bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Factors Influencing the Mineral Content of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Shear C. B. , Faust M.
Published: August 2022

‘York Imperial’ apple trees on EM 26 rootstock were grown in large, outdoor sand cultures for 3 years. All combinations of N at 2, 4, or 8 me/1 as all NO3 or as 3/4NH4 - 1/4 NO3; Ca at 1, 8 or 16 me/1; and B at 0.05 or 0.5 ppm were supplied in solution, with other nutrients in normal supply. Levels of N and Ca and their interactions affected growth under NO3 nutrition. Growth was greatly reduced under NH4 nutrition, but was little affected by levels of N and Ca. Leaf tissues were analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. The average, 3-year over-all effect of NH4 nutrition was to increase leaf concentration of all elements except K, Al, and Mn. Source of N altered the main effects and interactions between levels of N and Ca. B had little effect on concentration of other elements in the leaves.
Factors Influencing the Penetration of Naphthaleneacetamide into Leaves of Pear (Pyrus Communis L.)1,2
Authors: Greene D. W. , Bukovac M. J.
Published: August 2022

Factors influencing the foliar penetration of naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm) were established by following penetration from a glass vial into pear leaf discs (Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett). Penetration through the upper surface was linear for 96 hr, whereas, through the lower surface there was rapid penetration for 48 hr followed by a reduced rate. Uptake of NAAm was proportional to the concentration applied. Penetration was not influenced by pH of treatment solutions ranging from 3.0 to 7.0. Increasing temperature from 5–35°C caused a marked increase in penetration with Q10 values ranging between 1.59 to 5.46. Increasing light intensity resulted in increased penetration through the lower surface up to about 300 ft-c, but had no effect on NAAm penetration through the upper surface. Penetration was greater through the upper than lower surface in expanding leaves, but the reverse was true when leaves were fully expanded. Tween 20 and Triton B-1956 (0.1%) increased NAAm penetration through the lower surface, but to a lesser degree than X-77 (0.1%). No surfactant studied enhanced penetration through the upper surface. Penetration from microdroplets was similar to that from solutions in glass cylinders until the droplets dried. Droplet drying resulted in an immediate increase in penetration.
Growth Responses Induced by Brassins (fatty plant hormones) in Bean Plants1
Authors: Worley J. F. , Mitchell J. W.
Published: August 2022

A single application of 10 μg of brassins to a young internode of a ‘Pinto’ bean plant accelerated growth of the treated internode and of other internodes above and below the treated area. The treated internodes grew longer overall and thicker in some areas than comparable untreated ones. These responses involve both cell elongation and cell division. The treatment also caused marked changes in the vascular anatomy of leaves above the site of application.
Comparative Chromosome Morphology of Diploid Vaccinium Species1
Authors: Hall Susan H. , Galletta G. J.
Published: August 2022

Representative clones of the diploid (2n = 24) members of the subgenus Cyanococcus (true or cluster-fruited blueberries) of Vaccinium, as well as V. crassifolium Andr. (Herpothamnus subgenus) and V. macrocarpon Ait. (Oxycoccus subgenus) were studied cytologically. They were collected from localities ranging from Florida to Nova Scotia and varied markedly in their gross morphology. The length of the total chromosome complement and the ratio of the longest to the shortest chromosome of each clone were determined. While a range of significant differences were demonstrated among clones, these differences were considered to be of minimal importance in species identification. A single idiogram can represent the karyotypes of all of the diploid Cyanococcus species examined. A tentative idiogram of their haploid complement consisted of 2 long and 2 short chromosomes and 8 of intermediate length, one of which was satellited. All had median or submedian centromeres. The karyotypic stability of the diploid Vaccinium species leads to the conclusion that the broad variability in morphology and adaptation which they exhibit has been principally genic in origin.
The Effect of Girdling on the Productivity of the Avocado1
Authors: Lahav E. , Gefen B. , Zamet D.
Published: August 2022

Girdled branches of 6 avocado cultivars usually bore an increased subsequent crop. A decrease in productivity of girdled as compared with ungirdled control branches, was recorded for all cultivars except ‘Benik’, in the second and third years after treatment. Increased yield could be maintained by repeated girdling. The girdle also affected the ungirdled control branch. Girdling sometimes induced a second “on-year” in the alternate-bearing cultivars.
Genetic Variation in the Methionine Levels of Mature Seeds of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Kelly John F.
Published: August 2022

From 3600 bean cultivars, lines and single plant selections grown at Rancocas, New Jersey, in 1968, 82 were selected as having greater than 33% higher microbiologically available methionine in the mature seed than the ‘Sanilac’ standard. Of these, 63 again assayed more than 33% higher in 1969. Methionine levels varied more within lines of mixed lots than pure lines. A highly significant correlation existed between methionine levels in seed from 2 or 3 crop years. Commercial cultivars, regardless of the seed source, tended to have relatively uniform levels of available methionine. The level of methionine in mature seeds of the common bean is determined genetically and sufficient variation exists within the species to permit improvement through hybridization and selection.
Self-Fertility in Red Raspberry Cultivars and Selections1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A.
Published: August 2022

