bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the effects of citric acid concentrations on acidification, rheological, and microbial properties of fermented soy protein isolate yogurts
Authors: Basha Rabia Farheen Shamim , Fukuba Julia A. , Moore Matthew D. , Kinchla Amanda J.
Published: January 2025

As consumer awareness grows regarding the environmental and health impacts of animal‐based products, plant‐based alternatives are gaining popularity in developed countries. Plant‐based proteins, like soy protein isolate (SPI), are valued for their sustainability and ability to complement animal proteins. SPI is commonly used in plant‐based yogurts due to its high‐quality protein, strong gelling capacity, and support for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) growth. Typically, plant‐based yogurts use citric acid (CA) as a preservative, but its effect on LAB quality and effects is not fully understood. This study examines how different CA concentrations (0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 3%) influence the physicochemical, rheological, and microbial properties of fermented SPI yogurts under various temperature conditions over time (0, 15, and 24 h at 45°C and 48 h readings at 4°C). Higher CA concentrations led to lower pH, higher total titratable acidity, a loss modulus (G″) exceeding the storage modulus (G′), and increased viscosity. LAB growth was significant at refrigeration temperatures across all samples, indicating LAB adaptation to produce more lactic acid during storage. The study highlights that fermentation duration, temperature, storage conditions, and CA concentration significantly affect the properties of plant‐based yogurts. Yogurts with 1% CA exhibited the best quality attributes while maintaining a pH below 4.6 as a food safety process control. This research provides insights into the preservation, safety, and quality of plant‐based yogurts.

Practical Application

This research aims to help food manufacturers improve the quality and safety of plant‐based yogurts by optimizing citric acid levels. By balancing acidity and probiotic content, producers can create healthier, more sustainable yogurt alternatives that appeal to environmentally conscious consumers.
Effects of walnut kernel pellicle on the composition and properties of enzymatic hydrolysates of walnut meal by peptidomics and bioinformatics
Authors: Zhang Yujiao , Zhang Li , Lin Like , Zhang Yiran , Li Cong , Chen Bang , Shen Yehua
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of walnut (Juglans regia L.) kernel pellicle on the composition and properties of enzymatic hydrolysis products of walnut meal using peptidomics and bioinformatics. In this study, a total of 3423 peptide sequences were identified in peeled walnut protein hydrolysates (PWPH) and unpeeled walnut protein hydrolysates (UWPH). Due to the presence of the walnut kernel pellicle, the enzyme cleavage sites of alkaline proteases on walnut precursor proteins were altered, resulting in differences in the number and length of the peptides obtained. Principal component analysis indicates significant differences between PWPH and UWPH. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, it was shown that walnut kernel peeling improved the release of peptides, formed more bioactive peptides, reduced allergenicity, and improved water solubility. Seven peptides with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity were identified, and the peptide Val‐Gly‐Ala‐Pro‐Phe‐Asp‐Gly‐Ala (VGAPFDGA) has the strongest inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 0.38 ± 0.01 mg/mL. These results confirmed that walnut kernel peeling could greatly change the composition of the walnut protein hydrolysates, and seven novel peptides were reported that showed significant AChE inhibitory activity.
Effect of ultrasound combined with edible coating based on guar gum on the physicochemical quality and texture of fried zucchini slices
Authors: Salehi Fakhreddin , Amiri Mostafa , Ghazvineh Sara
Published: January 2025

Edible coating (EC) can reduce excessive oil absorption in deep‐fat fried food products. Ultrasound is an efficient pretreatment to preserve the quality characteristics of fried samples. The impact of guar gum based EC and sonication on the quality parameters of fried zucchini slices was investigated. The frying time, moisture percent, oil absorption, texture hardness, surface area change, crust color parameters (lightness, redness, yellowness, and total color change), and sensory attributes were assessed after the frying process. EC with guar gum and ultrasonic pretreatment significantly increased the frying time of the slices (p < 0.05). Ultrasonic power (75 or 150 W) did not have a significant impact on changing the frying time and moisture content of fried zucchini pieces (p > 0.05). The guar gum based EC and sonication process reduces the oil absorption in samples by reducing water evaporation. The highest (17.87%) and lowest (12.19%) oil absorption were for the uncoated and coated‐high‐power‐sonicated (150 W) fried zucchini slices, respectively. The high‐power ultrasound pretreatment significantly decreased the hardness of fried zucchini pieces (p < 0.05). High‐intensity ultrasonic pretreatment (150 W) significantly decreased the crust area change of fried zucchini slices (p < 0.05). The maximum lightness (82.54) and yellowness (41.25) indexes, the minimum redness (−7.24), and total color change (10.68) indexes were for the coated and high‐power sonicated (150 W) slices. The highest appearance, odor, texture, flavor, and overall acceptance were for the coated and low‐power sonicated (75 W) sample.

