bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Muscle Myosin IIA (Myh9) is in the Nucleus of S-Phase Entering NT2-D1 Cells
Authors: Onganía Gabriela Naum- , Poma Rolando Rivera-
Published: September 2018

Non-muscle myosin IIA is a cytoplasmic protein that works in concert with F-actin to produce cell movement. The heavy chain of this protein is codified by the MYH9 gene. The presence of motor proteins as myosin or mono and F-actin and their role in transcription has recently been observed. Prep1–the transcription factor of HOXB genes– constitutes a dimer with Pbx1, which induces HOXB gene expression. Prep1 has been found purifying with β-actin and Myh9. HOXB transcription initiates when cells enter in S-phase, during which DNA duplication and transcription occur at the same time. Here, we have shown that Myh9 co-localizes with Prep1 in the nucleus and in the periphery of the nucleolus in S-phase NT2-D1 cells. Furthermore, we have shown that Myh9 purifies with Pbx1 from nuclear extracts of S-phase entering NT2-D1 cells –and not from cytoplasmic extracts. Taking into account these results, we conclude that Myh9 is in the nucleus of the S-phase entering NT2-D1 cells and might have a role in HOXB transcription.
Mathematical Methods for Solar Chimney Analysis
Authors: Strobel C.S. , Moura L.M. , Mariani V.C.
Published: September 2018

Solar Chimney Power Plants (SCPP) – also known as Solar Updraft Power Plants – consists in a structure composed by a glass collector, placed in a few meters from the ground, with a chimney in its center, in order to promote a pressure differential and consequently a heated air flow. On the bottom of the chimney, a turbine convert the kinetic energy from the heated airflow in electric power. Many mathematical and numerical methods for predict the performance of this kind of renewable energy plant have been conducted, but always with a divergence among them. The main objective of this work is to compare the mathematical methods of evaluation the overall performance, as well to propose a more accurate mathematical method, comparing all results with Manzanares Plant and other methods in the literature. Two approaches were studied and then modified: one based on continuity and momentum equation and the other based on the sum of all pressure drops along the system. The main reasons of the difference between the models analyzed are highlighted. The results shows that one of the proposed methods leads to a divergence of only 1.3% when compared to Manzanares pilot plant, i.e., with an excellent agreement with experimental data.
Co-Form Cues to a Target
Authors: Talmy Leonard
Published: September 2018

The linguistic material around a trigger comprises its co-forms. A co-form cue consists of any information provided by a co-form that helps the hearer determine the target of that trigger. Speculatively, co-form cues are provided only by the semantics of co-forms, not by their formal characteristics. Co-form semantics can lie at any of the three conceptual levels, from the literal-semantic, to the immediate-pragmatic, to the further-knowledge level.
Gestural Cues to a Target
Authors: Talmy Leonard
Published: September 2018

Co-speech gestures can be divided into three classes — self-targeting, outward-targeting, and nontargeting gestures — that, in the order just given, decrease in salience, obligatoriness, and metacognitive accessibility. Gestural cues to a target are provided by outward-targeting gestures which, as this chapter’s focus, are simply referred to as “targeting gestures”. The central theoretical proposal here is that, on viewing a targeting gesture, a hearer conceptually generates an imaginal chain of fictive constructs — a “fictive chain” — that proceeds causally, without gaps, from the gesture to its target. This proposed process of “fictive chaining” is part of a more general cognitive system of spatial fictivity, realized across vision, language, and culture, and in part supported by corresponding instances from those other domains.
Chronal Cues to a Target
Authors: Talmy Leonard
Published: September 2018

A chronal cue informs a hearer about the temporal location of the target as an aid in determining that target. The trigger is lexicalized to require this cue. The chronal cue consists of the trigger moment — the moment of the trigger’s own occurrence — in the speech-external domain, and of the base moment — the moment at which an event in reference occurs — in the speech-internal domain. The target is an interval — the chronal interval - that contains the trigger or base moment or, in the limiting case, coincides with it. A range hearer set the boundaries of this chronal interval. When speech-external, the chronal interval targeted by the trigger can be of three types. It is supersentential if it is longer than and inclusive of the sentence that the trigger appears in; subsentential if shorter than and included within that sentence; and cosentential if coextensive with that sentence.
Framing the Problem of Phenomenal Unity (PPU)
Authors: Wiese Wanja
Published: September 2018

