bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomy and Chemical Constituency of Trema Micrantha Fruit: Relationship with Dispersal Syndrome and Urban Afforestation
Authors: Correia Staci Arielli Caires , Leme Flávia Maria
Published: January 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the anatomy and histochemistry of Trema micrantha fruit to correlate the data with its wide distribution in urban areas.
 
Theoretical framework: T. micrantha is a native tree species belonging to the Cannabaceae family and grows widely in urban areas, riparian forests, and environmental recovery areas in Brazil. The fruit is of the drupe type and is mainly consumed by avifauna, however, reports on its anatomy and chemical composition are lacking, and the relationship between fruit structure and dispersion syndromes has not been studied.
 
Method:  The mature fruits were fixed, dehydrated, embedded, polymerized in methacrylate, and sectioned using a rotating microtome. The slides were mounted, stained, and analyzed under a light microscope. Surface analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
 
Results and conclusion: The pericarp consisted of an exocarp, a mesocarp, and an endocarp. The exocarp is uniseriate and contained papillae, stomata, and a cuticle. The mesocarp is parenchymatic and subdivided into three regions: external, middle, and internal. The endocarp is uniseriate and contains sclerified cells. Histochemical tests revealed the presence of lipids, proteins, starch grains, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids in the mesocarp.
 
Research implications: The presence of lipids, proteins, and starch increases the nutritional value of the fruit, indicating its dispersion by animals, mainly birds, and the dispersion of diaspores in urban areas.
 
Originality/value: T. micrantha contributes to the food chain of local fauna, and their population will benefit from by increasing afforestation.
Public Awareness, Prevalence, and Risk Factors of Diaper Dermatitis Among Infants in Al-Qunfudhah Governorate, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Taha Medhat , Alsohabi Ebrahem , AlRufaydi Nawaf , Alesse Sarah , Almaqadi Fatimah , almathami Maram , Alshaeri Hanan , Alquzi Reham , Alsohabi Ahmad , Algadhi Majed , Mutair Hussam , Alsuhabi Hassan , Almarhaby Yahia
Published: January 2024

Background: Diaper dermatitis (DD) was considered one of the most common pediatric dermatological complaints. The presentation of DD can be summarized by symptoms such as papules; erythematous rash; erosions around the thighs, buttocks, or scrotum; suprapubic region areas of skin creases; and scaling. The initial treatment of DD is to keep the diaper area skin as dry as possible. Many mild topical steroids and barrier creams are available to protect against infant skin inflammation. Methods: The sample size was calculated using the Fisher sample method. This study was conducted in Al-Qunfudhah governorate, Saudi Arabia through a questionnaire. The sample size selected was suitable for defining the DD prevalence and causative factor in 0-24-month-old children and those older than 24 months. Results: The majority of participants were female parents 343 (80.33%) at university level 305 (71.43%), their children mostly female 179 (51.88%) aged than 24 months 193 (45.20%). Most of participants that have a child with DD change diaper three times a day 276 (64.64%), and use a cleaning agent water and wet wipes 157 (45.51%). Generally, we founded that prevalence of DD was 80.80% (345/427). When comparing gender groups, females had a higher prevalence (51.88%) compared to males (48.12%) (p=0.7724). Conclusion: Using baby powder and changing diapers fewer than three times per night increased the risk of DD in the study population. As a result, future DD prevention strategies for this age group should emphasize frequent diaper changing (especially at night), as well as the use of diaper cream that improves the skin barrier.
Knowledge and attitude towards stroke in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bohamad Abdullah , Albarqi Mohammed , Almuslim Saad , Alsultan Jumana , Alsultan Fatemah , Saleh Razan , Alramadhan Osama , Ateeq Ghaida , Almulhim Naif , Alnaim Fatimah
Published: January 2024

Objective:
This study aimed to assess stroke awareness and attitudes in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study used a structured questionnaire to evaluate stroke awareness, knowledge, and attitudes in Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia from September to October, 2023. Social media was used for questionnaire distribution.
Results:
The study involved 405 participants, with a majority being female (63%). Stroke awareness was high (89.1%), primarily through social media (58.3%). Notably, 41% knew someone who had a stroke. Participants accurately identified sudden numbness or weakness as a symptom (80%). Recognized risk factors included high blood pressure (85.1%). Demographic associations with awareness/knowledge were notable, including gender, age, and education. Where, males (X^2 = 8.516, P-value = 0.004), those over 45 years (X^2 = 6.160, P-value = 0.048), and those with masters or PhD degree (X^2 = 13.431, P-value = 0.009) individuals showed deeper understanding.
Conclusion:
The study refrains from defining sufficient awareness but provides valuable insights into stroke comprehension across demographics. Despite lacking a quantifiable measure for adequate awareness, these findings emphasize tailored educational strategies. Recommendations include targeted interventions aligned with demographics, addressing specific needs, and continuous monitoring of awareness programs for sustained effectiveness.
Biostatistical Analysis on the "Information Cocoon Room" during the COVID-19 epidemic
Authors:   School Of Science, Hubei University Of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China, Zhao Bin
Published: January 2024

