bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diseño e impacto de las prestaciones por hijos a cargo en los países de la OCDE
Authors: Zalakain Joseba
Published: June 2021

Este artículo recoge los resultados de estudios realizados por el SIIS Servicio de Información e Investigación Social para la Dirección de Política Familiar del Departamento de Justicia, Igualdad y Políticas Sociales del Gobierno Vasco. El artículo analiza en primer lugar las principales características de las prestaciones por hijo/a a cargo de veintitrés países de la OCDE y, posteriormente, revisa la literatura publicada sobre su impacto en cuanto a la reducción de la pobreza infantil, la mejora de las condiciones de vida y de salud —y del bienestar— de las familias, la fecundidad y el acceso al empleo de las familias beneficiarias, con especial atención al acceso al empleo de las madres.
Consumo de alcohol en personas con discapacidad intelectual. Revisión sistemática
Authors: Jiménez Díaz Carolina , Gómez Sánchez Laura E. , García Fernández Gloria
Published: June 2021

La cada vez mayor inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad intelectual en la sociedad ha supuesto una mayor visibilidad y una mayor exposición a conductas de riesgo como el consumo de sustancias. Se presenta una revisión sistemática del consumo de alcohol en la población con discapacidad intelectual a partir de una búsqueda bibliográfica en las principales bases de datos y un análisis siguiendo el método PRISMA donde se incluyeron 24 artículos. Se encuentran altas tasas de consumo de alcohol en personas con discapacidad intelectual y, especialmente, en jóvenes, varones y personas que han cometido un delito. La edad de inicio, los factores de riesgo y los motivos de consumo de alcohol son similares a los de la población sin discapacidad intelectual. Es necesario que los programas de prevención e intervención eficaces basados en la evidencia para el consumo de sustancias resulten accesibles para población con discapacidad intelectual.
Mord im Ohr. Die Faszination True Crime-Podcasts aus Perspektive von Wissenschaft und Praxis.
Authors: Baumann Lena
Published: June 2021

Zahlreiche Studien bestätigen (weiter) steigende Reichweiten für das Medium Podcast. Auch inhaltlich sind in den letzten Jahren völlig neue Formen und Formate entstanden. Eines der beliebtesten Genres ist True Crime. Die Analyse und Diskussion realer Kriminalfälle begeistert ein Millionen-Publikum. Der vorliegende Beitrag greift diese Entwicklung auf und untersucht anhand von qualitativen Interviews und einer Inhaltsanalyse der Formate „Mordlust“ und „Zeit Verbrechen“ die Erklärmuster des Trends. Die Analyse zeigt: True Crime lebt von der Recherche, dem Spannungsbogen und einer passenden Erzählstimme - nicht zuletzt aber auch von medienethischen Aspekten, die eine zentrale Rolle im Produktionsprozess spielen.
Der Binnenmarkt der Rüstungsgüter
Authors: Marxsen Christian
Published: June 2021

Angesichts einer veränderten weltpolitischen Lage sind verteidigungs- und sicherheitspolitische Fragen in den letzten Jahren verstärkt in den Fokus unionsrechtlicher Auseinandersetzungen gekommen. Ein zentrales Motiv der unionalen Strategie ist der Aufbau und die Festigung eines Binnenmarktes der Rüstungsgüter, der als Voraussetzung einer leistungsfähigen Verteidigungsindustrie gesehen wird. Der vorliegende Aufsatz arbeitet den gegenwärtigen Stand in der Realisierung des Binnenmarktes der Rüstungsgüter heraus und nimmt dabei sowohl die binnenmarktsfreundliche Ausrichtung der Kommission und des EuGH, als auch aktuelle mitgliedstaatliche Gegenbewegungen in den Blick, wie sie sich in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland beispielsweise im „Gesetz zur beschleunigten Beschaffung im Bereich der Verteidigung und Sicherheit und zur Optimierung der Vergabestatistik“ (2020) manifestieren.
Ein Rohstoffvölkerrecht für das 21. Jahrhundert
Authors: Zeisberg Marie-Christine
Published: June 2021

The fair and sustainable distribution of natural resources worldwide is one of the most important tasks of mankind in the 21st century and, with its effects on life, the environment and technical progress, decides the fate of the continuously growing world population. The study examines the current international law on natural resources, consisting of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, WTO law, multilateral agreements as well as cartels such as OPEC, and comes to the conclusion that the current body of regulations is limited to – usually non-binding – organizational measures and consultations. International economic law follows a passive approach that does not do justice to the great relevance of this sub-area of international law. Against this background, six different legal solution strategies are developed and subsequently examined for their political feasibility. Special attention is paid to the position of developing countries, which despite their wealth of natural resources have not yet benefited from it.
Building for Diversity: How Public Libraries Can Create Great Multilingual Collections
Authors: Hill Jen
Published: June 2021

