bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Long Shadow of the Past: Risk Pooling and the Political Development of Health Care Reform in the States
Authors: Chen Anthony S. , Weir Margaret
Published: September 2009

Why do the states seem to be pursuing different types of policy innovation in their health reform? Why so some seem to follow a “solidarity principle,” while others seem guided by a commitment to “actuarial fairness”? Our analysis highlights the reciprocal influence of stakeholder mobilization and public policy over time. We find that early policy choices about how to achieve cost containment led the states down different paths of reform. In the 1970s and 1980s, states that featured oligopolistic or near-monopolistic markets for private insurance (usually dominated by Blue Cross) and strong urban-academic hospitals tended to adopt regulatory strategies for cost containment that led to broader forms of pooling and financing the costs of health risks—which subsequently positioned them to pursue major, solidaristic reform on favorable terms. On the other hand, states with competitive markets for private insurance and weak, decentralized hospitals tended to adopt market-based strategies for cost containment that led to the hypersegmentation of risk and the uneven financing of costs—thereby encouraging the proliferation of incremental policies that reinforce the principle of actuarial fairness. We illustrate our analysis with a brief comparison of Massachusetts and California, and we conclude with some thoughts on what our findings imply for the federal role in catalyzing health reform.
Quality Information and Fragmented Markets: Patient Responses to Hospital Volume Thresholds
Authors: Kronebusch Karl
Published: September 2009

Over the last two decades, information dissemination policies to improve patient hospital choice have emerged. But during this same period, policy makers have also generally adopted a market-oriented approach vis-à-vis hospitals, with limited regulation of facility expansion and few restrictions on hospital mergers and ownership changes. These policies may be in tension, and this analysis examines whether there have been changes over time in patient responses to information about the value of high-volume hospitals and the degree to which hospital market changes may have limited these patient responses. The results indicate modest changes consistent with an increase in quality-seeking behavior for several services for which research indicates a volume-outcome relationship. At the same time, there are services for which trends have been moving in the opposite direction—toward greater local-care seeking—and changes for the remaining services have been fairly small. Even for services with a trend toward greater patient sensitivity to volume as a marker for quality, however, hospital market changes have reduced the change over time in high-volume hospital use. These results highlight some of the limitations of market-oriented strategies for increasing patient use of high-quality hospitals.
Fashion Networks: Consumer Demand and the Clothing Trade in Florence from the Mid-Sixteenth to Early Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Currie Elizabeth
Published: September 2009

This essay explores the practicalities of making and buying clothing in early modern Florence. Drawing on the household accounts of families associated with the Medici court, together with a range of other archival sources, the essay uncovers complex patterns of interaction between consumers, artisans, and retailers. Such networks were fundamental to the way dress fashions developed and achieved wider diffusion during this period. Wealthy Florentines closely supervised the many different stages involved in the acquisition of clothing, often drawing on expertise they had accumulated as silk merchants and as agents purchasing goods on behalf of others. Buying clothing was also a strongly gendered pursuit, shaped by contemporary views of women's domestic roles. Despite the influence exercised by consumers, members of the clothing trade played a significant part in promoting change in fashions. In particular, tailors and mercers became known for their ability to create new designs and offer novel products.
“Worn in Venice and throughout Italy”: The Impossible Present in Cesare Vecellio's Costume Books
Authors: Jones Ann Rosalind
Published: September 2009

In Cesare Vecellio's costume books, Degli Habiti antichi et moderni di diverse parti del mondo (1590) and Habiti antichi et moderni di tutto il Mondo (1598), the basic premise of the costume book—that it recorded styles of dress being worn at the moment of publication in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the New World—was challenged by a range of cultural transformations: changes in the style of clothing, the categories of people who wore particular fashions, the disappearance of fashions over time and through political changes, and the infringement of sumptuary laws. Vecellio acknowledges all these changes, often in a tone of regretful melancholy. This essay analyzes the losses he records as he comments on the 430 to 500 woodcuts that make up his books, which, under pressure from historical shifts, call the epistemological claims of the genre into question.
Old Habits Die Hard: Vestimentary Change in William Durandus's Rationale Divinorum Officiorum
Authors: Denny-Brown Andrea
Published: September 2009

A medieval and early modern “best seller,” William Durandus's monumental late-thirteenth-century liturgical treatise, Rationale Divinorum Officiorum, offered its readers a definitive, codified explanation for almost every aspect of church symbolism. A close look at its book-length discussion of the use and hermeneutics of hurch vestments, however, reveals a consistent problem at the heart of ecclesiastical attire: how the changing “fashion” of actual garments worn by the clergy in this period no longer accorded with the traditional, often biblical prescriptions that guaranteed the authority of those very garments. This article investigates Durandus's delicate (and sometimes not so delicate) handling of these discrepancies with an eye toward the larger theoretical questions involved when material objects, and especially clothes, are used to convey material transcendence.
Teaching “the Six”—and Beyond
Authors: Owens Kim Hensley
Published: September 2009

This article extends a conversation about teaching begun by Michael Bérubé. Prompted by Bérubé's assertion that his publishing experience translates to better responses to student writing, the piece argues that professors can teach beyond what Bérubé calls “the six” by scaffolding student writing.
Remediating the Book Review
Authors: Tulley Christine , Blair Kristine
Published: September 2009

