bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glacial Melt-Water Spillways near Kidsgrove, Staffordshire
Authors: Yates E. M.
Published: May 2009

As a result of the drainage contest between the Weaver headstreams and the headstreams of the Trent the west facing edge of the Potteries coalfield has been breached in a number of places, in particular at Kidsgrove. During the last retreat of the ice the Kidsgrove breach came ultimately to act as a spillway for the large lake contained between the ice and the coalfield. Before the breach was uncovered, however, a number of spillways were cut further east.
The Granite Problem: Evidence from the Quartz and Feldspar of a Tertiary Granite
Authors: Tuttle O. F. , Keith M. L.
Published: May 2009

The inversion temperatures of the quartz from twenty-five specimens of the Beinn an Dubhaich granite have been measured and found to correspond to the inversion temperatures of quartz from rhyolites previously studied. Optical and X-ray studies of the alkali and plagioclase feldspars indicate high temperature modifications. The Beinn an Dubhaich granite has the textural and compositional features of a granite together with mineralogical features normally associated with rhyolitic rocks. The results serve to emphasize that methods are now available which make it possible in some cases to determine whether a particular granite was formed by metamorphism of sediments or by crystallization of a magma. It is concluded that the older granites and those which crystallized at greater depths probably have undergone considerable rearrangement of their mineralogical and textural features subsequent to primary crystallization.
Contact of Tertiary Lavas with Torridonian near Broadford, Skye
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

It is argued that the Strollamus outcrop of Tertiary basalt lavas reaching south to Coire Garbh occupies a volcanic inbreak or sink dating from the lava period; and that the Broadford Dolerite is not metamorphic.
Alkaline Syenites at Ruri, South Nyanza, Kenya
Authors: Pulfrey William
Published: May 2009

Alkaline syenites from the Ruri Hills in Western Kenya are described, and the hypothesis advanced that their present constitutions have been developed partly by replacement. The syenites occur as dykes and small plugs associated with ring complexes of carbonatites which, together with agglomerates, largely form the hills, and are presumed to be congeneric with an ijolite mass at Usaki.
On the Graphical Representation of Differentiation Trends in Igneous Rocks
Authors: Simpson E. S. W.
Published: May 2009

This paper describes a revised method of plotting analyses of igneous rock suites using the Mafic and Felsic Indices as defined. A composite M–F diagram has certain advantages over the triangular iron-magnesia-alkalis diagram and enables a genetic distinction to be made between the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series.
The Pegmatites of Trolvis Quarry, Carnmenellis, Cornwall
Authors: Hosking K. F. G.
Published: May 2009

The pegmatites of Trolvis Quarry, Carnmenellis, are small lenticular masses which were developed before the joints of the associated granite. Both mineralogically simple and complex types occur: the latter are drusy. Whilst the earlier minerals lining the druses may have crystallized in a closed system, the later minerals were clearly deposited from a moving phase. The disposition of the later minerals was largely determined by earlier crystals acting as baffles to the mineral-depositing agents. The pegmatites appear to occupy spaces formed by the solution of the granite by a pegmatitic fraction of the magma.
The Structure of the Granophyric Quartz-Dolerite Intrusion of Centre 2, Ardnamurchan and the Problem of Net-Veining
Authors: Wells M. K.
Published: May 2009

The Quartz-dolerite intrusion of Sgùrr nam Meann, Ardnamurchan, is shown to be a ring-dyke which has sill apophyses extending from its outer wall. This is a form of intrusion which has not been recognized before, and its field relations are described in detail. The quartz-dolerite is extensively veined by acid rocks which are ubiquitous in all parts of the intrusion, and most abundant in the sills. From the evidence of the distribution and nature of the veining it is concluded that the acid and basic components of the intrusion must have been ernplaced simultaneously. It is suggested that a gas-charged, acid residual magma may have separated from a crystallizing basic parent under the influence of sudden reductions of external pressure acting upon the system.
Tectonic Features of the Hecla Hook Formation to the South of St. Jonsfjord, Vestspitsbergen
Authors: Weiss L. E.
Published: May 2009

A structural study of rocks of the Hecla Hook formation in the area of Forlandsundet of Vestspitsbergen reveals the presence of two B–axes. The earlier (B1) trends roughly east–west and affects only the Hecla Hook formation; the later axis (B2) trends roughly north–south, and affects also rocks of Carboniferous age. It is suggested that B1 is the main “Caledonian” axis in this area, and that B2 and the roughly north–south “grain” of the rocks concerned are Lower Tertiary phenomena.
Some Aspects of the Alpine-Type Serpentinites of Queensland
Authors: Wilkinson J. F. G.
Published: May 2009

Several aspects of the Queensland serpentinites are discussed, including the significance of a suite of serpentinite-breccias, the formation of antigorite, and the general problem of serpentinization and mode of emplacement of the ultramafic rocks.
Modal and Chemical Analyses in Regional Studies
Authors: Whitten E. H. Timothy
Published: May 2009

A technique for roughly evaluating the chemical variability within a suite of rocks is described and discussed in relation to the composition of the granite and quartzite of N. W. Donegal. The accuracy of this method is compared with more expensive chemical analysis.
Magnetic Correlation in Volcanic Districts
Authors: Hospers J.
Published: May 2009

