bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A distributed utility‐based scheduling for peer‐to‐peer video streaming over wireless networks
Authors: Luo Haiyan , An Wei , Ci Song , Wu Dalei
Published: August 2015

Interactive multimedia applications such as peer‐to‐peer (P2P) video services over the Internet have gained increasing popularity during the past few years. However, the adopted Internet‐based P2P overlay network architecture hides the underlying network topology, assuming that channel quality is always in perfect condition. Because of the time‐varying nature of wireless channels, this hardly meets the user‐perceived video quality requirement when used in wireless environments. Considering the tightly coupled relationship between P2P overlay networks and the underlying networks, we propose a distributed utility‐based scheduling algorithm on the basis of a quality‐driven cross‐layer design framework to jointly optimize the parameters of different network layers to achieve highly improved video quality for P2P video streaming services in wireless networks. In this paper, the quality‐driven P2P scheduling algorithm is formulated into a distributed utility‐based distortion‐delay optimization problem, where the expected video distortion is minimized under the constraint of a given packet playback deadline to select the optimal combination of system parameters residing in different network layers. Specifically, encoding behaviors, network congestion, Automatic Repeat Request/Query (ARQ), and modulation and coding are jointly considered. Then, we provide the algorithmic solution to the formulated problem. The distributed optimization running on each peer node adopted in the proposed scheduling algorithm greatly reduces the computational intensity. Extensive experimental results also demonstrate 4–14 dB quality enhancement in terms of peak signal‐to‐noise ratio by using the proposed scheduling algorithm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is there a Rhythm Of The Rain? An analysis of weather in popular music
Authors: Brown Sally , Aplin Karen L. , Jenkins Katie , Mander Sarah , Walsh Claire , Williams Paul D.
Published: August 2015

Weather is frequently used in music to frame events and emotions, yet quantitative analyses are rare. From a collated base set of 759 weather‐related songs, 419 were analysed based on listings from a karaoke database. This article analyses the 20 weather types described, frequency of occurrence, genre, keys, mimicry, lyrics and songwriters. Vocals were the principal means of communicating weather: sunshine was the most common, followed by rain, with weather depictions linked to the emotions of the song. Bob Dylan, John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the most weather‐related songs, partly following their experiences at the time of writing.
Effects of Cyclone Hudhud captured by a high altitude Automatic Weather Station in northwestern Nepal
Authors: Neckel Niklas , Kropáček Jan , Schröter Benjamin , Scherer Dieter
Published: August 2015

Between 13 October and 15 October 2014 many people were trapped by a heavy snowstorm event at Thorong La Pass (5416m amsl) on the famous Annapurna Circuit in northern Nepal, resulting 43 fatalities. In this short communication we show a climate record of an Automatic Weather Station (AWS) which is located at a similar altitude to Thorong La Pass but is 300km to the northwest along the main Himalayan ridge. Additionally, the record of the extent of the snow cover in the region was derived from Landsat 8 satellite images taken before and after the snowstorm event. During the event the AWS recorded a snow accumulation of 0.37m, while the snow cover in the study area increased from 1880km2 on 9 October to 17 44°km2 on 25 October. Our results, and findings from our personal communication with local people, show that the extent of the disastrous snowstorm event affected a much larger area than reported by the media, which concentrated its coverage solely on the Annapurna region.
Directed optimization of a newly identified squalene synthase from Mortierella alpine based on sequence truncation and site-directed mutagenesis
Authors: Huang Di , Yao Yongpeng , Zhang Hang , Mei Zhu , Wang Ru , Feng Lu , Liu Bin
Published: August 2015

Terpenoids, a class of isoprenoids usually isolated from plants, are always used as commercial flavor and anticancer drugs. As a key precursor for triterpenes and sterols, biosynthesis of squalene (SQ) can be catalyzed by squalene synthase (SQS) from two farnesyl diphosphate molecules. In this work, the key SQS gene involved in sterols synthesis by Mortierella alpine, an industrial strain often used to produce unsaturated fatty acid such as γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid, was identified and characterized. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that MaSQS contained 416 amino acid residues involved in four highly conserved regions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the closest relationship of MaSQS with Ganoderma lucidum and Aspergillus, which also belonged to the member of the fungus. Subsequently, the recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and detected by SDS-PAGE. To improve the expression and solubility of protein, 17 or 27 amino acids in the C-terminal were deleted. In vitro activity investigation based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that both the truncated enzymes could functionally catalyze the reaction from FPP to SQ and the enzymatic activity was optimal at 37 °C, pH 7.2. Moreover, based on the site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzyme mMaSQSΔC17 (E186K) displayed a 3.4-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency (k  cat/K  m) compared to the control. It was the first report of characterization and modification of SQS from M. alpine, which facilitated the investigation of isoprenoid biosynthesis in the fungus. The engineered mMaSQSΔC17 (E186K) can be a potential candidate of the terpenes and steroids synthesis employed for synthetic biology.
Optimisation of Detergent Ingredients for Stain Removal Using Statistical Modelling
Authors: Shivaji Biranje Santosh , Nathany Abhinav , Mehra Neha , Adivarekar Ravindra
Published: August 2015

