bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of bone structure in PEROMYSCUS: Effects of burrowing behavior
Authors: Young Lindsey A. , Munro Emma , Somanchi Priya , Bemis Abigail , Smith Stephanie M. , Shefelbine Sandra J.
Published: June 2024

We compare the effects of burrowing behavior on appendicular bone structure in two Peromyscus (deer mouse) species. P. polionotus creates complex burrows in their territories, while P. eremicus is a non‐burrowing nesting mouse. We examined museum specimens' bones of wild‐caught mice of the two species and lab‐reared P. polionotus not given the opportunity to burrow. Bones were scanned using micro‐computed tomography, and cortical and trabecular bone structural properties were quantified. Wild P. polionotus mice had a larger moment of area in the ulnar and tibial cortical bone compared with their lab‐reared counterparts, suggesting developmental adaptation to bending resistance. Wild P. polionotus had a larger normalized second moment of area and cross‐sectional area in the tibia compared with P. eremicus. Tibial trabecular analysis showed lower trabecular thickness and spacing in wild P. polionotus than in P. eremicus and femoral analysis showed wild P. polionotus had lower thickness than P. eremicus and lower spacing than lab‐reared P. polionotus, suggesting adaptation to high loads from digging. Results lay the groundwork for future exploration of the ontogenetic and evolutionary basis of mechanoadaptation in Peromyscus.
Constructing analogies: Developing critical thinking through a collaborative task
Authors: Kapetanakis Constantine , Conflitti Samantha , Abdo Sarah , Wright L. Kate , Newman Dina L.
Published: June 2024

Analogies are used to make abstract topics meaningful and more easily comprehensible to learners. Incorporating simple analogies into STEM classrooms is a fairly common practice, but the analogies are typically generated and explained by the instructor for the learners. We hypothesize that challenging learners to create complex, extended analogies themselves can promote integration of content knowledge and development of critical thinking skills, which are essential for deep learning, but are challenging to teach. In this qualitative study, college biology students (n = 30) were asked to construct a complex analogy about the flow of genetic information using a familiar item. One week later, participants constructed a second analogy about the same topic, but this time using a more challenging item. Twenty participants worked on the challenging analogy in pairs, while the other 10 worked alone. Analysis of the 50 interviews resulted in a novel‐scoring scheme, which measured both content knowledge (understanding of biology terms) and critical thinking (alignment of relationships between elements of the analogy). Most participants improved slightly due to practice, but they improved dramatically when working with a partner. The biggest gains were seen in critical thinking, not content knowledge. Having students construct complex, sophisticated analogies in pairs is a high‐impact practice that can help students develop their critical thinking skills, which are crucial in academic and professional settings. The discussion between partners likely requires students to justify their explanations and critique their partner's explanations, which are characteristics of critical thinking.
Introduction to special issue on social media for forensic mental evaluations
Authors: Vitacco Michael J. , Batastini Ashley B. , Felthous Alan R.
Published: June 2024

This special issue of Behavioral Sciences & the Law presents six articles that focus on various issues related to social media in forensic mental health evaluations. These eclectic articles provide updated information about social media's use and navigating difficult ethical concerns. Ranging from violence risk assessment to disability evaluations, the up‐to‐date information in this special issue allows the forensic evaluator to be more prepared when they inevitably encounter information from social media. As social media continues to grow, both in terms of overall use and the number of available platforms, forensic clinicians will need to remain cognizant of the ways these data can be appropriately utilized as collateral data.
Management of a severe skeletal open bite case using temporary anchorage devices and multiloop edgewise arch wire technique
Authors: Viet Hoang , Phuoc Tran Hong , Thao Dang Thi Nhu , My Nguyen Khanh , Marya Anand
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

The primary cause of complex AOB malocclusion is typically a combination of dental, skeletal, functional, and habitual factors. Open bite correction is a challenging treatment due to its complexity and the requirement for long‐term stability, therefore, multidisciplinary treatment is often the best option for achieving stable esthetic outcomes.
The signaling pathways in obesity‐related complications
Authors: Chandrasekaran Preethi , Weiskirchen Ralf
Published: June 2024

Obesity, a rapidly expanding epidemic worldwide, is known to exacerbate many medical conditions, making it a significant factor in multiple diseases and their associated complications. This threatening epidemic is linked to various harmful conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), dyslipidemia, and cancer. The rise in urbanization and sedentary lifestyles creates an environment that fosters obesity, leading to both psychosocial and medical complications. To identify individuals at risk and ensure timely treatment, it is crucial to have a better understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity and its comorbidities. This comprehensive review highlights the relationship between obesity and obesity‐associated complications, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, (CVDs), dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease, gastrointestinal complications, and obstructive sleep apnea. It also explores the potential mechanisms underlying these associations. A thorough analysis of the interplay between obesity and its associated complications is vital in developing effective therapeutic strategies to combat the exponential increase in global obesity rates and mitigate the deadly consequences of this polygenic condition.
Enhanced Enzyme Immobilization Using a Novel Agarose‐binding Tag Leads to Improved Flow Reactor Performance
Authors: Peng Martin , Franzreb Matthias , Weber Annika , Lemke Phillip , Niemeyer Christof M. , Rabe Kersten S.
Published: June 2024