Alternating zones of normal and reverse natural permanent magnetization, each comprising about twenty-five flows, have been found in the Tertiary and Quaternary plateau basalt series of Iceland. The techniques for measuring this permanent magnetization are discussed and some results shown. It is suggested that zones of normal and reverse magnetization may be useful for correlation purposes in volcanic districts. Some other possible applications of rock magnetism are mentioned.
New Genera of Carboniferous Tetracorals from Western Canada
Authors: Sutherland Patrick K.
Published: May 2009

Four new solitary tetracoral genera and their type species from the Mississippian of Western Canada are described, named, and discussed. These new genera are part of several previously undescribed coral faunas from the northern Canadian Rocky Mountains.
From Dolerite to Diorite: Older Granite Activity near Ellon, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Farquhar O. C.
Published: May 2009

Hornblende-schists, probably intruded as dolerite sills, have been permeated by trondhjemitic material. Conversion to rocks of dioritic aspect is the end-stage of this process, but the intermediate stages are more common. The conversion has been effected with little displacement so that all varieties can be observed in their correct sequence.
“Hutton's Unconformity,” Isle of Arran
Authors: Tomkeieff S. I.
Published: May 2009

It is shown that “Hutton's Unconformity” on the Isle of Arran has been misinterpreted. The assumed plane of unconformity is in reality the plane separating the Dalradian schists from the upper-most zone of schists impregnated with and cemented by calcareous material. The true plane of unconformity is situated some 4 feet above this plane.
Oblique-Slip Faults and Rotated Stress Systems
Authors: Williams Alwyn
Published: May 2009

Primary shears with oblique-slip displacement can only arise by failure after a rotation of two of the three principal axes of stress from an expected vertical and horizontal position relative to the earth's crust, and are either normal-wrench or thrust-wrench hybrids. As a consequence of a full 90° clockwise or anticlockwise rotation, the changes in pitch of striations on slicken-sided fault planes belonging to both categories are stereographically represented by two small circle courses which are ∠90°–ø apart for the normal-wrench association, and ∠180°–ø apart for the thrust-wrench one: ∠ø being the angle of internal friction. Using these assumptions to analyse the distribution of oblique-slip shears exposed in the south-western part of the Midland Valley of Scotland, it appears probable that two unrelated sets of commonly occurring normal-dextral shears are of primary origin, for the inferred azimuthal orientations of the principal axes of stress are remarkably close to those estimated for other, more orthodox tectonic features found elsewhere in the Midland Valley and appropriately absent in the south-west.
The Geology of the Land between Ekmanfjorden and Dicksonfjorden in Central Vestspitsbergen
Authors: Bates D. E. B. , Schwarzacher W.
Published: May 2009

The peninsula between Ekmanfjorden and Dicksonfjorden has been mapped geologically. Devonian sandstones are overlain unconformably by a Permo-Carboniferous sequence of limestones (200 m.) and dolomites and gypsum (300 m.). This is followed by more than 150 metres of Permian cherts. The strata show a slight but consistent dip towards the SSE. A fault having the trend of this dip has been proved in Ekmanfjorden. Sills are intruded in the higher levels of the succession and it is suggested that the intrusions are contemporaneous with the faulting. By comparing the lithology the area can be correlated with the known sections of Billefjorden and Kongsfjorden.
Further Data on the Petrology of the Pelitic Hornfelses of the Carn Chuinneag–Inchbae Region, Ross-shire, with Special Reference to the Status of Almandine
Authors: Harker R. I.
Published: May 2009

The pelitic hornfelses surrounding the Carn Chuinneag–Inchbae complex have, with the other rocks in the area, been subjected to the regional metamorphism which affected the Moine Series as a whole. The minerals of the original hornfelses have reacted to form assemblages which are typical of regional rather than purely thermal metamorphism although the massive structure of the hornfelses is well preserved.

By studying the changes which took place in the hornfelses during the regional metamorphism it has been possible to deduce the most likely mineral assemblages indigenous to the original hornfelses.

The results of the chemical analyses of some of the pelitic hornfelses are presented and chemical data on some of the garnets are given. It is considered unlikely that all the garnets in the hornfelses, which are essentially almandines, formed as a result of the earlier contact metamorphism: some at least probably occur as a result of the later regional metamorphism.
The Plutonic History of the Aswan Area, Egypt
Authors: Gindy A. R.
Published: May 2009

The coarse porphyritic Aswan Granite used in many ancient Egyptian monuments has been held to intrude a tract of gneisses and schists. It is suggested in this paper that the granitic body was formed during a phase of granitization which followed the folding and metamorphism responsible for producing the gneisses and schists. A part of the granite retains mimetic structures inherited from the pre-existing rocks, but the southern part became mobile and developed a new structure. The intrusion of a magmatic granite in dykes and sheets followed the phase of granitization.
The Structure and Development of Peiragraptus fallax, gen. et sp. nov. A New Graptolite from the Ordovician of Canada
Authors: Strachan Isles
Published: May 2009

A new genus, Peiragraptus, is proposed for graptolites having a partial diplograptid development and mainly uniserial rhabdosome. A growth series of the new species P. fallax from the Upper Ordovician of Anticosti is described.
Devonian Goniatites from North Cornwall
Authors: House M. R.
Published: May 2009

