bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Clomazone, Metribuzin and Linuron in Soybean (Glycine max) and Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium)
Authors: Salzman Frederick P. , Renner Karen A. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Research was conducted in soybean and common cocklebur to determine if the synergistic interactions of clomazone plus metribuzin and clomazone plus linuron were due to the effect of one herbicide on root uptake, partitioning, or metabolism of the other. Treatments consisted of14C-clomazone alone and combined with metribuzin or linuron,14C-metribuzin alone and combined with clomazone, and14C-linuron alone and combined with clomazone. Root uptake and partitioning of clomazone applied alone in soybean differed compared to clomazone plus metribuzin. Root uptake and partitioning of metribuzin or linuron did not differ when applied alone or combined with clomazone. Binding of clomazone or its metabolites in an unextractable form may be a method of deactivating clomazone by soybean, but not by common cocklebur. Levels of parent clomazone were higher in common cocklebur roots when clomazone was combined with metribuzin and linuron compared to clomazone done. Levels of parent metribuzin were higher in soybean roots, and in common cocklebur roots and shoots when clomazone was combined with metribuzin compared to metribuzin alone. Levels of parent linuron were greater in soybean shoots when linuron was applied with clomazone compared to linuron alone. These results indicate that the metabolism of metribuzin and linuron is altered in both species when clomazone is applied, leading to increased phytotoxicity.
Acifluorfen Tolerance inLycopersicon
Authors: Ricotta Jacqueline A. , Masiunas John B.
Published: May 2019

Studies were conducted to determine the mechanism of acifluorfen tolerance within theLycopersicongenus. Absorption of14C-acifluorfen was not correlated with tolerance. There was a negative correlation (r = −0.57) between absorption 24 h after treatment and wax density. No other surface characteristic correlated with absorption. Less than 3% of absorbed14C was translocated and there was no metabolism of acifluorfen. All genotypes were susceptible to paraquat, and acifluorfen-tolerant genotypes had lower levels of ascorbate than susceptible genotypes, implying that free radical protectant systems were not involved in tolerance. Genotypes varied in amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll but the differences did not correlate to acifluorfen tolerance.
Influence of Nitrogen Form on Extracellular pH and Bentazon Uptake by Cultured Soybean (Glycine max) Cells
Authors: Liebl Rex A. , Zehr Usha B. , Teyker Robert H.
Published: May 2019

The influence of nitrogen form on bentazon uptake and toxicity to soybean cell cultures and medium pH was examined. Soybean cell growth was completely inhibited at 40 μM bentazon when cells were cultured in a Murashige and Skoog medium containing 20 mM ammonium and 38 mM nitrate. However, bentazon, up to 100 μM, did not affect the growth of cells cultured in B5 medium (Gamborg B5 medium containing 2 mM ammonium and 25 mM nitrate). Twenty-minute14C-bentazon uptake experiments on 48- and 96-h-old cells demonstrated that14C uptake was nitrogen-type dependent, with cells cultured in AMM medium (B5 medium containing 38 mM nitrate and 12 mM ammonium) accumulating 5 to 10 times more14C than those in B5 or NIT media (B5 containing 50 mM nitrate). Differential bentazon uptake between ammonium and nitrate-containing media appears to be attributable to the effect of nitrogen form on pH. From an initial pH of 5.5, the pH of AMM medium decreased to 4 by 48 h. The pH of NIT or B5 medium increased to approximately 7 from 5.5. Changes in pH are likely attributable to cellular maintenance of ionic balance; NH4+and NO3−uptake results in H+ and OH- efflux, respectively. Methylamine at 12 mM did not result in a decrease in medium pH. Bentazon, a weak acid (pKa 3.3), would be expected to penetrate the plasma-membrane faster in the molecular form at low pH. Support for a nitrogen pH theory is provided by the finding that14C-bentazon uptake was similar for ammonium and nitrate-containing media when media were buffered.
Round-leaved Mallow (Malva pusilla) Growth and Interference in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Flax (Linum usitatissimum)
Authors: Friesen Lyle F. , Nickel Kenneth P. , Morrison Ian N.
Published: May 2019

Round-leaved mallow interference in spring wheat and flax was investigated under field conditions in southern Manitoba. Additionally, the growth of mallow alone and in a wheat crop was compared. In six of seven trials, wheat yield losses due to mallow interference were not significant. In a seventh trial, where mallow densities of up to 237 plants m−2were recorded, wheat yields were reduced up to 15%. In contrast, significant flax yield losses occurred in each of three trials where maximum mallow densities ranged from 21 to 52 plants m−2. From the regression equations it was calculated that 20 mallow plants m−2caused flax yield losses of 33, 9, and 10% in 1987, 1988, and 1989, respectively. Periodic sampling of mallow plants growing alone and in wheat, and regression analysis of these data using a logistic function as a biological model of plant growth indicated that mallow growth was severely suppressed by wheat By the eighth week after emergence, the lamina area and shoot dry matter of mallow plants growing in wheat was less than 3% of plants growing alone. Similarly, in wheat, mallow produced less than 1% of the seed produced by plants growing alone. This extreme suppression of mallow growth corresponded with an 80 to 90% decrease in photosynthetically active radiation penetrating the wheat canopy for approximately six continuous weeks, beginning 4 wk after crop emergence.
Absorption and Translocation of Foliar-Applied Sulfometuron in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)
Authors: Lym Rodney G.
Published: May 2019

