bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN EXPLORATION OF PREHISTORIC SPINNING TECHNOLOGY: SPINNING EFFICIENCY AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSITION*
Authors: TIEDEMANN E. J. , JAKES K. A.
Published: April 2006

Thigh‐spinning and spindle‐spinning, methods for making yarn and string, have been used through the millennia to produce substantial quantities of yarn for textiles. Productivity data were gathered in a replication study of thigh‐spun and spindle‐spun yarns and were recompiled from the literature. Calculated production rates allow comparison of the spinning methods. Factors influencing production rate include intrinsic fibre properties, fibre preparation and particular details of spinning technique, as well as the experience and motivation of the spinner. The role of efficiency in technology transition between thigh‐spinning and spindle‐spinning is discussed.
TL DATING OF BURNT LITHICS FROM BLOMBOS CAVE (SOUTH AFRICA): FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR THE ANTIQUITY OF MODERN HUMAN BEHAVIOUR*
Authors: TRIBOLO C. , MERCIER N. , SELO M. , VALLADAS H. , JORON J.‐L. , REYSS J.‐L. , HENSHILWOOD C. , SEALY J. , YATES R.
Published: April 2006

This paper presents the first TL dates for burnt quartzites and silcretes from the Still Bay layers of Blombos Cave (South Africa). These layers contained engraved ochres and marine shell beads that could be an early manifestation of symbolic and thus ‘modern’ behaviour by the Middle Stone Age humans. The procedure devised to calculate the ages is presented in detail, particularly with regard to internal microdosimetry, because the problems faced in estimating the dose rates require an approach different from the one usually used on flints and sediments. A mean age of 74 ± 5 ka was obtained for five burnt lithics unearthed in the BBC M1 member of the Still Bay layers. This result is in good agreement with both ESR dates on teeth and OSL dates on sediment, and demonstrates the great antiquity of the archaeological remains discovered at Blombos Cave.
Teaching Now with the Living: A Dialogue with Teachers Investigating Contemporary Art Practices
Authors: Page Tara , Herne Steve , Dash Paul , Charman Helen , Atkinson Dennis , Adams Jeff
Published: April 2006

The Education Departments of Tate Modern and Goldsmiths College collaborated with a group of teachers to find out what they understood by the term ‘contemporary art’ and to discover the conditions that enable contemporary art practices in the classroom. We explored questions with eleven teachers, from both primary and secondary schools, during the Autumn of 2004. Although the cultural/ethnic context of the schools the teachers worked within was diverse, they shared a commitment to working with contemporary art in the classroom and exploring new pedagogies in this field. Their engagement with contemporary art and their revealing and compelling experiences are documented, contextualized and summarized. Samples of the discussions form the substance of this article. This is preceded by an analysis of the success of socially‐orientated contemporary art in the wider global context and its contrast with the omission of these practices in many schools. Conclusions have been tentatively drawn about how the curriculum may be better served by the use of contemporary art, as well as the means by which new learning methods may be facilitated.
Energy‐saving Technology Choices by Dutch Glasshouse Firms
Authors: Pietola Kyösti , Lansink Alfons Oude
Published: April 2006

This paper estimates a sequence of energy‐saving technology choices by Dutch glasshouse firms. The model allows for time‐constant, firm‐specific effects and serial correlation of errors and it is estimated on panel data over the period 1991–1995. The unobserved error sequences are simulated in the model in such a way that they are consistent with the observed choices. The results suggest that positive revenue shocks encourage adoption of new technologies. The choices also exhibit firm‐specific persistency over time. An increase of the price of energy encourages the adoption of a highly efficient energy‐saving technology. The probability of investing in energy‐saving technologies also decreases with capital invested in structures (e.g. double glazing of glasshouses) and increases with capital in energy installations.
Report of the Editor‐in‐Chief
Authors: Harvey David
Published: April 2006

2005 has been a year of transition for the Journal – the editorial management was transferred from Nottingham to the team at Newcastle, we moved to Blackwell Publishing, and the management of the editorial process was moved from a paper‐based system to an electronic system and then, in January 2006, to an on‐line submission and web‐based management system under Manuscript Central by ©ScholarOne. Submissions to the Journal increased during 2005, though we published rather fewer papers (22) than in recent years. We continue to improve the average turnround time between submission and first decision, reaching 3 months in 2005. Our ISI citation ranking continues to be disappointing, but we will continue to publish the very best of our submissions, and maintain the well‐established quality of JAE.
Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita
Authors: Way Barbara H. , Herrmann J. , Gilbert E. F. , Johnson S. A. M. , Opitz J. M.
Published: April 2006

Three of our own and 38 previously reported cases of cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (CMTC) are reviewed. Light and electronmicroscopic studies revealed atypical capillaries, venules, and veins in different cutaneous layers. Clinically, the lesions are manifested as telangiectasis, capillary hemangioma, cutis marmorata, venous hemangioma and varicose veins, depending on the type of vessels involved and the layer of skin affected. Secondary thrombosis with subsequent localized atrophy and ulceration occurs in a substantial number of cases. In at least 50% of cases there are associated findings. Hypoplasia or hyperplasia of „affected” or of „unaffected” organs is the most common association. Overwhelming sporadic occurrence, female reponderance, occasional minor manifestations in close relatives and considerable clinical variability suggest a multi‐factorial etiology of CMTC.
The role of the skin and adjacent mucous membranes in host defense
Authors: Lai A Fat R. F. M. , van Furth R.
Published: April 2006