Continuous enzymatic synthesis has gained increasing prominence, extending its applicability to the chemical industry. A practical approach for integrating enzymes into continuously operated reactors is their entrapment within polymer‐based hydrogels. In this study, we present a novel approach to enhance enzyme retention within agarose hydrogels, employing a carbohydrate‐binding module sourced from the Microbulbifer thermotolerans thermostable β‑agarase I (MtCBM) as a versatile agarose‐binding tag. Among the four tested carbohydrate‐binding modules, MtCBM exhibited superior binding affinity to solid agarose and fusion proteins incorporating MtCBM demonstrated significantly enhanced retention within agarose hydrogels. Employing a newly developed fluidic flat‐bed agarose reactor, we demonstrate that, due to increased retention in agarose hydrogels, a phenacrylate decarboxylase tagged with MtCBM yielded nearly six times more product compared to a similarly sized fusion enzyme lacking the MtCBM‐tag. The higher leaching rate of the unlabeled enzyme could not be compensated even by tripling the hydrogel layer thickness, clearly documenting the effectiveness of MtCBM labeling for retention in the gel matrix. In addition, we performed theoretical modelling of the reactor, which led to a deeper understanding of the retention kinetics. The results suggest that this innovative approach is promising for improving stability and reusability of enzymes in agarose‐based carriers.
Ultrasonication‐Assisted Preparation of Au‐Pt/ZrO2 Catalysts for the Selective Base‐Free Oxidation of Glucose to Glucaric Acid
Authors: Potrzebowska Natalia , Cardenas Luis , Derrien Elie , Marion Philippe , Pinel Catherine , Besson Michèle , Perret Noémie
Published: June 2024

Selective catalytic oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid is still challenging due to the potential formation of a large range of by‐products. ZrO2 supported AuPt catalysts are very efficient for this reaction under base‐free conditions, in aqueous phase. Different preparation methods were tested and the catalysts synthesized by co‐impregnation using NaBH4 as reductant gave the most promising results. We demonstrated that the presence of a pure AuPt alloy is critical for the selective formation of glucaric acid. We have shown that when ultrasonication was used during preparation, less by‐products were formed, increasing significantly final yield of glucaric acid, up to 71 %. The Au/Pt ratio affects the catalytic results and an optimal ratio around 1.1 was determined. Finally, the catalyst is stable up to 196 h in continuous reactor.
Ni(II)‐Complex Anchored Over Functionalized Mesoporous SBA‐15: A Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of Aminophenoxazinone Derivatives
Authors: Ghanta Rinku , Mondal Rimpa , Chowdhury Tania , Chattopadhyay Tanmay , Bhaumik Asim
Published: June 2024

Immobilization of the reactive metal sites over high surface area porous nanomaterial is a very demanding route in designing novel nanocatalysts for the synthesis of valuable fine chemicals. Here we report an efficient, eco‐friendly and sustainable route for the synthesis of aminophenoxazinone derivatives via oxidative coupling of o‐aminophenols catalysed by a novel mesoporous highly ordered Ni(II)‐complex functionalized mesoporous heterogeneous organosilica catalyst. A novel structurally characterized Ni(II)‐complex derived from 2‐(I‐(2‐(piperizin‐1‐yl) ethylimino) methyl)‐5‐methylphenol ligand has been immobilised over a 2D‐hexagonally ordered functionalized mesoporous SBA‐15 synthesized via surface functionalization of SBA‐15 material with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to obtain the Ni(II)‐nanocatalyst SANI. Its catalytic activity has been explored for three different substrates like o‐aminophenol (OAP), 3‐amino‐4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (CAP) and 2‐amino‐4‐methylphenol (MAP) that produces corresponding phenoxazinone derivatives having the yields of 92, 81 and 85 %, respectively. suggesting wide scope of this supported mesoporous nanocatalyst.
Chemoenzymatic One‐Pot Cascade for the Construction of Asymmetric C−C and C−P Bonds via Formal C−H Activation
Authors: Ascaso‐Alegre Christian , Herrera Raquel P. , Mangas‐Sánchez Juan
Published: June 2024

The integration of organocatalysis and enzyme catalysis in one‐pot cascade processes allows for the efficient construction of complex molecular architectures with high levels of stereocontrol. However, challenges related to reaction compatibility between both processes are often a limitation for the development of efficient synthetic routes. In this study, we describe the combination of an enzymatic aerobic oxidation followed by the squaramide‐mediated asymmetric formation of C−P and C−C bonds to access important building blocks such as chiral α‐hydroxyphosphonates and β‐nitro alcohols in good yields and enantiomeric ratios. This sequential process is conducted in a one‐pot fashion within a biphasic system and represents a pioneering example of a chemoenzymatic cascade involving aerobic biooxidation and an organocatalytic step operating under hydrogen‐bond activation mode and under mild reaction conditions.
Excited Charge Transfer Promoted Electron Transfer in all Perylenediimide Derived, Wide‐Band Capturing Conjugates: A Mimicry of the Early Events of Natural Photosynthesis
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Vílchez Ana M. , Ileperuma Chamari V. , Navarro‐Pérez Valeria , Karr Paul A. , Fernández‐Lázaro Fernando , D'Souza Francis
Published: June 2024

