bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF METHODS OF ESTIMATING POPULATIONS OF THE SHEEP KED, MELOPHAGUS OVINUS (L.) (DIPTERA: HIPPOBOSCIDAE), ON MATURE EWES AND YOUNG LAMBS
Authors: Nelson W. A. , Slen S. B. , Banky E. C.
Published: March 2010

Six methods of estimating populations of the sheep ked, Melophagus ovinus (L.), on mature ewes and young lambs of four breeds were evaluated. The actual populations were determined by picking off and counting all the keds. The total live count method gave the highest degree of accuracy, the ratios of the sample counts to the actual populations not being affected by variations in the degree of infestation, body size, or fleece characteristics. A valid estimate was obtained by counting all the keds on only one side of the sheep. In the vertical parting methods the ratios increased as the distance between the partings decreased, and counts were affected by marked differences in body size and fleece characteristics. The 12-inch parting method accounted for only a small portion of the ked population and the accuracy was low. In the 5-minute count the ratio depended on the degree of infestation, body size, and to a lesser degree the fleece characteristics.
VARIABILITY IN THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FISH MEALS FOR GROWING CHICKENS
Authors: MacIntyre T. M.
Published: March 2010

Studies were made of the variation in quality of commercial fish meals produced in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada. A chick growth method was used for estimating the protein quality of the fish meals. Forty different samples of fish meal were tested. Results indicate that there is considerable variation in the growth-promoting qualities of commercial fish meals. This variation in growth appears to be due to variation in the protein quality of the fish meals.
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CANADIAN YORKSHIRE SWINE: I. A STUDY OF THE U.S. N.R.C. (1953) STANDARDS
Authors: Bell J. M. , Bowland J. P. , Cameron C. D. T. , Crampton E. W. , Carson R. B. , DePape R. , Evans E. V. , Lloyd L. E. , Seale M. E. , Wood A. J.
Published: March 2010

A co-operative nutrition project involving eight institutions across Canada was undertaken in order to test some of the swine feeding standards in the 1953 revision of "Nutrient Requirements for Swine". Four stations (University of British Columbia, University of Alberta, University of Manitoba, and the Experimental Farm, Nappan, N.S.) conducted swine feeding trials. Four rations were fed at each station: A—a centrally formulated barley ration based on the N.R.C. requirements for protein, Ca, P, vitamins A and D; B—a formula chosen by the co-operator; C—a ration based on the standards but employing barley plus oats as the basal grains, all ingredients being from local supplies; D—similar to ration C, but with barley plus wheat as the basal grains.All feeds were analysed for crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, ash, energy, Ca, P, weight/quart, riboflavin, niacin, choline and pantothenic acid. Carcasses were graded according to commercial grades and scored in detail according to Canadian Advanced Registry standards.Approximately normal gains and feed efficiencies were obtained during the growing period (40–110 lb.) despite riboflavin, T.D.N. and pantothenic acid levels below the standards. Similar results occurred in the finishing period (110–200 lb.) but carcass quality proved to be unsatisfactory. It is suggested that the gains during the finishing period represented too much fattening in relation to skeletal and muscle development.
PRODUCTION STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL FARMS DAIRY HERDS: I. AGE CORRECTION OF 180-DAY MILK YIELD
Authors: Hickman C. G.
Published: March 2010

Regressions of 180-day yield on age, measured in months at freshening, were fitted to the data from each of 13 herds representing three breeds. The regressions were significantly different among herds. The use of the separate herd regression for establishing age-correction factors would result in an estimated 1.3 per cent increase in efficiency over the use of the single, average within-herd regression.In one herd, where both Holsteins and Ayrshires were maintained under similar conditions, it appeared that the Ayrshires were quicker maturing than the Holsteins. The study incidentally indicates that persistency of lactation decreases with increase in age at freshening.Seasonal variations in age-corrected 180-day yield indicated that comparisons among contemporary cows producing within 6-month periods are likely to eliminate the misleading effects of season of freshening on yield from estimates of breeding values.
THE ENDOGENOUS URINARY AND METABOLIC FECAL NITROGEN EXCRETIONS OF NEWBORN DAIRY CALVES
Authors: Cunningham H. M. , Brisson G. J.
Published: March 2010