In this essay, Tulley and Blair combine instructional and editorial perspectives to analyze how the process of digital composing reshapes often entrenched notions of authorship and composing practice within the English major by having students reenvision a traditional print genre, the book review, in digital space.
Disciplinarity, Pedagogy, and the Future of Education: Introduction
Authors: Ellwanger Adam , Cook Paul G.
Published: September 2009

The publication of E. D. Hirsch's Cultural Literacy and Allan Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind in 1987 represented an exceptional moment, an opportunity for disciplinary and institutional reflection about the role and function of English studies, rhetoric and composition, the humanities and the academy writ large. The crucial moment demanded not only that we consider the merits of a variety of curricular ideals but also that we question the assumptions driving higher education in the United States. In Symposium: Revisiting the Work of Allan Bloom and E. D. Hirsch Jr., four articles and a response by Hirsch make an opportunity for self-reflection: if we can agree that a liberal education should be a liberating one, what do we mean by liberation and what sorts of people might that particular vision of freedom produce?
Response
Authors: Hirsch E. D.
Published: September 2009

This response by E. D. Hirsch Jr., author of Cultural Literacy, points out that despite the book's many critics and detractors, the its central claims and theories have been realized in practice, as powerfully suggested by research in cognitive science, education, and the success of the Core Knowledge Foundation.
An Approach to Thoreau's “Economy” With Students “Who Are Said to Be inModerateCircumstances” (or Plan to Be So)
Authors: Little Matthew
Published: September 2009

Little helps students see that the vitality of the first chapter of Thoreau's Walden inheres not in a suggestion that people live in the woods by subsistence farming and occasional wage labor, but rather in a challenge to readers to perform cost-benefit evaluations of their modes of living. Central to this effort is a writing assignment that asks students to (1) offer a research-based description of the economics of their postgraduation lives, assess on the basis of evidence drawn from Walden what Thoreau might think of their plans, then respond to Thoreau's probable views, or (2) explain and respond to what Thoreau might say about the U.S. Department of Labor's most recent table of average annual expenditures and characteristics from the Consumer Expenditure Survey. This assignment trades away one of the few opportunities that many students have to engage in literary criticism at a level beyond what is typical in freshman English, but an advantage is that students with a wide range of academic interests can produce competent discussions.
Fluorescence Chemosensor with Specific Response for Mg2+
Authors: Kim Jeongsik , Morozumi Tatsuya , Nakamura Hiroshi
Published: September 2009

A fluorescent chemosensor AP1 showed specific selectivity for Mg2+. Fluorescence characteristics of AP1 for Mg2+ are distinguished in comparison to those of Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ by three components: a high fluorescence intensity ratio (nine times), peak wavelength shift (30 nm), and monomer emission shape.
A New Synthetic Method for Para Alkylation of Benzoic Acids Using Metallic Strontium and Alkyl Iodide
Authors: Miyoshi Norikazu , Matsuo Tsuyoshi , Mori Mariko , Matsui Aki , Kikuchi Makoto , Wada Makoto , Hayashi Masahiko
Published: September 2009

Aromatic carboxylic acids reacted with metallic strontium and alkyl iodides to give para alkylated products preferentially in moderate to good yields.
Stepwise Vapochromism Observed for a Simple Terpyridine–Platinum(II) Complex with a Thiocyanato Ligand
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi , Fukuzawa Yuki , Noro Shin-ichiro , Nakamura Takayoshi , Kato Masako
Published: September 2009

A simple PtII–terpyridine complex [Pt(NCS)(tpy)](SCN) (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) shows distinct two-step vapochromism from red to yellow through dark red in response to methanol vapor. The adsorption isotherm for methanol vapor reveals that the two-step vapochromic behavior originates from breathing-like structural transformations.
A New near Infrared Spectroscopy Sample Presentation Unit for Measuring Feeding Quality of Maize Stover
Authors: Montes Juan M. , Mirdita Vilson , Prasad Kodukula V.S.V. , Blummel Michael , Dhillon Baldev S. , Melchinger Albrecht E.
Published: September 2009

Maize stover is used to feed farm animals and the improvement of its quality is an important breeding goal. The main objective of our study was to evaluate a new near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy sample presentation unit for measuring feed quality of maize stover. In this context, we investigated the effect of engineering factors (use of glass interface and packing pressure) on the spectral repeatability and the effect of particle sizes (8cm, 6cm, 4cm, 0.5cm) on the calibration performance. The spectral repeatability was examined by calculating spectral variation among replicated spectral measurements collected without glass interface, with glass interface, and glass interface in combination with 3 kg and 6 kg of packing pressure. The effect of particle sizes was assessed for concentrations of nitrogen (N), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), ash and in vitro fermentability (G24), by examining calibration models. The spectral repeatability increased with the use of glass interface and packing pressure and calibration performance improved with a reduction in particle size. The study indicated that the new NIR sample presentation unit has a potential for preliminary screenings of maize genotypes for NDF and G24 in the stover of particular breeding programmes.
Comparison of Three near Infrared Spectrophotometers for Infestation Detection in Wild Blueberries Using Multivariate Calibration Models
Authors: Peshlov Boyan N. , Dowell Floyd E. , Drummond Francis A. , Donahue Darrell W.
Published: September 2009