A study of Devonian faunas from North Cornwall shows that a considerable area of beds hitherto regarded as Upper Devonian are of Middle Devonian age. Goniatite localities at Trevone Bay and Portquin correlate with the Upper Maenioceras Stufe of Germany: other localities within the area mapped as Grey Slate by the Survey are also Middle Devonian. Only the area marked as Purple and Green Slate by the Survey has yielded Upper Devonian goniatites.
Petrology of the Anorthosite-Gabbro Mass at Kadavur, Madras, India
Authors: Subramaniam A. P.
Published: May 2009

A small body of anorthosite with related gabbroic facies from the Archaean of Southern India is described. The mass is inferred to be a funnel shaped phacolithic pluton, emplaced in the crest of a steeply plunging major anticline of metasedimentary quartzite and quartz schists. The marginal rocks of the mass are gabbroic and foliated, while the core is largely made of massive anortho-sites occasionally showing flow structures. The chemistry and petrography of the rocks of this mass suggest their having resulted from differentiation in place of a gabbroic anorthosite intrusion. This occurrence is thought to be a unique example of the Adirondack type of anorthosite, and supports Buddington's hypothesis of evolution of anorthositic rocks from a gabbroic anorthosite magma.
Holothurian Spicules from the Oxford Clay of Redcliff, near Weymouth (Dorset)
Authors: Hodson Frank , Harris Barbara , Lawson Louise
Published: May 2009

Nine species (eight new) of holothurian spicules are recorded from the Oxford Clay (cordatum zone) of Redcliff, near Weymouth on the Dorset coast. The new species are described and named and the significance of a close association of Rhabdotites and Theelia is discussed. Previous records of holothurian spicules from British strata are reviewed.
Conjugate fold systems in the Moine Thrust Zone in the Lochcarron and Coulin Forest areas of Wester Ross
Authors: Johnson M. R. W.
Published: May 2009

The Moine Thrust Zone in the Lochcarron and Coulin Forest areas contains numerous small scale folds which plunge eastwards. The axial planes of these folds are inclined towards the north or south so that no regional directional translation of the rocks can be postulated from these structures, whose symmetry as a whole is orthorhombic. The folds are considered to have resulted from local lateral extension and concomitant compression of laminated rocks involved in the thrusting.
Facies Boundaries in Pelites at the Middle Grades of Regional Metamorphism
Authors: Francis G. H.
Published: May 2009

An examination of existing definitions of facies and subfacies boundaries in pelitic rocks suggests that some alteration is necessary to emphasize two important reactions:

3 Staurolite + 2 Quartz ⇌ Almandine + 5 Al2SiO5 + 3 Water, and

Muscovite + Quartz ⇌ Potash feldspar + Al2SiO5 + Water A generalized plot shows possible relations between the curves of these two reactions and the inversion, curves of the aluminosilicates within the P-T field of metamorphism. The curves of further reactions commonly used to define facies and subfacies boundaries have been schematically added to this plot, and trends of metamorphism in various areas are indicated thereon. P-T curves of dehydration reactions such as the above will vary according to the chemical potential of the water vapour in each particular case. Observations suggest, however, that the curves are not very differently placed from one regional metamorphic terrain to another. That is, the rate of escape of volatiles is broadly similar in the metamorphism of many of these terrains.
The Northern Aureole of the Ardara Pluton of County Donegal
Authors: Akaad M. K.
Published: May 2009

The contact aureole on the northern side of the Ardara granitic pluton is made up of an outer part where contact effects are slight, and an inner part in which a broad zone of andalusite hornfelses is succeeded towards the contact by a narrower zone of sillimanite hornfelses. The textures of the hornfelses indicate that several phases of recrystallization, some of them associated with phases of movement, took place during contact metamorphism. Certain phases can be correlated with particular episodes in the evolution of the pluton itself.
The Origin and Significance of Boudinage
Authors: Rast N.
Published: May 2009

The history of ideas on boudinage is outlined, and observations in Perthshire are described. Some implications of the “necking hypothesis” are examined.
Rare Alkali Elements in Trilobites
Authors: McKerrow W. S. , Taylor S. R. , Blackburn Audrey L. , Ahrens L. H.
Published: May 2009

Li, Rb, and Cs were determined spectrographically in twenty-eight trilobites, two xiphosurida, four insects, four Crustacea, and six brachiopods. The sediments associated with fifteen trilobites were also analysed. Compared with igneous and sedimentary rocks, the trilobites were characteristically enriched in cesium relative to rubidium and potassium. Thus, the K\Rb ratios were normal, but the Rb\Cs ratios were anomalously low. The evidence is considered to favour the view that cesium has been preferentially concentrated by trilobites during growth. The matrices had Rb\Cs ratios similar to normal sedimentary rocks.
Mesozoic Radiolaria of the Middle East and their Stratigraphical Distribution
Authors: Elliott Graham F.
Published: May 2009

Recent work on various Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous radio-larian faunas from sections in northern and north-eastern Iraq, all of known stratigraphic horizon, and from elsewhere in the Middle East, confirms the existing view that as absolute indicators of age, without associated evidence, these fossils as commonly preserved are of little use, but that in local and regional problems where they are associated with other evidence they may be of considerable stratigraphical value. The genus Meyenella is not regarded as a useful indicator for the Jurassic.
Metamorphism of Granite Rocks by Olivine Dolerite in Central Australia
Authors: Wilson Allan F.
Published: May 2009

