bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biologische Wirkungen oberflächenaktiver Stoffe in Zahnpasten
Authors: Lammers T.
Published: November 2006

Die Frage nach Nutzen oder Schaden synthetischer Netzmittel in Zahnpasten für die Mundschleimhaut und den Zahn wird diskutiert. Als Kriterien dienen das Verhalten der Bakterienflora der Mundhöhle und des Zahnbelages, der Einfluß der Zahnpasten auf Zellmembranen und die direkte Reizwirkung im Test an der Konjunktiva des Kaninchens.
Die Dünnschicht‐Chromatographie auf dem Fettgebiet V Trennung von Ketosäuren, Lactonen und Hydroxysäuren
Authors: Kaufmann H. P. , Ko (Seoul) Apothekerin Young Su
Published: November 2006

Es wird die Trennung von langkettigen Ketosäuren, 2‐Hydroxysäuren und Lactonen auf mit ”︁Undecan bzw. Tetradecan stand.„ imprägnierten Platten beschrieben. Als Adsorbens dient Kieselgur G, als Fließmittel verschiedene Eisessig‐Wasser‐Gemische.
Waschmittel und Hautverträglichkeit im Licht der Waschmittelchemie
Authors: Spohn H. , Schaefer R.
Published: November 2006

Zur Prüfung standen drei fertige Waschpulver, davon eines auf Seifenbasis, die beiden anderen auf synthetischer Grundlage jedoch mit verschiedenem Alkaligehalt. Die Prüfung erfolgte mittels Epikutantest und in praktischen Waschversuchen unter ständiger Kontrolle eines Dermatologen. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden mitgeteilt.
Regelungstechnische Probleme der Fett‐Industrie
Authors: Piwinger F. , Eckardt Ag J. C.
Published: November 2006

Nach einer allgemeinen Betrachtung der regeltechnischen Probleme wird an drei charakteristischen Beispielen — Regelung einer diskontinuierlichen Anlage, Automatisierung eines semikontinuierlichen Prozesses, Regelung einer kontinuierlichen Anlage — der heutige Stand der Regelung verschiedener Prozesse in der Fett‐Industrie aufgezeigt.
Technologische Bedingungen zur Herstellung von Fettalkoholen durch katalytische Hochdruck‐Hydrierung
Authors: Haidegger E. , Hodossy L.
Published: November 2006

Die Wirkung von Temperatur, Druck, der Raumgeschwindigkeit, der Katalysator‐Konzentration und des Gas‐Flüssigkeits‐Verhältnisses u. a. bei der Herstellung von Fettalkoholen durch katalytische Hochdruck‐Hydrierung auf die Zusammensetzung des erhaltenen Produktes wird untersucht.
Schnellgefrieren von Flüssigkeiten in Vertikalplatten‐Gefrierapparaten
Authors: Flechtenmacher W. , Greifzu H.
Published: November 2006

Von den zahlreichen Gefrierverfahren, die sich für die Lebensmittel‐Konservierung im praktischen Betrieb bewährt haben, wird das Kontaktgefrieren zwischen tiefgekühlten Platten, insbesondere in seiner Anwendung auf fließfähige Güter, betrachtet. Ausgehend von der für vorwiegend kompaktes Gut benutzten Arbeitsweise mit horizontal angeordneten Gefrierplatten wird auf neue Anwendungen des Kontaktgefrierens in veränderter Verfahrensweise übergegangen, die besonders fließfähigen Produkten angepaßt ist.
Untersuchungen des Systems Wachs‐Emulgator in nichtionogenen Selbstglanz‐Emulsionen
Authors: Kindscher W.
Published: November 2006

Durch Brechen einer Selbstglanz‐Emulsion, Trennung von Wachs und wäßriger Emulgator‐Lösung können der im Wachs gelöste bzw. in der Wachs‐Oberfläche verankerte Emulgator‐Anteil von dem im wäßrigen Medium befindlichen Teil getrennt, beide Fraktionen isoliert und chemisch und anwendungstechnisch untersucht werden. Von besonderem Interesse sind wasserlösliche Komplexe, die sich aus Wachssäuren und Emulgator‐Bestandteilen bilden.
Mechanismus der Acylwanderung in partiell acylierten Glyceriden
Authors: Buchnea D.
Published: November 2006

Es wird an Hand von experimentellen Einzelheiten über die Wanderung von Acylresten in Glycerid‐Molekülen berichtet. Die Acylwanderung bei den ein‐ bzw. zweifach veresterten Glyceriden ist eine zweistufige Reaktion. Vf. stellte fest, daß ein Säurerest‐Austausch zwischen zwei Molekülen stattfindet.
Verhalten von verzinnten bzw. nicht verzinnten Kupferkesseln bei Verwendung moderner Waschmittel
Authors: Fries W.
Published: November 2006

Von den Verbrauchen von Weißwaschmitteln wird gelegentlich über die Entzinnung verzinnter kupferner Waschkessel nach verhältnismäßig kurzem Gebrauch berichtet. Auch wird auf die Möglichkeit der Entstehung von gelbbraunen Verfärbungen der Wäsche hingewiesen, die bei nicht verzinnten und auch bei ehemals verzinnten Kupferkesseln beobachtet wurden. Vf. gibt Hinweise für die Ursache der beobachteten Schwierigkeiten und bringt Vorschläge, wie diese Erscheinungen gemildert bzw. abgestellt werden können.
Bestimmung von Äthyl‐ und Butylalkohol nebeneinander in der Lack‐Industrie
Authors: Lóránt B.
Published: November 2006

Der in der Lack‐Industrie als Lösungsmittel für den Transport von Cellulosenitrat verwendete Äthyl‐ und Butylalkohol beeinflußt die Eigenschaften des Lackes. Für die Bestimmung der Zusammensetzung des Alkohol‐Gemisches bzw. des Verhältnisses von Butanol zu Äthanol wird eine bekannte analytische Methode angewendet, die durch eine einfache rechnerische Lösung dem gewünschten Ziel angepaßt wird.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Hautschutz und zur Hautreinigung
Authors: Ippen H. , Lissner R. , Lütkehaus L.
Published: November 2006

Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Wasserbeständigkeit von Externa‐Schichten auf der Haut beschrieben. Die Untersuchungen über den Einfluß eines Silikon‐Zusatzes sprechen dafür, daß dieser nur bei fettarmen Grundlagen und lipophilen Wirkstoffen die Wasserbeständigkeit erhöht. Weiterhin wird über die Registrierung der Hautfeuchtigkeit mit der von H. H. Wagener angegebenen Methode berichtet, die nach Hautreinigung mit verschiedenen Präparaten durchgeführt wurde.
Rückgewinnung von Nickel und Fett aus dem benutzten Nickel‐Katalysator
Authors: Rebello D. , Mukherjee K. D.
Published: November 2006

Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, in dem der bei der Fetthärtung verwendete Nickel‐Katalysator in Gegenwart eines lipoidlösenden, mit Wasser nicht mischbaren Lösungsmittel mit Säuren, z. B. Schwefel‐, Salz‐, Salpeter‐, Ameisen‐ oder Essigsäure, behandelt wird. Hierbei entstehen Nickelsalze und eine Lösung des Fettes, die nach ihrer Abtrennung aus dem Reaktionsgemisch und weiterer Behandlung die reinen Nickelsalze und das gehärtete Fett liefern.
Die Erkennbarkeit einer erfolgten Bestrahlung bei Lebensmitteln
Authors: Tuchscheerer T. H. , Kuprianoff J.
Published: November 2006

Es wird festgestellt, daß es noch kein einheitlich für alle Lebensmittel anwendbares Bestrahlungskriterium gibt. Jedoch ist wahrscheinlich, daß sich ein speziell präpariertes Verpackungsmaterial als solches verwenden läßt. Als einfachste Lösung erscheint z. Z. noch immer die Verwendung von entsprechend verpackten Indikatorfolien, die auf der Verpackung des Lebensmittels in geeigneter Weise unmittelbar vor dem Bestrahlen befestigt werden und eine einfache Kontrolle der angewandten Dosis erlauben; dabei können auch je nach angewandtem Dosisbereich unterschiedliche Farbstoffe bzw. Folien Verwendung finden.
Moderne Butterungsverfahren und ihre Wirtschaftlichkeit
Authors: Kalkschmidt J.
Published: November 2006

Die bahnbrechende Erfindung der Zentrifuge zur Entrahmung der Milch schuf auch die Grundlage für die moderne Butterungstechnik. Man verwandte dazu den Butterfertiger. Dann entwickelte man kontinuierlich arbeitende Butterungsmaschinen, sei es z. B. nach dem Agglomerations‐Verfahren (‚Fritz‐Verfahren’︁), sei es nach dem Fettkonzentrat‐Kühlverfahren (‚Alfa‐Verfahren’︁). Man stellte damit zunächst Süßrahmbutter her, seit wenigen Jahren aber auch Sauerrahmbutter. Die Wirtschaftlichkeit dieser Verfahren ergab sich aus Betriebskostenvergleichen, wobei besonders der geringere Arbeitszeitaufwand und Raumbedarf vorteilhaft erscheinen.
Isomerisierung von ungesättigten Fettsäuren im Laufe der Herstellung von Alkydharzen und ihr Einfluß auf die Eigenschaften dieser Harze
Authors: Mleziva J. , Hireš J.
Published: November 2006

Im Laufe der Herstellung der mit trocknenden Ölen modifizierten Alkydharze entstehen konjugierte Doppelbindungen. Die größte Veränderung des Gehalts an konjugierten Doppelbindungen zeigt sich bei dem Monoglycerid‐Herstellungsverfahren im Laufe der Alkoholyse und in der 1. Phase der Veresterung. Die Isomerisierung wird katalysiert durch die Gegenwart der freien Polyalkohole, freien Anhydride und der Katalysatoren der Alkoholyse.
Dünnschicht‐chromatographische Untersuchung von Anisöl
Authors: Zacskó‐Szász M. , Szász G. Y.
Published: November 2006

Zum Nachweis einiger charakteristischer Komponenten des Anisöles wurde eine dünnschicht‐chromatographische Methode ausgearbeitet. Modellversuche wurden mit Anethol, Anisaldehyd, Anisketon, Methylchavicol, Anissäure und 4,4′‐Bismethoxy‐stilben (Photoanethol) durchgeführt.
Copolymerisationen auf dem Anstrichmittel‐Gebiet V: Die Reaktion trocknender Öle mit Vinylcyclohexen
Authors: Kaufmann E. H. H. P. , Brüning H.
Published: November 2006

Mit Hilfe von Modellverbindungen wurde untersucht, ob eine Reaktion zwischen trocknenden Ölen und Vinylcyclohexen stattfindet. Auf Grund analytischer Ergebnisse wird der Reaktionsmechanismus diskutiert. Die Umsetzungsprodukte aus Polyenölen und Vinylcyclohexen stellen Lackbindemittel dar, die bei Sikkativ‐Zusatz schnell trocknen und harte, elastische Filme mit geringer Wasserbeständigkeit liefern.
Serumlipide und Carcinom
Authors: Von Elmendorff H.
Published: November 2006

Mit Hilfe der Papier‐ und Gas‐Chromatographie wurden die Fettsäuren des Serums Carcinom‐Kranker getrennt. In der Regel fand sich insbesondere die Arachidonsäure im Serum dieser Kranken vermindert, und zwar vor allem im Phosphatid‐Anteil. Da wegen des für diese Analyse notwendigen großen Aufwandes eine Verwertung für einen Carcinom‐Test nicht in Frage kommt, wurden dünnschicht‐ und papier‐chromatographische Untersuchungen der Gesamtphosphatide des Serums und auch einiger Tumoren und des entsprechenden normalen Gewebes durchgeführt. Hierbei ließen sich im Dünnschicht‐Chromatogramm Verschiebungen des Fettspektrums im Carcinomserum nachweisen. Außerdem wurden Untersuchungen mit J 131 markiertem Lecithin und mit Tritium‐markierter Linolsäure durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine kurzfristige Anreicherung dieser Substanz im Tumor.
Darstellung und Eigenschaften der Ricinolsäure‐ und 12‐Hydroxy‐stearinsäure‐n‐alkylester von normal primären Alkoholen der Kettenlänge C1 bis C6 bzw. C1 bis C5
Authors: Bertsch H. , Reinheckel H. , Czichocki G.
Published: November 2006

