bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: ARYLALIPHATISCHE KOHLENWASSERSTOFFE 8. MITT. DARST. UND DEHYDRIERUNG VON ALPHA,ALPHA‐DIMETHYL‐DERIVATEN DER DODEKAHYDROPHENANTHRENE, DARST. VON 9,10‐DIMETHYL‐PHENANTHREN UND 9,10‐DIMETHYL‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐OKTAHYDRO‐PHENANTHREN
Authors: REISSE ALFRED , CAGNIANT DENISE , CAGNIANT PAUL
Published: February 2016

Cyclohexanon (I) und das Keton (II) reagieren zum Hydroxyketon (III) und zu seinem Diastereomerengemisch (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: THIOPHENREIHE 8. MITT. DARST. VON OMEGA‐(THIENYL‐(3))‐ALKANCARBONSAEUREN
Authors: CAGNIANT PAUL , MERLE GUY , CAGNIANT DENISE
Published: February 2016

Die aus dem Bromid (I) durch Malonestersynthese entstandenen Thienylcarbonsäuren (II) reagieren nach Arndt‐Eistert zu den homologen Thienylcarbonsäuren (III).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐ALKYLIERTE 4,5,6,7‐TETRAFLUORINDOLE
Authors: PETROV V. P. , BARCHAS V. A.
Published: February 2016

Bei der elektrochemischen Hydrierung von l‐Pentafluorphenyl‐2‐nitroalkanolen (I) in Gegenwart von Carbonylverbindungen in methanolischer Salzsäure wurden Hydrochloride entsprechender Aminoalkohole, z.B. (II), (32‐66%) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: INDOLDERIVATE 49. MITT. SYNTH. VON D,L‐ALPHA‐MERCAPTO‐BETA‐(INDOLYL‐3)‐PROPIONSAEURE, (3‐INDOLYL‐THIOMILCHSAEURE)
Authors: SUVOROV N. N. , BUJANOV V. N.
Published: February 2016

Zur Prüfung auf ihre chemotherapeutischen Eigenschaften wurde die D,L‐α‐Mercapto‐β‐(indolyl‐3)‐propionsäure (VIII) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 1‐METHYLPYRAZOL‐ UND 1‐METHYL‐DELTA(2)‐PYRAZOLINALDEHYDEN UND IHRER ACETALE
Authors: SAPRANOVA N. I. , SOMIN I. N.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Einwirkung von Methylhydrazinsulfat (II) auf das Acetal (I) wurden die beiden isomeren 1‐Methylpyrazolaldehyd‐acetal (III) und (IV) erhalten, die auch ausgehend von den Verbindungen (V) bzw. (VII) dargestellt werden konnten.
ChemInform Abstract: KOVALENTE ADDITION VON N‐CHLORSACCHARIN AN CYCLOHEXEN
Authors: DAWN H. , PITMAN I. H. , HIGUCHI T.
Published: February 2016

N‐Chlorsaccharin (I) wird bei 25°C leicht an Cyclohexen addiert unter Bildung von (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2‐DITHIOLIUMSALZE 1. MITT. 3‐(ALKYLTHIO)‐ UND 3‐(CARBOXYMETHYLTHIO)‐1,2‐DITHIOLIUMJODIDE
Authors: VORONKOV M. G. , LAPINA T. V.
Published: February 2016

Aus den 1,2‐Dithiol‐3‐thionen (I) und Jodäthan, n‐Jodpropan sowie Jodessigsäure und Jodessigsäureäthylester (II) erhält man durch Kochen in Äthanol oder Benzol die 3‐Alkylthio‐1,2‐dithioliumjodide (III).
ChemInform Abstract: DITHIAAROMATEN 1. MITT. ISOMERE THIANAPHTHENOTHIAPYRYLIUM‐PERCHLORATE
Authors: YOUNG T. E. , HAMEL C. R.
Published: February 2016

