bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intangibles
Authors: García‐Ayuso Manuel
Published: November 2003

An overwhelming literature on intangibles has been published over past three decades. Based on the evidence provided by recent research studies and the experiences of companies and policy makers this article provides a summary of our current knowledge on intangibles and suggests some directions for future research and for the improvement of management and reporting practices, as well as of policy making.
Ethics in the Pulpit?
Authors: Stortz Martha Ellen
Published: November 2003

Abstract: What is the place of ethics and politics in the pulpit—especially in the post September 11th United States? This article argues that preachers must learn to bring the deepest wisdom of the biblical texts to bear on the most intractable issues of the present. Scripture gives preachers insight into the “ethics of God” and empowers them to step beyond a hermeneutics of narcissism. Silence and Attention prepare the preacher to hear the Word of God, and prayerful listening is crucial to seeing and hearing where God may be working in the present moment. In this way preachers help facilitate the conversation between the congregation and God and this conversation continues after the sermon. Politics should not take over the pulpit or be entirely absent from it. Discernment is the key. Regardless of political standing, all preachers have the obligation to bring the Word of God to bear on the problems of the world.
A Living Conversation
Authors: Sponheim Paul R.
Published: November 2003

Abstract: Experiencing strong differences regarding Christian faith in his family of origin, Paul Sponheim came to stress the content of Christian faith as something to be explicated and defended. The framework for that work has been the distinction and relationship between self and world in relation to God. S. Kierkegaard and A.N. Whitehead are seen as major influences (self, world; respectively) and as needing each other in faith's appropriation. Five decades of theological work constitute a conversation, including teaching and writing. In closing the question of the efficacy of such a conversation is raised and appeal is made to the transformative power of genuine conversation in which all participants are fully present.
Spatialities of transnational resistance to globalization: the maps of grievance of the Inter‐Continental Caravan
Authors: Featherstone David
Published: November 2003

This paper explores the spatialities constructed through resistances to globalization. It focuses on the Inter‐Continental Caravan, an ambitious project which united activists from the Indian New Farmers Movements with West European green activists in contesting neo‐liberal institutions and biotechnology. The paper argues that these political activities constructed distinctive ‘maps of grievance’. This term is used to suggest that the construction of grievances has both a distinctive spatiality and is constitutive of political identities. The paper argues that the different maps of grievances generated through the project were both a condition of possibility for these transnational alliances and exerted pressure on the formation of solidarities. It concludes by arguing that the location of counter‐globalization politics at the intersection of different routes of resistance can be integral to the formation of alternative political imaginaries.
New Unionism in the Old Economy: Community and Collectivism in the Pilbara’s Mining Towns
Authors: Ellem Bradon
Published: November 2003

This paper focuses on union renewal and the nature and prospects of ‘community unionism’ as unions struggle to define and control the spaces in which workers and their families labour and live. It assesses the processes of union renewal in the iron ore industry in Western Australia’s north-west, where the Pilbara Mineworkers Union, a new organisation, has appeared. This union aims to organise workers nominally covered by four mining unions and appears to be an emergent ‘community union’, in a social and spatial setting where work and community issues overlap. The new organisation has followed on from other Pilbara struggles in which the organising strategy of the Australian Council of Trade Unions has been seized upon with particular enthusiasm, meshing with local traditions and the needs of the present. These developments cannot be fully understood without thinking about the geographies of work, community and regulation which have been interconstitutive with unionism’s Pilbara trajectory. Analysing this case begins to provide a specific illustration of how union structures and strategies actually do change, as opposed to merely recapitulating arguments about how unions should change.
Korean Industrial Relations in the Era of Globalisation
Authors: Lee Won-Duck , Lee Byoung-Hoon
Published: November 2003

Globalisation has influenced the transformation of Korean industrial relations by manifesting itself in the government’s globalisation strategy and neo-liberal restructuring policies. Global market competition and international labour standards have been the key reference criteria used by the Korean government and other concerned parties to reform labour laws. Under the reality of globalisation and economic crisis, labour has been increasingly disadvantaged, with workers having experienced not only growing job insecurity, accompanied by high unemployment and deteriorated employment status as demonstrated by the sharp rise of non-standard workforce, but also widening income inequality. The Korean government’s effort to build a tripartite partnership as part of its strategic response to globalisation and the economic crisis has been constrained by the process of labour law reform and economic restructuring. At the same time, the pressure of globalisation has led to the instability of labour relations at the enterprise level by producing intense labour-management confrontations concerning employment adjustment and corporate restructuring. HRM schemes of Korean companies have to a large extent shifted to the performance-based system as a result of managerial efforts to respond to growing global competition and to benchmark global best practices.
Assessing the Empirical Impact of Environmental Federalism
Authors: Millimet Daniel L.
Published: December 2003

