bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pneumonitis after Stereotactic Thoracic Radioimmunotherapy with Checkpoint Inhibitors: Exploration of the Dose–Volume–Effect Correlation
Authors: Kraus Kim Melanie , Bauer Caroline , Feuerecker Benedikt , Fischer Julius Clemens , Borm Kai Joachim , Bernhardt Denise , Combs Stephanie Elisabeth
Published: June 2022

Thoracic stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is extensively used in combination with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). While current evidence suggests that the occurrence of pneumonitis as a side effect of both treatments is not enhanced for the combination, the dose–volume correlation remains unclear. We investigate dose–volume–effect correlations for pneumonitis after combined SBRT + ICB. We analyzed patient clinical characteristics and dosimetric data for 42 data sets for thoracic SBRT with ICB treatment (13) and without (29). Dose volumes were converted into 2 Gy equivalent doses (EQD2), allowing for dosimetric comparison of different fractionation regimes. Pneumonitis volumes were delineated and corresponding DVHs were analyzed. We noticed a shift towards lower doses for combined SBRT + ICB treatment, supported by a trend of smaller areas under the curve (AUC) for SBRT+ ICB (median AUC 1337.37 vs. 5799.10, p = 0.317). We present a DVH-based dose–volume–effect correlation method and observed large pneumonitis volumes, even with bilateral extent in the SBRT + ICB group. We conclude that further studies using this method with enhanced statistical power are needed to clarify whether adjustments of the radiation dose constraints are required to better estimate risks of pneumonitis after the combination of SBRT and ICB.
Predictive and Prognostic Value of Non-Coding RNA in Breast Cancer
Authors: Sobhani Navid , Chahwan Richard , Roudi Raheleh , Morris Rachel , Volinia Stefano , Chai Dafei , D’Angelo Alberto , Generali Daniele
Published: June 2022

For decades since the central dogma, cancer biology research has been focusing on the involvement of genes encoding proteins. It has been not until more recent times that a new molecular class has been discovered, named non-coding RNA (ncRNA), which has been shown to play crucial roles in shaping the activity of cells. An extraordinary number of studies has shown that ncRNAs represent an extensive and prevalent group of RNAs, including both oncogenic or tumor suppressive molecules. Henceforth, various clinical trials involving ncRNAs as extraordinary biomarkers or therapies have started to emerge. In this review, we will focus on the prognostic and diagnostic role of ncRNAs for breast cancer.
A Tale of Two Cancers: A Current Concise Overview of Breast and Prostate Cancer
Authors: De Silva Franklyn , Alcorn Jane
Published: June 2022

Cancer is a global issue, and it is expected to have a major impact on our continuing global health crisis. As populations age, we see an increased incidence in cancer rates, but considerable variation is observed in survival rates across different geographical regions and cancer types. Both breast and prostate cancer are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although cancer statistics indicate improvements in some areas of breast and prostate cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, such statistics clearly convey the need for improvements in our understanding of the disease, risk factors, and interventions to improve life span and quality of life for all patients, and hopefully to effect a cure for people living in developed and developing countries. This concise review compiles the current information on statistics, pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments associated with breast and prostate cancer.
Prognostic Value of Hybrid PET/MR Imaging in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Piscopo Leandra , Nappi Carmela , Volpe Fabio , Romeo Valeria , Nicolai Emanuele , Gallicchio Rosj , Giordano Alessia , Storto Giovanni , Pace Leonardo , Cavaliere Carlo , Salvatore Marco , Cuocolo Alberto , Klain Michele
Published: June 2022

Background: Hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance (MR) is an emerging imaging modality with great potential to provide complementary data acquired at the same time, under the same physiological conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of hybrid 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/MR in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) who underwent total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine therapy for suspicion of disease relapse. Methods: Between November 2015 and February 2017, 55 patients underwent hybrid 18F-FDG PET/MR. Assessment of positive MR was made considering all sequences in terms of malignancy based on the morphological T2-weighted features and the presence of restricted diffusivity on diffusion-weighted imaging images and both needed to be positive on the same lesion. Both foci with abnormal 18F-FDG uptake, which corresponded to tissue abnormalities on the MR, and tracer accumulation, which did not correspond to normal morphological structures, were considered positive. Results: During follow-up (mean 42 ± 27 months), 29 patients (53%) had disease recurrence. In the Cox univariate regression analysis age, serum Tg level ≥ 2 ng/mL, positive short tau inversion recovery (STIR), and positive PET were significant predictors of DTC recurrence. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses showed that patients with Tg ≥ 2 ng/mL had poorer outcomes compared to those with serum Tg level < 2 ng/mL (p < 0.05). Similarly, patients with positive STIR and positive PET had a worst outcome compared to those with negative STIR (p < 0.05) and negative PET (p < 0.005). Survival analysis performed in the subgroup of 36 subjects with Tg level ≥ 2 ng/mL revealed that patients with positive PET had a worst outcome compared to those with negative PET (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Age, serum Tg level ≥ 2 ng/mL, positive STIR, and positive 18F-FDG PET were significant predictors of DTC recurrence. However, the serum Tg level was the only independent predictor of DTC. Hybrid PET/MR imaging may have the potential to improve the information content of one modality with the other and would offer new opportunities in patients with DTC. Thus, further studies in a larger patient population are needed to understand the additional value of 18F-FDG PET/MR in patients with DTC.
Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Concomitant with Sorafenib Inhibit Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Davidi Shiri , Jacobovitch Sara , Shteingauz Anna , Martinez-Conde Antonia , Braten Ori , Tempel-Brami Catherine , Zeevi Einav , Frechtel-Gerzi Roni , Ene Hila , Dor-On Eyal , Voloshin Tali , Tzchori Itai , Haber Adi , Giladi Moshe , Kinzel Adrian , Weinberg Uri , Palti Yoram
Published: June 2022

