bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GRANICE UPRAWNIEŃ KIEROWNICZYCH PRACODAWCY W STOSUNKU PRACY
Authors: Duraj Tomasz
Published: December 2016

THE LIMITS OF THE MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY IN THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIPSummaryManagement authority, which is guaranteed for the employer under the employment relationship with respect to employees, is an essential (necessary) feature of the employment relationship, which very often determines the identity of this relationship, distinguishing it from other legal forms of employment, especially those of a civil nature. The employing entity’s management authority must first of all be identified with the employer’s powers to influence the employee’s actions within the scope of the performance of work (in the work process) and the employee’s corresponding obligations to the employing entity regarding the work he is to perform. Using these powers, the employer specifies the employee’s obligations for the performance of the job, in particular its type, method, the time and place in which it is to be done, as well as the order and organization of the work process. According to the literature on the subject, the employer’s main powers of management include prescriptive rights (the core of management authority), which allow him to specify the employee’s duties by issuing binding instructions to him; punitive (disciplinary) powers associated with the use of disciplinary penalties; regulatory (legislative) powers, primarily to establish the regulations and other acts determining working order (in particular work schedules, holiday timetables etc.); and distributive power (the allocation of prizes and awards). The object of this study is to characterize the limits to the employer’s management authority in the employment relationship. The author concentrates on the limits defined by applicable law, the employment contract, the clause of compliance with socio-economic purpose, and the rules of social coexistence, as well as custom. The analysis of the limits of the employer’s management authority shows the importance of this issue, both in theoretical and practical terms. The appropriate configuration of these limits may help to solve one of the fundamental problems of modern labor law, which is to harmonize its protective and organizational functions.
CZY EUROPEJSKA KONWENCJA PRAW CZŁOWIEKA JAKO „ŻYWY INSTRUMENT” CHRONI LEPIEJ LUDZKIE ŻYCIE?
Authors: Banasiuk Joanna
Published: December 2016

IS THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS TREATED AS A “LIVING INSTRUMENT” AFFORDING BETTER PROTECTION OF HUMAN LIFE? Summary The Strasbourg Court appears to be using the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights in a free way to shape the content of legal norms. The purpose of this article is to exemplify this controversial process by the judgement of 30th October 2012 in P. and S. v. Poland, which, as some commentators have already observed, appears to be tending to the construction of a right to abortion alleging Article 8 of the Convention considered completely out of the context of the guarantees for the protection of human life in Article 2. The judgement shows that the Court treated the case as based on grounds resulting from rape, but no evidence was produced to corroborate these grounds. This is confirmed by the lack of consistency between the particular formulations of the judgement. Furthermore, the way in which the facts were presented, on which the Court based its judgement, is not in agreement with the content of the documents produced as evidence by Poland. The Court left a series of points of evidence unexamined, and raised unwarranted reservations on the action the doctors had taken in compliance with Polish law. In effect the European Court of Human Rights treated the same course of action which it had deemed necessary in the proceedings of V.C. v. Slovakia, and N.B. v Slovakia as a violation of Articles 3 and 8 of the ECHR in the case of P. and S. v. Poland. This fact seems to raise a serious issue regarding the interpretation or application of the Convention in the context of the material.
TERMIN DO UZUPEŁNIENIA NALEŻNEJ OPŁATY PRZEZ PROFESJONALNEGO PEŁNOMOCNIKA W RAZIE WNIESIENIA ZAŻALENIA NA ZARZĄDZENIE O ZWROCIE POZWU
Authors: Jędrejek Grzegorz
Published: December 2016

THE TERM IN WHICH A PROFESSIONAL PROXY MUST MAKE THE REQUIRED PAYMENT FOR AN APPEAL AGAINST A RULING DISMISSING PROCEEDINGS Summary The aim of this paper is to answer the question whether the provisions of Art. 1302 § 2 of the Polish Civil Proceedings Code (k.p.c.) are applicable in the event of an appeal against a ruling to dismiss a case on grounds of non-payment of the court fee. Doubts have been raised on the admissibility of payment by a professional attorney within a term of seven days of the service of a court’s decision to dismiss a case. Under Art. 1302 § 2 k.p.c. the legislator has allowed for payment of the court fee due within a term of one week from the day on which notice is served on the court’s decision to dismiss the case. The position of the author of this paper is that the term of seven days provided for the remittance of the court fee due in the event of an appeal, as defined in Art. 1302 § 2 k.p.c., starts on the day notice is served on the court’s decision to dismiss a case. Any other position on the matter would be in breach of the legal principles at the root of an individual’s right of access to the law and his right to appeal, as guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, as well as in breach of the prohibition of reformationis in peius. The lodging of an appeal cannot lead to the dismissal of the civil recovery proceedings defined in Art. 1302 § 2 k.p.c.
‘DEEDS RECORDATION’ ‘TITLE REGISTRATION’. ROZWIąZANIA MODELOWE W ZAKRESIE REJESTRóW NIERUCHOMOŚCI W SYSTEMIE ‘COMMON LAW’
Authors: Blajer Paweł
Published: December 2016

