bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Kualitas Air dan Status Mutu Air Sungai Batang Asam Akibat Limbah Cair Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Metode Indeks Pencemaran
Authors: Kalsum Siti Umi , Gusri Lailal , Junardi Junardi
Published: September 2019

Batang Asam River as a source of raw water for Drinking Water Supply Systems (SPAM) and daily needs. On May 19, 2015 there was pollution in the Batang Asam River due to the spillage of palm oil wastewater from one of the palm oil companies around the Batang Asam River. The water river becomes smelly and black and many fish die. The initial testing  showed that BOD parameter = 10 mg / l), COD = 50 mg / l, TSS = 16 mg / l, N-Total = 3.86 mg / l, pH = 6.02, Oil and fat = 2.8 mg / l, where almost all parameters above the quality standard. The purpose of this study was to analyze status of water and water quality of Batang Asam River Using Pollution Index Method as a result of spilling palm oil wastewater.  Water sampling of the Batang Asam River was carried out in 4 (four) locations, namely the upstream area of Lubuk Bernai Village, the Central area of Lubuk Lawas Village and Tanjung Bojo Village and the downstream of Kampung Baru Village (Pengabuan River Estuary). Parameters tested were pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD, DO, Fe, Oil and fat based on Government Regulation Number 82 of 2001 concerning Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Management For Class II. Analysis of water quality status using the Pollution Index method based on the Minister of Environment Regulation Number 115 of 2003 concerning Guidelines for Determining the Status of Water Quality.  The results showed that the analysis of the average waterquality of Batang Asam River from four locations tested were parameters pH 6,8, TDS parameters 79,5 mg / l, TSS parameters 15,25 mg / l, DO parameters 3,025 mg / l, BOD parameters 2,935 mg/l, COD parameters 14,5 mg / l, Fe 0,645 mg / l and parameters of oil and fat 1 mg /l satisfy the class II water quality standard (PP No. 82 of 2001). The status of Batang Asam River shows that the status of water quality is mildly polluted with a pollution index value of 1,0 ≤ IP ≤ 5,0 which is 1,96.
Efektivitas Penurunan Chemichal Oxygen Demand (COD) dan pH Limbah Cair Industri Tahu dengan Tumbuhan Melati Air melalui Sistem Sub-Surface Flow Wetland
Authors: Riyanti Anggrika , Kasman Monik , Riwan Muhammad
Published: September 2019

Some of tofu industries in Jambi City are household industries, where the wastewater from processing unit was disposed of into the environment without treatment. This study aims to analyze the effect of detention time and the effectiveness of decreasing COD concentration and pH neutralization on wastewater of  tofu industry using a sub surface flow - wetlands (SSF-wetland) system combined with a filtration system. The plant selected in this study was water jasmine (Echinodorus palaefolius).  Variables of waste water detention time in the reactor are 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days.  Decreasing of COD concentration and increasing of pH were analyzed by comparing influent and effluent from wastewater samples, also the effect of detention time on the effectiveness of parameter reducing on each system.  The water quality standard  refers to the regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry Number 68 Year 2016.   The results showed excellent performance from a combination of the two systems where an initial pH with range of 3 increase to pH 6.5-7.  The efficiency of reducing COD concentration reached 47-94% during the 15-day detention time with concentration value 125 mg / l, close to the standard value 100 mg / l. The residence time has more significant effect on the reduction of COD in the SSF-Wetland system than the filtration system. Whereas in pH parameters, the residence time does not have a significant effect on both systems.
Çocuk Gelişimi Lisans Öğrencilerinin Küresel Vatandaşlık Düzeyi ile Çocuk Haklarına İlişkin Tutumları Arasındaki İlişki
Authors: Alabay Erhan , Yağan Güder Sevcan
Published: September 2019

Bu araştırmanın amacı, çocuk gelişimi lisans öğrencilerinin küresel vatandaşlık düzeylerinin ve çocuk haklarına ilişkin tutumları arasındaki ilişkinin olup olmadığını ve farklı değişkenlere göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını tespit etmektir. Bu araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, İstanbul ili Anadolu Yakasında bulunan üniversitelerdeki sağlık bilimleri fakültesi çocuk gelişimi lisans bölümlerinde öğrenim gören ve rastgele örnekleme modelinden yararlanarak seçilen 197 çocuk gelişimi lisans öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır.  Çalışmanın verileri Demografik Bilgi Formu, Morais ve Ogden (2011) tarafından geliştirilen ve Şahin ve Çermik (2014) tarafından Türkçe ’ye uyarlanan Küresel Vatandaşlık Ölçeği ve Karaman Kepenekçi (2006) tarafından geliştirilen Çocuk Haklarına İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, lisans öğrencilerinin küresel vatandaşlık ve çocuk haklarına ilişkin tutumlarının ortalamanın üzerinde olduğu, akademik not ortalamasının anlamlı bir farklılaşmaya yol açtığı ve çocuk gelişimi lisans öğrencilerinin küresel vatandaşlık toplam puanları arttıkça, çocuk haklarına ilişkin tutumlarının da arttığı belirlenmiştir.
Öğrenmeyi Öğrenme Üzerine Ev Temelli Aile Katılımı Çalışması
Authors: Gündüz Gülten Feryal
Published: September 2019

