bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Prevalence of Dementia in Europe and in Slovenia
Authors: Lovrečić Barbara , Lovrečić Mercedes , Vidovič Maruška , Korošec Aleš , Jelenc Marjetka
Published: December 2020

Dementia is becoming an increasingly important public health priority that will continue to increase due to the population aging and longevity. Appropriate national assessment of dementia prevalence is essential for properly planing the actions needed to address dementia. The purpose of this work was to identify the known prevalence of dementia in Europe and in Slovenia in the last twenty years, as well as to produce an estimation for 2018 and a projection for 2030 based on population data in Slovenia. The PubMed database search engine was used. We searched for hits in various combinations and reviewed the literature on the prevalence of dementia in Europe and in Slovenia. Estimates of dementia revalence for Slovenia were not found in the reviewed literature; we calculated it based on Slovenian data for 2018 and projections for 2030. Dementia prevalence rates in Europe have not changed significantly in most age groups in recent decades. In Slovenia, in 2018, the age-standardized prevalence rate for those aged 65 and over was 6.9%, for women 8.8% and for men twice lower, and according to the projection for 2030 it was 7.2% for men, 9.0% for women, which was twice as much as in men. The gross prevalence rate for dementia in people aged 65 and older in Europe ranges from 5.9% to 9.4%. The results of all studies show that the prevalence is increasing with increasing age, that it is higher and it is increasing earlier and faster in women (80–84 years) compared to men (85–89 years). The prevalence of dementia in women was twice as high as that of men and was increasing more rapidly with age. In Slovenia we can expect an increase in the number of people with dementia in the next ten years, primarily due to the aging of the population and extending of the life expectancy.
Use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography for Studying Temporomandibular Joint Morphology
Authors: Lukšić Ivan , Lužnik Žiga , Pelivan Ivica , Čimić Samir
Published: December 2020

The aim of the present study was to investigate morphology of temporomandibular joint using cone beam computer tomography. Study included 45 adults (32 females and 13 males). Articular eminence inclination, glenoid fossa width, glenoid fossa depth, condylar mediolateral distance, condylar anteroposterior distance and condylar type were determined for each temporomandibular joint. Since independent samples t-test did not show significant differences between left and right sides for all of observed parameters (p≥0.05), left and right side values were treated as one sample. The determined glenoid fossa depth was 7.11±2.23, glenoid fossa width 19.22±2.58, condylar anteroposterior distance 7.54±1.59, condylar mediolateral distance 17.95±2.81 and articular eminence inclination was 34.59±7.35 degrees. Most of condyles were classified as convex type (32.5%), followed by flattened (23.8%), rounded (11.3%) and angled (10%). Undefined (other type) were classified 22.5% of condyles. Cone beam computer tomography measurements of temporomandibular joint bone structures in present study showed similarities to most of previous research (with different populations studied). Still, the prevalence of different condylar types differs from those obtained by most of previous studies. Interindividual differences in temporomandibular joint morphology are expected.
Dabigatran Use Associated with Hemopericardium and Hemothorax
Authors: Katić Josip , Mirat Jure , Rahelić Dario , Avelini Perković Ružica , Katić Karla , Katić Ana , Skelin Marko
Published: December 2020

Concurrent spontaneous hemopericardium and hemothorax due to anticoagulant use are extremely rare in clinical practice. Dabigatran is an oral direct thrombin inhibitor approved to prevent stroke or thromboembolic episodes in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. We report the case of a 73-year-old man who received dabigatran therapy (150 mg twice a day) for 3 months and developed massive spontaneous hemothorax and hemopericardium associated with fever. Emergency chest computed tomography scan established higher-density pericardial effusion (22HU) and left pleural effusion of heterogeneous density (5–15 HU) which could be hemorrhagic content while the heart ultrasound finding confirmed pericardial effusion 7–9 mm thick, without affecting hemodynamics. Almost 1100 mL of blood was drained by ultrasoundguided thoracentesis. After excluding other possible causes, diagnostic withdrawal was performed for dabigatran and no further pleural or pericardium effusion developed after dabigatran was discontinued. Therefore, practitioners could be aware of hemothorax as well as hemopericardium as a potential complication of dabigatran therapy.
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Cervical Spine
Authors: Bagić Irina , Mužević Dario , Reljac Gordan , Vrtarić Vjenceslav , Kovačević Marko
Published: December 2020

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a non-neoplastic locally destructive primary bone lesion mostly occurring within the first two decades of life with female predominance. Cervical spine ABCs are a very rare clinical entity with particularly demanding surgical resection limited by the involvement of nearby neurovascular structures and a risk for cervical spine instability. We present a case of a 17-year-old patient with a symptomatic ABC of the cervical spine who underwent surgical removal of the osseous lesion with good postoperative outcome. There are different therapeutic strategies for ABC management, but complete surgical removal of the cyst remains one of the most important predictors of favorable outcome, although it can be often limited, especially in the cervical region. Previously described lesions have a very high recurrence rate and therefore different additional methods, such as radiotherapy, embolization and sclerosation have been used in addition to surgical resection. Further studies are necessary for development of evidence-based treatment regimens for cervical spine ABCs in pediatric population.
Automating the Generation of Construction Checklists
Authors: Cai Hubo , Jeon JungHo , Xu Xin , Zhang Yuxi , Yang Liu
Published: December 2020

