bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D numerical simulation of the flow of viscous newtonian and shear thinning fluids in a twin sigma blade mixer
Authors: Connelly Robin K. , Kokini Jozef L.
Published: October 2006

The flow and mixing in a 3D geometrically accurate representation of a twin sigma blade mixer is simulated using the finite element method (FEM) combined with the mesh superimposition technique as implemented by Polyflow (Fluent, Inc.) to calculate the velocity, velocity gradients, shear rates, and mixing index. The mixing conditions and material models are based on those used in the laser‐Doppler anemometry (LDA) experiments of Prakash and Kokini. The simulation results are analyzed to determine the effect of increasing shear thinning on the flow and mixing, and are also compared with the experimental results of Prakash and Kokini for the © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25:182–194, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20071
Tetrazole Analogues of Ibuprofen and Flurbiprofen
Authors: Valenti Piero , Rampa Angela , Fabbri Giuseppina , Giusti Piero , Cima Lorenzo
Published: October 2006

The pharmacological properties of the tetrazole analogues of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen are reported.
Synthesis of New 1‐[5‐(Substituted Phenoxymethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl]‐5‐(substituted benzylidene)hydantoins as Potential Anthelminthic Agents
Authors: Shukla Jagdish S. , Agarwal Km. Kanchan
Published: October 2006

Various 1‐[5‐(substituted phenoxymethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl]5‐(substituted benzylidene)hydantoins have been synthesized. Their activities against Hymenolepis nana infection in rats were tested. Compound 27 was found to be the most active showing 78.0% clearance of infection at a dose of 250 mg/kg for 3 days.
Polarographische Simultanbestimmung von Nitrofurantoin und Phenazopyridin in Tabletten
Authors: Surmann Peter , Aswakun Penpan
Published: October 2006

Nitrofurantoin und Phenazopyridin liefern in geeignetem Puffer bei Verwendung der Differentiellen Puls Polarographie (DPP) gut ausgeprägte und voneinander separierte Peaks. Britton Robinson Puffer pH 5,5 hat sich als optimal erwiesen bezüglich Peakform und Basislinie. Wegen der hohen Empfindlichkeit eignet sich die Methode gut zur Bestimmung der content uniformity. Zwischen Peakhöhe und Konzentration besteht im Bereich 1 μg/ml bis 8 μg/ml Linearität. Dies gestattet eine Verdünnung, die Matrixeffekte durch die Tablettenhilfsstoffe unterdrückt.
1‐Acetyl‐2,4,5‐trimethyl‐3,6‐diazaphenanthrene
Authors: Gorlitzer Klaus , Buß Dietrich
Published: October 2006

Es wird über die Darstellung der Titelverbindungen 3‐8, ausgehend vom 4‐(2‐Nitrophenyl)‐1,4‐dihydropyridin 1 oder dessen Photoprodukt 2, berichtet.
Thiophen als Strukturelement physiologisch aktiver Substanzen, 11. Mitt. Substituierte Thieno[2,3‐d]imidazole als potentiell antivirale Wirkstoffe
Authors: Binder Dieter , Noe Christian R. , Kollmann Hermann , Rosenwirth Brigitte
Published: October 2006

Eine neue Thieno[2,3‐d]imidazol‐Synthese wird beschrieben, wobei in der Schlüsselsequenz ein Nitrothiophenderivat mit Dinatriumcyanamid umgesetzt und das resultierende Natriumsalz nach einer katalytischen Hydrierung ringgeschlossen wird. Eine nach diesem Verfahren hergestellte Verbindung 1, deren Substitutionsmuster einem gegen Rhino‐ und andere Picornaviren hochwirksamen Benzolanalogon, dem Enviroxime (B), entspricht, zeigt eine geringere antivirale Aktivität als dieses.
3,6‐Diazaphenanthrene aus Nifedipin
Authors: Görlitzer Klaus , Buß Dietrich
Published: October 2006

Bei der fluorimetrischen Bestimmung von Nifedipin nach Schloßmann entsteht das Lactam 4a und das Hydroxamsäurehalbacetal 5a. Die Struktur von 4a wird durch die Verbindungen 7‐9, die Konfiguration und Konformation von 5a durch die Substanzen 5b sowie 11‐13 chemisch und spektroskopisch gesichert.
9‐Chlor‐3,6‐diazaphenanthrene aus Nifedipin
Authors: Görlitzer Klaus , Buß Dietrich
Published: October 2006

Das durch photochemische Reaktion aus Nifedipin erzeugte Nitrosopyridin gibt mit konz. HCl das chlorhaltige 3,6‐Diazaphenanthren 3a. Der Eisen‐Komplex der Hydroxamsäure 3a ermöglicht eine spektralphotometrische Bestimmung für Nifedipin. 3 ergibt bei der Behandlung mit PCl3 das Lactam 4, mit Acetanhydrid das Hydroxamat 5.
1,4‐Pentadien‐3‐one, 23. Mitt. Zur Reaktion von 2,4‐Bis(methoxycarbonyl)‐1,5‐diaryl‐3‐thia‐1,4‐pentadienen sowie ihrer Sulfoxide und Sulfone mit Hydroxylamin
Authors: Yamamura Hiroko , Otto Hans‐Hartwig
Published: October 2006

Die Titelverbindungen reagieren mit Hydroxylamin in Art einer doppelten Michael‐Addition zu 1,4‐Thiazinan‐Derivaten, deren Stereochemie diskutiert wird.
Zur Stereochemie der 3‐Oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1‐cyclopentancarbonsäuren, 6. Mitt. Chemo‐, Regio‐ und Stereoselektivität der Methylierung substituierter 2‐Cyclopentanon‐carbonsäureester
Authors: Körfer Inge , Frahm August W.
Published: October 2006

