bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Axial Response and Bearing Capacity of Tapered Piles in Sandy Soil
Authors: Paik Kyuho , Lee Junhwan , Kim Daehong
Published: November 2010

14 calibration chamber tests were performed to investigate the axial responses of tapered piles in sandy soil. Three instrumented model piles with different taper angles, designed to have the same volume, were used in the tests. Results of the model pile load tests showed that the shaft load of tapered piles continuously increased with pile settlement, whereas that of cylindrical piles reached the ultimate values at a settlement equal to about 2 % of the pile diameter. The ratio of the load capacity of tapered piles to that of cylindrical piles was found to vary with both the taper angle of the piles and the soil condition of the sands. The ultimate unit shaft resistance of tapered piles was always greater than that of cylindrical piles irrespective of soil condition, whereas the ultimate unit base resistance of tapered piles was greater than that of cylindrical piles for dense sand with lateral earth pressure coefficients higher than 0.42. It was also observed that the ultimate unit shaft resistance of piles increases with increasing taper angle regardless of the relative density and stress state of the sand. However, the ultimate unit base resistance of piles increases with increasing taper angle for medium sand, but decreases for dense sand. In addition, based on the results of the model pile tests, taper factors for the ultimate unit base and shaft resistances, which can be used to estimate the base and shaft load capacities of tapered piles, were proposed.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR-2 are highly expressed in ovarian granulosa cell tumors
Authors: Färkkilä Anniina , Anttonen Mikko , Pociuviene Jurate , Leminen Arto , Butzow Ralf , Heikinheimo Markku , Unkila-Kallio Leila
Published: November 2010

Objective

Ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are hormonally active sex cord stromal tumors accounting for 3–5% of all ovarian cancers. These tumors are generally diagnosed at an early stage but there is a high risk of recurrence, associated with high mortality. Treatment of recurrent GCTs is difficult, and biologically targeted treatment modalities are lacking. GCTs are highly vascularized, and angiogenic factors most probably play a role in their pathology. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of tumor angiogenesis, but in GCTs, the role of VEGF and its receptors VEGFR-1 (FLT1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR) remains largely unknown. Our objective is to study the expression of VEGF and its receptors in human GCTs.

Methods

We analyzed GCTs from 106 patients for the expressions of VEGF and its receptors utilizing tumor tissue microarray, tumor mRNA, and patient serum samples.

Results

We found that VEGF and its main biologically active receptor VEGFR-2 were highly expressed in primary and recurrent GCTs, when compared with normal granulosa-lutein cells. The expression of VEGF correlated positively to tumor microvessel density and to VEGFR-2 expression at the protein (P<0.05) and mRNA (P<0.05) levels. In contrast to VEGFR-2, the expression of VEGFR-1 was weak. Tumor VEGF protein expression was not prognostic for recurrence, however, we found high levels of circulating VEGF in the serum of patients with primary GCT.

Conclusions

The results suggest an important role of VEGF and VEGFR-2 in GCT pathology and support the possibility of applying novel VEGF- or VEGFR-2-targeted treatments to patients with GCT.
Mutational Effects and Population Dynamics During Viral Adaptation Challenge Current Models
Authors: Miller Craig R , Joyce Paul , Wichman Holly A
Published: November 2010

Adaptation in haploid organisms has been extensively modeled but little tested. Using a microvirid bacteriophage (ID11), we conducted serial passage adaptations at two bottleneck sizes (104 and 106), followed by fitness assays and whole-genome sequencing of 631 individual isolates. Extensive genetic variation was observed including 22 beneficial, several nearly neutral, and several deleterious mutations. In the three large bottleneck lines, up to eight different haplotypes were observed in samples of 23 genomes from the final time point. The small bottleneck lines were less diverse. The small bottleneck lines appeared to operate near the transition between isolated selective sweeps and conditions of complex dynamics (e.g., clonal interference). The large bottleneck lines exhibited extensive interference and less stochasticity, with multiple beneficial mutations establishing on a variety of backgrounds. Several leapfrog events occurred. The distribution of first-step adaptive mutations differed significantly from the distribution of second-steps, and a surprisingly large number of second-step beneficial mutations were observed on a highly fit first-step background. Furthermore, few first-step mutations appeared as second-steps and second-steps had substantially smaller selection coefficients. Collectively, the results indicate that the fitness landscape falls between the extremes of smooth and fully uncorrelated, violating the assumptions of many current mutational landscape models.
Distinguishing Positive Selection From Neutral Evolution: Boosting the Performance of Summary Statistics
Authors: Lin Kao , Li Haipeng , Schlötterer Christian , Futschik Andreas
Published: November 2010

Summary statistics are widely used in population genetics, but they suffer from the drawback that no simple sufficient summary statistic exists, which captures all information required to distinguish different evolutionary hypotheses. Here, we apply boosting, a recent statistical method that combines simple classification rules to maximize their joint predictive performance. We show that our implementation of boosting has a high power to detect selective sweeps. Demographic events, such as bottlenecks, do not result in a large excess of false positives. A comparison to other neutrality tests shows that our boosting implementation performs well compared to other neutrality tests. Furthermore, we evaluated the relative contribution of different summary statistics to the identification of selection and found that for recent sweeps integrated haplotype homozygosity is very informative whereas older sweeps are better detected by Tajima's π. Overall, Watterson's θ was found to contribute the most information for distinguishing between bottlenecks and selection.
Differential Maintenance of DNA Sequences in Telomeric and Centromeric Heterochromatin
Authors: DeBaryshe P G , Pardue Mary-Lou
Published: November 2010

