bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rheological behavior of chlorosulfonated polyethylene composites: Effect of filler and plasticizer
Authors: Nanda M. , Tripathy D. K.
Published: March 2012

The rheological properties of chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) loaded with conductive carbon black filler were measured using capillary rheometer at three different temperatures (110, 120, and 130°C) and four different shear rates (12.26, 24.52, 61.3, and 122.6 s−1). The effect of filler and plasticizer [dioctyl phthalate (DOP)] loading on melt flow properties of CSM was also studied. The viscosities of all samples decrease with shear rate indicating their pseudoplastic or shear thinning nature. The higher shear viscosity is observed for the CSM loaded with higher filler content, which may be due to inhibition of the polymer chain motion by the filler particles. With increasing filler loading the extrudate swell clearly decreased, which is attributed to the limitation of the elastic recovery of the polymer chains by filler particulates. Further, the reduction in die‐swell ratio with increase in plasticizer loading indicates a reduction in melt elasticity compared with the composite containing no DOP. The dependence of shear viscosity on temperature obeyed the Arrhenius–Eyring expression, and the activation energy (Eγ) decreased with increasing shear rate. Extrudate swell is a non‐linear function of shear rate. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of ≈RCu3S3 and ≈RCuTe2 (R: Gd—Lu) Compounds.
Authors: Gulay L. D. , Daszkiewicz M. , Shemet V. Ya.
Published: March 2012

The crystal structures of the title compounds are reinvestigated by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Ru—OSO Coordination Photogenerated at 100 K in Tetraammineaqua(sulfur dioxide)ruthenium(II) (.+‐.)‐Camphorsulfonate.
Authors: Phillips Anthony E. , Cole Jacqueline M. , d'Almeida Thierry , Low Kian Sing
Published: March 2012

The photoinduced metastable O‐bound coordination mode in RuSO2 complexes, previously observed only at 13 K, is found to exists at 100 K in the title compound (RuC20H44O11N4S3, monoclinic space group C2/c, Z = 8; single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Ba3Ga3N5 — A Novel Host Lattice for Eu2+‐Doped Luminescent Materials with Unexpected Nitridogallate Substructure.
Authors: Hintze Frauke , Hummel Franziska , Schmidt Peter J. , Wiechert Detlef , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: March 2012

Single crystals of Ba3Ga3N5 are prepared from a mixture of Ba, Sr, Ga, Mg, and NaN3 in a sodium flux (Ta ampule, 760 °C, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Solution‐Based Synthesis and Characterization of Lithium‐Ion Conducting Phosphate Ceramics for Lithium Metal Batteries.
Authors: Key Baris , Schroeder David J. , Ingram Brian J. , Vaughey John T.
Published: March 2012

Lithium ion conducting Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 powder for us as solid electrolyte in lithium metal batteries is synthesized by evaporation of an aqueous solution containing H2[TiO(C2O4)2], Al(NO3)3, (NH4)2HPO4, and LiNO3, followed by annealing at temperatures as low as 650 °C (12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of (H2dab) 2Cu8Ge4S14·2H2 O: An Expanded Framework Based on Icosahedral Cu8S12 Cluster.
Authors: Zhang Ren‐Chun , Zhang Chi , Ji Shou‐Hua , Ji Min , An Yong‐Lin
Published: March 2012

The new title compound (dab: 1,4‐diaminobutane) is solvothermally synthesized from a mixture of Cu, GeO2, S, and dab in a 1:1 mixture of MeOH and H2O (autoclave, 165 °C, 7 d, 62% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Carbene Cyclopentadienyl Iron Based Catalyst for a General and Efficient Hydrosilylation of Imines.
Authors: Misal Castro Luis C. , Sortais Jean‐Baptiste , Darcel Christophe
Published: March 2012

At general catalytic system for the efficient hydrosilylation of both aldimines and ketimines using a well‐defined iron complex as pre‐catalyst is developed which gives access to various amines (after hydrolysis).
ChemInform Abstract: A Newly‐Designed PE‐Supported Arsine for Efficient and Practical Catalytic Wittig Olefination.
Authors: Wang Peng , Liu Chun‐Rong , Sun Xiu‐Li , Chen Shuai‐Shuai , Li Jun‐Fang , Xie Zuowei , Tang Yong
Published: March 2012

The arsine efficiently catalyzes Wittig‐type olefinations of even inactive ketones, providing easy access to di‐, tri‐, and tetra‐substituted alkenes in high yields and with excellent stereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative C—O Coupling by Direct C—H Bond Activation of Formamides: Synthesis of Enol Carbamates and 2‐Carbonyl‐Substituted Phenol Carbamates.
Authors: Kumar G. Sathish , Maheswari C. Uma , Kumar R. Arun , Kantam M. Lakshmi , Reddy K. Rajender
Published: March 2012

A novel convenient copper‐catalyzed C—O bond coupling of formamides with β‐dicarbonyl compounds is presented, affording carbamates (III), (V) and (VIII) in moderate to good yields as single stereoisomers via a phosgene‐free pathway.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Desulfitative Cyanation of Arenesulfonyl Chlorides and Sodium Sulfinates.
Authors: Chen Jianbin , Sun Yang , Liu Bin , Liu Dongfang , Cheng Jiang
Published: March 2012

