bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal stability of shear‐induced precursor structures in isotactic polypropylene by rheo‐X‐ray techniques with couette flow geometry
Authors: Somani Rajesh H. , Sics Igors , Hsiao Benjamin S.
Published: November 2006

Combined in situ rheo‐SAXS (small‐angle X‐ray scattering) and ‐WAXD (wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction) studies using couette flow geometry were carried out to probe thermal stabilty of shear‐induced oriented precursor structure in isotactic polypropylene (iPP) at around its normal melting point (162 °C). Although SAXS results corroborated the emerging consensus about the formation of “long‐living” metastable mesomorphic precursor structures in sheared iPP melts, these are the first quantitative measures of the limiting temperature at which no oriented structures survive. At the applied shear, rate = 60 s−1 and duration ts = 5 s, the oriented iPP structures survived a temperature of 185 °C for 1 h after shear, while no stable structures were detected at and above 195 °C. Following Keller's concepts of chain orientation in flow, it is proposed that the chains with highly oriented high molecular weight fraction are primarily responsible for their stability at high temperatures. Furthermore, the effects of flow condition, specifically the shear temperature, on the distributions of oriented and unoriented crystals were determined from rheo‐WAXD results. As expected, at a constant flow intensity (i.e., rate = 30 s−1 and duration, ts = 5 s), the oriented crystal fraction decreased with the increase in temperature above 155 °C, below which the oriented fraction decreased with the decrease in temperature. As a result, a crystallinty “phase” diagram, i.e., temperature versus crystal fraction ratio, exhibited a peculiar “hourglass” shape, similar to that found in many two‐phase polymer–polymer blends. This can be explained by the competition between the oriented and unoriented crystals in the available crystallizable species. Below the shear temperature (155 °C), the unoriented crystals crystallized so rapidly that they overwhelmed the crystallization of the oriented crystals, thus depleting a major portion of the crystallizable species and increasing their contribution in the final total crystalline phase. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3553–3570, 2006
Structure–degradability relationships for propyzamide analogues in soils
Authors: Cantier Jean Michel , Bastide Jean , Coste Camille
Published: November 2006

The kinetics of the degradation in soil of propyzamide and nine analogues have been measured at two temperatures (28 and 60°C). The degradation rates of propyzamide were determined in sterilised soil and in soil perfusates. The results obtained are in agreement with a chemical degradation of propyzamide and its analogues. Relationships were established between degradation rate constants and physicochemical parameters of the compounds: log k = −aσ+bπ + c where σ = Hammett constant, π = hydrophobic constant, a, b, c are constants.
A review of the correlation between physicochemical properties and bioaccumulation
Authors: Esser Herbert O.
Published: November 2006

Bioaccumulation, describing selective transfer of a chemical from compartments into organisms, and biomagnification, describing such a transfer from organisms of lower trophic levels to organisms of higher trophic levels in food chains, are environmental partitioning processes that have received special attention because of their potential toxicological significance. Both phenomena are determined by certain physicochemical properties of a given chemical and by the environmental systems concerned, as well as by the chemical and metabolic degradability of the chemical in these systems. A number of correlations between the physicochemical properties and the bioaccumulation potential of a chemical have been established of which the relationship between the n‐octanol/water partition coefficient and the bioaccumulation factor is the most relevant. The predictive value and the limitations of these correlations have been discussed. Included in this discussion is the question as to what extent degradability allows the predicted bioaccumulation potential of a chemical to come into effect in different species. A pragmatic use of the established relationships and bioaccumulation test results in a stepwise approach is recommended to provide a realistic estimate of the bioaccumulation potential of a chemical for the assessment of its environmental risk.
Quantitative structure–activity relationships in aquatic toxicology
Authors: Hermens Joop L. M.
Published: November 2006

Quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) enable the toxicity of aquatic pollutants to be predicted from their physicochemical properties. This paper reviews several techniques that can be used to obtain QSARs and examples of QSAR studies are presented for some important groups of aquatic pollutants; reactive organic halides, anilines, phenols and for some relatively unreactive, non‐ionised compounds. Finally the possibility of applying predicted toxicities in environmental hazard assessment is discussed.
The prediction of biodegradability by the use of quantitative structure–activity relationships: Correlation of biological oxygen demand with atomic charge difference
Authors: Dearden John C. , Nicholson Robert M.
Published: November 2006

The use of quantitative structure—activity relationships for the prediction of bioaccumulation, toxicity and biodegradability is briefly surveyed. A new parameter—the difference of the modulus of atomic charge across a selected bond in a molecule—is shown to correlate extremely well with 5‐day biological oxygen demand for several series of compounds; furthermore, the equations for the several series are then combined to give a single, all‐embracing correlation for the quantitative prediction of biodegradability.
Application of reverse‐phase h.p.l.c. for the determination of partition coefficients
Authors: Eadsforth Charles V.
Published: November 2006

Reverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.), using a C18 analytical column, has been applied to the determination of partition coefficients for a range of agrochemicals and industrial chemicals. Using a correlation plot of the logarithm of the capacity factor (k) with the logarithm of the n‐octanol/water partition coefficient (Pow), partition coefficients were predicted with a 95% tolerance interval of ± log 0.80 of the literature ‘shake flask’ value for compounds of random structure over the log Pow range 0–6. Individual regression lines were fitted for compounds of comparable size and functional grouping, which reduced any bias and thereby enabled more accurate predictions to be made. The reverse‐phase h.p.l.c. method has a number of advantages over the traditional ‘shake‐flask’ method. Quantitative methods are not required or do not have to be developed and only the determination of the retention time is necessary. Quick and precise determinations of retention times are facilitated by h.p.l.c. and further improvement can be obtained by automation of solvent mixing, solute injection and data processing. H.p.l.c. was used to generate partition coefficient data for highly hydrophobic materials and, because of its resolving power, data for mixtures and solvent fractions. Dual detection, using u.v. and r.i. in series, was necessary for some compounds, particularly unknown mixtures and impure compounds. Calculations of log Pow based on the fragment‐addition method using the structural data file, MACCS, was of considerable value in confirming experimentally derived values. In certain cases, calculated log Pow values were considered more trustworthy than experimental values.
Antimicrobial activity of some N‐(arylalkyl)maleimides
Authors: Watanabe S. , Igarashi Y. , Yagami K.
Published: November 2006

A series of N‐(arylalkyl)maleimides was prepared for the reaction of maleic anhydride and N‐(arylalkyl) amines, and their antimicrobial activities were examined. All compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against gram‐positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Almost all compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against the gram‐negative bacterium, Escherichia coli, but were inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Activities against gram‐positive bacteria were independent of the nature of the substituent on the benzene ring or the length of alkyl group, but that against gram‐negative bacteria was influenced by these parameters. All N‐(arylalkyl)maleimides showed activity against yeasts and mycelial fungi.
Effects of some nonionic polyoxyethylene surfactants on uptake of ethirimol and diclobutrazol from suspension formulations applied to wheat leaves
Authors: Holloway Peter J. , Wong Wilson W.‐C. , Partridge Hazel J. , Seaman David , Perry Richard B.
Published: November 2006

The influence of a number of commercial nonionic polyoxyethylene surfactants on the foliar penetration and movement of two systemic fungicides, ethirimol and diclobutrazol, was studied in outdoor‐grown wheat plants at different growth stages and post‐treatment temperatures in two consecutive growing seasons. Both fungicides were applied asca0·2 μl droplets of aqueous suspension formulations containing 0·5 g litre−1of14C‐labelled active ingredient; surfactants were added to these suspensions at concentrations ranging from 0·2‐10 g litre−1. To achieve optimum uptake of each fungicide the use of surfactants with different physicochemical properties was required. For diclobutrazol, a lipophilic compound, uptake of radiolabel was best with surfactants of low mean molar ethylene oxide (E) content (5‐6) but it was necessary to use concentrations ofca5 g litre−1to attain this. The surfactant threshold concentration for uptake enhancement of radiolabel from ethirimol formulations (< 2 g litre−1) was much lower than that for diclobutrazol but surfactants with E contents > 10 induced the greatest amount of uptake. For both fungicides, surfactants with an aliphatic alcohol hydrophobe were generally more efficient in promoting their uptake than those with a nonylphenol moiety. The sorbitan‐based surfactant ‘Tween 20’ proved to be an effective adjuvant only for the ethirimol formulation; the uptake enhancing properties of the block copolymer ‘Synperonic PE/F68’ were weak. Uptake performance could not be related to the spreading properties of the respective formulations on the wheat leaf surface or to differences in solubilisation of the two fungicides by the surfactants. Although surfactants could substantially increase the amount of acropetal transport of radiolabel from both fungicides, none of those tested specifically promoted it; a constant proportion of the radioactive dose absorbed by a treated leaf was usually exported away from the site of application. The results are discussed in the light of current theories about the mode of action of surfactants as spray adjuvants.
Synthesis and insecticidal and acaricidal activity of new N‐(α‐substituted phenoxybenzyl)‐4‐pyrimidinamines
Authors: Obata Tokio , Fujii Katsutoshi , Yoshiya Haruo , Tsutsumiuchi Kiyoshi , Yoshioka Hirosuke
Published: November 2006

