bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CIE 156:2004 Guidelines for the evaluation of gamut mapping algorithms
Authors:   CIE TC 8-03
Published: October 2022

This Technical Report provides guidelines for the evaluation of the cross-device and cross-media colour image reproduction performance of gamut mapping algorithms (GMAs). The guidelines cover numerous aspects of GMA evaluation including test images, media, viewing conditions, measurement, gamut boundary calculation, gamut mapping algorithms, colour spaces and experimental method. Also provided are example workflows that show how the general principles are applied and a checklist for determining compliance with the guidelines. The results of GMA evaluation carried out in accordance with these guidelines will then serve as the basis for recommending either one gamut mapping algorithm, or a set of algorithms and rules for use in specific applications. Keywords: colour gamut, colour management, colour spaces, image technology
CIE 166:2005 Cognitive colour
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This report surveys cognitive aspects of colour in terms of behavioural, neuropsychological, and neurophysiological data. Colour is usually defined as a colour stimulus or as perceived colour. In this report the concept of cognitive colour has been discussed in relation to colour categorization, colour coding, colour naming, the Stroop effect, spatial organization of coloured visual objects, visual search, and colour memory.-\n--\n-The results show that there are aspects of colour that the CIE definitions of psychophysical and perceived colour do not cover, although it gives notes to some of them. These phenomena could be referred to as cognitive colour and they point to the need for a new formal definition of colour in the CIE terminology.-\n--\n-Cognitive colour is very important in certain specific tasks. A common property of these tasks is the importance of the economy of cognition of the human brain. It means that perceived colours are represented and stored in a compressed form i.e. as cognitive colours . This accelerates complex tasks like visual attention, visual search, figural organization, figural segregation, etc. For these tasks, colour appearance models alone, including the calculations recommended for assessing colour appearance and colour differences, may be limited for predicting how an observer will behave in these complex tasks. We must define cognitive colours by the boundaries of a continuous perceived colour set, or by a representative item of this set, and assign a name to the cognitive colour.-\n--\n-The final report from the CIE Reportership Cognitive Aspects of Colour was published with the title Cognitive Color in Color Research and Application, 29(1), pp. 7-19, 2004 and has been reprinted with the kind permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Keywords: colour, colour perception, colour spaces, visual performance
CIE 173:2012 Tubular daylight guidance systems (including erratum 1)
Authors:   CIE TC 3-38
Published: October 2022

Tubular daylight guidance systems are linear devices that channel daylight into the core of a building. They consist of a light transport section with, at the outer end, some device for collecting natural light and, at the inner end, a means of distribution of light within the interior. Collectors may be either mechanical devices that actively focus and direct daylight (usually sunlight), or be passive devices that accept sunlight and skylight from part or whole sky hemisphere. The transport element is usually a tube lined with highly reflective or prismatic material or may contain lenses or other devices to redirect the light. Light is distributed in an interior by output components, commonly diffusers made of opal or prismatic material. The major emphasis of this Report is on passive zenithal systems, the most commercially successful type of daylight guidance being installed in many parts of the world.-\n-The Report includes a contextual review of the technology of all generic types of daylight guidance system. The major part of the report is concerned with photometry of components and systems, design methods, maintenance issues in both design and use, energy aspects, cost and benefits, human factors and architectural issues in the context of passive zenithal systems. The report includes case studies showing good practice.-\n-This publication corrects and replaces CIE 173:2006 Tubular Daylight Guidance Systems . Keywords: architectural lighting, daylight, hollow light guide, interior lighting, lighting design & specifications
CIE 186:2010 UV-A protection and sunscreens
Authors:   CIE TC 6-24
Published: October 2022

Technical Committee TC 6-24 was formed in 1992 due to the importance of the deleterious effects associated with exposure to UV-A radiation and because of a lack of existing guidance/regulations on tests for UV-A protection. The objective was to arrive at an international consensus on such tests. By 1997 the committee had identified one in vivo method worth pursuing, i.e. Persistent Pigment Darkening, and several in vitro methods that had not yet been validated. It was not possible to reach a consensus at that time, however. In the meantime the development of methods to assess UV-A protection continued and is still on-going, especially on in vitro methods. Furthermore, the computer-aided calculation of sunscreen performance - referred to as in silico - became more sophisticated and useful. Rather than trying to find a consensus on sunscreen testing the objective of the reactivated TC 6-24 has now been reduced to giving, in the form of a Technical Report, a comprehensive overview as well as an assessment and ranking of the UV-A methods currently under discussion. This report starts with the general principles of UV protection and an overview of UV-A and broad-spectrum UV filters. Then a description and assessment of in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro and in silico methods is given. Keywords: optical radiation effects on humans, photobiology, UV radiation, UV-A, sunscreen
CIE 194:2011 On Site Measurement of the Photometric Properties of Road and Tunnel Lighting
Authors:   CIE TC 4-26
Published: October 2022

