bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of polyfunctional 5‐fluorouracil and 2,4‐dithio‐5‐fluorouracil on Au(111) surface: Structure, energy, and electronic transmission
Authors: Nazari Fariba , Ansari Narjes
Published: September 2011

Adsorption of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and 2,4‐dithio‐5‐fluorouracil (2,4‐DT‐5‐FU) on Au(111) surface at low coverage is studied by using periodic‐slab‐density functional theory calculation. Isolated 5‐FU molecule adsorbs preferentially at bridge site in a vertical configuration via NH group by forming the NH···Au nonconventional H‐bond. The formation of the anchor AuO bond is not observed. Substitution of oxygen atoms of 5‐FU with sulfur strongly influences the nature of adsorption and leads to the AuS anchor bond and the NH···Au nonconventional H‐bond of single 2,4‐DT‐5‐FU molecule on Au(111) surface. The adsorption site and orientation of 2,4‐DT‐5‐FU molecule on the surface are similar to those of 5‐FU. The metal–molecule coupling effects at asymmetric Au/S(NH)S/mol/CH/Au and Au/NH/mol/O/Au transport junctions and symmetric Au/S(NH)S/mol/mol/S(NH)S/Au and Au/O/mol/mol/O/Au transport junctions are also investigated. The electronic structure is analyzed in detail, and the obtained results are used for illustrating the electron transmission in metal–molecule–metal systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
On the multi‐input second‐order sliding mode control of nonlinear uncertain systems
Authors: Pisano Alessandro
Published: September 2011

This note addresses the multi‐input second‐order sliding mode control design for a class of nonlinear multivariable uncertain dynamics. Among the most important peculiarities of the considered control problem, the considered sliding vector variable has a uniform vector relative degree [2,2, … ,2] with respect to the vector control variable, and only the sign of the sliding vector and of its derivative are available for feedback. Additionally, the symmetric part of the state‐dependent control matrix is supposed to be positive definite. Under some further mild restrictions on the uncertain system's dynamics, a control algorithm that realizes a multi‐input version of the ‘twisting’ second‐order sliding mode control algorithm is suggested. Simple controller tuning conditions are derived by means of a constructive Lyapunov analysis, which demonstrates that the suggested control algorithm guarantees the semiglobal asymptotic convergence to the sliding manifold. Simulation results, which confirm the good performance of the proposed scheme and investigate the actual accuracy obtained under the discrete‐time implementation effects, are given. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE RIVER MACHINE: A TEMPLATE FOR FISH MOVEMENT AND HABITAT, FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY, FLUID DYNAMICS AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING
Authors: Nestler J. M. , Pompeu P. S. , Goodwin R. A. , Smith D. L. , Silva L. G. M. , Baigún C. R. M. , Oldani N. O.
Published: September 2011

The dynamics of many large floodplain rivers are dominated by the flood pulse. The high kinetic energy of the erosive flows associated with the flood pulse forms and reforms the river channel. In general, the flood pulse supports the immense abundance and diversity of river life by transporting nutrients and organic matter into backwaters in spring, supporting primary and secondary production during the summer and redistributing these products to channels as water levels recede. Both North American and South American fluvial‐dependent large river fishes exhibit complex, system‐level longitudinal and/or lateral movements across life stages that allow them to exploit flood pulse‐driven spatial heterogeneity and seasonal connectivity to feed, reproduce and avoid harsh conditions. We argue that two hydraulic variables, the magnitudes of velocity and the spatial velocity gradient, are necessary and sufficient to both understand fish ‘hydro‐navigation’ as well as explain patterns in biogeochemistry and fluvial geomorphology and thereby create a new conceptual framework for large floodplain rivers integrating fluid dynamics, channel morphology, biogeochemical cycling and important elements of fish ecology. We illustrate the framework using summary data from the São Francisco River, Brazil that contains sub‐basins possessing different levels of impact and also from the lower Paraná River (Argentina) where natural processes can still be studied. We believe the framework is an important element of large river restoration because it directly links the unique physical and chemical processes of large floodplain rivers to life requirements important to fishes and other biota. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A NEW APPROACH TO ASSESS BED STABILITY RELEVANT FOR INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN UPLAND STREAMS
Authors: Schwendel A. C. , Death R. G. , Fuller I. C. , Tonkin J. D.
Published: September 2011

Composition and structure of lotic ecosystems can be affected by substrate instability. Consequently stream ecologists have used various methods to determine bed stability characteristics. However, the link between community composition and these measurements varies because benthic biota often responds to combinations of bed stability characteristics. This paper presents a protocol to determine reach‐scale stream bed stability in mountain streams which is relevant for invertebrate communities (Stream Bed Stability for Invertebrates, SBSI). The approach is calibrated on community composition response to bed stability but does not measure any single bed stability characteristic per se. It consists of 13 parameters that are assessed once at each reach with minimal instrumentation and low interference with the substrate. These 13 parameters cover aspects of sediment supply from banks, transport capacity and substrate erodibility as well as effects of particle transport on channel bottom structures, substrate assemblage and single grains. Application of the SBSI protocol improved the relationship between bed stability and community diversity compared to when conventional bed stability measures were employed. The SBSI protocol provides a cost‐effective and time‐effective assessment method for bed stability and its application can facilitate research on invertebrate community response to physical disturbance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triangle‐free subgraphs in the triangle‐free process
Authors: Wolfovitz Guy
Published: September 2011

