bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Det sidste hvilested. Om tilhørsforhold og identitetsdannelse blandt muslimer i Danmark
Authors: Nielsen Helle Lykke
Published: May 2016

Et stigende antal muslimske indvandrere og flygtninge vælger i dag at blive begravet i Danmark. Artiklen analyserer deres valg af sidste hvilested på henholdsvis en traditionel og en kommunal kirkegård samt på Danmarks eneste muslimske begravelsesplads i Brøndby, og indkredser derigennem en række markører, der kan udsige noget om identitetsdannelse og tilhørsforhold til den danske majoritetskultur. Analysen indkredser to tendenser i muslimsk begravelseskultur, henholdsvis en sakraliserings- og sekulariseringstendens, som kommer til udtryk der, hvor muslimer har et reelt valg mellem flere begravelsespladser. Det konkluderes, at muslimer i Danmark i al stilhed er i færd med en territorialiseringsproces, der foregår helt uden den turbulens, som ellers ofte præger den offentlige debat om muslimske indvandrere.
"Et Spejl med mange hundrede flader" - Elektrificeringen af byen og kroppen omkring 1900
Authors: Thelle Mikkel
Published: May 2016

Elektrificering er en central del af den moderne bys kulturhistorie. Artiklen undersøger med udgangspunkt i København, hvordan elektricitetens tidlige udvikling 1880-1914 deltog i forandringen af kroppen såvel som byens offentlige rum.
Accessibilité à la psychothérapie subventionnée par l’État : comparaisons entre les perspectives des psychologues et des psychothérapeutes
Authors: Bradley Stacy , Doucet Rachelle , Kohler Erich , Drapeau Martin
Published: May 2016

L’amélioration de l’accès aux traitements en santé mentale est depuis longtemps une priorité tant au Québec que sur la scène canadienne et internationale. Des initiatives pour accroître l’accès à la psychothérapie subventionnée par l’État ont entre autres été mises de l’avant en Australie et au Royaume-Uni. La présente étude a visé à documenter comment les psychologues et les psychothérapeutes se distinguent dans leurs attitudes quant aux différents aspects qui définissent ces programmes d’accès à la psychothérapie subventionnée par l’État. Les participants (N = 1 275) ont été recrutés par courriel et invités à remplir une série de questionnaires en ligne, lesquels portaient notamment sur : les différents services et modalités de service qui devraient être assurés par l’État ; le rôle et l’autonomie des cliniciens si les services de psychothérapie devaient être assurés par l’État ; les tarifs, les modalités de remboursement et les conditions de travail des cliniciens. Les résultats indiquent que les psychothérapeutes valorisent davantage la thérapie de couple et familiale, l’aide à l’emploi et l’orientation professionnelle que les psychologues. Quant à ces derniers, ils valorisent davantage l’utilisation de pratiques fondées sur des données probantes ainsi que le suivi en continu des résultats du traitement, et la publication du niveau de satisfaction quant aux traitements reçus par la clientèle desservie. Des différences entre les deux groupes ont aussi été observées concernant leurs préférences quant aux modalités de paiement et de remboursement des services. Ces résultats peuvent avoir des implications pour l’implantation d’un programme de psychothérapie subventionnée par l’État au Québec.
Leopard (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, and the research efforts across its range
Authors: Jacobson Andrew P. , Gerngross Peter , Lemeris Jr. Joseph R. , Schoonover Rebecca F. , Anco Corey , Breitenmoser-Würsten Christine , Durant Sarah M. , Farhadinia Mohammad S. , Henschel Philipp , Kamler Jan F. , Laguardia Alice , Rostro-García Susana , Stein Andrew B. , Dollar Luke
Published: May 2016

The leopard’s (Panthera pardus) broad geographic range, remarkable adaptability, and secretive nature have contributed to a misconception that this species might not be severely threatened across its range. We find that not only are several subspecies and regional populations critically endangered but also the overall range loss is greater than the average for terrestrial large carnivores. To assess the leopard’s status, we compile 6,000 records at 2,500 locations from over 1,300 sources on its historic (post 1750) and current distribution. We map the species across Africa and Asia, delineating areas where the species is confirmed present, is possibly present, is possibly extinct or is almost certainly extinct. The leopard now occupies 25–37% of its historic range, but this obscures important differences between subspecies. Of the nine recognized subspecies, three (P. p. pardus, fusca,andsaxicolor) account for 97% of the leopard’s extant range while another three (P. p. orientalis, nimr,andjaponensis) have each lost as much as 98% of their historic range. Isolation, small patch sizes, and few remaining patches further threaten the six subspecies that each have less than 100,000 km2of extant range. Approximately 17% of extant leopard range is protected, although some endangered subspecies have far less. We found that while leopard research was increasing, research effort was primarily on the subspecies with the most remaining range whereas subspecies that are most in need of urgent attention were neglected.
Mapping permeability in low‐resolution micro‐CT images: A multiscale statistical approach
Authors: Botha Pieter W. S. K. , Sheppard Adrian P.
Published: May 2016

