bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Factors Engineering Getting Started at the General Motors Plant Workplace
Authors: Blum Max A.
Published: July 2017

Initial approaches for introducing HFE principles to the plant workplace which were somewhat less than successful included emphasis on social responsibilities, legislation changes and increasing numbers of women entering the manufacturing workforce. The present, very successful, approach involves quantification of costs which can be favorably impacted by an emphasis of HFE principles at the plant workplace.
A Reliable Criterion for Relatively Small Group Driver Performance Studies
Authors: Forbes T.W.
Published: July 2017

A highly reliable immediate criterion or “yardstick” of good and safe driving for research was developed on a systems and content validity basis. It must be used by specially trained observer/raters. It is not a checklist, a “test instrument” for mass testing or an accident predictor. It is a criterion or “yardstick” for research on limited size groups of subjects to develop and evaluate shorter test procedures for such applications as driver licensing and driver education.
Peripheral Vision and Tracking Performance under Stress
Authors: Bermudez John M. , Harris Dickie A. , Schwank Jock C. H.
Published: July 2017

The complexity of modern aircraft systems places substantial information processing loads on the pilot. These loads are exacerbated during periods of cognitive and emotional stress such as during emergency landing situations. Physiological, and behavioral evidence for two human visual systems that may differ in susceptibility to psychological stress suggests the possibility of a natural stress resistant information channel that could be used to input information during stressful flight situations. It follows that the extreme peripheral visual fields could be a possible location for adjunct visual displays that serve to orient expeditiously the pilot's focal vision and attention to critical instrument displays during emergencies or other situations.
Holograms as Job Performance Aids
Authors: Frey Allan H.
Published: July 2017

The nature of the new technology of holography will be briefly described and holograms will be demonstrated. The unique characteristics of holograms will be sketched and their particular value as aids to job performance will be discussed. In the last few years, the state-of-the-art in holography has advanced at an accelerating rate. It is a technology which allows objects to be presented in three dimensions as though they really exist in space. In fact, there is no visual test to discriminate between the real object and the holographically re-created object. As visual aids in wire tracing and assembly tasks, they are equal to or better than photographs or line drawings. They have been used on the windshields of moving automobiles to create the perception of on-road objects in driver testing. In the last two years they have been commercially available to colleges for teaching hundreds of difficult concepts, such as the DNA helix.
Electrodermal Lability and Individual Differences in Simultaneous Monitoring and Tracking
Authors: Benel Russell A. , Coles Michael G. H. , Banel Denise C. R.
Published: July 2017

Electrodermal (galvanic skin) responses conveniently index sympathetic arousal. Indivduals with high levels of resting electrodermal activity are designated “labiles,” while those with low levels, “stabiles.” Labiles appear resistant to performance decrement over time in vigilance tasks. Thus, increased electrodermal responsivity may represent enhanced attentional capacity during such tasks. The responses of 10 labiles and 10 stabiles were collected during a simple reaction time task and under single and dual task monitoring and tracking conditions. Subjects monitored an automatic tracking task for dynamic system failures. Tracking was the Critical Task with a subcritical level of instability. The reaction time data paralleled the previously reported findings of inferior performance for stabiles. The data for complex single and dual task conditions did not reveal a similar trend. Generally, stabiles performed better. The pattern of these results suggests that the proposed selective enhancement associated with electrodermal lability is only adaptive for tasks that require or profit from focused attention.
Micro-Timesharing within a Single Task
Authors: Howells Robert A. , Knight James L. , Weiss Stuart M. , Kak Anita V.
Published: July 2017

In continuous, reciprocal Fitts' Law tapping, movement timing and spatial accuracy control may be considered as two micro-tasks within an overall psychomotor task. Usually, timing demands are secondary while the spatial accuracy is stressed. In an experiment in which both timing and spatial demands were manipulated and equally important, subjects were required to divide available attention between these performance dimensions. Results are discussed in terms of current timesharing models.
Self-Service Elevator Control Panels, a Survey of User Preference
Authors: Smith Donna L.
Published: July 2017

Historically little systematic Human Factors Engineering has been done on the development of elevator control panels. This survey had participants develop a numerical arrangement within a given configuration. Results compare the preferences of Human Factors specialists (about half the participants) with laymen in numerical configuration, shape coding preference, and sequence of assist buttons (open, close, emergency). A photographic survey examines the variety of control panels that can be found in public buildings and makes recommendations for improving the man-machine interface.
Training Technical Interest Group—Invited Address Training Research in the 70s: Many Questions and a Few Answers
Authors: Goldstein Irwin L.
Published: July 2017

A 10 year review conducted of Training in Work Organizations for the 1980 Annual Review of Psychology will be discussed. The presentation will focus on trends and issues on the following types of topics: needs assessment; evaluation methodology; intervention issues; training for various populations; individual differences methodology; fair employment practices, etc.
Modern Methods for Obtaining Anthropometric Data
Authors: Roebuck John A.
Published: July 2017