This review shows that useful information about immunological mechanisms of pathogenesis can be obtained from observations of human skin and appropriate animal models. Although the immunological mechanisms in skin and mucous membranes are becoming better known, much research remains to be done.
In vitro synthesis of paraproteins in pathological skin
Authors: Lai A Fat R. F. M.
Published: April 2006

Two cases are reported, one of multiple myeloma and the other of erythrodermia (malignant reticulosis?), the former associated with a Bence‐Jones paraprotein and the latter with IgM paraproteinemia. With an in vitro culture technique and/or the immunofluorescence method it could be demonstrated that the paraprotein present in the serum was synthesized not only in the bone marrow but also in the lesional skin.
Cutaneous Abnormalities and their Relationship to the Underlying Tissues
Authors: Rahbari Homayoon
Published: April 2006

The study of the skin has been restricted to that of the epidemis‐dermis as isolated tissue. The long‐neglected, intimate relationship of the epidermis‐dermis unit, with its underlying tissues during growth is discussed: and their interdependance in the development of abnormalities is illustrated.
Localized Cutaneous Amyloidosis in Disseminated Superficial Actinic Porokeratosis
Authors: Piamphonogsant Thada , Sittapairoachana Duangta
Published: April 2006

Cutaneous amyloid was found in one case of disseminated superficial actinic Porokeratosis The origin of amyloid was probably secondary to epidermal cell degeneration.
Topical 5‐Fluorouracil Treatment of Superficial Basal Cell Epithelioma. A Light and Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Hodge Steven J. , Schrodt G. Randolph , Owen Lafayette G. , Freeman Robert G.
Published: April 2006

A 27‐year‐old patient developed superficial basal cell epitheliomas approximately 20 years after taking Fowler's solution. One of the lesions was successfully treated with topical 2% 5‐fluorouracil solution under occlusion. Sequential biopsies of the lesion before, during and after therapy were examined by light and electron microscopy, and the changes at various stages are described. Changes occurred only in tumor cells and adjacent epidermis, and only after occlusion of 5‐FU. After one week of occlusive therapy, focal discontinuities in the basal lamina and intercellular spaces were wider with reduction and condensation of tonofilaments. Mitochondrial degeneration was seen along with irregularities in nucleoli. These changes were most prominent after two weeks of occlusive therapy, and many degenerating keratinocytes were seen detached from other cells. One month after cessation of therapy, the entire area was excised, and no evidence of tumor was seen.
Cutaneous Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Boorsma D. M. , Nieboer C. , Kalsbeek G. L.
Published: April 2006

Two immunohistochemical methods, using the enzyme horseradish peroxidase, the direct immunoperoxidase (DIP) and the immunoglobulin‐enzyme bridge (IEB) method were applied on 129 skin specimens of 81 patients with lupus crythematosus, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris and rosacea. These methods were compared with each other and with the immunofluorescence (IF) method. The DIP method was preferred to the IEB method because of the greater contrast between the specific staining and the nonspecific staining of the former. The results obtained with both peroxidase methods were comparable with those of the IF method.
Membrane Activity in Histiocytic Diseases of the Skin
Authors: Olmos Luis , Hunziker Nicole , Laugier Paul
Published: April 2006

Study of the histiocytes from a large variety of skin diseases demonstrates a close relationship between the cell processes peculiar to those cells and their degree of phagocytic activity. The membrane structures, as well as the dense bodies localized in the peripheral cytoplasm, suggest a type of endocytosis distinct from pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome. An Ultrastructural Study
Authors: de Dobbeleer G. , Achten G.
Published: April 2006

The authors investigated the ultrastructure of the epidermis of two children who suffered from the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (or the Ritter's type of toxic epidermal necrolysis). This syndrome is attributed to the action of an exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus phage group II. A characteristic bullous cleavage was selectively observed at the level of the granular layer, without any damage in other epidermal layers. This cleavage was the result of disruption of desmosomes between granular cells in two halves, each half desmosome conserving the tonofilaments which were attached to its attachment plaque. No remarkable cytoplasmic alteration occurred in the granular layer, with the exception of the development of thickened tonofilaments among dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Odland bodies were particularly numerous in the areas of desmosomal disruption. This syndrome must be considered as an entity clinically, histologically and ultrastructurally separate from the drug form of toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Recalcitrant Pustular Eruptions of the Extremities
Authors: Thormann Jens , Heilesen Bjørn
Published: April 2006

Forty‐seven biopsies of pustules from patients with recalcitrant pustular eruptions of the palms and soles were examined blind and the results were subsequently compared among three clinical sub‐groups: acrodermatitis continua, pustular psoriasis and pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. With the exception of three cases, it was not possible to make a diagnosis of psoriasis on the basis of histology alone. Histological findings were otherwise uniform and typical: intra‐epidermal, unilocular, well‐delineated pustules. No significant differences were found among the three subgroups. In view of the uniform histology, the unknown etiology and the uncertain clinical classification, the authors prefer the clearly descriptive term pustulosis palmaris et plantaris.
Ultrastructure of Clear Cells in Human Viral Warts
Authors: Laurent R. , Agache P. , Coume‐Marquet J.
Published: April 2006

