bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Prevalence of Undiagnosed HIV Infection in Those Who Decline HIV Screening in an Urban Emergency Department
Authors: Czarnogorski M. , Brown J. , Lee V. , Oben J. , Kuo I. , Stern R. , Simon G.
Published: May 2011

Objective. To determine the prevalence of occult HIV infection in patients who decline routine HIV testing in an urban emergency department.Design, Setting, and Patients. Discarded blood samples were obtained from patients who had declined routine ED HIV testing. After insuring that the samples came from patients not known to be HIV positive, they were deidentified, and rapid HIV testing was preformed using 5 μL of whole blood.Main Outcome Measures. The prevalence of occult HIV infection in those who declined testing compared with prevalence in those who accepted testing.Results. 600 consecutive samples of patients who declined routine HIV screening were screened for HIV. Twelve (2%) were reactive. Over the same period of time, 4845 patients accepted routine HIV testing. Of these, 35 (0.7%) were reactive. The difference in the prevalence of HIV infection between those who declined and those who accepted testing was significant (). The relative risk of undetected HIV infection in the group that declined testing was 2.74 times higher (95% CI 1.44–5.18) compared with those accepted testing.Conclusion. The rate of occult HIV infection is nearly three-times higher in those who decline routine ED HIV testing compared with those who accept such testing. Interventions are urgently needed to decrease the opt-out rate in routine ED HIV testing settings.
“If You Can't Be With the One You Love, Love the One You're With”: How Individual Habituation of Agent Interactions Improves Global Utility
Authors: Davies Adam P. , Watson Richard A. , Mills Rob , Buckley C. L. , Noble Jason
Published: May 2011

Simple distributed strategies that modify the behavior of selfish individuals in a manner that enhances cooperation or global efficiency have proved difficult to identify. We consider a network of selfish agents who each optimize their individual utilities by coordinating (or anticoordinating) with their neighbors, to maximize the payoffs from randomly weighted pairwise games. In general, agents will opt for the behavior that is the best compromise (for them) of the many conflicting constraints created by their neighbors, but the attractors of the system as a whole will not maximize total utility. We then consider agents that act as creatures of habit by increasing their preference to coordinate (anticoordinate) with whichever neighbors they are coordinated (anticoordinated) with at present. These preferences change slowly while the system is repeatedly perturbed, so that it settles to many different local attractors. We find that under these conditions, with each perturbation there is a progressively higher chance of the system settling to a configuration with high total utility. Eventually, only one attractor remains, and that attractor is very likely to maximize (or almost maximize) global utility. This counterintuitive result can be understood using theory from computational neuroscience; we show that this simple form of habituation is equivalent to Hebbian learning, and the improved optimization of global utility that is observed results from well-known generalization capabilities of associative memory acting at the network scale. This causes the system of selfish agents, each acting individually but habitually, to collectively identify configurations that maximize total utility.
Prebiological Evolution and the Metabolic Origins of Life
Authors: Pratt Andrew J.
Published: May 2011

The chemoton model of cells posits three subsystems: metabolism, compartmentalization, and information. A specific model for the prebiological evolution of a reproducing system with rudimentary versions of these three interdependent subsystems is presented. This is based on the initial emergence and reproduction of autocatalytic networks in hydrothermal microcompartments containing iron sulfide. The driving force for life was catalysis of the dissipation of the intrinsic redox gradient of the planet. The codependence of life on iron and phosphate provides chemical constraints on the ordering of prebiological evolution. The initial protometabolism was based on positive feedback loops associated with in situ carbon fixation in which the initial protometabolites modified the catalytic capacity and mobility of metal-based catalysts, especially iron-sulfur centers. A number of selection mechanisms, including catalytic efficiency and specificity, hydrolytic stability, and selective solubilization, are proposed as key determinants for autocatalytic reproduction exploited in protometabolic evolution. This evolutionary process led from autocatalytic networks within preexisting compartments to discrete, reproducing, mobile vesicular protocells with the capacity to use soluble sugar phosphates and hence the opportunity to develop nucleic acids. Fidelity of information transfer in the reproduction of these increasingly complex autocatalytic networks is a key selection pressure in prebiological evolution that eventually leads to the selection of nucleic acids as a digital information subsystem and hence the emergence of fully functional chemotons capable of Darwinian evolution.
Les Leukosyriens : quelques notes d’ethnographie sinopéenne1
Authors: Dan Anca
Published: May 2011

Following on from a critical ‘inventory’ of ancient evidence and modern interpretations regarding the presence of Syrians, Assyrians or Leukosyrians in the North-East of Asia Minor, I propose a geographical explanation for this strange homonymy in ancient ethnography: the presence of Syrians in Pontic and Eastern Mediterranean regions could be regarded, in Greek and Roman times, as the effect of a narrowed perception of the oekoumene. This could explain also the presence of Arabs, Chaldeans and Chalybes in the North as well as in the South of the Eastern extremity of the ancient world.
Sinopean Amphorae of the Roman Period
Authors: Vnukov Sergey Yu.
Published: May 2011