The title reaction, affording aromatic nitriles under mild conditions, shows wide functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2′,4‐Diarylbenzophenones Through Site‐Selective Suzuki—Miyaura Reactions of Bis(triflates) of 2′,4‐Dihydroxybenzophenones.
Authors: Nawaz Muhammad , Ullah Ihsan , Abid Obaid‐Ur‐Rahman , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: March 2012

The reaction of bis(triflate) (I) with various arylboronic acids is used for the preparation of mino‐ or (symmetrical and unsymmetrical) bis‐arylated products.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of an Antitumoral Diarylheptanoid Containing 1,3‐Diol Functionality.
Authors: Zhang Shaomin , Wu Yikang
Published: March 2012

Title compound (VIII) is synthesized starting from chiral epoxide (I) via ring opening and coupling reaction with the carbanion of dithiane (II), oxidative cleavage of key intermediate (IV) followed by treatment of (V) with Wittig—Horner reagent (VI) as the key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Cyclopentenones from Phenacylfurans.
Authors: Serdyuk O. V. , Abaev V. T. , Butin A. V.
Published: March 2012

Depending on the substitution of the phenacylfurans, products of type (II) or (IV) are formed predominantly.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Cyclization Reaction: A Convenient Domino Process for Synthesis of α‐Carbonyl Furan Derivatives.
Authors: Cao Hua , Jiang Huan‐Feng , Huang Hua‐Wen , Zhao Jin‐Wu
Published: March 2012

A novel two‐step one‐pot protocol for the preparation of α‐carbonyl compounds (III) from 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds (I) and propargyl alcohols (II) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Aminofluorination of Styrenes.
Authors: Xu Tao , Qiu Shuifa , Liu Guosheng
Published: March 2012

2‐Aryltetrahydropyrroles are efficiently synthesized via a novel intramolecular oxidative aminofluorination of styrenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Monoxide‐Free One‐Step Synthesis of Isoindole‐1,3‐diones by Cycloaminocarbonylation of o‐Haloarenes Using Formamides.
Authors: Sawant Dinesh N. , Wagh Vogesh S. , Bhatte Kushal D. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: March 2012

The reactions proceeds in the absence of CO and any solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Syntheses of 9‐(Pyridin‐2‐yl)‐9H‐carbazoles Through a Tandem C—H Activation/C—X (X: C or N) Formation Process.
Authors: Chu Jean‐Ho , Lin Pi‐Shan , Lee Ya‐Ming , Shen Wei‐Ting , Wu Ming‐Jung
Published: March 2012

The reaction of various N‐phenylpyridin‐2‐amines and potassium aryltrifluoroborates affords mostly mixtures of the major 9‐pyridyl‐carbazoles and arylated amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Modification of Biologically Active Amides and Amines with Fluoro‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 5. Fluoro‐Containing Heterocyclic Derivatives of 2‐Amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles.
Authors: Sokolov V. B. , Aksinenko A. Yu. , Epishina T. A. , Goreva T. V. , Martynov I. V.
Published: March 2012

Imines, generated in situ from aminothiadiazoles (I) and methyl trifluoropyruvate (II) in the presence of the dehydrating system pyridine/thionyl chloride, undergo cyclocondensation with 1,3‐C,N‐ and 1,3‐N,N‐binucleophiles such as N‐substituted ureas (III), aminocrotononitrile (V), N‐substituted aminouracil (VIIa) and aminothiouracil (VIId), N‐substituted aminocyclohexenones (IX), and benzylbenzamidine (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Nanoparticles Silica Supported Sulfuric Acid (NPs SiO2—H2SO4): A Solid Phase Acidic Catalyst for One‐Pot Synthesis of 4H‐Chromene Derivatives.
Authors: Sadeghi Bahareh , Hassanabadi Alireza , Bidaki Somayeh
Published: March 2012

The title acid is applied as efficient catalyst for the three‐component one‐pot synthesis of 4H‐chromene derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile N‐Monoalkylation of Aminopyridines.
Authors: Tian Zhongzhen , Li Dongmei , Jiang Zhaoxing , Li Zhong
Published: March 2012

The N‐monoalkylation of 2‐ or 3‐aminopyridines by a carboxylic acid in the presence of sodium borohydride affords the corresponding alkylaminopyridines (III) under mild conditions and in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐quinolones. Part 197. The Search for Novel Diuretics Amongst Halo‐Substituted 6‐Hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydro‐4H‐pyrrolo [3,2‐1‐ij]quinoline‐5‐carboxylic Acid Anilides.
Authors: Ukrainets I. V. , Golik N. Yu. , Shemchuk A. L. , Naboka O. I. , Voronina Yu. V. , Turov A. V.
Published: March 2012

Chemical synthesis and in vivo diuretic activity are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Pyrroles of Potential Antiinflammatory Activity.
Authors: Mohamed Mosaad S. , Kamel Rehab , Fathallah Samar S.
Published: March 2012

Novel pyrrole derivatives and pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine derivatives are synthesized and some of them are tested for their in vivo antiinflammatory activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis and Rearrangement‐Fragmentation of Arylidene N‐Alkoxydiketopiperazines.
Authors: Liu Shouxin , Mu Yun , Han Jianrong , Zhen Xiaoli , Yang Yihua , Tian Xia , Whiting Andrew
Published: March 2012

Novel title compounds (II) are prepared via intramolecular acylation of oxime‐ethers (I).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Antifungal Briarane Diterpenoid from the Gorgonian Junceella juncrea Pallas.
Authors: Murthy Y. L. N. , Mallika D. , Rajack Abdul , Reddy G. Damodar
Published: March 2012

