bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coleridge’s ‘Eolian Harp’ and the Motion of Thought
Authors: Mcgann Jerome
Published: November 2023

No one grasped the issues more clearly than Coleridge. His earliest cultural sympathies drew him to the Socinians, to radically sensationalist philosophers like Hartley, to Della Cruscan poetry.1 His career would shape itself and evolve as a complex reaction against those early attachments, which he came to regard as a network of materialist errors he would call, broadly and politically, ‘jacobin’. We want to consider Coleridge here in order to complete the context within which the poetry of sensibility and sentiment emerged. To the extent that Coleridge’s ideas about poetry became the norm of romantic thinking in England, his critique of sensibility supplies a nice differential for marking what distinguishes the various poetries of sensibility.
Ann Yearsley’s ‘Remonstrance in the Platonic Shade, Flourishing on an Height’
Authors: Mcgann Jerome
Published: November 2023

Among eighteenth-century poets, Yearsley carried out the most extensive exploration of the discourse of sensibility. She was doubly prepared for her task by being doubly deprived: a woman, and without privilege or formal education. Yearsley thinks about sensibility repeatedly, as if an effort of self-education—an experience she well understands—could reveal its full meaning. In her work sensibility appears as an endless struggle of suffering thought. As a result (and somewhat paradoxically) her writing is strongest when it appears most contorted. Yearsley’s style then becomes an elaborate index for the torturous intensities of her mental affect.
Wilfred Owen’s Juvenilia
Authors: Fenton James
Published: November 2023

A thousand suppliants stand around thy throne, Stricken with love for thee,0 Poesy. I stand among them, and with them I groan, And stretch my arms for help. Oh, pity me! No man (save them thou gav’st the right to ascend And sit with thee, ‘nointing with unction fine, -Excuse me: ‘‘nointing with unction fine’-what’s this ‘nointing business? What is this ‘nointing with unction fine? Oh, this is what we permit ourselves, or what we used to permit ourselves, in our juvenilia. This is the stuff we pray desperately wm not be found. This is what we later burn.
Men, Women, and Beasts
Authors: Fenton James
Published: November 2023

Among the still somewhat shocking early poems of D. H. Lawrence is a group of lyrics about his mother’s final sickness and death, in which the poet deliberately presents himself as his mother’s lover.
Co-emergent Spaces: From Wastelands to Plantation Forests
Authors: Tsouvalis Judith
Published: November 2023

Knowledge-Cultures, defined in the previous chapter, are embodied, and the socially constructed visions of the world they adhere to are expressed through the bodies of their members. In that sense, knowledge-cultures pro duce bodies, and in this chapter processes of how this is achieved are explored. The way in which the vision of a strategic reserve of timber came to be manifested in plantation forests will also be discussed, and the role played by human and non-human beings in their achievement described.
Moments of Crisis I: Upheavals in the Scottish Uplands
Authors: Tsouvalis Judith
Published: November 2023

One characteristic of forest policy since the passing of the Forestry Act of 1919 has been the setting of a target area of land which had to be afforested within a year (for example, for 1995 the target area was 33,000ha.). This coupling of a socially constructed notion of space-hectares, with a socially constructed notion of time-a year, together with the FC’s successful attempts to conquer time-space (body-movements, tree growth, and so forth discussed in the previous chapter) have led to the quadrupling of land transformed into forests from 200,000ha. in 1945 to over 900,000ha. in 1988 (Tompkins 1989). By 1949, the FC had become the largest landowner in the country, owning some 1,500,000 acres of land.
Identity and Identities
Authors: Williams Bernard
Published: November 2023

In 1955, there appeared an ingenious and enjoyable novel by Nigel Dennis called Cards of Identity. It introduced an organization called the ‘Identity Club’, which engaged in making people over, giving them a new past and a new character —a new identity. There was much discussion of the name that any given character should have. This gives the flavour:‘Has he been with us for long?’ ‘Nelson, you felt, was too common a name ... But in Jellicoe you found everything-a bellicose, echoing, challenging suggestion discreetly balanced by an opening syllable indicative of a nature congealed and wobbly. In short, though he is for ever partly something pink, shaking guiltily on a plate, he has, in whole, the stuff of leadership.’ ‘That is first-class, Beaufort. Thus it was, exactly. Incidentally, it may interest you to know that at first I toyed with the idea of an identity from the race-course. But when I put out a few racy feelers, he shrank in horror. That is an important thing to know, by the way. Never, except in rare cases, build on the existing disguise.
The Unimportance of Identity
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: November 2023

We can start with some science fiction. Here on Earth, I enter the Teletransporter. When I press some button, a machine destroys my body, while recording the exact states of all my cells. The information is sent by radio to Mars, where another machine makes, out of organic materials, a perfect copy of my body. The person who wakes up on Mars seems to re member living my life up to the moment when I pressed the button, and he is in every other way just like me. Of those who have thought about such cases, some believe that it would be I who would wake up on Mars. They regard Teletransportation as merely the fastest way of travelling. Others believe that, if I chose to be Teletransported, I would be making a terrible mistake. On their view, the person who wakes up would be a mere Replica of me.
Teleology in Aristotelian Metaphysics
Authors: Witt Charlotte
Published: November 2023

