bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Effects of Naturally Occurring Missense Mutations
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Miteva Maria A. , Wang Lin , Alexov Emil
Published: April 2012

Single-point mutation in genome, for example, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or rare genetic mutation, is the change of a single nucleotide for another in the genome sequence. Some of them will produce an amino acid substitution in the corresponding protein sequence (missense mutations); others will not. This paper focuses on genetic mutations resulting in a change in the amino acid sequence of the corresponding protein and how to assess their effects on protein wild-type characteristics. The existing methods and approaches for predicting the effects of mutation on protein stability, structure, and dynamics are outlined and discussed with respect to their underlying principles. Available resources, either as stand-alone applications or webservers, are pointed out as well. It is emphasized that understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these effects due to these missense mutations is of critical importance for detecting disease-causing mutations. The paper provides several examples of the application of 3D structure-based methods to model the effects of protein stability and protein-protein interactions caused by missense mutations as well.
Preliminary Hybrid Modeling of the Panama Canal: Operations and Salinity Diffusion
Authors: Rabelo Luis , Marin Mario , Xanthopoulos Petros , Arellano Lennox Carlos , Coiduras Pedro , Campos Bernardo , Andrade Luz , Collins Ricardo , Atencio Erwin , Pitty Daryelis
Published: April 2012

This paper deals with the initial modeling of water salinity and its diffusion into the lakes during lock operation on the Panama Canal. A hybrid operational model was implemented using the AnyLogic software simulation environment. This was accomplished by generating an operational discrete-event simulation model and a continuous simulation model based on differential equations, which modeled the salinity diffusion in the lakes. This paper presents that unique application and includes the effective integration of lock operations and its impact on the environment.
Reactive Oxygen Species and Inhibitors of Inflammatory Enzymes, NADPH Oxidase, and iNOS in Experimental Models of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Koppula Sushruta , Kumar Hemant , Kim In Su , Choi Dong-Kug
Published: April 2012

Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) are emerging as important players in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Out of several ROS-generating systems, the inflammatory enzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were believed to play major roles. Mounting evidence suggests that activation of NADPH oxidase and the expression of iNOS are directly linked to the generation of highly reactive ROS which affects various cellular components and preferentially damage midbrain dopaminergic neurons in PD. Therefore, appropriate management or inhibition of ROS generated by these enzymes may represent a therapeutic target to reduce neuronal degeneration seen in PD. Here, we have summarized recently developed agents and patents claimed as inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and iNOS enzymes in experimental models of PD.
A System View on Iterative MIMO Detection: Dynamic Sphere Detection versus Fixed Effort List Detection
Authors: Gimmler-Dumont Christina , Kienle Frank , Wu Bin , Masera Guido
Published: April 2012

Multiple‐antenna systems are a promising approach to increase the data rate of wireless communication systems. One efficient possibility is spatial multiplexing of the transmitted symbols over several antennas. Many different MIMO detector algorithms exist for this spatial multiplexing. The major difference between different MIMO detectors is the resulting
communications performance and implementation complexity, respectively. Particularly closed‐loop MIMO systems have attained a lot of attention in the last years. In a closed‐loop system,
reliability information is fed back from the channel decoder to the MIMO detector. In this paper, we derive a basic framework to compare different soft‐input soft‐output MIMO detectors in open‐ and closed‐loop systems. Within this framework, we analyze a depth‐first sphere detector and a breadth‐first fixed effort detector for different application scenarios and their effects on area and energy efficiency on the whole system. We present all system components under open‐ and closed‐loop system aspects and determine the overall implementation cost for changing an open‐loop system in a closed‐loop system.
Population Ageing and Socially Assistive Robots for Elderly Persons: The Importance of Sociodemographic Factors for User Acceptance
Authors: Flandorfer Priska
Published: April 2012

Taking care of older adults is among the major challenges currently faced by ageing populations. Researchers, designers, and engineers have proposed socially assistive robots as one way of helping elderly people stay in their homes longer. In a systematic literature review, this paper wants to investigate if and how evaluations of the acceptance of socially assistive robots by older people take into account sociodemographic factors. The results indicate that this only holds true for a few studies. Research that incorporates age, gender, education, and so forth; clearly shows that these key factors have a significant impact. However, the relations are complex and experience with technology mitigates the influence of sociodemographic factors on acceptance. Assistive devices should be adaptable to individual needs to be able to consider all these factors.
A Lifelong Smoker with Hypopituitarism: Rethinking the Hypothesis of a Tumor in the Hypophysis
Authors: Mathioudakis Nestoras , Quinones-Hinojosa Alfredo , Salvatori Roberto , Basaria Shehzad
Published: April 2012