Optimum conditions for leafy spurge control with sulfometuron were determined. Absorption and translocation of14C-sulfometuron to roots in leafy spurge averaged 11 and 0.1% of applied herbicide, respectively, and were not affected by growth stage. Absorption and translocation increased to 40 and 4%, respectively, of applied14C-sulfometuron when the relative humidity remained at 90 and 95% for at least 72 h after treatment Absorption and translocation of14C-sulfometuron to the roots were similar at 18/14 and 24/20 C and when14C-sulfometuron was applied with picloram or 2,4-D. Absorption of14C-picloram was greater but14C-2,4-D absorption was less when applied with sulfometuron compared to picloram or 2,4-D applied alone. Sulfometuron plus picloram applied during the fall regrowth stage provided better leafy spurge control than either herbicide applied alone. The combination treatment would be useful especially in areas where grass injury was acceptable in order to extend the fall treatment season by 2 to 3 wk compared to present practices.
Effects of Tillage and Application Method on Clomazone, Imazaquin, and Imazethapyr Persistence
Authors: Curran William S. , Liebl Rex A. , Simmons F. William
Published: May 2019

Effects of tillage and herbicide application method on the persistence and residual activity of clomazone, imazaquin, and imazethapyr were investigated in a 2-yr field study. Herbicides were applied preemergence and preplant incorporated to conventional- and reduced-tillage soybeans in 1987 and 1988. Herbicide dissipation was monitored using chromatographic and bioassay techniques. In 1987, dissipation rates for clomazone, imazaquin, and imazethapyr were similar, regardless of tillage system or application method. In 1988, all three herbicides applied preplant incorporated dissipated more slowly than in preemergence treatments. Corn planted in rotation in 1989 displayed greater levels of injury in the incorporated treatments for all three herbicides. Although herbicide concentrations were similar 322 d following application in both tillage treatments in 1989, corn injury was greater with imazaquin and imazethapyr and less with clomazone in the reduced-tillage plots than in the conventional-tillage treatments.
Quizalofop and Sethoxydim Activity as Affected by Adjuvants and Ammonium Fertilizers
Authors: Beckett Thomas H. , Stoller Edward W. , Bode Loren E.
Published: May 2019

Ammonium fertilizers, petroleum oil concentrate, and nonionic surfactant were evaluated as postemergence spray additives to improve giant foxtail and volunteer corn control by 28 g ai ha−1of the ethyl ester of quizalofop or 56 g ha−1sethoxydim. Additions of 0.25% by vol nonionic surfactant or 2.5% petroleum oil concentrate improved grass control, but additions of 10% urea ammonium nitrate (28-0-0), 10% ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0), or 0.1M ammonium sulfate (21-0-0-24S) did not consistently affect grass control. In laboratory studies with corn, greatest14C absorption from leaf-applied14C-quizalofop (8 h after treatment) was found with additions of petroleum oil concentrate (80% absorbed) or nonionic surfactant (18% absorbed), while less absorption was observed with treatments containing either no additive, urea ammonium nitrate, ammonium polyphosphate, or ammonium sulfate (8 to 13% absorbed). Surface tension and droplet size of spray solutions were affected primarily by additions of nonionic surfactant, petroleum oil concentrate, and the formulated herbicides. Solution density, solute potential, pH, and buffering capacity were primarily affected by fertilizer additions.
Wild Poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) Interference by Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Bridges David C. , Brecke Barry J. , Barbour James C.
Published: May 2019

Research was conducted during 1988 and 1989 in Georgia and Florida to determine the densitydependent effects and critical periods of wild poinsettia interference with peanut. Peanut yield loss ranged from 0 to approximately 50% over the wild poinsettia density range from 0 to 32 plants 9 m−1peanut row. Predicted peanut yield losses across 2 yr in Georgia were 0, 4, 8, 12, 15, 26, 40, and 54% for season-long wild poinsettia interference at densities of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, and 32 plants 9 m−1of row, respectively. Across 2 yr in Florida, predicted peanut yield losses were 0, 9, 14, 22, 30, 37, and 41% for wild poinsettia densities of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 plants 9 m−1row, respectively. Peanuts had to be maintained poinsettia free for 10 wk after peanut emergence to prevent yield loss. Wild poinsettia that interfered with peanut for more than 2 wk after peanut emergence reduced peanut yield.
Comparison of Growth of Seedlings and Plants Grown from Root Pieces of Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)
Authors: Nadeau Léonie B. , King Jane R. , Harker K. Neil
Published: May 2019