This Technical Report gives the information which designers and users of automatic systems intended to measure the photometric properties of road and tunnel lighting systems need in order to understand the performance of such systems. The main aim of this guide is to clearly define and describe the technical limitations and characteristics of these measurement systems. In this way the advantages and disadvantages of the technical solutions adopted in different systems can be assessed. Their measurement uncertainty can be evaluated and discrepancies understood when the measurement results are compared with those obtained by manual systems or by theoretical evaluations from mathematical algorithms and/or computer simulations. The guide concentrates on systems that measure horizontal illuminance and luminance on road surfaces but much of the guidance is relevant to other quantities and measurement conditions. The guide is divided into two parts:-\n-? Review of essential photometric quantities where differences between their physical or normative definition, their mathematical evaluation and their measurable approximation are highlighted (Clause 2 and Clause 3);-\n-? Review of the types and characteristics of instruments, the conditions and methodologies of measurements, the evaluation of uncertainty in measurement results and data elaboration (Clause 5, Clause 6 and Clause 7). Keywords: street lighting , tunnel lighting, measurement of road illuminance , measurement of road luminance , measurement uncertainties
CIE 195:2011 Specification of Colour Appearance for Reflective Media and Self-Luminous Display Comparisons
Authors:   CIE TC 1-27
Published: October 2022

This Technical Report summarizes the body of work conducted by CIE Technical Committee 1-27 ?Specification of Colour Appearance for Reflective Media and Self-Luminous Display Comparisons? from 1990 until 2001. After compiling data from researchers around the world and studying various forms of colour appearance models to predict results from hardcopy/softcopy matching experiments under a variety of viewing conditions, it was discovered that the same colour appearance model would not consistently or adequately predict the visual results. In 2001, all CIE TC1-27 results were passed along to CIE TC 8-01, Colour Appearance Modeling for Colour Management Systems. This Technical Committee within Division 8 formulated an effective colour appearance model by combining the best features of the colour appearance models that were studied by CIE TC1-27. The result was the development of the CIECAM02 colour appearance model. Keywords: Perception of colour, Colours of objects, Colour vision, Colour appearance
CHARACTERIZATION OF KEY PERFORMANCE OF TLM MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Li Q. , Ma S. , Song L. , Pan J.
Published: October 2022

The performance of the TLM measurement instrument plays important roles in the measurement results and uncertainties. To characterize a TLM measurement instrument, some indices and relevant measurement procedures can be learned from current CIE publications for photometers measuring time-averaged luminous quantities. However, as the fast and time resolved photometric data is captured, other more characteristics of TLM measurement instrument need to be addressed. In this paper, the characterization linearity, frequency response and noise properties and their of the TLM measurement instrument was studied. Considering the actual application, quality indices were proposed based on traditional appraising metrics, and the measurement procedures were developed correspondingly. Furthermore, several TLM measurement instruments were measured, and the results showed fine applicability of these quality indices.
IMPACT OF SAMPLING RATE ON FLICKER METRIC CALCULATIONS
Authors: Tan J.
Published: October 2022

In order to estimate the visibility of temporal light modulation (TLM), also known as "flicker", various metrics are employed in research and commerce. The metrics, however, are not easily calculated, and occasionally the values change depending on sampling rates. This study investigates the complexities involved in processing data from TLM waveform metrics and then calculating metrics. It explores the sensitivity of each metric to sampling rate, and recommendations are then provided for how to increase the accuracy and consistency of the metrics by using appropriate sampling rates. The analyses in this study are based on noise-free and stable ideal waveforms; however, sampling rate effects also exist for real-world waveforms.
Growth Elasticities of Poverty Reduction
Authors: Ravallion Martin
Published: October 2022

Thirty years ago, Nanak Kakwani provided elegant nonparametric formulaefor the point elasticities of poverty measures with respect to changes inthe mean of the distribution, thus analytically linking those measures tokey macroeconomic aggregates. Numerous insights are found in Kakwani’selasticities. Rising inequality, measurement errors, discrepancies betweensurveys and national accounts, and changing ideas about what ‘poverty’means are all reasons why the impacts of growth on poverty observed inpractice can be substantially lower than suggested by Kakwani’s elasticities.These elasticities should not be treated as structural parameters. Rather,they can vary over time and place in systematic ways.
Wind Power in Turkey’s Potential Renewable Energy and The Danish Model
Authors: ÖZKAN Arda , USLU Yeter , GEDİKLİ Erman
Published: October 2022

Türkiye, Avrupa’nın yenilenebilir enerji potansiyeli yüksek devletleri arasında yer almasına ve enerji rezervleri açısından zengin olmasına rağmen, bu rezervleri tam kapasite ile kullanmayı sağlayacak bir teknoloji seviyesine ulaşamamıştır. Bu durum, sadece Türkiye açısından değil, dünya devletleri açısından da önem arz etmektedir. Dünyada özellikle de gelişmiş devletlerde temel bir enerji kaynağı olarak yenilenebilir enerji türleri üzerinde önemli çalışmalar yürütülmektedir. Bu gelişmiş devletlerden biri, rüzgâr enerjisi konusunda bilgi birikimine ve ileri teknolojiye sahip ülke olarak bilinen Danimarka’dır. Bu ülke, elektrik enerjisinin %48’ini 2020 yılı itibariyle rüzgâr enerjisinden elde etmektedir. 2050 yılında ise enerjisinin tamamını yenilenebilir enerjiden elde etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin de rüzgâr enerjisi potansiyelinin yüksek olması nedeniyle, Danimarka ile iş birliği çerçevesinde kurulacak rüzgâr enerjisi santralleriyle elektrik tüketiminin önemli bir kısmını rüzgâr kaynağından karşılayan bir ülke olacağı öngörülebilir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin mevcut yenilenebilir enerji potansiyelinin önemine vurgu yapılarak, Danimarka’da rüzgâr enerjisi ile ilgili düzenlemelerin Türkiye’de de uygulanabilirliği incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, yenilenebilir enerji sektöründe rüzgâr enerjisine ilişkin kuramsal bilgi birikiminin somutlaştırılması ve Danimarka örneğinin incelenmesi sonucu elde edilen verilerle Türkiye’de mevcut ve potansiyel durumlar için öngörüler oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir.
The Relationship Between Geographic Concentration in Banking Credits and Credit Risk
Authors: SARI Sultan
Published: October 2022