The diterpenoid (I) is isolated along with 4 known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Cembranes from a Formosan Soft Coral Sinularia facile
Authors: Chen Bo‐Wei , Su Jui‐Hsin , Dai Chang‐Feng , Sung Ping‐Jyun , Wu Yang‐Chang , Lin Ying‐Ting , Sheu Jyh‐Horng
Published: March 2012

isolation, structure elucidation and cytotoxicity of hydroxycembranes (I) and (II) and 2 known compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Claisen Rearrangement/Diels—Alder Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Caged Garcinia Natural Products and Analogues.
Authors: Li Xiang , Zhang Xiaojin , Yu Zhuoqin , Liu Xiaorong , You Qidong , Guo Qinglong
Published: March 2012

The regioselectivity observed in the cascade reaction is discussed under consideration of both electronic and steric effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Indole‐Based Receptor for Cu2+ Ion.
Authors: Geng Huamei , Liu Na , Tian Xin , Li Rong , Ma Jiantai
Published: March 2012

The new fluorescent sensor (I) exhibits good selectivity for Cu2+ ion in the 10‐7 to 10‐5 M range over other cations such as K+, Na+, Ca2+, Cr2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Al3+, and Fe3+ in ethanol.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Small‐Molecule Thrombin Inhibitors Based on the cis‐5‐Phenylproline Scaffold.
Authors: Kudryavtsev K. V. , Shulga D. A. , Chupakhin V. I. , Churakov A. V. , Datsuk N. G. , Zabolotnev D. V. , Zefirov N. S.
Published: March 2012

Molecular docking studies, analysis of ligand‐protein interactions, followed by multistage targeted syntheses and biochemical investigations provide a series of novel nonbasic small‐molecule compounds based on the cis‐5‐phenylproline molecular scaffold.
ChemInform Abstract: First Total H+/Li+ Ion Exchange in Garnet‐Type Li5La3Nb2O12 Using Organic Acids and Studies on the Effect of Li Stuffing.
Authors: Truong Lina , Thangadurai Venkataraman
Published: March 2012

Li5+xBaxLa2‐xNb2O12 exhibits H+/Li+ ion exchange using AcOH at room temperature of about 100, 40, and 13% completion for the x = 0, 0.5, and 1 species, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Cytotoxic Activity of New Salicylaldehyde Benzoylhydrazone Derivatives as Potential Antiproliferative Agents.
Authors: Nikolova‐Mladenova Boriana , Halachev Nenko , Iankova Rumjana , Momekov Georgi , Ivanov Darvin
Published: March 2012

The cytotoxic effects of new hydrazones (I) are examined on a wide spectrum of human tumor cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Membranes for Photocatalysis in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Loddo V. , Palmisano L. , Marino T. , Molinari R.
Published: March 2012

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Acyclic Boron‐Containing π‐Ligand Complexes: η2‐ and η3‐Coordination Modes
Authors: Emslie David J. H. , Cowie Bradley E. , Kolpin Kristopher B.
Published: March 2012

Review: 151 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrogen Cation—π Interactions in Asymmetric Organocatalytic Synthesis
Authors: Yamada Shinji , Fossey John S.
Published: March 2012

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Practically Usable C3 Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Nitro Heterocycles
Authors: Nishiwaki Nagatoshi , Hirao Shotaro , Sawayama Jun , Saigo Kazuhiro
Published: March 2012

Review: e.g. pyridines, pyrimidines, pyrazoles, and diazepines; 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Domino Reaction of Heteroallenes Towards Benzo‐Heterocycle Compounds
Authors: Wang Fei , Zhao Peng , Xi Chanjuan
Published: March 2012

Review: e.g. bezimidazoles, benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles, and quinazolinones; 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Nanoparticles in Reverse Microemulsions
Authors: Tovstun S. A. , Razumov V. F.
Published: March 2012

Review: 252 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Introduction to Synthesis of Organic Compounds with Peroxide Functional Groups
Authors: Berkessel A.
Published: March 2012

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Argentomesogens: A Promising Generation of Metal‐Based Liquid—Crystalline Materials
Authors: Pucci Daniela
Published: March 2012

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Michael‐Initiated Ring Closure in the Synthesis of Enantiopure Carbocycles and Heterocycles from Vinyl Sulfone Modified Carbohydrates
Authors: Pathak Tanmaya
Published: March 2012

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 4′‐C‐Nucleoside Derivatives: Synthesis and Antiviral Properties
Authors: Alexandrova L. A.
Published: March 2012

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Decade of the Human Genome Sequence — How Does the Medicinal Chemist Benefit?
Authors: Brunschweiger Andreas , Hall Jonathan
Published: March 2012

Review: 112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Evaporation of Pure Liquid Sessile and Spherical Suspended Drops: A Review
Authors: Erbil H. Yildirim
Published: March 2012

Review: 214 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modeling of Alloy Casting Solidification
Authors: Guo Jianzheng , Samonds Mark
Published: March 2012

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Empirical Models for Predicting the Occurrence and Concentration of Organic Chemicals in Biosolids
Authors: Deo Randhir P. , Halden Rolf U.
Published: March 2012

Review: 34 refs.
Arginase‐1 is a more sensitive marker of hepatic differentiation than HepPar‐1 and glypican‐3 in fine‐needle aspiration biopsies
Authors: Fujiwara Mika , Kwok Shirley , Yano Hirohisa , Pai Reetesh K.
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND:

Distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from adenocarcinoma in fine‐needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) is often diagnostically challenging. Arginase‐1 was recently described as a marker of hepatic differentiation in surgical resection specimens. We compared the expression of arginase‐1, HepPar‐1, and glypican‐3 in FNAB of HCC and adenocarcinoma involving the liver.

