bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heart Rate Profile of Professional and Amateur Football Athletes in Bandung
Authors: Rafi Muhammad , Nurhayati Titing , Sari Dian M
Published: August 2018

Routine physical exercise will provide a remarkable impact on the body,especially on cardiovascular system performance. This study aims to describe the heart rate profile of professional and amateur football athletes. This is a descriptive study with cross-sectional approach. Samples are taken through a total sampling approach in 34 athletes (17 professional football athletes from Persib U-19 team and 17 amateur football athletes from the Unpad Football Unit in Bandung). The average resting heart rate in professional football athletes is 70.29 times per minute while for amateur soccer athletes it is 88.47 times per minute. The mean post-step test heart rate in professional football athletes is 125.41 and in amateur athletes is 132.94. The average recovery time in professional football athletes is 2.06 minutes and in amateur athletes is 2.41 minutes. The study concludes that heart rate in the subject group of amateur soccer athletes is higher than the subject group of professional soccer athletes. Further research is needed to assess physical performance in both groups of athletes and evaluate the training programs that have been used.Keywords : amateur athletes, football, heart rate, professional athletes, recovery time, step test
The Teacher’s Movements Toward the Use of Science Communication in the Classroom: A Model from the Activity Theory
Authors: Lima Guilherme , Giordan Marcelo
Published: August 2018

The science communication (SC) is one of the means that the science teacher can use to foster teaching activities. However, it is noteworthy that the SC is produced to meet the communications needs between the science culture and the society, and the school is not a presumed address to science communication. Thus, in order for science teachers to use SC in teaching activities, they need to appropriate it and adapt it to educational proposes. This paper presents a model that aims to understand the teacher’s movements for using science communication in the classroom. Grounded on the activity theory, it analyzes from the system of activities approach how the teacher interacts with the SC. The results highlight four systems of activities in which science teachers act, their interactions and unfoldings, which are classified in three hierarchical levels.
Influência do Conteúdo de Química na Elaboração de Questões do Novo ENEM Associadas ao Enfoque CTS
Authors: Trindade Souza Jorge Raimundo da , Brito Licurgo Peixoto de
Published: August 2018

A concepção do novo Enem incorpora uma proposta de avaliação do desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências fundamentais ao exercício pleno da cidadania, um dos objetivos do enfoque Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS). Neste contexto, esta pesquisa qualitativa, que adota também padrões quantitativos, teve como principal objetivo analisar como o conteúdo de Química pode influenciar na elaboração de questões alinhadas ao enfoque CTS, no novo Enem (2009–2015) e os fatores que influenciam esta relação. Para isso, foi realizada a análise do conteúdo e da estrutura das questões associadas ao ensino de Química aplicadas nesse exame. Excertos de entrevistas com professores de uma instituição pública de ensino superior, elaboradores de questões do Enem, foram considerados como apoio nas discussões. Os resultados mostraram que os conteúdos se apresentam como um fator que exerce influência na elaboração de questões sociocientíficas associadas ao enfoque CTS, embora a incidência de itens que abordam aspectos sociocientificos seja baixa.
Improved simulation of virtual bone drilling surgery with a voxel-based model
Authors: Wang Zhenhuan , Lin Yanping , Chen Huajiang , Yuan Wen
Published: August 2018

Virtual surgery simulation provides a safe, cost-effective and a repeatable alternative to traditional surgical training methods. The simulation is expected to not only simulate the graphical changes in the surgery, but also to provide a haptic response via a force feedback device. The objective of this study is to develop a virtual bone drilling simulation system and focus on the key issues that limit surgical simulations like the virtual bone drilling of spine surgery. A voxel-based bone model is developed and the algorithms (based on the model) are presented in this work. To provide operators with a realistic environment, dual thread technology is used for graphic and haptic rendering of the virtual bone drilling simulation. Such a surgical simulation system can be very helpful in surgical training.
Valor público, gobernanza y tercera vía
Authors: Fernández-Santillán José
Published: August 2018

En el debate público se presentan como términos contradictorios y mutuamente excluyentes los modelos de desarrollo cimentados en el Estado benefactor (Welfare State) y en el Estado neoliberal. A ellos corresponden, respectivamente, los modelos de administración pública conocidos como la Administración Pública Tradicional (APT) y la Nueva Gerencia Pública (NGP). De acuerdo con autores como John Benington estos binomios están firmemente asentados en doctrinas sociales y económicas como el fabianismo y el neoliberalismo. Lo que este ensayo destaca es que esa dualidad no es insustituible: hay una Tercera Vía como modelo de desarrollo económico que tiene como su correspondiente modelo administrativo en la Gobernanza Mediante Redes Comunitarias. Lo que también se destaca aquí es que—al contrario de lo que opina Benington—la Tercera Vía sí tiene una firme base de sustentación teórica. Para sustentar esta tesis se mencionan a varios autores de renombre que han producido obras de gran relieve teórico pero también han brindado grandes aportaciones empíricas.
La reforma educativa en las entidades federativas: armonía y disonancia
Authors: Rojas Javier
Published: August 2018

