bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethylene and dimethyl acetals from hydroformylated linseed, soybean, and safflower methyl esters as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Awl R. A. , Frankel E. N. , Pryde E. H. , Riser G. R.
Published: May 2007

Dimethyl and ethylene acetals of polyformylated unsaturated fatty esters were prepared, characterized, and evaluated as polyvinyl chloride plasticizers. Dimethyl acetals were prepared with trimethyl orthoformate as a water scavenger in the acid catalyzed acetalation reaction. With ethylene acetals, water was removed azeotropically. Although the acetals prepared were mixtures, molecular distillation gave diacetal esters of 80–90% purity and triacetal esters of 80–95% purity. The samples were characterized by gas liquid chromatography and by IR and NMR spectra. Compared to di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, the triacetal esters (both dimethyl and ethylene acetals) gave less migration and at least equivalent volatility characteristics; the triacetals also gave equivalent compatibility and strength, but somewhat less desirable low temperature and heat stability properties. The diacetal esters also had good compatibility, equivalent strength, somewhat better low temperature, but less desirable migration and volatility properties.
How good are analyses of oils by GLC?
Authors: Herb S. F. , Martin V. G.
Published: May 2007

Analyses of the fatty acid composition of 2 methyl ester mixtures and 13 oils, obtained by collaborators from the AOCS Smalley Gas Chromatography Check Program, were treated statistically. The statistical data may be interpreted to indicate groups of analysts who made a good, satisfactory or poor analysis. The data also indicate the relative degree of difficulty of analyzing the various oils. Coconut oil was the most difficult to analyze while safflower oil offered the least difficulty. A comparison of the precision of results employing the thermal conductivity detector and the flame ionization detector shows no difference.
Synthesis of gossypol and gossypol derivatives
Authors: Edwards J. D.
Published: May 2007

The synthesis of gossypol and certain major degradation products possessing the binaphthyl ring carbon skeleton is discussed.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: VIII. N‐Alkylsulfosuccinamates as lime soap dispersants
Authors: Micich T. J. , Linfield W. M. , Weil J. K.
Published: May 2007

A series of sodium methyl N‐alkylsulfosuccinamates was prepared by the reaction of methyl N‐alkylmaleamates with sodium bisulfite in aqueous ethanol. The surface‐active properties and detergency of these derivatives were compared with those of a series of disodium N‐alkylsulfosuccinamates prepared by the reaction of sodium sulfite with N‐alkylmaleamic acid in water. The ester derivatives generally showed good lime soap dispersing requirement and washing ability in combination with soap, where‐as the disodium salts were somewhat deficient in these properties and exhibited good washing ability only at 0.2% concentration with the surfactant as the sole component.
Determination of mesityl oxide and diacetone alcohol in oilseed meals and flours
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Dupuy H. P. , Rayner E. T.
Published: May 2007

Two methods were compared for quantitative determination of trace amounts of mesityl oxide and diacetone alcohol in acetone‐extracted oilseed meals and flours. In the first, a simple, rapid and direct gas chromatographic procedure, a 0.04 g sample of oilseed meal or flour was placed between 2 small glass wool plugs in a liner of the injection port of a gas chromatograph. Water‐saturated molecular sieve 5A (1.1 g) was added over the glass wool sandwich, and the liner was placed in the heated injection port and firmly secured. Mesityl oxide and diacetone alcohol, and other volatiles, were eluted rapidly from the sample onto the column by the combined action of heat, moisture, and carrier gas. The components then were resolved readily by temperature‐programed gas chromatography on a 2 ft × 1/4 in. Porapak P column. The second method, which is time consuming and tedious, is a modification of the Todd azeotropic distillation procedure and was included, for comparison, as a conventional measure of the concentrations of mesityl oxide and diacetone alcohol. Samples of oilseed meals and flours were analyzed by both methods. The results are compared, and the relative merits of the two procedures are discussed.
Search for new industrial oils. V. Oils of cruciferae
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Miwa T. K. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. , Jones Quentin
Published: May 2007

Seeds from 37 species of plants in the family Cruciferae were analyzed for oil and protein, and the fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. Erucic acid, generally considered characteristic of crucifer oils, occurs in about three‐fourths of these species in amounts ranging from 3 to 59%. Some oils free of erucic acid contain up to 63% linolenic acid or up to 58% eicosenoic.
An investigation of oven methods for determining the moisture content of shelled peanuts
Authors: Hart Joe R.
Published: May 2007

Air‐oven methods, using ground, sliced, and whele shelled peanuts, were investigated. The use of ground samples was found to be unsatisfactory. Slightly more accurate results were obtained with whole nuts than with sliced nuts. The method of heating 50‐g. samples of whole shelled peanuts for 3 hrs. at 130°C. in a foreed‐draft oven gave results agreeing closely with those obtained by the Karl Fischer method for samples of low moisture content.
The effect of trans‐isomers on the physical properties of hydrogenated oils
Authors: Stingley Dale V. , Wrobel Raymond J.
Published: May 2007

Data have been presented which indicate a positive relationship between thetrans‐isomer content of a hydrogenated oil and the congeal point, Wiley melting‐point, and solids index. It has also been shown that cottonseed oil and soybean oil undergo substantially the same type of reaction under identical hydrogenating conditions. This conclusion is based on the relationship oftrans‐isomer formation to total reduction in unsaturation up to the point that equilibrium is reached and saturation of thetrans‐isomers occurs. This equilibrium was noted at between 60–70 iodine value.