A zone of intense metamorphism extends for six feet on both sides of a nearly vertical fifteen feet wide olivine dolerite dyke. Adamellites have been converted in situ to rocks resembling quartz porphyries, and mobilization of cordierite gneiss has been effected. Petrography and chemical analyses show that metamorphism is not purely thermal. Although little actual fixation of doleritic “end liquors” took place in the wall rocks the cause of these remarkable contact effects is ascribed to hydrothermal activity near the “blind end” of the dyke.
Magmatic Intrusions and Lava-sheets in the Raman area of the Nagev (Southern Israel)
Authors: Bentor Yaacow K.
Published: May 2009

Southern Israel is traversed by a series of north-easterly trending anticlines, the largest of which is the Raman anticline. Here a deep erosion-cirque exposes a sedimentary succession from the Cenomanian down to the Triassic, including a series of magmatic rocks of highly alkaline affinities. The forms of these magmatic bodies are described in detail and from their field-relationships with the sediments it is shown that they include a stock, a laccolith, sills, dykes, and a basaltic flow. This igneous activity took place between Lower Triassic and Upper Jurassic times and was perhaps restricted only to the Jurassic. Comparison with the surrounding areas leads to the conclusion that the Raman region was the centre of magmatic activity during this period.
Notes on the Species and Subspecies in Palaeontology
Authors: McKerrow W. S.
Published: May 2009

The view is put forward that, as any subdivisions of an evolving plexus must be arbitrary, the existing binomial system of nomenclature should continue to be applied to morphological species in palaeontology, rather than be replaced by any other arbitrary system which could not be applied generally.
Structural Imperfections in Alpine Quartz Crystals
Authors: Friedlaender C.
Published: May 2009

A description is given of structural imperfections such as twinning, lineage sutures and optical streaks, in Alpine quartz crystals.
New Evidence on the Correlation of the Lower Carboniferous Reefs at Castleton, North Derbyshire
Authors: Ford Trevor D.
Published: May 2009

There are two alternative hypotheses regarding the relationship of the goniatite-bearing reef limestones to the coral-bearing “massif” limestones. One claims an unconformity between the reefs and bedded limestones, the other a lateral passage from a “massif facies” to “marginal facies”. Surface exposures are such that it is difficult to be convinced of either hypothesis. Details of underground exposures in natural cave systems and associated mine-workings show a clear transition between facies and no trace of unconformity.
The Position of the Falkland Islands in a Reconstruction of Gondwanaland
Authors: Adie Raymond J.
Published: May 2009

In previous reconstructions of Gondwanaland the Falkland Islands have been placed in a position intermediate between the Cape Province and Northern Argentina. In the present paper it is suggested on structural, tectonic, and stratigraphical grounds that it would be preferable to position the Falkland Islands due east of the Eastern Province coast, thus completing the truncated Karroo Basin, the missing part of which has until now been suspected to be concealed beneath the ice-capped Queen Maud Land, Antarctica.
The Development of Lineation in Complex Fold Systems
Authors: Clifford P. , Fleuty M. J. , Ramsay J. G. , Sutton J. , Watson J.
Published: May 2009

The paper refers to a number of areas in which the lineations are related to major folds. It shows that the shapes of individual folds, the interference of neighbouring folds, and the imposition of a second generation of folds all influence the arrangement of linear structures and that lineation maps may only become explicable when the major structure has been determined.
The Petrogenetic Significance of the Contact Relationships of the Donegal Granite in Gweedore and Cloghaneely
Authors: Whitten E. H. T.
Published: May 2009

The “space problem” in north-west Donegal is analysed; structures of country rocks and granite-quartzite contacts, together with marginal granitization, suggest that two space-forming processes operated together. The inter-relationship of these mechanical and chemical processes in Gweedore and Cloghaneely suggests a dual rhythm within Read's (1949) granite series.
On a Volcanic Vent and Associated Monchiquite Intrusions in Monmouthshire
Authors: Eyles V. A. , Blundell C. R. K.
Published: May 2009

Quarrying activity adjacent to the well-known intrusion of monchiquite cutting Old Red Sandstone near Usk, in Monmouthshire (originally described by W. S. Boulton, in 1911), shows that the monchiquite proper is associated with an agglomerate-filled vent. Fossiliferous blocks contained within the agglomerate (first recorded by C. R. K. Blundell) show that the volcanic activity took place not earlier than in Lower Carboniferous time; and throw light on the former extension of the Carboniferous Limestone in this area.
A Provisional Reclassification of Granite
Authors: Chayes F.
Published: May 2009

The term “granite” could be usefully reserved for massive or weakly oriented plutonic rocks of colour index less than 20 per cent and quartz content between 20 per cent and 40 per cent by volume. A symbolic classification of rocks meeting these requirements is presented. The various classes are based on the relative proportions of plagioclase and alkali feldspar, and sub-classes based on the ternary dominance ratio quartz-alkali feldsparplagioclase are also proposed. The symbols are simple and easily remembered. A few of the common names now in use are retained for class designations.
Regional Study of Epidote, Mica, and Albite Fabrics of the Moines
Authors: Crampton C. B.
Published: May 2009

