bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Ligand Controlled Synthesis of Pyrazole‐4‐carboxylates and Benzo[b]thiophene‐3‐carboxylates.
Authors: Dhage Yogesh Daulat , Daimon Hiroki , Peng Cheng , Kusakabe Taichi , Takahashi Keisuke , Kanno Yuichiro , Inouye Yoshio , Kato Keisuke
Published: March 2015

The cyclization‐carbonylation of alkynyl hydrazones (I) proceeds readily in the presence of palladous trifluoroacetate in DMSO leading to pyrazole‐4‐carboxylates (IV) in good to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficacious and Rapid Metal‐ and Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Enantiopure Oxazolines.
Authors: Hassani Rym , Requet Alexandre , Marque Sylvain , Gaucher Anne , Prim Damien , Kacem Yakdhane , Hassine Bechir Ben
Published: March 2015

The enantiopure oxazolines are synthesized without using any catalysts and solvents from various nitriles and enantiopure amino alcohols under microwave irradiation at high temperature (150 to 240 °C) in short reaction time (60 to 100 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Synthesis of 2,4‐Disubstituted Thiazoles from β‐Azido Disulfides and Carboxylic Acids or Anhydrides: Asymmetric Synthesis of Cystothiazole C.
Authors: Liu Yi , Sun Xue , Zhang Xing , Liu Jun , Du Yuguo
Published: March 2015

A novel and efficient method for the synthesis of a series of 2,4‐disubstituted thiazoles (III) and (V) by reaction of β‐azido disulfides (I) with anhydrides or carboxylic acids and subsequent oxidative dehydrogenation of intermediate thiazolines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of 2‐Furylcarbinols with Alkyl or Aryl Azides to Highly Functionalized 1,2,3‐Triazoles via Cascade Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition/Ring‐Opening.
Authors: Guo Jiawei , Yu Binxun , Wang Ya‐Nan , Duan Dongyu , Ren Li‐Li , Gao Ziwei , Gou Jing
Published: March 2015

The title reaction has a wide substrate scope and proceeds with high (E)‐stereospecificity.
ChemInform Abstract: I2/TBPB Mediated Oxidative Reaction of N‐Tosylhydrazones with Anilines: Practical Construction of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles under Metal‐Free and Azide‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Cai Zhong‐Jian , Lu Xin‐Mou , Zi You , Yang Chao , Shen Ling‐Jie , Li Jian , Wang Shun‐Yi , Ji Shun‐Jun
Published: March 2015

The formal [4 + 1] cycloaddition of tosylhydrazones with anilines proceeds via a C‐N/N‐N bond formation and a S‐N cleavage.
ChemInform Abstract: Revisiting the Synthesis of 4,6‐Difluorobenzofuroxan: A Study of Its Reactivity and Access to Fluorinated Quinoxaline Oxides.
Authors: Jovene Cyril , Jacquet Morgane , Marrot Jerome , Bourdreux Flavien , Kletsky Mikhail E. , Burov Oleg N. , Goncalves Anne‐Marie , Goumont Regis
Published: March 2015

Since the approach to the title compound (III) described in the literature is not reproducible, another way is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 3‐Substituted‐5‐amino‐1,2,4‐thiadiazoles via Intramolecular N—S Bond Formation.
Authors: Kim Ha‐Young , Kwak Se Hun , Lee Gee‐Hyung , Gong Young‐Dae
Published: March 2015

Imidoyl thioureas (I) undergo copper‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclization to afford thiadiazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Alum‐Catalyzed Domino Synthesis of 12‐Substituted‐8,9,10,12‐tetrahydrobenzoxanthen‐11‐ones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Sharma Rajan Kumar , Khajuria Rajni , Kapoor Kamal K.
Published: March 2015

Using alum and solvent‐free conditions makes this methodology simple, convenient, environmentally friendly as well as cost‐effective.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Piperidines Through the Formation of Chiral Mixed Phosphoric Acid Acetals: Experimental and Theoretical Studies.
Authors: Sun Zhankui , Winschel Grace A. , Zimmerman Paul M. , Nagorny Pavel
Published: March 2015

A highly enantioselective intramolecular cyclization of unsaturated acetals (I) and (III) is utilized for the synthesis of chiral piperidines (II) and (IV), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Activation Guided by Aromatic N—H Ketimines: Synthesis of Functionalized Isoquinolines Using Benzyl Azides and Alkynes.
Authors: Gupta Sreya , Han Junghoon , Kim Yongjin , Lee Soon W. , Rhee Young Ho , Park Jaiwook
Published: March 2015

Ru‐catalyzed generation of N—H ketimines [cf.(II)] followed by a Rh‐catalyzed anellation with alkynes allows the preparation of a broad spectrum of isoquinolines bearing various functionalities including 1‐alkoxy derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Step Regioselective Synthesis of 3‐(Sulfonylamino)imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines from 2‐Aminopyrimidines and N‐(2,2‐Dichloro‐2‐phenylethylidene)arensulfonamides.
Authors: Rozentsveig Igor B. , Serykh Valery Yu. , Chernysheva Gulnur N. , Kondrashov Evgeniy V. , Fedotova Alena I. , Ushakov Igor A. , Tretyakov Evgeny V. , Romanenko Galina V.
Published: March 2015