Pituitary adenomas are the most common cause of a sellar mass. Metastases to the pituitary gland, a rare occurrence, may mimic benign pituitary adenomas. We report here a case of a 61-year-old woman with an 80-pack-year smoking history who presented with headache and diplopia. Visual field testing demonstrated bitemporal hemianopsia. Pituitary MRI revealed a 2.0 cm sellar mass impinging upon the optic chiasm. Hypopituitarism was present, with no evidence of diabetes insipidus. The patient was referred to our service for transsphenoidal resection of a presumed pituitary macroadenoma. As part of her preoperative evaluation, a chest radiograph was obtained, which showed a large hilar mass. In light of the patient’s extensive smoking history, the differential diagnosis was expanded to include metastatic lesion to the sella. Transsphenoidal resection of the tumor was performed and histopathology revealed small cell carcinoma. The patient received chemotherapy, but died 18 months later due to widespread brain metastases. Although the presence of diabetes insipidus may help to discriminate between pituitary adenomas and metastatic lesions, this is not a sensitive finding. This case illustrates the need for maintaining a high index of suspicion for pituitary metastasis in patients with known risk factors for malignancy.
Synergistic Use of Remote Sensing and Modeling for Tracing Dust Storms in the Mediterranean
Authors: Kaskaoutis D. G. , Prasad A. K. , Kosmopoulos P. G. , Sinha P. R. , Kharol S. K. , Gupta P. , El-Askary H. M. , Kafatos M.
Published: April 2012

This study focuses on the detection of the dust source region and monitoring of the transport of the dust plume from its primary outflow to final deposition. The application area is the Sahara desert and the eastern Mediterranean, where two dust events occurred during the period 4–6 February 2009, an unusual event for a winter period. The Aqua-MODIS and OMI observations clearly define the spatial distribution of the dust plumes, while the CALIPSO observations of total attenuated backscatter (TAB) at 532 nm, depolarization ratio (DR), and attenuated color ratio (1064/532 nm) on 5 February 2009 provide a clear view and vertical structure of the dust-laden layer. The dust source region is defined to be near the Chad-Niger-Libyan borders, using satellite observations and model (DREAM) output. This dust plume is vertically extended up to 2.5 km and is observed as a mass plume of dust from surface level to that altitude, where the vertical variation of TAB (0.002 to 0.2) and DR (0.2–0.5) implies dust-laden layer with non-spherical particles. CALIPSO profiles show that after the dust plume reached at its highest level, the dust particles start to be deposited over the Mediterranean and the initial dust plume was strongly attenuated, while features of dust were limited below about 1–1.5 km for latitudes northern of ~36° (Greek territory).
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Cultivars Exhibiting Tolerance to the Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
Authors: Blessitt Julie A. , Stetina Salliana R. , Wallace Ted P. , Smith Peggy T. , Sciumbato Gabriel L.
Published: April 2012

A field study was conducted over a two-year period (2006-2007) at the Delta Research and Extension Center, Stoneville, MS, USA to screen selected entries in the 2006 Mississippi Cotton Variety Trials for tolerance to the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis). Trials were conducted in nonirrigated fields with primarily sandy loam soils. Though some variability was noted between test locations and years, six of 13 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars tested were considered tolerant to the reniform nematode: “Cropland Genetics 3520 B2RF,” “DynaGrow 2520 B2RF,” “Stoneville 5242 BR,” “Stoneville 5599 BR,” “Deltapine 488 BG/RR,” and “Fibermax 960 B2R.” Of these, the first three exhibited yields similar to the productive cultivar “Deltapine 445 BG/RR” in all environments. Though they will not suppress the reniform nematode population, these cultivars can help reduce economic losses attributed to this pathogen in the Midsouth region of the USA.
Development and Evaluation of a Novel Pellet-Based Tablet System for Potential Colon Delivery of Budesonide
Authors: Varshosaz Jaleh , Emami Jaber , Tavakoli Naser , Minaiyan Mohsen , Rahmani Nakisa , Dorkoosh Farid
Published: April 2012

Budesonide, a potent glucocorticoid, is used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Current available oral formulations of budesonide have low efficacy against ulcerative colitis because of the premature drug release in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. In this paper a pH- and time-controlled colon-targeted pellet-based tablet of budesonide was established. Pellet cores were prepared by extrusion-spheronization method and further coated with xanthan gum (barrier layer), Eudragit NE30D and L30D55 combination (inner layer), and Eudragit FS30 (as enteric layer) sequentially to achieve the required release profile. The coated pellets then compressed into tablets using inert tabletting granules of Cellactose or Pearlitol. Release studies, performed in simulated gastric, intestinal, and colon pH were used in sequence to mimic the gastrointestinal transit. The influence of formulation variables like barrier layer thickness, inner layer composition, and enteric coat thickness on drug release were investigated and the coated pellets that contained 12% weight gain in xanthan gum layer, Eudragit L30D55 and Eudragit NE30D with a ratio of 3 : 7 in inner layer with 30% weight gain and 25% weight gain in Eudragit FS layer were found to protect the drug release in stomach and small intestine and 83.35 ± 2.4 of budesonide was released at 24 h. The drug release from the tablets prepared using 40% Cellactose 80 as tableting excipient was found to be closely similar to that of uncompressed pellets.
Dual-Band Dielectric Resonator Antenna for C and X Band Application
Authors: Batra Deepak , Sharma Sanjay , Kohli Amit Kumar
Published: April 2012

