bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model system parameters influence the sodium hypochlorite susceptibility of endodontic biofilms
Authors: Swimberghe Rosalie C. D. , Crabbé Aurélie , De Moor Roeland J. G. , Coenye Tom , Meire Maarten A.
Published: May 2021

Aim

To evaluate in a laboratory setting the influence of several model system parameters on the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) susceptibility of endodontic biofilms. Based on these findings, a relevant in vitro endodontic biofilm model is proposed.

Methodology

In vitro biofilms were cultured, varying the following experimental model parameters: biofilm composition (monospecies Enterococcus faecalis and a multispecies biofilm including E. faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis), incubation time (24 h or 11 days), incubation atmosphere (aerobically or anaerobically) and biofilm substrate (polystyrene microtiter plate wells, hydroxyapatite or dentine). Biofilms were subjected to treatment with NaOCl (0.025%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 2.5%) for 1 min, control groups included treatment with purified water. Biofilms were harvested and the number of surviving cells was determined by plate counting using general (monospecies biofilms) or selective (multispecies biofilms) media. A two‐way ANOVA was used to explore the effect of the model parameters on biofilm eradication. Finally, the most physiologically relevant biofilm model (11‐day‐old multispecies biofilm grown anaerobically on dentine discs) was characterized by selective media plate counting, NaOCl susceptibility testing, scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Results

There was no difference in NaOCl eradication between the anaerobically and aerobically grown E. faecalis biofilms. One‐day‐old biofilms of E. faecalis were more susceptible to most tested NaOCl concentrations than 11‐day‐old biofilms (p < .05). When grown in a multispecies biofilm, E. faecalis was significantly less susceptible to NaOCl treatment than in a monospecies biofilm (p < .05). E. faecalis in a multispecies biofilm grown in a MTP was more susceptible to NaOCl (0.025% and 0.1%) than when grown on hydroxyapatite or dentine. No difference in biofilm NaOCl susceptibility was seen between hydroxyapatite and dentine. The multispecies biofilm proved to be a reproducible model with high NaOCl resistance, complex structure and organization.

Conclusion

The parameters biofilm age, biofilm composition and substrate had a significant influence on the NaOCl susceptibility of E. faecalis biofilms. Older biofilms, multispecies biofilms and biofilms grown on dentine and hydroxyapatite had reduced NaOCl susceptibility. These findings emphasize the importance of selecting relevant parameters when designing a laboratory biofilm model system for the evaluation of antimicrobial treatments.
Extremophile microalgae as feedstock for high‐value carotenoids: A review
Authors: Lafarga Tomás , Sánchez‐Zurano Ana , Morillas‐España Ainoa , Acién‐Fernández Francisco Gabriel
Published: May 2021

There are places in our planet where environmental conditions are beyond normal limits for growth but still harbour life. Extremophile microalgae are the candidates for large‐scale production because (i) their extreme growth conditions help to avoid unwanted contaminations, facilitating their production and (ii) in order to survive under harsh environments, these microorganisms synthesise valuable uncommon biomolecules. Extremophile microalgae include Arthrospira platensis, used as a source of phycocyanin and produced under highly alkaline conditions, and Dunaliella salina, which is industrially produced as a source of β‐carotene and can naturally resist salinity conditions exceeding 300 g L−1. Microalgae can be produced on non‐arable lands, using seawater, and within a wide range of environmental conditions, allowing their production in almost any part of the planet. The current paper aimed at highlighting the biotechnological potential of extremophile microalgae as sources for carotenoids, valuable molecules used as pigments and health‐promoters.
Supercritical electrocatalytic catalyst activation and its application in safflower seed oil isomerisation to prepare conjugated linoleic acid
Authors: Wang Tong , Chen Yan , Dong Tianyu , Ma Xiaoyu , Wang Liqi , Yu Dianyu , Yang Fuming
Published: May 2021

The supported Ru/Na‐ZSM‐5 catalyst was prepared by loading Ru on the zeolite support by the impregnation method. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that Ru was successfully supported. The supported catalyst was subjected to supercritical electrocatalytic activation, and the activated catalyst was applied to the isomerisation of safflower seed oil. The effect of activation conditions on the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) yield was examined. Under the supercritical CO2 condition, the optimal activation conditions were electrocatalytic current of 200 mA, reaction temperature of 70 °C, stirring speed of 300 r.p.m and reaction time of 1.5 h. The CLA yield was 43.10%, the content of c9,t11‐CLA in the product oil was 17.45% and the content of t10,c12‐CLA was 15.86%, significantly higher than the raw oil. The change was not noticeable in terms of physicochemical properties compared with the raw oil, which met edible vegetable oil quality standards.
Formation and source analysis of potentially hazardous compounds in fried pepper sauce under different high‐temperature stir‐fry conditions
Authors: Song Yuting , Ding Zhuhong , Wu Yongjun , Zhang Ting , Tang Zhongyue , Yu Yihong , Wang Yi
Published: May 2021

