bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Study of the Expectations, Experiences, and Perceptions That Underpin Decisions Regarding PTSD Treatment in Help-seeking Veterans
Authors: Hinton Mark , Metcalf Olivia , Varker Tracey , Roebuck Greg , McGaw Violette , Watson Loretta , Fredrickson Julia , Johnson Lucinda , Forbes David , Phelps Andrea , Kartal Dzenana , Dell Lisa , Bryant Richard , McFarlane Alexander C , Hopwood Malcolm , O’Donnell Meaghan
Published: November 2022

Introduction

A range of evidence-based treatments are available for PTSD. However, many veterans with PTSD do not engage in these treatments. Concurrently, various novel PTSD treatments with little or no evidence based are increasingly popular among veterans. This qualitative study explored the expectations, experiences, and perceptions of help-seeking veterans with PTSD to improve understanding of how these veterans make treatment decisions.

Materials and Methods

Fifteen treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD participated in the study. Participants took part in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Results

A number of themes and subthemes emerged from the data, providing a detailed account of the factors that influenced participants’ treatment decisions. Most participants were in an acute crisis when they made the initial decision to seek treatment for their PTSD. In choosing a specific treatment, they tended to follow recommendations made by other veterans or health professionals or orders or directions from their superiors, health providers, or employers. Few participants actively considered the scientific evidence supporting different treatments. Participants had a strong preference for treatment provided by or involving other veterans. They reported finding PTSD treatments helpful, although some were not convinced of the value of evidence-based treatments specifically. Many participants reported negative experiences with treatment providers.

Conclusions

These findings will inform strategies to improve engagement of veterans in evidence-based PTSD treatments and advance progress toward veteran-centered care.
First polarimetric evidence of the existence of the Kordylewski Dust Cloud at the L4 Lagrange point of the Earth–Moon system
Authors: Slíz-Balogh Judit , Mádai Attila , Sári Pál , Barta András , Horváth Gábor
Published: November 2022

In 1961, Kordylewski found two bright patches near the L5 Lagrange point of the Earth–Moon system. This referred to an accumulation of dust particles, later called as Kordylewski dust cloud (KDC). In spite of the photographic observation of the L5 KDC by Kordylewski and its visual (naked-eyed) or photometric confirmation by others, some astronomers assumed that the KDC cannot exist, because the gravitational perturbation of the Sun may disrupt the stabilizing effect of the triangular Lagrange points L4 and L5 of the Earth and Moon. In 2017, the L5 KDC was observed in two consecutive nights by ground-based imaging polarimetry. So far the L5 KDC has been detected 16 times and the L4 KDC only 5 times. Contrary to the visually, photometrically, and polarimetrically documented existence of the L5 KDC, a polarimetric proof does not exist for the L4 KDC. On 2022 July 3, we were able to detect the polarization signals of the L4 KDC, furthermore on 2021 October 31 we detected polarimetrically again the L5 KDC. In this work, we present the first polarimetric evidence of the existence of the L4 KDC, and corroborate polarimetrically the existence of the L5 KDC for the third time.
Gravitational waves from the propagation of long gamma-ray burst jets
Authors: Urrutia Gerardo , De Colle Fabio , Moreno Claudia , Zanolin Michele
Published: November 2022

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced during the propagation of ultra-relativistic jets. It is challenging to study the jet close to the central source, due to the high opacity of the medium. In this paper, we present numerical simulations of relativistic jets propagating through a massive, stripped envelope star associated to long GRBs, breaking out of the star and accelerating into the circumstellar medium. We compute the gravitational wave (GW) signal resulting from the propagation of the jet through the star and the circumstellar medium. We show that key parameters of the jet propagation can be directly determined by the GW signal. The signal presents a first peak corresponding to the jet duration and a second peak which corresponds to the break-out time for an observer located close to the jet axis (which in turn depends on the stellar size), or to much larger times (corresponding to the end of the acceleration phase) for off-axis observers. We also show that the slope of the GW signal before and around the first peak tracks the jet luminosity history and the structure of the progenitor star. The amplitude of the GW signal is h+D ∼ hundreds to several thousands cm. Although this signal, for extragalactic sources, is outside the range of detectability of current GW detectors, it can be detected by future instruments as BBO, DECIGO, and ALIA. Our results illustrate that future detections of GW associated to GRB jets may represent a revolution in our understanding of this phenomenon.
An update on Fermi-LAT transients in the Galactic plane, including strong activity of Cygnus X-3 in mid-2020
Authors: Prokhorov D A , Moraghan A
Published: November 2022

We present a search for Galactic transient γ-ray sources using 13 yr of the Fermi Large Area Telescope data. The search is based on a recently developed variable-size sliding-time-window (VSSTW) analysis and aimed at studying variable γ-ray emission from binary systems, including novae, γ-ray binaries, and microquasars. Compared to the previous search for transient sources at random positions in the sky with 11.5 yr of data, we included γ-rays with energies down to 500 MeV, increased a number of test positions, and extended the data set by adding data collected between 2020 February and 2021 July. These refinements allowed us to detect additional three novae, V1324 Sco, V5855 Sgr, V357 Mus, and one γ-ray binary, PSR B1259-63, with the VSSTW method. Our search revealed a γ-ray flare from the microquasar, Cygnus X-3, occurred in 2020. When applied to equal quarters of the data, the analysis provided us with detections of repeating signals from PSR B1259-63, LS I +61°303, PSR J2021+4026, and Cygnus X-3. While the Cygnus X-3 was bright in γ-rays in mid-2020, it was in a soft X-ray state and we found that its γ-ray emission was modulated with the orbital period.
Destruction of phosphorus nitride through the N(4S) + PN(1Σ+) → N2(1Σ+) + P(4S) reaction
Authors: Gomes Alexandre C R , Spada Rene F K , Lefloch Bertrand , Galvão Breno R L
Published: November 2022

