bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contact sensitivity in adults with atopic dermatitis in childhood
Authors: Rystedt Ingela
Published: April 2006

2 groups of patients were patch tested with a standard series of allergens. 1 group of 159 individuals aged 24 44 years had a history of severe atopic dermatitis, and the other group of 159 individuals in the same age range, hail had moderate atopic dermatitis in childhood. In group I, positive reactions were recorded in 17% and in group 2 in 23%. A significant difference in the % of individuals with positive reactions was found between those who had healed (9%) and those who had not healed (22%) before 15 years of age (P<0.05). The frequency of individuals‐with hand eczema in adult life was higher, but not significantly. among sensitized than non‐sensitized, individuals. Altogether K.H) positive reactions were found in groups I and 2. The average number of positive reactions per person was significantly higher in individuals with than without hand eczema in adult life (P < 0.05). The most frequent contact allergens were fragrance‐mix, balsam of Peru and nickel, which had sensitized 8.0%. 4.5% and 4.1% of the individuals, respectively.
Formulation of a barrier cream against chromate
Authors: Romaguera C. , Grimalt F. , Vilaplana J. , Carreras E.
Published: April 2006

A topical cosmetic cream has been developed for use on patients oucupationally sensitized to chromate. Wild the components of this preparation, an in vitro study was carried out. which demonstrated the efficiency of each component. An in vivo experiment on 25 volunteer patients proved, a failure. The formula was modified to produce a new cream. The in vitro and in vivo experiences showed satisfactory results in 60 volunteer patients, 60% of whom benefitted from using it.
Contact sensitivity to chlorhexidine?
Authors: Bechgaard Erik , Ploug Ella , Hjorth Niels
Published: April 2006

In a joint study, 2061 patterns (1346 women and 715 men) were patch tested with chlorhexidine gluconate 1% in Water. included in a standard lest series. 4H patients (2.3%) showed a positive reaction. These were relatively marc common in men (3.2%) than in women (1.9%), Positive reactions were most common in patients with leg eczema (6.8%) or leg ulcer (10.9%). Of the 48 patients who were patch test positive. 14 (2 with leg ulcer) were retested with chlorhexidine gluconate 0.01 and 1%. Only one with a leg ulcer was positive. These findings indicate that false positive reactions, known as “the incited skin syndrome”, may arise from testing eczema patients in a standard series The sensitizing potential of chlorhexidine may be very low, but the potential in patients with an eczema or ulcer of the leg has to be further evaluated.
Allergic contact dermatitis from povidoneiodine
Authors: Ancona Armando , de la Torre Raüal Suárez , Macotele Ernesto
Published: April 2006

A patient developed an erythematous papular, vesicular rash after application of povidone‐iodine 10% solution used as a surgical antiseptic. Patch testing revealed positive responses to povidone iodine 10 and 5% in water: 25 controls were negative. Patch testing with iodine, 0.5% in ethanol gave negative results.
Occupational dermatitis from soldering flux among workers in the electronics industry
Authors: GOH C. L.
Published: April 2006

Although numerous occupations t irritants, and allergens have been known to cause contact dermatitis in the electronics industry. soldering flux is seldom mentioned. Soldering flux used in I lie electronics industry can cause both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Irritant dermatitis is commoner than allergic contact dermatitis.

Aminoethylethanolamine, a constituent of some fluxes, is a sensitizer Dermatitis tends to start overr the periungual area and spread lo the linger shafts and sometimes the wrists. The use of cotton gloves by workers appeared in aggravate the problem.

Prophylactic measures are essential to prevent occupational contact dermatitis in workers handling flux in the electronics industry.
An animal model for altering the irritability threshold of normal skin*
Authors: Roper Susan S. , Jones Henry E.
Published: April 2006

Theory behind conditioned hyperirritability (autoeczematization) predicts the lowering of the irritation threshold in the presence of a pre‐existing dermatitis. We have attempted to develop an animal model that parallels the syndrome seen in num. Groups of 10 guinea pigs were shaved and depilated; irritation thresholds to benzlkonium chloride und trichloroacetic acid were determined using I cm diameter open patches. Reactions were scored 24 h later on the basis of erythema and induration. Animals having as little as 1.56 cm2 of skin acutely inflamed with a known irritant had lowered irritation thresholds lo the same irritant on normal skin at remote sites (P <0.01). Mild irritation of a much larger surface area produced the same effect (p <0.01). More extensive, severe dermatitis did not lower the irritation threshold further Acute dermatitis induced by a contact allergen (DNCB) lowered the irritation threshold of normal skin to the same level as that obtained with irritants (p <0.01) Induction of chronic cutaneous ulcers 3–4 cm in diameter lowered the irritation threshold of normal skin to the same point defined by the acute studies (p 0.01), These results indicate that an acute irritant or contact dermatitis. as well as chronic skin ulceration. may alter the reactivity of unaffected normal skin to exhibit; i heightened response to irritation. This model appears lo differ from that seen in humans, in that it more extensive or chronic dermatitis did not further heighten the susecptibility to irritation.
When is a chrysanthemum dermatitis not a chrysanthemum dermatitis not a chrysanthemum dermatitis?
Authors: Schmidt Richard J.
Published: April 2006

In order to provide a new reference point in the dermatological literature from which the naming of florists’chrysanthemums may be regularised and standardised, the case is presented for the use of the generic name Dendranthema together with a cultivar mime in place of a specific epithet. A review of cultivar specificity in chrysanthemum dermatitis is also presented.
Variation in cutaneous sensation between synthetic pyrethroid insecticides*
Authors: Flasnigan Stephen A. , Tucker Stephen B.
Published: April 2006

