bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IOHEXOL MYELOGRAPHY IN THE DOG
Authors: Allan G. S. , Wood A. K. W.
Published: May 2005

Myelography with iohexol (180 mg iodine/ml, 0.25 ml/kg), a new nonionic radiologic contrast medium, was performed in 100 dogs of 33 different breeds. In 96 of the dogs the iohexol mixed evenly with the cerebrospinal fluid, providing an homogeneous, continuous column of contrast medium within the subarachnoid space, and a radiologic diagnosis of a normal myelogram or disease involving the spinal cord was made. Pooling of iohexol in the dorsal part of the subarachnoid space occurred in four dogs; whether this was related to poor mixing of contrast medium with cerebrospinal fluid or disease of the spinal cord and meninges requires further study. Postmyelographic signs of central nervous system irritation (fasciculations of the temporal muscles and three episodes of seizure activity) were observed in only one dog and were controlled with diazepam. The presenting neurologic signs were aggravated after myelography in four other dogs, two of which were eventually killed. This study provided further evidence of the increased safety of iohexol compared with metrizamide, the first of the nonionic media, as a contrast medium for myelography in the dog.
EFFECT OF SEDATION ON TRANSIT TIME OF FELINE GASTROINTESTINAL CONTRAST STUDIES
Authors: Hogan Patricia M. , Aronson Everett
Published: May 2005

The effect of commonly used sedatives on gastrointestinal motility and transit time in cats was evaluated using barium sulfate in gastrointestinal contrast studies. Control studies were performed in nonsedated animals, and the results were compared with those obtained from each of five sedation studies (ANOVA; p < 0.05). The ketamine/acepromazine transit time (18 minutes) was shortened significantly compared with the control group (42 minutes), and both ketamine/acepromazine and ketamine alone resulted in significant increase in the number of gastric contractions. The level of sedation was evaluated subjectively and compared with the transit times to determine a chemical restraint method for potential clinical use that would have the least effect on transit time and motility yet provide adequate sedation. When sedation is necessary and motility is not a primary concern, the ketamine/acepromazine combination if recommended. If a gastrointestinal motility problem is suspected, the ketamine/valium combination should be used.
MYELOGRAPHY IN THE CAT
Authors: Pardo Anthony D. , Morgan Joe P.
Published: May 2005

Metrizamide myelographic examinations were performed on five normal cats using sequential cisternal and lumbar injections at weekly intervals to determine the dose of contrast medium required, adverse effects, and quality of the myelographic study. The normal myelographic appearance in the cat is described. All spinal cords were examined histopathologically after the termination of the study, and variable mild lesions were found. Doses of 0.2 ml/kg, 0.35 ml/kg, and 0.4 ml/kg metrizantide, respectively, for lumbar, thoracolumbar, and complete spinal studies are recommended when performing lumbar injection. Recommended doses using cisternal injection for cervical, cervicothoracic, and complete spinal studies are 0.2, 0.45, and 0.5 ml/kg, respectively. Subjectively, lumbar injection produced higher‐quality thoracolumbar myelograms and cisternal injection produced higher‐quality cervical studies. Clinical complications during the study included one seizure following cisternal myelography and mild neurologic deficits in all cats, which resolved within 36–48 hours.
DISTAL PHALANX FRACTURES IN HORSES
Authors: Honnas Clifford M. , O'Brien Timothy R. , Linford Robert L.
Published: May 2005

The case records of 274 horses with fractures of the distal phalanx were reviewed. Fifty‐two horses had bilateral forelimb fractures, for a total of 326 distal phalanx fractures. The fractures were classified into one of five previously described types, based on the radiographic anatomic configuration of the fracture. Solar margin fractures, which have been briefly described in other reports and previously classified as type V fractures, were identified in 132 horses. This type of fracture is distinct from other distal phalanx fractures. Due to the high incidence of solar margin fractures, these fractures were classified as a separate type (type VI). Follow‐up radiographic examinations to assess fracture healing were available for 36 horses. Twenty‐two horses with distal phalanx fractures (three type I, nine type II, two type III, one type IV, one type V, and six type VI) had radiographic evidence of complete bony union of the fracture at a mean of 11 months after injury. Eight horses with complete type II fractures involving the articular surface had bony union of the body and solar margin, but not the subchondral bone at the articular surface, a mean of 11 months after injury. Six horses (four type II and two type IV) had little radiographic evidence of bony healing during the follow‐up period. All fractures that eventually healed had evidence of progression toward bony union by 6 months after injury.
A COMPARISON OF IOPAMIDOL AND METRIZAMIDE FOR CERVICAL MYELOGRAPHY IN THE DOG
Authors: Widmer William R. , Blevins William E. , Cantwell Dan , Cook James R. , Denicola Dennis B.
Published: May 2005

Cervical myelography using iopamidol, a new nonionic contrast medium, was studied in nine dogs. Postmyelographic seizure activity, motor evoked potentials, and rectal temperatures were monitored, and myelographic quality was subjectively evaluated. The results were compared with data from eight dogs that had metrizamide myelography. The iopamidol group had fewer seizures (p < 0.01) but exhibited no difference in motor evoked potential or rectal temperature recordings. Myelographic quality was similar for iopamidol and metrizamide. The study suggests that iopamidol was less neurotoxic than metrizamide for canine cervical myelography.
A TECHNIQUE FOR DIRECT LYMPHANGIOGRAPHY OF THE THORACIC DUCT SYSTEM IN THE CAT
Authors: Martin Robert A. , Barber Don L. , Richards D. Leighton S. , Cordes Donald O. , Sufit Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

