bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability of Runge-Kutta methods for abstract time-dependent parabolic problems: The Hölder case
Authors: González C. , Palencia C.
Published: July 2002

We consider an abstract time-dependent, linear parabolic problem
\[

u
′

(
t
)
=
A
(
t
)
u
(
t
)
,

u
(

t
0

)
=

u
0

,

u’(t) = A(t)u(t), \qquad u(t_0) = u_0,

\]
where

A
(
t
)
:
D
⊂
X
→
X

A(t) : D \subset X \to X

,

t
∈
J

t \in J

, is a family of sectorial operators in a Banach space

X
X

with time-independent domain

D
D

. This problem is discretized in time by means of an A(

θ
\theta

) strongly stable Runge-Kutta method,

0
>
θ
>
π

/

2

0 > \theta >\pi /2

. We prove that the resulting discretization is stable, under the assumption
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-vertical-bar left-parenthesis upper A left-parenthesis t right-parenthesis minus upper A left-parenthesis s right-parenthesis right-parenthesis x double-vertical-bar less-than-or-equal-to upper L StartAbsoluteValue t minus s EndAbsoluteValue Superscript alpha Baseline left-parenthesis double-vertical-bar x double-vertical-bar plus double-vertical-bar upper A left-parenthesis s right-parenthesis x double-vertical-bar right-parenthesis comma x element-of upper D comma t comma s element-of upper J comma">

‖
(
A
(
t
)
−
A
(
s
)
)
x
‖
≤
L

|

t
−
s

|

α

(
‖
x
‖
+
‖
A
(
s
)
x
‖
)
,

x
∈
D
,

t
,

s
∈
J
,

\| (A(t) - A(s) )x \| \le L|t-s|^\alpha (\|x\|+ \| A(s)x\|), \qquad x\in D, \,t,\,s \in J,

\]
where

L
>
0

L>0

and

α
∈
(
0
,
1
)

\alpha \in (0,1)

. Our results are applicable to the analysis of parabolic problems in the

L
p

L^p

,

p
≠
2

p \ne 2

, norms.
Numerical detection of symmetry breaking bifurcation points with nonlinear degeneracies
Authors: Böhmer Klaus , Govaerts Willy , Janovský Vladimír
Published: July 2002

A numerical tool for the detection of degenerated symmetry breaking bifurcation points is presented. The degeneracies are classified and numerically processed on

1
1

-D restrictions of the bifurcation equation. The test functions that characterise each of the equivalence classes are constructed by means of an equivariant numerical version of the Liapunov-Schmidt reduction. The classification supplies limited qualitative information concerning the imperfect bifurcation diagrams of the detected bifurcation points.
Computing automorphisms of abelian number fields
Authors: Acciaro Vincenzo , Klüners Jürgen
Published: July 2002

Let

L
=

Q

(
α
)

L=\mathbb {Q}(\alpha )

be an abelian number field of degree

n
n

. Most algorithms for computing the lattice of subfields of

L
L

require the computation of all the conjugates of

α
\alpha

. This is usually achieved by factoring the minimal polynomial

m

α

(
x
)

m_{\alpha }(x)

of

α
\alpha

over

L
L

. In practice, the existing algorithms for factoring polynomials over algebraic number fields can handle only problems of moderate size. In this paper we describe a fast probabilistic algorithm for computing the conjugates of

α
\alpha

, which is based on

p
p

-adic techniques. Given

m

α

(
x
)

m_{\alpha }(x)

and a rational prime

p
p

which does not divide the discriminant

disc
⁡
(

m

α

(
x
)
)

\operatorname {disc} (m_{\alpha }(x))

of

m

α

(
x
)

m_{\alpha }(x)

, the algorithm computes the Frobenius automorphism of

p
p

in time polynomial in the size of

p
p

and in the size of

m

α

(
x
)

m_{\alpha }(x)

. By repeatedly applying the algorithm to randomly chosen primes it is possible to compute all the conjugates of

α
\alpha

.
Square product of three integers in short intervals
Authors: Hajdu L. , Pintér Á.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we list all the integer triplets taken from an interval of length

≤
12
,

\leq 12,

whose products are perfect squares.
Sharp ULP rounding error bound for the hypotenuse function
Authors: Ziv Abraham
Published: July 2002

The hypotenuse function,

z
=

x
2

+

y
2

z=\sqrt {x^2+y^2}

, is sometimes included in math library packages. Assuming that it is being computed by a straightforward algorithm, in a binary floating point environment, with round to nearest rounding mode, a sharp roundoff error bound is derived, for arbitrary precision. For IEEE single precision, or higher, the bound implies that

|

z
¯

−
z

|

>
1.222

u
l
p
(
z
)

|\overline z-z|>1.222\, ulp(z)

and

|

z
¯

−
z

|

>
1.222

u
l
p
(

z
¯

)

|\overline z-z|>1.222\, ulp(\overline z)

. Numerical experiments indicate that this bound is sharp and cannot be improved.
Nonlocal invariants in index theory
Authors: Rosenberg Steven
Published: July 2002

