bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eklem Hastalıkları ve Cerrahisi Dergisinin Bibliometrik Analizi: Bölüm-1: SCI-E öncesi dönem
Authors: ASLAN Ahmet
Published: October 2019

Amaç: Bibliyometrik analizler; bilimsel dergilerin iç değerlendirilmesinin yapılması ve etki değerinin arttırılmasına yönelik editöryal politikaların belirlenmesi açısından önemlidir. Bu makalede Eklem Hastalıkları ve Cerrahisi (EHC) Dergisinin bibliyometrik verilerin tanımlanması ve atıf almasını etkileyen faktörler araştırılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Retrospektif bibliyometrik olarak dizayn edilen bu çalışmada: Yayımlandığı ilk sayısından bu yana 30 yılık süreçteki EHC tüm makaleleri gözden geçirildi. Çalışmanın bu ilk bölümünde SCI-E öncesi dönem araştırıldı. Makalelerin yazar, kurum, çeşit ve konu özellikleri değerlendirildi. Atıf almayı etkileyen faktörler analiz edildi. Kategorik veriler için ki-kare, sayısal veriler için Anova testi ve posthoc karşılaştırmada t testi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Değerlendirilen toplam 688 makaleden 134 ü (%19,5) en az bir atıf almıştır. Bu çalışmada atıf almayı etkileyen en önemli faktör; makalelerin tam metinine internetten ulaşılabilmesi olmuştur (p<0,01). Ayrıca makale dili de atıf almada anlamlı bulundu (p=0,026). Makale başına ortalama yazar sayısı 3,8 ve atıf sayısı 0,7 olarak bulundu. Makalelerin en çok Üniversitelerden gönderildiği tespit edildi. Sonuç: Bilimsel bir derginin gelişim süreci içerisinde bazı mesafeler kat etmesi gerekmektedi. Dergide yayımlanan makalelerin tam metinlerine web ortamında erişilebilir olması, atıf almada önemli bir etkendir. Ayrıca özgün araştırma ve derleme türü makalelerin daha çok atıf alabileceği değerlendirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte iyi seçilmiş bir olgu sunumu da atıf alabilir. Son olarak uluslararası atıf açısından yurtdışı ve İngilizce makaleler avantajlı olabilir.
Focolari e installazioni da fuoco nell'archeologia del Caucaso meridionale
Authors: Aquilano Marta , Gavagnin Katia , Gervasi Livia
Published: October 2019

Although large quantities of hearths and fireplaces are usually found in archaeological excavations, this class of installations is still poorly and rarely studied. However, their analysis can provide interesting information about the living habits of the ancient populations, as demonstrated by the example of the numerous firing installations discovered during the excavations carried out in 2013-2016 in the site of Aradetis Orgora in Georgia by the Georgian Italian Shida Kartli Archaeological Project. Specifically, two types of hearth are considered in this article: the type provided with inner projections (lobes) and the hearth consisting of a clayey surface overlying a bedding of pebbles and potsherds. Their contexts of discovery, chronological and geographical distribution are discussed and some hypotheses about their meaning for the communities that produced them are advanced.
Ai confini della Sogdiana
Authors: Ognibene Paolo
Published: October 2019

In the northern region of Tajikistan called Sugd lives a population speaking a language closely related to Sogdian. This people is called ‘Yaghnobi’ and takes its name from the river that runs through the valley. In a series of expeditions of the Italian ethnolinguistic and archeological mission in Tajikistan (2007-2012), we have investigated the relationship between the Yaghnobis and the Sogdians and the political-economic situation of the upper Zaravšan and Yaghnob basins in the eight century AD.
A Lucidtrade; key for common weeds of New Zealand
Authors: James T.K. , Leslie A.F. , Popay A.I. , Champion P.D.
Published: October 2019

An Illustrated Guide to Common Weeds of New Zealand was published by the New Zealand Plant Protection Society in 1998 and a second edition in 2004 This book has a key that uses flower colour and size and plant form for identification of broadleaf weeds However when no flowers are present the only recourse is to go through the book looking at the photographs Lucid Professionaltrade; is a software package produced by the University of Queensland for the production of identification or diagnostic keys The resultant Lucidtrade; key is a multiaccess key that allows identification to begin with any of the plants main characters As soon as the characters state is identified all the taxa that do not match are discarded and the process repeated until the plant is identified The information in the second edition of the book has been converted into a Lucidtrade; key that contains descriptions and illustrations for 333 taxa
Predicting broadleaf weed populations in maize from the soil seedbank
Authors: Rahman A. , James T.K. , Mellsop J.M. , Grbavac N.
Published: October 2019

Investigations over three years studied the relationship between weed seeds in the soil seedbank and the resultant populations of broadleaf weeds in maize fields Plots were protected from preemergence herbicide after which soil samples (100 mm) were collected and weed seeds therein enumerated Emerged weed seedlings in field plots were counted over the following 8 weeks Up to 67 broadleaf weed species were identified although not all were found at every site and some were specific to a region or soil type On average 2182 of the seed in the soil seedbank emerged For most weeds strong linear relationships were noted between seedling numbers and the seed numbers in the soil although for some like white clover (Trifolium repens) only a weak relationship was observed In the case of fathen (Chenopodium album) which had the largest seedbank there was evidence of asymptotic behaviour with seedling emergence levelling off at high seed numbers
Chemistry of the sex pheromone gland of the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea discovered in New Zealand
Authors: El-Sayed A.M. , Gibb AR. , Suckling D.M.
Published: October 2019

