bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What did they say? A typology of CEO activism
Authors: Cycyota Cynthia S.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The practice of corporate chief executive officer (CEOs) engaging in sociopolitical activism on issues both related and unrelated to their companies is gaining attention in the popular press and among management scholars. The purpose of this paper is to explore the antecedents and motivations of CEO sociopolitical activism in a typology of influences internal and external to the CEO and to the organization. This study’s typology highlights the need for greater understanding of CEOs’ sociopolitical activism for the CEO as an individual actor and for the company they represent.

Design/methodology/approach

This study’s approach is to conceptually review the literature on CEO activism and to create a theoretic framework for future analysis of the antecedents and motivations and ramifications of CEOs’ sociopolitical activism for the CEO as an individual actor and for the company they represent. The author highlights four theories and seeks future application of these theories to the phenomena in a typology.

Findings

The typology highlights the application of management theories to various ramifications of CEO activism to four influences on CEO activities. Upper echelons theory helps explain the motivation of a CEO internally, whereas agency theory applies to CEO activism internal to the CEO and external to the organizational operations. External to the CEO, organizational culture theory supports responses internal to the organization, and stakeholder theory provides insight into responses external to the CEO and the organization.

Originality/value

This study provides conceptual support for the study of CEO activism and encourages future research on the topic.
Influence of knowledge-oriented leadership and knowledge sharing on radical and incremental innovation: the moderating role of market turbulence
Authors: Le Phong Thai , Le Phong Ba
Published: October 2022

Purpose

This study aims to analyze and clarify the influence of knowledge-oriented leadership (KOL) on radical and incremental innovation via the mediating role of knowledge sharing (KS). This study also explores the relationship between KS and two aspects of innovation capability by examining the moderating role of market turbulence.

Design/methodology/approach

The research model was tested using a structural equation modeling design based on survey data collected from 335 participants in 132 manufacturing and service firms in Vietnam.

Findings

The findings revealed that KOL serves as a key precursor to foster radical and incremental innovation directly or indirectly through KS processes. In addition, it highlights the moderating role of market turbulence in strengthening the impact of KS activities on two forms of innovation capability.

Research limitations/implications

By highlighting the important role KOL practice for stimulating KS behaviors, this paper provides a valuable understanding and novel approach for firms to improve radical and incremental. The research findings support the idea that market turbulence significantly contributes to increasing the effects of KS on innovation capability.

Originality/value

This study contributes to bridging research gaps in the the literature and advances the insights of how KOL directly and indirectly fosters innovation capability via the mediating role of KS processes under the market turbulence.
Does wanting more lead to losing control? Examining the psychological drivers of compulsive buying
Authors: Darrat Aadel Ali , Darrat Mahmoud Ali , Darrat Mohamad Ali
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to shed light on the chain of psychological and behavioral effects that precipitates from a materialistic state of mind. Specifically, this study examines the psychological impact of materialism on younger consumers and in turn, their compulsive buying (CB) habits. This study also proposes possible interventions that may enhance consumer resistance to materialism and buying impulses and, ultimately, protect consumers’ mental and financial well-being.

Design/methodology/approach

An online survey was assembled in Qualtrics using reputable scales from extant marketing and psychology literature. The survey was completed by 193 young adults. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the proposed model of psychological drivers of CB.

Findings

The results suggest that young, materialistic consumers are at high risk of developing depression. Moreover, obsessive-compulsive (OC) tendencies and impaired self-esteem (SE) resulting from this depression may facilitate and fuel CB addiction. Despite no evidence for a direct link between depression and CB, the results indicate that this particular relationship is fully mediated by OC behavior and low SE.

Social implications

The discussion provides a detailed list of various behavioral modifications to help reduce consumer susceptibility to materialistic values and CB addiction.

Originality/value

This study contributes to consumer research by proposing an alternative conceptualization of the traditionally direct relationship assumed between materialism and CB in the literature. The facilitating roles of depression and its psychological byproducts (i.e. impaired SE and OC disorder) are examined as precursors of CB. Implications and suggestions for consumers battling CB addiction are provided.
Effect of multimedia interventions on children’s fruit and vegetable consumption in a real-life setting
Authors: Wongprawmas Rungsaran , Xhakollari Vilma , Spadoni Roberta , Renner Britta , Canavari Maurizio
Published: October 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the effect of a food-inspired multimedia intervention on children’s fruits and vegetables (F&V) consumption in a real-life setting during lunch.

Design

Children in an elementary school in Bologna (Italy) in third, fourth and fifth grade, aged between 9 and 12 years old, were examined (N = 171). Two different types of messages (generic and specific) were used to test message-tailoring in two separate intervention groups and one control group. The two intervention groups (classes) were presented with multimedia messages during an English lesson before lunchtime, and their eating behavior during lunch at school was observed. All children were served the first and second course, vegetables and fruit during lunchtime. Data was analyzed with R 3.4.2. Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis and ANOVA tests were used to test for group differences, ordered logistic regression for modelling fruit and vegetable consumption.

