bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leadless pacemaker implantation: An unexpected complication
Authors: Berdaoui Brahim , Pintea Bentea Georgiana , Samyn Sophie , Morissens Marielle , Castro Rodriguez Jose
Published: November 2021

The leadless pacemaker is an emerging technology with high efficacy and reduced complications rates. However, due to its novel status, some pitfalls remain to be addressed. We report the case of a 91‐year‐old patient undergoing a Micra pacemaker implantation. During the procedure, the maneuvers required for the adequate deployment of the device led to damaging of the septal tricuspid leaflet, resulting in severe tricuspid regurgitation. This is a severe mechanical complication of the Micra implantation technique, not previously reported in literature. In light of the novelty of the leadless pacemaker, we should remain cautious with regards to potential unreported complications.
Fiscal decentralization and regional economic growth: Evidence from Mexico since the 2000s
Authors: Mendoza‐Velázquez Alfonso , Rubio‐García Mónica , Conde‐Cortés Luis D.
Published: November 2021

This study aims to examine whether decentralization causes regional economic growth for the states of Mexico in the period 1998–2016. We employ Granger causality tests and a Panel data Vector Autoregression model to account for the dynamics of fiscal federalism and endogeneity of federal transfers and economic growth. Impulse responses and variance decomposition are also employed to examine the time path of economic growth after unitary fiscal shocks from transfers. Among the results, we find federal transfers positively affect economic growth. The slim response of growth and its puzzling response to investment shocks possibly signal a soft budget problem.
The clinical effect of gene mutations in familial Mediterranean fever disease
Authors: Güngörer Vildan , Yorulmaz Alaaddin , Arslan Şükrü
Published: November 2021

Background

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a self‐limiting, autoinflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the serosal surfaces and recurrent episodes of fever. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of genetic mutations on clinical features in children with FMF.

Methods

A total of 303 patients aged 0–18 years, who were diagnosed with FMF, according to Yalcinkaya‐Özen diagnostic criteria and whose Mediterranean fever gene (MEFV) analysis was studied, were evaluated retrospectively. The clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients and the relationship between common alleles and genotypes were investigated.

Results

The most common mutation in patients was M694V heterozygous. When the patients were divided into four groups, M694V homozygous, M694V heterozygous, M694V/other allele combined heterozygous, and other mutations, Arthritis was statistically significantly higher in the group that was M694V homozygous compared to the other groups. It was observed that the presence of the M694V allele significantly increased the frequency of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, adenitis syndrome. The frequency of arthritis was significantly higher in patients who were E148Q homozygous than in patients who were heterozygous. Appendectomy history was significantly higher in the group carrying the V726A allele.

Conclusions

FMF disease and the effect of genetics on the disease can be better understood, thanks to studies evaluating the genotype‐phenotype relationship. In this regard, we believe that studies evaluating the clinical and genotype relationship with a large series are needed.
Clinical factors related to undescended testis in infants with gastroschisis
Authors: Umeda Satoshi , Takayama Keita , Takase Koki , Kim Kiyokazu , Yamamichi Taku , Tayama Ai , Usui Noriaki
Published: November 2021

Background

Recent studies have reported the high incidence of undescended testis (UDT) in patients with gastroschisis. Although various mechanical, hormonal, and genetic theories have been postulated to describe testicular descent, the mechanism contributing to this condition remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors of UDT in infants with gastroschisis.

Methods

Male neonates who underwent surgery for gastroschisis between January 1982 and December 2019 were enrolled. Data were analyzed regarding the prevalence of UDT, including spontaneous testicular descent and the necessity of orchidopexy. Patients were grouped into those with or without UDT to identify the risk factors for UDT.

Results

Among 38 patients with gastroschisis, six (15.8%) developed UDT. There were no significant differences in gestational age or birthweight between patients with and without UDT. The patients with UDT had a significantly larger defect size than those without UDT (P = 0.037). In addition, the timing of abdominal closure was significantly later in patients with UDT than in those without UDT (P = 0.004). None of the patients with UDT exhibited spontaneous testicular descent requiring subsequent orchidopexy.

Conclusions

Patients with gastroschisis had a high prevalence of UDT. In gastroschisis, the incidence of UDT was related to the defect size and the timing of abdominal wall closure, indicating that an insufficient increase in intra‐abdominal pressure during the fetal period may affect the development of UDT.
The experimental philosophy of law: New ways, old questions, and how not to get lost
Authors: Prochownik Karolina Magdalena
Published: November 2021

The experimental philosophy of law is a recent movement that aims to inform traditional debates in jurisprudence by conducting empirical research. This paper introduces and provides a systematic overview of the main lines of research in this field. It also covers the most important debates in the literature regarding the implications of these findings for the philosophy and theory of law. It argues that three challenges arise when addressing (old) legal‐philosophical questions in (new) experimental ways by drawing normative implications from empirical data: such implications are value‐driven, depend on explanations of empirical findings and vary across legal systems.
Steady state‐evoked potentials of subjective beat perception in musical rhythms
Authors: Nave Karli M. , Hannon Erin E. , Snyder Joel S.
Published: November 2021

