bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure Study on Cuprous Oxide Thin Films Deposited on n-Si Substrate via Sol-Gel Spin Coating Technique
Authors: Che Halin Dewi Suriyani , Saud Norainiza , Haroon Haiza
Published: August 2014

Cuprous oxide thin films were prepared by sol-gel method was successfully deposited onto n-Si substrate. Sol solutions were prepared by dissolving copper (II) acetate in isopropyl alcohol. Diethanolamine and glucopone were added into the sol solution to dissolve the copper (II) acetate rapidly to prevent the precipitation of blue copper (II) acetate. Crystalline phases are identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the crystallite size is estimated by using Scherrer’s formula which indicates that the largest crystallite size is 41.84 nm with the lowest lattice parameter 4.25 Å. The optical band gap of the films is determined by optical absorption technique and the surface morphologies of films are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs show that the particles agglomerate with different shapes and sizes.
Geopolymer: A Review on Physical Properties of Inorganic Aluminosilicate Coating Materials
Authors: Norkhairunnisa Mazlan , Fariz M.N. Muhammad
Published: August 2014

Geopolymer is a potential material that can be used in many forms of applications such as for building, automotive, aerospace, and many more. It exhibits many excellent physical, thermal and chemical properties. Geopolymer material provides a cost effective and sustainable solution by recycle the hazardous residue material and it undergone green chemistry technique treatment. Geopolymerization process involves combination mixture of aluminosilicate from natural mineral or industrial waste such as fly ash or slag or rice husk ash with activated alkaline solution. This review paper exclusively explore more on the interfacial adhesion of geopolymer coating on substrate surface, effect of coating thickness and filler inclusion in geopolymer matrix system. Literature demonstrates that type of substrate and substrate surface plays a crucial role for good interfacial adhesion with geopolymer materials. In addition, coating thickness will affect the insulating capacity performance, while inclusion of filler can reduce the coating shrinkage problem.
Mechanical Properties of MIRHA-Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete
Authors: Bayuaji Ridho , Nuruddin Muhd Fadhil , Francis Shahanema , Ekaputri J.J. , Triwulan  , Junaedi S. , Fansuri Hamzah
Published: August 2014

This paper provides a report about the results of an investigation carried out to understand the effect of Microwave Incinerated Rice Husk Ash (MIRHA) on the mechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete to access the concrete performance development. Fly ash (350kg/m3) and MIRHA (0%, 3%, and 7%) were used as the source materials to replace cement, NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions used as the alkaline liquids for the medium of polymeric reaction. In addition, sugar was used as retarder, as well as three different types of curing regime (ambient, external exposure or oven curing regime). The concrete mixing procedure was adjusted to obtain the proper homogeneity of dry materials and wet ones. In this project, a number of mechanical tests have been conducted including the pull-out test, compressive strength test, flexural strength test, and modulus of elasticity test. It was then observed that the performance of mechanical properties of MIRHA-fly ash geopolymer concrete improved with the use of oven curing as the curing regime for the concrete samples.
Kinetics of Geopolymer Solidification Study Using Texture Analyzer
Authors: Zamri N.H. , Ismail Lukman , Abdul Rahim Rosniza Hanim , Siyal Ahmer Ali , Man Zakaria , Azizli Khairun Azizi
Published: August 2014

The aim of this work was to study on the solidification kinetics of geopolymer using the Avrami Kinetics Theory by varying types of alkali solution and alkali concentration at different temperatures. Tests were carried out using Leatherhead Food Research Association (LFRA) Texture Analyzer to analyze the solidification profile. The results indicated that potassium hydroxide at low concentration had better performance in achieving faster time for geopolymerization process. Higher temperatures of 35°C used in the solidifying process of the geopolymer reduced the setting time. Based on the kinetic study, the growth rate (K) increased with the concentration of alkali activator and temperature. The Avrami exponent (n) trend was increased as growth rate increased. From the values of Avrami exponent obtained it could be suggested that the geopolymer had one, two or three dimension growth forms depending on the parameters selected.
Reviews on Clay Geopolymer Ceramic Using Powder Metallurgy Method
Authors: Jaya Nur Ain , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Ahmad Romisuhani
Published: August 2014

Inorganic polymers, commonly referred as geopolymers, are alumino-silicate materials which display superior physical and chemical properties with a diverse range of possible potential applications. Pure geopolymer matrix posses relatively low mechanical properties. The improvement on the properties can be made by focusing on the generation of ceramics from geopolymer. It’s a new world to explore yet with superior properties. The results showed the best curing temperature for clay geopolymers were at 60°C since it gained a fast initial setting. The hardened geopolymer clay will encounter physical metallurgy technique to be produced as geopolymer ceramic due to various high sintering temperature. It is proven that throughout heating the amorphous geopolymer transforms into crystalline phases with pure geopolymers demonstrates excessive shrinkage when sintered between 850 and 1000 °C.
Effect of Alkaline Activators Concentration to the Strength and Morphological Properties of Wastepaper-Based Geopolymer Mortars
Authors: Ridzuan A.R.M. , Khairulniza A.A. , Fadzil M.A. , Nurliza J.
Published: August 2014

Waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) is a byproduct that has potential to replace Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as a building material. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of NaOH concentration on the strength of Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA)-based geopolymer mortar. Initially, the WPSA samples were been analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) to determine the chemical composition. From the XRF analysis, the by-product WPSA containing higher amount of calcium, silica and alumina. Alkaline solution are from soluble sodium-based used in geopolymerization are combination of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3). The mortars samples were cast with various concentration of NaOH and ratio of Na2SiO3 /NaOH which is 2.5. The specimens were carried out on size 50x50x50 mm cube and fresh mortar were been cured at 70 ̊c oven temperature and ambient temperature. The compressive strength tests were conducted after aging the specimen at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The results revealed that as the concentration of NaOH increased, the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar increases. However, the optimum NaOH concentration of geopolymer mortar is at 12M. More than 12M concentrations of NaOH were produced high porosity and decreasing the strength. Moreover, curing of fresh geopolymer mortar is performed mostly at an oven temperature compared to ambient temperature due to heat being a reaction accelerator. This paper also present on the morphology, and Energy dispersive x-Ray (EDX) composition analysis of WPSA based geopolymer mortar.
Properties of Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete
Authors: Nuruddin Muhd Fadhil , Memon Fareed Ahmed
Published: August 2014

Concrete has been used in the construction industry since long times. It is probably the most widely used construction material in the world, largely due to the abundance of the raw materials for cement manufacture, low relative cost and the versatility and adaptability of concrete in forming various structural shapes. Massive production of concrete and the associated substantial manufacture of cement have however been observed to have a very negative impact. One of the biggest issues of growing concern at the moment faced by concrete industries is the impact of cement production on the environment. The production of cement not only depletes significant amount of natural resources, but also liberates a considerable amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as a result of decarbonation of limestone and the combustion of fossil fuels. In addition, cement is among the most energy intensive construction materials, after aluminium and steel [1].
Middle School Injuries: A 20-Year (1988–2008) Multisport Evaluation
Authors: Beachy Glenn , Rauh Mitchell
Published: August 2014

Context:

Data on the incidence of injury in middle school sports are limited.

Objective:

To describe overall, practice, and game injury rate patterns in 29 middle school sports.

Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting:

Injury data collected over a 20-year period (1988–2008) at a single school.

Patients or Other Participants:

Boy (n = 8078) and girl (n = 5960) athletes participating in 14 and 15 middle school sports, respectively.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Injury status and athlete-exposures (AEs) were collected by certified athletic trainers. Incidence rates per 1000 AEs (injuries/AEs) were calculated for overall incidence, practices and games, injury location, injury type, and injury severity (time lost from participation). Rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to compare injury rates for sex-matched sports.

Results:

Football had the highest injury rate for all injuries (16.03/1000 AEs) and for time-loss injuries (8.486/1000 AEs). In matched middle school sports, girls exhibited a higher injury rate for all injuries (7.686/1000 AEs, RR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.1, 1.2) and time-loss injuries (2.944/1000 AEs, RR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.0, 1.2) than boys (all injuries: 6.684/1000 AEs, time-loss injuries: 2.702/1000 AEs). Girls had a higher injury rate during practices (3.30/1000 AEs) than games (1.67/1000 AEs, RR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.7, 2.4) for all sports. Only gymnastics (RR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.3, 3.8) had a higher game injury rate for girls. Practice and game injury rates were nearly identical for boys in all sports (RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.9, 1.1). Only football (RR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.4, 0.6) and boys' wrestling (RR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.3, 0.8) reported higher game injury rates. Tendinitis injuries accounted for 19.1% of all middle school injuries.

Conclusions:

The risk for sport-related injury at the middle school level was greater during practices than games and greater for girls than boys in sex-matched sports. Conditioning programs may be needed to address the high rate of tendinitis injuries.
Textural characteristics of rocks that display significant electrical anisotropy
Authors: Connell S , Katsube T J , Hunt P A , Walker D
Published: August 2014

Detailed texture analysis by scanning electron microscopy has been carried out on four rock samples (Bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick), which display significant electrical anisotropies (l = 30:1 to 1300:1). The purpose was to determine the cause of the
anisotropy. The electrical resistivity (rr) in the directions parallel and perpendicular to their bedding are in the ranges of 10-1000 Ohm-m and 1500-40 000 Ohm-m, respectively.
Results indicate that the high rr values for the direction perpendicular to the bedding are mainly due to tight siliceous layers that act as electrical insulators to the traversing electrical current. The low rr values for the direction parallel to the bedding are mainly due to sulphide mineral
concentrations or combinations of sulphide and clay mineral grains within certain layers, displaying good and continuous interconnection of the electrical conductive grains. The high l values are mainly a result of large variations in rr for the direction perpendicular to the
bedding.
True formation factor determination by nonlinear curve fitting
Authors: Katsube T J
Published: August 2014

The pressure characteristics of true formation factor (F) has been determined for three shale samples by eliminating the pore surface conductivity effect, using a nonlinear curve fitting technique. While there exists a widely used technique to eliminate the
pore-surface conductivity at single pressures, it is an extremely time-consuming and costly process to repeat that technique at multiple pressures for tight low- permeability shale samples. The purpose of this study was to test the nonlinear curve fitting technique as an alternative.
Results indicate that, by varying the estimated pore-surface resistivity values to be entered into a parallel equivalent circuit model for connecting pores, it was possible to determine the true pore-surface resistivity (rc) value and eliminate the pore-surface conductivity effect, to determine the
relationship between F and confining pressure (P):

F = F0exp(a P).