The relationship oftrans‐isomer formation to the total reduction in double bonds can be expressed as the hydrogenation index. This is a reliable indication of the type of reaction taking place up to the point where appreciable hydrogenation of thetrans‐isomers occur.
Analysis of mixtures of ionic and nonionic surface‐active agents. Separation and recovery of components by batch ion exchange
Authors: Rosen Milton J.
Published: May 2007

Mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants or cationic and nonionic surfactants can be separated by stirting an aqueous solution of the mixture with a small amount of a strong anion exchange or strong cation exchange resin, respectively. The resin‐ionic surfactant complex is removed by filtration and washed; the nonionics are recovered from the filtrate and washings.

By suitable treatment the ionic surfactants can be removed selectively from the resin. In the case of anionic surfactants, soaps, alkyl sulfates, and alkylaryl sulfonates can successively be removed from the resin; with cationics, nonquaternary and quaternary surfactants can be selectively removed. Results obtained with various mixtures of surface active agents are discussed.
Selectivity and isomerization during partial hydrogenation of cottonseed oil and methyl oleate: Effect of operating variables
Authors: Albright Lyle F. , Wisniak Jaime
Published: May 2007

Results are now available for hydrogenation of cottonseed oil and methyl oleate in which sufficient agitation was provided to eliminate mass transfer resistances from the catalyst surface. The ratio of thetrans‐to‐cis isomers of oleic acid groups approaches 2.0 even at high pressures and high degrees of agitation. The rates of hydrogenation for bothcis andtrans isomers and for positional isomers are all essentially identical. A reaction scheme has been devised that is consistent with extensive experimental data, and the method of evaluating the relative reaction rate constants for each step is outlined. Using these rates constants, selectivity can be quantitatively evaluated.
The chemistry of the 2‐thiobarbituric acid test for the determination of oxidative rancidity in foods. I. Some important side reactions
Authors: Tarladgis Basil G. , Pearson A. M. , Dugan L. R.
Published: May 2007

Evidence is presented by UV, visible, and IR spectra as well as by paper and column chromatography of variously treated TBA‐acid reagents that the structure of TBA is altered upon acid‐heat treatment. A more pronounced but similar effect results from the treatment of the TBA with hydrogen peroxide. Some of the degradation products of TBA absorb at the same wavelength as the TBA‐malonaldehyde complex, as do many compounds which are reported in the literature to react with TBA. The significance of these findings in respect to the quantitative aspects of the test for the determination of rancidity in food products is discussed.
Plant scale comparisons of various refining methods for cottonseed oil
Authors: Cavanagh G. C.
Published: May 2007

Three different refining processes were commercially compared by processing 15,148 metric tons of cottonseed with free fatty acid content varying between 7.1% and 8.9%. All of the seed was prepressed and solvent extracted in the Sanbra plant at Bauru, Brazil. The Ranchers Miscella refining process operating on seed averaging 8.8% F.F.A. yielded more oil of lighter color per ton of seed processed than either of the other processes compared, even though the average F.F.A. of the seed processed during the Ranchers Miscella Refining test averaged 1.7% higher than the seed used in the Sanbra process and 1.1% higher than the average F.F.A. for the seed used in the Low Loss Refining test.

In another comparison, screw pressed oil, Modified Soda Ash refined was compared to Ranchers Miscella refining with seed containing about 0.5% F.F.A. The results showed 42% lower refining loss and a color of 3.5 Red Lovibond units less for Ranchers Miscella refined oil than for Modified Soda Ash refined oil.

The average cost of converting crude cottonseed oil to prime bleachable summer yellow oil by the miscella refining process described is 20.8Ţ per hundred weight of oil (not including refining loss). These costs include the prorated cost of control laboratory, plant labor and supervision, fuel, power, chemicals, depreciation, taxes and insurance.
Establishment of a standardized detergency evaluation method
Authors: Linfield W. M. , Jungermann Eric , Sherrill J. C.
Published: May 2007

This paper describes a standardized laboratory procedure for determining the fabric soil‐removal efficiency of heavy‐duty detergents. A careful analysis of machines, standard soil fabrics, operating times, and water hardness had led to the standardization of technique. The precision of the method has been presented for tests carried out in hard and soft water on two anionic heavy‐duty detergents at a concentration of 0.2%. Standard deviations of 0.74% for a water hardness of 50 p.p.m. and 1.03% for a water hardness of 135 or 300 p.p.m. have been obtained.
Use of mercuric acetate addition to prepare unsaturated fatty ester concentrates
Authors: Stearns E. M. , White H. B. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: May 2007

Mereuric acetate in methanol was reacted with unsaturated fatty acid esters in mixtures prepared from linseed, safflower and menhaden oils and pig liver and beef adrenal lipids. Methanol solutions retained predominantly the adducts of the more highly unsaturated esters when extracted with either n‐pentane or commercial pentane (Skellysolve F). The free esters were recoverable from the adducts.