Variations in self-fertility, expressed as percentages of drupelets set, were observed among 69 red raspberry cultivars or selections. The incidence of reduced self-fertility was particularly prevalent among some of the older cultivars but was also observed in several selections. In a particular cultivar or selection reduction of self-fertility usually followed both self- and open-pollination. Reductions from self-pollination seemed mostly to involve self-incompatibility although at least one was due to reduced pollen-fertility. Reductions from open-pollination probably involved reduced numbers of functional embryo sacs.
Genetics and Heritability of Resistance to Fusarium solani f. Phaseoli in Beans1
Authors: Hassane Ahmed A. , Wallace Donald H. , Wilkinson Robert E.
Published: August 2022

The inheritance of resistance to Fusarium solani f. phaseoli Kend. & Sny.) in Phaseolus vulgaris lines P. I. 203958 (N203), and 2114-12 which derives its resistance from P. coccineus, was studied under greenhouse and field conditions. It was concluded that: N203 and 2114-12 respectively possess 4 and 5-6 genes for resistance under the greenhouse-test conditions used; 4 of the 2114-12 genes for resistance are the same as the N203 genes; gene action is mostly additive but partial dominance of resistance appears in 9-13-week-old field-tested plants. Broad sense heritability was estimated as 62-64% under greenhouse conditions and as 22% and 79%, respectively, in 5 and 9-13-week-old field tested plants. The additive variance under greenhouse conditions was estimated as 72% and 40% respectively for resistance from 2114-12 and N203.
Relationship Between Genes Controlling Resistance to Fusarium and Thielaviopsis Root Rots in Beans1
Authors: Hassan Ahmed A. , Wilkinson Robert E. , Wallace Donald H.
Published: August 2022

Previous reports suggest similarity between Fusarium and Thielaviopsis root rot resistances in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), with regard to both source and nature of resistance. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the genes controlling resistance to the 2 pathogens. The susceptible cultivar ‘Redkote’ was crossed with bean lines 2114-12 and P.I. 203958 (N203), both of which have resistance to Fusarium and Thielaviopsis. Four populations of F6 lines were separately developed. Two populations were derived from ‘Redkote’ × 2114-12; one was selected for resistance to Fusarium and the second for resistance to Thielaviopsis. Similarily, a Fusarium-resistant and also a Thielaviopsis-resistant population of F6 lines were derived from ‘Redkote’ × N203. Two additional populations of F4 plants, one resistant to Fusarium and one resistant to Thielaviopsis, were derived from the backcross [(‘Redkote’ × 2114-12, F2) × ‘Redkote’]. The F6 and F4 lines developed for resistance to Fusarium or to Thielaviopsis were subsequently tested for resistance to the other pathogen. The data indicate that genes controlling resistance to Fusarium and Thielaviopsis are different and non-linked.
Effect of Radioactive Phosphorus and Apical Bud Removal on the Incidence of Apparent Mutation in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.
Authors: Drewlow L. W. , Widmer R. E.
Published: August 2022

The apparent mutation (“mutation”) incidence in rooted cuttings of 5 clones of the garden chrysanthemum treated with 32P was determined. The apical buds were pinched off at 3 different times in relation to treatment with doses of 0, 25, 50, and 100 µc of 32P per plant. The 5 clones varied in response to 32P levels, but 25 µc of 32P per plant was most effective for inducing “mutations” and growth abnormalities. Change in flower color was the most frequently observed “mutation". Apical bud removal did not affect the “mutation” rate. Chromosome counts in root tips showed that the parent plants had either 54 or 56 chromosomes, while “mutants” had from 3 less to the same number of chromosomes as the parent clones.
Agar Restriction of the Growth of Excised Mature Iris Embryos1
Authors: Stoltz Leonard P.
Published: August 2022

Excised mature Iris embryos were grown on a nutrient medium with various agar concentrations. Fresh wt, root, and shoot length were inversely related to the agar concentration. Methods for measuring certain physical effects of agar were devised. Agar added to nutrient media is considered to reduce water availability to tissues growing on it by binding of water.
Effects of Annual Sprays of Succinic Acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide on Vegetative Growth, Fruiting, Fruit Quality and Pre-Harvest Drop of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Lord William J.
Published: August 2022

Six consecutive, single, annual applications of succinic acid–2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) were applied, commencing with 2-year-old trees, in mid-July (51-67 days after full bloom) or mid-August at rates of 1000, 2000 or 4000 ppm. Other trees in the same block received 3 consecutive annual applications of 500 or 1000 ppm SADH in mid-June (31-40 days after full bloom) or mid-July.

All SADH treatments delayed fruit flesh softening and reduced the severity of watercore and pre-harvest drop, but had no effect on trunk circumference increase, amount of bloom and fruit set. There was no terminal growth suppression of practical significance. With the exception of 500 ppm in mid-June or mid-July, all SADH treatments depressed fruit size. SADH suppressed rate of fruit growth and induced the formation of flatter fruits with shortened, thickened stems.
Effects of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid on Development and Abscission of Maturing Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Fruit1,2
Authors: Bukovac M. J. , Zucconi F. , Wittenbach V. A. , Flore J. A. , Inoue H.
Published: August 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied as a foliar spray to sweet cherry trees within 2 weeks of fruit maturity promoted fruit abscission at the lower (fruit:pedicel) zone, as indexed by a reduction in the fruit removal force (FRF). There was no significant effect, at the concn studied, on abscission at the upper (pedicel:peduncle) zone. Promotion of abscission with ethephon was time and concn dependent. Ethephon concn of 100 to 1000 ppm were effective with a greater response from the higher concn. Absorption periods of 4 and 24 hr resulted in responses equal to 73 and 94% of that observed when ethephon was present for the entire experimental period. Of 9 sweet cherry cultivars evaluated, all responded similarly in terms of reduction in FRF. Ethephon enhanced fruit enlargement and pigmentation when applied early in Stage III of fruit growth. The increase in wt was most pronounced in the fleshy pericarp tissue.
Peel Injury to Citrus Fruit Fumigated with Ethylene Dibromide1,2
Authors: Chalutz E. , Schiffmann-Nadel Mina , Waks J. , Alumot Eugenia , Carmi Y. , Bussel J.
Published: August 2022