Bankalar mali aracılık yapan önemli kurumlardır. Türkiye finansal sisteminde en büyük pay bankalara aittir. Dolayısıyla bankacılık sektörünün Türkiye’nin ekonomik yapısının şekillendirdiği söylenebilir. Mali aracı bankaların kredilendirme faaliyetleri yüzünden katlandıkları risklerden biri de kredi riski olup kredi riskini arttıran unsurlardan biri de “coğrafi yoğunlaşma”dır. Bankalar “coğrafik yoğunlaşmaları” risk ve karlılık açısından izlemektedir. Bu yönde, Türkiye bankacılık sektöründe coğrafi kredi yoğunlaşması ile risk ilişkisi sektörün kümülatif kredi riski, takipli krediler oranı, kredi mevduat oranı, özkaynak oranı, il bazlı nakdi kredi payları ile hesaplanan coğrafik Herfindahl-Hirschman Endeksi(GHHI), büyüme oranı ve reel efektif kur değişkenlerine ait 2010.1-2021.3 dönemi 3’er aylık veriler ile otoregresif dağıtılmış gecikme(ARDL) modeli ile incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucuna göre; coğrafi kredi yoğunlaşması ile kredi riski arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı negatif bir ilişki mevcuttur. Yani banka kredilerinde coğrafi yoğunlaşma kredi riskini yükseltmediği gibi, aksine azaltmaktadır. Diğer bankacılık değişkenleri (takipli krediler oranı, özkaynak oranı, kredi - mevduat oranı) ile kredi riski arasında ise pozitif yönlü ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Makroekonomik değişkenler olan büyüme ve reel efektif kur ile kredi riski ilişkisi ise negatif yönlü ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır.
Effects of Corn Stalks Ash as A Substitution Material of Cement Due to the Concrete Strength of Rigid Pavement
Authors: Mildawati Roza , Puri Anas , Handayani M. Zaky
Published: October 2022

Cement is an adhesive material for concrete mixtures in addition to water, fine and coarse aggregates. One of the main ingredients of cement is silica (SiO2) which is originated from the earth's crust. Silica is also available in plants such as corn stalks. This research is aimed to utilize the corn stalk ash (CSA) as an alternative substitution for some cement in concrete for the rigid pavement of road construction. According to the Indonesian standard, the flexural tensile strength should be exceeded at least 4.5 MPa. The flexural tensile strength has also a correlation due to compressive strength.

The concrete materials consisted of the coarse aggregate (river crushed stone) from Kampar River and Danau Bingkuang sands from Kampar District of Riau Province, and Portland Composite Cement from Semen Padang. The CSA was made by burning the dried corn stalks in a steel cylinder can over 24 hours. The content of CSA was varied by  0%, 5%, 7% and 9%. The compressive strength design of concrete was 31,3 MPa. Testing procedures were based on the Indonesian Standard for concrete. The tested specimens have consisted of cube specimens (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm) for compressive tests, and beam specimens (150 mm x 150 mm x 600 mm) for flexural strength tests. All specimens were tested on 28 days-age.

The results show that CSA can be used as a partial substitution of cement in concrete. The addition of CSA tends to increase the compressive strength of concrete instead of its flexural tensile strength. The optimum content of CSA was 7% and resulted in an 8.0% and 6.9% increase in compressive and flexural tensile strength due to design respectively. Compressive and flexural tensile strength fulfilled the standard. Flexural tensile strength is obtained by 15% of the compressive strength. Cornstalk ash can be used as a substitution of cement for rigid pavement concrete. It can reduce the utilization of cement and will be potentially cost efficiency.
Analysis of Grain Morphology, Mineral Composition, and Ore Grade on Gold Placer Deposits in Bantimurung, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Irfan Ulva Ria , Husain Angga Alamin , Nur Irzal
Published: October 2022

