bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radar echoes from monsoon rain
Authors: Mathur L.S. , De A.C. , Dutta B.N. , Mitra H.
Published: February 2022

The use of radar has placed in the hands of the meteorologist an entirely novel and new technique for physical meteorological re-search and local short-term weather fore-casting. A centimetre radar can permit. the measurement of rainfall almost as accurately as isohyetal patterns derived from micro-network of raingauges (1948*). In addition, it can give a pictorial representation of the growth and movement of precipitation cells, progressively with time. During and after the World War II a number of observations have been made in different countries for locating rainstorms, thunderstorms, cold fronts etc with the help of micro-wave radars having their operating wave-length in the region of S (10 cm), X (3 cm) and K (1 cm) bands. As radars were not available commercially it was not possible to utilise them for meteoro-logical purposes more extensively during the war. Even today the cost of the equipment. is prohibitively high and observations are being taken, wherever possible, with the help of radars released from war surpluses. The present paper describes the results of observations made with a 3-cm radar (AN/ APQ-13) obtained from war surpluses. This radar has peak power of 40 kilowatts, beam width of 3° and frequency of 9375 megacycles (3.2 cm). The equipment was received in a very poor -condition and con-siderable time had to be spent to put it in commission. As the radar was essentially meant for installing in aircraft it was suitably modified to he used as a static ground instal-lation.
Periodic Influx of Interplanetary Dust Particles into the Terrestrial Atmosphere
Authors: GUPTA PRABHAT  K. SEN
Published: February 2022

In  this  paper a  brief account is at first given of some available  evidences  on  the influx of interplanetary dust particles into the terrestrial atmosphere, viz. , presence of sodium at high altitudes, appearance of noctilucent clouds, pitting of polished surfaces during high altitude rocket flights, high nickel content in deep sea sediments and periodic occurrence of  heavy rainfall in association with meteor showers. These dust particles have sizes of the same order as of  those which account for the outer corona of  the Sun, but terrestrial evidences suggest a higher concentration in the Vicinity of the Earth. Discussing the processes which are responsible for the high concentration of dust particles, it has been suggested  that solar corpuscular  streams push interplanetary dust particles towards the Earth  by repeated impacts. This mechanism is expected to give rise to an accumulation of dust particles near the Earth, as well as in the plane of ecliptic.
Cultural Adaptation of a Substance Abuse Prevention Program as a Catalyst for Community Change
Authors: Tremblay Melissa
Published: February 2022

The aim of the current paper is to discuss the use of Outcome Mapping as a tool for evaluating community and stakeholder changes that occurred when a prevention program was culturally adapted and delivered through a community-university partnership. To the authors’ knowledge, this paper represents the first account of using Outcome Mapping as an evaluation tool in a Canadian Indigenous context. Changes in the behavior, actions, activities, and relationships of five boundary partners were retrospectively documented using the tool. Data demonstrated positive impact on Elders and students; growing community investment in and support for the Maskwacis Life Skills Training program’s cultural components; progressive increases in community ownership of the program; and growth in the community-university partnership. Overall, Outcome Mapping provided a systematic method for understanding peripheral changes that are often overlooked in conventional research and evaluation, but that nonetheless indicate progress toward community changes and long-term impact.
Three cases of Actinobacillus suis in eastern North Carolina
Authors: Mahan-Riggs Emily
Published: February 2022

This case study describes sudden deaths of pigs in a North Carolina production
system at three different finishing facilities between June 2019 and February 2020. The
cases involved 3- to 6-month-old pigs of the same genetics but from different sow farm
flows. Pigs at all three sites had gross lesions that included firm, deep red to purple
lungs. Based on laboratory results from tissue samples, all cases were diagnosed with
Actinobacillus suis. Treatments and the significance of this disease in swine are
discussed.
Реалізація механізму державно-приватного партнерства в Україні: сучасні реалії та перспективи
Authors: Косач І. А. , Кулик О. С.
Published: February 2022

В статті розглянуто характерні риси механізмів взаємодії державного і приватного секторів, визначено принципові відмінності державно-приватного партнерства та приватизації. На основі відмінностей інтересів державного та приватного партнерів та можливості їхнього задоволення існуючими в Україні нормативно-правовими, фінансовими та організаційними інструментами проаналізовано проблеми державно-приватного партнерства та обґрунтовано, що основними умовами успішної підготовки та реалізації різних форм державно-приватного партнерства, які сприяють підвищенню їх результативності, є інформаційна підтримка, розробка реальних проєктів, врахування думки і вимог населення територій і працівників.  Деталізовано основні принципи ефективного управління державно-приватним партнерством. Виокремлено проблеми впровадження та реалізації механізму державно-приватного партнерства, визначено умови, за яких його використання є ефективним в контексті реалізації державної політики соціально-економічного розвитку.
Деякі особливості класифікації здійснення адміністративних процедур у сфері захисту довкілля та природних ресурсів
Authors: Манько Г. В.
Published: February 2022

Наукова стаття присвячена висвітленню критерії класифікації здійснення адміністративних процедур у сфері захисту довкілля  та природних ресурсів. На підставі визначених особливостей здійснення адміністративних процедур у сфері захисту довкілля  та природних ресурсів сформульована авторська дефініція досліджуваної суспільно-правової категорії. Проведено класифікацію здійснення адміністративних процедур у сфері захисту довкілля  та природних ресурсів за такими критеріями, як : правові наслідки їх надання, суб’єкт-споживач, вид прийнятого адміністративного акту, зміст та обсяг процедурних дій.
IGOs and Global Climate Security Challenges: Implications for Academic Research and Policymaking
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa Maria , Gustafsson Maria-Therese , Bremberg Niklas , Mobjörk Malin
Published: February 2022

