bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microsurgical reconstruction of complex maxillofacial gunshot wounds: Outcomes analysis and algorithm
Authors: Gurunluoglu Raffi , Gatherwright James
Published: January 2019

Background

Satisfaction with appearance, functional outcomes (speech, swallowing), work status after microsurgical reconstruction for maxillofacial gunshot wounds (GSW) remain largely unknown. The purpose of this study is to report these parameters. By investigating these outcomes, we also aimed to provide microsurgical algorithms for complex maxillofacial GSW.

Methods

Forty‐two consecutive maxillofacial GSW patients between 2006 and 2014 were analyzed for outcomes. Mean age was 41.3 years ranging 14 to 77 years. There were 33 males and 9 females.

Results

Twenty‐four patients received 36 free flaps for early reconstruction in 1 to 2 weeks, two patients in a delayed manner. Fifteen fibula flaps for mandible reconstruction, five fibula, there radial forearm (RF), and two scapular osteocutaneous (OC) flaps for maxilla reconstruction, two RF flaps for palate reconstruction, one RF for cheek reconstruction were used. Four patients underwent innervated gracilis flap for total lower lip and one for cheek reconstruction. Rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap was used for mid‐face defects in two patients. One anterolateral thigh flap was used for lower lip/chin reconstruction. Nine free flaps were performed to treat a complication and/or to improve function. All flaps survived except for three partial skin paddle loss to fibula flaps. Mean follow‐up was 17.2 months. Return to work/school was 70%. Surveys noted 58% “satisfied”. All patients but two achieved perceptible speech, the majority had no difficulty with swallowing, all patients had oral competence.

Conclusions

Favorable outcomes were obtained in most maxillofacial GSW. After investigating these outcomes, microsurgical algorithms were developed for clinical practice for reconstruction of composite mandible and total‐lower lip defects, and maxilla/mid‐face defects.
A lifestyle management programme focused on exercise, diet and physiotherapy support for patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis and a body mass index over 35: A qualitative study
Authors: Law Rebecca‐Jane , Nafees Sadia , Hiscock Julia , Wynne Cathy , Williams Nefyn Howard
Published: January 2019

The Lifestyle Management Programme (LMP) is an exercise and weight management programme with physiotherapy support for people with hip or knee osteoarthritis (OA) and a body mass index (BMI) over 35. This qualitative study explored views and experiences of the LMP among patients and professionals, and offers insight for future programmes. Five referring clinicians and six delivering professionals participated in focus groups. Three referring GPs and nine patients who attended the LMP took part in semi‐structured interviews. Topics included: referral, reasons for taking up and continuing the programme or not, and experiences and outcomes. Framework method was used to analyse the qualitative data. Overall, patients and professionals valued the multidisciplinary nature of the LMP. However, professionals explained feeling guilty about delaying patients on the orthopaedic waiting list and believed that the programme should be redirected to those with less severe OA and a lower BMI. Referring clinicians differed in their interpretation of the referral criteria and expressed varying levels of autonomy when making referrals. Patients referred after a consultation with their general practitioner appeared to be more satisfied with the referral process. Patients were also encouraged by the opportunity to improve health, their likelihood of surgery and social benefits. However, patients were discouraged by inconvenience, cost, lack of readiness to change and embarrassment. In conclusion, shared decision‐making about lifestyle management without delaying orthopaedic opinion is preferable, and more psychological support may increase participation. Importantly, the programme may be better focused on rehabilitation for patients with a lower BMI and less severe symptoms.
The effects of ATP on the contractions of rat and mouse fast skeletal muscle
Authors: Ziganshin Ayrat U. , Khairullin Adel E. , Teplov Alexander Y. , Gabdrakhmanov Azat I. , Ziganshina Liliya E. , Hoyle Charles H.V. , Ziganshin Bulat A. , Grishin Sergey N.
Published: January 2019

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of adenosine‐5'‐triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine on the contractility of rodent extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle at normal and low temperatures. Methods: Contractions of rat and mouse isolated EDL were induced by either electrical stimulation (ES) or exogenous carbachol and recorded in the presence of ATP or adenosine (both at 100 μM). Results: ATP at all temperatures caused a decrease of the contractions induced by carbachol in rat and mouse EDL and ES‐induced contractions in rat EDL, while it potentiated the ES‐induced contractions of mouse EDL. Adenosine reduced the contractility of rat and mouse EDL evoked by ES and did not affect the carbachol‐induced contractions of rat and mouse EDL at any temperature. Discussion: Under various temperature conditions, ATP inhibits pre‐ but potentiates postsynaptic processes in the mouse EDL; in the rat EDL ATP causes only inhibition of neuromuscular conduction. Muscle Nerve 59:509–516, 2019
Error estimate of point selection in uncertainty quantification of nonlinear structures involving multiple nonuniformly distributed parameters
Authors: Chen Jianbing , Chan Jianpeng
Published: January 2019

