bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collectivity—Past and Present
Authors: Mowry Melissa
Published: October 2021

Chapter 1 explains who the Levellers were, and their significance, outlining the Leveller community’s development of a hermeneutics of collectivity as the cornerstone of their demands for political and social justice. It explores the resistance in modern literary history to recognizing the long-term impact of that hermeneutics. Shaped by the powerful events of World War II, modern literary history, it is contended, was coopted by an epistemology of singularity and has struggled over the last half of the twentieth century to “read” and understand the effect of community on the production of knowledge. The chapter outlines the contents of the rest of the book chapter by chapter.
Counterpoint—Defoe’s Roxana, Eliza Haywood and the Emergence of an Apolitical Hermeneutics of Collectivity
Authors: Mowry Melissa
Published: October 2021

Chapter 5 describes Eliza Haywood’s efforts to reclaim an instrumentalized and limited version of a hermeneutics of collectivity. Nick Seager has argued that Daniel Defoe’s Roxana (1724) was intended as a rebuttal to Haywood’s novella Idalia (1724). This chapter contends that the debate between Haywood and Defoe did not end in 1724 but was extended first by Haywood herself in Fantomina (1725) and then by Elizabeth Appleby whose 1740 edition of Roxana appropriated the ending of Haywood’s The British Recluse as a means of giving Haywood and her commitment to the collective production of knowledge something like the last word.
Literary Neurophysiology
Authors: Knoper Randall
Published: October 2021

Writing about neurophysiology more than a century ago, what were US authors doing? Literary Neurophysiology: Memory, Race, Sex, and Representation in U.S. Writing, 1860–1914 examines their use of literature to experiment with the new materialist psychology, which bore upon their efforts to represent reality and was forging new understandings of race and sexuality. Sometimes they emulated scientific epistemology, allowing their art and conceptions of creativity to be reshaped by it. Sometimes they imaginatively investigated neurophysiological theories, challenging and rewriting scientific explanations of human identity and behavior. By enfolding physiological experimentation into literary inquiries that could account for psychological and social complexities beyond the reach of the laboratory, they used literature as a cognitive medium. Mark Twain, W. D. Howells, and Gertrude Stein come together as they probe the effects on mimesis and creativity of reflex-based automatisms and unconscious meaning-making. Oliver Wendell Holmes explores conceptions of racial nerve force elaborated in population statistics and biopolitics, while W. E. B. Du Bois and Pauline Hopkins contest notions of racial energy used to predict the extinction of African Americans. Holmes explores new definitions of “sexual inversion” as, in divergent ways, Whitman and John Addington Symonds evaluate relations among nerve force, human fecundity, and the supposed grave of nonreproductive sex. Carefully tracing entanglements and conflicts between literary culture and mental science of this period, Knoper reveals unexpected connections among these authors and fresh insights into the science they confronted. Considering their writing as cognitive practice, he provides a new understanding of literary realism.
Nervous Shock, Sexual Inversion, and National Virility
Authors: Knoper Randall
Published: October 2021

As conceptions of nerve force became mixed with those of racial life force, fecundity, reproduction, and progress, sexuality became a prime concern. Amid worries about the “race-suicide” of middle-class whites, nonreproductive sex was denounced. In this chapter, Holmes, in A Mortal Antipathy, connects psychophysiological shock and neurological theories of sexual inversion, thereby pathologizing homosexuality. Although Walt Whitman is often treated as a sex radical who strives to elude pathologizing definitions of his sexuality, and John Addington Symonds is characterized as a sexologist intent on labeling Whitman as homosexual, this chapter argues that Symonds interprets Whitman’s poetry in a way that discounts Whitman’s glorification of heterosexual procreation and finds in the poetry grounds for a utopia rooted in male-to-male vital force.
The Career and Communities of Zaynab Fawwaz
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

An intellectual biography of early Arabic feminist Zaynab Fawwaz and a study of her life in Ottoman Syria and Egypt, in the context of debates on gender, modernity and the good society, 1890s-1910. Chapters take up her writing and debates in which she participated, concerning social justice, girls’ education, marriage, divorce and polygyny, the question of ‘Nature’ and Darwinist notions of male/female, and intersections of nationalism, anti-imperialism, and feminism. Fawwaz also wrote two novels and play, which are analysed in the context of fiction rewriting history, and on theatre as a reformist tool of public education in turn-of-the-century Egypt. The book also comprises a study of some important periodical venues for public debate in Egypt in this period, particularly the nationalist press and one early women’s journal, and it highlights the writings of lesser-studied journalists and other intellectuals, within the context of the Arab/ic Nahda or intellectual revival. It argues that Fawwaz’s feminism, based on an Islamic ethical worldview, was distinct from prevailing ‘modernist’ views in posing a non-essentialist, open-ended notion of gender that did not, for instance, highlight maternalist discourses. Fawwaz’s own background was Shi’i, an element that was quietly present in her work.
Education
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

