bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D-XGuide: open-source X-ray navigation guidance system
Authors: Vernikouskaya Ina , Bertsche Dagmar , Rottbauer Wolfgang , Rasche Volker
Published: October 2020

Purpose

With the growing availability and variety of imaging modalities, new methods of intraoperative support have become available for all kinds of interventions. The basic principles of image fusion and image guidance have been widely adopted and are commercialized through a number of platforms. Although multimodal systems have been found to be useful for guiding interventional procedures, they all have their limitations. The integration of more advanced guidance techniques into the product functionality is, however, not easy due to the proprietary solutions of the vendors. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to introduce a software system for image fusion, real-time navigation, and working points documentation during transcatheter interventions performed under X-ray (XR) guidance.

Methods

An interactive software system for cross-modal registration and image fusion of XR fluoroscopy with CT or MRI-derived anatomic 3D models is implemented using Qt application framework and VTK visualization pipeline. DICOM data can be imported in retrospective mode. Live XR data input is realized by a video capture card application interface.

Results

The actual software release offers a graphical user interface with basic functionality including data import and handling, calculation of projection geometry and transformations between related coordinate systems, rigid 3D-3D registration, and template matching-based tracking and motion compensation algorithms in 2D and 3D. The link to the actual software release on GitHub including source code and executable is provided to support independent research and development in the field of intervention guidance.

Conclusion

The introduced system provides a common foundation for the rapid prototyping of new approaches in the field of XR fluoroscopic guidance. As a pure software solution, the developed system is potentially vendor-independent and can be easily extended to be used with the XR systems of different manufacturers.
On the 3-D Shape of Interlaced Regions in Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu Solder Balls
Authors: Daszki A. A. , Gourlay C. M.
Published: October 2020

The microstructure of Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder joints plays an important role in the reliability of electronics, and interlaced twinning has been linked with improved performance. Here, we study the three-dimensional (3-D) shape of interlaced regions in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder balls by combining serial sectioning with electron backscatter diffraction. In solder balls without large Ag3Sn plates, we show that the interlaced volume can be reasonably approximated as a hollow double cone with the common 〈100〉 twinning axis as the cone axis, and the 〈110〉 from all three twinned orientations making up the cone sides. This 3-D morphology can explain a range of partially interlaced morphologies in past work on 2-D cross-sections.
Why Does General QoL Tend to Worsen Over Time Following Septoplasty Even in the Absence of Worsening Nasal Symptoms?
Authors: Cantone Elena , Iengo Maurizio
Published: October 2020

Septoplasty is one of the most frequent surgical procedures performed by head and neck surgeons. Despite surgical correction, some patients are not satisfied with their postoperative outcomes. Only a few papers report data on the long-term quality of life of patients after septoplasty, and none over 36 months. This follow up study on 68 surgical procedures aims to evaluate the differences between short term and long-term quality of life after septoplasty using a disease specific quality of life questionnaire, the NOSE, and a general health status questionnaire, the SF-36. We found a statistically significant decrease of the total long-term SF-36 scores, but we did not find changes of the NOSE scores compared with the short-term scores. These results indicated that patients perceived a worsening of their quality of life after more than 36 months following septoplasty, even in the absence of specific nasal symptoms. We could speculate that the preoperative general health performance was erroneously attributed to specific nasal symptoms, probably incorrectly emphasized or that patients did not correctly remember the preoperative clinical status. This research pointed out the importance of patients’ selection and of a thorough evaluation of their preoperative expectations before surgical planning.
Cosmopolitan Democratic and Communicative Rights: The Danish Cartoons Controversy and the Right to Be Heard, Even Across Borders
Authors: Brown Alexander , Lægaard Sune
Published: October 2020

During the Danish cartoons controversy in 2005–2006, a group of ambassadors to Denmark representing eleven predominantly Muslim countries requested a meeting with the Danish Prime Minister, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, to protest against the cartoons. Rasmussen interpreted their viewpoint as one of demanding limits to freedom of speech and he ignored their request for a meeting. Drawing on this case study, the article argues that it is an appropriate, and potentially effective, moral criticism of anyone who is in a position of political power—taking into account reasonable constraints of feasibility and practicality—that they have refused to receive information, ideas, or opinions from individuals, or their representatives, with dissenting viewpoints. The article also articulates one possible theoretical ground for such a moral criticism: that they could be violating a fundamental (cosmopolitan) moral right of people to submit information, ideas, or opinions to those who wield power over them and to be meaningfully heard—a right which can span state borders.
Phylogeography and potential glacial refugia of terrestrial gastropod Faustina faustina (Rossmässler, 1835) (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Helicidae) inferred from molecular data and species distribution models
Authors: Zając Kamila S. , Proćków Małgorzata , Zając Krzysztof , Stec Daniel , Lachowska-Cierlik Dorota
Published: October 2020

