bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of unfractionated heparin therapy for venous thromboembolism using adjusted body weight in elderly or higher weight patients
Authors: Hopkins Arielle J. , Chau Terence , Pullinger Benjamin , Kim Sungwook , Delic Justin J. , Igneri Lauren A. , Kim Soyoung
Published: December 2024

The use of weight-based unfractionated heparin (UFH) infusions is the standard of care in hospital management of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Initial dosing strategies for UFH in older adults and higher body weight patients remain uncertain given differences in pharmacokinetics and concerns for over-anticoagulation. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, pre-post study involving older adults aged ≥ 65 years and patients weighing ≥ 100 kg with suspected or confirmed VTE to determine if the use of adjusted body weight (AdjBW)-based UFH regimens improves time to therapeutic anti-Xa levels compared to total body weight (TBW)-based regimens Patients received weight-based UFH infusions, dosed according to either TBW or AdjBW, to target a therapeutic anti-Xa level. Each cohort consisted of 40 patients, stratified by whether they met age or weight criteria to ensure equal representation of elderly and higher body weight patients between cohorts. The median time to therapeutic anti-Xa levels was shorter in the AdjBW group compared to the TBW group (13.6 h versus 20.9 h; point estimate 5.3 h (95% CI 0.2 to 9.9)). This finding was driven by those aged ≥ 65 years and those who received a bolus dose at the start of the infusion. Among older adults and higher weight adults with suspected or confirmed VTE, the use of AdjBW to guide heparin infusion initiation was associated with shorter time to therapeutic anti-Xa levels. This finding driven by the older adult sample and the subgroup analyses did not find a statistically significant difference in time to therapeutic anti-Xa levels in higher body weight patients aged less than 65 years.

Graphical abstract
Organellar genome evolution in Ribes L.: hotspots of mutation, sequence transfer, codon usage, and phylogenetic context
Authors: Kłubowicz Karolina , Sawicki Jakub , Paukszto Łukasz , Ciborowski Kamil , Maździarz Mateusz , Krawczyk Katarzyna
Published: December 2024

Ribes genus from the Grossulariaceae family, have been used in the food industry and for medicinal purposes for years. Despite the valuable medicinal values and the widespread occurrence of Ribes, many species remain understudied. One of these is the alpine currant Ribes alpinum L., which occurs natively in Europe. The study aimed to thoroughly understand and characterize the organelle genomes of R. alpinum, conduct their comparative analysis with available data for other representatives of Grossulariaceae and, in the case of the chloroplast genome, also with Saxifraga insolens Irmsch., a representative of the closely related Saxifragaceae family. The analysis of plastome interspecific variation revealed several hotspots of variation which could be useful as potential phylogenetic markers or specific DNA barcodes. The phenomenon of sequence transfer between the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes and the relative synonymous codon usage between the plastome and mitogenome were also analyzed. A phylogenetic inference based on the chloroplast genome sequence questioned earlier reports of a close relationship of R. alpinum to R. rubrum and confirmed its affiliation with an early-diverged phylogenetic line together with R. fasciculatum. Analysis of hotspots of variation in chloroplast genome allowed us to indicate petN-psbM and trnS-trnG as high-utility barcode sequences, competitive with standard barcodes and the ycf1 gene.
Assessing sleep metrics in stroke survivors: a comparison between objective and subjective measures
Authors: Lo Temmy L. T. , Leung Ian C. H. , Leung Lydia L. W. , Chan Paul P. Y. , Ho Rainbow T. H.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Stroke survivors are at risk of sleep disturbance, which can be reflected in discrepancies between objective and subjective sleep measures. Given there are limited studies on this phenomenon and using portable monitoring devices is more convenient for stroke survivors to monitor their sleep, this study aimed to compare objectively measured (Belun Ring) and subjectively reported (sleep diary) sleep metrics (total sleep time (TST) and wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO)) in stroke survivors.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, thirty-five participants wore a ring-shaped pulse oximeter (Belun Ring) and kept a sleep diary for three consecutive nights in one week. The effects of various factors on TST and WASO were analyzed by linear mixed models. Systematic bias between two measures was examined by the Bland-Altman analysis.

Results

TST and WASO were significantly affected by measures (p <.001), but not night. TST was significantly lower and WASO was significantly higher in the Belun Ring than in the sleep diary (p <.05). Age was the only covariate that had a significant effect on WASO (p <.05). The Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated positive bias in TST (29.55%; 95% CI [16.57%, 42.53%]) and negative bias in WASO (-117.35%; 95% CI [-137.65%, -97.06%]). Proportional bias was exhibited in WASO only (r =.31, p <.05).

Conclusion

The findings revealed discrepancies between objective and subjective sleep measures in stroke survivors. It is recommended that objective measures be included when assessing and monitoring their sleep conditions.
The association between force–velocity profiles and the parameters from the 3-min all-out running test in university level soccer players
Authors: Sutcliffe Duncan Peter , Kramer Mark
Published: December 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to explore the relationship between force–velocity (FV) profiles and parameters obtained from the 3-min all-out running test (3MT) to uncover essential connections for enhancing athletic training methodologies in university-level male soccer players.

