bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasibility study of electrophoresis deposition of DyF3 on Nd-Fe-B particles for coercivity enhancement
Authors: Kim K. M. , Kang M. S. , Kwon H. W. , Lee J. G. , Yu J. H.
Published: December 2017

Feasibility of the electrophoresis deposition (EPD) technique for homogeneous and adhesive deposition of DyF3 particles on the Nd-Fe-B-type particles was studied, and coercivity enhancement in the diffusion-treated Nd-Fe-B-type particles deposited with DyF3 by EPD was investigated. HDDR-treated Nd12.5Fe80.6B6.4Ga0.3Nb0.2 particles were deposited with DyF3 particles by EPD. More homogeneous and adhesive deposition of DyF3 particles on the surface of Nd-Fe-B particles was made by the EPD with respect to conventional dip-coating, and this led to more active and homogeneous diffusion of Dy. More profound coercivity enhancement was achieved in the diffusion-treated Nd-Fe-B-type particles deposited with DyF3 by EPD compared to dip-coated particles.
Examination of the magnetic hyperthermia and other magnetic properties of CoFe2O4@MgFe2O4 nanoparticles using external field Mössbauer spectroscopy
Authors: Park Jeongho , Choi Hyunkyung , Kim Sam Jin , Kim Chul Sung
Published: December 2017

CoFe2O4@MgFe2O4 core/shell nanoparticles were synthesized by high temperature thermal decomposition with seed-mediated growth. The crystal structure and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles were investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and Mössbauer spectrometry. The magnetic hyperthermia properties were investigated using a MagneTherm device. Analysis of the XRD patterns showed that CoFe2O4@MgFe2O4 had a cubic spinel crystal structure with space group Fd-3m and a lattice constant (a0) of 8.3686 Å. The size and morphology of the CoFe2O4@MgFe2O4 nanoparticles were confirmed by HR-TEM. The VSM measurements showed that the saturation magnetization (MS) of CoFe2O4@MgFe2O4 was 77.9 emu/g. The self-heating temperature of CoFe2O4@MgFe2O4 was 37.8 °C at 112 kHz and 250 Oe. The CoFe2O4@MgFe2O4 core/shell nanoparticles showed the largest saturation magnetization value, while their magnetic hyperthermia properties were between those of the CoFe2O4 and MgFe2O4 nanoparticles. In order to investigate the hyperfine interactions of CoFe2O4, MgFe2O4, and CoFe2O4@MgFe2O4, we performed Mössbauer spectrometry at various temperatures. In addition, Mössbauer spectrometry of CoFe2O4@MgFe2O4 was performed at 4.2 K with applied fields of 0–4.5 T, and the results were analyzed with sextets for the tetrahedral A-site and sextets for the octahedral B-site.
Reintroduction of the greater stick-nest rat (Leporillus conditor) to Heirisson Prong, Shark Bay: an unsuccessful attempt to establish a mainland population
Authors: Short Jeff , Richards Jacqui D. , O'Neill Sally
Published: December 2017

Greater stick-nest rats were reintroduced to Heirisson Prong from Salutation Island at Shark Bay to establish the first mainland population in Western Australia in over 60 years. Forty-eight animals were transferred over two years from August 1999 to a 17-ha enclosure of natural vegetation that excluded foxes and feral cats. This refuge from introduced predators was located within a larger 1200-ha area where these predators were controlled. Stick-nest rats were able to disperse from the refuge to the wider area. The reintroduction was unsuccessful, with the last record in August 2007. Rats were reproducing in most years, yet only 28 recruits were detected over the reintroduction. Mean condition of rats was better at the reintroduction site relative to the source site. Survivorship of successive translocation cohorts was poorer than that of their predecessors, and survivorship of recruits was poorer than that of translocated animals. The most likely explanations for the decline are predation from monitors and small birds of prey within the refuge, and from monitors, small birds of prey and feral cats outside the refuge. An irruption of other rodents immediately before and coinciding with the reintroduction and building rabbit numbers likely contributed to elevated levels of predation from predators.
Construcciones españolas consey la interpretación de propiedad
Authors: Devís Márquez P. Pablo
Published: December 2017