Es wird über ein Verfahren zur Herstellung der 12‐Hydroxy‐octadecen‐(9)‐säure‐(1)‐ester und 12‐Hydroxyoctadecansäure‐(1)‐ester von unverzweigten primären Alkoholen der Kettenlänge C1 bis C6 bzw. C1 bis C5 berichtet. Die Eigenschaften der Ester werden beschrieben und mit Literaturwerten verglichen.
Identifizierung der für den Reversionsgeruch von gehärtetem Walöl verantwortlichen Bestandteile
Authors: Lanzani A. , Capella P. , Fedeli E. , Jacini G.
Published: November 2006

Aus dem für den sog. Reversionsgeruch von gehärtetem Walöl verantwortlichen Substanzgemisch konnten 6 homologe Gruppen identifiziert werden: normale gesättigte Aldehyde (vollständige Reihe von C3 bis C12); normale ungesättigte Aldehyde (C3 bis C10); normale gesättigte Säuren (C2 bis C9); normale gesättigte Alkohole (C3 bis C11); Ester von normalen gesättigten Alkoholen (C2 bis C9) mit Säuren, von denen Essigsäure und Acrylsäure bestimmt werden konnten.
UV‐spektralphotometrische Bestimmung des Provitamin‐D‐Gehaltes in Steringemischen — Anwendung dieses Gehaltes als Kennzahl in der Fettchemie I
Authors: Copius‐Peereboom J. W. , Roos J. B.
Published: November 2006

Die Menge der Provitamine D (d. h. Ergosterin und 7‐Dehydrocholesterin) in Fetten und fettreichen Produkten kann routinemäßig durch UV‐Spektralphotometrie der Sterindigitonide, isoliert nach dem Verfahren von Den Herder, quantitativ ermittelt werden. Der Gehalt dieser Provitamine D wurde als Sterinkennzahl für die Lösung verschiedener fettchemischer Probleme herangezogen. Der Provitamin D‐Gehalt von pflanzlichen Ölen und Fetten vor und nach der Raffination wurde bestimmt. Eine Reinheitsprüfung von Hühnereiprodukten und der Nachweis von zugesetztem Entenei konnten mit Hilfe des erheblichen Unterschiedes zwischen dem Provitamin D‐Gehalt von Hühner‐ und Entenei‐Sterinen durchgeführt werden.
Die Härtung von Lacken auf Basis ungesättigter Polyesterharze mit organischen Peroxyden in Abhängigkeit von der Umgebungstemperatur
Authors: Strolenberg K.
Published: November 2006

Für die Härtung ungesättigter Polyester bei höheren Temperaturen genügt die Zugabe bestimmter Peroxyde. Bei Raumtemperatur können jedoch nur durch Zusatz bestimmter Reduktionsmittel die Peroxyde schell in Radikale gespalten werden. Die niedrigste Temperatur, bei der mit dem Härtersystem Ketonperoxyd/Kobalt‐Beschleuniger eine befriedigende Durchhärtung erzielt werden kann, liegt bei 15°C. Für die Härtung bei niedrigen Temperaturen eignen sich besonders Katalysatoren in Kombination mit Vanadium als Beschleuniger.
Zur Kenntnis der „in‐situ”︁‐Epoxydation mit Monoperphthalsäure I: Allgemeines und Umsetzungen in reaktiven Lösungsmitteln
Authors: Schiemann G. , Martens H.
Published: November 2006

Es wird der zeitliche Ablauf der „in‐situ”︁‐Epoxydation ungesättigter Fettprodukte mit Monoperphthalsäure in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln untersucht. In Gegenwart von aliphatischen Alkoholen bilden sich durch Sekundärreaktion des Epoxyds mit alkoholischen OH‐Gruppen unter dem katalytischen Einfluß der bei der Epoxydation entstehenden Phthalsäure teilepoxdierte Produkte mit einem Gehalt an Hydroxy‐ und Alkoxy‐Gruppen. Die Umsetzung ungesättigter Öle wie z. B. Leinöl in Propanol‐ oder n‐Butanol ist mit einer starken Viskositätserhöhung verbunden. In indifferenten Lösungsmitteln, wie Chloroform, oder ohne Lösungsmittel werden Umsetzungsprodukte mit hohem Epoxydgehalt erhalten.
Herstellung, Umsetzungen und Polymerisation von Isocyanaten aus Fettsäuren
Authors: Egle G.
Published: November 2006

Die Umsetzung von langkettigen Fettsäurechloriden mit Natriumazid nach Curtius erforderte die Zugabe geringer Mengen von Dimethylformamid oder Tetramethylharnstoff, um die entsprechenden Fettisocyanate in guten Ausbeuten zu erhalten. Bei der anionischen Polymerisation der Fettisocyanate entstanden hochmolekulare vaseline‐ oder wachsartige Polyamide vom Typ des Nylon‐1.
Schmutzabweisende Ausrüstung von Textilien I
Authors: Hochreiter R.
Published: November 2006

Es werden die wichtigsten Eigenschaften der verschiedenen Schmutzarten, wie Zusammensetzung und Teilchengröße, die Abhängigkeit der Verschmutzung von der Faserbeschaffenheit — Querschnitt, Faseroberfläche und Faserfeinheit — behandelt. Die Hauptgruppe der schmutzabweisenden Ausrüstungsmittel basiert auf Pigmenten, wie Titandioxyd, kolloider Kieselsäure und Aluminiumoxyd. Die Wirkung der letztgenannten Gruppe kann mit einer Barrierwirkung verglichen werden, wonach diese Produkte die schmutzaffinen Faserstellen besetzen.
Zur oszillographischen Polarographie oxydierter Fette I: Experimentelle Bedingungen
Authors: Lück H. , Maack R.
Published: November 2006