Es wird die Chemo‐, Regio‐ und Stereoselektivität der Methylierung von r‐5‐(4‐Fluorphenyl)‐c‐2‐methyl‐3‐oxo‐1.1.t‐4‐cyclopentantricarbonsäure‐trimethylester (1) und r‐5‐(4‐Fluorphenyl)‐t‐2‐methyl‐3‐oxo‐1.1.t‐4‐cyclopentantricarbonsäure‐trimethylester (2) beschrieben. Aus 1 entstehen r‐5‐(4‐Fluorphenyl)‐3‐methoxy‐c‐2‐methyl‐3‐cyclopenten‐1.1.4‐tricarbonsäure‐trimethylester (3) und r‐5‐(4‐Fluorphenyl)‐c‐2‐methyl‐t‐4‐methyl‐3‐oxo‐1.1.c‐4‐cyclopentantricarbonsäure ‐trimethylester (4). Aus 2 wird zusätzlich zu 3 und 4 2.2‐Dimethyl‐r‐5‐(4‐fluorphenyl)‐3‐oxo‐1.1.t‐4‐cyclopentantricarbonsäure‐trimethylester (7) gebildet.
Reduktionen substituierter 3,7‐Diaza‐ und 3‐Thia‐7‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐9‐one mit Natriumborhydrid
Authors: Haller Rolf , Ashauer Ulrike
Published: October 2006

Substituierte 3,7‐Diaza‐ und 3‐Thia‐7‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐9‐ole werden durch Reduktion der entsprechenden Ketone mit Natriumborhydrid erhalten. Die Stereoselektivität der Reduktion ist in wäßrigem Dioxan sehr hoch, während in Methanol Epimerengemische entstehen. Die 1H‐NMR‐Spektren der epimeren Alkohole werden vergleichend diskutiert.
Tertiäre 3‐Oxa‐7‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐9‐ole
Authors: Haller Rolf , Ashauer Ulrike
Published: October 2006

Von substituierten 3‐Oxa‐7‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐9‐onen abgeleitete tertiäre Alkohole werden durch Grignard‐Reaktion der Ketone mit Propargylmagnesiumbromid erhalten. Die Stereoselektivität dieser Reaktionen ist sehr hoch. 1H‐NMR‐ und IR‐Spektren werden diskutiert.
Synthesis of 1,5‐dihydro‐5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐4H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐ones and their ribosides and mannich bases
Authors: Finlander Peter , Pedersen Erik B.
Published: October 2006

1,5‐Dihydro‐4H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐ones 5 and 6 were prepared by reaction of the corresponding ethyl 5‐aminopyrazole‐4‐carboxylate with triethyl orthoformate and amines. Ethyl N‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)formimidate and N,N′‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)formamidine could also be used as the ring closing reagent. The Mannich bases 13 and 14 were produced in a reaction of 9 with formaldehyde and piperidine. The ribosides 15 were obtained by melting a mixture of 9 and 1,2,3,5‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranose in the presence of p‐toluenesulphonic acid.
Ein einstufiges Verfahren zur Darstellung von γ‐Yliden‐α,β‐butenoliden
Authors: Reisch Johannes , Mester Zita
Published: October 2006

In einem Eintopfverfahren können durch Umsetzung von Aldehyden bzw. deren Acetalen mit 2,5‐Dihydro‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐furan in Gegenwart von Trimethylchlorsilan γ‐Yliden‐α,β‐butenolide 3 dargestellt werden. Der Reaktionsmechanismus wird diskutiert.
Vinyloge Carbonsäuren vom 1,6‐Dihydropyridin‐Typ
Authors: Möhrle Hans , Reinhardt Hans W.
Published: October 2006

Aus C‐Aminomethylverbindungen von N‐sekundären Enaminonen entstehen mit Malon‐ oder Cyanessigestern unter Zusatz von Kalium‐tert.‐butylat die Kalium‐Salze vinyloger Carbonsäuren vom 1,6‐Dihydropyridin‐Typ. Der mehrstufige Reaktionsverlauf wird untersucht.
Selektive katalytische Hydrierungen und Hydrogenolysen, 6. Mitt. Eine verbesserte Synthese von 1‐Benzyl‐2‐methyloctahydroisochinolinen
Authors: Reimann Eberhard , Höglmüller Angelika
Published: October 2006

Die Titelverbindungen 3 sind bequem aus den Methoiodiden 2 der entsprechenden Bz‐Tetrahydroisochinoline 1 durch NaBH4‐Reduktion herstellbar.
Chemical Stability of the Hagedorn Oximes HGG‐12 and HI‐6
Authors: Eyer Peter , Hell Winfried
Published: October 2006

The chemical stability of the soman antidotes HGG‐12 and HI‐6 was studied over the pH range 2–9 at various temperatures. Maximum stability for both oximes was found at pH 2. From Arrhenius plots the predicted shelf life (10% decomposition) was 2.6 years at 25° C and 60 years at 4 °C for both oximes. The apparent energy of activation was 113kJ/mol. The decay rate of both oximes apparently was not influenced by oxime concentration, buffer composition, light, and oxygen. By ion‐pair HPLC the following degradation products were indentified: pyridine‐2‐carbaldoxime, pyridine‐2‐carbonitrile, 2‐pyridone, formaldehyde and 3‐benzoylpyridine (for HGG‐12) or isonicotinamide and isonicotinic acid (for HI‐6). Two additional pyridinium compounds have not yet been identified. The pattern of degradation products varied considerably with pH.
Hydroxylamin‐Derivate der Quadratsäure
Authors: Zinner Gerwalt , Grünefeld Johann , Baehr Mitarbeit Von Michael
Published: October 2006