Abstract Many theoretical models analyze the effects of decentralized environmental policymaking. The predictions range from a race to the top, a race to the bottom, or no effect. However, little empirical evidence exists to resolve this ambiguity. This paper fills the void by examining the impact of decentralized environmental policymaking in the U.S. under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush. For abatement expenditures, Reagan's decentralization had no discernible impact before the mid‐1980s, but by the mid‐1980s the data are consistent with decentralization leading to a race to the top. No statistically significant effect is found on nitrogen oxide or sulfur dioxide emissions.
State Taxation, Exploration, and Production in the U.S. Oil Industry
Authors: Kunce Mitch , Gerking Shelby , Morgan William , Maddux Ryan
Published: December 2003

Abstract How do firms in nonrenewable resource industries respond to changes in state taxes? This paper presents simulations of changes in state production (severance) tax policy on the timing of exploration and output in Wyoming. The framework developed allows for interactions between taxes levied by different levels of government. Results suggest that oil production is highly inelastic with respect to changes in production taxes. Policy implications suggest that increases in production taxes on oil risk little loss in future production. The extent to which these results may generalize to other oil producing states is considered. JEL Codes: H71, Q32
Aggregation of Utility and Equivalence Scales: A Solution to the Pangloss Critique
Authors: Lind Jo Thori
Published: December 2003

Definitions of equivalence scales are usually based on a household utility function. This may be founded on an assumption of the household maximizing a welfare function of individual utilities. Basing inter‐household comparisons of welfare on this approach is fallacious because households put different weight on the utility of the various household members, a weighting that does not necessarily correspond to an ethically sound aggregation of utility. This is called the Pangloss critique. To solve the problem, I suggest keeping the model of household behavior, but to introduce a new function to aggregate the household members’ utilities. Equivalence scales based on this approach are shown to have desirable properties.
Poverty Reducing Reforms and Subgroup Consumption Dominance Curves
Authors: Liberati Paolo
Published: December 2003

One vexed question of anti‐poverty strategies is that of setting a reasonable poverty line. To escape its specification, recent developments by Yitzhaki and Slemrod (1991) have introduced the correspondence between non‐intersecting concentration curves and poverty reducing directions of reforms. Makdissi and Wodon (2002) have derived consumption dominance curves for any order of restricted stochastic dominance. In this paper, consumption dominance curves are extended to subgroups of population. Empirical evidence of the approach will be shown using the 1997 data from Belarus, considering public subsidies on rents and utilities, health care and public transport in six groups of population.
The Creation of a Vocational Sector in Swiss Higher Education: balancing trends of system differentiation and integration
Authors: Perellon Juan‐Francisco
Published: November 2003

The article discusses the establishment of a vocational sector in Swiss higher education as a complement to the existing two‐tier system of cantonal Universities and federal Institutes of technology. The origins of this new player, its missions and organisational features are discussed. This overall discussion is placed into the context of changing landscape of Swiss higher education policy characterised by increasing pressures for geographical reorganisation of the higher education sector under the auspices of a more direct role of the federal government.

The article makes two points. First, it argues that the creation of a vocational sector in Swiss higher education combines two contradictory trends. On the one hand, this new sector tends to provide differentiation at the system level, through the creation of a new, more marked‐oriented sector of higher education. On the other hand, system differentiation at the system level is threatened by increased demands for greater inter‐institutional cooperation and system integration, emanating principally from the federal level.

Second, the article also argues that the distinction between ‘academic/scientific’ vs. ‘vocational/professional’ education generally referred to when studying the emergence of non‐university sectors in higher education, is not pertinent for the analysis of the Swiss case. Two reasons are brought forward to sustain this argument. First, this distinction reinforces an artificial binary divide, no longer relevant to assess the evolution of higher education institutions placed in a context of academic and vocational drifts. Second, the ‘academic’ vs. ‘professional’ opposition does not take into consideration the political organisation of the country and how this impacts on policy making in higher education; a crucial element in the Swiss context.
The Labour Party and Higher Education: The Nature of the Relationship
Authors: Bocock Jean , Taylor Richard
Published: December 2003

Higher education policy has rarely been a major concern of the Labour Party in the second half of the twentieth century. This article explores the reasons for this and analyses the ideological coalition of the Labour Party in the context of the Welfare State and the commitments to moderate social democratic reformism. Three strands in particular are explored: the dominance of vocational, technological and professional priorities in HE expansion; the influence of utilitarian thinking, broadly construed; and the various social purpose, equality perspectives of those on the Left of the Party. Alongside these strands, has been Labour's reluctance to adopt interventionist policies especially in relation to the so‐called elite Universities, and the persistent advocacy of ‘modernisation’. Finally, the article considers, within a context of the debate in general political analysis, the potential of the Labour Party within this period to achieve significant reform in the field of higher education, drawing inter alia on the work of Ralph Miliband.
Reviews
Authors: Ainley Patrick , Tapper Ted
Published: December 2003

Books reviewed

Ronald Barnett (2003) Beyond All Reason: Living with Ideology in the University. Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press. 231 pp; ISBN 0‐335‐20894‐0 (hb.) £65; 0‐335‐20893‐2 (pb.) £22.50.