Experimentelle Bedingungen (Gerät, Grundelektrolyt, Bezugselektrode) für eine oszillographisch‐polarographische Unterschung oxydierter Fette werden beschrieben und die Diagramme eines oszillographisch registrierenden Polarographen mit dem eines klassischen Polarographen verglichen. In γ‐bestrahlten Fetten lassen sich vier Peaks bzw. Schultern (A1 bei −0.03 V, A2 bei −0.15 V, B bei −0.85 V, C bei — 1.6 V) nachweisen, die von Peroxyden (A1, A2, B) and Carbonyl‐Verbindungen (C) herrühren.
Der Einfluß stereoisomerer und konjugierter Fettsäuren, insbesondere dehydratisierter Rizinusöl‐Fettsäuren, auf die Eigenschaften von Alkydharzen
Authors: Atherton C. I. , Kertess A. F.
Published: November 2006

Aus trocknenden Ölen mit verschiedenem Gehalt an konjugierten und stereoisomeren Fettsäuren, vorzugsweise dehydratisiertem Rizinusöl, wurden Alkydharze mit einem Ölgehalt von 60% hergestellt und die Autoxydation und Verfilmung derselben untersucht. Trans‐trans‐Dienfettsäuren oxydierten am schnellsten, behinderten aber die Durchtrocknung. Letztere ist von dieser verzögernden Wirkung und dem Gesamtgehalt an konjugierten Dien‐Fettsäuren abhängig. Die Härte der Filme, nach 7 Tagen gemessen nach Sward‐Rocker, ist eine Funktion der Gesamtmenge konjugierter und nicht konjugierter Polyenfettsäuren.
Über Sorptionsvorgänge von Carbonsäuren an Haarkeratin
Authors: Reese G.
Published: November 2006

Es wurden Methoden zur Messung der Adsorption von Carbonsäuren an Haarkeratin ausgearbeitet. Die verschiedenen Methoden zeigen gute Übereinstimmung in den Ergebnissen. Die Adsorption von Monochloressigsäure wurde in Abhängigkeit von Konzentration, Einwirkungszeit und pH‐Wert bestimmt. Weiterhin wurde die Adsorption homologer und verschieden substituierter Carbonsäuren aus wäßrigen bzw. absolut propanolischen Lösungen miteinander verglichen. Für die Adsorption der Carbonsäuren an Haarkeratin sind Dissoziation, Kettenlänge, Substitution und Lösungsmittel von entscheidender Bedeutung.
Phase Morphologies and Viscoelastic Relaxation Behaviors for an LCST‐Type Polymer Blend Composed of Poly(methyl methacrylate) and Poly[(α‐methyl styrene)‐co‐acrylonitrile]
Authors: Zuo Min , Zheng Qiang
Published: November 2006

Summary: Small amplitude oscillatory shear rheology is employed to investigate the linear viscoelastic behavior of the LCST‐type PMMA/α‐MSAN polymer blends as a function of annealing temperature and time. The results reveal that when temperature approaches the separation temperature, the blends exhibit some characteristic of complex thermorheological behavior, such as a shoulder in the dynamic storage modulus G′ or the linear relaxation modulus G(t), the appearance of a loss tangent (tan δ) peak and the additional relaxation in the relaxation spectrum H(τ). All of these can be attributed to the enhanced concentration fluctuations near the phase boundary. The anomalous pretransitional behavior can be quantified to yield the binodal temperature from the inflexion of variation and the spinodal temperature on the basis of the mean field theory. Furthermore, the linear viscoelastic properties of the phase‐separated PMMA/α‐MSAN (80/20) blends can be described well by either Palierne's or Bousmina's emulsion model in virtue of the calculated $\alpha /\bar R_v$ value in the whole frequency region.

Morphology images of 80/20 PMMA/α‐MSAN blends annealed for 4 h at 180 °C observed from phase contrast microscope.

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Morphology images of 80/20 PMMA/α‐MSAN blends annealed for 4 h at 180 °C observed from phase contrast microscope.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Chem. Phys. 21/2006
Authors: Miyasaka Atsushi , Sone Takeyuki , Mawatari Yasuteru , Setayesh Sepas , Müllen Klaus , Tabata Masayoshi
Published: November 2006

Cover: The graphic shows an ESR method to deduce cis and trans geometrical structures of poly(phenylacetylene)s, with or without a halogen at the para‐position, which were prepared with a {Rh(norbornadiene)Cl}2–TEA catalyst in ethanol. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by A. Miyasaka, T. Sone, Y. Mawatari, S. Setayesh, K. Müllen, and M. Tabata* on page 1938.
Fabrication of Patterned Conducting Polymers on Insulating Polymeric Substrates by Electric‐Field‐Assisted Assembly and Pattern Transfer
Authors: Wei Ming , Tao Zhenghong , Xiong Xugang , Kim Myunghwan , Lee Jun , Somu Sivasubramanian , Sengupta Sandip , Busnaina Ahmed , Barry Carol , Mead Joey
Published: November 2006

Summary: The use of electrostatically addressable templates for the directed assembly of conducting polymers and pattern transfer to another polymer substrate is demonstrated. Doped conducting polyaniline was selectively assembled on the patterned template assisted by a DC electric field. Adding an insulated silicon dioxide layer onto the surface of the silicon wafer is critical to the formation of patterned PANi rather than a PANi film. After deposition, it was demonstrated that by compression molding or solution casting methods, patterned PANi can be completely transferred to a secondary polymer substrate, such as an NBR sheet or a polyurethane film. The conductivity of PANi lines on the PU film was found to be as high as 0.87 S · cm−1. The simple one‐step assembly process for patterning conductive polymers and transfer provides a promising nanomanufacturing approach for cost‐effective and high performance flexible nanoelectronics and biosensors.

Optical image of PANi‐assembled templates with patterned gold lines connected to negative electrodes at 10 V for 1 min.