Daily observations were made on the fecal and urinary nitrogen excretions of four calves fed nitrogen-free diets during the second and fifth weeks after birth. The endogenous urinary nitrogen excretion was equivalent to 65.3 mg. per kg. of body weight (W) per day or 186 mg. per kg. W0.72. The metabolic fecal nitrogen excretion averaged 44.0 mg. per kg. of body weight per day or 0.334 per cent of the dry matter intake.
TUDIES ON THE DESIGN OF COMPARATIVE POULTR Y TEST S: 1. A COMPARISON OF THREE STRAINS OF WHITE LEGHORNS HOUSED IN REPLICATED FIFTY-BIRD PENS AND INTERMINGLED IN A LARGE PEN
Authors: Proudfoot F. G. , Cheney B. F. , Gowe R. S.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted to estimate the magnitude of the pen effects and to compare the performance of three genetically different S.C. White Leghorn strains in twelve small pens (50-bird size) and a large intermingled group (a pen of 677 birds).There were no significant pen effects for any traits. The repeatability (intra-class correlations) estimates for all traits measured were relatively high: hen-housed egg production,.83; survivor egg production,.77; 160-day body weight,.93; March body weight,.94; laying-house mortality,.47; and feed efficiency,.84.Although strain differences were highly significant, there was no difference in egg production or mortality between the birds in the small pens and in the large intermingled group, and no evidence of any strain × replicate interaction.On the basis of this study, it is concluded that there is no advantage to intermingling strains after housing in order to compare their genetic merit, when an adequate number of uniformly equipped small pens are available and the management of the pens is very similar. There are two main disadvantages to intermingling strains, namely, the loss of feed consumption data, and the cost of trapnesting the birds in the test.
OBSERVATIONS ON GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN SWINE
Authors: Kristjansson F. K.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the importance of genotype-environment interactions in Canadian Yorkshire swine. Two males and two females from each of four litters by each of four sires were randomly allotted to two feeding and management treatments. One male and one female from each litter were self-fed A.R. feed mixtures in a piggery and the other male and female were self-fed the same feeds on pasture. Weights were taken at 56 and 140 days of age and at 190-200 lb. live weight. Carcass measurements were taken at slaughter.Rate of gain from 56 to 140 days for pasture-fed pigs was significantly lower (P = <.01) than for those fed in the piggery. Pigs fed on pasture were also significantly shorter (P = <.01) than those fed in the piggery. Sire-treatment interaction was significant for loin area (P = <.05) and approached significance for rate of gain from 56 to 140 days (P(=).09), A.R. carcass score (P(=).13), and average backfat thickness (P(=).08). A marked shift in ranking of sires between treatments was noted for loin area, rate of gain, and A.R. carcass score. These results indicate that genotype-environment interactions may exist in Yorkshire swine.
WOOL GROWTH IN SHEEP AS AFFECTED BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF CERTAIN SEX HORMONES
Authors: Slen S. B. , Connell R.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of certain sex hormones on wool growth in sheep. The administration of estradiol intramuscularly caused a significant (P <.01) reduction in the average weight of clean wool and fibre length obtained from tattooed areas. In addition, this treatment reduced average thyroid weight, but increased pituitary and adrenal weights. It is suggested that the reduction in wool production resulted from a lowered thyroid activity and from adrenal cortical stimulation.The use of diethylstilbestrol orally produced the same general effects as estradiol but to a lesser degree.The administration of a single implant of diethylstilbestrol (12 mg.) to ewe lambs had no effect on wool growth. However, a second implant, administered 3 months after the first, resulted in a significant decrease in the average weight of clean wool from a measured area when compared to the controls.Testosterone significantly (P <.05) increased the weight of clean wool when the sheep were treated with relatively high doses (up to 175 mg.) during the first part of the experiment and lower doses (75 mg.) during the latter part. However, in another experiment where 125 mg. per head was used throughout the trial no response in wool growth was obtained. In the latter experiment there was some indication that thyroid activity was stimulated, suggesting that the testosterone dose was at the lower threshold level for wool growth.Progesterone given intramuscularly had no effect on wool growth in this study.
SHEARLING AND SECOND-YEAR CLEAN FLEECE WEIGHTS AS AN INDEX OF WOOL PRODUCTION IN THREE BREEDS OF RANGE SHEEP
Authors: Slen S. B. , Banky E. C. , Peters H. F.
Published: March 2010

The relationship of shearling and second-year clean fleece weight to total wool production, i.e., first 5 years of life, was analysed in three breeds of range sheep (Canadian Corriedale, Rambouillet, and Romnelet) to determine its usefulness in selection for increased wool production.A correlation of +.67 (p <.01) between shearling clean fleece weight and the sum of the four mature fleece weights was obtained in the three breeds studied. When the first mature weight (second fleece) was correlated with the total weight of the three subsequent fleeces, the correlation was increased significantly (p <.01). Consequently, the second fleece appeared to be a more reliable estimate of lifetime production than shearling weight. No breed differences in these correlations were found when lifetime production was compared to shearling or to second-year fleece weights. The regression coefficients of lifetime production on shearling fleece weight showed that a shearling ewe which produced 1.0 lb. of clean wool above the average produced approximately 3.0 lb. more than the average during her productive life.Shearling fleece weight was found to represent 83, 77, and 80 per cent of the maximum mature fleece weight in the Canadian Corriedale, Rambouillet, and Romnelet, respectively. No breed differences were observed in this relationship.The repeatability of annual clean fleece weight was found to be.93,.83, and.76 for the Rambouillet, Romnelet, and Canadian Corriedale, respectively.
REPLACEMENT OF SKIMMILK POWDER IN THE BABY PIG RATION BY A MIXTURE OF WHEY POWDER AND MEAT MEAL
Authors: Lloyd L. E. , Crampton E. W.
Published: March 2010

The substitution of a mixture of meat meal and whey powder for the skimmilk powder in a dry early-weaning pig ration resulted in a decreased rate of gain and feed efficiency. These decreases were shown to be due, at least in part, to a lower digestibility of crude protein and total carbohydrate in meat meal and whey powder rations.The addition of methionine did not improve rate of gain, feed efficiency or nutrient digestibility in any of the treatments studied. Thus, a methionine level of 0.65 per cent of the ration (2.5 per cent of the protein) appears to be adequate for pigs between 2 and 8 weeks of age.Rate of gain of pigs fed rations containing 26 per cent protein was significantly greater than that of pigs fed 30 per cent protein rations; but, in terms of feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility, both levels of protein resulted in similar values.The dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, ether extract and total carbohydrate of all rations were digested to a greater extent by 7- than by 3-week-old pigs.
EFFECTS OF CERTAIN SUPPLEMENTS AND METHODS OF FEEDING DURING LATE PREGNANCY ON LAMB AND WOOL PRODUCTION OF MATURE EWES
Authors: Smoliak S. , Slen S. B.
Published: March 2010