In order to investigate the formation and main sources of potentially hazardous compounds in fried pepper sauce (FPS) during the high‐temperature frying process, this study analysed the dynamic changes to the lipid oxidation indices (peroxide value, carbonyl value, polar components and malondialdehyde), components of raw materials and excipients (total sugar, reducing sugars and amino acids) and contents of potentially hazardous compounds (trans‐fatty acids, benzo[a]pyrene and acrylamide) under different cooking conditions. Path analysis was applied to explore the relationships among the study variables. The results show that low‐temperature frying (<190 °C) is beneficial to improve the safety of FPS products. The formation of trans‐fatty acids is mainly related to the elevated carbonyl content caused by the high‐temperature oxidation of lipids. The total sugar, reducing sugars and amino acids in pepper powder and the other ingredients were mainly responsible for the increase in the content of benzo[a]pyrene and acrylamide, which showed a weak correlation with lipid oxidation. Acrylamide is the main hazardous compound in FPS under high‐temperature frying. Therefore, regulating the high‐temperature process and the composition of the raw materials and excipients are beneficial to the high‐quality production of FPS.
Effects of mediums on fermentation behaviour and aroma composition in pure and mixed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Torulaspora delbrueckii
Authors: Zhang Boqin , Duan Changqing , Yan Guoliang
Published: May 2021

The nutrient status and composition in mediums have a significant effect on yeast metabolism and phenotypic characteristics in wine fermentation. In this study, the effects of three frequently used mediums, including synthetic grape juice (SGJ), grape juice without grape pericarp and seeds (GJ) and grape must with grape pericarp and seeds (GMPS), on yeast fermentation behaviour and aroma compounds produced by pure and mixed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae T73 with Torulaspora delbrueckii TD20 were investigated after alcoholic fermentation. The results showed that high fermentation activities and cell population were always found in GJ medium irrespective of inoculated approach. More esters and higher alcohols were produced in GMPS medium fermented by pure S. cerevisiae, while SGJ medium had increased levels of fatty acids. Consistent with previous literatures, the mixed fermentation of T. delbrueckii and S. cerevisiae produced more acetate esters and fatty acids than the pure culture of S. cerevisiae, while this enological trait was only found in SGJ and GJ, not in GMPS. Our results highlighted that more attention should be paid to the fermentation medium when evaluating the enological and aromatic properties of selected yeasts used in industrial winemaking. In this regard, the combined use of GJ and GMPS medium might be a suitable choice.
Development of a high‐sensitivity ELISA detecting IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies to the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein in serum and saliva
Authors: Faustini Sian E. , Jossi Sian E. , Perez‐Toledo Marisol , Shields Adrian M. , Allen Joel D. , Watanabe Yasunori , Newby Maddy L. , Cook Alex , Willcox Carrie R. , Salim Mahboob , Goodall Margaret , Heaney Jennifer L. , Marcial‐Juarez Edith , Morley Gabriella L. , Torlinska Barbara , Wraith David C. , Veenith Tonny V. , Harding Stephen , Jolles Stephen , Ponsford Mark J. , Plant Tim , Huissoon Aarnoud , O'Shea Matthew K. , Willcox Benjamin E. , Drayson Mark T. , Crispin Max , Cunningham Adam F. , Richter Alex G.
Published: May 2021

Detecting antibody responses during and after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is essential in determining the seroepidemiology of the virus and the potential role of antibody in disease. Scalable, sensitive and specific serological assays are essential to this process. The detection of antibody in hospitalized patients with severe disease has proven relatively straightforward; detecting responses in subjects with mild disease and asymptomatic infections has proven less reliable. We hypothesized that the suboptimal sensitivity of antibody assays and the compartmentalization of the antibody response may contribute to this effect. We systematically developed an ELISA, optimizing different antigens and amplification steps, in serum and saliva from non‐hospitalized SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected subjects. Using trimeric spike glycoprotein, rather than nucleocapsid, enabled detection of responses in individuals with low antibody responses. IgG1 and IgG3 predominate to both antigens, but more anti‐spike IgG1 than IgG3 was detectable. All antigens were effective for detecting responses in hospitalized patients. Anti‐spike IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses were readily detectable in saliva from a minority of RT‐PCR confirmed, non‐hospitalized symptomatic individuals, and these were mostly subjects who had the highest levels of anti‐spike serum antibodies. Therefore, detecting antibody responses in both saliva and serum can contribute to determining virus exposure and understanding immune responses after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Breaking or keeping the habits: exploring the role of legacy habits in the process of discontinuing organisational information systems
Authors: Rezazade Mehrizi Mohammad H. , van den Hooff Bart , Yang Chaoran
Published: May 2021

Users develop habits in relation to information systems (IS) to reduce the cognitive and behavioural efforts needed for using them. However, when these systems have to be discontinued, users face challenges regarding how to stop relying on their legacy habits. Despite their importance, we know little about how legacy habits shape the way users discontinue a legacy system. Through a comparative case‐study approach, in a large mortgage firm and an international telecommunication company, we identify three roles that these habits play during the discontinuance process. We demonstrate that legacy habits not only play an ‘inhibiting’ role by keeping users attached to legacy systems; they also play a ‘bridging’ role by acting as a common ground for users to start working with a new system and a ‘deterring’ role when users resent certain habits of working with the legacy systems, despite their orientation to keep relying on these habits. We contribute to the IS habit literature by extending the roles of legacy habits beyond an inhibiting role. We also enrich the conceptualisation of legacy habits beyond the individual level by showing that the socio‐technical conditions in which the habits are embedded impact the emergence and evolution of their roles during the discontinuance process. We discuss the implications of our findings for theorising and managing IS discontinuance process.
The breakdown of the Weibull behavior in dental zirconias
Authors: Belli Renan , Lohbauer Ulrich
Published: May 2021