The study of reactions involving phosphorus bearing species (PBS) in star-forming regions as well as in circumstellar envelopes are important to elucidate the mechanisms in which this element is formed and destroyed, and perhaps, lead to important pre-biotic molecules. Phosphorus nitride (PN) is the most easily detected PBS in the interstellar medium (ISM), and is considered as one of the major reservoirs of this element in the ISM. However, only a few of its reactions have been analysed experimentally or computationally. Therefore, modelling PN chemistry and interpretation of the observations suffer uncertainties, affecting our astrochemical understanding of this species. In this work, we perform explicitly correlated multireference configuration interaction (MRCI+Q/AVTZ+d//CAS/AVTZ+d) calculations on the destruction of PN through the N(4S) + PN(1Σ+) reaction. We have also performed DFT (M06-2X) and CCSD(T) calculations for benchmark purposes. Rate coefficients over a large range of temperatures were computed using standard transition state theory (TST), canonical variational TST (CVT), and also incorporating tunneling effects with the small curvature tunneling method (SCT). We found that the NPN system possesses a considerable multireference character, and the DFT approach cannot properly describe the available destruction mechanisms. Our best estimate for the rate coefficients, at the MRCI+Q/AVTZ+d level, can be described by the modified Arrhenius equation 1.09×10−11(T/300)−1.02exp (− 7919/T). We show for the first time that this reaction may be considerably fast in shock regions and in high temperature environments of solar-type star forming regions, and of significant importance to model the abundance of PN in such environments.
Impact of non-thermal electron radiation effects on the horizon scale image structure of Sagittarius A∗
Authors: Zhao Shan-Shan , Huang Lei , Lu Ru-Sen , Shen Zhiqiang
Published: November 2022

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), with ∼20 $\mu$ as high angular resolution, recently resolved the millimetre image of the suppermassive black hole in the Galaxy, Sagittarius A∗. This opens a new window to study the plasma on horizon scales. The accreting disc probably contains a small fraction of non-thermal electrons and their emissions should contribute to the observed image. We study if such contributions are sufficient to cause structural differences detectable by current and future observational capabilities. We introduce non-thermal electrons in a semi-analytical accretion disc, which considers viscosity-leading heating processes, and adopt a continued hybrid electron energy distribution of thermal distribution and power-law tail. We generate the black hole images and extract the structural features as crescent parameters. We find the existence of non-thermal electron radiation makes the crescent much brighter, slightly larger, moderately thicker, and much more symmetric. When the non-thermal connecting Lorentz factor γc = 65, which is equivalent to the non-thermal electrons accounting for ∼1.5 per cent of the totals, non-thermal effects cause ∼2 per cent size difference at 230 GHz. Comparing with the structural changes caused by other physical factors, including inclination between the system and the observer, black hole spin, and interstellar medium scattering effects, we find that although non-thermal electron radiation takes the most unimportant role at 230 GHz, it becomes more significant at 345 GHz.
King Ghidorah Supercluster: Mapping the light and dark matter in a new supercluster at z = 0.55 using the subaru hyper suprime-cam
Authors: Shimakawa Rhythm , Okabe Nobuhiro , Shirasaki Masato , Tanaka Masayuki
Published: November 2022

This paper reports our discovery of the most massive supercluster, termed the King Ghidorah Supercluster (KGSc), at z = 0.50–0.64 in the Third Public Data Release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP PDR3) over 690 deg2, as well as an initial result for a galaxy and dark matter mapping. The primary structure of the KGSc comprises triple broad weak-lensing (WL) peaks over 70 comoving Mpc. Such extensive WL detection at z > 0.5 can only currently be achieved using the wide-field high-quality images produced by the HSC-SSP. The structure is also contiguous with multiple large-scale structures across a ∼400 comoving Mpc scale. The entire field has a notable overdensity (δ = 14.7 ± 4.5) of red-sequence clusters. Additionally, large-scale underdensities can be found in the foreground along the line of sight. We confirmed the overdensities in stellar mass and dark matter distributions to be tightly coupled and estimated the total mass of the main structure to be 1 × 1016 solar masses, according to the mock data analyses based on large-volume cosmological simulations. Further, upcoming wide-field multi-object spectrographs such as the Subaru Prime Focus Spectrograph may aid in providing additional insights into distant superclusters beyond the 100 Mpc scale.
Response to Capmatinib in a MET Fusion-positive Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Turpin Anthony , Descarpentries Clotilde , Grégoire Valérie , Farchi Olivier , Cortot Alexis B , Jamme Philippe
Published: November 2022

Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common liver cancer after hepatocellular carcinoma. In case of metastatic or unresectable disease, the recommended first-line treatment is gemcitabine-based doublet, most commonly gemcitabine and cisplatin. There is no standard treatment for further lines. MET fusions are rare alterations described in many cancers. The efficacy of specific MET inhibitors is poorly studied. We present the case of a patient with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic cholangiocarcinoma harboring a CAPZA-2-MET fusion along with MET amplification who dramatically responded to capmatinib, a specific MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
Bubbles spray aerosols: Certitudes and mysteries
Authors: Villermaux Emmanuel , Wang Xiaofei , Deike Luc
Published: November 2022

Ocean spray aerosol formed by bubble bursting are at the core of a broad range of atmospheric processes: they are efficient cloud condensation nuclei and carry a variety of chemical, biological, and biomass material from the surface of the ocean to the atmosphere. The origin and composition of these aerosols is sensibly controlled by the detailed fluid mechanics of bubble bursting. This perspective summarizes our present-day knowledge on how bursting bubbles at the surface of a liquid pool contribute to its fragmentation, namely to the formation of droplets stripped from the pool, and associated mechanisms. In particular, we describe bounds and yields for each distinct mechanism, and the way they are sensitive to the bubble production and environmental conditions. We also underline the consequences of each mechanism on some of the many air-sea interactions phenomena identified to date. Attention is specifically payed at delimiting the known from the unknown and the certitudes from the speculations.
Anti-protein arginine deiminase antibodies are distinctly associated with joint and lung involvement in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Palterer Boaz , Vitiello Gianfranco , Del Carria Marco , D’Onofrio Bernardo , Martinez-Prat Laura , Mahler Michael , Cammelli Daniele , Parronchi Paola
Published: November 2022

Objectives

RA is a chronic inflammatory disease in which possible interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an extra-articular manifestation that carries significant morbidity and mortality. RF and ACPA are included in the RA classification criteria but prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for disease endotyping and RA-ILD are lacking. Anti-protein arginine deiminase antibodies (anti-PAD) are a novel class of autoantibodies identified in RA. This study aimed to assess clinical features, ACPA and anti-PAD antibodies in RA patients with articular involvement and ILD.

Methods

We retrospectively collected joint erosions, space narrowing, clinical features and lung involvement of a cohort of 71 patients fulfilling the 2010 ACR/EULAR RA classification criteria. Serum samples from these patients were tested for ACPA IgG (QUANTA Flash CCP3), and anti-PAD3 and anti-PAD4 IgG, measured with novel assays based on a particle-based multi-analyte technology (PMAT).

Results

Anti-PAD4 antibodies were significantly associated with radiographic injury (P = 0.027) and erosions (P = 0.02). Similarly, ACPA levels were associated with erosive disease (P = 0.014). Anti-PAD3/4 double-positive patients displayed more joint erosions than patients with anti-PAD4 antibodies only or negative for both (P = 0.014 and P = 0.037, respectively). RA-ILD (15.5%, 11/71 patients) was associated with older age (P < 0.001), shorter disease duration (P = 0.045) and less erosive disease (P = 0.0063). ACPA were elevated in RA-ILD, while anti-PAD4 were negatively associated (P = 0.043).

Conclusion

Anti-PAD4 and anti-PAD3 antibodies identify RA patients with higher radiographic injury and bone erosions. In our cohort, ILD is associated with lower radiographic and erosive damage, as well as low levels of anti-PAD4 antibodies.
MEASUREMENT OF ENTRANCE SKIN DOSE AND ABSORBED DOSE TO DIFFERENT ORGANS IN DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY SCANS USING THERMOLUMINESCENCE DOSIMETRY
Authors: Rezazadeh Fatemeh , Negarestani Ali , Sina Sedigheh , Farajzadeh Ebrahim , Karari Behnaz
Published: November 2022

Thermoluminescence dosimetry is considered as an effective method in estimating the absorbed doses to organs in different imaging modalities. The present study focuses on dosimetry in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, for patients, and phantoms in various imaging centres. The cubical LiF (Mg, Ti) thermoluminescence dosemeters were inserted inside the holes of the Rando phantom slabs, to measure the absorbed dose to different organs in the whole body and lumbar scans. According to the results the maximum entrance skin dose was found to be 202.06 μGy for Hologic discovery W, which uses the fan beam scanning mode. The Norland XR-800 device took the scans with a much lower dose, as it uses the pencil beam for scanning the patients. The results of the study show that the radiation beam type, patient thickness, imaging technique and scan time may affect the radiation dose received by patient.
Childhood Trauma As a Mediator of the Association Between Autistic Traits and Psychotic Experiences: Evidence From the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Cohort
Authors: Dardani Christina , Schalbroeck Rik , Madley-Dowd Paul , Jones Hannah J , Strelchuk Daniela , Hammerton Gemma , Croft Jazz , Sullivan Sarah A , Zammit Stan , Selten Jean-Paul , Rai Dheeraj
Published: November 2022

Background

Little is known on whether associations between childhood autistic traits and psychotic experiences persist into adulthood and whether genetic confounding and childhood trauma influence them. Here we investigate the associations between childhood autistic traits and psychotic experiences until young adulthood and assess the influence of schizophrenia polygenic risk and childhood traumatic experiences, using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) population-based birth cohort.