Synthetic pyrethroids are potent insecticides, utilized for food protection and general pest control. Numerous investigations have indicated that ultra‐low volume applications are effective and may eliminate the developing problem of resistance to the currently utilized insecticides. The most, prominent health symptom that accompanies topical contact with these agents appears to be a cutaneous sensation, paresthesia. In this investigation, a substantial difference in the degree of paresthesia was noted between the formulated prude of 4 synthetic pyrethroids. Also, dl‐alpha tocopheryl acetate was statistically validated as an efficacious therapeutic agent for cutaneous exposure to these insecticides
Interrelationship of nickel and cobalt contact sensitization
Authors: Lammintausta Kaija , Pitkänen Olli‐Pekka , Kalimo Kirsti , Jansen Christer T.
Published: April 2006

The possible modulating effect of previous nickel sensitization on subsequent cobalt sensitization, and vice versa, was studied in a guinea pig model, using an open epicutanous induction protocol. Challenge tests were made by both topical and systemic routes, Controls included animals sensitized to only one of the metals.

Animals sensitized with both metals seemed 10 read more readily in patch testing to either allergen, as compared to mono‐sensitized animals. Systemic challenge with cobalt revealed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher reaction rate (70%) in animals originally sensitized to cobalt and subsequently to nickel, as compared to the reaction rate (20%) in cobalt mono‐sensitized animals. The reverse order of double‐sensitization (nickel first, cobalt subsequently) led to an intermediate cobalt sensitization rate (50%).

These experimental data corroborate clinical findings which have indicated a mutual enhancing effect of nickel and cobalt contact sensitization in man, and provide an animal model for studying the underlying immunological processes.
Lymphocyte subsets and Langerhans cells in allergic and irritant patch test reactions: histometric studies
Authors: Ferguson J. , Gibbs J. H. , Beck J. Swanson
Published: April 2006

This study has attempted to distinguish between allergic and irritant reactions to patch tests by semiquantitative histological methods. The extent of perivascular chronic inflammatory infiltrate at 72h in irritant patch test reactions to sodium lauryl sulphate was shown to be small and very consistent. whereas in allergic reactions in nickel sulphate it was generally larger and more variable in size (p < 0.02). The two major lymphocyte subsets (T4 and T8) were randomly intermixed in both types of reaction and formed the major component of both the perivascular and diffuse dermal infiltrate, without any evidence of selective migration The T4:T8 ratios were similar in focal and diffuse infiltrates. The number of T6 dendritic (putative Langerhans) cells in the epidermis (per mm inner epidermal length) was usually greatly reduced in irritant reactions (5–16 mm −1, mean 10 mm−1) but remained within normal limits in allergic reactions (6–33 mm−;1, mean 21 mm–1) (p <0.001). Comparable results were seen with other irritants (mercuric chloride and benzalkonium chloride) and older allergens (neomycin sulphate. ethylene diamine and potassium dichromate).

In additional experiments, pairs of biopsies were taken from the reaction and from adjacent unaffected skin. The T6 cell density in the epidermis did not significantly differ between allergic reactions and control skin. By contrast, (lie irritant reactions had fewer T6 cells than the control skin (p < 0.001).
Is abietic acid the allergenic component of colophony?
Authors: Karlberg Ann‐Therese , Bergstedt Eva , Boman Anders , Bohlinder Karin , Lidén Carola , Lars J. , Nilsson G. , Wahlberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

In order to investigate whether abietic acid itself is the allergenic component of Colophony, 2 commercial samples were extensively purified and tested in guinea pies and in colophony‐sensitive patients. In the modified FCAT method, sensitization was obtained with Portuguese colophony and when challenged with puritied abietic acid, the animals showed no reaction. In the GPMT method, the animals were exposed to purified abietic acid. Challenging with 2 different samples of it gave no significant reaction. When patch tested, patients sensitive to colophony showed no reactions to abietic acid which had been purified immediately before the test. It is concluded that abietic acid itself is not a contact allergen
Does visual display terminal work provoke rosacea?
Authors: Liden Carola , Wahlberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

According lo some reports, mainly from Norway, visual display terminal (VDT) work has been thought lo cause rashes. In conjunction with an epidemiological study of office employees and VDT work, a dermatological examination was made. No case demonstrated the clinical picture described from Norway among VDT operators, but subjects with rosacea. seborrhoeic dermatitis and acne were over‐represented in the VDT‐exposed group. The object of the present study was to see whether patients with rosacea experienced aggravation of their symptoms as a result of VDT work and whether they showed a particular clinical picture. All subjects tit for work among the patients diagnosed as rosacea or perioral dermatitis during 1982 were selected for the study. The methods included a questionnaire on VDT work and suspected impairment of the skin disease, clinical examination and telephone interviews, 179 subjects were selected; 42 of them worked daily with VDT and 8 of them suspected impairment due to VDT work. The results imply that a relationship may exist between rosacea and VDT work. To what factor in the work this may he ascribed is still unclear. Those subjects whose symptoms were aggravated did not show any particular clinical picture.
Immediate and delayed reactions to cosmetic ingredients
Authors: Emmons Wesley W. , Marks James G.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and etiology of cutaneous reactions caused by cosmetics, with an emphasis on perfume sensitivity, 19 control subjects and 31 patch test clinic patients (16 with a history of adverse cosmetic reactions) were examined for sensitivity by history, open and patch testing using the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) fragrance screening series and 11 other common allergens found in cosmetics. Contact urticaria was very frequent to certain chemicals; however, patients with a history of cosmetic sensitivity were not found to have a significant increase in positive reactions when compared M controls or patients with eczematous skin. 12 subjects had positive patch test reactions, most of which were not clinically relevant, 3 patients with a history of cosmetic sensitivity had positive reactions, only 1 of which was in the fragrance screening series (cinnamic alcohol). There were 6 reactions in patients with eczematous skin, 4 of which were to preservatives, 3 controls had positive reactions, each to thimerosol. A history of cosmetic sensitivity was not confirmed by open and closed skin testing in our subjects.
Ear piercing – a cause of nickel allergy in schoolgirls?
Authors: Larsson‐Stymne Birgitta , Widström Lena
Published: April 2006

