bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thinking Through Poetry
Authors: Levinson Marjorie
Published: September 2018

This is a work of and about literary criticism. Its title signals a contribution to debates about reading. We think “through”—“by means of,” “with”—poems, sympathetically elaborating their surfaces. We “think through” poems to their end—solving a problem, getting to their roots. And we “think through” to “go beyond,” in a philosophical, speculative criticism to which the poem carries us. All three meanings of “through” are in play throughout. The subtitle applies “field” first to Romantic studies—offering new readings of canonical British Romantic poems to address contemporary topics (depth vs. surface, formalism’s return, materialism, theory vs. history of lyric), and narrating, enacting, and conceptualizing the arc of the field’s scholarship since the 1980s. Examples are drawn especially from Wordsworth, but also from Coleridge and, for Romanticism’s afterlife, from Stevens. In addition, “field” indicates the shift during that time-span from a unitary to a field-concept of form, a concept that synthesizes form and history, privileges analytic scale, and displaces entity (text) by “relation” as object of investigation. Connecting early 19th-century intellectual trends to antecedents in Spinoza and related 20th/21st-century revolutions in the postclassical sciences, the book introduces new models to literary study. Unlike accounts of science’s influence on literature, or various “literature + X” approaches (literature and ecology, literature and cognitive science), it constructs its object in a way cognate with work in non-humanities disciplines, thus highlighting a certain unity to knowledge. The claim is that literary critics can renew understanding of their own field by studying the thinking of certain scientific communities.
Parsing the Frost
Authors: Levinson Marjorie , Levinson Marjorie
Published: September 2018

The reading of Coleridge’s “Frost at Midnight” at the center of this chapter opens up the cognitive and aesthetic stakes of seeing writing. It does so by analyzing the encounter with visible script, an experience that can be understood as a reworking of a previously unrecognized source, the scene of writing in David Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature, Book 4. Just such an encounter is the activity in play with the figure of the window frost and with the entire poem. Broadly speaking, sentence formation is seen as analogous to frost formation. In this way, the discussion seeks to shift the sensory register of criticism of the poem from its traditional emphasis on the acoustic to a new appreciation of the visible.
Still Life without References or, The Plain Sense of Things
Authors: Levinson Marjorie
Published: September 2018

Analysis of “The Poems of Our Climate,” Wallace Stevens’s ars poetica, reveals the value of substituting the process of recursion for the reflexivity that we often consider to be part and parcel of lyric form. The relationship between the two notions is one of three couplings the chapter investigates, the other two being remediation and representation, and—drawing on Foucault—similitude and resemblance. In each case the first term in the pairing ends up the favored one. The resulting displacement generates for the poem both a formal distinctiveness in which resistance has no share, and—through etymological investigation—a new set of intertexts in poems by Keats not usually brought to bear in such contexts. In short, rather than resist its material conditions of representation, the poem thinks through them.
Infinity, Causation, and Paradox
Authors: Pruss Alexander R.
Published: September 2018

Infinity is paradoxical in many ways. A particular large family of paradoxes is examined that on its face iswidely varied. Some involve deterministic supertasks, such as Thomson’s Lamp where a switch is toggled an infinite number of times over a finite period of time, or the Grim Reaper, where it seems that infinitely many reapers can produce a result without doing anything. Others involve infinite lotteries. Yet others involve paradoxical results in decision theory, such as the surprising observation that if you perform a sequence of fair coin-flips that goes infinitely far back into the past but only finitely into the future, you can leverage information about past coin-flips to predict future ones with only finitely many mistakes. It turns out that these, and a number of other paradoxes have a common structure: their most natural embodiment involves an infinite number of items causally impinging on a single output. These paradoxes can all be solved with a single move: embrace causal finitism, the view that it is impossible for a single output to have an infinite causal history. The book exposits such paradoxes, defends causal finitism at length, and ends up considering connections with the philosophy of physics, where causal finitism favors, but does not require, discretist theories of space and time, and the philosophy of religion, where we get a cosmological argument reminiscent of the Kalām argument for the existence of God.
Infinity, Paradox, and Mathematics
Authors: Pruss Alexander R.
Published: September 2018

Thomson’s Lamp gives a simple example of a paradox of infinity. Different ways of resolving a paradox in general are considered, and in particular two resolutions of Thomson’s Lamp are considered. According to finitism, there can only be finitely many things, and according to causal finitism, there can only be finitely many causes impinging on an effect. It is argued that finitism fits poorly with mathematics, requires a controversial theory of time to resolve paradoxes, and although it does resolve some additional paradoxes like Hilbert’s Hotel, it is nonetheless not preferable to causal finitism. The additional paradoxes are ones we should just live with, a part of the strangeness of infinity. Additionally, some technical background is given for the book, and a philosophy of mathematics application is given.
A First Cause
Authors: Pruss Alexander R.
Published: September 2018

