bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UWAGI O FUNKCJACH OBSZARÓW
CHRONIONEGO KRAJOBRAZU
Authors: DOBKOWSKI JAROSŁAW
Published: January 2020

W świetle art. 23 ust. 1
ustawy z 16 kwietnia 2004 r. o ochronie
przyrody, obszar chronionego krajobrazu
obejmuje tereny chronione ze względu
na wyróżniający się krajobraz o zróżnicowanych
ekosystemach, wartościowe
ze względu na możliwość zaspokajania
potrzeb związanych z turystyką i wypoczynkiem
lub pełnioną funkcją korytarzy
ekologicznych. Powyższe określenie istoty
obszaru chronionego krajobrazu, oprócz
niezwykle ważnych aspektów przyrodniczych
i ekologicznych, akcentuje także ich
walory turystyczne i wypoczynkowe. Dla
porządku należy jedynie dodać, że zgodnie
z definicją legalną z art. 12 pkt 16e
ustawy z 27 marca 2003 r. o planowaniu
i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym
przez „krajobraz” należy rozumieć postrzeganą
przez ludzi przestrzeń, zawierającą
elementy przyrodnicze lub wytwory
cywilizacji, ukształtowaną w wyniku
działania czynników naturalnych lub
działalności człowieka. Obszary chronionego
krajobrazu mają na celu ochronę
krajobrazów nie tylko z przyczyn ekologicznych,
ale także ze względu na ważne
funkcje społeczne. Instytucja obszaru
chronionego krajobrazu pełni zatem
wiele funkcji w tym także takich, które
są tylko pośrednio związane z ochroną
ściśle pojmowanej przyrody. Każdy
krajobraz ma zarówno w sobie element
natury, jak i składnik kulturowy, które
dopiero łącznie tworzą pewną całość.
Przyczynia się to do możliwości wyróżnienia
społecznej roli obszarów chronionego
krajobrazu w zakresie wypoczynku,
rekreacji, sportu i ruchu turystycznego.
POLICYJNE WYŻSZE STUDIA ZAWODOWE JAKO NOWA
FORMA STUDIÓW POLICYJNYCH
Authors: KAZIMIERZ MIKOŁAJCZYK ZBIGNIEW
Published: January 2020

Policyjne wyższe studia
oficerskie stanowią nową formę szkolenia
oficerskiego w Policji. Jest ona
proponowana jako studia licencjackie
pierwszego stopnia na kierunku nauka
o Policji. Czas trwania przedmiotowych
studiów przewidziano na okres
czterech lat. Cennym elementem takiej
formy jest możliwość lepszego przygotowania
kadry oficerskiej do realizacji
zadań służbowych oraz efektywniejszego
wykorzystania zasobów ludzkich
w Policji.
BEZPIECZEŃSTWO I PORZĄDEK PUBLICZNY NA PRZYKŁADZIE II RP
Authors: Fałdowski Marek
Published: January 2020

Znajomość burzliwych dziejów państwa polskiego, w tym dziejów policji, jest konieczna dla rozumienia etosu służby. Policja Państwowa, mimo wielu niedoskonałości w swojej organizacji, w ogólnym zarysie daje wzorce nacechowane patriotyzmem, podkreślając rolę etosu w policyjnej służbie. Przybliżenie początków formowania się policji jest cenne nie tylko poznawczo. Przechowywanie pamięci o poświęceniu polskich policjantów oraz ich zaangażowaniu w walkę o niepodległość Polski jest fundamentem, na którym budujemy obecne pojmowanie etosu służby. Przekazywanie tej wiedzy kolejnym pokoleniom policjantów jest obowiązkiem policyjnych jednostek szkoleniowych, szczególnie Wyższej Szkoły Policji w Szczytnie będącej uczelnią służb państwowych. Celem opracowania jest przybliżenie budowy formacji policyjnej w Polsce, jej organizacji i problemów, jakie napotykała zwłaszcza w początkach swojego istnienia.
Preterm Birth and Perinatal Outcome: An Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Kumar Naina
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Long-Term Testing of WC–Ni–Fe Coating as an Inert Anode in a Low-Temperature Electrolyte for Aluminum Production
Authors: LIU Chuhua , WANG Yudong , YANG Bin , DAI Yongnian
Published: January 2020

The behaviour of WC-Ni-Fe coating on 2Cr13 and X3CrNiMo18-12-3 stainless steel substrates was investigated in the context of their application as inert anode materials in a low-temperature (850 °C) electrolyte (50 wt.% AlF3-45 wt.% KF-5 wt.% Al2O3) by long-term testing around 50 h for aluminum production. The results show that the materials were corroded in a controlled manner and the extrapolated corrosion rates of WC–Ni–Fe/X3CrNiMo18-12-3 anode was 5.8 cm per year, which is acceptable from an industrial perspective. The total contamination level of anode constituents in the deposited metal was as low as 0.283 wt.%. These encouraging results seemed to be related in part to the X3CrNiMo18-12-3 substrate that allows only very slow penetration of oxygen atoms into the inner part. Post-electrolysis examination of the anodes indicates that the substrate material is one of the most important factors that determine the erosion resistance of coating inert anode. The results of electrolysis using 2Cr13 and X3CrNiMo18-12-3 substrates indicate that the electrical current is another important factor for the erosion resistance of inert anode coatings.
Analysis of Transport Properties of the Randomly Moving Electrons in Metals
Authors: PALENSKIS Villius , ŽITKEVIČIUS Evaras
Published: January 2020

