bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of curcumin in the recovery of severe traumatic brain injury: a double-blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Saatian Mohammad Reza , Jalili Ebrahim , Roustaei Masoumeh , Ataei Sara , Poormohammadi Ali , Farhadian Maryam , Abdoli Ali
Published: September 2022

Background:
Traumatic brain injury is one of the most important causes of death in trauma patients among the different types of trauma worldwide. In this study, the effect of Nanocurcumin on the outcome of severe traumatic brain injury, which was performed in humans for the first time, was investigated.
Methods:
This was a double-blind and paralleled randomized controlled study that was conducted on 128 patients aged 18 to 70 with severe brain trauma. Patients were randomly assigned to two control groups (Standard care treatment + placebo) and intervention group (Standard care treatment + oral Nanocurcumin with the dose of 500mg every 8 hours for three-weeks). Changes in the level of consciousness, cerebral edema, kidney function, liver enzymes, sodium and potassium electrolytes, and brain function of patients in both groups were followed up and compared until 6 months after discharge.
Results:
The mean and standard deviation of age (Mean + SD) for intervention group (14.44 ± 31.86 years) and control patients (14.86 ± 33.34 years) had no significant difference (p = 0.543). Both groups were similar in terms of gender (p = 0.669). The average level of consciousness of patients in the intervention group increased by about 3 units (p = 0.004) and more than 2 units (p = 0.002) at the time of discharge compared to the control group. By comparing the optimal performance of patients in the first (p = 0.389) and second (p = 0.309) trimesters after discharge, no significant difference was observed between the intervention and control groups. The amount of brain edema caused by severe brain trauma on the seventh day of treatment was lower in the intervention group than in the control group (p = 0.038). The two intervention and control groups did not differ in terms of coagulation factors, liver enzymes, kidney function and sodium on the third and seventh days of hospitalization (P ≥ 0.05).
Conclusions:
Administration of oral Nanocurcumin supplement in patients with severe brain trauma along with their routine treatment is effective in improving brain edema and their level of consciousness without causing coagulation, liver and kidney complications. These findings are not only statistically significant but also clinically important.
Tri-adsorption cooling system driven by waste heat from automobile with Programmable Logic Controller (PLC): A waste-to-energy experimental setup
Authors: Alphonsus Ephrem Ryan , Abdullah Mohammad Omar
Published: September 2022

A tri-adsorbent beds cooling system with activated carbon-methanol as working pair was designed and devised successfully. The adsorption system is driven by exhaust waste heat from automobile. A programmable logic controller (PLC) type CJ2M-CPU31 was applied to control the heating-cooling processes of these adsorbers - powered by exhaust heat emitted from a Proton Iswara -VVT 1.3 liter car engine. The mode of 3-adsorbent beds control was tested successfully with perfect timing of opening and closing of all the valves. The overall control system is excellent parallel with the thermal heat source input in accordance to the complex intermittent cooling-heating schemes and intermittent flows required to achieve continuous cooling. The tri-adsorbent cooling system is found superior than the double bed prototype. Depend on ambient and system operating conditions, the parametric coefficient of performance (COP) range of the tri-adsorbent system is ranging from 0.23 to 0.29 corresponding to cooling power of ~ 1.4 kW. Primary energy saving for this new system is around 10–13%.
Analysis on Safety and Efficacy of Local Excision vs Total Mesorectal Excision for T2N0M0 Mid-Low Rectal Cancer
Authors: Wu Wen-long , Fu Zhi-jun , Cao Ming-fu , Bi Ren-jie , Zhang Yu , Zhang Shuai , Gao Qiang , Li Shu-guang
Published: September 2022

[Background] To investigate the clinical safety and efficacy of local excision with endovascular gastrointestinal anastomosis stapler (Endo-GIA) in the treatment of T2N0M0 mid-low rectal cancer patients. [Methods] 62 patients admitted with T2N0M0 mid-low rectal cancer in our hospital were collected from January 2015 to December 2018. According to the surgical methods,these patients were divided into local excision group (LE group) and total mesorectal excision group (TME group). 29 patients in the LE group underwent transanal LE with Endo-GIA. 33 patients in the TME group underwent conventional radical surgery according to the principle of TME, including 25 patients receiving Dixon,and 8 patients receiving Miles. Comparative analyses were performed on basic materials, intraoperative and postoperative indicators, and prognosis status between the two groups. [Results] There were no significant differences in BMI, gender, pathological types,tumor size,and tumor distance from the anal verge between LE group and TME group had.Only average age of LE group was higher than that of TME group because several older patients had strong sphincter-preserving willingness and could not tolerate radical surgeries.General characteristics of patients were comparable between the two groups.However, the two groups had significant differences in mean operation time, postoperative hospital stay, intraoperative bleeding volume, and the rate of postoperative complications. The local recurrence rate, mortality rate, overall survival, and 1-year/3-year disease-free survival had no statistical differences between the two groups. [Conclusion] LE combined with Endo-GIA can achieve the same clinical efficacy and safety as TME for patients with T2N0M0 mid-low rectal cancer. LE with Endo-GIA has obvious advantages of less trauma, fewer surgical complications, quicker recovery, and higher living quality over TME.
Identification of hub genes associated with somatic cell score in dairy cow
Authors: Ghiasi Heydar , Khaldari Majid
Published: September 2022

