bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gene-Controlled Resistance to Acriflavine and Other Basic Dyes inEscherichia coli
Authors: Nakamura Hakobu
Published: January 2020

Nakamura, Hakobu(Konan University, Kobe, Japan). Gene-controlled resistance to acriflavine and other basic dyes inEscherichia coli. J. Bacteriol.90:8–14. 1965.—The genetic determinant controlling the sensitivity ofEscherichia coliK-12 W1895 to the basic dyes acriflavine, methylene blue, toluidine blue, crystal violet, methyl green, and pyronine B appears, from results of mating experiments, to be located between the marker governing the utilization of lactose and the origin of genetic transfer. The determinant controlling this resistance to basic dyes does not control resistance to acid dyes. After the introduction of the resistance gene into merozygotes, acriflavine resistance is not established immediately but develops slowly.
Influence of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Degradation Products and Orthophosphate on Uptake of Deoxynucleosides in Pneumococcus Type III
Authors: Firshein William , Gargan Bernadette A.
Published: January 2020

Firshein, William
(Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.),
and Bernadette A. Gargan
. Influence of deoxyribonucleic acid degradation products and orthophosphate on uptake of deoxynucleosides in pneumococcus type III. J. Bacteriol.
90:
337–342. 1965.—The uptake of specific C
14
-deoxynucleosides by a type III encapsulated (virulent) strain of pneumococcus in resting-cell suspensions is enhanced when such deoxynucleosides are added as part of a supplement consisting of other deoxynucleosides, deoxynucleotides, an oligo(deoxy)nucleotide fraction derived from a deoxyribonuclease-treated calf-thymus deoxyribonucleic acid, and orthophosphate. Ribonucleic acid degradation products or yeast extract are ineffective in this respect. Mixtures of deoxynucleosides and deoxynucleotides stimulate uptake of a specific deoxynucleoside during early stages of incubation, whereas orthophosphate and, to a limited extent, the oligonucleotides stimulate uptake during later stages of incubation. The stimulated uptake of specific deoxynucleosides can be abolished by adding chloramphenicol.
Inhibition by Exogenous Interferon of Replication of Poliovirus Ribonucleic Acid in Chick Brain
Authors: Youngner Julius S. , Kelly Marion E.
Published: January 2020

Youngner, Julius
S. (University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.),
and Marion E. Kelly
. Inhibition by exogenous interferon of replication of poliovirus ribonucleic acid in chick brain. J. Bacteriol.
90:
443–445. 1965.—The replication of poliovirus was studied after the intracerebral inoculation of infectious ribonucleic acid (RNA) into the brains of 2-day-old chicks; these animals are not susceptible to intact virus. Single-cycle replication of virus, which reached a peak in about 12 hr, was completely inhibited by prior intraperitoneal injection of interferon prepared from the allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with influenza virus. A single dose of as little as 500 units of interferon, measured by a plaque-reduction method, completely suppressed viral replication when injected 24 hr prior to infectious RNA. This system provides a model for the study of the protection of target organs by passively transferred interferon injected at a distance.
Cytopathogenic Mycoplasmas Associated with Two Human Tumors II. Morphological Aspects
Authors: Hummeler K. , Armstrong D. , Tomassini N.
Published: January 2020

Hummeler
, K. (The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.), D.
Armstrong, and N. Tomassini
. Cytopathogenic mycoplasmas associated with two human tumors. II. Morphological aspects. J. Bacteriol.
90:
511–516. 1965.—Cytopathic effects (CPE) produced in HeLa cell cultures by two strains of mycoplasmas (F-11 and F-12) were studied by light and electron microscopy. CPE, which was marked by cytoplasmic vacuolization, did not appear to depend on intracellular mycoplasma infection. The cytopathogenic mycoplasmas appeared to be similar, both morphologically and in their intra- and extracellular distribution, to noncytopathogenic mycoplasmas previously studied by others. The probability that the CPE is related to depletion of essential nutrients is discussed, and the fine structure of the mycoplasmas is described.
Immunological Paralysis Against Type VIII and Immunity Against Type III
Diplococcus pneumoniae
Induced by the Soluble Specific Substance of Type VIII
Authors: Brooke Marcus S.
Published: January 2020

Brooke, Marcus
S. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge). Immunological paralysis against type VIII and immunity against type III
Diplococcus pneumoniae
induced by the soluble specific substance of type VIII. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1296–1303. 1965.—Mice injected with relatively large quantities of the soluble specific substance of type VIII
Diplococcus pneumoniae
(SVIII) are, on the basis of challenge experiments, paralyzed against type VIII but immune against type III
D. pneumoniae
. Their sera contain antibodies which react with sheep cells coated with SIII. Unfortunately, it was not possible to develop an in vitro test with SVIII. When the SVIII was treated with a specific SVIII depolymerase before injection into mice, the sera still contained antibodies against SIII and some protection was afforded these mice against type III but not against type VIII challenge. When the SVIII was treated with a specific SIII depolymerase, antibodies were not detectable and the mice were not protected against type III or type VIII challenge. On the basis of these results it is suggested that either the SVIII strain is a hybrid forming both SVIII and SIII molecules or that part of the SVIII chain is altered to consist of repeating units of cellobiuronic acid rather than alternating units of cellobiuronic acid and the disaccharide galactose-glucose. The quantity of SIII in some preparations of SVIII is calculated to be of the order of 0.01%. It is not clear whether all type VIII strains at all times possess the capacity to elicit antibodies which react specifically against SIII, or if this is the property of only some strains and some preparations of these strains.
Effect of Oleic Acid on Growth and Cell Structure of Mycobacteria
Authors: Schaefer Werner B. , Lewis C. Willard
Published: January 2020

