bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuroinflammatory Disorders of the Central Nervous System Associated with Monkeypox Virus Infection: A Systematic Review and Call to Action
Authors: Deb Shramana , Mondal Ritwick , Sen Purbita , Chowdhury Dipanjan , Sarkar Shramana , Banerjee Granthik , Sarkar Vramanti , Chowdhury Anjan , Benito-León Julián
Published: September 2024

Background

The Monkeypox virus, a zoonotic pathogen of the Orthopoxvirus genus, has shown a marked global spread, resulting in cases of neuroinflammatory disorders. This systematic review aims to summarize the central nervous system manifestations linked to monkeypox virus infection.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines. Databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched up to September 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on monkeypox virus-positive patients with confirmed central nervous system inflammatory disorders, including encephalitis, meningitis, myelitis, and related neuroimmune diseases.

Results

From 770 screened articles, 38 studies were included. Of the 20 reported monkeypox virus-infected cases with central nervous system involvement, the most common manifestations were encephalitis (40%), encephalomyelitis (30%), and meningoencephalitis (10%). Additional rarer presentations included Guillain-Barré syndrome (5%) and transverse myelitis (5%). The mean age of affected individuals was 27.9±13.69 years, and 75% were male. Fever, fatigue, and myalgia were the predominant systemic symptoms, with neurological complications often appearing within 4.6±2.5 days post-infection. Diagnoses were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Treatment strategies varied, with antivirals (e.g., tecovirimat) and immunomodulatory therapies (e.g., methylprednisolone, immunoglobulins, and rituximab) utilized.

Conclusions

Monkeypox virus infection is associated with severe neuroinflammatory disorders, with varying outcomes from complete recovery to mortality. Increased awareness, comprehensive diagnostic approaches, and targeted therapeutic interventions are critical in managing these cases. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms of neuroinflammation in the monkeypox virus and establish standardized treatment protocols.
Biomimetic Virus-Like Particles to control cell functions
Authors: Maayouf Hasna , Santos Thomas Dos , Boché Alphonse , Hedna Rayane , Tārs Kaspars , Brigaud Isabelle , Petithory Tatiana , Carreiras Franck , Arnold Carole , Lambert Ambroise , Pieuchot Laurent
Published: September 2024

Biomimetic cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) are essential for optimizing cell microenvironments and biomaterials. While native ECM proteins or synthetic peptides offer potential solutions, challenges such as production cost, solubility, and conformational stability limit their use. Here, we present the development of virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from the AP205 RNA phage displaying peptides from key ECM proteins and evaluate their biological activity in a variety of assays. We show that our engineered VLPs can effectively stimulate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. By comparing focal adhesions formed by RGD VLPs with their parent protein, fibronectin, we elucidate both similarities and differences in cell interactions. In addition, we construct heterodimeric particles co-expressing RGD with differentiation peptides and demonstrate retention of bioactivity in a multi-peptide context. This study establishes AP205 VLPs as versatile nanoscale platforms capable of tuning cell functions, with promising applications in nanomedicine and biomaterials.

Graphical abstract
Modality specific memory enhancement inHeliconiusbutterflies
Authors: Hodge Elizabeth , Anton Amaia Alcalde , Bestea Louise , Hernández Greta , Aguilar Jane Margereth , Farnworth Max S. , Dell’Aglio Denise Dalbasco , McMillan W. Owen , Montgomery Stephen H.
Published: September 2024

How animals perceive, process and respond to environmental cues is tightly tuned to the species-specific demands, and reflected by the structure of neural systems. In the Neotropical butterflies,Heliconius, the mushroom bodies, insect learning and memory centres, are significantly expanded compared to their closest relatives. This expansion coincided with the evolution of a novel diet, pollen feeding, and a spatial foraging behaviour consistent with trap-lining. Previous research has shown thatHeliconiushave more accurate visual long-term memory than other Heliconiini. Here, we tested whether this enhanced memory stability is specific to visual cues by conducting a long-term olfactory memory assay in twoHeliconiusspecies and two outgroup species. We found no differences in the long-term olfactory memory betweenHeliconiusspecies and the outgroup species. Combining data from olfactory and visual memory trials confirms a significant shift in performance among sensory modalities betweenHeliconiusand outgroup genera. In contrast, tests of how Heliconiini prioritise olfactory and visual cues when in presented in conflict also show no consistent shift in attentiveness to sensory cues between species. Our data provide a rare case where memory performance has been compared across species and sensory modalities, to identify evidence of a modality specific shift.
Tumorigencity decrease in Bcl-xL deficient MDCK cells ensuring the safety for influenza vaccine production
Authors: Zheng Jiahao , Li Boran , Jia Lanxin , Zhang Jiayou , Gong Zheng , Le Yang , Nian Xuanxuan , Li Xuedan , Liu Bo , Yu Daiguan , Zhang Zhegang , Li Changgui
Published: September 2024

Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are the recognized cell strain for influenza vaccine production. However, the tumorigenic potential of MDCK cells raises concerns about their use in biological product manufacturing. To reduce MDCK cells’ tumorigenicity and ensure the safety of influenza vaccine production, a B-cell lymphoma extra-large (Bcl-xL) gene, which plays a pivotal role in apoptosis regulation, was knocked-out in original MDCK cells by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, so that a homozygous MDCK-Bcl-xL-/-cell strain was acquired and named as BY-02. Compared with original MDCK cells, the proliferation and migration ability of BY-02 were significantly reduced, while apoptosis level was significantly increased, the endogenous mitochondrial apoptotic pathway were also modulated after Bcl-xL knock-out in MDCK cells. For tumor formation assays in nude mouse tests, all ten mice injected with original MDCK cells presented tumors growth in the injection site, in contrast to only one mouse injected with BY-02 cells presented tumors growth. These findings suggest that Bcl-xL knock-down is an effective strategy to inhibit tumor formation in MDCK cells, making BY-02 a promising genetically engineered cell strain for influenza vaccine production.
Ex vivoandin vivoHIV-1 latency reversal by “Mukungulu,” a protein kinase C-activating African medicinal plant extract
Authors: Richard Khumoekae , Yuan Zhe , Tang Hsin-Yao , Goldman Aaron R. , Kuthu Riza , Raphane Boingotlo , Register Emery T. , Sharma Paridhima , Ross Brian N. , Morris Jessicamarie , Williams David E. , Cheney Carol , Wu Guoxin , Mounzer Karam , Laird Gregory M. , Zuck Paul , Andersen Raymond J. , Simonambango Sundana , Andrae-Marobela Kerstin , Tietjen Ian , Montaner Luis J.
Published: September 2024

Current HIV latency reversing agents (LRAs) have had limited success in clinic, indicating the need for new strategies that can reactivate and/or eliminate HIV reservoirs. “Mukungulu,” prepared from the bark ofCroton megalobotrysMüll. Arg., is traditionally used for HIV/AIDS management in Northern Botswana despite containing an abundance of protein kinase C (PKC)-activating phorbol esters (“namushens”). Here we show that Mukungulu is tolerated in mice at up to 12.5 mg/kg while potently reversing latency in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed HIV-infected humanized mice at 5 mg/kg. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and isolated CD4+ T-cells from ART-suppressed people living with HIV-1, 1 µg/mL Mukungulu reverses latency on par with or superior to anti-CD3/CD28 positive control, as measured by HIV gag-p24 protein expression, where the magnitude of HIV reactivation in PBMC corresponds to intact proviral burden levels in CD4+ T-cells. Bioassay-guided fractionation identifies 5 namushen phorbol ester compounds that reactivate HIV expression, yet namushens alone do not match Mukungulu’s activity, suggesting additional enhancing factors. Together, these results identify Mukungulu as a robust natural LRA which may warrant inclusion in future LRA-based HIV cure and ART-free remission efforts.
Bayesian regionalization of urban mobility networks
Authors: Morel-Balbi Sebastian , Kirkley Alec
Published: September 2024

A common method for delineating urban and suburban boundaries is to identify clusters of spatial units that are highly interconnected in a network of mobility flows, each cluster signaling a cohesive economic submarket. It is critical that the methods employed for this task are principled and free of unnecessary tunable parameters to avoid unwanted inductive biases while remaining scalable for high-resolution mobility data. Here, we systematically assess the benefits and limitations of a wide array of stochastic block models (SBMs)—a family of principled, nonparametric models for identifying clusters in networks—for regionalization with mobility data. We find that the data compression capability and relative performance of different SBM variants heavily depend on the spatial extent of the mobility network, its aggregation scale, and the method used for weighting network edges. By constructing a measure to assess the degree to which a network partition violates spatial contiguity, we find that traditional SBMs may produce substantial spatial discontiguities that require extensive postprocessing to make them suitable for regionalization. We propose a fast nonparametric agglomerative algorithm to alleviate this issue, achieving data compression close to that of unconstrained SBM models while ensuring spatial contiguity, benefiting from a deterministic optimization procedure, and being generalizable to wide range of community detection objective functions.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Measuring the performance of connectivity solutions for cyber-physical systems in logistics: a novel framework for decision-making
Authors: Rawat Umabharati , Anbanandam Ramesh
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The cyber-physical system (CPS) is a well proven technology for improving system performance, resilience, and interconnectivity. In emerging nations like India, the logistics industry lacks practices connecting logistical equipment with cyberspace. This paper aims to bridge this gap by identifying and evaluating the performance metrics of connectivity solutions. Its goal is to establish an appropriate infrastructure that enables seamless connectivity within the CPS-enabled logistics ecosystem.

