bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promotoras Voice Their Challenges in Fulfilling Their Role as Community Health Workers
Authors: Orpinas Pamela , Matthew Rebecca A. , Alvarez-Hernandez Luis R. , Calva Alejandra , Bermúdez J. Maria
Published: May 2020

Promotoras de salud (Spanish for female community health workers) are integral to efforts to enhance the health and well-being of Latinx individuals, families, and communities. The purpose of this study was to describe the challenges that promotoras face and the proposed solutions from the perspective of the promotoras themselves. Five promotoras who worked for a year as volunteers in a community-based participatory research study, Lazos Hispanos, participated in two group interviews. Eight challenges emerged—balancing their new work with their family commitments, handling their perceived imbalance of power with men, managing the emotional impact of hearing participants’ problems, facing and handling the barriers imposed by having limited English language skills, feeling discouraged by the perception of ethnocentric beliefs and discrimination from some providers, feeling disheartened by the cultural beliefs of some Latinx participants, handling the lack of transportation for themselves and for the participants, and managing the burden of data collection for the research aspect of the program. The explanation of these challenges and the practical solutions they proposed are embedded in their intersecting identities. The solutions are a valuable addition to the practice of health promotion and community-based participatory research, particularly within Latinx communities.
Stromal Cell–Derived Factor-1 Plasmid Treatment for Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (STOP-PAD) Trial: Six-Month Results
Authors: Hammad Tarek A. , Rundback John , Bunte Matthew , Miller Leslie , Patel Parag D. , Sadanandan Saihari , Fitzgerald Michael , Pastore Joseph , Kashyap Vikram , Henry Timothy D. , Shishehbor Mehdi H.
Published: May 2020

Purpose: To present the 6-month results of the Stromal Cell–Derived Factor-1 Plasmid Treatment for Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease (STOP-PAD) trial. The trial was an attempt to alter the course of chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) with a biological agent vs placebo after successful arterial revascularization at or below the knee. Materials and Methods: The multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2B STOP-PAD trial ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02544204) randomized 109 patients (mean age 71 years; 68 men) with Rutherford category 5 or 6 CLTI and evidence of persistent impaired forefoot perfusion following recent successful revascularization to 8- (n=34) or 16-mg (n=36) intramuscular injections of a non-viral DNA plasmid–based treatment vs placebo (n=34). The primary efficacy outcome was the 6-month wound healing score evaluated by an independent wound core laboratory; the primary safety endpoint was major adverse limb events (MALE), a composite of major amputation plus clinically-driven target lesion revascularization at 6 months. Results: Only one-third of the patients had complete wound healing at 6 months in the placebo (31%), 8-mg injection (33%), and 16-mg injection (33%) groups. In addition, the observed increase in the toe-brachial index from baseline to 6 months was statistically significant in each group; however, this did not result in lower rates of MALE at 6 months (24% in the placebo, 29% in the 8-mg injection, and 11% in the 16-mg injection groups). During the 6-month period, 6 patients (6%) died, and 24 patients (23%) had an amputation [only 4 (4%) major]. Conclusion: Combining revascularization and biological therapy failed to improve outcomes in CLTI at 6 months. STOP-PAD has provided insights for future trials to evaluate biological therapy.
Optimal Vessel Sizing and Understanding Dissections in Infrapopliteal Interventions: Data From the iDissection Below the Knee Study
Authors: Shammas Nicolas W. , Shammas W. John , Jones-Miller Susan , Torey James T. , Armstrong Ehrin J. , Radaideh Qais , Shammas Gail A.
Published: May 2020

Purpose:

To investigate if imaging with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) yields a more accurate estimate of vessel diameter and the presence of dissections than angiography after intervention in the infrapopliteal arteries.

Materials and Methods:

A prospective, single-center study enrolled 20 consecutive patients (mean age 74.1±12.4 years; 12 women) with infrapopliteal disease who were treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA; n=10) or orbital atherectomy (OA) followed by PTA (n=10). The majority of patients were hypertensive and half were diabetic. The overall lesion length was 7.3±6.3 cm, and the diameter stenosis was 80.3%±22.1%. The baseline characteristics did not differ between the groups. Vessel diameters were measured using IVUS from the internal elastic lamina (IEL) to the IEL. IVUS was performed at baseline, post PTA or OA, and post OA+PTA. Quantitative vascular angiography (QVA) and IVUS were analyzed by a core laboratory. Dissections on cine images were categorized based on the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) classification, while the arc and depth were used to characterize dissections on IVUS images.

Results:

Mean vessel diameter by QVA was 2.9±0.6 vs 4.0±1.0 mm by IVUS according to the core laboratory (mean difference 1.1±0.9, p<0.001). On angiography, there were 7 dissections after PTA (6 C, 1 D), 1 dissection after OA (1 B), and 2 dissections after OA+PTA (1 A, 1 B; p=0.028 vs post PTA). IVUS uncovered 3.8 times more dissections than seen on angiography. There were 23 dissections after PTA (18 intima, 3 media, 2 adventitia), 12 dissections after OA (8 intima, 1 media, 3 adventitia), and 11 dissections following OA+PTA (7 intima, 1 media, 3 adventitia; p=0.425 vs PTA). Bailout stenting (all due to angiographic dissections ≥C) was necessary in 6 of the PTA cohort and none of the OA+PTA group.

