bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structuralism, Invariance, and Univalence
Authors: Awodey Steve
Published: January 2018

The recent discovery of an interpretation of constructive type theory into abstract homotopy theory suggests a new approach to the foundations of mathematics with intrinsic geometric content and a computational implementation. Voevodsky has proposed such a program, including a new axiom with both geometric and logical significance: the univalence axiom. It captures the familiar aspect of informal mathematical practice according to which one can identify isomorphic objects. This powerful addition to homotopy type theory gives the new system of foundations a distinctly structural character.
Category Theory and the Foundations of Classical Space–Time Theories
Authors: Weatherall James Owen
Published: January 2018

I review some recent work on applications of category theory to questions concerning theoretical structure and theoretical equivalence of classical field theories, including Newtonian gravitation, general relativity, and Yang–Mills theories. In particular, the chapter explains how the Baez–Bartel–Dolan framework for classifying forgetful functors provides a precise way of saying when one formulation of a physical theory posits more or less structure than another, and also when two theories posit equivalent amounts of structure.
Applications of Categories to Biology and Cognition
Authors: Ehresmann Andrée
Published: January 2018

Mathematical models used in biology are generally adapted from physics and relate to specific local processes. Category theory helps developing global dynamic models account for the main specificities of living systems: (i) The system is evolutionary, with a tangled hierarchy of interacting components, which change over time. (ii) It develops a robust and flexible memory up to the emergence of components and processes of increasing complexity. (iii) It has a multi-agent, multi-temporality, self-organization. This chapter presents such a model, the Memory Evolutive Systems, which in particular characterizes the property at the root of emergence and flexibility. A main application is the model MENS for a neurocognitive system which proposes a physically based “theory of mind”, up to the emergence of higher cognitive processes such as consciousness, anticipation, and creativity.
Evolution, natural history, and conservation of black-footed ferrets
Authors: Biggins Dean E. , Eads David A.
Published: January 2018

Black-footed ferrets were reduced to a remnant population of 10 in 1985 due to diseases (plague, canine distemper), but successful captive breeding and releases have improved the prospects for ferret recovery. Comparisons between black-footed ferrets and Siberian polecats, close relatives that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, allow the following evolutionary speculation. Predation on ferrets and polecats tends to narrow their niches and promote specialization due to requirements for escape habitats. In Asia, that influence is countered by the larger and more diverse area of steppe and alpine meadow habitats for polecats, and by plague which causes large variation in prey abundance. In North America, the selective pressure favoring specialization in ferrets on prairie dog prey and burrows had no strong counter-force before plague invaded. Plague is an immense challenge to black-footed ferret recovery, and several management tools including vaccines and vector control may be necessary to conserve the species.
Beneath the umbrella: conservation out of the limelight
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris , Harrington Lauren A.
Published: January 2018

The concluding chapter of this book poses the question: what is special about the musteloids in the context of promoting their conservation. Ranking species on their public appeal, most musteloids score relatively poorly as ambassadors, or flagships, for conservation compared with, for example, big cats. There are individual exceptions (many of the otters, for example, and the endangered ‘celebrity’ species, such as black-footed ferrets or red pandas), and some have potential as umbrella species due to their range overlap with other threatened mammals. The chapter explores if and how musteloids contribute to ecosystem services, and thus their utility value, and assesses the potential for identifying priorities for conservation action (in terms of both priority species and priority countries). The conservation needs of musteloids are varied, and these are not the only important considerations, but they illustrate some of the complexity that is involved.
The Energy Response of Calorimeters
Authors: Wigmans Richard
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the signals produced by particles that are being absorbed in a calorimeter. The calorimeter response is defined as the average signal produced per unit energy deposited in this absorption process, for example in terms of picoCoulombs per GeV. Defined in this way, a linear calorimeter has a constant response. Typically, the response of the calorimeter depends on the type of particle absorbed in it. Also, most calorimeters are non-linear for hadronic shower detection. This is the essence of the so-called non-compensation problem, which has in practice major consequences for the performance of calorimeters. The origins of this problem, and its possible solutions are described. The roles of the sampling fraction, the sampling frequency, the signal integration time and the choice of the absorber and active materials are examined in detail. Important parameters, such as the e/mip and e/h values, are defined and methods to determine their value are described.
Calibrating a Calorimeter System
Authors: Wigmans Richard
Published: January 2018

One of the most important aspects of operating a calorimeter is the calibration, i.e. determining the relationship between the deposited energy and the resulting signal. Segmenting the calorimeter into two or more longitudinal segments creates extremely complicated problems in this context. This is because the sampling fraction and the calorimeter response tend to change as the shower develops, in an energy dependent way. In this chapter, a large variety of methods that have been proposed and/or tried to deal with these problems are described. Almost all these methods have undesirable side effects, the consequences of which are discussed and illustrated with practical examples. The correct way to calibrate a calorimeter system is also described.
Performance of Calorimeter Systems
Authors: Wigmans Richard
Published: January 2018