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly aggressive liver cancer, is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are electric fields that exert antimitotic effects on cancerous cells. The aims of the current research were to test the efficacy of TTFields in HCC, explore the underlying mechanisms, and investigate the possible combination of TTFields with sorafenib, one of the few front-line treatments for patients with advanced HCC. HepG2 and Huh-7D12 human HCC cell lines were treated with TTFields at various frequencies to determine the optimal frequency eliciting maximal cell count reduction. Clonogenic, apoptotic effects, and autophagy induction were measured. The efficacy of TTFields alone and with concomitant sorafenib was tested in cell cultures and in an orthotopic N1S1 rat model. Tumor volume was examined at the beginning and following 5 days of treatment. At study cessation, tumors were weighed and examined by immunohistochemistry to assess autophagy and apoptosis. TTFields were found in vitro to exert maximal effect at 150 kHz, reducing cell count and colony formation, increasing apoptosis and autophagy, and augmenting the effects of sorafenib. In animals, TTFields concomitant with sorafenib reduced tumor weight and volume fold change, and increased cases of stable disease following treatment versus TTFields or sorafenib alone. While each treatment alone elevated levels of autophagy relative to control, TTFields concomitant with sorafenib induced a significant increase versus control in tumor ER stress and apoptosis levels, demonstrating increased stress under the multimodal treatment. Overall, TTFields treatment demonstrated efficacy and enhanced the effects of sorafenib for the treatment of HCC in vitro and in vivo, via a mechanism involving induction of autophagy.
Implications of Gut Microbiota in Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Progression: A Concise Review
Authors: Gupta Ishita , Pedersen Shona , Vranic Semir , Al Moustafa Ala-Eddin
Published: June 2022

Advancement in the development of molecular sequencing platforms has identified infectious bacteria or viruses that trigger the dysregulation of a set of genes inducing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) event. EMT is essential for embryogenesis, wound repair, and organ development; meanwhile, during carcinogenesis, initiation of the EMT can promote cancer progression and metastasis. Recent studies have reported that interactions between the host and dysbiotic microbiota in different tissues and organs, such as the oral and nasal cavities, esophagus, stomach, gut, skin, and the reproductive tract, may provoke EMT. On the other hand, it is revealed that certain microorganisms display a protective role against cancer growth, indicative of possible therapeutic function. In this review, we summarize recent findings elucidating the underlying mechanisms of pathogenic microorganisms, especially the microbiota, in eliciting crucial regulator genes that induce EMT. Such an approach may help explain cancer progression and pave the way for developing novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Cardiac Remodeling in Cancer-Induced Cachexia: Functional, Structural, and Metabolic Contributors
Authors: Wiggs Michael P. , Beaudry Anna G. , Law Michelle L.
Published: June 2022

Cancer cachexia is a syndrome of progressive weight loss and muscle wasting occurring in many advanced cancer patients. Cachexia significantly impairs quality of life and increases mortality. Cardiac atrophy and dysfunction have been observed in patients with cachexia, which may contribute to cachexia pathophysiology. However, relative to skeletal muscle, little research has been carried out to understand the mechanisms of cardiomyopathy in cachexia. Here, we review what is known clinically about the cardiac changes occurring in cachexia, followed by further discussion of underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms contributing to cachexia-induced cardiomyopathy. Impaired cardiac contractility and relaxation may be explained by a complex interplay of significant heart muscle atrophy and metabolic remodeling, including mitochondrial dysfunction. Because cardiac muscle has fundamental differences compared to skeletal muscle, understanding cardiac-specific effects of cachexia may bring light to unique therapeutic targets and ultimately improve clinical management for patients with cancer cachexia.
Redox Regulation of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase—Implications for Cardiovascular Health and Disease
Authors: Charles Rebecca , Eaton Philip
Published: June 2022