Modern concepts and methods are summarized for obtaining measurements of human body static form, dynamic characteristics and muscular strength. A philosophy of moderation is advocated in selecting methods which meet two conflicting goals: (1) Permit predictive analysis of biometric trends by continuing selective usage of traditional anthropometer and tape methods; (2) Take advantage of more powerful stereophotogrammetric techniques to develop 3-dimensional, whole-body, simultaneous records which are easily referenced to consistent cartesian or polar axis systems and thus are better suited to engineering workspace design and analysis. A further consideration is the use of mockups which represent or position the human body in specific and typical workspace conditions, appropriate to the purposes for the anthropometric surveys. In all cases, recording formats should be readily compatible with data analysis by computer. Also described are procedures for organization of personnel and equipment for conducting surveys of civilian personnel in the United States. Trades between accuracy or population description and sample size are considered. Key sources for the information contained in this paper are the following references.
Applications of Signal Detection Theory in Monitoring Performance and Medical Diagnosis
Authors: Parasuraman Raja
Published: July 2017

Signal detection theory (SDT) provides a means for distinguishing between accuracy and decision strategies in evaluating observer performance in decision-making tasks. This is useful in determining which general human engineering principles, for example, design, or selection and training, are likely to be effective in a particular situation. Two illustrative areas of application are discussed: (1) Performance decrements in monitoring (vigilance) tasks result either from a decrement in observer sensitivity or from changes in decision criteria. A taxonomic approach is outlined which predicts which of these performance trends will occur in a particular monitoring situation. This enables an identification of those cases where sensitivity decrements occur, for which design changes may be needed and where training techniques are unlikely to be helpful in enhancing performance. (2) Poor reader performance in medical diagnosis may result from inappropriate reporting criteria, especially when disease prevalence and decision goals vary. A study is reported in which staff radiologists, but not radiology residents, were found to vary their reporting criteria appropriately in response to a change in disease prevalence. Staff radiologists were superior to the residents in disease detection and classification, but the residents were not significantly worse if both first and second choice diagnoses were analyzed. ROC measures of diagnostic accuracy were independent of disease prevalence and reporting criteria. The results have implications for the identification of training criteria and the assessment of system accuracy in diagnostic radiology. These two studies illustrate the general usefulness of SDT in identifying target areas for the application of human engineering principles.
Peripheral Visual Processing in Human Performance
Authors: Cohen Karen M.
Published: July 2017

Information processing in the visual periphery plays a significant role in many everyday perceptual experiences. The importance of peripheral visual processing has often been examined by either restricting the availability of peripheral input or varying foveal demands. In contrast, the research reported in this paper focuses upon how information detected in the visual periphery is actually processed and used to guide visual search. Data regarding the dual processing of foveal and peripheral information during a brief exposure of a stimulus display as well as during extended search for a target will be presented. Since the subject population included young children, college adults, and professional athletes, the results are discussed in relation to both age and skill.
Foot Placement and Response Latency: A Test of Fitts' Law
Authors: Glaser Howard J , Halcomb Charles G.
Published: July 2017

Response latencies were compared for three-dimensional brake/accelerator placements (depth, height, and lateral separation). Brake pedal width was found to be the only factor significantly affecting movement time. A comparison between Fitts' and Welford's movement time predictions and experimental response latencies resulted in correlations of .549 (p<.0001) and .543 (p<.0001). Neither movement time equations were able to predict response latencies when the brake pedal was placed 2.54 cm behind the vertical plane of the accelerator. Fitts' and Welford's equations are seen to have limited use in predicting three-dimensional foot movements.
Steady State Average Evoked Potentials as a Measure of Tracking Difficulty
Authors: Wilson Glenn F.
Published: July 2017

The utility of steady state average evoked potentials (AEPs) to measure the difficulty of a tracking task will be reported. Medium (14 Hz) and high (50–56 Hz) frequency sine wave modulated light was used to evoke steady state AEPs while subjects performed a tracking task. Three levels of difficulty, based upon each subject's ability, were used in the single axis visual tracking task. The phase lag between stimulus input and the AEP waveform was found to be significantly related to task difficulty. Increasing difficulty levels were associated with greater amounts of phase lag of the AEPs during the high frequency stimulation. Neither the phase lag nor the amplitude of the medium frequency AEPs were significantly affected by the level of tracking difficulty.

