bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Standardization, Globalization and Rationalities of Government
Authors: Higgins Winton , Hallström Kristina Tamm
Published: September 2007

Organizational analysts have remarked on the retreat from `hard' regulation by nation-states and the formal international bodies they have ratified, in favour of `soft' regulation, particularly in the form of standards issued by transnational bodies whose authority does not derive from state sovereignty. This article problematizes the role of international standardization in the current trend, and locates its new regulatory role in the Foucauldian theorization of political rationalities (or `rationalities of government') and the `technologies' that operationalize them. This strategy illuminates how an originally modest, technical instrument of socio-economic coordination has attained the salience, ubiquity and authority that it enjoys as a discursive practice in today's global regulation. Standardization constitutes a vital technology of government that serves the now dominant rationality in the international practice of government, neo-liberalism. Particularly in the development of management standards from the 1980s, the International Organization of Standardization has produced a vital relay in the practice of `government at a distance', and a platform for self-presentation to audit—an updated version of earlier `practices of the self'.
Legal Professionals and Transnational Law-Making: A Case of Distributed Agency
Authors: Quack Sigrid
Published: September 2007

In institutional theory, it is a challenge to explain how rule-setting occurs in transnational contexts with high rule ambiguity and distributed agency. In this article, we address this problem by arguing that emergent and deliberate institutional strategies, though often treated as exclusive opposites, need to be considered in concert. This is demonstrated by analysing transnational law-making in the context of commercial and corporate law. Transnational law-making is thereby conceived as a process driven by the practical problem-solving and sense-making efforts of legal practitioners in large international law firms and international legal associations. Focal actors can exploit the results of this process to deliberately influence the development of law. A concept of two nested cycles of incidental and strategic law-making is employed to explain how dominant influences of common law become interwoven with influences from multiple other legal traditions that eventually trickle up. This article highlights the role of professionals as practice-based experts engaging in practical and political actions, the effects of which shape transnational rule-setting.
Fluorine-containing Diethynyl Aryl Derivatives for n-Channel Organic Field-effect Transistors
Authors: Kashiwagi Kimiaki , Yasuda Takeshi , Tsutsui Tetsuo
Published: September 2007

Fluorine-containing diethynyl aryl derivatives (1–5), in which three aromatic rings were connected together with rigid acetylenic linkages, were synthesized for n-channel organic field-effect transistors. The field-effect electron mobility of the thin film of 2 exhibited 3.4×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Dual Polyrotaxane: One-pot Synthesis of Topological Polymer by Using Metathesis Reaction
Authors: Yamabuki Kazuhiro , Isobe Yukio , Onimura Kenjiro , Oishi Tsutomu
Published: September 2007

The topological polyrotaxane was built from an ammonium salt as an axle component bearing one olefin and one bulky unit at the end of chain and the derivative of dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8) as a wheel component having one terminal olefin. In this system, two kinds of reactions work at the same time as a driving force of the polymer construction. One is the inclusion reaction between the ammonium salt part of axle and the wheel, another is metathesis reaction between olefins of the axle and olefins of the wheel.
Two Limonoids from the Root of Dictamnus radicis Cortex
Authors: Zhao Pei-Hua , Sun Li-Mei , Cao Mei-Ai , Yuan Cheng-Shan
Published: September 2007

A new limonoid isodictamdiol (1) and a known dictamdiol (2), the first 5S/9S-type degraded limonoids, were isolated from the EtOAc extracts of Dictamnus radicis Cortex. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were respectively elucidated by means of the modern spectroscopic methods, including IR, MS, NMR, a single-crystal X-ray diffraction, as well as CD. In addition, the absolute configuration of 2 was determined for the first time.
Nano Bowls of Carbon by Oxidative Chopping of Carbon Nano Sphere
Authors: Abdi Sayed Hasan Razi , Kim Young Jin , Park Yong-Ki , Lee Chul Wee
Published: September 2007

Here, we report the preparation of novel carbon material having fairly uniform bowl shape in nanosize domain with varying oxygen content by a very simple oxidative chopping of carbon nanoballs, where we have effectively functionalized the inert CNS (carbon nano sphere) with carboxylate groups that can be utilized for the chemical immobilization of enzymes, bioactive compounds, and catalysts.
Viscoelastic Behavior of Thermoresponsive Polymer Hydrogel with Organic Adsorbate Observed Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Authors: Nakano Yuri , Sato Itaru , Seida Yoshimi , Nakano Yoshio
Published: September 2007

Thermoresponsive viscoelastic behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) hydrogel was investigated using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with the impedance analysis as a function of temperature and concentration of benzoic acid (BA) that adsorbs onto the gel. The viscoelastic behavior of gel in its shrinking phase was observed with high resolution. The adsorption of benzoic acid affected the viscoelasticity in the shrinking phase significantly over the wide range of concentration of BA.
Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Two Copolymers Containing Dithienothiophene and Fluorene
Authors: Song Yinyin , Zhang Wenyu , Zhang Wei , Li Jun , Li Suyue , Zhou Huiqiong , Qin Jingui
Published: September 2007

