bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Detection and Postnatal Verification of Unusual Intracardiac Total Anomolous Pulmonary Venous Connection (Tapvc) in Complex Heart Defect with Dextrocardia - Case Report
Authors: Krasoń Aneta , Płużańska Joanna , Łukaszewski Maciej , Moll Jadwiga , Respondek-Liberska Maria
Published: February 2019

Prenatal diagnosis of total anomolous pulmonary venous connection (intracardiac) was diagnosed in fetus with dextrocardia and complex heart defect, which allowed fetal echocardiography monitoring, planning the time and place for delivery as well as early cardiac surgery. The differences between prenatal and postnatal evaluations were underlined. Despite life treathening condition neonate was asymptomatic without any heart murmur for the first 3 days after delivery.
Application of quercetin in neurological disorders: from nutrition to nanomedicine
Authors: Amanzadeh Elnaz , Esmaeili Abolghasem , Rahgozar Soheila , Nourbakhshnia Maryam
Published: February 2019

Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid, which is frequently found in fruits and vegetables. The antioxidant potential of quercetin has been studied from subcellular compartments, that is, mitochondria to tissue levels in the brain. The neurodegeneration process initiates alongside aging of the neurons. It appears in different parts of the brain as Aβ plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, Lewy bodies, Pick bodies, and others, which leads to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and other diseases. So far, no specific treatment has been identified for these diseases. Despite common treatments that help to prevent the development of disease, the condition of patients with progressive neurodegenerative diseases usually do not completely improve. Currently, the use of flavonoids, especially quercetin for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, has been expanded in animal models. It has also been used to treat animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, improvements in behavioral levels, as well as in cellular and molecular levels, decreased activity of antioxidant and apoptotic proteins, and increased levels of antiapoptotic proteins have been observed. Low bioavailability of quercetin has also led researchers to construct various quercetin-involved nanoparticles. The treatment of animal models of neurodegeneration using quercetin-involved nanoparticles has shown that improvements are observed in shorter periods and with use of lower concentrations. Indeed, intranasal administration of quercetin-involved nanoparticles, constructing superparamagnetic nanoparticles, and combinational treatment using nanoparticles such as quercetin and other drugs are suggested for future studies.
Hückel Molecular Orbital Quantities of {X,Y}-Cyclacene Graphs Under Next-Nearest-Neighbour Approximations in Analytical Forms
Authors: Ghosh Tapanendu , Mondal Swapnadeep , Mondal Sukanya , Mandal Bholanath
Published: February 2019

Hückel molecular orbital (HMO) quantities, viz., electron densities, charge densities, bond orders, free valences, total π-electron energies and highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) or band gaps of {X,Y}-cyclacene graphs under next-nearest-neighbour (nnn) approximations are expressed in analytical forms within a certain range of nnn approximation parameter (m). The critical values of m for {X,Y}-cyclacenes with varying X (=C, N, B) and Y (=C, N, B) are calculated. For {X,X}-cyclacenes with a π-electron on each atom, all HMO quantities except total π-electron energies for a given value of m are found to be independent of X. The cyclic dimer (CD) is constructed in obtaining the eigenvalues corresponding to the singular points of the density of states (DOS) of such {X,Y}-cyclacene. Although the HOMO–LUMO gap of the CD differs from that of the cyclacene with a large number of repeating units (i.e. n ⟶ ∞) but becomes the same for m = 0. The analytical expressions can be used for facile computer programming in obtaining the HMO quantities. Such nnn interaction approximations actually release, to some extent, the strain that results in due to the geometrical structures of such cyclacenes, which is evident from the plots of strain energy per segment vs. contribution of such interactions on the total π-electron energy, where the slopes decrease with an increase in m. The vertical absorption energy difference for singlet-triplet states bears excellent linear correlation with the HOMO–LUMO gaps for a certain m value (m = 0.3) in the case of an even n, but for an odd n, such energy difference remains invariant.
Performance Profiling of Female Youth Netball Players
Authors: McKenzie Chloe R. , Whatman Chris , Brughelli Matt
Published: February 2019

McKenzie, CR, Whatman, C, and Brughelli, M. Performance profiling of female youth netball players. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3275–3283, 2020—The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical performance characteristics of New Zealand secondary school netball players to provide a physical performance profile and determine whether there are differences between playing grade and playing positions for this group. A total of 102 female netball players (mean ± SD: age 13.3 ± 0.50 years, height 166.95 ± 5.72 cm, and body mass 60.94 ± 12.80 kg) participated in this study. Measurements included anthropometry, horizontal and vertical jump performance, balance, core strength, change-of-direction speed, and split sprint times. Magnitude-based inferences were used to determine differences in all measures. Grade 1 players jumped further and higher (effect size [ES] = 0.41–1.37) and ran faster with small to moderate differences. They demonstrated faster change-of-direction speed (ES = −0.73 to −1.31), greater core strength (ES = 0.28–1.17), and a faster time-to-stabilization (ES = −0.69). Grade 2 circle players jumped further (ES = −0.29), compared with noncircle players who jumped higher (ES = 0.35). Noncircle players had faster sprint and change-of-direction speed (ES = −0.33 to −0.55) and measures of balance (ES = −0.47 to 0.55). Grade 1 circle players were found to be faster over 20 m (ES = 0.75). The results of this study showed differences in the physical performance capabilities between youth netball players competing in different grades, as well as differences between playing positions. These findings have provided a physical performance profile of female youth netball players in New Zealand, suggesting that physical performance measures could be used for position-specific training and talent identification and selection.
Subjective Wellness, Acute: Chronic Workloads, and Injury Risk in College Football
Authors: Sampson John A. , Murray Andrew , Williams Sean , Sullivan Adam , Fullagar Hugh H. K.
Published: February 2019

