bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling vitamin D status due to oral intake and sun exposure in an adult British population
Authors: Diffey Brian L.
Published: January 2013

A mathematical model is described for estimating changes in plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels throughout the year as a consequence of varying the oral intake of vitamin D and the behaviour outdoors of white British adults resident in different regions of the UK. The model yields seasonal and geographical patterns of 25(OH)D concentrations that agree closely with observational studies. Use of the model allows estimates to be easily made of the sun exposure and oral intake necessary to avoid vitamin D deficiency in defined proportions of the population, as well as strategies that would lead to vitamin D sufficiency throughout the year. The analysis demonstrates that addressing concerns about insufficient vitamin D levels, especially during the winter, may be achieved by modifying oral vitamin D intake over the winter, increasing summer sun exposure or a combination of both.
Legitimacy and Compliance with International Law: Access to Detainees in Civil Conflicts, 1991–2006
Authors: Jo Hyeran , Thomson Catarina P.
Published: January 2013

Existing compliance research has focused on states’ adherence to international rules. This article reports on state and also non-state actors’ adherence to international norms. The analysis of warring parties’ behaviour in granting the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) access to detention centres between 1991 and 2006 shows that both governments and rebel groups adhere to the norm of accepting the ICRC in order to advance their pursuit of legitimacy. National governments are more likely to grant access when they are democracies and rely on foreign aid. Insurgent groups are more likely to grant access when they exhibit legitimacy-seeking characteristics, such as having a legal political wing, relying on domestic support, controlling territory and receiving transnational support.
Queen Elizabeth Land
Authors: Dodds Klaus
Published: January 2013

This note considers the decision by the UK government to rename the southern portion of the Antarctic Peninsula - Queen Elizabeth Land. Named in honour of the UK Head of State, it was intended to be a ‘gift’ recognising her Diamond Jubilee. However, the 169,000 square mile territory in question is counter-claimed by Argentina and Chile. The circumstances surrounding this declaration, in December 2012, reveals both the contested politics of Antarctic place naming, and a growing willingness of the UK government to strengthen its ‘strategic presence’ in the Antarctic and wider South Atlantic/Falkland Islands region. This naming event provoked Argentina to issue a formal protest note to the UK Ambassador to Argentina.
‘A kind of suicide’? Errors and misconceptions in Roland Huntford's account of the last days of Scott's polar party
Authors: May Karen , Lewis George
Published: January 2013

In writing and interviews Roland Huntford has stated that at the end of his life Captain Robert Falcon Scott ‘probably’ had no reason to wish to survive, and that he ‘persuaded’ Dr Edward A. Wilson and Lieutenant Henry Bowers to remain in the tent with him when they could have gone forward. This commentary demonstrates that Huntford's interpretation of events shows a serious misunderstanding of the primary sources and historical context; that Wilson and Bowers could not have survived had they gone forward, a fact which Huntford himself understands; and that Scott had extremely strong motivation to wish to return home.
Evaluating targets for control of plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in enteric commensals of beef cattle: a modelling approach
Authors: VOLKOVA V. V. , LU Z. , LANZAS C. , GROHN Y. T.
Published: January 2013

Enteric commensal bacteria of food animals may serve as a reservoir of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The genes are often plasmidic. Different aspects of bacterial ecology can be targeted by interventions to control plasmid-mediated AMR. The field efficacy of interventions remains unclear. We developed a deterministic mathematical model of commensalEscherichia coliin its animate and non-animate habitats within a beef feedlot's pen, with someE. colihaving plasmid-mediated resistance to the cephalosporin ceftiofur. We evaluated relative potential efficacy of within- or outside-host biological interventions delivered throughout rearing depending on the targeted parameter of bacterial ecology. Most instrumental in reducing the fraction of resistant entericE. coliat steer slaughter age were interventions acting on the entericE. coliand capable of either ‘plasmid curing’E. coli, or lowering maximumE. colinumbers or the rate of plasmid transfer in this habitat. Also efficient was to increase the regular replacement of entericE. coli. Lowering replication rate of resistantE. colialone was not an efficient intervention target.
Digital-beam-forming extension for a two-channel E-band FMCW-sensor
Authors: Goppelt Markus , Feil Peter , Mayer Winfried
Published: January 2013

A general purpose two-channel Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW)-sensor in E-band is extended to a digital-beam-forming (DBF) system. The hardware extension contains a transmit multiplexer, which allows switching of the (DBF) transmit signal of the sensor to any of 32 linearly arranged waveguide antennae. To maintain the spatial sampling condition by λ/2 element distance, the antenna ports are arranged in the E-plane. The ports can directly radiate or serve as primary radiators of a cylindrical dielectric lens focusing in the H-plane. By realizing the hardware extension based on a metal-backed substrate, some novel radio frequency (RF) structures became necessary. One of these structures is a special twisting microstrip-to-waveguide-transition to connect the switching matrix to waveguide ports arranged in the E-plane. Key elements of the multiplexer are commercially available pin-diode-based MMIC-switches in microstrip technology. To lower the inductance of the interconnects, they are embedded in cavities in the metal-backed RF-substrate. RF interconnects between the sensor and the extension are all done with waveguide ports. Further interconnects between the module and the extension are low-frequency or digital and are led via cables and removable plugs. Both module and extension can be powered separately. This gives an easily mountable extension for making a two-dimensional (2D) DBF sensor out of a 1D FMCW-sensor.
A proposed simulation technique to study the series resistance and related millimeter-wave properties of Ka-band Si IMPATTs from the electric field snapshots
Authors: Acharyya Aritra , Banerjee Suranjana , Banerjee J. P.
Published: January 2013