Practical Application

Ultrasound can induce various physicochemical effects, which can modify the structural properties of food products. Ultrasound (5 min, ultrasound bath 40 kHz and 75 W) with guar gum dispersion (1%, w/v) was an efficient treatment for maintaining the quality attributes of fried zucchini slices. The combined edible coating‐sonication method can be used to reduce oil absorption, improve the physical properties of fried zucchini slices, and produce better quality product properties than traditional frying.
Detection and quantification of miRNA 148a expression in infant formulas
Authors: Cemali Özge , Çelik Elif , Deveci Gülsüm , Hirfanoğlu İbrahim Murat , Önal Eray Esra , Ağagündüz Duygu
Published: January 2025

MiRNA 148a, which is associated with various biological processes such as immunity and cell differentiation, is one of the most abundant miRNAs in breast milk. This study aimed to determine the amount of miRNA 148a in different infant formulas, which are used for infants who cannot receive breast milk.

The study analyzed 20 formulas, including stage one infant formulas (0–6 months of age), stage two follow‐up formulas (6–12 months of age), stage three toddler formulas (above 12 months of age), and premature ones, analyzing miRNA 148a expression and qPCR miRNA gene expression, with significance set at p < 0.05. The expression levels of miRNA 148a in different infant formulas were compared, and no statistically significant difference was observed (p > 0.05). Also, there was no difference in relative miRNA 148a expression across formulas with and without probiotics (p > 0.05). Protein levels in probiotic formulas (0 month–1 year+) were positively correlated with relative miRNA 148a expression (p = 0.022).

Although miRNA 148a expression has been shown to be present in formulas, it has been revealed that the amount is low compared to breast milk in line with the literature. In this direction, it is important to increase current data on the mechanisms of action of miRNAs in breast milk and the efforts to ensure that infant formulas reach a composition closest to breast milk in line with their biological effects.

Practical Application

The miRNAs found in exosomal compounds in human breast milk are very diverse in terms of number and health effects, and can control various biological processes in cells, including immunity, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. One of these is miRNA 148a, which is the most abundant in human breast milk. For this reason, in this study, the miRNA 148a content of infant formulas, which are commonly used in healthy babies who cannot receive enough human breast milk (breastfeeding recommended for at least 6 months and up to 2 years) for a valid reason, was analyzed. In conclusion, miRNA expression has been detected in infant formulas, but it has been shown that this expression is at a low level.
Effect of oscillating magnetic field (OMF) on the supercooling behavior of iron‐oxide nanoparticle (IONP) agar model system
Authors: Joya Amanda , Lee Dongyoung , Kang Taiyoung , Wall Marisa M. , Jun Soojin
Published: January 2025

Freezing extends the shelf life of foods but often leads to structural damage due to ice crystal formation, negatively impacting quality attributes. Oscillating magnetic field (OMF)‐assisted supercooling has emerged as a potential technique to overcome these limitations by inhibiting ice nucleation and maintaining foods in a supercooled state. Despite its potential, the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of OMF‐assisted supercooling remain subjects of debate. In this study, the effects of OMF on the supercooling behavior of an agar‐based food model system containing iron(III)‐oxide nanoparticles (IONP) were investigated. Agar samples containing IONPs at various concentrations (3, 6, 12 and 15 mg per 100 mL) were prepared to simulate the presence of ferric materials responsive to OMF. The samples were exposed to an external OMF (10 mT, 10 Hz) at −8°C for 24 h. Higher supercooling probabilities were achieved in the IONP‐containing samples, with probabilities of 75%, 75%, and 90% for the 3 mg, 6 mg, and 12 mg concentrations, respectively. In contrast, lower supercooling probabilities of 60% and 55% were exhibited by the control samples (without nanoparticles) and samples containing zinc nanoparticles (ZNPs), respectively. It is suggested that the enhanced supercooling stability in IONP samples is due to the interaction between the magnetic nanoparticles and the OMF, inhibiting ice nucleation possibly through the magneto‐mechanical motion affecting water molecule orientation and hydrogen bonding networks.
Soybean oil and probiotics improve meat quality, conjugated linoleic acid concentration, and nutritional quality indicators of goats
Authors: Han Yong , Wang Defeng , Xiao Wen , Yuan Chao , Yang Yang , Long Yong
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary soybean oil and probiotics on goat meat quality, total conjugated linoleic acids (TCLA) concentration, and nutritional quality indicators of goats. Thirty‐six male crossbred goats (Anglo‐Nubian♂× Thai native♀), weighing 18.3 ± 2.7 kg, were selected and randomly assigned to six groups in a 2 × 3 factorial design, with six replicates per group. The soybean oil supplementation levels were 25 and 50 g/kg, while the probiotic supplementation levels were 0, 2.5, and 5.0 g/h/day. The results showed that supplementing the diet with 50 g/kg soybean oil significantly improved the average daily gain (ADG) (p = 0.02) and carcass yield (p = 0.05), while reducing the feed conversion ratio (p = 0.05). Additionally, the addition of 2.5 g/h/day of probiotics significantly increased dry matter intake (p(L) = 0.05, p(Q) = 0.03). Notably, supplementation with 50 g/kg soybean oil reduced the Warner–Bratzler shear force (p = 0.05) and a* (p = 0.01) values of the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum. However, 2.5 g/h/day of probiotics significantly improved (p(L) = 0.01, p(Q) = 0.04) the a* value of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum. Soybean oil supplementation at 50 g/kg increased the ether extract composition of Biceps brachii (p = 0.05) and Semimembranosus (p = 0.05). Additionally, it significantly increased TCLA content (p < 0.01) and reduced the n−6/n−3 ratio (p < 0.01). Interestingly, the supplementation of 5.0 g/h/day probiotics significantly reduced the thrombogenic index (p = 0.03). Moreover, supplementing with 50 g/kg soybean oil (p = 0.03) and 5.0 g/h/day probiotics significantly improved the nutritive value index of goat muscle. Collectively, the findings suggest that the optimal supplementation levels of probiotics and soybean oil are 2.5 g/h/day and 50 g/kg, respectively. These levels have a more pronounced effect on improving the growth performance of growing goats, increasing CLA content, and enhancing meat quality.
Investigation of dielectric and spectroscopic properties of pure, commercial, and sugar solution added honey with microwave X band and spectroscopy techniques
Authors: Varma Shruti O. , Vishwakarma Ajay L. , Sonawane Mahadev Rangnath , Chaudhari Ajay
Published: January 2025