The error analysis for the selection of representative point sets (RPSs) in multidimensional random‐variate space assigned with arbitrary nonuniform distribution with compact support for uncertainty quantification is developed by extending the Koksma‐Hlawka inequalities, which bound the worst error with some kind of discrepancy of the RPS and the variation of the integrand. The novel concepts of the EF‐discrepancy and the GF‐discrepancy are introduced, and the connection and equivalence between them are inquired into. Based on such theoretical basis, the error estimate of selecting RPSs in the standardized space instead of that in the original physical space is studied, showing that the standardization of the input random variables does not increase, but usually reduce, the error bound by GF‐discrepancy. The extended Koksma‐Hlawka inequality also establishes the theoretical basis for the error estimate of the probability density evolution method. Besides, the closed‐form expressions for the EF‐discrepancy are given in the Appendix. A numerical example involving a complex nonlinear engineering structure modeled by the finite element method is studied, showing the accuracy of the proposed approach.
Long and Short of It: Early Response Predicts Longer‐Term Outcomes in Pediatric Weight Management
Authors: Gross Amy C. , Kaizer Alexander M. , Kelly Aaron S. , Rudser Kyle D. , Ryder Justin R. , Borzutzky Claudia R. , Santos Melissa , Tucker Jared M. , Yee Jennifer K. , Fox Claudia K. ,   POWER Work Group
Published: January 2019

Objective

This study aimed to examine whether 1‐month BMI improvement is predictive of superior 6‐ and 12‐month BMI changes in a national sample of youth in pediatric weight management treatment.

Methods

Participants were 4‐ to 18‐year‐olds from the Pediatric Obesity Weight Evaluation Registry, a prospective study collecting data from 31 pediatric weight management programs across the United States. Response at 1 month was defined as ≥ 3% BMI reduction; success at 6 and 12 months was defined as ≥ 5% BMI reduction from baseline. Analyses used linear and logistic regression with robust variance estimation.

Results

Primary analyses were completed with 687 participants (mean age 12.2 years). One‐month responders demonstrated significant improvements in BMI compared with nonresponders at 6 months (BMI, −2.05 vs. 0.05; %BMI, −5.81 vs. 0.23; P < 0.001 for all) and 12 months (BMI, −1.87 vs. 0.30; %BMI, −5.04 vs. 1.06; P < 0.001 for all). The odds of success for 1‐month responders were 9.64 (95% CI: 5.85‐15.87; P < 0.001) times that of nonresponders at 6 months and 5.24 (95% CI: 2.49‐11.02; P < 0.001) times that of nonresponders at 12 months.

Conclusions

In treatment‐seeking youth with obesity, early BMI reduction was significantly associated with greater long‐term BMI reduction. Nonresponders may benefit from early treatment redirection or intensification.
Efficacy of systemic sirolimus in the treatment of generalized lymphatic anomaly and Gorham–Stout disease
Authors: Ricci Kiersten W. , Hammill Adrienne M. , Mobberley‐Schuman Paula , Nelson Stephen C. , Blatt Julie , Bender Julia L. Glade , McCuaig Catherine C. , Synakiewicz Anna , Frieden Ilona J. , Adams Denise M.
Published: January 2019

Background

Generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA) and Gorham–Stout disease (GSD) are rare complicated lymphatic malformations that occur in multiple body sites and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment options have been limited, and conventional medical therapies have been generally ineffective. Emerging data suggest a role for sirolimus as a treatment option for complex lymphatic anomalies.

Procedure

Disease response was evaluated by radiologic imaging, quality of life (QOL), and clinical status assessments in children and young adults with GLA and GSD from a multicenter systematic retrospective review of patients treated with oral sirolimus and the prospective phase 2 clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of sirolimus in complicated vascular anomalies (NCT00975819). Sirolimus dosing regimens and toxicities were also assessed.

Results

Eighteen children and young adults with GLA (n = 13) or GSD (n = 5) received oral sirolimus. Fifteen patients (83%) had improvement in one or more aspects of their disease (QOL 78%, clinical status 72%, imaging 28%). No patients with bone involvement had progression of bone disease, and the majority had symptom or functional improvement on sirolimus. Improvement of pleural and pericardial effusion(s) occurred in 72% and 50% of affected patients; no effusions worsened on treatment.

Conclusions

Sirolimus appears effective at stabilizing or reducing signs/symptoms of disease in patients with GLA and GSD. Functional impairment and/or QOL improved in the majority of individuals with GLA and GSD with sirolimus treatment.
Successful treatment of metastatic cerebral recurrence of pleuropulmonary blastoma
Authors: Nakano Yoshiko , Gatell Sandra Pisa , Schultz Kris Ann P. , Carrillo Thais Murciano , Fujisaki Hiroyuki , Okada Keiko , Horiike Masaki , Nakamura Tetsuro , Watanabe Yusuke , Matsusaka Yasuhiro , Sakamoto Hiroaki , Fukushima Hiroko , Inoue Takeshi , Williams Gretchen M. , Hill D. Ashley , Hara Junichi
Published: January 2019

Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare pediatric tumor. The central nervous system (CNS) is the most common site of extrathoracic metastasis. The prognosis of PPB patients with CNS metastases is dismal: most patients die within one year after recurrence. Here, we describe two patients diagnosed with PPB who developed intracranial recurrences shortly after the end of their initial treatment and were successfully treated by gross total resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Both patients are in complete remission four and three years after recurrence. Although an optimal regimen remains to be determined, these cases demonstrate that PPB with CNS metastases is potentially curable.
Effect of different compatibilizers on environmentally friendly composites from poly(lactic acid) and diatomaceous earth
Authors: Aguero Angel , Quiles‐Carrillo Luis , Jorda‐Vilaplana Amparo , Fenollar Octavio , Montanes Nestor
Published: January 2019