A large-signal model and a simulation technique based on non-sinusoidal voltage excitation are used to obtain the electric field snapshots from which the series resistance and related high-frequency properties of a 35 GHz Silicon Single-Drift Region (SDR) Impact Avalanche Transit Time (IMPATT) device have been estimated for different bias current densities. A novel method is proposed in this paper to determine the parasitic series resistance of a millimeter-wave IMPATT device from large-signal electric field snapshots at different phase angles of a full cycle of steady-state oscillation. The method is based on the depletion width modulation of the device under a large-signal condition. The series resistance of the device is also obtained from the large-signal admittance characteristics at threshold frequency. The values of series resistance of a 35 GHz SDR IMPATT diode obtained from the proposed method and the large-signal admittance method are compared with experimentally reported values. The results show that the proposed method provides better and closer agreement with the experimental value.
Klangszenenimprovisation in Psychoprävention & Therapie
Authors: Mastnak Wolfgang
Published: January 2013

Klangszenenimprovisationen weisen, obwohl sie genuin im musikpädagogischen Bereich angesiedelt sind, ein hohes psychopräventives und therapeutisches Potential auf. Sie ermöglichen eine Exploration und spürbar qualitativ-analoge Darstellung psychischer (Leidens‐)Wirklichkeit durch künstlerischen Ausdruck sowie ein Aufbrechen psychischer Erstarrungen und Erproben alternativer Wahrnehmungs- und Verhaltensweisen durch Übernahme von Spielrollen und künstlerisch-gestalterische Interaktion. Die Erfahrung von Ich-Syntonie, von Verwirklichung eigener Phantasien und Visionen sowie von Schönheit entspricht essentiellen, kultur- und zeitübergreifend sich manifestierenden menschlichen Anlagen und Desideraten. So liegt es einerseits nahe, durch weitere interdisziplinäre Forschung und Praxis eine Nutzung dieser Potentiale im klinischen Bereich auszuloten. Andererseits kommt angesichts psychopathogener Risikofaktoren Ich-dystoner Schule, die sich zum Beispiel im Aufbau von Aggression oder imaginären Parallelwelten auswirken, einem Bewusstsein der psychodynamischen Wirksamkeit von Klangszenenimprovisation gerade im Bereich schulischer Musikpädagogik besondere Bedeutung zu.
Oscillations and translation of a free cylinder in a viscous confined flow
Authors: D’Angelo Maria Veronica , Hulin Jean-Pierre , Auradou Harold
Published: January 2013

An oscillatory instability has been observed experimentally on an horizontal cylinder free to move and rotate between two parallel vertical walls of distance H. The vertical motion of the cylinder, its rotation about its axis, and its transverse motion across the gap have been investigated as a function of its diameter D, its density ρs, of the mean vertical velocity U of the fluid, and of its viscosity ν. The relevant Reynolds number Re is shown to be based on the cell aperture H and on the relative velocity Vr between the fluid and the cylinder. For a blockage ratio D/H above 0.5 and Re above 20, oscillations of the rolling angle of the cylinder about its axis and of its transverse coordinate in the gap were observed together with periodic variations of the vertical velocity. For a given fluid-cylinder pair, the relative velocity Vr as well as the frequency f and the amplitude of the transverse velocity for these oscillations are nearly independent of the flow velocity U. For given cylinder density and fluid characteristics, f is also nearly independent of the ratio D/H in the range investigated. The oscillations could be observed down to values of Re as low as 30: this is lower than usual values for vortex shedding in confined geometries, which suggests that one might deal with a different instability mechanism.
Thin-film-based CdTe photovoltaic module characterization: Measurements and energy prediction improvement
Authors: Lay-Ekuakille A. , Arnesano A. , Vergallo P.
Published: January 2013

Photovoltaic characterization is a topic of major interest in the field of renewable energy. Monocrystalline and polycrystalline modules are mostly used and, hence characterized since many laboratories have data of them. Conversely, cadmium telluride (CdTe), as thin-film module are, in some circumstances, difficult to be used for energy prediction. This work covers outdoor testing of photovoltaic modules, in particular that regarding CdTe ones. The scope is to obtain temperature coefficients that best predict the energy production. A First Solar (K-275) module has been used for the purposes of this research. Outdoor characterizations were performed at Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy. The location of Lecce city represents a typical site in the South Italy. The module was exposed outdoor and tested under clear sky conditions as well as under cloudy sky ones. During testing, the global-inclined irradiance varied between 0 and 1500 W/m2. About 37 000 I-V characteristics were acquired, allowing to process temperature coefficients as a function of irradiance and ambient temperature. The module was characterized by measuring the full temperature-irradiance matrix in the range from 50 to 1300 W/m2 and from −1 to 40 W/m2 from October 2011 to February 2012. Afterwards, the module energy output, under real conditions, was calculated with the “matrix method” of SUPSI-ISAAC and the results were compared with the five months energy output data of the same module measured with the outdoor energy yield facility in Lecce.
Exchange coupling and coercivity enhancement in cuprate/manganite bilayers
Authors: Ding J. F. , Tian Y. F. , Hu W. J. , Lin W. N. , Wu T.
Published: January 2013

