bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conjugate heat transfer effects on bubble growth during flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels
Authors: Odumosu Odumuyiwa A. , Li Hongying , Wang Tianyou , Che Zhizhao
Published: December 2024

Flow boiling in microchannel heat sinks is an efficient way to dissipate high heat flux by utilizing the large surface-to-volume ratio and high latent heat. Previous studies of boiling heat transfer in microchannels mainly consider the fluid flow in channels only, but often neglect the conjugate effects of the heat conduction in the solid wall, which becomes important for microchannels because of the comparable sizes of the flow channel and the solid wall. In the present study, the effects of conjugate heat transfer on bubble growth during flow boiling in microchannels are examined by numerical simulation. The results indicate that the bubble growth is non-uniform for different bottom wall thicknesses or different solid materials even with the same heat flux at the wall. As the bottom wall thickness increases, the bubble growth rate increases because of the heat conduction in the solid wall along the channel direction. The increased bubble size also increases the perturbation to the flow field, and enhances the thermal convection between the fluid and the wall. For different solid materials, the high-thermal-diffusivity material possesses a higher heat transfer performance because of the quick diffusion of thermal energy from the heat source to the solid–fluid interface.
On the effects of the gaseous atmosphere in jetting and ultra-fine spraying from bubble bursting
Authors: López-Herrera J. M. , Gañán-Calvo A. M.
Published: December 2024

The compressibility effects of the gaseous atmosphere on bubble bursting and collapse on a liquid surface, with emphasis on their implications for sea spray aerosol production and the atmosphere, are analyzed in this work using numerical simulation. The Ohnesorge number (Oh) is maintained around a critical value (Oh ∼ 0.033) corresponding to optimal conditions for the generation of smaller droplets at higher velocities. Numerical simulations show that despite reaching local densities around 40% of the atmospheric baseline during the late stages of bubble collapse, the surrounding gas density has minimal effect on the size and number of ejected droplets as the high-speed jet emerges, and no significant deviations from previous incompressible gas models are observed. However, the number and size of ejected droplets vary with the level of numerical discretization. In this regard, our simulations show that the number of droplets at the smallest length scales reached can be orders of magnitude larger than previously reported. This is observed almost independently of the level of discretization, as long as sufficient accuracy is ensured, and implies that factors, such as the variability of local conditions and the presence of contaminants, or even thermal fluctuations at this smallest scale, could further influence ultrafine aerosol production. These results reemphasize the role of bubble-bursting jets as key players in the critical droplet size spectra from the sea surface that affect primary and secondary aerosol and cloud formation.
Numerical study of underwater oil spill diffusion in complex hydrodynamic environments
Authors: Ji Xinran , Wang Shihao , Lin Xianchuan , Wang Daoru , Yang Zhiwen , Zou Li
Published: December 2024

Waves and currents are key dynamic factors that influence the diffusion of underwater oil spills. To study the behavior of such spills under complex hydrodynamic conditions, an oil spill diffusion numerical model was established and physically verified by model test data. The drift and diffusion of crude oil from seabed to surface under current, wave, and wave–current coupling conditions were analyzed. The results reveal that under the wave–current coupling condition, the oil spill diffusion exhibits the movement characteristics of oil particles influenced by both currents and waves. The oil particles oscillate with water particles while simultaneously diffusing in the direction of the water flow. The rising speed of oil droplets is fastest in still water but slows significantly under the influence of waves and currents. The shape of the oil slick at the leakage point is related to the hydrodynamic conditions. The oil slick diffuses vertically upwards in still water. While in current and wave conditions, it takes on “C” and “Z” shapes, respectively. Under the influence of the wave–current coupling, the slick spreads in an “S” shape. Moreover, the faster the oil spill, the more significant the entrainment effect, leading to an intensified lateral and vertical diffusion of the oil particles. These research findings offer valuable insights for tracking underwater oil spill trajectories during accidents.
High-speed programming with threshold division for RRAM-based neural network accelerators
Authors: Du Xiangyu , Chen Taiping , Su Man , Li Zhen , Tong Peiwen , Wang Wei , Cao Rongrong
Published: December 2024

RRAM-based neural network accelerators offer significant improvements in energy efficiency and throughput for machine learning and artificial intelligence. However, it is challenging to transfer trained neural network weights to RRAM arrays precisely due to non-ideal characteristics such as read noise and write variability. A write-verify strategy is commonly employed to adjust the RRAM cells within acceptable error margins. However, this process is time-consuming and resource-intensive. In this work, a high-speed programming strategy based on threshold division is proposed, inspired by magnitude-based network pruning. The relationship between threshold conductance and programming error is systematically investigated by allowing a larger programming error for cells below the threshold. Results of experiments on MLP and LeNet-5 networks demonstrate that the programming speed is enhanced by 3.41 times and 2.39 times, respectively. This strategy provides a novel method for fast transfer of weights in large-scale RRAM-based neural network accelerators.
Measurement of mixed materials and analysis of plutonium isotope ratio based on fast neutron multiplicity
Authors: Li Kaile , Li Sufen , Cai Xingfu , Huo Yonggang , Wang Fei
Published: December 2024