Cell responses to changes in their redox state are significantly mediated by reversible oxido-reductive post-translational modifications of proteins, potentially altering their activities or interactions. These modifications are important for the homeostatic responses of cells to environmental changes that alter their redox state. Such redox regulatory mechanisms not only operate to maintain health, but can become dysregulated and contribute to pathophysiology. In this review, we focus on the redox control of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which is widely expressed, including in blood vessels and cardiomyocytes. We review the different types of oxidative modifications that regulate sEH and how they may alter cardiovascular physiology and affect disease progression during stress.
Using Extracellular Vesicles Released by GDNF-Transfected Macrophages for Therapy of Parkinson Disease
Authors: Zhao Yuling , Haney Matthew J. , Fallon John K. , Rodriguez Myosotys , Swain Carson J. , Arzt Camryn J. , Smith Philip C. , Loop Matthew Shane , Harrison Emily B. , El-Hage Nazira , Batrakova Elena V.
Published: June 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles that facilitate transport of proteins, lipids, and genetic material, playing important roles in intracellular communication. They have remarkable potential as non-toxic and non-immunogenic nanocarriers for drug delivery to unreachable organs and tissues, in particular, the central nervous system (CNS). Herein, we developed a novel platform based on macrophage-derived EVs to treat Parkinson disease (PD). Specifically, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of EVs secreted by autologous macrophages that were transfected ex vivo to express glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). EV-GDNF were collected from conditioned media of GDNF-transfected macrophages and characterized for GDNF content, size, charge, and expression of EV-specific proteins. The data revealed that, along with the encoded neurotrophic factor, EVs released by pre-transfected macrophages carry GDNF-encoding DNA. Four-month-old transgenic Parkin Q311(X)A mice were treated with EV-GDNF via intranasal administration, and the effect of this therapeutic intervention on locomotor functions was assessed over a year. Significant improvements in mobility, increases in neuronal survival, and decreases in neuroinflammation were found in PD mice treated with EV-GDNF. No offsite toxicity caused by EV-GDNF administration was detected. Overall, an EV-based approach can provide a versatile and potent therapeutic intervention for PD.
Conversion Study on the Formation of Mechanochemically Synthesized BaTiO3
Authors: Kozma Gábor , Lipták Kata , Deák Cora , Rónavári Andrea , Kukovecz Ákos , Kónya Zoltán
Published: June 2022

Mechanochemistry is a method that can cover the energy demand of reaction pathways between solid materials. This requires enough energy to maintain the reactions between the starting materials. This is called “high-energy milling”. In our case, a planetary ball mill provided the required energy. Using the Burgio-equation, the required energy is determinable; the energy released during a single impact of a milling ball (Eb), as well as during the whole milling process (Ecum). The aim of this work was the one-step production of BaTiO3 from BaO and TiO2 starting materials. Whereas during mechanochemical reactions it is possible to produce nanoparticles of up to 10 nm, the essence of this study is to develop the preparation of BaTiO3 with a perovskite structure even without subsequent heat treatment, since sintering at high temperatures is associated with a rapid increase in the size of the particles. By describing the synthesis parameters and their energy values (Eb and Ecum), it is possible to transpose experimental conditions, so that in the case of other types of planetary ball mills or grinding vessel made of other materials, the results can be used. In this study, the mechanical treatment was carried out with a Fritsch Pulverisette-6 planetary ball mill and the transformation of the starting materials was investigated by X-ray diffractometric, Raman and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic, and transmission electron microscopic measurements.
Dynamic Measurement of VOCs with Multiple Characteristic Peaks Based on Temperature Modulation of ZnO Gas Sensor
Authors: Shi Xue , Zhang Hua , Ji Hanyang , Meng Fanli
Published: June 2022

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) harm human health seriously in the air. Therefore, it is essential to recognize VOC gases qualitatively and quantitatively. The dynamic measurement method can improve the selectivity of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors to VOC, but there is a problem of the insufficient number of characteristic peaks. From the experimental point of view, the primary judgment basis for the correct qualitative and quantitative recognition of VOC gases by the dynamic measurement method is the characteristic peak of the dynamic response signal. However, the traditional dynamic measurement method generally only has two characteristic peaks. In this experiment, the voltage was changed at the time of the second characteristic peak by controlling the constant dynamic response period. Taking ethyl alcohol as an example, the experimental results show that the characteristic peak of the dynamic response signal does not increase when the voltage is constant. However, a new characteristic peak will appear based on a continuously rising heating voltage. The characteristic peaks of the dynamic response of n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and n-butyl alcohol were also increased based on the rising heating voltage waveform. Based on the K-Nearest-Neighbors algorithm, the qualitative and quantitative recognition rate of the four alcohol homologue gases reached 100%.
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (PTHrP): Evaluation of Pediatric, Covariate-Stratified Reference Intervals
Authors: Brescia Vincenzo , Fontana Antonietta , Lovero Roberto , Capobianco Carmela , Marsico Stella Vita , De Chirico Tiziana , Pinto Carla , Mascolo Elisa , Cazzolla Angela Pia , Faienza Maria Felicia , Di Serio Francesca
Published: June 2022