Methods

Forty-nine athletes (age: 19.26 ± 1.17 years) voluntarily participated in this investigation, undergoing assessments of fitness by completing the 3MT and a 40-m sprint test.

Results

D′ exhibited moderate correlations with high-speed parameters such as v0 (r = 0.48, p < 0.001), T40-m (r = − 0.48, p < 0.001) and the functional speed reserve (FSR) (r = 0.62, p < 0.001). The FSR yielded the strongest capacity for predicting D′ (β = 38, adj-R2 = 0.38, p < 0.001). Positional differences were only evident for maximal sprint speed between forward and midfield players (Mdiff = 0.41 m/s, p = 0.007), but not for other 3MT or FV parameters. Maximal horizontal sprinting speed rather than maximal horizontal sprinting force (F0) significantly mapped on to the speed–time curve of the 3MT (r > 0.60, p = 0.031).

Conclusion

Our findings shed light on the complex interplay between anaerobic performance parameters, high-speed running, and endurance capacity within the framework of D′. Evidence concerning enhancements in D′ presents greater ambiguity compared to improving CS but imply that D′ is, on the one hand, contextually dependent on maximal speed parameters, and on the other, comprised of parameters that are likely more aerobic in nature. For training, players should be clustered according to performance metrics (e.g., FSR, CS) rather than positional group.
Re-examining the effect of wage delegation: a replication study of Charness et al. (2012)
Authors: Niehoff Hendrik , Schreck Philipp
Published: December 2024

Experimental research has explored the effects of wage delegation on employee performance, with the pioneering attempt by (Charness et al., Am Econ Rev 102:2358–2379, 2012) in “The Hidden Advantage of Delegation: Pareto Improvements in a Gift Exchange Game”, published in the American Economic Review. We conducted a replication of their experiment for two main reasons: first, to validate the original findings that have influenced subsequent research, and second, to examine whether these results hold in contexts with reduced social proximity between workers and employers, a relevant issue due to the rise of remote work. Our online experiment, involving 410 participants, followed the original study’s design but used a different sample. We successfully replicated the main finding that wage delegation increases employee effort, though the effect was smaller and largely due to employees granting themselves higher wages. These results support the notion that with decreasing social proximity, formal controls increase in importance.
Automated Text Message–Based Program to Improve Uncontrolled Blood Pressure in Primary Care Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Bressman Eric , Profka Klea , Norton Laurie , Clark Kayla , Mahraj Katy , Walker Zakiya , Reid-Bey Leslie , Girard Anthony , Rareshide Charles , Xu Lin , Zhu Jingsan , Putt Mary , Volpp Kevin G. , Morgan Anna U.
Published: December 2024

Background

Suboptimal control of BP is common, although safe and effective treatments are widely available. Conventional management relies on office visits, but this can be an inefficient path to medication optimization.

Objective

To assess the effectiveness of an intensive, 6-month remote BP management program among patients with uncontrolled hypertension.

Design

A two-arm randomized clinical trial which ran from January to July 2023 at two primary care practices with an in-clinic BP measurement at the end of the intervention.

Participants

Established adult patients (ages 21–80) of study practices with uncontrolled hypertension (two measurements > 140/90 in the prior 12 months) and an active prescription for at least one anti-hypertensive agent.

Intervention

Participants received automated text messages prompting them to check their BP weekly for 6 months. An RN and APP monitored BP data entered by the participant. The automated platform escalated any out-of-normal range readings or needs to the program staff.

Main Measures

The primary outcome was change in SBP from baseline to the end-of-study measurement. Enrollment and engagement measures were collected for the intervention arm.

Key Results

Of the 300 participants, the mean (SD) age was 63 (± 12.2) years; 133 (44.3%) were male and 167 (55.7%) were female; 154 (51.5%) self-identified as Black and 120 (40.1%) White; and 119 (39.7%) were insured by Medicare and 41 (13.7%) by Medicaid. The change in SBP at 6 months among those who completed the end-of-study measurement was − 14.66 mmHg (95% CI − 19.95, − 9.36) in the intervention arm and − 10.87 mmHg (95% CI − 18.04, − 3.69) in the control arm (p = 0.39). Within the intervention arm, 97 participants (64.7%) completed all enrollment steps, and these participants submitted BPs 72.8% of the weeks. Participants in the intervention arm had a greater number of medication changes (0.81 vs 0.57 in the control arm, p = 0.01) over the study period.

Conclusions

In this randomized clinical trial of a 6-month automated text messaging program, there was no significant difference in the change in SBP among participants in each arm.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05571410.
The persistence of social inequality in adult mortality in rural Spain, death cohorts 1546–1940
Authors: Marco-Gracia Francisco J. , Luque de Haro Víctor A.
Published: December 2024

This paper analyses social inequality in adult mortality in rural Aragon (Spain) between the mid-sixteenth and mid-twentieth centuries. It draws on individual-level microdata for more than 19,000 individuals, whose socioeconomic status, age at death, and other family, cultural, and environmental characteristics are documented. Using funeral wills as an indicator of social status up to the late eighteenth century, and occupational records from that point onward, and employing event history analysis, it tracks all individuals from 17 villages who died after reaching the age of seven, encompassing their complete life histories. This study allows for the verification of persistent social inequalities in mortality in rural Spain from the mid-sixteenth to the mid-twentieth century, contrasting with findings from northern European countries, where such differences only emerged from the late nineteenth or early twentieth century onward. Our results indicate that these disparities in adult mortality by socioeconomic status were especially pronounced during periods of poor harvests, affecting both men and women.
Das Gefühl der Bildung
Authors: Kratz Marian
Published: December 2024