Peel injury in 3 citrus fruit cultivars fumigated with ethylene dibromide (EDB) was due to the persistence of resudue of the fumigant in the fruit peel. Initial resudues after fumigation were proportional to the concn and time of exposure. The desorption rate during aeration increased with temp. Incidence of peel injuries was highest in fruit stored at low temp or wrapped in polyethylene bags, probably due to prolonged action of EDB residues on the peel.

Storage of fumigated fruit in an atmosphere containing an increased concn of CO2 delayed the appearance of damage. Susceptibility was greatest in ‘Marsh’ grapefruits, followed by ‘Shamouti’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges.
Net Photosynthesis and Respiration of Apple Leaves Influenced by (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Dozier W. A. , Barden J. A.
Published: August 2022

Concentrations up to 4000 ppm of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) did not affect the net photosynthesis (Pn) of leaves on greenhouse grown apple trees. Leaf respiration was increased by 4000 ppm ethephon, but not by lower concn. Pn rates did not differ between cvs., but respiration of ‘Golden Delicious’ leaves was greater than that of ‘York’ leaves.
The Identification of Phenolic Compounds in Flowers of Cineraria and Their Relation to Flower Color1
Authors: Ashtakala S. S. , Schwartz A. M.
Published: August 2022

Extracts from flowers of 5 Cineraria cultivars contained 4 major phenolic compounds: 2 anthocyanidins (cyanidin and delphinidin), the flavone apigenin2, and caffeic acid. The flavone and the phenolic acid were present in all cultivars. The color variations among the cultivars is apparently caused by variations in the relative concn of the 2 anthocyanidins. The presence of delphinidin is of particular interest because of its rare occurrence in Compositae.
Effect of Nitrogen on Growth and Composition of Fruits from ‘Thompson Seedless’ Grapevines1
Authors: Kliewer W. M.
Published: August 2022

Growth, yield, and composition of ‘Thompson Seedless’ fruits from 4-year-old vines growing in a perlite-vermiculite mixture and irrigated with half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution modified to contain 0, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, or 8 mM NO3 were studied. Vines grown without N added to tap water produced no fruits. Number of clusters per vine and number of berries per cluster were significantly less for vines grown with 1/2 or 8 mM NO3 than for vines which received 1, 2, or 4 mM NO3. Weight, pH, and malate level of berries increased with increasing levels of NO3 in the nutrient solution. The concn of arginine in berry juice increased linearly with increasing levels of NO3 from 1/2 through 4 mM, and then remained relatively constant, with about a 12-fold increase between the lowest and highest NO3 treatments. A second-degree quadratic equation best described this relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. The level of proline, however, continued to increase between 1/2 and 8 mM NO3 with about a 4-fold overall increase. The concn of proline in the juice of grapes at harvest was much more sensitive to level of ripeness (°Brix) than to N treatment, whereas the opposite relationship was true for arginine. The arginine levels in fruits grown with 1/2 to 8 mM NO3 increased 9 to 20-fold when compared at the same stage of ripeness (°Brix). Total soluble solids, total acidity, and tartrate in berries were not significantly affected by N treatment.
Genetic Studies in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)1
Authors: Ryder Edward J.
Published: August 2022

Each of 3 albino characters is governed by a single recessive gene. Virescent chlorophyll deficiency, pale yellow flower, golden flower, abaxial leaf hairs, and plump involucre shape are also regulated by single recessive genes. Male-sterility is inherited as a single dominant.
Studies of Morphactin on the Growth and Auxin Distribution on Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1
Authors: Tjia B. , Kiplinger D. C. , Kozel P. C.
Published: August 2022

The effect of plant grpwth retardant, methyl-2,7-dichloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (morphactin), was investigated on Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Golden Yellow Princess Anne. Treatments with 10 and 20 ppm were the most effective. Pot chrysanthemums grown and pinched following accepted commercial practices were sprayed with the material. The morphactin induced more branches to develop, especially when low light intensity prevailed in mid-winter. Flower count on treated plants, grown 3 to a 6-inch azalea pot, were comparable to untreated plants grown 5 to a 6-inch pot. The branch inducing property was found to be consistent, both during the winter and summer months.