Artificially soiled test fabrics are widely used to study the cleaning performance of detergents formulations. In this study, artificial soiled cotton test fabrics were prepared in the laboratory using carbon black as a model soil. Design of experiments was used to optimise the concentration of detergent ingredients for stain removal. A multi‐factorial analysis of variance was used to model the effect of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, nonylphenol ethoxylate, sodium silicate, sodium citrate and sodium carbonate as builders on soil removal. A colourimetric evaluation using the CIELAB system was used to measure soil removal. In general, performance increases with increasing concentration of surfactant, silicate and soda ash.
Quantitative precision of optical frequency domain imaging: direct comparison with frequency domain optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound
Authors: Kobayashi Yuhei , Kitahara Hideki , Tanaka Shigemitsu , Okada Kozo , Kimura Takumi , Ikeno Fumiaki , Yock Paul G. , Fitzgerald Peter J. , Honda Yasuhiro
Published: August 2015

No systematic validation study is available with optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI), directly compared with frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Controversy also remains about the impact of different stent contour tracing methods by OFDI/FD-OCT. In vitro: coronary phantom models (1.51–5.04 mm) were imaged with OFDI, FD-OCT, and IVUS, demonstrating excellent quantitative precision with a slight overestimation of mean lumen diameter (difference 0.01–0.02 mm). In vivo: corresponding 64 OFDI/IVUS images of stented coronary segments from 20 swines were analyzed. Minimum lumen area by OFDI was larger than IVUS at baseline (P < 0.001), whereas it was smaller than IVUS at follow-up. When stent was traced at leading edges of struts by OFDI, minimum stent area was similar between OFDI and IVUS (P = 0.60). When traced at the highest intensity points of struts by OFDI, it was significantly larger in OFDI than in IVUS (P < 0.001). Three modalities have clinically acceptable precision across the wide range of lumen diameters. In vivo measurements by OFDI and IVUS could slightly be discrepant depending on the parameters and time points. In stent assessment by OFDI, the 2 methods led to a small but systematic difference; therefore, consistency in methodology is advised for comparative studies.
Immobilienmarkteffekte des Emscherumbaus?
Authors: K. Bauer Thomas
Published: August 2015

In Germany, research on the impact of regional policy interventions on real estate prices is rather scarce. Comprising an investment of more than € 4,5 billion over the period from 1991 to 2020, the ecological reconstruction of the Emscher river in the northern part of the Ruhr area is one of the largest infrastructural projects in Europe. This paper investigates on a small scale level whether the Emscher conversion affects real estate prices in the renewal area. The empirical analysis is based on georeferenced data on housing for sale and rent over the period from 2007 to 2011 provided by ImmobilienScout24, which have been enriched by additional georeferenced data. Price trends within the individual towns and cities of the conversion area “Neues Emschertal” and in reference regions (Emscher region outside of conversion zone, Ruhr valley) are analysed using hedonic price functions. The results suggest that there are no significant effects of the Emscher reconstruction programme on local rents so far, whereas prices of dwellings for sale have performed more stable in parts of the Emscher conversion zone than in the reference regions, where prices have declined.
Visualizing⋅Matching⋅Generalizing: Case Identification Hypotheses and Case-Level Data Analysis
Authors: Woodside Arch G.
Published: August 2015

The traditional and still dominant logic among nearly all empirical positivist researchers in schools of management is to write symmetric (two-directional) variable hypotheses (SVH) even though the same researchers formulate their behavioral theories at the case (typology) identification level. The behavioral theory of the firm, theories of buyer behavior, and Miles and Snow's typology of organization's strategy configurations (e.g., “prospectors, analyzers, and defenders”) are iconic examples of formulating theory at the case identification level. When testing such theories, most researchers automatically, unconsciously, switch from building theory of beliefs, attitudes, and behavior at the case identification level to empirically testing of two-directional relationships and additive net-effect influences of variables. Formulating theory focusing on creating case identification hypotheses (CIH) to describe, explain, and predict behavior and then empirically testing at SVH is a mismatch and results in shallow data analysis and frequently inaccurate contributions to theory. This paper describes the mismatch and resulting unattractive outcomes as well as the pervasive practice of examining only fit validity in empirical studies using symmetric tests. The paper reviews studies in the literature showing how matching both case-based theory and empirical positivist research of CIH is possible and produces findings that advance useful theory and critical thinking by executives and researchers.
Fulminant Central Plus Peripheral Nervous System Demyelination without Antibodies to Neurofascin
Authors: Vural Atay , Göçmen Rahşan , Kurne Aslı Tuncer , Oğuz Kader Karlı , Temuçin Çağrı Mesut , Tan Ersin , Karabudak Rana , Meinl Edgar , Erdem Özdamar Sevim
Published: August 2015

Background

Combined central and peripheral nervous system demyelination is a rare and poorly described phenomenon. Recently, anti-neurofascin antibodies were reported to be positive in 86% of these patients in a Japanese cohort. Yet, there seems to be a clinical, radiological, and serological heterogeneity among these patients. In this report, our aim is to describe characteristics of our patients with this entity and compare with others in the literature.

Methods

We report clinical, electrophysiological, radiological, and laboratory characteristics of five patients with both multiple sclerosis and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy from our institutional database containing 1890 MS patients.

