bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adoption ou rejet de l’innovation, une approche par la théorie des prospects : le cas des vins allégés en alcool
Authors: Sorio Rossella , Siadou-Martin Béatrice
Published: January 2019

Cette recherche s’intéresse à l’impact de la modification du contenu en alcool, perçu comme attribut central de la catégorie « vin », sur la catégorisation et les préférences des consommateurs. Elle a été conduite auprès de consommateurs français et italiens, deux pays caractérisés par une ancienne tradition viti-vinicole. Cette étude montre que la modification de cet attribut impacte la catégorisation, car peu de répondants identifient le vin allégé en alcool comme un vin. En revanche, les résultats entre les deux pays diffèrent quand on considère l’importance du critère « contenu en alcool » lors de l’achat et de la consommation du vin. Alors que pour les répondants français cet attribut n’intervient pas comme un critère discriminant, il est de toute première importance au moment de l’achat et de la consommation auprès des sondés italiens. Les implications managériales, notamment en termes d’innovations possibles pour le secteur vini-viticole, sont finalement discutées. Codes JEL : M31
Conditionnel et irréel du passé dans le système hypothétique : facteurs d’évolution à la période classique
Authors: Combettes Bernard
Published: January 2019

Le but de cette étude est d’examiner d’un point de vue diachronique la concurrence du conditionnel passé et du subjonctif plus-que-parfait dans le système hypothétique de l’irréel du passé, le conditionnel prenant peu à peu la place du subjonctif dans les systèmes mixtes. En prenant en compte la période du français préclassique et classique, on essayera de vérifier l’hypothèse que l’ordre respectif de la subordonnée et de la proposition principale est l’un des facteurs de l’évolution, la séquence protase + apodose favorisant l’emploi du conditionnel, qui apparaît comme faisant partie intégrante de la construction hypothétique prototypique, alors que la valeur d’irréel du subjonctif est moins dépendante du contexte syntaxique.
De l’épistémique au déontique : un usage du conditionnel en contexte argumentatif
Authors: Oswald Steve , Rihs Alain
Published: January 2019

Cet article traite d’un usage particulier du conditionnel, illustré en contexte argumentatif et identifiable à l’expression d’une modalité déontique. Après avoir mis en évidence une valeur sémantique invariante du conditionnel, à savoir le caractère irrealis des états de choses auxquels il est appliqué, les auteurs analysent trois extraits de discours dans lesquels cette valeur semble éludée au profit d’un jugement d’« indésirabilité ». L’article ambitionne de montrer in fine que l’usage déontique peut être envisagé dans le cadre interprétatif même offert par le conditionnel d’irréalité, le locuteur décrivant des situations qu’il voudrait inexistantes.
A Concept Analysis of Conceptual Learning: A Guide for Educators
Authors: Fletcher Katherine A. , Hicks Vicki L. , Johnson Regina H. , Laverentz Delois Meyer , Phillips Christina J. , Pierce Lynelle N.B. , Wilhoite Deana L. , Gay Jessica E.
Published: January 2019

Background:

Concept-based curricula, coupled with conceptual approach to teaching, fosters conceptual learning. There is a need for clarity in the definition of conceptual learning.

Method:

Walker and Avant's method of concept analysis was used.

Results:

Conceptual learning is a process in which learners organize concept-relevant knowledge, skills, and attitudes to form logical cognitive connections resulting in assimilation, storage, retrieval, and transfer of concepts to applicable situations, familiar and unfamiliar. Attributes identified were (a) recognizing patterns in information, (b) forming linkages with concepts, (c) acquiring deeper understanding of concepts, (d) developing personal relevance, and (e) applying concepts to other situations. Antecedents were (a) learner cognitive potential, (b) organized conceptual framework, and (c) conceptual approach to teaching. Consequences were (a) enhanced synthesis and analysis, (b) improved problem solving, (c) ability to translate theory to practice, (d) appreciation of linear/nonlinear ways of thinking, and (e) enhanced concept construction.

Conclusion:

This analysis provides a referent for recognizing the occurrence of conceptual learning and developing instruments to measure its outcomes.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2019;58(1):7–15.]
One Year On: Cultural Competence of Australian Nursing Students Following International Service-Learning
Authors: Gower Shelley , Duggan Ravani , Dantas Jaya A.R. , Boldy Duncan
Published: January 2019

Background:

The effective delivery of health care to the growing multicultural population within Australia is a challenge for the nursing profession. A breakdown in cross-cultural communication and understanding, which stems from the tendency of nurses to project their own culturally specific values and behaviors onto patients and colleagues from other countries, can contribute significantly to non-compliance in migrant populations and conflict in collegial relationships.