DEEDS REGISTRATION AND TITLE REGISTRATION: MODEL SOLUTIONS CONCERNING LAND REGISTRIES IN THE COMMON LAW SYSTEMSummary The aim of this article is to present the two main land registration models in the common law countries, i.e. deeds recordation and title registration, taking into account the broader historical perspective indicating their origins, evolution and developments, as well as the current state of legal regulations in the field of registration of interest in land. The system of deeds recordation is characterized on the basis of regulations adopted in the vast majority of the US states, whereas the title registration model is presented against the background of the Torrens system, the origins of which date back to 19th-century Australian legislation. From Australia this particular land registration system spread to other continents. A comparison is carried out of the two systems, taking into account their advantages and disadvantages, and the reasons for the global success of the title registration model are indicated. On the grounds of the regulations adopted in Scotland and the Republic of South Africa the author makes also an attempt to characterize the mixed systems, which are generally based on the deeds recordation model but emploi some solutions typical for the title registration system. Concluding the article, the author tries to indicate the particular characteristics of title registration model which could be a source of inspiration for the potential optimization of the Polish land registry system.
RZYMSKIE UREGULOWANIA DOTYCZĄCE ‘INIURIA’ A KARNOPRAWNA OCHRONA CZCI W PRAWIE POLSKIM
Authors: Nowicka Dobromiła
Published: December 2016

ROMAN REGULATIONS CONCERNING ‘INIURIA’ AND PROTECTION OF HONOUR AND REPUTATION IN POLISH CRIMINAL LAWSummaryThe aim of this article is to compare and contrast Roman and Polish criminal regulations concerning protection of an individual’s honour and reputation in two different areas: objects of legal protection, and forms of conduct liable to prosecution and providing grounds for legal action. Considerable differences may be observed between these two legal systems on both counts. While in Roman law any and every defamatory act, regardless of its form, gave rise to iniuria, Polish penal law divides non-physical acts against honour and reputation into two separate categories: pomówienie (defamation and/or slander), and zniewaga (insult). This distinction is based on the criterion of the object of legal protection: pomówienie is an attack on an individual’s reputation, while zniewaga is an attack on his dignity. The types of punishable conduct are different as well; as regards pomówienie only verbalised attacks are liable to prosecution as offences against reputation. Analysis of this matter leads to the conclusion that the distinction made in Polish criminal law for offences against honour and reputation into two different categories in consequence of the recognition of two separate objects of protection against non-physical attacks may not be the best solution.
O STANIE I POTRZEBACH GUBERNI LITEWSKICH W ROKU 1810 W ŚWIETLE PROTOKOŁÓW CZYNNOŚCI DELEGACJI SZLACHECKIEJ W PETERSBURGU
Authors: Godek Sławomir
Published: December 2016

ON THE CONDITION AND NEEDS OF THE LITHUANIAN GOVERNORATE IN 1810 IN THE LIGHT OF THE PROTOCOLS FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NOBLE DELEGATION IN ST. PETERSBURGSummaryIn 1810 a serious rift occurred in Franco-Russian relations. The outbreak of war between the two powers was becoming more and more likely. The Government in St. Petersburg decided to take action to build a pro-Russian faction in Lithuania to weaken the pro-Napoleonic atmosphere there. St. Petersburg’s main collaborator in this work was Michał Kleofas Ogiński, who concocted plans for the restoration, with Russian assistance, of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland under Russian rule, as a competitor to the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw created in 1807. Tsar Alexander I also tried to convince the Lithuanian nobility to accept his policy by granting them the economic incentives and concessions which they sought. In 1810 a delegation of Vilnius nobility went to St. Petersburg and tried to get tax relief, a change in the regulations concerning recruits, the establishment of courts for the demarcation of goods, a change in the organisation and financing of the Vilnius High Court, and an amendment in the procedure for the selection of provincial officials. Similar demands were later presented by the Grodno nobility. The result of these efforts was a series of legal acts issued as of October 1810 which included most of the nobility’s demands.
‘CIVES PESSIMO IURE’. AKTORZY A UPRAWNIENIA RZYMSKICH OBYWATELI W PRAWIE PUBLICZNYM REPUBLIKI I WCZESNEGO PRYNCYPATU
Authors: Loska Elżbieta
Published: December 2016

CIVES PESSIMO IURE: ACTORS AND THE RIGHTS OF ROMAN CITIZENS IN THE PUBLIC LAW OF THE REPUBLIC AND EARLY PRINCIPATESummaryRoman public law recognised the following citizens’ rights: the right to serve in the legions, ius suffragii (the right to vote at assemblies of the people), ius honorum (the right to hold office), ius provocationis (the right to appeal to the People’s Assembly against a magistrate’s decision), ius auxilii (the right to obtain assistance from the tribune of the plebs). Sometimes a restriction of a citizen’s civil rights was due to his profession, and the actor’s profession was such a case. The legal status of actors was the resultant of many factors. They performed in public, were paid for their services, and they had a bad reputation. Even actors who were Roman citizens were not entitled to all the public rights. Citizens’ rights were interlinked, hence the lack of one of them could entail further restrictions. A ban on the right to military service prevented actors from voting in the comitia centuriata; and their exclusion from the most important tribus deprived them of the vote in the comitia tributa. Hence there was a restriction on the availability of the ius provocationis to actors; and they could neither vote nor hold office. Thespians could thus be regarded as cives pessimo iure – second-class citizens.
O ZAGINIONEJ SPUŚCIźNIE NAUKOWEJ IGNACEGO DANIŁOWICZA
Authors: Godek Sławomir
Published: December 2016

