bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence of and risk factors for lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy in adults: a systematic review
Authors: Hincapié Cesar A. , Kroismayr Daniela , Hofstetter Léonie , Kurmann Astrid , Cancelliere Carol , Raja Rampersaud Y. , Boyle Eleanor , Tomlinson George A. , Jadad Alejandro R. , Hartvigsen Jan , Côté Pierre , Cassidy J. David
Published: October 2024

Background

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with radiculopathy is associated with greater pain, disability, healthcare use, and costs compared with nonspecific low back pain. Reliable information about its incidence and risk factors were lacking.

Questions

(1) What is the incidence of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with radiculopathy in adults? (2) What are the risk factors for LDH with radiculopathy in adults?

Methods

Systematic review. We searched five electronic databases from 1970 to September 2023. Eligible cohort and case–control studies were identified and independently assessed for risk of bias. A qualitative best evidence synthesis of low and moderate risk of bias studies was conducted.

Results

We critically reviewed 87 studies and synthesised data from 59 (68%) studies; 12 were of low and 47 of moderate risk of bias. The lower and upper bound limits of the 95% CIs of annual incidence estimates ranged from 0.3 to 2.7 per 1000 persons for surgical case definitions, from 0.04 to 1.5 per 1,000 persons for hospital-based case definitions, and from 0.1 to 298.3 per 1,000 persons for clinical case definitions. Factors associated with the development of LDH with radiculopathy included middle-age (30–50 years), smoking, higher BMI, presence of cardiovascular risk factors (in women), and greater cumulative occupational lumbar load by forward bending postures and manual materials handling, with effect sizes ranging from ranging from 1.1 (1.0–1.3) to 3.7 (2.3–6.0).

Conclusions

Incidence of LDH varies in different populations and according to case definition. Risk factors include individual, behavioural, and work-related variables. Our findings support the need to develop standardised case definitions that validly classify the clinical spectrum of LDH and for future low risk of bias studies examining causal relationships for LDH with radiculopathy in adults.
Exploring Fault Plane Geometry through Metaheuristic Bat Algorithm (MBA) Analysis of Potential Field Data: Environmental and Engineering Applications
Authors: Essa Khalid S. , Diab Zein E.
Published: October 2024

By integrating inversion techniques with modeling data of the Earth’s passive potential field, encompassing gravity and magnetic fields, we can enhance our understanding of subsurface structural features, particularly faults, thereby contributing to advancements in earth science and environmental studies. Metaheuristic algorithms have gained prominence as global optimization tools, with increasing utilization for optimizing complex systems. This study proposes the utilization of the Metaheuristic Bat Algorithm (MBA), inspired by the echolocation capabilities of bats, to efficiently search for optimal solutions. The MBA method aims to minimize a predefined objective function, leading to the identification of fault-path parameters once the global optimum solution is attained. This approach offers a systematic means of evaluating fault characteristics without requiring prior domain knowledge. Application of the MBA methodology to potential field data facilitates the estimation of fault dimensions, including depth, origin, and dipping angle. Through rigorous testing on diverse simulated datasets with varying noise levels, the MBA approach demonstrates high precision and consistency in fault characterization. Moreover, field applications conducted in the USA, Egypt, Australia, and India validate the efficacy of the MBA scheme in earth science and engineering investigations. The inversion results obtained using the MBA approach align closely with drilling data, geologic observations, and existing literature, underscoring its reliability and utility in subsurface analysis.
What is Multi-extreme THz ESR? Developments and its Applications
Authors: Ohta H. , Okubo S. , Ohmichi E. , Takahashi H. , Sakurai T.
Published: October 2024

This review explores the multi-extreme THz ESR system in Kobe, Japan, with a focus on pulsed magnetic fields, mechanical detection, and high pressure as central elements of multi-extreme THz ESR. Initially, it discusses the advantages of multi-frequency THz ESR using mini-pulsed and 55 T‒pulsed magnetic fields, with typical examples featuring the finite Haldane chain substance Y2BaNi0.96Mg0.04O5 and the deformed diamond chain antiferromagnet Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 (Azurite). The measurement efficiency and the measurement beyond the magnetic phase transition, in contrast to the conventional superconducting magnet, are discussed. Second, the high sensitivity obtained from the use of a nano-membrane for mechanical detection is shown. Also shown are the high-temperature (280 K) THz ESR results for DPPH powder and a Cu(C4H4N2)(NO3)2 (CuPzN) single crystal, with the combination of a nano-membrane device and a high-power source, a gyrotron. Finally, the high-pressure THz ESR results for KCuCl3 using a transmission-type double-layered pressure cell are shown, along with the application of the thermally detected high-pressure THz ESR.
Spatial thinking skills used by hydrogeology practitioners and students while completing a hydrogeology task
Authors: McNeal Peggy M. , Petcovic Heather L. , Moore Joel , Reeves Donald M. , Popoola Oluwarotimi , Gordon Matthew
Published: October 2024