Fundamental discoveries in electron transfer advance scientific and technological advancements. It is suggested that in plant and bacterial photosynthesis, the primary donor, a chlorophyll or bacteriochlorophyll dimer, forms an initial excited symmetry‐breaking charge transfer state (1CT*) upon photoexcitation that subsequently promotes sequential electron transfer (ET) events. This is unlike monomeric photosensitizer‐bearing donor‐acceptor dyads where ET occurs from the excited donor or acceptor (1D* or 1A*). In the present study, we successfully demonstrated the former photochemical event using an excited charge transfer molecule as a donor. Electron‐deficient perylenediimide (PDI) is functionalized with three electron‐rich piperidine entities at the bay positions, resulting in a far‐red emitting CT molecule (DCT). Further, this molecule is covalently linked to another PDI (APDI) carrying no substituents at the bay positions, resulting in wide‐band capturing DCT‐APDI conjugates. Selective excitation of the CT band of DCT in these conjugates leads to an initial 1DCT* that undergoes subsequent ET involving APDI, resulting in DCT+‐APDI− charge separation product (kCS~109 s−1). Conversely, when APDI was directly excited, ultrafast energy transfer (ENT) from 1APDI* to DCT (kENT~1011 s−1) followed by ET from 1DCT* to PDI is witnessed. While increasing solvent polarity improved kCS rates, for a given solvent, the magnitude of the kCS values was almost the same, irrespective of the excitation wavelengths. The present findings demonstrate ET from an initial CT state to an acceptor is key to understanding the intricate ET events in complex natural and bacterial photosynthetic systems possessing multiple redox‐ and photoactive entities.
Effects of Training in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Motivational Interviewing on Mental Health Practitioner Behaviour: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ragnarsson Emma Högberg , Reinebo Gustaf , Ingvarsson Sara , Lindgren Annika , Beckman Maria , Alfonsson Sven , Hedman‐Lagerlöf Maria , Rahm Christoffer , Sahlin Hanna , Stenfors Terese , Sörman Karolina , Jansson‐Fröjmark Markus , Lundgren Tobias
Published: June 2024

Effective training of mental health professionals is crucial for bridging the gap between research and practice when delivering cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing (MI) within community settings. However, previous research has provided inconclusive evidence regarding the impact of training efforts. The current study aimed to systematically search, review and synthesize the literature on CBT and MI training to assess its effect on practitioner behavioural outcomes. Following prospective registration, a literature search was conducted for studies where mental health practitioners were exposed to training in face‐to‐face CBT or MI, reporting on at least one quantitative practitioner behavioural outcome. A total of 116 studies were eligible for the systematic review, and 20 studies were included in four meta‐analyses. The systematic review highlights the need to establish psychometrically valid outcome measures for practitioner behaviour. Results of the meta‐analyses suggest that training has a greater effect on practitioner behaviour change compared to receiving no training or reading a treatment manual. Training combined with consultation/supervision was found to be more effective than training alone, and no differences were found between face‐to‐face and online training. Results should be interpreted with caution due to methodological limitations in the primary studies, large heterogeneity, and small samples in the meta‐analyses. Future directions are discussed.
A rising Layered Boride Family for Energy and Catalysis Applications: Novel Hexagonal MAB phases and MBenes
Authors: Miao Nanxi , Yan Yujing , Wang Junjie
Published: June 2024

Over the past decade, conventional MAX phases and MXenes have garnered significant interest, primarily limited to carbides and/or nitrides. However, in 2019, the hexagonal ternary boride Ti2InB2 was successfully synthesized, sparking extensive research into hexagonal MAB (h‐MAB) phases and their derived MBenes (h‐MBenes). In recent years, h‐MAB and h‐MBenes have become focal points in the fields of physics, chemistry, and materials science. The unique properties and promising performances of h‐MBenes in catalysis, energy storage, spintronics, and electrical devices underscore their considerable potential. Nonetheless, the exploration of h‐MAB and h‐MBenes is still in its nascent stages, with many anticipated properties and potentials yet to be fully explored. This article introduces the general concepts, crystal structure, and exfoliation properties of h‐MAB phases, while also highlighting advancements in the synthesis and applications of h‐MBenes. Finally, we discuss future challenges and prospects for the study of h‐MAB and h‐MBenes.
A compact quad element human face‐shaped wideband MIMO antenna for 5G applications
Authors: Mistri Raj Kumar , Mahto Santosh Kumar , Sinha Rashmi
Published: June 2024