In this critical analysis on the base of randomly moving (RM) electrons, presented the resistivity dependence on temperature for elemental metals both above and below the Debye’s temperatures. There also are presented the general relationships for estimation of the average diffusion coefficient, the average velocity, mean free path and average relaxation time of RM electrons on the Fermi surface at mentioned temperature range. It is shown that the scattering of RM electrons mainly is due to electronic defects associated with distortion of the periodic potential distribution in the periodic lattice, and accounting the exchange of the thermal energies between phonon and RM electron. The calculation results of resistivity dependence on temperature in the temperature range from 1 K to 900 K are demonstrated for Au and W and compared with the experimental data. There also is presented the simple method for determination of the basic kinetic characteristic dependences on temperature only from the resistivity dependence on temperature. It is at first time determined for Au and W the temperature dependences of the mean free path, average diffusion coefficient, average relaxation time of RM electrons from 1 K to 900 K.
Improvement and Analysis of Fatigue Strength for Mild Steel 20MnCrS5 during Carburizing and Quenching
Authors: MIAO Shan , WANG Jiangang , JU Dongying , ZHAO Huijun , YAN Mengyuan
Published: January 2020

Distortion and fatigue are both important criteria for evaluating carburizing and quenching process. An optimized process was proposed to reduce distortion and improve fatigue strength simultaneously. Mild steel 20MnCrS5 were heat treated using standard condition and optimized condition respectively. The microstructure, hardness, residual stress, domain size, fatigue performance and crack growth rate with different conditions were studied. Due to carburization, the near surface of the materials have different microstructures with different carbon concentration. The carburized layer, subsurface layer and central layer were selected to prepare the fatigue specimens and to be evaluated. The strengthening effect was verified by comparing the fatigue limit and the crack growth rate. The strengthening mechanism was analyzed by comparing microstructure, retained austenite, residual stress and domain size. The results show that with the optimized condition the fatigue performance at different layers are improved while achieving higher surface hardness. The joint action of domain refinement, more compressive residual stress and less retained austenite results in the strengthening.
Causal Relationship Between Air Transport and Economic Growth: Evidence from Panel Data for High, Upper-Middle, Lower-Middle and Low-Income Countries
Authors: Kiracı Kasım , Bakır Mahmut
Published: January 2020

This study aims to find out the causal relationship between air transport and economic growth based on income level. To this end, selected countries with high-income, uppermiddle-income, lower-middle-income, and low-income levels were included in the analyses for this study. Focusing on the 1990-2016 period, a total of 70 countries were classified according to their income levels and were analyzed empirically. In the study, panel causality analyzes by Kónya (2006) and Emirmahmutoğlu & Köse (2011) were used. Our findings show that GDP has a certain degree of effect on air transport. They also indicate that the unidirectional or bidirectional causal relationships running from GDP to air transport and air transport to GDP vary by the income level of countries.
Ethico-onto-epistemology
Authors: Geerts Evelien , Carstens Delphi ,   DePaul University
Published: January 2020

This essay argues for a transversal posthumanities-based pedagogy, rooted in an attentive ethico-onto-epistemology, by reading the schizoanalytical praxes of Deleuzoguattarian theory alongside the work of various feminist new materialist scholars.
The Concept of Argument in Philosophy as a Threshold for Learners
Authors: Crooks Shelagh ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

It is commonplace for undergraduate students to find certain concepts inherent to the disciplines of study troublesome. While some concepts are troublesome simply because they represent new vocabulary for the students, other concepts are troublesome in a more significant sense. Concepts of this kind are troublesome because they highlight an aspect of the deep structure of the discipline, a way of thinking and inquiry, that the students are likely to find strange and even, counter-intuitive, relative to their own pre-existing conceptual frameworks. In this paper, I will argue that the concept of ‘argument’ in the discipline of philosophy, is one such concept. To make the case for this, I will be drawing upon a relatively new and important framework for inquiry into troublesome disciplinary concepts, known as “threshold concept theory” (Meyer and Land 2006, 2008). In addition, I propose to consider the implications, in terms of the design of curriculum and pedagogy for the philosophy classroom, of conceiving argument in threshold concept terms.
Ригидно осмисляне и психично здраве във възникваща зрелост
Authors: Papazova Eva , Alexandrova-Karamanova Anna
Published: January 2020