The information through social media shows that there is quite an intense placer mining activity by local residents in the Bantimurung area, Tondong Tallasa District, Pangkep Regency. This study as a preliminary research aims to determine the grain morphology characteristics of mineral composition and metal grade in gold placer deposits in the study area. The data collected were eight samples. The collected samples were prepared into thin section, polished and observed using a microscope to identify the mineral composition and grain morphology. The grades of Au metal and its associated metals consisting of Ag, Zn, Pb, and Cu in the placer samples were analyzed by the AAS method. Petrography shows abundant of quartz, plagioclase, biotite and pyroxene minerals it might be indication of mineralization of epithermal. Ore petrography shows pyrite present along the river, silver is also found quite a lot along the river. Meanwhile, covellite, magnetite, sphalerite, and garnet were found only slightly at the sampling station this mineral composition indicates that the source of the placer deposits was epithermal. The grain morphology of the thin-section observation shows that quartz dominant has a high sphericity with character of roundness tends to be very angular to sub-rounded from upstream to downstream of the river. Plagioclase tends to have sub rounded roundness and high sphericity. Biotite tends to have a high sphericity with roundness from upstream to downstream is very angular, then angular, then sub-rounded. Pyroxenes tend to have high sphericity with very angular and angular roundness. Au content is directly proportional to Cu and inversely proportional to Zn, Pb, and Ag. Statistically Au affects the content of Cu by 50.97%. It can be concluded that Au is genetically associated with Cu, however Au grains that were still attached to the mineral and had not been separated from other minerals so that it could not be seen visually. This can also indicate that the source of this placer deposit is not far from the study site. Au grade corelated with stream sediment types it is 97,86 ppm for channel bar and 94,16 ppm for point bar, based on this we conclude the downstream has higher grade of Au compare to the upstream.
Residual Strength Parameter Method for Slope stability on a Toll Road with Expansive Clay
Authors: Pamungkas Goji , Putranto Thomas Triadi , Suharyanto  , Muhrozi  , Priambodo Yanuar Niko
Published: October 2022

The decreasing stability phenomenon needs to be considered during the design of cut slopes on problematic soil. Excavation slope of toll road construction tends to fail when it lies above clay-shale strata. Certain common correlations and ordinary analytical methods are not recommended for safety calculation. This study is intended to find out the characteristic of clay-shale and proper slope inclination design on Semarang Batang Toll Road. The behaviour of a clay-shale area on the cut slope of Batang-Semarang toll road segment STA 438+000–STA 439+000 was identified. The degradable and expansive properties caused slope failure of the initial design with an inclination of 1 H: 1 V. Laboratory tests found that the soil had a clay faction > 40% and can be categorized as high plasticity (LL > 50%). An empirical approach determined that the residual shear strength decreased to phi < 6 degrees. To describe the swelling after the excavation stage, the flow deformation was determined by a finite element simulation. During the swelling phase, the pore water pressure was maintained at a certain value, and a gentler slope fulfilled the minimum safety factor with an inclination of 1 V: 3 H. Furthermore, the shear strength of the clay-shale was reduced to that for a fully softened material, and all the slope factors for safety moved to a critical state. According to the simulation, the minimum suggested slope inclination is 5 H: 1 V. This approach is important for the maintenance of pore water pressure and the prevention of an additional reduction in the shear strength so as to avoid slope failure on clay-shale regions in the yielding stage.
Application of Lineament Density Extraction Based on Digital Elevation Model for Geological Structures Control Analysis in Suwawa Geothermal Area
Authors: Manyoe Intan Noviantari , Hutagalung Ronal
Published: October 2022

The tectonic condition of Gorontalo, which is located in the north of Sulawesi Island has implications for the spread of geothermal potential. The area in Gorontalo with the largest geothermal potential is the Suwawa area, Bone Bolango Regency. Therefore, this study aims to develop a model of lineament extraction from a digital elevation model and analyze the geological structure control based on the lineament distribution. This research is useful for the development of knowledge in the geothermal field, especially the study of permeability and structural control in geothermal areas. This research is beneficial for the community because it can detect the permeability zone in more detail which is the basis for the utilization of geothermal potential. The factors studied in this study are the geological lineament density and the geological structures. To achieve the research objectives, extraction methods and model analysis include analysis of permeable and control of geological structures. The lineament extraction model from the digital elevation model in the Suwawa geothermal area shows that there is a moderate to high agreement for lineament extraction from NATIONAL DEM data and low to moderate agreement for lineament extraction from SRTM data. The lineament distribution showing moderate to high density occupies the southern, eastern, and western parts of the Suwawa geothermal area. The presence of a lineament controls the circulation of geothermal fluids in the Suwawa geothermal area.
The Effect of Weathered Layer Thickness and Slope on Potential Areas of Landslides in Gerbosari Village, Samigaluh District, Kulonprogo Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Novia Nurul Khayati  , Sudarmaji  , Eddy Hartantyo
Published: October 2022

Gerbosari Village has a history of landslides with intensity and risk of 56 occurrences over 5 years. Gerbosari Village, Samigaluh District, Kulonprogo Regency is located at geographic coordinates 7◦ 38 '45.33 "- 7◦ 41' 35.24" LS and 100◦ 9 '20.80 "- 110◦ 11' 16.52" BT with topographic conditions at an altitude around 500 - 1000 mdpl. This study aims to determine the subsurface structure of landslide-prone areas in the form of weathered layer thickness and the effect of slope in landslide-prone areas so that it can be used in making micro zonation maps of landslide-prone areas. This study uses 43 microtremor data with a distance between points of 650 m. The microtremor signal was analysed using the horizontal to vertical spectrum ratio ( HVSR) method. From the measurement results, it is obtained that the value of the dominant frequency ranges from 1 - 22 Hz, the value of the amplification factor is obtained in the range of 1 - 10.5, the value of the peak ground acceleration ranges from 60 - 300 cm/s2, the thickness of the weathered layer is obtained in the range of 12 - 22 meters. Based on the results of the slope analysis, the study area is on a slope classified as a bit steep - very steep.
La vision de la femme chinoise selon Pierre Loti à travers Les derniers jours de Pékin : entre stéréotype et approche journalistique
Authors: HAO Xiaoli
Published: October 2022

