bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of certain monounsaturated dodecene and tetradecene acetates and alcohols on electroantennogram response and pheromone-mediated trap catch of the obliquebanded leafroller
Authors: Trimble R.M. , El-Sayed Ashraf M.
Published: April 2009

The effect of certain monounsaturated dodecene and tetradecene acetates and alcohols on electroantennogram (EAG) response and pheromone-mediated trap catch was examined in male obliquebanded leafroller moths, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The stimulation of antennae with 0.1 ng of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac), the major pheromone compound of this species, elicited an EAG response. The use of 1 ng of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac) or (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (E9-14:Ac) or 10 ng of (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:Ac) or (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9-12:Ac) was required to elicit a response. One hundred nanograms of (E)-9-tetradecenol (E9-14:OH) were required to elicit a response from antennae. The stimulation of antennae with up to 100 ng of (Z)-9-tetradecenol (Z9-14:OH) did not elicit a response. The addition of 0.1 mg of Z9-12:Ac to 1 mg of synthetic C. rosaceana pheromone consisting of a 100:2:1.5:1 blend of Z11-14:Ac, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenol, and (Z)-11-tetradecenal reduced the capture of moths in pheromone-baited traps by more than 72%. Trap catch was reduced by more than 90% by the addition of 0.01 mg of Z9-14:Ac or E9-14:Ac to 1 mg of C. rosaceana pheromone. There was no detectable reduction in trap catch when 1 mg of E9-12:Ac, Z9-14:OH, or E9-14:OH was added to 1 mg of C. rosaceana pheromone. There was a greater than 95% reduction in trap catch when sources of Z9- or E9-12:Ac were mounted at the entrances to traps, 10 cm from the pheromone source. Trap catch was not affected by placing sources of Z9- or E9-14:Ac at trap entrances. Four 1 or 10 mg sources of E9-14:Ac placed 1 m from a trap did not affect the number of male C. rosaceana captured. The study demonstrates that although a compound may have profound attraction inhibiting activity when mixed directly with C. rosaceana pheromone, this activity may be lost if the inhibitor is emitted a short distance from the pheromone. The study also demonstrates that a potent attraction inhibitor such as E9-14:Ac does not repel C. rosaceana males and must be present along with pheromone to affect the behavior of this species.
Nitidulidae and Kateretidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) of the Maritime provinces of Canada. I. New records from Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island
Authors: Majka Christopher G. , Cline Andrew R.
Published: April 2009

The Nitidulidae and Kateretidae of the Maritime provinces of Canada are surveyed. Forty-eight species are now known to occur in the region. Twenty-six are newly recorded in Nova Scotia and nine are newly recorded on Prince Edward Island. One Palearctic species,Soronia grisea(L.), is reported for only the second time in North America. Six other nonnative species have been intercepted. One new synonym,Glischrochilus sanguinolentussanguinolentus(Olivier, 1790) (=Glischrochilus sanguinolentusrubromaculatus(Reitter, 1873)syn. nov.), is designated. Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island appear to have a depauperate fauna, perhaps reflecting an island-related diminution of species, a comparative lack of collection effort, or a combination of both. An examination of the Nova Scotia fauna indicates several distribution patterns within the province. Introduced species constitute a sizeable component of the region's fauna, with four new introductions being reported here.
Foliage architecture explains oviposition preference of spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) for white spruce over balsam fir
Authors: Grant Gary G.
Published: April 2009

I conducted dual-choice oviposition bioassays to test the hypothesis that spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), prefer the foliage architecture (spatial arrangement of foliage needles) of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss; Pinaceae) to that of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.; Pinaceae). Needles of white spruce radiate around the twig axis, giving the foliage a round architecture. Needles of balsam fir typically radiate bilaterally from the twig axis, giving the foliage a flat architecture, although on some trees foliage needles radiate around the twig axis, giving the foliage a round architecture. In bioassays, females showed a 2.4:1 preference for white spruce over "flat" balsam fir foliage, but this preference was reduced significantly to a 1.2:1 ratio when balsam fir had a round architecture. Given a choice between "round" and "flat" balsam fir foliage, females preferred the "round" foliage by a 2.2:1 margin. A similar preference for the round architecture was also observed when artificial (plastic) foliage with the two types of needle arrangements were compared. I conclude that the spatial arrangement of foliage needles is a major factor responsible for the oviposition preference of spruce budworm for white spruce over balsam fir.
How do primary nutrients affect the performance and preference of forest tent caterpillars on trembling aspen?
Authors: Noseworthy Meghan K. , Despland Emma
Published: April 2009

Variation in leaf quality includes differences in both primary nutrients and secondary metabolites. Both of these factors can influence the feeding preference and resulting performance of herbivores in ways that are difficult to disentangle when comparing foliage from different sources. Our study was designed to assess the effects of the ratio of the primary nutrients in host-tree foliage, protein and sugar, on the performance and feeding behaviour of the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstriaHübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)). Fourth-stadium larvae were fed trembling aspen leaves (Populus tremuloidesMichx (Salicaceae)) supplemented with casein, sucrose, or buffer only (control). No differences in taste responses to the three leaf types were detected. In a cafeteria situation, feeding behaviour over the short term was largely determined by the use of pheromone trails and hence depended on which leaf was contacted first. Over the longer term, caterpillars fed most on the control leaf and the sugar-supplemented leaf and discriminated against the protein-supplemented leaf. Sugar supplementation increased survivorship relative to the control treatment but slowed development and did not affect growth; protein supplementation decreased growth. These findings are consistent with past research comparing forest tent caterpillar performance and feeding preference on different host plants.
Trapping of feral honey bee workers (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a coastal prairie landscape: effects of season and vegetation type
Authors: Baum Kristen A. , Rubink William L. , Coulson Robert N.
Published: April 2009