Reaktion von Quadratsäuredimethylester (1) mit äquimolaren Mengen substituierter Hydroxylamine ergibt 3‐Hydroxyamino‐4‐methoxy‐3‐cyclobuten‐1,2‐dione 2. Bei Umsetzung von Quadratsäuredichlorid mit Hydroxylaminen werden Desoxygenierungsreaktionen beobachtet.
National estimates and race/ethnic‐specific variation of selected birth defects in the United States, 1999–2001
Authors: Canfield Mark A. , Honein Margaret A. , Yuskiv Nataliya , Xing Jian , Mai Cara T. , Collins Julianne S. , Devine Owen , Petrini Joann , Ramadhani Tunu A. , Hobbs Charlotte A. , Kirby Russell S.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND: In the United States, birth defects affect approximately 3% of all births, are a leading cause of infant mortality, and contribute substantially to childhood morbidity. METHODS: Population‐based data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Network were combined to estimate the prevalence of 21 selected defects for 1999–2001, stratified by surveillance system type. National prevalence was estimated for each defect by pooling data from 11 states with active case‐finding, and adjusting for the racial/ethnic distribution of US live births. We also assessed racial/ethnic variation of the selected birth defects. RESULTS: National birth defect prevalence estimates ranged from 0.82 per 10,000 live births for truncus arteriosus to 13.65 per 10,000 live births for Down syndrome. Compared with infants of non‐Hispanic (NH) white mothers, infants of NH black mothers had a significantly higher birth prevalence of tetralogy of Fallot, lower limb reduction defects, and trisomy 18, and a significantly lower birth prevalence of cleft palate, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula, gastroschisis, and Down syndrome. Infants of Hispanic mothers, compared with infants of NH white mothers, had a significantly higher birth prevalence of anencephalus, spina bifida, encephalocele, gastroschisis, and Down syndrome, and a significantly lower birth prevalence of tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, cleft palate without cleft lip, and esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula. CONCLUSIONS: This study can be used to evaluate individual state surveillance data, and to help plan for public health care and educational needs. It also provides valuable data on racial/ethnic patterns of selected major birth defects. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of Cycloisomerisation of 1,6‐Heptadienes Catalysed by [(tBuCN)2PdCl2]: Remarkable Influence of Exogenous and Endogenous 1,6‐ and 1,5‐Diene Ligands
Authors: Bray Katharine L. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. , Muñoz M. Paz , Slatford Paul A. , Tan Emily H. P. , Tyler‐Mahon Amanda R. , Worthington Paul A.
Published: October 2006

The mechanism of the highly regioselective cycloisomerisation of dimethyl hept‐1,6‐dienyl‐4,4‐dicarboxylate (1) by a neutral pre‐catalyst, [(tBuCN)2PdCl2] (8), to generate dimethyl 3,4‐dimethylcyclopent‐2‐ene‐1,1‐dicarboxylate (3) has been investigated by isotopic labelling (reactions involving single and mixed samples of 1,1,2,6,7,7‐[2H6]‐1; 3,3,5,5‐[2H4]‐1; 1,7‐(Z,Z)‐[2H2]‐1; [1,3‐13C1,5,7‐13C1]‐1 and [1,3‐13C1,6‐2H1]‐1) and by study of the reactions of dimethyl 1‐aryl‐hept‐1,6‐dienyl‐4,4‐dicarboxylates (9 a–e, where aryl is p‐C6H4‐X; X=H, OMe, Me, Cl, CF3) and dimethyl hept‐1,5‐dienyl‐4,4‐dicarboxylate (14), a 1,5‐diene isomer of 1. The mechanism proposed involves the generation of a monochloro‐bearing palladium hydride which undergoes a simple hydropalladation, carbopalladation, Pd/H dyotropy, β‐H elimination sequence to generate 3. A key point that emerges is that chelation of the 1,6‐diene 1 at various stages in the mechanism plays an important role in determining the regioselectivity of the reaction. The selective generation of 3 with pre‐catalysts of the form L2PdCl2, as compared to the generation of dimethyl 3‐methylene‐4‐methyl‐cyclopentane‐1,1‐dicarboxylate (2) with pre‐catalysts of the form [(MeCN)2Pd(allyl)]OTf (5) is ascribed to the absence of chloride ion in the latter, which makes an additional coordination site available throughout turnover. Liberation of the product 3 when [(tBuCN)2PdCl2] (8) is employed as pre‐catalyst, is proposed to proceed via a mono‐ to bidentate switch in the π‐coordination of diene 1 (η2 to bis‐η2) displacing π‐coordinated 3 from Pd. When 1‐aryl‐1,6‐dienes 9 are employed as substrates, the electron‐donor property of the aryl group is found to influence the regioselectivity of cyclisation. Electron‐withdrawing groups favour dimethyl 3‐arylmethyl‐4‐methylcyclopent‐2‐ene‐1,1‐dicarboxylates (10), whilst electron‐donating aryl groups favour 3‐arylidene‐4‐methyl‐cyclopentane‐1,1‐dicarboxylates (11). The regioselectivity (10/11) correlates with the Hammett σ+ values (ρ+=1.3, r 2=0.975) indicative of a strong π‐resonance contribution from the aryl ring rather than a simple σ‐inductive effect. Intermolecular modulation of regioselectivity is observed and the net effect proposed to arise through the (π→d) donation ability of the vinyl arene in the diene displacing product (10/11) via a mono‐ to bidentate switch in coordination. The isomerisation process increasingly sequesters Pd as turnover proceeds leading to a powerful inhibition mechanism and ultimately a limitation in turnover number to about 80.
Cellular pathways to β‐cell replacement
Authors: Fellous Tariq G. , Guppy Naomi J. , Brittan Mairi , Alison Malcolm R.
Published: October 2006

