bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Modal Proof Theory for Polynomial Coalgebras
Authors:   , Friggens David
Published: November 2021

The abstract mathematical structures known as coalgebras are of increasing interest in computer science for their use in modelling certain types of data structures and programs. Traditional algebraic methods describe objects in terms of their construction, whilst coalgebraic methods describe objects in terms of their decomposition, or observational behaviour. The latter techniques are particularly useful for modelling infinite data structures and providing semantics for object-oriented programming languages, such as Java. There have been many different logics developed for reasoning about coalgebras of particular functors, most involving modal logic. We define a modal logic for coalgebras of polynomial functors, extending Rößiger’s logic [33], whose proof theory was limited to using finite constant sets, by adding an operator from Goldblatt [11]. From the semantics we define a canonical coalgebra that provides a natural construction of a final coalgebra for the relevant functor. We then give an infinitary axiomatization and syntactic proof relation that is sound and complete for functors constructed from countable constant sets.
The Moment of Caring: a Manuscript for Reflection on Caring Moments in Nursing Practice
Authors:   , Drake Maurice Charles
Published: November 2021

The focus of this study was on understanding the caring nature of the nurse-client relationship as reflected in a story of nursing practice. The story was examined and understood using an interpretive approach which emerged over time and reflected the exploratory and intuitive nature of the work.  The processes of reflection, immersion and crystallisation were used to generate an exploratory theoretical work on caring. The method was called 'The Hermeneutic Wave' because it focused on interpreting and understanding textual reflection of experience, and reflected the ebb and flow nature of the processes of interpretation used. These tidal processes involved moving out of the story to conceptualise what was occurring within the story from a general perspective, and then re-layering the conceptualisations back over the story to examine congruity and differences, and to uncover understanding and meaning of practice. These processes were repeated until 'The Moment of Caring: A Manuscript for Reflection on Caring Moments in Nursing Practice' emerged.  The manuscript consists of four phases; Phase One - Readiness to Co-participate, where the nurse and client fulfil expected health related roles and their relationship is characterised as one of apartness where they are relating in regard to their distinct roles; Phase Two - In Relationship, where the nurse and client are in the process of moving from a relationship characterised by apartness to that of oneness where they relate as person-to-person; Phase Three - 'The Moment of Caring', where the nurse and client transcend relating from a position of apartness and relate as one; and Phase Four - Redefining Wholeness, where the nurse's and client's understanding of their shared experience results in growth in their beings, and where their relationship moves from oneness to apartness in response to this growth.  The manuscript 'The Moment of Caring' provides nurses with a framework for reflection in as well as on nursing practice, offers an emerging exploratory approach to the development of theory from practice, and contributes to the growing body of knowledge of caring within nursing practice in New Zealand and internationally.
Oral Pentoxifylline in the Treatment of Venous Leg Ulcers: a Meta-Analysis
Authors:   , Jull Andrew B
Published: November 2021

Compression bandaging improves rates of healing in people with venous ulceration. Some ulcers appear resistant to compression therapy and may benefit from adjunctive therapy. Pentoxifylline is known to improve circulation, but individual trials have failed to conclusively demonstrate its effectiveness in venous ulceration. The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of pentoxifylline as an adjunct to compression bandaging in the treatment of venous leg ulcers.  The CENTRAL registers of the Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases and Wounds Groups were searched - each register is routinely updated by extensive searches of electronic databases, handsearching of relevant journals and conference proceedings, and contact with product companies and experts in the field. The drug's manufacturer was contacted and the references of review articles and all obtained trials were scrutinised for further citations.  Randomised controlled trials published in any language comparing pentoxifylline and compression with placebo in adult participants with venous ulceration were included. Trials must have reported a meaningful objective outcome (rates of healing, proportions healed, time to healing). Details from eligible trials (independently selected by two reviewers) were extracted and summarised by one reviewer. A second reviewer independently verified extracted data.  Eleven clinical trials were identified. Five trials compared pentoxifylline with placebo (compression standard therapy). Six trials were excluded. Pentoxifylline and compression was more effective than placebo and compression (RR 1.30, 95% C1 1.10-1.54) and was robust to sensitivity analyses. The greater number of adverse effects (46 reports) occurred in the pentoxifylline group, although this was not significant (RR 1.12, 95% C1 0.77-1.62); 34 percent of adverse effects were gastro-intestinal. Seven of 21 reported withdrawals were for adverse effects.  In conclusion, pentoxifylline appears an effective adjunct to compression bandaging in the treatment of venous ulcers. The absence of cost-effectiveness data suggests it not be employed as a routine adjunct, but it could be considered as for those patients not responding to compression therapy alone. The majority of adverse effects are likely to be tolerated by patients.
Is it Possible to Care for the "Difficult" Male? A Study Exploring the Interface Between Gender Issues, Nursing Practice, and Men's Health
Authors:   , Mitchell David F
Published: November 2021