Somatic cell count (SCC) is used as an indicator of udder health. The log transformation of SCC is called somatic cell score (SCS). Several QTL and genes have been identified with associated to SCS. The aim of this study was to identify most important genes associated to SCS. In this study we collected 168 genes reported significantly associated with SCS. Pathway analysis and network analysis used to identifying hub genes. Pathway analysis of these genes identified 73 GO terms associated to SCS. These top GO terms involved in molecular function, biological process and cellular component and the identified pathways directly or indirectly are related to immune system. The gene network was constructed and from this network the 17 hub genes (CD4, CXCL8, TLR4, STAT1, TLR2, CXCL9, CCR2, IGF1, LEP, SPP1, GH1, GHR, VWF, TNFSF11, IL10RA, NOD2 and PDGFRB) associated to SCS were identified. The subnetwork analysis resulted in 10 clusters that all identified hub genes (except VWF gene) are included in cluster 1. Most of hub genes and pathways identified in our study were mainly involved in inflammatory responses and cytokine response. Therefore the identified hub genes may be considered as main gene in genomic selection for SCS.
Therapeutic appropriateness of antihypertensive treatments leads to greater sustainability
Authors: Ferrara Francesco , Nava Eduardo , Trama Ugo , Boccellino Mariarosaria , Vitiello Antonio
Published: September 2022

Cardiovascular disease emerges as one of the leading causes of death and hospitalizations in the Western world. For many years, a number of drugs have been on the market, in well-established and safe use for antihypertensive therapy. The various classes of antihypertensives in established use include, ACE inhibitors, as monotherapy or in combination with diuretics or calcium antagonists, the sartans, calcium antagonists, beta blockers, and diuretics. Among these drug classes there are differences in mechanism of action, efficacy in reducing blood pression, tolerability, and cost. In fact, there are wide differences in the monthly cost of therapy within each class and among the classes themselves. In this analysis we describe the prescribing trend for antihypertensives in the local healt agency Naples 3, describing aspects of pharmacoeconomics, pharmacoutilization, and pharmacological differences.
Returns to Education in Greece: Evidence from the 1977 Labor Market Survey using the Greek Civil War as an Instrument
Authors: Patrinos Harry
Published: September 2022

Greece experienced a devastating civil war in 1946–1949. This led to many deaths, economic losses, and severe reductions in schooling expenditures and attendance. Using an instrumental variables approach, we estimate the 1977 returns to schooling, showing that for those affected by the civil war, the returns to schooling are higher than the corresponding least squares estimate.JEL CLASSIFICATION I21; J31
Why Store Genetic Stocks?
Authors: James Edwin
Published: September 2022

One of the functions of the National Seed Storage Laboratory is the preservation of genetic stocks. The 52,000 accessions now in storage include only 932 lots of seed which fall into this category. These are: 310 barley lines, 112 tomato mutants, 110 red pericarp lines of corn, and 400 radiation-induced mutants of oats. In the near future we should receive for storage 150 translocation stocks of barley. These total only a small fraction of such materials held at various locations throughout the country.
The Relation of Fruit Retention Force to the Mechanical Harvesting Efficiency of Montmorency Cherries1
Authors: Cain John C.
Published: September 2022

In the mechanical harvesting of sour cherries suitable attention has been given to the rate of harvest (1,2,8), the relative cost (8) and to varying mechanical (4,5,6,8) and to cultural (2,3,7) aspects related to the physical condition of the harvested fruit. Another factor in the mechanical harvesting efficiency which is of considerable importance to the grower is the percentage of the crop borne by the tree that is removed in the harvesting process. Claypool (3) has indicated that for many species of fruit, current mechanical harvesting techniques may remove fruit within 5% of that achieved by hand-picking. Cain (1) has shown variations from 70 to 96% of crop removal for sour cherries depending on the stage of maturity and the level of nitrogen fertility. The latter figure is comparable to average hand-picking. Since the fruit left on the tree after shaking are a total loss (8) and represent a proportionate share of the total cost of production up to harvest time, the achievement of maximum crop removal is of importance in any harvesting operation.
Quantitative Gas Chromatography of Sugars and Related Polyhydroxy Compounds in Horticultural Crops
Authors: Williams Max W. , Martin George C.
Published: September 2022

The determination of sugars and sugar alcohols in horticultural crops is time-consuming and often difficult because of interfering substances. The quantitative deteimination of the individual sugars in a sample has until recently been very difficult. The work of Sweeley and co-workers (2), on the formation and subsequent gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives of carbohydrates and related polyhydroxy compounds, has made it possible to determine individual sugars quantitatively.
Reduction of Fruit Drop by Navel Oranges with Antioxidant Dusts and Girdling12
Authors: Thompson C. R. , Taylor O. C.
Published: September 2022