The main aims of this paper are to review briefly the various types of Sinopean amphorae of the Roman period, paying particular attention to newly-discovered and rare forms of these vessels, and to demonstrate their general evolution tendencies. Sinopean amphorae of the Roman period belong to two production traditions (local Hellenistic and pan-Roman), but are all made of the same fabric. The main problem when studying the Roman vessels is the lack of dated assemblages of the late 1st and 2nd centuries AD. As a result, there is a gap in the evidence between the evolution of the early Roman amphora and the vessels produced from the 3rd century onwards. Several new and rare varieties of Sinopean amphorae of this period, of both production traditions, are described in the article. They offer the opportunity to fill partly the gap between the early Roman Sinopean amphorae and the later vessels manufactured in Demirci, and to specify the typology and general evolution of the amphorae produced in Sinope.
Sinope as a Trading and Cultural Agent in Thrace during the Classical and Early Hellenistic Periods
Authors: Stoyanov Totko
Published: May 2011

Using a range of materials, this article aims to reveal Sinope ‐ the most developed Greek apoikia on the southern Black Sea coast from the Archaic to the early Hellenistic period ‐ as a contributor to the economic and cultural development of Thrace, especially the northeastern part. Mapping the find-spots of axe types with Thracian replicas allows us to outline the route used from the Early Bronze Age onwards from the Black Sea coast in the Sinope-Amisos area through central Anatolia toward Cilicia, Phoenicia and Palestine and confirm the opinion that the direct route across the Black Sea from Sinope to the northwest coast of the Pontus was familiar to local sea-farers before the period of Greek colonization. Sinope developed as a prosperous port of the caravan route between the Euphrates and the Black Sea from the 6th to the 4th century BC, when the polis adopted a leading role as a producer and exporter of olive oil and architectural terracottas to the markets of the northern and northwestern Pontic areas. In addition, Sinope realized the rich mineral resources of its area and was probably also an artistic centre. The economic penetration of Sinope deep into the hinterland of northern Thrace gives grounds to reassess the origins of some of the toreutic items discovered in recent decades, such as the bull-rhyton of the Borovo Treasure. Some iconographic and stylistic novelties in otherwise purely Thracian vases and other types of artefacts could be seen in the context of relations with eastern Anatolia and adjacent areas of the Near East.
Calvin and the Canons of Dordt (1619)
Authors: Sinnema Donald W.
Published: May 2011

Despite the fact that the so-called “Five Points of Calvinism” are based on the five main points of the Canons of Dordt, it is misleading to assume that these five points are drawn directly from Calvin. The documents of the Synod of Dordt rarely refer to any theological source, including Calvin. However, a comparison of Calvin and the Canons suggests that Calvin was a probable influence on the Canons on the issue of double predestination and a possible influence on the themes of the universal call of the gospel, human depravity, efficacious grace, and perseverance. But Calvin was an unlikely influence on the Canons’ infralapsarian stance and on its formulations regarding negative-positive reprobation, particular grace, and the sufficient-efficient distinction. These latter issues became formulated in a more precise manner after Calvin, so later Reformed theologians were more likely influences. In sum, Calvin’s influence on the Canons could only have been moderate.
“Quid est homo quod memor es ipsius?” Calvin and Cocceius (1603–1669) on Psalm 8
Authors: van Asselt Willem J.
Published: May 2011

This article addresses a controversy between Reformed theologians on the exegesis of Psalm 8 which arose in the Dutch Reformed Church during the late seventeenth century. The followers of the Leiden theologian Johannes Cocceius proposed an eschatological (even apocalyptic) reading of this Psalm which was vehemently contested by the followers of the Utrecht professor Gisbertus Voetius. Both parties appealed to Calvin’s exegesis of this Psalm and argued that their opinions were in continuity with those of Calvin. By comparing Calvin’s exegesis of this Psalm to Cocceius’s explanation, it is possible to illuminate the seventeenth-century debate on this issue. This may also be instructive for explaining the variegated views on Biblical prophecy within the Reformed tradition. At the same time, an investigation of the sources of both theologians enables us to locate them in the history of exegesis.
Ulrik Huber (1636–1694) and John Calvin: The Franeker Debate on Human Reason and the Bible (1686–1687)
Authors: Goudriaan Aza
Published: May 2011

In a doctoral dissertation De recta ratiocinatione (1686), Gisbert Wessel Duker claimed that “the divinity of Scripture cannot be demonstrated except by reason.” During the promotion session at the University of Franeker, the legal scholar Ulrik Huber (1636–1694) objected to this statement by reading from a copy of the Institutes he had in hand what John Calvin had written about the necessity of the testimony of the Holy Spirit. This article traces Huber’s use of Calvin in various writings published during the ensuing controversy, most notably the De concursu rationis et Sacrae Scripturae (1687). That Huber used him as an authority is significant because he was a legal scholar, and not a theologian, who appealed to Calvin in support of the need for the Holy Spirit and for humble piety in order to counter tendencies in the (legal) philosophy and theology of his day to grant natural human reason a normative status in religion.
Melchior Leydecker (1642–1721): Reformed Scholasticism of a Catholic Character in Calvin’s Footsteps
Authors: Hoek P.C.
Published: May 2011