A 3-year study compared the effects on lamb and wool production of methods of feeding different supplements to ewes during the last 6 to 9 weeks of pregnancy. The four treatments were: 0.56 lb. barley and 3.5 lb. hay per head daily; 0.5 lb. linseed oilcake and 3.5 lb. hay per head daily; 3.5 lb. linseed oilcake and 24.5 lb. hay per head once weekly; 3.5 lb. hay per head daily.No significant treatment differences in birth weight of single lambs were found. However, the ewes fed linseed oilcake gave birth to heavier twin lambs than the ewes receiving no supplement (P < 0.01). There were no significant treatment differences in weaning weight of single or twin lambs, although the average weaning weights of the lambs in the supplemented groups were slightly higher than those in the control group. Of the ewes giving birth to twin lambs, those receiving linseed oilcake daily weaned more pounds of lamb than the control ewes (P < 0.05).The ewes supplemented with linseed oilcake produced more grease wool and lost less body weight than the control group (P < 0.01). There were no significant treatment differences in clean fleece weight.Weekly feeding offers some possibilities, either as a method of saving labour or as a means of supplying supplement to ewes when deep snow or cold weather prevents grazing.
RAISING DAIRY CALVES WITHOUT WHOLE MILK
Authors: Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

The results of feeding experiments, involving a total of 117 Holstein-Friesian calves, were reported. No whole milk nor fresh skimmilk was fed to the calves after their second day of age. Milk substitutes containing 40 to 50 per cent dried skimmilk, 5 to 10 per cent emulsified, stabilized lard and at least 30 p.p.m. of Aureomycin (chlortetracycline) or Terramycin (oxytetracycline) in the dry matter permitted weight gains equal to, or exceeding, the Beltsville standards during the milk feeding period. Supplementary lecithin had no effect on performance of the calves. Weaning calves from milk substitutes at weights of 145 to 150 lb. was considered preferable to weaning at specified ages because of apparent differences in physiological development that exist among calves for the first few months of life.
THE CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, AND ZINC BALANCE IN PIGS AS INFLUENCED BY THE WEIGHT OF PIG AND THE LEVEL OF CALCIUM, ZINC, AND VITAMIN D IN THE RATION
Authors: Whiting F. , Bezeau L. M.
Published: March 2010

Digestion and metabolism experiments were carried out with pigs of various body weights (20, 35, 55, and 80 lb.) using 4 × 4 latin square designs of experiment to determine the effects of supplementing a ration with calcium, zinc, and vitamin D on the apparent absorption and retention of calcium, phosphorus, and zinc. The levels of calcium, zinc, and vitamin D in the rations were 0.40 and 0.86 per cent, 34 and 140 p.p.m., and 0 and 800 i.u. per lb. respectively. The pigs were hand-fed the rations in slop form.Body weight gains and appetite were not affected by the addition of calcium, zinc, or vitamin D to the rations. Symptoms of parakeratosis appeared when the pigs were fed the basal or the basal-plus-calcium rations, but not when the rations containing supplemental zinc were fed.The apparent absorption and retention of calcium were not influenced (P = 0.05) by the addition of calcium or vitamin D to the ration or by the weight of pig, but were increased (P < 0.10) by the addition of zinc to the ration. The apparent absorption of phosphorus was decreased (P < 0.01) by the addition of calcium or vitamin D to the rations but was not influenced by the addition of zinc or by weight of pig. The retention of the phosphorus consumed was not affected by calcium, zinc, vitamin D, or weight of pig. The apparent absorption and retention of zinc were increased (P < 0.01) by the addition of zinc, decreased (P < 0.01) by the addition of vitamin D, and unaffected by the addition of calcium to the ration. The apparent absorption of zinc by the 20-lb. pigs was greater (P < 0.01) than by the pigs of other weights and less (P < 0.05) by the 35-lb. pigs than by the pigs of other weights. Most of the zinc consumed was excreted in the feces.The results of this experiment indicate that a high vitamin D content of the ration and weight of pig may be of importance in the development of parakeratosis.
THE SPARING EFFECT OF WHEAT ON THE NEED FOR PROTEIN CONCENTRATES IN A TURKEY STARTING RATION
Authors: March B. E. , Biely J.
Published: March 2010

Wheat and corn respectively were used as the principal cereal in turkey poult starting rations. The results of three experiments indicate that advantage may be taken of the relatively high protein content of wheat. By using wheat and taking into consideration the additional protein thus provided, a saving may be effected in the amount of supplementary protein required. Turkey poults grew at similar rates when fed starting rations of similar content whether the main cereal constituent of the rations was wheat or corn.
PASTURE MANAGEMENT STUDIES.: I. DAILY STRIP GRAZING VERSUS FREE RANGE GRAZING OF DAIRY CATTLE ON CULTIVATED PASTURE
Authors: Logan V. S. , Miles Vern
Published: March 2010