Aristotelian natural philosophy is teleological. Both the developmental processes of natural beings and the parts of natural beings require teleological explanation. The formation of teeth in an animal occurs for the sake of that animal’s good. Roots are located at the bottom of a plant for the sake of that plant (Phys. IL 198b25, 199a27). It is uncontroversial that Aristotle thought that a complete explanation of many natural processes must include the final cause or end of that process, and that an understanding of an organ must include mention of its function and its contribution to the whole organism. It is also uncontroversial that Aristotle thought that an explanation of natural processes in terms of material and efficient causes alone is inadequate, although there is considerable debate concerning the substance and implications of his argument.1 Let us call the demand for final causes in the explanation of natural processes ‘natural teleology’.
Epicurean Inferences
Authors: Allen James
Published: November 2023

The empirical and foundational turn in Hellenistic epistemology is familiar to students of ancient Greek philosophy. We tend to suppose that the positions defended by the Epicureans and the Stoics, and sceptically examined by the Academy, were broadly characterized by two assumptions. They took the concepts that give thought its content to be somehow derived in the last analysis from sensory experience; and, more importantly for our purposes, they divided potential objects of knowledge into two classes. The first comprises phenomena or evident matters: that is, truths that can be known immediately without being inferred from other truths, typically because they are accessible to direct perceptual observation, but perhaps in other ways as well. To the second belong non-evident matters (adela), which lie beyond the reach of direct apprehension. Knowledge of these, when possible at all, must rest on grounds or evidence afforded by other truths. These in turn must be grasped immediately as evident truths or inferred from other truths themselves, with the result that everything we know is known either because grasped immediately as an evident truth or ultimately on the strength of truths apprehended in this way.
Techniques and Dialectic
Authors: Lloyd G E R
Published: November 2023

Students of Greek philosophy and science are very familiar with the recurrent discussions, in the texts they study, of methodological and epistemological issues. In classical Chinese philosophy and science, apparently analogous references to methods, rules, and procedures are also common, and the question of the origins of knowledge is sometimes discussed. Moreover, the goal of philosophizing is standardly represented as the Dao, the Way. However, quite what roles such methodological and epistemological statements play, in the inquiries in question, is an issue that has never seriously been addressed in a comparativist perspective.
The Hierarchies of Knowledge and the Mathematics of Discovery
Authors: Glymour Clark
Published: November 2023

Philosophy before and after mid-century is united in a rejection of a central goal of traditional epistemology from Plato to Boole: a theory of discovery. Plato and Aristotle thought the goal of philosophy, among other goals, was to provide methods for coming to have knowledge. This same conception utterly dominated philosophy in the seventeenth century. It was Descartes’ claim to have found such a method, and the disputes between him and his critics were in part over what it is to be a method of discovery at all. Leibniz not only advanced the conception of method, but provided a thesis about it that guided logical investigations into the twentieth century. In my view, the central eighteenth-century dispute in philosophy, between Hume and Kant, was fundamentally about whether we can have methods of inquiry that can be known to be reliable. The latter part of the century provided in Richard Price’s interpretation of Bayes’ probabilism yet another proposal for a universal method of discovery. English-speaking philosophers of the succeeding century were equally absorbed with discovery: John Stuart Mill popularized a method plagarized from Bacon and, in aid of a method for discovering causal relations from probabilities, George Boole made the largest advance in logical theory since Aristotle.
Scepticism and Modernity
Authors: H Richard
Published: November 2023

It has been claimed that the revival of ancient sceptical thought during the Renaissance played a vital role in the rise of, or the beginning of, modern philosophy. Central issues in modern thought such as the epistemological basis of certitude, the kinds of evidence that can be obtained to support basic beliefs such as the existence of an external world, were proposed in the initial Renaissance presentations of ancient scepticism by Montaigne and his followers. The attempts during the seventeenth and eighteenth c to establish a modem philosophy from Descartes to Kant can be seen as basic attempts to answer the challenge of modern scepticism, or to live with it.
The Vitality and Importance of Early Modern Aristotelianism
Authors: Mercer Christia
Published: November 2023