This article argues that the theological position of Melchior Leydecker as a Reformed scholastic theologian is especially characterised by a broad orientation with respect to the theological tradition. He is undoubtedly a theologian in Calvin’s footsteps. At several very important points in his theology, such as the doctrine of Scripture and the doctrine of the Trinity, this is clear. Nevertheless, his orientation with respect to pre-Reformation (scholastic) theology is broader. Leydecker’s position is to be seen and interpreted as an extension of the theological insights of authors like Augustine, Bradwardine, and Turrettini. This conclusion is based upon an examination of some of Leydecker’s principal works in systematic theology, namely his De providentia Dei (1677), Fax veritatis (1677), and Synopsis (1684).
Calvin and Saumur: The Case of Claude Pajon (1626–1685)
Authors: Gootjes Albert
Published: May 2011

Given that Calvin served as an important source and authority for Amyraut during the controversies on universal grace which broke out ca. 1634, one might expect the same to be true for the polemics on (im)mediate grace surrounding the teachings of another (later) Saumur universalist, Claude Pajon. As this article demonstrates, however, the manuscript works written by, to, and about Pajon reveal that he did not shelter behind Calvin’s name—even if he believed that the latter had shared his view. The extant sources instead show that John Cameron and Paul Testard, two earlier promoters of la grâce universelle, were Pajon’s main sources of inspiration and served as his authorities. The article closes with a twofold conclusion, namely, that the marginal place of Calvin in the Pajon controversies may well be attributed to the greater acceptance la grâce universelle had gained by that time; and secondly, that one does well to recognize the existence of different currents within la grâce universelle of seventeenth-century French Protestantism.
John Calvin’s Reception at the Westminster Assembly (1643–1649)
Authors: Jones Mark
Published: May 2011

Of all the Reformation theologians, John Calvin exerted arguably the most influence on the English Puritans. That did not mean, however, that his theology was uncritically accepted. This chapter considers the reception of Calvin’s theology at the Westminster Assembly on two doctrines that were debated among the Westminster divines, namely, the eternal generation of the Son of God and the so-called descent of Christ into Hell. Calvin’s somewhat unique position on the Son’s aseity and his interpretation of Christ’s descent were considered by the Assembly, but ultimately rejected by the majority, though not all, of the Westminster divines. Nevertheless, the Westminster documents are not quite detailed enough to contradict Calvin’s position on the Son’s aseity, but the Larger Catechism definitely departs from Calvin’s teaching on Christ’s descent into Hell. Moreover, the relation of the Apostles’ Creed and Nicene Creed to Reformed theology in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries also comes under consideration in this chapter.
Calvin, Witsius (1636–1708), and the English Antinomians
Authors: van den Brink Gert
Published: May 2011

At the core of the Reformation lies the belief that good works are excluded from man’s justification before God. Roman Catholic adversaries feared the rise of immorality and thus accused the Reformed of antinomianism. In this paper the term “doctrinal antinomians” is used for those who deny any human activity within the order of salvation. Within the Reformed tradition we do indeed find examples of such antinomians. As might be expected, they were highly criticised from within their own Reformed camp. However, as part of their defensive strategy they appealed to Calvin as one of their champions. This paper first investigates the manner in which the antinomians referred to him, and then goes on to consider whether their appeal is justified. In order to evaluate to what extent antinomian aspects can be detected in Calvin’s theology, the analysis of the antinomian position by Herman Witsius, a seventeenth-century Dutch theologian, will be used as an investigative tool.
The Lasting Echo of the Battle of Grunwald: the Uses of the Past in the Trials between the Armenian Community of Lemberg and the Catholic Patricians in 1578–1631
Authors: Osipian Alexandr
Published: May 2011