A new class of insecticides and acaricides containing N‐(α‐substituted phenoxybenzyl)‐4‐pyrimidinamines as core structure were synthesized and their insecticidal and acaricidal potencies assessed. Among these, both the N‐(3 or 4‐phenoxybenzyl)‐4‐pyrimidinamine showed remarkable activity against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., brown rice planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The potency of the new pyrimidinamines was particularly increased when a methyl, ethyl, iso‐propyl, or cyclopropyl group was introduced at the α‐position of benzyl moiety and it was evident that a single (+) optical isomer is more active than its antipode. Structure‐activity relationships are discussed.
Effect of propiconazole on substrate amended soil respiration following laboratory and field application
Authors: Elmholt Susanne
Published: November 2006

The effect of the fungicide propiconazole (‘Tilt’TM250 EC) on substrate‐amended soil respiration has been studied in dose‐response experiments, following application of the compound in the field and in the laboratory. The field study was supplemented with spray‐deposition measurements showing a throughfall at the soil surface of 15‐45%, depending on the time of fungicide application. When propiconazole was amended to the soil in low dosages in laboratory conditions, the soil respiration was stimulated. Even at the very high and agriculturally unrealistic dosages in the laboratory experiment, the mean, daily soil respiration almost recovered within the incubation period of 30 days. Given the present conditions, the results did, however, also show that side‐effects of the application of the fungicide were provoked at lower dosages in the field, and that they lasted for a considerably longer time than in the laboratory, indicating the importance of indirect effects of fungicide application in field conditions. Possible reasons for the dose‐response relationship in the field being different from the one found in the laboratory are discussed.
Assessing the performance against houseflies of indoor aerosol space sprays. Part I. Factors examined during tests with houseflies in free flight
Authors: White Anthony W. C. , Martin Robert , Stewart Duncan C. , Wickham John C.
Published: November 2006

The development of a mathematical model which, by quantifying the interaction of a population of houseflies with an ageing spray cloud, is capable of predicting the knockdown and kill performance of insecticidal aerosol formulations shown against houseflies, Musca domestica L., will be presented in a series of four separate papers. In this first paper, measurements were made of insecticide collected by houseflies during free flight using a standard room‐spray technique. With pressure‐packed aerosol formulations where the solvent is the principal change, it was shown that both knockdown and mortality responses of the insects were directly related to dose collected. The process of droplet collection was most significantly influenced by their size and availability, dependent upon the time after spraying, the position of insect release and the activity of individual adult M. domestica. The knockdown or mortality response of the insect to given amounts of insecticide was largely unaffected by the remaining solvent, although, with mineral oil, some inhibition was noted at low mortality levels. The amount of insecticide accumulated by houseflies in their initial flight was of prime importance in determining the overall effect. Flies remaining not knocked down at the end of the exposure period were shown to be so because they had accumulated less toxicant and not necessarily because they were more tolerant of the insecticide. The establishment of a relationship between the number of flies in flight and time after release has provided a key function for incorporation into the model.
Modified atmosphere packaging of pita (pocket) bread
Authors: Avital Yael , Mannheim Chaim H.
Published: November 2006

Pita bread has a shelf‐life of only a few hours, mainly due to its large surface to volume ratio. Hardening, caused by staling and drying, is the main factor affecting shelf‐life. Extension of shelf‐life by packaging pita in a high barrier laminate under modified atmosphere (MAP) of 99% CO2 or 73% CO2 with 27% N2 was studied. A shelf‐life of 14 days, as determined by microbial spoilage, was obtained for MAP pita bread. Staling, as determined by means of a penetrometer, was delayed in MAP pita. Organoleptic hedonic comparisons of MAP pita, against frozen defrosted pita from the same batch, gave almost identical results. Shelf‐life was terminated by the appearance of microorganisms on bread.
Recycling of plastic packaging in the United States
Authors: Selke Susan E.
Published: November 2006

The manner in which recycling of plastic packaging is developing in the USA is outlined and the probable changes in the next decade are discussed. Suggestions as to how packaging professions should deal with the subject are made.
Developments and applications of recycled plastics
Authors: Lai Christopher C. , Selke Susan E.
Published: November 2006

Plastics in the waste stream have increased steadily, from about one‐half million tons in 1960 to 9.6 million tons in 1984 in the United States; if this trend continues, the amount of plastic wastes in the year 2000 will be 15.5 million tons. The problems associated with the growing proportion of plastic packaging materials in community domestic refuse have generated public concerns. Furthermore, an increasing number of laws are being proposed to address the solid waste — many targeted at plastic packaging.

This was the background for the conference‚Recycled Plastics: Developments and Applications’︁which provided a broad perspective of the field. Emphasis was placed on current and potential uses for recycled plastics.

The conference was held on September 15, 1987 at the School of Packaging, Michigan State University. More than a score of speakers examined the latest developments and discussed recycling methodologies, marketing approaches, social and environmental implications. This brief report attempts to summarize the main points made.
Design of a test method to simulate the stresses encountered by packaging during sea transport
Authors: André Patrick , Veaux Michel
Published: November 2006

The aim of this research was to design a specific testing method to simulate the mechanical hazards encountered in sea transport regardless of sea routes and sea conditions and to put it into practice with specially designed devices.