Design/methodology/approach

A novel integrated decision method is employed to classify the optimal connectivity solution for CPS. It integrates Regret Theory (RT) and Preference Ranking for Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE-1) method in a Hesitant Fuzzy (HF) environment. This method considers the psychological traits of decision-makers and effectively incorporates their hesitancy for the classification.

Findings

The findings highlight security (c10) as the foremost critical performance metric, followed by cost (c6), scalability (c9), traceability (c2) and trustworthiness (c1) to build connective infrastructure for CPS. For extensive coverage scenarios, like freight transportation, cellular connectivity (a2) emerges as the most suitable connectivity solution.

Practical implications

This study provides a roadmap to logistics managers for selecting a suitable connectivity infrastructure to enhance seamless connectivity in logistics operations and processes. Technology providers can utilize the findings to develop the CPS infrastructure for effective freight logistics management.

Originality/value

This research introduces a novel decision-making tool for making choices related to advanced technology assessment. It holds significant value in facilitating well-informed decisions in the digital transformation era.
Text analytics and new service development: a hybrid thematic analysis with systematic literature review approach
Authors: Rouhani Saeed , Bozorgi Saba Alsadat , Amoozad Mahdiraji Hannan , Vrontis Demetris
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study addresses the gap in understanding text analytics within the service domain, focusing on new service development to provide insights into key research themes and trends in text analytics approaches to service development. It explores the benefits and challenges of implementing these approaches and identifies potential research opportunities for future service development. Importantly, this study offers insights to assist service providers to make data-driven decisions for developing new services and optimising existing ones.

Design/methodology/approach

This research introduces the hybrid thematic analysis with a systematic literature review (SLR-TA). It delves into the various aspects of text analytics in service development by analysing 124 research papers published from 2012 to 2023. This approach not only identifies key practical applications but also evaluates the benefits and difficulties of applying text analytics in this domain, thereby ensuring the reliability and validity of the findings.

Findings

The study highlights an increasing focus on text analytics within the service industry over the examined period. Using the SLR-TA approach, it identifies eight themes in previous studies and finds that “Service Quality” had the most research interest, comprising 42% of studies, while there was less emphasis on designing new services. The study categorises research into four types: Case, Concept, Tools and Implementation, with case studies comprising 68% of the total.

Originality/value

This study is groundbreaking in conducting a thorough and systematic analysis of a broad collection of articles. It provides a comprehensive view of text analytics approaches in the service sector, particularly in developing new services and service innovation. This study lays out distinct guidelines for future research and offers valuable insights to foster research recommendations.
An empirical investigation of open access scholarly publishing trends in social sciences at high-ranked central universities of India
Authors: Ali Altaf , Nazim Mohammad , Ahmad Shakil
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study aims to analyze the adoption of open access (OA) publishing in social sciences within central universities in India, focusing on various aspects such as the growth of OA literature, the use of different OA routes and collaboration patterns in OA publications.

Design/methodology/approach

Ten central universities were selected based on their rankings in the National Institute Ranking Framework 2022. Data on OA publishing in social sciences were collected from the Social Science Citation Index of the Web of Science (WoS) database using the advanced search query “(CU=India OR AD=India) AND PY=(2003–2022) NOT PY=(2023).” Data analysis was conducted using MS Excel (v16.0), BibExcel (version 2017), Biblioshiny (version 4.1.2) and Google Open Refine (version 3.7).

Findings

The study found that 30.40% of total publications were OA, with BHU as leading institute in OA publishing. OA publishing in social sciences saw a consistent increase, peaking in 2022 with 209 publications. “Sustainability” and “Plos One” were among the top ten journals, with 103 and 34 OA papers, respectively. OA publications had a higher mean citation rate than closed access publications. Collaboration with seven and nine authors had higher mean citation rates, while six-author collaborations were lower. Indian researchers received the most citations collaborating with the USA, UK and Australia. The Netherlands and Saudi Arabia received the fewer citations, when collaborating with Indian authors.

Research limitations/implications

The study’s main limitation is its reliance on WoS data, excluding many OA publications from smaller or specialized journals. Additionally, the focus on high-ranked central universities may not represent the entire academic landscape, as OA publishing patterns vary across other institutions and disciplines.

Practical implications

The study’s findings suggest that advancing OA publishing in social sciences at Indian universities requires raising awareness of OA concepts, enhancing institutional support and policies and informing researchers about funding opportunities. Emphasizing Gold OA and funding publication fees can broaden access to research. Universities with low OA ratios should adopt similar policies, mandate public research deposits and develop technical infrastructure. Encouraging multi-author collaborations can boost research impact and citation rates. Insights from the study can help institutions and policymakers shape effective OA strategies, enhancing the visibility and impact of social science research.