Environmentally friendly composites from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and diatomaceous earth (DE) were successfully manufactured by extrusion, followed by injection moulding. DE was used as a filler; several compatibilizer/coupling agents, namely (3‐glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, epoxy styrene acrylic oligomer and maleinized linseed oil, were used to improve polymer–filler interactions. Mechanical characterization was carried out by standard tensile, impact and hardness tests while morphological characterization of the fractured surfaces was conducted by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The effect of DE was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal behaviour. The results show that the addition of DE provides an improved tensile modulus and induces more brittle composites due to stress concentration phenomena. The addition of compatibilizers in PLA‐DE positively contributes to improve ductile properties, thus leading to high environmental efficiency materials with balanced mechanical properties. Specifically, the compatibility improvement between the PLA and DE was good with maleinized linseed oil and contributed to improving the impact strength, which is a key factor in PLA‐based composites due to the intrinsic brittleness of neat PLA. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Breast Cancer‐Derived Exosomes Reflect the Cell‐of‐Origin Phenotype
Authors: Wen Shu Wen , Lima Luize G. , Lobb Richard J. , Norris Emma L. , Hastie Marcus L. , Krumeich Sophie , Möller Andreas
Published: January 2019

A manner in which cells can communicate with each other is via secreted nanoparticles termed exosomes. These vesicles contain lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, and are said to reflect the cell‐of‐origin. However, for the exosomal protein content, there is limited evidence in the literature to verify this statement. Here, proteomic assessment combined with pathway‐enrichment analysis is used to demonstrate that the protein cargo of exosomes reflects the epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype of secreting breast cancer cells. Given that epithelial‐mesenchymal plasticity is known to implicate various stages of cancer progression, the results suggest that breast cancer subtypes with distinct epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes may be distinguished by directly assessing the protein content of exosomes. Additionally, the work is a substantial step toward verifying the statement that cell‐derived exosomes reflect the phenotype of the cells‐of‐origin.
Chondrotoxic Effects of Local Anesthetics on Human Knee Articular Cartilage: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jayaram Prathap , Kennedy David J. , Yeh Peter , Dragoo Jason
Published: January 2019

Objective

To review the current literature on the effects of intraarticular local anesthetics on human knee articular cartilage.

Literature Survey

PubMed; MEDLINE; SCOPUS; PEDro; CINAHL databases (1/1990‐06/1/2018) were searched for local anesthetic effects on human knee articular cartilage.

Methodology

Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria, with outcome measures assessing chondrocyte viability, morphology, and histology. A systematic review was performed using PRISMA guidelines.

Synthesis

Seven studies were identified evaluating lidocaine, with five of them demonstrating statistically significant chondrotoxic effects. Fourteen studies examined bupivacaine, with all but one study demonstrating a chondrotoxic effect. Eight studies examined ropivacaine and found a dose‐dependent chondrotoxicity starting at 0.75%. Two studies evaluated levobupivacaine showing chondrotoxicity, with one study showing it to be more chondrotoxic than bupivacaine. One study looked at mepivacaine and showed it to have more chondrotoxicity than ropivacaine. When studied the chondrotoxicity was found to be both dose and time dependent. Also, the addition of corticosteroids appeared to worsen the chondrotoxic effects.

Conclusions

Lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine, levobupivacaine, and mepivacaine were reported to have dose‐ and time‐dependent deleterious effects on chondrocytes that appeared to be made worse by the coadministration of corticosteroids. Ropivacaine at concentrations of 0.5% or less was found to be the least chondrotoxic anesthetic.

Level of Evidence

I
Clinical, functional, and radiological outcome in children with pleural empyema
Authors: Maffey Alberto , Colom Alejandro , Venialgo Carolina , Acastello Eduardo , Garrido Patricia , Cozzani Hugo , Eguiguren Cecilia , Teper Alejandro
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Few studies have prospectively evaluated recovery process and long‐term consequences of pleural space infections.

Objective

To evaluate clinical, pulmonary, and diaphragmatic function and radiological outcome in patients hospitalized with pleural empyema.

Material and Methods

Previously healthy patients from 6 to 16 years were enrolled. Demographic, clinical, and treatment data were registered. At hospital discharge, and every 30 days or until normalization, patients underwent a clinical evaluation, diaphragmatic ultrasound, and lung function testing. Chest radiographs were performed at subsequent visits only if abnormalities persisted.

Results

Thirty patients were included. Nineteen (63%) were male, with an age of (mean ± SD) 9.7 ± 3.2 years, and body mass index (mean ± SD) 18.6 ± 3. Twelve patients (40%) were treated with chest tube drainage only, 12 (40%) exclusively with surgery, and 6 (20%) completed treatment with surgery due to an ineffective chest tube drainage. At hospital discharge, 26 (87%) of patients had abnormal breath sounds at the site of infection, 28 (93%) had a spirometric restrictive pattern, 19 (63%) diaphragmatic motion impairment, and 29 (97%) presented radiological involvement of pleural space, mainly pleural thickening. All patients had recovered diaphragmatic motion and were asymptomatic at 90‐ and 120‐day follow‐up control, respectively. Then, with a great individual variability, radiological findings, and lung function returned to normal at 60 days (range 30–180) and 90 days (range 30–180) after hospital discharge, respectively.