In 1255, after some initial reservations, the arts faculty of the University of Paris instituted a new course of study based on the works of Aristotle. Despite the reluctance of some clerics (e.g. Bonaventure) who considered the Aristotelian philosophy anti Christian, and despite the squabbles that led to the Condemnations of 1270 and 1277, the philosophy of Aristotle remained the educational mainstay at the University of Paris until the end of the seventeenth century. That the Aristotelian philosophy dominated This article stands firmly on foundations laid by P. 0. Kristcllcr, J. H. Randall, and Charles Schmitt. I have benefited especially from the latter’s article ‘Towards a Reasse”5ment of Renaissance Aristotclianism’, History of Science, II (1973), 159 93, in which he criticizes the commonly accepted view or scholastic philosophy as a monolithic whole. The writings and advice or Roger Ariew have also been a great help in my first attempt at finding an appropriate way into this vast topic. I would like to thank L. W. B. Brockliss, Daniel Garber, Sarah Hutton, P. 0. Kristeller, Jane Newman, Lex Newman, and Tom Sorel! for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.
Francis Bacon, Authority, and the Moderns
Authors: Martin Julian
Published: November 2023

‘The learned and great Cardinal Richelieu was a great admirer of the Lord Bacon’. John Aubrey, Bn’ef Lives It seems indisputable that Francis Bacon was of the party of the moderns: he himself repeatedly said as much, and subsequent commentators upon the history of Western philosophy, while often divided on his particular significance, have joined consistently in this general verdict. And why not? Bacon’s writings are studded, after all, with claims and attitudes readily acknowledged to be among the intellectual hallmarks of the modern age, and sure evidence of his modernity. Every reader of The Advancement of Learning (1605) and lnstauratio magna (1620) will recall at least four major themes characteristic of Bacon. For instance, he was unflaggingly optimistic about the possibilities for progress of knowledge, demanding, indeed, a complete overhaul of how one could conceive of such a thing: ‘There was but one course left, there fore,-to try the whole thing anew upon a setter plan, and to commence a total reconstruction of sciences, arts and all human knowledge, raised upon the proper foundations.’ Secondly, and hand in hand with such intellectual boldness, was his constant and impatient denigration of ancient authorities in philosophical matters.
The Contagious Communication of Strong Imaginations: History, Modernity, and Scepticism in the Philosophy of Malebranche
Authors: M Thomas
Published: November 2023

The official declaration of hostilities in the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns in France occurred on 27 January 1687 when, at a meeting of the French Academy, Charles Perrault read his poem The Century of Louis the Great. The thesis of the poem was that his century was no less great then Louis XIV himself, that while there were greats among ancient authors-historians, philosophers, playwrights, and poets-they were only men, and that modern authors could thus be, and in fact were, no less great. Although celebrated in literary history, the Quarrel in itself was ‘an episode of mediocre interest’, 1 which soon ended inconsequentially. Even so, there were important issues at stake in this debate that had been percolating in the philosophical literature during the previous half-century.
Locke, Sergeant, and Scientific Method
Authors: Phemister Pauline
Published: November 2023

Aristotle still had a following among English philosophers in the middle of the seventeenth century. Kenelm Digby, John Sergeant, and Thomas White were all advocates of his doctrines. They were also reformers of Aristotle: writers who wanted to rid the master of the false notions attributed him in scholastic commentaries, and who tried to return to what they took to be the correct interpretation of Aristotelian texts on methodology. White emphasized the need to use experiments to confirm scientific conclusions and to resolve disputes. Sergeant tried to clarify the demonstrative character of Aristotelian explanation. Neither White nor Sergeant was a purist. Often they were willing to invoke non-Aristotelian principles. For example, both adopted the Baconian view that what ultimately justifies science is an improvement of the human condition. Because the Reformers were eclectic, their differences with the so-called modem philosophers are not always clear-cut. John Locke read Sergeant and took him seriously, and he shared the reformers’ respect for Aristotle’s intellect. Again in common with the Aristotelians, he valued the certainty afforded by demonstration. He also believed that experience was the foundation of all our knowledge. In this essay I shall consider in some detail the relation of Locke to Sergeant. I shall show that while Sergeant’s and Locke’s views agree more than might have been expected, their disagreements bear out the classification of Locke as a modern.
The Question of Machiavelli’s Modernity
Authors: Parel J
Published: November 2023

That Machiavelli is an innovator of political philosophy is universally acknowledged. The programme of innovation is outlined in The Pnence ch. 15: he wants to depart from the orders of his predecessors. The goal of the new philosophy is ‘effectual truth’, and not the imagination of it. Actual states, not ‘imagined republics and kingdoms’, are its real concerns. The distinction between how one lives and how one ought to live is still made, but only in order to point out that what is done should never be abandoned for what should be done. Preservation of the state has emerged as the new summum bonum, in the interest of which everything becomes permitted. The distinction between virtue and vice is no longer important; and the new type of ruler, if he is good, must learn how to be not good. The preface to D. 1. also proposes a similar programme: he is determined ‘to enter a path not yet trodden by anyone’ and to introduce ‘new modes and orders’.
On the Hypothetical and Non-Hypothetical in Reasoning about Belief and Action
Authors: Railton Peter
Published: November 2023

