bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiotherapy for patients with early‐stage glottic carcinoma
Authors: Franchin Giovanni , Minatel Emilio , Gobitti Carlo , Talamini Renato , Vaccher Emanuela , Sartor Giovanna , Politi Doriano , Trovò Mauro G. , Barzan Luigi
Published: August 2003

BACKGROUND

Radiotherapy (RT) has a remarkable success rate in the treatment of patients with glottic carcinoma. The objectives of the current study were to assess the results in a group of consecutive patients with comparable characteristics who were treated with RT (6‐megavolt photon linear accelerator) and to determine the prognostic factors that may influence local control in patients with early‐stage glottic carcinoma. The impact on local control of tobacco smoking and second primary malignancies also was investigated.

METHODS

Four hundred ten patients with T1–T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottis who were treated between 1986 and 2001 were analyzed retrospectively with regard to local control and overall survival. Potential prognostic factors for local control were evaluated with univariate and multivariate models. The impact of technologic advances also was evaluated.

RESULTS

The 5‐year and 10‐year overall survival rates were 83% and 63.5%, respectively. The overall 10‐year local control rate for patients with T1–T2 glottic carcinoma was 89%. The median time to recurrence was 7 months. Univariate analysis showed that tumor category, tumor size, macroscopic appearance of the lesion, RT fraction size, persistent edema, year of RT treatment, unchanged dysphonia, and surgical option all had a significant influence on local control; whereas multivariate analysis showed that onlypersistentdysphonia and year of RT treatment were significantly associated with increased local control. A 22.2% rate of second primary malignancies was reported: second primary tumors were the major cause of death in the patients studied. Only 2 patients died of laryngeal carcinoma; 304 patients were alive with their disease in complete remission, 1 patient was alive with recurrent laryngeal carcinoma after undergoing salvage surgery, and 103 patients died of either intercurrent disease or a second primary tumor.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of a 6‐megavolt photon linear accelerator achieved a high rate of local control in patients with T1–T2 glottic carcinoma. Dysphonia and the year of RT treatment were the most important prognostically significant factors for patient outcome. The occurrence of a second primary tumor was the most frequent cause of death, especially among patients who did not stop smoking after a diagnosis of glottic carcinoma. Cancer 2003;98:765–72. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11575
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Is there a potential for chemoprevention using cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors?
Authors: Koga Hironori
Published: August 2003

Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) have proapoptotic and antiangiogenic effects on malignant tumors and inhibit their invasion to surrounding tissues. These properties are derived from COX‐dependent and/or COX‐independent signaling via peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ. Although the role of COX‐2 involvement in human hepatocarcinogenesis has not been determined yet, selective COX‐2 inhibitors with COX‐independent properties may potentially suppress hepatocarcinogenesis. This hypothesis should be confirmed in in vivo studies using animal models. These studies may provide insights into any application of the COX‐2 inhibitor for primary and/or secondary chemoprevention. Cancer 2003;98:661–7. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11576
Measuring the side effects of taxane therapy in oncology
Authors: Cella David , Peterman Amy , Hudgens Stacie , Webster Kimberly , Socinski Mark A.
Published: August 2003

BACKGROUND

Cancer chemotherapy with some of the taxane class of agents can be associated with significant neurotoxicity, arthralgias, myalgias, and skin changes that may offset the therapeutic benefits of taxane use.

METHODS

The authors developed and tested a set of questions to assess these important side effects of taxane therapy from the patient's perspective. The current study evaluated the taxane subscale of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) measurement system. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness to expected change were evaluated in the context of an ongoing clinical trial comparing four cycles of carboplatin plus paclitaxel with a strategy of carboplatin plus paclitaxel until disease progression in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).

RESULTS

The 16‐item Taxane subscale score and the 11‐item peripheral neuropathy subset both demonstrated excellent internal consistency and concurrent validity, and the scores worsened as one would predict during a 12‐week treatment course of taxane therapy. Results of the psychometric analyses supported the use of this subscale for measuring the unwanted adverse consequences of effective cancer therapies. Measuring the patient perception of treatment side effects also allowed a preliminary exploration of the relative quality of life (QOL) impact of symptom relief and treatment toxicity. The results indicated that toxicity and symptom improvement may make relatively equivalent contributions to total QOL as measured by the summary score from a multidimensional QOL instrument, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General. However, symptom status and improvement appear to play a stronger role than taxane toxicity in patients' global rating of their QOL.

CONCLUSIONS

Future research might examine this question of competing benefits as a potential aid to decision‐making regarding the administration of toxic therapies in the setting of advanced disease. Cancer 2003;98:822–31. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Cognitive‐behavioral intervention for distress in patients with melanoma
Authors: Trask Peter C. , Paterson Amber G. , Griffith Kent A. , Riba Michelle B. , Schwartz Jennifer L.
Published: August 2003

BACKGROUND

Melanoma accounts for > 79% of skin cancer‐related deaths, although it accounts for only 4% of skin cancer incidence. Given the potential for lethality, it is likely that patients with melanoma may experience significant emotional distress. The current study was designed to determine the effect of a cognitive‐behavioral intervention on distress and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with melanoma who had medium‐to‐high distress.