The adulteration of honey is a globally growing issue due to its medicinal benefits and health‐promoting properties. This problem primarily involves the addition of sugars and other substances. To address these concerns, a comparative study was conducted to investigate the dielectric and spectroscopic properties of pure, sugar solution added honey, and commercially available honey. Quantitative analysis was performed using a microwave X‐band bench, while qualitative assessments were carried out using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), Ultraviolet (UV), and NMR spectroscopy. Dielectric properties, including dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and loss tangent, were measured at a constant frequency of 8.73 GHz under ambient conditions. Pure honey exhibits distinct dielectric properties due to its low moisture content, in comparison to adulterated and commercial honey. FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify various functional groups within the wavenumber range of 4000–400 cm⁻¹, allowing for the examination of glucose and fructose contents. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content, a key differentiator between pure and commercial honey, was assessed using UV spectroscopy. Additionally, ¹H NMR spectroscopy revealed the presence of antioxidants such as tyrosine and trigonelline in pure honey, which were notably absent in commercial honey samples. The integration of results from microwave X‐band, FTIR, UV, and ¹H NMR techniques effectively highlighted the distinct properties of pure honey, thereby enabling the detection of sugar solution adulteration. This approach demonstrated the potential of these methods in accurately identifying honey adulteration, showcasing their effectiveness in distinguishing between the pure honey and adulterated samples.
Fecal fatty acid profile reveals the therapeutic effect of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide on type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats
Authors: Yang Jingxuan , Wu Yi , Jiang Ziye , Jiao Lili , Wang Yang
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to investigate the potential hypoglycemic mechanism of red ginseng acidic polysaccharides (RGAP) from the perspective of fatty acid (FA) regulation. A high‐glucose/high‐fat diet in conjunction with streptozotocin administration was employed to establish type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat models, and their fecal FAs were detected using the liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) method. RGAP treatment alleviated the polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, and hyperglycemia observed in T2DM rats. FA profile was disturbed by T2DM modeling, and 11 marker FAs were selected from statistical analysis, whose intensities were reversely changed by RGAP administration. Among these marker FAs, short‐chain FAs were negatively correlated with the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, while positive correlations were observed between long‐chain FA and the FBG level. Combined with the metabolite‐enzyme‐gene network analysis, we inferred that the mechanistic mechanism RGAP on T2DM may be associated with the regulation of FA metabolism and inflammation‐related signaling pathways. This study confirmed the regulatory effect of RGAP on fecal FA, which can provide a scientific basis and new ideas for developing red ginseng as a functional food for supplementary treatment of T2DM.
Associations of Tea Consumption With the Risk of All‐Cause and Cause‐Specific Mortality Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study in China
Authors: Wang Lifeng , Fan Xikang , Su Jian , Qin Yu , Sun Zhongming , Lu Yan , Gu Shujun , Shen Chong , Zhou Jinyi , Yu Hao , Wu Ming
Published: January 2025

Aims

To investigate the associations of tea consumption with all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Chinese patients.

Materials and Methods

The present study included 15 718 participants from the Comprehensive Research on the Prevention and Control of Diabetes between 2013 and 2014 in Jiangsu, China. Information on tea consumption (including frequency, amount, and duration) was collected at baseline using interviewer‐administered questionnaires. Death data were identified by linkage to the Death Certificate System. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

During a median follow‐up of 9.77 (9.69, 9.82) years, 3046 deaths were documented, including 922 from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 736 from cancer. Compared with nonconsumers, regular tea consumption (≥ 3 times/week, 1 cup/day, > 30 years) was associated with reduced all‐cause mortality risk in T2DM, with HRs (95% CIs) of 0.82 (0.74, 0.91), 0.80 (0.72, 0.89), and 0.77 (0.68, 0.86). For cardiovascular mortality, the HRs (95% CIs) were 0.79 (0.65, 0.96), 0.72 (0.59, 0.89), and 0.75 (0.60, 0.93). The exposure‐response relationship suggested that consuming 4 g/day may offer the most evident health benefits.