In its original form, the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem equates two global quantities of a closed manifold, one analytic (the index of an elliptic operator) and one topological (a characteristic number). Because it relates invariants from different branches of mathematics, the Index Theorem has many applications and extensions to differential geometry, K-theory, mathematical physics, and other fields. This report focuses on advances in geometric aspects of index theory. For operators naturally associated to a Riemannian metric on a closed manifold, the topological side of the Index Theorem can often be expressed as the integral of local (i.e. pointwise) curvature expression. We will first discuss these local refinements in §1, which arise naturally in heat equation proofs of the Index Theorem. In §§2,3, we discuss further developments in index theory which lead to spectral invariants, the eta invariant and the determinant of an elliptic operator, that are definitely nonlocal. Finally, in §4 we point out some recent connections among these nonlocal invariants and classical index theory.
Algorithmic recognition of 3-manifolds
Authors: Thompson Abigail
Published: July 2002

This article discusses recent progress in algorithmically classifying 3-manifolds by homeomorphism type.
Lattice paths and Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials
Authors: Brenti Francesco
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to present a new non-recursive combinatorial formula for the Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials of a Coxeter group

W
W

. More precisely, we show that each directed path in the Bruhat graph of

W
W

has a naturally associated set of lattice paths with the property that the Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomial of

u
,
v

u,v

is the sum, over all the lattice paths associated to all the paths going from

u
u

to

v
v

, of
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis negative 1 right-parenthesis Superscript normal upper Gamma Super Subscript greater-than-or-equal-to 0 Superscript plus d Super Subscript plus Superscript left-parenthesis normal upper Gamma right-parenthesis Baseline q Superscript left-parenthesis l left-parenthesis v right-parenthesis minus l left-parenthesis u right-parenthesis plus normal upper Gamma left-parenthesis l left-parenthesis normal upper Gamma right-parenthesis right-parenthesis right-parenthesis slash 2">

(
−
1

)

Γ

≥
0

+

d
+

(
Γ
)

q

(
l
(
v
)
−
l
(
u
)
+
Γ
(
l
(
Γ
)
)
)

/

2

(-1)^{\Gamma _{\ge 0}+d_+(\Gamma )}q^{(l(v)-l(u)+\Gamma (l(\Gamma )))/2}

where

Γ

≥
0

,

d
+

(
Γ
)

\Gamma _{\ge 0}, d_+(\Gamma )

, and

Γ
(
l
(
Γ
)
)

\Gamma (l(\Gamma ))

are three natural statistics on the lattice path.
Weighted polynomial approximation in the complex plane
Authors: Pritsker Igor , Varga Richard
Published: July 2002

Given a pair

(
G
,
W
)

(G,W)

of an open bounded set

G
G

in the complex plane and a weight function

W
(
z
)

W(z)

which is analytic and different from zero in

G
G

, we consider the problem of the locally uniform approximation of any function

f
(
z
)

f(z)

, which is analytic in

G
G

, by weighted polynomials of the form

{

W

n

(
z
)

P

n

(
z
)
}

n
=
0

∞

\left \{W^{n}(z)P_{n}(z) \right \}^{\infty }_{n=0}

, where

deg
⁡

P

n

≤
n

\deg P_{n} \leq n

. The main result of this paper is a necessary and sufficient condition for such an approximation to be valid. We also consider a number of applications of this result to various classical weights, which give explicit criteria for these weighted approximations.
Perturbation expansions for eigenvalues and eigenvectors for a rectangular membrane subject to a restorative force
Authors: McLaughlin Joyce , Portnoy Arturo
Published: July 2002

Series expansions are obtained for a rich subset of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of an operator that arises in the study of rectangular membranes: the operator is the 2-D Laplacian with restorative force term and Dirichlet boundary conditions. Expansions are extracted by considering the restorative force term as a linear perturbation of the Laplacian; errors of truncation for these expansions are estimated. The criteria defining the subset of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions that can be studied depend only on the size and linearity of the perturbation. The results are valid for almost all rectangular domains.
Prescribing mean curvature: existence and uniqueness problems
Authors: Kamberov G.
Published: July 2002

The paper presents results on the extent to which mean curvature data can be used to determine a surface in

R

3

\mathbb {R}^{3}

or its shape. The emphasis is on Bonnet’s problem: classify and study the surface immersions in

R

3

\mathbb {R}^3

whose shape is not uniquely determined by the first fundamental form and the mean curvature function. These immersions are called Bonnet immersions. A local solution of Bonnet’s problem for umbilic-free immersions follows from papers by Bonnet, Cartan, and Chern. The properties of immersions with umbilics and global rigidity results for closed surfaces are presented in the first part of this paper. The second part of the paper outlines an existence theory for conformal immersions based on Dirac spinors along with its immediate applications to Bonnet’s problem. The presented existence paradigm provides insight into the topology of the moduli space of Bonnet immersions of a closed surface, and reveals a parallel between Bonnet’s problem and Pauli’s exclusion principle.
Intertwining operators into cohomology representations for semisimple Lie groups II
Authors: Donley Robert
Published: July 2002

One approach to constructing unitary representations for semisimple Lie groups utilizes analytic cohomology on open orbits of generalized flag manifolds. This work gives explicit formulas for harmonic cocycles associated to certain holomorphic homogeneous vector bundles, extending previous results of the author (Intertwining operators into cohomology representations for semisimple Lie groups, J. Funct. Anal. 151 (1997), 138–165). The key step shows that holomorphic discrete series representations and their limits are well-behaved with respect to restriction to certain submanifolds.
Quaternionic discrete series
Authors: Gordon Derek
Published: July 2002