La reforma educativa de México de 2013 instauró un sistema de evaluación docente bajo la premisa de que aumentaría la calidad educativa. Tras argumentar que detrás de este planteamiento discursivo se halla una reforma política que reconfiguró el pacto corporativo entre el Estado y el Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación, esta investigación mide la velocidad y consistencia con la que los congresos locales armonizaron sus leyes educativas, conforme al marco jurídico nacional. A partir de protocolos de armonización legislativa, el artículo propone un método para medir cambios jurídicos e identificar retos asociados con la instrumentación de políticas públicas. Los resultados muestran que la oposición a la reforma educativa en el ámbito jurídico exhibe un patrón de concentración geográfica y sugieren algunas hipótesis, para explicar variaciones en la velocidad, cumplimiento y consistencia de los procesos de armonización legislativa en las entidades federativas.
La Educación Intercultural en Chile desde la perspectiva de los actores: Una co-construcción
Authors: Ibáñez-Salgado Nolfa , Druker-Ibáñez Sofía
Published: August 2018

Se analiza la pertinencia cultural de la implementación del Programa de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe (PEIB), en escuelas de La Araucanía en el sur de Chile, desde la perspectiva de docentes, educadores tradicionales y adultos mapuche, quienes son destinatarios de esta política pública. La metodología es de carácter cualitativo y de orientación etnográfica y participativa. Los resultados muestran que existe una percepción compartida sobre la falta de pertinencia cultural que tiene para ellos la actual implementación del PEIB, así como el sentimiento de no haber sido considerados suficientemente en sus modos de instalación. Se constata la sistemática invisibilización de las lógicas de sentido que orientan el accionar de las personas mapuche y el no reconocimiento de su agencia. Se espera que este trabajo pueda contribuir a la inclusión de la interculturalidad en la formación docente y al rediseño de la implementación de políticas públicas de educación y desarrollo indígena en nuestro país.
Ayesha Siddiqa. Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007. 292 pages. Paperback. Rs 450.00
Authors: M. Idrees Khawaja
Published: August 2018

The book is about business interests of the military in Pakistan. It looks at the political economy of military’s business activities and the personal economic stakes of military personnel as the driver of political ambitions of the armed forces. The author has coined the term ‘Milbus’ for military’s business activities. She defines ‘Milbus’ as ‘military capital used for the personal benefit of military fraternity’. Apart from the Introduction, the book has ten chapters. Chapter 1, ‘Milbus: A Theoretical Concept’, argues that Milbus prevails in most militaries around the world. The extent to which Milbus prevails in a military depends upon the civil-military relations and the strength of political institutions in the country. The chapter outlines six distinct categories of civil-military relations along a continuum of the strength of civil institutions. Polity’s that boast of strong civil institutions, see political forces rule over the country with military playing a subservient role. As the strength of civil institutions declines, militaries penetrate, with the role military becoming complete when the state fails. This is the state where warlords rule. Chapter 2, ‘The Pakistan Military: The Development of Praetorianism’, argues that certain structural lacunae in Pakistan’s political system, dating back to 1947, brought the military to fore. Governments of the day, having failed to promote socioeconomic development, promoted the national security paradigm, to retain their political legitimacy. This brought the military to the forefront. The ascent of military is owed on the one hand to the weak political leadership, that gave the military an opportunity to assert itself, and on the other hand to the authoritarian inclination of civil governments, that compelled these governments to partner with the military. Thus the seed of praetorianism were sown from the very beginning.
Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, Muneer Mahmud, and Mustansar Billah (eds.). Pakistan and Changing Scenario: Regional and Global. Islamabad: Policy Research Institute, 2008. 166 pages. Price not given.
Authors: Nadia Zakir
Published: August 2018

There are major developments taking place around the globe affecting Pakistan and the region. Pakistan is dealing with various social, cultural and security issues on its internal side. On the other hand, the dynamics of globalisation are also having an impact offering both challenges and opportunities. Taking into consideration the need for an expert discussion on such issues facing Pakistan, the Islamabad Policy Research Institute held a seminar on “Pakistan and Changing Scenario: Regional and Global”. This book contains the research presented in this seminar and is divided into six chapters.
Land Inequality by Mode of Irrigation in Pakistan, 1990-2000
Authors: Rashida Haq
Published: August 2018