Bu eylem araştırması çalışmasının amacı velilerin çocuklarının öğrenmeyi öğrenme becerilerinin geliştirilmesini desteklemede kullanabilecekleri bir veli eğitimi çalışması gerçekleştirmektir. Sekiz veli ve bu velilerin çocukları araştırmanın katılımcılarını oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında öğrenme stilleri envanteri, ders ses kayıtları, alan notları, araştırmacı günlüğü, whatsapp grubu, öğrenci çalışma kağıtları, geçerlik-güvenirlik komitesi toplantı kayıtları ile odak grup görüşmesi ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen temel sonuçlar şunlardır: (a) Velilerin veli eğitimi çalışmasına katılımlarında devamlılığın sağlanmasında ve motive olmalarında öğrenme ihtiyaçlarının saptanması ve yüz yüze dersler yanında sosyal ağın da kullanılması etkili olmuştur. (b) Veliler destekleme çalışmalarında genellikle anlamlandırma, yineleme ve örgütleme stratejilerinin kullanımını anlamayı izleme ve duyuşsal stratejilere göre daha kolay gerçekleştirmişlerdir. (c)Veli eğitimi çalışması velilerin çocuklarının öğrenmelerini nasıl destekleyebileceklerini öğrenmelerinde, kendilerini daha yeterli hissetmelerinde ve aile katılımı çalışmalarını yapmaya olan isteklerinin artmasında etkili olmuştur. (d) Veli eğitimi çalışması çocukların akademik başarıları, özgüvenleri, sınıf içi derse katılımları ve öğrenmeye yönelik tutumlarında olumlu değişikliklere neden olmuştur.
Educación financiera en los productores de café de la zona sur del Ecuador: el caso de FAPECAFES
Authors: Peñarreta Miguel , Armas Reinaldo , Salas Eulalia
Published: September 2019

Este artículo, fundamentado en la teoría de la triple hélice, analiza el nivel de educación financiera en organizaciones de la economía popular y solidaria empleando tres dimensiones. A través de una encuesta modelo adaptada para Ecuador, se recopiló información de 261 socios de la asociación de cafetaleros denominada FAPECAFES, distribuidos en las provincias de Loja, Zamora Chinchipe y El Oro. Los resultados determinaron que la población posee mejores resultados en la dimensión aptitud financiera (70.31%), seguido de la dimensión comportamiento financiero (48.5%) y conocimiento financiero (30.4%). El puntaje total alcanzado por la población es bajo (49.7%). Respecto al género, las mujeres obtuvieron menores puntajes que los hombres y la población con mejores resultados posee título de cuarto nivel. El estudio además evidencia que existe un proceso de alfabetización financiera previo en la población encuestada, pese a la limitada formación financiera en las personas que viven en áreas rurales de esta zona del país. Los datos facilitarán el diseño de programas de educación financiera de los actores público – privados, especialmente en las mujeres y los administradores de las organizaciones de economía popular y solidaria en ámbitos rurales.
Estrategias de gestión de efectivo y su relación con la rentabilidad en PYMES ecuatorianas: sectores comercio y manufactura
Authors: Muyma Allison , Rojas Dolores
Published: September 2019

La presente investigación se centra en determinar la relación que existe entre las estrategias de gestión del efectivo implementadas por las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES) ecuatorianas de los sectores G (comercio) y C (manufactura), y el desempeño financiero durante el periodo 2012-2017. La muestra se constituye con información financiera de 31507 empresas comerciales y 11008 empresas manufactureras. Se realiza un análisis de correlación de datos de panel. Los resultados relación entre las estrategias de agilización de las cobranzas, concentración de efectivo e inversiones de ambos sectores, así como las estrategias de retardo en los pagos y cuentas de gastos tienen relación con el desempeño financiero. En una empresa sin importar el tamaño, es fundamental la generación de utilidades y disponibilidad de efectivo para cubrir sus obligaciones financieras, se recomienda implementar este tipo de estrategias con el fin de contar con negocios productivos que aporten al desarrollo económico del país.
Teletrabajo una propuesta de innovación en productividad empresarial
Authors: Sánchez Gabriela , Montenegro Ramírez Arturo Fernando
Published: September 2019

La clave del éxito de una organización depende de factores internos y externos, sin relegar el apoyo y participación de todos los miembros; sin embargo el avance y adelanto de la Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC) y de la ciencia se perfecciona el Teletrabajo; la presente investigación se justifica en su elaoración al emplear la tecnología como instrumento que favorece en el desarrollo corporativo; el objetivo es implementar la modalidad de teletrabajo. La metodología fue cualitativa, al efectuarse una revisión sistemática literaria emplea producciones científicas que exploran la realidad del teletrabajo; de esta forma orienta en ejecución de futuros estudios; el método exploratorio fue aplicado porque el tema seleccionado ha sido de escasa investigación, lo que dificulta la obtención datos históricos que contribuyen con información que beneficia en su implementación; además, se recaba información a través de teorías de distintas investigaciones que demuestran criterios procedimentales, técnicos y conceptuales.
Microcrédito y dimensiones de capital social en Ecuador
Authors: Espinoza Viviana , Salas Eulalia , Samaniego Aurora
Published: September 2019