960 schoolgirls of ages 8, 11 and 15 years were investigated regarding the frequency of ear piercing and the prevalence of nickel and cobalt allergy. 72% had had their ears pierced. The prevalence of nickel allergy in the whole material was 9%, among girls with pierced ears 13% and among those without pierced ears 1%. The results show that the prevalence of nickel allergy is just as high among schoolgirls as among adult women. There is a clear relationship between ear piercing and induction of nickel allergy. Prophylactic measures to reduce the prevalence of nickel allergy should be directed against this risk factor.
Contact dermatitis from chlorhexidine
Authors: Andersen B. Lasthein , Branderup F.
Published: April 2006

52 (5.4%) of 1063 eczema patients showed a positive reaction to chlorhexidne gluconate 1% aq. and/or 1% pet. on patch testing. At retesting, 21/29 (72%) were still positive and the results of use‐test, anamnesis and supplementary testing indicated allergic sensitization in about 50% of these patients. Patients with leg eczema/leg ulcer seem to be particularly at risk.
Occupational dermatitis from dibutyl maleinate
Authors: Thormann Jens , Hansen Ib , Misfeldt Jens
Published: April 2006

10 of 20 workers in an envelope‐making factory developed contact dermatitis. The cause was dibutyl maleinate, which was added to a polyvinylacetate glue. Dibutyl maleinate is a strong senstizer and should be withdrawn from industrial use.
Contact sensitivity and urticaria in “wet” work
Authors: Nilsson Eskil
Published: April 2006

A selected group of 142 hospital “wet” workers with hand eczema was studied. 91% were female. Atopy (58%), metal dermatitis (41%), and hand eczema prior to the current wet work (67%) were more common than in the total cohort to which these patients belonged. Patch tests were carried out on 120 patients and prick tests on 41 with a history of contact urticaria.

Water, cleaning agents, hand disinfectants, the wearing of gloves and other trivial irritant factors were claimed to have elicited the current episodes of hand eczema in 92.3% of cases. In 35%, a considerable part of the exposure to irritant factors look place at home or during leisure time. Delayed contact sensitivity was found in 45 patients, nickel, cobalt, balsam of Peru and rubber chemicals being the most common allergens. Nickel and/or cobalt allergy was found in approximately half of the patients with contact allergy. Positive prick tests relevant for contact urticaria were found in 22 patients, and were most often obtained with various foods or rubber gloves.

Although contact sensitivity and contact urticaria were common, they seemed to play a minor rôle in the etiology of the current hand eczema compared to endogenous factors and trivial irritants.
Dermatitis and urticaria from rubber and plastic gloves
Authors: Estlander Tuula , Jolanki Riitta , Kanerva Lasse
Published: April 2006

The number and nature of allergic occupational glove dermatoses were analysed. 542 cases of allergic contact dermatosis were diagnosed during 1974–1983. Amongst these, 68 (12.5%) were caused by rubber or plastic gloves. 2 patients had contact urticaria due to rubber gloves.

Gloves were the main cause of occupational allergic rubber eczema, inducing 63 (58.3%) of 108 rubber eczema cases. 38 of them had positive reactions to rubber chemicals and glove material. 14 to glove material only, and 11 to rubber chemicals. 5 cases of allergic eczema from plastic gloves were diagnosed, all due to polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 2 cases of contact urticaria from natural rubber gloves were diagnosed by a provocation test. Epicutaneous testing with material of natural rubber gloves and rubber chemicals was negative.

The present study shows that allergy to rubber gloves is usual, while allergy to plastic gloves is rare. Thus, plastic gloves should be used, when possible. Patch testing with protective gloves should always be used when patients develop prolonged hand dermatitis and where the possibility of glove eczema exists.
Expression of OKT6 antigen by Langerhans cells in patch test reactions
Authors: Christensen Ole B. , Daniels Troy E. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Previous studies in humans and guinea pigs indicate that Langerhans cells (LC) participate in elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. The number and morphology of LC was determined in acute and healed allergic patch test sties, control (petrolatum) sites and normal skin in nickel‐sensitive individuals using OKT6 monoclonal antibody and avidin‐biotin/peroxidase labeling. Compared to normal skin, the staining intensity and number of epidermal LC was significantly increased in allergic (p<0.02) and petrolatum control (p<0.02) sites, and in 6‐ to 8‐week old allergic patch test sites (p< 0.006). The in situ changes in LC induced by petrolatum alone may be a result of the occlusive patch test, or may suggest that petrolatum is not as neutral as previously believed. The nickel‐induced increase in LC may indicate changes in the LC present in the epithelium at the time of testing, or migration of additional LC into the epithelium, which can then remain in situ for weeks after the antigenic challenge. The specificity of the LC increase in allergic contact dermatitis is questioned on the basis of the increase noted with petrolatum.
Compound allergy to medicaments
Authors: Kellett J. K. , King C. M. , Beck M. H.
Published: April 2006

