bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological Plasticity in the Neural Circuitry Responsible for Seasonal Breeding in the Ewe
Authors: Adams Van L. , Goodman Robert L. , Salm A. K. , Coolen Lique M. , Karsch Fred J. , Lehman Michael N.
Published: July 2006

An increase in the response of GnRH neurons to estrogen negative feedback is responsible for seasonal anestrus in the ewe, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain largely unknown. Neural plasticity may play an important role because the density of synaptic input to GnRH neurons changes with seasons. Moreover, the transition from breeding to anestrous season requires thyroid hormones, which are also required for neuronal development. In the first experiment, we examined whether the decrease in synapses on GnRH neurons is critical for the transition to anestrus by comparing synaptic input in thyroidectomized and thyroid-intact controls, using electron microscopic analysis. Thyroidectomized ewes remained in the breeding season, but the number of synaptic contacts on their GnRH cells was not different from those in thyroid-intact ewes that were anestrus. The next experiment tested whether there was a seasonal change in morphology of the A15 dopaminergic neurons that mediate estrogen negative feedback during anestrus by analyzing synapsin-positive close contacts onto A15 neurons with confocal microscopy. There was a 2-fold increase in these close contacts onto dendrites of A15 neurons in anestrus and a corresponding increase in the length of A15 dendrites at this time of year. The increase in dendritic length was blocked by thyroidectomy, but this procedure did not significantly affect synaptic input to A15 neurons. These results provide initial evidence that the seasonal change in synapses on GnRH neurons is not sufficient for the transition into anestrus but that plasticity of the A15 dopaminergic neurons mediating estrogen negative feedback may contribute to this seasonal alteration.
Reciprocal Regulation of a Glucocorticoid Receptor-Steroidogenic Factor-1 Transcription Complex on the Dax-1 Promoter by Glucocorticoids and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in the Adrenal Cortex
Authors: Gummow Brian M. , Scheys Joshua O. , Cancelli Victoria R. , Hammer Gary D.
Published: July 2006

Numerous genes required for adrenocortical steroidogenesis are activated by the nuclear hormone receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) (NR5A1). Dax-1 (NR0B1), another nuclear hormone receptor, represses SF-1-dependent activation. Glucocorticoid products of the adrenal cortex provide negative feedback to the production of hypothalamic CRH and pituitary ACTH. We hypothesized that glucocorticoids stimulate an intraadrenal negative feedback loop via activation of Dax-1 expression. Reporter constructs show glucocorticoid-dependent synergy between SF-1 and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the activation of Dax-1, which is antagonized by ACTH signaling. We map the functional glucocorticoid response element between –718 and −704 bp, required for activation by GR and synergy with SF-1. Of three SF-1 response elements, only the –128-bp SF-1 response element is required for synergy with GR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrate that dexamethasone treatment increases GR and SF-1 binding to the endogenous murine Dax-1 promoter 10- and 3.5-fold over baseline. Serial ChIP assays reveal that that GR and SF-1 are part of the same complex on the Dax-1 promoter, whereas coimmunoprecipitation assay confirms the presence of a protein complex that contains both GR and SF-1. ACTH stimulation disrupts the formation of this complex by abrogating SF-1 binding to the Dax-1 promoter, while promoting SF-1 binding to the melanocortin-2 receptor (Mc2r) and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) promoters. Finally, dexamethasone treatment increases endogenous Dax-1 expression and concordantly decreases StAR expression. ACTH signaling antagonizes the increase in Dax-1 yet strongly activates StAR transcription. These data indicate that GR provides feedback regulation of adrenocortical steroid production through synergistic activation of Dax-1 with SF-1, which is antagonized by ACTH activation of the adrenal cortex.
Aminoboranes as new iminium ion generators in amination reactions
Authors: Suginome Michinori
Published: July 2006

The utilization of aminoborane derivatives in amination reactions such as Strecker-type aminative cyanation, Mannich-type reaction, and reductive amination is described. Bis(dialkylamino)cyanoboranes and bis(dialkylamino)boron enolates underwent the concurrent transfer of the amino group and either the cyano or the enoxy group from the boron to carbonyl carbon atom in their reaction with aldehydes, leading to the formation of α-amino nitriles and β-amino ketones, respectively. Bis(dialkylamino)borane derivatives that lack the additional nucleophilic groups on the boron atoms were found to serve as effective generators of iminium ions from aldehydes. In the presence of these aminoboranes, reactions of aldehydes with ketene silyl acetals or silyl enol ethers take place, giving Mannich-type products, i.e., β-amino esters and ketones, selectively. Using diisopropylamino-substituted boron compounds, which are designed as "universal" iminium ion generators, reactions of free sec-amines, aldehydes, and ketene silyl acetals proceed efficiently, giving β-amino esters in which the amino groups are derived exclusively from the free amines. The use of the universal iminium ion generator is also effective for reductive amination of aldehydes, in which NaBH4 is used as a hydride donor.
Asymmetric synthesis with the robust and versatile 10-substituted 9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes: Homoallylic amines from aldimines
Authors: Hernandez Eliud , Canales Eda , Gonzalez Eduvigis , Soderquist John A.
Published: July 2006

