bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assembling the Merry Ghetto
Authors: Hagen Trever
Published: July 2019

Chapter 3 focuses on the rich artistic output of the Czech Underground in the early 1970s. This aesthetic material helped frame the Underground through contrast structures and ideological articulations, helping it develop from an inchoate group that emerges from the 1960s bigbít scene into a distinct community. This occurred through a series of events congruent with the Underground band the Plastic People of the Universe’s musical development, all of which was calibrated by police repression and bureaucratic interruption of normalizace. In particular, notions of “establishment” emerged within Underground discourse, understood to be an “oppressor” of a self-determined way of life. The chapter shows how the fusing of cultural resources began to hold together an increasingly clearer network of dispositions, gestures and emotional stances that resulted from a series of social and aesthetic mediators. The chapter concludes by offering a model of how cultural resources are made available, located and put together. This engagement with resources ultimately creates a habitable, health-promoting space for communing and building immunity against things that one seeks to reject.
Resistance and Reclamation
Authors: Kral Michael J.
Published: July 2019

After many years, and for some peoples centuries, of colonial/imperial dispossession of their lives and cultures, indigenous peoples are increasingly gaining momentum in self-determination and collective agency. A spirit is moving, however slowly but strongly, through Indigenous country. It is called indigenism, the international human rights movement for indigenous peoples. This chapter examines how indigenous peoples and Inuit are reclaiming their lives after colonialism. Self-determination and human rights are discussed, as are indigenous social movements. These movements are seen in Canada, the United States, Ecuador, the Philippines, South America, Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and other countries. The chapter concludes with a focus on Inuit self-determination, including land claims and self-government.
Commercial Connections
Authors: Bendrups Dan
Published: July 2019

This chapter considers Rapanui music in relation to global commercial influences, especially those emanating from the United States from the 1960s onward. It reveals how Rapanui performers over two generations have made sense of global cultural influences, and how these have in turn been represented in Rapanui music. It considers the capacity for Rapanui performers to extend beyond the confines of Chilean folklore performance contexts and into mainstream global popular culture, providing key examples of groups and individuals who have achieved some level of national or international popularity. It also considers the impact of the development of a local recording industry on Rapa Nui and how Rapanui musicians have responded to sound recording opportunities.
Epilogue
Authors: Bendrups Dan
Published: July 2019

This epilogue recounts a personal interaction with Rapanui music master Kiko Pate on the occasion of his son’s wedding. It then presents Pate’s changing attitudes toward musical transmission, culminating in his efforts to reach out to a new generation of young Rapanui performers in the years leading up to his death. This biographical account serves as an allegory for the way in which Rapanui musicians have reached out to the world, and to their own futures, through song.
Social Language of Jazz
Authors: Goodrich Andrew
Published: July 2019

Interactions among students can provide the basis for them to learn from each other, even when directors still maintain control of the ensemble rehearsals. In addition to teacher-directed instruction, mentoring can build strong social connections among students and elevate the performance level of the jazz ensemble. This chapter draws connections between historical jazz mentoring practices and how directors can incorporate them into the school jazz ensemble. The types of mentoring discussed are (a) adult mentoring, in which teachers receive mentoring from jazz musicians and jazz educators; (b) teachers providing mentoring to students; and (c) peer mentoring, in which teachers guide and instruct their students in how to mentor each other in the areas of teaching, learning, leadership, and social connections. This chapter includes directives for teachers regarding implementing and maintaining a peer mentoring system in the school jazz ensemble.
High School Improvisation
Authors: Grace Michael
Published: July 2019

What is the essence of jazz improvisation? Performing jazz musicians will answer in many ways, but there is one guiding principle, which is widely accepted, especially when teaching beginners: express the tonality of the piece. Tonality includes the basic key, and any other keys in the composition, and the chords within those keys, which need to be addressed in a recognizably tonal fashion. The active process of improvisation is tonicization. To tonicize a piece with improvisation is to play closely related scale tones, chord tones, and melodic and harmonic structures which amplify those chord progressions and express the form of the composition. This chapter outlines a sequential process whereby jazz teachers can provide students with the tools to successfully express the tonality of compositions that use II min7 → V7 → I Maj7 (II-7 V7 I∆7) chord changes and their alterations with major, minor, dominant, bebop scales and chord tones. Exercises for learning these scales and chord tones are presented, as well as a step-by-step process for showing students how to apply those scales, chord tones, and bebop permutations appropriately to II-7 V7 I∆7 chord progressions and 12-bar blues progressions with increasing levels of sophistication.
Jazz Trumpet
Authors: Campos Frank Gabriel
Published: July 2019