Anhand einer ausgewählten Interviewsequenz, die zwischen zwei Lehramtsstudierenden sonderpädagogischer Fachrichtungen entstanden ist, wird im Beitrag zur Diskussion gestellt, dass auch die Bearbeitung des emotionalen Erlebens der eigenen Schulzeit zum Berufswunsch Förderschullehrkraft führen kann, bei dem allerdings Aspekte der Wissens- und Normvermittlung verloren gehen und Grenzlinien zwischen Sozialer Arbeit und Sonderpädagogik empfindlich verschwimmen können. Problematisiert wird dies vor dem Hintergrund der Anforderung an multiprofessionelle Kooperationen, die aktuell vor allem im Kontext der inklusiven Schulentwicklung und dem Ausbau der Ganztagsschulen praktisch gefordert und fachlich diskutiert werden. Der Beitrag dreht dabei zunächst die bekannte Frage nach einer Bildung der Gefühle um und beleuchtet so die Macht der Emotionen, die im Kontext der formalen Bildungsinstitution Schule erlebt wird – Wenn der Ernst des Lebens beginnt.
Prospective study of once-daily accelerated partial breast irradiation using 3-dimensional conformal external beam radiotherapy for Japanese women: 12-year outcomes, toxicity, and cosmesis
Authors: Takahashi Kana , Kagami Yoshikazu , Yoshimura Ryoichi , Morota Madoka , Murakami Naoya , Nakamura Satoshi , Okamoto Hiroyuki , Nagao Ayaka , Sakuramachi Madoka , Kashihara Tairo , Kaneda Tomoya , Inaba Koji , Okuma Kae , Nakayama Yuko , Itami Jun , Igaki Hiroshi
Published: December 2024

Background

To analyze in a prospective study the long-term safety and efficacy of 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) to deliver accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) for Japanese women with early breast cancer.

Methods

Breast cancer patients with pathological tumor size ≤ 3 cm, age ≥ 20 years, lumpectomy with at least a 5 mm margin, and ≤ 3 positive axillary nodes were eligible. APBI was delivered by 3D-CRT at a dose of 38.5 Gy in 10 fractions over 10 days. The primary endpoints were the frequency and severity of acute and late radiation toxicities, and secondary endpoints were local control, survival, and cosmesis. The sample size was determined based on the incidence of ≥ grade 3 acute and late radiation toxicities, which required 71 enrollments.

Results

Between 2008 and 2010, 73 patients enrolled in this trial. Twelve patients (16%) had 1–3 lymph node metastases. At a median follow-up of 12.6 years (range: 2.7–13.9 years), there were no cases of grade ≥ 3 acute or late toxicity. There were 4 ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) events: 12-year IBTR incidence was 4.4%. The difference in the incidence of IBTR between node-negative and node-positive patients was marginal (1.9% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.055). The majority of patients (94.4% at 2 years, 89.3% at 10 years after enrollment) had excellent/good cosmesis.

Conclusions

APBI delivered with 3D-CRT is a feasible treatment option for Asian females, but it was indicated that node-positive status might increase IBTR risk.
Statt Heizungsverbot: Vertrauen in den Emissionshandel und viel mehr Zeit für die Wärmewende!
Authors: Frondel Manuel
Published: December 2024

Noch ehe die Wirkung der zu Beginn der Dekade eingeführten Mannigfaltigkeit an Maßnahmen zur Senkung der Emissionen des Gebäudesektors gut erkennbar war, wurde im Jahr 2023 ein faktisches Verbot des Einbaus von reinen Öl- und Gasheizungen ab dem Jahr 2024 gesetzlich verankert. Dieses Verbot wird von rund vier Fünftel der Bevölkerung abgelehnt und hat zu einer vorhersehbaren Vorziehreaktion geführt: Im Jahr 2023 wurden rund 0,9 Mio. neue Gas- und Ölheizungen installiert, sodass es insgesamt zu einem Rekordzubau von über 1,3 Mio. neuen Heizungen kam. Eine ähnliche Vorziehreaktion gab es vor der Einführung des Erneuerbaren-Wärmegesetzes in Baden-Württemberg im Jahr 2010. Es wäre angesichts der massiven Ablehnung des Verbots durch die Bevölkerung klüger und ökonomisch vorteilhafter gewesen, wenn die Wärmewende stattdessen dem ab dem Jahr 2027 startenden separaten EU-Emissionshandel für die Sektoren Wärme und Verkehr überlassen worden wäre. Mit Hilfe dieses zweiten Emissionshandels können die Emissionen der beiden Sektoren entlang politischer Vorgaben sukzessive und in kosteneffizienter Weise gesenkt werden: Die Emissionen würden dort in Europa vermieden, wo es am kostengünstigsten ist. Die kostengünstigsten CO2-Einsparungen dürften jedoch kaum in der energetischen Sanierung von deutschen Altbauten und in deren Ausstattung mit teuren Wärmepumpen liegen. Maßnahmen, die nicht im Rahmen dieses zweiten Emissionshandels ergriffen werden, sondern auf nationaler Ebene zusätzlich verordnet würden, würden die Treibhausgasvermeidung allenfalls teurer machen, aber im EU-weitem Maßstab nichts zur Verringerung der Emissionen beitragen: Die dadurch frei werdenden Zertifikate werden von den am zweiten Emissionshandel beteiligten Inverkehrbringern fossiler Brenn- und Kraftstoffe erworben, wodurch andernorts in der Europäischen Union die Emissionen höher ausfallen (Wasserbetteffekt). Die Wärmewende in Deutschland über das Knie brechen zu wollen mit dem Argument, dass in der Vergangenheit dafür zu wenig getan worden ist, könnte sich daher mit der Etablierung des zweiten Emissionshandels als ebenso teuer wie nutzlos herausstellen. Die Wärmewende sollte aus diesem Grund nicht überstürzt werden. Vielmehr sollte man sich in Deutschland ein Beispiel an der behutsamen Wärmewende Dänemarks nehmen, die nach den Ölpreiskrisen der 1970er-Jahre eingeleitet wurde und erst in der vergangenen Dekade in ein Verbot fossiler Heizungen mündete – zu einer Zeit, in der diese nur noch eine geringe Verbreitung hatten.
The Nature of Authority
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar
Published: December 2024

