bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtual satellite observations of plasmoids generated by fast reconnection in the geomagnetic tail
Authors: Ugai M.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The present paper studies fundamental features of plasmoid propagation by virtual satellite observations in the simulation box. The plasmoid domain is divided into the plasmoid reconnection region P, where magnetized plasmas with reconnected field lines, heated by dissipation mechanisms of fast reconnection, are accumulated, and the plasmoid core region C, where magnetized plasmas with sheared field lines, initially embedded in the current sheet, is adiabatically compressed. When the virtual satellite is located in a position through which the plasmoid core region passes, it detects distinct changes in quantities at the interface between the regions P and C, where the north-south field component Bz has the bipolar profile and the sheared field component By has the peak value. The observed magnetic field profile is, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in good agreement with the standard one detected by actual satellite observations, although when the satellite location is very close to the X neutral line, where reconnection occurs, the Bz field profile becomes dipolarization-like rather than bipolar. If the satellite detects only the plasmoid region P outside region C, the standard magnetic field profile becomes obscure even if notable plasmoid signatures, such as enhanced plasma temperature and plasma flow, are observed. Unlike the traditional flux rope model based on multiple reconnections, it is demonstrated that the standard magnetic field profile, observed for plasmoids propagating in the geomagnetic tail, is the direct outcome of the single fast reconnection evolution.
Effect of salinity induced pH changes on benthic foraminifera: a laboratory culture experiment
Authors: Saraswat R. , Kouthanker M. , Kurtarkar S. , Nigam R. , Linshy V. N.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The coastal water pH varies with salinity. Therefore, to study the effect of salinity induced pH variations on benthic foraminifera, live specimens of Rosalina globularis were subjected to different salinities (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ‰) with pH varying from 7.2 to 8.2. A total of 210 specimens were used and the experiment was conducted in replicates. It was observed that the salinity induced pH changes affect the calcification of foraminifera. However the response is not linear. The maximum growth is reported in the specimens kept at 35 ‰ salinity (pH 8.0) while the rest of the specimens maintained at salinity higher or lower than 35 ‰, showed comparatively lesser growth. A significant drop in pH severely hampers the calcification capability of benthic foraminifera. Specimens kept at 10 and 15 ‰ (pH 7.2 and 7.5, respectively) became opaque within two days of lowering the salinity and later on their tests dissolved within 24 and 43 days, respectively. Besides calcification capability, pH also affects reproduction. No specimen reproduced at 10 and 15 ‰ salinity while only a few specimens (3 %) reproduced at 20 ‰. As compared to 10–20 ‰ salinity, ∼60 % reproduction was observed in specimens subjected to 25–40 ‰ salinity. The drop in pH also decreased the calcification rate as specimens at 20 ‰ salinity took twice the time to reach maturity than normal range (25–40 ‰). We conclude that salinity induced drop in pH adversely affects the calcification capability and reproduction in benthic foraminifera. It is inferred that the time required to reach reproductive maturity increases at the extreme salinity tolerance limits. However, beyond a certain limit, a further increase in pH does not affect benthic foraminifera; rather they respond to salinity as per their salinity tolerance range.
Predictability of soil moisture and river flows over France for the spring season
Authors: Singla S. , Céron J.-P. , Martin E. , Regimbeau F. , Déqué M. , Habets F. , Vidal J.-P.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Sources of spring predictability of the hydrological system over France were studied on a seasonal time scale over the 1960–2005 period. Two random sampling experiments were set up in order to test the relative importance of the land surface initial state and the atmospheric forcing. The experiments were based on the SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU hydrometeorological suite which computed soil moisture and river flow forecasts over a 8-km grid and more than 800 river-gauging stations. Results showed that the predictability of hydrological variables primarily depended on the seasonal atmospheric forcing (mostly temperature and total precipitation) over most plains, whereas it mainly depended on snow cover over high mountains. However, the Seine catchment area was an exception as the skill mainly came from the initial state of its large and complex aquifer. Seasonal meteorological hindcasts with the Météo-France ARPEGE climate model were then used to force the ISBA-MODCOU hydrological model and obtain seasonal hydrological forecasts from 1960 to 2005 for the entire March-April-May period. Scores from this seasonal hydrological forecasting suite could thus be compared with the random atmospheric experiment. Skill scores clearly showed the added value in seasonal meteorological forecasts in the north of France, contrary to the Mediterranean area where values worsened.
Family Business Succession: Founders from Disadvantaged Communities in South Africa
Authors: Isaacs Eslyn B.H. , Friedrich Christian
Published: August 2011

It is estimated that 50–70% of all South African businesses are family-owned and that these businesses form the backbone of the South African economy, their qualities providing stability and resilience in the changing society of the nation. Succession is one of the biggest challenges for family business owners. Research shows that only 33% of all family businesses progress from the first to the second generation and only 16% progress to the third generation. This is because in many small and medium-sized family businesses there is no formal succession plan and no appropriate governance structures are in place. Matters may also be complicated by destructive conflicts, with more than one family member believing that he or she is best equipped to take over as leader. In most developed countries family business research is receiving the same attention as, for example, entrepreneurship, but in South Africa neither topic has yet come of age. Of the 23 registered universities and technical universities in South Africa, only one offers a full semester-based module on family business, while four of the other institutions offer around two credit modules, of which succession is a small part. It is clear from the investigation reported here that unless the topic of succession receives more attention unclear succession plans, incompetence and/or lack of preparedness of successors and family rivalries will continue to result in unsuccessful successions and business failures.
Unravelling a Manager's Proclivity to Innovate
Authors: Zacca Robert , Selen Willem
Published: August 2011