Fast neutron multiplicity measurement technology has achieved good measurement results for single fission nuclide materials, such as uranium and plutonium. However, when measuring mixed materials, the deviation is large, and it is necessary to obtain the proportion of each isotope in advance by other analysis methods. Therefore, in this paper, the liquid scintillation detection model is built by Geant4, and the variation characteristics of Rossi-α distribution and coincidence gate factors fd and ft are analyzed. It is found that Rossi-α distribution is sensitive to the spatial layout of the detection system, and the disturbance of fd and ft will cause large deviation to the measurement results, and the effect is opposite. The fast neutron multiplicity measurement of the mixed materials was studied, and the measurement results were corrected by the isotope abundance ratio and the rated spontaneous fission yield of each isotope. On this basis, a calculation method of isotope mass ratio based on fast neutron multiplicity measurement is also proposed. The mass ratio of each isotope can be inversely solved by fast neutron multiplicity equation and modified multiplication coefficient. The method is proved to be accurate and effective, and the deviation is within 10%. It reduces the difficulty of solving mixed materials, expands the method of isotope abundance measurement, and promotes the development of verification technology.
Study on the mechanical behavior and energy evolution mechanism of coal samples with water content under dynamic load: Field and experimental tests
Authors: Wang Xiulei , Shen Rongxi , Wang Xi , Gu Zhoujie , Zhang Lingyan , Tan Enhu , Yan Shi , Wang Enyuan , Zhao Enlai
Published: December 2024

In the process of coal mining, the mechanical properties of coal are very important for safety production. Especially under the coupling of water and rock, the mechanical behavior of coal becomes more complex, increasing the difficulty and danger of coal mining. This article adopts a combination of theoretical research and engineering practice to deeply study the dynamic characteristics and failure features of water bearing coal, and establishes a corresponding constitutive model based on Weibull distribution. The experimental results show that the dynamic tensile strength of dried coal samples is higher than that of the other three types of coal samples with different moisture contents. However, under high strain rate conditions, the tensile strength of saturated coal samples is greater than that of unsaturated coal samples, indicating that the strengthening effect of water on the coal body gradually offsets the degradation effect. In addition, based on the widely used Kelvin Voigt model, factors were introduced to modify the statistical damage variables, resulting in a higher fitting accuracy between the modified damage constitutive model and the experimental curve. In addition, the energy consumption relationship of water containing coal is studied, and the dissipated energy index K is defined. It was found that the dissipated energy index K of water bearing coal during uniaxial impact is remarkably consistent with its dynamic strength. The higher the strength, the greater the K value, indicating that more energy is consumed during the failure process. Finally, based on engineering practice, the antiscouring effect of coal seam water injection is tested. By comparison, it can be seen that the frequency and energy of vibration events in coal seam 68003 significantly decreased after water injection, indicating that with the increase in water injection time, the toughness of the coal body improves and the brittle characteristics of the failure process weaken.
KDM5D histone demethylase mediates p38α inactivation via its enzymatic activity to inhibit cancer progression
Authors: Chen Jingying , Wang Ting , Zhang Dongzhe , Wang Huiling , Huang Zhiang , Yang Zhongxin , Li Jizhuo , Hu Tianyi , Wang Xin , Li Xia
Published: December 2024

The p38 MAP kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway plays pivotal roles in various cellular processes. Phosphorylation serves as a canonical way to regulate p38α activation through a phosphorylation cascade. Thus, understanding the mechanism governing p38α phosphorylation is important. The present study demonstrated that p38α undergoes methylation at K165, which promote its phosphorylation in tumor cells. Inhibition of p38α methylation impairs p38α phosphorylation, repressing tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, KDM5D is a demethylase that interacts with p38α, mediating demethylation at K165 and inhibiting p38α phosphorylation. Moreover, KDM5D is expressed at low levels in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and high KDM5D expression is positively correlated with cancer survival. KDM5D markedly inhibits cell proliferation and migration via inactivating p38α, thereby slowing cancer progression in xenograft models. In summary, these findings highlight KDM5D as a demethylase of p38α at K165, elucidating a unique role for lysine demethylation in integrating cytoplasmic kinase-signaling cascades. The present results revealed the critical role of KDM5D in suppressing tumor progression, suggesting that KDM5D can serve as a potential drug target for combating hyperactive p38α-driven lung cancer.
Endo-IP and lyso-IP toolkit for endolysosomal profiling of human-induced neurons
Authors: Hundley Frances V. , Gonzalez-Lozano Miguel A. , Gottschalk Lena M. , Cook Aslan N. K. , Zhang Jiuchun , Paulo Joao A. , Harper J. Wade
Published: December 2024