We examined capture rates of honey bee workers (Apis mellifera L.) throughout the year and compared capture rates among four different vegetation communities. Capture rates varied throughout the year, with the largest number of bees collected from December through February, when nectar and pollen availability were low. Capture rates also varied among vegetation communities. Traps located in the woodland community contained fewer honey bees than those located in live oak in February and live oak and brushland in December, corresponding to lower estimates of nectar availability in the woodland. Few honey bees were collected during swarming periods, suggesting that most of the captured honey bees were searching for food sources. The number of honey bees collected in the traps provided a qualitative estimate of food resource availability. The traps also may be used to collect insects for genetic analysis or to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of other species.
The Mordellidae (Coleoptera) of the Maritime provinces of Canada
Authors: Majka Christopher G. , Jackman John A.
Published: April 2009

The Mordellidae of the Maritime provinces of Canada is surveyed. Thirty species have now been recorded from the region. Of these, 17 are newly recorded for Nova Scotia, 11 are newly recorded for Prince Edward Island, and 7 are newly recorded for New Brunswick, for a total of 35 new provincial records. Three species, Mordellistena indistincta Smith, Mordellistena rubrifascia Liljeblad, and Mordellistena rubrilabris Helmuth, are newly recorded for Canada, while a further 11 species, Mordella melaena Germar, Mordellistena aspersa (Melsheimer), Mordellistena errans Fall, Mordellistena morula LeConte, Mordellistena picilabris Helmuth, Mordellistena sericans Fall, Mordellistena vilis (LeConte), Mordellina ancilla (LeConte), Mordellina nigricans (Melsheimer), Mordellina pustulata (Melsheimer), and Glipostenoda ambusta (LeConte), are newly recorded for Atlantic Canada. One subspecies, Mordella atrata lecontei Csiki, is removed from the region's faunal listing. The composition of the region's fauna as a whole, and related biogeographic questions, are briefly discussed. The Mordellidae are also discussed in the context of forest beetle communities in the region and the impact of historical forest management practices on old-growth specialist species.
Diel periodicity of sexual communication in Anarsia lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Schlamp Kristine K. , Brown Kendra , Gries Regine , Hart Melanie , Gries Gerhard , Judd Gary G.R.
Published: April 2009

The sex pheromone of the peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella (Zeller), was identified 30 years ago but the communication biology of this species has hardly been studied. In laboratory experiments, female moths kept at a photoperiod of 16L:8D (20 ± 2 °C, 70% ± 5% relative humidity) emitted pheromone before, during, and after sunrise (0400–0600 Pacific standard time), whereas pheromone was present in pheromone glands at similar quantities throughout the 24 h recording period. These data suggest that pheromone production and emission are not closely linked. In field experiments during July 2001 near Livingston, California (CA), and during June 2002 near Keremeos, British Columbia (BC), males were attracted to traps baited with synthetic sex pheromone (CA) or conspecific females (BC) only between 0300 and 0600 (Pacific standard time), suggesting overlap between periods of pheromone emission by females and attraction response by males. Groups of females in the presence of conspecific males, which were physically separated from females, emitted less sex pheromone than groups of females in the absence of males, suggesting that males communicate their presence to females and females change their behaviour in response.
Development of stem galls induced byDiplolepis triforma(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) onRosa acicularis(Rosaceae)
Authors: Leggo Jonathan J. , Shorthouse Joseph D.
Published: April 2009

The cynipidDiplolepis triformaShorthouse and Ritchie induces a fusiform, multi chambered stem gall from leaf buds onRosa acicularisLindl. in central and western Canada. Galls at all stages of development were fixed and sectioned using botanical histological techniques to illustrate, for the first time, the unique host-modifying abilities of gall-inducing cynipids that distinguish them from other phytophagous insects. Key events in gall ontogeny, wherebyD. triformagains control and redirects the development of attacked host tissues to provide larvae with shelter and food, include proliferation of cytoplasmically dense parenchymatous cells within the strands of the procambium at the point of egg contact, appearance of nutritive cells when larvae first begin to feed, formation of new xylem and phloem extending from un affected vascular bundles to the larval chambers, formation of several layers of nutritive cells during the period of larval feeding, and formation of sclerenchyma cells around each larval chamber. The role of these tissues in galler biology is explained.
Modification of galls ofDiplolepis triforma(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) by the parasitoidsEurytoma spongiosa(Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) andGlyphomerus stigma(Hymenoptera: Torymidae)
Authors: Leggo Jonathan J. , Shorthouse Joseph D.
Published: April 2009