METHODS

Forty‐eight patients who had Global Severity Index scores ≥ 60 2 months after their initial visit to the multidisciplinary melanoma clinic were randomized to receive either standard care or 4 sessions of a cognitive‐behavioral intervention (CBI). Repeated assessments using the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form‐36, and the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory occurred at baseline, at 2 months, and at 6 months after intervention for both groups.

RESULTS

An intent‐to‐treat analysis did not reveal significantly lower distress in the CBI group at 2 months or 6 months of follow‐up, although differences were noted in anxiety and HRQOL. An effect‐of‐intervention analysis did reveal lower levels of distress in the CBI group at 2 months, with differences approaching significance at 6 months.

CONCLUSIONS

The four‐session CBI significantly reduced distress and improved HRQOL for a period of 2 months in patients with melanoma who had medium‐to‐high distress, with improved general health evident 6 months after the intervention. Some variation in results was revealed in an intent‐to‐treat analysis. The initial evidence from the current study showed that a brief intervention may be effective for creating change in individuals with cancer who have increased distress, although further research is needed to identify the most optimal approach for delivering the intervention. Cancer 2003;98:854–64. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11579
Eighteen‐year results in the treatment of early breast carcinoma with mastectomy versus breast conservation therapy
Authors: Poggi Matthew M. , Danforth David N. , Sciuto Linda C. , Smith Sharon L. , Steinberg Seth M. , Liewehr David J. , Menard Cynthia , Lippman Marc E. , Lichter Allen S. , Altemus Rosemary M.
Published: August 2003

BACKGROUND

Between 1979–1987, the National Cancer Institute conducted a randomized, prospective study of mastectomy (MT) versus breast conservation therapy (BCT) in the treatment of patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma. After a median potential follow‐up of 18.4 years, the authors present the updated results.

METHODS

After informed consent was obtained from each patient, 237 evaluable women with clinical AJCC Stage I and Stage II breast carcinoma were enrolled on an institutionally reviewed protocol and randomly assigned to undergo modified radical MT (116 patients) or BCT (121 patients), which was comprised of lumpectomy, axillary lymph node dissection, and radiation therapy. Negative surgical margins in the lumpectomy arm were not required. The 237 randomized patients were followed for a median potential follow‐up of 18.4 years. The primary endpoints were overall survival and disease‐free survival.

RESULTS

At a median follow‐up of 18.4 years, there was no detectable difference with regard to overall survival between patients treated with MT and those treated with BCT (58% vs. 54%; P = 0.67 overall). Twenty‐seven women in the BCT arm (22%) experienced an in‐breast event. After censoring in‐breast events in the BCT arm that were salvaged successfully by MT, disease‐free survival also was found to be statistically similar (67% in the MT arm vs. 63% in the BCT arm; P = 0.64 overall). There was no statistically significant difference with regard to contralateral breast carcinoma between the two treatment arms (P = 0.70).

CONCLUSIONS

After nearly 20 years of follow‐up, there was no detectable difference in overall survival or disease‐free survival in patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma who were treated with MT compared with those treated with BCT. For BCT patients, long‐term in‐breast failures continued to occur throughout the duration of follow‐up. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of contralateral breast carcinoma between the two treatment groups. Cancer 2003;98:697–702. Published 2003 by the American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11580
Enhancement of lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis of thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Machens Andreas , Holzhausen Hans‐Jürgen , Lautenschläger Christine , Thanh Phuong Nguyen , Dralle Henning
Published: August 2003

BACKGROUND

The mechanisms of local and distant metastases are imperfectly understood. The goal of the current study was to add to the body of knowledge regarding local and distant metastases of thyroid malignancies.

METHODS

The authors performed multivariate analysis of 573 patients who underwent surgery between November 1994 and May 2002 for follicular (FTC; n = 100), papillary (PTC; n = 236), or medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC; n = 237) at a university hospital.

RESULTS

In multivariate analysis, extrathyroidal extension consistently evolved as the key risk factor for both lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. This correlation was most pronounced in MTC and least pronounced in FTC. The risk of lymph node metastasis also increased with reoperative status in patients with MTC and with primary tumor diameter in patients with MTC (tumor diameter > 10 mm) and patients with PTC (tumor diameter > 20 mm). In the PTC group, lymph node metastasis was more common among patients younger than age 45. In the MTC group, extrathyroidal growth and distant metastasis were associated exclusively with lymph node metastasis. Lymph node metastasis was the only secondary risk factor for distant metastasis. In the analysis of risk factors for distant metastasis in the FTC and PTC groups, no interaction was found between extrathyroidal growth and lymph node metastasis. This finding suggests that extrathyroidal growth and lymph node metastasis of FTC and PTC, and presumably also MTC, represent separate mechanisms and routes of distant metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