Sampson, JA, Murray, A, Williams, S, Sullivan, A, and Fullagar, HHK. Subjective wellness, acute: chronic workloads and injury risk in college football. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3367–3373, 2019—Acute:chronic workload ratios (ACWRs) are associated with injury risk across team sports. In this study, one season of workload and wellness data from 42 collegiate football players were retrospectively analyzed. Daily 7:21 day exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) ACWRs were calculated, and z-score fluctuations (“normal,” “better,” and “worse”) in sleep, soreness, energy, and overall wellness were assessed relative to the previous day ACWRs and considered as an interactive effect on the risk of noncontact injury within 0–3 days. Fifty-five noncontact injuries were observed, and injury risks were very likely higher when ACWRs were 2 SDs above (relative risk [RR]: 3.05, 90% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14–8.16) and below (RR: 2.49, 90% CI: 1.11–5.58) the mean. A high ACWR was trivially associated (p < 0.05) with “worse” wellness (r = −0.06, CI: −0.10 to −0.02), muscle soreness (r = −0.07, CI: −0.11 to −0.03), and energy (r = −0.05, CI: −0.09 to −0.01). Feelings of “better” overall wellness and muscle soreness with collectively high EWMA ACWRs displayed likely higher injury risks compared with “normal” (RR: 1.52, 90% CI: 0.91 to 2.54; RR: 1.64, 90% CI: 1.10–2.47) and likely or very likely (RR: 2.36, 90% CI: 0.83 to 674; RR: 2.78, 90% CI: 1.21–6.38) compared with “worse” wellness and soreness, respectively. High EWMA ACWRs increased injury risk and negatively impacted wellness. However, athletes reporting “better” wellness, driven by “better” muscle soreness presented with the highest injury risk when high EWMA ACWRs were observed. This suggests that practitioners are responsive to, and/or athletes are able to self-modulate workload activities.
Principal Component Analysis of the Associations Between Kinetic Variables in Cutting and Jumping, and Cutting Performance Outcome
Authors: Welch Neil , Richter Chris , Moran Kieran , Franklyn-Miller Andy
Published: February 2019

Welch, N, Richter, C, Moran, K, and Franklyn-Miller, A. Principal component analysis of the associations between kinetic variables in cutting and jumping, and cutting performance outcome. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1848–1855, 2021—The primary aim of this study was to determine which features within the ground reaction force (GRF) trace during cutting are related to performance outcome in different angled cuts. The secondary aim was to understand the relationship between GRF features in a series of maximum strength, explosive strength, and reactive strength tests, and cutting performance outcome. Twenty-five male intercounty Gaelic football players (23.5 ± 4.2 years, 183 ± 6 cm, and 83 ± 6.9 kg) participated in the study. Subjects completed 110 and 45° cutting tasks, single leg squat jumps, drop landings, drop jumps, and isometric midthigh pulls. A principal component (PC) analysis and simulation approach were applied to the data and correlations between PCs and cutting performance outcome measured. Lower vertical to horizontal impulse ratios (r = −0.70 to −0.46) in both cuts and greater forces over the first 50 ms of ground contact (r = −0.44) in the 110° cut correlated with enhanced cutting performance outcomes. Greater reactive strength index and height in the drop jump (r = −0.51 and −0.54) and greater impulses over the first 25 ms of ground contact in the drop landing (r = 0.49 and 0.70) correlated with enhanced cutting performance outcomes. These results highlight the importance of greater horizontal and rapid force production in cutting and greater reactive strength qualities to enhance cutting performance.
Training Experience and Maturational, Morphological, and Fitness Attributes as Individual Performance Predictors in Male and Female Under-14 Portuguese Elite Basketball Players
Authors: Ramos Sérgio , Volossovitch Anna , Ferreira António P. , Fragoso Isabel , Massuça Luís M.
Published: February 2019

Ramos, S, Volossovitch, A, Ferreira, AP, Fragoso, I, and Massuça, LM. Training experience and maturational, morphological, and fitness attributes as individual performance predictors in male and female under-14 Portuguese elite basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2025–2032, 2021—The association of the biological maturation, morphological attributes, and fitness attributes of 13- to 14-year-old players selected to regional basketball teams, which participated in the Portuguese Festival of Youth Basketball, was analyzed in the study. A total of 416 under-14 Portuguese elite basketball players (male, n = 224; female, n = 192) were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. Maturational parameters (maturity offset and predicted age at peak height velocity), morphological attributes (body mass, stature, skinfolds, and lengths), and fitness (sprint, agility, jump, and upper-body strength) attributes were measured. In addition, basketball game performance was assessed using technical statistics (rebounds and point averages) and the performance index rating (PIR). Correlation analyses indicated that male players with better PIR/minute were taller, had a longer hand span, had more free-fat mass, and demonstrated better results in all jumping tests, upper-body strength tests, 20-m speed test, and agility T-test. Female players with better PIR/minute were significantly older, more matured, heavier, taller, and had longer arm and hand span. They also demonstrated better results in jumping tests, medicine ball throw, had greater practice experience, and were subjected to higher training loads. Multiple regression analysis showed that combined stature, handgrip strength, agility, and countermovement jump (with arm swing power) can be considered strong predictors of PIR per time played for male players. The prediction model for female players indicated that maturity offset, practice experience, and agility were the strongest predictors of basketball performance. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that around puberty, physical fitness attributes of elite basketball players of both sexes are associated with game performance parameters. Two regression models have been estimated to predict the performance of youth basketball players of both genders.
Effects of Equal Volume But Different Plyometric Jump Training Intensities on Components of Physical Fitness in Physically Active Young Males
Authors: Ramirez-Campillo Rodrigo , Moran Jason , Drury Benjamin , Williams Mark , Keogh Justin W. , Chaabene Helmi , Granacher Urs
Published: February 2019