The Nature of Authority provides a comprehensive theory of the nature of authoritative guidance. It argues that the following claims exhaust the constitutive properties of authoritative tellings: authoritative tellings (1) tell subjects what to do; (2) give rise to reasons to comply; (3) are issued by personal beings and govern the behavior of personal beings; (4) are issued by rationally competent beings and govern the behavior of rationally competent beings; (5) are issued under a claim of right that counts as plausible in virtue of being grounded in a system to which subjects acquiesce as governing their behavior; (6) are issued by beings with the power to impose their will on subjects with respect to what they do; (7) create obligations to comply; and (8) are backed by a threat of detriment that is reasonably contrived to deter enough noncompliance to enable the system to minimally achieve its ends.
Popular Music in Brazil
Authors: Tupinambá de Ulhôa Martha , Marchi Leonardo De , Pereira Torres Borges Renato
Published: December 2024

This Element outlines an overview of popular music made in Brazil, from the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century. Initially addressing the definition of the 'popular' category, discussion then follows on the ways a Brazilian music identity was built after the country's independence in 1822 until the end of the 1920s. An idea of 'popular music' was consolidated throughout the twentieth century, from being associated with rural musical performances of oral tradition to the recorded urban musical genres that were established through radio and television. After exploring the world of mass popular music, the relationships between traditional and modern, the topics of cultural diversity, multiculturalism, and the impact of digitalization, as well as the musical kaleidoscope of the twenty-first century, the Element ends with an insight into music genres in the era of digital platforms.
Biological Organization
Authors: Bich Leonardo
Published: December 2024

Living systems are complex systems made of components
that tend to degrade, but nonetheless they maintain themselves far
from equilibrium. This requires living systems to extract energy and
materials from the environment and use them to build and repair their
parts by regulating their activities based on their internal and external
conditions in ways that allow them to keep living. The philosophical and
theoretical approach discussed in this Element aims to explain these
features of biological systems by appealing to their organization. It
addresses classical and more recent issues in philosophy of biology,
fromorigins and definitions of life to biological teleology and functions,
from an original perspective mainly focused on the living system, its
physiology and behavior, rather than evolution. It discusses and revises
the conceptual foundations of this approach and presents an updated
version of it. This title is also available as Open Access on
Cambridge Core.
Nietzsche on Virtue
Authors: Alfano Mark
Published: December 2024

This Element argues for an interpretation of Nietzsche on virtue according to which he believes that because different people have different constellations of instincts and other drives, and because instincts and drives can only be shaped and redirected within boundaries, he recommends different virtues as fitting and conducive to flourishing for different types of people. In his own way, these include curiosity, intellectual courage, the pathos of distance, having a sense of humor, and solitude. This interpretation is supported by both a digital humanities methodology and close readings of passages from Nietzsche's middle, mature, and late works.
The Three Pillars of Ethical Research with Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Johnson L. Syd M , Fenton Andrew , Jensvold Mary Lee
Published: December 2024

The Three Pillars (Harmonization, Replacement, and Justice) describe an ethical path forward and away from the use of nonhuman primates in harmful research and scientific use. Conducting nonhuman primate research in an ethical way that acknowledges their moral importance requires satisfying more rigorous guidelines and regulations modeled on those that apply to similarly vulnerable human subjects, especially children and incarcerated persons. This Element argues for the moral necessity of harmonizing human and nonhuman primate research ethics, regulations, and guidelines in a way that protects all primates, human and nonhuman. The authors call for the replacement of nonhuman primates in research with human-relevant methods that do not simply shift research onto other nonhuman animals, and challenge publics, governments, and scientific communities worldwide to implement justice in the selection and use of all research subjects. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Open Veins of Modernity
Authors: Kefala Eleni
Published: December 2024

