bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROMOTING WRITING EXPERIENCES THROUGH LEARNING COMMUNITY TO TRIGGER STUDENTS IN WRITING
Authors: Yamin Muhammad
Published: March 2019

This study aims at discussing the importance of promoting writing experiences through learning community to trigger students in writing. This is review study with analytic descriptive way by describing and discussing the related literature studies. It deals with writing experiences as the capital to write. While there is no experience, there is no writing. Learning community used in this study is the learning facility so that the students can learn how to write. More active in learning community, the student get the knowledge and experience of writing. Those become the inspiration for them to rewrite what to write.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DICTOGLOSS IN TEACHING WRITING SKILL VIEWED FROM STUDENTS' MOTIVATION
Authors: Pertiwi Dian
Published: March 2019

This article refers to an experimental study on the effectiveness of Dictogloss to teach writing skill at one of Islamic School in Surakarta. The sampling used in this research was cluster random sampling with two classes as sample, namely experimental class taught using Dictogloss and control class taught using Direct Instruction. The collect the data, there were two instruments used in this research namely, writing test and motivation questionnaire. Writing test was used to find out students’ writing skill, while motivation questionnaire was conducted to know students’ motivation levels. The data were analyzed by using 2x2 Multifactor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Before conducting the ANOVA test, pre-requisite test namely normality and homogeneity test were conducted. The result of this research shows that: (1) Dictogloss is more effective than Direct Instruction to teach writing; (2) Students having high motivation have better writing skill than those having low motivation.
CODE SWITCHING TYPES USED BY LECTURERS
Authors: J Syilvia Wenny
Published: March 2019

It became one phenomenon occurred when lecturer changed one language (L1) into other language (L2) in one utterance. This was one kind of bilingualism named code switching. On this study, it focused on the types of code switching used by English lecturers in STIE Muhammadiyah Jambi.  The objective of this study was to identify the types of code switching used by English lecturers. This was descriptive research. The participants were four English lecturers who taught English I for the first semester students at STIE Muhammadiyah Jambi. There were 2 meetings for each class to be recorded their teaching activity and also analyzed. After analyzing, it was found that there were three main types of code switching which were tag switching, inter-sentential and intra-sentential. In inter-sentential code witching it was divided into 2 sub type which were metaphor and situational code switching. The percentages of those types were 21.54% of tag switching, 33.07% of metaphor,16.15% of situational (or 49.22% of inter-sentential), and 29.23% of intra-sentential. Based on those data, it could be concluded that metaphor of inter-sentential code switching is the highest type used by lecturers. It happened because the lecturers tend to emphasis on learning purpose.
ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA: HOW IT IS INTERPRETED AND IMPLEMENTED IN EFL CLASSROOM
Authors: Ramadhan Rizki , Siregar Yuniar D A
Published: March 2019

People all around the globe has recognized that English is now used as its lingua franca. It means that English has been used as a means to communicate in every aspect of situation among people who do not share the same first language. This phenomenon is being analyzed by linguists, so that the term English as an International Language, English as a Lingua Franca, or World English(es) emerge and become an interesting topic to be discussed, especially how teacher should interpret and how it could affect their belief and their behavior in teaching and learning classroom. However, there are found that some English teacher is still unfamiliar with this term and how it can influence teaching behavior. This article aims to accommodate those missing part and gives more enlightenment to the English teacher about ELF phenomenon.
An investigation into electric vehicle timeshare rental schemes in Beijing, China
Authors: Luo Wei , Sun Lishan , Shi Mingzhi , Yao Liya , Rong Jian
Published: March 2019

Electric vehicle timeshare rental is a form of sustainable transportation and is growing in popularity around the world. An analysis of the present situation is thus useful for transport management and planning. The study reported in this paper aimed to clarify the usage and operation of electric vehicle timeshare rental schemes in Beijing, China, including mobility patterns, pricing structure, willingness and factors affecting satisfaction through data analysis and questionnaires. The results showed that users had distinctive socio-demographic attributes. Mobility patterns represented a regularity in both time and space, and the pricing structure was a significant factor affecting the users’ opinions. Eight factors, including age and cost, showed strong correlation with user satisfaction. It is concluded that electric vehicle timeshare rental is a promising travel mode that could replace private cars and promote the development of electric vehicles. The results of this study can contribute to programming and management of electric vehicle timeshare rental schemes in the future.
Análisis cualitativo de los determinantes de la innovación en una economía emergente
Authors: Del Carpio Gallegos Javier Fernando , Miralles Francesc
Published: March 2019