Cecile Deer (2002) Higher Education in England and France Since the 1980s. Oxford: Symposium Books. 208 pp; ISBN 1‐873927‐64‐9. £24.00 (pb).
Mass Higher Education and the English: Wherein the Colleges?
Authors: Parry Gareth
Published: December 2003

One of the distinctive features of the English encounter with mass higher education has been the uncertain and ambiguous role of further education colleges as providers of undergraduate education. Both before and during the major expansion that marked the shift to a mass scale of higher education in England, the higher education offered by colleges in the further education sector was commonly regarded as a residual or ancillary activity; its courses mostly at levels below the first degree and its growth in numbers among the slowest in higher education. In the period that followed, these same colleges were accorded a special mission in the delivery of short‐cycle undergraduate education and, through their involvement in foundation degrees, were expected to lead a large part of the expansion in future years. The elevation of this provision, from a zone of ‘low’ or no policy to one of ‘high’ policy, has coincided with a radical reform of the planning, funding and quality arrangements for post‐compulsory education. Under conditions less than favourable to the achievement of their higher education goals, colleges remain the responsibility of one administrative sector and higher education institutions the responsibility of another.
Policy‐Practice Proximity: The Scope for College‐Based Higher Education and Cross‐Sector Collaboration in Wales
Authors: Griffiths Miriam
Published: December 2003

In relation to the size of its population, Wales has a relatively large number of higher education institutions, several of which are small and located in rural areas. Compared with other parts of the United Kingdom, only a small number of higher education students are taught in Welsh further education colleges. Nevertheless, efforts have been made to increase higher education provision in the colleges, beginning in the late 1980s with the encouragement of franchising arrangements by the Wales Advisory Body and later with a joint initiative by the Higher and Further Education Funding Councils for Wales to expand some sub‐degree higher education in the colleges by direct funding. These developments represent just one strand of activity linking the higher and further education sectors in Wales and have not been a subject of major or regular policy attention. For reasons of scale and geography, and through the enabling structures and processes serving both funding councils, cross‐sector initiatives and collaboration have generally been given high priority in strategies to widen access and build progression. The administrative devolution reflected in these arrangements has been increased by political devolution since 1999, with as yet unclear implications for the future development of higher education in the colleges.
Reviews
Authors: Dill David D. , Fanghanel Joelle
Published: December 2003

Books reviewed

Paul R. Trowler, ed. (2002) Higher Education Policy and Institutional Change: Intentions and Outcomes in Turbulent Environments. Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education and Open University Press. 166 pp; ISBN 0‐335209‐19‐X (hb).

Peter T. Knight (2002) Being a Teacher in Higher Education. Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press. 245 pp; ISBN 0‐335‐20930‐0 (pb.) £18.99.
Personality Factors and Adult Attachment Affecting Job Mobility
Authors: Van vianen Annelies E M , Feij Jan A. , Krausz Moshe , Taris Ruben
Published: December 2003

Past research has revealed that individuals' job mobility is affected by factors such as job satisfaction, specific career enhancing attributes and job availability. This study examined personality factors predicting voluntary internal and external job mobility. Three types of voluntary job mobility measures were studied: dissatisfaction changes, job improvement changes and job rotations within companies. These mobility measures were related to the Big Five personality factors, sensation seeking and adult attachment. Results showed that demographic variables and sensation seeking contributed to the variance in external job changes. Internal job rotations were not related to any of the demographic and personality variables.
The Within‐Setting Variability of Validity in Cognitive Ability Tests
Authors: Moscoso Silvia
Published: December 2003

This study was directed to check the second prediction of the situational specificity hypothesis (SSH). According to this prediction, if the setting is held constant, then validity coefficients will not vary from study to study. This prediction was tested using data from a series of studies in which cognitive ability tests were used. These tests are subjected to a cultural bias that could affect the validity variability. The results are contrary to the second prediction of the SSH because a great variability was found in the validity coefficients within‐setting. However, the findings are consistent with the hypothesis of validity generalization (VGH) that predicts similar variability in both across settings and within‐setting. Also, the cultural context does not seem to affect the variability of validity and this variability is similar to that observed in previous studies of validity generalization.
Obstructive and restrictive lung disease and functional limitation: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination
Authors: Mannino D. M. , Ford E. S. , Redd S. C.
Published: November 2003

Objective.  To determine functional limitations in adults with obstructive or restrictive lung disease or respiratory symptoms.