Conclusion

Patients with pleural empyema had a complete and progressive recovery, with initial clinical and diaphragmatic motion normalization followed by radiological and lung function recovery.
Chronic heart failure in adults: diagnosis and management
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: January 2019

NICE published a new guideline in September 2018 on the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in adults (NG106). This article provides a summary of the guideline and how it differs from previous NICE guidance and the 2016 SIGN guidance.
Recent Progress of Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xie Haixia , Yin Xingtian , Guo Yuxiao , Liu Jie , Que Wenxiu , Wang Gangfeng
Published: January 2019

Flexible solar cells have been considered as a promising photovoltaic (PV) technology due to their intrinsic advantages such as lightweight and bendability, which make them very convenient for transportation, installation, and integration with architectures and wearable electricity‐generating devices. As a novel PV technology being compatible with roll‐to‐roll fabrication, flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) have achieved a great progress within the past few years, partially due to the superior photoelectronic properties of the halide perovskite absorber and the easy fabrication of the device. As a result, the champion power conversion efficiency of the FPSCs has exceeded 18% recently. In this review, the recent developments of FPSCs are summarized and discussed in the following four aspects: perovskite absorbers, flexible substrates, transparent conductive electrodes, and carrier transport layers, which are the main components for a FPSC device. The flexibility, stability, and other properties are also discussed in terms of the specialized FPSC devices. Finally, a rough prediction for the future development of FPSCs is provided at the end of this review.
Nigella sativa essential oil and its bioactive compounds as resistance modifiers against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Mouwakeh Ahmad , Kincses Annamária , Nové Márta , Mosolygó Tímea , Mohácsi‐Farkas Csilla , Kiskó Gabriella , Spengler Gabriella
Published: January 2019

Nigella sativa essential oil (EO) and its compounds (thymoquinone, carvacrol, and p‐cymene) have a broad antimicrobial spectrum. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial and resistance modifying activity of N. sativa EO, thymoquinone, carvacrol, and p‐cymene against one methicillin susceptible and one methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. N. sativa EO, thymoquinone, carvacrol, and p‐cymene were assessed for antimicrobial activity and modulation of antimicrobial resistance (by broth microdilution), inhibition of antimicrobial efflux (by ethidium bromide [EtBr] accumulation assay), relative expression of mepA gene (by real‐time reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction), membrane disrupting effect (by LIVE/DEAD BacLight™ Kit), and finally antibiofilm activity (by the crystal violet assay). Both strains of S. aureus were susceptible to N. sativa EO, thymoquinone, and carvacrol. N. sativa EO and carvacrol induced the increase of EtBr accumulated by both S. aureus strains. Membrane integrity of ATCC strain was disrupted by carvacrol and p‐cymene, whereas for the methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain the membrane integrity was disrupted by each compound. N. sativa EO and its bioactive compounds such as carvacrol and p‐cymene could be applied as resistance modifiers in MRSA strains.
Estimation of 3D wet refractivity by tomography, combining GNSS and NWP data: First results from assimilation of wet refractivity into NWP
Authors: Trzcina Estera , Rohm Witold
Published: January 2019

The magnitude of water‐vapour content and its temporal variability are factors that influence the thermodynamics of the atmosphere significantly and result in different meteorological phenomena or hazards. High‐quality observations of water‐vapour spatial and temporal distribution enable precise weather forecasts to be made. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) troposphere tomography is a technique that enables derivation of a three‐dimensional (3D) distribution of the wet refractivity with low cost in all weather conditions, based on GNSS slant observations of tropospheric delay. The tomographic estimations of the wet refractivity distribution have the potential to improve numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. In this study, we established a near‐real‐time (NRT) tomographic solution in the area of Poland using the TOMO2 model in order to verify whether tomographic products can attain the required accuracy and be assimilated into operational NWP models. The assimilation of the TOMO2 output into a weather research and forecasting (WRF) model was performed, using the WRF Data Assimilation (WRFDA) system and a GPSREF observation operator dedicated to radio occultation (RO) total refractivity assimilation. Two selected analysis periods covered summer storms and autumn rainfalls. The validation of the WRF model analysis with GNSS integrated water vapour (IWV) data, synoptic observations, radiosonde profiles, and ERA‐Interim reanalysis indicated an improvement in the relative humidity in the top tropospheric layers (the bias decreased by 1.4–4.6% and the standard deviation by 0.8–2.8%). In the middle troposphere, a positive impact was noticed in the summer (the standard deviation of the relative humidity decreased by 0.15%) but not in the autumn. The forecast at lead times of 6–18 hr was visibly improved in the autumn (reduction of root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) by 0.5% in relative humidity and 0.25 °C in temperature, reduction in standard deviation of surface pressure by 0.5 hPa), while in the summer the results were neutral or negative (RMSE of relative humidity increased by 1.0%).
Computational modeling of entrepreneurship grounded in Austrian economics: Insights for strategic entrepreneurship and the opportunity debate
Authors: Keyhani Mohammad
Published: January 2019

Research Summary

This paper makes three key arguments: (a) that computational modeling is a key methodological tool that can aid in the development of formal economic foundations for entrepreneurship that are grounded in Austrian economics; (b) that computational modeling grounded in Austrian economics can serve to integrate models of competitive advantage in equilibrium (economic foundations of strategy) with models of the entrepreneurial function in disequilibrium (economic foundations of entrepreneurship), thereby providing an economic foundation for strategic entrepreneurship; and (c) that the mathematical precision of computational modeling grounded in Austrian economics can serve to clarify the logic behind differing perspectives that have led to debates fueled by the imprecision of natural languages, such as the opportunity debate in the entrepreneurship literature.