Stem galls induced by the cynipidDiplolepis triformaShorthouse and Ritchie are frequently inhabited by several species of parasitic chalcids and ichneumonids that consume inducers or other parasitoids. Two of these parasitoids, the eurytomidEurytoma spongiosaBugbee and the torymidGlyphomerus stigma(Fabr.), consume gall tissues after they have consumed their insect hosts and are considered entomophytophagous. Both are koinobiont ectoparasitoids.Eurytoma spongiosaoviposits within gall chambers and attacks larvae of the inducer throughout the summer season, from the early growth phase of the galls until the galls mature. If the inducer is killed byE. spongiosain early summer, nutritive gall cells degenerate into vacuolate parenchyma and are consumed. If the inducer is killed later in the summer, when galls begin to mature, nutritive cells persist in the chambers for about 1 week before degenerating.Glyphomerus stigmakills and consumes inducer larvae when galls are maturing. New nutritive cells appear under the influence ofG. stigmaand are then consumed. The ability of entomophytophagous chalcids to promote the formation of gall cells provides insight into the derivation of the gall-inducing guild.
Lacconotus punctatusand the family Mycteridae (Coleoptera) newly recorded in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Majka Christopher G. , Selig Gary
Published: April 2009

Lacconotus punctatusLeConte is reported for the first time from Atlantic Canada from a specimen collected in Bridgewater, Nova Scotia. This is the first record of the family Mycteridae in the region. The bionomics and systematics of the species are briefly discussed. The report is also situated in the context of the developing knowledge of saproxylic beetles in the region.
Systematics, distributions, and bionomics of the Neoeocatops gen. nov. and Nemadus of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Anemadini)
Authors: Peck Stewart B. , Cook Joyce
Published: April 2009

This paper completes a review and revision of the tribe Anemadini in North America, covering the subtribe Eocatopina (new for North America), with the genus Neoeocatopsgen. nov. containing one species, and the subtribe Nemadina, with the genus Nemadus Thomson containing 12 species. Species are forest inhabitants feeding on carrion and other decaying materials, may occur in caves, or are myrmecophiles occupying the nests of formicine ants, mostly of the genera Formica L. and Camponotus Mayr. The following new synonyms are recognized: N. ellipticus Jeannel, 1936 = N. horni Hatch, 1933 and N. obliquus Fall, 1937 = N. triangulum Jeannel, 1936. Lectotypes are designated for Catops brachyderus LeConte, 1863, Catopspusio LeConte, 1859, and Choleva decipiens Horn, 1880. New species are Nemadus browni Peck and Cook, sp. nov., N. criddlei Peck and Cook, sp. nov., and N. falli Peck and Cook, sp. nov.
Seasonal changes in seed reduction in lodgepole pine cones caused by feeding of Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae)
Authors: Strong Ward B.
Published: April 2009

Management of Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) seed orchards of British Columbia, Canada, would be improved with knowledge of its damage potential at different times of the growing season. Mesh insect-exclusion bags were placed over cones, and adults or nymphs of L. occidentalis were enclosed in different bags for 9 periods of 10 to 38 days between 6 May and 17 September 2004. Feeding by adult females between 6 May and 28 May reduced total extractable seeds, a result of ovule damage before fertilization. Reduction in the number of filled seeds per cone was highest between 6 May and 29 June, with each adult female reducing yield by approximately 1.7 seeds per day. Between 29 June and 10 August, each adult female reduced the number of filled seeds per cone (seed set) by 1.0 to 1.25 per day. Seed set reduction declined to approximately 0.25 filled seeds per adult female per day after 10 August. Third to fifth instars caused seed set reduction between 0.6 and 1.2 filled seeds per cone per nymph feeding day from 29 June to 10 August. Utilizing these findings would improve management of L. occidentalis in a commercial seed orchard setting.
Analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons in two Anagrus species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) as a tool to improve their correct identification
Authors: Floreani Chiara , Pavan Francesco , Nazzi Francesco
Published: April 2009

Male and female adult wasps belonging to the atomus group of the genus Anagrus Haliday, classified according to morphological techniques, were analyzed for their cuticular hydrocarbons to detect any possible differences between species. Most female specimens that were identified as either A. atomus L. or A. ustulatus Haliday, using morphological and morphometrical characters, showed two distinct cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. These profiles seemed to be independent of the plants the insects were collected from, the potential leafhopper host species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), and the emergence period, and they were largely consistent with classification based on morphology. Both A. atomus and A. ustulatus females were shown to emerge from leafhopper eggs found on Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae). Males, for which conclusive diagnostic characters are not yet available, showed the same two cuticular hydrocarbon patterns observed in females; on average, specimens displaying one hydrocarbon profile differed from those showing the other profile in three characters used for morphometrical analysis.
The genusUroleucon(Hemiptera: Aphididae: Macrosiphini) in Argentina, with descriptions of five new species
Authors: Nafría Juan M. Nieto , Durante M. Pilar Mier , Ortego Jaime , Fernández M. Victoria Seco
Published: April 2009