7 patients who reacted on patch testing to medicaments, but who had negative reactions to the individual ingredients are described. The possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed.
Contact dermatitis in hairdressers
Authors: Nethercott James R. , MacPherson Margaret , Choi Bernard C. K. , Nixon Pamela
Published: April 2006

18 cases of hand dermatitis in hairdressers seen over a 5‐year period are reviewed. The diagnoses, in these patients are discussed with reference to other studies of hand dermatitis in hairdressers. Contact allergy due to paraphenylenediamine and related hair dyes was the presenting complaint in younger hairdressers, while formaldehyde allergy occurred in those who were older. The prognosis in the former group of workers with respect to continued employment in the trade tended to be poorer than the latter. Follow‐up revealed that hand dermatitis often resulted in the worker not continuing 10 work in Use hairdressing trade.
Occupational dermatitis due to an epoxy acrylate
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Jolanki Rhita , Estlander Tuula
Published: April 2006

A dental assistant developed sensitivity to denial restorative materials within 3 months of starting to use them. They contained the epoxy acrylate BIS‐GMA, which is the most commonly used dimethacrylate monomer in dental composite restorations. She was positive to a patch test with BIS‐GMA, which was the probable allergen, and epoxy resin, but this substance was not present in the materials used, LIS shown by high performance liquid chromatography. The patient was also allergic to the disinfectant Desimex i® containing dodecyl diaminoethyl glycine.
Phototoxicity, photoallergy, and contact sensitization of nitro musk perfume raw materials
Authors: Parker R. D. , Buehler E. V. , Newmann A.
Published: April 2006

The potential of 4 related nitro musk substances (musk tibetene, musk ketone, musk xylol, and musk muskene) to Cause photoallergy. phototaxicity, and, or contact sensitivity was compared to that of musk ambrette: a known photoallergen. Musk ambrette caused u high incidence of photoallergy as indicated by the severity of the skin grades us compared to a control group. Musk tibetene and musk moskene were negative for phototoxicity photoallergenicity and contact sensitivity under the test conditions. Musk xylol was shown to be a weak contact sensitizer. Musk ketone gave challenge responses suggestive of a weak phototoxin and a weak contact sensitizer. The latter was not affected by light exposure. These data suggest that except for musk ambrette, the nitro musks as a group do not have the potential to produce photoallergy. Some members of thss type of perfume raw material could be classified as weak sensitizers (musk xylol, musk ketone) or weakly phototoxic (musk ketone). These latter biological qualities have not been expressed clinically.
Demonstration of contact sensitizers in resins and products based on phenol‐formaldehyde
Authors: Bruze Magnus , Persson Lena , Trulsson Lena , Zimersom Erik
Published: April 2006

12 phenol‐formaldehyde resins were investigated with regard to the presence of 14 contact sensitizers by using high‐pressure liquid chromatography The allergens consisted of simple methylol phenols, dihydroxydiphenyl methanes, 4,41‐dihydroxy‐(hydroxymethyl)‐diphenyl methanes and 2,4‐dihydroxy‐(hydroxymethyl)‐diphenyl methanes. Four substances, 2,4‐dimethylol phenol, 2,6‐dimethylol phenol, 4,41‐dihydroxydiphenyl methane and 2,41‐dihydroxydiphenyl methane, were isolated from a resol resin and identified by mass‐spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The highest concentrations (up to 15% w/w) of allergens were noted for methylol phenols in resol resins based on phenol and formaldehyde. The corresponding novolak resins showed d high content of dihydroxydiphenyl methanes. There was great variation in concentration of the sensitizers between the resins. None of these sensitizers were demonstrated in the resin based on paratertiary‐butyl phenol.

Products bused on phenol‐formaldehyde resins were also investigated for the presence of allergens. Uncured impregnated paper for laminate production and uncured mineral wool contained the same concentrations of the sensitizers as some of the resins studied. The curing process decreased the content of all the allergens investigated in all products, but the sensitizers did not disappear, and they may thus be present in finished products.
Test battery for metal allergy in dentistry
Authors: Van Loon L. A. J. , von Elsas P. W. , von Joost TH. , Davidson C. L.
Published: April 2006

Some alloys used in restorative dentistry may evoke an allergic contact stomatitis in certain persons. In order to protect patients from material's with undesired reactions, and considering corrosion characteristics of different alloys used, it is useful to devise an adequate patch test battery to include the most relevant metals.

Dental alloys are composed of a combination of various metals. 12 different ions of frequent occurrence (Au3+ Pd2+, Zn2+, Mo6+, Sn2+, Ga3+, In3+, Co2+, Cr3+(6+), Ni2+, Fe2+(3+) and Si4+) were epicutaneously tested as the aqueous, solution 6f the respective salt. The concentrations are given in g/100 ml and also in m.mole/l. The 12 different metal ion solutions were patch tested on patients in 3 groups: one group with a positive history of contact stomatitis (30 patients, group 1), one group with a positive history of contact dermatitis (16 patients, group 2), and a control group (17 persons, croup 3). In contrast to the control group, a remarkable high percentage (11%) of positive skin reactions to Pd was found in groups 1 and 2. No allergic or irritant skin reactions were detected to Ga, Sn and Zn. No irritant reaction was observed at pH values as low as 1.5. In the case of SiCl4 (pH = 0.5). 41 % positive irritant reactions were evoked. In the group with a positive history of contact dermatitis (group 1). a positive reaction was found more often (69%) than in the group with a positive history of contact stomatitis (30%) (group 2). The difference between these groups was mainly caused by reactions to Ni and Pd.