Here we attend to the controversy of the use of Weibull statistics for describing the strength distribution of dental brittle materials. Our approach is purely experimental by means of testing for the strength size effect, a requirement for Weibull materials. Zirconia materials of five important dental manufacturers were selected, each represented by two compositions, being one a 3 mol% Y2O3‐stabilized zirconia, and the other being a “translucent” zirconia with 4 or 5 mol% stabilizer content. Specimens of increasing sizes were fractured, whether by using a biaxial flexure test in plates or a uniaxial bending test in beams, thereby sampling different ranges of effective surfaces and volumes. A systematic deviation from the Weibull behavior over the range of 1–40 mm2 effective surface was demonstrated, regardless of manufacturer and Y2O3 content in the powder. Extensive testing using a wider range of specimen sizes narrowed down the threshold for the breakdown of the defect size distribution from the parent population to be located between 10 and 20 mm2 effective surface. A comparable behavior was confirmed for the partly sintered white‐bodies, with similar defect morphology to the fully sintered analogs, indicating a defect size distribution stemming from the pressing steps of manufacture. The defect shape related to open particle aggregate junctions, pointing to an association of their size distribution to that of the distribution of aggregate sizes in the source powders.
The hydrothermally synthesis of K3AlF6:Cr3+ NIR phosphor and its performance optimization based on phase control
Authors: Song Qianqian , Liu Zehua , Jiang Hangjie , Luo Zhaohua , Sun Peng , Liu Guoqiang , Liu Yongfu , Jiang Haochuan , Jiang Jun
Published: May 2021

Phosphor‐convert (pc) near‐infrared (NIR) LED is the next‐generation smart NIR light sources. Thus, NIR phosphors are quickly developed. The K3Al1−xF6:xCr3+ (KAF:Cr3+) NIR phosphor shows broadband emission from 650 to 900 nm under 430 nm and can be used to fabricate NIR LEDs. In this work, KAF:Cr3+ phosphors were prepared by a hydrothermal method for the first time. Morphologies and NIR properties are tuned by controlling the hydrothermal processes. Different from the cubic KAF:Cr3+ synthesized by a coprecipitation method, KAF:Cr3+ synthesized by the hydrothermal method shows the tetragonal phase. The optimized KAF:3%Cr3+ shows an internal quantum efficiency of about 31.4%. A NIR pc‐LED device was fabricated by integrating the KAF:3%Cr3+ phosphor with a blue LED chip (~450 nm). The output power of NIR light is about 5.5 mW driven at 150 mA.
Screening of dementia indicating signs in adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Arvio Maria , Bjelogrlic‐Laakso Nina
Published: May 2021

Background

In intellectual disability, the cognitive delay is observed during developmental age, whereas in dementia, cognitive decline occurs during post‐developmental period. So far, the risk of dementia in people with intellectual disability, excluding those with Down syndrome, is poorly known.

Method

We screened dementia signs in a study group of 230 adults (34–80 years of age) with the help of the British Present Psychiatric State—Learning Disabilities assessment.

Results

Of the study members, 42% showed two or more signs. The overall frequency of symptoms did not differ between age groups. The number of individuals with a genetic syndrome or disease manifesting with a shortened lifespan was greater in the younger age groups when compared to the older age groups.

Conclusion

People with an intellectual disability represent numerous rare syndromes with comorbidities. It seems that dementia signs may affect any age groups of adults with intellectual disability.
Joint venture investments: An analysis of the level of compliance with the disclosure requirements of IFRS 12
Authors: Sarquis Raquel Wille , dos Santos Ariovaldo , Lourenço Isabel , Oscar Braunbeck Guillermo
Published: May 2021

This study provides empirical evidence on changes in entities’ reporting of interests in joint ventures from proportionate consolidation to the equity method following adoption of IFRS 11 and their application of the corresponding IFRS 12 disclosure requirements. The sample includes 551 firms from 26 countries affected by the adoption of IFRS 11 (1,858 financial statements). The findings indicate that many firms are not fully complying with IFRS 12 disclosure requirements and that firm‐level characteristics (e.g., size, leverage, and ownership concentration) contribute more to explaining the level of (non)compliance, when compared to country‐level variables (e.g., legal system and emerging versus developed countries). We also find that the level of materiality of joint ventures is positively associated with the level of compliance with IFRS 12 disclosure requirements. Our results contribute to the literature on the determinants of compliance with IFRS Standards disclosure requirements and bring important insights for the post‐implementation review of IFRS 11 and IFRS 12 occurring between 2020 and 2022.
Implementation of distributed automated medication dispensing units in a new hospital: Nursing and pharmacy experience
Authors: Craswell Alison , Bennett Kate , Hanson Julie , Dalgliesh Brett , Wallis Marianne
Published: May 2021

Aims and objectives

To explore the structures, processes and outcomes involved in an Automated Medication Dispensing system implementation and its impact on patient safety.