The asymmetric allylboration of N-H aldimines, generated from either N-trimethylsilyl or N-diisobutylalanyl precursors, with B-allyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decane is described. The desired homoallylic amines are obtained efficiently (60-90 %) and selectively (60-89 % ee). A non-oxidative work-up procedure has also been developed for this new method, which permits the recovery of the air-stable pseudoephedrine (PE) complex (50-70 %), which is conveniently converted back to B-allyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decane (98 %) with allylmagnesium bromide in ether for its reuse in the asymmetric allylboration process. Additional studies were conducted to better understand these processes and the origin of the observed enantioselectivity.
Synthesis of transition-metal-containing poly(pyrazabole)s
Authors: Matsumoto Fukashi , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: July 2006

Novel organoboron polymers containing transition metals (Ni, Pd, Pt) and pyrazaboles in the main chain were prepared by Cu-catalyzed coupling polymerization. The Ni- and Pt-containing polymers showed MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) absorption, whereas the Pd-containing polymer did not demonstrate the absorption. Only the Pd-containing polymer exhibited the emission spectrum with a vibronic structure. These differences in the optical properties were studied in detail.
Carotenoids and other pigments as natural colorants
Authors: Mortensen Alan
Published: July 2006

Food colorants may be classified into synthetic, nature-identical, inorganic, and natural colorants. Natural colorants for food are made from renewable sources. Most often, the colorants are extracted from plant material, but other sources such as insects, algae, cyanobacteria, and fungi are used as well. Natural colorants are usually extracted and concentrated using either water or lower alcohols for water-soluble pigments and organic solvents for lipophilic pigments. Legislation restricts which colorants are allowed, what sources may be used for that particular colorant, what solvents may be used to extract it, and the purity of the pigment. Colorants are formulated to make them more suitable for a variety of foods and drinks (e.g., lipophilic pigments for use in beverages) and to increase their stability. The natural colorants allowed in the EU and the USA are presented. Many of these colorants are also allowed in most parts of the world. A few colorants that are not allowed in the EU and the USA, but are important food colorants in other parts of the world, are also presented.
Structures and functions of carotenoids bound to reaction centers from purple photosynthetic bacteria
Authors: Hashimoto Hideki , Fujii Ritsuko , Yanagi Kazuhiro , Kusumoto Toshiyuki , Gardiner Alastair T. , Cogdell Richard J. , Roszak Aleksander W. , Issacs Neil W. , Pendon Zeus , Niedzwiedski Dariusz , Frank Harry A.
Published: July 2006

The photoprotective function of 15,15'-cis-carotenoids bound to the photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) of purple bacteria has been studied using carotenoids reconstituted into carotenoidless RCs from Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain R26.1. The triplet-energy level of the carotenoid has been proposed to affect the quenching of the triplet state of special-pair bacteriochlorophyll (P). This was investigated using microsecond flash photolysis to detect the carotenoid triplets as a function of the number of conjugated double bonds, n. The carotenoid triplet signals were extracted by using singular-value decomposition (SVD) of the huge matrices data, and were confirmed for those having n = 8 to 11. This interpretation assumes that the reconstituted carotenoids occupy the same binding site in the RC. We have been able to confirm this assumption using X-ray crystallography to determine the structures of carotenoidless, wild-type carotenoid-containing, and 3,4-dihydro-spheroidene-reconstituted RCs. The X-ray study also emphasized the importance of the methoxy group of the carotenoids for binding to the RCs. Electroabsorption (Stark) spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of the carotenoid on the electrostatic field around P. This electrostatic field changed by 10 % in the presence of the carotenoid.
β-Carotene interference with UVA-induced gene expression by multiple pathways
Authors: Wertz Karin , Seifert Nicole , Buchwald Hunziker Petra , Riss Georges , Wyss Adrian , Hunziker Willi , Goralczyk Regina
Published: July 2006

UVA exposure causes skin photoaging by singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated induction of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). We assessed whether β-carotene, a carotenoid known as 1O2 quencher and retinoic acid (RA) precursor, interferes with UVA-induced gene regulation and prevents UVA-induced gene regulation in HaCaT human keratinocytes. HaCaT cells accumulated β-carotene in a time- and dose-dependent manner. UVA irradiation massively reduced the cellular β-carotene contents. β-Carotene suppressed UVA induction of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-10 - three major MMPs involved in photoaging. HaCaT cells produced weak retinoid activity from β-carotene, as demonstrated by mild up-regulation of retinoid receptor RARβ and activation of an RARE-dependent reporter gene. Of the 568 UVA-regulated genes, β-carotene reduced the UVA effect for 143, enhanced it for 180, and did not interact with UVA for 245 genes. The pathways regulated β-carotene in interaction with UVA were characterized by genes involved in growth factor signaling, stress response, apoptosis, cell cycle, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, tanning, and inflammation.