Design.  Cross‐sectional study.

Subjects.  Adult participants in phase 2 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1991–94.

Methods.  We classified subjects using spirometric criteria into the following mutually exclusive categories using the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), the forced vital capacity (FVC), the FEV1/FVC ratio and the presence of respiratory symptoms: severe obstruction, moderate obstruction, mild obstruction, respiratory symptoms only, restrictive lung disease and no lung disease. We developed regression models to predict functional limitations (unable to walk a quarter of a mile, unable to lift 10 pounds, needs help with daily activities) that controlled for age, race, sex, education, smoking status, body mass index and comorbid conditions.

Results.  Severe and moderate obstruction were associated with an increased risk of being unable to walk a quarter of a mile [odds ratio (OR) 8.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.6, 19.9 and OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4, 4.0]. Restrictive lung disease and the presence of respiratory symptoms in the absence of lung function impairment were also associated with an increased risk of this outcome (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4, 5.6 and OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.0, 3.9). Similar results were obtained for the outcomes of being unable to lift 10 pounds or needing help with daily activities.

Conclusions.  The presence of obstructive or restrictive lung disease, or respiratory symptoms in the absence of lung function impairment is associated with increased functional impairment.
Imbalance of plasma membrane ion leak and pump relationship as a new aetiological basis of certain disease states
Authors: Ronquist G. , Waldenström A.
Published: November 2003

The basis for life is the ability of the cell to maintain ion gradients across biological membranes. Such gradients are created by specific membrane‐bound ion pumps [adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases)]. According to physicochemical rules passive forces equilibrate (dissipate) ion gradients. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of the membrane and the degree of saturation of phospholipid fatty acids are important factors for membrane molecular order and herewith a determinant of the degree of non‐specific membrane leakiness. Other operative principles, i.e. specific ion channels can be opened and closed according to mechanisms that are specific to the cell. Certain compounds called ionophores can be integrated in the plasma membrane and permit specific inorganic ions to pass. Irrespective of which mechanism ions leak across the plasma membrane the homeostasis may be kept by increasing ion pumping (ATPase activity) in an attempt to restore the physiological ion gradient. The energy source for this work seems to be glycolytically derived ATP formation. Thus an increase in ion pumping is reflected by increased ATP hydrolysis and rate of glycolysis. This can be measured as an accumulation of breakdown products of ATP and end‐products of anaerobic glycolysis (lactate). In certain disease entities, the balance between ATP formation and ion pumping may be disordered resulting in a decrease ininter alia(i.a.) cellular energy charge, and an increase in lactate formation and catabolites of adenylates. Cardiac syndrome X is proposed to be due to an excessive leakage of potassium ions, leading to electrocardiographic (ECG) changes, abnormal Tl‐scintigraphy of the heart and anginal pain (induced by adenosine). Cocksackie B3 infections, a common agent in myocarditis might also induce an ionophore‐like effect. Moreover, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the formation of extracellular amyloid deposits in the brain of patients. Perturbation of cellular membranes by the amyloid peptide during the development of Alzheimer's disease is one of several mechanisms proposed to account for the toxicity of this peptide on neuronal membranes. We have studied the effects of the peptide and fragments thereof on45Ca2+‐uptake in human erythrocytes and the energetic consequences. Treatment of erythrocytes with the β1−40peptide, results in qualitatively similar nucleotide pattern and decrease of energy charge as the treatment with Ca2+‐ionophore A23187. Finally, in recent studies we have revealed and published in this journal that a rare condition, Tarui's disease or glycogenosis type VII, primarily associated with a defect M‐subunit of phosphofructokinase, demonstrates as a cophenomenon an increased leak of Ca2+into erythrocytes.
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta genotype in relation to cardiovascular risk factors and risk of coronary heart disease in hypercholesterolaemic men
Authors: Skogsberg J. , McMahon A. D. , Karpe F. , Hamsten A. , Packard C. J. , Ehrenborg E. ,   on behalf of the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study
Published: November 2003

Objectives.  Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta (PPARD) is a transcription factor implicated in the regulation of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism. We recently discovered a common polymorphism in the 5′‐untranslated region (5′‐UTR) of the human PPARD, +294T/C, that is associated with an increased plasma low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) concentration in healthy subjects. Whether the +294C allele is associated with LDL‐C elevation independently of the background lipoprotein phenotype and whether it confers increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is unknown. Against this background, we investigated the relationships between the PPARD polymorphism and plasma lipoprotein concentrations and the risk for contracting CHD in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS).