This research examines an individual manager's proclivity to innovate as a dichotomy between an administrative and entrepreneurial focus. The authors investigate five situation factors that may impact on this proclivity. Using 102 responses from business professionals throughout Europe and the USA, differences in proclivity to innovate were statistically tested for varying subgroups and situation factors across a range of managerial activities. The results provided new insights into business development through descriptions of the business development manager's dichotomy of, on the one hand, implementing best practice and, on the other hand, pursuing innovation through entrepreneurial action.
Review and Catalog of the Ostracode Family Rutidermatidae (Crustacea: Myodocopa)
Authors: Harrison-Nelson Elizabeth , Orr John M. , Tarmann Margaret E. , Kornicker Louis S.
Published: August 2011

Cohen and Kornicker (1987) presented a catalog of species of the Rutidermatidae that had been published prior to March 1986. The present contribution includes one additional subfamily, one additional genus, and twelve additional species (one new) and, also, keys to subfamilies, genera, and species, illustrations of carapaces, tables giving characteristics of appendages, and maps showing distribution of species.
The Fundamental Groups of m-Quasi-Einstein Manifolds
Authors: Lee Hee Kwon
Published: August 2011

In Ricci flow theory, the topology of Ricci soliton is important. We call a metric quasi-Einstein if the m-Bakry-Emery Ricci tensor is a constant multiple of the metric tensor. This is a generalization of gradient shrinking Ricci soliton. In this paper, we will prove the finiteness of the fundamental group of m-quasi-Einstein with a positive constant multiple.
The Use of Massage Therapy for Reducing Pain, Anxiety, and Depression in Oncological Palliative Care Patients: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Authors: Falkensteiner Maria , Mantovan Franco , Müller Irene , Them Christa
Published: August 2011

A considerable number of cancer patients use complementary medicine therapies in order to alleviate different symptoms such as pain, anxiety, and depression, occurring in connection with cancer.
This paper explores the question to what extent massage therapies are able to reduce the amount of pain, anxiety, and depression. For this purpose, a systematic literature analysis was carried out in the electronic databases and specialist journals. There is already evidence that massage therapies can influence the symptoms of pain, anxiety, and depression in a positive way.
An Approximate Analytical Approach to Investigate the Stability and Response of Holonomic Problems in Classic Dynamics by Means of the Homotopy Perturbation Method
Authors: Kimiaeifar Amin
Published: August 2011

In this work, a powerful analytical method called homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is used to obtain the series solution for nonlinear problems in classic dynamics. The governing equations are obtained using the Lagrange method and solved analytically by HPM. The present solution gives an expression which is valid for the whole domain of the solution. Comparisons of the obtained solutions with numerical results indicate that HPM is effective and convenient for solving holonomic problems and can be used in the same way for other nonlinear problems
Time Dependence of Current–Voltage Characteristics of Pb/p-Si Schottky Diode under Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Ucar Nazim , Özdemira Ahmet Faruk , Aldemira Durmus Ali , Çankayab Güven
Published: August 2011

The effect of time on the characteristic parameters of Pb/p-Si Schottky diodes has been presented as a function of hydrostatic pressure. Current-voltage curves of the Pb=p-Si Schottky diodes have been measured at immediate, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min intervals under 1, 2, and 4 kbar hydrostatic pressure. It has been found that the values of the ideality factor have been approximately unchanged with increasing time. On the other hand, the barrier height of the Pb=p-Si structure slowly increase with increasing time, while these parameters also change with hydrostatic pressure. The diode shows nonideal current-voltage behaviour with an ideality factor greater than unity that can be ascribed to the interfacial layer and the interface states. In addition, the Schottky barrier height increases with a linear pressure coefficient of 92 meV=kbar, which is higher than the pressure coefficient of the silicon fundamental band gap.
Coherent Structures in the (2+1)-Dimensional Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Time-Varying Coefficients
Authors: Ma Zheng-Yi
Published: August 2011

Analytical solutions in terms of rational-like functions are derived for the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with time-varying coefficients using the similarity transformation and direct ansatz. By applying specific time-modulated nonlinearities, dispersions, and potentials, the dynamics of the solutions can be controlled. As a result, abundant wave structures are exhibited through chosen three types of elementary functions.
Flow around a Triaxial Ellipsoid in a Long Circular Tube
Authors: Lee Doo-Sung
Published: August 2011

This paper deals with the three-dimensional analysis of viscous fluid flow in a long circular cylinder containing an ellipsoidal obstacle. The center of the ellipsoid coincides with that of the cylinder, and the flow is confined to the space between the ellipsoid and the cylinder when the fluid velocity at the large distance from the ellipsoid is uniform. The equations of the classical theory of fluid dynamics are solved in terms of an unknown function which is then shown to be the solution of a boundary integro-differential equation. A numerical solution of the integro-differential equation is obtained and the pressure on the surface of the ellipsoid is presented in graphical forms for various values of the radius of the circular tube.
18O/16O and D/H Isotopic Preference in Hydration Spheres of Alkali Metal Ions
Authors: Oi Takao
Published: August 2011