Ensembles of all kinds call upon the trumpets for excitement and fireworks. The strength and quality of the trumpet section is a top concern for any jazz, show, salsa, and commercial music ensemble. A gifted lead or solo trumpeter is a jewel of any group, and a strong trumpet section can elevate a band to greatness. The first part of this chapter provides an overview of the physical and musical challenges that jazz trumpeters face, and offers solutions to some of the most common problems, including exercises that improve range, endurance, and sound. The second part of the chapter discusses time feel, the jazz trumpet sound, and jazz articulation and phrasing. The final portion of the chapter covers the lead player, the jazz player, playing in a trumpet section, equipment choices, using mutes, and the flugelhorn.
Jazz Drums
Authors: Evans Gregory
Published: July 2019

It is no secret that music educators are faced with unique challenges when engaging young musicians who play drum sets. Many educators aren’t drummers themselves, which can create fear and uncertainty and ultimately lead them to avoid, rather than embrace, the wonderful and exciting world of jazz percussion. This chapter provides conceptual and technical approaches to understanding the role each component of the drum set contributes to the ensemble, as well as the role of the drum set in its entirety. It also touches on how dynamics can change the function and style of a groove as well as creative ways to encourage students to move beyond pattern playing. In particular, discussion and examples are provided regarding setup, sound sources, keeping time, functioning within the rhythm section, transitioning from timekeeping to improvising, and various rhythms and grooves.
Arranging for School Jazz Ensembles
Authors: Clauhs Matthew
Published: July 2019

School music teachers have a unique opportunity to cultivate creativity, yet teachers often report spending little time on composing, improvising, and arranging music. This chapter demystifies the process of writing for a school jazz ensemble so that arranging becomes a part of the culture in a school music program. Jazz arranging in a school setting can foster an intrinsic desire among students to create music, allow for a variety of instrumentation best suited for the school, accommodate nontraditional learners, differentiate for the strengths and weaknesses of the ensemble, allow the teacher to assess knowledge through performance-based activities, and increase the school’s library of repertoire without breaking the budget. This chapter explores (a) considerations before arranging, (b) writing for rhythm sections, (c) writing for winds, and (d) basic harmonization techniques.
Introduction
Authors: Phillips David
Published: July 2019

This chapter introduces the project of Rossian Ethics. The book has two connected aims. The first is to interpret and evaluate W. D. Ross’s ethics, focusing on the key elements of his moral theory: his introduction of the concept of prima facie duty, his limited pluralism about the right, and his limited pluralism about the good. The second is to articulate a distinctive view intermediate between consequentialism and absolutist deontology, “classical deontology.” The introductory chapter includes brief accounts of the kind of project of philosophical interpretation that the book undertakes, and of Ross’s place in the Sidgwick-to-Ewing school recently discussed by Hurka.
What Prima Facie Duties Are There?
Authors: Phillips David
Published: July 2019

This chapter interprets and defend Ross’s rejection of consequentialism and his endorsement of a moderate deontological position. It focuses particularly on what he says about promises, the special obligations he discusses most fully. It is argued that Ross treats promises as agent-relative intensifiers of reasons to promote goods; that there are other important kinds of agent-relative intensifiers recognized by Sidgwick but not by Ross; and that, unlike deontological constraints, agent-relative intensifiers are not puzzling or problematic. It is then argued, contra Robert Audi, that Ross should be interpreted as a classical deontologist rather than as a value-based intuitionist. And it is argued finally that Ross’s limited pluralism should be preferred to Jonathan Dancy’s particularism.
The Metaethical and Epistemological Framework
Authors: Phillips David
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the metaethical and epistemological framework within which Ross develops his moral theory. It is argued that the most important distinctive feature of Ross’s nonnaturalist metaethics is his emphasis on the distinction between essence theories and grounds theories, which is the product of his introduction of the concept of prima facie duty; that Ross does a better job of arguing for nonnaturalism than Moore does in Principia Ethica; and that Ross also does well in recognizing and taking on two new alternative positions in metaethics: noncognitivism (against which he raises a version of the Frege-Geach problem decades before Geach) and error theory. It is then argued that his moral epistemology is less satisfactory. He inherits from Prichard a distinctive form of knowledge-first epistemology that (unlike Sidgwick’s fallibilist intuitionism) leads to dogmatism. And his claims about the special epistemic status of principles of prima facie duty are problematic.
Pornographic Knowledge and Sexual Objectification
Authors: Mikkola Mari
Published: July 2019