The sex pheromone glands of two females of the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera Arctiidae) that were discovered in Auckland in March 2003 were extracted in hexane and were subjected to GCMS analysis Four compounds were identified (9Z12Z15Z)octadeca91215trienal (9Z12Z)octadeca912dienal (3Z6Z)9S10Rcisepoxyhenicosa36diene and (13Z6Z)9S10Rcis910epoxyhenicosa136triene The ratio of these four compounds in the gland extracts was 660627901 Except for a trace amount of the trienic epoxide detected in the New Zealand sample the ratio of the three other compounds was very similar to native North American females of this species A direct comparison between the synthetic commercial lure Nitolure and the sex pheromone gland of females found in New Zealand indicates that the sex pheromone gland contains significantly more of (3Z6Z)9S10Rcisepoxyhenicosa36diene than the synthetic lure while the lure lacks the trace amount of the trienic epoxide Therefore the effectiveness of Nitolure at trapping fall webworm in New Zealand remains uncertain
Taxonomy of fruitrotting fungal pathogens whats really out there
Authors: Johnston P.R. , Pennycook S.R. , Manning M.A.
Published: October 2019

This paper discusses the role of taxonomy in understanding the epidemiology of fruit rotting diseases and in determining the biosecurity status of the fungi associated with those diseases The taxonomy of most highly specialised fruitrotting pathogens is well understood but some degree of uncertainty or confusion applies to the taxonomy of many less specialised pathogens The taxonomic lumping of morphologically similar but genetically and biologically distinct taxa often confounds our ability to understand diseases frustrates the interpretation of research data and can result in misinformation about biosecurity status Such unspecialised pathogens are widespread in New Zealand but whether they cause a problem in a specific orchard depends on environmental conditions management of the orchard and host plant susceptibility As management practices and preferred cultivars change so does the spectrum of these lowspecificity taxa that cause disease problems Five examples illustrate the need for unambiguous taxonomy to facilitate more effective control and management strategies of plant pathogens Accurate identification allows a clear understand the biology of the pathogens and subsequently the epidemiology of their associated diseases
Biological control of fruit pathogens
Authors: Elmer R.A.G. , Hoyte S.M. , Vanneste J.L. , Reglinski T. , Wood R.N. , Parry F.J.
Published: October 2019

Disease management in fruit crops worldwide is heavily dependent upon the application of synthetic fungicides for pathogen control However restrictions on fungicide use and widespread emergence of pathogen resistance has increased global demand for more sustainable production systems and driven research towards alternative disease control strategies Biological control which includes elicitors of host defence microbial antagonists and natural products offers an attractive alternative to synthetic pesticides This paper reviews the commercialisation of biological control agents for botrytis in grapes (BOTRYZen) and fire blight in apples and pears (Blossom Bless PomaVita) and the development of a biological control agent for sclerotinia in kiwifruit The importance of understanding disease epidemiology as a prerequisite for developing a biological control system is discussed along with future prospects for biological control of these pathogens
The efficacy of fungicides and biocontrol agents for control of Glomerella cingulata on Satsuma mandarins
Authors: Everett K.R. , Machin T.
Published: October 2019

Six products were tested for efficacy for control of anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata on Satsuma mandarins There were three conventional fungicides (folpet copper hydroxide and mancozeb) and three new biological control agents (Botryzen Serenade and an experimental product HR42) Botryzen is a saprophytic fungus that competitively colonises plant material also invaded by pathogenic fungi Serenade is a saprophytic bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) that produces a diffusable substance that inhibits fungal pathogens and HR42 is a saprophytic bacterium with a similar mode of action to Serenade Application of Serenade HR42 and mancozeb significantly (Plt;0005) reduced symptoms (speckles) ascribed to G cingulata Isolations of Bacillus subtilis from leaf discs of Serenadetreated trees showed that leaves were successfully colonised by this bacterium up to at least a week after application Blotches that could not be removed appeared on fruit treated with Botryzen and copper hydroxide For Botryzen this may have been due to interaction with a surfactant
Effect of prohexadionecalcium on nectar composition of pomaceous flowers and on bacterial growth
Authors: Spinelli F. , Vanneste J.L , Marcazzjin G.L. , Sabatini A.G. , Costa G.
Published: October 2019

Prohexadionecalcium is an acylcyclohexanedione that reduces incidence of fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora To determine whether prohexadionecalcium can be used in conjunction with biological control agents its effect on the secretion and composition of nectar from apple and pear flowers was evaluated Plants treated with prohexadionecalcium produced more nectar but the sugar concentration of the nectar was lower The ability of E amylovora and of two biological control agents of fire blight Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas fluorescens to grow in a sugar solution corresponding to the composition of nectar from treated or untreated plants was determined in the laboratory All bacteria including E amylovora grew better in the sugar solution corresponding to the nectar from treated plants The concentration of sugar in the nontreated flowers may be too high for bacterial growth These results also suggest that prohexadionecalcium can be used alongside biological control agents for reduction of fire blight incidence
A technique for measuring growth rate and survival of armoured scale insects
Authors: Hill M.G. , Mauchline N.A. , Cate L.R. , Connolly P.G.
Published: October 2019