This work investigates the discrete series of linear connected semi- simple noncompact groups

G
G

. These are irreducible unitary representations that occur as direct summands of

L

2

(
G
)

L^{2}(G)

. Harish-Chandra produced discrete series representations, now called holomorphic discrete series representations, for groups

G
G

with the property that, if

K
K

is a maximal compact subgroup, then

G

/

K

G/K

has a complex structure such that

G
G

acts holomorphically. Holomorphic discrete series are extraordinarily explicit, it being possible to determine all the elements in the space and the action by the Lie algebra of

G
G

. Later Harish-Chandra parametrized the discrete series in general. His argument did not give an actual realization of the representations, but later authors found realizations in spaces defined by homology or cohomology. These realizations have the property that it is not apparent what elements are in the space and what the action of the Lie algebra

G
G

is. The point of this work is to find some intermediate ground between the holomorphic discrete series and the general discrete series, so that the intermediate cases may be used to get nontrivial insights into the internal structure of the discrete series in the general case. The author examines the Vogan-Zuckerman realization of discrete series by means of cohomological induction. An explicit complex for computing the homology on the level of a

K
K

module was already known. Also, Duflo and Vergne had given information about how to compute the action of the Lie algebra of

G
G

. The holomorphic discrete series are exactly those cases where the representations can be realized in homology of degree 0. The intermediate cases that are studied are those where the representation can be realized in homology of degree 1. Many of the intermediate cases correspond to the situation where

G

/

K

G/K

has a quaternionic structure. The author obtains general results for

A

q

(
λ
)

{\text {A}_{\mathfrak {q}}(\lambda )}

discrete series in the intermediate case.
Transfer factors for Lie Algebras
Authors: Kottwitz Robert
Published: July 2002

Let

G
G

be a quasi-split connected reductive group over a local field of characteristic

0
0

, and fix a regular nilpotent element in the Lie algebra

g

\mathfrak g

of

G
G

. A theorem of Kostant then provides a canonical conjugacy class within each stable conjugacy class of regular semisimple elements in

g

\mathfrak g

. Normalized transfer factors take the value

1
1

on these canonical conjugacy classes.
Möbius invariant quaternion geometry
Authors: Porter R.
Published: July 2002

A covariant derivative is defined on the one point compactification of the quaternions, respecting the natural action of quaternionic Möbius transformations. The self-parallel curves (analogues of geodesics) in this geometry are the loxodromes. Contrasts between quaternionic and complex Möbius geometries are noted.
The Lawyer Policymaker
Authors: Derrig Ríán
Published: January 2025

This chapter hangs around Harold Lasswell and Myres McDougal’s earliest collaborative publication, a 1943 law journal article that argued that American legal education should train policymakers. It reconstructs core tenets of the legal theory they began to develop, later called ‘policy-oriented jurisprudence’. The chapter emphasizes the centrality of psychoanalytic social theory and of philosophical pragmatism to this jurisprudence. Lasswell’s earlier scholarship is examined and his theorization of the elite-led emergence of socialist world government is connected to the legal theory he developed with McDougal. The chapter contextualizes this story of ideas by reconstructing Lasswell’s and McDougal’s government work during the Second World War, in Lasswell’s case as a propagandist and in McDougal’s as a government lawyer and legal scholar. The chapter argues that Lasswell and McDougal are best understood as particularly effective articulators of ideas that were widely held in 1940s American legal and foreign policy circles.
An American Anti-Formalist Legal Practice
Authors: Derrig Ríán
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines how Myres McDougal used the policy-oriented jurisprudence he developed with Harold Lasswell to make the legal arguments that made this theory famous as the ‘New Haven School’. McDougal’s arguments for Saudi Arabia in the Aramco arbitration, in defence of testing thermonuclear weapons on the Marshall Islands, for the naval blockade of Cuba, and about the laws of war and in war are reconstructed. The chapter argues that an American tradition of anti-formalism was central to these arguments, as was a conception of international law as a process of claims and counterclaims, a sociological awareness of all parties in that process, and a philosophical and psychologically oriented assumption that those parties are inevitably pursuing values. It argues that McDougal’s style of argument was representative of mid-century American international law and is a style that still characterizes that field today.
Conclusion
Authors: Derrig Ríán
Published: January 2025

This chapter concludes the book by drawing the arguments of the previous chapters together. It underlines the continuing influence of the New Haven School, and addresses the widely shared contemporary experience of confusion engendered by encountering the school’s enormous treatises. The much commented upon schematic lists employed in those treatises have obscured what was actually central to the anti-formalist style of legal argument that the school represented—an anthropological and psychoanalytic theorization of individuals in social life, alongside a sociologically rich view of legal argument and of participants in law making. The chapter explains the complex legacy associated with the school’s approach, identifying interpretations that variously laud it as a precursor to American liberal internationalism or critique it as a tool of American imperial hegemony.
Explanations and Skeptical Problems
Authors: McCain Kevin
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides an overview of the book. It briefly introduces Phenomenal Explanationism (PE), which is an internalist theory of epistemic justification holding that all ultimate evidence consists of appearances and epistemic support is a matter of explanatory relations. The chapter clarifies the broad sort of skeptical challenges that will be the focus of the book. In particular, it is made clear that the skeptical problems being discussed are each targeting propositional justification. The general features of explanationism are discussed. And an outline of the rest of the book along with short summaries of the chapters that follow are provided.
Phenomenal Explanationism Revisited Part I
Authors: McCain Kevin
Published: January 2025