Two new copolymers, poly[fluorene-co-α-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene] (PFDTT-α) and poly[fluorene-co-β-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene] (PFDTT-β) were synthesized through the Suzuki coupling reaction, where dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene (DTT) was introduced into the backbones of polyfluorenes by two different linkage styles, which distinctively tuned HOMO/LUMO levels of the copolymers and the effective conjugation length.
Imaging of Aromatic Amide Molecules in Motion
Authors: Solin Niclas , Koshino Masanori , Tanaka Takatsugu , Takenaga Shinya , Kataura Hiromichi , Isobe Hiroyuki , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: September 2007

Visual evidence of the rotation of an amide group has been obtained by transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of aromatic amide molecules encapsulated in a carbon nanotube. The fullerene group used as a tag also acts as an anchor to fix the sample molecule in one position, which made possible the observation of the rotation of the amide and the pyrene groups.
Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry of 3-[4-Bis-N,N-(2-Chloroethyl)Aminophenyl]Acetates of the Estrane Series
Authors: Kadentsev V.I. , Chizhov A.O. , Chizhov O.S. , Kolotyrkina N.G. , Kutin A.A. , Nesterov I.D. , Chuvylkin N.D. , Rzheznikov V.M. , Golubovskaya L.E.
Published: September 2007

Collision-induced fragmentation of the [M + Na]+ and [M + H]+ ions generated from 3-[4- bis-N,N-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl]-acetates in the estrane series under electrospray/ionization was studied. Some regularities in fragmentation pathways depending on the nature of functional groups were established. Formation of the [(M + Na) – NaCl]+ ions along with [(M + Na) – HCl]+ ions from the [M + Na]+ ions was explained using quantum chemical calculations for some simplified models.
Fragmentation Studies of Monensin A and B in Negative Electrospray and Nanospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sousa-Junior José N. , Gates Paul J. , Lopes Norberto P.
Published: September 2007

This paper reports the first comparative study of the gas-phase fragmentation chemistry of monensin in negative ion mode electrospray and nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The fragmentation was observed to occur at lower energies in nanoelectrospray than electrospray. The major product ions are proposed to be formed via an initial neutral elimination of methanol followed be subsequent fragmentation. The low-mass product ions were observed at the same m/z for both monensin A and B.
Determination of Tuaminoheptane in Doping Control Urine Samples
Authors: Thevis Mario , Sigmund Gerd , Koch Anja , Schänzer Wilhelm
Published: September 2007

Since January 2007, the list of prohibited substances established by the World Anti-Doping Agency includes the sympathomimetic compound tuaminoheptane (1-methyl-hexylamine, 2-heptylamine). Primarily used as a nasal decongestant drug it has been considered relevant for sports drug testing due to its stimulating properties. A confirmatory gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure was developed including liquid–liquid extraction and imine formation of tuaminoheptane employing various aldehydes and ketones such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde and acetone. Extraction and derivatisation conditions were optimised for utmost efficiency and characteristic fragment ions obtained after electron ionisation allowed for a sensitive and selective analytical assay, which was validated with regard to recovery (50%), lower limit of detection (20 ng mL−1) as well as interday- and intraday precision (< 15%). The applicability to authentic urine samples was demonstrated using administration study specimens obtained from two male persons using Rhinofluimucil (tuaminoheptane hemisulfate) for intranasal application. The administered drug was detected up to 46h after repeated topical instillation of a total of approximately 3 mg.
Characterization of Isomeric 1,2,4-Oxadiazolyl-N-Methylpyridinium Salts by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Avellone Giuseppe , Bongiorno David , Buscemi Silvestre , Ceraulo Leopoldo , Indelicato Serena , Pace Andrea , Pibiri Ivana , Vivona Nicolò
Published: September 2007

The mass spectrometric behavior of 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl- N-methylpyridinium salts has been investigated. These substances are of current interest as perspective ionic liquids, compounds used as green solvents for synthesis, and for their catalytic properties. The studies have been developed through electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) experiments. The obtained results demonstrate a ready distinction between the two isomeric classes, 3- N-methylpyridinium- and 5- N-methylpyridinium-1,2,4-oxadiazoles, is possible through ESI-MS/MS experiments. A deeper investigation on the principal fragmentation pathways of characteristic ions has been also developed.
Francis William Aston: The Man Behind the Mass Spectrograph
Authors: Downard Kevin M.
Published: September 2007