METHODS:

Ninety‐eight FNABs including 37 primary or metastatic HCCs (30 well or moderately differentiated and 7 poorly differentiated) and 61 adenocarcinomas involving the liver were evaluated for immunohistochemical expression of arginase‐1, HepPar‐1, and glypican‐3 using formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded cell block material.

RESULTS:

Arginase‐1 was more sensitive (81%) than HepPar‐1 (70%) or glypican‐3 (54%) for HCC. Arginase‐1 more often demonstrated diffuse staining, defined as reactivity in >50% of the tumor, in HCC (21 of 37; 57%) compared with HepPar‐1 (15 of 37; 41%) and glypican‐3 (12 of 37; 32%). Of the 7 poorly differentiated HCCs, 3 (43%) were immunoreactive for both arginase‐1 and glypican‐3, whereas only 1 (14%) demonstrated HepPar‐1 staining. Arginase‐1 expression was identified in adenocarcinomas of pancreatic, colorectal, and breast origin, and reactivity was diffuse in 2 pancreatic adenocarcinomas (2 of 15; 13%).

CONCLUSIONS:

Arginase‐1 is a more sensitive marker of hepatic differentiation than either HepPar‐1 or glypican‐3 in FNAB. In addition, arginase‐1 exhibits more diffuse staining in HCC than either HepPar‐1 or glypican‐3, making interpretation easier in limited FNAB samples. Arginase‐1 is not entirely specific for hepatic differentiation, as immunoreactivity can be identified in adenocarcinomas, particularly of pancreatic origin. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012;. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Study on the aconitine‐type alkaloids of Radix Aconiti Lateralis and its processed products using HPLC‐ESI‐MSn
Authors: Liu Yonggang , Tan Peng , Li Fei , Qiao Yanjiang
Published: March 2012

The type and content change of alkaloids of Radix Aconiti Lateralis (Lateral root of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx, an important and popular medicinal herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine) in processing were studied using high performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐multi‐stage mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐MSn). Extract containing alkaloids, which were known to be the main bioactive components of the herb, was prepared by 1% (v/v) hydrochloric acid solution. An HPLC method which can simultaneously separate these alkaloids was established with gradient elution mode. Forty‐eight compounds were structurally identified by employing LC‐MSn techniques; the MSn spectra of most alkaloids displayed a characteristic behaviour of loss of CH3COOH (60 u), CH3OH (32 u), C6H5COOH (122 u), CO (28 u) and H2O (18 u). Among them, the fragmentation ion C6H5COOH (122 u) was reported for the first time. By comparison, 22 compounds were found both in the crude materials and the processed products; 17 alkaloids were only found in the processed products and 9 alkaloids,which existed in crude material, could not be detected after processing. In the process of identification, we found new kinds of alkaloids, with protonated molecules at m/z 452, 468, and 482. We called these compounds dehydra‐hypaconine, dehydra‐mesaconine, and dehydra‐aconine, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vertical individualism and injustice: The self‐restorative function of revenge
Authors: Zdaniuk Agnes , Bobocel D. Ramona
Published: March 2012

In the current paper, we examine the role of vertical individualism in determining revenge behavior following an injustice. Drawing on existing theory and research, we hypothesized that victims who are more vertically individualistic will be more likely than those who are less vertically individualistic to engage in revenge following the experience of injustice as a means of restoring self‐esteem. The results from three studies—employing different methodologies and operationalizations of revenge—support our reasoning. Moreover, two of the studies provide support for the proposed self‐esteem maintenance mechanism underlying the relation between vertical individualism and revenge. Although much research in psychology and organizational justice has demonstrated that the experience of injustice can threaten one's identity, our data are the first to demonstrate that responding to injustice can restore people's self‐esteem to homeostasis. The present studies thus demonstrate that in some instances revenge may have an intrapsychic benefit for the victim, which helps to explain why some people engage in revenge despite possible negative interpersonal consequences. We discuss implications of our findings for social and organizational justice theory and for potentially mitigating revenge reactions to injustice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific environmental release categories—A tool for improving chemical safety assessment in the EC—report of a multi-stakeholder workshop
Authors: Sättler Daniel , Schnöder Frank , Aust Nannett , Ahrens Andreas , Bögi Christian , Traas Theo , Tolls Johannes
Published: March 2012

In April 2011, experts from industry and authorities met for a workshop to discuss experience and future developments regarding the use of specific environmental release categories (SPERCs) in chemicals safety assessment (CSA) under the European Chemicals Regulation Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH). This article provides a summary of the workshop. It briefly explains what a SPERC is, why SPERCs are needed, where the challenges of the concept are, and what improvements are needed to make SPERCs a useful tool for assessments under REACH. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 580–585. © 2012 SETAC
Generic Construction of Kraus Operators: d‐level Systems in a Thermal Bosonic Bath
Authors: Biswas Asoka , Brumer Paul
Published: March 2012