Las empresas de manufactura se esfuerzan por ser innovadoras y, de esta manera, ser competitivas en el mercado. Estas empresas son muy importantes en una economía emergente debido a su contribución al producto bruto interno y a la generación de puestos de trabajo para la población. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es identificar cuáles son los factores internos y externos que mejoran la capacidad de innovación de las empresas peruanas de manufactura y, a su vez, favorecen su competitividad. Para ello, se aplicó un enfoque cualitativo basado en el modelo de las seis C de Glaser, que forma parte de la teoría fundamentada, y se entrevistó a los gerentes de las empresas de manufactura peruanas. A partir del análisis y procesamiento de estos datos con el software de análisis cualitativo Atlas ti, se encontró que los proveedores y los clientes proporcionan valiosa información para innovar, y que la aplicación del diseño y la adquisición de maquinaria favorecen las innovaciones de estas empresas. En esa medida, este estudio cualitativo contribuye a identificar aquellos factores que ayudan a las empresas de manufactura peruanas a mejorar su capacidad de innovación. Así, los gerentes de las empresas de manufactura deben identificar aquellos factores que favorecen la implementación de innovaciones y, de esta manera, lograrán que sus empresas sean más competitivas.
Post-retraction citation: a case for radiology-imaging diagnostic v1
Authors: D. Bolboacă Sorana , Buhai Diana-Victoria , Aluaș Maria , E. Bulboacă Adriana
Published: March 2019

Citation of a manuscript could be seen as a measure of study visibility and usefulness. Citations depends by many factors such as the subject of the article, authors (number and collaborations, authors' achievement measures), accessibility (access to the full text of the manuscript), visibility (paper length, no. of figures and tables, journal), age of the paper, methods used to make the article known (personal/academic/research pages, dedicated websites, social media), number of cited references, etc. Age of papers and citation windows are essential factors influencing citation patterns but if all publication ethics are followed is expected to have no post retraction citation or at least a proper citation of the retracted manuscript with associated retraction notice. However, when a retracted article is cited must clearly result that the paper was retracted either from the text of the paper or from the reference list. This protocol address the post retraction citation of manuscripts reporting a radiology-imaging diagnostic.
SYNTHESIS OF THE OXIDIZED FORM OF DITHIENO-TTF BY ELECTROCRYSTALLIZATION
Authors: Krykun S. , Levkov I. , Yegorova T. , Voitenko Z.
Published: March 2019

General principles of the electrocrystallization technique in application to organic molecules are shown, as some historical background. Based on this, we were able to rationalize main variables in the experiment which are needed in order to get crystals of the oxidized form, that are suitable for further applications such as for example single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis or conductivity measurements. The biggest impact comes from such factors as choice of solvent and supporting electrolyte, which influence directly the solubility of both the starting compound and its oxidized form. Purity of all components is also paramount. In order to avoid formation of by-products, experiment is usually performed in a sealed U-shaped electrochemical cell with a glass filter between the anodic and cathodic compartments and under inert atmosphere such as argon or nitrogen. Other parameters considered here, such as temperature of the solution and intensity of the current, help to fine-tune the result, but have less impact on whether the crystallization will occur at all. It is also critical to maintain both parameters at constant values in order to obtain high quality single crystals. Galvanostatic oxidation mode is more favourable comparing to the potentiostatic as it allows steady rate of oxidation by providing fixed intensity of the electrical current and subsequently more stable rate of crystal grows, although potentiostatic mode or alternating current can be used to grow bigger amounts when quality of the single crystal is less important. Further we used this approach to electrocrystalize previously obtained by our group dithieno-TTF, based on the exTTF scaffold. According to the literature cyclic voltammetry data, dithieno-TTF undergoes reversible single-wave two electron oxidation to form bis-cation similar to classic exTTF, but in our case only radical-cation salt was obtained in a form of shiny, dark-red, needle-like single crystals. This could be attributed to its extremely low solubility and corresponding formation of the kinetic product, which correlate well with relatively fast crystallization just within 3 days. Another possibility is a comproportionation reaction involving the starting neutral molecule and oxidized dication.
SYNTHESIS AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF (Li, Ca)-SUBSTITUTED LANTHANUM COBALTATES
Authors: Dziazko А. , Nedilko S. , Fesych I. , Voitenko Т. , Zelenko M. , Bondar O.
Published: March 2019

