bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Machine Learning Approach to Real‐World Time to Treatment Discontinuation Prediction
Authors: Meng Weilin , Zhang Xinyuan , Ru Boshu , Guan Yuanfang
Published: January 2023

Real‐world time to treatment discontinuation (rwTTD) is an important endpoint measurement of drug efficacy evaluated using real‐world observational data. rwTTD, represented as a set of metrics calculated from a population‐wise curve, cannot be predicted by existing machine learning approaches. Herein, a methodology that enables predicting rwTTD is developed. First, the robust performance of the model in predicting rwTTD across populations of similar or distinct properties with simulated data using a variety of commonly used base learners in machine learning is demonstrated. Then, the robust performance of the approach both within‐cohort and cross‐disease using real‐world observational data of pembrolizumab for advanced lung cancer and head neck cancer is demonstrated. This study establishes a generic pipeline for real‐world time on treatment prediction, which can be extended to any base machine learners and drugs. Currently, there is no existing machine learning approach established for predicting population‐wise rwTTD, despite that it is an essential metric to report real‐world drug efficacy. Therefore, we believe our study opens a new investigation area of rwTTD prediction, and provides an innovative approach to probe this problem and other problems involving population‐wise predictions. An interactive preprint version of the article can be found at: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.166065465.59798123/v1.
Occupational exposures to airborne per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)—A review
Authors: Paris‐Davila Tamara , Gaines Linda G. T. , Lucas Katherine , Nylander‐French Leena A.
Published: January 2023

Background

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetically‐made chemicals with diverse functional properties that have become ubiquitous in our environment because of their widespread use. PFAS exposure has been associated with adverse health effects, and it is therefore vital to know how exposure may occur. Many studies have focused on environmental exposure from drinking water, but there is a paucity of data on inhalation exposure, especially in occupational settings.

Methods

In this study, through a comprehensive literature search, measured airborne (i.e., aerosols, volatiles, and dust) inhalation exposure and area levels were compiled for various occupations to compare reported levels of PFAS exposure. Airborne PFAS levels measured in various occupations such as ski waxing, textile manufacturing, firefighting, and floor waxing were analyzed and compared.

Results

Results of this review demonstrate that workers experience varying levels of PFAS exposure contingent on the workplace and industry and the work tasks performed within the workplace. Out of all occupations, ski waxing exhibited the highest total PFAS airborne concentrations when compared to all other reported occupational and residential exposures.

Conclusions

Further research is recommended to estimate the risk of PFAS exposures in the occupations reviewed and to identify other potential occupations at risk of PFAS exposure. In addition, informed recommendations to implement safety measures ought to be developed to protect workers from adverse health effects.
Knitting towards sustainability, circular economy and Industry 4.0
Authors: Pavko Čuden Alenka
Published: January 2023

As part of the recent trend towards sustainability in modern society, in general, the knitting sector has done its part to emphasise social responsibility and the careful use of resources. Focus has been placed on reusing, recycling and upcycling raw materials and reducing or even eliminating knitting waste. Manufacturers and users have rethought processes, production and consumption volumes. Sustainable preparation and finishing processes have been developed. Knitting machines that offer environmentally friendly manufacturing techniques with less impact on people and the environment and production methods that significantly reduce the wasted or unproductive time between manufacturing phases have been favoured. Sustainability is not just a new approach or a trend that is fashionable right now, but a must, a compelling concept for the survival of businesses in the future. Knitting as a unique technology spans quite opposite poles: hand and machine production, hobby and money‐making, individual and mass production, assembled and seamless products, fashion and technical market, and so forth. As such, it can adapt, expand and evolve towards sustainability, circular economy and Industry 4.0. This paper provides an overview of the versatility and complexity of knitting today, as well as its sustainability potential, optimisation and merging within knitting and with other processes and opportunities for transition to the circular economy and Industry 4.0, covering digitalisation, the Internet of things and robotisation in knitting. It also analyses the market for knitting machines, knitted fabrics and knitted goods, and addresses the pitfalls of consumerism.
Manipulating Explosion Dynamics of Dissipative Soliton in an Ultrafast Fiber Laser with Dynamic Dispersion Engineering
Authors: Luo Min , Zhang Ze‐Xian , Chen Nai‐Miao , Liu Meng , Luo Ai‐Ping , Xu Wen‐Cheng , Luo Zhi‐Chao
Published: January 2023

As one of the most fascinating phenomena in dissipative systems, soliton explosions have been intensively investigated in the field of nonlinear optics owing to their intriguing dynamics. However, few efforts have been dedicated to precisely manipulating the dynamics of soliton explosion in fiber lasers. Herein, the exploding dynamics of dissipative soliton in a passively mode‐locked fiber laser by engineering the intracavity dispersion with a spectral pulse shaper is investigated. It is found that the exploding interval of the dissipative soliton can be well manipulated by dynamically engineering the cavity dispersion. The real‐time spectral dynamics of the soliton explosions are investigated by virtue of the dispersion Fourier transform (DFT) technique. The experimental results are further reproduced by the numerical simulations. These findings demonstrated that the dispersion engineering approach is a promising way to manipulate the soliton exploding behavior, and will also shed new light into the dynamics of soliton explosions in dissipative optical systems.
Phenols from Potentilla anserina L. Improve Insulin Sensitivity and Inhibit Differentiation in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes in Vitro
Authors: Luan Guangxiang , Li Linlin , Yue Hongxia , Li Yongfang , Lü Huiling , Wang Yuwei
Published: January 2023