The Lost Academic Legacy of Ignacy DaniłowiczSummaryIgnacy Daniłowicz occupies a special place among Polish law historians of the first half of the nineteenth century. This profesor of Vilnius, and then Kharkov, Kiev, and Moscow Universities, an expert on Lithuanian and Russian law, the discoverer and publisher of invaluable sources, codifier of municipal law, and translator and bibliographer of the Statutes of Lithuania, fully deserves the admiration of his contemporaries and the memory of posterity. The fate of Daniłowicz’s manuscript legacy is not known. In particular, it is unknown whether the scholar really left an extensive manuscript on the history of Lithuania, as certain sources would seem to suggest. There is no doubt that Daniłowicz lost some of his manuscripts when moving from Moscow to Kiev. After Daniłowicz’s death, the Russian historian Mikhail P. Pogodin was interested in the acquisition of his surviving papers, but his efforts proved unsuccessful. Some of Daniłowicz’s manuscripts had come into the hands of the Polish researchers and collectors Eustachy Tyszkiewicz and Konstanty Świdziński. One example is a document from 1846 preserved among Mikołaj Malinowski’s papers in the Kórnicka Library. Malinowski apparently mediated in the transfer of the Daniłowicz legacy between Świdziński and Tyszkiewicz. The materials submitted to Tyszkiewicz are kept in eight files and cover a total of several hundred pages, and are probably the basis for the publication a few years after Daniłowicz’s death of the famous “Diplomats’ Treasury”.
NIEWYKONANIE ZOBOWIĄZANIA Z UMOWY PRZEDWSTĘPNEJ W OBROCIE NIERUCHOMOŚCIAMI. ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚĆ ODSZKODOWAWCZA
Authors: Mróz Arkadiusz
Published: December 2016

Non-Performance in a Preliminary Agreement in Property Transfer. Liability for DamagesSummaryThis is the second of three articles presenting a detailed discussionof the legal construction of the preliminary agreement, as well as itssignificance and potential application in property transfer. It presentsaspects of the performance of the obligation defined in the preliminaryagreement and the consequences of non-performance, the division ofpreliminary property sales agreements into agreements with strongeror weaker effects, the scope and the amount of damages due to theevent of non-performance of the preliminary agreement by the obligedparty, and the consequences of stipulating a penalty in the preliminaryagreement and making a down payment upon its conclusion.
OBOWIĄZEK UDZIELENIA POMOCY W PRZYPADKU SPRZECIWU OSOBY ZAGROŻONEJ W ŚWIETLE ART. 162 KODEKSU KARNEGO
Authors: Kosonoga-Zygmunt Julia
Published: December 2016

The Duty of Medical Personnel to Provide Medical Assistance to a Person In Grave Danger in the Event of His/Her Refusal to Accept Help, in the Light of Art. 162 of the Polish Criminal CodeSummaryThe subject of this article is the refusal to accept medical assistance by a person in a condition involving a threat to his/her life or a serious health risk, and the ensuing effect this may have on the potential criminal liability of the medical and/or rescue personnel in the event of theirwithdrawal of assistance. The main problem is whether on the groundsof Art. 162 of the Polish Criminal Code (kodeks karny, k.k.) a patient’srefusal to accept medical assistance is relevant in criminal law, and ifso, what criteria have to be met for its admission.Art. 162 of the Polish Criminal Code does not specify a general requirement of the endangered person’s consent to the administrationof medical rescue services. The exceptions are those medical services for which separate provisions have been laid down requiring the patient’s consent. In the remaining scope the duty of medical and/or rescue staff to administer the assistance defined in Art. 162 § 1 is not subject to the consent of the person whose legal interest is being secured. However, this general observation does not rule out the relevance of the endangered person’s refusal to accept medical assistance and/or rescue. In particular, difficulties may arise in the assessment in the light of criminal law of the withdrawal of assistance to a suicide who refuses to have rescue services administered, although the scope of the problem is certainly much wider.
FORMY POMOCY UNIJNEJ DLA MAŁYCH GOSPODARSTW ROLNYCH W POLSCE
Authors: Stoksik Jan
Published: December 2016

Forms of EU Assistance for Small Farms in PolandSummary The latest CAP reform has pointed out the need to maintain the vitality and development of small farms. The basic principle of the reform is for these farms to perform an important role in the multifunctional development of rural areas throughout the whole EU. Alongside their traditional farming activities these farms have a unique favourable impact on the natural environment by maintaining its biodiversity. They also support the rich European traditions and customs in food production. They are producers of good, healthy food; they provide millions of jobs, thereby reducing unemployment, not only in rural areas. In appreciation of these assets, the new EU financial perspective envisages many forms of support, especially financial support for small farms, within both pillars of the CAP. This article gives a favourable preliminary assessment of these forms of assistance. But there are drawbacks as well. One is the small extent of the assistance, expressed by the relatively low amount of expenditure planned for the financing of the assistance. Another drawback is too strict criteria for access to certain forms of financial supports, which could be used by small farms, provided in the Rural Development Programme for the years 2014-2020. This will cause that a large group of small farms do not benefit from the aid provided there.
L’‘HUMANITAS’ TRA DIRITTO ROMANO E TOTALITARISMO HITLERIANO
Authors: Garofalo Luigi
Published: December 2016