Perhaps it shouldn’t be surprising when a central notion of common sense proves elusive on reflection—that’s what makes the philosophical world go round. And some aspects of practical rationality seem obvious enough: rational agents form intentions, adjust means and ends, and so on. Yet even very elementary questions can excite not only controversy between conflicting, entrenched positions, but expert bafflement.
The Amoralist
Authors: Raz Joseph
Published: November 2023

Sometimes the amoralist is thought to present a problem for moral philosophy. If one can be an amoralist then the validity of morality is undermined unless one can be amoral only because of ignorance or irrationality. Morality, the underlying thought is, is rationally defensible only if it can marshal arguments in its support which an amoralist must rationally accept. My contention will be that the confrontation between the moralist and the amoralist is misconceived. Sections 5, 6, and 7 will explain my view by challenging the amoralist and the moralist in turn. I will argue that their confrontation is bogus for neither protagonist has a separate existence. But before coming to that I will, in Section 2, challenge the way that Nagel has recently discussed the problem, and will prepare, in Sections 3 and 4, the ground for the main arguments. First of all (in the current section) I explain who the amoralist is.
Relativities: Use and Non-use of Spatial Reference among the Yale Speakers in Irian Jaya (West New Guinea)
Authors: Heeschen Volker
Published: November 2023

In October I 992 I walked with five Yale helpers through areas which were un known to them. Walking through unknown terrain constitutes an unusual experience for the Yale people. Usually they live and move in spaces which they know from the time of their first steps and their first inquisitive, pointing gestures. Thus, in the evening my helpers were excited and eager to collect information about the way we should go the following day. The descriptions offered by the local hosts focused on landmarks. Unfortunately, I was too tired to make recordings, but like my helpers I also tried to memorize the information.
Structure and Abstraction
Authors: Simons Peter
Published: November 2023

My ontological inclinations are nominalistic, and nominalism traditionally faces a number of stern challenges. One is from the theory of predication and universals. I think this challenge is, for a philosophical one, fairly easy for a nominalist to face. A far more daunting prospect is to reconcile the nominalist’s denial of the existence of abstract objects with the acceptance of a vast body of mathematical propositions by a large number of highly intelligent people. Taken at face value, the mathematical propositions these people hold true entail the existence of untold infinities of abstract mathematical objects.
Nationalism, Language, Europe
Authors: Barbour Stephen
Published: November 2023

In a book dealing with aspects of human society it is a good idea to introduce at the outset the major phenomena that will be discussed, and to say something about our understanding of the nature of those phenomena. This book deals with languages, and with the part they play in nationalism. Since the scope of any book has to be limited, we have limited our discussion to Europe. It is obvious that nationalism is a complex social phenomenon, and that it relates to nations, which are complex social and political structures. We thus clearly have to start by outlining what we mean by nations and by nationalism. It will be less obvious, however, that the concept of a language is a complex one. Some readers might think that a language is a rather discrete system of communication, that one language can be fairly easily delimited from another. Matters turn out to be much more difficult than this, as we shall see time and time again in the course of the book. This complexity is in fact so great, that even here, in the introductory chapter, we do need to start the discussion of what is meant by a language.
Nomenclature
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

Today’s rongorongo nomenclature derives principally from the two major Easter Island publications of Katherine Routledge (1919) and Alfred Metraux (1940). Yet neither author seems to have studied the rongorongo nomenclature in depth or understood how it had evolved in the drastically changing Rapanui society of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Benjamin Stone (cited in Barreau, 1963: 61) once wrote: “One indication of a cultural preoccupation with a phenomenon is the size of the vocabulary referring to it”. Though Rapanui’s rongorongo was no exception in this regard, the size of the rongorongo nomenclature-a synonymic welter from the 1860s up to the present day-testifies more to the confusion of the phenomenon’s reception on postmissionary Rapanui than to its original make-up. What the vocabulary of rongorongo consisted of on premissionary Rapanui is essentially unknown. There are no documents antedating the 186os about this, and informants’ statements about the earlier society reflect the society and language of Rapanui when the informants were questioned-invariably many years after the event.
The Experts and Nga’ara
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

What has customarily been referred to in the secondary literature of Easter Island as the ma’ori rongorongo (‘rongorongo experts’) or tangata rongorongo (‘rongorongo men’), both innovations of the 1870s, was probably known as the tuhunga kouhau (‘staff experts’) or tuhunga ta (‘writing experts’) on the island in premissionary days. These were the rongorongo authorities, all male, from the end of the eighteenth century up to its demise in the 186os-perhaps no more than three generations in all-who were its recitors, scribes, and teachers. Permitted to touch and even possess the taboo rongorongo artefacts, the many tuhunga ta comprised a special, elevated class of professionals in Rapanui society whose fame continued beyond their deaths.
Reproductions and Facsimiles
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