Different growth rates of young seedlings (genets) and plants grown from root pieces (ramets) of yellow toadflax could influence their respective competitive ability and their susceptibility to management techniques. Shoot production was similar for genets and ramets (approximately 10 shoots were produced 12 or 13 wk after transplanting or cotyledon appearance, respectively), but the rate of shoot biomass accumulation was higher for genets than for ramets. Genets consistently produced more underground shoots than ramets. Replanted underground shoots separated from their roots were able to produce new shoots and roots. Rate of elongation for roots 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter was higher for ramets than for genets, but their shoot production potential was the same. Root pieces from genets did not have the ability to produce daughter shoots until 3 wk after cotyledon appearance. This indicates that very young genets would be more susceptible than older genets or ramets to management control systems.
Developmental and Environmental Effects on Assimilate Partitioning in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Authors: Tworkoski Thomas
Published: May 2019

Under field conditions, more photoassimilate moved to roots of Canada thistle at the bolt than at the bud, flower, or postflower stages. Similarly, greater photoassimilate accumulated in roots of Canada thistle in the greenhouse at the rosette and bolt than at the flower bud stage. Growth chamber experiments indicated that environmental conditions typical of fall, and possibly early spring, favored photoassimilate movement to the root and superseded growth stage control of assimilate partitioning. Allocation of assimilate within the root was strongly influenced by growth stage, with most assimilate being utilized for growth at the rosette stage and for fructan reserves in bolt and flower bud stages.
Uptake of Atrazine by Hyphae ofGlomusVesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Root Systems of Corn (Zea maysL.)
Authors: Nelson Sherman D. , Khan Shahamat U.
Published: May 2019

A system, including a specialized treatment vessel for pesticide uptake studies, was developed and experiments were carried out to determine the ability ofGlomus intraradices(Schenck & Smith),G. vesiculiferium(Thaxter), and indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) fungi to influence14C-atrazine uptake and transfer to corn. Uptake by root systems with and without VAM infection was compared to uptake by VAM hyphal systems by controlling access to14C-atrazine-treated soil. Hyphal systems ofGlomusspecies were able to remove14C-residue from soil and transfer these to corn. Amount of14C-residue transferred to corn through hyphal systems was highly correlated to the level of VAM root infection which varied among VAM species. In root systems, variations in14C-residue uptake resulting from mycorrhization were largely explained in terms of the negative correlation between level of infection and root mass located in14C-atrazine-treated soil. Allocation of14C-residue to shoot tissues of corn was greater when14C-residues were taken up through root systems rather than through hyphal systems. There were significant effects of VAM species on14C-residue compartmentalization between methanol extractable and nonextractable portions of corn tissues. Data from these experiments in a confined soil system were related to VAM cost-benefit relationships and indicate a significant role for VAM in determining atrazine fate in agricultural systems.
Effect of Temperature on Root Absorption of Metribuzin and its Ethylthio Analog by Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), and Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)
Authors: Buman Robert A. , Gealy David R. , Ogg Alex G.
Published: May 2019

Root absorption of subtoxic levels of metribuzin and its ethylthio analog (ethyl-metribuzin) by downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and winter wheat increased by a factor of three to five times as temperature increased from 10 to 20 C. Absorption of ethyl-metribuzin per gram dry weight was similar for all three species. Absorption and distribution of ethyl-metribuzin, but not metribuzin, were similar per gram dry weight in downy brome and jointed goatgrass. Absorption of metribuzin per gram dry weight was lower for winter wheat than for the other two species at 20 C. In general, the ratio of absorbed ethyl-metribuzin detected in shoots to that in roots was less in winter wheat and jointed goatgrass than in downy brome. The absorption by roots of14C-herbicides relative to water was similar for winter wheat and jointed goatgrass. Absorption of both14C-herbicides by winter wheat and jointed goatgrass was nonpreferential with respect to water absorption at 10 and 15 C. However, at 20 C14C-herbicide absorption was reduced 5 to 30% with respect to water absorption. Downy brome absorption of14C-herbicides with respect to water was 30 to 50% less than that of the other two species.
Root Development and Production of a Witchweed (Strigaspp.) Germination Stimulant in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Cultivars
Authors: Olivier Alain , Leroux Gilles D.
Published: May 2019

Sorghum cultivars were compared for their root development and production of the witchweed germination stimulant sorgoleone. In pot experiments, the resistant cultivar IS-7777 yielded a greater root biomass and root length, but a smaller root length/biomass ratio than the highly susceptible cultivars CK-60B and Bimbiri. Seedlings of these latter two cultivars exuded a high concentration of sorgoleone, while the low-susceptible cultivar IS-14825 exhibited a low production of this compound. In contrast, the low-susceptible cultivar Seguetana Niarabougou exhibited a high production of sorgoleone, while the resistant cultivars IS-7777 and Framida exuded a moderate amount of this compound. These results indicate that witchweed seed avoidance by means of reduced root growth is unlikely to be an important factor involved in the resistance of IS-7777. Low production of sorgoleone could partly explain low susceptibility of IS-14825, but other compounds may play a more significant role in the stimulation of witchweed germination.
Yield Loss Assessment for Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Infested with Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Authors: Donald William W. , Khan Mohammad
Published: May 2019