In conclusion, β-carotene at physiological concentrations interacted with UVA effects by multiple mechanisms that included, but were not restricted to, 1O2 quenching. With our results, we provide a mechanistic basis for the long-known and clinically established photoprotective effects of β-carotene in human skin.
When spectroscopy fails: The measurement of ion pairing
Authors: Hefter Glenn
Published: July 2006

Spectroscopic techniques such as UV/vis, NMR, and Raman are powerful tools for the investigation of chemical speciation in solution. However, it is not widely recognized that such techniques do not always provide reliable information about ion association equilibria. Specifically, spectroscopic measurements do not in general produce thermodynamically meaningful association constants for non-contact ion pairs, where the ions are separated by one or more solvent molecules. Such systems can only be properly quantified by techniques such as dielectric or ultrasonic relaxation, which can detect all ion-pair types (or equilibria), or by traditional thermodynamic methods, which detect the overall level of association. Various types of quantitative data are presented for metal ion/sulfate systems in aqueous solution that demonstrate the inadequacy of the major spectroscopic techniques for the investigation of systems that involve solvent-separated ion pairs. The implications for ion association equilibria in general are briefly discussed.
Ionic liquids: A most promising research field in solution chemistry and thermodynamics
Authors: Heintz Andreas , Wertz Christiane
Published: July 2006

Modern room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) consisting of large and asymmetric organic cations and small inorganic anions exhibit a special class of recently developed liquids unifying the property of the liquid state and strong Coulomb interactions acting as the prevailing intermolecular interactions in the liquid state. Several selected examples of the most promising chemical and technical applications of ILs are presented, which underline the importance of thermophysical properties of ILs and their role of being particular solvents in catalytic and separation processes as well as in special fields of electrochemistry.
Serum Free Light Chains: An Alternative to the Urine Bence Jones Proteins Screening Test for Monoclonal Gammopathies
Authors: Hill Peter G , Forsyth Julia M , Rai Baldeep , Mayne Stewart
Published: July 2006

Background: Retrospective analyses have established the role of quantitative serum free light chains (FLCs) in the diagnosis of monoclonal light chain disorders. The aims of this study were to assess (a) whether the addition of serum FLCs to serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) identified additional patients with monoclonal gammopathies; (b) whether serum FLC measurements could replace urinalysis for Bence Jones protein (BJP); and (c) the cost/quality implications of routinely measuring serum FLCs.

Methods: Serum FLCs were added to consecutive requests for SPEP from August to November 2004 and measured by automated immunoassay.

Results: Seventy-one of 923 patients had abnormal serum FLC ratios. Seven patients with monoclonal gammopathies and 1 patient with malignant lymphoma (but no monoclonal band) were detected among 43 patients with negative SPEP but positive serum FLC ratios. Thirty-five patients with negative SPEP had false-positive serum FLC ratios. The false-positive rate for a ratio >1.65 was higher than previously described and associated with polyclonal increases in immunoglobulins and renal impairment. Serum FLC ratios were normal in 2 of 13 patients with low-level persistent urine BJP. However, no significant pathology would have been missed by replacing BJP with serum FLCs. Revenue and manpower savings offset 60% of the costs of serum FLCs.

Conclusions: Additional diagnostic information is gained by adding serum FLCs to SPEP as first-line tests for investigating possible B-cell disorders. The quality of the diagnostic service is enhanced by more confident exclusion of light chain disorders and improved interpretive assessment of SPEP and immunofixation electrophoresis.
Identification of Novel Brain Biomarkers
Authors: Laterza Omar F , Modur Vijay R , Crimmins Dan L , Olander Jitka V , Landt Yvonne , Lee Jin-Moo , Ladenson Jack H
Published: July 2006

Background: The diagnosis of diseases leading to brain injury, such as stroke, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease, can often be problematic. In this study, we pursued the discovery of biomarkers that might be specific and sensitive to brain injury.

Methods: We performed gene array analyses on a mouse model to look for biomarkers that are both preferentially and abundantly produced in the brain. Via bioinformatics databases, we identified the human homologs of genes that appeared abundant in brain but not in other tissues. We then confirmed protein production of the genes via Western blot of various tissue homogenates and assayed for one of the markers, visinin-like protein 1 (VLP-1), in plasma from patients after ischemic stroke.

Results: Twenty-nine genes that were preferentially and abundantly expressed in the mouse brain were identified; of these 29 genes, 26 had human homologs. We focused on 17 of these genes and their protein products on the basis of their molecular characteristics, novelty, and/or availability of antibodies. Western blot showed strong signals in brain homogenates for 13 of these proteins. Tissue specificity was tested by Western blot on a human tissue array, and a sensitive and quantitative sandwich immunoassay was developed for the most abundant gene product observed in our search, VLP-1. VLP-1 was detected in plasma of patients after stroke and in cerebrospinal fluid of a rat model of stroke.

Conclusions: The use of relative mRNA production appears to be a valid method of identifying possible biomarkers of tissue injury. The tissue specificity suggested by gene expression was confirmed by Western blot. One of the biomarkers identified, VLP-1, was increased in a rat model of stroke and in plasma of patients after stroke. More extensive, prospective studies of the candidate biomarkers identified appear warranted.
Multicapillary Electrophoresis Analysis of Single-Nucleotide Sequence Variations in the Deoxycytidine Kinase Gene
Authors: Szantai Eszter , Ronai Zsolt , Sasvari-Szekely Maria , Bonn Günther , Guttman András
Published: July 2006

Background: Investigation of the genetic background of complex traits is the focus of recent interest, as several common diseases or the individual response to treatments of various illnesses have not yet been explored. These studies require the development and implementation of reliable and large-scale genotyping methods. In this report, we introduce an efficient technique based on PCR–restriction fragment length sequence variation technique for the analysis of the −360CG and −201CT single-nucleotide sequence variations in the deoxycytidine kinase gene.