The proposed technique combines a slot antenna and a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) to effectively design a dual band dielectric resonant antenna without compromising miniaturization or its efficiency. It is observed that the resonance of the slot and that of the dielectric structure merged to achieve extremely wide bandwidth over which the antenna polarization and radiation pattern are preserved. Here the effect of slot size on the radiation performance of the DRA is studied. The antenna structure is simulated using two simulators (Ansoft HFSS and CST-Studio software). The simulated results are presented and compared with the measured results. This DRA has a gain of 6 dBi and 5.5 dBi at 6.1 and 8.3 GHz, respectively, 10 dB return impedance bandwidth of nearly 4% and 6% at two resonating frequencies and 98% efficiency has been achieved from the configuration. It is shown that the size of the slot can significantly affect the radiation properties of the DRA, and there are good agreements between simulation and measured results.
Combination Drug Delivery Approaches in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Lee Jun H. , Nan Anjan
Published: April 2012

Disseminated metastatic breast cancer needs aggressive treatment due to its reduced response to anticancer treatment and hence low survival and quality of life. Although in theory a combination drug therapy has advantages over single-agent therapy, no appreciable survival enhancement is generally reported whereas increased toxicity is frequently seen in combination treatment especially in chemotherapy. Currently used combination treatments in metastatic breast cancer will be discussed with their challenges leading to the introduction of novel combination anticancer drug delivery systems that aim to overcome these challenges. Widely studied drug delivery systems such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, and water-soluble polymers can concurrently carry multiple anticancer drugs in one platform. These carriers can provide improved target specificity achieved by passive and/or active targeting mechanisms.
Correlation between US-PSV and 64-Row MDCTA with Advanced Vessel Analysis in the Quantification of 50–70% Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: Stefanini Matteo , Gaspari Eleonora , Boi Luca , Del Giudice Costantino , Mastrangeli Roberta , Nucera Francesca , Simonetti Giovanni
Published: April 2012

Purpose. To correlate ultrasonographic peak systolic velocity (US-PSV) and 64-row multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) with advanced vessel analysis (AVA) software in the quantification of 50–70% carotid artery stenosis.Materials and methods. 199 consecutive patients (247 arteries) with internal carotid artery (ICA) or third proximal bifurcation stenosis. Each patient was studied by duplex US (DUS) and 64-row MDCTA with AVA software.Results. DUS showed PSV measurements less than 125 cm/s in 51 carotid stenosis and a value greater than this in 196 arteries. 64-row MDCTA AVA software showed a grade of stenosis less than 50% in 42 carotid arteries while a greater 70% was found in 4 carotid arteries; then, carotid arteries with stenosis percentage between 50% and 70% were 201. Linear regression analysis showed a good linear correlation () between MDCTA-AVA software percentage stenosis and PSV: between 50% grade of stenosis and PSV value corresponding to 133,6 cm/sec and between 70% stenosis and PSV value corresponding to 268 cm/sec. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value(PPV), negative predictive value(NPV) of this analysis were 93%, 82%, 97%, 75%, respectively.Conclusion. Linear correlation between PSV data and grade of stenosis from 50% to 70% obtained with 64-row MDCTA AVA software. Main PSV value corresponding to 50% and 70% grade of stenosis at AVA analysis.
Instant Abdominal Wall Reconstruction with Biologic Mesh following Resection of Locally Advanced Colonic Cancer
Authors: Kaya Oskay , Olcucuoglu Engin , Seker Gaye , Kulacoglu Hakan
Published: April 2012

We present a case of immediate abdominal wall reconstruction with biologic mesh following the resection of locally advanced colonic cancer. The tumor in the right colon did not respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Surgical enbloc excision, including excision of the invasion in the abdominal wall, was achieved, and the defect was reconstructed with porcine dermal collagen mesh. The patient was discharged with no complication, and adaptation of the mesh was excellent at the six-month followup.
Cell Therapies for Heart Function Recovery: Focus on Myocardial Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnologies
Authors: Giraud Marie-Noëlle , Guex Anne Géraldine , Tevaearai Hendrik T.
Published: April 2012

Cell therapies have gained increasing interest and developed in several approaches related to the treatment of damaged myocardium. The results of multiple clinical trials have already been reported, almost exclusively involving the direct injection of stem cells. It has, however, been postulated that the efficiency of injected cells could possibly be hindered by the mechanical trauma due to the injection and their low survival in the hostile environment. It has indeed been demonstrated that cell mortality due to the injection approaches 90%. Major issues still need to be resolved and bed-to-bench followup is paramount to foster clinical implementations. The tissue engineering approach thus constitutes an attractive alternative since it provides the opportunity to deliver a large number of cells that are already organized in an extracellular matrix. Recent laboratory reports confirmed the interest of this approach and already encouraged a few groups to investigate it in clinical studies. We discuss current knowledge regarding engineered tissue for myocardial repair or replacement and in particular the recent implementation of nanotechnological approaches.
Detailed CFD Modelling of Open Refrigerated Display Cabinets
Authors: Gaspar Pedro Dinis , Gonçalves L. C. Carrilho , Pitarma R. A.
Published: April 2012