Construction inspection is a critical component of INDOT’s quality assurance (QA) program. Upon receiving an inspection notice/assignment, INDOT inspectors review the plans and specifications to identify the construction quality requirements and conduct their inspections accordingly. This manual approach to gathering inspection requirements from textual documents is time-consuming, subjective, and error-prone. This project addresses this critical issue by developing an inspection requirements database along with a set of tools to automatically gather the inspection requirements and provide field crews with customized construction checklists during the inspection with the specifics of what to check, when to check, and how to check, as well as the risks and the actions to take when noncompliance is encountered. This newly developed toolset eliminates the manual effort required to acquire construction requirements, which will enhance the efficiency of the construction inspection process at INDOT. It also enables the incorporation of field-collected data to automate future compliance checking and facilitate construction documentation.
A REVIEW OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS HYPOTHESIS WITH A PHONOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICAL VIEW: A CROSS-LINGUISTIC STUDY
Authors: Dost Islam Namazian , Bohloulzadeh Ghassem
Published: December 2020

Although contrastive analysis has often been questioned for its inadequacy to predict the transfer errors that learners will make in actual learning contexts it cannot be easily denied that “such interference does exist and can explain difficulties” (Brown, 1994, p. 200), especially in the phonological aspects of second/foreign language learning. In this line, the present research is trying to shed light on the concept of contrastive analysis hypothesis by focusing on the background and origins of the concept, then the procedures and its different versions. Also, the current study will discuss the differences and similarities exist in the phonology and syntax of two languages, namely Persian and English in order to be able to find the areas of possible difficulty for L2 learners of English.
SFL- based Analysis of Thematic Structure of the Qurʾān (19:41-50): Some Reflections
Authors: Alamiri Zaid
Published: December 2020

The present study is an endeavor to explore applying Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to the oldest Arabic text (the Qurʾān). The study point of departure is the textual metafunction (of the Sura 19:41-50), focusing principally on thematic structure (Theme-Rheme) for its role first in organizing the linguistic resources of both the experiential and interpersonal meanings in text production; and secondly in message unfolding. The salient results are the followings:  the use of   the three types of Theme (i.e., textual, interpersonal and topical).  The topical Theme, important in message unfolding, it is essentially realized by the verbal group in the declarative clause. By virtue of verbal inflection, the bound pronominal markers, expressing Subject in Mood system and the Participant in the transitivity system, expands Theme boundary to better reflect Arabic clause structure. As to Theme orientation, the semantic aspect of Theme function , it is seen that the interaction of  the verbal-locution- projection, modalization of Theme, in particular,  and other elements contributed to the saliency of interpersonal meanings. Though the Qurʾānic Arabic, of this narrative, lends itself for SFL analysis, the results should be interpreted as an approximation that needs further studies. That Theme, in this study, is register specific is too early to consider as comprehensive analysis of Qurʾānic narrative register is required to support these results. Finally, analyzing the Qurʾānic Arabic provides a support for SFL universality; and at the same time, SFL, as a sociosemiotic linguistic theory, offers new avenues to better understand the Qurʾānic texts in many ways.
Evaluating ‘Registerial’ Norms in Advertising Texts: A Systemic Perspective
Authors: Dalamu Taofeek Olaiwola
Published: December 2020

Language and social concerns facilitate every communicative text. Based on that, the study considered the advertising text, as a test ground to explore the relationships between language and socio-cultural norms as revealers of the Register of advertising. Considered for the investigation are ten advertisements of Guinness®, Peak Milk®, Gulder®, Coca cola®, Pepsi®, Stanbic IBTC®, etc., upon which Ideational, Interpersonal and Textual Metafunctions served as tools of analysis. Besides the report that Material Processes such as come to, reshaped, make, is wasting, etc. dominate the contents, a Behavioral Process of rests on also performs a role in the Register analysis. The study further reveals digitization (*945#), local language intrusion (Oga), personification (bourn = born), clipping (diff) as context devices in the business environment. There are also Register(s) of neologism (Pecadomo), poetic and sermonized texts to persuade recipients. As the investigation has revealed SFL as a viable processor of Register(s), it thus suggests that its application to other texts outside advertising might yield meaningful results. Such exercise could assist in the understanding of novel items that could contribute to language development.
ONE FUNERAL AT A TIME! Why we hold on to old ideas
Authors: Sage Rosemary JOY WYSALL
Published: December 2020