„Humanitas” między prawem rzymskim a totalitaryzmem hitlerowskimStreszczenieIdea humanitas towarzysząca ludzkości od czasów starożytnych, od momentu jej powstania pozostawała w ścisłym związku z pojęciem prawa, oddziałując na proces jego tworzenia i interpretacji oraz wyznaczając kierunki jego rozwoju. Jak każda idea ma ona swoje „corpus“ historyczne, jako że proces jej formowania się, kształtowania i konsolidacji odbywał się w rozwoju historycznym naszej cywilizacji, w nierozerwalnym związku z ludźmi i ich losami. O ile dla Cycerona humanitas rozumiana jest jako obiektywna, nadrzędna zasada moralna, z której wynikają dla człowieka określone powinności a także jako wymóg zdobywania wszelakiego rodzaju wiedzy, przede wszystkim na bazie studiów literackich, o tyle w kulturze chrześcijańskiej humanitas przejawia się przede wszystkim w obowiązku miłości bliźniego, umiłowania Syna Bożego w każdej istocie ludzkiej, nawet jeżeli jest ona wrogiem. Przedmiotem rozważań w niniejszym opracowaniu jest koncepcja humanitas u zarania jej dziejów a więc w czasach rzymskich, bowiem idea humanizmu, zarówno w sensie terminologicznym jak i materialnym stanowi oryginalną, autonomiczną kreację rzymskiej praktyki prawnej i myśli filozoficznej a także pojmowanie i krytyka tejże idei humanitas w okresie, „kiedy prawo rzymskie przestało istnieć“ a więc w czasach hitlerowskiego totalitaryzmu. W pismach rzymskich jurystów, poczynając od Juliana, wielokrotnie humanitas jest przywoływana jako ratio decidendi konkretnego rozstrzygnięcia kwestii spornej będąc jednym z atrybutów idei aequitas (słuszności) uznawanej przez rzymskich jurystów i urzędników tworzących i stosujących prawo za podstawę proponowanych przez nich rozstrzygnięć czy rozwiązań prawnych. Tak pojmowana idea humanitas zapewniła sobie silny wpływ na obowiązujące prawo i wyznaczała kierunki jego dalszego rozwoju. W czasach nazizmu zarówno prawo rzymskie jak i ideologia z nim związana stała się natomiast obiektem zażartej krytyki ze strony teoretyków prawa i filozofów związanych z hitlerowskim reżimem. Głęboka awersja do prawa naznaczonego humanizmem, czy to w jego antycznym wydaniu, czy będącego recepcją prawa rzymskiego, spowodowała porzucenie idei humanitas przez elity intelektualne tej epoki popierające poglądy głoszone przez Hitlera bądź też doprowadziła do interpretacji tej idei zupełnie wynaturzonej w relacji do jej oryginalnego znaczenia. Jak należy bowiem zauważyć społeczeństwu rzymskiemu, chociaż nieznającemu pojęcia praw człowieka i z naszego punktu widzenia w wielu aspektach okrutnemu i niesprawiedliwemu, obca była idea dyskryminacji ze względów rasowych i etnicznych, co zawdzięczało ono w dużej mierze uznaniu wartości zawierających się właśnie w idei humanitas.
USTANAWIANIE AMERYKAŃSKIEJ WŁADZY KOLONIALNEJ NA FILIPINACH
Authors: Lewicki Zbigniew
Published: December 2016

Establishing American Colonial Government in thePhilippinesSummaryThe Philippines was the only American colony and its establishmentcaused a fierce debate in the United States on whether this complied withthe principles of American civil society. It was decided that returning thearchipelago to Spain or simply abandoning it was out of the question,and that the USA would retain its sovereignty over the islands whilepreparing the country for independence.This is in fact what happened. After the period of military strugglewith the forces of Emilio Aguinaldo, Americans began what would todaybe described as a nation-building process. Its most important components were the health system and education, along with the training ofadministrative staff, who assumed more and more responsibility. Thiswas in stark contrast with the behaviour of traditional colonial powers.While the process was somewhat slower than expected, and wasinterrupted by the outbreak of World War 2, the Philippines becameindependent soon after the war and the process of transition was conducted in an orderly fashion.The article, the first on the topic in Poland, analyses the successivephases in the building up of American colonial control of the Philippinesand its subsequent withdrawal.
FEDERALNE PRAWO ŁASKI W STANACH ZJEDNOCZONYCH AMERYKI
Authors: Kwiatkowski Wojciech
Published: December 2016

United States Federal Executive ClemencySummaryThe article relates to the core principles underlying federal executiveclemency as an act that mitigates the punitive consequences resultingfrom a criminal conviction. Presidential clemency is also the least appreciated and most misunderstood of presidential powers – the Constitutionplaces no limits on the way the President exercises his power to pardon,except in cases of impeachment.The article gives a historical overview of the power of clemency in theU.S. Constitution. It also examines the evolution of the Supreme Court’sviews on clemency over the years, both substantively and procedurally,and how the Court has interpreted the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, as well as amnesties, commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, and respites. It discusses the procedurefor clemency, including the role of the Pardon Attorney, and concludeswith a proposal of certain reforms to reinvigorate the federal pardonprocess and restore its moral force.
DOCHODZENIE ZAWARCIA UMOWY PRZYRZECZONEJ W OBROCIE NIERUCHOMOŚCIAMI. ZABEZPIECZENIE I PRZEDAWNIENIE ROSZCZEŃ
Authors: Mróz Arkadiusz
Published: December 2016

