bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Fenugreek Seeds Gum on Quality of Pan Bread During Storage
Authors: Al-Shammari Bushra B. , Al-Ali Rawdhah M. , Al-Sahi Ali A.
Published: August 2022

This search was conducted to extract the gum from fenugreek seed and studying the effects on bread staling, and its application a gum in controlling bread staling by replacing 0.5,0.75.1.1.5 and 2% wheat flour. Bread staling was measured under different storage conditions,. loaves were stored in polyethylene bag for 1,5and 7 days and temperature 25-30,4 and 18- C°, two techniques were used to study bread staling such Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Scanning Electron Microscopic, the moisture concent in the crumb and the crust range between1.5 – 2.66, 1.99 – 3% and 1.9 – 3.88% and 0.45 – 0.27, 0.3 – 0.21,1.90 - 1.9 % at concentrations 1.5 and 2%, the result of Swelling Power and volume of sediment showed range between 7 – 9, 8 – 9.66, 4 – 5.88% and 41 – 45.44, 46 – 50, 47 – 50.88 ml respectively, the test of pH showed between 6.2 – 6, 6.4 – 6.48 and 6.1 – 6.4 respectively, two methods were used to determine bread staling, the values of Electrical conductivity and Turbidity showed range between 3 – 4.11, 4 – 5, 3.57 – 4.5 cm /mm respectively and 11 – 13.99, 19 – 23.01, 29.55 – 34.44 NTU respectively, the results of DSC showed that the highest enthalpy of retrogradation showed range between 57.98 - 75.69, 41.86 -54.12 respectively and 27.67 - 38.91 J/g respectively was found in control sample compared to bread containing Fenugreek seeds gum 26.24 – 28.14, 26.78 - 29.41 and 13.30 -15.90 J/g respectively after 1and 7 days of storage at different temperature storage., The microstructure of the bread was tested by Scanning Electron Microscopic, the result indicated that bread containing Fenugreek seeds gum had lower staling compared to control sample due to able to retain moisture in the bread crumb. Therefore, the present research, gum addition reduces retro gradation of starch and improved the microstructure crumb during storage.
Oxidative Reaction of Frozen-Stored and Heat Treatments Meat Products
Authors: Al-Shibli Mayada A. , Al-Ali Rawdah M. , Hashim Alia Z.
Published: August 2022

The exhaustion of ready-to-eat (RTE) products, have become growingly popular over recent years. In the United States, for example, 82.6% of consumers frequently eat fast food in restaurants at least once a week. Frozen storage is easiest way to preserve food from the negative impact of temperature, so It is included thorough evaluation of the quality parameters. In general, a reasonable temperature to store food is -18 °C for most frozen foods, and this will keep the quality in commercial storage meat products, in specially, the very popular meat products and widely consumed world wide. Meat and Its products are essential component for human nutrition. They compose of proteins, vitamins and minerals, as well as vital fatty acids. Meat is necessary to meet all of the dietary requirements, on the other hand, they are subjected to degrading processes, such as microbial deterioration, oxidative processes which are the most important among them. Oxidative processes cause oxidation of lipids, pigments, proteins and vitamins. Furthermore, there is a nutritional loss that leads to produce hazardous compounds, therefore the meat industry’s control of oxidative processes is requisite. The purpose of this study is to determine the significant alterations that happening in frozen meat products quality.
The Productive Performance of Three Lines of Laying Hens and Their Crosses During Three Life Stages
Authors: Tawfeq Esraa Mobasher , Sabri Al-Nuaimi Majid Ahmed
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to compare the productive performance of two local lines chickens (brown and black-feathered chickens) and laying brown Lohman strain and cross-breeding between them for the period from one day to six months old. The birds were divided into seven treatments and the study was on three life stages, the first of (day-8) weeks of age, the second (9-16) weeks and the third (17-24) weeks for the following traits: live body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and sex maturity, weight of the first egg weight, sexual maturity age, egg production HD%, egg mass, average egg weight for the seven groups. The results showed that there were significant superiority (P<0.05) in the most productive performance for the four ceosses hybrids compared to the pure lines. and it was noted that there was a significant positive correlation coefficient between the weight of The body at the age of six months and the weight of the first egg (0.80), the average egg weight of (0.79) and the weight of the first egg and the average egg production was (0.72) and The average weight of eggs and egg production (0.61).
Effect of Using Azolla as A protein Source on Cuts and Carcass Characteristics of Awassi Lambs
Authors: Majeed Al Baldawy Mustsfs Ali , Mohammad Afraah Mustafa
Published: August 2022