Background

Increasing digitalisation of medication prescribing, dispensing, administration and stock management has occurred over the past two decades. While automated medication dispensing units aim to provide safe, high‐quality, patient‐centred care, the implementation may result in unintended consequences leading to suboptimal outcomes.

Design

This study uses a qualitative approach guided by Donabedian's structure, process and outcome framework.

Methods

Twenty‐six registered nurses and pharmacy assistant staff, from clinical areas equipped with automated medication dispensing cabinets, participated in semi‐structured interviews. In‐depth, thematic analysis explored the structures and processes. Together with interview data, content analysis of text data generated by internal risk management and critical incident reporting systems was undertaken to evaluate outcomes. Findings were considered in light of the Interactive Sociotechnical Analysis approach to health information technology. The COREQ checklist was used in preparation of this article.

Results

Pharmacy assistants reported better satisfaction with the system at implementation than nurses. Training provided for nurses and their involvement in system implementation was reported as insufficient; however, nurses’ use of and satisfaction with the system improved over time. A recursive relationship between the changes imposed by the system and nurses’ creative problem solving (workarounds) used to manage these changes, impacted work productivity for nurses and safety for patients.

Conclusions

The individualised nature of “workarounds” employed offered both risks and opportunities which require further identification, investigation and management.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses are the majority of the health workforce. Digitalisation of traditionally paper‐based activities in health care, impacting nursing work, requires similar strategies to any practice change.
Patient perspectives and experiences of sexual health conversations and cardiovascular disease: A qualitative study
Authors: East Leah , Jackson Debra , Manias Elizabeth , Dunning Trisha , Hutchinson Marie
Published: May 2021

Aim

This study aimed to explore the experiences of individuals discussing sexual well‐being with healthcare professions within the context of their cardiac illness to determine their sexual health information needs.

Background

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and known to have a detrimental impact on sexual health. Despite sexual health being recognised as a fundamental component of well‐being, it may be a neglected aspect of care within the context of cardiovascular disease.

Design

A qualitative exploratory study conducted in accordance with COREQ guidelines.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured interviews with participants (n = 13) aged between 30–77 years who had been diagnosed with a cardiovascular disease. Data were transcribed and subject to thematic analysis.

Results/findings

Analysis revealed two major themes—Sexual healthcare information and expectations: I expect them to tell me and Experiences of sexual adversity: it's really scary. Although participants expected and welcomed information in relation to their illness and sexual health, this was rarely received. Subsequently, when some participants experienced sexual adversity including erectile dysfunction, they felt anxious and distressed which impacted their intimated relationships. It was often when participants sought information associated with adversity that information was provided and this was primarily in relation to medication associated with assisting dysfunction.

Conclusion

Individuals who have cardiovascular disease may require sexual health care. Nurses are well placed to provide information and education associated with cardiovascular disease and associated sexual well‐being to promote positive outcomes for individuals and minimise distress around sexual adversity.

Relevance to clinical practice

Findings highlight the importance of providing clear and accurate information about sexual well‐being and function to patients experiencing cardiovascular disease. Provision of information should be considered an essential and routine aspect of care with patients being afforded opportunities to discuss concerns associated with their sexual well‐being.
Approaches for establishing and sustaining clinical academic partnerships: A discursive review
Authors: Baptiste Diana‐Lyn , Whalen Madeleine , Goodwin Miki
Published: May 2021

Aims and objectives

To discuss the need for a formalised structure that bridges the clinical and academic realms with concrete recommendations for programme development.

Background

In the rapidly changing landscape of health care, nurses are challenged with the responsibility to engage in evidence‐based practice, quality improvement and research projects. Clinical and academic partnerships play a vital role in fostering collaboration, mentorship and resources.

Design

Discursive paper.

Method

Searching international literature published between 2010–2020 in PubMed, CINAHL and Google Scholar, we explored the benefits, barriers and facilitators of clinical academic partnerships from the available evidence and professional perspectives from both sides of a clinical/academic collaboration.

Discussion

Evidence‐based literature supports the establishment of partnerships schools of nursing and clinical institutions to improve patient outcomes and experiences and provide additional resources for improved research and practice capacity between both entities. Barriers to establishing clinical academic partnerships included lack of time, lack of formal collaborations and knowledge deficits. Facilitators included visible leadership endorsement, mentoring and modelling a culture of inquiry.