In the twenty‐first century, diabetic patients are likely to be one of the major beneficiaries from the advancement of regenerative medicine through cellular therapies. Though the existence of a specific self‐renewing stem cell within the pancreas is still far from clear, a surprising variety of cells within the pancreas can differentiate towards a β‐cell phenotype: ductular cells, periductular mesenchymal cells and β‐cells themselves can all give rise to new β‐cells. Extra‐pancreatic adult somatic stem cells, in particular, those originating from bone marrow may also be capable of differentiating to β‐cells, though equally well the beneficial effects of bone marrow cells may reside in their contribution to the damaged islet vasculature. Forced expression of the β‐cell‐specific transcription factor Pdx1 in hepatocytes also holds promise as a therapeutic strategy to increase insulin levels in diabetic individuals. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are clearly another possible source for generating β‐cells, but ES cells are beyond the scope of this review, which focuses on adult stem and progenitor cells capable of producing β‐cells. Despite considerable endeavour, we still have much to learn in the field of pancreatic regeneration prior to any clinically applicable therapy based upon adult stem cells. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new investigation of dynamic mathematical model of synchronous reluctance motor—A simple unified analysis of model characteristics
Authors: Shinnaka Shinji
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a new characteristics analysis of a dynamic mathematical model for synchronous reluctance motors, which is recently attracting attention in conjunction with the problem of rotor phase selection and estimated based on the extended BEMF (back electromotive force) for sensorless drive. This paper gives the following new characteristic results in a simple unified analytical manner. (1) Change between positive and negative salient pole phases requires basically no modification to the dynamic mathematical model in the general reference frame. (2) Selection of positive or negative salient pole phase as rotor is no more than a preference of designers. (3) There exists a very simple method of deriving two stator flux models for explicit expression of the extended BEMF. (4) At least four circuit equations with the extended BEMF exist, which are equivalent to each other on the same reference frame. (5) There exists duality among the four circuit equations from the viewpoints of rotor phase selection. (6) The duality reinforces the above‐mentioned five results. Main results of this paper correct or reinforce the results recently reported by others. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(1): 69–75, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20244
Research on heavy metal recovery using the electrokinetic phenomenon
Authors: Suzuki Masafumi , Shoji Tomoyoshi , Yoshimura Noboru
Published: October 2006

Recently, pollution of the soil by heavy metal elution from industrial effluents and so on has become a serious problem. Until now, many techniques such as diffusion prevention and elution prevention, extraction and removal, decomposition and decontamination have been proposed with regard to processing of polluted soil. Of particular note is the method using the electrokinetic phenomenon. In this method, the paired electrode is inserted in the soil, and DC voltage is applied. Then, the electrokinetic phenomenon by the procedure of the superscription, namely, electrophoresis, electroendosmosis, electrolysis, is utilized.

However, in conventional research, the recovery quantity of heavy metal ions is low, and improvement of the recovery efficiency is desired in order to utilize this technique for the repair of polluted soil. The reason why the recovery efficiency of heavy metal ions decreases is as follows. When the heavy metal ion has moved from the anode to the cathode, it combines with hydroxide ion produced by electrolysis of the water at the cathode, and it has precipitated as a hydroxide. The purpose of this study is to prevent alkalinization by adding acid in the proper quantity, so as to improve the efficiency of heavy metal ion recovery. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(1): 1–7, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20312
Vaccination against IL‐17 suppresses autoimmune arthritis and encephalomyelitis
Authors: Röhn Till A. , Jennings Gary T. , Hernandez Marcela , Grest Paula , Beck Markus , Zou Yu , Kopf Manfred , Bachmann Martin F.
Published: October 2006

Interleukin 17 is a T cell‐derived cytokine that induces the release of pro‐inflammatory mediators in a wide range of cell types. Recently, a subset of IL‐17‐producing T helper cells (Th17) distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells has been described, which constitutes a new T cell polarization state. Aberrant Th17 responses and overexpression of IL‐17 have been implicated in a number of autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Molecules blocking IL‐17 such as IL‐17‐specific monoclonal antibodies have proved to be effective in ameliorating disease in animal models. Hitherto, active immunization targeting IL‐17 is an untried approach. Herein we explore the potential of neutralizing IL‐17 by active immunization using virus‐like particles conjugated with recombinant IL‐17 (IL‐17‐VLP). Immunization with IL‐17‐VLP induced high levels of anti‐IL‐17 antibodies thereby overcoming natural tolerance, even in the absence of added adjuvant. Mice immunized with IL‐17‐VLP had lower incidence of disease, slower progression to disease and reduced scores of disease severity in both collagen‐induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Active immunization against IL‐17 therefore represents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

See accompanying commentary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636760
Limit order book transparency, execution risk, and market liquidity: Evidence from the Sydney Futures Exchange
Authors: Bortoli Luke , Frino Alex , Jarnecic Elvis , Johnstone David
Published: October 2006

