bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Oxidation of Tryptophan by Sodium Hypochlorite
Authors: Rausch Thomas , Hofmann Frieder , Hilgenberg Willy
Published: February 2015

The oxidation of tryptophan to 3-indoleacetaldehyde with sodium hypochlorite was investigated with 14C labelled DL-tryptophan. The reaction was performed under pseudo first order conditions. From the pH dependence of the reaction it was concluded that only the unprotonated tryptophan is converted to the aldehyde. The activation energy is 35 ± 2.2 (SE) kJ x mol-1 as derived from the Arrhenius plot. Variing the pH between 8.5 and 11.0 and the temperature in the range from 298 K to 318 K did not alter the selectivity of the reaction as confirmed by TLC of the product (purity ≧ 90%).

A possible reaction mechanism is proposed.
1,4-Cycloaddition of p-Benzoquinone; 1,4-Naphthoquinone and N-Phenylmaleimide to 9-Vinylidenexanthene (or Thioxanthene) Derivatives
Authors: Awad Sami Bassili , Sakla Alfy Badie , Abdul-Malik Nadia Fouad , Samaan Nashed Ishak
Published: February 2015

13-Substituted naphthene(K 1)xanthene(or thioxanthene)-1,4-dione (4a, b) have been obtained by thermal cycloaddition of p-benzoquinone (2) to 9-vinylidenexanthene(or thioxanthene) derivatives (1 a, b). Reductive acetylation of 4 gives the diacetoxy deriv­atives. Compound 4 acting as dienophile, react with 1 or with 1,1-di(p-methoxyphenyl) ethylene (6) to give diadducts. 1,4-Naphthoquinone (10) reacts similarly with 1 to give 14-substituted anthracene(K 1)xanthene(or thioxanthene) 5,15-diones (11a, b). Com­pounds 1 a, b also react with N-phenylmaleimide (12) to give the diadducts (3a, 3b, 4, 6a, 12, 12a) hexahydro-12-phenyl-N-phenylphthalimido(K 1)xanthene (or thioxanthene) 4-6a-N-phenylpyrrolidine-r,3'-diones (13) or aromatized monoadducts 12-substituted-N- phenylphthalimide (K1) -xanthene (15 a, b).
A Spin Trap Investigation of Azolyl Radicals
Authors: Babin V. N. , Gumenyuk V. V. , Solodovnikov S. P. , Belousov Yu. A.
Published: February 2015

An ability of azolyl-anions to behave as one-electrons reductans in reactions with f-nitro-sobutane and iron carbonyls are found in solu-tions. The azolyl radicals formed in reaction of azolyl-anions and azoles with t-BuNO have been trapped as corresponding nitroxide radicals. The formation of radicals from azoles can be described as consequence of proton and electron transfer acts.
Zintlphasen mit binären Anionen: Zur Kenntnis von BaGe2P2 und BaGe2As2 / Zintl Phases with Binary Anions: BaGe2P2 and BaGe2As2
Authors: Eisenmann Brigitte , Schäfer Herbert
Published: February 2015

The new isotypic compounds BaGe2P2 and BaGe2As2 crystallize in the tetragonal system (P42mc) with the following lattice constants:

BaGe2P2: a = 761.8 ± 0.5 pm, c = 850.0 ± 0.5 pm, c/a = 1.12,

BaGe2As2: a = 778.6 ± 0.5 pm, c = 866.4 ± 0.5 pm, c/a = 1.11.

Fourbonded Ge atoms and twobonded P (As) atoms form a three-dimensional network. The Ba atoms are located in tubelike holes.
Polymere Dimethyl-und Diphenylglyoximatokomplexe des Cobalts und Eisens mit Pyrazin als Brückenligand. Die Kristallstruktur des Bis(dimethylglyoximato)pyrazin-cobalt(II) + / Polymeric Dimethyl-and Diphenylglyoximato Complexes of Cobalt and Iron with Pyrazine as a Bridging Ligand. The Crystal Structure of Bis(dimethylglyoximato)pyrazine Cobalt(II)+
Authors: Kübel Frank , Strähle Joachim
Published: February 2015

Polymeric bis(dimethyl-and diphenylglyoximato)-complexes of Fe(II) and Co(II) with pyrazine as a bridging ligand have been synthesized. The Co(II) complexes are para-magnetic with μ = 1.83 B.M., and surprisingly stable against oxidation. Bis (dimethyl-glyoximato)pyrazine-cobalt (II) crystallizes monoclinic in the space group C2/m with Z = 2. The crystal structure shows linear chains of alternating Co atoms and pyrazine ligands. Perpendicular to the chain, the Co atoms are coordinated in a square planar arrangement by two dimethylglyoximato ligands (Co-N= 189 pm), the local symmetry being C2h-The long Co-pyrazine distance of 224 pm is in agreement with the fact that the compound is a 19 electron complex. The Co complexes do not have conducting properties. The Fe(II) complexes possess the same structure but with stronger bonds in the chain. They show very low conductivity of approximately 10-10 cm -1 Ω-1 . The Mössbauer spectra of the Fe-complexes are reported.
Carbonylvanadium, -mangan- und -molybdänkomplexe mit den Liganden o-C6H4EPh2(E'Ph2) (E,E' = P, As, Sb, Bi) und cis-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2 / Carbonylvanadium, -manganese and -molybdenum Complexes of the Ligandso-C6H4EPh2(E'Ph2) (E,E' = P, As, Sb, Bi) und cis-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2
Authors: Talay Ridvan , Rehder Dieter
Published: February 2015