Methods: A multicapillary gel electrophoresis instrument was used for the size determination of the generated DNA fragments. A healthy Hungarian population of 100 individuals was investigated to determine allele and genotype frequencies for the 2 sequence variations of interest.

Results: We found that the occurrence of the minor allele is rather low, i.e., the frequency of both the −360G and −201T variants is 1%.

Conclusions: Our technique can readily facilitate the analysis of these important sequence variations in other ethnic groups to clarify the role of these sequence variations in conjunction with arabinosylcytosine treatment in acute myeloid leukemia.
Risk and Protective Factors for Depression in Youth
Authors: Shortt Alison L. , Spence Susan H.
Published: July 2006

Risk and protective processes and mechanisms associated with depression in youth are discussed within a developmental–ecological framework. Risk factors at the individual (genetics, biology, affect, cognition, behaviour) and broader contextual levels (e.g., family, school, community) are proposed to interact, leading to the development of depression in youth. Transactions between these individual and contextual factors are suggested to be dynamic and reciprocal, and these transactions are expected to change over time and developmental course. The ‘best bet’ for the prevention of depression may be multicomponent and multilevel interventions that address the multiple risk and protective factors associated with depression. Preventive interventions need to focus on building protective factors within young people themselves, as well as creating health-promoting environments at home and at school. These interventions likely need to be long term and geared towards assisting youth across successive periods of development.
A Controlled Evaluation of an Enhanced Self-Directed Behavioural Family Intervention for Parents of Children With Conduct Problems in Rural and Remote Areas
Authors: Markie-Dadds Carol , Sanders Matthew R.
Published: July 2006

Few studies have examined the impact of parenting interventions for families in rural and isolated areas who have children with conduct problems, where access to professional services can be difficult. The present investigation compared the effects of three conditions, two levels of self-directed behavioral family intervention: an enhanced self-directed program that combined a self-help program using written materials and a weekly telephone consultation (ESD), a self-help program (SD) and a waitlist control group (WL). At postintervention the ESD group reported significantly lower levels of disruptive behaviour, and lower levels of dysfunctional parenting than the SD and WL controls, and higher levels of consumer satisfaction. At 6 months follow-up the main effects for the ESD group had been maintained. The SD group continued to evidence improvement from postintervention to follow-up such that 65% of children in the ESD condition and 57% of children in the SD condition showed clinical reliable change on measures of disruptive behaviour. Implications of findings and directions for future research are discussed.
An efficient synthesis of novel 3’-substituted 2-aryl-5-methyl-5'thioxo-[4,4'-bi-4H-1,2,4-triazol]-3(1'H, 2H)-ones
Authors: Kamble Ravindra , Sudha Belgur
Published: July 2006

A simple and high yielding method for the integration of two 1,2,4-triazole rings (10a-l) has been developed starting from 3-arylsydnones (1a-d). Confirmation for the structures of the newly synthesized compounds was provided by their physical, analytical and spectral data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS).
The charge percolation mechanism and simulation of Ziegler-Natta polymerizations. Part III. Oxidation states of transition metals
Authors: Pilic Branka , Stoiljkovic Dragoslav , Bakocevic Ivana , Jovanovic Slobodan , Panic Davor , Korugic-Karasz Ljiljana
Published: July 2006

The oxidation state of the transition metal (Mt) active centre is the most disputable question in the polymerization of olefins by Ziegler-Natta (ZN) and metallocene complexes. In this paper the importance and the changes of the Mt active centers are presented and discussed on the basis of a charge percolation mechanism (CPM) of olefin polymerization. Mt atoms can exist in different oxidation states and can be easily transformed from one to another state during activation. In all cases, the Mt atoms are present in several oxidation states, i.e., Mt+(n-1), Mt+(n) to Mt+(n+1), producing an irregular charge distribution over the support surface. There is a tendency to equalize the oxidation states by a charge transfer from Mt+(n-1) (donor) to Mt+(n+1) (acceptor). This cannot occur since the different oxidation states are highly separated on the support. However, monomer molecules are adsorbed on the support producing clusters with stacked ?-bonds, making a ?-bond bridge between a donor and an acceptor. Once a bridge is formed (percolation moment), charge transfer occurs. The donor and acceptor equalize their oxidation states simultaneously with the polymerization of the monomer. The polymer chain is desorbed from the support, freeing the surface for subsequent monomer adsorption. The whole process is repeated with the oxidation-reduction of other donor-acceptor ensembles.
Underpotential and overpotential deposition of al onto Cu(111) from the AlCl3-EtMeImCl room temperature molten salt
Authors: Jovic Vladimir
Published: July 2006