El trabajo tiene como objetivo establecer la relación que existe entre el microcrédito y la generación de dimensiones de capital social en la provincia de Loja, Ecuador. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, y se aplicó una encuesta a 3989 microempresarios distribuidos en los 16 cantones que conforman la provincia de Loja. Entre los principales resultados, se aprecia que el 30% de microempresarios mantienen un capital social de bonding o unión. Por su parte, el microcrédito a nivel de la provincia de Loja, ha permitido fortalecer este tipo de relaciones de unión y en menor porcentaje las relaciones con amigos y vecinos.
Análisis de rentabilidad del sector turístico ecuatoriano en el periodo 2007 -2017
Authors: Charco Julia , Sánchez Rosario , Cueva Diego
Published: September 2019

La presente investigación plantea como objetivo analizar el desempeño financiero a través de los indicadores de rentabilidad del sector turístico de Ecuador registrado en la Superintendencia de Compañías, durante el periodo 2007 – 2017, con una muestra de 223 empresas. El análisis de la información se realizó a través de datos panel con efectos fijos y aleatorios, con la aplicación de correlación estadística, además por la dispersión de datos del sector se aplicó el procedimiento de media +- 3, para disminuir los términos de media y varianza.

Los resultados obtenidos determinaron que la rentabilidad financiera y económica están relacionadas con algunas variables como el Margen Bruto, Periodo Medio de Pago y Periodo Medio de Cobro, a pesar de que en algunos casos esta relación es baja.
London
Authors: Thacker Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers how London developed as a modernist city, from the late nineteenth century to the period after World War Two. It analyses the geographical emotions produced by particular locations within London, such as the London Underground and Metro-Land suburbs; the cultural institutions of Bloomsbury and Fleet Street; the bohemia of Soho and the nightlife of Piccadilly Circus; and the Notting Hill area settled by postwar immigrants to the city. It considers the affective responses of writers such as Virginia Woolf and Henry James to the material restructuring of the city, before turning to the role of publishers, bookshops, and literary networks in helping establish modernism in the city, in the shape of poetic movements such as the Rhymers and the Imagists. The final part of the chapter analyses texts by two important outsiders in London: Joseph Conrad in The Secret Agent and Sam Selvon in The Lonely Londoners.
Miracles and Religion
Authors: Netton Ian Richard
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces the subject of miracles in both the Islamic and Christian traditions. It begins with a selective survey of definitions from these traditions and embraces the views of both believers in such phenomena like St. Augustine of Hippo and total sceptics like David Hume, Richard Dawkins and Daniel C. Dennett. It then moves to examine what is termed the Medieval Mindset and under this heading such topics as milieu, continuity and contrasts are considered. The narratological substratum and method of the volume are delineated here, whereby themes and motifs will be identified in the succeeding chapters. Following H.Porter Abbott’s excellent paradigm it is noted that themes will be identified as abstract and motifs will be identified as concrete.
Wood and Stone
Authors: Netton Ian Richard
Published: September 2019

The proto-miracles here are those associated with the wooden Ark of Gilgamesh and Noah (Nuh). In the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Qur’anic and Old Testament accounts of the Great Flood the Ark is a symbol of salvation.Miracle in this section may be defined as a direct intervention in human affairs by the divinity or an angel.Within the framework of this section the myth of Atlantis is explored in view of its affinities with the universal Flood story.
The next section of this chapter is entitled Ark of the Covenant: the Virgin in the House and it surveys and analyses the stone Christian shrine at Walsingham, the Ka‘ba in Mecca and the miraculous events associated with the building of these two shrines, Walsingham by the Lady Richeldis and the Ka‘ba by Adam and/or Ibrahim and Isma ‘il. In the building of both these shrines the figures of the Angel Gabriel (Jibril), other angels and the Virgin Mary (Maryam) figure powerfully.
‘The verticals of Adam’: Dylan Thomas and Apocalyptic Modernism
Authors: Keery James
Published: September 2019

The argument of this chapter concerns Thomas’s place within the modernist tradition, and in the strand of Apocalyptic poetics in particular. To review Thomas’s place as such entails a reconsideration of the tradition itself. Having provided a history of the term ‘Apocalyptic’, the chapter turns to Thomas’s particular and formative purchase on Apocalyptic thinking, principally by focussing on his response to two poets who saw the modernist apocalypse coming: Wilfred Owen and D. H. Lawrence. To settle on these poets is to clarify a strand of Apocalyptic prophecy from Shakespeare to Shelley, which reached a peak much later in the aesthetic elaborations of the First World War. The approach, here, to triangulating these influences has to do with settling on Thomas’s first two collections, 18 Poems and Twenty-Five Poems, which bear the most palpable – and hitherto unnoticed – traces of Owen and Lawrence. In offering an insight into Thomas’s place among these budding Apocalyptics, the chapter attends to a number of the lyrics that made Thomas’s name, including ‘The force that through the green fuse drives the flower’ and ‘Altarwise by owl-light’.
Introduction: Poetry, Popularity and the Periodical Press
Authors: Ehnes Caley
Published: September 2019