Ramirez-Campillo, R, Moran, J, Drury, B, Williams, M, Keogh, JW, Chaabene, H, and Granacher, U. Effects of equal volume but different plyometric jump training intensities on components of physical fitness in physically active young males. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1916–1923, 2021—An 8-week single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of separate programs of equal volume, but different intensity, plyometric jump training (PJT), on physical fitness in healthy adults. Thirty-eight physically active males (mean age: 21.8 ± 2.5 years) participated. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 PJT groups or a control (CON, n = 9) according to their jump performance. Plyometric jump training was conducted at maximal (PJT-100, n = 10), high (PJT-80, n = 9), or moderate (PJT-65, n = 10) intensity within each group. Baseline and follow-up tests were performed for the assessment of countermovement jump (CMJ) height, CMJ height with arm swing (CMJA), and drop jump height from a 20-cm drop box (DJ20), linear speed (30 m), and change-of-direction speed (CODS) (the Illinois CODS test). Results revealed significant group × time interactions for CMJ, CMJA, DJ20, 30-m sprint, and CODS (all p < 0.001; d = 0.39–0.76). Post hoc analyses showed significant improvements in all 5 fitness measures for PJT-100 (all p < 0.01, Δ3.7–13.5%, d = 0.26–1.4). For PJT-80, 3 of 5 fitness tests demonstrated significant change (CMJ: p < 0.001, Δ5.9%, d = 0.33; CMJA: p < 0.001, Δ7.0%, d = 0.43; CODS: p < 0.001, Δ3.9%, d = 0.9), and for PJT-65, only 1 test was significant (CMJ: p < 0.05, Δ2.8%, d = 0.15). No significant changes were observed in CON. Except for similar gains in DJ20 and 30-m sprint in PJT-100 and PJT-80, gains in physical fitness were, in general, greater (p < 0.05) after PJT-100 vs. PJT-80 vs. PJT-65 vs. CON. Therefore, maximal PJT intensity may induce larger physical fitness gains, although high and moderate intensities may also be useful, but to a lesser extent.
Validity of Different Velocity-Based Methods and Repetitions-to-Failure Equations for Predicting the 1 Repetition Maximum During 2 Upper-Body Pulling Exercises
Authors: Pérez-Castilla Alejandro , Suzovic Dejan , Domanovic Aleksandra , Fernandes John F.T. , García-Ramos Amador
Published: February 2019

Pérez-Castilla, A, Suzovic, D, Domanovic, A, Fernandes, JFT, and García-Ramos, A. Validity of different velocity-based methods and repetitions-to-failure equations for predicting the 1 repetition maximum during 2 upper-body pulling exercises. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1800–1808, 2021—This study aimed to compare the accuracy of different velocity-based methods and repetitions-to-failure equations for predicting the 1 repetition maximum (i.e., maximum load that can be lifted once; 1RM) during 2 upper-body pulling exercises. Twenty-three healthy subjects (twelve men and eleven women) were tested in 2 sessions during the lat pull-down and seated cable row exercises. Each session consisted of an incremental loading test until reaching the 1RM followed by a set of repetitions-to-failure against the 80% 1RM load. The 1RM was estimated from the individual load-velocity relationships modeled through 4 (∼40, 55, 70, and 85% 1RM; multiple-point method) or 2 loads (∼40 and 85% 1RM; 2-point method). Mean velocity was recorded with a linear position transducer and a Smartphone application. Therefore, 4 velocity-based methods were used as a result of combining the 2 devices and the 2 methods. Two repetitions-to-failure equations (Mayhew and Wathen) were also used to predict the 1RM from the load and number of repetitions completed. The absolute differences with respect to the actual 1RM were higher for the repetitions-to-failure equations than velocity-based methods during the seated cable row exercise (p = 0.004), but not for the lat pull-down exercise (p = 0.200). The repetitions-to-failure equations significantly underestimated the actual 1RM (p < 0.05; range: −6.65 to −2.14 kg), whereas no systematic differences were observed for the velocity-based methods (range: −1.75 to 1.65 kg). All predicted 1RMs were highly correlated with the actual 1RM (r ≥ 0.96). The velocity-based methods provide a more accurate estimate of the 1RM than the Mayhew and Wathen repetitions-to-failure equations during the lat pull-down and seated cable row exercises.
Unilateral Isometric Squat: Test Reliability, Interlimb Asymmetries, and Relationships With Limb Dominance
Authors: Bishop Chris , Read Paul , Lake Jason , Loturco Irineu , Dawes Jay , Madruga Marc , Romero-Rodrigues Daniel , Chavda Shyam , Turner Anthony
Published: February 2019