In eight of nine trials spanning 5 yr, relative yield of semidwarf hard red spring wheat (yield expressed as a percent of estimated weed-free yield) decreased linearly as Canada thistle shoot density increased when measured in late July to early August in the northern Great Plains. Differences between yield loss assessment (YLA) equations could not be distinguished statistically between no-tillage and chisel-plowed production systems. Multiple linear regression equations of relative wheat yield versus wheat density plus Canada thistle shoot density accounted for more variability in YLA equations than simple linear regression equations of wheat yield versus Canada thistle shoot density alone. Estimated weed-free wheat yield and negative slope (b) for yield loss assessment equations increased as cumulative growing-season (April to August) rainfall increased. Thus, relative wheat yield was decreased more by increasing Canada thistle density (slope b became more negative) in years of greater growing-season rainfall.
Movement of Alachlor and Metribuzin from Controlled Release Formulations in a Sandy Soil
Authors: Fleming Gwen F. , Wax Loyd M. , Simmons F. William , Felsot Allan S.
Published: May 2019

Field and column experiments were conducted to determine the effect of controlled release formulations on weed control and leaching of alachlor and metribuzin on a Plainfield sand. Controlled release formulations including two starch encapsulations of both herbicides and a microencapsulation of alachlor were compared to emulsifiable concentrate and dry flowable formulations of alachlor and metribuzin, respectively. Herbicide movement was measured in laboratory columns and in the field throughout two growing seasons to a soil depth of 91 cm. Soybean injury and weed control were monitored. No significant differences in herbicide movement between starch-encapsulated and emulsifiable concentrate formulations were observed in either field or column experiments. Microencapsulation resulted in the greatest retention of alachlor in the soil surface in field and columns. Compared to the dry flowable formulation, starch encapsulation did not affect metribuzin distribution in the field but reduced leaching in columns. Controlled release formulations did not result in significant differences in weed control and soybean injury compared to the emulsifiable concentrate alachlor and dry flowable metribuzin formulations. Starch encapsulations had a limited effect on alachlor and metribuzin movement. Degradation appeared to be the primary mechanism for herbicide dissipation while leaching losses were minor.
Using Remote Sensing to Distinguish Common (Isocoma coronopifolia) and Drummond Goldenweed (Isocoma drummondii)
Authors: Everitt James H. , Alaniz Mario A. , Escobar David E. , Davis Michael R.
Published: May 2019

Common and Drummond goldenweed are troublesome subshrubs that often invade rangelands in southern Texas. Both species produce a profusion of conspicuous golden-yellow flowers in the fall. Common goldenweed flowers from late September to mid-October, whereas Drummond goldenweed flowers from mid-November to early December. Plant canopy reflectance measurements made on both species showed that they had higher visible (0.63- to 0.69-μm waveband) reflectance than did associated plant species and bare soil during flowering. Flowering common and Drummond goldenweed plants had a yellow image on conventional color (0.40- to 0.70-μm) aerial photographs that made them distinguishable from associated plants and soil. Computer analyses of the conventional color film transparencies showed that common and Drummond goldenweed infestations could be quantified from associated vegetation and soil. Flowering common goldenweed plants could also be detected on conventional color aerial video imagery.
Innovative Approaches to Seedbank Studies
Authors: Benoit Diane L. , Derksen Douglas A. , Panneton Bernard
Published: May 2019

Seedbank studies often suffer from major methodological inadequacies such as absence of appropriate statistical data analysis and low sampling intensity. Multivariate analysis and computer mapping are innovative ways to treat seedbank data. Computer contour mapping was used to visualize spatial patterns of a population of common lambsquarters at three intervals during a growing season. At one site, high spring seed density of 600 000 seed m-2 was decreased to 18.3% of its original size by July, while at another site, low spring seedbank of common lambsquarters of 25 000 seed m-2 increased to 40 000 seed m-2 by autumn. Seedbank studies usually report results on total seed density or on densities of the most abundant species because of difficulties in analyzing large species matrices using parametric statistics. Multivariate analysis and specifically canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) are well suited for seedbank populations. The seedbanks of six agricultural habitats were demonstrated to be floristically different based on the analysis of the relative abundance of weed species in each site using CDA. Organic soils either under grassland or cultivated had significantly larger total seedbanks than mineral soils. If seedbanks are to be used in predictive population models, quantitative data that are reliable, rapidly obtained with limited resources, and logistically feasible for large sampling protocols are needed. Image analysis may be a potential rapid technique for weed seed recognition of washed soil samples.
DNA Sequence Variation in Domain a of the Acetolactate Synthase Genes of Herbicide-Resistant and -Susceptible Weed Biotypes
Authors: Guttieri Mary J. , Eberlein Charlotte V. , Mallory-Smith Carol A. , Thill Donald C. , Hoffman David L.
Published: May 2019