This chapter considers sexual objectification and its connection to pornographic knowledge. It examines what sexual objectification amounts to and allegedly does, and whether pornography produces a certain kind of harmful maker’s knowledge, as Langton claims. The philosophical lessons to emerge from the chapter are as follows. First, even though we can make sense of the claim that pornography objectifies women, assessment of whether this claim is true typically involves a problematic focus on what pornography depicts in a decontextualized fashion. This is problematic since it is remarkably difficult to draw ethical conclusions from apparently objectifying pornographic depictions alone. Second, even though some pornographic materials involve objectionable objectification of women and problematic requisite maker’s knowledge, other materials do not. Determination of which materials are worrisome depends on background social conditions and contexts. This then undermines Langton’s view that pornographic maker’s knowledge is always harmful in undermining women’s sexual autonomy.
A Model for the Formation of Employee Work Passion
Authors: Zigarmi Drea , Nimon Kim , Peyton Taylor , Shuck Brad
Published: July 2019

There are four primary purposes of this chapter. First, the chapter presents a social cognitive model for the formulation of work passion, an operational definition, and its key components. Second, the chapter places the employee work passion appraisal (EWPA) model into perspective using the literature on work passion. Third, the chapter reviews the empirical research studies completed on the EWPA model since its inception. Fourth, the chapter suggests future directions for the research and application of the model. Using social cognitive appraisal theory as its origins, the EWPA model, composed of the components of cognition, affect, a sense of job well-being, and work intentions, will be defined and explored.
The Bright, Dark, and Unlit Sides of Work Passion
Authors: Ho Violet T. , Astakhova Marina N.
Published: July 2019

This chapter reviews and integrates published articles that examine passion for one’s work as a direct or indirect predictor of work-related performance (task performance, business performance, and job creativity) and work attitudes (job satisfaction and organizational commitment). A review of the studied underlying mechanisms at play in these relationships is also provided. A summary of what we know and what we do not yet know about the relationship between passion and work attitudes and performance is offered, followed by recommendations for managers who wish to harness performance and attitudinal benefits stemming from work passion.
Prologue
Authors: Ruprecht Lucia
Published: July 2019

The Prologue investigates The Rite of Spring in a triangular reading. It juxtaposes an analysis of Vaslav Nijinsky’s choreography with two signature texts on the piece, which are also key documents of early twentieth-century gestural theory: Theodor W. Adorno’s chapter on Stravinsky in his 1949 Philosophie der neuen Musik (Philosophy of New Music), and Jacques Rivière’s 1913 essay entitled “Le Sacre du printemps.” Sacre is considered a primal scene of modernist gesturality, as the moment at which the revolutionary power and conceptual reach of gesture become discernible. The Prologue carves out a theory of gesture that defines the gestural as a form of interruption of the flows of music and movement. Gesture is associated with a punctuating and punctuated energy that is considered as an aesthetic strategy of productive impairment that not only manifests, but also critically exposes the primitivism which is Sacre’s signature trait.
Conducts and Codes of Gesture in Walter Benjamin and Franz Kafka
Authors: Ruprecht Lucia
Published: July 2019

This chapter addresses writings that range across Walter Benjamin’s œuvre to trace his engagements with gesturality beyond a directly Brechtian framework. In his 1934 essay “Franz Kafka. On the Tenth Anniversary of His Death,” Benjamin argues that Kafka’s protagonists busy themselves with performing a lost or forgotten gestural script, so that their expressive corporeality remains unreadable. Gestural codes are deprived in the writings of Kafka of a commonly shared system of reference. But Kafka’s new, and, with Rilke, proliferating gestures, based as they are on an unexplainable yet unerring necessity, also exude an immanent grace: an inner logic that suggests a forward-looking directedness toward the as yet unknown. The chapter argues that this places them in the vicinity of the grace that Rivière finds in Nijinsky.
Gestural (In)visibility in Béla Balázs and Helmuth Plessner
Authors: Ruprecht Lucia
Published: July 2019

This chapter juxtaposes the film criticism of Béla Balázs with the philosophical anthropology of Helmuth Plessner in order to carve out their approaches to gesture. It gives particular attention to Plessner’s “Grenzen der Gemeinschaft: Eine Kritik des sozialen Radikalismus” (“The Limits of Community: A Critique of Social Radicalism”) and Balázs’s “Der sichtbare Mensch oder die Kultur des Films” (“Visible Man or the Culture of Film”). Both authors have a pronounced interest in the potential of social gesture to inform public life, yet they articulate it in different ways: where Balázs bemoans too little gestural embodiment, Plessner sees too much of it. Balázs emphatically conjures up the promise of a gestural cure that he detects in the heightened corporeal expressivity of silent film; Plessner considers such expressivity as symptom not only of gestural, but also aesthetic, social and political ills.
Gestural Drag
Authors: Ruprecht Lucia
Published: July 2019

