bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Entrepreneurship: Agency in a Globalizing World
Authors: Grenier Paola
Published: November 2023

The main purpose of this chapter is to explore how human action, the agency so clearly apparent in social entrepreneurship, can influence what at first seem to be the agent-less processes of globalization. Another purpose is to explore how social justice and social change are pursued globally, when economics and finance seem to rule. The argument presented here is that social entrepreneurship cannot be fully understood as a significant societal phenomenon without locating it within the increasingly dominant global processes of economic and social integration (Bornstein 2004; Martin 2004). Similarly the impact and potential of social entrepreneurship depend on its ability to engage with the often unpredictable and erratic unfolding of globalization as it is felt differentially across the world. Social entrepreneurship, it will be suggested, is not simply about changing national practices and systems, or even of spreading beneficial social innovations internationally. Rather, it is about the abilities and opportunities of those pursuing social justice within the loosely defined field of social entrepreneurship to create global platforms and networks through which they can interact with and influence globalization, and start to fashion better worlds across the globe.
Rhetoric, Reality, and Research: Building a Solid Foundation for the Practice of Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Anderson Beth Battle , Dees J Gregory
Published: November 2023

The practice of social entrepreneurship may be quite old, but as a distinct field of academic inquiry, it is still in its infancy. It appears that the first dedicated course in this arena was launched at Harvard Business School (HBS) in Spring 1995 as part of the new Initiative on Social Enterprise. Since then, numerous other schools have launched similar courses, initiatives, and centres. This dramatic increase in activity at academic institutions represents tremendous progress in a relatively short time frame. However, a review of the top programmes reveals a potentially damaging weakness. Many of the new courses are staffed by practitioners who bring an invaluable depth of experience to this work, but who have limited research experience and are not on the regular tenure track at their institution where rigorous research is required. As a result, relative to other academic fields, social entrepreneurship is not yet blessed with a wealth of serious researchers.
The Law Of Institutional Investment Management
Authors: Setten Lodewijk Van , Fur Mag
Published: November 2023

The Law of Institutional Investment Management fills a gap for a work that describes the custom and practice of the institutional investment management industry with reference to both English law and to the European regulatory framework. The governing theme of the work is the structure of the institutional investement process. The work seeks to define the legal risks that an institutional investor who invests in the financial markets through a professional investment manager must be aware of, both in relation to the investment manager and in relation to the financial markets. The analysis addresses the key investment strategies and management styles, the investment manager’s responsibility for delivering investment returns through asset allocation and asset selection decisions, the execution of those decisions, and the management of conflicts. The discussion includes an in-depth analysis of the modi operandi of various trading venues, the structure and legal aspects of key financial market transactions (including on-exchange and OTC traded derivatives, and securities lending and repo transactions), and the legal aspects of cash and securities movements in connection with settlement and collateralisation of those financial market transactions.
Institutional Economics and the Analysis of Work
Authors: Hodgson Geoffrey M
Published: November 2023

This essay considers the contribution of the ‘old’ institutional economics to the analysis of work, work organization, and the production process. By the ‘old’ institutional economics we refer to a tradition founded in the USA and inspired by Thorstein Veblen, John R. Commons, Wesley Mitchell, and many others. The first section below gives an overview of the nature and history of the ‘old’ institutionalism. The second section addresses more specifically its contribution to the analysis of work.
Towards Collaborative Community
Authors: Adler Paul S , Heckscher Charles
Published: November 2023

In the last thirty years the celebration of the unfettered market has gained considerable momentum. There has been a sustained attack on colJective institutions-on government, large bureaucracies of all kinds, worker associations, and communal norms of equity and solidarity-and a growing chorus celebrating competition and its association with individual freedom and choice. This chapter, and indeed the whole volume that it introduces, voices a counterpoint to that chorus.
Beyond Hacker IdiocyThe Changing Nature of Software Community and Identity
Authors: Adler Paul S
Published: November 2023

Professions are often taken as prototypical of a more collegial form of community, one that can be contrasted with both traditional Gemeinschaft and modem Gesellschaft. Indeed, the collegiality of professionals doing intrinsicaJly meaningful work stands as a prefigurative model of the communist utopia of a ‘free association of producers. ‘1 The key features of professions giving them this status are their common professional socialization and their autonomy in economic status and in technical decision making.
Explaining the Limited Effectiveness of Legalistic ‘Remedies’ For Trust/Distrust*
Authors: Sitkin Sim B , Roth Nancy L
Published: November 2023