En tant qu'intermédiaire entre « la mystérieuse contrée » et Pierre Loti, la femme exotique qui incarne l'essence d'une civilisation est un thème récurrent dans ses œuvres. Son rôle dans ses fictions mérite d'être étudié. Dans sa description des femmes en Extrême-Orient, par rapport à la femme japonaise, la femme chinoise nous semble bien inconnue, mais son œuvre Les Derniers Jours de Pékin a comme toile de fond la Révolte des Boxers. Du point de vue particulier d'un écrivain exotique et d'un officier militaire, les témoignages qu'il apporte de la société chinoise dans cette « mystérieuse contrée » et, tout particulièrement la description qu'il donne de la « femme exotique » qu'est la femme chinoise dans ce contexte de violence si particulier et d'une autre altérité joueront un rôle non négligeable envers « tout ce qui est différent, étrange, exotique ». Les représentants du groupe le plus vulnérable « la femme chinoise » présentent une image complexe dans l'œuvre : tragique, mystérieuse, courageuse, féerique, etc. Ces personnages féminins vivants et concrets décrivent au lecteur un monde réel d'horreurs qui accompagnent la guerre. À travers le concept du stéréotype, la démarche impressionniste et l'approche journalistique, cet article vise à montrer comment, entre imaginaire romanesque, approche artistique et écriture journalistique, se révèle l'image d'un groupe diversifié de femmes.
Automated Optimization under Dynamic Flow Conditions
Authors: McMullen Jonathan , Wyvratt Brian
Published: October 2022

Automated optimization in flow reactors is a technology that continues to gain interest in academic and industrial research. For drug substance applications, where limited material is available for extensive studies, it is imperative that the automated optimization procedure identify ideal conditions for manufacturing in a resource sparing manner. It is equally as important that these investigations provide data-rich results so that the information can be used for process understanding. Achieving these two objectives in parallel is challenging with traditional automated optimization systems that rely on steady-state data. Dynamic flow systems, which adjust process inputs in a controlled manner to collect transient reaction results, maximize reaction information content. In this work, the gains in reaction knowledge by performing the automated optimization in a dynamic flow system are demonstrated using a nucleophilic aromatic substitution as a case study. A gradient-based search algorithm is used to optimize a multi-faceted objective function that accounts for yield, material input, and productivity. The immense dataset from the automated dynamic optimization was used to establish a reaction model to provide greater insight to the reaction kinetics and selectivity.
Efficient Visible Light-Driven Oxidation of Bio-1-butanol over a TiO2-based Photocatalyst system
Authors: Wei Xiu-Zhi , Ma Longlong , Xu Bin , Liu Jianguo
Published: October 2022

Mild oxidation of bio-1-butanol to valuable chemicals is a great challenge as catalysts without both base and noble metal for the high activity activation of aliphatic alcohol C–H bonds are required. Here, we report the highly efficient and selective photo-oxidation of n-butanol to butyric acid with one balloon of dioxygen under blue LED light irradiation using a binary TiO2/NaBr catalyst system. Moreover, the TiO2 photocatalyst enables the facile complexation with alcohol species, thereby responding to visible light and realizing oxidation of alcohol to acid. Importantly, the NaBr cocatalyst could enhance light absorption and the aliphatic alcohol oxidation performance.
Conformational Selection of a Tryptophan Side Chain Drives the Generalized Increase in Activity of PET Hydrolases Through a Ser/Ile Double Mutation
Authors: Crnjar Alessandro , Griñen Aransa , Kamerlin Shina Caroline Lynn , Ramírez-Sarmiento César
Published: October 2022

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most common polyester plastic in the packaging industry, and a major source of environmental pollution due to its single use. Several enzymes, termed PET hydrolases (PETases), have been found to hydrolyze this polymer at different temperatures, with the enzyme from I. sakaiensis (IsPETase) having optimal catalytic activity at 40ºC. Crystal structures of IsPETase have revealed that the side chain of a conserved tryptophan residue within an active site loop (W185) shifts between 3 conformations to enable substrate binding and product release. This is facilitated by two residues unique to IsPETase, S214 and I218 (S/I). When these residues are inserted into other PETases in place of the otherwise strictly conserved His/Phe (H/F) residues found at their respective positions, they enhance activity and decrease Topt. Herein, we combine conventional molecular dynamics and well-tempered metadynamics simulations to investigate dynamic changes of the S/I and H/F variants of IsPETase, as well as three other mesophilic and thermophilic PETases, at their respective temperature and pH optima. Our simulations show that the S/I insertion both increases the flexibility of active site loop regions harboring key catalytic residues and the conserved Trp, as well as expanding the conformational plasticity of this Trp side chain, allowing the conformational transitions that allow for substrate binding and product release in IsPETase. The observed catalytic enhancement caused by this substitution in other PETases appears to be due to conformational selection, by capturing the conformational ensemble observed in IsPETase.
Constructive Ozonolysis: Capturing Primary Ozonides
Authors: Arriaga Danniel , Thomas Andy
Published: October 2022