This chapter lays the conceptual foundation for the rest of the book. The problem of phenomenal unity (PPU) is defined and a general path to its solution is proposed. Apart from that, the chapter discusses the relation between synchronic and diachronic phenomenal unity (i.e., unity at a time and unity over time). Finally, a list of requirements on accounts of phenomenal unity is provided, in order to constrain the class of possible answers to PPU. Any adequate account of phenomenal unity should at least satisfy the following three constraints: Phenomenality, globality, and necessity.
Why the Single State Conception Does Not Solve the Problem of Phenomenal Unity
Authors: Wiese Wanja
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses a common conception of phenomenal unity, the single state conception (SSC). The intuition underlying SSC is that phenomenal unity goes along with the existence of a single conscious state that encompasses all of the subject’s phenomenal parts. A prominent example of SSC is Tim Bayne’s mereological account of phenomenal unity. It is argued that SSC does not solve the problem of phenomenal unity (PPU). Instead, it raises questions which pose additional problems. Moreover, these problems do not help to make progress on PPU, but can be regarded as red herrings.
Think Globally, Experience Locally?
Authors: Wiese Wanja
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores how accounts of phenomenal unity can not only satisfy the phenomenality constraint, but also a version of globality. Global phenomenal unity could then be called phenomenal holism. First, different relevant versions of globality are discussed, as well as notions of holism that can be applied to consciousness. According to accounts of strong phenomenal holism, every phenomenal part of a phenomenal field depends for its existence on all other phenomenal parts of the same phenomenal field. It is argued that accounts which defend such a strong phenomenal holism are ultimately not tenable. Hence, the globality constraint can only be used in its weaker, relaxed versions. It is suggested that a substantial version of phenomenal holism should combine relaxed versions of globality with the assumption that experienced wholes are hierarchically ordered. Furthermore, three features that make this idea more specific are identified: Multiplicity, Graduality, and Invariance. Finally, the ideas presented in this chapter are wrapped up by presenting the regularity account of phenomenal unity (RPU).
Representational Holism
Authors: Wiese Wanja
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses ways in which the problem of phenomenal unity can be analyzed on the representationalist level of description. Having characterized phenomenal unity as a kind of holism in the previous chapter, the aim is now to determine how collections of (phenomenal) representations can be holistic and how this holism can make a phenomenal difference. The chapter is structured as follows. First, relevant features of the representationalist level of description are explained. This is followed by a discussion of how the experienced self can be analyzed in terms of a global self-representation, which constitutes a phenomenal point of view (an experienced first-person perspective). Then the question of how the existence of a hierarchy of experienced wholes can be justified on purely theoretical grounds is explored, by asking how a hierarchy of representation increases the efficiency of the system. Finally, it is suggested that measures of (dynamical) complexity, like causal density and integrated information, could be used to operationalize the notion of representational holism.
The Regularity Account of Phenomenal Unity
Authors: Wiese Wanja
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents the regularity account of phenomenal unity (RPU). The basic idea of RPU is that when the brain tracks a regularity that is predictive of different features (or of different objects or events), there will be an experienced connection between those features (or the respective objects or events). We can then say that the regularity connects those features (or objects or events). According to RPU, unity comes in degrees, and in ordinary conscious experience we find a hierarchy of experienced wholes. This chapter provides a preliminary taxonomy of experienced wholes, with many examples. Drawing on formal concepts of the predictive processing framework, a formal description of possible computational underpinnings of experienced wholeness is given. Finally, a rigorous formulation of the mélange model (first proposed in chapter 4) is provided.
Economic Perspectives on Manufacturing
Authors: Bonvillian William B. , Singer Peter L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines manufacturing in the early foundations of economics before moving into a relatively short, but admittedly complex, application of both economics and trade theory to the manufacturing sector. The review focuses first on growth theory, including New Growth Theory and its efforts to better model growth. Because these models remain imperfect, manufacturing's role is still not adequately understood. The discussion then turns to trade theory. New Trade Theory has led to a focus on the innovative and competitive capabilities of firms; the weaknesses of smaller firms in developing innovation capability have affected the manufacturing sector overall. However, these developments in growth, productivity, and trade theory and their application to manufacturing have been largely missed by mainstream economics. The analysis then turns to a discussion of some of the shortcomings of mainstream economics as it has applied to manufacturing.
Start-up Scale-up: Addressing the Manufacturing Challenge for Start-ups
Authors: Bonvillian William B. , Singer Peter L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at a new but related problem: start-up scale-up. There is an additional and compounding innovation gap problem affecting start-ups that need to manufacture their products. While the advanced manufacturing institute model detailed in the previous chapter addresses innovation at large, midsize, and small manufacturing firms, to date it has largely focused on existing firms and has not encompassed new entrepreneurial start-ups. These start-up firms face not only an early-stage technology development gap, but also a production scale-up gap. Start-up scale-up is a problem in general, and particularly for manufacturing start-ups. This third category of firms, then, comprises the start-up and entrepreneurial firms that manufacture products based on their own new innovative technologies, typically emerging from university research centers.
Manufacturing and the Future of Work
Authors: Bonvillian William B. , Singer Peter L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines a role for manufacturing in addressing the issue of “secular stagnation,” a concern about a decline in innovation, growth, the middle class, productivity rates, and related investment. Like agriculture, manufacturing has high productivity levels, so output can continue to increase even as employment falls. Historically, manufacturing has maintained high productivity gains; according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, between 1997 and 2015, the real value added of manufacturing increased by about 40 percent. Although there were measurement problems with this estimate, it suggests the productivity scaling factor that manufacturing can provide for an economy. Moreover, a substantial investment in advanced manufacturing offers an opportunity to directly address the underlying trend driving working-class unemployment, wage problems, and prime-age worker unemployment.
Anatomy of a Sentence
Authors: Moro Andrea
Published: September 2018