A typical classroom exercise in hydrogeology is to develop a conceptual model of a contaminated site, identify groundwater flow direction(s), and predict the location and mass of a contaminant plume. This requires knowledge of key hydrogeological concepts and is highly visuospatial in nature. Among multiple discrete spatial thinking skills identified by cognitive science, the combination of visual penetrative ability and working in multiple frames of reference were identified to significantly predict performance on a hydrogeology task and showed that together with hydrogeology knowledge, these spatial thinking skills account for 49% of the variability on task performance. Seventy-two hydrogeology practitioners and students with varying levels of expertise were administered multiple spatial thinking tests and an assessment of hydrogeology knowledge before completing a hydrogeology task that was developed for the study. Using spatial thinking and knowledge test scores as predictor variables, a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted with performance on the hydrogeology task as the outcome variable. The resulting model predicts that at low levels of hydrogeology knowledge, the identified spatial thinking skills account for more than a 25% difference on the hydrogeology task. This study provides empirical evidence that visual penetrative ability and working in multiple frames of reference are important skills in hydrogeology; thus, instructors are encouraged to recognize that underdeveloped spatial thinking skills could present hurdles for students and that targeted spatial thinking training may yield positive results for both weak and strong spatial thinkers.
GRID-FAST: A Grid-based Intersection Detection for Fast Semantic Topometric Mapping
Authors: Fredriksson Scott , Saradagi Akshit , Nikolakopoulos George
Published: October 2024

This article introduces a novel approach to constructing a topometric map that allows for efficient navigation and decision-making in mobile robotics applications. The method generates the topometric map from a 2D grid-based map. The topometric map segments areas of the input map into different structural-semantic classes: intersections, pathways, dead ends, and pathways leading to unexplored areas. This method is grounded in a new technique for intersection detection that identifies the area and the openings of intersections in a semantically meaningful way. The framework introduces two levels of pre-filtering with minimal computational cost to eliminate small openings and objects from the map which are unimportant in the context of high-level map segmentation and decision making. The topological map generated by GRID-FAST enables fast navigation in large-scale environments, and the structural semantics can aid in mission planning, autonomous exploration, and human-to-robot cooperation. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated through validation on real maps gathered from robotic experiments: 1) a structured indoor environment, 2) an unstructured cave-like subterranean environment, and 3) a large-scale outdoor environment, which comprises pathways, buildings, and scattered objects. Additionally, the proposed framework has been compared with state-of-the-art topological mapping solutions and is able to produce a topometric and topological map with up to 92% fewer nodes than the next best solution. The method proposed in this article has been implemented in the robotics framework ROS and is open-sourced. The code is available at: https://github.com/LTU-RAI/GRID-FAST.
Traffic as an Urban Health Determinant: Coverage of the New York City Congestion Pricing Plan on TikTok
Authors: Basch Corey H. , Yousaf Helen , Fera Joseph , Castillo Rafael Gonzalez
Published: October 2024

Social listening can provide deeper insight into public sentiment regarding policy proposals, as seen with the congestion pricing initiative in New York City (NYC). The purpose of this study was to assess the content of a sample of TikTok videos related to congestion pricing in NYC. A total of 100 unique videos were extracted from the hashtag #nyccongestionpricing on TikTok and coded for the presence of the following information based on four different areas of focus: video metrics, details about pricing plan, effects of pricing plan, and user-related issues. In total, the 100-video sample received 17,375,818 views, 1,285,610 likes, 89,883 favorites, and 100,634 comments. Only 3 of the 25 content characteristics were present in a majority (> 50) of the videos. These were mentions location (below 60th street of Manhattan) (N = 65), mentions cost (N = 61), and mentions cons of pricing (N = 56). Mentioning location had a significant effect on the views (p = 0.0163) and likes (p = 0.0225) a video received. Mentioning cost had a statistical impact on the views (p = 0.0098), likes (p = 0.0128), favorites (p = 0.0128), and comments (p = 0.0030) that the video received. Mentioning the MTA and benefits of the congestion plan significantly lowered metrics of engagement. Themes that emerged were personal, often negative and tended to focus more on cost to citizens and location, despite the evidence of negative public health impacts. This research can be used as a springboard for future research that examines social listening at the intersection of public health and policy.
The epicaridium larvae of Paragigantione species (Isopoda: Epicaridea: Bopyridae) have external yolk sacs: transfer of the genus to Pleurocryptellinae, description of two new species in the genus and a new species of hyperparasite (Isopoda: Epicaridea: Cabiropidae)
Authors: Boyko Christopher B. , Williams Jason D. , Sancetta Gianna
Published: October 2024

The epicaridean isopods previously known to have epicaridium larvae with posterior yolk sacs were species of Pleurocryptella Bonnier, 1900 and a new subfamily, Pleurocryptellinae, was recently erected for this genus. Epicaridium larvae bearing posterior yolk sacs are newly reported from two species of the genus Paragigantione Barnard, 1920 which is transferred from Pseudioninae to Pleurocryptelline on the basis of this and other shared characters of adult males and females with species of Pleurocryptella. Two new species of Paragigantione are described, one from the northeast Atlantic based on type material that was misidentified as belonging to the type species of the genus, P. papillosa Barnard, 1920 and a second from off New Zealand. One specimen of the New Zealand species had a cryptoniscus larva of a new species of hyperparasite of the genus Bourdonia Rybakov, 1990 in the marsupium while another had a species of Duplorbis (Rhizocephala); the former is described based on this material as well as a specimen from a specimen of Pseudione cf. fibriata Richardson, 1910 from New Zealand. Keys to species of Paragigantione for both males and females are provided.
The impact of myostatin variants on growth traits in South African Bonsmara beef cattle
Authors: Madula Rendani , Visser Carina , van Marle-Köster Este
Published: October 2024