Daily strip grazing was compared with free range grazing for dairy cows during three pasture seasons on replicated areas in a 5-year crop rotation. Seventy-two Holstein and Ayrshire cows in early lactation and twelve yearling heifers were used for the complete experiment.Pasture productivity was estimated by crediting the respective pasture plots with the T.D.N. required for the milk produced, for maintenance and gain, and for the estimated T.D.N. harvested as silage or hay. The T.D.N. fed in supplementary feed (silage, hay, and concentrate) and the T.D.N. equivalent of any body weight losses were deducted from the pasture production.Strip-grazing yields were 16.5 to 26.9 per cent higher than those from free range grazing. Surplus grass cut and supplement adjustment accounted for the major portion of these differences. While strip grazing appeared to maintain more persistent milk yields, total milk production did not differ significantly between the two systems. Milk composition (butterfat and solids-not-fat) did not differ significantly between the two systems of grazing and was not affected by the varying stages of pasture growth during strip-grazing cycles.
THE REQUIREMENT FOR POTASSIUM IN THE DIET OF THE GROWING MOUSE
Authors: Bell J. M. , Erfle J. D.
Published: March 2010

In the studies with Carworth Farms No. 1 weanling white mice and involving semi-purified diets supplemented with various levels of KCl, or with natural feedstuffs rich in potassium, it was found that the potassium requirement for normal growth was approximately 0.2 per cent of the diet.
A COMPARISON OF FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARBRAY × HEREFORD WITH HEREFORD STEERS
Authors: MacDonald M. A. , Slen S. B. , Hargrave H. J.
Published: March 2010

Bulls of Charbray breeding and Hereford bulls were turned out with a commercial herd of Hereford cows in southwestern Saskatchewan in 1956. It was assumed the cows were bred at random. At weaning in 1957, 25 Charbray × Hereford (crossbred) steers and 25 Hereford steers were selected at random, weighed and removed to a commercial feed lot where they were fed in two groups to a desirable slaughter finish.Crossbred steers were heavier at weaning, gained more per day on feed and returned a higher hot carcass weight with a greater eye of lean area than Hereford steers. There was no significant difference between groups in dressing percentage, average thickness of rib fat, TDN consumption per pound of liveweight gain, or average muscle fibre diameters of samples taken from m. longissimus dorsi. The Hereford group produced a higher proportion of choice carcasses than the Charbray × Hereford group.
THE EFFECT OF ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION UPON GROWTH RESPONSE TO PENICILLIN BY TURKEY POULTS
Authors: Jowsey J. R. , MacGregor H. I. , Cook F. D.
Published: March 2010

Turkey poults were used to study the response to penicillin when administered in the feed, injected intramuscularly and injected intraperitoneally. A comparable growth response was obtained using all three routes of administration.Contents of the small intestine were assayed for penicillin by the conventional microbiological method. After intramuscular injection, the level of penicillin in the gut rose sharply to nine units per gram of wet contents, but fell off rapidly in a few hours. Subsequently it remained at one to two units per gram of wet contents for several days. This latter amount was approximately the concentration found when 7 p.p.m. procaine penicillin was included in the ration.Penicillin reduced lactobacilli counts in the small intestine whichever route of administration was used. Coliform counts were increased when penicillin was added to the feed, but not when it was injected.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE AMOUNT OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY IN THE RATION OF REPLACEMENT EWE LAMBS ON BODY WEIGHT GAINS AND WOOL PRODUCTION
Authors: Whiting F. , Slen S. B. , Bezeau L. M.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were carried out with replacement ewe lambs to determine the influence of feeding rations containing three levels of protein, each at two levels of digestible energy. The three levels of protein were approximately 8, 9.5, and 11 per cent in the first two experiments, and 6, 9, and 12 per cent in the third experiment.Increasing the amount of protein in the ration resulted in an increase (p <.05) in the apparent digestibility of the protein, but no change in the percentage of protein retained or in the digestibility of the dry matter and gross energy. Increasing the digestible energy content of the ration by substituting corn starch for wheat straw or oat hulls reduced (p <.05) the digestibility and retention of protein in Experiments 2 and 3, but had no effect in Experiment 1.Body weight gains and wool growth of lambs fed rations containing wheat straw or oat hulls did not increase to so great an extent as those fed corn starch. This would indicate that energy was a limiting factor for maximum production in the lower digestible energy rations. In general, weight gains and wool production increased (p <.05) when the daily intake of D.C.P. was increased from approximately 0.10 to 0.13 pounds. Increasing the D.C.P. from 0.13 to 0.16 pounds (0.19 in Experiment 3) caused no further increase in body gains but increased (p <.05) wool production.On the basis of these results, the average D.C.P. requirements of a ewe lamb weighing 85 pounds and consuming 1.3 pounds T.D.N. was 0.13 pounds (0.16 pounds when wool production was considered).
CHLORTETRACYCLINE AND PROTEIN LEVEL IN RATIONS FOR MARKET HOGS: II. EFFECT ON CARCASS QUALITY
Authors: Beacom S. E.
Published: March 2010