This chapter reconstructs the environment in which the verb to be will be understood in a new way. It identifies three radical changes, conceptually distinct but not completely unrelated, that come into play when looking at language from the structuralist perspective. First, if what matters are the relationships, elements that have the same relationships to other elements of the system must be considered equivalent and, in principle, they can be exchanged (the commutation principle). Second, given an incompletely filled grid that combines certain properties, if the grid is correct, it will lead to the discovery of new objects that could fill the empty grid spaces (the retrieval principle). Third, not all possible combinations of primitive elements are used in every language (the redundancy principle).
The Strange Case of Verbs without Subjects
Authors: Moro Andrea
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyzes some special verbs, that is, verbs that do not have a subject. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 3.1 looks at a central structural property of natural languages, involving a special type of syntactic movement called “raising.” Section 3.2 analyzes the verb to be and examines the main stages that led to the canonical theory of the 1980s. Finally, Section 3.3 shows how letting go of a sentence theory axiom allows the resolution of the anomaly of sentences with the verb to be, leading to a unified theory of copular sentences and ultimately to new questions about the general architecture of syntax in natural languages.
Afterword
Authors: Moro Andrea
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents some final thoughts from the author. It argues that no one should let themselves be intimidated by the knowledge of others, be it scientific knowledge or knowledge of any other kind. The great scholar Abelard—who was so interested in the verb to be—wrote about language research: “In fact, the perfection of ancient authors is not such that the doctrine would not also need our studies; nor can science grow to such a degree amongst us mortals that it cannot continue to increase.” Thus, there is room for anyone who wants to take part—and naturally, room for mistakes as well.
Changing the Mindset
Authors: Verdini Trejo Bruno
Published: September 2018

Explains how the United States and Mexico negotiators were able to shift their approaches, taking a series of steps outside the typical inter-agency and diplomatic protocols. Building Trust by Sharing Information demonstrates the innovative data sharing ways the two sides relied on to exchange sensitive information, without giving up confidential components, which in turn empowered the two countries to get their energy, technical and political experts on the same page. Analyzing Precedents to Define a Roadmap illustrates how Mexico prepared for the negotiation process by evaluating international examples of transboundary hydrocarbon reservoir agreements, which allowed them to devise a set of alternatives for consideration. Switching From an Adversarial to a Mutual Gains Approach presents the genesis of the innovative suggestion by the lead U.S. negotiator to set up binational working group sessions, discarding the typical draft-counter-draft strategy that pervades and drags down so many diplomatic negotiations.
Exceeding Zero-Sum
Authors: Verdini Trejo Bruno
Published: September 2018

Explores how, with a newfound collaborative mindset in place, the U.S. and Mexican negotiators were able to begin working from a non-zero-sum viewpoint. Finding the Zone of Possible Agreement recounts how the joint fact finding effort, along with Mexico’s consultation with a U.S.-based law firm, aided stakeholders on both sides to identify a package of possible trades. Overcoming Preconceptions by Defining a New Narrative explains how Mexico, through the strategic management of communications with the public, was able to overcome the long-held narrative that the U.S. could not be trusted and would inevitably seek to undermine Mexican interests in the energy sector. Against the odds, especially in light of the catastrophic 2010 Macondo oil spill, also known as the Deepwater Horizon spill, Involving Concerned Stakeholders Preemptively tells the story of how the U.S. negotiators were able to bring the NGOs on-board. They accomplished this by showing that having a binational agreement in place would be preferable to the status quo of unilateral development, as it would entail fewer, more strategically placed wells and improve environmental protection standards on both sides of the border.
Exercising Leadership
Authors: Verdini Trejo Bruno
Published: September 2018