Premature fruit drop by navel oranges at an early stage of development is indicated to be one of the effects caused by photochemical air pollutants in the Los Angeles Basin (9). Both “weather fleck” of tobacco and “stipple” of grape leaves have also been shown by Heggestad and Middleton (3) and Richards, Middleton and Hewitt (8), respectively, to be caused by ozone, one of the members of the photochemical oxidant complex.
Drop of Maturing Apples Associated with Bird Feeding1
Authors: Mitterling Lloyd A. , Lucas Joseph J.
Published: September 2022

Further studies of bird damage on apples indicate that fruit dropping as a result of bird activities may be a greater economic loss than feeding damage. Since feeding wounds are caused during the fruit maturation period, the amount of dropped fruit resulting is directly related to two independent factors; first, the inherent ability of the variety to retain its fruit and second, the stage of fruit maturation when damage occurs.
Free Amino Acids of Dormant Rhubarb Crowns
Authors: Tompkins D. R. , Kimura Y.
Published: September 2022

Dormant rhubarb crowns do not force well until their rest period or physiodormancy (7) has been broken by sufficient chilling in the field during late fall. There are many reports that during exposure of dormant plants to cold, the free amino acids contents change. Asen and Stuart (1) found that dormant leaves and buds of Hydrangea macrophylla showed an increase of some free amino acids after 6 weeks of storage at 4 to 5°C. Another worker (8) reported that in one alfalfa variety there was a 20% increase of acids from August to December. Schneider (4) found that the levels of some free amino acids in leaves of Ilex crenata nigra rooted cuttings changed during storage at cool temperatures. In this study buds and roots of dormant rhubarb crowns were analyzed to determine the free amino acids present and also possible changes in acids levels that might indicate the end of the rest period.
Sex Ratio in Ilex opaca Ait.12
Authors: Clark Robert B. , Orton Elwin R.
Published: September 2022

A population of 1945 seedlings of Ilex opaca Ait. was observed for a period of seven years after field planting. Sex determinations were obtained for 1930 of the seedlings. In general, the staminate plants flowered at an earlier age than did the pistillate plants. However, staminate and pistillate plants were found to occur with equal frequency (1.03/1.00).
Response of ‘Jerseyland’ Peach Trees to Three Consecutive Yearly Herbicide Applications of Simazine and Dalapon Alone and in Combination1
Authors: Lord W. J. , Vlach E. F. , Damon R. A.
Published: September 2022

Response of ‘Jerseyland’ peach trees to 3 consecutive yearly herbicide applications of 2-chloro-4,6 bis (ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) and sodium salt of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) alone and in combination was determined. The data included weed control, tree growth, fruit size, yield and leaf N, K, Ca and Mg content. The herbicide combination of dalapon at 4.25 lb ai/acre and simazine at 3.2 lb ai/acre gave the best weed control. The partial reduction in weed population was of no benefit to tree growth, fruit size, yield and nutrition. Simazine did not alter the chemical composition of the leaf or affect growth, fruit size and yield, as compared with either dalapon or the mowed control.
Comparison of Some Biochemical Constituents of EM IX and XVI Bark
Authors: Martin George C. , Williams Max W.
Published: September 2022

One of the more effective means of developing a smaller than standard apple tree is to graft the desired variety onto East Mailing (EM) IX rootstock. This combination results in a tree from 1/3 to 1/2 standard size. A decisive explanation for the mechanism of dwarfing by EM IX has not appeared in the literature. Of the suggested factors which might result in dwarfing by EM IX rootstock, those which involve organic constituents appear to be most plausible. It has been shown that EM IX is not deficient in fat, starch, reducing sugars, and disaccharides (3, 10). Also there is evidence to indicate that neither the root system (11) nor water (4) is limiting the growth of a dwarfing rootstock.
The Effects of Maleic Hydrazide on Caffeine, Tannin, DNA, and RNA Content in Tea, Camellia sinensis1
Authors: Biswas P. K. , Hall Oscar , Mayberry B. D.
Published: September 2022

Maleic hydrazide (MH) is known to affect physiological and morphological responses in various plant species including tea. The role of caffeine, tannin, DNA, and RNA in various species of plants has been the subject of scientific investigation for many years. To date, this subject still has need of continued research in order to draw conclusions as to the relationship of caffeine and tannin to the taste, quality, and flavor of beverages (tea).
Anatomical Studies of Ammonium-Induced Stem Lesions in Tomato1
Authors: Barker A. V. , Lachman W. H. , Maynard D. N. , Puritch G. S.
Published: September 2022

Tomato plants develop dark, pitted stem lesions when grown on ammonium nutrition in soil culture with insufficient potassium, (1,4,5). Ammonium utilization by plants requires a higher potassium level than nitrate utilization (10). Furthermore, when ammonium salt solutions are applied to soils, potassium may be fixed in the clay lattices by ammonium ions (2). Hence, the potassium supplying power of the soil is lowered, and plants are unable to obtain enough potassium to meet their needs. In sand culture, stem lesions occur only when potassium salts are excluded from the nutrient solution with ammonium as the sole nitrogen source (1). Lesions do not develop during potassium deficiency with nitrate sources of nitrogen.
Effects of 2-Aminobutane Carbonated on the Shelf-Life and Quality of Redskin Peaches1
Authors: Sims E. T. , Ridley J. D.
Published: September 2022