This thesis is about caring for males, especially those males who could be considered "difficult" to care for through their use of behaviours such as silence, anger or defensive humour. This thesis is positioned in the view that these behaviours are often expressions of distress, which typically distance males from those who attempt to care for them. Hence the word "distress" more accurately reflects the theme of the thesis and is used throughout the work.  This thesis explores the interface between gender issues, nursing practice and caring for males. It is informed by a review of relevant literature and data gathered from a focus group of nine registered nurses. The analysis is framed by questions that are developed from a series of reflections on my personal and professional life. Critical social theory, with its emphases on dominant dialogue, power and emancipation is used to inform and guide this analysis. What is most obvious is the contrast between themes arising from the literature and those arising from the focus group. It appears that the literature, in the main, is critical of males in regard to concepts of masculinity, issues related to gender, and men's health. Males are portrayed as arbitrators of their own misfortune, as deliberately choosing a lifestyle that reflects poorly on their health, their self-expression, and communication with others. Concepts such as power and control over others, both at a societal and individual level, often feature. Conversely, the literature is noticeably lacking in regard to information about the health related experiences of males and about caring for males. In contrast, the participants of the focus group frame their discussion in the positive. For example, they suggest that males are interested in their health but require an environment that supports this expression of interest. They support this by identifying a range of behaviors they believe are effective in caring for males. The participants also suggest that it is the registered nurse rather than the male who manages issues to do with power and control.  The thesis concludes that creating and sustaining an environment supportive of, and sensitive to the needs of males, is an activity that requires considerable thought, skill and experience. These areas are not adequately addressed in academic dialogue, research activity, or in the education of registered nurses. The thesis suggests that this situation is inconsistent with an ethic of care and that nursing should make a priority of broadening its research and knowledge base to better understand and care for males.
Marking Space: a Literary Psychogeography of the Practice of a Nurse Artist
Authors:   , Martin Heather Edwina
Published: November 2021

The thesis as a production of disciplined work presented in a creative style is congruent with performance and presentation best practice in community arts. As a practising nurse artist I create spaces of alternate ordering within the mental health field environment. I also inhabit the marginal space of the artist working in hospital environments. This Other Place neither condones nor denies the existence of the mental health field environment as it is revealed. Yet, it seeks to find an alternative to the power and subjectivity of the [social] control of people with an experience of mental illness that inhabit this place both voluntarily and involuntarily. I have used a variety of texts to explore the experience and concept of Otherness. The poems are intended to take you, as a reader where you could not perhaps emotionally and physically go, or might have never envisaged going. They also allow me as the author to more fully describe the Otherness of place that is neither the consumer story nor the nurse’s notation, but somewhere alternately ordered to these two spaces. Drawing on the heuristic research approaches of Moustakas and literary psychogeography , particularly the work of Guy Debord, this thesis creates the space to explore the possibilities of resistance and change and the emergence of the identity of the nurse artist within the mental health field environment.
Conservation Genetics and Hybridisation of the Forbes’ Parakeet (Cyanoramphus Forbesi) in the Chatham Islands
Authors:   , Chan Chi-hang
Published: November 2021

This study describes the isolation and characterisation of microsatellite loci in Forbes’ parakeet (Cyanoramphus forbesi). These molecular markers are used to assess the status of interspecific hybridisation between Forbes’ parakeets and Chatham Island Red-crowned parakeets (C. novaezelandiae chathamensis) on Mangere and Little Mangere Islands in the Chatham Islands group. The evolution of these microsatellite loci in parrots is also investigated. Forbes’ parakeets are facing the problem of genetic introgression due to extensive hybridisation with Chatham Island Red-crowned parakeets. Hybrids show a spectrum of crown morphologies between the parent species (Nixon 1982), but identification of hybrids based on morphology alone is not foolproof. Mitochondrial DNA studies by Boon (2000) showed that Forbes’ parakeet is a distinct lineage, basal to all other New Zealand parakeets but several Forbes’ morphotypes have Chatham Island Redcrowned parakeet haplotype. However, mitochondrial DNA markers only probe the maternally inherited lineages and cannot tell the whole story. The microsatellite markers used in this study show that interspecific hybridisation between Forbes parakeet and Chatham Island Red-crowned parakeet is more extensive than previously expected. Microsatellite data combined with results from scoring mitochondrial DNA haplotypes show that crown morphology alone under-represents the proportion of hybrids in the population, and that a large number of cryptic hybrids (77.9%) show Forbes’ parakeet morphotypes. A three factor scoring system is suggested in which a parakeet must pass both genetic (microsatellites and mitochondrial) and morphological criteria to be considered a “pure” Forbes’ parakeet. Using this system, 17.8%, 1.2%, and 81.0% of the Mangere Island parakeet population are “pure” Forbes’ parakeets, “pure” Chatham Island Red-crowned parakeets, and interspecific hybrids respectively. The results of this study have implications for the future conservation of Forbes’ parakeet. Because interspecific hybridisation makes no positive contribution to the long-term survival of Forbes’ parakeets, conservation measures to limit contact between the two species should be taken to control further hybridisation of parakeets on Mangere Island. The microsatellite loci isolated in this study are found to evolve following the patterns best described by either the Stepwise Mutation Model (SMM; Ohta & Kimura 1973) or the Two-Phase Model (TPM; Di Rienzo et al. 1994) at population level. By mapping the evolutionary changes in repeat motif variations to a parrot phylogeny, it is suggested that these loci may evolve through a more complex model than sole repeat number changes.
Seedling Recruitment of the Invasive Species Berberis Darwinii (Darwin's Barberry): What Contributes to Invasion Success?
Authors:   , McAlpine Katherine Grace
Published: November 2021