In an attempt to determine the viral content and to observe the morphological features of clear cells in human warts of various clinical types, 17 lesions were studied with the electron microscope and 26 in thick sections. Plantar warts were, by far, the richest in viral particles, which are often found in crystalline arrangement. Morphologically, three groups observed in thick sections were also discovered with the electron microscope. In flat warts, poor in keratohyaline, the vacuolating process was total and massive, with abundant viral particles in the nucleus; two flat warts were taken from immunosuppressed patients and their appearance was quite similar to epidermodysplasia verruciformis lesions. In common warts, poorer in virus particles but rich in keratohyaline, vacuolization was often not complete. In plantar warts, characterized by their peculiar wealth in viral particles sometimes invading the cytoplasm, the production of keratohyaline was tremendous and the vacuolization, although often complete, was, however, not massive. Thus it seems that keratohyaline production is related to viral production but hampered by the vacuolating process and differing according to the ultrastructure of the three types of warts. It is suggested that the oncogenic potential of a wart (papilloma) may be related to decrease in keratohyaline production, i.e. cell maturation, and increase in vacuolization.
Ultrastructural Study of Peculiar Cytoplasmic Paracrystalline Bodies and of Mast Cells in Mycosis Fungoides
Authors: Crosti F. , Innocenti M. , Prandi G. , Caputo R.
Published: April 2006

The following findings were striking in two young patients, suffering from mycosis fungoides: 1) paracrystalline bodies, probably of a proteic nature, both in the cytoplasm of well‐preserved mycosis fungoides cells and in cells undergoing degeneration; 2) a remarkable number of mast cells mixed with mycosis fungoides cells and mast cell granules in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis, close to Pautrier's abscesses.
Topical Pharmacology of Imidazole Antifungals
Authors: Holt Richard J.
Published: April 2006

Four imidazole derivatives have now undergone extensive open and comparative trials as topical agents in dermatomycoses and vaginal candidosis. They are chlormidazole (Chemie Grünenthal), clotrimazole (Bayer), miconazole (Janssen) and econazole (Janssen, CilagChemie); all also have some antibacterial activity. Many other imidazoles have been marketed, usually as antiprotozoal or anthelminthic agents, and some of these have some anti‐mycotic activity as well as other miscellaneous therapeutic properties. The mode of action of imidazole antimycotic agents is discussed; after prolonged topical application to animals and human subjects, systemic absorption is negligible. All four agents which are available as cream, powder, lotion or vaginal tablets have many successful studies to their credit, often with clinical and mycological cure rates of over 80 % in a variety of dermatomycoses and in vaginal candidosis. The relative value of these topical agents is discussed, and it is suggested that in severe and extensive dermatomycoses consideration should be given to the systemic use of miconazole in support of topical therapy.
Subepidermal Bullous Disease
Authors: Saxe Norma , Kahn Leonard B.
Published: April 2006

The histologic features of 51 cases of subepidermal bullous disease were evaluated and correlated with the clinical features including the course of the disease and the response to therapy. There was a good clinico‐pathologic correlation, 46 out of 51 cases showing concordant clinical and histologic diagnoses. We conclude that although immuno‐fluorescence is a confirmatory procedure histologic diagnosis is still of great value, particularly in the early stages of the disease when the clinical features may not yet have evolved sufficiently to allow for a confident diagnosis.
Ultrastructural Study of Cylindroma (Poncet‐Spiegler Tumor)
Authors: Reynes M. , Puissant A. , Delanoe J. , Noury‐Dupperrat G. , Saurat J. H.
Published: April 2006

This report describes the ultrastructural characteristics of a Poncet‐Spiegler tumor (cylindroma, turban tumor). This tumor was made up of two cell types and showed a ductal differentiation. Cells bordering duct‐like structures were joined together by innumerable desmosomes, especially in places where the cell membranes were markedly invaginated. The arguments in favor of an ecerine or an apocrine for the origin of this sweat gland tumor are discussed.
Dermal Vessels in Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans
Authors: Biagini Graziella , Cocchia Domenico , Negosanti Massimo , Varotti Claudio
Published: April 2006

An ultrastructural investigation of two patients suffering from acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans revealed in the small dermal vessels swelling of the endothelial cells, material of probably plasmatic origin accumulated in the subendothelial area, and sleeves of basement membrane‐like material on a concentric perivascular layout.
Lichenoid Benign Keratosis
Authors: Scott Margery Atkins , Johnson Waine C.
Published: April 2006

One hundred thirty‐eight patients who presented with solitary cutaneous lesions appearing clinically as papules or plaques and histologically showing a lichenoid tissue reaction were studied. Many of the lesions occurred in sites not usually exposed to sunlight and histologically the lesions did not show significant atypical change in keratinocytes and many did not show evidence of solar elastosis in the superficial corium. Our study indicates that the lesions are benign keratoses showing a lichenoid tissue reaction or lichenoid benign keratoses.
Pigmented Storiform Neurofibroma
Authors: CRUZ DANIEL J. SANTA , YATES ALLAN J.
Published: April 2006

A case of pigmented storiform neurofibroma (PSN) is presented. The lesion was present in the shoulder of a 7‐year‐old black girl and recurred after 10 years. The characteristic storiform pattern and melanin production are the relevant features for histologic diagnosis. The histogenesis and taxonomic position of this lesion is discussed with emphasis on its relationship with dermatofibro‐sarcoma protuberans (DFSP) and cellular blue nevus.
Light and Electron Microscopy of Excoriated Psoriatic Lesions in Patients During Topical Treatment
Authors: BRODY ISSER
Published: April 2006