Originality/value

This is the first study analyzing the adoption of OA in the field of social sciences in high-ranked central universities in India. It has implications for promoting OA and increasing accessibility to research outputs. Universities with higher OA ratios can lead in this regard and encourage others to adopt similar practices for overall OA growth.
Constructing a decision-making tool for HRM process by predicting organizational citizenship behavior
Authors: Gupta Akriti , Chadha Aman , Kumar Mayank , Tewari Vijaishri , Vyas Ranjana
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The complexity of citizenship behavior in organizations has long been a focus of research. Traditional methodologies have been predominantly used to address this complexity. This paper aims to tackle the problem using a cutting-edge technological tool: business process mining. The objective is to enhance citizenship behaviors by leveraging primary data collected from 326 white-collar employees in the Indian service industry.

Design/methodology/approach

The study focuses on two main processes: training and creativity, with the ultimate goal of fostering organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), both in its overall manifestation (OCB-O) and its individual components (OCB-I). Seven different machine learning algorithms were used: artificial neural, behavior, prediction network, linear discriminant classifier, K-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest and naive Bayes. The approach involved mining the most effective path for predicting the outcome and automating the entire process to enhance efficiency and sustainability.

Findings

The study successfully predicted the OCB-O construct, demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach. An optimized path for prediction was identified, highlighting the potential for automation to streamline the process and improve accuracy. These findings suggest that leveraging automation can facilitate the prediction of behavioral constructs, enabling the customization of policies for future employees.

Research limitations/implications

The findings have significant implications for organizations aiming to enhance citizenship behaviors among their employees. By leveraging advanced technological tools such as business process mining and machine learning algorithms, companies can develop more effective strategies for fostering desirable behaviors. Furthermore, the automation of these processes offers the potential to streamline operations, reduce manual effort and improve predictive accuracy.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the existing literature by offering a novel approach to addressing the complexity of citizenship behavior in organizations. By combining business process mining with machine learning techniques, a unique perspective is provided on how technological advancements can be leveraged to enhance organizational outcomes. Moreover, the findings underscore the value of automation in refining existing processes and developing models applicable to future employees, thus improving overall organizational efficiency and effectiveness.
Digital payments, ownership structure, and bank performance: insights from Jordan
Authors: Alfawareh Faraj Salman , Al-Kofahi Mahmoud , Erman Che Johari Edie , Chai-Aun Ooi
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the connection between digital payments, ownership structure, and bank performance in Jordan, as well as investigate the moderating role of the independent director in the said relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses data from 12 Amman stock exchange-listed commercial banks, covering the period from 2010 to 2023. This paper employs econometric analysis of panel data, including ordinary least squares (OLS) regression as the primary approach, as well as the generalised method of moments, the two-stage least square (2SLS), and the dynamic model to deal with causality and endogeneity issues in the proposed equations. This ensures that the results are valid.

Findings

The results indicate that digital payments and ownership structure have a significant positive connection with bank performance. Additionally, the independent director variable appears to play a substantial and positive moderating role in the link between ownership structure (e.g. institutional ownership) and bank performance. These results strengthen and support the claims of agency theory and the information systems success model.

Practical implications

Overall, this research helps stakeholders, bankers, managers, investors, customers, and policymakers, identify the influence of digital payment and ownership structure on bank performance in developing economies such as that of Jordan.

Originality/value

This investigation offers a unique understanding by illuminating how digital payment and ownership structure affect bank performance in a developing country such as Jordan. Additionally, it opens avenues for future research to delve into this literature domain in North African and Middle Eastern nations, with a particular focus on Jordan. This investigation is among the initial explorations in Jordan that aim to elucidate these relationships. On the theoretical level, it adds to the agency theory and IS model. It provides new insights into the dynamics of industry banking in developing nations (i.e. Jordan).
CEO compensation and bank’s performance following bank-rescue
Authors: Yusuf Rukaiyat Adebusola , Haq Mamiza
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This paper examines the effect of restrictions on executive pay and high CEOs’ compensation on bank performance following the “2008 UK bank rescue policy”.

Design/methodology/approach

Using the difference-in-difference estimation technique we assess the relationship between executive compensation and financial performance of rescued banks relative to non-rescued banks over the period 1999–2019.