Berberis darwinii is an invasive tree species that is considered a serious threat to indigenous ecosystems and biodiversity conservation throughout New Zealand. I examined the recruitment dynamics of this species in order to identify traits contributing to invasion success, and thus pinpoint critical stages for management. In order to do this, I measured patterns of both spatial and temporal seed dispersal, and compared rates of germination and seedling survival across a range of light environments. I also measured patterns of growth, biomass allocation, photosynthetic performance, leaf morphology, and water use efficiency across different light environments. In most of these experiments I compared the performance of B. darwinii to four ecologically similar, co-occurring native species. Berberis darwinii produced large quantities of viable seed that were widely dispersed by birds. Almost all viable seeds germinated in the spring following dispersal, indicating that B. darwinii does not form a persistent seed bank. Rates of germination and seedling survival were significantly higher in B. darwinii compared to the native species, although seedling establishment of all species was limited to high-light environments. Berberis darwinii also had approximately twice the photosynthetic capacity of the native species, but this advantage was limited to high-light environments. Berberis darwinii does not vary significantly in proportional biomass allocation across light environments, suggesting that this type of plasticity does not contribute to invasion success. Berberis darwinii was more water use efficient in sun compared to shade, but the same pattern was evident in four of the five native species. The critical stage of recruitment for B. darwinii was first-year seedling establishment. Rates of mortality were highest at this stage, and were largely associated with seedling density and low light availability. Seedling mortality was near 100% beneath the parent canopy, indicating that seed dispersal is critical to B. darwinii recruitment. These results suggest that B. darwinii is not shade-tolerant as a seedling, and that management practices should be concentrated on the removal of fruiting adult plants and seedlings growing in open sites.
Educational Policy Change, Newspapers and Public Opinion in New Zealand, 1988-1999
Authors:   , Roulston Dorothy Ella
Published: November 2021

This thesis analyses educational trends as reported in five major New Zealand daily newspapers from 1988-1999 when the New Zealand education system underwent radical policy reforms. Newspaper reporting of the educational reforms was set alongside and compared with a range of academic and professional critiques. The role of newspaper reporting differed from the academic literature in two inter-related ways. First, newspapers had to appeal to a ‘reader audience’ so as to achieve their second function, commercial viability. Commercial viability was achieved by a process of ‘gatekeeping’ whereby articles were selected for their publishing suitability. Gatekeeping took into account the reader audience, time constraints and the employer’s political orientation. The key argument of this thesis was, that because of those restraints, reporting on complex educational issues, which required time to investigate, analyse, reflect and theorise, were too difficult and therefore, were largely ignored. A mixed research methodology was used to identify the similarities and differences between academic and professional concerns with those educational articles found in newspapers. Five newspapers were surveyed over 12 years (1988-1999) on the basis of every 11 days, but omitting Sunday. This resulted in 1680 newspapers being identified. Educational articles were coded according to their story content and substory content and scored according to their prominence using the ‘Budd Score’ method. The key findings were that articles about education, in the new global media market with its focus on the commodification of information, were superficial, narrow, unquestioning and given low priority. Such ‘dumbing down’ was seen to have effectively muzzled the ‘watchdog’ role that the media claimed to have upheld. As a result a ‘cultural bricolage’ had led to an unequal power distribution that, based on the evidence of the literature review and the Budd score analysis in this thesis, was arguably anti-social, anti-Maori, anti-feminist, anti-competitive and therefore, anti-democratic.
Theories and Narratives: Pacific Women in Tertiary Eucation and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identities in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors:   , Mara Diane Lysette
Published: November 2021