Causal finitismimplies that every causal sequence has at its root at least one uncaused cause. Together with a defensible (and defended) Causal Principle, this implies that there is a necessarily existing first cause. The argument is similar to the Kalām cosmological argument. The most prevalent theory as to what a necessarily existing first cause would be like is theism, and the rest of the chapter is spent discussing the coherence between causal finitism and theism, especially of a classical sort. For there is prima facie reason for the theist to be worried. It seems that God is moved by infinitely many reasons, knows infinitely many things, and seemingly can make use of this knowledge to produce effects in the world. Resolutions to the difficulties are offered, at times drawing upon classical theism’s doctrine of divine simplicity.
Unbounded Linear Operators
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2018

This chapter is concerned with closable and closed operators in Hilbert spaces, especially with the special classes of symmetric, J-symmetric, accretive and sectorial operators. The Stone–von Neumann theory of extensions of symmetric operators is treated as a special case of results for compatible adjoint pairs of closed operators. Also discussed in detail is the stability of closedness and self-adjointness under perturbations. The abstract results are applied to operators defined by second-order differential expressions, and Sims’ generalization of the Weyl limit-point, limit-circle characterization for symmetric expressions to J-symmetric expressions is proved.
Global and Asymptotic Estimates for the Eigenvalues of −Δ + q when q Is Real
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2018

This chapter is devoted to the study of the Schrödinger operator −Δ + q with q real, and, in particular, the distribution of its eigenvalues. A general result is established on an open subset Ω of Rn using the Max–Min Principle and covering families of congruent cubes for the Dirichlet problem and a Whitney covering for the Neumann problem. The Cwikel–Lieb–Rosenbljum inequality is proved for q in Ln/2(Rn).
Union
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2018

A simple consideration of God’s relation to space is insufficient to elucidate God’s omnipresence. God can be not just present at a space but also present with and to a person occupying that space. In addition, the assumption of a human nature ensures that God is never without the ability to empathize with human persons and to mind-read them. In the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, God can be more powerfully present with a human person in grace than any human person could be. In the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, God’s union with a human person is a matter of God’s being present with a human person in grace as much as eternal divine power permits and mutual love allows. The implementation of this union to the fullest degree possible in this life (and the next) is the end to which the atonement is the means.
Futures of Liberalism. The Congress for Cultural Freedom and Futurology as a Transnational Space
Authors: Andersson Jenny
Published: September 2018

The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) took up the theme of the future from its very first seminars devoted to the future of liberty and the role of planning in post-industrial societies. The phrase the “future of liberty” referred not only to the Cold War struggle, but also to the idea that expanding state structures and new patterns of action in liberal democracies posed new conditions for individual freedom and required new means of coordination and control. The spread of futurology by the CCF, the Ford Foundation, and the so called Futuribles project in Paris was a conscious attempt, the chapter proposes, to create a liberal alternative to the theory of history (and future) of Marxism.
The Futurists. Experts in World Futures
Authors: Andersson Jenny
Published: September 2018

Alvin Toffler’s writings encapsulated many of the tensions of futurism: the way that futurology and futures studies oscillated between forms of utopianism and technocracy with global ambitions, and between new forms of activism, on the one hand, and emerging forms of consultancy and paid advice on the other. Paradoxically, in their desire to create new images of the future capable of providing exits from the status quo of the Cold War world, futurists reinvented the technologies of prediction that they had initially rejected, and put them at the basis of a new activity of futures advice. Consultancy was central to the field of futures studies from its inception. For futurists, consultancy was a form of militancy—a potentially world altering expertise that could bypass politics and also escaped the boring halls of academia.
Social Spending
Authors: Pestieau Pierre , Lefebvre Mathieu
Published: September 2018

There is a great diversity among welfare states in Europe. This diversity is reflected in the scale of expenditures for social protection systems, their evolution over time and the division of expenditures among programs. This chapter analyses the level and structure of expenditures for the last year for which data is available. Then, it turns to the evolution of social expenditure over time. Even though one observes some convergence, social spending is increasing in almost all countries. One of the reasons for this is the development of entitlements that makes it difficult to dismantle programs that have lost most of their raison d’être. Another issue concerns the international comparison of programs that are public in some countries and private, but heavily subsidized, in others.
Revenue Sources
Authors: Pestieau Pierre , Lefebvre Mathieu
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at the alternative sources of financing for social protection in Europe. The main source is payroll taxation. Two issues are often raised: that of the regressivity of payroll taxation and that of enlarging a tax base that is increasingly restricted to salaried work. Given that shrinking base, European governments are searching for alternative sources of finance, mainly consumption tax and income tax. In most countries, payroll taxation is an integral part of the social insurance compact, which involves unions and management. To the extent that payroll taxes are perceived as contributions or premiums paid for an insurance service, they are expected to be better accepted than other taxes.
Social versus Private Insurance
Authors: Pestieau Pierre , Lefebvre Mathieu
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at the role of the public versus the private sector in the provision of insurance against social risks. After having discussed the evolution of the role of the family as support in the first place, the specificity of social insurance is emphasized in opposition to private insurance. Figures show the extent of spending on both private and public insurance and the chapter presents economic reasons to why the latter is more developed than the former. Issues related to moral hazard and adverse selection are addressed. The chapter also discusses somewhat more general arguments supporting social insurance such as population ageing, unemployment, fiscal competition and social dumping.
Long-Term Care
Authors: Pestieau Pierre , Lefebvre Mathieu
Published: September 2018