The DNA sequence of a 196 base pair (bp) region of the acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes of three weed species, kochia, prickly lettuce, and Russian thistle, was determined. This region encompasses the coding sequence for Domain A, a region of the amino acid sequence previously demonstrated to play a pivotal role in conferring resistance to herbicides that inhibit ALS. The Domain A DNA sequence from a chlorsulfuron-resistant (R) prickly lettuce biotype from Idaho differed from that of a chlorsulfuron-susceptible (S) biotype by a single point mutation, which substituted a histidine for a proline. The Domain A DNA sequence from an R kochia biotype from Kansas also differed from that of an S biotype by a single point mutation in the same proline codon. This point mutation, however, conferred substitution of threonine for proline. Two different ALS-homologous sequences were isolated from an R biotype of Russian thistle. Neither sequence encoded amino acid substitutions in Domain A that differed from the consensus S sequence. The DNA sequence variation among the R and S kochia biotypes was used to characterize six Ada County, Idaho, kochia collections for correlation between phenotypic chlorsulfuron susceptibility and restriction digest patterns (RFLPs) of polymerase chain reaction amplification products. Most collections showed excellent correspondence between the RFLP patterns and the phenotypic response to chlorsulfuron application. However, one entirely R collection had the RFLP pattern of the S biotype, suggesting that resistance was not due to mutation in the proline codon.
LA RAPPRESENTANZA NELLA FUTURA ENTITÀ POLITICA EUROPEA
Authors: Schmitter Philippe C.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Se la natura delle politiche pubbliche determina in misura crescente la sostanza degli interessi, la quale determina in misura crescente la forma delleconstituencies, la quale determina in misura crescente il futuro della rappresentanza, e la Comunità europea determina in misura crescente la natura delle politiche pubbliche in Europa, allora il futuro della Comunità europea determinerà in misura crescente il futuro della rappresentanza in Europa.
Deprenyl in Parkinson’s Disease: Mechanisms, Neuroprotective Effect, Indications and Adverse Effects
Authors: Vezina Paul , Mohr Erich , Grimes David
Published: May 2019

Deprenyl is a synthetic, selective inhibitor of the monoamine oxidase-B enzyme system. The mechanism of its beneficial effect in early and advanced Parkinson’s disease is not settled. Increased striatal dopamine accumulation, sensitization of surviving dopamine neurons with increased dopamine production and reduced nigro-striatal toxicity may all contribute. The standard daily dose of deprenyl is 10 mg. Selectivity may be lost at higher doses. Deprenyl is especially indicated in untreated patients, improving up to 50 percent of patients with mild motor fluctuations. Major symptomatic benefit also occurs in occasional levodopa treated patients. Adverse effects are common, however. Increase dyskinesias, confusion and hallucinations, nausea and postural hypotension may necessitate drug withdrawal or the use of low dose regimens. Caution should be exercised with older patients, those with ulcer disease, which may be worsened by deprenyl, and individuals with active ischemic heart disease where the safety of this drug is not yet clear.
Neuropathology of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Report of 39 Autopsies from Vancouver, British Columbia
Authors: Cornford Marcia E. , Holden Janet K. , Boyd Michael C. , Berry Kenneth , Vinters Harry V.
Published: May 2019

Neuropathological findings from 39 acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) autopsies of primarily neurologically symptomatic patients and 7 brain biopsies from AIDS patients performed at St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia are reported. Autopsy findings included human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HlV)-type multinucleated giant cell (MNGC)-associated encephalitis seen in 17 patients, toxoplasmosis in 7 patients, and cytomegalovirus encephalitis and/or microglial nodule-associated nuclear inclusions in brain parenchyma in 9 patients. Central nervous system lymphoma was identified in 11 autopsy patients and in 4 of 7 brain biopsies. Infectious processes including HIV encephalitis were seen in 10 of 11 autopsied patients with lymphoproliferative lesions in the brain parenchyma, while 40% of patients without lymphoma had HIV-type MNGC or opportunistic infections. CNS lymphoma was not significantly increased in incidence in patients with a clinical history of zidovudine treatment, but increased duration of survival after the diagnosis of AIDS was associated with increased incidence of lymphoma in both untreated and zidovudine-treated patients. Patients displaying HIV MNGC within microglial nodules had a shorter mean duration of survival after diagnosis of AIDS than those patients with HIV encephalitis with dispersed MNGC, white matter vacuolation, and gliosis.
Absence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II Proviral Genome in the Brains of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Dekaban G.A. , Hudson A.J. , Rice G.P.A.
Published: May 2019

Previous studies have failed to provide serological evidence to incriminate a retroviral infection in the cause of multiple sclerosis. Gene amplification techniques have also failed to identify retroviral footprints in DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes. Here we provide evidence that proviral DNA of HTLV-I and HTLV-II is not found in the central nervous system tissues of patients with multiple sclerosis, patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and controls.
The Increased Susceptibility of Women to Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Duquette P. , Pleines J. , Girard M. , Charest L. , Senecal-Quevillon M. , Masse C.
Published: May 2019