Results

Three patients presented with extensive, active demyelination of both central nervous system and peripheral nervous system with hypertrophic peripheral nerves. Plexuses, trunks, division and cords were involved in the process. Oligoclonal band was negative. Conduction block was not detected. Corticosteroid treatment was not adequate. Others had a slowly progressive clinical course. Serum anti-neurofascin antibody was negative. Review of the literature revealed similar cases with active disease, early-onset hypertrophic peripheral nerves, and central demyelination, in addition to other cases with an insidious course.

Conclusions

Patients with combined central and peripheral demyelination form a spectrum. Some patients may have an antibody-mediated syndrome with or without anti-neurofascin antibodies and others seem to represent a coincidence.
-DIVISIBILITY FOR COHERENT COHOMOLOGY
Authors: BHATT BHARGAV
Published: August 2015

We prove that the coherent cohomology of a proper morphism of noetherian schemes can be made arbitrarily$p$-divisible by passage to proper covers (for a fixed prime$p$). Under some extra conditions, we also show that$p$-torsion can be killed by passage to proper covers. These results are motivated by the desire to understand rational singularities in mixed characteristic, and have applications in$p$-adic Hodge theory.
THE HYPERBOLIC QUADRATIC EIGENVALUE PROBLEM
Authors: LIANG XIN , LI REN-CANG
Published: August 2015

The hyperbolic quadratic eigenvalue problem (HQEP) was shown to admit Courant–Fischer type min–max principles in 1955 by Duffin and Cauchy type interlacing inequalities in 2010 by Veselić. It can be regarded as the closest analog (among all kinds of quadratic eigenvalue problem) to the standard Hermitian eigenvalue problem (among all kinds of standard eigenvalue problem). In this paper, we conduct a systematic study on the HQEP both theoretically and numerically. On the theoretical front, we generalize Wielandt–Lidskii type min–max principles and, as a special case, Fan type trace min/max principles and establish Weyl type and Wielandt–Lidskii–Mirsky type perturbation results when an HQEP is perturbed to another HQEP. On the numerical front, we justify the natural generalization of the Rayleigh–Ritz procedure with existing principles and our new optimization principles, and, as consequences of these principles, we extend various current optimization approaches—steepest descent/ascent and nonlinear conjugate gradient type methods for the Hermitian eigenvalue problem—to calculate a few extreme eigenvalues (of both positive and negative type). A detailed convergence analysis is given for the steepest descent/ascent methods. The analysis reveals the intrinsic quantities that control convergence rates and consequently yields ways of constructing effective preconditioners. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the proposed theory and algorithms.
A high energy intake from dietary fat among middle-aged and older adults is associated with increased risk of malnutrition 10 years later
Authors: Söderström Lisa , Rosenblad Andreas , Adolfsson Eva T. , Wolk Alicja , Håkansson Niclas , Bergkvist Leif
Published: August 2015

A higher fat content in the diet could be an advantage for preventing malnutrition among older adults. However, there is sparse scientific evidence to determine the optimal fat intake among older adults. This prospective cohort study examined whether a high energy intake of dietary fat among middle-aged and older adults is associated with the risk of malnutrition 10 years later. The study population comprised 725 Swedish men and women aged 53–80 years who had completed a questionnaire about dietary intake and lifestyle factors in 1997 (baseline) and whose nutritional status was assessed when admitted to the hospital in 2008–2009 (follow-up). At the follow-up, 383 (52·8 %) participants were identified as being at risk of malnutrition and fifty-two (7·2 %) were identified as malnourished. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to analyse the association between previous dietary fat intake and nutritional status later in life. Contrary to what was expected, a high energy intake from total fat, saturated fat and monounsaturated fat among middle-aged and older adults increased the risk of exhibiting malnutrition 10 years later. However, this applied only to individuals with a BMI<25 kg/m2 at the baseline. In conclusion, these findings suggest that preventive actions to counteract malnutrition in older adults should focus on limiting the intake of total fat in the diet by reducing consumption of food with a high content of saturated and monounsaturated fat.
The Enterprise Multiple Investment Strategy: International Evidence
Authors: Walkshäusl Christian , Lobe Sebastian
Published: August 2015

The enterprise multiple (EM) predicts the cross section of international returns. The return predictability of EM is similarly pronounced in developed and emerging markets and likewise strong among small and large firms. An international portfolio of low-EM firms outperforms a portfolio of high-EM firms by about 1% per month. The EM value premium is individually significant for the majority of countries, remains largely unexplained by existing asset pricing models, is robust after controlling for comovement with the respective U.S. premium, and is highly persistent for up to 5 years after portfolio formation, making it a promising strategy for investors.
Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China
Authors: Feng X. , Qi X. , Yang L. , Duan X. , Fang B. , Gongsang Q. , Bartholomot B. , Vuitton D.A. , Wen H. , Craig P.S.
Published: August 2015

Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is known to be endemic in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China; however, there is relatively little data from hospital records or community prevalence studies, and the situation regarding occurrence of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is unclear. Here we review the available reports about human echinococcosis in the seven prefectures of TAR. In addition, two pilot studies by mass screening using ultrasound (with serology) were undertaken (2006/7) in Dangxiong County of Lhasa Prefecture (north central TAR) and Dingqing County of Changdu Prefecture (eastern TAR). In Dangxiong County a prevalence of 9.9% (55/557) for human CE was obtained but no human AE cases were detected. By contrast, in Dingqing County (N= 232 persons screened), 11 CE cases (4.7%) and 12 AE cases (5.2%) (including one mixed CE and AE case) were diagnosed by ultrasound. Hospital records and published reports indicated that CE cases were recorded in all of seven prefectures in Tibet Autonomous Region, and AE cases in four prefectures. Incidence rates of human CE were estimated to range from 1.9 to 155 per 100,000 across the seven prefectures of TAR, with a regional incidence of 45.1 per 100,000. Incidence of AE was estimated to be between 0.6 and 2.8 cases per 100,000. Overall for TAR, human AE prevalence appeared relatively low; however, the pilot mass screening in Dingqing in eastern TAR indicated that human AE disease is a potential public health problem, possibly similar to that already well described in Tibetan communities bordering TAR in north-west Sichuan and south-west Qinghai provinces.
Post-disruptive runaway electron beams in the COMPASS tokamak
Authors: Vlainic Milos , Mlynar J. , Cavalier J. , Weinzettl V. , Paprok R. , Imrisek M. , Ficker O. , Varavin M. , Vondracek P. , Noterdaeme J.-M. ,   the COMPASS Team
Published: August 2015

For ITER-relevant runaway electron studies, such as suppression, mitigation, termination and/or control of a runaway beam, it is important to obtain the runaway electrons after the disruption. In this paper we report on the first discharges achieved with a post-disruptive runaway electron beam, termed a ‘runaway plateau’, in the COMPASS tokamak. The runaway plateau is produced by a massive gas injection of argon. Almost all of the disruptions with runaway electron plateaus occurred during the plasma current ramp-up phase. The Ar injection discharges with and without a runaway plateau were compared for various parameters. Parametrisation of the discharges shows that the COMPASS disruptions fulfil the range of parameters important for runaway plateau occurrence. These parameters include electron density, electric field, disruption speed, effective safety factor, and the maximum current quench electric field. In addition to these typical parameters, the plasma current value just before the massive gas injection proved to be surprisingly important.
Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa
Authors: Buij R. , Nikolaus G. , Whytock R. , Ingram D. J. , Ogada D.
Published: August 2015

Diurnal raptors have declined significantly in western Africa since the 1960s. To evaluate the impact of traditional medicine and bushmeat trade on raptors, we examined carcasses offered at markets at 67 sites (1–80 stands per site) in 12 countries in western Africa during 1990–2013. Black kite Milvus migrans and hooded vulture Necrosyrtes monachus together accounted for 41% of 2,646 carcasses comprising 52 species. Twenty-seven percent of carcasses were of species categorized as Near Threatened, Vulnerable or Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Common species were traded more frequently than rarer species, as were species with frequent scavenging behaviour (vs non-scavenging), generalist or savannah habitat use (vs forest), and an Afrotropical (vs Palearctic) breeding range. Large Afrotropical vultures were recorded in the highest absolute and relative numbers in Nigeria, whereas in Central Africa, palm-nut vultures Gypohierax angolensis were the most abundant vulture species. Estimates based on data extrapolation indicated that within West Africa 73% of carcasses were traded in Nigeria, 21% in Benin and 5% elsewhere. Offtake per annum in West Africa was estimated to be 975–1,462 hooded vultures, 356–534 palm-nut vultures, 188–282 Rüppell's griffons Gyps rueppellii, 154–231 African white-backed vultures Gyps africanus, 143–214 lappet-faced vultures Torgos tracheliotos, and 40–60 crowned eagles Stephanoaetus coronatus. This represents a sizeable proportion of regional populations, suggesting that trade is likely to be contributing significantly to declines. Stronger commitment is needed, especially by governments in Nigeria and Benin, to halt the trade in threatened raptors and prevent their extirpation.
The incompatibility of God and gratuitous evil: implications for the termination of civilizations
Authors: DURSTON KIRK
Published: August 2015

Setting aside the discussion of whether the biblical destruction of the Canaanites actually occurred or was ordered by God, there still remains the philosophical question of whether any good at all justifies an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good being in permitting or orchestrating the destruction of an entire society. If we grant that the existence of God is incompatible with gratuitous evil, then God must terminate a society when it reaches a point in its history where the net moral value of permitting it to continue becomes negative. This raises at least four concerns which are discussed here.
The Myth of the Neronian Persecution
Authors: Shaw Brent D.
Published: August 2015

A conventional certainty is that the first state-driven persecution of Christians happened in the reign of Nero and that it involved the deaths of Peter and Paul, and the mass execution of Christians in the aftermath of the great fire of July 64c.e. The argument here contests all of these facts, especially the general execution personally ordered by Nero. The only source for this event is a brief passage in the historian Tacitus. Although the passage is probably genuine Tacitus, it reflects ideas and connections prevalent at the time the historian was writing and not the realities of the 60s.
Crystal structure of solifenacin hydrogen succinate, C23H27N2O2(HC4H4O4)
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Reid Joel W. , Zhong Kai , Gindhart Amy M. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: August 2015