This chapter clarifies the account of evidence and evidence possession included in Phenomenal Explanationism (PE). In particular it explains that all ultimate evidence consists of appearances. After arguing various conceptions of appearances are mistaken, the chapter makes it clear that appearances are non-factive mental states with propositional content, mind-to-world direction of fit, and phenomenal force. Finally, the chapter distinguishes between three important classes of appearances and their features. While each kind of appearance provides some positive epistemic support for its content, they differ considerably in the degree of support provided. Mere seemings provide minimal support for their content, paired appearances provide slightly more epistemic support, and presentational appearances provide the highest degree of epistemic support of all appearances—when undefeated they provide knowledge-level justification.
Pyrrhonian Problems
Authors: McCain Kevin
Published: January 2025

This chapter displays Phenomenal Explanationism’s (PE) solution to two classic Pyrrhonian skeptical problems: the problem of the criterion and Agrippa’s Trilemma (the regress problem). With respect the problem of the criterion PE offers a non-skeptical solution that is superior to particularism, methodism, and skepticism in that it solves the problem without begging the question. When it comes to Agrippa’s Trilemma PE provides a foundationalist response. That is to say, it allows for the regress of justification to end in beliefs that are themselves justified but not on the basis of other justified beliefs. Further, it is explained why the response to this regress provided by PE is not arbitrary.
Humean Problems
Authors: McCain Kevin
Published: January 2025

The focus of this chapter is the Humean problem of induction. It is argued that Phenomenal Explanationism (PE) provides a satisfying response to inductive skepticism. However, an analogous problem arises for PE—the challenge of providing reasons for thinking that explanatory virtues are truth-conducive. The chapter argues that PE has the resources for overcoming this further challenge as well. The response that PE offers is in fact circular, but it is argued in the chapter that the kind of circularity involved in solving these inductive skeptical problems is not vicious. The solutions to these problems are the final ones offered in the book. They help solidify the viability of PE’s solutions to the skeptical problems addressed in earlier chapters and display the extent of its anti-skeptical power.
Outcomes in Implant-based Breast Reconstruction Utilizing Biosynthetic Mesh: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Arnautovic Alisa , Williams Sonya , Ash Makenna , Menon Ambika , Shauly Orr , Losken Albert
Published: January 2025

Background

Biosynthetic mesh has become increasingly popular for immediate breast cancer implant-based reconstruction as an alternative to acellular dermal matrix for soft tissue support.

Objectives

The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the various biosynthetic mesh options available as well as complications and outcomes.

Methods

PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), MEDLINE (US National Library of Medicine), and Embase (Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) were systematically reviewed for studies investigating TIGR (Novus Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden), Vicryl (Ethicon, Inc., Raritan, NJ), PDO (Poly-Med, Anderson, SC), TiLOOP (PFM Medical, Cologne, Germany), Durasorb (Integra LifeSciences, Princeton, NJ), and Galaflex (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ) meshes, and their associated outcomes. The meta-analysis was completed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and was performed to determine overall complication rates in patients who underwent breast reconstruction in which a mesh was used. Data were combined by a pooling of proportional outcomes as is inherent to meta-analysis. The heterogeneity of included studies was assessed in terms of Q and I2 statistics.

Results

A total of 24 studies investigating 6 different types of mesh in 2167 individual breasts undergoing implant reconstruction were included. Summary effect sizes were calculated for the complications. The pooled rate of seroma formation was 5.26% (Q = 23.81%, I2 = 37.01%) reported in 13 studies, hematoma formation was 2.5% (Q = 0.25%, I2 = 58.27%) reported in 9 studies, skin necrosis was 5.5% (Q = 2.86%, I2 = 423.78%) reported in 10 studies, infection rate was 4.8% (Q = 6.02%, I2 = 149.34%) in 21 studies, and implant loss was 3.85% (Q = 6.55%, I2 = 129.07%) reported in 10 studies.

Conclusions

Overall, although differences in mesh characteristics exist, the reported rate of complications is low. Biosynthetic mesh options should be taken into consideration in breast reconstruction given their demonstrated safety, significant cost advantage, and potential decrease in short-term complications in comparison to acellular dermal matrix.

