bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cavitation Behavior of Cast Iron under Different Parameter Conditions
Authors: Gao Yu Zhou , Wang T.N. , Yu Z.W. , Zhang Hui Chen
Published: March 2009

Cavitaion erosion behavior of cast iron in water and in mixed solution of 50% H2O+50%
C2H6O2 with different temperature and distance between two samples have been studied by means
of a ultrasonic vibrator. The mass loss of the samples at different time is recorded.The surface
structure of the oxidation films on the surface of cast iron was analyzed by X-ray diffraction
apparatus. The experimental results show that mass loss of the upper sample is more than that of the
lower sample. The maximum of mass loss occurred when the distance between the samples is about
1.0mm. Oxidation films form on the surface of the cast iron in pure water and cannot form on the
surface of cast iron in mixed solution. The XRD results show that the oxidation film mainly consists
of Fe2O3 phase at 50°C, Fe3O4 phase at 80°C. The mass loss at 50°C is less than that at 80°C.
Oxidation film of Fe2O3 phase has some advantages to decelerate the cavitation erosion. Mass loss
of the sample of cast iron in mixed solution is less than that in pure water at 80°C. This
phenomenon indicates that formation of the oxidation films plays a more important role in
cavitation erosion to reduce or increase mass loss of the cast iron samples.
Microstructure and Properties of Multi-Function Micro-Plasma Sprayed Al2O3 Coatings
Authors: Hua Shao Chun , Wang Han Gong , Wang Liu Ying , Liu Gu
Published: March 2009

Al2O3 coatings were fabricated by multi-functional micro-plasma spray through axial powder feed. The flight particle velocity and temperature were measured by SprayWatch-2i. With the rising of Ar flow, the velocity of Al2O3 particles increases, but the temperature of particles decreases gradually. Al2O3 coatings were analyzed by SEM and XRD. The microstructure of coatings is density, low porosity and uniform morphology. X-ray diffraction results show that α-Al2O3 is the main phase in the original Al2O3 powders, but Al2O3 coatings consist of γ-Al2O3 and a small amount of α-Al2O3. The microhardness and bonding strength of Al2O3 coatings were also measured, which is HV0.11183~1387 and 28.6MPa, respectively.
Contributions of Surface Engineering to Military Equipment Maintenance
Authors: Li Lin , Chen Long
Published: March 2009

In recent years, surface engineering technology has developed rapidly in China and has its unique
position in government science and technology development plan. As an end user, the community of equipment
maintenance has steadily focused on the latest progress of surface engineering technology and quickly introduces
its achievements into equipment maintenance to improve the operational performance of weapon systems and
supporting facilities. It was found during an investigation of maintenance techniques that surface engineering
technology was widely used in military equipment maintenance and had made great impact for their effectiveness.
Applications of surface engineering technology such as nano-surface, thermal spraying, bonding and coating,
co-osmosis in maintaining and repairing airplanes, vessels, submarines, vehicles and artillery have greatly
enhanced their capabilities to resist wear and tear, erosion and fatigue and dramatically improved their operational
efficiency and effectiveness. Surface engineering technology has made significant contributions to maintain
operational readiness of equipment and weapon systems which, in turn, has generated huge martial and
economical profits.
Wear Behaviors of Laser Cladded Nickel-Based Alloy Coatings Reinforced by Molybdenum and Cerium Dioxide under Sliding Friction
Authors: Yuan Jin Ping , Zhang Ping , Liang Zhi Jie , Sun Lei
Published: March 2009

Three kinds of coatings had been prepared on the surface of 45CrNi steel plates using laser
cladded technique by adding Mo and CeO2 into the Nickel-based alloys. The wear behaviors of these
three kinds of coatings in sliding against Al2O3 grinding ring were investigated by using a MM-200
Wear Tester. The results indicated that the addition of both Mo and CeO2 could improve the wear
resistance of Nickel-based alloy coatings. If the original Nickel-based alloy coating was taken as the
standard sample, the relative wear resistances of Mo-modified and Ce-modified coatings are 1.31 and
7.54 respectively, and the coefficients of friction appreciably decreased. SEM images of the worn
surface of the coatings showed that the wear of original Nickel-based alloy coating was dominated by
the mechanism of micro-cutting, and the Mo-modified coating and Ce-modified coating had a feature
of fatigue wear in addition to micro-cutting. In sliding, the wearing resistance of Ce-modified coating
was higher than the other two. The wear test results were closely related to the microstructures of the
coatings.
An Impact-Abrasion Resistant Surfacing Electrode and its Wear-Resistant Mechanism
Authors: Liu Zheng Jun , Zeng Xie Bo
Published: March 2009

Aiming at improving the impact wear-resistant performance of metals, a new sort of
surfacing electrode named TKCE50 was developed in this paper. This electrode is a Fe-Mn-Cr-Mo-V
alloy system and belongs to iron-base wear-resistant materials. Tests like hardness, wear loss and
impact-abrasion test were performed on the samples surfaced with the electrode. The results indicated
that TKCE50 had not only good welding technological properties, but also super work-hardening
effect and perfect impact wear-resistance. In addition, the work-hardening and wear-resistant
mechanisms for this electrode were discussed based on corresponding experimental investigation and
theoretical analysis.
Lead-Free Oxidation- Resistant Glass-Ceramic Coating for Heat Processing of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Zhang Min Wei , Gao Cao , Ding Yue Xia , Tao Jie , Wang Tao
Published: March 2009

