bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observation learning of tool use by captive Guinea baboons (Papio papio)
Authors: Beck Benjamin B.
Published: August 2005

A subadult male from a captive group of Guinea baboons learned, by trial‐and‐error, to use a tool to rake in food. He then used the tool 104 times over 26 days, thereby providing the group with most of its food. No other group member used the tool during this period. The tool user was removed, and the remainder of the group was given access to the display. None imitated his tool use. It took longer for another finally to learn to use the tool than it had for the initial solution. However, compared with the period before initial solution, group members manipulated the tool more frequently and touched the food pan with the tool nearly twice as many times after the tool user's separation.

This type of tool use appears to be too complex for baboons to imitate directly. However, as a result of observing successful tool use, they attend more to the problem and manipulate the tool more frequently and more accurately. This increase in frequency and accuracy may, in turn, accelerate acquisition of the response by observers through instrumental trial‐and‐error learning.
Outcast males and social structure among bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)
Authors: Simonds Paul E.
Published: August 2005

Outcast males are a regular feature of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. fuscata) macaque societies but are rare among bonnet macaques (M. radiata). Apparently bonnets have other solutions than ostracism for their social problems. For example, in many troops the male‐female ratio ranges from 0.7−1.0+; and, as the young adult males grow to full social and physical maturity, they remain in the troop and participate actively in social relationships. A few troops of bonnet macaques, however, have a network of social relationships which prevents the young males from being integrated into the social system; in some of these cases, male isolation occurs. A comparison of the social relations between males in bonnet macaque societies of both types suggests that societies with strong male‐male bonds accommodate their growing males better than those with highly individual males.
Taurodont, pyramidal and fused molar roots associated with other anomalies in a kindred
Authors: Ackerman James L. , Ackerman A. Leon , Ackerman A. Bernard
Published: August 2005

Crown characteristics have been the parameter most frequently utilized in studies of tooth morphology. Dental root structures have received relatively little attention. Examination of unusual molar roots in a kindred has enabled us to (1) establish a typology for classifying molar roots, (2) devise a methodology for evaluating the degree of taurodontism and (3) hypothesize about phylogenetic, ontogenetic and genetic aspects of root morphology. The roots of molar teeth were studied radiographically in 20 members of a family of English–German ancestry in which there was no consanguinity. Taurodont, pyramidal (single conical root) and fused molar roots were common. Other ectodermal and mesodermal anomalies (unusual upper lip, glaucoma, syndactyly and clinodactyly) were also present. This unique constellation of dental, cutaneous, ocular and bone abnormalities constitutes a previously undescribed syndrome. Unusual roots may be a genetic marker, and the finding of unusual roots, such as prismatic or wholly pyramidal, should prompt a search for other abnormalites. Dental trait analysis for genetic and microevolutionary studies should include root, as well as crown, characteristics.
Blood groups and haptoglobins in the Eastern Carolines
Authors: Morton Newton E. , Yamamoto Manabu
Published: August 2005

The ABO, MNS, Rh, and haptoglobin systems were examined in samples from the populations of Pingelap, Mokil, Ponape, and Kusaie. There is marked differentiation between neighboring islands.
Red cell isozymes in the Eastern Carolines
Authors: Yamamoto Manabu , Fu Linda
Published: August 2005

Four populations of islanders (Ponapeans, Mokilese, Pingelapese, and Kusaieans) in the Eastern Caroline Islands have been surveyed for variability in red cell acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase. The following gene frequencies were observed: Pa = 0.0904, PGM21 = 0.1015, and PGDB = 0.0259. No genetic variation was encountered in the AK and G6PD systems.
Bioassay of kinship in Micronesia
Authors: Morton Newton E. , Lalouel J. M.
Published: August 2005

Phenotype bioassay agrees with clan isonymy, anthropometrics, and migration in estimating the mean kinship within a Micronesian population, relative to large distances, as 0.05. Various calculations of occupancy for the Eastern Carolines from ethnohistory, kinship, and glottochronology average around 1,000 years. Estimates of isolation by distance are in agreement for different indicators of population structure. Problems of kinship bioassay are discussed.
A note on the estimation of allele frequencies
Authors: Alfred Braxton M.
Published: August 2005

A new method of obtaining allele frequency estimates is described. The method may prove useful when maximum likelihood estimates are not available. No assumptions regarding the absence of alleles are required. Errors of estimates have not been obtained, but the process seems to converge to maximum likelihood.
Fingerprint quantitative variation and asymmetry in Brazilian Whites and Blacks
Authors: Salzano F. M. , De Sá E Benevides Fº F. R.
Published: August 2005

A total of 432 Whites and 654 Blacks were studied in relation to the index of pattern intensity and a smaller number (296 Whites; 496 Blacks) for total ridge count. There does not exist a clear gradient in either sex when the Blacks are subdivided into three phenotypic categories according to the amount of African ancestry they seem to possess. The standard deviations and coefficients of variation are strikingly similar in all groups studied. Racial differences in the averages of these two quantitative measures and in the asymmetry of total ridge count are small and nonsignificant. Fingerprints are very sensitive indicators of disturbances in the intrauterine development, and their asymmetry has a significant hereditary component. Since there is no increased or decreased asymmetry when we consider subgroups with various amounts of racial admixture, these and other results suggest that genetic adaptation in humans is a process involving mainly the whole species, and not narrow racial specializations.
Variation in the number of presacral vertebrae in bantu‐speaking South African Negroes
Authors: de Beer Kaufman Pamela
Published: August 2005