Repeated DNA in heterochromatin presents enormous difficulties for whole-genome sequencing; hence, sequence organization in a significant portion of the genomes of multicellular organisms is relatively unknown. Two sequenced BACs now allow us to compare telomeric retrotransposon arrays from Drosophila melanogaster telomeres with an array of telomeric retrotransposons that transposed into the centromeric region of the Y chromosome >13 MYA, providing a unique opportunity to compare the structural evolution of this retrotransposon in two contexts. We find that these retrotransposon arrays, both heterochromatic, are maintained quite differently, resulting in sequence organizations that apparently reflect different roles in the two chromosomal environments. The telomere array has grown only by transposition of new elements to the chromosome end; the centromeric array instead has grown by repeated amplifications of segments of the original telomere array. Many elements in the telomere have been variably 5′-truncated apparently by gradual erosion and irregular deletions of the chromosome end; however, a significant fraction (4 and possibly 5 or 6 of 15 elements examined) remain complete and capable of further retrotransposition. In contrast, each element in the centromere region has lost ≥40% of its sequence by internal, rather than terminal, deletions, and no element retains a significant part of the original coding region. Thus the centromeric array has been restructured to resemble the highly repetitive satellite sequences typical of centromeres in multicellular organisms, whereas, over a similar or longer time period, the telomere array has maintained its ability to provide retrotransposons competent to extend telomere ends.
Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Castleman Disease: Implication of the Interleukin 6/Hepcidin Pathway
Authors: Arlet Jean-Benoît , Hermine Olivier , Darnige Luc , Ostland Vaughn , Westerman Mark , Badoual Cécile , Pouchot Jacques , Capron Loïc
Published: November 2010

In addition to occasional autoimmune hemolytic anemia, unexplained iron-deficiency anemia has been reported in childhood Castleman disease (CD). The recent discovery of hepcidin has regenerated the research on iron metabolism. This hormone is a key regulator of iron homeostasis, mainly by inhibiting intestinal iron absorption. Liver expression of hepcidin increases in response to interleukin 6 (IL-6). With chronic overproduction of IL-6 as a hallmark, CD could be an interesting human model for studying the contribution of the IL-6/hepcidin pathway in the pathogenesis of anemia of chronic disease. We report here the case of a 16-year-old boy with chronic iron-deficiency anemia (plasma ferritin: 19 μg/L; plasma iron: 2.2 μmol/L; negative bone marrow Perls' Prussian blue stain), inflammatory syndrome (C-reactive protein: 108 mg/L), and growth retardation for the previous 2 years. Diagnostic workup revealed a large mesenteric mass corresponding to localized CD of mixed histologic type. Resection of the tumor resulted in complete resolution of iron-deficiency anemia and inflammatory syndrome. Parallel variations of plasma IL-6, C-reactive protein, and hepcidin concentrations, together with tumor immunohistochemistry, strongly suggested that IL-6 synthesized by the tumor caused both the inflammation and iron deficiency through enhancement of hepcidin production by the liver. The results of this unique case study (1) explain the mechanism of iron deficiency observed in some children with CD, (2) confirm in vivo the regulatory effect of IL-6 in human hepcidin production, and (3) suggest that iron deficiency is a causal link between IL-6 and anemia of chronic disease.
Elevated Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Levels in a Newborn With Secondary Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Bech Anneke , Nabbe Karin , Brussel Wim , Telting Darryl , de Boer Hans
Published: November 2010

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is a recently identified hormone that is of prime importance for phosphate homeostasis in humans. FGF-23 is secreted by osteocytes in response to phosphate-loading. It stimulates renal phosphate excretion and suppresses the formation of 1.25-dihydroxy-vitamin D by inhibiting renal 1α-hydroxylase activity. Knowledge about FGF-23 in early infancy is limited. We report here the case of a newborn with transient secondary hypoparathyroidism caused by maternal primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy. FGF-23 levels at birth were extremely high in the child (15.850 kilo-Relative Units per liter, kRU/L) (ie, ∼45 times higher than in the mother) and ∼7 times higher than in healthy newborns. The child's FGF-23 levels declined gradually and reached the normal adult range after ∼7 months. We discuss the potential physiologic significance of FGF-23 in newborns.
Ingestion of Lantana camara Is Not Associated With Significant Effects in Children
Authors: Carstairs Shaun D. , Luk Joyce Y. , Tomaszewski Christian A. , Cantrell F. Lee
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVE:

We sought to identify characteristics of children with reported ingestion of Lantana camara.

METHODS:

We reviewed the California Poison Control System database for all reported pediatric ingestions of L camara for the years 1997–2008. Data collected included age, gender, clinical effects, duration of effects, medical interventions, and outcomes.

RESULTS:

There were a total of 641 patients; patient ages ranged from 1 to 16 years, with a mean of 2.5 years. Reported effects included vomiting (n = 30), abdominal pain (n = 8), agitation (n = 6), diarrhea (n = 6), throat/mouth irritation (n = 5), tachycardia (n = 4), drowsiness (n = 3), nausea (n = 2), and mydriasis (n = 1). There was no difference in frequency of symptoms between patients who ingested ripe (15.5% [95% confidence interval: 9.1%–21.8%]) versus unripe (6.0% [95% confidence interval: 0.9%–11.1%]) berries or between patients who ingested berries (10.5% [95% confidence interval: 7.3%–13.8%]) versus other plant parts (7.1% [95% confidence interval: 4.0%–10.3%]). Fifty-one patients (8%) were treated in a health care facility and 2 (0.3%) were admitted. No significant effects and no deaths were recorded.