Trust is an essential element of all social exchange relations (Barber 1983, Barnard 1938, Blau 1968, Deutsch 1960, Garfinkel 1963) and collective action (Luhmann 1979, Parsons 1951). Organizational scholars have noted that coordination (Cyert and March 1963, Macaulay 1963, Williamson 1975) and control (Arrow 1974, Ouchi 1980) rest upon a foundation of trust. However, in many organizations, the level of interpersonal trust is low—particularly between management and employees (e.g., Golembiewski and McConkie 1975)—leading organizations to adopt control mechanisms (e.g., contracts, bureaucratic procedures, or legal requirements) as substitutes for trust when interpersonal relations are lacking (Fox 1974, Williams 1975). Such ‘legalistic’ mechanisms are typically adopted not only to facilitate administrative coordination (Weber 1947) but also to obtain the symbolic legitimacy that accompanies the use of institutionalized procedures (Edelman 1990, Meyer 1983, Sitkin and Bies 1993, Sitkin and Roth 1993, Yudof 1981) and to restore sufficient levels of trust necessary for activity to continue (Shapiro 1987, Zucker 1986).
Organizational Facades
Authors: Nystrom Paul C
Published: November 2023

Organizational facades enable managers to justify actions, to acquire resources, and to gain discretion. Facades help managers to achieve these objectives by creating the appearance of competence. Prevailing ideologies define what competence means, and in modernized societies, ideologies generally equate managerial competence with rationality. Since rationality connotes purposiveness and consistency, organizational facades tend to present such appearances. One dictionary (World 1960: 519) defines a facade as ‘the front part of anything: often used figuratively, with implications of an imposing appearance concealing something inferior ‘. Another dictionary (Merriam 1971: 811) defines a facade as a ‘false front ‘ and ‘a false, superficial, or artificial appearance or effect ‘.
Open Innovation: A New Paradigm for Understanding Industrial Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: November 2023

The Open Innovation paradigm can be understood as the antithesis of the traditional vertical integration model where internal research and development (R&D) activities lead to internally developed products that are then distributed by the firm. If pressed to express its definition in a single sentence, Open Innovation is the use of purposive inflows and outflows of knowledge to accelerate internal innovation, and expand the markets for external use of innovation, respectively. Open Innovation is a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as they look to advance their technology.
Open Innovation in Systemic Innovation Contexts
Authors: Keil Markku V J Maula Thomas , Salmenkaita Jukka-Pekka
Published: November 2023

The competitive consequences of different types of innovation have been one of the central themes in research on technological innovation (e.g. Mansfield 1968; Abernathy and Utterback 1978; Tushman and Anderson 1986; Henderson and Clark 1990). Studies have repeatedly shown that incumbents ability to create and to adapt to nonincremental innovation differs starkly from their ability to deal with incremental innovation (Henderson and Clark 1990; Christensen and Bower 1996). Several types of innovations have been identified that create particular challenges for incumbents.
The United States and the European Union: Comparing Two Sui Generis Systems
Authors: Sbragia Alberta
Published: November 2023

Can the study of both the EU and the United States be advanced by comparing the two? Does examination of one help us understand the other? The United States and the European Union display enough similarities and differences to accommodate both those who argue that comparison is futile and those who argue that it is necessary. This chapter is based on the premise that, while both systems have typically been analyzed in a ‘ghetto’, comparing them, would advance the scholarship on both. While both are ‘ sui generis’ in some ways, they look less like ‘Fortress Europe’ and ‘Fortress America’ when analyzed comparatively.
Eurofederalism: What Can European Union Learn From United States?
Authors: Lowi Theodore
Published: November 2023

In the opening sentence of his essay on transnational governance, Michael Zurn draws from Claus Offe the stern contention that ‘‘if the EU were to apply for membership in the EU, ‘it would not qualify because of the inadequate democratic content of its constitution’ ‘‘ (Zu¨rn 2000: 110). The same would apply to the United States. If the US Constitution (1789) and the Bill of Rights (1791) had made its principles standards of admission, only half of the original states could have met them, and no more than half of the larger number of states could have met them in 1865 or, for that matter 1905, or 1945.
Comparing Constitutional Change in the United States and the European Union
Authors: Magnette Paul
Published: November 2023

While claiming to be building a sui generis polity, European political leaders simply cannot help looking at the United States each time they contemplate a reform of the institutional arrangements of the European Union. Frequent outbreaks of anti-Americanism notwithstanding, European elites remain fascinated by this country, the pioneer of the science of federalism—and the godfather of European integration.
The Limits of Numerical Flexibility: Continuity and Change
Authors: Wood Geoffrey , Harcourt Mark , Roper Ian
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the European social employment model has come under increasing scrutiny for its relative inability, compared to its Anglo-Saxon counterpart, to generate sustained employment growth. The problem, for critics, has been that the European model provides too much employment security leading to too little numerical flexibility for employers to make adjustments to the size of their workforces. This criticism has not only come from outside Europe, but increasingly from within. In Germany, the challenge to rigid labor markets has come from the business lobby—now wishing to be freed, post-reuniflcation, from the constraints that had previously provided a useful institutional constraint on labor. This has found its way into the political arena. The 2005 general election was fought not on whether the government needed to dismantle established labor market rigidities; but at what speed. It seems likely that in France too, populist sentiment among elements within the Gaulist right, backed by business interests, may be preparing to challenge the fabled French social model, so long a focus of party consensus.
The Remaking of Work: Empowerment or Degradation?
Authors: Hyman Jeff
Published: November 2023