In a multicultural and multilingual country like Canada, building quality multilingual collections in public libraries is an important part of providing equitable library service to all community members. However, this can pose a challenge especially for smaller library systems or systems where no staff speak major community languages. Having multilingual staff offers a significant advantage, both in terms of making connections with community members and being able to appropriately select and catalogue materials. Because of this, libraries, MLIS and Library Technician programs should encourage applications from diverse candidates. Even without multilingual staff, libraries can be successful in creating appropriate multilingual collections by following a process that includes community consultation, collaborating with other libraries to share information, identifying good vendors, cataloguing and maintaining the collection, marketing it appropriately, and providing staff training. Through this process a library can get to know the needs of its community, build relationships and gain experience creating and maintaining a quality multilingual collection. A multilingual collection and other services like cultural programming can mutually support each other through advertising to participants. Although it can be challenging, successfully engaging and serving a diverse community is rewarding and will be appreciated.
The Effects of Social Media on Children
Authors: Dyer Tobbi
Published: June 2021

Social media and smartphones have become a part of our daily lives, and the Internet is being accessed by children at younger and younger ages. This can’t help but influence them in significant ways. While we as a society tend to focus on the negative effects on children, this paper also explores various positive effects and discusses how those benefits can be enhanced while minimizing possible unwanted outcomes.
Mortgage Lending and Borrowing Regulatory Changes
Authors: McInroy Haydn
Published: June 2021

Prices in Vancouver and Toronto housing markets are forcing a tightening of mortgage lending across Canada by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI).  This form of risk mitigation is carried out through increased stress testing of mortgage borrower income levels along with more strictly enforced loan-to-value requirements used to regulate lending practices by Federally Regulated Financial Institutions (FRFIs).The goal of the tightened mortgage lending is due to concerns surrounding the increasingly alarming debt problem as Canadian debt to income levels doubled in the past two decades, along with historical drops in Debt-Service ratios of Canadians during economic downturn.  With Canadian debt to income levels at an all-time high, coupled with the facts that the current Canadian rates are higher than those of the US prior to the 2008 Financial Crisis, and the high level of mortgage debt that makes up the overall debt of Canadians, tightening of mortgage regulation is something that the Government deems necessary.Written in the format of a Memorandum to a Deputy Minister in the Federal Canadian Government, this paper examines and addresses key issues related to the increased mortgage regulation being carried out by OSFI and the Federal Government.
Digital Distrust: Assuring Security and Trust in Egovernment
Authors: Fernandes Christopher , Patten Francesca
Published: June 2021

As we enter the Anthropocene for digital information, governments are constantly seeking new ways to ‘plug-in’ populations and promote ease of access of government services. Dubbed ‘e-governance’, this concept uses Information and Communicative Technologies (ICT) to create and expand e-channels of service access to populations through the transformation and improvement of technology (Bannister & Connolly 2012). In doing so, however, the ability for government to connect with populations poses both technical and normative challenges surrounding assurance, security, and trust. Although the Government of Canada, for example, states explicitly that encryption and secure-sending of data should provide citizens with an adequate assurance of protection, this relationship is dependent upon the trust of the citizenship it serves (Immigration and Citizenship Canada 2018). What should happen, however, if the government is seeking to provide this service to a group with which it is not perceived to have a fully-established trust relationship with? Can the government ‘create’ trust through e-governance by highlighting access and transparency? This paper explores the theoretical frameworks of mutual trust and assurance which currently dictate the terms of Canadian e-government. Specifically, we explore both the normative elements of trust between marginalized groups and the government, as well as how policymakers use e-governance not only as a means of efficacy, but for explicit trust-building as well.
Canada’s Integrated Management Approach to Plastic Products: Defining the Problem and the Jurisdiction
Authors: Kitz Robert
Published: June 2021

Plastic waste is a global environmental problem. However, management solutions must be developed within local, institutional contexts. This paper considers the Government of Canada’s ‘proposed integrated management approach to plastic products’ both as a strategy for management and as an expression of federal jurisdiction. What is the policy problem to which they are responding, and how are they characterizing that problem in order to claim jurisdiction? Most importantly, what are the policy implications of this jurisdictional question?
A Refinement of the Method Used to Determine the Balance of a Sailing Vessel During the Design Phase, with Application to Sail Design and Subsequent Sail Selection and Sailing Operations
Authors: Franzen Iver
Published: June 2021

The thrust of this paper is, first, to attempt to define the relationship between the individual sails, both together and separately, and the hull with somewhat more precision, and secondly, to develop a calculation tool to better establish this relationship, and to better anticipate the vessel's over all sailing behavior. Because of those factors that effect balance including and beyond those addressed by the traditional design approach as taught by most current texts on sailboat balance, the need for the factor "lead" will never go away. However, by including, as will be demonstrated, an additional balance factor, specifically the longitudinal sheet positions, into the balance equations during the design phase, sailboat balance can be predicted with better accuracy. The primary objective of this refinement will be the ability to design sail profiles, especially the complement of headsails, which will result in the least (adverse) change of balance when changing from one headsail to nother, and which can be applied to either new designs, or to existing boats in need of out-of-balance remedies. This would mean that each anticipated sail combination can be analyzed for its lead, and therefore adjusted during the design phase to insure that proper helm is maintained from one combination to the next.
La résolution des problèmes écrits : l’étude auprès d’une élève présentant une dyslexie
Authors: Pelczer Ildiko , Polotskaia Elena , Fellus Olga
Published: June 2021