Screening for both local residual disease and distant metastases should be intensified in the high‐risk population of patients whose primary tumors exhibit large diameters, extrathyroidal growth, or lymph node metastasis. Cancer 2003;98:712–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11581
Vascular endothelial growth factor‐C expression correlates with lymph node localization of human melanoma metastases
Authors: Schietroma Cataldo , Cianfarani Francesca , Lacal Pedro M. , Odorisio Teresa , Orecchia Angela , Kanitakis Jean , D'Atri Stefania , Failla Cristina M. , Zambruno Giovanna
Published: August 2003

BACKGROUND

Melanoma metastasizes by different mechanisms comprising direct invasion of the surrounding tissue and spreading via the lymphatic or vascular system. Despite their clinical relevance, the molecular mechanisms that guide the route of spreading and localization of the metastases in different tissues are not well known. Recent studies in different tumor types have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor‐C (VEGF‐C), which displays a high specificity for lymphatic endothelium, is involved in tumor‐induced lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastatic spread. The authors studied the expression of VEGF‐C in cultured human melanoma cells derived from cutaneous and lymph node metastases as well as in metastatic melanoma tissue specimens to assess a possible involvement of this growth factor in lymph node localization of melanoma metastases.

METHODS

VEGF‐C expression was evaluated in vitro on human melanoma cell lines established from cutaneous and lymph node metastasis specimens by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, Northern blot analysis, and immunofluorescence analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of 42 tissue specimens of melanoma metastases and 10 tissue specimens of primary skin melanomas was also performed.

RESULTS

Preferential expression of VEGF‐C was detected in lymph node‐derived tumor cell lines at both the mRNA and protein levels. The association between VEGF‐C production and lymph node localization of metastases was confirmed by the in vivo analysis. In addition, analysis of 10 patients, from whom specimens of both the primary skin melanoma and melanoma metastases were available, indicated a correlation between VEGF‐C expression in the primary tumor and lymph node localization of metastases.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of the current study demonstrate that VEGF‐C expression is correlated with localization of melanoma metastases in the lymph nodes and suggest that VEGF‐C expression in primary skin melanoma may be predictive of lymph node metastatic dissemination. Cancer 2003;98:789–97. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11583
Identification of genes that are regulated transcriptionally by Myc in childhood tumors
Authors: Raetz Elizabeth A. , Kim Marianne K. H. , Moos Philip , Carlson Marlee , Bruggers Carol , Hooper David K. , Foot Laura , Liu Tong , Seeger Robert , Carroll William L.
Published: August 2003

BACKGROUND

Amplification of the N‐myc oncogene is associated with adverse outcomes in the common childhood tumor, neuroblastoma. Because the transforming properties of Myc are related to its ability to modulate gene expression, the authors used cDNA microarrays to identify potential Myc target genes.

METHODS

Expression levels of 4608 genes were analyzed in a series of neuroblastoma cell lines. Identical analyses were performed in a panel of medulloblastoma cell lines to identify c‐Myc targets and to determine the extent to which N‐Myc targets and c‐Myc targets were shared. Comparisons were made between cell lines with high levels versus low levels of Myc protein expression.

RESULTS

Array analyses yielded 121 genes with increased expression levels (≥ 1.65‐fold) and 9 genes with decreased expression levels in N‐Myc‐expressing versus nonexpressing cell lines. Many of these were newly identified targets of biologic interest. Fifty percent of the N‐Myc targets (60 of 121) were mutual c‐Myc targets. A significant correlation between the level of N‐myc and selected target gene expression was demonstrated independently in 27 neuroblastoma tumor samples and in an N‐myc‐inducible cell line system.

CONCLUSIONS

A number of diverse pathways are modulated by N‐Myc in neuroblastoma. Although, overall, there was significant correlation between myc and target transcript expression among cohorts of tumors, great variability in levels of target expression was seen among individual tumor samples, and this biologic heterogeneity in the levels of target gene expression may offer insight into differences in the clinical behavior of neuroblastoma and may prove to be of prognostic significance in the future. Cancer 2003;98:841–53. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11584
Where do we stand with hepatoblastoma?
Authors: Schnater J. Marco , Köhler S. Eleonore , Lamers Wouter H. , von Schweinitz Dietrich , Aronson Daniël C.
Published: August 2003

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common pediatric liver malignancy, comprising approximately 1% of all pediatric cancers. The disparate clinical staging systems and histologic classifications that were developed during the last decades, nevertheless, reflect the remaining difficulties and uncertainties in characterizing HB. Furthermore, the combination of surgery and (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy has improved patient outcomes dramatically. A poor prognosis is associated with large tumor size, multifocality, extrahepatic disease, and metastatic spread. The exact etiology of HB remains unknown, but the cytogenetic alterations, phenotypic features, and biologic aspects that accompany this neoplasm yield more and more insight into its pathogenesis. New cell‐biologic and molecular‐biologic insights may lead to the development of new treatment modalities, especially for patients with a bad prognosis. This review summarizes the different aspects of this intriguing tumor and discusses the current status of research and treatment for patients with HB. Cancer 2003;98:668–78. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11585
Detection of UGT1A10 polymorphisms and their association with orolaryngeal carcinoma risk
Authors: Elahi Abul , Bendaly Jean , Zheng Zhong , Muscat Joshua E. , Richie John P. , Schantz Stimson P. , Lazarus Philip
Published: August 2003