It can be concluded in general that it is necessary that a reliable epicutaneous test batten, of metals is developed.
Use of a computer program for contact clinic results
Authors: Macfarlane H. A. F. , Ross J. A.
Published: April 2006

We describe the use of a database program for a microcomputer in the storage and analysis of data collected in a contact dermatitis clinic. This system facilitated the analysis of large numbers of patient details, and permitted specified patient groups to be studied in depth. The program was easy to use and could be tailored to local requirements.
Allergic contact dermatitis due to a biocide containing 5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazohn‐3‐one
Authors: Pilger Charles , Nethercott James R. , Weksberg Frederick
Published: April 2006

3 cases of contact allergy due to the biocides 5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one and 2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one are reported 2 workers exposed to a soluble oil containing these 2 biocides experienced allergic contact dermatitis from them. The 3rd case was that of the chemist who separated the 2 materials for the execution of this Investigation. These compounds are chemically related to the biologically active components of Ectimar, Skane M‐8 and Proxel CRL. Further instances of contact allergy due lo these and related compounds are likely because of the apparently increasing use of such substances as antimicrobial agents in various commercial products.
Allergy to oil of turpentine in Portugal
Authors: Cachão P. , Brandão F. Menezes , Carmo M. , Frazão S. , Silva M.
Published: April 2006

Oil of turpentine is still a common allergen in Portugal although it does not contain Δ3‐carene, as ascertained by gas chromatography. Patch tests with 6 terpenes on 22 patients revealed that 17 were allergic to α‐pinene and 15 to dipentene: 12 were allergic to both. 4 patients were sensitive to Δ3‐carene, 3 to α‐terpineol and 2 to β‐pinene. These results explain the incidence of allergy to oil of turpentine in Portugal.
Milk recorder dermatitis
Authors: Grattan C. E. H. , Harman R. R. M. , Tan R. S. H.
Published: April 2006

Occupational contact dermatitis to Bronopol® and Kathon® CG has been identified in 3 milk recorders following the introduction of it new milk preservative. The source of exposure, sensitising potential and measures for prevention are discussed.
Contact urticaria to rubber gloves is IgE‐mediated
Authors: Frosch P. J. , Wahil R. , Bahmer F. A. , Maasch H. J.
Published: April 2006

Serological studies were performed in 3 patients with typical contact urticaria to latex surgical gloves. Specific IgE antibodies to natural latex as well us to vulcanized glove material have been detected by radioimmunoassay. Contact urticaria to latex is considered to be of the immunologic type.
Sickness absence due to occupational dermatoses in a prefabrication construction factory
Authors: Goh C. L.
Published: April 2006

In a study of sickness absence due to occupational dermatoses among 360 construction workers in a prefabrication construction factory in 1984, we found 3 workers with allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in cement who required medical leave. There were 5 sickness absence spells due to occupational dermatoses and the number of days lost due to occupational dermatoses was 53 days for the year. This averaged out at 0.01 spells per worker per year, 0.15 days per worker per year and 15 days per spell. It appeared that the number of workers requiring sickness absence from occupational dermatoses was low, but that those with the condition required about 2 weeks of sickness absence Allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in cement appeared to be the only occupational dermatitis using sickness absence in the factory.
Treatment of nickel dermatitis with Trientine
Authors: Burrows D. , Rogers Sarah , Beck M. , Kellett J. , McMaster D. , Merrett D. , Eedy D. J.
Published: April 2006

23 nickel‐sensitive patients with hand eczema were treated with Trientine 300 mg daily and a placebo in a double‐blind, crossover trial. No significant improvement occurred in the hand eczema. A surprising finding was that there was no detectable increase in urinary nickel excretion, in contrast animal studies.
Dermatitis from quinazoline oxide
Authors: Rebandel P. , Rudzki E.
Published: April 2006

Dermatitis from 2‐chloromethyl‐4‐phenyl‐6‐chloroquinazoline‐3‐oxide, an intermediate product in the preparation of chlorodiazepoxide, is described in 29 workers at a pharmaceutical plant. All were patch test positive to quinazoline oxide (1%) and six to 0.05%. In most patients, the face was earlier and more severely involved than the hands. Some were sensitized even if they did not have much contact with it, doing such work as washing the clothing of other workers, or working at a distance 100 m from the production line building.
Allergic contact sensitization to the glycidyl ester of hexahydrophthalic acid in a cutting oil
Authors: English J. S. C. , Foulds I. , White I. R. , Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

Allergic contact dermatitis is reported in 5 machine operatives working with a cutting oil containing an epoxy compound used as a stabilizer. Positive patch test reactions to this compound were obtained in all 5 men and were negative in 25 controls.
Occupational skin disease in hospital cleaning and kitchen workers
Authors: Gawkrodger David J. , Lloyd Margaret H. , Hunter John A. A.
Published: April 2006