This chapter is concerned with the rise in long-term care needs. Long-term care concerns individuals who are no longer able to carry out basic daily activities. Most of the care is currently provided by informal caregivers, mainly the family, while the role of formal care provided by the state or the market remains small. The chapter explains, however, why informal care is expected to decline and analyses the low private insurance development, the so-called long-term care insurance puzzle. These two factors, the decreasing role of the family and a thin insurance market, plead for the development of a full fledge social insurance for long-term care. The chapter then looks at the optimal design of such an insurance.
Here Aphrodite Is Not
Authors: Ingleheart Jennifer
Published: September 2018

Bainbrigge’s closet drama is explored from a number of perspectives. These include its debt to Victorian classical burlesques, and responses to other versions of the myth of Achilles, including Homer’s. This chapter explores Bainbrigge’s dramatization of the secrecy that surrounds homoerotic writing, and its use of homoerotic codes. It interrogates the radical homoerotic literary heritage Bainbrigge lays claim to, and his portrayal of lesbianism as equivalent to male homosexuality, not least via a tradition of homoerotic receptions of Sappho, including those of Swinburne and John Addington Symonds. The chapter further explores Bainbrigge’s comments on the links between love between males and classical education, and the continuities between ancient and modern sexualities. The play offers an anarchic range of queer options, encompassing gender fluidity, cross-dressing, and a very wide variety of sexual possibilities and roles.
Tracing the Relational Internationalist Perspective in Europe After the Second World War
Authors: Banu Roxana
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the internationalist thinking in private international law after the Second World War and the extent to which internationalist scholars of this period took the individual or the state as the analytical point of reference. It shows how, around the middle of the twentieth century, Henri Batiffol in France and Gerhard Kegel in Germany reawakened an interest in theoretical discussions around the justice dimensions of private international law, while also attempting to repurpose and validate private international law methodology and techniques. Furthermore, this chapter provides an in-depth reading of English private international law scholarship after the Second World War in order to show how English scholars tried to reconstruct private international law theories focused on vested rights as human rights theories.
Universalism Versus Uniformity
Authors: Banu Roxana
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the way in which relational internationalists referenced the transnational context of individual interests and how the pursuit of order and uniformity fits within the relational internationalist perspective. It is commonly assumed that all nineteenth-century individual-centered theories, especially Savigny’s, pled for an intransigent pursuit of order and uniformity. However, this chapter argues that this was rather the main motivation of state-centered theories focused on an analogy between PrIL and PublIL, and of individualistic theories focused on individual liberty. By emphasizing how their reconstruction of jus gentium and natural law was placed alongside their insistence on the particularity of each people, this chapter shows that the universalistic ideology of the relational internationalist authors referenced throughout this book is, in fact, considerably more fluid and more restrained than that of state-centric or individualistic authors. Furthermore, this chapter brings the relational internationalist perspective in conversation with twentieth-century German interest jurisprudence.
Practical Application
Authors: Mačák Kubo
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses whether and in which situations fighters engaged in internationalized armed conflicts may qualify for combatant status in practice. The chapter puts forward a three-pronged approach dependent on the applicable legal framework and the nature of the armed forces of the conflict party in question. Firstly, the relevant criteria are the most lenient for members of regular armed forces in internationalized conflicts governed only by Geneva Convention III. Secondly, members of irregular armed forces in those same conflicts must meet additional criteria stipulated by that Convention. Thirdly, fighters in conflicts to which Additional Protocol I applies as well must comply with its requirements, some of which may be more onerous than the corresponding criteria of Geneva Convention III. Overall, the chapter demonstrates that it is not only theoretically plausible, but also practically feasible for fighters engaged in internationalized armed conflicts to actually qualify for combatant status.
Historical Development
Authors: Mačák Kubo
Published: September 2018

