bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Geospatial Information System (GIS) coupled with field sampling technique for soil mapping and information
Authors: Khairudin M N , Kassim N Q B , Zulkifli Z
Published: July 2022

In most agricultural area, the efficient and proper management is found effective using the information gained from the combination of Geospatial Information System (GIS) combined with field sampling techniques. This study aimed to determine the physico-chemical properties of selected soil area and to develop a small-scale thematic mapping using the ArcGIS software. The research was conducted at matured oil palm plantation in UiTM Kampus Jasin, Melaka, Malaysia. The field results showed that the soil pH range between pH 4.2 and pH 5.2 with a bulk density ranging between 0.31 gcm-3 to 0.64 gcm-3. The area also has a high soil moisture content and mixtures of organic matter which has undergo complete decomposition. Based on the data, the information was then transformed into the thematic map and displayed in different colours to differentiate between parameters. In the thematic map, the red colour representing the low pH area while the yellow zone representing the increment of soil pH. The transition of hue colour from red to yellow represent the improvement of soil pH in particular area. As such, any changes in soil pH can be monitor consistently and any management requirement can be directly applied at the affected area without requiring the whole field assessment. Through this, the problems can be solved in shorter time without requiring much labour and able to minimize the cost. Hence, this study suggested that the GIS techniques combined with the field sampling techniques to monitor the land is much faster and efficient for a proper land management.
Comparative Efficacy of Drone Application in Chemical Spraying at Paddy Field MADA Kedah
Authors: Rosedi F A , Shamsi S M
Published: July 2022

Although chemical spraying was critical in paddy management, not all methods were efficient and effective. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of manual spraying versus drone spraying in a paddy field. The research was conducted at rice granaries in Kampung Alor Gandak, Mukim Limbong, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia. Despite the challenges of modern technology, many farmers continue to rely on low-tech practises rather than advanced methods. Following that, only a few farmers in Malaysia began to use drones for chemical spraying. This demonstrates that only a minority of farmers are aware of and accept the use of drones in paddy field management. The field efficiency was calculated and proven that the field efficiency improved by 9.08% as after the application of drone spraying. The result has shown that drone spraying has the higher efficacy and the correlation also strong. The regression shown that drone spraying has the higher percentage of yield to be explained with the time taken of spraying. Conclusively, the results can encourage the improvement of mechanization quality in an effort increase the field efficiency as to increase the yield that can lead to profit gained for the growers.
The Use of NDVI Algorithm in Predicting the Productivity of Rice Fields of Talang District of Solok Regency
Authors: Berd I , Ekaputra E G , Yanti D , Stiyanto E
Published: July 2022

Estimates of rice production carried out in conventional ways require high costs and a long time, when compared to remote sensing technology. Surveying land conditions using remote sensing satellite technology besides the time of obtaining information is fast and cheap, as well as the survey area is wide and the information got is more sustainable. This study aims to predict the productivity of crop yields (crop yield) of rice fields using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) algorithm. Research conducted by methods of observation and data processing comprises several stages, namely data pre-processing, analysis of index vegetation until extracted, followed by making a working map for observation and validation of the field. Field results as a consideration of the correlation of the value of vegetation index to the phase of growth and average productivity in the area. The results of the analysis showed the value of NDVI observed as a sign of production that occurred was in the generative phase 2 in the 2nd week of July based on trends that occurred in Talang district of Solok Regency. The results of the actual production data validation test and the use of the NDVI algorithm resulted in an NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency) value of 0.868 with the category “Good”.
Grape Women Farmer’s Group Dynamics: Learn from “Arimbi” in Bantul Indonesia
Authors: Rozaki Z , Prasetiani R , Indardi  , Ariffin A S , Ramli M F , Utami S S , Proklamalatu M A
Published: July 2022

In general female farmer group has unique characteristic comparing male farmer group, where the bonding and activities often more intense. Using qualitative approach, this study aims to analyse the “Arimbi” grape women farmers group (KWT) dynamics in Bantul Indonesia. It involves some key persons within the group, data were collected through depth interview and observation. Most of group members understand the group purpose, this understanding can lead them to have more sense of belonging and motivation to support the group targets. Routing meeting is hold to keep the group unity. Leadership is important, the leader should have ability to lead, share, protect, and responsible. Through the group, female farmers are proven can increase their knowledge regarding grape farming, so they can increase the production and get more economic. Also, the social interaction makes them can build strong bond with each other. Giving equal access to KWT can help the agriculture sector develop better.
A Study on Consumers Intention in Purchasing Organic Food: Case Study at Kuantan, Pahang
Authors: Nordin N S A , Ruslan N A
Published: July 2022