With the final goal set at theoretical elucidation of experimentally observed isotope salt effects, molecular orbital calculations were performed to estimate the 18O/16O and D/H isotopic reduced partition function ratios (RPFRs) of water molecules around lithium, sodium, and potassium ions. As model water molecules in the ith hydration sphere of the cation in aqueous solutions containing that cation, we considered water molecules in the ith hydration sphere that were surrounded by water

molecules in the (i+1)th hydration sphere in clusters, M+(H2O)n (M = Li, Na or K; n up to 100). The calculations indicated that the decreasing order of the 18 O preference over 16 O in the primary hydration sphere is: Li+ > (bulk water) ≥ Na+ > K+. That is, water molecules in the primary hydration spheres of the Li+, Na+, and K+ ions are, respectively, enriched, slightly depleted, and depleted in the heavier isotope of oxygen relative to water molecules in bulk. No such preference was

observed for hydrogen isotopes in any hydration sphere or for oxygen isotopes in the secondary and outer hydration spheres.
Routes to Achieving High Quantum Yield Luminescence from Gas‐Phase‐Produced Silicon Nanocrystals
Authors: Anthony Rebecca J. , Rowe David J. , Stein Matthias , Yang Jihua , Kortshagen Uwe
Published: August 2011

Plasma‐synthesized silicon nanocrystals with alkene ligands have shown the potential to exhibit high‐efficiency photoluminescence, but results reported in the literature have been inconsistent. Here, for the first time, the role of the immediate post‐synthesis “afterglow plasma” environment is explored. The significant impact of gas injection into the afterglow plasma on the photoluminescence efficiency of silicon nanocrystals is reprorted. Depending on the afterglow conditions, photoluminescence quantum yields of silicon nanocrystals synthesized under otherwise identical conditions can vary by a factor of almost five. It is demonstrated that achieving a fast quenching of the particle temperature and a high flux of atomic hydrogen to the nanocrystal surface are essential for a high photoluminescence quantum yield of the produced silicon nanocrystals.
Non‐hydrostatic atmospheric cut cell model on a block‐structured mesh
Authors: Yamazaki Hiroe , Satomura Takehiko
Published: August 2011

A block‐structured Cartesian mesh approach based on the Building‐Cube Method is implemented into a 2D non‐hydrostatic atmospheric cut cell model to obtain high near‐ground resolution using Cartesian coordinates. A simple flux‐matching algorithm is introduced that ensures mass conservation across varying grid resolutions in a subcycling time integration. Results of simple diffusion and advection problems show that the method produces sufficiently accurate results with high computational efficiency. The developed model successfully reproduces a flow over a semicircular mountain on a locally refined mesh around the mountain. The result agrees well with that using a uniformly fine mesh. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Planctomycetes and eukaryotes: A case of analogy not homology
Authors: McInerney James O. , Martin William F. , Koonin Eugene V. , Allen John F. , Galperin Michael Y. , Lane Nick , Archibald John M. , Embley T. Martin
Published: August 2011

Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and Chlamydia are prokaryotic phyla, sometimes grouped together as the PVC superphylum of eubacteria. Some PVC species possess interesting attributes, in particular, internal membranes that superficially resemble eukaryotic endomembranes. Some biologists now claim that PVC bacteria are nucleus‐bearing prokaryotes and are considered evolutionary intermediates in the transition from prokaryote to eukaryote. PVC prokaryotes do not possess a nucleus and are not intermediates in the prokaryote‐to‐eukaryote transition. Here we summarise the evidence that shows why all of the PVC traits that are currently cited as evidence for aspiring eukaryoticity are either analogous (the result of convergent evolution), not homologous, to eukaryotic traits; or else they are the result of horizontal gene transfers.
Dynamic information‐based scalable hashing on a cluster of web cache servers
Authors: Kwak Hukeun , Sohn Andrew , Chung Kyusik
Published: August 2011

Caching web pages is an important part of web infrastructures. Medium to large‐scale infrastructures deploy a cluster of servers to solve the scalability and storage problems inherent in caching. In this paper we present dynamic information‐based scalable hashing that evenly hashes client requests to a cluster of cache servers, resulting in performance scalability. Runtime information is used to determine when and how to cache pages. Cached pages are stored and retrieved mutually exclusively to/from all the servers to minimize the use of storage, resulting in storage scalability. We set up an experimental environment consisting of various machines, including client servers, a cluster of 16 cache servers, and a load balancer. We demonstrate through experimental results that dynamic information‐based scalable hashing maximizes both performance scalability and storage scalability while the existing approaches do only either one of the two. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal Structure, Charge Transport, and Magnetic Properties of MnSb2Se4
Authors: Djieutedjeu Honore , Makongo Julien P. A. , Rotaru Aurelian , Palasyuk Andriy , Takas Nathan J. , Zhou Xiaoyuan , Ranmohotti Kulugammana G. S. , Spinu Leonard , Uher Ctirad , Poudeu Pierre F. P.
Published: August 2011