Potentilla anserina L., a well‐known perennial herb, is widely used in traditional Tibetan medicine and used as a delicious food in humans. The present investigation reports on the activity of P. anserina phenols (PAP) in regulating glycolipid metabolism in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Insulin sensitivity tests showed that PAP improved insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake by promoting the phosphorylation of serine/threonine kinase Akt. Moreover, an assay involving the differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes demonstrated that PAP also decreased the accumulation of lipid droplets by suppressing the expression of adipokines during the differentiation process. In addition, the underlying mechanism from the aspects of energy metabolism and oxidative stress is also discussed. The improvement in energy metabolism was supported by an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and intracellular ATP. Amelioration of oxidative stress was supported by decreased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In summary, our findings suggest that PAP can ameliorate the disorder of glycolipid metabolism in insulin resistant 3T3‐L1 adipocytes by improving energy metabolism and oxidative stress and might be an attractive candidate for the treatment of diabetes.
Ghrelin regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of high glucose‐induced islet cells through the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway
Authors: Zang Pu , Yang Cuihua , Lei Haiyan , Guo Qingyu , Wang Wei , Shao Jiaqing
Published: January 2023

Ghrelin may have therapeutic value in mitigating insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, based on which we further explore the action mechanism of ghrelin on islet cells in this research. In the course of experiments, MIN6 cells were induced by glucose and then treated with acylated or unacylated ghrelin. The effects of ghrelin on the viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and insulin release of high glucose‐induced islet cells were detected by Cell Counting Kit‐8, 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine, flow cytometry, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Meanwhile, cells were treated with LY294002 to explore whether and how the inhibited phosphoinositide 3‐kinase–protein kinase B (PI3K–AKT) signaling pathway participated in the internal mechanism of ghrelin‐regulating islet cells. Western blotting was performed to quantify the expression levels of Bcl‐2, Bax, Cleaved caspase‐3, PI3K, and AKT. As a result, ghrelin alleviated high glucose‐induced suppression of viability and proliferation and promotion on apoptosis of MIN6 cells. Ghrelin also attenuated the inhibitory effects of high glucose on expression levels of PI3K–Akt signaling axis‐related proteins and insulin release in MIN6 cells. Besides, ghrelin weakened the impacts of high glucose on boosting MIN6 cell apoptosis and hindering proliferation through the PI3K–Akt signaling axis. Collectively, ghrelin regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of high glucose‐induced islet cells through the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway.
General approach for atomically dispersed precious metal catalysts toward hydrogen reaction
Authors: Li Ruisong , Wu Daoxiong , Rao Peng , Deng Peilin , Li Jing , Luo Junming , Huang Wei , Chen Qi , Kang Zhenye , Shen Yijun , Tian Xinlong
Published: January 2023

As a carbon‐free energy carrier, hydrogen has become the pivot for future clean energy, while efficient hydrogen production and combustion still require precious metal‐based catalysts. Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with high atomic utilization open up a desirable perspective for the scale applications of precious metals, but the general and facile preparation of various precious metal‐based SACs remains challenging. Herein, a general movable printing method has been developed to synthesize various precious metal‐based SACs, such as Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir, and Ru, and the features of highly dispersed single atoms with nitrogen coordination have been identified by comprehensive characterizations. More importantly, the synthesized Pt‐ and Ru‐based SACs exhibit much higher activities than their corresponding nanoparticle counterparts for hydrogen oxidation reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In addition, the Pd‐based SAC delivers an excellent activity for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Especially for the superior mass activity of Ru‐based SACs toward HER, density functional theory calculations confirmed that the adsorption of the hydrogen atom has a significant effect on the spin state and electronic structure of the catalysts.
Green and scalable electrochemical routes for cost‐effective mass production of MXenes for supercapacitor electrodes
Authors: Huang Zimo , Qin Jiadong , Zhu Yuxuan , He Kelin , Chen Hao , Hoh Hui Ying , Batmunkh Munkhbayar , Benedetti Tania M. , Zhang Qitao , Su Chenliang , Zhang Shanqing , Zhong Yu Lin
Published: January 2023

One of the most unique properties of two‐dimensional carbides and nitrides of transition metals (MXenes) is their excellent water dispersibility and yet possessing superior electrical conductivity but their industrial‐scale application is limited by their costly chemical synthesis methods. In this work, the niche feature of MXenes was capitalized in the packed‐bed electrochemical reactor to produce MXenes at an unprecedented reaction rate and yield with minimal chemical waste. A simple NH4F solution was employed as the green electrolyte, which could be used repeatedly without any loss in its efficacy. Surprisingly, both fluoride and ammonium were found to play critical roles in the electrochemical etching, functionalization, and expansion of the layered parent materials (MAXs) through which the liberation of ammonia gas was observed. The electrochemically produced MXenes with excellent conductivity, applied as supercapacitor electrodes, could deliver an ultrahigh volumetric capacity (1408 F cm−3) and a volumetric energy density (75.8 Wh L−1). This revolutionary green, energy‐efficient, and scalable electrochemical route will not only pave the way for industrial‐scale production of MXenes but also open up a myriad of versatile electrochemical modifications for improved functional MXenes.
Synergistic regulation of hydrophobicity and basicity for copper hydroxide‐derived copper to promote the CO2 electroreduction reaction
Authors: Zhou Limin , Li Chenghang , Lv Jing‐Jing , Wang Wei , Zhu Shaojun , Li Jun , Yuan Yifei , Wang Zheng‐Jun , Zhang Qingcheng , Jin Huile , Wang Shun
Published: January 2023