Conclusion:

In addition to underestimating the infrapopliteal vessel diameter by ~25%, angiography underappreciated the presence and severity of post-intervention dissections vs IVUS, particularly in the OA+PTA group.
Perforator Free Flap Coverage of Chronic Lower Extremity Ulcers in Patients With Autoimmune Diseases Under Immunosuppression
Authors: Kim Sang Wha
Published: May 2020

Objectives. Lower extremity ulcers are quite common in patients with autoimmune diseases. Due to chronic use of immunosuppressants, these wounds may develop into deeper wounds resulting in exposure of bone or tendon, which in turn may require free tissue transfers for coverage. The author reviewed perforator free flap transfers performed in this group of patients and analyzed the results. Methods. A retrospective review was performed on all patients who underwent perforator free flap transfer for coverage of lower extremity ulcers without trauma, over a 10-year period. Patient demographics, administered immunosuppressants, and flap and donor site complications were analyzed. Results. Twenty-two perforator free flap transfers were performed in patients with autoimmune diseases, including 18 thoracodorsal perforator flaps, 2 anterolateral thigh flaps, and 2 deep inferior epigastric artery flaps. There was no total flap loss, but there was a high rate of partial flap necrosis (40.9%) and wound dehiscence (40.9%). Intake of corticosteroids was significantly associated with postoperative complications ( P < .05). Conclusion. As partial loss of flap and wound dehiscence is much more common in this group of patients, treatment may take longer, and a fully informed consent should be obtained preoperatively. Surgeons should not avoid performing perforator free flap transfers in patients with autoimmune diseases under immunosuppression; instead, much more preparation and caution are required.
Retrograde Recanalization of the Celiac Artery via the Pancreaticoduodenal Arcade as a Safe and Valid Alternative to Antegrade Access
Authors: Pedersoli Federico , Zimmermann Markus , Schulze-Hagen Maximilian , Sieben Paul , Barzakova Emona , Goerg Fabian , Keil Sebastian , Gombert Alexander , Kuhl Christiane K. , Isfort Peter , Bruners Philipp
Published: May 2020

Purpose:

The antegrade recanalization of an occlusion or high-grade stenosis of the celiac artery via the aorta often represents a technical challenge. A retrograde approach via the superior mesenteric artery and the pancreaticoduodenal arcade may be an alternative approach. Based on our experience, we assess the technical success and the short- and mid-term outcomes of this bailout procedure.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients who underwent recanalization and stent implantation in the celiac artery between January 2010 and December 2018. Data on vascular access, the materials used including stents, as well as the length of the intervention, radiation exposure, and follow-up were assessed.

Results:

Recanalization in combination with stent implantation into the celiac artery was performed in 43 patients. In 39 (91%) of 43 patients, the recanalization was successful with an antegrade approach via the aorta, whereas in 4 (9%) of 43 patients the passage of the stenosis was possible only through a retrograde approach through the superior mesenteric artery and the pancreaticoduodenal arcade followed be advancement of the microwire through the celiac artery into the aorta. The tip of the microwire was captured in the aorta with a snare and pulled out in the femoral introducer sheath and used as a guide for the antegrade implantation of a balloon-expandable stent.

Conclusions:

The retrograde recanalization of the celiac artery via the pancreaticoduodenal arcade may be technically challenging yet represents a feasible alternative in case of a failed antegrade approach.
Habituation of P300 in the Use of P300-based Brain-Computer Interface Spellers: Individuals With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Versus Age-Matched Controls
Authors: Yu Xiaoqian , da Silva-Sauer Leandro , Donchin Emanuel
Published: May 2020

The P300-based brain-computer interface speller can provide motor independent communication to individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor system. P300 amplitude stability is critical for operation of the P300 speller. The P300 has good long-term stability, but to our knowledge, short-term habituation in the P300 speller has not been studied. In the current study, 15 participants: 8 ALS patients and 7 age-matched healthy volunteers (HVs), used 2 versions of P300 spellers, Face speller and Flash speller, each for 30 minutes. The ALS group performed as well as the HVs in both spellers and HVs did better with the Face speller than Flash speller while the ALS group performed equally well in both spellers. Neither intra-run P300 habituation nor inter-run P300 habituation was found. The P300 speller could be a reliable communication device for individuals with ALS.
The Effect of Exposure to Bisphenol A on Spermatozoon and the Expression of Tight Junction Protein Occludin in Male Mice
Authors: Cao Tingshuai , Cao Yuanchao , Wang Hongqiang , Wang Peitao , Wang Xinsheng , Niu Haitao , Shao Cuihua
Published: May 2020