A comprehensive and detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) modelling of air flow and heat transfer in an open refrigerated display cabinet (ORDC) is performed in this study. The physical-mathematical model considers the flow through the internal ducts, across fans and evaporator, and includes the thermal response of food products. The air humidity effect and thermal radiation heat transfer between surfaces are taken into account. Experimental tests were performed to characterize the phenomena near physical extremities and to validate the numerical predictions of air temperature, relative humidity, and velocity. Numerical and experimental results comparison reveals the predictive capabilities of the computational model for the optimized conception and development of this type of equipments. Numerical predictions are used to propose geometrical and functional parametric studies that improve thermal performance of the ORDC and consequently food safety.
Using Seasonal Climate Forecasts to Guide Disaster Management: The Red Cross Experience during the 2008 West Africa Floods
Authors: Tall Arame , Mason Simon J. , van Aalst Maarten , Suarez Pablo , Ait-Chellouche Youcef , Diallo Adama A. , Braman Lisette
Published: April 2012

In 2008, the seasonal forecast issued at the Seasonal Climate Outlook Forum for West Africa (PRESAO) announced a high risk of above-normal rainfall for the July–September rainy season. With probabilities for above-normal rainfall of 0.45, this forecast indicated noteworthy increases in the risk of heavy rainfall. When this information reached the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) West and Central Africa Office, it led to significant changes in the organization’s flood response operations. The IFRC regional office requested funds in advance of anticipated floods, prepositioned disaster relief items in strategic locations across West Africa to benefit up to 9,500 families, updated its flood contingency plans, and alerted vulnerable communities and decision-makers across the region. This forecast-based preparedness resulted in a decrease in the number of lives, property, and livelihoods lost to floods, compared to just one year prior in 2007 when similar floods claimed above 300 lives in the region. This article demonstrates how a science-based early warning informed decisions and saved lives by triggering action in anticipation of forecast events. It analyses what it took to move decision-makers to action, based on seasonal climate information, and to overcome traditional barriers to the uptake of seasonal climate information in the region, providing evidence that these barriers can be overcome. While some institutional, communication and technical barriers were addressed in 2008, many challenges remain. Scientists and humanitarians need to build more common ground.
Evaluation of Mast Cell Activation Syndromes: Impact of Pathology and Immunohistology
Authors: Horny H.-P. , Sotlar K. , Valent P.
Published: April 2012

Mast cell activation syndromes (MCAS) are clinically defined disease states with a largely unknown morphological background. Since mastocytosis may be associated with MCAS, it is crucial in every patient to document or exclude mastocytosis by appropriate histological, molecular, and serological investigations of tissues/organs that are commonly involved in mastocytosis like skin, mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow. Accordingly, histopathological investigation including immunohistological stains is crucial to reach the final diagnosis in such patients and to classify MCAS into primary MCAS, which can present with or without evidence of overt mastocytosis, or secondary MCAS, where an underlying disease with or without tissue inflammation is detected. Cases without evidence of mastocytosis, monoclonal mast cells, or any underlying disease should be termed idiopathic MCAS. When the activating point mutant KIT D816V is detectable but criteria for diagnosis of mastocytosis are not completely met, a so-called (mono)clonal MCAS as a subvariant of primary MCAS should be diagnosed.
Treatment with Methimazole in a 3-Year-Old Male with Thyroid Hormone Resistance
Authors: Tsai Sarah L. , Ahmet Alexandra
Published: April 2012

Background: Thyroid hormone resistance syndromes are disorders in which there is decreased end-organ responsiveness to thyroid hormone. Patients typically present with elevated levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine with a normal or increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration. Clinical features are variable, and there are no guidelines regarding treatment. Patient: The patient was noted to have tachycardia at 6 months of age. He had persistently elevated free thyroxine and normal/mildly elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone for the first 2 years of life. At age 2 years, he was noted to have sinus tachycardia, a mildly enlarged thyroid, hyperactive behavior, subtle developmental delay, and poor weight gain. The patient has a previously described de novo mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor-β gene. Intervention and Outcomes: He was started on methimazole (0.3–0.5 mg/kg/day) at age 3 years to treat his symptoms. With medication, weight gain, sleep, behavior, and tachycardia improved. Linear growth has remained appropriate for age. Heart rate is in the upper normal range and his thyroid has become more enlarged. Conclusions: Methimazole has improved thyrotoxic symptoms in a 3-year-old male with thyroid hormone resistance. The use of methimazole should be considered in certain patients.
Impact of glomerular filtration estimate on bleeding risk in very old patients treated with vitamin K antagonists
Authors: Poli Daniela , Antonucci Emilia , Zanazzi Maria , Grifoni Elisa , Testa Sophie , Ageno Walter , Palareti Gualtiero
Published: April 2012

Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) therapy is increasingly used in elderly for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and of stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), usually estimated from different equations, decreases progressively with age and it is a risk factor for bleeding. In the frame of the EPICA study, a multicentre prospective observational study including 4,093 patients ≥80 years naïve to VKA treated for AF or after VTE, we performed this ancillary study to evaluate the prevalence of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) by estimated GFR (eGFR). Incidence of bleedings was recorded and bleeding risk was evaluated in relation to eGFR calculated by Cockroft-Gault (C-G); Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formulas. In addition, the agreement among the three eGFR formulas was evaluated. We recorded 179 major bleedings (rate 1.87 x100 patient-years [py]), 26 fatal (rate 0.27 x100 py). Moderate CKD was detected in 69.3%, 59.3% and 47.0% and severe CKD in 5.8%, 7.4% and 10.0% of cases by C-G, MDRD and CKD-EPI, respectively. Bleeding risk was higher in patients with severe CKD irrespective of the applied equation. This study confirms that CKD represents an independent risk factor for bleeding and that a wide proportion of elderly on VKA had severe or moderate CKD, suggesting the need for frequent monitoring. Although the different available equations yield different eGFR, all appear to similarly predict the risk of major bleeding.
Two global haemostatic assays as additional tools to monitor treatment in cases of haemophilia A
Authors: Antovic Jovan , Mikovic Danijela , Elezovic Ivo , Holmström Margareta , Wilkens Matthias , Elfvinge Petra , Hourani Soutari Nida , Antovic Aleksandra
Published: April 2012

Haemophilia A patients with similar levels of factor VIII (FVIII) may have different bleeding phenotypes and responses to treatment with FVIII concentrate. Therefore, a test which determines overall haemostasis may be appropriate for treatment monitoring in some patients. We studied two global haemostatic methods: endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) and overall haemostatic potential (OHP) before and after injection of FVIII concentrate in patients with haemophilia A treated prophylactically and on-demand. A significant correlation between FVIII and both ETP and OHP was observed, while ETP and OHP differed between patients with severe and mild clinical phenotypes. Both ETP and OHP differed significantly between severe, moderate and mild haemophilia A and controls. ETP and OHP increased after intravenous injection of FVIII concentrate in both groups of patients, but in spite of higher pre-treatment values of both ETP and OHP in patients treated prophylactically, and much higher post-treatment FVIII levels in comparison with the values in patients treated on-demand, no difference after treatment was observed for either ETP or OHP. ETP and OHP may be additional alternatives for monitoring (and even for individual tailoring) treatment in patients with haemophilia A.
Accurate determination of rivaroxaban levels requires different calibrator sets but not addition of antithrombin
Authors: Rohde Gabriele , Stratmann Gertrud , Hesse Christian , Herth Natalie , Schwers Stephan , Perzborn Elisabeth , Lindhoff-Last Edelgard , Mani Helen
Published: April 2012

Rivaroxaban is a direct factor Xa inhibitor, which can be monitored by anti-factor Xa chromogenic assays. This ex vivo study evaluated different assays for accurate determination of rivaroxaban levels. Eighty plasma samples from patients receiving rivaroxaban (Xarelto®) 10 mg once daily and 20 plasma samples from healthy volunteers were investigated using one anti-factor Xa assay with the addition of exogenous antithrombin and two assays without the addition of antithrombin. Two different lyophilised rivaroxaban calibration sets were used for each assay (low concentration set: 0, 14.5, 59.6 and 97.1 ng/ml; high concentration set: 0, 48.3, 101.3, 194.2 and 433.3 ng/ml). Using a blinded study design, the rivaroxaban concentrations determined by the assays were compared with concentrations measured by HPLC-MS/MS. All assays showed a linear relationship between the rivaroxaban concentrations measured by HPLC-MS/MS and the optical density of the anti-FXa assays. However, the assay with the addition of exogenous anti-thrombin detected falsely high concentrations of rivaroxaban even in plasma samples from controls who had not taken rivaroxaban (intercept values using the high calibrator set and the low calibrator set: +26.49 ng/ml and +13.71 ng/ml, respectively). Plasma samples, initially determined by the high calibrator setting and containing rivaroxaban concentrations <25 ng/ml, had to be re-run using the low calibrator setting for precise measurement. In conclusion, anti-factor Xa chromogenic assays that use rivaroxaban calibrators at different concentration levels can be used to measure accurately a wide range of rivaroxaban concentrations ex vivo. Assays including exogenous antithrombin are unsuitable for measurement of rivaroxaban.
A new algorithm to predict warfarin dose from polymorphisms of CYP4F2, CYP2C9 and VKORC1 and clinical variables: Derivation in Han Chinese patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Wei Meng , Ye Fei , Xie Dujiang , Zhu Yubing , Zhu Junrong , Tao Yifu , Yu Feng
Published: April 2012