Conclusions

Among Chinese T2DM patients, higher tea frequency and amount intake were associated with lower risk of all‐cause and CVD mortality. It is suggested that consuming 4 g/day of tea could potentially serve as an intervention target. These findings suggest that tea consumption can be a part of a healthy diet for T2DM patients.
Analysis of the Clinicopathological Characteristics, Genetic Phenotypes, and Prognostics of Primary Pulmonary and Bronchial Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Authors: Hu Zhengyang , Jin Xing , Wang Jian , Sui Qihai , Yi Yanjun , Zeng Dejun , Chen Zhencong , Wang Qun , Yin Jiacheng , Wang Lin , Lin Zongwu
Published: January 2025

Background

Primary pulmonary and bronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma (PACC) is a rare, low‐grade malignant tumor of the lung. However, the relationship between its clinical features, surgical prognosis, and genetic phenotype has not been fully described.

Methods

PACC patient information was collected from the SEER, TCGA, and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (FDZSH) databases. Overall survival (OS) was evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses through Cox proportional hazards regression identified risk factors that predicted OS. The limma and matfools packages from R were used to compare the differential genes and mutations between PACC and LUAD, respectively.

Results

Two hundred and ninety‐two patients, 14 patients, and 12 patients with PACC were identified from the SEER, TCGA, and FDZSH databases, respectively. The 3‐, 5‐, and 10‐year OS of the PACC patients were 91.7%, 88.6%, and 85.0%, respectively, compared to 95.8%, 93.9%, and 93.3% for patients who underwent surgery. Race, pathological grade, M stage, regional node examination, and regional node positive were independent prognostic factors for the OS of patients who underwent surgery. The gene map of PACC and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) shows significant differences. Common mutations found in lung cancer were almost undetectable in PACC patients, whereas mutations in the NOTCH pathway were more common. TMB levels and PD‐1/PD‐L1 expressions were also lower in PACC patients.

Conclusion

Our study analyzed the main factors that influence the prognosis of PACC patients undergoing surgery and discovered the unique genetic phenotype of PACC.
Colorectal Metastasis From Lung Adenocarcinoma With Initial Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Xin Yu , Liu Dan , Zang Dan , Sun Yan , Chen Jun
Published: January 2025

Lung cancer (LC) is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality. Nearly 50% of patients with primary LC have distant metastases at the time of initial diagnosis. LC usually metastasizes from the lungs to the liver, adrenal glands, brain, and bone, but rarely to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Most gastrointestinal metastases (GIM) from LC are found on the basis of primary LC. GIM of LC with GI symptoms as the initial symptom is extremely rare. Moreover, the overall survival time of lung cancer patients developing intestinal metastases is from 5 weeks to 1 year, and most patients will die within the first 6 months. This report describes an uncommon case of lung adenocarcinoma that metastasized to the colon with initial symptoms involving the GI tract. After immunotherapy, the condition was stable for more than 2 years, and he is currently in good condition.
Gut Passage in Lemurs Enhances the Germination of Mistletoe Seeds Bakerella gonoclada, in a Madagascar Rainforest
Authors: Fenosoa Zo Samuel Ella , Brook Cara E. , Dunham Amy E. , Rakotomanana Hajanirina F. , Razafindraibe Hanta , Ring Kacie A.
Published: January 2025

In Madagascar's rainforests, we lack knowledge of the natural history of mistletoe, a hemiparasitic plant that is an essential food source and habitat for many animals. Here, we compared the germination success and survival of Bakerella gonoclada mistletoe seeds that were defecated by lemurs with seeds hand‐removed from fruits to assess the effects of lemur gut passage on germination. We found that mistletoe seeds defecated by lemurs had significantly higher germination success, germination speed, hypocotyl growth, and survival probability than hand‐removed seeds, demonstrating that lemurs enhance the germination of this species. These results suggest a mutualistic relationship between mistletoe and lemurs.
The Colonic Vitamin D Receptor and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: No Correlation to Histologic or Endoscopic Inflammation
Authors: Bagger‐Jörgensen Harald , Thomsen Christian , Borrisholt Martine , Wanders Alkwin , Sjöberg Klas
Published: January 2025

The role of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is poorly described. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between immunohistochemical VDR expression and IBD activity. The immunohistochemical expression of VDR was analysed in biopsies from active and inactive IBD in 28 patients (ulcerative colitis: 21, Crohn's disease: 7) and 12 non‐IBD controls. VDR expression did not change in active compared to inactive disease (p = 0.40 in epithelium and p = 0.29 in stroma). There was a trend for higher VDR expression in controls compared to IBD patients. No relationship was found between VDR expression and histologic inflammation (r = −0.19, p = 0.89 for epithelium and r = 0.13, p = 0.35 for stroma), colonoscopic picture and clinical and laboratory measures including serum 25(OH) vitamin D status (r = −0.91, p = 0.82). IBD disease activity did not correlate to VDR immunohistochemical expression, nor did it differ compared to controls. These results partly conflict with prior studies, but these have only shown modest correlations. Prospective studies investigating VDR activity between IBD and controls should be contemplated.
North Korea's nuclear gambit: Coercion, deterrence, and the escalation‐de‐escalation paradox
Authors: Kwon Edward
Published: January 2025