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Optical image of PANi‐assembled templates with patterned gold lines connected to negative electrodes at 10 V for 1 min.
Influence of Phase Miscibility on the Crack Propagation Kinetics of Nanostructured Binary S‐(S/B)‐S Triblock Copolymer Blends
Authors: Satapathy Bhabani Kumar , Staudinger Ulrike , Thunga Mahendra , Lach Ralf , Weidisch Roland
Published: November 2006

Summary:The crack propagation kinetics of binary styrene‐(styrene/butadiene)‐styrene triblock copolymer blends based on one with symmetrical (LN4) and another with asymmetrical (LN3) molecular architecture is discussed with respect to post‐yield crack‐tip blunting and stable crack propagation behavior while highlighting the dynamic mechanical properties of the blends. The crack‐tip opening displacement (CTOD) rate is revealed to be sensitive to phase behavior, which is in agreement with a transition in phase miscibility in a critical composition range of 40–60 wt.‐% of LN3. Analyses ofR‐curves from CTOD‐values reveal that kinetics of crack propagation is controlled by phase behavior, whereas the resistance to stable crack initiation is largely dependent on the composition. Our investigation offers new possibilities to tailor and optimize the crack resistance (crack propagation stability) of block copolymer blends through the control of phase miscibility and hence, fundamentally, adds a new dimension to the development of novel materials based on toughened nanostructured polymers.

Crack resistance curves for LN3 blends having different compositions.

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Crack resistance curves for LN3 blends having different compositions.
Strain hardening of polymer glasses: Effect of entanglement density, temperature, and rate
Authors: Hoy Robert S. , Robbins Mark O.
Published: November 2006

The strain hardening behavior of model polymer glasses is studied with simulations over a wide range of entanglement densities, temperatures, strain rates, and chain lengths. Entangled polymers deform affinely at scales larger than the entanglement length as assumed in entropic network models of strain hardening. The dependence of strain hardening on strain and entanglement density is also consistent with these models, but the temperature dependence has the opposite trend. The dependence on temperature, rate, and interaction strength can instead be understood as reflecting changes in the flow stress. Microscopic analysis of local rearrangements and the primitive paths between entanglements is used to test models of strain hardening. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3487–3500, 2006
Movement of dieldrin through soils: I.—From arable soils into ponds
Authors: Edwards C. A. , Thompson A. R. , Beynon K. I. , Edwards M. J.
Published: November 2006

Dieldrin at a rate of 22–45 kg active ingredient/ha (10–20 times the rate used in practice) was applied to strips, each 1·8–3·6 m wide, 3·6–4·5 m away from the edges of four ponds. There were shallow to steep slopes from the treated strips towards the ponds.

Dieldrin was found in small amounts in untreated soil on the surface of the slopes between the treated strips and the ponds but none was found in the pond water. Very small amounts (maximum 0·3 ppm) were found in bottom mud of ponds but not when the dieldrin had been thoroughly incorporated into the treated soil after application.

In the experiment where the vertical distribution of dieldrin was studied the largest amount below 15 cm was 1·1 ppm at 81 weeks from application.
Comparison of the disappearance of eight organophosphorus insecticides from soil in laboratory and in outdoor experiments
Authors: Bro‐Rasmussen F. , Noddegaard E. , Voldum‐Clausen K.
Published: November 2006

The persistence of eight granular organophosphorus insecticides in one loam‐type soil was studied in both laboratory experiments under controlled conditions and in outdoor experiments, by comparison of disappearance curves in semi‐logarithmic co‐ordinate systems. The pesticides studied were: Aphidan (O,O‐di‐isopropyl‐S‐ethyl‐sulphinyl methyl dithiophosphate), bromophos, chlorfenvinphos, dichlo‐ fenthion, dimethoate, mecarbam and trichloronate.

The comparisons confirm that a strict control of several parameters (e.g. water content of the soil and temperature) is needed for the quantitative description of disappearance rates. However, a reasonably good agreement in the relative order of persistence was found in the experiments and a tentative classification of the eight insecticides according to degree of persistence in the soil is suggested.

Metabolites were found to be present in the soil from two of the compounds, but the contributions to total residues and, accordingly, the influence on persistence evaluation from these were not included owing to lack of definite identifications and finalised determinations.
Retention and distribution of dry powder and liquid formulations of insecticides and fungicides on commercially dressed cereal seed
Authors: Lord K. A. , Jeffs K. A. , Tuppen R. J.
Published: November 2006

Analysis of samples of seeds, mostly wheat, treated commercially with insecticides and fungicides showed that many carried much less than the theoretical dose, some less than one‐tenth.

The average loadings of seeds treated with dry powder formulations were nearly always small, but the distribution of insecticide between seeds was fairly uniform. The average loading of seeds treated with liquid formulations was closer to the target, but the distribution was irregular, most of the seeds carrying little insecticide and a few seeds amounts large enough to be phytotoxic.

Insecticides applied as dry powders do not adhere strongly to the seeds, but they remain in association with seeds contained and carried in bags. Applied as liquids, insecticides are difficult to remove from seeds. The ratio of insecticide to fungicide on seeds dressed with powders containing both usually resembled the ratio in the original powder. With liquid seed dressings of insecticide and fungicide applied separately in different formulations, the ratio of insecticide to fungicide often differed widely from the theoretical. The average loading of fungicide was close to the target, but the average amount of insecticide was often much less.

With either wet or dry dressings, the amount of pesticide on seeds was consistently greater from some merchants than from others. This was independent of the machinery used. Loadings were not consistently affected by type of seed‐dressing machinery or formulation, stage of operation, weather or variety of seed.
Dichlorvos concentrations in the air of houses arising from the use of dichlorvos PVC strips
Authors: Elgar K. E. , Steer B. D.
Published: November 2006

Trials have been carried out in order to determine the concentrations of dichlorvos that occur in the air of houses when “VAPONA”

“VAPONA” is a Shell trade mark.

strips are placed under conditions of normal domestic use. The ten trials were conducted in the U.K., Australia and France in the years 1967 to 1970. Two trials were also carried out in the U.K. with a shorter, slightly thicker product [6.5 in strip (16.5 cm)] of the same basic formulation.

