bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antiglobulin Test in Low‐Ionic Strength Salt Solution for Rapid Antibody Screening and Cross‐Matching
Authors: Löw B. , Messeter L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A modification of the conventional antiglobulin test for routine use is described. Saline as the red cell suspension medium is substituted with salt solution of low ionic strength. This permits a considerable decrease in the incubation time, which is of practical importance in clinical work. The sensitivity of the reaction does not seem to be decreased by this procedure, in some instances even an increase in reaction strength can be observed.
Studies on Human Antiglobulins
Authors: Wiebecke D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 77 out of 1,912 sera from patients with surgical diseases contained an antiglobulin with a titer ≥ 1:16. 27 of these antiglobulins with certain reservations are classified as ‘anti‐antibodies’, 36 as so‐called ‘rheumatoid factors’, a further 36 could not be integrated to either of the known categories. The insufficiency of the classification of immunoglobulins actually used is pointed out.
HL‐A Typing of Kidney Cells and Lymphocytes
Authors: Sybesma J. P. H. B. , de Planque B. A. , van Soelen Tjitske , Borst‐Eilers Else
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Fresh human kidney cells were typed for HL‐A antigens by means of the micro‐immune adherence assay (MIAA). Lymphocytes from the same individuals were typed both by means of the MIAA and the microcytotoxicity test. Difference in typing results between the two types of cells was observed in 10% of the cases. When cultured kidney cells were used for HL‐A typing, a greater difference was found, namely 28%. This can be explained by the poor reproducibility of the MIAA if performed on cultured kidney cells.

In 7% of all cases, an HL‐A factor was found on kidney cells which could not be demonstrated on the lymphocytes. This may be explained by the fact that the MIAA of fresh kidney cells is more sensitive for detecting HL‐A antigens than the MIAA or the microcytotoxicity test of lymphocytes. Lymphocytes not reacting in the MIAA were able to absorb antibodies from the anti‐HL‐A sera that showed a positive reaction in the MIAA with fresh kidney cells from the same individuals. In one case, absorption of antibodies by lymphocytes could not be demonstrated. Kidney‐specific antibodies could not be detected in anti‐HL‐A sera, nor could differences in typing results between the two types of cells be explained by the presence of blood‐group antibodies.
Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood
Authors: Vogelaar E. F. , Brummelhuis H. G. J. , Krijnen H. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate was prepared in large quantities from fresh human plasma. After removal of the cryoprecipitate and prothrombin complex, the inhibitor was adsorbed batchwise onto an anion‐exchanger.

2.5 g (dry weight) of DEAE‐Sephadex A‐50 was used per liter of ‘plasma’. After extensive washing with 0.15 M NaCl, the inhibitor was eluted from the anion‐exchanger with 2 m NaCl. The eluate was fractionated with ammonium sulphate. The fraction precipitating between 50 and 65% saturation with ammonium sulphate was collected, desalted, sterilized by filtration, and freeze‐dried.

The yield of C1 esterase inhibitor was 35%. The method gave a 100‐ to 150‐fold purification on a protein basis. The final preparation contained 2 mg/ml albumin, 6 mg/ml ceruloplasmin and traces of other plasma proteins. The final product passed the test for general safety and was not pyrogenic. To test the effect of the concentrate, 20 ml portions equal in activity to 2 1 of fresh plasma were infused into 5 adults with hereditary angioedema during remission. The activity of C1 esterase inhibitor in the serum of a patient increased from zero to about 75% of normal serum and decreased to about 25% after 24 h.

Preliminary observations concerning the risk of transmitting serum hepatitis by the C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate are described.
An International Proficiency Survey for the Detection of Hepatitis B Antigen and Antibody in Blood Donations by Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Moore B. P. L. , Meadey Diane , Taylor Patricia E. , Kelen A. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A panel of ten selected human plasma samples containing low or high concentrations of hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) or antibody (HB Ab) – as determined by the use of various techniques in two reference laboratories – was tested by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) in 40 laboratories located in different parts of the world. As a result of replicate tests, the average proficiency of these laboratories in obtaining the predetermined results ranged from 32 to 100%, with a median value of 65%. It is desirable that the efficiency of CIEP, particularly for the detection of low levels of HB Ag and HB Ab in blood donations, should be improved.
Presence of Chronic Lymphoid Leukaemia Associated Antigen in Other Malignant Haematological Diseases
Authors: Phan Do Trung , Petrányi Gy. G. , Hollán Susan R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 13 rabbits were immunized each with peripheral blood lymphocytes from one of 13 different patients with chronic lymphoid leukaemia. The antisera were absorbed with human erythrocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors.

Absorbed specific antiserum was applied for detecting the presence of chronic lymphoid leukaemia associated antigen on the lymphocytes from 60 patients with chronic lymphoid leukaemia, 8 patients with acute lymphoid leukaemia, 10 with lymphosarcoma, 12 with reticulosarcoma, 11 with Hodgkin's disease, 7 with multiple myeloma and 4 with Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia, further on the lymphocytes from the appendices of 5 healthy donors, on bone marrow lymphocytes of one healthy subject, on the thymocytes of 4 human embryos, and on lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of 157 normal donors.