This study provides new evidence regarding the effect of limit order book disclosure on trading behavior. The natural experiment affected by the Sydney Futures Exchange in January 2001, when it increased limit order book disclosure from depth at the best bid and ask prices to depth at the three best bid and ask prices is examined. Evidence was found consistent with a change in trading behavior coinciding with the increase in pre‐trade transparency. Consistent with predictions of a theoretical model based on execution risk, a statistically significant decline in depth was found at the best quotes. There is little evidence of an increase in bid‐ask spreads. Further, the proportion of market orders exceeding depth at the best quotes increases in a transparent limit order book, reflecting a reduction in execution risk. The study concludes that in a transparent market, limit order traders charge market order traders a higher premium for execution certainty by withdrawing depth from the best quotes, but not by increasing bid‐ask spreads. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:1147–1167, 2006
Global correlation of genome and transcriptome changes in classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Kluiver Joost , Kok Klaas , Pfeil Ines , de Jong Debora , Blokzijl Tjasso , Harms Geert , van der Vlies Pieter , Diepstra Arjan , Atayar Çiğdem , Poppema Sibrand , Küppers Ralf , van den Berg Anke
Published: October 2006

To identify genes involved in the pathogenesis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), we performed serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Comparison of SAGE libraries of cHL cell lines L428 and L1236 with that of germinal centre B cells revealed consistent overexpression of only 14 genes. In contrast, 141 genes were downregulated in both cHL cell lines, including many B cell and HLA genes. aCGH revealed gain of 2p, 7p, 9p, 11q and Xq and loss of 4q and 11q. Eighteen percent of the differentially expressed genes mapped to regions with loss or gain and a good correlation was observed between underexpression and loss or overexpression and gain of DNA. Remarkably, gain of 2p and 9p did not correlate with increased expression of the proposed target genes c‐REL and JAK2. Downregulation of many genes within the HLA region also did not correlate with loss of DNA. FSCN1 and IRAK1 mapping at genomic loci (7p and Xq) that frequently showed gain were overexpressed in cHL cell lines and might be involved in the pathogenesis of cHL. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of water table draw‐down (as a surrogate for climate change) on the hydrology of a fen peatland, Canada
Authors: Whittington Peter N. , Price Jonathan S.
Published: October 2006

Hydrological response to climate change may alter the biogeochemical role that peatlands play in the global climate system, so an understanding of the nature and magnitude of this response is important. In 2002, the water table in a fen peatland near Quebec City was lowered by ∼20 cm (Experimental site), and hydrological response was measured compared to Control (no manipulation) and Drained (previously drained c. 1994) sites. Because of the draw‐down, the surface in the Experimental pool decreased 5, 15 and 20 cm in the ridge, lawn and mat, respectively, increasing bulk density by ∼60% in the Experimental lawn. Hydraulic conductivity (K) generally decreased with depth and from Control (25–125 cm) 10−1 to 10−5 cm s−1 to Experimental (25–125 cm) 10−2 to 10−7 cm s−1 and to Drained (25–75 cm) 10−2 to 10−6 cm s−1. In similar topographic locations (ridge, lawn, mat), K trended Control > Experimental > Drained, usually by an order of magnitude at similar depths in similar topographic locations. Water table fluctuations in the Drained site averaged twice those of the Control site. The water table in the Control lawn remained at a stable depth relative to the surface (∼− 1 cm) because the lawn peat floats with changes in water table position. However, the Drained lawn peat was more rigid because of the denser degraded peat, forcing the water to fluctuate relative to the surface and further enhancing peat decay and densification. This provides a positive feedback loop that could intensify further peat degradation, changing the carbon cycling dynamics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified fuzzy c‐means classification technique for mapping vague wetlands using Landsat ETM+ imagery
Authors: Chiu Wen‐Ya , Couloigner Isabelle
Published: October 2006

Wetland mapping derived from remotely sensed images is subject to error and uncertainty. Fuzzy classification techniques can deal with the spectral and spatial vagueness, and can be used to model the uncertainty in remote sensing classification. In this paper, we present a modified Fuzzy C‐Means (FCM) classifier that allows the local texture information to regularize the classification result iteratively, and we propose a threshold defuzzification method to extract the potential wetland areas from Landsat‐7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery. By introducing the transition classes during the defuzzification process, the modified classifier reduces commission‐errors and improves the mapping accuracy when compared to the standard FCM classifier. The accuracy assessment and a test of statistical significance indicate that the modified FCM classifier shows a significantly better mapping result than the standard FCM classifier because of the incorporation of this spatial information. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field methods for measuring hydraulic properties of peat deposits
Authors: Hogan J. M. , van der Kamp G. , Barbour S. L. , Schmidt R.
Published: October 2006

New field techniques were developed and tested to evaluate peat storativity and hydraulic conductivity in a Boreal fen. Enclosed drainage tests and pumping tests were successfully completed in the thawed peat above an impermeable frozen layer and then repeated when the peat was fully thawed. A loading test experiment constrained values of vertical hydraulic conductivity within an order of magnitude for the peat below a depth of 2 m. An inherent advantage of these tests is that volumes of undisturbed peat on the scale of cubic metres may be characterized. Storativity of the fen peat as determined by enclosed drainage tests ranged from about 1·0 at the peat surface to 0·35 at a water table depth of 0·15 m. Laboratory drainage tests of peat cores gave similar, but widely scattered results. Hydraulic conductivity near the surface was as high as 9·0 × 10−3 ms−1 determined with pumping tests and in the range of 10−6 to 10−5 ms−1 below a depth of 2 m, estimated with the loading test. Slug tests gave similar results. Pumping tests, enclosed storativity tests and loading tests are practical large‐scale field tests for determining peat properties. Copyright © 2006 Crown in the right of Canada, and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growing‐season stemflow production within a deciduous forest of southern Ontario
Authors: Carlyle‐Moses D. E. , Price A. G.
Published: October 2006