Variation in number of presacral vertebrae (PSV) was examined in 462 vertebral columns in four populations drawn from tribal groups of Southern African Negroes. The total incidence of numerical variants (23 PSV and 25 PSV) was 19% in males and 12.1% in females. Males have a higher frequency of 25 PSV and females a higher frequency of 23 PSV, a sex difference reported by previous workers. Significant differences in the incidence of 25 PSV in males were present between S.A. Negroes, American Negroes and other racial groups. The total number of variants (23 PSV and 25 PSV) is significantly higher in S.A. Negro males (and higher but not significantly in females) than in the other groups; owing mainly to the findings in the Nguni‐speaking sub‐samples of the S.A. Negro. These findings support a previous suggestion based on combined‐sex data that the frequency of numerical variations of PSV are characteristic of a population. It is suggested here that such frequencies are even more characteristic when males and females are considered separately.
Natural selection on the dentition of an Arikara population
Authors: Perzigian Anthony J.
Published: August 2005

The tooth crowns of most mammals do not change in size except by attrition. Therefore, by comparing age groups within a population and finding differences in size or variation, the effects of such agencies as directional or stabilizing selection can be demonstrated. Mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements were taken on the maxillary and mandibular permanent dentition of protohistoric Arikara Indian population from South Dakota. The tooth sizes of juveniles ages 6 through 15 were compared to those of adults ages 16 through 20. The two age groups were also compared by the cross‐sectional areas of the posterior teeth. When a difference between age groups was demonstrated in either size or variation, a selection intensity was estimated using published graphs.

Results from the comparisons show that adults, in general, have larger and less variable teeth than the juveniles. The data suggest the possibility that both directional and stabilizing selection were operating on the Arikara dentition. Furthermore, the selection intensities suggest that selection was operating not on the individual teeth but on functional complexes such as the posterior teeth. It appears that in populations like the Arikara where crown attrition is severe, selection will in the direction of large teeth.
Cribra orbitalia in the aborigines of Hawaii and Australia
Authors: Zaino Diane E. , Zaino Edward C.
Published: August 2005

Cranii of 53 Hawaiian aboriginal infants and children, and 45 from Australian aboriginal children were inspected. Cribra orbitalia was present in 22.8% of the former and 26.6% of the latter; osteoporotic pitting (symmetrical osteoporosis; porotic hyperostosis) was also present in the latter. The frequency compares favorably with that found in pre‐Columbian North American Pueblo Indians, 24.7%. It is associated with a widespread skeletal involvement suggestive of an active bone marrow.

The findings support the concept that cribra orbitalia is related to symmetrical osteoporosis and that it may be associated with a blood disorder.
Eruption of permanent teeth in Brazilian Whites and Blacks
Authors: de Melo E Freitas Maria J. , Salzano F. M.
Published: August 2005

A total of 302 White and 904 Black children six, nine and 12 years of age were studied for the eruption of their permanent teeth. Differences between the two ethnic groups were not large, but the Black subjects were generally more precocious at the beginning of the process (especially the girls, both in the upper and lower incisors). At nine and 12 years of age, however, these dissimilarities disappear. The latter do not seem to be related to distinct rates of extraction or agenesis of deciduous teeth. No significant differences were observed in the degree of asymmetry present in the permanent dentition of the White and Black individuals studied.
New studies of post‐Pleistocene human skeletal remains from the Rift Valley, Kenya
Authors: Rightmire G. P.
Published: August 2005

Prehistoric human crania from Bromhead's Site, Willey's Kopje, Makalia Burial Site, Nakuru, and other localities in the Eastern Rift Valley of Kenya are reassessed using measurements and a multivariate statistical approach. Materials available for comparison include series of Bushman and Hottentot crania, South and East African Negroes, and Egyptians. Up to 34 cranial measurements taken on these series are utilized to construct three multiple discriminant frameworks, each of which can assign modern individuals to a correct group with considerable accuracy. When the prehistoric crania are classified with the help of these discriminants, results indicate that several of the skulls are best grouped with modern Negroes. This is especially clear in the case of individuals from Bromhead's Site, Willey's Kopje, and Nakuru, and the evidence hardly suggests post‐Pleistocene domination of the Rift and surrounding territory by “Mediterranean” Caucasoids, as has been claimed. Recent linguistic and archaeological findings are also reviewed, and these seem to support application of the term Nilotic Negro to the early Rift populations.
The skin of primates. XLII. The skin of the silvered sakiwinki (Pithecia monachus)
Authors: Perkins E. M. , Ford D. M.
Published: August 2005