The absorbed antisera were highly reactive with cells from 60/60 patients with chronic lymphoid leukaemia, 5/5 patients with acute lymphoid leukaemia, and 7/10 patients with lymphosarcoma. The lymphocytes of three acute lymphoid leukaemia patients in the phase of remission failed to react with the absorbed specific antiserum. The absorbed antisera failed to react by cytotoxicity against lymphocytes from other types of malignant lymphoma, and against those from patients with acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia, and against T and B lymphocytes from normal donors.
Haemagglutinins from Salvia
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Agglutinins from the seeds of various Salvia species were studied. Useful Tn‐specific agglutinins can be prepared from Salvia sclarea and Salvia haematodes. Extracts of the seeds of Salvia farinacea and Salvia horminum contain separable anti‐Tn and anti‐Cad agglutinins. These agglutinins are of potential value in the study of erythrocyte polyagglutination.
A New Source of Anti‐N Lectin: Leaves of the Korean Vicia unijuga1
Authors: Moon G. J. , Wiener A. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An anti‐N lectin suitable for use as a diagnostic laboratory reagent and for experimental investigations has been prepared from leaves of the Korean Vicia unijuga Al. Braun Var. ouensanense leveile by absorption of the crude leaf extracts with pooled human type M cells. It is suggested that it may also prove possible to fractionate similarly type‐specific lectins from other plant extracts currently considered to be non specific hemagglutinins.
A New Variant of Blood Group B
Authors: Zelenski S. K. , Litsenberger B. , Aster R. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new variant of blood group B characterized by a weak B antigen on the erythrocytes, anti‐B present in the serum, and absence of B substance in saliva has been identified in four related individuals of Finnish descent. The condition appears to be inherited according to simple Mendelian principles. Weak B variants described by earlier investigators have been categorized into three groups on the basis of the serologic activity of their serum and the presence or absence of B substance in the saliva of secretors of H substance. This is believed to be the first report of a subgroup of B having anti‐B in the serum but lacking B substance in saliva.
A New Rare Blood Group Antigen, ‘FAR’, Probably Linked to the MNSs System
Authors: Cregut R. , Liberge G. , Yvart J. , Brocteur J. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new, rare antigen, FAR, was discovered in connection with a hemolytic disease of the newborn. This very rare antigen was not encountered in 14,273 Caucasians tested. It is probably linked to the MNSs system (p < 0.004). The anti‐FAR antibody, which is of immune origin, is also very rare: it has been sought unsuccessfully in 541 sera. The identification of this antigen provides further evidence of a comparatively high mutation rate in some sites on the MNSs locus and of its practical interest in both pathology and human genetic studies.
Kinetic Studies on the Direct Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay for Hepatitis B Antigen
Authors: Prince Alfred M. , Jass Dan
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Kinetic studies have revealed the direct solid phase radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B antigen (Ausria, Abbott Laboratories) to be markedly sensitive to incubation temperature. The present 18‐hour room temperature incubation can be reduced to 2 h at 50 °C without loss in test sensitivity. The rapid test is also considerably more specific than that carried out under standard conditions.

If licensed, this modification would permit HB Ag screening by RIA to be carried out on labile blood products.
Automation of Quantitative Methods in Immuno Hematology
Authors: Monnet A. , Cabadi Y.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The authors describe an automatic method of determining the percentage of erythrocyte agglutination with regard to reference sera. By use a of continuous flow system, it has been possible to adapt this method in population genetics to a considerable number of subjects. The correlation of the automatic with the classical manual method is good. Its adaptation to other techniques of quantitative immunology appears feasible.
Absence of B Antibody in a Blood Group A1 Person1
Authors: Springer G. F. , Tegtmeyer Herta
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A healthy Caucasian woman who possessed blood groups A2H(O) on her red cells as well as in her saliva and serum had no anti‐blood group B ‘complete’ or ‘incomplete’ agglutinins nor hemolysins as determined either on whole serum or its concentrated β‐γ‐globulin fraction. No anti‐B antibody was stimulated by immunization with highly active human blood group B glycoprotein.

No blood group B antigenic determinants were demonstrable on the proposita's red cells or in her saliva by any of numerous serological and enzymatic methods at various red cell concentrations between 2 and 37 °C, nor by the highly sensitive immunoglobulin‐latex test. Immunization with the proposita's red cells did not elicit anti‐blood group B antibodies in chickens or rabbits. Blood groups A and O but not B occurred in members of this woman's family which was studied through 3 generations.
The Recessive Lu(a‐b‐) Phenotype
Authors: Brown Frances , Simpson Shirley , Cornwall Sheila , Moore B. P. L. , Øyen Ragnhild , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family is described in which three members are of the recessive Lu(a–b–) type. These individuals also lack the high‐frequency Lutheran‐related antigens Lu4, Lu5, Lu6, Lu7, Lu8, Lu11, Lu12 and Lu13. There is no evidence that lack of Lutheran antigens compromises red‐cell membrane integrity.
Time‐Related Changes in Reaction Determining Hepatitis B Antigen in Viral Hepatitis Patients
Authors: Koza J. , Rampas J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Qualitative changes were found to occur in the reaction of HBAg with HBAb in the course of viral hepatitis. These variables were found to depend on what was defined as the ‘quantity’ and ‘reactivity’ of HBAg.
Antigens Aua, i and P1 of Cells of the Dominant Type of Lu(a–b–)
Authors: Crawford Mary N. , Tippett Patricia , Sanger Ruth
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red cells of the dominant type of Lu(a–b–) have long been known to be too often Au(a–); too often also are they deficient in the antigens i and P1.