Synchronization of movement to music is a seemingly universal human capacity that depends on sustained beat perception. Previous research has suggested that listener's conscious perception of the musical structure (e.g., beat and meter) might be reflected in neural responses that follow the frequency of the beat. However, the extent to which these neural responses directly reflect concurrent, listener‐reported perception of musical beat versus stimulus‐driven activity is understudied. We investigated whether steady state‐evoked potentials (SSEPs), measured using electroencephalography (EEG), reflect conscious perception of beat by holding the stimulus constant while contextually manipulating listeners' perception and measuring perceptual responses on every trial. Listeners with minimal music training heard a musical excerpt that strongly supported one of two beat patterns (context phase), followed by a rhythm consistent with either beat pattern (ambiguous phase). During the final phase, listeners indicated whether or not a superimposed drum matched the perceived beat (probe phase). Participants were more likely to indicate that the probe matched the music when that probe matched the original context, suggesting an ability to maintain the beat percept through the ambiguous phase. Likewise, we observed that the spectral amplitude during the ambiguous phase was higher at frequencies that matched the beat of the preceding context. Exploratory analyses investigated whether EEG amplitude at the beat‐related SSEPs (steady state‐evoked potentials) predicted performance on the beat induction task on a single‐trial basis, but were inconclusive. Our findings substantiate the claim that auditory SSEPs reflect conscious perception of musical beat and not just stimulus features.
Assessing translocation management techniques through experimental trials: a case study of the endangered shrubPersoonia hirsuta
Authors: Andres Samantha E. , Powell Jeff R. , Gregory David , Offord Catherine A. , Emery Nathan J.
Published: November 2021

Translocation is commonly used in the conservation of threatened species to help mitigate the risk of local extinctions. However, translocations are often limited by knowledge of the species ecological requirements that promote persistence in the landscape. Small translocation trials with a strong experimental design can help to address species knowledge gaps and identify effective strategies for the successful establishment of a threatened species prior to implementing full‐scale planting regimes. In this study, we experimentally translocated 128 plants of the endangeredPersoonia hirsuta(Proteaceae) at a dry sclerophyll mining offset in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, and investigated the effects of propagation type (seeds and vegetative cuttings), plant guards, and mulching on short‐term plant growth and survival. Transplants were impacted by herbivory and unprecedented extreme temperatures over summer 2019–2020 with 25 of the 128 plants surviving after 20 months of monitoring. Among the surviving individuals, all but one were seed propagated and 72% of survivors were protected by a plant guard. Short‐term survival and establishment ofP. hirsutatranslocants was increased by producing plants from seeds, and the use of plant guards with localized mulch. We also identified significantly greater root volume, projected area, and diameter for seedlings than cuttings grown plants. Our study successfully identified several key factors that should be considered for the ongoing management ofP. hirsutaand vindicates the importance of small experimental trials when planning threatened plant translocations.
Holocene sediment distribution in the Al Wajh platform lagoon (northern Red Sea, Saudi Arabia), a modern analogue for large rift basin carbonate platforms
Authors: Petrovic Alexander , Ariza Fuentes Manuel , Putri Indah , Yahaya Liyana Nur , Khanna Pankaj , Purkis Sam J. , Vahrenkamp Volker
Published: November 2021

Sedimentary patterns and hydrodynamic transport processes on modern carbonate platforms in arid climates are understudied compared to platforms in humid‐tropical climates. The Al Wajh platform – located in the Arabian–African desert belt – is a large land‐attached carbonate platform in the Red Sea providing an excellent opportunity to fill this gap. The platform covers some 1800 km2 and is almost completely enclosed by a 115 km long reef‐shoal belt. More than 200 sediment surface samples were analyzed in order to investigate the lateral sediment distribution within the lagoon. The seafloor map was refined integrating sample depths with previous published bathymetric information. Conductivity and temperature profiles were measured to study the lagoonal water body. The lagoon is dominated by poorly sorted, sand‐sized sediments with low total organic carbon content, while carbonate fines content shows significant lateral variation. Aragonite dominates sediment mineralogy with high‐Mg calcite and low‐Mg calcite being significant admixtures. Fine‐grained siliciclastics are found across the entire lagoon, with angular quartz locally enriched in nearshore and distal areas. Seven component assemblages are defined ranging from benthic foraminifera and mollusc‐rich to reef debris‐rich component assemblages. Platform‐interior ooids are for the first time documented from the modern Red Sea. The heterogeneous distribution of carbonate fines shows no water depth related trends, while the component assemblage arrangement is depth related. Hydrodynamics are interpreted to be the main mechanism controlling carbonate fines distribution in the lagoon. A nearshore enrichment of angular sand‐sized quartz suggests influx through wadis during flash floods, while an almost even distribution of fine‐grained siliciclastics possibly indicate aeolian import. These findings provide new insights to the importance of hydrodynamic transport processes for sediment distribution in a land‐attached platform lagoon in an arid climate. Finally, this study presents a comparison with other modern platforms and discusses implications for improving strategies of hydrocarbon field development in rift‐basin carbonates.
The impact of childhood adversity on parenting stress is mediated by adult attachment and depressive symptoms
Authors: Madsen Eva Back , Smith‐Nielsen Johanne , Egmose Ida , Lange Theis , Væver Mette Skovgaard
Published: November 2021