The following characteristics indicate that the skin of the silvered sakiwinki (Pithecia monachus, E. Geoffroy, 1812) is not only basically similar to other primitive cebids, but also remarkably close to that of callithricids: a thin epidermis with diminished monoamine oxidase activity; a poorly‐developed dermis, paucity of elastic fibers, and scant adnexal blood supply; hair follicles arranged in linear perfect sets; grouped hairs present on the cheek; an absence of glycogen and phosphorylase in most sebaceous glands; apocrine glands present throughout most haired body regions, but totally absent from the dorsum; and poorly‐differentiated eccrine glands, confined to volar friction surfaces, which are characterized by unusual glycolytic properties. Other noteworthy cutaneous traits include: concomitant epidermal and dermal pigmentation in the face and scalp; Merkel‐like disks in the friction surfaces; moderately well‐developed Haarscheibe, associated with large, dorsal guard hairs; small, discrete sebaceous glands throughout the dorsum; a 1:1 ratio of apocrine glands to hair follicles in the facial, gular and anogenital areas; and numerous cholinesterase‐reactive nerves around eccrine but not apocrine secretory coils.

Although previous comparative studies on the skin of New World monkeys suggest that the systematic designation of two familial taxa is warranted, information regarding five of the fifteen genera which comprise the families Callithricidae and Cebidae is totally lacking.

Given that three of these genera (Leontopithecus, Chiropotes and Brachyteles) can no longer be obtained from animal dealers because of exportation laws, the authors were fortunate to acquire representatives of the remaining two genera. Callicebus (titi monkeys) and Pithecia (sakiwinkis).

Besides defining cutaneous characteristics common to specific taxa, two earlier works by Hanson and Montagna ('62) and Perkins et al. ('68) also suggested that members of the cebid subfamilies Aotinae and Pitheciinae possess cutaneous traits that bridge an interesting gap with the callithricids. Therefore, the acquisition of these two additional aotine and pithecine genera provided the opportunity to test this hypothesis.

The following, therefore, is not just another detailed manuscript regarding the skin of primates. Rather, it is an effort to define the integumental characteristics of the last obtainable New World monkey genera, and to assess those cutaneous signatures which are interfamilially common to both the callithricids and more primitive cebids.

Primary emphasis is placed on the genus Pithecia; pertinent findings concerning Callicebus will be incorporated into the forthcoming and final summarization of the phylogenetic significance of the skin of New World monkeys (Perkins, '75).
Intraspecific chromosome variability in a lemur from the north of Madagascar: Lepilemur septentrionalis, species nova
Authors: Rumpler Yves , Albignac Rolland
Published: August 2005

A cytogenetical study of 25 Lepilemur from the north of Madagascar has given evidence for six karyotypes (with four diploid numbers). Four of the karyotypes with these diploid numbers — 2N = 38, 2N = 36, 2N = 34 — we believe evolved from one another by centric fusion; and two karyotypes resulted from the hybridization of two of these (2N = 37 and 2N = 35). The different karyotypes distinguish themselves clearly from those of other species of Lepilemur. We have named a new species, Lepilemur septentrionalis (sp. nov.) with four subspecies: L. s. andrafiamenensis (2N = 38), L. s. ankaranensis (2N = 36), L. s. sahafarensis (2N = 36), and L. s. septentrionalis (2N = 34).
A study of baboon hemoglobin
Authors: Mauran‐Sendrail A. , Bouloux C.
Published: August 2005

Electrophoretic analysis of hemoglobin types of 409 baboons of various species, mostly from Senegal, corresponds with the findings of other authors. Baboon hemoglobin is homogeneous as a whole, but differs electrophoretically from that of other monkey species. However, a difference in the electrophoretic mobility of the nonhemoglobin fraction of Papio anubis and Papio cynocephalus suggests a possibly different amino‐acid sequence. This information may be useful for the classification in doubtful cases.
Length and weight in rural Guatemalan Ladino children: Birth to seven years of age
Authors: Yarbrough Charles , Habicht Jean‐Pierre , Malina Robert M. , Lechtig Aaron , Klein Robert E.
Published: August 2005

The present study reports 5,029 length and weight measurements as well as percentile distributions for a mixed longitudinal series of 1,119 rural Guatemalan Ladino children. The study sample, birth through seven years, is representative of children in clinically good health, but of suboptimal nutrition.

Boys are longer and heavier than girls over the age range. Guatemalan children of both sexes are smaller than American white children from Denver. Differences are least at birth, and increase through two years of age. Between two and five years, differences between the rural Guatemalan Ladino and Denver samples are rather stable, but then increase through seven years.

Despite these differences there is a linear weight for length relationship which is the same across all preschool ages, both sexes, and for both the Guatemalan and Denver populations. This implies that age, sex, ethnic differences between the two groups compared, and mild‐to‐moderate protein‐calorie malnutrition do not affect the relationship between weight and length in preschool children.
Age changes in the pubic symphysis of Macaca mulatta
Authors: Rawlins Richard G.
Published: August 2005

Age changes in the pubic symphyses of 142 Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (known age, sex and maternal genealogy) are described. Symphyseal development is sexually dimorphic. Males generate a ridge and furrow system which is gradually replaced by a solid ankylosis at the mid‐sagittal plane. Female development parallels that of the male until puberty. With pregnancy and delivery, relaxation and reaggregation of pelvic ligaments binding the symphysis destroy the symphyseal face. Continued bearing of offspring inhibits mid‐sagittal ankylosis.