Now the oxidation-resistant glass-ceramic coatings have been widely used in reducing
surface oxidation of Ti alloys during heat process. In present investigation, a lead-free glass-ceramic
coating with wider protection temperature range was developed to protect Ti-6Al-4V alloy from
oxidation. The phase compositions of the present coating and the oxygen distributions in the surface
layers of Ti-6Al-4V specimens were investigated by means of XRD, as well as the metallographs of
cross-section were observed and the depths of oxidized layers were determined by microhardness
analysis. The results show that the present glass-ceramic coating can provide the oxidation-resistant
effect over the temperature range of 500-1000oC in ambient air, with an environmentally friendly
lead-free coating composition.
Self-Assembled Monolayers of Schiff Base on the Surfaces of Oxidized Copper
Authors: Li Dang Gang , Yu Xian Jin , Dong Y.H. , Zhang L.P. , Zhao Zeng Dian
Published: March 2009

The Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of Schiff base had been formed on oxidized
surfaces of copper. Schiff base used in this paper is N-2-hydroxyphenyl-
(3-methoxy-salicylidenimine), designated V-bso. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),
polarization curves, electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the interface capacitance
measurements have been employed to investigate the structure, formation and composition of these
monolayers. XPS analysis show that the valence of the copper in the surface films is +2. The
polarization curves and the EIS results indicate that the films of CuO, V-bso, and V-bso modified
oxidized copper all have good corrosion inhibition efficiency. The IE of the V-bso modified oxidized
copper is higher than that of the V-bso modified copper and the oxidized copper layer, just because
the former has two layers. The results of the interface capacitance show that the self-assemble films of
the V-bso on the oxidized copper surface have good potential stability.
A Novel Thermo-Sensitive Polymer Film and its Imaging Properties
Authors: Wu Ti , Zhang Wei Min , Yang NA , Pu Jia Ling
Published: March 2009

Three copolymers containing isobutyl p-styrenesulfonate (IBSS) and carboxyl units, i.e.
methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), were synthesized and their chemical
structures and thermal behaviors were investigated by using TGA, DSC, FTIR and other methods.
Films were prepared by using the synthesized copolymers in combination with a bisvinyl ether
compound, i.e. 2,2-bis(4-(2-(vinyloxy)ethoxy)phenyl)propane (BVPP), to applied onto an aluminum
plate. Crosslinking and de-crosslinking reactions would readily take place when the polymer films
were baking treated at 100 oC and 200 oC for a short period of time, respectively. Along with the
chemical structural changes during thermal treatments, an affinity change was achieved from being
insoluble to completely soluble in neutral water. A positive-working and neutral water-developable
imaging material was proposed and preliminary studies on the imaging properties were conducted.
Superficial Optimization of Microcapsule
Authors: Qiao Shu Nan , Li Lu Hai , Ming Wang , Mo Li Xin
Published: March 2009

To solve the gelatin gum arabic electronic ink microcapsules’ problems of thin shells,
easy to break and poor mechanical properties, the above microcapsule was coated by
urea-formaldehyde polymer and double shell microcapsule was got. The surface morphology of
double shell microcapsules was observed by Metallurgical Microscopy, the dispersion particle size
of microcapsules was measured by Laser Particle Size Analyzer, the microcapsules’ hermetization
property was tested by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and the mechanical intensity of microcapsule
was measured by Microcomputer Control Omnipotence Test Machine (MCOTM). It was found that
the microcapsule prepared by this method showed regular shape and increased size. Additionally,
both the hermetization property and mechanic intensity of the microcapsules were improved.
Controlled Self-Assembling Patterns of Colloidal Crystal by Solvent Modification
Authors: Wang J. , Hu Y.C. , Qu B. , Wang B.P. , Gu Z.Z.
Published: March 2009

Vertical deposition technique to fabricate thin film solid artificial opals is becoming widely
used. In present work, we report on solvent modification and its effect on the arrangement of colloidal
crystals. Micrometer-sized periodic stripe patterns of colloidal crystal were formed from the aqueous
ethanol mixture solvents containing higher concentration of ethanol.
Microstructure and Thermal Behavior of Gradient Bioceramic Coatings Fabricated by Laser Cladding on Titanium Alloy
Authors: Zheng Min , Fan Ding , Li Xiu Kun , Liu Qi Bin , Zhang Jian Bin
Published: March 2009