The coefficients F0, a, and rc values were in the ranges of 140-520, 0.027-0.039, and 22-100 Ohm-m, respectively.
Investigating the turnover of middle and senior managers in the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa
Authors: Khoele Abofele , Daya Preeya
Published: August 2014

Orientation: Today, knowledge is a commodity and thus skilled knowledge workers, particularly in management positions, are vital for organisations’ success; their increased turnover has an adverse effect on productivity and profitability. High staff turnover is a cause for alarm, not only because of the costs associated with recruitment, selection and training, but also due to the increasing scarcity of experienced talent.Research purpose: This research investigates the reasons for the turnover of middle and senior managers in the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa in order to identify the possible reasons and formulate solutions to address the issue.Motivation for the study: In South Africa, employment, retention and turnover occur against the backdrop of a history of discrimination and inequality and attempts by government and organisations at redress. The significance of this background cannot be underestimated.Research approach, design and method: This study was qualitative and inductive to allow dominant themes to emerge from the raw data. Data was collected through in-depth, semi-structured one-on-one interviews as well as a review of company turnover reports and employment equity reports.Main findings: The study found that in the sampled organisations, employee turnover averaged almost 22% per annum between 2007 and 2010. Reasons for the turnover include a range of industry, company and personal factors.Practical/managerial implications: The overall turnover rate remains high, particularly amongst black knowledge workers, the attraction, recruitment and retention of whom is as important for addressing historical inequities in the local industry as it is for ensuring the diversity that companies need to reach a bigger market and gain a competitive edge. Further, as government is a significant purchaser of pharmaceutical goods and services, companies must ensure that the required Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) rating level is achieved so they can continue to win government business.Contribution: The research found that it is important that the turnover rate of knowledge workers in the South African pharmaceutical industry be reduced through addressing the personal, organisational and industry factors that the workers themselves view as important, rather than giving consideration only to what human resource managers perceive as important. In particular, sufficient significance must be placed on personal factors.
Social media and mobile communications adoption patterns of South African civil society organisations
Authors: Pillay Kiru , Maharaj Manoj S.
Published: August 2014

Background: The resurgence of civil society has largely been attributed to the sector’s ability to exploit new interactive technologies and its ability to adapt its communication and mobilisation strategies.Objectives: This study focuses on how South African civil society organisations (CSOs) deploy Web 2.0 services and technologies for social advocacy and the context of this technology use.Whilst the literature points to many studies relating to the use of the Internet for advocacy, it also suggests that the role and impact of emerging technologies have not been studied in any detail in CSOs. Such studies have the potential to provide new perspectives to current theoretical frameworks and also to add to the discourse around the use of emerging technologies for advocacy.Method: A survey of South African CSOs explored the level of knowledge of social media services and revealed which services in particular were being adopted.Results: The key findings that emerged were that the sector has a low level of knowledge of social media services and an accompanying low level of adoption. These are partly explained by factors such as macro-economic policies and low levels of Internet penetration and ICT readiness.Conclusion: Further research to determine why certain social media services have been embraced more willingly than others and an analysis of the patterns of adoption to determine any underlying significance or relationships is necessary. An analysis of how CSOs build their advocacy capabilities by appropriating social media and how they thus provide alternate discourses and agendas would be instructive.
The cytopathologic features of mammary analog secretory carcinoma and its mimics
Authors: Samulski T. Danielle , LiVolsi Virginia A. , Baloch Zubair
Published: August 2014

Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma (MASC) is a newly recognized neoplasm of the salivary gland, first described in 2010. This tumor harbors a unique translocation, t(12;15)(p13;q25) that results in the fusion of ETV6 with NTRK3 which produces a transformative chimeric tyrosine kinase. To date, few cases of MASC sampled by fine needle aspiration have been reported. Cytologically, MASC can be confused with other oncocytic salivary gland tumors, including Warthin-tumor, acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. It is characterized by a monomorphic population of lesional cells with round nuclei, prominent nucleoli and abundant, eosinophilic foamy cytoplasm; forming papillary groups with transgressing vessels. Though, based on cytomorphology alone, the definite diagnosis can be challenging, in conjunction with available clinical clues (i.e. male patient, extra-parotid site) MASC should be included in the differential diagnosis of FNA specimens diagnosed as oncocytic salivary gland neoplasms or suspicious for AciCC. Here we present a case of MASC with FNA sampling at our institution.
A Rare Case of Primary Malignant Pericardial Mesothelioma
Authors: Ramachandran Rajoo , Radhan Prabhu , Santosham Roy , Rajendiran Swaminathan
Published: August 2014