BACKGROUND

UGT1A10 exhibits glucuronidating activity against metabolites of the tobacco smoke carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene, and is expressed highly in numerous target tissues for tobacco‐related cancers including the upper aerodigestive tract. The current study was conducted to determine the prevalence of genetic polymorphisms in the UGT1A10‐specific region of the UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase family 1A locus and their relationship with risk for orolaryngeal carcinoma.

METHODS

The authors analyzed UGT1A10‐specific sequences in a population of black, white, and Asian individuals. Ten UGT1A10 alleles were identified by direct sequencing of UGT1A10 sequences amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using DNA purified from buccal cell swabs that were taken from individual subjects.

RESULTS

In addition to three silent polymorphisms, three missense polymorphisms were found at codons 139 (Glu > Lys), 240 (Thr > Met), and 244 (Leu > Ile). Using PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of buccal cell DNA, the prevalence of the UGT1A10240Met variant was less than 0.01% in whites and blacks. Similarly, the prevalence of both the UGT1A10139Lys and UGT1A10244Ile variants was less than 0.01% in whites but it was significantly higher (0.04 and 0.05, respectively, P < 0.01) in blacks. None of the missense UGT1A10 variants were found in any of the Asian individuals examined. In a case–control study of black individuals, a significant association with orolaryngeal carcinoma risk was found in persons with at least 1 UGT1A10139Lys allele (crude odds ratio, 0.29 [95% confidence interval, 0.10–0.81]; adjusted odds ratio, 0.20 [95% confidence interval, 0.05–0.87]). No association was observed for the codon 244 (Leu > Ile) polymorphism.

CONCLUSIONS

The data from the current study show that the UGT1A10 gene has several low‐frequency missense polymorphisms and that the codon 139 polymorphism is an independent risk factor for orolaryngeal carcinoma in blacks. Cancer 2003;98:872–80. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11587
Myoid differentiation and prognosis in adult pleomorphic sarcomas of the extremity
Authors: Deyrup Andrea T. , Haydon Rex C. , Huo Dezheng , Ishikawa Akira , Peabody Terrance D. , He Tong‐Chuan , Montag Anthony G.
Published: August 2003

BACKGROUND

The results of a recent study demonstrated an association between myoid differentiation and an adverse prognosis in adult patients with pleomorphic sarcoma, as determined by 5‐year metastasis‐free survival rates.

METHODS

To confirm the importance of muscle differentiation on prognosis in a well controlled clinical context, 92 samples from patients with pleomorphic sarcoma of the extremity from a single institution were immunostained with 4 monoclonal antibodies believed to be correlated with myoid differentiation: α‐smooth muscle actin, muscle‐specific actin, desmin, and myoglobin.

RESULTS

Forty‐two cases were positive for at least 1 muscle marker and 50 cases were uniformly negative. Between the two groups, there was no significant difference in tumor size, tumor extent, or patient age found; however, histologic grade was significantly higher (P= 0.038) in the myoid tumors. The 5‐year survival differed significantly between patients with myoid tumors (35%) and those without myoid tumors (65%) (P= 0.0054). Myoid differentiation remained an adverse prognostic indicator after adjusting for clinically significant factors (i.e., histologic grade, tumor size, tumor extent, and patient age) (P= 0.01) (hazard ratio, 2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.24–4.63). Furthermore, there was an inverse relation found between the number of myoid markers present and survival (P= 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS

Myoid differentiation was found to be an independent indicator of adverse prognosis in adult patients with pleomorphic spindle cell sarcoma of the extremity. Cancer 2003;98:805–13. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11617
Teaching color theory for automotive coatings: A computer‐based approach
Authors: Henry Mike , Killoran Mary , Monteleone Patty , Gromek Stan
Published: August 2003

“Color Theory for Automotive Coatings” is a state‐of‐the‐art learning approach to the world of automotive color. This learning tool provides important information to design engineers, color formulators, chemists, paint shop managers, color technicians, and anyone who wants to be more discerning about the science and communication of color. The content synthesizes both historic and current relevant color knowledge bases. The interactive educational design incorporates concepts of adult learning. The fundamentals of color and its application to the automotive industry are presented at the student's own pace. The learner has control of the learning process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 327–334, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10176
Gloss and goniocolorimetry of printed materials
Authors: Mikula Milan , Čeppan Michal , Vaško Karol
Published: August 2003