We investigate the possibility of predicting permeability in low‐resolution X‐ray microcomputed tomography (µCT). Lower‐resolution whole core images give greater sample coverage and are therefore more representative of heterogeneous systems; however, the lower resolution causes connecting pore throats to be represented by intermediate gray scale values and limits information on pore system geometry, rendering such images inadequate for direct permeability simulation. We present an imaging and computation workflow aimed at predicting absolute permeability for sample volumes that are too large to allow direct computation. The workflow involves computing permeability from high‐resolution µCT images, along with a series of rock characteristics (notably open pore fraction, pore size, and formation factor) from spatially registered low‐resolution images. Multiple linear regression models correlating permeability to rock characteristics provide a means of predicting and mapping permeability variations in larger scale low‐resolution images. Results show excellent agreement between permeability predictions made from 16 and 64 µm/voxel images of 25 mm diameter 80 mm tall core samples of heterogeneous sandstone for which 5 µm/voxel resolution is required to compute permeability directly. The statistical model used at the lowest resolution of 64 µm/voxel (similar to typical whole core image resolutions) includes open pore fraction and formation factor as predictor characteristics. Although binarized images at this resolution do not completely capture the pore system, we infer that these characteristics implicitly contain information about the critical fluid flow pathways. Three‐dimensional permeability mapping in larger‐scale lower resolution images by means of statistical predictions provides input data for subsequent permeability upscaling and the computation of effective permeability at the core scale.
Capture zone delineation methodology based on the maximum concentration: Preventative groundwater well protection areas for heat exchange fluid mixtures
Authors: Okkonen Jarkko , Neupauer Roseanna M.
Published: May 2016

Capture zones of water supply wells are most often delineated based on travel times of water or solute to the well, with the assumption that if the travel time is sufficiently large, the concentration of chemical at the well will not exceed the drinking water standards. In many situations, the likely source concentrations or release masses of contamination from the potential sources are unknown; therefore, the exact concentration at the well cannot be determined. In situations in which the source mass can be estimated with some accuracy, the delineation of the capture zone should be based on the maximum chemical concentration that can be expected at the well, rather than on an arbitrary travel time. We present a new capture zone delineation methodology that is based on this maximum chemical concentration. The method delineates capture zones by solving the adjoint of the advection‐dispersion‐reaction equation and relating the adjoint state and the known release mass to the expected chemical concentration at the well. We demonstrate the use of this method through a case study in which soil heat exchange systems are potential sources of contamination. The heat exchange fluid mixtures contain known fluid volumes and chemical concentrations; thus, in the event of a release, the release mass of the chemical is known. We also demonstrate the use of a concentration basis in quantifying other measures of well vulnerability including exposure time and time to exceed a predefined threshold concentration at the well.
Thermodynamic Explanation for the Large Difference in Improving Shape Memory Effect of Fe–Mn Alloys by Co and Si Addition
Authors: Chen Jie , Sun Jiangwei , Yang Qin , Peng Huabei , Wang Shanling , Wen Yuhua
Published: May 2016

The authors investigate the shape memory effect (SME) and microstructure evolution of the Fe–25Mn, Fe–25Mn–6Co, and Fe–25Mn–6Si alloys before and after deformation at room temperature (RT) through ex situ optical observation. After deformation, the stress‐induced reverse transformation of thermal ϵ martensite, an unrecovered deformation mode, can be easily observed in the Fe–25Mn and Fe–25Mn–6Co alloys, but it can be hardly observed in the Fe–25Mn–6Si alloy. The lower values of chemical driving force for ϵ → γ transformation at RT lead to the occurrence of the stress‐induced reverse transformation of thermal ϵ martensite and the poorer SME in the Fe–Mn and Fe–Mn–Co alloys than in the Fe–Mn–Si alloy.
Bulk Metallic Glasses as Structural Materials: A Review
Authors: Kruzic Jamie J.
Published: May 2016

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) can exhibit excellent combinations of strength and fracture toughness that cannot be achieved by traditional metals, making them attractive for load bearing, mechanical engineering applications. Furthermore, recent research on BMGs has shown that many early perceived shortcomings, such as apparent brittleness or poor fatigue resistance, are not as big of a problem as once thought. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the unique mechanical characteristics of BMGs along with some of the strategies that may be used to improve or exploit their characteristics so that BMGs may be used as structural materials in engineering applications.
Manganite/Cuprate Superlattice as Artificial Reentrant Spin Glass
Authors: Ding Junfeng , Cossu Fabrizio , Lebedev Oleg I. , Zhang Yuqin , Zhang Zhidong , Schwingenschlögl Udo , Wu Tom
Published: May 2016

Emerging physical phenomena at the unit‐cell‐controlled interfaces of transition‐metal oxides have attracted lots of interest because of the rich physics and application opportunities. This work reports a reentrant spin glass behavior with strong magnetic memory effect discovered in oxide heterostructures composed of ultrathin manganite La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) and cuprate La2CuO4 (LCO) layers. These heterostructures are featured with enhanced ferromagnetism before entering the spin glass state: a Curie temperature of 246 K is observed in the superlattice with six‐unit‐cell LSMO layers, while the reference LSMO film with the same thickness shows much weaker magnetism. Furthermore, an insulator–metal transition emerges at the Curie temperature, and below the freezing temperature the superlattices can be considered as a glassy ferromagnetic insulator. These experimental results are closely related to the interfacial spin reconstruction revealed by the first‐principles calculations, and the dependence of the reentrant spin glass behavior on the LSMO layer thickness is in line with the general phase diagram of a spin system derived from the infinite‐range SK model. The results of this work underscore the manganite/cuprate superlattices as a versatile platform of creating artificial materials with tailored interfacial spin coupling and physical properties.
Graphene Films Using a Thermally Curable Surfactant
Authors: Wang Tao , Quinn Matthew D. J. , Nguyen Song Ha Thi , Yu Aimin , Notley Shannon M.
Published: May 2016