Skin disorders were reported in 33% of catering staff mid >5% of women cleaners who returned a questionnaire, and were employed in a large hospital. Hand dermatitis occurred in 15% of the caterers and 12% of the cleaners. In the majority, the dermatitis was irritant in origin and related to their wet work occupations. Cleaners had a high prevalence of jewellery dermatitis. Limited patch testing revealed a majority positive to nickel, but a third were negative, indicating that jewellery reactions often but not invariably predict nickel sensitivity. Few subjects were atopic, hut some psoriatic patients with hand problems were encountered. Most workers were able to carry on in their Occupations despite having hand dermatitis.
Irritation, sensitization, photoirritation and photosensitization assays with a glyphosate herbicide
Authors: Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Glyphosate it widely utilized herbicide, was evaluated for acute irritation, cumulative irritation, photoirritation and allergic and photoallergic contact potential in 346 volunteers. The herbicide was less irritant than a standard liquid dishwashing detergent and a general all purpose cleaner. There was no evidence for the induction of photoirritation, allergic or photoirritation contact dermatitis. 10% glyphosate in water is proposed as a diagnostic path test concentration.
The sensitizing capacity of coumarins (I)
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Schmieder M.
Published: April 2006

10 coumarins used in perfumery, cosmetics and ointments, have been investigated by 2 different methods to determine their sensitizing capacity. Only I of the compounds, 4‐methyl‐esculctin, which serves as a sunscreen agent, was found to be a weak sensitizer. All other coumarins were negative. It is assumed that this dihydroxycoumarin becomes a sensitizer when it is enzymically oxidized to the corresponding orthoquinone in the skin.
Permeation of nickel salts through human skin in vitro
Authors: Fullerton Ann , Andersen Jan Rud , Hoelgaard Annie , Menné Torkil
Published: April 2006

The impact of occlusion and the role of the counter ion on the permeation rate of nickel ions ill rough skin have been examined using excised human skin. A highly sensitive electrochemical method was used to quantify the amount of nickel permeating the skin. The investigations show that nickel ions are capable of permeating the skin barrier when applied under occlusion. The process is slow, having a lag time of approximately 50 h. The permeation rate, and thus the physical amount being bioavailable is considerably increased when aqueous nickel chloride is used in comparison with aqueous nickel sulphate With respect to nickel permeation of the skin, we conclude that the choice of salt is an important consideration in patch testing.
Rapid increase in contact allergy to Kathon® CG in Finland
Authors: Hannuksela Matti
Published: April 2006

In unselected eczema patients subjected to routine patch testing, the number with positive to Kathon® CG 100 ppm increased from none in 1983 to 0.7% in January‐August 1985, and to 4.6% in September 1985 to March 1986. Repeated open application tests (ROAT) with creams containing 7–15 ppm of the isothiazolinones were positive in 12 of 24 patients tested. 2 of the ROAT‐positive cases had negative patch tests to 100 ppm Kathon CG. but I was positive with 200 ppm. Atopic dermatitis, chronic hand dermatitis and lower leg dermatitis were the most common disorders in the positive patients, The cause of the rapid increase of Kathon® CG allergy in Finland during the winter of 1985–1986 was the use of a popular moisturizing cream containing first 19 ppm, then 7 ppm of a mixture of 2 isothiazolinones (Euxyl® K 100).
Molecular recognition patterns of sesquiterpene lactones in costus‐ sensitive patients
Authors: Benezra Claude , Epstein William L.
Published: April 2006

A molecular analysis of cross‐reactions in costus‐sensitive patients reveals that the most active sesquiterpene lactones are the ones with the lesser number of oxygenated substiuents dose to the α‐methylene γ‐butyrolactone ring. Cross‐reactions with sesquiterpene lactones with different skeletons (germacranolide and guaianolide or pseudoguaianolide lactones) can probably be explained by concomitant multiple sensitization to two lactones present in costus. respectively costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone.
The influence of temperature on the concentration homogeneity of patch test materials
Authors: Goh C. L. , Kwok S. F.
Published: April 2006

The concentration homogeneity of Dieted sulphate 4.8%. pet, and potassium dichromate 0.5% pet. in patch test materials appeared to become less homogeneous if stored at room temperature compared storage al 4°C. after 2 months, The coefficient of variation of concentration for nickel sulphate alter storage at 4°C W;LS 3.0883%, and at room temperature 25.3098%. The coefficient of variation for potassium dichromate after storage at 4°C was 4.6124% and at room temperature 9.6334%. This indicates that patch less materials containing nickel sulphate and potassium dichromate should be Kepi refrigerated in the tropics.
Ethylenediamine dermatitis*
Authors: Balato Nicola , Cusano Francesco , Lembo Giuseppe , Ayala Fabio
Published: April 2006

32 ethylenediamine‐sensitive patients were studied to determine cross‐sensitivity reactions. Reaction to other aliphatic polyamines proved to be very high, whereas no significant result was obtained to antihistamines, cither topically or orally.
Dermatitis from phenyl salicylate in safety spectacle frames
Authors: Sonnex T. S. , Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

We report 3 cases of allergic contact dermatitis behind the ears from wearing the same brand of industrial safely spectacles, In each case, a positive patch test was obtained with scrapings of the plastic frame. In 2 cases further patch tests with constituents of the plastic were carried out; positive patch test were obtained with phenyl salicylate.

Phenyl salicylate is used as an ultraviolet inhibitor in some cellulose acetate butyrate and cellulose acetate propionate formulae. It has previously been reported as a contact Sensitizer from its use as a sun screen in a lip salve.