Assertion of the Conclusion of a Promised Contractin Property Trading. Securing and Limitation of ClaimsSummaryThis is the last of three articles presenting a detailed discussion ofthe legal construction of the preliminary agreement, as well as its significance and potential application in property trading. It presents thecontracting party’s possibility of making a claim concerning the conclusion of a promised contract; and the securing of claims by the obligedparty’s grant of a power of attorney for the conclusion of the promisedcontract on his behalf and in his favour, and by the entry of the claim inthe land and mortgage register. The article also discusses the limitationof claims on a preliminary agreement. The article ends with a summaryof the conclusions drawn from all three articles.
MONTESQUIEU A RZYMSKA DYSCYPLINA WOJSKOWA: POGLĄDY, INTERPRETACJE I ŹRÓDŁA POZNANIA
Authors: Faszcza Michał Norbert
Published: December 2016

Montesquieu and Roman Military Discipline: Opinions,Interpretations, and SourcesSummaryMontesquieu’s influence on the development of modern public lawis undisputed, but he also played a very important role in shaping theperception of the Roman art of war. Like Machiavelli, he devoted a considerable amount of attention to Roman disciplina militaris. His comments were quite general, but they exerted a substantial influence onthe opinions of scholars of military discipline. Along with Lipsius andMachiavelli, he was one of the most cited authors, and his perceptionof military discipline was even reflected in some of the arrangementsemployed in the French army under the First Republic. Research on thereception of Roman ideas on the art of war usually stops at the MiddleAges, but Montesquieu’s work as a writer and his impact on later scholarsare the best justification for studying his opinions on this issue.
‘CONTRA IUS PRONUNTIARE’. SULL’INVALIDITÀ DELLA SENTENZA CONTRARIA A DIRITTO NELLA RIFLESSIONE GIURISPRUDENZIALE TARDOCLASSICA
Authors: Tuzov Daniil
Published: December 2016

‘Contra ius pronuntiare’. Nieważność wyroku sprzecznego z prawem w późnoklasycznej myśli prawniczejStreszczeniePrzedmiotem rozważań jest kwestia nieważności wyroku sprzecznego z prawem w rozważaniach jurystów okresu późnoklasycznego. Wydaje się, że jurysprudencja rzymska nie wykształciła w pełni reguły dotyczącej wyroków sprzecznych z konstytucjami, czy, bardziej ogólnie, z prawem. Juryści rozstrzygali w takich przypadkach kazuistycznie, a ich opinie były często sprzeczne. Wprowadzone przez Macrona (D. 49,8,1,2) rozróżnienie na wyroki contra ius constitutionis oraz contra ius litigatoris było tylko jednym z możliwych kryteriów stwierdzenia nieważności, a nie wyrazem powszechnej opinii jurystów.
UŻYWANIE DRONÓW W CELU ZWALCZANIA TERRORYZMU ŚWIETLE ‘IUS AD BELLUM’
Authors: Kułaga Łukasz
Published: December 2016

The Use of Drones in Combating International Terrorism from the Perspective of ‘ius ad bellum’Summary The increasing practice of using armed unmanned aerial vehicles (military UAVs, commonly known as drones) by some countries to eliminate suspected terrorists raises a number of controversies from the perspective of international law. These controversies are also related to the specific features of military UAVs, which make it possible to kill targeted individuals without risk to the military personnel of the country concerned, and thereby may encourage the abusive interpretation of the applicable legal regulations. This article discusses these issues from the perspective of ius ad bellum, in particular the right to self-defence. It shows the main controversial points on the scope of invoking the right to self-defence in such cases, in particular the possibility of invoking the right to self-defence in response to an attack by a non-state entity, the question of pre-emptive self-defence, the importance of the severity of the force used as a condition allowing for the use of force in self-defence, and the relevance of the principles of proportionality and necessity. The article also presents an outline of the vast and highly controversial issues associated with the definition of terrorism from the point of view of international law.
ZASTOSOWANIE KOMÓREK ROZRODCZYCH I ZARODKÓW W PROCEDURZE MEDYCZNIE WSPOMAGANEJ PROKREACJI
Authors: Kaczan Damian
Published: December 2016

The Use of Reproductive Cells and Embryos in Medically Assisted Procreation Summary The article discusses the use of reproductive cells and embryos in medically assisted procreation in Poland, which is regulated by the Polish Treatment of Infertility Act (Ustawa o leczeniu niepłodności). The article is divided into six sections. In the first section the author explains why he has chosen to study this subject and the scope of the examination. In the second he explains the normative meaning of the key concepts for further consideration: the procedure of medically assisted procreation, the reproductive cell, the embryo, the donor, and the donor of the embryo. In the third section he presents the general provisions applicable in medically assisted procreation as one of the therapies used in Poland to treat infertility. The fourth and fifth sections are devoted to the recommendations and contraindications respectively for the undertaking of medically assisted procreation. In the sixth section the author assesses the new Polish act on medically assisted procreation and calls for its fundamental amendment or repeal.
EUROPEJSKA KONWENCJA O PRZYSPOSOBIENIU DZIECI JAKO INSTRUMENT WSPÓLNYCH ZASAD PAŃSTW CZŁONKOWSKICH RADY EUROPY W SPRAWACH O PRZYSPOSOBIENIE DZIECI
Authors: Morawska Elżbieta Hanna
Published: December 2016