Schaefer, Werner
B. (National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colo.),
and C. Willard Lewis, Jr
. Effect of oleic acid on growth and cell structure of mycobacteria. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1438–1447. 1965.—The growth-stimulatory effect of fatty acids on
Mycobacterium kansasii
and other mycobacterial species is associated with transient changes in the morphology of the bacteria. One change observed is the appearance of intracellular vacuoles separated by chromatinic crossbars. Evidence is presented that these changes are due to the rapid metabolic uptake and the accumulation of lipid in the form of globules. This process provides the cells with an internal reservoir of a preferred carbon and energy source. In certain mycobacterial species, including
M. kansasii
, the morphological changes are elicited by free and by esterified fatty acid; in others, only by free fatty acid. The latter strains apparently lack the enzyme to split the fatty acid ester.
Incorporation of C14from Amino Acids and Peptides into Protein byClostridium perfringensType D
Authors: Hauschild Andreas H. W.
Published: January 2020

Hauschild, AndreasH. W. (University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Incorporation of C14from amino acids and peptides into protein byClostridium perfringenstype D. J. Bacteriol.90:1569–1574. 1965.—Uptake of C14from C14-labeled amino acids and peptides byClostridium perfringenswas measured in culture media containing acid or papain hydrolysates of C14-labeledChlorellaprotein. Between 2 and 4 hr of growth, the rate of C14uptake from peptides was higher than from free amino acids. Peptides extracted from cells with hot ethyl alcohol contained six to nine times more C14after 4 hr of growth with C14-labeled peptides than with C14-labeled amino acids. Incorporation of C14-labeled glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, and proline into both cellular and exocellular protein was two to five times higher when these were supplied as components of dialyzable peptides rather than as free amino acids.
Thermostabilization and Thermosensitization of Herpesvirus
Authors: Wallis Craig , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2020

Wallis, Craig(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),and Joseph L. Melnick. Thermostabilization and thermosensitization of herpesvirus. J. Bacteriol.90:1632–1637. 1965.—Herpesvirus, long considered as one of the most thermolabile of viruses, was stabilized by 1mNa2SO4or Na2HPO4so that it withstood heating at 50 C, but the virus was not protected by 1mMgCl2, MgSO4, or KH2PO4, or 2mKCl or NaCl; 1mNa2SO4also stabilized herpesvirus at 25 and 37 C. In contrast, herpesvirus was made extremely thermosensitive in the presence of isotonic salt concentrations or of isotonic tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer, especially atpH 7.2 or above. Partially purified virus was relatively thermostable when suspended in distilled water atpH 7.2, but in Earle's salt solution the virus immediately became thermosensitive. As found in tissue culture harvests, herpesvirus was thermolabile, but the virus was rendered stable at 50 C by simple dilution in distilled water. Protection by proteins or amino acids, generally accepted as virus-stabilizing agents, did not seem to be the result of a direct effect upon herpesvirus. The present data suggest that the added proteins counteract in part thermosensitizing effects of the salts contained in the virus harvest.
Specificity of the Heme Requirement for Growth of
Bacteroides ruminicola
Authors: Caldwell D. R. , White D. C. , Bryant M. P. , Doetsch R. N.
Published: January 2020

Caldwell
, D. R. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.),
D. C. White, M. P. Bryant, and R. N. Doetsch
. Specificity of the heme requirement for growth of
Bacteroides ruminicola
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1645–1654. 1965.—Previous studies suggested that most strains of
Bacteroides ruminicola
subsp.
ruminicola
require heme for growth. Present studies with heme-requiring strain 23 showed that protoheme was replaced by various porphyrins, uroporphyrinogen, coproporphyrinogen, certain iron-free metalloporphyrins, hemes, and certain heme-proteins containing readily removable hemes. Strain 23 utilized a wider range of tetrapyrroles than hemin-requiring bacteria previously studied. Inactive compounds included porphyrin biosynthesis intermediates preceding the tetrapyrrole stage and related compounds; uroporphyrin, chlorophyll, pheophytin, phycoerythrin, bilirubin, pyrrole, FeSO
4
with or without chelating agents; and representative ferrichrome compounds. Strain 23, two other strains representing predominant biotypes of
B. ruminicola
subsp.
ruminicola
, and one closely related strain grew in media containing heme-free protoporphyrin, mesoporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, or deuteroporphyrin, apparently inserting iron into several nonvinyl porphyrins. Porphobilinogen and porphyrin synthesis, apparently via the commonly known heme synthesis pathway, occurred during growth of heme-independent
B. ruminicola
subsp.
brevis
strain GA33 in a tetrapyrrole-free medium containing δ-aminolevulinic acid, but δ-aminolevulinic acid metabolism to porphobilinogen or porphyrins could not be detected in cells of heme-requiring strain 23 grown in the same medium with hemin added. Growth of strain 23 with uroporphyrinogen, coproporphyrinogen, or protoporphyrin IX replacing hemin suggests that part of the commonly known heme-biosynthesis pathway is present in this strain, but nutritional and metabolic evidence indicates that some or all of the enzymes synthesizing the tetrapyrrole nucleus from linear molecules are lacking or inactive.
Previously Unrecognized Virus from Submaxillary Glands of Gnotobiotic and Conventional Rats
Authors: Ashe Warren K. , Scherp Henry W. , Fitzgerald Robert J.
Published: January 2020