Angular distribution of reflectance spectra and of colorimetric parameters for printed papers (varnished and not) and foils, clear and metallized, were measured by goniospectrophotometry, with a photomultiplier for visible region, or a spectrocolorimeter as a detector, keeping the light source in a fixed position, −45° anormally. All reflectance spectra were related to near‐Lambertian BaSO4 powder white standard, relative to which the color coordinates were calculated. The photometric cosine law holds for an ideal diffuser; consequently, all color parameters are significantly perturbed by gloss in a large region, several 10's of degrees around the specular angle. The reflectance peak in the specular angle region of glossy material can be well approximated by the Lorentz function, especially in the vicinity of the specular angle. Lightness, chroma, and hue angle in the gloss angle region suffer as a result of high changes and extremes depending on the gloss of the material tested. This is what complicates color measurements and full determination or definition of the complex appearance of printed materials. The change of chroma with varnishing of glossless materials was clearly elucidated. It was found that “bottom color gloss” considerably influences the appearance of printed metallized foils or other prints on high glossy substrates. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 335–342, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10177
Influence of surface roughness on color changes in building stones
Authors: Benavente D. , Martínez‐Verdú F. , Bernabeu A. , Viqueira V. , Fort R. , García del Cura M.A. , Illueca C. , Ordóñez S.
Published: August 2003

The influence of surface roughness on color change in several Spanish building stones is studied in samples of the following: Red Alicante, Black Marquina, White Macael, and Yellow Triana. In an experimental laboratory test (acid attack), we simulated the weathering process and made a comparative analysis between this and the polishing process. Changes in both color and roughness were measured during these processes. In limestones with medium or high chroma (Red Alicante) and both low chroma and lightness (Black Marquina), the total color changes were particularly affected in both the polishing and acid attack processes. On the other hand, in marbles with both low chroma and high lightness (White Macael and Yellow Triana), the total color changes were almost imperceptible in both processes. However, no change occurred in the hue of any of the analyzed stones. Spectrophotometric data showed that color change was due mainly to changes in surface roughness and not to chemical reactions that may have altered the oxidation state of the chromophore in the chromogen of the stone. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 343–351, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10178
A hypothesis regarding the poor blue constancy of CIELAB
Authors: Moroney Nathan
Published: August 2003

The poor blue constancy of the CIELAB equations has been noted by a number of researchers, and various proposals have been made to address this shortcoming. The specific issue is the tendency for highly chromatic blues to appear more purple as the chroma is reduced for a constant hue angle. The root cause for the poor CIELAB blue constancy has been an open question, although one possibility is a basic deficiency in the CIELAB equations. An alternative hypothesis is that the equations, in combination with color matching functions with a distinct secondary lobe on the x‐bar or long‐wavelength sensitive channel, such as those found on the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1931 and 1964 Standard Observers, are problematic. The spectral curves of a constant hue IPT (Intensity, Protan, and Tritan) blue step ramp displayed on a CRT are used to explore this hypothesis. Additional discussion examines the use of sharpened sensors and achieving parallel tritanopic confusion lines in the CIELAB color space. The results suggest that use of the CIE Standard Observers with the CIELAB equations results in poor blue constancy and distorted tritanopic confusion lines. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 371–378, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10180
Estimating black‐level emissions of computer‐controlled displays
Authors: Berns Roy S. , Fernandez Scot R. , Taplin Lawrence
Published: August 2003

It is quite common for computer‐controlled displays to emit light in image areas set to digital values of zero, referred to as their black level. This is expected for liquid–crystal displays and also can occur for cathode‐ray tube displays when the “brightness” (gun‐amplifier offset) is set excessively high. For either display, the light emission at the black level results in color channels whose chromaticities vary with luminance level. Consequently, typical methods of colorimetric characterization result in large error. When this black‐level emission is measured and accounted for suitably, characterization accuracy is dramatically improved. Unfortunately, many instruments used to measure displays have too low a sensitivity to measure black‐level emission with sufficient precision and accuracy. A method of estimating black‐level emissions was derived and tested. Because the optimal black‐level results in channel chromaticities that are invariant to the greatest extent with luminance level, an objective function was defined as the sum of chromaticity variances of each channel over a range of measurements. Minimizing this objective function resulted is an estimate of a display's black level. The estimated black level resulted in equivalent or superior performance to direct measurements. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 379–383, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10181
Environmental colouration and/or the design process
Authors: Smith Dianne
Published: August 2003