CONCLUSIONS:

Ingestion of L camara (including unripe berries) was not associated with significant toxicity; patients who ingested unripe berries did not exhibit more-frequent or more-severe symptoms than did patients who ingested ripe berries or other plant parts. Most patients displayed no or minimal symptoms. Children with asymptomatic ingestions and those with mild symptoms can be treated at home.
Biological Control of Hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) and Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) in Soybean with Anthracnose Pathogen Mixtures
Authors: Boyette C. Douglas , Hoagland Robert E.
Published: November 2010

In greenhouse and field experiments conducted over 3 yr, tank mixtures of spores of the fungiColletotrichum truncatumandColletotrichum gloeosporioides, formulated in unrefined corn oil and Silwet L-77 surfactant, were evaluated as a mycoherbicide mixture for simultaneous control of hemp sesbania and sicklepod, respectively. In greenhouse tests, 100% mortality and dry weight reduction of hemp sesbania occurred 6 d after treatment (DAT), whereas 15 d were required to achieve 100% mortality and dry weight reduction of sicklepod. In field experiments conducted in narrow-row (51-cm) soybean test plots, a single application of the fungal mixture formulated as described controlled hemp sesbania and sicklepod 94% and 88%, respectively, 28 DAT. Neither fungus, applied as aqueous conidial suspensions, provided control of their respective weed hosts. These results indicate that tank mixtures of these anthracnose-forming pathogens can effectively control hemp sesbania and sicklepod with a single application.
Microencapsulated Herbicide-Treated Bark Mulches for Nursery Container Weed Control
Authors: Mathers Hannah M. , Case Luke T.
Published: November 2010

Nursery container preemergence herbicides must be applied multiple times, usually every 6 to 8 wk, in order to maintain acceptable weed control. Nursery growers have identified extended duration of container preemergence activity as a research priority for reduction of herbicide usage and costs. The objective of this study was to determine if the combination of slow-release (microencapsulated [ME]) formulations of alachlor and acetochlor with wood-based organic mulches could provide extended efficacy and reduced phytotoxicity vs. over-the-top (OTT) sprays or mulch alone. Efficacy and phytotoxicity studies were conducted over 3 yr with various plants. Both acetochlor formulation OTT sprays reduced spirea shoot dry weights at 45 and 110 days after treatment (DAT) compared with the controls, and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) acetochlor OTT spray also reduced shoot dry weights of rose. No herbicide-treated bark mulch (TBM) combination reduced rose or spirea shoot dry weights. EC acetochlor + hardwood (in 2003) was the only treatment to provide 100% weed control at 45 and 110 DAT. The addition of EC or ME acetochlor to mulch reduced phytotoxicity and extended efficacy in 2002 and 2003; alachlor EC or ME TBM did not. Regardless of bark type, 3-yr average EC and ME TBM were 80% more effective than untreated bark mulch (UBM) and 83% and 98% more effective at 45 and 110 DAT, respectively than their comparable OTT sprays. Of the eight treatments that received ratings above commercially acceptable, averaged over dates and years, the three providing the least phytotoxicity and greatest extent, consistency, and duration of efficacy were all TBM combinations: EC acetochlor + Douglas fir or hardwood bark, EC acetochlor + pine, and ME acetochlor + pine. TBM-reduced phytotoxicity compared with OTT sprays.
Feasibility of Organic Weed Management in Sweet Corn and Snap Bean for Processing
Authors: Johnson Heidi J. , Colquhoun Jed B. , Bussan Alvin J. , Rittmeyer Richard A.
Published: November 2010

There is significant interest from processors in producing organic sweet corn and snap bean. However, large-scale production is necessary for this to be a practical and economical venture for processors. This study focused on the feasibility of managing weeds in organic sweet corn and snap bean, utilizing methods that are practical in large hectarage. Tactics such as rotary hoe, interrow cultivation, and a stale seedbed were evaluated alone or in combination. Hand-weeded and herbicide-based treatments were included for each crop for comparison. Percentage weed control, weed biomass, and crop yield were quantified, and net profit was calculated for each treatment. Organic weed management was feasible in snap bean, with yields similar among several of the organic treatments and the herbicide treatment in all 3 yr of the study. Interrow cultivation was the most effective means of organic weed control in snap bean. Organic weed management was possible in snap bean because it is a short-season crop and an effective competitor with weeds in the crop row. Organic weed management was more difficult in sweet corn because of the longer crop season and poor competition with weeds in the crop row. In sweet corn, the organic treatment involving three interrow cultivations was the only one consistently similar in yield to the herbicide treatments. Higher net profits were attained for most of the organic treatments in both crops because of the organic premium. Market saturation and organic premium adjustments are factors for grower consideration in this potential industry, particularly for sweet corn production.
PRE and POST Herbicides for Management of Goldenrods (Solidagospp.) and Black Bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens) in Wild Blueberry
Authors: Boyd N. S. , White S.
Published: November 2010