This thesis explores the possible influence of tertiary education on ethnic identity using a social constructionist approach developed by the sociologists Stephen Cornell and Douglas Hartmann. Cornell and Hartmann describe six key sites within which ethnic identity is constructed. They view ethnic identity construction as an ongoing dynamic between the cultural identities which group members bring with them, the processes of assignment made by others within the sites, and how this interplay often promotes the assertion of newly created or revived identities. Constructions sites are situations where different cultural groups interact and where they may be subject to laws, regulations and prevailing beliefs. Although Cornell and Hartmann discuss various social institutions as construction sites they do not specifically refer to educational institutions. This study builds on their approach by examining social interactions within tertiary education from the perspectives of individual Pacific women and investigates whether this institution is a site for ethnic identity formation and change. If so, what implications does this have for Pacific students and the institutions in which they are studying? The sample consisted of twenty Pacific women graduates belonging to most of the Pacific populations in Aotearoa New Zealand. Using a semi-structured interview, information was collected about their socialization in family and church and then about their experience of tertiary education and their own responses to this. When their narratives were analysed it could be seen that the women defined themselves in both primordialist and circumstantialist terms. The narratives also provided illustrations of their assignment by “others” in the form of negative stereotyping and lower expectations held by lecturers of Pacific students. The women felt that within tertiary education institutions they were treated differently from students from other ethnic groups. The consequence was increased awareness of their cultural difference and they asserted their ethnic identities in a range of ways, including finding other Pacific students to study with, or by withdrawal behaviour in class. Such treatment, together with the effects of targeted provisions at tertiary institutions, acted to strengthen the ethnic boundaries between Pacific students and others. Implications for tertiary education institutions include the desirability of consulting Pacific students about the effects of support provided on the basis of cultural identification and the need to discover whether special provisions which make Pacific students more visible leads to their academic success or encourages them to drop out.
Symbolic Ethnicity and the Dilemmas of Difference: Talking Indianness with New Zealand-Born Gujaratis
Authors:   , Gilbertson Amanda
Published: November 2021

Marcus Banks (1996: 8) argues that the life of ethnicity has been lived out through the writings of academics rather than in the lives of the people they have studied and, indeed, local discourses of ethnicity are remarkably understudied. This thesis takes a step towards addressing the lack of attention given to local discourses of ethnicity by exploring the ways in which sixteen New Zealand-born Gujaratis talked about their Indianness in interviews conducted specifically for this project. Herbert Gans’ (1979) notion of symbolic ethnicity is initially employed as a framework for understanding participants’ narratives. Although this analysis gives an indication of the salience of ethnicity in the lives of my participants, it fails to account for the complex dilemmas of difference they expressed – the definition of ‘Indian culture’ in terms of difference from other ‘cultures’ and the suggestion that they were different from other New Zealanders by virtue of their Indianness. These issues are explained through an exploration of the assumptions about the cultural and the person that were inherent in notions expressed by participants of living in ‘two worlds’ and having to find a balance between them. This analysis suggests that participants constructed both ‘culture’ and ‘the individual’ as highly individuated categories. It is argued that these conceptualizations of ‘culture’ and ‘the individual’ can be usefully understood in terms of reflexive, or liquid, modernity and reflexive individualism. Under the conditions of late modernity, reflexive – that is, selfdirected and self-oriented – thought and activity become idealised and individuals are ideologically cast as the producers of their own biographies. My participants’ discussions of their Indianness can, therefore, be understood to represent a kind of ‘self-reflexive ethnicity’ that is centred on the person rather than on social networks or cultural practices. This mode of ethnicity does not necessarily require the decline of such networks and practices; they are simply reconfigured in terms of personal choice.
Seasonality of Food Use and Caching in New Zealand Robins (Petroica Australis)
Authors:   , Steer Jamie Ernest Sherred
Published: November 2021

Foraging behaviour in birds is strongly determined by temporal factors such as season and time of day. Most birds show a limited number of food use methods such as consuming, feeding to conspecifics, or discarding. A relatively small number of birds also cache food for later use. The expression of caching in birds has been attributed to numerous factors. However, noting the environmental instability experienced by most caching species, researchers tend to cite survival of future food scarcity as the predominant advantage. Recording the food use behaviour of wild birds is typically difficult and time consuming, and many studies of north-temperate food-caching birds are limited by long caching distances, protracted caching durations, and a lack of year-round data. Additionally, food-caching in Australasian passerines has received limited quantification. The naïveté of the New Zealand robin (Petroica australis) makes it ideal for behavioural observations in the wild. Robins express a wide range of food use behaviours within close proximity of observers, and cached food is retrieved within a few days. Food use can be observed year-round in a temperate environment that is relatively stable. Thus, food use decisions in robins can be assessed in a wider context. In this study, behavioural data were collected from robins inhabiting the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in Wellington. Robin behaviour was quantified by presenting monogamous, paired birds an ephemeral food resource and observing their responses. Seasonal variation in food use differed with sex and season. Birds mediated their food use in response to the presence of conspecifics. Males dominated food use year-round. During the breeding season, males cached little, mostly feeding familial conspecifics. However, non-breeding males selfishly cached food. Conversely, female caching propensity was mediated by courtship feeding during the breeding season, and the threat of male pilferage outside of it. Birds did not appear to anticipate future food scarcity. Instead, food was cached in the season in which retrieval would be least necessary. In robins, food is opportunistically cached, mainly as a competitive response to excess food.
Whakaohonga nā Kahungatanga: Awakening from Addiction
Authors:   , Hughes Hemaima Mariana
Published: November 2021