This chapter inquires into the untimeliness of Alexander and Clotilde Sakharoff’s art, focusing on Alexander’s baroquism in Pavane royale and Clotilde’s modernist minstrelsy in Chanson nègre. It argues that Pavane royale constitutes what Mark Franko calls an “auto-critique of power,” and Chanson nègre a release from categories that blurs the lines between man/woman, black/white, human/animal, and balletic/popular. Together, these modes of performance are considered a type of “gestural drag.” Retheorized through current notions of queer temporality, the untimeliness of the Sakharoffs speaks to contemporary interests in a transnational, and potentially cross-genre rethinking of dance history, and to continued explorations of dance modernism in the plural.
Floral Pathochoreographies
Authors: Ruprecht Lucia
Published: July 2019

This chapter juxtaposes Kreutzberg’s Drei irre Gestalten (Three Mad Figures) with Alfred Döblin’s expressionist short story “Die Ermordung einer Butterblume” (“The Murder of a Buttercup”) and Jo Mihaly’s solo Blume im Hinterhof (Flower in the Backyard). It argues that Mihaly’s embodiment of the flower is the culmination of hybrid human/plant blurrings that also occur in Döblin and Kreutzberg. All of this chapter’s examples engage with performances of the symptom in the shape of “floral pathochoreographies”: an attack of insanity brought on by the loss of a flower, in Kreutzberg’s danced triptych; the destruction of a buttercup that provides a narrative around which a paranoid psyche indulges its obsessions, in Döblin; and a wilting and dying urban flower, remarkably incorporated in a dense mimic dance by Mihaly. The chapter also includes a brief excursus on Mihaly’s Vision eines Krieges (Vision of War).
Epilogue
Authors: Ruprecht Lucia
Published: July 2019

The Epilogue rethinks the theoretical, political, and ethical relevance of choreographic gesture through Eric Santner’s work on political theology and economy. Departing from Agamben’s theory of gesture, it derives gesture’s ontological status not from its pure mediality, but from its gag-like function, as physical performance that cannot be detached from its impact of impediment, of Benjaminian intermittency. The Epilogue argues that a dance studies approach is able to trace the singular appearances of gestural performance in more detailed fashion than a philosophical approach. It holds that gestural performance turns into concrete practice what Santner calls “flesh,” the diffuse symbolic substance that survives monarchic structures of power even after their actual disappearance. It suggests that the gestural imaginary participates in the modern managment of the dimension of work, which has taken over the value attached to practices of glory that used to sustain the king.
Overview
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

The Introduction is a chapter-by-chapter summary of the book’s content, organized around the four books of Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, “Of Innate Notions,” “Of Ideas,” “Of Words,” and “Of Knowledge and Opinion.” Specifically, the content covers Locke’s critique of innatism (the view that there are innate logical, metaphysical, and moral principles) and his advocacy of the Empiricist principle (the view that all human ideas are derived from experience). Also discussed are Locke’s views and arguments regarding ideas (including his distinction between ideas of sensation and of reflection), perception (including Locke’s problems and solutions regarding this), substance, identity, freedom, language, essence, and knowledge. In addition, a brief description of Locke’s life is provided.
Locke’s life
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This chapter is a brief biography of John Locke. It summarizes how his fortunes waxed and waned under the regimes of King Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, King Charles II, King James II, and the “Glorious Revolution,” and it touches on his education at Westminster School and Christ College and on his ties to the Earl of Shaftesbury and to Lady Masham. The chapter also provides a brief history of Locke’s publishing career, including the Essay and political works such as the First Treatise of Government (a critique of the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings) and the Second Treatise of Government (an outline of the bases for democracy and an influence on the U.S. Constitution).
Primary and Secondary Qualities
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This chapter expounds Locke’s theory of primary qualities and secondary qualities and defends a modernized version of it. It argues for the following theses. Although Locke defines secondary qualities as powers in objects to produce in us ideas of color, sound, taste, smell, heat, and cold, he oscillates between equating colors, sounds, etc. with (a) those powers and with (b) the ideas they produce in us. This oscillation stems from Locke’s wanting to say that they are both (a) and (b), despite his basic cleavage between ideas and qualities. Such a hybrid view of them is plausible, especially if we drop the three-term theory of perception often attributed to Locke in favor of a two-term theory, which says that the last term in the perceptual causal chain is the object’s appearing some way to the perceiver, and which distinguishes this “manifest aspect” of a secondary quality from its “dispositional aspect.”
Complex Ideas
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses complex ideas, concentrating on those Locke calls modes, arguing for a non-idealist interpretation of those he calls relations, and introducing the one he calls substance. It analyzes the simple modes—space, time, and number—by untangling Locke’s language, which leaves unclear whether they are modes of the simple idea from which they are constructed (e.g., making 117 mode of 1) or of a general idea under which they fall (e.g., making 117 a mode of “number”), and by addressing questions about the simplicity of the ideas from which they are constructed and about the simple modes’ infinity. It contrasts them with mixed modes and discusses the latter’s construction. The chapter defends James Gibson’s view that for ideas of reflection, the relation between mode and simple idea isn’t that of whole to part, but of a universal to its determinations (e.g., making “remembrance” a mode of “perception, or thinking”).
Identity
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This chapter expounds, formulates in analytical style, and defends Locke’s general view of identity. It interprets Locke’s puzzling statement that existing at the same time and place isn’t necessary for synchronic identity. It focuses mainly, following Locke, on diachronic identity. Locke never suggests that X is diachronically identical with Y iff they house the same substance-substratum; indeed his account of diachronic identity undermines the argument from change for substance-substratum. For Locke, X is diachronically identical with Y iff X is spatiotemporally continuous with Y, and every segment of the space-time path between X and Y is occupied either by something of the same sort as X or by something of the same sort as Y. This account applies to inanimate objects, plants, and animals. Its appeal to sortals makes it a version of the “relative identity” view. The chapter defends that view against the charge that it is self-contradictory.
Knowledge in general
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This chapter explains: (1) Locke’s definition of knowledge as idea-agreement; (2) his four species of knowledge— identity/diversity, relation, co-existence/necessary connection, real existence; (3) his three degrees of knowledge—intuitive, demonstrative, sensitive; (4) his view of the extent of knowledge for each species; and (5) his view about the reality of knowledge. It notes that the first three species of knowledge cover mostly generalizations, whereas the last species covers existence claims. It discusses the extent of knowledge in each of the first three species. It explains why Locke thinks that knowledge of co-existence (which is knowledge of substances’ properties) is “very small,” leaving sensitive knowledge for the last two chapters. It argues that although Locke’s discussion of the reality of knowledge accommodates mathematical and possibly moral generalizations well enough, it does not fit laws of science, and misleadingly invites us to think of them as a priori truths rather than empirical truths.
Transatlantic Television Drama
Authors: Hilmes Michele , Hills Matt , Pearson Roberta
Published: July 2019