Focuses on the leadership of key negotiators on both sides of the maritime border who thought outside of the box to enable a successful international agreement. Building in Incentives Rather than Requirements describes the crucial involvement of the private U.S. oil industry in the binational negotiations. With private-sector input, the parties were able to devise an incentive mechanism, unlike any other in the world, to manage potential conflicts between state-owned and private companies, and encourage the infrastructure development and joint management of the hydrocarbons reservoirs. Creating Better Outcomes through Relationships of Trust concludes the case by illustrating the ways in which the working group meetings and continued formal and informal interactions between the stakeholders led to the ultimate success of the Gulf of Mexico negotiations.
Protecting and Perfecting
Authors: Verdini Trejo Bruno
Published: September 2018

Highlights how the negotiators were able to work collaboratively to successfully reach agreement, while blocking the efforts of various spoilers who wished to derail the water negotiations. Dealing with Spoilers tells the story of how this was achieved, as the negotiators utilized political power, built relationships of trust across the negotiating table, and strategically managed communications with the press and the media. Leading through Ingenuity underscores the importance of facilitative leadership, as the key players on each side read the negotiation proceedings in real time to improvise, reassess, caucus, and clarify with each other in small informal settings, to refocus and redefine their delegation’s negotiation strategies. Finally, Testing the Ways to Agreement explains how the negotiating parties used points of provisional accord in order to maintain momentum, creatively propose options without committing, evaluate multiple packages, and move toward consensus, to the ultimate success of the Colorado River binational negotiation process.
Beyond Hard Bargaining
Authors: Verdini Trejo Bruno
Published: September 2018

Outlines the significance of re-thinking the negotiation, leadership, collaborative decision-making, and political communication strategies we rely on to resolve transboundary water and energy conflicts, as it pertains to shaping the economic, environmental, and social prosperity of the communities we belong to. Emphasizes an interdisciplinary research approach to ascertain whether the manner in which governments, industry, and NGOs conduct transboundary resource management negotiations alters the prospects for finding effective agreements. Such factors include: how they frame a dispute; who they send as representatives; what preparatory work they do; what principles they use to structure the negotiation process; how they define their interests and estimate those of the other side; what ground rules they establish; how they respond to unpredictable and uncertain circumstances; by which criteria they create and distribute value; how they insulate the agreement against spoilers; and how they structure follow through.
Introduction
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. , Ostry Jonathan D. , Qureshi Mahvash S.
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of capital flows to emerging markets. In principle, cross-border capital flows to emerging markets have the potential to bring several benefits; in practice, however, such flows are inherently risky—though some forms may be worse than others—potentially widening macroeconomic imbalances and creating balance-sheet vulnerabilities. As such, capital flows require active policy management, which might mean mitigating their undesirable consequences using macroeconomic and macroprudential policies, or controlling their volume and composition directly using capital account restrictions, or both. By the same token, if the inflow phase is successfully managed—through the use of structural measures to steer flows toward less risky types of liabilities, and the use of macroeconomic policies, prudential measures, and capital controls for abating the cyclical component of flows and their consequences—the economy is likely to benefit from foreign capital and to remain resilient when flows recede or reverse.
Surges
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. , Ostry Jonathan D. , Qureshi Mahvash S.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the drivers of exceptionally large net capital flows—surges—to emerging market economies. Most surges to emerging markets are driven by foreign investors rather than by retrenchment of domestic residents liquidating their investments abroad. Moreover, while both domestic and foreign investors respond to global and local factors, foreign investors tend to be more sensitive to global conditions, making them more flighty when conditions turn. The result is that the occurrence of surges—being at least partly determined by global factors—is not under the control of emerging markets, and most of those factors that make individual destinations attractive to foreign capital, such as good growth prospects and strong institutions, are hardly characteristics that the country would want to forgo purely for the sake of avoiding inflow surges. This puts a premium on identifying any negative repercussions of inflow surges and finding policy tools for managing them.
Consequences and Crashes
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. , Ostry Jonathan D. , Qureshi Mahvash S.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the macroeconomic and financial-stability consequences of capital inflows in emerging market economies (EMEs), and how these translate into greater risk of crisis, both generally and particularly after surge episodes. Capital inflows can lead to macroeconomic imbalances—positive output gaps and overheating of the economy, currency appreciation, and excessive credit growth—as well as to balance-sheet vulnerabilities. Domestic credit expansion and currency overvaluation are the principal macroeconomic imbalances that raise the risk of a subsequent financial crisis. Meanwhile, there are also risks that are likely related to balance-sheet vulnerabilities. In this regard, other investment flows and portfolio debt appear to be the most risky types of inflows, while foreign direct investment (FDI) seems to be the safest. As such, policy should try to shift the composition of inflows away from the relatively risky flows toward safer types of liabilities.
Managing Macroeconomic Imbalances: A Simple Model
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. , Ostry Jonathan D. , Qureshi Mahvash S.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses a simple theoretical framework linking capital flows and various policy measures to macroeconomic outcomes. In the face of macroeconomic imbalances, policy makers need to decide whether to try to reduce the volume of flows or to tackle any collateral damage that they may cause. If the inflows are such that they bring little genuine benefit to the recipient country, then the obvious solution is to try to stop them entering the economy in the first place. But inasmuch as the capital inflow is considered to be beneficial, then dealing with any negative repercussion would naturally be the preferred option. To this end, the central bank—or national authorities more generally—have potentially three instruments at their disposal: the policy interest rate, foreign exchange (FX) intervention, and macroprudential measures. These instruments map naturally to maintaining price stability, curbing the appreciation of the currency, and safeguarding financial stability.
Should Inflation Targeters Intervene in the Foreign Exchange Market?
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. , Ostry Jonathan D. , Qureshi Mahvash S.
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses whether foreign exchange (FX) intervention—and, more generally, activist policies including the use of macroprudential measures and capital controls—is really incompatible with an inflation-targeting (IT) framework. While a purist view of inflation targeting would argue for the central bank to use only its policy interest rate, and to target only the inflation rate, a broader perspective is that policy makers should try to address all of the various macroeconomic imbalances associated with large inflows—not just consumer price inflation—and should make use of all of the relevant policy instruments. Focusing on the use of sterilized intervention to manage the exchange rate, the chapter shows that having a second instrument and a second objective is not at all inconsistent with the central bank attaining its inflation target. If anything, it makes inflation-targeting more attractive and enhances welfare if exchange rate movements are costly.
Swell and Retreat of High Inflation
Authors: Razin Assaf
Published: September 2018