Plasma membrane protein degradation and recycling are regulated by the endolysosomal system, wherein endocytic vesicles bud from the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm and mature into endosomes and then degradative lysosomes. As such, the endolysosomal system plays a critical role in determining the abundance of proteins on the cell surface and influencing cellular identity and function. Highly polarized cells, like neurons, rely on the endolysosomal system for axonal and dendritic specialization and synaptic compartmentalization. The importance of this system to neuronal function is reflected by the prevalence of risk variants in components of the system in several neurodegenerative diseases, ranging from Parkinson’s to Alzheimer’s disease. Nevertheless, our understanding of endocytic cargo and core endolysosomal machinery in neurons is limited, in part due to technical limitations. Here, we develop a toolkit for capturing EEA1-positive endosomes (termed Endo-IP) and TMEM192-positive lysosomes (termed Lyso-IP) in stem cell-derived induced neurons (iNeurons). We demonstrate its utility by revealing the endolysosomal protein landscapes for stem cells and cortical-like iNeurons, and profiling endosomes in response to potassium-mediated neuronal depolarization. Through global profiling of endocytic cargo, we identify hundreds of transmembrane proteins, including neurogenesis and synaptic proteins, as well as endocytic cargo with predicted SNX17 or SNX27 recognition motifs. By contrast, parallel lysosome profiling reveals a simpler protein repertoire, reflecting in part temporally controlled recycling or degradation for many endocytic targets. This system will facilitate mechanistic interrogation of endolysosomal components found as risk factors in neurodegenerative disease.
Te Araroa, New Zealand’s Long Path
Authors: Fu Shanshan , Carr Neil
Published: December 2024

Te Araroa is the 3000 km long hiking trail that winds along the length of New Zealand. Opened in 2011, the trail is relatively young, but its popularity is fast rising. This case study provides an overview of Te Araroa, incorporating its evolution, characteristics, associated hiking activity, and trail management. Alongside Te Araroa’s growing reputation, multiple concerns have emerged, including hiker safety, environmental impacts, and the stress on trail infrastructure and management, which pose challenges to Te Araroa’s future well-being. Consequently, this case study seeks to promote understanding of Te Araroa and raise awareness amongst the public, students, and researchers regarding the challenges Te Araroa is facing. In doing so, the case study calls for increased efforts to ensure the trail’s sustainability.

Information

© The Authors 2024
Non-canonical CDK6 activity promotes cilia disassembly by suppressing axoneme polyglutamylation
Authors: He Kai , Sun Xiaobo , Chen Chuan , Luc San , Robichaud Jielu Hao , Zhang Yingyi , Huang Yan , Ji Biyun , Ku Pei-I , Subramanian Radhika , Ling Kun , Hu Jinghua
Published: December 2024

Tubulin polyglutamylation is a posttranslational modification that occurs primarily along the axoneme of cilia. Defective axoneme polyglutamylation impairs cilia function and has been correlated with ciliopathies, including Joubert Syndrome (JBTS). However, the precise mechanisms regulating proper axoneme polyglutamylation remain vague. Here, we show that cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), but not its paralog CDK4, localizes to the cilia base and suppresses axoneme polyglutamylation by phosphorylating RAB11 family interacting protein 5 (FIP5) at site S641, a critical regulator of cilia import of glutamylases. S641 phosphorylation disrupts the ciliary recruitment of FIP5 and its association with RAB11, thereby reducing the ciliary import of glutamylases. Encouragingly, the FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitor Abemaciclib can effectively restore cilia function in JBTS cells with defective glutamylation. In summary, our study elucidates the regulatory mechanisms governing axoneme polyglutamylation and suggests that developing CDK6-specific inhibitors could be a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance cilia function in ciliopathy patients.
TDLAS based gas absorption spectrum detection system for the college physics experimental teaching
Authors: Xu Linguang , Zhang Gang , Ge Qiang , Zhou Sheng , Li Jingsong
Published: December 2024

Laser absorption spectroscopy, grounded in the Lambert–Beer law, stands out as a prevalent non-destructive testing method within optical gas sensing technology. It finds extensive applications across atmospheric environment monitoring, industrial process control, combustion diagnosis, and biomedicine. Within this study, a pioneering gas absorption spectrum detection system is introduced, leveraging LabVIEW programming and tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. This system is tailored for college physics education, enabling undergraduates to grasp the fundamental workings of optical gas sensing technology. Methane (CH4) is selected as the target gas molecule for its relevance in environmental dynamics and the push towards carbon neutrality. Investigative experiments delve into diverse spectral line parameters impacting the gas absorption signal profile, as prescribed by the theoretical underpinnings of laser spectroscopy. The teaching methodology proposed herein blends theoretical concepts with hands-on experimentation, fostering a deep student interest in the exploration of gas sensing technologies within the college physics domain.
Quantum correlations dynamics in qubit–qutrit system under magnetic and dephasing field
Authors: Noman Muhammad , Shah Khushnood , Tenemeza Kenfack Lionel , cui Wei , ur Rahman Atta
Published: December 2024