The European Convention on the Adoption of Children as an Instrument of the Common Principles of the Member States of the Council of Europe on the Adoption of Children Summary Acting on the grounds of its statutory aims, the Council of Europe has taken a number of measures for the protection and promotion of children’s rights. The nature of these activities has differed considerably in the course of over 60 years since the Council’s establishment, nonetheless all of them have invoked children’s welfare as the basis of their undertaking. This is the spirit in which already in the early 1950s the Council embarked on an effort to draw up a European convention on the adoption of children. The Convention was the first treaty regulating the procedure for adoption in a comprehensive manner, and as such paved the way for subsequent European documents relating to the rights and protection of children, also in the adoption process. The collection of these documents includes detailed conventions specifically on the protection of children, alongside documents which do not directly address children’s rights and protection, but apply to the protection of human rights in general under the Council of Europe system. The principal document is the European Convention on Human Rights, along with its additional protocols, in particular Protocol 7. The approach to adoption based on the European Convention on Human Rights led the Council of Europe to embark on a new project to define the principles and practices for adoption. The outcome of this work is the Revised European Convention on the Adoption of Children (RECAC, 2007), the document containing the definitions of currently applicable principles and practices.
Nanotechnology Applications for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma
Authors: Bredlau Amy Lee , Dixit Suraj , Chen Chao , Broome Ann-Marie
Published: December 2016

Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) are invariably fatal tumors
found in the pons of elementary school aged children. These tumors are grade II-IV
gliomas, with a median survival of less than 1 year from diagnosis when treated with
standard of care (SOC) therapy. Nanotechnology may offer therapeutic options for
the treatment of DIPGs. Multiple nanoparticle formulations are currently being
investigated for the treatment of DIPGs. Nanoparticles based upon stable elements,
polymer nanoparticles, and organic nanoparticles are under development for the
treatment of brain tumors, including DIPGs. Targeting of nanoparticles is now
possible as delivery techniques that address the difficulty in crossing the blood brain
barrier (BBB) are developed. Theranostic nanoparticles, a combination of therapeutics
and diagnostic nanoparticles, improve imaging of the cancerous tissue while delivering
therapy to the local region. However, additional time and attention should be directed to developing a
nanoparticle delivery system for treatment of the uniformly fatal pediatric disease of DIPG.
Redefinition of the Scarcity Price: lessons and recommendations from the Colombian electricity market
Authors: Llanos-Perez Emanuel J. , Hinestroza-Olascuaga Laura M.
Published: December 2016

The Colombian government introduced a capacity market in order to promote the diversification in the energy matrix and protect users from high prices derived from dry seasonal events. Unfortunately, the flaws in the scarcity price definition- a mechanism that activates the capacity market obligation and sets a cap price for the spot market- have led into a market failure. Specifically, some generation plants have been forced to be unavailable because their variable costs are significantly higher than the scarcity price. This paper presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the Colombian Electricity system, with a particular emphasis on the definition of the scarcity price. Results present lessons and recommendations for policy makers based on the experience of the Colombian Electricity Market, highlighting the need of a new definition of the scarcity price and a different focus on the energy planning scheme.
Edith Stein y el castillo interior de Teresa de Ávila.
Authors: Serrano Agustina
Published: December 2016

The “interior castle” is the frst appendix that Edith Stein adds to her great philosophical work, Finite and eternal being. Edith shows her anthropological interest and describes the essence of humanity in the feminine and masculine processes, in relation to the optimistic vision of Teresa.Also, in harmony with the cloistered nun, she defends the intimacy of what can be found in God. To better understand, with the terms there are also images; that is to say, concepts and symbols that connect harmoniously. As such, in the same way that Teresa thinks about experience and dares to say it, Edith also unites experience and doctrine in a comprehensible expression. Her contribution is valuable both on the levels of sensibility and intelligence, and because of her decisive temperament, she becomes a woman with a bold loving rationality.
A Jorge Millas, filósofo:
Authors: Peñailillo Patricio
Published: December 2016

The following trial is a catalogue of fragment that gathers some Jorge Millas’ hard moments, Chilean Philosopher of XX century who distinguished himself by the luminous architecture of his ideas. He confronted bravely, when our country passed by an intense torment, to whom perform the stately and universitarian power without authority. In the text he calls attention to a part of his idea about “Human rights”. He supports a quadruple root of them which belong to metaphysic, social, moral and skilful dominion. This plan was explained in a textbook that the Christian Humanism Academy solicited in 1982. This trial that we are publishing now, has served as articulater body of some intellectual references that the author of this reflection has estimated relevant to think over.
La formación del sentido social en la práctica docente según el Padre Hurtado.
Authors: Baeza José Ignacio
Published: December 2016

At a time when education is in crisis, when many call for a profound renewal, we need to remember that the frst doctor in Pedagogy for our country is Father Alberto Hurtado. For him, education exists to look for the formation of citizens with social meaning, i.e. to promote in the student a development with social attitude.
In this process, the teacher has a big responsibility. The student not only absorbed, but learns to look for ideas and to look for the common good. The teacher teaches through his own testimony of life and their own pedagogy.
EL COACHING: UNA FORMA PARA FORTALECER EL PROFESIONALISMO DEL DOCENTE EN EL AULA
Authors: Zegarra Huamán Raúl Jesús , Velázquez Tejeda Miriam Encaranción
Published: December 2016

