bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical Ancestry: Evolution of the Array in Analysis
Authors: Kricka Larry J , Imai Kenta , Fortina Paolo
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND

Macro-, micro-, and nanosized arrays of test sites at various densities have emerged as important types of analytical devices in response to the need for high volume parallel analysis in both the research and the clinical laboratory.

CONTENT

This review explores the diversity of arrays of reaction vessels and arrays of reagents and of samples, with an emphasis on the earliest descriptions of the different variations. The scope of such arrays includes linear and 2-dimensional arrays of reaction vessels (e.g., microwell strips, microplates); linear and 2-dimensional arrays of reagents arrayed on pillars and posts; beads in wells; and reagents randomly arrayed (or dis-ordered) for use in next-generation sequencing. Micro- and nanofabrication technologies have been applied to the miniaturization of arrays to increase array density (e.g., DNA probe arrays) and produce arrays of analytical structures (e.g., cantilevers, nanoelectrospray nozzles).

Arrays are now firmly established in many types of analytical devices, and this analytical format has gained widespread acceptance owing to the advantages of high-throughput automation and multiplex analysis. Ongoing “big biology” genomic and proteomic studies will ensure the continued dominance of array-based methods into the foreseeable future.
When PSB is delivered by the hand of God: The case of Roman Catholic broadcast networks in Venezuela
Authors: Lugo-Ocando Jairo , Caizalez Andrs , Lohmeier Christine
Published: October 2010

This article explores the nature and extent of the delivery of public service broadcasting (PSB) by alternative models and actors in Latin America. The main hypothesis is that PSB is delivered in Venezuela not by the state but by the Roman Catholic Church. In looking at the case of
the Instituto Radiofnico Fe y Alegra (IRFA) we argue that, contrary to what might be expected, this media outlet provides what by all standards can be described as PSB. The article is based on research sponsored by the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland and which included content
analysis, semi-structured interviews and participatory observation for over three months in 2008. The article makes comparative reference to public service broadcasters in the United States and in Europe and aims to challenge traditional sources of knowledge regarding PSB.
Discourses of the War on Terror: Constructions of the Islamic other after 7/7
Authors: Featherstone Mark , Holohan Siobhan , Poole Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

It is widely agreed that the events which took place on 11 September 2001 have played a large part in reshaping global imaginings about contemporary acts of terrorism and their Islamic perpetrators. Given this transformation in the understanding of terrorism and terrorists, our objective
in this article is threefold. First we want to present a discussion of the roots of the kind of neo-liberal politics that has grown up alongside acts of terrorism and its global media coverage which has, we argue, resulted in a politics of fear that acts to legitimate ever-increasing legislative
controls. In an attempt to reveal how discourse works to support such regulation, in the second part of this article we offer a qualitative analysis of newspaper articles from the UK about acts of terrorism that have taken place since the suicide bombings on the London transport system on
7 July 2005. Together with an analysis of the political speeches of Bush and Blair, we examine how far these discourses can be said to have reframed notions of inclusion/exclusion for Muslim populations. Finally we present a discussion of the consequences of such terrorist acts and their varied
representations for the future of the British multicultural imaginary.
Conditioning hardwood-derived pre-pulping extracts for use in fermentation through removal and recovery of acetic acid using trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO)
Authors: Um Byung-Hwan , Friedman Benjamin , van Walsum G. Peter
Published: October 2010

Extraction characteristics are shown for trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) dissolved in alkane for recovery of acetic acid from dilute water solution and hardwood-derived hemicellulose extracts. The recovery of acetic acid with TOPO is significantly influenced by the pH in the aqueous phase and lightly affected by temperature. In a one-stage extraction, 76.0% of the acetic acid could be extracted below pH 3. The yield of fractional extractions increase with increasing TOPO concentration in alkane and with increasing acetic acid concentration in the aqueous phase. It was found that for dilute extractions carried out at 70°C and pH 1, the solvent extraction is effective at 37% TOPO in alkane (w/w) and that little improvement is realized by further increases in TOPO concentration. Partition coefficients for green liquor and hot water extracts ranged between 2.0 and 2.5 at the tested conditions. Fermentation of hemicellulose extracts that had been treated with TOPO for removal of acetic acid was tested to determine whether TOPO processing resulted in any positive or adverse affects on the microbial activity. Fermentation of TOPO-treated green liquor hemicellulose extract with Pichia stipitis resulted in improved ethanol production relative to untreated extract. Accordingly, placement of TOPO extraction after hydrolysis and prior to fermentation is optimal for acetic acid recovery and maintenance of fermentation rates.
Advancing the dynamic mechanical analysis of biomass: comparison of tensile-torsion and compressive-torsion wood DMA
Authors: Chowdhury Sudip , Fabiyi James , Frazier Charles E.
Published: October 2010