We investigate a hybrid qubit–qutrit system exposed to both a magnetic field and classical dephasing noise. The quantum system’s characteristics encompass diverse parameters, including spin-exchange interaction, dephasing, and the magnetic field. To incorporate thermal effects, we employ the system’s Hamiltonian to generate an initial qubit–qutrit density matrix within the framework of the Gibbs density operator. Furthermore, we model dephasing effects on the initial thermal state of the system using an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. We employ geometric discord, negativity, and entropic coherence functions to depict the quantum correlations across various parameter settings. Our results reveal that initially, quantum correlations attain non-maximal values, with their dynamics intricately reliant on the underlying system parameters. Specifically, when the system is primarily characterized by the magnetic field, we observe heightened levels of quantum correlations. Additionally, temperature-based characterization is found to have the most detrimental effect on the state. Geometric discord is observed to capture a higher degree of quantum correlations, albeit saturating rapidly at zero compared to entanglement and coherence. Finally, we investigated the effects of common environmental coupling and more pronounced non-Markovian dynamics in the system, revealing an enhanced preservation of quantum correlations. These modifications allow for prolonged coherence and entanglement, underscoring the potential of structured environmental interactions to mitigate decoherence effects and sustain quantum correlations over time.
A paradigm of microbe-mediated green nano-semiconductors and nano-metals
Authors: Khosla Ajit , Chaudhary Vishal , Zhang Hui
Published: December 2024

Semiconducting and metallic nanomaterials are essential building blocks for developing modern-age technologies, and their demand is expanding exponentially with a growing population. However, their processing impacts the ecosystem and requires urgently sustainable solutions. This perspective underlines the emergence of microbe-mediated (bacteria, yeast, fungi, microalgae, viruses, cyanobacteria) green nanomaterials, including metal-based, carbon-based, organic and hybrid nanomaterials, with technical challenges of scalability, stability and cytotoxicity restricting their transition from lab-to-market. Besides, it discusses alternative solutions by integrating digital-age technologies like artificial intelligence to establish these green nano-semiconductors/metals for multidimensional applications and subsidizing the UN’s sustainable development goals and one health management.
Artifact identification and removal methodologies for intracranial pressure signals: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Bergmann Tobias , Vakitbilir Nuray , Gomez Alwyn , Islam Abrar , Stein Kevin Y , Sainbhi Amanjyot Singh , Silvaggio Noah , Marquez Izzy , Froese Logan , Zeiler Frederick A
Published: December 2024

Objective. Intracranial pressure measurement (ICP) is an essential component of deriving of multivariate data metrics foundational to improving understanding of high temporal relationships in cerebral physiology. A significant barrier to this work is artifact ridden data. As such, the objective of this review was to examine the existing literature pertinent to ICP artifact management. Methods. A search of five databases (BIOSIS, SCOPUS, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library) was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Review. The search question examined the methods for artifact management for ICP signals measured in human/animals. Results. The search yielded 5875 unique results. There were 19 articles included in this review based on inclusion/exclusion criteria and article references. Each method presented was categorized as: (1) valid ICP pulse detection algorithms and (2) ICP artifact identification and removal methods. Machine learning-based and filter-based methods indicated the best results for artifact management; however, it was not possible to elucidate a single most robust method. Conclusion. There is a significant lack of standardization in the metrics of effectiveness in artifact removal which makes comparison difficult across studies. Differences in artifacts observed on patient neuropathological health and recording methodologies have not been thoroughly examined and introduce additional uncertainty regarding effectiveness. Significance. This work provides critical insights into existing literature pertaining to ICP artifact management as it highlights holes in the literature that need to be adequately addressed in the establishment of robust artifact management methodologies.
Target shape matching of a 1D lithium-ion battery actuator array
Authors: Gonzalez Cody , Shan Shuhua , Frecker Mary , Rahn Christopher
Published: December 2024