Adverse childhood experiences can have far‐reaching implications for later mental health, including in parenthood. Research suggests that childhood adversity is a risk factor for later parenting stress, yet the underlying mechanisms are only just being uncovered. Uncovering these mechanisms is important to diminish heightened levels of parenting stress and thereby reduce adverse effects of elevated parenting stress on child and parent outcomes. In a cross‐sectional study using a sample of mothers of 2–10 month‐old infants (N = 367) we first examined depressive symptoms as a mediator, and then, the indirect effect of adult attachment through depressive symptoms between childhood adversity and parenting stress. Results showed that the effect of childhood adversity on parenting stress was mediated by an indirect pathway through depressive symptoms alone, and an indirect pathway of adult attachment through depressive symptoms. The indirect effect of adult attachment through depressive symptoms was found to be stronger than the indirect effect of depressive symptoms alone, supporting the hypothesis that adult attachment insecurity together with depressive symptoms are particularly important risk factors to be considered in this relationship. Results suggest that childhood adversity is a risk factor for parenting stress, and not a determinant of later parenting stress per se. Instead, mediators in this association, adult attachment, and depressive symptoms, were identified as potential targets of intervention to prevent negative effects of childhood adversity on parenting stress. A limitation of the study lies in its cross‐sectional design. Future studies should examine these associations longitudinally to allow for interpretation of causality.
Detection of the HLA‐B*15:404 allele in a Singaporean bone marrow donor
Authors: Cho Louise , Seng Zi‐Jing , Lin Py‐Yu , Yang Kuo‐Liang
Published: November 2021

Nucleotide substitutions in codons 67 and 119 of HLA‐B*15:02:01:01 result in a novel allele, HLA‐B*15:404.
The influence of major depressive disorders on neurocognitive function among adults living with HIV/AIDS in a regional referral hospital in Dodoma, Tanzania
Authors: Nyundo Azan A. , Ismail Abbas
Published: November 2021

Objective

To determine the influence of major depressive disorders (MDD) on the cognitive function of adults living with HIV and the prevalence of neurocognitive impairment and major depressive disorders.

Methods

The study was a cross‐sectional design conducted in a referral hospital in Dodoma region central Tanzania, with a sample of 397 participants attained through systematic sampling. Neurocognitive impairment was assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), while MDD was assessed using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I). Two‐sample independent t‐tests were done to compute the significance of the mean change of MoCA score between those with or without MDD. Univariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression models were computed to determine the association between MDD and neurocognitive impairment across all cognitive domains.

Results

Of 397 recruited participants, 266 (66.00%) met the criteria for neurocognitive disorder and 22 (5.51%) had major depressive disorder. Participants with MDD performed significantly poorer on cognitive testing than those without MDD (mean difference = 3.74, p‐value = 0.0009). Under univariate ordinal regression, impairments in the particular domains of visuospatial‐executive function, attention, language, abstraction and orientation were significantly associated with MDD and abstraction (AOR: 3.922, 95% CI: 1.546–9.947, p = 0.0004) remained significant under multivariable regression.

Conclusion

Major depressive disorder may negatively influence neurocognitive performance in both severity and pattern of presentation. Routine screening for depressive symptoms in HIV care can be beneficial for the overall patient's outcome. Systematic and well‐designed studies in the area are crucial for understanding the interaction of neuropsychiatric disorders in the HIV population.
DICER‐LIKE1a autoregulation based on intronic microRNA processing is required for stress adaptation in Physcomitrium patens
Authors: Arif M. Asif , Top Oguz , Csicsely Erika , Lichtenstern Myriam , Beheshti Hossein , Adjabi Kaoutar , Frank Wolfgang
Published: November 2021

The Physcomitrium patens DICER‐LIKE1a (PpDCL1a) mRNA encoding the essential Dicer protein for microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis harbors an intronic miRNA (miR1047). An autoregulatory mechanism to control PpDCL1a abundance that is based on competitive processing of the intronic miRNA and proper PpDCL1a mRNA splicing has previously been proposed. If intron splicing occurs first the mRNA can be translated into the functional PpDCL1a protein, whereas the processing of the intronic miRNA catalyzed by PpDCL1a itself, prior to pre‐mRNA splicing, generates a truncated transcript unable to produce a functional protein. This proposed autoregulation of DCL1 has not been functionally analyzed in any plant species, and the existence of this autoregulatory control is expected to have a general impact on the overall miRNA biogenesis pathway and the transcriptome that is under miRNA control. We abolished PpDCL1a autoregulatory feedback control by the precise deletion of the MIR1047‐containing intron. The generated line displayed hypersensitivity to salt stress and hyposensitivity to the plant hormone ABA, accompanied by the disturbed expression of miRNAs and mRNAs, revealed by transcriptome analyses. The feedback control together with the phenotypic abnormalities and molecular changes in the intron‐less line can be rescued by the re‐insertion of a modified intron harboring a sequence‐unrelated artificial miRNA. Our findings indicate the physiological importance of miR1047‐based feedback control of PpDCL1a transcript abundance, which controls the expression of miRNAs, and their cognate target RNAs during salt stress adaptation, and suggests a key role for this autoregulation in the molecular adaptation of land plants to terrestrial habitats.
Determinants of regional trade agreement utilisation: Evidence from multiple import countries in Asia
Authors: Chang Kuo‐I , Hayakawa Kazunobu , Laksanapanyakul Nuttawut , Narjoko Dionisius , Pyun Ju Hyun , Quimba Francis
Published: November 2021