Using the publication of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s ‘L. E. L.’s Last Question’ in the Ladies’ Pocket Magazine as a case study, this chapter establishes the central premise of the book: periodical contexts are crucial to the study of Victorian poetry and poetics. From there, it provides an overview of recent work on periodical culture and poetry, including that by Kirstie Blair, Natalie Houston, Linda Hughes, Kathryn Ledbetter, and Lorraine Janzen Kooistra, as well as theories of cultural production and form, focusing on Pierre Bourdieu’s notions of cultural capital and middlebrow culture, and Caroline Levine’s recent work on form and its affordances.
Middle-Class Audiences, Literary Weeklies and the Inaugural Poem: Household Words, All the Year Round and Once a Week
Authors: Ehnes Caley
Published: September 2019

Focusing on the poetry published in the inaugural issues of Household Words, All the Year Round and Once a Week, this chapter considers how reading poetry across periodical titles raises fruitful questions about the nature of periodical poetry and its role in the press, establishing the principles and terminology that will guide the analysis of periodical poetry in the following chapters. The first two sections of the chapter focus on the concept of the inaugural poem, using the poetry of Charles Dickens’s Household Words as a case study. The latter half of the chapter examines the use of inaugural poetry in the periodicals that grew out of and in opposition to Household Words, which ceased publication in 1859 due to Dickens’s feud with his publishers Bradbury and Evans. In particular, the chapter traces how Dickens used poetry to establish continuity between Household Words and All the Year Round while the proprietors of Once a Week (Bradbury and Evans) distinguished their weekly from Dickens’s through illustrated poetry. This close examination of the era’s competing weeklies ultimately demonstrates the importance of poetry to the development of a periodical’s brand identity.
The New Shilling Monthlies: Macmillan’s Magazine and The Cornhill
Authors: Ehnes Caley
Published: September 2019

This chapter turns its attention to the shilling monthly as represented by the originators of the genre: Macmillan’s
Magazine and the Cornhill. These periodicals represent a particular moment in literary history in which the shilling monthly explicitly functioned to reinforce and define middle-class cultural tastes and traditions. This chapter thus considers how the editors of Macmillan’s and the Cornhill used poetry to support the cultural and literary aims of their respective periodicals, shaping the poetic landscape of the 1860s through their editorial decisions (e.g. each periodical took a side in the era’s debate over hexameters). The first third of the chapter traces Alexander Macmillan’s influence on the poetry of Macmillan’s through the work of Alfred Tennyson, Dinah Mulock Craik, and Christina Rossetti. The remainder of the chapter focuses on William Thackeray’s role as paterfamilias of the Cornhill through an examination of poems by Matthew Arnold, Adelaide Anne Procter, Owen Meredith, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (among others).
The Poetics of Popular Poetry in the Argosy
Authors: Ehnes Caley
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the poetics of popular poetry in the Argosy under the editorship of Isa Craig. It argues that a careful reading of the periodical’s sentimental poetry challenges the critical dismissal of such light, entertaining verse as simplistic, marginal, and trite. In particular, it considers how the periodical poems of Christina Rossetti, Isa Craig, Jean Ingelow and Sarah Williams test as well as champion the conventions of the sentimental lyric form to produce a new poetics, one defined both through and against conventional representations of the Victorian poetess and her gushing, heart-inspired poetry. Ultimately, this chapter suggests that evaluating the poems of the Argosy on their own merits as poetic forms produced as part of the era’s complex, interconnected literary culture provides a way to discuss sentimental poetry and female poets without falling back on the defensive and sometimes dismissive language found in much of the critical work published on women’s popular poetry.
Global Visions: Around-the-World Travel and Visual Culture in Early Modernity1
Authors: Luca Tiago de
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks at the way in which the whole world has been imagined in visual and audiovisual media. In particular, it explores how the trope of global travel was exploited in nineteenth-century panoramas that had the ambition to encompass the entire world, such as the georama, the cosmorama and round-the-word moving panoramas. By looking at these earlier examples in mass visual culture, the chapter hopes to provide a useful framework to examine the way in which the whole world has reemerged in contemporary audiovisual culture.
Shadows of Unforgotten Ancestors: Representations of Estonian Mass Deportations of the 1940s in In the Crosswind and Body Memory
Authors: Näripea Eva
Published: September 2019