This work focuses on a variety of Spanishseconstructions which are often assigned a property interpretation and which are usually referred to aspassive middle(Esta camisa se lava muy bien) andimpersonal middlestructures (A los políticos se les soborna fácilmente). On the basis of a nonlogical conception of the sentence and a genuinely functional understanding of sentential syntactic functions, our goals are: (1) to demonstrate that it is not convenient to characterize the so-calledpassive middleconstructions as passive nor the so-calledimpersonal middleconstructions as impersonal; (2) to establish the role of information structure and modality in the property interpretation of these structures; (3) to determine the function ofsein this type of constructions, specifically,whether or not this function is related with the property interpretation and whether it manages to distinguish these structures from otherseconstructions, and (4) to define the requirements that verbs occurring in this type of structures must fulfill.
Apprenticeship and empowerment
Authors: Gaunt Helena
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers ways in which pathways to creative performance are supported through one-to-one lessons between a student and a specialist teacher. One-to-one interactions are generally considered central to the development of western classical musicians and traditionally have been conceived in terms of apprenticeship. More recently, however, understanding of the socially constructed nature of learning, including the essential parts played by peer interactions and engagement in communities of practice, has increased. In addition, the importance of collaboration in facilitating and channelling creativity in many fields has become apparent. Taken together, these suggest a need to develop a multifaceted and more nuanced conceptual framework for understanding one-to-one lessons and their relationship to performance. The chapter explores relevant research literature alongside perspectives provided by expert performer–teachers, and it concludes by setting out a provisional model for understanding both the collaborative process between student and teacher in one-to-one lessons and the potential for this context to underpin transformative processes of development for performers.
Facilitating learning in small groups
Authors: Creech Andrea , Hallam Susan
Published: December 2017

Musical ensemble performance is an inherently social activity, offering a rich context for fostering deep learning. Yet, musicians need to be supported in developing the skills that underpin negotiation and collaboration in generating musically cohesive, imaginative and convincing performances. This chapter focuses on the role of the coach or facilitator in maximizing the potential for collaborative and creative music-making in groups. The group processes and roles found in ensembles of varying types are considered within a framework comprising musical, perceptual and social skills required for creative music-making. Case-study examples demonstrate how, in a range of musical contexts, musical coaches/facilitators might support group members in developing these skills. The chapter concludes by offering group coaches and facilitators points of reflection with regard to how they might apply the key messages within their own practice.
Proximal and Distal Occlusion of Complex Cerebral Aneurysms—Implications of Flow Modeling by Fluid–Structure Interaction Analysis
Authors: Helthuis Jasper H G , Bhat Sindhoor , van Doormaal Tristan P C , Kumar Ramarathnam Krishna , van der Zwan Albert
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

In complex cerebral aneurysms, adequate treatment by complete occlusion is not always possible. Partial occlusion by either proximal or distal occlusion is an alternative. However, the hemodynamic consequences of these partial occlusion options are often not easily predictable.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the feasibility of fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis to investigate the hemodynamic changes after partial occlusion in cerebral aneurysms.

METHODS

Two patients were analyzed. One was treated by proximal occlusion and 1 by distal occlusion. In both, flow replacement bypass surgery was performed. Three-dimensional models were constructed from magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) scans and used for FSI analysis. A comparative study was done for pre- and postoperative conditions. Postoperative thrombosis was modeled and analyzed for the distal occlusion. FSI results were compared to postoperative angiograms and computed tomography (CT)-scans.

RESULTS

Proximal occlusion resulted in reduction of velocity, wall shear stresses, and disappearance of helical flow patterns in the complete aneurysm. Distal occlusion showed a decrease of velocity and wall shear stress in the dome of the aneurysm. Results were validated against postoperative CT-scans and angiograms at 1-, 7-, and 9-mo follow-up. Addition of thrombus to the distal occlusion model showed no change in velocities and luminal pressure but resulted in decrease in wall tension.

CONCLUSION

This pilot study showed hemodynamic changes in 2 patients with proximal and distal occlusion of complex cerebral aneurysms. The FSI results were in line with the follow-up CT scans and angiograms and indicate the potential of FSI as a tool in patient-specific surgical interventions.
American Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Lappi-Seppälä Tapio
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines American penal exceptionalism in a wider cross-national perspective than previous studies and disaggregates the US data so that the experiences of individual states may be included in a comparative analysis. It first investigates how incarceration trends in the United States differ from those in other developed countries and where the United States fits today in a global comparison. The chapter then examines these trends and differences in light of crime data, before widening the search of explanations to socioeconomic, political, and cultural variables. One major finding of the chapter is that the predictors of incarceration rates developed from multinational samples, mostly in Europe, are largely replicated when building models to predict the incarceration rates of individual American states. This is important confirmation of earlier empirical research and provides a new framework for understanding the large variations in incarceration practices across US jurisdictions.
Collateral Sanctions and American Exceptionalism
Authors: Demleitner Nora V.
Published: December 2017

This chapter presents a comparative analysis of collateral sanctions, which encompass a broad array of restrictions that befall offenders in addition to their sentence during the time they are under a criminal justice sanction and often well beyond. Differences between European countries and the United States with respect to the imposition, the number, the types, and the length of collateral sanctions reflect strikingly dissimilar philosophies about how to treat those with a criminal record. The European model prioritizes reintegration and rehabilitation while the United States continues to exclude and penalize those who ran afoul of the law. On both sides of the Atlantic, however, offenders considered at a high risk of reoffending have increasingly been subjected to collateral sanctions.
Social Processes and Team Creativity
Authors: Harvey Sarah , Kou Chia-yu
Published: December 2017