With more emphasis upon increasing the proportion of high quality diseasefree peaches available to consumers, new chemicals and chemical combinations are constantly being sought which will retain the high quality of the peach throughout its maximum storage life.
Use of Liquid Foam to Prevent Freeze Injury tO Strawberry Blossoms
Authors: Eggert Dean A.
Published: September 2022

Freezing air temperatures occurring during strawberry blossom time frequently result in complete or partial crop failure. In Indiana there is nearly a 50% probability that such temperatures will occur during the strawberry bloom period. The current practices of using a straw mulch or sprinkler irrigation to prevent blossom freezing are limited by unavailability of material or labor, excessive expense, and frequent failure to provide adequate crop protection.
Yuzuhada, a Physiological Disorder of Oriental Pear, and Its Possible Relation to Black-End and Hard-End of Bartlett
Authors: Ryugo Kay , Davis Luther D.
Published: September 2022

Yuzuhada is a Japanese term given to a fruit disorder which often occurs when certain cultivars of the oriental pear, Pyrus serotina are grafted onto seedlings of that species or of P. betulaefolia. A literal translation of the name, yuzuhada, is pomelo (citrus) skin disease because in severe cases, fruits of some varieties develop surface depressions similar to thick citrus rind. The disorder was described in 1928 by Mizuno (3), but it is practically unknown to American horticulturists. According to Hayashi (1), and Hayashi and Wakisaka (2), the symptoms of yuzuhada are similar to those of hard-end and black-end of Bartlett pear in that the fruits fail to soften normally and often manifest some darkening of the distal end near the calyx lobes. That these two disorders occur on the same rootstock species and that some of their manifestations appear to be similar suggest that a relationship might exist between the two disorders. This investigation dealing with stock influence on the scion variety was, therefore, undertaken to ascertain if there were any correlations between the potential of a rootstock to produce black- or hard-end of Bartlett and yuzuhada symptoms in varieties of P. serotina and two interspecific hybrids.
Changes in Titratable Acidity of Tomato Fruits Subjected to Low Temperatures12
Authors: Hall C. B.
Published: September 2022

The titratable acidity of the locular and pericap portions of tomato fruits (incipient color stage) was determined before and after storage at 38°, 45°, or 50°F for 4 or 8 days. Acidity measurements were also made on similar fruits held at the above temperatures for 0, 4, or 8 days followed by 6 days at 70°.

The pericap and locular portions of fruits stored for 4 and 8 days at low temperatures had a higher titratable acidity after ripening than control fruits ripened without prior chilling. The per cent decrease in acidity during ripening was greatest for the unchilled fruit and least for the fruits chilled for 8 days. The pattern was the same for the 3 temperatures. There was an increase in acidity of fruits after 4 days of storage.
Differential Response of Stylar Elongation in Tomatoes to Soil Moisture Levels1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P.
Published: September 2022

Abnormal elongation of styles of tomato flowers in hot dry weather has been observed by some workers (5, 6, 7). This has been found to cause poor pollination and reduction in fruit set. The exposed stigmas may also dry up in hot dry weather resulting in failure of fertilization and blossom drop (57). Tomato styles were also observed to elongate abnormally under conditions of low soil moisture (5). A differential response of style elongation to length of photoperiod for 2 greenhouse tomato varieties was observed by Burk (1). Howlett (2) reported that the maximum length of pistil in relation to the stamens was obtained when the plants were growing during a period of relativelv short day, under light of low intensity, and with an abundance of readily available nitrogen. The author has found no reports on the differential response of style elongation of tomato varieties grown under different soil moisture levels.
Use of Heat Units to Predict Dates for Once-Over Tomato Harvest
Authors: Austin M. E.
Published: September 2022

The use of degree-day accumulations showed little advantage over calendar days when the ease of calculation for calendar days was considered. Calendar day measurements appeared to be more practical and more reliable than degree days. However, when calendar days from transplanting were compared to calendar days from the date that the stem stopped enlarging, it was found that the latter criterion was more reliable for estimating the time when the earliest maximum yield occurred. In fact, it was the most reliable criterion of many that were studied (1). Similar results were reported by Vollbrecht (5), however he stated that a more practical method is still needed to predict optimum harvest periods.
Feasibility of Use of Pariffin Oil for Purification of Storage Atmosphere1
Authors: Dostal H. C. , Hoff J. E.
Published: September 2022

Aroma transfer is a problem common to both mixed and unmixed storage of agricultural commodities. The deleterious effect on palatability of certain fatty products by such materials as apples is well documented. Too, certain apple varieties may suffer physiological stress due to emanations by other varieties of apples. A number of methods for removal of objectionable odors in storage have been suggested in past years. Each of these systems has distinct advantages; yet, none is universally effective.
Ecological Aspects of the Cultivated Cucurbita1
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W.
Published: September 2022

This report is concerned with the uses, geographic distribution, and some specific ecological aspects of a group of crops with such common names as squash, pumpkins, gourds, cymlings, marrows, and cushaws. Taxonomically these crops all fall within the genus Cucurbita, and of course are in the family Cucurbitaceae. The Cucurbitaceae is essentially a tropical family. Comparatively few species are endemic to temperate areas and none are frost hardy. Surprisingly, some of the cultivated species of this family appear to be better adapted to temperate areas than to the areas in which they are presumably endemic.
Effect of Ethylene on Production of Volatiles by Lemons
Authors: Norman Shirley , Craft C. C.
Published: September 2022