This is a light‐ and electron‐microscopic study of excoriated, recalcitrant psoriatic lesions in ambulatory patients undergoing topical treatment. During regeneration of a stratum corneum without scales, in areas showing excoriations bounded by a non‐cornified epidermis, horny cell layers, designated I and II, are formed. In areas in which excoriations are delimited by an epidermis with a retained stratum corneum, the latter is composed of a horny cell layer I and/or II or III. The horny cell layers differ, as shown by light‐and electron‐microscopy. In the less fresh excoriations, a homogeneous substance, which includes fibrin deposits, is observed. This substance is also seen frequently in the stratum corneum. In the less fresh excoriations and in the stratum corneum there are numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In these locations, however, they are only found simultaneously with the homogeneous substance containing fibrin deposits. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are also seen in the dermal papillae and in the non‐cornified epidermis, particularly in the macroscopically “old” excoriations. The changes observed in these recalcitrant lesions have been interpreted as secondary and are believed to be expressions of a non‐specific reaction to the mechanical damage to which the ambulatory patients have constantly exposed the lesions. They are not interpreted as changes in the psoriatic condition per se.
Granuloma Annulare with Transfollicular Perforation
Authors: BARDACH H.G.
Published: April 2006

In recent years the phenomenon of transepithelial elimination has been found to be the underlying mechanism in a variety of skin disorders. “Perforating dermatoses” may show transepidermal or transfollicular elimination or a combination of the two. A case of papular granuloma annulare is reported, where in one lesion the pilary apparatus actively participated in the elimination of necrobiotic collagen from the dermis. To our knowledge, perforating granuloma annulare with a transfollicular pathway has not previously been described. Also, a classification of perforating dermatoses is presented.
Granuloma Faciale
Authors: SCHNITZLER L. , VERRET J. L. , SCHUBERT B.
Published: April 2006

Light and electron microscopic observations were carried out in three cases of granuloma faciale. The dense granulomatous infiltrate of the corium showed: 1) more eosinophils than suspected by light microscopy, most of them with degenerative changes; 2) Charcot‐Leyden chrystals; 3) numerous large histiocytes with their cytoplasms filled with lysosomal vesicles containing various inclusions (lamellar figures, myelin bodies, circular concentric organelles, digested membrane structures). The lack of Langerhans granules in dermal cells seems a valid reason to differentiate granuloma faciale from eosinophilic granuloma of the skin, usually considered a variety of histiocytosis X. No evidence of bacterial or viral infections was noticed. Granuloma faciale, despite its uncertain etiology, seems to represent a true entity.
The Use of the Cryostat for Histographic Surgery
Authors: FRITSCH WILLIAM C. , CEILLEY ROGER I.
Published: April 2006

Microscopically monitored excision for the treatment of skin cancer is becoming increasingly popular among dermatologists. One decision faced by beginning histographic surgeons involves the choice of apparatus for making the frozen sections. This paper compares the freezing microtome with the cryostat and gives details of the University of Iowa method, which employs the Slee© cryostat.
Acrosyringeal Nevus
Authors: WEEDON DAVID , LEWIS JANET
Published: April 2006

This paper describes a solitary lesion of the hand thought to represent a variant of eccrine nevus composed solely of acrosyringeal elements.
Ultrastructure of Dyskeratosis in Morbus Darier
Authors: SATO A. , ANTON‐LAMPRECHT I. , SCHNYDER U. W.
Published: April 2006

Biospy specimens from three patients with morbus Darier were studied by electron microscopy: Grains appeared in groups in the midst of dyskeratotic lesions and were recognized as being the result of more advanced acantholysis and precocious keratinization. Corps ronds were formed individually in the regions lateral to that of grains, where hypergranulosis was prominent in contrast to a mild dyskeratosis. Therefore, the formation of grains and corps ronds seem to be independent of each other. While in the literature acantholysis has mainly been ascribed to the separation of des‐mosones into two segments, another initial process seems to be the primary disappearance of the attachment plaque along with the connecting tonofilaments. From the existence of the other contact complexes, it seems likely that a restoration of desmosomes between acantholytic cells should take place. In early stages of dyskeratotic cells, keratinosomes were increased in number and some of them persisted inside the plasma membrane without a release into the intercellular spaces, and thus they were present in grains and corps ronds. The dyskeratosis in morbus Darier is characterized by a premature, incomplete and individual keratinization as evidenced by the existence of keratohyalin granules and keratinosomes as early as at the level of the 3rd epidermal layer and the absence of a keratin pattern in the dyskeratotic horny cells.
Cell Proliferation in the Lichen Planus Infiltrate
Authors: EBNER HERWIG , JURECKA WOLFGANG
Published: April 2006