Though faced by accusations of vagueness, of ‘paradoxes and inconsistencies’ (Hales 2000: 511–12) and even of impoverishment (Boje and Rosile 2001), empowerment basically purports to provide a redistributive focus whereby a measure of control is transferred to employees over aspects of their work by managers, with the expectation that the resultant liberation from direct control will lead to heightened expressions of employee motivation and performance (Cunningham, Hyman, and Baldry 1996; Harley 1999). This chapter aims to examine this ostensibly straightforward process and, in particular, to question the seemingly positive transformative properties of the empowerment process. The flrst section considers the nature of empowerment. It asks whether empowerment is a single unidimensional activity or comprises a range of potentially mutually reinforcing activities that either singly or in combination can influence employee and organizational performance.
‘Bear With Me ... .’ —The Problems of Health and Well-being in Call Center Work
Authors: Baldry Chris , Taylor Phil , Bain Peter
Published: November 2023

The call or contact center is now the accepted organizational vehicle for the delivery of virtually all personal services from airline ticketing, through theater or holiday booking to insurance and banking and the public sector. The high level of integration of information and communications technologies has made the customer contact center a ‘unique working environment’ (HELA 1999) which in the UK by the end of 2003 had become the workplace of 790,000 employees, according to the DTI (Incomes Data Services 2005). Envisaging further growth, the call/contact sector is expected to grow to over 1 million employees by 2007. Walk around a call center and at flrst glance it would seem to the casual observer to be the epitome of the modern workplace: no dangerous machinery, few overtly toxic materials, carpets on the floor, maybe potted plants. Yet absence and turnover flgures for call centers in the UK remain at signiflcantly high levels and by 1999 the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) had commissioned a research program speciflcally to look at ‘the potential physical and psychological health risks associated with the working practices employed’ in call centers, subsequently issuing a set of guidelines for employers in the public sector (HSE/HELA 2001).
Spain
Authors: Jacobson Stephen
Published: November 2023

Spanish intellectuals have long ruminated over the so-called ‘problem of Spain’, the once-mighty world power that poorly confronted the challenges of modernity. Beginning just before the turn of the twentieth century and continuing until a few decades ago, intellectuals retreated into the past with the explicit intention of explaining and perhaps even overcoming the economic, cultural, and political traumas of their presents.¹ In addition to the problem of ‘backwardness’, one of the principal occurrences that provoked this endeavour was the advent of nationalism in Catalonia and the Basque Country, the two most industrialized regions of the Peninsula.
Italy
Authors: Laven David
Published: November 2023

On 16 May 1896, Francesco Crispi’s La Riforma remarked: When the national flag is raised in France, England, Germany, and Russia, people stop talking and every citizen, whatever his party, bows his head in conformity with his national duty. In Italy, on the other hand . . . people begin talking precisely when the national flag is raised.¹ In late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Italy such disillusionment with the population’s widespread indifference, even open hostility, to the newly formed nation-state was by no means confined to Crispi and his supporters. Academics, literary figures, journalists, and politicians repeatedly bewailed Italians’ want of patriotism and stressed the need ‘to educate the nation’ if needs be through ‘a baptism of blood’.
Russia
Authors: Tolz Vera
Published: November 2023

Questioning the usefulness of the distinction between the ‘ethnic’ nations of Eastern and East-Central Europe and the ‘civic’ nations of Western Europe, Rogers Brubaker has offered a more nuanced distinction ‘between state-framed and counter-state understanding of nationhood and forms of nationalism’. In the first instance, a nation is territorially and institutionally ‘framed’ by the state; in the latter it is perceived by nation-builders to be in opposition to some existing state or states. Brubaker’s classification is based on Ernest Gellner’s division of Europe into three main time zones in terms of nation-building.
Linking Dispersion–Focalization Theory and the Maximum Utilization of the Available Distinctive Features Principle in a Perceptionfor-Action-Control Theory
Authors: Schwartz Jean-Luc , Boë, Louis-Jean , Abry Christian
Published: November 2023