Изследването проучва взаимовръзките между дименсиите на възникващата зрелост и самооценката, депресията и тревожността, както и медииращия ефект на рефлексията между тях. Участници са 202 изследвани лица на възраст 17-30 години. Използваните методи включват Въпросник за измерване на дименсиите на възникващата зрелост (IDEA), Въпросник за проактивно-ригидно осмисляне (RRQ), Скала на Розенберг за измерване на общата самооценка (RSEI), Кратка скала за депресия на Центъра за епидемиологични изследвания (CES-D 10), Ревизиран контролен лист за оценка на психологична симптоматика (Symptom Checklist 90 – R). Според получените резултати, жените се отличават с по-високи нива на депресия, ригидно и проактивно осмисляне от мъжете. Разкриват се значими ниски до умерени корелации между Изследване на идентичността, като дименсия на възникващата зрелост, ригидно и проактивно осмисляне, и депресия. Експериментирането/възможностите корелират с проактивното осмисляне, Негативността/нестабилността - с ригидното осмисляне, депресията и тревожността. Изследването на идентичността, Негативност/ нестабилност и Фокусиране върху себе си са значими предиктори относно равнището на депресия, а значими предиктори за равнището на тревожност във възникваща зрелост са дименсиите Негативност/нестабилност и Експериментиране/възможности. Ригидното осмисляне има значими индиректни ефекти по отношение на самооценката, депресията и тревожността, като значими независими предиктори са дименсиите на възникващата зрелост Изследване на идентичността, Негативност/Нестабилност (като се изключи по отношение на тревожността) и Чувство за „помежду“.
Imaginando la “tercera civilización de América”: Colombia en las exposiciones internacionales del IV Centenario (1892-1893)
Authors: Schuster Sven , Buenaventura Gómez Laura Alejandra
Published: January 2020

Objective/Context: In the context of the Fourth Centenary of the discovery of America, Colombia participated in the Historical American Exposition in Madrid (1892) as well as the Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition (1893). On both occasions, the focus was on pre-Hispanic objects. Through the glorification of the pre-Columbian past, the Colombian exhibition organizers sought to endow their country with an “antiquity” of its own, comparable to the ancient civilizations of Peru and Mexico. Apart from this, they projected the image of a modern nation through the scientific treatment of such vestiges of the past. Originality: Traditionally, the study of international exhibitions has focused on the projection of national self-images. However, besides their relevance for the process of nation-building, we also understand them as transnational platforms that fostered the circulation of knowledge and objects. Methodology: Using the historical-critical method, we rely on primary sources from Colombia, Spain and the United States, including archival material, but also newspaper articles, catalogs and conference proceedings. The archival material is especially helpful for understanding the organizational processes behind the exhibitions, which is the reason behind our focus on the correspondence exchanged between the delegates and the Colombian government. On the other hand, newspaper articles, catalogs and conference proceedings give us an idea of the various forms of presentation employed, as well as the reception by the public. Conclusions: The fact that Colombia has been concerned with organizing international presentations that consisted predominantly of pre-Columbian objects, shows the importance the study of the past had gained by the end of the 19th century. Although the pre-Columbian past was not integrated into the national imaginary at the time, its scientific study, and its presentation abroad, laid the foundations for its future nationalization.
La Colonia en la contemporaneidad: el “indio americano” de los indigenistas
Authors: Giraudo Laura
Published: January 2020

Objective/Context: The article studies the continental concept of Indian disseminated by the indigenistas who, in the mid-twentieth century, were shaping a Pan-American indigenista field. Originality: Against the common idea that Indian is a colonial category, it suggests that the twentieth century characterization of the Indian was a typically modern creation. Methodology: It is based on an analysis of unexplored printed primary sources, from a transnational approach that highlights the participation of indigenistas of different backgrounds and origins in the search for a continental notion of Indian. Conclusions: The analysis shows how the indigenista contribution reinforces an ongoing process of singularization and abstraction of this concept, also emphasizing the temporary ascription of the Indian and a history of domination and exploitation with effects up to the present day. Although this “Indian of the Americas” is shaped by typically modern elements, indigenistas defend the idea that it is a “colonial category”, determined by a colonial heritage (with effects on “character”) and by the persistence of a colonial situation/relationship. This indigenista resignification would represent an important legacy for later developments, by establishing the experience of colonization as an essential element in the definition of the Indian.
Kinetics of Hydrolyzing Isolated Soy Protein by an Endopeptidase and its Conceptual Application in Process Engineering
Authors: Wang Zebin , Lombardi Jason , Shaffer Jessica , Wong Ted
Published: January 2020

A response study and the effects of different parameters (pH, temperature and enzyme dose) on kinetics of isolated soy protein hydrolysis by a trypsin-like endopeptidase (TL1) were conducted. Degree of hydrolysis (%DH) data varied at different times under different hydrolysis conditions. Fitting the kinetics data to Michaelis-Menten kinetics model did not result in reasonable kinetic parameters, which implied that Michaelis-Menten kinetics was invalid for such a hydrolysis process. A kinetics model proposed by (Gonzalez-Tello, Camacho, Jurado, Paez, & Guadix, 1994) was found to fit the kinetics curve well and resulted in acceptable model parameters. A simple simulation example was performed to demonstrate the concept of how the kinetics equation could be applied in process engineering.
Effects of Pretreatments in Convective Dehydration of Rosehip (Rosa eglanteria)
Authors: Mabellini Alejandra , Ohaco Elizabeth , Márquez Carlos Alberto , De Michelis Antonio , Lozano Jorge Enrique
Published: January 2020