Conclusions

The establishment of formalised clinical academic partnerships can be used to develop continuing education programmes, promote engagement in nursing inquiry, fill in knowledge gaps in practice and improve available resources and patient outcomes. There is a great need for capacity building in hospitals, superficially, those with a mission to address the research‐practice gap, promote nursing excellence and improve patient outcomes.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurse leaders play an instrumental role in establishing sustainable clinical academic partnerships that create shared resources, resulting in mutual benefit, and influences a much‐needed shift in organisational culture and infrastructure.
Initiatives and achievements of the Japanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology MIRAI Committee 2020
Authors: Komatsu Hiroaki , Watari Hidemichi , Onodera Yohei , Suemitsu Tokumasa , Nakagawa Satoshi , Kusabiraki Tae , Matoba Yusuke , Ihira Kei , Yanaihara Nozomu , Banno Kouji , Okamoto Aikou , Shozu Makio , Kimura Tadashi ,   MIRAI Committee Members
Published: May 2021

Backgrounds

In 2013, the total number of obstetrician‐gynecologists decreased. The Japanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology established the Obstetrics and Gynecology MIRAI Committee in 2015. Within the MIRAI Committee, Japanese Trainees in Obstetrics and Gynecology (JTOG) was established; it was comprised of 20 promising young obstetrician‐gynecologists recommended from regions across Japan. The office term is 2 years.

Objective

The purpose of this report is to learn and inform about the results of MIRAI's activities.

Methods

We surveyed the trends in new obstetrician‐gynecologists and also matched each seminar participant with them.

Result

The number of new memberships has been increasing since the nadir in 2016. In particular, there are over 100 more new physicians specializing in the field in 2020 than there were at the nadir in 2016. It was revealed that approximately 50% of the participants in the summer school specialized in obstetrics and gynecology. Furthermore, approximately 70% of POP2 participants specialized in obstetrics and gynecology, which shows that these two recruitment seminars are extraordinarily effective events that result in an increase in the number of new obstetricians and gynecologists.

Conclusion

We conclude that the activities of this MIRAI Committee and JTOG have been effective. With the spread of COVID‐19 and the inability of obstetrician‐gynecologists and students/clinical trainees to perform social distancing, it is currently difficult to hold hands‐on seminars. However, we hope that new JTOG members will be able to create a new seminar format.
Gastrointestinal symptom burden and dietary intake in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Meade Anthony , Le Leu Richard , Watson Nerylee , Jesudason Shilpa , Clayton Philip , Faull Randall , McDonald Stephen , Trimingham Claire
Published: May 2021

Background

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms can present a significant burden to patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) but the reported prevalence is inconsistent.

Objective

To examine the GI burden and dietary intake in patients with CKD with or without dialysis.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study of 216 adults, recruited from outpatient and dialysis clinics, with CKD stage 4 or 5 not receiving dialysis (CKD‐ND), or receiving haemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD). Three questionnaires were administered: the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS); a modified Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale and a short Food Frequency Questionnaire. Outcomes were stool frequency and consistency, GI symptoms and dietary intake.

Results

Data were collected from 216 patients (mean age, 63 years [95% CI: 61, 65]; 63% males; CKD‐ND: n = 134; HD: n = 67; PD: n = 15). Mean stool frequency for all groups was one bowel action per day (p = .45) and consistency was normal (BSFS type 4, p = .95). Overall GI symptom burden was low but several symptoms occurred at least “most of the time” including “tiredness/lethargy” (54% of participants), “reduced appetite” (29%), “early satiety” (25%) and “change in taste” (15%). Low intakes of fresh fruit, vegetables, whole‐grains and legumes were found. No associations were observed between diet and GI symptoms.

Conclusion

The overall GI symptom burden was low, but >15% of participants reported several symptoms as occurring most to all of the time. Low intakes of fresh fruit, vegetables, whole‐grains and legumes were observed in all CKD patients.
Changes in Cell Wall Structure During Rhizoid Formation of Silvetia babingtonii (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) Zygotes
Authors: Yonamine Rina , Ichihara Kensuke , Tsuyuzaki Shiro , Hervé Cécile , Motomura Taizo , Nagasato Chikako
Published: May 2021

We examined the ultrastructure of the cell wall and immunolocalization of alginates using specific antibodies against M‐rich alginates and MG blocks during rhizoid formation in fucoid zygotes, Silvetia babingtonii. The thallus region of 24‐h‐old zygotes had a cell wall made of three layers with different fiber distribution. In the 12‐h‐old zygotes, three layers in the thallus were observed before rhizoid formation, namely the inner, middle, and outer layers. During rhizoid elongation, only the inner layer was apparent close to the rhizoid tip area. Immunoelectron microscopy detected M‐rich blocks of alginate on the inner half of the cell wall, irrespective of the number of layers in the thallus and rhizoid regions. The MG blocks were seen to cover a slightly wider area than M‐rich alginate blocks. It was suggested that parts of M in mannuronan would be rapidly converted to G, and MG‐blocks are generated. Transcriptome analysis was performed using 3 ‐, 10 ‐, and 24‐h‐old zygotes after fertilization to examine the relationship between gene expression and alginate synthesis over time. The expression of two mannuronan C5‐epimerase homologs that convert mannuronic acid into guluronic acid in alginates was upregulated or downregulated over the course of the examination.
The development of positioning theory as a process of theoretical positioning
Authors: Bjerre Jørn
Published: May 2021