Each subject was found to have one particular frequency of stimulation in the high range which produced an enhanced AEP amplitude. This suggests that researchers using high frequency stimulation with sine wave modulated light should test each subject to find the frequency which produces the maximal amplitude.
Empirical Evaluation of a Decision-Analytic Aid
Authors: Christen Francois G. , Samet Michael G.
Published: July 2017

Many studies have demonstrated that the use of decision analysis encourages people to choose alternatives which maximize subjective expected utility and are, therefore, more internally consistent than decisions arrived at intuitively. However, few experiments have investigated whether subjects using a decision-analytic aid produce “better” or more correct decisions in light of the ultimate outcome of these decisions. To help fill this research gap, an experiment was performed to compare the degree of success experienced by aided and unaided subjects in attaining correct decisions.
Guidelines and Criteria for Human-Computer Interface Design of Battlefield Automated Systems
Authors: Sidorsky Raymond C. , Parrish Robert N.
Published: July 2017

The concept of Behavioral Interoperability is propounded and discussed. Interoperability is recognized as an important design goal with respect to various physical/mechanical components of computerized systems. It would be productive to extend the concept to the behavioral domain. A methodology that has proved useful in deriving guidelines for higher order aspects of human-computer interaction is described. The method is based on a comparative analysis of common or universal transactions associated with existing data processing system. An example of the format and content of a preliminary set of guidelines is provided.
Maintenance and Testing Errors in Nuclear Power Plants: A Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Adams S. Keith , Sabri Zeinab A. , Husseiny Abdo A.
Published: July 2017

Safety and reliability in the operation of nuclear power plants have been topics for intense analysis and debate in recent years. Once crucial factor which has received little attention until very recently, is human reliability in the operation, maintenance and testing of nuclear plants. Maintenance and testing errors are of particular importance in that, despite the fact that they are relatively few in number compared with hardware related events, their occurrence programs the system for future operator errors bv introducing erroneous data in operator-hardware system communication or by eliminating a portion of that communication. Erroneous data or a lack of anticipated feedback following control actions by the operator can tend to cause further inappropriate responses and to escalate the frequency of operator errors. Such effects are most undesirable during emergencies.

A number of improvements based upon improved human factors engineering will be necessary to eliminate maintenance errors of the type encountered in this study. These include: standardization of design for given types of subsystems, standardization of maintenance operations, work simplification involving both physical and psychological aspects of maintenance work, the use of training simulators to increase the amount of practice in performing maintenance operations, automanual control to show predicted outcome of results, assignment of individual responsibility and accountability to specific hardware subsystems, measures of job performance against some criterion, programmed instruction, improved divisions of responsibility among maintenance, operating and technical personnel, and improved management practices.
The Effects of Age and Ametropia on the Dark Focus of Visual Accommodation
Authors: Simonelli Nicholas M.
Published: July 2017

The effects of age and ametropia on the dark focus of visual accommodation have gone largely unmeasured. Subject populations of young people are generally screened and their vision “standardized” by testing them while they wear corrective lenses. In this study, 301 participants of both sexes, aged 17 to 67, both nearsighted and farsighted were measured for their near points, far points, and dark focuses. It was found that the more nearsighted the eye the larger the dark focus shift. This increase in shifts, however, is relatively small over the commonly found range of ametropia. Age was also found to have a small effect on the dark focus. Older individuals tended to have a smaller dark focus shift, and the dark focus was found to recede with age at roughly the same rate as the far point.
Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER): Landolt C Reading Test
Authors: Guignard John C. , Bittner Alvah C. , Einbender Steven W. , Kennedy Robert S.
Published: July 2017

A Landolt C visual acuity test was evaluated for inclusion in a battery of Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) for use in repeated measures experiments. Eight subjects were tested for 12 days to determine stability of means, standard deviations and cross-day correlations. Mixed results for these cross-day correlation analyses made questionable the stability of speed and error measures. Fine-structure analyses indicated that the task was more a measure of response accuracy than acuity. Fine-structure analyses in future performance test evaluation and exploration of alternative visual acuity tests are recommended. It is concluded that the Landolt C test in the form used is not stable and cannot be recommended as a test of visual acuity for inclusion in PETER.
Performance in the 9D5 Multi-Place Universal Underwater Egress Trainer: Physiological and Behavioral Correlates
Authors: Tillison Lt. Howard M.
Published: July 2017

From 1969 through 1972, 78 Navy Helicopters crashed at sea with a loss of 63 lives (10 due to injuries; the remaining 53 persons either drowned or were lost at sea). To reverse the trend toward fatalities following aircraft crashes at sea, the Navy has begun training all flight personnel in the 9D5 Multi-Place Universal Underwater Egress Trainer. This paper examines the relationship between performance (n=267) in the 9D5 device, swimming test scores and subjective anxiety scores. Mile-swim times were predictive of group (but not individual) performance in the 9D5 device with faster swimmers performing better. Poor egress performance when blindfolded was attributed to egress path difficulty and disorientation. Findings can be applied to the design of egress aids, training and motivation of subjects and the effects of anxiety upon subject performance in carrying out sequential tasks while totally immersed in water.
Energy Expenditures Requirement in Low Coal Mines
Authors: Ayoub M. M. , Selan J. L.
Published: July 2017