The crystal structure of solifenacin hydrogen succinate [C23H27N2O2(HC4H4O4)] has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Solifenacin hydrogen succinate crystallizes in space groupP21(#4) witha= 6.477 03(2),b= 7.830 95(2),c= 23.848 72(7) Å,β= 90.2373(3)°,V= 1209.63(1) Å3, andZ= 2. The hydrogen succinate anions form a chain linked by strong hydrogen bonds parallel to thea-axis. Discrete N–H···O hydrogen bonds lie on the sides of this chain, resulting in a layer parallel to theab-plane rich in hydrogen bonds. Halfway between these layers the molecules meet in a herringbone packing of aromatic rings. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in future releases of the Powder Diffraction File™.
X-ray powder diffraction data for niclosamide, C13H8N2O4Cl2
Authors: Guo Liu Qi , Xu Kai Lin , Ma Xiao Li , Li Shan Shan , Li Hui
Published: August 2015

Experimental X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for niclosamide, C13H8N2O4Cl2, are reported [a = 13.571(1) Å, b = 7.181(8) Å, c = 13.742(3) Å, β = 97.984(7)°, unit-cell volume V = 1326.40 Å3, Z = 4, and space group P21/c]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21/c space group. No detectable impurity was observed.
Powder X-ray diffraction of 5-Chloro-N-(4-nitrophenyl) pentanamide, C11H13ClN2O3
Authors: Wang Qing , Huang Yan Mei , Sun Qiao Mei , Ma Xiang Ling , Li Hui
Published: August 2015

X-ray powder diffraction data for 5-Chloro-N-(4-nitrophenyl)pentanamide, C11H13ClN2O3, are reported [a = 8.036(4) Å, b = 15.972(5) Å, c = 9.829(5) Å, α = 90°, β = 104.227(2)°, γ = 90°, V = 1222.98 Å3, Z = 4, ρx = 1.3941 g cm−3 and space group P21/c]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21/c space group. No detectable impurities were observed.
Social class based on occupation is associated with hospitalization for A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Comparison between hospitalized and ambulatory cases
Authors: PUJOL J. , GODOY P. , SOLDEVILA N. , CASTILLA J. , GONZÁLEZ-CANDELAS F. , MAYORAL J. M. , ASTRAY J. , GARCIA S. , MARTIN V. , TAMAMES S. , DELGADO M. , DOMÍNGUEZ A. ,   the CIBERESP Cases and Controls in Pandemic Influenza Working Group
Published: August 2015

This study aimed to analyse the existence of an association between social class (categorized by type of occupation) and the occurrence of A(H1N1)pmd09 infection and hospitalization for two seasons (2009–2010 and 2010–2011). This multicentre study compared ambulatory A(H1N1)pmd09 confirmed cases with ambulatory controls to measure risk of infection, and with hospitalized A(H1N1)pmd09 confirmed cases to asses hospitalization risk. Study variables were: age, marital status, tobacco and alcohol use, pregnancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic respiratory failure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic liver disease, body mass index >40, systemic corticosteroid treatment and influenza vaccination status. Occupation was registered literally and coded into manual and non-manual worker occupational social class groups. A conditional logistic regression analysis was performed. There were 720 hospitalized cases, 996 ambulatory cases and 1062 ambulatory controls included in the study. No relationship between occupational social class and A(H1N1)pmd09 infection was found [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0·97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·74–1·27], but an association (aOR 1·53, 95% CI 1·01–2·31) between occupational class and hospitalization for A(H1N1)pmd09 was observed. Influenza vaccination was a protective factor for A(H1N1)pmd09 infection (aOR 0·41, 95% CI 0·23–0·73) but not for hospitalization. We conclude that manual workers have the highest risk of hospitalization when infected by influenza than other occupations but they do not have a different probability of being infected by influenza.
Mathematical modelling of Tyndall star initiation
Authors: LACEY A. A. , HENNESSY M. G. , HARVEY P. , KATZ R. F.
Published: August 2015

The superheating that usually occurs when a solid is melted by volumetric heating can produce irregular solid–liquid interfaces. Such interfaces can be visualised in ice, where they are sometimes known as Tyndall stars. This paper describes some of the experimental observations of Tyndall stars and a mathematical model for the early stages of their evolution. The modelling is complicated by the strong crystalline anisotropy, which results in an anisotropic kinetic undercooling at the interface; it leads to an interesting class of free boundary problems that treat the melt region as infinitesimally thin.
“Now I see it, now I don’t”: Determining Threshold Levels of Facial Emotion Recognition for Use in Patient Populations
Authors: Chiu Isabelle , Gfrörer Regina I. , Piguet Olivier , Berres Manfred , Monsch Andreas U. , Sollberger Marc
Published: August 2015