A tide of high-quality television drama is sweeping the world. The new transnational television series has developed not only global appeal but innovative new modes of production, distribution, and reception. Nowhere is the transnational exchange of television drama more vital than between Britain and the United States, where it builds on more than sixty years of import, adaptation, coproduction, and fandom. This edited volume explores the transatlantic flow of television drama, focusing on key programs, industry strategies, critical debates, and audience reception, from an international roster of scholars and researchers. The chapters explore some of the most widely discussed programs on the transatlantic circuit. The book's first part focuses on media industries, tracing the history of transatlantic exchange and investigating contemporary practices such as coproduction, digital distribution, global partnerships, promotion, and branding. The second part concentrates on specific television texts and their negotiation of meaning across cultural contexts, exploring critical issues in the creation of transnational drama, such as heritage, proximity, performance, and self-reflexivity. Part III turns to the lively sphere of transatlantic fandom and commentary, including fan conventions, fan fiction, the role of both traditional and social media, and fan strategies for negotiating cultural differences. Transatlantic Television Drama provides a wide-ranging analysis of a phenomenon at the forefront of today’s television universe. It is focused on the serial dramatic programs that have gained the bulk of critical and popular attention and is particularly concerned with the impact of digital technologies on the production, distribution, and reception of television drama.
The (Mis)Fortunes of Ordinary Men
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

Rarely is there a middle ground in the way poor golf caddies in Bangalore analyze their situation and the plight of others similarly disadvantaged in the society. If there is success—measured in the ability of some caddies to win consistent financial support from members—then it is a matter of their remarkable work ethic and high morals. If they fail at this effort, then it is owing to bad luck or fate. Club members and the clubs where they play golf, along with structural forms of caste and religious bias in the society at large, are rarely implicated, one way or the other. Ultimately, disadvantaged golf caddies carry forward the rhetoric and ideology of individualism, while unwittingly justifying the inequality between caddies and club members, and between a select few up-and-coming caddies and the rest.
Conclusion
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

A majority of India’s population is young and growing. They seek good jobs and better opportunities. Yet too many Indians can only find work in precarious and informal conditions without guaranteed contracts, protections in the workplace, and other benefits. They may not be like the golf caddies who feature in this study, but more and more they are finding themselves obligated to perform servility and deference at the side of wealthy citizens in order to generate an income and make ends meet. Social mobility, as such, becomes tied to the whims and fancies of elites, who become like governments-in-miniature with the power to decide whether a family has enough food to eat or a child receives a decent education. Not only a challenge to social mobility among India’s poor, this state of affairs also presents a challenge to the legitimacy of the larger society, as a whole.
Meaning
Authors: Yates David C.
Published: July 2019