The most important practical aspects of the performance of calorimeter systems are reviewed. Each aspect is illustrated with examples published in the scientific literature. One of the most important performance characteristics is the energy resolution, which is shown separately for electrons, hadrons and jets. The same distinction is also made for the position and angular resolutions that are achieved in practice. The time characteristics of the calorimeter signals, which are important for a variety of purposes (e.g. pile-up), depend on the signal generation mechanism (Cherenkov, scintillation). The e/h values of different types of calorimeters, as well as the effects of non-compensation in these devices (non-linearity, line shape, resolution), are reviewed. It is shown how calorimeter data can be used for particle identification purposes, and how the granularity affects the capability to recognize close doublets as such. The chapter ends with a brief review of the different tasks typically carried out by calorimeters in modern experiments.
Calorimeters for Measuring Natural Phenomena
Authors: Wigmans Richard
Published: January 2018

Since the first edition of this book appeared (2000), there has been a spectacular development in the use of calorimeters for measuring natural phenomena, such as the detection of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, or neutrinos from sources such as the Sun, the Earth’s atmosphere, or the Universe at large. This development is documentsed in this chapter. It starts with a section on SuperKamiokande, which has already collected two Nobel prizes, and its envisaged successor HyperKamiokande, which is designed to be sensitive to neutrinos from supernova explosions in the Andromeda galaxy. On an even larger scale, several sections of the Mediterranean sea as well a cubic kilometre of ice under the South Pole are looking for neutrinos from outer space, and are detecting other interesting phenomena as well. The Earth’s atmosphere is used as a huge calorimeter by experiments such as Auger and KASKADE-Grande. Combined with dedicated Cherenkov telescopes, such as HESS, these experiments have provided important new insights in mysterious aspects of the high-energy component of the cosmic rays that bombard our planet, such as the knees in the PeV-EeV region and the GZK cutoff.
The Biology of Coral Reefs
Authors: Sheppard Charles , Davy Simon , Pilling Graham , Graham Nicholas
Published: January 2018

Coral reefs represent the most spectacular and diverse marine ecosystem on the planet as well as a critical source of protein and income for many millions of people. Ecologically they are as complex as they are diverse and colourful. However, the combined effects of human activities have led to a rapid decline worldwide in the health of reefs. This timely book provides an integrated overview of the function, physiology, ecology and behaviour of coral reef organisms. Each chapter is enriched with a selection of ‘boxes’ on specific aspects written by internationally recognized experts. As with other books in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis in this book is on the organisms that dominate this marine environment, although pollution, conservation, climate change and experimental aspects are also included. Indeed, particular emphasis is placed on conservation and management due to the habitat’s critically endangered status. A global range of examples is employed which gives the book international relevance. This accessible text is intended for students, naturalists and professionals and assumes no previous knowledge of coral reef biology. It is particularly suitable for both senior undergraduate and graduate students (in departments of biology, geography, and environmental science) taking courses in coral reef ecology, marine biology, oceanography and conservation biology, as well as the many professional ecologists and conservation biologists requiring a concise overview of the topic. It will also be of relevance and use to reef managers, recreational divers and amateur naturalists.
The abiotic environment
Authors: Sheppard Charles R. C. , Davy Simon K. , Pilling Graham M. , Graham Nicholas A. J.
Published: January 2018

Coral reefs are largely restricted to shallow tropical seas, where water is warm, nutrient poor and well illuminated for photosynthesis and where sufficient calcium carbonate (aragonite) exists in seawater for the precipitation of coral skeletons (i.e. calcification). Extreme temperatures and salinities cause thermal and osmotic stress, while large amounts of sediment smother corals and block light. High concentrations of nutrients encourage algal growth at the expense of corals, while low seawater aragonite concentrations prevent net accretion of the reef framework. At local scales, the hydrodynamic regime influences reef growth, as corals are damaged by storms and wave surge. The typical abiotic environment in which reefs are found, and which determines reef distribution, is defined. The chapter also discusses marginal reefs, where corals live at the margins of their survival, for example in the warm, salty seas of the Persian Gulf and the relatively cold waters of Australia’s Lord Howe Island.
Consequences to reefs of changing environmental stress
Authors: Sheppard Charles R. C. , Davy Simon K. , Pilling Graham M. , Graham Nicholas A. J.
Published: January 2018