Reaction of various 2‐aminopyrimidines with imines (II) leads to addition of the ‐NH2 function to the azomethine group.
ChemInform Abstract: New Facile Route to Synthesize Furo[3,2‐e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐c]pyrimidine and Furo[3,2‐e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐c]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Soleimany Mehdi , Lari Jalil , Vahedi Hooshang , Imanpour Morteza
Published: March 2015

from the same starting material, furan‐3‐carbonitrile (I), in good yields (yields not given)
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient, Three‐Component Synthesis and Molecular Structure of Derivatives of 2‐Amino‐3‐R‐6‐ethyl‐4,6‐dihydropyrano[3,2‐c] [2,1]benzothiazine‐5,5‐dioxide Spirocombined with a 2‐Oxindole Nucleus.
Authors: Shemchuk Leonid A. , Lega Dmitry A. , Redkin Ruslan Gr. , Chernykh Valentin P. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Shishkina Svetlana V.
Published: March 2015

Using corresponding Knoevenagel adducts from methylene‐active components (III) or (V) and isatin (II) as starting materials, spiro compounds (IV) and (VI) are formed in lower yields under similar conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Direct Mannich Reaction of Acetophenone Derivatives and Dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepines with Azetidine‐2‐carboxylic Acid.
Authors: Ren Yuan‐Yuan , Wang You‐Qing , Liu Shuang , Pan Kun
Published: March 2015

Optically active dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepine derivatives [(R)‐(III) and (R)‐(V)] are efficiently and enantioselectively synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Pudovik Reaction of Chiral Fluoroalkyl α,β‐Unsaturated Ketimines and Diphenyl Phosphite.
Authors: Li Peng , Jiang Min , Liu Jin‐Tao
Published: March 2015

The title reaction affords fluoroalkylated α‐amino phosphonates (III) in good yields and diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: New Sesquiterpenoids from the Rhizomes of Acorus tatarinowii.
Authors: Feng Xiao‐Lin , Yu Yang , Gao Hao , Mu Zhen‐Qiang , Cheng Xiao‐Rui , Zhou Wen‐Xia , Yao Xin‐Sheng
Published: March 2015

Four new acoranes [(I)‐(III)], a novel cadinane (IV), and a novel guaiane (V) are isolated together with six known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Varioxepine A, a 3H‐Oxepine‐Containing Alkaloid with a New Oxa‐Cage from the Marine Algal‐Derived Endophytic Fungus Paecilomyces variotii.
Authors: Zhang Peng , Mandi Attila , Li Xiao‐Ming , Du Feng‐Yu , Wang Jia‐Ning , Li Xin , Kurtan Tibor , Wang Bin‐Gui
Published: March 2015

The alkaloid varioexpine A (I) is isolated from the marine fungus Paecilomyces variotii and its structure is characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Electrolytes for Interfacial Stability of High‐Voltage Cathodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Choi Nam‐Soon , Han Jung‐Gu , Ha Se‐Young , Park Inbok , Back Chang‐Keun
Published: March 2015

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Decontamination of Produced Water Containing Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Electrochemical Methods: A Minireview
Authors: Vieira dos Santos Elisama , Bezerra Rocha Jessica Horacina , Medeiros de Araujo Danyelle , Chianca de Moura Dayanne , Martinez‐Huitle Carlos Alberto
Published: March 2015

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Rare‐Earth‐Metal Hydrides in Non‐Cyclopentadienyl Environments
Authors: Fegler Waldemar , Venugopal Ajay , Kramer Mathias , Okuda Jun
Published: March 2015

Review: [55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Stereoisomers in the Chemistry of Ge, Sn and Pb Complexes
Authors: Melnik M. , Mikus P.
Published: March 2015

Review: 433 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of Microwaves in the Synthesis of Fused Five‐Membered Heterocycles with Three N‐Heteroatoms
Authors: Kaur Navjeet
Published: March 2015

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted Iptycenes
Authors: Ma Ying‐Xian , Meng Zheng , Chen Chuan‐Feng
Published: March 2015

Review: [47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Valent Co(III)‐ and Ni(II)‐Catalyzed C‐H Activation
Authors: Hyster Todd K.
Published: March 2015

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Catalysis. A Reflection on Where We Are Now
Authors: Freakley Simon J. , He Qian , Kiely Christopher J. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: March 2015

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Organocatalytic Addition of Nucleophiles to Isoquinolinium and 3,4‐Dihydroisoquinolinium Ions: A Simple Approach for the Synthesis of Isoquinoline Alkaloids
Authors: Gualandi Andrea , Mengozzi Luca , Manoni Elisabetta , Cozzi Pier Giorgio
Published: March 2015

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazines and Their Oxo Derivatives: A Review
Authors: Smist Malgorzata , Kwiecien Halina
Published: March 2015

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenative‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Zheng Xiaojian , Li Zhiping
Published: March 2015

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Chirality in Meteorites and Interstellar Ices, and the Chirality Experiment on Board the ESA Cometary Rosetta Mission
Authors: Myrgorodska Iuliia , Meinert Cornelia , Martins Zita , Le Sergeant d'Hendecourt Louis , Meierhenrich Uwe J.
Published: March 2015

Review: [100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Future of Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Mazzio Katherine A. , Luscombe Christine K.
Published: March 2015

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Resorcinarene Derivatives in Chemical Separations
Authors: Li Na , Harrison Roger G. , Lamb John D.
Published: March 2015