This article discusses how easily we lock ourselves into established theories, which are often promoted within our formal education. They can blind us to new developments, influencing our professional practice and progress by narrowing thinking. Chomsky’s theory of Universal Grammar is an example, since this paradigm has dominated teaching and learning for over 50 years. It has led to a focus on the form of language, rather than its content and use, restricting learning approaches and contributing to lower standards of UK Education when compared with other countries. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development (2016 & 17) attributes limited value for language as a reason for the UK being near the bottom of the global league.  Language development is presented within physical, mental, emotional and social aspects of communication. Competence across areas opens the mind to empathy, new experiences, continuous learning, humour, teamwork and cultural awareness. These elements together distinguish us from robots and are vital for our futures, as improved interaction of people is required for new job possibilities since machine technology is taking over routine work.
Study of Communication Skills in Children with Attention Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder in Shahrekord
Authors: Ghiasian Maryam Sadat , Shahabi Habib , Ahmadkhani Mohammad Reza
Published: December 2020

Objective: This study was to investigate those pragmatic skills that children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, especially children with pragmatic impairment, show in their colloquial interactions with their parents.

Method: In this regard, all children aged 6 to 13 years old with a diagnostic criterion for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a a center for learning disabilities in Shahrekord were selected as research participants in a census method. Required data were collected by using an ADHD rating scale–IV (DuPaul et al., 1998) as well as a Five to fifteen parent questionnaire and were examined through descriptive statistics and chi square test methods.

Results: Findings showed that children with more hyperactivity were of more problem, especially in nonverbal skills (r=0.079; p≤0.05) and subject Maitaining skills (r=0.032, p≤0/05), than children with more attention deficit (r =0.00; p≤0.05). In addition, compared to girls, boys had more problems in subject Maitaining skills (p= 0.02) and non-verbal ones (p=0.014). The results of the analysis also showed that most issues related to pragmatic skills occur at younger ages and decrease with age. The study of previous research literature also confirmed that the low level of such skills can have adverse consequences for such children and pose serious risks to their future psychologically, educationally and behaviorally.

Conclusion: Psychological interventions and educational strategies seem necessary to increase the level of these skills in children with this disorder.
Arthur Ransome the Stylist
Authors: Falconer-Salkeld Bridget
Published: December 2020

This paper breaks new ground in the field of Ransome criticism and presents new findings.  It is the first to examine Arthur Ransome’s use of signals in his novels for children, here Coot Club (1934).  Structural analysis of the novel has revealed a carefully concealed three-tier structure, and shows Arthur Ransome to be a consummate stylist.
Register of the Qurʾānic Narratives
Authors: Alamari Zaid
Published: December 2020

A text is an instance of a particular ‘register’, Halliday states.   Because text carries indications of its context, it is possible, then, to reconstruct out of it (text) certain features of the situation in which it is produced.  Accordingly, the register, being a configuration of semantic features typically associated with the contextual variables of field, tenor and mode, can be established. The aim of this study is to construct the context of situation of a short text (an instance of language) of the Qurʾānic story of Abraham in Q19 (41-50). This pericope represents but a sample of Abraham story told in different sūras of the Qurʾān; and as instance of language (text) in a context of situation, this story belongs to a register of narratives on prophetic stories which subject matter revolves about ‘monotheism’ as propagated by the Qurʾān.  This study reports preliminary observations on some features of the Qurʾānic narratives register.
Adjusting The Paradigm: A ‘Theme-Based Approach’ To Pre-Sessional Eap In A British University
Authors: Bailey Richard , Sercombe Peter
Published: December 2020

Higher education in Britain faces new challenges as the composition of students becomes more diverse in terms of cultural, linguistic and educational backgrounds.  In connection, a range of professional issues has arisen: the need to understand better the attitudes, motivations and learning needs of these students and consider their implications for pedagogical practice; and, secondly, the design and delivery of appropriate curricula.  This paper argues in favour of theme-based EAP in the context of a pre-sessional course for overseas students at a British university. It provides an outline of an integrated, semester-long programme designed for international students targeting undergraduate study; a summary of relevant contextual factors; and a rationale for the course, along with key aspects of its implementation. We have devised a course that is content focused and holistic in design with an emphasis on preparing students for discipline specific learning and literacy challenges they will encounter in mainstream study. It is a non-EAP core around which we have moulded EAP pre-sessional support. The course has had positive results, in terms of staff and student response.
Arthur Ransome and the Dialect of Norfolk
Authors: Davis Graeme
Published: December 2020

Arthur Ransome provides information about the dialect of the English county of Norfolk as it was actually spoken in the 1930s. Two of his novels (Coot Club and The Big Six) are set on the Norfolk Broads. In these he offers some Norfolk vocabulary within the reported speech of some of his characters, along with some direct reflection on the dialect. However his masterpiece of Norfolk dialect is within Coots in the North (his unfinished novel, not published during his lifetime) where he presents what is in effect an extended Norfolk dialogue of over two-hundred lines. Ransome was an astute observer of language, and records the Norfolk dialogue with apparent accuracy and without contrivance.
Diphthongs in Kanashi
Authors: Dattamajumdar Satarupa
Published: December 2020