Few pharmacogenomic dosing regimens of warfarin have been developed for Chinese patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). The objective of this study was to develop a new algorithm by polymorphisms of CYP2C9, VKORC1 and CYP4F2 to predict the daily stable dose of warfarin in Chinese patients with NVAF. A total of 325 Chinese NVAF patients on stable dose of warfarin with a target international normalised ratio of 1.5 to 3.0 were recruited and divided randomly into two cohorts. CYP2C9*3, VKORC1 –1639, VKORC1 1173 and CYP4F2 were detected by ligase detection reaction method. The new algorithm was developed with multivariate linear regression in cohort 1 (260 patients) and assessed with Pearson Correlation Analysis (PCA) in cohort 2 (65 patients). From 260 enrolled patients, the model (R2 = 51.7%) was developed as: Dose = 3.47 − 0.022 (AGE) + 0.017 (WT) + 0.189 (PTE) − 0.283 (β-blocker) − 0.471 (AMIO) − 0.586 (CYP2C9 *1/*3) − 0.296 (VKORC1 CT) – 0.648 (VKORC1 TT) + 0.219 (CYP4F2 TT). PCA displayed that the algorithm was good (r = 0.658). The residual plots revealed that the predicted doses by the algorithm tend to be overestimated when lower doses were administered to patients and to be underestimated in higher doses. The algorithm developed by us might predict warfarin dose used by Chinese NVAF patients.
Complex Trait Analysis of Ventricular Septal Defects Caused by
Nkx2-5
Mutation
Authors: Winston Julia B. , Schulkey Claire E. , Chen Iuan-Bor D. , Regmi Suk D. , Efimova Maria , Erlich Jonathan M. , Green Courtney A. , Aluko Ashley , Jay Patrick Y.
Published: April 2012

Background—

The occurrence of a congenital heart defect has long been thought to have a multifactorial basis, but the evidence is indirect. Complex trait analysis could provide a more nuanced understanding of congenital heart disease.

Methods and Results—

We assessed the role of genetic and environmental factors on the incidence of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) caused by a heterozygous
Nkx2-5
knockout mutation. We phenotyped >3100 hearts from a second-generation intercross of the inbred mouse strains C57BL/6 and FVB/N. Genetic linkage analysis mapped loci with lod scores of 5 to 7 on chromosomes 6, 8, and 10 that influence the susceptibility to membranous VSDs in
Nkx2-5
+/−
animals. The chromosome 6 locus overlaps one for muscular VSD susceptibility. Multiple logistic regression analysis for environmental variables revealed that maternal age is correlated with the risk of membranous and muscular VSD in
Nkx2-5
+/−
but not wild-type animals. The maternal age effect is unrelated to aneuploidy or a genetic polymorphism in the affected individuals. The risk of a VSD is not only complex but dynamic. Whereas the effect of genetic modifiers on risk remains constant, the effect of maternal aging increases over time.

Conclusions—

Enumerable factors contribute to the presentation of a congenital heart defect. The factors that modify rather than cause congenital heart disease substantially affect risk in predisposed individuals. Their characterization in a mouse model offers the potential to narrow the search space in human studies and to develop alternative strategies for prevention.
Does Initial Shunt Type for the Norwood Procedure Affect Echocardiographic Measures of Cardiac Size and Function During Infancy?
Authors: Frommelt Peter C. , Guey Lin T. , Minich L. LuAnn , Bhat Majeed , Bradley Tim J. , Colan Steve D. , Ensing Greg , Gorentz Jessica , Heydarian Haleh , John J. Blaine , Lai Wyman W. , Levine Jami C. , Mahle William T. , Miller Stephen G. , Ohye Richard G. , Pearson Gail D. , Shirali Girish S. , Wong Pierre C. , Cohen Meryl S.
Published: April 2012

Background—

The Pediatric Heart Network trial comparing outcomes in 549 infants with single right ventricle undergoing a Norwood procedure randomized to modified Blalock-Taussig shunt or right ventricle–pulmonary artery shunt (RVPAS) found better 1-year transplant-free survival in those who received RVPAS. We sought to compare the impact of shunt type on echocardiographic indices of cardiac size and function up to 14 months of age.

Methods and Results—

A core laboratory measured indices of cardiac size and function from protocol exams: early after Norwood procedure (age 22.5±13.4 days), before stage II procedure (age 4.8±1.8 months), and at 14 months (age 14.3±1.2 months). Mean right ventricular ejection fraction was <50% at all intervals for both groups and was higher in the RVPAS group after Norwood procedure (49±7% versus 44±8%;
P
<0.001) but was similar by 14 months. Tricuspid and neoaortic regurgitation, diastolic function, and pulmonary artery and arch dimensions were similar in the 2 groups at all intervals. Neoaortic annulus area (4.2±1.2 versus 4.9±1.2 cm
2
/m
2
), systolic ejection times (214.0±29.4 versus 231.3±28.6 ms), neoaortic flow (6.2±2.4 versus 9.4±3.4 L/min per square meter), and peak arch velocity (1.9±0.7 versus 2.2±0.7 m/s) were lower at both interstage examinations in the RVPAS compared with the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt group (
P
<0.001 for all), but all were similar at 14 months.

Conclusions—

Indices of cardiac size and function after the Norwood procedure are similar for modified Blalock-Taussig shunt and RVPAS by 14 months of age. Interstage differences between shunt types can likely be explained by the physiology created when the shunts are in place rather than by intrinsic differences in cardiac function.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00115934.
Cognitive and Mood Assessment in Stroke Research
Authors: Lees Rosalind , Fearon Patricia , Harrison Jennifer K. , Broomfield Niall M. , Quinn Terence J.
Published: April 2012

Background and Purpose—

International guidelines recommend cognitive and mood assessments for stroke survivors; these assessments also have use in clinical trials. However, there is no consensus on the optimal assessment tool(s). We aimed to describe use of cognitive and mood measures in contemporary published stroke trials.