Climate change poses a new class of security challenges that is confronting societies worldwide. Increased risk of famine, destroyed infrastructure, houses and shelter, and violent conflicts might all be consequences of climate change through gradual changes to ecosystems and extreme weather events. As a way to mitigate these challenges, states have delegated increased power to intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). This Fact Sheet summarizes the key findings of the first systematic review of research on IGOs and climate security, and the implications of existing studies for the theory and practice of global climate security governance.
Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2016
Authors: Fleurant Aude , Wezeman Pieter D. , Wezeman Siemon T. , Tian Nan
Published: February 2022

The volume of international transfers of major weapons in 2012–16 was 8.4 per cent higher than in 2007–11. This was the highest volume for any five-year period since 1990. The flow of arms to Asia and Oceania and the Middle East increased between 2007–11 and 2012–16, while there was a decrease in the flow to Europe, the Americas and Africa. The SIPRI Arms Transfers Database now contains information on all international transfers of major conventional weapons from 1950 to the end of 2016. It is the only publicly available resource providing consistent data on international arms transfers for this length of time. This Fact Sheet describes the trends in international arms transfers that are revealed by the new data. It lists the main suppliers and recipients for the period 2012–16 and describes the changes in regional trends.
Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2017
Authors: Wezeman Pieter D. , Fleurant Aude , Kuimova Alexandra , Tian Nan , Wezeman Siemon T.
Published: February 2022

The volume of international transfers of major weapons in 2013–17 was 10 per cent higher than in 2008–12. This is a continuation of the upward trend that began in the early 2000s. The flow of arms to the Middle East and Asia and Oceania increased between 2008–12 and 2013–17, while there was a decrease in the flow to the Americas, Africa and Europe. The SIPRI Arms Transfers Database now includes data on arms transfers in 2017 and updated information for 1950–2016. This Fact Sheet highlights some of the key global and regional trends and issues in arms transfers based on the new data.
Multilateral Peace Operations: Africa, 2009
Authors: Soder Kirsten
Published: February 2022

This SIPRI Fact Sheet presents data from the SIPRI Multilateral Peace Operations Database to illuminate some of the most significant developments in peace operations in Africa in 2009 as well as trends over the decade since 2000. It includes statistical data on numbers and type of peacekeeping personnel, the organizations and countries mounting operations and deploying personnel, along with maps of peace operations that were active during 2009.
ทักษะเพื่อการทำงานอย่างมีความสุขและประสบความสำเร็จในวิชาชีพการพยาบาล
Authors: คำคง มาลี , อมรปิยภากร อฑิภา , ขำนาญเพาะ ปุญณพัฒน์
Published: February 2022

วิชาชีพการพยาบาล มีการทำงานเป็นทีมร่วมกับสหวิชาชีพ เพื่อตอบสนองความท้าทายของภาวะสุขภาพ ภายใต้ระบบงานที่ซับซ้อน การเปลี่ยนแปลงของสถานการณ์ตลอดเวลา ความก้าวหน้าของระบบบริการสุขภาพทั้งองค์ความรู้และเทคโนโลยี ความกดดันจากเวลาและสภาวะผู้ป่วย เกิดความเสี่ยงด้านสุขภาพจากการทำงานและปัจจัยอื่นในสภาพแวดล้อม จึงมีความเหนื่อยล้าและนำไปสู่ความเครียด เบื่อหน่ายและไม่มีความสุขในการทำงาน พยาบาลวิชาชีพจึงไม่เพียงแต่มีสมรรถนะเชิงวิชาชีพเท่านั้น แต่ต้องมีทักษะอื่นที่เป็นศาสตร์และศิลปะในการทำงาน ที่จะช่วยให้เกิดการเปลี่ยนแปลงในองค์กร สร้างคุณค่าต่อการทำงานและการดำเนินชีวิต ได้แก่ 1) มนุษยสัมพันธ์และการอยู่ร่วมกัน 2) ภาวะผู้นำ 3) ความฉลาดทางอารมณ์ 4) จินตนาการ 5) ความคิดสร้างสรรค์ 6) ทักษะชีวิต 7) การทำงานเป็นทีมและความร่วมมือ 8) การโต้แย้งอย่างมีเหตุผลและสร้างสรรค์ 9) การเรียนรู้ตลอดชีวิต และ 10) อารมณ์ขัน ทั้งนี้เพื่อให้พยาบาลสามารถปฏิบัติงานได้อย่างราบรื่นและเต็มศักยภาพ เยียวยาตนเองให้มีความสุขและถ่ายทอดความสุขสู่ผู้อื่น นำไปสู่ความสำเร็จที่เพิ่มขึ้น และเกิดแรงจูงใจอยู่ในวิชาชีพการพยาบาลอย่างยั่งยืน
การศึกษาอัตลักษณ์ของชุมชนเพื่อเป็นแนวทางในการออกแบบสถาปัตยกรรมพื้นที่ลุ่มน้ำปะเหลียน จังหวัดตรัง
Authors: วัฒนกิจ สาทินี , น้อยเสงี่ยม ณัฐนีภรณ์
Published: February 2022

งานวิจัยฉบับนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาอัตลักษณ์ชุมชนในพื้นที่ลุ่มน้้ำปะเหลียน จังหวัดตรัง เพื่อเป็นแนวทางในการออกแบบสถาปัตยกรรมที่ส่งเสริมการท่องเที่ยวชุมชนศึกษาข้อมูลภาคเอกสาร การทบทวนวรรณกรรม การสำรวจ การสัมภาษณ์แบบมีโครงสร้าง โดยศึกษาพื้นที่ 3 อำเภอ คือ อำเภอกันตัง อำเภอย่านตาขาวและอำเภอปะเหลียน จังหวัดตรัง ผลที่ได้สู่การนำเสนอแนวทางการออกแบบสถาปัตยกรรมที่สอดคล้องกับอัตลักษณ์ชุมชน เพื่อส่งเสริมการท่องเที่ยว ผลการวิจัยสรุปได้ว่า ชุมชนลุ่มน้ำปะเหลียน จังหวัดตรัง มีความโดดเด่นด้านภูมิศาสตร์ โดยเฉพาะ ฐานทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ ป่าจาก และป่าโกงกาง ซึ่งมีความอุดมสมบูรณ์เป็นอันดับ 4 ของประเทศไทย วิถีชีวิต วัฒนธรรมของชุมชน ซึ่งเป็นวัฒนธรรมแบบผสมผสานระหว่างไทยพุทธไทยมุสลิม และจีน รายได้และเศรษฐกิจในชุมชนเกิดจากการประกอบอาชีพการเก็บหอยปะ และผลิตสินค้าจากวัสดุเหลือใช้ (จาก) การพึ่งพิงระหว่างชุมชนและฐานทรัพยากรธรรมชาติที่มีอยู่ก่อให้เกิดรูปแบบสภาพแวดล้อมและรูปแบบสถาปัตยกรรมที่เอื้อต่อวิถีชีวิต การเสนอแนะแนวทางการออกแบบสถาปัตยกรรมนั้น จึงให้ความสำคัญกับวิถีชีวิต วัฒนธรรมประเพณีของคนในชุมชน ภายใต้แนวคิด 1) ฐานทรัพยากรธรรมชาติในชุมชน ซึ่งเป็นลักษณะเฉพาะของพื้นที่ สู่แนวคิดหลักในการออกแบบที่สอดคล้องกับริบทของพื้นที่ 2) วิถีชีวิต วัฒนธรรมของคนในชุมชน ที่เกิดจากฐานทรัพยากรชุมชน และ 3) อัตลักษณ์ของชุมชน ได้แก่ วัสดุ สี ลวดลายที่เกิดจากทรัพยากรในชุมชน ได้แก่ จาก
PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS DAN LEVERAGE TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN PADA PT. CHITOSE INTERNASIONAL, TBK PERIODE TAHUN 2015-2019
Authors: Wulandari Novita , Tansar Indri Ayu , Suzanto Boy
Published: February 2022

One of the ways a company can increase capital is through debt or increasing the number of ownership by listing its shares on the capital market. Thus, this study verifies the effect of profitability and leverage on firm value in one of the companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The quantitative method uses to determine the magnitude of the effect of profitability and leverage on value during the 2015-2019 period. The results showed that profitability had a positive and significant effect, while leverage had a negative effect on firm value. However, simultaneously profitability and leverage have a significant effect on firm value. The study results indicate that it is necessary to increase sales and pay attention to the amount of debt and the risks caused. When the amount of debt exceeds their capital, investors will hesitate to remember the risks the company has.

 Keywords: profitability, leverage, firm value.
TINJAUAN LITERATUR KOMPETENSI KEWIRAUSAHAAN PADA USAHA KECIL MENENGAH (UKM)
Authors: Maulana Farhan , Rizal Muhamad , Arifianti Ria
Published: February 2022

Kompetensi kewirausahaan merupakan pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilan yang terhubung satu dengan lainnya, yang diperlukan pengusaha untuk dilatih dan dikembangkan agar mampu menghasilkan kinerja terbaik dalam mengelola usahanya. Di dalam aktivitas Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM), kompetensi kewirausahaan inilah juga sangat diperlukan. Kompetensi kewirausahaan juga masih jarang diabahas terutama pada UKM. Maka, kami membahas klasifikasi, identifikasi dari beberapa publikasi ilmiah dan menganalisis pada literatur untuk menciptakan pemahaman secara rinci dalam bidang kompetensi kewirausahaan pada UKM. Kami menggunakan metode Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) untuk menelaah dari berbagai artikel di bidang komptenesi kewirausahaan pada UKM berdasarkan focus dan tipe riset dari waktu ke waktu. Hasil menunjukkan kategori dan kuantifikasi studi kompetensi kewirausahaan kedalam berbagai dimensi, juga ikhtisar topik dan tren penelitian kompetensi kewirausahaan pada UKM saat ini.
MAKNA INOVASI DALAM PANDANGAN PENGURUS KOPERASI SE-BANDUNG RAYA PADA ERA REVOLUSI INDUSTRI 4.0
Authors: Syobar Khaerul
Published: February 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui bagaimana makna inovasi dalam pandangan pengurus koperasi se-Bandung Raya khususnya pada era revolusi industri 4.0. Hal ini muncul dari adanya persaingan yang semakin ketat dalam berinovasi baik regional, nasional, maupun internasional di era revolusi industri 4.0. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kualitatif jenis fenomenologi. Pengambilan data melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa makna inovasi dalam pandangan pengurus koperasi se-Bandung Raya khususnya pada era revolusi industri 4.0 ada tiga, yaitu : (1) inovasi dalam pandangan pengurus koperasi se-Bandung Raya sebagai meningkatkan produktivitas, (2) inovasi dalam pandangan pengurus koperasi se-Bandung Raya sebagai kebutuhan pelanggan, dan (3) inovasi dalam pandangan pengurus koperasi se-Bandung Raya sebagai cara dalam meningkatkan kinerja. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah inovasi pada era revolusi industri 4.0 bagi pengurus koperasi se-Bandung Raya merupakan keniscayaa dalam rangka mempertahankan eksistensi koperasi di era revolusi industri 4.0.
Effect of Internal Audit Against Fraud Prevention
Authors: Taufik Mochammad , Dianita Mirna
Published: February 2022