This study was conducted in the animal field of the College of Veterinary Medicine - Tikrit University, for the period from 13-10-2021 to 12-1-2022 preceded by a preliminary period of 10 days, where 15 Awassi lambs were used, ages ranged between 5-6 months, with a starting weight of 20. 13 ± 0.56 kg The lambs were randomly distributed to three treatments (T1) A ration free of azolla plants (T2) Replacement of 3% of wheat bran with azolla from the dry matter of the ration (T3) Replacement of 5% of wheat bran with azolla of the dry matter of the ration. The results in this study indicated the following: 1- Significant differences were found between the treatments in some results where the second and third treatments were significant over the first treatment in carcass characteristics for the traits (empty body weight, hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight), slaughtering residues, where the second and third treatments were significant over the first treatment in carcass traits for the traits ( Empty body weight, hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight), the results of chemical analysis of the carcass, where the third treatment outperformed the first and second treatments with a difference of (3.607 and 5.177) % for the first and second treatments, respectively, in moisture content. Also, the second treatment outperformed the first and third treatments with a difference of (1.57 and 5.177)% for the first and third treatments, respectively, in the percentage of dry matter, and the second treatment exceeded the first and third treatments with a difference of (1.563 and 2.603)% for the first and third treatments, respectively, in the percentage of protein. There were also arithmetic differences, where the second treatment outperformed in the percentage of weight of the main pieces (thigh, shoulder) compared to the rest of the treatments. The first treatment gave the highest percentage of weight for the ribs and cotton compared to the rest of the treatments. 2- There were no significant differences for each of the secondary cuts of the carcass (chest, flank and ulna), as well as the neck and buttocks, the area of the ocular muscle and the thickness of the fat layer, slaughter residues (head, limbs, skin, heart, heart fat, liver, lungs and trachea, full rumen, Full intestine, belly fat and digestive system contents), physical separation of the proportions (meat, fat and bone) of the ribs, (grooming ratio based on hot carcass weight, dressing ratio based on cold carcass weight and carcass weight loss percentage), chemical analysis results (ratio fat, ash and carbohydrates).
Effect of Marlubium vulgare Plant on Experimentally Infected Albino Mice with Trichomonas muris Parasite and Compare with Metronidazole Drug
Authors: Shahatha S S , Abood N M , Mousa M O
Published: August 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Marlubium vulgare plant on albino mice experimentally infected with Trichomonas muris parasite and compared it with Metronidazole drug. The oral administration method was used to estimate the effect of the plant extract. where each group of mice was administered a different concentration of the plant alcoholic extract (500, 1500, 2500, 3500) mg/kg, and 30 mg/kg of metronidazole drug was administered to another group, while the control group was administered an equal amount of normal saline solution. The results showed a significant effect of the concentrations of alcoholic extract and the drug metronidazole in the treatment of infected albino mice and showed a high treatment efficiency of 100% with a variation in the time required for complete treatment and complete elimination of parasites. The highest concentration of 3500 mg/kg resulted in complete recovery in the affected albino mice on the fourth day after treatment, while the use of the drug led to a complete recovery on the fifth day after treatment, while the infection in the control group continued to the fifth day and then died. The conclusion of this study confirmed the high therapeutic efficacy of different concentrations of alcoholic extract of M. vulgare plant in treating T. muris parasite in mice experimentally infected with it, which is comparable to the effectiveness of Metronidazole drug.
Effect of Adding Whole Dried Egg Powder in the Diet on Broiler Live Growth Performance
Authors: Aldhanki Ziyad T. M. , Atiyah Intisar H.
Published: August 2022

This study was carried out in order to make use of the nutritious eggs components by drying the eggs and introducing them in broiler diets to improve the productive performance. The eggs used in this experiment are eggs that aren’t desired by the consumer due to poor storage in inappropriate conditions in stores or shops, as well as eggs suspected of being infected with some pathogens. The eggs were collected from commercial stores and dried according to Al-Harthi (2011) modified method by using an electric oven at 170 Cº in multiple stages. Two hundred twenty four unsexed one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were bred in batteries for 6 weeks. The broilers were randomly distributed at four treatments (0, 40, 60 and 100) grams of dried eggs / Kg feed at four replications. The characteristics of productive performance, including body weight, feed consumption, weight gain, food conversion factor, mortality rate, relative growth rate as well as the productive efficiency factorwere taken for the periods 0-21, 22-42 and 0-42 days. The results showed that adding 100 grams of dried eggs/Kg feed treatment achieved a significant increase in body weight during the weeks of the experiment. Conclusion was made that adding 100 grams of dried eggs/ Kg feed to diets achieve an improvement in productive performance of broilers for 42 days.
Effect of Adding Different Levels of Aqueous Extract of Lemongrass Leaves on Reproductive Characteristics, Testis Weight and Testicular Tissues of Male Broiler Mothers ROSS308
Authors: Ali Emad Abdulgabbar , Abdel-Zalmi Sabreen Salam
Published: August 2022

This study was conducted in the field of domestic birds / Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University for a period of 6 weeks from 1/11/2021 - 15/12/2021, preceded by two weeks to train roosters to collect semen, to study the effect of adding the aqueous extract to lemongrass leaves in different levels on the reproductive characteristics of males of meat broiler mothers (Ros 308) at the age (50) weeks and by 16 roosters, the roosters were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 4 replications, each replicate included only one rooster. The treatments were as follows: The first treatment was the control group without adding, the second treatment was adding 200 ml of aqueous extract of lemongrass leaves/litre of water, the third treatment was adding 300 ml of aqueous extract of lemongrass leaves/litre of water, the fourth treatment was adding 400 ml of aqueous extract For lemongrass leaves/litre of water. The following results were: a significant improvement (P < 0.01) in the second and third treatments with concentrations of 200 and 300 ml in ejaculation volume, percentage of salt-resistant sperm, percentage of individual motility of the sperm and percentage of live sperms compared to the first and fourth treatments, and a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the percentage of death sperms in the second, third and fourth treatment over the first treatment (control), while a ratio of mass motility, sperm concentration per ejaculate, and testis weight, the third treatment (P < 0.01) was superior to the rest of the treatments. the histological cutting of the testicle, it was noted an improvement in the sperm biosynthesis process and an increase in the number of sperms for the third and second treatments compared to the first (control) and the fourth treatments.
Effect of Adding Grape Pomace and Resveratrol on Some Physiological Traits and Gene Expression to Prevent Hemorrhagic Fatty Liver Syndrome in Laying Hens
Authors: Attallah Omar Khaled , Mohammed Thafer Thabit , Al-Anbari Nasr Nuri
Published: August 2022