A method for measuring the size and growth rate of armoured scale insects using digital image analysis is described It was used in a preliminary experiment that demonstrated betweenplant differences in the growth rate of armoured scale insects on kiwifruit leaves It also allowed the timing and extent of mortality factors to be measured accurately Heavy predation of armoured scale insects on kiwifruit leaves probably caused by earwigs was observed for the first time The development of this technique as a tool for both ecological studies of scale insect and in measuring the relative resistance of kiwifruit germplasm to armoured scale insects is discussed
Settlement of armoured scale insects on fruit of commercial Actinidia spp
Authors: Mauchline N.A. , Hill M.G.
Published: October 2019

The proportion of greedy (Hemiberlesia rapax) and latania (H lataniae) scale insect crawlers (Hemiptera Diaspididae) that settled on fruit of commercial kiwifruit cultivars Actinidia arguta cv K2D4 A chinensis cv Hort16A and A deliciosa cv Hayward was quantified at intervals from 20 to 100 final fruit size In all three cultivars the proportion of settled crawlers increased as the fruit matured The settlement of greedy scale was greater than latania on Hort16A fruit with minimal differences between scale species on other cultivars Comparisons of scale settlement with scale phenology found fruit of K2D4 was vulnerable to settlement from the first summer generation with secondgeneration scale mainly infesting Hayward fruit Hort16A fruit can be infested by both generations Implications of these findings for the pest status of scale insects and customisation of the industry pestmonitoring system (KiwiGreen) for new varieties are discussed
Role of olfaction in host selection by Pseudaphycus maculipennis (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae)
Authors: Sandanayaka W.R.M. , Charles J.G. , Ramankutty P.
Published: October 2019

The volatile stimuli for host finding by Pseudaphycus maculipennis were examined in a Ytube olfactometer The responses of naïve female parasitoids (23 days old) to two mealybug species Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) and Pseudococcus longispinus (longtailed mealybug) on sprouting potato were measured The percentage of parasitoids to choose the odourladen arm compared to clean air was similar for both mealybug species on potato sprouts (80 to 825) When given a choice between mealybug species on potato sprouts the parasitoid preferred the obscure mealybug The parasitoids also responded to an excised sprout from an uninfested potato when compared with clean air Further choice tests showed that honeydew secreted by either mealybug species was similarly attractive while honeydew was more attractive than the ovisacs from obscure mealybug This work shows that P maculipennis exhibits a strong response to the plant of their host and prefer obscure mealybug to longtailed mealybug despite a similar response to honeydew from both species
Carrot seed coating with bacteria for seedling protection from grass grub damage
Authors: Wright D.A. , Swaminathan J. , Blaser M. , Jackson T.A.
Published: October 2019

Carrot seedlings are susceptible to damage from grass grub larvae The biological control bacterium Serratia entomophila was applied to the surface of carrot seeds via pelleting or as a biopolymer seed coating and the activity against grass grubs determined in pot trials Seedling mortality caused by grass grub larvae was significantly reduced (Plt;005) in two trials from 88 and 64 in untreated pots to 26 and 13 in pots containing pelleted seed and 7 and 16 in pots containing biopolymercoated seed Shelf life studies showed formulations were stable at 4C for at least eight weeks and for two weeks at 20C after which cell viability decreased over time Bioassay results showed little difference between the two treatments despite a higher concentration of bacteria on the biopolymercoated than the pelleted seeds The potential of seed coating as a delivery mechanism for biocontrol agents has been demonstrated and future possibilities are discussed
The impact of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) endophyte (Neotyphodium spp) on nontarget soil nematodes
Authors: Bell N.L.
Published: October 2019

Nontarget effects of Neotyphodium endophyte infection in fieldsown tall fescue were studied as a model for investigating nontarget effects of geneticallymodified plants Two strains of Neotyphodium endophyte (AR501 and AR542) in tall fescue at a site near Palmerston North (Aorangi) and one strain (AR501) at a site near Lincoln were sampled in March and April 2002 respectively The only consistent effect of either endophyte strain on nematode abundance was an increase of large omnivorous nematodes beneath AR501 tall fescue at both sites This was reflected in omnivorous nematodes constituting a significantly greater proportion of the nematode fauna over the two sites The nematode results show that relatively minor effects on this component of soil biota were observed as a result of plant changes associated with endophyteinfection even after longterm growth in field plots
Soil biota associated with endophyteinfected tall fescue in the field
Authors: Popay A.J. , Jensen J.G.
Published: October 2019

Invertebrates present in soil samples taken from plots of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) infected with two nontoxic strains of Neotyphodium endophyte (AR501 and AR542) at Aorangi near Palmerston North and one strain (AR501) at Lincoln in Canterbury together with endophytefree controls at both sites were determined in autumn 2002 Roots taken from these samples were stained and checked for the presence of arbuscular mycorrhiza At Lincoln numbers of root aphid (Aploneura lentisci) associated with plants infected with AR501 were significantly less than those on endophytefree plants while grass grub numbers (Costelytra zealandica) did not differ between treatments Beneficial invertebrates Collembola mites and earthworms were not affected by endophyte at either site and neither was colonisation of roots by mycorrhiza
Evaluation of the susceptibility of various grass species to Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici
Authors: Chng S.F , Cromey M.G. , Butler R.C.
Published: October 2019