Method:

The Inventory for Assessing the Process of Cultural Competence-Revised was administered to Australian undergraduate nursing students immediately before, immediately after, and 12 months after returning from international clinical placement. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential functions of SPSS.

Results:

Overall cultural competence increased immediately following the placement and was sustained over time. However, there were significant differences among the five constructs measured.

Conclusion:

International clinical placements enhance cultural competence but targeted activities need to be undertaken pre-placement to develop specific aspects, in particular cultural desire.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2019;58(1):17–26.]
Millennial Nursing Students' Experiences in a Traditional Classroom Setting
Authors: Cantrell Mary Ann , Farer Danielle
Published: January 2019

Background:

The dissonance experienced between nurse educators and millennial students is a well-known phenomenon, yet evidence ascertaining what these learners seek to actively engage in meaningful learning is scant. The purpose of this study was to analyze millennial undergraduate nursing students' experiences in traditional nursing classrooms, which included their interactions with nursing faculty.

Method:

This was a multisite qualitative study. Eight focus groups were conducted at six schools of nursing comprising a total of 220 millennial generation undergraduate nursing students.

Results:

The interpreted meaning of students' integrated experiences are reflected into four themes and one subtheme: (a) being physically present but mentally dislocated, (b) wanting more from disengaged professors, (c) surface learning, (d) lack of trust, and (e) wanting respect and dignity from professors. The essence of the phenomenon is disenfranchised learning.

Conclusion:

A critical examination of conventional educational practices in nursing programs is needed.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2019;58(1):27–32.]
Vertical Diplopia Following Peribulbar Anesthesia: The Role of Hyaluronidase
Authors: Strouthidis Nicholas G , Sobha Sivaprasad , Lanigan Lumina P , Hammond Christopher J
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To estimate the incidence of vertical diplopia following peribulbar anesthesia in otherwise uncomplicated cataract surgery and to establish whether the use of hyaluronidase in the peribulbar injection mixture affected the likelihood of this complication.

Methods: Nine hundred forty consecutive phacoemulsification procedures using peribulbar anesthesia were retrospectively reviewed to identify cases of postoperative vertical diplopia. Case notes were reviewed to establish the nature and timing of the onset of diplopia, the anesthetic technique, and whether hyaluronidase was used. The patterns of progression as demonstrated by serial Hess charts were compared.

Results: There were 6 cases of vertical diplopia (incidence, 0.64%). All showed an immediate postoperative hypertropia in the injected eye changing during a 4- to 6-week period to hypotropia with restriction of upgaze. All applications of anesthesia were administered by consultant anesthetists, associate specialists, or residents under their direct supervision using 25-mm, 25gauge needles with 2% lidocame. Hyaluronidase was included in the injection mixture for 435 (46%) of the cases and was not included for 505 (54%) of the cases. All 6 cases of vertical diplopia occurred in the group in which hyaluronidase was not used, which has a significant association (chisquaretest, 5.22; P= .023).

Conclusion: Hyaluronidase should be included in peribulbar anesthetics to reduce the risk of postoperative vertical diplopia.

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2004;41 :25-30.
Peripheral and Central Visual Fields in 11-Year-Old Children Who Had Been Born Prematurely and At Term
Authors: Larsson Eva , Martin Lene , Holmström Gerd
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To examine the peripheral and central visual fields in children who had been born prematurely and at term.

Methods: Four groups of 11-year-old children were examined: group 1 included 24 children who had been born at term (control group); group 2 included 20 children who had been born prematurely without ROP; group 3 included 22 children who had been born prematurely with untreated ROP (stages 2 and 3); and group 4 included 21 children who had been born prematurely and underwent cryotreatment for severe ROP. Their peripheral visual fields were examined with Goldmann perimetry. Static high-pass resolution perimetry was used to evaluate their central visual fields within 30°.

Results: The peripheral visual fields were constricted in children who had undergone cryotreatment (group 4), as compared with the other groups (1 to 3). We found no difference between the groups of children who had been born prematurely with or without ROP (groups 2 and 3) and the control group. The function of the central visual fields, expressed as neural capacity, was reduced in the children who had been born prematurely compared with the controls, significantly in their left eyes only. The children who underwent cryotreament did not differ from the other children who had been born prematurely in this respect.

Conclusions: The peripheral visual fields were constricted in children who had undergone cryotreatment. It is uncertain whether this was caused by the treatment or by severe ROP. The central visual fields showed a tendency of reduced neural capacity in the children who had been born prematurely, reflecting a reduced density of retinocortical neural channels. However, this was not related to ROP or cryotreatment.