The thoracic duct system is often evaluated radiographically in animals with chylothorax. Mesenteric lymphangio‐graphy has improved contrast studies of the thoracic duct system. A technique for identifying intestinal lymphatic trunks for cannulation to perform mesenteric lymphangiography was evaluated in five cats. Evans blue solution was injected into the right colic lymph node of each cat following ventral midline celiotomy, and the flow of dye was used to identify the intestinal lymphatic ducts for cannulation. Following catheter placement, mesenteric lymphangiograms were performed on each cat and the radiographic appearance of the thoracic duct system compared with previously reported anatomic descriptions in the cat. The technique provided rapid visualization of intestinal lymphatic trunks for cannulation. The radiographic appearance of the thoracic duct system varied considerably between cats and previous anatomic descriptions. A mild inflammatory reaction to injection of lymph nodes with Evans blue dye was observed 4 weeks later.
A REVIEW OF PRIMARY LUNG TUMORS IN THE DOG AND CAT
Authors: Miles Kristina G.
Published: May 2005

Primary pulmonary carcinomas are being encountered with increasing frequency in older dogs and cats. The most common presenting complaint in the canine is a nonproductive cough of several weeks' duration, but many affected animals have no abnormal clinical signs in the early stages of the disease. A solitary mass that arises from a single focus in the peripheral pulmonary tissue is the most frequently observed radiographic sign of a primary lung tumor. Often a definitive diagnosis can be made only following thoracotomy with removal or biopsy study of the neoplastic tissue. A classification system based on the prevailing histologic pattern may then be used to categorize most primary lung neoplasms as adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, anaplastic carcinomas, or bronchioloalveolar carcinomas. Adenocarcinomas are most common in the dog and cat. Only the neoplastic cell type and the presence or absence of metastatic disease have been found to be of value as prognostic indicators. Following wide surgical resection of the pulmonary mass, dogs with pulmonary adenocarcinomas are reported to have a longer mean survival time than animals with other types of primary lung carcinomas.
SEPTIC COXOFEMORAL ARTHRITIS AND OSTEOMYELITIS IN A DOG
Authors: Levitt Lyndell , Fowler J. David
Published: May 2005

An 8‐year‐old male Labrador retriever presented with a rear limb lameness cased by an osteolytic lesion of the left acetabulum and femoral head and neck. Initial bone biopsy study was nondiagnostic. Histopathologic study and culture of the subsequently excised femoral head and neck revealed a Staphyloccocus intermedial arthritis and osteomyelitis. Neoplash was ruled out on the basis of histopathologic analysis.
CANINE ORAL NONTONSILLAR SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Authors: Evans S. M. , Shofer Frances
Published: May 2005

The records of 33 dogs treated with radiation therapy for nontonsillar oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were reviewed to determine which, if any, prognostic factors affected local tumor recurrence and survival. Information was collected on nine factors: age, sex, anatomic subsite, intraoral location, bone involvement, radiation dose, portal size, and tumor recurrence. Product limit survival estimates indicated than only anatomic subsite was significantly related to disease‐free interval. Mean disease‐free interval was 12.0, 3.4, and 1.8 months for maxilla, mandible, and soft tissue subsites, respectively. Four factors were significantly associated with survival. The intraoral location (listed in descending survival time: rostral > caudal > rostral and caudal), tumor recurrence (no > yes), relative portal size (less than 100 cm2/m2 > greater than or equal to 100 cm2/m2), and age at diagnosis (less than or equal to 6 years > greater than 6 years) were of prognostic importance. Based on these data, a prospective randomized clinical trial for the treatment of nontonsillar oral SCC would be appropriate.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE DISTAL EXTREMITY OF THE HORSE
Authors: Peterson P. Robin , Bowman Karl F.
Published: May 2005

X‐ray computed tomography (CT) is an imaging tool that is becoming increasingly available for use in veterinary medicine. Advantages, including depiction of detailed cross‐sectional anatomy, improved contrast resolution, and computer reformatting, make it a potentially valuable diagnostic technique. Veterinary application of CT has been primarily limited to use in small animals. Current reports describe the technique for use in the horse, but there are no published studies correlating serial CT images with equine cross‐sectional anatomy. A study of the distal extremity of the horse was undertaken to facilitate interpretation of images produced using CT. Transverse CT images of the distal forelimb of equine cadavers were evaluated relative to gross anatomic dissection. Resolution of bone architecture in transverse plane images was satisfactory, but soft‐tissue' resolution, although satisfactory for visualization of major structures, was relatively poor, probably due to lack of interposed fat and insufficient differences in physical density and atomic number. Thus it appears in the equine distal limb that CT may be most useful for evaluation of complex bone abnormalities.
POSITIVE‐CONTRAST ARTHROGRAPHY
Authors: Muhumuza Luke , Morgan Joe P. , Miyabayashi Takayoshi , Atilola Matthew A. O.
Published: May 2005