A near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy system for rapid, automated and non-destructive detection of insect infestation in blueberries is desirable to ensure high quality fruit for the fresh and processed markets. The selection of suitable instruments is the first step in system development. Three diode array spectrophotometers were evaluated based on technical specifications and capacity for larva detection in wild blueberries ( Vaccinium angustifolium) using discriminant partial least squares (PLS) regression models. These instruments, differing mainly in wavelength range and detector type, comprised two spectrophotometers with scanning wavelength ranges of 650–1100 nm and 600–1700 nm and an imaging spectrograph with the scanning range of 950–1400 nm. The assessed factors affecting predictions included signal-to-noise ratio, wavelength range, resolution, measurement configuration, spectral pre-processing and absorbance bands related to infestation. The scanning spectrophotometers demonstrated higher signal-to-noise ratios with infestation prediction accuracies of 82% and 76.9% compared to the imaging spectrograph with 58.9% accuracy. Resolution, spectral pre-processing and measurement configuration had a lesser effect on model accuracy than wavelength range. The 950–1690 nm bands were identified as important for infestation prediction. In general, NIR spectroscopy should be a feasible technique for rapid classification of insect infestation in fruit.
NIR Absorbance Characteristics of Deoxynivalenol and of Sound and Fusarium-Damaged Wheat Kernels
Authors: Peiris Kamaranga H.S. , Pumphrey Michael O. , Dowell Floyd E.
Published: September 2009

The near infrared (NIR) absorption spectra of deoxynivalenol (DON) and single wheat kernels with or without DON were examined. The NIR absorption spectra of 0.5–2000 ppm of DON in acetonitrile were recorded in the 350–2500 nm range. Second derivative processing of the NIR spectra and spectral subtractions showed DON absorption bands at 1408 nm, 1904 nm and 1919 nm. NIR spectra of sound and Fusarium-damaged kernels were also acquired using two instruments. Subtraction of average absorption spectra and second derivative spectra were evaluated to identify different NIR signatures of the two types of kernel. Differences in peak height and positions of the NIR absorption bands of the kernels were noted. At 1204 nm, 1365 nm and 1700 nm, the differences were in the heights of the absorption peaks. Such differences may be attributed to changes in the levels of grain food reserves such as starches, proteins and lipids and other structural compounds. Shifts in absorption peak positions between the two types of kernels were observed at 1425–1440 nm and 1915–1930 nm. These differences may arise from other NIR active compounds, such as DON, which are not common for the two types of kernel. Since the NIR absorption of DON may have contributed to the shifts between sound and Fusarium-damaged kernels, this study indicates the potential for NIR spectrometry to evaluate Fusarium damage in single kernels based on the DON levels.
A Portable Multi-Wavelength near Infrared Photon Time-of-flight Instrument for Measuring Light Scattering
Authors: Esmonde-White Francis W.L. , Burns David H.
Published: September 2009

Measured light scattering properties can be used to improve quantitative spectroscopic analyses of turbid samples. Instruments currently used to measure scattering coefficients are not optimised for portability. A hand-held, dual-wavelength instrument was developed and validated for rapid measurement of reduced scattering coefficients in tandem with near infrared spectra. Tissue simulating phantoms composed of Intralipid and dye were used to model clinically relevant optical properties. Time-dependent intensity profiles of diffusely reflected near infrared pulsed laser light were collected from phantoms and processed to estimate scattering coefficients. In turbid solutions, optical scattering was measured at 850 nm and 905 nm with coefficients of variation of 14.1% and 11.6% over a clinically-relevant reduced scattering coefficient range of 1 mm−1 to 6 mm−1. This dual-wavelength scattering measurement provides a practical method for measuring optical scattering. A 35% precision improvement in quantification of an absorbing dye is shown by incorporating the measured reduced scattering coefficients when processing NIR spectra. We discuss the new instrument, methods for estimating the scattering coefficient from the measured temporal profiles and, finally, how the reduced scattering coefficient is used to correct NIR measurements. Correction of near infrared spectra using optical scattering measurements offers one direction for improving practical non-invasive biomedical quantification techniques.
Robust Optimization for Unconstrained Simulation-Based Problems
Authors: Bertsimas Dimitris , Nohadani Omid , Teo Kwong Meng
Published: September 2009

In engineering design, an optimized solution often turns out to be suboptimal when errors are encountered. Although the theory of robust convex optimization has taken significant strides over the past decade, all approaches fail if the underlying cost function is not explicitly given; it is even worse if the cost function is nonconvex. In this work, we present a robust optimization method that is suited for unconstrained problems with a nonconvex cost function as well as for problems based on simulations, such as large partial differential equations (PDE) solver, response surface, and Kriging metamodels. Moreover, this technique can be employed for most real-world problems because it operates directly on the response surface and does not assume any specific structure of the problem. We present this algorithm along with the application to an actual engineering problem in electromagnetic multiple scattering of aperiodically arranged dielectrics, relevant to nanophotonic design. The corresponding objective function is highly nonconvex and resides in a 100-dimensional design space. Starting from an “optimized” design, we report a robust solution with a significantly lower worst-case cost, while maintaining optimality. We further generalize this algorithm to address a nonconvex optimization problem under both implementation errors and parameter uncertainties.
Metadaptation: Adaptation and Intermediality Cock and Bull
Authors: Voigts-Virchow Eckart
Published: September 2009