Findings

The results show that children receiving a specific message targeting F&V consumed more fruit than the other two study groups. No effect on vegetable consumption was observed. Results from an ordered logit model support the notion that the multimedia message impacted fruit intake in the specific message group when taking other variables into account, such as F&V consumption and availability at home and children’s attitude toward F&V.

Originality

While many studies have considered a group of intervention for understanding the effect of multimedia, this study is focused only on the effect of a message (generic or specific). Moreover, participants, children, were not informed that they were participating in a study on fruit and vegetables consumption, and thus were following their daily routine.
Depleted lean body mass after crossing an ecological barrier differentially affects stopover duration and refuelling rate among species of long‐distance migratory birds
Authors: Gutierrez Ramirez Mariamar , Griego Michael S. , DeSimone Joely G. , Elowe Cory R. , Gerson Alexander R.
Published: October 2022

During the long‐distance migratory flights of birds, lean mass breakdown occurs in concert with fat catabolism and is expected to have repercussions on total stopover duration because birds require time to rebuild lean tissue before accumulating fat reserves. Despite this, little is known about the role of in‐flight lean mass breakdown on stopover duration because direct measurements are restricted by the destructive nature of traditional body composition analysis and the technological limitations of tracking small birds over large expanses.

We used non‐lethal, non‐invasive Quantitative Magnetic Resonance technology and plasma metabolite profiling to measure the body composition and physiological state of free‐living birds captured at a migratory stopover site after flight across the Gulf of Mexico, and an automated radiotelemetry array covering ~5000 km2 to track stopover duration and regional movements. We tested whether stopover duration is prolonged in individuals arriving with lower lean mass and investigated how lean mass affects regional movements.

Stopover duration decreased by 22% for each additional gram of lean mass in Northern Waterthrush (Parkesia noveboracensis), but this relationship was not apparent in Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Grey‐cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus) or Yellow‐billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), even though these species also arrived with depleted lean mass. Stopover duration increased for Swainson's Thrush with higher plasma uric acid, a marker of protein catabolism. Northern Waterthrush with higher plasma triglycerides had longer stopover duration.

Our findings suggest that migratory birds may compensate for substantial lean mass losses by increasing refuelling rate or moving to a different stopover site, and highlights species‐level differences in lean mass breakdown and the associated impacts on physiological function. Our results highlight the strategies used by different species to recover from a trans‐Gulf of Mexico flight and resume migration, which improves our understanding of the annual cycle of migratory birds.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Farmstead modernization adversely affects farmland birds
Authors: Šálek Martin , Mayer Martin
Published: October 2022

Farmland biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate and various conservation measures have been implemented to reverse this negative trend. Farmsteads within agricultural landscapes were recently identified as farmland bird hotspots, so we ask whether the modernization of farmsteads has substantially reduced their conservation potential for farmland birds.

We assessed the effect of farmstead modernization on 29 farmland bird species in rural landscapes on 97 dairy farms across the Czech Republic, investigating differences in farmland bird abundance and species richness, as well as nest abundance of declining farmland species breeding in buildings, by comparing new/modernized with old and mixed farmsteads. Additionally, we investigated how farmstead size and environmental variables influenced avian assemblages on farmsteads.

Farmland bird abundance was almost 3‐fold lower in new/modernized farmsteads compared to mixed and old farmsteads (this difference was mostly driven by building‐nesters and noncrop‐nesters). Similarly, species richness was higher in old and mixed farmsteads compared to new farmsteads. Old cow sheds hosted more nests (both old and new nests; by a factor of 1.6–21) of house sparrows Passer domesticus, barn swallows Hirundo rustica and house martins Delichon urbicum compared to new cow sheds.

Importantly, effects of environmental variables were negligible or smaller compared to the farmstead type, suggesting that bird abundance and species richness on farmsteads was primarily driven by farmstead modernization rather than the structure of surrounding farmland.

Synthesis and applications. Farmstead modernization may have strong adverse effects on farmland bird populations due to reducing the availability of critical high‐quality nesting and foraging opportunities. Modernization is largely financed from existing EU funds, which directly conflicts with EU biodiversity strategies aiming at halting biodiversity loss. We therefore recommend (i) including compensatory measures to increase nesting and foraging opportunities for birds during farmstead construction/modernization, (ii) increasing awareness of these problems among critical stakeholders and (iii) increasing support to small‐sized traditional farms to retain and improve habitat conditions for declining farmland species.
Academic performance and depression in Chinese children: Same‐domain and cross‐domain effects in friendships
Authors: Chen Xinyin , Zhou Jiaxi , Liu Junsheng , Li Dan , Liu Shihong
Published: October 2022