This article presents a quad element wideband multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna consisting of human face‐shaped patch radiators with defected ground structure (DGS) having rectangular split ring resonator (RSRR) in ground surface. The measured bandwidth of the proposed MIMO antenna is 3.0–6.5 GHz, and the isolation between the ports is more than 16 dB. Additionally, simulated diversity characteristics like the channel capacity loss (CCL), channel capacity (CC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), mean effective gain (MEG), and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) are investigated with the measured value and observed to be within the acceptable ranges over the operating frequency band. The suggested antenna can be used in the wireless local area network (WLAN) (i.e., 4.9–5.725 GHz), wireless fidelity (Wi‐Fi) (i.e., 5.15–5.85 GHz), and 5G under 6 GHz (3.3–5.0 GHz) frequency ranges.
Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration of mediastinal lymphadenopathy: Diagnostic performance and clinical implications of the World Health Organization reporting system
Authors: Lindquist Kajsa Ericson , Cortas Gaêlle , Hashemi Yas , Rajabian Nilofar , Ehinger Mats
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Lymph node fine‐needle aspiration cytology (LN‐FNAC) is a common, rapid, minimally invasive and cost‐effective diagnostic method. For mediastinal lymph nodes, endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided LN‐FNAC is a first‐line investigation and has an indispensable role in the diagnosis and staging of patients with suspected lung cancer. Recently, a new WHO system has been proposed for classification of LN‐FNAC heralding five different diagnostic categories; insufficient, benign, atypical, suspicious for malignancy and malignant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and risk of malignancy (ROM) of these categories in EBUS‐guided LN‐FNAC from mediastinal lymph nodes.

Method

We evaluated 2110 consecutive mediastinal lymph nodes during this one‐year retrospective study. Corresponding radiological images and histologic material were used as ground truth to calculate accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and ROM.

Results

The WHO system showed an overall accuracy of 93.7% with a sensitivity of 83.0% and a specificity of 97.5%. The positive predictive value was 92.3% and the negative predictive value 94.2%. The overall ROM for each category in the WHO classification system was 12.8% for the inadequate, 2.4% for the benign, 47.4% for the atypical, 81.0% for the suspicious for malignancy and 93.6% for the malignant category.

Conclusion

The results of the present study indicate that the new WHO system entails a high diagnostic accuracy regarding EBUS‐guided LN‐FNAC assessment of mediastinal lymph nodes and supports its integration into clinical practice. Application of the WHO system standardizes risk assessment thus facilitating communication between cytopathologists and clinicians and minimizes the need for histopathological analysis.
Transcriptional regulators with broad expression in the zebrafish spinal cord
Authors: England Samantha J. , Campbell Paul C. , Banerjee Santanu , Bates Richard L. , Grieb Ginny , Fancher William F. , Lewis Katharine E.
Published: June 2024

Background

The spinal cord is a crucial part of the vertebrate CNS, controlling movements and receiving and processing sensory information from the trunk and limbs. However, there is much we do not know about how this essential organ develops. Here, we describe expression of 21 transcription factors and one transcriptional regulator in zebrafish spinal cord.

Results

We analyzed the expression of aurkb, foxb1a, foxb1b, her8a, homeza, ivns1abpb, mybl2b, myt1a, nr2f1b, onecut1, sall1a, sall3a, sall3b, sall4, sox2, sox19b, sp8b, tsc22d1, wdhd1, zfhx3b, znf804a, and znf1032 in wild‐type and MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 zebrafish embryos. While all of these genes are broadly expressed in spinal cord, they have distinct expression patterns from one another. Some are predominantly expressed in progenitor domains, and others in subsets of post‐mitotic cells. Given the conservation of spinal cord development, and the transcription factors and transcriptional regulators that orchestrate it, we expect that these genes will have similar spinal cord expression patterns in other vertebrates, including mammals and humans.

Conclusions

Our data identify 22 different transcriptional regulators that are strong candidates for playing different roles in spinal cord development. For several of these genes, this is the first published description of their spinal cord expression.
Limited life‐history plasticity in marginal population of an invasive foundation species: Unraveling the genetic underpinnings and ecological implications
Authors: Chen Xincong , Wang Jiayu , Liu Wenwen , Zhang Yihui
Published: June 2024

Plant's life history can evolve in response to variation in climate spatio‐temporally, but numerous multiple‐species studies overlook species‐specific (especially a foundation species) ecological effects and genetic underpinnings. For a species to successfully invade a region, likely to become a foundation species, life‐history variation of invasive plants exerts considerable ecological and evolutionary impacts on invaded ecosystems. We examined how an invasive foundation plant, Spartina alterniflora, varied in its life history along latitudinal gradient using a common gardens experiment. Two common gardens were located at range boundary in tropical zone and main distribution area of S. alterniflora in temperate zone in China. Within each population/garden, we measured the onset time of three successive phenological stages constituting the reproductive phase and a fitness trait. In the low‐latitude garden with higher temperature, we found that reproductive phase was advanced and its length prolonged compared to the high‐latitude garden. This could possibly due to lower plasticity of maturity time. Additionally, plasticity in the length of the reproductive phase positively related with fitness in the low‐latitude garden. Marginal population from tropic had the lowest plasticity and fitness, and the poor capacity to cope with changing environment may result in reduction of this population. These results reflected genetic divergence in life history of S. alterniflora in China. Our study provided a novel view to test the center–periphery hypothesis by integration across a plant's life history and highlighted the significance in considering evolution. Such insights can help us to understand long‐term ecological consequences of life‐history variation, with implications for plant fitness, species interaction, and ecosystem functions under climate change.
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and its Related Factors in Bangladeshi Adults: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Ali Nurshad , Taher Abu , Trisha Aporajita Das , Koley Nusrat Jahan , Fariha Khandaker Atkia , Islam Farjana
Published: June 2024

Objectives

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of medical conditions that elevate the chances of developing cardiovascular disease, stroke and Type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine the frequency and contributing risk factors of MetS in adults from Bangladesh.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 653 individuals (470 males and 183 females) were randomly selected to participate. Fasting blood samples were collected and analysed using standard methods to measure biochemical parameters. MetS was defined on the basis of NCEP‐ATP III guidelines, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with MetS.