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantum and Molecular Mechanical Monte Carlo Techniques for Modeling Condensed‐phase Reactions
Authors: Acevedo Orlando , Jorgensen Wiliiam L.
Published: March 2015

Review: 98 refs.
Evaluating Thiophene Electron‐Donor Layers for the Rapid Assessment of Boron Subphthalocyanines as Electron Acceptors in Organic Photovoltaics: Solution or Vacuum Deposition?
Authors: Josey David S. , Castrucci Jeffrey S. , Dang Jeremy D. , Lessard Benoît H. , Bender Timothy P.
Published: March 2015

In this study, we consider the choice of a standard electron‐donating material to be paired with boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs) to rapidly assess the viability of new BsubPc derivatives as electron‐accepting materials within organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs). Specifically, we evaluate the effectiveness of solution‐cast poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) as an electron donor paired with BsubPc derivatives relative to vacuum‐deposited sexithiophene (α‐6T). By using fullerene (C60), boron subphthalocyanine chloride (Cl‐BsubPc), and hexachloro boron subphthalocyanine chloride (Cl‐Cl6BsubPc) as electron acceptors, we find that devices made with α‐6T outperform those with P3HT. However, the two thiophene‐based materials show the same performance trends. Given the preservation of these trends, we can recommend either option for assessing the potential of new BsubPc derivatives; P3HT as a solution‐cast electron‐donor layer or α‐6T as a vacuum‐deposited alternative.
Spontaneous Formation of Microgroove Arrays on the Surface of p‐Type Porous Silicon Induced by a Turing Instability in Electrochemical Dissolution
Authors: Fukami Kazuhiro , Urata Tomoko , Krischer Katharina , Nishi Naoya , Sakka Tetsuo , Kitada Atsushi , Murase Kuniaki
Published: March 2015

Self‐organization plays an imperative role in recent materials science. Highly tunable, periodic structures based on dynamic self‐organization at micrometer scales have proven difficult to design, but are desired for the further development of micropatterning. In the present study, we report a microgroove array that spontaneously forms on a p‐type silicon surface during its electrodissolution. Our detailed experimental results suggest that the instability can be classified as Turing instability. The characteristic scale of the Turing‐type pattern is small compared to self‐organized patterns caused by the Turing instabilities reported so far. The mechanism for the miniaturization of self‐organized patterns is strongly related to the semiconducting property of silicon electrodes as well as the dynamics of their surface chemistry.
Large Tripodal Spacer Ligands for the Construction of Microporous Metal–Organic Frameworks with Diverse Structures and Photocatalytic Activities
Authors: Wei Si Yue , Song Ge , Bai Fengying , Shi Zhan , Xing Yong‐Heng
Published: March 2015

Two microporous complexes, [Zn(TATAB)(OCH3)]⋅2 H3O+ (1; TATAB=4,4′,4′′‐[(1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triyl)tris(azanediyl)]tribenzoic acid), [Cu1.5(μ2‐O)TATAB*] (2; TATAB*=4,4′‐{[6‐(dimethylamino)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diyl]bis(azanediyl)}dibenzoic acid) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, UV absorption spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, and by powder XRD and single‐crystal XRD analysis. Structural analyses revealed that complex 1 possesses a 3D porous framework with uncoordinated water molecules trapped in the pores; the dimensions of the channels are approximately 29.2×12.3 Å2. Complex 2 has a 3D microporous network structure. In addition, the surface photovoltage and photocatalytic activities were also studied. The photocatalytic properties of the two complexes were investigated by the decomposition of methylene blue under UV and visible‐light irradiation. The results revealed that 2 possessea a higher photocatalytic activity than 1 under UV or visible‐light irradiation. The potential semiconductor and dye degradation properties of complexes 1 and 2 may be widely applied in the fields of chemical semiconductors and environmental protection in the future.
ITO‐induced Columnar Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Films by CVD
Authors: Du Jun , Gu Xin , Fu Huaqiang , Guo Haizhi , Liu Jiao , Wu Qi , Zou Jianguo
Published: March 2015

CVD is used to prepare indium tin oxide (ITO)‐induced polycrystalline silicon thin films with SiH4 as the precursor. The growth of columnar polycrystalline silicon is shown. The sheet resistance (R□) of ITO‐induced Si thin films ranges from about 167.3 to 466.2 Ω/sq. Light absorption increases, as does the detected transmittance, by about 18.4% − 30.5% for wavelengths less than 500 − 700 nm.
Contribution of the Runx1 transcription factor to axonal pathfinding and muscle innervation by hypoglossal motoneurons
Authors: Yoshikawa Masaaki , Hirabayashi Mizuki , Ito Ryota , Ozaki Shigeru , Aizawa Shin , Masuda Tomoyuki , Senzaki Kouji , Shiga Takashi
Published: March 2015