Large volume change in Si anodes can be harnessed to produce lithium-ion (Li-ion) pouch cells that change shape when charged and discharged. In this paper, complex, tailorable three-dimensional shapes are modeled with multiple 1D Li-ion battery (LIB) actuators connected in parallel by a compliant membrane-like material. A shape matching, design optimization is conducted to match these multimorph actuators against complex three-dimensional target shapes. Three-dimensional shapes in LIBs might readily be used for mobile soft robot applications such as minimally invasive surgical tooltips, shape-morphing structural batteries, and active custom rehabilitative aids. This paper models the compliant, membrane-like material as springs that align and transmit force between the actuators. Three case studies are presented that optimize membrane interactions in multi-member actuators. Important results include the successful shape matching of a multi-member, bimorph actuator optimized to shape match a complex 3D shape with less than three percent error. In bimorph multi-actuators, shape error is reduced by enforcing design variable symmetry and implementing different state of charge (SOC) to further reduce the number of design variables. Thus, for design optimization of multi-actuator batteries, enforcement of symmetry is recommended with design variables to include both differential SOC (or equivalent actuation strain parameter) and active layer coating thickness to achieve complex, tailorable shapes with a LIB actuator array. Differential SOC is further discovered to allow for the decoupling of bending and SOC allowing for more tailorable battery actuator applications.
Protocols and methodologies for acquiring and analyzing critical-current versus longitudinal-strain data in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x wires
Authors: Cheggour Najib , Marks Emsley L
Published: December 2024

In the literature on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x
(Bi-2212) superconducting wires, it is evident that measurement protocols for transport critical-current I
c versus longitudinal strain ϵ and definitions of the so-called ‘strain limit’ are generally dissimilar. Yet, values obtained for the ‘strain limit’ are frequently assimilated to being those of the irreversible strain limit ϵ
irr, regardless of the I
c degradation-criterion used to define it. In effect, ϵ
irr should correspond specifically to the I
c(ϵ) irreversibility onset, where crack formation in Bi-2212 filaments presumably starts. Because I
c(ϵ) degradation remains progressive over a fairly wide strain range beyond ϵ
irr, the different I
c degradation-criteria in use do not yield to the same result and, thus, are not equivalent from metrology perspective. Indeed, in studying densified samples of a modern Bi-2212 round wire, we found ϵ
irr ≈ 0.4% and ϵ
5% ≈ 0.6% (ϵ
5% being the strain where I
c degrades by 5%). In this paper, we outline and suggest I
c(ϵ)-measurement protocols and data-analysis methodologies in the hope to converge the various approaches taken for studying Bi-2212 strain properties and, thus, remove related result discrepancies. A unified approach would enable more objective data comparisons among laboratories and among different Bi-2212 conductors. It would pave the way for more rigorous studies of effects potentially associated with wire design, powder, heat treatments, and other such parameters on the conductor’s strain properties.
Reply to Comment on ‘No circular birefringence exists in a chiral medium: an analysis of single-mode refraction’
Authors: Hu Zhi-Juan , Li Chun-Fang
Published: December 2024

Based on their finding that the circularly polarized Beltrami fields are solutions to their eigenvalue equation (7), the authors of preceding Comment claim that the linearly polarized basis is inapplicable to light waves in an isotropic chiral medium. We show that the analysis is flawed. The reason is twofold. Firstly, we prove that the Beltrami fields are, by definition, not a polarization basis for both the electric and magnetic fields of light waves in the chiral medium. Secondly, we demonstrate that linearly polarized and circularly polarized waves in the chiral medium are on the same footing if the electric and magnetic fields, rather than the Beltrami fields, are considered.
Pulsational mode stability in complex EiBI-gravitating polarized astroclouds with (r,q)-distributed electrons
Authors: Ray Dipankar , Karmakar Pralay Kumar
Published: December 2024

The pulsational mode of gravitational collapse (PMGC) originating from the combined gravito-electrostatic interaction in complex dust molecular clouds (DMCs) is a canonical mechanism leading to the onset of astronomical structure formation dynamics. A generalized semi-analytic model is formulated to explore the effects of the Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) gravity, non-thermal (r,q)-distributed electrons, and dust-polarization force on the PMGC stability concurrently. The thermal ions are treated thermo-statistically with the Maxwellian distribution law and the non-thermal electrons with the (r,q)-distribution law. The constitutive partially ionized dust grains are modeled in the fluid fabric. A spherical normal mode analysis yields a generalized linear PMGC dispersion relation. Its oscillatory and propagation characteristics are investigated in a judicious numerical platform. It is found that an increase in the polarization force and positive EiBI parameter significantly enhances the instability, causing the DMC collapse and vice versa. The electron non-thermality spectral parameters play as vital stabilizing factors, and so on. Its reliability and applicability are finally outlined in light of astronomical predictions previously reported in the literature.
Quantum manipulation of asymmetric Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering in controllable dynamical Casimir arrays
Authors: Li 李 Ruinian 瑞年 , Long 龙 Yumei 玉梅 , Zhang 张 Xue 雪
Published: December 2024