Ashe, Warren
K. (National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Md.),
Henry W. Scherp, and Robert J. Fitzgerald
. Previously unrecognized virus from submaxillary glands of gnotobiotic and conventional rats. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1719–1729. 1965.—A serially transmissible cytopathic agent was isolated from histologically normal submaxillary glands, but not from various other tissues or specimens, from 74 of 97 gnotobiotic and conventional rats. Triturates of the glands or subsequent culture supernatant fluids induced specific cytopathic effects (CPE) in monolayer cultures of primary rabbit kidney cells (14 passages), a line of human skin cells (8 passages), and HeLa cells (17 passages). Transfer of supernatant fluids containing infected cells enhanced transmissibility. Neutralization of the CPE was demonstrated with sera of gnotobiotic and conventional rats and with homologous rabbit antiserum. A cold hemagglutinin specific for rabbit erythrocytes is associated with, but separable from, the infectious particle. Cultures of the agent induced no discernible effect on inoculation by various routes into suckling, weanling, or adult conventional mice, rats, and hamsters. Weanling and adult rabbits were also unaffected. Cultures for bacteria in gland extracts and infected cell supernatant fluids were uniformly negative. Negative cultures on PPLO media and negative arginine deiminase tests indicated that this agent is not a
Mycoplasma
. The data indicate that it is a virus whose biological and physical properties distinguish it from the known cytomegaloviruses. Because it has been found so far only in rat submaxillary glands, this agent is designated provisionally as RSMG virus.
Phase-Contrast and Electron Microscopy of Murine Strains of
Mycoplasma
Authors: Nelson John B. , Lyons Michael J.
Published: January 2020

Nelson, John
B. (The Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y.),
and Michael J. Lyons
. Phase-contrast and electron microscopy of murine strains of
Mycoplasma
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1750–1763. 1965.—Two strains of
Mycoplasma pulmonis
(associated with infectious catarrh) on examination in fluid culture (20% horse serum-bouillon) by phase microscopy were highly pleomorphic, with many bacilliform elements and fewer coccoid ones. Motility, characterized by gliding of rods and spinning of spherical forms, was observed through the 9th subculture of one strain and the 15th of the second. Motile elements were not seen in later transfers and pleomorphism was reduced. One strain of
M. neurolyticum
(associated with conjunctivitis and encephalitis) was much less pleomorphic and showed neither bacilliform elements nor motility at any time. When examined by negative-contrast electron microscopy, organisms of this strain were found to have an average diameter of 0.7 μ and to possess a concentrated peripheral layer of cytoplasm and a central mass which may represent the cells' nuclear equivalent. The latter feature was not prominent in spherical forms of
M. pulmonis
. These cells, when observed after 48 hr of culture, showed evidence of the generation of new progeny cells in their central area. The filamentous or bacilliform cells of
M. pulmonis
were frequently serpentine in appearance, 2.0 to 3.0 μ in length and 80 to 250 mμ in width. They appeared to generate new cells from terminal buds from which outpouchings initially developed. Older cells, in the stationary phase, showed evidence of undergoing multipolar germination. Microtubules, about 60 mμ wide, were found in association with most filamentous cells from 48-hr cultures; fragments of membrane, studded with closely packed ribosomelike particles, were also found. There was no evidence of flagella or any specialized structure that could account for the observed motility of the organisms.
Repair of Thermal Injury of
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Iandolo John J. , Ordal Z. John
Published: January 2020

Iandolo, John
J. (University of Illinois, Urbana),
and Z. John Ordal
. Repair of thermal injury of
Staphylococcus aureus
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
134–142. 1966.—Exposure of
Staphylococcus aureus
MF 31 to sublethal temperatures produced a temporary change in the salt tolerance and growth of the organism. After sublethal heat treatment at 55 C for 15 min, more than 99% of the viable population was unable to reproduce on media containing 7.5% NaCl. The data presented demonstrate that thermal injury, in part, occurred owing to changes in the cell membrane, which allowed soluble cellular components to leak into the heating menstruum. When the cells were placed in a limiting medium, complete recovery did not occur, regardless of the incubation time. The temperature and the
p
H which produced the optimal rate of recovery were similar to those described previously for the multiplication of uninjured cells. However, the rate of recovery as well as the unchanging total count during recovery indicated that cell multiplication was not a factor during the recovery process. The nutrient requirements for the complete recovery of injured cells consisted of a solution containing an energy source, such as glucose, a mixture of amino acids, and phosphate. The use of the metabolic inhibitors, penicillin, cycloserine, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and chloramphenicol, did not inhibit recovery. Actinomycin D, however, completely suppressed recovery. This result implied that ribonucleic acid synthesis was particularly involved; this inference was substantiated by radio tracer experiments. The rate at which label was incorporated in the nucleic acid fraction paralleled that of recovery and the return of salt tolerance.
Genetic Recombination in Crosses Between
Streptomyces aureofaciens
and
Streptomyces rimosus
Authors: Polsinelli M. , Beretta Maria
Published: January 2020