Primary malignant pericardial mesothelioma (PMPM) is a rare tumor of the pericardium. The cause of this tumor is unknown and it has a very poor prognosis. Exposure to asbestos is correlated with the onset of pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma; however, the role of asbestos in pericardial mesothelioma is unclear. Here we highlight the radiological features of this rare tumor and its correlative pathological confirmation with the help of new immunohistochemical (IHC) markers.
Quantifying contributions to the recent temperature variability in the tropical tropopause layer
Authors: Wang W. , Matthes K. , Schmidt T.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The recently observed variability in the tropical tropopause layer, which features an unexpected warming of 1.1 K over the past decade (2001–2011), is investigated with a number of sensitivity experiments from simulations with NCAR's CESM-WACCM chemistry climate model. The experiments have been designed to specifically quantify the contributions from natural as well as anthropogenic factors, such as solar variability (Solar), sea surface temperatures (SSTs), the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), stratospheric aerosols (Aerosol), greenhouse gases (GHGs), as well as the dependence on the vertical resolution in the model. The results show that, in the TTL: a cooling in tropical SSTs leads to a weakening of tropical upwelling around the tropical tropopause and hence relative downwelling and adiabatic warming of 0.3 K decade−1; an increased QBO amplitude results in a 0.3 K decade−1 warming; increasing aerosols in the lower stratosphere lead to a 0.4 K decade−1 warming; a prolonged solar minimum and increased GHGs contribute about 0.2 and 0.1 K decade−1 to a cooling, respectively. Two simulations with different vertical resolution show that the vertical resolution can strongly influence the response of the TTL temperature to changes such as SSTs. With higher vertical resolution, an extra 0.6 K decade−1 warming can be simulated through the last decade, compared with results from the "standard" low vertical resolution simulation. Considering all the factors mentioned above, we compute a net 1.3 K decade−1 warming, which is in very good agreement with the observed 1.1 K decade−1 warming over the past decade in the TTL. The model results indicate that the recent warming in the TTL is mainly due to internal variability, i.e. the QBO and tropical SSTs.
Ice nucleation terminology
Authors: Vali G. , DeMott P. , Möhler O. , Whale T. F.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Progress in the understanding of ice nucleation is being hampered by the lack of uniformity in how some terms are used in the literature. This even extends to some ambiguity of meanings attached to some terms. Suggestions are put forward here for common use of terms. Some are already well established and clear of ambiguities. Others are less engrained and will need a conscious effort in adoption. Evolution in the range of systems where ice nucleation is being studied enhances the need for a clear nomenclature. The ultimate limit in the clarity of definitions is, of course, the limited degree to which ice nucleation processes are understood.
Agricultural peatlands: towards a greenhouse gas sink – a synthesis of a Dutch landscape study
Authors: Schrier-Uijl A. P. , Kroon P. S. , Hendriks D. M. D. , Hensen A. , Van Huissteden J. , Berendse F. , Veenendaal E. M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. It is generally known that managed, drained peatlands act as carbon (C) sources. In this study we examined how mitigation through the reduction of the intensity of land management and through rewetting may affect the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and the C balance of intensively managed, drained, agricultural peatlands. Carbon and GHG balances were determined for three peatlands in the western part of the Netherlands from 2005 to 2008 by considering spatial and temporal variability of emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O). One area (Oukoop) is an intensively managed grass-on-peatland area, including a dairy farm, with the ground water level at an average annual depth of 0.55 (±0.37) m below the soil surface. The second area (Stein) is an extensively managed grass-on-peatland area, formerly intensively managed, with a dynamic ground water level at an average annual depth of 0.45 (±0.35) m below the soil surface. The third area is a (since 1998) rewetted former agricultural peatland (Horstermeer), close to Oukoop and Stein, with the average annual ground water level at a depth of 0.2 (±0.20) m below the soil surface. During the measurement campaigns we found that both agriculturally managed sites acted as C and GHG sources and the rewetted former agricultural peatland acted as a C and GHG sink. The ecosystem (fields and ditches) total GHG balance, including CO2, CH4 and N2O, amounted to 3.9 (±0.4), 1.3 (±0.5) and −1.7 (±1.8) g CO2-eq m−2 d−1 for Oukoop, Stein and Horstermeer, respectively. Adding the farm-based emissions to Oukoop and Stein resulted in a total GHG emission of 8.3 (±1.0) and 6.6 (±1.3) g CO2-eq m−2 d−1, respectively. For Horstermeer the GHG balance remained the same since no farm-based emissions exist. Considering the C balance (uncertainty range 40–60%), the total C release in Oukoop and Stein is 5270 and 6258 kg C ha−1 yr−1, respectively (including ecosystem and management fluxes), and the total C uptake in Horstermeer is 3538 kg C ha−1 yr−1. Water bodies contributed significantly to the terrestrial GHG balance because of a high release of CH4. Overall, this study suggests that managed peatlands are large sources of GHGs and C, but, if appropriate measures are taken, they can be turned back into GHG and C sinks within 15 years of abandonment and rewetting. The shift from an intensively managed grass-on-peat area (Oukoop) to an extensively managed one (Stein) reduced the GHG emissions mainly because N2O emission and farm-based CH4 emissions decreased.
Balancing ecosystem services with energy and food security – Assessing trade-offs from reservoir operation and irrigation investments in Kenya's Tana Basin