This study was aimed to show the effect of adding different levels of grape pomace (GP) and resveratrol (RSV) to the diet of laying hens on production performance and antioxidant capacity. Seventy two laying hens (Lohmann Brown) were used to study cumulative production performance and antioxidant activites. The experimental diets were; the first treatment T1 (control), T2 (1% GP), T3 (0.5% GP), T4 (400 mg/kg RSV), T5 contained on high-energy, low-protein diet (HELP) without any additives. T6, (HELP + 1% GP), T7, (HELP + 0.5% GP) and T8 (HELP + 400 mg/kg RSV). The results showed that There were no significant differences in the type of diet in the concentration of glucose, cholesterol and HDL, while a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in cholesterol concentration was observed in favor of the addition treatments (grape pomace 1%), (grape pomace 0.5%) and (resveratrol). 400 mg/kg feed) compared to the treatment (without addition), the results of the study showed a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in the gene expression of the SOD gene in the addition and interference treatments in all experiment treatments compared to the control treatment. The results of the study also indicated a high Significant (P≤0.05) in IL-6 gene expression in favor of T8 treatment compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, differences in grape pomace and resveratrol levels demonstrate the unique ability of natural antioxidants to improve physiological traits and gene expression for the prevention of hemorrhagic fatty liver syndrome in laying hens.
Effects of Harmful Gases Emitted from Poultry Houses on Productive and Health Performance
Authors: Mohammad Al-Kerwi Mahdi Saleh , Mardenli Omar , Mahdi Jasim Mohammed Rasoul , Al-Majeed Moustafa Abed
Published: August 2022

Air pollution in the environment in which poultry is raised is one of the most serious problems facing the poultry sector across various aspects of production. Perhaps the most dangerous gas emitted from poultry houses is ammonia. The high concentrations of this gas in the air above the permissible limits (15 ppm) will have disastrous consequences. Ammonia directly affects the health and safety of birds, as it is a cause of ammonia blindness in birds accompanied by many respiratory diseases that destroy production and increase breeding costs. In addition, high concentrations of ammonia (above 20 ppm) contribute to enhancing the infection of birds with Newcastle and the bronchitis virus. In general, the greenhouse gases emitted from poultry houses included four main gases (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide). Studies regarding their direct effects on the health and productivity of birds have been insufficient. In the direct form, as the concentrations of greenhouse gases rise to very high limits, they cause suffocation and death., the behaviour of the greenhouse gases in the indirect effect is reflected being a source of nutritional stress and a group of diseases and parasites which lead to a decrease in productivity levels. The intensity and concentrations of gas emissions are directly related to many factors such as geographic location, the season of the year, ventilation technologies, humidity, litter quality, nutritional status and stocking density. The advances in ventilation technologies have played a key role in expelling all harmful gases, especially those that depend on negative pressure. However, greenhouse gases remain a real threat to the poultry industry in particular and to the planet’s environment in general.
Location of Chickens Within Rearing Floors of Laying Hens Closed Halls and Its Effect of Productive, Physiological and Qualitative Eggs Characteristics
Authors: Taha Ahmed T. , Hasan Aljumaily Tareq Khalaf , Mahdi Afaf Radi
Published: August 2022

This study was conducted in (Samarra Poultry Commercial Project), located in Samarra, 130 km north Baghdad, in a closed hall of Turkish origin, containing 53,000 Lumen Brown laying hens, 34 weeks of age, raised in cages, each of which accommodates 10 birds and distributed into five lines, each is mixed with five floors. Very symmetrical, including ten. In order to know the effect of the location of chickens within floors. Breeding in closed halls lines on productive performance, quality traits of eggs and some traits blood physiology: The results showed the following. Significantly decreased egg production in birds bred within the first (ground) floor, and this was accompanied by a significant decrease in egg production. Deterioration in the efficiency of feed conversion.. The location of the chickens within the breeding floors had no significant effect on most of the qualitative characteristics of eggs. The chickens raised on the third floor showed the best parameters of red blood cells, with a stabilization of the case. There were no significant differences in the numbers of white blood cells.
Effect of Rosemary and Licorice on Some Physiological Traits of Local Goats
Authors: Al-Shibawi Jinan A.A. , Al-Yaseri Ahmed J. , Al-Dhalimi Hussian M.K. , Al-Gharawi Jassim K.M.
Published: August 2022