The dynamical evolution of open systems can be conveniently expressed in the operator sum representation in terms of Kraus operators. Here we introduce an expression for the canonical Kraus representation in terms of the eigenstates |γ〉 and eigenvalues Eγ of the total Hamiltonian, thus making a stronger connection to the tools in chemistry. The method is exact, and hence valid for non‐Markovian evolution of the system to all orders of the coupling to the bath. Significantly, it provides a starting point for developing approximate Kraus operators based upon perturbative approximations to |γ〉 and Eγ. As an example, the explicit form of these operators is derived for a d‐level system interacting with a single‐mode thermal bath.
Preparation, characterization, and in vitro enzymatic degradation of chitosan‐gelatine hydrogel scaffolds as potential biomaterials
Authors: Gorgieva Selestina , Kokol Vanja
Published: March 2012

The crosslinking of chitosan (CHT) and gelatin (GEL) accomplished with N‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐N′‐ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) was investigated and optimized in relation to hydrogels stability by varying the CHT/GEL mass ratio and the EDC/NHS molar ratio at different and constant EDC concentrations. Hydrogels were also fabricated in the presence of α‐tocopherol to assess the release mechanism of a lipophilic drug from a highly‐hydrophilic CHT/GEL hydrogel network. Alterations in the physico‐chemical properties of hydrogels were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and their biostability was studied within a simulated body‐fluid solution (PBS of pH 7.4) at 37°C for 24 h by evaluating the degree of swelling, followed by topography and morphology characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis confirmed the formation of a modulated hydrogels porosity using different freezing temperatures prior to lyophilization. The in vitro degradation behaviors of the hydrogels were investigated for up to 5 weeks using collagenase, lysozyme, and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase by monitoring the weight‐losses of hydrogels and their degradation products, being identified by UV‐Vis spectroscopy and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as the pH monitoring of degraded solutions. It was observed that an inner morphological hydrogel structure influences their swelling and degradation behavior, which is additionally reduced by in‐gel‐embedded α‐tocopherol because of hydrophobic interactions with their constituents, and hindering the effect on collagenase activity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Early detection of impending physiologic deterioration among patients who are not in intensive care: Development of predictive models using data from an automated electronic medical record
Authors: Escobar Gabriel J. , LaGuardia Juan Carlos , Turk Benjamin J. , Ragins Arona , Kipnis Patricia , Draper David
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND:

Ward patients who experience unplanned transfer to intensive care units have excess morbidity and mortality.

OBJECTIVE:

To develop a predictive model for prediction of unplanned transfer from the medical–surgical ward to intensive care (or death on the ward in a patient who was “full code”) using data from a comprehensive inpatient electronic medical record (EMR).

DESIGN:

Retrospective case‐control study; unit of analysis was a 12‐hour patient shift. Shifts where a patient experienced an unplanned transfer were event shifts; shifts without a transfer were comparison shifts. Hospitalization records were transformed into 12‐hour shift records, with 10 randomly selected comparison shifts identified for each event shift. Analysis employed logistic regression and split validation.

SETTING:

Integrated healthcare delivery system in Northern California.

PATIENTS:

Hospitalized adults at 14 hospitals with comprehensive inpatient EMRs.

MEASUREMENTS:

Predictors included vital signs, laboratory test results, severity of illness scores, longitudinal chronic illness burden scores, transpired hospital length of stay, and care directives. Patients were also given a retrospective, electronically (not manually assigned) Modified Early Warning Score, or MEWS(re). Outcomes were transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) from the ward or transitional care unit, or death outside the ICU among patients who were “full code”.

RESULTS:

We identified 4,036 events and 39,782 comparison shifts from a cohort of 102,422 patients' hospitalizations. The MEWS(re) had a c‐statistic of 0.709 in the derivation and 0.698 in the validation dataset; corresponding values for the EMR‐based model were 0.845 and 0.775.

LIMITATIONS:

Using these algorithms requires hospitals with comprehensive inpatient EMRs and longitudinal data.

CONCLUSIONS:

EMR‐based detection of impending deterioration outside the ICU is feasible in integrated healthcare delivery systems. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Soil carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions during the growing season from temperate maize‐soybean intercrops
Authors: Dyer Lisa , Oelbermann Maren , Echarte Laura
Published: March 2012

The Argentine Pampa is one of the major global regions for the production of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]), but intense management practices have led to soil degradation and amplified greenhouse‐gas (GHG) emissions. This paper presents preliminary data on the effect of maize‐soybean intercrops compared with maize and soybean sole crops on the short‐term emission rates of CO2 and N2O and its relationship to soil moisture or temperature over two field seasons. Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the maize sole crop and intercrops, whereas soil bulk density was significantly lower in the intercrops. Soil CO2 emission rates were significantly greater in the maize sole crop but did not differ significantly for N2O emissions. Over two field seasons, both trace gases showed a general trend of greater emission rates in the maize sole crop followed by the soybean sole crop and were lowest in the intercrops. Linear regression between soil GHG (CO2 and N2O) emission rates and soil temperature or volumetric soil moisture were not significant except in the 1:2 intercrop where a significant relationship was observed between N2O emissions and soil temperature in the first field season and between N2O and volumetric soil moisture in the second field season. Our results demonstrated that intercropping in the Argentine Pampa may be a more sustainable agroecosystem land‐management practice with respect to GHG emissions.
Patient rated outcomes and survivorship following cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CS + HIPEC)
Authors: Duckworth Katharine E. , McQuellon Richard P. , Russell Gregory B. , Cashwell Craig S. , Shen Perry , Stewart John H. , Levine Edward A.
Published: March 2012

Background

Cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CS + HIPEC) is a treatment combining cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic chemotherapy directly into the peritoneal cavity. Recipients may gain extended life when compared with best supportive care; yet results often are achieved with substantial morbidity and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) deficits. The purpose of this study was to record patient rated outcomes and the HRQOL of long‐term survivors.