Team interaction provides a strong context for the production of new ideas that can both stimulate and interfere with creativity. In this chapter, we review four social processes demonstrated in prior research to influence team creative output: participation and conflict, interpersonal interactions, cognitive stimulation, and evaluation. We then introduce a situated model of team creativity and suggest that the way those social processes are produced may be more important than the processes themselves for understanding team creativity. The situated model provides new insights into how social processes influence team creativity and highlights six processes that have been relatively underexplored in prior literature on team creativity: collective attention, coordination, idea elaboration and integration, engagement, creating shared meaning, and problem construction.
Morphological and Molecular Classification of Human Cancer
Authors: Sherman Mark E. , Troester Melissa A. , Hoadley Katherine A. , Anderson William F.
Published: December 2017

Accurate and reproducible classification of tumors is essential for clinical management, cancer surveillance, and studies of pathogenesis and etiology. Tumor classification has historically been based on the primary anatomic site or organ in which the tumor occurs and on its morphologic and histologic phenotype. While pathologic criteria are useful in predicting the average behavior of a group of tumors, histopathology alone cannot accurately predict the prognosis and treatment response of individual cancers. Traditional measures such as tumor stage and grade do not take into account molecular events that influence tumor aggressiveness or changes in the tumor composition during treatment. This chapter provides a primer on approaches that use pathology and molecular biology to classify and subclassify cancers. It describes the features of carcinomas, sarcomas, and malignant neoplasms of the immune system and blood, as well as various high-throughput genomic platforms that characterize the molecular profile of tumors.
Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Feychting Maria , Schüz Joachim
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the carcinogenic effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields, mainly power frequency and radiofrequency fields/microwaves. It describes the sources of exposure, reviews the available epidemiological studies, and considers the strengths and weaknesses of the available data, potential biases, and current knowledge about potential interactions. Based on current evidence, electromagnetic fields are not regarded as carcinogenic to humans, but there are open scientific questions that merit further research.
Narrative Dynamics, Perspective-Taking, and Engagement
Authors: Meretoja Hanna
Published: December 2017

Chapter 6 addresses the ethical issues involved in engaging with the perpetrator’s perspective by analyzing Jonathan Littell’s Les Bienveillantes (2006, The Kindly Ones). It discusses imaginative resistance, difficult empathy, and identification in relation to readerly engagement and perspective-taking. The chapter shows how the interplay between immersiveness and critical distance can produce a narrative dynamic that allows the reader to engage emotionally—but without uncritically adopting the protagonist’s perspective—with an ethically problematic life-world. It analyzes how the novel performatively shows, through the breakdown of narrative mastery, that no exhaustive comprehension is possible. In relation to different logics of narrative, the chapter articulates the ethical significance of self-reflexive narrative form and relates the hermeneutic notion of docta ignorantia—knowing that one does not know—to the novel’s way of dealing with the conditions of possibility of the Holocaust and with the limits of understanding, representing, and narrating it.
The Roots of Global Health Inequity
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S.
Published: December 2017

This chapter outlines the historical roots of health inequities. It focuses on the African continent, where life expectancy is the shortest and health systems are weakest. The chapter describes the impoverishment of countries by colonial powers, the development of the global human rights framework in the post-World War II era, the impact of the Cold War on African liberation struggles, and the challenges faced by newly liberated African governments to deliver health care through the public sector. The influence of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund’s neoliberal economic policies is also discussed. The chapter highlights the shift from the aspiration of “health for all” voiced at the Alma Ata Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, to the more narrowly defined “selective primary health care.” Finally, the chapter explains the challenges inherent in financing health in impoverished countries and how user fees became standard practice.
Turkey’s Soft Power in a Comparative Context
Authors: Altunışık Meliha Benli
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the soft power of Turkey, comparing its engagements with the states of the South Caucasus (and Central Asia) to the countries of the Middle East. The chapter argues that for Turkey, the use of soft power was a tool to re-establish relations with, and acquire acceptance in, its neighborhood. In the case of the South Caucasus, Turkey attempted to reconnect with a region that it was cut off from for a long time due to the Soviet era and the Cold War. In the Middle East, there was an effort to redefine its engagement after a decade of securitization of its foreign policy in the 1990s. Although soft power increased Turkey’s visibility and presence, it is unclear if it changed the nature of Turkey’s influence, which remained highly limited when faced with the realities of hard power politics, unable to influence the regional actors it targeted.
Risk and Motivation in Police Work in Nigeria
Authors: Owen Olly
Published: December 2017

