bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
İCMA’IN SİYASÎ VE MEZHEBÎ YÖNÜ
Authors: MACİT Yüksel
Published: June 2020

İcmâ başlangıçta dinî bir müessese
olarak doğmuştur. Fıkıh usulü kitaplarında icmâ (ittifak) dinî konularda olur
kaydı sürekli geçer. Mutezileden Nazzam icmâ’ın siyasî olarak icat edildiğini
iddia eder. Onun görüşüne katılmasak da icmâ’ın zaman zaman siyasî ve mezhepsel
amaçlarla da kullanıldığına rastlanmaktadır. Başta Ebu Ya’la el-Ferra’nın el-Udde adlı usul kitabında ve
Serahsî’nin Usul’ünde icmâ bahsinde Ebu
Bekir’in halife seçiminde icmâ olduğundan söz edilmektedir. Halife seçimi
aslında siyasî bir konudur, fakat dinî bir konu haline getirilmiştir, daha çok
da kelam kitaplarının sonunda imamet bölümünde tartışılmıştır. Ancak Cüveynî İrşad adlı kelam kitabının imamet
bölümünün başında bu konunun usul-i dinden olmadığını itiraf etmiştir ama
alışılageldiği için o da imamet konusunu tartışmıştır.Ehl-i sünnet kabul edilen fıkıh usulcülerinin
usul kitaplarında Ehl-i bidat denen mezhepler özellikle Hariciler icmâ’ın dışında
tutulmuştur. Bunu sadece Ehl-i sünnet usulcüleri değil bazı Mutezile usulcüleri
de yapmıştır. Böylece icmâ’ın siyasî ve mezhebî olarak kullanılmasıyla bazı
muhalif siyasî gruplar yerilmiş, bazı muhalif mezhepler itibarsızlaştırılmaya
çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışma icmâ’ın siyasî ve mezhebi kullanımını tarafsız olarak
tespit etmektedir. Zira icmâ’ya dahil edilmeyen veya icmâ için görüşleri
itibara alınmayan ve ehl-i bidat diye kınanan mezhepler de toplumda çoğunluğu
elde etseydi büyük bir ihtimalle onlar da icmâ’yı muhaliflerine karşı
kullanacaktı. Nitekim Haricilerin daha ileri giderek kendilerinden olmayanları
açıkça tekfir ettiği bilinmektedir. İçtihadî meselelerde tüm ümmetin icmâ’sı
azdır; genelde çoğunluğun ittifakına icmâ denmiştir. Fiilî durum budur. Tarihî
bir realitedir ki az da olsa Ebu Bekir’in halife seçiminde de muhalifler vardı.İcmâ’ın çağımızdaki durumuna gelince, dağınık
ve kalabalık İslam coğrafyasında icmâ edecek bütün müçtehitleri tespit kolay
olmasa da icmâ’ın imkânından bahseden ve bunun gerçekleşmesi için önerilerde
bulunan Müslüman düşünürler ve fıkıh usulcüleri vardır. Çalışmalarını 20.asrın
başlarında da sürdüren Muhammed Abduh ve Reşid Rıza gibi İslam düşünürleri icmâ’ın
nasıl işlevsel hale geleceği hususunda imal-i fikirde bulunmuşlardır. Fıkıh
usulü kitabı sahibi Abdulvahhab Hallaf ve Abdülkerim Zeydan icmâ’ın imkânı için
öneriler yapmışlardır. Bunların yaptıkları önerilerin siyasete taalluk eden yönleri
de vardır. Bunların yanı sıra kelimenin tam anlamıyla icmâ olmasa da veya
usuldeki icmâ tanımına tam uymasa da İslam dünyasında yer yer icmâ havasında
toplantılar yapılmaktadır. Bunlar icmâ fikrinin çağımızda hala önemini
koruduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer bir ifadeyle icmâ, üzerine ilgi çekmeye devam
etmektedir. Biz bu konuda durum tespiti yaparak icmâ’ın siyasî ve mezhebî
yönüne dikkat çektik. Bu bağlamda icmâ’ın dışa karşı stratejik yönü de vardır.
ŞAM HANEFÎ KADISI NECMEDDİN TARSÛSÎ’NİN KİTABÜ’T-TEVÂRÎH’İ: (TAHKİK - TERCÜME - DEĞERLENDİRME)
Authors: SADIKER Ömer
Published: June 2020