The processes of underpotential (UPD) and overpotential (OPD) deposition of Al onto Cu(111), from the room temperature molten salt AlCl3-EtMeImCl of different compositions, has been investigated by the cyclic volatmmetry (CV) and potentiostatic pulse techniques. It was shown that the CVs of the UPD are characterized by two sharp peaks, while the potentiostatic cathodic and anodic j-t-transients of this process are characterized by two waves indicating that the UPD of Al results in the formation of two structures. The first, less dense one, most probably the (?3x?3)R30? ordered structure of Al is formed at a more positive potential of about 200 mV vs. Al, while the second one, a complete momolayer of Al, is formed at about 20mV vs. Al, just before the reversible potential of Al in these melts (-20mV vs. Al). The OPD of Al was detected at potentials more negative than -30mV vs. Al, occurring through the progressive 3D nucleation and growth mechanism. Slow surface alloying of Al with Cu was found to occur at a potential close to the reversible potential of Al.
Magnetic properties of nanostructured SiOo2:Eu3+ powders
Authors: Spasojevic Vojislav , Dramicanin Miroslav , Jokanovic Vukoman , Andric Zeljka , Blanusa Jovan , Kusigerski Vladan , Mitric Miodrag , Tadic Marin , Kapicic Ana
Published: July 2006

Eu-doped silica nanoparticles with different concentrations of europium (3% 6%and 15at.%) were prepared by a hydrothermal procedure. Light scattering measurements of the silica colloids as well as TEM microscopy, revealed a narrow size distribution of the particles, ranging from 5 to 10 nm. X-Ray diffraction showed that all the powders were amorphous. Magnetic susceptibility vs. temperature measurements showed a behavior typical for Eu3+ ions, with a plateau below 60K, and an increase of the mass susceptibility with Eu concentration. The splitting of zero-field cooled (ZFC) and field-coled (FC) susceptibility branches increased with the europium concentration, indicating the presence of interparticle interactions. At temperatures below 40K, a contribution of paramagnetic impurities obeying the Curie law was observed. Heat treatment of the powders at 823K and 1073K increased the magnetic susceptibility. The appearance of a small peak at 70K indicated the presence of small quantities of ferromagnetic EuO in the powders after heating.
Ventricular fibrillation following coronary artery revascularization
Authors: Kovacevic Dragan , Kovacevic Diana , Batranovic Uros , Topalov Vasilije
Published: July 2006

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) presents a complete disintegrated myocardial activity associated with hemodynamic collapse and loss of consciousness requiring urgent reanimation. VF mostly occurs following myocardial infarction and endstage of ischemic heart disease in patients with ejection fraction less than 30%. Material and methods This paper analyzes occurrence of VF following coronary artery revascularization in patients undergoing surgery at the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases in Sremska Kamenica. During the period 1994 - 1998, 3.186 patients underwent coronary artery revascularization procedure, whereas following it VF occurred in 20 patients (0.63%). Results and discussion In all patients VF presented in the first postoperative week, while in 16 patients it occurred in the first 3 days following surgery. Nine patients with VF underwent left coronary artery revascularization with endarterectomy, 9 patients underwent right coronary artery revascularization with endarterectomy. One patient had a left-ventricular aneurysmectomy and 80% of patients had low ejection fraction rate - 20-35%. After VF in 75% of patients urgent reoperation was performed, and only one suffered from thrombotic occlusion, that is perioerative infarction. After defibrillation patients were treated with xylocaine, amiodarone and beta-blockers. During the 30-day period following surgery, there were no lethal outcomes, whereas in the 24-month period after surgery 3 patients died. Cardiac-related death occurred in one patient, while two died due to cerebral insult. Conclusion VF was not a frequent complication in our patients. Effective antiarrhythmic drugs prevent repeated VF. Beta-blockers, xylocaine and amiodarone are drugs of choice for the treatment of malignant cardiac rhythm disturbances.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics and postantibiotic effect
Authors: Stefan-Mikic Sandra , Sabo Ana , Gobor-Fodor Ana , Vasovic Marija
Published: July 2006

Man has been fighting diseases for centuries. One of the major battles is against microorganisms and diseases they cause. A health education course was organized on prescribing aminoglycoside antibiotics and postantibiotic effect. The aim of the course was to change the prescription habits in our colleagues. The postantibiotic effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics as well as impact of subinhibiting doses on duration of postantibiotic effect requires modification of previous therapeutic protocols. Single daily dose has the same or even greater effect than multiple daily doses. The toxicity of aminoglycosides is not increased and remains the same or smaller in single daily regimens. Results The single daily dose regimen of aminoglycosides has been used in 63.6% of cases in Clinic for Infectious Diseases of the Clinical Center of Novi Sad, 41.2% in Outpatient Health Care Center of Novi Sad "Liman" and this regimen has not been used in General Practice Department, Children's Health Care Department and Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic at all. The twice daily regimen has been used instead. Conclusion Doctors are aware of the postantibiotic effect, but vast majority are still bound to their old habits in regard to prescribing antibiotics. Our educational course failed to achieve its goal.
Terminology and diagnostic criteria for Non-Q-wave myocardial infarction
Authors: Kovacevic Branislava , Stajnic Miroslav , Cemerlic-Adjic Nadica , Dejanovic Jadranka
Published: July 2006