This study aims to determine the effect of internal audit on fraud prevention. The object of this research was conducted at PT Asuransi Jasa Indonesia.This type of research is quantitative research. The population in this study amounted to 30 people. The data collected is by distributing questionnaires with correlation data analysis, coefficient of determination, and hypothesis testing t. This study uses SPSS 22 tools for windows. that the implementation of internal audit at PT Asuransi Jasa Indonesia is good enough. In addition, the results of the correlation test indicate that the application of internal audit at PT. Indonesian Insurance Services are quite strong. Hypothesis test results also indicate that internal audit affects fraud prevention at PT Asuransi Jasa Indonesia (fraud)
The Ambivalent Attitude of the Catholic Church in Poland Towards the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ignatowski Grzegorz
Published: February 2022

Any pandemic is a serious infectious disease that spreads rapidly among people and oc-curs at the same time not only in one country but throughout the world. Its appearance has a de-structive effect on diverse social life, including religious life. In the case of religious associations, the rules introduced by local authorities and governments restrict the physical access of believers to their communities, limit personal contacts with religious leaders and make it difficult to organize religious services and ceremonies. This is also the case of the pandemic caused by the SARS-Cov-2 virus. The article presents the restrictions introduced by state institutions after the announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic and the attitude of the Catholic Church in Poland to them. The issue of vaccination and the involvement of religious leaders in its popularization is discussed. The article also addresses the issue of the decline of Church recognition in the Polish community, which dates back to the time before the pandemic outbreak. Finally, it addresses the widely practiced taking of communion by hand and ecumenical engagement during the pandemic. The former can be a seri-ous problem in combating the spread of the virus, while the latter is again not so important for a sizable group of Catholics who take a traditional approach to their faith in pandemic times.
Introducción. Teoría y pandemia: intersecciones entre educación y cultura en Latinoamérica
Authors: Plá Pérez Sebastián , Rosa Carlo
Published: February 2022

Introducción vol. 25 enero 2022
Wind and Gust Forecasts Assessment of Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) Model in Córdoba, Argentina
Authors: Suárez Matías , Poffo Denis , Pierobon Edgardo , Martina Agustín , Saffe Jorge , Rodríguez Andrés
Published: February 2022

WRF wind forecasts from four operative schemes used by OHMC (Observatorio HidroMeteorológico de Córdoba), a test scheme (WRF-E) and two daily runs with 4 km horizontal resolution were analyzed. Wind simulations were compared with measurements from eight ground stations with anemometers at 10 m high during the period from June, 2019 to June, 2020. WRF-E incorporates more vertical levels, and an activated topo_wind option. The wind speed results show that WRF overestimates wind speed at most stations and the WRF-E model reduces the BIAS and the RMSE when compared with the operational models. The wind direction analysis shows that the higher the wind speed is, the more accurate the models are. In addition, a wind gust forecasting has been implemented and evaluated in this work. Wind gust correlation coefficient values are between 0.3 and 0.6, RMSE is between 3 and 5 m/s, and a positive BIAS(<2 m/s) at most stations.
Indices of technical and tactical training during kickboxing at different levels of competition in the K1 Formula
Authors: Rydzik Łukasz
Published: February 2022

Study aim: The objective of analysis was to determine indices of technical and tactical training (activity, efficacy, attack effectiveness) during a kickboxing fight according to K1 rules, carried out at various levels of competition. Materials and methods: The study comprised 24 kickboxing fights, analysed according to K1 Rules. From the World Championships, National Championships and local tournaments, 8 fights were considered and analysed. The technical and tactical training indices were determined on the basis of formulas provided in the literature. Results: Statistically significant changes in the level of technical and tactical training indices for fighters were demonstrated between the world championships, the national championships and the local tournament, p<0.001. Conclusions: The highest values of the measured technical and tactical training indices occurred during the World Championships, while the lowest during the local tournament. The results of the research allow for a preliminary interpretation of the level of technical and tactical preparation during fights according to K1 rules.
Baby Milk
Authors: Hofheinz Albrecht
Published: February 2022

An array of Egyptian lifeworlds in 2016.
Court Trials
Authors: Lindbekk Monika , Pepe Teresa
Published: February 2022

An array of Egyptian lifeworlds in 2016.
Éveil d’une nation / Ṣaḥwat umma
Authors: Oualdi M'hamed
Published: February 2022

An array of Tunisian lifeworlds in 2016.
Obtaining of a Constitutive Models of Laminate Composite Materials
Authors: Acosta Flores Mario , Jiménez López Eusebio , Lilia Eraña Díaz Marta
Published: February 2022