Limited estimates of skeletal age can be made by using symphyseal development as an indicator of senescence.
Genetic distances among the Ho tribe and other groups of Central Indians
Authors: Kumar Narendra , Mukherjee D. P.
Published: August 2005

The Ho, a settled tribal group of Chota Nagpur, India, were tested for five genetic characters. Genetic distance among eleven tribal groups of Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh are calculated according to Edwards ('71). Affinities of these tribes are discussed taking into consideration the languages spoken by them. These breeding groups may have drifted apart along the paths of their dialect differentiations. Cultural and geographical factors further enhanced their isolation.
Influence of maternal nutritional status on prenatal growth in a Peruvian urban population
Authors: Frisancho A. R. , Klayman J. E. , Matos Jorge
Published: August 2005

Anthropometric measurements were made on 4,952 mothers and their neonates from a Peruvian urban population. Based on age‐specific percentiles, the mothers were separated into categories of short and tall stature, high and low fat, and high and low muscle. The study indicates that: (1) tall and short mothers characterized by similar subcutaneous fat and upper arm muscle area (whether high or low) had newborns with similar birth weight and recumbent length; (2) mothers characterized by high subcutaneous fat had heavier and fatter, but not longer, newborns than mothers with low subcutaneous fat; (3) mothers characterized by high upper arm muscle area had heavier, leaner and longer newborns than mothers with low upper arm muscle area; (4) mothers characterized by high muscle and high fat had heavier and longer newborns than mothers with high muscle and low fat; but (5) mothers characterized by high muscle and low fat had heavier and longer newborns than mothers with low muscle and high fat. Considering that subcutaneous fat and arm muscle area reflect calorie and protein reserves respectively, it is concluded that an increase in maternal calorie reserves results in increased infant fatness, but a lesser increase in linear growth. In contrast, an increase in maternal protein reserves does enhance both birth weight and prenatal linear growth.
A comparison of two methods for the microscopic determination of age at death
Authors: Bouvier Marianne , Ubelaker Douglas H.
Published: August 2005

The precision and accuracy of the Kerley and Ahlqvist‐Damsten microscopic methods of age determination are compared. Both methods were applied to the same sample of 40 femoral thin sections of documented age at death. The results indicate that (1) both methods can be used with equal precision, as suggested by comparable observer errors; and (2) the Kerley method produces overall more accurate age estimates. The low previously published standard error of the Ahlqvist‐Damsten method (6.71 years) apparently results from the uneven age distribution and small size (20) of their sample.
Gingival eruption sequences of permanent teeth in early hominids
Authors: Wallace John A.
Published: August 2005

Gingival eruption of the permanent teeth of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo, diagnosed from enamel scratches and facets, is similar save for two sequences: eruption of the canines relative to the premolars which may be sexually dimorphic; and agenesis of M3 with delayed eruption of M2, first seen in Homo at two million years. Gingival eruption sequences are similar also for early and modern Homo, except that in some individuals today M3, M2, M1 and I2 take longer to form and emerge through the gingiva as functioning teeth. Probably, from two million years to the present in the evolutionary history of Homo dental development slowed‐down. More and more of ontogeny has been taken over for eruption.
Masticatory function and post‐pleistocene evolution in Nubia
Authors: Carlson David S. , Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: August 2005

The present research focuses on craniofacial variation in Nubia over approximately 10,000 years. Samples were grouped according to their temporal location and subsistence pattern, and represent a transition from a hunting‐gathering adaptation (Mesolithic) to a transitional hunting‐gathering‐agricultural adaptation (A‐C Group) and finally to a fully agricultural adaptation (Meroitic/X‐Group/Christian). The purposes were: (1) to compare the Mesolithic sample with the later Nubian populations; and (2) to evaluate further the hypothesis that change in Nubian craniofacial morphology was due to changing functional demands associated with the progressive change in subsistence adaptation and associated behavior.

The results tend to support recent views that the Nubian Mesolithic population is probably ancestral to later Nubian groups, and that the masticatory‐functional hypothesis can best account for craniofacial change among the Nubians since 12,000 B.P. According to this hypothesis systematic reduction in functional demand placed on the masticatory complex from the Mesolithic led, secondarily, to an alteration of the growth of the maxillomandibular complex such that the face became progressively less robust and more inferoposteriorly located relative to the cranial vault. Both the increase in the height of the vault relative to its length, producing a more “globular” appearance, and the reduction in dental size were tertiary, compensatory responses to altered facial size and position.
Southwestern physical anthropology: Do the cultural and biological parameters correspond?
Authors: El‐Najjar Mahmoud Y.
Published: August 2005