Methods—

Two independent, blinded assessors reviewed high-impact journals representing: general medicine (n=4), gerontology/rehabilitation (n=3), neurology (n=4), psychiatry (n=4), psychology (n=4), and stroke (n=3) January 2000 to October 2011 inclusive. Journals were hand-searched for relevant, original research articles that described cognitive/mood assessments in human stroke survivors. Data were checked for relevance by an independent clinician and clinical psychologist.

Results—

Across 8826 stroke studies, 488 (6%) included a cognitive or mood measure. Of these 488 articles, total number with cognitive assessment was 408 (83%) and mood assessment tools 247 (51%). Total number of different assessments used was 367 (cognitive, 300; mood, 67). The most commonly used cognitive measure was Folstein's Mini-Mental State Examination (n=180 articles, 37% of all articles with cognitive/mood outcomes); the most commonly used mood assessment was the Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression(n=43 [9%]).

Conclusions—

Cognitive and mood assessments are infrequently used in stroke research. When used, there is substantial heterogeneity and certain prevalent assessment tools may not be suited to stroke cohorts. Research and guidance on the optimal cognitive/mood assessment strategies for clinical practice and trials is required.
Eclipse Ice Core Accumulation and Stable Isotope Variability as an Indicator of North Pacific Climate
Authors: Kelsey Eric P. , Wake Cameron P. , Yalcin Kaplan , Kreutz Karl
Published: April 2012

The high accumulation rate and negligible amount of melt at Eclipse Icefield (3017 m) in the Saint Elias Range of Yukon, Canada, allows for the preservation of a high-resolution isotopic and glaciochemical records valuable for reconstruction of climatic variables. Each of the three Eclipse ice cores have a well-constrained depth–age scale with dozens of reference horizons over the twentieth century that permits an exceptional level of confidence in the results of the current calibration exercise. Stacked time series of accumulation and stable isotopes were divided into cold and warm seasons and seasons of extreme high and extreme low accumulation and stable isotope values (eight groups). For each group, season-averaged composites of 500-hPa geopotential height grids, and the individual seasons that constitute them, were analyzed to elucidate common anomalous flow patterns.

This analysis shows that the most fractionated isotopes and lowest accumulation cold seasons reflect a more zonal height pattern in the North Pacific associated with negative Pacific–North American (PNA) and Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) indices. Conversely, the least fractionated isotopes and highest accumulation cold seasons are associated with a positive PNA pattern. Although only a maximum of approximately 20% of the total number of accumulation and stable isotope seasons exhibit a relatively consistent relationship with 500-hPa geopotential height patterns, these results support the hypothesis that the most extreme accumulation and extreme isotope cold-season values in the Saint Elias Mountains are related to consistent atmospheric circulation and oceanic sea surface temperature patterns.
Eddy-Modulated Internal Waves and Mixing on a Midocean Ridge
Authors: Liang Xinfeng , Thurnherr Andreas M.
Published: April 2012

Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the World Ocean and dominate the energy content on subinertial time scales. Recent theoretical and numerical studies suggest a connection between mesoscale eddies and diapycnal mixing in the deep ocean, especially near rough topography in regions of strong geostrophic flow. However, unambiguous observational evidence for such a connection has not yet been found, and it is still unclear what physical processes are responsible for transferring energy from mesoscale to small-scale processes. Here, the authors present observations demonstrating that finescale variability near the crest of the East Pacific Rise is strongly modulated by low-frequency geostrophic flows, including those due to mesoscale eddies. During times of strong subinertial flows, the authors observed elevated kinetic energy on vertical scales <50 m and in the near-inertial band, predominantly upward-propagating near-inertial waves, and increased incidence of layers with Richardson number . In contrast, during times of weak subinertial flows, kinetic energy in the finescale and near-inertial bands is lower, Ri values are higher, and near-inertial waves propagate predominantly downward through the water column. Diapycnal diffusivities estimated indirectly from a simple Ri-based parameterization are consistent with results from a tracer-release experiment and a microstructure survey bracketing the mooring measurements. These observations are consistent with energy transfer (a “cascade”) from subinertial flows, including mesoscale eddies, to near-inertial oscillations, turbulence, and mixing. This interpretation suggests that, in addition to topographic roughness and tidal forcing, parameterization of deep-ocean mixing should also take subinertial flows into account. The findings presented here are expected to be useful for validating and improving numerical-model parameterizations of turbulence and mixing in the ocean.
Histoire(s) et actualité du vodou à Paris. Hiérarchies sociales et relations de pouvoir dans un culte haïtien transnational
Authors: Béchacq Dimitri
Published: April 2012

Cet article examine les conditions historiques, sociales et matérielles des pratiques du vodou à Paris et en Ile-de-France. Les enjeux de ces pratiques soulignent une dynamique de visibilité et d’invisibilité, d’inclusion et de fermeture qui détermine autant les relations humaines à l’intérieur du culte que les rapports avec une société française réfractaire au vodou. Sa présence à Paris remonte aux années 1960, avec les mises en scène inspirées du culte, et elle s’inscrit dans une histoire qui débute par les tournées des troupes folkloriques, formées à Port-au-Prince dans les années 1940. Les pratiques contemporaines du vodou en Ile-de-France nécessitent des adaptations matérielles et rituelles. Elles relèvent autant d’une logique de protection que de relations de pouvoir fondées sur l’autorité religieuse et sur l’origine ethnique des pratiquants. Le vodou se révèle être un espace de compétition où les procédés de légitimation, véhiculés par des rumeurs, s’appuient sur des traditions et des territoires, sur la dimension économique et sur le respect des prescriptions rituelles. La circulation de ces rumeurs, de Paris à Brooklyn, suggère l’existence d’un espace transnational de moralité fondé sur des normes sociales et religieuses qui trouvent leur origine en Haïti.