A simple method was proposed to activate alkaline Cu(OH)2 with an acidic ionomer, Nafion, to regulate its surface microenvironment, including hydrophobicity and local basicity. In particular, the direct complete neutralization reaction between Cu(OH)2 and Nafion in aqueous solution induces the exposing of vast anions which can exclude the in‐situ‐formed hydroxides and raise the local basicity. Remarkably, the optimal Nafion‐activated Cu(OH)2‐derived Cu can efficiently suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and improve the selectivity for multi‐carbon products in the CO2 electroreduction reaction (eCO2RR). The H2 Faradaic efficiency (FE) decreased to 11% at a current density of 300 mA/cm2 (−0.76 V vs. RHE) in a flow cell, while the bare one with H2 had an FE of 40%. The total eCO2RR FE reaches as high as 83%, along with an evidently increased C2H4 FE of 44% as compared with the bare one (24%), and good stability (8000 s), surpassing that of most of the reported Cu(OH)2‐derived Cu. The experimental and theoretical results both show that the strong hydrophobicity and high local basicity jointly boosted the eCO2RR as acquired by felicitously introducing ionomer on the Cu(OH)2‐derived Cu surface.
Photochemistry Driven by Excited‐State Aromaticity Gain or Antiaromaticity Relief
Authors: Yan Jiajie , Slanina Tomáš , Bergman Joakim , Ottosson Henrik
Published: January 2023

Gain of aromaticity or relief of antiaromaticity along a reaction path are important factors to consider in mechanism studies. Analysis of such changes along potential energy surfaces has historically focused on reactions in the electronic ground state (S0), but can also be used for excited states. In the lowest ππ* states, the electron counts for aromaticity and antiaromaticity follow Baird's rule where 4n π‐electrons indicate aromaticity and 4n+2 π‐electrons antiaromaticity. Yet, there are also cases where Hückel's rule plays a role in the excited state. The electron count reversals of Baird's rule compared to Hückel's rule explain many altered physicochemical properties upon excitation of (hetero)annulene derivatives. Here we illustrate how the gain of excited‐state aromaticity (ESA) and relief of excited‐state antiaromaticity (ESAA) have an impact on photoreactivity and photostability. Emphasis is placed on recent findings supported by the results of quantum chemical calculations, and photoreactions in a wide variety of areas are covered.
Tuning Directed Photooxidation‐Induced Conversion of Pyrrole‐Based Styryl Coumarin Dual‐Color Photoconverters
Authors: Saladin Lazare , Dal Pra Ophélie , Klymchenko Andrey S. , Didier Pascal , Collot Mayeul
Published: January 2023

Dual‐emissive photoconvertible fluorophores (DPCFs) are powerful tools to unambiguously track labeled cells in bioimaging. We recently introduced a new rational mechanism called directed photooxidation‐induced conversion (DPIC) enabling efficient DPCFs to be obtained by conjugating a coumarin to aromatic singlet‐oxygen reactive moieties (ASORMs). Pyrrole was found to be a suitable ASORM as it provided a high hypsochromic shift along with a fast and efficient conversion. By synthesizing various pyrrole‐based styryl coumarin dyes, we showed that the photoconversion properties, including the quantum yield of photoconversion and the chemical yield of conversion can be tuned by chemical modification of the pyrrole. These modifications led to an improved dual emissive converter, SCP−Boc, which displayed a high brightness and an enhanced photoconversion yield of 63 %. SCP−Boc was successfully used to sequentially photoconvert cells by laser scanning confocal microscopy.
Improving Ultraviolet Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells via Singlet Fission Down‐Conversion†
Authors: Zhang Yanda , Xiao Shuqin , Sheng Wangping , Yang Jia , Tan Licheng , Chen Yiwang
Published: January 2023

Comprehensive Summary

The instability of perovskite materials under continuous ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation and high sensitivity in humid environments remain obstacles to future commercialization. Especially, the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) is prone to decline under UV light exposure for sustained periods of time. However, in conventional methods, preventing UV light from entering PVSCs usually comes at the expense of reducing short circuit photocurrent (Jsc). Herein, the UV stability of PVSCs is modified by introducing a singlet fission down‐conversion layer 6,13‐bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS‐PEN) via one‐step anti‐solvent method without sacrificing device efficiency. The introduction of down conversion layer can not only improve the Jsc by converting UV light into multiple excitons, but also enhance the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) owing to a better matched energy level alignment at the perovskite/spiro‐OMeTAD interface. Consequently, the TIPS‐PEN incorporated PVSCs attain the champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 22.92% accompanied with dramatically increased UV photostability which can retain 80% of its primitive PCE under continuous UV light soaking for 150 h. Moreover, the unencapsulated PVSCs with TIPS‐PEN exhibit remarkable moisture stability which can sustain over 80% of the initial value under air conditions (50% relative humidity, 25 °C) after 1000 h.
Deep Ultraviolet Phototransistor Based on Thiophene‐Fluorobenzene Oligomer with High Mobility and Performance†
Authors: Hu Yongxu , Wang Zhongwu , Huang Yinan , Shi Rui , Wang Shuguang , Chen Xiaosong , Bi Jinshun , Xuan Yundong , Lei Yong , Li Liqiang , Yang Chuluo , Hu Wenping
Published: January 2023