Double muscling occurs when the myostatin (MSTN) gene is deactivated due to a series of mutations, leading to uncontrolled muscle growth and excessive muscle fiber accumulation, as the gene can no longer effectively regulate muscle development. This study aimed to assess the impact of MSTN variants and their combinations on growth traits, namely direct birth weight (BWDIR), direct weaning weight (WWDIR), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the South African (SA) Bonsmara. Genomically enhanced estimated breeding value (GEBVs) for traits of interest, and MTSN genotypes for SA Bonsmara animals were available for the study. Thirteen MSTN variants (Nt821, Q204X, F94L, E226X, E291X, C313Y, Nt419, S105C, D182N, Nt414, Nt324, Nt267, and Nt748) were routinely genotyped using the IDBv3 SNP array. Genotypic frequencies of MSTN variants ranged from 1.18% for Q204X to 35.02% for Nt748. No association was observed between the Nt267 variant and any growth traits, while both Nt748 and Nt414 variants affected WWDIR, ADG and FCR (p < 0.05). The results of the effect of multiple variants on growth traits indicated that there was an additive effect when more than one MSTN variant was present in an individual. This study is the first study to report the impact of MSTN variants on traits of economic importance in the SA Bonsmara breed.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Prevention in Patients with Chronic Indwelling Catheters
Authors: Cox Lindsey , Drerup Jennifer , Prickett Mary
Published: October 2024

Purpose of Review

In this review, we discuss urinary tract infections in the setting of indwelling urethral foley catheters. We focus on infection prevention in setting of a chronic indwelling foley and review the recent literature findings on biofilm prevention, catheter duration and exchange intervals, prophylactic supplements, irrigation solutions, and consideration of alternative bladder management options.

Recent Findings

Ongoing research has found a reduction in UTI rates through the use of biofilm preventing catheters, D-mannose and Methenamine hippurate supplementation, prophylactic antibiotic use at time of catheter exchange, and intravesical antibiotic instillations within the chronically catheterized patient population.

Overall, research on recurrent urinary tract infections is fairly robust. However, data focusing on preventing infections in the setting of indwelling catheters is overall lacking. Continued research remains to be done to translate findings to patient care.
Autism Early Intervention – Progress, Steps Backward, and the Reconciliation of Conflicting Narratives
Authors: Vivanti Giacomo
Published: October 2024

Purpose of Review

We review recent research on interventions, services and supports for children on the autism spectrum, examining both advancements and setbacks.

Recent Findings

Progress has included an increase in quantity and rigor of intervention science, as well as a broadening of disciplines and perspectives engaged in the examination of early interventions, including their effectiveness, social validity and the contextual determinants of implementation outcomes. Setbacks have included the decrease in research involving children on the autism spectrum who have co-occurring profound intellectual disability, minimal or no spoken language, and who require constant assistance with daily living activities. This trend is alarming because it contributes to the marginalization and unmet needs of children who need intervention the most. Additionally, access to early intervention services is unequal and complicated by the misalignment of policy with the evolving evidence base in the field.

The recent growth in the depth and breadth of knowledge related to autism early intervention means that policies, practices, advocacy efforts and research directions can be grounded on a more comprehensive evidence base and societal appraisal of autism. Nevertheless, these indisputable markers of success co-exist with conflicting narratives that hinder the establishment of a cohesive agenda to tackle inequities experienced by marginalized subgroups. Reconciliation of conflicting narratives requires a nuanced and compassionate appraisal of sources of tensions and heterogeneity of needs within the autism spectrum.
Electrosprayed Zein and Quercetin Particles: Formation and Properties
Authors: Yang Jun , Xie Jianhua , Paximada Evi
Published: October 2024

The aim of this study was to physically modify zein (8–20% wt) using electrospraying (ESP) and to evaluate the changes in its morphology, chemical structure, and physical properties. The apparent viscosity and surface tension of zein solution affect the particles produced by ESP. The produced particles were spherical and in the sub-micron size (average size 2000 nm) and exhibited lower contact angle and surface hydrophobicity compared to commercial zein, which is attributed to changes in the secondary structure during processing. The addition of quercetin (0.1–0.4% wt), further improved the microstructure and interfacial properties. Wettability (6.24–17.86%) and interfacial tension of ESP-zein particles can be proportionally altered through the addition of quercetin. The molecular docking results suggest that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions exist between quercetin and zein, which may be responsible for the regulation of ESP-zein by quercetin. Such particles with tunable physical properties are strong candidates for the development of future food products.
Law Enforcement Agency Practices and Policies for the Investigation of Child Sex Trafficking: Are Agencies Using Victim-Centered Approaches?
Authors: Mitchell Kimberly J. , O’Brien Jennifer E. , Jones Lisa M. , Puchlopek-Adams Alli
Published: October 2024