Although bisphenol A (BPA) has been associated with impaired spermatogenesis, the mechanisms remain unclear. Tight junction occludin plays important roles in spermatogenesis. The objective of the present study was to explore the effects of BPA exposure in adolescent mice. Male mice were orally treated with low-dose (0.05 mg/kg/d), middle-dose (5.0 mg/kg/d), or high-dose (50 mg/kg/d) BPA in corn oil from postnatal day (PND) 35 to 65. Animals were killed on PND 65 and PND 125. On PND 65, the sperm count, sperm motility, and the expression of occludin showed a dose-related decline. On PND 125, the sperm count, sperm motility, and the expression of occludin were in recovery. However, there remained significant decreases in these parameters in the 50 mg/kg/d group on PND 125 compared with the control. The dose-related effects on the measured parameters and occludin expression suggest an early suppressive or damaging effect on the blood–testis barrier followed by recovery after dosing ceased. At a BPA dose of 50 mg/kg/d, recovery did not occur, suggesting that higher doses of BPA may cause irreversible damage to reproduction in male mice.
Novel SCN9A missense mutations contribute to congenital insensitivity to pain: Unexpected correlation between electrophysiological characterization and clinical phenotype
Authors: Sun Jiaoli , Li Lulu , Yang Luyao , Duan Guangyou , Ma Tingbin , Li Ningbo , Liu Yi , Yao Jing , Liu Jing Yu , Zhang Xianwei
Published: May 2020

Congenital insensitivity to pain (OMIM 243000) is an extremely rare disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in SCN9A encoding Nav1.7. Although the SCN9A mutations and phenotypes of painlessness and anosmia/hyposmia in patients are previously well documented, the complex relationship between genotype and phenotype of congenital insensitivity to pain remains unclear. Here, we report a congenital insensitivity to pain patient with novel SCN9A mutations. Functional significance of novel SCN9A mutations was assessed in HEK293 cells expressing Nav1.7, the results showed that p.Arg99His significantly decreased current density and reduced total Nav1.7 protein levels, whereas p.Trp917Gly almost abolished Nav1.7 sodium current without affecting its protein expression. These revealed that mutations in Nav1.7 in this congenital insensitivity to pain patient still retained partial channel function, but the patient showed completely painlessness, the unexpected genotypic-phenotypic relationship of SCN9A mutations in our patient may challenge the previous findings “Nav1.7 total loss-of-function leads to painlessness.” Additionally, these findings are helpful for understanding the critical amino acid for maintaining function of Nav1.7, thus contributing to the development of Nav1.7-targeted analgesics.
Developmental trajectories of metacognitive processing and executive function from childhood to older age
Authors: Filippi Roberto , Ceccolini Andrea , Periche-Tomas Eva , Bright Peter
Published: May 2020

The modern understanding of the term metacognition encompasses two levels of processing: a lower level awareness or knowledge of one’s own thoughts and a higher level regulation or control of our thinking. Metacognition, therefore, bears conceptual similarity with executive function: both are concerned with top-down monitoring and control of cognition in the service of ongoing goal-directed behaviour. Previous studies have shown a possible executive function advantage in multilingual speakers but also a possible disadvantage in metacognitive processing. To progress theory on metacognitive processing and the relationship with executive function and linguistic experience across the lifespan, we conducted a study testing 330 healthy individuals in four age groups from 7 to 80 years old. All participants performed a metacognition task and two measures of executive function, which included the Simon task and the Tower of London task. Half the participants were multilingual speakers since birth. We built developmental trajectories of metacognitive and executive function across the lifespan. The best metacognitive efficiency was observed in mid-adulthood, whereas the best executive function processing reached its peak in young adulthood. A steep cognitive decline was observed in older age, while metacognitive efficiency was preserved. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that metacognition and executive function are served by different factors across all ages. Contrary to previous findings in the bilingual literature, a multilinguistic experience conferred neither any significant advantage nor disadvantage in both executive function and metacognitive processing across the lifespan.
A four-coordinate Cu(I)–N-heterocyclic carbene complex: Synthesis, structure, properties, and application in amination for the synthesis of 1-(2-N-heteroaryl)-1H-pyrazoles
Authors: Xu Chen , Li Hong-Mei , Wang Zhi-Qiang , Fu Wei-Jun
Published: May 2020

A new luminescent, cationic, heteroleptic, four-coordinate Cu(I)– N-heterocyclic carbene complex [Cu(Br-Pyim)(POP)](PF6) is successfully prepared and characterized, where Br-Pyim and POP are 1-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)imidazole-3-benzyl-2-ylidene and bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether, respectively. Its detailed structure is determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. It exists as a crystalline powder at room temperature and exhibits bright yellow-green emission. The use of the Cu(I)– N-heterocyclic carbene complex as a catalyst for amination reactions is also investigated and is found to be very efficient for the amination of 2- N-heteroaryl chlorides with pyrazoles, giving the desired substituted 1-(2- N-heteroaryl)-1 H-pyrazoles in good yields.
Optical evaluation: the crux for effective management of colorectal neoplasia
Authors: Shahidi Neal , Vosko Sergei , van Hattem W. Arnout , Sidhu Mayenaaz , Bourke Michael J.
Published: May 2020