A biomechanical and work physiology study was conducted on low coal miners. The biomechanical analysis consisted of comparing the anthropometric and isometric strength characteristics of miners to other populations; the work physiology portion consisted of identifying demanding tasks via a task analysis, determining energy requirements for demanding tasks, and determining percentage of VO2 max required for demanding tasks. Miners show increased musculature of those body segments most stressed in their work environment and few differences in strength compared to other groups. Highly demanding tasks identified were roof bolting, timbering, miner and bolter helper, shoveling, stoopwalking, and crawling. Energy expenditure estimates on underground tasks indicate that these tasks fall under the category of heavy work. Miners work up to 66% of their physical work capacity when performing their underground tasks. Work and rest schedules based on predicted endurance times for both male and female miners is discussed, along with biomechanical stresses on the body for certain tasks.
Preferred Height and Angle Settings of Crt and Keyboard for a Display Station Input Task
Authors: Miller Irwin , Suther Thomas W.
Published: July 2017

This study investigated the display station physical adjustments preferred by a sample of visual display terminal (VDT) operators preselected to span the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles in physical stature with respect to United States or Japanese anthropometric surveys. Thirty-seven operators were taken individually through a step-by-step sequence to determine their preferred adjustments of seat height, keyboard height and slope angle, and CRT height and tilt angle. Each operator then performed a brief transcription task.

Measurements corresponding to the final preferred height and angle adjustments do not agree with some currently evolving German ergonomic display station requirements. In addition, intermeasure correlations strongly suggest that “flat” (low slope angle) keyboards are inappropriate for operators who select low seat heights and are short in stature.
Current Issues in Subjective Assessment of Workload
Authors: Eggemeier F. Thomas
Published: July 2017

Because of their practical utility, subjective measures have been widely used as workload assessment techniques. There has also been increased support in the recent literature for the importance of including subjective measures as part of a comprehensive workload assessment methodology. In spite of the widespread use and importance of subjective techniques, several significant issues which pertain to their development and use remain unresolved. One such issue is related to the development of a generalized subjective workload assessment procedure, while a second issue concerns the need to identify factors or variables that contribute to the subjective experience of workload. This paper discusses both issues and outlines some recent research which is applicable to each area.
Application of Conjoint Measurement to Workload Scale Development
Authors: Reid Gary B. , Shingledecker Clark A. , Eggemeier F. Thomas
Published: July 2017

Practical considerations make subjective opinion one of the most widely used methods to assess mental workload. However, the value of the data obtained by subjective methods is often limited because scales are not standardized and are not based on modern psychometric principles. This paper describes the development and validation of a Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) which uses conjoint measurement to construct interval level workload scales from ordinal rankings of combinations of levels on three contributory dimensions. An experiment was conducted to investigate the construct validity and concurrent validity of the SWAT-1 scale. Recommendations for further development are discussed.
Learning Curves for Sensory-Motor Performance
Authors: Welford A.T.
Published: July 2017

A theory which accounts for both increase of accuracy and decrease of time taken for sensory-motor performance with practice is proposed within the general concept that signals from sense organs and in the central nervous system have to be detected against a background of random neural activity (“neural noise”).
Programmer Set and Degree of Language Structure in Programming Performance
Authors: Halstead-Nussloch Richard
Published: July 2017

The problem of how programming style (a set to use one approach) influences programmer performance and productivity is addressed by applying the findings of a basic laboratory study of sequence extrapolation. The study suggests increased efficacy on complicated programming problems might be obtained through a structured style, but at the cost of increased time spent on simpler problems.
Some Perceptual Effects of Differential Luminance Induced by the use of a Monocular Head-Up Display
Authors: Qualy Judi , Buck Steven L.
Published: July 2017

Head-up displays (HUDs) are currently used to present a pilot with a view of the outside world and simultaneously with overlapping instrument-related symbology. Monocular HUDs (MHUDs) have also been developed that present symbology only to one eye. Because not all of the light from the external scene passes through the MHUD, the result is differential illumination between the MHUD and non-MHUD eyes. The literature suggests that under appropriate circumstances differential illumination of the eyes can lead to distortions of depth, size, and direction and velocity of motion. If of sufficient magnitude, these distortions could seriously disrupt pilot performance during low level flight and on approach and landing. The extent to which these possible distortions will actually occur cannot be determined from the existing literature and must be determined empirically.
Kinematic and Kinetic Parameters as Information Feedback in the Acquisition of Man-Machine Skills
Authors: Newell K. M. , Hancock P. A.
Published: July 2017