(Li, Ca)-substitute lanthanum cobaltates with composition La1-3xLixCа2xCoO3-δ (0≤x≤0.33) was synthesized by co-precipitation method of hydroxycarbonates. It is determined that the homogeneity region for the system La1-3xLixCа2xCoO3-δ is limited to the composition of x = 0.1. As in the case of Sr- and Ba-containing cobaltates, at x> 0.1, peaks on the diffractograms of the compounds correspond to the phase of lithium cobaltite Li1-yCoO2 with a layered structure. It turned out that the crystallographic parameters of orthorhombic Ca-containing cobaltates increases in comparison with the parameters of the unsubstituted LaCoO3. It is found that with an increase in the mean ion radius of the substituent in the region of homogeneity there is an increase in the average oxidation state of cobalt. The morphological characteristics of complex oxides were studied by using scanning electron microscopy. The grain sizes are in the range from 1 to 2 microns. In the photo along with the small grains you can notice enough large sintered particles in the size of 3 – 4 microns. Also, in SEM-photos, it is possible to detect the impurity phase of lithium cobaltate in the form of grains of the correct hexagonal form, which confirms the results of the X-Ray phase analysis. The 3d-hole (Co4+) formed by the adding of a small amount of Ca2+ and Li+ remains bound to adjacent closely spaced cobalt ions and acts as deep acceptor levels. With increasing substitution degree x, the acceptor complexes interact, forming an σ * conduction band. Due to this, at x≥0.3, the conductivity section of the semiconductor type disappears at the temperature dependence of the electric resistance and the conductivity begins to take a metallic character. On the other hand, contributing to the overall resistance of the system may introduce impurity phases, which is more likely, taking into account the results of the X-Ray phase analysis. It should also be noted that when the concentration of additives increases, the steepness of the curves ρ(Т) decreases.
Knowing Sea-Level Rise: Interpretive Practices of Uncertainty in Tuvalu
Authors: Yoshida Mariko
Published: March 2019

Drawing upon empirical observations, daily experiences of sea-level rise, and the role of religious beliefs that form decision making among migrant families, I examine the ways in which the local individuals and communities in Tuvalu have dealt with a virtual and fluctuating scenario for which they did not use scientific knowledge to control their environment. Instead, they reacted negatively to future anxiety constructed as a predicted scenario while continuing to contend with the immediate demands of community. I demonstrate the social practices that incorporate the intangible sea-level rise, as calculated through scientific measures, into tangible and substantive material for evaluating changes.
Examining “Gap-Filling” in the Curriculum of the Pirwa Afterschool Program for Children in Huancarani, Bolivia
Authors: Schwartz Ashley , Hippert Christine
Published: March 2019

This article examines how and why the Pirwa, a local development organization founded in Huancarani, Bolivia, has evolved their afterschool program for community members over time and how the program “gap-fills” in the place of state social services. Mark Schuller (2009) describes “gap-filler” NGOs as organizations that serve as sources of aid when the state cannot provide them. This article examines the afterschool program from 2002 to 2017 and demonstrates that there were three ways it changed over time: transitioning from using indigenous knowledge to mainstream academic knowledge, hands-on teaching to tutoring, and using foreign volunteers in the program more frequently. This article will demonstrate that while the retreat of state aid from the Bolivian government has created the need for private organizations to gap-fill, the Pirwa has used the agency they've developed as a community to implement a curriculum that fits the needs of community members at the time.
Cooperative Extension and Practicing Anthropology: A Natural Fit
Authors: Comito Jacqueline , Haub Brandy Case
Published: March 2019

The Cooperative Extension System's mission to “put scientific knowledge into practice” is a natural fit for practicing anthropologists. Two extension anthropologists present their work with the Iowa State University Extension and Outreach programs, Iowa Learning Farms and Water Rocks!, as a case study for how anthropological practice can be used to develop and implement successful extension programs. Added to the conversation is the element of advocacy in anthropological practice, with an examination of how using anthropological research and evaluation methods to understand targeted program audience perspectives better enables practitioners to advocate for environmental improvements and better meet the primary extension program objective of bringing practical, science-based solutions to real world problems.
İnsan İskeletlerinde Travma: Travmaya Bağlı Ölüm Nedeni Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: Çeker Deren , Deniz İdris , Sevim Ayla
Published: March 2019

Objective:In forensic anthropology, skeletal trauma analysis is conducted to determine the patterns of trauma in violent deaths. Bone fractures, cut marks and other defects observed on the human bones are analyzed in order to determine the manner and the possiblecause of death. The aim of this study was to examine bone fracturing patterns of the victims, utilizing CT scans so as to diagnose the relationship between bone fracture and mortality. It also tested the accuracy and reliability of the perimortem trauma determinations in the forensic anthropological results.
Materials and Methods: The sample of this study consists of 30 cases of forensic significance, and includes 23 male and 7 female individuals who died from traumatic injuries between 20.02.2016 and 29.11.2017. The victims died from traffic accidents, fall from height, hanging and firearm. Gravely injured individuals underwent CT scanning in the national hospital prior to death except for one individual and bone fractures were located by using a 3D medical imaging program.
Results:1580 bones were analyzed and 242 bone fractures were located, independent to the autopsy findings. The results of the study indicated that 28 individuals died from blunt trauma and 2 individuals from gunshot trauma, the number of deaths for men was greater than for females, the highest mortality age range was between 21 and 30 years old and fatal bone fractures were mostly located on the head and chest.
Conclusion:Forensic anthropological analysis results were found to have a success rate of 90% (n=30/27) in determining the trauma type and ...
Trafik Kazası Sonrası Erektil Disfonksiyon Gelişen Olguya Adli Tıbbi Yaklaşım
Authors: Kaya Ahsen , Çelik Cemil , Güler Hülya , Şenol Ender
Published: March 2019