The chapter focuses on recent cinematic representations of one of the most dramatic collective journeys of Estonian history – the massive Soviet deportations of Estonians in June 1941 and in March 1949. In mid-June 1941, about 9,000 Estonians, mostly women and children from urban areas, were crammed into cattle cars and exiled to Siberia; in late March 1949, over 20,000 people (more than 2.5% of the Estonian population, two thirds of them women), condemned as ‘the people’s enemies’ by the Soviet authorities, met the same destiny. Portraying these involuntary journeys, both Ülo Pikkov’s stop motion short Body Memory (Keha mälu, 2011) and Martti Helde’s feature-length (live-action) debut In the Crosswind (Risttuules, 2014) take up the complex questions of collective (national) memory and identity by means of experimental narrative and audiovisual form. This chapter investigates how these films engage with the particular historical events, and (collective) memories of them, utilising a study of national narratives on screen by David Martin-Jones (2006), which considers the concepts of national history and identity in the light of Gilles Deleuze’s (1989) and Homi K. Bhabha’s (1990) writings.
Hesitant Journeys: Fugitive and Migrant Narratives in the New Romanian Cinema
Authors: Strausz László
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues that instead of uncovering a certain social world as real, the films of new Romanian cinema depict the mobile, hesitant ways in which social institutions produce a reality in post-socialist society. In order to illustrate the historical-interpretive advantages of the concept of hesitation, this chapter focuses on the fugitive- and migrant narratives of new Romanian cinema in which the characters physically move back and forth between various institutions such as the prison, the state foster home, the hospital, various educational institutions, the police and immigration authorities.
The Sense of an Ending: Music, Time and Romance in Before Sunrise
Authors: Cenciarelli Carlo
Published: September 2019

Right from the start, Before Sunrise presents us with the problem of its ending. The film narrates the on-the-road romance of Jesse and Celine, who meet on a train through central Europe, fall for each other, and decide to spend a day and night together in Vienna before continuing their respective journeys, never to see each other again. In a move that is typical of indie cinema, the two protagonists trade the idea of a ‘happily ever after’ with the possibility of experiencing a moment together. And yet, for this same reason, their time together is inseparable from the feeling of the approaching goodbye, which threatens their very ability to experience the moment. My chapter explores how Before Sunrise draws on music to find a solution to this conundrum. I show that, as we approach the temporal deadline of the title, Bach’s music is used to mobilise a set of complementary eschatological frameworks that are meant both to freeze and extend the time in Vienna. More broadly, I suggest that the film provides a model of cinema’s use of music to make sense of endings and of the time-bound nature of the cinematic experience.
Transnational Productions and Regional Funding: Border-crossing, European Locations and the Case of Contemporary Horror
Authors: Baschiera Stefano
Published: September 2019

This chapter investigates transnational co-productions, regional funding, film commissions and European locations in the new wave of European horror cinema of the new millennium. Since the international success of Hostel (2005) European locations have once again become appealing settings for Horror films, contributing to a new flourishing of the genre in Europe. In particular, we have witnessed a new development of the so-called 'road horror movie', a sub-genre traditionally characterized by border crossing, touristic activities and exotic locations. Film such as Frontier(s)(2006), Calvaire (The Ordeal, 2004), Manhunt (Rovdyr 2008), Ils (Them 2006) and The Pack (Le Meute, 2007) show traveling as a crucial theme. This chapter will engage, first of all, with the production features of these films, focusing on the involvement of regional film commissions and European co-production agreements, in order to investigate the local/global dimension of these productions, generally aimed at an international audience. Secondly, it will analyse the use of locations and how it mirrors European film policies as well as the idea of "Europe" and a “post-industrial” identity.
Colonialism in Latin American Road Movies
Authors: Pinazza Natália
Published: September 2019

Since the 1990s there has been a marked increase in Latin American road movies. The adoption of this internationally recognised genre has enabled those films to be considered part of, and in dialogue with, global cinema. This paper analyses a selected body of contemporary Latin American films and the ways in which colonialism and its legacy inform the dramatic structure of the journey, examining the extent to which they create a distinctive cinematic language.  The specificities of Latin American cinema will be teased out with reference to texts and films of the region’s cinematic tradition in my examination of the road movie’s global situatedness. Here the theme of colonialism, both physical and cultural, is particularly instrumental in identifying tropes and predominant concerns in cinematic journeys set in Latin American countries, whose historical experience of a “third world” and “underdeveloped” status is negotiated in the context of a changing global economic order. The second part of this paper will pay particular attention to the ways in which Embrace of the Serpent/El Abrazo de la serpiente (Ciro Guerra, 2015) uses journeys to denounce historical colonialism and engage with more contemporary and global discourses on eco-criticism.
Intelligence and Metadrama in the Early Modern Theatre
Authors: Angus Bill
Published: September 2019

Intelligence and in the Early Modern Theatre explores intrinsic connections between early modern intelligencers and metadrama in the plays of Shakespeare’s contemporaries.
It offers insight into why the early modern stage abounds with informer and intelligencer figures. Analysing both the nature of intelligence at the time and the metadrama that such characters generate, the book highlights the significance of intrigue and corruption to dramatic narrative and structure. This study of metadrama reveals some of the most fundamental questions being posed about the legitimacy of authority, authorship, and audience interpretation in this seminal era of English drama.
Introduction: Errant Intelligence –The Devil’s Own
Authors: Angus Bill
Published: September 2019

The introduction firstly identifies the defining characteristics, important contexts, and devices of early modern metadrama; it then elaborates on popular conceptions of the informer-figure, and explores connections between them. Using significant examples, including from such coney-catching literature as Dekker’s Lantern and Candlelight, as well as Shakespeare and Jonson, it outlines how metadrama contains discourses of production and reception which mirror authors’ perceptions of their own authorship, their audiences, and ultimately the nature of early-modern society.
In describing how the proliferation of metadramatic structures in the early modern theatre coincides with an increasing sense of the ubiquity of the informer, it develops the idea that this hauntingly present figure reflects a perception of the potential venality of the audience. Further it demonstrates how the figure of the informer can also become a shady representation of an emerging authorial voice.
Metadrama and the Murderous Nature of Authority
Authors: Angus Bill
Published: September 2019