Design.  A nested case–control study of participants in a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of pravastatin in mildly‐to‐moderately hypercholesterolaemic men.

Subjects.  A total of 580 cases of incident CHD and 1160 individuals who remained free of CHD (controls).

Main outcome measures.  Plasma lipoprotein con‐centrations and risk of CHD according to PPARD genotype.

Results.  Individuals carrying the rare PPARD +294C allele had a significantly lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentration than subjects homozygous for the common T‐allele. Homozygous carriers of the C‐allele also showed a tendency towards higher risk of CHD compared with homozygous carriers of the T‐allele. In addition, a gene–gene interaction involving the PPARD polymorphism and the PPAR alpha L162V polymorphism may influence the plasma LDL‐C concentration.

Conclusions.  PPARD plays a role in cholesterol metabolism in man.
A mechanism for the development of subepithelial deposits in a patient with type III membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Authors: FUJIGAKI Yoshihide , OHASHI Naro , YONEMURA Katsuhiko , FUJIMOTO Taiki , FUKASAWA Hirotaka , TOGAWA Akashi , SUZUKI Hiroyuki , YASUDA Hideo , YAMAMOTO Tatsuo , HISHIDA Akira
Published: December 2003

SUMMARY:  We report on a patient with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) type III, whose repeated renal biopsies show evolution from a type I‐like pattern to a type III pattern of immune complex formation over a 1‐year period. Based on the development of experimental in situ immune complex glomerulonephritis, we discuss possible mechanisms for the formation of subepithelial deposits in type III MPGN with reference to an experimental in situ immune complex model of glomerulonephritis.
Glucocorticoids and the kidney
Authors: MANGOS George J , WHITWORTH Judith A , WILLIAMSON Paula M , KELLY John J
Published: December 2003

SUMMARY:  Glucocorticoids are widely used by nephrologists for their immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory effects. The present review considers three aspects of glucocorticoids with which nephrologists may be less familiar: (i) renal metabolism; (ii) effects on renal haemodynamics; and (iii) effects on blood pressure as they relate to the kidney.
Use of cidofovir in polyomavirus BK viral nephropathy in two renal allograft recipients
Authors: LIM Wai H , MATHEW Timothy H , COOPER John E , BOWDEN Scott , RUSS Graeme R
Published: December 2003

SUMMARY:  Polyomavirus BK viral allograft nephropathy is a potentially reversible cause of deteriorating function of kidney allografts. Initial treatment involves reducing immunosuppressive medications, with low‐dose cidofovir an effective alternative in refractory cases. We describe two cases of BK viral allograft nephropathy responding to low‐dose cidofovir after a reduction in immunosuppressive medications failed to clear the virus or stabilize the deterioration in renal function. There were no significant side‐effects from this treatment in either patient.
An Impeditive Administrative Culture? The Legacy of Australia's First Auditor‐General on the Australian Audit Office
Authors: Wanna John , Ryan Christine
Published: November 2003

This historical study provides an account of the Australian Audit Office from its formation in 1901 until the end of the term of Australia's first Auditor‐General in 1925. The Audit Office was created to assist the Commonwealth Government in discharging and reporting on its accountability for the economical use of resources. The philosophy upon which the Audit Office was created was one based on small government where a minimalist role for the audit function was envisaged. Accordingly, the initial Audit Act dictated a detailed audit methodology. However, the expansion of Commonwealth activities due to the outbreak of the First World War, the realities of a decentralised Commonwealth administration and the more commercial activities of government created numerous problems for both the Office and government. The Auditor‐General was unable, or unwilling, to adapt his audit methodologies to suit the changing circumstances of Australian public administration and the workload of the Audit Office periodically fell into backlog. Relations with the executive became strained over these matters prompting intervention by subsequent governments. This early period is important historically as it provides a window through which to view the development of the public sector audit function and its contribution to an efficient public sector. In addition, the events of this period illustrate the importance of relations between the Audit Office and the government, and the role of the Auditor‐General in contributing to an efficient public administration.
For Your Freedom and Ours: The Polish Question in Wilson's Peace Initiatives, 1916 ‐ 1917
Authors: Salisbury Christopher G.
Published: November 2003

The first eighteen months of the Great War witnessed an unprecedented awakening of interest in the Polish Question, when worldwide attention was drawn to the prolonged devastation of the Polish territories. Thereafter, a steady increase in media comment and criticism, highlighting Poland's plight, fostered public indignation at the continual stalling of humanitarian relief efforts for Polish refugees. Such burgeoning popular sentiment focused wider political attention upon a growing movement for recognition of Polish claims to independence. This particularly proved to be the case for Woodrow Wilson and his administration's budding interest in Poland. Subsequently, nowhere did the Polish Question assume a greater role in diplomatic efforts to mediate for peace than in America, and at no time more than during the year preceding the President's hesitant decision to intervene in hostilities.
Enduring Tensions in the 2000 Defence White Paper
Authors: O'Keefe Michael
Published: November 2003