Takeall caused by the soilborne pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt) is a devastating root disease of wheat As well as infected host residues from previous wheat crops grass crop or weed species also play an important role in the carryover of inoculum to the next wheat crop However the survival and spread of inoculum on different grasses differs considerably depending on their susceptibility to the pathogen Using Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Avena sativa (oat) as susceptible and resistant standards the susceptibility to Ggt of 24 grass species commonly found within wheat crops in New Zealand was examined in a simple laboratory assay Of all the grass species evaluated 83 were susceptible to Ggt with Bromus diandrus Bromus willdenowii Bromus inermis and Pennisetum clandestinum being highly susceptible while Cynosurus cristatus Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum dilatatum were highly resistant to the pathogen
Sources of variation in a field evaluation of the incidence and severity of olive leaf spot
Authors: Obanor E.O. , Walter M. , Jones E.E. , Jaspers M.V.
Published: October 2019

Incidence ( infected leaves) and severity (number of lesions/leaf) of olive leaf spot disease caused by Spilocaea oleagina were assessed every 2 weeks on 20 trees in a Canterbury olive grove for 12 weeks during summer 2003/04 All the trees were infected by olive leaf spot disease (OLS) and although disease incidence and severity varied between trees (Plt;0001) it did not vary between branches over time (P0088) There was a strong correlation (R20869) between disease incidence and severity It was estimated that at least five trees and 50 leaves/tree were required to correctly estimate the mean values of the parameters measured Throughout the duration of the experiment no new leaf lesions formed and although old lesions increased in size (Plt;0001) spore numbers decreased from 5104 to 1102 conidia/cm2 of lesion and viability of conidia declined from 55 to 10
In vitro effects of fungicides on conidium germination of Spilocaea oleagina the cause of olive leaf spot
Authors: Obanor E.O. , Walter M. , Jones E.E. , Jaspers M.V.
Published: October 2019

Twenty fungicides were tested in vitro for their effects on the germination of conidia of Spilocaea oleagina the fungus that causes olive leaf spot Conidia used in this evaluation were obtained from naturally infected olive leaves in Canterbury Of the fungicides tested kresoximmethyl and captan were the most effective in preventing conidium germination at low concentrations with EC50 values of 0002 and 0003 g/ml respectively The newer fungicides boscalid and boscalid/pyraclostrobin were also effective (EC500031 and 0006 g/ml respectively) Of the benzimidazole fungicides tested carbendazim was effective (EC500005 g/ml) but thiophanatemethyl was not (EC5026 g/ml) None of the demethylation inhibitor fungicides tested were very effective (EC50 values gt;1 g/ml) except flusilazol (EC500075 g/ml) Two coppercontaining fungicides copper hydroxide and copper sulphate were ineffective for preventing conidium germination (EC5030 and 443 g/ml respectively) This study has identified candidate fungicides for further evaluation as tools for management of olive leaf spot
Interspecific competition between Rhinocyllus conicus and Urophora soistitialis L on nodding thistle in Canterbury
Authors: McNeill M.R. , Fletcher C.J.
Published: October 2019

Nodding thistle receptacle weevil Rhinocyllus conicus and gallfly Urophora solstitialis attack the capitula of nodding thistle Carduus nutans L Between 31 October and 15 December 2003 the phenology of both R conicus and U solstitialis was studied at a dryland site in Canterbury Adult R conicus were more numerous than U solstitialis on capitula throughout the experiment Larvae of R conicus were first found on 11 November (15 of capitula infested) and peaked on 2 December with 53 of capitula infested Only 3 of capitula were infested by U solstitialis Adult R conicus or U solstitialis emerged from 79 of the selected primary and secondary capitula The majority of infested capitula (81) contained only R conicus 2 contained only U solstitialis while 17 contained both insect species Parasitism of R conicus by the braconid parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides was low and occurred when most weevil eggs had been laid
Horizontal seed dispersion patterns of Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Authors: Wallace I.A. , Eerens J.PJ. , Rahman A. , Clarkson B.D.
Published: October 2019

Few Californian thistle seeds find their way to the soil seed bank raising a question about their dispersal and fate The horizontal seed distributions around ten Californian thistle patches were studied on two farms Thirteen seed traps were placed on the ground in four directions around each patch seven of these were downwind (prevailing wind direction) at different distances from the patches Seed traps were left for 48 h and trapping was repeated three times The highest numbers of seeds were collected at the edge of a patch with numbers declining exponentially as distance from the patch increased The horizontal seed distribution was significantly affected by landscape type and/or landscape objects Relatively more seeds were captured away from a patch that had trees growing a short distance upwind than from patches on flat land A similar pattern of disturbance was observed for patches located in a gully
Mineral composition and nutritive value of some common pasture weeds
Authors: Harrington K.C. , Thatcher A. , Kemp P.D.
Published: October 2019