Memlükler
dönemi ilim adamları tarafından sultan ve devlet ricalinin destekleri ve
teşvikleri ile çok yönlü zengin bir edebiyat meydana getirilmiştir. Bunda
vakfiyeler aracılığıyla inşa edilen dört mezhebe ait medreselerin faaliyetlerinin
de olumlu etkisi olmuştur. Şafiiler başta olmak üzere bu medreselerde Hanefî,
Maliki ve Hanbeli mezhebine mensup müderrisler ve kadılar yetişmiştir. Bu
atmosferde yetişen âlimler İslami ilimlerin her alanında kendini ifade etme imkânı
bulmuş; özgün ve derinlikli eserler ortaya koymuşlardır. Eserlerin başında
tarih, teracim ve tabakat türü eserler gelmiştir. Hemen her mezhepte kurucusundan
kendi dönemine kadar etkin liderlerin biyografisinin yapıldığı tabakat, teracim
ve vefeyât türü eserler yazılmıştır. Bununla beraber muasır kişilerin kaleme alındığı
eserler de kaleme alınmıştır. Söz konusu çalışmayı yapan âlimlerden biri de
Türk asıllı, dedeleri Tarsus’tan Şam’a gelmiş olan Necmeddin Tarsûsî’dir. İlmiyi
sınıfı bir aileden gelen Tarsûsî, “Ürcuze fi Vefeyâti’l-Aʻyân min Mezhebi
Ebî Hanîfeti’n-N’umân” adlı eseriyle Ebû Hanîfe’den (ö. 150) Alâaddin Türkmânî’ye
(ö. 750) kadar Hanefî âlimlerin vefat tarihlerini konu edinen vefeyat türünden
bir eser ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca Kitabü’t-Tevârîh adıyla 664 yılından kendi
zamanına kadar Şam’da kadılık yapan Hanefî kâdılkudâtların başka bir ifadeyle
muasır hanefî âlimlerinin biyografilerini de yazmıştır. Çalışmamızda
incelediğimiz eser de Kitabü’t-Tevârih’tir. Kitabü’t-Tevârîh, Tarsûsî’nin 54
bölümden oluşan el-Feâidü’l-Fıkhiyye adlı 1000 beytlik manzumesinin ve
ed-Dürretü’s-Seniyye fi’l-Fevâidi’l-Fıkhiyye adlı şerhinin 13 beytlik son
bölümüdür. Eserin bu bölümünün çalışma konusu edilmesinde bölümün Şam tarihçileri
olarak bilinen Nuaymî (ö. 927) ve İbn Tolun’un (ö. 953) eserlerine kaynaklık
etmesi yatmaktadır. Bununla ilgili çalışmamız da yayın aşamasındadır. Özellikle
İbn Tolun’un “Kudâtu Dımaşk” olarak bilinen “es-Sağru’l-Bessâm fi Zikri men
Vülliye Kadâe’ş-Şâm” adlı eserinin ilk dokuz Hanefî kadısı neredeyse
Kitabü’t-Tevârih’in aynısıdır. Bölüm h. 664 yılında Şam’a kâdılkudât olarak İbn
Ata’dan başlayarak h. 746 yılı babası İmadüddin Tarsûsî’nin kadılığı bırakıp
kendisinin geçmesini ifade etmesiyle son bulmaktadır. Eser, kadıların doğum,
vefat ve kadılık tarihlerini ebced sembolleriyle ifade eden nazımla başlamıştır.
Sonra da şerh edilerek dokuz kadının hayatına dair önemli bigiler verilmiştir.
Şerhte sembollerin karşılığı olan tarihlerin açıklamasına ilaveten, kadıların
hocaları, öğrencileri, ilgi duydukları eserler, öne çıktıkları yönler, görev
yaptığı medreseler, tayinleri, terfileri, azilleri, bazılarının da edebi
yönleri ele alınmıştır. Bu yönüyle teracim özelliği taşıyan eser Moğol istilası,
halkla münasebetler, iktidar ulema ilişkisi gibi siyasi ve sosyokültürel yönü
ortaya koymas﻿ıyla da tarih niteliği taşımaktadır.﻿﻿﻿﻿
E-H-Z FIILI ILE TÜREVLERININ KUR’ÂN-I KERÎM’DEKI ANLAMLARI VE MEÂLLERE YANSIMALARI
Authors: KARADAĞ Ahmet
Published: June 2020

Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Arapça
bilmeyenler tarafından anlaşılması amacıyla yazılan meâller bir nevi tefsir
sayılırlar. Zira her çevirmen Kur’ân’dan anladığını hedef dile aktarma gayreti
içerisindedir. Kur’ân’ın mesajının hedef kitleye doğru ve sağlıklı bir şekilde
ulaştırılmasının temel şartlarından biri de çevirmenin Kur’ân’da geçen müşterek
lafızların anlam alanına hâkim olmasıdır. Bu açıdan çevirmenin çokanlamlı lafız
barındıran âyetleri hedef dile çevirirken azami çaba sarf etmesi gerekmektedir.
Yüce Allah’ın mu’ciz kelamı olan Kur’ân’ın her harf, kelime ve cümlesi müstakil
olarak incelenmeye değerdir. Zira harfe yüklenen her farklı görev, kelimede
tercih edilen her farklı vecih, yeni bir anlamın ortaya çıkmasına neden
olmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu konuda isâbetli olmayan bir tespit, Kur’ân’ın yanlış
anlaşılmasına ve yorumlanmasına neden olacaktır.

İşte bu çalışmada
Kur’ân’daki çok anlamlı fiillerden biri olan e-h-z fiili ve türevlerinin Türkçe
meâllere ne şekilde aktarıldıkları incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla
Abdulbaki Gölpınarlı, Abdullah Parlıyan, Ahmet Tekin, Ahmet Varol, Ali Bulaç,
Bayraktar Bayraklı, Cemal Külünkoğlu, DİB Heyeti, Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi
Yazır, Hasan Basri Çantay, Mustafa İslamoğlu, Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen, Süleyman
Ateş, Şaban Piriş, Ümit Şimşek ve Yaşar Nuri Öztürk’ün meâli olmak üzere
toplamda on altı meâl hem vücûh/nezâir ilmi açısından hem de Türkçe ifade
biçimi açısından mukayese edilmiştir. Bu minvalde ilk önce bu fiilin sözlük anlamları
farklı lügatlerden araştırılmış, ardından bu fiilin Kur’ân’daki anlamları
vücûh/nezâir kitaplarından tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen bu farklı anlamlar
tefsirlerden de desteklenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu araştırmalar neticesinde e-h-z
fiilinin Kur’ân’da almak/elde etmek temel anlamının dışında ceza vermek, kabul
etmek ve hapsetmek anlamlarında kullanıldığı konusunda ittifâk sağlandığı tespit
edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte kimi vücûh/nezâir ve tefsir kitaplarında bu fiile
söz konusu anlamlar dışında öldürmek, yakmak ve helâl saymak gibi daha başka
anlamların da verildiği görülmüştür.