Linoleate of 95% purity and linolenate of 90% purity were obtained directly from natural oils by this procedure. Concentrates of more highly unsaturated acids were obtained similarly.
Long chain carboxylic acids containing ether linkage: IV. The antibacterial activities of 0‐(2‐alkylaminoethyl)‐3‐oxypropionic and N‐(2‐alkyloxyethyl)‐3‐aminopropionic acids
Authors: Abe Yoshiro , Osanai Shuichi , Matsumura Shuichi
Published: May 2007

The carboxylic amphoteric surfactants containing ether and substituted amine groups such as 0‐(2‐alkylaminoethyl)‐3‐oxypropionic‐and N‐(2‐alkyloxyethyl)‐3‐aminopropionic acids were synthesized, and their antibacterial activities in terms of growth inhibition ofStaphylococcus aureus andEscherichia coli were examined. The structural effect, such as bonding position of ether and amino groups, and the chain length effect between undecyloxy‐, dodecyloxy‐ and tridecyloxy radicals were examined, but no definite correlation between positional isomers and chain length and antibacterial activities was observed. Furthermore, to study the effect of the increase of the number of ether or amino groups on the antibacterial activities, N‐(2‐(2‐dodecyloxyethyl)‐aminoethyl)‐3‐aminopropionic acid and N‐(2‐(2‐dodecyloxyethyl)oxyethyl)‐3‐aminopropionic acid were synthesized. Their antibacterial activities were almost as effective as the corresponding amino or ether acids. Moreover aqueous solution of these substituted propionic acids showed better surface activities at pH 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0.
Hydrogenation of alkali‐conjugated linoleate: Isomeric monoene profiles obtained with nickel, palladium and platinum catalysts
Authors: Koritala Sambasi Varao
Published: May 2007

Alkali‐conjugated linoleate (cis‐9,trans‐11‐ andtrans‐10,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate) was hydrogenated with nickel, palladium and platinum catalysts. Thetrans andcis monoenes formed during reduction were isolated, and their double bond distribution was determined by reductive ozonolysis and gas liquid chromatography. About 44–69% of the monoenes were composed of δ10 and δ11trans monoene isomers, whereas the δ9 and δ12cis monoenes amounted to 20–26%. With nickel catalyst, composition of monoene isomers remained the same, even when the hydrogenation temperature was increased. The monoene isomer profiles between nickel and palladium catalysts were indistinguishable. Isomerization of monoenes with platinum catalyst was suppressed at 80 psi. The position of the double bonds in unreacted conjugated diene was always retained, except with nickel at both temperatures and with platinum at 150 C when a slight migration occurred. Geometrical isomerization totrans,trans‐conjugated diene was observed in the unreacted diene with nickel (ca. 15% of diene) at both 100 C and 195 C, and with platinum (ca. 7% of diene) at 150 C.
New castor oil‐based urethane elastomers
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Garrett V. H.
Published: May 2007

Urethane elastomers with a wide range of properties were prepared by reaction of toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate or an aliphatic diisocyanate with a series of castor oil derivatives. The castor derivatives included amides prepared by reaction of castor oil with mono‐ or dialkanolamines, amides of ricinoleic acid with long chain di‐ and triamines, butanediol diricinoleate and the commercial products‐castor oil itself and the monoricinoleates of propylene glycol and pentaerythritol. Elastomers were also prepared from commercial polyether diols for comparison. Properties evaluated include hardness, resilience, tear strength, stress‐strain properties, compression set and resistance to water and oil. Particularly high tensile and tear strengths were obtained from the amides. Softer products with good properties were obtained from propylene glycol monoricinoleate and from mixtures of the amides with castor oil or butanediol diricinoleate. Improved products were obtained by the use of diphenylmethane diisocyanate in place of toluene diisocyanate.
Future prospects of animal production of fats and protein
Authors: Borgstrom Georg
Published: May 2007

Present trends in the global animal production of fats and protein are reviewed. The dominance of the West and the temperate latitudes is underlined, and the uniqueness of China and Japan are analyzed. The global disparities are based primarily on the ample soil resources in the West allowing for extensive production of feed crops, led by oilseeds. A second major input is fish protein, half the catches of fish from the oceans being converted into meal and oil. This kind of secondary or even tertiary production is unlikely to be copied under the parsimonious conditions of the poor world. The relative roles of oilseed and fish proteins are analyzed. Future trends are discussed on the basis of the FAO projections presented in the Indicative World Plan.
The chemical utilization of fats and oils. II. A new reaction of glycerides
Authors: Silverstein R. M. , Englert R. D. , Richards L. M.
Published: May 2007

The direct condensation of glycerides with benzene in the presence of aluminum chloride or hydrogen fluoride to produce aralkyl ketones has been described.
Fat transport mechanism
Authors: McCollester Duncan L.
Published: May 2007

The body uses several different mechanisms for the transport of fat in the aqueous medium of the blood. Fat is absorbed from the intestine in the form of chylomicrons, which are discrete particles, visible under the microscope. They consist primarily of triglycerides of the longer fatty acids. The chylomicrons are absorbedvia the lymphatic system, which ultimately empties into the blood stream. They are rapidly removed from the blood by several tissues, which either oxidize the fatty acids, store them, or return them to the circulation incorporated in liproproteins or bound to serum albumin. This latter mechanism of transporting fatty acids by binding them to albumin has recently been shown to be of great physiologic significance. Although the quantity of lipide so bound represents only a small percentage of the total serum lipides, it has a rapid turnover. The bulk of the serum lipides are carried as large lipoprotein molecules, of which there is a wide spectrum. Although several methods are now available for characterizing and quantitating these lipoproteins, little is known of their physiologic significance.
Correlation of detergency with physicochemical factors
Authors: Mankowich A. M.
Published: May 2007

It is felt that it would be of interest to conclude this paper by showing some of the correlations already established for selected soil‐surfactant series of systems, with particular reference to the variation of the linearity constants K1 and K2 of these systems with corresponding soil or surfactant physicochemical factors. Table IX gives the detergency functions for these multi‐soil, common surfactant, and multi‐surfactant, common soil, series of systems.
Metabolic studies of glyceride esters of adipic acid
Authors: Shull Rosemary L. , Gayle Louis A. , Coleman Richard D. , Alfin‐Slater Roslyn B. , Gros Audrey T. , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