This 1‐year longitudinal study examined the effects of academic performance and depression in friendships among elementary school children in China. Participants included 1122 children (44% boys) within 561 stable friendship dyads initially in fourth and fifth grades (initial Mage = 11 years). Data on academic performance, depression, and friendship were collected from multiple sources in the period of 2012 to 2014. Dyadic analysis using the actor‐partner interdependence model showed that friends' academic performance significantly and positively predicted children's later academic performance, indicating same‐domain effects, and significantly and negatively predicted children's later depression, indicating cross‐domain effects, with a medium effect size (ε3 = .70) for the effects of academic performance. The results help understand the role of friendship in children's development in the Chinese context.
Review of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes as biological control agents of tephritid fruit flies: current status and a future vision
Authors: Shaurub El‐Sayed H.
Published: October 2022

Several fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) are invasive pests that damage the quality of fruits in horticultural crops and cause significant value losses worldwide. Management of fruit flies mainly depends on conventional insecticides. Unfortunately, the application of synthetic insecticides has caused environmental pollution, risks for humans and animals, and development of resistance. Furthermore, controlling fruit flies by applying synthetic insecticides is challenging because fruit containing third instars often fall from the tree – subsequently the larvae leave the decaying fruits and pupate in the soil. Consequently, both larvae and pupae are protected from surface‐applied insecticides in fruits and soil. So, there is a pressing need for more eco‐friendly and selective control measures with new modes of action. Among such measures are entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) and nematodes (EPNs). I gathered knowledge on past and present research about EPFs and EPNs as biocontrol agents against fruit flies to investigate approaches that may improve their capacities. I also highlighted several recommendations that may help future field studies on the suppression of fruit fly populations by EPFs and EPNs.
Inferring spatially varying animal movement characteristics using a hierarchical continuous‐time velocity model
Authors: Paun Ionut , Husmeier Dirk , Hopcraft J. Grant C. , Masolele Majaliwa M. , Torney Colin J.
Published: October 2022

Understanding the spatial dynamics of animal movement is an essential component of maintaining ecological connectivity, conserving key habitats, and mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance. Altered movement and migratory patterns are often an early warning sign of the effects of environmental disturbance, and a precursor to population declines. Here, we present a hierarchical Bayesian framework based on Gaussian processes for analysing the spatial characteristics of animal movement. At the heart of our approach is a novel covariance kernel that links the spatially varying parameters of a continuous‐time velocity model with GPS locations from multiple individuals. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework by first applying it to a synthetic data set and then by analysing telemetry data from the Serengeti wildebeest migration. Through application of our approach, we are able to identify the key pathways of the wildebeest migration as well as revealing the impacts of environmental features on movement behaviour.
The effect of head‐down tilt in experimental acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Zhao Zi‐Ai , Zhang Nan‐Nan , Cui Yu , Chen Hui‐Sheng
Published: October 2022

Background

Collateral therapeutics exert a promising protective effect on the outcome of acute ischemic stroke. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) may be modulated by different head positioning. The current study aimed to determine the effect of head‐down tilt (HDT) on stroke in a rodent model.

Methods

The model of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) was used in this study. Neurological deficit scoring, 2,3,5‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, brain water content, perivascular aquaporin protein‐4 (AQP4) localization, pericyte marker platelet‐derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ), and CBF velocity were evaluated at 24 h after MCAO/R and HDT treatment.

Results

In the rat model of MCAO/R, brain infarct volume and neurological deficit score were significantly alleviated in the −30° and −60° groups compared to those in the lying flat (0°) group. Compared with the 0° group, an increase in CBF velocity was detected in the −30° group through two‐photon microscopy imaging at 24 h after MCAO/R. Compared with the SHAM group, a decrease in PDGFRβ was observed in both the MCAO/R and HDT treatment (−30°) groups. The integrated optical density of PDGFRβ was found to be higher in the HDT treatment (−30°) group than in the MCAO/R group. An impairment in perivascular AQP4 polarity and an increase in brain water content were observed after MCAO/R, which were not exacerbated by HDT treatment (−30°).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that HDT treatment at certain degrees may exert a neuroprotective effect after MCAO/R through improving CBF velocity and the protection of pericytes.
Relative heights of the withers and the tubera sacrale and angulation of the lumbar and pelvic regions in horses with hindlimb proximal suspensory desmopathy, sacroiliac joint region pain and other orthopaedic injuries
Authors: Gruyaert Mounia , Pollard Danica , Dyson Sue
Published: October 2022

Background

In non‐lame horses, the tubera sacrale (TS) are usually lower than or, less commonly, equal in height to the withers. Thoracolumbosacral, pelvic and hindlimb posture/conformation may be influenced by musculoskeletal pain, and development and function of epaxial, pelvic and abdominal muscles.

Objectives

To investigate relationships between (1) conformation of the withers and pelvis and orthopaedic injuries; (2) tarsal angles and relative heights of the withers and TS.

Study design

Retrospective cross‐sectional clinical study.