The aim of this work was to experimentally determine drying curves for thin layer and bed drying of rosehip fruits, with and without pretreatments, to reduce processing times as a function of drying air operating variables, to propose dehydration kinetics of fruits and to determine its kinetic parameters for further use within drying simulation software. Fruits were pre-treated both chemically and mechanically, which included dipping the fruits in NaOH and ethyl oleate solutions; and cutting or perforating the fruit cuticle, respectively. Simulation models were then adopted to fit the kinetics drying data considering fruit volume shrinkage. These simple models minimized the calculation time during the simulation of deep-bed driers. Results show that pre-treatments reduced processing times up to 57%, and evaluated models satisfactorily predicted the drying of rosehip fruit. Effective mass diffusion coefficients were up to 4-fold greater when fruit was submitted to mechanical pretreatments.
Challenges and Opportunities for the community of Food Sciences to contribute Towards a Society of Healthier Consumers and a Better World
Authors: Lazarides Harris N.
Published: January 2020

Despite the tremendous scientific and technological achievements in the production of food, human well-being has not been served to a satisfactory extent. Millions of people are literally killing themselves by excessive eating or wrong use of food, leading to obesity and nutrition-related diseases. At the same time millions of people continue to suffer from lack of food, leading to starvation, malnutrition and death, often before reaching adult age. Parallel to striving for better-safer-healthier food, the community of Food Sciences is faced with the challenge to help educate the average consumer on how to select, handle, store and use food for safe and healthy eating. The need to reshape and reform public education to better serve this task is obvious. What is also obvious is the need for medical professionals to recognize healthy eating (and exercise) as the most valuable tool in preventive medical care. This perspective will concentrate on challenges and opportunities for Food Scientists/Engineers: to contribute towards a society of well-informed, self-protected, active and considerate citizens; to support public (food-related) education and actively participate in the fight against obesity and nutrition-related diseases; to intervene in decision making bodies and underline the importance of education on nutrition and food; to invent avenues and possibilities to contribute to the fight against world hunger; and all in all, to contribute towards a healthier world, a world that will not be split between hunger and obesity.
Bridging academic research and agribusiness in the recovery of byproducts from swine farming
Authors: Nunes Estela De Oliveira , Perazzoli Simone , Pasqual Janaina Camile
Published: January 2020

Nowadays, food production has the challenging mission to encourage the growth of the rural economy assuring long term sustainability of their natural resources. The qualification of human resources and the generation of new knowledge are the main pillars that give sustainability to agribusiness. Animal protein production is one of the branches of the agribusiness sector. Swine production is recognized as an activity of high pollution potential, producing a large quantity of waste. This study aimed to identify the activities developed in partnership among academic, research and extension institutes in a midsize company of the agribusiness sector, more specifically a swine farm (São Roque Farm) in its sustainable restructuring. An exploratory and quantitative research was developed, which comprehended literature reviews, data collection and analysis of documents from the São Roque Farm. It was considered the period that includes the beginning of the sustainable restructuring of the property (2003) until December 2011. During the analysis of the Sustainable Restructuring Project, special attention was given to the readjustment of the wastewater treatment system and to the energy management and carbon credits, being innovative and pilot projects in the state of Santa Catarina. For this purpose, technologies and knowledge are being developed and applied in treatment of three routes: gaseous, liquid and solid. This pilot project allowed the development of applied studies at undergraduate, masters and PhD level and the main results achieved are the improvement of understanding and the achievement of technical and financial benefits by connecting agribusiness, academia and government research institutions.
Chia (Salvia hispanica) can be used to manufacture sugar-snap cookies with an improved nutritional value
Authors: Barrientos V.A. , Aguirre A. , Borneo Rafael
Published: January 2020

Technologists and nutritionists are always looking for alternative ingredients to use in their formulations to improve functional and nutritional properties. Therefore, cookies using Chia (Salvia hispanica), a grain with high quality nutrients, were prepared. The nutritional value was determined by measuring the chemical composition, mineral content, and the fatty acid composition (saturated, monunsaturated, polyunsaturated, linoleic and linolenic acids). Data obtained from this chemical analysis was used to estimate the nutrients intake and compare them to the dietary reference intakes (DRIs). Cookies supplemented with chia flour contained signicantly more protein, fat, crude fiber, calcium, zinc, and alpha-linolenic (n-3) acid. It was estimated that the supplemented cookies would contribute to the corresponding DRIs in the range of 8.1-13.8% (children) and 6.5-11.0% (males/females) for calcium; and 14.0-18.0% (children) and 6.4-11.3 (males/females) for zinc. The addition of chia flour to the cookies resulted in a product sensorially acceptable with a better fatty acid profile (lower n-6/n-3). Supplemented cookies would contribute to alpha-linolenic DRI in the range of 65.9-134.5% (children), 49.4-100.9% (males), and 53.9-110.0% (females). Dietary intake of protein, fiber, calcium, zinc, and alpha-linolenic (n-3) acid could be increased by the consumption of sugar-snap cookies supplemented with chia flour.
Challenges in Food Scientist Training in a global setting
Authors: Höhl Andreas , Schleining Gerhard , Hochgatterer Charlotte , Kneifel Wolfgang , Gotcheva Velitchka , Angelov Angel , Astley Sian , Saarela Maria
Published: January 2020