The Laboratoire National d'Essais (LNE) has carried out this research in cooperation with the French Ship‐Building Research Institute. Eight sea routes of major commercial importance have been chosen and among them five zones in which heavy swells are likely to occur. The behaviour of four types of ships (representative of the present merchant fleet) submitted to various sea conditions has been calculated by computer. Moreover, the stacking conditions on board have been observed directly by the LNE. The analysis of parameters which describe the movement of the ship and affect the packagings are, respectively, rolling, pitching and slamming.

Consequently, the forces applied to packagings at the bottom of a stack are a vertical compression force and a horizontal force applied by the moving stacked packagings. A special testing device has been designed applying simultaneously to a packaging both a stacking load and a dynamic horizontal force to this load. The test parameters have been adjusted through experimental ranges of tests on box‐pallets, the behaviour of which were well known in field trials.
The role of packaging in achieving microwave browning and crisping
Authors: Harrison Peter
Published: November 2006

Microwave interactive packaging is a rapidly expanding and evolving technology. This class of package contains heater elements (susceptors or receptors) which convert microwave energy into conventional heat, thereby providing useful browning and crisping functions. This paper discusses the principles of microwave interactive package design.
Influence of steel roughness on internal and external corrosion of tinplate cans
Authors: Hollaender J.
Published: November 2006

Reductions in tin coatings and thickness of tinplate affect the properties of the tinplate surfaces. Computer‐aided electrochemical test methods, impedance spectroscopy and X‐ray microanalytical studies show that corrosion behaviour is influenced by the base material properties. This paper will give some information about surface properties of tinplate and aspects of internal and external corrosion resistance. Special attention is given to the formation of micropores in lacquered tinplate during stamping and beading.
Packaging for freshness and the prevention of discoloration of fish fillets
Authors: Oka Hiroyasu
Published: November 2006

Fillets of various kinds of fish are currently packed in thin films (e.g. polyvinyl chloride) for sale at supermarkets; however, these fillets are not necessarily fresh or of good quality.

Packed fillets must be certified for safety, freshness and quality, because sensory judgement is difficult. In order to understand how the freshness and colour of red fish meat can be retained, the methods of packaging were examined. It was known that for freshness the packed fillets must be kept at a low temperature, but discoloration of red meat could not be prevented by this alone. However, discoloration of red‐meat fish, such as yellowtail and oceanic bonito, can be prevented by packing with nitrogen gas (N2).
The effects of multiple impacts on the cushioning properties of closed‐cell foams
Authors: Totten Troy L. , Burgess Gary J. , Singh S. Paul
Published: November 2006

Manufacturers of closed‐cell cushioning materials traditionally publish cushion curves for a given material only for a limited number of impacts. The goal of this research was to describe the change in the cell structure of a close‐cell foam due to multiple impacts, and to extend the range of application of these cushion curves as they relate to reusable packaging. Cushion curves and stress‐strain curves for up to 15 compressions were generated for three different molded closed‐cell foams. The cushion curves demonstrate a constant increase in the shock transmitted with each impact due to significant permanent deformation in the form of cell‐wall fatigue and rupture. The results also show that although the mean percentage increase in transmitted shock was greatest from the first impact to the fifth impact, the change continued to be significant with subsequent impacts.
Interaction of flavour components from an onion/garlic flavoured sour cream with high impact polystyrene
Authors: Toebe J. M. , Hoojjat H. , Hernandez R. J. , Giacin J. R. , Harte B. R.
Published: November 2006

Permeation and sorption studies were performed on a high impact polystyrene (HIPS) container used to package onion/garlic flavoured sour cream. Permeation studies were carried out in a closed cell, while a gravimetric method was used for sorption analysis. Two probe compounds (dipropyl disulphide and dimethyl disulphide) were selected as representative flavour components in the sour cream.

No permeation of probe compounds through the HIPS container was detected, although significant amounts of the probe compounds were sorbed within the polymeric package material. Partition coefficients were determined for the probe compounds between the package material, sour cream and package headspace. Values of the equilibrium partition coefficient favoured the association of the probe within the high impact polystyrene. This study also showed that the amount of probe compounds potentially to be sorbed by the packaging material, at storage temperatures of 5 °C, far exceeded the amounts initially present in the product.
Aseptic integrity and microhole determination of packages by electrolytic conductance measurement
Authors: Axelson Lena , Cavlin SÖRen , Nordstrom Jan
Published: November 2006

An aseptic packaging should, in principle, provide protection against any kind of bacteriological penetration. This means that any microholes present in the packaging walls or seams must not have a diameter greater than about 0.5μm In practice, the tolerance limit probably lies higher owing to the fact that the length and surface properties of the holes obstruct penetration. The time factor, the concentration of microbes and their growth possibilities in the vicinity of the hole are of course also of crucial importance as to what practical tolerance limit should be set.