Methods

Horses (n = 193) presented for lameness or poor performance with a conclusive diagnosis based on abolition of clinical signs by diagnostic anaesthesia and imaging were included. Polystyrene hemispheres were adhered to the withers, TS and tubera ischiadica (TI). Lateral photographs were acquired with each horse standing squarely, with the head and neck in a neutral position, the metatarsal regions vertical, aligned with the TI. Relative heights of the withers and TS were determined using ImageJ. A line from the TS to the TI relative to the horizontal defined the pelvic angle. A line from the TS tangential to the lumbar region relative to the horizontal defined the lumbar angle. Measurements were compared across four injury groups consisting of hindlimb proximal suspensory desmopathy, primary sacroiliac joint region pain, a combination of both, and other causes of lameness.

Results

The withers height was ≥TS in 138/193 (71.5%) horses; the withers were lower than the TS in 55/193 (28.5%) horses. Pelvic and lumbar angles ranged from 20.0–42.7° (mean 28.9°, SD 3.4°) and 6.3–18.7° (mean 12.2°, SD 2.3°), respectively. No association between measurements and injury groups was determined.

Main limitations

There was a lack of non‐lame control horses. It was not possible to differentiate between innate conformation versus acquired posture.

Conclusions

Withers height was <TS in a larger proportion of lame horses compared with published data for non‐lame horses.
Diminished cortical bone density of long bones among children with haemophilic arthropathy
Authors: Tlacuilo‐Parra Alberto , Soto‐Padilla Janet , Toro‐Castro Luis , Gutierrez‐Hermosillo Violeta , Guevara‐Gutierrez Elizabeth
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Children with haemophilia (CwH) have lower bone mineral density in the spine (trabecular bone) than healthy children. There are few studies focusing on bone mineral density in long bones (cortical bone).

Aim

To evaluate bi‐laterally the distal third of radius and midshaft tibias using quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and assess the speed of sound (SoS).

Methods

A cross‐sectional study where 91 CwH and 91 age‐matched healthy boys were included. Joint evaluation was determined with the Haemophilia Joint Health Score 2.1 and SoS values. The Z scores were measured with the Sunlight Omnisense 8000 S equipment.

Results

Ninety‐one CwH (haemophilia A) were evaluated (26 mild form, 26 moderate, and 39 severe). Most patients were treated with on‐demand factor replacement and had higher total HJHS scores according to severity (4.8, 14.8 and 14.1, respectively). Patients with moderate and severe disease showed a statistical difference in SoS values for both radius and tibias compared to controls. QUS Z‐scores ≥‐2 were more frequent in radius and tibias in CwH, but were statistically significant only in tibias when compared to controls (in 30% mild, 46% moderate, 28% severe, respectively).

Conclusions

There was diminished cortical bone density in radius and tibias of CwH compared to healthy controls. Changes predominated in tibias, more frequently affected according to the severity of haemophilia. Early intervention with factor replacement combined with physical activity are key aspects to promote bone health.
Colour of adult avian integumentary features reveals differences related toin ovostressors
Authors: Krug‐MacLeod Alana M. , Eng Margaret L. , Cabezas Sonia , Marchant Tracy A. , Morrissey Christy A.
Published: October 2022

Developmental stress experienced during the embryonic period has the potential to affect individual quality and to exert long‐term impacts on avian fitness. Avian integumentary characteristics such as skin and feather colour (potential markers of red‐related carotenoid pigmentation or black‐related melanin pigmentation) can affect mate selection and reproductive investment in the wild and can act as honest signals where the level of colour expression correlates with genetic, nutritional or environmental ‘quality’ of the individual. However, little is known about whether embryonic conditions and stressors experiencedin ovopersist to affect integumentary adult feather and skin coloration. In this study, we used digital photography measures of eye‐ring and breast‐band colour, structural body size, feather corticosterone, and moult progression to assess whether temperature and contaminant stress experienced by embryos later impacts ornament expression in 1‐year‐old captive‐reared KilldeerCharadrius vociferus.Study birds had been previously exposed to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 126 or DMSO (control) at different incubation temperatures (36, 37.5 and 39 °C)in ovobut were subsequently hatched and reared under identical conditions. We found corticosterone levels at hatch from Killdeer tail feathers were higher in response to increased incubation temperature (but not to PCB exposure), suggesting adrenal activity was affected by temperature during the sensitivein ovoperiod. Digital photography detected individual differences in integumentary colour that covaried with temperature treatment and feather corticosterone at hatch. Birds with higher feather corticosterone levels had chromatically blacker breast‐bands as adults and exhibited signs of earlier moult, structurally shorter tarsi, and longer head bill and culmen. Birds incubated below optimal temperature had chromatically more yellow (less orange) eye‐rings. Overall, we found that digital photography revealed differences in breast‐band and eye‐ring colour and that these variations in integumentary traits can reflect persistent differences in individual size and quality resulting from early life temperature stress.
Molecular‐level composition design for efficient synthesis of SiAlON ceramics
Authors: McGarrity Kade A. , Ning Kaijie , Shulman Holly S.
Published: October 2022