The case is advanced for the presentation of kinematic and kinetic parameters directly related to the response dynamics of the limb(s) engaged in action as a form of information feedback in motor skill acquisition. Although this form of terminal information feedback is probably more potent in actions requiring the constraint of multiple biomechanical degrees of freedom, it is shown that kinematic and kinetic parameters also have an impact on the initial acquisition and subsequent refinement of simple motor skills. The relevance of this approach for skill training in the human factors domain is adumbrated.
Development of a Simulator Certification (Simcert) Methodology for SAC
Authors: Houtman George M. , Ronald Laughery K. , Ditzian Jan L.
Published: July 2017

Air Force Regulation 50-11 (October 1977) requires that all new and existing aircrew training devices be certified with regard to their ability to provide an effective medium for training and evaluating student performance on specific aircrew training events (SIMCERT). The regulation further requires each using command to develop its own supplement, to guide command-specific programs. Calspan Corporation and the 93 BMW ISD Division joined in developing the Strategic Air Command's SIMCERT program. Phase I was a developmental effort involving literature review, determining SIMCERT objectives and constraints, and developing candidate methodologies. Two SIMCERT methodologies were developed: one for initial qualification training, and one for continuation training. During Phase II, parts of the initial qualification SIMCERT methodology were validated on the Boom Operator Part Task Trainer at Castle AFB, California. This validation effort showed that the methodology met SAC SIMCERT objectives and could be applied using existing resources. The SAC SIMCERT supplement is currently in draft form and will be completed in time for full-scale application to the B-52 and KC-135 Weapon System Trainers.
Integrating Human Factors and Industrial Design - A Panel Session
Authors: Kreifeldt John G.
Published: July 2017

This panel session addresses a major objective of the Consumer Product Technical Group - viz, integrating Human Factors and Industrial Design in order to improve consumer products. Three major aspects of this topic will be discussed by the following speakers:
Standardization of Geometric Radar Symbology: 3-Symbol Set Testing in a Static Cathode Ray Tube Mode
Authors: Carter Richard J.
Published: July 2017

Two experiments oriented towards identifying symbols and sets of symbols which can be quickly and easily discriminated were conducted. Radar console operators performed a search task on a cathode ray tube which approximated a console screen at a moderate saturation level. Analyses of variance and Chi square statistics were used to analyze the reaction time and error data. Symbols and sets of symbols were found which exhibited the two attributes.
9-3 Slide Shift Evaluation–A Practical Look at Rapid Rotation Theory
Authors: Botzum G. D. , Lucas R. L.
Published: July 2017

An evaluation of a 12h rapid rota schedule was made in a biochemical industrial setting. The “workability” of the shift, in terms of minimizing diurnal and socio-domestic upsets was assessed by means of sleep chart data, body temperature curves, and life-style change responses. Results indicated that the rapid rota concept fits the rotating shiftworker's true sleep-wakefulness habits and also enhances his opportunities for enjoying a “normal” socio-domestic scene.
Computer Graphics Techniques for Job Analysis and Reach Assessment
Authors: Boydstun Louis E. , Winston Julie , Kessel David S. , Borshch John B.
Published: July 2017

Job analysts and designers require efficient techniques to quickly and accurately evaluate the reach requirements of a job with respect to individual and population reach capabilities. Interactive computer graphics may be used to provide job analysis capabilities in a manner which minimizes the time for an analyst to collect and analyze data, and recommend job modifications. These computer aided job design facilities require analytical models to support the job analysis function. This paper focuses on analytical models for estimating maximum reach capabilities. A three dimensional spherical harmonic model is used to describe reach capabilities for several different populations and job configurations. The results indicate that the model provides very accurate estimates of maximum reach capability. The model supports computer aided job analysis procedures efficiently with respect to the analyst's time.
Technology
Authors: Siegle Del
Published: July 2017

We share a variety of free coding platforms that are available for students of all ages to begin learning the coding process. Coding enhances students’ problem solving by forcing students to break problems into their component pieces and reassemble them in a logical, stepby-step sequence. This promotes planning and organization skills, and it requires precision and self-discipline. Through the process, students develop independence as they troubleshoot their coding errors.
Masters’ Theses in the Field of Journalism, 1949-50
Authors: Swanson Charles E.
Published: July 2017

This list continues the compilations made for the Quarterly in 1936 by Frank Luther Mott, in 1945 by William F. Swindler and in 1950 by Clifford F. Weigle. All theses are by students in schools and departments of journalism unless otherwise noted.
How the Wire Services Reported the Rutledge Murder Trial: A Study in Taste
Authors: Barnes Arthur M. , Lyness Paul I.
Published: July 2017

Just how offensive are certain terms to present-day readers? Dr. Barnes, head of journalism graduate study and radio journalism at the State University of Iowa, and Dr. Lyness, formerly* head of Iowa's journalism research division, find the answers in this survey of reactions to wire coverage of a sensational trial.
President Truman and the Press
Authors: Pollard James E.
Published: July 2017

The author of The Presidents and the Press brings the record up to date with this account of Presidential press relations during Truman's first six years in the White House. Dr. Pollard is director of the School of Journalism at Ohio State University, and also author of a standard work on newspaper management.
Thomas Maule: The Neglected Quaker
Authors: Murphy Lawrence W.
Published: July 2017