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2004;41 :39-45.
Bilateral Spontaneous Hyphema With Uveitis in a Young Girl
Authors: Shimada Yoshiaki , Horiguchi Masayuki , Okubo Taku
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A healthy 5-year-old girl presented with bilateral hyphema as an initial symptom of uveitis. The ocular findings and the patient's age suggested that the uveitis was due to juvenile rheumatic arthritis or chronic iridocyclítis. J Pediatr Opkthaimol Strabismus 2004;4l:l 14-115.
Test-Taking Anxiety Among Nursing & General College Students
Authors: Brewer Thomas
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

This study examined whether nursing students experience an unusual amount of debilitative anxiety in academic achievement, compared to general university students, and provided senior psychiatric nursing students with a hands-on experience in research. A nonprobability convenience sample of 225 students was drawn from a university in the eastern United States. Alpert and Haber's Achievement Anxiety Test was administered to 94 nursing students and 131 general university students. Results indicated that nursing students do not have a statistically significantly higher debilitative anxiety than the general student population. However, all students experienced significantly higher levels of debilitative anxiety than were found by Alpert and Haber. Implications for academic nursing are discussed.
Addressing Security Issues of the Internet of Things Using Physically Unclonable Functions
Authors: Sultan Ishfaq , Banday Mohammad Tariq
Published: January 2019

The spatial ubiquity and the huge number of employed nodes monitoring the surroundings, individuals, and devices makes security a key challenge in IoT. Serious security apprehensions are evolving in terms of data authenticity, integrity, and confidentiality. Consequently, IoT requires security to be assured down to the hardware level, as the authenticity and the integrity need to be guaranteed in terms of the hardware implementation of each IoT node. Physically unclonable functions recreate the keys only while the chip is being powered on, replacing the conventional key storage which requires storing information. Compared to extrinsic key storage, they are able to generate intrinsic keys and are far less susceptible against physical attacks. Physically unclonable functions have drawn considerable attention due to their ability to economically introduce hardware-level security into individual silicon dice. This chapter introduces the notion of physically unclonable functions, their scenarios for hardware security in IoT devices, and their interaction with traditional cryptography.
Hardware Primitives-Based Security Protocols for the Internet of Things
Authors: Aman Muhammad Naveed , Chua Kee Chaing , Sikdar Biplab
Published: January 2019

IoT is the enabling technology for a variety of new exciting services in a wide range of application areas including environmental monitoring, healthcare systems, energy management, transportation, and home and commercial automation. However, the low-cost and straightforward nature of IoT devices producing vast amounts of sensitive data raises many security concerns. Among the cyber threats, hardware-level threats are especially crucial for IoT systems. In particular, IoT devices are not physically protected and can easily be captured by an adversary to launch physical and side-channel attacks. This chapter introduces security protocols for IoT devices based on hardware security primitives called physically unclonable functions (PUFs). The protocols are discussed for the following major security principles: authentication and confidentiality, data provenance, and anonymity. The security analysis shows that security protocols based on hardware security primitives are not only secure against network-level threats but are also resilient against physical and side-channel attacks.
Secure Computation of Private Set Intersection Cardinality With Linear Complexity
Authors: Debnath Sumit Kumar
Published: January 2019

PSI and its variants play a major role when the participants want to perform secret operations on their private data sets. The importance of this chapter is twofold. In the first phase, the author presents a size-hiding PSI-CA protocol followed by its authorized variant, APSI-CA, utilizing Bloom filter. All these constructions are proven to be secure in standard model with linear complexity. In the second phase, the author employs Bloom filter to design an efficient mPSI-CA protocol. It achieves fairness using offline semi-trusted third party (arbiter) unlike the most efficient existing protocols. The arbiter is semi-trusted in the sense that he does not have access to the private information of the entities while he will follow the protocol honestly. Proposed mPSI-CA is proven to be secure against malicious adversaries in the random oracle model (ROM) under the decisional Diffie-Hellman (DDH) assumption. It achieves linear complexity.
A Secure Gateway Discovery Protocol Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography for Internet-Integrated MANET
Authors: Verma Pooja
Published: January 2019

Integration procedures are employed to increase and enhance computing networks and their application domain. Extensive studies towards the integration of MANET with the internet have been studied and worked towards addressing various challenges for such integration. Some idyllic mechanisms always fail due to the presence of some nasty node or other problems such as face alteration and eavesdropping. The focus of this chapter is on the design and discovery of secure gateway scheme in MANET employing trust-based security factors such as route trust and load ability. Over these, the elliptic curve cryptography is applied to achieve confidentiality, integrity, and authentication while selecting optimum gateway node that has less bandwidth, key storage space, and faster computational time. Simulation results of the security protocol through SPAN for AVISPA tool have shown encouraging results over two model checkers namely OFMC and CL-AtSe.
Emerging Social and Legal Issues of the Internet of Things
Authors: Amenta Valentina , Lazzaroni Adriana , Abba Laura
Published: January 2019