Comprehensive Summary

Deep ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors have important applications in the industrial and military fields. However, little research has been reported on organic phototransistors (OPTs) in the deep ultraviolet range. Here, a novel organic semiconductor containing a small torsion angle and low π‐conjugation 2,2':5',2”‐terthiophene groups, oF‐PTTTP, is designed and synthesized, which exhibits high carrier mobility and unique deep ultraviolet response. Accordingly, an OPT based on oF‐PTTTP single crystal shows high responsivity to deep‐UV light. The photodetectors achieve high photoresponsivity (R) of 857 A/W and detectivity (D*) of 3.2×1015 Jones under 280 nm light illumination (only 95 nW·cm–2). To the best of our knowledge, 280 nm is the deepest detection wavelength reported for organic phototransistors and this work presents a new molecule design concept for organic phototransistors with deep‐UV detection.
Environmental pollutants and their impact on COVID‐19 spread: Current problem and future resolutions
Authors: Patil Pooja M. , Parthasarathy Arun K. , Matkar Abhijeet R. , Mahamuni‐Badiger Pranjali , Dhanavade Maruti J.
Published: January 2023

COVID‐19 is the greatest crucial universal health issue of the century and the extreme challenge that came after the 2nd World War faced by humankind. In 2019, different strains of the coronavirus have emerged drastically, that as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) which is the causative agent of corona disease. As far as human civilization history, there have been occurrences of severe diseases and outbreaks of various viruses. According to World Health Organization reports, throughout the world, the present outbreak of COVID‐19 has engulfed more than 200 countries affecting 241,471,559 individuals and more than 4,914,092 people lost their lives. SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak is severely disturbing the worldwide economy at present. The urgent need of recent times is to understand the environmental aspect of COVID‐19 disease. Hence to fulfill this point, the present review article is compiled with a brief discussion about all the minute points of the COVID‐19 pandemic related to the environment: origin and present scenario, the occurrence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in environmental habitats, the effect of COVID‐19 on human health, and environment, environmental factors influencing the transmission and spreading of SARS‐CoV‐2. This review explains micro and macro pollutants in hospital and urban wastewater influencing COVID‐19, detection of SARS‐CoV‐2, current global drug strategies to control replication and spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 from the environment, future approaches, and guidelines to prevent and control upcoming pandemics. The SARS‐CoV‐2 structural details and their effect on humans have been already well presented but the research about environmental factors affecting COVID‐19 could be important points to fight present and future pandemics.
Potential of AMnO3 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba, La) as Active Layer in Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Mužević Matko , Lukačević Igor , Kovač Ivan , Gracin Davor , Žužić Andreja , Macan Jelena , Pajtler Maja Varga
Published: January 2023

Inorganic perovskite CaMnO
was proposed as a substitution for the TiO
anatase in electron transport layers of solar cells containing the hybrid perovskite CH
NH
PbI
based on increased mobility of electrons and better optical matching. Due to a suitable band gap concerning the absorption of sunlight, we investigate the potential of CaMnO
and similar manganite perovskites, where Ca is replaced by either Sr, Ba or La, as an absorber layer in inorganic perovskite solar cells. In this study, we have used optical measurements on the synthesized AMnO
(A=Ca, Sr, Ba, La) samples to aid density functional theory calculations (DFT) in order to accurately simulate the electronic and optical properties of AMnO
compounds and gauge their potential for the role of absorber layer. Both experimental measurements and theoretical calculations show suitable band gap of 1.1‐1.5 eV, depending on the compound, and absorption coefficients of the order of
cm
in the visible part of the spectrum.
Clinically relevant historical trauma sequelae: A systematic review
Authors: Mutuyimana Celestin , Maercker Andreas
Published: January 2023

Objectives

The purpose of this systematic review (SR) was to present the current state of research on historical trauma, and the topics closely related to its semantic space that include intergenerational trauma, collective trauma, and extended cultural bodily and mental responses, in order to identify gaps in the literature that need to be addressed.

Methods

A search of empirical studies from 1990 to 2022 was performed via Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EBSCOhost‐PsychInfo, and Embase, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) checklist.

Results

The initial search yielded 1012 studies, 52 of which were included in the current review. The results show that the historical trauma concept has a high potential for new research in the field of Global Mental Health. Gaps in the literature were identified, including a lack of standard features of historical trauma, and assessments of historical trauma in additional contexts than its original fields of application with Indigenous Americans.