Dans nos projets antérieurs, nous avons développé une approche à l’enseignement de résolution de problèmes écrits permettant aux élèves de mieux comprendre les relations quantitatives qui se présentent dans un problème et ainsi de mieux planifier leur démarche de résolution. Nous avons utilisé la méthode de l’entretien d’enseignement pour tester l’applicabilité de l’approche dans le cas d’élèves ayant une dyslexie développementale. Nous présentons certains résultats d’expérimentation auprès d’un élève particulier. Nos données suggèrent que : a) la compréhension de la structure mathématique d’un problème est indépendante de la connaissance numérique de base de l’élève, et b) il existe des conditions permettant à l’élève de saisir les relations quantitatives malgré certaines difficultés associées à une dyslexie et une dyscalculie.
Malware detection using static analysis in Android: a review of FeCO (features, classification, and obfuscation)
Authors: Jusoh Rosmalissa , Firdaus Ahmad , Anwar Shahid , Osman Mohd Zamri , Darmawan Mohd Faaizie , Ab Razak Mohd Faizal
Published: June 2021

Android is a free open-source operating system (OS), which allows an in-depth understanding of its architecture. Therefore, many manufacturers are utilizing this OS to produce mobile devices (smartphones, smartwatch, and smart glasses) in different brands, including Google Pixel, Motorola, Samsung, and Sony. Notably, the employment of OS leads to a rapid increase in the number of Android users. However, unethical authors tend to develop malware in the devices for wealth, fame, or private purposes. Although practitioners conduct intrusion detection analyses, such as static analysis, there is an inadequate number of review articles discussing the research efforts on this type of analysis. Therefore, this study discusses the articles published from 2009 until 2019 and analyses the steps in the static analysis (reverse engineer, features, and classification) with taxonomy. Following that, the research issue in static analysis is also highlighted. Overall, this study serves as the guidance for novice security practitioners and expert researchers in the proposal of novel research to detect malware through static analysis.
Predicting a User’s Numeric Identity from the Search of Attribute Data
Authors: MBAYDAY Jacob , DAYANG Paul
Published: June 2021

In common Internet environments, most of the websites or services constrain the user account creation. Since the Internet is accessible by all and offers more and more services, a user has several accounts on the web. The difficulty in controlling their accounts does not leave indifferent to the users of the web. Hence the use of easy or insecure passwords. This is why we are victims of attacks and forgetting our passwords. Large companies such as Facebook, Google, etc., offer authorization and authentication mechanisms using the Oauth and OpenID protocol, which requires the opening of an account. To be independent of a social network or a site, it would be important to develop a model to make a statistical analysis between the attributes of the profiles of the same user and to create an account. Using the same password for all its different accounts could be an approach but avoiding the proliferation of data by proposing a model of identity analysis would be even more interesting. That is why this article proposes a centralized account management model by making a comparative and statistical study of the identity attributes and proposing a single account to the user to manage all its different accounts. So, we have a horizontal analysis between the attributes of the identity categories and a vertical analysis between these categories. This study allowed us to find a threshold to conclude that an account belongs to a user.
Comparative Study of Wobble Board and Bosu Ball along with Strength Training on Lower Limb Strength, Dynamic Balance, Agility and Functional Performance of Runners with Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Roshni . , Kalra Sheetal , Pal Sajjan , Pawaria Sonia , Yadav Joginder
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is characterised by a subjective feeling of recurrent instability, continuedepisode of giving way and self-reported disability. A wealth of literature is available reporting causes and risk factors related to CAI,still thereis a lack of understanding regarding rehabilitation procedures. Aim: To compare effect of BOSU ball and wobble board along with strength training on muscle strength, dynamic balance, agility and functional performance in recreational runners with CAI. Materials and Methods: It was an experimental study design conducted at Physiotherapy OPD of SGT Hospital, Gurugram. Data collection was done from July 2019 till October 2019. Analysis and report writing took 2 months i.e from November 2019 till December 2019. 60 male runners in the age group of 18-35 years with CAI were randomly divided into two groups i.e. A (Wobble board) and B (BOSU Ball) with 30 players in each group. All subjects were evaluated for ankle muscle strength, agility, dynamic balance and functional performance as measured by Manual muscle tester, T-test, Y balance test and figure of eight hop test respectively on day one and last day of 3rd and 6th week of intervention. SPSS software version 20.0 was used to analyse result. Mean and Standard deviations were calculated. ANOVA and Student T test was used for analysing inter group differences. Results: The statistical findings in this study postulate that both groups had significantly improved fitness and skill related variables but BOSU ball group showed highly significant improvement compared to wobble board group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The current results support that sensorimotor training can be progressed in difficulty by systematically reducing the base of support with help of BOSU ball.
Whole Body Vibration for Athletes: An Evidence Informed Review
Authors: Sharma Saurabh , Saifi Sana , Krarora Nitin , Sharma Shalini
Published: June 2021