Methods

One hundred and two patients living 12+ months post‐treatment completed a survey including the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Colon (FACT‐C), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Results

SF‐36 Physical Component scores were significantly lower than general population norms (46.7, z = −2.943, P = 0.003), while Mental Component scores were significantly higher (53.6, z = 4.208, P ≤ 0.001). FACT scores were higher than general FACT normative scores. The majority (56%) of these survivors reported significant sleep quality impairment.

Conclusion

Although most HRQOL scores were comparable to or higher than those of the general population, long‐term physical and functional deficits remain. These deficits, along with the poor sleep quality of recipients, may be improved by survivorship programs or targeted psychosocial interventions. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:376–380. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beneficial effects of preoperative lipiodolization for resectable large hepatocellular carcinoma (≥5 cm in diameter)
Authors: Yamashita Yo‐ichi , Takeishi Kazuki , Tsuijita Eiji , Yoshiya Shouhei , Morita Kazutoyo , Kayashima Hiroto , Iguchi Tomohiro , Taketomi Akinobu , Shirabe Ken , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: March 2012

Background

The effects of preoperative lipiodolization (LPD) for large hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are controversial.

Methods

A retrospective review was undertaken for 137 patients with initial solitary resectable HCC ≥5 cm who underwent hepatic resection between 1995 and 2008. Forty‐two patients underwent preoperative LPD, and clinical data and prognosis were compared to those of patients without preoperative LPD (n = 95).

Results

Surgical results of the LPD group, such as surgical time, surgical blood loss, and the mortality and morbidity rate were statistically equal to those of the nonLPD group. The disease‐free and overall survival of the LPD group were significantly better than those of the nonLPD group, and early tumor recurrence within 1‐year of the LPD group was significantly lower than that of the nonLPD group. According to the multivariate analysis, the absence of preoperative LPD was an independent poor prognostic factor of patients with hepatic resection for HCC ≥5 cm.

Conclusion

Preoperative LPD suppressed early tumor recurrence and improved patient survival after hepatic resection for HCC ≥5 cm. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:498–503. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implanted upper airway stimulation device for obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Van de Heyning Paul H. , Badr M. Safwan , Baskin Jonathan Z. , Cramer Bornemann Michel A. , De Backer Wilfried A. , Dotan Yaniv , Hohenhorst Winfried , Knaack Lennart , Lin Ho‐Sheng , Maurer Joachim T. , Netzer Aviram , Odland Rick M. , Oliven Arie , Strohl Kingman P. , Vanderveken Olivier M. , Verbraecken Johan , Woodson B. Tucker
Published: March 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Previous feasibility studies have shown that electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve can improve obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The current study examined the safety and preliminary effectiveness of a second generation device, the Upper Airway Stimulation (UAS) system, and identified baseline predictors for therapy success.

Study Design:

Two consecutive open prospective studies.

Methods:

UAS systems were implanted in patients with moderate to severe OSA who failed or were intolerant of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The study was conducted in 2 parts. In part 1, patients were enrolled with broad selection criteria. Apnea hypopnea index (AHI) was collected using laboratory‐based polysomnography at preimplant and postimplant visits. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) were also collected. In part 2, patients were enrolled using selection criteria derived from the experience in part 1.

Results:

In part 1, 20 of 22 enrolled patients (two exited the study) were examined for factors predictive of therapy response. Responders had both a body mass index ≤32 and AHI ≤50 (P < .05) and did not have complete concentric palatal collapse. Part 2 patients (n = 8) were selected using responder criteria and showed an improvement on AHI from baseline, from 38.9 ± 9.8 to 10.0 ± 11.0 (P < .01) at 6 months postimplant. Both ESS and FOSQ improved significantly in part 1 and 2 subjects.

Conclusions:

The current study has demonstrated that therapy with upper airway stimulation is safe and efficacious in a select group of patients with moderate to severe OSA who cannot or will not use CPAP as primary treatment. Laryngoscope, 2012
Microstructure and electrical properties of (Bi0.50+xNa0.50)0.94Ba0.06TiO3 ceramics with bismuth nonstoichiometry
Authors: Li Anqi , Wu Jiagang , Qiao Sha , Wu Wenjuan , Wu Bo , Xiao Dingquan , Zhu Jianguo
Published: March 2012

A way to improve the piezoelectric properties of (Bi, Na)TiO3 ceramics is developed by suppressing the evaporation of Bi, and (Bi0.50+xNa0.50)0.94Ba0.06TiO3 (BNBT‐x) ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid‐state method. The effect of Bi nonstoichiometry on the microstructure and electrical properties of BNBT‐x ceramics was investigated. A lower Tm value is demonstrated for BNBT‐x ceramics with Bi nonstoichiometry, and a typical relaxor behavior is observed for BNBT‐x ceramics with excessive Bi. The ceramic with x = 0.01 has higher density and resistivity, and a macroscopic polarization can be induced that consequently can be subject to depolarization at a depolarization temperature. BNBT‐x ceramics with Bi deficiency have a lower dielectric loss than that of those ceramics with Bi excess, while a smaller dielectric constant is observed for those ceramics with Bi deficiency. An enhanced piezoelectric behavior of d33 ∼ 166 pC/N, k33∼43.0%, kp∼33.9%, and Td ∼ 92 °C has been demonstrated for the ceramic with x = 0.01. As a result, this is an effective way to improve the piezoelectric properties of (Bi, Na)TiO3 ceramics by compensating the loss of Bi.
Probing the mechanism and dynamic reversibility of trianglimine formation using real‐time electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Nour Hany F. , Lopez‐Periago Ana M. , Kuhnert Nikolai
Published: March 2012

RATIONALE

The [3+3]‐cyclocondensation reactions of chiral (1R,2R)‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane with aromatic or aliphatic bis‐aldehydes to form trianglimine macrocycles were reported a decade ago and were believed to proceed through a stepwise mechanistic pathway; however, no intermediates were ever isolated or detected and characterized.