Organic food purchase intention as the probability and willingness of an individual to give preference to organic food over conventional food in their purchase consideration. Inadequate of information and knowledge among consumer regarding to organic food is the reason for them not to purchase organic food as their preference. Besides that, the price of organic foods is expensive as compared to inorganic food. The limitation of availability of the organic food also can cause the imbalance in the supply and demand in the field of organic food. Hence, the study was carried out to examine factors that influence consumer’s intention in purchasing organic food. Data collection through questionnaires was obtained from 384 consumers in Kuantan by using face to face interview. This study employed random sampling technique to collect the useful data and information from consumer. Therefore, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was used to examine the consumer’s intention in purchasing organic food. Exploratory factor analysis was used to analyse the gathered data. Based on the factor analysis, four factors were extracted that can influence the intention of consumer in purchasing organic food. These factors were knowledge, environmental concern, availability and health concern. The findings of this study suggest that the availability of organic food, environmental concern, health concern and consumer knowledge were significantly influence the intention in purchasing organic food among consumers. Thus, organic food gives more benefit to the consumer and provide them with better health and lifestyle.
The role of women in rural development: lesson learnt from Nagari Indudur, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Mutiara V I , Yuerlita  , Febriamansyah R
Published: July 2022

Women play an important contribution to the agriculture and rural economy. However, agriculture sector is underperforming in some developing countries because women, who are an important resources in agriculture and the rural economy, facing some obstacles that lower their productivity. The fact that both men and women play an important role in rural development, in this paper, we identify an empirical evidence from Nagari Indudur in West Sumatra, Indonesia, and show to what degree women’s contribution in rural development. Differences of women and men by gender are based on cultures, community values and norms, so that gender construct may differ from one society to another. West Sumatra is known for its matrilineal culture. In the case of marriage, the inheritance of family property using maternal lineage. This study was done by a descriptive method using gender sensitive analysis. There were 55 female respondents were interviewed. All of the respondents are member of “Selembar Daun”, the only women’s group in Nagari Indudur that were play important role in its rural development. It was found that female time use is not only in reproductive activities, but also in productive activities, and social and political activities. In terms of reproductive activities, the women manage complex household activities. For productive activities, they involve in producing agricultural crops and forest products, such as candlenut, which then they process into candle nut oil. The added value of candle nut oil has made the product can be sold in higher price. This has led to additional income for the household. In terms of social and political activities, the women involve actively in women’s group activities. It was also found that some women are involved in the cash economy, where the men work outside the Nagari for wages. As a result, women have to take more responsibility for agricultural tasks while their husband are away in wage labor, while at the same time women heavily involved in reproductive roles. In term of access and control of resources, it was found that both men and women are equally have access to and control over the resources.
The Effect of Pandemic Covid 19 Towards Operational Activities in Oil Palm Production
Authors: Ma’soad N A , Khairuddin F
Published: July 2022

COVID-19 has affected the operation of many sectors including the agriculture sector. The outbreak of COVID-19 has effect operational activities especially in the Oil Palm plantation. This study is aimed to identify the effect of pandemic COVID-19 on operational activities in oil Palm production. The effect of operational activities that are being studied is a worker’s health condition, access to input supply, the management of field operation, and the cost of production. Through data collection method by questionnaire were distributed to 35 respondents from Ladang Kumpulan Melayu Kota Tinggi, Johor. Based on demographic analysis, most of the respondents have more than 20 years of experience in the field. Based on the study, the management of field operation is the major effect that influences the oil palm production with β= 0.486 and correlation for relationship is 0.017. When the new legislation of standard operating procedure is implemented then it will influence oil palm production. The access to input supply has a significant difference with oil palm production due to pandemic COVID-19 rather than the other three variables. If the supply is limited, it also will affect the quality of the yield. When there is a movement control order (MCO), the company cannot access the input needed for operation in the oil palm plantation
Demotivation Factors That Influence Oil Palm Plantation Workers
Authors: Azman F , Isa N
Published: July 2022

A condition where a person feels the absence of motivation is acknowledged as demotivation. A demotivated worker, for instance, can cause a loss for the company because it requires proper management from them to produce high productivity and quality of yield. Due to demotivation, they will not feel responsible towards their job maintaining the crops. Hence to avoid demotivation of workers, it is crucial for the company to find out the root cause. This study aims to investigate the relationship of remuneration, job stress, and workplace environment towards demotivation, and to identify the dominant factor for demotivation. The targeted respondent of this study is among FELCRA workers in Negeri Sembilan. By using Pearson correlation and multiple linear regressions, all the factors are proved to have significant relationship, and work environment factor is analysed as the dominant factor that causes demotivation to the workers. The result shows that the environment gives the most significant effect to workers’ demotivation in their workplace; it is suggested for employers to improve the work surrounding and provide a proper PPE needed by employees according to their work nature requirement. Besides that, both employer and employee need to keep a harmonious relationship with each other.
The Effect of Time and RPM on the Saponification Process to Get High Carotenoids
Authors: Cherie D , Makky M , Yuwita F , Sinambela J A , Melidawati  , Fauziah W K , Rahmi S , Guspa M
Published: July 2022