Skeletal series representing 15 prehistoric and historic Southwestern American Indian groups were examined to estimate the degree of biological distance on the basis of craniometric data, to re‐examine Carl Seltzer's ('44) hypothesis of biological continuity in the Southwest Plateau region, and to see whether the biological parameters correspond to the cultural taxonomies and chronological subdivisions of the Southwestern prehistorians. Within and between group differences were found to be relatively small. Cultural and genetic isolation, disease selection and dietary patterns are suggested to best explain these differences. Seltzer's ('44) hypothesis is firmly supported. Conclusions reached by physical anthropologists with regard to biological relationships through time and space in the Southwest Plateau area are in agreement with the archeological subdivisions and known cultural history of the American Southwest.
Growth trends among male bods of Ladakh — a high altitude population
Authors: Malik S. L. , Singh Indera P.
Published: August 2005

A random sample of 274 native male Bods of Ladakh ranging in age from 11 to 19 years, living in Leh (Ladakh) at mean altitude of 3,514 metres, was studied. The pattern of growth of this sample was compared with the sea level Indians. The results indicate that:

The so called adolescent spurt is not well defined among Bod highlanders.

Bods grow faster than plain dwelling Indians and are taller and heavier at the age of 19 years.

The highlanders exhibit greater chest circumference than the lowland norms. This finding, similar to those among Andean natives, supports high altitude hypoxia's role in human growth and morphology.
Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle and the evolution of the first intermetacarpal ligament
Authors: Bojsen–Møller Finn
Published: August 2005

The morphology and function of tendinous connections between the bases of the first and second metacarpal bone was studied in dissected specimens. The sample comprises 28 hands from eight species of cercopithecidae and pongidae and 23 human hands. Four types were identified: (1) No intermetacarpal connections were present. (2) The extensor carpi radialis longus tendon was divided at the carpus and the side branch inserted on the ulnar side of the base of the first metacarpal bone. (3) Part of the fibers of the extensor carpi radialis longus bypassed the insertion on the second metacarpal bone and continued to the base of the first metacarpal bone. A few proper intermetacarpal fibers were included. (4) An extracapsular, intermetacarpal ligament was present. Its fibers were mainly separated from the extensor carpi radialis longus. Type 1 is a general mammalian form. Type 2 is common in higher, non‐human primates. Type 3 was found in 2 of the 23 human hands and otherwise among the anthropoid apes only. Type 4 is apomorph in man. Individual variations exist though. Type 3 and especially type 4 could check ab‐ and adductions and guide a circumduction in the first carpometacarpal joint.
Analysis of excavated bone by atomic absorption
Authors: Szpunar Carole Bryda , Lambert Joseph B. , Buikstra Jane E.
Published: August 2005

Results from the elemental analysis of completely dissolved human bone by atomic absorption are (for some elements) reproducibly higher than those from the analysis of only the material obtained through digestion of the bone. Because digestion procedures can be quite variable, complete dissolution should provide more reliable comparisons between laboratories. We offer a detailed description of the dissolution procedure and of the atomic absorption analysis for a dozen elements.
Mineral analysis of ancient Peruvian hair
Authors: Benfer Robert A. , Typpo John T. , Graf Vicki B. , Pickett Edward E.
Published: August 2005

Ancient Peruvian hair has been excavated from a series of archaeological sites on the Peruvian coast. After careful cleaning, examination by scanning electron microscopy revealed most of the samples to be in a state of preservation comparable to modern hair. No evidence of pathological conditions was observed. Trace metal composition was determined by atomic absorption and flame emission spectrophotometry and nitrogen by Kjeldahl analysis, producing the following results: (1) nitrogen is lost with time, while all other tested minerals except zinc and copper showed irregular increases; (2) relatively high chromium levels may indicate that diabetes was not present in the samples; and (3) no consistent trend in the ratio of calcium to strontium was found through time and across corresponding dietary shifts.
Quantitative analysis of small group interaction in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Maxim Peter E.
Published: August 2005

The effect of role relations on social interaction in small groups of rhesus monkeys was examined quantitatively, through use of an interval scale of social behavior. Concurrent pair interactions were tabulated for all possible combinations in 24 triad groups: Six groups containing three males; six groups containing three females; six groups of one male, two females; and six groups of two males and one female. A specific behavior which involves participation of all three animals at once, the incitement interaction, was found to quantitatively alter each monkey's reaction to other social behaviors displayed at the same time. The interaction demonstrates the monkeys' attention to and manipulation of role relations. In all triad types one could quantitatively document the fact that the most subordinate monkey established a role with the most dominant monkey which allowed it some freedom to behave less submissively when interacting with the middle ranking monkey. This general phenomenon in role relations may contribute to group cohesiveness.
Inheritance of tooth size in Australian Aboriginals
Authors: Townsend Grant C. , Brown Tasman
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this study was to clarify the question of inheritance of tooth size, with particular reference to the role of the sex chromosomes. Data were obtained from the dental casts of Aboriginals living at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia, who had participated in a longitudinal growth study extending over 20 years. The compilation and verification of comprehensive genealogical records gathered over a number of years enabled the analysis of family data.