Bu çalışma neticesinde e-h-z
fiilinin ittifâk edilen anlamlarının meâllere ekseriyetle doğru yansıdığı
görülmekle birlikte Türkçe ifade açısından bazı meâllerde ciddi problemlerin
olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu fiilin üzerinde ittifâk edilmeyen kimi manalarının da
bazı meâllerde tercîh edildiği ve bu nedenle mananın hatalı/eksik aktarıldığı gözlenmiştir. Bazı meâllerde ise bu fiilin, lafzına bağlı
kalınarak ya da Arapça okunduğu şekliyle latinize edilerek çevrildiği ve bu
nedenle mananın muğlak bir şekilde Türkçe’ye aktarıldığı görülmüştür. Diğer
taraftan bu fiilin birlikte kullanılmış olduğu kelimelerle kazanmış olduğu
yeni/özel anlamlarının meâllere doğru aktarıldığı; ancak çoğu meâlde Türkçe
anlatım biçimine uygun olmayan ifadelerin kullanıldığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
BÂKILLÂNÎ VE ET-TAKRÎB VE’L-İRŞÂD ES-SAĞÎR İSİMLİ USÛL ESERİ
Authors: KESGİN Hafsa
Published: June 2020

H. II. Asırda
tesîs edilmeye ve ürünlerini vermeye başlayan fıkıh usûlü Şâfiî’nin er-Risâle
isimli eserinden sonra yaklaşık h. IV. asra kadar sahada çok güçlü olan bir
eser vermemiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar daha ziyade bu eser çerçevesinde
şekillenmiştir. Ancak h. IV.asra gelindiğinde alana ait esas teliflerin
verildiği gelişim dönemine girilmiştir. Söz konusu gelişim döneminin en önemli
kabul edilen ilk eserlerinden birisi Bâkıllânî’nin et-Takrîb ve’l-irşâd adlı
eseridir. Müellifin yaşadığı dönemde Hanefî, Şafi‘î ve Mutezile usûlüne dair
ilk örnekler telif edilmiş ve bu anlamda ciddi tartışmalar ortaya çıkmıştır.
Özellikle kelâm sahasına dair olan görüş farklılıkları söz konusu tartışmaların
temelini oluşturmuştur. Bâkıllânî’nin de Eş’arî kelâmının sistemleşmesinde
etkili olan bir isim ve kelâma olan vukufiyetiyle ön planda olması ve eserinde
husun-kübûh, Kur’ân’ın mahlûk olup olmadığı, Hz. Peygamber’in mucizleri gibi
kelâmî konuların da bulunmuş olması bu durumun en önemli göstergelerindendir.
Kelâma dair hâkimiyetini fıkıh usûlüne de yansıtan Bâkıllânî söz konusu usûl eserini,
kelâm ilmi ekseninde telif etmiş ve konuları döneminde vuku bulan dil tartışmaları
merkezinde işlemiştir. Söz konusu dil tartışmaları çerçevesinde umûm, husûs ve
vakf ekolleri ortaya çıkmış bu bağlamda müellif lafzın delâleti konusunda bir
karine bulununcaya kadar tevakkuf edilmesi gerektiğini savunan vakf ekolünü
temsil eden bir yöntem benimsemiştir. İtikâdî olarak Eş’arî olan Bâkıllânî
fıkhî düşünce olarak Mâlikî Mezhebine müntesip olmuştur. Tamamı elimize
ulaşmayan et-Takrîb’in geri kalan konuları Cüveynî’nin eser üzerine yazdığı
et-Telhîs isimli muhtasâr vasıtasıyla günümüze ulaşmıştır.  Müellifîn fıkıh usûlünü mütekellimîn yöntemine
dayalı olarak ele aldığı eser kendinden sonraki birçok usûlcüyü etkilemiştir. Zira
O,  kendinden önceki mevcut olan usûl
eserlerinde bulunmayan birçok usûl konusunu ilk ele alan bir isimdir. Mütekellimîn
yönteminde günümüze ulaşan en kapsamlı ve sistemli telif olarak kabul edilen bu
eser üzerinde pek çalışma yapılmamıştır. Mâlikî mezhebine müntesip olmasına
rağmen daha ziyâde Cüveynî ve Gazzâlî gibi Şâfiî mezhebinin önde gelen
usûlcülerine kaynaklık etmiş bu eserin usûl ilmi bakımından yeterince
değerlendirilmediği görülmektedir. Şâfiî usûlcüler yanında Bâcî ve Karâfî gibi
mezhebin usûl ilmi açısından öncü olan simâları yanında Hanbelî usûlcülerinin
de istifâde ettiği bir eserdir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada Bâkıllânî’nin Mâlikî usûl
ilminin gelişim dönemine nasıl bir katkı sağladığı, ilk defa hangi usûl
konularının O’nun tarafından ele alındığı ve kendisinden sonra gelen ulemâyı ne
boyutta etkilediği ortaya konacaktır.
Strategy of Rational Therapy of Acute Respiratory Infections in Patients with Comorbidity
Authors: Ruzhencova T. A. , Khavkina Daria А. , Meshkova Natalia A. , Chukhliaev Pavel V. , Garbuzov Alexander A.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The paper discusses specific features of acute respiratory infections (ARI) progression in patients with comorbidity. The relevance of this study is accounted for by severe progression of ARIs in this group of patients, as well as by specific considerations of combining causal treatment of infections with life-long treatment of chronic diseases.

The aim of the study was to use a clinical case to substantiate an optimal treatment strategy for influenza and associated complications in a comorbid patient.

Results: the analysis of the clinical case showed that an unfavourable course of ARI in the patient was due to the lack of timely antiviral therapy, adverse effects of paracetamol during statin therapy, exposure to pneumonia pathogen degradation products, general intoxication, and immune response. The compromised medical history contributed to the development of severe complications. The paper proposes a strategy for selecting the most eff ective and safe approach to the treatment of ARIs in a comorbid patient.