Organic dairy farmers often introduce alternative pasture species such as chicory (Cichorium intybus) and narrowleaved plantain (Plantago lanceolata) to their swards because of their higher mineral contents yet they are concerned about the presence of weed species such as docks (Rumex spp) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) The mineral content and nutritive value of both desired and less desired pasture components from an organic dairy farm were analysed and compared Minerals such as magnesium manganese copper zinc boron cobalt and selenium were often significantly higher in species such as chicory narrowleaved plantain dandelion broadleaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense) and hairy buttercup (Ranunculus sardous) than the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) components of the sward Likewise the crude protein levels of these species plus Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus) were significantly higher than for perennial ryegrass Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of animal nutrition and health
Spread of Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana) in Marlborough New Zealand
Authors: Bell M.
Published: October 2019

Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana) is a containment pest in the Regional Pest Management Strategy for Marlborough It is of concern because it has sharptipped seeds that bore into the eyes and pelts of livestock Discovered in Marlborough in the 1930s it now infests 4311 ha In 1987 18 properties were infested increasing to 53 by 2000 and 96 by December 2005 In addition both the range and density of Chilean needle grass has increased significantly since 1987 and to date no infestations have been eradicated Failure to stop this spread is due to the difficulty of both identification and control Effective control and land management methods for this weed are urgently needed The probability of this weed spreading further both within and beyond Marlborough appears to be high This conclusion along with land use changes has implications for the review of the Regional Pest Management Plan
Seed coating with biocontrol strain Pseudomonas fluorescens F113
Authors: O'Callaghan M. , Swaminathan J. , Lottmann J. , Wright D.A. , Jackson T.A.
Published: October 2019

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain F113 which has biocontrol capacity against the plant pathogenic fungus Pythium ultimum was formulated and applied to onion seed using patented biopolymer technology developed at AgResearch Lincoln Initial loadings on seeds ranged between 86 x 10611 x 107 bacteria/seed In a preliminary screening of four different formulations shelf life studies indicated that most formulations maintained high cell numbers on seed stored at 4deg;C for up to 70 days Bacterial numbers declined on seed stored at 20deg;C but significant numbers of bacteria remained viable after 70 days storage In a second experiment the two formulations giving best shelflife at 20deg;C were monitored for stability at 20deg;C for 4 weeks Packaging material had a significant effect on bacterial survival on seed Germination of freshly treated seeds was not affected by seed treatment The study has demonstrated the potential to treat seed with fluorescent pseudomonads with biocontrol capability
Effects of aggregation on the probability of detecting infestations in fresh produce consignments
Authors: Barron M.
Published: October 2019

Border inspections of imported fresh produce aim to detect pest or disease infestations of 0005 prevalence with 95 confidence and based on the binomial distribution a sample of 600 produce units is typically inspected from each consignment Depending on the type of produce units are selected at either the individual or the carton level to make up the sample size However sampling cartons (cluster sampling) violates the assumption of the binomial distribution that the sampling units are independent of one another This may be of no consequence if the pests or diseases are distributed randomly throughout the consignment but aggregation of invertebrates and disease within a consignment is likely to occur Simulation models are used to demonstrate how cluster sampling leads to a decreased probability of detecting infestations and an underestimate of the true level of infestation with increasing levels of aggregation
Investigations into the major causal agent of rindspot on lemons
Authors: Jamieson L.E. , Harty A. , Zivkovic-Brady D. , Fullerton R.A. , Ramankutty P.
Published: October 2019

Rindspot has been an increasing problem for producers of lemons over the last 35 years The damage is a form of oleocellosis caused by peel oil released after the rupture of an oil gland In severe cases up to 60 of the crop can have rindspot To identify the primary cause of the problem lemons with rindspot were analysed for evidence of insects or pathogens Fungi associated with rindspot were those that are common inhabitants of the skin and leaves of citrus and were not considered to be causing rindspot A high proportion of affected lemons collected in March had remnants of Lepidopteran larvae associated with the spots Lemons bagged with citrus flower moth (Prays nephelomima) had significantly more rindspots than lemons bagged with no insects other insects or unbagged lemons Trees sprayed with insecticides had fewer lemons with rindspots and fewer citrus flower moths infesting flowers
Managing bronze beetle Eucolaspis brunnea in organic apple orchards
Authors: Rogers D.J. , Cole L.M. , Delate K.M. , Walker J.T.S.
Published: October 2019

Bronze beetle (Eucolaspsis brunnea) is threatening the viability of New Zealands organic apple industry This study investigated the efficacy of organic insecticides against bronze beetle trialled adult emergence traps measured fruit damage caused by adult feeding and sampled larvae in the soil Laboratory bioassays of ten organically acceptable insecticides failed to identify an effective product to control adult bronze beetle Emergence trapping on two orchards showed that bronze beetle emergence peaked during November Bronze beetle damage on cv Royal Gala apples was highly variable among the 12 orchards surveyed and ranged from 2 to 43 immediately before harvest Royal Gala apples had much more damage when inspected in field bins than cv Braeburn apples Soil sampling suggested that most bronze beetle larvae are found 51150 mm below the soil surface during autumn
Massemergence devices to improve synchrony between Listronotus bonariensis and Microctonus hyperodae
Authors: Kehrli P. , Phillips C.B.
Published: October 2019