In seven patients suffering from lichen planus (LP) light‐ and electron‐microscopic 3H‐thymidine (3HT) labeling studies were performed and the following results were obtained. 1. Using the light‐microscope, a large number of 3HT labeled cells can be observed in the dermal infiltrate of LP. Most of the labeled nuclei belong to mononuclear, ‘round cells’ while isolated endothelial cells. fibroblasts, histiocytes and mast cells could be found labeled. 2. The mean labeling index of ‘round cells’ in our patients was 4.27 ± 1.57%. 3. The evaluation of the electron microscopic autoradio‐graphs showed that, as far as ‘round’ cells were concerned, exclusively nuclei of cells showing the morphological criteria of stimulated lymphocytes were labeled. These findings support the view that in LP, as in allergic contact dermatitis, a high proliferative activity of lymphocytes takes place.
Immunofluorescence Studies in Scabies
Authors: FRENTZ GERDA , VEIEN NIELS K. , ERIKSEN KNUD
Published: April 2006

Direct and indirect immunofluorescence investigations were performed for 11 patients with scabies. All patients had punch biopsies taken from (1) a lesion containing Sarcoptes scabiei, (2) an inflammatory papule which did not contain a mite, and (3) normal skin. In four patients lgE deposits were found in the vessel walls of the upper dermis both in biopsies containing mites and biopsies of inflammatory papules with no mites. No IgE deposits were found in biopsies of normal skin from the same patients. Two patients had IgM and/or C3 deposits along the basal membrane in biopsies containing mites and one of them also had C3 in this area in the biopsy from a papule with no mite, as well as in normal skin.
Winchester Syndrome: Report of a case from Iran
Authors: NABAI H. , MEHREGAN A. H. , MORTEZAI A. , ALIPOUR P. , KARIMI F. ZAND
Published: April 2006

A child with Winchester syndrome, studied in Iran, is the sixth reported case in the literature. The cutaneous manifestations of this syndrome include leathery thickening of the skin, hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis. The lips and gingiva are hypertrophic. There are also arthritic changes involving the small joints.
The Keratinization Disorder in Collodion Babies Evolving into Lamellar Ichthyosis*
Authors: FRENK E. , MEVORAH B.
Published: April 2006

Two collodion baby girls with disorder evolving into lamellar ichthyosis were followed by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopically, the neonatal collodion skin was characterized by a thick compact stratum corneum which was PAS positive in its upper two thirds, by a thin stratum granulosum and by a non‐acanthotic stratum spinosum with normal mitotic activity. Electron microscopically, the upper stratum corneum appeared pathological, whereas the lower part was normal except for some minor parakeratosis. The main alterations in the underlying stratum granulosum were diminished tonofibrils and keratohyalin. Biopsy specimens taken at the age of 2 weeks were typical for lamellar ichthyosis and showed hyperkeratosis with focal parakeratosis, a thickened stratum granulosum in which the cellular content of keratohyalin and tonofibrils was moderately diminished, and acanthosis with increased mitotic activity. It appears that the ultrastructural changes of the stratum granulosum, seen in lamellar ichthyosis, are already present in the collodion skin of the newborn, at a time when the epidermis does not yet show an increase in mitotic activity.
Aggressive Histological Features of Keratoacanthoma
Authors: JANECKA IVO P. , WOLFF MARIANNE , CRIKELAIR GEORGE F. , COSMAN BARD
Published: April 2006

Thirty‐nine keratoacanthomas from 35 patients have been studied, six of which showed perineural, and one vascular, invasion. Thus far, their aggressive histological behavior has not been paralleled by a similar clinical course. However, continued close follow‐up is essential.
Bone Marrow Involvement in Mycosis Fungoides Demonstrated by Needle Biopsy
Authors: WORM ANNE‐MARIE , HASTRUP NINA , HOU‐JENSEN KLAUS , THOMSEN KRISTIAN
Published: April 2006

A bone marrow needle biopsy was performed in 19 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF). Two patients, one previously classified as stage 4 and the other with diffuse erythroderma had pathological bone marrow findings. Seventeen patients showed no evidence of bone marrow involvement, 10 of these were in the plaque stage. Bone marrow biopsy can be of value in assessing the stage of the disease.
Seborrheic Keratosis: An Acantholytic Variant
Authors: TAGAMI HACHIRO , YAMADA MIZUHO
Published: April 2006

Two elderly women with seborrheic keratoses on the abdomen are reported on because of the peculiar histologic appearance characterized by prominent acantholysis. Although the basic histologic architecture was a papillomatous acanthoma corresponding to that of seborrheic keratosis the upper portion of the lesions showed extensive acantholytic changes and dyskeratotic cells. Differentiation from seborrheic keratosis with focal acantholytic dyskeratosis, warty dyskeratoma, keratosis senilis and acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma could be made on the basis of clinical as well as histological features. Although the histogenesis is uncertain, it seems logical to propose that this is a rare variant of irritated seborrheic keratosis.
Chromomycosis
Authors: ZAIAS NARDO
Published: April 2006

Chromomycosis is a general term to express human and animal fungal infections caused by members of the family Dematiaceae (dark brown or black fungi). Unique host‐parasite relationships produce a wide spectrum of clinical disease, sometimes difficult to treat. Four major categories are recognized: 1) Superficial Chromomycosis– A pigmented macule produced by fungus inhabiting exclusively the dead horny layer (stratum corneum) of the skin, as in tinea nigra palmaris. 2) Chromoblastomycosis– A verrucous, slow growing nodule or plaque produced by fungi, characteristically and exclusively present as large brown spherical bodies (chromo bodies) in the dermis. 3) Chromohyphomycosis– A dermal nodule produced by fungi displaying typical brown septated hyphae. Rarely, the fungus may appear as a yeast. It may occur in deeper tissues, i.e., muscles, bone and brain or it may also involve the eye (Keratomycosis). 4) Chromomycetoma– Tumefaction, draining sinuses and presence of colony of organisms as “grain”. Dematiaceae are found more frequently in veterinary than in human medicine.
Ultrastructural Basis for the Assay of Topical Acne Treatments. Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Untreated Comedones
Authors: WILBORN WALTER H. , MONTES LEOPOLDO F. , LYONS ROBERT E. , BATTISTA GUIDO W.
Published: April 2006