This study empirically examines the determinants of the utilisation of regional trade agreements (RTAs). We employ RTA utilisation data with rich country variations in 6 importing and 16 exporting countries in Asia. Then, we compute an ‘RTA utilisation rate’, which is defined as the share of imports under RTA regimes out of total imports of RTA‐eligible products. Finally, the RTA utilisation rate is regressed at a country‐pair–product level on various elements. Our major findings are as follows. Similar to existing studies, this study determines higher RTA utilisation rate when the preference margin is larger, the exporter's international competitiveness is higher, or the importer's demand is greater. Furthermore, we reveal that the RTA utilisation rate is higher when exporting products are finished products. However, it is lower when the presence of foreign‐owned firms in the importing country is greater.
Ludwik Hirszfeld: A pioneer of transfusion and immunology during the world wars and beyond
Authors: Czerwinski Marcin , Kaczmarek Radoslaw , Glensk Urszula
Published: November 2021

Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884–1954) was a Polish physician, immunologist and microbiologist. Together with Emil von Dungern, he showed that blood groups are heritable traits and established the terminology of the ABO blood group system. He discovered A1 and A2 blood groups, and showed for the first time, in a large‐scale population study, that blood group frequency differs between populations. During World War I, he volunteered as an army physician. In the interwar period, he helped to create the National Institute of Hygiene in Warsaw and was instrumental in developing transfusion centres in Poland. During World War II, which he barely survived, he co‐organized secret medical courses in the Warsaw Ghetto and played a major role in containing the typhus epidemic that ran rampant there since 1941. After the war, he was the first in Poland to put the theory of serological conflict between mother and foetus into clinical practice, saving the lives of almost 200 children by introducing exchange transfusions.
GLOBAL REACH 2018: intra‐arterial vitamin C improves endothelial‐dependent vasodilatory function in humans at high altitude
Authors: Stone Rachel M. , Ainslie Philip N. , Tremblay Joshua C. , Akins John D. , MacLeod David B. , Tymko Michael M. , DeSouza Christopher A. , Bain Anthony R.
Published: November 2021

High altitude‐induced hypoxaemia is often associated with peripheral vascular dysfunction. However, the basic mechanism(s) underlying high‐altitude vascular impairments remains unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress contributes to the impairments in endothelial function during early acclimatization to high altitude. Ten young healthy lowlanders were tested at sea level (344 m) and following 4–6 days at high altitude (4300 m). Vascular endothelial function was determined using the isolated perfused forearm technique with forearm blood flow (FBF) measured by strain‐gauge venous occlusion plethysmography. FBF was quantified in response to acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and a co‐infusion of ACh with the antioxidant vitamin C (ACh+VitC). The total FBF response to ACh (area under the curve) was ∼30% lower at high altitude than at sea level (P = 0.048). There was no difference in the response to SNP at high altitude (P = 0.860). At sea level, the co‐infusion of ACh+VitC had no influence on the FBF dose response (P = 0.268); however, at high altitude ACh+VitC resulted in an average increase in the FBF dose response by ∼20% (P = 0.019). At high altitude, the decreased FBF response to ACh, and the increase in FBF in response to ACh+VitC, were associated with the magnitude of arterial hypoxaemia (R2 = 0.60, P = 0.008 and R2 = 0.63, P = 0.006, respectively). Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that impairments in vascular endothelial function at high altitude are in part attributable to oxidative stress, a consequence of the magnitude of hypoxaemia. These data extend our basic understanding of vascular (mal)adaptation to high‐altitude sojourns, with important implications for understanding the aetiology of high altitude‐related vascular dysfunction.

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Key points

Vascular dysfunction has been demonstrated in lowlanders at high altitude (>4000 m). However, the extent of impairment and the delineation of contributing mechanisms have remained unclear.

Using the gold‐standard isolated perfused forearm model, we determined the extent of vasodilatory dysfunction and oxidative stress as a contributing mechanism in healthy lowlanders before and 4–6 days after rapid ascent to 4300 m.

The total forearm blood flow response to acetylcholine at high altitude was decreased by ∼30%. Co‐infusion of acetylcholine with the antioxidant vitamin C partially restored the total forearm blood flow by ∼20%. The magnitude of forearm blood flow reduction, as well as the impact of oxidative stress, was positively associated with the individual severity of hypoxaemia.

These data extend our basic understanding of vascular (mal)adaptation to high‐altitude sojourns, with important implications for understanding the aetiology of high altitude‐related changes in endothelial‐mediated vasodilatory function.
On the Linear Intrinsic Dynamics of Thin Shells
Authors: Libai A.
Published: November 2021

Equations for the linear intrinsic dynamics of shells are presented and discussed. The variables in the proposed method are the six strain measures (½ × incremental metric and incremental curvature tensors of the reference surface).