Polsinelli
, M. (University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy),
and Maria Beretta
. Genetic recombination in crosses between
Streptomyces aureofaciens
and
Streptomyces rimosus
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
63–68. 1966.—Biochemical mutants were obtained from
Streptomyces rimosus
and
S. aureofaciens
by ultraviolet irradiation. Crosses were performed between auxotrophic strains of
S. rimosus
and
S. aureofaciens
with positive results. Data are reported which indicate that the interaction observed in some crosses is due to gene recombination.
Mechanism of Dissolution of Envelopes of the Extreme Halophile
Halobacterium cutirubrum
Authors: Onishi H. , Kushner D. J.
Published: January 2020

Onishi, H.
(National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada),
and D. J. Kushner
. Mechanism of dissolution of envelopes of the extreme halophile
Halobacterium cutirubrum
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
646–652. 1966.—Envelopes of
Halobacterium cutirubrum
dissolved rapidly in media of low ionic strength. Heating partially inhibited breakdown, probably because of nonspecific protein coagulation rather than inactivation of a lytic enzyme(s). Dissolution of envelopes in water did not involve splitting of peptide bonds or protein-lipid bonds, or any extensive breakdown of carbohydrate polymers. Dissolution was increased by alcohols and urea, even at high salt concentrations, but was not affected by metabolic inhibitors. Thus, no evidence was found for a dilution-activated lytic enzyme that contributes to envelope breakdown. Cells of
H. cutirubrum
were stable in 2
m
NaCl, but lysis occurred in 2
m
KCl or NH
4
Cl. This lysis did not involve an extensive breakdown of the envelope. No evidence for different sites of Na
+
, K
+
, and NH
4
+
action was obtained from the pattern of release of envelope constituents in different concentrations of these salts. Ultracentrifugation studies showed that adding salts to envelopes that had been dissolved in water led to a nonspecific reaggregation of envelope material. No difference was seen between the effects of KCl and NaCl, except at 3 to 4
m
concentrations where KCl caused more aggregation. The preferential effect of Na
+
on intact cells is probably due to its ability specifically to prevent leakage rather than to an overall effect on envelope integrity.
Development of Antigens in Human Cells Infected with Simian Virus 40
Authors: Bissett Marjorie L. , Payne Francis E.
Published: January 2020

Bissett, Marjorie L.
(University of Michigan, Ann Arbor),
and Francis E. Payne
. Development of antigens in human cells infected with simian virus 40. J. Bacteriol.
91:
743–749. 1966.—An explanation for the apparent infrequency with which human cells transform in response to exposure to simian virus 40 (SV40) was sought by following the development of virus-induced antigens in human euploid cells, strain CR. For about 8 weeks after exposure to a high multiplicity of SV40, only a small proportion of the cells produced tumor (T) or viral (V) antigen detected by immunofluorescence. Double-tracer staining techniques revealed that the development of T and V antigen in about 1% of the CR cells resembled that in green monkey kidney cells, strain BS-C-1, in which SV40 replicates and destroys all the cells. T antigen was detected before V antigen; both antigens were detected in the nucleus, but only V antigen appeared later in the cytoplasm. All intact cells that contained V antigen also contained T antigen. Infected CR cell cultures, before and after transformation or when in “crisis,” contained only 0.1 to 1.0% of cells with both V and T antigen. Some CR cells contained only T antigen, and by 8 days after exposure to virus these cells were present as loose foci associated with an occasional cell containing V antigen. The proportion of CR cells with only T antigen increased from about 1% during the first 4 weeks to 8% at 7 weeks, and to nearly 100% at 11 weeks, when essentially all of the cells were epithelioid. Foci of epithelioid cells were first recognized in the 9th week. It was concluded that those CR cells that contained T antigen at any given time represented (i) a few cells that subsequently produced V antigen and lysed, and (ii) a progressively increasing population that produced only T antigen. If the latter population, in whole or in part, gave rise to the epithelioid transformed cells, then its initial size could account, at least in part, for the apparent infrequency with which human cells transform in response to SV40.
Test Accuracy of Human Papillomavirus in Urine for Detection of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Authors: Rohner Eliane , Rahangdale Lisa , Sanusi Busola , Knittel Andrea K. , Vaughan Laurence , Chesko Kirsty , Faherty Brian , Tulenko Samantha E. , Schmitt John W. , Romocki LaHoma S. , Sivaraman Vijay , Nelson Julie A. E. , Smith Jennifer S.
Published: January 2020

The objective was to assess the diagnostic test accuracy of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing of self-collected urine and cervicovaginal samples for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher (CIN2+). We recruited a convenience sample of women 25 to 65 years of age who were undergoing clinically indicated colposcopy at two medical centers in North Carolina between November 2016 and January 2019.
Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveal a Correlation between Genome Architecture and Gene Family Evolution in Ciliates
Authors: Yan Ying , Maurer-Alcalá Xyrus X. , Knight Rob , Kosakovsky Pond Sergei L. , Katz Laura A.
Published: January 2020