We report on the magnetic properties of cuprate/manganite bilayers composed of antiferromagnetic (AFM) La2CuO4 and ferromagnetic La0.70Sr0.30MnO3. The temperature dependent magnetization data indicate an interfacial spin-glass state. Furthermore, the bilayer exhibits significant enhancement of coercivity compared to the La0.70Sr0.30MnO3 single layer and reaches 705 Oe at 5 K. The dependence of coercivity on the AFM layer thickness indicates that the enhancement cannot be explained by the interfacial charge diffusion. Our results suggest that the exchange coupling between Mn and Cu spins and the magnetic frustration at the La2CuO4/La0.70Sr0.30MnO3 interface must be considered to harness the properties of cuprate/manganite heterostructures.
Note: Comparison between a prism-based and an acousto-optic tunable filter-based spectrometer for diffusive media
Authors: Farina A. , Bargigia I. , Taroni P. , Pifferi A.
Published: January 2013

This paper compares two continuously tunable systems for time-resolved spectroscopy of diffusive media based on a supercontinuum laser source. Two approaches for spectral selection are considered relying either on a dispersive prism or on a commercial acoustic-optic tunable filter (AOTF) device. The comparison was performed first in terms of extracted power and spectral response function, then in terms of distortions introduced in the retrieved absorption and scattering spectra. Simulations and experiments on diffusive phantoms confirmed that, besides narrower FWHM in the AOTF bandpass, the prism solution is superior with respect to the distortions produced on the recovered spectra.
The Society for Visual Anthropology's Visual Research Conference: The First Twenty‐Four Years (1985–2008)
Authors: Scherer Joanna Cohan
Published: January 2013

The Society for Visual Anthropology's Visual Research Conference (VRC) has been an active presence at the American Anthropological Association (AAA) annual meetings since the mid‐1980s. Although critical studies and selected histories of visual anthropology have been written, no history has ever included this Special Event of the AAA. The absence of the VRC in past studies has prompted this history that reviews the first 24 years, from 1985 to 2008. It identifies the 166 participants, their 225 presentations, and many of their associated or resulting publications. It shows that the VRC has stimulated scholarly research in a wide range of anthropological studies, from collaboration with indigenous community to studies of gesture and primate studies, etc. Through statistics and personal testimony, this study reveals the value as well as some problems associated with the VRC.
Picturing Ladakhi Nomads over the Span of a Generation
Authors: Day Sophie , Leizaola Ricardo
Published: January 2013

Sharing photographs and stories with a pastoral group in Jammu and Kashmir State, India, we consider questions about repatriation. Images from the early 1980s were shared from 2009 to 2010,, by which point many of the pastoralists had moved to the main town, Leh, in the province of Ladakh where they work primarily as laborers. The literature on repatriation of images and objects focuses largely on historical collections and their political implications, but this article explores the process of working within living memory. We suggest that visual and textual narratives are so closely interwoven that they should be given equal weight and approached as a single entity.
On the Brink? Intra‐euro Area Imbalances and the Sustainability of Foreign Debt
Authors: Körner Finn Marten , Zemanek Holger
Published: January 2013

This paper analyses the role of financial market credibility shocks from the European Monetary Union accession and the European sovereign debt crisis for diverging current account balances and net foreign debt positions in the euro area. Based on a dynamic general equilibrium model foreign debt positions of European crisis countries are shown to have significantly diverged from a sustainable path. Today, high foreign debt positions prove difficult to reverse given appreciated real exchange rates and high real interest rates. Real depreciations in European crisis countries, while necessary for long‐term crisis resolution, further worsen foreign debt sustainability by raising the real value of debt in the short‐term. To prevent a debt–deflation spiral the real interest burden should be reduced and the real value of debt should be capped.
Laser Joining of Continuous Glass Fiber Composite Preforms
Authors: Tan Huade , Lawrence Yao Y.
Published: January 2013

A laser fusion joining method is investigated for the purpose of through thickness strengthening of glass fiber reinforced laminate composites. Laser fusion joining is evaluated as a potential process to replace mechanical reinforcements used in conventional laminate composite fabrication. A two step laser process is developed to form fusion bonds between fibers within a single bundle and between adjacent fiber bundles. Coupled heat transfer and viscous flow modeling is carried out to investigate the temperature and dynamics of the joining process under three experimentally observed conditions. Linear elastic finite element analysis is used to investigate the effect of joint morphology on stress concentrations and strength. Joint strength is found to be a function of the fiber contact angle and packing density at the joint interface. Tensile tests show that laser joined fiber bundle strength is on the same order of magnitude as the raw fiber bundles. The challenges to laser processing of three dimensional fiber reinforcements in laminate composite fabrication are discussed.
Origin of defects on targets used to make extreme ultraviolet mask blanks
Authors: Yu He , Andruczyk Daniel , Ruzic David N. , Jindal Vibhu , Kearney Patrick
Published: January 2013