Authors: Hurford A. P. , Harou J. J.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Competition for water between key economic sectors and the environment means agreeing allocations is challenging. Managing releases from the three major dams in Kenya's Tana River basin with its 4.4 million inhabitants, 567 MW of installed hydropower capacity, 33 000 ha of irrigation and ecologically important wetlands and forests is a pertinent example. This research seeks firstly to identify and help decision-makers visualise reservoir management strategies which result in the best possible (Pareto-optimal) allocation of benefits between sectors. Secondly, it seeks to show how trade-offs between achievable benefits shift with the implementation of proposed new rice, cotton and biofuel irrigation projects. To approximate the Pareto-optimal trade-offs we link a water resources management simulation model to a multi-criteria search algorithm. The decisions or "levers" of the management problem are volume-dependent release rules for the three major dams and extent of investment in new irrigation schemes. These decisions are optimised for eight objectives covering the provision of water supply and irrigation, energy generation and maintenance of ecosystem services. Trade-off plots allow decision-makers to assess multi-reservoir rule-sets and irrigation investment options by visualising their impacts on different beneficiaries. Results quantify how economic gains from proposed irrigation schemes trade-off against the disturbance of ecosystems and local livelihoods that depend on them. Full implementation of the proposed schemes is shown to come at a high environmental and social cost. The clarity and comprehensiveness of "best-case" trade-off analysis is a useful vantage point from which to tackle the interdependence and complexity of "water-energy-food nexus" resource security issues.
Evaluating topographic wetness indices across central New York agricultural landscapes
Authors: Buchanan B. P. , Fleming M. , Schneider R. L. , Richards B. K. , Archibald J. , Qiu Z. , Walter M. T.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Accurately predicting soil moisture patterns in the landscape is a persistent challenge. In humid regions, topographic wetness indices (TWIs) are widely used to approximate relative soil moisture patterns. However, there are many ways to calculate TWIs and very few field studies have evaluated the different approaches – especially in the US. We calculated TWIs using over 400 unique formulations that considered different digital elevation model (DEM) resolutions (cell size), vertical precision of DEM, flow direction and slope algorithms, smoothing via low-pass filtering, and the inclusion of relevant soil properties. We correlated each TWI with observed patterns of soil moisture at five agricultural fields in central NY, USA, with each field visited five to eight times between August and November 2012. Using a mixed effects modeling approach, we were able to identify optimal TWI formulations applicable to moderate relief agricultural settings that may provide guidance for practitioners and future studies. Overall, TWIs were moderately well correlated with observed soil moisture patterns; in the best case the relationship between TWI and soil moisture had an average R2 and Spearman correlation value of 0.61 and 0.78, respectively. In all cases, fine-scale (3 m) lidar-derived DEMs worked better than USGS 10 m DEMs and, in general, including soil properties improved correlations.
Where to locate a tree plantation within a low rainfall catchment to minimise impacts on groundwater resources
Authors: Dean J. F. , Webb J. A. , Jacobsen G. E. , Chisari R. , Dresel P. E.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Despite the fact that there are many studies that consider the impacts of plantation forestry on water resources, and others that explore the spatial heterogeneity of groundwater recharge in dry regions, there is little marriage of the two subjects in forestry management guidelines and legislation. Here we carry out an in-depth analysis of the groundwater and surface water regime in a low rainfall, high evapotranspiration paired catchment study to examine the impact of reforestation, using water table fluctuations and chloride mass balance methods to estimate groundwater recharge. Recharge estimations using the chloride mass balance method were shown to be more likely representative of groundwater recharge regimes prior to the planting of the trees, and most likely prior to widespread land clearance by European settlers. These estimations were complicated by large amounts of recharge occurring as a result of runoff and streamflow in the lower parts of the catchment. Water table fluctuation method estimations of recharge verified that groundwater recharge occurs predominantly in the lowland areas of the study catchment. This leads to the conclusion that spatial variations in recharge are important considerations for locating tree plantations with respect to conserving water resources for downstream users. For dry regions, this means planting trees in the upland parts of the catchments, as recharge is shown to occur predominantly in the lowland areas.
Modelling wildland fire propagation by tracking random fronts
Authors: Pagnini G. , Mentrelli A.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Wildland fire propagation is studied in the literature by two alternative approaches, namely the reaction–diffusion equation and the level-set method. These two approaches are considered alternatives to each other because the solution of the reaction–diffusion equation is generally a continuous smooth function that has an exponential decay, and it is not zero in an infinite domain, while the level-set method, which is a front tracking technique, generates a sharp function that is not zero inside a compact domain. However, these two approaches can indeed be considered complementary and reconciled. Turbulent hot-air transport and fire spotting are phenomena with a random nature and they are extremely important in wildland fire propagation. Consequently, the fire front gets a random character, too; hence, a tracking method for random fronts is needed. In particular, the level-set contour is randomised here according to the probability density function of the interface particle displacement. Actually, when the level-set method is developed for tracking a front interface with a random motion, the resulting averaged process emerges to be governed by an evolution equation of the reaction–diffusion type. In this reconciled approach, the rate of spread of the fire keeps the same key and characterising role that is typical of the level-set approach. The resulting model emerges to be suitable for simulating effects due to turbulent convection, such as fire flank and backing fire, the faster fire spread being because of the actions by hot-air pre-heating and by ember landing, and also due to the fire overcoming a fire-break zone, which is a case not resolved by models based on the level-set method. Moreover, from the proposed formulation, a correction follows for the formula of the rate of spread which is due to the mean jump length of firebrands in the downwind direction for the leeward sector of the fireline contour. The presented study constitutes a proof of concept, and it needs to be subjected to a future validation.
Time Mirrored: Reflecting Around the Surrey Canal
Authors: Lanuza Felipe
Published: August 2014