The great majority of Moine lineations are mica structures, and together with a parallel preferred orientation of epidote [010]-axes, are directed mainly into the south-east quadrant. This orientation is retained within the crush zone alongside the Moine Thrust. The regional preferred orientation of muscovite [100]-axes and [001]-axes is consistent with north-east and south-west movements except within the crush zone where fabric reorientation suggests movements normal to this direction. The growth of albite textures and fabric is intimately associated with thrust plane movements, the preferred orientation of albite suggesting a south-east and north-west vertical plane of deformation.
The Clinopyroxenes of a Differentiated Teschenite Sill Near Gunnedah, New South Wales
Authors: Wilkinson J. F. G.
Published: May 2009

Optical and chemical data are presented on the clinopyroxenes (titaniferous salites) from a differentiated teschenite sill. The range of clinopyroxene composition is close to the limits, Ca49Mg37Fe14to Ca47Mg33Fe20. Attention is directed to the clinopyroxene compositions and zoning in their relation to the parent rocks and associated minerals.
The Pattern of Some Pacific Island Chains
Authors: Chubb L. J.
Published: May 2009

In certain Pacific island chains, characterized by feldspathoids in their volcanic rocks, the arrangement of the different types of islands conforms to a pattern which suggests that yulcanicity began at one end and moved progressively along the chain, erecting a series of volcanoes, each of which passed through a succession of stages, ending as an atoll. The origin of coral reefs is discussed in the light of these observations.
A Note on the Occurrence of Rhythmic Layering in the Eilean Mhuire Sill, Shiant Isles
Authors: Drever H. I.
Published: May 2009

This note records a unique instance of rhythmic layering which is likely to have an important bearing on the interpretation of such layering in general.
Permian Rocks of the Midlands
Authors: Boulton W. S.
Published: May 2009

During the Permian the time involved in orogeny, erosion and deposition of continental and marine deposits, and the evolution of its characteristic faunas and floras, is comparable with that of other established Systems. The Permian in the Midlands has been for many years officially classed with the Carboniferous or Trias, in some cases with a query, separated by a great unconformity. It is now urged that it should be separately represented, and include all the deposits in the Midlands from the base of the Enville Beds to the top of the “Dune Sandstone”, now called Lower Mottled Sandstone of the Trias.
Geology of the Glen Tromie Hydro-electric Tunnels, Inverness-shire
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: May 2009

Tunnels constructed in connection with hydro-electric development near the head of Glen Tromie cut Moinian granulites and semi-pelitic schists penetrated by pegmatites and by quartz-porphyry and felsite sills. Deep and very extensive deposits of glacial drift are also present. A remarkable feature of the latter is the presence of hollow chambers well below the surface which are interpreted as partially collapsed moulds of buried blocks of ice.
A Note on the Development of Large Garnets in Sutherland Migmatites
Authors: Charlu T. G. K. , Read H. H.
Published: May 2009

In the outer zone of the Sutherland Migmatite Complex, four-inch garnets are developed in “veins” in garnetiferous rocks which, adjacent to the “veins”, are devoid of garnet. The redistribution of material has been brought about by activity along certain privileged paths. Comparison is made with the gigantic 3-ft. garnets of the Adirondacks.
The Sequence of Microspore Assemblages Associated with the Occurrence of Crassidurite in Coal Seams of Yorkshire
Authors: Smith A. H. V.
Published: May 2009

An investigation of the sequence of microspores vertically within a number of seams containing horizons of crassidurite has revealed a succession of three distinct phases, each characterized in the main by the dominance of one of the three genera Lycospora, Laevigato-sporites, and Densosporites, The succession begins with the Lycospore phase and culminates in the crassidurite with the Densospore phase. The significance of this succession in relation to the formation of crassidurite and the provenance of Densospores is discussed.
The Glen Dessarry Marble and its Associated Calc-Silicate Rocks.
Authors: Harry W. T.
Published: May 2009

White marble in Glen Dessarry, West Highlands of Scotland, occurs as three lenses associated with schists and calc-silicate rocks. The minerals identified in all these rocks are apatite, biotite, calcite, chondrodite, clinochlore, clinozoisite, diopsidic-pyroxene, dolomite, epidote, forsterite, garnet, hornblende, magnetite, phlogopite, plagioclase, potash-feldspar, pyrites, quartz, scapolite, sillimanite, sphene, vesuvianite, zoisite.

Two parageneses may be distinguished. One, due to high-grade regional metamorphism, apparently with little or no introduction of material, is a diopsidic-pyroxene, forsterite, phlogopite, calcite, dolomite association forming white marble. The other association occurs as veinlets and small irregular bodies in the white marble. It appears to be due to circulating solutions in which pyroxene and forsterite were unstable. Minerals of this paragenesis include potash-feldspar, plagioclase, scapolite, hornblende, minerals of the epidote group, calcite, and quartz. In certain localities scapolite formed at the expense of plagioclase and was succeeded by crystallization of epidote.
Notes on Erosion Along the Coast of Suffolk
Authors: Steers J. A.
Published: May 2009

Comparison of the Suffolk coast with dated large-scale Ordnance Survey maps indicates regions where noticeable erosion or accretion has occurred during the past quarter of a century. It is important to establish why and how the incidence of erosion varies with time and place.
The Denbigh Grits; Wenlock Greywackes in Wales
Authors: Cummins W. A.
Published: May 2009