This report clarifies to what extent and under which circumstances it is possible to determine the size of microholes by measuring the electrolyte conductance.

The results establish that this measuring method is capable of indicating holes as small as 0.8 μm in diameter, provided that no hole is longer than 1 mm and direct current is used for the measurement. The accuracy of the method is reduced with increasing hole length. If, for example, the length of the hole is 10 mm, as it could be in a defective seal, the method only distinguishes holes that have diameters in excess of 3 μm. The analysis also shows that the accuracy of the method in measuring the hole diameter depends upon the accuracy in determining the hole length. An underestimation of the hole length results in an underestimation of the hole diameter and vice versa.

The method also detects holes that do not completely penetrate the packaging material, e.g. cracks in the inner layer of the wall material, provided that the wall material is laminated with aluminium foil. Where such defects are present, a galvani‐cally generated current occurs, the size of which reveals the size of the defect in question.

The method has also been applied to a number of aseptic packagings/products bought at random. It was found that microholes and other defects were surprisingly frequent — about 40% of the packagings had detectable microholes/defects, most of them having a diameter of 10 μm, assuming the hole length to be 15 μm. Despite this, no evident infection or quality deterioration of the product could be established. The practical tolerance of microholes would therefore be even higher in the cases studied.

The measuring method can be recommended for determination of microholes — their size and frequency — in packagings and it can be used as a measure of the aseptic integrity of the packagings.
Consolidation of cushion curves
Authors: Burgess Gary
Published: November 2006

A simple method for the consolidation of all of the conventional cushion curves for a particular material into a single relationship is discussed. The method requires only one of the usual cushion curves for an arbitrary drop height and cushion thickness to deduce the dynamic stress‐strain curve for the material. The results can then be used to generate all other cushion curves regardless of drop height, cushion thickness, or static loading. The procedure is applied to the published sets of cushion curves for Arcel® 512 and for expanded polystyrene, separately, and the predicted shock values for various drop conditions are then compared with the actual values from the cushion curves. The error incurred in using the consolidated data instead of the cushion curves is shown to fall within the limits of accuracy associated with the cushion curves themselves. The method offers many advantages, such as compactness of information, a continuous range of application, greater compatibility with computer aided cushion design, and a sizeable reduction in the number of drop tests required to generate new cushion performance data.
Relationship between impact energy and design parameters of glass bottles
Authors: Sundell Hans A. , Mæs Tormod
Published: November 2006

Glass containers are relatively heavy. Also, glass is fragile, and breakage sometimes occurs during handling and transport. Therefore, glass bottles must be constructed to achieve maximum strength at minimum weight (wall thickness). To our knowledge, about 85% of all breakage is caused by external impact.

The purpose of the present paper is to study the relationship between the shape and thickness of glass bottles and the impact loads they can resist by using linear multivariate statistical/mathematical regression (or calibration) techniques (UN‐SCRAMBLER), in order to compute minimum required thickness of the bottle as a function of impact strength and vice versa.

The study was based on 10 different types of bottles. Moreover, we have concentrated on measurements related to the heel of the bottle. The set of bottles used are described as follows: returnable, round body, straight side wall and without metal oxide coating. All the bottles were given a standard abusement before the impact tests.

The following conclusions were reached:

there are strong relations between glass thickness and the resistance to external
impact (as expected);

multivariate calibration gave much better results than using only one variable at a time

the predictive ability is not good enough (accuracy of ±10–15%). But provides useful information that would be difficult to obtain by other methods

(iii) .
The effect of packaging film on the shelf‐life of treated refrigerated pre‐peeled potatoes
Authors: Giannuzzi L. , Zaritzky N. E.
Published: November 2006

The effect of chemical preservatives (sodium bisulphite, citric acid, ascorbic acid, potassium sorbate and sodium erythorbate) on microbial growth and surface colour during refrigerated storage of pre‐peeled potatoes packaged in plastic films of different gas permeabilities was studied.

For storage periods shorter than 2 weeks, treatment with sodium bisulphite was essential when polyethylene film was used.