SiAlONs are a class of liquid‐phase sintered ceramics with excellent room‐temperature strength and toughness, but whose residual grain boundary glass softens at high temperatures, limiting use in extreme environments. For this reason, efforts are made to minimize the volume of the grain boundary glass while still facilitating full densification. This work describes a potential route for the densification of SiAlONs with very low concentrations of liquid‐phase sintering additive (e.g., rare‐earth oxides such as yttria) by using an organometallic precursor. Solid solution of Al and O in the Si3N4 lattice was accomplished through the incorporation of solute atoms via liquid organic precursor aluminum sec‐butoxide (ASB). Al2O3 powder is conventionally used for this purpose, and the subsequent lattice softening associated with the solid solution helps to facilitate densification. However, a liquid‐phase additive is still essential for the full densification of SiAlONs. Higher densities were obtained from SiAlON powder blends utilizing organometallic ASB than those utilizing alumina powder, allowing for greater densification at very low Y2O3 concentrations. The thermal decomposition of the organic precursor was investigated by high‐temperature scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and various X‐ray diffraction experiments. Immersion density measurements and lattice parameter refinements were performed for samples sintered with varying Y2O3 concentrations and/or dwell times. Results indicate that ASB‐containing powder blends favor SiAlON formation more strongly than Al2O3‐containing powder blends and favor densification at very low Y2O3 concentration.
Allopatric speciation, niche conservatism and gradual phenotypic change in the evolution of European green lizards
Authors: Enriquez‐Urzelai Urtzi , Martínez‐Freiría Fernando , Freitas Inês , Perera Ana , Martínez‐Solano Íñigo , Salvi Daniele , Velo‐Antón Guillermo , Kaliontzopoulou Antigoni
Published: October 2022

Aim

The contributions of historical biogeography, morphology and climatic niche evolution in shaping species diversification have been typically examined separately. To fill this gap, we assessed the relative role of geologic history, environment and phenotypic trait evolution in lineage diversification of green lizards in the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot.

Location

Eurasia and North Africa.

Taxon

Green lizards (genera Timon and Lacerta).

Methods

For all green lizard lineages, we characterized distributional ranges and external morphological traits across discrete biogeographical areas, occupied macro‐habitats and climatic niches using environmental variables that represent average and extreme climatic conditions. To assess the contribution of geographical factors in shaping diversity patterns, we evaluated the fit of 24 biogeographical models. We used BAMM and estimated phylogenetic signal to assess the rates of lineage diversification and of phenotypic and climatic niche evolution, and to determine whether these processes occurred steadily or at specific time periods as a response to palaeogeological or palaeoclimatic events. Finally, we tested for associations between phenotypic traits and lineage diversification using trait‐dependent diversification analyses (QuaSSE, ES‐sim and STRAPP).

Results

Biogeographical analyses favoured a dispersal–vicariance model explaining speciation patterns in green lizards, including jump dispersal and constrained dispersal by geographical distance. Lineages accumulated gradually towards the present, with minor divergence in morphological traits and conservatism of climatic niches. In contrast, in the Lacerta agilis lineage, niche evolution may have allowed expansion towards colder environments. Morphological and climatic niche evolution were uncoupled from diversification rates.

Main Conclusions

Biogeographical processes largely explain the constant lineage diversification of green lizards in the Mediterranean Basin since the Miocene, followed by gradual phenotypic divergence unrelated to cladogenesis. Climatic niche conservatism promoted the accumulation of lineages within the Mediterranean, except for L. agilis, where climatic niche evolution might underpin its range spread towards higher latitudes.
Early ontogeny of the commercially valuable fish red‐bellied pacu Piaractus brachypomus (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae) from the Amazon, Brazil
Authors: Santos Zaqueu , Oliveira Lucas S. , Cajado Ruineris A. , Silva Fabíola K. S. , Silva Lenise V. F. , Zacardi Diego M.
Published: October 2022

The initial development of the red‐bellied pacu Piaractus brachypomus is described using morphological, meristic and morphometric characteristics. A total of 127 individuals were analysed (47 in the yolk‐sac, 35 in pre‐flexion, five in flexion, 20 in post‐flexion and 20 in juvenile) with standard length varying between 2.92 and 48.61 mm. The larvae are born poorly developed and have a discoidal yolk at ~6.33 mm standard length. During early ontogeny, the mouth passes from terminal to subterminal and the anal opening reaches the vertical line over the midline region of the body. There are changes in body shape from long and moderate to deep, head length from small to large, and eye diameter from moderate to large. Dendritic chromatophores were present in the ventral, dorsal and upper part of the swim bladder in the early larval stages. Rounded spots are evident all over the body in juveniles. The total number of myomeres ranges from 39 to 41 (20–23 pre‐anal, 17–20 post‐anal). Through the morphometric relationships, it was evidenced that the greatest changes during the initial ontogeny of P. brachypomus occur in the transition from the post‐flexion stage to the juvenile period, indicating changes in behaviour, foraging and physiology.
Expanding options to include language barriers for predicting postoperative delirium in geriatric patients
Authors: Streetman Daniel , Hagley Alana , Shalom Moshe , Gendreau Julian L.
Published: October 2022