Ethylene is known to accelerate the respiration and to hasten the loss of chlorophyll from lemons (3). In addition, ethylene-treated lemons, are more subject to decay than untreated fruit and, as a consequence, show a shortened storage life (1). Fruits exhibiting a respiratory climacteric typically show a concomitant increase in volatile production, including ethvlene (4). The present paper reports the effect of added ethylene on volatile production by lemons, a non-climacteric fruit (2). Although sound lemons have little or no odor, no previous study has been made of the volatile production of lemons.
Effect of Seeded Fruits and Foliar-Applied Auxin on Seedless Fruit Set of Pear the Following Year
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Lombard P. B.
Published: September 2022

In a test designed to study the effect of cross pollination on pear fruit set Stephen (4) found that seeded fruits result almost entirely from cross pollination rather than selfing. He found also that seedless set was mainly from selfing, although a small proportion was parthenocarpic. When he first caged entire trees against insect pollination during the period of open bloom, an average set of seedless fruits resulted. However, after caging during bloom each year for four years, seedless set was gradually reduced to only a few fruits. Stephen extended this study and found (5) that renewed exposure of the caged trees to cross pollination resulted in a good set of seeded fruit. If only one leader of a previously caged tree was exposed to cross pollination, it alone produced fruit. The following year, however, when the entire tree was again caged to prevent cross pollination, a substantial set of seedless fruit occurred on all leaders.
Mitotic Periodicity in Vanda ‘Miss Joachim’
Authors: Wilfret Gary J.
Published: September 2022

The concept of periodicity in the frequency of dividing cells has previously been reported for certain plants. Lewis (5) found that in roots of onion bulbs (Allium cepa) grown under natural environmental conditions there was a peak in the frequency of dividing cells about midnight, with a slight rise at noon. In 1904 Kellicott (4), using diurnal light and temperature on onion bulbs, found two maxima, 11:00 P.M. and 1:00 P.M.
Field Observations on Effectiveness of Maleic Hydrazide Applied to Onions by Helicopter
Authors: Pendergrass Ann , Isenberg F. M.
Published: September 2022

Stored samples of onions from commercially grown fields sprayed with maleic hydrazide both by ground spray apparatus and by helicopter showed that acceptable sprout control could be attained with either application method. Comparison of samples within fields, however, indicated that helicopter spray may not always be uniformly effective.
Peanut Plants from Single De-Embryonated Cotyledons1
Authors: Illingworth John E.
Published: September 2022

Twenty-three peanut plants have been grown to maturity from single peanut cotyledons from which the embryos had been removed. Fifteen of these plants produced peanuts.

The experimental seeds were first immersed in liquid nitrogen (-320.4° F, -195.8° C) for various periods of time ranging from 24 hours to 108 hours and the cotyledons were separated while still frozen. If the embryos did not break free while still frozen, they were removed later at room temperature.
Horticultural Germ Plasm: Its Exploration and Preservation
Authors: Barton Donald W.
Published: September 2022

The heart of horticultural crop production is the germ plasm to which the mass of modern technology is being applied. When the seed technologist speaks of germinability, trueness-to-type, or vitality, he is talking about a response of germ plasm. Likewise, the response to fertility, heat, drought, light, or the myriad of other environmental factors is conditioned by germ plasm.
Selection and Stability of Phenotype in Plant Breeding
Authors: Peirce L. C.
Published: September 2022

H. L. de Vilmorin, in 1900, wrote “selection is the surest and most powerful instrument that man possesses for the modification of living organisms”. This early estimate of selection’s importance would probably be accurate today. While many techniques have since been developed as effective tools for the plant breeder-irradiation, colchicine, tissue cluture-his reward more frequently comes from selection pressure applied to population variation, natural or created.
Unstable Gene Systems in Vegetable Crops and Implications for Selection1
Authors: Pearson O. H.
Published: September 2022

The mutation rate in higher plants depends on the gene considered; some change more easily than others. Stadler, as summarized by Srb (34), reported in corn a range from 492 per million gametes to less than one, according to the gene involved; most of them averaged about two per million (2 × 10-6). In man (34) the rate is about 2 × 10-5. This speaks well for the stability of the gene replicating system. With present understanding of the replicating mechanism involved -- DNA serving as a template for the RNA synthesis, or collection of the required bases and their arrangement in proper order - DNA serving as a template for the RNA sequence or other chromosome aberrations, often associated with reduced fertility. In any case the result is most commonly a block in the complex metabolic pathway leading to the phenotypic expression of the character.
Effect of Gibberellin A3 on Concentration of DNA, RNA, and Protein in Pea Plant (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Soleimani Abbas
Published: September 2022

The relation between the action of gibberellin A3 (GA3) and the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins in plant cells, is known in several plant species (2,4,6). However, previous investigations have not shown the effect of GA3 on each of these syntheses in tissue from the same plant. This communication shows the influence of GA3 on each of these substances.
A Number-Color-Coding Technique for Sand Culture Studies
Authors: Ballinger W. E.
Published: September 2022