Field studies were conducted in wild blueberry in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the efficacy of hexazinone applied PRE and multiple application timings of POST mesotrione on goldenrods and the efficacy of burning, terbacil applied PRE, nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron applied POST, and multiple application timings of mesotrione applied POST on black bulrush. Mesotrione application timings were at 10 and 30 cm of height, floral bud initiation, and full flower. Hexazinone applied at 1.92 kg ha−1in 200 L water ha−1effectively suppressed goldenrods. At least 90% goldenrod damage was achieved with mesotrione POST applied at 101 g ha−1in 300 L water ha−1before full flower, following hexazinone PRE at two of three sites. Damage following mesotrione was more variable when hexazinone was not applied. Mesotrione efficacy was lower when applied in the crop year, but a crop-year registration may be warranted to improve harvest ease and increase berry quality. A single application of mesotrione at the label rate did not adequately control black bulrush. Ninety percent black bulrush control was achieved with rimsulfuron/nicosulfuron applied at a rate of 0.03 g L−1of water with 0.2% v/v nonionic surfactant. Equivalent levels of control were achieved with sequential mesotrione applications at the label rate.
Winter Annual Broadleaf Weeds and Winter Wheat Response to Postemergence Application of Two Saflufenacil Formulations
Authors: Frihauf John C. , Stahlman Phillip W. , Geier Patrick W. , Peterson Dallas E.
Published: November 2010

Field experiments in winter wheat were initiated at two locations in the fall of 2006 and 2007 to evaluate winter annual broadleaf weeds and winter wheat response to POST applications of two saflufenacil formulations applied alone and in combination with 2,4-D amine. Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and water-dispersible granule (WG) formulations of saflufenacil at 13, 25, and 50 g ai ha−1were applied with 1.0% (v/v) crop oil concentrate (COC) and mixed with 2,4-D amine at 533 g ae ha−1without adjuvant. Regardless of rate or formulation, saflufenacil plus COC and saflufenacil plus 2,4-D amine controlled blue mustard ≥ 91% at 17 to 20 d after treatment (DAT) compared with ≤ 50% control with 2,4-D amine alone. At least 25 g ha−1of saflufenacil EC was necessary to control flixweed > 90%. Excluding COC from saflufenacil plus 2,4-D amine reduced flixweed control from the saflufenacil WG formulation more than the EC formulation. Most saflufenacil treatments did not control henbit satisfactorily (≤ 80%). Wheat foliar necrosis increased with increasing saflufenacil rate to as high as 30% at 3 to 6 DAT, but declined to < 15% at 10 to 20 DAT and was not evident at 30 DAT. Saflufenacil rate, formulation, and mixing with 2,4-D amine also influenced wheat stunting, but to a lesser extent than foliar necrosis. Saflufenacil EC consistently caused greater foliar necrosis and stunting on wheat than saflufenacil WG. Leaf necrosis and stunting were reduced by tank-mixing saflufenacil formulations with 2,4-D amine without COC. Grain yields of most saflufenacil treatments were similar to 2,4-D amine under weedy conditions and herbicide treatments had no effect on grain yield in weed-free experiments. Saflufenacil formulations at 25 to 50 g ha−1with 2,4-D amine and saflufenacil WG at 25 to 50 g ha−1with COC can control winter annual broadleaf weeds with minimal injury (< 15%) and no grain yield reductions. The addition of saflufenacil as a POST-applied herbicide would give wheat growers another useful tool to control annual broadleaf weeds, including herbicide-resistant weed species.
Development of a Soil Bioassay for Triclopyr Residues and Comparison with a Laboratory Extraction
Authors: Ranft R. D. , Seefeldt S. S. , Zhang M. , Barnes D. L.
Published: November 2010

The use of triclopyr for the removal of woody and broad-leaf vegetation in right-of-ways and agricultural settings has been proposed for Alaska. Triclopyr concentrations in soil after application are of concern because residual herbicide may affect growth of subsequent vegetation. In order to measure triclopyr residues in soil and determine the amount of herbicide taken up by the plant, soil bioassays were developed. Four agricultural species, turnip, lettuce, mustard, and radish, were tested to determine sensitivity to triclopyr in a 1-wk bioassay. The sensitivity (I50) of turnip, lettuce, mustard, and radish was 0.33 ± 0.05 kg ai ha−1, 0.78 ± 0.11 kg ai ha−1, 0.78 ± 0.07 kg ai ha−1, and 0.85 ± 0.10 kg ai ha−1 (mean ± SE), respectively. Mustard was the most consistent crop in the bioassay with a midrange response to triclopyr and lowest standard deviation for germination as compared to the other species. Thus, it was used in a bioassay to determine triclopyr concentrations in a field trial. The bioassay of mustard closely matched residual amounts of triclopyr in a field trial determined by chemical extraction. Estimates of residual triclopyr concentrations using the bioassay method were sometimes less than the triclopyr concentration determined using a chemical extraction. These differences in concentrations were most evident after spring thaw when the chemical extraction determined there was enough triclopyr in the soil to reduce mustard growth over 60%, yet the bioassay measured only a 10% reduction. The chemical extraction method may have identified nonphototoxic metabolites of triclopyr to be the herbicidal triclopyr acid. These methods, when analyzed together with a dose–response curve, offer a more complete picture of triclopyr residues and the potential for carryover injury to other plant species.
Evaluation of Flumioxazin andS-metolachlor Rate and Timing for Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Sweetpotato
Authors: Meyers Stephen L. , Jennings Katherine M. , Schultheis Jonathan R. , Monks David W.
Published: November 2010

Studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to determine the effect of flumioxazin andS-metolachlor on Palmer amaranth control and ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Covington’ sweetpotato. Flumioxazin at 0, 91, or 109 g ai ha−1was applied pretransplant 2 d before transplanting alone or followed by (fb)S-metolachlor at 0, 0.8, 1.1, or 1.3 kg ai ha−1PRE applied immediately after transplanting or 2 wk after transplanting (WAP). Flumioxazin fbS-metolachlor immediately after transplanting provided greater than 90% season-long Palmer amaranth control.S-metolachlor applied alone immediately after transplanting provided 80 to 93% and 92 to 96% control in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Flumioxazin fbS-metolachlor 2 WAP provided greater than 90% control in 2007 but variable control (38 to 79%) in 2008.S-metolachlor applied alone 2 WAP did not provide acceptable Palmer amaranth control. Control was similar for all rates ofS-metolachlor (0.8, 1.1, and 1.3 kg ha−1). In 2008, greater Palmer amaranth control was observed with flumioxazin at 109 g ha−1than with 91 g ha−1. Sweetpotato crop injury due to treatment was minimal (< 3%), and sweetpotato storage root length to width ratio was similar for all treatments in 2007 (2.5 for Beauregard) and 2008 (2.4 and 1.9 for Beauregard and Covington, respectively). Sweetpotato yield was directly related to Palmer amaranth control. Results indicate that flumioxazin pretransplant fbS-metolachlor after transplanting provides an effective herbicide program for control of Palmer amaranth in sweetpotato.
Response of Acetolactate Synthase–Resistant Grain Sorghum to Nicosulfuron Plus Rimsulfuron
Authors: Hennigh D. Shane , Al-Khatib Kassim , Tuinstra Mitchell R.
Published: November 2010

The lack of POST herbicides to control grasses in grain sorghum prompted researchers to develop acetolactate synthase (ALS)–resistant grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the differential response of ALS-resistant grain sorghum to POST application of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied at three growth stages. ALS-resistant grain sorghum was treated with 0, 13 + 7, 26 + 13, 39 + 20, 52 + 26, 65 + 33, 78 + 39, and 91 + 46 g ai ha−1of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron when plants were at the three- to five-leaf, seven- to nine-leaf, or 11- to 13-leaf stage. In general, as nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron rates increased, visible injury increased at the three- to five-leaf and seven- to nine-leaf stages. Injury was greatest 1 wk after treatment for the three- to five-leaf and seven- to nine-leaf stages across all ratings, and plants then began to recover. No injury was observed at any rating time for the 11- to 13-leaf stage. Plant height and sorghum grain yield were reduced as nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron rates increased when applied at the three- to five-leaf stage. However, nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied at the seven- to nine-leaf and 11- to 13-leaf stages did not decrease sorghum yield. This research indicated that nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron application at the three- to five-leaf stage injured ALS-resistant grain sorghum; however, application at the seven- to nine-leaf or 11- to 13-leaf stages did not result in grain yield reduction.
Evaluation of Imazosulfuron for Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and Broadleaf Weed Control in Potato
Authors: Felix Joel , Boydston Rick A.
Published: November 2010

Field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 near Nyssa, OR, and Pasco and Paterson, WA to evaluate yellow nutsedge and broadleaf weed control and potato tolerance to imazosulfuron. No injury symptoms from imazosulfuron were evident on potato at Nyssa, whereas in Washington, imazosulfuron caused some chlorosis of potato foliage ranging from 6 to 15% and < 4% at 6 and 15 d after POST application, respectively. Sequential applications of imazosulfuron controlled yellow nutsedge better than a single PRE application. Sequential applications of imazosulfuron or imazosulfuron in combination withs-metolachlor controlled yellow nutsedge > 92 and 89% at 21 and 42 d after POST applications, respectively. Imazosulfuron controlled ≥ 98% of common lambsquarters and 100% of pigweed species. Imazosulfuron provided season-long control of common mallow at Nyssa. However, imazosulfuron failed to control Russian thistle at Paterson, and only partially controlled hairy nightshade. Yield of U.S. no. 1 potato at Nyssa ranged from 44 to 54 T ha−1and 42 to 52 T ha−1for imazosulfuron PRE and imazosulfuron sequential treatments in 2007 and 2008, respectively. U.S. no. 1 potato yield following imazosulfuron PRE and sequential treatments at Pasco ranged from 49 to 57 T ha−1in 2007, and at Paterson from 36 to 54 T ha−1in 2008. Lower yields in 2008 were attributed to poor control of hairy nightshade. Imazosulfuron has potential to become a valuable tool for yellow nutsedge management in potato. Studies are needed to evaluate the soil persistence for imazosulfuron in order to determine safety to crops grown in rotation with potato.
Barriers Prevent Emergence of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) in Annual Plasticulture Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)
Authors: Daugovish Oleg , Mochizuki Maren J.
Published: November 2010