Faustina faustina is a conchologically highly diverse forest gastropod with several morphological forms. It is a Carpathian species, but it also occurs in northern isolated localities, where it was probably introduced. We performed the first phylogeographic analysis of 22 populations, based on three molecular markers: COI, ITS-2, and 28S rRNA. Genetic data were complemented by paleo-distribution models of spatial occupancy during the Last Glacial Maximum to strengthen inferences of refugial areas. We discovered high genetic variability of COI sequences with p-distances between haplotypes ranged from 0.2 to 18.1% (6.3–16.6% between clades). For nuclear markers, a haplotype distribution pattern was revealed. Species distribution models indicated a few potential refugia in the Carpathians, with the most climatically stable and largest areas in the Southern Carpathians. In some climate scenarios, putative microrefugia were also predicted in the Western and Eastern Carpathians, and in the Apuseni Mts. Our results suggest the glacial in situ survival of F. faustina and its Holocene expansion in the Sudetes. Although our genetic data as well as shell phenotypes showed considerable variation within and between studied populations, the molecular species delimitation approaches still imply only one single species. Our study contributes to the understanding of the impact of processes on shaping contemporary population genetic structure and diversity in low-dispersal, forest species.
Linearly variable chord-extension morphing for helicopter rotor blades
Authors: Majeti Rohin K. , van der Wall Berend G. , Balzarek Christoph G.
Published: October 2020

A new morphing concept called linearly variable chord extension was studied for its effectiveness in improving the efficiency of a helicopter rotor. Apart from chord extension itself, an additional feature which is deflection of the extended part of the chord resulting in an effective camber and additional twist to the airfoil, is also studied for its effect on rotor efficiency improvement. Trim analyses were carried out for various chord-extended rotors for hover as well as various forward flight velocities using DLR’s in-house comprehensive analysis code S4. Chord extension of up to 100% and chord-extension–deflection of up to 15° were considered. Results show that the linearly variable chord-extension concept is effective in reducing power requirement in both hover and forward flight. Deflection of the extended chord also helps reduce power requirement in hover, especially at higher blade loadings. However, the root torsional moments and hence, the pitch-link loads are seen to increase substantially for the morphed rotors.
An Inquiry into Success Factors for Post-disaster Housing Reconstruction Projects: A Case of Kerala, South India
Authors: Anilkumar Shyni , Banerji Haimanti
Published: October 2020

The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami triggered significant destruction to housing and related infrastructures across various coastal districts of south India. Research shows that tsunami reconstruction projects in Kerala experienced different degrees of success and failure. On this background, this study explored factors that contributed to the successful implementation of tsunami housing projects in Kerala by (1) consolidating various critical success factors (CSFs) for post-disaster reconstruction (PDR) projects under “project management success traits” through content analysis of existing literature; (2) deriving a conceptual model that envisages project success in PDR contexts; and (3) assessing the impacts of those success traits on tsunami housing projects using confirmatory factor analysis. Necessary data were gathered through a survey of various stakeholders involved in tsunami reconstruction projects in Kerala using structured questionnaires. The research revealed that PDR project success is attributed to critical dimensions of project management such as institutional mechanisms, reconstruction strategies, project implementation, and stakeholder management. A conceptual model with the interplay of project success, success traits, as well as their CSFs identified the project management actions that must be monitored during reconstruction. Since the project management approach is widely recognized for PDR projects, these success traits hold huge potential for effective organization and management of housing reconstruction projects. The study also helped to identify project management traits that need improvements for the successful implementation of post-disaster housing projects in Kerala. Thus the research findings can serve as a foundational study for formulating project management strategies appropriate to PDR projects in Kerala.
Associations of Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time with the Risk of Stroke, Myocardial Infarction or All-Cause Mortality in 70-Year-Old Men and Women: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ballin Marcel , Nordström Peter , Niklasson Johan , Nordström Anna
Published: October 2020

Objective

To study the associations of objectively measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) with the combined outcome of incident stroke, myocardial infarction (MI) or all-cause mortality in older adults.

Methods

N = 3343 men and women aged 70 who participated in a health survey between 2012 and 2017 were included. Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers were used to measure light-intensity PA (LPA), moderate-intensity PA (MPA) and ST for 1 week. Incident cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in terms of stroke or MI, and all-cause mortality were identified using national registers. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multivariable-adjusted Cox regressions.

Results

During a mean follow-up of 2.7 years (0.1–5.6), there were 124 events of CVD or all-cause mortality. After adjusting for potential confounders and mediators, every 30-min/day increment in LPA was associated with 11% lower risk of CVD or all-cause mortality (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82–0.97), and every 30-min/day increment in MPA was associated with 36% lower risk (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.48–0.84). Every 1-h/day increment in ST increased the risk of the outcomes by 33% (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.14–1.56), although there was no significant association among participants who performed ≥ 30 min/day MPA (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.82–1.50, P = 0.034 for interaction). None of the associations were modified by sex (P > 0.4 for all).