Sand culture experiments with many treatments offer opportunities to apply a solution to the wrong container or plant. Such errors may destroy the treatment differences and, therefore, the experiment. Often it is necessary to depend on untrained personnel for the routine day-after-day application of solutions; this increases chance for error. Therefore, a system of number-color-coding has proven of great value.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Rappaport Lawrence
Published: September 2022

Because of new developments and sustained interest in chemical regulation of plant processes, it was considered appropriate to make this field the subject of a major symposium for the 1968 annual meetings of the Society. The primary purpose of the symposium was to present an up-to-date understanding of chemical regulation of plant processes. The choice of topics and speakers was made with the help of a number of active investigators in the field.
The Role of Hormones in Fruit Set and Development
Authors: Crane Julian C.
Published: September 2022

This subject has been reviewed periodically by Nitsch (60) in 1953, Luckwill (53) in 1959, Leopold (47) in 1962, and lastly by Crane (19) in 1964. It has been pointed out repeatedly that the seeds in fruits are rich sources particularly of auxins, but also of gibberellins and cytokinins as well. Various types of evidence would indicate that these hormones emanating from the seeds stimulate growth of the fruit tissues surrounding them and also control fruit abscission. For example, in many fruits marked correlations exist between seed number and ultimate fruit size and also between seed distribution and fruit shape. Fruits that absciss prematurely are usually multi-seeded ones with a lower seed content than normal, or are single or multi-seeded fruits in which the seeds abort.
Induction of Parthenocarpy in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Using Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Chacko E. K. , Singh R. N.
Published: September 2022

The fact that Gustafson (2) and many other workers after him obtained fruit set without pollination by application of auxins, gibberellins or kinins, and the reports of their natural occurrence in a number of fruits suggests that these substances play a crucial role in the fruit setting and development (5, 3, 4). Attempts to induce parthenocarpy in fruits like plum with auxins, gibberellins or kinetin either alone or in combination have given negative results. Similarly, efforts to induce parthenocarpic fruit growth in mango has not been successful (6).
Differential Orchard Fireblight Susceptibility of Young Apple Stions1
Authors: Mowry James B.
Published: September 2022

Marked variations in the number of fireblight infections were observed on 3-year old ‘Double Red Jonathan’ stions grafted on 8 size-controlling clonal rootstocks. The average number of fireblight infections per tree ranged from 33 with the MM 109 rootstock to 0 with the Alnarp 2 rootstock. The number of fireblight infections was correlated with the number of flower clusters on the stions (r= .70**) but was not correlated with stion vigor as expressed by trunk circumference (r=-.18). The number of fireblight infections on non-flowering shoots also was correlated with the number of flower clusters on the stion (r= .60**) but was not correlated with trunk circumference (r= -.20). The susceptibility of non-flowering shoots to fireblight was influenced by the number of flower clusters on the stion, but flowers were not an essential avenue of bacterial infection, even when present. Within the Merton-Mailing rootstock series, the number of flower clusters was not correlated with the size of the stion.
Yield Performance of (Juglans regia) ‘Payne’ on Seedlings of Northern California Black Walnut (Juglans hindsii) Rootstock at Three Planting Distances1
Authors: Martin George C. , Forde Harold I. , Serr Eugene F.
Published: September 2022

Walnut trees planted at 50’ × 30’ grew more slowly than xtrees at 50’ × 40’ or 50’ × 50’. Yields per tree were similar at all spacings early in the orchard’s life, but unit area yields later increased proportionately to the number of trees per acre. Long-term monetary returns above fixed costs were far greater as the number of trees per acre increased.
Phytotoxicity Studies with Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (Termil*) on 12 Cultivars of Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
Authors: Sheldrake R. , Rodebaugh J.
Published: September 2022

In the past two years a new concept of thermal dusting with Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (Termil) for the control of Botytris cinerea on greenhouse crops of geranium (Pelorgonium hortorum) has proven to be very successful and practical. This fungus frequently causes leaf and bract injury to crops of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) in greenhouses in late November and December. This study was initiated to determine the phototoxicity of the commercial product Termil used with the special alcohol burner and applied as a thermal dust.
Legal Maturity of ‘Temple’ Oranges as Influenced by Lead Arsenate Sprays1,2
Authors: Reese R. L. , Eldon Brown G.
Published: September 2022

Applications of lead arsenate to ‘Temple’ oranges lowered the titratable acid content but not the soluble solids or percentage juice. The percentage total decay, peel injury, and creasing were not appreciably influenced by the lead arsenate sprays. Fruit from trees sprayed with lead arsenate passed legal maturity standards 15 to 20 days earlier than fruit from non-sprayed trees.
A New Approach to Rooting of Difficult-to-Root Avocado Cuttings*
Authors: Shafrir M.
Published: September 2022

The use of growth-promoting substances has greatly improved the rooting ability of softwood cuttings under intermittent mist. Nevertheless, some clones of economic value have failed to root even under the best known conditions.
Determination of Cessation of Tomato Stem Enlargement
Authors: Alls C. R. , Austin M. E.
Published: September 2022