After two decades of using systemic antibiotics as a main treatment for acne, emphasis is again being placed on topical agents. Thus, it is highly desirable to have a procedure whereby the activity of the various compounds can be evaluated by direct visualization. Scanning electron microscopy combined with transmission electron microscopy provide the tools for such an assay. This study describes the ultrastructure of untreated comedones and provides the baseline or control data necessary for testing topical treatments. Comedones obtained by punch biopsies or comedo extractors were processed for electron microscopy and studied with an ETEC Auto‐scan Scanning Electron Microscope and with Philips EM 300 and EM 301 Transmission Electron Microscopes. Microorganisms, keratinized cells, sebum, and hairs interact with each other to form the comedonal mass. Corynebacterium acnes and Pityrosporum ovale proliferate abundantly in close association with sebum and penetrate the keratinized cells. Fine structural details of bacteria and yeasts as well as features of host‐microbial relationship have been elucidated.
Immunoelectron Microscopy of Skin in Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: PEHAMBERGER H. , KONRAD K. , HOLUBAR K.
Published: April 2006

A multistep immunocytochemical method, utilizing horseradish peroxidase as an immunological bound marker enzyme, was employed to demonstratein vivo fixed immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM) in the skin of three patients with CDLE and three patients with SLE. The immunoglobulin deposits were confined to the uppermost strata of the dermis, i.e. the area just below the basal lamina. Small amounts of immunoglobulin were visible within the lamina lucida and the basal lamina. Only quantitative differences were observed between deposits of immunoglobulins in CDLE and SLE. In CDLE, the reaction product covered a wider area of the superficial dermis and extended deeper down into the dermis. IgG and IgM deposits exhibited an identical fine structural morphology.
Early Histopathology of the Cutaneous Capillary Fragility Test (Rumpel‐Leede)
Authors: DUNCAN SCOTT C. , WINKELMANN R. K.
Published: April 2006

The characteristic histologic change seen at 2 h in the Rumpel‐Leede (Hess) test is, in addition to focal hemorrhage in the upper dermis, a perivascular lymphocyte infiltrate with focal areas of lymphocytic epidermal invasion. The histologic findings, even with the liquefaction degeneration, are similar to those of purpura simplex and indicate that, early in many forms of vasopermeability, the lymphocyte may be a primary inflammatory cell.
Chromomycosis
Authors: UITTO JOUNI , SANTA‐CRUZ DANIEL J. , EISEN ARTHUR Z. , KOBAYASHI GEORGE S.
Published: April 2006

A case of chromomycosis, caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi, was treated with 5‐fluorocytosine. After 18 weeks of treatment the initial lesions had largely resolved, and no evidence of active disease was observed clinically, histologically or from fungal cultures of the biopsy material. Further resolution of the remaining hypertrophic scar was achieved by intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide. Minimal side‐effects were encountered during the therapy, and no recurrence during an 18‐month follow‐up period was observed. The results of this study indicate that 5‐fluorocytosine is an effective and relatively safe mode of therapy in chromomycosis.
Giant Cells in Male Pattern Alopecia: a Histologic Marker and Pathogenetic Clue
Authors: DOMNITZ JEFFREY M. , SILVERS DAVID N.
Published: April 2006

Twenty‐one of 65 (31%) biopsy specimens from patients with male pattern alopecia demonstrated the presence of individually displaced multinucleate giant cells without a significant concomitant cellular infiltrate. This finding was absent in a diverse group of other forms of alopecia. Whether individually displaced multinucleate cells are a useful histologic marker for diagnosing early stages of androgenetic alopecia remains to be determined.
Immunopathologic and Histologic Studies on Skin from Pemphigus Patients in Tissue Culture
Authors: CHORZELSKI TADEUSZ P. , ROGOZINSKI TOMASZ , SULEJ JADWIGA
Published: April 2006

Explants of skin from patients with pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus taken in the active stages of the disease had in vivo bound IgG in the intercellular area. After 24–48 h incubation of these explants in normal sera acantholytic bullae developed above the stratum basale, thus indicating that the bound IgG is probably in vivo bound pemphigus antibody. In both cases, skin from the inactive stage of the disease contained no in vivo bound pemphigus antibodies. Explants of these skin specimens failed to develop acantholysis in culture.
A Tridimensional View of Intradermal Nevi as Revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: WILBORN WALTER H. , MONTES LEOPOLDO F.
Published: April 2006

When scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to the study of intradermal nevi, interesting tridimensional features were recognized. The free surface of the lesions showed ruffled keratinized cells. “Normal” hairs as well as “corkscrew” hairs emerged from the follicular openings. Nevus cells were either round or elongated and surrounded by connective tissue fibers.
Clinical and Pathological Correlation of Malignant Melanoma
Authors: LOPANSRI SUMALA , MIHM MARTIN C.
Published: April 2006