This paper establishes a biostatistical model to describe the generation mechanism of neutral consensus and opinion polarization, explore the formation mechanism of "screaming effect", "echo chamber effect" and "information cocoon room", and discuss topic attractiveness, user activity, user The impact of factors such as psychology, interaction between different users, and platform recommendation algorithms on the formation of these phenomena.
Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy on a Patient with Severe Sagittal Imbalance Progression But Proportionate Gap Score Case Report and Lliterature Review
Authors: Suarez-Monsalve Silvia , Sierra-Peña Julian Alfonso
Published: January 2024

To demonstrate the successful surgical management of a patient with Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) who underwent multiple surgeries but continued to suffer from severe sagittal imbalance despite a proportioned GAP Score.
Adaptation Trail of Brachiaria Grass Varieties in West and Kellem Wollega Zones of Oromia, Ethiopia
Authors:   Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Haro Sabu Agricultural Research Center, Haro Sabu, Ethiopia, Wekgari Yerosan
Published: January 2024

The experiment was carried out to identify better adaptable, forage yielding and quality of the tested variety/ies in study area
THE FUTURE OF LIGHTING STANDARDS (AND HOW TO GET THERE)
Authors: Boyce P. , Cuttle C.
Published: January 2024

Lighting has changed dramatically over the last two decades, but lighting standards have not. Standards were first introduced to ensure the efficient performance of visual tasks. They soon expanded to cover visual discomfort and became a means to eliminate bad lighting. Today, they often limit the ability to produce good lighting. This is partly because standards have been issued for applications without critical visual tasks and partly because they encourage the use of regular arrays of luminaires. There are three steps to solving this problem. The first is to separate lighting recommendations into standards and guidance. Standards should be devoted to eliminating bad lighting. Guidance should be devoted to promoting good lighting. The second is to focus attention on lighting the space rather than the task. The third is to use the lighting design objectives procedure rather than the lumen method as the basis for lighting design.
Qd VS Q0 FOR SCALING OF STANDARD R-TABLES IN ROAD LIGHTING DESIGN: THE QUESTION IS WORTH ASKING
Authors: Greffier F. , Schulze C. , Muzet V. , Boucher V. , Liandrat S.
Published: January 2024

In lighting design, knowing the pavement reflection properties is the best way of optimising road luminance, but using the CIE standard r-tables remains the common practice. A lesser evil is to scale these r-tables using Qd or Q0 coefficients to consider the lightness of the pavement. Using various r-tables databases and numerous lighting calculations, we show in this study that the scaling with Qd is a good option for most surfaces. This result is interesting because there are devices on the market capable of measuring Qd directly. However, they are dedicated to the visibility of road markings and operate with an observation angle of 2.29° instead of the conventional 1° in road lighting. Our investigations show that this geometrical difference can be considered by applying a correction factor to the measured Qd. It could then be used to scale standard r-tables, which would represent a significant operational advance.
INVESTIGATING MULTIPLE GLARE SOURCES IN DAYLIT CONDITIONS
Authors: Quek G. , Yuen C. , Wienold J. , Andersen M.
Published: January 2024

This study explores the effect of multiple bright light sources in the field of view on discomfort due to glare in office environments. User experiments were conducted in semi-controlled dim daylit environments mimicking open-plan offices, with glare stimuli varying in size, number, and position. The findings suggest that being exposed to several bright light sources do not necessarily increase perceived discomfort: a scene with two light sources that were both identified as glare sources by standard detection algorithms was, for instance, perceived less uncomfortable compared to one with a single glare source. This outcome challenges both the current methods of defining/detecting glare sources as well as how the adaptation level is (or should be) accounted for in existing glare metrics. Future research should aim to refine the definition of glare sources and better account for adaptation levels in the presence of multiple sources.
EFFECT OF SURFACE CURVATURE ON SPECULAR GLOSS EVALUATIONS
Authors: Ged G. , Bessenay T. , Leloup F. , Audenaert J. , Beuckels S.
Published: January 2024

Conventional gloss meters are generally used to measure specular gloss, also for curved surfaces despite their suitability for flat artefacts only. In this study, three curved sample sets of a different gloss level (glossy, satin and matt) were developed, consisting a total of 27 samples. Of each sample the specular gloss was determined with three different devices: a commercial handheld apparatus, a reduced beam-size instrument and an image-based device. Bidirectional reflectance distribution function measurements were performed on the 3 flat surfaces, serving as a basis for ray tracing simulations of 2 modelled gloss meter designs. Simulation results are compared to real measurements. Results demonstrate that a commercial gloss meter is unfit to describe curved samples, while reduced beam size devices are more accurate though restrictive on sample positioning. Adaptability of the beam size through imaging apparatus shows promising results on specular gloss evaluation of curved surfaces.
PHOTOMETRIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DIFFERENCES SEATING LOCATIONS IN SELF-STUDY ROOM
Authors: Cui S. , Zhang X.
Published: January 2024