Normal colony Beagle dogs were used to evaluate the effect of concentration, volume, and limb positioning on positive‐contrast arthrography in the humeral joint. An 8.4% w/v (33.3 mg/ml ± volume) concentration of analytic grade metrizamide (33 mg/ml of iodine) was thought to provide arthrograms of the highest diagnostic quality. Optimal volume of contrast medium was 2–4 ml in dogs with weight of 7.0–15.6 kg (mean, 10.3 kg). Radiographs thought to be of greatest diagnostic value were those made with the dog in lateral recumbency and the limb positioned for neutral, traction, flexion, supination, and pronation views, plus a caudocranial radiograph made with the dog in dorsal recumbency and the limb in traction.
QUANTITATIVE ULTRASONIC ASSESSMENT OF LIVER SIZE IN THE DOG
Authors: Godshalk Cynthia P. , Badertscher Robert R. , Rippy Marian K. , Ghent Arthur W.
Published: May 2005

Static and real‐time B‐mode hepatic ultrasound imaging was performed on 16 anesthetized dogs (7.7–29 kg). Sagittal static B‐mode scans were acquired at 1–cm intervals, and transverse scans were made with both static and real‐time units. Measurements were made from the surface of the liver to the diaphragm and were tested individually and when added or multiplied together for significant correlation with liver and body weight. Only one of the static B‐mode measurements had a significant correlation (p >0.05), and none of the real‐time measurements was dependent on liver weight. Ultrasonographic assessment of canine liver size using these methods was of little value in predicting actual liver weight.
CANINE CHEMONUCLEOLYSIS
Authors: Atilola Matthew A. O. , Morgan Joe P. , Bailey Cleta Sue , Miyabayashi Takayoshi
Published: May 2005

Lumbar and cervical chemonucleolysis was evaluated on 16 clinically normal adult Beagle dogs in two age groups, using chymopapain at dose rates of 200 and 500 units (U). Lumbar discs injections in four discs were made transcutaneously under fluoroscopic guidance, and cervical disc injections in four discs were made after surgical exposure. Postinjection radiographs revealed a progressive narrowing of the disc spaces, first noted 24 hours after injection. Gross examination of the discs at 1‐, 2‐, 4‐, and 8‐day intervals showed a time‐dependent change, with no detectable difference between the two doses and age groups. The overall rate of successful chemonucleolysis was 82.4% in the cervical discs and 78% in the lumbar discs. Clinically, the dogs showed minimal evidence of pain and no detectable postural abnormality following chemonucleolysis.
DETECTION OF A LIVER TUMOR IN A BEAGLE DOG USING SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Wolff Ronald K. , Beierman Wayne F. , Mason Margaret J. , Harkema Jack R. , Muggenburg Bruce A.
Published: May 2005

This case report describes the detection of a liver tumor in an 11–year‐old female Beagle dog using single photon‐emission computed tomography (SPECT). A mass was palpated in the cranial abdomen during removal of recurrent mammary tumors. A conventional nuclear medicine liver scan, following injection of 99mTc‐sulfur colloid, was equivocal. SPECT was then performed in a second procedure, using a simple system that rotated the dog before a gamma camera. Transverse plane images clearly showed a spheric space‐occupying lesion, found at gross necropsy and confirmed histologically as a hepatoma. Discrete liver tumors may be detected more readily and their size determined more accurately using SPECT than with conventional nuclear medicine approaches.
HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH PULMONARY BLASTOMYCOSIS IN A DOG
Authors: Brockus Charles W. , Hathcock John T.
Published: May 2005

Hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) associated with pulmonary blastomycosis was diagnosed in a 5–year‐old male mixed‐breed dog. One year prior to referral, increased pulmonary opacity had been identified on radiographs made during an examination for a chronic cough. Although serologic tests for blastomycosis were negative, the dog was treated with oral ketoconozole on the basis of suspicious lesions seen on radiographs and clinical signs. Ten months after completing the ketoconozole therapy, the dog was presented for a persistent cough and lameness. Intrapulmonary masses and periosteat proliferation were observed radiographically. A biopsy of the pulmonary masses was done, and Blastomyces dermatitidis was identified. Amphotericin B and ketoconozole administration resulted in clinical improvement and partial resolution of the HO lesions five months after initiation of therapy.
FLEXION‐EXTENSION MYELOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE CAUDA EQUINA
Authors: Lang Johann
Published: May 2005

The radiographic appearance of the canine dural end‐sac and its behavior during flexion and extension of the spine is described in a myelographic study in 22 normal dogs and 26 dogs with cauda equina compression syndrome. In more than 80% of the dogs, the dural sac ended at the level of the sacrum. There were relatively large individual differences in shape and size of the dural end‐sac. In contrast, shape, length, position, and diameter of the dural end‐sac at the level of the lumbosacral articulation is extremely constant during flexion and extension in normal individuals. In the 26 dogs with lesions affecting the cauda equina and nerve roots between L6 and the first caudal vertebra, myelography was diagnostic in 21 dogs. Myelographic diagnosis of cauda equina compression was possible in seven dogs with spine in flexion. In 14 dogs, overextension of the spine and imaging in lateral and dorsal recumbency was necessary to establish a diagnosis. The five dogs with nondiagnostic myelograms had either a dural end‐sac ending cranially to the lesion (two dogs), diseases not associated with compression (two dogs), or only slight indentations of the contrast medium column (one dog).
THE USE OF INTRAPERITONEAL FLUID AS A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR ENHANCING SONOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION OF THE CANINE PANCREAS
Authors: Miles Kristina G. , Lattimer Jimmy C. , Krause Gary F. , Knapp David W. , Sayles Candace E.
Published: May 2005