The ecological crisis is the result of modernity's coloniality. The Moderns considered the Earth as 'natural resources' at their disposal. Their colonial vision of nature was complemented by that of nonmodern cultures like Byzantium and pre-Columbian America as passive or primitive, respectively. For the Moderns, the Byzantines were the 'librarians of humanity,' an inert repository of Greco-Roman knowledge, unable to produce their own. Byzantium's inertia was matched by that of nature, both reservoirs of epistemic and material resources. Thanks to those “librarians,” the supposedly inexhaustible supply of natural resources, and the epistemic and material riches of indigenous America, the Moderns believed they were inaugurating an epoch of intellectual maturity and infinite growth. Today, the enduring negative view of Byzantium and the ecological crisis confirm that we remain entangled in modernity's coloniality. We should decolonize both history and nature. To mitigate humanity's existential threat, modernity must be rethought and overcome.
Operationalizing health data governance for AI innovation in low-resource government health systems: a practical implementation perspective from Zanzibar
Authors: Li Tracey , Wandella Abbas , Gomer Richard , Al-Mafazy Mohamed Habib
Published: December 2024

Improved health data governance is urgently needed due to the increasing use of digital technologies that facilitate the collection of health data and growing demand to use that data in artificial intelligence (AI) models that contribute to improving health outcomes. While most of the discussion around health data governance is focused on policy and regulation, we present a practical perspective. We focus on the context of low-resource government health systems, using first-hand experience of the Zanzibar health system as a specific case study, and examine three aspects of data governance: informed consent, data access and security, and data quality. We discuss the barriers to obtaining meaningful informed consent, highlighting the need for more research to determine how to effectively communicate about data and AI and to design effective consent processes. We then report on the process of introducing data access management and information security guidelines into the Zanzibar health system, demonstrating the gaps in capacity and resources that must be addressed during the implementation of a health data governance policy in a low-resource government system. Finally, we discuss the quality of service delivery data in low-resource health systems such as Zanzibar’s, highlighting that a large quantity of data does not necessarily ensure its suitability for AI development. Poor data quality can be addressed to some extent through improved data governance, but the problem is inextricably linked to the weakness of a health system, and therefore AI-quality data cannot be obtained through technological or data governance measures alone.
Social justice considerations in developing and deploying AI in Africa
Authors: Mengesha Getachew Hailemariam , Belay Elefelious Getachew , Adams Rachel
Published: December 2024

In the literature, there are polarized views regarding the capabilities of technology to embed societal values. One aisle of the debate contends that technical artifacts are value-neutral since values are not peculiar to inanimate objects. Scholars on the other side of the aisle argue that technologies tend to be value-laden. With the call to embed ethical values in technology, this article explores how AI and other adjacent technologies are designed and developed to foster social justice. Drawing insights from prior studies, this paper identifies seven African moral values considered central to actualizing social justice; of these, two stand out—respect for diversity and ethnic neutrality. By introducing use case analysis along with the Discovery, Translation, and Verification (DTV) framework and validating via Focus Group Discussion, this study revealed novel findings: first, ethical value analysis is best carried out alongside software system analysis. Second, to embed ethics in technology, interdisciplinary expertise is required. Third, the DTV approach combined with the software engineering methodology provides a promising way to embed moral values in technology. Against this backdrop, the two highlighted ethical values—respect for diversity and ethnic neutrality—help ground the pursuit of social justice.
Excitation and stability of nonlinear compressible Görtler vortices and streaks induced by free-stream vortical disturbances
Authors: Xu Dongdong , Ricco Pierre , Marensi Elena
Published: December 2024

We study the generation, nonlinear development and secondary instability of unsteady Görtler vortices and streaks in compressible boundary layers exposed to free-stream vortical disturbances and evolving over concave, flat and convex walls. The formation and evolution of the disturbances are governed by the compressible nonlinear boundary-region equations, supplemented by initial and boundary conditions that characterise the impact of the free-stream disturbances on the boundary layer. Computations are performed for parameters typical of flows over high-pressure turbine blades, where the Görtler number, a measure of the curvature effects, and the disturbance Reynolds number, a measure of the nonlinear effects, are order-one quantities. At moderate intensities of the free-stream disturbances, increasing the Görtler number renders the boundary layer more unstable, while increasing the Mach number or the frequency stabilises the flow. As the free-stream disturbances become more intense, vortices over concave surfaces no longer develop into the characteristic mushroom-shaped structures, while the flow over convex surfaces is destabilised. An occurrence map identifies Görtler vortices or streaks for different levels of free-stream disturbances and Görtler numbers. Our calculations capture well the experimental measurements of the enhanced skin friction and wall-heat transfer over turbine-blade pressure surfaces. The time-averaged wall-heat transfer modulations, termed hot fingers, are elongated in the streamwise direction and their spanwise wavelength is half of the characteristic wavelength of the free-stream disturbances. Nonlinearly saturated disturbances are unstable to secondary high-frequency modes, whose growth rate increases with the Görtler number. A new varicose even mode is reported, which may promote transition to turbulence at the stem of nonlinear streaks.
Female music entrepreneurs’ use of international social capital and digital technology
Authors: Ratten Vanessa
Published: December 2024