This chapter accentuates police officers’ self-perception and sets it in relation with the organisational conditions in which officers work. With its focus on risk and motivation in the lives of police officers in Nigeria, this chapter argues that officers perceive risk, especially career risk, as a result of the everyday contingencies of their job including the hierarchy of their institution. The strategies they employ to deal with this risk, particularly evasion and dissembling, have palpable effects on the whole organisation, and ultimately on the character of the Nigerian state.
Epilogue
Authors: Hills Alice
Published: December 2017

Alice Hills sums up the collection in the light of the continuing evolution of police studies in Africa
Old French declension
Authors: Kihm Alain
Published: December 2017

Old French noun inflection emerged and disappeared early in the history of the French language. A number or reasons are examined including the nature of sound changes occurring between Late Latin and Old French. Paradigm structure is another reason. The declensional paradigms of masculine nouns produced a mismatch between morphological and semantic defaults for the number and case features. This was because the non-default values of these features came to be expressed by a morphologically default, uninflected word-form, thus resulting in a system that was both weird in terms of the morphology-semantics interface and probably hard to acquire and to process. Repairing the mismatch entailed giving up declension in favour of a simple number contrast where the semantic non-defaultness of plurality matches the inflectedness of the plural form. Default considerations thus played the role of analogy in the Neogrammarian scenario of language change, restoring order where sound change had created chaos.
Acting on Knowledge
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: December 2017

This chapter develops and refines the analogy between knowledge and action in Knowledge and its Limits. The general schema is: knowledge is to belief as action is to intention. The analogy reverses direction of fit between mind and world. The knowledge/belief side corresponds to the inputs to practical reasoning, the action/intention side to its outputs. Since desires are inputs to practical reasoning, the desire-as-belief thesis is considered sympathetically. When all goes well with practical reasoning, one acts on what one knows. Belief plays the same local role as knowledge, and intention as action, in practical reasoning. This is the appropriate setting to understand knowledge norms for belief and practical reasoning. Marginalizing knowledge in epistemology is as perverse as marginalizing action in the philosophy of action. Opponents of knowledge-first epistemology are challenged to produce an equally systematic and plausible account of the relation between the cognitive and the practical.
Sustaining Rules
Authors: Turri John
Published: December 2017

In this chapter, John Turri introduces an account of when a rule normatively sustains a practice. His basic proposal is that a rule normatively sustains a practice when the value achieved by following the rule explains why agents continue following that rule, thus establishing and sustaining a pattern of activity. He applies this model to practices of belief management and identifies a substantive normative connection between knowledge and belief. More specifically, he proposes one special way that knowledge might set the normative standard for belief: knowing is essentially the unique way of normatively sustaining cognition and, thereby, inquiry. In this respect, his proposal can be seen as one way of elaborating a “knowledge-first” normative theory.
Perceptual Capacities, Knowledge, and Gettier Cases
Authors: Schellenberg Susanna
Published: December 2017

I will exploit the basic commitments of capacitivism to develop a distinctive externalist view of perceptual knowledge. The basic idea of capacitivism is that perception is constitutively a matter of employing perceptual capacities that function to discriminate and single out particulars in our environment. It is because a given subject is employing perceptual capacities with a certain function that her mental states have epistemic force. Employing such perceptual capacities constitutes a mental state that provides us with phenomenal evidence, and employing such capacities in the good case also provides us with knowledge-worthy factive evidence. Capacitivism is an externalist view that does not invoke reliability, remains steadfastly naturalistic, and by recognizing a metaphysically substantive common element between perception and hallucination avoids any commitment to disjunctivism.
Closure, Counter-Closure, and Inferential Knowledge
Authors: Fitelson Branden
Published: December 2017

The chapter begins with some general remarks about closure and counter-closure, and is followed with a discussion of the following: I (a) review some (alleged) counterexamples to counter-closure, I then continue by (b) discussing a popular strategy for responding to such counterexamples to counter-closure, and finally I (c) pose a dilemma for this popular strategy. Once I have discussed these three points I conclude the chapter by proposing that we reject counter-closure, but at the same time that we accept an epistemological package that includes closure and another intuitively plausible principle with regards to the psychology and epistemology of deductive inference.
Knowledge and False Belief
Authors: Hawthorne John , Rabinowitz Dani
Published: December 2017

Many treat it as theoretical bedrock that knowledge cannot be generated by false belief. Much of the impetus behind this view stems from the literature generated by Edmund Gettier’s influential paper. Nevertheless, some recent literature has undermined the alleged structural feature using compelling cases. Roughly, two groups have emerged: those proposing that knowledge is had via a true belief in the vicinity and those suggesting that a false belief provides the epistemic support required for knowledge. While we tentatively side with these authors, we are not at all sympathetic with the theories on offer as they prove problematic upon closer reflection. An alternative picture is suggested wherein falsehoods play a causal role in generating knowledge. In this sense knowledge can be generated by habits involving false beliefs.
The Difference between Knowledge and Understanding
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn
Published: December 2017