The experiment was conducted in the animal field of the first agricultural research station of the College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, it is located in the Umm al-Akf region, 12 km southwest of Samawah, from 20/10/2021 to 20/1/2022. A total 12 male goats were used at the age of four months, were numbered and randomly assigned to four treatments, each treatment contains 3 animals, the animals were placed in adjacent and separated enclosures. Treatments as follows: T1 (control), T2 adding 5 g/kg of crushed rosemary leaves and T3 adding 5 g/kg of licorice root powder, T4 (the mixture treatment), adding 5 g/kg of crushed rosemary leaves and 5 g/kg of licorice root powder. no significant differences in all blood cellular traits (WBC, RBC, Hb and PCV). A significant increase in the concentration of cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, glucose, protein, albumin and globulin, uric acid, ALP, ALT, phosphorous and calcium in T4 treatment over to the others.
Detection of Fungi Contaminated some Nuts and Its Ability for Aflatoxin B1 Production
Authors: Al-Warshan Salim H.S. , Abed Mohammed Majid , Mohammed Mustafa M.
Published: August 2022

This study was conducted in February and March 2021 to collect data on the incidence of aflatoxinB1 (AFB1) and the ability of fungi isolated from nuts (almond, pistachio, hazelnut, cashew, imported and local peanut) to produce AFB1 in Ramadi city, Iraq. The mycological investigation revealed the isolation of fourteen fungal species from eight genera, Aspergillus flavus was the most common and widely distributed fungus. TLC analysis was used to assess Aspergillus flavus’ ability to produce aflatoxinB1. The majority of A.flavus isolates In the culture media(YES) were toxigenic and capable of producing aflatoxinB1. The ability to produce aflatoxin B1 ranged from 30 - 40, 25 – 60, 15 – 50, 20 – 20, 40 – 70, 65 – 150 ppb in almond, pistachio, hazelnut, cashew, imported and local peanut respectively. The ELISA approach was used to estimate the natural occurrence of AflatoxinB1 in nuts samples. Contaminated samples with aflatoxinB1 were 40,20, 40, 40, 80 and 80 % of tested samples for almond, pistachio, hazelnut, cashew, imported and local peanut, Concentrations of aflatoxin B1 were ranged between 9 – 16, 17 – 45, 20 – 26, 10 – 12, 180 – 190, 150 – 225 ppb respectively. The results show that most samples have a high contamination of AlatoxinB1 that is higher than health standards for consumption (20ppb). Mycotoxigenic A. flavus isolates are high contaminants for food and should be removed to reduce the risk of nut toxin contamination.
Study of Reducing Chemical Fertilizers and Enhancing by Organic and Biological Fertilizers for Cowpea Crop
Authors: Jabbar Mundher Kh. , Ali Sbti Al Murtada
Published: August 2022

The experiment was carried out in the experimental field of the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, during the spring season of 2021, to study the effect of biological and organic fertilization technology on the production of seed yield for two varieties of cowpea. A factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications was used, first factor was included varieties of cowpea (Farmer’s Bayader - Hitech Seed), the Second factor was included: S0: only chemical fertilizer, S1: organic fertilizer + half chemical fertilizer, S2: organic fertilizer + all chemical fertilizer, S3: bio-fertilizer + half chemical fertilizer, S4: bio-fertilizer + all chemical fertilizer, S5: bio-fertilizer + organic fertilizer + half chemical fertilizer, S6: bio-fertilizer + organic fertilizer + all chemical fertilizer. The V1 cultivar excelled in all characteristics except number days to flowering and seed 300 weight, The S3 was excelled in all characteristics, A linear relationship was found in treatment (V1 × S3) in all characteristics of the study.
Control of Barley Weeds and its Reflection on the Growth Parameters
Authors: Jassim Nesoor Adil , Safi Suhad Mathkoor A.
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of specific weed herbicides in controlling the weeds grown with cultivars of barley and their effect on some growth traits. The study was implemented using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plots arrangement by three replicates. The results showed the superiority of a herbicides combination (U 46 - Combifluid 1 L.ha-1) + (Axial 1.5 L.ha-1) (h1) by giving the best results as it reduced the weed dry weight to 0.00 g.m-2with a 100% inhibition ratio. Furthermore, it gave the best results within growth parameters as it increased the flag leaf area and the growth rate of the crop, which reached 40.94 cm-2and 59.14 g.m-2day-1, respectively. In the same role, the results also showed the superiority of the cultivar IPA 265 (V3) by giving the best results for plant height, flag leaf area, and crop growth rate, which were 92.62 cm, 45.44 cm-2,and 61.02 g.m-2day-1, respectively. The interaction was also significant, as the treatment with H1herbicide and the treatment of hand weeding behaved similarly for almost all traits and with all cultivars by giving the best results for the interaction.
Yield Performance of Wheat Under Different Practices of Tillage and Integrated Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers
Authors: Ramadhan M N
Published: August 2022