This article studies how positioning theory (PT) developed into a theoretical position, and outlines a scenario for its future development. In order to do so, I will apply analytical concepts developed within PT, to PT itself. Based on a reading of texts authored and co‐authored by Rom Harré, I will argue that a storyline was created, based on the plot that static conceptualisations of social reality had to be replaced by dynamic, and that although the resulting narrative was effective in terms of developing a theoretical position, it also created problems in relation to the internal coherency of PT as a theory. Finally, the article suggests that to address some of these problems, positioning theorists should seek tointegrate PT further with sociological theory,rather than attempt to develop PT as a new,parallel and competing social theory.
The role of hepatitis B virus core‐related antigen in predicting hepatitis B virus relapse after cessation of entecavir in hepatitis B e antigen‐negative patients
Authors: Huang Pao‐Yuan , Wang Jing‐Houng , Hung Chao‐Hung , Lu Sheng‐Nan , Hu Tsung‐Hui , Chen Chien‐Hung
Published: May 2021

This study investigated the ability of hepatitis B core‐related antigen (HBcrAg) to predict hepatitis B virus (HBV) relapse in HBeAg‐negative patients after cessation of entecavir therapy. A total of 301 HBeAg‐negative patients without cirrhosis who had stopped entecavir therapy for at least 12 months were recruited. All patients fulfilled the stopping criteria proposed by the APASL 2012 guidelines. The five‐year cumulative rates of virological relapse, clinical relapse and HBsAg loss were 71.6%, 57.3% and 18.7%, respectively. Serum HBsAg at end of treatment (EOT) was an independent predictor of virological relapse, clinical relapse and HBsAg loss; an EOT HBsAg of 150 IU/ml was the optimal cut‐off value. The 5‐year virological relapse rates for patients with <150 and ≥150 IU/ml HBsAg at EOT were 43.3% and 82.2% (p < 0.001), clinical relapse rates were 32.3% and 66.3% (p < 0.001), and HBsAg loss rates were 46.1% and 5.2% (p < 0.001), respectively. A baseline HBcrAg of 4 IU/ml was the optimal cut‐off value for predicting HBV relapse. Among patients with an EOT HBsAg <150 IU/ml, the five‐year virological relapse rates for patients with baseline HBcrAg levels ≤4 and >4 log U/ml were 27.9% and 59.1% (p = 0.006) and the clinical relapse rates were 18% and 48.1% (p = 0.014), respectively. EOT HBcrAg was not a significant predictor of virological or clinical relapse after cessation of entecavir. In conclusion, the combination of an EOT HBsAg of 150 IU/ml and baseline HBcrAg of 4 log U/ml can effectively predict the risk of HBV relapse after stopping entecavir therapy.
The effect of assisted enteral feeding on treatment outcome in dogs with inflammatory protein‐losing enteropathy
Authors: Economu Lavinia , Chang Yu‐mei , Priestnall Simon L. , Kathrani Aarti
Published: May 2021

Background

The effect of assisted enteral feeding on treatment outcome in dogs with protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE) is unknown.

Objectives

To determine if dogs with inflammatory PLE that had an enteral feeding tube placed had better outcome vs dogs with inflammatory PLE without a feeding tube.

Animals

Fifty‐seven dogs with inflammatory PLE.

Methods

A retrospective study at a UK referral hospital identified dogs with inflammatory PLE using a standard diagnostic criterion. Positive outcome was defined as survival greater than 6 months or death unrelated to PLE and negative outcome as death related to PLE within 6 months of diagnosis. Several variables were assessed to identify factors for positive outcome using logistic regression.

Results

Thirty‐five (61%) and 22 (39%) dogs had a positive and negative outcome at 6 months, respectively. Of the 21 dogs that had a feeding tube placed within 5 days of gastrointestinal biopsy, 16 (76%) had a positive outcome and 5 (24%) had a negative outcome. Dogs treated with dietary treatment alone (P = .002) and dogs with an enteral feeding tube (P = .006) were significantly associated with a positive outcome. When stratified by treatment, assisted enteral feeding was significantly associated with a positive outcome in dogs treated with concurrent immunosuppressive treatment (P = .006), but there was insufficient data to evaluate dogs treated with dietary treatment alone.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Assisted enteral feeding in dogs with inflammatory PLE could be associated with improved treatment outcome, especially in those receiving immunosuppressive treatment, and should be considered in the treatment plan of these dogs.
Deaths from hepatocellular carcinoma are more likely to occur in medical facilities than deaths from other cancers: 2003‐2018
Authors: Truitt Katie , Khan Sadiya S. , Gregory Dyanna L. , Chuzi Sarah , VanWagner Lisa B.
Published: May 2021

Place of death is a key indicator of quality of end‐of‐life care, and most people with a terminal diagnosis prefer to die at home. Home has surpassed the hospital as the most common location of all‐cause and total cancer‐related deaths in the United States. However, trends in place of death due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is uniquely comanaged by hepatologists and oncologists, have not been described. We analysed US death certificate data from 2003 to 2018 for the proportion of deaths over time at medical facilities, nursing facilities, hospice facilities and home, for HCC and non‐HCC cancer. The proportion of deaths increased from 0.6% to 15.2% in hospice facilities (P trend < 0.0001) but did not change at home. In multivariable analysis, persons with HCC were more likely than persons with non‐HCC cancer to die in medical facilities, while persons with HCC were less likely to die at home.
Carbonate assemblages in Cold Bokkeveld CM chondrite reveal complex parent body evolution
Authors: Farsang Stefan , Franchi Ian A. , Zhao Xuchao , Raub Timothy D. , Redfern Simon A.T. , Grady Monica M.
Published: May 2021