Uroleuconis one of the largest genera of Macrosiphini, with 216 known species; it is one of the few genera of Aphidinae to have a diversification in South America, with 15 native species and 1 subspecies. Moreover, 7 introduced species have been recorded in South America. Five new species from Argentina are described herein:Uroleucon malarguenseOrtego and Nieto Nafría,sp. nov.,U. mendocinumMier Durante and Ortego,sp. nov.,U. patagonicumNieto Nafría and Seco Fernández,sp. nov.,U. payunienseOrtego and Nieto Nafría,sp. nov., andU. riojanumNieto Nafría and Mier Durante,sp. nov.One Palearctic species,U. jaceae(Linnaeus), has been recorded for the first time in South America, and thus 28 species and 1 subspecies are now known from South America.Uroleucon essigiCarvalho andU. chilense(Essig) are recorded for the first time from Argentina, and 20 of these 29 taxa are known for this country. New morphological and bionomic data from some previously known species are given. Alate viviparous females ofU. gochnatiaeDelfino and oviparae and males ofU. bereticum(Blanchard) andU. macolai(Blanchard) are described. A taxonomic discussion about native South American species ofUroleuconis given, and we include them at present in the subgenusLambersius. A key is provided for the identification of apterous and alate viviparous females.
Luciola leii sp. nov., a new species of aquatic firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) from mainland China
Authors: Fu Xinhua , Ballantyne Lesley
Published: April 2009

A new species of aquatic firefly, Luciola leiisp. nov., from Hubei Province in mainland China is described from males, females, and larvae. It is the fifth species of aquatic firefly recorded from China, and it differs significantly from Luciola substriata Gorham. Cuticular plates in the female reproductive system (bursa) are described and their possible functions are discussed.
Records of adventive aleocharine beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) found in Canada
Authors: Klimaszewski Jan , Assing Volker , Majka Christopher G. , Pelletier Georges , Webster Reginald P. , Langor David
Published: April 2009

Eight additional adventive aleocharine beetles, native to the Palaearctic region, are reported from Canada, five of them for the first time. They belong to three tribes:Crataraea suturalis(Mannerheim) (Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, British Columbia) and “Meotica pallens(Redtenbacher)” (Ontario, British Columbia) belong to Oxypodini;Atheta(Chaetida)longicornis(Gravenhorst) (Nova Scotia, Quebec),Atheta(Thinobaena)vestita(Gravenhorst) (New Brunswick),Dalotia coriaria(Kraatz) (Alberta),Dinaraea angustula(Gyllenhal) (Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Alberta), andNehemitropia lividipennis(Mannerheim) (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario) belong to Athetini; andHomalota plana(Gyllenhal) (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick) belongs to Homalotini. These species have likely been introduced into Canada from Europe by various anthropogenic activities, and their bionomics and possible modes of introduction are discussed. For each species, a short diagnosis and habitus and genital images are provided to assist with identification. The habitus and genital images are presented here for the first time for these species in North America. New United States records are not included in the abstract.
Compatibility of Atheta coriaria with other biological control agents and reduced-risk insecticides used in greenhouse floriculture integrated pest management programs for fungus gnats
Authors: Jandricic S. , Scott-Dupree C.D. , Broadbent A.B. , Harris C.R. , Murphy G.
Published: April 2009

Fungus gnats (FG) (Diptera: Sciaridae: Bradysia spp.) are economically important pests of greenhouse flowers. Larvae feed on root tissue and transmit a variety of phytopathogens. Atheta coriaria (Kraatz) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is a new biological control agent (BCA) for FG. To support its successful use by the greenhouse industry, its compatibility with current integrated pest management (IPM) programs used in floriculture was assessed. This included investigations of prey preference, possible detrimental interactions with other soil-dwelling BCAs, and the toxicity to A. coriaria of registered and novel insecticides. Atheta coriaria showed little preference among eggs of different pest species or between pest eggs and eggs of the intraguild predator Hypoaspis aculeifer (Canestrini) (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae). It preferred FG 1st-instar larvae to larvae and pupae of other soil-dwelling pests. The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) was compatible with A. coriaria, but H. aculeifer mites fed on A. coriaria larvae. Insect growth regulators with limited contact activity (e.g., diflubenzuron) were compatible with adult A. coriaria and had minimal effects on larvae compared with other insecticides. Atheta coriaria can be incorporated into an IPM program for FG if harsh insecticides are avoided, but interactions with predatory mites, as well as its effectiveness against other greenhouse pests when FG are present, require further investigation.
The species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) introduced to North America for biological control of the cabbage seedpod weevil, and the first recovery ofStenomalina gracilis(Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Gibson Gary A.P. , Gillespie David R. , Dosdall Lloyd
Published: April 2009

The species of Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea) introduced to British Columbia, Canada, from Europe in 1949 asTrichomalus fasciatus(Thomson, 1878),Xenocrepis puraMayr, 1904, andHabrocytussp. for classical biological control ofCeutorhynchus obstrictus(Marsham, 1802) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are shown to be misidentifications ofTrichomalus perfectus(Walker, 1835),Mesopolobus morys(Walker, 1848), andStenomalina gracilis(Walker, 1834), respectively. Species reared subsequently from seedpods ofBrassicaspp. (Brassicaceae) in British Columbia and reported in the literature under the first three names are shown to be misidentifications of, respectively,Trichomalus lucidus(Walker, 1835),Mesopolobus moryoidesGibson, 2005, and one or both ofPteromalus puparum(L., 1758) andT. lucidus. There is no evidence that eitherT. perfectusorM. morysestablished in North America, butS. gracilisis newly recorded from southern British Columbia based on specimens reared from Brassicaceae seedpods in 2004 and 2005.
Alien true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Canada: composition and adaptations
Authors: Scudder Geoffrey G.E. , Foottit Robert G.
Published: April 2009