I characterize Gettier cases as failures of understanding, and give a theory of what it is to understand why proposition p is true. This view is based on the concept of probabilistic relevance matching, having one’s dispositions to believe p mirror the probabilistic relations that p has to all other matters. Based in probability, the view yields a clear relationship, and also distinction, between the concept of understanding and the concept of knowledge defined in terms of probabilistic tracking. With these tools we are able to see that gettierization avoidance has a value independent of the value of knowledge, viz. understanding, but that it is also in the nature of tracking-type knowledge to discourage gettierization quite specifically. The concept of understanding here captures several key features of this phenomenon, such as breadth, depth, and appreciation of connections, and allows us to see understanding as simulation.
Who Guards the Guardians?
Authors: Sajó András , Uitz Renáta
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines constitutional adjudication as a mechanism designed to ensure that the constitution is properly observed. It begins with an overview of the development of constitutional review power and its prevailing modalities around the globe, focusing primarily on the emergence of specialized constitutional courts. It describes models and variations of constitutional review, along with the politics of apex courts. Turning to the constitutional review of legislation, the chapter considers what interpreting a constitution means in practice and whether fears of judicial self-aggrandizement through constitutional interpretation are justified. Finally, it discusses accusations of judicial activism and deference levelled against apex courts as well as the mounting opposition to judicial review.
The Distribution of African Pottery under the Roman Empire
Authors: Bonifay Michel
Published: December 2017

This chapter addresses four points in an attempt to explain why African pottery (amphorae, tablewares, cooking wares, and lamps) dominated Mediterranean markets from the second century AD onwards: (1) the definition of Roman Africa, emphasizing the particular position of Mauretania Tingitana, more closely linked with Hispania than with Africa, and the scarcity of information available in Algeria, beside a lot of fairly well-investigated towns or regions in Tunisia and Western Libya; (2) the problem of the content of Roman African amphorae, which were intended for the transport not only of olive oil, but also of salsamenta and probably wine; (3) the problem of the major foodstuff the African Red Slip ware was travelling with, grain seeming to be the best candidate at least until the first half of the fifth century AD; (4) the mechanisms of ARS distribution through the whole Mediterranean.
The Supply Networks of the Roman East and West
Authors: Reynolds Paul
Published: December 2017

This chapter provides a synthesis, on a scale that has not been attempted before, across both the eastern and western Mediterranean, of the picture provided by ceramic data, using amphorae, finewares, and cookwares, for long-distance trade from the second to seventh centuries AD. The chapter examines the degree to which exchange in different products spanned the entire Mediterranean, or only particular basins within it, at different periods, and traces the evolution of regional exchange networks. It examines the impact of state-driven supply both for imperial Rome, and for the military annona in the early Byzantine period, on wider private trade circuits.
Introduction to Perfusion Quantification using Arterial Spin Labelling
Authors: Chappell Michael , MacIntosh Bradley , Okell Thomas
Published: December 2017

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unique in being a completely non-invasive method for imaging perfusion in the brain. Relying upon a blood-borne tracer that is created by the MRI scanner itself, ASL is becoming a popular tool to study cerebral perfusion, as well as how this perfusion changes in response to neuronal activity or in disease. This primer provides an introduction to perfusion quantification using ASL MRI, focusing both on the methods needed to extract perfusion-weighted images and on how to quantify perfusion and other hemodynamic parameters. Starting with the simplest implementation of ASL, the primer details all the common acquisition methods, as well as the subsequent analysis steps required to quantify perfusion in an individual, detect changes in perfusion in response to neural activity or pharmacological intervention, and examine perfusion variations across groups of individuals. This is supported with examples from real data illustrating all the major steps in the analysis process, linked to online material where the reader can undertake the same analysis for themselves.
Political Settlements and Structural Change
Authors: Osei Robert Darko , Ackah Charles , Domfe George , Danquah Michael
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the extent to which political settlements interacting with the rents space affect the nature of the deals space and consequently help explain economic growth in Ghana. The discussions are centred around four break points and therefore five growth episodes for Ghana: pre-1966, 1966–74, 1974–83, 1983–2001, and 2001–14. First, there are signs that the post-2001 period has been more ordered and open than the first twenty-five years after independence. Second, the political settlement has also changed somewhat over the years, from a dominant to a more competitive type. However, it is argued that political patronage remains rife. Third, the chapter finds that the interplay of political settlements and rent space has been important in shaping the nature of the deals space in Ghana. Finally, it highlights two types of positive and negative feedback loop relating to these variables over the years.
Even more complete plain words
Authors: Gowers Rebecca
Published: December 2017