This article explores the usefulness of the term intermediality to account for hybrid intermedia and interart practices at the core of adaptation. Engaging withA Cock and Bull Story(2005), Michael Winterbottom's film adaptation based on Sterne'sTristram Shandy(175967), the analysis skirts the difficulties signaled by the terms fidelity, literature, taxonomy, and evaluation. Instead, the paper's method is based on isolating the levels of mediality, transmediality and intermediality. It holds that Winterbottom's film adaptation of a foundational metafiction lays bare the specific mediality not only of literature and film. The movie's system contamination is focused on the in-between process of adaptation. It follows that metadaptations (i.e., texts that foreground their own adaptive processes) constitute a heuristically rich subgenre among adaptations.
Aspects of Sulfate Attack on Concrete
Authors: de Sousa Coutinho A
Published: September 2009

This paper discusses three aspects of sulfate attack on concrete that are important in understanding the development of sulfate-resisting concretes. These are: the importance of a precipitated layer of reaction products at the surface of the concrete, the role of aggregate type in the formation of ettringite, and the importance of the alkalinity of the medium in which the ettringite is formed. It is shown that alumina of kaolinized feldspar react with sulfates in a supersaturated lime medium, giving rise to expansive ettringite. It is also shown that lowering the concentration of lime in the medium inhibits expansion; this is accomplished by replacing 40% or more of the cement with pozzolan.
The Ring Method of Measuring Restrained Shrinkage in Mortar and Concrete
Authors: Swamy RN , Bandyopadhyay AK , Stavrides H
Published: September 2009

This paper describes an improved steel-ring test method for determining tensile stresses induced by the restrained shrinkage of either mortar or concrete. The method permits measurement of shrinkage stresses at ages as early as five hours after casting. The specimens used were 102-mm (4-in.) thick rings with an outer diameter of 660 mm (26 in.). Graphic data are presented to validate the efficacy of the method. Restrained shrinkage measurements are given for plain mortar, mortar incorporating alkali-resistant glass fibers, and plain concrete (both normal weight, incorporating gravel aggregate, and lightweight, incorporating expanded slate aggregate). Also shown are the effects of heat of hydration associated with special hydraulic cements (aluminous and ultrafine Type I portland).
Judging the Precision and Reliability of Standard Test Methods
Authors: Popovics S
Published: September 2009

Results of materials tests are influenced not only by the measured property but also by such distorting factors as random and regular errors in testing or sampling. Knowledge of the magnitude of such factors is useful, since the smaller their contribution to the test results the more reliable the results are. It is argued that the most suitable method of obtaining such knowledge is breaking down the total variation in test results into meaningful components such as testing variance, sampling variance, and material variance. Application of this method is illustrated for the ASTM Test for Slump of Portland Cement Concrete (C 143-74). This illustration also shows that, contrary to general belief, this test is no less reliable than the standard tests for compressive strength, air content, or unit weight determinations of concrete.
Use of Superplasticizers as Water Reducers
Authors: Ghosh RS , Malhotra VM
Published: September 2009

This report describes the performance of superplasticizers used as water-reducing admixtures in concrete. Various dosages of three commercially available superplasticizers were added to air-entrained reference concretes containing ASTM Type I, Type II, and Type V cements (ASTM Standard Specification for Portland Cement [C 150–78a]) to produce a 20% water reduction. The cement content, slump, and air content were kept constant in all mixes. The mechanical and elastic properties of hardened concrete and its freeze-thaw resistance were determined. The test results show that in all cases the strength and modulus of elasticity of the specimens cast from superplasticized concrete exceed those of the reference specimens. For concretes made with Type I cement, the concrete containing superplasticizers shows more shrinkage than the reference concrete, whereas for the other cements the shrinkage of the superplasticized concretes is comparable to or less than that of the reference concrete. The Type I portland cement concrete containing the melamine-based superplasticizer exhibits essentially the same creep as the reference concrete. The freeze-thaw durability of the superplasticized concrete containing either Type I or Type II cements appears to be satisfactory; however, concrete made with Type V cement and incorporating superplasticizers shows relatively poor resistance to freeze-thaw cycling.
Effect of Length/Diameter Ratio on Compressive Strength of Drilled Concrete Core—A Semi-Rational Approach
Authors: Chung HW
Published: September 2009

A concrete core under compression is restrained at the ends by the steel platens of the testing machine. The confining stresses so produced limit the lateral expansion of the core and create a state of triaxial stress in the concrete; thus, the measured compressive strength of the core is increased. The magnitude of the effect is dependent on the length/diameter ratio of the core. A formula for the strength correction factor is derived by a semirational approach. The proposed formula is then checked against the existing test data.
Lost in Transition? Managing paradoxical situations by inventing identities
Authors: Clemens Iris
Published: September 2009

The article focuses on Ashim Ahluwalias documentation John and Jane, which describes the living conditions, life styles and ambitions of six call centre employees in Mumbai at a time when call centres were not yet questioned in Indian society in respect of their working conditions or social implications. One main focus of the documentation therefore is a more general transition of Asian countries. The call centre agents embody almost perfectly this time of transition: Indians during day time who have never been abroad but become well trained Americans at night, their bodies still in India, but their mind overseas. This striking example is taken to analyse the framing of humans in times of globalisation and the related virtuality of constructions, including their own bodies.
Development of strips of ovine testes after xenografting under the skin of mice and co-transplantation of exogenous spermatogonia with grafts
Authors: Rodriguez-Sosa Jose R , Foster Robert A , Hahnel Ann
Published: September 2009