This chapter traces the development of the law of belligerent occupation in order to identify trends relevant to the regulation of internationalized armed conflicts. It observes that despite the general grounding of this body of law in a state-centric paradigm, several isolated developments have contemplated the possibility of non-state actors becoming belligerent occupants of a portion of state territory. Moreover, the chapter highlights that the law of belligerent occupation has undergone a fundamental transformation as part of a general trend of individualization and humanization of international law. Therefore, it is no longer simply a brake on inter-state relations and a protector of states’ interests and institutions. Instead, the law has gradually brought individuals’ interests to the fore, putting persons before institutions and individuals before states. Overall, the chapter uncovers the historical reasons that support an extensive view of the applicability of the law of occupation to modern internationalized armed conflicts.
Local Lie Groups
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

If the nonlinear curvature of a splitting vanishes, then the local solutions form a pseudogroup, and we the manifold is called a local Lie group. This is a global concept!
The Nonlinear Spencer Sequence
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, it is shown that the concept of a local Lie group defined in Chapter 3 naturally gives rise to a 3-term and a locally exact nonlinear sequence with some very important “cohomology.”
The Universal Jet Groupoids
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

The group-theoretic constructions of Chapter 16 can be carried out using jets in the universal setting. This fact both simplifies and clarifies Chapter 16 and also suggests a natural definition of a geometric structure.
The Definition of a Prehomogeneous Geometry (PHG)
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, the image of the embedding in Chapter 18 is used to define a geometric structure called a prehomogeneous geometry (PHG). Some examples are presented.
Samuel Beckett and the Politics of Aftermath
Authors: McNaughton James
Published: September 2018

Samuel Beckett and the Politics of Aftermath explores Beckett’s creative response to the Irish Civil War and the crisis of commitment in 1930s Europe, to the rise of fascism and the atrocities of World War II. Grounded in archival material, the book reads Beckett’s letters and German Diaries to demonstrate Beckett’s personal attunement to propaganda and expectations for war. We see how profoundly Beckett’s fiction and theater engage with specific political strategies, rhetoric, and events. Deep into literary form, syntax, and language, Beckett contends with ominous political and historical developments taking place around him. More, he satirizes aesthetic and philosophical interpretations that overlook them. From critiques of the Irish Free State’s inability to examine its foundational violence to specific analysis of the functioning of Nazi propaganda, from exploring how language functions in conditions of authoritarian power to challenging postwar Europe’s conveniently limited definitions of genocide, Beckett’s writing challenges many political pieties with precision and force. He burdens all aesthetic production with guilt for how imagination and narrative form help to effect atrocity as well as cover it up. This book develops new readings of Beckett’s early and middle work up to Three Novels and Endgame.
“It all boils down to a question of words”
Authors: McNaughton James
Published: September 2018

The Unnamable confronts inherited narrative and linguistic forms with the incommensurability of recent genocide. Initially, the book performs this inadequacy by confronting novel tropes with distorted images cribbed from memoirs of Mauthausen concentration camp. Then it updates surrealist treatments of Parisian abattoirs, asking whether industrialized slaughter is also the sign and fulfillment of modern genocide. The Unnamable also confuses literary production and the biopolitical aspirations of authoritarian politics: Beckett’s narrator writes from a conviction that language can become wholly performative and has the capacity to incarnate and to kill. The narrator attempts to deconstruct language, but doing so ironically transcends literary and philosophical problems to reveal historiographical problems as well, the missing voices of those killed without trace. The chapter ends with a theoretical coda that productively contextualizes Beckett’s strategy with historiographical debate about narrative and genocide by Paul Ricoeur, Giorgio Agamben, Hayden White, and others.
Towards a General Theory of Human Rights Planning
Authors: Chalabi Azadeh
Published: September 2018

Part I, ‘Theoretical Perspectives’, which is structured in two chapters (Chapters 1 and 2), develops a new general theory of human rights planning including four sub-theories. The first sub-theory, contextual theory, is presented in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 is dedicated to the other three sub-theories. The first two sections propose the substantive and procedural sub-theories of human rights planning. Whereas the substantive theory of human rights planning provides the knowledge base to inform the content of planning, procedural sub-theory offers procedural principles for the formation, implementation, and assessment of human rights planning. The last section of Chapter 2 builds up a new analytical sub-theory of human rights planning through positive critique of the three major theories of rights, namely the interest theory, the need-based approach, and the capability approach. This analytical theory performs an heuristic role for human rights planning.
Copia in the Classroom
Authors: Oosterhoff Richard
Published: September 2018

Mathematics offered a means for navigating the medieval curriculum. This chapter turns to the library of Beatus Rhenanus, which survives intact, including the various volumes he bought and annotated while a student of Lefèvre at Paris from 1503 to 1507. These reveal the particular strains that the medieval university curriculum, and its practices of lecture and disputation, placed on students—and how humanist ideals increased, rather than relieved, those pressures. Beatus’ school books reveal the course of study at the Collège du Cardinal Lemoine, and how students there encountered mathematics before or alongside logic, the traditional starting point in philosophy, as a kind of universal method for managing the abundance of knowledge.
The Body in Love
Authors: Ram-Prasad Chakravarthi
Published: September 2018