Findings

Our main finding indicates that the relationship between executive compensation and financial performance declines in rescued banks relative to non-rescued banks. Further, we document that performance continues to deteriorate in rescued banks relative to non-rescued banks. Our results are robust to different estimation techniques.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the literature that examines the efficacy of government bailouts during the 2008 crisis. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is among the first to examine the long-term implications of bank rescue and pay restrictions on executive compensation and performance post–rescue.
Development and testing of a thermal self-straining preloading test setup for reinforced concrete beams and slabs to perform thermomechanical action
Authors: Vishal M. , Satyanarayanan K.S. , Prakash M. , Srivastava Rakshit , Thirumurugan V.
Published: September 2024

Purpose

At this moment, there is substantial anxiety surrounding the fire safety of huge reinforced concrete (RC) constructions. The limitations enforced by test facilities, technology, and high costs have significantly limited both full-scale and scaled-down structural fire experiments. The behavior of an individual structural component can have an impact on the entire structural system when it is connected to it. This paper addresses the development and testing of a self-straining preloading setup that is used to perform thermomechanical action in RC beams and slabs.

Design/methodology/approach

Thermomechanical action is a combination of both structural loads and a high-temperature effect. Buildings undergo thermomechanical action when it is exposed to fire. RC beams and slabs are one of the predominant structural members. The conventional method of testing the beams and slabs under high temperatures will be performed by heating the specimens separately under the desired temperature, and then mechanical loading will be performed. This gives the residual strength of the beams and slabs under high temperatures. This method does not show the real-time behavior of the element under fire. In real-time, a fire occurs simultaneously when the structure is subjected to desired loads and this condition is called thermomechanical action. To satisfy this condition, a unique self-training test setup was prepared. The setup is based on the concept of a prestressing condition where the load is applied through the bolts.

Findings

To validate the test setup, two RC beams and slabs were used. The test setup was tested in service load range and a temperature of 300 °C. One of the beams and slabs was tested conventionally with four-point bending and point loading on the slab, and another beam and slab were tested using the preloading setup. The results indicate the successful operation of the developed self-strain preloading setup under thermomechanical action.

Research limitations/implications

Gaining insight into the unpredictable reaction of structural systems to fire is crucial for designing resilient structures that can withstand disasters. However, comprehending the instantaneous behavior might be a daunting undertaking as it necessitates extensive testing resources. Therefore, a thorough quantitative and qualitative numerical analysis could effectively evaluate the significance of this research.

Originality/value

The study was performed to validate the thermomechanical load setup for beams and slabs on a single-bay single-storey RC frame with and without slab under various fire possible scenarios. The thermomechanical load setup for RC members is found to be scarce.
Urbanization and growth nexus: do international financial flows matter?
Authors: Abbas Syed Ali , Syed Shabib Haider , Saleem Qamar
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study examines the impact of urbanization on growth and the role of international financial flows in the urbanization-growth nexus.

Design/methodology/approach

The study applies the panel least square estimation to examine the impact of urbanization on growth using panel data from 50 developing countries from 1980 to 2016. Further, addressing the endogeneity issues in panel estimations, the study applies the dynamic System-GMM approach to investigate the role of financial flows in urbanization and their impact on economic growth in developing countries.

Findings

Contrary to the conventional literature, we found a non-linear (U-shaped) relationship between urbanization and growth. Our findings demonstrate that growth is reduced at a lower level of urbanization due to less availability, concentration, and synchronization of production factors. The concentration of physical and human capital and technological advancement in urban areas help developing countries achieve economic growth at a higher level of urbanization. Robust estimations divulged that foreign aid spent on infrastructure development and expanding urban regions helps promote economic growth. Nevertheless, as a resilient factor, remittances buffer the rapid pace of urbanization and reduce growth by resisting the migration of labor and capital from rural to urban areas.

Practical implications

The paper's findings suggest policymakers promote urban infrastructure and development using local and international funds since its increased level spurs economic growth. Further, the results advise policymakers to reduce aid dependency, attract FDI, and facilitate the easy and low-cost transfer of money to promote remittance inflows since both FDI and remittances positively contribute to economic growth.

Originality/value

The paper contributes significantly to the literature by determining the U-shaped relationship between urbanization and growth and highlighting the role of international flows in the urbanization-growth nexus.
Examining the relationship between organizational capabilities and business sustainability among start-ups: a dynamic capability view
Authors: Karan Avi , Verma Jyoti , Verma Rajeev
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Start-ups require a competitive advantage to integrate sustainable practices and develop organizational capabilities to thrive in dynamic business environments. However, implementation of these practices presents several ethical challenges. This study aims to quantify the influence of organizational capabilities (information technology capabilities and organizational virtues) on start-ups' competitive advantage and readiness to implement environmental, social and governance practices.

Design/methodology/approach

This study employed a survey design, and data were collected from 320 start-up founders and/or managers in India. The data were analyzed using Smart PLS 4.0.