Tillage management and fertilizer application are important components of wheat plant growth and productivity. Yet limited data are available on the consequences of simultaneous tillage and integrated fertilization on wheat production and soil chemical characteristics in the heavy soil of Sothern parts of Iraq. Hence, split-split plots were used to conduct a field experiments at two locations. The primary plots were divided into three tillage techniques that are no tillage (NT), tine cultivator (TC) and moldboard plow (MP). Five selected combinations of organic and inorganic nutrient sources were arranged in sub plots including the traditional chemical fertilizer application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (CF), farm yard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), 50% CF+FYM and 50% CF+PM application, in addition to control treatment, and three wheat cultivars (Al-Rasheed, IPA-99 and Abu Ghraib-3) were allocated to sub-sub plots. The results showed positive superiority of MP and TC in the growth parameters, yield components, wheat yield and some soil properties at both experimental locations. Likewise, the MP and TC had the lowest bulk density, while MP had the lowest electrical conductivity and the highest soil pH. The results also revealed that organic and inorganic amendments affected plant growth, yield components, grain yield significantly. The 50% CF+PM and 50% CF+FYM gave significantly higher thousand grain weight, spikes number at the 2nd location, wheat yield, and tillers per square meter at the 2nd location. Furthermore, soil bulk density, pH and electrical conductivity were significantly affected by all organic and inorganic treatments. The results also indicated that the highest spikes number, grain yield, chlorophyll content SPAD were recorded by IPA-99 cultivar at both locations. Moreover, under experiment conditions, the flag leaf chlorophyll content was significantly related to grain yield.
The Response of Bitter Orange Citrus Aurantium Trees to the Infestation of Oriental Yellow Scale Aonidiella Orientalis in Iraq
Authors: Ahmed Qasim , Aljuboory Ahmed B. , Alsabte Ahmed
Published: August 2022

Laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the differences between uninfested and infested bitter orange Citrus aurantium leaves with oriental yellow scale Aonidiella orientalis in Iraq. From this experiment, it is reasonable to determine that releases of volatile organic compounds from both uninfested and infested bitter orange C. aurantium as a response to the infestation of the oriental yellow scale A. orientalis. Some volatile organic compounds were found in uninfested leaves, while GC-MS did not detect others. Infested leaves by oriental yellow scale insects emitted significantly D-Limonene and β- Ocimene more than uninfested leaves of bitter orange. In contrast, the uninfested leaves emitted the compound Alloaromadendrene more than infested bitter orange. The changing of chemical profile in the bitter orange leaves can explain the response of citrus trees to the infestation of oriental yellow scale A. orientalis as a way of pest control by repellence insect pests or attractive the beneficial insects.
Combining Ability Determination of Chemical Structures and Grain Yield of Grains (Triticum Aestivum. L)
Authors: Ahmed Al-Timimi Omar A. , Aziz Aljubory Jassem M. , Al Zubaidi Mohammad S.K.
Published: August 2022

The crosses were carried out according to the half-reciprocal cross-hybrid system proposed by of ten genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestvum.L) in the agricultural season (2018-2019) in the fields of a farmer in Baladrooz district - Diyala governorate. Crosses were carried out between them to obtain the seeds of the first generation of 45 hybrids according to the second Krvenk method, the second model. Parents and first-generation crosses were planted in the second season on (25) November 2020 using the RCBD and with three replications. Estimated (grain yield, protein, total and dry gluten, ash). The results of the analysis of variance for the studied traits of the mean squares of the genotypes of fathers and individual crosses and fathers against crosses were significant at the 1% probability level for all traits except for fathers against crosses. The performance of the genotypes in the studied traits in the trait of grain yield in the father (4) was superior and gave the highest rate of (72.08) gm plant ¯1, and the hybrid (1×10) was significantly superior to the rest of the crosses with an average of (80.39) gm plant ¯1. In the percentage of protein, it was superior to the Parent (1) and gave the highest percentage of protein (15.28%). The hybrid (2×3) was significantly superior with the highest percentage of protein (15.78)%. And for the trait of total gluten is superior to the Parent (6), the percentage of gluten in it is (74.0)%. The hybrid (8×6) was superior with the highest value of the gluten percentage which reached (88.67)%. In the trait of dry gluten, Parent (6) had the highest percentage of dry gluten, which was superior with a percentage of total gluten that amounted to (32.10%), while in crosses, the hybrid (1×2) had the highest percentage of dry gluten (22.80). The highest ash value reached (2.32), while in the hybrids (4×8) the hybrid surpassed with the highest ash value (2.66).The estimates of the general combing ability for each were positive in grain yield and significantly in the Parent (1, 3, 4, 9, 10). As for the estimates of the special effects of each individual hybrid for the studied traits, they were positively affected in the grain yield and in the desired direction in the direction of sixteen hybrids, the most important of which are (1×8), (1×10), (2×3), (2×4) and (2×). 6) In the proportion of protein, it was a significant positive desirable at the probability level of 1% in the hybrids, including (1×10) and (2×3).
Effect of Food Treated with Silica Gel on Three Types of Storehouse Insects
Authors: Qader F.A. , Ameen H.N.H. , Mohammed B.M.H.
Published: August 2022

Silica gel was tested as a protective material for the seeds of cowpea, wheat and groats and mixed with five concentrations (1-5%) against the three insect species of stock and this affected their killing, the development of their first generation and the rate of loss in food weight after a month of treatment. The results showed that silica gel A generation that caused a killing rate of 100% for the southern cowpea beetle after 144 hours of treatment and for all the concentrations used, and a killing rate of 100% for the capillary beetle at a concentration of 5% and after 192 hours of treatment from the treatment at a concentration of 5%, while the killing rate reached 10% in the rusty flour beetle after 192 hour at a concentration of 5%. According to what was mentioned above, this study came for the purpose of identifying the effect of silica gel on three types of storage insects, which are the southern cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculates, Trogoderma granarium and the rust flour beetle Tribolium castaneum.
Effect of Applying Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth and Essential Oil of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
Authors: Alhasan Ali Sabah , Khadim Ahmed A. , Al-Ameri Dalal Tareq , Saleh Osama S. , Jabber Al-Alwash Firas Hadi , Kadkim Hawraa Rahim
Published: August 2022