Sonographic evaluation of the pancreas was performed in ten healthy research dogs following intraperitoneal fluid administration. Physiological saline solution was aseptically introduced into the peritoneal cavity of each dog to create an acoustic window that would facilitate sonographic delineation of normal pancreatic tissues. Abdominal ultrasound examinations were performed in all dogs before and after the production of the diagnostic hydroperitoneum. Sonograms of the pancreas and other abdominal organs were scored on the basis of image clarity by experienced and novice ultrasonographers. Statistical analysis was then used to compare the effectiveness of each preparation method. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was established between the scores from the diagnostic hydroperitoneum sonograms and the baseline scans performed without intraperitoneal fluid placement. Sonographic visualization scores for the pancreas and other abdominal organs were increased following production of the diagnostic hydroperitoneum. These results indicate that the technique of diagnostic hydroperitoneum will significantly improve ultrasonographic visualization of the pancreas, and may prove useful in the diagnosis of canine pancreatic disease.
RADIATION AND CISPLATIN FOR TREATMENT OF CANINE URINARY BLADDER CARCINOMA
Authors: McCaw Dudley L. , Lattimer Jimmy C.
Published: May 2005

Two cases of canine urinary bladder carcinoma were treated with combined radiation and cisplatin. Total radiation dose was 4400 cGy for one dog and 4800 cCy for the other. Cobalt 60 radiation was fractioned using 400 cGy per fraction. Cisplatin was administered intraarterially at a dose of 50 mg/m2 divided equally six to seven hours before the first three radiation fractions. Cisplatin was administered before the last three radiation fractions at the same dose and time, but was infused intravenously. Objective evaluation using double contrast cystograms revealed reduction in tumor size in both dogs. The therapy was well‐tolerated with minimal side effects.
THE BLOOD SUPPLY OF NORMAL AND DISEASED NAVICULAR BONES*
Authors: Hertsch B. , Dammer H.
Published: May 2005

Contrast medium was used to fill the sesamoidian canal through the coffin joint as well as the arterial blood supply to the navicular bone in 90 navicular bone‐coffin bone specimens. The radiological examinations of the arterial blood supply was done with a new technique (fine‐focus) which allows enlargements of up to 200 fold. The material was divided into the following 4 groups on radiological and pathomorphological grounds: 1. normal navicular bones (46), 2. navicular bones with changed sesamoidian canals (33), 3. navicular bones with central collapse (9) and 4. navicular bones after a penetrating injury (2). The characteristic radiological picture of the arterial blood vessel distribution is described for each group. By comparing and differentiating the radiological arterial blood supply of the different groups, it can be concluded that the blood supply to the navicular bone changes with radiological and patho‐morphological changes.
LOW OSMOLAR CONTRAST MEDIA A Review
Authors: Dennis Ruth , Herrtage Michael E.
Published: May 2005

Conventional water‐soluble iodine‐containing contrast media such as salts of diatrizoic and iothalamic acids dissociate in solution resulting in preparations which are very high in osmolality. Intravascular or intrathecal injections of these compounds therefore represent severe physicochemical insult to the body, with many associated side effects. Contrast media with lower osmolalities have been produced in two ways: first by producing compounds which do not dissociate in solution (metrizamide, and more recently iopamidol and iohexol), and second by creating dimers (ioxaglate). These media provide significant clinical advantages over the conventional, hyperosmolar media. A new class of nonionizing dimers with even lower osmolalities are currently being investigated. This paper reviews the development of the low osmolar media, their advantages, and their use in medical and veterinary radiology.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE CANINE BRAIN
Authors: Hudson Judith A. , Cartee Robert E. , Simpson Stephen T. , Buxton Donald F.
Published: May 2005

Midline or lateral craniotomies were made in the skull of six normal dogs to allow ultrasound examination of the brain. The purposes of the study were (1) to describe the normal sonographic anatomy of the canine brain and (2) to develop the use of burr hole as research tool to allow sonographic examination of the canine brain. The sonographic appearance of the falx cerebri, splenial sulci, cingulate gyrus, callosal sulci, lateral ventricles, third ventricle, caudate nuclei, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, and osseous tento‐rium were described. Results of this study suggest that the surgical creation of cranial defect is safe, reliable, and effective in providing window for ultrasound observation. The anatomic description should also allow recognition of sonographic abnormalities in the brain of dogs with persistent fontanelles.
THE USE OF99mTc RADIOAEROSOL VENTILATION AND MACROAGGREGATED ALBUMIN PERFUSION IMAGING FOR THE DETECTION OF PULMONARY EMBOLI IN THE DOG
Authors: Harnagel Steven H. , Hornof William J. , Koblik Philip D. , Fisher Paul E.
Published: May 2005