Fawwaz’s views (and others’) on education are the subject of this chapter, which sets out the emerging Egyptian nationalist agenda for national education posed against the British administration’s resistance to funding educational institutions. Girls’ education was a particularly sensitive topic. Fawwaz was one of many women calling for a locally based girls’ education. But she differed from the majority view of girls’ education as tailored solely to domestic training: ‘the mothers of the future’. Yet, as time went on, Fawwaz did focus more on girls’ education as domestically purposeful. This shift was less about increasingly valuing a domesticizing education and more about inescapable political priorities—the trajectory of national/ist and imperial/ist politics,
Gender Solidarity and Patriotic Disillusion The Politics of 1900
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

This chapter addresses Fawwaz’s intervention in the furious local responses to the infamous articles on ‘Islam’ by France’s former Foreign Minister Gabriel Hanotaux, published in a leading Paris periodical in the spring of 1900. Fawwaz’s response was one of many; for Fawwaz as for others in Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, the question of imperialism could not but shape the possibilities and limitations for activism on behalf of women. The justly celebrated response by leading Islamic-reformist thinker Muhammad ‘Abduh has obscured the many other responses that appeared. Fawwaz’s response asked: what could women do to contribute to an anti-imperialist activism that would ultimately rid the country of foreign interests inimical to its future prosperity?
Introduction
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: October 2021

This is the third edition of a work that first appeared in 1999. The inspiration and approach remain the same. It is for the contributors to consider how their particular subject has evolved over time, to analyse the principal themes, and to assess the legal and political forces that have shaped its development. This book is not, therefore, a text, and contributors have free rein to tell the story of the evolution of their chosen area as they think fit. A range of forces has shaped and continues to shape the evolution of EU law. The most obvious novelty of the first decade of the new millennium was Treaty reform, culminating in the Lisbon Treaty. The ensuing decade has been turbulent for the EU, as it has been beset by the financial crisis, the rule of law crisis, the pandemic, Brexit and problems concerning immigration. A number of important new chapters have been added to the book, including on the Rule of Law, Judicial Reform, Brexit, Constitutional and Legal Theory, Refugee and Asylum law, and Data Governance, while several chapters from the previous edition, such as the Legal Bases for EU Action, EU Enlargement, and the Regulation of Network Industries have, for a variety of reasons, not been included this time.
Integration, Democracy, and Legitimacy
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: October 2021

The first half of the chapter addresses the rich literature concerning the rationale for EU integration. The objective is to render accessible to lawyers, scholarship from international relations and political science that has explored the dynamic of EU integration. It is also designed to reveal the implications of particular theories for EU democracy. The focus in the second half of the chapter shifts to democracy itself, and analysis of the burgeoning literature concerned with the nature of EU democracy, the extent to which the EU suffers from a democratic deficit, and the ways in which it can be alleviated. There is a significant measure of agreement as to the problematic features within the EU from a democratic perspective. The scholarly divergence turns on differences as to the importance of different factors in assessing EU democracy, which leads to differences of view on aspects of the democratic deficit critique. The discussion will draw on insights from integration theory where relevant to the inquiry.
Preliminary Rulings and EU Legal Integration: Evolution and Continuity
Authors: Donnelly Tom de la Mare and Catherine
Published: October 2021

This Chapter considers expansion and variation of the preliminary ruling procedure, as well as the “valve” factors or gateways that combine to render the making of a reference more or less likely, and which regulate the procedure’s potential for use by national courts. It also considers perspectives on the role of preliminary rulings, how the preliminary ruling procedure promotes EU legal integration, and the challenges which the procedure faces.
It is of course beyond dispute that the preliminary ruling procedure has been pivotal to EU legal integration. This Chapter demonstrates that the procedure has continued to produce decisions of constitutional magnitude, more recently driving the development of case law under the Charter and providing invaluable insights into the tensions in the process of EU integration more generally. This Chapter also notes that, while there have been isolated, tentative signs of recalibration, in general, the CJEU maintains its emphasis on maximising reference potential and on using the preliminary ruling mechanism to entrench its position as the ultimate overseer of the interpretation, application and enforcement of EU law. In particular, the CJEU maintains its driven focus on the importance of uniformity in EU law.
The Chapter concludes that it seems unlikely that the CJEU will reconsider its approach going forward, in particular, given recent developments including the ruling of the German Constitutional Court in Weiss and the ongoing disquiet regarding the independence of the judiciary in Poland.
The Vicissitudes of Life at the Coalface: Remedies and Procedures for Enforcing Union Law Before National Courts
Authors: Episcopo Francesca
Published: October 2021