Bishop, C, Read, P, Lake, J, Loturco, I, Dawes, J, Madruga, M, Romero-Rodrigues, D, Chavda, S, and Turner, A. Unilateral isometric squat: Test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance. J Strength Cond Res 35(2S): S144–S151, 2021—The aim of this study was to determine test reliability, establish interlimb asymmetries and their associations with force production capability on the dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) limbs during the unilateral isometric squat test. Twenty-eight recreational sport athletes attended a single-test session after familiarization and performed 3 trials on each limb with 140° of hip and knee flexion, to assess peak force (PF), rate of force development (RFD), and impulse at different time intervals. Reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and Pearson's r correlations were computed thereafter. Test reliability was metric-dependent with only PF showing good levels of reliability on both limbs (coefficient of variation = 5.44–5.70; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.93–0.94). Interlimb asymmetries ranged from 8.36 to 25.46%, with a tendency for RFD and impulse asymmetries to reduce as time intervals increased. Three significant negative relationships of a possible 49 (r = −0.43 to −0.47; p < 0.05) were found between asymmetries and performance on the D limb. However, 31 significant negative correlations (r = −0.42 to −0.71; p < 0.05) were found between asymmetries and performance on the ND limb. These findings demonstrate that practitioners may only be able to use PF as a reliable test metric during a unilateral isometric strength test. Furthermore, the negative association between asymmetries and strength performance on the ND limb may indicate that the reduction of imbalances through targeted training interventions may be warranted.
Differences in Acceleration and High-Intensity Activities Between Small-Sided Games and Peak Periods of Official Matches in Elite Soccer Players
Authors: Dalen Terje , Sandmæl Simen , Stevens Tom G.A , Hjelde Geir H. , Kjøsnes Terje N. , Wisløff Ulrik
Published: February 2019

Dalen, T, Sandmæl, S, Stevens, TGA, Hjelde, GH, Kjøsnes, TN, and Wisløff, U. Differences in acceleration and high-intensity activities between small-sided games and peak periods of official matches in elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2018–2024, 2021—The purpose of this study was to compare whether the physical performance of players during 4 vs. 4 + goalkeeper (4 vs. 4) and 6 vs. 6 + goalkeeper (6 vs. 6) small-sided games (SSGs) is equivalent to those experienced during the most intense 5-minute period of soccer match play. Twenty-six male soccer players from an elite Norwegian league team took part. Players were monitored during 18 matches, 56 SSGs: twenty-eight 4 vs. 4 and twenty-eight 6 vs. 6 games. The ZXY Sport Tracking System was used to measure for each player the total distance covered, high-intensity running distance, sprint distance, number of accelerations, and player load (all expressed per minute). To compare the physical performance variables on players during the SSGs formats and match play, a 1-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used. Players performed the same number of accelerations and player load in 4 vs. 4 (1.7 and 248, respectively) as in peak match (1.6 and 227, respectively), whereas in 6 vs. 6, there were 63% fewer accelerations and 15% lower player load (1.2 and 198, respectively), than in peak match. High-intensity running and sprint distance were significantly lower than mean match values in both 4 vs. 4 (4.1 and 0.2 m vs. 8.2 and 1.7 m) and 6 vs. 6 games (2.7 and 0.21 m vs. 8.2 and 1.7 m) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, only 4 vs. 4 SSGs are highly valuable, and in that, they elicit player load and accelerations to a level that is (at least) equivalent with peak periods of official match play.
Exercise Technique: The Dead Bug
Authors: Mullane Michael , Turner Anthony , Bishop Chris
Published: February 2019

STRENGTH AND STABILITY OF THE TORSO THROUGH CORE TRAINING PROVIDES THE FOUNDATIONS ON WHICH DISTAL LIMBS CAN FUNCTION EFFICIENTLY. THE DEAD BUG IS ONE SUCH EXERCISE THAT PROMOTES LUMBOPELVIC STABILITY AND WITHIN A STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROGRAM THAT CAN AID IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH AND POWER WHILE ALSO REDUCING THE RISK OF INJURY. THIS COLUMN WILL DISCUSS THE MUSCLES ACTIVATED, PROPER EXERCISE TECHNIQUE, REGRESSIONS AND PROGRESSIONS, AND PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE DEAD BUG EXERCISE.
A Swim-Specific Shoulder Strength and Conditioning Program for Front Crawl Swimmers
Authors: Bradley John , Kerr Stewart , Bowmaker David , Gomez Jean-Francois
Published: February 2019

ALTHOUGH SWIMMING IS A WHOLE-BODY ACTIVITY, SHOULDER PROBLEMS CAN BE QUITE COMMON IN COMPETITIVE SWIMMERS. THE PROPULSION FOR SWIMMING COMES LARGELY FROM THE UPPER BODY BUT THE LOWER BODY AND TRUNK PLAY AN IMPORTANT SUPPORTING ROLE. THE SWIMMING SHOULDER KINETIC CHAIN (SSKC) DESCRIBES THE GENERATION OF SWIMMING PROPULSION USING THE WHOLE BODY. EFFECTIVE SWIMMERS WILL USE THE SSKC IN THEIR STROKE, SO EFFECTIVE STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROGRAMS SHOULD ALSO INCLUDE THE SSKC. A SERIES OF SWIM-SPECIFIC EXERCISES USING THE SSKC ARE PRESENTED THAT FOCUS ON THE SHOULDER BUT CAN FORM THE BASIS OF A WHOLE-BODY SWIMMING STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROGRAM.
Biomechanical Comparison of Cutting Techniques: A Review and Practical Applications
Authors: Dos'Santos Thomas , McBurnie Alistair , Thomas Christopher , Comfort Paul , Jones Paul A.
Published: February 2019