Advances in minimally invasive tissue resection techniques now allow for the majority of early colorectal neoplasia to be managed endoscopically. To optimize their respective risk–benefit profiles, and, therefore, appropriately select between endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection, and surgery, the endoscopist must accurately predict the risk of submucosal invasive cancer and estimate depth of invasion. Herein, we discuss the evidence and our approach for optical evaluation of large (⩾ 20 mm) colorectal laterally spreading lesions.
The rise of a new tourism destination: How did Vladivostok become the closest Europe for Korean tourists?
Authors: Kim Beomsoo , Kim Jurak
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the emergence of Vladivostok, Russia, as a new tourism destination for Koreans from the perspective of a social construction of space. This study analyzed the process using two axes, one representing the discourse of development as a pull factor and the other representing the discourse of a region as a push factor. Vladivostok established a physical and institutional foundation to evolve into a new destination through investments by the Russian Far East development project beginning in the mid-2000s. Also pivotal were two bilateral agreements between Korea and Russia: the Open Skies Agreement (2012) and the Visa Waiver Agreement (2014). Vladivostok, with these practices, was advertised as a tourism destination through Korean travel agencies that realized the area’s potential after those changes. The promoted image of Vladivostok as “the closest European city to Korea” was reinforced socially through frequent exposure on reality television programs. By satisfying the expectations of tourists seeking new and unique places to visit, Vladivostok became a popular destination. This is how a place that was once perceived negatively develops a new image through changes in policy, institutional practices, and a revised sociocultural gaze, thereby revealing that the destination is socially constructed.
Application of flow diverters in the treatment of aneurysms in the internal carotid artery bifurcation region
Authors: Mahmoud Mostafa , Farag Ahmed , Farid Mostafa , Elserwi Ahmed , Abdelsamad Amr , Guergues Wessam , Hassan Farouk
Published: May 2020

Introduction

The treatment of aneurysms in the internal carotid bifurcation region (ICABR), including aneurysms of the true internal carotid artery (ICA) terminus, those inclined on the proximal A1 or M1 segments or at the most distal pre-bifurcation (ICA) segment, is often challenging in microsurgical clipping and endovascular surgery. Few reports had discussed flow diversion as a therapeutic option for this group.

Methods

This was a retrospective study analysing flow diversion in treating ICABR aneurysms. Seven patients harbouring eight aneurysms in the ICABR were treated with flow diversion. Five aneurysms were inclined on the proximal A1 segment, and three were located at the most distal pre-bifurcation segment. Patients’ demographics, presentation, procedure technical description, angiographic and clinical follow-up were recorded. PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE were also reviewed for articles published in English, including case series or case reports, for ICABR aneurysms treated with flow diverters.

Results

All patients except one underwent angiographic follow-up. The Karman–Byrne occlusion scale was used to determine the occlusion rate. All six patients with documented angiographic follow-up had a class IV occlusion score. No permanent or transient neurological or non-neurological complications were encountered in this study.

Conclusion

Treating ICABR aneurysms using flow diversion is feasible, with a promising angiographic occlusion rate. Further studies are needed to analyse long-term clinical and angiographic results.
A case of sporotrichosis infection mimicking pyoderma gangrenosum and the role of tissue culture in diagnosis: A case report
Authors: Tai Felicia , Jakubovic Henry , Alabdulrazzaq Shaikhah , Alavi Afsaneh
Published: May 2020

Sporotrichosis infections may cause cutaneous lesions mimicking other infectious or non-infectious causes such as pyoderma gangrenosum. We present a case of cutaneous sporotrichosis misdiagnosed as pyoderma gangrenosum and treated with immunosuppressants for 17 months leading to exacerbation and atypical morphology mimicking Histoplasma organisms on biopsy. Exclusion of infection prior to diagnosing pyoderma gangrenosum is important to prevent iatrogenic immunosuppression, demonstrating the challenges with application of the updated pyoderma gangrenosum diagnostic criteria.
Determinants of Poor Glycemic Control in Patients with Kidney Transplants: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study in Canada
Authors: Chan Chun Kong Daniel , Akbari Ayub , Malcolm Janine , Doyle Mary-Anne , Hoar Stephanie
Published: May 2020

Background:

Kidney transplant immunosuppressive medications are known to impair glucose metabolism, causing worsened glycemic control in patients with pre-transplant diabetes mellitus (PrTDM) and new onset of diabetes after transplant (NODAT).

Objectives:

To determine the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of both PrTDM and NODAT patients.

Design:

This is a single-center retrospective observational cohort study.

Setting:

The Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada.

Participant:

A total of 132 adult (>18 years) kidney transplant patients from 2013 to 2015 were retrospectively followed 3 years post-transplant.