The chapter discusses the evolution of European law concerning national remedies and procedures involved in enforcing EU rights and obligations, combining an exposition of the case law with a critical discussion of the mainstream scholarship. EU law on national remedies is traditionally embodied in the equivalence-effectiveness test, whose jurisprudence is systematized into three periods of varying scrutiny. After the Lisbon Treaty, it is pictured as increasingly based on the principle of effective judicial protection, Articles 19 TEU and 47 EUCFR, suggesting a possible ‘human-rights-oriented twist’ in the field. Adopting a critical stand, the chapter shows how the traditional systematization misses additional strands of cases and facets to the Rewe-effectiveness, while the substantial implications of the latest trends are still under development.
Citizenship: Contrasting Dynamics at the Interface of Integration and Constitutionalism
Authors: Shaw Jo
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the complex tapestry of citizenship in the European Union context, and examines how discourses of citizenship illuminate both the nature of European integration and the process of gradual constitutionalization. The intention is to re-evaluate the role played by citizenship in the evolving processes of Union polity-formation, and the connection between citizenship and the various dynamics of constitution-making. The chapter has three substantive sections which examine the complex and dynamic relationship between citizenship of the Union, the free movement dynamics underpinning EU law, and concepts of citizenship in a wider constitutional context. The chapter finds that there is a tension between citizenship of the Union, as part of the EU’s ‘old’ incremental constitutionalism based on the constitutionalization of the existing Treaties, and citizenship in the Union, where the possibilities of a ‘new’ constitutionalism based on renewed constitutional documents have yet to be fully realized.
Origen and Prophecy
Authors: Hall Claire
Published: October 2021

Origen and Prophecy presents a new reading of the concept of prophecy in the work of Origen of Alexandria (c.185-22 AD). While prophecy in classical antiquity was focused primarily on telling the future, Jewish and early Christian writers began to discuss prophets as moral leaders and sages, understanding their prophecies as moral and mystical proclamations as well as predictions. In this book, I show how Origen developed this model of prophecy using his own principles for reading scripture. The chapters move through several centuries of Greek, Jewish, and Christian thinking about prophecy, divination, time, human nature, autonomy and freedom, allegory and metaphor, and the role of the divine in the order and structure of the cosmos.
Rising Stars, Hot Markets, and Brave New Worlds
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: October 2021

As BRICS markets have continued to evolve, similar definitional criteria have been applied to other countries and regions. This chapter looks at some of these groups and, with input from academicians, practitioners, and practical thinkers, sorts out what common factors add to their attraction, problems, and potential. These emerging economies are grouped as TIMP, MINT, N11, and Frontier Markets. The chapter examines the critical nature of existing positives and negatives that impact or impede growth and how they are being addressed. Observations on infrastructure and demographics, financial system status, governance and governments, are compared with criteria generally present in developing economies such as stability of the countries, politics, and fiscal and monetary policy. The chapter also examines other factors like trade barriers, regulatory environments, access to equitable quality, education, geographic location advantage, and other factors that may be indicators of future emergence onto the global stage.
Defence and Foreign Policy
Authors: Tonra Ben
Published: October 2021

This chapter considers the terms of EU-UK relations in the field of Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), another area which is entirely left out of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA). It underlines the exclusion of cooperation in foreign policy and defence as a deliberate UK choice; however, parties still have to work together to counter global challenges. It also explains the central place of the UK in European defence and security, and the absence of any formal defence relationship between these two actors within the framework of the TCA. The chapter clarifies that the absence of defence from the scope of the TCA is a function of the UK’s immediate focus on distancing itself from the EU for largely domestic political reasons. It highlights perceived sovereignty gains and defence policy cooperation on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) framework and bilateral/mini-lateral links.
Boccaccio, Chaucer, and Stories for an Uncertain World
Authors: Hanning Robert W.
Published: October 2021

The fictive inhabitants of the Decameron and the Canterbury Tales, the stories they tell each other, and the framing fictions that bring them together collectively acknowledge a radical uncertainty that characterizes most human endeavors, challenging the achievement of effective knowledge, perception, and strategy, and lacking intervention by Divine Providence. Dependable knowledge of the future, the past, or the distant present is thwarted by the fickle forces of chance (fortuna) and unverifiable report (fama); accurate perception of meaning is compromised by the instability or equivocality of all systems of signification, linguistic or symbolic, and by the notorious opacity of human intention; and successful strategies for dealing with power in its many forms founder on power’s chronic arbitrariness and irrationality. The key to coping with these challenges is pragmatic prudence: rational calculation issuing in an opportunistic, often amoral choice of ingenious deeds and/or eloquent words appropriate (though without guarantee) to mastering a specific crisis. The goal of pragmatic prudence is agency now, not salvation later. Following an initial chapter that explores the Aristotelian antecedents, contemporaneous cultural influences, and narrative techniques shaping the radically uncertain world of the Decameron and the Canterbury Tales, and identifies components of pragmatic prudence animating the quest for agency in both collections, succeeding chapters pair, and compare, novelle and pilgrim tales that illustrate that quest—its successes and its failures—as it confronts the challenges posed by chance, faulty communication, the unstable referentiality of signifying systems, hidden intentions, and both institutional and emotional power.
Can you trust the sign?
Authors: Hanning Robert W.
Published: October 2021