Ciliates, a eukaryotic clade that is over 1 billion years old, are defined by division of genome function between transcriptionally inactive germline micronuclei and functional somatic macronuclei. To date, most analyses of gene family evolution have been limited to cultivable model lineages (e.g.,Tetrahymena,Paramecium,Oxytricha, andStylonychia). Here, we focus on the uncultivable Karyorelictea and its understudied sister class Heterotrichea, which represent two extremes in genome architecture.
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and active tuberculosis
Authors: Grieve James Kerr , Day Scott , Connell David , O'Riordan Jonathan
Published: January 2020

Tuberculosis is on the rise again. It brings with it potential for neurological involvement both as a direct infection and as a parainfectious process. Accordingly we report the development of neurological problems affecting a 48-year-old patient’s vision and sensation while being treated for active tuberculosis. At its nadir her vision deteriorated to nil perception of light and she had a sensory level to T10. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder was diagnosed. We discuss our management strategy with neuromodulation in the context of active tuberculosis infection.
When multimodality cardiac imaging saves the day: rare cause of embolic strokes
Authors: Demetriades Polyvios , Speke Laura , Wilson Lowella , Khan Jamal Nasir
Published: January 2020

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a rare disorder characterised by eosinophilic infiltration of tissues. Myocardial infiltration occurs in 50%–60% of HES and leads to a condition called Loeffler’s endocarditis. This can lead to endomyocardial injury with resultant superimposed thrombus formation and embolic stroke. We describe the case of a 57-year-old female patient presenting with neurological symptoms who was found to have multiple embolic strokes on a background of long-standing eosinophilia. Following a series of investigations, including transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiographies and cardiovascular MRI, she was confirmed to have Loeffler’s endocarditis with left ventricular thrombus. She was treated successfully with steroids and anticoagulation. We describe the pathophysiology of HES and Loeffler’s endocarditis and stress the crucial role of multimodality cardiac imaging in establishing its diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Keyhole hysterectomy is effective for women with heavy menstrual bleeding
Authors: Cook Rob , Lyon-Maris Johnny , Davidson Peter
Published: January 2020

The study

Cooper K, Breeman S, Scott NW, et al. Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy versus endometrial ablation for women with heavy menstrual bleeding (HEALTH): a parallel-group, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2019;394:1425-36.

The study was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme (project number 12/35/23).

To read the full NIHR Signal, go to: https://discover.dc.nihr.ac.uk/content/signal-000837/keyhole-hysterectomy-is-effective-for-women-with-heavy-menstrual-bleeding
Comparing positive pressure ventilation efficacy of a novel foot operated resuscitator with self-inflating bag and mask in a manikin model
Authors: Nimbalkar Somashekhar Marutirao , Shah Binoy Viresh , Amin Amee Atulkumar , Patel Vishwa Tushar , Phatak Ajay Gajanan
Published: January 2020

Aim

To compare positive pressure ventilation efficacy of a novel foot operated resuscitator (FOR) during positive pressure ventilation with that of self-inflating bag and mask (SIBM) using a manikin model.

Method

A comparative trial was conducted with 117 participants at a level III neonatal intensive care unit using Baby Anne (Laerdal Medical, Norway). Flow and pressure sensors were used to measure tidal volume propelled (Vp) and delivered (Vt). Each participant delivered 60 breaths, using each device targeting adequate chest-rise defined as that corresponding to a Vt of 15–21 mL. Vt, Peak Inspiratory Pressure (PIP), Leak Percentage (%), Inspiratory Time (Ti, millisecond) and other parameters were recorded using a PC (Dell, Windows V.10) on a custom application (LabView 2014 platform NI, USA). The proportion of breaths achieving target range Vt, other key ventilation parameters and their variability were compared between a generic CE approved bag and mask and a novel FOR (NeoBreathe, Phoenix Medical Systems, India).

Result

Using an SIBM, participants delivered a mean (SD) Vt of 17.52 (5.22) mL, achieving target range Vt in 46.99% of all breaths, with a mean (SD) face-mask leak per cent of 32.51% (22.25). Using the FOR, participants delivered a mean (SD) Vt of 18.31 (3.90), achieving target range Vt in 54.37% of all breaths and a mean (SD) face-mask leak per cent of 18.89% (14.45). Variability of Vt, PIP and leak per cent was significantly reduced with FOR.

Conclusion

FOR significantly reduced face-mask leak, significantly increased the proportion of breaths achieving Vt within optimal range and could offer a novel alternative to a SIBM.
Existence and finite-time stability of a unique almost periodic positive solution for fractional-order Lasota–Wazewska red blood cell models
Authors: Li Yongkun , Wang Yaolu , Li Bing
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we are concerned with a class of fractional-order Lasota–Wazewska red blood cell models. By applying a fixed point theorem on a normal cone, we first obtain the sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique almost periodic positive solution of the considered models. Then, considering that all of the red blood cells in animals survive in a finite-time interval, we study the finite-time stability of the almost periodic positive solution by using some inequality techniques. Our results and methods of this paper are new. Finally, we give numerical examples to show the feasibility of the obtained results.
The Biological Pump During the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Galbraith Eric D. , Skinner Luke C.
Published: January 2020