Two versions are presented. In the “compatibility version”, the field equations are: (a) expressions for the three extensional strain-accelerations in terms of the stress resultants and loads, and (b) the three incremental Gauss and Codazá-Mainardi compatibility equations of the reference surface. Constitutive relations are appended to complete the formulation.

In the “rate version”, the field equations are expressions for the six strain-accelerations (extensional and bending) in terms of the stress-resultants and loads. Equivalence to the “compatibility version” is shown, provided that the initial conditions are satisfied.

Two examples are given. In the first, specialization is made to the case of circular cylindrical shells. In the second, an inplane vibration problem of a rectangular plate is studied.
Calibration of Laser Piezospectroscopy Using Alumina/Chromia Solid Solutions Obtained by Coprecipitation
Authors: Sridharan Swetha , Jordan E. H. , Gell Maurice
Published: November 2021

Cr3+ photoluminescence peizo-spectroscopy (CPLPS) is a technique that allows the measurement of the hydrostatic component of stress in α alumina oxides. This method is being developed in our laboratory as a non-destructive inspection technique for thermal barrier coating systems. It has been shown that the Cr3+ concentration influences the magnitude of the shifts in the fluorescence frequencies, Δv of the R1 and the R2 peaks [1,2] and hence the apparent stress. Therefore, this work is an attempt to quantify the extent of this shift, consequent to the Cr3+ concentration in the TBC systems and to study the variation of this effect with thermal cycles on the TBCs. In addition, we have developed a method of estimating Cr3+ content based on the intensity of satellite peaks referred to as n-lines. The experiments are also designed to validate the n-line based method of estimating Cr3+ content and its affect on the apparent stress value.
Photo-Stimulated Luminescence Piezo-Spectroscopy Measurement on a EB-PVD 7YSZ/(Ni, Pt)Al/CMSX-4 TBC System
Authors: Xie L. D. , Sohn Y. H. , Jordan E. H. , Gell M.
Published: November 2021

Photo-stimulated luminescence piezo-spectroscopy (PLPS) is being developed as a non-destructive technique for thermal barrier coatings (TBC). In this study, the evolution of photo-stimulated luminescence with 1 hour at 1121 °C thermal cycling was systematically investigated from the thermally grown oxide (TGO) in a production TBC system which consists of electron beam physical vapor deposited 7wt% Y2O3-ZrO2, (Ni,Pt)Al bond coat and CMSX-4 superalloy substrate. The change of compressive stress in the TGO layer with thermal cycling was calculated from the wavelength shift of luminescence spectrum. It consists of an increase from 1.5 to 2.5 Gpa at as received state to 2.5 to 3.5 Gpa at 10 cycles, a gradual decrease to 1.0 to 2.0 Gpa until 500 cycles, then a plateau at this level until TBC spallation. Some other information, such as change of peak width and relative intensity of R1 and R2 peak with thermal cycling, was also analyzed. The Physical basis of the photo-stimulated luminescence evolution was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Deployment of Structural Foam in a Vehicle Roof System for Weight Reduction: Analytical/Experimental Verification
Authors: Alwan Jamil M. , Wu Chi-Chin , Chou Clifford C.
Published: November 2021

The effect of structural foam (both polyurethane foam and Epoxy-based foam) on roof-crush resistance, when injected in the cavities of principal roof crush components, is investigated. Previously established design guide-lines have been used to optimize foam benefits by selecting appropriate foam density, and location of foam application. Finally, feasibility of downgaging a roof-crush system through optimized foam deployment and without affecting strength is evaluated.

Two identical body-in-white (B-I-W) vehicles were used in this evaluation. One vehicle was considered as a base, while the other was injected with 9 pcf polyurethane foam at several critical locations. The foam density selection was based on the component study findings, while the foam location was determined based on a CAE analysis of the base model to locate plastic hinge formation and their sequence of occurrence. It was found that the maximum load was increased by 27% due to foam filling and the buckling strength increased by confining support. The total absorbing energy was increased by 25% due to the increase in the plastic moment capacity. Similar observations were registered when a 5 mm layer of Epoxy Based Foam was deployed in the same roof system.

CAE roof-crush analysis performed on the tested (B-I-W) came in good correlation with the test results. Similar CAE analysis was performed on another vehicle roof-crush model; the maximum load was reported to increase by 26% and the total absorbed energy increased by 22% when the vehicle was injected with 9 pcf polyurethane foam at the pre-determined locations. Finally, the latest model was downgaged selectively by 20% with a minimum thickness of 0.68 mm. This resulted in a total weight saving of 6 Kgs. CAE analysis showed that the resulting loss in functionality of the system due to downgaging (resistance in this case) was totally compensated by foam deployment at the predetermined locations.
Microsystems Challenges for Engineering Education
Authors: Allen James J.
Published: November 2021