This study was undertaken to design protocol for use of radioaerosol of technetium‐99m‐labeled diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (99mTc‐DTPA) for ventilation imaging as clinical tool in the dog and to evaluate imaging characteristics in both normal dogs and dogs with simulated pulmonary embolism. Clearance of the 99mTc‐DTPA radioaerosol from the lung was also evaluated. Six normal dogs were used in two phases: (1) as their own controls and (2) during pulmonary artery occlusion using Swan‐Ganz catheter. Radioaerosol ventilation images were obtained and rate of clearance from normal and occluded lungs determined. Perfusion studies using technetium‐99m‐macroaggregated albumin (99mTc‐MAA) immediately followed. Clearance half‐times (T1/2) were found to be significantly increased (p < 0.05) in acutely occluded lungs; however, the small magnitude of this change was visually difficult to detect on the ventilation images. Good quality initial ventilation and perfusion images were obtained and provided ready evaluation of ventilation (V), perfusion (Q), and induced V/Q mismatches. A clinical case of pulmonary thromboembolic disease was also evaluated with diagnostic result, indicating that this method of V/Q scintigraphy can provide useful information in those clinical cases in which pulmonary thromboembolism is suspected.
NEGATIVE CONTRAST PERITONEOGRAPHY IN THE HORSE
Authors: Lloyd Kevin C. Kent , Kerr Larry Y. , Meagher Dennis M. , Baker Thomas W. , Kurpershoek C.J.
Published: May 2005

A method of negative contrast peritoneography using CO2 peritoneal insufflation technique was investigated in adult horses. Radiographic visualization of anatomic structures in the dorsal abdomen, including the kidneys, portions of the spleen and liver, dorsal stomach and mesenteric root region, was enhanced. Visualization of ventral abdominal structures was not enhanced. Negative contrast peritoneography allowed reduction in the radiographic technique from 140 kVp and 40 mAs before insufflation to 100 kVp and 5–10 mAs following insufflation. The technique was easily and safely performed with minimal patient discomfort and risk.
INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY IN THE KOALA (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: Carlisle C. H. , Brown A. S. , Filippich L. J. , Reynolds K. , Reynolds W. T.
Published: May 2005

Urograms were performed on 16 adult koalas to evaluate this procedure for use in the koala. Because there is only small amount of intraabdominal fat, radiographs of the abdomen of koalas lack detail. Contrast medium was excreted more slowly in the koala than in the dog and there was considerable variation in the rate of excretion between koalas. The results of this study indicated that urography was valuable technique for assessing renal anatomy, but there was considerable variation in the time for excretion of the contrast medium.
SONOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SPLENIC TORSION IN THE DOG
Authors: Konde Linda J. , Wrigley Robert H. , Lebel Jack L. , Park Richard D. , Pugh Charles , Finn Susan
Published: May 2005

The clinical, radiographic, and sonographic signs in three dogs with splenic torsion are presented. AH dogs exhibited weight loss, anorexia, and lethargy. Splenomegaly was consistent radiographic finding in two dogs and large ill‐defined midabdominal mass was seen in one dog. The spleen was easily imaged sonographically in all dogs. Splenic sonography in two dogs showed diffuse, hypoechoic pattern consistent with splenic congestion. Hilar splenic vessels were enlarged on the sonograms of two dogs.
A XERORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE DEVELOPING EQUINE FOREDIGIT AND METACARPOPHALANGEAL REGION FROM BIRTH TO SIX MONTHS OF AGE
Authors: Smallwood James E. , Albright Sandra M. , Metcalf Michael R. , Thrall Donald E. , Harrington Ben D.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the project was to provide a reference for radiographic anatomy of the developing equine foredigit and metacarpophalangeal region. Using xeroradiographic techniques, both foredigits and meta‐carpophalangeal regions of six Quarter Horse foals were radiographed at one day of age and at two‐week intervals until the foals were six weeks old. The foals were then radiographed at four‐week intervals until they were 12 months old. This report deals specifically with the first six months of postnatal development. Lateromedial and dorsopalmar xeroradiographs of each foredigit and metacarpophalangeal region and a dorsal 65° proximal‐palmarodistal oblique view of the distal part of the digit were made for each examination. The foals were weighed and measured at the withers immediately prior to each examination. Representative xeroradiographs were selected and appropriately labeled to demonstrate normal radio‐graphic anatomy of these regions. First radiographic appearance of distal epiphyseal ossification in metacarpal 2 and metacarpal 4 was extremely variable and ranged from four to 38 weeks. Radiographic closure of the proximal physis of the middle phalanx ranged from 18 to 30 weeks (mean = 26 weeks). Radiographic closure of the proximal physis of the proximal phalanx ranged from 22 to 38 weeks (mean = 30 weeks). Radiographic closure of the distal physis of metacarpal 3 ranged from 18 to 38 weeks (mean = 29 weeks). When xeroradiographic physeal closure times were compared with scintigraphic closure times from a companion study, results correlated very well. A crena marginis solearis was observed in ten of 12 forelimbs (83.3%); its first radiographic appearance ranged from four to 22 weeks (mean = 11–12 weeks). A consistent groove in the hoof wall, which formed near the time of birth and moved distally at about 3 mm per week, was noted. The groove's distance from the proximal hoof border may be useful in age estimation of foals less than 18–20 weeks old.
SCINTIGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EQUINE FOREDIGIT AND METACARPOPHALANGEAL REGION FROM BIRTH TO SIX MONTHS OF AGE
Authors: Metcalf Michael R. , Sellett Louis C. , Smallwood James E. , Thrall Donald E. , Harrington Ben D.
Published: May 2005