In an effort to advance the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of very small biomass specimens, and/or specimens having poor mechanical integrity, the functional equivalent of pendulum-torsion (tensile-torsion) DMA was compared to parallel-plate compressive-torsion DMA. The solvent-saturated lignin glass transition in yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) was generally similar determined by both modes; however, direct data comparisons should be avoided or carefully considered. First-heat glass transition temperatures (T
gs) were relatively similar; however, specimen densification elevated subsequent cooling-mode T
gs by 5–8°C in compressive-torsion. Both modes revealed a first-heat tan δ shoulder; it was more prominent and had grain dependency in compressive-torsion. Below fiber saturation, subambient tensile-torsion DMA was superior; compressive-torsion resulted in an anomalous response, obscuring subambient secondary relaxations. With these differences and limitations in mind, compressive-torsion offers specific advantages. Solvent-submersion studies are simplified because solvent cups are easily devised for torsional rheometers. Specimens lacking mechanical integrity are more easily analyzed. Heavily biodegraded spruce (Picea sp.) was analyzed in the solvent-submersion mode as fibrous mats and the different actions of Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta were revealed. Very small specimens are easily analyzed in compressive-torsion; tissue maturity effects were revealed in minute sections of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) stems. Applied appropriately, parallel-plate compressive-torsion DMA will provide new research opportunities.
Evaluating the Performance of Helmet Linings Incorporating Fluid Channels
Authors: Stewart D. , Young L. R. , Goel R. , Christou G. , Gilchrist M. D.
Published: October 2010

Performance advantages of incorporating fluid channels into a foam made of DERTEXDERTEX Corporation, Southfield, MI, USA. VN600 (vinyl nitrile) are evaluated. This foam has the potential to replace the traditional foam material of helmet liners, like expanded polystyrene (EPS). The experiments involved dropping a certified size E headform vertically onto a flat, solid anvil. Elastically deformable and resilient VN foam outperformed EPS during all impacts. Incorporating a viscous aqueous solution of 30 % by weight glycerin into 3/8 in. (0.95 cm) diameter channels machined through VN foam, reduced the peak headform acceleration by 12 % on first impact compared to VN foam samples without fluid channels. The reduction was 17 % when compared to EPS foam samples. The duration of the first impact increased by 27 % over EPS, significantly lowering the associated head injury criterion values. Repeated impact testing demonstrated an increasing performance advantage of incorporating fluid channels. Samples incorporating 30 % glycerin solution reduced the peak headform acceleration after six impacts by 50 % as compared to EPS.
Die Rezeption Ernst Moritz Arndts in Deutschland 1909/10 - 1919/20 - 1934/35
Authors: Vordermayer Thomas
Published: October 2010

Vorspann

Ist Ernst Moritz Arndt ein Vorbild? Ein Rätsel ist er allemal. Seine Person und sein OEuvre sind umstritten – die Debatten der vergangenen Jahre haben dies regelmäßig gezeigt –, obwohl doch sein Werk weitgehend in Vergessenheit geraten ist. Und ganz unterschiedliche Lager haben ihn wie selbstverständlich für sich in Anspruch genommen – auch die alte Bundesrepublik und die DDR, obwohl Arndt doch vor 1945 eindeutig als Projektionsfläche nationalistischer Sehnsüchte diente. Möglicherweise steht der Name Arndt ja eher für einen Mythos als für einen Menschen aus Fleisch und Blut. Umso schärfer stellt sich daher in seinem Fall die Frage nach seiner Wirkungsgeschichte.
Alfred Andersch abgehört. Kriegsgefangene Anti-Nazis im amerikanischen Vernehmungslager Fort Hunt
Authors: Römer Felix
Published: October 2010

Vorspann

Abgehört – die Protokolle der Lauschangriffe auf gefangene Wehrmachtsgeneräle im britischen Lager Trent Park haben jüngst für Aufsehen gesorgt. Doch nicht nur Offiziere wurden vernommen und belauscht. Die US-Army schleuste Tausende „einfache“ Soldaten durch ihr Vernehmungslager Fort Hunt, unter ihnen den Schriftsteller Alfred Andersch und einige seiner Weggefährten. Die amerikanischen Dossiers geben neue Einblicke in ihre Biographien und Mentalitäten.
Decoupling of Host–Symbiont–Phage Coadaptations Following Transfer Between Insect Species
Authors: Chafee Meghan E , Zecher Courtney N , Gourley Michelle L , Schmidt Victor T , Chen John H , Bordenstein Sarah R , Clark Michael E , Bordenstein Seth R
Published: October 2010