The photo-induced reaction between the complexes [Et4N][V(CO)6] (1), η5-C5H5V(CO)4 (2), η5-C5H5Mn(CO)3 (3) or η5-C5H5Mo(CO)3CH3 (4) and the ligands o-C6H4EPh2(E'Ph2) (E = E' = P: a; E = P, E'=As: b; E = E ' = As: C; E = P, E ' = S b : d; E = P, E ' = Bi: e; E = As, E' = Sb: f) and cis-Ph2PCH = CHPPh2 (g), L, yields - depending on the steric requirement of L - the compounds (M}L ({M} = cis-V(CO)4-, cis-CpV(CO)2, CpMn(CO), CpMo(CO)CH3; L = a, b, c, g), {M'}L ({M'} = V(CO)5-, L - d; {M'} - CpV(CO)3, L - d, e; {M'} = CpMn(CO)2, L = e) or mixtures of {M}L and (M'}L ({M}, {M'} = V(CO)4,5, L = e,f; {M}, {M'} = CpV(CO)2,3, L = f). In the mono-substituted species {M'}L coordination (as indicated by the 51V NMR spectra) occurs through EPh2 and E'Ph2, which is explained by a reaction path via a labile chelate 5-ring structure. Shielding of the 51V nucleus decreases in the order g > SbPh2 > PPh2 > AsPh2 > BiPh2 (derivatives of 1) and g > SbPh2 > PPh2 > BiPh2 >AsPh2 (derivatives of 2), and is smaller in the rigid chelates incorporating the o-phenylene ligands than in the more flexible structures of phospha- and arsabutane complexes. This fact is discussed in terms of hindered σ-overlap due to distortion of the EVE angle, which also results in an increase of CO valence force constants in rigid chelates. 31P coordination shifts increase according to dppe < a < g and arphos < b (dppe = Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2, arphos = Ph2As(CH2)2PPh2). 31P NMR spectra of the molybdenum complexes suggest that the basic geometry for 4a and 4b likely is tetragonal pyramidal, while the preferred structure for 4g appears to be the trigonal bipyramid with the ligand in equatorial positions. The crystal and molecular structure of 1a is reported. The complex crystallizes in the space group C2/c (a = 2196.0, b= 1080.1, c = 2022.7 pm, β= 124.6°). The most striking result is the small PVP angle of 80.8 (0.2)°. Optimized methods for the synthesis of the ligands a-f are described; the ligands are characterized by their mass spectra.
Zur Kenntnis des Aluminiumsulfids: α-Al2S3 und Al2S3(tetr.) / On Aluminium Sulfide: α-Al2S3 and Al2S3 (tetr.)
Authors: Haeuseler H. , Cansiz A. , Lutz H. D.
Published: February 2015

Tetragonal aluminium sulfide crystallizing with the spinel defect structure of the β-In2S3 type has been prepared at ambient pressure. IR and Raman spectra of this compound and of α-Al2S3 are reported and discussed in relation to their crystal structures
Additionsverbindungen aus Trimethylstibindihalogeniden und Antimon(III)-halogeniden / Addition Compounds of Trimethylstibine Dihalogenides and Antimony(III) Halogenides
Authors: Werner Jürgen , Schwarz Wolfgang , Schmidt Armin
Published: February 2015

Trimethylstibine dichloride and dibromide, resp., react with antimony(III) chloride and bromide, resp., to yield the 1:1 addition compounds (CH3)3SbCl2 · SbCl3 (1) and (CH3)3SbBr2 · SbBr3 (2). The crystal and molecular structure of 1 and 2 are determined by X-ray analysis, the Raman spectra discussed and assigned
Calciumisotopenseparation mit Kryptanden als Komplexbildner / Separation of Calcium Isotopes with Cryptand Complexes
Authors: Heumann Klaus G. , Schiefer Hans-Peter
Published: February 2015

The calcium isotope separation in the liquid-liquid extraction system H2O/CHCl3 is investigated using [2.2.1] and [2.2.2] cryptands for complex formation as well as without complexing agent. An extraction procedure is used which allows the transfer of larger amounts of calcium into the CHCl3 phase although the high distribution coefficient favours calcium in the H2O phase. Without complexing agent in the extraction system, enrichment of the lighter calcium isotopes is already evident in the CHCl3 phase which is just the same as when using [2.2.1] cryptand. In the case of [2.2.2] cryptand as a complexing agent, the isotope separation is higher. The separation factor is calculated to be α = 1 + ε = 1.011 for 40Ca/ 48Ca without complexing agent or with [2.2.1] cryptand and α = 1.015 in the system with [2.2.2] cryptand. For 40Ca/44Ca the ε-value is smaller by nearly a factor of two. These separation factors are the highest which are determined in chemical systems for calcium isotopes
Solvent Effects on the Carbon – 13 NMR Chemical Shifts and Rotational Barriers of N,N-Dimethylbenzamide - Solvent Enhanced π Polarization
Authors: Fong Clifford W. , Grant Hamish G.
Published: February 2015

The 13C NMR chemical shifts of N,N-dimethylbenzamide in thirty solvents have been measured at high dilution. The solvent induced chemical shifts (s.i.c.s.) of the carbonyl group carbon atom in twenty three solvents and the thermodynamic barriers to rotation about the C-N bond in eleven solvents are linearly related to the solvent parameter, ET(30). Multi-parametric analysis of the carbonyl s.i.c.s. indicates hydrogen bond donor effects are more important than polar effects. Rotational barriers for N,N-dimethylbenzamide may be determined by measurement of the 13C chemical shift of the carbonyl group in a particular solvent. The s.i.c.s. of the aromatic ring carbon atoms may be explained by the polarization of the aromatic π electron system induced by the solvent enhanced polarization of the dimethylcarboxamido moiety. Hydrogen bonding solvents and polar solvents result in two effective dipoles on the dimethylcarboxamido moiety, which polarize the aromatic π electron system differently
On the One and Two-Electron Oxidations of Water-Soluble Zinc Porphyrins in Aqueous Media
Authors: Neumann-Spallart Michael , Kalyanasundaram K.
Published: February 2015

The one and two-electron oxidations of water soluble ionic zinc porphyrins (Zinctetra-methylpyridylporphyrin, ZnTMPyP, Zinc-tetra-p-sulfonato-phenyl-porphyrin, ZnTPPS, and Zinc-tetra-p-carboxy-phenylporphyrin, ZnTPPC) leading to the porphyrin Π-cations and Π-dications have been investigated in water by electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis) and chemical methods. The half-wave potentials for the oxidation are shown to be markedly dependent on the charge on the β-substituents. While the one-electron oxidations for all these porphyrins are reversible, the dication formation leads to labile isoporphyrins as intermediates
Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von Na3FeSe3 / Preparation and Crystal Structure of Na3FeSe3
Authors: Müller Paul , Bronger Welf
Published: February 2015