Those surfactants which are easily synthesized, eco‐friendly, low cost, and able to produce high yields of graphene are crucial for large‐scale graphene manufacture and targeted applications of graphene. This study reports a curable surfactant based on benzoxazine that assists in both the exfoliation process in water with high yield as well as stabilizes the pristine graphene sheets against reaggregation. Freestanding and flexible graphene films are prepared through filtration and subsequent curing of the thermosetting benzoxazine surfactant at a moderate temperature, resulting in high strength as well as high electrical conductivity. Furthermore, graphene films loaded with this curable surfactant are easily transferred onto various substrates. The affinity of the graphene films with the substrate materials has been promoted by the thermal treatment to cure the surfactant. Once cured, the graphene film is highly durable and chemically resistant. In addition, the nature of the benzoxazine resin based surfactant endows this graphene film with excellent biocompatibility.
Enantioselective N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed [3+3] Annulation of α,β‐Unsaturated Esters with Methyl Ketoimine
Authors: Xia Wenjing , Yao Hong , Liu Dan , Zhao Linxiang , Zhou Yu , Liu Hong
Published: May 2016

Herein, we disclose the N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐catalyzed [3+3] annulation of challenging esters with methyl ketoimines for the highly enantioselective synthesis of intriguing δ‐lactams featuring various substituent patterns. The annulation occurs under mild conditions and offers good tolerance, good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. The six‐membered heterocyclic products are valuable for the synthesis of bioactive molecules.

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Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrroloquinolines by a Brønsted Acid Catalyzed [4+2]‐Heterocyclization of Indole‐7‐Carbaldehydes, Anilines and Electron‐Rich Alkenes
Authors: Galván Alicia , Fontaneda Raquel , Fañanás Francisco J. , Rodríguez Félix
Published: May 2016

The pyrrolo[3,2,1‐ij]quinoline heterocyclic core is found in the structure of a variety of compounds with interesting applications and then, new efficient and flexible strategies to construct this skeleton are required. Here, a new diastereoselective tetrafluoroboric acid (HBF4)‐catalyzed three‐component coupling reaction of 1H‐indole‐7‐carbaldehyde derivatives, anilines and electron‐rich alkenes to give pyrrolo[3,2,1‐ij]quinolines is described. The reaction involves an unusual [4+2]‐heterocyclization between an in situ formed imine and an alkene. The new catalytic method, where water is the only by‐product, is efficient, robust and flexible, and allows for multigram‐scale synthesis.

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Simple N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as Ligands in Ullmann‐Type Ether and Thioether Formations
Authors: Wu Jiang‐Ping , Saha Anjan K. , Haddad Nizar , Busacca Carl A. , Lorenz Jon C. , Lee Heewon , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: May 2016

A simple N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) derived from 1‐methyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate was found to be an efficient ligand for a range of copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions, leading to the formation of aromatic ethers and thioethers.

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Piezoresistance of Poly(3‐Hexylthiophene) Film
Authors: Gao Lei , Tian Yi‐ming , Hou Wei , Yan Wei‐Qing , Zhong Gao‐yu
Published: May 2016

The piezoresistive devices with the structure of ITO/poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT; spin coating 90 nm film)/Al (75 nm) have been fabricated and measured. We measured the I‐V characteristics of the devices under different stresses. The stress ranges from 0 to 510 kPa and the voltage ranges from 0 to 5 V. The resistance of the devices is very sensitive to the applied stress. The piezoresistive coefficient is far larger than 10−4/Pa when the working voltage ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 V and the stress ranges from 160 to 510 kPa, whereas the current seems to change linearly with pressure and with a considerable fluctuation. This uncertainty in piezoresistance measurement may have originated from the viscoelasticity of P3HT, including a significant creep and a slow restoration after a deep compression, which has been confirmed by the results of the nanoindentation test. In general, P3HT could be used in tactile sensors, which need more sensitivity rather than accuracy.
Morphological features of the fibula in Jomon hunter‐gatherers from the shell mounds of the Pacific coastal area
Authors: Hagihara Yasuo , Nara Takashi
Published: May 2016

Objective

The Jomon, one of the ancestral populations of modern Japanese, were hunter‐gatherers inhabiting the Japanese archipelago from 11,000 to 300 BC. We evaluated changes in the diaphyseal morphology of the fibula from the middle to the final phase of the Jomon period, compared to the morphology of other historical and modern populations from the Japanese archipelago, to elucidate temporal changes in habitual activities and possible division of labor among males and females.

Material and Method

Jomon specimens of 107 males and 97 females were obtained from the shell mounds of the Pacific coastal area of East Japan, distinguishing between middle (3,000–2,000 BC) and late‐final (2,000–300 BC) phases of the Jomon period. Mid‐shaft morphology of the fibula and tibia were compared to morphological measurements of specimens from Yayoi (37 males, 28 females), medieval (56 males, 56 females), early modern (51 males, 50 females), and modern (125 males, 68 females) periods.

Result

Largest values of fibular areas and relative fibular‐to‐tibial areas were identified in males from the late‐final Jomon phase, compared to the middle Jomon phase and after the Yayoi period. These period‐specific differences in fibular area were smaller in females, with the largest between‐sex difference identified in the late‐final Jomon phase.