Level of Evidence: 3 (Therapeutic)
Religion, Politics and Reconciliation in France: The Death of Archbishop Denis-Auguste Affre and the Revolution of 1848
Authors: O’Brien Laura
Published: January 2025

Denis-Auguste Affre, archbishop of Paris, died on 27 June 1848, two days after being shot at the barricades while attempting to parley with insurgents during the uprising known as the June Days. This Parisian insurrection is usually seen as a moment of rupture in both the French Second Republic and the European revolutions of 1848, marking a swing towards reaction and increased repression. This article argues, however, that the case of Affre—especially efforts to commemorate him by both the French republican state and the French Catholic church and to frame him as a figure of conciliation—reveals attempts to achieve greater unity, not division, in the aftermath of a bloody civil war. It looks at how Affre was constructed as a modern martyr, straddling the boundary between religious sacrifice and civic duty, drawing on a range of texts, images, devotional objects and relics. It shows how the choice of Affre as a figure for reconciliation following the June insurrection reflected broader attempts at a closer alliance between the church and the republic following the February Revolution of 1848. By revealing contested areas of commemoration, however, it argues that responses to Affre’s death simultaneously highlighted the possibility of a different path for the relationship between the Catholic church and revolutionary regimes in nineteenth-century Europe, while also exposing continuing tensions between church and state.
Guidelines and standard frameworks for artificial intelligence in medicine: a systematic review
Authors: Shiferaw Kirubel Biruk , Roloff Moritz , Balaur Irina , Welter Danielle , Waltemath Dagmar , Zeleke Atinkut Alamirrew
Published: January 2025

Objectives

The continuous integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into clinical settings requires the development of up-to-date and robust guidelines and standard frameworks that consider the evolving challenges of AI implementation in medicine. This review evaluates the quality of these guideline and summarizes ethical frameworks, best practices, and recommendations.

Materials and Methods

The Appraisal of Guidelines, Research, and Evaluation II tool was used to assess the quality of guidelines based on 6 domains: scope and purpose, stakeholder involvement, rigor of development, clarity of presentation, applicability, and editorial independence. The protocol of this review including the eligibility criteria, the search strategy data extraction sheet and methods, was published prior to the actual review with International Registered Report Identifier of DERR1-10.2196/47105.

Results

The initial search resulted in 4975 studies from 2 databases and 7 studies from manual search. Eleven articles were selected for data extraction based on the eligibility criteria. We found that while guidelines generally excel in scope, purpose, and editorial independence, there is significant variability in applicability and the rigor of guideline development. Well-established initiatives such as TRIPOD+AI, DECIDE-AI, SPIRIT-AI, and CONSORT-AI have shown high quality, particularly in terms of stakeholder involvement. However, applicability remains a prominent challenge among the guidelines. The result also showed that the reproducibility, ethical, and environmental aspects of AI in medicine still need attention from both medical and AI communities.

Discussion

Our work highlights the need for working toward the development of integrated and comprehensive reporting guidelines that adhere to the principles of Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability. This alignment is essential for fostering a cultural shift toward transparency and open science, which are pivotal milestone for sustainable digital health research.

Conclusion

This review evaluates the current reporting guidelines, discussing their advantages as well as challenges and limitations.
Unbundling power transmission and distribution: whither the incremental power distribution network reform in China?
Authors: Yan Xingyu
Published: January 2025

China adopts an incremental approach to unbundling power transmission and distribution, allowing non-state actors to fund and operate power distribution networks that are additional to existing grid-affiliated networks. However, this approach is faltering, which could compromise China’s ‘dual carbon’ agenda, considering how integral a competitive power distribution market is for accommodating the rising distributed renewables. This article analyses the market design flaws and market power abuses contributing to this approach’s faltering state. As the market design is being corrected through energy policymaking, this article discusses whether and how the market power abuses could be addressed through antitrust enforcement.
Fighting, Rescuing, and Building: The Jewish Palestinian Soldiers in Eretz Israel and Italy
Authors: Bettin Cristina , Rocca Samuele
Published: January 2025

The contribution of Jewish volunteers from Mandate Palestine who fought in the Jewish Brigade in Italy during and after World War II was threefold. First, they served militarily as members of the Allied Forces fighting Nazi Germany. Second, they rescued thousands of Jewish refugees. Third, they helped Italian Jews reconstruct their communities and Jewish life, which had been destroyed during the war. However, as this article aims to show, the contribution of these soldiers extended also to Eretz Israel. After returning from Europe, they contributed enormously to the founding of the Israeli Armed Forces, which played a crucial role in the birth and survival of the new State of Israel. This article investigates the manifold contributions of Jewish Palestinian soldiers of the Jewish Brigade in both Italy and Eretz Israel, analyzing new sources that have recently come to light. These sources include private correspondence and memoirs of several soldiers, as well as documents from Israeli and Italian archives, including those from the Italian Military Intelligence (SIM) in the Historical Archive of the Italian Army General Staff (SME) in Rome.
Structural biology
Authors: Holmes Kenneth C.
Published: July 2002

Protein crystallography has become a major technique for understanding cellular processes. This has come about through great advances in the technology of data collection and interpretation, particularly the use of synchrotron radiation. The ability to express eukaryotic genes in
Escherichia coli
is also important. Analysis of known structures shows that all proteins are built from about 1000 primeval folds. The collection of all primeval folds provides a basis for predicting structure from sequence. At present about 450 are known. Of the presently sequenced genomes only a fraction can be related to known proteins on the basis of sequence alone. Attempts are being made to determine all (or as many as possible) of the structures from some bacterial genomes in the expectation that structure will point to function more reliably than does sequence. Membrane proteins present a special problem. The next 20 years may see the experimental determination of another 40 000 protein structures. This will make considerable demands on synchrotron sources and will require many more biochemists than are currently available. The availability of massive structure databases will alter the way biochemistry is done.
Characteristics of the Hypertensive Pediatric Population of Northern Israel
Authors: Weiss Lotem , Magen Daniella , Pollack Shirley
Published: January 2025

Objectives

The overall prevalence of hypertension (HTN) among Israeli Jewish adolescents was reported to be 0.4% in males and 0.074% in females. The demographic characteristics of Northern Israeli population are unique, with a nearly equal distribution of Arab and Jewish ethnicity. We describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric hypertensive patients in northern Israel.