Findings

The findings suggest that organizational capabilities, including information technology capabilities and organizational virtues, play an important role in enhancing start-ups' competitive advantage and readiness to implement sustainable practices. Dynamic capability mediates these relationships, while entrepreneurial orientation moderates the relationship between organizational virtues and dynamic capability.

Practical implications

This study has significant implications for organizations implementing sustainable business practices through the development and nurturance of organizational virtues and information technology capabilities. The study is also useful for leaders, managers and entrepreneurs in training and development, managing tradeoffs and maintaining important organizational capabilities to establish a balance between people’s concerns, the environment and profits.

Originality/value

Few studies have examined the role of organizational capabilities, sustainable business practices and competitive advantage in the context of start-ups. This study contributes to the literature on sustainable entrepreneurship and organizational capabilities.
Downing Lecture 2024: Where Does Wealth Come From?
Authors: Black Sandra E.
Published: September 2024

Recent decades have seen substantial increases in wealth inequality; this is particularly troubling given the high persistence of this inequality across generations. Yet, we have surprisingly little understanding of how and why wealth is transmitted across generations. Is this persistence driven by innate biological differences across families? Or is it driven by growing up in a different environment with access to different opportunities? In the 2024 Downing Public Lecture, Professor Sandra E. Black discusses the economics research that tries to answer this question, focusing on how one can disentangle the role of nature versus nurture.
Natural resources, a curse or blessing for international trade? Empirical evidence from CAREC nations
Authors: Qian Guojun
Published: September 2024

There is a huge pile of literature, accessible on economic growth (GDP), natural resource rents (NR), mineral rents (MR), natural gas rents (GR), oil rents (OR), and forest rents (FR) but it does not address the association between trade openness (TO) and the availability of these resources. Thus, this study objectively probes the link among these resources and TO in CAREC nations (Georgia, China, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) from 2000 to 2022. Mongolia, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan from CAREC countries are exempted in this inquiry due to unavailability of the data for the variables, GR, MR, and OR. The key methods used in this inquiry include method of moment quantile regression (MMQR) followed by Westerlund analysis, slope heterogeneity, CIPS unit root test, cross‐sectional dependence (CSD), and matrix correlation. The MMQR yields valid, trustworthy, and robust results. The empirical estimates demonstrate that MR and OR suggest significant positive impacts on TO. However, NR, GR, FR, and GDP have negative association with TO in CAREC countries. Besides, the research offers pertinent theoretical, and managerial blueprint proposals for global commerce by utilizing MR, OR, FR, and NR contributing to sustainable development goals (SDGs) by fostering economic development, promoting sustainable development, and addressing environmental and social challenges, and highlighting the real impact and association of these resources with TO based on empirical aftermath of the study.
Practical strategies for caring for patients with functional neurological disorder in the ED
Authors: Lehn Alexander
Published: September 2024

Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) presents unique challenges in the emergency department (ED), where patients often arrive with varied and vague symptoms that can be difficult to address. This article provides practical strategies for effectively managing and supporting FND patients in the ED, emphasizing a compassionate, systematic approach, tailored treatments, appropriate use of investigations, and ensuring continuity of care. Key principles include clear communication of the diagnosis, preventing iatrogenic harm, and facilitating appropriate referrals for follow‐up care. Consistent and respectful language is important when managing patients with FND. Creating a calm environment reduced stress and symptom exacerbation. Thorough history taking and examination can help build the patient's confidence in their diagnosis. Validating symptoms and providing a clear explanation of the diagnosis are important. FND presentations, such as functional weakness and seizures, require tailored interventions with early involvement of physiotherapy and/or psychological support. A low threshold for investigating potential comorbid neurological conditions should be maintained when patients present to ED, especially in cases of unclear diagnoses or acute presentations, while avoiding repetitive testing that may reinforce illness behaviour. Managing FND in the ED requires a patient‐centered, multidisciplinary approach. By adopting these strategies, health professionals can improve outcomes and support patients in managing their condition effectively.
Long‐term survival analysis of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome in China: A multicenter retrospective cohort study
Authors: Yueting Li , Lin Qiao , Jian Xu , Xinwang Duan , Yongfu Wang , Weiguo Xiao , Xiaodan Kong , Qin Li , Songlou Yin , Liyun Zhang , Lijun Wu , Chanyuan Wu , Jiuliang Zhao , Yanhong Wang , Siyun Chen , Dong Xu , Mengtao Li , Xiaofeng Zeng , Yan Zhao
Published: September 2024

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the long‐term survival, causes of death, and prognostic factors in Chinese patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS).