Israel's high inflation calamity amounted to a crisis of political and economic institutions. Failing economic governance made it essential for the government to raise revenue through money expansion. At the time when the newly elected government was catering to populistic demands, the printing press was used to finance the fast-expanding government spending and transfers. The central lesson from the Friedman (1971) is that steady-state seigniorage from revenue maximizing central bank is small. However, Israel, as well as previous historical episodes, offer a counter example. Inflation spikes can be a significant source for government revenue. Following almost 8 years of the hyperinflation economic chaos, the Israeli voters brought about some major political rebalancing towards the political center. Sargent (2009) argues that high inflation can be stopped quickly, and at a low cost. His argument is that inflationary expectations are quick to adjust when the economic regime shifts considerably. The temptation not to stop inflation in its tracks may be irresistible. Similarly, if the government surprise market participants by abrupt stopping of hyperinflation in the presence of entrenched inflation expectations, the fiscal burden of public sector wage bill and subsidies to basic food must rise. Therefore, the government may hesitate to do so. To overcome this difficulty there must be a full-fledged social agreement between the government, savers (who hold government bonds), public sector wage earners, and recipients of food subsidies. To fix the inflated outlays on debt service, wage bill, and subsidies, some major redistribution of income must accompany the inflation-halting step. This is in essence the lesson from Israel’s inflation stabilization policy.
Immigration Wave: Soviet Jew Exodus
Authors: Razin Assaf
Published: September 2018

The disunion of the Soviet Union and the destruction of communism in the USSR 1987-1991 triggered the recent emigration wave of Soviet Jews to various parts of the world, primarily to Israel. The professional, social, attitudinal and behavioral characteristics of the 1990s Jewish exodus cohort proved to be distinctive. Immigrants came mostly from urban areas, with advanced education systems. Immigration produced massive investments, both in residential structures and in non-residential capital. These investments were so substantial that they increased the capital to labor ratio and facilitated economic growth, aided by the remarkable human capital brought by the immigrants. The massive investments in physical capital and infrastructures were financed by capital imports as immigrants themselves fled their former homes almost penniless and credit constrained so that they hardly saved.
The Great Moderation and Israel’s Disinflation
Authors: Razin Assaf
Published: September 2018

Big drivers of domestic inflation, as they formulated in the Phillips Curve, are: (1) The price of imports and the exchange rate; (2) capacity pressures and labor market tightness in the domestic economy; (3) Public expectations about future inflation, future exchange rates, and future foreign prices; and (4) The amount of trading world slack. The level of foreign wages are also important for countries open to labor mobility.
The 1990s globalization wave, which Israel was a part of through the integration of its financial sector into the world economy, and the massive immigration, helped Israel’s inflation to converge to the developed countries inflation rates.
Israel’s High Technology and Globalized Finance
Authors: Razin Assaf
Published: September 2018