Conclusions: ARIs in patients with chronic diseases entail increased risks of complications that may arise both due to specific characteristics of the infection and unfavourable combination of drugs. Treatment regimens for infl uenza and other ARIs in comorbid patients should be eff ective and timely. Early antiviral treatment is especially important in patients with comorbidity. When choosing a treatment regimen, it is necessary to assess potential benefi ts of pharmacotherapy as well as associated risks, including those related to previously prescribed medicines.
Analysis of the Clinical Case of Long-term Monitoring of a Patient with Comorbid Depression: Special Considerations of Psychopharmacotherapy
Authors: Arkhipov V. V. , Abakumova E. K. , Dmitrieva Ya. S. , Zykova N. I. , Bolsunovskaya Yu. R.
Published: June 2020

Depression associated with somatic diseases ranks high among other depressive disorders and has a number of specifi c clinical features as compared to classic depression.

The aim of the study was to analyse specifi c features of comorbid depression clinical course, its diagnosis, and methodology for the selection of psychopharmacotherapy—using a clinical case as an example.

Results: the authors carried out a detailed retrospective clinical analysis of medical records of long-term (over three years) dynamic monitoring of a patient with comorbid vascular depression. They explored the tactics of selecting pharmacotherapy for anxiety-depressive disorder given the underlying chronic cerebral ischemia, atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic arteries, аrterial hypertension, and atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis. The primary focus was on specifi c aspects of vascular depression pharmacotherapy that were governed by a diverse clinical picture of comorbid personality disorders, dynamic transformation of somatic, neurological, and psychic symptoms and syndromes in a patient. The paper highlights the need for alignment of scientifi c and methodological approaches to assessment of potential risks associated with the use of psychotropic medicines.

Conclusions: the choice of rational psychopharmacotherapy for vascular depression should be governed by the data on the drug effi cacy for the prevailing clinical symptoms, by the age and gender characteristics of the patient, by compensation status of organs and systems, as well as by genetic, personal, and social characteristics that aff ect the disease progression. The use of a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment of comorbid personality disorders, as well as implementation of personalised medicine methodology in clinical practice in order to assess the patient’s condition as infl uenced by changes in his/her somatic, neurological, psychic status and the results of psychological testing, will increase the effi cacy and safety of treatment.
Segetal flora of some regions of Russia: characteristics of the taxonomic structure
Authors: Tretyakova A. S. , Baranova O. G. , Luneva N. N. , Terekhina T. A. , Yamalov S. M. , Lebedeva M. V. , Khasanova G. R. , Grudanov N. Yu.
Published: June 2020

The authors’ data on the weed species composition in 8 geographic regions of the Russian Federation were laid at the basis of this survey. The segetal flora comprised weeds of cereals, root crops, and perennial grasses. The composition and taxonomic structure of weed species were analyzed. The total number of weedy plants encompassed 686 plant species. The level of regional weed species diversity was positively related to the area planted. Altai Territory, Udmurtia, and Rostov Province had the greatest weed species diversity, with more than 300 species, while Vologda Province had the lowest diversity (193 species). Most species-rich plant families (Asteraceae Dumort., Poaceae Barnhart, Fabaceae Lindl., Brassicaceae Burnet), genera (Potentila L., Artemisia L., Veronica L., Chenopodium L., Silene L., Trifolium L.), their subsequences, contributions of singlespecies families (17–39%) and genera (57–74%) were relatively stable systematic structure indicators. Only 18% of the species were common for all the regions. In each region there were region-specific groups of species. Weed species compositions in geographically close regions – the European part of Russia and the Urals – showed the greatest similarity. As for geographically distant regions (Altai Territory and Rostov Province), their weedy species compositions were distant and contained large groups of region-specific species.
Collection accessions and source material as a determining factor for producing new melon cultivars
Authors: Varivoda E. A. , Koleboshina Т. G. , Kornilova М. S.
Published: June 2020

Background. The main trend in melon breeding is the development of cultivars with good taste, high yield, and disease resistance. The task may be solved through a scientific search for new source material meeting these requirements.

Materials and methods. The research was performed at Bykovsky Cucurbit Breeding Experiment Station. Melon accessions of various origin and F1 hybrids from the nursery of source material served as the research material. In total, during the period of 2015–2017, over 100 melon accessions were studied: 45 accessions from the VIR collection, 61 from various companies, and 12 developed at various research institutions. In the nursery of source material, the accessions were hybridized and the resulting hybrid combinations were tested, including tests against infections. All of them were evaluated for their economically useful traits, yield, taste qualities, and resistance to bio- and abiostressors. During the trials they were compared with the best released cultivars approved for dryland conditions according to the developed guidelines.

Results. The purpose of this work was to study the genetic collections of melons and obtain new source forms for further breeding. As a result of the study of the collection material, 12 accessions were identified with the following economically useful traits: high yield (exceeding the reference by more than 20%), high dry matter content (from 14 to 19%), large fruit size (fruit weight higher than 4.0 kg), and other features. After hybridization and testing in F1, the following 5 hybrid combinations were distinguished: Ekler × Osen; Dyuna × Mayskaya, Sheker and No 323; Katyusha × Mestny (k-7459, Georgia); Harmony × Mestny (k7461, Georgia), characterized by a set of features important for breeding.

Conclusion. Thus, for further improvement by breeding and release of new melon cultivars, source accessions were selected with a yield exceeding 15.0 t/ha, dry matter content of 13.0%, bright fruit color, and resistance to diseases.
The collection of potato varieties as a reserve of source material for breeding for high yield, earliness, and resistance to diseases and pests
Authors: Kostina L. I. , Kosareva O. S. , Truskinov E. V. , Kirpicheva T. V.
Published: June 2020

Background. Information is provided about the results obtained by screening the VIR collection of improved potato varieties for main commercial traits: earliness, high yield, high starch content, and resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary), viruses, and pests, such as cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll. (Ro1)), and Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say).