Consider the triangle‐free process, which is defined as follows. Start with G(0), an empty graph on n vertices. Given G(i ‐ 1), let G(i) = G(i ‐ 1) ∪{g(i)}, where g(i) is an edge that is chosen uniformly at random from the set of edges that are not in G(i − 1) and can be added to G(i ‐ 1) without creating a triangle. The process ends once a maximal triangle‐free graph has been created. Let H be a fixed triangle‐free graph and let XH(i) count the number of copies of H in G(i). We give an asymptotically sharp estimate for 𝔼(XH(i)), for every
\documentclass{article} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \begin{align*}1 \ll i \le 2^{-5} n^{3/2} \sqrt{\ln n}\end{align*} \end{document}, at the limit as n →∞. Moreover, we provide conditions that guarantee that a.a.s. XH(i) = 0, and that XH(i) is concentrated around its mean.© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
The fraction of large random trees representing a given Boolean function in implicational logic
Authors: Fournier Hervé , Gardy Danièle , Genitrini Antoine , Bernhard Gittenberger
Published: September 2011

We consider the logical system of Boolean expressions built on the single connector of implication and on positive literals. Assuming all expressions of a given size to be equally likely, we prove that we can define a probability distribution on the set of Boolean functions expressible in this system. Then we show how to approximate the probability of a function f when the number of variables grows to infinity, and that this asymptotic probability has a simple expression in terms of the complexity of f. We also prove that most expressions computing any given function in this system are “simple”, in a sense that we make precise. The probability of all read‐once functions of a given complexity is also evaluated in this model. At last, using the same techniques, the relation between the probability of a function and its complexity is also obtained when random expressions are drawn according to a critical branching process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
The missing log in large deviations for triangle counts
Authors: Chatterjee Sourav
Published: September 2011

This paper solves the problem of sharp large deviation estimates for the upper tail of the number of triangles in an Erdős‐Rényi random graph, by establishing a logarithmic factor in the exponent that was missing till now. It is possible that the method of proof may extend to general subgraph counts. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 40, 437–451, 2012
Upper tails for triangles
Authors: DeMarco B. , Kahn J.
Published: September 2011

With ξ the number of triangles in the usual (Erdős‐Rényi) random graph G(m,p), p > 1/m and η > 0, we show (for some Cη > 0)

This is tight up to the value of Cη. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 40, 452–459, 2012
Targeted Delivery of Polyoxometalate Nanocomposites
Authors: Geisberger Georg , Paulus Susann , Gyenge Emina Besic , Maake Caroline , Patzke Greta R.
Published: September 2011

Polyoxometalate/carboxymethyl chitosan nanocomposites with an average diameter of 130 nm are synthesized and labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for a combined drug‐carrier and cellular‐monitoring approach. [Eu(β2‐SiW11O39)2]13−/CMC nanospheres as a representative example do not display cytotoxicity for POM concentrations up to 2 mg mL−1. Cellular uptake of fluoresecently labelled {EuSiW11O39}/FITC‐CMC nanoparticles is monitored with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Nanoparticle uptake occurs after incubation times of around 1 h and no cyctotoxic effects are observed upon prolonged treatment. The preferential location of the POM/CMC nanocomposites in the perinuclear region is furthermore verified with transmission electron microscopy investigations on unlabeled nanoparticles. Therefore, this approach is a promising dual strategy for the safe cellular transfer and monitoring of bioactive POMs.
Drug release from microstructured grafted starch monolithic tablets
Authors: Silva Itziar , Gurruchaga Marilo , Goñi Isabel
Published: September 2011

The aim of this research was to obtain biodegradable amphiphilic graft copolymers suitable for developing matrices capable of controlling the release of proteins in oral drug administration. To this end, high‐AM starch was grafted with methacrylic acid (MA) using potassium persulphate (K2S2O8) as the initiator in an aqueous solution. Tablets were obtained by compressing the graft copolymer in powder form with a model drug to make a loaded matrix. When these tablets came in contact with water, the particles split into nano‐ or microparticles. Thus, microholes or micropores were formed allowing drugs and peptides to be released. In order to obtain matrices with better resistance to hydrolysis, other graft copolymers were synthesized using a cross‐linking agent.