FDI flows (in percentage of gross domestic product), reflecting the intense interactions of the FDI flows with investment in the high tech investment in Israel, exhibit features: (1) The sharp rise in inward FDI during the dotcom equity bubble; (2) The effect of the dotcom early 2000s equity that triggered a temporary fall in inward FDI flows. Inward FDI underwent a sharp rise in the late 1990s. The upturn happened when the nascent high tech industry in Israel emerged on the global stage, and the upside-down-V-shaped fall when the early 2000s dotcom equity collapse took place; and, (3) The effect of the boom and bust of the equity markets around the 2008 crisis when Israel high tech industry gained strength in global high tech sectors.
Rising Cost of Occupation
Authors: Razin Assaf
Published: September 2018

Since 1967 when Israel when the West Bank and Gaza Strip occupation begun, there has been increasingly taxing social-economic effects on Israel. The second uprising broke out after the collapse of the OSLO agreements, in the early 2002. The Israeli economy was hit twice. It was first hit by the dotcom crash in the US; second, by the 2000-2005 Palestinian . The drastic effects on the Palestinian economy which shortly after split in to two political units (the West bank, controlled by the Palestinian Authority, and the Gaza Strip controlled by Hamas). Especially the Gaza strip economy got down to the level of humanitarian crisis. that the early 2000s shock had relatively small effect on the long-term trajectory of Israel's real GDP. The effect on the Israeli economy of the second Intifada shock was mild, and short-lived. globalization proved to be a “shield” against the Palestinian-Israeli military conflicts and regional trade obstacles for the Israeli economy. This means, that the Israeli economy is exposed, however, to alarming long run risks. If, and when, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, and the long occupation of the of the West Bank territory would trigger political conflicts between Israel and its trade-and-finance partners, this “shield”, provided by Israel high level of integration with the global economy, may break down.
Epilogue
Authors: Razin Assaf
Published: September 2018

Some of the powerful forces of globalization—responsible for many inflection points in the history of the economy of Israel—that this book analyzes are immigration waves; inflation-reduction spillovers from the advanced economies during the Great Moderation; foreign direct investment in technology and spillovers from the global information technology revolution; the effects of the large influx of skilled immigrants from the former Soviet Union; the rise in income inequality; the opening to East Asian large markets; and the rising cost of occupation....
Globalizing Innovation
Authors: Egan Patrick J. W.
Published: September 2018