The runt‐related transcription factor Runx1 contributes to cell type specification and axonal targeting projections of the nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons. Runx1 is also expressed in the central nervous system, but little is known of its functions in brain development. At mouse embryonic day (E) 17.5, Runx1‐positive neurons were detected in the ventrocaudal subdivision of the hypoglossal nucleus. Runx1‐positive neurons lacked calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) expression, whereas Runx1‐negative neurons expressed CGRP. Expression of CGRP was not changed in Runx1‐deficient mice at E17.5, suggesting that Runx1 alone does not suppress CGRP expression. Hypoglossal axon projections to the intrinsic vertical (V) and transverse (T) tongue muscles were sparser in Runx1‐deficient mice at E17.5 compared to age‐matched wild‐type littermates. Concomitantly, vesicular acetylcholine transporter‐positive axon terminals and acetylcholine receptor clusters were less dense in the V and T tongue muscles of Runx1‐deficient mice. These abnormalities in axonal projection were not caused by a reduction in the total number hypoglossal neurons, failed synaptogenesis, or tongue muscles deficits. Our results implicate Runx1 in the targeting of ventrocaudal hypoglossal axons to specific tongue muscles. However, Runx1 deficiency did not alter neuronal survival or the expression of multiple motoneuron markers as in other neuronal populations. Thus, Runx1 appears to have distinct developmental functions in different brain regions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1295–1314, 2015
Mammoth and musk ox ESR‐dated to the Early Midlandian at Aghnadarragh, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, and the age of the Fermanagh Stadial
Authors: Lister Adrian M. , Grün Rainer
Published: March 2015

The Aghnadarragh site presents the most complete known Midlandian (last cold stage) sequence in Ireland. Above a glacial till and below organic deposits of the Aghnadarragh Interstadial, a unit of poorly sorted gravel and diamicton yielded numerous fossils of woolly mammoth and rarer musk ox, the first record of that species in Ireland. The mammoth molars are of relatively small size and distinctive morphology that probably relate to local environmental conditions. Dating of three mammoth molars by Electron‐Spin‐Resonance indicates an age for the faunal horizon in the range 109 to 74 ka, corresponding to the later part of MIS 5, presumably MIS 5d or 5b in view of the cold‐adapted flora and fauna, or possibly early MIS 4. This in turn suggests that the underlying glacigenic deposits, assigned to the Fermanagh Stadial, formed during a cold stage preceding the last interglacial, rather than being early Midlandian in age as generally assumed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parents Support Preschoolers' Use of a Novel Interactive Device
Authors: Flynn Rachel M. , Richert Rebekah A.
Published: March 2015

Past research has found that preschool children's ability to learn educational content from interactive media may be hindered by needing to learn how to use a new interactive device. However, little research has examined the instructional supports parents provide while their children use interactive media. Forty‐six preschool children and their parents participated in a 30‐min interaction with a novel interactive device. Children were assessed before and after the interaction on knowledge of letters and numbers and device skills. Children improved from pre‐ to posttest on device skills, but not content knowledge. In general, parents used a wide range of strategies during the interaction. Specific parental support for using the device did not result in increased device skills; however, parents who focused their support on content had children who performed better on content assessments. The findings are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of different parent support strategies for children's use of interactive devices and learning of educational content during the preschool years. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aqueous Rechargeable Batteries for Large‐scale Energy Storage
Authors: Liu Jun , Hu Junping , Deng Qi , Mo Jun , Xie Hao , Liu Zaichun , Xiong Yuanfu , Wu Xiongwei , Wu Yuping
Published: March 2015

The depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution provide an increasing requirement for rechargeable batteries with high energy densities, high efficiency, and excellent cycling performance. Aqueous rechargeable batteries (ARBs), with the merits of safety, low‐cost, super‐fast charge‐discharge ability, and environmental friendliness, are one of the most competitive technologies for large‐scale energy systems. Recently, extensive efforts have been dedicated to enhancing their electrochemical performance, and great breakthroughs have been achieved, especially for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries (ARLBs), including three generations of ARLBs, aqueous rechargeable sodium batteries (ARSBs), and redox flow batteries (RFBs). Herein, the latest advances on their critical components are reviewed, and challenges and further directions are also pointed out.
Quantitative multi‐spectral oxygen saturation measurements independent of tissue optical properties
Authors: Radrich Karin , Ntziachristos Vasilis
Published: March 2015

Imaging of tissue oxygenation is important in several applications associated with patient care. Optical sensing is commonly applied for assessing oxygen saturation but is often restricted to local measurements or else it requires spectral and spatial information at the expense of time. Many methods proposed so far require assumptions on the properties of measured tissue. In this study we investigated a computational method that uses only multispectral information and quantitatively computes tissue oxygen saturation independently of tissue optical properties. The method is based on linear transformations of measurements in three isosbestic points. We investigated the ideal isosbestic point combination out of six isosbestic points available for measurement in the visible and near‐infrared region that enable accurate oxygen saturation computation. We demonstrate this method on controlled tissue mimicking phantoms having different optical properties and validated the measurements using a gas analyzer. A mean error of 2.9 ± 2.8% O2Sat was achieved. Finally, we performed pilot studies in tissues in‐vivo by measuring dynamic changes in fingers subjected to vascular occlusion, the vasculature of mouse ears and exposed mouse organs.