Through the kindness of colleagues we were able to test most members of the eight Lu(a–b–) kindred ourselves: for information about those members whom we did not test we thank Dr. B. P. L. Moore, Miss Charmaine Brice, Dr. J. Darnborough, Miss Betty Francis (Mrs. Hatcher) and Miss Arden Stanbury.
Instrumented PVP‐Augmented Antiglobulin Tests
Authors: Burkart Peter , Rosenfield Richard E. , Hsu Tony C. S. , Wong Kwan Y. , Nusbacher Jacob , Shaikh Shirin Hakim , Kochwa Shaul
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Washed normal, and allogeneic antibody‐coated, red blood cells were tested with specific antisera to IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE, x‐ and Λ‐light chains, and C3 and C4 complement components. Tests augmented by addition of K‐90 polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and performed on an AutoAnalyzer proved to be significantly more sensitive than comparable manual tests. All IgG allogeneic antibodies tested displayed both x‐ and Λ‐light chains. One example of anti‐P2 (—Tja) coated normal red cells with all 5 classes of immunoglobulins. The detection of cell‐bound IgM Rh antibodies by anti‐IgM was associated with marked disruption of PVP‐mediated spontaneous agglutination of these coated cells. Agglutination by anti‐C4 was an excellent indicator of classical complement fixation at the red cell surface. When both C3 and C4 agglutination was observed, C 4 was usually stronger than C3.
Instrumented PVP‐Augmented Antiglobulin Tests
Authors: Hsu Tony C. S. , Rosenfield Richard E. , Burkart Peter , Wong Kwan Y. , Kochwa Shaul
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 34 patients found to have positive direct antiglobulin tests were divided into 3 classes: (1) no evidence of active acquired hemolytic anemia (AHA); (2) active warm AHA, and (3) active cold AHA. Of 16 patients in the first category, 4 had multiple myeloma, but 10 others showed IgG alone with both x‐ and Λ‐Iight chains, and 2 others showed both IgG and IgA. None showed C3 or C4. Three patterns of warm AHA were observed: (1) monoclonal IgG without complement; (2) IgA or IgD with C3 but not C4, and (3) multiple immunoglobulins, C3, and C4. In the last group of patients, IgM appeared to be responsible for both PVP‐mediated agglutination and fixation at the red cell surface of complement components. The red cells of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria and of IgM cold agglutinin disease carried both C4 and C3, but the cells of cold agglutinin disease also carried IgG and IgA. Two cases of mixed cryoglobulin cold agglutinin disease had corresponding immunoglobulins on their red cells plus C3 and C4, and specificity (anti‐i and anti‐N) was carried by IgG.
Antigenic Alteration of Red Cell Surfaces Exposed to Enzymatic Actions of Autologous Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Arend P. , Malchow H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes induce alterations of the antigen receptor mosaic of autologous red cell surfaces in vitro. Such alterations are represented by decreased expression or loss of MN receptors and the ‘appearance’ of HLeb‐ and Lega‐like receptor activities, which can be demonstrated by means of reactions of leukocyte‐exposed erythrocytes with anti‐H lectins and heterologous anti‐Le sera and by specific inhibition of these reactions. Since the receptor changes observed were most pronounced on the surfaces of secretor erythrocytes and since demonstrable Lewis‐type modifications could not be created on erythrocytes of nonsecretors in these investigations, the antigenic polymorphism unmasked by contact of red cells with polymorphonuclear leukocytes was genetically limited to some extent. These limitations are perhaps due to restricted antigenic variability of the nonsecretor erythrocyte membrane components. The receptor‐modifying activity is confined to particle fractions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes; it is thermostable up to 70 °C, destroyed at 80 °C, blocked by α1 ‐antitrypsin and other natural protease inhibitors, and reaches its peak at physiological pH values between 7.2 and 7.4. These properties correspond with those of the particulate neutral protease of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. However, glycosidases probably also play a role.
Serology and Genetics of the A1 High H Subgroup
Authors: Sathe Malti , Bhatia H. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Tests on 1,000 A group Indians in Bombay showed high H content in 5%. This incidence was the same in Maharashtrians and Gujarathis. A1 subjects with high H had a mean score for A1 antigen of 22.54 (Dolichos) which was slightly more than or equivalent to A1 individuals (19.66). Ulex gave a score of 9.7 in comparison to 0.55 for A1 and 16.5 for A2. Absorption studies confirmed higher A and H antigen expression than in A2 and A1 individuals, respectively. Family studies of eight A1/high H individuals showed no specific inheritance pattern. Various hypotheses to explain the irregular inheritance pattern have been discussed.
Screening of Blood Donors with Twelve Biochemical Tests
Authors: Heistö H. , Knuds F. , Rosenlund B. , Godal H. C. , Skaga E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In blood samples from 1,876 blood donors, 22,512 biochemical analyses were performed by means of a Technicon Autoanalyzer SMA 12/60. Of the reported results, 1.7% were outside the selected normal limits. Retesting the 105 results which, from a clinician's point of view, were considered to be the most obviously pathological ones, indicated that the great majority of the abnormal results was due to analytical or clerical errors. It seemed fair to conclude that a biochemical profile consisting of the twelve tests in this study is of very limited value in the screening of blood donors.
The Successful Culture of Sheep Blood Lymphocytes Despatched over Long Distances
Authors: Dain Anne R. , Curtain C. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A description is given of the successful despatch of whole sheep blood from Australia to England for lymphocyte culture with phytohaemagglutinin and the preparation of karyotypes. It is considered that success depends on aseptic procedure and on the protection of the blood from extremes of temperature.
Separation of H‐Activity from Isolated Glycoproteins of Human O Erythrocyte Membranes
Authors: Brennessel Barbara A. , Goldstein Jack
Published: March 2009