As another by-product of his recent year's leave for research in the early history of American journalism, Professor Murphy here discusses a little known but important figure in the fight for freedom of expression. The author is professor of journalism and communications at the University of Illinois.
How Florida Dailies Handled the 1952 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Kobre Sidney
Published: July 2017

Thirty-four of the state's 37 dailies were studied systematically in the month before the election, providing the most extensive analysis yet made on the controversial subject of newspaper behavior in the campaign. Dr. Kobre is professor of journalism at Florida State University, Tallahassee.
International Transmission of News and the Right of Correction
Authors: Exley David J.
Published: July 2017

Now that the U.N. has adopted a separate convention on the right of correction, the treaty to facilitate newsgathering seems doomed. A New Zealander, Mr. Exley has been with the London Daily Express since receiving his M.A. at Stanford last winter.
More Jobs, Better Salaries for 1953 Graduates
Authors: Duncan Charles T. , Swindler William F.
Published: July 2017

In the most extensive survey of its kind yet made, 52 out of 60 schools reported that jobs are more plentiful than graduates and that salaries compare fairly well with those in other fields. Mr. Duncan, who serves as News Notes editor of the Quarterly, is professor of journalism at the University of Oregon.
What ‘Those Other Schools and Departments’ Offer
Authors: Simmons George E.
Published: July 2017

The new president of the AEJ takes a look at all the four-year colleges and universities in the country and finds that at least 484, besides the 101 listed in Editor & Publisher, offer some instruction in journalism. Their mixed patterns of courses offer a real challenge to the new ACEJ Accrediting Committee.
News Notes
Authors: Root Robert
Published: July 2017

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like … should be sent to Professor Root, School of Journalism, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Notes for the next issue should reach him by April 1.
The Mass Media in Los Angeles since the Rise of Television
Authors: Scott Paul T.
Published: July 2017

While the national trend in daily newspaper circulation is still upward, the circulation of highly competitive metropolitan papers—especially those stressing entertainment—seems to have been adversely affected by TV and higher prices. The author is associate professor of journalism at Los Angeles State College.
Free Voices in the Battle for Men's Minds
Authors: Feinstein Donald
Published: July 2017

Radio Free Europe and Radio Free Asia have found that the most effective job can be done by using refugees from the target areas to prepare and to broadcast the programs. This article, based upon the author's M.A. thesis at New York University, is drawn largely from official sources in the sponsoring committees.
News Notes
Authors: Root Robert
Published: July 2017

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like … should be sent to Professor Root, School of Journalism, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Notes for the next issue should reach him by October 1.
British Television and its Viewers
Authors: Suchy John T.
Published: July 2017

A picture of British television as it has developed prior to the scheduled introduction of commercial TV in 1955 is given in this summary of an M.A. thesis written at the State University of Iowa. The author was in London during the summer of 1953 to conduct his content analysis of BBC programs.
The Press of Israel: Its Growth in Freedom
Authors: Stock Ernest
Published: July 2017

Israel's Hebrew-language press is growing in strength, and is diversified and resourceful in its coverage of local and world news. Above all, Israel is building a free press in the Western tradition, according to the author, a student of Israeli attitudes toward the United States.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Stem Cell Marker LGR5 in Pediatric Liver Disease
Authors: Khan Zahida , Orr Anne , Michalopoulos George K , Ranganathan Sarangarajan
Published: July 2017

Aims

In regenerating liver, hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are recruited in response to injury; however, few highly specific human HPC markers exist for the hepatocyte lineage. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), a Wnt-associated stem cell marker, has been extensively studied in intestinal stem cells, but little is known about its expression in human liver. We hypothesized that LGR5+ HPCs are induced in the regenerative response to pediatric liver injury.

Methods and results

Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize LGR5 expression in pediatric liver explants (n = 36). We found cytoplasmic LGR5 expression in all cases; although, much less was observed in acute hepatic necrosis compared to chronic liver diseases. In the latter cases, >50% of hepatocytes were LGR5+, signifying a robust regenerative response mainly in the periphery of regenerative nodules. Only weak LGR5 staining was noted in bile ducts, suggesting hepatocyte-specific expression at the interface.