In Pakistan agriculture land accounts for a large portion of total wealth and the distribution of this land effects household welfare and agriculture efficiency. Evidence shows that in developing countries, land inequality is detrimental to overall efficiency due to incomplete markets and therefore results in welfare losses to those with little or no land as there are several benefits associated with access to land [Vollrath (2007)]. Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the economy of Pakistan which contribute 22.4 percent to Gross Domestic Product, 43.05 percent of labour force engaged in agriculture sector and 67 percent of population reside in rural areas out of which 30 percent of people living below the official poverty line. As the climate of Pakistan is arid to semi arid, its 80 percent agriculture is irrigated. Pakistan has one of the largest irrigation system in the world based on Indus basin irrigation system which plays an important role in the development of agriculture and the nature of distribution of irrigation water across farm size groups determines to a significant extent the nature of distribution of agriculture income.
Natural Resource Conservation, Poverty Alleviation, and Farmer Partnership
Authors: Umar Farooq  , Munir Ahmad
Published: August 2018

Agriculture has now been seen in its multiple roles like contributing to development as an economic activity, source of livelihood, provider of environmental services and a unique instrument to overall development. As an economic activity, it is a source of growth for national economy, food security, foreign exchange as well as provider of investment opportunities for agro-based industries and rural non-farm economy. As source of livelihood, it provides jobs to majority of the people, especially the small holders, landless and the poor. In terms of environmental services, being the major player in underground water depletion, agrochemical pollution, soil exhaustion and global climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions, agriculture can create good and bad environmental outcomes. Its environmental contributions in managing watersheds and preserving biodiversity are generally unrecognised and unremunerated. Agriculture has well established record as an instrument for poverty reduction1 as well as a leading sector for overall growth in the agriculture-based countries of the world [World Bank (2007)]. In future, agriculture has to commit more promises (e.g. bio-fuel) to the nation without compromising over primary responsibility of food security along with poverty alleviation, conservation of natural resource base, environment protection etc. Unfortunately, the agriculture has been vastly underused for development.
Energy Use for Economic Growth: Cointegration and Causality Analysis from the Agriculture Sector of Pakistan
Authors: Khalid Mushtaq  , Faisal Abbas
Published: August 2018

Productivity is closely associated with direct and indirect use of energy as an input. The importance of energy can not be denied as one of the basic inputs to economic growth process. The consumption of energy has been among the critical indicators of the level of development of any country. It is observed that usually the developed countries use more energy per unit of economic output and far more energy per capita than developing countries. This reflects the adoption of increasingly more efficient technologies for energy production and utilisation as well as changes in the composition of economic activities. This, largely, needs a shift in energy use [Cheng and Lai (1997)]. When this shift in the composition of final energy use is taken into account energy use and the level of economic activity are found to be tightly coupled. The prospect of large reduction in the energy use intensity of economic activity seems limited. So, the accelerated demand results in the scarcity of energy and increasing cost have severe implications for economic growth. This ever increasing role of energy in the present day scenario underlines the need to increase the supply of energy and to find some new alternative energy sources and energy conservation techniques
Price Integration in Wholesale Maize Markets in Pakistan
Authors: Thair Mukhtar
Published: August 2018

Continuing debate concerning the appropriate role of the government in the marketplace and the necessity to some how estimate the effects of agricultural policies on agricultural markets have forced researchers to develop various methods, which would enable them to analyse market efficiency. Government intervention in setting prices, incomes and markets is always controversial. For economists, government intervention may be justified if it does not enhance distortions into the market and, moreover, remedies the existing market imperfections. But how can one observe whether the policy proves to improve market functioning or results in even more inefficiency? One way to throw some light on this long-standing issue is to analyse market performance by studying market integration. Three types of market integration are identified in the literature, which are intertemporal, vertical and spatial. Inter-temporal market integration relates to the arbitrage process across periods. Vertical market integration is concerned with stages in marketing and processing channels. Spatial integration is concerned with the integration of spatially distinct markets i.e. if price changes in one market are fully reflected in alternative market then these markets are said to be spatially integrated. The concept of market integration has normally been applied in studies involving spatial market interrelatedness.
Environmental Fiscal Reforms through Decentralisation for Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication
Authors: Usman Mustafa
Published: August 2018