Abstract. H activity can be dissociated from human erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins prepared from OMM or ONN erythrocytes utilizing Phaseolus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin coupled to Sepharose 4B or by precipitation of the glycoproteins with soluble phytohemagglutinin. The three glycoprotein components of the erythrocyte membrane, as resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, bind specifically to phytohemagglutinin. Although such glycoproteins no longer exhibit H activity, they do retain M or N activity. H activity can be recovered in a fraction that does not bind to phytohemagglutinin coupled to Sepharose or to soluble phytohemagglutinin, contains no detectable glycoprotein components, and binds to Ulex lectin coupled to Sepharose.
Studies on the Biosynthetic Pathway of Human P Erythrocyte Antigens Using Somatic Cells in Culture
Authors: Fellous M. , Gerbal A. , Tessier C. , Frezal J. , Dausset J. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Data from the expression of P1, P and Pk antigens on somatic cells in culture are presented. A tentative biosynthetic pathway of the P system is proposed, where the P antigen is the precursor of Pk specificity. The expression of the Pk antigen, which appears to be a public antigen in skin fibroblasts, is controlled on red blood cells and lymphocytes by a proposed Ff system.
Blood Group Abantu Population and Family Studies
Authors: Jenkins Trefor
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The presence of the Abantu phenotype in 38 Southern African populations has been established. It reached its highest frequencies in San and Khoikhoi peoples and it is postulated that Abantu is primarily a Khoisan character which has only secondarily (and relatively recently) been acquired by the Negro as he migrated southwards. This would explain its virtual absence in West African Negroes and their descendants in the New World. Family studies have established that the Abantu phenotype is determined by an allele designated Abantu and that the Abantu phenotype is dominant to O, recessive to A1 and A2 and co‐dominant with B.
p Phenotype in Two Successive Generations of a Japanese Family
Authors: Miwa Shiro , Matuhasi Tyoku , Yasuda Junichi
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A remarkable Japanese family, in which the propositus, his mother, and his maternal aunt have the rare p phenotype, is reported. The anti‐P+P1 (anti‐Tja) antibodies were classified as IgM by the indirect antiglobulin technique. Red cells of the propositus were examined for the activity levels of several enzymes and glycolytic intermediates and were tested for glutathione stability, autohemolysis, osmotic fragility, and lactate production. All were within normal limits.
A New Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay (CLB‐RIA) for the Detection of Hepatitis‐B Antigen and Antibody
Authors: Duimel W. J. , Brummelhuis H. G. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new competitive solid phase radioimmunoassay (CLB‐RIA) has been developed for the detection of HBAg and HBAb in human serum and plasma. In the assay, sheep antibodies to HBAg, covalently linked to an insoluble carrier, highly purified 126I labelled HBAg and the serum or plasma sample are incubated for 20 h at room temperature. After incubation, the bound and the free fraction of the tracer are separated by centrifugation.

Both the presence of HBAg and HBAb, result in a decrease of the amount of bound tracer, when compared with a negative control serum. Differentiation between HBAg and HBAb requires the use of another type of radioimmunoassay. For this purpose a sandwich solid phase radioimmunoassay, for the detection of HBAb only, has been developed (CLB‐AURIA). In this, assay‐purified HBAg is covalently linked to an insoluble carrier. Using a mixture of both immunosorbents (insolubilized HBAg and HBAb), it is possible to detect and to distinguish HBAg and HBAb in one single solid phase radioimmunoassay (CLB‐MIRIA).