Four years after Bishop Jaussen had first uncoiled that extraordinary present of human hair from his Rapanui converts to discover beneath it an even more extraordinary “Echancree” (RR 3) in I 869, the gifted sculptor Nicanor Plaza of Santiago’s Museo Nacional de Historia Natural was already creating plaster casts of the rongorongo tablets “Small Santiago” (RR 8) and “Large Santiago” (RR 9) for distribution to Europe’s greatest ethnological museums. In the early I 870s several of Europe’s leading ethnological curators were anxious to possess reproductions of Oceania’s only known indigenous script. Perhaps it was the fact that so very few original artefacts existed-only 25 in all, as we now count them today-that created a demand for “substitute rongorongo” to please an ever more demanding museum patronage.2 Then, as today, when originals are so rare and so widely dispersed, such tools as plaster casts are equally indispensable for the epigrapher, too.
Towards a Reasonable Libertarianism*
Authors: Wiggins David
Published: November 2023

Very well, my obliging opponent, we have now reached an issue. You think all the arbitrary specifications of the universe were introduced in one dose, in the beginning, if there was a beginning, and that the variety and complication of nature has always been just as it is now. But I, for my part, think that the diversification, the specification, has been continually taking place. One of the many reasons, I believe, why philosophy falls short of a satisfying solution to the problem of the freedom of the will is that we still cannot refer to an unflawed statement of ibertarianism. Perhaps libertarianism is in the last analysis untenable. But if we are to salvage its insights, we need to know what is the least unreasonable statement the position could be given. Compatibilist resolutions to the problem of freedom will always wear an appearance of superficiality, however serious the reflections from which they arise, 1 until what they off er by way of freedom can be compared with something else, whether actual or possible or only seemingly imaginable, that is known to be the best that any indeterminist or libertarian could describe.
Eschatology and Epistemology
Authors: Palmer John A
Published: November 2023

Plato’s middle period concern with Parmenides is not limited to the passages in which he describes the forms. Rather, it seems to have had its effect upon many of the doctrines most characteristic of this period. Here I want to show how Plato’s adoption of a strongly anti-empiricist epistemology seems to be prompted in part by his reading of Parmenides. Scholars have noted certain Parmenidean elements in the middle period dialogues apart from the descriptions of forms, but no one has properly integrated these isolated allusions into anything like a systematic picture of Plato’s engagement with Parmenides during this period.
The Argument frorn the Possibility of Knowledge
Authors: Palmer John A
Published: November 2023

In the final movement of Republic 5, Plato presents certain arguments intended to persuade a group he calls ‘the lovers of sights and sounds’ that they are mistaken in assuming that the attention they devote to the ordinary objects of experience furnishes them with knowledge. Plato characterizes the mode of being of these objects as inherently unstable, from which he infers that the cognitive state resulting from apprehension of these objects must likewise be unstable. Plato argues, however, that there is a class of objects with an absolutely stable mode of being that provides the foundation for genuine knowledge. The core of Plato’s argument, its characterization of the opponent, and both the virtues and failings of its general epistemological and ontological perspective all reflect Plato’s use of Parmenides. It is particularly unfortunate, then, that none of the principal modern discussions undertakes any systematic exploration of Plato’s engagement with Parmenides in this text. For the end of Republic 5 is perhaps the only middle period text in which the engagement is specific and sustained enough to show how Plato read certain key passages of Parmenides’ poem.
Parmenides’ Thesis at Issue
Authors: Palmer John A
Published: November 2023

In exploring the continmties Plato would have perceived between Parmenides’ metaphysics and his own ontological and epistemological concerns during the middle period, I have tended to play down the discontinuities between the two theories. The most obvious of these is that Plato’s use preserves the uniqueness of Parmenidean Being only as an attribute of each individual form. The very plurality of the forms seems a radical departure from Parmenides’ monism.1 One might, however, suppose continuity here as well. For some scholars–most prominently, Jonathan Barnes–have challenged the various considerations underpinning the general assumption that Parmenides was a monist.2 Barnes has argued that the fragments of the ‘Truth’ arecompatible with the existence of a plurality of Parrnenidean Beings. Since the middle period forms can be seen as such a plurality, one could conclude that Plato did not think Parmenides a monist. From this perspective, one of the most interesting interpretations of Parmenides as potential pluralist is that advanced by Patricia Curd.
HIV Testing, Screening, and Confidentiality: An American Perspective
Authors: Richards III Edward P
Published: November 2023

The story of HIV1 testing, screening, and confidentially in the USA is like the blind men and the elephant: what one sees depends on one’s perspective and prior experience. A civil liberties lawyer concerned with the privacy of infected individuals would find the US approach a great success. A medical care provider concerned with the spread of HIV and the prompt treatment of infected individuals would see many lost opportunities. A public health specialist concerned with global communicable disease surveillance and control would see a disaster.
Is There a Right to Remain in Ignorance of HIV Status?
Authors: Erin Charles A
Published: November 2023