A novel approach to conserving and augmenting parasitoids involves storing large numbers of parasitised hosts in massemergence devices After eclosing inside the device parasitoid adults which are generally smaller than their hosts are allowed to escape through a mesh screen while any unparasitised hosts remain trapped The goal of this study was to assess the potential of massemergence devices both for augmenting populations of the parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae and for manipulating its synchrony with its host the Argentine stem weevil Listronotus bonariensis The experiments demonstrated that a screen with a 900 micro;m by 900 micro;m mesh is appropriate to separate parasitoid adults from their hosts and that a device of very simple design could be effective However the survival of L bonariensis and M hyperodae was reduced by cool storage and food deprivation and further development is required to overcome these limitations
A review of the ecology of grapevine leafroll associated virus type 3 (GLRaV3)
Authors: Charles J.G. , Cohen D. , Walker J.T.S. , Forgie S.A. , Bell V.A. , Breen K.C.
Published: October 2019

Grapevine leafroll disease in New Zealand is predominantly caused by the ampelovirus GLRaV3 which is vectored between vines by up to three species of mealybugs (Pseudococcus spp) However global understanding of the transmission and spread of GLRaV3 remains limited and does not definitively show how to successfully manage the disease in New Zealand The disease is a manifestation of a complex relationship between the virus vine and vectors each component of which is interdependent on the other two The review suggests that a full understanding of the disease will require research and operational input from plant virologists entomologists vine physiologists pest controllers vineyard managers grapevine breeders/improvers and winemakers Such a wide range of expertise should ensure that the factors behind the spread of the disease over time (its epidemiology) are accurately determined and that effective management solutions are delivered over the course of decades
Optimising the medium for producing arbuscular mycorrhizal spores and the effect of inoculation on grapevine growth
Authors: Ridgway H.J. , Kandula J. , Stewart A.
Published: October 2019

Arbuscular mycorrhizae form obligate symbioses with the majority of vascular plants Propagation of these fungi relies on maintenance of pure pot cultures typically sterile sand supplemented with a nutrient solution is used However river sand is inappropriate for New Zealand species as it is denser than soils and prone to water logging Three different media (silica sand pumice and potting mix) at two particle sizes (5001000 micro;m and 10001400 micro;m) were mixed in nine combinations for the propagation of arbuscular mycorrhizae spores The results showed that the silica sand/pumice medium (5001000 micro;m bulk density of 1) produced the greatest (Plt;001) number of spores (170/ml of substrate) The density of the media had the greatest effect on spore formation Inoculations of grapevines with spores derived from these cultures significantly improved both root and shoot growth
Optimising time of planting and herbicide aplication for control of problem weeds in maize
Authors: James T.K. , Rahman A. , Trolove M.
Published: October 2019

Field trials in Waikato Bay of Plenty and Manawatu investigated the efficacy of pre and postemergence herbicides for weed control in maize crops planted early mid or late season with prior cultivation or into a stale seedbed Achieving good control of broadleaf weeds was easier than for annual grass weeds Some weed species germinated over a long period from spring to summer months The residual activity of preemergence herbicides was not sufficient for seasonlong control of such weeds in the early and mid planted crops and a postemergence herbicide was essential to control them and to maintain grain yields When grass weeds were dominant the pre and postemergence combination still did not provide season long control in the early plantings In late planted crops weed control was also poor in the absence of a postemergence herbicide even though few weeds were present at the postemergence application time The weed seedbank was reduced where good weed control was achieved
A method for host range testing of a biological control agent for Uraba lugens
Authors: Berndt L.A. , Mansfield S. , Withers T.M.
Published: October 2019

Uraba lugens (gum leaf skeletoniser) is a serious pest of Eucalyptus spp in Australia It is now well established in the greater Auckland region and is spreading Two parasitoid species are under consideration as potential biological control agents of U lugens This paper describes host range testing methods developed using one of these species (Cotesia urabae) against two nontarget species Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura Using sequential nochoice tests to test the response of mated C urabae females clear preferences were observed for U lugens over both nontarget test species Some females did attempt to attack the nontarget species but no evidence of parasitism was observed when nontarget hosts were reared or dissected This method elucidated both behavioural responses and physiological development of C urabae and it is proposed to be a suitable host range testing method for full evaluation of this species
Investigation of oak tree decline in the Auckland region
Authors: Braithwaite M. , Inglis C. , Dick M.A. , Ramsfield T.D. , Waipara N.W. , Beever R.E. , Pay J.M. , Hill C.F.
Published: October 2019

Concern about the poor health of oak trees in Auckland was raised in 2001 An intensive investigation of oak trees showing symptoms of decline (twig and branch dieback epicormic growth trunk cankers bark loss and tree death) was conducted in the Auckland area during 2006 Disease symptoms on trees at 13 sites were documented and samples of leaves stems trunks roots and soil collected Soil samples were tested for the presence of soilborne fungi using baiting techniques Fungi and bacteria from plant tissues and soil were identified using either morphological characteristics biochemical testing or molecular techniques The investigation resulted in a range of fungi and bacteria being identified One fungus new to New Zealand was detected and several new host associations observed No particular organism was implicated as the cause of the oak decline but several fungi and bacteria were likely contributors to the tree decline and death in Auckland
Incidence and control of thrips on outdoor lettuce at Pukekohe
Authors: Workman P.J. , Walker G.P. , Winkler S.
Published: October 2019