The influence of three parameters on the CLB‐RIA, the incubation time, the amount of tracer and the effect of Tween‐20 has been studied. The sensitivity of the described solid phase CLB‐RIA for the detection of HBAg is comparable to that of other radioimmunoassays reported in literature; its specificity is very high.
Removal of Leukocytes from Whole Blood and Erythrocyte Suspensions by Filtration Through Cotton Wool
Authors: Diepenhorst P. , Engelfriet C. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 1,820 units of leukocyte‐ and platelet‐poor erythrocyte suspensions were prepared by filtration through cotton wool. On the average more than 98% of the leukocytes and 90–95% of the platelets could be removed. The red cell recovery was 96%. 97% of the units given to polytransfused patients did not cause febrile reactions. Serological follow‐up of future transplantation recipients indicated that immunization may be avoided by using erythrocyte suspensions of fresh, filtered blood.
Association between HL‐A and Red Cell Antigens
Authors: Nordhagen R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. AutoAnalyzer analyses were performed in two series of cytotoxic HL‐A antisera. One series in the anti‐HL‐A7/W27 cross‐reacting group, and the other in the HL‐A5/W5/W15 group of antibodies. The results showed HL‐A7‐related haemagglutinins in nearly all the sera in the first group. In the second group only two haemagglutinating sera were found, and they did not show any obvious HL‐A association. Absorption experiments with one of the two sera revealed a very complex serum.
The Action of Group Bm or CisAB Sera on Group O Red Cells in the Presence of UDP‐D‐Galactose
Authors: Kogure Tadahisa
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Group B and AB sera, acting on O red cells in the presence of UDP‐galactose, each converted them into B active cells, which were agglutinated by anti‐B human serum (1:512) at the titer of 128‐fold, while group Bm and A1 Bm sera, converted O red cells similarly incubated into B active cells, which were agglutinated by anti‐B human serum (1:512) at the titer of 8‐ to 16‐fold. This indicates that α‐galactosyltransferase activity in Bm and A1 Bm sera may be about ⅛‐⅙ that in B and AB sera. Group CisAB sera, even after absorption of cold anti‐B agglutinins with packed, washed group B red cells, did not convert O red cells in the presence of UDP‐galactose in such a way that they might agglutinate against anti‐B human serum.
Demonstration of the Gerbich Antigenic Determinant on Neutrophil Leukocytes1
Authors: Marsh W. L. , Øyen Ragnhild
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Leukocyte‐platelet concentrates prepared from blood of Gerbich (Ge) positive donors possess the capability of absorbing anti‐Ge. Leukocytes from Ge‐negative donors do not absorb the antibody, thus confirming the Ge antigen specificity. Tests with separated leukocyte types suggest that the Ge antigen is present on neutrophils and possibly monocytes, but absent from lymphocytes and platelets.
A Sensitive Test for Antibody Against the Hepatitis B Core Antigen (Anti‐HBc)1
Authors: Greenman R. L. , Robinson W. S. , Was G. N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Radioimmunoprecipitation of Dane particle core radiolabeled in a DNA polymerase reaction was used for detecting anti‐HBc in the sera of blood donors positive for HBBAg and patients with acute hepatitis B. The test for anti‐HBc was a specific and sensitive indicator of current or recent virus infection. Human anti‐HBS hyperimmune immunoglobulin contained small amount of anti‐HBc, but the antibody was not detected in the serum of hyperimmunized chimpanzees.
Studies on Citrate‐Phosphate‐Dextrose (CPD) Blood Supplemented with Adenine
Authors: Åkerblom Olof , Kreuger Anders
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The effect of varying adenine concentrations in citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD) blood was studied in an attempt to optimize the storage conditions for human erythrocytes with regard to posttransfusion viability and oxygen release function. The maintenance of diphosphoglycerate (DPG) was impaired by adenine supplementation; this effect was closely related to the adenine concentration. A 0.25 mM adenine concentration in CPD blood improved the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and the posttransfusion viability markedly, without appreciably impairing the DPG maintenance. The results suggest that CPD solution supplemented with adenine to give a 0.25 mM concentration in the blood is a better preservative for human erythrocytes than the commonly used acid‐citrate‐dextrose (ACD), CPD, and ACD‐adenine solutions with regard to posttransfusion viability and oxygen release function. Adenine addition to this low concentration is not expected to cause renal damage even after massive transfusion.
Anticomplementary Activity of Human Immunoglobulin G.
Authors: Miekka Shirley I. , Gozze Ivana
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The anticomplementary activity of IgG can be increased up to 20‐fold by pipetting during the preparation of serial dilutions for the assay of this activity. Albumin, if added to the IgG solution before the serial dilutions, completely prevents this artifactual increase in activity. Polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, gelatin and octanol are also effective stabilizers of IgG.

Repeated pipetting of IgG solutions caused marked linear increase in their anticomplementary activity. The formed anticomplementary activity was due to small amounts of highly aggregated protein. The amount of activity formed depended on at least four factors: [1] the number of pipetting steps; [2] the IgG concentration; [3] the level of albumin or other stabilizers, and [4] the pH, which influences the stabilization by albumin.

The anticomplementary activity of IgG is increased up to 100‐fold by exposure to gas‐liquid, liquid‐liquid and hydrophobic solid‐liquid interfaces. Albumin and polyethylene glycol prevent the activity increase during these treatments. The tendency of IgG to aggregate at interfaces and the ability of albumin and other substances to prevent the aggregation paralleled their rate of adsorption to the air‐water interface. Solutions of dansyl chloride in decane emulsified in aqueous solutions of IgG and albumin specifically label the proteins at the liquid‐liquid interfaces. The mechanism of stabilization can be explained by preferential adsorption of surface‐active proteins and polymers.
Loss of Rh Antigen Activity Following the Action of Phospholipase A2 on Red Cell Stroma
Authors: Hughes‐Jones N. C. , Green Elizabeth J. , Hunt Valerie A. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The degradation of red cell stroma phospholipids by phospholipase A2 is accompanied by a concomitant fall in the activity of the Rh antigens, c, D and e. The action of phospholipase C on stroma also brings about a fall in D antigen activity. Anti‐D bound to the red cells protects the D antigen from inactivation by phospholipase A2.
Immunological Abnormalities in the Sera of IgA‐Deficient Blood Donors
Authors: Koistinen J. , Sarna S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Immunological abnormalities of 163 IgA‐deficient blood donors were studied. Anti‐IgA antibodies were found in 15, anti‐IgG antibodies (measured by the Ripley test) in 34, latex test positivity in 21, anti‐IgM antibodies in 9 and antibodies against bovine milk in 41 sera. These numbers differed significantly from the control groups of normal blood donors. In the studies of thyroglobulin antibodies, antinuclear antibodies and blood group A and B isoagglutinins there was no difference from the controls.