High nitrogen input is important to guarantee higher production and essential oil yield. Ecologically, it is necessary to determine whether reduced nitrogen levels have an impact on the medicinal herbs’ productions. In the recent research, the influences of reduced nitrogen supply on the agronomic traits and essential oil productivity of chamomile have been evaluated. The experiment pots were set, and five levels of nitrogen fertilizer Urea (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg N/ha) have been applied to the soil during the growing season. As a result, Chamomile growth, flower, essential oil content and yield were significantly increased when urea was applied as 75 kg N/ha. As a result, this research illustrates that reducing nitrogen supply might be a promising environmentally friendly way and an alternate strategy for improving the essential oil of chamomile and perhaps other medicinal plants, while also helping the environment.
Pollen Micromorphological Study of Ten Genera of Brassicaceae in West Iraq Desert
Authors: Othman O M , Hamad R M
Published: August 2022

This research included a micromorphological study of pollen grains of 11 taxa belonging to 10 plant genera of the Cruciferae family (Brassicaceae) distributed in Western Desert District of Iraq. The pollen grains of all species were monads, homopolar, regular, in addition to being tricolpate. They differed in shape, ranging from prolate, subprolate and Subprolate-subspheroidal. The polar dimension also differed greatly among species, which ranged between 25.2 μm. as an average in Morettia philaeana to 37.3 μm. as an average in Zilla spinosa. Thus, the equatorial dimension ranged between 21.4-30.1 μm. in the two species Leptaleum filifolium and Rapistrum rugosum respectively. As for the remaining species, they are graded between them. The difference in the length of the colpus resulted in important taxonomic characteristics in isolating species, if its length ranged between isolating 13.8 -30.3 μm. The Apocolpium also contributed through the variance that ranged between 3.9-8.6 μm., as well as the mesocolpium, which also varied between species, the shortest was 7.2 μm. in Morettia philaeana and the longest 18.3 μm. in Myagrum perfoliatum as indicated in the measurement tables. The two species, Eruca vesicaria and Strigosella africana are distinguished by their thin pollen walls (1.3 μm.), while Morettia philaeana had a thick wall (2.7 μm.), and then the reamining species came between them. This study identified two types of Ornamentation, namely, Microreticulate in 7 species and Macroreticulale in 4 species.
Genetic Variability of Some Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Isolates and the Effect of the Virus on the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) Plant Content of Some Mineral Elements
Authors: Hassan Suhair Q. , Kadhim Jamal H. , AL-Abedy Aqeel N. , AL-Musawi Balqees H.
Published: August 2022

This study was conducted to isolate and identify three isolates of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), infecting tomato, using polymerase chain reaction technology (PCR) and determining the nucleotide sequences produced by PCR- amplified products to determine the genetic similarity and differences amongst the virus isolates. It also aimed to analyze the plant content of mineral elements: magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium to determine the effect of the virus on the plant content of these elements. The laboratory experiments mentioned in this study were carried out in the Plant Virology Laboratory of the Plant Protection Department at the College of Agriculture/ Karbala University. Analysis of the mineral elements was carried out in the Soil Laboratory, College of Agriculture/ University of Kufa. A greenhouse experiment was also carried out to investigate the response of some tomato genotypes against TYLCV during the agricultural season 2018-2019. Results of PCR amplification by the CP-F and CP-R primer pair revealed the possibility of amplifying a 789bp product from each TYLCV isolate isolated from some farms located in some desert areas in Najaf and Karbala governorates. Analysis of the sequences resulting from the PCR-amplified products obtained from the viral isolates (5, 8, and 10) by BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) indicated that all these viral isolates diagnosed in this study belong to TYLCV. TYLCV isolates 5 and 8 obtained from Najaf province had a 100% similarity in the sequences of PCR-amplified products amplified from the TYLCV coat protein. These isolates gave a difference (96%) in the coat protein nucleotide sequence of the virus isolate 10. Furthermore, analysis of some mineral elements in plants infected with TYLCV showed a decrease in the concentrations of magnesium and calcium and an increase in the concentrations of elements sodium and potassium with a significant difference from their normal concentrations in the non-infected plants.
The Role of Salicylic Acid Alone or Mixedwith Acetamiprid and Matrixine Plus in Reducing the Whitefly Population Density on Eggplant
Authors: Farhan Dhurgham D. , Mahidi Samar M. , Ibade Khalid W. , Abed Mohammed M.
Published: August 2022

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of the phytohormone salicylic acid alone or in combination with Acetamiprid and Matrixine plus in reducing the effect of the white fly, Bemisia tabaci, which is one of the important insects that infects the eggplant crop Solaum melongena L. The study showed that all tested concentrations of salicylic acid mixed with pesticides gave effective results after periods of treatment, and an increase in the efficiency of pesticides against the numbers of nymphs and adults of the insect and some growth characteristics of the eggplant crop when compared with the treatment with pesticides alone. This can be a good economic orientation for pest control by reducing the recommended rate and its reflection on the effects of environmental pollution.
Isolation, Morphological and Molecular Identification of the Pathogenic and Competitors Fungi Associated with the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus sp. and Control Them
Authors: Hassan Abdullah Abdulkareem , Ibrahim Maha Talib
Published: August 2022

Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from oyster mushroom culture media. 10 isolates showed antagonistic activity against P. pulmonarius, while two fungal isolates did not show any antagonistic activity. the highest pathogenic fungi were identified as T. longibrachiatum, T. pleuroticola, R. arrhizus, M. hiemalis and P. glabrum according to the morphological and molecular methods and were registered in the World Genetic Bank at NCBI with the accession numbers OM438162.1, OM438163.1, OM438161.1, OM453951.1 and OM438160.1, respectively, the species T. pleuroticola, R. arrhizus and M. hiemalis were recorded for the first time in Iraq at the molecular level. The effect of some oils on the growth of the oyster mushroom P. pulmonarius and its pathogenic fungi was studied, the results showed that the highest effect of jojoba oil, olive oil, almond oil, sesame oil and coconut oil at 5% was recorded the highest inhibition of the all tested pathogenic fungi, while no inhibitory effect was recorded for the oyster mushroom P. pulmonarius. Sodium bicarbonate at 3 and 5% showed complete inhibition of the growth of all pathogenic fungi. The results showed that 5% of acetic acid inhibits the pathogenic fungi T. longibrachiatum, R. arrhizus and T. pleuroticola, where the diameters of the colonies reached 2.5, 2.7 and 3.1 cm. respectively. The highest biological efficiency was recorded in P. eryngii growing in the medium treated with the pathogenic fungus P. glabrum in presence of sodium bicarbonate, which reached to 69.58%. In the interaction between oyster mushroom species and the media, the results showed that the highest infection rate was in P. eryngii in the medium treated with T. longibrachiatum, which reached to 39.56%, while the lowest infection rate was with P. pulmonarius grown in the medium treated with sodium bicarbonate and the pathogenic fungus P. glabrum, which was 13.15%. Under the pathogens infection, the highest protein content was found in P. eryngii grown in the treated medium with sodium bicarbonate and P. glabrum resulting in 31.22%, while the lowest protein was12.07%. in P. ostreatus grown in the medium infected with T. longibrachiatum.
Does grape leafhopper Arbordia hussaini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) effect on chlorophyll content of grape leaves?
Authors: Mohammed Youssif Ali , Ahmed Qasim , Arif Mokhtar Abdulsattar
Published: August 2022

The leafhopper Arbordia hussaini is a phloem feeding pest of the grape leaves causing a drop in chlorophyll levels in the grape leaves, which decreases photosynthesis and causes drying of the leaves depend on the population density of insects and found in various grape varieties growing around the world. The direct effects of A. hussaini on biomass dynamics, particularly the chlorophyll content of grapevine leaves, are investigated in this study. the high population of A. hussaini were 19.33 insect adult per grape leave in the first of September, while the low density of A. hussaini was 0.11 insect adult per grape leave at the end of December that trapped in blue sticky trap. The high density of leafhopper was recorded on the variety of Kamali followed by the variety of Halawani and Faranci. Chemical analysis of the chlorophyll content between the uninfested and infested grape leaves with the grape leafhopper showed decreasing of chlorophyll content and has been given 19.03 and 15.11 mg/L of the Halawani variety for the uninfested and infested leaves, respectively. Whereas, th mean of chlorophyll content of uninfested and infested leaves was 24.63 and 18.85 mg/L for Faranci variety, respectively. Moreover, the comparession of chlorophyll content between uninfested and infested Kamali leaf variety was 23.69 and 12.30 mg/L, respectively. Finally, depending on the degree of the attack, the grapevine response to A. hussaini infestation that affects on grape leaves and photosynthesis. This research shows that leafhopper feeding on tree sap has a significant direct impact on the chlorophyll content of grape leaves.
Responding Wheat and Weeds for Seeding Rates and Herbicide as Well Its Effect on Yield and Yield Components
Authors: Saleh Fadia Fouad
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was carried out during the seasons 2016 and 2017 in the farm of the Department of Field Crops Science, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences-University of Baghdad to evaluate the effect of(Aminopyralid + Flurasulam, Coldinafop-propargyl and Flucarbazone-sodium) herbicides and seeding rate (100, 125 and 150) Kg.ha-1 and the interaction between them in growth characteristics, grain and yield components in wheat (Var. IPA99). The results showed that herbicides used were significantly efficient in studied characteristics compared to weedy treatment. Herbicide Flucarbazone-sodium gave higher weed control after 60 and 90 days of spraying the herbicides about 85.29%, 87.54% and 89.91%, 90.53% for both seasons, respectively compared to weedy treatment. While Aminopyralid-Florasulam gave weed control 67.81%, 72.98%, 71.79%, 68.50% for two seasons, respectively. Two herbicides led to reduction of weed dry weight by 90.00 %, 76.56% in the first season and 90.72 %, 80.33% in the second season. This reflected in a significant impact on grain and yield components of wheat. The interaction between Flucarbazone-sodium herbicide and the seed rate125 kgha-1 led to reduce plant height by 15.74% and 20.39% in both seasons, respectively, but it led to increase the number of tillers by57.82 %, 49.65%, flag leaf 50.58 %, 37.91%, number of spikes per m2 44.47%, 44.69%, number of grains in spike 39.23%, 42.24% and grain yield 64.00%, 61.99% in both seasons, respectively. While the interaction between Aminopyraid-flurasulam and 150 kg. ha-1 seed rate cause to increase1000 grain weight amounted to 22.74% and 18.26% compared to weedy treatment of seed rate125 kg.ha-1 in both seasons, respectively
Wheat Parameters Under Influence of the Depths and Cultivation Machinery
Authors: Alaamer Shathar A. , Alwan Alsharifi Salih K. , Shtewy Naim
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of agricultural machines (AM) LDSM and Nordsten and planting depths (PD) on wheat/ Abu-Ghraib 3 cultivar. The experiment included two types of AM (LDSM and Nordsten) and three PD levels (PD1 of 6, PD2 of 8 and PD3 of 11 cm) and three application. The split -split plot arrangement in RCBD with three replications was used, the results indicated that the AM (Nordsten type) was major impact than AM (LDSM type) in all studied conditions, The PD of 6 cm, was significantly superior to the other two levels of PD of 8 cm, and PD3 of 11cm for most growth characters. (RL), (RDFW), (PDFW), (BY) and harvest index (HI).
Performance Evaluation of Local Design Machine (LDSM Type) on Productivity and Growth of Wheat
Authors: Alwan Alsharifi Salih K. , Alaamer Shathar. A. , Radhi Almushidy Adil. H.
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was conducted to assess the influence of agricultural machines (AM) LDSM and Famarol, and planting distances (CD) on wheat/ Rashed cultivar. The experiment included two types of AM (LDSM and Famarol) and three CD levels (CD of 10, CD of 12 and CD of 15cm) in three application. The split -split plot arrangement in RCBD with three replications was used, the results indicated that the AM (Famarol type) was major impact than AM (LDSM type) in all studied conditions, The CD of 10 cm, was significantly superior to the other two levels of CD of 12 cm, and CD of 15 cm for most growth characters. PVI, RL, HI and GY, except FC which gave best result with CD of 15cm.
A test of the Threshing Machine (LMS Type) at Different Feed Rates and Speeds on Some Corn Properties
Authors: Aljibouri Mousa A. , Alwan Alsharifi Salih K. , Alaamer Shathar A.
Published: August 2022