CUTTING ACTIONS ARE IMPORTANT MANEUVERS IN MULTIDIRECTIONAL SPORT AND ARE ALSO KEY ACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NONCONTACT ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY; HOWEVER, IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT 3 PRIMARY CUTTING TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN STUDIED WITHIN THE LITERATURE: THE SIDE-STEP, CROSSOVER CUT, AND SPLIT-STEP. THESE CUTTING TECHNIQUES DEMONSTRATE KINETIC AND KINEMATIC DIFFERENCES, WHICH HAVE DISTINCT IMPLICATIONS FOR BOTH PERFORMANCE AND POTENTIAL INJURY RISK. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE 3 CUTTING TECHNIQUES AND PROVIDE CUTTING TECHNICAL GUIDELINES, VERBAL COACHING CUES, AND CHANGE-OF-DIRECTION SPEED AND AGILITY PROGRAMMING RECOMMENDATIONS TO ENHANCE PERFORMANCE AND PROMOTE SAFER MECHANICS.
Considerations for Coaching Athletes With Prosthetic Limbs for Transtibial and Transfemoral Amputations
Authors: Nutter Drew L.
Published: February 2019

TECHNOLOGICAL AND PROCEDURAL ADVANCEMENTS HAVE MADE IT EASIER FOR PEOPLE WITH AMPUTATIONS OR OTHER IMPAIRMENTS TO ENGAGE IN STRENGTH TRAINING. ALTHOUGH OVERALL STRENGTH TRAINING PRINCIPLES DO NOT CHANGE FOR THESE ATHLETES, SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE APPLIED. THE GOAL OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THOSE CONSIDERATIONS AND PROVIDE EXAMPLES OF THE TRIAL AND ERROR PROCESS THAT CAN OCCUR TO OPTIMIZE AND PROVIDE EFFECTIVE COACHING FOR THE ATHLETE WITH A LOWER EXTREMITY PROSTHESIS.
Normality of Post-Crack Performance Data for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Bernard E. S. , Xu G. G.
Published: February 2019

With the increasing use of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) for civil infrastructure projects, challenges have become apparent in quality control (QC) testing for this material. The most common problem is high variability, but a secondary problem is identifying the most appropriate probability distribution function (PDF) for post-crack performance data. This article has examined the second of these challenges. It is widely assumed that the normal PDF most reliably describes the distribution of outcomes for many stochastic processes. Most of the conventions underlying probabilistic modeling of engineering processes are therefore predicated upon a normal distribution of material properties. However, evidence exists that other functions, such as the Weibull, lognormal, or gamma distribution functions, may be more appropriate representations of the distribution of test results for some post-crack performance parameters related to FRC, such as fatigue life. The present investigation has examined a large body of QC data to identify the most reliable function describing the probability distribution of post-crack performance of FRC as obtained from ASTM C1550, Standard Test Method for Flexural Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (Using Centrally Loaded Round Panel), and ASTM C1609/C1609M, Standard Test Method for Flexural Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam with Third-Point Loading). The results demonstrate that the normal and lognormal functions model the distribution of post-crack performance data obtained for FRC equally well. However, the normal function produces the best fit for data assembled from multiple specimen sets, thereby confirming the validity of the central limit theorem. Moreover, a derivative of the normal function also reliably predicts the distribution of variances for data sets comprising a small number of replicate test results.
Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steel in Chloride-Contaminated Carbonated Concrete
Authors: Lollini Federica , Carsana Maddalena , Gastaldi Matteo , Redaelli Elena
Published: February 2019

The use of chloride-contaminated raw materials can minimize the consumption of natural resources, e.g., fresh water and virgin rocks, in the production of concrete to increase the sustainability of the construction sector. However, the possible benefits in terms of improved sustainability of concrete can only be evaluated on the long term, considering the durability (i.e., concrete’s ability to guarantee an adequate service life when exposed in operating conditions). In this research, the use of stainless steel reinforcement in combination with chloride-contaminated concrete has been studied to construct durable and sustainable concrete infrastructures. Preliminary results showed that both austenitic (i.e., 304L and XM-28) and duplex (i.e., 23-04 and 22-05) stainless steels are suitable to be used in concrete made with chloride-contaminated raw materials and exposed to different environmental conditions, without chloride penetration. However, when stainless steel bars are embedded in carbonated concrete, their corrosion resistance might be impaired. This article compares the corrosion behavior of the different stainless steels, two austenitic (304L and XM-28) and two duplex (23-04 and 22-05), embedded in alkaline and carbonated concrete and exposed to different controlled environmental conditions to simulate aggressive environments. Results showed that 304L, 23-04, and 22-05 stainless steels are suitable to be used also in concrete contaminated by chlorides even after carbonation and in the harshest exposure conditions. Conversely, corrosion might initiate on XM-28 when exposed to the most aggressive exposure conditions.
Optimal Point-to-Point Path Planning of Manipulator by Using Vibration Damping Optimization Algorithm and Game Theory Method
Authors: Nobari Omid , Nobari Arash , Eslamipoor Reza
Published: February 2019