A detailed study of the distribution of diffusible and extractable auxin following morphactin spray of 20 and 100 ppm, showed that the polarity of the auxin following treatments was reduced. Extractable auxin did not seem to be affected by the treatment, when the wheat straight growth test bioassay was employed. In addition, the material caused a delay in flowering, reduced leaf size, thickened stems, and reduced cell division.
The Physiological Effect of Water Quality and Method of Application on Tomato, Cucumber, and Pepper1
Authors: Gornat B. , Goldberg D. , Rimon D. , Ben-Asher J.
Published: August 2022

Tomatoes and cucumbers were irrigated by sprinkling and trickling, using equal quantities of water containing 800 mg Cl/liter and having an electrical conductivity of 3.6 mmho/cm. Sprinkling produced higher contents of soluble and diffusible ions, free ammonia, and free amino acids in the leaves, and reduced starch, protein, pigments, and relative turgidity. The yield of ‘Moneymaker’ tomatoes irrigated by trickling was more than double that obtained by sprinkling, while no yield at all was achieved from sprinkled ‘Marmande’ tomatoes and cucumbers. The differences in plant response between the irrigation methods seem to be the result of salinity.

Pepper plants irrigated with water containing 95 mg Cl/liter and having an electrical conductivity of 0.6 mmho/cm had a higher content of soluble and diffusible ions in the leaves when irrigated by sprinkling than when irrigated by trickling. There was no difference in yield between the 2 methods.
Translocation of 14C-Indoleacetic Acid and 14C-Sucrose in Excised Apple Pedicels1
Authors: Schneider G. W.
Published: August 2022

Excised ‘Staymared’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple pedicels translocated more indoleacetic acid (IAA) basipetally as the flower opened and fruit set, but basipetal and acropetal sucrose translocation did not increase seasonally. In both cultivars translocation of sucrose was not affected by spraying the tree with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate (Sevin). Basipetal translocation of IAA was increased on the tenth day following treatment with NAA. Pedicels of fruit about to abscise had lost much of their capacity for basipetal IAA translocation but not for sucrose translocation. The thinning effect of NAA and Sevin apparently was not due to their effect on translocation of auxin or sucrose by the pedicel.
Further Studies on Controlled Atmosphere Storage of ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Claypool L. L.
Published: August 2022

‘Bartlett’ pears picked early in the harvest season stored best in an atmosphere low in O2 (0.5-1%) and with elevated CO2 (5%) at 0°C. However, pears harvested about 3 weeks later were intolerant to CO2 (even 2.5%) as severe core and flesh browning occurred in storage in less than 2 months. Fruits harvested at an intermediate date were mostly tolerant to elevated CO2, but the number of intolerant fruits would rule out commercial feasibility. Low O2 atmospheres (0.5-1%) caused no injury at any stage of maturity, but pears harvested late in the season were unsuited to prolonged storage regardless of atmospheric composition. Prolonged storage in controlled atmospheres, providing subsequent ripening was normal, did not result in undesirable flavor effects when the pears were canned. Firmness of individual pears is not sufficiently related to physiological status to permit its use in accurately predicting tolerance to CO2 in storage. Core and flesh browning associated with CO2 injury are distinct from browning and breakdown associated with excessive storage time and failure to ripen.
Water Uptake Rates by Cut Roses (Rosa hybrida) in Light and Dark1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Rasmussen H. P.
Published: August 2022

The rate of absorption of distilled water by individual ‘Forever Yours’ cut roses was measured in continuous light (720 ft-c) and total darkness. Maximum water uptake in light (1.5 to 3.5 ml/hour) was found 24 to 48 hour (hr) after harvest followed by a gradual decline, while the lower (0.18 to 0.47 ml/hour) uptake in the dark persisted during the 120 hour study. Alternating 12 hour light and dark periods for 120 hours in a second study showed absorption rates change rapidly from light to dark or dark to light exposure. Statistical correlations were made among cut rose morphological parts and the rate of water uptake. Leaf area was found to be the factor most closely associated with water uptake in both light and dark. Anatomical studies revealed overall tissue degradation in rose stems kept in distilled water 5 days.
Quality Improvement in Canned ‘Rainier’ Cherries (P. avium L.) with Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Carter G. H. , Mills H. H.
Published: August 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA), applied at 10 to 30 ppm early in stage III of fruit growth, resulted in canned sweet cherries, cv. Rainier, that were a clear golden color with nearly clear syrup, and were firmer and larger than untreated fruit. The differences appeared to be due more to a change in fruit characteristics than to a simple delay in maturity.
Optimum Temperature and Ethylene Concentrations for Postharvest Development of Carotenoid Pigments in Citrus1
Authors: Wheaton T. A. , Stewart Ivan
Published: August 2022

Substantial improvement in the external color of harvested citrus fruit was achieved by holding at optimum temperature and ethylene concentration. Under specific conditions, marked improvement in orange and red pigmentation occurred. Initial color development was most rapid at 30°C but carotenoid accumulation ceased after a few days. Best color was obtained with fruit held at 15-25°C for longer periods of time. Optimal ethylene concentration decreased as temperature decreased. At the lowest temperature, high ethylene concentration inhibited color development.
Ethylene Production and Bruise Injury in Apple1
Authors: Robitaille H. A. , Janick Jules
Published: August 2022

Ethylene production decreased linearly in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples given from 1 to 8 uniform bruises while CO2 evolution was generally high in bruised apples. Primary regions of ethylene production and O2 utilization were located under the skin and in the core.
Stem Galls on Root-knot Nematode Resistant Snap Beans1
Authors: Fassuliotis George , Deakin John R.
Published: August 2022