This article examines the historical, social and material conditions of the practice of Vodou in Paris and in the Ile-de-France region. This practice can be understood in terms of a dynamic of visibility and invisibility, of inclusion and exclusion which influences the human relationships within Vodou, as well as the resistance it has met in French society. Its presence in Paris goes back to the sixties, with theatre inspired by Vodou, and a history which begins with the tours of folk companies, trained in Port-au-Prince in the forties. The contemporary practice of Vodou in the Ile-de-France has involved material and ritual adaptations. It is founded as much upon a logic of protections as upon power relationships between religious authorities and the ethnic origins of Vodou practitioners. Vodou is revealed to be a competitive space where the process of legitimization, aided by rumours, is based on traditions and territories, on the economic dimension and on respect for ritual instruction. The circulation of these rumours, from Paris to Brooklyn, suggests the existence of a transnational space of morality based on social and religious norms which have their origin in Haiti.
The Patron’s Dilemma
Authors: McKoy Michael K. , Miller Michael K.
Published: April 2012

We analyze an understudied mode of democratization in which the acquiescence of an autocratic regime’s foreign ally, or patron, is pivotal to the success of a democratic movement. Although a democratic patron may prefer having democracy in its dependent allies, regime change threatens the economic and security benefits associated with the alliance. We formalize this dilemma through a repeated principal-agent model and demonstrate that the critical dimension is the patron’s beliefs about the potential democracy’s policies rather than its value for democracy or the alliance goods. Patron support hinges on democratic movement signaling of its capacity to rule, popular support, and commitment to preserving the alliance. To test our theory, we analyze twenty-five democratic openings in American cold war clients, followed by case studies of US-aided democratization episodes in the Philippines and South Korea. We conclude with an analysis of the recent Egyptian revolution.
Absconding Among Juvenile Parolees in Arizona
Authors: Pyrooz David C.
Published: April 2012

Absconding refers to the active or passive avoidance of contact with correctional supervisory agencies by offenders. Absconders are problematic because their whereabouts are unknown and their threat to the public is elevated. The aim of this study was to construct and validate an actuarial instrument designed to assess risk for absconding among juvenile parolees that accounts for gendered differences. The data were gathered from 1,063 juveniles released from the Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections into community settings in 2008 and 2009. Juveniles were randomly subdivided into construction and validation samples to assess the validity of the instrument. Twelve risk factors were identified to construct the instrument, three of which were found to operate differently for male and female juveniles. Upon application to the validation sample, the instrument correctly classified 70% of juvenile parolees, and a corresponding r value of .37 was observed. The author discusses the substantive and practical implications for assessing absconding risk and modeling gender differences when supervising offenders in community settings.
Examining the Relationship Between Supervisor and Management Trust and Job Burnout Among Correctional Staff
Authors: Lambert Eric G. , Hogan Nancy L. , Barton-Bellessa Shannon M. , Jiang Shanhe
Published: April 2012

Trust is a valued resource of any organization and is a necessary component of a positive, healthy work environment. In corrections, the work environment is critical to ensure the safety and security of staff, inmates, and the community. The demands of correctional work can lead to job burnout, which has been linked to psychological and physical health problems, decreased work productivity, increased absenteeism, and heightened turnover intent and turnover. Thus, it is paramount for corrections to find methods that can alleviate job burnout effectively. Three types of burnout have been identified in the literature: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a feeling of ineffectiveness. This study explored whether correctional staff trust in supervisors and management reduced burnout. Six hypotheses were proposed examining the three types of burnout and the two levels of trust. Results indicate that levels of burnout were lower when workers trusted their supervisors and management in five of the six hypotheses proposed.
Culture, Temporal Focus, and Values of the Past and the Future
Authors: Guo Tieyuan , Ji Li-Jun , Spina Roy , Zhang Zhiyong
Published: April 2012

This article examines cultural differences in how people value future and past events. Throughout four studies, the authors found that European Canadians attached more monetary value to an event in the future than to an identical event in the past, whereas Chinese and Chinese Canadians placed more monetary value to a past event than to an identical future event. The authors also showed that temporal focus—thinking about the past or future—explained cultural influences on the temporal value asymmetry effect. Specifically, when induced to think about and focus on the future, Chinese valued the future more than the past, just like Euro-Canadians; when induced to think about and focus on the past, Euro-Canadians valued the past more than the future, just like Chinese.