Particle formation is a major problem in extreme ultraviolet masks, and one source of these particles has been identified to be the targets used to produce the mask surfaces. In particular, the silicon (Si) and ruthenium (Ru) target appear to produce more particles, especially silicon. The evidence of this is seen as a rough region on the edges of the silicon target. The features in the region were found to be triangular mesas pointing in the direction of the incident beam. The aim of this research is to prevent the mesa formation features on the target and thus reduce particle formation on the target. Both Si and Ru targets were sputtered using different ion beam conditions to understand the mesa formation mechanisms on the target and explore the ion beam conditions that can mitigate mesas. A simple 2D Monte-Carlo computer model (Illinois surface analysis model) was used to understand the formation of mesas with different incident angles of ion beam (0°, 35°, 54°, 75°) that agrees with the shapes of mesas seen in the experiments. Additionally, srim was used to calculate sputtering yields to better understand the different mechanisms between Si and Ru. It is concluded from both experiment and calculation results that an effective way to stop mesas formation is to have a sample oscillating between 0° and the desired angle during sputtering.
Pulmonary Hypertension’s Appealing News
Authors: Methe Heiko
Published: January 2013

The apelin peptide regulates the fibroblast growth factor signaling in the pulmonary vasculature.
Spatial Resolution Analysis for Few-Views Discrete Tomography Based on MART-AP Algorithm
Authors: Konovalov Alexander B. , Vlasov Vitaly V.
Published: January 2013

We study a new MART-AP algorithm of few-views discrete tomography. Its efficiency for high-frequency structure reproduction is investigated in a numerical experiment where we reconstruct a 2D model for the estimation of the spatial resolution limit. We estimate the modulation transfer function of the reconstruction algorithm and compare it with the modulation transfer function of projection distortions. Our results show that MART-AP weakly influences the contrast of spatial structures being reproduced and can be used for high-resolution reconstruction when only a few projections are registered.
Determination of Molecular Markers for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Heterozygosity Using Gene Expression Profiling
Authors: Salmon Asher Y. , Salmon-Divon Mali , Zahavi Tamar , Barash Yulia , Levy-Drummer Rachel S. , Jacob-Hirsch Jasmine , Peretz Tamar
Published: January 2013

Approximately 5% of all breast cancers can be attributed to an inherited mutation in one of two cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2. We searched for genes that have the potential to distinguish healthy BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers from noncarriers based on differences in expression profiling. Using expression microarrays, we compared gene expression of irradiated lymphocytes from BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers versus control noncarriers. We identified 137 probe sets in BRCA1 carriers and 1,345 in BRCA2 carriers with differential gene expression. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that most of these genes relate to regulation pathways of DNA repair processes, cell-cycle regulation, and apoptosis. Real-time PCR was conducted on the 36 genes, which were most prominently differentially expressed in the microarray assay; 21 genes were shown to be significantly differentially expressed in BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutation carriers as compared with controls (P < 0.05). On the basis of a validation study with 40 mutation carriers and 17 noncarriers, a multiplex model that included six or more coincidental genes of 18 selected genes was constructed to predict the risk of carrying a mutation. The results using this model showed sensitivity 95% and specificity 88%. In summary, our study provides insight into the biologic effect of heterozygous mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in response to ionizing irradiation-induced DNA damage. We also suggest a set of 18 genes that can serve as a prediction and screening tool for BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutational carriers by using easily obtained lymphocytes. Cancer Prev Res; 6(2); 82–90. ©2013 AACR.
Time-Space Discipline of Upper Classes in Global Capitalism: Top Managers, International Artists, and Global Academics—a Comparison
Authors: Gherardi Laura
Published: January 2013

Abstract

One contribution towards current research into social structures and the relative geometries of power among the TCC in global capitalism can be derived from a form of power—the power over one’s own rhythm and that of others—largely unexplored by existing work. In this article I focus on the link between time-space discipline imposed by production on some fraction of the TCC and their power over time and space of co-workers and subordinates. I introduce some findings obtained from a recent research I carried out on a sample of more than 50 people: top and middle managers of multinationals and, as comparison groups, international artists, global academics, big investors.

I will first illustrate, in the footsteps of Thompson and Harvey, the perspective according to which capitalism has always been, in technical terms, a mode of production based on the precise regulation of time and space imposed on those socio-professional groups fitting into the division of labor to different levels and degrees. I will then detail the two declinations of power over rhythm, as they have emerged over the course of my fieldwork. The first declination is autodirect power, expressing the degrees of freedom/subordination in the determination of one’s own time and space, and it has come out of an analysis of the time and space links imposed on those taking part in the research sample. The second declination is power over time and space of others, and has come out from an analysis of the division of labor among their subordinates and co-workers, notably concerning the norm of international geographic mobility in global capitalism.
Early malperfusion, ischemia reperfusion injury, and respiratory failure in acute complicated type B aortic dissection after thoracic endovascular repair
Authors: Xiong Jiang , Zhang Minhong , Guo Wei , Liu Xiaoping , Yin Tai , Jia Xin , Zhang Hongpeng , Xu Yongle , Wang Lijun
Published: January 2013

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the early mortality and major complications of acute complicated type B aortic dissection (ACBD) after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR).

Methods

Twenty-six consecutive patients with ACBD who underwent TEVAR were included. Clinical indications before TEVAR and in-hospital mortality and major complications after TEVAR were analyzed and compared with similar reports.