Discussion

Results confirm a change in the habitual activity pattern of males in the late‐final phase. Males of the late‐final Jomon phase likely did more long‐distance traveling to the inland/mountainous region, as part of an ecological change that occurred during the middle to the late‐final Jomon phase. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:708–718, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polydimethylsiloxane Coating for a Palladium/MOF Composite: Highly Improved Catalytic Performance by Surface Hydrophobization
Authors: Huang Gang , Yang Qihao , Xu Qiang , Yu Shu‐Hong , Jiang Hai‐Long
Published: May 2016

Surface wettability of active sites plays a crucial role in the activity and selectivity of catalysts. This report describes modification of surface hydrophobicity of Pd/UiO‐66, a composite comprising a metal–organic framework (MOF) and stabilized palladium nanoparticles (NPs), using a simple polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating. The modified catalyst demonstrated significantly improved catalytic efficiency. The approach can be extended to various Pd nanoparticulate catalysts for enhanced activity in reactions involving hydrophobic reactants, as the hydrophobic surface facilitates the enrichment of hydrophobic substrates around the catalytic site. PDMS encapsulation of Pd NPs prevents aggregation of NPs and thus results in superior catalytic recyclability. Additionally, PDMS coating is applicable to a diverse range of catalysts, endowing them with additional selectivity in sieving reactants with different wettability.
Grafting Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) from Silicon Nanocrystal Surfaces: Synthesis and Properties of a Functional Hybrid Material with Direct Interfacial Contact
Authors: Islam Muhammad Amirul , Purkait Tapas K. , Mobarok Md Hosnay , Hoehlein Ignaz M. D. , Sinelnikov Regina , Iqbal Muhammad , Azulay Doron , Balberg Isaac , Millo Oded , Rieger Bernhard , Veinot Jonathan G. C.
Published: May 2016

Hybrid functional materials (HFMs) comprised of semiconductor nanoparticles and conjugated polymers offer the potential of synergetic photophysical properties. We have developed HFMs based upon silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) and the conductive polymer poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (SiNC@P3HT) by applying surface‐initiated Kumada catalyst transfer polycondensation (SI‐KCTP). One unique characteristic of the developed SiNC@P3HT is the formation of a direct covalent bonding between SiNCs and P3HT. The presented method for obtaining direct interfacial attachment, which is not accessible using other methods, may allow for the development of materials with efficient electronic communication at the donor–acceptor interfaces. Systematic characterization provides evidence of a core–shell structure, enhanced interfacial electron and/or energy transfer between the P3HT and SiNC components, as well as formation of a type‐II heterostructure.
Design of Switchable Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Targeting Breast Cancer
Authors: Cao Yu , Rodgers David T. , Du Juanjuan , Ahmad Insha , Hampton Eric N. , Ma Jennifer S. Y. , Mazagova Magdalena , Choi Sei‐hyun , Yun Hwa Young , Xiao Han , Yang Pengyu , Luo Xiaozhou , Lim Reyna K. V. , Pugh Holly M. , Wang Feng , Kazane Stephanie A. , Wright Timothy M. , Kim Chan Hyuk , Schultz Peter G. , Young Travis S.
Published: May 2016

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR‐T) cells have demonstrated promising results against hematological malignancies, but have encountered significant challenges in translation to solid tumors. To overcome these hurdles, we have developed a switchable CAR‐T cell platform in which the activity of the engineered cell is controlled by dosage of an antibody‐based switch. Herein, we apply this approach to Her2‐expressing breast cancers by engineering switch molecules through site‐specific incorporation of FITC or grafting of a peptide neo‐epitope (PNE) into the anti‐Her2 antibody trastuzumab (clone 4D5). We demonstrate that both switch formats can be readily optimized to redirect CAR‐T cells (specific for the corresponding FITC or PNE) to Her2‐expressing tumor cells, and afford dose‐titratable activation of CAR‐T cells ex vivo and complete clearance of the tumor in rodent xenograft models. This strategy may facilitate the application of immunotherapy to solid tumors by affording comparable efficacy with improved safety owing to switch‐based control of the CAR‐T response.
Redox Switching of Orthoquinone‐Containing Aromatic Compounds with Hydrogen and Oxygen Gas
Authors: Urakawa Kazuki , Sumimoto Michinori , Arisawa Mitsuhiro , Matsuda Masaki , Ishikawa Hayato
Published: May 2016

Unique redox switching of orthoquinone‐containing pentacyclic aromatic compounds with molecular hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of a palladium nanoparticle catalyst (SAPd) is disclosed. These molecules were predicted by in silico screening before synthesis. Efficient protocols for the synthesis of orthoquinone‐containing aromatic compounds by palladium‐mediated homocoupling and the benzoin condensation reaction were developed. Clear switching between orthoquinone and aromatic hydroquinone compounds was observed on the basis of their photoluminescence properties. Furthermore, the twist strain of the orthoquinone moiety could induce dramatic changes in color and emission.
NH‐Heterocyclic Aryliodonium Salts and their Selective Conversion into N1‐Aryl‐5‐iodoimidazoles
Authors: Wu Yichen , Izquierdo Susana , Vidossich Pietro , Lledós Agustí , Shafir Alexandr
Published: May 2016