Xenografting of testicular tissue is an attractive new strategy for studying postnatal development of spermatogenesis and to preserve male genetics in large mammals. Typically, small cubes of immature testis (1 mm3) are grafted under the dorsal skin of immune-deficient mice. We attempted to increase the total number of seminiferous tubules in each xenograft with spermatogenesis by grafting flat strips of testis (∼9×5×1 mm) from ram lambs in immune-deficient mice. The percentage of grafts that survived and percentage of seminiferous tubules that developed spermatogenesis were the same as those reported after xenografting small cubes of lamb testis. Partially purified sheep spermatogonia were labeled with the fluorescent dye carboxy fluorescein diacetate succinyl diester and transplanted into the seminiferous tubules of one of the donor testis just before engraftment. The temporary label in the donor cells was detected for 4 weeks after xenografting, suggesting that co-engraftment of spermatogonia with testicular tissue may be a way to rapidly determine the effect of a specific gene on spermatogenesis. Finally, Sertoli cell lesions in xenografts of lamb testes were quantified, and their number and severity were found to increase, especially after grafts had been in place for 4 weeks. Although this coincided with the development of spermatogenesis, the extent of germ cell differentiation negatively correlated with severity of the lesions.
Mechanical stretch regulates hypertrophic phenotype of the myometrium during pregnancy
Authors: Shynlova Oksana , Kwong Ruth , Lye Stephen J
Published: September 2009

The adaptive growth of the uterus is a critical event that involves changes in cellular phenotypes throughout pregnancy. In early pregnancy, uterine growth is due to hyperplasia of uterine smooth muscle cells (SMCs) within the myometrium; however, the major component of myometrial growth occurs after mid-gestation. This study sought to test the hypothesis that increase in myometrial growth seen during late pregnancy is due to SMC hypertrophy caused by mechanical stretch of uterine tissue by a growing fetus(es) by providing direct measurements of individual SMC size. We employed a stereological approach to calculate the average cell volumes of uterine myocytes through diameter measurements using the Stereoinvestigator statistical software. Uterine tissues were collected from nonpregnant Wistar rats, as well as from gravid and nongravid horns of unilaterally pregnant animals on gestational days (d) 8 (early gestation), 14 (mid-gestation), 19 (late gestation), 22 (term), and 4 dayspost partum. Anti-caveolin-1 immunostaining was used to clearly delineate SMC boundaries. The stereological analysis revealed that the dramatic increase in myometrial growth seen during late gestation (d19–22) is due to a threefold increase in the size of uterine myocytes. A significant increase in SMC volumes was detected in the gravid uterine horn as compared with the corresponding empty horn of unilateral term pregnant animals (day 22, mean cell volume 1114 vs 361 μm3,P<0.05), indicating the effect of uterine occupancy. The restriction of the hypertrophy to cells within the gravid horn suggests that it may be a response to the biological mechanical stretch of uterine walls by the growing fetus(es) and placenta(s).
Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em militares jovens e fatores associados
Authors: Wenzel Daniela , Souza José Maria Pacheco de , Souza Sônia Buongermino de
Published: September 2009

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial entre militares jovens e fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com amostra de 380 militares do sexo masculino de 19 e 35 anos de idade em uma unidade da Força Aérea Brasileira em São Paulo, SP, entre 2000 e 2001. Os pontos de corte para hipertensão foram: >140mmHg para pressão sistólica e > 90mmHg para pressão diastólica. As variáveis estudadas incluíram fatores de risco e de proteção para hipertensão, como características comportamentais e nutricionais. Para análise das associações, utilizou-se regressão linear generalizada múltipla, com família binomial e ligação logarítmica, obtendo-se razões de prevalências com intervalo de 90% de confiança e seleção hierarquizada das variáveis. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi de 22% (IC 90%: 21;29). No modelo final da regressão múltipla verificou-se prevalência de hipertensão 68% maior entre os ex-fumantes em relação aos não fumantes (IC 90%: 1,13;2,50). Entre os indivíduos com sobrepeso (índice de massa corporal - IMC de 25 a 29kg/m2) e com obesidade (IMC>29kg/m2) as prevalências foram, respectivamente, 75% (IC 90%: 1,23;2,50) e 178% (IC 90%: 1,82;4,25) maiores do que entre os eutróficos. Entre os que praticavam atividade física regular, comparado aos que não praticavam, a prevalência foi 52% menor (IC 90%: 0,30;0,90). CONCLUSÕES: Ser ex-fumante e ter sobrepeso ou obesidade foram situações de risco para hipertensão, enquanto que a prática regular de atividade física foi fator de proteção em militares jovens.
Direção de veículos motorizados após consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas, Brasil, 2006 a 2009
Authors: Moura Erly Catarina , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Morais Neto Otaliba Libânio , Penna Gerson Oliveira , Temporão José Gomes
Published: September 2009

Com o objetivo de analisar a proporção de adultos que dirigem alcoolizados nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal após instituição da Lei nº 11.705 foram analisados dados do sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL). Em 2008, 1,5% dos indivíduos entrevistados referiram em pelo menos uma ocasião ter conduzido veículo motorizado após consumo abusivo de bebida alcoólica. A freqüência de adultos que dirigiram após o consumo abusivo se manteve entre 1,8% e 2,2% nos oito meses anteriores à Lei, caindo no mês seqüente à promulgação da mesma, voltando a crescer dois meses depois, atingindo o máximo de 2,6% ao final de 2008 e retornando aos níveis iniciais nos primeiros meses de 2009.
Secreción de fósforo durante la absorción de azúcares: II. Estudio de la secreción
Authors: Kastner M. R. Q. de
Published: September 2009