Environmental colour is multifaceted, playing a variety of roles in our everyday lives. However, is colour considered important in the design of our built environment by those who practice design, such as architects and interior designers? Prototypes and massing models for designs are often presented in white or monochromatic combinations, irrespective of the materials incorporated and the colours that may be applied in the final constructed building, interior, or object. Therefore, questions are raised concerning design professionals' perceptions of the importance of colour in relation to space and form, and to the experience of place. The built environment is understood by the designers and design researchers generally in one of four contexts—as object, as product, as communicator, or as social domain (Smith, Architectural Experience: A Composition of Viewpoints, doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; 2000). Designers who consider place as an experience, or as part of a social domain, will address the design task differently than those who treat it as an object to be coloured. In addition, Franz (A Phenomenographic Study of Design in the Interior Context, doctoral dissertation, Queensland university of Technology, Australia; 1997) identified four conceptions of designing held by designers: experiential, structural, production, and retail. Therefore, designers' conceptions of what it is to design in general are related to the manner in which they design in practice. In association with such conceptions, it is assumed that the integration of colour in the built environment is also influenced by these understandings. Explorations into environmental meaning, in addition to colour theory and decorative applications, are hypothesized to be important sources of information for designers involved in colouring the built environment. Discussions of environments in terms of signification and experience may broaden practitioners' understanding of the role that colour plays in place formation. In addition, the findings of a study in which 16 Queensland architects and interior designers were surveyed to ascertain whether colour is considered an integral part of their design process are reported. The study is not conclusive, however; although further investigation is required, the study does identify differences and commonalities among participants that are of interest in light of the aforementioned issues. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 360–365, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10182
Topology of Sobolev mappings III
Authors: Hang Fengbo , Lin Fanghua
Published: August 2003

We establish a necessary and sufficient topological condition for maps that are in W1,p(M, N) to be connected by continuous paths in W1,p(M, N) to maps in W1,q(M, N), q > q ≥ 1. We also obtain a necessary and sufficient topological condition under which W1,q(M, N) is strongly dense in W1,p(M, N). Several results concerning sequential weak density of smooth (or W1,q(M, N) maps in W1,p(M, N) are also proven. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dysphoria, attributional reasoning and future event probability
Authors: Cropley Mark , MacLeod Andrew K.
Published: August 2003

This study investigated the relationship between attributional thinking and future expectations, in a group of mildly depressed (dysphoric) and non‐depressed control individuals. Participants were asked to recall eight positive and eight negative cued autobiographical memories, and then generate a short attributional statement giving the reason why they thought each event had happened. They then rated the likelihood of each event happening in the future. Each attribution was coded along three attributional dimensions: Internality, Stability, and Globality and ratings were combined to yield a composite score for positive items and a composite score for negative items. Relative to controls, dysphorics gave more internal, stable and global attributions for negative events, but their attributions for positive events were more external, unstable and specific. The dysphoric group also showed greater pessimism for future events. Irrespective of mood state, when recalled past events were attributed to internal, stable and global causes, participants gave greater likelihood expectations, compared to when events were attributed to external, unstable and specific causes. It was concluded that attributions do play a part in the link between memory retrieval and future judgements. The explanations people give of their past experiences are important in influencing their perceptions of the likelihood of such experiences in the future. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
How to evaluate metacognitive functioning in psychotherapy? The metacognition assessment scale and its applications
Authors: Semerari Antonio , Carcione Antonino , Dimaggio Giancarlo , Falcone Maurizio , Nicolò Giuseppe , Procacci Michele , Alleva Giorgio
Published: August 2003

In this article the authors present a method and a scale for the evaluation of the metacognitive profiles of psychotherapy patients. There will be a description of the metacognitive function and of the alterations that occur to it during treatment. Various hypotheses will then be considered: (1) that the metacognitive function has a modular structure; (2) that for each type of psychopathological condition there is a different metacognitive deficit profile; (3) that to be successful psychotherapy needs to involve an improvement in any deficient metacognitive sub‐function. There will then be a presentation of the Metacognition Assessment Scale (MAS) for the assessment of metacognitive deficits during psychotherapy. We shall then describe the first results we have on the application of the scale. Finally there will be an analysis of two patients suffering from Personality Disorders and a demonstration of what metacognitive deficit profile each one has and how it is modified over the course of psychotherapy treatment. The article ends with a discussion of the hypotheses made at the start in the light of the results that have emerged. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Change of self‐image in patients with neurotic, borderline and psychotic disturbances
Authors: Granberg Åke , Armelius Kerstin
Published: August 2003

Changes in the self‐image of severely disturbed psychiatric patients diagnosed with Kernberg's (1981) structural interview as having neurotic, borderline and psychotic personality organization (NPO, BPO and PPO) were studied in a naturalistic 5‐year follow‐up programme of milieu treatment. Self‐image was measured with Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (Benjamin, 1974) introject ratings. After treatment all patients had changed in the affiliation dimension of the self‐image, while there was almost no change in the interdependence dimension. A more detailed analysis showed that for the NPO and PPO patients the higher overall affiliation was due to a less attacking self‐image, while for the BPO patients it was due to more self‐love. Both at intake and follow‐up the PPO patients' ratings showed a positive self‐image and those of the BPO patients showed high self‐control. These ratings contrast with the diagnostic descriptions of such patients. It is suggested that these differences in perspective might lead to interpersonal problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Characterisation, and X‐ray Crystal Structure of New NiII, PdII, and PtII Complexes of Tridentate Pyrazole‐Based Ligands with an NOS‐Donor Set
Authors: García‐Antón Jordi , Pons Josefina , Solans Xavier , Font‐Bardia Mercè , Ros Josep
Published: August 2003