Many diseases with an auto-immune etiology have a skewed sex distribution. In the majority of instances, women are affected more frequently than men. A review of population studies demonstrates that the preponderance of women in multiple sclerosis (MS) is almost constant. We show that this preponderance is further increased in early as well as in late-onset cases, in familial cases as well as in MS twin pairs and that the HLA-DR2 allele, which has been associated with MS in Caucasian populations, is significantly more frequent in women than in men with MS. “Rules” have been established for multifactorial diseases; MS contravenes most of those rules. The skewed sex distribution in MS could be attributed to the known hormonal and gender influences on the immune response, as well as to genetic influences.
Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Flunarizine to Propranolol in the Prophylaxis of Migraine
Authors: Gawel M.J. , Kreeft J. , Nelson R.F. , Simard D. , Arnott W.S.
Published: May 2019

This study was designed to compare flunarizine, a cerebro-specific calcium channel antagonist, and propranolol in the prophylaxis of migraine with or without aura. Following a 1 month single-blind placebo baseline period, 94 patients were equitably randomised under double-blind conditions to take flunarizine 10 mg daily or propranolol 80 mg twice daily for 4 months. Both treatments led to a significant reduction in the frequency of migraines and use of rescue analgesics with a significantly greater decrease in number of attacks for flunarizine after 1 and 4 months. Neither treatment affected the severity nor duration of migraines. Overall, 67% of flunarizine patients and 51 % of propranolol patients responded positively. Propranolol significantly reduced blood pressure and heart rate; flunarizine had no effect on cardiovascular function. Weight gain was noted with both treatments. Flunarizine is at least as effective as propranolol in the prophylactic treatment of migraine and may have a better safety profile.
Ventricular Size, Cognitive Function and Depression in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Clark Campbell M. , James Gerald , Li David , Oger Joel , Paty Donald , Klonoff Harry
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore further the hypothesis that changes in cognitive function may occur in the mild stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) by determining whether ventricular enlargement was related to cognitive function. Ten measures of ventricular size were made in a sample of 123 MS patients with mild disability and 60 well-matched healthy controls. In addition, sixteen tests of cognitive function and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered. For the MS group, there were significant correlations between the ventricular measures and cognitive performance but not for the normal controls. Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were not correlated with either cognitive performance or ventricular enlargement. These findings suggest that for the MS group cognitive impairment was related to the disease process but not to the level of depression.
Intraventricular Central Neurocytoma
Authors: Giroux M. , Farmer J.P. , Meagher-Villemure K.M. , O’Gorman A.M. , Montes J.L.
Published: May 2019

A case of central neurocytoma treated surgically is described. The authors review the literature. Emphasis is placed on radiological and pathological features not previously described. In particular, the intra-operative ultrasound appearance is described. The role of adjunctive radiotherapy is also discussed.
Life-style and Dietary Factors Early and Late in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Vieregge P. , Maravic C.v. , Friedrich H.-J.
Published: May 2019

The study investigated features of life-style and dietary habits early and late in life of patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD). Seventy-one patients and 103 controls were interviewed personally with a structured questionnaire. Living in villages during primary school time was significantly more frequent among patients, and in the urban environment patients had lived less frequently in larger-sized towns. Mushroom harvesting during childhood was more frequent among patients. No difference between patients and controls was found in childhood water supply, habits of fishing in the countryside or at the seaside, and eating such fish. Actual food preference in patients was greater for almonds and plums, while no difference was found in the actual intake of mushrooms, peanuts, oil-dressed salad, fish and animal offals. The study did not indicate a higher consumption of foods known to harbour heavy metals and pesticides in IPD patients either long before or during the disease. Reduced consumption of foodstuffs rich in vitamin E, as reported previously for premorbid patients, is no longer observed in patients with overt disease.
Photon Radiosurgery: A Clinical Review
Authors: McKenzie Michael R. , Souhami Luis , Podgorsak Ervin B. , Olivier André , Caron Jean-Louis , Villemure Jean-Guy
Published: May 2019

The term radiosurgery has been used to describe a variety of radiotherapy techniques which deliver high doses of radiation to small, stereotactically defined intracranial targets in such a way that the dose fall-off outside the targeted volume is very sharp. Proton, charged particle, gamma unit, and linear accelerator-based techniques appear to be equivalent from the standpoint of accuracy, dose distributions, and clinical results. However, capital and operating costs associated with the use of linear accelerators in general clinical use are much lower. Radiosurgery has an established role in the treatment of arteriovenous malformations and acoustic neurinomas. Interest in these techniques is increasing in neurosurgical and radiation oncological communities, as radiosurgery is rapidly assuming a place in the management of several other conditions, including craniopharyngiomas, meningiomas, and selected malignant lesions.
The Effects of Alternate Cow Freshening Distributions on Milk Production and Imports in Florida
Authors: Kilmer Richard L. , Morrill John , Spreen Thomas H. , DeLorenzo Michael A.
Published: May 2019

Seasonal swings in milk production in Florida result in a need to import milk on a seasonal basis. A linear programming analysis is used to analyze alternate freshening-date distributions and project the cost savings to Florida dairy farmers from reduced milk imports.
Modelling an optimum vaccination strategy against ZIKA virus for outbreak use
Authors: Massad Eduardo , Coutinho Francisco Antonio Bezerra , Wilder-Smith Annelies
Published: May 2019