Both foredigits and metacarpophalangeal joints of six Quarter Horse foals were scanned serially to six months of age using 99Tc‐methylene diphosphonate. Dorsal scans were made on day 1 and at two, four, six, ten, 14, 18, 22 and 26 weeks of age. Scans were assessed visually for distal third metacarpal, proximal phalangeal, and middle phalangeal physeal appearance and closure. Scans were also evaluated by computer region‐of‐interest (ROI) and line‐profile analysis to characterize the physes quantitatively. Physeal region radioactivity relative to a disphyseal reference region was greatest at four weeks for all physes. Scintigraphic physeal closure of all physes occurred at approximately six months of age with a range of four and one half to greater than six months. The study was conducted to allow better assessment of diffuse and focal physeal disease by determining developmental times at which normal physeal region radioactivity has decreased enough to not obscure abnormal radioactivity and by quantifying scintigraphic physeal appearance which enables computer analysis to detect visually indeterminate physeal abnormalities.
A COMPARISON OF TWO‐DIMENSIONAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND RADIOGRAPHY FOR THE DETECTION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF FREE PERITONEAL FLUID IN THE DOG
Authors: Henley Raymond K. , Hager David A. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

The detection of small amounts of free peritoneal fluid in the canine patient can be a diagnostic dilemma. Ultrasonography and radiography have been advocated to detect intraabdominal fluid not detectable by physical exam. The purpose of this study was to determine the more sensitive method for detecting small amounts of free peritoneal fluid. Ultrasound examinations and radiographs were performed after increments (1 ml/lb body weight) of fluid were injected intraperitoneally. Ultrasonography detected fluid in one animal at 2 ml/lb. AH other animals had fluid detected at 3 ml/lb. With radiographs fluid could be detected with a high degree of accuracy at 4 ml/lb. The lateral view was more accurate than the ventrodorsal view in detecting fluid. The authors concluded that Ultrasonography is more sensitive than radiography and is the method of choice to detect small amounts of free peritoneal fluid.
THE SONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC PROLIFERATIVE SYNOVITIS IN THE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINTS OF A HORSE
Authors: Steyn Phillip F. , Schmitz David , Watkins Jeffrey , Hoffman Jay
Published: May 2005

Chronic proliferative synovitis is an insidious condition affecting the metacarpophalangeal joints of horses. It results in proliferation of the synovium in the dorsal pouch of the joint in question. Treatment involves surgical excision, thus confirmation of the lesion is important. Classically this has been achieved by means of positive‐contrast arthrography, but this article addresses the attributes of ultrasonography, a less invasive imaging technique.
RADIOTHERAPY OF FELINE NASAL TUMORS A Retrospective Study of Nine Cases
Authors: Evans Sydney M. , Hendrick Mattie
Published: May 2005

Between 1978 and 1986, nine cats with nasal tumors were treated with radiation therapy. Rhinotomy was performed in six cats and diagnostic biopsy procedures were performed in three cats. For four of the specimens, a histologic review was significantly different from the initial diagnosis. At the time of analysis, one cat was alive and disease free 26.3 months after the first radiation therapy treatment; two of the cats were dead as a result of local recurrence, four were dead because of unrelated causes, and two were dead of unknown causes. The mean and median survival of cats in this study were 27.9 and 20.8 months, respectively, following the first radiation therapy. There was a 66.7% one‐year, 44% two‐year, and 33% three‐year survival rate. Complications of the surgery and radiation therapy were minimal. In conclusion, the histologic evaluation of nasal neoplasms in cats is not straightforward and may require specialized histologic technics for accurate diagnosis. Radiation appears to be safe and may be efficacious in local control of feline nasal tumors.
COMPARATIVE ORGAN IMAGING: THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Kleine Lawrence J. , Lamb Christopher R.
Published: May 2005

Diagnostic radiology of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, mesentery, and pancreas is reviewed. Survey and contrast radiography remain the principal imaging methods used to evaluate gastrointestinal diseases in animals. Of the other imaging techniques, scintigraphy has potential in assessment of esophageal and gastric motility disorders, and detection of intestinal hemorrhage. Ultrasonography is useful for imaging the pancreas and gastrointestinal mass lesions.
CANINE BRAIN ANATOMY ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES
Authors: Kraft Susan L. , Gavin Patrick R. , Wendling Lyle R. , Reddy Venkat K.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the canine brain were acquired during investigation of dogs with neurologic disease. A paramagnetic contrast medium was used for enhancement. MR provided images with excellent contrast between grey and white matter, as well as brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. Good resolution and anatomic detail of the canine brain were obtained. A series of images was compiled and labelled as a reference for MR anatomy of the canine brain.
A COMPARISON OF PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY, DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY, AND 99mTc‐DTPA/MAA VENTILATION‐PERFUSION SCINTIGRAPHY FOR DETECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL PULMONARY EMBOLI IN THE DOG
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Hornof William , Harnagel Steven H. , Fisher Paul E.
Published: May 2005

The abilities of pulmonary angiography, digital subtraction angiography and ventilation‐perfusion scintigraphy (V/Q) to detect experimental acute pulmonary emboli were evaluated in a group of 18 research dogs. Emboli were produced by forceful intravenous injection of clotted blood. In five dogs, emboli were labeled with thallium‐201 prior to reinjection so that embolus position could be confirmed on scintigraphic studies.