The synthesis of N‐arylimidazoles substituted at the sterically encumbered 5‐position is a challenge for modern synthetic approaches. A new family of imidazolyl aryliodonium salts is reported, which serve as a stepping stone on the way to selective formation of N1‐aryl‐5‐iodoimidazoles. Iodine acts as a “universal” placeholder poised for replacement by aryl substituents. These new λ3‐iodanes are produced by treating the NH‐imidazole with ArI(OAc)2, and are converted to N1‐aryl‐5‐iodoimidazoles by a selective copper‐catalyzed aryl migration. The method tolerates a variety of aryl fragments and is also applicable to substituted imidazoles.
Constitutional Dynamics of Metal–Organic Motifs on a Au(111) Surface
Authors: Kong Huihui , Zhang Chi , Xie Lei , Wang Likun , Xu Wei
Published: May 2016

Constitutional dynamic chemistry (CDC), including both dynamic covalent chemistry and dynamic noncovalent chemistry, relies on reversible formation and breakage of bonds to achieve continuous changes in constitution by reorganization of components. In this regard, CDC is considered to be an efficient and appealing strategy for selective fabrication of surface nanostructures by virtue of dynamic diversity. Although constitutional dynamics of monolayered structures has been recently demonstrated at liquid/solid interfaces, most of molecular reorganization/reaction processes were thought to be irreversible under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions where CDC is therefore a challenge to be achieved. Here, we have successfully constructed a system that presents constitutional dynamics on a solid surface based on dynamic coordination chemistry, in which selective formation of metal–organic motifs is achieved under UHV conditions. The key to making this reversible switching successful is the molecule–substrate interaction as revealed by DFT calculations.
Visualizing the Dynamics of Temperature‐ and Solvent‐Responsive Soft Crystals
Authors: Pang Jiandong , Liu Caiping , Huang Yougui , Wu Mingyan , Jiang Feilong , Yuan Daqiang , Hu Falu , Su Kongzhao , Liu Guoliang , Hong Maochun
Published: May 2016

We demonstrate that three flexible MOFs termed FJI‐H11‐R (FJI‐H=Hong's group in Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, R=Me, Et, iPr) can reversibly respond to temperature and solvents via structural transformations, which can be visualized by in situ single‐crystal X‐ray snapshot analyses. FJI‐H11‐R exhibit colossal anisotropic thermal expansion, with a record‐high uniaxial positive thermal‐expansion coefficient of 653.2×10−6 K−1 observed in FJI‐H11‐Me. Additionally, large c‐axial shrinkage of 32.4 % is also observed during desolvation. The stimuli‐responsive mechanism reveals the structural evolutions are related to the rotations and deformations of the organic linkers.
Aggregation‐Induced Delayed Fluorescence Based on Donor/Acceptor‐Tethered Janus Carborane Triads: Unique Photophysical Properties of Nondoped OLEDs
Authors: Furue Ryuhei , Nishimoto Takuro , Park In Seob , Lee Jiyoung , Yasuda Takuma
Published: May 2016

Luminescent materials consisting of boron clusters, such as carboranes, have attracted immense interest in recent years. In this study, luminescent organic–inorganic conjugated systems based on o‐carboranes directly bonded to electron‐donating and electron‐accepting π‐conjugated units were elaborated as novel optoelectronic materials. These o‐carborane derivatives simultaneously possessed aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) capabilities, and showed strong yellow‐to‐red emissions with high photoluminescence quantum efficiencies of up to 97 % in their aggregated states or in solid neat films. Organic light‐emitting diodes utilizing these o‐carborane derivatives as a nondoped emission layer exhibited maximum external electroluminescence quantum efficiencies as high as 11 %, originating from TADF.
An Elemental Phosphorus Photocatalyst with a Record High Hydrogen Evolution Efficiency
Authors: Hu Zhuofeng , Yuan Luyan , Liu Zhifeng , Shen Zhurui , Yu Jimmy C.
Published: May 2016

Semiconductive property of elementary substance is an interesting and attractive phenomenon. We obtain a breakthrough that fibrous phase red phosphorus, a recent discovered modification of red phosphorus by Ruck et al., can work as a semiconductor photocatalyst for visible‐light‐driven hydrogen (H2) evolution. Small sized fibrous phosphorus is obtained by 1) loading it on photoinactive SiO2 fibers or by 2) smashing it ultrasonically. They display the steady hydrogen evolution rates of 633 μmol h−1 g−1 and 684 μmol h−1 g−1, respectively. These values are much higher than previous amorphous P (0.6 μmol h−1 g−1) and Hittorf P (1.6 μmol h−1 g−1). Moreover, they are the highest records in the family of elemental photocatalysts to date. This discovery is helpful for further understanding the semiconductive property of elementary substance. It is also favorable for the development of elemental photocatalysts.
Remote Control of T Cell Activation Using Magnetic Janus Particles
Authors: Lee Kwahun , Yi Yi , Yu Yan
Published: May 2016

We report a strategy for using magnetic Janus microparticles to control the stimulation of T cell signaling with single‐cell precision. To achieve this, we designed Janus particles that are magnetically responsive on one hemisphere and stimulatory to T cells on the other side. By manipulating the rotation and locomotion of Janus particles under an external magnetic field, we could control the orientation of the particle–cell recognition and thereby the initiation of T cell activation. This study demonstrates a step towards employing anisotropic material properties of Janus particles to control single‐cell activities without the need of complex magnetic manipulation devices.
Bilirubin Nanoparticles as a Nanomedicine for Anti‐inflammation Therapy
Authors: Lee Yonghyun , Kim Hyungjun , Kang Sukmo , Lee Jinju , Park Jinho , Jon Sangyong
Published: May 2016