Erectile dysfunction is the inability to maintain or to obtain adequate erection for sexual intercourse. In this case report; it was aimed to evaluate erectile dysfunction which developed after a traffic accident due to multi-trauma and to contribute to the guideline for the evaluation of the crimes in forensic medicine.
Medical records included pelvic fractures, bladder and urethra ruptures as well as other injuries. Urology consultation was requested after the application of the case to our department. As a result of this, regarding the current findings, it was found that the case was not enough to perform erection in terms of organic aspects.
It was concluded that the trauma led to the permanent loss of one of the organs in terms of urology.The inclusion of the erectile dysfunction in the relevant guidelines under the heading of sexual dysfunctions is thought to be helpful in the process of forensic report-making.
Sivas İlinde Suça Sürüklenen Çocuk Olguların Sosyodemografik ve Klinik Özellikleri
Authors: Sarı Seda Aybüke , Çiçek Ayla Uzun , Bütün Celal , Yıldırım Ali
Published: March 2019

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the sociodemographic characteristics, types of crime and intelligence levels of delinquent children and to determine the reasons that push these children into crime.
Materials and Methods: The data of 86 cases who were referred to Cumhuriyet University pediatric and adolescent mental health and diseases outpatient clinic for forensic report by the judicial authorities between 01.01.2017-01.06.2018 were analyzed retrospectively. Age, gender, socioeconomic status, educational level, intelligence level and psychological diagnoses of children according to DSM-5; also, the characteristics of the crime and the results of the forensic reports were evaluated.
Results: 90.6% of the cases were male. The mean age at the time of the crime was 13.76 ± 0.89. Most of them were children of low- and middle-level families with low socioeconomic status. 72% of the cases did not have any mental illness. Conduct Disorder (CD) was the most common mental disorder. The majority of cases (82.5%) had normal intelligence. The most frequently committed crime was “theft” (50%). 30.2% of the cases had a history of recurrent crime. Only 25.5% of these cases had the ability to perceive the legal meaning and results of the act and to direct their behavior.
Conclusion: Juvenile delinquency is an increasing problem in our country. For this reason, it is important to determine the risk factors that lead children to commit crimes and to take necessary measures in this regard.
Retrospective Evaluation of Forensic Medicolegal Childhood Deaths Among Children Aged 0-6 Years
Authors: Yıldırım Ali , Polater Erdoğan , Bütün Celal
Published: March 2019

Objective:The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological pattern and characteristics of forensic cases resulting in death among children aged 0-6 years and to discuss the solution offers in order to prevent such events that may result in death in 0-6 years of childhood.
Materials and Methods:73 cases of medicolegal childhood death among children aged 0-6 years whose post-mortem examinations, dead body examinations and/or autopsies were performed at the morgue of the Cumhuriyet University Hospital in a 8-year period between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2016 were included in the study group and retrospectively analyzed. In all statistics, the SPSS v.20 statistical software was used, and a p value of <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. 
Results:The study included 73 forensic cases resulted in death whose dead body examinations and autopsies were performed. Of the cases, 52.1% (n:38) were female and 47.9% (n:35) were male.   When the age groups were compared, it was found that the highest mortality rate was in the 0-1 age group with 65.8%. When the manner of death was compared by age groups after autopsy and toxicology/histopathological examinations performed, it was found that the majority of deaths among children aged 0-1 years was due to sudden infant death syndrome with 35.4% (n:17), drowning in water was the most common cause of death between 2-3 years of age with 35% (n:7), followed by accidental deaths due to fall with 30% (n:6), and the deaths among children aged 4-6 years was due to traffic accident...
Cross-sectional study of the breastfeeding practices among women delivering in a tertiary care hospital in Puducherry, India
Authors: A. Kalaivani , D. Garg Manasi , Srinivasa Rao Majeti
Published: March 2019

Background: Global Public Health recommends that infants should receive only breastfeeding for first 6 months of life for their optimal growth and development. This study was done to find the rate of exclusive breast feeding and other feeding practices in children up to 6 months of age.Methods: A hospital based longitudinal study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for a period of one year. Data from 158 mothers who were admitted for safe confinement was collected using structured questionnaire which was administered at every monthly follow up visit following delivery till first six months. Data included socio-demographic factors, psychosocial factors, breastfeeding details, maternal and infant factors. Data was entered in MS-Excel and analysed on SPSS version 18 software.Results: About 82.9% mothers had the knowledge about benefits of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding was initiated within one hour in 74% babies but exclusive breastfeeding for first six months was given only in 42.4% babies. Pre-lacteal feeds were given only in 3.2% babies. Early complementary feeds were started in 57.6% predominantly with cereal based diet. Perceived insufficiency of milk (30.3%) was the major reason mentioned for starting early complementary feeds.Conclusions: There is a wide gap between the knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding. The importance of exclusive breastfeeding should be reinforced at every immunization visit so as to increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding.
Etiology, outcomes and co-morbidities among cerebral palsy children attending tertiary care hospital, India: a prospective study
Authors: Dushyanth Subramaniam N. , Jenifer Antony , Devi L. Uma , P. Suresh
Published: March 2019