Red palm oil (RPO) is derived from the FFB of palm oil. Carotene in red palm oil or red palm oil cannot be obtained by ordinary processes. Various attempts were made to obtain carotene compounds by various methods of separation (extraction). Therefore, this study attempted to study the effect of the time and rotational speed of the rotary evaporator on the yield of carotenoid concentrates formed in the saponification process so that it would produce optimum carotenoid concentrates seen from the content of carotene and DOBI produced. The sample used was crude palm oil (CPO) which was processed in stages, namely transesterification, solvates micellization (SM), and saponification. The treatment was carried out in the saponification process, namely stirring time for 1.5 hours and 2 hours with each rotating speed of 1800 rpm, 2000 rpm, and 2200 rpm. In each process, carotenoids and DOBI values will increase. In the saponification process, the best treatment that produces high carotene and optimum DOBI is the stirring process at a speed of 1800 rpm for 1.5 hours. The time of stirring in the saponification process has a real effect on the value of carotene and the DOBI index.
A Study of Characterization Procedure for Non-destructive Testing of Soybean Seed based on Spectroscopy
Authors: Abadi F R , Masithoh R E , Sutiarso L , Rahayu S
Published: July 2022

Soybean is a staple food in Indonesia which the market demand is related to its nutritional content. It is necessary to characterize soybean quality based on the internal properties of soybeans. To improve production efficiency in quality control, non-destructive characterization of soybeans such as spectroscopy can be carried out. The research was a study to support the measurement procedure for soybean characterization based on spectroscopy. Parameters used include probing distance, probing angle and sample preparation mode. The result shown that all of the treatments were shown significantly different (p<0.05; T
cal.
>T
tab.
) except for 0 cm probing distance and 45° of probing angle. The best probing distance was at 0.5 cm, while the best probing angle was 90° with the sample preparation mode in the form of a single seed. This can be done as an effort to minimize measurement errors and optimize the results of spectra observations.
Effect of Pretreatment and Storage Room Air Pressure on Quality Attributes Changes of Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Maharani D M , Bintoro N , Karyadi J N W , Saputro A D
Published: July 2022

Paprika is a perishable commodity either physically, mechanically, or microbiologically which greatly affects product quality during storage. A combination of pretreatments and low air pressure storage (hypobaric) can greatly reduce metabolic rate and possibly maintain better product quality during storage. The purpose of this study was to analyze the combined effects of pretreatments and hypobaric storage on the quality attributes of paprika consisting of skin color, soluble solids content, and acidity during storage. The pretreatments used were UV-C exposure at 3.0 kJ/m2, ozone gas exposure at 4.99 ppm, and control or without pretreatment before storage. While the hypobaric pressures used were 26 kPa (O2 concentration 5%), 64 kPa (O2 concentration 13%), and 101 kPa (O2 concentration 21%). Paprika quality was measured daily for 15 days of storage. The results showed that storage time and the interaction of storage time and hypobaric pressure were found to have a significant effect on the chroma, hue angle, color difference, solid soluble content, and acidity. Hypobaric pressure was known to be more influential than pretreatment before storage. In general, storage in a hypobaric condition resulted in better quality attributes of the samples than control.
A review of extraction and HPLC methods used for Melastomataceae and Asteraceae leaves in the analysis of flavonoids
Authors: Binti Ismail N H , Hamid N A , Latip S N H Md , Wan Mohd Zain W Z , Ramli N W
Published: July 2022

HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) is one of the accurate chromatographic techniques that is widely used for analysis. This present review submitted the extraction and HPLC methods for determining the compound in Melastomataceae and Asteraceae families that related with insecticidal compounds. This review discusses the standard used for the compound and chromatographic conditions. There are several species under both families. As for the Melastomataceae family, the species are Melastoma malabathricum and Miconia albicans meanwhile, the species under the Asteraceae family are Santolina semidentata, Eupatorium littorale, and Vernonia condensata. This review focus on the flavonoid and phenolic compound as these compounds are categorized as an insecticidal compound. HPLC can be used in conjunction with several detection technologies to identify flavonoids and phenolics in the plant, food, and biological samples because it is a method for separating these molecules. As a result, the HPLC procedure for the chosen molecule was reviewed in this article, which will aid in further analysis.
The effects of biochar-compost on soil properties and plant growth performance grown in a sandy-loam soil
Authors: Izilan N I S , Sari N A , Othman N M I , Mustaffha S
Published: July 2022

Sandy soils properties with low nutrients availability and high porosity could be improved with the combination application of biochar-compost to increase the plant productivity. The objective of this study was to examine the impacts of different rates compost-biochar addition on sandy-loam soil properties and cabbage (Brassica chinensis L. var. parachinesis) growth performance. The oil palm empty fruit bunch biochar was pyrolyzed at temperature ranging between 450 to 500°C. Different rates of biochar-compost combination of 0 until 20 t/ha-1 were arranged in a randomized block design in the greenhouse. The cabbage was planted in the arranged polybag and plant growth parameter (leaf number, plant height and chlorophyll content) were measured. The incorporation of 10 and 20 t ha-1 biochar-compost with soil were showed significant increased in soil pH when compared to the non-amended soil. The application of highest rate which is 20 t ha-1 biochar-compost increased the soil exchangeable bases. Positive effects of biochar-compost addition also were found on plant height and dry weigh biomass at all application rates. The study showed that the application of biochar-compost has the potential to improve soil chemical properties and plant productivity.
Assessment the Volatile Organic Compound of Avocado during Ripening Process and Mechanical Damage Using Electronic-Nose System
Authors: Andasuryani  , Ifmalinda
Published: July 2022