In this paper, we report on the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of different graft copolymers and on the study of these copolymers as nano‐ and microparticles. It was observed that these copolymers offered good controlled release of a model drug, as well as of a model protein.
Comparison of the physicochemical and functional properties of Aconitum carmichaeli and Aconiti lateralis Preparata starches
Authors: Xia Yuzhuo , Gao Wenyuan , Jiang Qianqian , Li Xia , Huang Luqi , Xiao Peigen
Published: September 2011

Aconitum, an important toxic traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in clinical practice. Owing to its toxicity, it should be processed before application. Aconiti lateralis Preparata (ALP) is one of the most important commercial processed products of Aconitum. The object of this work is to study the physicochemical and functional properties of Aconitum and ALP starches. The results revealed that AM content changed, transforming from 37.5 to 27.5% after processing. The shape of Aconitum starch granules also changed from spherical or oval with sizes of 5–15 µm to irregular and polygonal with sizes of 30–60 µm. The crystallinity of Aconitum decreased from 38.7 to 23.0% after processing. The transition temperatures (To, Tp and Tc) and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔHgel) were determined using DSC. To, Tp and Tc decreased from 52.9 to 48.6, 66.9 to 58.9, and 82.2 to 69.3°C, respectively. Aconitum starch showed higher ΔHgel values (1.6 J/g), while the ALP starch showed lower values (0.4 J/g).
Efficient coverage of parallel and hierarchical stateflow models for test case generation
Authors: Satpathy Manoranjan , Yeolekar Anand , Peranandam Prakash , Ramesh S.
Published: September 2011

This paper is concerned with test case generation from Simulink/Stateflow (SL/SF) models with a focus on coverage of SF model elements. Coverage of the SF component in a model is a difficult task because of two primary reasons: (i) the SF component itself may lie deep in the SL/SF model in which case, inputs have to pass through a complex chain of SL blocks to reach the SF block and (ii) nonlinear constraints in the model are difficult to solve using constraint solvers. Hierarchy and parallelism in the SF model add further complexity to the problem. The existing approaches flatten such SF elements, and generate test cases from the flattened finite state machines. Handling of issues (i) and (ii) has already been discussed in earlier research. In this paper, we present a method of covering SF components, which does not require to flatten any hierarchy or parallelism in the components. This not only makes the test case generation problem efficient but also addresses the problem of scalability. We have implemented this method and performed a number of medium‐sized case studies. The results show improved performance over the results obtained by some commercial tools. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arsenic methylation metabolism and liver injury of acute promyelocytic leukemia patients undergoing arsenic trioxide treatment
Authors: Wang Huihui , Xi Shuhua , Liu Zhuogang , Yang Ying , Zheng Quanmei , Wang Fei , Xu Yuanyuan , Wang Yi , Zheng Yi , Sun Guifan
Published: September 2011

Although arsenic is effective in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), as a well‐known environmental toxicant, the side effects of arsenic treatment and arsenic methylation metabolism of the patients are rarely reported. In this manuscript, we investigated 23 APL patients treated with 10 mg arsenic trioxide daily, detected the arsenic metabolites in urine samples collected on the 0, 10th, and 20th day of arsenic treatment. At the same time, liver function and blood routine examination were also investigated in these APL patients. We found that, urinary monomethylated arsenic proportion (MMA%) increased, but dimethylated arsenic proportion (DMA%), the first methylation ratio (FMR) and the secondary methylation ratio (SMR) decreased with consecutive administration of arsenic trioxide. After adjustment for age impact, no statistical difference was observed in urinary arsenic concentrations and arsenic methylation capacity between male and female at the same treatment time point. During arsenic trioxide treatment of APL, transient elevation of serum aminotransferases was found in the blood samples, which indicated that liver injury occurred and probably reversible. Leukocytosis developed in 5 of the 23 patients with the administration of arsenic trioxide. No statistical difference was observed in the other blood routine examination parameters. These results demonstrated that the capacity of arsenic methylation decreased and transient liver injury occurred during arsenic trioxide treatment of APL, which indicated that the side effects of clinical arsenic treatment can not be ignored. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
Influence of topography and wakes on wind turbulence: measurements and interpretation of results
Authors: Jiménez Ángel , Migoya Emilio , Esteban Millán , Giménez David , García Javier , Crespo Antonio
Published: September 2011

In order to perform detailed calculations of dynamic loads on wind turbines due to turbulence, a precise wind simulator is needed. International standards give guidelines to generate a synthetic wind for a flat terrain in the absence of wakes. Measurements in complex terrain and under wake effects have been analysed with the purpose of establishing some modifications to those guidelines that improve the simulated wind turbulence characteristics. A modification of the spectrum shape is proposed for locations affected by wind turbine wakes. Modifications are also proposed for the ratios of standard deviations and the turbulence lengths, which give a tendency to turbulence isotropy, as the complexity of the terrain and wake effects become more relevant. The parameter called normalized turbulence intensity (NTI) is introduced to quantify the ‘complexity’ of a location. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cultural context of interventions for family members with a seriously mentally ill relative
Authors: Solomon Phyllis L.
Published: September 2011

This chapter provides an overview of interventions for relatives of severely mentally ill individuals. The author discusses the design and use of these interventions in the context of the cultural characteristics of families and providers, as well as the culture of the interventions themselves.
The place of spirituality and religion in mental health services
Authors: Fallot Roger D.
Published: September 2011

Mental health professionals have raised concerns about the role of spirituality and religion in services for people with severe mental disorders, but this chapter offers compelling reasons for increased attention to spiritual issues in service delivery.
Clinician safety: Assessing and managing the violent patient
Authors: Berg Arthur Z. , Bell Carl C. , Tupin Joe
Published: September 2011