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is expressed at a wide range of sites in the body and performs different functions including vasodilation, relaxation of smooth muscle cells, and regulation of bone development. PTHrP also mediates hypercalcemia related to neoplastic diseases. However, reference ranges specific method and age were not evaluated. We establish PTHrP reference ranges in apparently healthy, normocalcemic, normophosphatemic pediatric individuals. In this observational prospective, study we measured PTHrP in serum from 178 samples (55.06% male 44.94% female) from apparently healthy pediatric subjects [median age 10 years (range 1–18)] subunit ELISA method The statistical analysis performed provided for the calculation of the 95% reference interval, right-sided, with a non-parametric percentile method (CLSI C28-A3). Upper reference limits (URL) for PTHrP was 2.89 ng/mL (2.60 to 3.18; 90% CI). No significant differences were found between the median PTHrP concentrations in males vs females and in the age range categories selected. Comprehensive normal values for PTHrP are indispensable to the assessment of calcium phosphorus dysfunction in children. Severe hypercalcemia is a rare, but clinically significant condition, in infancy and childhood. PTHrP values higher than the reference value may help to distinguish the hypercalcemic product of a malignancy, paraneoplastic syndromes mediated by PTHrP, from other causes.
Performance Evaluation of Roughened Solar Air Heaters for Stretched Parameters
Authors: Alaskari Mustafa , Kadhim Arwa M. , Farhan Ammar A. , Al-Damook Moustafa , Al Qubeissi Mansour
Published: June 2022

Artificial roughness applied to a Solar Air Heater (SAH) absorber plate is a popular technique for increasing its total thermal efficiency (ηt−th). In this paper, the influence of geometrical parameters of V-down ribs attached below the corrugated absorbing plate of a SAH on the ηt−th was examined. The impacts of key roughness parameters, including relative pitch p/e (6–12), relative height e/D (0.019–0.043), angles of attack α (30–75°), and Re (1000–20,000), were examined under real weather conditions. The SAH ηt−th roughened by V-down ribs was predicted using an in-house developed conjugate heat-transfer numerical model. The maximum SAH ηt−th was shown to be 78.8% as predicted under the steady-state conditions of Re = 20,000, solar irradiance G = 1000 W/m2, p/e = 8, e/D = 0.043, and α = 60. The result was 15.7% greater efficiency compared to the default smooth surface. Under real weather conditions, the ηt−th of the roughened SAH with single- and double-glass covers were 17.7 and 20.1%, respectively, which were higher than those of the smooth SAH.
Jet Stream Changes over Southeast Australia during the Early Cool Season in Response to Accelerated Global Warming
Authors: Speer Milton S. , Leslie Lance M. , Hartigan Joshua
Published: June 2022

In recent decades, southeast Australia has experienced both extreme drought and record-breaking rainfall, with devastating societal impacts. Variations in the Australian polar-front jet (PFJ) and the subtropical jet (STJ) determine, for example, the location and frequency of the cool season (April–September) weather systems influencing rainfall events and, consequently, water availability for the southern half of Australia. Changes in jet stream wind speeds also are important for aviation fuel and safety requirements. A split jet occurs when the single jet separates into the STJ and PFJ in the early cool season (April–May). This study focusses on split jet characteristics over Australian/New Zealand longitudes in recent decades. During the accelerated global warming from the mid-1990s, higher mean wind speeds were found in the PJF across the Australian region during June–September, compared to the STJ. In contrast, significant wind speed increases occur in the early cool season (April–May) at STJ latitudes, which straddle the East Coast of Australia and the adjacent Tasman Sea. These changes are linked to major changes in the mean atmospheric circulation, and they include relative vorticity and humidity, both being vital for the development of rain-bearing weather systems that affect the region.
Comparative Study of Corrosion Behavior of LPCVD-Ti0.17Al0.83N and PVD-Ti1−xAlxN Coatings
Authors: Wang Shaoqing , Ji Wei , Wang Yaru , Wei Jiantao , Qiu Lianchang , Chen Chong , Jiang Xiaojun , Ran Qingxuan , Han Rihong
Published: June 2022

In the present work, a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) Ti0.17Al0.83N and state-of-the-art arc ion plating PVD-Ti1−xAlxN (x = 0.25, 0.55, 0.60, 0.67) coatings were deposited on cemented carbide substrate. The morphological, structural, and electrochemical properties of LPCVD-Ti0.17Al0.83N and PVD-Ti1−xAlxN coatings were compared. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the LPCVD-Ti0.17Al0.83N coating had a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure, while presenting a crack-free surface morphology and a compressive residual stress of −131.9 MPa. The PVD coatings with a composition of x ≤ 0.60 had an fcc structure, while the PVD-Ti0.33Al0.67N coating consisted of fcc and w-AlN phases. The results of the electrochemical corrosion test showed that the LPCVD-Ti0.17Al0.83N coating had the lowest corrosion current density in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. After a 20-day immersion corrosion test in a 5 mol/L HCl solution, the LPCVD-Ti0.17Al0.83N coating displayed higher stability than the PVD-Ti1−xAlxN coating. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that more uniform and denser passivation film, as well as higher Al2O3 proportion in the Al2O3/TiO2 composite passive layer, led to the outstanding corrosion resistance of the LPCVD-Ti0.17Al0.83N coating.
Corrosion Behavior of TiNi Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting in Simulated Saliva
Authors: Jia Chenfan , Wang Xinyu , Hu Ming , Su Yucheng , Li Shujun , Gai Xin , Sheng Liyuan
Published: June 2022