Ozonolysis is a widely used and practical synthetic technique for the deconstructive oxidation of olefins using ozone. While there are numerous ozonolysis reactions that give myriad products and functionality, almost all of them involve scission at the olefin double bond. Utilizing ozone as a constructive reagent rather than a deconstructive one would open new domains of chemical reactivity and amplify molecular complexity in synthetic methodology. We report here the first instance of primary ozonides as preparative synthetic intermediates for a safe and green olefin syn-dihydroxylation reaction. Additionally, we have demonstrated this method using a continuous flow reactor that virtually eliminates peroxide accumulation and extended these applications towards the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant small molecules including guaifenesin, the active ingredient in Mucinex and a precursor to ponesimod, a drug to treat multiple sclerosis.
Predictions of the poses and affinity of a ligand over the entire surface of a NEET protein: the case of human mitoNEET
Authors: Zuo Ke , Capelli Riccardo , Rossetti Giulia , Nechushtai Rachel , Carloni Paolo
Published: October 2022

Human NEET proteins contain two [2Fe–2S] iron-sulfur clusters, bound to three Cys and one His residue. They exist in two redox states. Recently, these proteins have revealed themselves as attractive drug targets for mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, Wolfram syndrome 2, and cancers. Unfortunately, the lack of information and mechanistic understanding on ligands binding to the whole functional, cytoplasmatic domain has limited rational drug design approaches. Here we use an enhanced sampling technique, volume-based metadynamics, recently developed by a team involving some of us, to predict the poses and affinity of 2-benzamido-4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-thiophene-3-carboxylate ligand to the entire surface of the cytoplasmatic domain of the human NEET protein mitoNEET (mNT) in an aqueous solution. The calculations, based on the recently published X-ray structure of the complex, are consistent with the measured affinity. The calculated free energy landscape revealed that the ligand can bind in multiple sites and with poses other than the one found in the X-ray. This difference is likely to be caused by crystal packing effects that allow the ligand to interact with multiple adjacent NEET protein copies. Such extra-contacts are of course absent in solution, therefore the X-ray pose is only transient in our calculations, where the binding free energy correlate with the number of contacts. We further evaluated how the reduction and protonation of the Fe-bound histidine, as well as temperature, can affect ligand binding. Both such modifications introduce the possibility for the ligand to bind in area of the protein other than the one observed in the X-ray, with no or little impact on affinity. Overall, our study can provide insights on the molecular recognition mechanisms of ligand binding to mNT in different oxidative conditions, possibly helping rational drug design of NEET ligands.
Performance evaluation of flexible macrocycle docking in AutoDock
Authors: Holcomb Matthew , Santos-Martins Diogo , Tillack Andreas , Forli Stefano
Published: October 2022

Macrocycles represent an important class of ligands, both in natural products and designed drugs. In drug design, macrocyclizations can impart specific ligand conformations and contribute to passive permeation by encouraging intramolecular H-bonds. AutoDock-GPU and Vina can model macrocyclic ligands flexibly, without requiring enumeration of macrocyclic conformers before docking. Here, we characterize the performance of the method for handling macrocyclic compounds, which is implemented and the default behavior for ligand preparation with our ligand preparation pipeline, Meeko. A pseudoatom is used to encode bond geometry and produce an anisotropic closure force for macrocyclic rings. This method is evaluated on a diverse set of small molecule and peptide macrocycles, ranging from 7- to 33-membered rings, showing little accuracy loss compared to rigid redocking of the x-ray macrocycle conformers. This suggests that for conformationally flexible macrocycles with unknown binding modes, this method can be effectively used to predict the macrocycle conformation.
Modern Land Use of the Osa River Basin (Upper Angara Region)
Authors: Lopatina D. N. ,   V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS
Published: October 2022

The territory of the Osa river basin was studied, where under the steppe and forest-steppe vegetation types of soils are common that are not typical for the taiga zone: real chernozems with a relatively thick humus layer, sometimes reaching 45-50 cm, dark humus soils and other types of fertile soils. It has been established that hydrometamorphosed chernozems with a thickness of the humus horizon of more than 1 m are widespread in low relief areas, under conditions of increased moisture. a series of expeditions was carried out to study the soils of natural, arable and fallow lands, as well as pastures. The content of humus and the granulometric composition of soils were determined (types of natural soils: gray typical, hydrometamorphosed chernozem, thin chernozem, typical dark humus; types of agrogenic analogues of natural soils: typical agroabrazem, dark agrozem, typical agrogrey, agroserohumus typical, agrodark humus typical, hydrometamorphosed agrochernozem, typical agrochernozem; more than 30 samples). The influence of these indicators on soil fertility is considered. The change in the nature of land use in the period from 1983 to 2013 has been studied, and possible reasons for these changes. A map of modern land use in 2021 was made. A comparison was made of the nature of modern land use with their use in 1983, 1997, 2005, 2013.
Temperament detection based on Twitter data: classical machine learning versus deep learning
Authors: Ulizulfa Annisa , Kusumaningrum Retno , Khadijah Khadijah , Rismiyati Rismiyati
Published: October 2022