Music entrepreneurs are by nature intrinsically involved in the music industry due to lifestyle and business reasons. This study investigates the use of lifestyle entrepreneurship behaviours by taking a gender perspective about how music entrepreneurs develop commercial activities. This includes focusing on how international relationships relate to meaningful music entrepreneurial experience based on the use of social capital. Drawing on interview data from 12 female music entrepreneurs the findings highlight lifestyle identification responses to entrepreneurship as central constituents. Moreover, the study shows how female music entrepreneurs tap into their lifestyle connections based on their gender and social interests. The article contributes to the development of the music, gender, lifestyle, and digital entrepreneurship work by identifying a more interdisciplinary perspective. The practical implications for the music industry evolve around helping more female entrepreneurs break into the sector by harnessing their creative potential.
Competition, payment and flexible trust on a Sierra Leonean fishing boat
Authors: Baann Cecilie
Published: December 2024

This article analyses a competitive payment practice common aboard artisanal fishing boats in Sierra Leone. The competition for payment between crew members on board fishing boats complicates common discursive claims about generalized mistrust in post-war Sierra Leone. Through a phenomenological ethnography of working relations at sea, I show how competitive practices generate flexible trust between crew members. Competing in what is known as handfailure produces moments where others’ intentions and moral character become legible, allowing fishermen to forge and revise trust in light of shifting evaluations of trustworthiness. The trust forged through handfailure differs from older patron–client relationships between boat owners and fishermen, and from the interpretations of social breakdown in fishing communities given by government officials. The article contributes to recent anthropological conversations about mis/trust by showing how, in contexts where people question trust or claim that mistrust is widespread, trust can nevertheless be forged anew on more flexible and negotiable terms.
‘We built Ethiopia by replacing the expatriates’: how Gurage entrepreneurs shaped the national economy and political culture in post-liberation Ethiopia (1941–74)
Authors: Nida Worku
Published: December 2024

Once considered an underclass, Gurage people have emerged as Ethiopia’s quintessential entrepreneurial class over the last seven decades. Studies on entrepreneurialism often focus on factors contributing to entrepreneurial success, such as ethnicity. The Gurage case study rethinks entrepreneurialism as nation making, demonstrating how Gurage entrepreneurialism was essential to the formation of Ethiopia’s modern economy and nation state in the twentieth century. The success of Gurage entrepreneurialism partly depended on support from the Ethiopian imperial state. The principal argument developed here is that Gurage entrepreneurs’ struggle against the ‘expatriate’ domination of Ethiopia’s capitalist commerce came to be constituted as a struggle for national economic independence, which was central to the nation-making project in this post-liberation period. In the process, Gurage transformed their own previous marginalization and denigration as ‘foreigners’ to become quintessential Ethiopian nation builders. It is a story about Gurage entrepreneurialism’s input into the Ethiopian nation-building project, one that contributes to larger theoretical discussions about entrepreneurialism, nation making, the state–market nexus and threats of foreign dominance in African markets.
Mis/trust and political competition in post-devolution Gusiiland, south-west Kenya: an ethnography of electoral patronage
Authors: Zidaru Teodor
Published: December 2024

In Kenya, the transition to a devolved system of governance in 2013 buoyed hopes for meaningful democratization. County governments were expected to lower the stakes of electoral competition, distribute national resources more equitably, enable citizens to hold their local leaders to account, and thus promote impersonal forms of political trust in state institutions and bureaucratic procedures. Yet personalistic trust based on shared kinship and ethnic identities continues to characterize citizen–state relations. This article explores how and why. It does so based on ethnographic fieldwork in post-devolution Gusiiland, an ethnically homogeneous and politically fragmented context where clan and sub-clan kinship identities remain central to local electoral mobilization. Here, competing for office means negotiating alliances that bridge polities divided by a history of uneven development, partisan patronage, and intersecting clannist, classist and patriarchal prejudices. Candidates negotiate such alliances by partnering with local ‘agents’ or intermediaries, who broker votes and patronage in their families and family networks. Zooming in on candidate–agent cooperation, the article shows how its terms and outcomes are partly contingent on intermediaries’ gender, class and personal reputation, as well as rivalries among families and voters vying for brokerage positions. The brokerage of patronage systematically recreates the material conditions of possibility not just for transcending but also for lending fresh legitimacy to normative conceptions of trust as ‘natural’ among kin. Thus, the resilience of kinship-based trust can be explained in terms of the plasticity of patronage-based electoral mobilization and its potential to enact moral ideals of kinship in new, seemingly democratic ways.
Competition and mis/trust in Africa and beyond
Authors: Zidaru Teodor , Hopkinson Leo
Published: December 2024