Much of the global cooling during ice ages arose from changes in ocean carbon storage that lowered atmospheric CO2. A slew of mechanisms, both physical and biological, have been proposed as key drivers of these changes. Here we discuss the current understanding of these mechanisms with a focus on how they altered the theoretically defined soft-tissue and biological disequilibrium carbon storage at the peak of the last ice age. Observations and models indicate a role for Antarctic sea ice through its influence on ocean circulation patterns, but other mechanisms, including changes in biological processes, must have been important as well, and may have been coordinated through links with global air temperature. Further research is required to better quantify the contributions of the various mechanisms, and there remains great potential to use the Last Glacial Maximum and the ensuing global warming as natural experiments from which to learn about climate-driven changes in the marine ecosystem.
Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Crosslinked with Complementary DNAs
Authors: Fujita Satoshi , Hara Saeri , Hosono Akari , Sugihara Shinji , Uematsu Hideyuki , Suye Shin-ichiro
Published: January 2020

Hyaluronic acid (HA), a polysaccharide presents widely in the extracellular matrix of various animals, is used as an injectable gel material for regenerative medicine due to its biocompatibility. HA hydrogel can be produced from HA molecules via crosslinking. Physical crosslinking by noncovalent bonds is preferable rather than chemical crosslinking using a crosslinking agent to prevent unintended interactions in a biological environment and reduce inflammation caused by reaction by-products. In this study, HA was modified with two types of complementary single-stranded DNA obtained by digestion of pUC118 vector with the restriction enzyme Bsp1286I. When both of HA-DNAs were mixed, hybridized complementary strands acted as crosslinking points to form hydrogels. Shearing stress was applied to mix these DNA-conjugated HA solutions. As a result, a stiff hydrogel with an elastic modulus of about 100 Pa was obtained. The gel thus obtained would be facile to handle as an injectable gel that gains its structural properties from the shear stress applied through injection with a needle. In addition, DNA crosslinking points can be used for hybridization of the hydrogels with other biopolymers, cleavage with restriction enzymes and dissociation by thermal denaturation.
Forced Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composite Shells Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Tran Trung Thanh , Tran Van Ke , Le Pham Binh , Phung Van Minh , Do Van Thom , Nguyen Hoang Nam
Published: January 2020

This paper carries out forced vibration analysis of graphene nanoplatelet‐reinforced composite laminated shells in thermal environments by employing the finite element method (FEM). Material properties including elastic modulus, specific gravity, and Poisson’s ratio are determined according to the Halpin–Tsai model. The first‐order shear deformation theory (FSDT), which is based on the 8‐node isoparametric element to establish the oscillation equation of shell structure, is employed in this work. We then code the computing program in the MATLAB application and examine the verification of convergence rate and reliability of the program by comparing the data of present work with those of other exact solutions. The effects of both geometric parameters and mechanical properties of materials on the forced vibration of the structure are investigated.
Simulation of the Vibratory Behavior of Slender Shafts Subject to Transverse Loads Moving in the Axial Direction
Authors: Bucchi F. , Forte P.
Published: January 2020

In various machines of the manufacturing industry, and in particular in paper converting machinery, there are shafts operating under conditions similar to that of a slender beam subjected to a transverse load moving in the axial direction. This condition can lead to vibrations and consequent deterioration of the machine performance and of the product quality. The problem has been theoretically studied in the literature since the 1990s. While shaft mass and stiffness are universally considered among the most influential parameters on its vibratory behavior, less obvious and not investigated in the literature is the influence of the spatial interval between two successive loads, an aspect that should be considered in the shaft design phase. In fact, if that is less than the length of the shaft, i.e., if there is more than one transverse load on the shaft at a given time, the vibration level may decrease with respect to the single-load configuration. This work describes the development of a mathematical model of a slender shaft hinged at its ends, representing the rotor of a paper roll perforating unit, with the SW Mathematica. The effect of a load moving axially at a given speed followed by similar loads after given spatial intervals was simulated investigating the influence of speed and load interval on shaft vibrations and resonance. The results showed how reducing the load interval can lead to a reduction of the shaft vibration which is a useful indication on possible design corrective actions.
Experimental Study on Hysteretic Behavior of Double‐Plate Reinforced Overlapped K‐Joints
Authors: Yang Wenwei , Li Shuntao , Yan Ruhao , Suo Yaqi
Published: January 2020

The lifetime of hollow section tubular joints frequently can be shortened owing to the occurrence of the welded cracks and the plastic deformation of chords under the cyclic loading, because of the deficient radial bearing capacity of the steel tube. To avoid such failures, this paper proposes a novel method to strengthen the chord with double plates at the intersection of the chord and braces. To further investigate the efficiency of this strengthening method on hysteretic performance and energy depletion ability of the overlapped K‐joints with hollow sections, two unreinforced K‐joints and two reinforced K‐joints were fabricated. By loading on the braces with collaborative cyclic loading, the joints failure modes, hysteresis curve, and skeleton curve were obtained. The bearing capacity, ductility, and energy depletion of the joints were assessed and the restoring force model of joints was proposed. The results show that the failure mode of the unreinforced joint is the plastic failure of the surface of the chord. For the K‐RC1 (double‐plate reinforced square hollow section tubular K‐joints), cracks appeared at the junction weld between the through brace and the overlapped brace. However, cracks extended along the weld at the intersection of the chord and the through brace for K‐CC1 (double‐plate reinforced circular hollow section tubular K‐joints). There is no obvious deformation on the chord surface of reinforced joints. Experimental results reveal that the mechanical properties of the joints can be improved effectively by such reinforcement measures and that the plastic deformation of the chord can also be restrained. Meanwhile, the reinforcement measures demonstrate the ability to avoid the risk of large stress concentration of the chord in the area where the braces and chords are intersected. The bearing capacity of the joint was increased; however, the ductility of the joint was weakened.
Overexpression of miR-375 Protects Cardiomyocyte Injury following Hypoxic-Reoxygenation Injury
Authors: Ali Sheikh Md Sayed
Published: January 2020