Deep learning has shown promising results in various text-based classification tasks. However, deep learning performance is affected by the number of data, i.e., when the number of data is small, deep learning algorithms do not perform well, and vice versa. Classical machine learning algorithms commonly work well for a few data, and their performance reaches an optimal value and does not increase with the increase in sample data. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the performance of classical machine learning and deep learning methods to detect temperament based on Indonesian Twitter. In this study, the proposed Indonesian Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count were employed to analyze the context of Twitter. The classical machine learning methods implemented were support vector machine and K-nearest neighbor, whereas the deep learning method employed was a convolutional neural network (CNN) with three different architectures. Both learning methods were implemented using multiclass classification and one versus all (OVA) multiclass classification. The highest average f-measure was 58.73%, obtained by CNN OVA with a pool size of 3, a dropout value of 0.7, and a learning rate value of 0.0007.
An extended approach of weight collective influence graph for detection influence actor
Authors: Martono Galih Hendro , Azhari Azhari , Mustofa Khabib
Published: October 2022

Over the last decade, numerous methods have been developed to detect the influential actors of hate speech in social networks, one of which is the Collective Influence (CI) method. However, this method is associated with unweighted datasets, which makes it inappropriate for social media, significantly using weight datasets. This study proposes a new CI method called the Weighted Collective Influence Graph (WCIG), which uses the weights and neighbor values to detect the influence of hate speech. A total of 49, 992 Indonesian tweets were and extracted from Indonesian Twitter accounts, from January 01 to January 22, 2021. The data collected are also used to compare the results of the proposed WCIG method to determine the influential actors in the dissemination of information. The experiment was carried out two times using parameters ∂=2 and ∂=4. The results showed that the usernames bernacleboy and zack_rockstar are influential actors in the dataset. Furthermore, the time needed to process WCIG calculations on HPC is 34-75 hours because the larger the parameter used, the greater the processing time.
Optimizing complexity weight parameter of use case points estimation using particle swarm optimization
Authors: Ardiansyah Ardiansyah , Ferdiana Ridi , Permanasari Adhistya Erna
Published: October 2022

Among algorithmic-based frameworks for software development effort estimation, Use Case Points I s one of the most used. Use Case Points is a well-known estimation framework designed mainly for object-oriented projects. Use Case Points uses the use case complexity weight as its essential parameter. The parameter is calculated with the number of actors and transactions of the use case. Nevertheless, use case complexity weight is discontinuous, which can sometimes result in inaccurate measurements and abrupt classification of the use case. The objective of this work is to investigate the potential of integrating particle swarm optimization (PSO) with the Use Case Points framework. The optimizer algorithm is utilized to optimize the modified use case complexity weight parameter. We designed and conducted an experiment based on real-life data set from three software houses. The proposed model’s accuracy and performance evaluation metric is compared with other published results, which are standardized accuracy, effect size, mean balanced residual error, mean inverted balanced residual error, and mean absolute error. Moreover, the existing models as the benchmark are polynomial regression, multiple linear regression, weighted case-based reasoning with (PSO), fuzzy use case points, and standard Use Case Points. Experimental results show that the proposed model generates the best value of standardized accuracy of 99.27% and an effect size of 1.15 over the benchmark models. The results of our study are promising for researchers and practitioners because the proposed model is actually estimating, not guessing, and generating meaningful estimation with statistically and practically significant.
Ключові аспекти становлення державності у країнах африканського континенту в XX-XXI ст.
Authors: Lanoviuk Liudmyla
Published: October 2022

У статті говориться про процес складання державності на Африканському континенті у ХХ-ХХІ ст.: характерні регіональні особливості та типові континентальні риси. Країни Африканського континенту відіграють сьогодні важливу роль у сучасній політичній карті світу. Континент заявив про себе як полігон геополітичних змагань провідних міжнародних акторів. Він має цікаве історичне минуле, пов’язане, зокрема, з періодом європейської колонізації. Свій історико-цивілізаційний слід у розвитку континенту залишили декілька хвиль переселенців. Африканські народи у ході історичного розвитку неодноразово зазнавали впливу як з боку ісламської, так і з боку християнської цивілізацій. У результаті колоніальних завоювань Африканського континенту на початку ХХ ст. майже 90% території перебувало під контролем європейських держав. Період деколонізації розпочався після Другої світової війни й успішно тривав протягом другої половини ХХ ст. Одним із значимих здобутків стало утворення нових незалежних держав.
Північнокорейська ядерна проблема та можливі сценарії її розвитку
Authors: Pohorielova Іnna
Published: October 2022

Проаналізовано події на Корейському півострові у контексті висвітлення безпекових інтересів та політики ключових регіональних держав Північно-Східної Азії (США, КНР, РФ, Японії) щодо врегулювання північнокорейської ядерно-ракетної програми, яка залишається проблемою регіонального, міжнародного та глобального рівня. У статті простежується еволюція північнокорейської політики держав, залучених до корейської проблеми з 90-х рр. ХХ ст. до сьогодення; висвітлено різні підходи до вирішення даного питання. Окреслено особливості взаємодії ключових держав з Північною Кореєю та міжкорейських відносин. Розглянуто нові підходи до врегулювання проблеми у зв’язку з приходом до влади у США адміністрації Джо Байдена та нової адміністрації у Республіці Корея. Проаналізувавши політику ключових регіональних країн щодо північнокорейського врегулювання, окреслюються основні можливі сценарії вирішення ядерно-ракетної проблеми КНДР та перспективи розвитку ситуації на Корейському півострові, з урахуванням зовнішньополітичних чинників. З’ясовано, що на сьогодні не є можливою повна денуклеаризація Північної Кореї, а тому актуальним завданням для країн-учасниць є спрямування зусиль для зменшення ядерно-ракетної загрози та зниження існуючого рівня напруженості.
Роль Росії у Придністровському конфлікті
Authors: Boiko Oleksandr
Published: October 2022