METHODS

We investigated the mechanism of the [3+3]‐cyclocondensation reaction using a selection of dialdehyde starting materials using real‐time electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

We observed up to a maximum of 16 reaction intermediates along the reaction pathway, more than for any other multistep reaction reported. We also probed the dynamic reversibility of trianglimines using selected small dynamic combinatorial libraries and showed that trianglimine formation is indeed fully reversible.

CONCLUSIONS

This study represents a significant contribution towards understanding the mechanism of trianglimine formation and its potential applicability can be extended to include other cascade reactions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robotic assistance may reduce conversion to open in rectal carcinoma laparoscopic surgery: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ortiz‐Oshiro Elena , Sánchez‐Egido Iris , Moreno‐Sierra Jesús , Pérez Cristina Fernández , Díaz Jesús Sánchez , Fernández‐Represa Jesús Álvarez
Published: March 2012

Background

We hypothesized that robotic assistance (RARS) could provide better intraoperative and short‐term outcomes than a traditional laparoscopic approach (LARS) to rectal cancer surgery.

Methods

Systematic review of the literature, including electronic searches and communications to international robotic meetings. Inclusion criteria: studies involving rectal cancer patients and comparing outcomes of robotic surgery vs laparoscopic surgery. Primary end‐points: conversion and postoperative short‐term complications. Meta‐analysis performed using Review Manager 5.0 software.

Results

Five case–control studies involving 486 patients (203 RARS–283 LARS) were finally included. Conversion to open rate (RR = 0.31; 95% CI 0.12,0.78) was lower for RARS. No differences were found in oncological outcomes, hospital stay or anastomotic leakage.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis of available non‐randomized studies suggests that conversion to open rate may be reduced when using RARS instead of LARS for rectal cancer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Exciton Formation in Semiconductor Nanowires
Authors: Yong Chaw Keong , Joyce Hannah J. , Lloyd‐Hughes James , Gao Qiang , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati , Johnston Michael B. , Herz Laura M.
Published: March 2012

The dynamics of free electron–hole pairs and excitons in GaAs–AlGaAs–GaAs core–shell–skin nanowires is investigated using femtosecond transient photoluminescence spectroscopy at 10 K. Following nonresonant excitation, a bimolecular interconversion of the initially generated electron–hole plasma into an exciton population is observed. This conducting‐to‐insulating transition appears to occur gradually over electron–hole charge pair densities of 2–4 × 1016 cm−3. The smoothness of the Mott transition is attributed to the slow carrier‐cooling during the bimolecular interconversion of free charge carriers into excitons and to the presence of chemical‐potential fluctuations leading to inhomogeneous spectral characteristics. These results demonstrate that high‐quality nanowires are model systems for investigating fundamental scientific effects in 1D heterostructures.
Mosaiktrisomie 8p11.21q11.21 als Prädisposition für myeloische Leukämien
Authors: Ripperger T. , Schlegelberger B. , Steinemann D.
Published: March 2012

Bei der juvenilen myelomonozytären Leukämie (JMML) handelt es sich um eine myeloproliferative Erkrankung der frühen Kindheit. Bei vielen Patienten lassen sich zugrunde liegende somatische, aber auch konstitutionelle Mutationen in NRAS, KRAS, PTPN11, NF1 und CBL nachweisen. Zur Identifizierung submikroskopischer Veränderungen, die für die leukämische Transformation von Bedeutung sein können, wurden 20 JMML-Proben mittels hochauflösender Oligo-Microarray-basierter komparativer genomischer Hybridisierung (aCGH) untersucht. Bei 2 von 10 Patienten mit submikroskopischen Aberrationen konnte ein nahezu identischer Zugewinn von Chromosom 8 gezeigt werden, der sich in weiteren Untersuchungen als konstitutionelles Mosaik darstellte. Eine Übersicht von 27 Patienten mit einem konstitutionellen Trisomie-8-Mosaik (cT8M) und maligner Neoplasie zeigte, dass es sich meist um myeloische Neoplasien, auch JMML, handelt. Durch unsere Untersuchungen konnte die kritische Region auf Chromosom 8, deren Loci mutmaßlich an der Leukämieentstehung und/oder Progression beteiligt sein können, dramatisch reduziert werden: 8p11.21q11.21. Es bleibt zu klären in welcher Form das partielle Trisomie-8-Mosaik an der Leukämieentstehung beteiligt ist und in welcher Weise dies für verschiedenen Mutationssubtypen der JMML eine Rolle spielt.
A tectonophysical model of the Baikal seismic zone: testing and implications for medium-term earthquake prediction
Authors: Sherman S.I. , Lysak S.V. , Gorbunova E.A.
Published: March 2012