Design

Data was retrospectively collected from electronic medical records (EMR) of pediatric patients aged 0-18 diagnosed with HTN at Rambam Health Care Campus between 2010-2020. Demographic characteristics, etiology, end-organ damage (EOD), and medical treatment were collected and compared between specific subgroups.

Results

During the study period, 479 children diagnosed with HTN were included. Mean age at diagnosis was 9.6 years. 64% were males. BMI > 85th percentile was measured in 45%. 17% were diagnosed with primary HTN. Primary HTN was more prevalent (32%) in adolescents, the majority of Jewish ancestry. Obesity prevalence was significantly higher in primary HTN patients. EOD was more common in secondary HTN, Arab-Muslim origin, consanguinity, and younger age. At follow-up, 35.8% were without antihypertensive medications. Calcium channel blockers were the most frequently prescribed anti-hypertensives.

Conclusions

Higher rates of secondary HTN than reported in the literature were attributed to high consanguinity and resulted in extensive diagnostic procedures across all age groups, unlike AAP guidelines recommendations. Better adherence to guideline recommendations was demonstrated in patients referred to the pediatric nephrology institute, highlighting the importance of referral of HTN patients to specialized clinics.
Enhancing the Diagnostic Accuracy of Amyloid PET: The Impact of MR-Guided PET Reconstruction
Authors: Khalighi M. Mehdi , Young Christina B. , Weiss Skylar , Zeineh Michael , Davidzon Guido , Mormino Elizabeth , Zaharchuk Greg
Published: January 2025

18F-Florbetaben (FBB) uptake in the supratentorial cortex is indicative of amyloid positivity. Due to PET’s low spatial resolution, image noise, and spill-over of signal from adjacent white-matter into gray-matter, there are inconsistencies in ratings among trained readers. A set of 26418F-Florbetaben (amyloid) PET/MRI exams were reconstructed using conventional ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) method and MR-guided block sequential regularized expectation maximization (MRgBSREM) method. Images from 264 patients reconstructed by OSEM method and rated by 3 trained readers. Fifty-three exams were rated inconsistently and were mixed with another 53 exams which were rated consistently. These 106 subjects were then rated by our readers using the MRgBSREM PET reconstruction method. Centiloids (CL) were measured using both reconstruction methods. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) was calculated in frontal, anterior/posterior cingulate, lateral parietal, and lateral temporal regions for both reconstruction methods. There is significant correlation between CL measured by OSEM and MRgBSREM methods with R2=0.99. MRgBSREM enhanced the SNR in all regions by average of 21%. The number of inconsistent exams dropped by 64% using MRgBSREM method as compared with OSEM method. Using Fleiss-Kappa statistical test, the agreement between readers was raised from “Fair” to “Significant” in the 106-subjects subset. PET reconstruction with MR priors can significantly improve the consistency of ratings among trained readers. Given the prevalence of inconsistent ratings in amyloid PET, methods that enhance the ability to distinguish intermediate amyloid levels could be valuable for the widespread adoption of this modality.
ModiDeC: a multi-RNA modification classifier for direct nanopore sequencing
Authors: Alagna Nicolo , Muendnich Stefan , Miedema Johannes , Pastore Stefan , Lehmann Lioba , Wierczeiko Anna , Friedrich Johannes , Walz Lukas , Joerg Marko , Butto Tamer , Friedland Kristina , Helm Mark , Gerber Susanne
Published: January 2025

RNA modifications play a crucial role in various cellular functions. Here, we present ModiDeC, a deep-learning-based classifier able to identify and distinguish multiple RNA modifications (N6-methyladenosine, inosine, pseudouridine, 2′-O-methylguanosine, and N1-methyladenosine) using direct RNA sequencing. Alongside ModiDeC, we provide an extensive database of in vitro-transcribed and synthetic sequences generated with both the new RNA004 chemistry and the old RNA002 kit. We show that RNA modifications can be accurately recognized and distinguished across different sequence motifs using synthetic data as well as in HEK293T cells and human blood samples. ModiDeC comes with a graphical user interface that allows easy customization and adaptation to specific research questions, such as learning and classifying additional RNA modifications and further sequence motifs. The reproducibility across samples, together with the low rate of false positives, underscores the potential of ModiDeC as a powerful tool for advancing the analysis of epitranscriptomes and RNA modification.
Single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals time-dependent and cell-type-specific effects of psilocybin on gene expression
Authors: Liao Clara , O'Farrell Ethan , Qalieh Yaman , Savalia Neil K , Girgenti Matthew J. , Kwan Kenneth Y , Kwan Alex C
Published: January 2025