Materials and methods. Potato accessions representing domestic and foreign varieties from the VIR collection served as the material for this research. The screening was performed according to the techniques developed at the Potato Genetic Resources Department of VIR.

Results and conclusion. Potato varieties with valuable commercial traits were identified as breeding sources promising for earliness: ‘Bashkirskiy’ (k-25338), ‘Charoit’ (k-25221), ‘Colleen’ (k-25224), ‘Lagun’ (k-25294), etc.; for high yield: ‘Ametist’ (k-25336), ‘Banba’ (k-25222), ‘Bastion’ (k-25198), ‘Nur-Alem’ (k-25253), ‘Senim’ (k-25306), etc.; for high starch content: ‘Charaўnik’ (k-25139), ‘Darnitsa’ (k-25179), ‘Lad’ (k-25180), ‘Maksimum’ (k-25136), etc.; for resistance to late blight: local variety (Georgia) (k-25298, k-25326), ‘Sunkar’ (k-25258), ‘Udovitskiy’ (k-25260), ‘Vektor’ (k-25200), ‘Zvezdochka’ (k-25209); for resistance to viruses: ‘Azart’ (k-25196), Gala (k-25270), ‘Nadezhda’ (k-25213), Utro (k-25219), ‘Volat’ (k-25263), etc. Varieties combining resistance to gold potato cyst nematode with other valuable commercial traits were selected. Varieties with relative resistance to Colorado potato beetle were isolated under favorable conditions for the pest’s development. As a result of the research, new source material was identified, with a potential to improve major commercial traits of potato: earliness, high yield, high starch content, resistance to late blight, viruses, and pests (cyst nematode and Colorado beetle).
The effect of growing conditions and the year of reproduction on sowing qualities of seeds, morphological and physiological characteristics in sprouts of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek
Authors: Sushkevich A. V. , Zabegaeva O. N. , Burlyaeva М. О.
Published: June 2020

Background. Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) sprouts are of high nutritional value and are very popular in the world, as they are a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds. In Russia, the consumption of V. radiata sprouts is only beginning to develop. Growing this crop for microgreens on a commercial scale requires cultivars with a rapid development rate and higher weight of sprouts. With this in view, the aim of this research was to study the effect of growing conditions and the genotype on morphological and physiological parameters of mung bean seeds and sprouts.

Methods. Mung bean accessions from the VIR collection were analyzed. Germination energy, seed germination and seed vigor, and morphological characteristics were evaluated in seeds and sprouts of 16,000 plants. Four plant reproductions grown at Astrakhan (2015, 2017), Kuban (2005) and Adler (2016) Experiment Stations of VIR were studied. The effect produced by growing conditions and the genotype on morphological and physiological parameters of plants was identified using one- and two-way analyses of variance. Correlations between the traits were assessed using correlation and component analyses.

Results. Specific individual features of the accessions produced the strongest effect on morphological and physiological characteristics of seeds and sprouts; weather conditions, the place and year of reproduction, to a lesser extent. Sowing quality of seeds depended more on the precipitation amount during the growing season than on the sum of active temperatures. When formed under dry conditions, seeds manifested better seed germination, germination energy of seeds, and seed vigor. Accessions with high and stable levels of seed germination, germination energy, and seed vigor, and weight of sprouts were identified.
The use of molecular-genetic and phytopathological methods to identify genes for effective leaf rust resistance in Aegilops accessions
Authors: Tyryshkin L. G. , Kolesova M. A.
Published: June 2020

Background. Identification of effective genes for disease resistance in resistant plant samples is the most important step toward recommending them for breeding. There are three main methods for such identification: hybridological analysis, phytopathological test, and DNA marking. The method of PCR markers is widely used in Russia to identify resistance genes in wheat relatives, including the genus Aegi lops L. for resistance to leaf rust. From a theoretical viewpoint, the presence of a certain amplification fragment can hardly be interpreted as a definite proof of the presence of a resistance gene: during the species evolution, recombinations and mutations could occur, resulting in disturbance of the fragment’s presence and phenotypic expression of its connection with resistance. The purpose of this work was a comparison between molecular-genetic and phytopathological methods to identify leaf rust resistance genes Lr9 and Lr41 in three Aegilops species.

Materials and methods. We identified leaf rust resistance genes Lr9 and Lr41 in forty Aegilops accessions using PCR with J13 and GDM35 primers, respectively. In the phytopathological test, the seedlings were infected with the pathogen population (avirulent to Lr9 and Lr41 genes) and the fungus clones virulent to the wheat line with the Lr9 gene.

Results and conclusions. According to the data of molecular marking, the Lr41 gene was present in twelve Ae. tauschii Coss. accessions; Lr9 in four Ae umbellulata Zhuk. accessions and four of Ae. biuncialis Vis. All accessions of Ae. tauschii, two of Ae. umbellulata, and three of Ae. biuncialis, possessing effective resistance genes according to the molecular testing, were susceptible to the pathogen population. For three Ae. umbellulata accessions resistant to the population, where DNA marking failed to identify an Lr9 gene, the presence of this gene was shown by a phytopathological test. Thus, there were significant differences in the postulation of effective Lr9 and Lr41 leaf rust resistance genes in Aegilops accessions after a phytopatological test and the use of DNA markers.
Critical success factors in insurance companies
Authors: Selimović Jasmina , Martinović Danijela , Hurko Džana
Published: June 2020