In this work, TiNi samples were prepared by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology, and the influence of microstructure, fluoride ion, and pH value on corrosion behavior in a saline environment was investigated and compared with TiNi alloy fabricated by traditional forging technology. The results indicated that the corrosion resistance of the SLM sample was slightly superior to that of the wrought sample in a saline environment due to the uniform and dense oxide film formed on the SLM sample surface. However, in acidic Artificial Saliva Solution (ASS) containing fluoride ions, the corrosion current density of the SLM sample increased from 9.85 × 10−2 to 13.9 μA/cm2 because of the presence of F−. Fluorine ions disrupted the passive film on the surface, and the Ti-F compound formed in the film, which deteriorated the corrosion resistance of the SLM sample. The increase in fluoride concentration and the decrease in pH value could accelerate the corrosion of the SLM sample.
Current Perspective on the Study of Liquid–Fluid Interfaces: From Fundamentals to Innovative Applications
Authors: Guzmán Eduardo
Published: June 2022

Liquid–fluid interfaces are ubiquitous systems, having a paramount importance for daily life as well as for academia, providing the basis for the study of different aspects of interest for medicine, biology, and physics [...]
Reversible and Irreversible Laser Interference Patterning of MOF Thin Films
Authors: Zhestkij Nikolaj , Efimova Anastasiia , Rzhevskiy Sergey , Kenzhebayeva Yuliya , Bachinin Semyon , Gunina Ekaterina , Sergeev Maxim , Dyachuk Vyacheslav , Milichko Valentin A.
Published: June 2022

Laser interference patterning on top of a thin film and inside a crystal is a powerful tool today to create the desired patterns for optical data processing. Here, we demonstrate reversible and irreversible laser interference patterning on a metal-organic framework (MOF) thin film through the water desorption and thermal decomposition processes, respectively. The irreversible interference pattern with a period of the strips of up to 5 µm has been realized, and its morphology has been characterized using confocal Raman and reflection spectroscopy as well as atomic force microscopy. We revealed that reducing the distance between the interference maxima from 10.5 to a record of 5 µm for MOFs yields a 10-fold increase in the surface roughness of the irreversible pattern; on the other hand, the reversible laser pattern provides a completely non-destructive effect of variable optical contrast. The experimental results obtained open up prospects for the use of MOF crystals as photosensitive materials in the template drawing of the desired patterns for different application scopes.
Prognostic and Predictive Relevance of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Squamous Cell Head–Neck Cancer Patients Treated with Radical Radiotherapy/Chemo-Radiotherapy
Authors: Koukourakis Ioannis M. , Gkegka Anastasia G. , Xanthopoulou Erasmia , Nanos Christos , Giatromanolaki Alexandra , Koukourakis Michael I.
Published: June 2022

Microenvironmental conditions control the entrance and thriving of cytotoxic lymphocytes in tumors, allowing or preventing immune-mediated cancer cell death. We investigated the role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density in the outcome of radiotherapy in a series of squamous cell head–neck tumors (HNSCC). Moreover, we assessed the link between markers of hypoxia and TIL density. One-hundred twenty-one patients with HNSCC treated prospectively with radical radiotherapy/chemo-radiotherapy were analyzed. The assessment of TIL density was performed on hematoxylin and eosin biopsy sections before radiotherapy. TIL density ranged from 0.8 to 150 lymphocytes per ×40 optical field (median 27.5). Using the median value, patients were grouped into two categories of low and high TIL density. Early T-stage tumors had a significantly higher TIL density (p < 0.003), but we found no association with N-stage. Overexpression of HIF1α, HIF2α, and CA9 was significantly linked with poor infiltration by TILs (p < 0.03). A significant association of high TIL density with better disease-specific overall survival and improved locoregional relapse-free survival was noted (p = 0.008 and 0.02, respectively), which was also confirmed in multivariate analysis. It is concluded that HNSCC phenotypes that allow for the intratumoral accumulation of lymphocytes have a better outcome following radical radiotherapy/chemo-radiotherapy. Intratumoral-activated HIF- and CA9-related pathways characterize immunologically cold tumors and may be used as targets for therapeutic interventions.
Wild Apples Are Not That Wild: Conservation Status and Potential Threats of Malus sieversii in the Mountains of Central Asia Biodiversity Hotspot
Authors: Tian Zhongping , Song Houjuan , Wang Yuzhuo , Li Jin , Maimaiti Mierkamili , Liu Zhongquan , Zhang Hongxiang , Zhang Jian
Published: June 2022