Results

The prevalence of MetS was 19.7% in the healthy control group, 70.2% in the hypertensive group and 46.8% in the diabetic group. Overall, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of MetS between males (45%) and females (45.9%). The participants who had both hypertension and diabetes had the highest prevalence of MetS at 77.3%. Both males and females showed an increased trend in the prevalence of MetS and its components as they aged, except for WC in males (p < 0.01 for all cases). The 46–55 age group in males had a higher prevalence of MetS (68%), whereas the >55 age group in females had a prevalence of 73.9%. The most common component of MetS was low levels of HDL‐C, which affected over 80% of the studied sample. According to the logistic regression analyses, age, BMI, hypertension and diabetes were significantly associated with MetS in both genders.

Conclusion

This study found a high prevalence of MetS in Bangladeshi adults. Several factors are significantly associated with the risk of MetS. It is crucial to consider the varying prevalence rates of MetS by age and gender as well as its different components while providing health guidance and support.
Advances of MAX phases: Synthesis, characterizations and challenges
Authors: Alam Md. Shahinoor , Chowdhury Mohammad Asaduzzaman , Kowser Md. Arefin , Islam Md. Saiful , Islam Md. Moynul , Khandaker Tasmina
Published: June 2024

MAX phases and their MXene compounds have received significant attention owing to their extensive potential applications. The quality and purity of the MAX phase guarantee the desired quality of the MXene product, which is essential for a variety of applications, including energy storage, catalysis, and electrical devices. Due to the purity, quality, complex structure, and unavailable commercial pure MAX powders, it is frequently required to have sophisticated synthesis and characterization techniques for the expected MAX products. Many researchers entering this field seek a comprehensive approach to the synthesis and characterization of MAX phases. Despite this, a significant portion of existing reviews have overlooked the synthesis and characterization methods specific to MAX phases, particularly when addressing MXenes. Consequently, this review aims to offer a thorough overview of the various synthesis methods and characterization techniques that are often required for MAX phases. In this review, various synthesis techniques, including their advantages and disadvantages, have also been discussed. Characterization techniques, especially x‐ray diffraction (XRD), were found to be quite critical for new researchers. However, the integration of other techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared analysis enhances and complements the findings obtained through XRD. The review also underscores the challenges associated with MAX phase synthesis and proposes potential solutions, emphasizing the assessment of their suitability across a broad spectrum of applications. Overall, this review serves as a comprehensive resource and guide for researchers engaged in the exploration and application of MAX phases, emphasizing the essential techniques of synthesis and characterization in harnessing their massive potential.
Contact Characteristics and Characterization Methods of CO2 and Crude Oil in Visual Porous Medium
Authors: Zhang Xing , Bai Lei , Wang Ziqiang , Liang Baoxing , Tang Hongjiao , Guo Huiying , Zhang Jianfeng
Published: June 2024

In this article, the vertical static variation characteristics of CO2 and crude oil in porous medium under different experimental pressures are studied by using the CO2 miscible visual displacement device jointly developed. The process of change at the CO2 and crude oil interface is characterized by relative height and dissolution expansion rate. Experimental results demonstrate that with the increase of pressure, CO2 gradually reaches a supercritical state with strong extraction and mass transfer capacity, and CO2‐crude oil exhibits different contact forms under different pressures. Under the same pressure, there are also significant differences in contact forms between visual tube and porous medium. The existence of porous medium weakens the mass transfer and diffusion abilities between CO2 and crude oil and reduces the extraction of light components by CO2. In porous medium, the relative height of crude oil is a power function of time, which is 1/5 ≈ 3/10 of that in visual tube. And the dissolution expansion rate of CO2 and crude oil exhibits a negative logarithmic correlation with time, which is 1/4 ≈ 2/5 of that in visual tube. The impact of porous media on relative height and dissolution expansion rate of crude oil becomes more pronounced as the pressure decreases.
Magnetic restoring forces on rocking blocks
Authors: Syrimi Panagiota , Tsiatas George , Tsopelas Panos
Published: June 2024