Many clinicians deny the possibility of violence occurring in their practices, and this denial has its roots in fear of violence or overconfidence in safety. To appropriately address the issue of violence, clinicians must engage in proactive behaviors and attitudes that will ensure their safety.
Testing a new model of mentoring
Authors: Dubois David L. , Neville Helen A. , Parra Gilbert R. , Pugh‐Lilly Aalece O.
Published: September 2011

Mentoring programs are effective only when mentors become significant adults in the lives of youth. Mentors who achieve this status provide support that helps youth develop important psychological and behavioral assets, such as self‐esteem and the ability to cope, thus promoting healthy adjustment. These processes are evident in findings of an evaluation of outcomes in a Big Brothers Big Sisters of America program.
Synthesis and Characterisation of [K(18‐Crown‐6)(OtBu)]: An Useful Reagent in Nonpolar Solvents
Authors: Kleeberg Christian
Published: September 2011

Potassium tert‐butoxide reacts with a solution of 18‐crown‐6 (18‐C‐6) in THF or PhMe to give the, known but not isolated, complex [K(18‐C‐6)(OtBu)] (1) in good yields. Compound 1 was characterised in solution by NMR spectroscopy and in the solid state by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and elemental analysis. Complex 1 crystallises in the chiral orthorhombic space group Fdd2 with Z = 16. Lattice dimensions at 102(2) K: a = 30.164(1), b = 33.492(1), c = 8.1242(3) Å, Rint = 0.0544, R1 = 0.0362 [I > 2σ(I)), wR2 = 0.0799 (all reflections). To demonstrate the use of 1 as a base in nonpolar solvents it was reacted with 1,3‐di‐tert‐butylcyclopentadiene (2, 1,3‐tBu2CpH). The complex [K(18‐C‐6)(1,3‐tBu2Cp)] (3) is formed in good yields and was characterised by NMR spectroscopy and in the solid state by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and elemental analysis. Complex 3 crystallises in the chiral orthorhombic space group Pna21 with Z = 4. Lattice dimensions at 100(2) K: a = 19.5126(4), b = 13.5136(3), c = 10.4167(2) Å, Rint = 0.0347, R1 = 0.0301 [I > 2σ(I)), wR2 = 0.0827 (all reflections).
Molecular Structure and Antimicrobial Activity of a Luminescent Dinuclear Silver(I) Complex of Phenyl‐bis(2‐pyridyl)phosphine
Authors: Nemati Kharat Ali , Bakhoda Abolghasem , Foroutannejad Sahar , Foroutannejad Cina
Published: September 2011

Phenyl bis(2‐pyridyl)phosphine [PhP(2‐py)2] and its silver nitrate complex of formula [Ag2(μ‐(PhP(2‐py)2)2(NO3)2] (1) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and computational studies. The silver(I) complex1with a 1:1 metal‐ligand molar ratio is dinuclear cluster with silver atoms in same environments. Biological studies, carried out in vitro against wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria, have shown that the free [PhP(2‐py)2] ligand and its silver complex show distinct differences in the biological properties.
Role of microglia in CNS inflammation
Authors: Graeber Manuel B. , Li Wei , Rodriguez Michael L.
Published: September 2011

There is increasing confusion about the meaning of the terms inflammation, neuroinflammation, and microglial inflammation. We aim in this review to achieve greater clarity regarding these terms, which are essential for our understanding of the role of microglia in CNS inflammatory conditions. The important concept of sterile inflammation is explained against the backdrop of classical inflammation, and its key differences from what researchers refer to when they use the terms neuroinflammation and microglial inflammation are illustrated. We propose to replace the term “neuroinflammation” with “microglial activation” or “CNS pseudo‐inflammation”, if microglial activation does not suffice. In addition, we recommend abandoning the terms “microglial inflammation” and “inflamed microglia” because of the lack of a clear concept behind them.
New estimates and trends regarding unsafe abortion mortality
Authors: Ǻhman Elisabeth , Shah Iqbal H.
Published: September 2011

Background

The 1990–2008 estimates for the maternal mortality associated with unsafe abortion require a re‐examination.

Objective

To provide the latest estimates of the mortality associated with unsafe abortion and to examine trends within the framework of new maternal mortality estimates.

Search strategy

Extensive search of databases and websites for country‐ and region‐specific data on unsafe abortion.

Selection criteria

Reports, papers, and websites with data on unsafe abortion incidence and mortality.

Data collection and analysis

Earlier published estimates for the unsafe‐abortion‐related mortality were recalculated by country for 1990, 1997, 2000, and 2003 to harmonize with the new maternal mortality estimates. The resulting estimates were aggregated to give subregional, regional, and global figures, including those recently estimated for 2008.

Main results

In 2008, unsafe abortions accounted for an estimated 47 000 maternal deaths, down from 69 000 in 1990. Globally, the unsafe‐abortion mortality ratio has declined from 50 in 1990 to 30 in 2008. The overall burden of unsafe abortion mortality continues to be the highest in Africa.