Based on a high power CO2 laser beam passing by an integral mirror, the bioceramic
coatings of gradient composition were designed and fabricated on titanium alloy substrate
(Ti-6Al-4V). The relations among laser processing parameters, microstructure and thermal behavior
of the gradient bioceramic coatings were investigated. The morphology of the composites was
observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Phase composition of the coatings was analyzed
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). And the thermal behavior of raw powders was evaluated through thermal
gravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) test. The results demonstrated that the
bioceramic coatings were metallurgically bonded to the titanium alloy substrate. The bioceramic
coatings contained such bioactive phases as HA and β-TCP, which offered an advantageous condition
for osseo-connection. The DSC thermograms showed the endothermic peaks at different temperature,
which resulted from the different transitions process, respectively. Furthermore, the DSC results were
in accordance with TG data of the powders and showed that with the increasing temperature the
weight of sample accordingly decreased.
The Characteristic Analysis of the Surface Wave of Film under Different Surface Tension
Authors: Wang Song Ling , Wu Zheng Ren , Cheng Y.L. , Liu M. , Lu D.
Published: March 2009

With the change of the relation between the Bond numbers and 1/3, the different control
equations with different dispersion item for the surface wave was obtained. The equation under
tension and bottom was reduced from the potential flow theory with the little parameter perturbation
technique, and then was solved by using the pseudo-spectral method. The waterfall of the surface
wave was simulated with software. The results show, that different surface tension has significant
effect on the film surface and there are some solitary-like wave.
Applications of Nanoindentation Techniques in the Field of Surface Coatings
Authors: Wang Hong Mei , Shi Pei Jing , Yu He Long , Zhang Wei , Xu Bin Shi
Published: March 2009

As new engineering coatings get ever thinner and more technologically advanced, there
is an increasing demand for accurate assessment of the mechanical properties of thin films. The
rapidly expanding field of depth-sensing evaluation and techniques related provides a quantitative
method for mapping the micro/nano mechanical properties. A new type of nano test system was
introduced, the technology principle and the data analysis method were described. It was used to
test the performance of brush-plated nanocomposite coatings, supersonic plasma-sprayed coatings
and self-repairing microcapsule for corrosion-proof coatings, including the distribution of
mechanical properties across the surface and the section and nanoindentation creep. The results
show that nanoindentation techniques play an incomparable role in charactering the performance of
surface coatings.
Study on Chemical Mechanical Polishing Technology of Copper
Authors: Wang Sheng Li , Yuan Y.J. , Liu Yu Ling , Niu X.H.
Published: March 2009

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of copper films in alkaline slurries was
investigated. In the copper CMP, the slurry was made by adding colloidal silica abrasive to de-ionized
water.The organic alkali was added to adjust the pH, H2O2 was used as an oxidizer.The effects of
varying polishing temperature, polishing pressure, slurry flow rate, organic alkali concentration and
oxidizer concentration on removal rate were investigated in order to determine the optimum
conditions for those parameters. It is shown the chemical composition of the slurry was 2%~3%
oxidizer concentration, 3% organic alkali concentration and proper amount surfactant is reasonable.
The solid concentration of the polishing slurry was fixed at 20% by weight. The removal rate of
copper could reach 700nm/min and the surface roughness after CMP was 0.49nm.
Study on the Cleaning and Descaling Anticorrosion Technology of Water Cooling Engine without Disassembling
Authors: Jiang Hai , Zhang Xin , Yu Yao Gang , Yu Zheng Gen , Lan Xin Bo
Published: March 2009

Through analyzing the causes and damage of the fouling in water channel of water cooling
engine, this paper develops a new kind of compound cleaning and descaling agent and conducting
polyaniline corrosion agent of the water tank. This new cleaning agent is stable and harmless, and can
be added to the cooling system directly without the special equipment. With the circulation of the
coolant, the agent can remove the scale, and then the removed scale flows out of the auto with the
coolant. Except for this new cleaning agent, the antiseptic, whose major agent is the conducting
polyaniline, can decrease and even stop the corrosion of the water tank and cooling system’s parts,
and at the same time, the formation of the scale can also be restrained notably. When the agent is in
use, it can be added(press 1% ratio to join) wholly into the water port, or complemented at any time,
so that the quick cleaning and the anticorrosion are realized without disassembling and corroding the
engine. By using these agents the cleaning efficiency of the engine cooling system is improved, the
favorable engine’s technology situation is kept, and the engine’s life-span is also increased
efficiently.
High Velocity Arc-Sprayed Coating by CrB Powder Wire for Elevated Temperature Erosion Protection in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Authors: Song Yun Jing , Deng Hua Ling , Xiao Shi Rong , Shi Wen Hua
Published: March 2009

The coatings for elevated temperature erosion resistance in circulating fluidized bed (CFB)
boilers were fabricated by high velocity arc spraying process and CrB powder wire. The
microstructure and phase component of the coating were examined by optical microscopy(OM) and
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The properties including microhardness, adhesion
strength and in-situ erosion rate of the coating were measured. The failure mechanism was also
discussed based on the experimental data. The OM results showed that the coating consisted of
individual flat lamella, thin oxide layer, porosity and very small amount of particle which
characterized as different shape and color respectively. TEM results indicated that the phases within
the lamella were mainly composed of α phase, amorphous phase and other nanosized particle phase
of Fe23(C,B)6, Cr23C6 etc.. The amount of amorphous phase near the substrate was more than that in
the other area indicating that the appearance of amorphous phase was related to the high cooling rate
of the coating. The microhardness was about 860~1100HV0.2. The coating exhibited high
erosion-corrosion resistance, which was about six times as 20G steel. The advantage of the coating
with excellent performance, simple process and low cost made it possible to find potential application
in power plants.
Experiment Study of Combining Micro EDM with USM
Authors: Jia Bao Xian , Wang Dong Sheng , Wang Zhen Long , Zhao Wan Sheng
Published: March 2009