Results

TEVAR was technically successful in all cases. In-hospital mortality occurred in four patients (15%), and major complications occurred in an additional four patients (15%). Three of the four (75%) of the deaths were associated with malperfusion and ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), and 3/4 (75%) of the major complications were caused by respiratory failure (RF).

Conclusions

In-hospital mortality associated strongly with severe end-organ malperfusion and IRI, while major complications associated with RF, during TEVAR. Our results indicate that malperfusion, IRI and respiratory failure during TEVAR should be carefully monitored and aggressively treated.
Decentralized Deterrence, with an Application to Labor Tax Auditing
Authors: Porto Edoardo Di , Persico Nicola , Sahuguet Nicolas
Published: January 2013

This paper studies a new strategic auditing game in which atomistic auditors maximize the success rate of audits, and provides a method to calibrate its parameters based on audit data. Calibrating the model to Italian auditing data, we provide an estimate of tax evasion based on (non-random) audit data alone. Counterfactual simulation of the model quantifies the costs and benefits of alternative auditing policies. We compare decentralized enforcement with a counterfactual “commitment policy,” and compute the loss from the former. (JEL H25, H26, M42)
Interglomerular Lateral Inhibition Targeted on External Tufted Cells in the Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Whitesell Jennifer D. , Sorensen Kyle A. , Jarvie Brooke C. , Hentges Shane T. , Schoppa Nathan E.
Published: January 2013

Lateral inhibition between neurons occurs in many different sensory systems, where it can perform such functions as contrast enhancement. In the olfactory bulb, lateral inhibition may occur between odorant receptor-specific glomeruli that are linked anatomically by GABAergic granule cells (GCs) and cells within the glomerular layer, although evidence supporting lateral inhibition at a functional level is modest. Here, we used patch-clamp, imaging, and glutamate uncaging methods in rat olfactory bulb slices to test for the presence of interglomerular lateral inhibition, as well as its underlying mechanisms. We found that a conditioning stimulus applied at one or a small group of glomeruli could suppress stimulus-evoked excitation of output mitral cells (MCs) at another glomerulus for interstimulus intervals of 20–50 ms and glomerular separations of up to 600 μm. The observed lateral inhibition was entirely dependent on circuitry within the glomerular layer, rather than GCs, and it involved GABAergic synaptic inputs that were targeted mainly onto tufted cells, which act as intermediaries in the excitation between olfactory sensory neurons and MCs. The key cell type responsible for mediating lateral interactions between glomeruli were GABAergic short-axon cells. These results suggest a functional segregation of GABAergic cells within the bulb, with one set located in the glomerular layer mediating suppression of MC spiking across glomeruli, and a second set, the GCs, synchronizing different glomeruli.
Neural Integration of Risk and Effort Costs by the Frontal Pole: Only upon Request
Authors: Burke Christopher J. , Brünger Christian , Kahnt Thorsten , Park Soyoung Q. , Tobler Philippe N.
Published: January 2013

Rewards in real life are rarely received without incurring costs and successful reward harvesting often involves weighing and minimizing different types of costs. In the natural environment, such costs often include the physical effort required to obtain rewards and potential risks attached to them. Costs may also include potential risks. In this study, we applied fMRI to explore the neural coding of physical effort costs as opposed to costs associated with risky rewards. Using an incentive-compatible valuation mechanism, we separately measured the subjective costs associated with effortful and risky options. As expected, subjective costs of options increased with both increasing effort and increasing risk. Despite the similar nature of behavioral discounting of effort and risk, distinct regions of the brain coded these two cost types separately, with anterior insula primarily processing risk costs and midcingulate and supplementary motor area (SMA) processing effort costs. To investigate integration of the two cost types, we also presented participants with options that combined effortful and risky elements. We found that the frontal pole integrates effort and risk costs through functional coupling with the SMA and insula. The degree to which the latter two regions influenced frontal pole activity correlated with participant-specific behavioral sensitivity to effort and risk costs. These data support the notion that, although physical effort costs may appear to be behaviorally similar to other types of costs, such as risk, they are treated separately at the neural level and are integrated only if there is a need to do so.
Az uralkodói és polgártükör mint irodalmi műfaj gyökereihez
Authors: Havas László
Published: January 2013