Product‐moment correlation coefficients between different full‐sibling and half‐sibling pairs were calculated for permanent tooth size. Values of individual and average correlations for both mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth diameters conformed with the theoretical correlations expected assuming polygenic inheritance. However, no evidence of sex chromosomal involvement was found.
Cranium of a juvenile Australopithecus boisei from the lower Omo Basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Rak Yoel , Howell F. Clark
Published: August 2005

A partial cranium of a juvenile Australopithecus boisei, recovered from the Shungura Formation in the lower Omo basin, southern Ethiopia, and dated at 2.1 m.y. B.P., is described anatomically and compared to young and adult australopithecines, modern Homo sapiens, chimpanzees, and gorillas. A resemblance to the gracile Australopithecus is observed but is attributed mainly to the generalized appearance of the Omo specimen resulting from its young individual age. An attempt is made to reconstruct part of the ontogenetic process of A. boisei. This process is compared to the developmental changes exhibited by the African great apes and modern man and is found to combine characteristics of both.
The relationship between brain weight and head circumference from birth to age 18 years
Authors: Epstein Herman T. , Epstein Erika B.
Published: August 2005

A relation between head circumference and brain weight of humans is generally believed to exist, but the literature contains only two studies which exhibit a quantitative aspect of the relation, showing that brain weight is proportional to the cube of the head circumference from birth through age 3.5 years. By assembling data from autopsy records, we have been able to show that this cubic relationship holds through brain maturation at around age 18 years.
Florisbad and human population succession in Southern Africa
Authors: Rightmire G. P.
Published: August 2005

The human cranium recovered at Florisbad in 1932 is compared with other Sub‐Saharan African hominid remains from Broken Hill, the Omo and Klasies River Mouth. The Florisbad frontal is very broad, but despite this breadth and differences in zygomatic form, there is a definite resemblance to archaic Homo sapiens from Broken Hill. There is also some similarity to both Omo I and Omo II, while fragmentary remains from Klasies River are more lightly built and hence more modern in appearance. These impressions are strengthened by measurement and statistical analysis, which demonstrates that Florisbad and Broken Hill are distant from recent African populations. Even if Florisbad is less archaic than the earlier (Middle Pleistocene?) hominid, it is not noticeably Bushman‐like. New dates suggestive of early Upper Pleistocene antiquity also place Florisbad securely in a lineage containing Broken Hill, and there is no evidence to support special ties with any one group of living Africans.
Crown diameters of the deciduous teeth in Australian Aboriginals
Authors: Margetts B. , Brown T.
Published: August 2005

Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters were measured from dental casts representing the deciduous dentitions of 197 Aboriginal children from the Northern Territory of Australia. Double determination analysis indicated that the semi‐automatic recording procedure used was reliable leading to observer errors of no practical significance. Tooth‐size was greater in the male subjects but the sexual dimorphism was less marked than in the permanent teeth of the same subjects. The mandibular teeth were more uniform than maxillary with respect to buccolingual size relative to mesiodistal. Extremes of general tooth‐size were more marked in the deciduous dentition than in the permanent as a consequence of the relatively large deciduous second molar which in Aboriginals approximates in size the permanent first molar of many other ethnic groups.
Biosocial functions of grooming behavior among the common Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus)
Authors: McKenna James J.
Published: August 2005

An intensive study of the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) reveals an interplay between biological and social processes. This study which involved captive animals and over 1,500 observation hours suggests that grooming behavior alone cannot be used to measure status differences between the sexes, nor as a means to understand how pathogens carried by ecto‐parasites are controlled. It is shown that the type of grooming exhibited in an interactional setting and the region of the body presented by one animal to another for grooming is often determined by the immediate social events and by the nature of the relationship existing between the participants. For these Colobine langur monkeys grooming behavior not only facilitates integration but it also enables an animal to manipulate a tense situation into a peaceful one. Without reference to many of the other patterns of behavior which only relatively, not absolutely differentiate age and sex classes, grooming behavior cannot be entirely understood.
Age at menarche in Iceland
Authors: Magnússon Thórdur Eydal
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mean age at menarche in Icelandic girls and compare it with results from other Scandinavian populations as well as in other ethnic groups. The study was performed during the school year 1972–1973 on a cross‐sectional sample of 682 girls (aged 8.5 to over 17 years), constituting 9.5% of the girls from the third to eleventh forms in all the primary and secondary schools of Reykjavik. The mean age at menarche in Iceland, elicited by the status quo method, proved to be 13.06 ± 0.10 years (S.D. 1.17 years). According to the information given by the girls (recall method), the earliest time of menstruation was 9.83 years and the latest 15.17 years, at which age all but one of the girls were menstruating.
Non‐carious interproximal grooves in Arikara Indian dentitions
Authors: Berryman Hugh E. , Owsley Douglas W. , Henderson Avery M.
Published: August 2005

The dentitions of adult Arikara Indians from the Larson site (39WW2) were examined to determine the frequency and etiology of noncarious interproximal grooves. The observations included groove morphology, loci and association with dental pathology. Approximately 30% of the individuals exhibit one or more pronounced grooves. The use of dental probes in conjunction with dietary grit is the likely factor responsible for interproximal grooves in this population sample.
Electrophoretic variants in three Amerindian tribes: The Baniwa, Kanamari, and Central Pano of Western Brazil
Authors: Mohrenweiser Harvey , Neel James V. , Mestriner M. A. , Salzano F. M. , Migliazza E. , Simões A. L. , Yoshihara C. M.
Published: August 2005