We design dynamical Casimir arrays (DCA) consisting of giant atoms and coupled resonator waveguides (CRWs) to investigate the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering at finite temperatures. Our designed system exhibits an asymmetry in its structure, which is caused by the differences in the sizes and the coupling positions of the giant atoms. The system achieves different types of EPR steering and the reversal of one-way EPR steering by modulating parameters. Furthermore, the symmetry and asymmetry of the system structure, in their responses to parameter modulation, both reveal the asymmetry of EPR steering. In this process, we discover that with the increase in temperature, different types of steering can be transferred from Casimir photons to giant atoms. We also achieve the monogamy of the multipartite system. These results provide important assistance for secure quantum communication, and further intuitively validating the asymmetry of EPR steering from multiple perspectives.
Inverse rendering of fusion plasmas: inferring plasma composition from imaging systems
Authors: Öztürk E. , Akers R. , Pamela S. , Peers P. , Ghosh A. ,   The MAST Team
Published: December 2024

In this work, we develop a differentiable rendering pipeline for visualising plasma emission within tokamaks, and estimating the gradients of the emission and estimating other physical quantities. Unlike prior work, we are able to leverage arbitrary representations of plasma quantities and easily incorporate them into a non-linear optimisation framework. The efficiency of our method enables not only estimation of a physically plausible image of plasma, but also recovery of the neutral Deuterium distribution from imaging and midplane measurements alone. We demonstrate our method with three different levels of complexity showing first that a poloidal neutrals density distribution can be recovered from imaging alone, second that the distributions of neutral Deuterium, electron density and electron temperature can be recovered jointly, and finally, that this can be done in the presence of realistic imaging systems that incorporate sensor cropping and quantisation.
The speed of sound in a binary gas mixture
Authors: Santosa I E , Paramita G , Limiansih K , Rinawathi G S
Published: December 2024

This article measures the speed of sound in various gas mixtures. The chopping frequency of a CO2 laser-based photoacoustic detector has been scanned to obtain the resonance frequency. Next, the speed of sound is examined from the measured frequency and the wavelength. In this experiment, three mixtures, He, H2, and O2 in nitrogen at various concentrations, have been examined. The experiment results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Investigating melting point and crystal structure of Mg-Ca alloys using parallel molecular dynamics simulations: LAMMPS and OVITO approach
Authors: Maisun H B , Latifah E , Laksono Y A
Published: December 2024

Mg-Ca alloys are widely used in industry as lightweight structural materials with good mechanical strength and biocompatible implant materials with excellent osteointegration characteristics in biomedical applications. Understanding the melting point of Mg-Ca alloys is crucial for manufacturing implants with optimal microstructure and mechanical properties. Controlling the crystal structure can enhance biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. Investigating both crystal structure and melting point ensures long-term integrity for bone healing. This study used parallel molecular dynamics simulations with LAMMPS and OVITO to examine the melting point and crystal structure of Mg-Ca alloys. The LAMMPS code with the Modified Embedded Atomic Method (MEAM) potential was employed to model the interaction between Mg and Ca atoms. Simulations varied alloy composition and cube dimension size to assess their impact on the melting point. Results indicated that adding calcium lowers the alloy’s melting point. Structural analysis with OVITO revealed significant changes during melting, including forming non-standard crystal structures alongside the HCP (Hexagonal Close-Packed) phase for Mg and FCC (Face-Centered Cubic) phase for Ca. This study enhances understanding of Mg-Ca alloys’ thermal and structural properties, aiding the development of bone implants and new materials through advanced simulations.
How student can improve their experimental ability: The effect of perception of uncertainty
Authors: Zakwandi R , Sari I M , Prakoso A S , Nurhalim A A F , Fathinah H N , Aqquilla R A , Purwasih D
Published: December 2024

This study analyzed the relationship between students’ perceptions of uncertainty in physics and their experimental skills. Data collection was conducted in two stages: uncertainty perception assessment with 85 students and experimental skills testing with 133 students. Data analysis was performed in three stages: reduction, transformation (using the Rasch model), and interpretation (qualitative and quantitative). The results showed that more than 50% of students still needed clarification in applying the concept of uncertainty during experimental activities. Most students found using the uncertainty concept challenging and confusing, indicating the need for improved teaching methods. This confusion significantly impacted students’ scores on the experimental skills test, with an average score of 55.49 out of 100. However, in contrast, the students have recognized that this approach is critical to improving the accuracy and precision of measurement results. Therefore, this finding highlights a crucial area for improvement in physics learning, particularly in enhancing students’ experimental skills by equipping them to understand and apply the concept of uncertainty.
Material characterization and dyeing efficacy of catappa leaves powder for sustainable textile applications.
Authors: Kusumastuti A , Cahyani I W N , Atika
Published: December 2024