The fourth chapter focuses on Canto XVIII of Śrī Harṣa’s twelfth-century poem, the Naiṣadhacarita, which celebrates the post-marital lovemaking of Nala and Damayantī, the hero and heroine whose courtship constitutes the main part of the composition. The lovers are robustly themselves and yet re-formed by the other; affect is generated by the hidden and deeply personal motivation of the two people, and yet also runs across and between them, drawing us another map of subjectivity and the limits of bodiliness altogether. The prefigured body is integral to the conventional depiction of heterosexuality; and yet, even within its conventions—most strikingly, perhaps, for working within such conventions—Śrī Harṣa leads us to ponder the (nearly) everyday changes to bodily sense and boundaries. An erotic phenomenology emerges, which is not bound by the ontological fixation of sexual identity but is a lyrical exploration of what makes up humans in love.
Hylomorphic Relations
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin
Published: September 2018

This chapter takes up the question of how hylomorphists should conceive of the relations between a matter–form compound, its matter, and its form. It responds to the challenge issued to hylomorphists by the Grounding Problem, which asks what (if anything) explains the apparent differences between an object and its matter. Chapter 4 argues that hylomorphists should opt for a “robust” construal of form according to which forms do not simultaneously bear the same relation to a matter–form compound (essentially) and to the matter composing it (accidentally). Armed with this conception of forms, the differences between numerically distinct spatiotemporally coincident objects can then be explained by appeal to a non-modal conception of essence and a mereological approach to the relation between a matter–form compound, its matter, and its form.
Unity
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin
Published: September 2018

A serviceable account of unity is needed which can capture the idea that matter–form compounds are more unified than other types of composite entities (e.g., heaps, collections, or mereological sums). This chapter develops a conception of unity according to which a structured whole derives its unity from the way its parts interact with other parts to allow the whole and its parts to manifest their “team-work”-requiring capacities. With this conception of unity in place, interesting differences emerge between paradigmatic matter–form compounds belonging to natural (e.g., physical, chemical, or biological) kinds and composite entities belonging to social kinds, in particular artifacts. In the latter case, the interactional dependencies that connect the components of a system can be traced to mind-dependent factors that are extrinsic or external to the system in question, viz., the mental states of intentional agents who invent, design, produce, or use an artifact.
Artifacts
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin
Published: September 2018

This chapter continues the examination of the special features of artifacts by discussing their place within existing essentialist and anti-essentialist frameworks. It will be argued that prominent essentialist treatments of artifacts, such as those proposed by Amie Thomasson, Simon Evnine, and Lynne Rudder Baker, are susceptible to the concern that they exaggerate the creative and discriminating power of human intentions. Existing anti-essentialist frameworks, however, tend to trace the ascriptions of modal features to objects back to our semantic, inferential, or explanatory practices and are therefore also not particularly well suited to capture the primarily practical and action-based orientation of our engagement with the realm of artifacts. For the time being, the special case of artifacts eludes an entirely satisfactory treatment and must await the further development and refinement of suitable essentialist and anti-essentialist frameworks before the status of artifacts within a hylomorphic ontology can be fully resolved.
‘Barbarous Hymn’
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins by contrasting the current popularity of Beowulf with its relative obscurity at the start of the nineteenth century. It suggests that the most well-known ‘Anglo-Saxon’ poem during the nineteenth century was ‘Ulrica’s hymn’ from Walter Scott’s novel Ivanhoe. The chapter details how this poem was both shaped by, and shaped, nineteenth-century antiquarian writing on Anglo-Saxon poetry, drawing on many works held in Scott’s library at Abbotsford. Scott’s ‘Saxon’ poem is seen as a product of Romantic Primitivism, and an idealized staging, or performance of early English literature. Ulrica’s ‘Hymn’ stands both as an origin for contemporary English literary culture, and also as a problem that the novel must erase. As such it provides an apt introductory emblem for nineteenth-century Anglo-Saxon poetry.
An Organizational Approach to Public Governance
Authors: Egeberg Morten , Trondal Jarle
Published: September 2018