Interrelationships of all findings were studied by statistical analysis. Correlations were found between latex and Ripley tests and rheumatic disorders as well as between high age and anti‐IgA and anti‐IgM antibodies. Male subjects had antibodies against bovine milk more often than females. Otherwise no striking findings were brought up by the statistical analysis.
S‐s‐U‐ Phenotype in South African Negroes
Authors: Hoekstra Anneke , Albert A. P. , Newell G. A. I. , Moores Phyllis
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A Negro woman of the Xhosa tribe of Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape was found to be S‐s‐U‐ with anti‐U in her serum. She had two S‐s‐U‐ children, and her husband, father and other children all had single doses of S or s antigen. Three further S‐s‐U‐ Negroes were found in a random sample of 1,000 Negro antenatal patients at Port Elizabeth.
Another Example of Anti‐IB
Authors: Morel Phyllis , Garratty George , Willbanks Eleanor
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Another example of anti‐IB is reported. The antibody would only react with cells having both B and I antigens and was transient.
Di(2‐ethylbexyl)phthalate Content of Plasma Fractions Prepared by Low Temperature Ethanol (Cohn) Fractionation
Authors: Gilbo C. M. , Coles N. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plasma pools, prepared from time‐expired blood stored in plastic packs, were analysed for DEHP content and levels ranging from 0.78 to 7.42 mg DEHP/100 ml plasma obtained. The DEHP content of the Cohn fractions prepared from such plasma pools was estimated. Only very low levels of DEHP were found in the four therapeutically useful fractions and high levels in the discard fractions III and IV.
Automated Red Cell Antibody Detection
Authors: Dawes B. J. , Goldsmith K. L. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A single‐channel AutoAnalyzer was used to screen potential blood‐grouping sera to exclude the presence of unwanted antibodies. In order to detect the widest possible range of antibodies, a low‐ionic strength Polybrene method was employed, but difficulty was encountered because the aggregated cells adhered to the glass surfaces of the reaction coils, resulting in instability of the system. Modifications were made to the apparatus, and the improvements in the demonstration of antibodies that resulted are described.
Study of the Gregory Blood Group in an English Family
Authors: Clark M. J. , Poole Joyce , Barnes R. M. , Miller J. F. , Smith D. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An example of anti‐Gya found during routine antenatal testing is the first recorded example in Europe to be described. Five other Gy(a‐) siblings were found in the patient's family from whom blood donations were obtained in the event of a needed transfusion. Although anti‐Gya was detected in the infant's serum, there was no evidence of haemolytic disease of the newborn, presumably due to the fact that the Gya antigen is poorly developed at birth.
A New Reversed Passive Hemagglutination Test for Detection of HBsAg
Authors: Prince Alfred M. , Ikram Hafeez , Chicot Doris , Wright Rebecca , Vnek John , Neurath Robert , Lippin Arnold , Swiss Stephen
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new reversed passive hemagglutination test for HBsAg, termed Raphadex B, has been developed using immunochemically purified chimpanzee anti‐HBs bound to stabilized human erythrocytes. The test has been found to have equivalent sensitivity to the Ausria 125I radioimmunoassay, and detected a similar number of HBsAg‐containing specimens in screening of volunteer blood donors. This method offers an economical approach to third generation methodology for hepatitis B screening of blood donors.
Phosphoglucomutase 3: Formal and Population Genetics and Observations on Abnormal Phenotypes1
Authors: Rittner Ch. , Kalbheim H.‐D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 514 healthy blood donors and 47 families with 122 offspring were studied for phosphoglucomutase 3 (PGM3) from leukocytes. There was a good agreement of allelic frequencies obtained compared to those reported previously in Caucasians. In addition, three individuals with abnormal phenotypes were observed: one was a patient with Hodgkin's disease, the other two were apparently healthy blood donors. In two cases, family members could be studied; none carried the abnormal type of the father. The possible background of these observations with respect to the attachment of the PGM3 locus to the immunogenetic linkage group – the major histocompatibility complex – on chromosome No. 6 in man is discussed.
A Simple Method for the Prediction of ABO Incompatibility Using Sephadex A‐50:
Authors: Graham H. , Morrison M. , MacAndrew R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A rapid and simple method of demonstrating the presence of high titre IgG anti‐A or anti‐B (anti A/B) is described. The method requires the separation of IgG anti‐A/B from IgM anti‐A/B using DEAE Sephadex A‐50 by a simple spin technique, and the subsequent titration of the IgG fraction to detect the presence of high titre IgG anti‐A/B. Since high titre IgG anti‐A/B is usually associated with ABO incompatibility the test is a useful guide to the prediction of ABO incompatibility in routine antenatal samples.
Separation of ABH, I, Ss Antigenic Activity from the MN‐Active Sialoglycoprotein of the Human Erythrocyte Membrane
Authors: Anstee D. J. , Tanner M. J. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein was purified from cells with complementary ABO(H), MN and Ss phenotypes. Serological examination of the sialoglycoprotein preparations demonstrated that this molecule does not carry the ABO(H), I or Ss antigens. The results also suggest that Ss activity may be associated with a minor erythrocyte glycoprotein. The characteristics of the ABO(H) and I antigens are consistent with earlier suggestions that these antigens are carried on complex glycolipids.
A Case of Ax Phenotype Transmitted by an A2B Parent
Authors: Ducos J. , Marty Y. , Ruffie J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The authors report a family in which the father is Ax, the mother B, the paternal grandmother Ax; 3 children out of 6 are A2B and the other three Ax. One of A2B children is married to an O subject, and she had a son of phenotype Ax. It was observed that Ax gene in position trans of a B gene behaves phenotypically as an A2.
MNSs and Miltenberger Frequencies in 211 Chinese
Authors: Metaxas‐Buehler M. , Metaxas M. N. , Sturgeon Ph.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In serial MNSs tests on blood samples from 211 Chinese, 10 Mi(a+) were found, 9 of which were shown to belong to Miltenberger cell class III (Mi·III); it was assumed by analogy that this also applies to the tenth. The frequency of Mi·III in this Chinese series is thus 4.7%, almost 500 times higher than in Whites. Seventy persons in the series were tested for the Stones antigen: 2 St(a+) were observed. Attention is drawn to the ‘variant N’ reactions of M Mi·III blood: positive with Vicia graminea extract, weakly positive with rabbit, negative with human anti‐N. The reactions can be a source of error in MN tests on Chinese bloods.