Yellow nutsedge is a problematic weed in plasticulture strawberry because herbicides and fumigants currently used in California provide little to no control and because nutsedge shoots easily penetrate standard low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch to rapidly establish and compete with the crop. Field studies were conducted at two California locations near Oxnard and Camarillo from 2007 to 2009 to evaluate yellow nutsedge control with physical barriers. Nutsedge germinated in both autumn and spring through LDPE mulch alone, but paper placed between two layers of standard 0.15-mm black LDPE mulch, weed barrier fabric commonly used in landscapes placed under LDPE mulch, and Tyvek Home Wrap placed under LDPE mulch suppressed nutsedge emergence. In 1 yr, the size of strawberry plants grown with weed barrier fabric was reduced 23% compared with the other treatments and the number of marketable fruit in the third month of harvest was reduced 20% compared with LDPE mulch alone, likely because inadequately cut planting holes in this barrier restricted plant growth. Estimated costs for barrier treatments ranged from $5,000 to $12,000 ha−1compared with estimated hand-weeding costs of up to $24,000 ha−1. In 2007 to 2008 barrier treatments reduced the number of wind-dispersed weeds that commonly land and germinate in strawberry planting holes 67% compared with LDPE mulch alone. Removing the barriers at the end of the two seasons revealed that nutsedge plants sprouted but failed to grow and produce new tubers under the barriers. This observation suggests that nutsedge-impermeable barriers may aid in depletion of the soil tuber bank and therefore can be an effective tool in managing nutsedge for the length of the growing season.
Lanceleaf Sage (Salvia reflexa) Interference in Sugarbeet
Authors: Odero Dennis C. , Mesbah Abdel O. , Miller Stephen D. , Kniss Andrew R.
Published: November 2010

Field studies were conducted in Powell, WY, in 2006 and 2007 to determine the influence of season-long interference of various lanceleaf sage densities and durations of interference on sugarbeet. The rectangular hyperbola model with the asymptote (A) constrained to 100% maximum yield loss characterized the relationship between lanceleaf sage density and sugarbeet yield loss. The estimated parameterI(yield loss per unit weed density as density approaches zero) was 3% for both root and sucrose yield loss. Increasing duration of lanceleaf sage interference had a negative effect on sugarbeet root yield. The critical timing of weed removal to avoid 5 and 10% root yield loss was 37 and 52 d after sugarbeet emergence, respectively. Lanceleaf sage interference did not affect percentage of sucrose content. These results indicate that lanceleaf sage is not as competitive as other weeds but that appropriate control measures should be undertaken to minimize sugarbeet yield loss from interference.
Interaction of Prodiamine and Flumioxazin for Nursery Weed Control
Authors: Wehtje Glenn , Gilliam Charles H. , Marble Stephen C.
Published: November 2010

Both prodiamine and flumioxazin are used in the nursery production and landscape maintenance industries in the southeastern United States for preemergence weed control. Research was conducted to determine whether a tank mixture of these two herbicides would be more effective than either component applied alone. Prodiamine alone, flumioxazin alone, and a 72 : 28 (by weight) prodiamine–flumioxazin mixture were each applied at a series of rates to containers filled with a pine bark–sand substrate that is typical for nursery production in the southeastern United States. Our intent was to have a rate range that hopefully extended from ineffective to lethal for each treatment series. Subsequent to treatment, containers were overseeded with either large crabgrass, spotted spurge, or eclipta. Percent control was determined by comparing treated weed foliage fresh weight to that of the appropriate nontreated control at 6 and 12 wk after application. ANOVA followed by nonlinear regression was used to evaluate the interaction of prodiamine and flumioxazin when combined and to determine the rate of each treatment series required for 95% control (if applicable) for each of the three weed species. Results varied with weed species. The mixture was synergistic and more cost effective than either of the components applied alone in controlling spotted spurge. With respect to large crabgrass control, the mixture was additive and slightly more cost effective than the components. Eclipta could only be controlled with flumioxazin, and this control was antagonized by the addition of prodiamine.
Control of Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) with Growth Regulator Herbicides
Authors: Kruger Greg R. , Davis Vince M. , Weller Stephen C. , Johnson William G.
Published: November 2010

The growth regulator herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba are used to control glyphosate-resistant horseweed before crops are planted. With the impending release of 2,4-D–resistant and dicamba-resistant crops, use of these growth regulator herbicides postemergence will likely increase. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of various growth regulators on Indiana horseweed populations. A greenhouse dose–response study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of 2,4-D ester, diglycolamine salt of dicamba, and dimethylamine salt of dicamba on control of four populations of horseweed in the greenhouse. Population 66 expressed twofold levels of tolerance to 2,4-D ester and diglycolamine salt of dicamba. Population 43 expressed an enhanced level of tolerance to diglycolamine salt of dicamba but not to the other herbicides. Diglycolamine salt of dicamba provided the best overall control of populations 3 and 34. Additionally, a field study was conducted to evaluate standard use rates of 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D ester, diglycolamine salt of dicamba, and dimethylamine salt of dicamba on control of various sized glyphosate-resistant horseweed plants. Control of plants 30 cm or less in height was 90% or greater for all four herbicides. On plants greater than 30 cm tall, diglycolamine salt of dicamba provided 97% control while 2,4-D amine provided 81% control. Diglycolamine salt of dicamba provided the highest level of control of glyphosate-resistant horseweed, followed by dimethylamine salt of dicamba, 2,4-D ester and 2,4-D amine, respectively. This research demonstrates that horseweed populations respond differently to the various salts of 2,4-D and dicamba, and it will be important to determine the appropriate use rates of each salt to control glyphosate-resistant horseweed.
Respray Requests on Custom-Applied, Glyphosate-Resistant Soybeans in Illinois: How Many and Why
Authors: Schutte Brian J. , Hager Aaron G. , Davis Adam S.
Published: November 2010