The first tectonophysical model of the Baikal seismic zone represents a separate complex region of the lithosphere. It has a pinnate structure with a backbone belt of current deformation, which is a concentrator of largest earthquakes, and branching, repeatedly reactivated large and small faults. In its vertical section, the seismic zone is tree-like, the stem and the branches being faults of different size ranks which can generate earthquakes when reactivated. The real-time short-period fault motions and the respective seismicity occurring at a certain time and in certain places are triggered by strain waves, which disturb the metastable state of the faulted lithosphere subject to regional stress. The modeling work includes developing general requirements for tectonophysical models of continental rifts and special methods for identifying the faults that become active within short historic time spans, as well as techniques for locating potential events in space and time in specific active faults. The methods and model testing for medium-term earthquake prediction are described by the example of the well-documented Baikal seismic zone, which is the most active part of the Baikal rift system. The tectonophysical model for the Baikal zone is statistically supported by field data, and this allows estimating the velocities and periods of strain waves for different zone segments and faults, with implications for nearest-future earthquake prediction.
Pull-In Analysis of a Nonlinear Viscoelastic Nanocomposite Microplate Under an Electrostatic Actuation
Authors: Jalali A. , Khadem S. E.
Published: March 2012

In this paper, the deflection, natural frequency and damping quality factor of a viscoelastic microplate under an electrostatic actuation are investigated. The microplate is assumed as a CNT-reinforced nanocomposite microplate, and an electrostatic actuation is applied on it. The nonlinear equations of motion are derived using the Von-Karman plate theory, and the Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic model. In order to obtain the material properties of the nanocomposite microplate, the Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka method is implemented. The static pull-in instability of the microplate is obtained. It is shown that the nanocomposite microplate can both increase the deflection and natural frequency of the micro devices. So, one may have a nanocomposite microplate with the same deflection of the SiO2 microplate, while its frequency would be 1.45 times of the SiO2 microplate. This characteristic is highly desirable in microswitches. Also, it is shown that the damping quality factor of the nanocomposite microplate is much greater than SiO2 microplate. This fact limits the implementation of a nanocomposite microplate as a vibrating element of the micro devises. So, there are great beneficial static and frequency response characteristics for nanocomposite microplates. But, it is not recommended for microresonators due to high damping characteristics.
Alliances between Militant Groups
Authors: Bapat Navin A. , Bond Kanisha D.
Published: March 2012

Instrumentally, militant groups should seek to maximize their power against governments by forming alliances. However, studies in bargaining theory predict that alliances between militants would suffer from commitment problems. This study seeks to identify the conditions under which militant groups overcome these acute commitment problems and form alliances. Two game theory models of alliances amongst militants are presented, the first capturing bilateral co-operation, and the second under conditions of asymmetry. It may be concluded that while militants less susceptible to government repression should prefer bilateral alliances, vulnerable militants are more likely to form asymmetric alliances involving state sponsors. Following the theoretical predictions, the theory is tested empirically using the UCDP/PRIO data.
Capturing Diversity: A Typology of Third Sector Organisations’ Responses to Contracting Based on Empirical Evidence from Homelessness Services
Authors: BUCKINGHAM HEATHER
Published: March 2012

The impacts of government contracting on third sector organisations (TSOs) have attracted much discussion; however, the diversity of the organisations that comprise the third sector means that these impacts in fact vary considerably between TSOs. In order to better understand this complexity and to analyse and articulate TSOs’ experiences more effectively, it is useful to think about different response types. Based on empirical evidence from a study of homelessness TSOs in two South East England local authorities, this paper presents a typology of organisational responses to contracting. The four types identified are: Comfortable Contractors, Compliant Contractors, Cautious Contractors, and Community-Based Non-Contractors. The varied experiences of these different types of organisation with regard to contracting are described in the paper and point to the need for greater precision and differentiation within academic debates, and in the formulation of social policy relating to the third sector.
Astro Navigation Remembered
Authors: Hohenkerk Catherine , Kemp John , Nibbs Brian
Published: March 2012

The authors give a personal account of the use of astro navigation during the years before GPS became the primary aid for oceanic navigation. The paper also contains an account of the support provided by The Nautical Almanac (NA) together with its associated tables and computer programs which ease the tedium of sight reduction while leaving the satisfaction to be found in successful astro observations at sea.

An early version of Section 2 of this paper formed part of a presentation made at the Symposium After Longitude – Modern Navigation in Context which took place at the UK National Maritime Museum from 22–23 March 2012.
Research on FKF Method Based on an Improved Genetic Algorithm for Multi-sensor Integrated Navigation System
Authors: Wei Quan , Jiancheng Fang
Published: March 2012

The fusion of multi-sensor data can provide more accurate and reliable navigation performance than single-sensor methods. However, the general Federated Kalman Filter (FKF) is not suitable for large changes of complex nonlinear systems parameters and is not optimized for effective information sharing coefficients to estimate navigation preferences. This study concerns research on the FKF method for a nonlinear adaptive model based on an improved Genetic Algorithm (GA) for the Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS) / Celestial Navigation System (CNS) / Global Positioning System (GPS) integrated multi-sensor navigation system. An improved fitness function avoids the premature convergence problem of a general GA and decimal coding improves its performance. The improved GA is used to build the adaptive FKF model and to select the optimized information sharing coefficients of the FKF. An Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is used to deal with the nonlinearity of integrated navigation system. Finally, a solution and implementation of the system is proposed and verified experimentally.