Data on the digestibility, absorption, andin vivo oxidation of two types of adipic acid esters of glycerides, a diglyceride adipate and a polymer of fatty acids, adipic acid, and glycerol, have been presented. Findings indicate that these compounds have high digestibility coefficients and that the stearic acid moiety is well absorbed. However, although the stearic acid moieties are oxidized slowly in both cases, which is compatible with previous findings that a slow rate ofin vivo oxidation of the stearic acid moiety of glycerides obtains (6), the rate of oxidation of the stearic acid is greater when fed as the diglyceride adipate than as the polyester.
The effect of various antioxidants on the keeping quality of yellow grease
Authors: Gearhart W. M. , Stuckey B. N.
Published: May 2007

Yellow grease was stabilized with varying quantities of BHA, BHT, and propyl gallate under laboratory conditions. Propyl gallate was the best antioxidant with BHA a close second.

Yellow grease was stabilized with mixtures of BHA and citric acid; BHA, propyl gallate, and citric acid; and BHA and BHT under laboratory conditions. The BHA‐citric acid mix proved to be the best mixture.

Grease was stabilized by adding various antioxidant mixtures before and after rendering. It was found better to add the antioxidant after rendering. Propyl gallate showed almost no carry‐through properties. It was also shown possible to add the citric acid before rendering and the antioxidant after rendering.

It was found that extra citric acid (.1 to .5%) added with an antioxidant increased the effectiveness of the antioxidant when greases of low stability were encountered. The iron content of the initial grease seems to have some bearing on the ease with which it could be stabilized.
Oleoresinous varnishes from epoxy resins and drying oils
Authors: Tess Roy W.
Published: May 2007

Epoxy resins derived from epichlorohydrin and Bisphenol‐A have been converted into air‐drying varnishes by cooking with vegetable oils. Compared to varnishes derived from ordinary varnish resins, the epoxy resin‐oil varnishes have faster bodying rate, higher viscosity, lighter color, and lower acid number. Although the epoxy resin‐oil varnishes dry slowly and yield soft films like many other soft oil varnishes, they have remarkably good exterior durability in clear films upon wood, and in pigmented films have good chalk resistance. The varnishes are quite different from epoxy esters derived from epoxy resins and fatty acids. These latter products dry rapidly and yield hard, flexible films possessing good abrasion and chemical resistance.

In cooking the varnishes at the high temperatures (580°F.) employed, epoxy groups are destroyed and the total hydroxyl content remains essentially unchanged. At lower temperatures (480°F.) the alcoholysis of oils by the hydroxyl groups in the epoxy resin proceeds readily while the epoxy groups remain essentially intact. Such alcoholyzed products may be used for further cooking with acids of various types. Phthalic anhydride, for example, was used to convert the product to an alkyd having good drying properties.
Rice bran oil. V. The stability and processing characteristics of some rice bran oils
Authors: Swift C. E. , Fore Sara P. , Dollear F. G.
Published: May 2007

The extraction, processing, characteristics, and stability properties of nine batches of hexane‐extracted rice bran oil were investigated. The oils were refined, bleached, and deodorized and their color and stability determined. Samples of the bleached oils were hydrogenated to approximately shortening consistency, deodorized, and the stability of the hydrogenated products determined.

Pilot plant extractions of five batches of rice bran yielded crude oils equivalent to 91% of the hexane‐soluble portions of the bran.

The nine crude oils whose content of free fatty acids ranged from 2.0 to 6.3% were refined by the cup method with losses ranging from 12.0 to 23.5% although the neutral oil content of six crude rice bran oils ranged from 89.9 to 92.6%.

The Lovibond color of the nine refined oils ranged from 35 yellow and 4.5 red to 70 yellow and 9.5 red, and the color of the bleached oils ranged from 15 yellow and 1.5 red to 35 yellow and 3.2 red.

Steam‐refining, employed in conjunction with alkali‐refining, proved effective as a means of reducing the losses in refining rice bran oil.

The nine batches of refined, bleached, and deodorized rice bran oils had iodine values ranging from 101.3 to 105.7 and stabilities averaging 24 hours.

Nine bleached oils hydrogenated to approximate shortening consistency had iodine values averaging approximately 66 and stabilities averaging 370 hours.

Refined, bleached, and deodorized rice bran oil is bland but has some tendency toward flavor reversion.

The most outstanding characteristics of rice bran oil is its exceptional stability after hydrogenation.
9(10)‐Carboxyoctadecylamine and 9(10)‐aminomethyloctadecanoic acid: Synthesis and polymerization to polyamides with lateral substitution
Authors: Miller W. R. , Neff W. E. , Frankel E. N. , Pryde E. H.
Published: May 2007

9(10)‐Carboxyoctadecylamine (I) and 9(10)‐aminomethyloctadecanoic acid (II) have been prepared from selectively hydroformylated oleonitrile and oleic acid, respectively. Polymerization of I gave a transparent hard, somewhat brittle, polyamide, whereas polymerization of II gave a soft, rubbery polymer that flowed slowly at room temperature. Copolymers of I with II had properties reflecting those of the component homopolymers, although II exercised a disproportionate softening effect. The same was generally true of copolymers of I or II with nylon‐66 salt, caprolactam, and 9‐aminononanoic acid. The copolymer of I with 25 mole % nylon‐66 salt was transparent, was also elastic, and could be either drawn into fibers or made into a coherent film. The properties of the two amino acids and of their polymers agreed with those expected from simpler alkyl‐substituted amino acids.
Membrane concentration potentials across heavy metal soap membranes
Authors: Beg M. Aljaz , Ahmad Firoz , Razzao Abdul
Published: May 2007