Studies were independently reviewed by three observers. Results were combined so that the relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each imaging technique could be compared using chi‐square and receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis. Digital subtraction angiography and V/Q studies proved to be significantly more specific and accurate than conventional pulmonary angiography. V/Q studies were uniformly of good to excellent quality while the quality of digital subtraction angiography studies was variable depending on the adverse effects of respiratory motion. It was concluded that ventilation‐perfusion scintigraphy is the best available method to screen dogs suspected of having pulmonary thromboembolism.
HYPERCALCEMIC NEPHROPATHY IN THREE DOGS: SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Authors: Barr Frances J. , Patteson Mark W. , Lucke Vanda M. , Gibbs Christine
Published: May 2005

Persistent hypercalcemia in the dog is most commonly seen as a paraneoplastic syndrome or in association with widespread osteolytic lesions. In high concentrations calcium is a potent nephrotoxin and may cause severe and irreversible renal damage. The ultrasonographic changes in the kidneys of three dogs with hypercalcernic nephropathy are described'and compared with the changes described in the same human condition. It is suggested that ultrasound could be a useful technique for evaluation of the severity of renal damage and the potential return of renal function in such instances.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC, GROSS, AND HISTOLOGIC EVALUATION OF A TENDINITIS DISEASE MODEL IN THE HORSE
Authors: Spurlock Gareth H. , Spurlock Shauna L. , Parker George A.
Published: May 2005

Collagenase‐induced lesions of the superficial digital flexor tendon were monitored using diagnostic ultrasound and subsequently compared with gross and microscopic findings. The postinjury sonograms demonstrated hypoechoic or anechoic areas corresponding to areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. The size of the lesion increased and the echogenicity decreased with increasing units of collagenase injected into the tendon. As postinjury time increased, echogenicity increased, which corresponded to fibrous‐tissue invasion and collagen deposition. The extent of tendon injury produced correlated with the amount of collagenase injected into the tendon. Diagnostic ultrasound is useful in evaluating injury and healing in collagenase— induced tendinitis.
A RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHEEP CARPUS FROM BIRTH TO 18 MONTHS OF AGE
Authors: Saber A. S. , Bolbol A. E. , Schenk‐Saber B.
Published: May 2005

Osseous development of the carpus of six clinically normal lambs was studied radiographically from birth to 18 months of age with the aim of forming a standard radiographic evaluation and reference for the sheep carpus.

Radiographic data consisted of 200 radiographs. Dorsopalmar and lateromedial projections were made daily during the first week, then weekly until the sixth month, and finally monthly until 18 month of age. Ten radiographs were selected to illustrate normal development of the carpus.

The distal ulnar epiphysis reached the ulnar carpal bone at the third week, but remained separate from the ulnar diaphysis until six months of age. The ulnar epiphysis was radiographically fused with the ulnar diaphysis at thirteen months of age.
A REVIEW OF TREATMENT PLANNING AND DOSE CALCULATION IN VETERINARY RADIATION ONCOLOGY
Authors: Thrall Donald E. , McLeod Deborah A. , Bentel Gunilla C. , Dewhirst Mark W.
Published: May 2005

Because radiation cell killing follows Poisson statistics, radiation dose response curves for tumors and normal tissue response are sigmoidal in shape. This shape implies that small errors in delivery of radiation dose can result in large changes in the probability of normal tissue necrosis or tumor control. Thus it is important for veterinarians involved with radiation oncology to be familiar with the basic aspects of radiation physics and dose calculation as they relate to radiation therapy. In this paper, we present a review of pertinent physics and treatment planning relative to orthovoltage and cobalt irradiation. The usefulness of radiation treatment planning computers is emphasized for improving the radiation oncologist's knowledge of dose distribution and selection of the optimum treatment plan.
ESTIMATION OF PORTAL BLOOD FLOW USING DUPLEX REAL‐TIME AND PULSED DOPPLER ULTRASOUND IMAGING IN THE DOG
Authors: Kantrowitz Brett M. , Nyland Thomas G. , Fisher Paul
Published: May 2005

A duplex ultrasound system incorporating a pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound probe with conventional B‐mode real‐time imaging was used to evaluate portal vein blood flow in eight normal dogs. Adequate visualization of the cranial abdominal vessels was obtained from the right lateral 11th or 12th intercostal space. Doppler spectral analysis showed non‐pulsatile flow with a wide range of linear flow velocities across the vessel lumen typical of laminar blood flow. Results for portal vein blood flows were 49.8 ± 13.5 ml/min/kg body weight (mean ± SD) with a range of 37.8 ‐ 76.8 ml/min/kg body weight. These values overestimate portal blood flow by approximately 2 times when compared with published studies using invasive techniques. This overestimation is primarily due to the use of the maximal flow velocity in the blood flow calculations.
ANGIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF COMMON CAROTID COLLATERAL CIRCULATION IN THE GOAT RESULTING FROM PROSTHETIC GRAFT IMPLANTATION
Authors: Hathcock John T. , Purohit Ram C. , Bartels Jan E. , Hankes Gerald H. , Lee Shei‐Wen , Pablo Luisito S.
Published: May 2005

Carotid arteriography was performed in six normal goats. The same procedure was performed on these six and 112 other goats at various time intervals after placement of an arterial graft in one or both carotid arteries. An arterial catheter was introduced into the femoral artery and advanced to the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk with the aid of image‐intensified fluoroscopy. Hand‐injection of the contrast medium resulted in complete opacification of both common carotid arteries in normal animals. Opacification of one or both of the vertebral arteries was usually seen in the goats with prosthetic grafts. The left vertebral artery was seen more often than the right, and when both vertebral arteries were seen together, the left was often larger. This angiographic method proved to be reliable for opacifying both common carotid arteries from their origin on the brachiocephalic trunk to the cranial cervical region. No clinical problems were associated with either the catheterization procedure or with the permanent ligation of the catheterized femoral artery.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF PARAPROSTATIC CYSTS IN NINE DOGS
Authors: Stowater Jonathan L. , Lamb Christopher R.
Published: May 2005