Francis William Aston was among the most accomplished physicists of the 20th century. A Nobel laureate and Fellow of the Royal Society, his research career spanned four decades. During this time, he provided experimental proof of the existence of isotopes for many of the chemical elements and recorded their masses using several hand-built mass spectrographs. A rather private man who lived alone in Trinity College for much of his adult life, Aston remains a somewhat elusive and mysterious figure. This biography attempts to shed some more light on the man, including his character and his personal life and, particularly, how his life was shaped by his childhood, environment and education. It contains previously unpublished material and photographs and complements the biographies of Hevesy and Thomson, following Aston's death and that by Squires detailing the construction and performance of his mass spectrographs at the Cavendish Laboratory. It is published at a timely juncture, some 100 years after Aston's first arrival at Cambridge.
Was there compression of disability for older Americans from 1992 to 2003?
Authors: Cai Liming , Lubitz James
Published: September 2007

Medical advances and the growth of the elderly population have focused interest on trends in the health of the elderly. Three theories have been advanced to describe these trends: compression of morbidity, expansion of morbidity, and dynamic equilibrium. We applied multistate life table methods to the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey to estimate active and disabled life expectancy from 1992 to 2003, defining disability as having difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living or activities of daily living. We found increases in active life expectancy past age 65 and decreases in life expectancy with severe disability. These trends are consistent with elements of both the theory of compression of morbidity and the theory of dynamic equilibrium.
Multipartnered fertility among American men
Authors: Guzzo Karen Benjamin , Furstenberg Frank F.
Published: September 2007

Using the 2002 (Cycle 6) National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), which was the first NSFG to interview men, we document the prevalence and correlates of sequential parenthood with different partners (multipartnered fertility) among a representative sample of American men. Nearly 8% of American men aged 15–44 report having had children with more than one partner, with sharp differences by age, race/ethnicity, and income—over one-third of poor black men aged 35–44 report having had children with two or more mothers, and 16% report children with three or more mothers. Fathers of two or more children by multiple partners appear to be more disadvantaged than fathers with two or more children by the same partner. Multipartnered fertility is strongly related to prior birth characteristics; men not in a coresidential union at the preceding birth are more likely to have their next birth with a new partner, and controlling for prior-birth characteristics accounts for the elevated risk of Hispanics and blacks in baseline models. Results also suggest that multipartnered fertility is becoming more prevalent as younger cohorts transition to a new-partner birth more quickly and at a higher rate than older cohorts.
Paradox found (again): Infant mortality among the Mexican-origin population in the united states
Authors: Hummer Robert A. , Powers Daniel A. , Pullum Starling G. , Gossman Ginger L. , Frisbie W. Parker
Published: September 2007

Recent research suggests that the favorable mortality outcomes for the Mexican immigrant population in the United States may largely be attributable to selective out-migration among Mexican immigrants, resulting in artificially low recorded death rates for the Mexican-origin population. In this paper, we calculate detailed age-specific infant mortality rates by maternal race/ethnicity and nativity for two important reasons: (1) it is extremely unlikely that women of Mexican origin would migrate to Mexico with newborn babies, especially if the infants were only a few hours or a few days old; and (2) more than 50% of all infant deaths in the United States occur during the first week of life, when the chances of out-migration are very small. We use concatenated data from the U.S. linked birth and infant death cohort files from 1995 to 2000, which provides us with over 20 million births and more than 150,000 infant deaths to analyze. Our results clearly show that first-hour, first-day, and first-week mortality rates among infants born in the United States to Mexican immigrant women are about 10% lower than those experienced by infants of non-Hispanic, white U.S.-born women. It is extremely unlikely that such favorable rates are artificially caused by the out-migration of Mexican-origin women and infants, as we demonstrate with a simulation exercise. Further, infants born to U.S.-born Mexican American women exhibit rates of mortality that are statistically equal to those of non-Hispanic white women during the first weeks of life and fare considerably better than infants born to non-Hispanic black women, with whom they share similar socioeconomic profiles. These patterns are all consistent with the definition of the epidemiologic paradox as originally proposed by Markides and Coreil (1986).
Contraceptive use patterns across teens’ sexual relationships: The role of relationships, partners, and sexual histories
Authors: Manlove Jennifer , Ryan Suzanne , Franzetta Kerry
Published: September 2007

By using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine how adolescent relationship characteristics, partner attributes, and sexual relationship histories are associated with contraceptive use and consistency, incorporating random effects to control for respondent-level unobserved heterogeneity. Analyses show that teens’ contraceptive use patterns vary across relationships. Teens with more-homogamous partners, with more-intimate relationships, and who communicate about contraception before sex have greater odds of contraceptive use and/or consistency. Teens in romantic relationships, and who are older when engaging in sex for the first time, have greater odds of ever using contraceptives but reduced odds of always using contraceptives. Teens continue habits from previous relationships: teens with experience practicing contraceptive consistency and females who previously have used hormonal contraceptive methods are better able to maintain consistency in subsequent relationships. Also, relationship and partner characteristics are less important for females who previously used hormonal methods.
The Convention of Innocence and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 's Literary Sophisticates
Authors: Lander Bonnie
Published: September 2007