Transferring endosymbiotic bacteria between different host species can perturb the coordinated regulation of the host and bacterial genomes. Here we use the most common maternally transmitted bacteria, Wolbachia pipientis, to test the consequences of host genetic background on infection densities and the processes underlying those changes in the parasitoid wasp genus Nasonia. Introgressing the genome of Nasonia giraulti into the infected cytoplasm of N. vitripennis causes a two-order-of-magnitude increase in bacterial loads in adults and a proliferation of the infection to somatic tissues. The host effect on W. pipientis distribution and densities is associated with a twofold decrease in densities of the temperate phage WO-B. Returning the bacteria from the new host species back to the resident host species restores the bacteria and phage to their native densities. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report a host–microbe genetic interaction that affects the densities of both W. pipientis and bacteriophage WO-B. The consequences of the increased bacterial density include a reduction in fecundity, an increase in levels of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), and unexpectedly, male-to-female transfer of the bacteria to uninfected females and an increased acceptance of densely infected females to interspecific mates. While paternal inheritance of the W. pipientis was not observed, the high incidence of male-to-female transfer in the introgressed background raises the possibility that paternal transmission could be more likely in hybrids where paternal leakage of other cytoplasmic elements is also known to occur. Taken together, these results establish a major change in W. pipientis densities and tissue tropism between closely related species and support a model in which phage WO, Wolbachia, and arthropods form a tripartite symbiotic association in which all three are integral to understanding the biology of this widespread endosymbiosis.
System-Level Analysis of Genes and Functions Affecting Survival During Nutrient Starvation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Gresham David , Boer Viktor M , Caudy Amy , Ziv Naomi , Brandt Nathan J , Storey John D , Botstein David
Published: October 2010

An essential property of all cells is the ability to exit from active cell division and persist in a quiescent state. For single-celled microbes this primarily occurs in response to nutrient deprivation. We studied the genetic requirements for survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae when starved for either of two nutrients: phosphate or leucine. We measured the survival of nearly all nonessential haploid null yeast mutants in mixed populations using a quantitative sequencing method that estimates the abundance of each mutant on the basis of frequency of unique molecular barcodes. Starvation for phosphate results in a population half-life of 337 hr whereas starvation for leucine results in a half-life of 27.7 hr. To measure survival of individual mutants in each population we developed a statistical framework that accounts for the multiple sources of experimental variation. From the identities of the genes in which mutations strongly affect survival, we identify genetic evidence for several cellular processes affecting survival during nutrient starvation, including autophagy, chromatin remodeling, mRNA processing, and cytoskeleton function. In addition, we found evidence that mitochondrial and peroxisome function is required for survival. Our experimental and analytical methods represent an efficient and quantitative approach to characterizing genetic functions and networks with unprecedented resolution and identified genotype-by-environment interactions that have important implications for interpretation of studies of aging and quiescence in yeast.
Intrinsic Characteristics of Neighboring DNA Modulate Transposable Element Activity in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Esnault Caroline , Palavesam Azhahianambi , Pilitt Kristina , O'Brochta David A
Published: October 2010

Identifying factors influencing transposable element activity is essential for understanding how these elements impact genomes and their evolution as well as for fully exploiting them as functional genomics tools and gene-therapy vectors. Using a genetics-based approach, the influence of genomic position on piggyBac mobility in Drosophila melanogaster was assessed while controlling for element structure, genetic background, and transposase concentration. The mobility of piggyBac elements varied over more than two orders of magnitude solely as a result of their locations within the genome. The influence of genomic position on element activities was independent of factors resulting in position-dependent transgene expression (“position effects”). Elements could be relocated to new genomic locations without altering their activity if ≥500 bp of genomic DNA originally flanking the element was also relocated. Local intrinsic factors within the neighboring DNA that determined the activity of piggyBac elements were portable not only within the genome but also when elements were moved to plasmids. The predicted bendability of the first 50 bp flanking the 5′ and 3′ termini of piggyBac elements could account for 60% of the variance in position-dependent activity observed among elements. These results are significant because positional influences on transposable element activities will impact patterns of accumulation of elements within genomes. Manipulating and controlling the local sequence context of piggyBac elements could be a powerful, novel way of optimizing gene vector activity.
Electro Oxidation and Biodegradation of Textile Dye Effluent Containing Procion Blue 2G Using Fungal Strain Phanerochate Chrysosporium MTCC 787
Authors: Selvakumar Kuppusamy Vaithilingam , Basha C. Ahmed , Prabhu Harinarayan Janardhana , Narayanan Anantharaman , Nagarajan Jayanthi
Published: October 2010

Biodegradation experiments were carried out using the fungal strain Phanerochate chrysosporium MTCC 787 to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the color of the textile effluent containing Procion Blue 2G.In degradation, biochemical oxidation (BO) was coupled with an electro oxidation (EO) process before and during sequence. The integrated process was carried out in three cycles for the effluents containing 10 mL and 20 mL of inoculum (two different culture concentrations) in aerobic conditions. The overall COD reduction was 90.6% and 92.4%, respectively, and complete color removal was achieved at the end of sequential integrated oxidation process. The treated effluent was subjected to photo-oxidation to remove the microbes so that the water can be recycled after the removal of total dissolved solids (TDS).The experimental results showed that the integrated BO with EO is a viable option to reduce COD and color of the dye solution containing the bio-recalcitrant reactive dye Procion Blue 2G using the fungal strain Phanerochate chrysosporium MTCC 787.
Views on Unsafe Nursing Students in Clinical Learning
Authors: Killam Laura A , Montgomery Phyllis , Luhanga Florence Loyce , Adamic Peter , Carter Lorraine M
Published: October 2010