This chapter builds on Chapter 4 and examines whether the Greeks assigned the same basic meaning to the war. It includes three comparative case studies, each of which pairs popular narratives in Athens with others exampled in Plataea, Megara, and Corinth. Each reveals significant differences in the meaning assigned to the war in these states. The chapter additionally examines the motives that lay behind these idiosyncratic recollections of the war. This moves beyond the question of why the Greeks remembered the war differently and considers why the Plataeans, Megarians, and so on remembered the war as they did and not in some other equally distinct way. Yates concludes that different preexisting social memories, actual wartime experiences, and present interests predisposed the Greeks to remember even so elemental a question as the overall meaning of the war in unique ways.
After Alexander
Authors: Yates David C.
Published: July 2019

Chapter 7 offers a brief look ahead to the afterlife of the panhellenic tradition invented by Philip and Alexander the Great, demonstrating that the self-interested propaganda of the Macedonian kings soon became the dominant narrative of the Persian War in the early hellenistic period. The city-states that had actually participated in the war did maintain their local traditions, but those traditions now evolved within a larger hellenistic world that eagerly adopted the new panhellenic tradition, whose broader lines allowed easier access to this valuable piece of commemorative property. This chapter considers commemorations undertaken by Antigonus I, Demetrius I, Philip V, Attalus I, Philopoemen, the Aetolians, and the Rhodians, as well as a series of Persian-War recollections associated with the Chremonidean War.
Litigation’s Limits
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

Even negligence victims who can afford the legal fees often don’t think that suing is worth the risk, given what any good lawyer will tell them is a slim chance of recovery. Reproductive plaintiffs have had little success trying to shoehorn their complaints into a grab bag of ill-suited actions under available theories of civil liability. Some of these are cramped, like deeming lost embryos “property” or “persons”; others are jarring, as when they call a child’s birth or life “wrongful.” Courthouse claims for medical malpractice and emotional distress require showing some physical or economic harm that procreation plaintiffs can’t point to when their test results get switched or sperm samples go missing. These misadventures fall through the cracks of a legal regime that’s reluctant to recognize reproductive losses as real or serious. Facilities make few assurances that would enable victims to sue for breach of contract, and doctors are careful to decline promising any result beyond the safety of patients directly under their care—so there’s seldom any agreed-upon clause for courts to enforce against badly behaving defendants. Besides, most reproductive professionals insist that patients sign clauses shielding them from liability, whether express or implied. Half of all states bar “wrongful birth” suits against medical professionals who fail to inform pregnant women, or give them bad advice about fetal development and prognosis. Even states that allow this malpractice action fail to capture the deeper harms that reproductive negligence inflicts—and they rarely compensate psychological or dignitary harms, standing alone.
Elusive Injuries
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

Tort law is justly celebrated for its doctrinal agility and moral imagination. Personality torts for libel, slander, privacy, defamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress protect against all manner of intangible harms. Tort law is equally equipped to accommodate reproductive injuries that don’t involve any unwanted touching, broken agreement, or damaged belongings. But American tort law puts up barriers in the way of recovery for freestanding emotional distress—and even if it took these down, reducing reproductive injuries to mental anguish can’t sort out more deserving claims from less worthy ones, or objectively legitimate claims from those without merit. Indeterminacy and incommensurability complicate remedies for reproductive harms, but not uniquely or prohibitively so. It’s just as hard to come up with suitable dollar awards for successful claims of nuisance, trespass, wrongful conviction, and wrongful imprisonment. Yet courts do it all the time: The difficulty in assessing subtle losses of life, liberty, and dignity in these contexts doesn’t justify refusing compensation outright; the same goes for the humiliation of the privacy intrusion, the betrayal of fiduciary breach, and the lost choice of uninformed consent. Courts shouldn’t throw up their hands just because reproductive injuries require care to enumerate, appraise, and falsify. To estimate damage awards, courts should identify thwarted interests in pregnancy, parenthood, and particulars; then ballpark their disvalue by reference to more established intangible interests; and finally gauge the degree and intensity of those impairments using case-specific facts, expert opinions, or representative surveys of revealed preferences in similar populations.
Traveling from the Past into the Future of Cross-Cultural Psychology
Authors: Bond Michael Harris
Published: July 2019

