authentication, but it does have a voice as norma colloquens. It is in this context that the pronouncements of Asian Christians are to be located. Christianity is a living and lived religion. Its essence is renewed and redefined in a cumulative manner as it undergoes different stages of geohistorical development.
Trying to Make Sense of History: Chinese Christian Traditions of Countercultural Belief and their Theological and Political Interpretation of Past and Present History
Authors: Brandner Tobias
Published: December 2011

The dramatic changes occurring in China in recent years have made many intellectuals ask about history, its values, and its purpose. When Chinese Christians reflect about history they find themselves in a contradictory situation. They enjoy the fruits of tremendous social changes, yet they also experience ongoing hostility of the state. Equally, they recognise that social change is not only a blessing, but may also contribute to growing disintegration in society.

This paper introduces three interpretations of Chinese history offered by independent Christian groups or individuals. They are attempts to make sense of history and the radical changes and emerging contradictions of the past years. The historical constructs try to shed light on the question where Christians stand in this process of change. The examples presented are (a) the Back to Jerusalem Movement (BJM), a strongly revivalist missionary movement, (b) Yuan Zhi Ming who became famous through a DVD, called China's Confession, and (c) Ren Bumei, a Christian intellectual. They all in different forms offer a political theology that shows a political assertiveness and outspokenness that is atypical of the independent Christian tradition in China. The article concludes that the three presented historical interpretations stand in continuity with a long countercultural history in China. They reflect an experience of powerlessness and a promise of empowerment that are both responses to the experience of life in a totalitarian state.
Dalit Christians in India: Reflections from the ‘Broken Middle’
Authors: Jeremiah Anderson H. M.
Published: December 2011

The focus of this article is on Dalit Christian experience in India. It strives to understand the milieu and framework of religious expression within the Dalit Christian community in South India. This article consists of three sections. Firstly, it develops a comprehensive perception of what it means to be a Dalit and a Christian simultaneously; the notion of multiple belonging in practice. Secondly, it weaves the lived reality of Dalit Christians by using Gillian Rose's socio-philosophical concept of ‘the broken middle’. Thirdly, through the paradigm of the ‘broken middle’, this article furthers certain facets of a locally relevant church. In brief, by drawing upon fieldwork from various Dalit communities in South India, this article gives a perspective and a glimpse into the wider Christian experience, in order to elucidate a contextually appropriate theological framework and the need for a locally relevant church.
Draft Genome Sequences of Xanthomonas sacchari and Two Banana-Associated Xanthomonads Reveal Insights into the Xanthomonas Group 1 Clade
Authors: Studholme David J. , Wasukira Arthur , Paszkiewicz Konrad , Aritua Valente , Thwaites Richard , Smith Julian , Grant Murray
Published: December 2011

We present draft genome sequences for three strains of Xanthomonas species, each of which was associated with banana plants (Musa species) but is not closely related to the previously sequenced banana-pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum. Strain NCPPB4393 had been deposited as Xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum but in fact falls within the species Xanthomonas sacchari. Strain NCPPB1132 is more distantly related to Xanthomonas sacchari whilst strain NCPPB 1131 grouped in a distinct species-level clade related to X. sacchari, along with strains from ginger, rice, cotton and sugarcane. These three newly sequenced strains share many genomic features with the previously sequenced Xanthomonas albilineans, for example possessing an unsual metE allele and lacking the Hrp type III secretion system. However, they are distinct from Xanthomonas albilineans in many respects, for example showing little evidence of genome reduction. They also lack the SPI-1 type III secretion system found in Xanthomonas albilineans. Unlike X. albilineans, all three strains possess a gum gene cluster. The data reported here provide the first genome-wide survey of non-Hrp Xanthomonas species other than Xanthomonas albilineans, which is an atypical member of this group. We hope that the availability of complete sequence data for this group of organisms is the first step towards understanding their interactions with plants and identifying potential virulence factors.
Extensive Internet Involvement—Addiction or Emerging Lifestyle?
Authors: Bergmark Karin Helmersson , Bergmark Anders , Findahl Olle
Published: December 2011

In the discussions for the future DSM-5, the Substance-Related Disorders Work Group has been addressing “addiction-like” behavioral disorders such as “Internet addiction” to possibly be considered as potential additions for the diagnostic system. Most research aiming to specify and define the concept of Internet addiction (or: Excessive/Compulsive/Problematic Internet Use—PIU), takes its point of departure in conventional terminology for addiction, based in established DSM indicators. Still, it is obvious that the divide between characteristics of addiction and dimensions of new lifestyles built on technological progress is problematic and far from unambiguous. Some of these research areas are developing from the neurobiological doctrine of addiction as not being tied to specific substances. The concept of “behavioral addictions”, based on biological mechanisms such as the reward systems of the brain, has been launched. The problems connected to this development are in this study discussed and reflected with data from a Swedish survey on Internet use (n = 1,147). Most Swedes (85%) do use the Internet to some degree. The prevalence of excessive use parallels other similar countries. Respondents in our study spend (mean value) 9.8 hours per week online at home, only 5 percent spend more than 30 hours per week. There are both positive and negative social effects at hand. Many respondents have more social contacts due to the use of Internet, but there is a decline in face-to-face contacts. About 40% of the respondents indicate some experience of at least one problem related to Internet use, but only 1.8% marked the presence of all problems addressed. Most significant predictors for problem indicators, except for age, relate to “time” and time consuming activities such as gaming, other activities online or computer skills.