Recent criticism has contested the widely-held twentieth-century view that Sir Gawain and the Green Knight presents Camelot as undergoing a moral test instigated by its immoral rival court, Hautdesert. It has been argued instead that the poem's linguistic and rhetorical sophistication displaces any possibility of moral determinacy. If these two critical approaches are combined, the inhabitants of Hautdesert can be seen to have a moral agency of their own, which animates their intelligent and ironic deconstruction of Camelot's chivalric codes and of the rhetoric of medieval romance.
Truth, Wonder, and Exemplarity in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko
Authors: Dickson Vernon Guy
Published: September 2007

Overtly locating Oroonoko within the new epistemologies of factual evidence and observational ethnography, Aphra Behn uses belief in new-world wonders to reassert a humanist and royalist model of exemplarity through the character of Oroonoko, not so subtly critiquing her own society's changing values. Behn's deferral (and even deconstruction) of factual truth in Oroonoko to emphasize moral example, in terms of late Renaissance humanism, remains largely ignored. Behn has been examined too frequently in terms of her influence on the novel and not understood sufficiently within her own moment, particularly the pervasive humanist influence of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Radicalism, Caution, and Censorship in Elizabeth Inchbald's Every One Has His Fault
Authors: Garnai Amy
Published: September 2007

Elizabeth Inchbald was known in her own time as a radical, but she was also a cautious and pragmatic writer who succeeded in negotiating the oppressive political and cultural climate of the revolutionary decade. This essay examines Inchbald's play Every One Has His Fault (1793) as a text that intervenes on the side of a prorevolution agenda, dealing with issues such as patriarchal power and the William Godwin/Thomas Holcroft notion of "truth." Inchbald's success in navigating legal and censorial systems of power is evident in the fact that although this play escaped the notice of John Larpent, the Chief Examiner of Plays, it presents a forthright, progressive commentary on the political and social issues of the time.
Hume, Romance, and the Unruly Imagination
Authors: Tierney-Hynes Rebecca
Published: September 2007

This essay argues for the influence of David Hume's ideas about popular romance on his theory of sympathy. The article examines Hume's essays and his Treatise of Human Nature (1739), taking up the relationship between Hume's concept of sympathy and the affective language of literature and concluding that the imagination in contact with literature is Hume's model for his theory of the self. It argues that Hume's understanding of the role of the imagination in shaping personal identity is based on an insecure distinction between the "appetite for falshood" that characterizes female romance-readers and the appetite for truth that characterizes the philosopher.
Odes of Absorption in the Restoration and Early Eighteenth Century
Authors: Koehler Margaret
Published: September 2007

This essay argues for less absolute and instantaneous borders between the Restoration and mid-eighteenth-century phases of the ode form. It locates in the Restoration ode certain characteristics typically associated with the midcentury ode, including moments of inward vision and a blurring of boundaries between the poet's calling voice and the invoked object. Speakers of Restoration odes experience reflexive exchanges with their addressees, taking on qualities of the personified abstractions they summon. Such readings demonstrate the evolution of the ode form in progress and argue that interest in the imagination begins earlier in the period than is often acknowledged.
Recent Studies in the Restoration and Eighteenth Century
Authors: Lynch Deidre
Published: September 2007

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
Jane Barker and the Politics of Catholic Celibacy
Authors: McArthur Tonya Moutray
Published: September 2007

Jane Barker's amatory novel, Love Intrigues (1713), presents a snapshot of English Jacobite Catholic culture at James II's exiled Court in St. Germain-en-Laye. As evidenced in her Galesia Trilogy and poetry, Barker's narratives promote Catholic monasticism and its advantages for English women such as retreat, education, and the preservation of a feminist history. That the 1719 edition of Love Intrigues minimizes these overt Catholic emphases suggests that Barker's representation of Royalist Catholic solidarity in the first edition was too controversial later, due to recent and imminent Jacobite activity in England.
Tristram Cyborg and Toby Toolmaker: Body, Tools, and Hobbyhorse in Tristram Shandy
Authors: Mottolese William C
Published: September 2007

Laurence Sterne seemed aware, in some form, of what we now call cyborgism—that without machines and tools, the human body and mind in the age of Cartesian rationalism are disturbingly discontinuous. This essay explores the body in Tristram Shandy, focusing on the hobbyhorse as mechanical artifact that bridges the discontinuity between mind and body. Drawing on anthropological theories of tool use, medical and linguistic discourses of Sterne's time, and cyborg studies, the essay argues that the tools and machines of the Shandean hobbyhorses enable an imagined autoerotic sexuality that compensates for the inadequacies of the novel's feeble bodies.
Maladaptive Beliefs and Suppression of Negative Autobiographical Memories
Authors: Broadbent James C. , Nixon Reginald D.V.
Published: September 2007