Markets and government planning are providing alternative systems for coordinating people’s consumption of resources. The effectiveness of coordination depends on the capability of each system to signify accurate information about people’s wants and available supplies of resources. And on the incentives each provides for individuals to react to the desire of others [Hayek (1945) and Wills (2007)]. Natural resources generate public revenues and benefits. Its equitable distribution and sustainable production leads to real development and ultimately helped to poverty reduction and alleviation. Therefore, natural resource revenues necessitate distributions that favour the needs of the indigenous poor people and local sustainable development. Productive and high-value natural resources are seldom accessible to all citizens and their benefits are rarely evenly dispersed crosswise peoples and geographically across nations. It is worth mentioning that revenues collected from natural resources have a long history of being mismanaged and misappropriated—with political and economic elite often capturing a large share of the benefits while the nations disenfranchised must often absorb inexplicably large share of the associated social and environmental expenses. These are highly interdependence; a sound environment is crucial to poverty reduction and sustainable growth, particularly in low-income countries [IBRD/World Bank (2005); World Bank (2006a) and Mustafa (2008)].
Techno-Economic Evaluation of Chromium Recovery Pilot Plant Installed at Kasur Tanneries Complex, Pakistan
Authors: M. Rafiq Khan
Published: August 2018

Chromium metal is widely used as a tanning agent worldwide. The process called chrome-tanning is accomplished in three steps: Pickling, Tanning and Basification1 (Pakistan Tanners Association). Chromium sulfate is the most widely used chemical in this process. Approximately, 60-70 percent of chromium sulfate applied is taken up by the hides and skins, while its 30 to 40 percent remains un-used and is discharged as a component of wastewater into natural water bodies such as rivers, streams, etc., which has adverse environmental impacts on living organisms particularly to humans and animals [Weitz and Luxenberg (n.d.)], and water animals such as fish [Eisler (1986)]. The diseases especially encountered in humans, are of nervous disorders. The pollution from tanneries effluent particularly their chromium component has formed the basis that many developed countries have banned tanning on their soils. Chrome tanned leather, being the need of people all over the world, has the edge that its manufacture cannot be stopped. This has given some economic advantage to some developing countries including Pakistan to manufacture leather and export it to the developed countries. To sustain, different methods have been developed to recover chromium from the tannery effluents before their drainage in the natural water bodies. A few examples of these methods are High Chrome Exhaustion, Direct Recycling of the Spent Tanning Float and Chrome Recovery and Reuse [Arrafay Labs (2003)].
New Keynesian Phillips Curve for Pakistan
Authors: Ahsan Ul Haq Satti
Published: August 2018

Recently macroeconomists have moved to a new neo-classical synthesis by integrating Keynesian features like imperfect competition and nominal rigidities with dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of the Real Business Cycle Theory with micro foundations and rational expectations, [see, for instance, McCallum and Nelson (1999)]. The standard model comprises of a trinity; consumption and inflation adjustment equations with a monetary authority’s reaction function. One of the pillar of the modelinflation adjustment equation, also known as New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) in the literature, has at least two important features; unlike the traditional Phillips curve the NKPC is forward-looking; and it has been derived from the profit maximising behaviour of the firms in a monopolistically competitive market structure.
Long-run Performance of Public vs. Private Sector Initial Public Offerings in Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Faisal Rizwan
Published: August 2018

The private sector had its major share in the economic development of the country in the early years of its independence in the 1950s. However, the private sector suffered a set back in the early 1970s, when a huge process of nationalisation of a large number of private industrial units was undertaken by the then government. Over the decades these enterprises were not professionally managed and the political influences in the management and running of these enterprises played havoc with them and consequently the experiment proved to be a failure. Attending to the weaknesses and inefficiencies inherent in the public sector enterprises, privatisation was systematically initiated by the then government in the early 1990s. Various privatisation commissions were set up in subsequent years and the privatisation process got some momentum during the present government and many large and profitable firms were privatised in the last few years, particularly at a time when the overall climate in the country was responsive and conducive for investment. The government, however, privatised many enterprises through public offerings on individual-case basis.
External Financial Resource Management by Listed Pakistani Firms
Authors: Attiya Y. Javid
Published: August 2018

Enterprises need finance for investment and acquire it either by internally generated finance or externally generated finance, which are closely related to the ownership structure, financial market development and enforcement of law of a country. In underdeveloped companies with foreign owners have an advantage in their access to external finance as compare to domestically owned companies because their financial resources coming from abroad. Access to external finance is a key determinant of a firm’s ability to develop, operate, and expand. Economic researchers have studied how various macroeconomic and microeconomic factors influence such access; for example, it has been shown that the need of external finance to depend on the macroeconomic environment, since economic downturns tend to limit firms’ ability to borrow and banks’ willingness to lend. This “credit channel” research argues that corporate access to credit is the principal mechanism linking monetary policy and the real economy. At the micro level, research has shown that characteristics specific to a firm influence the degree to which macroeconomic changes affect its access to external financing; specifically, firms that are more vulnerable financially—such as smaller, younger, riskier, and more indebted firms—are found to be more affected by tighter monetary policy.
Iran-Pakistan-India Gas Pipeline—An Economic Analysis in a Game Theoretic Framework
Authors: Zahid Asghar
Published: August 2018