Whole Body Vibration (WBV) is a well-known modality which is increasingly being used by athletes to improve their conditioning levels. Muscle strength and power are major health related fitness components that contribute to marked success in athletic events. Recently, this exercise modality has been utilised by number of researches to investigate its role and efficacy in muscular conditioning. Muscle strength and power have been found to significantly increase when WBV is added to the conventional exercise program but the mechanism by which this strength and power increases has not been well documented. The present review aimed to highlight the impact of WBV on muscle strength, power, muscle activity, and the mechanism by which these gains occur in athletic populations.
Immediate Effects of Myofascial Release Technique on Muscle Flexibility, Vertical Jump Height in Recreational Badminton Players
Authors: Panwar Deepak , Sen Siddhartha
Published: June 2021

Introduction: In the life of a normal human function or in doing activity of daily living muscular flexibility plays an important role. Flexibility is the ability of a joint or series of joints to move through an unrestricted, pain free range of motion. A limitation in the muscular flexibility leads to several musculoskeletal overuse injuries in players life and remarkably affect a person’s level of function. Myofascial Release (MFR) is a manual soft tissue technique that is frequently used in physical therapy for the flexibility purpose. Aim: To find out the immediate effects of MFR on muscle flexibility, vertical jump height in recreational badminton players. Materials and Methods: This was a case control study design with total of 60 recreational badminton players were recruited for the study during July 2018 to May 2019 for 10 months. All the subject was assigned into three groups as per the selected muscle like quadriceps, hamstring and calf muscle. Vertical jump height Knee flexion angle Popliteal Angle (PA) distance from the wall (Lunge test) was measured pre-intervention and post intervention. MFR technique was applied as an intervention. Paired sample t test was used to find out the immediate effect. Results: Quadriceps and hamstring play a significant effect in vertical jump height and the flexibility of the muscles increases after the administration of MFR. Vertical jump height for quadriceps group (p<0.029) showed extremely significant improvement. Flexibility of quadriceps (p<0.001), hamstring (p<0.001) and calf (p<0.001) also showed significant differences. Conclusion: The study concluded that MFR has immediate effect on increasing muscle flexibility and muscle power.
Efficacy of Intravenous Fluid Plasmalyte and 6% Hetastarch in Preventing Spinal Anaesthesia Induced Hypotension in Patients undergoing Lower Abdominal Surgeries: A Randomised Clinical Study
Authors: Gupta Prakriti , Kumar Suraj , Parashar Samiksha , Giri Manoj Kumar , Rai Sujeet , Malviya Deepak
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Both crystalloids and colloid preloading is recommended for spinal anaesthesia. Preloading of intravenous fluids increases circulating volume and cardiac output; thus preventing spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension. Crystalloids have a short intravascular half-life, poor plasma expanders and large volumes are thus required. Aim: To compare the efficacy of 5 mL/kg of 6% Hetastarch (colloid) to that of 15 mL/kg of Plasmalyte (crystalloid) solution to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgeries. Materials and Methods: This was a randomised clinical trial from June 2016 to April 2017 on a total 80 patients, belonging to American Society of Anaesthesiologist (ASA) Grade I and II scheduled for lower abdominal surgeries under spinal anaesthesia. They were divided into two groups- Group H and Group P. Patients in group H were preloaded with 5 mL/kg solution of 6% Hetastarch, whereas those in group P were preloaded with 15 mL/kg of Plasmalyte solution. After institution of spinal anaesthesia with 3.0 mL of hyperbaric Bupivacaine using 25G Quincke’s needle, Blood Pressure (BP) and other vital parameters were monitored intraoperatively every 3 minutes for first 30 minutes and then every 5 minutes till the end of surgery. Descriptive statistics, frequency (n) and percentages (%) were calculated and the variables between the groups were compared by Students t-test, Fischers exact test and Mann Whitney U-test. Results: Both the groups showed a fall in Mean Blood Pressure (MBP) immediately after the block. Group P showed more decline in MBP and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) after the block and thedifference was statistically significant at 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21minute (p-value <0.05). A 30% patients in group P as comparison to 10% in Group H required ephedrine for the treatment of hypotension and found significant (p-value=0.025). Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), pulse rate changes and nausea and vomiting among both groups was non-significant (p-value >0.05). Conclusion: Pre-loading with 5ml/kg of 6% Hetastarch is more effective than 15ml/kg of Plasmalyte in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgeries under spinal anaesthesia.
A Randomised Clinical Trial to Compare the Efficacy of Tramadol and Nalbuphine for Treatment of Shivering after Spinal Anaesthesia in Patients Posted for Lower Limb Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Thomas Sara Mary , Pradhan Ananya , Chauhan Dinesh
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Nalbuphine and tramadol are opioids which have been used to control post-anaesthetic shivering. Aim: To compare the efficacy of nalbuphine and tramadol in the treatment of post-spinal anaesthesia shivering. Materials and Methods: This was a randomised clinical trial conducted on 60 patients of either gender (20-60 years age group) from January 2019 to June 2020, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) Grade I or II, having post-spinal anaesthesia shivering. The total sample was divided into two groups of 30 patients each. Group T received injection (Inj) tramadol 1 mg/kg intravenously (iv) and Group N received Inj. nalbuphine 0.1 mg/kg iv. Grade of shivering was assessed with a five point scale as Grade 0- no shivering; Grade 1; No visible muscle activity, but one or more of piloerection, peripheral vasoconstriction or peripheral cyanosis Grade 2; Muscular activity in only one muscle group; Grade 3: Moderate muscular activity in more than one muscle group, but not generalised shaking; Grade 4: Violent muscular activity that involves the entire body. The time taken for disappearance of shivering, assessment of improvement of shivering (complete- if grade of shivering becomes 0, partial- if grade of shivering deceased but not zero), recurrence rate and side-effects such as nausea, vomiting, deep sedation were noted. Independent t-test and Chi-square test were used to analyse the data. A p-value <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The time taken for disappearance of shivering was shorter in group N than T (3.20±0.96 minutes and 6.43±0.97 minutes respectively, p=0.001). Significantly better sedation (p-value 0.04) was seen in nalbuphine group as grade 3 sedation were seen in 15 patients of nalbuphine group as compared to none in tramadol group. All the patients in group N had complete improvement of shivering and there was no recurrence, while in group T six patients had partial improvement in shivering and four (13%) had recurrence. Complications such as nausea (three patients) and vomiting (one patient) were seen in Group T while none were seen in Group N. Conclusion: The efficacy of nalbuphine is greater than tramadol in controlling post-spinal anaesthesia shivering, with minimal side-effects.
Extraction, Purification and Characterisation of Plant Enzyme (Calotropain) from the Unripe Pods and Bark of Sodom Apple (Calotropis procera (AIT))
Authors: Obed Amoah Ofori , Zakpaa Hilary D. , Theophilus Amoah , Yeboah Saeed Ibn Idris Kofi , Prince Essandoh
Published: June 2021