The distribution, spread, and adaptations of the 81 alien heteropterous species recorded in Canada are summarized. Sixty-nine species had eastern introductions and 47 had western introductions; 35 were introduced separately on both coasts. Most of the alien species are mirids of European origin. Several of these alien mirids have adapted and become pests of fruit and other agricultural crops, and some have become useful predators. Only 3 have adapted and spread across the whole country.
Ancient temperate rain forest research in British Columbia
Authors: Winchester Neville N.
Published: April 2009

This paper is a tribute to Dr. R.A. Ring upon his retirement. During the past 12 years (1993–2005), an emerging canopy research program has established a wealth of baseline information on the structure and functioning of temperate rain forest canopy arthropod communities. Studies from research sites on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, have shown that ancient temperate rain forest canopy ecosystems contain a largely undescribed fauna that is specific to habitat features found only in these canopies. In particular, diverse assemblages of free-living mites have been shown to dominate conifer species and canopy microhabitats. For example, oribatid mites are the dominant arthropod fauna on branches, branches with attached lichens, and suspended soil accumulations. Species composition differs significantly between the ground and the canopy at both the family and the species level. Arboreal specificity may be due to intrinsic variation in habitat quality, habitat architecture, patchiness, and (or) resource availability. The prevalent patterns of habitat specialization, low vagility, and restricted distribution displayed by a large percentage of the resident canopy microarthropods are features often associated with forest ecoregions that have enjoyed relatively stable conditions for long periods of time, as have the ancient forests on Vancouver Island. Investigators in the “one-Ring lab” continue to document the diversity and abundance of canopy arthropods of temperate forests in British Columbia. In particular, studies are concerned with defining the organizing principles that elicit community patterns associated with the various levels of complexity in arboreal communities. Our long-term goal is to provide a greater degree of predictability when addressing temperate forest diversity issues. To meet the stated goals of sustainable forest management and retention of biodiversity, an extensive plan of ecological research that features arthropods is needed. This plan, fostered by Dr. Ring, should have as a priority the inventory and cataloguing of species assemblages and should address dynamic processes such as organismal dispersal and the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on arthropods in ancient forests.
Overwintering adaptations in Arctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) and their parasitoids: cold tolerance
Authors: Humble Leland M.
Published: April 2009

Although the extreme winter conditions of Arctic habitats are considered to be important determinants of the faunal composition of Arctic regions, the overwintering biology of most Arctic insects is unknown. A significant proportion of the insect fauna at high latitudes are hymenopterans, yet little information is available on their overwintering strategies. In this study I examined the overwintering strategies of willow gall-forming and catkin-feeding nematine sawflies and their parasitoids. All sawfly species overwintered as prepupae, were freezing-tolerant, and survived exposure to −50 °C. Freezing at high subzero temperatures was initiated by ice nucleators associated with the posterior hind gut wall. Heterogeneity of overwintering habitats with respect to temperature was not a determinant of the overwintering success of these Arctic sawflies. Divergent overwintering mechanisms were evident in the sawfly parasitoid taxa. Endoparasitoid larvae, like their sawfly hosts, were freezing-tolerant. Freezing of immature, feeding endoparasitoid larvae occurred at the freezing point of the host prepupa and was a consequence of the inoculation of the endoparasitoids' fluid compartments by ice crystals growing in the host hemolymph. Peculiarities in the structure of the endoparasitoid larval gut suggest that the site of nucleation is across the gut wall. Outside their hosts, however, endoparasitoid larvae can supercool extensively, and their tolerance of extremely low temperatures is similar to that of their hosts. Overwintering strategies adopted by the ectoparasitoids were also diverse, with both freezing-tolerant and freezing-intolerant species present in the parasitoid community. Freezing-intolerant species could not survive winter temperatures in the field in the absence of an insulating layer of snow.
Larva and pupa ofChrysophora chrysochlora(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini)
Authors: Pardo-Locarno Luis Carlos , Morón Miguel-Angel
Published: April 2009

The third-instar larva and pupa of the shining leaf chafer,Chrysophora chrysochlora(Latr.), from Cauca, Colombia, are described for the first time. Illustrations of diagnostic structures, modifications in the key to the larvae of the genera of Rutelini in the New World, and data on the biology and distribution ofC. chrysochlorain Colombia are included.
Two new species ofPissodes(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from China, with notes on Palearctic species
Authors: Lu Xiuxia , Zhang Runzhi , Langor David W.
Published: April 2009

Two new species from northern China,Pissodes chenisp. nov.andPissodes pilatsquamosussp. nov., are described fromPinusandPicea, respectively.Pissodes harcyniae(Herbst) is recorded from China andP. nitidusRoelofs is recorded from Russia for the first time. A key is provided to the eightPissodesspecies known from China. A list of the 18 known Palearctic species with synonyms, host data, and distribution is also included. Type specimens for the two new species are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Life history of Lygus keltoni (Hemiptera: Miridae) in the laboratory
Authors: Cárcamo H.A. , Larson T.R. , Herle C.E. , Otani J.K.
Published: April 2009