In this article, designing an optimal path in two forms of point-to-point is investigated. In the first case, the optimal path planning and determination of the load-carrying capacity of a manipulator in a point-to-point and open-loop case is studied. In the second case, the path-planning problem and maximum load-carrying capacity of manipulators are investigated in a closed-loop point-to-point case. Designing an optimal path in a point-to-point and open-loop case is studied using a vibration damping optimization algorithm. In order to design the controller in the closed-loop case, the game theory approach, which is a generalized form of nonlinear optimum control, is used. In this method, in addition to considering the dynamics of the manipulator, the dynamics of the driving system are also considered. Moreover, the method is able to investigate the effects of the disturbances introduced by the driving system. In the proposed method, the voltage of engines and system disturbances are considered as the players. The optimum strategy of players is calculated based on the Nash equilibrium strategy, and the optimum value of control inputs is determined using an iterative algorithm based on solving Riccati equations. The problem of designing a controller is proposed in the form of a differential game problem with zero sum. The results indicate that for a fixed-base two-link manipulator, the design of the controller based on a differential game made it possible to control the effect of system disturbances so that the load-carrying capacity experienced small changes compared to the desired case and without system disturbances resulting from the data obtained from point-to-point and open-loop cases.
Modified Taguchi Approach to Trace the Optimum GMAW Process Parameters on Weld Dilution for ST-37 Steel Plates
Authors: Rajyalakshmi K. , Nageswara Rao B.
Published: February 2019

Because of measurement errors and unknown influential input process parameters, unavoidable scatter can be expected in the nonlinear output response of repeated experiments. The Taguchi method suggests an orthogonal array for identifying optimum input process parameters by performing a few tests and confirming through experiments (if necessary). This article provides a simple methodology and its validation by tracing the optimum gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process parameters on the %weld dilution of ST-37 steel plates. It is possible to specify the expected range of the weld dilution for the GMAW process parameters.
Fotoluminescência da zircônia estabilizada com ítrio recoberta com ceria: Estudo da influência do revestimento
Authors: Rodrigues Murillo Henrique de Matos , Figueiredo José Theóphilo de Oliveira , Borges Kellen Cristina Mesquita , Gonçalves Rosana De Fátima , Li Máximo Siu , Gurgel Maria Fernanda do Carmo , Carreño Neftalí Lenin Villarreal , Marques Ana Paula de Azevedo , Motta Fabiana Villela , Godinho Junior Mario
Published: February 2019

Na síntese dos nanocompósitos preparou-se, utilizando o método Pechini, o citrato de céria para recobrir o ZrO2 estabilizado com Ítrio comercial nas proporções de 1, 3 e 5% em mol de CeO2. Foram utilizados na caracterização dos nanocompósitos de ZrO2 estabilizado com Ítrio recoberto com ceria as técnicas de Difração de Raios X, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, Energia Dispersiva de Raios X e Emissão Fotoluminescente, a propriedade de FL foi avaliada a temperatura ambiente. Observando que, quando variando a porcentagem da quantidade de mol no recobrimento há uma influência na intensidade FL do material, indicando que uma menor porcentagem em mol de recobrimento provoca uma maior emissão quando comparado ao material com maior porcentagem em mol de recobrimento, devido a geração de um grau de ordem e desordem proveniente da interface entre os dois materiais.
Sinterização de cerâmicas de BaZr1− xYxO3 − δ para uso em células a combustíveis de óxido sólido
Authors: Borges Kellen Cristina Mesquita , Gonçalves Rosana De Fátima , Rodrigues Murillo Henrrique de Matos , Santos Maria Rita De Cassia , Carreno Neftalí Lenin Villarreal , Marques Ana Paula De Azevedo , Godinho Júnior Mario
Published: February 2019

Os materiais cerâmicos a base de zirconato de bário dopado com 8; 15 e 20 % em mol de ítrio (BaZr1− xYxO3 − δ), foram sintetizados pelo método dos precursores poliméricos com calcinação em 900 ºC por 2 horas. As nanopartículas foram analisadas por difração de raios X obtendo-se a estrutura cúbica do tipo perovskita. Pela equação de Scherrer calculou-se o tamanho médio dos cristalitos, sendo de 20,89; 18,30 e 15,17 nm para a dopagem com 8, 15 e 20 % em mol de ítrio, respectivamente. A sinterabilidade dos materiais foi verificada por análise dilatométrica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV/FEG) e pelo método de Arquimedes. As amostras sinterizadas a 1600 °C por 4 horas apresentaram 56,8; 58,9 e 73,8% de densificação para 8, 15 e 20 % em mol de ítrio, respectivamente. A partir disso, verifica-se um aumento na sinterização com a inserção de maior concentração de dopante, sendo de grande importância para a aplicação em eletrólitos sólidos condutores protônicos utilizados em células a combustível.
The Role of Glutamatergic and Dopaminergic Neurons in the Periaqueductal Gray/Dorsal Raphe: Separating Analgesia and Anxiety
Authors: Taylor Norman E. , Pei JunZhu , Zhang Jie , Vlasov Ksenia Y. , Davis Trevor , Taylor Emma , Weng Feng-Ju , Van Dort Christa J. , Solt Ken , Brown Emery N.
Published: February 2019