The referential instability and equivocality of all signifying systems in an uncertain world offer both opportunities to manipulate signifiers and occasions to be confused and frustrated by them. Puns on “cosyn” and “taille” reflect central “The Shipman’s Tale” themes. In Decameron 3.2, a stable groom achieves his goal of sex with the Lombard queen by washing away his occupation’s symbolic odor and imitating the ritual assumed by the king to enter the queen’s bedchamber (the novella’s parody of coronation rituals); the groom also foils the king’s attempt to identify and punish him, without revealing his offense, by duplicating on all the royal servants the sign intended to distinguish him. In “The Reeve’s Tale,” moving a baby’s cradle in a night-darkened room not only creates domestic crises of sex and violence, but also signifies the instability of unjust or inappropriate systems imposed by Symkyn Miller on his family and his town’s economy.
Power
Authors: Hanning Robert W.
Published: October 2021

Both patriarchal power and the power of erotic desire create problems for the imprudent. In Decameron 4.1 and “The Merchant’s Tale,” a powerful man accidentally discovers a woman he should control having sex with her lower status lover, prompting horror like a child’s on seeing its parents make love. Ghismonda, Prince Tancredi’s daughter, chooses a heroic death; May, old January’s disgruntled young wife, ingeniously avoids negative consequences. In Decameron 2.7, the beautiful Alatiel is passed from man to man as a sex toy, and an occasion for war and murder, until fortuna provides her an opportunity (kairos) to recover agency through the exercise of pragmatic prudence. In “The Miller’s Tale” fortuna punishes the three men who love Alisoun—her husband and two diametrically opposed suitors—for allowing their desire to be imprudently controlled by their devotion to, or “imprisonment” in, a different genre: fabliau, love lyric, and popular religious drama.
Density-Functional Theory
Authors: Kübler Jürgen
Published: October 2021

The atomic and electronic degrees of freedom for a crystalline solid are separated using the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. The Hartree–Fock approximation is then applied to the electronic problem, which is solved for a gas of free electrons, culminating in the Slater approximation for the exchange energy. This sets the stage for the density-functional theory that is used to give the Kohn–Sham–Schrödinger equation to be solved for an effective single-particle problem. The electron spin is treated by Dirac’s theory, which is reduced to a two-component theory encompassing the spin–orbit interaction, finally leading to the spin-density-functional theory in the local density-functional approximation (LDA) that is formulated for an arbitrary spin configuration. To close this chapter, some important formal properties of density-functionals are described and used in the general gradient approximation (GGA) for exchange and correlation devised by Perdew and others.
Energy-Band Theory
Authors: Kübler Jürgen
Published: October 2021

Various methods to calculate energy bands and the electronic structure of solids are described in detail. Although the emphasis lies on linear methods well known for their transparency and high numerical speed, traditional methods are described to supply historical background and to point the way to modern methods. After introducing Bloch electrons and the reciprocal space, plane waves, orthogonalized plane waves, and pseudopotentials are discussed, followed by the important augmented plane wave method (APW). Multiple scattering theory defines scattering phase shifts encoding atomic properties and the structure constants that describe the crystal lattice. Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) and linear combination of muffin-tin orbitals (LMTO) result in efficient and fast methods as does the related augmented spherical waves (ASW) method. The treatment of arbitrary spin configurations using the ASW method and the formulation of incommensurate spiral structures on the basis of the unitary SU(2) group are developed in detail.
The cut-elimination theorem
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard
Published: October 2021

All the rules of the sequent calculus have the property that all the formulas that are present in the premises also occur in the conclusion. There is only one exception, the cut rule. In this chapter, it is shown using double induction that every theorem provable in Gentzen’s sequent calculi using the cut rule can also be proved without. One first proves that the mix rule is equivalent in proof-theoretic strength to the cut rule. Then one proves by induction on two complexity measures, the degree and the rank of a mix, that every application of mix can be eliminated. Several results follow from the cut-elimination theorem, including the so-called “mid-sequent” theorem and Herbrand’s theorem. In addition, one can prove the consistency of minimal, intuitionistic, and classical logic.
Big Form
Authors: Steiner Emily
Published: October 2021