This study investigates the idea of adding an extra magnetic restoring force to a rocking block to improve its overall dynamic performance. The proposed concept ensues by introducing a pair of identical magnets to the rocking block. Both magnets are considered lumped on their respective volume centers and are embedded within the rocking block and the supporting base. When properly magnetized, this pair of magnets provides the rocking block with an extra magnetic restoring force which, although it takes on its maximum value when the two magnets are in contact, decreases as the distance between the two magnets increases. The proposed concept, subjected to pulse‐type base excitations, reveals the inherent problem of magnetic restoring forces. From the overturning spectra of the rocking block, it is found that there are cases where the block fails (overturning) in the presence of magnets, while the same free‐of‐magnets block rocks safely (no overturning) when its own weight acts as the only restoring force. This interesting finding appears to be counterintuitive. Is it possible that by providing additional restoring force the block is “driven” to overturn? This study shows that when the rocking block returns toward the vertical position, the angular velocity, in the presence of magnets, is higher than the angular velocity, in the absence of them. This increase in the angular velocity is a direct outcome of the nature of the magnetic restoring forces, and it is mainly the reason that causes the overturning of the rigid block during its free vibration regime. To mitigate the shortcomings of using magnetic restoring forces, the idea of a semi‐active control of the pair of magnets is introduced and explained in detail. This paper concludes with the advantages and potential disadvantages of the overall performance of rigid blocks in the presence of magnetic restoring forces.
Tumor desmoplasia outperforms preoperative serum calcitonin as surgical biomarker in sporadic medullary thyroid cancer
Authors: Machens Andreas , Lorenz Kerstin , Bensch Claudia , Wickenhauser Claudia , Dralle Henning
Published: June 2024

Background

Conceptually, thyroid tumor desmoplasia may be better suited for excluding node metastases in sporadic MTC than preoperative serum calcitonin levels.

Methods

This analysis included 181 patients with unilateral sporadic MTC graded on the 7‐grade desmoplasia scale after thyroidectomy and neck dissection.

Results

When thyroid tumor desmoplasia reached 1% and ≥50%, node metastases increased from 0% to 7% (median of 0 metastases) and 83% (median of 7.5 metastases), microscopic lymphatic invasion from 0% to 3% and 35%, extrathyroid extension from 0% to 5% and 22%, and extranodal growth from 0% to 0% and 44%, whereas biochemical cure declined from 100% to 95% and 25%.

Thyroid tumor diameters and basal calcitonin overlapped widely among the seven desmoplasia groups, precluding differentiation by thyroid tumor size or serum calcitonin levels.

Conclusions

Thyroid tumor desmoplasia, unlike serum calcitonin levels, discriminates extremely well between node‐negative and node‐positive sporadic MTC, opening new avenues for precision surgery.
Parotidectomy for deep lobe pleomorphic adenomas is associated with higher rates of complications and recurrence
Authors: Levyn Helena , Subramanian Tejas , Eagan Alana , Katabi Nora , Goldberg Johanna , Scholfield Daniel W. , Caxeiro Giovanna L. , Wong Richard J. , Cohen Marc A. , Shah Jatin P. , Patel Snehal G. , Ganly Ian
Published: June 2024

Background

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is a common parotid tumor, yet due to the relative rarity of deep lobe PA (DLPA), there is a paucity of information about its clinical presentation and surgical outcomes.

Methods

We reviewed the charts of patients with previously untreated parotid PA between the years 1990 and 2015. Clinical parameters and surgical outcomes were compared between superficial lobe PA (SLPA) and DLPA.

Results

The cohort comprised 147 cases of DLPA and 222 cases of SLPA. DLPA were larger (median 2.6 cm vs. 2.0 cm, p < 0.001), more often discovered incidentally on imaging (33%, n = 48) and had unique presentations (pharyngeal mass, dysphagia, otalgia). Postsurgical complications were more frequently observed in DLPA (41% vs. 30% in SLPA, p = 0.025), mainly transient facial nerve weakness. DLPA also showed higher recurrence rates (n = 6, 4.1% vs. n = 1, 0.4%, p = 0.016).

Conclusions

Parotidectomy for DLPA carries a higher risk of complications and recurrence compared to SLPA.
The influence of sleep disorders on perioperative neurocognitive disorders among the elderly: A narrative review
Authors: Chen Chao , Zhai Rui‐Xue , Lan Xin , Yang Sheng‐Feng , Tang Si‐Jie , Xiong Xing‐Long , He Yu‐Xin , Lin Jing‐Fang , Feng Jia‐Rong , Chen Dong‐Xu , Shi Jing
Published: June 2024