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a significant modulator of both analgesic and fear behaviors in both humans and rodents, but the underlying circuitry responsible for these two phenotypes is incompletely understood. Importantly, it is not known if there is a way to produce analgesia without anxiety by targeting the PAG, as modulation of glutamate or GABA neurons in this area initiates both antinociceptive and anxiogenic behavior. While dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG)/dorsal raphe display a supraspinal antinociceptive effect, their influence on anxiety and fear are unknown. Using DAT-cre and Vglut2-cre male mice, we introduced designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) to DA and glutamate neurons within the vlPAG using viral-mediated delivery and found that levels of analgesia were significant and quantitatively similar when DA and glutamate neurons were selectively stimulated. Activation of glutamatergic neurons, however, reliably produced higher indices of anxiety, with increased freezing time and more time spent in the safety of a dark enclosure. In contrast, animals in which PAG/dorsal raphe DA neurons were stimulated failed to show fear behaviors. DA-mediated antinociception was inhibitable by haloperidol and was sufficient to prevent persistent inflammatory pain induced by carrageenan. In summary, only activation of DA neurons in the PAG/dorsal raphe produced profound analgesia without signs of anxiety, indicating that PAG/dorsal raphe DA neurons are an important target involved in analgesia that may lead to new treatments for pain.
The Role of the Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Proteins Kv8.2 and Kv2.1 in Vision and Retinal Disease: Insights from the Study of Mouse Gene Knock-Out Mutations
Authors: Hart Nathan S. , Mountford Jessica K. , Voigt Valentina , Fuller-Carter Paula , Barth Melanie , Nerbonne Jeanne M. , Hunt David M. , Carvalho Livia S.
Published: February 2019

Mutations in theKCNV2gene, which encodes the voltage-gated K+channel protein Kv8.2, cause a distinctive form of cone dystrophy with a supernormal rod response (CDSRR). Kv8.2 channel subunits only form functional channels when combined in a heterotetramer with Kv2.1 subunits encoded by theKCNB1gene. The CDSRR disease phenotype indicates that photoreceptor adaptation is disrupted. The electroretinogram (ERG) response of affected individuals shows depressed rod and cone activity, but what distinguishes this disease is the supernormal rod response to a bright flash of light. Here, we have utilized knock-out mutations of both genes in the mouse to study the pathophysiology of CDSRR. The Kv8.2 knock-out (KO) mice show many similarities to the human disorder, including a depressed a-wave and an elevated b-wave response with bright light stimulation. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and immunohistochemistry indicate that the changes in six-month-old Kv8.2 KO retinae are largely limited to the outer nuclear layer (ONL), while outer segments appear intact. In addition, there is a significant increase in TUNEL-positive cells throughout the retina. The Kv2.1 KO and double KO mice also show a severely depressed a-wave, but the elevated b-wave response is absent. Interestingly, in all three KO genotypes, the c-wave is totally absent. The differential response shown here of these KO lines, that either possess homomeric channels or lack channels completely, has provided further insights into the role of K+channels in the generation of the a-, b-, and c-wave components of the ERG.
Selective Activation of Cholecystokinin-Expressing GABA (CCK-GABA) Neurons Enhances Memory and Cognition
Authors: Whissell Paul D. , Bang Jee Yoon , Khan Ikram , Xie Yu-Feng , Parfitt Gustavo M. , Grenon Martine , Plummer Nicholas W. , Jensen Patricia , Bonin Robert P. , Kim Jun Chul
Published: February 2019

Cholecystokinin-expressing GABAergic (CCK-GABA) neurons are perisomatic inhibitory cells that have been argued to regulate emotion and sculpt the network oscillations associated with cognition. However, no study has selectively manipulated CCK-GABA neuron activity during behavior in freely-moving animals. To explore the behavioral effects of activating CCK-GABA neurons on emotion and cognition, we utilized a novel intersectional genetic mouse model coupled with a chemogenetic approach. Specifically, we generated triple transgenicCCK-Cre;Dlx5/6-Flpe;RC::FL-hM3Dq(CCK-GABA/hM3Dq) mice that expressed the synthetic excitatory hM3Dq receptor in CCK-GABA neurons. Results showed that clozapine-N-oxide (CNO)-mediated activation of CCK-GABA neurons did not alter open field (OF) or tail suspension (TS) performance and only slightly increased anxiety in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Although CNO treatment had only modestly affected emotional behavior, it significantly enhanced multiple cognitive and memory behaviors including social recognition, contextual fear conditioning, contextual discrimination, object recognition, and problem-solving in the puzzle box. Collectively, these findings suggest that systemic activation of CCK-GABA neurons minimally affects emotion but significantly enhances cognition and memory. Our results imply that CCK-GABA neurons are more functionally diverse than originally expected and could serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive/memory disorders.
The VWFA Is the Home of Orthographic Learning When Houses Are Used as Letters
Authors: Martin Lea , Durisko Corrine , Moore Michelle W. , Coutanche Marc N. , Chen Deborah , Fiez Julie A.
Published: February 2019