The importance of including measures of emotion processing, such as tests of facial emotion recognition (FER), as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment is being increasingly recognized. In clinical settings, FER tests need to be sensitive, short, and easy to administer, given the limited time available and patient limitations. Current tests, however, commonly use stimuli that either display prototypical emotions, bearing the risk of ceiling effects and unequal task difficulty, or are cognitively too demanding and time-consuming. To overcome these limitations in FER testing in patient populations, we aimed to define FER threshold levels for the six basic emotions in healthy individuals. Forty-nine healthy individuals between 52 and 79 years of age were asked to identify the six basic emotions at different intensity levels (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of the prototypical emotion). Analyses uncovered differing threshold levels across emotions and sex of facial stimuli, ranging from 50% up to 100% intensities. Using these findings as “healthy population benchmarks”, we propose to apply these threshold levels to clinical populations either as facial emotion recognition or intensity rating tasks. As part of any comprehensive social cognition test battery, this approach should allow for a rapid and sensitive assessment of potential FER deficits. (JINS, 2015, 21, 568–572)
Pollen movement in a Malus sylvestris population and conclusions for conservation measures
Authors: Reim Stefanie , Proft Anke , Heinz Simone , Lochschmidt Frank , Höfer Monika , Tröber Ute , Wolf Heino
Published: August 2015

Knowledge of pollen movement and frequency of interspecific hybridization in fragmented populations of rare species is a prerequisite for the implementation of conservation measures. In a large-scale study area (14,000 hectares) we analysed 297 Malus sylvestris trees with nine nuclear microsatellite markers. After open pollination of 564 offspring from 51 mother trees located in seven harvesting sites were investigated and genetic paternity analysis was performed. The paternal parent was identified for 213 offspring and the pollen dispersal distances between mother and pollen source were calculated. A large proportion of detected pollination events (42.4%) were observed within a radius of 50 m of the mother tree. The comparison of different tree densities indicated that with decreasing density the pollen dispersal distances increase. We observed pollination over long distances with a maximum of 10.7 km which is probably one of the reasons for a low spatial genetic structure within the M. sylvestris population and a stable genetic diversity in the offspring. Incorporating microsatellite data of 21 apple cultivars, a hybridization frequency of nearly 8% was determined. With decreasing tree density the number of hybridization events increased. Based on the results of our study an enhancement of the density of existing M. sylvestris populations is recommend to reduce the likelihood of hybridization. The production of young plants originated from seeds collected after open pollination is not advisable. Instead of that the seedlings for further reintroduction measures should be produced by controlled crossings in seed orchards to ensure ‘true type’ M. sylvestris individuals.
DIVISION IV: COMMISSION 36: THEORY OF STELLAR ATMOSPHERES
Authors: Puls Joachim , Hubeny Ivan , Asplund Martin , Allard France , Prieto Carlos Allende , Ayres Thomas R. , Carlsson Mats , Gustafsson Bengt , Kudritzki Rolf-Peter , Ryabchikova Tatiana A.
Published: August 2015

The business meeting of IAU Commission 36 took place during the GA in Beijing on August 27th, and its major topic was the re-structuring of the IAU Divisions and consequences for our Commission. The meeting was conducted by the new president, Joachim Puls, since the past president (still in charge during the GA), Martin Asplund, could not participate.
DIVISION XII: COMMISSION 6: ASTRONOMICAL TELEGRAMS
Authors: Samus N. N. , Yamaoka H. , Gilmore A. C. , Aksnes K. , Green D. W. E. , Marsden B. G. , Nakano S. , Lara Martin , Pitjeva Elena V. , Sphar T. , Ticha J. , Williams G.
Published: August 2015

IAU Commission 6 “Astronomical Telegrams” had a single business meeting during the Beijing General Assembly of the IAU. It took place on Friday, August 24, 2012. The meeting was attended by five C6 members (N. N. Samus; D. W. E. Green; S. Nakano; J. Ticha; and H. Yamaoka). Also present was Prof. F. Genova as a representative of the IAU Division B. She told the audience about the current restructuring of IAU Commissions and Divisions and consequences for the future of C6.
First record of bearded horse mussel, Modiolus barbatus (Bivalvia: Mytiloida: Mytilidae) from the south-western coast of India
Authors: Shynu S.P. , Shibu S. , Jayaprakas V.
Published: August 2015

The new occurrence of a mytilid,Modiolus barbatusis recorded for the first time in Kerala based on a single specimen associated with the seaweed,Ulva lactucain the intertidal zones of the Vizhinjam coast. The distributional range of this species is extended from the south-eastern coast to the south-western coast of India. Currently, seven species of the genusModiolus, includingModiolus barbatus, are recognized from the Indian coast.
Auxological perspectives on ‘growth’ in DOHaD
Authors: Lampl M. , Mummert A. , Schoen M.
Published: August 2015

David Barker established growth as a seminal link between early development and later health attainment and disease risk. This was nothing less than a paradigm shift in health and medicine, turning the focus of disease causality away from contemporary environmental influences to earliest growth as a time when functional anatomy and physiology sets in place critical structures and function for a lifetime.

Barker’s prodigious work investigated time- and place-specific interactions between maternal condition and exogenous environmental influences, focusing on how growth unfolds across development to function as a mechanistic link to ensuing health. Subsequent applications do not always attend to the specificity and sensitivity issues included in his original work, and commonly overlook the long-standing methods and knowledge base of auxology. Methodological areas in need of refinement include enhanced precision in how growth is represented and assessed. For example, multiple variables have been used as a referent for ‘growth,’ which is problematic because different body dimensions grow by different biological clocks with unique functional physiologies. In addition, categorical clinical variables obscure the spectrum of variability in growth experienced at the individual level. Finally, size alone is a limited measure as it does not capture how individuals change across age, or actually grow.