The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical significance of microRNA-375 in acute myocardial infarction patients and its mimic action in hypoxia/reoxygenation- (H/R-) induced ventricular cardiomyocyte H9c2 injury. In the current study, 90 ST-elevated acute MI patients (STEMI), 75 non-ST-elevated acute MI patients (NSTEMI), 90 healthy subjects, 14 weeks old mice, and ventricular cardiomyocyte H9c2 were included. The expressions of plasma microRNA-375 in patients with STEMI and NSTEMI and AMI mouse models were remarkably decreased than in controls (P<0.001). The areas under the curve (AUC) of plasma microRNA-375 were revealed 0.939 in STEMI and 0.935 in NSTEMI subjects. Moreover, microRNA-375 levels in H/R-exposed cardiac H9c2 cells were evidently downregulated and significantly increased apoptosis rate and caspase-3 activity levels, while overexpression of miR-375 remarkably reduced apoptosis percentage and caspase-3 levels as compared with normal cells. Furthermore, this study also demonstrated that Nemo-like kinase (NLK), NLK mRNA, and protein expression levels were significantly downregulated in H/R-injured H9c2 cells, on the contrary, H9c2 cells transfected with mimic-miR-375 greatly upregulated NLK mRNA and protein expression. Plasma microRNA-375 may serve as an essential clinical biomarker for diagnosis of early-stage AMI. Mimic expression of miR-375 significantly prevented H/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury by decreasing caspase-3 activity through upregulation of the NLK gene, recommended as a new therapeutic option for AMI patient.
Bearing Health Monitoring Based on the Orthogonal Empirical Mode Decomposition
Authors: Delprete C. , Brusa E. , Rosso C. , Bruzzone F.
Published: January 2020

Bearing is a crucial component of industrial equipment, since any fault occurring in this system usually affects the functionality of the whole machine. To manage this problem, some currently available technologies enable the remote prognosis and diagnosis of bearings, before that faults compromise the system function and safety, respectively. A system for the in-service monitoring of bearing, to detect any inner fault or damage of components and material, allows preventing undesired machine stops. Moreover, it even helps in performing an out-monitoring action, aimed at revealing any anomalous behaviour of the system hosting bearings, through their dynamic response. The in-monitoring can be based on the vibration signal measurement and exploited to detect the presence of defects in material. In this paper, the orthogonal empirical mode decomposition is analysed and tested to investigate how it could be effectively exploited in a lean in-service monitoring operation and remote diagnosis. The proposed approach is validated on a test rig, where an elementary power transmission line was set up. The activity highlights some main properties and practical issues of the technological implementation, as well as the precision of the Orthogonal Empirical Mode Decomposition, as a compact approach for an effective detection of bearing faults in operation.
Smoothened Promotes Glioblastoma Radiation Resistance Via Activating USP3-Mediated Claspin Deubiquitination
Authors: Tu Yiming , Chen Zhenyao , Zhao Pengzhan , Sun Guangchi , Bao Zhongyuan , Chao Honglu , Fan Liang , Li Chong , You Yongping , Qu Yan , Chen Yun , Ji Jing
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and lethal cancer types in humans. The standard treatment approach is surgery followed by chemoradiation. However, the molecular mechanisms of innate tumor radioresistance remain poorly understood.

Experimental Design:

We tested the expression of Smoothened (Smo) in primary and recurrent GBM tissues and cells. Then, we determined radiation effectiveness against primary and recurrent GBM cells. Lastly, the functional role of Smo in GBM radioresistance was further confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Results:

We reported that Smo was significantly upregulated in recurrent GBM cell lines and tumor tissues following radiation treatment. Higher Smo expression indicated poor prognosis of GBM patients after radiation treatment. Smo had radioresistance effects in both GBM cells and human tumor xenografts. The mechanisms underlying these effects involved the attenuation of DNA damage repair caused by IR. Importantly, we found that the effect of Smo on radioresistance was mediated by Claspin polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, leading to the regulation of ATR–Chk1 signaling. Moreover, we found that Smo reduced Claspin polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by promoting USP3 transcription. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the Smo inhibitor GDC-0449 induced radiosensitivity to GBM.