A successful host-parasite relationship was established in the stems of both resistant and susceptible snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Thirty days after beans were planted in infested soil, all had stem galls containing egg-laying females. Histological studies showed giant cells developed from both vascular and cortical tissues.
Differential Effects of Aluminum on the Vegetative Growth of Tomato Cultivars in Acid Soil and Nutrient Solution1
Authors: Foy C. D. , Gerloff G. C. , Gabelman W. H.
Published: August 2022

Tomato cultivars developed in Brazil, Hawaii, and different parts of the continental United States differed significantly in their tolerance to an acid (pH 4.2), Al-toxic Bladen soil. Cultivars showing greatest tolerance included ‘BGH 588’ (Brazil), ‘Ace’ (Calif.) and Owyhee’ (Idaho); those showing low tolerance included ‘BGH 402’ (Brazil), Anahu’ (Hawaii), and Truckers Favorite’. Differential Al tolerances of ‘BGH 588’, ‘BGH 402’, and ‘Truckers Favorite’ were confirmed in nutrient solutions containing a range of Al concentrations. Tolerance to Al-toxic Bladen soil, measured by vegetative growth, was not associated with reported resistance to blossom end rot (Ca deficiency).

Cultivars showing the greatest tolerance to acid Bladen soil tended to contain lower concentrations of Al, Ca, and P in their tops than did the more sensitive cultivars. In nutrient solutions containing Al, the tops of Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive cultivars generally contained similar concentrations of Al, P, and Ca. Roots of tolerant cultivars tended to contain lower concentrations of Al and P and sometimes Ca.

Results suggest the possibility of developing tomato cultivars specifically for greater tolerance to acid soil environments which cannot be economically corrected. An example would be strongly acid Al-toxic soil zones beneath the plow layer.
Effect of Indolebutyric Acid on Distribution of 14C-Photosynthate in Softwood Cuttings of ‘Marianna 2624’ Plum1
Authors: Breen Patrick J. , Muraoka Tom
Published: August 2022

Treating the bases of ‘Marianna 2624’ plum cuttings with indolebutyric acid (IBA) enhanced rooting and affected the distribution of labeled assimilate. IBA, however, did not significantly affect the uptake of 14CO2 by a single leaf or the proportion of fixed radioactivity that was translocated in 20 hours. Approximately 60% of the translocated 14C remained in the stem portion immediately below the treated leaf, whereas less than 5% reached the basal end. The rest of the activity was recovered in the upper stem. This distribution pattern was present in both control and IBA-treated cuttings, and remained essentially unchanged until callus appeared at the base of the latter group. The base of treated cuttings then began to accumulate an increasingly larger share of translocated 14C. This value eventually reached 6 times that found in unrooted controls. Throughout the study, 87-95% of the radioactivity in the base of either type of cutting was in an ethanol-soluble neutral fraction which contained sucrose, glucose, fructose, and sorbitol. Treatment with IBA increased starch loss in the base of the cutting, while the sugar content rose similarly in both types of cuttings. The time of increased mobilization of photosynthate to the base may be influenced more by the extent of local carbohydrates reserves than by a particular stage of rooting.
Heritability Studies of Tomato Emergence at Different Temperatures1
Authors: El Sayed M. N. , John C. A.
Published: August 2022

Cultivar emergence base (CEB) temperatures were calculated for the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cvs. G-18824 and H2134 and their hybrid progenies. Each population required a mean accumulation of 160 daily heat units above their CEB. The early emerging parent had a low CEB of 42.6°F, the late emerging parent had a high CEB of 46.1°F, and their progenies were intermediate. The CEB of each cultivar and progeny was the same at different temperatures. Inheritance was found to be quantitative and an estimated 24 gene pairs differentiated the parents for CEB. There was strong evidence for additive gene action. Dominance and epastasis were not ruled out. Broad sense and narrow sense heritability estimates were 25-40% and 25% respectively. The same gene system appears to control emergence at both low and high temperatures. Selection for emergence at low temperature could be achieved at high temperatures on the basis of CEB.
Fluoride Induced Necrosis of Cordyline terminalis Kunth ‘Baby Dolt’ as Influenced by Medium and pH1,2
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Conover Charles A.
Published: August 2022

Although grown by foliage growers for its colorful red leaves, Cordyline terminalis Kunth ‘Baby Doll’ often develops foliar necrosis during propagation. Propagating media had a pronounced influence on amount of necrosis, but soluble salts, pH, and cation exchange capacities of the media offered few clues for the variation. Necrosis was related to soluble soil fluoride. Addition of superphosphate containing 1.6% fluorine (F) increased leaf tissue F and tip necrosis, and both were reduced when media pH increased with liming amendments.
Paint Applications for Reduction of Radiational Cooling1
Authors: Hales T. A. , Moore R. E. , Dacus A. D.
Published: August 2022

Materials were applied to the tops of mature ‘Red Blush’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees to reduce radiationally induced depression of leaf temperature below that of nearby air. Spray applications of solutions containing aluminum powder reduced temperature depression by 0.6°C. When combined with solid fuel heater-block heating, the aluminum powder solution reduced depression by 0.9°C. Carnauba wax and silicone solutions alone had no effect on leaf temperature but reduced temperature depression by 0.3 and 0.6°C, respectively, when combined with solid-fuel heater-block heating.
Toxicity of Dinitroaniline Herbicides to Watermelons1
Authors: Eshel Y. , Shlevin E.
Published: August 2022

The inherent phytotoxicity of 5 preplanting dinitroaniline herbicides to watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Mansf.) was studied in the greenhouse and field. The herbicides were: N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benenn); N-sec-butyl-N-terbutyl-2,6-dinitroaniline (dibutalin); 2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylcumidine (isopropalin); 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin); and a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin). Marked differences in tolerance to the herbicides were found among the 3 watermelon cultivars; Chili > Malali > Sugar baby. Dibutalin and isopropalin were the least phytotoxic to watermelons, benenn was moderately toxic, and trifluralin and nitralin were the most toxic. Growth reduction of watermelon seedlings was observed when the roots, rather than the emerging shoot, were exposed to benenn so depth of incorporation of the herbicide may determine its selectivity.