Conclusion

Although the introduction of the concept of historical trauma was intended to fill the gap of trauma‐related difficulties not covered by the criteria of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this concept needs further scientific refinement.
Malignant pleural effusion from a case of squamous‐cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: Cytological detection of a rare outcome
Authors: Paul Pranoy , Kaushik Bhoomika , Kumar Arvind , Sharma Prakhar , Rajput Deepak , Chowdhury Nilotpal
Published: January 2023

Distant metastases from carcinomas of the oral cavity are rare. Detection of these metastasis are essential for staging and management of the patient. These tumours may metastasize to lung, liver, brain and bone; but pleural involvement by squamous‐cell carcinoma is distinctly rare. We present a case of bilateral pleural effusion arising from distant metastasis of squamous‐cell carcinoma detected on cytology.
A Facile Approach to Efficiently Load and Isolate CoN Active Sites for the Preparation of a High‐Performance Co–N–C Oxygen Reduction Catalyst
Authors: Jiang Binghan , Liu Xue , Wang Fuling , Ren Jianwei , Yang Tianle , Jin Zhicheng , Li Xiyou , Chen Yanli
Published: January 2023

A facile approach is developed for the preparation of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst Co–N–GA‐1 by pyrolyzing a well‐designed precursor CoTPP/H2TPP@OGA. In the precursor, Co is preanchored into the porphyrinato cobalt CoTPP molecule by Co‐N4 core that is further protected by the metal‐free porphyrin H2TPP depending on the intermolecular π–π interaction during the self‐assembled process on the surface of lipophilic porous original graphene aerogel. The resulted Co–N–GA‐1 owns a Co elemental content up to 1.67%, which is ≈13 times than that of Co‐N‐CB‐1 originated from a CoTPP/H2TPP precursor absorbed on commercial carbon black. Meanwhile, CoN content accounts for 71.7% of the total Co‐based species in the Co–N–GA‐1, more than that of CoN‐GA‐2 (58.9%) originated from the CoTPP@OGA precursor. Consequently, Co–N–GA‐1 exhibits the most ORR performance among the present three catalysts with the more positive onset and half‐wave potentials of 0.96 and 0.88 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, respectively, also superior to those of the commercial 20 wt% Pt/C and most of the Co‐based catalysts reported so far. Furthermore, Zn‐air battery assembled with Co–N–GA‐1 exhibits a higher peak power density of 110 mW cm−2 and excellent durability than that with Pt/C.
Tectonic geomorphology and Quaternary fault slip rates in the Tsambagarav Massif, Mongolian Altai
Authors: Ha Sangmin , Seong Yeong Bae , Son Moon
Published: January 2023

The NNW‐striking Mongolian Altai is a Late Cenozoic dextral strike–slip deformation belt affected by the far‐field stress caused by the collision between India and Eurasia. The Tsambagarav Massif is bounded by faults, has a triangular plan shape, and attains the highest elevation of the belt. This massif is adjacent to the central segment of the Hovd fault, which is the largest fault in the Mongolian Altai. Here, we use 10Be surface exposure dating, radiocarbon dating, and paleoseismic trenching to reveal deformation patterns and Quaternary slip rates for two range‐bounding faults: the Tsambagarav dextral reverse fault and the Lower thrust fault. The Lower thrust exhibits thrusting motion along the low‐angle structural fabric of the basement rock and cuts Quaternary alluvial fan deposits, vertically offsetting their surfaces by 3.9–5.1 m, with fault scarps extending several kilometres along‐strike. The Tsambagarav dextral reverse fault is characterized by strike–slip motion along the high‐angle structural fabric of basement rock. Various surface deformation features indicate recent dextral strike–slip, including displacements of Late Quaternary moraine by ~50 m. Dividing the measured displacements by 10Be surface exposure ages of alluvial fan surfaces (for the Lower thrust) and moraine (for the Tsambagarav dextral reverse fault) gives a reverse slip rate of 0.3–1.7 mm/yr for the Lower thrust and a horizontal slip rate of 1.7–2.6 mm/yr for the dextral reverse fault. Radiocarbon ages of animal bones in a pond deposit accumulated along an associated tensional crack indicate that the last earthquake that caused a surface rupture occurred between 1924 and 1708 cal yr BP. Our study suggests that strain partitioning has occurred on the faults of the Tsambagarav Massif.
A new numerical approach to Gardner Kawahara equation in magneto‐acoustic waves in plasma physics
Authors: Ucar Yusuf , Yagmurlu Nuri Murat , Esen Alaattin , Karaagac Berat
Published: January 2023

The basic idea of this article is to investigate the numerical solutions of Gardner Kawahara equation, a particular case of extended Korteweg‐de Vries equation, by means of finite element method. For this purpose, a collocation finite element method based on trigonometric quintic B‐spline basis functions is presented. The standard finite difference method is used to discretize time derivative and Crank–Nicolson approach is used to obtain more accurate numerical results. Then, von Neumann stability analysis is performed for the numerical scheme obtained using collocation finite element method. Several numerical examples are presented and discussed to exhibit the feasibility and capability of the finite element method and trigonometric B‐spline basis functions. More specifically, the error norms and are reported for numerous time and space discretization values in tables. Graphical representations of the solutions describing motion of wave are presented.
Comparative studies on performance of plain, perforated, threaded, and threaded–perforated pin fin: A numerical approach
Authors: Muralikrishna Yamala , Mohan Jagadeesh Kumar M. , Aravind Balaka , Sahu Mithilesh Kumar
Published: January 2023