The petrography of the greywackes is described, with special emphasis on rock and mineral grains indicative of provenance. Sedimentary structures are discussed, and current directions based on flute cast measurements are recorded. The stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Denbigh Grits, and the facies of other parts of the Wenlock in the Welsh area are also considered. It is concluded that the greywackes were derived from an area of Pre-Cambrian rocks near south-west Wales and that they were transported along the axes of subsiding troughs by turbidity currents.
An Outline of the Structure of the Galway Granite
Authors: Burke Kevin
Published: May 2009

Remapping of parts of the Galway granite has shown that over most of its outcrop it is a homogeneous adamellite. A steeply dipping belt of basic rocks borders the intrusion on the north where there is a reaction zone between adamellite and basic rock. A similar but gently dipping belt of basic rocks overlies the granite to the west. In the south, where there is no reaction zone, the granite intrudes and hornfelses a group of pillow lavas, greywackes, and conglomerates. The structural features of the northern border indicate that the granite has been emplaced as a diapir and radial fractures in the north-east border further indicate that the granite and its basic envelope moved upward and outward together into the Connemara schists.
Montmorillonite in Fuller's Earth, Nutfield, Surrey
Authors: Brammall A. , Leech J. G. C. , Dunstall W. J.
Published: May 2009

The petrography and stratigraphical setting of the Nutfield fuller's earths were recently described by E. F. Newton (I) who also made a complete study of the accessory minerals associated with the actual “fuller's earth material”, which is the main constituent of the native earths processed at Redhill, Surrey.
The Cefn Bryn Shales of Gower
Authors: George T. Neville
Published: May 2009

In 1901 (Swansea Memoir, p. 5; West Gower Memoir, p. 4) the Officers of the Geological Survey (R. H. Tiddeman and B. S. N. Wilkinson) discovered olive-coloured shales and mudstones in outcrops on Cefn Bryn, Gower. They considered these strata to be “succeeded naturally by Old Bed Sandstone”, for the larger outcrop is bounded on the south by brown sandstones and quartz conglomerates dipping southwards at about 30 degrees. It was therefore natural that these beds, apparently obviously older than the contiguous Old Red Sandstone, should be referred to the Silurian. Tiddeman obtained fossils from the shales which were identified by E. T. Newton as “Rhynchonella (like R. nucula), Bellerophon (like B. murchisoni), Modiolopsis?, Chonetes sp., crinoid ossicles, and entomostraca”. The evidence of the fossils thus seemed to confirm the conclusions made on the field evidence, though (as shown by the private records of the Geological Survey) Newton was doubtful of the precise age of the fossils and questioned their reference to the Ludlow.
New Blattoid Insects from the South Wales Coalfield
Authors: Wallis F. S.
Published: May 2009

The Blattoids, or early cockroaches, are on account of their mode of life, far more numerous as fossils than any other Coal Measure insects.
The Classification of Igneous Rocks: An Historical Approach
Authors: Tomkeieff S. I.
Published: May 2009

There can be little doubt that most petrologists will welcome J- the classification of igneous rocks according to their grainsize as proposed by the British Association Committee on Rock Nomenclature and Classification (1). This classification has been incorporated in the new edition of the well-known textbook of Hatch and Wells (2) and has recently been very ably defended by Wells (3). To avoid misunderstanding it must be emphasized that grain-size is taken to be only one of the factors in the classification of igneous rocks and not the sole factor, and that the suggested limits between different grades of granularity must be taken at the present time to be only provisional.
Problems of Ammonite Nomenclature. 4. The Vicissitudes of the Genus Rhacophyllites, Zittel
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

It seems late in the day to ask the International Commission to standardize the use of Rhacophyllites in the interpretation commonly accepted for over half a century, but until I discussed this genus last summer with Dr. S. W. Muller, Stanford University, California, in connection with work on Lias ammonites, I was unaware that it offered a nomenclatorial problem or that this was incapable of a simple solution on the basis of the existing rules of nomenclature. A discussion of the difficulties encountered may not be out of place in this series, and I hope to show that this is indeed one of the special cases in which standardization provides the only fair solution.
On Rutile in the Dogger
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

In several papers by the present author alone or in collaboration with Dr. J. E. Hemingway, mention has been made of the abundance of the titanium minerals, rutile, anatase, and brookite, in the Middle Jurassic sediments of Yorkshire. One of these papers dealt with brookite crystals from the Dogger, and the present one will describe briefly the types of rutile crystals from the same formation; partly because these show interesting peculiarities, and partly, as a subsidiary object, because it has appeared during this investigation that the descriptions given in most of the books of reference of sedimentary rutiles are somewhat inadequate, several striking features found to be widely prevalent not being mentioned in any of them, while other points are dealt with very briefly by most authors. A beginner in sedimentary petrography, confronted with a heavy mineral concentrate of this kind, might find considerable difficulty in identifying the crystals of rutile.
On Rhythms in the History of the Earth
Authors: Umbgrove J. H. F.
Published: May 2009

Two publications by Grabau, which will be treated in the following pages, have led to the ensuing considerations.