North Korea's weapons of mass destruction (WMD) development and recent nuclear law permitting preemptive nuclear use have jeopardized US and ROK security. Analyzing possible channels of Pyongyang's nuclear brinkmanship and military provocations through international relations theories—including nuclear coercive diplomacy and the nuclear stability‐instability paradox—and the “escalation to de‐escalation” military strategy reveals concerning trends. Pyongyang continues to develop new WMDs and conduct military drills involving tactical nuclear weapons, enhancing Kim Jong Un's adventurous brinkmanship. In response, the United States must adopt a strong nuclear retaliation strategy, expedite its nuclear triad modernization plan, and support an effective South Korean missile defense system. A military contingency plan, and diplomatic efforts to persuade Kim to abandon WMDs are crucial. The United States must take a firm stance against nuclear threats from North Korea, ensuring a robust defense and encouraging denuclearization. This multifaceted approach will help address the security challenges posed by North Korea's nuclear program.
Fibrinogen genotypes and their impact on recurrence of venous thromboembolism and family history: A prospective population‐based study
Authors: Memon Ashfaque A. , Zöller Bengt , Svensson Peter J. , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina
Published: January 2025

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) involves blood clot formation in veins, resulting in serious health issues. Fibrinogen, a crucial clotting protein, consists of three polypeptides encoded by the fibrinogen genes: alpha (FGA), beta (FGB) and gamma (FGG). We genotyped most common missense variants in the fibrinogen genes in relation to VTE, recurrence and family history in Malmö Thrombophilia Study, including 1465 VTE patients followed for ~10 years and 429 healthy donors. FGG (rs6063) was significantly associated with increased odds of primary VTE (odds ratio [OR] = 8.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05–63.6) after adjusting for age and sex. For recurrent VTE, Cox‐regression analysis indicated a higher risk associated with FGA (rs6050) (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.1–2.8), with even greater risk for unprovoked recurrent VTE (HR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.3–4.2), surpassing the well‐known factor V Leiden (FVL) (HR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.2–3.0). Combining risk alleles from FVL and FGA (rs6050) significantly raised the risk for unprovoked recurrent VTE: ≥3 risk alleles (HR = 4.6; 95% CI = 1.9–11.3), two risk alleles (HR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.4–4.8) and one risk allele (HR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.8–2.7) compared to 0 risk allele. Prevalence of FGA (rs6050) risk allele was significantly higher in cases with a family history of VTE. We propose FGA (rs6050) as a novel predictor for unprovoked recurrent VTE and it may contribute to the familial occurrence of VTE.
Allergens Responsible for Contact Allergy in Children From 2010 to 2024: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Isufi Daniel , Jensen Mikkel Bak , Kursawe Larsen Christoffer , Alinaghi Farzad , Schwensen Jakob Ferløv Baselius , Johansen Jeanne D.
Published: January 2025

Contact allergy (CA) is a frequent condition in children; however, newer estimates of the prevalence of CA in children are lacking. Herein, we aim to provide an estimate of the prevalence of CA in children from 2010 to 2024. Two authors independently searched PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for studies reporting the prevalence of positive patch tests (PPTs) to allergens in populations including ≥ 100 children (< 18 years). Proportion meta‐analyses were conducted to calculate the pooled prevalence estimates of CA in children. Seventeen studies comprising 11 593 children undergoing patch testing with 4176 (36%) PPTs were eligible for inclusion. The allergen with the highest prevalence was nickel (11.9% [95% confidence interval [CI], 8.6%–15.71%]), followed by cobalt (6.6% [95% CI, 4.2%–9.5%]), cocamidopropyl betaine (5.5% [95% CI, 3.1–8.7]), bacitracin (5.2% [95% CI, 1.2%–10.0%]), fragrance mix I (4.8% [95% CI, 2.9%–7.1%]) and methylisothiazolinone (4.3% [95% CI, 2.2%–7.2%]). Children with atopic dermatitis had higher rates of PPTs for cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, lanolin alcohol and carba mix. Across geographical areas, higher prevalences of several allergens were found in the United States compared to Europe, for example, for methylisothiazolinone. This meta‐analysis confirmed that CA is frequent in children across geographical areas; however, differences in the frequency of top allergens depend on regulatory interventions, indicating their value.
Predictors of glycaemic improvement in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes and very elevated HbA1c using the MiniMed 780G system
Authors: Zhou Yongwen , Boucsein Alisa , Michaels Venus R. , Gray Madeleine K. , Jefferies Craig , Wiltshire Esko , Paul Ryan G. , Parry‐Strong Amber , Pasha Maheen , Petrovski Goran , de Bock Martin I. , Wheeler Benjamin J.
Published: January 2025

Aims

This study aimed to identify key factors with the greatest influence on glycaemic outcomes in young individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and very elevated glycaemia after 3 months of automated insulin delivery (AID).

Materials and Methods

Data were combined and analysed from two separate and previously published studies with similar inclusion criteria assessing AID (MiniMed 780G) efficacy among young individuals naïve to AID (aged 7–25 years) with glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥69 mmol/mol (≥8.5%). Univariate and multivariate linear models were performed to explore factors leading to the greatest improvements in HbA1c and time in range 3.9–10.0 mmol/L (70–180 mg/dL; TIR).