Western flower thrips and onion thrips were the dominant thrips species on lettuce in 10 field trials undertaken at Pukekohe (South Auckland New Zealand) between 2002 and 2005 This is the first record of western flower thrips on outdoor lettuce Intonsa flower thrips was also found in lettuce for the first time Both flower thrips species are vectors of Tomato spotted wilt virus but this virus was not observed in these trials Thrips populations peaked in summer (DecFeb) with greatest numbers on 4 Feb 2003 (mean of 8/lettuce) The low number of thrips on the lettuce and the low rate of reproduction indicate that lettuce is a poor host plant Thrips feeding damage was not sufficient for harvested lettuce to be downgraded in any of the trials Imidacloprid seedling drenches applied to control currant lettuce aphid did not reduce thrips numbers Methamidophos was the most effective insecticide for control of thrips in lettuce
Host plant testing of the spittle bug carystoterpa fingens by stylet penetration behaviour
Authors: Sandanayaka W.R.M. , Chhagan A. , Ramankutty P.
Published: October 2019

Carystoterpa fingens (Walker) is an endemic xylem feeder It was chosen as a model insect for the glassy winged sharp shooter (Homalodisca coagulata (Say)) The electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was used to measure realtime stylet penetration and feeding behaviour of 48 adult C fingens on four plant types hebe (Hebe pubescens) rengarenga lily (Arthropodium cirratum) wild iris (Dietes bicolor) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea) over 12 days EPG waveforms were recorded for 12 hours and the duration of the main penetration events (pathway ingestion and nonprobing phases) of the insects were analysed to compare host preferences There were no significant differences in the duration of ingestion indicating that all the plants were potential hosts for C fingens Insects on hebe showed the shortest nonprobing time suggesting that hebe was the most preferred host as expected from observations in the wild
Suitability of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chitinase activities as biochemical markers of soft rot resistance in Actinidia chinensis kiwifruit
Authors: Wurms K.V. , Chee A. Ah , Reglinski T. , Taylor J.T.
Published: October 2019

Cryptosporiopsis actinidiae causes soft rot of the kiwifruit cultivar Hort16A (Actinidia chinensis) This paper describes measurement of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chitinase with a view to identifying possible resistance markers to characterise the host/pathogen interaction Four A chinensis genotypes were treated preharvest with water or C actinidiae spores Fruit was stored at 15C for 18 weeks to allow for disease development Enzyme activities were measured at harvest and after storage in the area around disease lesions and in symptomless tissue Soft rot incidence was highest in genotype 8A and equal in the other genotypes Preharvest inoculation had no effect on subsequent soft rot incidence Chitinase activities varied with genotype and increased significantly during storage but there was no difference between healthy versus diseased tissue PAL expression varied with genotype increased during storage and was always significantly higher in the tissue around lesions Neither enzyme measurement was a suitable resistance marker
Aestivation in apple leafcurling midge (Diptera Cecidomyiidae) parasitoid Platygaster demades Walker (Hymenoptera Platygastridae)
Authors: He X.Z. , Wang Q.
Published: October 2019

This study reports an investigation on the aestivation and overwintering strategies of Platygaster demades an egg parasitoid of apple leafcurling midge (ALCM) Dasineura mali under natural conditions during 2005 2006 The first three generations of ALCM developed into adults during the springautumn of 2005/2006 and the fourth generation overwintered as larvae All first generation P demades emerged in the spring of 2005 About 64 of live individuals of P demades in the second generation and 38 in the third generation entered aestivation as eggs which hatched in mid March and early May 2006 respectively Parasitoid eggs of the fourth generation started to hatch four weeks after the parasitised ALCM larvae entered the soil The aestivated and fourth generation parasitoids overwintered as immature stages and started emerging in late September 2006 The emergence patterns of overwintered parasitoids and ALCM were highly synchronized in the following season
Fieldapplied fungicides and postharvest treatments to control asparagus diseases posing biosecurity threats to New Zealand
Authors: Cheah L-H. , Horlock C.M.
Published: October 2019

Collaborative research between New Zealand and Australia has investigated fieldapplied fungicides and postharvest treatments for control of asparagus rust (caused by Puccinia asparagi) and phomopsis stem blight of asparagus (caused by Phomopsis asparagi) in Queensland In a 2004 field trial the fungicides difenoconazole and propiconazole reduced the incidence of asparagus rust In a 2005 field trial four fungicides (carbendazim chlorothalonil iprodione and propiconazole) reduced the severity of phomopsis stem blight Postharvest disinfection with sodium hypochlorite or with calcium hypochlorite at 150 ppm was highly effective at reducing Pu asparagi and Ph asparagi spore germination on water agar Integrated disease management based on field and postharvest methods are suggested to reduce the risk of importation of the diseases to New Zealand Similar methods could be used for controlling these diseases if they establish
Preharvest sanitisers and fungicides for reducing Penicillium digitatum inoculum on cv Satsuma mandarin
Authors: Rheinl?nder P.A. , Fulerton R.A.
Published: October 2019