Since early modern debate about the legitimacy of theatre concerns the question of the author’s authority in relation to that of the licensing authorities, and their informers, the fear of misinterpretation generates a self-conscious metadrama which expresses the ambiguity of authority in dramatic structures that aim to manipulate audiences’ responses. But, moreover, this metadrama often also acknowledges theatre’s own potential for complicity in social control, and is often concerned with the interchangeability of authority figures, informers and author-actors. In Philip Massinger’s The Roman Actor, these tensions and interconnections are embodied in the metadramatic representations of the dramatic productions in the tyrannous court of Domitian Caesar which conflate the act of acting with the murderous nature of authority and finally reflect on the nascent and often theatrical court of Charles I itself.
Issues in the syntax of sentential negation
Authors: Alqassas Ahmad
Published: September 2019

The three major categories of negative markers found in Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic are single negation, bipartite negation and enclitic negation. This chapter introduces these three categories in a descriptive manner, making minimal theoretical reference only when necessary. The distinctions made between these categories are relevant to the organization of the book and its discussion of empirical and theoretical issues. Contrasts in the distribution of these negative markers among the three varieties of Arabic under investigation in this book clearly show that negation in Arabic can occupy various syntactic positions, but that there are word order restrictions that regulate these occurrences. The chapter also introduces the Jespersen Cycle of negation in Arabic.
The Jespersen Cycle of negation
Authors: Alqassas Ahmad
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the dynamic interaction between syntax and morpho-phonology behind the complex variation in negation strategies in Jordanian Arabic involving unexpected change-in-progress counter to the direction of the Jespersen Cycle (JC). This chapter discusses free variation and mutual exclusivity of negation strategies from diachronic perspective within the JC of negation. The primary focus is on the limited distribution of enclitic negation (JC stage III) and ongoing spread of single negation (JC stage I) in pragmatically marked contexts. Enclitic negation of labial-initial predicates is analysed as phonological reduction and deletion of proclitic ma (JC stage II). This analysis sheds light on the interplay between the I-language and E-language with respect to the locus of negation. Internal factors (both syntactic and pragmatic) block the spread of stage III negation using the enclitic negative marker by itself, the new marker from a Jespersen Cycle perspective, despite phonological factors spreading stage III. Pragmatic ambiguity as a trigger for change in the spread of single negation in subtle contexts (ambiguous contexts) is an E-language feature, explaining its spread in unmarked contexts. The ongoing spread of single negation in unmarked contexts is an I-language change-in-progress from single-locus to multi-locus distribution for the negative marker maa.
Ancestry
Authors: Macaraig Nina
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins with the biography of the Çemberlitaş Hamamı’s patron, the queen-mother Nurbanu Sultan, and her motivations to construct the bathhouse. The second section turns towards the monument’s world-renowned architect, Mimar Sinan, presenting a brief biography as well as his involvement with the hamam’s construction. Much like humans have mothers and fathers, grandmothers and grandfathers, so does the Çemberlitaş Hamamı have a distinguished lineage ranging from Greek baths to Roman thermae, Byzantine baths, early Arab-Islamic, Perso-Islamic, Seljuk and finally earlier Ottoman hamams. The final section traces this complex lineage with the help of a genealogical tree (silsilename) in order to elucidate the origins and development of various features in Ottoman bathhouse architecture.
From Birth to Breadwinner
Authors: Macaraig Nina
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the hamam’s original appearance and how it began to take up work, having been readied for business with a supply of water and wood for fuel. The hamam’s employees (hamam managers, bathhouse attendants, servants, furnace stokers, and many others) and their organization in guilds make up one group of people connected to the monument, which can be identified based on archival and visual sources with relative certainty. More difficult to identify are the bathers; however, an analysis of the hamam’s neighbourhood’s make-up allows some answers. This chapter also provides a more detailed view of the hamam’s economic relation to the endowment, by looking at its income from entrance fees and at how much exactly it contributed to the endowment’s total income.
In Sickness and in Health
Authors: Macaraig Nina
Published: September 2019

Based on the evidence of narrative sources on the disasters that struck Istanbul, building inscriptions and archival records, this chapter describes the kinds of symptoms that show how the Çemberlitaş Hamamı aged over time. It defines the various causes of damage, such as fires, earthquakes, hailstorms, and daily wear and tear. Finally, the chapter analyses the repair and renovation work done to its structure in greater detail.
The Demands of Climate Justice
Authors: Dietzel Alix
Published: September 2019

Chapter Three completes the climate justice account by defining three demands of justice required to meet a condition of justice in the case of climate change. These three demands are considered normative principles that must underwrite a more just global response to climate change. The chapter is organised into three parts, each one developing a demand of justice. The first part of the chapter concerns the right to health and sets out a minimum set of actions that must be pursued in order to protect this right. Part two of the chapter conducts relational analysis by exploring the relationship between developed countries and less developed countries and puts forward that states should be held to account for climate change action according to both their emissions levels and wealth levels. Finally, the third part of the chapter conducts relational analysis of the relationship between those who cause climate change and those who suffer from its effects, and makes the case that responsible actors extend beyond states to all capable actors, including individuals, firms, sub-state entities, international institutions, and states, irrespective of the country they live or exist in.
Bridging Theory and Practice
Authors: Dietzel Alix
Published: September 2019