The topic of this research are critical success
factors (CSFs) with a focus on factors that constitute the basis for the
success of insurance companies. There are no critical success factors common to
all enterprises, all areas and all activities. In insurance companies, key
performance indicators primarily depend on the service quality and the level of
customer satisfaction. In contemporary business conditions, the relevance of
the service has been increasingly important. Therefore, the concept named 5P is
suggested, standing for purpose, pride,
partnership, protection and personalization,
as these five factors define the requirements that must be met, if the
insurer’s service is to be perceived to be of high-quality, achieve client
satisfaction and build client loyalty. The paper presents a research into the
perception of insurance service and factors of insurance quality in the
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH). Research results correspond to the
5P concept and reveal the security factor as the most important factor for the
insured. A fast and efficient payment of claims, the attitude of the salespeople
toward the insured, described in terms of respectful and knowledgeable staff,
as well as the clarity of promotion and the availability of insurance service
also ranked high.
Colour Therapy in the Fight Against COVID-19
Authors: Toppo Iris , Bhattacharyya Trisita , Biswas Ishita , Ghosh Ayantika , Dutta Tinni
Published: June 2020

In this research we have tried to determine whether colour therapy diagnostic and prognostic tool can help individuals deal with the stress, depression, anxiety and mood swings which are resulting as a consequence of the present lockdown. A group of 20 willing participants chosen by accidental sampling were asked to submit their artworks and the diagnosis and prognosis about their mental conditions and personalities were drawn from the colour scheme of their paintings. Finally 5 of them were administered colour therapy to help heal their distress and their responses were noted. The participants consented to the research after all the terms and conditions were explained to them and agreed to volunteer their anonymised artworks and other responses as long as their identity was protected by all means.
100th anniversary of the classic of Russian gastroenterology, participant of the Great Patriotic War Alexander Mikhailovich Nogaller
Authors: Butov A. M.
Published: June 2020

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Epidemiology of pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract in Saint Petersburg
Authors: Chirkina T. M. , Aslanov B. I. , Kokovina Yu. V. , Bakulin I. G.
Published: June 2020

Purpose of the study. To study the epidemiological pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract among the population of St. Petersburg for the period 2015 to 2018.Materials and methods.We calculated and analyzed the incidence, prevalence, dynamics and structure of the pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract in various age groups. The reporting forms of Federal Statistical Observation № 1 for 2015–2018 were the source of the information.Results.The gastritis and duodenitis has a high incidence among chronic diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The high incidence is can be seen among adolescents aged 15–17–20.3 per 1000. Peptic ulcer can be seen among people aged 18–55–1.2 per. Nowadays there is a problem of registration and accounting of gastroenterological hernias and gastroesophageal refl ux disease. This issue has to be solved and requires search for resolutions in the face of its prevalence and social signifi cance.
Noninvasive methods of diagnosis of steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Zhirkov I. I. , Gordienko A. V. , Pavlovich I. M. , Golofeevsky V. Yu. , Makoveeva O. V.
Published: June 2020

The aimof the research: to study the diagnostic capabilities of non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis in patients with NAFLD.Materials and methods: the study included 240 male patients aged 21 to 54 years (mean age 41,1 ± 8,1 years), 172 of them with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 68 without this pathology. All performed measurement of anthropometric parameters, biochemical study of blood serum, ultrasound examination of the hepatobiliary zone, calculation of diagnostic indices of steatosis (FLI and HSI), non-invasive determination of the degree of steatosis on the device FibroScan with function CAP.Results: the CAP values of the FibroScan apparatus, as well as indicators of predictive steatosis indices signifi cantly (p<0,05) diff ered in the study groups; the quality of diagnostic models, estimated by the AUROC index, in the steatosis indices FLI and HIS was recognized as excellent, in the CAP values of the FibroScan apparatus as very good.
Diagnostics of stomach cancer in Russia: fi rst results of the multicenter study “RADIUS” (Early diagnosis of stomach cancer in dyspepsia)
Authors: Lazebnik L. B. , Lyalyukova E. A. , Dolgalev I. V. , Chernysheva E. N. , Stasenko V. L. , Shirlina N. G. , Pavlova N. V.
Published: June 2020

The aim of the study was to evaluate the timeliness and eff ectiveness of the diagnosis of precancerous diseases and early forms of gastric cancer in primary health care. Materials and methods. A multicenter retrospective descriptive study was conducted with an analysis of the medical records of 426 patients who were diagnosed with malignant neoplasm of the stomach at the time of going to outpatient facilities. We used data from 125 outpatient facilities in 7 centers for the period from 2009 to 2019. Results. The average age of patients with a fi rst established diagnosis of malignant neoplasia was 61,7 (95% CI 58.6 ÷ 64.8) years. The prevailing form of malignant neoplastic disease was the option “Adenocarcinoma, intestinal cancer” — 77,7%, diff use type cancer — 12,7%, other histological types — 9,6%. The diagnosis of malignant neoplastic disease at the III and IV stages of the disease was fi rst established in 67,4% of patients. The number of years lived by patients with a diagnosis of gastric gastric cancer was 2,0 years. Over a 10-year follow-up, 75% of patients died. Risk factors for gastric cancer were identifi ed in 41% of respondents. Signs of dyspepsia syndrome were observed in 31,5% of patients, and they appeared on average 4,6 (95% CI 4,4 ÷ 4,8) years before the diagnosis of gastric malignancy. Among people with gastric cancer, dyspepsia symptoms occur every day in every third patient. The features of the manifestations of dyspepsia in the observed patients were: daily manifestations of symptoms (33,3%), symptoms at night — 9,4%, an increase in the intensity of dyspepsia (21,3%), the lack of a clinical response to the therapy (proton pump inhibitors, prokinetics, eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection) in 58% of cases. Anxiety symptoms were recorded 2,4 years before a diagnosis of stomach cancer.
Omentum lymphangioma in a child
Authors: Nikitin A. V. , Khavkin A. I. , Skvortsova T. A. , Volynets G. V. , Atameeva A. O.
Published: June 2020