In 2000 the Howard government formed a consultative committee to review defence policy and gauge public opinion on defence issues. It concentrated on the impact of budgetary stringency and dramatic strategic change and supported increased defence spending on equipment to cater for high‐level threats. Was there a thorough review? Inconsistencies occurred in the reports developed from the review and statements made by senior policy‐makers while it was being conducted. The way the review was undertaken points to conceptual tensions in Australia's strategic culture and serious problems with entrenched interests in the services. Unless these challenges are addressed, a thorough review of defence policy cannot be undertaken. The review process itself needs to be reviewed.
How the Resource‐based and the Dynamic Capability Views of the Firm Inform Corporate‐level Strategy
Authors: Bowman Cliff , Ambrosini Veronique
Published: November 2003

This paper explains that the resource‐based view essentially addresses issues of competitive strategy, but by integrating some arguments from its evolutionary version, the dynamic capability view, it can be extended to inform our understanding of corporate‐level strategy. We concentrate on the issue of value creation from corporate centres and ask how the centre can possess or provide resources. The primary dynamic capabilities identified by Teece, Pisano and Shuen (1997) are elaborated into six distinct modes of resource creation. Each mode is considered in relation to a set of organizational design parameters. We then propose resource‐creating configurations that are congruent with respect to the modes and the required states of the design parameters. We point out areas of tension that are likely to arise if corporations try to combine different modes of resource creation. We conclude that corporate centres may possess resources but must display dynamic capabilities otherwise they will destroy shareholder value.
Decision‐making Autonomy in UK International Equity Joint Ventures
Authors: Glaister Keith W. , Husan Rumy , Buckley Peter J.
Published: November 2003

This paper investigates approaches to decision making in international joint ventures (IJVs) from the perspectives of the transactions cost and resource‐based theories of the firm. In particular, the concept of autonomy in decision‐making in a sample of UK‐European equity joint ventures is examined. The study adopts a multi‐method personal interview and self‐administered questionnaire approach to examine managerial perceptions of decision‐making and autonomy in the parent firms and the joint venture. The findings show that there are differences in the perception of autonomy between each of the parent firms, and between the parent firms and the IJV management. When we unpack the nature of autonomy in detail, it is found that IJV managers have greater degrees of operational autonomy than strategic autonomy and that decision making by IJV managers takes place within the context of constraints set within the IJV's business plan. This confirms the transaction cost theory which posits that key internal markets (for management, technology and capital) will be under parent control and also supports the resource based view that key capabilities are protected under the business plan established by the parent firms. The influence on IJV autonomy of the moderating variables IJV performance and IJV duration are also examined.
Knowledge Complementarity and Coordination in the Local Supply Chain: Some Empirical Evidence
Authors: Roper Stephen , Crone Mike
Published: November 2003

Knowledge, managed or coordinated as a strategic resource, can help to internalize uncertainty or volatility and play an important role in generating and sustaining competitive advantage. One potentially important determinant of knowledge coordination between firms is the relative strength of the knowledge bases of the two partner companies. In the context of the local supply chain, this paper examines the extent of knowledge coordination between a group of 18 Northern Ireland‐based MNE plants and their local suppliers. A typology of knowledge complementarity is developed and related to the extent of firms' knowledge coordination activities. The analysis suggests three main empirical results. First, and somewhat unexpectedly, the relationship between MNE plants and their suppliers is characterized by a wide range of configurations of knowledge complementarity. Second, clear differentials exist between the occurrence of knowledge coordination activities incidental to normal trading relations and more intentional knowledge coordination activities. Third, no direct link was evident between knowledge complementarity and the level of knowledge coordination. The implication is that firms' willingness to coordinate knowledge, something that may be strategically determined, is more important than capability in determining the extent of knowledge coordination.
Regionalizing Healthcare in Alberta: Legislated Change, Uncertainty and Loose Coupling
Authors: Hinings C. R. , Casebeer Ann , Reay Trish , Golden‐Biddle Karen , Pablo Amy , Greenwood Royston
Published: November 2003