Na3FeSe3 can be synthesized by the reaction of sodium carbonate with iron sponge at 1000 K under a stream of hydrogen saturated with selenium or by heating a mixture of sodium hydride and iron sponge with selenium in a glass ampoule with a temperature gradient (700/800 K). X-ray investigation on single crystals revealed the structure of Na3FeSe3, isotypic with that of Na3FeS3. The iron and selenium atoms form isolated [Fe2Se6]-anions, consisting of two edge-sharing tetrahedra, with which the sodium atoms build a three-dimensional array
Koordinationsverbindungen des reduzierten Pyrazins mit Alkylderivaten von Bor, Aluminium, Gallium und Indium / Coordination Complexes of Reduced Pyrazine and Alkyl Derivatives of Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, and Indium
Authors: Kaim Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

The alkyls MR3 (M = B, AI, Ga, In) react with pyrazine (Pz) and sodium in THF to yield persistent radical complexes Pz(MR2)2 · +MR4
- (1). Use of TIR3 leads to rapid deposition of thallium metal. The formation of these ionic complexes 1 is the result of MR3 dissociation into +MR2 and -MR4 ions. All radicals have been identified and characterized by ESR; the data reveal the influence of

back bonding in the boron derivative.
Lanthanide(III) Complexes of Oxamic Acid
Authors: Perlepes S. P. , Zafiropoulos Th. F. , Kouinis J. K. , Galinos A. G.
Published: February 2015

The preparation, for the first time, of the deprotonated complexes of oxamic acid with Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III), Dy(III), Ho(III) and Yb(III) is reported. Properties, analytical results, conductometric measurements, magnetic moments and spectral data (IR and diffuse reflectance spectra) are discussed in terms of possible structural types and the nature of the bonding. Oxamic acid acts as a bidentate non-bridging ligand.
Selective Suecinylation of Adenosine Catalyzed by 4-Morpholine-N,N′ -dicyclohexylcarboxamidine
Authors: Sauer C. , Schwabe U.
Published: February 2015

Succinyl derivatives of adenosine are synthesized by direct reaction with succinic anhydride catalyzed by 4-morpholine N,N′-dicyclohexylcarboxamidine under kinetic or thermodynamic conditions and partial hydrolysis. Derivatives obtained were N6 -succinyl adenosine, N6 ,5′-O-disuccinyl adenosine, 3′(2′)-O-succinyl adenosine, N6, 3′(2′)-O-di-succinyl adenosine and 3′(2′),5′-O-disuccinyl adenosine. The last three derivatives were crystallized and gave equilibrium mixtures of 2′-O-and 3′-O-isomers in aqueous solvents with the 3′-O-isomer prevailing. Differentiation of isomers was done by PMR. A mechanism for isomerisation is proposed. The products were purified by anion exchange chromato-graphy and desalting. The procedures are useful for pharmacological applications because of the purity and yield of products.
Occurrence of trans-3-Hexenal in Thea sinensis Leaves
Authors: Hatanaka A. , Kajiwara T.
Published: February 2015

Based on a discovery of trans-3-hexenal and participation of isomerases and non-enzymatic isomerizing factors, the biogenetic pathway of trans-2-hexenal (leaf aldehyde) and cis-3-hexenol (leaf alcohol) has been demonstrated.
The X-ray Structure of gem-N3P3Cl4(NPPh3)2-Conformation of the NPPh3 Groups
Authors: Krishnaiah M. , Ramamurthy L. , Ramabrahmam P. , Manohar H.
Published: February 2015

An X-ray crystallographic study of geminal tetrachlorobis(triphenylphosphazenyl)cyclotriphosphazatriene reveals Type II conformation of both triphenylphosphazenyl groups with respect to the P-N ring. These results are consistent with 31P NMR data. The phosphazene ring has a distorted chair conformation.
Ungewöhnliche Substitutionsreaktion von (σ-Allyl)manganpentacarbonyl mit 2.3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-N-methylmaleinimid / Unusual Reaction of (σ-Allyl)manganesepentacarbonyl with Bis(diphenylphosphino)-N-methyl Maleic Anhydride
Authors: Fenske D. , Brandt K. , Stock P.
Published: February 2015

σ-C3H5 · Mn(CO)5 reacts with bis(diphenyl-phosphino)-N-methyl maleic anhydride to form a complex in which the C3H5-ligand migrates from the coordination sphere of Mn to the phosphine ligand. The high yield (70%) suggests that this reaction takes place within the coordination sphere of Mn. The product (X-ray analysis) shows unusual bonding properties.
Rb4Au7Sn2, eine intermetallische Phase mit siebenatomigen Goldclustern/ Rb4Au7Sn2, an Intermetallic Phase with Sevenatomic Gold-Clusters
Authors: Sinnen Heinz-Dieter , Schuster Hans-Uwe
Published: February 2015

In the course of our investigations of the ternary system Rb-Au-Sn we obtained the new compound Rb4Au7Sn2. Its crystal structure has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the hexagonal (rhombohedral) space group R3̄m with unit-cell parameters a = 680.1(3) pm and c = 2909.0(7) pm, and Z = 3. The structure is similar to that of Laves-Phases of the MgCu2-type.
Reaktionen von cis-Crotonsäurederivaten mit Cyclopentadien in heterogener Phase/ Reaction between cis-Crotonic Acid Derivatives and Cyclopentadiene in the Heterogeneous Phase
Authors: Parlar H. , Baumann R. , Körte F.
Published: February 2015

Diels-Alder reactions between cyclopenta-diene and cis-crotonic acid derivatives were examined in the absorbed phase on various surfaces. The results indicate considerable differences under these conditions in the relative yields of exo and endo isomers. On silica gel, montigel, and aluminium oxide the reactions give mainly endo isomers.
N-Brom-N-chlorsulfonamide. Herstellung und Reaktionen mit Phenylmetallverbindungen/N-Bromo-N-chlorosulfonamides. Preparation and Reactions with Phenylmetallics
Authors: Mohr Steffen , Jander Jochen , Latscha Hans Peter
Published: February 2015

The preparation of CH3SO2NBrCl and p-CH3C6H4NBrCl is described. These compounds react with (C6H5)4Sn, (C6H5)4Pb, and (C6H5)2Hg to give derivatives

CH3SO2N(C1)M(C6H5)n-1. In these reactions one phenyl group is cleaved from the metal.
Mechanism of the Allomerization of Chlorophyll: Inhibition of the Allomerization by Carotenoid Pigments
Authors: Hynninen Paavo H.
Published: February 2015