Education and training were an integral part of the MoniQA Network of Excellence. Embedded in the "Spreading of excellence programme", Work Package 9 (Joint education programmes and training tools) was responsible for establishing a joint training programme for food safety and quality within and beyond the network. So-called `MoniQA Food Scientist Training' (MoniQA FST) was offered to provide technical knowledge on different levels and research management skills as well. Training needs for different regions as well as for different target groups (scientists, industry personnel, authorities) had to be considered as well as developing strong collaboration links between network partners and related projects. Beside face-to-face workshops e-learning modules have been developed and web seminars were organized. In order to achieve high quality training, a quality assurance concept has been implemented. It turned out that these types of training are of high value in terms of bringing together scientists from different regions and cultures of the globe, involving highly qualified trainers as basis for a sustainable network in the future.
Increase of “Umami” and “Kokumi” Compounds in Miso, Fermented Soybeans, by the Addition of Bacterial γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase
Authors: Ho Thao Van , Suzuki Hideyuki
Published: January 2020

γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) hydrolyzes γ-glutamyl compounds and transfers their γ-glutamyl moieties to amino acids and peptides.  We previously showed that the “umami” taste of soy sauce could be improved by the addition of salt-tolerant Bacillus subtilis GGT to the fermentation mixture, “moromi”.  Although miso fermentation is a semi-solid fermentation, unlike soy sauce fermentation, this was also the case. When 15 units of purified B. subtilis GGT were added to 418 g miso “moromi” (fermentation mixture), the glutamate concentration in “moromi” became 20 mM higher and the “umami” taste became stronger than without the addition of GGT after 2 to 6 months of fermentation.  In addition, γ-Glu-Val and γ-Glu-Val-Gly, which are known as “kokumi” peptides, were identified in “tamari”, and the concentrations of these γ-glutamyl peptides in “tamari" fermented by the addition of GGT were significantly higher than those of “moromi” without the addition of GGT.  These results indicate that B. subtilis GGT is able to improve the taste of miso.
Quality and safety of camel milk along the value chain in Eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Adugna Mulugojjam , Seifu Eyassu , Kebeded Ameha , Doluschitz Reiner
Published: January 2020

The safety of camel milk was assessed along the value chain in Erer, eastern Ethiopia. A total of 24 camel milk samples were aseptically collected from producers in Erer (n=12), and wholesalers and retailers (n=12) along the chain. Milk quality parameters were analyzed following standard procedures. The mean (±SD) total bacteria (TBC), Enterobacteriaceae (EC), coliform (CC), spore-forming bacteria (SFBC) and yeast and mould (YMC) counts of the milk samples analyzed were 5.2 ± 1.90, 3.2 ± 2.30, 2.9 ± 2.27, 2.1 ± 2.41 and 2.7 ± 1.61 log10 cfu mL-1, respectively. The TBC, EC, CC and SFBC of milk samples obtained from retailers in the final marketing sites were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those obtained from producers and wholesalers in Erer. Salmonella spp. was detected in milk samples collected from all sites. Other microorganisms isolated from camel milk samples include Staphylococcus aureus (16.2%), Entrobacter spp. (14.9%), Streptococcus spp. (13.5%),Escherichia coli (8.1%), Acinetobacter spp. (7.4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (6.8%), Klebsiella spp. (6.1%), Bacillus spp. (5.4%), Corynebacterium spp. (5.4%), Micrococcus spp. (4.7%), Lactobacillus spp. (4.1%), Listeria spp. (4.1%), Pseudomonas spp. (2%) and Shigella spp. (1.4% ). The quality of camel milk produced in the study area was generally poor and microbial contamination of camel milk occurs along the value chain while it is transported from the production site to the market. This calls for strict hygienic measures along the entire value chain in order to improve the quality and safety of camel milk produced in the area evaluated.
Mechanical properties of rough and dehulled rice during drying
Authors: Resende Osvaldo , Corrêa Paulo César , Oliveira Gabriel Henrique Horta de , Goneli André Luis Duarte , Jarén Carmen
Published: January 2020

This work aimed to determine the mechanical properties of rough and dehulled rice grains, for different moisture contents, by obtaining their rupture force, deformation, maximum compression force and proportional deformity modulus under a compression test. Rice grains, with moisture content varying from 0.12 to 0.30 (d.b.), were subject to an uniaxial compression in order to analyze these properties. On reducting moisture content the rupture force increased from 37.2 to 70.6 N for dehulled rice and 48.0 to 79.5 N for rough rice. The average compression force varied from 131 to 171 N for dehulled rice and 203 to 283 N for rough rice. The value range of proportional deformity modulus was from 5.5 x 109 to 7.4 x 109 Pa for dehulled rice and 9.5 x 109 to 12.3 x 109 Pa for rough rice. Rough rice presented more resistance to compression compared to dehulled rice.
Effect of Buckwheat Processing Products on Dough and Bread Quality Made from Whole-Wheat Flour
Authors: Drobot Vira , Semenova Anastasiya , Smirnova Jelyzaveta , Mykhonik Larisa
Published: January 2020