Lygus keltoni Schwartz and Foottit is a species of plant bugs recently recognized as distinct from L. shulli Knight and an important component of the pest complex that attacks a number of field crops such as canola (Brassica napus) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in western Canada. The current laboratory study was undertaken to determine basic life-history parameters, such as instar duration, adult longevity, and reproductive potential, required to develop biologically based pest management strategies. At 25–27 °C, males lived around 34 days and females lived around 48 days. Females produced an average of 133 nymphs but up to 306 nymphs during their reproductive life, which averaged around 4 weeks (7-day preoviposition period). Egg incubation lasted around 10 days, instars 1–4 lasted 2–3 days each, and the 5th instar lasted 4 days. The reproductive potential of L. keltoni seems to be lower than that of L. hesperus Knight and L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), but other life-history parameters of the adults and development times of the nymphs are comparable.
Phylogenetic relationships between the genera Aphidius and Lysaphidus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) with description of Aphidius iranicus sp. nov.
Authors: Tomanović Željko , Rakhshani Ehsan , Starý Petr , Kavallieratos Nickolas G. , Stanisavljević Ljubiša Ž. , Žikić Vladimir , Athanassiou Christos G.
Published: April 2009

We analyzed the phylogenetic relationships between eight Aphidius Nees and six Lysaphidus Smith species on the basis of 12 morphological characters by parsimony analysis. The consensus tree does not support the generic status of Lysaphidus. Aphidius iranicus, sp. nov., associated with Titanosiphon bellicosum Nevsky on Artemisia absinthium L. from Iran, is described. The new parasitoid species is described and illustrated by line drawings, and its diagnostic characters are discussed. The taxonomic position of the subgenus Tremblayia Tizado and Núñez-Pérez is also considered. Tremblayia and Lysaphidus are newly classified as synonyms of Aphidius. The following new or revised combinations are proposed: Aphidius adelocarinus Smith, comb. rev., A. ramythirus Smith, comb. rev., A. rosaphidis Smith, comb. rev., A. viaticus (Sedlag), comb. nov., A. arvensis (Starý), comb. nov., and A. erysimi (Starý), comb. nov.
The weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Maritime Provinces of Canada, I: New records from New Brunswick
Authors: Majka Christopher G. , Anderson Robert S. , McAlpine Donald F. , Webster Reginald P.
Published: April 2009

Seventy-seven species of weevils are newly reported in New Brunswick, increasing the known provincial fauna to 206 species.Trichapion nigrum(Herbst),Ceutorhynchus semirufusLeConte, andListronotus laramiensis(Angell) are recorded for the first time in Canada. Three species,Bagous planatusLeConte,Plocamus hispidulusLeConte, andDryocoetes granicollis(LeConte), are removed from the province's faunal list. Components of the fauna are discussed with a particular focus on the introduced species found in the province. Monitoring to detect changes of both native and introduced species is emphasized.
Introduced Carabidae (Coleoptera) from Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island: new records and ecological perspectives
Authors: Majka Christopher G. , Cook Joyce , Westby Susan
Published: April 2009

Seven species of introduced Carabidae are newly reported in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Trechus quadristriatus (Schrank), Amara ovata (Fabricius), and Harpalus rubripes (Duftschmid) are newly recorded in Atlantic Canada as a whole. Possible modes of introduction of these species to the region are discussed. Several may have been introduced in association with dry ballast shipments. Some may have arrived via natural dispersion from neighbouring areas; others appear to have been present and undetected for a considerable time. The possible impact of such introductions is also discussed. Synanthropic environments have higher proportions of introduced species than relatively undisturbed, native habitats. Some adventive species do become widespread in native environments; however, negative impacts on native species may not be readily apparent.
Revised higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Lafontaine J. Donald , Fibiger Michael
Published: April 2009

The higher classification of the families of the Noctuoidea with a quadrifid forewing (Nolidae, Strepsimanidae, Arctiidae, Lymantriidae, Erebidae, and Noctuidae) is reviewed from the perspective of recent classifications and the distribution of derived character states. On the basis of recent morphological and molecular studies, we propose a more inclusive definition of the family Noctuidae that adds the subfamilies Nolinae, Strepsimaninae, Arctiinae, Lymantriinae, and Erebinae to the subfamilies more traditionally included in the Noctuidae. Consequently, the superfamily Noctuoidea comprises the families Oenosandridae, Doidae, Notodontidae, Micronoctuidae, and Noctuidae. The tribe Cosmiini, currently in the subfamily Xyleninae, is downgraded to the status of subtribe Cosmiina and placed in the tribe Xylenini. The tribe Balsini, currently in the subfamily Xyleninae, is elevated to the status of subfamily Balsinae. The tribe Phosphilini is transferred from the subfamily Psaphidinae to the Xyleninae.
The response of Dendroctonus valens and Temnochila chlorodia to Ips paraconfusus pheromone components and verbenone
Authors: Fettig Christopher J. , McKelvey Stephen R. , Dabney Christopher P. , Borys Roberty R.
Published: April 2009