The alumina mixed copper soap pellets of different fatty acids (C6−C16) have been prepared. The pellets are used as membranes of electropositive character. The concentration potential studies have been carried out with potassium chloride solutions. Transport number of counterions and selective ionic permeability through these membranes have been calculated. The values of both these parameters increase with increase in the number of C‐atoms of the hydrocarbon chain of copper soaps. This seems to be due to lowering in solubility and increase in crosslinking in the membrane material.
5,5‐Dimethyloxazolidine‐2‐thione formation from glucosinolate inLimnanthes alba Benth. seed
Authors: Daxenbichler M. E. , Vanetten C. H.
Published: May 2007

A crystalline compound, identified as 5,5‐dimethyloxazolidine‐2‐thione was isolated from defattedLimnanthes alba var.alba (meadowfoam) seed meal by either of two procedures, described below. The precursor glucosinolate was separated and then hydrolyzed with an added thioglucosidase prepared from mustard seed. Alternatively, endogenous thioglucosidase was allowed to act in an aqueous slurry of theLimnanthes alba meal, and subsequently 5,5‐dimethyloxazolidine‐2‐thione was purifed from the autholysis products. Previous workers reported 5,5‐dimethyloxazolidine‐2‐thione formation in seed meals of only two Cruciferae genera. Among seed samples we analyzed representing theLimnanthaceae species, production of the rare oxazolidinethione derivative was unique toLimnanthes alba.
Secondary products from high pressure hydrogenation of crambe oil
Authors: Spencer G. F. , Nieschlag H. J. , Rothfus J. A.
Published: May 2007

Hydrogenation of crambe oil, mainly an α,α’‐dierucoyl triglyceride, in the presence of cadmium promoted copper‐chromite provides long chain waxes being sought as sperm whale oil replacements. Gas liquid chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analyses of secondary products indicate, however, that reduction proceeds rather differently from Adkins‐type hydrogenations of triglycerides over copper‐chromium oxide catalysts. Monoand diunsaturated alkenes ranging from C16‐C24, odd chain lengths included, constitute ca. 1% of the product. Esters of crambe acids with methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, and isopropyl alcohols account for less than 5%. These alcohols and traces of 1,2‐propanediol from the hydrogenolysis of glycerol occur in either the head gas or the reaction mixture or both. In contrast to published results for Adkins‐type hydrogenations of triglycerides, n‐propyl alcohol is far more abundant than isopropyl alcohol or 1,2‐propanediol. Isopropyl esters of C‐18 acids are not present, and those of C‐22 acids constitute no more than 2% of the total esters. Low proportion of isopropyl esters and enrichment of C‐22 acids in the secondary products compared with C‐18 acids suggest that the acyl substituent at the β‐position of glycerol is eliminated during hydrogenation of crambe oil with a Cd−Cu−Cr catalyst.
Detection and determination of chlorinated pesticide residues in raw and various stages of processed vegetable oil
Authors: Hashemy‐Tonkabony S. E. , Soleimani‐Amiri M. J.
Published: May 2007

One hundred and ten samples of raw oil and the oil of various stages of processing, i.e., neutralized, hydrogenated, decolorized, deodorized, and shortenings were taken from seven operating oil processing factories of Iran. The samples were analysed by gas chromatography for detection and determination of chlorinated pesticide residues. The results show the presence of DDT and its metabolites as well as lindane, dieldrin, and endrin in raw and processed oil, and their relative loss is due to chemical and heat treatment.
Nucleophilic and radical addition of H2S to methyl linolenate and linseed oil
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Gast L. E. , Rohwedder W. K.
Published: May 2007

Hydrogen sulfide was added to methyl linolenate and linseed oil to yield mercapto, thio, and thiolan derivatives. Nucleophilic conditions at low temperatures gave faster and more complete reactions than did free radical conditions. Major reaction products were identified by gas liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen sulfide to the methyl esters of hydrogenated nonconjugatable linseed oil was made at −70 C in the presence of boron trifluoride, and thiolan derivatives appeared to form in preference to thiane derivatives.
Methods for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids V. A spectrophotometric method for cottonseed oils based upon the Halphen‐test reaction
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Pittman R. A. , Magne F. C. , Skau E. L.
Published: May 2007

A spectrophotometric method of analysis for the quantitative estimation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in cottonseed oil based upon the Halphen‐test reaction has been described. Various parameters involved in the reaction have been investigated and two pigment fractions responsible for the characteristic Halphen‐test cherry‐red color have been isolated. The method is applicable to relatively small amts of sample material. The average deviation from the actual cyclopropenoid acid contents as determined by the stepwise HBr titration method was less than ŷ0.02% in both the refined and crude oil series.
Studies on the behaviour of chromium (iii) soaps. I. Spectrophotometry of chromium stearate and palmitate in nonaqueous solutions
Authors: Malik W. U. , Ahmad S. I.
Published: May 2007