Over the last four decades world economy has experienced several wide swings in energy prices. These swings have very serious repercussions for countries of Asian, in general, and South Asian regions, in particular; the latter having tremendous economic potential. Rapidly growing economies like India, China and Pakistan will face serious energy crisis if they do not plan well for future needs. Energy is one of the most critical inputs to several variety of production function. And we have very limited ability to replace it by other means in the short run, without having serious setback to our GDP. Energy conservation is a topic that has been discussed over a long period of time. Energy conservation is not a local issue but a global one, affecting the strategic planning and policy making of the governments worldwide. Energy conservation is proving as a catalyst for globalisation and international trade of energy.
An Analysis of Pakistan’s Vulnerability to Economic Crisis
Authors: Safdar Ullah Khan
Published: August 2018

The post 9/11 scenario in Pakistan’s economy can readily be identified with a host of positive developments. Real GDP growth rates have averaged around 6 percent since 2002, stock market surges have broken all the previous records, there is much more dynamism in the banking industry, capital flows are pouring into the economy, foreign exchange reserves have swelled to record high levels, and poverty has witnessed a declining trend. However, what mars these celebrations since last year is the scepticism of some market commentators on the growing vulnerability of Pakistan’s economy to crisis.1 The main weakness, as widely pointed out, remains the sustainability of current account deficit along with rising fiscal imbalances. A review of empirical literature on the determinants of currency crisis introduces a host of macroeconomic fundamentals broadly based on the predictions of the seminal first- and second-generation models. Although the list of these determinants varies from study to study, the consensus appears to be on the sustainability of external and fiscal positions as the main predictors of a crisis. An overview of the Pakistani fundamentals since 2000 reveals that broadly key Pakistani economic indicators do not give an immediate cause for concern. However, the emergence of primary budget balance as a deficit and the growing trade and current account deficits in the last two years does seem to be a cause for concern.
Understanding Poverty through the Eyes of Lowsalaried Government Employees: A Case Study of the NED University of Engineering and Technology
Authors: Raza Ali Khan
Published: August 2018

The last few decades have witnessed a significant shift in the concept of development. Research focusing on development has shifted its focus from macroeconomic to more microeconomic development. More recently, poverty has become an important interest area for researchers, governments, United Nations agencies, NGOs and some specialised international development agencies. The United Nations has designated the period 1997-2006 as the decade for poverty eradication [World Summit for Social Development (1995)]. The millennium meeting at the United Nations headquarters and its follow-up meeting at Brussels set up on ambitious target for reducing poverty by half by the year 2015. [Altaf (2004)]. Since the overall objective is “human development,” people are presumed to play a major role in assuming the initiative, management of, and control over resources, as well as the setting of priorities for poverty reduction. The translation of this idea into reality necessitates the investigation of people’s understanding and experiences of poverty and adjustment to, or coping with, chaotic socio-economic situations and catastrophes (both human and natural), be they food insecurity, hunger, famine outbreaks, or poverty. Some of these crises, in many cases, are not occasional occurrences; rather they are the consequences of long term processes, especially poverty, which is caused by a combination of interacting factors related to social, economic, political, and natural dimensions [Abdel (1996)].
FDI and Exports in Developing Countries: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Muhammad Tariq Majeed
Published: August 2018

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) not only generate global flows of foreign direct investment, but are also extremely for global trade flows. UNCTAD (2004) estimates that MNEs account for around two-thirds of world exports. Since MNEs are responsible for a large proportion of world trade, one may infer that there is a close relationship between flows of FDI and trade. An MNE network, consisting of a parent and a network of affiliates, generates simultaneous flows of goods and investments. In this context the pool of knowledge and associated models, which explain international trade, has grown substantially in the recent past, but there is less theoretical consensus about the relationship between trade flows and FDI. The fact that exporting and local production are alternative ways for an MNE to serve the demand in a foreign market suggests a substitutability relationship between FDI and trade. MNE production in the host country implies that local production is a substitute for exports from the home country. On the other hand, MNE affiliates’ production in a host country can generate a demand for intermediate goods from the parent, resulting in a complementary relationship between flows of FDI and trade (exports). Theoretical reasoning therefore supports both these possibilities, providing a strong incentive for empirical analysis
Quantifying the Impact of Development of the Transport Sector in Pakistan
Authors: Siddiqui Rizwana
Published: August 2018