Treatment of the ligands 1‐(3‐thia‐5‐hydroxypentyl)‐3,5dimethylpyrazole (thpd) and 1‐(3‐thia‐6‐hydroxyhexyl)3,5‐dimethylpyrazole (thhd) with [PdCl2(CH3CN)2], [PtCl2(CH3CN)2], and NiCl2·6H2O produces the complexes [MCl2(L)] [M= Pd, L = thpd (1), thhd (2); M = Pt, L = thpd (3), thhd (4); M = Ni, L = thpd (5), thhd (6)], which have been characterised by elemental analyses, conductivity, IR, electronic spectra, and NMR spectroscopy (when possible). The crystal structures of 2, 3, and 4, determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, each consist of discrete [MCl2(L)] units. Each MII atom is coordinated by the pyrazolyl nitrogen and the thioether sulfur from the ligand and two cis chloride ions in a square‐planar geometry. Crystallisation of [NiCl2(thpd)] in non‐anhydrous alcohols yields [NiCl(H2O)2(thpd)]Cl ([7]Cl), the crystal structure of which was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction to reveal nickel atoms coordinated by two water molecules, one chloride ion and one thpd ligand (coordinating via all three donor atoms, N, S, and O) in a skew‐trapezoidal bypyramid (distorted octahedral) geometry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Radical Ion Salts Obtained from Substituted Ferrocene Cations and the Organic Acceptor TCNQ − Synthesis, Structure and Physical Properties
Authors: Ballester Loreto , Gil Ana M. , Gutiérrez Angel , Perpiñán M. Felisa , Sánchez Ana E. , Fonari Marina , Suwinska Kinga , Belsky Vitalii
Published: August 2003

The compounds [Fe(C5H5)(C5H4CH2NMe3)][TCNQ] (1), [Fe(C5H5)(C5H4CH2NMe3)][TCNQ]2.MeCN (2) and [Fe(C5H5)(C5H4CH=CH‐p‐C5H4NMe)][TCNQ] (3) have been obtained from reaction of the corresponding ferrocene iodide and TCNQ or LiTCNQ. Their crystal structures have been determined, showing that 1 and 3 have only mononegative TCNQ radicals forming one‐dimensional stacks. In compound 3 the pyridine substituent also overlaps with the stacked TCNQ. The formation reaction of 2 implies the reduction of neutral TCNQ by the iodide anion; in this reaction the reduction is partial and the formal charge of every TCNQ is approximately 0.5 e− with some degree of electron delocalization. The TCNQs also overlap to form a one‐dimensional stack in the solid. The three compounds are diamagnetic, indicating a strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the TCNQ spins. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Helical Ribbons of Cadmium(II) and Zinc(II) Dicarboxylates with Bipyridyl‐Like Chelates − Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Photoluminescence
Authors: Zhang Ling‐Yun , Liu Gao‐Feng , Zheng Shao‐Liang , Ye Bao‐Hui , Zhang Xian‐Ming , Chen Xiao‐Ming
Published: August 2003

Four mixed‐ligand complexes of [M(mpa)(phen)]n [M = Cd (1) or Zn (2) and mpa = m‐phthalate and phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) and [M2(mpa)2(2,2′‐bpy)2]n [M = Zn (3) or Cd (4) and 2,2′‐bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine] have been synthesized and their crystal structures have been established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. They all consist of one‐dimensional ribbons featuring dinuclear units. Both 1 and 2 crystallize isomorphously in the monoclinic space group P2/c and feature helical chains. While 3 and 4 crystallize in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$
. The one‐dimensional ribbons are assembled into three‐dimensional networks by π−π stacking interactions. They all show strong blue photoluminescence and are stable in air up to ca. 402, 371, 365 and 370 °C, respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
NMR and Molecular Modelling Studies on the Solution Structure of the InIII−Bleomycin A2 Complex
Authors: Papakyriakou Athanasios , Katsaros Nikos
Published: August 2003

The solution structure of the InIII−bleomycin A2 complex (InBLM) has been determined by NMR studies in combination with molecular modelling. Our data indicate that BLM is coordinated to InIII through five nitrogen ligands in a distorted tetragonal pyramid configuration. The stability and homogeneity of InBLM has allowed us to obtain a well‐defined model of the complex formed at low pH, which is a very potent tumour‐imaging agent. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Layered [BaM(C3H2O4)2(H2O)4] (M = Fe or Co) Complexes − Spectroscopic, Magnetic and Thermal Study
Authors: Gil de Muro Izaskun , Lezama Luis , Insausti Maite , Rojo Teófilo
Published: August 2003

Complexes with formula [BaM(C3H2O4)2(H2O)4], where M = Fe or Co, were synthesised and characterised. These two types of complexes are isostructural and crystallise in the Pccn space group. Their structure consists of two‐dimensional networks of octahedral MO6 polyhedra in which the transition metal ions are coordinated by bridging malonate ligands, through the O‐C‐O atoms. These M‐malonate units are extended along the crystallographic [101] plane. Spectroscopic data are consistent with the cations being in a high‐spin octahedral symmetry. The two types of compounds exhibit 2D antiferromagnetic interactions as well as weak ferromagnetism below the Néel temperature, as a result of an intralayer misalignment of the spins. Thermal treatment of the metallo‐organic precursors gave rise to BaMO3−y oxides at lower temperatures and reaction times than those found in the literature using the ceramic method. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003).
New Rhodium(I) Complexes with Hemilabile Amphiphilic Phosphanes
Authors: Valls Esteve , Suades Joan , Mathieu René , Lugan Noel
Published: August 2003