A stable state in a healthy reef is a dynamic equilibrium which is maintained by interactions between different trophic groups and by a balance between growth and erosion, which is caused by weather and eroding species. If the stable, coral-dominated state is perturbed beyond a critical point, the system undergoes a phase shift and switches to an alternative state, perhaps one dominated by macroalgae; this alternative state itself is then relatively stable. A hysteresis effect means that removal of the stresses that caused the switch in the first place may not be sufficient to reverse the condition back to that of a healthy reef. Changes to structural species, particularly the main architectural species, are particularly difficult to reverse, as are changes which encourage bioeroding species. Trophic balances are lost and results include loss of productivity and a loss of wave-breaking effects, which in turn causes shoreline erosion and further loss of productivity.
Nominal Contact in Michif
Authors: Gillon Carrie , Rosen Nicole
Published: January 2018

Michif is an endangered language spoken by approximately a few hundred Métis people, mostly located in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Canada. Michif is usually categorized as a mixed language (Bakker 1997; Thomason 2003), due to the inability to trace it back to a single language family, with the majority of verbal elements coming from Plains Cree (Algonquian) and the majority of nominal elements coming from French (Indo-European). This book investigates Bakker’s (1997) often cited claim that the morphology of each source language is not reduced, with the language combining full French noun phrase grammar and Plains Cree verbal grammar. The book focuses on the syntax and semantics of the French-source noun phrase. While Michif has features that are obviously due to heavy contact with French (two mass/count systems, two plural markers, two gender systems), the Michif noun phrase mainly behaves like an Algonquian noun phrase. Even some of the French morphosyntax that it borrowed is used to Algonquianize non-Algonquian borrowings: the French-derived articles are only required on non-Algonquian nouns, and are used to make non-Algonquian borrowings visible to the Algonquian syntax. Michif is thus shown to be best characterized as an Algonquian language, with heavy French borrowing. With such a quintessentially ‘mixed’ language shown to essentially not mix grammars, the usefulness of this category for analysing synchronic patterns is questioned, much in the same way that scholars such as DeGraff (2000, 2003, 2005) and Mufwene (1986, 2001, 2008, 2015) question the usefulness of the creole language classification.
Integrable probability: stochastic vertex models and symmetric functions
Authors: Borodin Alexei , Petrov Leonid
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents the study of a homogeneous stochastic higher spin six-vertex model in a quadrant. For this model concise integral representations for multipoint q-moments of the height function and for the q-correlation functions are derived. At least in the case of the step initial condition, these formulas degenerate in appropriate limits to many known formulas of such type for integrable probabilistic systems in the (1+1)d KPZ universality class, including the stochastic six-vertex model, ASEP, various q-TASEPs, and associated zero-range processes. The arguments are largely based on properties of a family of symmetric rational functions that can be defined as partition functions of the higher spin six-vertex model for suitable domains; they generalize classical Hall–Littlewood and Schur polynomials. A key role is played by Cauchy-like summation identities for these functions, which are obtained as a direct corollary of the Yang–Baxter equation for the higher spin six-vertex model.
The Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation: a statistical physics perspective
Authors: Spohn Herbert
Published: January 2018

This chapter covers the one-dimensional Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation, weak drive limit, universality, directed polymers in a random medium, replica solutions, statistical mechanics of line ensembles, and its generalization to several components which is used to study equilibrium time correlations of anharmonic chains and of the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
The Divided Soul
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana
Published: January 2018

Chapter 4 argues that Plato’s accounts of soul-division in Republic and Timaeus establish that there are in our soul multiple and potentially conflicting sources of motivation that are equally part of our nature. Plato sometimes treats these sources of motivation as themselves agent-like subjects of beliefs and desires, each capable of generating action on its own, and sometimes gives them personae, as pursuers of the good under some conception of the good (wisdom, honour, or bodily pleasure), for two reasons. First, by doing so he can (a) give psychological eudaemonist explanations of each of our actions while allowing that we sometimes act contrary to our reasoned judgements, and (b) explain how we come to have the characters we do, using the political model of a faction seizing power and establishing a new constitution. Second, it enables evaluating our psychological attitudes when we are not in a position to assess their contents.
Person-centred care
Authors: Dixon Josie
Published: January 2018

Person-centred care emphasizes compassion and dignity, is well-coordinated and respects individual needs and preferences. Advance care planning helps to facilitate person-centred care by allowing people to have a say in decisions about their end of life care, as well as being associated with a range of person-centred outcomes. Economic evaluations of ACP have tended to focus on hospital cost savings. However, such studies are too limited and more comprehensive economic evaluations are needed, taking into account not just financial costs and savings, but also wider person-centred benefits. ACP has, as its primary purpose, the aim of making a person’s voice heard, even when that person can no longer speak for themselves directly. Terminology and legal frameworks vary.
Introduction
Authors: Schlapbach Karin
Published: January 2018