Die Herstellung der isomeren Thianaphthenothiapyrylium‐perchlorate (V), (IX), (XIIIa), (XIIIb) und (XVII) erfolgt in der angegebenen Weise.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMISCHE UND HYDROLYTISCHE ZERS. VON DERIVATEN DES N‐(1‐PIPERIDINOANTHRACHINONYL‐2)‐OXAZIRIDINS
Authors: FOKIN E. P. , DENISOV V. JA.
Published: February 2016

Bei der thermischen Zersetzung von (Ia) in siedendem Toluol (100 Stdn.) entsteht ein trennbares Gemisch aus (IIa) und (III) (Hauptmenge).
ChemInform Abstract: ALKOHOLYSE VON 4‐CHLOR‐CHINOLINEN ZU 4(1H)‐CHINOLONEN
Authors: HEINDEL N. D. , FINE S. A.
Published: February 2016

4‐Chlor‐chinoline (I) reagieren in Alkoholen bei Zusatz von Säuren über die 4‐Alkoxy‐Verbindungen (II) zu den 4(1H)‐Chinolonen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON HETEROCYCLEN 145. MITT. IDENTITAET VON EDULITIN UND ROBUSTININ, SYNTH. VON 4,8‐DIHYDROXYCARBOSTYRILEN
Authors: KAPPE TH. , SCHMIDT HEINRICH , ZIEGLER E.
Published: February 2016

Es wird aufgrund der weitgehenden Übereinstimmung der physikalischen Daten Edulitin als identisch mit Robustinin (IV) erkannt und ein Weg zur Synthese von Carbostyrilen angegeben.
ChemInform Abstract: BLDG. VON HEXAHYDRIERTEN ACRIDONEN DURCH HYDROLYSE VON CYCLOHEXENYL‐BENZODIAZEPIN‐(1,4)‐DERIVATEN
Authors: LAFARGUE PAUL , MORINIERE JEAN‐LUC , PONT PIERRE , MEUNIER JEAN
Published: February 2016

Die saure Hydrolyse des Diazepins (Ia) führt bei 100°C über das nicht isolierte Benzoylcyclohexen (IIa) durch intramolekulare Cyclisierung zum Hexahydroacridon (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE DER INDOLE 11. MITT. SYNTH. VON ALPHA‐CARBOLINEN UND PYRIMIDO(1,2‐A)INDOLEN AUS 2‐AMINOINDOLEN
Authors: KOST A. N. , SAGITULLIN R. S. , GORBUNOV V. N. , MODJANOV N. N.
Published: February 2016

Beschrieben wird die Umsetzung von 2‐Aminoindolen mit β‐Dicarbonylverbindungen zu kondensierten Indolen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON BENZO(G)CHINOLIN‐DERIVATEN 6. MITT. RK.‐MECHANISMUS DER CYCLISIERUNG VON BETA‐(2‐CARBOXYNAPHTHYL‐3‐AMINO)‐PROPIONSAEURE ZU N‐ACETYL‐1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDRO‐4‐OXOBENZO(G)CHINOLIN
Authors: BECHLI A. F. , KOZYREVA N. P. , PERESLENI E. M.
Published: February 2016

In einer früheren Mitteilung der Autoren wurde bereits die beim Erhitzen des Propionsäurederivates (I) mit Essigsäureanhydrid in Gegenwart von Kaliumacetat durchgeführte Cyclisierung zum Derivat (III) beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. UND CYCLISIERUNG VON 1‐PENTAFLUORPHENYL‐2‐HYDRAZINOAETHANOL
Authors: PETROV V. P. , BARCHAS V. A.
Published: February 2016

Durch potentialkontrollierte elektrochemische Hydrierung wurde aus l‐Pentafluorphenyl‐2‐nitroäthanol (I) über das 1‐Pentafluorphenyl‐2‐hydroxylaminoäthanol (II) nach Zusatz von Natriumnitrit das 1‐Pentafluorphenyl‐2‐hydrazinoäthanol (III) (41% als Hydrochlorid) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON 6‐HYDRAZINO‐, 6‐HYDROXYLAMINO‐PURINEN UND VERWANDTEN DERIVATEN
Authors: GINER‐SOROLLA A.
Published: February 2016