Alcohol and other drug (AOD) use, abuse and addiction are destructive to Māori and are an urgent problem; wairuatanga, cultural identity and tino rangatiratanga (self determination) are key to successful recovery ffom AODs for Maori. Kaupapa Māori AOD services have better success rates because they provide what is essential for Māori such as tikanga, core beliefs, values and practices of Maori re health, illness, wairua, tapu, noa and life. There are strategies for addressing the problem of AOD addiction for Māori such as positive stories of recovery. This thesis explores the shared experiential journeys of four Pūkōrero (participants) who successfully completed detoxification and recovery programmes from AOD addiction. Three questions were used to guide the research process to enable the Pūkōrero to identify positive aspects of their individual detoxification and recovery programmes, surface any barriers and issues they experienced, and clarify the support they received throughout the process. Kaupapa Maori and Narrative Inquiry was adapted to undertake this study to capture the essence of Maori thinking and reality regarding AOD. Through the use of thematic analysis the data findings of the study reflect the views from each Pūkōrero of Wairua, Whakapapa and Whānau as key to their successful recovery. This supports the notion that a pathway of detoxification, recovery and hope exists to enable Maori and others to take the journey to reclaim their own health and well-being, and the health and well-being of Whānau, Hapū, Iwi, and Māori community. In honour of these Pūkōrero, Kāumatua, Tipuna, Whānau, Hapū, Iwi, Māori katoa, and to celebrate Kaupapa Maori and Narrative Inquiry [as the preferred methodological approach], the use of our tino ataahua reo integrated with English throughout the thesis demonstrates the interwoven connections between the two cultures enshrined in Te Tiriti o Waitangi that comprise the nation of Aotearoa me Te Waipounamu of New Zealand.
A Study of the Use of a Guide to Schoolwide Planning for Teacher Aide Supports in a New Zealand Primary School
Authors:   , Hancox Mary Philomena
Published: November 2021

This study chronicled a process of schoolwide planning for teacher aide supports in a New Zealand primary school. The process replicated the work of Giangreco, Edelman and Broer and followed the guidelines set out in their work - A Guide to Schoolwide Planning for Paraeducator Supports (Giangreco, Edelman, & Broer, 2001a). Data reflect the utilisation and outcomes of the process by school personnel and by the voluntary school team, which was made up of representatives from all adult constituencies of the school community, that is, management, teachers, teacher aides and parents. Results indicated that the process assisted the school and the team in self assessing their teacher aide practices, identifying priorities in need of improvement and developing action plans. Some logistical difficulties were encountered in the implementation of these plans, but despite these difficulties, the team reported a high level of satisfaction with the process. They reported that the process did what it purported to do and rated it highly on consumer-oriented variables (e.g. the logic of the process, ease of use). Additionally, teacher aides responded positively to a questionnaire on the impact of the process on their work and the school team took part in semistructured interviews to document the impact of the process on school personnel and student outcomes. Implications for teacher aide supports for teachers of students with special education needs in regular classrooms are discussed.
How Discourses Stifle the Primary Health Care Strategy's Intent to Reduce Health Inequalities
Authors:   , Clissold Carolyn M
Published: November 2021