Managerial Summary

This paper asks: what are the implications for strategic entrepreneurship if we model it on the foundations of an economic logic developed by the Austrian economics school of thought in a way that integrates into existing economic logics of strategy and competitive advantage? The Austrian economics logic highlights the role of disequilibrium, creative imagination, time and uncertainty, while the traditional economic logic emphasizes the importance of structural sustainable advantages in equilibrium. In this integrative view, even if a firm does not enjoy any competitive advantage over rivals, opportunities for profit or development of competitive advantage still exist through entrepreneurial action. An entrepreneur adopting this view in practice would recognize their own agency, but also the limits to it and the role of external factors.
In Vitro Study of the Interaction Between HSA and 4‐Bromoindolylchalcone, a Potent Human MAO‐B Inhibitor: Spectroscopic and Molecular Modeling Studies
Authors: Chaves Otávio Augusto , Sasidharan Rani , dos Santos de Oliveira Cosme H. C. , Manju Sreedharannair Leelabaiamma , Joy Monu , Mathew Bijo , Netto‐Ferreira José Carlos
Published: January 2019

Based on our previous report, (2E)‐3‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐1‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl) prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (IC9) showed potent and reversible hMAO−B inhibitor with Ki=0.010±0.005 μM and a selectivity index of 120 ‐ better than selegiline, the standard drug for hMAO−B. To continue the pharmacological investigation of IC9, the present study describes in vitro interaction between the titled compound and human serum albumin (HSA) under physiological condition by spectroscopic techniques (UV‐Vis, circular dichroism, steady‐state, synchronous, 3D and time‐resolved fluorescence) combined with molecular docking and quantum chemical calculations. There is a moderate ground‐state association between HSA:IC9, which is enthalpically and entropically driven. This association occurs mainly inside Sudlow's site I. There is a weak perturbation on the secondary structure and on the microenvironment around Trp residue as evidenced by circular dichroism and synchronous fluorescence. Molecular docking suggested that IC9 can interact via hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic forces, whereas quantum chemical calculations suggested that the presence of a bromine atom is supporting the ability of binding between IC9 and HSA through an electrostatic interaction.
Hybrid Anodic and Metal‐Assisted Chemical Etching Method Enabling Fabrication of Silicon Carbide Nanowires
Authors: Chen Yun , Zhang Cheng , Li Liyi , Zhou Shuang , Chen Xin , Gao Jian , Zhao Ni , Wong Ching‐Ping
Published: January 2019

Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the most important third‐generation semiconductor materials. However, the chemical robustness of SiC makes it very difficult to process, and only very limited methods are available to fabricate nanostructures on SiC. In this work, a hybrid anodic and metal‐assisted chemical etching (MACE) method is proposed to fabricate SiC nanowires based on wet etching approaches at room temperature and under atmospheric pressure. Through investigations of the etching mechanism and optimal etching conditions, it is found that the metal component plays at least two key roles in the process, i.e., acting as a catalyst to produce hole carriers and introducing band bending in SiC to accumulate sufficient holes for etching. Through the combined anodic and MACE process the required electrical bias is greatly lowered (3.5 V for etching SiC and 7.5 V for creating SiC nanowires) while enhancing the etching efficiency. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that by tuning the etching electrical bias and time, various nanostructures can be obtained and the diameters of the obtained pores and nanowires can range from tens to hundreds of nanometers. This facile method may provide a feasible and economical way to fabricate SiC nanowires and nanostructures for broad applications.
Mouse Wnt1-CRE-RosaTomato Dental Pulp Stem Cells Directly Contribute to the Calvarial Bone Regeneration Process
Authors: Collignon Anne-Margaux , Castillo-Dali Gabriel , Gomez Eduardo , Guilbert Thomas , Lesieur Julie , Nicoletti Antonino , Acuna-Mendoza Soledad , Letourneur Didier , Chaussain Catherine , Rochefort Gael Y. , Poliard Anne
Published: January 2019

Stem cells endowed with skeletogenic potentials seeded in specific scaffolds are considered attractive tissue engineering strategies for treating large bone defects. In the context of craniofacial bone, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells derived from the dental pulp (DPSCs) have demonstrated significant osteogenic properties. Their neural crest embryonic origin further makes them a potential accessible therapeutic tool to repair craniofacial bone. The stem cells’ direct involvement in the repair process versus a paracrine effect is however still discussed. To clarify this question, we have followed the fate of fluorescent murine DPSCs derived from PN3 Wnt1-CRE- RosaTomato mouse molar (T-mDPSCs) during the repair process of calvaria bone defects. Two symmetrical critical defects created on each parietal region were filled with (a) dense collagen scaffolds seeded with T-mDPSCs, (b) noncellularized scaffolds, or (c) no scaffold. Mice were imaged over a 3-month period by microcomputed tomography to evaluate the extent of repair and by biphotonic microscopy to track T-mDPSCs. Histological and immunocytochemical analyses were performed in parallel to characterize the nature of the repaired tissue. We show that T-mDPSCs are present up to 3 months postimplantation in the healing defect and that they rapidly differentiate in chondrocyte-like cells expressing all the expected characteristic markers. T-mDPSCs further maturate into hypertrophic chondrocytes and likely signal to host progenitors that form new bone tissue. This demonstrates that implanted T-mDPSCs are able to survive in the defect microenvironment and to participate directly in repair via an endochondral bone ossification-like process. Stem Cells  2019;37:701–711
Modal Combinatorialism is Consistent with S5
Authors: Taylor Henry ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2019