Study design

We used a measure of broad autistic traits (autism factor mean score), and four dichotomised measures of autistic traits capturing social communication difficulties (age 7), repetitive behaviours (age 5), sociability (age 3), and pragmatic language (age 9). Psychotic experiences were assessed at ages 18 and 24 using the semi-structured Psychosis-Like Symptoms interview (PLIKSi). Traumatic experiences between ages 5 and 11 were assessed with questionnaires and interviews administered to children and parents at multiple ages.

Study results

Broad autistic traits, as well as social communication difficulties, were associated with psychotic experiences that were distressing and/or frequent until age 24 (autism factor mean score, n = 3707: OR 1.19, 95%CI 1.01–1.39; social communication difficulties, n = 3384: OR 1.54, 95%CI 0.97–2.45). Childhood trauma mediated a substantial proportion of the identified associations (~28% and 36% respectively, maximum n = 3577). Schizophrenia polygenic risk did not appear to confound the associations. Multiple imputation analyses (maximum n = 13 105) yielded comparable results.

Conclusions

Childhood trauma may be an important, potentially modifiable pathway between autistic features and later onset of psychotic psychopathology.
Age-related changes in fast spindle clustering during non-rapid eye movement sleep and their relevance for memory consolidation
Authors: Champetier Pierre , André Claire , Weber Frederik D , Rehel Stéphane , Ourry Valentin , Laniepce Alice , Lutz Antoine , Bertran Françoise , Cabé Nicolas , Pitel Anne-Lise , Poisnel Géraldine , de la Sayette Vincent , Vivien Denis , Chételat Gaël , Rauchs Géraldine
Published: November 2022

Sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation. Recent data in rodents and young adults revealed that fast spindle band power fluctuates at a 0.02-Hz infraslow scale during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. These fluctuations result from a periodic temporal clustering of spindles and may modulate sleep maintenance and memory consolidation. With age, sleep undergoes substantial changes but age-related changes in spindle clustering have never been investigated. Polysomnography data were collected in 147 older (mean age ± SD: 69.3 ± 4.1 years) and 32 young-middle aged (34.5 ± 10.9 years) adults. Sleep-dependent memory consolidation was assessed in a subsample of 57 older adults using a visuospatial memory task. We analyzed power fluctuations in fast spindle frequency band, detected fast spindles, and quantified their clustering during the night separating encoding and retrieval. Fast spindle band power fluctuated at a 0.02-Hz infraslow scale in young-middle aged and older adults. However, the proportion of clustered fast spindles decreased non-linearly with age (p < .001). This effect was not mediated by NREM sleep fragmentation. The clustering level of fast spindles modulated their characteristics (p < .001). Finally, the mean size of spindle clusters was positively associated with memory consolidation (p = .036) and negatively with NREM sleep micro-arousal density (p = .033). These results suggest that clusters of fast spindles may constitute stable sleep periods promoting off-line processes such as memory consolidation. We emphasize the relevance of considering spindle dynamics, obviously impaired during aging, to understand the impact of age-related sleep changes on memory.

Clinical Trial Information: Name: Study in Cognitively Intact Seniors Aiming to Assess the Effects of Meditation Training (Age-Well). URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02977819?term=Age-Well&draw=2&rank=1. See STROBE_statement_AGEWELL.doc in supplementary material. Registration: EudraCT: 2016-002441-36; IDRCB: 2016-A01767-44; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02977819.
The dynamics of emotional behaviors in rapid eye movement sleep
Authors: Masset Luc , Nigam Milan , Ladarre Anne , Vidailhet Marie , Leu-Semenescu Smaranda , Fossati Philippe , Arnulf Isabelle , Maranci Jean-Baptiste
Published: November 2022

Dream’s emotions could exert a major role in desensitizing negative emotions. Studying emotional dynamics (how emotions fluctuate across time) during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep could provide some insight into this function. However, studies so far have been limited to dream reports. To bypass this limit, REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), in which participants enact their dreams, enables direct access to overt emotional dream behaviors (such as facial expressions and speeches). In total, 17 participants with RBD, and 39.7 h of REM sleep video were analyzed. The frequency of emotional behaviors did not differ between REM sleep episodes of early and late night. Within individual REM sleep episodes, emotional behaviors exhibited a biphasic temporal course, including an increased frequency for the first 10 min, followed by a progressive decrease. The negative emotional behaviors occurred earlier (mean time: 11.3 ± 10 min) than positive (14.4 ± 10.7 min) and neutral behaviors (16.4 ± 11.8 min). Emotional behaviors of opposing (negative and positive) valences were observed in 31% (N = 14) of episodes containing at least one emotional behavior, and were separated by a median time of 4.2 [1.1–10.9] min. The biphasic temporal course of behaviors in REM sleep could include the generation reactivation of emotional content during the ascending phase, followed by processing and extinction during the descending phase. The earlier occurrence time of negative emotional behavior suggests that negative emotions may need to be processed first. The rapid succession of emotions of opposite valence could prevent prolonged periods of negative emotions and eventually nightmares.
Translating pediatric primary care best practice guidelines for addressing tobacco in the WIC system
Authors: Schuler Brittany R , Collins Bradley N , Scheuermann Taneisha S , Baishya Mona , Kilby Linda , Lepore Stephen J
Published: November 2022

Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) adversely affects child health. Intervention research on reducing childhood TSE and uptake of evidence-based smoking cessation programs has had limited reach in high-risk communities. Intervening in clinics delivering the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) could address overlapping public health priorities essential for healthy child development—nutrition and smoke-free environments. The Babies Living Safe and Smokefree (BLiSS) trial addresses existing gaps by implementing and evaluating a WIC in-clinic evidence-based training based on Ask, Advise, and Refer (AAR) guidelines. WIC nutrition staff (n = 67) completed surveys pre- and post-training as part of the larger BLiSS trial. Staff sociodemographic data, knowledge, and attitudes about maternal smoking and child TSE prevention, and AAR practices in clinic were collected using self-administered surveys. Pre–post outcomes were assessed using bivariate statistics and multiple regression models. Controlling for baseline AAR-related practices and other covariates, nutrition managers were more likely to engage in post-training AAR practices than nutrition assistants. Sociodemographics and smoking status were not related to post-training AAR. Lower perceived barriers and higher reported frequency of tobacco intervention practices at baseline were associated with higher engagement in post-test AAR practices. WIC-system interventions aimed at reducing child TSE and maternal tobacco smoking may be more effective if nutrition management-level staff are involved in assessment and by addressing barriers related to TSE among nutrition assistants. Findings suggest that WIC in-clinic training may help to increase self-efficacy for staff engagement in brief screening, intervention, and referral practices.
The Role of a Soybean 14-3-3 Gene (Glyma05g29080) on White Mold Resistance and Nodulation Investigations Using CRISPR-Cas9 Editing and RNA Silencing
Authors: Zhang Yunfang , Blahut-Beatty Laureen , Zheng Suqin , Clough Steven J. , Simmonds Daina H.
Published: November 2022

The role of a soybean 14-3-3 gene ( Glyma05g29080) in defense against white mold and in nodulation was investigated by loss-of-gene-function with CRISPR-Cas9 editing and silencing of RNA interference (RNAi). Particle bombardment was used to introduce the CRISPR expression cassette to target the soybean 14-3-3 gene and an RNAi construct to silence gene transcription. Transmission of the edited 14-3-3 gene and the RNAi construct was confirmed in their respective progeny. The recovered transgenic plants and their progeny were significantly more susceptible to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection and showed a significant reduction in nodulation, thus confirming the role of the 14-3-3 gene ( Glyma05g29080) in both nodulation and defense.
Control of Globodera pallida Using Brassica juncea Seed Meal Extract and the Trap Crop Solanum sisymbriifolium
Authors: Bhatta Bhupendra , Dandurand Louise-Marie , Morra Matthew J. , Popova Inna
Published: November 2022

Globodera pallida, the pale cyst nematode, is a regulated potato pest which is economically detrimental. Restrictions on use of the soil fumigant methyl bromide and lack of resistant russet type varieties for U.S. markets have led to investigations of alternative strategies to control this pest. The efficacy of Brassica juncea seed meal extract (SME; 0, 0.14, 0.28, 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 t/ha) was studied, either alone or in combination with the trap crop Solanum sisymbriifolium under greenhouse and field conditions. The impact of the application of SME pre- or postplanting of S. sisymbriifolium was also determined. S. sisymbriifolium only induced hatch of G. pallida and significantly fewer (up to 57 and 55% in pre- and postplant experiments, respectively) encysted eggs remained at termination of the experiment compared with the untreated control. However, when SME was applied preplant, the encysted eggs remained unchanged, which may indicate that SME inhibited egg hatch in the presence of S. sisymbriifolium. When applied individually, S. sisymbriifolium in all experiments, or SME at all rates tested in the greenhouse or 0.56 t/ha or higher rates of SME in the field, significantly reduced the viability, hatch, and reproduction of G. pallida. Combined treatment with S. sisymbriifolium and SME at lower rates (0.14 t/ha for preplant or 0.56 t/ha or less for the greenhouse postplant experiment) reduced G. pallida egg hatch further than each strategy alone. In the field, a combination of S. sisymbriifolium and SME at 1.12 t/ha or less reduced G. pallida more effectively than SME alone. SME alone applied at higher rates (0.56 and 1.12 t/ha) in preplant greenhouse trials, whether or not combined with S. sisymbriifolium, eliminated G. pallida reproduction. Under field conditions, SME applied at a rate of 1.12 t/ha highly reduced G. pallida reproduction compared with the untreated control by 97 and 61% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Furthermore, reproduction of G. pallida was eliminated when SME was combined with S. sisymbriifolium. Our results indicated that a combination of SME and S. sisymbriifolium reduces the amount of SME needed to control G. pallida and further decreases the potential reserve of the viable population remaining after individual treatment with each strategy.
Sampling, a New iOS Application for Assessment of Damage by Diseases and Insect Pests Using Sequential Sampling Plans
Authors: Heck Daniel W. , Sharma Pratibha , Kikkert Julie R. , Pethybridge Sarah J.
Published: November 2022