Over the past decade, efforts have been made to reform the way in which law enforcement responds to child sex trafficking (CST). Law enforcement agencies are being urged or required to use victim-centered approaches that provide exploited youth with support and services. However, researchers have yet to empirically examine law enforcement’s recognition of CST at the agency-level, their arrest practices, or the services that are being offered to CST victims. We have little information about the utilization and effectiveness of various law enforcement agency policies, practices and training programs related to CST. The National Law Enforcement Agency Child Sex Trafficking (LEA-CST) Study aimed to address these gaps through a national survey of law enforcement agencies around the U.S. The current study reports on mail survey data collected from a sample of 1,306 agencies that provided feedback on the use of up to nine victim-centered approaches to CST at their agency. Data were analyzed along with information about whether their agency investigated at least one case of CST in the year 2021. Almost all agencies (97.5%) said they used or had access to at least one victim-centered approach to CST investigations, with larger agencies reporting a greater number of approaches. Two policies were significantly related to a greater likelihood of investigating at least one case of CST in 2021: Access to a CST-specific task force and access to a CST-specific victim service agency. Findings document a growing orientation to these cases by law enforcement that recognizes youth victimization, with innovative approaches to identification and support. Community collaboration appears to be critical to helping to identify, support and provide justice to CST victims.

Research Summary This study examined law enforcement’s recognition of CST at the agency-level, their arrest practices, and the services that are being offered to CST victims. Among 1,306 agencies across the United States, almost all (97.5%) said they used or had access to at least one victim-centered approach to CST investigations, with larger agencies reporting a greater number of approaches. Two policies were significantly related to a greater likelihood of investigating at least one CST case in 2021: Access to a CST-specific task force and access to a CST-specific victim service agency.

Policy Implications Findings from the current study underscore the importance of victim-centered approaches to CST that feature connections and collaborations across communities. These collaborations champion the wellness of youth who have experienced this unique and egregious form of sexual victimization while simultaneously allowing for criminal investigations to proceed, ideally with minimal re-traumatization of the victim.
Differential Operators on Non-compact Harmonic Manifolds
Authors: Brammen Oliver
Published: October 2024

We study the algebra of differential operators on non-compact simply connected harmonic manifolds and provide sufficient conditions for them to have a radial fundamental solution and be surjective on the space of smooth function. Furthermore, we show that the algebra of differential operators that commute with taking averages over geodesic spheres is generated by the Laplacian. As an application of this, we show that the heat-semi group is dense in the radial

$$L^1$$

L
1

space of a non-compact simply connected harmonic manifold. In the process, we provide a characterisation of the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian and therefore of the eigenfunctions of all differential operators commuting with taking spherical averages.
Isolation, Potential Beneficial Properties, and Assessment of Storage Stability of Direct-Fed Microbial Consortia from Wild-Type Chicken Intestine
Authors: Gómez-Velázquez Haiku D. J. , Peña-Medellín Pamela , Guzmán-Hernández Carlos O. , González-Dávalos Laura , Varela-Echavarría Alfredo , Shimada Armando , Mora Ofelia
Published: October 2024

Direct-fed microorganisms (DFM) are recognized as an alternative to antibiotic-based growth promoters in poultry production due to their health benefits. DFM, however, should undergo rigorous safety testing to ensure they meet the criteria to be “Generally Recognized as Safe.” This study assessed eight bacterial consortia (BC) isolated from the ileal and cecal intestinal regions of wild-type chickens, subjecting them to probiotic tests. Subsequently, they were spray- and freeze-dried to evaluate their storage stability for 30 days. BC5-I and BC7-I, isolated from the ileum, emerged as promising DFM, displaying a high content of Lactobacillales using a selective medium and higher susceptibility to Gram-positive and Gram-negative antibiotics. These BC showed a high tolerance to temperature (> 90%), pH > 4 (88–98%), and antagonist effects against Escherichia coli and Salmonella. BC5-I exhibited superior survival in the simulated gastric conditions and satisfactory intestine mucus adhesion. Freeze-drying was the best method to obtain BC5-I and BC7-I powders, with a survival efficiency of 80.3% and 73.2%, respectively, compared to the beginning of storage. BC5-I presented the lowest cell death rate and prolonged half-life through survival storage kinetics. BC5-I only contained Lactobacillus, and Limosilactobacillus reuteri was the predominant species in liquid (78.3%) and freeze-dried (59.8%) forms. BC5-I stands out as a promising Lactobacillus-based DFM that could improve chicken intestinal health and enhance meat and egg production.
Total Utilization of Components Contained in Coconut Husk by Microwave-Assisted Thermal Hydrolysis and Deep Eutectic Solvent Treatment
Authors: Chakane Aditi , Nakamura Yoshitoshi , Asada Chikako
Published: October 2024