The Introduction gives an overview of the elements and literary contexts of ancient dance discourse. It discusses in particular the modalities of ekphraseis of narrative and acrobatic dances, drawing attention to the specific conditions of a dynamic medium based on the human body, which may or may not convey a representational content. Finally, it argues that it is the double nature of dance, which is able both to represent entire myths and to be a performance of nothing but itself, that sparked highly sophisticated reflections on the relationship between dance and meaning in authors such as Apuleius and Nonnus. Dance in all its forms was seen as a cultural activity through which meanings are constantly negotiated, redefined, and reaffirmed.
The Sinews of Habsburg Power
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

This book explores the domestic foundations of the immense growth of central European Habsburg power from the rise of a permanent standing army after the Thirty Years War to the end of the Napoleonic wars. With a force that grew in size from around 25,000 soldiers to half a million in the War of the Sixth Coalition, the Habsburg monarchy participated in shifting international constellations of rivalry and in some two dozen armed conflicts. Raising forces of such magnitude constituted a central task of Habsburg government, one that required the cooperation of society and its elites. The monarchy’s composite-territorial structures in the guise of the Lower Austrian Estates—a leading representative body and privileged corps—formed a vital, if changing, element underlying Habsburg international success and resilience. With its capital at Vienna, the archduchy below the river Enns (the historic designation of Lower Austria) was geographically, politically, and financially a key Habsburg possession. Fiscal-military exigency induced the Estates to take part in new and evolving arrangements of power that served the purposes of government; in turn the Estates were able in previously little-understood ways to preserve vital interests in a changing world. The Estates survived because they were necessary, not only thanks to their increasing financial potency but because they offered a politically viable way of exacting ever-larger quantities of money and other resources from local society. These circumstances persisted as ruling became more regularized and formalized, and as the very understanding of the Estates as a social and political phenomenon evolved.
Political Jurisprudence
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: January 2018

Political jurisprudence is the branch of jurisprudence that treats law as an aspect of human experience called ‘the political’. This is an approach that many contemporary jurists, those whose work presupposes the autonomy of legal order, tend to suppress. In this book, Martin Loughlin assesses the contribution made by political jurists and explains its contemporary significance. Political jurists maintain that the essential characteristics of modern legal order can only be revealed by considering how political authority is constituted. The political is orientated to the fact that people are organized into territorially-bounded units within which authoritative governing arrangements have been established, but the authority of this way of viewing the world is strengthened only through institutional-building. Law may be an aspect of the political, but to perform its authority-generating functions effectively it must operate relatively autonomously. The political and the legal operate relationally, without one being reduced to the other. Loughlin introduces the rich literature of political jurisprudence through essays on innovative political jurists such as Hobbes, Burke, Constant, Romano, and Schmitt, and on such central themes as political right, institutionalism, constitutional legality, and reason of state. Building on his earlier books, The Idea of Public Law (OUP 2003) and Foundations of Public Law (OUP 2010), this collection extends his account of this influential strand of European legal thought.
International Society Confronts Ebola
Authors: Youde Jeremy
Published: January 2018

The Ebola outbreak in West Africa exemplifies both the successes and failures of global health governance as a secondary institution within international society. On the one hand, the international community recognized the need to respond to the Ebola outbreak, contributing large sums of money and mobilizing resources on a scale never before seen. On the other hand, the World Health Organization dithered in its response, the international community did not have quick and easy access to needed funding and personnel, and few states paid attention to the warnings coming from various non-governmental organizations that were providing on-the-ground medical services. This chapter critically analyses how various global health actors responded to the Ebola outbreak, discusses the shortcomings of that response, and looks at the various proposals to reform the World Health Organization and other bodies following their mishandling of the situation.
Property in Land in Roman Provinces
Authors: Kantor Georgy
Published: January 2018

Roman concept of dominium has been fundamental in the formation of concepts of ownership in European legal tradition. It is, however, often considered outside the context of Roman imperial rule and of the multiplicity of legal regimes governing property relations in Roman provinces outside Italy. This chapter starts from the classic passage in the Institutes of Gaius, claiming that the right of dominium did not exist in provincial land, where it belonged to the Roman state. Gaius’ statement is often dismissed in modern historical scholarship as a ‘conveyancer’s fantasy’ (A.H.M. Jones). It is argued here that, on the contrary, this passage and other similar statements in Roman juristic literature and technical literature on land-measurement, show an important facet of Roman ideas of ownership as a socially contingent right, dependent on civic status of the owner, status of the territory within the empire, and Roman recognition of local property regimes.
Fish as Property on the Small Aral Sea, Kazakhstan
Authors: Wheeler William
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at a postsocialist fishery in Kazakhstan to explore the relationship between property rules designed to manage natural resources, and practices of resource exploitation. The Aral Sea is famous for its desiccation over the second half of the twentieth century, which stemmed from Soviet irrigation projects; in 2006 a World Bank/Republic of Kazakhstan project restored a small part of the sea, and fish catches have recently recovered somewhat. In this chapter, based on ethnographic and archival research, I explore the disjuncture between formal rules and practice to address debates about the management of common-pool resources. Within the nomadic economy, in contrast to livestock, fish were not property objects; over the colonial, Soviet and post-Soviet periods, they became objects of economic value in different ways, mediating different sorts of social relations. Turning to the contemporary property regime, I suggest that formal rules matter, but in unintended ways.
Institutional Legitimacy
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: January 2018