There is growing interest to investigate classic psychedelics as potential therapeutics for mental illnesses. Previous studies have demonstrated that one dose of psilocybin leads to persisting neural and behavioral changes. The durability of psilocybin's effects suggests that there are likely alterations of gene expression at the transcriptional level. In this study, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the dorsal medial frontal cortex of male and female mice. Samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 24, or 72 hours after psilocybin or ketamine administration and from control animals. At baseline, major excitatory and GABAergic cell types selectively express particular serotonin receptor transcripts. The psilocybin-evoked differentially expressed genes in excitatory neurons were involved in synaptic plasticity, which were distinct from genes enriched in GABAergic neurons that contribute to mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism. The effect of psilocybin on gene expression was time-dependent, including an early phase at 1-2 hours followed by a late phase at 72 hours of transcriptional response after administration. Ketamine administration produced transcriptional changes that show a high degree of correlation to those induced by psilocybin. Collectively, the results reveal that psilocybin produces time-dependent and cell-type specific changes in gene expression in the medial frontal cortex, which may underpin the drug's long-term effects on neural circuits and behavior.
An inherited mtDNA mutation remodels inflammatory cytokine responses in macrophages andin vivo
Authors: Marques Eloïse , Burr Stephen P. , Casey Alva M. , Stopforth Richard J. , Yu Chak Shun , Turner Keira , Wolf Dane M. , Dilucca Marisa , Tyrrell Victoria J. , Kramer Robbin , Kanse Yamini M. , Powell Chris A. , Stewart James B. , Murphy Michael P. , Minczuk Michal , O’Donnell Valerie B. , Bryant Clare E. , Chinnery Patrick F. , Kaser Arthur , von Kriegsheim Alexander , Ryan Dylan G.
Published: January 2025

Impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in macrophages can drive hyperinflammatory cytokine responses1–6, but whether this may also be caused by inherited mtDNA mutations is unknown. Here, we address this question using a multi-omic approach that integrates super-resolution imaging and metabolic analyses to profile macrophages from a mouse model of mitochondrial disease arising from a heteroplasmic mutation (m.5019A>G) in the mitochondrial tRNA for alanine7. These m.5019A>G macrophages exhibit defects in respiratory chain complexes and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) due to decreased intra-mitochondrial translation. To adapt to this metabolic stress, mitochondrial fusion, reductive glutamine metabolism, and aerobic glycolysis are all increased. Upon inflammatory activation, type I interferon (IFN-I) release is enhanced, while the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxylipins are restrained in m.5019A>G macrophages. Finally, anin vivoendotoxemia model using m.5019A>G mice reveal elevated IFN-I levels and sickness behaviour. In conclusion, our study identifies an unexpected imbalance in innate immune signalling in response to a pathogenic mtDNA mutation, with important implications for the progression of pathology in patients with mtDNA diseases8.
Effects of Single-Session Perturbation-Based Balance Training with Progressive Intensities on Resilience and Dynamic Gait Stability in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Zhu Ringo Tang-Long , Schulte Friederike A. , Singh Navrag B. , Ma Christina Zong-Hao , Easthope Chris Awai , Ravi Deepak K.
Published: January 2025

Single-session perturbation-based balance training (PBT) has demonstrated improvements in dynamic stability during the initial step following perturbation in older adults. However, its broader effects on comprehensive balance recovery remain inconclusive. This pilot randomized controlled trial investigated the impact of personalized single-session PBT on reactive balance control during walking, employing advanced stability analysis techniques. Ten participants in the training group underwent a single session consisting of 32 unpredictable treadmill-induced slips and trips of progressively increasing intensity, while ten participants in the control group engaged in unperturbed treadmill walking. Key outcome measures included margin of stability (MoS) parameters: minimum MoS and the number of recovery steps, and resilience parameters: peak instability and recovery time, assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and three months post-intervention following an unexpected treadmill slip. The training group exhibited significant immediate and sustained improvements (p < 0.05) in minimum MoS values, alongside a notable reduction in peak instability (p < 0.05) immediately post-intervention. These changes were not observed in the control group. However, neither group demonstrated significant alterations in the number of recovery steps or recovery time across the assessment periods. In conclusion, single-session PBT enhanced reactive balance control by improving the magnitude of post-perturbation responses, but it did not significantly influence the speed of recovery to baseline conditions.
Misspelled-word reading modulates late cortical dynamics
Authors: You Jiaxin , Saranpaa Aino , Lindh-Knuutila Tiina , Vliet Marijn van , Salmelin Riitta
Published: January 2025

Literate humans can effortlessly interpret tens of thousands of words, even when the words are sometimes written incorrectly. This phenomenon suggests a flexible nature of reading that can endure a certain amount of noise. In this study, we investigated where and when brain responses diverged for conditions where misspelled words were resolved as real words or not. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to track the cortical activity as the participants read words with different degrees of misspelling that were perceived to range from real words to complete pseudowords, as confirmed by their behavioral responses. In particular, we were interested in how lexical information survives (or not) along the uncertainty spectrum, and how the corresponding brain activation patterns evolve spatiotemporally. We identified three brain regions that were notably modulated by misspellings: left ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOT), superior temporal cortex (ST), and precentral cortex (pC). This suggests that resolving misspelled words into stored concepts involves an interplay between orthographic, semantic, and phonological processing. Temporally, these regions showed fairly late and sustained responses selectively to misspelled words. Specifically, an increasing level of misspelling increased the response in ST from 300 ms after stimulus onset; a functionally fairly similar but weaker effect was observed in pC. In vOT, misspelled words were sharply distinguished from real words notably later, after 700 ms. A linear mixed effects (LME) analysis further showed that pronounced and long-lasting misspelling effects appeared first in ST and then in pC, with shorter-lasting activation also observed in vOT. We conclude that reading misspelled words engages brain areas typically associated with language processing, but in a manner that cannot be interpreted merely as a rapid feedforward mechanism. Instead, feedback interactions likely contribute to the late effects observed during misspelled-word reading.
Representational drift reflects ongoing balancing of stochastic changes by Hebbian learning
Authors: Eppler Jens-Bastian , Lai Thomas , Aschauer Dominik , Rumpel Simon , Kaschube Matthias
Published: January 2025