Microwave-assisted thermal hydrolysis treatment (MW: 150 W for 0–10 min) was used to obtain water-soluble and ethanol-soluble antioxidants from coconut husk (CH). The water extract with a maximum amount of phenolic compounds, i.e. 57.3 mg-catechin equiv./g-dry treated CH, was obtained from treated CH at 150 W for 10 min. Next, to efficiently utilize the lignin and cellulose in CH, a comprehensive utilization system that includes deep eutectic solvent (DES) treatment, separation, enzymatic saccharification, and acetone extraction has been developed. The solid residue with a cellulose-rich residue fraction was obtained by effectively removing lignin and hemicellulose via DES treatment. After 0.5 h at 150 °C, the solid residue had a cellulose ratio of more than 40% and it was used as a substrate of enzymatic saccharification. The saccharification ratio raised considerably with the DES treatment; at a saccharification time of 24 h with a maximum value of 2.11 g/L, which was 6.8 times higher than untreated CH. Since the precipitate contains low-molecular-weight lignin that was isolated from the supernatant of the DES-treated CH, it can be utilized as a raw material of epoxy resin and curing agent.

Graphical Abstract
Design and development of dual targeting CAR protein for the development of CAR T-cell therapy against KRAS mutated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using computational approaches
Authors: Ramalingam Prasanna Srinivasan , Premkumar T. , Sundararajan Vino , Hussain Md Sadique , Arumugam Sivakumar
Published: October 2024

Mutant KRAS promotes the proliferation, metastasis, and aggressiveness of various cancers including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) respectively. Mutant KRAS therapeutics are limited, while Sotorasib and Adagrasib were the only FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of KRASG12C mutated NSCLC. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has been emerged as an effective strategy against hematological malignancies and being extended towards solid cancers including PDAC. mesothelin (MSLN) and Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) were reported to be highly overexpressed in KRAS-mutated PDAC. Meanwhile, in clinical trials, several CAR T-cell therapy studies are mainly focused towards these two cancer antigens in PDAC, however, the dual targeting of these two neoantigens is not reported. In the present study, we have designed and developed a novel dual-targeting CAR protein by employing various bioinformatics approaches such as functional analysis (antigenicity, allergenicity, antigen binding sites & signalling cascades), qualitative analysis (physicochemical, prediction, refinement & validation of 2D and 3D structures), molecular docking, and in silico cloning. Our results revealed that the designed CAR protein specifically binds with both MSLN & CEA with significant binding affinities, and was predicted to be stable & non-allergenic. Additionally, the protein–protein interaction network reveals the T-cell mediated antitumor responses of each domain in the designed CAR. Conclusively, we have designed and developed a dual targeting (MSLN & CEA) CAR protein towards KRAS-mutated PDAC using computational approaches. Alongside, we further recommend to engineer this designed CAR in T-cells and evaluating their therapeutic efficiency in in vitro and in vivo studies in the near future.
Surgically Treated Clear Cell Sarcomas — What Influences Outcomes?
Authors: Tadala Harsha S. S. , Gulia Ashish , Puri Ajay , Rekhi Bharat , Laskar Siddhartha
Published: October 2024

Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) also called as melanoma of soft parts is a rare malignant soft-tissue tumor with melanocytic differentiation, primarily located in deep soft tissue and has preference for lymph node and pulmonary metastasis. Metastatic patients have poor oncologic prognosis and so far, no adjuvant treatment seems to be effective in these cases. All cases were retrieved from our prospectively maintained surgical database. Twenty-nine patients (14 males,15 females) with a mean age of 34 years (13–69 years) were operated between 2004 and 2020. Overall survival and recurrence free survival were evaluated. At mean follow-up of 45 months, out of 29 cases, 2 lost to follow-up, 6 patients had nodal metastasis, 3 had lung metastasis, one had both at presentation, 15 patients had died due to disease and 12 are alive. Nodal metastasis rate was 24% (7/29). Positive margin is observed in 6 (19%). 24 patients had recurrence of which 6 had both local and distant. The 5-year OS, LRFS, DRFS were 53%, 56%, 35% respectively at 5 years. Survival rates were significantly poor in patients with metastasis at presentation, 66% vs. 25% (p = 0.016). CCS is an aggressive soft tissue malignancy with high propensity for metastasis. The overall survival of CCS is poor. Metastasis at presentation negatively impacts on survival. Distant recurrences, especially nodal recurrences are not uncommon and complete surgical resection of all recurrences if possible is advisable. Research to develop new chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies may help improve the prognosis of CCS.
Lateral Shear Stress Calculation Model Based on Flow Velocity Field Distribution from Experimental Debris Flows
Authors: Yan Yan , Wang Renhe , Xiong Guanglin , Feng Hanlu , Xiang Bin , Hu Sheng , Wang Xinglu , Lei Yu
Published: October 2024