The ‘‘substance-based’’ approach to phonology was born some 35 years ago with two seminal contributions, one by Liljencrants and Lindblom (1972)—the first of Lindblom’s many variations on dispersion and perceptual contrast (Dispersion Theories: Lindblom 1986, 1990b)—the other, Stevens’s Quantal Theory (1972, 1989). These contributions constituted the starting point for a rich tradition of descriptive and theoretical phonetics, in which the aim is not to refute the existence of a formal phonological level with its intrinsic formal principles and rules, but, instead, to determine and, possibly, model how the emergence of such formal systems could be shaped by the perceptuo-motor substance of speech communication.
Experimental Methods in the Study of Hindi Geminate Consonants
Authors: Ohala Manjari
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I attempt to provide answers to some of the issues raised by phoneticians and phonologists about long consonants or geminates (these two terms are used interchangeably here), using an experimental approach in the analysis of Hindi geminates. A number of different methodologies have been proposed to address issues in phonetics and phonology experimentally ( J. Ohala 1995) which can be applied directly to the question being addressed or, with some creativity, modified and adapted. In the first part of the chapter, Sections 21.2–4, I report on experiments using standard experimental phonetic procedures. The second part reports on a phonological experiment for which I modified and developed an available methodology (Section 21.5). In the last part of the chapter I use a recently proposed methodology for gathering phonetic data and apply it to address some phonological questions regarding geminates (Sections 21.6 and 21.7). Although the data and claims being made are from Hindi, the methodological techniques used could be relevant to address similar issues in other languages.
Your expertise
Authors: Gardner Heidi , Morris Timothy , Anand Narasimhan
Published: November 2023

How do professional service firms create a new practice area? How should a fledgling practice be nurtured? What can derail the creation of a new practice? Our research shows that nearly half of all new practice attempts fail, often despite considerable investment of time and resources from both individuals and firms. This chapter seeks to explain why certain initiatives grow into fully fledged new practices, while others stall and fade away or fail soon after they become stand-alone practices.
Your client relationships and reputation
Authors: Uzzi Brian , Lancaster Ryon , Dunlap Shannon
Published: November 2023

The winds of change have been blowing through the law firm market during the past decade, and for many in the industry, the breeze is carrying a far-from-pleasant odour. Gone are the days of unfailingly loyal clients. Gone is the gentlemanly restraint from cherry-picking competitors’ talent. Gone are the scads of new law school graduates prepared to spend every waking moment vying for a partnership.
Your challenge
Authors: Angel Tony
Published: November 2023

The emergence of global law firms over the past decade has been one of the most remarkable developments in the history of the legal profession. It reflects those firms’ decisions to align themselves with the world’s emerging global corporates and financial institutions and their ambition to build worldwide relationships with them. As such it also reflects a very different approach to the practice of law, and one which has catapulted law firms onto a global stage.
Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategy in White Hmong
Authors: Jarkey Nerida
Published: November 2023

White Hmong (Hmoob Dawb), along with the mutually intelligible Green Mong (Moob Ntsuab), belongs to the language family referred to as Hmong-Mien by many American linguists (e.g. Ratliff 1992: 16–17), and as Miao-Yao by Chinese and some Western scholars (e.g. Enwall 1995: 16–17).
Complement Clause Type and Complementation Strategies in Matses
Authors: Fleck David W
Published: November 2023

The Matses language has only one type of complement clause, which occurs with the only complement-taking verb in the language (bun ‘want’). The rest of the notions that are often coded by complement clauses in other languages are coded in Matses by a variety of other grammatical means, including verbal morphology and two complementation strategies. The main complementation strategy is the use of adverbialized clauses, which mark inter-clausal argument tracking and are the basis of clause chaining in Matses.
Interorganizational Relations and Innovation: A Review and a Theoretical Extension
Authors: Meeus Marius T H , Faber Jan
Published: November 2023

In the past decade, the amount of research on interorganizational relations (IOR) has grown significantly. Triggered by technological development, the deepening divisions of labor, and the specialization of firms, new metaphors are coined to summarize these changes in the industrialized countries; concepts like ‘back-to- the-core business’ or ‘flexible production’ have been created to label these structural changes. The network approach, rooted in anthropology and sociology, conceives of structure ‘as patterns of specifiable relations joining social units—including both individual actors and collectives such as organizations’ (Mars- den 1990: 435). The growing attention to IOR in organization science is consistent with the growth of the phenomenon, shown in Figure 3.1.
From Theory to Practice: The Use of the Systems of Innovation Approach in Innovation Policy
Authors: Chaminade Cristina , Edquist Charles
Published: November 2023