Results

A total of 99 young individuals (aged 17.3 ± 4.2 years; baseline HbA1c 92 ± 21 mmol/mol [10.6% ± 1.9%]) were included. After 3 months of AID use, HbA1c improved to 65 ± 16 mmol/mol (8.1% ± 1.5%) (−27 ± 23 mmol/mol; −2.5% ± 2.1% change), and TIR improved from 24.2% ± 13.5% to 58.4% ± 15.4% (p both <0.001). In the multivariate analysis, two key factors for both HbA1c and TIR improvement were identified: high baseline HbA1c (>100 mmol/mol [>11.0%]) and high time in automation mode (>80%), which led to decreased HbA1c by 27.0 mmol/mol (2.4%) and 14.2 mmol/mol (1.3%) and increased TIR by 6.1% and 11.1% (p all <0.05) respectively. Meal announcement frequency >3 times/day and glucose target of 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) also led to significant increases in TIR. No other factors, including age, prior use of multiple daily injection, ethnicity, gender and optimal active insulin time 2 h, contributed to statistically significant HbA1c or TIR improvement.

Conclusions

In young individuals naive to AID, those with the highest baseline HbA1c and high percentage time in automation experience the greatest benefits after initiation of AID. Sociodemographic background and carbohydrate counting adherence/knowledge should not prevent or delay access to AID technology (ACTRN12621000556842 and ACTRN12622001454763).
Foundations and Future Directions for Causal Inference in Ecological Research
Authors: Siegel Katherine , Dee Laura E.
Published: January 2025

Ecology often seeks to answer causal questions, and while ecologists have a rich history of experimental approaches, novel observational data streams and the need to apply insights across naturally occurring conditions pose opportunities and challenges. Other fields have developed causal inference approaches that can enhance and expand our ability to answer ecological causal questions using observational or experimental data. However, the lack of comprehensive resources applying causal inference to ecological settings and jargon from multiple disciplines creates barriers. We introduce approaches for causal inference, discussing the main frameworks for counterfactual causal inference, how causal inference differs from other research aims and key challenges; the application of causal inference in experimental and quasi‐experimental study designs; appropriate interpretation of the results of causal inference approaches given their assumptions and biases; foundational papers; and the data requirements and trade‐offs between internal and external validity posed by different designs. We highlight that these designs generally prioritise internal validity over generalisability. Finally, we identify opportunities and considerations for ecologists to further integrate causal inference with synthesis science and meta‐analysis and expand the spatiotemporal scales at which causal inference is possible. We advocate for ecology as a field to collectively define best practices for causal inference.
Trees First Inhibit Then Promote Litter Decomposition in the Subarctic
Authors: Jonsson Micael , Clemmensen Karina E. , Castaño Carles , Parker Thomas C.
Published: January 2025

Trees affect organic matter decomposition through allocation of recently fixed carbon belowground, but the magnitude and direction of this effect may depend on substrate type and decomposition stage. Here, we followed mass loss, chemical composition and fungal colonisation of leaf and root litters incubated in mountain birch forests over 4 years, in plots where belowground carbon allocation was severed by tree girdling or in control plots. Initially, girdling stimulated leaf and root litter mass loss by 12% and 22%, respectively, suggesting competitive release of saprotrophic decomposition when tree‐mediated competition by ectomycorrhizal fungi was eliminated (Gadgil effect). After 4 years, girdling instead hampered mass loss of root litter by 30%, suggesting late‐stage priming of decomposition in the presence of trees, in parallel with increased growth of shrubs and associated fungi following tree elimination. Hence, different mechanisms driving early‐ and late‐stage litter decomposition should be considered in climate‐feedback evaluations of plant–soil interactions.
The Brief International Cognitive Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS): Regression‐based norms for German‐speaking countries
Authors: Penner I. K. , Baijot J. , Filser M. , Bätge S. , Raithel L. , Toth E. , Renner A. , Nagels G.
Published: January 2025

Background and purpose

Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) is common and is associated with problems in employment, driving ability, and quality of life. Since cognitive impairment at time of diagnosis is predictive of disability progression, early assessment and annual monitoring is recommended. The Brief International Cognitive Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) was introduced as a time‐efficient screening tool that can easily be applied in standard clinical care. However, besides application, tests need to be analysed and the raw values obtained must be interpreted accordingly. Since normative values have not been available for German‐speaking countries, BICAMS has not been implemented in clinical routine. The aim of this study was to calculate German normative BICAMS data to improve the current diagnostic process for people with MS.

Methods

Healthy control subjects in different age categories were recruited to enable regression‐based norm analysis. Raw scores for each BICAMS test were converted into scaled scores before they were regressed for age, age squared, gender, and education. The obtained scores were then normalised to a z‐score by dividing the difference between the scaled score and the predicted score by the root mean squared error of the model.

Results

In all, 237 HCs were recruited (68.8% female, 31.2% male) and examined with BICAMS. Datasets entered the regression‐based norms analysis and formed the basis for a final z‐score calculation. To simplify handling in everyday clinical practice, nomograms and look‐up tables were created which provide clinicians with age‐ and education‐corrected norms.