A series of RhI complexes was prepared and characterised with the following hemilabile amphiphilic phosphanes: R−(C6H4)−(OCH2CH2)n−PPh2 [1 (R = tert‐octyl, n = 1), 2 (R = tert‐octyl, $\bar n$
= 5), 3 (R = tert‐octyl, $\bar n$
= 13), 4 (R = n‐nonyl, $\bar n$
= 1.4), 5 (R = n‐nonyl, $\bar n$
= 5), 6 (R = n‐nonyl, $\bar n$
= 11)]. The reactions between 1−6 and [Rh(COD)(THF)2]+, and the subsequent reaction with CO were studied by 31P NMR and IR spectroscopy. The data are consistent with the formation of P‐coordinated and chelated (P,O) species for ligands 2−6, in agreement with the hemilabile character of these ligands. In the case of ligand 1, the complex trans‐[Rh(1)2(CO)2]+ has been isolated and the cis‐[Rh(1)2(CO)2]+ compound has been detected. [Rh(1)2(CO)]+ was prepared by decarbonylation of trans‐[Rh(1)2(CO)2]+, and low‐temperature NMR spectroscopic studies have shown the hemilabile character of 1 with a very weak P−O interaction. The molecular structure of trans‐Rh(CO)(1)2Cl was determined by X‐ray crystallography and shows that the conformation of the tert‐octylphenoxyethyl chains is nearly identical to that previously reported in the complex trans‐PdCl2(1)2. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Solution Structures of Binary and Ternary Metal Ion Complexes of 9‐(5‐Phosphonopentyl)adenine (3′‐deoxa‐PEEA). A Nucleotide Analogue Related to the Antivirally Active 9‐[2‐(Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA)
Authors: Gómez‐Coca Raquel B. , Holý Antonín , Vilaplana Rosario A. , González‐Vílchez Francisco , Sigel Helmut
Published: August 2003

The acidity constants of the twofold protonated acyclic 9‐(5‐phosphonopentyl)adenine, H2(dPEEA)±, as well as the stability constants of the M(H;dPEEA)+ and M(dPEEA) complexes with the metal ions M2+ = Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ or Cd2+, have been determined by potentiometric pH titrations in aqueous solution at I = 0.1 M (NaNO3) and 25 °C. Application of previously determined straight‐line plots of log KM versus pKH for simple phosph(on)ate ligands, R‐PO32−, where R represents a residue which cannot participate in the coordination process, proves that the primary binding site of dPEEA2− is the phosphonate group with all the metal ions studied. However, for the M(dPEEA) systems with Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ a (in part rather small) stability increase is observed which is due to macrochelate formation with the adenine residue, i.e. most likely with N7. The formation degrees of the macrochelates are 17 ± 15%, 28 ± 10%, 46 ± 12%, 42 ± 28%, and 42 ± 9% (3σ), respectively. This means that in this respect dPEEA2− resembles the parent nucleotide adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP2−) more than its chain‐shortened analogue 9‐(4‐phosphonobutyl)adenine (dPMEA2−); indeed, in a first approximation macrochelate formation increases for a given metal ion within the series M(dPMEA) < M(dPEEA) < M(AMP). However, the coordinating properties of all three mentioned ligands differ significantly from those of the antivirally active 9‐[2‐(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA2−) which, due to the presence of an ether oxygen in the aliphatic side chain, has a different coordination chemistry which involves five‐membered chelates with the ether oxygen atom. In addition, the stability constants of the mixed ligand complexes formed between Cu(Arm)2+, where Arm = 2,2′‐bipyridine (Bpy) or 1,10‐phenanthroline (Phen), and the H(dPEEA)− or dPEEA2− species were also measured. Detailed stability constant comparisons reveal that in the monoprotonated ternary Cu(Arm)(H;dPEEA)+ complexes the proton is at the phosphonate group and that stacking between Cu(Arm)2+ and H(dPEEA)− plays a significant role. For the Cu(Arm)(dPEEA) complexes a large increase in complex stability (compared to the stability expected on the basis of the basicity of the phosphonate group) is observed, which is due to intramolecular stack formation between the aromatic ring systems of Phen or Bpy and the purine moiety of dPEEA2−. The formation degree of the stacked isomers is in the order of 65 to 80%. Comparisons of the Cu(Arm)(PA) systems, where PA2− = dPEEA2−, dPMEA2− or AMP2−, reveal that here dPEEA2− resembles its parent AMP2− less closely than dPMEA2− does. The biological implications of these results, including antiviral activities, are shortly discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)