Samples of air were taken at regular intervals throughout the 3 or 4 month period of each trial and the samples were analysed for dichlorvos by an enzyme inhibition – ΔpH method.

The results from more than 3000 samples of air showed that the great majority of values (97.2%) were 0.1 μg dichlorvos per litre of air or less. Values ranged from less than 0.01 μg/1 to 0.24 μg/l, the higher concentrations being associated with houses closed because of the absence of the householders or with several strips in place in the house, or both.

In each trial the dichlorvos concentration in the air rose rapidly and then fell exponentially. In temperate area trials, the concentration was at its highest 1 to 2 weeks after placing the strips, the geometric mean of all the values at this time being 0.04 μg/1 and 3 months after placement the mean concentration was 0.01 μg/1.

In the two trials with the 6.5 in (16.5 cm) product, concentrations in air were in one of these no different and in the other slightly lower than from the 10 in (25.4 cm) strip, the rate of decline of the concentrations of dichlorvos being the same in both trials.

Observation strongly suggests that ventilation is the most important factor in determining the level of dichlorvos in the air of a room. In the trials in Brisbane, Australia, where houses are constructed to allow a flow of air and where doors and windows are open day and night, concentrations of dichlorvos were low initially and quickly fell below the limit of determination.

The effect of increased ambient temperature is to increase the rate of emission of dichlorvos from the strip. However, in general, it seems that the increased ventilation associated with higher temperatures outweighed the increased rate of emission of insecticide since concentrations in air tended to fall with increasing temperature.

Some rooms, especially kitchens, are smaller than the volume recommended for placement of strips (30 m3 per strip). However, statistical analysis of the results shows that initial concentrations in kitchens are no higher than in other rooms, and that the rate of decline of concentrations in kitchens is significantly higher than in other rooms.
Phosphate flow into mycorrhizal roots
Authors: Sanders Francis E. , Tinker P. Bernard
Published: November 2006

Ectotrophic mycorrhizas have been studied intensively and their value to some tree species is well known. Endotrophic mycorrhizas have received less attention and their potential value to plants has only been fully substantiated within the last 12 years. Responses of the host to mycorrhizal infection seem always to be associated with improved phosphorus nutrition of the plant. The mechanism whereby this occurs is considered. There is evidence that the ultimate limitation on phosphorus uptake by a simple cylindrical root is the diffusion impedance in the soil around it, and that widely spreading hyphae effectively short‐circuit this impedance. Some data on hyphal length, and estimated net flux of phosphorus through the hyphae are given, with a discussion of possible mechanisms driving this flux.
Genetics of resistance of pyrethroid‐selected houseflies, Musca domestica L.
Authors: Farnham Andrew W.
Published: November 2006

Four resistance factors were isolated genetically from the NPR strain of houseflies (Musca domestica L.), which resists natural pyrethrins, and were characterised toxicologically. The four factors were : pen, which reduces the rate of penetration of insecticides through the cuticle; kdr‐NPR, a general pyrethroid resistance mechanism unaffected by the synergist sesamex; py‐ses, a mechanism of resistance to natural pyrethrins that can be suppressed by sesamex; and py‐ex, a factor that gives strong resistance to synergised natural pyrethrins and to the new synthetic esters, e.g. resmethrin, but little or none to natural pyrethrins alone.
Spray deposit measurement by fluorescence
Authors: Sharp Rex B.
Published: November 2006

The addition of a fluorochrome to the spray liquid gives a sensitive method of measuring spray deposits on foliage, soil, wood and paper substrates by extraction and direct estimation techniques. The fluorochromes in current use are described under the headings of water‐soluble dyes, oil‐soluble dyes and pigments. A brief description of the fluorimeter is followed by an account of the way it is used to measure the soluble fluorochromes. Properties of the fluorochromes which are relevant to their use as spray tracers are discussed under the headings of emission spectra, calibration, effect of pH changes and fluorescence stability. A final section on the application of these techniques also gives an indication of extensions to the work.
Structural aspects of the knockdown of pyrethroid
Authors: Briggs Geoffrey G. , Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F.
Published: November 2006

The polarities of pyrethroids and their performance as knockdown and killing agents against houseflies are discussed. The optimum polarity for knockdown is here shown to be greater than that needed for kill, probably because knockdown depends on relatively rapid penetration through the cuticle into the haemolymph and thence to the site of action.
Differences in light stability of some carboxylic acid anilide fungicides in relation to their applicability for seed and foliar treatment
Authors: Buchenauer Heinrich
Published: November 2006

Irradiation of carboxin, furcarbanil, pyracarbolid, cyclafuramid, benodanil, mebenil and oxycarboxin by u.v. light (254 nm) for 4 h resulted in 97, 64, 58, 50, 20, 18 and 15% inactivation, respectively. Photoinactivation of the different compounds in aqueous solution or in the solid state was much slower in sunlight than in u.v. light and stability increased in the following order: carboxin < furcarbanil ≤ cyclafuramid ≤ pyracarbolid < mebenil ≤ benodanil < oxycarboxin. The residues of carboxin and furcarbanil on the leaf surface of bean plants were almost completely inactivated after 40 h exposure to sunlight; cyclafuramid lost 85% of its activity. The toxicity of leaf deposits of pyracarbolid, mebenil, benodanil and oxycarboxin decreased by 83, 53, 50 and 41%, respectively after 80 h in sunlight. The compounds with low photostability (e.g. carboxin, furcarbanil and cyclafuramid) are recommended mainly for controlling seed‐ and soil‐borne fungi; pyracarbolid, mebenil, oxycarboxin and benodanil, which proved to be more photostable, appear to be useful fungicides to control rust diseases. Among several photochemical decomposition products of carboxin detected, the sulphoxide and sulphone were identified.
Effect of some herbicides on freshwater algae
Authors: Robson T. Oxendale , Fowler Margaret C. , Barrett Philip R. F.
Published: November 2006