Clinical education is a cornerstone of undergraduate nursing education programs. Although protecting patient safety in clinical learning experiences is a standard of practice, no standard definition of the unsafe student exists. The purpose of this study was to describe the viewpoints of undergraduate student nurses and their clinical educators about unsafe clinical student practices. Using Q methodology, 57 students and 14 clinical educators sorted 39 unsafe student practice statements. These statements were generated from an integrated review of nursing and related literature and two undergraduate student focus groups. The use of centroid factor analysis with varimax rotation produced three dimensions of unsafe student practices. An unsafe student was characterized by his/her Compromised Professional Accountability, Incomplete Praxis, and Clinical Disengagement. A shared attribute among these three features was violated professional integrity. While students affective, cognitive, and praxis competencies were priority elements in the conceptualization of unsafe student practice, this study also identified the salient role of educators as active participants in preparation of safe practitioners.
Downregulation of Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Trafficking in Obesity
Authors: McQuaid Siobhán E. , Hodson Leanne , Neville Matthew J. , Dennis A. Louise , Cheeseman Jane , Humphreys Sandy M. , Ruge Toralph , Gilbert Marjorie , Fielding Barbara A. , Frayn Keith N. , Karpe Fredrik
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE

Lipotoxicity and ectopic fat deposition reduce insulin signaling. It is not clear whether excess fat deposition in nonadipose tissue arises from excessive fatty acid delivery from adipose tissue or from impaired adipose tissue storage of ingested fat.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

To investigate this we used a whole-body integrative physiological approach with multiple and simultaneous stable-isotope fatty acid tracers to assess delivery and transport of endogenous and exogenous fatty acid in adipose tissue over a diurnal cycle in lean (n = 9) and abdominally obese men (n = 10).

RESULTS

Abdominally obese men had substantially (2.5-fold) greater adipose tissue mass than lean control subjects, but the rates of delivery of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were downregulated, resulting in normal systemic NEFA concentrations over a 24-h period. However, adipose tissue fat storage after meals was substantially depressed in the obese men. This was especially so for chylomicron-derived fatty acids, representing the direct storage pathway for dietary fat. Adipose tissue from the obese men showed a transcriptional signature consistent with this impaired fat storage function.

CONCLUSIONS

Enlargement of adipose tissue mass leads to an appropriate downregulation of systemic NEFA delivery with maintained plasma NEFA concentrations. However the implicit reduction in adipose tissue fatty acid uptake goes beyond this and shows a maladaptive response with a severely impaired pathway for direct dietary fat storage. This adipose tissue response to obesity may provide the pathophysiological basis for ectopic fat deposition and lipotoxicity.
Separation of surfactant functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes via free solution electrophoresis method
Authors: Scheibe Blazej , Rümmeli Mark , Borowiak-Palen Ewa , Kalenczuk Ryszard
Published: October 2010

This work presents the application of the free solution electrophoresis method (FSE) in the metallic / semiconductive (M/S) separation process of the surfactant functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The SWCNTs synthesized via laser ablation were purified through high vacuum annealing and subsequent refluxing processes in aqua regia solution. The purified and annealed material was divided into six batches. First three batches were dispersed in anionic surfactants: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium cholate (SC) and sodium deoxycholate (DOC). The next three batches were dispersed in cationic surfactants: cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), benzalkonium chloride (BKC) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). All the prepared SWCNTs samples were subjected to FSE separation process. The fractionated samples were recovered from control and electrode areas and annealed in order to remove the adsorbed surfactants on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) surface. The changes of the van Hove singularities (vHS) present in SWCNTs spectra were investigated via UV-Vis-NIR optical absorption spectroscopy (OAS).
Cross-Cultural Differences in Knee Functional Status Outcomes in a Polyglot Society Represented True Disparities Not Biased by Differential Item Functioning
Authors: Deutscher Daniel , Hart Dennis L. , Crane Paul K. , Dickstein Ruth
Published: October 2010

Background

Comparative effectiveness research across cultures requires unbiased measures that accurately detect clinical differences between patient groups.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to assess the presence and impact of differential item functioning (DIF) in knee functional status (FS) items administered using computerized adaptive testing (CAT) as a possible cause for observed differences in outcomes between 2 cultural patient groups in a polyglot society.

Design

This study was a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data.

Methods

We evaluated data from 9,134 patients with knee impairments from outpatient physical therapy clinics in Israel. Items were analyzed for DIF related to sex, age, symptom acuity, surgical history, exercise history, and language used to complete the functional survey (Hebrew versus Russian).

Results

Several items exhibited DIF, but unadjusted FS estimates and FS estimates that accounted for DIF were essentially equal (intraclass correlation coefficient [2,1]>.999). No individual patient had a difference between unadjusted and adjusted FS estimates as large as the median standard error of the unadjusted estimates. Differences between groups defined by any of the covariates considered were essentially unchanged when using adjusted instead of unadjusted FS estimates. The greatest group-level impact was <0.3% of 1 standard deviation of the unadjusted FS estimates.

Limitations

Complete data where patients answered all items in the scale would have been preferred for DIF analysis, but only CAT data were available.