Stemflow production within a red oak (Quercus rubra L.)–sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)–American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) dominated stand in southern Ontario was evaluated during the growing season of 1995. For events that produced stemflow from all sampled tree boles (rainfall ≥ 4·3 mm), the geometric mean Herwitz (Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 11 (1986) 401) funnelling ratios were 7·3, 20·6, and 26·3 for oak, maple, and beech, respectively. Geometric mean funnelling ratios for these three species increased in a linear fashion with increasing rainfall depth for events ranging from 4·3 to 17·4 mm. However, funnelling ratios for the two larger rainfall events measured during the study (27·4 and 40·1 mm) were relatively small, suggesting that after a certain rainfall depth threshold has been reached, trees become less efficient at diverting intercepted rainfall to their boles. Significant (α = 0·10) positive linear relationships were found between stemflow production (l/tree) and beech basal area for all rainfall events ≥ 2·2 mm, while for oak and maple such relationships corresponded with only some relatively large rainfall events. Possible causes for the discrepancies in the funnelling efficiencies of the three tree species and between relatively small and large events are provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability in snow accumulation patterns within forest stands on the interior plateau of British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Winkler R. D. , Moore R. D.
Published: October 2006

Previous research has highlighted the relationship between snow accumulation and forest stand characteristics, as well as the effects of topography, but not the variability within stands. This study examined spatial patterns in snow accumulation within forest stands, their consistency from year to year, and the extent to which they can be predicted from commonly used stand measurements.

Snow water equivalent (SWE) was measured on or near April 1, 1995 to 1997, and a forest inventory was completed at 64 points (15‐m grid spacing) in each of nine stand types including mature and juvenile forests and clearcuts. Semivariograms revealed little evidence of spatial correlation among sample points, indicating that each sample could be considered statistically independent for analysis. Within the study stands, no strong spatial trends were evident through quadratic trend surface analysis. The within‐stand coefficient of variation (CV) generally decreased with increasing mean accumulation. Spearman's rank correlation analysis and principal components analysis (PCA) indicated a weak to moderate similarity in snow accumulation patterns from year to year.

Site‐scale canopy measures do not appear to provide a reliable basis for parameterizing the variability of within‐stand snow deposition. Through the fitting of general linear models (GLM), year alone accounted for 33% of the variability in snow water equivalent within stands, on average. Of the stand inventory variables measured, crown closure explained the largest proportion of the variability in SWE within each stand, but together with year never more than 43%. The strongest correlations between snow water equivalent and crown closure were found in those stands exhibiting the greatest consistency in interannual spatial patterns of snow accumulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐distributed modelling of basin hydrology with radar and gauged precipitation
Authors: Kalinga Oscar Anthony , Gan Thian Yew
Published: October 2006

Even though gauged rainfall data generally provide accurate depth measurements, sparsely spaced, gauging stations cannot effectively account for the spatial variability of precipitation at basin scale. On the other hand, radar data such as the WSR‐88D stage III radar rainfall data can generally capture the spatial variability of rainfall fields, but tends to underestimate rainfall depth of stratiform storms, or both convective and stratiform storms if a storm is of low intensity. To take advantage of both the strength of radar data (mapping accurate spatial variability of rainfall) and that of gauge data (accurate depth measurements), the two data sets were merged together by the Statistical Objective Analysis (SOA) scheme. The event‐based hydrologic experiments using a semi‐distributed, physics‐based hydrologic model (distributed physically based hydrologic model using remote sensing, DPHM‐RS) revealed that WSR‐88D Stage III radar rainfall data simulated more accurate runoff hydrographs than gauged data for convective storms but less accurate runoff hydrograph for stratiform storms, because radars measured slightly more rainfall than gauges for convective storms, but substantially less rainfall for stratiform storms. However, after merging WSR‐88D stage III radar data with gauge data by SOA, the radar's underestimation of stratiform storm depth decreased substantially, but the adjustment could be counter productive for convective storms. Results show that rainfall spatial variability, depths, and hydrologic model resolution play a major role on the accuracy of simulated runoff volumes and peak flows. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tissue distribution of gold, copper and zinc in animals treated with Au (III); species differences in the binding of these metals in the kidney
Authors: Mogilnicka Ewa M. , Webb M.
Published: October 2006

Whole body retention of Au and the distribution of Au, Cu and Zn have been measured in female rats, rabbits, guinea‐pigs, hamsters and mice after either a single injection or multiple doses of Au(III). At 24 h after a single intraperitoneal injection whole body retention of Au was about 65% of the dose in the rabbit and 50% of the dose in other species. After five doses, retention (as a percentage of the total dose) ranged from 36% in mice to 49% in rats. Concentrations of Au in the kidneys were lowest in mice and highest in rats but, in all species, were greater than in other organs. In rats and guinea‐pigs, but not in hamsters, rabbits and mice, treatment with Au(III) increased the Cu content of the kidneys and of the soluble fraction isolated therefrom. The latter from the rat and guinea‐pig kidney contained both Au and Cu in association with a low molecular weight metalloprotein (metallothionein), which also contained Zn and was separated by ion exchange chromatography into three subspecies. Binding of Au by these metalloproteins appeared to be related to the renal accumulation of Cu. Apart from the mouse, in which renal accumulation of Au was low, slight damage resulted in the kidneys of all species after treatment with Au. It appears, therefore, that nephrotoxicity cannot be explained simply by the renal concentration of Au and the form in which it is accumulated within the tubular cells.
Differential counts of B and T lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, circulating blood and spleen after inhalation of high concentrations of diesel exhaust
Authors: Dziedzic Daniel
Published: October 2006