Врегулювання Придністровського конфлікту, який розпочався після розпаду СРСР, є серед важливих питань безпеки у європейському регіоні. За досить тривалий період було здійснено низку спроб для вирішення цього конфлікту, проте безрезультатно. Оскільки у сторін конфлікту відсутня певна узгодженість стосовно його вирішення, то цей конфлікт знаходиться на стадії замороження. Наявність конфліктного чиннику на території Молдови здійснює негативний вплив на зовнішньополітичний курс даної країни. Молдова прагне долучитися до складу Європейського Союзу, але зважаючи на це, однією з умов, є відсутність будь-яких конфліктів, суперечок країни-кандидата. Росія є основною перешкодою у вирішенні цього конфлікту, вона всіляко підтримує режим у Придністров’ї та блокує шляхи можливого вирішення. У статті досліджено роль та вплив Російської Федерації в урегулюванні Придністровського конфлікту та проаналізовано основні ризики розвитку даного конфлікту у зв’язку із повномасштабною війною Росії з Україною та висвітлено позицію України з придністровського питання.
Глобалізація і глокалізація в умовах кризи світової системи міжнародної безпеки
Authors: Asaturov Sergey , Martynov Andrei
Published: October 2022

Стаття присвячена висвітленню діалектичного взаємозв’язку між всесвітньо-історичним процесом глобалізації і глокалізацією. Кожна зі світових цивілізацій має власну ідеальну концепцію глобалізації, біля витоків якої знаходяться уявлення не лише про євро-центризм та вестернізацію, а й про азіа-центризм, або афро-центризм. Гібридна війна Росії проти України спровокувала чергову кризу в процесі глобалізації. Наслідком глобалізації стала висока динаміка економічних процесів, що відбуваються у світі, посилення міжнародної активності, нівелювання кордонів у процесі обміну товарами, послугами, інформаційної та культурної комунікації. Керовані кризи стали некерованими. Пандемія COVID-19, радикалізація російської агресії проти всієї території України після 24 лютого 2022 р., введення режимів санкцій та загострення протистояння «глобальної демократії» «глобальній автократії» спровокували порушення глобальної системи поділу праці. Постмодерна багатополюсна система міжнародних відносин складатиметься з декількох ієрархічних структур. По-перше, це будуть трансформовані військово-політичні блоки, по-друге, мережі взаємодії держав, які є регіональними лідерами у своїх регіонах. Віддзеркаленням цих змін, скоріше за все, стануть нові регіональні валюти та послаблення глобального впливу американського долара.
The abundance of four bird guilds and their use of plants in a Mexican dry forest-oak woodland gradient in two contrasting seasons
Authors: Corcuera Martínez del Río Pablo
Published: October 2022

Abundancia de cuatro gremios alimentarios de aves y su uso de plantas en un gradiente ambiental (bosque seco – bosque de encino) mexicano en dos temporadas contrastantesSe hizo una comparación entre la abundancia de cuatro gremios de aves, su preferencia por buscar alimento en distintas plantas y el suministro de alimento proporcionado por éstas. El estudio se llevó a cabo en un gradiente de vegetación que abarca selva baja y bosque de encino en dos estaciones contrastantes -la época seca y la época húmeda- y en dos años consecutivos. Las aves fueron agrupadas, atendiendo a las maniobras de forrajeo y a las plantas preferidas, como: colibríes, papamoscas de follaje, pizcadores de selva y pizcadores de bosque. Para identificar a estos gremios se emplearon clasificaciones y para identificar las variables que pudieran caracterizar a cada uno de éstos, se utilizó un análisis de correspondencia sin tendencia. Se realizaron censos en 67 parcelas de diámetro fijo. En cada parcela se estimó la cobertura de las plantas y se emplearon correlaciones simples para determinar cuales plantas estaban asociadas con las densidades de cada gremio de aves en las distintas estaciones de los dos años. Las preferencias de búsqueda se estimaron por medio de pruebas de bondad de ajuste. La mayoría de las plantas que estuvieron significativamente correlacionadas con los gremios no fueron las preferidas para buscar alimento, salvo en el caso de los colibríes; éstos estuvieron significativamente correlacionadas con Ipomoea wolcottiana, un árbol con flores muy visitado por estas aves. En el otoño, que es la época húmeda, ni los pizcadores de follaje ni los papamoscas (fundamentalmente insectívoros en esta estación) utilizaron las plantas con mayores densidades de artrópodos. Esto podría deberse a que las densidades totales de artrópodos no necesariamente reflejan las presas más utilizadas. Además, las aves podrían tener una preferencia por aquellas plantas con alimento fácilmente accesible y no necesariamente por aquellas con mayor cantidad de alimento. El que las plantas con mayores coeficientes de correlación en los dos años hayan sido similares en las dos estaciones (independientemente del alimento que proporcionan) también sugiere que éstas representan más a los hábitats preferidos que al alimento disponible. En la época seca sólo en el primer año las densidades de los colibríes estuvieron asociadas con las plantas más utilizadas. Los resultados coinciden con otros estudios realizados en selvas bajas, en donde las plantas preferidas están sólo parcialmente correlacionadas con la distribución de las aves.