Selected steps of spectral transformations applied to oxygenation spectra. The original reflectance spectrum M(λ) is transformed in step 1 to overlap with reference spectra (grey) in three isosbestic points, resulting in M″(λ). In step 2, the gradient of M″(λ) is computed resulting in M″grad(λ), which can be used for quantitative oxygenation computation.

magnified image

Selected steps of spectral transformations applied to oxygenation spectra. The original reflectance spectrum M(λ) is transformed in step 1 to overlap with reference spectra (grey) in three isosbestic points, resulting in M″(λ). In step 2, the gradient of M″(λ) is computed resulting in M″grad(λ), which can be used for quantitative oxygenation computation.
Influence of collagen source on fibrillar architecture and properties of vitrified collagen membranes
Authors: Majumdar Shoumyo , Guo Qiongyu , Garza‐Madrid Marcos , Calderon‐Colon Xiomara , Duan Derek , Carbajal Priscilla , Schein Oliver , Trexler Morgana , Elisseeff Jennifer
Published: March 2015

Collagen vitrigel membranes are transparent biomaterials characterized by a densely organized, fibrillar nanostructure that show promise in the treatment of corneal injury and disease. In this study, the influence of different type I collagen sources and processing techniques, including acid‐solubilized collagen from bovine dermis (Bov), pepsin‐solubilized collagen from human fibroblast cell culture (HuCC), and ficin‐solubilized collagen from recombinant human collagen expressed in tobacco leaves (rH), on the properties of the vitrigel membranes was evaluated. Postvitrification carbodiimide crosslinking (CX) was also carried out on the vitrigels from each collagen source, forming crosslinked counterparts BovXL, HuCCXL, and rHXL, respectively. Collagen membrane ultrastructure and biomaterial properties were found to rely heavily on both collagen source and crosslinking. Bov and HuCC samples showed a random fibrillar organization of collagen, whereas rH vitrigels showed remarkable regional fibril alignment. After CX, light transmission was enhanced in all groups. Denaturation temperatures after CX increased in all membranes, of which the highest increase was seen in rH (14.71°C), suggesting improved thermal stability of the collagen fibrils in the membranes. Noncrosslinked rH vitrigels may be reinforced through CX to reach levels of mechanical strength and thermal stability comparable to Bov. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 300–307, 2016.
Maternal Preeclampsia Is Associated With Reduced Adolescent Offspring Hip BMD in a UK Population-Based Birth Cohort
Authors: Hannam Kimberly , Lawlor Debbie A , Tobias Jon H
Published: March 2015

A suboptimal intrauterine environment has been postulated to have adverse long-term health effects, including an increased risk of osteoporosis. Because preeclampsia (PE) and to a lesser extent gestational hypertension (GH) are associated with impaired placental function, we postulated that these represent hitherto unrecognized risk factors for reduced bone mineral density (BMD) of the offspring. The objective of this study was to investigate if exposure to PE or GH in utero is associated with BMD of the offspring as measured in late adolescence. Mother-offspring pairs from the UK population-based cohort study, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), were investigated (n = 3088 with relevant data). Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations between PE/GH and total body, spine, and total hip BMD at age 17 years. Of the 3088 mother-offspring pairs, 2% (n = 60) of the mothers fulfilled criteria for PE and 14% (n = 416) for GH. In confounder-adjusted analyses (ie, age of scan, gender, maternal factors, including BMI, offspring height, fat mass, and lean mass), PE was negatively associated with BMD at the hip (SD difference –0.30; 95%CI, –0.50 to –0.10). This association was not attenuated by further adjustment for gestational age and birth weight, which were hypothesized to be on the causal pathway. There was also weak evidence for a negative association between PE and total body BMD (SD difference –0.17; 95% CI, –0.36 to 0.02), whereas no relationship was evident at the spine (SD difference –0.11; 95% CI, –0.30 to 0.09). In contrast, a positive association of GH with offspring total body, hip, and spine BMD attenuated to the null with adjustment for confounders, in particular confounding via the maternal and offspring adiposity/size and the link between the two. Modest negative associations from exposure to PE, but not GH may represent a hitherto unrecognized risk factor for low BMD. Further exploration of the causal relationship of the in utero environment on subsequent offspring bone health is required. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Tendon basic science: Development, repair, regeneration, and healing
Authors: Andarawis‐Puri Nelly , Flatow Evan L. , Soslowsky Louis J.
Published: March 2015

Tendinopathy and tendon rupture are common and disabling musculoskeletal conditions. Despite the prevalence of these injuries, a limited number of investigators are conducting fundamental, basic science studies focused on understanding processes governing tendinopathies and tendon healing. Development of effective therapeutics is hindered by the lack of fundamental guiding data on the biology of tendon development, signal transduction, mechanotransduction, and basic mechanisms underlying tendon pathogenesis and healing. To propel much needed progress, the New Frontiers in Tendon Research Conference, co‐sponsored by NIAMS/NIH, the Orthopaedic Research Society, and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, was held to promote exchange of ideas between tendon researchers and basic science experts from outside the tendon field. Discussed research areas that are underdeveloped and represent major hurdles to the progress of the field will be presented in this review. To address some of these outstanding questions, conference discussions and breakout sessions focused on six topic areas (Cell Biology and Mechanics, Functional Extracellular Matrix, Development, Mechano‐biology, Scarless Healing, and Mechanisms of Injury and Repair), which are reviewed in this special issue and briefly presented in this review. Review articles in this special issue summarize the progress in the field and identify essential new research directions. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:780–784, 2015.
A canine hybrid double‐bundle model for study of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction
Authors: Cook James L. , Smith Patrick A. , Stannard James P. , Pfeiffer Ferris M. , Kuroki Keiichi , Bozynski Chantelle C. , Cook Cristi R.
Published: March 2015