We present a model to optimise a vaccination campaign aiming to prevent or to curb a Zika virus outbreak. We show that the optimum vaccination strategy to reduce the number of cases by a mass vaccination campaign should start when the Aedes mosquitoes' density reaches the threshold of 1.5 mosquitoes per humans, the moment the reproduction number crosses one. The maximum time it is advisable to wait for the introduction of a vaccination campaign is when the first ZIKV case is identified, although this would not be as effective to minimise the number of infections as when the mosquitoes' density crosses the critical threshold. This suboptimum strategy, however, would still curb the outbreak. In both cases, the catch up strategy should aim to vaccinate at least 25% of the target population during a concentrated effort of 1 month immediately after identifying the threshold. This is the time taken to accumulate the herd immunity threshold of 56.5%. These calculations were done based on theoretical assumptions that vaccine implementation would be feasible within a very short time frame.
STUDIES IN THE FLORA OF ARABIA: XXXII. VACHELLIA PENNIVENIA (LEGUMINOSAE: MIMOSOIDEAE) – A LITTLE-KNOWN TREE SPECIES ENDEMIC TO THE ISLAND OF SOCOTRA
Authors: Anderson F. L. , Knees S. G.
Published: May 2019

A new combination in Vachellia is published for Acacia pennivenia. A summation of the current state of knowledge of this Socotran endemic species is presented, including a morphological description, a distribution map and an updated conservation assessment. Colour photographs and a black-and-white line drawing are presented.
Pragmatic Problems in Prehospital Research
Authors: Menegazzi James J.
Published: May 2019

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) researchers face a variety of obstacles when conducting out-of-hospital investigations. This paper reviews some common problems and discusses practical solutions to facilitate the process and help avoid traps. This discussion focuses on prospective prehospital research.

One challenge to EMS research is to find new methods of improving the quality of care delivered in the field. There has been an emphasis placed on “exciting” topics, such as cardiac arrest and trauma resuscitation. Other events dominate the daily practice of prehospital medicine, but have not been well-studied. For example, what is the best way to immobilize the spine? What should be done for a patient with a suspected C-spine injury who is wearing a motorcycle helmet? No one has a scientifically proven approach to solve these common prehospital problems. There is a need to look at problems such as immobilization, asthma, overdose, and congestive heart failure to see what can be done differently in the field.
Evolving Challenges in Prehospital Trauma Services: Current Issues and Suggested Evaluation Tools
Authors: Pepe Paul E. , Maio Ronald F.
Published: May 2019

For the past two decades, prehospital trauma care has been addressed almost generically in terms of the related approaches to epidemiology, research, and management. However, evolving directions in research have helped emergency medical services (EMS) practitioners to delineate more focused treatment strategies according to the mechanism of injury, anatomic involvement, and the patient's clinical condition. Recent studies in the areas of trauma-associated circulatory arrest, severe blunt head injury, and post-traumatic hemorrhage following penetrating truncal injury suggest that current standard approaches to patient care should be reconsidered. In turn, this need for re-examination of trauma management strategies calls for the development of appropriate evaluation tools within EMS systems. Proper research design is dependent upon several key issues including: 1) the type of study (system study versus examination of a specific intervention); 2), the population under study; 3) physiological and anatomical scoring method; 4) prospective definitions of interventions and meaningful outcome variables (both morbidity and mortality; 5) relative outcome compared to known standards; and 6) prospective determination of statistical requirements.
Publishing Your Research–I
Authors: Valenzuela Terence D.
Published: May 2019

The following recommendations and suggestions are gleaned from my experience as EMS section editor for an emergency medicine journal. I do not pretend that they are definitive or objective. Nevertheless, to the extent it is helpful to know what passes through the consciousness of one editor, I offer these to individuals wishing to make the transition from aspiring author to published author. May you be successful in adding your contribution to the knowledge of our specialty and profession.
Development and simulated validation of a dish composition database for estimating food group and nutrient intakes in Japan
Authors: Shinozaki Nana , Murakami Kentaro , Masayasu Shizuko , Sasaki Satoshi
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To develop a dish composition database (DCD) and assess its ability to estimate dietary intake.

Design:

The DCD was developed based on 16 d dietary records (DR). We aggregated all reported dishes into 128 dish codes and calculated mean food group and nutrient contents for each code. These data were used to calculate dietary intake in a different population that completed a 4 d DR. The estimated values were compared with those estimated using the standard food composition database (FCD) of Japan.

Setting:

Japan.

Participants:

A total 252 adults aged 31–81 years for the 16 d DR (3941 d in total) and 392 adults aged 20–69 years for the 4 d DR (1568 d in total) participated.

Results:

There were significant differences in median intakes between the DCD and the FCD for eighteen and twenty (of twenty-six) food groups and for twenty-nine and twenty-two (of forty-three) nutrients (including energy) in men and women, respectively. For food group intakes, Spearman correlation coefficients between the DCD and FCD ranged from 0·19 (animal fats) to 0·90 (fruits and alcoholic beverages) in men (median: 0·61) and from 0·25 (oils) to 0·89 (noodles) in women (median: 0·58). For nutrient intakes, the corresponding values ranged from 0·25 (retinol) to 0·90 (alcohol) in men (median: 0·60) and from 0·15 (retinol) to 0·74 (alcohol) in women (median: 0·53).