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have recently caught the national attention and are on the verge of producing many new products and applications in the world. This is a very multidisciplinary field that presents many unique challenges for engineering education. This paper will discuss the background of MEMS technology and the unique challenges MEMS pose to engineering education. The paper will also mention various approaches that are being taken to address MEMS education.
Numerical Simulation of Molten Metal-Polymeric Foam Interface Velocity During Lost Foam Casting
Authors: Bakhtiyarov Sayavur I. , Overfelt Ruel A.
Published: November 2021

A novel multiphase flow model is presented for describing the pyrolisis of polymeric foam material in a lost foam casting process. FLOW-3D software (Flow Science, Inc.) has been used to simulate liquid metal filling dynamics and the molten metal-polymeric foam interface velocity in foam patterns of rectangular shape. The effect of the degradation gaseous products on the molten metal-polymeric foam interface velocity was taken into consideration through specially written sub-routing program. The results of the simulations are compared with the previously obtained experimental data for the lost foam iron casting.
Simultaneous Cinematographic PIV and Acetone PLIF for Spatially and Temporally Resolved Velocity and Concentration Fields in a Buoyant Helium Plume
Authors: O’Hern Timothy J. , Tieszen Sheldon R. , Weckman Elizabeth J. , Gerhart Andrew L. , Schefer Robert W.
Published: November 2021

An experimental study has been performed on a 1-m base diameter buoyant helium plume. Velocity fields were measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV). Helium concentration was determined by seeding the helium with 1.7-volume percent acetone vapor and measuring planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of the acetone. PIV and PLIF were performed simultaneously using a 200 Hz XeCl excimer laser and 35-mm motion picture cameras. The film images were digitized and post-processed to obtain velocity and concentration data for a region approximately 0.8 m high by 1 m wide centered on the plume centerline and extending from the surface of the plume inlet to include the pure helium core, near-field mixing zones, and surrounding air. The data cover 7 puff cycles of the plume. Instantaneous and time-averaged two-dimensional velocity fields were obtained for each of 900 time planes (129 time-planes per puff cycle) spaced 5 ms apart. Each vector represents a statistical estimate of the velocity in a 2.1 cm by 2.1 cm by 0.8 cm volume, which are overlapped by 50% in the vector plots. Time-averaged turbulent statistics ( u′ 2 ¯ , v′ 2 ¯ , u′ v′ ¯ , and k) are also presented. The joint velocity and concentration data are used to calculate Favre-averaged statistics. Boundary conditions were carefully measured as the data are intended for development and validation of numerical simulations of buoyant turbulence using RANS and LES techniques. The results clearly show the dominant effect of puffing, measured at 1.55 cycles/sec for this plume, on the temporal and spatial development of the velocity field.
Parallel Computation of LV Hemodynamics
Authors: Rathish Kumar B. V. , Yamaguchi T. , Liu H. , Himeno R.
Published: November 2021

Computer Visualization of hemodynamics in Left Ventricle (LV) is of great significance in treating patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Numerical simulations that enable such graphical visualization are computationally very intensive. So in the current study we propose to discuss details of the parallel computation of LV flow dynamics on distributed memory based vector parallel processing system (VPP700) under UXP/VPPF90. Speedup and efficiency factors obtained by the present parallel computational strategy will be presented. Results pertaining to the parallel solution to steady flow dynamics in LV model will also be presented.
Automobile Parts Provide the Framework for Teaching Around the Cycle in a Course on Manufacturing Materials and Processes
Authors: Sauerwine Fred R.
Published: November 2021

A course on manufacturing materials and processes was improved by dividing it into units identified by automotive components such as the piston, body panel, and tail light. To teach around the cycle within each module, the “WHY”, “WHAT”, “HOW”, and “WHAT IF” teaching objectives are addressed and a variety of learning activities are utilized; e.g.. lecturing with visual aids, computer-aided instruction, guided laboratory tests, company visits, problem solving, design sessions, and team projects. Presented and discussed are the contents of the course introduction, nine automotive units, and two capstone experiences. Based upon student evaluations of the course, covering topics in a framework of automobile parts was appreciated. However, the most preferred learning activity was guided laboratory tests. Proposed future work includes the development of additional process laboratories and a CD on material-process-structure-properties interrelationships.
Wrist Fracture Cooperative Biomechanics Research Project
Authors: Englund Richard B. , Cooney Timothy E. , Buczek Frank L.
Published: November 2021

While injuries are common from skating sports, few biomechanics studies have compared fracture rates with and without protective wrist guards. All published testing results have been obtained from cadaveric specimens, generally with substantially axial loading. Loads to failure have been reported for slow loading by universal testing machines, and fracture patterns have been reported from more rapid loading with a pendulum system. An orthopaedic resident at Hamot Medical Center had an interest in in-line skating injuries and proposed to investigate whether wrist guards provided a reduction in the incidence of fractures from skating falls. The project started with the goal of demonstrating the value, or lack thereof, of wrist guards, and ended with simply trying to determine methodology which closely simulates wrist injury arising from a skating fall.