This chapter is a personal synthesis of the past five decades of research efforts to understand cultural influences on individual social-personality processes and outcomes. The author identifies four developmental stages in refining our conceptualization of how culture impacts upon individual functioning and discusses problems associated with each stage: in the Eureka Stage, cross-cultural researchers documented average differences between samples from two or occasionally more cultural groups and speculated about reasons for these differences. In the Mercator Stage, psychological measures taken from many cultural groups were averaged then factor analyzed to provide culture-level mappings of groups. In the Psychological Unpackaging Stage, cultural differences in psychological measures were shown to be associated with personality differences distinguishing the cultural groups. In the Cross-Level Stage, sufficient numbers of cultural groups have been assessed to enable empirical evidence to indicate what features of the cultures involved might influence the psychological processes and outcomes examined. Increasingly, individuals are treated as polycultural, introducing further complexity into research on culture’s influence.
Abnormal Psychology and Culture
Authors: Tanaka-Matsumi Junko
Published: July 2019

More than a century of research on culture and psychopathology has shown that culture exerts a major influence on the identification, labeling, indigenous meaning, course, and outcome of maladaptive behaviors. The major goal of this chapter is to appraise the current state of knowledge of the relationship between culture and psychopathology. More specifically, this chapter aims to identify the contribution of different conceptual and methodological approaches to investigating the relationship between culture and psychopathology; seek integration of universal and culture specific approaches to cross-cultural psychopathology; and promote the development of linkage studies in the field of cross-cultural psychopathology in the age of globalization. These aims are pursued with a focus on major psychiatric disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders that have generated a large amount of literature from both emic and etic perspectives of psychopathology across cultures.
Navigating the Logistics
Authors: Palmer Lindsay
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the labor of navigating the logistics. A central tenet of this chapter is the news fixers’ suggestion that logistical labor is skilled labor; this type of work requires creativity and cultural savvy. The work of navigating the logistics requires the fixer to guide journalists through challenging sociopolitical environments, helping clients to meet their deadlines while also keeping the local authorities satisfied that they are following regional laws. Sometimes visiting journalists and documentarians try to enter a country without the proper permits for their equipment or without the proper work visa. In these cases, news fixers try to find creative ways to smooth things over and gain access for their clients, despite the fact that their clients have not respected the laws of the spaces they are trying to enter. Time and space are revealed to be relative, depending on who has the most power in a given situation. In the process of helping their clients to navigate the logistics, then, news fixers are ultimately helping them to navigate competing cultural notions of time and space.
Might We Be Essentially Normative Animals?
Authors: Roughley Neil
Published: July 2019

This chapter poses the question of whether humans might be essentially normative animals, i.e. whether traditionally prominent specificities of the human life form—our linguistic, social, and moral “natures”—might ground in a basic susceptibility, or proclivity to the deontic regulation of thought and behaviour: the “normative animal thesis.” The chapter lays out the issues at stake in attempting to answer this question. It divides into two main parts. The first begins by clarifying the—norm-related—concept of normativity at issue, distinguishing it from the—reason-related—conceptualisation current in meta-ethics and theories of rationality. It then discusses the primary candidates for generic features of norms, before dividing the normative animal thesis into various sub-claims. The second part presents the key questions at issue in the discussion of social, moral, and linguistic norms, comparing ways of conceiving them and marking the significance of such conceptualisations for the normative animal thesis.
There Ought to Be Roots
Authors: Kappeler Peter M. , Fichtel Claudia , van Schaik Carel P.
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the notion that the behavioural and cognitive constituents of human social norms have equivalents or precursors in humans’ closest living relatives, the non-human primates. Scrutiny of the definitions of various forms of conformity revealed, on the one hand, that some key features defining social norms are essentially impossible to infer in animals so that from a purist perspective, homologous equivalents of social norms cannot be demonstrated. On the other hand, this review revealed that functional equivalents or precursors of behavioural, emotional, and cognitive mechanisms constituting normative conformity are present and ubiquitous among (group-living haplorhine) non-human primates and that social patterns reflecting normative conformity have been described, hence supporting the authors’ main thesis that this salient aspect of human sociality, even though it may depend upon some uniquely derived features, has strong and long roots in the evolutionary history shared with other primates.
On the Human Addiction to Norms
Authors: Antweiler Christoph
Published: July 2019

Why are humans norm-addictive and what are the functions of norms in human cultures? This chapter inquires into social norms from the perspective of cultural anthropology. Cultural anthropologists investigate norms through long-term fieldwork of peoples in their natural settings and by systematic cross-cultural comparison. Core elements of the holistic anthropological concept of culture are concerned with social norms. The principal function of social norms is to allow for effective, coordinated, and predictable action in human collectives. Cross-cultural studies reveal that a strong orientation toward norms is universal. Most norms are learnt through socialization from family members or other kindred. Recent studies revealed that norms locally regarded as crucial often are transmitted by emotionally intensive teaching. The chapter also critically discusses some problems of interdisciplinary research into norms, such as the different understandings of “expected” and the dissimilar empirical accessibility of norms as psychic orientations among different primates.
The Evolution of Human Normativity
Authors: van Schaik Carel P. , Burkart Judith M.
Published: July 2019