Kanashi is identified as a Tibeto-Burman language of Sino-Tibetan language family. The language has been classified as a Kinauri language belonging to West-Himalayish group of Tibeto-Kanauri branch of Tibeto-Burman group. Kanashi has been referred by UNESCO as definitely endangered. Retrospective literature survey reveals that the language is yet to be documented properly. Therefore as a part of language documentation the phonological studies of Kanashi have been undertaken. The study of diphthongs of the language has been considered in the present paper. Diphthongs are the phonological segments where two vowels form clusters to form a single syllable. The data of the present paper has been collected from Kanashi native speakers during field investigation in Malana village of Himachal Pradesh. IPA has been used for data collection.
Corpus-Based Frequency Profiling: Migration To A Word List Based On The British National Corpus
Authors: Gilner Leah , Morales Frank
Published: December 2020

The selection and assessment of ELT materials involve multiple criteria. The use of frequency word lists to profile the vocabulary makeup of a text is one such criterion. It provides a quantifiable characterization and classification of lexical material in terms of corpus-based frequency measures. The process of vocabulary profiling is not without challenges, first among which is the identification of a word list adequate for ELT. The choice will determine the amount of information, if any, that can be derived from a text. This paper provides an appraisal of a frequency word list based on the British National Corpus (BNC) and shows the benefits that can be gained by profiling with this list rather than with the long-established General Service List (West, 1953).
Emerging Pedagogies In The Middle East: Enhancing Student Autonomy Using Weblogs (Blogs)
Authors: Gunn Cindy , Raven John
Published: December 2020

Students in the Middle East have typically been taught English following traditional, rote learning methods. There has been little time, or little room, within the set curriculum for teachers to enrich their students’ learning experience. However, especially in the UAE, reforms are being implemented to change the way English is being taught. This paper illustrates how student autonomy can be fostered through the use of an on-line web application. The authors argue that weblogs (blogs), which allow students to publish their work on-line and allow for others to comment on the published work, support a new approach to teaching writing. Feedback from a group of students involved in a small study at the Higher Colleges of Technology support the authors’ claims.
Towards A Descriptive Language Learning Strategy Inventory – The Dellsi
Authors: Nambiar Radha
Published: December 2020

The paper reports on the development of a descriptive and dynamic inventory called The Descriptive Language Learning Strategy Inventory (DeLLSI). This inventory was designed to identify learning strategies of Malaysian tertiary learners while reading an academic text for the purpose of summarizing the text.  Two groups of proficient and less proficient ESL learners read and summarized an academic text orally before being interviewed to clarify doubts arising from their think alouds. The entire process was audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. The completed summaries were also examined to check for accuracy with a suggested summary. Statements indicating strategy use were identified from the transcripts and these were then matched with the appropriate strategy in the inventory. This helped ensure the inventory was easier to use and reduced the difficulty of identifying strategies thus ensuring uniformity in strategy identification and research. This inventory also provides a useful supplement to existing inventories because its dynamic nature enables a strategy researcher to adapt it to specific skills and tasks.
Developments in Validity Research in Second Language Performance Testing
Authors: Uysal Hacer Hande
Published: December 2020

The present paper aims to provide a short historical overview of the theoretical developments in validity research in second language performance testing. A comparative description and critical evaluation of different views such as the “Trinitarian approach” versus the construct validity model; “uniform approach,” versus “unified approach” as well as alternative and critical approaches to validation in L2 performance testing are presented. These various theoretical approaches are introduced in terms of their definitions of the validity concept, their suggested requirements for the validity research, and their attitudes towards reliability and theory while making interpretations of test scores. The paper also focuses on the current problems with the applicability of these theoretical approaches, and discusses future directions in validity research.  Key words: Second language assessment, performance assessment, validity, reliability, validity research
SKILLS OF READING, WRITING AND TRANSLATING IN ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES
Authors: Kavaliauskienė G
Published: December 2020

The proficiency in different language skills isof utmost importance to students at tertiary level. The amount of reading materials to cover and written assignments to complete is overwhelming for any school-leaver who seeks higher education.In studies of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), students face demanding tasks of learning subject-matter through English. The cornerstone of ESP is unfamiliar lexis and subject-matter concepts. In order to succeed, students need to develop proficiency in reading, writing and translating from English into their mother tongue and vice versa.This paper addresses, first, students‘ attitudes to reading, writing and translating and, second, to self-evaluation of proficiency in these skills. The problem of adequate translaton is closely confined to the two skills of reading and writing. The investigation aimed at gathering verbal and written data from the students at university and making informed decisions to ensure effective language learning.
ASPECTS OF EMOTIONAL PROSODY IN MALAYALAM AND HINDI
Authors: Mathew Mili Mary , Bhat Jayashree S
Published: December 2020