In this paper,we examine the re‐organizing attempts of the Alberta government in healthcare from the viewpoint of uncertainty,loose coupling and the frequently unrecognized consequences of such change.We suggest that our understanding of change processes can be enhanced by conceptualizing the impact of task and environmental uncertainty through the nature of coupling between organizational elements.Based on our .ndings,we propose that the greater the degree of loose coupling in an organization,the more di .cult change is likely to be,and the more likely the occurrence of unanticipated consequences.
Enacting Leadership for Collaborative Advantage: Dilemmas of Ideology and Pragmatism in the Activities of Partnership Managers
Authors: Vangen Siv , Huxham Chris
Published: November 2003

Working across organizations has long been recognized as a characteristic of public management, but recent years have seen a worldwide intensification in partnership working. Rhetoric about the benefits is endemic but so are complaints about the difficulty of partnership working in practice. Understanding the way that collaborative approaches may provide value is therefore an essential element of understanding the changing roles of public‐sector organizations. The particular aim of this paper is to contribute to a growing understanding of the way in which individuals enact leadership roles in such situations. The focus is on partnership managers, whose main role is to organize the activities of a collaboration. The way in which partnership managers enact leadership is explored and insight into the kinds of activities that typically occupy them, the types of challenges and dilemmas that they face and typical ways in which they respond to these is provided. We suggest that the main categories of activities split into two opposing perspectives on leadership. We propose an overarching concept which suggests that collaborative leadership involves the management of a tension between ideology and pragmatism.
On Public Management Reform
Authors: Martin Steve
Published: November 2003

C. Pollitt and G. Bouckaert. (2000). Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis
On Modernising Governance
Authors: Hartley Jean
Published: November 2003

J. Newman (2001). Modernising governance: New Labour, policy and society
On Building the New Managerialist State
Authors: Ferlie Ewan
Published: November 2003

D. Saint‐Martin (2000). Building The New Managerialist State, Denis Saint‐Martin
Expertise and Forms of Knowledge in the Government of Families
Authors: Murphy Elizabeth
Published: December 2003

This paper examines the relationship between the state and the individual in relation to an aspect of mundane family life – the feeding of babies and young children. The nutritional status of children has long been a matter of national concern and infant feeding is an aspect of family life that has been subjected to substantial state intervention. It exemplifies the imposition upon women the ‘biologico-moral responsibility’ for the welfare of children ( Foucault, 1991b ).
Locating Difference: Class, ‘Race’ and Gender, and the Shaping of Social Inequalities
Authors: Bottero Wendy , Irwin Sarah
Published: December 2003

The current interest in difference has arisen in part because of its importance in recent recognition claims, and in part because of a belief that as a concept it can illuminate social diversity. Debates here have stressed the importance of the symbolic in the construction of social relations and social diversity, and have highlighted the relational underpinnings of diversity. In this paper we seek to take forward aspects of such an analysis by examining some issues in the shaping of difference and inequalities in the domains of gender, class and ‘race’. It is our argument that we can gain insights in these domains by better describing and theorising the mutuality of value and material social relations. The paper argues that issues of identity and difference need to be more firmly located within relational accounts of social practice, and in the nature of claims (to recognition and resources) which emerge out of different social locations. By exploring issues of difference in debates on class, gender and ‘race’, we argue that relational accounts must be placed within a perspective that also emphasises the content and patterned nature of (highly differentiated) social relations.
IN DEFENCE OF EMPIRES1
Authors: Lal Deepak
Published: November 2003

This article argues the case for empires. They provided global order in the nineteenth century. Their dissolution in the twentieth century resulted in global disorder. A blind spot in the classical liberal tradition was its assumption that international order would be a spontaneous by‐product of limited government and unilateral free trade practised at home. This denial of power politics flowed into twentieth‐century Wilsonianism. Now, there is no alternative to US imperial power to supply the globalPax.Whether the USA is willing to fulfil this role is open to question.
THE BUS INDUSTRY: FRANCHISE AND THE LOSS OF FREEDOM
Authors: Hibbs John
Published: November 2003

Political pressure exists for the bus industry to be brought under local authority control by means of ‘Quality Contracts.’These would take away from management the freedom for marketing, and especially for marketing by price, that was returned to them by the ‘deregulation’ of 1985. The proposed franchises would return the industry to the ‘bad old days’ and prevent its continued improvement through market forces from taking place. The Department of Transport considered the idea of franchises in 1985, but concluded that it would merely lead to monopoly power.
The impact of abuse on men and women with severe learning disabilities and their families1
Authors: O'Callaghan Ali C. , Murphy Glynis , Clare Isabel C. H.
Published: November 2003

So far, little systematic attention has been paid to the impact of abuse on men and women with severe learning disabilities. Using the criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder (American Psychiatric Association 1994) and questions about changes in skills and ‘challenging behaviours’, we interviewed parents to collect information about the effects of the abuse experienced by 18 people with severe learning disabilities. The consequences for the survivors were profound and long‐lasting, and it was found that their parents and siblings were also deeply affected. Very limited formal support was offered to the men and women who had been abused, or to their families. The implications for assessments of the impact of abuse on people with severe learning disabilities and for service provision are highlighted.
A courtly welcome: observations on the research initiative
Authors: Walsh Patricia Noonan
Published: November 2003