The article presents a clinical case of omentum lymphangioma in a child, which was successfully resected by open laparoscopy. This clinical case indicates the need for caution in relation to tumors of the abdominal cavity, which for a long time can occur against the background of nonspecifi c complaints or asymptomatically, and also shows positive dynamics against the background of the therapy.
Analisis Wacana Kohesi dan Koherensi pada teks Cerpen, Teks Prosedur, Teks lingkungan dan Kemungkinan Pembelajaran di Sekolah
Authors: erinayulianti
Published: June 2020

Analis Wacana Kohesi dan Koherensi pada Teks Cerpen, Prosedur, Teks lingkungan dan kemungkinan pembelajaran di sekolah
Strategi AMBT untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Pemahaman Interpretatif Siswa Kelas IV SD Negeri 3 Namlea Kabupaten Buru
Authors: Susiati Susiati
Published: June 2020

The ability to read is essential for students because it can increase knowledge. This study aims to describethe improvement in reading comprehension of grade IV students at SD Negeri 3 Namlea Buru Regencythrough the AMBT Strategy. The results of the repetition analysis in the last two years, especially theability to read interpretive understanding, are included in thelowest value. This research was conductedin the first semester of the 2018/2019 academic year. Data sources in this study are students andteachers. The type of data in this study is quantitative data obtained from test results and qualitativedata collected through observation sheets. The results showed that students' interpretive reading abilityor mastery learning in the first cycle was 65%, with an average value of 72.5 increasing in the secondcycle by 90% with an average cost of 82.9. The percentage of teacher activity in the first cycle was63.15%, and the second meeting was 73.68%, increasing in the second cycle. The first meeting was84.21%, and the second meeting was 89.47%. The percentage of student activity in the first cycle was60%, and the second meeting, 70%, increased in the second cycle, 80%, and the second meeting was90%. From these results, it can be concluded that the implementation of the AMBT strategy can improvethe interpretive reading skills of fourth-grade students at SD Negeri 3 Namlea, Buru Regency.Keywords: Interpretative; AMBT Strategy; Cycle
KAIDAH-KAIDAH FONOLOGI
Authors: Susiati Susiati
Published: June 2020

AbstracLanguage in literary works contains elements of beauty. Beauty isan aspect of aesthetics. This opinion is in line with Zulfahnur'sopinion, language style and writing is one of the interestingelements in a reading. Each writer has a different style in pouringeach of his writing ideas. Every writing that is produced later hasa style of writing that is influenced by the author, so it can be saidthat, the character of a writer greatly influences the work hewrites. This is consistent with the opinion of Pratikno (1984: 50)that the nature, character or character of a person is different.Language style is the use of a wealth of languages, the use ofcertain variations to obtain certain effects, the overall languagecharacteristics of a group of literary writers and the unique wayof expressing thoughts and feelings, both orally and in writing.The style of language used by the author is essentially a way ofusing language precisely to describe the feelings and thoughts ofthe author which are different from the everyday languagepatterns and are subjective. For this reason, we present this paperin terms of how to use language styles in general and as awrapper for the mind.Keyword: Languange, Styles and Experssing
AMBIGUISTAS OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGE ON THE STUDENTS OF IQRA BURU UNIVERSITY
Authors: HARZIKO
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACKAmbiguity is a meaningful thing or has more than two meanings. Most peoplemisinterpret what is read and hear. This can occur both in spoken speech and writing. Thisinterpretation of more than one can raise doubts and confusion in making decisions aboutmeaning referred to, so that the reader must be observant in grasping the meaning of thatintended by the writer. Ambiguity at this level occurs because of the sounds of spoken language.sometimes it can be misinterpreted the meaning of a word or phrase because during aconversation the phrase or word is said too quickly. This study aims to describe the ambiguity ofthe Indonesian language used by Iqra University students in composing narratives and papers.This type of research is qualitative research that is naturally or in the context of a wholeness. byusing descriptive collected in the form of words and not numbers. The data in this study are datathat contain ambiguity using the theories of experts when analyzing. Data collection techniquesnamely after describing the form of words and phrases in Indonesian written by students afterthat are analyzed according to theory. the results showed that in students' essays there werewords and phrases that contained ambiguity.Keyword: Ambiguitas, Narasi, Student
Leaving a Choice for Others: Children’s Evaluations of Considerate, Socially-Mindful Actions
Authors: Zhao Xin , Zhao Xuan , Gweon Hyowon , Kushnir Tamar
Published: June 2020

People value those who act with others in mind even as they pursue their own goals. Across three studies (N=566; 4- to 6-year-olds), we investigated children’s developing understanding of such considerate, socially-mindful actions. By age 6, both U.S. and Chinese children positively evaluate a character who takes a snack for herself in a way that leaves snack choice for others over a character who leaves no choice (Study 1), but only when the actors had alternative possible actions (Study 2) and when a clear beneficiary was present (Study 3). These results suggest an emerging ability to infer underlying social intentions from self-oriented actions, providing insights into the role of social-cognitive capacities vs. culture-specific norms in children’s moral evaluations.
Uncertainty, Intelligence, and National Security Decision Making
Authors: Mandel David R. , Irwin Daniel
Published: June 2020

Uncertainty is both inherent in nature and endemic to national security decision-making. Intelligence communities throughout the Western world, however, rely on vague language to communicate uncertainty—both the probability of critical events and the confidence that analysts have in their assessments—to decision-makers. In this article, we review the status-quo approach taken by the intelligence community and, drawing on abundant research findings, we describe fundamental limitations with the approach, including the inherent vagueness, context-dependence, and implicit meanings that attend the use of verbal uncertainty expressions. We then present an alternative approach based on the use of imprecise numeric estimates supplemented by clear written rationales, highlighting the affordances of this alternative. Finally, we describe institutional barriers to reform and address common objections raised by practitioners. While we focus our discussion on the domain of national security intelligence, the case for numeric probabilities is relevant to any organizational field where high-stakes decisions are made under conditions of uncertainty.
Trust and attitudes toward vaccination: Study report
Authors: Czarnek Gabriela , Kossowska Małgorzata , Szwed Paulina
Published: June 2020