Emotional prosody is considered as the ability to express emotions. Intonation is one parameter of prosody that gives information on the production aspects of emotions. The aim was to study the intonation patterns in two languages, Malayalam and Hindi, from two different language groups in India and also to document if there are differences in the patterns produced across gender groups. Eight native speakers of Malayalam and Hindi, in the age range of 18-40 years were considered for the study (two males and two females for each of the languages). Simple sentences with five basic emotions were used as the stimuli and the samples were recorded in Motor Speech Profile software (MSP) of Computerized Speech Lab 4150. The patterns were plotted using the PHH model. Acoustic data were subjected to statistical analysis, using Mann Whitney U Test (SPSS Version 16).The results of this study reveal that across the five emotions, the terminal intonation pattern has a falling contour, except for the emotion of anger in females, which has a raising contour. This was observed in both the languages. On subjective observation, there were instances of differences in the patterns across the genders, but these were not statistically significant.
KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY IN LEPCHA
Authors: Dattamajumdar Satarupa
Published: December 2020

Lepcha being a language of the Tibeto Burman language family exhibit structural traits of the of the kinship terminological system realised in the Indian subcontinent. Kinship terminology has been analysed by different scholars from different points of view like, generation, sex, affinity, collaterality, relative age, polarity, affinity, etc. The present paper examines the Lepcha kinship terminology keeping the existing structural criteria in view along with culture and language specific aspects into consideration.
Iranian students' attitudes towards the facilitative and debilitative role of code-switching; types and moments of code-switching at EFL classroom
Authors: Rahimi Ali , Jafari Zohreh
Published: December 2020

Recently, the use of language learners' mother tongue, code-switching, alongside English in EFL classrooms has received considerable attention. The main objectives of this study were to present the results of a qualitative study which investigated the types and functions of code-switching at an intermediate English Proficiency level in EFL classrooms. Moreover, gender preferences were investigated. To this end, 50 hours of four class performances were observed, audio-recorded and analyzed to answer the proposed research questions. The results of this study suggested that teachers applied code-switching more frequently when they tried to give Persian equivalents of English words and expressions. It should be pointed out that the application of intersentential code-switching turned out to be more salient among both teachers and students. Code-switching was more frequent while students were carrying out the assigned tasks. Male students switched when they said humorous remarks while their female classmates switched more frequently when they asked and/or gave L1 equivalents.  Filling in the attitude questionnaire, the majority of students believed that in several cases neither teachers nor students should apply Persian as much as possible, even though it facilitated their interactions.
An Analysis of Alan Paton’s Cry, The Beloved Country as a Discourse of Hope through Cleft Sentences
Authors: Lirola Maria Martinez
Published: December 2020

This paper is intended to demonstrate that the recurrent use of the marked syntactic structure called a cleft sentence in the novel Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) has certain communicative implications because it is a structure appropriate to express feelings and to highlight information in climactic situations within this novel.The analysis of cleft sentences in context will point out that they allow the writer to be conscious that he is assuring or denying something in a firm way and that they are also important structures for the textual organization of discourse.The linguistic framework of this paper is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), a linguistic school that establishes a clear link between lexico-grammatical choices in the text and the relevant contextual factors surrounding it. Systemic linguistics explores how linguistic choices are related to the meanings that are being expressed.
The Use of Prepositions by Arab Efl Learners: Looking on the Bright Side
Authors: Mohammed Abdulmoneim Mahmoud
Published: December 2020

Throughout the history of teaching and learning EFL, prepositions earned a reputation of being difficult for a number of reasons such as the large number of prepositions in English, the complexity of the preposition system, the mismatch between the first language and EFL, and the lack of rules of usage in most cases. Prepositions are believed to be problematic even for university students. Impetus to this study was given by the fact that claims about the difficulty of learning prepositions in EFL run counter to my observation that university students use most of the English prepositions correctly. Having analyzed 50 compositions written by Arabic-speaking EFL university students, we found that more than 80% of the prepositions were correct. Accordingly, claims about the difficulty of the prepositions cannot be made without conducting a holistic performance analysis including both the correctly used prepositions as well as the incorrectly used ones. The pedagogical implications of the findings are discussed in light of some frequently suggested teaching techniques.
THE FUNCTION OF THE SET AND FROZEN EXPRESSIONS IN THE MODERN GREEK LANGUAGE IN NEWS, ADVERTISING AND MEDIA: A CORPUS BASED APPROACH.
Authors: Alexandropoulos George
Published: December 2020

This paper studies the function of the set and frozen fixed expressions in Modern Greek in news, media and advertising. Its purpose is to describe, through the building of a digital corpus the way that newspapers, magazines, TV programs and advertisements use these expressions and understand the reason for their stabilization and change into types.
THE IMPACT OF TRILIGUALISM ON SUSTAINING ATTENTION: THE CASE OF IRANIAN TRILINGUALS
Authors: Nam Saeed Khojaste
Published: December 2020