A single phase of MnSb2Se4 was synthesized by combining high‐purity elements at 773 K. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed that MnSb2Se4 is isostructural with FeSb2Se4 crystallizing in the monoclinic space group C2/m with a = 13.076(3) Å, b = 3.965(2) Å, c = 15.236(4) Å, β = 115.1(2)°, Z = 4. MnSb2Se4 melts congruently at 790 K and is thermally stable up to 1000 K. Electronic band structure calculations, infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and low‐temperature electronic transport data indicate that MnSb2Se4 is a narrow‐bandgap p‐type semiconductor with an energy bandgap of approximately 0.31 eV and exhibits a sharp increase in the resistivity near 230 K. A large Seebeck coefficient (S = +945 μV K–1), high electrical resistivity (ρ ≈ 9 Ω m), and low thermal conductivity (κ = 1.4 W m–1 K–1) were observed at 300 K. Direct current (DC) magnetic‐susceptibility measurements indicated that MnSb2Se4 is paramagnetic at 300 K and undergoes an order/disorder antiferromagnetic transition with a Néel temperature of approximately 20 K. Alternating current (AC) susceptibility at various frequencies suggested a spin‐glass‐like behavior.
Clinical feasibility of monitoring m‐THPC mediated photodynamic therapy by means of fluorescence differential path‐length spectroscopy
Authors: Karakullukcu Baris , Kanick Stephen Chad , Aans Jan Bonne , Sterenborg Henricus JCM , Tan I. Bing , Amelink Arjen , Robinson Dominic J.
Published: August 2011

The objective quantitative monitoring of light, oxygen, and photosensitizer is challenging in clinical photodynamic therapy settings. We have previously developed fluorescence differential path‐length spectroscopy (FDPS), a technique that utilizes reflectance spectroscopy to monitor microvascular oxygen saturation, blood volume fraction, and vessel diameter, and fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor photosensitizer concentration. In this paper the clinical feasibility of the technique is tested on eight healthy volunteers and on three patients undergoing PDT of oral cavity cancers. Model‐based analysis of the measured spectra provide quantitative tissue parameters that are corrected for background tissue absorption, autofluorescence, and the transmission of the optical system; this method allows comparison of intra‐ and inter‐subject parameters. The FDPS correctly estimated the absence of m ‐THPC in volunteers and detected photobleaching in the areas receiving treatment light in patients undergoing PDT treatment. This study demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring clinical photodynamic therapy treatments using optical spectroscopy. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cosmological vacuum selection, metastable susy breaking and moduli
Authors: Dalianis I. , Lalak Z.
Published: August 2011

We discuss the thermal evolution of the spurion and messenger fields of ordinary gauge mediation models taking into account the Standard Model degrees of freedom. It is shown that for thermalized messengers the metastable susy breaking vacuum becomes thermally selected provided that the susy breaking sector is sufficiently weakly coupled to messengers or to any observable field. It is shown that large values of untwisted moduli help stabilize the spurion at the right value. We introduce the critical temper ature related to the thermal stability of the moduli sector.
Exploring the Formation of Focal Adhesions on Patterned Surfaces Using Super‐Resolution Imaging
Authors: Chien Fan‐Ching , Kuo Chiung Wen , Yang Zong‐Han , Chueh Di‐Yen , Chen Peilin
Published: August 2011

The formation of focal adhesions on various sizes of fibronectin patterns, ranging from 200 μm to 250 nm, was systematically investigated by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and super‐resolution imaging. It was found that cells adhered to and spread on these micro/nanopatterns, forming focal adhesions. On a micrometer scale the shape of the focal adhesions was elongated. However, on the nanometer scale, the shape of focal adhesions became dotlike. To further explore the distribution of focal adhesion proteins formed on surfaces, a localization‐based super‐resolution imaging technique was employed in order to determine the position and density of vinculin proteins. A characteristic distance of 50 nm was found between vinculin molecules in the focal adhesions, which did not depend on the size of the fibronectin nanopatterns. This distance was found to be crucial for the formation of focal adhesions. In addition, the density of vinculin at the focal adhesions formed on the nanopatterns increased as the pattern size decreased. The density of the protein was found to be 425 ± 247, 584 ± 302, and 703 ± 305 proteins μm−2 on the 600, 400, and 250 nm fibronectin patterns respectively. Whereas 226 ± 77 proteins μm−2 was measured for the matured focal adhesions on homogeneous fibronectin coated substrates. The increase in vinculin density implies that an increase in mechanical load was applied to the focal adhesions formed on the smaller nanopatterns.
An Aspect of the Emperor Cult: Imperial Mysteries
Authors: Pleket H. W.
Published: August 2011

The French scholar P. Veyne has recently classified a number of phenomena, which clearly prove that the person of the Roman emperor occupied a predominant position in the minds of the average Roman and Greek. He shows that the imperial ideology both reflected certain sentiments current among the people, and contributed toward the shaping of those sentiments.
Monopolar Theism and the Ontological Argument
Authors: McDonald H. D.
Published: August 2011