In his opinion world-wide advance and retreat of the sea are simply explained by vertical movements of the sea-level. About the possible cause of these movements he makes some very brief remarks, as we shall see later. It is, however, quite possible that the explanation must be sought in simultaneous but opposed movement of continents and sea-level. In trying to obtain an insight into the cause of these movements, rhythms of an entirely different sort come up for discussion, viz. phases of diastrophism and magmatic cycles. And then a further question presents itself: can these different phenomena be connected, and thus give an insight into certain rhythmical processes in the deeper parts of the earth ? I, personally, am convinced that we must answer this question in the affirmative. Stille, Joly, Holmes, and Bucher have reached a similar conclusion by different ways. Meanwhile, the following pages are only intended to shed some light on the different aspects of the problem, and I shall restrict myself to outlining the questions that demand further study.
A New Method for the Discovery of Flat-dipping Structures (1° and less) in Irregular Lenticular Sediments
Authors: Tromp S. W.
Published: May 2009

In my publication On the Mechanism of the Geological Undulation Phenomena, etc.1 I discussed on pp. 69–73 the different characteristics of flat-dipping compaction folds and of folds caused by folding during sedimentation.
The Mapping of Head Deposits
Authors: Dines H. G. , Hollingworth S. E. , Edwards Wilfrid , Buchan S. , Welch F. B. A.
Published: May 2009

Widespread over England and Wales there are superficial deposits of a structureless and rubbly character that can be classed neither with true glacial deposits nor with river drifts. These are especially noticeable beyond the southern limit of glaciation, but they also occur, with less frequency, within the glaciated regions. Geologists in the early part of the last century, unhampered by pre-conceived ideas, frequently described such deposits, and in 1839 De la Beche, probably adopting a quarryman's term for overburden, gave certain occurrences the name Head. In later years Pleistocene classification, embracing both glacial and river drifts, took little or no account of these apparently irregular accumulations. Only those cases that presented special characters or were extensive and thick were shown, under a variety of names, upon geological maps.
The Geology of the Oil-field Belt of S.W. Iran and Iraq.
Authors: Lees G. M. , Richardson F. D. S.
Published: May 2009

The Near East is steadily growing in importance as an oil producing region. Present annual production-rates in the various countries are (in round figures) as follows. S.W. Iran 10,000,000 tons, Iraq 4,000,000 tons, Bahrein and the N.E. coast of Arabia 1,000,000 tons, Egypt 600,000 tons. In addition, recently discovered oil-fields are being developed, and active exploration of extensive areas is proceeding in these countries and in Syria, Palestine, and Sinai. The oil possibilities of this immense region are, naturally, not of equal order throughout, but a success in one area draws attention to all geologically related provinces, at least for first-stage exploration.
The Alteration of Detrital Minerals in the Mesozoic Rocks of Yorkshire
Authors: Smithson Frank
Published: May 2009

Dr. R. H. Rastall (1932) has described the petrography of the Middle Jurassic sandstones of Eskdale and shown that they possess a remarkably restricted suite of detrital minerals, having for example no garnet or staurolite, but containing much anatase and brookite, both apparently of authigenic origin. The present writer (1934) showed that in other parts of North-East Yorkshire beds of the same age contain relatively rich heavy mineral assemblages. After a more detailed survey the writer was able to show (1939c, Text-fig. 2) that the peculiar restricted assemblage was confined to a belt or elongated oval area—which can be roughly defined as occupying the north-west and northeast quarters of Sheet 43 (Geol. Survey “one-inch” map) and the north-east quarter of Sheet 44—and that as one passed outward from this area one met with increasingly richer assemblages at all horizons in the Middle Jurassic.1 This result, as well as the results of mapping certain other characteristics of the assemblage, led the writer to suggest that this belt, which coincides closely with the Cleveland axis, is a belt along which active decomposition and alteration has occurred in these deposits after they were laid down.
Geological Research in the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

This paper is an attempt to review briefly the progress of geological research in an area familiar to zoologists as the classic ground covered by Alfred Russel Wallace, but which is also the field where Dutch geologists have for many years been carrying out valuable work on a much larger scale than has been possible in the smaller areas under British control in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. There is a considerable amount of geological literature dealing with the Peninsula and Archipelago. In The Geology of Malaya (1931) is a bibliography of that concerning the Malay Peninsula, and in F. H. Hatch's translation of Posewitz's Borneo (1892) will be found lists of the earlier literature dealing with both the British and Dutch portions of that island. In the Malay Peninsula the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society has included scientific papers since the appearance of their first number in 1878; and in 1927 C. E. Wurtzburg produced an index, including an earlier index by W. D. Barnes, of the Journal up to 1915, when the title of the society was changed to The Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. In 1930 the Malayan Branch published an exceptionally interesting number containing a translation by H. V. Mills of Manoel Godinho de Eredia's Description of Malacca, Meridional India and Cathay, originally written about 1600 in Portuguese. This is the earliest known publication that can be called scientific about this part of Asia and contains information about tin and gold, also “traces of diamonds and emeralds as Pliny points out” which later workers have not been able to find.
The Carboniferous Limestone of Breedon Cloud, Leicestershire, and the associated Inliers
Authors: Mitchell G. H. , Stubblefield C. J.
Published: May 2009