Prolonged self-study situations in which multiple people share the same space are common. In this study, a natural experiment of prolonged self-study was conducted in a real self-study room, and 12 typical seating locations were selected as the experimental locations to obtain the luminous environment and multidimensional performance data of each location throughout the day (3.5 hours in the morning and 3.5 hours in the afternoon). Through inter-location differences test and cluster analysis, the multidimensional attributes of the locations were portrayed, and the effects of the luminous environment and the psychological attributes of the seating locations on learning performance were analysed. The study showed that learning performance in prolonged self-study situations was affected by the combined effects of luminous environment and psychological attributes of seating location. Psychological attributes of location had a greater effect when the minimum illumination requirement (300 lx) for the visual task was met.
PERCEPTION OF GLARE IN RELATION TO THE CIE SCALE ON UNIFIED GLARE RATING (UGR) AND THE IMPACT OF AMBIENT LIGHT ON BOTH UGR AND SUBJECTIVE GLARE INDEX SCALES (SGI)
Authors: Ekim Z. , Govén T. , Laike T.
Published: January 2024

Today the Unified Glare Rating (UGR) tabular method according to CIE 117-195 and CIE 190-210 is practically the only one used for evaluation of discomfort glare in the lighting design process but it is unknown if the method is in line with the subjective perception of glare (SGI). We investigated whether UGR calculation method currently used in lighting design is in agreement with the perceived discomfort glare from commonly used lighting systems for workplaces to estimate the degree of discomfort. Five different lighting scenarios were evaluated by 59 subjects with repeated and non-repeated experiments. Analyses indicated that commonly used SGI measurements were not consistent with UGR values and discomfort glare can better be evaluated with comfort and discomfort experiences. The knowledge contributes to understanding perceived discomfort glare and underlying factors affecting this phenomenon.
EMOTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OFFICE ILLUMINATION AND A PROCESS TO IMPROVE THEM
Authors: Karlsson B. , Hedekvist P. , Wallin K. , Ryberg K. , Mayerboek V. , Laike T. , Enger J. , Björner Brauer H.
Published: January 2024

Emotions are important for well-being, co-operation and work performance in an office environment, and the relationship between light and emotions has been emphasized in previous research. Using a mixed-methods approach with a combination of survey and qualitative interviews with employees and technical measurements, this study investigated what emotions and experiences were associated with the illumination in an open plan office in Sweden where indications of dissatisfaction with light had been reported. The purpose was to better understand emotional associations to light and suggest a process to improve them. Technical measurements showed CRI >80 and 500 lux in the landscape, and the survey and interviews suggested the office illumination was on average perceived to be rather unemotional, uniform and flat, and not so energy-rich. Emotions associated to the light were also entangled with other factors than the light itself. A process for investigating and improving office illumination is suggested.

Introduction

There is an increased focus on energy efficiency in offices today. Energy is for example saved by sharing office spaces in open plan layout but also by using energy efficient light solutions. Light solutions and automatic systems such as occupancy control and spectral tuning can contribute to energy efficiency but should be adapted to user needs (deBakker, et al., 2018; deBakker et al, 2019). Since there is much research suggesting an interplay between emotions and different light conditions (e.g., Chen, et al., 2021; Kombiez & Dietl 2019; Lauren et al., 2022; Zhang, et al., 2023; Nir et al., 2018) there is an increasing need to investigate how well the subjective emotional experience of light in the office satisfies the user as well as the environmental performance of the building. The aim of this paper is to examine how employees (meaning users) describe and experience the light at their workplace in terms of emotions. Departing from this understanding, a second aim is to suggest how the office illumination may be improved by including the users’ perspectives in the design and decision-making process for the office. Because of the limitations of the format of this paper, each section is summarized and described rather briefly.
SENSITIVITY EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY CONTRIBUTIONS OF SPECTRAL DATA FOR CALCULATED INTEGRAL QUANTITIES
Authors: Krüger U. , Dubard J. , Ikonen E. , Sperling A. , Thorseth A. , Pellegrino O. , Ferrero A.
Published: January 2024

Integrating spectral data (spectral responsivities of photometers or spectral distributions of light sources) to calculate quantities such as tristimulus values is straightforward at first sight. However, estimating the measurement uncertainty of these integrated quantities is challenging. When calculating integral photometric quantities, some uncertainty contributions from the spectral data transfer to the final results, some "cancel out", some "average out" and others increase or decrease their weight by correlation.
The spectral quantities are usually assumed to be uncorrelated when deriving other quantities by integration, which is typically not justified. Using Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) and orthogonal functions, this paper shows that the neglection of partial spectral correlations may lead to a significant underestimation of the measurement uncertainty of these integral quantities and how to use this information for better estimation.
RELIABILITY OF SPACIOUSNESS AND BRIGHTNESS EVALUATION IN ROOMS WITH WINDOWS USING HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAY VIRTUAL REALITY
Authors: Miyake H. , Horiuchi Y. , Yamaguchi H. , Yoshizawa N. , Nishihara S.
Published: January 2024