Ernest Gowers wrote the first, pamphlet version of Plain Words in 1948. It had been commissioned by the Treasury, and was designed to encourage clarity and kindness in the writing of over-formal, patronizing civil servants. Despite this focus, it became an immediate bestseller when offered as a book for general sale. In 1954, Gowers combined subsequent iterations of the title to produce a final version, The Complete Plain Words; and though he came to wish he could revise this work too, he got entangled instead in creating his 1965 edition of Fowler, after which he promptly died. The Complete Plain Words, revised by others in 1973 and 1986, has never yet gone out of print. But the later revisions look increasingly unsympathetic, so in 2014 Rebecca Gowers, the author’s great-granddaughter, agreed to update the book working directly from the 1954 edition. This proved to be easier said than done.
Usage problems in American English
Authors: Kostadinova Viktorija
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the complexity of attitudes to the usage problems ain’t, literally, and like in American English, from the point of view of both prescriptivist discourse found in usage guides and speakers’ ideas about these usage problems. I argue that the stakes for speakers involved in using certain usage problems are different in different contexts, and that these usage problems merit more serious sociolinguistic attention. I pay particular attention to how the attitudes of speakers towards the usage problems considered in this chapter differ from those expressed in usage guides. One of the conclusions of this analysis is that different usage problems have different social implications for different speakers. Grammatical usage problems in particular seem to be more closely associated with education, although regional and language context sensitivity play a role as well.
Forty years of bias in habitat fragmentation research
Authors: Fahrig Lenore
Published: December 2017

This chapter evaluates biases that contribute to the common misrepresentation of fragmentation as a major threat to biodiversity. The idea that habitat fragmentation seriously threatens biodiversity is so widespread that it might be considered a “conservation biology principle.” However, effects attributed to habitat fragmentation are usually confounded with effects of habitat loss. A recent review of the effects of habitat fragmentation per se (effects independent of habitat loss) indicated that 76% of significant effects of fragmentation were positive, and in no situation were most effects negative. Comparing the abstracts of papers with the actual results reported in the body of each paper revealed that fewer than half of the authors who found only positive fragmentation effects actually discuss these positive effects in their abstracts. Thus, authors themselves reinforce the misrepresentation of the fragmentation literature, potentially because authors fear that their results could be incorrectly used to justify habitat destruction.
When “sustainable” fishing isn’t
Authors: Marshall Kristin N. , Levin Phillip S.
Published: December 2017

This chapter highlights conflicts created by fishing at levels generally thought to be sustainable. Sustainable seafood has been defined as providing food today without affecting the ability of future generations to obtain food. But this straightforward definition belies the complexity of sustainability. Models suggest that even under low levels of fishing there can be large impacts on ecosystem attributes, and thus the small reductions from sustainable harvest levels that have been advocated as a win-win solution do not necessarily lead to ecosystem benefits. Second, a case study of herring fisheries and harvest by indigenous peoples in Haida Gwaii reveals that what is regarded to be a sustainable commercial herring harvest can degrade human wellbeing. A potential solution may be spatial management that creates trade-offs on finer spatial scales, and satisfies more ecological and cultural needs.
Rehabilitating sea otters
Authors: Estes James A. , Tinker M. Tim
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the complexities of assessing the merits and drawbacks of wildlife rehabilitation. Wildlife rehabilitation is often costly, and the resulting benefits differ depending on whether one’s interest is in the welfare of individual animals or conserving populations. Two examples of this dilemma include the rehabilitation of oiled sea otters following the Exxon Valdez spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, and the rehabilitation of stranded sea otter pups in central California. In the first example, substantial financial investment resulted in little or no benefits for population conservation. In the second example, the potential for population-level benefits is context dependent: in populations near carrying capacity the conservation impacts are negligible, whereas in isolated, low-density populations rehabilitation and release can be an effective conservation tool. Wildlife rehabilitation is valued by people for various reasons, but recognizing and acknowledging the difference between individual and population welfare is an important step toward effective wildlife conservation.
Introduction
Authors: Kroeze Ronald , Vitória André , Geltner G.
Published: December 2017

The introduction to this volume focuses on historiography, methodology and conclusions. It explains how anticorruption has seldom been treated as a historical subject except as the occasional counterpart of corruption; instead, policy makers and social scientists have linked anticorruption and good government to the historical development of democracy and Weberian-style bureaucracy, all emblematic aspects of countries consistently ranked among the least corrupt in the world. This hypothesis has struck most historians involved in this volume as either circular or at least teleological. In response, they have sought to show that efforts to control corruption are not an exclusively Western-European or modern phenomenon; rather, the history of anticorruption is far more complex and diverse. In addition, they also outline how anticorruption is an inherently political issue, related to changing power relations and acute political crises, and that fighting corruption is historically difficult to evaluate in terms of success or failure.
Fighting Corruption in the Italian City-State
Authors: Geltner G.
Published: December 2017