Despite the high potency of bilirubin as an endogenous anti‐inflammatory compound, its clinical translation has been hampered because of its insolubility in water. Bilirubin‐based nanoparticles that may overcome this critical issue are presented. A polyethylene glycol compound (PEG) was covalently attached to bilirubin, yielding PEGylated bilirubin (PEG‐BR). The PEG‐BR self‐assembled into nanoscale particles with a size of approximately 110 nm, termed bilirubin nanoparticles (BRNPs). BRNPs are highly efficient hydrogen peroxide scavengers, thereby protecting cells from H2O2‐induced cytotoxicity. In a murine model of ulcerative colitis, intravenous injection of BRNPs showed preferential accumulation of nanoparticles at the sites of inflammation and significantly inhibited the progression of acute inflammation in the colon. Taken together, BRNPs show potential for use as a therapeutic nanomedicine in various inflammatory diseases.
Molecular weight and the Mark‐Houwink relation for ultra‐high molecular weight charged polyacrylamide determined using automatic batch mode multi‐angle light scattering
Authors: Wang Jinfeng , Huang Heqing , Huang Xinyu
Published: May 2016

This study presents an automatic batch mode (i.e., off‐line) multi‐angle light scattering (MALS) method for the molecular weight (MW) determination of ultra‐high MW (UHMW) polyacrylamide (PAM) homopolymer and acrylamide copolymers. This method combines a MALS detector with a sample dilution and injection device that automatically delivers a concentration gradient from a stock solution. The automation makes it practical to use the batch MALS method for routine MW analysis of UHMW polymers. The automatic batch MALS analyses of a series of poly(sodium acrylate‐co‐acrylamide) (30:70 mol %) in 1.0MNaCl show a non‐linear Mark‐Houwink relation in the MW range of 1.2 × 106to 12.6 × 106g mol−1. The entire molecular weight range can be fit with a quadratic relation or two linear equations, one for molecular weight up to 5.3 × 106g mol−1and the other from 5.3 × 106to 12.6 × 106g mol−1. The non‐linear Mark‐Houwink relation suggests that the extrapolation of the Mark‐Houwink equation beyond the measured MW range into the UHMW regions can significantly overestimate the MW of the UHMW polymers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43748.
Anatomical Details of the Rabbit Nasal Passages and Their Implications in Breathing, Air Conditioning, and Olfaction
Authors: Xi Jinxiang , Si Xiuhua A. , Kim Jongwon , Zhang Yu , Jacob Richard E. , Kabilan Senthil , Corley Richard A.
Published: May 2016

The rabbit is commonly used as a laboratory animal for inhalation toxicology tests and detail knowledge of the rabbit airway morphometry is needed for outcome analysis or theoretical modeling. The objective of this study is to quantify the morphometric dimension of the nasal airway of a New Zealand white rabbit and to relate the morphology and functions through analytical and computational methods. Images of high‐resolution MRI scans of the rabbit were processed to measure the axial distribution of the cross‐sectional areas, perimeter, and complexity level. The lateral recess, which has functions other than respiration or olfaction, was isolated from the nasal airway and its dimension was quantified separately. A low Reynolds number turbulence model was implemented to simulate the airflow, heat transfer, vapor transport, and wall shear stress. Results of this study provide detailed morphological information of the rabbit that can be used in the studies of olfaction, inhalation toxicology, drug delivery, and physiology‐based pharmacokinetics modeling. For the first time, we reported a spiral nasal vestibule that splits into three paths leading to the dorsal meatus, maxilloturbinate, and ventral meatus, respectively. Both non‐dimensional functional analysis and CFD simulations suggested that the airflow in the rabbit nose is laminar and the unsteady effect is only significantly during sniffing. Due to the large surface‐to‐volume ratio, the maxilloturbinate is highly effective in warming and moistening the inhaled air to body conditions. The unique anatomical structure and respiratory airflow pattern may have important implications for designing new odorant detectors or electronic noses. Anat Rec, 299:853–868, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systematization and description of the internal carotid arteries and their main ramifications at the brain base in turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Voll Juliana , Campos Rui
Published: May 2016