Experiments of combining micro EDM with USM are carried out to enhance the
machining ability and flexibility of the micro EDM, improve the machining state, and increase the
productivity and aspect ratio of the micro holes. Basing on RC pulse power supply and workpiece
vibration, the micro holes are drilled. The results of comparing experiments indicate that in the
processes of both micro EDM without USM and micro EDM with USM, the machining velocity
and the wear of the electrode increase with the increase of open voltage and loop capacitance. The
experiment results of amplitude influencing on the machining process indicate that with the increase
of ultrasonic amplitude, the machining velocity heightens and the aspect ratio of the micro holes
augments; at the same time, however, the wear of the electrode and the extensive magnitude of the
holes increase. Micro holes with some cross-section and accurate profile are drilled steadily.
Mechanism of Chip Deformation in Orthogonal Cutting the Wheel Steel
Authors: Xue Kai , Xu Xiang Ming , Liu Gang , Chen Ming
Published: March 2009

The chip formation and morphology are definitely affected by tool geometry and cutting
parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cutting. An experiment investigation was
presented to study the influence of tool geometry on chip morphology, and to clarify the effect of
different cutting parameters on chip deformation in orthogonal turning the wheel steel. The result
obtained in this study showed that tool geometry affected the chip morphology significantly; cutting
speed was the most contributive factor in forming saw-tooth chip.
Material Removal Rate Characteristics in Ultrasonic Aided Lapping of Engineering Ceramics Based on Single-Point Scratch
Authors: Jiao Feng , Zhao Bo , Liu Chuan Shao , Zhu Xun Sheng
Published: March 2009

A new ultrasonic aided lapping technology was developed by combining lapping technology and
ultrasonic machining technology. The appended special tangential ultrasonic vibration changes the material
removal rate (MRR) characteristics. In order to clarify the influence of ultrasonic vibration, in this paper, the
MRR models in ultrasonic aided single-point scratch were deduced based on indentation fracture theory.
Through contrast scratching and lapping experiments, the MRR characteristics in ultrasonic aided lapping of
engineering ceramics were presented. Research result shows that the MMR in ultrasonic aided lapping is
larger than that in conventional lapping under the same conditions; with the increase of ultrasonic generator
power and lapping pressure, the MMR in lapping increases correspondingly.
Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Transparent Nd:YAG Ceramics
Authors: Li Jun , Zhu Yong , Chen Chuang Tian
Published: March 2009

Transparent Nd:YAG ceramics which are very hard and brittle materials, are very difficult to be polished. There are many micro scratches or damages on the surface after mechanical polishing with Al2O3. In order to remove micro scratches or damages, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) was adopted to manufacture Nd:YAG ceramics. In the polishing experiment, Pellon and Chemcloth pads were utilized for chemical mechanical polishing of Nd:YAG ceramics. Colloidal SiO2 was selected as the polishing slurry in two different polishing environments, acidity and alkalinity. The surface roughness was determined by using atomic force microscope. In this study, four polishing experimental combinations that each combination contains one of the two pads and one of the two polishing environments were carried out in the optimum polishing condition. Then the high quality surface of transparent Nd:YAG ceramics with the best surface roughness of < 0.2 nm RMS and few micro scratches or damages is obtained by adopting CMP process with Chemcloth pad and colloidal SiO2 in acidic condition.
Laser Surface Coating-Texturing of Cold Roll with Hard Dimples
Authors: Wan Da Ping , Liu Hong Bin , Hu De Jin , Wang Hai Feng
Published: March 2009

The surface texture of sheet steel plays an important role for automotive applications. To
achieve appropriate surface topographies and press-forming behaviour, a new laser coating texturing
(LCT) technique aimed at texturing steel work-rolls was proposed. The laser texturing process was
realized by applying laser pulses at very high repetition rates to produce innumerable micro-craters
with the required shape profile on the surface of the rolls. Moreover, the surface alloying of the
dimples was carried out on the substrates of bearing steel GCr15. The submicron WC-Co alloy metal
powder was melted into the micro-craters by high laser energy. The effects of processing parameters
on the properties of the laser textured samples were investigated. The dimpled surfaces were
examined by a 3-dimensional surface profilometer. Microstructures of the coating layers were
assessed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental investigations show that the
laser-dimpled hard-coated surfaces exhibit compatible metallurgical interfaces with the substrates.
The laser coating textured roll is demonstrated to have excellent abrasion resistance and a much
longer service life. The abrasive wear resistance was 5 times higher than that of the substrates. The
average surface microhardness values were as high as 700HV.
Prediction of Multiple Frequencies Chatter Stability in High-Speed Milling System
Authors: Song Qing Hua , Ai Xing , Tang Wei Xiao , Wan Yi
Published: March 2009