The study of the mechanical behavior of composite materials has acquired great importance due to the innumerable number of applications in new technological developments. As a result, many theories and analytical models have been developed with which its mechanical behavior is predicted; these models require knowledge of elastic properties. This work describes a basic theoretical framework, based on linear elasticity theory and classical lamination theory, to generate constitutive models of laminated materials made up of orthotropic layers. Thus, the models of three orthotropic laminated composite materials made up of layers of epoxy resin reinforced with fiberglass were also obtained. Finally, by means of experimental axial load tests, the constants of the orthotropic layers were determined.
Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient
Authors: Kiymet Karataban Pinar
Published: February 2022

Individuals with special needs are the most underserved regarding healthcare needs in almost all populations. Special needs patients with intellectual disability have muscle coordination disorder, impaired oral motor function, drooling, weak muscles that cause chewing and swallowing problems. Also, soft diet consumption makes this population more prone to dental disease. They have more caries, missing teeth, orthodontic and periodontal problems. Besides more difficulties obtaining professional dental care than other segments of the population. Though many countries developed community-based systems to improve oral health for people with special needs, providing good oral health mainly depends on the effort of the families. Therefore the education of the caregiver about oral hygiene provision is also critical for the special needs patient to enjoy a lifetime of oral health the same as other members of the society.
Vertex Decomposability of Path Complexes and Stanley’s Conjectures
Authors: Mohammad Ajdani Seyed , Bulnes Francisco
Published: February 2022

Monomials are the link between commutative algebra and combinatorics. With a simplicial complex Δ, one can associate two square-free monomial ideals: the Stanley-Reisner ideal IΔ whose generators correspond to the non-face of Δ, or the facet ideal I(Δ) that is a generalization of edge ideals of graphs and whose generators correspond to the facets of Δ. The facet ideal of a simplicial complex was first introduced by Faridi in 2002. Let G be a simple graph. The edge ideal I(G) of a graph G was first considered by R. Villarreal in 1990. He studied algebraic properties of I(G) using a combinatorial language of G. In combinatorial commutative algebra, one can attach a monomial ideal to a combinatorial object. Then, algebraic properties of this ideal are studied using combinatorial properties of combinatorial object. One of interesting problems in combinatorial commutative algebra is the Stanley’s conjectures. The Stanley’s conjectures are studied by many researchers. Let R be a Nn-graded ring and M a Zn-graded R-module. Then, Stanley conjectured that depthM≤sdepthM. He also conjectured that each Cohen-Macaulay simplicial complex is partition-able. In this chapter, we study the relation between vertex decomposability of some simplicial complexes and Stanley’s conjectures.
Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ): A Reliable Guide for Implant Treatment
Authors: Gupta Gaurav
Published: February 2022

Implant stability is a prerequisite for successful dental implants and osseointegration. To determine the status of implant stability, continuous monitoring in an objective and qualitative manner is important. To measure implant stability two different stages are there: Primary and secondary. Primary implant stability at placement is a mechanical phenomenon that is related to the local bone quality and quantity, the type of implant and placement technique used. Primary stability is checked from mechanical engagement with cortical bone. Secondary stability is developed from regeneration and remodeling of the bone and tissue around the implant after insertion and affected by the primary stability, bone formation and remodeling. Implant stability is essential for the time of functional loading. Classical benchmark methods to measure implant stability were radiographs or microscopic analysis, removal torque, push-through and pull-through but due to lack of feasibility, time consumption and ethical reasons other methods have been propounded over period of time like measurement of implant torque, model analysis and most important ISQ which has the ability to monitor osseointegration and the life expectancy of an implant. ISQ is a valuable diagnostic and clinical tool that has far-reaching consequences on implant dentistry and this article throws light on advanced and reliable methods of assessing ISQ.
Fungal Immunology: Mechanisms of Host Innate Immune Recognition and Evasion by Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Rasheed Anjum Faisal , Anam Sidra , Luqman Muhammad , A. AL-surhanee Ameena , F. Shater Abdullah , Wasim Usmani Muhammad , ur Rahman Sajjad , Sohail Sajid Muhammad , Rizvi Farzana , Zulqarnain Shakir Muhammad
Published: February 2022

For a fungal pathogen to successfully infect, colonize and spread inside a susceptible host, it must have overcome the host immune responses. The early recognition of the fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) by the host’s pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) results in the establishment of anti-fungal immunity. Although, our immune system has evolved several processes to combat these pathogens both at the innate and adaptive immune levels. These organisms have developed various escape strategies to evade the recognition by the host\'s innate immune components and thus interfering with host immune mechanisms. In this chapter, we will summarize the major PRRs involved in sensing fungal PAMPS and most importantly the fungal tactics to escape the host\'s innate immune surveillance and protective mechanisms.
Surgical Site Infection after Hysterectomy
Authors: W. Chan Catherine , L. Nimaroff Michael
Published: February 2022

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. SSIs are defined as an infection that occurs after surgery in the part of the body where the surgery took place. Approximately 1–4% of hysterectomies are complicated by SSIs, with higher rates reported for abdominal hysterectomy. Over the past decade, there has been an increasing number of minimally invasive hysterectomies, in conjunction with a decrease in abdominal hysterectomies. The reasons behind this trend are multifactorial but are mainly rooted in the well-documented advantages of minimally invasive surgery. Multiple studies have demonstrated a marked decrease in morbidity and mortality with minimally invasive surgeries. Specifically, evidence supports lower rates of SSIs after laparoscopic hysterectomy when compared to abdominal hysterectomy. In fact, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist recommends minimally invasive approaches to hysterectomy whenever feasible. This chapter will review the current literature on surgical site infection (SSI) after hysterectomy for benign indications.
Studies of Terahertz Sources and Their Applications
Authors: Singh Sukhmander , Kumar Meena Shravan , Tyagi Ashish , Kumar Sanjeev , Raj Meena Man , Kumar Saini Sujit
Published: February 2022