We have attempted to review virtually all forms of cutaneous and mucocutaneous melanomas. Superficial spreading, lentigo maligna and nodular melanomas have been more thoroughly investigated and documented in previous studies. Lentigo maligna melanoma appears to have a longer duration and better prognosis than SSM or NM. The overall prognosis probably correlates better with the anatomic level and thickness of invasion than with type (Clark et al. 1975, Breslow 1970, 1975). It appears that certain pitfalls exist in either method of assessing prognosis, and it is recommended that both methods be applied in evaluating a malignant melanocytic lesion when feasible. With regard to in situ melanoma or Level I melanoma, it is our experience that such lesions can achieve a 100% cure rate when completely excised. Hence, we prefer to call such lesions severely atypical melanocytic hyperplasia, and thus avoid labeling these patients with a malignant diagnosis. The most difficult histologic challenge in diagnosing a lesion of malignant melanoma is the Spitz nevus. The pathologist should never be biased by the age of the patient, for a serious mistake can arise. We have seen a case of nodular melanoma in a 13‐year‐old girl diagnosed as Spitz nevus only to be followed by a lymph node metastasis years later. Other examples of histologic differential diagnoses of malignant melanomas include, for example, halo nevus, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma with spindle cell proliferation, Paget's disease of metastatic carcinoma, (for example, from the breast). Therefore, the approach to the diagnosis of malignant melanoma necessitates an evaluation of both clinical and pathological features. Histologic study must encompass both the pattern of growth and cellular cytologic detail for successful interpretation.
Prognostic Factors in the Treatment of Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: BRESLOW ALEXANDER
Published: April 2006

The incidence of metastasis in cutaneous melanoma is proportional to maximal tumor thickness. The relationship is linear for extremity melanoma but not for tumors from all body sites, probably due to intrinsic differences in tumors from different sites. The level of invasion of the tumor is an indirect measure of tumor thickness and is not as accurate in predicting metastases because of the marked variation in thickness within each level. The implications of these observations for the treatment of melanoma are discussed.
Surgical Management of Melanoma
Authors: BRADFORD PATTERSON W.
Published: April 2006

Traditionally, melanoma has been considered by surgeons to be a highly lethal malignancy, always requiring a radical surgical approach for optimal chance of cure. Yet melanoma patients who are now being referred for treatment frequently have small early lesions, and surgeons should develop a flexible attitude about management, limiting the size of their excisions and deferring node dissections in many early cases. An aggressive, radical approach remains appropriate for large lesions, progressively enlarging nodes and locally recurrent but not disseminated disease.
Disseminated Epidermolytic Acanthoma
Authors: MIYAMOTO Y. , UEDA K. , SATO M. , YASUNO H.
Published: April 2006

A 65‐year‐old Japanese male suffered from numerous brownish papules on his back for 6 months. Clinical appearance resembled seborrheic keratosis, but light microscopic examination revealed epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Electron microscopic findings were the same as those of epider‐molytic hyperkeratosis and systemic nevus verrucosus. It may be concluded that this type of skin disease is an acquired epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.
Multicentric Amyloid Containing Cutaneous Trabecular Carcinoma
Authors: ABACI IBRAHIM F. , ZAK FREDERICK. G.
Published: April 2006

Light and electron microscopic study of a cutaneous, trabecular carcinoma (Toker 1972) showed the tumor to be amyloid producing. This case was also multicentric and had metastasized only to the liver.
Ultrastructural and Cell Surface Changes of Human Psoriatic Skin following Goeckerman Therapy
Authors: LUPULESCU AUREL P. , CHADWICK JOHN M. , DOWNHAM THOMAS F.
Published: April 2006

Ultrastructural and cell surface studies of skin in psoriatic patients prior to and after Goeckerman therapy (crude coal tar and UVB‐light) have demonstrated significant cellular changes following this treatment: hyperactivity of melanocytes with melanosome polymorphism, increase of desmosomes, tonofilaments, keratohyaline granules, a decrease in mitochondria, keratinosomes, polysomes, dark cells and a reduction in size of nuclei and nucleoli. The enlargement of intercellular spaces and the redundancy of basement membrane were also reduced. Langerhans cells were moderately decreased and exhibited a normal ultrastructural pattern. No significant changes in cutaneous nerve distribution or morphology were observed in these cases. Scanning electron microscopy following treatment revealed a regular surface and orientation of corneocytes, with flattened surfaces; and a reduction of their ridges on the surfaces, as well as of the intercellular spaces and red blood cells. These findings indicate that Goeckerman therapy restored the ultrastructural and cell surface pattern in the psoriatic skin by inducing orthokeratinogenesis, development of the tonofïbrillar‐desmosome system, and decrease in mitochondria, nuclei and nucleoli.
Low Strength Anthralin in Psoriasis
Authors: MONTES LEOPOLDO F. , WILBORN WALTER H. , BRODY ISSER
Published: April 2006

Anthralin in low concentrations (0.01%–0.03%) was applied in an ointment form once per day in the hospital to 130 psoriasis patients. The treatment program included also the use of UVB light, emollients and bath oil and an antihistamine. Clearing of psoriasis was achieved in all patients in an average time of 4 weeks. The involution of the lesions was carefully studied by correlated clinical observations, light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Striking healing of the holes in the stratum corneum and of the gaps in the basement membrane occurred. Low strength anthralin, in addition to its effectiveness, did not produce irritation, staining or side‐effects.
Trichilemmal Tumor Undergoing Specific Keratinization
Authors: HANAU D. , GROSSHANS E.
Published: April 2006