The advent of internet represents a revolution for the contemporary era, having brought about a striking series of changes in social, institutional, political, and economic life. This ongoing revolution has spread and absorbed within itself all the problems related to its own development. Objects become recognizable and acquire intelligence in that they are able to communicate data regarding themselves and also access other information aggregated by other devices. They are able to participate in a dialogue and interact among themselves within electronic communication networks without human intervention. All objects can acquire an active role thanks to connection with the web. The associated problems, which can no longer be ignored, draw attention above all to the lack of data control, which is to the vast extent of the data collected and more generally to the security of these data. This chapter has the aim of analyzing the ways in which European legislators, and consequently also Italian representatives, have intervened in order to stem the tide of emerging issues.
Regional Institutions for Transportation Sustainability and Economic Development
Authors: Pisano Mark A. , Callahan Richard F.
Published: January 2019

The lessons described in this chapter outline the mechanisms for cooperation through building new institutional designs for governance to build transportation construction projects. The scale of these projects included billions of federal, state, and local dollars invested in the 1970 through current day. Funding of transportation projects in Southern California during the period 1975 through 2010 addressed a range of challenges to economic growth. The chapter proceeds in four parts: one, a discussion of the environmental context; two, description of the institutional design for governance that developed; three, an overview of the projects developed and economic impact; four, applying the lessons learned to the emerging challenges of fiscal constraints, demographic change, and institutional re-design for transportation funding.
Financing Transportation Through Local Sales Taxes
Authors: Afonso Whitney B.
Published: January 2019

Fuel taxes have historically been the key revenue source for a great deal of transportation infrastructure, especially roads. For many reasons, such as reduced fuel tax receipts, governments at all levels have begun to explore additional financing options. This chapter explores an option that local governments have available to them in many states: local sales taxes earmarked for transportation projects. This chapter briefly discusses the literature on local sales taxes, the diversity of the laws regarding local sales taxes earmarked for transportation, potential consequences of increased reliance on local sales taxes earmarked for transportation, and briefly discusses a similar revenue source—the local fuel tax. This research is important to understanding the changing patterns of how public transportation is being financed in many states, and if the spread of non-earmarked local sales taxes are any indicator, how it is likely to be financed in many others moving forward.
Academic Leadership Skills
Authors: Kovacevic Melita
Published: January 2019

Academic leadership shares many features with any other kind of leadership, but at the same time, it is unique due to the specific features of academia and the way in which the system functions. Academia and the university setting consist of members among whom many have the same academic status and comparable levels of achievement. Although there is universal recognition of the relevance of leadership, not enough attention has been focused on ways in which academic leadership could be enhanced. In particular, the question of how someone's individual style of academic leadership is related to their capability to manage teams and conflicts remains unanswered. This chapter outlines academic leadership skills that have been observed from the perspective of the European academic context and looks at major ways in which teams are managed and conflicts are resolved, particularly in academic settings. Different strategies of conflict management are presented, and rationale for the employment of focused training courses and the sharing of experiences among leaders are provided.
University Governance and Academic Leadership Capacity Building
Authors: Zhu Chang , Zayim-Kurtay Merve
Published: January 2019

Challenges of modern society require universities to be able to respond to the new challenges and offer innovative teaching and learning for the new generations. The changes and modernization of universities require competences of academic leaders for sound university governance as well as comprehensive leadership skills. The literature and practices show that capacity building for academic leaders is highly needed as academic leaders often operate based on experience or contextual norms while showing a lack of a broad understanding of university governance and the necessary skills for their roles. This chapter investigates the perspectives of both European and Chinese university staff members regarding the areas of capacity building that are needed for middle-level and top-level academic leaders. The results provide us with a deeper understanding regarding the priorities for capacity building in order to enhance academic leadership. The findings also offer an understanding of capacity building of academic leadership in both the European and Chinese higher education contexts.
Artificial Intelligence Systems in Aviation
Authors: Kashyap Ramgopal
Published: January 2019