Spaciousness and brightness are important for occupant comfort and well-being; therefore, a stable quantification method is important for evaluation experiments and space design. Virtual reality (VR) with head-mounted displays (HMDs) is a powerful tool for experiencing diverse spaces with minimal resources and comparing physically distant spaces. However, because it does not perfectly replicate real space, the limitations of the application and the reliability of the obtained data must be considered. With current technology, the available maximum luminance in VR is still far from realizing what is outside the windows. This study conducted subjective experiments to compare the perceptions of spaciousness and brightness between real spaces and their replicated VR. The results showed that perceived spaciousness in VR was significantly different in only one of the 21 conditions, while perceived brightness was significantly lower in 13 of the 21 conditions.
ENERGY SAVINGS FOR ADAPTIVE LED CONVERSION IN EXISTING ROAD LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS
Authors: Onaygil S. , Güler Ö. , Bugdayci Avsar T. , Buyukustun B. , Yurtseven M.
Published: January 2024

The global energy supply challenges have made "energy efficiency" a top priority in national energy policies, particularly for countries heavily reliant on foreign energy. However, there has been a tendency to overlook the distinction between energy efficiency and energy saving in applications, such as public outdoor lighting. This underscores the urgent need for cost-effective, energy-saving implementations aligning with international lighting standards. While LED conversions have been prioritized in road lighting since the early 2000s, significant energy-saving potential also exists in improving them. Furthermore, recent advancements in adaptive systems integrated with LED conversions have shown promising energy-saving prospects. Policy/decision makers require clear and reliable data on energy-saving values to formulate effective strategies for road lighting. This study focuses on evaluating the data from a pilot road application with the aim of determining energy-saving values resulting from the integration of LED conversion and adaptive systems in existing road lighting installations, and feasibility analysis.
BIODYNAMIC LIGHTING IN PRACTICE: PILOT STUDY IN A GOVERNMENT OFFICE
Authors: Raue A. , Te Kulve M.
Published: January 2024

Biodynamic lighting was installed as a pilot on one floor of an existing government office. Occupant satisfaction, work performance effects and energy effects on this floor were systematically evaluated against the default situation on other floors. Apart from these themes, some unexpected lessons were learned about the implementation of biodynamic lighting in practice. Most noticeable, expectation management to the occupants and - for better acceptance - the importance of gradually increasing the control dynamics rather than starting with an extreme algorithm and slowly decreasing it. Considering that the whole aim of biodynamic lighting is to increase occupant wellbeing, these unexpected lessons will be valuable for further implementations of biodynamic lighting in practice.
TOWARDS A GENERALIZED MODEL FOR THE DETECTION OF NON-UNIFORMITIES IN LUMINANCE DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Schier K. , Niedling M. , Schierz C.
Published: January 2024

An objective evaluation of the uniformity of luminance distributions has been of strong interest in recent years. While it takes no effort for humans to detect profound non-uniformities, the development of an objective measurement method independent of application has posed to be a great challenge.
Recently the authors proposed a functional model that mimics the first contrast processing
steps of the human visual system to predict the visibility of non-uniformities. However, this model does not regard stimulus area dependent effects which are known to significantly influence the contrast threshold. A divisive normalization stage is added to overcome this problem.
The simulated model results are in accordance with psychophysical measurements of
periodical stimuli but show differences to measured data for stimuli with a sharp and closed contour. A change in model structure as well as further enhancement is needed for the goal of evaluating luminance distributions of arbitrary shape.
DISCOMFORT FROM GLARE: WHY WE NEED A CIE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE TO REPORT ON BEST PRACTISE FOR COMMONLY USED METHODS AND TO PROPOSE NEW METHODS
Authors: Fotios s.
Published: January 2024

The objective of this presentation is to promote awareness of some of the difficulties found when measuring subjective evaluation of discomfort from glare, thus to encourage support for and participation in work to report on best practise when measuring discomfort from glare. Improving experimental design is a step towards resolving the disagreement between studies and between models of discomfort from glare.
PROPOSAL FOR A METHOD OF EVALUATING CONTRAST GLARE AND SATURATION GLARE IN DAYLIT INTERIORS USING VERTICAL ILLUMINANCE AT THE EYE
Authors: Ito D. , Ohki C.
Published: January 2024

Since discomfort glare may occur when window luminance increases during daylight use, it is necessary to consider that workers in offices do not perceive discomfort glare. There are two types of discomfort glare for daylight: contrast glare and saturation glare. The saturation glare can be evaluated by vertical illuminance, which is easy to measure, while the contrast glare requires the luminance of the light source and the luminance of background for evaluation. However, measuring luminance is difficult for the typical practitioner. The purpose of this study is to develop a practical method in which vertical illuminance at the eye is mainly used to predict both contrast glare and saturation glare. By using the proposed equation, it is now possible to evaluate the contrast glare and saturation glare in daylit interiors according to the vertical illuminance at the eye.
INDIVIDUAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN-CENTERIC LIGHTING
Authors: Or K.
Published: January 2024