Regular scouting for plant diseases and insect pests by growers, crop consultants, extension educators, and researchers (herein defined as stakeholders) is the cornerstone of integrated pest management practices. Sequential sampling plans have the potential to save time and labor in field scouting and reduce the frequency of errors surrounding decision-making. The incorporation of the algorithms behind sequential sampling plans into mobile devices can make scouting for diseases and insect pests more straightforward, practical, and enjoyable. Here, we introduce an iOS application called Sampling. The application was designed for stakeholders to use on a mobile device for assessing disease and insect pest incidence in the field using sequential sampling plans. The application allows users to select a disease or insect pest from a prepopulated list and specify the objective of sampling: Estimation or classification. Conducting sequential sampling depends upon different precision levels and action thresholds within each objective. Detailed instructions for each sequential sampling plan are available as a guide. When sampling begins, users enter the number of diseased individuals at each sampling unit. The specific algorithm developed for the disease or insect pest will inform the user when to stop sampling for the desired goal and return the final incidence and precision or threshold achieved. Results are automatically saved in the application, and the user can inspect and share results by exporting them to a range of compatible programs. The initial version of Sampling (1.1) was released with the sequential sampling plans for Cercospora leaf spot of table beet. Sequential sampling plans for additional diseases or pests will be added to Sampling in subsequent versions. Sampling is available as a free download from the Apple Store ( https://apple.co/3pUiYKy ) and is compatible with iOS 14.0 or greater on the iPhone or iPad.
Utilization of a New Hundred-Genomes Pipeline to Design a Rapid Duplex LAMP Detection Assay for Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and X. vesicatoria in Tomato
Authors: Beran Pavel , Stehlikova Dagmar , Cohen Stephen P. , Rost Michael , Beranova Kristina , Curn Vladislav
Published: November 2022

Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and X. vesicatoria are two economically important causal agents of bacterial spot (BS) of tomato and pepper. Management of BS in the field requires rapid and accurate detection. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a pipeline to design a simple, fast, and reliable assay for the detection of X. euvesicatoria and X. vesicatoria by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. In total, 109 publicly available whole genomic sequences of 24 different species of bacterial pathogens were used to design primers that would amplify the DNA of the two target species. Laboratory testing of the assay was performed on pure bacterial cultures and artificially infected plants, and amplification was conducted with both a sophisticated laboratory instrument and a simple mobile platform. The testing of the assay confirmed its specificity with a sensitivity reaching 1 pg µl−1 for both pathogens with an assay duration of 40 min on a mobile detection platform. Our diagnostics development pipeline enables the easy and fast design of a reliable detection assay in the genomics age. By validating the pipeline with X. euvesicatoria and X. vesicatoria pathogens, we have simultaneously developed an assay with high specificity, sensitivity, and speed, which will allow it to be deployed, contributing to successful management of BS.
Frequency of Occurrence of Heterodera glycines Types, Meloidogyne spp., and Eight Other Nematode Taxa Associated with Soybeans in Georgia
Authors: Mitchum Melissa G. , Averitt Ben , Goode Kelly , Martin Katherine , Lance Kurk , Mitchell Makayla , Hussey Richard , Jagdale Ganpati , Kemerait Robert C.
Published: November 2022

Soybean fields in Georgia were surveyed for plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) during the 2021 growing season. The frequency and population density of 10 PPN taxa were determined in 144 soil samples collected from soybean fields in 31 Georgia counties. Between one and six PPN taxa were identified in 97% of the soil samples, with >50% of samples harboring four or more taxa. The spiral nematode ( Helicotylenchus spp.) was the most prevalent (85%), followed by lesion ( Pratylenchus spp., 71%), stubby root (Trichodoridae, 69%), ring (Criconematidae, 54%), root-knot ( Meloidogyne spp., 49%), stunt ( Tylenchorhynchus spp., 11%), reniform ( Rotylenchulus spp., 8%), cyst (Heteroderidae, 8%), dagger ( Xiphinema spp., 4%), and lance ( Hoplolaimus spp., 2%). Fourteen soil samples from nine Georgia counties were confirmed to have the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines (HG), based on morphological identification, molecular identification, and evidence of reproduction on soybean. HG type tests determined the virulence of each SCN population on resistant soybean. All SCN populations tested were able to reproduce at a female index ≥ 10% on PI 88788. HG type 1.2.- was the most frequent (57%), followed by HG type 2.- (29%) and HG type 1.2.3.- (14%). Meloidogyne incognita was the most frequently identified species of root-knot nematode (80%), followed by M. arenaria (28%) and M. javanica (6%). Our survey results serve to raise awareness of PPNs among Georgia soybean producers to inform future management decisions and improve information available to soybean breeders in their efforts to incorporate multiple nematode resistance into improved soybean cultivars.
Assessing Carrot Accessions Susceptibility to the Bacterial Pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ and Its Associated Symptoms
Authors: Hamershlak Dor , Assoline Nofar , Dror Orit , Bahar Ofir
Published: November 2022