Non-Q myocardial infarction represents a specific entity of infarction. Many studies have shown that non-Q myocardial infarction differs from Q myocardial infarction not only electrocardiographically, but also from pathophysiological, histological, clinical and prognostic points of view. Non-Q myocardial infarction - terminology Until 1980's, anatomical terminology depending on ECG changes was used in the literature. Subendocardial infarction referred to non-Q myocardial infarction, while transmural infarction referred to Q myocardial infarction. Since it was established that presence or absences of Q waves is a non-specific marker of transmural necrosis, in 1982 Spodick proposed the use of terms based on ECG findings. Diagnostic criteria for non-Q myocardial infarction Elevation of markers of myocardial damage (CK, CK-MB, Troponin) is the most significant criterion for diagnosis of non-Q myocardial infarction. It cannot be made without this criterion because non-Q myocardial infarction may have ECG changes identical to those in unstable angina. Authors do not agree which type of initial ECG changes is the most frequent (ST elevation ST depression or inverted T waves). Conclusion Non-Q myocardial infarction represents a specific entity of myocardial infarction. Anatomically, based on the extension of necrosis, non-Q myocardial infarction is subendocardial but it can be transmural as well. ECG changes in non-Q myocardial infarction may be identical to those in unstable angina. Therefore, elevation of cardiac enzymes is the golden standard in diagnosis of non-Q myocardial infarction.
Bacteriological examination of radicular cysts contents
Authors: Hrvacanin Slobodanka
Published: July 2006

Radicular cysts are, most often, oral tissue cysts. The basis for their development are the remains of Hertwig's epithelial sheath, which is stimulated to proliferate by infectious agents, mostly periapical granuloma or pulp necrosis. The cyst contents can be liquid, either clear or milky-white, or thick and yellowish-caseous pus. Bacteriological and histopathological researches have shown that development of radicular cysts from periapical lesions is a consequence of penetration of normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. Material and methods The study has bacteriologically examined contents of 50 radicular cysts. They were operated between 1993 and 1995 at the Department of Oral Surgery of the Outpatient Health Care Centre Banjaluka. Pathological substrate of the cyst was punctured by a sterile needle and bacteriologically examined at the Microbiological Laboratory of the Clinical Centre in Banjaluka. Discussion and conclusion Radicular cysts contents most often consisted of alpha-hemolytic streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphyilococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus group B and alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus. It is concluded that normal oral cavity flora is present in the cysts contents the infection penetrated through the root canal to periapex, where, due to the course of time, radicular cyst develops from periapical granuloma.
Bishop score and labor induction
Authors: Radeka Gordana , Novakov-Mikic Aleksandra , Ivanovic Ljiljana
Published: July 2006

Introduction Induction of labor represents initiation of uterine contractions before their spontaneous onset. The aim of the study was to establish the role of Bishop score in prediction of labor induction in routine clinical work. Material and methods The study was a prospective blind, observational one. All patients had a vaginal examination prior to induction, during which Bishop score was evaluated. The mode of induction was either intravenous infusion of oxytocin or endovaginal prostaglandins. The induction was considered successful if vaginal delivery took place within 24 hours from the onset of induction. Results There were 100 patients, and induction was successful in 74% and unsuccessful in 26%. Mean Bishop score in group A was 5.65 (SD 1.40, 95% CI 5.27 - 6.03), and in group B 4.15 (SD 1.04, 95% CI 3.66 - 4.63) (p < 0.01). Statistical analysis of the area under the ROC curve showed that Bishop score is a good and reliable predictor of the outcome of labor induction (0.816, 95% CI od 0.710 - 0.896), with the best statistical performances at the cut-off value of 5 (sensitivity 65.5% specificity 95%, PPV 97.3%, NPV 50%). Conclusion In our study Bishop score proved to be a reliable and good method for prediction of the outcome of pregnancy if a single, experienced operator evaluates it, with best statistical performances at the cut-off value more than 5 (sensitivity 65.5%, specificity 95%, PPV 97.3%, NPV 50%). The next step would be introduction of more operators, of different skills and experience and subsequent further testing of the method in different conditions.
Influence of biochemical markers of pregnancy on vitelline sac diameter
Authors: Mitreski Anita
Published: July 2006

Introduction Recent research has revealed that vitelline sac and extraembryonal membranes play an important role in embryo development as well as those assigned to placental tissue in the second and third trimester. Material and methods This study analyzed levels of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG), estradiol (E2), progesterone (PRG) and prolactin (PRL) and their influence on vitelline sac diameter in uncomplicated pregnancies and complicated pregnancies with symptoms of imminent miscarriage. Serum levels of analyzed hormones were evaluated by ELISA method and women were examined by vaginal sonography. Correlation between analyzed parameters was evaluated using regression and correlation (Pearsons) tests. Results Levels of estradiol, progesterone and prolactin were lower in patients with symptoms of imminent miscarriage, than in patients with uncomplicated pregnancies, and the mean diameter of vitelline sac was higher than in control group of patients with uncomplicated pregnancies. Discussion The influence of biochemical markers of pregnancy on the role of vitelline sac was discussed. Conclusion Hormonal status in pregnancy determines the progression of pregnancy and the diameter of vitelline sac. The diameter of vitelline sac, in early pregnancy, correlates with embryonic heart rate.
Influence of age on smell function in healthy subjects
Authors: Savovic Slobodan , Ivetic-Petrovic Vesna , Lemajic Slobodanka , Komazec Zoran , Kljajic Vladimir , Pilija Vladimir
Published: July 2006