Competition has rarely been an explicit theme in ethnographies of African settings, despite being a familiar dynamic to ethnographers in the field. Trust and mistrust, although prominent themes, tend to feature in discussions of their relationship to cooperation. Re-reading ethnographic and historical accounts of diverse competitive practices on the continent invites a closer attention to the subtle ways in which competition – as a specific genre of collective action – shapes and is reshaped by relations of trust and mistrust. This article begins by drawing this lead out from extant literature, before pursuing it in conversation with the ethnographic materials presented across this part issue. We show that competition gives rise to particular acts and dispositions of trust and mistrust. These, in turn, prompt people to reimagine the competitive structures and practices they engage in. Competition, trust and mistrust are thus mutually implicated. This insight demonstrates how ethnographies of African settings can continue to strengthen conceptual understandings of both competition and trust in anthropological and social theory while challenging representations of African societies as historically uncompetitive at a time when assumptions about the relationship between competition and trust continue to inform macro-economic modelling and policymaking that shape millions of lives, in Africa and beyond.
Diet quality from mid-life and body composition in older age: findings from a British birth cohort
Authors: Westbury Leo D. , Durdin Ruth , Robinson Sian M. , Cooper Cyrus , Cooper Rachel , Ward Kate A.
Published: December 2024

We investigated associations between ‘healthy dietary pattern’ scores, at ages 36, 43, 53 and 60–64 years, and body composition at age 60–64 years among participants from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD). Principal component analyses of dietary data (food diaries) at age 60–64 years were used to calculate diet scores (healthy dietary pattern scores) at each age. Higher scores indicated healthier diets (higher consumption of fruit, vegetables and wholegrain bread). Linear regression was used to investigate associations between diet scores at each age and height-adjusted dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-measured fat and lean mass measures at age 60–64 years. Analyses, adjusting for sex and other potential confounders (age, smoking history, physical activity and occupational class), were implemented among 692 men and women. At age 43, 53 and 60–64 years, higher diet scores were associated with lower fat mass index (FMI) and android:gynoid fat mass ratio; for example, in fully adjusted analyses, a standard deviation (sd) increase in diet score at age 60–64 years was associated with an SD difference in mean FMI of −0·18 (95 % CI: −0·25, −0·10). In conditional analyses, higher diet scores at ages 43, 53 and 60–64 years (than expected from diet scores at younger ages) were associated with lower FMI and android:gynoid fat mass ratio in fully adjusted analyses. Diet scores at age 36 years had weaker associations with the outcomes considered. No associations regarding appendicular lean mass index were robust after full adjustment. This suggests that improvements in diet through adulthood are linked to beneficial effects on adiposity in older age.
Hermaphroditism in Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis in the Sea of Japan
Authors: Ashida Hiroshi , Tsukahara Yohei , Yasuike Motoshige , Nakamura Yoji , Maeta Keisuke , Tanaka Yosuke
Published: December 2024

A case of hermaphrodism in a wild Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis from the Sea of Japan is reported. Morphologically and macroscopically, the gonad seemed to have both ovarian and testicular surfaces. Histological analysis showed that the gonad consisted of only sexually mature testis in all the sections examined, suggesting that the individual was male. Genetic analysis, however, indicated that the tissue samples from this individual had no male-specific genome region, resulting in it being inferred as a female. The observed inconsistency between genetic and histological analysis could help future understanding of the sex development of tunas.
Chasing net zero: critical uncertainties in coffee emissions calculations
Authors: Caudill S Amanda , Ablett Harry , Laing Timothy , Fernandez Jhoseari , Brits Konrad , Marshall Helen , Mesliuvaite Gabriele
Published: December 2024

Net zero as a policy for reducing atmospheric carbon emissions is relatively straightforward; however, the implementation of that policy is not, particularly in difficult-to-measure sectors such as agriculture. As strategies to reduce emissions are explored, multiple uncertainties in measuring these emissions are confronted. In this paper, we use the example of a coffee supply chain in Peru to illustrate the magnitude of potential variability in emissions accounting results, which represent a necessary first step in moving towards net zero. We show that scope boundaries and emissions factors chosen for carbon calculations significantly alter emissions outcomes and can result in discrepancies of over 77 million kg CO2e when scaled to a medium-size coffee trader. Net zero targets and efforts to reduce emissions may be over- or understated depending on subjective decisions that cause significant differences in emissions results. Although framework guidance exists, it is apparent that a greater set of micro-level agreements is needed for calculating the emissions of lesser-studied sectors, such as agricultural supply chains. This process is imperative to focus efforts on reducing emissions and on moving from net zero as a mere policy to action and implementation.
Indigenous Advocacy and the Compliance Mechanisms of the World Heritage Convention: a TWAIL Reading
Authors: Mattez Anaïs
Published: December 2024

This article examines how Indigenous Peoples who depend on World Heritage sites for their culture and livelihood can appeal to the Committee when State Parties fail to comply with their obligations. While scholars criticize the World Heritage Convention for the lack of participation of Indigenous Peoples, particularly in the inscription and management processes, the framework of the Convention also allows representation and visibility. Indeed, compliance mechanisms offer opportunities for Indigenous advocates to negotiate Land sovereignty and environmental protection. TWAIL, which places the worldview of Indigenous Peoples at the center of legal practice, is crucial to understanding the interactions between Indigenous Peoples and the 1972 UNESCO Convention. TWAILers highlight how international law historically denies sovereignty rights to Indigenous Peoples. Article 6(1) echoes this absence of sovereignty. This article examines three cases in which Indigenous advocates petition to protect Native Lands against environmental degradations and colonization: Kakadu, Wood Buffalo, and Uluru. Ultimately, the challenges of Indigenous activists in their quest to preserve nature and culture reveal that the absence of sovereignty prerogatives remains a substantial issue. While the Convention provides a venue for advocacy and international awareness, Indigenous Peoples still must negotiate Land autonomy and cultural sovereignty with the State.
Seasons of Kawasaki Disease during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Nowlen Todd T. , Harahsheh Ashraf S. , Raghuveer Geetha , Lee Simon , Yetman Anji T. , Dahdah Nagib , Portman Michael A. , Jain Supriya S. , Khoury Michael , Tierney Selemet , Manlhiot Cedric , Farid Pedrom , McCrindle Brian W.
Published: December 2024