Methods

We included patients with pSS registered in the Chinese Rheumatism Data Centre between May 2016 and December 2021, and collected baseline clinical, laboratory, and treatment data. Survival and standard mortality rates were calculated using general population mortality data. Factors related to mortality were identified using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

Among the 8588 patients included, 274 died during a median follow‐up of 4.0 years. The overall standardized mortality ratio was 1.61 (95% CI: 1.43–1.81). Overall survival rates were 98.2% at 5 years and 93.8% at 10 years. The predominant causes of death were comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases, tumors, and infections, while the most frequent pSS‐related causes of death were interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Male sex, older age, ILD, PAH, and high EULAR Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI), thrombocytopenia, anemia, high immunoglobulin A (IgA) level, and glucocorticoid treatment independently increased the mortality risk, while using hydroxychloroquine was a protective factor.

Conclusion

Mortality rates have significantly increased in Chinese patients with pSS. Comorbidities, rather than pSS‐related organ damage, were the main causes of death. All‐cause mortality was associated with male sex, older age, ILD, PAH, high ESSDAI, thrombocytopenia, anemia, high IgA level, and glucocorticoid treatment, whereas hydroxychloroquine use might improve the long‐term survival.
Embryonic Thyroid Hormone Insufficiency Causes Structural Anomalies in the Embryo of Domestic Chick, Gallus domesticus
Authors: Vaishnav Juhi , Sharma Shashikant , Balakrishnan Suresh
Published: September 2024

Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for growth and development, yet its specific role during embryogenesis remains incompletely understood. This study investigates the impact of TH deficiency, induced by thiourea, a known inhibitor of thyroid peroxidase (TPO), on the development of domestic chicks. Thiourea was administered before thyroid gland formation, and its presence in treated embryos was confirmed through liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. In silico docking revealed a strong interaction between thiourea and the CCP‐like domain of TPO, which was corroborated by TPO activity assays showing reduced enzyme function. This reduction in enzyme activity led to lower embryonic TH levels and increased thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion. Morphological analysis of newly hatched chicks revealed significant structural anomalies, particularly in lateral plate mesoderm‐derived structures, including omphalocele, limb deformities, anophthalmia and craniofacial defects. Alcian blue and Alizarin red staining demonstrated reduced ossification in ribs and forelimbs, while histological analysis showed incomplete abdominal wall closure and abnormal vertebral column development. Haematological profiling of TH‐deficient newly hatched chicks revealed significantly lower blood cell counts, highlighting TH's critical role in haematopoiesis. These findings emphasise the multifaceted role of TH in embryonic development, with potential implications for understanding congenital hypothyroidism and its developmental impacts, especially in regions with limited healthcare access.
Investigation of Glandula Uropygialis in Different Avian Species Using Morphometric and Histological Methods
Authors: Karaavci Funda Aksunger , Dortbudak Muhammet Bahaeddin , Demircioglu Muhammed , Kocyigit Ali
Published: September 2024

The aim of this study was to identify the glandula uropygialis's macroanatomical and histological structure in male and female birds (stork, goose, eagle, pigeon, crow and sparrowhawk) that belong to different populations. A total of 58 specimens were used in the study. The study materials were delivered to our laboratory by nature conservation and national parks, and no animals were euthanised for this study. The longitudinal and transversal lengths, dorsoventral heights and feather length of the glandula uropygialis and papilla uropygialis were measured with a digital calliper. Haematoxylin–eosin and Masson trichrome staining were performed for histological examinations. The shape of the glandula uropygialis was found to be pear‐shaped in pigeons and sparrowhawks, heart‐shaped in geese, kidney‐shaped in eagles and oval‐fascule‐shaped in storks. In the crow, the shape of the glandula uropygialis was different from the other species in that it was located dorso‐caudally. Histomorphological examination of the glands of these species revealed that the gland generally consisted of two lobes, right and left, surrounded by connective tissue from the outside. The parenchyma of these lobes consisted of tubulo‐alveolar secretory glands with a radial arrangement from the periphery to the centre. The glands within the lobes differed from the periphery to the centre and although the general histomorphological appearance was similar between bird species, some differences were observed between species. Similar stromal structure was observed in all bird species evaluated in the study. However, the reticular connective tissue forming the roof of the gland was found to be more developed in pigeons, especially in Masson's trichroma staining. The degenerative layer in the glands was more prominent in the eagle, followed by the goose and crow. Although a common general histological structure was observed among bird species, simple histomorphological differences were found between these formations, but no differences were found between the sexes. The results obtained will be compared with the findings of the aves class and will provide a data source for this special gland specific to birds. It is thought that the results obtained may help to determine the functional properties of the gland and contribute to the science of ornithology.
Outcomes after SynCardia® temporary total artificial heart implantation: A 20‐year single‐center experience in 196 patients
Authors: Razumov Artyom , Burri Melchior , Zittermann Armin , Radakovic Darko , Lauenroth Volker , Rojas Sebastian V. , Fox Henrik , Schramm René , Gummert Jan , Deutsch Marcus‐André , Morshuis Michiel
Published: September 2024

Background

The SynCardia® temporary total artificial heart (TAH) serves as a mechanical circulatory support device for patients suffering from irreversible biventricular failure.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed 196 consecutive patients who underwent TAH implantation at our center from 2001 to 2021. We assessed survival rates and all‐cause mortality during TAH support, including survival post‐heart transplantation.