In order to create effective human centric lighting, it is essential to understand the various diseases and pathological conditions that can affect vision and alter lighting requirements. This screening study seeks to uncover the incidence of such diseases in order for us to be better informed when designing appropriate light levels for optimal visual comfort. As many of these conditions are progressive, we must also consider how changing modalities may need to be implemented over time as individuals' vision changes or decreases due to their condition. By taking into account all possible needs related with health-related light perception within our society, we can take human centric lighting design even further towards its full potential.
STUDY OF DAYLIGHT HEALING FOR LONG-TERM QUARANTINED OCCUPANTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Shao R. , Cao Y. , Hao L.
Published: January 2024

During the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2023), people experienced long-term quarantine. The residential conditions have a substantial impact on our physical and mental health, including the notable impact of light on sleep and mood. The study collected data from 1118 subjects during the epidemic through questionnaires to analyse the sleep and mood problems and lighting needs of the residents. The physical building environment of the space where the long-term home health management people lived is normal, but with the increase of isolation time, uncertainty increases, so that people living in this space encounter mild to moderate stress stimulation, resulting in shortened sleep duration, decreased sleep quality and emotional anxiety, and there is a trend of gradual aggravation over time, which requires supportive improvement. It also studied the sleep and mood improvement effects by natural light on the subjects in Shanghai to provide a feasible light healing solution for the long-term quarantined occupants.
METRICS AND MONITORING OF THE NON-VISUAL EFFECTS OF LIGHT INDOORS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Sekeff Castro A. , Naves David Amorim C.
Published: January 2024

Light can create a visual sensation by directly stimulating the retinal photoreceptors of the visual system and can have biological effects that powerfully regulate health, performance, and well-being. The non-visual effects of light play a critical role in synchronizing human circadian rhythms with the 24-hour light/dark cycle of the local environment. This article conducts a systematic literature review that aims to investigate the main metrics and ways of monitoring the non-visual effects of indoor lighting. Equivalent Melanopic Lux (EML) and Circadian stimulus (CS) are the most relevant metrics and monitoring has no prevalence in the method, however it is commonly done through simulation and/or on-site measurement. There is no consensus on the application of metrics in studies and there is no official protocol for the practice of monitoring non-visual effects. These lacks criteria highlight the need for official regulatory standards, and not just commercial guidelines or certifications.
REDUCING STRAY LIGHT IN OUTDOOR LUMINAIRES
Authors: Green W. , Kerff B. , Jacobs V. , Dohogne D. , Duerr F.
Published: January 2024

Light pollution is increasing at a rate between 6-10% each year worldwide, faster than population growth or GDP increase. This suggests that the growing market for decorative outdoor luminaires contributes to the problem. Stray light in outdoor LED luminaires is analysed using the FRED raytracing software. Fresnel reflections are shown to be a large contributor to upward light, especially from protective plastic covers. Additionally, up to 0.5% of the lamp flux may be scattered due to these covers. This study shows how this light escapes as ULOR, how to look for it in a luminaire design, and proposes decorative design forms that overcome this challenge. The “Full-Cutoff Fixture” design remains the most effective method for conforming to dark sky standards.
THE EFFECTS OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY ON WINDOW VIEW
Authors: Sabet P. , Ciampi G. , Sibilio S. , Scorpio M.
Published: January 2024

Windows have always served multifunctional roles in buildings. Therefore, it has been observed that early assessment of the view can be beneficial for design decisions made in the initial design stage. This paper presents the preliminary research results aimed at evaluating the effect of urban configurations, namely average building height, building skyline, and road size, on window view quality. The research starts by selecting the city of Aversa (south of Italy) as a reference reviewing landscape metrics performed to characterize urban buildings and classify urban morphology. Eighteen urban configurations are modelled in the Climate Studio software, and the window view quality is evaluated according to EN 17037 and LEED. The simulation results suggest that for specific urban configurations (road size of 20 m, average building height of 12 m and variable skyline) it is possible to maximise the window view level according to EN 17037 and LEED.
SURFACE FACTORS AFFECTING THE MORPHOLOGY OF NIGHT SKY LIGHT POLLUTION IN PRAIRIE TOWNS
Authors: Ding Y. , Cao D. , Han Z. , Su X. , Wei W.
Published: January 2024

Excessive night sky brightness has attracted the attention of ecology, astronomy, biology and other disciplines.In this paper,fieldwork and satellite image data were used to determine the night sky light pollution morphology of typical prairie cities.Then planar, lateral, and profile status feature data of night sky light pollution patterns are measured.According to the investigation, the three key elements influencing the morphology of night sky light pollution are the prairie town's internal organization, plan morphology, and overall lighting intensity.Then, the correlation between the specific indicators of the influencing factors and the night sky light pollution morphology is analyzed.This research method is used to quantitatively explain the external morphology of light pollution in the night sky.The findings of
this study can serve as a foundation for evaluating, managing, and projecting the development of night sky light pollution in prairie towns.
A FIRST APPROACH TO A PREDICTIVE MODEL OF THE SKY SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA
Authors: Aguilar-Carrasco M. , Acosta I. , Domínguez-Amarillo S.
Published: January 2024