When the storage times required are longer than 2 weeks, vacuum packaging and films of low gas permeablility must be used. Sodium bisulphite can be replaced by citric acid, ascorbic acid, or mixtures of citric and ascorbic acids with potassium sorbate, without any significant change in cost.
Distribution testing — sine or random?
Authors: Caldicott Peter J.
Published: November 2006

Vibration testing has increased in importance as impact and shock testing have decreased because package handling has improved owing to the use of more mechanical handling equipment. Early vibration tests were relatively crude compared with the equipment available now. The choice between sine wave testing or the more ‘realistic’ random tests is not easy. This paper discusses the factors involved.
Application of ceramic‐filled polymeric films for packaging fresh produce
Authors: Lee Dong‐Sun , Haggar Patricia E. , Yam Kit L.
Published: November 2006

The permeabilities of two commercial ceramic‐filled LDPE films were measured and compared with those of a plain LDPE film. The ceramic films have higher oxygen (02), carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethylene (C2H4) permeabilities, higher CO2 to O2 permeability ratio, and higher C2H4 to 02 permeability ratio. The temperature dependence of the permeability was found to follow the Arrhenius relationship. The data suggest that these ceramic films are more suitable than plain LOPE film for packaging fresh produce of high respiration rate.
A study of the absorption of fruit juice volatiles by the sealant layer in flexible packaging containers (the effect of package on quality of fruit juice, part IV)
Authors: Yamada Kazuki , Mita Kouzou , Yoshida Kiyoko , Ishitani Takasuke
Published: November 2006

Various experimental packaging containers were tested for their tendency to absorb fruit juice volatiles in the innermost heat‐sealing layer.

Analysis of head‐space gas by GLC and sensory evaluations were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of each type of sealant. Coextrusion sealants (thin low‐density polyethylene, LDPE), a sealant containing the orange essence powdered with cyclo‐dextrin (CD), and polyethylene‐terephthalate (PET) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN), synthetic resisns with high transition temperatures (Tg) were prepared.

Coextrusion or CD‐containing sealants as compared with LDPE, reduced the sorption of d‐Limonene from Mandarin orange [Citrum unshiu Marc.] juice by 15–20% but did not show effective results in sensory evaluations. On the other hand PET or PAN sealants showed no sorption at all. Similar results were obtained with 'citrus mix' model essence. However, LDPE also did not show volatile sorption in the case of 'soft fruit mix' model essence.

It is difficult to prevent sorption of the volatiles of citrus fruit juices if the sealants are of the coextrusion type or CD‐containing LDPE type. Sorption can be controlled most effectively when the sealats are PET or PAN.
Use of DCI‐platine coupled to gas chromatography for measuring the transfer of organic vapours through packaging materials
Authors: Potey S. D. , Gravier M. , Benaim R.
Published: November 2006

A new technique uses DCI‐Platine coupled to gas chromatography in order to measure the transfer rate of organic vapours through packaging materials. Experimental results are presented for ethyl acetate vapour through two polymer films, a vegetable parchment paper, and a coated paperboard. The films allow vapour mass transfer even at low vapour feed concentrations (i.e. the concentration expected in the package) whereas the paper and, especially, the paperboard, need higher feed concentrations.
Prevention of browning of the peel of pears by polyethylene film packaging
Authors: Furuta Michio , Asano Satoshi , Imai Seiichi
Published: November 2006

Polyethylene film packaging was investigated as to its use in preventing the browning of the peel of the pear variety 'Le Lectier' during distribution.

The fruits were individually packaged in polyethylene bags, and were found to be superior to the usual paper‐packaged fruit or unpackaged fruit in that browning of the peel was reduced considerably, while the loss in weight or wilting also was reduced and the preservation of external freshness was excellent. However, the use of a perforated polyethylene bag was essential in order to prevent the browning of the flesh or core that occurred with unperforated polyethylene bags. This browning was considered to be a physiological disorder resulting from carbon dioxide, judging from the composition of the head‐space gas in the bag.

The oxidative enzyme activity of the fruit was measured and an electron‐microscopic observation of the epidermis was carried out. As a result, it was clear that enzymatic activity increased markedly following ripening of the fruit and a structural defect was observed in the cuticular layer of the epidermis.
Effect of load history on the performance of corrugated fibreboard boxes
Authors: Marcondes Jorge A.
Published: November 2006

This paper investigates the effect of load histories (static and dynamic) on the compression strength and shock absorption properties of corrugated fibreboard boxes. Experiments were set up in the laboratory to simulate compressive forces and drops that occur during normal transportation of packaged products. The results show that static compression forces (not to failure) do not have significant influence on the compressive strength or shock absorption of corrugated boxes, and that dynamic compression forces do have a significant influence on these performance factors. This study was limited to one box size and style and suggests that more extensive research be undertaken to determine the effects of previous loading histories on a broad range of box configurations.
Polystyrene sheet composition and temperature as parameters for migration of styrene monomer into corn oil
Authors: Linssen J. P. H. , Reitsma J. C. E. , Roozen J. P.
Published: November 2006

Different types of polystyrene used in packaging were tested for styrene monomer migration into corn oil. Several blends of general‐purpose polystyrene with different amounts of high‐impact polystyrene demonstrated a linear increase of migration of styrene with increasing amount of high‐impact polystyrene in the polymer. Faster migration was found for higher exposure temperatures. Migration depended linearly on the content of residual styrene monomer in the polymer.
Trends in food processing and packaging technologies
Authors: Pré Gérard
Published: November 2006