See the Reply by Chary et al. in this issue.
Interfamily wide hybridization between daylily (Hemerocallis, Xanthorrhoeaceae) and lycoris (Lycoris, Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: Lv Yi , Gao Yike , Cui Yuxuan , Wang Ying , Fan Zhuping , Guan Chunjing , Zhang Qixiang
Published: October 2022

Daylily (Hemerocallis) is a perennial with high ornamental value. It is difficult to obtain innovative daylily germplasm by conventional crossbreeding. To enrich the genetic variation of Hemerocallis, daylily was used as male parent to cross with lycoris (Lycoris). Artificial pollination and embryo rescue were performed to overcome reproductive isolation. Cross‐compatibility and pollen germination were analysed to investigate interfamily reproductive isolation. Leaf morphological analysis and inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) were performed to identify the hybrid at seedling stage. Results showed that most pollen grains failed to adhere to stigmas, and pollen tubes germinated in a disordered direction. Ten days after pollination, 77.19% of ovaries aborted. Ovaries were harvested only in 10 hybridization combinations, the fruit setting rates were 7.69%–42.86%, and the ovule numbers were 0–6.0 per ovary. One embryo developed into plantlets eventually, whose parental combination was L. aurea × H. ‘My Complementary’. The hybrid was identified and exhibited both intermediate and novel characteristics of parents. This research is the first attempt to explore a protocol to obtain interfamily hybrid between daylily and lycoris.
The novel KIR2DL4*00108 allele identified by sequencing‐based typing in a Chinese Han individual
Authors: Chen Hao , Yang Zhichao , Deng Zhihui
Published: October 2022

The novel KIR2DL4*00108 allele differs from the closest allele KIR2DL4*00102 by a single synonymous mutation.
Brazilian perspective: antimicrobial stewardship in solid organ transplant
Authors: Porto Ana Paula Matos , Tavares Bruno de Melo , de Assis Denise Brandão , Mendes Elisa Teixeira , Girão Evelyne Santana , Perdigão Neto Lauro Vieira , Falcão Maria Alice Pimentel , de Oliveira Maura Salaroli , Freire Maristela Pinheiro , Guimaraes Thais , Arantes Tiago , Levin Anna Sara , Costa Silvia Figueiredo
Published: October 2022

Background

The incidence of multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs) infections among solid organ transplant (SOT) patients is very high in Brazil.

Methods

This review will discuss antimicrobial use and resistance in SOT in Brazil, highlighting the main barriers and facilitators for implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP).

Results

The most common group of MDROs is carbapenem‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria and vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus. Carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacterales (CREs) are the most frequent MDROs and have been reported as donor‐derived as well. Although ASPs are mandatory in the country, there is a lack of information regarding ASPs in SOT recipients. The main barriers for the implementation of ASPs in Brazilian hospitals are lack of electronic medical records, absence of national guidelines specific to SOT recipients, lack of recommendations on surveillance culture to evaluate colonization and transmission of donor‐derived MDROs, limited availability of rapid diagnostic tests, and insufficient pharmacist and clinician time allocated to ASP activities in some SOT centers.

Conclusions

The incidence of MDRO infections caused mainly by VREs and CREs is very high in the country. There is limited data regarding antimicrobial use among SOT recipients in Brazil. The absence of antimicrobial stewardship national guidelines specific to SOT recipients is one of the main barriers for the implementation of ASPs in Brazilian hospitals.

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Antimicrobial stewardship in solid organ transplant recipients: Current challenges and proposed metrics
Authors: Raglow Zoe , Advani Sonali D. , Aitken Samuel L. , Patel Payal K.
Published: October 2022

Background

Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are challenging populations for antimicrobial stewardship interventions due to a variety of reasons, including immunosuppression, consequent risk of opportunistic and donor‐derived infections, high rates of infection with multi‐drug resistant organisms (MDROs), Clostridioides difficile, and need for prolonged antimicrobial prophylaxis. Despite this, data on stewardship interventions and metrics that address the distinct needs of these patients are limited.

Methods

We performed a narrative review of the current state of antimicrobial stewardship in SOT recipients, existing interventions and metrics in this population, and considerations for implementation of transplant‐specific stewardship programs.

Results

Antimicrobial stewardship metrics are evolving even in the general patient population. Data on metrics applicable to the SOT population are even more limited. Standard process, outcomes, and balancing metrics may not always apply to the SOT population. A successful stewardship program for SOT recipients requires reviewing existing data, applying general stewardship principles, and understanding the nuances of SOT patients.

Conclusion

As antimicrobial stewardship interventions are being implemented in SOT recipients; new metrics are needed to assess their impact. In conclusion, SOT patients present a challenging but important opportunity for antimicrobial stewards.