The use of daylight inside buildings has always been a concern due to its impact on the users’ health and comfort. Thus, the definition of the sky luminance distribution under different situations becomes crucial and the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) establishes 15 different sky luminance distribution models. However, it allows the calculation of metrics related to visual comfort, but it is not enough to assess the impact of light on circadian rhythms, for which it is necessary to know the spectrum of the light source. The CIE establishes the standard illuminant series D, theoretical sources which represent the daylight spectra, but under the same sky conditions, different spectrum can be obtained depending on the location, solar position or orientation. This paper presents a first approach for defining a predictive model of the sky spectrum to determine it as a function of the sky type, solar position, location and orientation.
HEADLAMPS FOR WORKING OUTDOORS IN THE DARK
Authors: Bieske K. , Vandahl C. , Hubalek S. , Schierz C.
Published: January 2024

The lighting requirements for headlamps should be ideally defined, to ensure good vision and to avoid accidents in the dark: (1) Headlamps should have several different lighting modes for allowing to adapt the light output and the light distribution according to different visual tasks and operation purposes. (2) Vision within the entire visual field can be achieved with a “low gradient” effect from the light cone towards the dark surrounding. (3) Headlamps have to be flicker-free. (4) The risk of direct and indirect glare must be reduced.
Therefore, when designing a headlamp, a compromise has to be found between the requirements for luminous flux, luminous intensity distribution and handling, whereas glare and disturbances of dark adaptation need to be avoided.
We would like to suggest additional standardization on top of the existing ANSI standard. This should also be beneficial when using headlamps in brighter environments and for the use of pocket lamps.
MATHEMATICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ROAD REFLECTION PROPERTIES
Authors: Boucher V. , Muzet V. , Iacomussi P.
Published: January 2024

This paper addresses both geometrical definitions and a methodology of computation of the average luminance factor. The road lighting community deals with a dedicated coordinate system adapted to the different lighting situations. The road surface characterisation is used both for the road lighting and road marking community and is also useful for visual appearance models that use Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF). In this paper, conversion relations are given between BRDF and road/marking lighting conventions. The second issue deals with the calculation of the average luminance coefficient Q0 defined in CIE 144:2001 for road surface characterisation. The calculation has been defined in the seventies and its explanation cannot be found as it has not been published. The paper proposes a new definition of the solid angle for the integration that provides the best compromise between mathematical rigour and previous customary approach.
EVALUATION OF LIGHT DISTURBANCE SOURCES AND THEIR EFFECT ON HUMAN VISION
Authors: Dusek D. , Dupuis P. , Zissis G. , Richter A. , Vik M.
Published: January 2024

There is now an increasing emphasis on reducing the overall level of lighting in towns and villages. The priority is to reduce energy consumption thanks to energy costs and decrease a light pollution in towns, villages and general space. This has an understandable impact not only on road safety but a whole range of other situations. The main objective of this research is to develop an analytical tool to characterize the average brightness levels generated by street public lighting.
Usually measuring tools are working with photopic preferences. The conversion to mesopic vision as defined by CIE norm 191:2010 - RECOMMENDED SYSTEM FOR MESOPIC PHOTOMETRY BASED ON VISUAL PERFORMANCE. Such approach tool should be able to determine the difference in the perception of the visual scene for photopic and mesopic adaptive luminance. The purpose is to test whether, as a matter of economy, street lighting could be dimmed to provide a mesopic pedestrian vision regime while maintaining adequate safety. Possible interferences from bright sources such as advertising boards were tested: in particular their ability to revert the vision mode to photopic, temporarily reducing visual gain and causing some problems with immediate perception. The transition area between the photopic and mesopic thresholds is important for drivers/pedestrians. The conventional threshold is set at 5 cd·m-2 by the CIE. (CIE, 2010)
For correct visual task, ensure safety in the area the human eye needs enough contrast in mesopic vision at reduced light level.
COLOUR VISION DEFICIENCIES IN THE DIGITAL TIME: A SURVEY OF USER EXPERIENCES WITH MODIFICATIONS TO AID THEIR COLOUR DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Mazur S. , Hovis J.
Published: January 2024