El profesionalismo del docente integra conocimientos y habilidades para el desempeño eficiente de la actividad pedagógica en el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza–aprendizaje. Es una investigación educacional que se fundamenta en  una perspectiva integradora, que  conjuga dialécticamente los métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos para el estudio y  análisis del fenómeno educativo en todas sus dimensiones. Como parte del diagnóstico, se aplicaron métodos e instrumentos que permitieron constatar la realidad del actuar de los docentes de las zonas rurales del Perú en el desempeño del proceso de enseñanza–aprendizaje. La sistematización de los referentes científicos, teóricos y metodológicos permitió triangular los datos y como conclusión esencial,  diseñar un programa de aprendizaje basado en el coaching para fortalecer el profesionalismo del docente desde la autorreflexión sobre su desempeño en la práctica pedagógica del aula.
TRAYECTORIAS EDUCATIVO-LABORALES DE JÓVENESESTUDIANTES DE EDUCACIÓN TÉCNICA EN CHILE: ¿TIENE SENTIDO UN SISTEMA DE FORMACIÓN PARA EL TRABAJO EN LA EDUCACIÓN SECUNDARIA?
Authors: Sepúlveda Leandro
Published: December 2016

El artículo analiza la trayectoria educativo-laboral de una cohorte de estudiantes egresados de la enseñanza media técnico-profesional en Chile. Los antecedentes permiten indicar que este sistema formativo ha dejado de ser una instancia de salida temprana al mundo del trabajo para un segmento relevante de jóvenes, quienes continúan estudios superiores en los años sucesivos a su egreso de la secundaria. Pese a esto, también se observa que un porcentaje cercano al 40% de los egresados no continúa estudios con posterioridad, y predominan experiencias laborales que tienden a estar mayormente disociadas del área formativa de los estudios cursados. La mayoría de estos jóvenes accede a empleos temporales, fundamentalmente en el sector servicios y en tareas que, en sentido estricto, no requerirían una preparación formal como la que se intenta desde el modelo curricular de la formación técnica. Esta dualidad señala la necesidad de una discusión profunda sobre el carácter de esta modalidad educativa, el lugar que tiene la formación de competencias para la empleabilidad en su interior y las reformas que eventualmente requerirá el sistema educativo en función de las experiencias de sus propios estudiantes.
A circulação dos ideais liberais na periferia da nação: imprensa, liberdade e cidadania na Província de Goiás
Authors: Vieira Martha Victor
Published: December 2016

Este artigo analisa a circulação das ideias liberais na periférica província de Goiás no início do Período Regencial, com a finalidade de discutir a forma como a consciência nacional brasileira foi sendo construída por meio da imprensa no Brasil oitocentista. O primeiro periódico goiano A Matutina Meyapontense, ao publicar as cartas dos leitores de várias localidades, nos possibilita verificar como a moderna ideia de nação foi apropriada e difundida pela elite letrada da província após a abdicação de D. Pedro I.
Emergência prisional no Grão-Pará: discussões sobre as cadeias em tempos de Cabanagem (1830-1845)
Authors: De Mesquita Thiago Broni , Da Silva Furtado João Victor
Published: December 2016

Depois de realizado o processo de independência, a organização do Estado Nacional passa a ser preocupação principal para as elites imperiais. Nas primeiras décadas que sucedem o processo de emancipação são executadas medidas legislativas intimamente ligadas ao processo de consolidação do Estado Nação. Nesse sentido, o primeiro Código Criminal do Império da década de 1830, bem como o movimento de independência apresentavam características liberais e constitucionalistas, servindo tanto para por em desuso as leis da antiga metrópole, quanto para colocar em prática maneiras de punição. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir sobre essas transformações e os reflexos do Código Criminal e de sua respectiva aplicação na província do Grão-Pará, em um contexto de Cabanagem, analisando as medidas executadas pelas autoridades provinciais voltadas para políticas de coerção e encarceramento.
O carnaval contra as “ideias subversivas” e “ideologias exóticas”: a invenção da Federação Carnavalesca Pernambucana na década de 1930
Authors: Silva Lucas Victor
Published: December 2016

Este artigo tem o objetivo de discutir o aparecimento da Federação Carnavalesca Pernambucana enquanto instituição comprometida com o controle das manifestações carnavalescas durante os anos 1930. Para tanto, analisamos as representações registradas na imprensa (Diário de Pernambuco, Jornal Pequeno, Jornal do Recife, A Província, Jornal do Commércio e Diário da Manhã) e na documentação produzida pela própria entidade. O carnaval emerge como instrumento das tentativas de naturalização das hierarquias sociais e da demonstração da coesão nacional e da unidade do repertório cultural do país.
Factors influencing knowledge sharing amongst higher education academics at a university in South Africa
Authors: Twum-Darko Michael , Lesley Harker Lee-Anne
Published: December 2016