The paragenesis of carbonates in the Cold Bokkeveld CM chondrite is determined from a detailed petrographic, chemical, spectroscopic, and isotopic study of nine associations of carbonates (aragonite, calcite, and dolomite) with other secondary minerals that occur within the meteorite. Our study reveals the existence of carbonates displaying petrographic features that are distinct from those of type 1 and type 2 carbonates commonly observed in CM2 meteorites. These include carbonates interstitial to octahedral magnetite crystals, for which a new designation of “type 1c” is suggested. The O isotopic values of dolomite (δ18O ranging from +21.1 to +25.8‰ and Δ17O from −4.9 to −4.0‰) are similar to those measured in dolomites from other CM chondrites. The presence of complex carbonates with a CaCO3 core and Mg‐enriched rim implies several generations of fluids and/or their evolving composition on the CM parent body(ies). Petrographic characteristics indicate at least six stages of potentially overlapping carbonate and phyllosilicate formation events. We show that type 1 and type 2 calcite have distinct Raman spectral characteristics. Type 1 calcite is characterized by very broad peaks, whereas type 2 calcite displays narrow peaks similar to those of typical abiotic terrestrial calcite, suggesting high crystallinity. A carbonate Raman spectrum showing features characteristic of both aragonite and calcite likely documents an aragonite‐calcite phase transition. Raman spectroscopy also reveals the presence of organic matter in the majority of carbonates. This indicates that organic carbon was mobilized by aqueous fluids for extended periods.
Representation, interaction and interpretation. Making sense of the context in clinical reasoning
Authors: Koufidis Charilaos , Manninen Katri , Nieminen Juha , Wohlin Martin , Silén Charlotte
Published: May 2021

Background

All thinking occurs in some sort of context, rendering the relation between context and clinical reasoning a matter of significant interest. Context, however, has a notoriously vague and contested meaning. A profound disagreement exists between different research traditions studying clinical reasoning in how context is understood. However, empirical evidence examining the impact (or not) of context on clinical reasoning cannot be interpreted without reference to the meaning ascribed to context. Such meaning is invariably determined by assumptions concerning the nature of knowledge and knowing. The epistemology of clinical reasoning determines in essence how context is conceptualised.

Aims

Our intention is to provide a sound epistemological framework of clinical reasoning that puts context into perspective and demonstrates how context is understood and researched in relation to clinical reasoning.

Discussion

We identify three main epistemological dimensions of clinical reasoning research, each of them corresponding to fundamental patterns of knowing: the representational dimension views clinical reasoning as an act of categorisation, the interactional dimension as a cognitive state emergent from the interactions in a system, while the interpretative dimension as an act of intersubjectivity and socialisation. We discuss the main theories of clinical reasoning under each dimension and consider how the implicit epistemological assumptions of these theories determine the way context is conceptualised. These different conceptualisations of context carry important implications for the phenomenon of context specificity and for learning of clinical reasoning.

Conclusion

The study of context may be viewed as the study of the epistemology of clinical reasoning. Making sense of ‘what is going on with this patient’ necessitates reading the context in which the encounter is unfolding and deliberating a path of response justified in that specific context. Mastery of the context in this respect becomes a core activity of medical practice.
Beyond “ought Implies Feasible”
Authors: Sirsch Jürgen
Published: May 2021

What kinds of feasibility restrictions should be taken into account in practically relevant political philosophy? David Estlund argues that “ought” does not imply “can will,” and, hence, that we should be very cautious regarding the inclusion of motivational restrictions in political philosophy. As Nicholas Southwood and David Wiens point out, however, Estlund’s position clashes with the requirement that “ought” implies “feasible.” The present article argues that even though we must accept that “ought” implies “feasible,” this does not settle the question regarding the adequate set of feasibility restrictions to be included in applied normative thinking. Instead, we need to distinguish different kinds of normative theory that require different sets of feasibility restrictions. For this, the article provides a taxonomy of feasibility restrictions and a preliminary discussion of the adequate set of feasibility restrictions for different kinds of normative theory.
Diminazene resistance in Trypanosoma congolense is not caused by reduced transport capacity but associated with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential
Authors: Carruthers Lauren V. , Munday Jane C. , Ebiloma Godwin U. , Steketee Pieter , Jayaraman Siddharth , Campagnaro Gustavo D. , Ungogo Marzuq A. , Lemgruber Leandro , Donachie Anne‐Marie , Rowan Tim G. , Peter Rose , Morrison Liam J. , Barrett Michael P. , De Koning Harry P.
Published: May 2021