A new dynamics model for multi-degree of freedom high-speed milling system is proposed, which takes account of regenerative effects and the effects of the relative vibration of spindle axis in milling process. Based on the mode synthesis theory and the zeroth-order approximation of the Fourier series, an integrated stability analytical method for multiple frequencies is presented, which involves multiple orders modal characteristics and higher order excitations in high-speed milling process. The chatter stability lobes are predicted in the frequency domain using the proposed stability analytical method, and verified by milling experiments. It is shown that stability regions involving multiple natural modes are reduced contrary to the case of single natural mode.
A Study on Fractal Dimension of Grit Protrusion Topography of Diamond Grinding Wheel
Authors: Xie Jin , Zhong Yu Guan
Published: March 2009

Fractal dimension is proposed to evaluate grit protrusion feature concerning grit protrusion
area and length. The aim is to investigate crystal integrate of diamond grit protruded from grinding
wheel after dressing. First, 3D crystal diamond grits are established in AutoCAD concerning various
crystal configurations. Second, fractal dimension for original diamond grit is analyzed theoretically.
Then, dressing experiment is carried out to investigate fractal dimension of grit protrusion topography
by suing image processing of SEM photos of dressed grinding wheel surface. Finally, grit protrusion
feature is investigated by fractal dimension concerning the depth of cut in dressing process. It is
confirmed that fractal dimension can display grit protrusion feature and it may be used to evaluate
dressing performance.
Research on Asymmetric and Negative Offset Mechanism of Large-Scale Steel Plate Rolling Shear
Authors: Li Yu Gui , Ma Li Feng , Huang Qing Xue , Pang Si Qin
Published: March 2009

According to revised Cailikefu’s rolling shear force formula, motion path equation of
spatial seven-bar path is built, and mechanical model, with such new structural features as asymmetric
and negative offset, is thus successfully established for 2800 mm heavy shear of some Iron&Steel
Company. Shear force and bar force of steel plate, before and after adoption of asymmetric and
negative offset structure, are analyzed, as well as horizontal force component of mechanism that
influences pure rolling shear and back-wall push force that keeps blade clearance. The discovery is
that back-wall push force could be kept large enough at rolling start-up (i.e. the time that the
maximum rolling shear produces), meanwhile, back-wall push force is the most approximate to side
forces with adoption of 60mm~100mm offset. Theoretical results and on-site shear quality both
indicate that new structural features such as asymmetric and negative offset plays an important role in
ensuring pure rolling shear and keeping blade clearance constant, which provide an effective means to
improve quality of steel plate.
Research on Energy-Saving EDM Pulse Power Supply
Authors: Wang Yu Kui , Song Bo Yan , Wang Zhen Long , Zhao Wan Sheng
Published: March 2009

The performance and stability of output of electrical discharge machining (EDM) are
determined by the output of EDM pulse power supply. In order to resolve disadvantages of
conventional pulse power supply, such as undesirable efficiency and low power factor, the prototype
design of energy-saving EDM pulse power supply is developed. It is composed of such three stages as
a single-phase active power factor correction (PFC) pre-regulator, a full-bridge phase shift zero
voltage switching (FB-PS-ZVS) converter based on complex control paralleled of machining current
closed-loop and voltage closed-loop at period of spark gap insulation, and a pulse generator based on
machining sequence control. The PFC pre-regulator contributes to a great increase to about 0.95 in its
power factor. The efficiency of the new system is considerably increased to about 70% due to design
of ZVS. The pulse generator contributes to the pulse machining current without a tail. Experiment
results demonstrates that the prototype is capable of low electrode wear, high speed, stable machining.
Research on the Influence that Stop Position of Cerpet Tufting Machineto Yarn Tension and the Method of Elimination Stop Mark
Authors: Meng Zhuo , Sun Jing Jing , Zhou Ting Ze , Gu Shui Heng
Published: March 2009

During weaving tufting carpet, the improper stop position of tufting machine will result
in stop mark, which influences the carpet quality. In this thesis, through theory analysis and
experiment research, the influence rule on the stop position of tufting machine to loop yarn tension
and to loop-height has been obtained, and a method of eliminating stop mark by stopping machine
in high has been put forward. The technology experiment has proved that when it overlaps partly
with high position signal, a fixed position of stopping tufting machine in high has been realized by
sending out stop instruction and stopping the tufting machine by a brake cylinder, and the best result
of eliminating stop mark has achieved.
The Fatigue Behavior of Steel Structures under Random Loading
Authors: Agerskov Henning
Published: March 2009