Inhalation of diluted diesel engine exhaust results in the deposition of submicron carbonaceous particles in the respiratory airways. The particles are phagocytized by the pulmonary alveolar macrophages and cleared from the respiratory tract via the mucociliary escalator or through lymphatic channels. Lung clearance via lymphatics results in accumulation of particles in the regional lymph nodes. Differential counts of B and T lymphocytes were performed to determine whether the deposited carbon particles in the lymphatic tissue can alter the subpopulation composition of various lymphoid compartments. In contrast to the effect of materials such as heavy metals, halogenated hydrocarbons or cigarette smoke condensate, all of which have been shown to alter B and T cell differential counts of lymphoid compartments under various test conditions, assays of lymphocytes from tracheobronchial lymph nodes, spleen and blood from guinea pigs exposed to diluted diesel exhaust with a particulate concentration of 1500 μg m−3 for up to 8 weeks revealed no significant changes when compared with age‐matched controls. Furthermore, cell viability as measured by trypan blue exclusion in the exposed groups was comparable to that of the age‐matched controls. These data indicate that, within the range of tested conditions, the deposited diesel particles do not exert major effects on the parameters of the immune system that were measured.
The effect of in vivo exposure to diesel exhaust on rat hepatic and pulmonary microsomal activities
Authors: Navarro C. , Charboneau J. , McCauley R.
Published: October 2006

The effect of exposure to three concentrations of diesel exhaust on several heptic and pulmonary activities has been tested. After one year of exposure, the ability of liver microsomes to oxidize benzo[α]pyrene to more polar metabolites was not increased. Further studies with liver microsomes showed that, after several months of exposure, there was no evidence for the induction of either cytochrome P‐450, cytochrome P‐448 or NADPH dependent cytochrome c reductase. The ability of pulmonary microsomes to generate polar metabolites from benzo[α]pyrene was impaired after one year of exposure to the highest concentration of exhaust (1500 μg m−3). The process by which the exposure causes this inhibition is not clear.
Effect of exposure to diesel exhaust on pulmonary prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) activity
Authors: Chaudhari A. , Farrer R. G. , Dutta S.
Published: October 2006

There has been evidence that an acute exposure of laboratory animals to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for a short period of time can cause marked inhibition of pulmonary PGDH activity. Since diesel exhaust contains NO2, this investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of long‐term exposure of guinea pigs and rats to diesel exhaust. The study involves measurement of PGDH activity in the lung tissue as obtained from these animals following exposure to 250 and 1500 μg m−3 of diesel particles for various time periods in relation to the appropriate time‐matched controls. In guinea pigs, exposure for 6 weeks to 250 μg m−3 of diesel exhaust seems to stimulate the PDGH activity about two‐fold in comparison to the time‐matched controls while, paradoxically, the exposure to 1500 μg m−3 of diesel exhaust did not show any particular effect. The exposures to diesel exhaust for 12 weeks, as well as 24 weeks, seem to show concentration dependent lowering of PGDH activity as compared to the time‐matched controls. This study also documents the well‐known species difference in PGDH activity in that the rat shows much lower activity of this enzyme than the guinea pig. Because of undetectable enzyme activity in many samples, it has not been possible to draw any meaningful conclusion as to the effect of diesel exposure on the enzyme in rat.
Absorption and alveolar excretion of cyclohexane in workers in a shoe factory
Authors: Mutti A. , Falzoi M. , Lucertini S. , Cavatorta A. , Franchini I. , Pedroni C.
Published: October 2006

The lung uptake and excretion of cyclohexane were studied in five workers and three volunteers in a shoe factory. Air samples were collected from the breathing zones with personal samplers, and simultaneous samples of inhaled and alveolar air were collected with the aid of a Rham–Otis valve. Cyclohexane was absorbed on activated NIOSH approved charcoal tubes. The uptake was calculated from the pulmonary ventilation, the retention coefficient and environmental concentration. Alveolar excretion was monitored during a 6 h post‐exposure period. The amount of exhaled cyclohexane was calculated from the decay curve. According to experimental data, the alveolar retention of cyclohexane is about 34% of the inhaled dose. This corresponds to a lung uptake of 23%. The post‐exposure alveolar excretion does not exceed 10% of the total uptake. The difference between respiratory uptake and excretion indicates that the amount metabolized may be very large. Nevertheless, the urinary excretion of the main metabolites, cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, was only about 1% of the absorbed dose.
Organic solvents and chronic glomerulonephritis: A cross‐sectional study with negative findings for aliphatic and alicyclic C5–C7 hydrocarbons
Authors: Mutti A. , Lucertini S. , Falzoi M. , Cavatorta A. , Franchini I.
Published: October 2006

Proteinuria, albuminuria, urinary β‐glucuronidase and serum creatinine were estimated in 182 workers exposed to organic solvents in four shoe factories, as well as 30 workers with past exposure and 80 control subjects. Ambient air concentrations at each workplace were also measured. In most of these samples, the concentration of organic solvents exceeded the ACGIH recommended threshold limit value for the mixture. Total protein excretion was significantly elevated in exposed workers, although none of the workers had abnormal albuminuria or serum creatinine. Four had increased lysozymuria. There was also a simultaneous elevation of β‐glucuronidase. These findings suggest that a mild and presumably reversible tubular lesion, but not glomerular damage, may occur in workers occupationally exposed to C5–C7 hydrocarbon mixtures.
Ames testing of direct black 38 parallels carcinogenicity testing
Authors: Gregory Arthur R. , Elliott John , Kluge Paul
Published: October 2006