Monopolar and dipolar are terms brought but comparatively recently into vogue in theological discussions by Charles Hartshorne, the American philosopher. The distinction intended by the two concepts has been made the basis for contrasting views of theism consequent upon man's rational reflection upon the divine Object in whom he finds satisfaction for his more fundamental emotional and practical needs and his primary worship of Him. According to certain modern philosophers of religion man has rightly interpreted the idea of God suggested by this satisfaction and this worship in theistic terms. The issue, however, concerns the correct statement of this implied theism. According to Hartshorne, historical theism has been altogether conditioned by Greek philosophy, and has become, as a result, definable exclusively according to its concepts. Classical theism, as it is called, has therefore its origin in the notions of Plato and Aristotle rather than in the Hebrew and Christian scriptures. “Not the Gospels and the Old Testament,” declares Hartshorne, “but Greek philosophy was the decisive source for the Classical idea of divine perfection.”
Matthew Arnold and the Poetics of Belief: Some Implications of Literature and Dogma
Authors: Juan Epifanio San
Published: August 2011

Although Matthew Arnold, in his disquisitions on faith and belief, never used the word “myth” as literary criticism defines it today, yet his whole approach to the spiritual crisis of modern times derives from an implicit assumption that man cannot live without myths. In “On the Modern Element in Literature,” he voiced man's need of an adequate intelligence of his situation. To comprehend the collective life of humanity, past and present, in all its complex interrelatedness—such is, to Arnold, the essence of moral and intellectual deliverance, the necessity for an age of “multitudinous” facts.
Reitzenstein and Qumrân Revisited by an Iranian
Authors: Frye Richard Nelson
Published: August 2011

The following remarks are intended to be merely general indications of overall problems which nonetheless, I believe, are necessary before one investigates specific words or concepts which may be borrowed by one culture from another.
Pre-Islamic Monotheism in Arabia
Authors: Gibb Hamilton A. R.
Published: August 2011

The search for the presumed “sources” of Muhammad's religious ideas, as these are expressed in the Qur'an, has inspired a considerablerange of studies, varying in tone from tentative to polemical. Most writers on the topic seek to demonstrate either a predominantly Jewish or a predominantly Christian “influence.” It is relatively easy, of course, to compile a catena of passages from the Qur'an which can be paralleled by Scriptural texts or by haggadic or apocryphal materials or compared with the practices of Jewish or Christian communities. The argument tends to become inconclusive on the whole; Jewish scholars who argue for a Jewish source or sources are apt to forgetthat the Old Testament was as much a part of Christian as of Jewish Scripture and that even haggadic supplements had long since been taken up into Christian writings; Christian scholars who argue for a Christian source or sources are somewhat embarrassed by Muhammad's decisive rejection of Christological doctrine;and each side can produce valid arguments against the other.
‘Facientibus quod in se est Deus non denegat gratiam.’ Robert Holcot, O.P. and the Beginnings of Luther's Theology
Authors: Oberman Heiko A.
Published: August 2011

“In manu enim illius et nos et sermones nostri, et omnis sapientia et operum scientia, et disciplina.” Liber Sapientiae vii:16.

When the English nominalist and Dominican friar Robert Holcot († 1349) reaches the sixteenth verse of the seventh chapter in his Wisdom commentary, he seizes the opportunity to underscore his main theme which he had so passionately presented on the preceding pages as well as in his Sentences commentary: Wisdom is a gift of God: man's claim therefore that he can have a natural knowledge of God is false.
The Samaritans at Shechem
Authors: Wright G. Ernest
Published: August 2011

An expedition under the writer's archaeological direction and sponsored by Drew University, McCormick Theological Seminary and the American Schools of Oriental Research completed its fourth season of excavation at Tell Balâtah, the ancient Shechem, in 1962. The site lies at the eastern opening between Mts. Ebal and Gerizim, forty-one miles north of Jerusalem. The earlier Sellin expedition had reported two strata of Hellenistic settlement at the site, though the date and extent of the occupation were not clarified. The Drew-McCormick Expedition has been particularly concerned with the Hellenistic occupation for two reasons: (1) The opportunity to clarify an obscure age in the cultural history of Palestine and especially to develop a ceramic typology, with chronologically fixed points, so that a more precise means of dating may be available for the archaeology of the period; (2) the problem of the historical meaning of the Hellenistic ruins at Shechem.
Protestant Clergymen and American Destiny: II. Prelude to Imperialism, 1865–1900
Authors: Smylie John Edwin
Published: August 2011

If in the Civil War God was preserving American nationality, giving the nation a baptism of blood, after that sacramental rebirth the question naturally arose, why had nationality been preserved, and what purpose was the regenerated nation to serve? In asking the question Protestant clergymen assumed that history had meaning, a plot, and that the United States would play a role in it. When they looked forward, what did they see ahead for America on the world stage? Upon investigation that forward look emerges as more than a blurred daydream. Leaders of Protestant thought analyzed American destiny in terms of sophisticated contemporary interpretations of history. From their analysis grew serious intellectual ideas of destiny which in retrospect appear as a prelude to later imperialism.
Symbolism in the Dura SynagogueA Review Article
Authors: Bickerman Elias J.
Published: August 2011