Conclusion

Our work fills the gaps between BICAMS application, evaluation and interpretation and will make a significant contribution to more regular cognitive assessment of MS patients.
Code choice and translanguaging in Spanish classroom tasks
Authors: Urzúa Alfredo
Published: January 2025

Research shows that bilingual learners move naturally between their languages to learn; however, this practice is not welcomed in many second/foreign language classrooms given the belief that first language (L1) use negatively affects second language (L2) development, despite much empirical evidence to the contrary. Moreover, translanguaging practices calling for the use of full linguistic repertories can also benefit L2 learning, especially during collaborative tasks. It is thus important to explore translanguaging practices in classroom contexts. This study investigates code choice and translanguaging within collaborative oral tasks by focusing on the way college‐level, Spanish language learners strategically alternate between languages to sustain and enhance their interactions. In particular, the positive role of L1 use during the pretask phase and its relation to L2 use during the task phase are examined.
Activation of Evolutionarily Young Endogenous Retroviruses Is Implicated in COVID‐19 Immunopathology
Authors: Yoshida Reia , Ohtani Hitoshi
Published: January 2025

The dysfunction of the innate immune system is well‐described as a clinical characteristic of COVID‐19. While several groups have reported human endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) as enhancing factors of immune reactivity, characterization of the COVID‐19‐specific ERVs has not yet been sufficiently conducted. Here, we revealed the transcriptome profile of more than 500 ERV subfamilies and innate immune response genes in eight different cohorts of platelet, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), lung, frontal cortex of brain, ventral midbrain, pooled human umbilical vein endothelial cells (pHUVECs), placenta, and cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMEC) from COVID‐19 patients (total; n = 124) and normal samples (total; n = 53) using publicly available datasets. While upregulation of ERV subfamilies was found in platelets, PBMCs, and placenta, the immune reactivity was confined to only platelets and PBMCs. It is noteworthy that the evolutionary ages of the upregulated ERV subfamilies detected in platelets and PBMCs were younger than other ERV subfamilies, but the tendency was not seen in the upregulated ERV subfamilies in placenta. The results suggest that only evolutionarily young ERVs can function as enhancing factors of the immune reactivity in COVID‐19 patients. The finding should be instrumental in understanding the COVID‐19 immunopathology.
Ph.D. Publication Requirement and Its Effects on Research Productivity Trends in Kazakhstan
Authors: Kuzhabekova Aliya
Published: January 2025

The growing pressure to ‘publish or perish’, experienced by academia around the world, has pushed an increasing number of individual graduate programmes and universities, as well as entire higher education systems, to introduce a publication requirement as a prerequisite for the conferral of doctoral degrees. One example of the implementation of the requirement at the country level is Kazakhstan. This paper sheds light on the experience with publication requirement policies implemented at the country level by using bibliometric data from Scopus to statistically explore the effects of Ph.D. publication requirement policy on publication productivity trends in Kazakhstan. The findings reveal that the policy has increased the number of publications but has lowered the impact of research. The study suggests that measures focused on methodological training and improving the research capacity of future scholars may be more effective in strengthening the research competitiveness of countries than outcome‐focused policies.
Investigating the Impact of Determinants Influencing Students' Readiness for Digital Transformation in Academic Institutions in Pakistan
Authors: Bhutto Niaz Ahmed , Khaliq Minahil , Ghumro Niaz Hussain , Akbar Ume Salma
Published: January 2025

It is crucial to assess the digital transformation readiness of students in order to develop knowledgeable, capable and qualified alumnus who can enhance the qualified personnel within a country. This study will help HEIs in examining whether their students have the skills they need to survive in the 4IR era. Data have been collected from Higher Educational institutions (HEIs) which were listed in QS‐Ranking list. Purposive sampling technique was employed for sample selection and the respondents were students. For analysis, Smart‐PLS4 and SPSS‐24 were used. According to the findings of structural equation modelling, students' traits, technological understanding of the 4IR and organisational aspects have a big impact on how well‐prepared they are for the 4IR. Additionally, organisational aspects also have influence on students' readiness. Additionally, the organisational dimensions also have impact on students' understanding of 4IR technology. Additionally, students' understanding of 4IR technology and organisational dimension has a big impact on their qualities connected to 4IR. Higher education institutions can help students do well in a digital learning setting by creating support services that are tailored to their needs and concerns. These services could include workshops on digital literacy or one‐on‐one coaching. Further, the study adds to our understanding of what affects student readiness by pointing out the specific problems students face and the things that help them deal with them. The results can be used to help create lessons that better incorporate digital tools and skills, making sure that students have the skills they need for an educational world that has become more digital. The study's conclusion has policy implications for HEIs, highlighting the necessity of institutional policies that support digital transformation. By giving faculty members the chance to grow professionally and by giving them opportunity to learn about and practise new pedagogical approaches and emerging technologies, HEIs could encourage faculty members to conduct research and innovation in their learning as well as pedagogical methods. This provides us with fresh perspectives on the strategic importance of students' readiness in encouraging HEIs to promote digital transformation. HEIs can encourage creativity and business, and working together across disciplines and organisational aspects like academic programmes, training, technical infrastructure and others is essential for putting students on the path to a better future through this study.
Development and Validity Evaluation of a National Digital Entrance Examination Test for Higher Education Student Selection
Authors: Talman K. , Vierula J. , Karihtala T. , Laakkonen E. , Engblom J. , Haavisto E.
Published: January 2025