Burgess Park (Camberwell, South London) still retains some clues of its layered formation and the previous existence of the site as a bustling industrial quarter. Nonetheless, most of its open green spaces and recently renovated facilities stand in the absence of old houses and factories. On the morning of Friday 13 October 2013 I went to that park and photographed one of these cleared parts with a digital camera.
Ampliação do Canal do Panamá
Authors: Oliveira Andrea Benetti de Carvalho
Published: August 2014

Após dez anos de jurisdição e administração panamenha no Canal do Panamá debate‐se hoje sobre sua ampliação. Palavras‐chave: Panamá; Canal do Panamá; Ampliação; Histórico.
O Mercosul e a moeda única, até quando?
Authors: Neduziak Luiz Carlos Ribeiro
Published: August 2014

A baixa institucionalização do bloco do MERCOSUL indica que a questão do aprofundamento da integração econômica, que culmine na construção de uma moeda única, etapa finda do processo de integração, parece esvair‐se no tempo e espaço, diante das incertezas que “rondam” a região.Palavras‐chave: MERCOSUL; Instituições.
Eficiência Subnacional na Rio+C40
Authors: Mèrcher Leonardo
Published: August 2014

A atuação subnacional das cidades na Rio+C40 demonstrou eficiência diante de desafios ambientais comuns aos Estados na Rio+20, em 2012.Palavras‐chave: Paradiplomacia; Ambiente.
Análise do Reconhecimento da União Homoafetiva como Instituto Jurídico, pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, à luz da Declaração Internacional sobre o Direito ao Desenvolvimento
Authors: Marcon João Paulo Falavinha
Published: August 2014

Em 2011, o Supremo Tribunal Federal Brasileiro, em julgamento inédito e pioneiro, reconheceu validade jurídica à união homoafetiva. Tal decisão pode ser compreendida pelos valores e princípios norteadores do Estado de Direito Brasileiro contemporâneo, os quais abrangem diversos preceitos insculpidos na Declaração Internacional sobre o Direito ao Desenvolvimento, aprovada pela Assembleia Geral da ONU, em 1986.Palavras‐chave: STF; ONU; Homoafetividade; Direito; Desenvolvimento.
Narcotráfico Securitizado: Operação Ágata 5
Authors: Silva Caroline Cordeiro Viana e
Published: August 2014

O objetivo principal do paper é apresentar, brevemente, a securitização do narcotráfico no Estado brasileiro e o papel das Operações Ágata dentro deste processo. De maneira específica, a contribuição da Ágata 5 como parte do tema securitizado. Os principais resultados alcançados são: a constatação da prioridade da região centro-oeste para o combate ao narcotráfico e a deficiência na fiscalização permanente da fronteira.Palavras-chave: Operação Ágata; Plano Estratégico de Fronteira; Securitização
A Zona do Euro em 2012
Authors: Saraiva Ariane De Oliveira
Published: August 2014

O paper apresenta, brevemente, alguns aspectos da atual situação da zona da euro, apresentando dados sobre as taxas de desemprego e crescimento, os esforços para amenizar a crise financeira grega, passando por algumas avaliações das suas causas.Palavras-chave: União Europeia; Crise Financeira; Crise Grega
Cidades Globais 2012: O Cenário Asiático
Authors: Mèrcher Leonardo
Published: August 2014

A atualização do índice geral de cidades globais, em 2012, pela A.T. Kearney and The Chicago Council, indica que a Ásia perdeu espaço no cenário internacional, como reflexo das novas posições de suas cidades.Palavras-chave: Ásia; Cidade Global.
Etapas finais do conflito de delimitação da fronteira marítima Chile‐Peru perante a Corte Internacional de Justiça
Authors: Bahten Gustavo Luiz Von
Published: August 2014

Durante o ano de 2013, a Corte Internacional de Justiça emitirá sentença a respeito da controvérsia entre as repúblicas do Peru e do Chile, buscando a delimitação da fronteira marítima entre os dois países. O artigo busca apresentar os principais pontos desta controvérsia, ressaltando os acontecimentos mais recentes neste julgamento.Palavras‐chave: Chile; Peru; Corte Internacional de Justiça.
As eleições brasileiras para o Parlamento do MERCOSUL em 2014
Authors: Marcon João Paulo Falavinha
Published: August 2014

O Parlamento do MERCOSUL, do qual o Brasil faz parte, elegerá novos representantes no ano de 2014. Assim, o presente texto visa a expor, brevemente, como o país latino‐americano está tratando o tema.Palavras‐chave: Brasil; MERCOSUL; Parlasul; Eleições; Representação.
Alguns resultados sobre os critérios de convergência macroeconômica no âmbito do Mercosul
Authors: Neduziak Luiz Carlos Ribeiro
Published: August 2014

Os critérios de convergência econômica apontam para a baixa confluência das variáveis econômicas – PIB (Produto Interno Bruto), taxa de câmbio e demanda internacional no âmbito do Mercado Comum do Sul. Entretanto, do ponto de vista dos caracteres não dessemelhantes, como população, sociedade e cultura, o resultado é outro. O presente ensaio busca resgatar algumas considerações sobre a temática em tela à luz dos acontecimentos recentes neste espaço regional.Palavras‐chave: MERCOSUL; Convergência Macroeconômica.
BRICS e o rumo de uma liderança inexistente
Authors: Afonso Jaqueline Ganzert
Published: August 2014

Os BRICS surgem como bloco sem uma identidade política. As características econômicas do acrônimo criaram uma expectativa de liderança que não ocorreu. O desapontamento fora justamente o motor de críticas, que ora deveria ser ignorado, uma vez que o grupo foi criado sem o voluntarismo e a identidade assumida após sua constituição.Palavras‐chave: BRICS; Políticas públicas; Economia política.
TNP e o Regime Internacional de Não‐Proliferação: Desafios Contemporâneos
Authors: Fonseca Leandro Dalalibera
Published: August 2014