The incidence of Kawasaki Disease has a peak in the winter months with a trough in late summer/early fall. Environmental/exposure factors have been associated with a time-varying incidence. These factors were altered during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was performed through the International Kawasaki Disease Registry. Data from patients diagnosed with acute Kawasaki Disease and Multiple Inflammatory Syndrome-Children were obtained. Guideline case definitions were used to confirm site diagnosis. Enrollment was from 1/2020 to 7/2023. The number of patients was plotted over time. The patients/month were tabulated for the anticipated peak Kawasaki Disease season (December–April) and non-peak season (May–November). Data were available for 1975 patients from 11 large North American sites with verified complete data and uninterrupted site reporting. The diagnosis criteria were met for 531 Kawasaki Disease and 907 Multiple Inflammatory Syndrome-Children patients. For Multiple Inflammatory Syndrome-Children there were peaks in January of 2021 and 2022. For Kawasaki Disease, 2020 began (January–March) with a seasonal peak (peak 26, mean 21) with a subsequent fall in the number of cases/month (mean 11). After the onset of the pandemic (April 2020), there was no clear seasonal Kawasaki Disease variation (December–April mean 12 cases/month and May–November mean 10 cases/month). During the pandemic, the prevalence of Kawasaki Disease decreased and the usual seasonality was abolished. This may represent the impact of pandemic public health measures in altering environmental/exposure aetiologic factors contributing to the incidence of Kawasaki Disease.
Rhinovirus infection presenting with acute myocarditis with complete heart block in a child: a case report
Authors: Yuwattana Rattakarn , Singhasee Kunthika , Saengsin Kwannapas
Published: December 2024

This report outlines a 9-year-old Thai boy with acute myocarditis due to rhinovirus infection, manifesting complete heart block. Despite aggressive treatment, including pulse methylprednisolone and temporary pacing, his condition remained unstable. He gradually improved over five days in the paediatric cardiac ICU and continued recovery over six months. This underscores the need for comprehensive treatment and follow-up in paediatric myocarditis.
Navigating the bilingual cocktail party: a critical role for listeners’ L1 in the linguistic aspect of informational masking
Authors: Lew Emilia , Hallot Sophie , Byers-Heinlein Krista , Deroche Mickael
Published: December 2024

Cocktail party environments require listeners to tune in to a target voice while ignoring surrounding speakers. This presents unique challenges for bilingual listeners who have familiarity with several languages. Our study recruited English-French bilinguals to listen to a male target speaking French or English, masked by two female voices speaking French, English or Tamil, or by speech-shaped noise, in a fully factorial design. Listeners struggled most with L1 maskers and least with foreign maskers. Critically, this finding held regardless of the target language (L1 or L2) challenging theories about the linguistic component of informational masking, which contrary to our results predicts stronger interference with greater target-to-masker similarity such as L2 vs L2 compared to L2 vs L1. Our findings suggest that the listener’s familiarity with the masker language is an important source of informational masking in multilingual environments.
Practitioner competence and clinical outcomes during cognitive behavioural and cognitive-analytic guided self-help for anxiety
Authors: Power Niall , Simmonds-Buckley Melanie , Delgadillo Jaime , Smithies Jessica , Bee Charlotte , Kellett Stephen
Published: December 2024

Despite the ubiquity of guided self-help (GSH) interventions in Primary Care psychological services, there have been no previous studies of the relationship between the competence of qualified practitioners and treatment outcomes. This study compared competence-outcome associations in two types of GSH. Competence and clinical outcome measures were drawn from a clinical trial comparing the efficacy of two types of GSH for anxiety disorders, based on cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-GSH) or cognitive analytic therapy (CAT-GSH). These interventions were delivered over the telephone by qualified and supervised practitioners. Audio-recordings of GSH sessions (n=94) were rated using a validated competence measure. Clinical outcomes were anxiety, depression and functioning. Secondary outcomes were attendance and need for further intervention after GSH. Competence ratings were highly reliable. No significant associations were found between competence and clinical outcomes, treatment engagement or need for further intervention. In this clinical trial, GSH competence ratings were not associated with clinical outcomes. Directions for future competence-outcome research are provided for GSH interventions.

Key learning aims

(1)

Become familiar with the current empirical literature on therapist competence and associations with clinical outcome.

(2)

Raise awareness of a recently developed alternative form of guided self-help based on the theory and principles of cognitive analytic therapy.

(3)

Enhance understanding of the relationship between practitioner competence and clinical outcome in guided self-help for anxiety disorders.