The article deals with the historical imagination in the burgher's milieu in the late Renaissance Polish kingdom. The main aim of the article is the investigation of the changes that occurred in the perception of the remote past. The article focuses on the mechanisms of a usable past construction. In 1578, in order to obtain equal economic rights with the dominant Catholic burghers – mostly of German origin – in Lemberg, local Armenians stated that their ancestors were invited by the Galician prince Daniel and were then settled by his son Lev/Leon (1264-1301) in Lviv at the time of the city's foundation. In 1597, in their complaint, Catholics allowed that the statement of the invitation of the Armenian ancestors was a real fact but accused "Armenian warriors" for participating in the hostile incursions led by Prince Daniel or Lev together with the Tatars in the 1250s-1280s against Poland. In this way, the magistrate won the trial in 1600. I argue that for their pseudo-historical argument Catholic patricians creatively reinterpreted some passages from Marcin Cromer's book "On the origins and deeds of the Poles" (1555, 1558, 1562, 1568, 1589). Then, Armenians changed their tactics and stated in 1631 that their noble ancestors took an active part in the wars between Poland and Teutonic Order in late fourteenth – early fifteenth centuries. Thus Armenians converted their ancestors into good patriots of Poland when the Germans were the main enemies. During the trials townspeople perceived changes in their past. It also reflects a level of historical reading in Polish history and the emergence of the Battle of Grunwald battle as part of a Polish national myth. Thus Renaissance book-printing and book-collecting directly influenced the burgher's historical imagination and their judicial argument. City elites "privatized" a book, which had been sacral property of Church, and made it their tool to use for their practical needs. They also privatized and instrumentalized the based-on-books past. The arguments used by both sides during their conflict correlated with the urban elites' aspirations to acquire noble status. It also reflects the process of transmission of high culture models – Sarmatian Renaissance – to the lower estates of the Kingdom.
1855–1911
Authors: Suslov Mikhail
Published: May 2011

This article explores one of the oldest controversies over Slavophile thought: the question of whether it is a form of liberalism or conservatism. The author reassesses understudied neo-Slavophile ideologists through the prism of the debates on the public sphere. The paper focuses on the popular journalist S. F. Sharapov (1855-1911) and his utopias. Sharapov and the plethora of the Slavophile intellectuals, such as N. P. Aksakov, A. A. Kireev, D. A. Khomiakov, I. F. Romanov, A. G. Shcherbatov, and A. V. Vasil'ev, worked out a project of autocracy based upon local self-government. Their project featured such elements of liberalism as humanism, freedom of conscience and the press, and toleration of the non-Russian and non-Orthodox subjects of the Empire. One of the central themes of the neo-Slavophile project was criticism of the bureaucratic imperial regime and offering proposals of comprehensive reforms. At the same time, neo-Slavophilism embraced anti-Semitism and a deep-rooted aversion to the West and Western political practices. The distinctiveness of the neo-Slavophiles consisted of the Messianic belief in Russia's uniqueness and ability to develop a 'truly liberal' political regime, in which rigorously observed Christian morality would be present alongside civil rights and freedoms. The paper argues that Slavophilism is not a repository of ready-made illiberal ideas, but a practice of social criticism, which comes up when attempts at political modernization in Russia are half-hearted or have failed.
Volunteering to Give up Privilege? How Affluent Youth Volunteers Respond to Class Privilege
Authors: Kawecka Nenga Sandi
Published: May 2011

Although affluent youth can meet people from different social classes and learn about poverty while volunteering, some youth leave volunteer experiences without challenging their class privilege. Using in-depth interviews with forty affluent youth volunteers, the author identifies four ways that youth exercised agency in response to class privilege: evading class, employing equalizing discourses, blaming cultural capital, and challenging class privilege. Because these four strategies both resemble and diverge from strategies used to respond to white privilege, the author argues that discursive responses to privilege are not universal and vary according to the type of privilege being consolidated or challenged. Although positive cross-class interactions were necessary, they were not sufficient to spur youth to challenge class privilege. Youth were more likely to challenge class privilege when they volunteered for long periods of time and completed trainings that identified structural causes of poverty.
Beyond sectors, before the world
Authors: Kessler Oliver
Published: May 2011

While security and finance are certainly different social spheres, the fact that we can detect similar shifts in both points to the existence of something that precedes these ‘realities’. If finance and security are said to be different, intertwined and related, the question then arises as to what it is that constitutes the differences and similarities between them. This article argues that further inquiry into the boundary between the two leads us to understand processes of securitization and financialization as constitutive processes by which actors, behaviours, practices or communications are considered to be economic or securitized. To capture processes of financialization, the article draws on systems theory in general and the concept of functional differentiation in particular.
Placebo use in clinical practice by nurses in an Iranian teaching hospital
Authors: Baghcheghi Nayereh , Hamid Reza Koohestani
Published: May 2011

The present study was carried out to explore Iranian nurses’ use of placebos in clinical practice and their knowledge and attitude towards its use. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted using self-report questionnaires. All nurses working in a university hospital in Arak (n = 342) were invited to participate in the study. Among 295 respondents, 221 (75%) reported that they had used at least one placebo within the past year and 179 (81%) told patients they were receiving actual medication. The most common reason and symptom for placebo use were after unjustified demand for medication and pain, respectively. Only 60 (20.33%) of the nurses believed that placebos should never be used. Results showed that most nurses in our study had used placebos and probably will continue to use them. Placebo use is viewed as ethically permissible among nurses. Some patients benefit from the placebos, but their use raises ethical questions. The role of placebo treatment, its mechanisms, and its ethics issues should be taught to nurses.
Feminist intersectionality: Bringing social justice to health disparities research
Authors: Rogers Jamie , Kelly Ursula A
Published: May 2011

The principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice are well established ethical principles in health research. Of these principles, justice has received less attention by health researchers. The purpose of this article is to broaden the discussion of health research ethics, particularly the ethical principle of justice, to include societal considerations — who and what are studied and why? — and to critique current applications of ethical principles within this broader view. We will use a feminist intersectional approach in the context of health disparities research to firmly establish inseparable links between health research ethics, social action, and social justice. The aim is to provide an ethical approach to health disparities research that simultaneously describes and seeks to eliminate health disparities.
How Nurses and physicians face ethical dilemmas — the Croatian experience
Authors: Sorta-Bilajac Iva , Baždarić Ksenija , Brkljačić Žagrović Morana , Jančić Ervin , Brozović Boris , Čengić Tomislav , Ćorluka Stipe , Agich George J
Published: May 2011

The aim of this study was to assess nurses’ and physicians’ ethical dilemmas in clinical practice. Nurses and physicians of the Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka were surveyed (N = 364). A questionnaire was used to identify recent ethical dilemma, primary ethical issue in the situation, satisfaction with the resolution, perceived usefulness of help, and usage of clinical ethics consultations in practice. Recent ethical dilemmas include professional conduct for nurses (8%), and near-the-end-of-life decisions for physicians (27%). The main ethical issue is limiting life-sustaining therapy (nurses 15%, physicians 24%) and euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (nurses 16%, physicians 9%). The types of help available are similar for nurses and physicians: obtaining complete information about the patient (37% vs. 50%) and clarifying ethical issues (31% vs. 39%). Nurses and physicians experience similar ethical dilemmas in clinical practice. The usage of clinical ethics consultations is low. It is recommended that the individual and team consultations should be introduced in Croatian clinical ethics consultations services.
Dignified end-of-life care in the patients’ own homes
Authors: Karlsson Christina , Berggren Ingela
Published: May 2011

Nowadays it is increasingly common that the patients in the end of life phase choose to be cared for in their own home. Therefore it is vital to identify significant factors in order to prevent unnecessary suffering for dying patients and their families in end-of-life homecare. This study aimed to describe 10 nurses’ perceptions of significant factors that contribute to good end-of-life care in the patients own home. The transcribed texts from the interviews’ were analyzed using phenomenological hermeneutical method, which focuses on the life-world of human beings. The results demonstrate that good end-of-life care presupposes that the aim of the caring staff is to provide safety, autonomy and integrity for the patient and family in order to create the respect required for as good and dignified a death as possible.
Perceptions of moral integrity: Contradictions in need of explanation
Authors: Laabs Carolyn
Published: May 2011

The incidence of moral distress, compromised moral integrity, and leaving nursing is highest among nurses new to the profession. Understanding perceptions of moral integrity may assist in developing strategies to reduce distress and promote workforce retention. The purpose of this study was to determine how newly graduated baccalaureate prepared nurses perceive moral integrity and how prepared they feel to manage challenges to it. The design was qualitative descriptive using a confidential short answer online survey. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Moral integrity was perceived as acting like, becoming, and being a certain kind of person who was honest, trustworthy, consistently doing and standing up for what is right, despite the consequences but also expected to set aside their values and beliefs and do what others ask, even if this would mean acting contrary to their conscience. The contradiction within this perception needs explanation.
Organizing moral case deliberation Experiences in two Dutch nursing homes
Authors: van der Dam S , Abma TA , Molewijk AC , Kardol MJM , Schols JMGA , Widdershoven GAM
Published: May 2011

Moral case deliberation (MCD) is a specific form of clinical ethics, aiming to stimulate ethical reflection in daily practice in order to improve the quality of care. This article focuses on the implementation of MCD in nursing homes and the questions how and where to organize MCD. The purpose of this study was to evaluate one way of organizing MCD in two Dutch nursing homes. In both of these nursing homes the MCD groups had a heterogeneous composition and were organized apart from existing institutional communication structures. As part of a naturalistic evaluation, systematic observations, interviews and focus groups were completed. The findings indicate that the heterogeneous composition and MCD meetings separate from existing structures have benefits. However, the participants also reported negative experiences. This gives rise to the question whether a mixed MCD group which meets separately is an effective way to embed MCD as an instrument for reflection on moral issues in daily practice. We conclude that there is no single answer to that question. In the end, the two implementation strategies (i.e. within existing communication structures and a mixed MCD group) can be complementary to each other.
Gendering violence in the school shootings in Finland
Authors: Kantola Johanna , Norocel Ov Cristian , Repo Jemima
Published: May 2011