The Department of Health's research initiative in learning disabilities is being implemented in a set of projects. This article reflects the experience and critical appraisal of a member of the Reference Groups from outside the UK.
Coagulation disorders in patients with cirrhosis and severe sepsis
Authors: Plessier Aurélie , Denninger Marie‐Hélène , Consigny Yann , Pessione Fabienne , Francoz Claire , Durand François , Francque Sven , Bezeaud Annie , Chauvelot‐Moachon Laurence , Lebrec Didier , Valla Dominique‐Charles , Moreau Richard
Published: November 2003

Background: In patients with cirrhosis, severe sepsis may stimulate the extrinsic coagulation pathway resulting in thrombin generation and fibrin formation.

Aims: To compare 23 patients with severe sepsis to 13 infected patients without severe sepsis and 18 patients without infection.

Methods: Zymogen forms of clotting factors involved in the extrinsic pathway (i.e., factors VII+X, V, prothrombin), and the presence of soluble fibrin were assessed.

Results: Zymogen forms of clotting factors were significantly lower, while Child–Pugh score and the proportion of patients with soluble fibrin were higher in the severe‐sepsis group than in the other groups. Decreased zymogen levels were independently correlated with an elevated Child–Pugh score and the presence of severe sepsis. In the severe‐sepsis group, after adjustment for the severity of cirrhosis, decreased zymogen levels were associated with significant increases in the relative risk ratios of in‐hospital death.

Conclusions: Cirrhotic patients with severe sepsis have decreased blood levels of zymogen forms of factors VII+X, V, and prothrombin, which may be due not only to the severity of cirrhosis but also, at least in part, to the consumption of these zymogens by the extrinsic coagulation pathway.
Low daily dosage of interferon for 1 year after HCV‐related end‐therapy response. A randomized‐controlled study
Authors: Tarantino G. , Sorrentino P. , Conca P. , Perrella A. , Ragucci P. , Perrella O.
Published: November 2003

Abstract: This randomized controlled study involved 236 1b genotype (121 males) naive patients with chronic hepatitis C. After a course of interferon (IFN)‐α2b plus ribavirin for 6 or 12 months, 117 (49.5%) of the end‐therapy responders were equally divided into two groups and were assigned to receive either low daily doses of IFN‐α2b (1.5 MU) ‘consolidation therapy’ (59 patients) for 1 year or no further treatment (58 patients). At the end of the follow‐up period (6 months), the number of sustained responders in the consolidation group (83%) was significantly higher than in the control group (37.9%). The predicting factors of both end‐therapy response and sustained response were the classic ones and a lower GGT/ALT ratio (GGT: gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase). The strongest predictors of sustained response alone were consolidation therapy and the longer period on combined treatment (12 vs 6 months). Consolidation therapy was better tolerated than the previously prescribed combined therapy in terms of side effects. In conclusion, genotype 1b naive end‐therapy responders to usual combined therapy, after a period of daily consolidation therapy with a low dosage of IFN without ribavirin, achieved a better rate of sustained response than the control group.
Hepatic clearance of tissue‐type plasminogen activator and plasma kallikrein in experimental liver fibrosis
Authors: Nagaoka Marcia R. , Kouyoumdjian Maria , Borges Durval R.
Published: November 2003

Abstract: We have previously shown that tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA) and rat plasma kallikrein (RPK) share a common, but not unique, pathway for liver clearance.

Aim: To evaluate the hepatic clearance of both proteases in experimental liver fibrosis.

Methods: The hepatic clearance of these proteases was studied in porcine serum‐induced liver fibrosis using the isolated and perfused rat liver model. To better interpret the results, we also studied four other experimental groups: the turpentine oil‐induced acute‐phase response (AP group), AP group followed by GdCl3 administration (AP/Gd group), CCl4‐induced cirrhosis (CCl4 group) and normal group.

Results: The tPA clearance decreased significantly by both fibrotic and cirrhotic rat livers whereas the RPK clearance was not altered by the fibrotic rat liver. The hepatic clearance of tPA was reduced in the AP and AP/Gd groups; on the other hand, RPK clearance was increased in the AP group and, interestingly, this effect was neutralized by concomitant GdCl3 administration.

Conclusions: We observed that tPA and RPK clearances were affected differently by fibrosis as well as by different stimuli of the acute‐phase response, despite the fact that they share a common hepatic clearance mechanism in normal livers, and they were equally affected in cirrhosis.