Positive patch test reactions were also obtained variously in these patients with balsam of Peru, resorcinol, monobenzoate, and epoxy resin.
Contact allergy to an epoxy reactive diluent: 1,4‐butanediol diglycidyl ether
Authors: Jolanki Riitta , Estlander Tuula , Kanerva Lasse
Published: April 2006

3 female workers in a brush factory developed contact allergy from a 2‐component epoxy glue containing epoxy resin (37% w/w), reactive diluents: i.e., l,4‐butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDGE) 3%, glycidyl ethers of aliphatic alcohols (Epoxide 8) 0.03% and phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) 0.01%: and inert fillers. All 3 patients were positive to the resin component of the glue and to BDDGE, indicating that BDDGE was the main allergen. 2 of the patients reacted to PGE, but none to the 3rd reactive diluent (Epoxide 8) in the glue. 2 of the patients did not react to epoxy resin, indicating that BDDGE may be an even stronger sensitizer in humans than epoxy resin, and that it does not cross‐react with epoxy resins. Permeation studies revealed that BDDGE penetrates disposable PVC and rubber gloves in less than 30 min; thus, contaminated gloves should be replaced immediately. Reactive diluents should be included in patch test series if contact allergy to epoxy products is suspected.
Contact dermatitis to fragrances
Authors: Santucci B. , Cristaudo A. , Cannistraci C. , Picardo M.
Published: April 2006

2 groups of patients (1200 and 1500 respectively) were patch tested with different concentrations of perfume mix and fragrance raw materials. The study was to evaluate the incidence of contact dermatitis to fragrances in Roma, Italy, and the influence of limited variations in fragrance and perfume mix concentrations on patch test responses. The results showed that a decrease in the perfume mix concentration from 16% to 8% correlated with a decrease in the % of positive patients (from 5.2%j to 3.6%). Variations in the concentration of fragrance raw materials did not influence the % of positive reactions in the 2 groups. The perfume mixture at 16% or 8% gave some positive results, without a corresponding reaction to any of the constituents, that were not related to an excited skin syndrome.
Epidemiology of nickel allergy
Authors: Schubert H. , Berova N. , Czernielewski A. , Hegyi E. , Jirásek L. , Kohánka Valéria , Korossy S. , Michailov P. , Nebenführer L. , Prater E. , Rothe A. , Rudzki E. , Stranski L. , Süss E. , Tarnick. M. , Temesvári E. , Zieoler V. , Zschunke E.
Published: April 2006

In 2400 consecutive patients at 8 clinics in 5 countries, nickel hypersensitivity was found in 176 cases (7.3%), 19 male (2.1%) and 157 female (10.5%), The incidence ranged from 15 to 38 cases in 300 patients of every department (5.0% Sofia to 12.7% Erfurt). 60.6% of the nickel positives were schoolgirls or younger than 25 years. The exposure time was 3 years, in 49% 1 year or shorter. Most cases (75%) are not occupationally acquired, but due to costume jewellery (31.8%), wrist watches (23.3%), metal clothing buckles (3.4%) including jeans buttons. Job dependent nickel dermatitis is often (36/51 cases) linked with wet work. Atopic dermatitis was found in 8.3% of female nickel allergy. Nickel positivity without a dermatitis history was seen in 9/176 cases (5%). Nickel allergy will become a sex‐indifferent phenomenon in Europe, because of the changing customs of adornment.
Lichenoid photocontact dermatitis to musk ambrette
Authors: Parodi Giuseppe , Guarrera Marcella , Rebora Alfredo
Published: April 2006

A patient is described with a pigmentary dermatitis of the face with histological features of a lichenoid reaction, which proved to be a photocontact dermatitis to musk ambrette. Photopatch tests produced a pigmented dermatitis that reflected the clinical and histological features of a lichenoid reaction, which occurred 1 month after application.
Hydration studies on scaly hand eczema
Authors: Blichmann Christa , Serup Jørgen
Published: April 2006

Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and electrical conductance by a high‐frequency (3.5 MHz) method were measured in 20 patients with chronic scaly hand eczema. Eczematous skin was compared with uninvolved skin of the same anatomical region. TEWL of eczematous skin was increased in all patients. In contrast, the conductance was decreased in all patients except for one, who showed equal values in pathological and uninvolved skin. This indicates that the water‐holding capacity of eczematous skin is reduced. There was no correlation between clinical grading of scaling, and TEWL and electrical conductance. TEWL and conductance were not correlated, and the 2 methods are therefore supplementary for assessment of eczema and scaling. TEWL may be useful for monitoring the primary effect of therapy, and conductance for the final documentation of healing.
Experimental delayed contact sensitization to diazolidinyl urea (Germall II) in guinea pigs
Authors: Stephens Thomas J. , Drake Kevin D. , Drotman Robert B.
Published: April 2006

Diazolidinyl urea (Germall II) is a new preservative recommended for use in certain consumer products. Although 2 reports document the human sensitization rates of this preservative, no publications quantify its sensitization potential in controlled animal experiments. Diazolidinyl urea induced mild sensitization (grade 2) under maximization test conditions. Further, there was evidence of cross‐reactions with both imidazolidinyl urea (Germall 115) and formaldehyde in diazolidinyl‐urea‐sensitized animals. Rechallenge of diazolidinyl‐urea‐sensitized animals with diazolidinyl urea 4 weeks following the primary challenge only elicited a weak response (0.5) from 1 animal out of 8.
Cosmetic intolerance
Authors: Broeckx W. , Blondeel A. , Dooms‐Goossens A. , Achten G.
Published: April 2006