Development and validation of a large animal model for pre‐clinical studies of intra‐articular anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction that addresses current limitations is highly desirable. The objective of the present study was to investigate a translational canine model for ACL reconstruction. With institutional approval, adult research hounds underwent arthroscopic debridement of the anteromedial bundle (AMB) of the ACL, and then either received a tendon autograft for “hybrid double‐bundle” ACL reconstruction (n = 12) or no graft to remain ACL/AMB‐deficient (n = 6). Contralateral knees were used as non‐operated controls (n = 18) and matched canine cadaveric knees were used as biomechanical controls (n = 6). Dogs were assessed using functional, diagnostic imaging, gross, biomechanical, and histologic outcome measures required for pre‐clinical animal models. The data suggest that this canine model was able to overcome the major limitations of large animal models used for translational research in ACL reconstruction and closely follow clinical aspects of human ACL reconstruction. The “hybrid double‐bundle” ACL reconstruction allowed for sustained knee function without the development of osteoarthritis and for significantly improved functional, diagnostic imaging, gross, biomechanical, and histologic outcomes in grafted knees compared to ACL/AMB‐deficient knees. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1171–1179, 2015.
Radiographic angles in hallux valgus: Comparison between protractor and iPhone measurements
Authors: Meng Hong‐Zheng , Zhang Wei‐Lin , Li Xiu‐Cheng , Yang Mao‐Wei
Published: March 2015

Radiographic angles are used to assess the severity of hallux valgus deformity, make preoperative plans, evaluate outcomes after surgery, and compare results between different methods. Traditionally, hallux valgus angle (HVA) has been measured by using a protractor and a marker pen with hardcopy radiographs. The main objective of this study is to compare HVA measurements performed using a smartphone and a traditional protractor. The secondary objective was to compare the time taken between those two methods. Six observers measured major HVA on 20 radiographs of hallux valgus deformity with both a standard protractor and an Apple iPhone. Four of the observers repeated the measurements at least a week after the original measurements. The mean absolute difference between pairs of protractor and smartphone measurements was 3.2°. The 95% confidence intervals for intra‐observer variability were ±3.1° for the smartphone measurement and ±3.2° for the protractor method. The 95% confidence intervals for inter‐observer variability were ±9.1° for the smartphone measurement and ±9.6° for the protractor measurement. We conclude that the smartphone is equivalent to the protractor for the accuracy of HVA measurement. But, the time taken in smartphone measurement was also reduced. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1250–1254, 2015.
Prognostic role of nuclear factor/IB and bone remodeling proteins in metastatic giant cell tumor of bone: A retrospective study
Authors: Quattrini Irene , Pollino Serena , Pazzaglia Laura , Conti Amalia , Novello Chiara , Ferrari Cristina , Pignotti Elettra , Picci Piero , Benassi Maria Serena
Published: March 2015

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTb) represents 5% of bone tumors, and although considered benign, 5% metastasize to the lung. The expression of proteins directly or indirectly associated with osteolysis and tumor growth was studied on 163 samples of GCTb. Of these, 33 patients developed lung metastasis during follow‐up. The impact of tumor–host interaction on clinical aspects was evaluated with the aim of finding specific markers for new biological therapies, thus improving clinical management of GCTb. Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis on Tissue Microarray. The majority of GCTb samples from patients with metastatic disease were strongly positive to RANKL and its receptor RANK as well as to CAII and MMP‐2 and to pro‐survival proteins NFIB and c‐Fos. Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated a significant difference in metastasis free survival curves based on protein staining. Interestingly, the statistical correlation established a strong association between all variables studied with a higher τ coefficient for RANK/RANKL, RANK/NFIB, and RANKL/NFIB pairs. At multivariate analysis co‐overexpression of NFIB, RANK and RANKL significantly increased the risk of metastasis with an odds ratio of 13.59 (95%CI 4.12–44.82; p < 0.0005). In conclusion, the interconnection between matrix remodeling and tumor cell activity may identify tumor–host endpoints for new biological treatments. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1205–1211, 2015.
Chemical quality assessment of traditional salt‐fermented shrimp paste from Northern Mindanao, Philippines
Authors: Pilapil Anna R , Neyrinck Ellen , Deloof Daphne , Bekaert Karen , Robbens Johan , Raes Katleen
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Shrimp paste is an important fermented commodity in the Philippines, but so far its quality parameters have hardly been characterized. In this study, paste samples procured in the province of Agusan del Norte, Philippines from three different traditional manufacturers and from a commercial supermarket were analyzed for their chemical composition.