Measurements:

Patient characteristics, transplant information, pre- and post-transplant HbA1C and random glucose, follow-up appointments, complications, and readmissions.

Methods:

We looked at the prevalence of poor glycemic control (HbA1c >8.5%) in the PrTDM group before and after transplant and compared the prevalence, follow-up appointments, and rate of complications and readmission rates in both the PrTDM and NODAT groups. We determined the risk factors of developing poor glycemic control in PrTDM patients and NODAT. Student t-test was used to compare means, chi-squared test was used to compare percentages, and univariate analysis to determine risk factors was performed by logistical regression.

Results:

A total of 42 patients (31.8%) had PrTDM and 12 patients (13.3%) developed NODAT. Poor glycemic control (HbA1c >8.5%) was more prevalent in the PrTDM (76.4%) patients compared to those with NODAT (16.7%; P < .01). PrTDM patients were more likely to receive follow-up with an endocrinologist ( P < .01) and diabetes nurse ( P < .01) compared to those with NODAT. There were no differences in the complication and readmission rates for PrTDM and NODAT patients. Receiving a transplant from a deceased donor was associated with having poor glycemic control, odds ratio (OR) = 3.34, confidence interval (CI = 1.08, 10.4), P = .04. Both patient age, OR = 1.07, CI (1.02, 1.3), P < .01, and peritoneal dialysis prior to transplant, OR = 4.57, CI (1.28, 16.3), P = .02, were associated with NODAT.

Limitations:

Our study was limited by our small sample size. We also could not account for any diabetes screening performed outside of our center or follow-up appointments with family physicians or community endocrinologists.

Conclusion:

Poor glycemic control is common in the kidney transplant population. Glycemic targets for patients with PrTDM are not being met in our center and our study highlights the gap in the literature focusing on the prevalence and outcomes of poor glycemic control in these patients. Closer follow-up and attention may be needed for those who are at risk for worse glycemic control, which include older patients, those who received a deceased donor kidney, and/or prior peritoneal dialysis.
PRAJA: A Customary Village Council of the Pangwala of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Kapoor Karan , Mehta Jagriti , Sinha A. K. , Sahani Ramesh
Published: May 2020

Customary village councils are pre-democratic informal councils found in almost every tribal village in India. Praja is one such customary village council, yet unique in its own terms and is found in villages of Pangi tehsil of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. It owes its uniqueness to its geographical conditions. This article discusses about the Praja and the role it plays in the lives of the Pangwala. Praja is a social organisation which works in a close relation with the other units of the Pangwala society. Pangi’s rough geographical conditions like rugged topography and harsh climate, and lack of contact with other areas in earlier times led to formation of Praja, whose function was to deal with socio-cultural, developmental and legal matters. However, with time it became quasi-judicial in nature. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it is an apolitical organisation. Though changes have been observed in Praja’ s role, it is still the supreme body responsible for social solidarity of the Pangwala.
Bonding integrity and compressive strength of re-bonded, surface conditioned and Er Cr YSGG laser treated lithium disilicate ceramics
Authors: Albaker Abdulaziz M. , Al Deeb Laila , Alhenaki Aasem M , Aldeeb Modhi , Al Ahdal Khold , Abduljabbar Tariq , Vohra Fahim
Published: May 2020

Aim:

The aim of the study was to investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) and compressive strength (CS) of Er Cr YSGG laser (ECL) treated, re-bonded lithium disilicate (LD) ceramic in comparison to standard conventional conditioning (hydrofluoric acid (HFA) and silane).

Methods:

One hundred LD ceramic disks were divided equally for SBS and CS testing. Eighty samples were conventionally surface treated and bonded to resin cement followed by de-bonding of the cement build-up. All de-bonded specimens were divided into four groups based on re-bonding surface treatments (HFA, primer, adhesive, and ECL). Resin cement build-ups were performed in 40 specimens for SBS testing (universal testing machine); however, the remaining 40 specimens were tested for CS. Ten specimens each were used as controls (surface treatment was performed once and no primary resin cement bonding) for SBS and CS assessment. Surface topography was assessed using a scanning electron microscope.

Results:

The maximum and minimum SBS values were shown by groups: control (33.42 ± 3.28 megapascals (MPa)); and ECL (17.50 ± 2.22 MPa) respectively. The maximum and minimum CSs were displayed by specimens in the ECL group (439.45 ± 70.68 MPa) and the control group (237.28 ± 19.96 MPa), respectively. For ECL specimens, SBS was significantly lower and CS was significantly higher as compared to control specimens.