Background: Cerebral palsy is the most common aetiology for motor dysfunction among children worldwide. It is associated with range of co-morbid conditions that affects the quality of life. Cerebral palsy has been studied extensively in western countries and there are only few articles available on epidemiological information in developing countries and low resource settings. This study focuses on the aetiology, risk factors, types and co-morbidities in cerebral palsy.Methods: Cerebral palsy children attending tertiary care hospital were prospectively recruited into the study. The study was conducted during January 2017 to July 2018. The cross-sectional study included complete prenatal, natal and postnatal history of the participants, BERA and Ophthalmological examinations were done.Results: One hundred and fifty children with cerebral palsy were enrolled. The mean age of participants were 36±30 months.  Male to female ratio was 2.19:1. The most common maternal risk factor among study participants was consanguinity in marriage (23.33%). 16% had prolonged labour and 10% had toxaemia during pregnancy. 47% of the children were born by institutional normal vaginal delivery. The most common neonatal risk factor was Birth Asphyxia (23%), low birth weight (20%) and neonatal sepsis (21%). 122 had spastic type of cerebral palsy. The most common morbidity associated with cerebral palsy was Gastro intestinal disturbances in 61% of the participants.Conclusions: History of prolonged labour and birth asphyxia were risk factors for cerebral palsy. Spastic CP is the most common type. Malnutrition, Gross Motor delay, Seizures, Mental retardation were the most common morbidities associated with CP.
Response to gluten free diet in sero-positive celiac disease children suffering from severe acute malnutrition in age group 1-5 years
Authors: Meena Mahendra , Meena Pradeep , Suman R. L. , Goyal Suresh
Published: March 2019

Background: Diagnosis of celiac disease in children suffering from severe acute malnutrition without duodenal biopsy or HLA typing is a dilemma. The objective of this study was to study the response to gluten free diet in sero-positive Celiac Disease children suffering from severe acute malnutrition in age group 1-5 years.Methods: This prospective, observational, hospital-based study was conducted at MTC of tertiary care medical college hospital of southern Rajasthan from Dec. 2017 to Nov. 2018. Total 110 children with SAM were enrolled and screened for celiac disease on the basis of tissue tTg-IgA/IgG serology. Seropositive cases were kept on gluten free diet for short period of time and observed for the resolution of symptoms and improvement in growth, monitored by anthropometry on discharge and follow up visit.Results: Mean weight gain (gm/kg/day) on follow up was 3.87±3.49 in seropositive and 1.88±3.79 in seronegative cases (P-value<0.05). Mean weight gain was 6.43±3.28gm/kg/day in only tTg-IgA positive and 3.04±2.95 gm/kg/day in only tTg-IgG positive cases (P-value-<0.05). The mean weight gain in strictly gluten free adherent sero-positive cases was 4.89±2.97 gm/kg/day while in gluten free non-adherent patients it was -0.49±1.70 (P-value <0.001). Mean weight gain in probable (tTg-Ig-A <10 times ULN) and presumptive (tTg-IgA >10 times ULN) Celiac disease were 3.44±3.73 and 5.44±3.78, respectively without statically significant difference (P-value >0.05).Conclusions: In situations where facility of duodenal biopsy and or HLA DQ2/DQ8 typing is not available, resolution of symptoms and improvement in growth on gluten free diet confirms the diagnosis of celiac disease.
Demographics and knowledge of cervical cancer of female civil servants in Delta State on Nigeria
Authors: Okwe Uchechukwuka Nnemdi , Chime Helen , Nwose Ezekiel Uba
Published: March 2019

Background: Delta state of Nigeria is a typical micro-world of multicultural values and religious beliefs as well as socioeconomic strata that could impact on the uptake of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination. Yet, the demographics of women in conjunction with knowledge and perception of cervical cancer screening have not been surveyed. This study aimed to assess the demographics of civil service women servants in Delta State and their knowledge regarding cervical cancer.Methods: The study was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey of female civil servants in the states’ capital city of Asaba. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on eight demographic factors (age, educational level, ethnicity, income level, marital status, number of children, religion and workplace); as well as information on knowledge of cervical. Percentage proportions of respondents were assessed for the eight demographic factors. Absolute frequencies of affirmative responses to the questions on knowledge were evaluation. Hypothesis was tested for statistical significance of the demographic variables.Results: Analysis of the respondents (N=285) show that virtually all participants have heard of cervical cancer and knows that sexual promiscuity is a risk of the health condition. Only less than 5% of them attribute healthcare workers as their source of knowledge. Except age and marital status, every demographic variable is significant (p<0.05).Conclusions: Demographics of women are significant in terms of potential factors that could influence the uptake of HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening.
Predictors of job motivation among doctors and nurses in a tertiary hospital in Sokoto, Nigeria
Authors: Kaoje Aminu U. , Magaji Bello A. , Raji Mansur O. , Oladigbolu Remi A. , Mohammed Mansur B. K. , Sani Mohammed , Yahya Zakeeyu B.
Published: March 2019