The monumental work of Erwin R. Goodenough on Jewish Symbols opens new historical vistas. Our knowledge of Judaism and its religious attitudes in the Roman Empire was derived from written, mainly Talmudic, sources. For the first time Goodenough assembles, presents and interprets an imposing array of figured or otherwise decorated monuments which throw an unexpected light on the mentality of the period known as that of the Talmud. Who could imagine that at Beth She'arim, a famous seat of Talmudic learning, contemporaries of R. Jehudah, the compiler of the Mishna, were buried in a chamber decorated by a carved human figure surmounted by amenorah, or in a relief sarcophagus showing Leda and the swan, the mythological episode which was regarded as extremely indecent by a contemporary Christian writer?
Pliny and the Christians
Authors: Grant Robert M.
Published: August 2011

Many inferences have been drawn by liturgical scholars from the letter of Pliny to Trajan, Epist. x. 96, in the year 112. The purpose of this note is to suggest that such inferences are at least partly invalid.
Kingdom and Polity in Eusebius of Caesarea
Authors: Cranz F. Edward
Published: August 2011

Eusebius of Caesarea occupies a unique position in ancient Christian thought. His central problem is to explain and justify a Christian society which is to transform the Roman Empire and which will become the new world civilization supplanting Hellenism and Judaism. Earlier thinkers do not face this problem. The Roman Empire is for them one of the powers ordained of God, but it is pagan and they expect it to remain so. Consequently the question of human government is only peripheral to their thought. Nor do later thinkers see the problem quite as Eusebius does. In the East, for example in Pseudo-Dionysius and John of Damascus, the question of human government again becomes peripheral to Christian thought, and Eusebius has no successor as a “political theologian.” In the West, Augustine gives a general answer to the problem of a Christian society in a Christianized Empire, but his solution contradicts that of Eusebius. To Augustine, the structure of the Christian Roman Empire is still that of Babylon, and human society is still a mixture of two opposed cities, the earthly city and the city of God.
A Note on Luke II 49
Authors: Smothers Edgar R.
Published: August 2011

Ούκ ᾒδειτε ὃτι έν τοῖς τοῦ Πατρός μου δεῖ εἶναί με;

Several recent translators of the New Testament prefer the rendering, in my Father's house, to the alternative, in the things of my Father, about my Father's business. They have very early precedent for this, in Tatian's Diatessaron and the Syriac versions.
A Recently Discovered Fragment of the Epistle to the Romans
Authors: Hatch William H. P.
Published: August 2011

The fragment which is the subject of the present article contains Romans 4:23 ([ἐγ]ράϕη) — 5:3 (θλίψις) on the recto side and 5:8 ([ἡ)]μῶν) — 13 (ἁμαρ[τία]2) on the verso side of the leaf. It is the property of Dr. Leland C. Wyman of Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, who bought it in Cairo on July 3, 1950. The dealer from whom it was purchased said that the fragment was brought to him by some Arabs; and that it was found at Fusṭâṭ, which lay a little to the northeast of the modern Old Cairo (Maṣr el-Qadîmeh).
The Pre-Socratic World-Picture
Authors: Guthrie W. K. C.
Published: August 2011

I recently became aware that I had for a long time entertained certain preconceptions about the way in which Presocratic thinkers saw the world, without ever having seriously considered the evidence on which my belief was based. This I have now tried to do, with the results which are set forth in this paper. Since in any case it will deal, in a fairly general way, with problems concerning the interaction of philosophical and religious thought in early Greece, I hope it will have a certain interest, whether or not its readers agree with the thesis put forward. The perennial fascination of that topic has been enhanced in recent years by the discussion provoked by Werner Jaeger's book on The Theology of the Early Greek Philosophers, from which I take this sentence as a kind of text for my own reflections: “Though philosophy means death to the old gods, it is itself religion.”
Athens, Eleusis, and the Homeric Hymn to Demeter
Authors: Walton Francis R.
Published: August 2011

The Homeric Hymn to Demeter is the earliest and, for us, the single most important literary record of the Eleusinian Mysteries. These Mysteries were for a thousand years one of the crowning glories of Athens, the pride of her statesmen, poets, and orators, a focal point of piety which though intimately civic was at the same time panhellenic. The constant references to the cult in both prose and poetry attest its popularity and singular importance. Yet it remains a curious fact that in all Athenian literature, at least until Hellenistic times, there is no direct mention of the Homeric Hymn and scarcely anything which can reasonably be identified even as a reminiscence or echo of it. Apparently the Hymn was allowed to fall into almost total oblivion. Why this should have happened is a question that seems to merit some consideration. By the very nature of the problem the evidence is inadequate to assure definite conclusions, but it is hoped that the solution proposed, though necessarily tentative, may add somewhat to our understanding of an obscure but interesting period in the religious history of Athens.
Albinus and Plotinus on Divine Attributes
Authors: Wolfson H. A.
Published: August 2011