Conclusions:

Application of the Er Cr YSGG laser significantly improved the CS of de-bonded ceramic specimens. However, it did not show a positive influence on the bond integrity of re-bonded ceramics in comparison to conventional surface treatment regimes.
Emerging Opportunities Provided by Technology to Advance Research in Child Health Globally
Authors: van Heerden Alastair , Leppanen Jukka , Rotheram-Borus Mary Jane , Worthman Carol M. , Kohrt Brandon A. , Skeen Sarah , Giese Sonja , Hughes Rob , Bohmer Lisa , Tomlinson Mark
Published: May 2020

Current approaches to longitudinal assessment of children’s developmental and psychological well-being, as mandated in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, are expensive and time consuming. Substantive understanding of global progress toward these goals will require a suite of new robust, cost-effective research tools designed to assess key developmental processes in diverse settings. While first steps have been taken toward this end through efforts such as the National Institutes of Health’s Toolbox, experience-near approaches including naturalistic observation have remained too costly and time consuming to scale to the population level. This perspective presents 4 emerging technologies with high potential for advancing the field of child health and development research, namely (1) affective computing, (2) ubiquitous computing, (3) eye tracking, and (4) machine learning. By drawing attention of scientists, policy makers, investors/funders, and the media to the applications and potential risks of these emerging opportunities, we hope to inspire a fresh wave of innovation and new solutions to the global challenges faced by children and their families.
Marking time on the way to democracy in Ukraine: A causal layered analysis
Authors: Turchyn Yaryna , Sukhorolskyi Petro , Sukhorolska Iryna
Published: May 2020

The establishment of a democratic political system has been declared as one of the main priorities of Ukraine since gaining independence in 1991. Yet, three decades on, Ukraine’s democracy remains ineffective and superficial. It is thus productive—and apposite—to seek an alternative method for studying such a complicated and multidimensional problem. This article employs “causal layered analysis” (CLA), developed in Futures Studies to gain additional insight into the reasons for Ukraine’s incomplete and halting democratization. CLA aims to get to the underlying causes of problems and involves analysis at four “layers”: litany, system, worldview, and myth/metaphor. As we demonstrate here, this method can be fruitfully applied to better understand Ukraine’s democratization—or, rather, its lack of it. At the layer of litany, the main facts and data concerning democracy in Ukraine are summarized. The second—systemic layer—is related to the study of democratic transition based on the approaches of various academic disciplines and theories. The research at the third layer is concerned with interpretation of the problem within the framework of five worldviews. At the deepest layer, we identify and characterize some of the myths underlying the aforementioned worldviews. Based on these analyses, key problems are identified and prospects for the future democratization of Ukraine are outlined.
Judging severity of unethical workplace behavior: Attractiveness and gender as status characteristics
Authors: Klein Galit , Shtudiner Zeev
Published: May 2020

This research focuses on the role of gender and physical attractiveness in judging severity of unethical workplace behavior. Scenarios with possible ethical dilemmas (commonly referred to as “gray areas” of behavior) were displayed to 4,483 subjects. Our findings show that “gray area” behavior was evaluated as more ethical if performed by male employees compared with women. We also found that attractiveness moderated the connection between gender and tolerance toward unethical work behavior. People judge more severely the same unethical action by plain-looking employees rather than attractive-looking employees, in accordance with the attractiveness-leniency effect—but only for women perpetrators. The physical attributes of men were not found to be relevant. We explore a number of explanations for this discrimination based on Expectation States Theory and Social Role Theory.

JEL CLASSIFICATION: C91; J71.
Predicting cycling volumes using crowdsourced activity data
Authors: Livingston Mark , McArthur David , Hong Jinhyun , English Kirstie
Published: May 2020

Planning for cycling is often made difficult by the lack of detailed information about when and where cycling takes place. Many have seen the arrival of new forms of data such as crowdsourced data as a potential saviour. One of the key challenges posed by these data forms is understanding how representative they are of the population. To address this challenge, a limited number of studies have compared crowdsourced cycling data to ground truth counts. In general, they have found a high correlation over the long run but with limited geographic coverage, and with counters placed on routes already known to be popular with cyclists. Little is known about the relationship between cyclists present in crowdsourced data and cyclists in manual counts over shorter periods of time and on non-arterial routes. We fill this gap by comparing multi-year crowdsourced data to manual cyclist counts from a cordon count in Scotland’s largest city, Glasgow. Using regression techniques, we estimate models that can be used to adjust the crowdsourced data to predict total cycling volumes. We find that the order of magnitude can be predicted but that the predictions lack the precision that may be required for some applications.
The diversity of divestment in Singapore: Junk commodities, charity gifts, and recycling bins
Authors: Ong Corinne , Fearnley Lyle , Chia Siow Boon
Published: May 2020

National and municipal recycling programmes are typically premised on their ability to reduce waste disposed in the landfill. However, a much wider variety of waste divestment conduits – such as trading with informal junk traders, making donations to charity, passing on items to family and friends – co-exist in many urban waste management landscapes. In this paper, we explore the cultures and economies of informal waste divestment practices in Singapore, in relation to the National Recycling Programme implemented by the government. We argue that one reason for the limited performance of the National Recycling Programme is because it reduces a relationship of (commodity) exchange or gift among persons, to an act of disposal in an impersonal recycling bin. Drawing on quantitatively and qualitatively obtained empirical data, we identify three frequently used conduits of divestment – junk traders, charity donations, and transfers to family and friends – that render radically different social meanings to divestment. While junk traders transform unwanted things into commodities, donations to charity, family, and friends transform unwanted things into gifts – creating rich ‘ regimes of value’ that perpetuate a thing’s career. Hence, the complexity of people’s relationships to material objects helps keep things out of the general waste stream. We challenge if this complexity should be reduced by ordering and governing household practices to fit into complicated long-distance infrastructures, such as the recycling system.
The Methodology/Theory Interface: Ethnography and the Microfoundations of Institutions
Authors: Zilber Tammar B.
Published: May 2020