Introduction A need for research of the olfactory function exists in everyday clinical work. The aim of this study was to determine standards for perception and identification thresholds regarding olfactory substances in healthy subjects in regard to their age. Material and methods The research included 120 healthy examinees (60 women and 60 men) classified according to age into three age groups (20-30, 31-40, 41-50 years of age). This examination was done using Fortunato-Niccolini's method. Results and discussion The results of this work show that olfactory function becomes significantly weaker after the age of forty. Thresholds of perception in correlation with thresholds of identification for examined olfactory substances are significantly lower in older age groups. Conclusion A gradual loss of olfactory capability with age can be explained by gradual destruction of olfactory cells and fibres of olfactory nerves during life.
Use of antibiotics in ambulatory care patients and at the Clinic of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Stefan-Mikic Sandra , Sabo Ana , Gobor-Fodor Ana , Fabri Milotka , Jovanovic Jovana , Jakovljevic Vida
Published: July 2006

Introduction Optimal pharmacotherapy includes utilization of the right drug at the right time, right duration of therapy and adequate dosage. This study analyzed utilization of antimicrobial drugs at the Clinic of Infectious Diseases of the Clinical Center Novi Sad and in outpatients of the Outpatient General Service of the Health Center Novi Sad - Liman. Material and methods Utilization of anti-infective agents was examined according to Anatomic-Therapeutic-Chemical Classification (group J). Drug utilization data were presented in Defined Daily Doses at the Clinic of Infectious Diseases of the Clinical Center Novi Sad in Defined Daily Doses per 100 bed-days, and in the Outpatient General Service of the Health Center Novi Sad - Liman in Defined Daily Doses/1000 inhabitants per day. Results At the Clinic of Infectious Diseases of the Clinical Center Novi Sad penicillins susceptible to beta-lactamase were established as most frequently used (39.33%) namely: benzylpenicillin (32.18%), quinolone antibacterial agents ciprofloxacin (12.44%) and cephalosporins, cephalexin (8.25%). In the Outpatient General Service of the Health Center Novi Sad - Liman most frequently used were extended-spectrum penicillins (24.20%) namely tetracyclines, doxycycline (18.98%), amoxicillin (18.27%), macrolides roxithromycin (17.56%). At the Clinic of Infectious Diseases of the Clinical Center Novi Sad the decision on using antibiotics and establishing whether it was bacterial or virus infection in 92.13% cases was made on the basis of following analyses: throat and nasal swabs, urine culture, virus complement-binding reaction. In Outpatient General Service of the Health Center Novi Sad - Liman it was done only in 18.46%. Conclusion Although treatment performed based on clinical picture and experience usually proves to be correct, antibiotic prescription policy should include antibiograms to provide optimal treatment and decrease the degree of resistance. Thus medicine would be considered an exact science and it should be one of its goals of the 21st century.
Pulmonary thromboembolisms radiologically manifested as round-shaped shadows
Authors: Vucicevic-Trobok Jadranka , Bogdanov Biljana , Trifkovic Miroslava
Published: July 2006

Introduction A radiologic finding takes a prominent place in establishing the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism. It may rather vary in appearance, depending on the size of the obturated blood vessel. Changes in the pulmonary parenchyma develop within 24 hours after pulmonary thromboembolism attack occurs. In microembolism, the radiologic finding appears normal. Triangle-shaped shadows characteristic for pulmonary thromboembolism may appear as either round or oval on computerized CT scan. In standard chest X-ray finding, these lesions look like tumorous ones. Results Over the period from 1995 to 1997, there were 421 patients treated for pulmonary thromboembolism at the Institute of Pulmonary Diseases in Sremska Kamenica (Yugoslavia), whereas 3.09 % of them presented with an oval shadow in a standard chest X-ray or CT finding. The analysis performed in 1981 revealed that majority of patients with pulmonary thromboembolism (11.4%) had round-shaped shadows. Discussion Any round-shaped shadow discovered by both standard chest X-ray and CT findings should be carefully investigated because differential diagnostics includes a variety of diseases. Conclusion A round-shaped or oval lung shadow seen in standard chest X-ray or CT finding should be suspected for lung cancer. Patients are therefore submitted to aggressive diagnostic procedures. Pulmonary thromboembolism should also be thought of in order to initiate proper treatment in time.
Treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children
Authors: Roncevic-Babin Nevenka , Popadic Jelena , Stojadinovic Aleksandra
Published: July 2006