Debris flows continuously erode the channel downward and sideways during formation and development, which changes channel topography, enlarges debris flow extent, and increases the potential for downstream damage. Previous studies have focused on debris flow channel bed erosion, with relatively little research on lateral erosion, which greatly limits understanding of flow generation mechanisms and compromises calibration of engineering parameters for prevention and control. Sidewall resistance and sidewall shear stress are key to the study of lateral erosion, and the distribution of the flow field directly reflects sidewall resistance characteristics. Therefore, this study has focused on three aspects: flow field distribution, sidewall resistance, and sidewall shear stress. First, the flow velocity distribution and sidewall resistance were characterized using laboratory debris flow experiments, then a debris flow velocity distribution model was established, and a method for calculating sidewall resistance was developed based on models of flow velocity distribution and rheology. A calculation method for the sidewall shear stress of debris flow was then developed using the quantitative relationship between sidewall shear stress and sidewall resistance. Finally, the experiment was validated and supplemented through numerical simulations, enhancing the reliability and scientific validity of the research results. The study provides a theoretical basis for the calculation of the lateral erosion rate of debris flows.
Recent developments in mathematical aspects of relativistic fluids
Authors: Disconzi Marcelo
Published: October 2024

We review some recent developments in mathematical aspects of relativistic fluids. The goal is to provide a quick entry point to some research topics of current interest that is accessible to graduate students and researchers from adjacent fields, as well as to researches working on broader aspects of relativistic fluid dynamics interested in its mathematical formalism. Instead of complete proofs, which can be found in the published literature, here we focus on the proofs’ main ideas and key concepts. After an introduction to the relativistic Euler equations, we cover the following topics: a new wave-transport formulation of the relativistic Euler equations tailored to applications; the problem of shock formation for relativistic Euler; rough (i.e., low-regularity) solutions to the relativistic Euler equations; the relativistic Euler equations with a physical vacuum boundary; relativistic fluids with viscosity. We finish with a discussion of open problems and future directions of research.
Evaluating and Predicting Meteorological Drought Using Different Climate Reanalysis Datasets over New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Pradhan Biswajeet , Elias Pratik J. , Almazroui Mansour
Published: October 2024

Droughts are one of the most disastrous natural hazards, primarily due to their persistence and spatial distribution. Drought prediction is one of the key challenges for effective drought management and to do so, studies often involve the use of station-based data which are effective only in regions with high-gauge density. Therefore, there is growing interest in the use of interpolated climatic grids to predict droughts. In recent decades, drought conditions have been aggravated by climate change and for that reason the use of climatic variables is important to accurately predict droughts. The analysis of any aspect of drought can be affected by the choice of data and drought index. Therefore, this study aims to identify the most suitable dataset and drought index for the New South Wales (NSW) region of Australia. The present study evaluates various precipitation datasets (Climate Research Unit (CRU), ERA-5, and Scientific Information for Land Owners (SILO)) and their corresponding variations on the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) at different time scales. Based on the findings, CRU was used to predict meteorological drought using machine learning techniques. The different machine learning models are Support Vector Regression, Random Forest and Artificial Neural Networks. The results suggest SVM to be the best performing model among these models for predicting SPI at short time scales (1 month and 3 month) and ANN to be the best performing model for long-term scales (6 months and 12 months). Such findings depict the capabilities of different models in examining drought characteristics and confirming the use of interpolated climatic grids thereby assisting in regional drought management.
Intravenous administration of gold nanoparticles in rats exhibit alterations in sphingomyelins, bile acids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol esters levels
Authors: Al-Sulaiti Haya , Ismail Roua , Anwardeen Najeha , Al-Saei Aisha Nasser J M , Alkilany Alaaldin , Elrayess Mohamed A. , Rachid Ousama
Published: October 2024

Nanoparticles (NP) have gained significant attention in biomedical research due to their unique properties and potential applications in drug delivery, imaging, and diagnostics. Gold (AuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) NPs are among the important nanoplatforms that received extensive attention recently for various biomedical applications. Understanding the complex interaction of these NP in biological systems is essential to unveil their pharmacological, Pharmacokinetic and toxicological attributes. Metabolomics has proven invaluable in providing detailed insights into NP’s biodistribution, metabolic effects, and potential toxicity. This study aims to investigate the underlying metabolic pathways affected by in vivo exposure to NP using a robust metabolomics approach. In this work, spherical polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified AuNPs (13 nm, diameter) or AgNPs (20 nm, diameter) were synthesized and dosed into rats via intravenous route to study the associated metabolic changes. Rats (n = 14) were divided into three groups: control (n = 2), AuNPs (n = 6) and AgNPs (n = 6), to mimic potential biomedical exposure scenarios. Duplicate serum samples were collected 24 h post-dosing, and comprehensive metabolite profiling was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and flow injection analysis-mass spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS). Metabolite extraction followed the MxP Quant 500 Kit protocol, with chromatographic separation using the Xevo TQS system. Metabolite identification and quantification were conducted with isotopically labelled internal standards and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), utilizing optimized conditions under mass spectrometry (MS) as provided by Biocrates. Annotation of metabolites was determined by retention times and specific MRMs for each compound. Results indicate that AuNPs treatment significantly impacted several metabolic pathways. Notably, there was an increase in sphingomyelin (SM 34:2) levels (estimate 0.23, p ≤ 0.001), which are critical for cell membrane structure and signalling. Additionally, a decrease in glycochenodeoxycholic acid levels was also triggered by treatment with AuNPs, suggesting modulation of bile acid metabolism with potential effects on lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, treatment with AuNPs caused significant alterations in cholesterol ester levels, essential for lipid storage and transport, indicating disruptions in these mechanisms. These metabolic changes suggest that gold nanoparticles can disrupt fatty acid metabolism, pyrimidine/purine metabolism, and amino acid synthesis. These findings contribute to the growing understanding of nanoparticle toxicity profile and underscore the need for further research to ensure the safe application of nanoparticles in biomedical and other fields.
Split Hopkinson bar and flash X-ray characterization of ultra high performance concrete reinforced by steel fibers subjected to dynamic compression
Authors: Krčmářová Nela , Šleichrt Jan , Falta Jan , Koudelka Petr , Kytýř Daniel , Čítek David , Fíla Tomáš
Published: October 2024