Aims: This study was conducted to determine the potential Extraction, Purification and Characterisation of Calotropain from the unripe pods and stem bark of Calotropis procera for establishing its applications in food industry.

Methodology: Crude extracts were purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and two-step salt precipitation. A One-way ANOVA analysis was used to determine the significant difference between the two methods at 5% significance level.

Results: The results obtained from the study inferred that proteolytic activity was present in both plant part extracts. The protein concentrations of the sample crude extracts were 0.86 mg/ml and 0.92 mg/ml for stem bark and pods respectively. The protein concentrations after ammonium sulphate precipitation were 0.57 mg/ml and 0.69 mg/ml for stem bark and pods respectively. The protein concentrations after two-step salt precipitation were 0.51 mg/ml and 0.61 mg/ml for stem bark and pods respectively. Proteolytic activities of the crude enzyme extracts were 0.038 µmol/min/ml for stem bark and 0.02 µmol/min/ml for pods. Higher values of 0.075 µmol/min/ml and 0.05 µmol/min/ml were calculated for the enzyme extracts for stem bark and unripe pods respectively after ammonium sulphate precipitation and after two-step salt precipitation. The enzyme extracts for stem bark and pods respectively recorded proteolytic activities of 0.099 µmol/min/ml and 0.07 µmol/min/ml.

Conclusion: The outcome of this study showed how the proteolytic activities of the plant parts could be enhanced for protein hydrolytic processes in the production of food.
Difference-Cum-Ratio Estimators for Estimating Finite Population Coefficient of Variation in Simple Random Sampling
Authors: Audu A. , Yunusa M. A. , Ishaq O. O. , Lawal M. K. , Rashida A. , Muhammad A. H. , Bello A. B. , Hairullahi M. U. , Muili J. O.
Published: June 2021

In this paper, three difference-cum-ratio estimators for estimating finite population coefficient of variation of the study variable using known population mean, population variance and population coefficient of variation of auxiliary variable were suggested. The biases and mean square errors (MSEs) of the proposed estimators were obtained. The relative performance of the proposed estimators with respect to that of some existing estimators were assessed using two populations’ information. The results showed that the proposed estimators were more efficient than the usual unbiased, ratio type, exponential ratio-type, difference-type and other existing estimators considered in the study.
Capacity Development, a Tool for Promoting Efficient Primary Health Care Services Delivery in Obudu Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Ushie E. M. , Adie J. A. , Osim-Ekpe G. A. , Nwani B. J. , Beshel I. A.
Published: June 2021