The combinatorial theory of modality has long been dogged by the supposed problem that it entails that S5 is not the correct logic for metaphysical modality. In this paper, I suggest a modification to combinatorialism, to eliminate this tension with S5. I argue that the resulting view is more in the spirit of combinatorialism than the original position.
Optimization of cyclopropane fatty acids production in Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Czerwiec Quentin , Idrissitaghki Abdelghani , Imatoukene Nabila , Nonus Maurice , Thomasset Brigitte , Nicaud Jean‐Marc , Rossignol Tristan
Published: January 2019

Cyclopropane fatty acids, which can be simply converted to methylated fatty acids, are good unusual fatty acid candidates for long‐term resistance to oxidization and low‐temperature fluidity useful for oleochemistry and biofuels. Cyclopropane fatty acids are present in low amounts in plants or bacteria. In order to develop a process for large‐scale biolipid production, we expressed 10 cyclopropane fatty acid synthases from various organisms in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, a model yeast for lipid metabolism and naturally capable of producing large amounts of lipids.

The Escherichia coli cyclopropane fatty acid synthase expression in Y. lipolytica allows the production of two classes of cyclopropane fatty acids, a C17:0 cyclopropanated form and a C19:0 cyclopropanated form, whereas others produce only the C17:0 form. Expression optimization and fed‐batch fermentation set‐up enable us to reach a specific productivity of 0.032 g·L−1·hr−1 with a genetically modified strain containing cyclopropane fatty acid up to 45% of the total lipid content corresponding to a titre of 2.3 ± 0.2 g/L and a yield of 56.2 ± 4.4 mg/g.
Exploring the Cu‐In‐S System under Solvothermal Conditions near the Composition CuIn5S8
Authors: Lühmann Henning , Quiroga‐González Enrique , Kienle Lorenz , Duppel Viola , Neubüser Gero , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: January 2019

Solvothermal syntheses of copper‐indium‐sulfides performed with different Cu:In:S ratios afforded crystallization of nanocrystalline Cu‐In‐S phases with compositions close to CuInS2, CuIn3S5, and CuIn7S11. Each sample shows a different and distinguishable morphology. The minority component CuInS2 with wurtzite‐type structure crystallizes as thin plates, which are preferably stacked parallel to black stacks. The component with composition CuIn3S5 forms isolated few nm thin layers being arranged like the petals of a flower growing from a common point. Finally, red CuIn7S11 is obtained as nanobelts with individual diameters of about 20 nm and lengths up to more than 1 μm. According to electron diffraction patterns and X‐ray diffractometry the structures of CuIn3S5 and CuIn7S11 cannot be assigned to known bulk phases of the Cu‐In‐S system, however first structure models are proposed.
Taking Account of Land-Sea Interactions in Marine Spatial Planning
Authors: Kidd Sue , Jones Hannah , Jay Stephen
Published: January 2019

This chapter reflects on marine/maritime spatial planning (MSP) from a Land-Sea Interaction (LSI) perspective. It raises questions about the role and limitations of MSP in addressing sustainable development of the world’s oceans as many of the issues it is concerned with are inextricably connected to activity on the land. The chapter starts by identifying LSI considerations in some of the key documents that are guiding the establishment of MSP. It then sets out a framework for considering LSI and explores the different dimensions with particular reference to examples from European experience. It ends with an exploration of how LSI matters might inform future directions for MSP and may be heralding a new era of Territorial Spatial Planning (TSP), which spans both land and sea.
Scenario-Building for Marine Spatial Planning
Authors: McGowan Lynne , Jay Stephen , Kidd Sue
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on the use of scenarios to inform the development of marine spatial plans. An in-depth example of scenario-building for the Celtic Seas is presented, based on a four-way possibility space using the axes of spatial efficiency and cooperation between planning authorities to create four scenarios which were tested in a workshop. This demonstrated the importance of using scenarios to understand the aspirations of different stakeholders towards integration within the marine spatial planning (MSP) process, the realities of encouraging co-location between sea uses and highlighted important issues where further transboundary cooperation on MSP may be required.
The Need for Marine Spatial Planning in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
Authors: Altvater Susanne , Fletcher Ruth , Passarello Cristian
Published: January 2019

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) provides an important tool for sustainably managing mounting pressures on the living and non-living resources in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Taking into account the interests of sectors and nature conservation, MSP fosters processes related to stakeholder exchange and collective governance mechanisms. A large amount of experience has been gained at national or regional level on how to apply MSP in cross-border situations. This chapter highlights the existing legal framework and which organisations could foster MSP in ABNJ. Furthermore, it assesses whether existing MSP tools are somehow transferable to ABNJ and shows first results of MSP projects in these areas.
Socio-cultural Dimensions of Marine Spatial Planning
Authors: McKinley Emma , Acott Tim , Stojanovic Tim
Published: January 2019