RESULTS

Both traditional and commercial shrimp pastes varied in their content of protein (12.9–15.3 g per 100 g), fat (0.50–1.94 g per 100 g), saturated fatty acids (32.6–39.1 g per 100 g fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)), monounsaturated fatty acids (15.1–18.7 g per 100 g FAME) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (30.7–40.8 g per 100 g FAME). Their pH ranged between 6.8 and 7.7. The samples were microbiologically stable owing to their low water activity (0.70–0.74) and high NaCl content (4.04–5.15 g per 100 g). Although all samples were processed in the same country and under similar conditions, differences were observed in some parameters: thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (2.32–5.03 µg malondialdehyde g−1), total non‐protein nitrogen (3.07–5.15 g N per 100 g), free non‐protein nitrogen (1.17–2.39 g N per 100 g), biogenic amines and mineral content. The biogenic amine index varied between 0 and 976 for the different samples; only one sample could be considered as class 1 quality.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that there is a high variation in the quality of the product which could be linked to differences in the fermentation process and hygienic quality. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Recent approaches for on‐line analysis of residues and contaminants in food matrices: A review†
Authors: Barreiro Juliana Cristina , Luiz Anderson Luigi , Maciel Suellen Cristiane Fernandes , Maciel Edvaldo Vasconcelos Soares , Lanças Fernando Mauro
Published: March 2015

This review highlights recent developments for on‐line determination of residues and contaminants in complex matrices such as food samples. This involves the on‐line coupling of a sample preparation technique (as the first “dimension”) with a chromatographic system (second “dimension”), usually followed by mass spectrometry. Although frequently treated as quite distinct techniques, the role of all devices utilized as the first dimension in this approach aims to decrease the sample complexity while eliminating as much as possible the matrix contaminants to facilitate the qualitative and quantitative determination of the compounds of interest. This review will focus on the following techniques as the first dimension: (i) on‐line solid‐phase extraction; (ii) in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction; (iii) matrix solid‐phase dispersion; and (iv) turbulent flow chromatography. The second dimension is usually performed using a chromatographic column to isolate the analyte(s) of interest for further mass spectrometry determination. A description of the basis of this on‐line approach and its distinct set up possibilities is presented, which is followed by a critical review of the literature covering this subject in the last ten years (focusing on the last five years) with emphasis on the analysis of residue and contaminants in food samples.
Water‐compatible molecularly imprinted polymer as a sorbent for the selective extraction and purification of adefovir from human serum and urine
Authors: Pourfarzib Mojgan , Dinarvand Rasoul , Akbari‐adergani Behrouz , Mehramizi Ali , Rastegar Hossein , Shekarchi Maryam
Published: March 2015

A molecularly imprinted polymer has been synthesized to specifically extract adefovir, an antiviral drug, from serum and urine by dispersive solid‐phase extraction before high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV analysis. The imprinted polymers were prepared by bulk polymerization by a noncovalent imprinting method that involved the use of adefovir (template molecule) and functional monomer (methacrylic acid) complex prior to polymerization, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross‐linker, and chloroform as porogen. Molecular recognition properties, binding capacity, and selectivity of the molecularly imprinted polymers were evaluated and the results show that the obtained polymers have high specific retention and enrichment for adefovir in aqueous medium. The new imprinted polymer was utilized as a molecular sorbent for the separation of adefovir from human serum and urine. The serum and urine extraction of adefovir by the molecularly imprinted polymer followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography showed a linear calibration curve in the range of 20–100 μg/L with excellent precisions (2.5 and 2.8% for 50 μg/L), respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantization were determined in serum (7.62 and 15.1 μg/L), and urine (5.45 and 16 μg/L). The recoveries for serum and urine samples were found to be 88.2–93.5 and 84.3–90.2%, respectively.
Tracing novel hemostatic compounds from heating products of total flavonoids in Flos Sophorae by spectrum–effect relationships and column chromatography
Authors: Chen Yeqing , Yu Hongli , Wu Hao , Pan Yaozong , Wang Kuilong , Liu Liping , Jin Yangping , Zhang Chenchao
Published: March 2015

Flos Sophorae and its processed product have been clinically used to treat hemorrhage. In this study, the total ion chromatographic fingerprints of the heating products of total flavonoids in Flos Sophorae were established by high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and the hemostatic activities were studied by hemostatic screening tests in vivo. The spectrum–effect relationships between fingerprints and hemostatic activities were investigated using canonical correlation analysis to trace the peaks responsible for the hemostatic effects. The predicted active peaks in fingerprints were isolated by column chromatography and their structures were identified by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The hemostatic activities of them were verified by platelet aggregation and procoagulation assays in vitro. Canonical correlation analysis results showed that peak 8 and peak 11 were correlated most closely, thus probably being the main hemostatic compounds. Through column chromatography separation, peak 8 (compound I) and peak 11 (compound II) were obtained with purities of 95.61 and 93.38%, respectively, and were discovered new hemostatic compounds named as huaicarbon A (I) and huaicarbon B (II), respectively. This study provides a universal model to trace the active compounds of other herbs which have bioactivity enhancement after processing by spectrum–effect relationships and column chromatography.
Heparin‐Based Nanocapsules as Potential Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Baier Grit , Winzen Svenja , Messerschmidt Claudia , Frank Daniela , Fichter Michael , Gehring Stephan , Mailänder Volker , Landfester Katharina
Published: March 2015

Herein, the synthesis and characterization of heparin‐based nanocapsules (NCs) as potential drug delivery systems is described. For the synthesis of the heparin‐based NCs, the versatile method of miniemulsion polymerization at the droplets interface was achieved resulting in narrowly distributed NCs with 180 nm in diameter. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images showed clearly NC morphology. A highly negative charge density for the heparin‐based NCs was determined by measuring the electro‐kinetic potential. Measuring the activated clotting time demonstrated the biological intactness of the polymeric shell. The ability of heparin‐based NCs to bind to antithrombin (AT III) was investigated using isothermal titration calorimetry and dynamic light scattering experiments. The chemical stability of the NCs was studied in physiological protein‐containing solutions and also in medically interesting fluids such as sodium chloride 0.9%, Ringer's solution, and phosphate buffer saline using dynamic light scattering and measuring the fluorescence intensity. The impressive uptake of NCs in different cells was confirmed by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The low toxicity of all types of NCs was demonstrated.
Fast partial differential equation de‐noising filter for mechanical vibration signal
Authors: Yin Aijun , Zhao Lei , Gao Bin , Woo W. L.
Published: March 2015