Abbreviations

SOT, antimicrobial stewardship program, MDRO, Clostridioides difficile infection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Society of America, prospective audit and feedback, hematopoietic cell transplant, cytomegalovirus, trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole, surgical site infections, nucleic acid amplification testing, days of therapy, defined daily dose, and length of stay.
Antimicrobial stewardship programs in solid‐organ transplant recipients in Switzerland
Authors: Bielicki Julia A. , Manuel Oriol ,   the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS)
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are essential for minimizing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, while improving patient outcomes. The current status of ASP in the field of organ transplantation in Switzerland has not been well characterized.

Methods

We describe in this article the current status of ASP and discuss challenges and opportunities of implementing ASP dedicated to solid‐organ transplant (SOT) recipients in Switzerland.

Results

ASP have been implemented in the Swiss healthcare system over the last years, although specific strategies for SOT recipients are mostly based on transplant infectious diseases (TID) consultations rather than structured institutional interventions. Even so, there is a unique opportunity for developing a successful ASP in Switzerland that also specifically addresses areas of practice relevant to SOT recipients. This is due to the existent network of TID specialists in close collaboration with transplant physicians, the small number of centers involved in the care of transplant recipients, and the development of the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS), a prospective nationwide cohort of SOT recipients in Switzerland. The STCS can identify actual challenges through the updated reports on the epidemiology on transplant infections, accurately monitor the impact of potential antimicrobial stewardship interventions, and represent an opportunity for nesting of pragmatic randomized controlled trials to address key questions about optimized antibiotic use for SOT recipients.

Conclusions

Although ASP in SOT recipients rely more on specific TID consultations than in general antimicrobial stewardship teams, we identified several opportunities for the implementation of a successful ASP in Switzerland.

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Auditing tools for antimicrobial prescribing in solid organ transplant recipients: The why, the how, and an assessment of current options
Authors: So Miranda , Nakamachi Yoshiko , Thursky Karin
Published: October 2022

Background

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) aims to optimize antimicrobial use. Auditing and reporting of antimicrobial prescribing are essential. Auditing tools for solid organ transplant (SOT) patients should tailor to their needs.

Methods

We reviewed published data describing auditing tools in the general and SOT population.

Results

We focused on three internationally or nationally available auditing tools. The National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey (NAPS) is web‐based tool to report antimicrobial consumption and assess appropriateness using standardized definitions based on consensus guidelines. In the absence of guidelines, adjudication is based on AMS principles. An automated dashboard, analyses by indication or antimicrobial, and benchmarking reports are available. The National Healthcare Safety Network Antimicrobial Use/Resistance module was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for hospitals to upload monthly data, which are standardized for benchmarking. It does not assess appropriateness or address SOT wards. The Global‐Point Prevalence Survey from bioMérieux collects data on antimicrobial regimen, indication and microbial resistance. Variables unique to SOT include comorbidities and devices. Assessment of appropriateness is limited to guideline adherence, and benchmarking may require prearrangement with bioMérieux. Benchmarking requires prearrangement. Advances in electronic health record systems and clinical decision support tools can improve the efficiency of the auditing process.

Conclusion

Each AMS auditing tool has unique features for SOT patients. Capturing immunosuppression, source control, organ dysfunction, donor‐derived infection, serology, and colonization status will enhance their applicability.
Trade-Off Characterization Between Social and Environmental Impacts Using Agent-Based Product Adoption Models and Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Liechty Joseph C. , Mabey Christopher S. , Mattson Christopher A. , Salmon John L. , Weaver Jason M.
Published: October 2022

Meeting the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals efficiently requires designers and engineers to solve multi-objective optimization problems involving trade-offs between social, environmental, and economical impacts. This paper presents an approach for designers and engineers to quantify the social and environmental impacts of a product at a population level and then perform a trade-off analysis between those impacts. In this approach, designers and engineers define the attributes of the product as well as the materials and processes used in the product’s life cycle. Agent-based modeling (ABM) tools that have been developed to model the social impacts of products are combined with life cycle assessment (LCA) tools that have been developed to evaluate the pressures that different processes create on the environment. Designers and engineers then evaluate the trade-offs between impacts by finding non-dominated solutions that minimize environmental impacts while maximizing positive and/or minimizing negative social impacts. Product adoption models generated by ABM allow designers and engineers to approximate population level environmental impacts and avoid Simpson’s paradox, where a reversal in choices is preferred when looking at the population level impacts versus the individual product-level impacts. This analysis of impacts has the potential to help designers and engineers create more impactful products that aid in reaching the UN sustainable development goals.
On-grid compressive sampling for spherical field measurements in acoustics
Authors: Valdez Marc Andrew , Yuffa Alex J. , Wakin Michael B.
Published: October 2022