The effect of threshing machine (LMS type) on corn/ Sarah cultivar was studied based on some technical indicators. were tested under three feed rates (6A, 8A and 10A) and two level of speed 200 and 300rpm. in this experiment used complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications, according to Genstat software. The results showed that the feed rate 6A was major effect than other two levels of 8A and 10A in all studied conditions. Fine material ratio (FR), breakage ratio (BR), threshing efficiency (TE), grain damage (GD) and grain cleanliness (GC). The 200 rpm speed was meaningfully greater from the other level of 300 rpm speed in all studied conditions.
A study Some Technical Indicators of the Local Designed Machine
Authors: Hachim Isam T. , Jebur Hussein A.
Published: August 2022

The effect of compound machine on wheat/ AlNoor cultivar was studied based on some technical indicators. were tested under three speeds ( 2.541, 3.433 and 4.091km.hr-1) and three tillage depths (14, 16 and 18cm). The experiments were conducted in a factorial experiment under complete randomized design with three replications. The results showed that the 2.541km.hr-1 practical speed was significantly better than other two speed in all studied conditions. Except for the FC, which achieved the best results with the third speed 4.091 km.hr-1. mechanical parameters, plant growth parameters and yield and growth parameters. The 14cm depth was significantly superior to the other two levels of 16 and 18cm in all studied conditions. All interactions were significant, the best interaction was between the first speed 2.541km.hr-1 and 14cm tillage depth for all studied traits
Requirements and Indicators of the Energy and Capacity for Some Secondary Equipment to Prepare the Soil and Fragmentation Index of Soil
Authors: Aldaoseri Mahmood J , Muhsin Sadiq J
Published: August 2022

A survey was carried out in the field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Basra University. The mechanical field try was done by isolating the field’s property as indicated by the Randomized Completely Block Design (R.C.B.D) included two factors, the first factor uses two primary tillage implements was mounted moldboard plough and digger plough, and second factor was four kinds of auxiliary culturing implements: Disk harrows, Axe harrows, spring cultivator and Rotary plough. The research was conducted in silty loam soil to investigate the influence of fuel consumption, traction force, field efficiency and the soil Fragmentation index. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of trowel type on the performance indicators of mechanical units to adapt them to the soils studied. The use of agricultural machinery contributed significantly to reducing the time, costs, effort and wages of workers in the field. The most prominent of these processes are the primary and secondary preparation of the soil and the mixing of manure residues with the surface layer of the soil. In this research, the superiority of the rotary plow over the rest of the machines was observed by recording the lowest pulling force and the lowest fuel consumption rate that it needs while moving and it was 1.60 kN and 14.42 L. ha-1 respectively, in addition to that giving it the best field efficiency and the best fragmentation degree and it was 68.66%, 6.5 mm respectively.