Conclusions

Differences in FS outcomes between groups of patients with knee impairments who answered the knee CAT in Hebrew or Russian in Israel most likely reflected true differences that may reflect societal disparities in this health outcome.
Anatomical landmarks and skin markers are not reliable for accurate labeling of thoracic vertebrae on MRI
Authors: Shabshin Nogah , Schweitzer Mark E. , Carrino John A.
Published: October 2010

Background: Numbering of the thoracic spine on MRI can be tedious if C2 and L5–S1 are not included and may lead to errors in lesion level.

Purpose: To determine whether anatomic landmarks or external markers are reliable as an aid for accurate numbering of thoracic vertebrae on MRI.

Material and Methods: Sixty-seven thoracic spine MR studies of 67 patients (30 males, 37 females, age range 18–83 years) were studied, composed of 52 consecutive MR studies and an additional 15 MRI in which vitamin E markers were placed over the skin. In the 52 thoracic MR examinations potential numbering aids such as the level of the sternal apex, pulmonary artery, aortic arch, and osseous or disc abnormalities were numbered on both cervical localizer (standard of reference) and thoracic sagittal images. The additional 15 examinations in which vitamin E markers were placed over the skin were evaluated for consistency in the level of the markers on different sequences in the same exam.

Results: The sternal apex level ranged from T2 to T5 [T3 in 28/51 patients (55%), T2 in 10/51 (20%)]. The aortic arch level ranged from T2 to T4 [T4 in 18/48 (38%) and T3 in 17 (35%)]. Pulmonary artery level ranged from T4 to T6–7 disc [T5 in 20/52 patients (38%) and T6 in 14/52 (27%)]. In 3 of 12 patients who had abnormalities in a vertebral body or disc as definite point reference, the non-localizer image mislabeled the level. In 11/15 (73%) patients with vitamin E markers that were placed over the upper thoracic spine, the results showed consistency in the level of the markers in relation to the reference points or consistent inter-marker gap between the sequences.

Conclusion: There are only two reliable ways to accurately define the levels if no landmarking feature is available on the magnet. The first is by including C2 in the thoracic sequence of a diagnostic quality, and the second is by using an abnormality in the discs or vertebral bodies as a point of reference.
Sonographic characteristics of breast cancers detected by supplemental screening US: Comparison with breast cancers seen on screening mammography
Authors: Cho Nariya , Moon Woo Kyung , Chang Jung Min , Yi Ann , Koo Hye Ryoung , Han Boo-Kyung
Published: October 2010

Background: Supplemental screening ultrasonography (US) in addition to mammography can help detect early breast cancers in women with dense breasts and other risk factors. It is crucial to understand the imaging features of US-detected cancer to identify them in screening population.

Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate the US features and final assessments of breast cancers detected by supplemental screening US in comparison with cancers seen on screening mammography.

Material and Methods: The study included 80 women (mean age 46 years, range 31–65 years) with 80 breast cancers detected by supplemental screening US. Another 80 women (mean age 52 years, range 33–77 years) with 80 breast cancers seen on screening mammography were included for a control group. US features and final assessments were classified according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) without knowledge of the method of detection, or mammographic or histologic findings. Results of the two groups were compared.

Results: Breast cancers detected by supplemental screening US were more frequently found to have the following features: an oval shape (21% [17/80] vs 10% [8/80], P = 0.013), a circumscribed margin (13% [10/80] vs 4% [3/80], P = 0.043), an abrupt interface (79% [63/80] vs 53% [42/80], P < 0.001), and no posterior acoustic (70% [56/80] vs 53% [42/80], P = 0.023) or surrounding tissue (79% [63/80] vs 28% [22/80], P < 0.001) changes. For the final assessment, 93% (74/80) of US-detected cancers and 60% (48/80) of cancers seen on mammography were classified as a category 4, while 3% (2/80) of US-detected cancers and 38% (30/80) of cancers seen on mammography were category 5.

Conclusion: Compared with breast cancers seen on screening mammography, breast cancers detected by supplemental screening US tend to have less malignant US features, although most (95%) of them were classified as category 4 or 5.
Determinants of Arsenicosis Patients’ Perception and Social Implications of Arsenic Poisoning through Groundwater in Bangladesh
Authors: Sarker M. Mizanur Rahman
Published: October 2010

Adverse human health effects ranging from skin lesions to internal cancers as well as widespread social and psychological problems caused by arsenic contaminated drinking water in Bangladesh may be the biggest arsenic calamity in the world. From an arsenicosis patients survey, this paper empirically analyzes the determinants of arsenicosis patients’ perception about chronic arsenic poisoning and social and psychological implications of arsenicosis. In this study, cross-sectional data were collected from the Matlab and Hajiganj Upzillas of Chandpur district which are known to be highly contaminated with arsenic in their underground water. Respondents informed that arsenic poisoning causes a wide range of social and psychological problems. Female respondents were less vulnerable in the case of social problems (p < 0.01) and more vulnerable for the psychological problems (p < 0.001) of arsenicosis than male respondents. The results based on logit analysis showed that education (p < 0.01) and household income (p < 0.05) were significantly correlated to respondents’ perception about arsenicosis. The arsenicosis related special program (s) needs a clear understanding of people’s perception about arsenic exposure for abating the health burden as well as social and psychological problems.
8-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)vinyl]-10,10-dimethyl-10H-pyrido[1,2-a] indolium Perchlorate
Authors: Cao Peng , Jiang  , Zhang Xue-Bin , Ge Shang-Zheng
Published: October 2010