Three trials, with a total of 20 pigs on each of eight treatments, were conducted to determine the effect, on carcass quality of Yorkshire pigs, of self-feeding rations of low, medium, standard, and high protein content, with and without chlortetracycline (aureomycin), from weaning to market weight. The approximate protein levels were 13, 15, 17, and 19 per cent from weaning to 70 lb.; 12, 13.5, 14.5, and 15.5 per cent from 70 to 130 lb.; and 11, 12, 12.5, and 13 per cent from 130 to 200 lb.Aureomycin had no significant effect on length of carcass, or on the area of the eye of lean, at any of the four levels of protein tested. Aureomycin significantly increased the depth of backfat, but not shoulder or loin fat, at all protein levels. With the type of pigs used this increase did not have any adverse effect on grades.Protein level had no significant effect on length of carcass, depth of shoulder fat, or depth of backfat. As protein level increased, increases in the area of the eye of lean occurred.
RAPESEED OIL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR SWINE AND RATS: I. RATE OF GAIN, EFFICIENCY OF FOOD UTILIZATION, CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS AND THYROID ACTIVITY
Authors: Hussar N. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Diets containing 0, 2 or 10 per cent expeller extracted Argentine type rapeseed oil meal were fed to swine from 3 weeks of age to market weight averaging 195 lb., and to albino rats from 3 weeks to 6 months of age. The 10 per cent level of the meal depressed the rate of liveweight gain and in some cases reduced efficiency of food utilization in both species. Food consumption was not adversely influenced by the levels of meal used in these diets. Total weight, histological sectioning and I131 turnover rate of the thyroid gland indicated hypertrophy and other abnormalities of the gland in the animals fed 10 per cent meal. The 2 per cent level of meal did not exert consistent effects on the criteria measured. Female rats were more susceptible than males to the effects of the meal on rate of gain, but ovariectomy of females appeared to reduce this susceptibility. The nutritional quality of the diet fed to rats tended to alter the response to toxicity of the meal. Swine carcass characteristics were not markedly affected by rapeseed oil meal in the ration.
CO-RAL SPRAYS FOR SYSTEMIC CONTROL OF THE CATTLE GRUBS HYPODERMIC BOVIS L. AND H. LINEATUM DE VILL.
Authors: Khan M. A. , Thompson C. O. M. , Pelham W. L.
Published: March 2010

Aqueous suspensions of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 per cent (weight on volume) of CO-RAL in wettable powder were sprayed on Hereford calves for the control of prehypodermic cattle grubs. Two types of CO-RAL sprays were used, one with anionic and the other with a combination of anionic and non-ionic surfactants. They were applied at pressures of 50 and 400 lb. per square inch, and when the lower pressure was used the spray gun was equipped with a hair rake to ruffle the hair. One gal. of spray per head was applied once to the backs and sides of each calf. Sprays containing 0.75 per cent CO-RAL reduced the number of grubs in treated calves by 86 and 90 per cent (P > 0.01) as compared with the number in the untreated group. There was no difference in larvicidal effects between 0.25 and 0.5 per cent sprays, both of which reduced the number of grubs by 60 to 70 per cent. Neither the surfactants used nor the pressures employed had any effect on larvicidal properties of CO-RAL sprays.None of the treated calves showed signs of organophosphorous poisoning, but an outbreak of shipping fever was noticed in the herd. Question is raised if the stress of CO-RAL sprays, which are cholinergic in effect, lowered the resistance of the treated calves to shipping fever, against which they had been vaccinated previously.
DIFFERENCES IN MARKET QUALITY BETWEEN BROILER STRAINS AS EVALUATED BY MARKET GRADING
Authors: Merritt E. S.
Published: March 2010

Chicks from 10 broiler strains were randomly allotted and reared at three farms. At 10 weeks of age a random sample consisting of 60 birds of each strain, with an equal number of each sex, was taken at each farm, slaughtered and market graded. At each farm, an official inspector graded the birds according to the standards of the Canada Department of Agriculture. Each bird was graded for the four grade factors: conformation, fleshing, fat and dressing.The number of birds in each grade class was not independent of farm, sex or strain. The 10 strains, ranked on grade scores, tended to rank in the same order at each farm, although the agreement was better for some grade factors than others, and was better when based on males than on females. On a strain rank basis, the grade scores for any one grade factor were not, in general, indicative of the scores for any other grade factor. Also on a strain rank basis, there was a high positive correlation between breast angle and grade scores for fleshing: body weight was not correlated with grade scores for any of the four grade factors, with the possible exception of conformation in the case of males.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES CAUSED BY THE LARVAE OF HYPODERMA BOVIS (L.) AND HYPODERMA LINEATUM (DE VILL.) (DIPTERA: OESTRIDAE) IN TISSUES OF CATTLE
Authors: Wolfe L. S.
Published: March 2010

The lesions in submucosal and adventitial connective tissue of the oesophagus of cattle caused by the migrating larvae of Hypoderma lineatum (De Vill.), consist of pseudocystic areas and tracks of a gelatinous fibrinous exudate containing necrotic cellular debris and collagen fibres in various stages of dissolution surrounded by accumulations of eosinophils and lymphocytes. The larvae feed on the dissolved connective tissue. These changes suggest that migration through the tissues is mainly by enzymic dissolution of collagen fibres and ground substance. Similar changes were found in the connective tissue surrounding the muscles of "licked beef". The larvae of H. bovis (L.) in the epidural fat cause areas of fat necrosis and sometimes invade the periosteum and dura. The greenish colour of the tracks is due to infiltrations of eosinophils. The warble shows a mixed picture of chronic granulomatous and non-suppurative inflammation, encapsulated by dense fibrous tissue. The larva is surrounded by a vascular layer of granulation tissue infiltrated with eosinophils, large mononuclears and plasma cells. Numerous giant cell systems and pseudotubercles are present. The larvae feed on the exudate within the warble cavity. Areas of suppuration are rarely found. The healing of the warble and the reaction to dead larvae are described.
THE ESTROGEN-LIKE SUBSTANCES IN CERTAIN LEGUMES AND GRASSES: II. THE EFFECT OF STAGE OF MATURITY AND FREQUENCY OF CUTTING ON THE ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY OF SOME FORAGES
Authors: Kitts W. D. , Wood A. J. , Swierstra E. , Brink V. C.
Published: March 2010