Application of catappa (Terminalia catappa) leaves as a natural dye for textile applications was investigated. The study was focused on the effects of different filler types and solvent concentrations. The analyzed quality indicators of dye and process efficiency were water content, percentage rendement, chromaticity, and color difference. Water content was defined gravimetrically, revealing that filler type and solvent concentration significantly generated different results. Catappa leaves powder produced with maltodextrin generally had a lower water content. In comparison, those produced made by adding gum Arabic and no filler revealed higher moisture content, especially those treated using higher ethanol concentrations. The system obtained the highest percentage rendement using gum Arabic at ethanol concentrations of 96%, reaching a yield of 10.64%. Samples with maltodextrin consistently resulted in moderate yields, in which percentage rendement increased by the increase of solvent concentration. Chromaticity data indicated significant variations in lightness (L*), red-green (a*), and yellow-blue (b*) values depending on the filler type and solvent concentration. Hue angles ranged widely, demonstrating the dye’s capacity to produce diverse color shades. Color difference (dE*ab) analysis revealed considerable variability, ranging from 24.95 to 129.31. The lowest color differences were observed on a sample without filler at an ethanol concentration of 50%, indicating more consistent coloration. The study confirms the feasibility of using catappa leaves as a natural dye, with favorable extraction yield and color properties results. Samples produced by gum Arabic and ethanol concentration of 96% appeared as the optimal combination for achieving the best yield and color consistency balance. However, further optimization of the extraction and application processes is needed to enhance dye uniformity and stability. This research supports the potential of catappa leaves dye as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes in textile applications, contributing to sustainable practices in the industry.
Physics-informed Arduino uno-based water channel height monitoring sensor: STEAMscape and effective mitigation of flood hazards
Authors: Prasadana R G , Sari A F , Budimansyah A C J Z Z , Youlanda A T , Hariyono E , Hidaayatullaah H N , Utami P L , Suprapto N
Published: December 2024

The development of technology increasingly allows the integration of smart systems that can improve efficiency and comfort in various aspects of human life. This research aims to develop and implement an Arduino Uno-based water level monitoring system as part of the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) approach to increase effectiveness in dealing with flood threats. The system utilizes ultrasonic sensors to measure the water level in real time, with the data displayed on an LCD screen and sent to the control center for further analysis. The results show that the system can accurately detect water level rise and provide early warning, thus enabling quick and appropriate mitigation actions. Implementing this technology improves flood risk management and enriches the educational curriculum with practical applications of IoT technology in the context of environment and disaster. The STEAM approach in developing this system strengthens technical and analytical skills and encourages creativity and collaboration. Thus, this monitoring system contributes significantly to flood risk reduction and better water resources management and provides added value in education and technology.
Thermal emittance measurements of a bi-alkali photocathode based on the high voltage DC photogun beamline
Authors: Xu Zhongxiang , Zhao Yonglong , Liu Zhongqi , Xie Huamu , Huang Senlin , Lin Lin , Quan Shengwen
Published: December 2024

At the SRF Laboratory of Peking University, we utilized the
-100 kV high-voltage DC photogun to employ the solenoid scan
method for measuring the thermal emittance of CsK2Sb
photocathode. Various laser wavelengths were employed at very low
currents, leading to a negligible space charge effect. Additionally,
we conducted measurements of the CsK2Sb photocathode's thermal
emittance at a wavelength of 520 nm under different high voltages,
(HV), establishing that the Schottky effect caused by the high voltage
essentially unaffected the thermal emittance in the range of
50 kV ∼ 100 kV.
Physical and mechanical properties of burnt-out coal mine waste heaps
Authors: Kostenko V K , Bohomaz O P , Tavrel M I , Hlushko I O , Kostenko T V
Published: December 2024

Currently, the issue of finding new ways to process, utilize and reuse burnt-out waste heaps in order to reduce their technogenic impact on the environment becomes relevant. The presence of a porous structure in combination with undissolved properties opens up the possibility of using the burnt-out mine rock to make composite fertilizers to improve the quality of agricultural and technogenically degraded soils. The widespread use of burnt-out mine rock for the manufacture of composite soils requires the study of their physical and chemical properties and deformation characteristics. In laboratory conditions, the physical and mechanical properties of samples of burnt-out rock masses ranging in size from 1.25 to 10 mm with and without the addition of powdered soil under a load of up to 110 kN were studied. For the first time, a certain increase in load resistance was found when soil powder was added in the initial period of compression of the tested material. It was determined that the destruction of particles of burnt-out material occurs in two waves. These results indicate the presence of two strength limits in the burnt-out medium composed of two initial petrotypes.
A school that prepares for sustainability management: the case of the Palau model
Authors: Kravchenko M O , Nesterenko K O , Shabanov D A
Published: December 2024