This review comprehensively assesses the epidemiology, interaction, and impact on patient outcomes of perioperative sleep disorders (SD) and perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) in the elderly. The incidence of SD and PND during the perioperative period in older adults is alarmingly high, with SD significantly contributing to the occurrence of postoperative delirium. However, the clinical evidence linking SD to PND remains insufficient, despite substantial preclinical data. Therefore, this study focuses on the underlying mechanisms between SD and PND, underscoring that potential mechanisms driving SD‐induced PND include uncontrolled central nervous inflammation, blood–brain barrier disruption, circadian rhythm disturbances, glial cell dysfunction, neuronal and synaptic abnormalities, impaired central metabolic waste clearance, gut microbiome dysbiosis, hippocampal oxidative stress, and altered brain network connectivity. Additionally, the review also evaluates the effectiveness of various sleep interventions, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, in mitigating PND. Strategies such as earplugs, eye masks, restoring circadian rhythms, physical exercise, noninvasive brain stimulation, dexmedetomidine, and melatonin receptor agonists have shown efficacy in reducing PND incidence. The impact of other sleep‐improvement drugs (e.g., orexin receptor antagonists) and methods (e.g., cognitive‐behavioral therapy for insomnia) on PND is still unclear. However, certain drugs used for treating SD (e.g., antidepressants and first‐generation antihistamines) may potentially aggravate PND. By providing valuable insights and references, this review aimed to enhance the understanding and management of PND in older adults based on SD.
Prelude to malignancy: A gene expression signature in normal mammary gland from breast cancer patients suggests pre‐tumorous alterations and is associated with adverse outcomes
Authors: Andreou Maria , Jąkalski Marcin , Duzowska Katarzyna , Filipowicz Natalia , Kostecka Anna , Davies Hanna , Horbacz Monika , Ławrynowicz Urszula , Chojnowska Katarzyna , Bruhn‐Olszewska Bożena , Jankau Jerzy , Śrutek Ewa , Las‐Jankowska Manuela , Bała Dariusz , Hoffman Jacek , Hartman Johan , Pęksa Rafał , Skokowski Jarosław , Jankowski Michał , Szylberg Łukasz , Maniewski Mateusz , Zegarski Wojciech , Nowikiewicz Magdalena , Nowikiewicz Tomasz , Dumanski Jan P. , Mieczkowski Jakub , Piotrowski Arkadiusz
Published: June 2024

Despite advances in early detection and treatment strategies, breast cancer recurrence and mortality remain a significant health issue. Recent insights suggest the prognostic potential of microscopically healthy mammary gland, in the vicinity of the breast lesion. Nonetheless, a comprehensive understanding of the gene expression profiles in these tissues and their relationship to patient outcomes remain missing. Furthermore, the increasing trend towards breast‐conserving surgery may inadvertently lead to the retention of existing cancer‐predisposing mutations within the normal mammary gland. This study assessed the transcriptomic profiles of 242 samples from 83 breast cancer patients with unfavorable outcomes, including paired uninvolved mammary gland samples collected at varying distances from primary lesions. As a reference, control samples from 53 mammoplasty individuals without cancer history were studied. A custom panel of 634 genes linked to breast cancer progression and metastasis was employed for expression profiling, followed by whole‐transcriptome verification experiments and statistical analyses to discern molecular signatures and their clinical relevance. A distinct gene expression signature was identified in uninvolved mammary gland samples, featuring key cellular components encoding keratins, CDH1, CDH3, EPCAM cell adhesion proteins, matrix metallopeptidases, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, along with crucial genes (FOXA1, RAB25, NRG1, SPDEF, TRIM29, and GABRP) having dual roles in cancer. Enrichment analyses revealed disruptions in epithelial integrity, cell adhesion, and estrogen signaling. This signature, named KAOS for Keratin‐Adhesion‐Oncogenes‐Suppressors, was significantly associated with reduced tumor size but increased mortality rates. Integrating molecular assessment of non‐malignant mammary tissue into disease management could enhance survival prediction and facilitate personalized patient care.
TS‐tools: Rapid and automated localization of transition states based on a textual reaction SMILES input
Authors: Stuyver Thijs
Published: June 2024

Here, TS‐tools is presented, a Python package facilitating the automated localization of transition states (TS) based on a textual reaction SMILES input. TS searches can either be performed at xTB or DFT level of theory, with the former yielding guesses at marginal computational cost, and the latter directly yielding accurate structures at greater expense. On a benchmarking dataset of mono‐ and bimolecular reactions, TS‐tools reaches an excellent success rate of 95% already at xTB level of theory. For tri‐ and multimolecular reaction pathways ‐ which are typically not benchmarked when developing new automated TS search approaches, yet are relevant for various types of reactivity, cf. solvent‐ and autocatalysis and enzymatic reactivity ‐ TS‐tools retains its ability to identify TS geometries, though a DFT treatment becomes essential in many cases. Throughout the presented applications, a particular emphasis is placed on solvation‐induced mechanistic changes, another issue that received limited attention in the automated TS search literature so far.
Isolate scapulothoracic dislocation: Radiological findings and management
Authors: Picchi Stefano Giusto , Lassandro Giulia , Mazzotta Giorgio , Tafuri Domenico , Cocco Giulio , Corvino Antonio
Published: June 2024

Scapulothoracic dislocation (STD) is a rare condition consisting in the loss of anatomical relations of the scapula with the posterior chest wall. This pathological condition commonly occurs after a scapular region trauma or an upper arm distractive injury. Here‐in, we present a case of STD occurring in a young male patient, and we discuss the mechanism of injury, the radiological imaging features, and how it can guide and help the orthopedist in the management.
Why history matters: A review of Watters's Teaching Machines, the History of Personalized Learning
Authors: Elcoro Mirari
Published: June 2024