Chapter Four sets out the parameters for the cosmopolitan assessment of climate governance. The chapter first provides overview of the processes involved in global climate change governance: multilateral (United Nations Framework for the Convention on Climate Change, or UNFCCC) and transnational (cities, corporations, NGOs, sub-state authorities). Following this, Chapter Four outlines why actors in the UNFCCC and actors involved in transnational governance processes can be held responsible for bringing about a just response to the climate change problem. The chapter grounds the responsibility of these actors in their capability to enable the three demands of justice set out in Chapter Three by restructuring the social and political context. Finally, Chapter Four outlines a methodological framework to clarify how current practice will be assessed. This framework is based on a four-point hierarchy that can be used to investigate to what extent global governance actors enable each demand of justice.
Modernist Life Histories
Authors: Newman Daniel Aureliano
Published: September 2019

Modernist Life Histories explores how new biological models of embryonic development in the first half of the twentieth century helped inspire new kinds of coming-of-age plots. Focusing on novels by E. M. Forster, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Aldous Huxley and Samuel Beckett, the book links narrative experiments with shuffled chronology, repeated beginnings and sex change to new discoveries in the biological sciences. It reveals new connections between the so-called Two Cultures by highlighting how scientific ideas and narratives enter the literary realm.
Introduction
Authors: Newman Daniel Aureliano
Published: September 2019

The introduction outlines historical and formal links between Bildung, biology, and the narrative strategies used by modernist novelists. The classical Bildungsroman, with its insistent linearity, originated from the same organicist aesthetics and ideology as one of the nineteenth-century’s most pervasive biological narratives: recapitulation, in which individual development (ontogeny) repeats species evolution (phylogeny) in miniature. By the early twentieth century, however, this linear biological paradigm was giving way to a more complex set of nonlinear developmental models, which served as inspiration or even templates for the formal experiments of several prominent novelists seeking to rehabilitate the ideals associated with the Bildungsroman. Linking the various new models is the concept of reversion, a developmental disruption of simple chronology that would seem, from the perspective of recapitulation theory, to be regressive or otherwise pathological. Each of the novels featured in the book incorporates some form of biologically derived reversion into its narrative structure, allowing it to retain Bildung’s spiritual and aesthetic ideals while challenging the reductionism and sinister political implications of recapitulation theory.
“An Alien to my Country”: Migration and Statelessness in Frances Burney’s The Wanderer
Authors: Cove Patricia
Published: September 2019

Chapter five argues that Frances Burney’s final novel The Wanderer (1814) uses the familiar plight of the French émigré to critique insular British nationalism during the Napoleonic Wars. The novel’s protagonist Ellis seeks safety from the violence of the French revolution in her native England, where she attempts to re-make her identity by inhabiting a range of socioeconomic positions and geographical spaces that mediate her relationship to the broader British community. By figuring Ellis’s socially liminal position in geographic terms, Burney engages with a trend in literature of the 1790s that politically re-maps Britain in the revolutionary context. Her wanderings highlight the conflict between her allegiances to multiple social groups and her interior self, as her constant motion severs the connections by which she is bound to these communities and leaves her stripped of any sense of national belonging..
The Great Migration and Individual Travels: Precursors of Serbian Modernity?
Authors: Grbić Dragana
Published: September 2019

This chapter situates the travels of Dimitrije Dositej Obradović in the context of the late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Serbian Great Migration, which facilitated the dissemination of Western European thought throughout Serbia. Obradović’s travels typified this process. As a young man, he fled from a monastery and spent much of his life traveling through Germany, France, Italy, England and elsewhere in Europe. He paid his way by teaching languages, and when he returned home, he translated European works into the Serbian vernacular. His oeuvre brought the Enlightenment thought of Voltaire, Leibniz, and Kant to Serbian literature and introduced readers to the works of Fénelon, Rousseau, and Marmontel. Obradović’s writings, particularly his autobiography, not only shaped eighteenth-century Serbian culture, but also influenced South Slavs, Greeks, and Romanians in the Balkans. .
Re-(en)gendering Heroism: Reflective Nostalgia for Peplum’s Golden Age of Heroes in Hercules: The Legendary Journeys 2.14 (1996)
Authors: Tomasso Vincent
Published: September 2019

In this first chapter investigating the golden ages of heroes, Tomasso examines how nostalgia for the mid-twentieth century golden age of peplum (“sword and sandal”) films, which inspired the heroic “golden age” world of Hercules: The Legendary Journeys (1995–9), is redoubled in “Once a Hero” (Episode 2.14, 1996). In staging a second voyage to re-claim the Golden Fleece, the episode presents Hercules as a guide for the demoralized Jason’s recuperation of his masculinity and status as the titular hero, in the wake of his ex-wife Medea’s killing of their two children and the mysterious disappearance of the Golden Fleece. In defining heroism within the scope of the series’ interpretation of the classical golden age, the episode highlights the challenge of reconciling the regressive sexual politics inherent in the peplum genre with the “girl power” Zeitgeist of 1990s American society and culture. On the one hand, the episode leans into the traditional villainization of Medea as a femme fatale; on the other, it also presents an invented character, Phoebe, who earns her own place as a hero among the Argonauts.
Gilding American History through Song Culture in O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)
Authors: Platte Ryan
Published: September 2019