Conclusion

Objectively measured LPA and MPA are each associated with lower risk of stroke, MI or all-cause mortality in 70-year-old individuals, while ST is associated with increased risk. The greatest risk reduction is observed for MPA, which also appears to attenuate some of the increased risks associated with ST.
The Specificity of Dynamic Resistance of Existing Bridge Structures in Mining Areas
Authors: Mrozek Dawid , Mrozek Magdalena
Published: October 2020

The article presents the results of a dynamic resistance analysis of selected existing bridge structures. The numerical calculations performed with the use of THA (time history analysis) pertained to road and rail bridges of steel and concrete structures—not paraseismically designed. The purpose of the work was to determine the dynamic resistance of objects to the influence of paraseismic impacts resulting from mining operations. The specificity of performing calculations in this area of engineering issues is presented. Real mining tremor signals, registered in the vicinity of the objects were used in the numerical analyses. The correct determination of the dynamic resistance of the object can be used as a basis for performing repair/strengthening of existing objects, which in the future will be loaded with additional paraseismic influences.
An open source toolkit for 3D printed fluidics
Authors: Price Adam J. N. , Capel Andrew J. , Lee Robert J. , Pradel Patrick , Christie Steven D. R.
Published: October 2020

As 3D printing technologies become more accessible, chemists are beginning to design and develop their own bespoke printable devices particularly applied to the field of flow chemistry. Designing functional flow components can often be a lengthy and laborious process requiring complex 3D modelling and multiple design iterations. In this work, we present an easy to follow design workflow for minimising the complexity of this design optimization process. The workflow follows the development of a 3D printable ‘toolkit’ of common fittings and connectors required for constructing basic flow chemistry configurations. The toolkit components consist of male threaded nuts, junction connectors and a Luer adapter. The files have themselves been made freely available and open source. The low cost associated with the toolkit may encourage educators to incorporate flow chemistry practical work into their syllabus such that students may be introduced to the principles of flow chemistry earlier on in their education and furthermore, may develop an early appreciation of the benefits of 3D printing in scientific research. In addition to the printable toolkit, the use of the 3D modelling platform – Rhino3D has been demonstrated for its application in fluidic reactor chip design modification. The simple user interface of the programme reduces the complexity and workload involved in printable fluidic reactor design.
Ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin could interact with SARS-CoV-2 protease: preliminary in silico analysis
Authors: Marciniec Krzysztof , Beberok Artur , Pęcak Paweł , Boryczka Stanisław , Wrześniok Dorota
Published: October 2020

Background

A large body of research has focused on fluoroquinolones. It was shown that this class of synthetic antibiotics could possess antiviral activity as a broad range of anti-infective activities. Based on these findings, we have undertaken in silico molecular docking study to demonstrate, for the first time, the principle for the potential evidence pointing ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin ability to interact with COVID-19 Main Protease.

Methods

In silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics techniques were applied to assess the potential for ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin interaction with COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro). Chloroquine and nelfinavir were used as positive controls.

Results

We revealed that the tested antibiotics exert strong capacity for binding to COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro). According to the results obtained from the GOLD docking program, ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin bind to the protein active site more strongly than the native ligand. When comparing with positive controls, a detailed analysis of the ligand–protein interactions shows that the tested fluoroquinolones exert a greater number of protein interactions than chloroquine and nelfinavir. Moreover, lower binding energy values obtained from KDEEP program were stated when compared to nelfinavir.

Conclusions

Here, we have demonstrated for the first time that ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin may interact with COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro).
Perfectionism and insomnia in adolescents: The role of vulnerability to stress and gender
Authors: Richardson Cele , Gradisar Michael
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Perfectionism is an often overlooked yet consistent construct related to insomnia in the scientific literature. Perfectionism and insomnia are both highly prevalent in adolescence. However, there is a dearth of research examining mechanisms linking perfectionism with insomnia, particularly in young people. The current study aimed to investigate whether vulnerability to stress, a factor common to both constructs, accounts for the relationship between perfectionism and insomnia symptoms in a sample of adolescents.

Methods

281 Australian participants (Mage = 16.53, SD = 1.91, range = 13–19 years, 78% female) completed questionnaires assessing perfectionism, vulnerability to stress and insomnia on one occasion.

Results

Vulnerability to stress accounted for the relationship between self‐oriented striving perfectionism, self‐oriented critical perfectionism and insomnia symptom severity in females, but not males. Females reported higher self‐oriented critical perfectionism, vulnerability to stress and insomnia severity, with a stronger relationship between vulnerability to stress and insomnia symptoms observed for females.