A novel compound, 8-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)vinyl)]-10,10-dimethyl-10H-pyrido[1,2-a]indolium perchlorate, was synthesized by the condensation of 8,10,10-trimethyl-10H- pyrido[1,2-a]indolium perchlorate and indole-3-carbaldehyde in the presence of piperidine. The structure of the target compound was characterized by IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis, and its UV-visible absorption and emission spectra were also determined.
A New Xanthone from the Bark Extract of Rheedia acuminata and Antiplasmodial Activity of Its Major Compounds
Authors: Marti Guillaume , Eparvier Véronique , Litaudon Marc , Grellier Philippe , Guéritte Françoise
Published: October 2010

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate bark extract of Rheedia acuminata led to the isolation of the new compound 1,5,6-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-7-geranyl-xanthone (1), together with four known compounds 2-5. These compounds were tested in vitro for their antiplasmodial activity on a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum (FcB1) and for their cytotoxicity against the human diploid embryonic lung cell line MRC-5.
Timing and Duration of Drug Exposure Affects Outcomes of a Drug-Nutrient Interaction During Ontogeny
Authors: Ling Binbing , Aziz Caroline , Wojnarowicz Chris , Olkowski Andrew , Alcorn Jane
Published: October 2010

Significant drug-nutrient interactions are possible when drugs and nutrients share the same absorption and disposition mechanisms. During postnatal development, the outcomes of drug-nutrient interactions may change with postnatal age since these processes undergo ontogenesis through the postnatal period. Our study investigated the dependence of a significant drug-nutrient interaction (cefepime-carnitine) on the timing and duration of drug exposure relative to postnatal age. Rat pups were administered cefepime (5 mg/kg) twice daily subcutaneously according to different dosing schedules (postnatal day 1-4, 1-8, 8-11, 8-20, or 1-20). Cefepime significantly reduced serum and heart L-carnitine levels in postnatal day 1-4, 1-8 and 8-11 groups and caused severe degenerative changes in ventricular myocardium in these groups. Cefepime also altered the ontogeny of several key L-carnitine homeostasis pathways. The qualitative and quantitative changes in levels of hepatic γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase mRNA and activity, hepatic trimethyllysine hydroxlase mRNA, intestinal organic cation/carnitine transporter (Octn) mRNA, and renal Octn2 mRNA depended on when during postnatal development the cefepime exposure occurred and duration of exposure. Despite lower levels of heart L-carnitine in earlier postnatal groups, levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase mRNA and activity, heart Octn2 mRNA and ATP levels in all treatment groups remained unchanged with cefepime exposure. However, changes in other high energy phosphate substrates were noted and reductions in the phosphocreatine/ATP ratio were found in rat pups with normal serum L-carnitine levels. In summary, our data suggest a significant drug-nutrient transport interaction in developing neonates, the nature of which depends on the timing and duration of exposure relative to postnatal age.
Noah’s Ark or World Wild Web? Cultural Perspectives in Global Scenario Studies and Their Function for Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing World
Authors: Beumer Carijn , Martens Pim
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we review the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Scenarios and their assumptions on biodiversity conservation, using a framework based on the cultural theory (CT) perspectives. We explored an adaptation of the CT typology and the significance of some underrepresented worldviews for discussions on conservation in a changing world. The evaluation of the assumptions on biodiversity conservation in the scenario studies and storylines adds to our understanding of the socio-cultural dimensions of biodiversity loss in a changing world. It contributes to an understanding of the worldviews underlying the complex debates on biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Making such assumptions and world views explicit will help policymakers and conservationists discuss the diversity of conservation strategies in the face of uncertainty.
« Calmer les nerfs » : automédication, observance et dépendance à l'égard des médicaments psychotropes
Authors: Haxaire Claudie
Published: October 2010

Résumé. Des entretiens sur les pharmacies familiales menés auprès d'une population rurale ou retraitée de Basse-Normandie, faisant tous mention de médicaments psychotropes, ont été analysés du point de vue des catégories profanes. Les médicaments « pour les nerfs » y apparaissent traités distinctement des autres spécialités, ce que confirme l'analyse de discours. Dans cette région où l'enquête ethnologique n'a pu mettre en évidence de remèdes traditionnels des troubles actuellement traités par ces médicaments, le traitement « des nerfs » relève plus volontiers de l'hygiène de vie que du médical. Rabattre la dépression sur une « maladie des nerfs » permet d'éluder toute psychiatrisation. Ce mode de catégorisation a une incidence sur les conduites d'automédication, d'observance et de dépendance à l'égard de ces médicaments et apporte un éclairage sur les problèmes que pose la consommation de certains psychotropes dans notre pays.
Le sujet de l'observance. L'expérience de l'accès aux traitements antirétroviraux de l'infection à VIH en Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Delaunay Karine , Vidal Laurent
Published: October 2010

El sujeto de la observancia de los tratamientos.