The paper gives a brief overview of the current nutritional status of the Ukrainian population and describes useful buckwheat properties. The objective of the paper is to study the effect of buckwheat processing products (flour and flakes) on the technological process and quality of bread made from whole-wheat flour. This paper describes and analyzes research data on the rheological properties of dough samples which were determined by farinograph and amylograph. Investigation of structural and mechanical properties of dough showed an increase in water-absorbing capacity in all samples when adding buckwheat products. Moreover, dough made with buckwheat flakes has a lower value of mixing tolerance index (by 47 %) than dough made from buckwheat flour, and a higher valorimetric value (by 20 %). Determination of dough properties by amylogram has shown that a sample containing buckwheat flakes has a higher maximum viscosity than a sample containing buckwheat flour. Determination of the gas-production and gas-retention capacity of dough is also presented, along with an analysis of the quality of finished products based on the results of laboratory baking tests. The samples of bread supplemented with buckwheat flakes have better shape stability (by 21 %), specific volume (by 12 %) and porosity (by 11 %) than bread made from buckwheat flour. The organoleptic evaluation of finished product quality has shown that bread supplemented with buckwheat flakes has a more fluffy-texture, elastic crumb and uniform porosity than bread made from buckwheat flour. Buckwheat flakes proved to have a better effect on parameters of the technological process and quality of bread when compared with buckwheat flour.
Vegetable milks and their fermented derivative products
Authors: Bernat Neus , Cháfer Maite , Chiralt Amparo , González-Martínez Chelo
Published: January 2020

The so-called vegetable milks are in the spotlight thanks to their lactose-free, animal protein-free and cholesterol-free features which fit well with the current demand for healthy food products. Nevertheless, and with the exception of soya, little information is available about these types of milks and their derivatives. The aims of this review, therefore, are to: highlight the main nutritional benefits of the nut and cereal vegetable milks available on the market, fermented or not; describe the basic processing steps involved in their manufacturing process; and analyze the major problems affecting their overall quality, together with the current feasible solutions. On the basis of the information gathered, vegetable milks and their derivatives have excellent nutritional properties which provide them a high potential and positive market expectation. Nevertheless, optimal processing conditions for each raw material or the application of new technologies have to be researched in order to improve the quality of the products. Hence, further studies need to be developed to ensure the physical stability of the products throughout their whole shelf-life. These studies would also allow for a reduction in the amount of additives (hydrocolloids and/or emulsifiers) and thus reduce the cost of the products. In the particular case of fermented products, the use of starters which are able to both improve the quality (by synthesizing enhanced flavors and providing optimal textures) and exert health benefits for consumers (i.e. probiotics) is the main challenge to be faced in future studies.
The relationship between antibrowning, anti-radical and reducing capacity of Brassica and Allium extracts
Authors: Bustos Mariela C , Agudelo-Laverde Lina Marcela , Mazzobre Florencia , Buera Pilar
Published: January 2020

Aqueous vegetable extracts from Allium and Brassica families were assayed for antibrowning capacity and related to their anti-radical and reducing power activities. The treatment  of mushrooms and avocado slices, with white cabbage, cauliflower, garlic and scallion extracts, reduced color changes during storage at 4 °C and -18 °C. Storage temperature and the type of extract employed influenced change of color variables. The contribution of polyphenols on measured antioxidant activity of extracts was also discussed. Allium antibrowning properties were closely related to antioxidant capacity, while the Brassica extracts were less effective. Treatment with Allium extracts extended the storage time of frozen and refrigerated mushrooms and avocado slices, in comparison with untreated samples.
Beyond rhythm and lyrics: pragmatic strategies of verbal humour in Nigerian hip-hop
Authors: Bamgbose Ganiu Abisoye
Published: January 2020

Extant studies on Nigerian hip-hop have approached the genre as an act and as an art from psycholinguistic, social, sociolinguistic and pragmatic dimensions. However, the possibility of evoking humour through the careful deployment of language by Nigerian hip-hop artistes is a phenomenon which has largely escaped the attention of scholars within the ambit of linguistics. This research therefore investigates how the Nigerian hip-hop artistes, beyond the rhythm and lyrics of their songs, poke humour at the listeners. The study employs Sperber and Wilson’s Relevance Theory to analyse the humourous utterances in four purposively selected hip hop songs: Jo o, by Jahbless, Eyan Mayweather by Olamide Penalty by Small Doctor and Lyrically by Lil Kesh. The choice of artistes was based on consideration for the two popular subgenres for Nigerian hip-hop which are rap and dance hall while the choice of tracks was consideration for their humorous potentials. The humorous utterances are either name-induced or object/phenomenon induced. The study finds that metaphor, hyperbole, punning, teasing, putdown and litotes, complemented with linguistic devices such as polysemy and repetition, are the humour techniques that are deployed to amuse listeners. Humour strategies adopted by Nigerian hip-hop artistes are comparing, contrasting and extending corresponding concepts, distorting collective knowledge of people, social events and situations and manipulating shared cultural representations. Nigerian hip-hop songs are spiced with humorous utterances which can only be deciphered by people who share the socio-cultural world of the artistes.
Conceptual integration theory and British humour: an analysis of the sitcom Miranda
Authors: Jabłońska-Hood Joanna
Published: January 2020