Studies have established that Direct Black 38 and two other benzidine‐based dyes are carcinogenic. The carcinogenic effect has been generally considered attributable to the metabolic release of benzidine from Direct Black 38 and similar dyes. However, Ames tests indicated that when Direct Black 38 is reduced with sodium dithionate it is more mutagenic than can be accounted for by complete release of all the benzidine present in the dye molecule. While most dyes are not mutagenic when tested with S‐9, a series of benzidine congener dyes were all found to be mutagenic with either TA 98 or TA 100 strains, if the dyes were first reduced with sodium dithionate. Unreduced dyes were not mutagenic. Neither anaerobic conditions nor addition of riboflavin induced mutagenicity of these dyes under the condition of our experiments.
Biochemical and morphological changes induced by 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin in the rat liver cell plasma membrane
Authors: Greig John B. , Osborne Glenys
Published: October 2006

The administration of single oral doses of 200 μg kg−1 of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin to females of the outbred, Lac: P strain of rat results in the formation of hepatic multinucleate cells by cell fusion. Liver cell plasma membranes isolated 6 or 11 days after dosing show two distinct changes. The first is a decrease of the activity of K+‐Mg2+‐ATPase, which confirms histochemical observations. The second is the formation, in those animals showing a more severe intoxication, of a population of plasma membranes which are less dense than usual and which consist of extended membrane sheets. It is suggested that these alterations are consequent on a disturbance of lipid metabolism in the hepatic cells and that they represent early manifestations of the toxic process which leads to the formation of multinucleate cells.
Laser microfabrication of hydroxyapatite‐osteoblast‐like cell composites
Authors: Doraiswamy A. , Narayan R. J. , Harris M. L. , Qadri S. B. , Modi R. , Chrisey D. B.
Published: October 2006

We have developed a novel approach for layer‐by‐layer growth of tissue‐engineered materials using a direct writing process known as matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation direct write (MAPLE DW). Unlike conventional cell‐seeding methods, this technique provides the possibility for cell‐material integration prior to artificial tissue fabrication. This process also provides greater flexibility in selection and processing of scaffold materials. In addition, MAPLE DW offers rapid computer‐controlled deposition of mesoscopic voxels at high spatial resolutions. We have examined MAPLE DW processing of zirconia and hydroxyapatite scaffold materials that can provide a medical device with nearly inert and bioactive implant‐tissue interfaces, respectively. We have also demonstrated codeposition of hydroxyapatite, MG 63 osteoblast‐like cells, and extracellular matrix using MAPLE DW. We have shown that osteoblast‐like cells remain viable and retain the capacity for proliferation when codeposited with bioceramic scaffold materials. Our results on MG 63‐hydroxyapatite composites can be extended to develop other integrated cell‐scaffold structures for medical and dental applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Distinction between octachlorostyrene and hexachlorobenzene in their potentials to induce ethoxyphenoxazone deethylase and cause porphyria in rats and mice
Authors: Smith Andrew G. , Francis Jean E. , Bird Ian
Published: October 2006

The potentials of octachlorostyrene (OCS) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) to induce liver microsomal ethoxyphenoxazone deethylation (an indicator of induction of 3‐methylcholanthrene and β‐naphthoflavone–like cytochrome P‐450 monoxygenase activity) and cause porphyria in male C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice and female F344 rats were compared. Ethoxyphenoxazone deethylation was induced much more by HCB than by OCS in both of these strains of mice (although neither OCS nor HCB greatly induced deethylation in the DBN/2 strain). In rats ethoxyphenoxazone deethylase was induced 26‐fold by HCB but only four‐fold by OCS, whereas dealkylation of pentoxyphenoxazone (an indicator of phenobarbital‐like induction) increased 43‐and 36‐fold, respectively. Both chemicals were poor inducers of dealkylation of pentoxyphenoxazone in mice. When fed HCB continuously but not when given OCS, C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice (both after pretreatment with iron) and F344 rats developed porphyria with a depression of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity. The results illustrate that in these species OCS and HCB cannot be considered as equally efficient agents for inducing ethoxyphenoxazone deethylation or causing porphyria. If these effects are mediated through binding to the aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness (Ah) receptor, HCB would appear to have a much greater affinity than OCS despite the face that neither chemical possesses a structure currently considered to be necessary for efficient binding.
Erythrocyte pyrimidine 5′‐nucleotidase inhibition by acute lead exposure in neonatal rats
Authors: Konantakieti Chalong , Beuthin Fredric C. , Louis‐Ferdinand Robert T.
Published: October 2006

Inhibition by lead of erythrocyte pyrimidine 5′‐nucleotidase (P5N) is thought to contribute to morphological abnormalities observed in red blood cells (RBC) of lead‐exposed subjects. However, neither the mechanism of lead inhibition of P5N nor the relationship of this inhibition to blood lead levels attained in exposed subjects is known. In the present investigation, acute in vivo and in vitro lead acetate effects on erythrocyte P5N from 21‐day‐old rat pups were determined and were related to blood lead concentrations ascertained by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Acute lead administration to rat pups resulted in a 16% to 21% reduction in erythrocyte P5N, with mean blood lead levels ranging from 77 to 108 μg/dl 24 hours later. Inhibition of erythrocyte P5N was linearly related to blood lead level (r = −0.67, P < 0.05) following acute lead administration. Lead acetate addition to RBC preparations from 21‐day‐old rats resulted in concentration‐dependent P5N inhibition which was comparable to that produced following acute in vivo exposure. The results indicate that acute P5N inhibition in lead‐treated neonatal rats is due to noncompetitive P5N inhibition by lead. The inhibition of P5N produced by acute lead treatment is linearly related to blood lead concentrations.