Eight inliers of Carboniferous Limestone are situated between Ashby de la Zouch and Melbourne on the northeastern side of the Leicestershire Coalfield. They may conveniently be divided into a western group consisting of the Ticknall, Calke, and Dimminsdale exposures, all of which occupy comparatively low ground in valleys, and an easterly group, Breedon Hill, Breedon Cloud, Barrow Hill, Osgathorpe, and Grace Dieu. The first three of the latter group form prominent hills rising above the Triassic rocks which surround them. They are also remarkable for the high dips in the rocks composing them. In the other inliers dips of less than 15° are the rule, while dips of about 5° are common.
Allagecrinus biplex Wright—A Revision of the Species, with Notes on other Scottish Allagecrinidae
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

This paper is chiefly concerned with the micro-crinoid Allagecrinus biplex, recent discoveries of which have added considerably to our knowledge of the species. Others like A. auslinii, Callimorphocrinus scoticus, and C. elongatus are only briefly noticed. Their adequate study and illustration must be deferred to more settled times.
On Further Collections of Quaternary Fossils from Spitsbergen
Authors: Baden-Powell D. F. W.
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of an earlier paper by Mr. Charles Elton and myself (1931), further Quaternary fossils from Spitsbergen have been identified by me, including a lamellibranch (Macoma) which, I believe, has not been recorded previously from Spitsbergen, but which is similar to a form described by Brøgger from the Yoldia Clay of the Oslo district.
Muscle Systems of some Inarticulate Brachiopods
Authors: Bulman O. M. B.
Published: May 2009

The muscle systems ofLingula, Discinisca, andCraniahave been described in considerable detail and in general with progressive accuracy by numerous workers since the time of Cuvier and Owen, and the best and apparently most recent accounts are to be found in two works by Blochmann (1892, 1900). But I am not aware that there exist any diagrams of these systems readily accessible to the palaeontologist; Fischer and Oehlert (1887) give some figures adapted from Joubin (1886), but these are in some respects inaccurate and Blochmann's work, other than onCrania, has not apparently found its way into palaeontological literature. The purpose of the present note is little more than to provide diagrams of the shell muscles of the above-mentioned living genera, and to attempt certain palaeontological restorations. I have had the opportunity of verifying the structures in spiritLingulaand to some extent inCrania, thanks to the kindness of Dr. C. F. A. Pantin.
The Chalk Echinoid Galeola in England
Authors: Brighton A. G.
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this note is to call attention to the occurrence of a Chalk sea-urchin, apparently hitherto unrecorded from England, in the hope that field-workers may be able by collecting to determine its zonal range and importance, if any, as a zonal guide. Since it resembles superficially both the common Offaster pilula (Lamarck), and also very small specimens of Echinocorys scutatus Leske, it has possibly escaped recognition.
On the Occurrence of Agmatite in the Rogart Migmatite Area, Sutherland: A Study in Granitization
Authors: Ma Hsing-Yuan
Published: May 2009

Agmatite was one of the new descriptive terms introduced by the late Professor J. J. Sederholm in connection with his life-long study of the Finnish migmatites. He applied this name to a group of migmatites which present an appearance that has suggested the terms “eruptive breccia” and”intrusion breccia”, but agmatite has a very different genesis from that connoted by these terms. Sederholm (1923, p. 117) wrote: “As these migmatites consisting of fragments of older rocks cemented by granite are genetically and petrologically very different from many of the rocks that have been called eruptive breccias many of which are volcanic rocks, the author proposes to designate this group of migmatites as agmatites (from ἂγμα, fragment).” The elaborate drawings and illustrations to be found in Sederholm's Memoirs (1923, 1926), however, give a much clearer idea of the appearance presented by these rocks than any written description.
Late Sillimanite in the Migmatites of Kildonan, Sutherland
Authors: Watson Janet
Published: May 2009

A large part of Central Sutherland is occupied by an injection complex in which rocks of the Moine Series are associated with much granitic and pegmatitic material. These migmatitic Moinian rocks have reached a higher grade of metamorphism than those which occur outside the injection complex. One feature characteristic of the high-grade migmatites is the presence of sillimanite in many of the pelitic and semi-pelitic rocks. Near the village of Kildonan, ten miles north-west of Helmsdale, sillimanite is not only abundant in the country rock, but occurs also in many pegmatitic and aplitic veins. The field and microscopic evidence shows that this mineral was formed as a result of metasomatic activity at a late stage in the history of the injection complex, when the general metamorphism was already on the wane. The sillimanite seems to have no direct connection with the conditions of regional metamorphism. It was formed under the influence of pegmatitic solutions. In view of the common use of this mineral as an index of the grade of regional metamorphism, it is of interest to describe the evidence on which the above conclusions are based.
On Some Bathonian Mollusca from Skye
Authors: Yen Teng-Chien
Published: May 2009

The present paper is based on rnaterial partly from the collection of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and partly from a collection made by myself in May, 1947, at Kilmalaug Bay, North Trotternish, Skye. It is believed that the species of mollusca here reported form the first records from the Bathonian beds exposed there. Tate (1873) did not make any reference to this locality, although the area was marked as “Aird” on the map of the Islands of Skye and Raasay forming plate xi of Bryce's paper (1873), to which Tate's work was an appendix.
Some Shropshire Ordovician Graptolites
Authors: Bulman O. M. B.
Published: May 2009

During a recent excursion to Shropshire members of a Sedgwick Club party collected a number of graptolites, and some of these, supplemented by specimens collected by the writer many years ago, now seem worth recording.