Conclusions

Although we observed some degree of regenerative response in all cases, LGR5 was highly expressed in chronic liver disease, possibly due to alternate regeneration and reprogramming pathways. LGR5 is predominant in peri-septal hepatocytes rather than epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) positive ductular reactions in chronic pediatric liver diseases and may represent a transitional HPC phenotype for the hepatocyte lineage. These studies are the first to support a unique role for LGR5 in human hepatocyte regeneration and as a potential predictive biomarker for recovery of liver function in children. Future work will also investigate the molecular mechanisms behind LGR5 expression.
An Evidence-based Recommendation for a Standardized Approach to Detecting Metastatic Neuroblastoma in Staging Bone Marrow Biopsies
Authors: Parsons LN , Gheorghe G , Yan K , Simpson P , Jarzembowski JA
Published: July 2017

Neuroblastoma is a common malignant tumor of childhood. Accurate bone marrow (BM) evaluation for metastatic tumor is essential; however, no standardized pathologic workup exists for staging BMs. We examined the diagnostic yield of various BM components and optimal core biopsy (CB) length as part of developing evidence-based recommendations for BM evaluation. After obtaining institutional review board approval, 160 BM biopsies from 50 neuroblastoma patients were retrospectively selected. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained CB and Wright-stained aspirates were scored as positive, negative, or indeterminate. Total/trabecular CB lengths were measured using cellSens software and a DP71 camera (Olympus). Of the 160 BMs, 72 were positive for tumor in any component. Of these, 33 (45.8%) were positive in a single portion of the specimen: 19 CBs and 14 aspirates. Compared with overall diagnosis, sensitivities were as follows: CB 76.3%; aspirate 67.1%; core/aspirate combined 94.7%. Diagnostic CBs had significantly longer trabecular length than nondiagnostic CBs (6.74 mm vs 4.03 mm, P = .006). Positive CBs had longer trabecular space than negative marrows (7.91 mm vs 6.25 mm, P = .002). Nearly 50% of our positive specimens showed diagnostic discordance among the various components examined. However, combining CB and aspirate examination improved sensitivity for tumor detection. We therefore recommend bilateral CBs (>1 cm each) and aspirates for the optimal evaluation of BM for metastatic neuroblastoma.
Negligent performance of bilateral carpal tunnel
Authors: Stephensons
Published: July 2017

‘General damages: £20,000; December 2004;

Total Award: £70,000

Negligent performance of bilateral carpal tunnel compression inadequate release of carpal tunnel leading to re-exploration, temporary loss of use of fingers and thumb of left (non-dominant)hand, permanent numbness of two fingers and thumb, increased sensitivity of scar and reduced grip strength.
Telemedicine in the future
Authors: Heinzelmann Paul J , Lugn Nancy E , Kvedar Joseph C
Published: July 2017

summary

Telemedicine can provide a compelling alternative to conventional acute, chronic and preventive care, and can improve clinical outcomes. In the industrialized world, it is likely that telemedicine will continue to move healthcare delivery from the hospital or clinic into the home. In the developing world or in regions with limited infrastructure, telemedicine will mainly be used in applications that link providers based at health centres, referral hospitals and tertiary centres. The future of telemedicine will depend on: (1) human factors, (2) economics and (3) technology. Behaviours related to technology affect change at the individual, organizational and societal level. Personnel shortages and decreasing third-party reimbursement are significant drivers of technology-enabled health care in the industrialized world, particularly in the areas of home care and self-care. We can safely assume that developments in mobile communications, sensor devices and nanotechnology will alter the way that health care is delivered in the future. The growth and integration of information and communication technologies into health-care delivery holds great potential for patients, providers and payers in health systems of the future. Perhaps the most difficult question to answer, however, is ‘When will telemedicine become part of the standard of care?’
Telemedicine for eye care
Authors: Tang Rosa Ana , Morales Marlene , Ricur Giselle , Schiffman Jade S
Published: July 2017

summary

Tele-ophthalmology has been employed mainly for patients in under-served rural areas in need of specialty care, but other applications such as telementoring have also been used. In certain populations, cost containment is a significant issue and telemedicine is a solution. Tele-ophthalmology can be performed in realtime, by store-and-forward mode, or by hybrid techniques. After appropriate modification, a range of peripherals may be used for tele-ophthalmology, including the direct ophthalmoscope, indirect ophthalmoscope, slit lamp or retinal camera. Tele-ophthalmology applications include: detecting, screening and diagnosing diabetic retinopathy; anterior segment imaging; glaucoma screening; low vision consultation; telementoring. Tele-ophthalmology shows great promise for improving patient care and increasing access to specialty care not available in under-served areas. In developing countries tele-ophthalmology may be a cost-effective method by which richer countries can assist them.
Bases for assessments made by telephone advice nurses
Authors: Wahlberg Anna Carin , Cedersund Elisabet , Wredling Regina
Published: July 2017