In recent decades, multilingualism as an essential social and cultural norm has been the subject of extensive interest and attention all over the world. A significant number of experts have investigated multilingual individuals and societies from different perspectives to find out how multilingualism impacts on people's ability. However, multilingualism has been neglected in Iran in spite of the linguistic diversity that exists. The present study, in which 468 male and female trilinguals and monolinguals participated, attempts to enter a new arena in terms of multilinguals' abilities, ie attention span, and find out if there is any significant difference between tri- and monolingual participants in terms of their performance on the MAAS attention span test. Analyzing the collected data from the groups through the use of the attention span self reported test battery, it has been revealed that trilinguals outperformed monolinguals.
REDUPLICATION IN KANASHI
Authors: Dattamajumdar Satarupa
Published: December 2020

Kanashi, a Tibeto-Burman language is spoken in the Malana district of Himachal Pradesh in India. The present discussion concentrates on a particular grammatical phenomenon known as ‘reduplication’. By definition the concept of Reduplication stands for repetition or copying of a word or a syllable either exactly or with partial change in the phonological or morphological structure and the copied part is affixed to the base element in order to bring some modification in the semantic interpretation of the base element or to convey some special meaning. (Dattamajumdar, 2001:3). This study of reduplication is a part of the grammatical study of the Kanashi language which is an ongoing work. The data of the present work has been collected from Kanashi mother tongue speaker, an inhabitant of Malana district of Himachal Pradesh. The data has been collected and presented here using International Phonetic Alphabet.
RHETORICAL APPROACH OF FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIAN'S LETTERS
Authors: Alexandropoulos George
Published: December 2020

This study examines the rhetorical practice of two rhetorical letters(Letter to Themistius the philosopher and Letter to the Senate and the People of Athens) written by Flavius Claudius Julian the emperor. Its purpose is to describe the way that Julian organizes the texts' coherence and intertextuality and draw conclusions about the text, the context of the letters and Julian’s political character.
Intonation in Iraqi Musical Melodies
Authors: Alkhazaali Musaab Raheem
Published: December 2020

This paper deals with intonation in Iraqi musical melodies  (MMs). As such, it aims to analyze the intonational patterns in the Iraqi music. The main musical melodies in the Iraqi music are Rast,  Dasht, Hijaaz, Kurd, and Bayaat. In this vein, the current study attempts to answer the following questions: the current paper attempts to answer the following questions: (i) What are the intonational patterns of Iraqi MMs? And (ii) What is the additional function of intonation in MMs? In the light of these questions, the corner hypothesis is that Iraqi MMs have their own specific definable intonational patterns. On the basis of the analysis, it is concluded that intonation can be a useful tool for analyzing musical variations in the basic Iraqi MMs. Moreover, musical intonation, which is the task of musicologists, is accompanied by phonological intonation to create the final form of the melody. Finally, in addition to previous functions of intonation, such as grammatical, semantic, and so on, intonation has a new one, namely ‘musical function’ because it gives music special effects and evaluations.
THE PHENOMENON OF RAPID ACCUMULATION OF SEDIMENTS BELONGING TO THE UDOKAN GROUP AND THE FORMATION OF THE UNIQUE UDOKAN COPPER DEPOSIT (ALDAN SHIELD, SIBERIAN CRATON)
Authors: Gladkochub D. P. , Mazukabzov A. M. , Donskaya T. V.
Published: December 2020

We analyzed new geological and geochronological data on sedimentation and metamorphism in the junction area of the Aldan and Stanovoy Superterranes comprising the southern flank of the Siberian craton. The analysis was focused on early Proterozoic deposits belonging to the Udokan group. It is confirmed that highly metamorphosed rocks at the base of the Udokan group (Kolar subgroup of the Stanovoy suture zone) differ sharply from other rock associations included in this group (Chiney and Kemen subgroups of the Aldan Superterrane). They differ in the degree of metamorphic alterations, style of tectonic deformation, igneous complexes intruding them, and show a complete lack of copper mineralization. There are thus grounds to exclude the Kolar subgroup from the Udokan group. According to our data, the age of the sediments in the Udokan group, including the Chiney and Kemen subgroups, is 1.90‒1.87 Ga, i.e. in the study area, sedimentation lasted for no more than 30 Ma and proceeded simultaneously with the copper mineralization within the intracontinental extensional basin at the stage of collapse of the early Proterozoic orogen.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE TECTONIC STRESS FIELD IN THE DEEP PARTS OF THE SOUTHERN KURIL-KAMCHATKA AND NORTHERN JAPAN SUBDUCTION ZONES
Authors: Safonov D. A.
Published: December 2020