A novel approach for mechanical vibration signal de‐noising filter using PDE and its numerical solution were presented. The proposed method is computationally fast compared with other conventional PDE‐based de‐noising methods. It enables: (i) by incorporating unconditional stable finite difference backward Euler scheme, the de‐noising process has no requirements of grid ratio; (ii) developing variational matrix‐based fast filter while the de‐noising process can be completed instantly, which will be accomplished by only one iteration; and (iii) effective de‐noising method for mechanical vibration signal interfered by Gauss white noise. The method is performed efficiently, and the de‐noising tests on different artificial Gauss white noise as well as natural mechanical noise are conducted. Experimental tests have been rigorously compared with different de‐noising methods to verify the efficacy of the proposed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oscillation analysis of numerical solutions in theθ‐methods for differential equation of advanced type
Authors: Gao Jianfang , Liu Shimeng
Published: March 2015

The paper deals with the oscillation analysis of numerical solution in theθ‐methods for differential equations with piecewise constant arguments of advanced type. The conditions of the oscillation for theθ‐method are obtained. It is proved that the oscillation of the analytic solution is preserved by theθ‐ method. Some numerical experiments are given. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated patient‐specific optimization of three‐dimensional double‐inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Gabr Refaat E. , Sun Xiaojun , Pednekar Amol S. , Narayana Ponnada A.
Published: March 2015

Purpose

To automatically optimize three‐dimensional double‐inversion recovery (3D‐DIR) MRI of the brain on a patient‐by‐patient basis.

Methods

DIR is a powerful MRI technique that allows simultaneous suppression of white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in brain imaging. Unfortunately, the tissue suppression is not always consistent across patients. We propose patient‐specific optimization of WM suppression for improved gray matter (GM)–WM contrast. Relaxation times were measured in the same scan session, and through real time processing were used for calculating DIR inversion times for maximum tissue contrast. Signal evolution during the variable‐flip‐angle turbo‐spin‐echo readout was calculated using the extended phase graph algorithm. Patient‐specific optimization was examined in five healthy volunteers and two multiple sclerosis patients. Two volunteers were scanned twice for reproducibility. The contrast ratios, GM signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and image histogram were used to assess the performance of this patient‐specific approach.

Results

Automated optimization of 3D‐DIR was successfully completed in all experiments with processing time of ∼1 min. GM–WM contrast ratio tripled with the optimized DIR sequence, with only a 19% decrease in GM–CSF contrast and 30% SNR penalty.

Conclusion

Patient‐specific optimization is feasible and significantly improves GM–WM contrast on 3D‐DIR with a moderate decrease in the GM SNR. Magn Reson Med 75:585–593, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐layered radio frequency coil arrangement for sodium MRI of the human brain at 9.4 Tesla
Authors: Shajan G. , Mirkes Christian , Buckenmaier Kai , Hoffmann Jens , Pohmann Rolf , Scheffler Klaus
Published: March 2015

Purpose

A multinuclei imaging setup with the capability to acquire both sodium (23Na) and proton (1H) signals at 9.4 Tesla is presented. The main objective was to optimize coil performance at the 23Na frequency while still having the ability to acquire satisfactory 1H images.

Methods

The setup consisted of a combination of three radio frequency (RF) coils arranged in three layers: the innermost layer was a 27‐channel 23Na receive helmet which was surrounded by a four‐channel 23Na transceiver array. The outer layer consisted of a four‐channel 1H dipole array for B0 shimming and anatomical localization. Transmit and receive performance of the 23Na arrays was compared to a single‐tuned 23Na birdcage resonator.

Results

While the transmit efficiency of the 23Na transceiver array was comparable to the birdcage, the 23Na receive array provided substantial signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) gain near the surface and comparable SNR in the center. The utility of this customized setup was demonstrated by 23Na images of excellent quality.

Conclusion

High SNR, efficient transmit excitation and B0 shimming capability can be achieved for 23Na MRI at 9.4T using novel coil combination. This RF configuration is easily adaptable to other multinuclei applications at ultra high field (≥ 7T). Magn Reson Med 75:906–916, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exact interpolation scheme with approximation vector used as a column of the prolongator
Authors: Kužel Roman , Vaněk Petr
Published: March 2015

Our method is a kind of exact interpolation scheme by Achi Brandt et al. In the exact interpolation scheme, for x being the fine‐level approximation of the solution, the coarse‐space V = V(x) is constructed so that x satisfies x∈V. We achieve it simply by adding the vector x as a first column of the prolongator. (The columns of the prolongator P form a computationally relevant basis of the coarse‐space V = Range(P).) The advantages of this construction become obvious when solving non‐linear problems. The cost of enriching the coarse‐space V by the current approximation x is a single dense column of the prolongator that has to be updated each iteration. Our method can be used for multilevel acceleration of virtually any iterative method used for solving both linear and non‐linear systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.