Background: Doctors and nurses are the largest and very important human resources for health within health service organizations; therefore their performance will impact the overall organizational performance. The study was aimed to assess the predictors of job motivation among Doctors and nurses of a tertiary hospital.Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 334 doctors and nurses. Multi-stage sampling method was used to select study respondents and self-administered questionnaires developed based on Maslow and Herzberg theories of motivation. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of job motivation. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.Results: The motivators were ranked in order of importance from achievement factors, remuneration, job attributes and co-workers. Linear regression revealed only respondents’ designation significantly predicted job attributes as a motivating factor. Doctors were less likely to be motivated by their job attributes compared with nurses (p=0.03). Sex (p=0.01) and holding managerial position (p=0.001) predicted remuneration as a motivating factor for doctors and nurses. Disaggregation by profession showed, only holding managerial position (p=0.02) predicted remuneration as a motivating factor for doctors while for nurses, predictors were sex (p=0.001) and holding managerial position (p=0.02). Co-workers as a motivating factor for all groups were predicted by holding managerial position (p=0.01) and designation (p=0.03).Conclusions: Motivation was influenced by both financial (remuneration) and non-financial incentives (achievements). Healthcare professionals tend to be motivated more by non-financial factors, implying that this should be a cogent strategy for effective employee management.
Internet addiction among engineering students in Belagavi city: cross sectional study
Authors: Kamate Ravikiran , Baliga Sulakshna , Mallapur M. D.
Published: March 2019

Background: Internet addiction is not clinical diagnosis, but a potentially pathological behavioral pattern with symptoms: a loss of control over the behavior, preoccupation with the Internet, using the Internet to modify mood, and withdrawal symptoms. Easy access and low cost of Internet packs- are main cause of development of increased internet use in India. Internet addiction – factors like gender, environmental factors, socioeconomic status, etc. have effect on internet use.Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted during January 2016 to February 2016. Data was collected among 500 engineering students of four engineering colleges of Belagavi city using young's questionnaire. Analysis was performed using SPS 20. Chi-square applied as statistical test of significance for the association between age, sex, residence, SES and schooling. P<0.01 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: The present study revealed that 16.2 and 6.2% of participants had moderate and severe form of internet addiction respectively. With increase in age prevalence of addiction increased. Internet addiction was more among Males when compared to females. Addiction was seen more in students whose both parents were working.Conclusions: Internet addiction is an emerging form of addiction among students with males more than females mostly among engineering students who are dependent on internet for their work, carrier and completion of course Hence it's time to develop comprehensive intervention approach to promote healthy and safe internet use from family, college and peers.
Preferential mode of zinc and adherence to treatment: zinc syrup or zinc tablet
Authors: Singh Om Prakash , Dutta Abhik , Sharma Sudeep
Published: March 2019

Background: Diarrhoea has evident itself among the leading causes of under-five childhood mortality globally as well as in India. Although the benefits of zinc supplementation in diarrhoea management have been established, there remain many barriers to the widespread implementation of this treatment strategy. In India, a very small proportion of children in need, 20 per cent in urban and merely 5 per cent in rural, have access to zinc supplementation. The study aimed to assess zinc adherence in the community and find out the preferential mode of zinc as tablet or syrup, to stick to the scheduled adherence.Methods: The proposed method of study is a simple household survey complimented by secondary research around the preference and usage of zinc and ORS among under five children, suffered from diarrhoea in the last 14 days preceding the survey date.Results: The study revealed that 95 per cent of the respondents preferred zinc syrup over zinc tablet for treatment of diarrhoea due to its ease to administer and palatable taste to children. Eighty nine per cent of the total urban and 62 per cent of total rural respondents received zinc in syrup form, indicating the preferred mode of zinc by service providers over tablets.Conclusions: It has been observed that the caregivers tend to give the complete dosage of zinc if it is available in the syrup form. However, it is important to generate evidence to understand the preferential mode of zinc; tablet or syrup in terms of administration of drug, its usage and its cost.
A descriptive study to understand how severity of symptoms after completion of treatment impact on the life of oral cancer patients
Authors: Goswami Sourav , Gupta Subodh Saran
Published: March 2019