Humanity’s transition to sustainable development requires society to have a culture of decision-making that takes into account the long-term perspective of interaction with complex systems that demonstrate a non-linear response to impacts. Modern school education does not teach to make such decisions, which may be one of the reasons why modern schooling is in crisis. To provide useful experience for real-life decision-making, the authors propose including interaction with simulation models in education. In this work, we talk about the experience of independently creating and using such a model in the educational process. The authors proposed a model that teaches how to find optimal ways of using fish stocks in several interconnected water areas. In honor of the experience of the Republic of Palau popularized by David Attenborough, this model is named Palau model. The dynamics of such a system are counterintuitive, where restrictions on fishing ultimately lead to an increase in fish catches. The work describes the logic behind the Palau model calculations and discusses its implementation using the R language that facilitates the study of its properties. In the 2021 pedagogical experiment, the model was implemented using Google Sheets for 10th and 11th-grade high school students. Despite the lack of experimental data, the experiment showed the admissibility of using such models in the real educational process. The authors consider the development and testing of similar educational tools to be promising.
Application of prefabricated retaining walls with increased shear resistance to ensure tailings dam stability
Authors: Timchenko R O , Krishko D A , Ya Kozariz V , Nastich O B , Tiutkin O L
Published: December 2024

Tailings ponds and sludge storage facilities do not currently meet modern standards that regulate the requirements for operational safety, reliability, stability and durability. The research considers new constructive solutions for retaining walls with increased shear resistance due to passive soil resistance. Schemes and designs of tailings dams are analyzed. A comparative analysis is carried out using recommended methods to determine the safety factor for the design slip curves. The regularities of the influence of multilayer nonlinearly deformed backfill and external loads are established and new principles for determining the horizontal pressure on the retaining wall are formulated. The development of new design solutions for retaining walls and calculation methods for determining the lateral pressure of multilayer backfill is an urgent scientific task. Consideration of the influence of a multilayer nonlinearly deformed massif under external loading allows formulating new principles for determining the horizontal pressure on the retaining wall.
Development of dephosphorization technology for iron ores with high phosphorus content
Authors: Oliinyk T A , Sklyar L V , Kushniruk N V , Shapovalova N N , Oliinyk M O
Published: December 2024

The main methods of removing phosphorus and sulfur from iron ores, as well as magnetite and hematite concentrates, were analyzed. For effective dephosphorization of hematite concentrates, it is necessary to use direct cationic flotation of apatite, with the help of which it is possible to remove more than 74% of phosphorus from the concentrate. As a result of the analysis of the conducted research and the synthesis of the obtained scientific results, a technology was developed for removing phosphorus from iron concentrates. This technology allows for the reduction of the phosphorus content from 0.14% to 0.04%. Chemical methods – alkaline or acid leaching with separation of the leached concentrate – are the most common ways to dephosphorylate metal-containing ores. Research on chemical methods of cleaning ores and iron ore concentrates is carried out in the following directions: leaching with alkali solutions; acid leaching at different temperatures; and leaching of impurities in autoclaves. The conditions of leaching of poor hydrogethite high-phosphorus concentrates at high and low temperatures were investigated. The proposed technology of leaching samples of poor hydrogethite high-phosphorus concentrates at high and low temperatures allows us to claim that the parameters of the firing process allow the recrystallization of iron and therefore contribute to the access of mineral acid to particles containing phosphorus.
Influence of system type and management practices on bacterial and fungal community structure in hydroponic systems: insights from commercial facilities in Ohio
Authors: Guevara Fiama , Frey Timothy , Malacrinò Antonino , Benitez Ponce Maria Soledad
Published: December 2024

Hydroponics is a method of growing plants using a nutrient-enriched solution in a controlled environment. Unlike soil-based systems, where soil acts as the primary source of microbial inoculum, hydroponic systems rely on the nutrient solution composition and controlled environment conditions to influence microbial growth, survival, and dynamics. Various studies have evaluated the occurrence of bacteria in the root zone and nutrient solution of hydroponically grown crops, however bacterial and fungal communities have not been deeply described across commercial system types and hydroponic environments. This research aimed to characterize the diversity and structure of bacterial and fungal communities in commercial hydroponic facilities and to determine how system design and management practices drive microbial variation. Lettuce leaves, roots, growth media, and nutrient solution were collected from facilities in Ohio with different system designs (nutrient film technique-NFT, deep water culture -DWC, ebb & flow, and vertical drip), and analyzed using amplicon sequencing of ribosomal markers (16S rRNA and ITS1). Analysis revealed bacterial and fungal community structures differed across habitats (leaves, roots, growth media, and nutrient solution). Factors such as system type, plant age, nutrient solution parameters (pH, EC, and temperature), and facility humidity significantly contributed to the observed community variation. This work identified bacterial genera Flavobacterium, Sphingobium, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium, and fungal genera Olpidium, Golovinomyces, and Plectosphaerella as the most abundant and prevalent in the sampled hydroponic facilities. This research enhances our understanding of microbial communities associated with commercial hydroponics and provides insights for developing strategies to manage hydroponics to improve crop production.