Within barely a year, two school shootings shook Finland. The school shootings shocked Finnish society, forcing media, academics and experts, police and politicians alike to search for reasons behind the violent incidents. Focusing their analysis on the two main Finnish newspapers, Helsingin Sanomat and Hufvudstadsbladet , authoritative sources of information for Finland’s two language communities, the authors maintain that the Finnish case contributes to research on school shootings by evidencing the intimate linkages between the state, gender and violence. The authors argue that violence is to be understood through different discourses about the Finnish state. In particular, they discern three discourses about the state that produce gendered discourses of violence: the welfare state, the realist state and the neoliberal state. The authors conclude that these discourses produce different notions of rational and irrational violence thereby providing different legitimizations for male-embodied/masculine violence.
Childcare policy since the 1970s in the ‘most gender equal country in the world’: A field of controversy and grassroots activism
Authors: Korsvik Trine Rogg
Published: May 2011

Norway is often presented as a model country when it comes to gender equality, for its achievements in combining high birth rates with a high level of female work participation. This article investigates the relations between gender equality and childcare policy since the 1970s from a grassroots perspective. Generally initiatives in respect of childcare arrangements have come from women’s movements but there have been major disagreements regarding the issue. Publicly funded daycare and a part of the parental leave scheme reserved for fathers are two arrangements that relate childcare to gender equality and that have provoked political controversies between traditional equal value oriented women’s associations, on one hand, and equal rights and women’s liberation organizations, on the other.
The European Institute for Gender Equality: A window of opportunity for gender equality policies?
Authors: Hubert Agnès , Stratigaki Maria
Published: May 2011

This article sets out to assess the opportunities and risks for the advancement of gender equality in the European Union offered by the establishment of the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). It argues that the formal aims and objectives of the Institute mirror the wider political context today (and as such are congruent with the preferences of the political elites); for the same reason, however, the Institute may be hard-pressed to fulfil those functions originally envisaged by a specific but broad range of actors in the field of equal opportunities. Whether or not the Institute will be able to live up to the challenge will depend in large part on its ability to link with the gender studies research community and to forge critical political alliances with other strategic feminist actors.
The micro dynamics of agency: Repetition and subversion in a Mexican right-wing female politician’s life story
Authors: Davids Tine
Published: May 2011

This article analyses the micro dynamics of agency represented in the life story of a Mexican right-wing female politician — particularly how agency manifests itself in the way she repeats the rhetorical structures of her party’s discourse. Although claiming to be a modern woman, a high ranking political participant, she repeatedly refers to the traditional ideal of motherhood that also figures prominently in the right-wing party to which she belongs. Still, at some point, she goes beyond merely repeating the dominant discourse in constructing her own political subjectivity. In tracking her life story, the micro dynamics of her agency are explored through text and discourse analysis in which intertextuality and intersectionality of gender are instrumental. An attempt is made to overcome framing agency in the dichotomy between compliance and resistance. In doing so, the article also engages in recent debate on agency in European Journal of Women’s Studies.
Standard and escalating treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
Authors: Yoon Min-Suk , Chan Andrew , Gold Ralf
Published: May 2011

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an acquired, immune-mediated polyradiculoneuritis that is progressive or relapsing over a period of at least 8 weeks. Although the exact pathogenesis is unclear, it is thought to be mediated by both cellular and humoral immune reactions directed against the peripheral nerve myelin or axon. CIDP also involves spinal nerve roots. Early medical treatment of CIDP is important to prevent axonal loss. Only three treatment regimens for CIDP have demonstrated benefit in randomized, controlled studies: corticosteroids, plasma exchange, and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg). Approximately 25% of patients respond inadequately to corticosteroids, plasma exchange or IVIg. Large placebo-controlled trials with alternative immunosuppressive compounds, e.g. mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, or monoclonal antibodies, are lacking.
Mapping complex fracture systems as termite mounds—a fast-marching approach
Authors: Guo Hao , Marfurt Kurt J. , Shu Jiang
Published: May 2011

Mapping complex fracture systems can be as difficult as mapping termite mounds. An entomologist casts a real 3D model of a termite mound by pumping 600°C aluminum melt into the tunnel system. We use a fast-marching algorithm to simulate the casting process to help the interpretation of the complex geologic features such as fractures and collapse features. In our example, we find that the algorithm is fast, amenable to user interaction, can handle complex geometry, and can implicitly handle bad picks. Our current research suggests good potential to build an interactive tool to map complex 3D surfaces by utilizing volumetric seismic attributes and adapting traditional algorithms of traveltime modeling using the fast-marching method.
Introduction to this special section: Interferometry applications
Authors: Vasconcelos Ivan , Haney Matthew , Diallo Mamadou S.
Published: May 2011

If some ten years ago, one approached a highly skilled geophysicist randomly picked from our community and asked “How can you turn signals recorded at two receivers into what would be recorded if one acts as a source?”, or “How can we use random noise from unknown sources for imaging?”, or “How do we turn an earthquake into a buried virtual receiver?”, the answer most likely would lie somewhere between “Uh, I don't know,” to “What?! You can't do that!” However, in recent years these questions as well as others (possibly even stranger) have been answered due to a boom of creative scientific work in interferometry.
Offshore ambient-noise surface-wave tomography above 0.1 Hz and its applications
Authors: Bussat Sascha , Kugler Simone
Published: May 2011