A heat sink is a thermal management system for electrical and electronic appliances whose performance is a function of fin geometry, arrangement, and flow field. Earlier research addressed the enhancement in the heat dissipation capacity of the sink with a change in the geometry of the fin. However, the change should increase the heat transfer rate per unit weight and per unit volume. One such attempt is made in the present work, which deals with numerical forced convection heat transfer simulation over a pin fin with three different surface modifications, namely, threads, equilateral triangular perforation, and threads with perforations. A numerical investigation is performed for 0.5773–2.5574 mm pitch of threads, 3–4.8 mm size of perforation, and 2–8 m/s velocities of air. To describe the flow pattern around the fin and its variation with surface modification, streamline profiles are drawn which reveals that the fluid–solid interaction is improved either with threaded or perforated surface and is maximum for threaded–perforated fin. The enhanced convection rates bring down the local fin temperature and the maximum fin temperature, where the drop is more for the threaded surface than that of the perforated surface because of turbulence. A 10° drop in maximum fin temperature is achieved by replacing a plain pin fin with a threaded–perforated pin fin, and the drop is 8° with threads alone and 6° only with perforations. The increased fineness of threads and size of perforation further bring down the maximum fin temperature.
The emerging mechanism behind viral infections and extracellular vesicles hypotheses leading to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathology
Authors: Anwar Mai M.
Published: January 2023

Despite decades of repeated and intense research, the etiology of sudden Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms is still unclear. AD progressive pathology mainly involves neuron damage, depositions of amyloid‐beta (Aβ), and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. All these defects are manifested by exaggerated cytokine storm and neuroinflammation leading to irreversible brain damage in the long term. Despite the numerous risks and drawbacks associated with AD, it is believed that there is a hidden unknown causative and predisposing factors for AD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by cells as a type of intercellular communication. Several pieces of evidence support the inclusion of viral components within EVs facilitating their penetration into the blood–brain barrier leading to neuroinflammation. In light of the SARS‐CoV‐19 pandemic and its related neurological complications, it is mandatory to highlight the possibility and viability of viral infections such as varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) on the onset of AD. Herein, the author is investigating the potential role of VZV and HSV along with highlighting the suggested route of pathogenesis entry resulting in AD manifestations. Additionally, this review aims to summarize the role of EVs in mediating the central nervous system viral infections leading to AD.
Additive and synergistic relations of early mother–child and caregiver–child interactions and socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood
Authors: Duncan Robert J. , Nordgren Inga , Schmitt Sara A. , Vandell Deborah Lowe
Published: January 2023

Prior theoretical and empirical studies have linked the first 3 years of children's life with later life outcomes. One primary explanation is the critical role these experiences play in children's early brain development (including their early language and cognitive abilities) and subsequent schooling achievement. The current study is a registered report with two complementary research objectives: (1) examine to what extent stimulating and responsive interactions with mothers and nonparental caregivers during the first 3 years of life show additive or synergistic associations with key socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood (i.e., educational attainment, salary, and employment status), and (2) examine to what extent academic skills (i.e., mathematics, vocabulary, and literacy) during childhood and adolescence mediate these associations. The sample included 1364 individuals from a birth cohort study who were followed until age 26. Mother–child interactions had positive associations with educational attainment and negative associations with full‐time employment, though no synergistic associations were found for the socioeconomic outcomes. In addition, the indirect effects of mother–child interactions on educational attainment through mathematics were strongest for children with less stimulating and responsive caregiver–child interactions. Potential implications of these findings for developmental theory are discussed.
Economic policy uncertainty nexus with the value relevance of advertising: Evidence from an emerging market
Authors: Jabbouri Imad , Farooq Omar , Jabbouri Rachid
Published: January 2023

This paper aims to document the effect of economic policy uncertainty on the value of advertising expenditures within the context of an emerging market. The paper shows that the value of advertising expenditures is an increasing function of economic policy uncertainty. The impact of advertising on firm performance is more pronounced during the periods characterized by higher economic policy uncertainty. We argue that, during uncertain times, the financial information loses its relevance. Therefore, during these periods, non‐financial traits, such as brand image, customer equity, relationship capital, and familiarity that characterizes firms with high advertising become more important. The findings hold in various sub‐samples and across various proxies of advertising activity. The findings also hold under alternate estimation procedures (pooled OLS regression, panel data with fixed effects and instrument variable regression). More importantly, this paper also shows that, relative to other agency reducing mechanisms (such as analyst coverage, asset utilization ratio, expense ratio and dividend payments), advertising is more valuable during periods with high economic policy uncertainty.
Toward an explicit technology of ecological validity
Authors: Fahmie Tara A. , Rodriguez Nicole M. , Luczynski Kevin C. , Rahaman Javid A. , Charles Brinea M. , Zangrillo Amanda N.
Published: January 2023

Ecological validity refers to how closely an experiment aligns with real‐world phenomena. In applied behavioral research, ecological validity may guide decisions about experimental settings, stimuli, people, and other design features. However, inconsistent use of the term ecological validity in the published literature has led to a somewhat disjointed technology. The purposes of this paper were to review current uses of the term “ecological validity” in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, propose ways to make a study more ecologically valid, and develop a checklist to assist in identifying the type and degree of ecological validity in any given study.
Defining reference values for body composition indices by magnetic resonance imaging in UK Biobank
Authors: Dai Liang , Huang Xiao‐yan , Lu Yue‐qi , Liu Yu‐yang , Song Cong‐ying , Zhang Jing‐wen , Li Jing , Zhang Yue , Shan Ying , Shi Yu
Published: January 2023

Background

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for evaluating body composition. However, the reference ranges have not been established.