This study sought to investigate whether an individual difference in beliefs regarding the importance of controlling intrusive thoughts influenced the effect of suppressing negative autobiographical memories. In Phase I of the study, 165 undergraduate students completed the control-subscale of the Interpretations of Intrusions Inventory (III-31). Students with scores in the top (strong beliefs) and bottom (weak beliefs) 30% of the III-31 were selected to participate in Phase II. In Phase II an equal number of students with these ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ beliefs (N = 60) were randomised to either a thought suppression or control condition. As expected, instructions to suppress resulted in a rebound effect; however, contrary to predictions, differences in beliefs regarding the importance of controlling intrusive thoughts did not influence thought suppression ability. The implications of the findings for understanding the influence of metacognition on thought suppression are discussed.
Functional Communication and Other Concomitant Behavior Change Following PECS Training: A Case Study
Authors: Anderson Angelika , Moore Dennis W. , Bourne Therese
Published: September 2007

The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is widely used to teach children with language delays, including those with autism, functional language. A feature of PECS is that it incorporates principles deemed by some to be pivotal, leading to broader behaviour change. In this study, a 6-year-old child with autism was taught functional language using PECS. Along with measures of language gains, concomitant changes in nontargeted behaviours (play and TV viewing) following PECS training were observed. Results show increases in manding, initiations and cumulative word counts, as well as positive changes in the nontargeted behaviours.
Influences on the Stages and Processes of Exercise Adoption in Women
Authors: Girling-Butcher Robyn , Towers Andy , Flett Ross , Seebeck Renée
Published: September 2007

The present study investigated the transtheoretical model of behaviour change in relation to exercise adoption and maintenance in a sample of 140 women. The aim was to examine the relationship between the stages of exercise change, and the constructs of processes of change, costs and benefits of exercising, self-efficacy, and self-rated health. Analyses revealed that the processes, pros, cons, self-efficacy, and self-rated health were significantly associated with stage of exercise adoption. Specifically, the processes fluctuated, pros and self-efficacy increased, and cons decreased across the stages from precontemplation to maintenance. A stage exercise adoption perspective may be particularly useful for understanding how women adopt and sustain exercise regimes.
Family Needs After Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Rehabilitation Counselling
Authors: Bishop Malachy , Degeneffe Charles Edmund , Mast Melinda
Published: September 2007

Family involvement in the rehabilitation counselling process is increasingly being recognised as an important component of rehabilitation success. This may be particularly true for persons who have an acquired or traumatic brain injury (TBI). For such individuals the emotional and psychosocial functioning of their family and caregivers has been associated with a variety of functional, psychosocial, and employment outcomes. Addressing the needs of family members is an important component of providing effective rehabilitation counselling services, but one that has received little attention in the rehabilitation counselling literature. This article reviews current research on the frequently identified needs of families and caregivers of persons with TBI, the family and situational variables that have been explored for their relationship to family needs, and the extent to which these needs are met. Clinical and research implications for rehabilitation counsellors are identified.
Evolution and Sustainability of the Helping Hands Volunteer Program: Consumer Recovery and Mental Health Comparisons Six Years On
Authors: Deane Frank P. , Andresen Retta
Published: September 2007

The Helping Hands program commenced in 1999 and partners volunteers with mental health consumers for support and to increase social contact, recreational and friendship opportunities. The aim of the present study is to describe the evolution and sustainability of the program over the first 6 years. A description of consumers accessing the program using recovery-oriented measures and traditional measures of behavioural functioning is also provided. Service data was collected on the development of the program, service utilisation, volunteer participation and funding patterns. Cross-sectional measures of recovery and baseline and follow-up Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) were collected on 27 participants. Results showed that the Helping Hands program has evolved significantly since start-up with the development of numerous recreational, health and support groups and 48 active volunteers and 62 active clients. Consumer feedback indicates that the service increases the quality of life of participants considerably. Current clients showed less severe disability at referral than did the original group. There were improvements in the area of relationships on the HoNOS for those who had baseline and follow-up measures. The high volunteer participation rates and positive consumer outcomes represent significant value in return for the modest level of funding.
Cross-section measurements for (n, 2n) and (n, p) reactions on tellurium isotopes in the neutron energy range of 13.5−14.6 MeV
Authors: Zhou Fengqun , Tuo Fei , Yi Yanling , Kong Xiangzhong
Published: September 2007