The hospital does not have engineering staff in the research department, nor extensive fabrication capabilities, and approached the School of Engineering and Engineering Technology of Penn State at Erie for assistance in design, construction, and data collection for a research project to investigate the efficacy of wrist guards. Assistance in kinematic aspects of falls was sought from the Motion Analysis Laboratory of Shriners Hospitals for Children - Erie. The logistics of a cooperative project between three institutions is the subject of this paper.

Initial planning for the project, revisions to the scope of the project, the financial arrangements, equipment design and construction, and data collection practices are described in this paper. Concluding remarks about the resources necessary for cooperative projects between medical schools and Engineering Technology departments are presented.
A Numerical Study of Volute Design in Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Yang Weili , Grant Peter , Hitt James
Published: November 2021

Our principle goal of this study is to develop a CFD based analysis procedure that could be used to analyze the geometric tradeoffs in scroll geometry when space is limited. In the study, a full centrifugal compressor stage at four different operating points from near surge to near choke is analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and laboratory measurement. The study concentrates on scroll performance and its interaction with a vaneless diffuser and impeller.

The numerical results show good agreement with test data in scroll circumferential pressure distribution at different ΛAR, total pressure loss coefficient, and pressure distortion at the tongue. The CFD analysis also predicts a reasonable choke point of the stage. The numerical results provide overall flow field in the scroll and diffuser at different operating points. From examining the flow fields, one can have a much better understanding of rather complicated flow behavior such as jet-wake mixing, and choke. One can examine total pressure loss in detail to provide crucial direction for scroll design improvement in areas such as volute tongue, volute cross-section geometry and exit conical diffuser.
Stress Intensity Factors and Paths for Cracks in Photoelastic Motor Grain Models Under Internal Pressure
Authors: Smith C. W. , Constantinescu D. M. , Liu C. T.
Published: November 2021

Computational analysis and two-dimensional tensile tests on single motor grain fins suggest that cracks in fin tips are most likely to originate at the coalescence of a fin end tip radius, with a small radius from the side of the fin. Some manufacturers have also noticed defects formed during casting at the fin tip on the fin axis. The following is an experimental investigation utilizing frozen stress photoelastic models of an existing motor grain geometry in order to clarify stress intensity factor (SIF) values and crack growth paths for cracks emanating from the two above-noted potential critical loci. Comparisons between results from cracks grown from the two loci will be made, suggesting interesting conclusions.
Methoxyl stable isotopic constraints on the origins and limits of coal-bed methane
Authors: Lloyd M. K. , Trembath-Reichert E. , Dawson K. S. , Feakins S. J. , Mastalerz M. , Orphan V. J. , Sessions A. L. , Eiler J. M.
Published: November 2021

Coaling in the deep

Despite our current reliance on fossil carbon for energy, the biogeochemical reactions that produce coal and natural gas aren’t entirely understood. Lloyd
et al
. tested the chemistry and isotope composition in samples ranging from wood to hard, mature coal (see the Perspective by Keppler). Methyoxyl groups in this organic material, which are a potential source of methane, declined with maturity, whereas the carbon-13 fraction increased gradually. The most plausible explanation for this observed pattern is biological demethylation under substrate-limited conditions. These results help us understand the processes that form coal and natural gas on geologic time scales. —MAF
Social science research to inform solar geoengineering
Authors: Aldy Joseph E. , Felgenhauer Tyler , Pizer William A. , Tavoni Massimo , Belaia Mariia , Borsuk Mark E. , Ghosh Arunabha , Heutel Garth , Heyen Daniel , Horton Joshua , Keith David , Merk Christine , Moreno-Cruz Juan , Reynolds Jesse L. , Ricke Katharine , Rickels Wilfried , Shayegh Soheil , Smith Wake , Tilmes Simone , Wagner Gernot , Wiener Jonathan B.
Published: November 2021

What are the benefits and drawbacks, and for whom?
Computed structures of core eukaryotic protein complexes
Authors: Humphreys Ian R. , Pei Jimin , Baek Minkyung , Krishnakumar Aditya , Anishchenko Ivan , Ovchinnikov Sergey , Zhang Jing , Ness Travis J. , Banjade Sudeep , Bagde Saket R. , Stancheva Viktoriya G. , Li Xiao-Han , Liu Kaixian , Zheng Zhi , Barrero Daniel J. , Roy Upasana , Kuper Jochen , Fernández Israel S. , Szakal Barnabas , Branzei Dana , Rizo Josep , Kisker Caroline , Greene Eric C. , Biggins Sue , Keeney Scott , Miller Elizabeth A. , Fromme J. Christopher , Hendrickson Tamara L. , Cong Qian , Baker David
Published: November 2021

Deep learning for protein interactions

The use of deep learning has revolutionized the field of protein modeling. Humphreys
et al
. combined this approach with proteome-wide, coevolution-guided protein interaction identification to conduct a large-scale screen of protein-protein interactions in yeast (see the Perspective by Pereira and Schwede). The authors generated predicted interactions and accurate structures for complexes spanning key biological processes in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. The complexes include larger protein assemblies such as trimers, tetramers, and pentamers and provide insights into biological function. —VV
Staged embolisation of a giant torcular dural sinus malformation in a neonate
Authors: Luther Evan M , Jamshidi Aria , King Hunter , Starke Robert
Published: November 2021