The efficacy of three sanitisers (didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride sodium hypochlorite and chlorobromohydantoin) and two fungicides (kresoxim methyl potassium phosphite) applied as wholetree sprays prior to harvest was compared for reducing the number of colony forming units (cfu) of Penicillium digitatum on the surface of cv Satsuma mandarin fruit The effects on the cfu of the saprophytic fungi Cladosporium spp and Epicoccum purpurascens were also examined The efficacy of the sanitisers and fungicides differed according to the species of fungi Didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride gave approximately a 75 reduction in numbers of cfu of P digitatum Cladosporium spp and E purpurascens Sodium hypochlorite significantly reduced cfu of P digitatum but did not affect cfu of Cladosporium spp and E purpurascens Kresoxim methyl potassium phosphite and chlorobromohydantoin exhibited no effect on cfu of P digitatum and E purpurascens However cfu of Cladosporium spp was significantly reduced when fruit were treated with potassium phosphite
Initial screening of herbicides tolerated by native plants
Authors: Harrington K.C. , Schmitz H.K.
Published: October 2019

During the establishment of native plants in revegetation projects the plants often need to be released from weed competition but little is known of their tolerance of herbicides suitable for release spraying Ten native species were treated as 8monthold plants in planter bags with eight herbicides at rates suitable to control weeds Clopyralid fluazifop and haloxyfop could probably control weeds selectively around Coprosma robusta Hebe stricta Pittosporum tenuiflorum Carex flagellifera Phormium cookianum and Leptospermum scoparium Clopyralid was not tolerated by Fuchsia excortica which was the most sensitive species to many of the herbicides evaluated However this species showed good tolerance to haloxyfop fluazifop and terbuthylazine Although Plagianthus regius was also damaged by clopyralid it tolerated metsulfuron and terbuthylazine The two grasses evaluated Poa cita and Chionochloa flavicans tolerated clopyralid and aminopyralid well but were severely damaged by haloxyfop fluazifop and terbuthylazine
Carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicide resistance prevention strategy
Authors: Moore M.S. , Follas G.B. , Hagerty G.C. , Beresford R.M.
Published: October 2019

CAA fungicides are currently represented in New Zealand by the three active ingredients dimethomorph iprovalicarb and mandipropamid They are currently registered in New Zealand for use against oomycete fungi in grapes onions potatoes and lettuce These fungicides are considered to have low to medium risk of resistance development and resistance management is recommended by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) in Europe Guidelines are presented for fungicide use that will avoid or delay the development of resistance to CAA fungicides
Benchmarking of potato pesticide use in Canterbury
Authors: Van_Toor R.F. , Viljanen-Rollinson S.L.H. , Teulon D.A.J.
Published: October 2019

Pesticides for weed insect and disease control in potatoes in Canterbury were assessed via spray diaries tabulated using SprayView Analyst (HortPlus) Spray diaries for 1730 seed crops in six growing seasons (19992006) and 71100 process crops in four growing seasons (20032007) gave data for 13 of the area grown for seed for use by process factories and 28 of the area grown for process potatoes in New Zealand In the most recent growing seasons of the survey seed crops were mostly treated with metribuzin herbicide pencycuron mancozeb/metalaxylM azoxystrobin and propineb fungicides and methamidophos pymetrozine and pirimicarb insecticides Process crops had mostly cyanazine glyphosate linuron and metribuzin herbicides and pencycuron azoxystrobin chlorothalonil copper hydroxide fluazinam and mancozeb/metalaxylM fungicides Weeds pathogens of early and late blight and aphids were presumed the primary pest targets Pesticide resistance strategies were followed in later years in half of seed crops and most process crops
Fluorescence decline ratio comparison with quantum yield ratio for plant physiological status and herbicide treatment responses
Authors: Horgan D.B. , Zabkiewicz J.A.
Published: October 2019

Plant fluorescence is normally measured using the ratio Fv/Fm (quantum yield) An alternative measurement fluorescence decline ratio (Rfd) can be used instead of Fv/Fm The usefulness of the Rfd ratio in comparison to Fv/Fm was tested with three plant species of differing leaf character Diurnal trends were measured after treatment with two herbicides diuron a lipophilic photosynthesis inhibiting herbicide and dalapon a lesslipophilic nonphotosynthesis inhibiting herbicide In wheat both herbicides were tested with three nonionic surfactants of differing hydrophile lipophile balance (HLB) The Rfd ratio was a more sensitive numerical indicator of plant responses and provides an alternative approach to monitoring and measuring the effect of stress factors in plants
Chemical control options for the dicamba resistant biotype of fathen (Chenopodium album)
Authors: Rahman A. , James T.K. , Trolove M.R.
Published: October 2019

Three field trials were conducted over two growing seasons to evaluate the efficacy of potential selective postemergence herbicides against dicamba resistant fathen (Chenopodium album) Results confirmed the presence of the biotype which tolerated dicamba up to 2400 g/ha eight times the recommended field rate Postemergence applications of bromoxynil pyridate nicosulfuron and mesotrione all showed equally good efficacy on both susceptible and resistant biotypes Flumetsulam provided good control in one of the three trials Nicosulfuron and mesotrione provided long term residual control in all trials with nicosulfuron also being more effective on grass weeds The 2400 g/ha rate of dicamba severely damaged the maize crop resulting in increased weed cover and reduced grain yield Numbers of viable fathen seeds in the soil at the end of the growing season remained similar to those recorded before planting except in plots that provided good control of fathen where numbers had dropped considerably