Cross sections for (n,2n) and (n,p) reactions have been measured on tellurium isotopes at the neutron energies of 13.5−14.6 MeV using the activation technique. Data are reported for the following reactions: 120Te(n,2n)119mTe, 120Te(n,2n)119gTe, 122Te(n,2n)121mTe, 122Te(n,2n)121gTe, 124Te(n,2n)123mTe, 128Te(n,2n)127gTe, 130Te(n,2n)129mTe, 120Te(n,p)120mSb, 122Te(n,p)122m+gSb, 124Te(n,p)124m+gSb, 126Te(n,p)126m+gSb and 128Te(n,p)128m+gSb. These new data for the cross sections of tellurium isotopes have smaller uncertainties than those reported in the previous literature. The first data for the 120Te(n,p)120mSb reaction cross sections are presented. In our experiment, natural high-purity tellurium powder was used as target material and the samples were wrapped in cadmium foil during the irradiation so the influence of the (n,γ) reactions of thermal neutrons was reduced to a low level and the interfering reactions were avoided or subtracted. The HPGe detector employed in this work has better resolution than NaI(Tl). Furthermore, while gamma-ray yields were measured and then turned into cross sections using the formula in Sect. 2.2, the most recent and accurate nuclear data available were adopted. These cumulative improvements should make our results more accurate and reliable than those reported in the previous literature. Our results are useful for verifying the accuracy of nuclear models used in the calculation of cross sections and are expected to help new evaluations of the 14 MeV neutron cross sections on isotopes of tellurium.
Study on kinetics and mechanism of ion-isotopic exchange reaction using strongly basic anion exchange resins Duolite A 101D and Duolite A 102D
Authors: Lokhande R. S. , Singare P. U. , Kolte A. R.
Published: September 2007

The radioactive 82Br was used as a tracer to study the bromide isotopic exchange reactions. The experiment was performed to study the effect of temperature, concentration of ionic solution, and amount of ion exchange resin on kinetics of isotopic exchange reactions. It was observed that under different experimental conditions, the amount of bromide ions exchanged and the initial rate of bromide ion exchange calculated for Duolite A 101D resins were higher than that for Duolite A 102D resins. It is expected that the same technique can be employed to assess the efficiency of various ion exchangers under different operating conditions. The probable mechanism of bromide isotopic exchange reaction was also predicted by comparing the specific reaction rate of rapid and slow exchange process.
Investigation of the isotopic composition of lead and of trace elements concentrations in natural uranium materials as a signature in nuclear forensics
Authors: Švedkauskaite-LeGore J. , Mayer K. , Millet S. , Nicholl A. , Rasmussen G. , Baltrunas D.
Published: September 2007

Lead is contained as trace element in uranium ores and propagates throughout the production process to intermediate products like yellow cake or uranium oxide. The lead isotopes in such material originate from two sources: natural lead and radiogenic lead. The variability of the isotopic composition of lead in ores and yellow cakes was studied and the applicability of this parameter for nuclear forensic investigations was investigated. Furthermore, the chemical impurities contained in these materials were measured in order to identify characteristic differences between materials from different mines. For the samples investigated, it could be shown, that the lead isotopic composition varies largely from mine to mine and it may be used as one of the parameters to distinguish between materials of different origins. Some of the chemical impurities show a similar pattern and support the conclusions drawn from the lead isotope data.
Environmental tritium measurements and lumped parameter modelling in the Tafilalet aquifer, south-east Morocco
Authors: Bouhlassa S. , Ammary B. , Elyahyaoui A.
Published: September 2007

The paper presents a case study for the application of environmental tritium to assess the mean residence time of water in the Tafilalet aquifer. This aquifer corresponds geologically to a tectonic depression with Quaternary fill. The Tafilalet area depends mainly on agriculture and herding. Groundwater is the main source of water supply for domestic, agriculture, and herding purposes.

The data on the distribution of tritium in subsurface water indicate the modern water of the Tafilalet aquifer. The tritium transport modelling indicates that Quaternary alluvial waters are likely to have short mean residence times of a few years (14 to 32 years). The study addresses several difficulties concerning the detailed quantitative interpretations of the results, which must be the focus of future work.
The Relation Between Stereochemistry and Biological Activity of Platinum(II) Complexes Chelated with Chiral Diamine Ligands: An Intricate Problem
Authors: Dufrasne F. , Galanski M. S.
Published: September 2007

The origin of activity differences between stereoisomers of anticancer platinum(II) complexes chelated with chiral diamine ligands has been almost exclusively explained by diastereoselective interactions with DNA. Although this model has been widely accepted in vitro and in vivo experiments showed some conflicting results, leading to the conclusion that other biomolecules might be responsible for this stereoselectivity as well. These compounds, called bionucleophiles, are in most instances amino acids or proteins present in biological fluids. As these chiral molecules are very reactive towards the platinum complexes, they may contribute to stereoselectivity, but also to resistance and toxicity. This review gives a general survey of chiral platinum(II) complexes and their interactions with DNA. The bionucleophiles which have been identified and the consequences of their reaction with platinum(II) complexes are discussed. Analytical techniques used to investigate interactions between established and potential chiral platinum drugs and bionucleophiles are presented.
Paulo Freire and Ivan Illich: Technology, Politics and the Reconstruction of Education
Authors: Kahn Richard , Kellner Douglas
Published: September 2007