Hemos escogido la técnica de SOLS & PONZ para el estudio de la absorción, que permite realizar en una misma asa de intestino un cierto número de absorciones sucesivas de la substancia a investigar. La determinación del fósforo se hacía con una modificación del método de FISKE & SUBBAROW. Comenzamos por averiguar la secreción de compuestos de fósforo durante la absorción de glucosa hipotónica, isotónica e hipertónica. El fósforo correponde a las fracciones de fósforo inorgãnico, ester y lipídico sin encontrar nunca fósforo proteico. La secreción de las tres facciones de fósforo se presenta asi mismo en experiencias con soluciones de arabinosa. Soluciones de cloruro sódico al 0.8% y de glicocola 0.6 N, no provocan la salida de ninguna fracción de fósforo. Por último observamos la duración de la respuesta secretora ante el estímulo químico de la glucosa.
Sôbre a glândula abdominal da fêmea de Citheronia laocoon (Cr., 1777) (Lepidoptera, Adelocephalidae)
Authors: Barth Rudolf
Published: September 2009

Macho e fêmea de Citheronia laocoon emitem um cheiro repugnante. Esta substância é um componente da hemolinfa que, no momento de perigo, é expulsa através da cutícula, desconhecendo-se, porém, ainda o local da exsudação, que, entretanto deve ser procurado nas membranas intersegmentais do abdômen. A fêmea possui uma glândula atraente de organização simples, situada entre os 8.º e 9.º segmentos abdominais.
Ueber die formveraenderungen des golgiapparates waehrend der spermiogenese von Australorbis glabratus olivaceus: (Mollusca, Pulmonata, Planorbidae)
Authors: Barth Rudolf , Jansen Geth
Published: September 2009

Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die cytogenese und Histogenese der Spermien von australorbis glabratus olivaceus beschrieben, waehrend im zweiten Teil auf die Formveraenderungen des Golgiapparates des Naeheren eigegangen wird. Es wurden angewandt: Phasenkontrast, Halbdunkelfeld und Dunkelfeld; Vitalfaerbungen mit Janusgruen und Neutralrot; als histologische Faerbung nach Osmiumfixierung erwies sich Eisenhaematoxylin als guenstig, nach Sublimatfixierung zum histologischen Naschwei der chromophoben Substanz des Golgiapparates ergab die Azanfaerbung mit Nachfaerbung in Lichtgruen die besten Ergebnisse. Die Cytogenese zeigt bis zum Erreichen der Spermiden keine Besonderheiten im Vergleich mit anderen shon bearbeiteten Mollusken. Die Histogenese zeit jedoch einige bemerkenswerte Punkte, die von den bereits bekannten Befunden an anderen Mollusken erheblich abwichen. Die Kernmembran der Spermide bildet durch Schrumpfung in Folge Kondensierung des Chromatins eine Spiralfalte auf der Kernoberflaeche mit ueber 2 Um gaengen. Das proximale Centriol ist geteilt, ein Teil bildet eine Fusskappe des Kerns, von der ein Faden ausgeht, der das ganze Kerninnere durchzieht. Der andere Teil bildet den Axialfaden und dient beiden Spiralfilamenten als Lager. Das distale Centriol bildet eine umgekehrte Glocke, an deren Rand sich die Spiralfaeden und in deren Innerem sich der Axial faden anheften; es setzt sich distalwaerts in den nackten Schwanzfaden fort. Der Golgiapparat ist vom primordialen Spermiogonium bis zur reifenden Spermide durch alle Entwicklungs- und Teilungsstadien zu verfolgen. Er besteht in der Spermiocyte aus der chromophoben Masse und 12 Dictyosome, die sich dieser auflagern, sowie aus 4 Proacroblasten. Diese 16 Kondrete trennen sich vor der Diakinese und jedes wandert fuer sich zu einem der Spindelpole. Die Praespermide besitzt 6 Dictyosome und 2 Proacroblasten, die sich zu 3 Diatyosome und 1 Proacroblast auf die Spermide verteilen. Der leztere Koerper wandelt sich zum Acroblast um, der sich als Acrosom dem apikalen Kernpol auflegt.
Estudos anatômicos e histológicos sôbre a sub-família Triatominae (Heteropterareduviidae): parte XVIII: sistema traqueal do Triatoma infestans
Authors: Lacombe Dyrce
Published: September 2009

O presente trabalho consta de um estudo sõbre a topografia do sistema traqueal em Triatoma infestans. Com esta finalidade empregaram-se diversas técnicas de coloração por infiltração, além de introduzir-se uma modificação no método de Gäbler. Foram usados vários fixadores e feitas muitas Lâminas histológicas para a comprovação dos resultados. É apresentado, na parte referente a considerações gerais sôbre o sistema, uma citação de alguns autores que mais se dedicaram ao estudo do aparelho respiratório nos insetos. O estudo sôbre a distribuição do sistema traqueal abrange ambos os sexos, porém, é limitado a exemplares adultos. O assunto é abordado em 3 seções: 1) traquéias da região cefálica; 2) traquéias da região torácica; e 3) traquéias da região abdominal. O percurso das traquéias da região cefálica é acompanhado e estudado em todo o trajeto, o mesmo acontecendo com as do tórax e do abdômen. A disposição do sistema em estudo, na região torácica, apresenta-se bem amis complexa e com inúmeras ramificações, que se destinam aos diversos órgãos desta região. É estudada, também, a distribuição dos ramos traqueais nas pernas e nas asas do inseto. É evidenciado um rompimento na continuidade do sistema traqueal, na altura do 1º para o 2º estígmas abdominais. Supõe-se que êste fato esteja ligado ao desaparecimento do 1º esternito e a migração do esclerito contendo o 1º estígma abdominal, para a região dorsal do inseto. Devido a êste fenômeno, o sistema traqueal do Triatoma infestans apresenta-se diferente, funcionando como se fôsse dos sistemas independentes entre si. As diferenças, o número e a disposição das traquéias na região abdominal é abordado amplamente, assim como, realçada a formação e função dos citados sacos traqueais.
Lodo têxtil e água residuária da suinocultura na produção de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis (W, Hill ex Maiden)
Authors: Pelissari Rodrigo A. Z. , Sampaio Sílvio C. , Gomes Simone D. , Crepalli Mauro da S.
Published: September 2009