‘ Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ is an insect-transmitted bacterium associated with several plant diseases. In the Mediterranean Basin, ‘ Ca. L. solanacearum’ haplotype D is vectored by Bactericera trigonica and can severely infect carrot plants leading to abnormal growth phenotypes and significant yield losses. Insecticide applications are insufficient to suppress disease spread and damage, and additional means for disease control are needed. In the current study, we evaluated the resistance of 97 carrot accessions to the bacterial pathogen ‘ Ca. L. solanacearum’ and its associated symptoms. Accessions (Western and Asian types) were first screened in two commercial carrot fields. We found that Western type accessions were less prone to develop disease symptoms in both fields and were less frequently visited by the insect vector in one field. Overall, 22 Asian and five Western accessions with significantly lower disease incidence compared with the commercial cultivar were found. These accessions were then inoculated with ‘ Ca. L. solanacearum’ under controlled conditions and were assessed for disease incidence, insect oviposition, and bacterial relative titer. Five accessions (three Asian and two Western) had significantly lower disease incidence compared with the reference cultivar. Interestingly, disease incidence was not necessarily in line with insect oviposition or in planta bacterial titer, which may indicate that other, perhaps physiological, differences among the accessions may govern the susceptibility of plants to the disease. The resistant accessions found in this study could be used in future resistance breeding programs and to better understand the underlying mechanisms of resistance to ‘ Ca. L. solanacearum’.
Novel insights in classic versus relative glomerular hyperfiltration and implications on pharmacotherapy
Authors: Bielopolski Dana , Streja Elani , Steinmetz Tali , Rozen-Zvi Benaya , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar
Published: November 2022

Purpose of review

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) assessment and its estimation (eGFR) is a long-lasting challenge in medicine and public health. Current eGFR formulae are indexed for standardized body surface area (BSA) of 1.73 m2, ignoring persons and populations wherein the ratio of BSA or metabolic rate to nephron number might be different, due to increased BSA, increased metabolic rate or reduced nephron number. These equations are based on creatinine, cystatin C or a combination of the two, which adds another confounder to eGFR assessment. Unusually high GFR values, also known as renal hyperfiltration, have not been well defined under these equations.

Recent findings

Special conditions such as solitary kidney in kidney donors, high dietary protein intake, obesity and diabetes are often associated with renal hyperfiltration and amenable to errors in GFR estimation. In all hyperfiltration types, there is an increased intraglomerular pressure that can be physiologic, but its persistence over time is detrimental to glomerulus leading to progressive glomerular damage and renal fibrosis. Hyperfiltration might be underdiagnosed due to BSA standardization embedded in the formula. Hence, timely intervention is delayed. Reducing intraglomerular pressure in diabetes can be achieved by SGLT2 inhibitors or low protein diet to reverse the glomerulopathy process.

Accurate identification of glomerular hyperfiltration as a pre-CKD condition needs accurate estimation of GFR in the above normal range should establish a threshold for timely intervention.
Expanding the clinical spectrum of idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Authors: Chen Benson S. , Britton John O.T.
Published: November 2022

Purpose of review

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder of raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Although the majority of patients with IIH present classically with headache and papilledema, some patients may have unusual presentations or manifestations. Recent advancements in neuroimaging have facilitated the identification of other presentations associated with IIH. This review provides an overview of the expanding clinical spectrum of IIH.

Recent findings

Presentations of IIH that are considered unusual include highly asymmetric or unilateral papilledema, IIH without papilledema, and IIH associated with cranial nerve involvement. These presentations likely reflect differences in the way cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure is transmitted intracranially. Radiological signs of intracranial hypertension are increasingly recognized in patients with IIH and provide further insights into the effects of raised ICP on intracranial structures. Osseous changes in the skull base leading to formation of meningoceles and encephaloceles have been identified in patients with IIH, spontaneous skull base CSF leak, and drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy, suggesting a possible association.

Clinicians should be familiar with the expanding clinical spectrum of IIH and the implications for the management of these presentations.
BDNF and TRiC-inspired Reagents Rescue Cortical Synaptic Deficits in a Mouse Model of Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Gu Yingli , Pope Alexander , Smith-Geater Charlene , Carmona Christopher , Johnstone Aaron , Shi Linda , Chen Xuqiao , Santos Sarai , Bacon-Brenes Claire Cecile , Shoff Thomas , Kleczko Korbin M. , Frydman Judith , Thompson Leslie M. , Mobley William C. , Wu Chengbiao
Published: November 2022

Huntington’s disease (HD) results from a CAG repeat expansion in the gene for Huntington (HTT) resulting in expansion of the polyglutamine (Q) tract in the mutant protein (mHTT). Synaptic changes are early manifestations of neuronal dysfunction in HD. However, the mechanism(s) by which mHTT impacts synapse formation and function is not well defined. Herein we explored HD pathogenesis in the BACHD and the ΔN17-BACHD mouse models of HD by examining cortical synapse formation and function in primary cultures maintained for up to 35 days (DIV35). We identified synapses by immunostaining with antibodies against pre-synaptic (Synapsin 1) and a post-synaptic (PSD95) marker. Consistent with earlier studies, cortical neurons from both WT and the HD models began to form synapses at DIV14; at this age there were no genotypic differences in synapse numbers. However, from DIV21 through DIV35 BACHD neurons showed progressively smaller numbers of synapses relative to WT neurons. Remarkably, BACHD synaptic deficits were completely rescued by treating cultures with BDNF. Building on earlier studies using reagents inspired by the chaperonin TRiC, we found that addition of the recombinant apical domain of CCT1 partially rescued synapse number. Unexpectedly, unlike BACHD cultures, synapses in ΔN17-BACHD cultures showed a progressive increase in number as compared to WT neurons, thus distinguishing synaptic changes in these HD models. Using multielectrode arrays, we discovered age-related functional deficits in BACHD cortical cultures with significant differences present by DIV28. As for synapse number, BDNF treatment prevented most synaptic deficits, including mean firing rate, spikes per burst, inter-burst interval, and synchrony. The apical domain of CCT1 showed similar, albeit less potent effects. These data are evidence that deficits in HD synapse number and function can be replicatedin vitroand that treatment with either BDNF or a TRiC-inspired reagent can prevent them. Our findings support the use of cellular models to further explicate HD pathogenesis and its treatments.
Falcon gut microbiome is shaped by diet and enriched inSalmonella
Authors: Ahmad Anique R. , Ridgeway Samuel , Shibl Ahmed A. , Idaghdour Youssef , Jha Aashish R
Published: November 2022