Fatigue damage accumulation in steel structures under random loading has been studied
in a number of investigations at the Technical University of Denmark. The fatigue life of welded
joints has been determined both experimentally and from a fracture mechanics analysis. In the
experimental part of the investigation, fatigue test series with a total of 540 fatigue tests have been
carried through on various types of welded plate test specimens and full-scale offshore tubular
joints. The materials that have been used are either conventional structural steel or high-strength
steel. The fatigue tests and the fracture mechanics analyses have been carried out using load
histories, which are realistic in relation to the types of structures studied, i.e. primarily bridges,
offshore structures and chimneys. In general, the test series carried through show a significant
difference between constant amplitude and variable amplitude fatigue test results. Both the fracture
mechanics analysis and the fatigue test results indicate that Miner’s rule, which is normally used in
the design against fatigue in steel structures, may give results, which are unconservative, and that
the validity of the results obtained from Miner’s rule will depend on the distribution of the load
history in tension and compression.
Invention and Innovation: A Case Study in Metals
Authors: Connelly Michael C. , Sekhar Jainagesh A.
Published: March 2009

We explore an improved method for the measurement of innovation and innovative activity across long life-cycles especially where patentable technology plays a part in the innovation. In a previous publication we were able to distinguish four stages of a long life cycle. In this article we examine whether the patent life cycle and the production activity life cycle are related. Two conventional schools of thought commonly exist in reference to measurement of technical innovation, one suggesting the use of patents as the best indicator of innovative activity, and the other recommending alternative means, not using patent data. This article proposes a novel method of measurement utilizing yearly patent counts. A model was developed using nine metals whose yearly production activity was correlated with patent counts associated with the same materials. This correlated data was then entered into best-fit equations to obtain fitted patent and activity life cycle curves. Differences in the origins of these fitted curves were interpreted as lags of time in the life cycle of the patent or activity thus allowing for comparisons between patents and innovation activity. The behavior of the number of patents with time was found to be similar to production growth, making patents a measure and representation of technical innovation. In conclusion we were able to categorize the metals into three groups. Group 1, containing nickel and chromium, are metals whose patent activity is driving their production. Group 2, containing aluminum, zinc and copper, are metals in which production is driving the patenting. Group 3, which is composed of the Stage IV metals iron, manganese, molybdenum and tungsten, represents materials that have no current innovative activity that can be measured or correlated to the patent activity. The results suggest a fertile field of future research extending the initial pattern equation model to include R&D, Patents, and Performance, as well as Sales, as innovation activity. Further, the model shows promise for the analysis and assessment of existing and future industrial technology life cycles involving materials, processes, products, software and service innovations.
Innovation with Low-Ionization Plasma Sources for Enhanced Aluminum Processing
Authors: Reddy G.S. , Jog Milind , Sekhar Jainagesh A.
Published: March 2009

About 32 million tons of aluminum is melted every year. A significant amount is lost to dross
during primary and secondary melting operations. Typically, to overcome the dross loss, either a
nitrogen cover or a chemical cover is used over the molten metal. A new method, that uses a cover
of low-ionization air, has proven to be effective in significantly reducing the dross. The method,
low-ionization plasma melting, and its impact on the environment and on melting energy efficiency
are discussed in relation to some of the other historical innovations for aluminum processing.
A Calculating Method in Design Flat Air Bearing with Central Feedhole and Pocket
Authors: Thang Vu Toan , Du L.C.
Published: March 2009

This article presents a calculation method for simple flat air bearing with central feed
hole and pocket. A non-dimension relative expression between the load and air lift is obtained by
applying some assumptions for the flow, Navier Stokes equations and the equation of equilibrium.
The diameter of the feed hole and the central pocket are computed in order to work in optimal
regime for the case the working lift is 20µm and the load is 20kG. The results of the theoretical
calculation are match with the experimental results and used to manufacture air-bearing slide carrier
at Hanoi University of Technology.
Online Measurement for Dimensions of Thermal Train Wheel
Authors: Yang Y. , Deng S. , Hong Z.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a method for online measurement of the dimensions of thermal train
wheel by one frame of photo-thermal image. A measurement system and its mathematics model is
setup. The effect of the spectrum of laser source to restrain thermal background noise is analyzed,
then, a special laser is selected. A weighting method of the gray value transform is added into the
image process. The high temperature fields of a measured train-wheel are analyzed by use of
limited element method. The experiment result shows that the measurement standard deviation of
the thermal train-wheel rim is less than 0.55 mm.
Design of a Compliant Micromechanism for Optical-Fiber Alignment
Authors: Hu Ya Hui , Lin K.H. , Chang S.C. , Chang Ming
Published: March 2009

The optical-fiber alignment system is a critical role on micro/nano precision engineering.
In this paper, the design and fabrication of a novel, six-axis compliant nano-stage which uses flexure
hinge and negative Poisson’s Ratio is presented. Every single axis is a designed planar geometry, so it
is easily fabricated via laser cutting processes that enable cost down to achieve batch products. The
material of six-axis mechanism is aluminum. The micromechanism consists of six trapeziform
displacement structures and two hexagonal plates which are on the top and bottom. The displacement
structures includes of a signal layer flexure hinge toggle mechanism stage and asymmetrical
multi-layer flexure hinge toggle mechanism stage. The computer simulation of the transferring
behavior was performed with a commercial package, named SolidWorks ANSYS@. The model states
of stress, strain and the displacement of ratio can be estimated. The experiment was carried out with
Piezoelectric(PZT) actuators and LVDT which drives and measures the displacement. Comparison of
the simulation and experimental result between the single-axis and six-axis stage are presented. The
results shown that the displacement of ratio is 32 times as the single-axis structures. The system
maximum displacement of vertical translation, horizontal translation, tilt angle and rotational angle is
50 µm, 50 µm, 0.5° and 0.5°. In experimental, the results not only demonstrate that this
micromechanism of flexure hinge and negative Poisson’s Ratio increases the displacement of ratio
and reduces the size of system, but can also be applied on the optical-fiber alignment system.
Simultaneous Flatness and Surface Roughness Measurement of a Plastic Sheet Using a Fan-Shaped Laser Beam Scanning System
Authors: Shiou Fang Jung , Deng Y.W.
Published: March 2009