The activity of 12 herbicides was tested against various freshwater algae found in Britain. Three of the most troublesome species, Cladophora glomerata L., Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum Katz., and Vaucheria dichotoma Ag. were all susceptible to methylthio‐1,3,5‐triazines. Terbutryne and cyanatryn were the most active and both killed C. glomerata and R. hieroglyphicum at 0.05 mg/litre. The concentration of terbutryne had to be increased to 0.1 mg/litre to control V. dichotoma. Asulam and WSCP (2.0 mg/litre), metflurazone and HZ5914 (1.0 mg/litre), copper sulphate (1.0 mg copper ion/litre) and cutrine (2.0 mg copper ion/litre) had no visible effect on the algae. Diquat (1.0 mg cation/litre) did, however, control C. glomerata and R. hieroglyphicum although, in natural conditions, the algae quickly recovered after treatment. Success with diquat (2.0 mg/litre) against V. dichotoma in laboratory experiments was not achieved in a field experiment.
Toxicity of pyrethroids to larvae of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). II. Factors determining the effectiveness of permethrin at ultra‐low volume
Authors: Reay Richard C. , Ford Martyn G.
Published: November 2006

Factors determining theeffectiveness of permethrinat ultra‐low volume against larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) were investigated using a modified Potter tower. Higher mass application rates for 95 % control were necessary when permethrin was used as a residual deposit compared with direct contact plus residual deposit action. Mortality was increased by adjusting droplet density, although the optimum number of drops/ unit area depended on the mass application rate. When mass application rate and droplet density were held constant, mortality increased inversely with the mean droplet diameter. The implications of these results for field applications are discussed.
The biochemical mode of action of some modern anthelmintics
Authors: Coles Gerald C.
Published: November 2006

The possible biochemical modes of action of levamisole, morantel, benzimidazoles and salicylanilides are discussed. It is concluded that the modes of action of none of these anthelmintics is properly understood, but it seems likely that levamisole and pyrantel act on the nematode nervous system, benzimidazoles affect cellular integrity and the uncoupling properties of salicylanilides could enable them to act at several sites.
Praziquantel—a new cestocidea
Authors: Thomas Herbert , Andrews Peter
Published: November 2006

Praziquantel is a new chemotherapeutic agent with high activity against juvenile and adult cestodes. The juvenile cestodes tested include Hymenolepis nana, Cysticercus fasciolaris, C. pisiformis, C. tenuicollis, C. bovis. The fully effective doses range from 25–100 mg/kg host. All adult tapeworms tested (Taenia pisiformis, T. hydatigena, T. ovis, T. taenaiformis, Dipylidium caninum, Mesocestoides corti, Echinococcus multilocularis, E, granulosus) of dogs and cats and several Moniezia species of sheep were killed by doses up to 5 mg/kg host. Praziquantel is effective in vitro at very low concentrations. First studies on the mechanism of action in H. diminuta have shown that praziquantel acts on the carbohydrate metabolism of the parasite.
Stereochemical and chiral aspects in the synthesis of 3‐(2,2‐ dihalovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids
Authors: Kondo Kiyosi , Takashima Toshiyuki , Negishi Akira , Matsui Kiyohide , Fujimoto Tamotsu , Sugimoto Kikuo , Hatch Charles E. , Baum Jonathan S.
Published: November 2006

The synthesis of (1RS)‐cis,trans‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid by dehydrohalogenation of 4,6,6,6‐tetrahalohexanoates has been modified to produce stereo‐selectively the cis‐isomer. A new stereospecific synthesis of cis‐3‐(2,2‐dihalovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids using a bicyclic lactone and its extension to the preparation of the optically active (1R)‐cis acid are described.
Metabolic chemistry of pyrethroid insecticides
Authors: Casida John E. , Ruzo Luis O.
Published: November 2006

This review of studies on 20 pyrethroids with nine different acid moieties and ten different alcohol moieties reveals a diversity of functional groups undergoing metabolism in mammals, insects, other organisms, and microsomal esterase and oxidase systems. Seventy‐nine metabolites are identified from the cis‐isomer of permethrin and transpermethrin but fewer from other pyrethroids examined in less detail. The sites and rates of metabolic attack on each pyrethroid depend on the organism or system. Metabolism of pyrethoids by esterase and oxidase action usually limits their toxicity to mammals more than to insects, thereby conferring useful selective toxicity properties.
Reversed‐phase chromatography as a general method for determining octan‐1‐ol/water partition coefficients
Authors: Ellgehausen Holm , D'Hondt Christian , Fuerer Richard
Published: November 2006

Reversed‐phase high‐pressure liquid chromatography (h. p. l. c.) and thin‐layer chromatography (t. l. c.), on commercially available, reversed stationary phases, were used to determine the octan‐1‐ol/water partition coefficients (P) for 20 non‐ionic organic chemicals, consisting mainly of known pesticides in common use. Good correlation was found between log P values and both the logarithms of the capacity factor (k′), obtained by h. p. l. c., and the Rm values derived from t. l. c. The methods were found to be applicable over a range of more than six orders of magnitude in P values. In addition, the relation is shown between the P values of organic chemicals and their solubilities in water and in octan‐1‐01.
Antifeeding effect of cypermethrin and permethrin at sub‐lethal levels against Pieris brassicae larvae
Authors: Tan Keng‐Hong
Published: November 2006

An antifeeding (feeding deterrent) response by first‐ and fifth‐instar larvae of Pieris brassicae was shown to be significant at sub‐lethal levels of cypermethrin and permethrin, using leaf‐discs treated with the pyrethroids by dipping. Permethrin was slightly more effective than cypermethrin both as an insecticide and as an antifeedant against fifth‐instar larvae, but the reverse order of effectiveness was observed, with a marked difference in mortality, against newly‐hatched larvae. When 1‐day‐old fifth‐instar larvae were continuously given leaf discs treated with a solution of the pyrethroid (1 mg litre−1), up to the time of pupation, both cypermethrin and permethrin induced a significant extension of the larval period, with a reduction in the maximum larval and pupal weights, as well as a reduction in the total leaf‐area consumed. However, at higher levels of both pyrethroids, lowering the temperature induced some irritancy, as indicated by regurgitation and frequent uncoordinated wriggling movements of the fifth‐instar larvae. The advantages of cypermethrin as a protectant and as an antifeedant over permethrin are discussed.
Inactivation of deltamethrin on stored wheat
Authors: Hargreaves Phillip A. , Bengston Mervyn , Alder Jacquelin
Published: November 2006