Studies on the spectrophotometry of chromium stearate and chromium palmitate in benzene, toluene, xylene, carbon tetrachloride and pyridine solvents provide evidence for the existence of complex ion formation. It has been found that this property can be applied successfully for the estimation of chromium in the concn range 1 to 11 mM/liter at 425 and 580 mƁ. The method can be employed for the higher concn (> 11 m M/liter) range also but the Beer‐Lambert舗s law is applicable only at 425 mƁ.
Studies on the behaviour of chromium (iii) soaps. II. Solubility and viscometric studies with chromium stearate and palmitate in nonaqueous solutions
Authors: Malik W. U. , Ahmad S. I.
Published: May 2007

The colloid chemical behaviour of the chromium stearate and palmitate in nonaqueous solutions have been investigated by solubility and viscometric methods. Chromium stearate and palmitate form no micellar aggregate in pyrindine but aggregate into micelles in benzene, toluene, xylene and carbon tetrachloride in the concn range of ca. 0.7舑1.5ȕ10蜢2 mole/liter. Viscometric studies can be utilized in estimating the concn of the metal soaps in fairly concd solution: 0.822舑27.431 g/liter.
Some new derivatives of lesquerolic acid
Authors: Nelson Jane S. , Applewhite Thomas H.
Published: May 2007

A series of derivatives was prepared for evaluation purposes from lesquerolic (14‐hydroxy‐cis‐11‐eicosenoic) acid. Preparative procedures, isolation, and purification of these materials are reported, and the new derivatives described.
Carotenoid pigments of peanut oil
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Purcell Albert E.
Published: May 2007

A method for analysis of carotenoid pigments in peanut oil is described. The major carotenoid pigments found in peanut oil were beta‐carotene and lutein. A sample of oil from immature peanuts contained 60 Ɓg of beta‐carotene and 138 Ɓg of lutein per liter of oil. The total carotenoid concentration in oil from mature peanuts appears to be less than 1 Ɓg per liter of oil.
Chemical and nutritional evaluation ofPongamia glabra oil andAcacia auriculaeformis oil
Authors: Mandal B. , Majumdar S. Ghosh , Maity C. R.
Published: May 2007

Karanja seed(Pongamia glabra) oil contains toxic flavonoids including 1.25% karanjin and 0.85% pongamol. After refining the oil resembles peanut oil in composition and is free from toxic flavonoids, bitterness and unpleasant odors. Akashmoni seed(Acacia auriculaeformis) oil is rich in stearic acid (31%), and nearly two‐thirds of its glyceride is GS2 U (disaturated monounsaturated), mostly SOS (saturated‐stearic acid and unsaturated‐oleic acid). Nutritional evaluations of these two refined seed oils were carried out in rats by feeding the respective oils and peanut oil as control at 10% level in a 20% protein diet for 12 weeks. The animals fed karanja oil showed poor growth performance, altered lipid metabolism and fatty infiltration in liver. Akashmoni oil in the diet of rats did not reveal growth retardation or any abnormalities in evaluations of lipid parameters of serum and liver or histopathological findings. The results of this study indicate that refined karanja oil is toxic to rats and may not be desirable for edible purposes, while akashmoni oil may be desirable.
Method of analysis for deoxynivalenol and zearalenone from cereal grains
Authors: Bennett G. A. , Megalla S. E. , Shotwell O. L.
Published: May 2007

A method was developed to determine deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in corn, wheat, oats, rice and barley. The toxins are extracted with methanol/water (50:50, v/v) (2×) and partially purified by partitioning into ethyl acetate and then defatting with acetonitrile‐petroleum ether. Toxins are isolated by silica gel column chromatography. Interfering materials are removed from the column with benzene; zearalenone is eluted with benzene/acetone (95:5, v/v), and after a column wash of chloroform/methanol (95:2, v/v), deoxynivalenol is eluted with chloroform/methanol (95:5, v/v). Zearalenone is quantitated by thin‐layer chromatography and deoxynivalenol by gas‐liquid chromatography of the trimethylsilyl derivative. The detection limit is about 0.02 µg/g for each toxin. Recoveries of added toxins varied with substrate and level of toxins. Recovery of deoxynivalenol ranged from 58% for 1 ppm in rice to 108% for 1 ppm in corn. Average recoveries for all levels (1, 2 and 5 ppm) ranged from 69% for barley to 89% for oats. Recovered zearalenone ranged from 40% for 5 ppm in wheat to 100% for 1 ppm in barley. Average recoveries for zearalenone at 1, 2 and 5 ppm varied from 53% for wheat to 87% for rice.
Characteristics and compositions ofCarissa spinarum, Leucaena leucocephala andPhysalis minima seeds and oils
Authors: Chandrasekhara Rao T. , Lakshminarayana G. , Prasad N. B. L. , Jagan Mohan Rao S. , Azeemoddin G. , Atchyuta Ramayya D. , Thirumala Rao S. D.
Published: May 2007

The seeds and extracted oils ofCarissa spinarum (Apocynaceae), (I),Leucaena leucocephala (Leguminosae) (II) andPhysalis minima (Solanaceae) (III) were analyzed for characteristics and compositions. The seeds of I, II and III contained 22.4, 6.4 and 40.0% oil and 10.1, 27.6 and 17.9% protein, respectively. The oils of I, II and III had, respectively, iodine values 70.1, 113.5 and 122.5; saponification values 186, 188 and 189; unsaponifiable matter 5.2, 2.5 and 0.8%, and the following fatty acid compositions (area %): palmitic 12.6, 14.2, 10.5; stearic 7.6, 6.1, 8.6; oleic 72.7, 20.1, 17.3; linoleic 5.2, 53.8, 61.4; linolenic 0.9, 1.8, 0.0, and arachidic 1.0, 2.3, 0.0. II contained 1.7% lignoceric acid. III contained small amounts of hexadecenoic (0.1%), epoxy (0.6%) and hydroxy (1.5%) fatty acids.
On free hydroxy acids of peat wax
Authors: Rauhala Veikko T.
Published: May 2007