Preplanting soil-incorporated dibutalin was found suitable for selective weed control in watermelons grown under plastic cover in 3 field experiments. Selective action of dibutalin at 1.75 and 3.50 kg/ha was better than that of the other herbicides.
Influence of Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen Levels on Brown Stain, Respiration Rate, and Visual Quality of Lettuce1,2
Authors: Kader Adel A. , Brecht Patrick E. , Woodruff Richard , Morris Leonard L.
Published: August 2022

Brown stain on crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Calmar) was increased by exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) combined with elevated CO2 (1, 2 or 5%) regardless of the O2 level (2, 5, 10, or 21%). Carbon monoxide at 1, 3, or 5% added to air without added CO2 did not induce brown stain. Holding under 5 or 10% O2 in combination with 1% CO2 and with or without 1% CO for 20 days followed by a 4-day period in air at 10°C resulted in better overall visual quality compared with air or 2% O2 controls. Carbon monoxide in combination with air or 2% O2 reduced the respiration rate of lettuce during a 10-day period at 2.5°C. Lettuce previously subjected to CO had higher respiration rates, relative to controls, during the subsequent 4-day period in air at 10°C.
Effects of Lighting Easter Lily Bulbs During Cold Treatment on Plant Growth and Flowering1
Authors: Pertuit Alton J.
Published: August 2022

Before forcing in a 21.1°C minimum greenhouse, Lilium longiflorum ‘Ace’ bulbs, with half their bulb mass above the soil, received 4, 6, or 8 weeks of 7.2°C cold storage in dark or while exposed to 18 or 36 ft-c incandescent light for 12 or 18 hr/24 hr cycle during the last 2 weeks of cold storage. Plants from bulbs which received 4-weeks cold storage did not flower, but light intensity and duration during 6-weeks cold treatment increased the flowering percentages. All plants from bulbs that had received 8 weeks of cold storage flowered; however, except for the lowest intensity-duration combination, light during refrigeration resulted in plants with fewer leaves than plants from bulbs which had received no light. Thirty-six ft-c of light for 18 hr/24 hr cycle during 8-weeks cold storage resulted in earlier forcing than other plants except plants from bulbs which received 18 ft-c of light for 18 hr/24 hr cycle.
The Effect of Crotonylidene-di-Urea Fertilization on Fruit Growth, Yield, Quality, and Chemical Composition of White Peach1
Authors: Uchiyama Yoshio
Published: August 2022

Crotonylidene-di-urea (CDU) fertilization increased fruit size of white peach (P. persica var. vulgaris Maxim, cv. Hakuto). The increased size resulted in increased yield. Organoleptic tests indicated that treated fruits were of a brighter, more desirable color and more symmetrical shape than the controls. During the period of pit hardening CDU-treated fruit was an increase in the level of respiration. There was a large increase in sucrose content in treated fruit as it entered the ripening period. Although the results of chemical analysis supported the superiority of CDU-treated fruit as compared with control fruit, the differences in analytical values were small.
The Amino Acid Composition of Five Species of Yams (Dioscorea)1
Authors: Splittstoesser Walter E. , Martin Franklin W. , Rhodes Ashby M.
Published: August 2022

Principal component analysis based on 19 characters (amino acids and protein measurements) was used to analyze differences among 46 cultivars in 5 yam species: (Dioscorea alata L., D. rotundata Poir., D. esculenta Burkill, D. trifida L.f., and D. bulbifera L.). Considerable diversity existed in amino acid composition among cultivars within species and also between species. Most of the cultivars contained adequate amounts of the essential amino acids except those containing sulfur. The quantity of sulfur-containing amino acids was not associated with individual species or geographical sources. Large variation in the methionine to half-cystine ratio was found, and these amino acids in the 5 species composed 50% to 79% of the amount found in the FAO reference protein. The essential amino acids leucine, phenylalanine, and threonine were present in sufficient excess to supplement proteins from other sources. The pattern of diversity for amino acids was compatible with current biochemical knowledge and suggested that in yams most amino acids are inherited independently of each other.
Sorting Blueberries for Quality by Vibration1
Authors: Hamann D. D. , Kushman L. J. , Ballinger W. E.
Published: August 2022

A method is described and test results reported for sorting blueberries with low-frequency vibration. Separation was dependent on fruit firmness which is affected by roughness of handling and other softening factors.

Firmness, as measured by compressing blueberries 0.2 cm between flat plates, statistically explained 58 to 72% of the variation in frequency for removal of berries from a vibrating trough with constant energy input. When comparing ripeness with frequency for sorting, light transmittance (∆OD; 740-800 nm) values, which indicate anthocyanin pigment concentration, explained only 10% of the variation in sorting frequency.