As one of the global biodiversity hotspots, the mountains of Central Asia are home to a large number of wild fruit species. Although the hotspots are constantly being seriously affected by climate and land-use changes, effective assessments of the impacts of these changes for the dominant species of wild fruit forests, wild apple (Malus sieversii), have been limited. We compiled 8344 occurrence records for wild apple across its whole distribution ranges from field surveys and herbarium and literature records. After data thinning to reduce sampling bias, we used ensemble niche models to project current and future suitable habitats, examined the importance of environmental factors, and assessed whether current national protected areas (PAs) are effective in protecting the suitable habitats. We found that the distribution of wild apple is currently fragmented. Under future scenarios, it would shift 118–227 km towards high latitudes and ~200 m towards high elevations, losing nearly 27–56% of suitable habitats in the south, and gaining some habitats in the north. The increased temperature and expansion of cropland contributed to these shifts. Nevertheless, about 13% of the suitable habitats are covered by existing PAs and less than 25% of suitable habitats will be protected in the future. The cold spots for protecting intact wild fruit forests are located in Xinjiang, China and Kyrgyzstan. Overall, we provide a detailed evaluation of the impacts of climate and land-use changes on current and future distributions of wild apple in Central Asia. Considering that this species faces a greater risk of habitat loss in the south of Central Asia, we advocate developing effective in situ conservation strategies with long-term monitoring that will provide deep insights into the fate of wild fruit forests.
Towards the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Mohsan Syed Agha Hassnain , Khan Muhammad Asghar , Noor Fazal , Ullah Insaf , Alsharif Mohammed H.
Published: June 2022

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, have come in a great diversity of several applications such as military, construction, image and video mapping, medical, search and rescue, parcel delivery, hidden area exploration, oil rigs and power line monitoring, precision farming, wireless communication and aerial surveillance. The drone industry has been getting significant attention as a model of manufacturing, service and delivery convergence, introducing synergy with the coexistence of different emerging domains. UAVs offer implicit peculiarities such as increased airborne time and payload capabilities, swift mobility, and access to remote and disaster areas. Despite these potential features, including extensive variety of usage, high maneuverability, and cost-efficiency, drones are still limited in terms of battery endurance, flight autonomy and constrained flight time to perform persistent missions. Other critical concerns are battery endurance and the weight of drones, which must be kept low. Intuitively it is not suggested to load them with heavy batteries. This study highlights the importance of drones, goals and functionality problems. In this review, a comprehensive study on UAVs, swarms, types, classification, charging, and standardization is presented. In particular, UAV applications, challenges, and security issues are explored in the light of recent research studies and development. Finally, this review identifies the research gap and presents future research directions regarding UAVs.
Operation of the Electronic Current Transformer for Transformation of Distorted Current Higher Harmonics
Authors: Kaczmarek Michal , Szczęsny Artur , Stano Ernest
Published: June 2022

This paper evaluates an electronic current transformer’s wideband accuracy in the transformation of distorted current harmonics. The tests were performed in the range of frequencies from 50 Hz to 5 kHz. The utmost importance was dedicated to the transformation of the low-order higher harmonics. The novelty of this paper involves the analysis of the self-generation of the third and fifth higher harmonics caused by the nonlinearity of magnetic core magnetization characteristics. Therefore, what is considered new in this investigation is that this phenomenon has a significant influence on values of current errors and phase displacements despite the presence of the operational amplifiers and the Hall sensors in the output circuits. Another important factor to consider is the influence of the RMS value of the primary current and output load of the ECT on wideband accuracy. To show the backgrounds of the performed laboratory studies, we also discuss the operation principles of the ECTs with closed and open feedback loops. The accuracy of the tested ECT deteriorated—as with the inductive CT—by the self-generation phenomenon. This resulted in rapid changes in the values of current errors and phase displacements determined for the low-order higher harmonics.
The Effects of De-Capacity Policy on Steel and Coal Firms’ Profitability: Evidence from China’s Listed Companies
Authors: Tian Yihao , Ding Lijin , Yang Bin , Peng Feng
Published: June 2022

Chinese overcapacity in the steel and coal industry has been on the rise since 2013, which leads to the misallocation of resources and decreases in production efficiency. In 2015, the Chinese central government adopted a series of de-capacity policies to resolve excess capacity and improve corporate profitability. However, there is scant evidence on the impacts of de-capacity policies on the firm profitability. Based on the data from Chinese listed companies in the steel and coal industry, this study constructs the difference-in-difference (DID) method to investigate the effects of the de-capacity policy on the profitability of listed companies in the steel and coal industry empirically. The results show that the de-capacity policy significantly increases the return on equity (ROE) of the experimental group, which is higher than that of the control group by 12.4%. That is partially because of the improvement in gross profit margin, management efficiency, and return on manpower due to the de-capacity policy. This study offers new evidence on the efficiency of China’s de-capacity policy toward the steel and coal industries through data at the enterprise level.
Protein Markers for the Identification of Cork Oak Plants Infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi by Applying an (α, β)-k-Feature Set Approach
Authors: Coelho Ana Cristina , Schütz Gabriela
Published: June 2022

Cork oak decline in Mediterranean forests is a complex phenomenon, observed with remarkable frequency in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula, causing the weakening and death of these woody plants. The defoliation of the canopy, the presence of dry peripheral branches, and exudations on the trunk are visible symptoms used for the prognosis of decline, complemented by the presence of Phytophthora cinnamomi identified in the rhizosphere of the trees and adjacent soils. Recently, a large proteomic dataset obtained from the leaves of cork oak plants inoculated and non-inoculated with P. cinnamomi has become available. We explored it to search for an optimal set of proteins, markers of the biological pattern of interaction with the oomycete. Thus, using published data from the cork oak leaf proteome, we mathematically modelled the problem as an α, β-k-Feature Set Problem to select molecular markers. A set of proteins (features) that represent dominant effects on the host metabolism resulting from pathogen action on roots was found. These results contribute to an early diagnosis of biochemical changes occurring in cork oak associated with P. cinnamomi infection. We hypothesize that these markers may be decisive in identifying trees that go into decline due to interactions with the pathogen, assisting the management of cork oak forest ecosystems.
Two Models for 2D Deep Water Waves
Authors: Dremov Sergey , Kachulin Dmitry , Dyachenko Alexander
Published: June 2022