I explore the interrelations between methodology and theory by examining how specific research strategies afford specific lines of theorizing. My case study is recent studies in which scholars applied ethnography to examine the microfoundations of institutions. I show how ethnography – a research method designed to study actions, interactions, and the fine details of the here and now as these are articulated in the context of shared cultural meanings – was deployed through four different research strategies, including (a) zooming-in on micro-dynamics of a documented macro process; (b) exploring the micro patterns of an institutional problematics; (c) focusing on pivotal institutional moments; and (d) inquiring into micro-dynamics in specific institutional locations. Each of these research strategies affords specific ways to theorize the connections between the micro and macro in institutional processes. My exploration may serve as a road map for the ethnographic study of institutions’ microfoundations and other macro phenomena, as explicating the theoretical affordances of research strategies may help researchers in making more informed choices about the method/theory interface. More generally, it highlights the need – well established yet often neglected – to explore more deeply the interplay between method and theory, and how seemingly technical methodological choices bear profound theoretical implications, both for each study and for the discipline as a whole.
High rates of venous and arterial thrombotic events in patients with POEMS syndrome: results from the UCLH (UK) POEMS Registry
Authors: Sayar Zara , Weatherill Anna , Keddie Stephen , Sive Jonathan , Lunn Michael P. , Thomas Mari , D’Sa Shirley
Published: May 2020

Arterial and venous thromboses occur in patients with POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein level, and skin changes) syndrome at a previously reported rate of 20%. We reviewed the University College London Hospitals (UCLH) POEMS Registry to determine the rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE), arterial events, and risk factors. This registry, established in 1999 and comprising 103 patients at the time of this study, is the largest single-center cohort in Europe. Of the 83 assessable patients, median age at presentation was 52 years (range, 31-84). Twenty-five patients experienced clinically apparent arterial or venous events, and 2 had concurrent arterial and venous thromboses. Eleven patients had VTEs, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT; 3 of 11), pulmonary embolism (4 of 11), and peripherally inserted central catheter–associated DVT, which occurred during autologous stem cell transplantation (3 of 11). Sixteen patients experienced arterial events: stroke (7 of 16), peripheral arterial occlusion (5 of 16), myocardial infarction (3 of 16), and microvascular disease (1 of 16), with no discernible relationship with thrombocytosis or polycythemia. Thirty percent of POEMS patients have arterial and venous thromboses, higher than previously reported. There were more arterial than venous events, and most occurred during active disease, before the start of chemotherapy, indicating the need for a preemptive approach to thromboprophylaxis.
Binder-Free Electrodes and Their Application for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kang Yuqiong , Deng Changjian , Chen Yuqing , Liu Xinyi , Liang Zheng , Li Tao , Hu Quan , Zhao Yun
Published: May 2020

Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) as energy supply and storage systems have been widely used in electronics, electric vehicles, and utility grids. However, there is an increasing demand to enhance the energy density of LIB. Therefore, the development of new electrode materials with high energy density becomes significant. Although many novel materials have been discovered, issues remain as (1) the weak interaction and interface problem between the binder and the active material (metal oxide, Si, Li, S, etc.), (2) large volume change, (3) low ion/electron conductivity, and (4) self-aggregation of active materials during charge and discharge processes. Currently, the binder-free electrode serves as a promising candidate to address the issues above. Firstly, the interface problem of the binder and active materials can be solved by fixing the active material directly to the conductive substrate. Secondly, the large volume expansion of active materials can be accommodated by the porosity of the binder-free electrode. Thirdly, the ion and electron conductivity can be enhanced by the close contact between the conductive substrate and the active material. Therefore, the binder-free electrode generally exhibits excellent electrochemical performances. The traditional manufacture process contains electrochemically inactive binders and conductive materials, which reduces the specific capacity and energy density of the active materials. When the binder and the conductive material are eliminated, the energy density of the battery can be largely improved. This review presents the preparation, application, and outlook of binder-free electrodes. First, different conductive substrates are introduced, which serve as carriers for the active materials. It is followed by the binder-free electrode fabrication method from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, and electricity. Subsequently, the application of the binder-free electrode in the field of the flexible battery is presented. Finally, the outlook in terms of these processing methods and the applications are provided.
Metabolic diversity and co-occurrence of multiple Ferrovum species at an acid mine drainage site
Authors: Grettenberger Christen L. , Havig Jeff R. , Hamilton Trinity L.
Published: May 2020

Background

Ferrovum spp. are abundant in acid mine drainage sites globally where they play an important role in biogeochemical cycling. All known taxa in this genus are Fe(II) oxidizers. Thus, co-occurring members of the genus could be competitors within the same environment. However, we found multiple, co-occurring Ferrovum spp. in Cabin Branch, an acid mine drainage site in the Daniel Boone National Forest, KY.