This chapter argues that John Trevisa’s major contribution to English literature was creating a vernacular supercompendium or megagenre. In creating a vernacular megagenre he made a claim for English as the source of all useful information and provided an intellectual and literary rationale for English prose. As the only game in Gloucestershire, and with the absence of a royal literary scene, Trevisa had the chance to do more than any one of Charles V’s French clerks: to create from scratch and nearly singlehandedly an oeuvre of English informational prose. This he accomplished in part through his choice of texts, three of them very large compendious works representing political ethics (De regimine principum), natural science (De proprietatibus rerum), and world history (Polychronicon). Trevisa tried to mold these works into a vernacular oeuvre through an ambitious if highly idiosyncratic program of glossing. These glosses accumulate information in the process of translating it, constantly moving outwards from genre to megagenre, from history to natural history, and from the universal to the local and the personal.
Encyclopedic Style
Authors: Steiner Emily
Published: October 2021

This chapter turns to Trevisa’s accomplished translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus’s natural encyclopedia, De proprietatibus rerum. Medieval encyclopedias like Trevisa’s subvert modern expectations of natural history by showing first, that the history of information culture includes both literature and the literary, and second, that the history of English literature includes the translation of big Latin encyclopedias into the vernacular. Trevisa’s continual immersion in De proprietatibus rerum helped him develop a vibrant and affecting prose style, an accumulative style, that was both indebted to Latin encyclopedism and deeply innovative in its shaping of literary English. At the heart of Trevisa’s encyclopedic style is the idea of the “property” as simultaneously a literary ornament and the character or trait of a created thing.
Is the Septuagint the Old Testament of the New Testament?
Authors: Dorival Gilles
Published: October 2021

The Septuagint is the Old Testament of the New Testament, but this assertion must be qualified. The New Testament writers made use of a variety of Jewish translations, including the so-called kaige revision. And sometimes they indirectly quote the Septuagint, making use of the Testimonia, which are kind of anthologies of biblical quotations aimed to prove that Jesus’s death and resurrection had been announced in the Old Testament, that God had intended to reject the Jews and elect the nations and so on. Surprisingly, the number of Old Testament quotations in the New Testament remains problematic: they are at a minimum 160, at most 4,000. Even in the best indices, there is a variation in the ratio of one to two, between 320 and 600. Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts, Paul’s Epistles, Hebrews, Catholic Epistles, and Revelation are reviewed, characterized, and three general conclusions were drawn. First, different writers in the New Testament use different forms of the same Old Testament quotation. Second, whilst some of New Testament variants derive from known textual forms in the Septuagint manuscripts, some are unknown. Third, some quotations are aligned to the Hebrew text or to Theodotion.
Was the Text of the Septuagint Christianized?
Authors: Dorival Gilles
Published: October 2021

On the one hand, all of the deuterocanonical books and all of the supplements to Daniel, Esther, Jeremiah have Jewish origin. In fact, there are only five Christian texts within the Septuagint, perhaps six, if Job 42:17a originated from a Christian circle (which is less likely than from a Jewish milieu). The five texts are found in the Psalter. After Psa 13:3ab, Psa 13:3c–j gives a lengthy quotation of Paul’s Rom 3:12–18. In the Odes, there are four Christian texts: three passages of Luke and one ecclesiastical composition. On the other hand, New Testament verses are introduced into the Septuagint. There are, at most, 159 possible Christianized verses listed for the whole of the Septuagint of which twenty-five occur in Psalms. Of these twenty-five, nine have very limited Christianization: the verses that align with the New Testament text occur only in one, two, or three manuscripts. There are twelve cases of partial Christianization attested in more than three manuscripts and there is only one example of a complete Christianization: Psa 39:7b (40:7b MT), but even this is debated among scholars. Finally, it happens that a few words (less than half a verse) are added into the verses of the Septuagint. There are just six potential Christian additions of this kind. Of these, Psa 65:1a has to be removed. Five cases remain: Psa 37:14a; 37:21c; 49:6a; 50:9a, and 95:10a. The latter is the most famous example: instead of ‘say among the nations: “the Lord became king”’, the Coptic versions, some manuscripts and some Fathers offer ‘say among the nations: “the Lord became king from (the) wood”’. So, a connection is established between the Lord of the Psalm and the wood of Jesus’ cross. In sum, the Septuagint text is very little Christianized: the translation remains remarkably close to its Jewish origin.
An Overview of the Catenae
Authors: Dorival Gilles
Published: October 2021