It is shown that the allomerization of chlorophylls a and b is effectively inhibited by carotenoid pigments. In the light of this finding, two possible mechanisms are considered for the allomerization. One assumes the addition of singlet oxygen to the 9,10-double bond of the chlorophyll (Chl) enolate anion to yield a C-10 hydroperoxide or a dioxetane derivative. The other assumes a free-radical chain reaction involving Chl enolate anion, triplet oxygen, Chl C-10 radicals and peroxide radicals, and Chl C-10 hydroperoxide. The observation that the allomerization and its inhibition by carotenoids occur under carefully controlled dark conditions precluding singlet oxygen formation provides substantial support to the latter mechanism. Further evidence for the free-radical mechanism is obtained by observing the increase of the allomerization rate when air is replaced with pure oxygen from a container. The rate increases to about two-fold in the methanolic Chl solution containing no carotenoid but remains close to zero in the Chl solution containing an equimolar amount of β-carotene. The relevance of the results to photosynthesis and cancer research is briefly discussed.
Darstellung und Struktur von Di-gold(III)bis(selenit)(diselenit), Au2(SeO3 )2(Se2O5)/Preparation and Crystal Structure of Di-gold(III)bis(selenite) Diselenite, Au2(SeO3 )2(Se2O5)
Authors: Jones Peter G. , Schwarzmann Einhard , Sheldrick George M. , Timpe Harald
Published: February 2015

The compound Au2(SeO3)2(Se2O5) was prepared from gold metal and seienic acid at 553 K. The crystal structure [C2/c, a = 2034.4(5), b = 413.0(1), c = 1325.4(3) pm, β = 115.88(3)°, Z = 4] was refined to R = 0.035. Both gold atoms lie on crystallographic centres of symmetry and show square planar coordination (Au-0 196.9-201.3 pm). The extended structure consists of three cross-linked systems of the form [··· -Au-(selenite or diselenite) -Au-···].
Acyl-und Alkylidenarsane, V [1] (Dimethylaminomethyliden)-phenylar8an, ein acyclisches Alkylidenarsan / Acyl-and Alkylidenearsines, V [1] (Dimethylaminomethylidene)-phenylarsine, an Acyclic Alkylidenearsine
Authors: Becker Gerd , Münch Angelika , Wessely Hans-Jürgen
Published: February 2015

Alkylidenearsines, Aminomethylidenearsines, Barrier of Rotation In the absence of a catalyst phenyl-bis(trimethylsilyl)arsine (1 a) reacts only very slowly with excess dimethylformamide (4) to give (dimethylaminomethylidene)-phenylarsine (8 a) and hexamethyldisiloxane (5). In the presence of small amounts of solid sodium hydroxide, however, the reaction is already finished after four days at + 20 °C. Similarly, lithium phenyltrimethylsilylarsenide · DME (2 a), which can easily be obtained from la and methyllithium in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), and dimethylformamide (4) also form the alkylidenearsine (3 a) and lithium trimethylsilanolate. The NMR spectra of 3 a show the rotation of the dimethylamino group to be hindered with a barrier of about 63 kJ · mol-1 .
Phosphinsubstituierte Chelatliganden, II [1] Thiocarbamoylphosphinsulfid-und -oxid-Komplexe des Mangans und Rheniums / Phosphine Substituted Chelate Ligands, II [1] Thiocarbamoylphosphine Sulfide and Oxide Complexes of Manganese and Rhenium
Authors: Kunze Udo , Antoniadis Antonios
Published: February 2015

Thiocarbamoylphosphine sulfides 1 a-c and oxides 2 a-c are ambidentate chelating ligands which may form monomeric or dimeric complexes with carbonylmetal halides. The reaction of 1 a-c with ClMn(CO)5 and ClRe(CO)5 yields the monomeric cw-tetracarbonyl complexes 3 a-c and 4 a-c with S,S'-coordination. The phosphine oxides 2 a-c first form tetracarbonyl complexes which dimerize spontaneously under loss of CO to give the anfi-fac-tricarbonyl complexes 6 a-c and 6 a with bridging three-coordinate sulfur. On refluxing in n-hexane solution, 8 a-c and 4b, c are converted into the corresponding dimers 7 a-c and 8 b, c. Dissolving of 7 b, c in CH2Cl2 leads to re-formation of 8 b, c, the free ligands 1 b, c and inorganic manganese compounds.
Die 2.2.2-Trichlor -tert-butyloxycarbonyl -Gruppe als N-Schutzgruppe bei Oligonukleotidsynthesen / The 2,2,2-Trichloro-tert-butoxycarbonyl Group, an N-Protecting Group in Oligonucleotide Synthesis
Authors: Schneiderwind Ruth G. K. , Ugi Ivar
Published: February 2015

The preparation and properties of N6 -2,2,2 -trichloro -tert-butoxycarbonyl -adenosine axe described as a model of a new protecting group technique for amino groups in oligo-nucleotide syntheses.
New Anthraquinones and Anthraquinone Glycosides from Morinda lucida
Authors: Demagos George P. , Baltus Wolfgang , Höfle Gerhard
Published: February 2015

From the trank heartwood of Morinda lucida four new anthraquinones, 3-hydroxy-anthraquinone-2-carbaldehyde, morindone-5-methyl ether, munjistin methyl ester, damna-canthol-ѡ-methyl ether and two glycosides, soranjidiol 6-0-β-primveroside and lucidin 3-0-β-primveroside were isolated and identified by spectroscopic and chemical methods.
η1,η3-Octadienediyl-palladium Complexes
Authors: Döhring A. , Jolly P. W. , Mynott R. , Schick K.-P. , Wilke G.
Published: February 2015

1,3-Dienes react with bis(η3 -allyl)palladium-ligand systems to give the title compounds which are believed to be involved, as intermediates, in the palladium-catalyzed oligomeriation of dienes.
Über die Instabilität von NiTiO3 unter der Wirkung eines Sauerstoffpartialdruck-Gradienten Instability of NiTiO3 in an Oxygen-Potential Gradient
Authors: Laqua W.
Published: February 2015