This book considers patterns of inward foreign investment in emerging economies. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has long been recognized as a potential source of developmental benefits for host countries, but existing studies have not always considered the heterogeneity of FDI or the types of activities pursued by multinationals in peripheral markets. This book examines the uneven spread of innovation-intensive investment to emerging economies, and asks questions about its determinants. Through use of large scale firm surveys, firm and country level data, and case studies, this book demonstrates that host country institutions and policies have a strong impact on the likelihood and intensity of local innovation by multinationals. This book unpacks the multifaceted concept of innovation, and proposes multiple measures including R&D spending, patents, and other indicators. The analysis also considers sectoral differences in innovation patterns, and how innovative foreign firms do or do not become embedded in host economies. This book modifies comparative institutional analysis for an era of multinational production, and has important implications for industrial policy and investment promotion practices. Host country institutions, which serve as intermediaries between foreign forms and domestic markets, have an important role to play in reducing the risk inherent in decentralized innovation. This book therefore contributes to diverse literatures on the political economy of FDI, development, and international business studies.
Introduction
Authors: Egan Patrick J. W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter situates the book in its theoretic and empirical contexts. It reveals the key observable motivation for the book; that multinationals are increasingly locating innovation in peripheral or developing economies. After briefly reviewing literature from political science, economics, and international business, the chapter summarizes the argument of the book: host country institutions, not only internal firm characteristics, are important determinants of innovation-intensive forms of international investment. The chapter contends that many existing political economy studies of foreign direct investment treat these flows as uniform, when in fact there is tremendous heterogeneity of investment models. Advancements in data collection allow deeper analysis of this heterogeneity than in decades past. The chapter provides background information on the different data sources used in the remainder of the book. The chapter also includes discussion of the implications of the argument for various academic disciplines, and draws attention to how multinationals are or are not embedded in local economies. The chapter concludes with a road map for the rest of the book.
Multinational Enterprise, Innovation, and Development: Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Egan Patrick J. W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the theoretic background and working hypotheses for the empirical tests that follow in subsequent chapters. The book is informed by substantial literature in several academic subfields, including but not limited to international political economy, international business studies, development economics, and global value chain research. This chapter builds a cumulative theoretic framework for interpreting multinational innovation and comparative institutionalist perspectives. Prior literature and debate inform the hypotheses presented in this chapter, which involve both country and firm level attributes and resulting investment patterns. The chapter considers ideas from international development studies regarding the role of multinational firms in processes of country growth and technological upgrading, theories of the firm and contemporary pressures for polycentric innovation models, and institutionalist perspectives from political science and political economy. This chapter also provides working definitions for key concepts and how institutions might be analytically separated from host country policies. The chapter emphasizes the theoretic support for the causal mechanisms supposed in the various hypotheses.
Patterns of Innovation among Multinational Firms
Authors: Egan Patrick J. W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter chronicles the spread of innovation-intensive forms of foreign investment. It is primarily descriptive, and provides the empirical context for the econometric tests in subsequent chapters. The multifaceted concept of innovation is investigated in detail in this chapter. Historical patterns of multinational innovation are presented, followed by more recent empirical trends. The evolving sectoral distribution of FDI in developing countries is examined, as are the potential implications for innovative activities. The chapter extensively details patterns of multinational innovation, through firm surveys and aggregated country level data. Additionally, the extent of innovation spillovers and linkages with economic actors in host countries is considered. Among the core findings in this chapter are that innovation is becoming more common in developing countries, innovation is concentrated in specific regions, and service sector investment represents an increasing share of investment in emerging economies. Firms in some sectors are also more likely to embed in host economies than firms in other sectors.
The Determinants of Multinational Innovation in Emerging Economies
Authors: Egan Patrick J. W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers innovation outcomes among multinational firms in emerging economies. A variety of econometric tests are conducted, in which innovation is predicted by different firm and country level variables. Innovation is measured in different ways, from patenting activity to firm R&D spending levels. Various datasets are used in this chapter, including firm surveys and patent counts. This chapter tests a number of the hypotheses developed in chapter 2, using different modelling strategies. Statistical analysis is emphasized, however case studies also appear to illustrate the dynamics and mechanisms contained in the models. The firm identifies a number of firm and country characteristics that impact the innovation proclivity of multinational firms. The size of certain economic sectors within the host country, in particular the natural resource sector, also impacts the likelihood of multinational innovation.
Chasing the Tiger: Is Ireland’s Experience with FDI a Model for Developing Countries?
Authors: Egan Patrick J. W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter adds a case study of Ireland’s experience with FDI, as a complement to the cross-national investigations of preceding chapters. By considering a single country and its policies and institutions through time, this chapter adds context and policy relevance to the larger claims of the book. Ireland’s potential example for developing countries is considered, as well as its limitations. While Ireland has attracted a large amount of FDI since the 1990s, the country has not consistently exhibited innovation-intensive investment patterns. This chapter empirically examines the investment models adopted by firms in Ireland, and connects these strategies to the history of investment promotion and institutional development. This chapter demonstrates that institutions in Ireland did not until recently prioritize multinational embeddedness in the local economy, and that policymakers missed opportunities for innovation-intensive forms of investment. This chapter utilizes firm surveys, and also considers government support for innovation and domestic linkages. The chapter also contains a discussion of the possible implications of the Irish case.
Conclusion
Authors: Egan Patrick J. W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book and repeats the central empirical findings. Following a brief discussion of the data sources used to support the varied arguments, this chapter considers the lessons for theory and its strong comparative institutionalist perspective. Policy implications of the book are also considered in this chapter, and the link between institutional and policy reform and innovation outcomes is again emphasized. This chapter considers also the limitations of the book, and the ways the book’s arguments and analysis might be constructively challenged/amended in the future. There are a number of issues not explicitly addressed in the book because of its domestic institutionalist focus, including international treaties on intellectual property rights. The chapter concludes with some suggestions on how these future research agendas might be integrated with existing literature.
The “Remainder” in Modern Medicine: The Lived Experience of Illness and Existential Anxiety
Authors: Piemonte Nicole M.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines why privileging calculative or technical thinking is particularly problematic in medical practice. Because medicine and medical education focus on the “real” and the “scientific” (assessing and treating biological disease), the lived experience of illness—including existential issues such as suffering, fear, and inescapable uncertainty—are left largely unaddressed. Thus, some clinicians, especially those who view themselves as scientists or technicians, may believe that they are not called to attend to these issues. It is not enough, however, to say that doctors turn away from answering this call to care simply because they have been trained within a medical culture that fails to acknowledge the lived experiences of patients that fall outside the bounds of calculative thinking and technical rationality. Turning away from the reality of vulnerability and finitude is part of the shared condition of being human. Through an exploration of the philosophical work of Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, and Nietzsche, this chapter shows that medicine’s preoccupation with science, detachment, and certainty is a manifestation of the basic human desire to turn away from the anxiety that emerges in the face of human suffering and the struggle to make meaning in the face of profound illness and death.
The Illusion of Causality: A Cognitive Bias Underlying Pseudoscience
Authors: Blanco Fernando , Matute Helena
Published: September 2018