La experiencia del acceso a los tratamientos antiretrovirales

de la infección al VIH en Costa de Marfîl

En el contexto del acceso a los tratamientos antiretrovirales del sida en Costa de Marfil, el proposito de este artículo es poner en relación las posiciones y las actitudes de los pacientes, de los profesionales de la salud y del sistema cuando se trata de permitir y mejorar la obedencia a un trata- miento complejo y que trae esperanzas. La cuestión del precio de los tratamientos parece particularmente central : constituye una preocupación importante de los enfermos que desaira las relaciones con los familiares y sugiere las estrategias — objeto de una atención — puestas en obra por los profesionales de la salud para seleccionar a los que disfrutaran de un tratamiento. Participando de un sistema que favoreció un modo de acer- carse a la previsión de la observancia por los enfermos — cuyo efecto puede ser, al contrario, la falta de observancia — esta cuestión del precio es emblemática de discursos y prácticas morales dentro de la relacion terapéutica.
Malades et maladies en exil : les migrations brésiliennes vers la Guyane à l'épreuve du sida
Authors: Bourdier Frédéric
Published: October 2010

Résumé. La Guyane détient le triste record d'être proportionnellement le département le plus touché par l'épidémie d'infection par le virus du sida (VIH). Elle est aussi une terre de destination où convergent les populations caribéennes et latino-américaines. Si les lois d'exception adoptées en matière d'immigration ont peu d'effet sur le contrôle des flux migratoires, elles suscitent un certain nombre de problèmes sociaux, dont l'accès malaisé des populations non régularisées aux services de santé. En ce sens, le taux relativement bas (autour de 50 %) du suivi régulier des personnes contaminées par le sida ne peut être imputé aux seuls comportements culturels comme il est souvent avancé, mais en grande partie aux conditions politiques et légales qui définissent le droit de séjour des immigrés.
Hôpital : le temps de travail sous tension. Une comparaison Belgique, Italie, France, Grande-Bretagne, Pays-Bas et Suède
Authors: Baret Christophe
Published: October 2010

Hospital : el tiempo de trabajo bajo tensión.

Una comparación entre Bélgica, Italia, Francia,

Inglaterra, Holanda y Suecia

Esta investigación sobre las nuevas formas de empleo y de gestión del tiempo de trabajo en el sector de la salud fue realizada en seis países de la Unión Europea. En el piano teórico, el enfoque adoptado se inspira del análisis societal y trata de identificar las principales relaciones sociales que inter-actuan con el fenómeno estudiado. Cuatro categorías de relaciones sociales han sido identificadas a priori y confïrmadas por la investigación : el espacio socio-económico, el espacio organizacional, el espacio reglamentario y el espacio doméstico. Desde el punto de vista empírico, la investigación se basa en un método de estudio de casos, realizando en cada país el estudio detenido de un hospital, particularmente en los servicios de ortopedia y obstetricia. Las observaciones realizadas dan resultados contrastados. Effectivamente, si las prácticas de gestión del empleo y del tiempo de trabajo son muy diferentes de un país a otro, tal como por ejemplo lo muestra la diferencia en las tasas de tiempo de empleo parcial, hay evoluciones comunes en los seis países, sobre todo en la intensificación de la carga de trabajo del personal sanitario debida al triple efecto de una limitación de los efectivos por razones económicas, de una demanda social creciente de mejoría en la calidad de los tratamientos y de la carencia de mano de obra.
Aux origines de l'Inserm : André Chevallier et l'Institut national d'hygiène
Authors: Picard Jean-François
Published: October 2010

Before Inserm : André Chevallier and The Institut national d'hygiène

It was in 1941, under the Vichy government that the INH, later to become the Inserm, the first ongoing government organization was created for research in medicine and public health in France. One can presume that an authoritarian regime is more capable of establishing a health policy than a parliamentary democracy which is more sensitive to the protection of the individual and minorities, but it is also necessary to recognize the importance of American aid to France during WWII and in particular that of the International Health division of the Rockefeller Foundation. The first general manager of INH was Pr André Chevallier, a physician specialized in physiology of nutrition and vitamines in Marseille. From 1942 to 1946, the date when Chevallier resigned from the management of the INH in Paris for political reasons — too much collaborations not with the Germans but with the Americans! — , he placed the most emphasis on questions of prenatal care and pediatrics in response to the problems of food and vitamines shortages. Another sections of the INH was in charge of social diseases, such as tuberculosis, syphilis or cancer. In spite it had most difficulty in doing its work in epidemiology because of the tradition of corporatism and the silent resistance of French practitioners to social medicine, to the great satisfaction of the French Ministry of Health, the INH could publish the conclusions of its first survey before the war ended.
Soins palliatifs : la recherche de l'« entre-deux » (Commentaire)
Authors: Lebeer Guy
Published: October 2010