If a NiTiO3 poly crystal is exposed to an oxygen-potential gradient -established by the simultaneous action of two different oxygen partial pressures -it will be decomposed into its component oxides NiO and TiO2 despite the fact, that the compound is stable at both the lower and the higher oxygen partial pressure. A quantitative explanation of this phenomenon will be given below.
π-Olefin-Iridium-Komplexe, VII [1] Komplexbildung von Iridium mit Fulvenen / π-Oefin Iridium Complexes, VII [1] Complex Formation of Iridium with Fulvenes
Authors: Müller Jörn , Stock Rainer , Pickardt Joachim
Published: February 2015

Reactions of [Ir(COD)Cl]2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) with either i-C3H7MgBr or CH3Li in the presence of dimethyl-and diethylfulvene, respectively, yield complexes of the type [Ir(COD)(C5H4R)] where C5H4R is a cyclopentadienyl ligand. The nature of the substituent R depends on the fulvene as well as on the alkyl reagent. The compounds were characterized by NMR and mass spectra and in one case by X-ray diffraction analysis.
Ba5Sb4 - das erste Erdalkalipnictid mit GdsSi4 - Struktur / Ba5Sb4 - The First Alkaline Earth Pnictide with the Gd5Si4 Structure Type
Authors: Brechtel Erwin , Cordier Gerhard , Schäfer Herbert
Published: February 2015

Ba5Sb4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic system (Puma) with a = 901.2 ± 0.3 pm, b = 1782.3 ± 0.6 pm, c = 904.1 ± 0.3 pm. The compound is isotypic to the Gd5Si4 structure type and is to classify as a Zintl-phase
Umsetzungen von Metall-und Metalloidverbindungen mit mehrfunktionellen Molekülen, XXXIV Darstellung von Sulfmamidoboranen / Reactions of Metal and Metalloid Compounds with Polyfunctions! Molecules, XXXIV Synthesis of Sulfinamidoboranes
Authors: Meiler Anton , Maringgele Walter , Armbrecht Michael
Published: February 2015

Sulfinamidoboranes are prepared by cleavage of the Si-N-bond

1. of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-methyl-sulfinamide with haloborane derivatives (1-4), and

2. of N,N-organyl-trimethylsilylaminoboranes with methylsulfinylchloride N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-methylsulfinamide (9) is obtained from heptamethyldisilazane with methylsulfinylchloride. The compounds were characterized by analytical and spectrocopic (MS; NMR: 1H, 11B) methods.
The Crystal Structure of Solvated Molybdenum Oxide Tetrachloride
Authors: Mercer Mary , Muir Kenneth W. , Sharp David W. A.
Published: February 2015

MoOCl4 in the solid state has a square pyramidal structure with chlorine-bridging trans to the oxygen linking the molecules into infinite chains. The structure gives holes in the lattice occupied by solvate molecules.
Sulfidhalogenide des Germaniums: Darstellung und Strukturen von Ge4S6Br4 und Ge4S6I4 / Thiohalides of Germanium: Preparation and Structures of Ge4SeBr4 and Ge4S6I4
Authors: Pohl Siegfried , Seyer Ulrich , Krebs Bernt
Published: February 2015

The reaction of GeX4 (X = Br, I) and H2S in CS2 yields Ge4S6Br4 (1) and Ge4S6I4 (2). The crystal structures of 1 and 2 were determined from single crystal X-ray data (1: P1̄, a = 880.6, b = 993.4, c = 1010.6 pm, α = 86.05, β = 64.00, γ = 89.87°, V = 792 · 106 pm 3 , Z = 2; 2 : P3̄, a = 1064.0, c = 946.1 pm, V = 928 · 106 pm3 , Z = 2). They consist of isolated adamantane-like molecules.
Reactions of Some Ammonium Fluorometalates with XeF2
Authors: Slivnik Jože , Družina Branko , Žemva Boris
Published: February 2015

The reactions between (NH4)2TiFe, (NH4)2ZrF6, (NH4)2HfF6, (NH4)3VF6, (NH4)3CrF6, NH4MnF3, (NH4)3FeF6 and excess xenon difluoride were investigated. The listed ammonium fluorometalates react with xenon difluoride to form corresponding xenon(II) fluorometalates, monoammonium fluorometalates with metal in the same oxidation state, and ammonium fluorometalates with metal in higher oxidation state, respectively.
Synthese und Kristallstruktur von Cs3(AuBr4)2Br3 / Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Cs3(AuBr4)2Br3
Authors: Lehnis Birgit , Strähle Joachim
Published: February 2015

Cs3(AuBr4)2Br3 is obtained in the form of red needles by adding the stoichiometric amount of CsBr to a solution of HAuBr4 and Br3- in aqueous HBr. The salt decomposes slowly at room temperature to form a mixed-valent, cubic bromo aurate(I,III), in which the linear AuBr2- ions are partially substituted by Br3- ions. At 140 °C Cs2Au2Br6 and CsBr are formed. Cs3(AuBr4)2Br3 crystallizes monoclinic with four formula units in the space group P21/c. The structure is built up by AuBr4-and Br3- anions and Cs+ cations. An average Au−Br distance of 242.2 pm was found for the square planar AuBr4- ion. The linear Br3-groups are almost symmetrical with Br−Br distances of 254.0 and 256.2 pm. Therefore only two vibrations are observed in the IR spectrum: νas = 172, δ = 56 cm-1
. The absorptions of the AuBr4- groups are: νas=250, σas=113, γ=102cm-1.
Na6Si2Te6 - ein neues Tellurohypodisilikat / Na6Si2Te6 - A New Tellurohypodisilicate
Authors: Eisenmann Brigitte , Schwerer Heike , Schäfer Herbert
Published: February 2015

The new compound Na6Si2Te6 crystallizes in the monoclinic system (space group P 21/c) with

a = 878.6(3) pm, b = 1278.0(4) pm, c = 886.4(3) pm, β = 119.71(5)°.