Results

The median age of patients was 55 years, with 88% being male. The primary diagnoses included cardiomyopathy (43.9%), acute myocardial infarction (26.5%), and postcardiotomy heart failure (15.5%). At implantation, 87.2% of patients were classified as INTERMACS Profile 1. The median duration of support was 96 days (IQR: 23–227). Survival rates at 1, 6, and 12 months were 72%, 41%, and 34%, respectively. Postoperative rethoracotomy was necessary in 44.4% of patients; 39.3% experienced neurological events and 24.6% developed gastrointestinal bleeding. Overall, 64.8% of patients died while on support, primarily due to multiple organ failure (55.9%). Factors such as older age, higher bilirubin levels, postcardiotomy and specific underlying diagnoses were independent predictors of mortality during TAH support. On a positive note, 35.2% of patients underwent successful heart transplants, with 1‐, 5‐, and 10‐year posttransplant survival rates of 65%, 58%, and 51%, respectively.

Conclusions

While high mortality rates persist among patients with biventricular failure, the SynCardia® TAH offers a viable interim solution for critically ill patients, particularly those who can be successfully bridged to heart transplantation.
Effects of long‐term lithium therapy on kidney functioning in mood disorders: A population‐based historical cohort study
Authors: Parsaik Ajay K. , Chaudhary Aanchal , Sharma Shivy , Delgoffe Brooke Ellen , Gabor Rachel , Singh Balwinder
Published: September 2024

Aims

Lithium is Food and Drug Administration‐approved for bipolar disorder (BD) and is also used in depressive disorders but is underutilized due to concerns about chronic kidney disease (CKD). We explored clinical and demographic profiles of patients on long‐term lithium therapy (LTLT) and assessed kidney function. Our aims were to identify the predictors for CKD stage ≥3 and the impact of lithium discontinuation post‐CKD diagnosis.

Methods

We conducted a population‐based historical cohort study of adult patients with mood disorders on LTLT at the Marshfield Clinical Health System from 1990 to 2019. Data on lithium therapy and kidney‐related information (estimated glomerular filtration rate and CKD) were extracted from electronic medical records.

Results

Among 1603 patients with mood disorders (mean age 42.1 years, 60% females), 15.3% (n = 246) developed CKD stage ≥3. Patients without CKD were on lithium for 4.5 years, compared to 6.6 years for those with CKD. Hypertension, age, and BD were significant CKD risk factors. Kidney function declined linearly with lithium duration, returning to pre‐treatment trajectory in patients without CKD but showed no improvement in those with CKD after lithium discontinuation.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that CKD occurs in 15% of patients with mood disorder receiving LTLT, with its progression potentially influenced by existing comorbidities rather than lithium alone. These results underscore the importance of monitoring kidney function in patients on LTLT and considering individual risk factors for CKD development. In patients who developed CKD, Li discontinuation did not impact change in kidney function.
Genomic Data Characterize Reproductive Ecology Patterns in Michigan Invasive Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)
Authors: Adams Nicole E. , Homola Jared J. , Sard Nicholas M. , Nathan Lucas R. , Roth Brian M. , Robinson John D. , Scribner Kim T.
Published: September 2024

The establishment and spread of invasive species are directly related to intersexual interactions as dispersal and reproductive success are related to distribution, effective population size, and population growth. Accordingly, populations established by r‐selected species are particularly difficult to suppress or eradicate. One such species, the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is established globally at considerable ecological and financial costs to natural and human communities. Here, we develop a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci panel for P. clarkii using restriction‐associated DNA‐sequencing data. We use the SNP panel to successfully genotype 1800 individuals at 930 SNPs in southeastern Michigan, USA. Genotypic data were used to reconstruct pedigrees, which enabled the characterization of P. clarkii's mating system and statistical tests for associations among environmental, demographic, and phenotypic predictors and adult reproductive success estimates. We identified juvenile cohorts using genotype‐based pedigrees, body size, and sampling timing, which elucidated the breeding phenology of multiple introduced populations. We report a high prevalence of multiple paternity in each surveyed waterbody, indicating polyandry in this species. We highlight the use of newly developed rapid genomic assessment tools for monitoring population reproductive responses, effective population sizes, and dispersal during ongoing control efforts.