Learning to read specializes a portion of the left mid-fusiform cortex for printed word recognition, the putative visual word form area (VWFA). This study examined whether a VWFA specialized for English is sufficiently malleable to support learning a perceptually atypical second writing system. The study utilized an artificial orthography, HouseFont, in which house images represent English phonemes. House images elicit category-biased activation in a spatially distinct brain region, the so-called parahippocampal place area (PPA). Using house images as letters made it possible to test whether the capacity for learning a second writing system involves neural territory that supports reading in the first writing system, or neural territory tuned for the visual features of the new orthography. Twelve human adults completed two weeks of training to establish basic HouseFont reading proficiency and underwent functional neuroimaging pre and post-training. Analysis of three functionally defined regions of interest (ROIs), the VWFA, and left and right PPA, found significant pre-training versus post-training increases in response to HouseFont words only in the VWFA. Analysis of the relationship between the behavioral and neural data found that activation changes from pre-training to post-training within the VWFA predicted HouseFont reading speed. These results demonstrate that learning a new orthography utilizes neural territory previously specialized by the acquisition of a native writing system. Further, they suggest VWFA engagement is driven by orthographic functionality and not the visual characteristics of graphemes, which informs the broader debate about the nature of category-specialized areas in visual association cortex.
A Poly-Glutamine Region in theDrosophilaVAChT Dictates Fill-Level of Cholinergic Synaptic Vesicles
Authors: Vernon Samuel W. , Goodchild Jim , Baines Richard A.
Published: February 2019

While the primary role of vesicular transporters is to load neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles (SVs), accumulating evidence suggests that these proteins also contribute to additional aspects of synaptic function, including vesicle release. In this study, we extend the role of the VAChT to include regulating the transmitter content of SVs. We report that manipulation of a C-terminal poly-glutamine (polyQ) region in theDrosophilaVAChT is sufficient to influence transmitter content, and release frequency, of cholinergic vesicles from the terminals of premotor interneurons. Specifically, we find that reduction of the polyQ region, by one glutamine residue (13Qto12Q), results in a significant increase in both amplitude and frequency of spontaneous cholinergic miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) recorded in the aCC and RP2 motoneurons. Moreover, this truncation also results in evoked synaptic currents that show increased duration: consistent with increased ACh release. By contrast, extension of the polyQ region by one glutamine (13Qto14Q) is sufficient to reduce mEPSC amplitude and frequency and, moreover, prevents evoked SV release. Finally, a complete deletion of the polyQ region (13Q to 0Q) has no obvious effects to mEPSCs, but again evoked synaptic currents show increased duration. The mechanisms that ensure SVs are filled to physiologically-appropriate levels remain unknown. Our study identifies the polyQ region of the insect VAChT to be required for correct vesicle transmitter loading and, thus, provides opportunity to increase understanding of this critical aspect of neurotransmission.
Perturbation of Macaque Supplementary Motor Area Produces Context-Independent Changes in the Probability of Movement Initiation
Authors: Zimnik Andrew J. , Lara Antonio H. , Churchland Mark M.
Published: February 2019

The contribution of the supplementary motor area (SMA) to movement initiation remains unclear. SMA exhibits premovement activity across a variety of contexts, including externally cued and self-initiated movements. Yet SMA lesions impair initiation primarily for self-initiated movements. Does SMA influence initiation across contexts or does it play a more specialized role, perhaps contributing only when initiation is less dependent on external cues? To address this question, we perturbed SMA activity via microstimulation at variable times before movement onset. Experiments used two adult male rhesus monkeys trained on a reaching task. We used three contexts that differed regarding how tightly movement initiation was linked to external cues. Movement kinematics were not altered by microstimulation. Instead, microstimulation induced a variety of changes in the timing of movement initiation, with different effects dominating for different contexts. Despite their diversity, these changes could be explained by a simple model where microstimulation has a stereotyped impact on the probability of initiation. Surprisingly, a unified model accounted for effects across all three contexts, regardless of whether initiation was determined more by external cues versus internal considerations. All effects were present for stimulation both contralateral and ipsilateral to the moving arm. Thus, the probability of initiating a pending movement is altered by perturbation of SMA activity. However, changes in initiation probability are independent of the balance of internal and external factors that establish the baseline initiation probability.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe role of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in initiating movement remains unclear. Lesion experiments suggest that SMA makes a critical contribution only for self-initiated movements. Yet SMA is active before movements made under a range of contexts, suggesting a less-specialized role in movement initiation. Here, we use microstimulation to probe the role of SMA across a range of behavioral contexts that vary in the degree to which movement onset is influenced by external cues. We demonstrate that microstimulation produces a temporally stereotyped change in the probability of initiation that is independent of context. These results argue that SMA participates in the computations that lead to movement initiation and does so across a variety of contexts.
RESPONSE SURFACE ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION OF Musa acuminata SLICES
Authors: Tiroutchelvame D. , Prakash Maran J. , Pragalyaashree M.M.
Published: February 2019

The mass transfer characters were quantitatively investigated during osmotic dehydration of Musa acuminata slices using response surface methodology with sugar concentration of 30-50 oBrix, temperature of 30-50℃, osmotic dehydration time of 30-180 minutes and sample to solution ratio of 1:5-1:15 g/ml as the independent process variables. Quadratic regression equations were obtained to describe the effects of independent process variables on the weight reduction (WR), solid gain (SG) and water loss (WL). From the results, it was found that, all the independent variables had significant effect on mass transfer characteristics during osmotic dehydration of banana slices. The optimal condition for osmotic dehydration of M.acuminata slices was found to be: osmotic solution concentration of 43oBrix, sample to solution ratio of 1:10 g/ml, osmotic solution temperature of 50℃ and osmotic dehydration time of 164 minutes respectively.