Torcular dural sinus malformations (tDSMs) represent a rare subset of paediatric cerebrovascular malformations and are often diagnosed antenatally via ultrasound. The management of these in utero lesions remains controversial as previous studies suggested elective termination of the pregnancy because of their presumably high mortality and severe long-term morbidity. However, more recent evaluations have suggested that the overall prognosis for infants harbouring these lesions may be much better than previously believed. As such, we present the case of a neonate with a giant tDSM, diagnosed in utero, who was treated postnatally via staged transarterial and transvenous embolisation to alleviate worsening obstructive hydrocephalus and brainstem compression. We provide details regarding the surgical approach and long-term neurological outcomes for this patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the largest reported tDSM presented in the literature.
Complex auditory musical hallucinations with ambivalent feelings
Authors: Canas-Simião Hugo , Nascimento Sandra Teles , Reis João , Freitas Carina
Published: November 2021

A 78-year-old woman with hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2 and bilateral sensorineural hearing loss was referenced to geriatric psychiatry consultation. She presented cognitive dysfunction, erotomanic delusion and complex musical hallucinations (MH), described as hearing her neighbour singing a familiar church song along with bells in the background, making comments and talking to her. A computed tomography (CT) of the brain detected small right nucleocapsular and bilateral external capsules hypodensities of presumed vascular aetiology during hospitalisation. MH are a rare phenomenon with heterogeneous aetiology. Most frequently, the cause is hearing impairment; other causes include social isolation, cognitive dysfunction, vascular risk factors and medication. Studies suggest that some brain areas related to musical memory circuitry might be related and not fully mapped. Auditory verbal hallucinations with a voice that either comments, talks or sings to the patient have never been described in the literature, making this clinical case attractive.
Rare presentation of sarcoidosis with optic neuropathy and third nerve palsy
Authors: Seifelnasr Mohamed , Theodorsson Magnus , Hart Jonathan , O'Sullivan Eoin
Published: November 2021

Sarcoidosis is a systemic, idiopathic and granulomatous disease, which most commonly affects the skin, lungs and lymph nodes but can affect virtually any organ. Neurosarcoidosis can be the presenting or the only clinical manifestation accounting for 5%–15% of sarcoid diagnoses. In contrast to uveitis which is the most common ophthalmic manifestation, neuro-ophthalmic signs are uncommon in sarcoidosis. Optic neuropathy is the most common neuro-ophthalmic sign (70% in one series). Sarcoid-related optic neuropathy commonly presents with a picture similar to optic neuritis. Less commonly, optic nerve involvement occurs secondary to compressive lesions, or from direct granulomatous infiltration. Neuroimaging is crucial to identify the location of the lesion. We describe a case of sarcoid-related compressive optic neuropathy and third nerve palsy and highlight the challenging nature of neurosarcoidosis in a patient without a prior diagnosis of the disease.
Potential for integrating yoga within pulmonary rehabilitation and recommendations of reporting framework
Authors: Sahasrabudhe Shruti D , Orme Mark W , Jones Amy V , Tillu Girish , Salvi Sundeep S , Singh Sally J
Published: November 2021

There is a rising burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in India. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), is a universally recommended multidisciplinary therapeutic strategy for the management of COPD; however, its needs are unmet. The diversity in the healthcare systems, availability of PR specialists and sociocultural multiformity requires contextualised and innovative PR models. Culturally sensitive elements, such as yoga, have some evidence of a positive impact in the management of COPD. Yoga and PR are based on similar principles with a holistic approach of involving physical activities, behaviour change techniques and psychological support to improve disease outcomes. Arguably the principles of PR and yoga are complementary but there are some important differences in the intensities of activities, exercise types and inclusion of mindfulness in components that must be considered. Components of PR enable aerobic capacity building, strengthening of muscles of the upper and lower extremities and building awareness towards disease management. Yoga, on the other hand, primarily can focus on core strengthening, breathing control, mindfulness and self-awareness. We discuss the potential of integrating the sociocultural appeal of yoga with PR delivered at international standards, and how an integrated approach may lead to optimal referral, uptake and completion.
Characterization of codimension one foliations on complex curves by connections
Authors: Zuevsky A.
Published: November 2021

A way to characterize the space of leaves of a foliation in terms of connections is proposed. A particular example of vertex algebra cohomology of codimension one foliations on complex curves is considered. Multiple applications in Mathematical Physics are revealed.
CAN CHINA’S FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT CAUSE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ASEAN?
Authors: PING LI , FURUOKA FUMITAKA , RASIAH RAJAH , ARUCHUNAN ELAYARAJA
Published: November 2021

This paper uses systematic panel data methods to scrutinize the impact of China’s foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in eight Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries from 2004 to 2018. The findings indicate a statistically significant causal association between these countries’ economic growth and Chinese investment, which shows that China’s FDI is not a cause but rather a result of the economic expansion. Specifically, the results show that there was a causal chain running from fixed capital to Chinese FDI, through trade openness, in the relatively wealthier ASEAN countries; also, there was a causal chain running from economic growth to Chinese FDI, through trade openness, in relatively poorer ASEAN countries.