Higher education institutions need to develop valid, fair, and objective selection methods. Current literature reporting the development and validation of new national large‐scale selection tests is scarce. This two‐phased study aimed to (1) develop and (2) evaluate the validity of the Finnish digital Universities of Applied Sciences Entrance Examination (UAS Exam). In phase 1 (years 2018–2019), the UAS exam sections were constructed using scoping reviews, document analysis, and expert evaluations. Pilot tests were performed for item analysis using Item Response Theory (IRT). In phase 2, validity evaluation was conducted in a cross‐sectional design (October–November 2019) using classical test theory and IRT. The applicants' (n = 13,048) exam scores and the difficulty levels of the exam questions varied in all the exam sections. Psychometrics supported the structure and the use of several exam sections. The usability of the digital exam was evaluated as acceptable. Item analysis revealed development needs in the exam sections.
Tracking the Success of Contextual Offer Students at One Scottish Higher Education Institution
Authors: Burns Nathan Patrick , Young David , Sherriff Andrea , Black Peter , Blackshaw Al , Kelly Louise
Published: January 2025

Knowing the academic outcomes of students who received contextual offers to higher education is important in understanding whether or not Scotland's Widening Access efforts have been successful in delivering impact to those from socio‐economically deprived backgrounds. This study showed that once controlling for academic cohort, sex, ethnicity and faculty, contextual offer students have a greater than 80% chance of progression at the end of first year and a greater than 60% chance of completing their Bachelor's with Honours degree within 4 years. However, for the data used in this study, contextual offer students were not as successful as their standard offer peers. Models also showed that students from more deprived areas (measured using SIMD Quintile) were less likely to be successful compared to their peers from less deprived areas, even when they had the same levels of prior attainment in secondary school exams (Scottish Higher). This study calls for Scotland's Widening Access targets to focus not only on admissions but also on improving the academic outcomes of disadvantaged students' throughout their time at university.
Patients' Attitudes Towards Integrating Environmental Sustainability Into Healthcare Decision‐Making: An Interview Study
Authors: Cohen Eva S. , Kringos Dionne S. , Grandiek Fleur , Kouwenberg Lisanne H. J. A. , Sperna Weiland Nicolaas H. , Richie Cristina , Hehenkamp Wouter J. K. , Aarts Johanna W. M.
Published: January 2025

Introduction

The ethical obligation to reduce the environmental impact of healthcare systems prompts an exploration of if and when environmental concerns should be integrated into clinical decision‐making. In this study, we aimed to elucidate patients' attitudes regarding the provision of environmental information in healthcare decision‐making and to identify preferred approaches for integrating these considerations into patient–provider consultations.

Methods

This interview study served as an in‐depth follow‐up of a survey study on gynaecological patients' perspectives on environmental sustainability within healthcare settings. We conducted semistructured interviews with 14 patients from two Dutch outpatient clinics between February and May 2024. We employed reflexive thematic analysis to analyse the data.

Results

Five main themes were developed from the data: (1) Patients are an integral part of the transition to sustainable healthcare, (2) Patients are open to information on environmental impact of healthcare, (3) Information on environmental impact should be tailored to the individual patient and context, (4) Patients vary in preferences for involvement in decision‐making related to environmental sustainability and (5) Patients prioritize individual health over environmental concerns in healthcare decision‐making.

Conclusion

The findings of our study underscore the importance of integrating sustainability into clinical decision‐making, aligning with bioethical principles and the expectations and goals of patients. By ensuring that environmental considerations are introduced in a personalized and context‐appropriate manner within patient–provider interactions, healthcare can foster greater support for sustainable practices.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patients were involved in developing the pre‐interview questionnaire. The preliminary results of the study were presented to healthcare professionals from various backgrounds during a meeting of the Dutch Green Care Alliance, after which the input was incorporated into the interpretation of the study results. Finally, the complete manuscript was presented to representatives from the Dutch Patient Federation to obtain their input on the interpretation and implications of our research. The interpretation of our results aligned with the findings from their recent national inquiries, which included data from over 9300 patients within their network. Consequently, no changes were made to the manuscript's discussion.
“A GUESSER IN THIS VALE OF TEARS”: ON THE POLITICS OF HISTORY WRITING
Authors: Scott Joan W.
Published: January 2025

The essay makes three points about historians’ responsibilities in the current moment. The first has to do with making sense of the present by bringing the past to bear on it—that is, offering to the current eruptions of politics a history that can help explain what has brought them to this point in the form of narratives that counter the dominant ones. The second is what Foucault called a “history of the present.” That is a critical interrogation of the terms we use to represent the past, a dismantling of the naturalized understanding of history that has long served to legitimize modernity as the inevitable outcome of a singular chronology. The third calls for the avowal of our ethical investments in the history we write.