The appearance of fruit color and texture of avocado is a quality parameter commonly used by consumers when choosing the fruit, they buy. Intention to repurchases could be determined by the fruit’s internal quality properties, such as taste associated with volatile organic compound (VOC). The quality of the fruit will decrease after harvesting. It is also susceptible to mechanical damage during harvest and post-harvest handling. This research aimed to identify VOC during the ripening process and mechanical damage of avocado using E-nose. A metal-oxide semiconductor-based electronic nose (E-Nose) system was used to determine the changes in volatile organic production. The results showed that VOC changes during the ripening period. In addition, there was a change of VOC in mechanically damaged fruit. This study shows the potential application of e-nose to identify mechanically damaged avocados.
Analysis the nutrient of bio-vermicompost with different techniques applications of some microbes and earthworms
Authors: Sebayang N U W , Sabrina T , Sari R M
Published: July 2022

Vermicompost is an organic fertilizer resulting from the decomposition of organic materials by utilizing earthworms. The presence of these microorganisms means that vermicompost contains compounds that are needed to increase soil fertility or for plant growth. This study aims to analyze the nutrients of bio-vermicompost with a combination of application techniques of beneficial microbes and earthworms. This study used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor is the application of microbes and earthworms with 4 treatments, T0: without earthworm, T1: application microbe followed (one week) by earthworm, T2: application microbe and earthworm in same time, T3: application earthworm followed (one week) by microbe. The second factor is the type of microbe with 4 treatments, M1: Azospirillum sp, M2: Azotobacter chroococum, M3: Trichoderma asperellum, M4: Talaromyces pinophilus. The results showed that the application technique had a significant effect on C-organic, C/N ratio, pH, P2O5, and K2O. The combination of both treatments significantly affect to the water content. The highest N was found in A3M1 (earthworm application followed by Azospirillum) which was 2.19%. The combination of A2M2 (Application of earthworms and Azotobacter at the same time) is the best combination in increasing the content of P2O5 (1.225%) and K2O5 (2.245%).
Mycoremediation of Coconut Shell (Cocos Nucifera) with Ganoderma lucidum
Authors: Rosli T M , Jumali S S
Published: July 2022

In Malaysia, approximately 80,000 tons of coconut waste are dumped annually which is 6.7% of total agricultural waste. Not only these wastes are unsightly and putrid, but also are breeding ground for pests which may lead to health issues. In this study, investigation on mycoremediation of coconut shell was conducted through the exploitation of Ganoderma lucidum; a basidiomycete that secretes wood-degradative enzymes like Manganese Peroxidase (MnP), Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) and Laccase (Lac). The investigation on the degradation of Coconut Shell Powder (CSP) was conducted under Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) where the enzyme activity was found at 333.70 U/ml, 331.83 U/ml, 96.86 U/ml and 49.78 U/ml for 7 ml, 4 ml, 1 ml and 0 ml of spore solution, respectively. For the degradation percentage of CSP, 1 g of CSP showed the most efficient degradation by using 4 ml of spore solution as 88.04% reduction of mass was observed followed by 3g (35.01%) and 5 g (16.84%). Ligninolytic enzymes produced by G. lucidum pose potential in agrowaste management while reducing environmental issues.
Enzymatic activity and amino acid production by indigenous keratinolytic strains on the various poultry feather substrate
Authors: Fitriyanto N A , Ramadhanti Y , Rismiyati  , Rusyadi I , Pertiwiningrum A , Prasetyo R A , Erwanto Y
Published: July 2022

This study aims to evaluate the capability of extracellular protease to hydrolyze keratin substrates of local poultry feathers and observing the amino acid profile. The indigenous strains (Bacillus
cereus TD5B, Bacillus
cereus LS2B, and Pseudomonas sp. PK4) were used in this study, and the obtained data were analysed descriptively. Bacillus
cereus TD5B has a maximum activity at 0.003849062 unit/ml and 0.000310042 unit/ml on casein and commercial keratin substrates. Each hydrolyzed consisted of Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Serine, Glycine, Valine, Phenylalanine, Ileucine, Leucine, and Lysine. The differences between the three feather meals were on the amino acid’s concentration, the specific amino acid (Threonine) in the hydrolyzed kampung chicken feather meals, and the amino acid Alanine in the hydrolyzed layer feathers and also the goose feather meals. The SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of keratinase in the three hydrolyzed feather meals was observed at 100 kDa. In this study, the highest substrate degradation was observed by Bacillus
cereus TD5B at chicken layer feathers (21.25%). During 21 days, Bacillus
cereus LS2B could hydrolyze kampung feather at 38.8% during 23 days, and Pseudomonas sp. PK4 hydrolyzed kampung feather at 39.8% for 24 days.
A Review on Bacteria, Fungi and Dual Inoculation Towards Nitrogen Fixation in Oil Palm Plants
Authors: Aziz M A A , Othman N M I , Kamaruzaman N B
Published: July 2022