Since the seminal work of Freeman (1987) on the Japanese national innovation system, the number of contributions to the systems of innovation approach at a national, sectoral, and regional level has grown (Lundvall 1992; Carls- son and Jacobsson 1993; Cooke, et al. 1997; Edquist 1997a; Edquist and Johnson 1997; Lundvall, Johnson, et al. 2002; Malerba 2004; Malerba and Orsenigo 1997; Nelson 1993). The academic discussion started in the political sphere in the 1990s thanks to the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which played a prominent role in promoting the use of the SI approach in the design and implementation of innovation policy in the OECD countries (Godin 2004).
How is Innovation Influenced by Science and Technology Policy Governance? Transatlantic Comparisons
Authors: Kuhlmann Stefan , Shapira Philip
Published: November 2023

What influence does the political governance of an innovation system have on innovation performance? In the science and technology policy field, this is one of those perpetually important questions, simple to ask, yet not so simple to answer, particularly since the process of answering inevitably raises further issues that need to be explained or investigated. In this chapter, we attempt to answer the question about the relationship between innovation governance and performance first by understanding practice through theory, then by testing that theory with comparative evidence.
Smith’s Law of Theft
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw
Published: November 2023

Smith’s Law of Theft has long been established as the definitive work on the subject and is frequently cited in the appellate courts. Now in its ninth edition, the book provides a detailed and critical account of the law of theft and related dishonesty offences. It contains the full, amended text of relevant legislation (notably, the Theft Acts 1968, 1978, and 1996) together with a detailed analysis of the provisions of the statutes and the extensive case law which has grown up around them. This new edition has been comprehensively rewritten and updated to take full account of the Fraud Act 2006, which has replaced the deception offences with new fraud offences. There have been major changes in other areas of law besides fraud, and the authors offer expert analysis of case law developments such as Hinks in the House of Lords on theft and gift, jurisdictional issues arising from Smith; and of procedural changes introduced by the fraud protocol and the imminent introduction of judge only trials. A whole new chapter on conspiracy to defraud is included in the new edition, and the full text of the Fraud Act and the fraud protocol are included in the appendices.
The Careers of Oxford Men
Authors: Curthoys M C
Published: November 2023

The confidence with which early nineteenth-century writers had celebrated an unbroken succession of statesmen, divines and scholars issuing forth from Oxford was not shared by the generation which followed. ‘One by one, the university has lost its hold on the great professions,’ Thorold Rogers lamented in 1861.1 A sermon delivered in 1863 by Thomas Espin, formerly a fellow of Lincoln, called the attention of the University to a historic decline in the proportion of recruits to the Church of England ministry educated at Oxford.2 In the case of the judiciary, Gladstone observed a ‘retrogression’ in 1867 from the position twenty or thirty years earlier. Fewer than half of the members of the Bench between 1850 and 1875 had been educated at Oxford or Cambridge. Local reputations were not assured of wider recognition: none of the three college fellows A. H. Clough, Mark Pattison and J. A. Froude who were candidates for professorships at the new Queen’s colleges in Ireland received appointments when the first were made in 1849. In 1872 an accumulation of evidence supported the contention of the Roman Catholic bishops, when, in opposing the restoration of a Catholic presence in the University, they argued that Oxford’s role in educating the leaders of public life was a diminishing one.
The Ashmolean Museum
Authors: G.MACGREGOR A
Published: November 2023

The role of the Ashmolean envisaged by its founder-that it should be an integrated centre for scientific research-suffered progressive erosion from the early eighteenth century as the unity of Ashmole’s foundation gradually broke down.1 In the Broad Street building the original elements of public display gallery (on the upper floor), lecture-room(s) (on the ground floor) and laboratory (in the basement) still survived in the early 1 Soos; but the museum element had effectively become isolated from the other functions and had stagnated. The lack of positive impact on the collections by the curators who ushered in the nineteenth century, William Lloyd,2 Thomas Dunbar and William Philipps,4 contrasts with indications of more intensive activity from their contemporaries on the lower floors: new apparatus for the readers in experimental philosophy and chemistry was purchased on a number of occasions, while repeated additions were made to the numbers of specimen cabinets in the ground-floor chambers of William Buckland, Professor in Mineralogy from 1813 and in Geology from 1818.5 Far from benefiting the public displays, however, these developments brought about a further drain on them, for parts of the mineral collection and the important cabinet of fossils amassed by Edward Lhuyd, Keeper of the Ashmolean from 1690 to 1709, were removed at that time from exhibition and were integrated with Buckland’s teaching collections.
Introduction*
Authors: Bruni Luigino , Comim Flavio , Pugno Maurizio
Published: November 2023

Is the road to human development paved with wealth? For a long time economists and other social scientists were convinced that promoting opulence was the best (and sometimes the only) way to achieve well-being. However, this conventional thought has been disputed during the last three decades by two different approaches that put forward distinct philosophies and methodologies to measure, evaluate, and promote human well-being and development.
Capabilities, the Self, and Well-Being*
Authors: Pugno Maurizio
Published: November 2023