6‐Chlor‐purin (I) liefert mit Natriumazid in mäßiger Ausbeute das Tetrazolopurin (II), das besser aus dem 6‐Hydrazino‐purin (III) durch Nitrosierung erhalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SULFOAETHYLIERUNG 1. MITT. TAURINE UND TAUROBETAINE AUS PRIMAEREN ODER SEKUNDAEREN AMINEN
Authors: LE BERRE ANDRE , ETIENNE ANDRE , DUMAITRE BERNARD
Published: February 2016

Durch Reaktion des Amins (I) in Methylenchlorid mit den Estern (II) (equimolare Mengen) bilden sich die Aminosulfonate (III) (39‐63% Ausbeute), die sehr instabil sind.
ChemInform Abstract: FLUORIERTE AZO‐FARBSTOFFE 2. MITT. SYNTH. UND SPEKTROSKOPISCHE EIGENSCHAFTEN VON 2,6‐DIFLUOR‐ UND 2,3,5,6‐TETRAFLUOR‐4‐AMINO‐AZOBENZOLEN UND IHRER N‐METHYL‐ UND 4′‐AETHYL‐DERIVATE
Authors: NAMKUNG M. J. , NAIMY N. K. , COLE C.‐A. , ISHIKAWA N. , FLETCHER T. L.
Published: February 2016

Die Kondensation der geschützten p‐Phenylendiamine (I) mit den Nitrosobenzolen (II) führt zu den Azoverbindungen (III), die zu den freien Aminen (IV) hydrolysiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PFLANZLICHE STOFFE MIT TUMOR‐WIRKUNG, ALKALOIDE, DARSTELLUNG EINES PENTACYCLISCHEN CAMPTOTHECIN‐VORLAEUFERS
Authors: WANI M. C. , KEPLER J. A. , THOMPSON J. B. , WALL M. E. , LEVINE S. G.
Published: February 2016

Kondensation von Anthranilaldehyd (I) mit N‐Äthoxycarbonyl‐3‐pyrrolidon (II) ergibt die Pyrrolochinoline (III) und (IV), von denen (III) bei 120°C mit dem Lacton (V) die Verbindung (VI) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: SULFENYLHALOGENIDE ALS MODIFIZIERUNGSREAGENTIEN FUER POLYPEPTIDE UND PROTEINE 6. MITT. 2,4‐DINITRO‐1,5‐PHENYLDISULFENYLCHLORID ALS VERKNUEPFUNGSREAGENS FUER TRYPTOPHAN‐RESTE
Authors: VERONESE F. M. , BOCCU E. , FONTANA A.
Published: February 2016

Das aus 2,4‐Dinitro‐1,5‐dichlorbenzol (I) mit Na2S2 in 70%iger Ausbeute erhältliche 2,4‐Dinitro‐1,5‐dithiophenol (II) läßt sich in Gegenwart von etwas Schwefelsäure und Jod in Äthylenchlorid durch Einleiten von Chlor in 68%iger Ausbeute zum 2,4‐Dinitro‐1,5‐phenyldisulfenylchlorid (III) umwandeln.
ChemInform Abstract: PLASMALOGENE UND VERWANDTE DERIVATE, IHRE CHEMIE UND IHR METABOLISMUS
Authors: PIANTADOSI CL. , SNYDER F.
Published: February 2016

In einer Zusammenfassung mit 206 Literaturstellen wird über Plasmalogene, eine natürlich vorkommende Gruppe aldehydogener Phosphoglycerolipide, die in Pflanzen, Tieren und Mikroorganismen weit verbreitet sind, ausführlich berichtet.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. EINES DIRIBONUCLEOSID‐MONOPHOSPHATS NACH DER BETA‐CYANOAETHYLPHOSPHOTRIESTER‐METHODE
Authors: GRAMS G. W. , LETSINGER R. L.
Published: February 2016