With the increased use of digital displays, there has been a renewed interest in finding solutions that would assist individuals with a colour vision defect (CVD) to discriminate colours.
An online survey conducted in Canada and the United States asked about problems individuals with CVD experienced when using digital displays, along with possible aids they have tried.
Of the 381 respondents who completed the survey, 65% tried at least one aid, with the most selected modification being trial-and-error adjustments (n=132, 54%). Only 25% rated the modifications highly effective. The modifications were most commonly applied to desktops/laptops (69%) followed by cell phones (56%) and tablets (41%).
The study showed that most individuals with CVD tried some digital aid to help with their colour discrimination. Since only a minority of users found the aid highly effective, more work needs to be done in designing software solutions that can enhance their experiences.
A STUDY ON RELAXATION AND REFRESHMENT DURING SELF-SEAT BREAKS IN OFFICES
Authors: Kato Y. , Yu H. , Hirate K. , Sano N. , Akita T.
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study is to understand the appropriate visual environment factors for relaxation and refreshment during office self-seat breaks. The factors were illuminance (200, 500, 750 lx), partition height (0, 200, 500 mm), and presence of plants (yes, no), and the impressions were evaluated in a VR space using the 7-step SD method. Tukey-HSD tests were performed on the items for which a main effect was obtained by three-way analysis of variance. The results showed that relaxation and refreshment were rated higher when plants were present. In the absence of plants, the higher the partition, the higher the relaxation and refreshment ratings. These results indicate that the height of the partition has no effect on relaxation when plants are present. Without plants, the relaxation rating was higher at a height of 500 mm, and the refresh rating increased with height, indicating that higher partitions are required.
UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION OF HORTICULTURAL LEDs AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATION APPROACH
Authors: Alpaslan Kösemen Z. , Yaran Ş. , Nişancı H. , Sperling A. , Akkan Ç.
Published: January 2024

In the fields of photometry and radiometry, spectral measurements play a crucial role in determining various parameters. The photometric parameters like total luminous flux, colour coordinates, etc. are attained by integrating spectral quantities. The integrated quantity uncertainty analyses can be complex for the calculation by GUM approach. Uncertainty analysis including the correlations effect can be done by Monte Carlo simulation. This study shows both approaches, i.e. with and without correlations, for the uncertainty analysis of the flux of a horticultural LED.
DARK ADAPTATION MODELING
Authors: Nagy B. , Seres P. , Telles Salgueiro Barboni M.
Published: January 2024

The human eye adapts to low light conditions based on photoreceptor sensitivity and adjustment ability. Low light situations on a daily basis may include driving in the dark or the illumination of various public spaces; therefore, getting to understand the adaptation process and the photopic, mesopic and scotopic functionalities of visual adaptation is of great significance. In this study psychophysical dark-adaptometry (DA) measurement was used to determine the photoreceptor thresholds after an initial full field bleaching (7000 cd/m2). Our aim was to determine the specific DA parameters such as the cone-rod break and the cone and rod thresholds. We used different mathematical filters and models to approximate the measured DA progress and analytically find the desired parameters. Each model was verified with the least square method to compare the different approximations. The final algorithm was tested on both healthy subjects and in the case of patients with various clinical diseases. The results show that our model is capable of accurately describing the measured DA curves and can be used to calculate the cone-rod break and photoreceptor thresholds. It may further be used by calculations for low level or dynamically changing illumination.
A DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-PRISM ARRAYS FOR IMAGE PROJECTION USING PRINCIPLE OF LIGHTING OPTICS: FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Toyota T. , Yanagihara W. , Nakano M. , Tashiro T. , Shichi W.
Published: January 2024

MPA is an array of micro-prisms, called cells. Each cell divides the original light source into arrayed pseudo-spot light sources. The optical axes of each pseudo-spot light source are manipulated by the angle and face normal to the prism surface of each cell that forms the MPA. Therefore, the MPA can project pictograms at arbitrary distances in the far-field by overlapping spotlights from a single light source.
The MPA provides a novel image projection technique with simple optics and a small number of optical components for industrial applications requiring small packaging, such as in-vehicle lighting devices. However, it is difficult to machine the dies of micro-prisms with sharp edges using conventional injection moulding technology.
This study shows that thermal nanoimprinting utilizing stampers fabricated by electroforming, which originate from masters fabricated by laser stereolithography, will be a breakthrough in the mass production of micro-structured optical components.
STUDY OF INTER-INSTRUMENT AGREEMENT IN WHITENESS MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Vik M. , Viková M.
Published: January 2024

The pulp and paper, textile, and other industries measure near white materials with well-defined d:8° or d:0° geometry. Many of measured near white materials contain fluorescent whitening agents (FWA). The current CIE Whiteness Index can only be used for samples that do not differ much in color and fluorescence and that are measured on the same instrument at nearly the same time. Within these restrictions, the CIE Whiteness Index provide relative evaluation of whiteness if measuring devices having suitable modern and commercially available facilities and are under relevant maintenance. These restriction cause problems for industry, where quality control of commercial products, communication between producer and customer require measurements be made by different devices and frequently not at nearly the same time. General recommendation in case of fluorescent materials measurement is use of two-monochromator method and 45°:0° geometry. Two-monochromator device such as spectrofluorometer is a device equipped with a source of irradiation, two monochromators and a detector. Sample can be measured with use of this device at independently controlled excitation and emission wavelengths. Disadvantage for mentioned industry is duration of measurement of whole excitation-emission matrix (EEM) and employment of experienced operator. Abridged measurements with single-monochromator instruments are therefore still preferred by industry. Main motivation of this work was comparison by industry currently used devices.
PERCEPTION OF LIGHT QUALITIES – A DESIGNED STUDY ON LIGHT SOURCES IN COMBINATIONS
Authors: Wendin K. , Hiller C. , Enger J.
Published: January 2024