Catenae appeared in Judaea/Palestine at the beginning of the sixth century. They consist of commentaries, homilies, scholia of the past centuries, and any other literary form in which Scripture verses are explained. Ecclesiastical writings are quoted in the form of extracts, sometimes literal, sometimes rewritten, according to the order of the verses of each Biblical book. Each extract is normally preceded by the name of its author in the genitive case. With time, the catenae were formed not only from commentaries, homilies, scholia, and other patristic writings, but also from pre-existing catenae mixed with these sources. After the sixth century, catenae became the most important media of biblical commentary until the end of the Byzantium Empire (1453). Many debated issues remain. Is Procopius of Gaza (470–530) the father of the catenae? Maybe the two-author catenae predate him, even if this form is better connected with the Byzantine humanism of the ninth and tenth centuries. As for the multiple-author catenae, it is not certain if any of them do are prior Procopius. The compilers of the catenae began their project with the Old Testament, as it was considered to be obscure and foundational to the New Testament, whereas the New Testament was considered to be clear and explicative of the Old Testament. The identity of the compilers of the catenae is shrouded in mystery. Only a few names are known: chiefly, Procopius of Gaza in Palestine and Nicetas of Heraclea in Constantinople. Other names have been proposed: the patriarch Photius, Peter of Laodicea, John Drougarios, but without any persuasive arguments. A final issue concerns Monophysite (or Miaphysite) catenae: were some catenae Monophysite? Or was this literary form indifferent to questions of orthodoxy? In some catenae, Severus of Antioch is called ‘saint’, which may indicate a Monophysite origin. Finally, despite recent progress, many catenae still await publication. For instance, Nicetas’ catena on the Psalms is a monumental work of Byzantine scholarship and it deserves to be available to modern readers.
Stoic Grit and Resilience
Authors: Sherman Nancy
Published: October 2021

The Stoics argue, contrary to popular belief, that resilience and grit depend on strong social supports. Marcus Aurelius paints a chilling image in the Meditations: Without each other, individuals are like severed body parts strewn on a battlefield. They can’t function well or at all. Social connection works through shared reason and through emotions, which are themselves kinds of cognitions. Seneca’s Letters, based on an intimate epistolary relationship with young Lucilius, exemplifies the important role of emotional attachments for good living. Hierocles pictures bringing distant others into one’s orbit through repeated acts of empathy and imagination. In Hercules Rages, Seneca shows that grit depends on more than physical strength or inner toughness. In the face of a horrific tragedy, Hercules learns that to sustain his heroic courage he needs mercy that he can’t show himself. Others must model it for him. He must lean on them for his own sanity and strength.
Introduction
Authors: Cholbi Michael
Published: October 2021

The Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) has gained worldwide visibility as a grassroots social justice movement distinguished by a decentralized, nonhierarchical mode of organization. M4BL rose to prominence in part thanks to its protests against police brutality and misconduct directed at Black Americans. However, its animating concerns are far broader, calling for a wide range of economic, political, legal, and cultural measures to address what it terms a “war against Black people,” as well as the “shared struggle with all oppressed people.” Despite the significance of the social, political, and economic goals of M4BL, as well as the innovative organizational leadership strategies it employs, M4BL has received little sustained philosophical attention. The Movement for Black Lives: Philosophical Perspectives brings philosophical analysis to bear on the aims, strategies, policy positions, and intellectual-historical context of M4BL. The volume broaches a wide range of pressing issues in the philosophy of language, social and political philosophy, philosophy of race, philosophy of gender, and the philosophy of punishment. Chapters address the following themes: “Black Lives Matter” as a political speech act, M4BL’s conception of the value of Black lives, the gender dynamics of the Movement, the relation of M4BL to other Black liberation movements and transitional justice movements, the Movement’s new forms of leadership and organization, and the impact of racism on the normative assessment of the criminal justice system.
Positive Propaganda and the Pragmatics of Protest
Authors: Barnes Michael Randall
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines what protest is from a pragmatic point of view and how it relates to propaganda—specifically what Jason Stanley calls “positive propaganda.” It analyzes the phrase “Black lives matter,” taking it to be a political speech act that offers a unique route to understanding the pragmatics of protest. From this, it considers the moral-epistemological function of protest and develops an account of the authority that protest, as a speech act, both calls upon and makes explicit. It then argues that, rather than simply its effects, it is protest’s distinct pragmatic features—that is, its entitlement conditions and the uptake it aims at—that best capture its important moral, political, and epistemic elements. It therefore rejects the idea that protests are paradigmatic examples of “positive propaganda,” because the propaganda model cannot capture protests’ function of foregrounding the socially located moral authority of the protestor.
Speaking for, Speaking with, and Shutting up
Authors: Lance Mark Norris
Published: October 2021

This chapter deploys resources from pragmatic theory to distinguish and assess three distinct models of solidarity engagement. Each model can have advantages and each can be the right way to engage in solidarity in a particular context, but the first two have negative pragmatic effects that must be taken into account in all situations. As a result, it is worth considering ways to employ the third model—the “shutting up” model—while maintaining some of the advantages of the first two. The chapter concludes with a case study of a research/pedagogy/activism project, the Truth Telling Project, which grew out of organizing in response to the murder of Mike Brown Jr. in Ferguson, Missouri.
Mindfulness in Exercise Psychology
Authors: French Sarah Ullrich- , Cox Anne E
Published: October 2021