An efficient transport system is not only a pre-requisite for economic development but is also important to achieve the objective of economic integration in the world economy. Insufficient transport infrastructure results in congestion, delay delivery time, fuel waste, pollution and accident1 which built inefficiencies in the economy and costs the economy 4 to 6 percent of GDP each year [Shah (2006)and World Bank (2007)], which can be saved by investing in transport services. Realising its importance, the government of Pakistan has initiated National Trade Corridor Improvement Programme (NTCIP) in 2005 to improve logistic and transport infrastructure so that it can fulfill the demand of economy more efficiently. This five years programme includes all sectors that improve performance of corridor-high way namely, road transport, railways, airports, and ships etc. The objective of the programme is to reduce the cost of doing business and improve quality of services. The study quantifies the efficiency of transport sector by evaluating the impact of public investment to improve transport services on the economy in general and on cost of land transportation in particular; i.e., cost of freight and passenger movement and cost of externalities such as congestion, air pollution and accident. The outcome of the study depends on how improved facility is achieved, i.e., who bears the cost and who benefits etc. This paper assumes tax financed public investment that not only change domestic price and demand, but also welfare and poverty. The issue is analysed in computable general equilibrium framework taking into account inter linkages of transport sector with rest of the economy. First, a social accounting matrix (SAM) is developed with a detailed transport module. Then, a dynamic CGE model is developed around this SAM and simulations are conducted for short run and long run analysis of public investment in trans port sector.
Dynamics of Wheat Market Integration in Northern Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Sarwar Zahid  , Abdul Qayyum
Published: August 2018

The economy of Pakistan is largely dependent on the agriculture sector which contributes about 21 percent to the GDP and employs about 43.4 percent of the labour force. Agriculture and agro-based industrial products contribute about three fourth of the total foreign exchange earnings from export [Pakistan (2007)]. About 66 percent of the population lives in rural areas of Pakistan and directly or indirectly depends on agriculture for its livelihood. The welfare and participation of the rural population in the economy is therefore, central to the country’s progress. Despite the importance of agricultural sector in the national economy, there is a wide gap between food supply and demand due to low performance of agriculture [FAO (2000)]. The country is not producing enough commodities like wheat, rice and edible oil etc. to meet even the basic food needs of the population and as a consequence poverty is on the rise, particularly in the rural areas. In order to reduce poverty, agriculture has to grow faster and at a sustainable basis.
Land and Water Resources of Pakistan— A Critical Assessment
Authors: Shahid Ahmad
Published: August 2018

The country’s geographical area is 79.61 million hectares (mha), excluding the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Out of this, only 72 percent area has been reported indicating a major limitation that 28 percent area is not yet surveyed for land use classification. The reported area is further classified into four major classes: (a) forest area of 4.02 mha; (b) area not available for cultivation of 22.88 mha; (c) culturable waste of 8.12 mha; and (d) cultivated area of 22.05 mha. Out of the reported area, around 8.1 mha are available for future agriculture and other uses, if water is made available. If rest of the area (28 percent) is also surveyed then one can have better picture of country’s land resources (Table 1).
Valuation and Pricing of Surface Water Supplies in Pakistan
Authors: Mohammad Asif Khan
Published: August 2018

Pakistan has the largest contiguous, well-articulated, and comprehensive irrigation system in the world, with 3 storage reservoirs, 68 small dams, 19 diversion barrages, and 45 canal commands with 12 Link Canals for inter-basin transfer of water. About 0.1 million outlets supply water to the farmers to irrigate land besides more than 600,000 tubewells. The whole irrigation network commands an area of 45 million acres (18.22 Mha) out of which 79 percent is irrigated by canals or tubewells/wells. More than half of the canal irrigated areas (58 percent) is irrigated perennially and 42 percent nonperennially [NWSR (2002)]. The average annual flow of Indus River System is approximately 151.58 million acre feet (MAF) of which presently 103.81 MAF (128.1 BCM) is being diverted to irrigate farm lands [NWSR (2002)]. The present live storage capacity of the reservoirs is about 12.5 MAF (13 percent of river flows) compared with the original capacity of 15.7 MAF. The hydropower generation is constrained by seasonal inflows to reservoirs and irrigation requirements by Indus River System Authority. The generation dictated by irrigation requirements is the highest in the months of July to October. Little more than half of the diverted flows (55 percent) become available at farm gate, 42 percent infiltrate to groundwater reservoir and balance 3 percent is lost as evaporation. Of the total water that seeps down to the groundwater reservoir, including some 27 percent of farm gate supply through field seepage, nearly 85 percent is being extracted. Groundwater owing its existence to operational canal system, supplies over 40 percent of crop water requirements of the country
Land Tenure and Management: An Analytical Appraisal
Authors: Muhammad Nawaz Bhutta
Published: August 2018