Political science is often criticized for being insufficiently relevant for coping with governance challenges of our time. This book aims to fill this void by launching a general organizational approach to public governance. To achieve this, the book outlines key theoretical dimensions that cut across governance structures and processes horizontally as well as vertically, thus paving the way for integrating separate empirical analyses into a coherent theoretical whole. Moreover, the organizational (independent) variables outlined in this book represent classical dimensions in the organization literature that are generic in character. This allows for generalizations across time and space. The volume addresses how organizational characteristics of the governmental apparatus (within international organizations, the European Union, national governments, and sub-governments) systematically enable, constrain, and shape public governance processes, thus making some policy choices more likely than others. The second ambition of the volume is to focus on (organizational) design implications: By building systematic knowledge on how organizational factors shape governance processes on the one hand, and how organizational factors themselves might be deliberately changed on the other, the book offers a knowledge base for organizational design.
The Drafting of the 1969 Convention
Authors: Sharpe Marina
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 begins with overviews of the Organization of African Unity and its 1969 Convention. The majority of the chapter is then devoted to sketching a drafting history of the 1969 Convention, which makes an important contribution to the historical record since the 1969 Convention has no official travaux préparatoires. The drafting history reveals that the initial impetus for a regional refugee instrument was to render international refugee law applicable in Africa and to address the issue of subversion. When the former was achieved in 1967 with the entry into force of the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, addressing refugee issues particular to Africa became the focus of the drafting initiative.
The 1969 Convention
Authors: Sharpe Marina
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 first addresses the regional refugee definition according to the 1969 Convention , beginning with a description of article I(2)’s international influence and an interpretation of the definition using orthodox methods. The context and object and purpose of the 1969 Convention are discussed, followed by analysis of the ‘every person’ term and each of the 1969 Events and the test for refugee status under article I(2), including a discussion of internal flight alternative, ongoing risk, and sur place claims. Section B then addresses how article I(2) has been invoked in practice. Section B also addresses prima facie refugee status determination. Section C covers further key features of the 1969 Convention: whether it advances an individual right to asylum; non-refoulement; the formalization of responsibility sharing, temporary protection, and voluntary repatriation; and the Convention’s prohibition of subversive activities. Section D concludes.
The Organization of African Unity and the African Union
Authors: Sharpe Marina
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 covers OAU and AU engagement with refugee issues from 1963 to 2018. Section B relates to the OAU, beginning with its refugee-related bodies. Select special refugee initiatives, in the form of conferences and summits, are then addressed. Section C relates to the AU, beginning with an overview of its constituent organs. AU refugee-related bodies are then discussed. The final sub-section relates to AU initiatives that are not refugee specific but may nevertheless impact upon refugees, including a discussion of the AU’s ongoing initiative for the free movement of persons on the continent. Section D concludes and includes a discussion of Rwandan President Paul Kagame’s initiative to reform the AU.
Christian Radicalism in the Church of England and the Invention of the British Sixties, 1957-1970
Authors: Brewitt-Taylor Sam
Published: September 2018

Like all transformative revolutions, Britain’s Sixties was an episode of highly influential myth-making. This book delves behind the mythology of inexorable ‘secularization’ to recover, for the first time, the cultural origins of Britain’s moral revolution. In a radical departure from conventional teleologies, it argues that British secularity is a specific cultural invention of the late 1950s and early 1960s, which was introduced most influentially by radical utopian Christians during this most desperate episode of the Cold War. In the 1950s, Britain’s predominantly Christian moral culture had marginalized ‘secular’ moral arguments by arguing that they created societies like the Soviet Union; but the rapid acceptance of ‘secularization’ teleologies in the early 1960s abruptly normalized ‘secular’ attitudes and behaviours, thus prompting the slow social revolution that unfolded during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. By tracing the evolving thought of radical Anglicans—uniquely positioned in the late 1950s and early 1960s as simultaneously moral radicals and authoritative moral insiders—this book reveals crucial and unexpected intellectual links between radical Christianity and the wider invention of Britain’s new secular morality, in areas as diverse as globalism, anti-authoritarianism, sexual liberation, and revolutionary egalitarianism. From the mid-1960s, British secularity began to be developed by a much wider range of groups, and radical Anglicans faded into the cultural background. Yet by disseminating the deeply ideological metanarrative of ‘secularization’ in the early 1960s, and by influentially discussing its implications, they had made crucial contributions to the nature and existence of Britain’s secular revolution.
World Crisis and the Making of Christian Radicalism, c.1938–1957
Authors: Brewitt-Taylor Sam
Published: September 2018