New Zealand’s Primary Health Care Strategy (PHCS) has a stated commitment to defined populations who suffer disproportionately from ill health. This thesis examines whether some prevailing discourses actually decrease the focus on health inequalities. Words and ideas shared by a group can be considered a discourse when the underpinning values serve a social and political function for that group. To examine whether discourse was constraining health care I considered the nursing and medical media pertaining to both the PHCS and the primary health care nursing framework and sought their dominant discourses. I found that the nursing and medical media focused on predominantly professional and industrial issues. These were expressed very differently with the medical media reacting to the ramifications of the PHCS especially Primary Health Organisations (PHOs), while the nursing media had a visioning quality, imagining how nursing could function in primary health care (PHC). The result was that, in the media studied, the upheaval of the PHCS left professionals mainly wondering about their own professional interests, rather than considering what those who suffer from health inequalities needed. The discourse of the PHCS may also serve political rather then altruistic purposes. I found historical examples of where discourse had underpinned health policy and I suggest that current (Ministry of Health) MOH discourse values decentralised community health decision making. The decentralised community health model of small community PHOs situates the responsibility for health locally. This health responsibility may gloss over factors in community health which are affected by Government policy such as employment policy, and thus should be dealt with centrally by legislation. These factors have been found to be the most pertinent in health inequalities. So while models of community partnerships may seem to place communities as agents in their own health, this downplays the determinants of health which are beyond their control. Moreover the multiple PHOs through the country, while costly in the repetition of bureaucracy, also make analysis of the PHCS difficult, since there is in effect multiple Primary Health Care Strategies being played out in each area, as interventions of various qualities are implemented. Having shown that discourse can decrease the focus on health inequalities due to other professional and political drivers. I then looked at health initiative concepts which are effective, efficient and equitable given the current set up of PHOs and nursing innovations.
A Descriptive Research Study on Factors that Impact Upon the Quality of Life of Elderly Women with Comorbid Chronic Illnesses; Three Women's Perspectives
Authors:   , Lowe Pauline
Published: November 2021

Background: Women live longer than men and are more likely to live alone; this makes dealing with chronic illnesses more of a challenge for older women. Therefore, an understanding of what living with chronic illness is like for these women is essential in ensuring health professionals can meet their health needs. Aim of Research: The aim of this research study is to explore factors that older women living with comorbid chronic illnesses identify as key to maintaining or improving their quality of life. Design: This study uses a qualitative approach, with a descriptive methodology. Face-to-face: interviews were conducted with three women over the age of 80 who had been diagnosed with more than one chronic illness. These interviews were audiotaped, and the data analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: What emerged from this analysis of older women was the need for them to create meaning in their life, which is further explicated through three main themes: (1) coping with changing health, (2) the impact of family, and (3) attitude. Attitude to life and having a positive outlook were all factors these participants expressed as being essential to maintaining their quality of life. Conclusion: The quality of life of these participants is enhanced by the ability of these women to create meaning in their life. They do this by integrating their wealth of past experience into their present, reflecting back on their lives, but still gaining enjoyment from the here and now. Understanding of how chronic illness impacts, and is managed, by these women leads health care professionals to a greater understanding of being older and living with comorbid chronic illness. The findings of this research may assist nurses working alongside older people to focus on the making of meaning,which may facilitate these people to retain a sense of autonomy and control over their life.
The Crustose Brown Algae of New Zealand: a Taxonomic Study
Authors:   , Buchanan Joseph
Published: November 2021

Nine species of crustose brown algae are described from New Zealand’s coast. Three species are microthalli of species of Scytosiphonaceae: Colpomenia bullosa Yamada, Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link and Petalonia binghamiae (J. Agardh) Vinogradova. One species of Lithodermataceae, Pseudolithoderma roscoffense Loiseaux is described from Northland. Four species are Ralfsiaceae, Ralfsia expansa (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, Ralfsia confusa Hollenberg, a new species, Ralfisa sp. “smooth”, and Hapalospongidion gelatinosum Saunders. H. saxigenum Lindauer is identical to Hapalospongidion gelatinosum Saunders. One new species of Diplura, currently placed in the Ralfsiaceae, is described. Ralfsia verrucosa (Areschoug) Areschoug, previously reported from New Zealand, was not found. ITS-2 sequences show that Ralfsia expansa, Ralfsia confusa and Ralfsia sp. “smooth” are closely related. Ralfsia expansa is more distantly related. These relationships are consistent with morphological differences. LSU nrDNA sequences show Diplura sp. and Pseudolithoderma roscoffense are not closely related to other Ralfsiaceae. These algae form a weakly supported group with members of the Sphacelariales. Hapalospongidion and three Ralfsia species form a well supported group, but this group’s relationship to other phaeophycean orders is not resolved. These results are discussed in relation to plastid number and the status of the order Ralfsiales.
Bridging the Gulf, Taking the Risk: an Exploration of "Relationships" in Katherine Mansfield's 'Juliet', 'Brave Love', and 'Prelude'
Authors:   , Beauchamp Jeannie
Published: November 2021