Conclusions

Important gains have been made in reducing maternal deaths attributable to unsafe abortion. However, 1 in 8 maternal deaths globally and 1 in 5 maternal deaths in Eastern Africa continue to be attributable to unsafe abortion. Averting these preventable deaths can contribute to achieving Millennium Development Goal number 5 of improving maternal health.
Disentangle plume-induced anisotropy in the velocity field in buoyancy-driven turbulence
Authors: Zhou Quan , Xia Ke-Qing
Published: September 2011

We present a method of disentangling the anisotropies produced by the cliff structures in a turbulent velocity field. These cliff structures induce asymmetry in the velocity increments, which leads us to consider the plus and minus velocity structure functions (VSFs). We test the method in the system of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) convection. It is found that in the RB system, the cliff structures in the velocity field are generated by thermal plumes. The plus velocity increments exclude cliff structures, while the minus ones include them. Our results show that the scaling exponents of the plus VSFs are in excellent agreement with those predicted for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence (HIT), whereas those of the minus VSFs exhibit significant deviations from HIT expectations in places where thermal plumes abound. These results demonstrate that plus and minus VSFs can be used to quantitatively study the effect of cliff structures in the velocity field and to effectively disentangle the associated anisotropies caused by these structures.
Somatic cytochromec(CYCS) gene expression and promoter-specific DNA methylation in a porcine model of prenatal exposure to maternal dietary protein excess and restriction
Authors: Altmann Simone , Murani Eduard , Schwerin Manfred , Metges Cornelia C. , Wimmers Klaus , Ponsuksili Siriluck
Published: September 2011

There is growing evidence that maternal nutrition during gestation has an important effect on offspring development as well as on their gene expression with long-term effects on the metabolic state. A potential mechanism forming long-lasting gene expression patterns is DNA methylation of cytosine in CpG dinucleotides within the promoter region of distinct genes. There has been special focus on mitochondrial dysfunction by prenatal malnourishment over the recent years. To this end, we investigated the gene expression of somatic cytochromec(CYCS), an important member of the respiratory chain, in a porcine model of gestational protein over- and undersupply at 94 d post-conception and 1, 28 and 188 d of age, and analysed the association with the DNA methylation status within theCYCSpromoter. Gene expression on day 1post natumshowed a significant increase in the low protein (LP) group (P = 0·0005) and a slight increase in the high protein (HP) group (P = 0·079) compared with the control (CO) group in the liver. The mean of the methylation level over forty-seven CpG sites from nucleotide (nt) − 417 to − 10 was significantly decreased in the LP (P = 0·007) and HP (P = 0·009) groups compared with that in the CO group. Excess and restricted protein supply during pregnancy led to hypomethylation of a number of CpG sites in theCYCSpromoter, including those representing putative transcription factor-binding sites, associated with elevated expression levels. However, the impact of the low-protein gestation diet is more pronounced, indicating that the offspring could better adapt to excess rather than restricted protein supply.
Beyond Arabism vs. sovereignty: relocating ideas in the international relations of the Middle East
Authors: STEIN EWAN
Published: September 2011

This article critiques constructivist approaches to the international relations of the Middle East and sets out an alternative interpretation of the role of ideas based on political economy and the sociology of knowledge. It cautions against using constructivism as a way of ‘building bridges’ between IR and Middle East Studies and disputes the claim that the norms of ‘Arabism’ as a putative regional identity are in contradiction with those of sovereignty. The article shows that this assumption is based on the combined influences of modernisation theory and Orientalist assumptions about the power and continuity of regional culture that have persisted in Middle East IR. This is despite the fact that there is no reason to believe the Arabs constitute a more ‘natural’ nation than do the Syrians, Iraqis or Egyptians. The political role and resonance of ideas can be better established by viewing the modern history of the Middle East in terms of domestic structure and social change, and in particular emphasising the role of rising middle classes in revolutionary nationalist movements. The findings of this article raise questions for the utility of ‘moderate’ constructivist interpretations of International Relations as a whole.
Structural realism and Dulles's China policy
Authors: CHOI WOOSEON
Published: September 2011

The Eisenhower administration's tough containment policy toward China has been conventionally viewed as an unsensible policy resulting from domestic political pressures or ideology. Refuting the conventional explanations, this article argues that during the early Cold War, the US superiority in bipolarity drove China to balance the United States in Asia. Dulles, the architect of the China policy, made accurate assessments of the power structure in Asia and the inevitable enmity with China. Driven by structural imperative, he decided to pursue containment to maintain the favourable balance of power in Asia by retarding the relative power growth of China allied with the Soviet Union and secondarily by accelerating their conflict through harder pressure on a weaker China. This case long considered as a prime anomaly to balance of power theory actually demonstrates how powerfully distributions of power shape alliance behaviours of states in the anarchic international system.
Alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine surficial sediment near Antarctic stations at Fildes Peninsula, King George Island
Authors: Préndez Margarita , Barra Carolina , Toledo Carla , Richter Pablo
Published: September 2011

Alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were quantified in samples of coastal sediments along Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during the summers of 2005 and 2007. Quantification was done by using GC-MS and applying the EPA 3550B method. Individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentrations were below 14.4 ng g-1 dry wt in 2005 and below 88.7 ng g-1 dry wt in 2007. Alkanes concentrations were higher than those of PAHs and ranged from 8 to 2236 ng g-1 dry wt in 2005 and from 53 to 745 ng g-1 dry wt in 2007. Results of total PAHs and alkanes were integrated along with base administrative and geographic maps in a GIS environment to determine the geographic extent of hydrocarbons detected. The largest concentrations were found in areas near research stations where total n-alkanes suggest petrogenic sources and where some diagnostic ratios suggest the presence of some PAHs produced by pyrogenic processes. Even if concentrations of hydrocarbons are low, they seem to be a result of increases in scientific activities, in the activities of the stable population, in the number of tourists, or a combination of theses factors.
Introducing EFL faculty to online instructional conversations
Authors: Meskill Carla , Sadykova Gulnara
Published: September 2011

This article describes the anatomy and dynamics of an online professional development activity, the Moodle fishbowl. The fishbowl was designed as an opportunity for experienced EFL educators to witness and make sense of instructional conversation strategies that they might themselves use as they migrate their EFL courses to blended and eventually fully online venues, venues where the roles and dynamics of interaction are decidedly different than those in the live classroom. A major emphasis in this professional development sequence was to raise faculty awareness of the unique affordances on which they, as experienced language educators, might capitalize through observation of authentic examples of responsive online instructional strategies. To that end, three-week-long collaborations were established between participating faculty's EFL students and a ‘cultural expert’ in the US. The cultural experts were doctoral students in language technology who employed instructional conversation strategies with the EFL students as part of informal, authentic asynchronous threaded discourse topics. The role of the faculty in training was to observe these conversations by looking into the metaphorical fishbowl, reflect on the anatomy and impact of these online instructional conversations, and report back to the group as a whole. The following narrates the rationale, processes and outcomes of this Moodle fishbowl professional development sequence and suggests future considerations in supporting language educators as they move some or all of their instruction online.
Seasonal long‐term persistence in radar precipitation in complex terrain
Authors: Savina Maurizio , Molnar Peter , Burlando Paolo
Published: September 2011

Precipitation in complex terrain is subject to orographic enhancement which leads to identifiable signatures in the space‐time precipitation distribution over the long term, for instance the presence of long‐term persistence. Here we quantify long‐term persistence by the scaling exponent H of the increase in the spatial variance of accumulated precipitation with time from high resolution radar data over a 2 year period in a section of the Swiss‐Italian Alps with relief greater than 4000 m. We find that the long‐term persistence signal is strong and seasonal with mean H = 0.87 – 0.99 in the cold season (autumn‐winter), when stratiform precipitation is dominant, and H = 0.73 – 0.81 in the warm season (spring‐summer), when convective events are dominant. H is also significantly correlated with mean altitude and surface variance, suggesting that singularities in the deposition process are partly driven by topography. The correlation is negative in the warm season and positive in the cold season, indicating the different physical origin of precipitation formation, atmospheric stability, and orographic effects in those seasons. By analyzing the binary precipitation occurrence process, we find that a large part of the long‐term persistence signal comes from the space‐time distribution of precipitation occurrence and clustering, regardless of precipitation intensity.
The effects of earthward directed interplanetary coronal mass ejections on near‐Earth S band signal links
Authors: Morabito David D. , Verkhoglyadova Olga P. , Han Dongsuk , Riedel Joseph E.
Published: September 2011

Human space exploration is expected to enter its next phase in the coming decades as the United States prepares to return to the Moon or perhaps venture even further with a crewed mission to a near‐Earth asteroid. Both mission classes are viewed by NASA as precursors of eventual crewed missions to Mars. In anticipation of extensive robotic and human presence in the space environment beyond the protection of the Earth's magnetosphere, it is important to better quantify and bound effects of earthward directed solar storms not just on the human body but also on engineering signals. In this paper, we study the effects of solar storms on S band (∼2.3 GHz) radio links in the near‐Earth environment, primarily for application to navigation. In particular, we are concerned with induced long‐period signatures on Doppler tracking data that could be confused with the Earth's gravity signature, resulting in perturbed trajectory solutions of returning spacecraft during Earth entry targeting. We have quantified “worst‐case” levels of such induced signatures on S band signal phase using model predictions based on measured in situ charged particle content from satellites and have compared these results with signatures seen in actual tracking data during periods of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICME) and related geomagnetic storms. We show that induced Doppler can mask Earth gravity field effects in navigation trajectory solutions at S band, a commonly used frequency for near‐Earth communications and navigation. Finally, we suggest a few ways that such effects can be identified, alleviated or eliminated in near real‐time.
On typical range, sensitivity, and normalization of Mean Squared Error and Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency type metrics
Authors: Gupta Hoshin Vijai , Kling Harald
Published: September 2011

We show that Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) type metrics typically vary on bounded ranges under optimization and that negative values of NSE imply severe mass balance errors in the data. Further, by constraining simulated mean and variability to match those of the observations (diagnostic approach), the sensitivity of both metrics is improved, and NSE becomes linearly related to the cross‐correlation coefficient. Our results have important implications for analysis of the information content of data and hence about inferences regarding achievable parameter precision.
Testing time for telomeres
Authors: Wolinsky Howard
Published: September 2011