The aim of this chapter is to research and fundamentally evaluate counterfeit shrewd frameworks to recognize for outperforming human insight in the flights and its conceivable ramifications. How artificial intelligence (AI) makes current airship framework incorporates an assortment of programmed control framework that guides the flight team in route, flight administration and enlarging the security qualities of the plane, and how building aircraft engine diagnostics ontology, air traffic management, and constraint programming (CP) is useful in ATM setting. How flight security can be enhanced through the advancement and usage of mining, utilizing its outcomes and knowledge-based engineering (KBE) approach in an all-encompassing methodology for use in airship reasonable outline, is discussed. The early recognizable proof and finding of mistakes, the study of huge information and its effect on the transportation business and enhanced transit system, the agent-based mobile airline search, and booking framework using AI are shown.
Artificial Neural Network for Pre-Simulation Training of Air Traffic Controller
Authors: Shmelova Tetiana , Sikirda Yuliya , Jafarzade Togrul Rauf Oglu
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, the four layers neural network model for evaluating correctness and timeliness of decision making by the specialist of air traffic services during the pre-simulation training has been presented. The first layer (input) includes exercises that cadet/listener performs to solve a potential conflict situation; the second layer (hidden) depends physiological characteristics of cadet/listener; the third layer (hidden) takes into account the complexity of the exercise depending on the number of potential conflict situations; the fourth layer (output) is assessment of cadet/listener during performance of exercise. Neural network model also has additional inputs (bias) that including restrictions on calculating parameters. The program “Fusion” of visualization of the state of execution of an exercise by a cadet/listener has been developed. Three types of simulation training exercises for CTR (control zone), TMA (terminal control area), and CTA (control area) with different complexity have been analyzed.
Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Solve Some Civil Problems
Authors: Sładkowski Aleksander , Kamiński Wojciech
Published: January 2019

The widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is currently a recognized trend. UAVs find their application in various sectors of the economy. In the chapter, based on extensive literature analysis, the possibilities of using UAVs for non-military applications are considered. The design features of various UAVs, their control features, energy requirements, and safety-related problems are considered. Particular attention is paid to public opinion related to the use of UAVs. The possibilities of using UAVs in power engineering, agriculture, for controlling traffic, for goods transporting, for controlling the means of railway transport, for first aid to people under various extreme conditions, as well as for some other applications are being explored. The UAV parameters are analyzed, which must be provided for their use in each specific case, while ensuring the minimization of the necessary financial resources.
Data Science Tools Application for Business Processes Modelling in Aviation
Authors: Nehrey Maryna , Hnot Taras
Published: January 2019

Successful business involves making decisions under uncertainty using a lot of information. Modern modeling approaches based on data science algorithms are a necessity for the effective management of business processes in aviation. Data science involves principles, processes, and techniques for understanding business processes through the analysis of data. The main goal of this chapter is to improve decision making using data science algorithms. There are sets of frequently used algorithms described in the chapter: linear, logistic regression models, decision trees as a classical example of supervised learning, and k-means and hierarchical clustering as unsupervised learning. Application of data science algorithms gives an opportunity for deep analyses and understanding of business processes in aviation, gives structuring of problems, provides systematization of business processes. Business processes modeling, based on the data science algorithms, enables us to substantiate solutions and even automate the processes of business decision making.
Information-Measuring Technologies for UAV's Application
Authors: Larin Vitalii , Chichikalo Nina , Rozorinov Georgii , Larina Ekaterina
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes two practical examples of sensors application on an unmanned aerial vehicle. The first device is a proximity sensor allowing users to measure the rotating angle of UAV's elevator. The second example discovers a measuring unit established on the UAV and processed measuring information for landing the UAV. To perform exactness control of unmanned aerial vehicles actuating mechanisms, the control system must be supplied by devices providing precision definition of values of current operation factors of those mechanisms.
Computer Modelling of Autonomous Satellite Navigation Characteristics on Geostationary Orbit
Authors: Shyshkov Fedir , Konin Valeriy
Published: January 2019

Satellite systems are a fast-developing and broad field of study. The use of global navigation satellite systems for relatively autonomous spacecraft navigation holds a lot of interest for researchers. It is extremely expensive to research space applications as live experiments. Therefore, computer modelling comes in handy when there is a need to analyze important factors in space environment. The chapter describes the radionavigation field model that uses the off-nadir satellites. This model allows estimation of the availability and accuracy characteristics of autonomous satellite navigation in space up to the geostationary orbit in order to provide the necessary research data.
Application of Computer Modelling in Adaptive Compensation of Interferences on Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Authors: Shvets Valerian , Ilnytska Svitlana , Kutsenko Oleksandr
Published: January 2019

Modern society is characterized by the increased use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), which is inseparably linked with the interference immunity ensurance. The most effective way to protect against interferences is an introduction into the receiver structure of adaptive interference compensators. However, the most of proposed methods have been designed for radiolocation and communication and use a priori information about the transmitted signal. Since as structure of GNSS signal differs from the radar and communication systems, GNSS does not know the time-frequency structure of the useful signal in advance, which excludes the possibility of using a number of widely known methods. In this chapter, the authors propose a method, which does not use a priori information about a useful signal, and a new direct method for calculating the inverse correlation matrix of interference in adaptive antennas of interferences compensators.
Industrial and Urban Growth Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa Compared
Authors: Chirisa Innocent , Nyevera Tariro , Mandaza-Tsoriyo Wendy W.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to compare industrial and urban growth policies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and North Africa (NA) with the aim to draw lessons and inform policy and research in the subject. The chapter advances the argument that industrial and urban growth ought to be directly related. This follows the development trajectory and urbanization trend in the Global South which was birthed and sustained by the Industrial Revolution. The case study approach has been used to develop this chapter where Africa is first divided into two broad territories, SSA and NA. Subsequently, cases are selected from Lusophone, Anglophone, and Francophone countries. The analysis considers in detail Zimbabwe, South Africa, Guinea-Bissau, Algeria, and Egypt.
Metal Toxicity and Brain-Liver Axis
Authors: Balzano Tiziano , El Hiba Omar
Published: January 2019