To understand how perceived light qualities in everyday life impact comfort and well-being, it is important to study diverse light environments where two or more light sources may counteract or support each other. Combinations of directed and omnidirectional light sources differing in colour temperature and placement were analysed using sensory analysis. Also, luminance was measured. In all 16 combinations of light sources, varied according to a full factorial design, were included. Each combination consisted of two light sources. In conclusion: light distribution of point lighting is the most decisive for whether the light is perceived as diffuse or distinct. Directed light sources is perceived as distinct, it is reinforced if both point and general lightings are directed. The point lightings also have a greater impact on perceived light colour than the general lighting. All design factors had a significant impact on perceived light qualities of light sources in combinations.
MODELLING OF PERCEPTUAL GLOSS UNDER MIXED LIGHTING CONDITIONS
Authors: Tanaka M. , Amari S. , Horiuchi T.
Published: January 2024

In everyday life, humans acquire the appearance of objects in various lighting environments. However, the physical and perceived glosses do not always match in environments with diverse object properties and lighting conditions. Therefore, we challenge the construction of a perceptual gloss estimation model for diffuse and highly directional illuminations. We analysed the relationship between physical features and perceptual gloss by measuring the physical properties of object surfaces, including the physical gloss. The perceptual gloss was visually evaluated using the magnitude estimation method. Real object samples consisting of 10 different materials, including paper, resin, and metal, were prepared for the experiment. Using these physical features and perceptual gloss, a prediction model of perceptual gloss was constructed via regression analysis, indicating that physical quantities can predict perceptual gloss with reasonable accuracy, depending on the lighting conditions.
DEGRADATION OF BIOLOGICAL POTENCY IN LED LIGHT SOURCES WITH LIFETIME
Authors: Belgers S. , Schlangen L. , Cuijpers R. , Heynderickx I.
Published: January 2024

This paper investigates the degradation of biological potency in LED light sources over their lifetime. Biological potency refers to the ability of light to generate biological effects, for instance on sleep, mood, and circadian rhythms. Current lifetime metrics for LEDs typically do not consider the biological potency, despite its relevance for human health and well-being. Therefore, we investigate such metrics and explore blue light hazard changes over the lifetime of LEDs.
Using a dataset of accelerated aging of LEDs, we show that the melanopic equivalent daylight luminance maintenance decreases faster than lumen maintenance, this effect is smaller in LEDs of 4000K versus 2700K. Over lifetime, the melanopic daylight efficacy ratio also decreases, while the blue light hazard does not significantly increase.
Our findings highlight the need to consider changes in biological potency over time in the design and implementation of LED lighting solutions.
THE IMPACT OF COLOUR AND SIMULATION DETAIL ON SUBJECTIVE IMPRESSIONS OF RENDERED SCENES IN IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY
Authors: Sawyer A. , Chamilothori K.
Published: January 2024

This study examined the influence of colour and simulation detail on impressions of daylit scenes shown in virtual reality. Experimental stimuli were 360° renderings of a typical office space with a south-facing window and varying presence of furniture, scene colour, and window treatment. Participants (N=100) experienced scenes using an Oculus Go VR headset and rated their subjective impressions, such as pleasantness, interest, excitement, calmness, and complexity. Results show that both the presence of furniture and the presence of colour affected participants' evaluations. Scenes with furniture were rated more positively than scenes without furniture across all attributes. Additionally, the presence of colour increased ratings of pleasantness, interest, excitement, calmness, and complexity. Grayscale scenes received lower ratings than coloured scenes, and coloured scenes were perceived as more exciting and complex than partly coloured scenes. These findings emphasize the importance of considering simulation choices in VR experiments, as they can impact participant responses.
QUANTIFYING THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF MAINTENANCE FACTORS ON LIGHTING UNIFORMITY IN HORTICULTURAL INSTALLATIONS
Authors: Mucklejohn S. , Preston B. , Raynham P.
Published: January 2024

It is generally accepted that high uniformity is essential to the successful growth of plants in protected horticultural installations such as commercial greenhouses. Initial luminous fluxes, maintenance factors and survival factors for some HID lamps have been used to illustrate the expected changes in illumination uniformity during operating times up to 10 000 h. Similarly, lumen maintenance factors for LED chips from published reports have been used to calculate the output degradation from luminaires with LED arrays up to 55 000 h. The failure rates of LED drivers have been computed over a similar period. These have been combined to show the range of uniformities for installations over prolonged periods. Data are listed to show LED chip degradation is a function of temperature and driver current. The theoretical calculations have been supplemented by measurements of the temperatures of some LED luminaires in a large greenhouse.