summary

Telephone advice nursing includes triage, advice, referral, information and coordination. The aim of the study was to explore what telephone nurses base their assessments on. We conducted 14 interviews with seven telephone nurses at a health-care call centre in Sweden. Two authentic calls per nurse were used in stimulated recall interviews, where the nurses commented on the basis for their assessments. A qualitative manifest content analysis was employed. Three major categories emerged in the analysis: care-seeker, e.g. ‘symptomatic sounds’; nurse, e.g. ‘nurse's own experience’; and organization, e.g. ‘health-care accessibility’. The findings show that the telephone advice nurses’ bases for assessments appear to be very broad. They include both verbally and non-verbally communicated information, and care-seeker-, nurse- and certain organization-related factors influence the assessments. We found that an individualistic view of the care-seeker seems to dominate the assessments in non-urgent calls to a health-care call centre.
An evaluation of a surgical telepresence system for an intrahospital local area network
Authors: Schneider A , Wilhelm D , Bohn U , Wichert A , Feussner H
Published: July 2017

summary

We evaluated a digital telepresence system in an operating theatre (OR) environment which enabled a consultant to join the surgical team from a remote site by audiovisual communication. The system is based on video transmission using a streaming technique, with a server and a client connected via a local area network (LAN). Two cameras can be remotely controlled: one camera is built into the OR lamp and a second, laparoscopic camera is mounted on a robotic arm. Another feature of the system is teledemonstration, which permits the remote consultant to demonstrate points of particular interest. We evaluated the system clinically in 237 cases. In 28 cases (12%), telepresence could not be established for various reasons, mainly human failure. In 42 cases (18%), the full potential of telepresence was used. Technical evaluation showed that a data rate of 2 Mbit/s provides sufficient audio and video quality, as well as reliable teledemonstration. The data transmission delay was acceptable for clinical purposes (video 0.92 s, audio 0.6s from OR to client, audio 0.7s from client to OR). The study showed that telepresence is a promising means of providing highly specialized expertise within the OR.
The Essential Attitude
Authors: Kingston Sean
Published: July 2017

Contrary to the received wisdom that ‘authenticity’ is a culturally specific phenomenon on the verge of disappearing, this article holds that it is a mode of interrogating the world available to all. It is argued that a cross-cultural and analytic notion of authenticity can be profitably fashioned once it is noted that its attribution applies to performances and representations which are important because they present something regarded as ontologically inaccessible. The social and political dynamics of authenticity's ontological operations are explored in a reading of recent literature on Primitive Art, ethnographic performances and museums.
Poor Retention after Closed Reduction and Cast Immobilization of Low-Energy Tibial Shaft Spiral Fractures
Authors: Borg T. , Melander T. , Larsson S.
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims:

The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze retention in cast after closed reduction of low-energy two-fragment tibial shaft fractures.

Material and Methods:

The material consisted of 72 closed tibial shaft fractures AO/ASIF type A treated with closed reduction and plaster cast. Fractures were subgrouped according to the AO/ASIF classification and the initial fracture displacement was measured. Final alignment and the frequency of operative intervention due to early loss of reduction were analyzed.

Results:

40 % of all fractures lost reduction and were operated on. The largest subgroup was A1.2 fractures, a spiral tibial shaft fracture with a fibular fracture at another level. Out of the 28 fractures in this group 61 % were converted from cast to early operative intervention.

Conclusion:

Closed reduction and cast treatment of spiral tibial shaft fractures AO/ASIF type A1.2 had a high failure rate.
Non-Constrained Titanium-Polyethylene Total Endoprosthesis in the Treatment of Hallux Rigidus
Authors: Ess P. , Hämäläinen M. , Leppilahti J.
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims:

To evaluate the outcome in a prospective 2-year follow-up study of a non-constrained titanium-polyethylene total endoprosthesis (ReFlexion®) in the treatment of hallux rigidus.

Material and Methods:

Ten patients with painful hallux rigidus were treated with non-constrained titanium-polyethylene total endoprosthesis (ReFlexion®). The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scoring was used preoperatively and at follow-up.

Results:

At 2-year follow-up, the AOFAS scoring showed 5 instances of excellent, 1 of good, 2 of fair, and 2 of poor outcome. Eight patient were subjectively satisfied and dissatisfied. Five of the patients were painless, 4 had mild, occasional pain, and 1 had moderate, daily pain in the first metatarsophalangeal joint. The mean VAS was 7.6 (SD 2.0) preoperatively and 1.1 (SD 1.4) at 2-year follow-up (p < 0.001). Extension increased by a mean of 25 (13–38) degrees and flexion by a mean of 15 (2–35) degrees (p < 0.001). Eight patients had no activity limitations, while 1 had mild and 1 moderate limitations. Alignment of the metatarsophalangeal joint was good in 7 cases, but some degree of valgus malalignment was seen in 2 and symptomatic malalignment in 1. Complications included one subluxation of a prosthesis, one recurrence of severe valgus alignment and one superficial wound infection. Radiological loosening of one cementless phalangeal component was seen at follow-up.

Conclusion:

The non-constrained titanium-polyethylene total arthroplasty gave satisfactory 2-year outcome in 60 % of the patients. It is an alternative treatment for hallux rigidus in low demand patients. We do not recommended it for athletes and young people, because high forces acting on the prosthesis may cause a failure.