The ground-breaking notion that prenatal influences are important for future health gave rise to robust interest in studying the fetus. Identifying the many pathways by which size is realized permits targeted interventions addressing meaningful mechanistic links between growth and disease risk to promote health across the lifespan.
Faces in the Clouds
Authors: Peterson Charles A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. White-Space Face responses on (primarily) Rorschach Cards II (WS or DS5) and X (WS or DdS30) have traditionally been scored Form Minus and regarded as pathological indicators of impaired reality testing, poor cognitive focusing, even psychosis/brain damage. These responses may now surpass the frequency cut-off for unusual/minus form level scoring. Puzzlingly, recent research moves these “faces in the clouds” from “abnormal” toward statistical “normality.” Attachment theory/research is combined with an object relations perspective and infant face perception research to suggest that these responses are the face of cradle-to-grave object-seeking needs, something urgent, vital, but not always rational, ultimately contributing to identity formation. It is more important to try and understand these responses, rather than simply rescore them.
Mapping the pulmonary environment of animals protected from virulent H1N1 influenza infection using the TLR‐2 agonist Pam2Cys
Authors: Mifsud Edin J , Tan Amabel C L , Reading Patrick C , Jackson David C
Published: August 2015

We have previously shown that intranasal administration of the Toll‐like receptor‐2 agonist, S‐(2,3‐bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl) cysteine (Pam2Cys), provides immediate and antigen independent protection against challenge with influenza virus. Here we characterize the cellular pulmonary environments of mice which had either been treated with Pam2Cys or placebo and then challenged with influenza virus. We show that Pam2Cys treatment results in the influx of innate immune cells into the lungs and that depletion of phagocytic cells from this influx using clodronate‐loaded liposomes caused a reduction in the number of interstitial macrophages and monocytes. This resulted in abolition of the protective effect indicating the importance of this cellular subset in Pam2Cys‐mediated protection.
Memory programming in CD8+ T-cell differentiation is intrinsic and is not determined by CD4 help
Authors: Kim Juhyun , Jeong Ryu Su , Oh Keunhee , Ju Ji-Min , Yeong Jeon Ji , Nam Giri , Lee Dong-Sup , Kim Hang-Rae , Young Kim Joo , Chang Jun , Sproule Thomas , Choi Kyungho , Roopenian Derry , Young Choi Eun
Published: August 2015

CD8+ T cells activated without CD4+ T-cell help are impaired in memory expansion. To understand the underlying cellular mechanism, here we track the dynamics of helper-deficient CD8+ T-cell response to a minor histocompatibility antigen by phenotypic and in vivo imaging analyses. Helper-deficient CD8+ T cells show reduced burst expansion, rapid peripheral egress, delayed antigen clearance and continuous activation, and are eventually exhausted. Contrary to the general consensus that CD4 help encodes memory programmes in CD8+ T cells and helper-deficient CD8+ T cells are abortive, these cells can differentiate into effectors and memory precursors. Importantly, accelerating antigen clearance or simply increasing the burst effector size enables generation of memory cells by CD8+ T cells, regardless of CD4 help. These results suggest that the memory programme is CD8+ T-cell-intrinsic, and provide insight into the role of CD4 help in CD8+ T-cell responses.
A role for E-cadherin in ensuring cohesive migration of a heterogeneous population of non-epithelial cells
Authors: Campbell Kyra , Casanova Jordi
Published: August 2015

Collective cell migration is a key process underlying the morphogenesis of many organs as well as tumour invasion, which very often involves heterogeneous cell populations. Here we investigated how such populations can migrate cohesively in the Drosophila posterior midgut, comprised of epithelial and mesenchymal cells and show a novel role for the epithelial adhesion molecule E-cadherin (E-Cad) in mesenchymal cells. Despite a lack of junctions at the ultrastructure level, reducing E-Cad levels causes mesenchymal cells to detach from one another and from neighbouring epithelial cells; as a result, coordination between the two populations is lost. Moreover, Bazooka and recycling mechanisms are also required for E-Cad accumulation in mesenchymal cells. These results indicate an active role for E-Cad in mediating cohesive and ordered migration of non-epithelial cells, and discount the notion of E-Cad as just an epithelial feature that has to be switched off to enable migration of mesenchymal cells.
Evidence for pollinator cost and farming benefits of neonicotinoid seed coatings on oilseed rape
Authors: Budge G. E. , Garthwaite D. , Crowe A. , Boatman N. D. , Delaplane K. S. , Brown M. A. , Thygesen H. H. , Pietravalle S.
Published: August 2015

Chronic exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides has been linked to reduced survival of pollinating insects at both the individual and colony level, but so far only experimentally. Analyses of large-scale datasets to investigate the real-world links between the use of neonicotinoids and pollinator mortality are lacking. Moreover, the impacts of neonicotinoid seed coatings in reducing subsequent applications of foliar insecticide sprays and increasing crop yield are not known, despite the supposed benefits of this practice driving widespread use. Here, we combine large-scale pesticide usage and yield observations from oilseed rape with those detailing honey bee colony losses over an 11 year period and reveal a correlation between honey bee colony losses and national-scale imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid) usage patterns across England and Wales. We also provide the first evidence that farmers who use neonicotinoid seed coatings reduce the number of subsequent applications of foliar insecticide sprays and may derive an economic return. Our results inform the societal discussion on the pollinator costs and farming benefits of prophylactic neonicotinoid usage on a mass flowering crop.
Changes to the dynamic nature of hemagglutinin and the emergence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus
Authors: Yoon Sun-Woo , Chen Noam , Ducatez Mariette F. , McBride Ryan , Barman Subrata , Fabrizio Thomas P. , Webster Robert G. , Haliloglu Turkan , Paulson James C. , Russell Charles J. , Hertz Tomer , Ben-Tal Nir , Webby Richard J.
Published: August 2015