Earthquake focal mechanisms in the Southern Kuril-Kamchatka and Northern Japan subduction zones were analysed to investigate the features of the tectonic stress field inside the Pacific lithospheric plate subducting into the upper mantle. Earthquake focal mechanism (hypocenter depths of more than 200 km) were taken from the 1966– 2018 NIED, IMGiG FEB RAS and GlobalCMT catalogues. The tectonic stress field was reconstructed by the cataclastic analysis method, using a coordinate system related to the subducting plate. In most parts of the studied seismic focal zone, the axis of the principal compression stress approximately coincides with the direction of the Pacific lithospheric plate subduction beneath the Sea of Okhotsk. It slightly deviates towards the hinge zone separating the studied regions. The principal tension stress axis is most often perpendicular to the plate movement, but less stable in direction. This leads to compression relative to the slab in some parts of the studied regions, and causes shearing in others. The hinge zone is marked by the unstable position of the tension axis and high values of the Lode–Nadai coefficient, corresponding to the conditions of uniaxial compression, while the compression direction remains the same, towards the slab movement. Two more areas of uniaxial compression are located below the Sea of Japan at depths of 400–500 km.
Social and educational movements and their impact on the school building programme in Budapest in around 1900
Authors: Garai Imre , Németh András
Published: December 2020

In our current study, we focus on school building program of Géza Bárczy who was the mayor of the Hungarian capital in the first two decades of the twentieth century. From the mid of the nineteenth century, Budapest had experienced a rapid development thanks to social and economic changes. The city council felt impelled to reflect on growing needs of the population of the city, therefore it launched a complex social program including renovating and building new school headquarters. Our main findings suggest that newly emerged school buildings stood in the frontier of different endeavours. Their structure and inner elements were influenced by pedagogues and intellectuals who were staunch supporters of reform pedagogy aiming at salvaging children from the harmful effects caused by traditional schooling. Furthermore, school buildings also represented the pride of the nation and the hope that talent members of future generations can preserve the fundamentals of the nation. It seems that the school building program of this area entailed these endeavours and even tried to reflect on them.
Ergonomic and Biomechanical Analysis of the Manioc Root Harvest: Case Report
Authors: Guimarães Bruno Maia de , Silva Lincoln , Merino Eugenio , Mattos Diego , Borges Junior Noé , Domenech Susana , Merino Giselle
Published: December 2020

The aim of this case report was to evaluate the risks of musculoskeletal injuries from manual extraction of manioc roots in a Brazilian family farming production. It was used a lumbar extension isometric dynamometry, electromyography and infrared thermography of the surface at the back of the worker and the whole collection of data was made in loco. The results showed an increased temperature on the surface of the left lower back (+0.6 ℃), the values of isometric strength upon lumbar extension (143 ± 2.66 Kgf) and electromyography alteration in the muscles. The questionnaires indicate that the individual complains of discomfort along all of the back of his torso. The activity of manioc manual extraction can generate an overload on the lumbar and shoulder girdle muscles. It can affect the individual productive state.
Aprendizaje colaborativo de Anatomía facilitado con escenarios y videos, una nueva experiencia para los estudiantes del primer año de Enfermería
Authors: Gari Mayra , Nonkelela Nomatemba
Published: December 2020

Las Ciencias Básicas pueden ser un reto para los estudiantes en los primeros años de la carrera de Enfermería. En la Universidad Walter Sisulu, África del Sur, la conferencia es el método de enseñanza de la Anatomía en el primer semestre, mientras que en el segundo, los alumnos aprenden esta materia de modo activo y en grupos de colaboración. El propósito de este trabajo fue investigar la evaluación que los estudiantes hicieron de variables que impactan en su nuevo ambiente de aprendizaje, así como incursionar en la relación que pueda existir entre ellas para su interpretación. Todos los estudiantes que finalizaron el primer año en los cursos 2014-16 recibieron un cuestionario con 16 ítems, y el 80.7% (n=168) de las encuestas entregadas fue incluido en este trabajo. Se calculó la estadística descriptiva de las 16 variables y el análisis factorial exploratorio con extracción de factores comunes y rotación oblimin. Los participantes evaluaron satisfactoriamente atributos sobre ellos mismos, sobre el resto de los integrantes de su grupo y acerca del diseño del curso. El análisis factorial exploratorio permitió agrupar las variables en dos dimensiones, una relacionada con las  habilidades cognitivas del individuo y la regulación de su aprendizaje, y otra segunda dimensión referida a las relaciones e inter-acciones sociales que se despliegan entre los individuos cuando aprenden en colaboración.