Mindfulness is a popular strategy to enhance well-being and shows potential for fostering exercise motivation and behavior. Mindful movement has long been practiced (e.g., yoga, tai chi), but empirical evidence on mindfulness in exercise has only recently emerged. This chapter outlines the key features of mindfulness and reviews research linking mindfulness to exercise experiences, motivation, and behavior. Theoretical explanations are provided for how and why mindfulness can play a role in exercise. Five key readings are suggested that highlight what is known about mindfulness in exercise psychology. Five questions are posed in detail that will help move the field forward in understanding mindfulness in exercise. Questions address theoretical, methodological, and applied issues that have yet to be thoroughly explored in the literature.
Introduction
Authors: Easterbrooks Susan R.
Published: October 2021

This chapter contextualizes language instruction of deaf and hard-of-hearing children within the challenges of twenty-first-century classrooms. It describes and defines the challenging terminology that proponents of various philosophies use and invites to reader to consider the complex nature of the culture of today’s classrooms. It updates the reader on issues that have changed since the first edition, including sections on early instruction, technology, spoken language, signed language, and school law and policy. It ends with a set of discussion questions that teachers in training and those in the field might consider as they process the information provided.
Assessment and Planning for Language Instruction
Authors: Easterbrooks Susan R.
Published: October 2021

This chapter is a revision of the assessment chapter by Easterbrooks and Baker (2002) with extensive information about challenges to assess deaf and hard-of-hearing children’s language and types of language assessments. Purposes for assessment are explored. Discussion of the primary formats for assessment are examined. These include norm-referenced tests, criterion-referenced tests and rubrics. In addition, it provides detailed instructions on how to conduct language sampling and analysis. Extensive tables of assessments available for various purposes are available. Discussion of how to turn assessment information into individualized goals and objectives is included. As with the other chapters, teacher caseloads are integrated through and discussion questions lead the reader to assimilate the information.
Motivated Memory for What Matters Most
Authors: Whatley Mary C. , Murphy Dillon H. , Silaj Katie M. , Castel Alan D.
Published: October 2021

Aging is associated with declines in cognitive functioning and memory; however, research has shown that older adults can and do compensate for these declines in a variety of ways. This chapter discusses various theories of motivational shifts in older adulthood, older adults’ ability to selectively remember important information, and the importance of prior knowledge in the ability to compensate for declines in memory and cognition as a result of aging. Older adults can also use their metacognitive awareness to engage in strategies to improve memory for goal-specific information by selectively allocating attentional resources to what is most important. Intrinsic motivational influences on memory and cognition, such as emotion and curiosity, are also discussed. The chapter presents an overview of how metacognition, curiosity, emotion, goals, and strategic encoding can bias and enhance memory selectivity such that older adults are often tuned to remember what is most important.
Age Differences in Complex Decision Making and Judgment
Authors: Rydzewska Klara , Koscielniak Maciej , von Helversen Bettina , Sedek Grzegorz
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses age differences in complex decision making and judgment, particularly the role of motivational factors and individual differences. Literature on the influence of age-related changes in cognition and motivation on search and performance in complex decision making is reviewed. The role of financial incentives, need for cognition, and need for cognitive closure is discussed, including the age-related influence of motivational factors on the performance of sequential decision-making tasks. Additionally, the role of feedback as a factor producing superior performance of older adults in a decision-making task is introduced. Moreover, novel research findings regarding connections between intellectual helplessness and information and communication technologies in older adults are presented. Lastly, individual differences in numeracy and intellectual helplessness in mathematics as predictors of age-related differences in performance of multiattribute tasks are described.
Motivation and the Social Context of Aging and Decision Making
Authors: Strough JoNell , Smith Kelly
Published: October 2021

This chapter focuses on the role of motivation for understanding adult age differences in decision making. It begins by reviewing research on cognitive aging and decision making. It then reviews research that highlights older adults’ motivation to selectively allocate cognitive resources when making decisions and their motivation to draw upon life experience and emotion regulation strategies. Next, because age-related shifts in motivation accentuate a focus on meaningful social relationships, the chapter considers social aspects of aging and decision making. It discusses age-related differences in selection of social network members and considers factors that may motivate older adults to involve others in the decision-making process. It suggests how research on motivation and aging and decision making could be used to inform decision-making interventions. After suggesting directions for future research, it concludes by highlighting the implications of research on aging and decision making for understanding contextual and motivational influences on cognitive aging.
The Potential for Socially Integrated and Engaged Lifestyles to Support Cognitive Health With Aging
Authors: Stine-Morrow Elizabeth A. L. , Worm Ted W. , Barbey Aron K. , Morrow Daniel G.
Published: October 2021