This chapter offers a general theory of institutional legitimacy, the Metacoordination view, according to which legitimacy assessments are best understood as being part of a social practice aimed at achieving consensus on whether an institution is worthy of our moral reason-based support—support not dependent solely on the fear of coercion or on a perfect fit between our own interests and what the institution demands of us. The Metacoordination view’s account of the practical function of legitimacy assessments is used to identify criteria of legitimacy that apply to a wide range of institutions and to show that, for institutions that back their rules with coercion, conformity to the requirements of the rule of law is a presumptive necessary condition of legitimacy. The Metacoordination view is shown to be superior to consent theories of legitimacy and attempts to use Raz’s “service” conception of authority as an account of institutional legitimacy.
Constituting Freedom
Authors: Raimondi Fabio
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores briefly the presence of the theme of the constitution in Machievelli’s early political works (ante res perditas), in his correspondence, and in the Art of War (post res perditas), then goes on to examine in detail the proposals for a constitution presented in the Discursus and the Minuta. The salient aspects that emerge are the strictly republican nature of Machiavelli’s political proposal and the idea of a constitution based on a new way of conceiving the mixture. Against every principality‐oligarchy hypothesis (such as the Medicean one) and against the (particularly Venetian) model of mixed government, Machiavelli proposed a constitution capable of generating equality out of existing inequalities, because only through equality is it possible to establish a free and civil way of life that is then capable of regenerating itself continually through the encounter-clash of the humours.
Changes in the Cost of Bank Equity and the Supply of Bank Credit
Authors: Célérier Claire , Kick Thomas , Ongena Steven
Published: January 2018

We explore the effect of tax reforms that decrease the cost of equity on bank lending. In 2000 and 2006, Italy and Belgium, respectively, introduced an allowance for corporate equity so that both firms and banks could deduct a notional interest on their equity from their taxable income. Because local firms were also affected by these reforms, we employ loan-level data from a credit register in a third country—Germany—to better identify the differential impact on lending by banks that were ‘treated’ by these tax reforms versus a control group of banks that were not. We find that the decrease in the cost of equity leads banks to raise their equity ratio, and to concurrently expand their balance sheet by increasing the amount of credit supplied in Germany. Conversely, the reversal of these reforms leads to a decrease in lending.
Global Economic History: A Survey
Authors: Vries Peer
Published: January 2018

This chapter studies global economic history. Until quite recently, two perspectives have almost monopolized thinking about economic development: ‘Smithian’ and ‘Marxian’. They functioned as explanatory framework and theoretical support for almost all master narratives in global economic history. The first perspective is called after Adam Smith and covers the views of all those who regard the market mechanism as the necessary and sufficient condition for economic development. Meanwhile, the second perspective has been inspired by Karl Marx’s ideas on economic development. However, the hitherto dominant approaches of Marx and Smith have recently been challenged. Economic historians, stimulated by the successive economic miracles that have occurred in East Asia, are now more than ever taking non-European historical experience into account, while developing new models that are better contextualized and themselves have the potential to influence the Western economic discourse.
Historical Writing in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary
Authors: Górny Maciej
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on historical writing in three central European states—Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. It looks at the long-term trends and phenomena in historical writing in the region. The first is the coexistence during the immediate post-war years of communist policy, together with more or less nationalistic historical interpretations. The next stage is typified by attempts to control education and research, and to reshape the organizational structure of historiography. An output of both of these phenomena was the ‘final’ or mature Marxist interpretations of Polish, Hungarian, Czech, and Slovak history. The next regional stage to have a considerable impact on the region’s historiography is the ‘golden age’ of the 1960s, when most of the innovative and influential books were published, and historians from East Central Europe came into closer contact with their colleagues from the western part of the continent.
Italian Historical Writing
Authors: Woolf Stuart
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the relations between party and history in post-Fascist Italy, foregrounding Italy’s most distinctive contribution to post-war historical method—microstoria. Microhistory’s exponents have proposed a radical challenge, not only to the traditionally dominant form of writing history from the viewpoint of the state and ruling elites, but more fundamentally to the generalizing assumptions of the social sciences. Microhistorians place in doubt the basic conviction of historical positivism that political-institutional ‘facts’ constitute the subject matter of history, and that the archival documentation, subject to philologically appropriate methods, provides direct and reliable evidence. However, they are equally critical of the influence on historical interpretation of the functionalist presuppositions on which social scientists construct their theories of the normative systems that regulate societies and economies, and the macroconcepts that are deployed to explain historical change over time, such as capitalist transformation, the evolution of the modern state, progress, modernization, class, and so on.
Dynastic Historical Writing
Authors: West Charles
Published: January 2018