The aim of this paper is to explore the factors influencing knowledge sharing amongst higher education academics, using the actor-network theory (ANT) as a theoretical lens. Knowledge sharing in higher education is not institutionalised, therefore knowledge is not always captured nor systematically stored and organised. This leads to a lack of retention of valuable institutional know-how, inefficient work processes and reinventing the wheel. The research questions revealed social, process and technology factors as affecting the formation, growth, stability, and institutionalisation of knowledge sharing in a network of aligned interests. ANT was utilised in conjunction with historical and contextual analysis, tracing the development of the explicit sociotechnical conditions within which to enable sharing of knowledge amongst academics. The study was qualitative in nature, employing an interpretive case study methodology. Semi-structured questions were used to interview eighteen academic staff members as actors from a University of Technology in South Africa, exploring the factors inductively. Culture and management support emerged as the most important social factors. Management is identified to hold a significant position in influencing the uptake and sustainability of knowledge sharing. Factors of technology and processes are centred on facilitating opportunities to share and ensuring effectiveness and efficiency. Knowledge sharing strategies should adopt a blend of personal interaction and technology-based approaches. A general framework of factors influencing the formation, growth and institutionalisation of knowledge sharing was developed to inform knowledge sharing strategies in higher education. Recommendations are made in light of these factors for implementation by higher education managers
Corporate governance in high-growth firms
Authors: Ladegard Gro , Rasmussen Casper Claudi
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this paper is to explore the governance structures in high-growth firms – “Gazelles”. We analyse and compare 865 high-growth firms and 396 SMEs in Norway. The data reveals that high-growth firms differ from average SMEs on several core characteristics. They are smaller and younger, and have more owners and larger boards than the average SME. The analysis shows that high-growth firms are a special case where owners and managers appear to have shared interests, and the strategic and advisory role of the board are thus more important than the monitoring role. This knowledge is useful both for understanding high-growth firms as a particular context, and for how corporate governance systems may have different functions in different types of firms
Institutional shareholders and dividend payout in Malaysia
Authors: Benjamin Samuel Jebaraj , Mohamed Zulkifflee Bin , Marathamuthu M. Srikamaladevi
Published: December 2016

This study seeks to furnish insights on institutional shareholders by assessing whether higher presence of institutional shareholders leads to higher dividend payout or vice versa in line with a particular version of the agency theory. The panel data consists of 100 Malaysian firms from the trading and services sector of Bursa Malaysia from the years 2005 to 2008. In line with the ‘efficient monitoring hypothesis’ theory of institutional shareholders and in conjunction with the outcome model of dividends, we find the presence of institutional shareholders results in higher dividends payout in Malaysia. In spite of the lower fraction of shareholding by institutional shareholders in Malaysia as compared to developed markets, it is clear from the results that the they in fact bring about a positive impact to the firms they invest in by resulting in higher dividends payments. We have provided a framework linking the two theories of dividends (outcome and substitute) and the three theories of institutional shareholders (efficient monitoring hypothesis, conflict of interest hypothesis and strategic alignment hypothesis) to better analyze the two broad ranging theories into greater depth
Materiality and disclosure quality of identifiable intangible assets: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Nell Tobias , Tettenborn Martin , Rogler Silvia
Published: December 2016

This paper examines both the materiality of intangibles and the related disclosure quality under IFRS in the notes of firms on the German benchmark stock index DAX during the four-year period 2008-2011. As proxies, we use the relation of intangibles-to-equity (materiality) and a disclosure index of our design (disclosure quality) that measures both the volume and presentation of information. Furthermore and contrary to the majority of prior studies on the disclosure of intangibles, our index measures disclosure quality itself, and is not restricted to voluntary or mandatory disclosures. In accordance with our predictions, we find in general that intangibles are considerably material, but that the related disclosure quality is low and remains at that low level over the period analyzed. Additionally, both aspects differ widely between firms. Finally, we find support for the hypothesis that management disclosure policies place more emphasis on the amount of information than on its presentation. Our results illustrate and promote the need for the improved regulation of disclosures in the notes, as currently discussed by the major standard setters IASB and FASB
The determinants of CSR disclosure of firms listed on the JSE: A focus on firms meeting the SRI index criteria
Authors: Khumalo Gciniwe , Pitt Lucian J.
Published: December 2016

This paper tests the relationship between the firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosures, the extent of media exposure it enjoys and its size, profitability and leverage. The study is confined to firms who meet the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) criteria for inclusion in its Social Responsibility Index (SRI) and as such the focus is on those firms who are perceived to display best practice with regard to social responsibility. The objective of the study is to determine which factors act as drivers for CSR disclosure. The study uncovered statistically significant positive relationships between CSR disclosures and industry environmental impact as well as media exposure. Legitimacy theory was found to best explain the drivers of CSR disclosure among listed companies in South Africa
The effects of greenhouse gas emissions and governance factors on corporate socially responsibility disclosure
Authors: Sariannidis Nikolaos , Konteos George , Giannarakis Grigoris
Published: December 2016

This paper investigates the impact of a plausible set of determinants, namely, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI), anti-bribery policy, the industry’s profile and the company’s size on the extent of CSR disclosure in the United States (US). The Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) disclosure score is used as a proxy for the extent of CSR disclosure calculated by Bloomberg, incorporating different - in terms of importance - disclosure items. The relationship between the extent of CSR disclosure and its determinants was examined using multiple linear regression analysis incorporating 133 companies listed in S&P Composite 1500 Index for the year 2011. The results illustrate that the company’s size, GHG emissions, DJSI and anti-bribery policy are significantly positively associated with the extent of CSR disclosure. In addition, there are significant differences among the industries’ profile concerning the extent of CSR disclosure. The results cannot be generalized because the sample is based on US listed companies for the year 2011. This study presents initial empirical data investigating different types of disclosures and determinants which extend the scope of previous studies