Berries of several cultivars and harvest dates were vibration sorted and tested for susceptibility to decay. Sorting frequency statistically explained 75% of the variation in decay level. Thus, the vibration method should be suitable for sorting blueberries into groups of different shelf life.
Effect of Manganese Soil and Seed Treatments on Growth and Yield of Peas1
Authors: Anderson W. C. , Carstens J. B.
Published: August 2022

A broadcast MnSO4 treatment of 38 Kg Mn/ha resulted in 2½-fold increase in both plant growth and shelled pea yields of ‘Darkskin Perfection’ peas. Pods per plant and peas per pod, 2 components of the yield equation, were reduced by Mn deficiency. Seed treatments of Mn EDTA were not effective in correcting the deficiency.
Seed Transmission of Lettuce Mosaic Virus in Mosaic Resistant Lettuce1
Authors: Ryder Edward J.
Published: August 2022

Mosaic-susceptible and -resistant lettuce cultivars and breeding lines were evaluated for seed transmission of the virus. Two methods of indexing were used: the seedling method, in which seedlings from infected plants were observed; and the Chenopodium method, in which a local lesion host, C. quinoa, was inoculated with seed samples ground in buffer solution. Susceptible lines transmitted at a rate averaging about 2% per plant. Over 90% of resistant lines failed to transmit the virus; the rest transmitted at extremely low rates, averaging 0.49% in one experiment. The parent plant’s environment appears to affect the transmission rate. Low day temperature results in a higher rate than high.
WET MUSEUM ENHANCES THE TEACHING AND LEARNING ABILITY OF GROSS & CLINICAL ANATOMY
Authors: Chaturvedi Amarjyoti , Bisht Kanchan , Bhadoria Pooja , Joseph Mathew
Published: August 2022

Introduction: The acquisition of knowledge of medical science initiates by acquiring basic information of human structure which is provided by a branch of science that is Anatomy. For learning and teaching Anatomy, we need to preserve human cadavers and organs for long term utility, following suitable methods and conduct medical exhibition and surgical skill training program from time to time. Materials&Method: The present studywas conducted on 40 wet specimens obtained from routine formalin embalmed dissected cadavers at dissection hall of the Institute. After fine dissection, specimens were mounted in Perspex jar filled with Kaiserling solution. Specimens were then observedunder three categories one with paint and varnish, second with varnish only and third without paint and varnish. Observation were recorded in every 3 months for whole one year. Results: Specimens with paint and varnish were appearing like artificial specimens while those with varnish only gave natural appearance with shiny surface. However, in some specimens, a white fatty layer was formed making the solution inside the jar hazy. Specimens without paint and varnish appeared 100% natural making it easier for students to correlate with their theoretical knowledge. Conclusion: Paint and varnish was not found to be applicable for all specimens. By applying other methods, we can preserve specimens for long time without wasting chemical and specimen. These mounted specimens can be utilised for exams, exhibitions, study purpose as well as for surgical skill training programs.
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY- MACULA IN DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Seth GSMC and KEMH, Parel, Mumbai-400012., G. Kamath Kokila , Priyanka Vaijinath Algude ,   JR 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Seth GSMC and KEMH, Parel, Mumbai- 400012.
Published: August 2022

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) was the fifth most prevalent cause of preventable blindness and thefifth most common cause of moderate to severe vision impairment between 1990 Ì¶Ì¶ 2010. [1] Over one-third of the worlds 285 million diabetics have indications of DR, and a third of these have vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR), which is defined as severe non-proliferative DR or proliferative DR (PDR) or the presence of diabetic macular edema (DME)[2]. DME is becoming more common in the world, owing to increase in type 2 diabetes. DME can be assessed using intravenous fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT)- noninvasive imaging technique [3]. OCT is important for early diagnosis in asymptomatic patients, as well as controlling and monitoring DME, depending on which the treatment method can be changed. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), which produces high-resolution retinal pictures, has a good reproducibility in measuring retinal thickness [7]. Longitudinal retinal B-scans and coronal C-scans are produced using the OCT ophthalmoscope. As a result, it delivers information that traditional imaging techniques or fundus inspection cannot.
SCREENING OF THYROID AUTOANTIBODIES ANTI-TG, ANTI-TPO AND ITS CORRELATION WITH CLINICAL THYROID DISEASES IN VITILIGO IN THE NORTH-EASTERN REGION OF INDIA
Authors:   Department of Biochemistry., Khiangte Lalchamliani , Lalrindiki C. ,   Department of Biochemistry.
Published: August 2022