This chapter studies dynastic historical writing and how diverse notions of family, with the full richness of meaning that concept bears, come to impose themselves upon, and are expressed by, written accounts of the past. The importance of the underlying issue is self-evident, because the intersection of family and history writing touches on two fundamental means by which all people situate themselves in their world: through kinship and in relation to the past. Combining family loyalties with past sensitivities, dynastic historical writing represents the creation of a special, and specially revealing, form of knowledge, caught between the socially embedded and the detached. Examining the ways in which kinship and the past are combined in different times and places also has the potential to bring out differences and similarities in important fields of human experience.
The Cultural Neuroscience of Holistic Thinking
Authors: Cheon Bobby K. , Tang Rongxiang , Chiao Joan Y. , Tang Yi-Yuan
Published: January 2018

Cultural diversity in patterns for understanding and conceptualizing one’s relationships with others may have led to diverse cultural systems for interpreting, thinking, and reasoning about the world. Eastern holistic systems of thought rely on connectedness and relations as a primary way of understanding the world, whereas Western analytic systems of thought rely on discreteness or substansiveness as an epistemological way of thinking. From attention and cognition to social cognitive processes, neural systems have likewise adapted differently across cultural contexts to facilitate divergent systems of social interactions and relations. This chapter reviews recent evidence for cultural influences on neural systems of analytic/holistic thinking, and discusses the relevance of this neuroscientific evidence, such as that from functional magnetic resonance imaging and analysis of event-related potentials, for cultural-psychological theories of holism and dialecticism.
Dialectical Thinking and Creativity from Many Perspectives
Authors: Paletz Susannah B. F. , Bogue Kyle , Miron-Spektor Ella , Spencer-Rodgers Julie
Published: January 2018

Dialectical thinking has been investigated together with creativity for decades. This chapter organizes the literature by contrasting the different conceptualizations of dialectical thinking used to study creativity. Dialectical thinking has been defined quite differently from a variety of theoretical perspectives. From the Hegelian perspective, dialectical thinking has come to mean the apex of formal thinking or a particular cognitive strategy. Naïve or East Asian dialectical thinking, by contrast, includes a sense that contradictions exist that need not be resolved. In this chapter, these conceptions of dialectical thinking are compared and contrasted. The chapter (1) discusses how creativity may be differentially impacted by different kinds of dialectical thinking, (2) describes cultural differences for acceptance-oriented (naïve) dialectical thinking, (3) reviews the literature on concepts related to dialectical thinking, (4) points out gaps in current theory and research, and (5) recommends future cross-cultural and within-culture research.
Gamelanesque effects
Authors: Cohen Matthew Isaac
Published: January 2018

Standard accounts of gamelan’s internationalization focus on the growth of gamelan as an ‘ethnic ensemble’ in university and community settings, in touring gamelan troupes, and in intercultural abduction. To complicate this narrative, this chapter examines the Polish composer-pianist Leopold Godowsky and the American composer Henry Eichheim, who approached gamelan to convey impressions of a distant land in the manner of the travelogue, and the place of gamelan in the development of universalist musical theories and practices in American early-twentieth-century educational settings. During this period, audiences were rarely exposed directly to gamelan music; instead they experienced distant approximations or interpretations. Such ‘gamelanesque’ music provided a fantasy of the musical ‘Other’ and anti-modern escapism.
Judgment and Strategy
Authors: Holt Robin
Published: January 2018

Judgment and Strategy makes a passionate plea for an imaginative, open, and altogether more humble understanding of strategic activity. Prompted by a reading of skeptical philosophy, the book defines strategy as the on-going presentation of an organization form to itself and others, and embeds this definition in a discussion of the wider modern project of ‘knowing and declaring oneself’. Three related and often interwoven kinds of strategic self presentation are identified: the use of representational knowledge, the creation of vision, and the assertion of will. All three assume the job of strategy is to work on and improve everyday life. This book flips such a concern, and asks whether strategic inquiry might benefit from being worked over by everyday life. Judgment is introduced as the poetic capacity by which this opening up can happen. Taking forays into the work of Georges Perec, Virginia Woolf, Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, William Hazlitt, Rainer Marie Rilke, Judith Butler, William Shakespeare, John Ruskin, and Hannah Arendt, amongst others, the book argues for a form of judgment likened to ‘unhomely spectating’.
Husserl's Legacy
Authors: Zahavi Dan
Published: January 2018