Introduction Acute respiratory tract infections are the most common childhood diseases. A preschool child suffers up to 5-7 infections of upper airways during a year. Lower airway infections make 5-20% of all respiratory infections. Etiologic factors In developed countries, 75% of pneumonias in childhood are of viral etiology, in 15% of bacterial, and in 10% of some other causative agent (mycoplasma, rickettsiae, fungi, parasites). In developing countries, bacterial pneumonias are present in much higher percentages. Treatment Treatment of respiratory infections includes antimicrobial therapy (causal), relief of symptoms (symptomatic) and conduction of general principles in child treatment. The choice of antimicrobial drug is based on evidence of agents and their sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs, age, patient's condition, previous treatment and possible allergic reactions to the drug. In cases where we cannot provide adequate specimen for microbiologic testing, when these tests do not reveal the agent, or when therapy must be started before the agent is available, we must decide about the therapy, taking in consideration the most frequent agents, and those that would cause the most devastating clinical picture. This therapy can later be modified according to the isolated agent and its sensitivity to the drug. Conclusion Having in mind the incidence and importance of respiratory infections in morbidity and mortality of children the aim of this article was to show guidelines in treatment of respiratory infections in children. The main point remains that we should take in consideration the individual patient before all.
Adaptation of the immune system as a response to pregnancy
Authors: Milasinovic Ljubomir , Bulatovic Sanja , Ilic Djordje , Ivanovic Ljiljana , Zupanski Mirjana
Published: July 2006

Introduction Pregnancy is an intriguing immunologic phenomenon. In spite of genetic differences, maternal and fetal cells are in close contact over the whole course of pregnancy with no evidence of either humoral and/or cellular immunologic response of mother to fetus as an allotransplant. The general opinion is that the fundamental protective mechanism must be located locally at the contact-plate, between the maternal and fetal tissues. Immunologic investigations proved the presence of specific systems which block the function of antipaternal maternal antibodies, as well as formation of cytotoxic maternal T-cells to paternal antigens. The system preventing rejection of graft during pregnancy is functioning at the level of maternal and fetal tissues. The protective mechanisms are coded by genes of MCH region, locus HLA-G. Protective mechanisms in the placenta The placenta protects itself against antibody-mediated damage. A high level of complement-regulatory proteins (CD46, CD55 and CD59), being the response to the synthesis of complement-fixing maternal antibodies to paternal antigens and regulation of the placental HLA expression as a preventive reaction of the feto-placental unit to the influence of maternal CTL, are the most important protective mechanisms of placenta. Protective mechanisms shared by the placenta and uterus Protective mechanisms common both for placenta and uterus are as follows: expressions of Fas ligand prevention of infiltration of activated immune cells, regulation of immunosuppression which prevents proliferation of immune cells and high natural immunity (Na cells and macrophages) of the decidua.
Psoriasis and autoimmune skin diseases
Authors: Poljacki Mirjana , Begenesic Mirjana , Djuran Verica , Matovic Ljubinka , Matic Milan , Jovanovic Marina , Stojanovic Slobodan , Ros Tatjana
Published: July 2006

Introduction Presuming that psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease, the aim of this study was to establish its association with other autoimmune skin diseases. The material was obtained at the Dermatovenereological Clinic Clinical Center Novi Sad. Material and methods This 10-year retrospective study (1990-1999) included 1743 psoriasis patients. The control group consisted of 7492 nonpsoriatic dermatological patients. Results Association of psoriasis with other dermatological diseases of autoimmune nature has been established in 13 (0.74 %) patients. The most frequent association was with lichen ruber planus in five patients, with alopecia areata and vitiligo in three patients, and in one with bullous pemphigoid and herpetiform dermatitis. Using Fisher's test no significant association was established. Discussion and conclusion According to literature data association of psoriasis with other autoimmune diseases is well known, but rare, which is in accordance with our results. The question arises whether this association is the matter of poor coexistence or the matter of genetic mutations. However, once established, these associations can further highlight the autoimmune nature of psoriasis. The research of autoimmunity would lead us to epithelial cells in thymus, and their badly learnt cognitive function about what is own, and what is not.
Diagnostic significance of ultrasound in dermatology
Authors: Stojanovic Slobodan , Poljacki Mirjana , Ros Tatjana
Published: July 2006

Introduction Utilization of 20 MHz ultrasound probes provided application of ultrasound in dermatology - dermatosonography. As a diagnostic tool, ultrasound was first registered in the early fifties of the past century. Great progress of dermatosonography occurred in the mid-nineties with introduction of the first 20 MHz scanner. Methods of ultrasonography in dermatology Several methods of ultrasonography have been developed: method A, method B, scanning C method and Doppler ultrasound. They were based on different acoustic features of various tissues. Ultrasound in diagnostics Today, dermatosonography is used in diagnosing: cutaneous neoplasms, inflammatory skin diseases and skin diseases of unknown etiology. Apart from that, it is used in differentiating benign and malignant tumors and may be helpful in monitoring morphea, dermatomyositis, cutaneous sarcoidosis, erythema nodosum, allergic diseases, postthrombotic syndrome, physiologic aging and aging due to sun exposure. It can be used in noninvasive monitoring of local treatment, therapeutic responses and adverse effects. Conclusion Dermatosonography offers valuable possibilities in assessing skin morphology at an intermediate level: between clinical assessment and microscopy.