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do lodo têxtil, adubação e irrigação com água residuária da suinocultura na produção de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis W, Hill ex Maiden. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de três fatores: adubação química (0;1 e 2 gramas de NPK 14-14-14 por tubete), irrigação (água e água residuária da suinocultura) e substrato com cinco níveis de fracionamento do lodo têxtil e substrato comercial (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100%). Avaliaram-se quatro épocas durante a produção das mudas: germinação. (21 dias), sombreamento (50%, 40 dias), sombreamento (18%, 20 dias) e pleno sol (9 dias), com total de 90 dias de produção. As irrigações foram realizadas por aspersão, com lâmina de 12 mm dia-1. Os parâmetros agronômicos avaliados foram: altura (H), diâmetro (D) e a relação altura/diâmetro (H/D) das plantas. O delineamento experimental usado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial, com 39 repetições por tratamento. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o fator adubação química propiciou efeito na altura das plantas, nas últimas épocas de produção das mudas. O fator substrato apresentou-se de forma negativa quando usado em 100% do lodo têxtil. A água residuária da suinocultura apresentou os melhores resultados para as mudas, tanto em diâmetro quanto em altura. Utilizando-se do parâmetro da relação altura/diâmetro para a avaliação das mudas, a água residuária da suinocultura propiciou antecipação de 30 dias na produção de mudas de eucalipto.
Uso de traçadores para avaliação da hidrodinâmica de sistemas alagados construídos operando sob condições climáticas tropicais
Authors: Borges Alisson C. , Matos Antônio T. de , Calijuri Maria do C. , Oliveira Gabriel H. H. de , Roldão João S. F.
Published: September 2009

Sistemas alagados construídos (SACs) são, atualmente, importante opção para o tratamento de resíduos e controle da poluição pontual e difusa. O uso de SACs tem aumentado ano a ano, entretanto o nível de entendimento da hidrodinâmica do processo não tem crescido na mesma proporção. Traçadores fluorescentes apresentam-se como opção na determinação de curvas de distribuição de tempos de residência (DTR) e de parâmetros hidrodinâmicos, como número de dispersão e eficiência hidráulica. A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar dois corantes (rodamina WT e fluoresceína sódica) na determinação das características hidrodinâmicas de SACs com escoamento subsuperficial, operando em região de clima tropical. Os tempos de residência experimentais (τR) para os SACs variaram entre 4,5 e 5,0 dias, e os parâmetros de modelos teóricos foram obtidos para cada sistema, indicando dispersões muito pequenas. Os SACs, que apresentavam relação comprimento/largura (L/B) de 24/1, comportaram-se como sistemas de escoamento próximo ao pistonado. Embora a massa total adicionada não tenha sido recuperada (a adsorção é um dos mecanismos de perda), a pesquisa indicou que a rodamina WT pode ser utilizada com resultados satisfatórios na avaliação do comportamento hidrodinâmico de SACs.
Intoxicação por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Convolvulaceae) em caprinos na Ilha do Marajó, Pará
Authors: Oliveira Carlos Alberto , Barbosa José Diomedes , Duarte Marcos Dutra , Cerqueira Valíria Duarte , Riet-Correa Franklin , Tortelli Fábio Py , Riet-Correa Gabriela
Published: September 2009

Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa é uma planta que contém swainsonina causando doença de depósito lisossomal em ruminantes, principalmente em caprinos na região Nordeste do Brasil. Para o estudo das plantas tóxicas da Ilha de Marajó, foram visitadas sete propriedades rurais na Ilha de Marajó, seis localizadas no município de Cachoeira do Arari e uma no município de Soure. Em todas as propriedades visitadas as pastagens eram constituídas de campo nativo, tinham pouca disponibilidade de forragem e I. carnea subsp. fistulosa encontrava-se em grande quantidade. Nas três propriedades onde eram criados caprinos foram observados animais com sinais nervosos, incluindo tremores de intenção, aumento da base de sustentação quando em estação, ataxia, hipermetria, nistagmo, paresia espástica ou debilidade, alterações posturais, perda de equilíbrio e quedas. Em duas fazendas a prevalência foi de 32% (23/71) e 100% (32/32) e em outra havia um animal com sinais acentuados e o resto do rebanho, de 19 caprinos, não foi examinado clinicamente. Bovinos, ovinos e bubalinos não foram afetados. Foram eutanasiados e necropsiados seis caprinos que apresentavam sinais clínicos acentuados. Macroscopicamente não foram observadas alterações. Na histologia observou-se vacuolização do pericário de neurônios e do citoplasma de células epiteliais da tireóide, rim, fígado, pâncreas e macrófagos de diversos órgãos. No sistema nervoso central a vacuolização era mais grave nos neurônios de Purkinje do cerebelo e nos neurônios dos núcleos cerebelares e do tronco encefálico. Observaram-se também degeneração walleriana dos axônios e gliose. A alta freqüência da intoxicação nas três fazendas que criavam caprinos sugere que a intoxicação por I. carnea subsp. fistulosa é muito importante para caprinos na Ilha de Marajó, onde há abundante quantidade da planta, que permanece verde durante todo o período seco.
Doenças do sistema nervoso central de equídeos no semi-árido
Authors: Pimentel Luciano A. , Oliveira Diego M. de , Galiza Glauco J.N. , Rego Rafael O. do , Dantas Antônio Flávio M. , Riet-Correa Franklin
Published: September 2009