The seeding year’s growth of alfalfa, ladino clover and birdsfoot trefoil has been shown to be essentially free of estrogenic activity. Uninterrupted second-year growth of alfalfa and ladino clover displays relatively high activity in the spring, little or none in mid-summer, and an intermediate level of activity in the autumn. Sequential cutting leads to a modification of this pattern. The presence of slight activity in birdsfoot trefoil and the absence of activity in orchard grass has been demonstrated.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE GRIT UPON THE DIGESTIBILITY OF FEED BY THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Smith R. E. , MacIntyre T. M.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were carried out with growing cockerels to study the effect of soluble and insoluble grits upon digestibility. The criterion employed to evaluate these effects was the apparent digestibility of the individual proximate constituents. Comparisons were made between soluble calcitic limestone, insoluble quartz, silica sand and combinations of these grits.These trials have demonstrated that grit improves feed digestion, particularly of whole grain feeds. In addition, both types of grit were found to be similar in their ability to initiate and maintain this beneficial response, as long as they remain present as distinct entities in the gizzard. It was observed, however that calcitic limestone was not retained in the gizzard nearly as long as the insoluble quartz grit and consequently a greater consumption of the former may be expected.
THE EFFECT OF ESTRADIOL AND TESTOSTERONE INJECTIONS AND THYROIDECTOMY ON MUSCLE FIBRE DIAMETERS AND LIVE WEIGHT GAIN IN YEARLING SHEEP
Authors: MacDonald M. A. , Slen S. B.
Published: March 2010

In this study effects of estradiol and testosterone injections and thyroidectomy on muscle fibre diameters of ewe and wether yearlings were determined. Forty-eight sheep, half of which were ewes and half wethers, were subdivided into estradiol, testosterone, and control groups containing equal numbers of each sex. Half of the animals within each sex group and treatment group were thyroidectomized. Biweekly rates of intramuscular injection of estradiol and testosterone were 5 mg. and 175 mg., respectively. All animals received the same amount of feed per day throughout a 195-day experimental period.Live weight gain, carcass weight, and percentage dry matter of m. longissimus dorsi tissue were not influenced significantly by hormone injection, thyroidectomy, or sex. Estradiol injections significantly increased (p <.01) muscle fibre diameters of thyroidectomized ewes and wethers but the animals with thyroids were unaffected. Testosterone injections failed to affect muscle fibre diameters. Differences in muscle fibre diameters could not be explained by differences in percentage moisture content of muscle tissue.
THE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS REARED ON RESTRICTED AND FULL FEEDING PROGRAMS
Authors: MacIntyre T. M. , Aitken J. R.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted in 3 successive years to measure the effect on the performance of laying hens of restricting feed during the rearing period on range. About 1100 birds were reared and carried through a laying year in each experiment. Feed restriction was 72, 76 and 63 per cent of full feed for the test groups in Experiments 1, 2, and 3 respectively. All birds were full-fed in the laying house.Feed restriction changed the pattern of egg production, in that the restricted birds came into production later but subsequently laid at a higher rate than their full-fed counterparts. After 318 and 322 days in production the restricted birds in Experiments 1 and 2 respectively had overcome the disadvantage of a late start (7 and 14 days) and produced as many eggs as the full-fed birds. In Experiment 3, the restricted birds were held back 20 days, and after 315 days in production were still significantly behind in number of eggs produced.The restricted birds in the three experiments consumed an average of 0.17 pounds less feed per dozen eggs over the combined rearing and laying periods This amounts to a saving of 3 pounds of feed per bird, since the mean egg production of the restricted groups was 18 dozen eggs per bird.Early egg size was markedly increased by feed restriction and egg weights taken later in the year (after 3 months in production) remained slightly higher for the restricted groups. Albumin score for eggs from the restricted birds was better in all tests, but not significantly so in any given experiment. Specific gravity of the eggs was not influenced by feed restriction.Mortality on range and in the laying house was not affected by feed restriction on range. Body weight at housing time was much lower for the restricted birds but was not significantly lower at the end of the laying year.
GROWTH, VARIABILITY OF GROWTH, AND MARKET QUALITY OF BROILERS ON MASH AND PELLETS
Authors: Merritt E. S. , Downs J. H. , Bordeleau R. , Tinney B. F.
Published: March 2010

Floor-reared broilers fed a broiler ration in pellet form were heavier at all ages (6, 9, 10 and 11 weeks) than birds fed the same ration in mash form. The percentage difference in weight between mash and pellet-fed birds increased to a maximum at 11 weeks for males and at 10 weeks for females. Four different genotypes (broiler strains) all showed a growth response to pellets although there was some evidence of a differential response.Coefficients of variation of body weight were higher at all ages for pellet-fed birds of both sexes. Females generally had higher coefficients of variation than males of comparable age on the same form of feed. For both sexes there was a slight tendency toward lower coefficients of variation with age. The data also indicated that, on both mash and pellets, separate rearing of the sexes resulted in greater variability than rearing the sexes together. There were, however, no differences in body weight due to the method of rearing the sexes. Among pellet-fed birds there was a greater incidence of breast blisters and incomplete back-feathering and the latter resulted in down-grading for dressing. Pellet-fed birds however graded higher for fat.
NOTE ON A RAPID TEST FOR CHROMIC OXIDE IN FECES
Authors: Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE VALUE OF POTATOES FOR FEEDING DAIRY COWS
Authors: Nicholson J. W. G. , Curtis R. J.
Published: March 2010