A recurring question-philosophically speaking, one of the most interesting—in the discussion of issues related to testing and screening for HIV is ‘do people have a right to remain in ignorance of their HIV status?’ Those who assume (often without question) the existence of a right to remain in ignorance seem to think along something like the following lines: non-voluntary testing for HIV is unethical it is morally wrong to test an individual against her will, without her prior fully informed consent; this being so, we may deduce that individuals hold a right not to be tested; the right not to be tested is equivalent to a right to remain in ignorance of HIV status. Such a line of reasoning is intuitively attractive and, at this superficial level, sounds plausible, but, as I will show, the argument proceeds far too swiftly.
Is Motivation Internal to Value?
Authors: Velleman J David
Published: November 2023

Various philosophers have thought that the truth-conditions of some normative statements—the statement that something is good for a person, or that an action is morally required of him, or that there is some reason for him to act— include or entail that the person would be moved to act accordingly under some conditions. I want to argue that there are good reasons for accepting one version of internalism, as this thesis is usually called; but that if these reasons are all that can be said for internalism, as I suspect, then its scope and implications are more limited than they are often conceived to be. The version of internalism that I’ll try to vindicate is restricted to statements about what’s intrinsically good for a person. One reason for focusing on intrinsic value for a person is that it is, of all the normative properties, the one of which internalism seems most likely to be true.
Lexical Shadowing and Argument Closure
Authors: Pustejovsky James
Published: November 2023

In this paper, I address the general nature of argumenthood and what logical distinction is possible between argument types. In particular, I examine the syntactic and semantic behaviour of verbs such as risk and cost, and cognate object verbs such as dance and butter. Such verbs participate in an interesting alternation that I will refer to as lexical shadowing. Shadowing can be defined as the relation between an argument and the underlying semantic expression, which blocks its syntactic projection in the syntax. Informally, we see shadowing at work with sentences in (1) and (2) below, where normally cognate objects are shadowed because of the semantics of the verb.
Polysemy in a Broad-Coverage Natural Language Processing System
Authors: Dolan William , Vanderwende Lucy , Richardson Stephen
Published: November 2023

MS-NLP is a broad-coverage natural language understanding system that has been under development in Microsoft Research since 1991. Perhaps the most notable characteristic of this effort has been its emphasis on arbitrarily broad coverage of natural language phenomena. The system’s goal is to produce a useful linguistic analysis of any piece of text passed to it, regardless of whether that text is formal business prose, casual email, or technical writing from an obscure scientific domain. This emphasis on handling any sort of input has had interesting implications for the design of morphological and syntactic processing. Equally interesting, though, are its implications for semantic processing. The issue of polysemy and the attendant practical task of word sense disambiguation (WSD) take on entirely new dimensions in the context of a system like this, where a word might have innumerable possible meanings. A starting assumption, for example, is that MS-NLP will routinely have to interpret words and technical word senses that are not described in standard reference dictionaries.
Learning a Grammar in Functional Phonology
Authors: Boersma Paul
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will describe how learners can acquire the articulatory and perceptual constraints of segmental phonology and their interactions; specifically, I will show that the substantial content of these constraints does not have to be innate for the learner to be able to acquire an adequate grammar from a realistic amount of overt data. I will assess the empirical adequacy of the functional learning algorithm with respect to existing algorithms that assume the innateness of constraints, and I will show that it is convergent, realistic, and robust.
Foundations: Nietzsche’s Conception of Values
Authors: May Simon
Published: November 2023

Nietzsche’s conception of the nature, function, and grounding of values is the cornerstone of his whole approach to ethics. To elucidate that conception--and related concepts, especially ‘will’ and ‘power’-is crucial to understanding both his criticism of traditional morality and the ethic which he espouses in its place.
Non-moral versus Moral ‘Guilt’ and ‘Bad Conscience’
Authors: May Simon
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on tow sentiments-’guilt’ and ‘bad conscience’--that, as Nictzsche presents them, are central to both traditional morality and his new ethic of ‘life-enhancement’.
Asceticism in Life-Enhancement and Life-Denial
Authors: May Simon
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I continue to explore the contrast between the traditional ‘morality’ that Nietzsche repudiates and the new ethic that he espouses by focusing on a concept that, in his view, crucially structures moral thinking, namely, the ‘ascetic ideal’. In addition, I suggest that there is a broader ascetic conceptual form, of which the ascetic ideal itself is only an extreme (life-denying) version, and which is also capable of other, potentially life-enhancing, instantiations—notably in Nietzsche’s own concepts of ‘self-overcoming’ and of the healthy ‘soul’. This wider discussion hopefully enables me not simply to analyse the role of the ascetic ideal, according to Nietzsche, in Platonic-Christian ‘morality’ (as has been done well by other authors’), but also to show why, with this concept too, life-enhancing forms are possible. But first I must say what 1 mean by the ‘ascetic conceptual form’.
Objective Prescriptions
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