Background and aims: Vitiligo is an acquired sometimes familial depigmentary disorder of the skin and hair that results from selective destruction of melanocytes or pigment cells. It is the single most important non-neo plastic disease that involves both the immune system and melanocytes which are subsequently destroyed and the affected area turns pale and becomes white. The precise cause of vitiligo is complex but some evidences are always suggesting that it is caused by a combination of autoimmune, genetic and environmental factors. Over half of the people with vitiligo have acquired some loss of pigment cells before the age of 20 years. The prevalence of the disease is between 1-2% in general population. Therefore, the present study is taken up to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid diseases in vitiligo patients. Methods:It is a prospective, randomized and controlled study. 90 vitiligo patients attending the Dermatology OPD and vitiligo clinic are enrolled in the study. Thirty five apparently healthy, age and sex matched individuals are selected to serve as control. A prescribed proforma containing all the demographic data, relevant questionnaire were recorded for each and every case with brief clinical history suggestive of any thyroid disease as well as those referred by the clinicians.interpretationsare made. P value < 0.05 is considered significant. The Quantitative Determination of Thyroglobulin (Tg) Autoantibodies in Human Serum or Plasma by a Microplate Enzyme Immunoassay. Results:Vitiligo group, thirty four (37.78%) patients have clinical hypothyroidism while 9(10%) patients have clinical hyperthyroidism. This difference in the distribution is statistically significant (P<0.05) with a chi-square value of 10.08. The datas are entered, analysed and computed with SPSS version 15 software and well known statistical test like Chi-square, students t test have been advocated wherever found applicable. The necessary interpretations are made. P value < 0.05 is considered significant. Conclusion:There is increased incidence of autoimmune thyroid diseases among vitiligopatients. Various thyroid antibodies were detected in thyroid disorders, suggesting that these thyroid antibodies could act as sensitive markers for detection of early and subclinical autoimmune disorders of thyroid gland including Graves disease and Hashimotos thyroiditis. The reason beingvitiligo usually precedes the onset of thyroid dysfunction. Therefore, these thyroid autoantibodies specially anti-TPO, anti-TG should be included along with thyroid parameters TSH, T3,T4 in routine investigation of vitiligo, as association of vitiligo with autoimmune thyroid disease is very much common in the North - Eastern region of India.
EVALUATION DE LA CONTAMINATION EN ELEMENTS -TRACES METALLIQUES (MN, CO, CU, PB, HG, NI, ZN)DES EAUX ET SEDIMENTS DE LA RIVIERE YOLO (KINSHASA, RDC)
Authors:   Institut Superieur de Techniques Appliquees/ Kinshasa- Ndolo. Avenue de laerodrome nÃ‚Â° 61-63, B.P. 6593, Kinshasa 31., L.F. Boko. , D.E. Musibono ,   Universite de Kinshasa Faculte des Sciences, Departement de lenvironnement, unite decotoxicologie, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI., T. Matand ,   Universite Pedagogique Nationale, Faculte des Sciences, Departement de Geographie - Sciences de lenvironnement, B.P 8815 KINSHASA., Ngelikoto P. P. ,   Universite Pedagogique Nationale, Faculte des Sciences, Departement de Geographie - Sciences de lenvironnement, B.P 8815 KINSHASA., L.B. Iketsh ,   ISAGE/ ATEN, KIKWIT.
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to determine the level of selected contaminants (Mn, Co, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn) in the water and sediments of the Yolo River which receives effluent from the Limete Industrial District of the Limete area. (Kinshasa, DR Congo). Indeed, in the absence of treatment plants, all urban effluents from neighbourhoods drained by the river and those from industries installed in the neighbourhood are discharged into the collector and the Yolo River, one of the tributaries of the Congo River.The study made it possible to highlight the presence of seven (7) metallic trace elements (Cu, Pb, Fe, Cd, Zn and Hg) in the waters and sediments of the collector of the industrial district and the Yolo River in the city. of Kinshasa, considered problematic, given their toxic nature for living organisms, even at low concentrations of the elements.To do this, collected water samples of the composite type were obtained by mixing three spot samples taken at five stations using a bottle with the neck down at 30 cm depth. In contrast, the sediment samples were hand-collected from 0.5m depth and the resulting composite sediment core was packaged in a clean, labeled 500ml plastic box.All the water and sediment samples were stored in situ at 4Ã‚Â°C in the cooler before being sent to the Center for Geological and Mining Research (CRGM) laboratory in Kinshasa for analysis.The physic-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, SS, BOD5) and metallic elements (Mn, Co, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn)) were determined in the waters and sediments of the Yolo River. The results showed that the chemical properties were superior to those of the WHO guide standards.
ATTITUDE OF MILLENNIALS AND GENERATION Z TOWARDS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SURGERY
Authors:   King Mongkuts International Demonstration School (KMIDS), Samutprakarn, Thailand., Jansaenroj Krit
Published: August 2022

Because of its increasing ability to turn ambiguity and complexity in data into actionable-though imperfect-clinical choices or suggestions, artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to change health care practices. Trust is the only mechanism that influences physicians use and adoption of AI in the growing interaction between humans and AI. Trust is a psychological process that enables people to deal with ambiguity in what they know and do not know. The purpose of this online survey was to determine the relationship between age groups, familiarity, and trustworthiness present towards AI through the question of whether particular participants would prefer a human or an AI surgeon if they had to undergo a surgery.The results showed that age groups and trustworthiness are not correlated, due to a variety of factors, and,also, familiarity is not correlated with age group.
Journey to Justice: The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Context of West Papua
Authors: Soetjipto Ani Widyani
Published: August 2022

This article aimed to examine the implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), focusing on the rights of the Indigenous Papuan people in the Indonesian provinces on the western half of the island of New Guinea, commonly referred to in English as Papua or West Papua. By drawing on the theory of norm diffusion in the study of international relations, this article argues that despite adopting a declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples, the Indonesian government seems to find fulfilling the rights of Indigenous Papuans challenging due to obfuscation and lack of political will. This article finds that the implementation of special autonomy in Papua has been a failure, as the human rights situation has deteriorated and the fundamental rights of Indigenous Papuans remain unfulfilled.