By demonstrating offshore ambient-noise surface-wave tomography (ANSWT) at reservoir scale, we add a method to the commercially usable geophysical methods. Analysis of ambient-noise records at 126 locations above a hydrocarbon reservoir offshore Norway proves that the marine environment provides good conditions for 3D estimation of shear-wave velocities at frequencies above 0.1 Hz. The presented results are used to discuss potential application areas.
Adaptive interferometry for ground-roll suppression
Authors: Halliday David
Published: May 2011

Generally, seismic interferometry refers to a method of extracting the wavefield responses between two receivers as if we had replaced one of those receivers by a source (van Manen et al., 2005; Wapenaar and Fokkema, 2006). This is done by a process of cross-correlation and summation of wavefields observed at those receivers. These recorded wavefields can be excited by active sources (earthquakes, dynamite, air guns, vibroseis, and others) or passive sources (oceanic microseisms, traffic on roads, industrial machinery, and others). When applying seismic interferometry using surface sources and surface receivers, the recovered inter-receiver response is dominated by surface waves. This phenomenon is observed in both global and regional seismology where passive seismic energy is used, and in exploration seismology, where active sources are used.
Interpretation of Rayleigh-wave ellipticity observed with multicomponent passive seismic interferometry at Hekla Volcano, Iceland
Authors: Haney Matthew M. , Nies Andrew , Masterlark Tim , Needy Sarah , Pedersen Rikke
Published: May 2011

The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull has drawn increased attention to Iceland's Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ) due to the threat it poses to the heavily used air-traffic corridors of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Within the EVZ, Hekla is historically one of the most active volcanoes and has exhibited a decadal eruption pattern for the past 40 years. Hekla most recently erupted in 2000 and is thus ripe for another decadal eruption. Because Hekla is generally aseismic, except for a brief time period (hours) leading up to an eruption, monitoring has previously depended on precursory deformation signals (Linde et al., 1993). As a result, seismic tomography of the internal structure of the volcano using phase arrivals of local earthquakes is not possible. Motivated by Hekla's practically aseismic behavior in inter-eruptive periods, we installed a temporary network of four broadband seismometers around the volcanic edifice in late August 2010 with the intention of investigating the applicability of passive seismic interferometry (PSI) for imaging and monitoring the volcano.
The value of information from time-lapse seismic data
Authors: Pinto José Rodrigo , de Aguiar José Clauver , Moraes Fernando S.
Published: May 2011

Major oil companies generally hold a large investment portfolio, including several development projects with some worth hundreds of millions of US dollars. It is the geophysicist's task to assist in gathering the information required to optimize field development, including the positioning of infill drilling and determining the best oil recovery strategy. The final goal is to achieve an improved recovery factor at a reduced cost of drilling.
GEOPHYSICS BRIGHT SPOTS
Authors: Mahrer Ken
Published: May 2011

Welcome new friend or old friend to another edition of Bright Spots, your friendly GEOPHYSICS spotlighter. The spotlighted articles in this month's column are recommendations from the editorial staff of GEOPHYSICS. They spotlighted 10 (2 letters, 1 tutorial, and 7 technical papers) of the 59 articles in the May-June issue of GEOPHYSICS. I hope my short summaries of their choices motivate you to check out these articles or, perhaps, other GEOPHYSICS articles equally worthy, but not on the radar. As always, GEOPHYSICS is worth your effort.
Secularism, Secularization, and Why the Difference Matters
Authors: Pecora Vincent P.
Published: May 2011

The belief that modernity can be completed—and not merely in some ungraspable “fullness of time”—is the little that remains of art's utopian promise. But this is at the same time the promise of a fully achieved secularism. There is no way, I think, that anyone could have predicted the return of religion in its more public forms in recent decades, any more than one could have foreseen the great reopening of the question of secularization within social theory since 1990. If, as I argue, the complete eradication of religious thought, which is to say a “finished” project of secularization, is itself an incoherent (and therefore, strictly speaking, irrational) quest of modern philosophy and social theory, then how should we understand secularization as a permanently “unfinished” project?
Flower of the Desert: Poetics as Ontology from Leopardi to Negri
Authors: Murphy Timothy S.
Published: May 2011