What is ultimately at stake in Husserl’s phenomenological analyses? Are they primarily to be understood as investigations of consciousness, and if so, must they be classified as psychological contributions of some sort? If Husserl is engaged in a transcendental philosophical project, is phenomenological transcendental philosophy then distinctive in some way, and what kind of metaphysical import, if any, might it have? Is Husserlian phenomenology primarily descriptive in character, is it supposed to capture how matters seem to us, or is it also supposed to capture how things really are? Husserl’s Legacy offers an interpretation of the more overarching aims and ambitions of Husserlian phenomenology and engages with some of the most contested and debated questions in phenomenology. Central to its interpretive efforts is the attempt to understand Husserl’s transcendental idealism. The book argues that Husserl was not a sophisticated introspectionist, nor a phenomenalist, nor an internalist, nor a quietist when it comes to metaphysical issues, and not opposed to all forms of naturalism. On a more positive note, Husserl’s Legacy argues that Husserl’s phenomenology is as much about the world as it is about consciousness, and that a proper grasp of Husserl’s transcendental idealism reveals the fundamental importance of facticity and intersubjectivity.
Multiple Realization, Autonomy, and Integration
Authors: Aizawa Kenneth
Published: January 2018

This chapter attempts to vindicate what is sometimes pilloried as the “Received View” of realization and multiple realization in the philosophy of mind. Using the Dimensioned view of realization, it proceeds to give three “mechanistic” accounts of how multiple realization is possible. There is what might be called multiple realization with individual variation, multiple realization by compensatory differences, and multiple realization by orthogonal realizers. It, then, shows how this multiple realization leads to a kind of autonomy of psychology, while nonetheless integrating neuroscience and psychology. It also shows how one might avoid “Keeley’s Dilemma” regarding the relationship between neuroscience and psychology.
Function, Shoulder Motion, Pain, and Lymphedema in Breast Cancer With and Without Axillary Web Syndrome: An 18-Month Follow-Up
Authors: Koehler Linda A , Hunter David W , Blaes Anne H , Haddad Tufia C
Published: January 2018

Background

Axillary web syndrome (AWS) can develop following breast cancer surgery and presents as a tight band of tissue in the axilla with shoulder abduction.

Objective

The objectives were to determine the prevalence and natural history of AWS and the association between AWS and function, range of motion, pain, lymphedema, and body mass index (BMI).

Design

This study was a longitudinal prospective cohort study utilizing a repeated measures design.

Methods

Axillary web syndrome, function, shoulder range of motion, pain, and lymphedema (using circumference, bioimpedance spectroscopy, tissue dielectric constant) were assessed in women at 2, 4, and 12 weeks and 18 months following breast cancer surgery. Prevalence of AWS and the association with the measured outcomes were analyzed.

Results

Thirty-six women agreed to participate in the study. The cumulative prevalence of AWS was 50% (18/36) at 18 months following breast cancer surgery. AWS was identified as a risk factor for reduced function. Women with AWS had statistically reduced range of motion, lower BMI, and higher number of lymph nodes removed compared to the non-AWS group. Forty-one percent (13/32) of women had AWS at 18 months. AWS reoccurred in 6 women following resolution, and a new case developed beyond the early postoperative period. The overall prevalence of physical impairments ranged from 66% to 97% within the first 18 months following surgery regardless of AWS.

Limitations

Limitations include a small sample size and potential treatment effect.

Conclusion

AWS occurs in approximately 50% of women following breast cancer surgery. It can persist for 18 months and potentially longer, develop beyond the early postoperative time period, and reoccur after resolution. Clinicians need to be aware of the chronicity of AWS and its association with reduced range of motion and function.
Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Clinical Reasoning in the Management of a Patient Referred to Physical Therapy for Costochondritis
Authors: Hensley Craig P , Emerson Alicia J
Published: January 2018

Background and Purpose

Chest pain, a frequent complaint for seeking medical care, is often attributed to musculoskeletal pathology. Costochondritis is a common disorder presenting as chest pain. Initial physical therapist examination emphasizes red flag screening. Reexamination throughout the episode of care is critical, particularly when patients are not progressing and/or in the presence of complex pain presentations. The purpose of this case report is to describe the clinical reasoning process in the management of a patient referred to physical therapy with a medical diagnosis of costochondritis.

Case Description

A 59-year-old woman presented with a 5-month history of left–sided chest pain that had progressed to include the cervical and shoulder regions. She reported multiple psychosocial stressors; a depression screen was positive. She reported a history of asthma and smoking and improvement in recent fatigue, coughing, dyspnea, and sweating. At the initial visit, shoulder, cervical, and thoracic active and passive range of motion and joint mobility testing reproduced her pain. Allodynia was present throughout the painful areas in the left upper quarter.