This study is intended to investigate the role of Capacity development in promoting efficient primary health care services delivery in Obudu Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study, the researchers set out basic structures for the study and three research objectives were identified and three research questions were framed which resulted in three hypothesis. A well designed questionnaire was prepared, one hundred and thirty (130) copies printed and distributed to Primary Health Care workers in the Local Government for completion. One hundred and twenty (120) copies (of the questionnaire) were returned, representing 92% success, while ten (10) copies were destroyed for want of information and poor completion. The one hundred and twenty (120) copies were used for analysis. The data were extracted from the questionnaire and arranged in tables to ease analysis. The result revealed that; capacity development will result in the development of sustainable skills among Primary health care workers in Obudu Local Government Area, Cross River State; capacity development can bring about efficient health services delivery at the Primary health care level and serve as a means of motivating Primary health care workers in Obudu Local Government Area, Cross River State. The study recommended that; Capacity development should be promoted to sustain skills among Primary health care workers, Primary health care workers should be encourage to attend professional development seminars and incentives should be provided to motivate them to attend workshops and certificates issued from such workshops should be used as bases for promotion. It is hope that this will bring about tremendous changes in services delivery at the Primary Health Care level in the Local Government.
Influence of Tillage Practices and Nitrogen Sources on Nitrogen Availability and Uptake of Rice
Authors: Nagarjuna Polagani , Venkateswarlu B. , Sreerekha M. , Prasad P. R. K. , Jayalalitha K.
Published: June 2021

Aim: Evaluation of tillage practices and nitrogen sources on nitrogen availability in soil and nitrogen uptake of rice

Study design: The experiment was laid out in strip-plot design with different tillage practices in horizontal strip and different nitrogen sources in vertical strip and was replicated thrice.

Place and duration of study: The field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2019 and 2020 at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, ANGRAU, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.

Methodology: The experiment was performed with twenty treatments in strip-plot design. The horizontal strip comprised four different tillage practices and vertical strip with five different nitrogen sources. Rice variety “BPT-5204” was taken as the test variety. Observations of the crop and soil during the experimentation were recorded at regular intervals. The significance of the treatment impact was examined by the test.

Results: Among tillage practices, higher nitrogen uptake by rice grain (85.30 and 86.96 Kg ha-1) and straw (41.21 and 41.91 Kg ha-1) during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively was recorded in conventional tillage (T4) which was found statistically on a par with dry seeding on puddled soil (T1) (81.15 and 82.79 Kg ha-1, 38.59 and 39.20 Kg ha-1 during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively) and significantly superior over reduced tillage (T2) and minimum tillage (T3). Among nitrogen source, application of 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) registered the highest uptake of nitrogen in grain and straw (85.38 and 87.02 Kg ha-1. 42.09 and 42.76 Kg ha-1 during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively) and it was found significantly on a par with 75% STBN through fertilizer + 25% N through cured poultry manure (N4) and significantly superior over 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through FYM (N3), 75% STBN through fertilizer + 25% N through FYM (N2), and 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment.
Nutrients Status in Arabica Coffee (Coffea Arabica L) Soils of Non-Traditional Area (NTA)
Authors: Nadaf S. A. , Bora A. R.
Published: June 2021

Coffee growing areas in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa (non-traditional area - NTA) are characterized by undulating topography with terraced slopes having narrow valleys with scattered coffee farms across the elevation of the Eastern Ghats of Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) and Koraput (Orissa) districts. Under this situation plant available nutrients will become non-available and the nutrients are stored in several pools as inorganic and organic forms in soil exchange complex are very much essential for coffee plants for its growth and development. Hence, a study was conducted to know the soil nutrient status of coffee growing region of NTA. A total of 693 surface soil samples were collected at depth of 22cm randomly from each coffee growing mandals of NTA and assessed the nutrient status (soil pH, OC, available P and K) at Regional Coffee Research Station, Narsipatnam. Results of the soil test results indicated that most of the Arabica coffee soils of NTA are acidic in reaction (72 %) and soil pH > 6.0 in these soils was 28 % in the tested soils. Plant available phosphorous (P) in the soil is low with 33 % soils and 46 % of the soils are medium in range. However, only 21 % of the soils tested are high in available phosphorous content in these soils. The majority of the soils of this region are high in available potassium about 54 % and 31 % of the soils are medium in range but only 15 % of the soils are low in available K status. Coffee soils of NTA are rich in organic carbon status and almost 47 %. 33 % of the tested soils are medium in range but 19 % of soils were low in organic carbon status. Soils are slightly acidic in reaction and were rich in organic carbon and available potassium status.
Effect of Root Trainer on the Success of Grafting and the Survival Rate of Cashew Tree [Anacardium occidentale L.(Anacardiaceae)] in Field
Authors: Kouakou Camille , Kouakou Kouakou Laurent , Dao Jonas Patrick , Koffi Kouamé Kevin , Bi Irié Arsène Zoro
Published: June 2021