Methods

Three lean tissue and seven adipose tissue parameters based on MRI data from the UK Biobank were used in this study. Participants with European ancestry and data on at least one parameter were screened. Age‐ and sex‐specific percentile curves were generated using the lambda–mu–sigma method. Three levels of reference ranges were provided, which were equivalent to the mean ± 1 standard deviation (SD), 2 SDs and 2.5 SDs.

Results

The final analysis set for each parameter ranged from 4842 to 14 148 participants (53.4%–56.6% women) with a median age of 61. For lean tissue parameters, compared with those at age 45, the median total lean tissue volume and total thigh fat‐free muscle volume at age 70 were 2.83 and 1.73 L, and 3.02 and 1.51 L lower in men and women, respectively. The median weight‐to‐muscle ratios at age 45 were 0.51 and 0.83 kg/L lower compared with those at age 70 in men and women, respectively. Adipose tissue parameters showed inconsistent differences. In men, the median muscle fat infiltration, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume, total abdominal adipose tissue index and abdominal fat ratio were 1.48%, 0.32 L, 0.08 L/m2 and 0.4 higher, and the median abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) volume and total adipose tissue volume were 0.47 and 0.41 L lower, respectively, at age 70 than at age 45. The median total trunk fat volume was approximately 9.53 L at all ages. In women, the median muscle fat infiltration and VAT volume were 1.68% and 0.76 L higher, respectively, at age 70 than at age 45. The median ASAT volume, total adipose tissue volume, total trunk fat volume, total abdominal adipose tissue index and abdominal fat ratio were 0.35 L, 0.78 L, 1.12 L, 0.49 L/m2 and 0.06 higher, respectively, at age 60 than at age 45. The medians of the former three parameters were 0.33 L, 0.14 L and 0.20 L lower, at age 70 than at age 60. The medians of the latter two parameters were approximately 3.64 L/m2 and 0.55 at ages between 60 and 70.

Conclusions

We have established reference ranges for MRI‐measured body composition parameters in a large community‐dwelling population. These findings provide a more accurate assessment of abnormal adipose and muscle conditions.
Non‐small cell lung cancer disparities in stage at presentation and treatment for Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander women
Authors: Hong Ji Hyun , Swami Nishwant , Dee Edward Christopher , Gomez Scarlett Lin , Lam Miranda B.
Published: January 2023

Background and Objectives

Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AANHPI) represent the fastest‐growing group in the United States. While described in aggregate, great variations exist within the community. We aimed to determine whether there were differences in stage at presentation and treatment status among AANHPI women with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

Between 2004 and 2016, we identified 522 361 female patients with newly diagnosed NSCLC from the National Cancer Database. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to define adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of presenting with stage IV disease and not receiving treatment.

Results

AANHPI women were more likely to present with stage IV disease compared to White (54.32% vs. 40.28%, p < 0.001). Aside from Hawaiian, Pakistani, and Hmong women, all other ethnic groups had greater odds of presenting with stage IV disease than White women. AANHPI women <65 years were more likely to present with stage IV disease (p = 0.030). Only Vietnamese women showed a significant difference (aOR = 1.30 [1.06–1.58], p = 0.010) for likelihood of receiving treatment compared to White.

Conclusions

Differences in stage at presentation and treatment status in women with NSCLC were observed among AANHPI ethnic groups when populations were disaggregated.
The Cauchy problem for the nonisentropic compressible MHD fluids: Optimal time‐decay rates
Authors: Huang Wenting , Fu Shengbin
Published: January 2023

This paper is concerned with the time‐decay rates of the strong solutions of the three‐dimensional nonisentropic compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) system. First, motivated by Pu and Guo's result [Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 64 (2013) 519–538], we establish the existence result of a unique local‐in‐time strong solution for the MHD system. Then, we derive a priori estimates and use the continuity argument to obtain the global‐in‐time solution, where the initial perturbation is small in
‐norm. Finally, based on Fourier theory and the idea of cancelation of a low‐medium frequent part as in [Sci. China Math. 65 (2022) 1199–1228], we get the optimal time‐decay rates (including highest‐order derivatives) of strong solutions for nonisentropic MHD fluids when the boundedness of
‐norm of the initial perturbation is required. Our result is the first one concerning with the optimal decay estimates of the highest‐order derivatives of the nonisentropic MHD system.
Surface H‐field mapping of a microwave limiter chip based on quantum diamond probe
Authors: Ma Wenhao , Gao Tianran , Chen Nuocheng , Zhou Li , Liu Xinyu , Chen Guobin , Yin Xiaohan , Yang Fan , Xu Qing , Gong Jianwei , Ling Xianbao , Du Guanxiang
Published: January 2023