Data are presented on electrophoretic variants of 25 polypeptides found in the blood serum and erythrocytes, in 812 individuals from three Amerindian tribes, the Pano, the Baniwa, and the Kanamari. Two “private polymorphisms” were encountered, of PEPB in the Pano and CAII in the Baniwa. A single example of a different PEPB variant was encountered in the Baniwa, and two possible examples of an unstable variant of HGB A2 in the Kanamari. In addition, the well‐known A variant of ACP1, the Duarte variant of GALT, the 2 variant of Hp and the 2 variant of PGM1 occurred in polymorphic proportions in all three tribes, and the TF variant was present as a polymorphism in the Baniwa. These data have recently been incorporated into a treatment which concludes that the eight electrophoretically‐defined “private polymorphisms” thus far encountered in Amerindian tribes can be explained by a mutation pressure of 0.7 × 10−5/locus/generation on the assumption of neutrality of the phenotypes in question (Neel and Thompson, '78).
Increase of tooth size in prehistoric coastal Peru, 10,000 B.P.‐1,000 B.P.
Authors: Scott E. C.
Published: August 2005

Teeth increase in size during a 9,000‐year period in an archae‐ologically derived, radiocarbon dated sample of skeletons from a geographically restricted area of coastal Peru. Although cultural change is extensive, including the transition to food production and pottery making, teeth do not reduce as predicted under these conditions by Brace's Probable Mutation Effect. Since most of the dental literature dealing with size change of teeth focuses upon dental reduction, hypotheses explaining why teeth increase through time are not well developed. No obvious selective forces explaining size increase are apparent in the present data. Attrition decreases through time. The increase in tooth size in this collection may be a function of overall cranialfacial size increase, which (pending further data) may be related to a general body size increase.
Genetic studies in Saudi Arabia: Red cell enzyme, haemoglobin and serum protein polymorphisms
Authors: Goedde H. W. , Benkmann H. G. , Agarwal D. P. , Hirth L. , Bienzle U. , Dietrich M. , Hoppe H. H. , Orlowski J. , Kohne E. , Kleihauer E.
Published: August 2005

Population genetic studies in Saudi Arabia are performed for EsD, GPT, AcP, ADA, AK, 6‐PGD, PGM, C3, Tf, Hp, Gc, Pi, Bf, Hb, ABO‐blood groups and Rh‐factor, level of the third component of complement and immunoglobulins. The data are compared with reported frequencies in European and African populations.
The interaction of stressors in the induction of increased levels of fluctuating asymmetry in the laboratory rat
Authors: Sciulli P. W. , Doyle W. J. , Kelley C. , Siegel P. , Siegel M. I.
Published: August 2005

Recent studies on fluctuating dental asymmetry have isolated single stressors as causative agents. Since most stressors are composite in nature, the present study was designed to determine the effects of the interaction of stressors in the induction of fluctuating dental asymmetry. Pregnant rats were assigned to one of six treatment groups and stressed with various combinations of heat, cold, noise and protein deprivation. The levels of fluctuating dental asymmetry were assessed and it was found that all protocols produced higher levels of asymmetry than found for control animals. Noise and reduced protein exhibited an additive effect and the interaction of stressors produced a reduction in litter size. Suggestions were offered for further research in this expanding field.
Reproductive function in aged female chimpanzees
Authors: Graham Charles E.
Published: August 2005

Reproductive function was evaluated in ten female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) aged 35–48 years. Forty‐eight years is the longevity record for the chimpanzee. Data on cycle frequency and duration was available for seven animals. Most were cycling regularly until death, and all had experienced at least one menstrual cycle within one year of death. After exclusion of periods when the animals were pregnant or in postpartum amenorrhea, the mean cycle frequency (± standard error)/year was 9.54 ± 0.20 in seven animals aged 15–25 (432 cycles analyzed) compared to 8.6 ± 0.76 in the same animals at age 35+ years (405 cycles analyzed); this effect approached significance (p = 0.072, Mann‐Whitney U‐test). Cycle length of 16 cycles in each of seven animals aged 15–25 was 32.23 ± 0.38 days. The same animals when aged over 35 had mean cycle lengths of 35.59 ± 0.73. This difference was not significant, although cycle lengths clearly increased with age in some individual animals. In five aged animals for which mating data was available, appropriate exposure to a male occurred in 52 cycles, but only two pregnancies occurred; one pregnancy resulted in a live birth at age 38, the other in a stillbirth at age 40. This conception rate was 3.85% compared with 20% in the same animals aged 15–25. These data suggest greatly reduced fertility after age 35, although menstrual cycle frequency remained high. The persistence of menstrual cyclicity until death, which occurred due to natural causes at latest in the fifth decade, is in striking contrast to the human female in which menopause occurs in the fifth decade and death is often postponed for several more decades.
Dermatoglyphic variation in the human populations of the North Pennine Dales, North England. I. Sex differences, bilateral asymmetry, digital diversity and regional variation
Authors: Dennis R. L. H. , Sunderland E.
Published: August 2005

The North Pennine Dales are sparsely populated and deeply indented valleys in the central uplands of northern England. Travel to service centres on the surrounding low lying terrain, especially to the industrial conurbations, is channelled by way of the dale mouths. Communication over the dale heads is difficult and is thus much dictated by topography and by the orientation of each dale.