This article examines the theories of education and technology held by two of the most important philosophers of education during the last few decades, Paulo Freire and Ivan Illich. These two related thinkers each charted a unique approach to the questions surrounding modern education and technology, and despite their widely acknowledged brilliance, and in Freire's case the establishment of an entire field of critical pedagogy throughout North America, almost no attention has been paid to examining their views on educational technology. This article fills that important gap and attempts to dialectically mediate their two positions towards a broader critique of media culture and the role of educational technology generally. By utilizing both Freire and Illich, it is argued, a critical pedagogy of technology can be reconstructed that is capable of speaking to today's needs, and this critical pedagogy itself can be reconstructive of the current terrain in education as it works to overcome inequalities through the appropriate use of technology and the establishment of critical consciousness on the issues surrounding technology and society.
The Cross-Thematic Approach and the ‘New’ Curricula of Greek Compulsory Education: Review of an Incompatible Relationship
Authors: Aggelakos Costas
Published: September 2007

Compulsory Greek education has long shown its need for revision. The Greek Pedagogical Institute (GPI) has presented the cross-thematic approach as a panacea, yet further changes are necessary in terms of experiential learning, school subject demarcation, teaching time management, teaching material, and the student/educator role. This article examines whether these changes are incorporated in the recent educational system revision, which resulted in widespread confusion, a national debate, and the publication of A Cross-thematic Curriculum Framework for Compulsory Education ( DEPPS). A speech analysis of GPI leadership indicates the exaggerated, fictionalised, and ideological use of the term ‘cross-thematic’. Futhermore, detailed analysis demonstrates that the new ‘cross-thematic’ curricula reproduce the 1999 curricula, making no major changes to traditional school subject demarcation, or teaching time management. New curriculum elements are also problematic; the fundamental cross-thematic concepts are vague and haphazard, while the recommended cross-thematic activities (projects) are undermined by poor examples or inadequate allotted teaching time. Moreover, the ‘new’ curricula follow the goal-setting model, which leads to a multiplicity of teaching objectives and to increased content quantity, thus impeding schoolbook writing. Most importantly, the suggested integration of the cross-thematic approach in Greek schools is not ideologically neutral.
The Varieties of University Entrepreneurialism: Thematic Patterns and Ambiguities in Swedish University Strategies
Authors: Hellström Tomas
Published: September 2007

The idea of the ‘entrepreneurial university’ has captured the imagination of academics and policy makers for some time now. However, most of the recent writings on the subject have tended to emphasize technology transfer in terms of spin-off creation and licensing. This article takes its point of departure in the strategy formulations of Swedish public universities to inquire into the varieties of university entrepreneurialism, that is the breadth of the spectrum from short- to medium-term capitalization from innovation, to social outreach and organizational cultural change. The study builds on a qualitative content analysis of strategy documents which explicates and discusses ongoing and planned third mission activities – including commercialization and outreach – at Swedish universities. The strategy categories derived from this study include (1) support infrastructures for commercialization, (2) internal knowledge building and cultural change, and (3) outreach and sectoral cooperative activities, as well as eight subcategories. The article contributes an explication and a discussion of these categories, and concludes with a number of issues relating to the way universities may develop these strategic dimensions given the conflicting or ambiguous goals present in the notion of the entrepreneurial university.
Jack Mezirow and Perspective Transformation: Toward an Understanding of Irish Educational Policy within a European Framework
Authors: Murphy Timothy
Published: September 2007

This article considers important junctures in the evolution of Irish educational policy. For this purpose, the author makes appropriate references to the theoretical framework of Jack Mezirow. In particular, Mezirow's treatment of ‘meaning schemes’, ‘meaning perspectives’ and ‘paradigm shifts’ are applied toward a better understanding of recent developments in educational policy there. The principal ‘paradigms’ or ‘frames of reference’ which underpin the formulation of educational policy are considered. It is hoped that such an analysis will contribute to the on-going debate about the future role of education in society in Europe generally. Readers from outside Ireland have an opportunity to reflect on the various influences that have impacted the evolution of their educational policies, and may identify resonances with specific developments in the Irish context, as well as points of departure.
A Communitarian Critique of the Warfare State: Implications for the Twenty-First-Century University
Authors: Theobald Paul , Knotwell Jim
Published: September 2007

This article contends that the relatively recent academic movement known as communitarianism can serve as a policy guide that could work catalytically on American cultural development of the sort that would loosen the tight military-industrial connection and in so doing aid the dismantling of the ‘warfare state.’ After chronicling the development of our current cultural circumstances, the authors demonstrate the possible contributions of communitarianism to a culture that raises community welfare among its list of policy priorities. They further argue that the deployment of community-oriented policy will require universities that engage students relative to the merits of communitarian theory.
Toward an Authentic Ethos for Online Higher Education
Authors: Higgs Graham E. , Budd John
Published: September 2007