The total area of Pakistan is 796101 sq. km (310,400 sq. miles) of which 414659 sq. km (160100 sq. miles) comprises mountainous terrain, narrow valleys and foot hills. The remaining 381442 sq. km (150300 sq. miles) consists of sand, deserts and flat gradational plains, the most important feature of which is Indus River Basin Plain with an area of about 311771 sq. km (123400 sq. miles). The area of principal hydrologic units is given in Table 1.
Environment and Natural Resource Management (The Presidential Address)
Authors: Rashid Amjad
Published: August 2018

Engr. Dr. M. Akram Sheikh, Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission of Pakistan. Past Presidents of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists, Distinguished participants to the 23rd Annual Conference and General Meeting of the Society. Ladies and Gentlemen: It is indeed an honour and privilege for me to deliver the Presidential address at this prestigious forum. I am very well aware of my distinguished predecessors who have served as Presidents of this Society and I hope that I can during my tenure do justice to this responsibility. As you perhaps know yesterday we held the first Convocation of the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics and in the afternoon we launched the Golden Jubilee Celebrations to mark fifty years of its existence. I am sure that given the high regard and esteem with which we all hold the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, members of the Society will share in the pride that we all feel on the award of 10 PhDs and one MPhil to students of the Institute and also join me in congratulating the Institute on the occasion of its Golden Jubilee. The plans are to hold the Golden Jubilee Celebrations in different parts of the country and we look forward to your active participation in these events.
What Turns a Blessing into a Curse? The Political Economy of Natural Resource Wealth (Invited Lecture)
Authors: Syed Mansoob Murshed
Published: August 2018

I review the relationship between natural resource endowment type and economic growth in developing countries. Certain types of natural resources, such as oil and minerals, tend to exhibit concentrated production and revenue patterns, while revenue flows from other resources such as agriculture are more diffuse. Most developing countries that export products from the first group have been prone to growth failure in recent times. The most important channels are political economy mechanisms, where there are negative relationships between natural resource rents and institutional development. An explicit model of growth collapse with micro-foundations in rent-seeking contests that have increasing returns in rent-seeking outlays is presented.
Ajit Mishra. The Economics of Corruption. New Delhi: Oxford
University Press. 2005. 336 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 650.00.
Authors: Saleem Muhammad Mansoor
Published: August 2018

The Economics of Corruption is a collection of papers covering
both the theoretical as well as the empirical perspectives on
corruption. It deals with various aspects of corruption and provides a
well-integrated framework for research in this growing and active area
of inquiry. Besides the first chapter, “Corruption: An Overview”,
written by Ajit Mishra, which is an excellent review of the existing
literature in the field, the book consists of ten articles divided by
three themes. “Corruption as phenomena [sic] is always associated with
an agency structure” writes Ajit in the introductory chapter of the book
(p. 5). Corruption arises when the principal and agent have conflicting
objectives and the principal fails to design the comprehensive
enforceable contract due to lack of information. It becomes complicated
when the principal puts an incentive scheme in place so as to induce
optimal action by the agent and hires another agent to implement this
incentive scheme, referred to as Supervisor. Ajit classifies this
Principal-Supervisor-Agent problem, broadly, into three different types
of relationships according to the powers and responsibilities enjoyed by
the Supervisor.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Malik Afia
Published: August 2018

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Rural Labour Market Developments, Agricultural Productivity, and
Real Wages in Bangladesh, 1950-2006
Authors: Hossain Akhand Akhtar
Published: August 2018

This paper provides an overview of recent developments in
rural labour markets in Bangladesh and also examines the trends and
movements of agricultural productivity and real wages with annual data
for the period 1950-2006. The paper links the movements of agricultural
real wages to macroeconomic developments in general and agricultural
development in particular. As part of empirical investigation, the paper
develops a simple model of agricultural real wages that depend on
agricultural productivity. In order to examine the long-run relationship
between agricultural productivity and real wages, the paper applies the
Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds testing approach. Empirical
results suggest that there exists a long-run relationship between
agricultural productivity and real wages, and that agricultural
productivity can be treated as a ‘long-run forcing variable’ in
explaining agricultural real wages. In the dynamic specification of real
wages, the coefficient on oneperiod lagged error-correction term bears
the expected negative sign and is significant. The forecasting ability
of the error correction model is satisfactory with respect to the level
or the percentage change of real wages. The overall results are
consistent with the findings of earlier studies that agricultural
productivity is a key determinant of real wages in
Bangladesh.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Abbasi Saddam Akber , Javid Muhammad , Arif Umaima , Iftikhar Henna , Zakir Nadia , Ahmed Usman
Published: August 2018