Conclusions:

Whereas it is difficult to accurately estimate absolute dietary intake values using the present DCD, it has acceptable ability to rank the intakes of many food groups and nutrients.
The Influence of Sleep and Reading on Overweight of the Children
Authors: Busto-Zapico Raquel , Peña-Suárez Elsa , Amigo-Vázquez Isaac
Published: May 2019

The active leisure, in particular reading, and hours of sleep play an important role in health and body mass index (BMI) in children. The aim of this study is to analyze, by means of path analysis, how these variables interact in influencing children’s weight. Two hundred and ninety-one children took part in the study. Their BMI was calculated and they were interviewed. A path analysis indicates that spending more time on leisure-time reading facilitates the control of BMI in two ways. Firstly, it is associated a greater number of active leisure activities (r= .35p< .001) and predicts more hours of sleep (β = .13p< .05), which in turn predicts a lower BMI (β = –.15p< .001). Furthermore, it has been observed that spending more time reading is associated with less time spent on sedentary leisure activities (r= –.17p< .001). It would appear that in order to control overweight in children, it is necessary to foster a well-ordered lifestyle. Reading as the last activity of the day can make a significant contribution to this process.
Der Maßnahmenvollzug
Authors: Barp Miro , Sachs Josef
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Als Fachgebiet der Medizin ist die Psychiatrie ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Gesundheitsversorgung und fällt in die Zuständigkeit der Gesundheitsministerien. Wer in der Psychiatrie arbeitet, ist gemäß seinem Selbstverständnis in einem helfenden Beruf tätig und somit seinen Patientinnen und Patienten verpflichtet. Diese haben heute verbriefte Rechte und werden bei der Erstellung ihres Behandlungsplans einbezogen. Zudem bemühen sich psychiatrische Kliniken um eine stete Verbesserung der Patientenzufriedenheit. Zwangsbehandlungen dürfen nur unter ganz bestimmten, streng geregelten Voraussetzungen durchgeführt werden.
Observations and Modeling of Potassium Emission in the Terrestrial Nightglow
Authors: Noll S. , Plane J. M. C. , Feng W. , Proxauf B. , Kimeswenger S. , Kausch W.
Published: May 2019

The ablation of cosmic dust entering the atmosphere causes the formation of an atomic potassium (K) layer in the mesopause region. It can be studied via resonance fluorescence from the K(D1) line at 769.9 nm, stimulated by sunlight or a laser. In addition, the faint emission from a chemiluminescent cycle involving ozone and oxygen atoms has been observed with a nocturnal mean intensity of about 1 Rayleigh. In this study, the K nightglow is investigated in much greater detail, using 2,299 high‐resolution spectra taken with the astronomical echelle spectrograph Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph at Cerro Paranal in Chile (24.6°S) between 2000 and 2014. The seasonal variation is dominated by a maximum in June. During the night, the highest intensities are found close to sunrise. Moreover, there is a clear negative correlation with solar activity. These variations are very different from those of the well‐studied sodium (Na) nightglow. The K nightglow at Cerro Paranal was also simulated with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model including K chemistry. The observed and modeled climatologies do not match well, largely because of unreliable Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model ozone densities. Satellite‐based profile retrievals for ozone and temperature from Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry and K from Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System were then used to simulate the K nightglow and to derive the quantum yield of the K(D) emission with respect to the reaction of K with ozone. Considering that the obscured K(D2) line is expected on theoretical grounds to be 1.67 times brighter than K(D1), we find about 30% for this quantum yield, which is much higher than for Na(D) emission.
Annual Cycle of Planetary Boundary Layer Heights Estimated From Wind Profiler Network Data
Authors: Molod Andrea , Salmun Haydee , Marquardt Collow Allison B.
Published: May 2019

The planetary boundary layer (PBL) height over the U.S. Great and Central Plains during 1992–2012 is examined here using a combination of wind profiler‐derived PBL height estimates and reanalysis fields from the Modern Era Retrospective Reanalysis Version 2. The combined analysis allows for a process level study of the reasons behind the monthly mean behavior of the observed PBL heights under clear‐sky conditions as well as the PBL height variability. Wind profiler PBL height monthly mean annual cycles were grouped into general categories of behavior, each analyzed using Modern Era Retrospective Reanalysis Version 2 fields of sensible and latent heat flux, surface temperature, net radiation, and soil moisture. In the “canonical” category the latent heat plays little role in the determination of the monthly mean PBL height, and it follows the annual cycle of the surface temperature. In the other categories, precipitation and latent heat flux had more influence in setting the annual cycle of the PBL height. An analysis of variance revealed that the role of latent heat in determining the PBL height variations is large (explaining up to 40% of PBL height variability) even in the canonical category for which latent heat played no role in setting the monthly mean. In other categories the latent heat explained up to 80% of the PBL height variations. The amount of that influence is shown to be related to the variability of column soil moisture.