We derive a compressive sampling method for acoustic field reconstruction using field measurements on a pre-defined spherical grid that has theoretically guaranteed relations between signal sparsity, measurement number, and reconstruction accuracy. This method can be used to reconstruct band limited spherical harmonic or Wigner D-function series (spherical harmonic series are a special case) with sparse coefficients. Contrasting typical compressive sampling methods for Wigner D-function series that use arbitrary random measurements, the new method samples randomly on an equiangular grid, a practical and commonly used sampling pattern. Using its periodic extension, we transform the reconstruction of a Wigner D-function series into a multi-dimensional Fourier domain reconstruction problem. We establish that this transformation has a bounded effect on sparsity level and provide numerical studies of this effect. We also compare the reconstruction performance of the new approach to classical Nyquist sampling and existing compressive sampling methods. In our tests, the new compressive sampling approach performs comparably to other guaranteed compressive sampling approaches and needs a fraction of the measurements dictated by the Nyquist sampling theorem. Moreover, using one-third of the measurements or less, the new compressive sampling method can provide over 20 dB better de-noising capability than oversampling with classical Fourier theory.
Large-scale simulation of bird localization systems in forests with distributed microphone arrays
Authors: Kaneko Shoken , Gamper Hannes
Published: October 2022

Acoustic wildlife monitoring systems are important tools for capturing information about animal habitation in ecosystems. Previous work has demonstrated the effectiveness of audio-based bird localization techniques. However, few studies have investigated the performance and robustness of distributed systems in large forests. Here, the performance of distributed microphone arrays for localizing birds is examined by simulating forest scenes with added reverberation, ambient noise, and measurement errors. The simulation revealed the importance of the signal-to-noise ratio and the spectral weighting in the localization algorithm. These results may guide the design of large-scale wildlife monitoring systems and suggest promising directions for further improvements.
The Caffeine Supplementation in a Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise in Obese Asian Women
Authors: Listiarini Dian , Kushartanti Wara , Arovah Novita Intan
Published: October 2022

While the role of exercise in managing obesity has been suggested, little is known about the effect of caffeine supplementation in the exercise program on body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (%BF), and cholesterol. This research compared the effect of aerobic exercise with and without caffeine on BMI, %BF, and cholesterol level in obese Asian women. Twenty-seven participants were randomly allocated into three groups, which were an aerobic exercise without caffeine (A; n = 9), an aerobic exercise with 3 mg/body weight—caffeine (AC; n = 9), and a control group (C; n = 9). The exercise was a 45-min exercise training at 60%–75% maximum heart rate conducted three times weekly for 8 weeks. The mixed-method repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of treatments and time (i.e., pretest and posttest) on the outcome measures, followed by simple effect analyses with Bonferroni correction. While there was a significant improvement in BMI and %BF from the pretest to posttest, this was superseded by a time-by-treatment interaction effect. For the time-by-treatment interaction, the cholesterol levels in the A and AC groups were significantly lower than in C, suggesting that the benefit of the exercise program is most evident in controlling cholesterol. In conclusion, the 3 mg/kg body weight caffeine does not appear to provide additional benefit in the 8-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise session in improving BMI, %BF, and cholesterol among obese Asian women. Further research with higher caffeine dosage and larger and more heterogenous sample sizes is recommended to confirm the findings.
Taking mitochondria to heart
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: October 2022

Long-chain fatty acids redirect the uptake of mitochondria released from adipocytes from macrophages to the heart.
Novel Bacterial Topoisomerase Inhibitor Gepotidacin Demonstrates Absence of Fluoroquinolone-Like Arthropathy in Juvenile Rats
Authors: Fishman Cindy , Caverly Rae Jessica M. , Posobiec Lorraine M. , Laffan Susan B. , Lerman Steven A. , Pearson Neil , Janmohamed Salim , Dumont Etienne , Nunn-Floyd Deatra , Stanislaus Dinesh J.
Published: October 2022

Fluoroquinolone use in children is limited due to its potential toxicity and negative effects on skeletal development, but the actual effects/risks of fluoroquinolones on bone growth and the mechanisms behind fluoroquinolone-driven arthropathy remain unknown. Gepotidacin is a novel, bactericidal, first-in-class triazaacenaphthylene antibiotic with a unique mechanism of action that is not anticipated to have the same risks to bone growth as those of fluoroquinolones.
Cryo-EM Structure of Gokushovirus ΦEC6098 Reveals a Novel Capsid Architecture for a Single-Scaffolding Protein, Microvirus Assembly System
Authors: Lee Hyunwook , Baxter Alexis J. , Bator Carol M. , Fane Bentley A. , Hafenstein Susan L.
Published: October 2022

There is a dramatic structural and morphogenetic divide within the
Microviridae
. The well-studied ΦX174-like viruses have prominent spikes at their icosahedral vertices, which are absent in gokushoviruses.
Supplemental Material: Evidence for regionally continuous Early Cretaceous sinistral shear zones along the western flank of the Coast Mountains, coastal British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Wang J. , al. et
Published: October 2022

Table S1: U-Pb geochronologic analyses of unknowns. Table S2: U-Pb geochronologic analyses of primary reference materials. Table S3: U-Pb geochronologic analyses of secondary reference materials. Table S4: U-Pb geochronologic analyses of secondary reference materials from 11 different instrument-validation sessions conducted from 2019 to 2021.   