A study of cosmetic intolerance has been undertaken in 5202 patients tested for possible contact dermatitis. Each patient has been evaluated by medical history and patch testing. Intolerance to cosmetics involved only 5.9% of the total population tested. If other possible sources of allergens (medication, occupation, hobbies etc) are associated, this figure rises to 11.7%. The origin of the cosmetic intolerance is more often an allergy than irritation. Soaps and shampoos are the most important types of cosmetics responsible for adverse reactions. The principal allergens are the fragrances, preservatives, hair dyes and the patients' own products. In this last category, the specific allergen has not always been detected.
Granulomatous reaction to purple tattoo pigment
Authors: Schwartz Robert A. , Mathias C. G. Toby , Miller Claramae H. , Rojas‐Corona Rogelio , Lambert W. Clark
Published: April 2006

An acute dermatitis overlying an immunologic granuloma was noted at the site of purple “dye” injection in a man with multiple multicolored tattoos. The skin reaction was observed 3 weeks after the injection, which proved to contain manganese, the usual metallic salt used for purple colored tattoos. Atomic absorption spectrometry showed a large amount of manganese in the biopsy specimen. Neither the dermatitis nor an immunologic granuloma could be reproduced with manganese salts or the alleged tattoo pigment. In addition, his peripheral blood lymphocytes were shown to be normal both in subset distribution and in their function, but these cells did not respond by blastogenesis to dilutions of the alleged pigment or to 2 manganese salts tested.
UVB serum factor: suppression of allergic contact dermatitis in guinea pigs
Authors: Christensen Ole B. , Christensen Monica B. , Wall Leon M.
Published: April 2006

Serum from guinea pigs exposed to a single high dose of UVB and from controls was injected into the spleen of normal animals 5 days prior to sensitization. When 1.0 ml was transferred 4.5 h after irradiation, immunosuppression was obtained. Transfer of 1.5 ml of serum 2.5 h after irradiation failed to induce immunosuppression. This experimental model in guinea pigs might be valuable in further studies investigating the effect of other modalities of ultraviolet exposure (e.g., PUVA or high‐dose UVA) on the release of soluble serum factor(s) inducing immunosuppression in allergic contact dermatitis.
Cutaneous allergy to mustard in a salad maker
Authors: Dannaker C. J. , White I. R.
Published: April 2006

A case of allergic contact dermatitis to mustard (Brassica nigra) in a salad maker is reported. The sources of skin contact included a commercial salad cream, a vinegrette, and various members of the mustard family, Cruciferae. The Cruciferae family includes many salad vegetables and condiments which contain allergenic isothiocyanates. The extent of skin contact among salad makers and other food handlers may be significant, and sensitization to isothiocyanates from this large family of vegetables may be an important cause of food contact allergy in these individuals.
Lipstick dermatitis due to C18 aliphatic compounds
Authors: Hayakawa Ritsuko , Matsunaga Kayoko , Suzuki Mari , Arima Yaeno , Ohkido Yukari
Published: April 2006

An 18‐year‐old girl developed cheilitis. She had a past history of lip cream dermatitis, but the cause was not found. Patch tests with 2 lipsticks were strongly positive. Tests with the ingredients were positive to 2 aliphatic compounds, glyceryl diisostearate and diisostearyl malate. Impurities in the materials were suspected as the cause. Analysis by gas chromatography detected 3 chemicals in glyceryl diisostearate and 1 in diisostearyl malate as impurities.

Patch testing with the impurities and glyceryl monoisostearate 0.01% pet in glyceryl diisostearate and isostearyl alcohol 0.25% pet in diisostearyl malate were strongly positive.

The characteristics common to the 2 chemicals were liquidity at room temperature, branched C18aliphatic compound and primary alcohol. Chemicals lacking any of the above 3 features did not react.
Terfenadine does not inhibit non‐immunologic contact urticaria
Authors: Lahti Arto
Published: April 2006

To investigate the mechanisms of non‐immunologic contact urticaria (NICU), the effect of 120 mg of terfenadine (Hi‐antagonist) on contact reactions to methyl nicotinate, diethyl fumarate, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, cinnamic aldehyde and dimethyl sulfoxide was studied in 20 subjects. Erythema and edema were observed visually, and the changes in the skin blood flow were monitored with laser‐Doppler flowmetry. Terfenadine did not have any significant inhibitory effect on erythema or edema from 6 contact urticants tested, but it inhibited erythema and edema of prick test reactions to histamine. Non‐specific histamine release from mast cells does not seem to be the mechanism of NICU from these substances.
Contact allergy to 4‐isopropyl dibenzoylmethane and 3‐(4′‐methylbenzylidene) camphor in the sunscreen Eusolex 8021
Authors: de Groot Anton C. , van der Walle Henk B. , Jagtman Berend A. , Weyland J. Willem
Published: April 2006

10 cases of contact allergy from the sunscreen Eusolex 8021® are reported. 5 patients were sensitized to a lipstick, 4 to a sunscreen cream, and 1 reacted to several cosmetic creams. Of 9 patients tested with the 2 ingredients of Eusolex 8021®, 5 proved to be allergic to both (chemically unrelated) constituents: 4‐isopropyl‐dibenzoylmethane and 3‐(4′‐methylbenzylidene) camphor; 4 were allergic to 4‐isopropyl‐dibenzoylmethane only. Contact allergy to this recently introduced broad spectrum sunscreen may not be rare. The relevant literature is reviewed.