The introduction of this thesis examines Katherine Mansfield’s belief that elements of a fictional work should be “related”. Passages in her literary reviews, journals, and letters state or imply her conviction that such related elements demonstrate the thinking, exploring author’s control of the text and express the author’s ideas and vision. The introduction also suggests that Mansfield’s actual “relationship” methods (as shown in the examined texts) are typical of modernist practice. The thesis then explores such methods in three of Mansfield’s earlier episodic fictions: ‘Juliet’ (written 1906–1907), ‘Brave Love’ (completed early 1915); and ‘Prelude’ (written 1915 to 1917). Chapter one introduces the “relationship” methods by a reading of the 1907 vignette ‘In the Botanical Gardens’; it then explores the techniques used in ‘Juliet’ and ‘Brave Love’, finding some similarity in the approaches. Chapter two is a section-by-section reading of ‘Prelude’, based on developments of some techniques established in chapter one. The thesis’s primary focus on each work’s ways of relating textual elements continues an approach begun by the New Critics but without their tendency to single out a main character, central symbol, and fixed meaning. Here, the argument recognises critical discussions highlighting the binary and the fluid in Mansfield’s works and the works’ alignment with both expressionism and impressionism. The resulting readings of the three works demonstrate Mansfield’s increasingly skilful techniques of “bridging the gulf” between disparate aspects of experience to achieve the modernist aim of variety and unity. The texts set up standard oppositions (such as conventionality/unconventionality, naivety/cynicism, master/servant, adult/child) and subvert them ironically. Characters on either side are associated with symbols and myths of vulnerability and power to depict how those characters both exercise and are shaped by forces, which may be social, biological, creative, or others more mysterious. These three stories of Mansfield’s adolescence and early adulthood implicitly question (given the pervasiveness of such forces) whether free choice and clear vision are possible, which potentials of identity can be realised, and what is the nature of existence itself. These readings demonstrate the achievement of Mansfield’s own requirements that fiction should be exploratory: the texts appear in the last resort to be philosophical in intent, “adventures of the soul”.
Worn Out or Worn In?
Authors:   , Stevens Ross Ernest
Published: November 2021

Worn out or worn in started with the creation of a building. For an industrial designer, this was unfamiliar territory. Through working with a specific site came the recognition of the potential of weathering to add a unique quality to the design that goes beyond its initial concept. The inclusion of this potential in the design required a projection into the future and an acceptance of the inevitability of influences that could not be fully controlled. Rain, sun, footprints and cobwebs would all add or subtract to the initially simplistic design concept. It was another realm of design: a 4 dimensional one. Where does the equivalent of weathering exist within the familiar scale of mass produced products? It is in the interaction between the body and the products through use. The potential of this interaction to add another dimension to a design forms the core of this research. The body is a complex site: fluid, directed, precarious, yet nurturing. While it may at first seem unreasonable that the soft body could erode hard, seemingly durable materials, the evidence is all around us. Though it works at a time scale that is almost invisible to our everyday perception, over time the evidence is recorded in our products. Through research by reading, observing, designing, making and unmaking products, the concept of designs embedded within products has emerged. Like a box of chocolates with a series of layers, this research addresses how the wearing away of one layer can reveal the existence of another.
Church Involvement in Education for Sustainability: Using Participatory Action Research to Design a Faith-Based Education for Sustainability Programme in a Christian Community, New Zealand
Authors:   , Gong Xiaoming
Published: November 2021

This study develops and analyses a faith-based education for sustainability (EFS) programme as a means of addressing the issue of climate change in an urban Christian community - St John's in the City, Presbyterian Church, Wellington, New Zealand. It also, explores a participatory design and practice process for an adult-focused community EFS programme within a Christian context. The outcome of the study may serve as a model of adult-focused community of EFS which can be used by other faith-based communities in New Zealand. 

The critical approach, which is considered as an important approach to EFS, aims to achieve social change by fostering critical thinking in relation to sustainable issues. However, the so-called rhetoric-reality gap of critical approach causes difficulty for practicing the approach. As such, it was hoped that this study, informed by Freirian critical pedagogy, bridges the 'rhetoric-reality' gap of the critical approach in EFS practice.

The methodology of this research - participatory action research (PAR) - aims to empower participants by involving them as co-researchers in the research process. Combined with group discussion and in-depth individual interview, participatory method - diagramming was used as the main research method. The PAR methodology was proved effective for the faith-based EFS programme design and it was also represented a democratic EFS process in itself. Therefore, it informed the subsequent practice of the St John's programme that was designed by this research as an action research (AR) project and also functioned as a dialogical education programme. In the St John's programme, the participants as discursive subjects would gain freedom to critically enquire their relationships with God's world and with each other and would be facilitated to take realistic actions on sustainable issues associated with climate change through the critical enquiry.
Accessible Portfolios: Making it Happen in My Centre: an Action Research Study
Authors:   , Steele Lynne
Published: November 2021