Recent evidence indicates that even under stable environmental and behavioural conditions responses to sensory stimuli undergo continuous reformatting over the course of days, a condition described as representational drift. However, the processes underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Examining the dynamics of signal and noise correlations among neuron pairs in chronic calcium imaging experiments in the mouse auditory cortex, we investigate how activity-dependent, Hebbian-like plasticity, and activity-independent, stochastic synaptic processes contribute to representational drift. We found that signal correlations predict future noise correlations, suggesting that stimulus-induced co-activation leads to increased effective connectivity between neuron pairs. Moreover, simple linear network models were able to account for the observed temporal dependencies between signal and noise correlations, but only if both Hebbian-like plasticity and stochastic changes of either inputs or recurrent synapses contribute to representational drift. In conclusion, our findings suggest that continuous sensory input-driven Hebbian-like plasticity can balance ongoing stochastic synaptic changes, thereby preventing the network’s functional degradation.
Family Beats School? Adolescents' Turnout Intention on Different Educational Tracks
Authors: Kestilä‐Kekkonen Elina , Sipinen Josefina , Söderlund Peter
Published: January 2025

Studies on political socialisation reveal that children and adolescents develop attitudes towards political processes long before they can actively participate in politics. This study, using panel data on Finnish adolescents (n = 1331), investigates how adolescents' turnout intention evolves as they approach the official voting age, particularly examining the influence of different educational trajectories on turnout intention among those from politically engaged and unengaged family contexts. Schools play a vital role in political learning, especially for young people without political discussions at home. While family remains the primary agent of socio‐political learning, schools offer opportunities to bridge inequalities in political engagement arising from family background and social class. In Finland, education diverges into general and vocational tracks after age 15–16, with significant differences in civic education emphasis. Our results show, perhaps unsurprisingly, that adolescents living with parents who vote more frequently and engage in frequent discussions at home exhibit higher turnout intention. However, while the turnout intention trajectories do not vary based on educational track, we observe that the trajectories converge among general track students, thus mitigating participation gaps according to family background.
Avatrombopag in adults with immune thrombocytopenia: A multicentre real‐life observational study in Madrid, Spain (AVAMAD study)
Authors: Pascual‐Izquierdo Cristina , Llacer‐Ferrandis Mª. Jose , de‐la‐Iglesia Almudena , Monsalvo‐Saornil Silvia , Menor‐Gómez María , Gil‐Fernández Juan Jose , Chica‐Gullon Esther , Álvarez‐Román María Teresa , Perez‐Segura Gloria , Zafra Denis , Ortuzar‐Pasalodos Ariana , González‐Gascón‐y‐Marín Isabel Teresa , Moreno Gemma , Arquero‐Portero Teresa , Moreno‐Carbonell Marta , Revilla Nuria
Published: January 2025

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare acquired disorder where thrombopoietin‐receptor agonists have become mainstays of ITP treatment. With the recent approval of avatrombopag (AVA), real‐world studies are essential to evaluate its efficacy and safety. Our study of 66 adult ITP patients treated with AVA showed a high response rate. After starting AVA, 74.2% did not require rescue medications, with minimal adverse effects. Additionally, 56.0% of patients reduced other ITP medications, and all patients aged ≥65 years responded to AVA. Results should be confirmed in larger studies, but AVA appears to be an effective and safe treatment for ITP patients.
Turbulent Diplomatic Relations in the Middle East: Israel, Denmark, and UNTSO Chief Vagn Bennike
Authors: Levitan Nir , Kjærsgaard Kristine
Published: January 2025

Against the background of international conflict, UN efforts to preserve peace have often inadvertently created complications between member states. When the UN was deploying peacekeeping forces to the Middle East in response to the Israeli‐Arab conflict in 1948, conflicting priorities arose for Israel, the Arab nations, and also for Denmark. The following case study presents the early Danish involvement in peacekeeping within United Nations activities in the Middle East and its challenges. On the one hand, Denmark wanted to promote a high profile in the UN observation mission and to be seen as a strategic partner for peace on the world stage. On the other hand, Denmark did not want to damage relations with Israel which enjoyed a high degree of political capital in Danish circles. The Danish Foreign Office put forward Major General Vagn Bennike to be Chief of the UNTSO peacekeeping forces in 1953. His role was to supervise the ceasefire Agreements between Israel and its neighbors. Instead of guiding the parties to a more peaceful and stable process, the weakness of Bennike's diplomacy resulted in the parties adopting an even greater violent and aggressive policy. This article examines how this one individual influenced the UN peacekeeping forces and put in motion a chain of events that tested Danish–Israeli relations.