Conclusions

These results may partly explain the preponderance of insomnia in adolescent females. Possible implications for the prevention and treatment of insomnia in young people are discussed.
Smart design engineering: leveraging product design and development to exploit the benefits from the 4th industrial revolution
Authors: Pereira Pessoa Marcus Vinicius
Published: October 2020

The 4th industrial revolution (IR) requires new products and business models adjusted to the rapidly changing market conditions, which calls for evolutions in design engineering. In this context, smart design engineering is here defined as a methodology used during the analysis and design of a product or a system, which can be composed by hardware, software and/or services, and that explicitly considers exploiting the technologies and opportunities from the 4th IR. This work contributes to both design theory and practice: (i) it deepens the understanding about the necessary smart design engineering features and shows how these features impact the product design and development process’s (PDDP) key dimensions (procedures, people and tools); (ii) it maps the features’ impact on PDDP’s phases, thus providing practical direction for process improvement. To accomplish these results, a survey was performed on the initial features presented in the literature, which helped to identify new features and to confirm their relation to the 4th IR and their impact on the PDDP. These features were then analyzed against the 4th IR environment perspectives and core technologies, which led to understanding how they can be used to improve the PDDP.
VanA rectal swab screening as a predictor of subsequent vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bloodstream infection in critically ill adults
Authors: Kram Shawn J. , Kram Bridgette L. , Schultheis Jennifer M. , Kuhrt Michelle M. , McRae Andrew S. , Anderson Deverick J.
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To evaluate whether vanA rectal screening for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) predicts vancomycin resistance for patients with enterococcal bloodstream infection (BSI).

Design:

A retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

Large academic medical center.

Methods:

The predictive performance of a vanA rectal swab was evaluated in 161 critically ill adults with an enterococcal BSI from January 1, 2007, to September 1, 2014, and who had a vanA rectal swab screening obtained within 14 days prior to blood culture.

Results:

Of the patients meeting inclusion criteria, 83 (51.6%) were vanA swab positive. Rectal-swab–positive patients were more likely to be younger, to be immunocompromised, to have an indwelling central vascular catheter, and to have a history of MDR bacteria. The vanA rectal swab had sensitivity and negative predictive values of 83.6% and 85.9%, respectively, and specificity and positive predictive values of 71.3% and 67.5%, respectively, for predicting a vancomycin-resistant enterococcal BSI in critically ill adults.

Conclusions:

VanA rectal swabs may be useful for antimicrobial stewardship at institutions with VRE screening already in place for infection control purposes. A higher PPV would be warranted to implement a universal vanA screen on all ICU patients.
Imagined Communities and Imaginary Plots: Nationalisms, Conspiracies, and Pandemics in the Longue Durée
Authors: Malešević Siniša
Published: October 2020

The outbreaks of major pandemics have historically been associated with the proliferation of conspiracy theories. This article explores what role conspiratorial narratives have played in the development of different “imagined communities” in the premodern, modern, and contemporary worlds. I argue that premodern conspiratorial narratives were mostly focused on eschatological and theological images, aiming to blame and delegitimise the religious Other. In these imaginary plots, spread of disease was interpreted as an attack on one’s religious beliefs. The prevalence of religious conspiracies helped reinforce religiously based, yet temporary, “imagined communities.” With the rise of nation-states and the decline of empires and patrimonial kingdoms, the periodic outbursts of epidemics gradually attained more nationalist interpretations. Hence in the modern era, pandemics often triggered the growth of nationalist conspiracies. In these narratives the threatening Other was usually nationalised, and even traditional religious groups became reinterpreted as a threat to one’s national security. In recent times, new technologies and modes of communication have created space for the emergence of global conspiracy theories. The onset of Covid-19 has been associated with the dramatic expansion of such conspiracies. Some scholars have interpreted this as a reliable sign that nation-states and nationalisms have lost their dominance. However, this article shows that many global conspiracies in fact reinforce nationalist ideas and practices and, in this process, foster the perpetuation of national imagined communities.
Predictors of vegetable consumption in children and adolescents: analyses of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2017)
Authors: Chawner Liam R. , Blundell-Birtill Pam , Hetherington Marion M.
Published: October 2020

Children’s vegetable consumption is generally below national recommendations in the UK. This study examined predictors of vegetable intake by children aged 1·5–18 years using counts and portion sizes derived from 4-d UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey food diaries. Data from 6548 children were examined using linear and logit multilevel models. Specifically, we examined whether demographic variables predicted vegetable consumption, whether environmental context influenced portion sizes of vegetables consumed and which food groups predicted the presence (or absence) of vegetables at an eating occasion (EO). Larger average daily intake of vegetables (g) was predicted by age, ethnicity, equivalised income, variety of vegetables eaten and average energy intake per d (R2 0·549). At a single EO, vegetables were consumed in larger portion sizes at home, with family members and at evening mealtimes (Conditional R2 0·308). Within EO, certain configurations of food groups such as carbohydrates and protein predicted higher odds of vegetables being present (OR 12·85, 95 % CI 9·42, 17·54), whereas foods high in fats, sugars and salt predicted a lower likelihood of vegetable presence (OR 0·03, 95 % CI 0·02, 0·04). Vegetables were rarely eaten alone without other food groups. These findings demonstrate that only one portion of vegetables was eaten per d (median) and this was consumed at a single EO, therefore falling below recommendations. Future research should investigate ways to encourage vegetable intake at times when vegetables are not regularly eaten, such as for breakfast and as snacks, whilst considering which other, potentially competing, foods are presented alongside vegetables.
Elasticity of tangled magnetic fields
Authors: Hosking D. N. , Schekochihin A. A. , Balbus S. A.
Published: October 2020