The gut microbiome is increasingly being appreciated as a master regulator of animal health. However, most avian gut microbiome studies have focused on birds of economic importance while the gut microbiomes of raptors remain underexplored. Here we examine the gut microbiota of 29 samples from fourFalcospecies including hybrid birds— raptors of historic importance —in the context of avian evolution by sequencing the 16S rDNA V4 region. Our results reveal that evolutionary histories and diet are significantly associated with avian gut microbiota in general, whereas diet plays a major role in shaping the falcon gut microbiota. Multiple analyses revealed that gut microbial diversity, composition, and abundance of key diet-discriminating bacterial genera in the falcon gut closely resemble those of carnivorous raptors rather than those of their closest phylogenetic relatives. Furthermore, the falcon microbiota is dominated by Firmicutes and consists ofSalmonellaat appreciable levels.Salmonellapresence may potentially alter the functional capacity of the falcon gut microbiota as its abundance is associated with depletion of multiple predicted metabolic pathways involved in protein mass buildup, muscle maintenance, and enrichment of antimicrobial compound degradation, thus increasing the pathogenic potential of the falcon gut and presents a potential risk to human health.

Author Summary in Arabic
A first-in-class Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) activator with anti-tumor activity in hematological cancers
Authors: Spriano Filippo , Sartori Giulio , Barnabei Laura , Arribas Alberto J. , Guala Matilde , Carrasco Del Amor Ana Maria , Tomasso Meagan R. , Tarantelli Chiara , Cascione Luciano , Golino Gaetanina , Riveiro Maria E , Bortolozzi Roberta , Lupia Antonio , Paduano Francesco , Huguet Samuel , Rezai Keyvan , Margheriti Francesco , Ventura Pedro , Guarda Greta , Costa Giosuè , Rocca Roberta , Cavalli Andrea , Viola Giampietro , Driessen Christoph , Zucca Emanuele , Stathis Anastasios , Bornhauser Beat , Alcaro Stefano , Trapasso Francesco , Cristobal Susana , Padrick Shae B. , Pazzi Natalina , Cavalli Franco , Bertoni Francesco , Gaudio Eugenio
Published: November 2022

Hematological cancers are among the most common cancers in adults and in children. Despite significant improvements in therapies, many patients still succumb to the disease, therefore, novel therapies are needed. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) family proteins regulate actin assembly in conjunction with the Arp2/3 complex, a ubiquitous nucleation factor. WASp is expressed exclusively in hematopoietic cells and exists in two allosteric conformations, auto-inhibited and active conformations. Here, we describe the development of EG-011, a first-in-class small molecule activator of the WASp auto-inhibited form. EG-011 possesses in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity as single agent in lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma, including models of secondary resistance to PI3K, BTK and proteasome inhibitors. The in vitro activity was confirmed in a lymphoma xenograft. Actin polymerization induced by EG-011 was demonstrated with multiple techniques. Transcriptome analysis highlighted homology with drugs inducing actin polymerization.

Key points

EG-011 is a novel small molecule with anti-tumor activity in hematological cancers, including resistant lymphoma and multiple myeloma models

EG-011 is a first-in-class small molecule activator of the auto-inhibited form of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp)
GLiDe: a web-based genome-scale CRISPRi sgRNA design tool for prokaryotes
Authors: Xiang Tongjun , Feng Huibao , Xing Xin-Hui , Zhang Chong
Published: November 2022

CRISPRi screening has become a powerful approach for functional genomic research. However, the off-target effects resulting from the mismatch tolerance between sgRNAs and their intended targets is a primary concern in CRISPRi applications. To address this issue, we introduce Guide Library Designer (GLiDe), a web-based tool specifically created for the genome-scale design of sgRNA libraries tailored for CRISPRi screening in prokaryotic organisms. GLiDe incorporates a robust quality control framework, rooted in prior experimental knowledge, ensuring the accurate identification of off-target hits. It boasts an extensive built-in database, encompassing 1,397 common prokaryotic species as a comprehensive design resource. In addition, GLiDe provides the capability to design sgRNAs for newly discovered organisms. We further demonstrated that GLiDe exhibits enhanced precision in identifying off-target binding sites for the CRISPRi system.