Excellent mechanical properties of ultra high performance concrete make it suitable for use in special applications, where the material is subjected to dynamic phenomena such as impacts, explosions, or earthquakes. This paper presents a novel experimental approach that integrates a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar with a flash X-ray system and high-speed optical imaging to investigate the dynamic behavior of steel fiber reinforced UHPC under high strain rate uni-axial compression. In-situ Flash X-ray radiography emerges as a particularly effective tool, providing clear visualization of deformation response and overcoming challenges associated with flying debris encountered in optical inspection. Moreover, computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy appear as a vital technique for analyzing micro-structure and fiber distribution and orientation. The combined approach offers a promising method to study the dynamic behavior of steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete and also holds promise for analyzing more complex modes of deformation and material interactions, providing valuable insights for enhancing the design and performance of critical infrastructure subjected to dynamic loading events.
Rhizomatoflavonoid D and Other Flavonoids from the Twigs of Ochna Rhizomatosa as a Potential Inhibitor of HIV-1
Authors: Messi Angélique Nicolas , Tsakem Bienvenu , Akongwi Mirabel , Bodede Olusola , Moyo Phanankosi , Mbanga Baleba Roger Moise , Tsimi Essomba Marcelle Alida , Poka Madan , Demana Patrick Hulisani , Maharaj Vinesh , Urda Lorena , Klimkait Thomas , Siwe Noundou Xavier , Ngo Mbing Joséphine , Pegnyemb Dieudonné Emmanuel
Published: October 2024

Currently, HIV morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa remain a huge concern and awaiting interventions. Even though the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has recorded significant success, drug resistance and limited access to available therapeutics are major factors responsible for the low impact of cART in several African communities. Herein, as part of our continuous effort on the investigation of bioactive metabolites ofOchna rhizomatosa, we report the isolation of a new flavonoid; Rhizomatoflavonoid D (1), alongside with four known ones (2–5). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by using spectroscopic techniques (1H NMR,13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC,1H-1H COSY, and ROESY) and mass spectrometry. The antiviral activity of the resulting compounds was assessed using deCIPhR assay run in parallel with the Alamar Blue based cytotoxicity assay. This assay revealed a moderate activity for compound4(72% inhibition at 2.5 µg/mL) while compound1had minimal activity (36% inhibition at 2.5 µg/mL). The prominent inhibitory effect on HIV-1 was showed by compound4(IC50 = 3.1 µM). Unfortunately, compound4proved to be non-selective as it demonstrated also a CC50 = 5.2 µg/mL (Selectivity index of 1.7). The prominent inhibitory effect on HIV-1 showed by compound4(IC50 = 3.1 µM) could be due the presence of a methoxy group at C-7, since this group enhances the lipophilicity of biflavonoids, thereby improving its incorporation into cells.
The connection between social capital and Chinese public health: an analysis of six Chinese general social surveys
Authors: Hao Feng
Published: October 2024

This study examines the connection between social capital and the perceived health status for the Chinese public. Extending from previous research that uses unrepresentative samples, the current project analyzes nationally representative samples of approximately 60,000 respondents. The data are drawn from six waves of the Chinese General Social Survey conducted in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2018, respectively. The multilevel regression approach is used for statistical estimation. Findings show a consistent pattern that social capital, encompassing social network and generalized trust, is positively related to one’s perceived health status across these years. In addition, the moderating impact of personal capital on the link between social capital and perceived health status is identified. Social capital has a greater health impact on those with lower personal capital than those with higher personal capital. This study complements current literature and has implications for public health policies.
Designing TiB2/Cr multilayer coatings on Ti6Al4V substrate for optimized wear resistance
Authors: Wu Bi , Gao Siyang , Xue Weihai , Yang Shuai , Li Shu , Duan Deli
Published: October 2024