Background: Oral cancer is a commonly occurring cancer among Indians, who are mostly habituated to chewing tobacco. It accounts for around 30–40% of all malignant tumors in India and has one of the lowest five years survival rates, as most of them are diagnosed in advanced stages. More so, after the treatment is completed, the patients’ still suffers from a number of symptoms, which are often not taken seriously. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of severity of symptomatology of oral cancer after completion of cancer treatment.Methods: EORTC (European organization for research and treatment of cancer) H and N 35 questionnaire (Marathi version) was used to assess the severity of clinical symptoms. 100 consecutive patients of oral cancer who had completed their treatment and came for follow up after 1 to 3 months of treatment completion were enrolled for the study after taking informed written consent. The study was initiated after obtaining ethical approval from the institutional ethics committee. Statistical analysis was done using R software.Results: Age of the patient, status of insurance, time gap between symptom onset and diagnosis, socio-economic status and stage of oral cancer were included in the final model of multivariate analysis. Time gap between symptom onset and diagnosis (in months) was also found to be associated significantly to head and neck symptoms. Participants from higher socio-economic status were found to have fewer head and neck symptoms and this association was found statistically significant.Conclusions: Assessment of severity of symptomatology should be routinely practiced among patients who had completed their treatment and come for follow up. This needs to be followed by guidance and individualized interventions for improving the quality of life of the treated patients.
Socio-cultural determinants of open defecation in rural households of Perambalur district, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Sinha Sati P.
Published: March 2019

Background: In many areas of the world, including India, open defecation still remains the predominant norm and poses one of the biggest threats to the health of the people particularly in rural areas.Objectives were to study the prevalence and socio-cultural determinants of open defecation in rural area of Perambalur district.Methods: The present cross-sectional was done in a three randomly selected villages falling under rural field practice area of Department of Community Medicine of Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital in Perambalur district (Tamil Nadu). Data was collected on 330 houses using pre-tested interview schedule developed using SBM-G questionnaire/schedule for ODF verification for household surveys which was modified for present study. Statistical analysis was done using Epi Info version 7 software.Results: Most (89.1%) of the study participants were above 30 years of age. Majority of respondents (39.4%) were illiterate. Prevalence of open defecation was 78.8%. Only 70 (21.2%) houses were using household sanitary latrines. Various reasons reported for open defecation were unawareness about availability of public latrine (41.5%), inadequate water (15.3%), insufficient space for latrine construction (16.9%), inadequate money (10%), considering open defecation better (16.6%) and caste based discrimination (0.4%). The study found sex, education and occupation of head of family to be significantly associated with open defecation.Conclusions: This study highlights the need for implementation well planned behavior change communication strategy to stop the menace of open defecation.
A study regarding availability and utilization of services of the government health facility in village Nagkalan, district Amritsar, Punjab
Authors: Bakshi Ritika , Singh Tejbir , Mahajan Sanjeev , Kaur Jasleen , Lal Mohan , Deepti Shyam Sunder
Published: March 2019

Background: Health care expenses induced impoverishment in the poverty stricken strata of rural India is a major issue. The government of India has come up with various services in public health facilities, but there are various factors which curtail the utilization of available services and people have to visit some private health facility. The present study deals with the extent of utilization of services of government health facility and the factors impeding the utilization.Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted in village Nagkalan, district Amritsar, where the eldest adult members present in the house at the time of the visit, and are interviewed using a semi-structured and predesigned questionnaire. A total of 1123 families were included in the final analysis. Data was compiled, analysed and valid conclusions drawn.Results: Almost all the respondents were aware about the existence of subsidiary health centre in the village. However, out of those who were aware, 40.8% never visited the centre. Utilization was more in the lower socio economic status. Immunization services followed by treatment for common ailments constituted the top two reasons for visiting the centre. Out of those visiting the centre, 80.7% were not satisfied with the current timings of the centre; only 20.2% were attended by the doctor and 33.3% reported that the prescribed medicines were never available at the centre.Conclusions: Regular supply of prescribed medicines, availability of the doctor and appropriate timings are critical for utilization of health care services at the government health facility.
Post exposure compliance of rabies vaccination among cases attending anti-rabies clinic at tertiary care centre, Rajasthan
Authors: Raj Dilip , Verma Mahendra Kumar , Sharma Dharmesh Kumar , Sharma Sudhakar , Yadav Munmun
Published: March 2019

Background: Rabies is one of the deadliest diseases of mankind, and has terrified since antiquity. It is 100 per cent fatal, however, 100% preventable. In India, rabies causes an estimated 20,565 deaths with 17.4 million exposures to animal bites, mainly dog bites, occurring every year. In India a person is bitten by an animal in every 2 seconds and someone dies from rabies every 30 second. Complete post-exposure prophylaxis is necessary among the animal bite cases for complete protection. Hence this study aims to determine the patient’s compliance for intradermal anti-rabies vaccination and also to determine the constraints for compliance.Methods: A retrospective record based study was conducted in the ARC of S.M.S.M.C, Jaipur where patients were provided intradermal rabies vaccination (updated Thai Red Cross regimen) for post-exposure prophylaxis. The records maintained at ARC-SMSMC under department of community medicine from March 2016- February 2017 were analysed. The total number of patients was 8873 from which 8590 subjects were recruited for the study after excluding category I cases, pre-exposure cases rat bite, human bite, re-exposure and pre-exposure cases. The major constraints were found out by interviewing the patient/guardian through the telephone.Results: The compliance rate for intradermal rabies vaccination (IDRV) is 81.87%. The major constraints were timings not convenient, personal or social workload, long distance from the hospital, forgotten the dates.Conclusions: The compliance rate for rabies vaccination is considerably low for this highly fatal disease. Considering these major constraint factors, the animal bite victims should be motivated effectively through health education at the time of initiation of vaccination course to attain the goal of rabies free India.
Cervical cancer: a hospital based KAP study among women aged 18 years and above in Northern India
Authors: Gupta Rajiv Kumar , Singh Parveen , Langer Bhavna , Kumari Rashmi , Sharma Pawan , Gupta Riya
Published: March 2019