Prior to 1964 work relating morphological changes of the tomato plant to the occurrence of the earliest once-over maximum yield of ripe fruit had not been reported. In studies of growth and fruiting characteristics of several tomato cultivars to develop an objective method to predict the harvest date, Austin1 determined that the cessation of stem enlargement was the best index. Measuring stems, however, with calipers at 3-and 4-day intervals is laborious.
Germinating Response of the Tomato at High Temperature1
Authors: Berry S. Z.
Published: September 2022

Differences in germination response at 35°C were found in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Varieties with tolerance to germination at high temperature were characteristically cold-germinating types with the notable exception of the variety, Fireball. The ability to respond at high temperature was not found to be associated with earliness.
Effects of Photochemical Air Pollutants on Zinfandel Grapes1
Authors: Thompson C. R. , Hensel E. , Kats G.
Published: September 2022

The formation of ozone in Los Angeles type (photochemical) smog was recognized by Haagen-Smit et al (1) in 1952. It soon became apparent that this compound could cause plant lesions identical to those which were seen on economic crops growing in many areas of the Los Angeles Basin. A “stipple” of grape leaves which occurred in midsummer in the field and which became progressively more severe with the season, was shown by Richards et al (4) to be very similar to lesions produced by ozone fumigation. Additional work with conifers (5) showed that a severe needle mottle of Pinus ponderosa and related species was caused by ozone in photochemical smog. Peroxy-acyl nitrates and oxides of nitrogen axe present in this mixture and are toxic to plants, but the separate effects of these pollutants have not been studied on grapes in detail.
Effect of Preharvest Sprays of Ethrel, Alar, Malathion on Anthocyanin Content of Early Black Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.)1
Authors: Eck Paul
Published: September 2022

Ethrel at 600 ppm applied as a 200 gal/A preharvest spray to ‘Early Black’ cranberry increased anthocyanin development. Gardner Color Difference Meter readings of fresh fruit indicated that Alar-treated fruit had higher reflectance than control fruits suggesting a delay in surface coloring. Ethrel, Alar, and malathion preharvest sprays did not influence yield or size of the fruit.
Mechanization in Agriculture
Authors: Bainer Roy
Published: September 2022

The strong position of the United States in today's world is largely due to a prospering mechanized agricultural industry-an industry that produces the nation's food and fiber in abundance with around 6 per cent of the nation's working force on the production line. The millions released from producing the necessities of life are freed to other industries, services and professions, thereby contributing to America's remarkable industrial expansion and the prevailing high standard of living.
Mechanization of Fruit Harvest in the Eastern United States
Authors: Paul Larsen R.
Published: September 2022

No one knows when mechanization of fruit harvest began in the United States. It is documented, however, that machine patents were approved for a fruit gatherer in 1899 (9), a mechanical tree shaker in 1927 (1) and a collecting unit similar to today’s models in 1931 (24).
Tree Fruit and Grape Harvest Mechanization Progress and Problems
Authors: Fridley Robert B.
Published: September 2022

The past decade has seen a marked increase in the mechanical harvest of some tree fruits grown on the Pacific Coast. Prunes and cherries are extensively harvested by a shake-catch method, walnuts and almonds by pickup machines or catching frames and tree shakers, and figs by pickup machines after natural drop. The trend indicates that machine harvest of clingstone peaches, apricots, and grapes will soon be commonplace.
Mechanized Growing and Harvesting of Vegetable Crops in the Eastern United States
Authors: Warren G. F.
Published: September 2022

Although there are several ways to discuss mechanization of crop production, I have chosen the evolutionary approach. Mechanization goes through evolutionary stages. As new crops are mechanized, the intermediate steps could be by-passed if the evolutionary pattern is understood. Let us examine some of the steps taken in mechanization with various vegetable crops.
Some Effects of Ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic Acid) on Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Miller C. H. , Lower R. L. , McMurray A. L.
Published: September 2022

Twenty-one cultivars of vegetables were treated in the greenhouse with Ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic acid) at concentrations of 240, 480 or 960 ppm. The stages of growth at treatment varied from 1 to 4 true leaves for the various cultivars.

The earliest observable response was stunting. With some cultivars, the stunting was permannent; but with others it appeared to be temporary. The degree and duration of stunting varied with cultivar and ethrel concentration.

Ethrel caused a strong tendency toward pistillate flowers on most of the monoecious cucurbits tested and in some cases almost complete absence of staminate flowers. The chemical greatly reduced the number of staminate flowers but had no observable effect on the number of perfect flowers of the muskmelon. The chemical also altered fruit shape of ‘Butternut’ squash.
Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apple to Differential Placement of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers1
Authors: Michelson L. F. , Lord W. J. , Drake M. , Baker J. H.
Published: September 2022

The response to surface placement of Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizer materials at: 1) dripline, 2) inside and 3) broadcast was observed for 5 years. Inside placement of equal or lesser amounts of fertilizer was as effective, and at times more effective, than dripline or broadcast placement. It appears possible that herbicides and fertilizer may be applied close to the bole of the tree in a single operation.
Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees to Soil Injections of Lime1
Authors: Michelson L. F. , Lord W. J. , Drake M. , Baker J. H.
Published: September 2022