During the past 10 years, quite a number of new technologies, both in processing and packaging, have emerged and made an impact on shelf‐life of food products. These technologies have also matched some consumer trends, such as concerns regarding freshness and health. This evolution will continue but with a new element built in, i.e. the environmental issue.
Prediction of overpressure required for seal integrity during sterilization of semirigid food and drug packages
Authors: Zhang J. , Mannheim C. H. , Gilbert S. G. , Zheng C.
Published: November 2006

Heat processing semi‐rigid packages with a steam/air mixture requires an overpressure to ensure seal integrity. A method was developed to calculate the overpressure needed to ensure seal integrity, during thermal processing, of semi‐rigid packages that contain a liquid food or drug. An equation was derived relating total retort pressure (steam and air) required during sterilization to retort temperature, product water activity and tensile seal stress at the sterilization temperature. The proposed method was tested, under commercial sterilization conditions (123–127°C for 30min), with individual packages containing a dilute saline solution. The method was found useful for predicting the total retort pressure (steam and air overpressure) needed to ensure seal integrity and to prevent leakage of packages.
Bag‐in‐box packaging for wine: Analysis of transport stress in barrier films
Authors: Sundell Hans A. , Holen Borge , Nicolaysen Frithjof , Hilton Cato , Løkkeberg Øistein
Published: November 2006

This study was conducted on bag‐in‐box packages for wine to show how the transport stress changes the oxygen permeability of the bags and the possible consequences for the wine's shelf‐life. Bags from five leading bag suppliers/film producers were tested.

The bags were subjected to two types of transport stress–simulated vibration testing in the laboratory and actual road transport (1000 km) and the same type of corrugated fibreboard box was used throughout. During road transport a red French table wine was used. Emphasis was placed on leakage and O2 permeability in the investigation of the bags. The study showed no visible bag leakage. Measurement of the O2 permeability revealed that the bag with an Al‐laminated barrier film had the lowest permeability. The ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) bags were more permeable than the Al‐laminated bags, while metallized polyester (Met. PET) had the highest O2 permeability.

Chemical analysis of the wine included the measurement of free and total SO2, oxygen and colour, carried out 1, 4.5 and 9 months after filling. Sensory analysis was carried out as a series of rank order tests performed 5 and 9 months after filling.

The chemical and sensory measurements showed small differences between the various bag types. Regarding wine quality, none of the tested bag types distinguished themselves either in a positive or a negative direction in relation to similar table wine stored in glass bottles. The analysis after 9 months of storage showed that none of the wines were oxidized to an unacceptable quality compared to the quality of the same wine stored in glass bottles (not transported) for the same period.

The shelf‐life of wine is often calculated on the basis of the measured values for oxygen permeability. The theoretical shelf‐life of wine is 130‐450 days for new bags of Met. PET and 30‐130 days for worn (transported) bags. The analysis of the wine showed a longer shelf‐life than the theoretical calculations. This is because phenolics, which prevent oxidation, are not accounted for in the formula. The formula is therefore probably best suited for white wines.

The selection of barrier material for bag‐in‐box bags (Met. PET, EVOH or Al‐lami‐nates) does not seem to be critical for the shelf‐life of a red table wine with a rather high content of phenolic components if the wine is stored for less than 9 months.
Development of plastic bottles resistant to lateral deformation
Authors: Tsiourvas Dimitri , Pagidas John , Stassinopoulos Alexis
Published: November 2006

Plastic bottles are sensitive to lateral wall deformation (panelling) owing to the pressure difference between the inside and the outside. Parameters involved in plastic bottle deformation have been reviewed. A quick laboratory test for measuring bottle resistance to deformation was set up and evaluated vs. real life conditions. Round 1–l bottles with various geometries and wall thickness distributions were designed, produced and tested.
Factors affecting the suitability of glass jars for heating in microwave ovens. Comparison with plastic jars and paper board tubs
Authors: Ahvenainen R. , Heiniö R.‐L.
Published: November 2006

The suitability of glass jars for heating in microwave ovens was studied. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the type of foodstuff, the shape and the volume of the jars and the heating conditions (e.g. the type of microwave oven and the initial temperature) on the functionality and durability of glass jars heated in microwave ovens and on the heating result. Moreover, the behaviour of glass jars was compared with that of paperboard and plastic containers.

A total of 243 glass jars were heated during the the tests. None of the jars were broken, even when the contents were initially frozen or when all the jars were placed on a cold surface immediately after heating. However, splashing of the contents and/or jumping of the jar with a resulting loud clatter represented a major problem. Jumping of the jars and splashing of the contents depended on both the recipe and the consistency of the food and the shape of the jar, but less on the packaging material, the initial temperature or the heating time. The plastic and board containers also jumped and food splashed out of them. If glass jars or cylindrical/jar‐like packages are to be used for the packaging of microwaveable foods, both the recipe of the foodstuffs and the shape of the jars need to be developed further.
Sealing of packaging sheets using high‐frequency techniques
Authors: Ernst U.
Published: November 2006

The packging industry seals mainly with heat‐contact (HC) techniques, but is using ultrasonic (US) techniques more and more. Less widely practiced are high‐frequency (HF), which are used in only a few cases.