Outcomes

The patient demonstrated improvement over 30 days (4 visits). On her fifth visit (day 35), she reported an exacerbation of her chest and upper extremity pain and noted increased fatigue, sweating, dyspnea, and loss of appetite. Even though her pain was again reproduced with musculoskeletal testing, the physical therapist contacted the patient's physician regarding the change in presentation. A subsequent chest computed tomography scan revealed a non–small cell lung adenocarcinoma.

Discussion

Cancer can masquerade as a musculoskeletal condition. This case highlights the importance of screening, clinical reasoning, and communication throughout the episode of care, particularly in the presence of chronic pain and psychosocial stressors.
Molecular anatomy and molecular design of channel proteins
Authors: Montal Mauricio
Published: January 2018

A central goal in membrane biology is to understand how channel proteins work in terms of their underlying protein structures. Ionic channels are symmetric (or pseudosymmetric) transmembrane protein assemblies organized around a central aqueous pore. The two key functional elements are the ionic channel, the actual polar pathway that permits the selective passage of 108 ions per second across the apolar core of the membrane lipid bilayer, and the sensor, the structure that detects the stimulus and couples it to the opening or closing (gating) of the channel. The current excitement in membrane protein science emerges from structural information that is providing clues about the molecular determinants of function: molecular cloning and sequencing has led to the elucidation of the primary structures of several superfamilies of voltage‐gated and ligand‐gated channels; channel proteins have been purified and reconstituted in lipid bilayers with full retention of function; the properties of many channel proteins have been characterized at the single‐channel level; cDNA or RNA transcripts have been expressed in oocytes as functional proteins; specific peptide sequences predicted by molecular modeling to form the channel lining have been synthesized by solid‐phase methods and proved to be channel formers in lipid bilayers. These advances are beginning to delineate general principles about the molecular design of this class of proteins that are essential for cellular excitability and signal transduction.— Montal, M. Molecular anatomy and molecular design of channel proteins. FASEB J. 4: 2623‐2635; 1990.
Vertical Profunda Artery Perforator Flap for Plantar Foot Wound Closure: A New Application
Authors: Alfonso Allyson R. , Mayo James L. , Sharma Vishal K. , Allen Robert J. , Chiu Ernest S.
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND:

Plantar foot reconstruction requires special consideration of both form and function. There are several fasciocutaneous flap options, each with indications and reservations.

CASE STUDY:

This case presents a new application of the vertical profunda artery perforator flap for definitive closure of a neuropathic foot ulcer in a young woman with spina bifida. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the flap survived completely. The surgical and donor sites were without wound recurrence at 5-month follow-up.

DISCUSSION:

Understanding the variability of foot flap options is important because of unique cases such as the one presented where the wound was caused by specific and less commonly observed foot anatomy. The specific choice to use the vertical profunda artery perforator flap for this patient and her neuropathic wound type was made based on its excellent flexibility, durability, and donor site appeal.

CONCLUSIONS:

The vertical profunda artery perforator flap has adequate surface area and bulk and a favorable pedicle length and caliber, can be thinned, and leaves a donor scar in a less conspicuous area than other popular free flaps for lower-extremity reconstruction. For these reasons, it should be considered a first-line therapy for free flap coverage of selected foot wounds.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound on Venous and Arterial Ulcers: A Focused Review
Authors: Kavros Steven J. , Coronado Robert
Published: January 2018

GENERAL PURPOSE:

To provide information about the use of ultrasound for diagnostic and therapeutic treatment of venous and arterial ulcers.

TARGET AUDIENCE:

This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES:

After completing this continuing education activity, you should be able to:

OBJECTIVE:

To review the diagnostic and therapeutic use of ultrasound on venous and arterial ulcers.

METHODS:

PubMed was searched for peer-reviewed articles using the search terms “ultrasound for venous ulcers” and “ultrasound for arterial ulcers.” The search yielded 282 articles on ultrasound for venous ulcers and 455 articles for ultrasound on arterial ulcers. Data from 36 articles were selected and included after abstract review.

RESULTS:

Ultrasound is an established diagnostic modality for venous and arterial disease and is indicated for wound debridement. Recent evidence continues to support its superiority over standard of care in healing venous ulcers, but findings conflict in terms of the effectiveness of low-frequency ultrasound over high-frequency ultrasound. There are currently no standardized treatment protocols for ultrasound.

CONCLUSIONS:

Diagnostic ultrasound is used to assess venous and arterial disease and guide appropriate treatment for ulcers. Therapeutic low-frequency ultrasound is used to debride the wound bed, as an adjunctive topical wound treatment with standard of care, and to guide the application of other advanced therapies to chronic wounds. Better trial designs and consistent data are needed to support the effectiveness of ultrasound therapy on venous and arterial ulcers.