Our knowledge of the importance of telomeres to health and ageing continues to grow. Some scientists are therefore commercializing their research, whereas others believe we need an even deeper understanding before we can interpret the results.
Remote Instruction of Potential AAC Support Personnel
Authors: Quinn Emily , Beukelman David , Thiessen Amber
Published: September 2011

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) facilitators and general interventionists support individuals who rely on AAC to meet their communication needs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of an instructional strategy for potential AAC facilitators to operate and maintain high technology AAC device software using Remote Access Error-Free (RA-EF) instruction. During the RA-EF condition, the researcher and participant were in two different locations. The results of this investigation revealed that, following fewer than 30 minutes of instruction focusing on 11 operational skills, a group of 10 participants who were unfamiliar with the Visual Scenes Display for Aphasia application (Version 2) achieved post-instruction accuracy scores of 98.2%.
Probing the magnetization inside a superconducting Nb film by nuclear resonant scattering
Authors: Couet S. , Trekels M. , Rüffer R. , Cuppens J. , Petermann C. , Vantomme A. , Van Bael M. J. , Temst K.
Published: September 2011

We present an approach to probe the magnetization inside superconducting films using ultrathin 57Fe probe layers excited by synchrotron radiation. We investigate the evolution of the 57Fe hyperfine field orientation as a function of magnetic field above and below the superconducting transition temperature Tc for a Nb(50 nm)/57Fe(0.6 nm)/Nb(50 nm) trilayer. It is found that significant screening of the external field in the superconductor occurs only at low field, leading to a change in the hyperfine field angle below Tc. The presented approach allows to study the influence of magnetic fields and vortex induced electron correlations in complex layered structures incorporating superconductors.
The electronic structure of zircon-type orthovanadates: Effects of high-pressure and cation substitution
Authors: Panchal V. , Errandonea D. , Segura A. , Rodríguez-Hernandez P. , Muñoz A. , Lopez-Moreno S. , Bettinelli M.
Published: September 2011

The electronic structure of four ternary-metal oxides containing isolated vanadate ions is studied. Zircon-type YVO4, YbVO4, LuVO4, and NdVO4 are investigated by high-pressure optical-absorption measurements up to 20 GPa. First-principles calculations based on density-functional theory were also performed to analyze the electronic band structure as a function of pressure. The electronic structure near the Fermi level originates largely from molecular orbitals of the vanadate ion, but cation substitution influences these electronic states. The studied orthovanadates, with the exception of NdVO4, undergo a zircon-scheelite structural phase transition that causes a collapse of the band-gap energy. The pressure coefficient dEg/dP shows positive values for the zircon phase and negative values for the scheelite phase. NdVO4 undergoes a zircon-monazite-scheelite structural sequence with two associated band-gap collapses.
Microstructure and self-exchange coupling in a YFeO3 film
Authors: Scola J. , Boullay P. , Noun W. , Popova E. , Dumont Y. , Fouchet A. , Keller N.
Published: September 2011

The microstructure of a thick film of YFeO3 grown on (100)-SrTiO3 has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The film is divided into two different growth regions with the bottom part characterized by strong contrast variations in the high resolution transmission electron microscopy images indicating the presence of high strain fields. The top part of the film between 50 nm and the film surface shows a preferential growth of (001) YFeO3 ∥ (001) SrTiO3 columns with relaxation into a strain free state. The mosaicity of the film and the grain boundaries determine the exchange coupling between columns and results in a strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.
Wave attraction in resonant counter-propagating wave systems
Authors: Grenier M. , Jauslin H.-R. , Klein C. , Matveev V. B.
Published: September 2011

Wave attraction is a general phenomenon that was first established in the context of the attraction of the polarization between two counter-propagating waves in optical fibers. This phenomenon has been observed experimentally, and its properties were studied through numerical simulations. The relevant models are Hamiltonian hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations, with time-dependent boundary conditions on a finite interval. The underlying mechanism can be traced back to the existence of singular tori in the corresponding stationary equations. In this article, we analyze in detail the simplest example in this family of models. We show that most of the phenomena of the wave attraction process are already present in a linear model with resonant interaction. We establish the existence and regularity of the solutions and analyze the relaxation towards a stationary solution that features the wave attraction properties.
Liquid-vapor interfacial properties of vibrating square well chains
Authors: Chapela Gustavo A. , Alejandre José
Published: September 2011