This paper represents the first of two reports on the finger and palmar dermatoglyphics of the populations. Basic data are presented on sex differences, bilateral asymmetry and digital diversity. Univariate statistical tests have been carried out between the dales' populations for several stages based on the selection of individuals by ancestry. Several significant differences occur but no more than would be expected by chance. Distinct spatial patterning does recur for several variables, but on the available data a univariate approach has been unsuccessful in determining the nature and causes of overall population interrelationships.
The depth of the lingual fossa in permanent incisors of Norwegians. II. Differences between central and lateral incisors, correlations, side asymmetry and variability
Authors: Aas I. H. Monrad , Risnes Steinar
Published: August 2005

The depth of the lingual fossa in permanent incisors of Norwegians (plaster casts and extracted teeth) was studied. In the plaster casts the depth of the lingual fossa in the right side incisors was (in mm): I1sup = 0.51, I2sup = 0.30, I1inf = 0.07 and I2inf = 0.08. For I1sup significant bilateral asymmetry was found (p < 0.001). All incisors were positively correlated in the depth of the lingual fossa, mandibular higher than maxillary. In both jaws centrals were better correlated across the midline than laterals, and centrals to laterals were less correlated than centrals to centrals and laterals to laterals. Interjaw correlations of I1sup were higher than interjaw correlations with I2sup. Dental field theory is confirmed: The upper lateral and lower central were the most variable incisors in each jaw for lingual fossa depth. The values for this trait in Norwegians are within the Caucasoid range.
Chromosomes of Lemuriformes. IV. Karyotype evolution in Lemur fulvus collaris (E. Geoffroy 1812)
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Hamilton Andrew E.
Published: August 2005

The G‐banded karyotype of a feral Lemur fulvus collaris has a diploid number of 52; the nombre fondamental is 64. The karyotype consists of 6 pairs of biarmed autosomes, 19 pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and acrocentric sex chromosomes. Comparisons of the 2N = 52 complement with the 2N = 50 and 2N = 51 karyotypes published by Hamilton et al. ('77) supports the view that hybridization occurs naturally between animals with diploid numbers of 50 and 52.
Growth in Afro‐Caribbean slave populations
Authors: Higman B. W.
Published: August 2005

Height data for African slave populations in Trinidad, Guyana and other British Caribbean colonies in the early nineteenth century are analyzed and compared with Cuban and United States slave populations. Slaves born in Trinidad and Cuba achieved final heights greater than their African‐born parents, but those born in Guyana were shorter. Afro‐Caribbean slaves living in sugar‐producing colonies showed inferior growth compared to those living in colonies based on less arduous forms of economic activity, such as the Bahamas and Bermuda. The latter groups achieved heights similar to those of the United States slaves. Menarche occurred in the United States about 2 years earlier than in Trinidad. These differences in growth cannot be explained adequately by genetic variations in growth potential or by heterosis, but were a result of differences in nutrition, infection and work regime. Superior growth was associated with high rates of natural increase, whereas apparent stature reduction occurred in slave populations subject to the heaviest mortality. Modern Afro‐Caribbean adult populations are about 10 cm taller than their genitor slave populations.
Anthropometric characteristics and body composition of Ainu and other Japanese: Comparison with other racial groups
Authors: Picón‐Reátegui E. , Buskirk E. R. , Doi K. , Kuroshima A. , Hiroshige T.
Published: August 2005

The Ainu of Hokkaido are metrically a population of short to medium stature. Compared to a diversity of other samples (Hindus, Japanese, Chinese, Canadian Eskimos and U. S. whites) Ainus tend to have a large surface area of the head and feet. The Ainu head tends to be large both in vertex‐chin dimensions and in coronal measurement, and the subcutaneous layer tends to be thick at both the cheek and chin. Ainus especially resemble Eskimos in their combination of a large head and small thighs.

The percentage of body fat was estimated from deuterium oxide space in Ainu men and women. These percentages were closely comparable to those in other young adult samples in several ethnic groups, including a greater percentage of fat in Ainu females than in males.

Although the body weight/height ratio and percentages of body fat in young Ainu adults indicate a satisfactory balance of caloric nutriture, their short stature suggests that their nutriture during gestation and childhood may be inadequate. Ainu adults show a relatively small sexual dimorphism of body weight.
A study of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis in Pre‐Columbian Peruvians
Authors: Sawyer Danny R. , Allison Marvin J. , Elzay Richard P. , Pezzia Alejandro
Published: August 2005

An incidence of tori lower than previously reported was found in a population from Pre‐Columbian Peru. It is suggested that the prevalence of tori along with other genetic markers with racial variation may be used to help identify and define a population group.