Normative behavior is a human universal that is intimately linked to morality. Morality is an adaptation to the specifically human subsistence niche of hunting and gathering, which is skill-intensive and therefore relies on transmission of opaque knowledge and involves critical interdependence, reliance on coordinated division of labor, and synchronized collective action. This lifestyle requires the presence of a variety of emotions that coevolved with it as the proximate mechanisms enabling this adaptive function. The high-urgency feel to many of these emotions reflects their functional importance: it serves to give them priority over other motivations. It is also what, to contemporary humans, makes them recognizable as moral. The key components of human morality are (1) prosocial emotions, and (2) an urge to conform. Together, they produce the urge to comply with moral norms. Normativity is thus an integral part of human morality. It evolved when two preferences came together. Strong informational conformity, needed to enable the transmission of opaque knowledge, was already present in the anthropoid primate ancestors of hominids and hominins. The added component evolved with the evolution of strong interdependence: a strong concern for one’s reputation and fear of punishment, and thus strongly prosocial emotions. Thus, the emergence of normativity in our ancestors does not require a special explanation: it was an automatic byproduct of the emergence of moral behavior in our ancestors.
Language Evolution and Linguistic Norms
Authors: Kompa Nikola
Published: July 2019

How might language have evolved and which (types of) norms, if any, might have played a role in shaping it? This chapter addresses these two questions by first exploring differences between human language and animal communication systems; the difference between natural signs, signals, and non-natural signs (symbols) will be elaborated. The author claims that normativity enters the picture only at the level of symbols. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to the question of what kinds of norms might have played a role in the evolution of symbolic communication. The author argues, firstly, that a certain level of cooperation is needed if non-natural signs are to be interpretable at all; secondly, a type of prudential norm emerges as signs acquire stable meaning; thirdly, interpretation of implicit communication is governed by pragmatic norms, too.
The Third Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the third month of pregnancy. As the author faces the inevitable lifestyle changes that come with being pregnant, she discusses the dangers of various teratogens (i.e., toxins) for the developing fetus. Specifically, she discusses the effects of over-the-counter drugs, alcohol, smoking, maternal stress, anxiety, and depression on a fetus. Relatedly, the timing of how these toxins might affect a fetus is discussed, stressing the importance of development in the first trimester, when most of the important anatomy is forming, using the classic examples of spina bifida and the harmful effects of thalidomide.
The Seventh Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the seventh month of pregnancy. By the seventh month, the author describes how the fetus is staring to behave more and more like a newborn, and she focuses on how the fetus is capable of learning in the third trimester. She goes into an in-depth discussion of fetal learning of familiar tastes, smells, and sounds and how these familiar stimuli might help prepare the fetus for the newborn period. She ends with a cautionary note against products that claim to “teach” fetuses and provides some helpful information about how moms might use what fetuses learn naturally to calm them as newborns.
The Story of My Son’s Birth
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the personal story of the birth of the author’s son. She describes the onset of Braxton Hicks contractions, which are mild pre-labor contractions that can occur anytime during pregnancy, and then the onset of actual labor. Her experience of labor pain, epidural anesthesia, and the birth process itself is documented, as is the safe delivery of her healthy son. The author reminds readers that it is good to have a birth plan but, in pregnancy and birth, things often don’t work out as planned and that the ultimate goal is always to safely deliver a healthy child.
Afterword
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter offers an epilogue to the book, written more than a year later. Pregnant again, the author reflects on what she has learned about pregnancy and parenting. She describes her son’s rapid acquisition of language skills, an expanded vocabulary, and their consequent better communication. She also discusses her son’s developing personality and his clear preference for gender-stereotyped toys. The author emphasizes that letting go of some of the worries of parenthood has made her a better parent, more able to allow her son to explore his world and learn from his experiences, always with his secure attachment to his mom to reassure him.
Identity Accumulation, Verification, and Well-Being
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Cerven Christine
Published: July 2019

Within identity theory, there are two theoretical approaches that can be used to link identity processes to outcomes of psychological well-being such as high self-esteem, increased happiness, and decreased sadness and anger. The “identity accumulation” hypothesis says accumulating identities based on the social positions people hold provides increasing ontological anchoring and well-being for individuals. The “identity verification” hypothesis says verifying identities increases self-esteem and positive. The present research brings together data to simultaneously examine the merits of both approaches. Results show that identity accumulation does increase well-being, but only if those identities are highly verified. Identity accumulation decreases well-being if those identities are not verified. This suggests that to maintain self-esteem and happiness, one should take on more roles and identities to the extent that those roles can be performed well and the identities verified.