Grafting is the most widespread vegetative propagation technique in cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.). Usually, cashew plant grafting are done on seedlings in plastic bags in nursery. In addition, to the low success rate, grafted plants have a low viability rate in field because main roots were broken during their transfer to the field. This study was carried out to evaluate the grafting success and survival rate of cashew seedlings planted in root trainer with different size (250 cc, 500 cc and 1000 cc). Each type of container was filled with two different growing substrates: coconut fiber and sawdust. Results showed that large size root trainers (1000 cc) have the highest percentage of graft success (96.67%). Rootstocks 45 days old presented the highest percentage of graft success in nursery (94.31%). The longest scions (12 cm) presented the minimum sprouting time (18.21 days). In the field, survival rate 100% of the grafted plants was recorded. In addition to the high survival rate ensured in field, root trainer is eco-friendly reusable and it light nature can prove a profitable technology for raising cashew elite plants regeneration.
Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in Periodontal Disease
Authors: Oladokun Adenike O. , Opeodu Olanrewaju I. , Lawal Ahmed O. , Falade Mofolusho O.
Published: June 2021

This review is aimed at elucidating the role of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in the aetiology of periodontal disease. Periodontal disease results from localised inflammation of the periodontium due to plaque accumulation and if left untreated can lead to loss of teeth. Although dental plaque is composed mainly of bacteria, Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax, both of which are protozoan parasites have been found in plaque and implicated in periodontal disease. E. gingivalis is an amoeba associated with poor oral hygiene while T. tenax is a pyriform flagellate that lives in the tartar around the teeth, cavities of carious teeth, necrotic mucosal cells in the gingival margins of gums and pus pockets in tonsillar follicles. These parasites are transmitted by close contact, saliva, droplet spray and kissing or use of contaminated dishes, cups, spoons and forks as well as drinking water. Age, gender, socio-economic status, dental condition and gingival pathology have been reported to influence the presence of the parasite. Genetic variability and stress are also some of the factors that determine the transition of the periodontium at some gingival sites from healthy to inflame. Researchers have observed that the prevalence and severity of periodontitis is higher in developing countries than developed countries. But with good oral hygiene, regular scaling and polishing and use of antiparasitic drugs, periodontal disease caused by these parasites can be prevented and periodontal health restored.
Renoprotective effects of levosimendan on acute kidney injury following cardiac arrest via anti‐inflammation, anti‐apoptosis, and ERK activation
Authors: Tian Lei , Wang Shiwei , Zhao Li , Lu Xiaoye , Zhu Changqing , Gong Hao , Yang Weiqiang
Published: June 2021

ATP‐sensitive potassium channels (KATPs) have protective effects in ischemia–reperfusion‐induced injuries and can be activated by levosimendan. This study investigated the effects of levosimendan on renal injury, inflammation, apoptosis, and survival in a rat model of acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Rats underwent a 5‐min asphyxia‐based CA and resuscitation. The rats were treated with levosimendan after successful resuscitation. Renal functions, histological changes, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis were examined. NRK‐52E cells treated by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) were used to establish an in vitro CA‐CPR model. Rats in the CA‐induced AKI group had a low survival rate and increased levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as increased tubular injury. These results were significantly reversed after treatment with levosimendan. Levosimendan downregulated the expression of the apoptosis‐related proteins Bax, cleaved caspase‐3, and cleaved caspase‐9, as well as upregulated Bcl‐2 and p‐ERK expression in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our data suggest that levosimendan reduces mortality and AKI following CA and CPR via suppression of inflammation and apoptosis, and activation of ERK signaling.
Polymeric Micro/Nanomotors and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Liang Ziying , Tu Yingfeng , Peng Fei
Published: June 2021

Since their naissance in the 2000s, various micro or nanomotors with powerful functions have been proposed. Among them, polymer‐based micro or nanomotors stand out for the easy processing and facile functionalization, holding immense potential for bioapplications. In this review, fabrication of polymer‐based micro or nanomotors and their applications in biomedical areas are covered. Classic manufacturing approaches as well as cutting‐edge techniques are discussed with representative works highlighted. Current challenges and future prospects are presented in the hope of pointing new research directions to facilitate practical translations of micro/nanomotors.
Remote Site‐Selective Radical C(sp3)−H Monodeuteration of Amides using D2O
Authors: Wang Lin , Xia Yong , Derdau Volker , Studer Armido
Published: June 2021