Thirty turtle brains (Trachemys scripta elegans) were injected with latex to systematize and describe the internal carotid arteries and their main ramifications at the brain base. The internal carotid arteries had one intercarotid anastomosis. At the level of the tuber cinereum, the internal carotid artery bifurcated into its terminal branches, the rostral and the caudal branches. The rostral branch emitted the rostral choroid artery, the orbital artery, and a series of middle cerebral arteries. After giving off the last middle cerebral artery, the rostral branch continued as the rostral cerebral artery in the cerebral longitudinal fissure, and had one anastomosis with its contralateral homologous artery, the rostral communicating artery, making the first rostral closure of the cerebral arterial circle. Next, the rostral cerebral arteries anastomosed forming a rostral interhemispheric artery, making the second rostral closure of the cerebral arterial circle. The internal carotid artery, after emitting its rostral branch, continued caudally as the caudal branch. The caudal branch ran caudally along the ventral surface of the mesencephalic tegmentum, emitted the caudal cerebral artery and the mesencephalic artery, and continued caudomedially while progressively narrowing, and anastomosed with its contralateral homologous artery, forming the basilar artery. The narrower portion also emitted the trigeminal artery. The anastomosis of the caudal branches closed the cerebral arterial circle caudally. The internal carotid arteries exclusively supplied the cerebral arterial circle of the turtle. Anat Rec, 299:1090–1098, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential cortical laminar structure revealed by NeuN immunostaining and myeloarchitecture between sulcal and gyral regions independent of sexual dimorphisms in the ferret cerebrum
Authors: Horiuchi‐Hirose Miwa , Sawada Kazuhiko
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively clarify differences in laminar structure and myeloarchitecture of sulcal and gyral regions of the cerebral cortex of ferrets. Histological sections of cerebrum from male and female ferrets at postnatal day 90 were made at the coronal plane, and were immunostained with anti‐NeuN or anti‐myelin basic protein (MBP). Thickness was estimated in the entire depth or three strata, that is, layer I, outer (layers II–III) and inner (layers IV–VI) strata of the neocortex in representative five sulcal and seven gyral regions. As with the entire cortical depth, outer and inner strata were significantly thinner in the sulcal bottoms than in the gyral crowns, whereas layer I had about twofold greater thickness in the sulcal bottoms. However, thicknesses of the entire cortical depth and each cortical stratum were not statistically different among five sulcal regions or seven gyral regions examined. By MBP immunostaining, myelin fibers ran tangentially through the superficial regions of layer I in gyral crowns. Those fibers were relatively denser in gyri of frontal and temporal regions, and relatively sparse in gyri of parietal and occipital regions, although their density in any gyri was not different between sexes. These results show a differential laminar structure and myeloarchitecture between the sulcal and gyral regions of the ferret cerebral cortex present in both sexes. Myelination of layer I tangential fibers varied among primary gyri and was weaker in phylogenetically higher‐order cortical gyri. Anat Rec, 299:1003–1011, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing the use of cadavers by integrating pathology during anatomy dissection
Authors: Geldenhuys Elsje‐Márie , Burger Elsie Helena , van Helden Paul David , Mole Calvin Gerald , Kotzé Sanet Henriët
Published: May 2016

An accurate knowledge of anatomy, especially natural variation within individuals, is of vital clinical importance. Cadaver dissection during anatomical training may be a valuable introduction to pathology for undergraduate students, which can contribute greatly to a successful medical career. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent and type of pathology lesions in a cadaver population (n = 127) used for medical dissection. This was done to gauge whether sufficient pathology lesions representative of all the organ systems were present in the cadaver population to warrant the use of cadavers as an additional pathology learning resource. This study demonstrated a wide variety of pathology lesions in different organ systems. The respiratory system was most affected with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) lesions being the most common finding (seen in 76% of cadavers) followed by bronchopneumonia and emphysema. Other common pathology findings included atherosclerosis, colonic diverticula, and chronic pyelonephritis. Skeletal fractures and degenerative joint disease were also noted. This study shows that cadaveric dissection offers a chance to alert and expose students to a wide variety of gross pathology and histopathology. It has been suggested that most medical students will practice in primary health care and as such more attention should be given to the pathology of commonly encountered diseases. This is particularly true for developing countries, where diseases such as TB are commonly encountered. The integration of pathology into the dissection hall may therefore be beneficial to student learning while simultaneously optimizing the use of cadaver material. Anat Sci Educ 9: 575–582. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Potential of hydrolysis of particulate COD in extended anaerobic conditions to enhance biological phosphorous removal
Authors: Jabari P. , Yuan Q. , Oleszkiewicz J.A.
Published: May 2016

The effect of anaerobic hydrolysis of particulate COD (pCOD) on biological phosphorous removal in extended anaerobic condition was investigated through (i) sequencing batch reactors (SBR)s with anaerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.8, 2, and 4 h; (ii) batch tests using biomass from a full scale biological nutrient removal (BNR) plant; and (iii) activated sludge modeling (BioWin 4.1 simulation). The results from long‐term SBRs operation showed that phosphorus removal was correlated to the ratio of filtered COD (FCOD) to total phosphorus (TP) in the influent. Under conditions with low FCOD/TP ratio (average of 20) in the influent, extending anaerobic HRT to 4 h in the presence of pCOD did not significantly improve overall phosphorous removal. During the period with high FCOD/TP ratio (average of 37) in the influent, all SBRs removed phosphorous completely, and the long anaerobic HRT did not have negative effect on overall phosphorous removal. The batch tests also showed that pCOD at different concentration during 4 h test did not affect the rate of anaerobic phosphorus release. The rate of anaerobic hydrolysis of pCOD was significantly low and extending the anaerobic HRT was ineffective. The simulation (BioWin 4.1) of SBRs with low influent FCOD/TP ratio showed that the default kinetics of anaerobic hydrolysis in ASM2d overestimated phosphorous removal in the SBRs (high anaerobic hydrolysis of pCOD). The default anaerobic hydrolysis rate in BioWin 4.1 (ten times lower) could produce similar phosphorous removal to that in the experiment. Results showed that the current kinetics of anaerobic hydrolysis in ASM2d could lead to considerable error in predicting phosphorus removal in processes with extended anaerobic HRT. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2377–2385. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface display vectors for selective detection and isolation of high level antibody producing cells
Authors: Lang Sabine , Drewello Delia , Wichter Johannes , Nommay Audrey , Wilms Burkhard , Knopf Hans‐Peter , Jostock Thomas
Published: May 2016