Over the past decade Antonio Negri has become widely influential as a theorist of globalization. His concepts of empire and multitude, elaborated in collaboration with Michael Hardt, derive from the analysis of the impact that linguistic performance and communications networks have had on economic production, political representation, and resistance. However, that focus on language and communications is a recent and poorly understood development in Negri's long career. This article traces Negri's recent interest in the power of language and communications, as well as his recent alliance with the Nietzschean poststructuralism of Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze, to Lenta ginestra (1987), his massive study of the Italian Romantic poet Giacomo Leopardi. Negri finds in Leopardi's work not only a sophisticated philosophy of language but also a materialist ontology of the human imagination that opposes the dialectical tradition of idealist rationality associated with Kant and Hegel. Leopardi's thinking parallels Nietzsche's in several important ways: both offer a critique of dialectical concepts of historical progress; both attack the rise of nationalism and its administrative control over life; and both conceive of subjectivity as a process of creation or poiesis. The engagement with Leopardi has allowed Negri to identify crucial and productive points of intersection between his own Marxist project and the Nietzschean projects of Foucault and Deleuze, and thereby to develop his powerful model of globalization.
Post-Structuralism's Second Wave: Derrida; A Review Essay
Authors: Leitch Vincent B.
Published: May 2011

During the closing decades of the twentieth century, French post-structuralism constituted a powerful shaping force on many academic disciplines, especially literary and cultural studies. At the opening of the twenty-first century, most of its major figures, born between the two world wars, have died. Yet a flood, a second wave, of posthumous publications has poured from French presses. The publication of Jacques Derrida's seminars promises to be an unparalleled project among the leading first-generation French post-structuralists. It will publish forty-three years of seminars and courses (one volume for each year). Thus far, two volumes have been published, Séminaire: La bête et le souverain, Volume 1 (2001–2002) and Volume 2 (2002–2003), published in 2008 and 2010, respectively. (In 2009 the University of Chicago Press inaugurated the translation of the series into English with the publication of volume 1.) This review essay of the forthcoming volume 2, the last seminar, assesses Derrida's themes, styles, and organization. It highlights his comments on interpretation and his explorations of the undecidable concept of survivance (life death).
Queer Family Romance in Collecting Visual Culture
Authors: Davis Whitney
Published: May 2011

The essay presents a model of “queer family romance” (adapted from Freud's concept of family romance) in historical practices of collecting visual culture in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Though queer collections of visual culture and queer family romance are independent variables, the essay addresses their intersection. The first part briefly outlines how queer collections, regardless of the stylistic and iconographic affiliations of particular objects, are constituted in “family resemblances” among objects that tend, overall, to inflect the entire array in terms of nonstandard sexualities and erotic attractions. The second part considers how Freud handled the question of family romance in his most notable treatment of a famous historical artist, Leonardo da Vinci, and suggests that a concept of queer family romance, though overlooked by Freud, might extend and improve the Freudian account of Leonardo's sexual subjectivity (as well as his subjectivity as an artist) and go some way toward explaining why Leonardo's art played a paradigmatic role in later collections of queer visual culture and why Leonardo occupied a major place in later family romances of artistic subjectivity. The third section considers an example of the intersection of queer family romance and the collection of visual culture, namely, the collection of paintings, objets d'art, and other items of visual and material culture gathered and exhibited by William Beckford at Fonthill Abbey from about 1795 to about 1820. The essay concludes by suggesting that queer family romance in collecting visual and material culture constitutes a possible matrix of queer bonding that might supplement, or even provide an alternative to, the social relations of juridical kin or real biological family; because queer families constituted extrabiologically (i.e., in activities of generating cultural forms) can function psychically and socially as family in the fullest sense, they deserve more attention in contemporary debates about the legal-political status—even the very identity—of nontraditional family structures.
Call for Papers—on Barbara Johnson
Authors: Miller D. A.
Published: May 2011

D. A. Miller's “Call for Papers” is an homage to Barbara Johnson on the occasion of a memorial service held for her in Berkeley. She was, for Miller, a “critic's critic”: in a posthumous response to her “Bringing Out D. A. Miller,” a review of his book Bringing Out Roland Barthes, he reads the inscriptions of her own desire to be read the way he read Barthes. The essay suggests the queer bond between two academics of the same generation whose sexuality informs their work in very different ways.
Design, Generation, and Characterization of a 1,5-Hexadiene Bearing Two Lophyl Radicals as a Probe of the Stepwise Mechanism for the Cope Rearrangement
Authors: Ikeda Hiroshi , Matsuo Kazuki , Matsui Yasunori , Matsuoka Masaya , Mizuno Kazuhiko
Published: May 2011

The mechanism of the Cope rearrangement of 1,5-hexadienes remains controversial. Two pathways for the rearrangement of 2,5-diphenyl-1,5-hexadiene have been debated over the past several decades. The first is a concerted route that takes place via a pericyclic transition state and the other is a stepwise process via a biradical intermediate or biradicaloid transition structure. In this study, we explored a new intramolecular trapping approach to examine the possible existence of the putative biradical that might intervene in the stepwise Cope rearrangement. For this purpose, a study was carried out in which a 1,5-hexadiene, bearing two lophyl radicals at C2 and C5 positions, moieties capable of trapping a putative biradical intermediate intramolecularly, was designed, generated, and characterized both experimentally and with density functional theory.