The invisible work of home palliative care support teams

Medical care of the dying patient is shaped by a specific model, the palliative care model. Born 30 years ago in Great Britain, this model has spread in the health care System across western countries. In France, its spread is mainly supported by small specialised teams gatthering physicians, nurses, psychologists, social workers who afford consultance, training, support to health care workers and lay carers. This paper presents a research based on monographs of three home palliative care support teams. This text emphasises the invisible work relying on a typology of activities, their context and objectives.
La lutte contre le sida en Thaïlande : de la logique de santé publique à la logique industrielle
Authors: Guennif Samira , Mfuka Claude
Published: October 2010

Aids struggle in Thailand: from public health policy logic to industrial policylogic

Thailand' s efforts to slow the AIDS epinvestissements directs etrangers-mic are successful thanks to a preventive policy. Now, the issue is to ensure access for people with palliative cares and antiretroviral treatments. To provinvestissements directs etrangers low-cost treatments, Thailand can mobilize national generic industry. However, the recent modifications of the intellectual propriety rights do not urge local firms to produce generics. Finally, public health policy is unable to mobilize the industrial policy in order to improve affordability of treatments to infected people.
L'émergence de l'éthique clinique : politique du sujet ou nouvelle catégorie clinique ?
Authors: Orfali Kristina
Published: October 2010

This paper presents the birth and development of clinical ethics in the United States. Since 1992, JCAHO mandates hospitals to have clinical ethics committee to help resolve ethical problems in patient' s care. This trend has led to an institutionalisation of clinical ethics. In contrast with France, where there is little link between bioethics and clinical ethics (bedside ethics), these two elements of the American bioethical movement (the patient subjected to medical experimentation and the patient in medical practice) have evolved around the same notions of autonomy and informed consent. Still, empirical literature is scant on the debates and the ethical process involved in ethics consultations. We analyze here the « ethical work » of ethicists and the way different references are used and how this collective moral experience takes place. The observed clinical ethical enterprise reveals a constant tension between the recognition of the patient as a subject and the medicalization of ethics; between subjectivity and rationalization. This process can be viewed as a shift in the classical medical paradigm.
L'inventivité militante, le sida et les nouveaux traitements : histoire d'un centre d'accueil de personnes touchées par le VIH
Authors: Weller Jean-Marc
Published: October 2010

Résumé. L'article dresse la genèse d'un important centre d'accueil de personnes touchées par le VIH que gère l'association AIDES à Paris. Pensé avant l'introduction des trithérapies, Arc-en-Ciel a dû s'adapter au nouveau contexte thérapeutique et social du sida. À cet égard, l'objet de l'article porte sur le travail que les militants ont dû déployer pour rendre ce lieu d'accueil à la fois pertinent et légitime. C'est pourquoi l'étude des controverses qui ont jalonné l'invention du centre s'est avérée déterminante, concernant tour à tour le réalisme économique du projet, sa capacité à accueillir la diversité des malades et leurs proches, et son orientation stratégique du point de vue de l'histoire politique de l'association.
Faire exister une maladie controversée : les associations de malades du syndrome de fatigue chronique et Internet
Authors: Loriol Marc
Published: October 2010

Résumé. Depuis l'épidémie de sida, les groupes de malades sont apparus dans l'espace public comme des acteurs porteurs d'un discours critique et alternatif par rapport au savoir médical. La situation des malades du syndrome de fatigue chronique (SFC), dont l'origine organique des troubles est contestée par la majorité des médecins, montre comment l'association et l'utilisation des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication permet de faire évoluer les rapports de force. Les associations de malades défendent en effet une étiologie organique, fondée physiologiquement, de leurs troubles. Elles tentent, pour cela, de mobiliser la voie politique afin de renforcer leur point de vue. Elles constituent également un monde virtuel commun en se coupant de tous ceux (médecins ou profanes) qui pourraient remettre en cause leur vision de la maladie. Elles contribuent ainsi à diffuser, auprès des malades, une identité conforme à leurs discours. Internet offre de nouveaux moyens pour faire avancer de telles actions en propageant largement les arguments et en rassemblant des individus concernés malgré le handicap lié à leur maladie et à la dispersion géographique.
Prendre en charge un accident du travail : une activité de qualification à l'épreuve de la précarisation
Authors: Muñoz Jorge
Published: October 2010

Résumé. La prise en charge des accidents du travail se caractérise par un modèle juridico-administratif hérité de la loi du 9 avril 1898. Ce dernier se distingue par un modèle monolithique de la réparation. L'article s'intéresse au travail quotidien des techniciens chargés d'examiner les déclarations d'accident du travail. En partant d'une analyse pragmatique du travail, on s'efforce de montrer la complexité et les arrangements réalisés pour mener à bien l'activité de travail. Si un mode de prise en charge peut être cerné, il fait l'objet d'ajustements face aux situations jugées précaires. L'accident résulte ainsi davantage d'une activité de qualification que d'une application stricte de la législation ou d'un pouvoir discrétionnaire du technicien. Une telle optique permet de poser, sur d'autres bases, les questions de l'action publique dans le domaine de la réparation des accidents du travail.