The compound is isotypic to K6Sn2Te6, essential structure elements are [Si2Te6]6- anions.
Übergangsmetall-substituierte Phosphane, Arsane und Stibane, XXVII [1] Wolfram-Komplexe mit Di(tert-butyl)arsino-, mono- oder dihapto-Di(tert-butyl)thioarsinyl-Liganden / Transition-Metal Substituted Phosphanes, Arsanes and Stibanes, XXVII [1] Tungsten Complexes with Di(tert-butyl)arsino, mono- or dihapto-Di(tert-butyl)thioarsinyl Ligands
Authors: Malisch Wolfgang , Luksza Michael , Sheldrick William S.
Published: February 2015

The reaction of But
2AsCl with Na[W(CO)3Cp] in THF yields the metal arsine Cp(CO)3W−AsBut
2 (1), which is oxidized with elemental sulfur to the arsine sulfide Cp(CO)3W−AsBut
2(S) (2). 2 is converted in refluxing pentane with loss of CO into Cp(CO)2W(η2-AsBut
2S) (3). The chiral complex contains the novel dihapto-But
2As−S ligand and exhibits dynamic behaviour (⊿G≠286 = 15.4 kcal/mol). Side-on coordination of the But
2As−S ligand is proved by spectroscopic data and X-ray analysis. 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 12.141(2), b = 15.179(2), c = 19.558(2) Å, β = 99.61(2)°. The structure was refined to R = 0.051 for 4087 independent reflections.
Hochfeld-NMR-Spektroskopie. Analyse der 1H-NMR-Spektren von η1.η2-Alkenyl-und η3-Cycloalkenyl-η5 -cyclopeiitadienylnickelkomplexen / High Field NMR Spectroscopy. : 1H NMR Spectra Analysis of η 1,η2-Alkenyl-and η3-Cycloalkenyl-η5 -cyclopentadienylnickel Complexes
Authors: Benn Reinhard , Klein Jochen , Rufińska Anna , Schroth Gerhard
Published: February 2015

The 400 and 500 MHz 1H NMR spectra of a series of η1,η2-alkenyl- and η3-cycloalkenyl- η5-cyclopentadienylnickel complexes were analysed with the help of special NMR techniques like double resonance, automated spectra analysis, and nuclear Overhauser measurements. Ligands containing a 4-pentenyl unit adopt a certain conformation when complexed as bidentate to a transition metal (Ni, Ru). These η1,η2-alkenyl complexes form a rigid ring in which the β-H atoms point away from the metal. This conformation is found independent of whether the chain is substituted with alkyl or cyclopropyl groups or if the 4-pentenylrest is part of a cyclo-4-octenyl ring. The structure of cyclic η3-alkenyl complexes can also be characterised with typical NMR parameters. The three carbon atoms of the η3-allyl group as well as their adjacent carbon atoms are in plane; in the greater rings (C6−C8) the other carbon atoms point away from nickel. The nuclear Overhauser difference spectroscopy has been found to be an extremely sensitive tool for stereospecific assignments: in particular, very small intensity changes (below 1%) even of hidden protons can be detected. A procedure for the application of the automated spectra analysis is introduced. Based on these new experimental facilities a general strategy is proposed for the analysis of the 1H NMR spectra of complex molecules.
Zur Struktur von KFe2As2, KCo2As2, KRh2As / Crystal Structure of KFe2As2, KCo2As2, KRh2As 2 and KRh2P2
Authors: Rózsa Sándor , Schuster Hans-Uwe
Published: February 2015

Four new ternary compounds KB2X2 (B = Fe, Co, Rh; X = P, As) were prepared. They are isotypic and crystallize in a ThCr 2Si2-type structure (I4/mmm) with the following lattice constants:

KFe2As2: a = 384.2 pm c = 1386.1 pm

KCO2AS2: a = 379.4 pm c = 1357.0 pm

KRh2As2 : a = 398.7 pm c = 1326.7 pm

KRh2P2 : a = 388.4 pm c = 1298.6 pm
Partially Oxidised Products of Magnus Green Salt and Similar Conducting Solids
Authors: Papavassiliou G. C. , Layek D.
Published: February 2015

During the partial oxidation of Magnus green salt two kinds of compounds have been obtained. One is copper coloured with d.c. conductivity of the same order as in KCP. The other is red orange coloured with a metal-halide chain. Also compounds similar to the copper coloured com-plex have been prepared.
Diethylamino/methylphosphonium-methylide und ihre Bis(cyclopentadienyI)zirconium(IV)-Komplexe / Diethylamino/methylphosphonium-methylides and their Bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium(IV) Complexes
Authors: Schmidbaur H. , Pichl R.
Published: February 2015

(1a-

The diethylamino/methylphosphines Men(NEt2)3-nP c) with n = 0, 1, or 2 have been synthesized from PCl3 or MePCl2, respectively. Addition of methyliodide gave the phosphonium salts Men(NEt2)4-nP+I-
(2a-c) with n = 1 , 2 , or 3. These salts were converted into the corresponding ylides Men(NEt2)3-nP=CH2
(3a-c) with n = 0, 1, or 2. The products are reactive, colorless, distillable liquids, freely soluble in non-polar solvents. - (C5H5)2ZrCl2 when treated with 3b afforded two isomeric products with chelating or monodentate vlide coordination, respectively: (C5H5)2ZrCl(CH2)2P(NEt2)2
(4) and (C5H5)2ZrClCH=P(NEt2)2Me (5). In an analogous reaction. 3a gave a dinuclear complex [(C5H5)2ZrCP(NEt2)Me2]2
(6) whereas no well-defined material could be obtained with the bulky trisamino ylide 3c. All compounds were characterized by their 1H. 13C, and 31P NMR spectra.
Synthesen, Kristall- und Molekülstruktur ionischer Nickel-Komplexe mit Phosphanen im kationischen und anionischen Komplex-Teil / Syntheses, Crystal and Molecular Structure of Ionic Nickel Complexes with Phosphanes in the Cationic and Anionic Part
Authors: Brenndörfer Maria , Brune Hans Albert , Debaerdemaeker Tony , Hemmer Reinhard
Published: February 2015

The syntheses of five new nickel-II-complexes of the type [HPR′3][R3PNiCl3] (R,R′ = C6H5, n-C4H9, C6H11 , C5H9 and R = C6H5, R′ = C6H11) are described.