We focus on the effects of trust that people have in scientists on attitudes toward vaccination globally. We analysed data from Wellcome Global Monitor (Wellcome Trust, 2018), a survey conducted with more than 140,000 people in more than 140 countries. In our analysis, we focused on worldwide, European, and Polish data. We assumed that higher levels of trust in scientists are related to more positive beliefs and attitudes towards vaccines. We also expected that the level of education modifies the effects in a way that the higher the education, the more positive attitudes towards vaccines. We found that trust in scientists was related to more positive attitudes toward vaccination, which was further modified by education (education exacerbated the effects of trust). That was, however, not the case for Poland, where we only found the main effect of trust but the effects of education were insignificant.
Children in care in school: who is entered for exams and who reaches critical thresholds of success at age 16?
Authors: O'Higgins Aoife , Luke Nikki , Strand Steve
Published: June 2020

Background Being entered for exams and reaching key educational thresholds, for example five A* to C (including English and Mathematics) at GCSE, are important markers of participation and success in secondary education. However, little is known about the prevalence and make-up of children in care reaching these thresholds. Method Using secondary data analysis, we compared the proportions of children in care, children in need and children in the general population who achieved four key thresholds, including exam entry and 5 A* to Cs, including English and Maths. We then focused on children in care and examined factors that predicted exam entry and achieving 5 A* to C including English and Mathematics.Results Children receiving social care interventions were less likely than children in the general population to be entered for exams or to reach important educational thresholds. For children in care, several socio-demographic, care and educational factors predicted their likelihood of success. No children with an Autistic Spectrum Disorder or who had ever been permanently excluded were recorded to have achieved 5 A* to Cs, including English and Mathematics. Children with poor attainment at Key Stage 2 were also at significant risk of not achieving this threshold. Implications Practitioners and policy-makers should consider the modifiable risk factors for poor educational performance and be aware of groups of children in care who are at significant risk of not achieving a minimum standard which could open doors for their future.
Long-term memory of real-world episodes is independent of recency effects: magic tricks as ecological tasks
Authors: Bestue David , Martínez Luis M. , Gomez-Marin Alex , Camí Jordi
Published: June 2020

How episodic memories decay is an unresolved question in cognitive neuroscience. The role of short-term mechanisms regarding the decay of episodic memories is circumscribed to set the maximum recall from which a monotonic decay occurs. However, this sequential view from the short to the long-term is not compulsory, as short-term dependent memory gains (like recency effects when memorizing a list of elements; serial-position effects) may not be translated into long-term memory differences. Moreover, producing memorable events in the laboratory faces important challenges, such as recreating realistic conditions with elevated recall, or avoiding spontaneous retrievals during memory retention (sociocultural hooks). Here we propose the use of magic to enhance the study of memory. We designed a sequence of magic tricks performed live on stage to evaluate the interaction between memory decay and serial-position effects of those tricks. The audience was asked to freely recall the tricks at four different timepoints: just after the show, 10 days, 1.5 months and 4.5 months. We discovered serial-position differences after the show that were no longer present later on, suggesting that short-term memory gains do not translate into the long-term. Illustrating the power of naturalistic stimuli to study long-term memory while interrogating the interaction between short-term and long-term mechanisms, this work is, to our knowledge, the first scientific study of the memorability of magic tricks.
Shared understanding of color among congenitally blind and sighted adults
Authors: Kim Judy Sein , Aheimer Brianna , Montane Manrara Veronica , Bedny Marina
Published: June 2020

Empiricist philosophers such as Locke famously argued that people born blind could only acquire shallow, fragmented facts about color. Contrary to this intuition, we report that blind and sighted people share an in-depth understanding of color, despite disagreeing about arbitrary color facts. Relative to the sighted, blind individuals are less likely to generate ‘yellow’ for banana and ‘red’ for stop-sign. However, blind and sighted adults are equally likely to infer that two bananas (natural kinds) and two stop-signs (artifacts with functional colors) are more likely to have the same color than two cars (artifacts with non-functional colors), make similar inferences about novel objects’ colors, and provide similar causal explanations. We argue that people develop inferentially-rich and intuitive “theories” of color regardless of visual experience. Linguistic communication is more effective at aligning people’s theories than their knowledge of verbal facts.
The Influence of Postural Emotion Cues on Implicit Trait Judgements
Authors: Van Der Zant Tamara , Reid Jessica , Mondloch Catherine J. , Nelson Nicole L.
Published: June 2020

Perceptions of traits (such as trustworthiness or dominance) are influenced by the emotion displayed on a face. For instance, the same individual is reported as more trustworthy when they look happy than when they look angry. This overextension of emotional expressions has been shown with facial expression but whether this phenomenon also occurs when viewing postural expressions was unknown. We sought to examine how expressive behaviour of the body would influence judgements of traits and how sensitivity to this cue develops. In the context of a storybook, adults (N = 35) and children (aged 5 to 8 years; N = 60) selected one of two partners to help face a challenge. The challenges required either a trustworthy or dominant partner. Participants chose between a partner with an emotional (happy/angry) face and neutral body or one with a neutral face and emotional body. As predicted, happy over neutral facial expressions were preferred when selecting a trustworthy partner and angry postural expressions were preferred over neutral when selecting a dominant partner. Children’s performance was not adult-like on most tasks. The results demonstrate that emotional postural expressions can also influence judgements of others’ traits, but that postural influence on trait judgements develops throughout childhood.