The book Teaching Machines: The History of Personalized Learning by Audrey Watters (2021) is of interest to the readers of the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior because the roots of teaching machines and programmed instruction are in the experimental analysis of behavior. Furthermore, the book addresses use‐inspired basic research in education, one of our country's most pressing problems. The review begins with an introduction, followed by an overview of the book chapters, extending the historical, cultural, and behavior‐analytic context presented by Watters. Particular emphasis is placed on the work of two not‐so‐well‐known researchers in behavior analysis, Susan Meyer Markle (1928–2008) and Benjamin Wyckoff (1922–2007). The review continues with an assessment of the audience for the book and its contributions to behavior analysis and some perspectives. An overarching theme throughout the review is the importance of learning and teaching the history of behavior analysis.
Time‐Series MR Images Identifying Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Using a Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Liu Jialing , Li Xu , Wang Gang , Zeng Weixiong , Zeng Hui , Wen Chanjuan , Xu Weimin , He Zilong , Qin Genggeng , Chen Weiguo
Published: June 2024

Background

Pathological complete response (pCR) is an essential criterion for adjusting follow‐up treatment plans for patients with breast cancer (BC). The value of the visual geometry group and long short‐term memory (VGG‐LSTM) network using time‐series dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) for pCR identification in BC is unclear.

Purpose

To identify pCR to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) using deep learning (DL) models based on the VGG‐LSTM network.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

Center A: 235 patients (47.7 ± 10.0 years) were divided 7:3 into training (n = 164) and validation set (n = 71). Center B: 150 patients (48.5 ± 10.4 years) were used as test set.

Field Strength/Sequence

3‐T, T2‐weighted spin‐echo sequence imaging, and gradient echo DCE sequence imaging.

Assessment

Patients underwent MRI examinations at three sequential time points: pretreatment, after three cycles of treatment, and prior to surgery, with tumor regions of interest manually delineated. Histopathology was the gold standard. We used VGG‐LSTM network to establish seven DL models using time‐series DCE‐MR images: pre‐NAC images (t0 model), early NAC images (t1 model), post‐NAC images (t2 model), pre‐NAC and early NAC images (t0 + t1 model), pre‐NAC and post‐NAC images (t0 + t2 model), pre‐NAC, early NAC and post‐NAC images (t0 + t1 + t2 model), and the optimal model combined with the clinical features and imaging features (combined model). The models were trained and optimized on the training and validation set, and tested on the test set.

Statistical Tests

The DeLong, Student's t‐test, Mann–Whitney U, Chi‐squared, Fisher's exact, Hosmer–Lemeshow tests, decision curve analysis, and receiver operating characteristics analysis were performed. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Compared with the other six models, the combined model achieved the best performance in the test set yielding an AUC of 0.927.

Data Conclusion

The combined model that used time‐series DCE‐MR images, clinical features and imaging features shows promise for identifying pCR in BC.

Level of Evidence

4.

Technical Efficacy

Stage 4.
Aiming at Creativity and Ending up with a Range from Low‐Hanging Fruits to Foolishness: A Reflective Model of Creativity
Authors: Pichot Nicolas , Forthmann Boris , Bonetto Eric , Arciszewski Thomas , Bonnardel Nathalie , Jaubert Sara , Pavani Jean B.
Published: June 2024

The term “creative” is commonly used in everyday language and in academic discourse to discuss the nature of artistic and innovative productions. This usage inherently implies the existence of a variable of creativity that allows different creative works to be compared. The standard definition of creativity asserts that a production must possess both value and novelty in order to be considered truly creative. However, previous psychometric studies aimed at establishing the existence of such a creativity variable based on these two dimensions have produced results that seem to demonstrate their independence or even negative association, based on a weak to negative correlation between value and novelty. These widely replicated empirical results seem to call into question the notion of a single creativity variable associated with productions, leading to a paradoxical use of the term “creative” to describe the object produced. In our study, we aimed to reproduce these results while addressing methodological errors made in previous efforts to establish construct validity. This work led us to test the existence of a common cause for the observed variations in novelty and value. The higher order factor we obtain in our analysis encompasses subtle differences from the conventional creativity axis and interacts negatively with novelty, while correlating positively with value.
Comprehensive gene expression analysis using RNA sequencing between male and female patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Ogura Yusuke , Miyoshi Hiroaki , Yoshida Shiro , Arakawa Fumiko , Takeuchi Mai , Nakama Kenjiro , Matsuura Mitsuhiro , Takada Hirofumi , Yamanaka Yoshiaki , Hiraoka Koji , Ohshima Koichi
Published: June 2024

Idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common entrapment neuropathy in hand surgery, and it is characterized by Noninflammatory fibrosis of subsynovial connective tissues. The prevalence and incidence differ between male and female individuals, and the mechanism underlying this difference remains largely unclear. In the present study, we collected subsynovial connective tissues from six male and six female patients diagnosed with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome during surgery. We performed a comprehensive gene expression analysis using RNA sequencing to compare the gene expression profiles between male and female patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. We identified 26 genes with significantly different expressions between male and female patients, in which POSTN, COL1A1, and COL3A1, which are involved in extracellular matrix organization, and IGF1, an important fibrotic factor, were significantly upregulated in male patients. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of proteins encoded by these genes in tissues, and male patients tended to show increased POSTN expression. Our results indicate that fibrosis of subsynovial connective tissues is induced by different mechanisms in male and female patients, and genes involved in extracellular matrix organization, especially POSTN, might be important factors in male patients. This study provides insight into the pathogenesis of idiopathic carpal syndrome and might contribute to the development of new treatment strategies.