O presente artigo trata dos desafios contemporâneos ao TNP (Tratado de Não‐ProliferaçãoNuclear), abordando questões como o recente teste nuclear norte‐coreano, o controverso programa nuclear iraniano e também a questão do PA (protocolo adicional) do tratado.Palavras‐chave: Tratado de Não‐Proliferação Nuclear; Desafios; Protocolo Adicional
Conflito no Saara Ocidental: um país além da miragem
Authors: Smolarek Adriano Alberto
Published: August 2014

O presente trabalho analisa o conflito existente no Saara Ocidental. Sua origem, desenvolvimento, o panorama atual e algumas perspectivas.Palavras‐chave: Direito Internacional; Saara Ocidental; Marrocos
As crianças‐soldados imersas na crise humanitária no Mali
Authors: Falcão Wanda Helena Mendes Muniz
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho analisa o uso de crianças nos conflitos armados. Especificamente, examina a crise humanitária instalada no Mali ao que tangencia as crianças‐soldados, discutindo as circunstâncias existentes e os mecanismos para prevenção e combate a esta prática contemporânea.Palavras‐chave: Conflitos; Crise no Mali; Crianças‐soldados.
O comércio exterior de Cuba no século XXI e a diversificação de parcerias
Authors: Silva Marcos Antonio Da
Published: August 2014

O presente trabalho analisa a reinserção econômica de Cuba na primeira década do século XXI. Para tanto, procura demonstrar que o comércio exterior do país, alicerçado nos objetivos gerais da política externa cubana, indica diversificação de parcerias, superando a concentração que existiu ao longo do século XX, e tem contribuído para a recuperação econômica e maior autonomia do país.Palavras-Chave: Cuba; Diversificação; Parcerias.
Esfera Pública Transnacional e Meio Ambiente: O caso Avaaz versus Bayer
Authors: Leme Sabrina
Published: August 2014

Analisando o “pano de fundo” das negociações da Comissão Europeia sobre a proibição de três tipos de pesticidas neonicotinóides, verificou-se a existência de uma enérgica esfera pública transnacional que trouxe à tona o debate científico sobre os efeitos desses pesticidas sobre diversas espécies de abelhas. Com argumentos científicos e petições commilhões de assinaturas, foi travada uma batalha entre a rede Avaaz e a poderosa empresa Bayer.Palavras-chave: Esfera Pública Transnacional; Riscos Ambientais; Comissão Europeia
Análise de discurso como ferramenta fundamental dos estudos de Segurança – Uma abordagem Construtivista
Authors: Frizzera Guilherme
Published: August 2014

A Análise de Discurso (AD) é uma ferramenta essencial para os estudos de Segurança nas Relações Internacionais. A proposta desse artigo consiste em fazer uma breve e sucinta discussão sobre a importância dos discursos, tendo como base o chamado Construtivismo Crítico.Palavras-Chaves: Análise de Discurso; Construtivismo; Segurança.
Dossiê Tibete: análise dos conflitos sino-tibetanos
Authors: Ferreira Ana Paula Lopes
Published: August 2014

Os conflitos entre China e Tibete vêm de um longo processo histórico e desde 1949, quando ocorre a ocupação chinesa vem ganhando destaque internacional. Desse modo o texto pretende analisar o conflito através do modelo de análise de Galtung em nível estatal, regional e global.Palavras-chave: Conflitos; Tibete; China.
Litígio Árabe-israelense: A Importância da ONU para a Solução do Conflito no Oriente Médio
Authors: Rodrigues Noeli
Published: August 2014

O tema abordado é a atuação da Organização das Nações Unidas, pois se entende que a intervenção da Organização torna-se fundamental para a solução do conflito milenar no Oriente Médio. Nesse sentido, o reconhecimento da Palestina seria o meio de resolver o litígio.Palavras-chave: Organização das Nações Unidas. Conflito árabe-israelense. Solução deConflitos.
Um Breve Olhar Sobre a Questão Migratória no Japão
Authors: Dantas Aline Chianca
Published: August 2014

Este estudo reveste-se do interesse em realizar uma breve análise da questão migratória no Estado japonês, com objetivo de problematizá-la e ensejar maiores discussões, pensando as relações cooperativas entre países. Sendo assim, observa-se, inicialmente, a característica da política externa japonesa e, em seguida, três casos típicos de migração no Japão, quais sejam: retornados, deslocados ambientais e refugiados.Palavras-chave: Migrações; Japão; Cooperação Internacional.
A Migração de Haitianos para o Brasil
Authors: Alessi Mariana Longhi Batista
Published: August 2014

Desde o terremoto de janeiro de 2010, uma onda de haitianos passou a buscar refúgio no território brasileiro. O presente artigo visa comentar, brevemente, como o governo brasileiro vem lidando com a vinda dos haitianos.Palavras-chave: Brasil; Haitianos; Migração.
A Importância da Integração Física no Eixo Amazonas: Transportes e Oportunidades de Desenvolvimento
Authors: Passos Thaís Virga
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho ressalta a importância estratégica e econômica da integração física, no Eixo Amazonas de Integração (Brasil, Colômbia, Equador e Peru). O objetivo central é evidenciar como a integração física nesse Eixo, baseada nos transportes, poderá acarretarbenefícios em trocas econômicas através de complementaridades em processos produtivos e cadeias, além de favorecer o acesso de pessoas, bens e serviços nessa região.Palavras-chaves: Integração Física, Eixo Amazonas, transportes.
A Hegemonia Americana no Pós-Guerra Fria: Continuidade ou Declínio?
Authors: Santos Deijenane Gomes dos
Published: August 2014