The virologic factors that limit the transmission of swine influenza viruses between humans are unresolved. While it has been shown that acquisition of the neuraminidase (NA) and matrix (M) gene segments from a Eurasian-lineage swine virus was required for airborne transmission of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (H1N1pdm09), we show here that an arginine to lysine change in the hemagglutinin (HA) was also necessary. This change at position 149 was distal to the receptor binding site but affected virus-receptor affinity and HA dynamics, allowing the virus to replicate more efficiently in nasal turbinate epithelium and subsequently transmit between ferrets. Receptor affinity should be considered as a factor limiting swine virus spread in humans.
Geochemical influences and mercury methylation of a dental wastewater microbiome
Authors: Rani Asha , Rockne Karl J. , Drummond James , Al-Hinai Muntasar , Ranjan Ravi
Published: August 2015

The microbiome of dental clinic wastewater and its impact on mercury methylation remains largely unknown. Waste generated during dental procedures enters the sewer system and contributes a significant fraction of the total mercury (tHg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) load to wastewater treatment facilities. Investigating the influence of geochemical factors and microbiome structure is a critical step linking the methylating microorganisms in dental wastewater (DWW) ecosystems. DWW samples from a dental clinic were collected over eight weeks and analyzed for geochemical parameters, tHg, MeHg and bacterio-toxic heavy metals. We employed bacterial fingerprinting and pyrosequencing for microbiome analysis. High concentrations of tHg, MeHg and heavy metals were detected in DWW. The microbiome was dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi and many unclassified bacteria. Significant correlations were found between the bacterial community, Hg levels and geochemical factors including pH and the predicted total amount (not fraction) of neutral Hg-sulfide species. The most prevalent known methylators included Desulfobulbus propionicus, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Desulfovibrio magneticus and Geobacter sulfurreducens. This study is the first to investigate the impact of high loads of Hg, MeHg and other heavy metals on the dental clinic wastewater microbiome and illuminates the role of many known and unknown sulfate-reducing bacteria in Hg methylation.
Duration of an intense laser pulse can determine the breakage of multiple chemical bonds
Authors: Xie Xinhua , Lötstedt Erik , Roither Stefan , Schöffler Markus , Kartashov Daniil , Midorikawa Katsumi , Baltuška Andrius , Yamanouchi Kaoru , Kitzler Markus
Published: August 2015

Control over the breakage of a certain chemical bond in a molecule by an ultrashort laser pulse has been considered for decades. With the availability of intense non-resonant laser fields it became possible to pre-determine femtosecond to picosecond molecular bond breakage dynamics by controlled distortions of the electronic molecular system on sub-femtosecond time scales using field-sensitive processes such as strong-field ionization or excitation. So far, all successful demonstrations in this area considered only fragmentation reactions, where only one bond is broken and the molecule is split into merely two moieties. Here, using ethylene (C2H4) as an example, we experimentally investigate whether complex fragmentation reactions that involve the breakage of more than one chemical bond can be influenced by parameters of an ultrashort intense laser pulse. We show that the dynamics of removing three electrons by strong-field ionization determines the ratio of fragmentation of the molecular trication into two respectively three moieties. We observe a relative increase of two-body fragmentations with the laser pulse duration by almost an order of magnitude. Supported by quantum chemical simulations we explain our experimental results by the interplay between the dynamics of electron removal and nuclear motion.
Large single crystal growth, transport property and spectroscopic characterizations of three-dimensional Dirac semimetal Cd3As2
Authors: Sankar R. , Neupane M. , Xu S.-Y. , Butler C. J. , Zeljkovic I. , Panneer Muthuselvam I. , Huang F.-T. , Guo S.-T. , Karna Sunil K. , Chu M.-W. , Lee W. L. , Lin M.-T. , Jayavel R. , Madhavan V. , Hasan M. Z. , Chou F. C.
Published: August 2015

The three dimensional (3D) Dirac semimetal is a new quantum state of matter that has attracted much attention recently in physics and material science. Here, we report on the growth of large plate-like single crystals of Cd3As2 in two major orientations by a self-selecting vapor growth (SSVG) method and the optimum growth conditions have been experimentally determined. The crystalline imperfections and electrical properties of the crystals were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and transport property measurements. This SSVG method makes it possible to control the as-grown crystal compositions with excess Cd or As leading to mobilities near 5–105 cm2V−1s−1. Zn-doping can effectively reduce the carrier density to reach the maximum residual resistivity ratio (RRR"Equation missing"ρ300K/ρ5K) of 7.6. A vacuum-cleaved single crystal has been investigated using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) to reveal a single Dirac cone near the center of the surface Brillouin zone with a binding energy of approximately 200 meV.