On two previous occasions I tried to show how neither Plato nor Aristotle held that God was unknowable, ineffable, and unnameable, how the tentative objections against the unknowability of the ideas raised in the Parmenides and Sophist are answered by Aristotle, how in the extant literature of Greek philosophy prior to Philo there is no conception of a God who is unknowable and unnameable and ineffable, how Philo arrived at the conception of an unknowable, ineffable, and unnameable God, how he may have meant it to be either an interpretation of Plato or something in opposition to him, and how the description of God as ineffable found in Albinus and Plotinus may have been due to the influence of Philo. We may add here that, though Plotinus attributes his conception of a hierarchy of three hypostases to Parmenides as reported by Plato and though it is also to that Parmenides that he may refer by the pronoun “he” in his statement, “he says that it (the One) cannot be spoken (ῥητòν) or described (γραπτóν),” neither the views which he attributes to Plato nor the language which he quotes from him are those of Plato. They are rather those of older interpreters of Plato, and among them Philo is to be included.
John Colet and the Annihilation of the Natural
Authors: Rice Eugene F.
Published: August 2011

John Colet (1466–1519) resolved the bewildering tensions in the relation of man and God by attributing as much as possible to God and as little as possible to man. Spontaneously he destroys nature in order to exalt grace, feeling, as did St. Bonaventura, that pious souls, careful of the divine majesty, ascribe all things to God. He castigates the arrogance of those who imagine that they can know the true or will the good without the aid of grace. No reiteration of the radical insufficiency of man and nature is excessive. The core of his piety is a religious rejection of the world in which “all that belongs absolutely and essentially to man (who is nothing if not weak, foolish, evil, vain, lost and nought; whose power is weakness, his wisdom folly, his will malicious, his acting an undoing, his accomplishment destruction) all, I say, that goes to make up man is condemned with one voice and one judgement of the Spirit throughout the entire Holy Scriptures of God.”
The Materiality of God in Milton's de Doctrina Christiana
Authors: Reesing John
Published: August 2011

During recent years, scholars have been producing a great deal of important work to clarify and interpret Milton's metaphysical position, but at least one important question appears still unsettled. Does his materialistic monism embrace the whole range of being, uncreated as well as created? It certainly comprehends the whole hierarchy of creatures; does it comprehend God too?
The Date of Tatian's Oration
Authors: Grant Robert M.
Published: August 2011

Various dates have been given for Tatian's Oration to the Greeks, ranging from 152 to 172. None of these dates is correct, since the treatise was written after the year 176, perhaps in 177 or 178.

In the spring of 175 the Roman empire was shaken by the almost accidental revolt of Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria. Acting on the rumor that Marcus Aurelius had died, the governor proclaimed himself emperor. Egypt joined Cilicia, Syria, and Judaea; but the revolt was crushed in little more than three months. The emperor promised clemency (coins of the following year mention Clementia Aug.) and kept his promise. He then made a journey to the east with the empress Faustina and their son Commodus, passing through Syria but avoiding Antioch, the center of the revolt. Early in 176, after wintering in Alexandria, they visited Antioch and went on to Cappadocia, where Faustina's sudden death was followed by a magnificent funeral.
The Pro Caelio in St. Jerome's Letters
Authors: Gilliam J. F.
Published: August 2011

The Pro Caelio is certainly, as an editor describes it, one of Cicero's most brilliant and entertaining orations. If separate editions have been few and if the Pro Caelio is less well known than some other speeches, the explanation lies not in the oration's merits but in the fact that the reading of teachers is to some extent determined by what has been thought proper for schoolboys. In antiquity, in any event, the oration seems to have been highly regarded; it is quoted by Petronius, Aulus Gellius, and Fronto, and a number of times by Quintilian. Moreover, writers of the fourth century and later, notably St. Augustine, also show some acquaintance with it.
Pierre D'Ailly and the Absolute Power of God: Another Note on the Theology of Nominalism
Authors: Oakley Francis
Published: August 2011

During the last couple of years two articles have appeared in these pages, both concerned primarily with what one of them calls “the theology of nominalism.” This in itself is significant because it reflects a growing interest among theologians and ecclesiastical historians in the theological positions characteristic of those late medieval thinkers who belonged to the “nominalist” or “terminist” school. But more significant is the fact that the authors of the two articles should adopt diametrically opposed approaches to these positions, for it illustrates in a very concrete fashion the pioneer state in which the study of later medieval scholasticism still lingers. Much of the land on this particular frontier is not merely untenanted but even uncharted, and those brave or foolhardy enough to work in the area enjoy a freedom of movement bewildering to others whose business confines them to the more settled regions of earlier or later centuries. It is not so much that the wilderness is trackless as that one is still free to choose from among several possible routes each of which has its own potent inducements to offer to those who are anxious to grasp the lay of the land. There is still a great deal of debate about the respective worth of these various routes and nothing that can be said at present is likely to put an end to it.
Tatian and his Discourse to the Greeks
Authors: Hawthorne Gerald F.
Published: August 2011

To one who is familiar with the New Testament and the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, Tatian's Discourse to the Greeks comes as quite a surprise. Supposedly an apology for Christianity, there is within it not one mention of Christ or Christianity (at least, not in these terms). Other familiar words such as “Jesus,” “Lord,” “Church,” “Savior,” “salvation,” etc., are also absent. Except for a passing reference to “the God who suffered” (15, 5–6), and the unqualified statement that “God was born in the form of a man” (23, 6), one might overlook altogether the fact that Tatian was a Churchman.
Sappho and Aphrodite Again
Authors: Cameron A.
Published: August 2011