This chapter locates the immediate origins of British Christian radicalism in the early 1940s. The Second World War was frequently interpreted by Christian commentators as evidence of a profound spiritual crisis in Western civilization. The resulting quest for a new Christianity was pursued, amongst others, by J.H. Oldham, Kathleen Bliss, Ronald Gregor Smith, Alec Vidler, and John Robinson. Many of these figures went on to become leading figures in the Christian radicalism of the 1960s. The perception that Western civilization was experiencing an unprecedented crisis encouraged readings of modern history influenced by Christian eschatology, which argued that the Church’s central mission was to help transform the world. In the 1950s, the memory of this crisis encouraged British theology’s engagement with American and German radical theologians, including Bonhoeffer, Bultmann, and Tillich. This tradition only required fresh imagined crises to regain its momentum in the 1960s.
Christian Radicalism and the Hope of a Revolution of Love
Authors: Brewitt-Taylor Sam
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the radical Anglican contribution to the wider Sixties cultural revolution in the realm of personal and sexual morality. Prior to the 1960s it had been widely assumed that loving other people involved adhering to norms of respectability, but the re-imagination of Britain as a secular society gave unprecedented legitimacy to the idea that future moralities would necessarily be antinomian. Radical Anglicans played an important role in the early stages of this development, using their clerical credentials to disseminate antinomian moralities chiefly derived from their readings of Christian eschatology. In this way, they played a central role in framing and disseminating the myth that a permanent ‘sexual revolution’ was occurring. Once widely accepted in the British media in the mid-1960s, these ideas were enacted by increasingly large sections of the British population thereafter, leading to a slow but profound transformation of British moral culture.
Christian Radicalism and the Hope of Revolutionary Social Justice
Authors: Brewitt-Taylor Sam
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the radical Anglican contribution to the sudden upsurge of political radicalism which Britain experienced in the late 1960s. As the Sixties progressed, increasing numbers of Anglican radicals were drawn to revolutionary politics by their readings of Christian eschatology, a phenomenon which split the movement between revolutionaries and moderates. Since the secularization metanarrative was becoming increasingly normalized, and since politics was not one of the churches’ historically recognized areas of special authority, radical Christianities played only a contributory role in Britain’s ‘1968’. Nonetheless, radical Christian organizations were often financially and organizationally privileged compared to their secular counterparts, and this allowed them to punch above their numerical weight. Radical Anglican expectations of a coming political revolution peaked in 1968 and 1969; the disappointment of these hopes in the early 1970s provided a central catalyst for the disintegration of Christian radicalism as a cohesive movement.
“Signum est in praedicamento relationis”
Authors: Cesalli Laurent , Rosier-Catach Irène
Published: September 2018

Roger Bacon is a remarkable figure for his theory of the sign. According to the new reading hypothesis presented in this article, the whole theory is grounded on the relational nature of the sign. Every sign is involved in two relations: one to the interpreter, the other to the significate, the first being “more essential” than the second. The hypothesis allows for a better understanding of Bacon’s central claim that speakers constantly re-impose words in colloquial practice, as well as of its main technical developments (equivocation and supposition understood as instances of re-imposition, the possibility for a word to lose its signification, its impossibility to signify univocally beings and non-beings). In his whole semantics, Bacon’s focus is not so much on entities (e.g. sounds, traces) as on relations holding between entities. From a comparative point of view, the paper offers considerations on the theological (and mainly Augustinian) background of Bacon’s ideas.
A Vaisnava Poet in Early Modern Bengal
Authors: Lutjeharms Rembert
Published: September 2018

This book examines the practice of poetry in the devotional Vaiṣṇava tradition inspired by Śrī Kṛṣṇa Caitanya (1486–1533), through a detailed study of the Sanskrit poetic works of Kavikarṇapūra, one of the most significant sixteenth‐century Caitanya Vaiṣṇava poets and theologians. It places his ideas in the context both of Sanskrit literary theory (by exploring his use of earlier works of Sanskrit criticism) and of Vaiṣṇava theology (by tracing the origins of his theological ideas to earlier Vaiṣṇava teachers, especially his guru Śrīnātha). Both Kavikarṇapūra’s poetics as well as the style of his poetry is in many ways at odds with those of his time, particularly with respect to the place of phonetic ornamentation and rasa. Like later early modern theorists, Kavikarṇapūra reaches back to the earliest Sanskrit poeticians whom he attempts to harmonize with the theories current in his time, to develop a new poetics that values both literary ornamentation and the suggestion of emotion through rasa. This book argues that reasons of and purposes for Kavikarṇapūra’s literary innovations are firmly rooted in his unique Vaiṣṇava theology, and exemplifies this through a careful reading of select passages from the Ānanda‐vṛndāvana, his poetic retelling of Kṛṣṇa’s play in Vṛndāvana.
Introduction
Authors: Lutjeharms Rembert
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the main themes of the book—Kavikarṇapūra, theology, Sanskrit poetry, and Sanskrit poetics—and provides an overview of each chapter. It briefly highlights the importance of the practice of poetry for the Caitanya Vaiṣṇava tradition, places Kavikarṇapūra in the (political) history of sixteenth‐century Bengal and Orissa as well as sketches his place in the early developments of the Caitanya Vaiṣṇava tradition (a topic more fully explored in Chapter 1). The chapter also reflects more generally on the nature of both his poetry and poetics, and highlights the way Kavikarṇapūra has so far been studied in modern scholarship.
On Kavikarṇapūra
Authors: Lutjeharms Rembert
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 gives an overview of Kavikarṇapūra’s life and his works, and places both in the context of the Caitanya Vaiṣṇava tradition. Very little is known about Kavikarṇapūra’s life. He says little about himself in his works, nor do the hagiographies of Caitanya, as he was a child when Caitanya passed away. Nevertheless, beginning with his contemporary Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja, Caitanya Vaiṣṇavas have recorded stories about Kavikarṇapūra, especially his encounters with Caitanya. This chapter considers these images of Kavikarṇapūra as well as the reception of his works to gain an understanding of his position in the Caitanya Vaiṣṇava tradition. This chapter does not aim to recover a ‘historical’ Kavikarṇapūra, but to examine the way the tradition viewed Kavikarṇapūra, his works, and his position in the Vaiṣṇava community of his time. The chapter also examines Kavikarṇapūra’s views of his contemporary Vaiṣṇava communities, to understand how he saw himself in this tradition.
On the Vṛndāvana of Bliss
Authors: Lutjeharms Rembert
Published: September 2018