Hydrated dolomitic limestone as a slurry was injected under pressure to soil depths of 3 feet under apple trees growing in acid loamy sand soil. Comparisons of: 1) dripline vs. near bole placement, 2) spring vs. fall application and 3) trees having high leaf magnesium vs. trees having lower leaf magnesium were made. Near bole treatment appeared superior to dripline placement; the response of trees to spring applications were immediate, exceeding the response to fall application, and trees having a higher original leaf magnesium content were more responsive than those of lower leaf magnesium.
Performance of Muscadine Grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Mich.) in Central Florida1
Authors: Balerdi C. F. , Mortensen J. A.
Published: September 2022

Some people consider muscadines as the most satisfactory of all fruits for the home garden in the south (1). An increasing interest in muscadine culture in Florida is indicated by growers who have planted them for commercial production, and by others who plan vineyards for the near future. Therefore, information on the performance of muscadine varieties in central Florida is valuable for potential growers, and for research and extension personnel.
Effects of Growth Regulators on Fruit Bud Hardiness in Prunus1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Mills H. H.
Published: September 2022

Chemical regulation of cold hardiness is a fascinating objective for pomological research. In the past 5 years gibberellic acid (GA) and N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (Alar) have been reported to increase fruit bud hardiness of peaches (3, 4, 7). Trees treated with these two chemicals and 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid (Ethrel) were exposed to -11°F on December 30, 1968, permitting us to observe their effects on resistance of fruit buds to cold injury.
Horticulture’s Issues in Education, Science, Communication, Philosophy, Politics, and Human Welfare
Authors: Frazier W. A.
Published: September 2022

William Alan Frazier (Tex), like his predecessor, Neil Stuart, was born in 1908 and received his graduate degrees from the University of Maryland in the 30‘s. He graduated with honors from Texas A & M in 1930 with a BS in Horticulture.
An Analysis of the Inputs for Horticultural Research in 1967
Authors: Harris C. I. , Walker David R.
Published: September 2022

The authors, extracting from their experiences with CSRS have provided a “box score” for research in horticulture. Extensive interpretation has not been attenpted, but comments and evaluations by readers are welcomed.
The Effect of Light Types on Leaf and Flower Bud Burst of Excised Peach Shoots1,2
Authors: Lavee S. , Erez A.
Published: September 2022

Peach leaf and flower buds showed different light requirements for opening. Leaf bud opening required light, the active range for the process was 600 - 690 m. Flower bud opening was relatively light independent. Green light or low light intensities slightly promoted it, while red and white light or high intensities caused some inhibition.
A Foliage Drying Harvest Aid for Onions1
Authors: Pendergrass A. , Isenberg F. M. , St. John L. E. , Lisk Donald J.
Published: September 2022

Onion foliage sprayed before harvest with a neo-decanoic acid mixture (Wiltz-65) became bleached and limp. The rate of water loss from bulb necks was accelerated. Residue analysis shows that at concentrations sufficient to wilt tops, about 1 ppm is recoverable from bulbs before storage, none after 4 months’ storage. Neck rot was increased in 2 cultivars which form double bulbs but not in one where bulbs grow singly.
Nature and Occurrence of Juglone in Juglans nigra L.1
Authors: Lee K. C. , Campbell R. W.
Published: September 2022

Black walnut toxicity to crop plants was found to be due to the juglone (5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone) in the tree (5). Cook (3) and Massey (9) suggested that toxic material came from the roots of the walnut tree. Bode (2) believed that the toxin came from the leaves. However, the quantity of juglone in the different parts of the walnut tree has not been fully established. Daglish (4) conducted experiments on Juglans regia, in which he suggested that juglone existed in the plant as glucoside of 1,4,5-trihydroxynaphthalene. On hydrolysis it yielded glocose and alpha-hydrojuglone.. This non-toxic hydrojuglone is oxidized to its toxic juglone from exposure to the air or some oxidizing substance from roots of other plants (6). Recent experimental data (Wang, unpublished) showed that 10 ppm commercially purified juglone reduced tomato seedling growth by 50 per cent when roots were immersed in the solution. A 100 ppm application killed the seedlings.
The Audio-tutorial Approach in Teaching Woody Plant Materials1
Authors: Lanphear F. O.
Published: September 2022

We are experiencing dramatic changes in the technology of communication. Yet the academic community has been unusually slow in adapting new technology to the university classroom. We continue to use the traditional lecture approach in most of our classes, thus keeping the student in a passive, semi-involved role.
Influence of Alar, Ethrel and Gibberellic Acid on Browning of Peaches1
Authors: Buchanan D. W. , Hall C. B. , Biggs R. H. , Knapp F. W.
Published: September 2022

Ethrel at 30 and 50, GA 50, and Alar 2000 ppm were applied as whole tree sprays to ‘Early Amber’ and ‘Flordasun’ peach trees in a commercial orchard in Central Florida. Ethrel (applied at a seed length of 12 mm) and GA at 50 ppm (2 weeks following petal fall) consistently prevented browning of puree and sliced peaches for 24 hours. The results with Alar were inconsistent.