Background: Cervical cancer is known for its late detection due to a variety of reasons chiefly lack of knowledge, undesirable attitudes and poor practices. Early screening and adequate knowledge about the disease remains the important safe guards against this disease. The study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the women aged 18 years and above regarding cervical cancer visiting a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: The present cross sectional hospital based study was conducted in Jammu city, Jammu and Kashmir, India. All the women aged 18 years and above visiting OPD of gynaecology-obstetrics department of Government Medical College Jammu and willing to participate were administered a pretested questionnaire to collect the relevant data.Results: It was found that 91.56% of the respondents had heard of cervical cancer with 83% reporting that it was both preventable as well as curable. Multiple sex partners were the most important risk factor identified. Among the attitudes, 62% agreed that screening was harmless to the client. Only one third knew about the availability of preventive vaccine. About 83.6% of them had never been screened by Pap smear. However willingness to get HPV vaccination was found to be high.Conclusions: Though knowledge among the respondents was found to be adequate but it lacked transformation into attitudes and practices. In this connection, authors recommend health promotion campaigns to educate women and the community about cervical cancer and its preventability through screening.
Etiological profile and clinical characteristics in fulminant hepatic failure in North India
Authors: Nabi Tauseef , Rafiq Nadeema , Arifa Quratul Ain
Published: March 2019

Background: Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare but severe, life-threatening, multisystemic medical emergency. ALF of duration <8 weeks in a patient is considered as fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Its rapid progression and high mortality demand early diagnosis and expert management. Clinical and etiological profile varies with geographical area and time. The objective of this prospective study was to determine the clinical characteristics and etiological profile of FHF.Methods: A total of eighty consecutive patients with a diagnosis of FHF were included in the study. The variables evaluated were demographic, signs and symptoms, biochemical parameters (bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), prothrombin time (PT), internal normalization ratio (INR) etc.) and etiological profile.Results: Most of the patients were <35 years of age and males. Viral hepatitis 35 (43.8%) was the most common cause of FHF but the majority of the patients 25 (31.2%) had undetermined etiology. Among viral causes, acute hepatitis E was most common followed by hepatitis B and A. Drug or toxic induced liver failure (18.8%) also contributed a significant proportion of cases. The three groups (viral, drug-induced and indeterminate) were comparable for the various baseline characteristics (bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, INR, creatinine, albumin, grade of encephalopathy, MELD score etc.).Conclusions: Like the rest of India, viral hepatitis was the common cause of FHF but the majority of the patients 25 (31.2%) had undetermined etiology. Our study highlights the differences in the profile of FHF from other earlier studies in India and the west. Each different etiology leads to a similar final common pathway. Trying to determine etiology is essential, however, as outcomes and the use of antidotes depend on the identification of the causative process.
Assessment of compliance with iron-folic acid therapy during pregnancy among postnatal mothers in a tertiary care centre, Mysuru
Authors: K. Manasa , S. G. Chandrakumar , B. Prashantha
Published: March 2019

Background: Anemia is a condition where the red blood cells and their capacity to carry oxygen is not adequate to meet the physiological needs. In pregnancy iron demand is high and loss of appetite can adversely affect this condition. So, guidelines to combat anemia has provisions to provide iron in the form of iron folic acid tablets to pregnant women during antenatal and postnatal care. But compliance is still low among pregnant women who needs attention.Methods: This study included 192 postnatal mothers in Cheluvamba hospital, Mysore. Details about socio-demographic factors and number of tablets taken during antenatal period were collected using proforma. Pregnant women who had taken less than hundred tablets during antenatal period were considered non-compliant.Results: The overall compliance to iron folic tablets was 71%. The factors which were independently associated with non-compliance are nuclear family, less number of antenatal visit, tablets from private source, and anemia in current pregnancy. The reasons for non-compliance among the pregnant women who were non-compliant were inadequate counselling by health care worker followed by side effects, cost of tablets, ignorance and fear of side effects.Conclusions: Family support, adequate counselling and continuous supply of tablets free of cost would increase the compliance to tablets among pregnant women.