The liver is the main detoxifier organ of the body. When normal liver function is compromised, other systems in the body can be affected, including the brain. Hepatocerebral disorder is the term used to describe some neuropsychiatric conditions that result from liver failure and characterized by the accumulation of these toxic metals in brain. Examples of such disorders are Wilson's disease (WD), an autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by the deposition of copper in liver and brain tissues and acquired (non-Wilsonian) hepatocerebral degeneration (AHCD), a complication that occurs most frequently in patients with hepatic coma or that suffered multiple episodes of severe HE. AHCD is characterized by accumulation in brain of manganese. This chapter will focus on the crucial importance of relationship between liver and brain functioning and on the effects produced when this relationship is compromised. Specifically, the chapter will discuss on the physiopathology of WD and AHCD and on the role that toxic metals play on neurological symptoms in such disorders.
Depression and Anxiety Emerging From Heavy Metals
Authors: Lahouaoui Hasna , Aimrane Abdelmohcine , Khamsi Youssef , Zouhairi Nadia , Benammi Hind , El Hidan Moulay Abdelmonaim , Draoui Ahmed , Alahyane Hassan , Bouazza Abdellah
Published: January 2019

Depression and anxiety are among the most serious disorders spread-out all over the world. In most cases, patients with depression present features of anxiety. Interestingly and inversely, patients with anxiety also present depression. Thus, both disorders may occur together, with one meeting criteria of the other. The extent of the two disorders has been shown through the high rates of their prevalence. They are, furthermore, associated with significant morbidity which shows how important is to identify and treat both illnesses. However, several epidemiological studies have reported such illnesses to be intensified with the influence of environmental factors such as the toxic effect of heavy metals. Furthermore, the influence of climate change exacerbates the negative effect of these elements. Biological and preclinical investigations have reconciled the mechanism of action by which heavy metals set off emotional disorders. Though its potential harms are important, more studies are needed to understand heavy metals' influence on the evoked pathways.
Biology, Epidemiology, and Public Health Significance of Malaria Disease Linked to Climate Changes
Authors: El Hidan Moulay Abdelmonaim , Kahime Kholoud , Abdelmohcine Aimrane , Abbaoui Abdellatif , Echchakery Mohamed , Draoui Ahmed , Chatoui Hicham , El Mokhtar Mohamed Ait , Tazart Zakaria , Kebbou Aaziz , Idrissi Hamid Rguibi
Published: January 2019

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by obligate intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium. As one of the most devastating global health issues, malaria is a sensitive disease to weather and climate conditions, in such a way the ongoing trends of increasing temperature and more variable weather could lead to malaria transmission spreading. Spatial and temporal variations in precipitation, temperature, and humidity that are projected to take place under different climate change scenarios will impact the biology and ecology of malaria vectors and subsequently the risk of disease transmission. Here, the authors review how climate and climate change may impact malaria transmission. They contrast ecological and behavioral characteristics of malaria vectors and parasites and how weather, climate, climate change, and socioeconomic factors may have very different impacts on their spatiotemporal occurrence and abundance and the resulting malaria risk.
Waterborne Diseases Arising From Climate Change
Authors: El Baz Soraia , Kahime Kholoud
Published: January 2019

As a result of increased frequency and intensity of heat waves, increased floods and droughts, change in climate will affect biological, physical, and chemical components of water through different paths thus enhancing the risk of waterborne diseases. Identifying the role of weather in waterborne infection is a priority public health research issue as climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of extreme precipitation and temperature events. This chapter provides evidence that precipitation and temperature can affect directly or indirectly water quality and consequently affect the health human. This chapter also highlights the complex relationship between precipitation or temperature and transmission of waterborne disease such as diarrheal disease, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and cholera.
Improvement of Variant Adaptable LSTM Trained With Metaheuristic Algorithms for Healthcare Analysis
Authors: Rashid Tarik A. , Hassan Mohammad K. , Mohammadi Mokhtar , Fraser Kym
Published: January 2019