If an herbicide application fails to control a targeted weed community sufficiently, farmers may try to eliminate surviving weeds with a follow-up application (hereafter “respray”). Despite the implications of resprays on the spread of herbicide-resistant weeds, respray frequencies and causal factors are poorly understood. A two-part survey of glyphosate-resistant soybean fields and custom application services was conducted in Illinois during 2005 and 2006 to determine the relative frequency of respray requests for postemergence glyphosate, and to identify weed community factors associated with glyphosate respray requests. A meta-analysis was then utilized to project the impacts of weed community factors driving respray requests on crop yield. Glyphosate resprays were requested for 14% of surveyed fields in both 2005 (n= 43) and 2006 (n= 90). In 2005, respray requests were highly associated with both population densities of weed communities visible from roadsides and incidences of skips (i.e., rectangular areas of escaped weeds indicating custom application failure). A skip increased the odds of respray request by more than ninefold, and population densities of weed communities visible from roadsides were, on average, 2.5 times greater in respray-requested fields compared with nonrequested fields. In 2006, respray requests were associated with population densities of weed communities identified by walking through fields. Contrary to 2005, requests in 2006 were concentrated in those fields with low weed population densities. Prior to resprays, weed communities capable of causing substantial soybean yield loss were present in both respray-requested and nonrequested fields in 2005 but in only nonrequested fields in 2006. Although this investigation indicated that custom applicators can take actions to reduce respray requests (i.e., avoiding skips), farmers and custom applicators should be prepared to implement additional weed control after postemergence glyphosate applications because damaging weed communities may remain.
Efficacy and Safening of Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Herbicides when Tank-Mixed with Triclopyr for Bermudagrass Control in Zoysiagrass Turf
Authors: Lewis D. F. , Mcelroy J. S. , Sorochan J. C. , Mueller T. C. , Samples T. J. , Breeden G. K.
Published: November 2010

Aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) herbicides are used to control bermudagrass contamination in various turfgrasses. Applying AOPP herbicides alone can cause unacceptable injury to zoysiagrass but injury can be reduced when tank-mixed with triclopyr. There are limited data illustrating the extent of bermudagrass control and zoysiagrass cultivar tolerance when these compounds are combined. Research was conducted to determine the efficacy of multiple AOPP herbicides applied alone and tank-mixed with triclopyr for bermudagrass control in zoysiagrass turf. Treatments include three sequential applications of cyhalofop (0.32 kg ai ha−1), fenoxaprop (0.14 kg ha−1), fluazifop (0.11 kg ha−1), or quizalofop (0.09 kg ha−1) applied alone and tank-mixed with triclopyr (1.12 kg ae ha−1) applied to ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass, and ‘Diamond’, ‘Palisades’, and ‘Zenith’ zoysiagrass. Tifway bermudagrass control ranged from 41 to 69% and digital image analysis turf coverage data ranged from 18 to 50% for AOPP herbicides applied alone. The addition of triclopyr to AOPP herbicides increased bermudagrass control (64–79%) and reduced turf coverage (8–29%). Palisades and Zenith zoysiagrass exhibited less injury (1–18%) and greater turf coverage (84–86%) when AOPP herbicides were tank-mixed with triclopyr compared to AOPP herbicides applied alone. Diamond zoysiagrass was not tolerant to any AOPP herbicides applied alone or tank-mixed with triclopyr, except for fluazifop alone (18% injury and 93% turf coverage). Visual ratings and digital image analysis turf coverage data had a strong negative correlation over all tested turfgrasses. In general, AOPP herbicides plus triclopyr will control bermudagrass greater and injure zoysiagrass less compared to AOPP herbicides applied alone; however, these mixtures can cause unacceptable injury to Diamond zoysiagrass.
Weed Management in Wide- and Narrow-Row Glyphosate-Resistant Sugarbeet
Authors: Armstrong Jon-Joseph Q. , Sprague Christy L.
Published: November 2010

Planting glyphosate-resistant sugarbeet in narrow rows could improve weed control with fewer herbicide applications and cultivations. Field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at multiple locations in Michigan to compare weed management and sugarbeet yield and quality in glyphosate-resistant sugarbeet planted in 38-, 51-, and 76-cm rows. At all locations, weed densities and biomass were less after glyphosate treatments than after conventional herbicide treatments. Weed densities and biomass also were less in 38- and 51-cm rows compared with 76-cm rows following a single glyphosate application when weeds were 10 cm tall. Averaged over row width, sugarbeet treated with glyphosate when weeds first reached 2 cm in height and again as needed thereafter yielded similarly to sugarbeet treated when weeds were 5 to 10 cm tall. However, root yields were reduced when glyphosate application was delayed until weeds averaged 15 cm in height. Sugarbeet root and sugar yields were greater from 38- and 51-cm row widths than from the 76-cm row widths, averaged over all herbicide treatments. Regardless of row width, initial glyphosate applications should be made before weeds reach 10 cm in height to maximize yield and minimize weed competition with sugarbeet.
Optimal Sequence of Implied Modalities in the Adjuvant Setting of Breast Cancer Treatment: An Update on Issues To Consider
Authors: Tsoutsou Pelagia G. , Belkacemi Yazid , Gligorov Joseph , Kuten Abraham , Boussen Hamouda , Bese Nuran , Koukourakis Michael I. ,   on behalf of the Association of Radiotherapy and Oncology in the Mediterranean area (AROME)
Published: November 2010