Oil palm plantation sector is the most important contribution to economic growth in most Asian countries and most plantations rely on chemical fertilizer for growth which caused harmful to environment. As we can see, nitrogen in the atmosphere can be fixed by the microorganism through the process of nitrogen fixation where it also can act as a bio-fertilizer. Therefore, three objectives are covered in this study, which 1) to review studies on microbial activities and their interaction with plant in soil, 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of organic matter that enhance microbe activity and also N-fixation and 3) to identify the species of bacteria and fungi used for oil palm inoculation in previous studies. A review of microbial activity has been presented in order to highlight the potential interaction where endophytic BNF bacteria have successfully increase the development of oil palm seedlings. Combination of EFB and cow dung in vermicompost technique showed the higher number ofE. eugeniae(32 earthworms) thus increases available plant nitrogen. Microbial inoculation such asGlomus aggregatum,Bacillus salmalaya strain139SI andHerbaspirillum seropedicaegives positive impact towards growth performance. The findings provided successful significant proof that microbe inoculation has a favorable influence on oil palm FFB production.
COD Removal of Batik Wastewater using Microbial Immobilization System for Agricultural Purposes
Authors: Yuniati M D , Rachmawati V , Nurjayati R , Marganingrum D , Lisdiana A , Noviardi R R W , Purwoko W W
Published: July 2022

Batik is made through a series of processes that requires large amount of water. One of these processes is dying the fabric using chemical dyes. Many batik producers in Yogyakarta dispose the wastewater straight into the river or on the ground. Since batik is recognized as UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia, batik industries have been grown rapidly. As a result, batik wastewater became a huge contributor to environmental pollution, especially land and water resources. In the present study, application of microorganisms (bioremediation) to remove or degrade pollutant of batik wastewater was investigated. Microorganisms of Bacillus licheniformis were immobilized in bentonite mineral. This microbial immobilized system then applied in aerobic reactor of continuous process. The concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was calculated as daily parameter. Although the final COD concentration still doesn’t meet the government standard, this microbial immobilization system shows promising COD removal results. The highest COD removal is 75%. This experiment is still in the early stages and further phases of the experiment are required to reach safe chemical parameters of batik wastewater for agricultural purposes as regulated by the Indonesian government.
The Effect of Application Spent Mushroom Waste on Cd-Polluted Soil
Authors: Ramlan N N S , Adam S
Published: July 2022

The main source of cadmium (Cd) accumulates in humans is through the food chain processes when the living things uptake Cd from the soils. In this paper, spent mushroom waste (SMW) was used as an approach to reduce the Cd contamination in the growth medium. Thus, different percentages of SMW were mixed on Cd-polluted soil (20000 ppm per soil volume 1000 cm3) as growth medium: T0 (0%), T1 (5%), T2 (10%), T3 (15%), and T4 (20%) of SMW and these treatments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) along with three replications. The growth mediums were planted with Brazilian spinach to measure the uptake of Cd. There is no significance among the treatments for the availability of Cd in the soil after 51 days of planting and increasing the percentage of SMW was significantly reduce the amount of Cd uptake by the plant. The application of the SMW also resulted in a positive effect on the plant growth performance as there is a significant difference between the treated and untreated soil with SMW. However, the high percentage of SMW shows a reduction of growth parameters. This research establishes the potential of SMW in reducing the Cd in soil and subsequently reducing the risk of Cd reaching humans.
Traditional ecological knowledge in irrigation water management in Tanah Datar District West Sumatera
Authors: Utami A S , Oue H
Published: July 2022

Traditionally, the management of water resources in West Sumatera is based on Minangkabau custom, such as the Paraku irrigation system. During these past thirty years, the government has been introduced Water User Association (“P3A” in Bahasa Indonesia) as a formal institution to manage irrigation water. Yet, the farmers still manage the irrigation water under Paraku system. Thus, this study’s main objectives are to evaluate the traditional ecological knowledge and it’s embedded in the irrigation system, evaluate the elements of cultural changes that impact the Paraku irrigation management, and assess the sustainability of the Paraku irrigation system. This study used a qualitative method to collect the data from January 2021 to August 2021. The results showed that the Paraku management is traditional ecological knowledge based on traditional custom. The practices are based on conservation minds in traditional ecological practices. Due to the global economy and high market value, the social framework, knowledge system, environmental condition has changed. Thus, the collective action to conserve the value and tradition of the Paraku is needed to sustain the system.
Comparison of interception loss by different rainfall magnitudes within a secondary forest of Popa Mountain Park, Myanmar
Authors: Zaw Y , Oue H
Published: July 2022