A fejedelemtükör jellegzetesen kora középkori születésű irodalmi műfajnak számított. Azóta bebizonyították, hogy az európai irodalmi kultúra egyik legősibb formája, amelynek gyökerei az ókori Kelet bölcsességirodalmába nyúlnak vissza, ahol korai időtől ismert az uralkodónak fiához intézett személyes tanítása. Ennek a formának azonban a görög irodalomban sokáig nem volt meg a helye, mert az eleutheria fogalma ellentmondott a monarchikus hatalom apáról fiúra való hagyományozásának. Némileg hasonló a helyzet a korai Rómában is, ahol az arisztokratikus társadalomban elegendő bizonyos megfellebbezhetetlennek tartott erkölcsi fogalmak hangoztatása. Változás a Mediterráneum meghódításának szakaszában következik majd be, amikor a régi társadalmi keretek megrendülnek, s fontossá válik a civis bonus eszményének körvonalazása, amely szülői vagy rokoni tanításként jelenik meg (Cato, Sempronia, Q. és M. Cicero). Az új monarchikus rendszer megteremtője Augustus maga is mint parens patriae fekteti le a jó kormányzás alapelveit „fiainak”, a római polgároknak. Igazi fordulat ezután következik be, amikor az uralkodói ideál a görögökhöz hasonlóan egy általánosabb műveltség: a filozófia és a történetírás része lesz. A latin nyelvű hagyományban később is megmarad a bölcs számára a tanácsadás az uralkodónak, s ez érvényes a keresztény monarchia megszületésének időszakára is. A monarcha személyének felmagasztalása a költők, a grammaticusok és a rhetorok, az egyházatyák feladata lesz, akiknek az Istenhez hasonlóan kell dicsőiteniük a földi helytartót. A Frank Birodalomban ez a hagyomány éled újjá, ami érvényes Nagy Károly idejére is. Később, amikor felerősödik a gelasiusi kettős hatalom késő antik felfogása, teljesen egyértelművé válik, hogy az egyháznak kell elvégeznie az uralkodó tanítását. A Német-Római Szent Birodalom theokratikus hatalmával azonban egy új uralkodói tükör alakul ki, amely valójában Szent István Intelmeivel következik be, aki személyes királyi tanításával valóban vicarius Deiként jelenik meg, s átveszi az Egyház szerepét az utód felkészítésében.
Fatores preditivos de morbidade nas ressecções pancreáticas esquerdas
Authors: Madureira Fábio Athayde Veloso , Grès Philippe , Vasques Rodrigo Rodrigues , Levard Hugues , Randone Bruto , Gayet Brice
Published: January 2013

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a morbidade pós-operatória e investigar a existência de seus fatores preditivos. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado de forma retrospectiva, a partir de uma base de dados mantida de forma prospectiva. De 1994 a 2008, 100 pacientes consecutivos foram submetidos à ressecções pancreaticas esquerdas. A principal variável de interesse foi a morbidade pós-operatória, tendo diversas outras características da população sido registradas simultaneamente. Posteriormente, para a análise de fatores preditivos de morbidade pós-operatória o subgrupo de pacientes que foi submetido aos procedimentos de pancreatectomia distal com preservação do baço (n=65) foi analisado separadamente quanto à relevância das diferentes técnicas de secção do parênquima pancreático, assim como, outros possíveis fatores preditivos à ocorrência de morbidade pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: Considerando-se juntamente todas as ressecções pancreáticas esquerdas realizadas, a ocorrência de complicações globais, de complicações relevantes e graves foi 55%, 42% e 20%, respectivamente. Os fatores que se mostraram preditivos à ocorrência de morbidade pós-operatória após pancreatectomia distal com preservação do baço foram a técnica de secção do parênquima pancreático, idade, índice de massa corporal e a realização de operação abdominal concomitante. CONCLUSÃO: A morbidade associada às ressecções pancreáticas, à esquerda dos vasos mesentéricos superiores, foi importante. De acordo com a estratificação adotada baseada na gravidade das complicações, alguns fatores preditivos foram identificados. Estudos futuros com coortes maiores de pacientes são necessários para confirmar tais resultados.
A patologização do sedentarismo
Authors: Ferreira Marcos Santos , Castiel Luis David , Cardoso Maria Helena Cabral de Almeida
Published: January 2013

A identificação do sedentarismo como fator de risco para doenças crônico-degenerativas influenciou significativamente nas recomendações de saúde pública em defesa de estilos de vida fisicamente ativos. O artigo estuda o processo de patologização do sedentarismo e seus desdobramentos para o campo da saúde pública. Num primeiro momento, discutimos de que maneira o modelo biomédico serve de base para a transposição de aspectos da conduta humana como "fator de risco" e, a seguir, como patologia, tal qual no caso específico da "Síndrome da Morte Sedentária", assim classificada por alguns autores. Em seguida, analisamos como essa visão vem sendo difundida no campo da saúde, tomando por base um programa institucional que, ao mesmo tempo em que transforma o sedentarismo em doença, apresenta a atividade física como um remédio cujos resultados podem se estender a todas as esferas da vida. Nessa linha de raciocínio, em que os mal-estares de nossa civilização são medicalizados e tornados mercadoria ao serem transformados em riscos e patologias, a atividade física torna-se vacina para o corpo social.
Representações da infância na obra machadiana: o menino é pai do homem?
Authors: Coutinho Fernanda
Published: January 2013

Este artigo objetiva situar a presença da infância e da criança em alguns contos e romances de Machado de Assis. Partindo-se da ideia de que a infância é entendida como uma época fundamental da existência humana, pretende-se ressaltar a recuperação desse tempo via memória, como definidora do reconhecimento de si mesmo. Busca-se, ainda, com base no entendimento de que a escrita machadiana representou um exercício de interpretação da alma humana, verificar de que maneira o escritor situa a figura infantil face às atitudes que demandam o reconhecimento do outro. Por fim, por intermédio do pensamento de Machado de Assis, vertido em ficção, pretende-se mostrar como suas ponderações podem ajudar a melhor compreender as complexas questões que envolvem criança e infância em nossa contemporaneidade.
"Um apólogo - Machado de Assis": do escritor singular ao brasileiro exemplar
Authors: Guimarães Hélio de Seixas
Published: January 2013