The adjuvant setting of early breast cancer treatment is an evolving field where different modalities must be combined to improve outcomes; moreover, quality of life of breast cancer survivors emerges as a new important parameter to consider, thus implying a better understanding of toxicities of these modalities. We have conducted a review focusing on the latest literature of the past 3 years, trying to evaluate the existing data on the maximum acceptable delay of radiotherapy when given as sole adjuvant treatment after surgery and the optimal sequence of all these modalities with respect to each other. It becomes evident radiotherapy should be given as soon as possible and within a time frame of 6–20 weeks. Chemotherapy is given before radiotherapy and hormone therapy. However, radiotherapy should be started within 7 months after surgery in these cases. Hormone therapy with tamoxifen might be given safely concomitantly or sequentially with radiotherapy although solid data are still lacking. The concurrent administration of letrozole and radiotherapy seems to be safe, whereas data on trastuzumab can imply only that it is safe to use concurrently with radiotherapy. Randomized comparisons of hormone therapy and trastuzumab administration with radiotherapy need to be performed.
Behaviour of an old masonry tunnel due to tunnelling-induced ground settlement
Authors: MOHAMAD H. , BENNETT P.J. , SOGA K. , MAIR R.J. , BOWERS K.
Published: October 2010

A novel technique of distributed strain sensing is introduced using Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry to examine the performance of an old masonry tunnel during the construction of a new tunnel beneath it in London. Optical fibres attached along the intrados of the tunnel lining at five circumferential sections recorded the relative strains of tunnel deformation between the fixing points as well as detecting localised strain such as cracking in the masonry. The results indicated where cracking might have occurred and were confirmed with visual inspection. Measurements were compared with the data obtained by surveying using total station units and the results show close agreement between the two systems. Flexural behaviour along the longitudinal section of the tunnel was also examined by measuring strain along the springlines and crown.
Heritability of Alveolar Bone Loss From Periodontal Disease in a Baboon Population: A Pilot Study
Authors: Miley D. Douglas , Baumgartner Mark H. , Cheverud James M. , Roseman Charles C. , Rogers Jeffrey , McLeod Dwight E. , Reyes Elio , Hildebolt Charles F.
Published: November 2010

Background: Reports from studies of twins, disease aggregation in families, animal models for periodontal disease, and various genetic‐analysis studies have determined that genetics plays a role in the susceptibility to periodontal disease. The purpose of this pilot study is to evaluate the effect of genetics on periodontal disease by evaluating the heritability of alveolar bone loss in a captive baboon population.

Methods: A collection of baboon skulls from a pedigreed colony (for which scientists and veterinarians maintain complete genealogic and veterinary records) was obtained from the Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas and used in this pilot study. Measurements of alveolar bone loss were performed on 390 dry baboon skulls. A periodontal probe was used to measure alveolar bone loss. Maximum likelihood methods (designed to handle complex genealogies) were used to determine the heritability of alveolar bone loss. This software used known pedigrees in the captive baboon sample and tested the relationship between pairwise kinship and alveolar bone loss data to determine the heritability of alveolar bone loss from periodontal disease.

Results: Genetic data were available for 347 of the 390 specimens. Using age and sex as covariates, genetic analysis indicated a heritability of 35% (standard error = 20%; P = 0.01). Although gender was not a significant factor in periodontal disease (P = 0.96), age was highly significantly associated with periodontal disease (P <0.0001).

Conclusions: In this pilot study, analysis of alveolar bone loss measurements from captive baboons indicates that bone loss increases with age and that a portion of periodontal disease risk may be caused by genetic variance. These findings provide evidence that periodontal disease is heritable in captive baboons and indicate that a larger, more‐detailed study is warranted.
Essential Oils Compared to Chlorhexidine With Respect to Plaque and Parameters of Gingival Inflammation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Van Leeuwen M.P.C. , Slot D.E. , Van der Weijden G.A.
Published: November 2010

Background: The purpose of this review is to systematically evaluate the effects of an essential‐oil mouthwash (EOMW) compared to a chlorhexidine mouthwash with respect to plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation.

Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched for studies up to and including September 2010 to identify appropriate articles. A comprehensive search was designed, and the articles were independently screened for eligibility by two reviewers. Articles that evaluated the effects of the EOMW compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash were included. Where appropriate, a meta‐analysis was performed, and weighted mean differences (WMDs) were calculated.

Results: A total of 390 unique articles were found, of which 19 articles met the eligibility criteria. A meta‐analysis of long‐term studies (duration ≥4 weeks) showed that the chlorhexidine mouthwash provided significantly better effects regarding plaque control than EOMW (WMD: 0.19; P = 0.0009). No significant difference with respect to reduction of gingival inflammation was found between EOMW and chlorhexidine mouthwash (WMD: 0.03; P = 0.58).

Conclusion: In long‐term use, the standardized formulation of EOMW appeared to be a reliable alternative to chlorhexidine mouthwash with respect to parameters of gingival inflammation.