While auditing practices for public officials existed in all the Italian peninsula during the communal era, they had nowhere as prominent a place, or better surviving records, as in the Italian city-states. In this chapter, the author shows that the regulation of sindacato, an end-of-term audit for urban officials, was of a kind with normative and literary discourses about accountability, good government and the common good, but argues that these cannot be seen in isolation from documentary evidence. Based on a detailed analysis of the rich judicial and administrative records from fourteenth-century Perugia, this chapter shows that the connection between accountability of office and political legitimacy implicit in the sindacato is less straightforward than commonly thought. Rather than a marker of transparent, participatory politics, the sindacato was a complex, inherently biased, often slow and ineffectual mechanism, which could conceal as much as it revealed about the administration of the city.
Introduction
Authors: King Daniel
Published: December 2017

This chapter puts forward a new view of pain in the Imperial world. Hitherto, critics have focused on pain perception or a broad (and inherently vague) category of ‘suffering’. This chapter argues for ‘pain experience’, which combines anatomical and physiological explanations of pain perception with its broader social and emotional impact. This focus on pain experience will contribute to contemporary debates about pain in philosophy and cultural anthropology. It will also reveal the complexity of the Imperial world’s engagement with the physical body and its perceptions, its articulation in language and representation, and its place in this society. Finally, it will facilitate a recalibration of the scholarly focus on the Christian interest in ‘suffering’ in the ancient world.
Inside the Compassionate Organization
Authors: Baron Alan , Hassard John , Cheetham Fiona , Sharifi Sudi
Published: December 2017

The literature on management and organization studies suggests the time is right for a focus on ‘care and compassion’. The aim of this book is to answer this call by examining the cultural changes found within a particular ‘compassionate organization’—an English hospice—from its altruistic beginnings to the more professionalized culture of today. The study seeks to understand how its members identify or fail to identify with an organization where issues of life and death take centre stage and explores some of the problems the Hospice faces regarding its representation in society. These strands are then drawn together to consider the interrelationships between culture, identity, and image in the organization. An ethnographic approach—including participant observation, extended interviews, and group meetings—was used to study this organization over a period of almost two years. This enabled the production of a nuanced, sensitive, and holistic interpretation of the case study Hospice as inferred from the views of both insiders and outsiders. The findings shed new light on the literature in management studies by proposing a view of culture as a sense-making context that facilitates group socialization underpinning a sense of personal and organizational identity. The study suggests a link between culture and group identification, making discussions about culture almost inseparable from those around identity. With regard to identity and image, however, the study suggests a dynamic and iterative relationship with a continuous flow between interpretation and reinterpretation influenced by the all-pervading cultural context.
Evidence that Blueberry Floral Extracts Influence Secondary Conidiation and Appressorial Formation ofColletotrichum fioriniae
Authors: Waller Timothy J. , Vaiciunas Jennifer , Constantelos Christine , Oudemans Peter V.
Published: December 2017

Blueberry anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum fioriniae, is a pre- and postharvest disease of cultivated highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). During disease development, the pathogen undergoes several lifestyle changes during host colonization, including epiphytic, quiescent, and necrotrophic phases. It is not clear, however, what if any host signals alter the pattern of colonization during the initial epiphytic phase and infection. This research investigated the role of blueberry floral extracts (FE) on fungal development. Results show that FE significantly increased both the quantity and rate of secondary conidiation and appressorial formation in vitro, suggesting that floral components could decrease the minimum time required for infection. Activity of FE was readily detected in water collected from field samples, where secondary conidiation and appressorial formation decreased as rainwater collections were further removed from flowers. A comparison of FE from four blueberry cultivars with different levels of field susceptibility revealed that appressorial formation but not secondary conidiation significantly increased with the FE from susceptible cultivars versus resistant cultivars. Inoculum supplemented with FE produced higher levels of disease on ripe blueberry fruit as compared with inoculum with water only. Flowers from other ericaceous species were found to also induce secondary conidiation and appressorial formation of C. fioriniae. This research provides strong evidence that flowers can contribute substantially to the infection process of C. fioriniae, signifying the importance of the bloom period for developing effective disease management strategies.
Updates on Conservative Management of Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Corzo Camila , Santillan Natalia Barrientos , Westin Shannon N. , Ramirez Pedro T.
Published: December 2017

(Abstracted from J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017; http://dx.doi.org/doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2017.07.022)