A fan-shaped laser beam scanning measuring system based on the triangulation principle,
was newly developed in this study to measure simultaneously the flatness and the surface roughness
of a surface plate with good reflectivity after a suitable calibration. The developed system mainly
consists of a micro-focus fan-shaped line laser, an image processing system, a PC-based 3-axis
machine, and a PC. The height value of the object can be calculated, based on the offset between the
position projected onto the object and the position projected onto the platform, after carrying out the
height calibration with gauge blocks. According to the scattering theorem, a correlation between the
surface roughness of the test object measured with a precision stylus instrument and the average
fringe width projected onto the test object surface, has been constructed.
A Point Matching Method for Stereovision Measurement
Authors: Lu Nai Guang , Dong Ming Li , Sun P. , Guo J.W.
Published: March 2009

Many vision tasks such as 3D measurement, scene reconstruction, object recognition, etc.,
rely on feature correspondence among images. This paper presents a point matching method for 3D
surface measurement. The procedure of the method is as follows: (1) rectification for stereo image
pairs; (2) computation of epipolar lines; (3) sequential matching in vertical direction; (4) sequential
matching in horizontal direction. The fourth step is performed to deal with the ambiguity in dense
areas where points have closer vertical coordinates. In the fourth step a threshold limit of vertical
coordinate difference is designed to determine those points potential to cause ambiguity. This method
was applied to the 3D surface measurement for an inflatable parabolic reflector with validity of point
matching up to 100%. Experiment results show that this method is feasible in application of sparse
point matching for continuous surface measurements.
Improved Accuracy of 2-D Non-Contact Range Sensors Using 2-D Lateral Effect Position Sensitive Detector
Authors: Cui Song , Zhang Ying , Lim S.Y. , Soh Y.C.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a new set of estimation formulae for non-contact 2D displacement measurement by using the principle of triangulation and the position sensitive detector (PSD) as a 2-D range sensor. It has been shown in theory that the new set of formulae outperforms the conventional formulae by providing much more accurate estimate of the 2D displacement. The theoretical analysis has been verified by simulation studies.
Application of Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Digital Beamforming Technique to the Identification of Multiple SAW Tags
Authors: Zhu Hua , Li Q. , Shi W.
Published: March 2009

Some tags in the radio frequency identification (RFID) application based on the surface acoustic wave (SAW) technique often locate in the field of a transceiver simultaneously, leading to difficult identification. In this paper, the digital beamforming technique is applied to identify multiple SAW ID-tags to address difficulties in identification. The direction of arrivals (DOAs) are used to denote the locations of the tags and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is suggested to find the optimal estimates of the DOAs. Once the DOAs are obtained, the array weights are then formed and the signals of tags are recovered to implement decoding. The experiment results show that a good identification of multiple SAW ID-tags is achieved.
Reconsideration of Body Mass Measurement on the International Space Station and Beyond
Authors: Shimada Kazuhito , Fujii Yusaku
Published: March 2009

In the current space program, astronaut body mass onboard spacecraft, including the
International Space Station (ISS) is measured with spring-mass device. We propose a new device
“Space Scale” with laser interferometry acceleration measurement and an inline force sensor with a
bungee cord. This paper describes concept of Space Scale and its accuracy estimation by ground
model test. Accuracy obtained in this ground test was –0.293 %, of which force sensor contributed
most to error.
Development of a High-Precision Temperature Measurement Instrument Based on Quartz Tuning-Fork Temperature Sensor
Authors: Xu Jun , You Bo , Li X.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a high precision temperature measurement instrument based on quartz
tuning-fork temperature sensor (QTTS) using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The advantage of
QTTS is a great sensitivity which makes possible to determine the temperature with the accuracy of
0.01 °C , but the QTTS based temperature measurement instrument often appears as erroneous
temperature reading when using standard polynomial calibration techniques over a large temperature
range. For high precision temperature measurement, a new method is presented to compensate
non-linearity of QTTS based instrument using non-linearity compensation model using ANN by
Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm to settle its non-linear problem. The hardware and software parts of
the system are integrated in a PC-based instrument used for operation and calibration. ANN based
modelling and correction technique has been evaluated experimentally, followed by experimental
results obtained by applying the method to QTTS calibration.
Abrasive Dispersing in Ultra-Fine Diamond Tools
Authors: Liu Juan , Huang Hui , Xu Xi Peng
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the influences of abrasive size, abrasive concentration and admixture way
on the abrasive dispersing of the sintered ultra-fine diamond tool were systemically investigated.
Then, a comparison of the abrasive dispersing was made between the sintered ultra-fine diamond
tool and the newly developed ultra-fine diamond tool by gel technique. ESEM was applied to
observe the abrasive dispersing of the sintered and gel-coupled ultra-fine diamond tools. The
abrasive dispersing was quantitatively evaluated by the statistic laws of grit spacing in a certain area.
Experimental results indicated that the dispersing was mainly influenced by the abrasive size. The
ultra-fine abrasive tended to agglomerate with the decrease of grit sizes due to the increase of
surface energies. The abrasive concentration and admixture way had few effects on abrasive
dispersing. The abrasive dispersing of the sintered diamond tool was worse compared with the
gel-coupled ultra-fine diamond tool.
Electrochemical Behavior of Cu-Bearing CrMo Steel in H2S Saturated Aqueous Brine Solution
Authors: Tian Qing Chao , Dong Xiao Ming , Zhang Qing An
Published: March 2009