O presente trabalho analisou as ideias sobre a longevidade e o possível declínio dos EUAcomo império no pós-Guerra Fria. A partir desta análise, foi possível entender que, apesarde grandes reveses sofridos pelos EUA tanto no campo econômico, quanto estratégico militar,um possível declínio total do império americano não se apresenta como uma realidadeiminente.Palavras-chave: EUA; império; declínio.
Legitimidade de Instituições de Governança Global
Authors: Cruz Mariana
Published: August 2014

O objetivo principal é discutir o debate nas Relações Internacionais sobre o conceito de legitimidade das instituições internacionais a partir da perspectiva do neo-institucionalismo. Pretende-se também discutir a legitimidade do Conselho de Segurança das Nações como uma organização internacional.Palavra-chave: Legitimidade; Instituições; Security Council.
A Reforma do Conselho de Segurança da ONU: Notas Preliminares
Authors: Pereira Alexsandro Eugênio
Published: August 2014

Recentemente, o G4 (grupo formado por Brasil, Alemanha, Japão e Índia) criticou o atraso da reforma do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas (CSNU). Esse grupo de países defendeu a ampliação do número de membros permanentes do Conselho. Nesse artigo, argumento que as propostas sobre a reforma do Conselho não se mostraram capazes de enfrentar desafios mais complexos colocados às principais organizações internacionais do mundo contemporâneo.Palavras-chave: Organizações Internacionais; Conselho de Segurança; Democracia.
A Guerra da Coréia vista após sessenta anos de Armistício (1953-2013)
Authors: Senhoras Elói , Ferreira Rita de Cássia De Oliveira
Published: August 2014

O boletim discute a evolução geoestratégica da Guerra da Coréia e sua repercussão nas relações internacionais a fim de fornecer subsídios analíticos para a compreensão dos tensionamentos pendulares de longa duração existentes na península coreana até o ano de 2013, quando o Armistício é declarado nulo pela Coréia do Norte.Palavras-chave: Armistício; Guerra da Coréia; Península da Coréia
O quinto resgate na zona do euro: A vez do Chipre
Authors: Saraiva Ariane De Oliveira
Published: August 2014

O paper tem o objetivo de apresentar as peculiaridades da crise financeira no Chipre e do seu pacote de resgate. O país, reconhecidamente um paraíso fiscal e com um sistema bancário inchado, terá que proceder com o confisco de depósitos acima de €$100 mil, o que representa mudança de atitude das instituições frente ao resgate e gera crise de confiança. Palavras-chave: Chipre; Euro; crise financeira.
O voto de estrangeiros nos países do Cone Sul: Uma análise de direito comparado
Authors: Bahten Gustavo Luiz Von
Published: August 2014

O artigo traz uma breve análise comparativa das legislações dos cinco países do Cone Sul (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Paraguai e Uruguai) a respeito da capacidade eleitoral ativa (direito ao voto) dos estrangeiros residentes nestes países. Palavras-Chave: Direito ao voto; sufrágio transnacional; Cone Sul.
A influência de Mancur Olson sobre a Teoria da Estabilidade Hegemônica de Robert Gilpin
Authors: Pinto Juliany Helen Das Graças
Published: August 2014

Este artigo pretende compreender como a Teoria da Escolha Racional de Mancur Olson foi adaptada no campo das Relações Internacionais por Robert Gilpin. Para tanto, primeiro será analisada a bibliografia acerca do tema; depois, como a Teoria de Gilpin explicou o período do pós-guerra de liderança dos EUA no sistema internacional até os anos 1970. Logo, certificou-se que a Teoria da Estabilidade Hegemônica de Gilpin foi inspirada na de Olson.Palavras-chave: teoria política; escolha racional; teoria hegemônica.
As Operações Ágata
Authors: Zaia Sophia Luiza
Published: August 2014

O Plano Estratégico de Fronteiras, criado em 2011, visa o combate a ilícitos nas faixas de fronteira aumentando a presença do Estado brasileiro em pontos estratégicos. O artigo versa sobre as sete Operações Ágata, que fazem parte do Plano, um esforço conjunto do Ministério da Defesa, das Forças Armadas e demais órgãos federais, estaduais e municipais.Palavras-chave: faixa de fronteira; forças armadas; defesa.
A evolução da integração regional na América Do Sul e a Crise do Mercosul
Authors: Motta Marcella , Martins Ariel , Silva Carla Regina Da , Culpi Ludmila
Published: August 2014

O presente boletim tem como objetivo central analisar a construção da integração regional na América do Sul. O problema que se busca responder é como ocorreu o processo de paralisia do MERCOSUL. As conclusões parciais da pesquisa apontam que, embora existam fragilidades graves no processo do MERCOSUL, incluindo o problema da orientação da política externa brasileira, o bloco se mantém. Porém, deve-se revisá-lo em seus objetivos.Palavras-chave: integração regional, América do Sul, crise do Mercosul.