Results

Here we describe the distribution of Ferrovum spp. within the Cabin Branch communities and metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) of two new Ferrovum spp. In contrast to previous studies, we recovered multiple 16S rRNA gene sequence variants suggesting the commonly used 97% cutoff may not be appropriate to differentiate Ferrovum spp. We also retrieved two nearly-complete Ferrovum spp. genomes from metagenomic data. The genomes of these taxa differ in several key ways relating to nutrient cycling, motility, and chemotaxis.

Conclusions

Previously reported Ferrovum genomes are also diverse with respect to these categories suggesting that the genus Ferrovum contains substantial metabolic diversity. This diversity likely explains how the members of this genus successfully co-occur in Cabin Branch and why Ferrovum spp. are abundant across geochemical gradients.
Cannabis use is associated with a small increase in the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a retrospective machine-learning causal analysis
Authors: Suhre Wendy , O’Reilly-Shah Vikas , Van Cleve Wil
Published: May 2020

Background

Cannabis legalization may contribute to an increased frequency of chronic use among patients presenting for surgery. At present, it is unknown whether chronic cannabis use modifies the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV).

Methods

This study was a retrospective cohort study conducted at 2 academic medical centers. Twenty-seven thousand three hundred eighty-eight adult ASA 1–3 patients having general anesthesia for non-obstetric, non-cardiac procedures and receiving postoperative care in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) were analyzed in the main dataset, and 16,245 patients in the external validation dataset. The main predictor was patient reported use of cannabis in any form collected during pre-anesthesia evaluation and recorded in the chart. The primary outcome was documented PONV of any severity prior to PACU discharge, including administration of rescue medications in PACU. Relevant clinical covariates (risk factors for PONV, surgical characteristics, administered prophylactic antiemetic drugs) were also recorded.

Results

10.0% of patients in the analytic dataset endorsed chronic cannabis use. Using Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART), we estimated that the relative risk for PONV associated with daily cannabis use was 1.19 (95 CI% 1.00–1.45). The absolute marginal increase in risk of PONV associated with daily cannabis use was 3.3% (95% CI 0.4–6.4%). We observed a lesser association between current, non-daily use of cannabis (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.94–1.21). An internal validation analysis conducted using propensity score adjustment and Bayesian logistic modeling indicated a similar size and magnitude of the association between cannabis use and PONV (OR 1.15, 90% CI 0.98–1.33). As an external validation, we used data from another hospital in our care system to create an independent model that demonstrated essentially identical associations between cannabis use and PONV.

Conclusions

Cannabis use is associated with an increased relative risk and a small increase in the marginal probability of PONV.
Differences in metabolic profiles between bicuspid and tricuspid aortic stenosis in the setting of transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Xiong Tian-Yuan , Liu Chang , Liao Yan-Biao , Zheng Wen , Li Yi-Jian , Li Xi , Ou Yuanweixiang , Wang Zi-Jie , Wang Xi , Li Chang-Ming , Zhao Zhen-Gang , Feng Yuan , Liu Xiao-Jing , Chen Mao
Published: May 2020

Background

To explore why bicuspid aortic stenosis has certain clinical differences from the tricuspid morphology, we evaluated the metabolomics profile involved in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) aortic stenosis prior to and after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in comparison with tricuspid aortic valve (TAV).

Methods

In this TAVR cohort with prospectively collected data, blood samples were obtained before TAVR valve deployment and at the 7th day after TAVR, which were then sent for liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection. Besides comparisons between BAV and TAV, BAV patients were also divided in subgroups according to baseline hemodynamics (i.e. maximal transaortic velocity, Vmax) and post-procedural reverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling (i.e. the change in LV mass index from baseline, ∆LVMI) for further analysis. Metabolic differences between groups were identified by integrating univariate test, multivariate analysis and weighted correlation network analysis algorithm.

Results

A total of 57 patients were enrolled including 33 BAV patients. The BAV group showed lower arginine and proline metabolism both before and post TAVR than TAV represented by decreased expression of L-Glutamine. In BAV subgroup analysis, patients with baseline Vmax > 5 m/s (n = 11) or the 4th quartile of change in ∆LVMI at one-year follow-up (i.e. poorly-recovered LV, n = 8) showed elevated arachidonic acid metabolism compared with Vmax < 4.5 m/s (n = 12) or the 1st quartile of ∆LVMI (i.e. well-recovered LV, n = 8) respectively.

Conclusions

Difference in arginine and proline metabolism was identified between BAV and TAV in TAVR recipients. Elevated arachidonic acid metabolism may reflect more severe baseline hemodynamics and worse LV reserve remodeling after TAVR in BAV.