In the first of two chapters investigating the role of Homeric epic in fabricating golden ages, Platte reveals how Joel and Ethan Coen’s O Brother, Where Art Thou?, which proclaims its debt to Homer’s Odyssey in the opening credits, also re-enacts Homeric epic’s creation of a golden age. Platte focuses on the role of song in generating ancient and modern societies’ gilded memories of the past, including the nostalgia-laden misremembering of the Depression-era American South in which the film is set. Platte emphasizes how technological change affected the American folk-song tradition through recording – a phenomenon similar to that which changed Greek song culture into “Homeric” epic. By focusing on a moment of epochal change, the filmmakers undercut the notion that folk music is a simple and genuine artefact of the past. Instead, invoking nostalgia through song exposes the artificiality of the traffic in nostalgia, which has shaped attitudes toward the ancient Greek and modern American pasts. Through the protagonist’s encounter with two Homer avatars, the Coens dramatize both the process of nostalgia-creation for such a golden age and the rejection of attempts to politically weaponize it: in this case, by obscuring racism in romantic depictions of the “Old South.”
“All That Glitters …”: Problematizing Golden-Age Narratives in Vergil’s Aeneid and the Western Film Genre
Authors: Day Kirsten
Published: September 2019

In the first of two chapters that treat promises of an imperial golden age in Aeneid Book 6 in relation to American expansionism as portrayed in the Western film genre, Kirsten Day compares the production contexts of Vergil’s epic, during the “golden age of Latin literature” in the wake of epochal civil wars, to the Westerns produced after World War II during the “golden age” of Hollywood. So too the dramatic settings of the Aeneid, after the Trojan War, and of Westerns, after the American Civil War, enshrine these trailblazing pioneers in the pantheon of founding heroes whose struggles (re)built the nation of the narrative’s audience. Through a wide-ranging survey of many of the genre’s most famous films, such as Red River and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, Day examines several key themes, including nation-building as divinely driven labor; the laconic characterization of the Western male hero and his troubling resemblance to the villain; and the sacrificial role assigned to female characters. Day concludes that these ancient and modern texts also share an undercurrent of anxiety about the moral ambiguities of these projects, which belies their superficial optimism.
The Golden Age and Imperial Dominance in the Aeneid and Serenity (2005)
Authors: Rea Jennifer A.
Published: September 2019

In the second of two chapters that treat promises of an imperial golden age in Aeneid Book 6, Rea extends Kirsten Day’s work on the Vergilian golden age and the American Western to Joss Whedon’s Space Western film Serenity. Rea identifies this descendant of the Aeneid as skeptical about the utopian promises of the imperialistic Alliance, a technologically advanced group of central planets that defeat the “Independents” on the outer planets(known as the frontier) and proceed to impose their will upon these recalcitrant pioneers. When the contested frontier moves from exterior space to the recesses of subjects’ minds, imperialistic conquest endangers the very people supposedly benefiting from the imposition of “civilization.” The Alliance’s disastrous application of “Pax,” an experimental nerve agent, to the unwitting population of a frontier planet echoes pessimistic readings of the Aeneid and its undercurrent of anxiety about what sacrifices are required for a new golden age of peace, prosperity, and security to arise. Rea also examines the point at which Serenity’s protagonist Mal Reynolds, a veteran Independent, takes on an Aeneas-like role in single combat with his adversary: not to found a golden age of empire, but to protect universal freedom.
Turning Gold into Lead: Sexual Pathology and the De-mythologizing of Augustus in HBO’s Rome (2005–2007)
Authors: West Thomas J.
Published: September 2019

In the first of two chapters connecting the management of sexuality to the fortunes of Augustus, his dynasty, and the empire it governs, West focuses on HBO’s Rome (2005-7), a prestige cable series produced during the current golden age of television. He considers how Rome’s portrayal of Octavian’s psychosexual development, as he matures into Augustus, de-mythologizes the moral linchpin of Rome’s post-war “restoration” and thus interrogates this dominant icon of the “golden age of Rome.” The series juxtaposes Octavian to his viciously sexual mother Atia and his variably timid and rebellious sister Octavia, and also regards him as the protégé of two of the Republic’s leading men, Julius Caesar and Marc Antony. Yet even while establishing Augustus as the figure credited with containing the destructive, disruptive sexuality of his family and founding Rome’s new golden age, the series goes to great pains to look beneath the Augustan mask of male control and reveal a darker strain of barely tamed sexual desires, symbolized by his privately sadomasochistic relationship with his wife Livia. Beyond feeding viewers’ prurient appetites, the series acknowledges sexuality as a historical force in tandem with “civilizing” rationality; it can be repressed, but never eliminated.