Bringing together the complex social and cultural dimensions of marine spatial planning (MSP), this chapter examines how these two terms are applied (or not) in the context of MSP. Global marine and coastal planning continues to recognise that human activities must be considered in order to account for the dynamic interconnectivity between society and the sea. Many research fields explore the importance of the sea to identity, sense of place, health or community cohesion. However, these draw on a range of different assumptions to mainstream marine science and struggle to be incorporated into traditional policy processes, environmental assessments and large-scale planning processes. In this chapter, we interrogate the concept of ‘socio-cultural’, examining how this is being defined and applied across the MSP landscape.
Politics and Power in Marine Spatial Planning
Authors: Flannery Wesley , Clarke Jane , McAteer Benedict
Published: January 2019

Marine spatial planning (MSP) has been lauded as a remedy to unsuitable marine management. There is, however, growing MSP research illustrating that it is failing to foster paradigm shifts towards sustainable governance. The gap between MSP theory and practice is due to its asocial and apolitical implementation. This narrow version of MSP has been advanced through post-political planning and uncritical rationalities. The result is a choreographed form of MSP, with clearly defined outcomes that serve the needs of elite actors rather than the public interest. This chapter argues that to recapture its democratising potential, MSP requires explicit engagement with politics and power. We highlight the use of the boundary object lens and citizen science as two potential avenues to facilitate this engagement.
Out-Migration from Peripheries: How Cumulated Individual Strategies Affect Local Development Capacities
Authors: Moldovan Aura
Published: January 2019

In light of the increasing polarisation affecting Central and Eastern Europe over the past two and a half decades, peripheries have been struggling with a range of economic and demographic issues, including selective out-migration. Using peripheries from Romania’s Sălaj County as a case study, the chapter draws on structured interviews with locals and public officials in order to: (1) identify how locals utilise different forms of mobility as strategies to cope with structural deficits aggravated by peripheralisation; and (2) highlight the impact of selective out-migration on the diminishing local development capacities of public officials in peripheries. Through this actor-based approach, the analysis can broadly identify the development strategies already employed in peripheries and what effect they truly have on decreasing core–periphery inequalities.
Leading Through Image Making? On the Limits of Emphasising Agency in Structurally Disadvantaged Rural Places
Authors: Plüschke-Altof Bianka , Grootens Martiene
Published: January 2019

As one response to peripheralisation, agency-based concepts like place leadership and image making have received increasing attention in research on regional polarisation. Based on fieldwork in Estonian rural areas between 2015 and 2017, this chapter sheds light on unexpected challenges faced by local leaders applying these solutions and researchers trying to make sense of them. While place leadership and image making can play a crucial role in fighting regional polarisation, it is shown that they also create new problems of idealisation and responsibilisation in structurally disadvantaged rural areas. Through a discussion of the limits of these response strategies, the chapter reflects upon the complexity that practitioners and researchers experience when acting in these places, which also questions the recent focus on agency prevalent in research on regional polarisation.
Questioning the Convergence of Cohesion and Innovation Policies in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Loewen Bradley , Schulz Sebastian
Published: January 2019

In the arena of EU regional development, Cohesion Policy and Innovation Policy are converging into a common economic strategy. Nevertheless, a scholarly debate surrounding the theoretical incompatibilities between the two is especially relevant to Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), where the majority of regions are beneficiaries of Cohesion Policy while attempting to implement innovation strategies. Based on a multi-national comparative analysis of policy documents and expert interviews from Czechia, Estonia, Hungary and Slovakia, this chapter assesses how the policy areas are interrelated, asking whether they should be seen as furthering regional polarisation instead of territorial cohesion. Acknowledging differences in national responses, it is necessary to further articulate, and possibly separate, the objectives of the respective policies, in order to protect the integrity of cohesion initiatives.
Divergent Paths to Cohesion: The (Unintended) Consequences of a Place-Based Cohesion Policy
Authors: Telle Stefan , Špaček Martin , Crăciun Daniela
Published: January 2019

This chapter employs computer-assisted text analysis (CATA) to measure changes in EU Cohesion Policy (CP) objectives and to illustrate their place-based consequences. The method confirms a major shift in focus from employment and social objectives under the Lisbon Agenda to growth and innovation objectives under the Europe 2020 strategy. At the regional level, the same tendency has been found in German and Czech cross-border cooperation programmes in the last two programming periods. However, a more in-depth analysis reveals that these changes are significantly more pronounced in older member states. The chapter interprets its findings as evidence for a divergence between an innovation-driven path to cohesion in older member states and an inclusion-driven path to cohesion in the new member states and offer some tentative explanations.
Critical exponents of finite temperature chiral phase transition in soft-wall AdS/QCD models
Authors: Chen Jianwei , He Song , Huang Mei , Li Danning
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Criticality of chiral phase transition at finite temperature is investigated in a soft-wall AdS/QCD model, with two, three degenerate flavors (N