The term ‘objective prescriptivity’ was introduced by John Mackie (1977: ch. 1). Mackie thought that not only some misguided philosophers but even ordinary people think that when they use moral language they are uttering objective prescriptions. Hence his well-known ‘error theory’ of ethics. According to this, when we utter a sentence containing a word like ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. we all think both that we are saying something prescriptive. i.e. action-guiding. and that we are stating some fact about the world; and we are always mistaken. because there are no such prescriptive moral facts existing in the world. I agree with Mackie that, in the sense in which he used that expression, there can he no objective prescriptions. That is to say. if by ‘objective’ we mean ‘factual’, in the sense of ‘merely factual’, a prescription could never be that. An imperative like ‘Shut the door’ does not state any fact about the door. And a statement of fact like ‘The door is locked’ cannot be used to tell somebody to do something. It only becomes a guide to action when conjoined with some general prescription like ‘If a door is locked. do not try to open it’.
Philosophy And Conflict
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

IT seems that every few weeks we hear on the radio or the other media of a new violent conflict that has broken out in some part of the world either between nations or within them. And we very seldom hear that some existing conflict has been resolved: most of them go on and on. The conflicts are the result of differences, often of the most radical sort. between groups of people. These may be differences simply in material interests. or in religion, or in ideology, or in anything else which can make people fight one another. Can philosophy do anything to help resolve these conflicts? They will be resolved. if at all. either by rhetoric, often leading to violence, or by the use of reason. Philosophy contributes to both of these methods: but the second is preferable. There are many obstacles to the settlement of these differences. But one of the main obstacles is bad philosophy. Philosophy well done can help people to understand one another, even if they come from quite different backgrounds and have competing interests. But if done badly it can hinder this, or even make it impossible. I am going to describe various ways in which bad philosophers achieve this barrier to communication, and then I shall say how good philosophers can remedy the trouble.
Philippa Foot On Subjectivism
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

It may therefore be useful to explain yet again why I reject these descriptions. I have done so already in a paper to a conference in Moscow which she beard. and to which she kindly refers (Chapter I). These explanations would not he important if she were the only person to be confused about this matter; but the confusions are so wide spread, even among professional philosophers who should know better, and are so often taught to succeeding generations of students, that it is worthwhile to make yet another attempt to dear them up-though the confusions are so insidious that I have not much hope that they will ever be eradicated.
Weakness Of The Wil
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

On the other hand, there is a problem for externalists and descriptivist too. For if there were no connection between the thought that one ought to do something and the disposition to do it, there would be no puzzle about weakness of will: but there clearly is a puzzle. If someone does not do what he (or she) says he thinks he ought to be doing. an explanation is called for. The person who says ‘ Yes I ought. So what?’ is thought to have something wrong. not merely with his morals. but with his understanding of morality (of the word ‘ought’). The only way to sort out these problems is by a careful analysis of the different contexts and the different senses in which we can say ‘I ought’ but not do what we say we ought. in order to determine whether there are any cases which impugn one or other of the two positions. Such an analysis might leave each side in possession of part of the field, and resolve one of the central problems in ethical theory. But it has not yet been achieved.
Loyalty And Obedience
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

briefly, the story is this. on 25 November 1944 his majesty’s submarine sturdy, commander lieutenant William St. George Anderson. was operating, under control of the us fleet, against Japanese shipping in waters off northern Australia. she encountered a 350-ton Indonesian coastal vessel which lieut. Anderson suspected (rightly as it turned out) of being a supply ship for the Japanese. the vessel was stopped by shell fire but did not sink. sturdy was brought alongside and the vessel was boarded. fifty crewmen had abandoned her in lifeboats, leaving behind the same number of women and children. possibly the families of the crew, or possibly being transported between islands. in the words of lieut. Anderson. ‘ owing to the nature of the cargo (oil) and the use of this type of vessel to the enemy.
The Ethics Of Medical Involvement In Torture
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

But it is necessary to ask what purpose such definitions serve. Some may feel that verbal questions of this kind ought not to occupy our time. But whatever conclusions we reach will have to be expressed in words, and if the words have not been made clear. the conclusions will not be. For example. if we say that torture, or torture in certain specified circumstances. ought to be ruled out. it has to be dear precisely what we are saying should be ruled out. Donnie says (p. 135), ‘From a practical point of view it does not really matter very much whether a practice is strictly torture or some other form of inhuman treatment; the point would be to get it stopped’. But we do need to be dear about what we want to get stopped.
Linguistic Diversity
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