Partitioning of gross rainfall into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss are essential parameters for the water balance of the region. Measurements of gross rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were made during the growing season (from June to October) of 2019. The objectives of this study are to know the contributions of throughfall and stemflow by the secondary forest in assessing the water balance of the Popa catchment area and to investigate the interceptive loss under different rainfall magnitudes. A total gross rainfall of 753.58 mm was measured in the open area. Of this total rainfall, 442.30 mm (58.69%) and 142.44 mm (18.90%) were reached the forest floor as throughfall and stemflow. Three groups of rainfall were divided by the magnitude of individual rainfall events. The magnitude of rainfall does not appear to be a major driving factor for the interception loss under three rainfall groups: (1) Pg <10 mm (p=0.848); (2) 10< Pg <50 mm (p=0.060); and (3) Pg >50 mm (p=0.051). This study shows that secondary forest can contribute the high partitioning of throughfall and stemflow to the Popa catchment area. Silvicultural management and conservation activities of these secondary forests should be improved in order to have more hydrologic services from them.
Effects of mulches combination with different SWC on soil properties and soybean production
Authors: Mon M M , Oue H
Published: July 2022

The use of water and nutrient balance in soil for the soybean establishment in farms needs to be the topmost priority without increasing the cost of production is needed in this high soybean consumption country, Japan. The objective of this study is to observe the five levels of water stress intensity on plant growth, yield, irrigation frequency, and soil chemical properties changes with the help of two biodegradable mulches was a goal in this sustainable soybean crop production. An experiment designed with two mulch types, shredded paper (SP) and living mulch clover (CL) with 5 SWC (Soil Water Contents) treatments were monitored for irrigation. Total N increased from the original soil N of 3.05 mg/g to 3.53-4.05 mg/g after harvest particularly under CL at medium SWC-2,3,4 levels (35% -15%). Lower SWC level affected more in CL mulched soybean for competition with nutrient and water resource utilization which led to lower soybean yield and earlier harvest. On the other hand, applying SP mulches benefit soybean yield but the total C/N return to soil results in microbial immobilization. To conclude, the soybean seed yield was highest at SWC level 5 for both mulches and clover plants’ best establishment in the SWC-3 level.
Potential of Exhausted Kahwa Coffee as Activated Carbon to Remove Cd2+ and Zn2+
Authors: Yanti N R , Puari A T , Rusnam  , Stiyanto E
Published: July 2022

This study has examined the potential of exhausted kahwa coffee (EKC) as a precursor of activated carbon (AC) to remove the heavy metal ions, Cd2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solution. The AC was activated by different activation methods using KOH, ZnCl2, H3PO4 and without activation agent. The EKC sample was impregnated with the chemical agents with the ratio of 1:1. Afterward, the carbonization was conducted at temperature of 400°C for 60 minutes. The removal efficiency (RE) and adsorption capacity (qt) of the ACs on Cd2+ and Zn2 were evaluated. In addition, ACs were characterized with fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for the surface functional groups and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface porosity morphology. The experimental results showed that highest RE and qt were obtained by EKC activated with KOH (EKC-KOH). The highest REs achieved were 96.96% for Cd2+ and 99.52 % for Zn2+, while the highests qt were 4.37 g/mg for Cd2+ and 3.79 g/mg for Zn2+. The results indicate that exhausted kahwa coffee has a potential as a low-cost activated carbon for removal of Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions from aqueous solution.
Piper betel Crude Leaf Extracts with HOCl (Formulated by Natural Oxygenated Water) as Plant Pathogenic Fungi Control
Authors: Musa S A N C , Zain W Z W M , Wahab M Z Ab , Ramli N W , Hamid N , Saharuddin S , Izan N N
Published: July 2022

The use of synthetic fungicide are affecting the health, disturbing the ecosystem of the environment and has develop resistance of many pathogenic fungi. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of ethanolicPiper betel (P. betel)crude leaf extracts with HOCl formulated by natural oxygenated water against selected crop pathogenic fungi which areFusariumspp. andPhakopsora euvitisfungi. The screening test was done using well diffusion technique where the parameter observed was the Percentage Inhibition Radial Growth (PIRG). The antifungal effects ofP.betelcrude leaf extract with formulated HOCl minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were further evaluated by micro broth dilution method and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were tested by agar well method. Screening results showed theP.betelextracts with HOCl have potential to inhibit the fungi radial growth when compared to positive control Kencozeb M45. MIC and MFC results portrayed the extracts with formulated HOCl displayed fungicidal activity against both fungi in the range of 2500 µg/ml until 5000 µg/ml forFusarium sppandPhapkopsora euvitis, respectively. To the best of our knowledge this is the only natural oxygenated water source in Malaysia and first reported with combination ofPiper betelextract.
Extraction technique for maximum yield of carotene from crops (carrot)
Authors: Rini  , Rasdiana F Z , Syukri D
Published: July 2022