The red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, 1860 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), is a common bark beetle found throughout much of North America and China. In 2004, we observed that attack densities of the California fivespined ips, Ips paraconfusus Lanier, 1970 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), in logging debris were inversely related to D. valens attacks on freshly cut stumps, which led to the demonstration that components of the aggregation pheromone of I. paraconfusus inhibited the response of D. valens to attractant-baited traps. In this study, we test the response of D. valens and Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim, 1843) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), a common bark beetle predator, to racemic ipsenol, racemic ipsdienol, and (−)-cis-verbenol (IPSR) in the presence and absence of two release rates of (−)-verbenone. The addition of a relatively low release rate of (−)-verbenone (4 mg/24 h) to attractant-baited traps did not affect catch and had no significant effect on the response of D. valens to IPSR. IPSR significantly reduced D. valens attraction to baited traps. The addition of high release rates of (−)-verbenone (50 mg/24 h) to IPSR significantly increased inhibition; however, the effect was not significantly different from that observed with (−)-verbenone alone (50 mg/24 h). Temnochila chlorodia was attracted to traps baited with (−)-β-pinene, (+)-3-carene, and (+)-α-pinene. The addition of (−)-verbenone (50 mg/24 h) significantly increased attraction. Traps baited with IPSR caught significantly more T. chlorodia than those baited with (−)-verbenone. Few other beetles were collected. We are hopeful that these results will help facilitate the development of an effective tool for protecting Pinus spp. from D. valens infestations.
The weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Maritime Provinces of Canada, II: New records from Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island and regional zoogeography
Authors: Majka Christopher G. , Anderson Robert S. , McCorquodale David B.
Published: April 2009

Seventy-nine species of weevils are newly reported in Nova Scotia and 66 species are newly reported on Prince Edward Island, increasing the known provincial weevil faunas to 244 and 92 species, respectively. Thirty-six species are recorded for the first time in the Maritime Provinces; of these,Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus(Marsham),Listronotus dietziO'Brien,Corthylus columbianusHopkins, andOrchidophilus aterrimus(Waterhouse) are recorded for the first time in Canada.Orchidophilus aterrimushas been collected only in exotic domesticated orchids and is not established in the wild. Fourteen species previously recorded on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, are reported from the provincial mainland. Four species —Curculio sulcatulus(Casey),Ceutorhynchus squamatusLeConte,Tachyerges niger(Horn), andIps calligraphus(Germar) — are removed from the faunal list of Nova Scotia, and three species —Temnocerus cyanellus(LeConte),Curculio nasicus(Say), andCryphalus ruficollis ruficollisHopkins — are removed from the faunal list of Prince Edward Island. The combined known weevil fauna of the Maritime Provinces now totals 290 species. The adequacy of collection effort is discussed and in Nova Scotia, where collection effort has been greatest, distribution patterns of selected groups of species are examined. Island faunas are discussed with respect to those of Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton Island. Regional biogeographic patterns of species are also discussed, including possible disjunct populations in Nova Scotia and species that may not have crossed the isthmus of Chignecto to colonize Nova Scotia. Attention is drawn to the long history of introduced species in the region and to ongoing introductions through an examination of the earliest records for the 60 introduced species found in the region.
Revision of the seashore genus Salinamexus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) with a description of Salinamexus koreanus sp. nov. from Korea
Authors: Jeon Mi-Jeong , Ahn Kee-Jeong
Published: April 2009

The seashore aleocharine genus Salinamexus Moore and Legner is revised. Three species are recognized, one of which is described as new (Salinamexus koreanussp. nov.). The genus Salinamexus and the species S. browni Moore and Legner and S. reticulatus (Moore and Legner) are redescribed. A key and illustrations of diagnostic features are provided.
Biology of the spiny ash sawfly, Eupareophora parca (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Blennocampinae), in Edmonton, Alberta
Authors: Williams Daryl J.
Published: April 2009

The spiny ash sawfly, Eupareophora parca (Cresson, 1880), was discovered in Edmonton in 2003 at the Northern Forestry Centre defoliating planted ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). This represents the first record of this species from Alberta. Observations of adult and larval behaviour and life-history variables such as adult flight, number and duration of larval instars, and overwintering were made. The nature and severity of defoliation was monitored in 2003 and 2004, and large increases were detected in the amount of defoliation per site and the number of sites defoliated between years. The precipitous increase in severity and extent of defoliation indicates the possibility that this species could become a significant urban pest in the province.
Moths trapped in Alaska with feeding attractant lures and the seasonal flight patterns of potential agricultural pests
Authors: Landolt Peter J. , Pantoja Alberto , Hagerty Aaron , Crabo Lars , Green Daryl
Published: April 2009