Numerous tumors with follicle‐like direction of differentiation have been described. At least three of them connected to the overlying epidermis are related to the outer root sheath or trichilemma: the tumor of follicular infundibulum (Mehregan & Butler 1961) and the inverted follicular keratosis (Helwig 1955) or follicular poroma (Duperrat & Mascaro 1963) have been related to the infundibulum, the tricholemmoma (Headington & French 1961) to the lower outer root sheath. On the occasion of a case first diagnosed as proliferating trichilemmal cyst of the scalp, we think we have individualized a tumor exhibiting ability to undergo trichilemmal keratinization. We describe its histogenesis and stress its peculiarities compared with other lesions showing trichilemmal keratinization.
Dermatomyositis with Universal Calcinosis
Authors: NIELSEN A. OTKJÆR , JOHNSON E. , HENTZER B. , KOBAYASI T.
Published: April 2006

Biopsies from a 5‐year‐old girl with dermatomyositis and universal calcinosis were studied histo‐pathologically and by means of electron optical techniques. The dermis was infiltrated by fibro‐blasts, lymphocytes and plasma cells. In the lower part of the dermis, dense basophilic areas were present. In the vicinity of these areas irregular elastic fibers appeared. In the electron microscope these elastic fibers appeared mineralized to varying degrees. The mineral part was identified as calcium apatite (either calcium‐hydroxy‐apatite or calcium fluoroapatite) by X‐ray microanalysis and selected area diffraction. No calcification was observed outside the elastic fibers.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Yeasts in Seborrheic Keratoses
Authors: WILBORN WALTER H. , MONTES LEOPOLDO F.
Published: April 2006

Lesions of seborrheic keratoses were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Numerous yeasts were present on the keratinized cells and hairs associated with the lesions. Surfaces of some yeasts were smooth and others were ruffled. The ruffles suggested the presence of a glycocalyx. The yeasts exhibited the morphological features of Pityrosporum ovale.
Histologic Changes in Seborrheic Keratoses after Rubbing
Authors: BERMAN A. , WINKELMANN R.K.
Published: April 2006

Seborrheic keratoses in five patients were rubbed and biopsied at varying intervals after injury. Microscopic examination revealed acute and chronic patterns of histologic change. Hemorrhage, hyalinization of dermal papillae, and necrosis of epithelial tips were conspicuous early changes. Specimens taken more than 48 h after rubbing showed a spectrum of changes which included: loss of epithelial mass, expansion and interconnection of keratin cysts, thinning of the epithelium, proliferation of epithelial strands from the residual epithelium, increase in size of epithelial cells, and evidence of hair follicle relationships including trichostasis spinulosa and, in one specimen, hair germ proliferation. Dermal lymphocytic infiltration was variable and only rarely involved the epithelium. These observations demonstrate a patterned response of the seborrheic keratosis to trauma, and also indicate a relationship between seborrheic keratosis and the hair follicle.
Epidermotropism in Melanoma
Authors: WARNER THOMAS F. C. S. , GILBERT ENID F. , RAMIREZ G.
Published: April 2006

Multiple malignant melanocytic lesions developed in a 54‐year‐old man 4 years after a primary malignant melanoma (Clark level IV) had been excised and 2 months after taking L‐Dopa for Parkinsonism. Several of the recurrent lesions that showed junctional melanocytic components were considered primary melanomas and it was suggested that L‐Dopa was responsible for malignant transformation of nevi and for rapid progression of the disease. The case was re‐examined and on recent evidence it is likely that these lesions were epidermotropic metastases and that L‐Dopa played no part in the progress of this unusual tumor.
Cellular Blue Nevus
Authors: BHAWAN JAG , CHANG WALLACE H. , EDELSTEIN LEE M.
Published: April 2006

Cellular blue nevus can be clinically and histogenetically confused with malignant melanoma but remains a benign neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis. This paper reports the ultrastructural features of three cases of cellular blue nevus and emphasizes melanosomal alterations, including immature and granular forms, multiple layers of basement membrane around vessels, nerve fibers and tumor cells; endothelial fenestrations and banded structures within the nerve and outside in the stroma. A unifying concept of neural crest derived tumors is presented to better understand the histogenesis of cellular blue nevus.
Malignant Melanoma with Melanosis
Authors: ROWDEN G. , SULICA V. I. , BUTLER T. P. , MANZ H. J.
Published: April 2006

Ultrastructural and histological investigations were performed on a case of generalized melanosis associated with superficial spreading melanoma. The hyperpigmentation of the general body surface, mucous membranes and nail beds was associated with deposition of melanin in macro‐phages in the dermis, together with some hyperactivity of epidermal melanocytes. Melanin granules were observed lying free in the stroma, suggesting pigment incontinence and phagocytosis by macrophages. Giant melanosomes were noted in melanocytes, keratinocytes and melanophages in the hyperpigmented skin. No evidence was found to suggest dissemination of individual malignant cells throughout the skin. Subcutaneous nodules of malignant melanoma were, however, present, as well as metastases to the iris, liver and to other organs.