As doenças do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de equídeos representam uma parcela importante das enfermidades diagnosticadas nestas espécies. O estudo destas e de outras enfermidades nas diferentes regiões do país é necessária para estabelecer formas eficientes de controle e profilaxia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever as características clínicas, epidemiológicas e patológicas das doenças do SNC de equídeos diagnosticadas no Laboratório de Patologia da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em Patos, Paraíba, que ocorreram entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2008. No período estudado, 159 casos ou surtos de doenças de equídeos foram diagnosticados. Destes, 49 (30,8%) afetaram o SNC. A encefalopatia hepática na intoxicação por Crotalaria retusa foi a principal enfermidade com 14 casos (28,5%), seguida por tétano com 13 (26,5%) casos e raiva com 11 (22,,4%) casos. Sete (14,2%) casos foram de traumatismos afetando o SNC. Foram, também, diagnosticados 1 caso de leucoencefalomalacia, 1 de encefalite por herpesvírus eqüino-1, 1 de injeção acidental na artéria carótida, 1 surto de encefalomielite viral equina tipo leste, 1 surto de intoxicação por Turbina cordata e 1 surto de doença tremogênica de causa desconhecida. Cinco casos tiveram diagnóstico inconclusivo. Este trabalho comprova a importância do funcionamento de laboratórios de diagnóstico, nas diferentes regiões do país, para o conhecimento das doenças do rebanho e para a vigilância epidemiológica das mesmas.
A relação entre o desenvolvimento de formalismos gramaticais de base lexicalista e as exigências do PLN
Authors: Pria Albano Dalla
Published: September 2009

O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar que o desenvolvimento de formalismos gramaticais de base lexicalista está diretamente relacionado às exigências do PLN. Léxicos estruturados e o formalismo gramatical são centrais para um sistema de PLN. Este trabalho fundamenta-se no desenvolvimento do modelo HPSG, que se impôs no cenário lingüístico e lingüístico-tecnológico como uma teoria lingüística formal que, desde a sua origem, comprometeu-se com descrições lexicalistas, formalmente precisas e computacionalmente tratáveis dos fenômenos lingüísticos. Atualmente, conclui-se que as implementações do modelo HPSG reforçam seu comprometimento com o PLN.
Effect of sodium selenite on bone repair in tibiae of irradiated rats
Authors: Rocha Anna Silvia Setti da , Ramos-Perez Flávia Maria de Moraes , Bóscolo Frab Norberto , Manzi Flavio Ricardo , Cchicarelo Mariliani , Almeida Solange Maria
Published: September 2009

This study evaluated the radioprotective effect of sodium selenite on the bone repair process in tibiae of female rats. For such purpose, 100 female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus, albinus) were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=25), according to the treatment received: administration of distilled water (control); administration of sodium selenite; gamma radiation; and administration of sodium selenite plus gamma radiation. A bone defect was prepared on both tibiae of all animals. Three days after surgery, the gamma radiation and selenium/gamma radiation groups received 8 Gy gamma rays on the lower limbs. Five animals per group were sacrificed 7, 14, 21, 28 days after surgery for evaluation of the repair process by bone volumetric density analysis. The 5 animals remaining in each group were sacrificed 45 days postoperatively for examination of the mature bone by scanning electron microscopy. Based on all analyzed parameters, the results of the present study suggest that sodium selenite exerted a radioprotective effect in the bone repair of tibia of irradiated rats.
Effect of experimental heat treatment on mechanical properties of resin composites
Authors: Santana Ivone L. , Lodovici Edméa , Matos Jivaldo R. , Medeiros Igor S. , Miyazaki Caroline L. , Rodrigues-Filho Leonardo E.
Published: September 2009

The aim of this study was to verify the influence of an experimental heat treatment (170ºC/10 min) using a casting furnace on the mechanical properties (hardness and flexural strength) of 2 commercial direct resin composites (TPH Spectrum and Filtek P60) compared to a commercial indirect resin system (BelleGlass). Heat treatment temperature was determined after thermal characterization by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Data was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% significance level. There was statistical significance for the main factor heat treatment (p=0.03) and composite (p=0.02), for flexural strength. For Knoop hardness, only the main factor composite was statistically significant (p=0.00). P60 presented higher hardness than TPH. No statistically significant correlation between mechanical properties tested was detected. Based on these results, it was possible to conclude that heat treatment influenced flexural strength of direct composites, while it was not observed for hardness. The association of direct composites with a simple post-cure heat treatment may be an alternative for current indirect composite systems, although more studies are needed to verify other properties of the composites for this application.