Trypanosoma congolense is a principal agent causing livestock trypanosomiasis in Africa, costing developing economies billions of dollars and undermining food security. Only the diamidine diminazene and the phenanthridine isometamidium are regularly used, and resistance is widespread but poorly understood. We induced stable diminazene resistance in T. congolense strain IL3000 in vitro. There was no cross‐resistance with the phenanthridine drugs, melaminophenyl arsenicals, oxaborole trypanocides, or with diamidine trypanocides, except the close analogs DB829 and DB75. Fluorescence microscopy showed that accumulation of DB75 was inhibited by folate. Uptake of [3H]‐diminazene was slow with low affinity and partly but reciprocally inhibited by folate and by competing diamidines. Expression of T. congolense folate transporters in diminazene‐resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei significantly sensitized the cells to diminazene and DB829, but not to oxaborole AN7973. However, [3H]‐diminazene transport studies, whole‐genome sequencing, and RNA‐seq found no major changes in diminazene uptake, folate transporter sequence, or expression. Instead, all resistant clones displayed a moderate reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential Ψm. We conclude that diminazene uptake in T. congolense proceed via multiple low affinity mechanisms including folate transporters; while resistance is associated with a reduction in Ψm it is unclear whether this is the primary cause of the resistance.
Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of two Ixodes ticks, I. nipponensis and Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) sp.
Authors: Duan D.‐Y. , Chen Z. , Fu Y.‐T. , Liu G.‐H. , Suleman  , Cheng T.‐Y.
Published: May 2021

In this study, the authors sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of two hard ticks of the genus Ixodes, I. nipponensis and Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) sp., which were 14 505 and 14 543 bp in length, respectively. Their mt genomes encoded 37 genes, including 13 protein‐coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes, and have only one non‐coding region. The gene order in their mt genomes was the same as that of other Ixodes spp. mt genomes. The average sequence identity, combined nucleotide diversity, non‐synonymous/synonymous substitutions ratio analyses consistently demonstrated that cox1, rrnS, cox2, cox3 and cytb were the most conserved and atp8, nad6 and nad2 were the most variable genes across Ixodes mitogenomes. Phylogeny of the present Ixodes spp., and other selected hard tick species, based on concatenated amino acid sequences of PCGs, confirmed their position within the genus Ixodes and sub‐family Ixodinae. The novel mt markers described herein will be useful for further studies of the population genetics, molecular epidemiology and systematics of hard ticks.
Symbiont switching and trophic mode shifts in Orchidaceae
Authors: Wang Deyi , Jacquemyn Hans , Gomes Sofia I. F. , Vos Rutger A. , Merckx Vincent S. F. T.
Published: May 2021

Mycorrhizal fungi are central to the biology of land plants. However, to what extent mycorrhizal shifts – broad evolutionary transitions in root‐associated fungal symbionts – are related to changes in plant trophic modes remains poorly understood.

We built a comprehensive DNA dataset of Orchidaceae fungal symbionts and a dated plant molecular phylogeny to test the hypothesis that shifts in orchid trophic modes follow a stepwise pattern, from autotrophy over partial mycoheterotrophy (mixotrophy) to full mycoheterotrophy, and that these shifts are accompanied by switches in fungal symbionts.

We estimate that at least 17 independent shifts from autotrophy towards full mycoheterotrophy occurred in orchids, mostly through an intermediate state of partial mycoheterotrophy. A wide range of fungal partners was inferred to occur in the roots of the common ancestor of this family, including ‘rhizoctonias’, ectomycorrhizal, and wood‐ or litter‐decaying saprotrophic fungi. Phylogenetic hypothesis tests further show that associations with ectomycorrhizal or saprotrophic fungi were most likely a prerequisite for evolutionary shifts towards full mycoheterotrophy.

We show that shifts in trophic mode often coincided with switches in fungal symbionts, suggesting that the loss of photosynthesis selects for different fungal communities in orchids. We conclude that changes in symbiotic associations and ecophysiological traits are tightly correlated throughout the diversification of orchids.
Late spring freezes coupled with warming winters alter temperate tree phenology and growth
Authors: Chamberlain Catherine J. , Wolkovich E. M.
Published: May 2021

Spring phenology is advancing with warming but late spring freezes may not advance at the same rate, potentially leading to an increase in freezes after trees initiate budburst. Research suggests warming winters may delay budburst through reduced chilling, which may cause plants to leafout more slowly, thus decreasing spring freeze tolerance.

Here, we assessed the effects of late spring freezes and reduced over‐winter chilling on sapling phenology, growth and tissue traits, across eight temperate tree and shrub species in a laboratory experiment.

We found that spring freezes delayed leafout – extending the period of greatest risk for freeze damage – increased damage to the shoot apical meristem, and decreased leaf toughness and leaf thickness. Longer chilling accelerated budburst and leafout, even under spring freeze conditions. Thus, chilling compensated for the adverse effects of late spring freezes on phenology. Despite the effects of spring freezes and chilling on phenology, we did not see any major reordering in the sequence of species leafout.

Our results suggest climate change may impact forest communities not through temporal reassembly, but rather through impacts on phenology and growth from the coupled effects of late spring freezes and decreased over‐winter chilling under climate change.