The aim of this article was to review current data from the literature on conservative management of endometrial cancer (EC). The authors provide the latest updates on ongoing prospective trials exploring strategies in women with medical comorbidities or those of reproductive age who want to preserve futility.
General orthopaedics: a hospitalist rotation
Authors: Crenshaw Andrew H. , Strickland Carson D. , Ochsner Mims G.
Published: December 2017

The general orthopaedic rotation for residents covers not only orthopaedic conditions in geriatrics, such as hip or femoral fractures or infected total joints, but also exposes residents to orthopaedic conditions such as infection, compartment syndrome, spinal disorders, foot and ankle fractures, and elective total joint replacements. By the end of their postgraduate education year-2 (PGY-2) rotation, residents are confident in managing the postoperative care of patients, evaluating new patients, and performing basic operative procedures (closed reduction, and intramedullary nailing of long-bone fractures, irrigation and debridement, etc). The resident on a PGY-4 general orthopaedic rotation will be required to lead and manage the orthopaedic team. During that rotation, the resident will gain sufficient knowledge to operate independently on routine procedures. This is a leadership milestone that ushers in the PGY-5 year.
A novel KRAS mutation in metastasic conjunctival melanoma: a case report and literature review
Authors: Del Carpio Huerta Luis P. , Mas Castells Maria , Anguera Palacios Georgia , Sullivan Ivana , Gonzalez Vidal Alan , Majem Tarruella Margarita
Published: December 2017

Conjunctival melanoma is a rare disease, and little is known about its molecular background. Here, we present the case of a 48-year-old patient with conjunctival melanoma and metachronic lymph node and skin metastasis with KRAS p.K117Y mutation in exon 4 in all the lesions. The cancer genome interpreter predicted this mutation to have driver function. To our knowledge, this is the first time this mutation is found in conjunctival melanoma. An important role in the disease development is suggested.
Efficacy of daclatasvir-based quadruple therapy in nonresponder patients infected by hepatitis C virus genotype 4: the ANRS HC32 QUATTRO study
Authors: Roulot Dominique , Thibault Vincent , Laforest Claire , Fontaine Hélène , Bronowicki Jean-Pierre , Asselah Tarik , Bourlière Marc , Canva Valérie , Leroy Vincent , Loustaud-Ratti Véronique , Ouzan Denis , Zoulim Fabien , Schischmanoff Olivier , Rousseau Chloé , Renault Alain , Petrov-Sanchez Ventzislava , Diallo Alpha , Bellissant Eric , Serfaty Lawrence
Published: December 2017

Background

A few direct antiviral agents have been studied in difficult-to-treat patients infected by hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 (GT4). The efficacy of daclatasvir (DCV), asunaprevir (ASV), pegylated interferon and ribavirin (Peg-IFN/RBV) association was investigated in these patients.

Patients and methods

This open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study was conducted in HCV GT4 patients who were null or partial responders to Peg-IFN/RBV. Patients received 24 weeks of DCV (60 mg, once daily), ASV (100 mg, twice daily) and Peg-IFN/RBV. The primary endpoint was sustained virologic response at post-treatment week 12 [sustained virologic response (SVR)12].

Results

Sixty patients were included; 45 (75%) were previous null responders and 27 (45%) had cirrhosis. The most frequent subtypes were GT4a (48%) and GT4d (27%) with 25% of the patients being infected with other subtypes such as 4c, 4r, 4f, 4k, 4j and 4q. The global SVR12 was 95% (90% confidence interval: 90.4–99.6) and 96.3% (90% confidence interval: 87.5–99.5) in cirrhotic patients. All patients achieving SVR12 also achieved SVR24. Previous Peg-IFN/RBV response, IL28b genotype, cirrhosis status or GT4 subtypes did not influence SVR12 rates. Serious adverse events occurred in 13% of the patients, four being cirrhotic and four noncirrhotic. Three (5%) patients stopped HCV therapy prematurely: one because of virologic breakthrough and two because of serious adverse events. Grade 3/4 laboratory abnormalities included leukopenia (33%), neutropenia (27%), thrombocytopenia (4%) and transaminases increase (2%).

Conclusion

Association of DCV plus ASV and peg-IFN/RBV for 24 weeks demonstrated a high rate of SVR12 in HCV GT4-infected prior nonresponders, independently of the cirrhotic status or the GT4 subtype. The safety profile was acceptable, even in cirrhotic patients.
Nurse Leadership Style, Nurse Satisfaction, and Patient Satisfaction
Authors: McCay Rebecca , Lyles Annmarie A. , Larkey Linda
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize current evidence on nursing leadership styles, nurse satisfaction, and patient satisfaction. Results suggest that relational leadership traits contribute to greater nurse satisfaction whereas task-oriented styles may decrease nurse satisfaction. Minimal information for the connection between nursing leadership and patient satisfaction was found.