Conceptual integration theory (henceforth CIT), aka conceptual blending, was devised by Fauconnier and Turner (2002) as a model for meaning construction and interpretation. It is based on the notion of a mental space, which originated in Fauconnier's early research (1998). Mental spaces are structures that constitute information pertaining to a particular concept (Fauconnier and Turner 2002: 40). Interestingly, mental spaces can be linked together and blended so as to produce a novel quality not previously present. In this manner, conceptual integration serves the purpose of a theoretical model which throws light on creativity in language use. In my paper, I will apply CIT to British humour in order to use its multiway blending together with its dynamic, online running of the blended contents for the purpose of comedy elucidation. It is crucial to observe that British humour is a complex phenomenon which pertains to many different levels of interpretation, i.e. a linguistic, cultural or a discourse one. CIT possesses a well suited cognitive apparatus which can encompass the complexity of British humour with all its layers. The primary goal of the article is to analyse a selected scene from a sitcom entitled Miranda in order to show the validity of the theory in respect of humour studies. In particular, I will undertake to demonstrate that CIT, with a special emphasis on its principles such as compression and the emergent structure of the blend can deal with many processes that accumulate within British humour and result in laughter. Simultaneously, I will try to demonstrate that frame-shifting, as proposed by Coulson (2015: pp. 167-190), can be of help to CIT in humour explanation.
Genetic architecture study of rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Jia Jun , Li Junyi , Yao Xueming , Zhang YuHang , Yang Xiaohao , Wang Ping , Xia Qianghua , Hakonarson Hakon , Li Jin
Published: January 2020

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis are two types of autoimmune diseases with inflammation at the joints, occurring to adults and children respectively. There are phenotypic overlaps between these two types of diseases, despite the age difference in patient groups.

Methods

To systematically compare the genetic architecture of them, we conducted analyses at gene and pathway levels and constructed protein-protein-interaction network based on summary statistics of genome-wide association studies of these two diseases. We examined their difference and similarity at each level.

Results

We observed extensive overlap in significant SNPs and genes at the human leukocyte antigen region. In addition, several SNPs in other regions of the human genome were also significantly associated with both diseases. We found significantly associated genes enriched in 32 pathways shared by both diseases. Excluding genes in the human leukocyte antigen region, significant enrichment is present for pathways like interleukin-27 pathway and NO2-dependent interleukin-12 pathway in natural killer cells.

Discussion

The identification of commonly associated genes and pathways may help in finding population at risk for both diseases, as well as shed light on repositioning and designing drugs for both diseases.
Bayesian estimation of diagnostic accuracy of fecal culture and PCR-based tests for the detection of Salmonella enterica in California cull dairy cattle
Authors: Adaska John M. , Ekong Pius S. , Clothier Kristin A. , Williams Deniece R. , Rossitto Paul V. , Lehenbauer Terry W. , Atwill Edward R. , Li Xunde , Aly Sharif S.
Published: January 2020

Epidemiological studies of low prevalence disease problems are often hindered by the high cost of diagnostic testing. The objective of this study was to evaluate PCR screening of both individual and pooled fecal samples from culled dairy cows for the invA gene of Salmonella followed by culture to determine if the sensitivity and specificity were comparable to the results from traditional culture methods applied to individual samples. Cows from six different dairies were sampled in all four seasons. A total of 240 individual cow fecal samples, 24 fecal pools and 24 pools of 24-hour tetrathionate enrichment broth were tested. Diagnostic sensitivity of PCR screening followed by culture of PCR positive or indeterminate samples (i.e PCR-CUL method) was lower than that of culture (CUL) when applied to individual fecal samples (94.8%, 99.5%), however the specificity was comparable (99.6% and 97.7% respectively). For pools of five fecal samples and pools of five, 24 h tetrathionate broth samples, the specificity of both tests were comparable (∼98%); however, their sensitivity was only comparable in pooled fecal samples (∼93%) but greater for culture compared to PCR-CUL in pooled broth samples (∼99% versus ∼93%). Compared to culture results from testing of individual fecal samples, testing pooled fecal samples by culture had a relative sensitivity of 74% and relative specificity of 96%, testing pooled fecal samples by PCR-CUL resulted in relative sensitivity of 90% and relative specificity of 96%. Testing of pooled 24-hour enrichment broth by PCR-CUL increased the relative sensitivity and specificity to 100%. PCR testing followed by culture of positive or indeterminate samples is a time saving alternative to traditional methods. In addition, pooling of samples may be a useful method for decreasing cost if study aims can accommodate a moderate loss of relative sensitivity.
Comparison of bacterial diversity and abundance between sexes of Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from China
Authors: Guo Chunhui , Peng Xin , Zheng Xialin , Wang Xiaoyun , Wang Ruirui , Huang Zongyou , Yang Zhende
Published: January 2020

Background

Insects harbor a myriad of microorganisms, many of which can affect the sex ratio and manipulate the reproduction of the host. Leptocybe invasa is an invasive pest that causes serious damage to eucalyptus plantations, and the thelytokous parthenogenesis, low temperature resistance, protection in galls, generation overlap and small body of L. invasa contribute to its rapid invasion and population growth. However, the endosymbiotic bacterial composition, abundance and sex differences of L. invasa remain unclear. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the bacterial communities in L. invasa adults and compare them between the sexes of L. invasa lineage B.

Results

The Illumina MiSeq platform was used to compare bacterial community composition between females and males of L. invasa by sequencing the V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. A total of 1,320 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained. These OTUs were subdivided into 24 phyla, 71 classes, 130 orders, 245 families and 501 genera. At the genus level, the dominant bacteria in females and males were Rickettsia and Rhizobium, respectively.