Site‐selective incorporation of deuterium into biologically active compounds is of high interest in pharmaceutical industry. We present a mild and environmentally benign metal‐free method for the remote selective radical C−H monodeuteration of aliphatic C−H bonds in various amides with inexpensive heavy water (D2O) as the deuterium source. The method uses the easily installed N‐allylsulfonyl moiety as an N‐radical precursor that generates the remote C‐radical via site‐selective 1,5‐ or 1,6‐hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Methyl thioglycolate, that readily exchanges its proton with D2O, serves as the radical deuteration reagent and as a chain‐carrier. The highly site‐selective monodeuteration has been applied to different types of unactivated sp3‐C−H bonds and also to the deuteration of C−H bonds next to heteroatoms. The potential utility of this method is further demonstrated by the site‐selective incorporation of deuterium into natural product derivatives and drugs.
Photoinduced Electron‐Transfer (PIET) Strategy for Selective Adsorption of CO2 over C2H2 in a MOF
Authors: Cai Li‐Zhen , Yao Zi‐Zhu , Lin Shu‐Juan , Wang Ming‐Sheng , Guo Guo‐Cong
Published: June 2021

Similarities in sizes, shapes, and physical properties between carbon dioxide (CO2) and acetylene (C2H2) make it a great challenge to separate the major impurity CO2 from products in C2H2 production. The use of porous materials is an appealing path to replace current very costly and energy‐consuming technologies, such as solvent extraction and cryogenic distillation; however, high CO2/C2H2 uptake ratio with minor adsorption of C2H2 at standard pressure was only unexpectedly observed in scarce examples in recent years although the related research started early at 1950s, and general design strategies to realize this aim are still absent. This work has successfully developed an efficient PIET strategy and obtained the second highest CO2/C2H2 adsorption ratio for porous materials in a proof‐of‐concept MOF with a photochromism‐active bipyridinium zwitterion. An unprecedented photocontrollable gate effect, owing to change of interannular dihedral after photoinduced generation of radical species, was also observed for the first time. These findings will inspire design and synthesis of porous materials for high efficient gas adsorption and separation.
Unusual Surface Texture, Dimensions and Morphology Variations of Chiral and Single Crystals**
Authors: Singh Vivek , Houben Lothar , Shimon Linda J. W. , Cohen Sidney R. , Golani Ofra , Feldman Yishay , Lahav Michal , van der Boom Milko E.
Published: June 2021

We demonstrate here a unique metallo‐organic material where the appearance and the internal crystal structure are in contradiction. The egg‐shaped (ovoid) crystals have a brain‐like texture. Although these micro‐sized crystals are monodispersed; like fingerprints their grainy surfaces are never exactly alike. Remarkably, our X‐ray and electron diffraction studies unexpectedly revealed that these structures are single‐crystals comprising a continuous coordination network of two differently shaped homochiral channels. By using the same building blocks under different reaction conditions, a rare series of crystals have been obtained that are uniquely rounded in their shape. In stark contrast to the brain‐like crystals, these isostructural and monodispersed crystals have a comparatively smooth appearance. The sizes of these crystals vary by several orders of magnitude.
Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Synthesis of a Chemically Stable Aza‐Bridged Bis(phenanthroline) Macrocycle‐Linked Covalent Organic Framework
Authors: Jiang Yi , Jung Hyeonjung , Joo Se Hun , Sun Qi Kun , Li Changqing , Noh Hyuk‐Jun , Oh Inseon , Kim Yu Jin , Kwak Sang Kyu , Yoo Jung‐Woo , Baek Jong‐Beom
Published: June 2021

Developing new linkage‐based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is one of the major topics in reticular chemistry. Electrically conductive COFs have enabled applications in energy storage and electrochemical catalysis, which are not feasible using insulating COFs. Despite significant advances, the construction of chemically stable conductive COFs by the formation of new linkages remains relatively unexplored and challenging. Here we report the solvent‐ and catalyst‐free synthesis of a two‐dimensional aza‐bridged bis(phenanthroline) macrocycle‐linked COF (ABBPM‐COF) from the thermally induced poly‐condensation of a tri‐topic monomer and ammonia gas. The ABBPM‐COF structure was elucidated using multiple techniques, including X‐ray diffraction analysis combined with structural simulation, revealing its crystalline nature with an ABC stacking mode. Further experiments demonstrated its excellent chemical stability in acid/base solutions. Electrical‐conductivity measurements showed that the insulating ABBPM‐COF becomes a semiconducting material after exposure to iodine vapor.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Regioselective Alkenylarylation of γ,δ‐Alkenyl Ketones via Carbonyl Coordination
Authors: Dhungana Roshan K. , Aryal Vivek , Niroula Doleshwar , Sapkota Rishi R. , Lakomy Margaret G. , Giri Ramesh
Published: June 2021

We disclose a nickel‐catalyzed reaction, which enabled us to difunctionalize unactivated γ,δ‐alkenes in ketones with alkenyl triflates and arylboronic esters. The reaction was made feasible by the use of 5‐chloro‐8‐hydroxyquinoline as a ligand along with NiBr2⋅DME as a catalyst and LiOtBu as base. The reaction proceeded with a wide range of cyclic, acyclic, endocyclic and exocyclic alkenyl ketones, and electron‐rich and electron‐deficient arylboronate esters. The reaction also worked with both cyclic and acyclic alkenyl triflates. Control experiments indicate that carbonyl coordination is required for the reaction to proceed.