The structure of the compound [HP(C6H11)3][(C6H5)3PNiCl3] was determined by X-ray analysis. The crystals are monoclinic; space group P21/n with the lattice parameters a = 18.180(5), b = 18.842(4), c = 11.173(3) Å and β = 107.12(6)°; Z = 4.
Darstellung und Struktur eines zweikernigen Vanadium(V)-Komplexes mit den terminal gebundenen Stickstoffliganden NtC4H9, NHtC4H9 und NH2
tC4H9: [ VCl(μ-Cl)(NtC4H9)(NHtC4H9) (NH2
tC4H9) ]2 / Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a Binuclear Vanadium(V) Complex Containing the Terminal Nitrogen Ligands NtC4H9, NHtC4H9, NH2
tC4H9: [VCl(μ-Cl)(NtC4H9)(NHtC4H9)(NH2
tC4H9)]2
Authors: Preuss Fritz , Fuchslocher Edith , Sheldrick William S.
Published: February 2015

tC4H9N = VCl2(NHtC4H9) and the tert-butylamine complex [tC4H9N=VCl2(NHtC4H9)(NH2
tC4H9)] have been prepared by reaction of tC4H9N=VCl3 with NH2
tC4H9. 1H and 51V NMR data of these compounds are reported. The complex was investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis; the structure has been found to be a binuclear vanadium complex bridged by two Cl-atoms with a distorted octahedral arrangement of the ligands.
Synthesis of Substituted 3-(β,β-Dimethylhydrazino)- 2-methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-oxaphospholanes+
Authors: Wróblewski Andrzej E.
Published: February 2015

Cyclisation of δ-(N,N-dimethylhydrazono)alkyl phosphites afforded the title compounds in moderate to high yields. The ring closure was highly diastereoselective leading to an excess of the diastereomers with the β,β-dimethylhydrazino and MeOP groups in the trans configuration. The structure and relative configurations of diastereomeric pairs were established by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. A mechanism of cyclisation was proposed.
7 Tesla fMRI Reveals Systematic Functional Organization for Binocular Disparity in Dorsal Visual Cortex
Authors: Goncalves Nuno R. , Ban Hiroshi , Sánchez-Panchuelo Rosa M. , Francis Susan T. , Schluppeck Denis , Welchman Andrew E.
Published: February 2015

The binocular disparity between the views of the world registered by the left and right eyes provides a powerful signal about the depth structure of the environment. Despite increasing knowledge of the cortical areas that process disparity from animal models, comparatively little is known about the local architecture of stereoscopic processing in the human brain. Here, we take advantage of the high spatial specificity and image contrast offered by 7 tesla fMRI to test for systematic organization of disparity representations in the human brain. Participants viewed random dot stereogram stimuli depicting different depth positions while we recorded fMRI responses from dorsomedial visual cortex. We repeated measurements across three separate imaging sessions. Using a series of computational modeling approaches, we report three main advances in understanding disparity organization in the human brain. First, we show that disparity preferences are clustered and that this organization persists across imaging sessions, particularly in area V3A. Second, we observe differences between the local distribution of voxel responses in early and dorsomedial visual areas, suggesting different cortical organization. Third, using modeling of voxel responses, we show that higher dorsal areas (V3A, V3B/KO) have properties that are characteristic of human depth judgments: a simple model that uses tuning parameters estimated from fMRI data captures known variations in human psychophysical performance. Together, these findings indicate that human dorsal visual cortex contains selective cortical structures for disparity that may support the neural computations that underlie depth perception.
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Mortality remains increased in Cushing's disease despite biochemical remission: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: van Haalen Femke M , Broersen Leonie H A , Jorgensen Jens O , Pereira Alberto M , Dekkers Olaf M
Published: February 2015

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate whether mortality is increased in patients biochemically cured after initial treatment for Cushing's disease. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of follow-up studies in patients cured from Cushing's disease after initial treatment was performed. Eight electronic databases were searched from 1975 to March 2014 to identify potentially relevant articles. Original articles reporting the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for patients cured of Cushing's disease were eligible for inclusion. SMRs were pooled in a random effects model.I2statistics was used for quantification of heterogeneity. Eight cohort studies with a total of 766 patients were included. Out of eight studies, seven showed an SMR above 1.0 for cured patients. The pooled SMR was 2.5 (95% CI 1.4–4.2). TheI2statistics showed evidence for statistical heterogeneity (78%,Q-statisticsP<0.001), which was largely explained by two outliers. This meta-analysis reveals that mortality remains increased in patients with Cushing's disease even after initial biochemical cure remission, suggesting that cure does not directly reverse the metabolic consequences of long-term overexposure to cortisol. Other conditions such as hypopituitarism, including persistent adrenocortical insufficiency after surgery, may also contribute to the increased mortality risk.
Variación espacio-temporal de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados epibiontes en las raíces del mangle rojo Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) en la laguna costera de La Mancha, Veracruz, México
Authors: Ruiz Guerrero Marcela , López-Portillo Jorge
Published: February 2015

La Mancha lagoon is connected to the Gulf of Mexico through an estuarine ephemeral inlet, a sand bar, which opens during the rainy season and closes during the late fall and the winter storm season. As the lagoon fills up with the permanent stream flow into its Southern part, the water level increases and the sand bar opens up, releasing huge volumes of water into the ocean and leaving the previously flooded intertidal zone exposed to drying. In this study, we described the spatial and temporal variations of structure and composition of the community living on the surface of red mangrove prop roots, related to the hydrodynamic of the estuarine inlet. Four red mangrove prop roots were collected every three months, over an annual period, at ten sampling stations. Water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, water depth and transparency were also measured at each sampling event. To describe the identity, abundance, biomass, and specific richness of epibiont coverage on the prop roots, measurements were taken at 10cm intervals (herein called “horizons”). A total of 59 632 specimens and a total biomass of 172g/cm2 were registered, and a maximum of eleven horizons presented at least one species of epibionts. Two species of polychaetes, 12 of mollusks and 14 of crustaceans were identified, with Mytilopsis leucophaeata as the most abundant, Ficopomatus miamiensis as the most common and Crassostrea rhizophorae with the highest contribution in biomass. Sampling effort was assessed using species accumulation curves, resulting that the efficiency was, in general, greater than 90% of the richness predicted by asymptotic models. The hydrodynamics of the estuarine inlet had a great influence on the environmental conditions of the lagoon and on the spatial and temporal variation of the epibiont community: (a) when the inlet is open, there is a North-South gradient in environmental parameters (b) when the inlet is closed and the water level increases, the epibionts especially the pioneer species F. miamiensis, occupied the highest horizons of prop roots, and (c) the abundance, biomass and richness of epibionts increased towards the deeper and less saline Southern part of the lagoon, as well as on permanently submerged horizons, and during the seasonal closure of the inlet. Variations in depth are determined by the hydrodynamic behavior of the estuarine inlet, suggesting that these factors are major biodiversity drivers of the epibiont community at La Mancha.
Abundancia relativa, estructura poblacional, preferencia de hábitat y patrones de actividad del Tapir Centroamericano Tapirus bairdii (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae), en la Selva de Los Chimalapas, Oaxaca, México
Authors: Lira-Torres Iván , Briones-Salas Miguel , Sánchez-Rojas Gerardo
Published: February 2015