The contributed chapter discuss the applications of terahertz radiations and its generation mechanism through laser plasma interactions. The methods of generation of terahertz radiations from plasma wake field acceleration, higher harmonic generation and the laser beat wave plasma frequency are reviewed. The nonlinear current density oscillate the plasma at beat wave frequency under the effect of ponderomotive force and excite the terahertz radiation at beat wave frequency. The current state of the arts of the methods of generation has been incorporated. The mathematical expression of ponderomotive force has been derived under the influence of gradient of laser fields. In additions, the future challenge and their overcomes are also been discussed.
Secondary Metabolites: The Natural Remedies
Authors: Garba Mikail Hudu , Mohammed Mamman , Danmalam Umar Habib , Musa Suleiman Mohammed
Published: February 2022

The chapter discusses the meaning and origin of some important classes of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, and phenolic compounds, etc., produced by some bacteria, fungi, or plants. Very important drugs that are used clinically are derived from these secondary metabolites. Several reports obtained in scientific journals and books written by different scientists working or who have worked in the fields of natural products medicine were reviewed. These different classes of secondary metabolites have shown activity against varied diseases, and compounds that are of novel structure and activity have been isolated and characterized from them. The chapter highlights the economic impacts of these chemical compounds including their role in improving human and animal health and well-being by serving as sources of some antibiotics, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antifertility, antidiabetics, analgesics, growth promoters, etc. Secondary metabolites are also used to enhance agricultural productivity, they find uses as pesticides, insecticides, and preservatives. Some folkloric uses of secondary metabolites chemical compounds based on reliable sources of information and genuine scientific investigations are highlighted.
New Trends in Industrial Equipment for the Improvement of Asphalt Roofing Process
Authors: Barragan-Garcia Alberto , Fernandez-Munoz Miguel , Vidal-Sanchez Alberto , Diez-Jimenez Efren
Published: February 2022

Roofing techniques are the key for weather resistance and energy efficiency of buildings. Installing asphalt roofing rolls is one of the most popular roof protection methods. This is usually carried out manually. Workers apply heat to the rolls by means of burners. Operators must follow quite a few steps to roof: place the rolls on the ground, unroll, apply energy, and secure. From 20 to 25 rolls per day can be installed by an operator using this manual procedure (200–250 m2). So, the fact that manual installation means such a reduced work capacity has pushed the development of industrial equipment. Besides, requirement for reduction of CO2 emissions is forcing to develop systems that optimize the fuel consumptions or even to replace fuel burners by other types of electric heating devices. In this chapter, a review of the state of the art and market of equipment for accelerating asphalt roofing process is presented. A detailed description of some systems and patents is given. The main geometric, physical, and performance parameters will be described and compared. Two new systems based on torches and infrared heating show double installation speed that is the usual manual roofing rate.
Awake Surgery for Brain Tumors
Authors: Plata-Bello Julio , Fariña-Jerónimo Helga , Pérez-Martín Yaiza
Published: February 2022

Surgery is one of the most important steps in most of brain tumors management. In this regard, the extent of resection has been considered as an important prognostic factor. However, the resection may be limited by the presence of functional brain tissue around or in the tumor. Preventing functional damage during brain surgery is essential to keep a good postoperative performance status and for facing the successive steps in brain tumor management (i.e., radio- and/or chemotherapy). This chapter will describe all the procedures around an awake surgery for a brain tumor: from presurgical preparation to postoperative treatments and follow-up. It will not focus only on surgical approaches, but also on the specific aspect of the disciplines that are involved in this procedure.
X-Rays and Computed Tomography Scan Imaging: Instrumentation and Medical Applications
Authors: R. Gharieb Reda
Published: February 2022

This chapter gives a review for both conventional X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scan imaging modalities and their medical applications. The chapter presents a brief history on the discovery of X-ray, X-ray imaging, and computed tomography scan. The linear projection for the generation of the sinogram (the detector’s signals versus the rotational angle) and the filtered backprojection for image reconstruction are discussed. Computer simulations for linear and fan beams X -ray are also presented. The chapter discusses some medical applications of both the conventional X-ray and CT scan imaging.
Variance Balanced Design
Authors: Ghosh D.K.
Published: February 2022

In this chapter binary, ternary and n-ary variance balanced design is constructed using balanced incomplete block, resolvable balanced incomplete block, semi regular group divisible, factorial, fractional factorial designs. Constructed variance balanced designs are with v, (v + 1), (v + 2) and (v + r) treatments. Method of construction of variance balanced designs are supported by suitable examples. It is found that all most all variance balanced designs are with high efficiency factors.
Postharvest Diseases of Vegetable Crops and Their Management
Authors: Nand Tripathi Atma , Kumar Tiwari Shailesh , Kanti Behera Tushar
Published: February 2022