Cell line generation for production of biopharmaceuticals in mammalian cells usually involves intensive screening of clones to identify the rare high producers. In order to facilitate efficient and selective fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) based enrichment and cloning of antibody producing CHO cells, we developed a special vector setup by inserting a leaky translation termination signal between the heavy chain of an IgG antibody and an IgG transmembrane domain. Partial read‐through during translation of the antibody heavy chain leads to display of a subset of the produced antibody on the surface of the expressing cell. We could show that the level of surface expression correlates well with the productivity. By applying FACS, high producing cells can be selectively enriched and cloned. Two sequential FACS enrichment cycles were performed which led to more than eightfold increased productivities of transfected and selected cell populations without cloning. The combination of selective FACS enrichment and FACS cloning with the new vector setup led to a sevenfold higher average productivity of the resulting clones as compared to a reference vector. Productivity and production stability assessment of clones generated with the new vector showed no negative impact of the co‐expression of transmembrane antibody. Clone productivities of 4 g/L in a generic shake flask fed‐batch model were achieved. Thus, this new vector setup facilitates fast and selective isolation of high producing production cell lines and allows significant reduction of clone screening efforts during cell line development for production cell lines. Additionally, the high productivity of FACS‐enriched but non‐clonal cell populations supports rapid, high yield, and cost efficient material production in early project phases. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2386–2393. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fatty Acid‐Derived Pro‐Toxicants of the Rat Selective Toxicant Norbormide
Authors: Choi Hans , Conole Daniel , Atkinson Darcy J. , Laita Olivia , Jay‐Smith Morgan , Pagano Mario Angelo , Ribaudo Giovanni , Cavalli Maurizio , Bova Sergio , Hopkins Brian , Brimble Margaret A. , Rennison David
Published: May 2016

Norbormide [5‐(α‐hydroxy‐α‐2‐pyridylbenzyl)‐7‐(α‐2‐pyridylbenzylidene)‐5‐norbornene‐2,3‐dicarboximide] (NRB), an existing but infrequently used rodenticide, is known to be uniquely toxic to rats but relatively harmless to other rodents and mammals. However, as an acute vasoactive, NRB has a rapid onset of action which makes it relatively unpalatable to rats, often leading to sublethal uptake and accompanying bait shyness. A series of NRB‐derived pro‐toxicants (3a – i, 4a – i, and 5a – i) were prepared in an effort to ‘mask’ this acute response and improve both palatability and efficacy. Their synthesis, in vitro biological evaluation (vasocontractile response in rat vasculature, stability in selected rat media) and palatability/efficacy in Sprague–Dawley, wild Norway, and wild ship rats is described. Most notably, pro‐toxicant 3d was revealed to be free of all pre‐cleavage vasoconstrictory activity in rat caudal artery and was subsequently demonstrated to release NRB in the presence of rat blood, liver, and pancreatic enzymes. Moreover, it consistently displayed a high level of acceptance by rats in a two‐choice bait‐palatability and efficacy trial, with accompanying high mortality. On this evidence, fatty acid ester prodrugs would appear to offer a promising platform for the further development of NRB‐derived toxicants with enhanced palatability and efficacy profiles.
Bioresorbable scaffolds for treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions: Critical appraisal and future perspectives
Authors: Diletti Roberto , Tchetche Didier , Barbato Emanuele , Latib Azeem , Farah Bruno , van Geuns Robert‐Jan , Colombo Antonio , Fajadet Jean , van Mieghem Nicolas M.
Published: May 2016

Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds have been recently introduced as a novel paradigm for coronary artery disease treatment allowing temporary vessel support and drug delivery without indefinite coronary caging, potentially reducing the long‐term limitation of metallic stents. The scientific community has rapidly embraced this concept and bioresorbable devices have been introduced in clinical practice. However, despite the fact that bifurcation lesions represent a large and challenging subset in the field of interventional cardiology, this subgroup of lesions have been avoided in the initial experience with bioresorbable scaffolds and clear recommendations on methodological approaches are lacking. In the present report, we describe the various techniques for bifurcation treatment with bioresorbable scaffolds and the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of this technology in different scenarios, with a glimpse to challenging subsets and possible complications. Therefore, we aim to provide experience based insights and practical guidance for bioresorbable scaffold implantation in bifurcation lesions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asymptomatic migration of an AMPLATZER™ Amulet™ left atrial appendage occluder through the mitral valve
Authors: Mester Petru , Dompnier Antoine , Belle Loïc
Published: May 2016

An 84‐year‐old woman with a history of hemorrhagic stroke was admitted for a new cerebral ischemic event. While in hospital, she was diagnosed with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Owing to her high thromboembolic risk (CHA2DS2‐VASc score of 6) we performed left atrial appendage (LAA) closure using a 22‐mm AMPLATZER™ Amulet™. The procedure was successful. Systematic follow‐up with transthoracic echocardiography 8 hr later revealed that the LAA occluder had migrated and become entrapped in the mitral subvalvular apparatus. At this time, the patient was asymptomatic. The device was recovered percutaneously using a loop‐snare catheter, with no further complications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica or the Schimmelpenning‐Feuerstein‐Mims syndrome?
Authors: Gamayunov Boris N. , Korotkiy Nikolay G. , Baranova Elena E.
Published: May 2016

Key Clinical Message

Cutaneous symptoms in some patients with clinical picture of Schimmelpenning‐Feuerstein‐Mims syndrome can include a speckled lentiginous nevus, also known as nevus spilus. Recent investigations show that somatic heterozygous HRAS mutations are present in the sebaceous and speckled lentiginous nevus tissues of patients with combination of two nevi.