Conclusions:

These data suggest that Smo confers radiation resistance in GBM by promoting USP3 transcription, leading to the activation of Claspin-dependent ATR–Chk1 signaling. These findings identify a potential mechanism of GBM resistance to radiation and suggest a potential therapeutic target for radiation resistance in GBM.
Verticillin A Causes Apoptosis and Reduces Tumor Burden in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer by Inducing DNA Damage
Authors: Salvi Amrita , Amrine Chiraz Soumia M. , Austin Julia R. , Kilpatrick KiAundra , Russo Angela , Lantvit Daniel , Calderon-Gierszal Esther , Mattes Zachary , Pearce Cedric J. , Grinstaff Mark W. , Colby Aaron H. , Oberlies Nicholas H. , Burdette Joanna E.
Published: January 2020

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy in women worldwide and the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths among U.S. women. New therapies are needed to treat HGSOC, particularly because most patients develop resistance to current first-line therapies. Many natural product and fungal metabolites exhibit anticancer activity and represent an untapped reservoir of potential new agents with unique mechanism(s) of action. Verticillin A, an epipolythiodioxopiperazine alkaloid, is one such compound, and our recent advances in fermentation and isolation are now enabling evaluation of its anticancer activity. Verticillin A demonstrated cytotoxicity in HGSOC cell lines in a dose-dependent manner with a low nmol/L IC50. Furthermore, treatment with verticillin A induced DNA damage and caused apoptosis in HGSOC cell lines OVCAR4 and OVCAR8. RNA-Seq analysis of verticillin A–treated OVCAR8 cells revealed an enrichment of transcripts in the apoptosis signaling and the oxidative stress response pathways. Mass spectrometry histone profiling confirmed reports that verticillin A caused epigenetic modifications with global changes in histone methylation and acetylation marks. To facilitate in vivo delivery of verticillin A and to monitor its ability to reduce HGSOC tumor burden, verticillin A was encapsulated into an expansile nanoparticle (verticillin A-eNP) delivery system. In an in vivo human ovarian cancer xenograft model, verticillin A-eNPs decreased tumor growth and exhibited reduced liver toxicity compared with verticillin A administered alone. This study confirmed that verticillin A has therapeutic potential for treatment of HGSOC and that encapsulation into expansile nanoparticles reduced liver toxicity.
Hypoxia Attenuates Trastuzumab Uptake and Trastuzumab-Emtansine (T-DM1) Cytotoxicity through Redistribution of Phosphorylated Caveolin-1
Authors: Indira Chandran Vineesh , Månsson Ann-Sofie , Barbachowska Magdalena , Cerezo-Magaña Myriam , Nodin Björn , Joshi Bharat , Koppada Neelima , Saad Ola M. , Gluz Oleg , Isaksson Karolin , Borgquist Signe , Jirström Karin , Nabi Ivan Robert , Jernström Helena , Belting Mattias
Published: January 2020

The antibody–drug conjugate trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) offers an additional treatment option for patients with HER2-amplified tumors. However, primary and acquired resistance is a limiting factor in a significant subset of patients. Hypoxia, a hallmark of cancer, regulates the trafficking of several receptor proteins with potential implications for tumor targeting. Here, we have investigated how hypoxic conditions may regulate T-DM1 treatment efficacy in breast cancer. The therapeutic effect of T-DM1 and its metabolites was evaluated in conjunction with biochemical, flow cytometry, and high-resolution imaging studies to elucidate the functional and mechanistic aspects of hypoxic regulation. HER2 and caveolin-1 expression was investigated in a well-annotated breast cancer cohort. We find that hypoxia fosters relative resistance to T-DM1 in HER2+ cells (SKBR3 and BT474). This effect was not a result of deregulated HER2 expression or resistance to emtansine and its metabolites. Instead, we show that hypoxia-induced translocation of caveolin-1 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the plasma membrane contributes to deficient trastuzumab internalization and T-DM1 chemosensitivity. Caveolin-1 depletion mimicked the hypoxic situation, indicating that vesicular caveolin-1 is indispensable for trastuzumab uptake and T-DM1 cytotoxicity. In vitro studies suggested that HER2 and caveolin-1 are not coregulated, which was supported by IHC analysis in patient tumors. We find that phosphorylation-deficient caveolin-1 inhibits trastuzumab internalization and T-DM1 cytotoxicity, suggesting a specific role for caveolin-1 phosphorylation in HER2 trafficking.

Implications:

Together, our data for the first time identify hypoxic regulation of caveolin-1 as a resistance mechanism to T-DM1 with potential implications for individualized treatment of breast cancer.
Clinical, Physiological, and Psychological Correlates of the Improvement of Defecation during Menses in Women with Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Authors: Bouchoucha Michel , Devroede Ghislain , Rompteaux Pierre , Mary Florence , Bejou Bakhtiar , Benamouzig Robert
Published: January 2020

Background/Aims: Little is known about the improvement in defecation frequently reported by women around menses. We aimed to describe clinical, physiological, and psychological correlates of this improvement in those with functional bowel disorders. Patients and Methods: We recruited 478 consecutive premenopausal adult females with no indication of gynecologic or psychiatric disease, who were attending an outpatient functional bowel disorders clinic. Patients completed a Rome III questionnaire, psychological evaluation stool form, and a 10-point Likert scale for constipation, diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain. These patients underwent physiological tests, anorectal manometry, and colonic transit time and were classified according to the presence or the absence of improvement in defecation during menses. The reverse selection procedure was used for model selection during multivariate logistic regression where statistically significant variables (p < 0.01) remained in the adjusted model. Results: Ninety-seven patients (20%) reported easier defecation during menstruation. These patients were younger (p < 0.001) but had similar body mass indices and psychological profiles as the other patients. Clinically, they only reported more frequent irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with constipation (p = 0.007), with harder stools (p = 0.005) and delayed left colon transit time (p = 0.002). No anorectal manometric parameter was different between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Improvement of constipation during menses is mainly associated with younger age and constipation-IBS phenotype and not with functional constipation.