Liquid-vapor interfacial properties of square well chains are calculated. Surface tension, orthobaric densities, and vapor pressures are reported. Spinodal decomposition with a discontinuous molecular dynamics simulation program is used to obtain the results which are compared to previously published data for orthobaric densities and vapor pressures. In order to analyze the effect of the chain stiffness results for near tangent and overlapping linear chains as well as angled chains are obtained. Properties are calculated for linear chains of 2, 4, and 8 spheres for intramolecular distances of 0.97, 0.6, and 0.4 as well as for angled chains of 4 and 8 spheres and intramolecular distances of 0.4. The complete series of fully flexible near tangent square well chains is also studied (chains of 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 particles with intramolecular distances of 0.97). The corresponding states principle applies to most of the systems considered. Critical properties values are reported as obtained from orthobaric densities, surface tensions, and vapor pressures. For the near tangent chains the critical temperatures increase with chain length but the rate of increment tends to zero for the longest chains considered. When the stiffness of the chain increases (intramolecular distance from 1 , 0.6, and 0.4) this saturation effect is either not present or reverses itself. The surface tension increases with the length of the chain while the width of the interface decreases.
Dispersion for the Schrödinger equation on networks
Authors: Banica Valeria , Ignat Liviu I.
Published: September 2011

In this paper, we consider the Schrödinger equation on a network formed by a tree with the last generation of edges formed by infinite strips. We give an explicit description of the solution of the linear Schrödinger equation with constant coefficients. This allows us to prove dispersive estimates, which in turn are useful for solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The proof extends also to the laminar case of positive step-function coefficients having a finite number of discontinuities.
Advantages of InGaN light-emitting diodes with GaN-InGaN-GaN barriers
Authors: Kuo Yen-Kuang , Wang Tsun-Hsin , Chang Jih-Yuan , Tsai Miao-Chan
Published: September 2011

The advantages of InGaN light-emitting diodes with GaN-InGaN-GaN barriers are studied. The energy band diagrams, carrier concentrations in the quantum wells, radiative recombination rate in the active region, light-current performance curves, and internal quantum efficiency are investigated. The simulation results show that the InGaN/GaN-InGaN-GaN light-emitting diode has better performance over its conventional InGaN/GaN and InGaN/InGaN counterparts due to the appropriately modified energy band diagrams which are favorable for the injection of electrons and holes and uniform distribution of these carriers in the quantum wells.
A first principles density functional investigation of ligand-protected eight atom gold nanoclusters
Authors: Paul Jaita , Mukherjee Swarnakamal , Saha-Dasgupta Tanusri
Published: September 2011

Based on first principles density functional calculations we have studied the effect of ligand attachment on eight atom gold clusters of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) geometries. Recent experimental synthesis of this magic numbered cluster using glutathione [Muhammed et al., Nano Res. 1, 333 (2008)] has instigated this investigation. We have chosen ethyl mercaptan (CH3-CH2SH) as the ligand which is the simplified form of glutathione (HO2CCH2NHCOCH(NH2)-CH2CH2CONHCH(CO2H)-CH2SH). We have analyzed the energetics, sd-hybridization, density of states and charge density distributions of the bare and ligand-capped clusters. Our findings indicate that attachment of ethyl mercaptan ligands on eight atom gold clusters enhances the stability of planar 2D geometries over 3D like structure.
Posttraumatic stress and worry as mediators and moderators between political stressors and emotional and behavioral disorders in Palestinian children
Authors: Khamis Vivian
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to assess whether the symptoms of posttraumatic stress mediate or moderate the relationship between political stressors and emotional and behavioral disorders in Palestinian children. It was hypothesized that (a) posttraumatic stress and worry mediate the effect of political stressors on behavioral and emotional disorders and (b) the relationship between political stressors and behavioral and emotional disorders should be attenuated for children with low levels of worry and posttraumatic stress and strengthened for children with high levels of worry and posttraumatic stress. The total sample was 1267 school age children of both sexes with a mean age of 11.97 years. Interviews were conducted with children at school. As hypothesized, the results indicated that posttraumatic stress and worry mediated and moderated the relationship between political stressors and emotional and behavioral disorders in children. Cognitive‐behavioral therapy may be used to reduce the incidence of posttraumatic stress and decrease self‐reported worry, somatic symptoms, general anxiety, and depression among children exposed to political trauma. Cognitive‐behavioral treatment that exclusively targets excessive worry can lead to clinical change in the other interacting subsystems at the cognitive, physiological, affective and behavioral levels.
Highly sensitive fast-response UV photodetectors based on epitaxial TiO2 films
Authors: Xing Jie , Wei Huiyun , Guo Er-Jia , Yang Fang
Published: September 2011

Epitaxial TiO2 thin films were fabricated on LaAlO3 single crystal substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. Ag electrodes were then evaporated on the TiO2 thin films to form metal–semiconductor–metal photoconductive detectors. The TiO2 photodetector exhibited a maximum photoresponse of 3.63 A W−1 at 310 nm with a sharp cutoff wavelength at 380 nm. The ultraviolet (UV)–visible response rejection ratio (R310 nm/R390 nm) was about three orders of magnitude. The photocurrent response of the detectors scaled linearly with the applied bias and the incident light intensity. The dark current was only 0.14 nA at 10 V bias. A transient photovoltage with a rise time of ∼8 ns and a full-width at half-maximum of ∼90 ns was observed when the photodetector was under the irradiation of a 308 nm XeCl laser with 25 ns duration. The excellent performances of high responsivity and ultrahigh response speed suggest that the presented TiO2 detectors have promising potential in UV photodetection.