In this paper we propose two Hamiltonian models to describe two-dimensional deep water waves propagating on the surface of an ideal incompressible three-dimensional fluid. The idea is based on taking advantage of the Zakharov equation for one-dimensional waves which can be written in the form of so-called compact equations. We generalize these equations to the case of two-dimensional waves. As a test of our models, we perform numerical simulations of the dynamics of standing waves in a channel with smooth vertical walls. The results obtained in the proposed models are comparable, indicating that the models are similar to the original Zakharov equation.
Turbulent Non-Stationary Reactive Flow in a Cement Kiln
Authors: Talice Marco , Juretić Franjo , Lahaye Domenico
Published: June 2022

The reduction of emissions from large industrial furnaces critically relies on insights gained from numerical models of turbulent non-premixed combustion. In the article Mitigating Thermal NOx by Changing the Secondary Air Injection Channel: A Case Study in the Cement Industry, the authors present the use of the open-source OpenFoam software environment for the modeling of the combustion of Dutch natural gas in a cement kiln operated by our industrial partner. In this paper, various model enhancements are discussed. The steady-state Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes formulation is replaced by an unsteady variant to capture the time variation of the averaged quantities. The infinitely fast eddy-dissipation combustion model is exchanged with the eddy-dissipation concept for combustion to account for the finite-rate chemistry of the combustion reactions. The injection of the gaseous fuel through the nozzles occurs at such a high velocity that a comprehensive flow formulation is required. Unlike in Mitigating Thermal NOx by Changing the Secondary Air Injection Channel: A Case Study in the Cement Industry, wave transmissive boundary conditions are imposed to avoid spurious reflections from the outlet patch. These model enhancements result in stable convergence of the time-stepping iteration. This in turn increases the resolution of the flow, combustion, and radiative heat transfer in the kiln. This resolution allows for a more accurate assessment of the thermal NO-formation in the kiln. Results of a test case of academic interest are presented. In this test case, the combustion air is injected at a low-mass flow rate. Numerical results show that the flow in the vicinity of the hot end of the kiln is unsteady. A vortex intermittently transports a fraction of methane into the air stream and a spurious reaction front is formed. This front causes a transient peak in the top wall temperature. The simulated combustion process is fuel-rich. All the oxygen is depleted after traveling a few diameters into the kiln. The thermal nitric oxide is formed near the burner and diluted before reaching the outlet. At the outlet, the simulated thermal NO concentration is equal to 1 ppm. The model is shown to be sufficiently mature to capture a more realistic mass inflow rate in the next stage of the work.
The Study of Amidoxime-Functionalized Cellulose Separate Th(IV) from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Zhi Yiling , Duan Guojian , Lei Zhiwei , Chen Hui , Zhang Haobo , Tian Huining , Liu Tonghuan
Published: June 2022

Selective extraction of low-concentration thorium (Th(IV)) from wastewater is a very important research topic. In this paper, amidoxime cellulose was synthesized, and its composition and structure were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, XPS, and elemental analysis. The adsorption experiment results showed that the adsorption reaction was a spontaneous exothermic process. When the solid–liquid ratio was 0.12 g/L and the pH value was 3.5, the adsorption percentage of the Th(IV) in water onto amidoxime-functionalized cellulose (AO-CELL) could reach over 80%. The maximum adsorption capacity can reach to 450 mg/g. At the same time, the adsorption selectivity, desorption process and reusability of the material were also studied. The results showed that the AO-CELL had a good selectivity for Th(IV) in the system with Sr2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ as co-ions. In the nitric acid concentration of 0.06 mol/L system, the AO-CELL desorption rate of Th(IV) can reach 95%, and the adsorption rate of Th(IV) in aqueous solution of AO-CELL is still above 60% when the AO-CELL is reused four times. The above results show that the amidoxime cellulose adsorption material synthesized by our research group has good selective adsorption performance for Th(IV) of a low concentration in an aqueous solution and has a good practical application value.
Advances of Engineered Hydrogel Organoids within the Stem Cell Field: A Systematic Review
Authors: Li Zheng , Yue Muxin , Liu Yunsong , Zhang Ping , Qing Jia , Liu Hao , Zhou Yongsheng
Published: June 2022