Professor Page's interpretation of Sappho, Fr. I, in Sappho and Alcaeus has been approved by numerous writers and reviewers, but it raises serious difficulties and my purpose in this paper is to examine them. In doing so I shall have occasion to refer to an article published many years ago in this journal which was concerned with the epiphany description in particular and which drew the conclusion that the poem was not to be taken quite so seriously as was the fashion at that time. Page is in agreement on this point, and I do not propose to discuss it further. In addition, however, a suggestion based on the form and style was made in regard to the sixth stanza, which is the key to what is novel in his interpretation. This suggestion has been tacitly rejected, and I now propose to reiterate it and, if possible, reinforce the argument which was then put forward.
The Use of קנה in Connection with Marriage
Authors: Weiss David Halivni
Published: August 2011

Proponents of the view that marriage by purchase existed in ancient Israel point, in affirmation of their thesis, to Ruth 4:10, “And also Ruth the Moabitess, wife of Mahlon, קניתי to be my wife.” Specifically, they point to the use of the verb קנה. In the Bible, when not in connection with God or wisdom (the latter exclusively in Proverbs), it implies purchase. Basing themselves on the passage in Ruth, such lexicographers as Gesenius — Buhl and Koehler — Baumgartner list “eine Frau kaufen” or ”purchase to be one's wife” as one of the meanings of the verb קנה.
Representative-Christology in the New Testament
Authors: Allen E. L.
Published: August 2011

Recent discussion of the origin and status of the Christian ministry has focused attention on the shaliach in Rabbinical Judaism as a possible precursor of the apostle. The concept, we are told, was primarily a juristic one; the shaliach was delegate for another, he acted as an authorized person to whom a definite commission had been entrusted. As such a representative, he was invested with the authority of the person or group he was charged to represent, in accordance with the oft-quoted maxim: “A man's representative is as the man himself.” Thus, for example, under rabbinic law, marriage by proxy was possible. Again, a man might actually divorce his wife through such a representative, and even in a matter so personal as this, he could not subsequently undo what had been done in his name. On the other hand, the representative could not undertake independent action. It was assumed that he would keep within the commission given to him; his authority was derivative and therefore conditional upon obedience to his instructions.
Dr. Watts' “Flights of Fancy”
Authors: Stevenson Robert
Published: August 2011

The year 1948 drew to a close with a spate of articles appearing in religious magazines honoring the memory of Watts. Along with the King James Version, Dr. Watts' hymns have become a symbol of Protestantism's underlying unity in a day of proliferating denominations. Around his hymns there now cluster historic associations and fond memories that endear Watts to the entire Protestant community.
Paul of Constantinople
Authors: Telfer W.
Published: August 2011

The story of Paul, the first man to be consecrated as bishop of Constantinople, has come down to us only in fragments. Le Nain de Tillemont made the first modern attempt to fit the fragments together into a biography. His work is characterized by a sagacity not always exhibited by more recent writers. An addition was made to the fragments previously known by the discovery of passages referring to Paul in the ‘codex Theodosianus’ belonging to the Chapter Library of Verona. This material was brought into use by E. Schwartz in the ninth of his now-famous articles “Zur Geschichte des Athanasius,” where he touches on Paul as an associate of Athanasius. The passages in the ‘codex Theodosianus’ are in Latin, but they derive ultimately from an Alexandrine work of ecclesiastical history otherwise almost wholly lost. This work, to judge from internal evidences, was composed in 368 to celebrate the forty-years' episcopate of Athanasius, and its theme might be called “The contendings for the faith of the bishops of Alexandria.” It is not obvious why such a work should contain anything about either Paul or Constantinople. And a comparison of the Paul passages with those that concern themselves with Alexandrine history is much to the disadvantage of the former.
The Disputation of Barcelona (1263)
Authors: Roth Cecil
Published: August 2011

The principal authorities for the story of the Disputation of Barcelona are the Latin protocol published by Jaime Villanueva, Viaje literario a las iglesias de España, xiii. (Madrid, 1850) pp. 332–5: C. Girbal, Los judios en Gerona (Gerona, 1870) pp. 66–8; and, from a better MS., F. Baer in the Hebrew periodical Tarbitz ii. (Jerusalem, 1931) 185–7. The Hebrew account by Nahmanides was first published from an exceptionally poor Germanized recension (which confuses the names of the interlocutors, and frequently interposes abusive expressions) by J. C. Wagenseil in his Tela Ignea Satanae (Altdorf, 1681) ii. 24–60, with Latin translation: it was reprinted in Milhemet Hovah (Constantinople, 1710).
Neo-Orthodoxy and Biblical Research
Authors: Otwell John H.
Published: August 2011

Writing in 1937, D. W. Riddle was able to assert that dialectical theology had exerted little or no influence on biblical studies in America in spite of its importance in Europe. This statement would not be as true today as it was then. Yet it remains sufficiently valid to underline an interesting situation. While Neo-orthodoxy has become increasingly prominent in many areas of American thought, it has made very little progress among biblical critics. Is this an indication of an intellectual vested interest automatically resistant to change, or is it, instead, the reflection of the impact of certain phases of Neo-orthodoxy upon historical study as such? It is the purpose of this paper to attempt to analyze this problem.