Learning Basic Sciences can be a challenge for first year nursing students. At Walter Sisulu University (South Africa), learning Anatomy is lecture-based in the first semester, but active and collaborative in the second semester. This paper investigated how students assessed their Anatomy learning environment of the second semester, as well as explored the possibility to group the variables studied. A questionnaire with 16 items was handed to all students at the end of academic years 2014-16, and 80.7% (n=168) of the total, was included in this study. Descriptive statistic of the variables was calculated and exploratory factor analysis with maximum likelihood extraction was the mean to explore the dimensionality of the scale. Participants satisfactorily assessed items related to attributes of the individual, attributes of the other members of her/his group, as well as the design of the course. Variables could be grouped into two dimensions: the first dimension being related to the cognitive strategies and skills that the individual as an agent displayed maximizing the learning opportunities afforded by the course, and, the other dimension related to the social relations and interactions that unfold among students when they learn in collaboration.
La literatura como instrumento terapéutico en el proceso salud-enfermedad durante la infancia
Authors: Babarro Velez Izaro , Lacalle Prieto Jaione
Published: December 2020

Introducción: Todas las personas, a lo largo de la vida deben adecuarse a innumerables situaciones en las que se ven involucradas; es por ello que resulta necesario comprender cada una de ellas para poder avanzar adecuadamente. Se ha observado que las terapias psicológicas, entre las que se encuentra la biblioterapia, son efectivas para comprender los cambios a los que se enfrentan las personas. Objetivo: Analizar y destacar los efectos más relevantes de la utilización de la literatura en el proceso salud-enfermedad del niño en diferentes momentos y contextos.Método: Se ha realizado una revisión de la literatura mediante la búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Dialnet, Cuiden Plus, LILACS, Medline, Proquest, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, TDR, Trip y Biblioteca Virtual de la Salud. Resultados: Tras la búsqueda bibliográfica se identificaron 2018 artículos de los cuales, tras la aplicación de filtros y criterios de inclusión, se obtuvieron 71 artículos. Finalmente se seleccionaron 26 artículos. Conclusiones: La biblioterapia resulta beneficiosa en diversos ámbitos relacionados con el proceso salud-enfermedad durante la infancia, mejorando entre otras cosas la autoestima y la aceptación de la realidad, promoviendo el bienestar psicológico y sirviendo de puente en la comunicación entre el individuo y el profesional de la salud.  

Introduction: Everybody, throughout their life, must adapt to countless situations in which they are involved; that is why it is necessary to understand each of them in order to advance properly. It has been observed that psychological therapies, among which bibliotherapy is, are effective to understand the changes that people face.Objective: To analyze and highlight the most relevant effects of the use of literature on the child's health-disease process at different times and contexts.Method: A review of the literature was performed through the bibliographic research in the databases Dialnet, Cuiden Plus, LILACS, Medline, Proquest, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, TDR, Trip and Virtual Health Library.Results: After the bibliographic research, 2018 articles were identified, out of which 71 articles were obtained after applying filters and inclusion criteria. Finally, 26 articles were selected.Conclusions: Bibliotherapy is beneficial in various areas related to the health-disease process during childhood, improving among other things self-esteem and acceptance of reality, promoting psychological well-being and serving as a bridge in communication between the individual and the health professional.
La actividad publicitaria con fines propagandísticos: el caso de las Renovationes epigráficas. El impulso renovador del abad Juan Manso
Authors: GARCÍA MORILLA Alejandro
Published: December 2020

El periodo bajomedieval supone, para algunos grandes monasterios castellanos, un importante proceso de recesión económica y social que contrasta con el periodo de expansión vivido durante los siglos altomedievales. En el siglo XV, la situación se recrudece aún más para los cenobios de ámbito rural debido a la consolidación y auge de los centros urbanos.

Ante esta situación, algunos abades tratan de revitalizar sus comunidades mejorando sus infraestructuras y tratando de despertar el interés de peregrinos y visitantes. En estas líneas veremos cómo en esta labor propagandística juega un papel fundamental la escritura publicitaria y más concretamente las Renovationes epigráficas.
Nuno Álvares Pereira (1360-1431): de general a carmelita
Authors: MONTEIRO João Gouveia
Published: December 2020

Este artículo es una breve revisión de la figura de Nuno Álvares Pereira (1360-1431), uno de los más grandes héroes de la historia de Portugal. El texto busca identificar primero el recorrido inicial de la familia de los Pereiras y asimismo las fuentes disponibles para estudiar la vida del famoso Condestable portugués. Luego evoca los momentos clave de su brillante carrera militar y trata de entender en qué medida fue decisiva para la acumulación de un enorme patrimonio señorial, que hizo de Nun'Álvares el señor más rico de Portugal. Por último, este artículo trata de comprender las motivaciones que llevaron el Condestable (canonizado en 2009) a optar por la vida religiosa en el Monasterio del Carmo, en Lisboa, donde murió.

This article is a review of the figure of Nuno Álvares Pereira (1360-1431), one of Portugal's greatest heroes. The text starts with the identification both of the initial development of the Pereiras family and the sources available for reconstituting the life of the famous Portuguese Constable. It continues evoking the most relevant moments of his brilliant military career, and trying to explain to what extent his career was decisive in the acquisition of such an immense feudal patrimony, which made Nuno Álvares the richest noble in Portugal. Finally, this article seeks to learn about the motivations that led the Constable, canonized in 2009, to opt for religious life in the Carmo Convent, in Lisbon, where he died.