Organoids are novel in vitro cell culture models that enable stem cells (including pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells) to grow and undergo self-organization within a three-dimensional microenvironment during the process of differentiation into target tissues. Such miniature structures not only recapitulate the histological and genetic characteristics of organs in vivo, but also form tissues with the capacity for self-renewal and further differentiation. Recent advances in biomaterial technology, particularly hydrogels, have provided opportunities to improve organoid cultures; by closely integrating the mechanical and chemical properties of the extracellular matrix microenvironment, with novel synthetic materials and stem cell biology. This systematic review critically examines recent advances in various strategies and techniques utilized for stem-cell-derived organoid culture, with particular emphasis on the application potential of hydrogel technology in organoid culture. We hope this will give a better understanding of organoid cultures for modelling diseases and tissue engineering applications.
A Facile Method for Fabricating a Monolithic Mullite Fiber-Reinforced Alumina Aerogel with Excellent Mechanical and Thermal Properties
Authors: Liu Lin , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Ze , Shi Yixin , Zhao Yicheng , Shen Shiqi , Yao Xiandong , Shen Jun
Published: June 2022

Alumina aerogels are considered to have good application prospects in the high-temperature field. In this study, monolithic mullite fiber-reinforced alumina aerogels with excellent mechanical and thermal properties were synthesized via a facile method without the use of any chelating agents. This method successfully avoids the introduction of impurities during the use of catalysts and chelating agents while greatly reducing gelation time, and thus helps mullite fibers to uniformly disperse in the sol. The compressive stress at 80% strain of the obtained mullite fiber-reinforced alumina aerogels was as high as 16.04 MPa—426% higher than that of the alumina aerogel without the addition of mullite fibers. Regarding thermal properties, the shrinkage of the mullite fiber-reinforced alumina aerogels (AM) samples was less than 1% after heat treatment at 1300 °C for 2 h. Furthermore, the rear-surface temperature of the AM samples burned by a butane blow torch was only 68 °C. These outstanding properties make AM samples promising for application in thermal insulation materials in high-temperature fields such as aerospace and industrial thermal protection in the future.
Photopolymerizable Ionogel with Healable Properties Based on Dioxaborolane Vitrimer Chemistry
Authors: Li Fengdi , Nguyen Giao T. M. , Vancaeyzeele Cédric , Vidal Frédéric , Plesse Cédric
Published: June 2022

Ionogels are solid polymer gel networks loaded with ionic liquid (IL) percolating throughout each other, giving rise to ionically conducting solid electrolytes. They combine the mechanical properties of polymer networks with the ionic conductivity, non-volatility, and non-flammability of ILs. In the frame of their applications in electrochemical-based flexible electronics, ionogels are usually subjected to repeated deformation, making them susceptible to damage. It appears critical to devise a simple and effective strategy to improve their durability and lifespan by imparting them with healing ability through vitrimer chemistry. In this work, we report the original in situ synthesis of polythioether (PTE)-based vitrimer ionogels using fast photopolymerization through thiol-acrylate Michael addition. PTE-based vitrimer was prepared with a constant amount of the trithiol crosslinker and varied proportions of static dithiol spacers and dynamic chain extender BDB containing dynamic exchangeable boronic ester groups. The dynamic ionogels were prepared using 50 wt% of either 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide or 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, both of which were selected for their high ionic conductivity. They are completely amorphous (Tg below −30 °C), suggesting they can be used at low temperatures. They are stretchable with an elongation at break around 60%, soft with Young’s modulus between 0.4 and 0.6 MPa, and they have high ionic conductivities for solid state electrolytes in the order of 10−4 S·cm−1 at room temperature. They display dynamic properties typical of the vitrimer network, such as stress relaxation and healing, retained despite the large quantity of IL. The design concept illustrated in this work further enlarges the library of vitrimer ionogels and could potentially open a new path for the development of more sustainable, flexible electrochemical-based electronics with extended service life through repair or reprocessing.
RGD-Functionalized Hydrogel Supports the Chondrogenic Commitment of Adipose Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Manferdini Cristina , Trucco Diego , Saleh Yasmin , Gabusi Elena , Dolzani Paolo , Lenzi Enrico , Vannozzi Lorenzo , Ricotti Leonardo , Lisignoli Gina
Published: June 2022

Articular cartilage is known to have limited intrinsic self-healing capacity when a defect or a degeneration process occurs. Hydrogels represent promising biomaterials for cell encapsulation and injection in cartilage defects by creating an environment that mimics the cartilage extracellular matrix. The aim of this study is the analysis of two different concentrations (1:1 and 1:2) of VitroGel® (VG) hydrogels without (VG-3D) and with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motifs, (VG-RGD), verifying their ability to support chondrogenic differentiation of encapsulated human adipose mesenchymal stromal cells (hASCs). We analyzed the hydrogel properties in terms of rheometric measurements, cell viability, cytotoxicity, and the expression of chondrogenic markers using gene expression, histology, and immunohistochemical tests. We highlighted a shear-thinning behavior of both hydrogels, which showed good injectability. We demonstrated a good morphology and high viability of hASCs in both hydrogels. VG-RGD 1:2 hydrogels were the most effective, both at the gene and protein levels, to support the expression of the typical chondrogenic markers, including collagen type 2, SOX9, aggrecan, glycosaminoglycan, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and to decrease the proliferation marker MKI67 and the fibrotic marker collagen type 1. This study demonstrated that both hydrogels, at different concentrations, and the presence of RGD motifs, significantly contributed to the chondrogenic commitment of the laden hASCs.