This thesis explores how I improved my portfolios assessment practices by making children s portfolios freely available to children, their parents and whānau in the early childhood care and education centre where I worked. As the teacher researcher I present an insider perspective, my world view on how I improved my pedagogical practices in order to gain a deeper understanding of children s learning, and my role in supporting children s learning. This study has two components, a) the writer as the teacher researcher and, b) accessibility of children s portfolios and the involvement of children in the portfolio process. This study uses a qualitative research design, a mixed methodology of self-study action research and case study. Three theories, ecological, sociocultural, and Donald Schön s (1983) theory of learning and practice have informed and guided this research. This eclectic mix of theoretical frameworks provided me with some valuable insights on ways of examining and using portfolios with children, and understanding children s views on their portfolios. The findings in this study are particular to the centre where I worked and they may not be generalisable to other early childhood care and education centres. Nonetheless, my experiences highlight the potential importance of the process and issues that arise from making portfolios accessible. The findings revealed that my experiences of engaging in self-study action research promoted within the centre a community of learners, and an enquiry approach to teaching and learning. The findings of this study suggest that making portfolios freely available provides children with an understanding of the purpose, contents and ownership of their portfolios. When children frequently use and share their portfolios with peers and teachers it can promote critical self-reflection and self-assessment of their learning. Involving children in the portfolio process makes visible to children the value of their contributions to their learning. Overall, this study has significantly improved my pedagogical practices. It has enhanced teachers learning which has in turn, benefited the children s learning. Beyond that, making the portfolios accessible has strengthened parental understanding of their children s experiences at the centre.
A Quantitative Ultrastructural Study of Oocytes During the Early Stages of Ovarian Follicular Development in Booroola and Wild-Type Sheep
Authors:   , Reader Karen Lee
Published: November 2021

In the sheep ovary, primordial follicles are formed as an oocyte surrounded by either a single layer of flattened granulosa cells (type 1) or a mixture of flattened and cuboidal granulosa cells (type 1a). Booroola sheep have a mutation in the growth factor receptor, activin-like kinase receptor 6 (ALK6) which is expressed in oocytes of follicles at the type 1 stage of development. In Booroola ewes homozygous for the ALK6 mutation (BB), oocytes undergo precocious maturation that appears to be initiated during the preantral growth phase. The aim of this study was to quantify the ultrastructural features of oocytes of ovarian follicles at the types 1/1a, 2 and 3 stages of development, from BB and wild-type (++) ewes. Ovaries from 6 ++ and 5 BB 4 week old ewe lambs were processed for both light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). LM and stereological methods were used to estimate the mean volume of the oocytes of each follicular type and genotype. EM images and point counting or linear intercept counting were used to estimate the volume of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), Golgi, mitochondria, vesicles, lipid, ribosomes, zona pellucida (ZP) and cortical granules (CG), and the surface area of the outer and inner mictochondrial membranes, microvilli and cell junctions. Oocytes of type 1/1a follicles of BB animals had a greater diameter than that in ++ animals (BB: 29.76 ± 0.58 μm vs ++: 27.05 ± 0.30 μm; P < 0.01) but there were no significant genotype differences in the oocyte diameters of type 2 or 3 follicles. As the follicles of ++ animals developed from the type 1 through to the type 3 stage, the volume and 3 surface areas of all sub-cellular structures measured within oocytes increased (P < 0.05). In oocytes of type 1/1a follicles of BB animals, the SER, mitochondria and ZP volumes were greater than in ++ animals (P < 0.05) as were the surface areas of the outer mitochondrial membranes, oocyte membrane, and zonula adherens type junctions (P < 0.05). At the type 2 stage of development the lipid volume was greater in oocytes of ++ animals, and at the type 3 stage of development the ribosomal volume was greater in oocytes of BB animals. These results suggest that the ALK6 mutation in BB animals has influenced the ultrastructural properties of oocytes in the type 1/1a follicle. This early genotype difference in follicular characteristics may influence the rate of follicular development during the early developmental stages.
We Made This Song. The Group Song Writing Processes of Three Adolescent Rock Bands
Authors:   , Thorpe Vicki
Published: November 2021

In garages, practice rooms and classrooms, young people are composing music in rock and pop bands; engaged in working together in the shared enterprise of group music making. This study aims to contribute to scholarly knowledge through describing, analysing and interpreting the collaborative compositional processes (song writing) of three teenage rock bands. A theoretical model was developed and is applied to an analysis of the compositional processes of each group. Communication within each of the bands is analysed in terms of musical, nonverbal and verbal communication. The teaching and cooperative learning that occurred within each of the bands is presented, and each band is described in terms of a community of practice. An analysis of the compositional processes reveals that the three bands employed similar methods to generate ideas and construct their songs. However, when the data are viewed from a number of other theoretical perspectives, it is clear that two of the bands composed collaboratively, working together within mutually supportive, highly focussed and respectful communities; and that the third band’s songs were the work of a single composer, achieved through the cooperation and participation of the other band members. The young people in all three bands were highly engaged in selfdirected music learning, finding meaning and identity in the process.