Baird’s tapir (Tapirus bairdii) is endangered primarily because of habitat loss and fragmentation, and overhunting throughout its distribution range. One of the priority land areas for the conservation of this species is the Northern part of its range in the Chimalapas forest, Oaxaca. The aim of this research was to determine the relative abundance, population structure, habitat preferences and activity patterns of Baird´s tapir (Tapirus bairdii) in the Chimalapas forest, Oaxaca, Mexico, through the non-invasive technique of camera-trap sampling. A total of five sampling sessions were undertaken among 2009-2013, and used a total of 30 camera-traps in each period. The determinant factor of the sampling design was the hunting between two study areas. A total sampling effort of 9 000 trap-days allowed to estimate an index of relative abundance (IRA) of 6.77 tapir photographs/1 000 trap-days (n=61). IRA varied significantly between sampling stations (Mann-Whitney, p<0.01). The frequency of Baird´s tapir photos was higher in the dry season in tropical rain forest without hunting (x², p<0.5). In the rainy season, the tropical rain forest and secondary vegetation habitats showed higher photo frequency than expected from random (x², p<0.5). Considering population structure, a 95.08% of adult animals was obtained in photographic records (n=58). Three types of activity pattern were observed, with more nocturnal records (88.33%; Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05). The Chimalapas forest appears to be the second most important terrestrial priority ecoregion, just after the Mayan Forest (Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo), for the conservation of tapir populations, not only for Mexico but also for Central America.
Composición de especies leñosas en comunidades invadidas en montañas del centro de Argentina: su relación con factores ambientales locales
Authors: Zeballos Sebastián R. , Tecco Paula A. , Cabido Marcelo , Gurvich Diego E.
Published: February 2015

Invasions by exotic woody species are threatening ecosystem functions worldwide. The spread and subsequent replacement of native forest by exotic dominated stands is particularly evident nearby urban centers were exotic propagule pressure is highest. Yet, there is a lack of information on the environmental factors that underlie these replacements. In this study we addressed the following questions: (1) ¿is there a local spatial segregation between the dominant native and exotic woody species? and (2) if this local segregation does exist, is it driven by environmental features?. For this, in 2010 we established 31 plots distributed along 16 sampling site we surveyed the composition and abundance of all woody species with a basal diameter ≥ 5cm. To characterize the environment of each plot, we measured the topographic position (slope, exposure) and different properties such as soil physics (bulk density, soil impedance), structure (soil deep, texture) and chemical characteristics (pH, nutrient and water content). Through a cluster analysis we were able to identify five different woody communities in coexistence: (1) Woodlands dominated by the exotic Ligustrum lucidum; (2) Mixed woodlands dominated by the native Lithraea molleoides and the exotic Celtis australis; (3) Scrublands dominated by the native Condalia buxifolia; (4) Scrublands dominated by the exotic Cotoneaster glaucophyllus, and (5) Scrubby grasslands with the exotic Pyracantha angustifolia. These communities were all associated with different local topographic and edaphic features. The environmental segregation among the identified communities suggests that woody invaders have the potential to colonize almost all the environments of the study site (though varying in the identity of the dominant exotic species). The observed patterns, even being restricted to a single well invaded area of mountain Chaco, may posit the spread of woody invaders towards native communities in the region
Colonización y estructura de la comunidad de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares en Alsophila firma (Cyatheaceae) en bosque mesófilo de montaña en Veracruz, México
Authors: Lara-Pérez Luis A. , Noa-Carrazana Juan Carlos , Landa López Ángel De Jesús , Hernández-González Sergio , Oros-Ortega Iván , Andrade Torres Antonio
Published: February 2015

Alsophila firma is a tree fern that is distributed mainly in tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) and is considered as a threatened species. Arbuscular mycorrrhizal fungi (AMF) have been proposed as an alternative in rescue programs of endangered species. However, our knowledge about diversity of AMF and mycorrhizal status of the species of TMCF is limited. In Mexico TMCF shows different degrees of conservation because of fragmentation and land use change. In this study, we evaluated the level of colonization, richness and abundances of spores of AMF in three fragments with different conservation status: conserved (100 years), secondary vegetation (17 years) and disturbed. For this, soil samples and roots were collected from five individuals of A. firma per site, with at least 100m away from each other; a total of 100cm of roots were analysed per site. Root samples showed AMF and occasionally dark septate fungi (DSF) colonizations. For the overall study, 19 species of AMF were recorded: Gigaspora (7), Acaulospora (4), Glomus (4), Funneliformis (2), Sclerocystis (1) and Scutellospora (1). The dominant species in the three sites were Funneliformis geosporum and Acaulospora scrobiculata. The highest diversity (H’) and evenness (J’) (p<0.05) were found in the conserved site (H’=1.7, J’=0.66), when compared to the secondary vegetation (H’=1.5, J’=0.61), and the disturbed site (H’=0.74, J’=0.41). Statistical analysis showed that the AMF degree of colonization was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the conserved site; although, the disturbed site showed low richness and abundances of AMF, the degree of root colonization did not differ statistically (p<0.05) with the secondary vegetation site. Chao2 (Richness estimation model) showed that the number of analysed samples were sufficient to represent the structure of the AMF communities with values >90%. The present study confirmed that A. firma is a mycorrhizal species that exhibits high levels of colonization even in disturbed sites. We suggest that F. geosporum and A. scrobiculata may have the potential to inoculate the gametophyte and young sporophyte of A. firma, to support restoration programs, because of their abundances and high tolerance to disturbed sites.