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The Long Term Impact of Health on Economic Growth in Pakistan
Authors: Naeem Akram  , Ihtsham Ul Haq Padda
Published: August 2018

Human capital plays pivotal role for sustainable economic Growth. As different growth theories suggest the role of human capital as a significant for growth process. The concept of human capital in economic literature defined broadly by including education, health, training, migration, and other investments that enhance an individual’s productivity. However, the growth economists that have incorporated human capital in the growth studies, paid greater attention on analysing the impact of education on economic growth, while ignoring the role of health human capital. It is only in very recent times that studies have started looking at health and tried to estimate the relationship between health status and economic growth. There exists a two-way relationship between improved health and economic growth. Health and other forms of human and physical capital increases the per capita GDP by increasing productivity of existing resources coupled with resource accumulation and technical change. Furthermore, some part of this increased income is spent on investment in human capital, which results in further per capita growth. According to Fogel (1994), approximately one third of GDP of Britain between 1790 and 1980 is the outcome of improvements in health especially improvement in nutrition, public health, and medical care facilities and these improved health facilities should be considered as labour enhancing technical change.
Dynamic Modeling of Private Investment in Agricultural Sector of Pakistan
Authors: Imtiaz Ahmad
Published: August 2018

Agriculture is the single largest sector of the economy of Pakistan, which has a large number of for warding and back warding linkages. This sector is contributing 21 percent to GDP and employing 44 percent of the workforce. Like other developing countries, poverty in Pakistan is a rural phenomenon; therefore, its development will be a principal vehicle for alleviating poverty. Recent global food crises again providing an opportunity for developing countries like Pakistan to give more serious attention to the development of agriculture. There is no doubt that development of agriculture depends on investment in this sector. Investment is a central issue in macroeconomic theory; it plays an important role in economic growth of a country as it raises the productive capacity of the economy and promotes technological progress through embodiment of new techniques. Investment spending is usually volatile because it depends on multiple factors, and is responsible for much of the fluctuations of GDP over the business cycle [Dornbush, et al. (1999)]. Therefore, it is very important to explore the determinants of investment. The Classicals (Smith, Ricardo, Say, Marshall, and others) maintained that free markets are the best route to national prosperity and economic growth, and there is no need of government intervention to activate and regulate the economy. Keynesians (1936), on the other hand, believed that there is need for government intervention to activate and regulate the saving and investment behaviour of the society.
Edible Oil Deficit and Its Impact on Food Expenditure in Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Ali
Published: August 2018

Pakistan, a developing country, is the sixth most populous in the world [U. S. Census (2008)], whose demand is rising due to steady economic growth. Agriculture contributes 23 percent of the GDP, 42 percent of the total work force is employed to the agriculture sector and also contributes substantially to Pakistan’s export earnings [Alam (2008)]. Agriculture Commodities and Textiles Products accounts for 62.6 percent of Pakistan's total exports [Memon (2008)]. Pakistan is the ninth largest producer of wheat, 12th largest producer of rice, 5th largest producer of sugarcane and 4rth largest producer of cotton among the top producers in the world as per statistics of FY05 [Memon, et al. (2008)]. Despite overwhelmingly an agrarian economy, Pakistan is unable to produce edible oil sufficient for domestic requirements. Edible oil is considered a necessity in Pakistan and hence its demand is relatively inelastic. There are many reasons behind this shortcoming, for example, lack of awareness of farmers, ignorance of policy makers regarding oilseed crops, technological deficiency in oilseed production and smuggling to neighbouring countries (Afghanistan in particular). The major crop responsible for 57 percent of edible oil production is cotton seed which is primarily a fiber crop. Indigenous production of edible oil is below the consumption levels with a very wide gap between the production and consumption. This gap is bridged through import of edible oil worth more than Rs 45.0 billion1 annually. Presently the oilseed production only meet about 30 percent2 of the domestic requirements and the rest is covered with imports. The high dependency on imports not only exerts the pressure on balance of payment but also develops a close linkage between international price shocks and edible oil price in Pakistan which is ultimately reflected in food expenditure. The common Pakistani food includes a significant quantity of edible oil which is the reason behind high consumption growth rates.