In light of normative declines in some areas of cognition with age, this chapter considers the potential of behavioral pathways for mitigating and delaying these declines. In particular, it reviews evidence for causal effects of activity engagement and social integration on cognitive development in adulthood, noting some of the challenges in interpreting existing literature for guiding policy and practice. It also discusses some of the neurocognitive, socioemotional, and motivational mechanisms that may contribute to effects of engagement and social integration on cognitive health and concludes with an argument for the utility of an ecological approach to develop principles of lifespan cognitive health.
There Is Nothing Wrong With Cognitive Aging, and Here Is What to Do About It
Authors: Verhaeghen Paul
Published: October 2021

Based on meta-analyses and experimental studies, the argument is advanced that much of the assumed age-related demise in basic and crucial aspects of cognitive processing (especially in executive control) is somewhat exaggerated: It can often be reduced to general rescaling effects, and it is often confounded with task difficulty. This chapter illustrates this position with studies that show that working memory deficits can actually be traced to perceptual/attentional imprecision, which in turn might be due to a motivational shift toward enhancing perceptual processing—a change in resource management. Attempts to ameliorate such observed age-related differences are reviewed, including repetition training, strategy training, video game training, or training of the substrate (aerobic exercise, diet, and meditation training), arguing that the former three are effective but limited in scope, and the latter is effective and broader.
Plurality and Pluralism
Authors: Kaviraj Sudipta
Published: October 2021

This chapter demonstrates the decline of state pluralism, the logic of aggregative identities in political mobilization in independent India, and, in closing, the moral psychology and institutional structure of democratic violence. It argues that caste’s hierarchical and segmenting features produced a logic of mobilization that, over time, accorded legitimacy to identitarian aggregation of all shades—not just those identified by the constitution-makers as deserving of recognition on the grounds of social justice. Simultaneously, the chapter shows how the definition of Hinduness acquired meaning through the differences with Muslims and Christians. Electorally, this identity took shape only over the past three decades, and the BJP’s electoral rise and sustenance have come alongside a rise in “everyday violence.” This chapter explores the conditions of possibility for such violence—the complexity of agential structures in the modern Indian state; the nature of mob violence; and mismatch between a social organization’s incentives and a political party’s compulsions.
The UNFCCC
Authors: Henry Laura A. , Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh
Published: October 2021

Russian NGOs and Chinese CSOs working to address climate change have exhibited different levels of participation as observer organizations at the annual UNFCCC COP meetings. In recent years, participation by Chinese CSOs has grown dramatically, while that of Russian NGOs has stagnated. This chapter investigates and explains that variation and what it tells us about challenges for NGO mediation. It highlights the distinct qualities of state-society relations in Russia (more confrontational) and China (more co-optational), even though both regimes are authoritarian, and differences in policymaking context given the Chinese government’s active interest in climate policy and the Russian government’s more limited efforts. These factors paradoxically allow NGOs in China’s one-party state more opportunities to engage with the UNFCCC and influence the domestic climate policy agenda; despite Russia’s “competitive authoritarian” regime with multiparty elections, NGOs there face a largely hostile and exclusionary context for climate policy.
The Global Fund
Authors: Henry Laura A. , Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh
Published: October 2021

This chapter compares the efforts of NGOs in Russia and South Africa to mediate global approaches to tackling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in their home contexts. It illustrates both the benefits and drawbacks of engaging with GGIs that offer significant levels of authority to NGOs along with very specific rules and standards. Such strong tools, when placed in NGOs’ hands, can help them to mediate effectively in a welcoming domestic political environment; but if dominant political actors oppose global norms, they can lead to pitched battles between civil society and government actors. NGO activists who persevere in a relatively open democratic regime that protects civil and political rights, such as South Africa, can contribute to domestic normative change over time, leading eventually to government policies that align with global principles. Where the political environment is relatively closed and repressive of civil society, as in Russia, NGOs may struggle to muster sufficient authority to mediate effectively.
The Forest Stewardship Council: Private Governance in Brazil and Russia
Authors: Henry Laura A. , Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh
Published: October 2021

NGOs from Brazil and Russia participate in the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), a global private governance initiative that promotes sustainable forestry using certification and labeling, contributing to increases in certified forest territory and certified companies in both more democratic Brazil and less democratic Russia. The chapter argues that while Brazilian NGOs participate in FSC more robustly at the national and international levels, FSC has been a more consequential site for mediation in Russia. It argues that differences in Russian and Brazilian NGO engagement with FSC are linked in part to the timing of global governance intervention. Brazilian NGOs achieved some policy goals during earlier efforts to save the Amazon rainforest, while in Russia NGOs leveraged the FSC at a crucial moment following post-Soviet market reforms when forestry companies sought export markets.