Effects of Shifts in Hemoglobin‐Oxygen Affinity During Hypoxia1
Authors: Rand Peter W. , Norton James M. , Barker Nancy , Lovell Marston
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To investigate the possibility that the influence of hemoglobin‐oxygen affinity on tissue oxygenation may be reversed in severe hypoxia, 16 anesthetized rabbits with chronically‐implanted tissue oxygen electrodes were ventilated with 12% oxygen and subjected to 100 ml exchange transfusions with high, low, or normal affinity rabbit blood. Despite the widely divergent in vivo P50 values produced, significant differences in tissue oxygen levels were not observed among the three groups following exchange transfusions. During subsequent normoxia, more complete recovery of tissue oxygen was apparent in the low affinity group. This study emphasizes the need for further definition of the influence of hemoglobin‐oxygen affinity on the functions of individual organs.
An Association of Hepatitis B (Australia) Antigen with Platelets1
Authors: Furukawa T. , Millman I. , London W. T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBgAg, Australia antigen) was detected by radioimmunoassay in freeze‐thaw lysates of washed platelets from HBgAg carriers. Incubation of platelets from an HBgAg‐negative person with medium containing HBgAg resulted in the platelets becoming positive for HBgAg. We suggest that platelets may phagocytize HBgAg‐coated particles, and this may be an important transport mechanism for the hepatitis B agent.
Differences in the Immunogenicity of the HL‐A Antigens
Authors: Minev M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Comparing the expected and observed HL‐A antibody forming in condition of fetomaternal immunization in 184 pregnant women, some differences in the immunogenic strength of HL‐A antigens were investigated. The HL‐A antigens were graded in three groups in accordance with their coefficient of immuno‐genicity as follows: in first group, with a coefficient more than 50 are HL‐A2, HL‐A7, HL‐A5, W22, HL‐A13, W27 and W10; in second group, with a coefficient from 25 to 50 are HL‐A1, W24, HL‐A11, W5, W14 and HL‐A12; and in the third group, with a coefficient less than 25 are HL‐A3, W25 and HL‐A8. The data about the other HL‐A antigens are not significant.
A1 Weak B Phenotypes Found in Two Generations of a Romanian Family: A1Bx versus cis AB Complex
Authors: Lopez M. , Danielescu M. , Liberge G. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three ‘A1 weak B’ blood groups found in two generations of a Romanian family were studied with quantitative and thermodynamic assays in order to determine if they derive from ‘A1 Bx’ or from ‘cis AB’ genotypes, what cannot be achieved by the genetics.
Detection of Immune Anti‐A and Anti‐B Allo‐Antibodies with Groupamatic® System
Authors: Muller A. , Garretta M. , Gener J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An inhibition technique using soluble AB group substances for screening of ‘immune’ anti‐A and anti‐B allo‐antibodies has been set up on Groupamatic®. This screening is performed on all blood units of group O, A and B to be transfused. The ratio of potentially dangerous donors in case of non‐isogroup transfusion is 2.86% of the total number of screened donors. This detection is performed simultaneously with other immunohaematological and serological tests: ABO and Rh grouping, screening of irregular allo‐antibodies, screening of syphilis.
Complement‐Fixing and Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies in Serum of Pregnant Women at Delivery II
Authors: NyMAND GUNNAR
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Sera from 2,008 pregnant women were examined for the presence of complement‐fixing platelet antibodies (CFPAb) and lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCTAb). Women with antibodies in their serum were compared with women without antibodies. No clinical significance of CFPAb or LCTAb was found as regards pre‐eclampsia, arterial hypertension, albuminuria, oedema, glucosuria, premature delivery, spontaneous onset of labor and abortion.
Reactions of Erythrocyte Glycoproteins and their Degradation Products with various Anti‐I Sera
Authors: Lisowska Elwira , Dzierźkowa‐Borodej Wanda , Seyfried Halina , Drzeniek Zofia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three fractions of erythrocyte glycoproteins obtained from Sepharose 4‐B chromatography were tested for I activity with ten serologically differentiated anti‐I sera. The most active was fraction I, eluted at the void volume and containing the lowest amount of alkali‐labile oligosaccharide chains. The desialization of glycoproteins increased their activity toward anti‐IS and anti‐ID sera, and did not change or decreased the activity toward anti‐IF sera. The most abundant fraction II (major sialoglycoprotein of erythrocyte membranes) showed no or only a very weak I activity, but I‐active glycopeptides were isolated from products of digestion of fraction II with trypsin. The major product of digestion, sialoglycopeptide IIT‐2 showed I activity only after alkaline elimination of alkali‐labile oligosaccharide chains. The results indicate that I receptors are present in hindered form on apparently I‐inactive components of erythrocyte membrane.
Studies on the Miltenberger Complex Frequency in Thailand and Family Studies1
Authors: Chandanayingyong D. , Pejrachandra S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In studies of Thai blood donors, 243 of 2,500 subjects (9.7%) were Mia positive. All but two were of class Mi III. Family studies established that Mi III is probably inherited as an autosomal dominant character and usually accompanies the Ms gene complex of the MNSs blood group system.
Effects of Proteases and Neuraminidase on RBC Surface Charge and Agglutination
Authors: Luner Stephen J. , Sturgeon Phillip , Szklarek Dorothy , McQuiston Dorothy T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Electrophoretic mobility, membrane sialic acid content and agglutinability by ‘incomplete’ antisera against Rho, hr” and k antigens were determined for red blood cells in the course of treatment with trypsin, ficin and neuraminidase. Neuraminidase gradually produced a slight to moderate agglutinability as it reduced surface charge density in proportion to the amount of sialic acid removed. Proteases acted in two distinct steps. The first stage is characterized by the cells rapidly becoming highly agglutinable and by the unmasking of new negative charge as the first half of the sialic acid is removed. In the second stage the cells show a slight gain in agglutinability as surface charge is removed in proportion to sialic acid removal as in the case of neuraminidase.