Twenty Ayrshire and twenty Holstein-Friesian cows were used at the Experimental Farms, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, and Fredericton, New Brunswick, respectively, in an evaluation of the use of raw potatoes for feeding lactating dairy cows. The experiments were of the changeover design and were conducted in the period 1956–59. It was concluded that potatoes were equal to grass silage on a T.D.N. basis, provided that the protein content of the grain mixture fed with the potatoes was also increased. Better T.D.N. consumption was obtained when both silage and potatoes were fed than when silage was fed alone. Increasing the protein content of the grain mixture fed with potatoes resulted in increased production of F.C.M. and S.N.F., but not of butterfat.
THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE AND SURFACE CONDITION OF GRIT UPON THE DIGESTIBILITY OF FEED BY THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Smith R. E.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were carried out with growing cockerels to study the effect of size and surface condition of grit upon digestibility. The criterion employed to evaluate these effects was the apparent digestibility of the individual proximate constituents. Comparisons were made between six sizes of grit ranging in diameter from 0.6 mm. to 5.0 mm., and between four grits of different surface conditions.All grits utilized in this investigation significantly improved feed digestion. However, neither the size nor the surface condition of the grit influenced this response. Smaller sized grits, and grits displaying smoother-type surfaces were not retained within the gizzard to the extent of the rougher, larger sized grits; consequently a greater consumption of the former grits was experienced.
WHOLE RAPE SEED AS AN ENERGY SOURCE IN FINISHING DIETS FOR ROASTER TURKEYS
Authors: Blakely R. M. , MacGregor H. I. , Jowsey J. R.
Published: March 2010

Broad Breasted Bronze male turkeys, 20 weeks of age, were fed all mash finishing diets with and without whole rape seed as an energy source. Whole rape seed, at a level of 22.8 per cent, was substituted for all of the soybean oil meal and part of the ground wheat in the ration. Each treatment was replicated six times with 12 male turkeys per replicate. At the end of the 4-week feeding period the following results were evident: 1) no statistically significant differences in feed conversion (P > 0.05), and 2) highly significant improvements in carcass finish and live weight gains (P < 0.01) for those birds receiving the diet containing whole rape seed.
A COMPARISON OF FIBROUS FEEDSTUFFS IN NON-RUMINANT RATIONS: EFFECTS ON GROWTH RESPONSES, DIGESTIBILITY, RATES OF PASSAGE AND INGESTA VOLUME
Authors: Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Wheat bran, wheat straw, alfalfa, oat hulls, beet pulp, corn cobs and cellulose were added to basal diets at levels; of 8, 16, 24 and 32 per cent and, in a second experiment, at six levels of digestible energy to permit approximately isocaloric comparisons in the range of 2.2 to 3.4 digestible kilocalories per gram of feed dry matter. All diets were designed to be nutritionally adequate on the basis of nutrient content per unit weight of diet. Weanling mice were fed the diets during 14-day growth tests.Digestibility coefficients for the energy fraction were obtained: bran 42; wheat straw 0; alfalfa 37; oat hulls 10; beet pulp 41; corn cobs 14, and cellulose 0 per cent. Estimations of the digestibility of the basal ration by regression methods indicated associative effects, with corn cobs depressing basal digestibility from 89 to 85 per cent and beet pulp, alfalfa and oat hulls depressing it to about 86 per cent.Varied responses were obtained to isocaloric diets depending on the bulk source. For example, on diets containing 2.2–2.4 digestible Calories/gm., mice fed diets containing wheat straw often failed to survive, those fed diets containing beet pulp or cellulose did poorly, but gains of 70 per cent of normal were obtained when wheat bran or oat hulls was the diluent.Relative rates of passage of ingesta were computed by a method involving consideration of feed intakes, energy digestibility, maintenance requirements and weight gains over a fixed period. Bran rations had the highest passage rates; wheat straw, alfalfa and beet pulp the lowest. In vitro measurements indicated that the latter feeds were least capable of swelling in water and presumably occupied less space in the stomach. However, wheat straw and alfalfa tended to retain their physical characteristics throughout digestion.The results of these experiments emphasize the complexity and the importance in non-ruminant nutrition of the fibrous or bulk components of the ration as they influence available energy, feed intake, volume of ingesta at various levels in the gastrointestinal tract, rate of passage and microbial activity.
INGREDIENT AND PROCESSING INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN SWINE FEEDS: III. EFFECTS OF WHEAT BRAN, PELLETING AND PROTEIN SOURCE ON RESPONSES TO DIETARY ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Gorrill A. D. L. , Bell J. M. , Williams C. M.
Published: March 2010