The fundamental difference between incompressible ideal magnetohydrodynamics and the dynamics of a non-conducting fluid is that magnetic fields exert a tension force that opposes their bending; magnetic fields behave like elastic strings threading the fluid. It is natural, therefore, to expect that a magnetic field tangled at small length scales should resist a large-scale shear in an elastic way, much as a ball of tangled elastic strings responds elastically to an impulse. Furthermore, a tangled field should support the propagation of ‘magnetoelastic waves’, the isotropic analogue of Alfvén waves on a straight magnetic field. Here, we study magnetoelasticity in the idealised context of an equilibrium tangled field configuration. In contrast to previous treatments, we explicitly account for intermittency of the Maxwell stress, and show that this intermittency necessarily decreases the frequency of magnetoelastic waves in a stable field configuration. We develop a mean-field formalism to describe magnetoelastic behaviour, retaining leading-order corrections due to the coupling of large- and small-scale motions, and solve the initial-value problem for viscous fluids subjected to a large-scale shear, showing that the development of small-scale motions results in anomalous viscous damping of large-scale waves. Finally, we test these analytic predictions using numerical simulations of standing waves on tangled, linear force-free magnetic-field equilibria.
Languages of othering and cultural hybridity. Transnational cultures of ageing in the context of return to the Azores
Authors: Sampaio Dora
Published: October 2020

This article foregrounds the role of migration and transnational cultural exchange in the (trans)formation of cultures of ageing. It argues that sustained emigration and return to the Azores archipelago have contributed to the transnational production of hybrid cultures of ageing. The paper suggests that understanding transnational cultures of ageing in the context of return requires a broader field of enquiry that considers return migrants’ discursive framings in tension with transnational and local contexts. Returnees’ accounts of ageing, produced in relation to transnational exchange and local interactions, emphasise three intersecting themes – health and the ageing body, ageing and care, and mindset and work ethic in later life – which reveal a cultural shift towards forms of active ageing. The discussion shows that new, hybrid lexicons of ageing are articulated through practices and languages of othering and negotiating that are conducive to unsettling social relations and economic contexts in the homeland.
Oxidative stress caused by a dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway is involved in abnormal placenta formation in pregnant mice with chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Zhao Hai , Zhang Jian , Qian Ning , Wu Shuguang , Wu Yanjun , Yao Gang
Published: October 2020

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by extreme fatigue and disabling symptoms. Women with CFS often have a high risk of gynaecological problems such as irregular menstruation, endometriosis and pelvic pain and sexual dysfunction. Our previous results have shown that, in pregnant mice, CFS significantly decreased the progestational hormone level in serum, as well as learning and memory, and the function of the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis. In addition, the F1 generation also suffered from congenital hypothyroidism. At present, there has been no report about placenta formation and embryonic development in pregnant mice with CFS. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of CFS on the morphology, oxidative stress and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway during placenta formation. In this study, we found that CFS decreased the number of implantation sites for blastocysts, and increased the number of absorbed, stillborn and malformed fetuses. The morphology and structure of the placenta were abnormal in pregnant mice with CFS. Further study found that the oxidative stress in serum, uterus and placenta was increased in pregnant mice with CFS, while the levels of antioxidase were decreased. CFS also inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in the placenta. These results suggested that inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway and enhanced oxidative stress play an important role in abnormal placentation in pregnant mice with CFS.
A flexible protocol for a systematic review of remote patient monitoring
Authors: Muller Ashley Elizabeth , Berg Rigmor C.
Published: October 2020

Background:

Norway is interested in implementing remote patient monitoring (RPM) within primary health services. This systematic review will first identify the types of RPM that are of interest to Norwegian health authorities, then synthesize the effects of RPM on clinical health and health service utilization outcomes among adults with chronic diseases.

Methods:

We will perform systematic literature searches in multiple databases, using RPM-related searches, such as telemedicine, telemonitoring, and eHealth. Based on what research exists, the review will be selected from a cascading menu of review types. Methodological quality will be assessed through appropriate checklists, while the quality of the evidence will be assessed through Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.

Discussion:

This flexible protocol specifies the production of different possible types of reviews of RPM. It is anticipated that the results of the review will inform the development of effective RPM programs to the most appropriate chronic disease groups.
Zufallsbefund Proteinurie – Ein wichtiger Befund
Authors: Freund Vera , Mayr Michael
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. In der täglichen Praxis wird eine Proteinurie nicht selten als Zufallsbefund gesehen, in den allermeisten Fällen in Folge einer Streifentest-Untersuchung des Urins. Wird eine Proteinurie als Zufallsbefund entdeckt, können grundsätzlich zwei Szenarien vorliegen: Der Streifentest kann falsch oder richtig positiv sein. War der Test richtig positiv, gilt zu unterscheiden, ob der zufällig entdeckten Proteinurie eine benigne oder eine behandlungsbedürftige Ursache zugrunde liegt. Bevor unnötige weitere Abklärungen durchgeführt werden, gilt es somit, in einem ersten Schritt falsch positive Resultate und benigne Ursachen wie eine Kontamination respektive eine extrarenale Ursache, eine transiente Proteinurie oder eine orthostatische Proteinurie auszuschliessen. Zeigt sich eine persistierende Proteinurie ohne benigne Ursache, gilt es in einem zweiten Schritt, häufige von seltenen Ursachen abzugrenzen. Es soll immer hinterfragt werden, ob ein Diabetes mellitus, eine arterielle Hypertonie oder andere kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren vorliegen, welche das Auftreten einer Proteinurie erklären können. Unabhängig davon sollte bei Erstdiagnose einer persistierenden Proteinurie eine Basisabklärung erfolgen, welche das Serum-Kreatinin, einen Urin-Status und eine Sonographie der Harnwege einschliesst. Bleibt die Ursache unklar, darf nicht gezögert werden, auch eine Nierenbiopsie durchzuführen.
Management nicht rupturierter zerebraler Aneurysmen
Authors: Psychogios Marios-Nikos , Brehm Alex , Ospel Johanna
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Intrakranielle nicht rupturierte Aneurysmen (unruptured intracranial aneurysms – UIAs) sind ein häufiger Zufallsbefund bei der kranialen Bildgebung von Patienten mit nicht korrelierbaren Symptomen wie z. B. Kopfschmerzen oder Schwindel. Bei einer geschätzten Prävalenz von ca. 1 – 2 % in der Gesamtbevölkerung, stellen diese UIAs den Kliniker häufig vor schwerwiegende Entscheidungen. Dies ist insbesondere der Fall, da trotz umfangreicher Forschung in diesem Gebiet der natürliche Verlauf von UIAs weiterhin nur unzureichend verstanden ist und auch das Rupturrisiko nicht genau angegeben werden kann. Aufgrund des häufig katastrophalen klinischen Ergebnisses in Folge einer aneurysmatisch bedingten Subarachnoidalblutung (Mortalitätsraten von bis zu 51 %), ist der Wunsch nach Intervention und die emotionale Belastung beim Patienten im Falle der Diagnose eines UIAs oft sehr hoch. Aus diesem Grund ist die Kenntnis durchschnittlicher Rupturraten, Faktoren die diese beeinflussen aber auch Wissen um die Komplikationsraten und das Ergebnis von Interventionen für den Kliniker essenziell, um gemeinsam mit dem Patienten zu einer verantwortungsvollen und vernünftigen Indikationsstellung zu kommen. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit stellen wir den aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft hinsichtlich des natürlichen Verlaufs von UIAs, der Interventionsmöglichkeiten und der Strategien im Patientenmanagement basierend auf aktuellen Leitlinien dar.
Dietary fats suppress the peritoneal seeding of colorectal cancer cells through the TLR4/Cxcl10 axis in adipose tissue macrophages
Authors: Xiang Wei , Shi Rongchen , Zhang Dapeng , Kang Xia , Zhang Lili , Yuan Jing , Zhang Xuan , Miao Hongming
Published: October 2020

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a terminal phase of malignancy with no effective strategies for the prevention of this condition. Here we established PC models in mice by intraperitoneal engraftment of CRC cells and revealed an unexpected role for a high-fat diet (HFD) in preventing metastatic seeding in the visceral fat. Mechanistically, the HFD stimulated the activation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) toward an M1-like phenotype and enhanced ATM tumor phagocytosis in a TLR4-dependent manner. Furthermore, the TLR4–Cxcl10 axis in ATMs promoted T cell recruitment, and M1-like macrophages stimulated T cell activation in tumor-seeded fats. The inhibitory effect of the HFD on tumor seeding was abolished with the ablation of macrophages, inactivation of T cells, or blockade of the TLR4–Cxcl10 axis in macrophages. Finally, we showed that a HFD and conventional chemotherapeutic agents (oxaliplatin or 5-fluorouracil) synergistically improved the survival of tumor-seeded mice. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that peritoneal seeding of CRC can be suppressed by short-term treatment with a HFD in the early phase, providing a novel concept for the management of these patients in the clinic.
Correction: Eribulin rapidly inhibits TGF-β-induced Snail expression and can induce Slug expression in a Smad4-dependent manner
Authors: Kaul Roma , Risinger April L. , Mooberry Susan L.
Published: October 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
A new strategy for membrane-based direct air capture
Authors: Fujikawa Shigenori , Selyanchyn Roman , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: October 2020