Neuraminidase‐treated cells are considerably less agglutinable than cells reduced to the same ζ‐potential by protease treatment. The greater efficacy of proteases compared to neuraminidase in making cells agglutinable could be because they not only reduce surface charge density but also increase antigen‐antibody bond strength, render antigens more mobile in the membrane to allow clustering in regions of cell to cell antibody bridging and remove glycopeptide chains which may be causing steric hindrance to antigen‐antibody binding or to cell‐cell contact.
Dissociation of MNSs Antigens Using Sodium Deoxycholate Fraction of Erythrocyte Membranes1,2
Authors: Zuckerman Steven H. , Douglas Steven D. , Nusbacher Jacob
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A dissociation of the MNSs blood group system has been demonstrated by sodium deoxycholate fractionation of erythrocyte membrane preparations. The MN antigens were localized in a fraction that sedimented at 30,000 g while the Ss antigens remained soluble after 100,000 g centrifugation for donors who were heterozygous at the MN locus. In contrast, fractions derived from erythrocytes of ‘homozygous’ M or N donors showed M or N activity in both the 30,000 g pellet and 100,000 g supernatant and Ss remained in the 100,000 g supernatant.
The Effect of a Single or Double Dose of Dexamethasone on Granulocyte Collection with the Continuous Flow Centrifuge
Authors: Higby D. J. , Mishler John Milton , Rhomberg W. , Nicora R. W. , Holland J. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A total of 33 leukaphereses were performed with the IBM continuous flow centrifuge on 28 normal healthy donors for the purpose of obtaining increased yields of granulocytes for infusion into leukopenic recipients. The pretreatment of donors within a 10‐ to 12‐hour period prior to pheresis with a double dose of dexamethasone and the addition of hydroxyethyl starch to the input line of the continuous flow centrifuge, significantly increased the total quantity and efficiency of granulocyte collected as compared to a donor group receiving a single dose of dexamethasone in addition to hydroxyethyl starch. A mean of 25.5 × 109total granulocytes were collected in addition to an efficiency of 2.11 × 109granulocytes harvested per liter of blood processed in the double‐dose‐treated donors, in contrast to 19.6 × 109total granulocytes collected and an efficiency of 1.82 × 109granulocytes harvested per liter of blood processed in the single dose donor group. The results of the present study demonstrate that elevated quantities of granulocytes can be collected from normal donors by scheduling a double dose of dexamethasone prior to the pheresis procedure.
Studies on Glycoproteins and Glycopeptides from Tn‐Polyagglutinable Erythrocytes
Authors: Dahr W. , Uhlenbruck G. , Gunson H. H. , van der Hart M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Direct evidence for the theory that Tn‐polyagglutinable erythrocytes have a deficiency of alkali‐labile sialic acid and galactose is gained by analysing the carbohydrate moiety of the tryptic glycopeptides with spectrophotometric methods and gas‐liquid chromatography. Alkaline borohydride treatment of these glycopeptides specifically releases N‐acetylgalactosaminitol. In addition it is shown that mainly the third and the first membrane glycoprotein are affected by the defect.
Changeable Lymphocytotoxic Antibody Activity in Patients with Cervical Carcinoma1
Authors: Vos G. H. , Hammond M. G. , Marescotti G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In patients with cervical carcinoma examined over an extended period of time we observed lymphocytotoxic antibody activity more often in patients with terminal invasive carcinoma than in patients with preinvasive carcinoma. Antibody activity was very variable and it is postulated that this may reflect in vivo consumption of such antibodies as a consequence of qualitative or quantitative variations in cancerous tissue mass. In almost all instances we were unable to establish the specificity of the lymphocytotoxic antibodies with respect to known histocompatibility antigens. This suggests that their activity may be directed against a nucleus of HL‐A determinants present in all human cell lines.
Cad Antigen: Comparative Study of 50 Samples1
Authors: Lopez M. , Gerbal A. , Bony V. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 50 Cad (+) blood samples were tested using various anti‐Cad reagents. Results demonstrated a wide Cad antigenic expression, even among the members of one family. In particular experimental procedures, almost all Cad (+) cells were polyagglutinable.
Red Cell Esterase D in Studies of Paternity Cases in the United Kingdom
Authors: Welch S. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The recently discovered genetic polymorphism of human red cell esterase D has been applied to 156 cases of disputed paternity, along with other well‐established systems. The results indicate that esterase D is a useful additional genetic marker for use in paternity testing.