The influence of capitalism on education's telos is a subject of critical concern. This article argues that a neo-liberal ideal that markets should determine educational efficacy and process is antithetical to the cultural good. The authors describe education as fundamentally teleological, responsible for defining, building and sustaining civilization. They further argue that an illusory ethos built upon the purely instrumental goals of the marketplace is replacing the authentic ethos for culture and identity building found in education's traditional telos. The authors hope to open a discussion that addresses the philosophical assumptions which underlie the emerging and burgeoning industry in online higher education. A call is made for a critical examination of the instrumental ethos and it is claimed that an authentic ethos will necessarily include a discourse that questions the goals for culture found in education.
Multiculturalism and a Research Perspective in Initial Teacher Education: Possible Dialogues
Authors: Canen Ana
Published: September 2007

This article describes action research within a multicultural pedagogical praxis orientation in a teacher education course at a higher education institution in Brazil during the academic year 2003. The narrative draws on the ways in which the course sought to develop a research perspective that could equip student teachers with elements that allow them to interrogate the constructions of social and cultural inequalities, as well as of the process of research itself and the impact of the researcher as a multicultural identity. The meanings, potentials and challenges of the research undertaken are discussed and should be relevant comparatively, not only because they highlight tensions of multiculturalism and seek to refine the concept of multicultural research, but also because local narratives reflect imbricated global issues that go beyond national borders, particularly concerning the role of research within teacher education in highly multicultural countries.
Extending the Responsibilities for Schools beyond the School Door
Authors: Heyer Kent Den , Pifel Andrew
Published: September 2007

In this article, the authors use qualitative and quantitative research to identify the performance of social actors whose decisions impact students and teachers, elucidate a set of measurements for their performance, and offer both a theoretical and research justification for these measurements. The work challenges two faulty assumptions behind the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation that make it more likely that school curricula will continue to be unrepresentative of diverse experiences and that far too many children will continue to attend schools under unnecessarily trying conditions. The first faulty assumption is the legislation's location of school ‘problems’ or the ‘problems with schools’ as beginning and ending at the school door. A second assumption that the authors’ development of research-based rubrics seeks to challenge is a prevalent attitude in US society regarding individual responsibility for personal success or failure, which supports the thrust of NCLB in the public imagination. Like the ill-distribution of economic possibilities despite people's hard work, rubrics holding the various public stakeholders in education are required to appropriately expand responsibility for student success beyond schools and teachers.
A Ten-year Retrospective Study of Tetanus at a Teaching Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Feroz AHM , Rahman Hafizur
Published: September 2007

Aims: To study the demographic, clinical features, treatment as well as outcomes of tetanus patients in the Bangladeshi population from 1994 to 2003.

Design: A retrospective descriptive study. Setting: A large public Medical college hospital with a regional as well as referral service. Materials and Methods: All cases of tetanus in adult patients from January 1994 to December 2003 were identified from the medical record at the hospital and these were then retrospectively reviewed.

Results: A total of 80 cases of tetanus were seen at the Faridpur Medical college hospital in the 10 years period with a mean of 8 cases per year. There were 55 male (68.75%) and 25 female (31.25%) patients. The mean age of the study population was 51.7±10.08 years. Most cases occurred in the age group of 60-69 years. Risk factor analysis revealed identifiable acute injury (puncture, prick/laceration) in 85%, CSOM (2.5%), surgery (2.5%), abortion (2.5%), skin ulcer (1.25%), burn (1.25%), child birth (1.25%), boil (1.25%). Thirty-two (40%) patients had medical wound care before hospital admission but none received tetanus immunoglobulin despite the absence of tetanus immunity. All the patients had the generalized type of disease. Body stiffness, trismus and dysphagia were the three commonest presenting complaints. All the patients with injury and wound (74/80) had their wound debrided. All the tetanus patients (80/80) received intravenous diazepam infusion as part of their management. Seventy two (90%) patients received intravenous crystalline penicillin. Sixty-five (81.25%) patients received intramuscular human antitetanus immunoglobulin and fourteen (17.5%) had tracheostomy performed. Inhospital complications were observed as respiratory (80%), cardiovascular (65%), gastrointestinal (57-5%), renal (33.37%), neurological (17.%) and others (22.5%).

There were eighteen deaths in hospital, accounting for overall mortality of 22.5% (18/80). Higher mortality were observed in age group above 50 years than the age group below 50 years (29.16% vs 12.5%, P<0.05), in female than the male (40% vs 14.54%, P<0.05), in farmer than nonfarmer (30.95% vs 13.15%, P<0.05), in patients who had short incubation period than those who had incubation period more than one week (53.33% vs 23.25%, P<0.05).

Conclusion: In general, tetanus remains in Bangladesh an important disease with substantial mortality that primarily affects unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated individuals. Prevention during wound management of tetanus prone wounds was inappropriate in many patients. The elderly population may have the highest risk for tetanus since they may not have had tetanus toxoid immunization or regular booster injections. It is, however, highly preventable through both routine vaccination and appropriate wound management. Our case series show comparable pattern and outcome with other case series in the developing countries reported in the literatures.

(J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2007; 25 : 62-69)