Recently, the population of the world has increased along with health problems. Diabetes mellitus disease as an example causes issues to the health of many patients globally. The task of this chapter is to develop a dynamic and intelligent decision support system for patients with different diseases, and it aims at examining machine-learning techniques supported by optimization techniques. Artificial neural networks have been used in healthcare for several decades. Most research works utilize multilayer layer perceptron (MLP) trained with back propagation (BP) learning algorithm to achieve diabetes mellitus classification. Nonetheless, MLP has some drawbacks, such as, convergence, which can be slow; local minima can affect the training process. It is hard to scale and cannot be used with time series data sets. To overcome these drawbacks, long short-term memory (LSTM) is suggested, which is a more advanced form of recurrent neural networks. In this chapter, adaptable LSTM trained with two optimizing algorithms instead of the back propagation learning algorithm is presented. The optimization algorithms are biogeography-based optimization (BBO) and genetic algorithm (GA). Dataset is collected locally and another benchmark dataset is used as well. Finally, the datasets fed into adaptable models; LSTM with BBO (LSTMBBO) and LSTM with GA (LSTMGA) for classification purposes. The experimental and testing results are compared and they are promising. This system helps physicians and doctors to provide proper health treatment for patients with diabetes mellitus. Details of source code and implementation of our system can be obtained in the following link “https://github.com/hamakamal/LSTM.”
Advances in Ultrasound Despeckling
Authors: Sudeep P. V.  , Palanisamy P.  , Rajan Jeny
Published: January 2019

The B-mode ultrasound images are corrupted due to the presence of speckle noise. Hence, the speckle removal in the ultrasound images is essential for proper clinical examination and quantitative assessments. The speckle pattern varies with several imaging parameters as well as the anatomical structure in the image. It is hard to avoid speckle by performing averaging and low noise system designs. An excessive speckle reduction diminishes the visibility of small anatomical structures and thereby makes the image understanding complicated. This chapter is intended to encapsulate various techniques for reducing speckle in medical ultrasound images and improving the image quality for visual inspection and/or computer-assisted diagnosis of ultrasound images. In addition, the chapter surveys the papers published between 2015 and 2018 to highlight the latest trends in the despeckling of ultrasound images. The chapter also presents the performance comparison of a few popular algorithms to despeckle medical ultrasound images.
The Reader, the Text, the Interpretation
Authors: McIntyre Christina Janise
Published: January 2019

No time in history has it been more challenging, and perhaps more important, for people to be able to intelligently process the vast amounts of information available. In response, there has been a resurgence on the emphasis of educating students in the public schools not only to be literate in the sense of decoding words and phrases but also to be able to evaluate the validity, the worth, and the credibility of a text which is the basis of critical literacy instruction. Critical analysis of texts requires that the reader possess a complex set of skills, and with that consideration in mind, readers' responses during their transactions with a text can help guide teachers to facilitate a natural process for students to evaluate the worth and credibility of information.
Creating the Citizen
Authors: Masyada Steve , Washington Elizabeth Yeager
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents an approach to civic education that integrates critical literacy with the research-based promising practices of civic education and the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies Standards. The authors present a definition of critical literacy that reflects a broad-based approach to the concept while exploring what critical literacy may look like within a civic education classroom and the ways in which this reflects a particular approach to good citizenship. Perceived connections between critical literacy, the promising practices, and the dimensions of the C3 Framework are illustrated throughout the chapter, and the authors provide a real-world example to demonstrate what integration may look like in practice through either extra-curricular or classroom-based student engagement.
IoT Evolution and Security Challenges in Cyber Space
Authors: Dulhare Uma N. , Rasool Shaik
Published: January 2019

The internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical objects accessed through the internet that can identify themselves to other devices and use embedded technology to interact with internal states or external conditions. The IoT is an environment where an object that can represent itself becomes greater by connecting to surrounding objects and the extensive data flowing around it. The number of internet of things (IoT) devices will reach more than 15 billion units by 2021, according to research from Juniper. As businesses and consumers accelerate adoption, we're now on the cusp of an IoT revolution. The chapter walks through the security problems that are seen with IoT devices that continues to highlight how vulnerable these devices are when faced with modern, sophisticated cyber threats. Further, the authors discuss how to solve these security challenges presented by the internet of things.
Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems for Attacks in IoT Systems
Authors: Pandu Vetrivelan , Mohan Jagannath , Kumar T. S. Pradeep
Published: January 2019