Vegetable crops have an important role in food and nutrition and maintain the health of soil. India is the second-largest producer of vegetables in the world with a 16% (191.77 MT) share of global vegetable production. Every year, diseases cause postharvest losses (40–60%) in vegetable crops due to their perishable nature under field (15–20%), packaging and storage (15–20%), and transport (30–40%). Profiling, detection, and diagnosis of postharvest vegetable pathogens (diseases) are essential for better understanding of pathogen and formulation of safe management of postharvest spoilage of vegetables. The vegetable produce is spoiled by postharvest pathogens and makes them unfit for human consumption and market due to the production of mycotoxins and other potential human health risks. Genera of fungal pathogens viz. Alternaria, Aschochyta, Colletotrichum, Didymella, Phoma, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, and bacterial pathogens viz. Erwinia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas euvesictoria were recorded as postharvest pathogens on vegetable crops. Fruit rot incidence of several post-harvest pathogens viz. Alternaria solani (30%), Phytophthora infestans (15%), Rhophitulus solani (30%), Sclerotium rolfsii (30%) fruit rot and X. euvesictoria (5%) canker on tomato; Colletotrichum dematium fruit rot (20%) on chili; Phomopsis vexans (60%) fruit rot on brinjal was recorded. Didymella black rot and Colletotrichum anthracnose were recorded on fruits of bottle gourd, pumpkin, ash gourd, and watermelon. Important leguminous vegetable crops are infected by postharvest pathogens viz. Ascochyta pisi, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Anthracnose), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (white rot) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (blight), Sclerotinia white rot, Alternaria blight. However, Xanthomonas black rot (10%) on cabbage and Pectinovora (Erwinia) soft rot (19%) were recorded as emerging post-harvest pathogens on cauliflower.
Experimental Studies of Asynchronous Electric Drives with “Stepwise” Changes in the Active Load
Authors: L. Kodkin Vladimir , S. Anikin Alexandr , A. Baldenkov Alexandr , A. Loginova Natalia
Published: February 2022

The article offers the results of experimental studies of asynchronous electric 10 motors with “squirrel cage” rotor with frequency control. The results of bench tests of the modes of parrying stepwise changes in the load created by a similar frequency-controlled electric drive are presented. A preliminary qualitative analysis of the known control methods is carried out and it is shown that the assumptions made when creating their algorithms in the modes of countering the load become too significant. The reasons for this are the fundamental inaccuracies of the vector equations of asynchronous electric motors with frequency regulation. The proposed interpretation of asynchronous electric motors by nonlinear continuous transfer functions, outlined in the articles written by the same authors earlier, and the corrections they proposed turned out to be more accurate for the operating modes under consideration than the traditional methods of interpretation and correction of the frequency control of asynchronous electric motors This made it possible to assess as objectively as possible the effectiveness of the interpretation of asynchronous electric drives and methods of their regulation. Numerous articles on this topic over the past 25–30 years have not provided such results.
Circadian Synchrony between Mothers and Young in the European Rabbit: Or Not? A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Hudson Robyn , A. Kennedy Gerard
Published: February 2022

The European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, ancestor of all domestic breeds, has an unusual pattern of maternal care in which females briefly nurse their young just once approximately every 24 h, and where the pups anticipate and prepare for their mother’s arrival. Chronobiologists have seen this as a model mammalian system to study the physiological and neurobiological underpinnings of a biologically relevant circadian complex. However, observations of nursing in wild rabbits, together with studies of nursing in domestic breeds allowed free access to their young in laboratory settings, suggest that the rabbit’s pattern of daily nursing visits resembles an hourglass rather than a circadian process, well suited to the sudden starts and stops of natural nursing cycles. We consider whether there might be other such cases in the literature, including in human chronobiology, in which failing to consider the organism’s natural, evolved daily patterns of behaviour and prematurely studying these under artificially imposed laboratory time schedules might have also led to such patterns being erroneously considered circadian.
Welding Defect Detection with Deep Learning Architectures
Authors: Tripicchio Paolo , D’Avella Salvatore
Published: February 2022

Welding automation is a fundamental process in manufacturing industries. Production lines integrate welding quality controls to reduce wastes and optimize the production chain. Early detection is fundamental as defects at any stage could determine the rejection of the entire product. In the last years, following the industry 4.0 paradigm, industrial automation lines have seen the introduction of modern technologies. Although the majority of the inspection systems still rely on traditional sensing and data processing, especially in the computer vision domain, some initiatives have been taken toward the employment of machine learning architectures. This chapter introduces deep neural networks in the context of welding defect detection, starting by analyzing common problems in the industrial applications of such technologies and discussing possible solutions in the specific case of quality checks in fuel injectors welding during the production stage.
Retrospective Study of Production and Commercialization of Sheep Wool from Mexico
Authors: E. Robles-Jimenez Lizbeth , Alejandra Fernández Estrada Paola , Osorio Avalos Jorge , Perezgrovas Raul , Chavez-Rivera Oscar , Vargas-Bello-Pérez Einar , Palacios Riocerezo Carlos , Gonzalez-Ronquillo Manuel
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this chapter is to provide information on wool production from Mexico in a period from 1980 to 2019, addressing some of the problems faced by the wool market over time. An analysis of variables such as national production of wool, cost of kg of wool, import and export of wool was performed with the aim of having a complete picture of the situation in Mexico. Also, the production of Mexico was compared with that of other countries that occupy the first places in wool production and quality, to have a starting point and propose improvement scenarios for the production of Mexican wool production. Overall, wool production in Mexico cannot cover the national demand, having to resort to the import of this product. The use of native resources of the region, such as the “Chiapas sheep breed” allows the development and maintenance of traditional ancestral culture, such as the Tzotzil, and the manufacture of handicrafts typical of each of the regions of Mexico. However, the management of long-term programs through the inclusion of dual-purpose breeds, wool, and meat can be a viable alternative for the development of the wool industry in Mexico.
A Voice Signal Filtering Methods for Speaker Biometric Identification
Authors: Fedorov Eugene , Utkina Tetyana , Neskorodeva Tetyana
Published: February 2022