Further examination of peat wax has not resulted in the isolation of chemically pure compounds, but data presented below make it seem probable that peat wax contains aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with a molecular size of about C19−C22 and aliphatic monohydroxy acids with a molecular size of the order of C20−C21.
Concurrent oxidation of cholesterol and corn oil sterols in autoxidizing lipid films
Authors: Norcia L. N.
Published: May 2007

A new, simple method based on assay of cholesterol is presented for study of the time course and extent of air oxidation of cholesterol. Using such a method, the air oxidation of 0.5–3.5% solutions of corn oil sterols and cholesterol in films of either corn oil or corn oil fatty acids has been followed by the author for periods of up to 3 months at room temperature and 2 weeks at 60°C. in the dark. Under these conditions it was shown that a) solid cholesterol is relatively stable to air oxidation; b) in lipid films cholesterol is readily subject to oxidative attack which appears to be closely linked to the stability of the lipid film itself to autoxidation; c) more than 90% conversion of cholesterol to oxidation products has been observed in such systems; d) the principal corn oil sterols are oxidized at the same rate as cholesterol, and esterification of the corn oil sterols did not affect the rate at which they were oxidized; and e) the rate of concurrent oxidation of cholesterol in corn oil and corn oil fatty acid films in independent of the concentration of cholesterol at low concentrations, 0.5–3.5%. The disappearance rate is dependent on the stability of the lipid film itself as shown by peroxide value.
Brain cholesterol. XI. A review of biosynthesis in adult mice
Authors: Kabara Jon J.
Published: May 2007

During the past decade, our laboratory has been involved in studying the biosynthesis of brain cholesterol under various conditions. As a result of these studies, we feel that the hypothesis of metabolic stability of cholesterol in adult life is untenable. Our data suggest that there are several compartments of sterol metabolism ranging from extremely fast to metabolically very slow. It is our hypothesis that (a) brain function is more nearly associated with fast turnover compartments than with metabolically slow ones; (b) these compartments can be altered by a variety of stress conditions.

Current experimental work being done with monkeys and baboons, and in human fetii suggest that conclusions formed about the mouse generally are applicable to these higher evolutionary forms.

What remains unsolved is the relationship between cholesterol metabolism and brain function. We continue to search for answers to physiological psychology.
Desmosterol in developing rat brain
Authors: Kritchevsky David , Tepper Shirley A. , DiTullio Nicholas W. , Holmes William L.
Published: May 2007

The brain of the young rat contains appreciable amounts of desmosterol (24‐dehydrocholesterol). The peak desmosterol concentration is seen during the first week of life and only traces of this sterol are found at 21 days. The spinal cord also contains some desmosterol. Rat brain desmosterol is distributed in the white matter, gray matter and cerebellum and occurs in the same proportion to cholesterol in each of these brain fractions. Rat brain contains a small amount of sterol ester but no appreciable amounts of desmosterol are present in this fraction.

Studies carried out in intact animals injected either intraperitoneally or intracerebrally with mevalonic acid‐2‐14C or glucose‐U‐14C indicate the biosynthetic origin or brain desmosterol. Rat brain slices (1舑20 day old) incubated in suitably fortified medium convert sodium acetate‐2‐14C and glucose‐U‐14C to desmosterol, whereas brain slices from adult rats yielded no radioactive desmosterol under similar conditions. When labeled desmosterol was incubated with young rat brain slices, it was converted to cholesterol.

When pregnant rats were treated with triparanol (20 mg/kg/day) during the course of their pregnancy, they either resorbed the fetuses or gave birth to small, stillborn litters. The brains of the progeny of triparanol treated mothers contained large amounts of desmosterol as well as another sterol which may be ख7,24‐cholestadiene‐3ॆ‐ol.
Application of computer methods to the calculation of triglyceride structure
Authors: Perkins Edward G. , Hanson Andrew V.
Published: May 2007

A digital computer method for the calculation of triglyceride structure using a FORTRAN program has been developed. The results of several methods of calculation and hypothesis of glyceride structure were compared with values determined experimentally. The comparison obtained with the random, restricted random, 1,3‐random‐2‐random distribution hypotheses, as well as other proposed hypotheses, indicated that the 1,3‐random‐2‐random hypothesis best approximated the values obtained experimentally by other investigators.
Production of microbial lipases for the study of triglyceride structure
Authors: Alford John A. , Smith James L.
Published: May 2007

Lipases from different microorganisms are known to differ in their site of attack on triglycerides, and recent evidence has indicated that they may be useful in studying triglyceride structure. This paper is concerned with the most recent developments in the production, recovery, and stability of lipases from three of these microorganisms. The lipase fromStaphylococcus aureus, which attacks both the 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐positions of triglycerides, is produced in an aerated, tryptic digest of casein at 30C in 1舑2 days. The lipase fromGeotrichum candidum, which attacks primarily unsaturated fatty acid linkages and shows some stereospecificity, is produced in a static culture grown on a mineral salts‐glucoseprotein hydrolysate medium incubated at 20C for 4舑5 days. An improved method is described for preparing lyophilized preparations of these, and thePseudomonas fragi lipase, which are quite stable when stored in a refrigerator.
Determination of cloud points of nonionic surfactants
Authors: Williams J. L. , Stein N. J.
Published: May 2007