Conclusion

The endosymbiotic bacteria of L. invasa females and males were highly diverse. There were differences in the bacterial community of L. invasa between sexes, and the bacterial diversity in male specimens was greater than that in female specimens. This study presents a comprehensive comparison of bacterial communities in L. invasa and these data will provide an overall view of the bacterial community in both sexes of L. invasa with special attention on sex-related bacteria.
Effects of indium exposure on respiratory symptoms: a retrospective cohort study in Japanese workers using health checkup data
Authors: Mitsuhashi Toshiharu
Published: January 2020

Background

Indium compounds are known health hazards for lung cancer and interstitial pneumonia. Furthermore, they are related to emphysema, alveolar proteinosis, and cholesterol granuloma. In Japan, laws were revised in 2013 to tighten regulations on indium exposure in workplaces. However, its impact on the health of workers who handle indium has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate whether subjective respiratory symptoms in these workers have reduced after the 2013 amendment in the regulations.

Methods

The subjects were workers from certain areas of Japan who had undergone health checkups between January 1, 2013, and June 30, 2015. Indium-handling and non-handling workers were categorized into the exposed and less-exposed groups, respectively. Based on the findings of health checkups during this period, the hazard ratio of subjective respiratory symptoms (cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and palpitation) and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with the less-exposed group as the reference. The Prentice-Williams-Peterson model was used for calculation, and a model that adjusted for coarse analysis and potential confounding factors was adopted.

Results

Overall, 2,561 workers (from 22 companies) who underwent 6,033 health checkups were included. The total person-years were 2,562.8 years, and 162 outcome events occurred. The hazard ratios of the exposed group were 1.65 (95% CI [1.14–2.39]: p = 0.008) and 1.61 (95% CI [1.04–2.50]: p = 0.032) in the crude and adjusted models, respectively.

Conclusion

Indium-handling workers had a high hazard of the subjective respiratory symptoms than non-indium -handling workers despite stricter regulations on indium exposure in workplaces. This indicates the need for further changes to the legislation to protect the health of workers exposed to harmful substances in workplaces. Further studies including larger diverse cohorts are needed to validate our findings.
Evaluation of Effective and Safe Extraction Method for Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Kolanuts from Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Rodrigue Kouadio Kan , Godi Henri Biego , Yves Bleouh Nyamien , Assi Yolande Ake , Adama Coulibaly
Published: January 2020

Aims: The current study targets the achievement of a reliable process for the determination of PAH contents in kola nuts for better appreciation of the risks incurred from the consumption of such food products.

Study Design: Kolanuts collected from two big storage centers were analyzed after the validation of the proposed analytical method.

Place and Duration of Study: Central Laboratory for Food Hygiene and Agro-Industry, LANADA in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, running 2018.

Methodology: Two references were used for the validation of the analytical method, namely the French standard NF V 03-110 and the ISO directive ISO/DIS/15753 applicable in Liquid Chromatography. The PAH contents of some samples collected from different stores were then determined.

Results: From the data, a significant regression chart was recorded for the PAH detection graphs. All the analysis exhibited good linearity with significant correlation coefficients (R²˃ 0.99). The relative standard deviations of the repeatability and reproducibility assays are below 3%, whereas standard additions of PAH are fully recovered, with percentages close to 100%.

Conclusion: Using this analytical method, kola nuts contamination by PAH have been determined with satisfactory.This analytical method could help in ensuring effective sanitary control at different critical points of kola nut distribution channel for promoting a good management of the toxicity concerns in such products.
Effect of Salinity Stress on Different Root and Shoot Traits of Selected Tomato Cultivars
Authors: Kayess Md. Omar , Rahman Md. Lutfar , Ahmed Kawsar , Khan Md. Riad , Hossan Md. Sahadat , Hossain M. S. , Khanam Mst. Mortuza , Chandra Pal Dhanesh
Published: January 2020

An in-vitro test was conducted at the laboratory of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and University (HSTU), Dinajpur, Bangladesh to screen out the tomato genotypes were screened for salt tolerance during germination. The test was conducted in the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) utilizing three replications. Ten tomato genotypes specifically BARI Tomato-2, BARI Tomato-3, BARI Tomato-5, BARI Tomato-11, BARI Tomato-14, BARI Tomato-16, Mintoo, Unnoyon, Mintoo Super and Sawsan were germinated on sand bed watered with five levels of salinity treatment i.e. 0, 4,8,12 and 16 dSm-1. The test was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The days to 50% germination was maximum in Unnoyon genotype in all the treatments [1]. BARI Tomato-3 showed the minimum value in most of the cases. Root and shoot parameters like root length, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, ratio on root and shoot fresh weight, ratio on root and shoot dry weight were the highest in BARI Tomato-2, Mintoo and Unnoyon, in contrast, the lowest performance of these traits were revealed in BARI Tomato-16 and BARI Tomato-3 at higher salinity treatment (12 and 16 dSm-1) than other genotypes in most of the cases. The overall results of the experiment exhibited BARI Tomato-2, Mintoo and Unnoyon found to be the more tolerant genotypes at higher salinity stress in respect of days to 50% germination and root and shoot characters than other genotypes.