The preliminary stage of the personality biometric identification on a voice is voice signal filtering. For biometric identification are considered and in number investigated the following methods of noise suppression in a voice signal. The smoothing adaptive linear time filtering (algorithm of the minimum root mean square error, an algorithm of recursive least squares, an algorithm of Kalman filtering, a Lee algorithm), the smoothing adaptive linear frequency filtering (the generalized method, the MLEE (maximum likelihood envelope estimation) method, a wavelet analysis with threshold processing (universal threshold, SURE (Stein’s Unbiased Risk Estimator)-threshold, minimax threshold, FDR (False Discovery Rate)-threshold, Bayesian threshold were used), the smoothing non-adaptive linear time filtering (the arithmetic mean filter, the normalized Gauss’s filter, the normalized binomial filter), the smoothing nonlinear filtering (geometric mean filter, the harmonic mean filter, the contraharmonic filter, the α-trimmed mean filter, the median filter, the rank filter, the midpoint filter, the conservative filter, the morphological filter). Results of a numerical research of denoising methods for voice signals people from the TIMIT (Texas Instruments and Massachusetts Institute of Technology) database which were noise an additive Gaussian noise and multiplicative Gaussian noise were received.
The Dynamic of Knowledge Creation in Joint Industry-Academia Research Projects: Return from Recent Action-Research Experiences in the Domain of Logistics and Supply Chain Management
Authors: Fabbe-Costes Nathalie
Published: February 2022

The chapter focuses on knowledge processes in joint industry-academia research projects. Our experience of knowledge creation in joint industry-academia research projects in the domain of logistics and supply chain management (SCM) has led us to deepen the study of industry-academia interactions more specially the knowledge processes at work in such projects. With this perspective, we adopted an action research approach to launch and conduct two research projects in collaboration with a global manufacturing company. The chapter reviews the knowledge management (KM) literature on knowledge processes, presents the action research approach, and reports the results from the two action-research joint industry-academia research projects with knowledge creation objectives in logistics and SCM. The analysis of the projects reveals that the knowledge creation dynamic results from three intertwined, interactive, and iterative processes: knowledge transfer, knowledge sharing and knowledge generation. This outlines a framework of industry-academia knowledge processes dynamic. The analysis also underlines factors influencing the dynamic, among them action-research methodological choices and tactics. The chapter concludes on the value of action research to boost knowledge creation in joint industry-academia research projects and questions adopting a KM approach in this type of projects that could be part of the KM strategies of partners.
Energy, Economic and Environmental (3E) Assessments on Hybrid Renewable Energy Technology Applied in Poultry Farming
Authors: Cui Yuanlong , Riffat Saffa , Theo Elmer , Gurler Tugba , Xue Xuan , Soleimani Zohreh
Published: February 2022

This chapter aims to design, construct and test a new and renewable heating system for fulfilling the energy demand and ameliorating the interior environment of poultry farming in the UK. This system consists of a photovoltaic/thermal module attached to the polyethylene heat exchanger integrated with a geothermal copper pipe array and heat pump. The thermal and electrical energy performance of the hybrid renewable heating system is investigated based on a numerical model and experimental test. Moreover, the economic analysis (and environmental assessment are conducted. It is concluded that the electrical energy production from the photovoltaic array could reach 11867 kWh per annum whereas the heat pump thermal output is about 30210 kWh per annum. Meanwhile, the overall gas and electrical cost of the hybrid renewable heating system are £320 and £129, which are much less than that of the gas burners system and could save £763 and £750, respectively, resulting in less than 6-year of payback period. The energy consumption of the hybrid renewable heating system could decrease about 28873 kWh, resulting in a reduction in total CO2 emission of approximately 8.3 tons, in comparison with the gas burners system.
Investigating the Role of Auger Recombination on the Performance of a Self-Assembled Quantum Dot Laser
Authors: Razm-Pa Mahdi , Emami Farzin
Published: February 2022

We first examine the relaxation dynamics inside quantum dot structures. After presenting the rate equations model, we investigate the effect of some parameters introduced in the rate equation on the performance of quantum dot lasers. The effects of QDs coverage factor, inhomogeneous broadening, which its physical source is the size fluctuation of quantum dot in forming self-assembled quantum dots, as well as cavity length, on SAQD laser have been analyzed. Then, based on the rate equations, a circuit model will be introduced. Finally the effect of phonon bottleneck and Auger recombination on the performance of quantum dot lasing, are examined. It is shown that, there is more output power and quantum efficiency, and higher modulation bandwidths when Auger recombination is considered for these lasers.
Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics
Authors: Nadide Akay Elif
Published: February 2022

The aim of orthodontic treatment is to improve the esthetics of the teeth and face, to provide a beautiful smile, and an adequate and permanent chewing function. In individuals with insufficient oral hygiene, demineralization begins in the mouth with a very low pH value, and as a result, white spot lesions formed by decalcification of the enamel layer can be seen during orthodontic treatment. Since lesions are the first stage of caries formation, it is possible to stop caries development at this stage. Many methods, such as improving oral hygiene, regulating diets, fluoridated agents, laser, casein phosphopeptide, and microabrasion, are used in the treatment of white spot lesions. Preventive methods are of great importance in terms of preventing future tooth loss and reducing the treatment process. The purpose of this article is to manage white spot lesions in orthodontic treatment and to examine risk factors and preventive methods based on the latest evidence.