The Capability Approach (CA), as is well known, originates in and is developed by Sen’s numerous works (e.g. Sen 1985a, 1987, 1992, 1999a). Its main aim is twofold: to provide a method for the assessment and measurement of individual well-being, social arrangements, and designs of welfare policies; and to propose theoretical foundations for a paradigm of human development, where human beings form the “ends” of economic activity, rather than its means. The straightforward implication is that it provides the bases for urgent policy interventions.
Subjective Measures Of Agency*
Authors: Alkire Sabina
Published: November 2023

Quite a few studies indicate that durable poverty reduction or enduring social change occurs when some poor persons, as well as others in their society, participate actively in development processes. Such is the strength of this finding that it has become a truism to advocate the “participation”and “empowerment” of persons in many dimensions—such as women’s empowerment in the market and at home, or the empowerment of local communities to hold school teachers accountable, or the inculcation of democratic practices such that communities and marginalized groups are able to articulate political demands and make their voices heard.
Why do people fall?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

increasing age medications that affect balance and alertness increasing sensory loss—vision, body sensation, vestibular sensation disability diseases, particularly stroke and Parkinson’s disease memory loss and dementia. 35 per cent of people over 65 years old and 50 per cent of those over 80 fall each year.
How do poor balance and muscle weakness contribute to falls?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

A large proportion of all falls occur because of the combination of impaired balance and weak muscles. Both of these factors become common with increasing age, and usually both are present when someone who has fallen is seen in the clinic. Trying to work out which is the major factor in any individual is often impossible, as they are inextricably linked.Muscle weakness Muscle weakness has many causes: any illness will cause muscle weakness painful joints cause loss of muscle around the joint, with weakness and a tendency for the joint to give way previous injury, surgery, or disability, especially in the legs prolonged immobility causes wasting and weakness? deconditioning—not using the muscles enough—is very common specific neurological conditions such as stroke and neuropathy lead to weakness
What is vertigo?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

The most common cause of vertigo among fallers is benign positional vertigo (BPV). This is the only cause of vertigo that can be cured easily. Vestibular neuronitis and Ménière’s disease are common causes in younger people. Other causes of vertigo are less common, and include strokes affecting the brainstem and cerebellum, migraine, tumours of the vestibular nerve, and other causes of damage to the vestibular system.The main feature distinguishing vertigo from giddiness is a feeling of sudden movement, particularly rotation. The sensation is described as being like that caused by spinning round and round and then stopping suddenly, or stepping off a roundabout that has been going round quickly. For most people this is an experience they remember from childhood, but many people find this sensation difficult to put into words.
Osteoporosis and falls
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

The combination of falls and osteoporosis leads to fractures in later life.Osteoporosis is an abnormal thinning of the bone that leads to a susceptibility to fractures. Certain fractures are much more common with osteoporosis, when they are caused typically by low impact injuries: vertebral fracture (spine) fractured neck of femur (hip) wrist fractures pelvic fractures fractured neck of humerus (upper arm) fractured fibula (ankle) fractured fifth metatarsal (foot).Osteoporosis can be treated and its progression slowed.
Fear of falling
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

causes an enormous amount of disability and dependency on others? affects the family and carers? is a common reason for going into a care home? can be treated using exercise groups and cognitive behavioural therapy.In order to stay upright we have to devote a certain amount of our attention to the processes of standing up or walking. Most of the time this takes place subconsciously, but at times, when our balance is threatened by a trip or a stumble, we suddenly become very conscious of what we have to do to stay upright. For a moment, we become afraid of falling. Some people who feel unsteady when they stand become so scared of falling that the fear itself starts to have an effect on them. Many of these people have fallen before, and do not wish to repeat the experience. Roughly an equal number have not had any falls, but are nevertheless fearful of them.Fear of falling causes a burden of disability as great as that caused by the injuries that result from falls.Fear of falling, and of its consequences, need not be confined to the person at risk of falling.
What causes falls in care homes?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

Care home residents have the greatest risk of falling of anyone in the population. Falling at home is the main reason that people go into care homes. The risk of falling is highest in the first 2 weeks, and then steadily reduces. Falls prevention in care homes involves: training the staff about falls assessing the patient’s falls risk factors (especially medications) appropriate care plans use of alarms when appropriate eternal vigilance!Falls are very common in care homes. In addition, most people in care homes are confused to a greater or lesser extent. Care homes contain two groups of people—those who can get up and walk (however unsafely), and those who cannot. Those who are unable to get out of their bed or chair without help are at low risk of falling (other than out of their bed or chair, or when being transferred). It is the other group, who are mobile but unsafe and who usually have some degree of confusion, who are the people at the highest risk of falling in the whole population.
Why do people fall in hospital?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