By use of a specially adapted fluorometer attached to a strip chart recorder, a spectrum or cloud‐o‐gram can be obtained from various types of ethylene oxide condensates (nonionic surfactants). A cloud‐point reproducible to ŷ0.2C can be determined from the cloud‐o‐gram. The cloud‐o‐gram is unique for each classification, and differences can be detected within classifications.
Preparation of linseed acid chlorides
Authors: Dufek E. J. , Gast L. E. , DeJarlais W. J.
Published: May 2007

A method is described for the preparation of linseed acid chlorides in excellent yields and functional purity. After linseed acids are reacted with phosphorus trichloride, the mixture is briefly heated in vacuo, cooled, and decanted. The linseed acid chlorides were also distilled in a specially modified molecular still to obtain a nearly colorless product.
Phase behavior of aqueous systems of monoglycerides
Authors: Lutton E. S.
Published: May 2007

Monoglyceride‐H2O systems in the range above about 5% H2O exhibit a varied phase behavior with a number of mesomorphic states reminiscent of those found for soap‐H2O systems. There are fluid neat, stiff and 舠short舡 viscous isotropic, and plastic or stringy middle states.

In the case of saturated monoglycerides, neat states prevail at low molecular weight as with monolaurin, but viscous isotropic and finally middle states appear at higher chain length as with monoarchidin and monobehenin.

The phase diagrams for systems of unsaturated compounds resemble those for systems of saturated compounds, with corresponding phase regions occurring at lower temperatures. The monoelaidin‐H2O system closely resembles a shifted monostearin‐H2O system, neither system showing middle. Middle phase appears in a small island for monoolein and monolinolein near 90C and 20% water.

Water dissolves negligible amounts of monoglycerides so that phases which are nearly 100% H2O exist for substantially all systems and conditions when H2O content is 60% or more.
Salts of alkyl esters ofa‐sulfopalmitic anda‐sulfostearic acids
Authors: Stirton A. J. , Bistline R. G. , Barr Elizabeth A. , Nunez‐Ponzoa M. V.
Published: May 2007

Lithium, ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl and secondary butyl esters ofa‐sulfopalmitic anda‐sulfostearic acids were prepared for a study of structureproperty relations. The esters are easily biodegradable, have good foaming, detergent and lime soap dispersing properties and resist acid and alkaline hydrolysis. Thea‐sulfopalmitates are more soluble.

Differences in the cation and the alcohol influence melting point, aqueous solubility, solubility in organic solvents, surface and interfacial tension, critical micelle concentration and emulsifying properties.
Production of cyclic fatty acids: Water as the reaction solvent
Authors: Beal R. E. , Eisenhauer R. A. , Sohns V. E.
Published: May 2007

In an attempt to lower processing costs of producing cyclic fatty acids by a high‐temperature alkali treatment, water was tested as the reaction solvent instead of ethylene glycol, previously used. Based on extensive tests in a high‐pressure autoclave, saturated cyclic (cyclohexanoic) fatty acids were produced under economic reaction conditions, including a temperature of about 300C; a 4:1 solvent ratio and 50% excess sodium hydroxide catalyst. The lower yield of saturated cyclic fatty acids by the water process is more than offset by the fewer steps and reduced evaporation costs.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. XII. Effect of solvents on selectivity
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

Selectivity of heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation of linolenate over linoleate is increased by the presence of certain polar solvents. A ratio of specific reaction rate constants for linolenate to linoleate of 4 was obtained with a 5% palladium‐on‐alumina catalyst when dimethyl formamide (DMF) was used as the solvent. This high selectivity of DMF was independent of temperature and catalyst concentration. Other solvents that improved selectivity include furfural, acetonitrile, tetramethyl urea and trimethyl phosphate.
The glyceride structure of natural fats. II. The rule of glyceride type distribution of natural fats
Authors: Kartha A. R. S.
Published: May 2007

It has been shown that the glyceride‐type composition of a natural fat can be calculated from the total mol per cent of saturated acids and the total mol per cent of trisaturated glycerides, in accord with a new rule of glyceride‐type distribution, which is stated as follows:

The glyceride‐type composition of any natural fat is that obtained by interchange, according to chance, of one‐third of the saturated acids represented by the difference between the GS2 content required by chance and that actually present with the unsaturated acids in the fat, without allowing the formation of any further GS3.
The chemical utilization of fats and oils. I. Preparation of aralkyl ketones and hydrocarbons
Authors: Englert R. D. , Silverstein R. M. , Richards L. M.
Published: May 2007

A number of straight chain aralkyl detergent intermediates were prepared from fatty acids. The most satisfactory method of preparation involved a Friedel and Craft condensation of the acyl chlorides with the aromatic followed by catalytic hydrogenation.
Influence of dietary fat and protein on serum cholesterol of cholesterol‐fed chicks
Authors: Mone P. E. , Warner W. D. , Poling C. E. , Rice E. E.
Published: May 2007

Cottonseed oil, partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil and corn oil, were fed at 4% and 10% of the diets with two levels of protein, 19% and 25%, and with 0.5% cholesterol to cockerels 21 days of age for a period of 38 days. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 14, 24, and 38 daysvia heart puncture.

The data indicate that the serum cholesterol value, irrespective of the level or type of fat, was significantly lower in those groups of birds which were fed the higher level of protein. Excluding the combination of 19% protein and 10% cottonseed oil, the degree of saturation did not have any apparent effect upon serum cholesterol because the mean differences among the oils and between the fat levels were not statistically significant.