High‐frequency techniques have two different working principles: the dielectric principle and the inductive principle. The dielectric principle was first applied in manufacturing plastic (particularly PVC) clothing, while the inductive principle is used in the heating of metals in a high‐frequency electric field, for instance in hardening and refining steel. Nowadays, these techniques are often used in the automobile, clothing, and pharmaceutical industries, and in manufacturing office equipment and sports articles.

The Swiss Packaging Institute (SVI) and EMPA have recently started a research project on this subject that will study potential examples of the application of these techniques in modern packaging. The preliminary study of the literature is now completed and is reported here.
Changes in oxygen concentration and volume of gas‐flushed plastic pouches during storage
Authors: Ishitani Takasuke , Inoue Toshio
Published: November 2006

A new calculation model for estimating changes in gas composition and volume of gas‐flushed pouches was proposed and discussed.

Changes in the gas composition and volume of polyethylene pouches filled with oxygen or nitrogen were successfully demonstrated by the postulated calculation model during storage. The simple method for measuring oxygen and nitrogen permeabilities of plastic film by calculation from the change in oxygen partial pressure of a nitrogen‐flushed pouch was also proposed. The method was found to be useful through comparison with data by the Ox‐tran method.
Permeation of volatile organic compounds across polymer films—Part I: Development of a sensitive test method suitable for high‐barrier packaging films at very low permeant vapour pressures
Authors: Franz R.
Published: November 2006

The development of a permeation measurement cell based on the classical principle of permanent gas permeation testing, according to Barrer, and application of a practical procedure for permeant adsorption and subsequent gas chromatographic determination is described. For validation of the method, the permeation of d‐limonene across a biaxially oriented polypropylene film (BOPP) was measured and the results were compared with those obtained according to the pouch method and with permeation data from the literature. The applicability and high sensitivity of the test method was demonstrated by measuring limonene permeation through an acrylic‐coated BOPP film and a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film and using permeants of different polarity and volatility, i.e. menthol and citronellol. From the results obtained from the uncoated and from the acrylic‐coated OPP films, the permeation and diffusion coefficients of the acrylic barrier layer were calculated and shown to be three to four logarithmic orders of magnitude smaller than those of BOPP.
Intelligent packaging in pursuit of customer needs
Authors: Braley Alan J.
Published: November 2006

Customer needs during the 1990s and beyond will focus upon quality, low cost and increased variety against the background of a faster rate of technological innovation. The intelligent packaging stakeholders will need to balance these drives with the fundamental need to protect consumers and the brands they enjoy from criminal attack. A systematic approach to evaluation, development and implementation of intelligent packaging is required together with a willingness to balance competitive behaviour with industry sector needs.
Effect of plastic coating on the sensory properties of fibreboard‐based packaging materials in microwave oven heating
Authors: Heiniö R.‐L. , Sipiläinen‐Malm T. , Ahvenainen R.
Published: November 2006

The effects of the type and thickness of plastic coating on the migration of off‐odours and off‐flavours from fibreboard materials to certain model foodstuffs were studied in microwave oven heating. Correlations between sensory, physical and chemical properties of fibreboard materials were also determined. The plastic coating served as a very good barrier to the transfer of off‐flavours into foodstuffs. Polyester coating prevented the migration of off‐flavours, whereas polyethylene and polypropylene were effective only in certain cases. With the last two plastics, the thickness of the coating layer also affected the amount of off‐flavours migrating. Generally, the sensory properties of the materials did not correlate with either the melting behaviour of the plastic coating or the amount of volatile compounds generated.
Method for deriving the correlation between free fall and shock machine drop height
Authors: Li Fanfu , Twede Diana , Goff James W.
Published: November 2006

The purpose of this research was to investigate the correlation between shock machine drop height and free‐fall drop height based on equivalent transmitted shock velocity change.

The transmitted shock velocity change of shock machine impacts (using plastic 2 ms half‐sine programmers) was measured with a waveform analyser, which is a part of the shock machine system. The transmitted shock velocity change of free‐fall drops was measured using the same waveform analyser in conjunction with a trigger device developed specifically for this study. The data were then analysed and a correlation between free‐fall drop height and shock machine drop height was derived, for a specific product/package system.

For the shock machine and product/package used, the shock machine drop height was found to be equal to 1.31 + (0.74 × shock machine height). This equation will vary due to the dynamics of different product/package systems, different drop surfaces and the type of shock machine used.