Internet of things (IoT) has transformed greatly the improved way of business through machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. This vast network and its associated technologies have opened the doors to an increasing number of security threats which are dangerous to IoT and 5G wireless networks. The first part of this chapter presents instruction detection system (IDS) which detect the various attacks in 6LoWPAN layer. An IDS is to detect and analyze both inbound and outbound network traffic for abnormal activities. An IPS complements an IDS configuration by proactively inspecting a system's incoming traffic to weed out malicious requests. A typical IPS configuration uses web application firewalls and traffic filtering solutions to secure applications. An IPS prevents attacks by dropping malicious packets, blocking offending IPs and alerting security personnel to potential threats. Machine learning (ML)-based instruction detection and prevention system (IDPS) is proposed and implemented in Contiki simulation environment.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Security
Authors: Bhatele Kirti Raj , Shrivastava Harsh , Kumari Neha
Published: January 2019

Cyber security has become a major concern in the digital era. Data breaches, ID theft, cracking the captcha, and other such stories abound, affecting millions of individuals as well as organizations. The challenges have always been endless in inventing right controls and procedures and implementing them with acute perfection for tackling with cyber attacks and crimes. The ever-increasing risk of cyber attacks and crimes grew exponentially with recent advancements in artificial intelligence. It has been applied in almost every field of sciences and engineering. From healthcare to robotics, AI has created a revolution. This ball of fire couldn't be kept away from cyber criminals, and thus, the “usual” cyber attacks have now become “intelligent” cyber attacks. In this chapter, the authors discuss specific techniques in artificial intelligence that are promising. They cover the applications of those techniques in cyber security. They end the discussion talking about the future scope of artificial intelligence and cyber security.
Understanding the Importance of Students' Assessment and Feedback With Multimodal Narratives
Authors: Viegas Maria Clara , Cruz Eliane de Souza
Published: January 2019

Multimodal narratives give insight of a classroom, teacher mediation, and students' work. In this chapter, the authors use this facility to better understand the importance of assessment and feedback in classroom practice. The analysis of excerpts from two complete multimodal narratives made it possible to highlight the importance of teacher intentions regarding the assessment process, the chosen tasks, and the subsequent feedback. It also provided an inside perspective of what was actually implemented in the classroom and how different teacher mediation leads to different results. These identifications in teaching mediation and students' involvement emerge transversally regarding teaching levels or contexts as objects of reflection, illustration, or simply inspiration. This shows the importance this tool can have in education by addressing parallel and complementary aspects of a classroom, which makes it a powerful tool in teaching.
Multimodal Narratives as a Tool for In-Service Teachers in an Online Professional Development Course
Authors: Pedrosa Daniela , Cruz Gonçalo , Morgado Leonel
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents how multimodal narratives were employed as a self-reflection tool within an online professional development program for in-service teacher training at Universidade Aberta, Portugal during two editions of a pedagogic practice course. The chapter includes the aspects that raised issues and those that trainees performed correctly. This is done in three stages: beforehand, upon initial contact with multimodal narratives, and after providing feedback to trainees. The most relevant issues were in aspects directly required to enrich the narrative. Aspects related to multimodal narrative structure and features were completed successfully. It is recommended that future attempts to employ multimodal narratives in this context adapt learning resources and pedagogic support practices by employing formative feedback and continual support during the trainees' process of exploring and exploiting multimodal narratives.
Researching Science and Technology Teachers' Decisions Through Multimodal Narratives
Authors: Aguiar dos Santos Carla
Published: January 2019

This chapter aims to identify certain interaction dynamics between pedagogical decisions and students' epistemic practices (EPs) that occur during science and technology lessons conducted by teachers at two different teaching levels. A content analysis was undertaken of multimodal narratives (MNs) of lessons based on two case studies of secondary and higher education teachers. MN excerpts are used to illustrate the interaction dynamics between pedagogical decisions and students' EPs for each teacher. Results show that the secondary education teacher makes more pedagogical decisions than the higher education teacher and that the secondary school students engage in fewer EPs than the higher education students. The results also show that it is possible to use MNs as an instrument to develop research on teachers' pedagogical decisions. Teachers' pedagogical decisions are an important asset for teacher professional development as they have an impact on students' epistemic work in the physical science classroom.
Knowledge Management at Banking Industry
Authors: Easa Nasser Fathi
Published: January 2019

The present research reviews the literature had been done on knowledge management (KM) in the banking industry in different countries and provides further guidelines to ensure successful implementation of KM in banks. The findings indicated that the application of KM in banks started at the World Bank in 1996 and was followed by banks in several developed countries then spread out to different places in developing counties. The majority of banks in Western developed countries such as the UK and USA, Canada and Germany, are both human- and technology-oriented in terms of managing knowledge. The majority of KM studies in developing counties were exploratory using quantitative data to investigate to what extent these banks were aware of the importance of KM and how they practiced KM. Additionally, little research had been done to link KM in banks to different topics such as innovation, customer relation management and risk management. Finally, literature provided considerable conclusion to enhance effective KM implementations in banks.