Residues of deltamethrin on wheat grain of 12% moisture content, stored in the laboratory at 25°C, remained constant within experimental error over a 15‐month interval. However, the biological activity of the residues against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) declined to 78% of the initial value at 3 months, and to 65% at 15 months after application. Inactivation of a proportion of the intact residues is indicated.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XXVII. Esters of pulegenic and related acids
Authors: Elliott Michael , Janes Norman F. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S.
Published: November 2006

A report by Staudinger and Ruzicka of the insecticidal activity of an ester of pulegenic acid with mixed naturally derived alcohols had not been examined further, and had been misinterpreted in a review. Therefore, two isomeric pulegenic and nine related acids were synthesised, characterised and esterified with modern, more effective, pyrethroidal alcohols. The pulegenic esters were inactive, but low activity was found in esters of acids in which the 5‐membered ring was additional to, rather than a replacement for, the cyclopropane ring.
Adsorption of systemic fungicides and a herbicide by some components of plant tissues, in relation to some physicochemical properties of the pesticides
Authors: Barak Eran , Dinoor Amos , Jacoby Benjamin
Published: November 2006

Lignin, an important component of plant tissues, adsorbed five systemic fungicides and one herbicide (carbendazim, triadimefon, nuarimol, triarimol, fenarimol and fluometuron) more strongly than bovine serum albumin, cellulose, ethylcellulose or sodium polygalacturonate. Significant correlations were found between the extent of the adsorption of the pesticides on the lignins extracted from three different plant species, and the log Poet (Poet is the octan‐1‐ol/water partition coefficient) of the compounds. The more lipophilic fungicides triarimol and fenarimol (log Poet about 2.6) were adsorbed to the greatest extent. Fluometuron, triadimefon and nuarimol (log Poet about 2.0) were moderately adsorbed, whereas carbendazim with the lowest log Poet (1.34 at pH 5.0), was adsorbed more than expected from its Poet value. The anomaly of carbendazim is discussed; it is ascribed to it's partial protonation at pH 5.0, whereas the other pesticides were non‐ionised.
The pattern of cross‐resistance to insecticides and juvenile hormone analogues in a diflubenzuron‐resistant strain of the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis boisd
Authors: El‐Guindy Mohsen A. , Abdel‐Sattar Mostafa M. , El‐Refai Abdel Rahman M.
Published: November 2006

The rate of development of resistance to diflubenzuron in a laboratory susceptible strain of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisd., the pattern of cross‐resistance exhibited by the resistant strain to several insecticides and juvenile hormone analogues, as well as the synergistic action of piperonyl butoxide (PB) and S, S, S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (TBP) with insecticides or diflubenzuron on both strains, were investigated. Resistance to diflubenzuron increased slightly in the first eight selected generations and was enhanced by further selection until in generation 30, the selected strain attained the high level of resistance of 290.7‐fold, compared with the parent strain. The resistant strain when challenged with either insecticides or juvenile hormone analogues at selected generations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30) exhibited different levels of resistance to several insecticides representing organochlorine and organo‐phosphorus compounds, carbamates and pyrethroids, but a clear case of negative correlation was indicated between resistance to diflubenzuron and juvenile hormone analogues. With regard to the synergistic action of PB and TBP on the toxicity of either diflubenzuron or insecticides against the fourth‐instar larvae of the susceptible strain, methomyl showed slight levels of synergism when it was combined with them. With the exception of cypermethrin, which was not affected by the two synergists, lower levels of synergism were observed with the compounds endrin, diflubenzuron and fenvalerate when they were combined with the same synergists. These two synergists however, antagonised the toxic action of the organophosphorus compounds phosfolan and chlorpyrifos. Against the resistant strain, endrin was moderately synergised by TBP but only slightly by PB. Slight levels of synergism were observed when methomyl, phosfolan and diflubenzuron were combined with either synergist, but both antagonised chlorpyrifos and fenvalerate. Resistance to diflubenzuron and to the other tested chemicals in the resistant strain was scarcely affected by the two synergists.
The sub‐lethal activity of amidines on insects and acarids
Authors: Giles David P. , Rothwell David N.
Published: November 2006

A number of straight‐chain and cyclic amidines at sub‐lethal concentrations elicit a variety of responses from target organisms, usually expressed as a disruption of normal behaviour, leading to reduced feeding of lepidopterous larvae and tick detachment, or reduced fecundity. These effects are particularly evident in Acarina and Lepidoptera, but can also be seen in members of other insect orders. In some previously unpublished experiments, it was demonstrated that some of these compounds act as ‘locomotor stimulants’ to decrease the feeding of lepidopterous larvae. This type of activity probably results from the interaction of these compounds with aminergic in the case of some compounds identified as octopaminergic neurotransmitter/neuromodulator systems in the target organisms. It is not always clear, however, to what extent this type of activity contributes to the control of pests in the field situation.
An experimental approach to the photolysis of pesticides adsorbed on soil: Thidiazuron
Authors: Klehr Meinolf , Iwan Jörg , Riemann Jürgen
Published: November 2006

An experimental procedure has been developed for conducting photolysis studies with pesticides adsorbed by soil surfaces. In these experiments, solutions of thidiazuron were sprayed on segments of a 0.5‐mm layer of soil covering a glass plate. The soil surface was irradiated using simulated sunlight. The light source was a xenon arc in combination with glass filters that absorbed light of wavelength <290 nm. During irradiation, one half of the sprayed areas was covered to obtain nonirradiated samples. After various time intervals, groups of three irradiated and three non‐irradiated segments of the soil were scraped off and extracted; the extracts were analysed. Information was obtained on the photoproducts formed and on the kinetics of photodegradation of thidiazuron.