The ultrasonographic features of paraprostatic cysts in nine dogs are described along with historical, clinical, surgical and pathologic findings. Cysts occurred predominantly in older, large breed dogs (mean age 8 years, range 3–11 years). The most common presenting complaints were depression, inappetance, stranguria, tenesmus and bloody penile discharge. A palpable abdominal mass was the most common physical finding. Ultrasonographically, paraprostatic cysts were usually large anechoic structures; many contained internal septa. Moderately large anechoic cavities or cysts were also detected in the prostatic parenchyma of five dogs, and in two of these communication with the paraprostatic cyst was visualized. There were no clearly distinct ultrasonographic criteria to discriminate septic from nonseptic paraprostatic cysts.
ON NAVICULAR DISEASE IN THE HORSE
Authors: Poulos Paul W. , Brown Ashley
Published: May 2005

Radiolucent crescents found in the cortical bone of the flexor central eminence are normal variations of equine navicular bones and represent the radiographic presentation of a curvature in the central eminence that is best visualized when a dorsoproximal‐palmarodistal beam angle of approximately 45° is used.
ON NAVICULAR DISEASE IN THE HORSE
Authors: Poulos Paul W. , Brown Ashley , Brown Elizabeth , Gamboa Luisa
Published: May 2005

Osseous bodies associated with the impar ligament have been reported to be chip fractures of the distal margin of the navicular bone and a radiographic finding in navicular disease. This study demonstrates that chip fractures do exist along the distal margin of the navicular bone and that there are, in addition, three other processes by which bone tissue may develop in the impar ligament: (i) ossification secondary to ligamentous damage, (ii) separate centers of ossification within the impar ligament, and (iii) ossification of cartilage particles in adjacent synovial tissue.
A COMPARISON OF RADIOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 31 DOGS WITH MALIGNANT NASAL CAVITY TUMORS
Authors: Thrall Donald E. , Robertson Ian D. , Mcleod Deborah A. , Heidner Greta L. , Hoopes P. Jack , Page Rodney L.
Published: May 2005

Nasal cavity radiographs and CT images from 31 dogs with nasal cavity cancer were compared. All dogs had abnormal clinical signs relating to ‐nasal cancer and histologic confirmation of malignant nasal cavity neoplasia. No dog had cyto reductive surgery prior to imaging. All radiographic and CT examinations were abnormal. CT was more accurate than radiographs in identifying unilateral versus bilateral nasal cavity disease and tumor extension into adjacent structures such as the cranial cavity, hard palate, and pterygopala‐tine fossa. The improved accuracy of CT in these respects was not of benefit in the confirmation of nasal cavity disease because radiographs were abnormal in every instance. However, CT may be useful for more accurate tumor staging, predicting possible treatment‐related complications, and planning of surgery and radiation therapy. It was also determined that one dorsally located radiation therapy portal bounded laterally by the medial ocular canthi, as described in previous reports, would not have been adequate for encompassing all abnormal tissue in 28 of the 31 dogs evaluated.
USE OF TRANSCOLONIC 123I‐IODOAMPHETAMINE TO DIAGNOSE SPONTANEOUS PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS IN 18 DOGS
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Yen Chi‐K , Hornof William J. , Whiting Pamela , Fisher Paul
Published: May 2005

Transcolonic 123I‐Iodoamphetamine is rapidly absorbed across the colonic mucosa and binds to amine receptors in the liver and lungs. During the first ten minutes following colonic administration, a simple ratio of lung counts to lung counts plus liver counts provides an accurate estimate of the fraction of portal blood that bypasses hepatic sinusoids in dogs with portosystemic shunts. Studies were performed on 24 dogs with suspect portosystemic shunt. Shunt fraction values for 18 dogs with surgically confirmed portosystemic shunt were obviously higher than published values for normal dogs, and also significantly higher than values for the other six dogs, later confirmed to lack shunts. Postoperative studies were repeated on ten dogs with single shunt vessels 1–2 days after shunt closure. Total shunt ligation resulted in normal postoperative shunt fraction, whereas partial shunt ligation resulted in persistant elevation of shunt fraction. Transcolonic iodoamphetamine scintigraphy is noninvasive, easy to perform, and provides an accurate method to diagnose dogs with portosystemic shunt.
IN‐VIVO TESTING OF TECHNETIUM‐99m‐LABELED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR DIROFILARIA IMMITIS
Authors: Daniel Gregory B. , Allhands Rodger V.
Published: May 2005

Monoclonal antibodies specific for Dirofilaria immitis were labeled with technetium‐99m (99mTc) and tested in vivo in five heartworm positive and five heartworm negative dogs. Diethlyenetriaminepentaactic acid (DTPA) was used to label the 99mTc to the antibody. Radiochemical purity of the 99mTc‐labeled antibodies (99mTc‐MoAb) was determined by gel filtration and by instant thin‐layer chromatography. The uptake percentages in the blood, heart, lung, liver, and kidneys were determined from tissues obtained at necropsy and by computer analysis of images obtained at two and 24 hours. The percent uptake in the heart region of interest (ROI) at two hours was significantly higher in the heartworm‐positive dogs. There was significant correlation between the uptake in the heart at two hours to the number and activity of the worms at necropsy.