The risk factors for falls in hospital are well recognized. Risk assessment tools and appropriate care plans, and dealing with modifiable risk factors are the accepted approach. Bed rails (cot sides) are useful in the right cases. Formal risk assessment scores have been disappointing in their usefulness in different clinical settings. Hospitals are supposed to be places of safety. People in hospital are looked after by nurses, whose first duty is to ensure their safety. It is difficult for patients and their families to accept that falls occur in hospital but, despite taking all the precautions we can, some falls cannot be prevented.
Cholera: The Very Idea
Authors: Hamlin Christopher
Published: November 2023

For years, when someone in our family got the “runs,” we referred to it as having cholera—thankful that it was not the real thing. For most in the modern world that real thing is a disease resulting from infection by the cholera microbe (up to 1993, Vibrio cholerae O1, in either its “classical” or its “El Tor” biotype). That deadly and spreading disease had begun to push northwest and southeast from Bengal in 1817 and has, most believe, spread from that nucleus repeatedly.
What is COPD?
Authors: Currie Graeme P
Published: November 2023

COPD is a long-term condition that is associated with impaired lung function and lung damage. It usually becomes worse over time if cigarette smoking continues. It is relatively common and is thought to affect over 1 million individuals in the UK. COPD is uncommon in people below 35 years of age and most often becomes apparent in those over 65 years of age.
Conflict Transformation
Authors: Goetschel Laurent
Published: November 2023

The concept of ‘conflict transformation’ emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the context of both early conflict research and, in the field of development research, ‘dependency-thinking’. The idea that conflicts are linked to deeper structures in society, at national and international level, was already present in the early work of peace researchers like Senghaas (1973) or Krippendorf (1973). They emphasized the relationship between smaller, national conflicts and larger conflicts embedded in the structure of world society and international economy. For Galtung (1996: 70–126) conflicts are due to contradictions in the structure of society. The incompatibility which arises between parties might be eliminated by transcending these contradictions, by compromise, by deepening or widening the conflict structure, or by associating or dissociating the actors.
Human Security
Authors: Krause Keith
Published: November 2023

The concept of human security, today widely used by a wide range of governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), is the latest in a long series of attempts to broaden traditional conceptions of security. These include such ideas as global security, societal security, common security, comprehensive security, and cooperative security. Aside from being the most recent attempt to redefine the concept of security, the human security approach is significant for two reasons. First, unlike most other previous reformulations, it stands in tension with, or even opposition to, a state-centric conception of security. Second, policymakers have adopted the discourse of human security, and have used it to generate important and interesting foreign and security policy initiatives and to influence specific kinds of programmes and practices, especially in the context of post-conflict peacebuilding.
Control of Pierce's Disease of Grape with Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN in the Field
Authors: Lindow Steven , Koutsoukis Renee , Meyer Kyle , Baccari Clelia
Published: November 2023

Replicated field studies were conducted to evaluate the factors that could influence the efficacy of Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN for the control of Pierce's disease of grape, as well as to determine the extent to which disease control was systemic within plants. Topical applications of PsJN with an organosilicon surfactant was an effective way to introduce this bacterium under field conditions and provided similar levels of disease control as its mechanical inoculation. Disease incidence in inoculated shoots was often reduced two- to threefold when PsJN was inoculated a single time as much as 3 weeks before Xylella fastidiosa and up to 5 weeks after the pathogen. Inoculation of a shoot with PsJN greatly decreased the probability of any symptoms rather than reducing the severity of disease, suggesting a systemic protective response of individual shoots. Although the likelihood of disease symptoms on shoots inoculated with the pathogen on PsJN-treated plants was lower than on control plants inoculated only with the pathogen, the protection conferred by PsJN was not experienced by all shoots on a given plant. This suggested that any systemic resistance was spatially limited. Whereas the population size of PsJN increased to more than 106 cells/g and spread more than 1 m within 12 weeks after its inoculation alone into grape, its population size subsequently decreased greatly after about 5 weeks, and its distal dispersal in stems was restricted when co-inoculated with X. fastidiosa. PsJN may experience collateral damage from apparent host responses induced when both species are present.
Assessing the Efficacy of UV-C Light for the Inactivation of Phytopythium and Phytophthora Species in Water: A Mathematical Modeling Approach Using an Ultraviolet Light-Emitting-Diode System
Authors: Ghimire Bhawana , Pendyala Brahmaiah , Patras Ankit , Baysal-Gurel Fulya
Published: November 2023