This is the third in a series of reports on the growth, feed consumption and digestibility responses of growing pigs (50 to 110 pounds in weight) involved in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial study of 0 vs. 10 per cent wheat bran, meal vs. pellets, 0 vs. 33 p.p.m. mixed antibiotics and plant versus animal-plant-origin protein supplements. The antibiotic mixture contained penicillin, streptomycin and chlortetracycline in the ratio 5:15:10.The growth and feed consumption response to antibiotics was generally favourable (P = <.05), but the greatest effects were observed on meal-type rations devoid of both animal protein and bran. In some cases antibiotics promoted more efficient conversion of feed dry matter into weight gains but usually the increased gains were due to increased feed intakes. The possibility of enhanced B-vitamin supply or utilization is discussed.Antibiotics effected an increase in energy digestibility but had relatively little effect on digestibility of protein. As with gains and feed intake responses the most marked energy digestibility effects occurred with meal rations that were bran-free and animal protein-free. Thus energy digestibility increases and feed intake increases largely accounted for the increased gains on these diets.The failure of antibiotics to effect as good responses in pelleted as in meal rations, or in the presence of bran or with animal protein, is discussed in relation to the matter of encouraging maximum feed intake and particularly with reference to ingesta behaviour and characteristics in various parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
APPLICATION OF CO-RAL FOR SYSTEMIC CONTROL OF CATTLE GRUBS HYPODERMA LINEATUM (DE V1LL.) AND H. BOVIS (L.)
Authors: Khan M. A.
Published: March 2010

Sprays of 0.5 per cent (weight by volume) CO-RAL wettaible powder (WP) in water applied to the entire body of the unweaned calves on September 12, 1958, reduced warble infestation by 99.5 per cent and gave significantly better control (P < 0.01) than similar treatments with CO-RAL emulsifiable concentrate (EC) or WP on October 30, 1958. Topline spraying in October with 0.75 per cent CO-RAL EC was as effective as similar over-all sprays applied at the same time or 0.5 per cent CO-RAL WP sprayed over-all 6 weeks earlier. There was no significant difference between the efficacies of wettable powder and emulsifiable concentrate of CO-RAL.A recurrence of shipping fever was noticed in the herd sprayed soon after weaning and shipping. This condition was not observed in calves sprayed before weaning. Clinically none of the treated calves showed any cholinergic signs of organophosphate poisoning.
EFFECTS OF DESICCATED THYROID ON NON-ESTROGENIZED AND ESTROGENIZED SEXUALLY IMMATURE PULLETS
Authors: Moo-Young A. J. , McCully K. A. , Common R. H.
Published: March 2010

Inclusion of 0.5 per cent desiccated thyroid in the food of unestrogenized immature pullets for 14 days reduced thyroid weight, reduced serum Ca slightly but significantly, increased liver total crude protein, liver total DNAP and total RNAP, but did not alter the ratio RNAP:DNAP in the liver. These results are regarded as indicative of stimulation of growth of liver tissues by the thyroidal treatment.Daily intramuscular, injection of 1.0 mg. estradiol benzoate for 14 days greatly increased serum Ca and liver total crude protein, increased slightly liver total DNAP and increased greatly liver total RNAP and ratio RNAP: DNAP in the liver. The thyroidal treatment reduced estrogen-induced increase of serum Ca and of liver crude protein but did not alter significantly the effects of estrogen on liver DNAP and RNAP.The thyroidal treatment increased kidney weight in both unestrogenized and estrogenized pullets.Estrogen treatment increased kidney weight and the percentage of dry matter in the kidney.The thyroidal treatment did not affect the degree of estrogen-induced hypertrophy of the oviduct.
FISH VISCERAL FLOUR AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR GROWING-FINISHING BACON PIGS
Authors: Cameron G. D. T.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments, involving 144 individually-fed pigs, were conducted to determine the effects of fish visceral flour in growing and finishing rations on the performance and carcass characteristics of bacon pigs.The most rapid average daily gains in this study were obtained from pigs fed mixtures of fish visceral flour and soybean meal. Pigs fed fish visceral flour as the only source of supplementary protein made slower gains in both experiments than those fed other rations.Pigs fed high energy rations made more rapid gains in the finishing period and more efficient gains in the finishing and total feeding periods than those fed the control rations.Level of fish visceral flour in the ration had no significant effect on carcass scores and grades. However, area of loin muscle decreased with increasing levels of fish visceral flour. High energy rations had an adverse effect on carcass measurements.
CHANGES IN THE GROSS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE MOUSE DURING GROWTH IN RELATION TO THE ASSESSMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE
Authors: Bailey C. B. , Kitts W. D. , Wood A. J.
Published: March 2010

The body composition of 111 male white mice in terms of protein, water, fat and ash was determined. On the average, the protein, water and ash fractions appeared to exhibit differential growth with respect to the body weight and to the fat-free weight. The concentration of fat in the body was extremely variable and presumably reflected nutritive condition. The regularity of the average changes in the composition of the fat-free body appeared to be a fundamental property of the growth of mice, the percentage of water decreasing and of protein and ash increasing as growth proceeds. A new index of physiological age, the protein to water ratio, is suggested and evidence for its usefulness is presented.
THE BREEDING POTENTIAL OF FULL SISTERS IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Griesbach L.
Published: March 2010

The breeding potential of low and high egg producing full sisters was determined with Barred Plymouth Rocks. The average egg production for each group of full sister dams was the dividing line between low and high dams. All the individuals in a group of full sisters were mated to the same male, and the progeny from all groups were randomized among the laying pens.The average yearly egg production of the progeny of low and high dams was 220.5 and 227.5 eggs respectively. The difference of 7 eggs in favour of the progeny of high dams was highly significant.Family selection would be less effective than individual selection in the population under consideration. Most progress would likely be made where selection is based on individual merit plus some attention to the average merit of the family.