There are some 6,500 different languages in the world, belonging to around 250 distinct families and conforming to numerous grammatical types. This book explains why. Given that the biological mechanisms underlying language are the same in all normal human beings, would we not be a more successful species if we spoke one language? Daniel Nettle considers how this extraordinary and rich diversity arose, how it relates to the nature of language, cognition, and culture, and how it is linked with the main patterns of human geography and history. Human languages and language families are not distributed evenly: there are relatively few in Eurasia compared to the profusion found in Australasia, the Pacific, and the Americas. There is also a marked correlation between biodiversity and linguistic diversity. The author explains the processes by which this distribution evolved and changes still. To do so he returns to the earliest origins of language, reconstructing the processes of linguistic variation and diffusion that occurred when humans first filled the continents and, thousands of years later, turned to agriculture. He ends by examining the causes of linguistic mortality, and why the number of the world's languages may halve before 2100. Linguistic Diversity draws on work in anthropology, linguistics, geography, archaeology, and evolutionary science to provide a comprehensive account of the patterns of linguistic diversity. It is written in a clear, lively and accessible style, and will appeal broadly across the natural and human sciences, as well as to the informed general reader.
Introduction
Authors: Honderich Ted
Published: November 2023

In the first philosophy of which we have more than fragments, there was the arguer who did not give up, Socrates. Of him it is possible to think that he stubbornly chose to die in order to bring home to his accusers the error of their ways, to show them they were wrong about him. His taking the hemlock in399 BC made him as immortal as any of us are. As for his thoughts, they cannot be separated with confidence from those of his pupil Plato, both having been written into the latter’s dia logues. But whatever the origins of Plato’s thoughts, those of his middle period had to do with the ordinary world in which we live and also with something else, true reality.
Stthomas Aquinas (1224/5–n74)
Authors: Broadie Alexander
Published: November 2023

The greatest of the medieval philosopher-theologians. After centuries of neglect by thinkers outside the Catholic Church, his writings are increasingly studied by members of the wider philosophical community and his insights put to work in present-day philosophical debates in the fields of philosophical logic, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, moral philosophy, and the philosophy of religion.
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Authors: Allison Henrye.
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most important European philosopher of modern times, Kant was born, spent his entire life, and died in Konigsberg in East Prussia. After studying at the University of Konigsberg from 1740 to 1746, he worked for a time as a private tutor. In 1755 he returned to the University, received his master’s degree, and began lecturing. In 1770 he was appointed professor and he continued to lecture on a wide variety of subjects, including mathematics, physics, anthropology, pedagogy, and physical geography, as well as the central fields in philosophy, until his retirement in 1796. Although he never married or travelled outside of East Prussia and led a highly regimented existence, he was no recluse. On the contrary, he was known as a brilliant lecturer and conversationalist, had a wide circle of friends, and was keenly interested in the intellectual and political issues of the day.
Martin Heidegger (1889–1976)
Authors: Inwood M J
Published: November 2023

German philosopher who is usually seen as a founder of Existentialism. He prepared the ground for his major work, Sein und Zeit (Being and Time (1927)), with a series of lucid and solid, if unremarkable, writings, which anticipate several of the themes of his notoriously obscure mature work. In “The Problem of Reality in Modern Philosophy” (1912), his first published article, he argues against various versions of idealism, including Kant”s critical idealism, and in favour of critical realism. He criticizes the stress on epistemology characteristic of philosophy since Descartes.
Concepts Without Words
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: November 2023

My personal and intellectual debt to Michael Dummett is greater than my debt to any other philosopher. It was my immense good fortune to have my graduate work supervised by Michael, and a formidable experience it was too. The full power of Michael’s abilities were brought to bear—always in a supportive fashio—on my early fumblings in the subject. Perhaps the most important thing I learned from these lengthy supervision sessions was that a properly argued philosophical position can come only from a deep understanding of, and feeling for, the sources of the opposing conception.
Is Hume’s Principle Analytic?
Authors: boolos george
Published: November 2023

The reduction, however, cuts both ways. It is not easy to see how Frege can avoid the seemingly frivolous argument that if his reduction is really successful, one who believes firmly in the synthetic character of arithmetic can conclude that Frege’s logic is thus proved to be synthetic rather than that arithmetic is proved to be analytic.
The Julius Caesar Objection
Authors: Heck Richard G
Published: November 2023

Recent research has revealed three important points about Frege’s philosophy of arithmetic. First, his attempt to derive axioms for arithmetic from principles of logic does not require Frege to appeal to his Axiom V, the axiom which gives rise to Russell’s Paradox. The proofs sketched in Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik depend only upon what (alluding to Frege’s method of introducing it) may be called Hume’s Principle: The number of Fs is the same as the number of Gs just in case there is a one-one correspondence between the Fs and the Gs Formally, the relevant result is that, if a formalization of this Principle is added as an axiom to standard, axiomatic second-order logic, second-order arithmetic can be interpreted in the resulting theory .Secondly, this theory—which may be called Fregean Arithmetic—is itself interpretable in second-order arithmetic and so, presumably, is consistent.3 And thirdly, Frege’s own formal proofs of axioms for arithmetic, given in his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, do not depend essentially upon Axiom V.4 Indeed, Frege himself knew that he did not require any more than Hume’s Principle, this being essential if he is to draw certain of the philosophical conclusions he wishes to base upon his formal results.