The difference in mechanical properties between the TiB2 coating and the Ti6Al4V substrate can deteriorate the wear resistance of the TiB2 coating. To enhance the TiB2-based coating’s ability to deform in coordination with the ductile Ti6Al4V substrate and improve its tribological performance, the TiB2/Cr multilayer coatings were designed and deposited on Ti6Al4V substrates by magnetron sputtering. Results reveal that the FEM stress distribution of the TiB2/Cr multilayer coatings was optimized by varying the ceramic–metal thickness ratio (Q). As Q decreased from 1.0 to 0.5, the fracture toughness and adhesion strength of the coatings improved. The multilayer coating with Q = 0.5 exhibited the best toughness, crack propagation resistance (CPRs), and the smallest equivalent stress area, leading to a threefold enhancement in wear resistance compared to the TiB2 monolayer coating. However, further reduction of Q to 0.3 diminished wear resistance due to low hardness and significant stress concentration. Thus, there is an optimal balance between hardness, toughness, and stress distribution for achieving improved wear resistance in the multilayer design. Moreover, a notable correlation was observed between CPRs and the wear resistance of TiB2/Cr multilayer coatings.
Longitudinale Begleitung hausärztlicher Patient*innen im Medizinstudium: Chancen und Herausforderungen
Authors: Afshar Kambiz , Höft Lea-Mareen , Schneider Nils , Muth Christiane , Hesse Anja , Leeuw Bettina
Published: October 2024

Hintergrund

In Deutschland gibt es an mehreren Hochschulstandorten allgemeinmedizinische Lehrformate zur longitudinalen Begleitung von Patient*innen. Das Lehrformat weist einige Besonderheiten in Bezug auf die Entwicklung und Durchführung auf.

Ziel der Arbeit

Neben der exemplarischen Beschreibung der Lehrformate an den Hochschulstandorten Bielefeld und Hannover stellen wir die Ergebnisse eines Workshops zur Entwicklung dieses Lehrformats vor.

Material und Methoden

Am 18.11.2023 führten wir im Rahmen der Tagung der Gesellschaft für Hochschullehre in der Allgemeinmedizin (GHA) in Bielefeld einen 90-minütigen Workshop durch. Die Teilnehmenden erarbeiteten in Kleingruppen Kriterien für geeignete Patient*innen, Lernziele und Inhalte für die longitudinale Patient*innenbegleitung. Nach einem Erfahrungsbericht bestehender Konzepte diskutierten sie Chancen und Herausforderungen dieses Lehrformats.

Ergebnisse

Die insgesamt 17 Teilnehmenden sahen als Auswahlkriterien für geeignete Patient*innen das Vorliegen einer häufigen chronischen Erkrankung ohne hohe Krankheitslast, eine Lebenserwartung von mehr als 2 Jahren und Persönlichkeitsmerkmale wie Flexibilität und Offenheit an. Als Chancen erachteten sie u. a. das Erfassen komplexer Krankheitsverläufe, den longitudinalen Aspekt in der Betreuung sowie die Reflexion der eigenen ärztlichen Rolle. Als Herausforderungen identifizierten sie u. a. die Auswahl geeigneter Patient*innen, den Aufwand für alle Beteiligten sowie die Gefahr einer Überforderung der Studierenden.

Diskussion

Der Workshop ermöglicht in kurzer Zeit eine erste Reflexion, einen Abgleich mit bestehenden Konzepten und konkrete erste Schritte für die Umsetzung eines derartigen Formats am eigenen Standort. Die Ergebnisse dienen der Weiterentwicklung bestehender Lehrkonzepte.
Continuum Thermodynamics and Material Modelling
Authors: Santaoja Kari , Reddy J. N.
Published: October 2024

This concise and rigorous textbook introduces students to continuum thermodynamics, combining a complete treatment of the subject with practical applications to material modelling. It presents mathematical prerequisites and the foundations of continuum mechanics, then introduces more advanced topics such as theories for the investigation of material models. Taking the student step-by-step through the subject, it allows full understanding of the theory and how it relates to real-world practical applications. Packed with examples and illustrations to describe complex concepts and mathematical derivations, and including end-of-chapter problems with helpful hints, this is the ideal, accessible introduction to continuum thermodynamics for senior undergraduate and graduate students in mechanical, aeronautical and civil engineering.
Clustering of listed stock exchange companies active in the cement using the FPC clustering algorithm
Authors: Safari-monjeghtapeh Leila , Esmaeilpour Mansour
Published: October 2024

Data mining and techniques for analyzing big data play a crucial role in various practical fields, including financial markets. However, only a few quantitative studies have been focused on predicting daily stock market returns. The data mining methods used in previous studies are either incomplete or inefficient. This study used the FPC clustering algorithm and prominent clustering algorithms such as K-means, IPC, FDPC, and GOPC for clustering stock market data. The stock market data utilized in this study comprise data from cement companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. These data concerning capital returns and price fluctuations will be examined and analyzed to guide investment decisions. The analysis process involves extracting the stock market data of these companies over the past two years. Subsequently, these companies are categorized based on two criteria: profitability percentage and short-term and long-term price fluctuations, using the FPC clustering algorithm and the classification above algorithms. Then, the results of these clustering analyses are compared against each other using standard and recognized evaluation criteria to assess the quality of the clustering analysis. The findings of this investigation indicate that the FPC algorithm provides more favorable results than other algorithms. Based on the results, companies demonstrating profitability, stability, and loss within short-term (weekly and monthly) and long-term (three-month, six-month, and one-year) time frames will be placed within their respective clusters and introduced accordingly.