In the last decades, cognitive Psychology has provided researchers with a powerful background and the rigor of experimental methods to better understand why so many people believe in pseudoscience, paranormal phenomena and superstitions. According to recent evidence, those irrational beliefs could be the unintended result of how the mind evolved to use heuristics and reach conclusions based on scarce and incomplete data. Thus, we present visual illusions as a parallel to the type of fast and frugal cognitive bias that underlies pseudoscientific belief. In particular, we focus on the causal illusion, which consists of people believing that there is a causal link between two events that coincide just by chance. The extant psychological theories that can account for this causal illusion are described, as well as the factors that are able to modulate the bias. We also discuss that causal illusions are adaptive under some circumstances, although they often lead to utterly wrong beliefs. Finally, we mention several debiasing strategies that have been proved effective in fighting the causal illusion and preventing some of its consequences, such as pseudoscientific belief.
Hard Science, Soft Science, and Pseudoscience: Implications of Research on the Hierarchy of the Sciences
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: September 2018

It is proposed that the distinction between science and pseudoscience can be understood in the context of recent empirical research on the hierarchy of the sciences, a hierarchy that underlies the critical distinction between hard and soft science. The hierarchy consolidates several key criteria: (a) rated hardness and paradigm development; (b) consultation rate and graph prominence; (c) theories-to-laws ratio and lecture fluency; (d) peer evaluation consensus, early impact rate, citation concentration, and the h index; (e) multiples probability and anticipation frequency; (f) obsolescence rate and citation immediacy; and (g) confirmation bias favoring positive results. These criteria are then applied to four core standards for judging bona fide science, namely, naturalism, parsimony, falsifiability, and objectivity. This conceptual application then supports the inference that pseudoscientific ideas should increase in probability for sciences lower in the hierarchy, that is, in the softer rather than the harder sciences.
Food-o-science Pseudoscience: The Weapons and Tactics in the War on Crop Biotechnology
Authors: Folta Kevin M.
Published: September 2018

Humans crave new technology in communications, medicine, electronics, and transportation, but show reserve when new technology touches food. While the industrialized world enjoys the safest and most abundant food supply in human history, the same consumers voice concern about that same bounty. This problem is multi-faceted, with origins in a lack of corporate trust, appeals to nature, an internet filled with poor-quality information, and whims of affluent consumers that spend a small percentage of their income on food. Human history has been a perennial battle against food scarcity and under-nutrition. Crop domestication and the emergence of agriculture changed that. Today’s modern technologies, led by plant genetic improvement, have provided sustained food security. Some of these technologies implement recombinant DNA technology, commonly known as genetic engineering. These new genetic technologies allow farmers to produce record yields with fewer impacts on the environment. However, these same technologies are often maligned and misrepresented by a well-funded and deceptive movement that uses soft scientific claims, misrepresentation of the literature, manufactured risk, fear, and blatant misinformation to promote their cause. Here this contemporary food war is explained, an unfortunate fight playing out at the intersection of science and food, with impacts on farmers, the environment, consumers and the poverty stricken.
An Inside Look at Naturopathic Medicine: A Whistleblower’s Deconstruction of Its Core Principles
Authors: Hermes Britt Marie
Published: September 2018

Naturopathic medicine (a.k.a., naturopathy) is marketed as a unique form of primary care medicine that is allegedly patient-centered, safe, and effective. The heart of naturopathy is positioned within a philosophy that presumes “natural” and “traditional” methods are better than the science-driven practices of modern medicine. Naturopaths have become skilled at selling this “nature works best” gimmick through scientific deception, hyperbole, and pseudo-profundity. The result is the rise of a new medical profession lacking standards of care and a basis in reality, which teaches its practitioners to provide treatments that are inherently unethical or even illegal. How do I know? I was a licensed naturopath who sold this naturopathic quackery to patients. Herein lies stories from my time as one of these fake doctors.
Using Case Studies to Combat a Pseudoscience Culture
Authors: Herreid Clyde Freeman
Published: September 2018

To combat pseudoscience, students must first understand that science is not just a collection of facts but it is a way of discovering the nature of the physical world. The way that scientists go about their business is best learned by active learning strategies such as studying case studies of famous discoveries, rather than hearing about them via lecture as revealed wisdom. Equally, the follies of pseudoscience are best exposed when students discuss how extraordinary claims fail to live up to the canons of science where evidence is the final arbiter of truth.