Direct CO2 capture from the air, so-called direct air capture (DAC), has become inevitable to reduce the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Current DAC technologies consider only sorbent-based systems. Recently, there have been reports that show ultrahigh CO2 permeances in gas separation membranes and thus membrane separation could be a potential new technology for DAC in addition to sorbent-based CO2 capture. The simulation of chemical processes has been well established and is commonly used for the development and performance assessment of industrial chemical processes. These simulations offer a credible assessment of the feasibility of membrane-based DAC (m-DAC). In this paper, we discuss the potential of m-DAC considering the state-of-the-art performance of organic polymer membranes. The multistage membrane separation process was employed in process simulation to estimate the energy requirements for m-DAC. Based on the analysis, we propose the target membrane separation performance required for m-DAC with competitive energy expenses. Finally, we discuss the direction of future membrane development for DAC.
Sarcopenia in hospitalized geriatric patients: insights into prevalence and associated parameters using new EWGSOP2 guidelines
Authors: Bertschi Dominic , Kiss Caroline M. , Beerli Nadine , Kressig Reto W.
Published: October 2020

Background

Data on prevalence of sarcopenia and its associated parameters in hospitalized geriatric patients are heterogeneous due to various definitions of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia using latest recommendations of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), and to investigate associated parameters in patients admitted to acute geriatrics and geriatric rehabilitation.

Methods

In this cross-sectional single-centre study including 305 hospitalized geriatric patients, handgrip strength (pneumatic hand dynamometer) and muscle quantity (body impedance analysis) were assessed. Probable sarcopenia was defined by low handgrip strength, and the diagnosis was confirmed when both handgrip strength and muscle quantity were below cut-off points. Furthermore, parameters of the geriatric baseline examination were analyzed for association with probable and confirmed sarcopenia using logistic regression models.

Results

Median age of the study population was 84.0 years, and 65.6% were female. The prevalence of probable sarcopenia was 24.6% (CI 19.8–29.4%), and the prevalence of confirmed sarcopenia was 22.6% (CI 17.9–27.3%). Low calf circumference, low body mass index, cognitive impairment and an increased risk of malnutrition were found to be associated with confirmed sarcopenia. In contrast, only cognitive impairment was positively associated with probable sarcopenia.

Conclusions

Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in geriatric inpatients, and multiple parameters were found to be associated with the disease. To reduce negative clinical outcomes, our findings support the need for routinely performed admission examinations for prompt diagnosis of sarcopenia, and a timely start of treatment in hospitalized geriatric patients.
Genetic architecture of left ventricular noncompaction in adults
Authors: Ross Samantha Barratt , Singer Emma S. , Driscoll Elizabeth , Nowak Natalie , Yeates Laura , Puranik Rajesh , Sy Raymond W. , Rajagopalan Sulekha , Barratt Alexandra , Ingles Jodie , Bagnall Richard D. , Semsarian Christopher
Published: October 2020

The genetic etiology and heritability of left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) in adults is unclear. This study sought to assess the value of genetic testing in adults with LVNC. Adults diagnosed with LVNC while undergoing screening in the context of a family history of cardiomyopathy were excluded. Clinical data for 35 unrelated patients diagnosed with LVNC at ≥18 years of age were retrospectively analyzed. Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, cardiac malformations or syndromic features were identified in 25 patients; 10 patients had isolated LVNC in the absence of cardiac dysfunction or syndromic features. Exome sequencing was performed, and analysis using commercial panels targeted 193 nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Nucleotide variants in coding regions or in intron-exon boundaries with predicted impacts on splicing were assessed. Fifty-four rare variants were identified in 35 nuclear genes. Across all 35 LVNC patients, the clinically meaningful genetic diagnostic yield was 9% (3/35), with heterozygous likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants identified in the NKX2-5 and TBX5 genes encoding cardiac transcription factors. No pathogenic variants were identified in patients with isolated LVNC in the absence of cardiac dysfunction or syndromic features. In conclusion, the diagnostic yield of genetic testing in adult index patients with LVNC is low. Genetic testing is most beneficial in LVNC associated with other cardiac and syndromic features, in which it can facilitate correct diagnoses, and least useful in adults with only isolated LVNC without a family history. Cardiac transcription factors are important in the development of LVNC and should be included in genetic testing panels.
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome with novel KCNQ1 and additional gene mutations
Authors: Matsuda Shinichi , Ohnuki Yuko , Okami Mayuri , Ochiai Eriko , Yamada Shiro , Takahashi Kazumi , Osawa Motoki , Okami Kenji , Iida Masahiro , Mochizuki Hiroyuki
Published: October 2020

We encountered a boy with Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome (JLNS) with compound heterozygous KCNQ1 mutations, maternal Trp248Phe and a novel paternal mutation, Leu347Arg. His father showed long QT (LQT) and arrhythmia. His mother was asymptomatic with no ECG abnormalities. The proband and his father had an additional mutation (SNTA1 Thr372Met), which is reportedly related to SIDS. These results suggest that multiple gene mutations influence the phenotype of KCNQ1 mutation-related arrhythmia.
Structural basis for activation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor
Authors: Zhou Fulai , Zhang Huibing , Cong Zhaotong , Zhao Li-Hua , Zhou Qingtong , Mao Chunyou , Cheng Xi , Shen Dan-Dan , Cai Xiaoqing , Ma Cheng , Wang Yuzhe , Dai Antao , Zhou Yan , Sun Wen , Zhao Fenghui , Zhao Suwen , Jiang Hualiang , Jiang Yi , Yang Dehua , Eric Xu H. , Zhang Yan , Wang Ming-Wei
Published: October 2020