Traps baited with two types of chemical feeding attractants yielded 97 species of macrolepidoptera at three areas in Alaska (Fairbanks, Delta Junction, and Palmer). These were 16 geometrid, 1 thyatirid, and 76 noctuid moth species and 4 species of nymphalid butterflies. Potential crop pests trapped included Apamea devastator (Brace) (glassy cutworm), Xestia c-nigrum L. (spotted cutworm), Xestia smithii (Snellen) (Smith's dart), Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée) (redbacked cutworm), and Discestra trifolii (Hufnagel) (clover cutworm). The clover cutworm was captured early in the season (May into June), while Smith's dart, glassy cutworm, spotted cutworm, and redbacked cutworm were captured in traps in mid to late summer. Many more species and greater numbers of moths were captured in traps baited with acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol than in traps baited with a multicomponent floral lure (phenylacetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, methyl-2-methoxy benzoate, and β-myrcene). However, most of the geometrid moths captured (12 of 16 species) were in floral lure traps, while one species of Hadeninae (Noctuidae) and both species of Plusiinae (Noctuidae) were trapped exclusively in floral lure traps. The one thyatirid, both Catocalinae noctuid species, and most Amphipyrinae, Cuculliinae, Hadeninae, and Noctuinae noctuid species were captured in traps baited with acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol. In addition, large numbers of bumblebees were captured in traps baited with the floral lure, while large numbers of yellowjackets were captured in traps baited with acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol.
Attraction of male Mayetiola thujae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to the sex-pheromone blend of (2S,12S)-, (2S,13S)-, and (2S,14S)-diacetoxyheptadecane is reduced in the presence of the SR- or RR-stereoisomers
Authors: Gries Regine , Bennett Robb G. , Khaskin Grigori , Gries Gerhard
Published: April 2009

In a field trapping experiment in an abandoned seed orchard of western red-cedar, Thuja plicata Donn × D. Don, in British Columbia, we show that attraction of male red-cedar cone midges, Mayetiola thujae (Hedlin), to the pheromone blend (2S,12S)-, (2S,13S)-, and (2S,14S)-diacetoxyheptadecane is reduced in the presence of a blend of all other stereoisomers, or of the three SR- or RR-stereoisomers. The three RS-stereoisomers, in contrast, had no significant effect. Thus, synthetic pheromone for monitoring M. thujae populations must not contain the SR- or RR-stereoisomers of 2,12-, 2,13-, and 2,14-diacetoxyheptadecane. This result will allow development of a less expensive design for synthesizing the pheromone.
Efficacy of Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) extract for control of insect defoliators of forest and ornamental trees
Authors: Scott I.M. , Helson B.V. , Strunz G.M. , Finlay H. , Sánchez-Vindas P.E. , Poveda L. , Lyons D.B. , Philogène B.J.R. , Arnason J.T.
Published: April 2009

The acute toxicities of an extract obtained from a plant within the Piperaceae family and related synthetic analogues were tested against four common Canadian forest pest insects. The acute toxicity of the extract from black pepper, Piper nigrum L., was assessed after 1, 24, and 72 h by the percent larval mortality. The 24 h LC50 estimates for the P. nigrum extract were (in order of decreasing sensitivity) 0.012% for the introduced pine sawfly, Diprion similis (Hartig) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), 0.053% for the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), 0.282% for the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), and 0.998% for the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Torticidae). There was no significant increase in mortality after 72 h. Seventy percent of L. dispar larvae dropped off or moved from branches within 1 h of application of 0.2% P. nigrum extract, indicating that these compounds have a repellent effect. Pipercide and nor-pipercide were more toxic to L. dispar and M. disstria larvae than piperolein A and a P. sarmentosum Roxb. amide 72 h after either oral or topical administration of these compounds. Toxic effects of piperamides were more pronounced by oral ingestion. Ninety percent mortality of L. dispar larvae occurred following an oral dose of 5 µg pipercide in diet, whereas mortality was only 40% following topical treatment at 5 µg pipercide/insect. Whole Piper extracts might be useful for the control of sawflies and tent caterpillars in small-scale applications, based on the demonstrated efficacy and reduced risk potential.
A new species of Plusia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from North America
Authors: Handfield Daniel , Handfield Louis
Published: April 2009

A new species of the genus Plusia Ochsenheimer is described from North America on the basis of differences in wing colour, markings, and genital structure. The new species, typically found in bogs, was first recognized through molecular sampling for the Barcode of Life Initiative and differs significantly from other species of Plusia in the cytochrome c oxydase I (COI) mitochondrial gene sequence.
Genetic divergence among populations ofPissodes yunnanensis(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in southwestern China
Authors: Zhang Hongrui , Langor David W. , Ye Hui , Li Zhengyue , Laffin Richard D.
Published: April 2009

The bark weevil,Pissodes yunnanensisLangor and Zhang, is an important pest of young Yunnan pine,Pinus yunnanensisFranchet (Pinaceae), in southwestern China. Populations of the host and weevil are disjunct, especially in the northwestern part of the range in Yunnan province. To estimate maternal gene flow and examine the genetic structure ofPissodes yunnanensis, we sequenced an 840-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase I (COI) gene in 60 individuals from 7 populations in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Percent divergence among populations ranged from 0.001% to 2.1%. Nested clade analysis of 21 haplo types showed evidence of genetic structuring that is inferred to be primarily due to allopatric fragmentation and a low level of gene flow. Analysis of molecular variance also showed significant genetic structuring and restricted gene flow among weevil populations, especially between northwestern and eastern regions of the range. Such genetic structuring may be important for pest management programs. Phylogenetic analyses comparing the same 761-bp sequence amongP. yunnanensis, Pissodes punctatusLangor and Zhang from southwestern China, and five Nearctic species ofPissodesshowed that (i) the two Chinese species were most closely related to each other, (ii) the four species in theP. strobi(Peck) species group formed a distinct clade, and (iii) these two clades were more similar to each other than to the Nearctic speciesP. affinisRandall.