f
= 2, 3) and two light plus one heavier flavor (N

f
= 2 + 1). It is shown that in quark mass plane (m

u/d
− m

s
) chiral phase transition is second order at a certain critical line, by which the whole plane is divided into first order and crossover regions. The critical exponents β and δ, describing critical behavior of chiral condensate along temperature axis and light quark mass axis, are extracted both numerically and analytically. The model gives the critical exponents of the values

$$ \beta =\frac{1}{2},\delta =3 $$

β
=

1
2

,
δ
=
3

and

$$ \beta =\frac{1}{3},\delta =3 $$

β
=

1
3

,
δ
=
3

for N

f
= 2 and N

f
= 3 respectively. For N

f
= 2 + 1, in small strange quark mass (m

s
) region, the phase transitions for strange quark and u/d quarks are strongly coupled, and the critical exponents are

$$ \beta =\frac{1}{3},\delta =3 $$

β
=

1
3

,
δ
=
3

; when m

s
is larger than m

s,t
= 0.290 GeV, the dynamics of light flavors (u, d) and strange quarks decoupled and the critical exponents for ūu and

$$ \overline{d}d $$

d
¯

d

becomes

$$ \beta =\frac{1}{2},\delta =3 $$

β
=

1
2

,
δ
=
3

, exactly the same as N

f
= 2 result and the mean field result of 3D Ising model; between the two segments, there is a tri-critical point at m

s,t
= 0.290 GeV, at which

$$ \beta =\frac{1}{4},\delta =5 $$

β
=

1
4

,
δ
=
5

. In some sense, the current results is still at mean field level, and we also showed the possibility to go beyond mean field approximation by including the higher power of scalar potential and the temperature dependence of dilaton field, which might be reasonable in a full back-reaction model. The current study might also provide reasonable constraints on constructing a realistic holographic QCD model, which could describe both chiral dynamics and glue-dynamics correctly.
The $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 3 Weyl multiplet in four dimensions
Authors: van Muiden Jesse , Van Proeyen Antoine
Published: January 2019

Abstract

The main ingredient for local superconformal methods is the multiplet of gauge fields: the Weyl multiplet. We construct the transformations of this multiplet for

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 3, D = 4. The construction is based on a supersymmetry truncation from the

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 Weyl multiplet, on coupling with a current multiplet, and on the implementation of a soft algebra at the nonlinear level, extending

$$ \mathfrak{s}\mathfrak{u} $$

s
u

(2, 2|3). This is the first step towards a superconformal calculus for

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 3, D = 4.
Preoperative Leucocyte‐Based Inflammatory Scores in Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastases: Can We Count on Them?
Authors: Dupré Aurélien , Jones Robert P. , Diaz‐Nieto Rafael , Fenwick Stephen W. , Poston Graeme J. , Malik Hassan Z.
Published: January 2019

Background

Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio (LMR) have been identified as potential prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) in primary colorectal cancer, and there is a growing interest in their use in colorectal liver metastases (CLMs). However, optimal cut‐off values for these ratios have not been defined by making comparison between series difficult. This study aimed to confirm the prognostic value of inflammatory scores in patients undergoing resection for CLM.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed data from 376 consecutive patients who underwent liver surgery for CLM between June 2010 and August 2015. We assessed the reproducibility of previously published ratios and determined new cut‐off values using the Cut‐off Finder web‐based tool. Relations between cut‐off values and OS were analysed with Kaplan–Meier log‐rank survival analysis and multivariate Cox models.

Results

Three hundred and forty‐three patients had full preoperative blood tests for calculation of NLR, PLR and LMR. The number of cut‐off values which showed a significant discrimination for OS was 49/249 (19.7%) for NLR, 28/316 (8.9%) for PLR and 22/214 (10.3%) for LMR, all with a scattered nonlinear distribution.

Conclusions

This study showed that inflammatory scores expressed as ratios do not seem to be consistently reliable prognostic markers in patients with resectable CLM.
High-affinity transport, cyanide-resistant respiration, and ethanol production under aerobiosis underlying efficient high glycerol consumption by Wickerhamomyces anomalus
Authors: da Cunha Aureliano Claret , Gomes Lorena Soares , Godoy-Santos Fernanda , Faria-Oliveira Fábio , Teixeira Janaína Aparecida , Sampaio Geraldo Magela Santos , Trópia Maria José Magalhães , Castro Ieso Miranda , Lucas Cândida , Brandão Rogelio Lopes
Published: January 2019

Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain LBCM1105 was originally isolated from the wort of cachaça (the Brazilian fermented sugarcane juice-derived Brazilian spirit) and has been shown to grow exceptionally well at high amounts of glycerol. This paramount residue from the biodiesel industry is a promising cheap carbon source for yeast biotechnology. The assessment of the physiological traits underlying the W. anomalus glycerol consumption ability in opposition to Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. A new WaStl1 concentrative glycerol-H+ symporter with twice the affinity of S. cerevisiae was identified. As in this yeast, WaSTL1 is repressed by glucose and derepressed/induced by glycerol but much more highly expressed. Moreover, LBCM1105 aerobically growing on glycerol was found to produce ethanol, providing a redox escape to compensate the redox imbalance at the level of cyanide-resistant respiration (CRR) and glycerol 3P shuttle. This work is critical for understanding the utilization of glycerol by non-Saccharomyces yeasts being indispensable to consider their industrial application feeding on biodiesel residue.