Carotene from plant could be utilized as the raw material for aromatic compounds synthesis. Since the amount of carotene is limited in plant, the effective technique to obtain as much carotene is need for practical uses. The aim of this study was to obtain an effective method in extracting carotene from carrot. The carotenes obtained will then be used as raw material for the synthesis of aromatic compounds such as ß-ionone and dihydroactinidiolide. The extraction of carotene was conducted by general maceration technique with a non-polar solvent i.e hexane until there was no carotene remains in the sample. As the result, it concludes that the maceration process with ultrasonic assisted extraction could be used to obtain the maximum carotene from carrots. It took 12 times extraction process to extract the maximum yield of carotene from carrots. The maximum carotene extraction is indicated by the loss of the orange color and only leaving a white color in the samples. The result of this study will provide the information about the method on obtaining the carotene from carrot and red sweet potato with maximum yield that could be further utilization.
Characteristics of liquid waste from biopulping of oil palm empty fruit bunches using black liquor
Authors: Permata D A , Kasim A , Asben A , Yusniwati
Published: July 2022

Biopulping is a process that is carried out before fiber ripening using chemicals in the pulp ripening process. The use of black liquor in the biopulping process can reduce pollution due to chemicals. This study aims to determine the effect of black liquor on the characteristics of liquid waste biopulping oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Observations made include BOD5, COD, TSS, and pH. This study used a completely randomized research design with three replications. The research data were analyzed using the F test. If different, it was continued with Duncan’s test at 5%. The results showed that black liquor in the OPEFB biopulping process significantly affected BOD5, COD, and pH but had no significant impact on TSS. The resulting waste still needs to be processed because it exceeds the maximum waste generated from the pulp mill based on the Decree of the State Minister of the Environment (KEP 51-/MENLH/10/1995).
Utilization of Aloe vera gel and Acalypha indica. L leaf extract as edible coating to increase the shelf life of guava (Psidium guajava. L) fruit
Authors: Refilda  , Oktafia N , Winardi P R , Salim E , Yefrida
Published: July 2022

The technology that is commonly used to control postharvest pathogen attacks is coating with synthetic chemicals, but this has an unfriendly impact on the environment and consumers. Coating with A. vera L gel and plant extracts is a natural way to extend shelf life and maintain postharvest quality. The research was focused on finding the composition of guava fruit coating with A. vera. L gel and A. indica. L leaf extract that provided physicochemical properties with optimal quality during storage. Parameters tested were weight loss, percent decay, moisture content, total dissolved solids and total titrated acid from guava fruit. The coating composition that gives the best guava fruit quality with a storage time of 15 days were 85% A. vera gel, 10% A. indica. L leaf extract, 0.025% Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) and 0.5% glycerol. The guava fruit coated with this composition had a weight loss of 11.19%, moisture content of 57.15%, a spoilage of 3.33%, a total dissolved solids of 7.67 oBrix and a total titrated acid of 1.90%. This value was better than uncoated fruit with weight loss of 30.48%, moisture content 28.42%, spoilage 14.44%, total dissolved solids 12.33 oBrix and total titrated acid 0.40%.
Extraction of Gelatin from Tuna Fish Bones (Thunnus sp) on Variation of Acid Solution
Authors: Aisman  , Wellyalina  , Refdi C W , Syukri D , Abdi
Published: July 2022

Gelatin is a type of protein obtained from natural collagen found in skin and bones. This study aimed to see the effect of different types of acids on the characteristics of the gelatin produced from tuna fish bones. The method used in this research was exploratory with 3 treatments, which was used 3 types of acid solutions such as CH3COOH 3%, H3PO4 3% and HCL 3% in the gelatin extraction process. The obtained gelatin was yielded and analyzed to see the water content, ash content, protein content and pH value. The result showed that the obtained gelatin has different characteristics for each treatment. Extraction using 3% HCL produced the highest gelatin yield was 10.1%, while the extraction with CH3COOH 3% resulted gelatin in the highest protein content of 29.21%. In addition, extraction using H3PO4 3% produced gelatin with characteristics not much different from HCL 3%.
Estimating the Shelf Life of Oyster Mushroom Rendang packed with Vacuum or Non-Vacuum technique by the Application of the Arrhenius Methods
Authors: Fiana R M , Murtius W S
Published: July 2022

Rendang is a famous traditional food from West Sumatra, Indonesia. Oyster mushroom rendang is made from oyster mushrooms. Based on its composition, the degradation of fat is its critical point during storage. Proper packaging can extend the shelf life of oyster mushroom rendang. The purpose of this study was to determine the shelf life of oyster mushroom rendang that pack in vacuum and no vacuum packaging using the Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) method according to the Arrhenius equation. As a result, at a temperature of 25°C, oyster mushroom rendang packaged in vacuum packaging has a shelf life of 613 days and in non-vacuum packaging has a shelf life of 43 days.
The Effects of Adding Melastoma malabathricum, L. Leaf Juice to Sugar Palm Fruit Ice Cream Characteristics
Authors: Sayuti K , Koja R , Ocktaviani R
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of Melastoma malabathricum, L. (MM) leaves juice on sensory evaluation, the physical, chemical, and microbiological of sugar palm fruit ice cream (SPFIc). The trial included five treatments with MM leaves juice (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 %). The results indicated that the optimal treatment for sensory evaluation acceptability was SPFIc with a 5% (w/v) addition of leaves juice. The overrun (30.16%), melting rate (12.13 g/min), total solids (37.33%), protein (3.91%), fat (6.83%), antioxidant activity (43.42%), total plate count (1,9x105 CFU/g), were contained in this SPFIc. Additionally, sugar palm fruit can be used as a thickening and stabilizer, and the addition of leaves extract improves the ice cream’s quality.
Substitution of Granulated Cane Sugar with Liquid Sugar from Sago Starch in Making Cookies
Authors: Ayu D F , Nurasikin  , Kusumawaty Y
Published: July 2022