O artigo trata do processo de construção da figura de Machado de Assis na década de 1930, focalizando a primeira adaptação de uma obra sua para o cinema - "Um apólogo - Machado de Assis", baseado no conto "Um apólogo", produzido em 1939 pelo Instituto Nacional de Cinema Educativo (INCE), com direção de Humberto Mauro e participações de Lúcia Miguel Pereira e Edgard Roquete Pinto. O curta-metragem sintetiza o processo de transformação do escritor singular e estrangeirado, visão até então predominante entre os críticos, no homem brasileiro exemplar, intérprete da alma brasileira, em consonância com os novos papéis prescritos pelo Estado Novo para a literatura e o literário.
A relação narrador/leitor na tradução machadiana de Oliver Twist
Authors: Camelo Franciano
Published: January 2013

Em 1870, a convite dos proprietários do Jornal da Tarde, Machado de Assis traduziu para o português boa parte do romance Oliver Twist, de Charles Dickens. A tradução machadiana desse romance apresenta particularidades, isto é, as estruturas que põem a assimilação do texto em curso na tradução de Machado de Assis diferem daquelas do texto inglês. Dentre essas estruturas, destaca-se a voz narrativa. Assim, este trabalho visa analisar alguns aspectos da voz narrativa na tradução machadiana e discutir possíveis implicações para o âmbito do leitor implícito.
A projeção especular de uma nova teoria da alma humana
Authors: Crestani Jaison Luís
Published: January 2013

Na tradição dos estudos machadianos, o conto "O espelho" tende a ser apreciado criticamente por uma perspectiva de leitura que legitima a suposta seriedade do discurso arbitrário do narrador-personagem Jacobina. Sob esse ângulo, o conto é entendido em chave filosófica, existencial e psicológica, e as extravagantes teorias metafísicas de Jacobina são consideradas como uma demonstração válida e autêntica da essência humana. Desse modo, na tentativa de contornar essas distorções interpretativas, este trabalho propõe uma redefinição das perspectivas de análise com o intuito de priorizar a apreciação dos procedimentos estruturais, que mobilizam uma ironia estratégica empenhada em desqualificar esse narrador e em satirizar o conteúdo de suas investigações metafísicas.
Práticas de letramento crítico na formação de professores de línguas estrangeiras
Authors: Costa Elzimar Goettenauer de Marins
Published: January 2013

O MEC vem nos últimos anos investindo em medidas que visam a dar um norte ao ensino regular, tomando como base estudos acadêmicos desenvolvidos no âmbito do ensino e da aprendizagem e levando em consideração as mudanças socioculturais geradas pela globalização e pelo avanço da tecnologia. Constata-se, no entanto, uma defasagem entre as concepções de educação e de linguagem subjacentes aos PCN, às OCEM e a outras iniciativas, como o PNLD, por exemplo, e sua implementação posta em prática na Educação Básica. No caminho a ser trilhado para diminuir essa defasagem, uma questão crucial se impõe: as concepções teórico-metodológicas que fundamentam as referidas iniciativas precisam repercutir significativamente na formação inicial e continuada para poderem repercutir na atuação dos professores na sala de aula do ensino regular. Partindo desse pressuposto, discuto neste artigo as implicações da incorporação de práticas de letramento crítico na formação inicial de professores de línguas estrangeiras.
O letramento acadêmico em inglês: dificuldades na confecção da seção introdução de artigos acadêmicos
Authors: Ferreira Marília Mendes
Published: January 2013

Este trabalho discute as dificuldades de um pós-graduando da área de energia na confecção da introdução de um artigo acadêmico em inglês. Duas versões do texto foram analisadas (uma após a instrução e outra após a conferência com a instrutora), comparando-as com os modelos de introdução de Swales (2004) e de Samraj (2002) ensinados no curso. O aluno apresentou os seguintes problemas: a narração como modo de organização retórica do texto, a ausência do movimento 2 dos modelos, uma escolha inadequada de léxico. A combinação desses elementos impediu que o texto apresentasse o valor cultural do gênero textual artigo acadêmico - a autopromoção. Os dados suscitam questionamentos sobre os limites da descrição empírica dos gêneros textuais e de seu ensino.
Pessoal e intransferível: a relevância dos estilos de aprendizagem nas aulas de línguas estrangeiras
Authors: Moura Filho Augusto César Luitgards
Published: January 2013

Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral do construto estilos de aprendizagem (CURRY, 1987, inter alios) a fim de mostrar como ele pode facilitar os processos de aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras e, em seguida, traz os resultados de uma pesquisa envolvendo o uso de entrevistas abertas (FLICK, 2004) e de duas das mais difundidas taxonomias (GRASHA, 1996 e REID, 1987) para saber como 25 aprendizes de línguas estrangeiras, oriundos de variados contextos de aprendizagem, lidam com esse importante construto. A metodologia de estudo de caso ajudou-me a realçar o papel desse insumo. O artigo termina destacando alguns benefícios dos estudos nessa área e oferece sugestões para pesquisas futuras.
Repurposing Itraconazole as a Treatment for Advanced Prostate Cancer: A Noncomparative Randomized Phase II Trial in Men With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Antonarakis Emmanuel S. , Heath Elisabeth I. , Smith David C. , Rathkopf Dana , Blackford Amanda L. , Danila Daniel C. , King Serina , Frost Anja , Ajiboye A. Seun , Zhao Ming , Mendonca Janet , Kachhap Sushant K. , Rudek Michelle A. , Carducci Michael A.
Published: January 2013

Background.