The use of untreated, recirculated irrigation water is a profitable practice, but it can harbor plant pathogens such as Phytophthora ( Pt) cinnamomi, Pt. nicotianae, Phytopythium ( Pp) vexans, and Pp. helicoides, posing disease risks in crop production. UV-C (240 to 290 nm) light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation was evaluated for inactivating the zoospores of oomycetes in water, providing potential for effective treatment. Zoospore suspensions were exposed to quantifiable UV-C doses under dynamic stirring, calculated by multiplying fluence rate (mW cm−2) and exposure time(s). UV-C irradiation effectively inactivated the tested pathogens following linear (logarithmic linear [ Pt. cinnamomi and Pt. nicotianae]) and nonlinear (Weibull and Weibull + tail [ Pp. vexans and Pp. helicoides]) kinetics as identified by parameters of goodness of model fit: high R2 and low root mean square error (RMSE) values. D10 values of Pt. cinnamomi and Pt. nicotianae calculated from the rate constants ( Kmax) of the log-linear models were 5.05 ± 0.38 mJ cm−2 ( R2 = 0.95, RMSE = 0.091, Kmax = 0.49 ± 0.03) and 4.73 ± 0.33 mJ cm−2 ( R2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.091, Kmax = 0.49 ± 0.03), respectively. The Weibull + tail model best described the inactivation of Pp. vexans ( R2 = 0.97, RMSE = 0.099) and Pp. helicoides ( R2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.083), and the δ and Nres values were determined to be 9.88 ± 0.12 and 2.06 ± 0.06 and 11.47 ± 0.38 and 2.45 ± 0.05, respectively. These study findings can be applied to develop water disinfection systems, either alone or in combination with other methods, for effective control of pathogens in irrigation systems.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Fate of acetabular dysplasia after closed and open reduction of hips in children with developmental hip dislocation
Authors: Tippabhatla Abhishek , Torres-Izquierdo Beltran , Cummings Jason L. , Rosenfeld Scott , Johnson Megan , Goldstein Rachel , Georgopoulos Gaia , Stephenson Lindsay , Hosseinzadeh Pooya
Published: November 2023

Acetabular underdevelopment (acetabular dysplasia) is a common finding in children with hip dislocation, and residual acetabular dysplasia can remain after hip reduction. Residual dysplasia leads to unsatisfactory long-term outcomes and osteoarthritis. Dynamics of acetabular dysplasia [measured as Acetabular Index (AI)] in a pediatric cohort that underwent open (OR) or closed reduction are reported. Retrospective data from six tertiary pediatric orthopedic centers were gathered. Hips were classified as having ‘Critical’, ‘Monitoring’, or ‘Normal’ acetabular dysplasia based on age-adjusted normative AI measurements. From 193 hips, 108 (56%) underwent open reduction. Children younger than 24 months had a strong AI decline but children > 24 months did not. Among 78 hips with critical dysplasia at time of OR, 36 (46.2%) remained critical and 19 (24.4%) underwent an acetabular osteotomy (AO) during follow-up. CR hips had a similar AI decline in patients younger and older than 12 months. Among 51 hips with critical dysplasia at the time of CR, 13 (25.5%) remained critical and 21 (41.2%) underwent AO during follow-up. Acetabular dysplasia improves with AI decreasing in children who undergo OR and CR under the age of 2 years with slower acetabular remodeling afterwards. Around 2/3 of patients with AI in the critical range at CR or OR either underwent AO or had significant acetabular dysplasia at final follow-up. Our data supports considering simultaneous AO at the time of OR for hips with AI in the critical range or children who undergo hip open reduction after 24 months of age. Level of Evidence: Level III.
Methylxanthine Derivatives in the Treatment of Sinus Node Dysfunction: A Systematic Review
Authors: Roth Hunter R. , Reinert Justin P.
Published: November 2023

While the chronotropic effects of theophylline and aminophylline are well-known, their clinical application in the treatment of sinus node dysfunction has not been established in a review. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of methylxanthines in the treatment of bradyarrhythmias associated with sinus node dysfunction. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines on Embase, PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, Web of Science, SciELO, Korean Citation Index, Global Index Medicus, and CINAHL through June 2023. A total of 607 studies were identified through the literature search. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies were included in this review. The causes of bradyarrhythmias involving the sinoatrial node included acute cervical spinal cord injury, coronavirus disease of 2019, carotid sinus syncope, chronotropic incompetence, heart transplant, and chronic sinus node dysfunction. Theophylline and aminophylline were shown to be effective for increasing heart rate and reducing the reoccurrence of bradyarrhythmias. The data on symptom resolution was conflicting. While many case studies reported a resolution of symptoms, a randomized controlled trial reported no significant difference in symptom scores between the control, theophylline, and pacemaker groups in the treatment of sick sinus syndrome. The incidence of adverse effects was low across all study designs. The data suggests methylxanthines may be useful as an alternative or bridge to nonpharmacologic pacing; however, dosing has yet to be established for various indications. Overall, methylxanthines proved safe and effective as a pharmacologic therapy for bradyarrhythmic manifestations of sinus node dysfunction.