The final two chapters turn to the Ānanda‐vṛndāvana, Kavikarṇapūra’s longest and most sophisticated poem in praise of Kṛṣṇa’s play in Vṛndāvana. Each chapter studies a small section of this voluminous work but, by examining such brief passages in depth, it is hoped the reader will get a good sense of the complexity of his poetic and narrative style, and be encouraged to explore more of Kavikarṇapūra’s poetry. Chapter 6 examines the style of Kavikarṇapūra’s prose, revisiting Kavikarṇapūra’s eclectic philosophy of language (Chapter 4) and drawing out its theological implications, which are argued to be essential to grasping the suggested sense of Kavikarṇapūra fusion of figures of speech that mark the prose of the Ānanda‐vṛndāvana. The chapter offers a close reading of the opening sentence of the Ānanda‐vṛndāvana, exploring how Kavikarṇapūra’s ‘splendour of speech’ conveys not just theological ideas, but is also meant to affect the reader and contribute to the realization of rasa.
On the Rasa of Love
Authors: Lutjeharms Rembert
Published: September 2018

The development of rasa in the Ānanda‐vṛndāvana is the topic of Chapter 7. As this chapter demonstrates, Kavikarṇapūra’s ‘narratology’ is based not on action, but on the emotional being of the protagonist. The chapter therefore articulates Kavikarṇapūra’s argument that Kṛṣṇa is the chief protagonists, and it looks at his defence of Kṛṣṇa’s extra‐marital relations with the gopīs. This prepares an examnation of one narrative section of the Ānanda‐vṛndāvana, Kavikarṇapūra’s retelling of Kṛṣṇa’s disappearance from the gopīs just prior to their celebrated circular (rāsa) dance. The focus of this chapter is the development of rasa, and particularly the rasa of Love (prema‐rasa), a concept that is central and unique to the theology of Kavikarṇapūra and Śrīnātha.
To Seize upon the Applause of the Heart
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

The main argument for the network theory of aesthetic value is that it better explains the facts about aesthetic activity than does its rival, aesthetic hedonism. Aesthetic hedonism reduces aesthetic values to hedonic values, which naturally figure in practical reasons. That an item offers an agent pleasure is always reason for them to access the pleasure. Most philosophers add that aesthetic values are subject to a standard. On the best contemporary account, the standard is represented by an ideal aesthetic appreciator. An argument is given to explain why the standard represented by an ideal aesthetic appreciator is normative for all aesthetic agents. Finally, aesthetic hedonism befits a desire-based theory of value.
Documentary Culture and Ritual
Authors: Hardy Duncan
Published: September 2018

Political actors in Upper Germany interacted with one another through a shared repertoire of formats. Princes, prelates, nobles, and urban and communal governments all employed a similar array of documentary forms and ritualized transactions. The use of writing was characterized by ‘pragmatic literacy’: although by no means all elites could read, their interactions relied heavily on documents and records as means of communicating and supporting their governmental, financial, and judicial claims. In particular, the sealed charter, treaty, or contract (Siegelurkunde) had both symbolic and practical currency as proof of any kind of political or legal status, transaction, or relationship. Transactions and relationships were also legitimized by shared rituals performed during face-to-face encounters. The most important of these was the swearing of oaths, which formalized commitments through a quasi-sacred and universally recognized ceremony.
Arbitration and Para-Judicial Mediation
Authors: Hardy Duncan
Published: September 2018

Despite the preoccupation of German legal scholarship with institutional courts such as Landgerichte, the majority of judicial and para-judicial activity involving Upper German elites took place within ad hoc meetings of arbitrators or mediators. Arbitration, understood in the broadest sense as a form of organized multilateral negotiation, was the preferred means by which all types of political actors resolved disputes and conflicts, in part because of the lack of a centralized authority capable of providing an enforceable judicial framework. Abundant evidence survives of princes, bishops and abbots, noblemen and women, urban governments, and even village leaders participating in arbitration, either as litigants or mediators. Arbitration typically took place at appointed meetings or assemblies known as Tage (diets). Additionally, even ostensibly official and institutionalized courts, such as the imperial aulic court at Rottweil, resembled temporary arbitrational panels in their procedures and in the judicial discourses employed in their documentation.