With the increasing integration and complexity of chips, the problem of wafer‐level electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is becoming more and more prominent, and the spatial resolution and operating frequency of existing EMC test techniques can no longer meet the demand for wafer‐level EMC testing. In this work, a surface H‐field imaging system based on a micron‐sized diamond crystal containing nitrogen‐vacancy centers is proposed, which is micrometer resolved, quantum calibrated, frequency tunable, and nonintrusive to the H‐field of the device to be tested. The surface H‐field of a limiter chip at different input power is scanned for imaging, revealing how the energy is dissipated across the chip when exceeding limiting power. The result is essential for understanding the workings of the limiter chip and for optimizing the chip design.
Umweltchemie: Methan in der Atmosphäre
Authors: Wiesen Peter , Illmann Jan Niklas
Published: January 2023

In Herbst 2022 verursachten Explosionen Lecks in den beiden Ostseepipelines Nord Stream 1 und Nord Stream 2. Durch diesen Sabotageakt geriet unvermittelt ein Gas in den Fokus der Öffentlichkeit, das in der Diskussion um den anthropogenen Treibhauseffekt und die Rolle des Kohlendioxids ein wenig in Vergessenheit geraten war: Methan als Bestandteil der Atmosphäre und klimawirksames Spurengas.
Olefinmetathese mit Eisen – utopisch oder machbar?
Authors: Coburger Peter
Published: January 2023

In der homogenen Katalyse haben sich Rutheniumkomplexe zur Olefinmetathese etabliert. Aber Ruthenium ist selten und daher teuer. Ist Eisen eine Alternative? Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet die bisherigen Ergebnisse auf dem Weg zu einer homogenen eisenkatalysierten Olefinmetathese.
Preparation of dopamine/Ag‐modified graphene oxide/polysulfone/poly(vinylidene fluoride) ultrafiltration membrane with hydrophilic and antibacterial dual function
Authors: Liang Jiahao , Tan Yijin , Yu Yang , Hu Yongli , Liao Chanjuan
Published: January 2023

To improve the hydrophilicity and long‐lasting bacterial inhibition of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) ultrafiltration membranes, DA/Ag‐GO/PSF/PVDF hybrid ultrafiltration membranes were prepared with PVDF and polysulfone (PSF) as substrates, graphene oxide (GO) as additives, and dopamine (DA) and silver as surface modifications. The structure and performance of PSF/PVDF hybrid membranes were investigated by SEM, FTIR, contact angle, filtration flux, and bacterial inhibition tests. The results showed that with the addition of GO, the hydrophilicity of the PSF/PVDF hybrid membranes were enhanced, the water flux tended to be increased, the retention rate of bovine serum albumin were maintained above 94%, and the bacterial inhibition against Gram‐negative and positive bacteria were obvious. When GO was added at 0.2 wt%, the contact angle of the hybrid membrane decreased from 87° to 69°, the water flux increased from 406.05 to 650.52 L m−2 h−1, the flux recovery increased from 49.18% to 84.40%, and the resistance to organic contamination was significantly improved.
Comparative study of weld‐line strength for unfilled and glass‐filled thermoplastic polyamide‐6 materials
Authors: Jadhav Ganesh , Gaval Vivek
Published: January 2023

The injection molding process is widely accepted for the processing of engineering thermoplastics due to the ease of manufacturing complex designs. Weld‐line is a defect occurring in injection molded parts when two flow fronts join each other. At weld‐line locations, parts exhibit lower mechanical strength mainly due to inadequate intermolecular diffusion and fiber orientation anisotropy. The present work is aimed at investigating and comparing weld‐line strength for unfilled and glass‐filled polyamide‐6 materials. To achieve this, polyamide‐6 unfilled, 30% glass‐filled, and 50% glass‐filled materials are used to manufacture plaques. The special‐purpose mold is designed to obtain plaques with and without weld‐lines with help of Moldflow simulations. The specimens for tensile tests are then cut from molded plaques and experimental testing is conducted to evaluate tensile properties. Fractured surfaces of specimens are examined using a scanning electron microscope. The results demonstrated a significant drop in tensile strength and modulus for glass‐filled material weld‐line specimens when compared to specimens of no weld‐line. However, for unfilled specimens, tensile strength and modulus are almost the same for samples with and without weld‐line. A reduction in tensile strength of 13%, 49%, and 57% is observed for unfilled, 30% glass‐filled, and 50% glass‐filled polyamide‐6 material respectively.
The panorama of pulmonary leiomyoma: A tale of two tumours
Authors: Nair Ajit , Leong Paul
Published: January 2023

Pulmonary leiomyoma has a diverse clinical spectrum of disease. Here we describe two patients with vastly different presentations. The first case is a 23‐year‐old female with a chronic cough and no visible tracheal lesion on computer tomography (CT) chest imaging. Flexible bronchoscopy revealed a small tracheal nodule, with histopathology confirming pulmonary leiomyoma. The second case is a 57‐year‐old female with a painless abdominal mass. CT imaging revealed widespread lung ‘cannonball’ nodules. Percutaneous biopsy confirmed metastatic leiomyoma. After progression on surveillance and endocrine therapy, she was commenced on doxorubicin with interval radiological improvement. These cases highlight the clinical heterogeneity in this disease, and thus, complexity in devising standardized diagnostic and therapeutic protocols.