Electrochemical measurement techniques were applied to investigate the polarization and
hydrogen permeation behavior of Cu-bearing CrMo steel in a H2S saturated aqueous brine solution.
The observation on microstructure and precipitate phases of the steel was conducted by
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the corrosion product was investigated by using
X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). It is disclosed that copper addition could effectively influence the
electrochemical behavior of the investigated steel, and the dissolution behavior of iron matrix and
carbide precipitates in the H2S solution acts as a key role for the steel resistance to hydrogen sulfide
corrosion.
Reliability-Based Structural Optimization of Stochastic Structure Systems Considering Stability
Authors: Yan Xin Chi
Published: March 2009

The problem of failure mode analysis of stochastic structural systems, dealing with the
design variables expression, reliability-based structural optimization and improved stability of
girders, have been studied in this paper. Considering the material intensity, girder section area, panel
thickness and loads as stochastic variables, a mathematical model of optimization is constructed. In
the iterative procedure, the optimum vector method was adopted to optimize the object and the
gradient step; and the optimum vector step have been used alternatively, and these can speed up the
iterative procedure. The calculation of a numerical example shows this method is exact and free
from the selection of optimum start point, further more the convergence is stable and fast.
Risk-Based Research on Failure Mode of High-Arch Concrete Dam
Authors: Chen Zai Tie
Published: March 2009

Risk analysis can overcome the weakness of conventional safety evaluation of high-arch
dams where the random nature of the load and resistance effect are ignored and the failure mode
and failure disaster loss are not taken into account. On the basis of statistical analysis of the data of
the failure arch dams and faulty and perilous arch dams in the world, it is deduced that the failure of
high arch dam is mainly caused by super elevation floods, highly intense earthquakes, mountain
landslides, abnormal temperature variation, explosion load, etc. Five major failure modes for high
arch dams are suggested, namely dam abutment rock instability, fundamental plane instability,
entire entity instability, excess cracking and extreme dam overflow. Based on the study of the
failure mechanism of the major failure modes, a state function is established to calculate the failure
probability of the major failure modes. An approach is developed to obtain the statistical quantity
and the regularities of distribution of the load and resistance random variables.
Statistical Analysis for Fatigue Life of Concrete
Authors: Zhao Dong Fu , Kong Wei Wei , Song Xiao Ruan
Published: March 2009

Statistical analysis is presented for 108 groups of fatigue test data of concrete, including tests of abnormal value, variance and distribution-fitted with fuzzy optimization; analysis of variance, sample size and error. It is chiefly concluded that effect of stress level of repeated loading on the fatigue life of concrete is much more significant than that of stress rate and relative stress amplitude, and effect of stress rate and relative stress amplitude are of the same significance; Relationship of sample size, relative error and significant level is also presented; fatigue life of concrete is more fitted for lognormal distribution than Weibull distribution. Suggestion for relevant code, standard and regulation are presented.
Pore Properties of Eco-Material for Erosion Control of Slope and its Fractal Features
Authors: Wang Ji , Hu Zai Liang , Zhang Ji Ru , Zhang Ming Zhong
Published: March 2009

The pore properties of the porous material are important factors influencing the
vegetation to grow. The pore properties of an artificial planting material and soil were studied by a
mercury intrusion test. Based on the fractal concept of Menger-sponge, the fractal dimensions
characterizing pore volume-size distribution of planting material and soil are obtained from the
experimental data, and the different of both of the fractal dimensions is compared. The testing
results show that the total porosity of planting material varies from 30.27 % to 32.11%, and the total
porosity of soil is 24.87%. The law of their pore volume-size distribution in different range of
pore-size is identical. The fractal research exhibits that the fractal dimensions have a different value
in all the range of pore-size for planting material or soil, and small fractal dimension corresponds to
small pore-size. As compared with soil, the fractal dimension of planting material is larger slightly
in range of small pore, and is same basically in range of micro and medium pore. These results
indicate that the fractal dimension is a useful measure of pore grading, which divides the pore into
four groups with micro pore, small pore, medium pore and large pore. And the pore properties of
eco-material for erosion control of slope are helpful to the vegetation growth.