This study aimed to determine the best concentration of sago liquid sugar to obtain the best quality of cookies. This study used a completely randomized design (RAL) with five treatments and three replications, namely: P0 (100% granulated cane sugar and 0% liquid sago starch sugar), P1 (75% granulated cane sugar and 25% liquid sago starch sugar), P2 (50% granulated cane sugar and 50% liquid sago starch sugar), P3 (25% granulated cane sugar and 75% liquid sago starch sugar), and P4 (0% granulated cane sugar and 100% liquid sago starch sugar). Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and DNMRT at a 5% level. The results showed that the ratio of granulated cane sugar and liquid sago starch sugar significantly affected chemical analysis and sensory tests. The result showed that the best treatment was P1 which had a water content of 6.38%, ash content of 0.86%, protein content of 0.96%, and reducing sugar content of 18.44% with the sensory description of the cookies were yellow, no sago sugar aromatic, sweet, and crunchy.
Utilization of Avocado Seed Powder (Persea americana Mill.) as a Mixture of Modified Cassava Flour in Making Cookies
Authors: Novelina  , Asben A , Nerishwari K , Hapsari S , Hari P D
Published: July 2022

Avocado seed is one of underutilized food waste that contains starch, monounsaturated fatty acids, and has high antioxidant activity. In this research we study the effect of the ratio of modified cassava flour (MOCAF) and avocado seed powder (Persea americana Mill) on the characteristic of cookies. The treatment is the ratio of MOCAF with avocado seed powder (ASP). The data were analyzed by using ANOVA and continued with DNMRT at 5% level. The observation was done to sensory properties (color, aroma, taste and texture), hardness, proximate compositions, and antioxidant activity. The result confirmed that the ASP ratio of 10% has acceptable sensory characteristics and had met Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-2973-2011), with antioxidant activity of 35.72% at product concentration of 1000 ppm.
The Addition Effect of Cinnamon Powder (Cinnamomum burmanii) on The Characteristics of Gluten-free Cookies Made From Tempeh and Mocaf Flour
Authors: Yenrina R , Pratiwi N , Rini  , Anggraini T
Published: July 2022

The research aimed to determine the characteristics of gluten-free cookies made from tempeh and mocaf flour with the addition of cinnamon powder and to determine the formulation with proper treatment. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications. Data analysis used Analysis of Variant (ANOVA) and if the results were significantly different, followed by the DNMRT (Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test) tests at 5% level. The observations were hardness test, water content, ash content, protein content, fat content, carbohydrate content, amino acid content, crude fiber content and free fatty acid content and antioxidant activity test. The best treatment obtained in the treatment with the addition of cinnamon powder was 0,32%. The results for cookies characteristic were hardness level of 48,15 N/cm2, moisture content 3,45%, ash content 0,50%, protein 7,90%, fat 37,0%, carbohydrates 51,15%, crude fiber 0,04%, FFA 0,87%, antioxidant activity 31,82%, energy 569,20 kcal/100g. The Amino acid score of the protein sample is 15, with the main limiting amino acid being methionine (methionine+cystine) and the second limiting amino acid being lysine which is 43.
Development of Non-Soybean Tempeh from Cowpea Bean and Koro Bean
Authors: Adhianata H , Pramana A , Rochmawati N , Ditya Y
Published: July 2022

Tempeh is a fermented food product that is very widely consumed in Indonesia because of it has a low price but high in nutritional value and health benefits. Tempeh made from non-soybean ingredients, can be used as an alternative of local abundant beans in Indonesia and also to reduce the dependence on imported soybeans. So the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using non-soybeans ingredients, cowpea beans; koro beans; and mix of both beans on the manufacture of tempeh and to evaluate the microbiological characteristic and chemical composition of tempeh products. Non-soybean tempeh was made with the proportion of cowpea bean and koro beans 0:100; 50;50; 100;0 (g/g) then inoculated and incubated at 30 ±2 °C for 36 hours. The microbiological characteristic of non-soybean tempeh was evaluated from the viability of the mold in tempeh. The highest viability comes from koro bean tempeh, which was 7.3 log cfu/gram. The chemical composition of non-soybean tempeh was evaluated from water content, crude protein, fat, carbohydrates, ash, crude fiber and nitrogen content. The highest crude protein content was obtained from koro bean tempeh sample, which was 41.5%. The production of non-soybean tempeh is expected to be an alternative to fermented food products made from local ingredients at affordable prices but with good nutritional quality. So it is hoped that non-soybean tempeh can also be produced from other beans that have not widely used but have a huge nutritional value.