The antifungal drug itraconazole inhibits angiogenesis and Hedgehog signaling and delays tumor growth in murine prostate cancer xenograft models. We conducted a noncomparative, randomized, phase II study evaluating the antitumor efficacy of two doses of oral itraconazole in men with metastatic prostate cancer.

Patients and Methods.

We randomly assigned 46 men with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to receive low-dose (200 mg/day) or high-dose (600 mg/day) itraconazole until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression-free survival (PPFS) rate at 24 weeks; a 45% success rate in either arm was prespecified as constituting clinical significance. Secondary endpoints included the progression-free survival (PFS) rate and PSA response rate (Prostate Cancer Working Group criteria). Exploratory outcomes included circulating tumor cell (CTC) enumeration, serum androgen measurements, as well as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses.

Results.

The high-dose arm enrolled to completion (n = 29), but the low-dose arm closed early (n = 17) because of a prespecified futility rule. The PPFS rates at 24 weeks were 11.8% in the low-dose arm and 48.0% in the high-dose arm. The median PFS times were 11.9 weeks and 35.9 weeks, respectively. PSA response rates were 0% and 14.3%, respectively. In addition, itraconazole had favorable effects on CTC counts, and it suppressed Hedgehog signaling in skin biopsy samples. Itraconazole did not reduce serum testosterone or dehydroepiandrostenedione sulfate levels. Common toxicities included fatigue, nausea, anorexia, rash, and a syndrome of hypokalemia, hypertension, and edema.

Conclusion.

High-dose itraconazole (600 mg/day) has modest antitumor activity in men with metastatic CRPC that is not mediated by testosterone suppression.
Coupling ASM3 and ADM1 for wastewater treatment process optimisation and biogas production in a developing country: case-study Surat, India
Authors: Lopez-Vazquez Carlos M. , Mithaiwala Mayank , Moussa Moustafa S. , van Loosdrecht Mark C. M. , Brdjanovic Damir
Published: January 2013

The overall performance of the Anjana wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located in Surat, India, was assessed by coupling the Activated Sludge Model No. 3 (ASM3) and the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1). Guidelines developed by the Dutch Foundation for Applied Water Research (STOWA) were successfully applied for the determination of wastewater characteristics. Concerning the fractionation of primary and secondary sludge, the approach proved to be adequate for the application of ADM1. A satisfactory description of the performance of the plant was obtained in terms of effluent quality, biogas generation and sludge production. This was achieved through coupling ASM3 with ADM1 and adjusting four default values (the growth of autotrophic bacteria from 1 to 0.46 day−1, influent fraction of unbiodegradable particulate chemical oxygen demand (COD) to 0.14 gCOD/gCOD, and the anaerobic disintegration factors for soluble and particulate unbiodegradable COD in ADM1 to 0.01 and 0.29 gCOD/gCOD, respectively). The model was applied to optimise the plant performance and to assess the potential influence of the return of high strength reject effluents through the implementation of an ADM1-ASM3 interface. This study underlines the feasibility, advantages and benefits of mathematical modelling as a reliable tool for process optimisation, plant upgrade and resource recovery in developing countries.
Model theoretic connected components of finitely generated nilpotent groups
Authors: Bowler Nathan , Chen Cong , Gismatullin Jakub
Published: January 2013

We prove that for a finitely generated infinite nilpotent group G with structure (G, ·, …), the connected component G*0 of a sufficiently saturated extension G* of G exists and equals

We construct an expansion of ℤ by a predicate (ℤ, +, P) such that the type-connected component is strictly smaller than ℤ*0. We generalize this to finitely generated virtually solvable groups. As a corollary of our construction we obtain an optimality result for the van der Waerden theorem for finite partitions of groups.
Strong tree properties for small cardinals
Authors: Fontanella Laura
Published: January 2013

An inaccessible cardinal κ is supercompact when (κ, λ)-ITP holds for all λ ≥ κ. We prove that if there is a model of ZFC with infinitely many supercompact cardinals, then there is a model of ZFC where for every n ≥ 2 and μ ≥ ℕn, we have (ℕn, μ)-ITP.
Parallel structures for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in Southern Africa
Authors: Becker Per , Abrahamsson Marcus , Hagelsteen Magnus
Published: January 2013

During the last decade, the interest of the international community in the concepts of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation has been growing immensely. Even though an increasing number of scholars seem to view these concepts as two sides of the same coin (at least when not considering the potentially positive effects of climate change), in practice the two concepts have developed in parallel rather than in an integrated manner when it comes to policy, rhetoric and funding opportunities amongst international organisations and donors. This study investigates the extent of the creation of parallel structures for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. The chosen methodology for the study is a comparative case study and the data are collected through focus groups and content analysis of documentary sources, as well as interviews with key informants. The results indicate that parallel structures for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation have been established in all but one of the studied countries. The qualitative interviews performed in some of the countries indicate that stakeholders in disaster risk reduction view this duplication of structures as unfortunate, inefficient and a fertile setup for conflict over resources for the implementation of similar activities. Additional research is called for in order to study the concrete effects of having these parallel structures as a foundation for advocacy for more efficient future disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.