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) regulates the secretion of growth hormone that virtually controls metabolism and growth of every tissue through its binding to the cognate receptor (GHRHR). Malfunction in GHRHR signaling is associated with abnormal growth, making GHRHR an attractive therapeutic target against dwarfism (e.g., isolated growth hormone deficiency, IGHD), gigantism, lipodystrophy and certain cancers. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the human GHRHR bound to its endogenous ligand and the stimulatory G protein at 2.6 Å. This high-resolution structure reveals a characteristic hormone recognition pattern of GHRH by GHRHR, where the α-helical GHRH forms an extensive and continuous network of interactions involving all the extracellular loops (ECLs), all the transmembrane (TM) helices except TM4, and the extracellular domain (ECD) of GHRHR, especially the N-terminus of GHRH that engages a broad set of specific interactions with the receptor. Mutagenesis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations uncover detailed mechanisms by which IGHD-causing mutations lead to the impairment of GHRHR function. Our findings provide insights into the molecular basis of peptide recognition and receptor activation, thereby facilitating the development of structure-based drug discovery and precision medicine.
Synthesis and systematic review of reported neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections
Authors: Raschetti Roberto , Vivanti Alexandre J. , Vauloup-Fellous Christelle , Loi Barbara , Benachi Alexandra , De Luca Daniele
Published: October 2020

A number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections have been reported in neonates. Here, we aim to clarify the transmission route, clinical features and outcomes of these infections. We present a meta-analysis of 176 published cases of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections that were defined by at least one positive nasopharyngeal swab and/or the presence of specific IgM. We report that 70% and 30% of infections are due to environmental and vertical transmission, respectively. Our analysis shows that 55% of infected neonates developed COVID-19; the most common symptoms were fever (44%), gastrointestinal (36%), respiratory (52%) and neurological manifestations (18%), and lung imaging was abnormal in 64% of cases. A lack of mother–neonate separation from birth is associated with late SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 4.94 (95% CI: 1.98–13.08), p = 0.0002; adjusted OR 6.6 (95% CI: 2.6–16), p < 0.0001), while breastfeeding is not (OR 0.35 (95% CI: 0.09–1.18), p = 0.10; adjusted OR 2.2 (95% CI: 0.7–6.5), p = 0.148). Our findings add to the literature on neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Lyn kinase regulates egress of flaviviruses in autophagosome-derived organelles
Authors: Li Ming Yuan , Naik Trupti Shivaprasad , Siu Lewis Yu Lam , Acuto Oreste , Spooner Eric , Wang Peigang , Yang Xiaohan , Lin Yongping , Bruzzone Roberto , Ashour Joseph , Evans Matthew J , Sanyal Sumana
Published: October 2020

Among the various host cellular processes that are hijacked by flaviviruses, few mechanisms have been described with regard to viral egress. Here we investigate how flaviviruses exploit Src family kinases (SFKs) for exit from infected cells. We identify Lyn as a critical component for secretion of Dengue and Zika infectious particles and their corresponding virus like particles (VLPs). Pharmacological inhibition or genetic depletion of the SFKs, Lyn in particular, block virus secretion. Lyn−/− cells are impaired in virus release and are rescued when reconstituted with wild-type Lyn, but not a kinase- or palmitoylation-deficient Lyn mutant. We establish that virus particles are secreted in two distinct populations – one as free virions and the other enclosed within membranes. Lyn is critical for the latter, which consists of proteolytically processed, infectious virus progenies within autophagosome-derived vesicles. This process depends on Ulk1, Rab GTPases and SNARE complexes implicated in secretory but not degradative autophagy and occur with significantly faster kinetics than the conventional secretory pathway. Our study reveals a previously undiscovered Lyn-dependent exit route of flaviviruses in LC3+ secretory organelles that enables them to evade circulating antibodies and might affect tissue tropism.
Smaller climatic niche shifts in invasive than non-invasive alien ant species
Authors: Bates Olivia K. , Ollier Sébastien , Bertelsmeier Cleo
Published: October 2020

The globalization of trade and human movement has resulted in the accidental dispersal of thousands of alien species worldwide at an unprecedented scale. Some of these species are considered invasive because of their extensive spatial spread or negative impacts on native biodiversity. Explaining which alien species become invasive is a major challenge of invasion biology, and it is often assumed that invasiveness is linked to a greater ability to establish in novel climates. To test whether invasive species have expanded more into novel climates than non-invasive alien species, we quantified niche shifts of 82 ant species. Surprisingly, invasive species showed smaller niche shifts than non-invasive alien species. Independent of their invasiveness, the species with the smallest native niches and range sizes, experienced the greatest niche shifts. Overall, our results challenge the assumption that invasive species are particularly good pioneers of novel climates.