3′,5′‐Di‐O‐acetyl‐uridin (I) liefert in Gegenwart von Trifluoressigsäure mit Äthylvinyläther (II) in Dimethylformamid nach Hydrolyse das 2′‐O‐(1‐Äthoxyäthyl)‐uridin (III); aus 3′‐O‐Acetyl‐uridin (IV) entsteht in gleicher Weise das Disubstitutionsprodukt (V).
Mind the wind: microclimate effects on incubation effort of an arctic seabird
Authors: Høyvik Hilde Christoffer , Pélabon Christophe , Guéry Loreleï , Gabrielsen Geir Wing , Descamps Sébastien
Published: February 2016

The energetic costs of reproduction in birds strongly depend on the climate experienced during incubation. Climate change and increasing frequency of extreme weather events may severely affect these costs, especially for species incubating in extreme environments. In this 3‐year study, we used an experimental approach to investigate the effects of microclimate and nest shelter on the incubation effort of female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in a wild Arctic population. We added artificial shelters to a random selection of nesting females, and compared incubation effort, measured as body mass loss during incubation, between females with and without shelter. Nonsheltered females had a higher incubation effort than females with artificial shelters. In nonsheltered females, higher wind speeds increased the incubation effort, while artificially sheltered females experienced no effect of wind. Although increasing ambient temperatures tended to decrease incubation effort, this effect was negligible in the absence of wind. Humidity had no marked effect on incubation effort. This study clearly displays the direct effect of a climatic variable on an important aspect of avian life‐history. By showing that increasing wind speed counteracts the energetic benefits of a rising ambient temperature, we were able to demonstrate that a climatic variable other than temperature may also affect wild populations and need to be taken into account when predicting the effects of climate change.
Predictors of Perineal Wound Complications and Prolonged Time to Perineal Wound Healing After Abdominoperineal Resection
Authors: Althumairi Azah A. , Canner Joseph K. , Gearhart Susan L. , Safar Bashar , Sacks Justin , Efron Jonathan E.
Published: February 2016

Background

Perineal wound following abdominoperineal resection (APR) is associated with high complication rate and delayed healing. We aim to evaluate the risk factors for delayed wound healing and wound complications following APR.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients who underwent APR was performed. Non‐delayed wound healing occurred within 6 weeks. Major complications included infection, necrosis, and dehiscence that required surgical interventions. Minor complications included drainage and superficial dehiscence that were treated conservatively. Patients were compared for type of wound closure (primary vs. flap reconstruction). Effect of patients’ demographic and clinical variables on time to healing, and on major and minor wound complications was examined.

Results

215 patients were identified, of which 175 (81 %) had primary closure and 40 (19 %) had flap reconstruction. Overall, major wound complications occurred in 14 (7 %) of patients and minor wound complications occurred in 48 (22 %). Mean time to wound healing was 6.3 weeks in the primary closure group and 9.3 weeks in the flap reconstruction group (p = 0.02). Delayed wound healing occurred in 44 (25 %) of the primary closure group and in 25 (62 %) of the flap reconstruction group (p < 0.001). Delayed wound healing was associated with smoking (p = 0.005), hypoalbuminemia (p = 0.05), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.02), and flap reconstruction (p = 0.03). Hypoalbuminemia was associated with major wound complications (p = 0.002), while neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated with minor wound complications (p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Wound complications and delayed healing are related to patients’ nutritional status, smoking, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with these risk factors are at risk of delayed wound healing even if they underwent flap reconstruction.
Usefulness of Inflammation‐Based Prognostic Score in Patients Undergoing Lung Metastasectomy for Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Kobayashi Satoru , Karube Yoko , Nishihira Morimichi , Inoue Takashi , Araki Osamu , Sado Tetsu , Chida Masayuki
Published: February 2016

Objectives

There is increasing evidence that Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), based on systemic inflammatory response and albumin level, is a useful predictor of overall survival in patients with various types of cancer.

Methods

Patients with lung metastasis from colorectal carcinoma who underwent a lung metastasectomy from 2000 to 2015 were retrospectively investigated. Routine laboratory measurements including serum C‐reactive protein (CRP), albumin, and the tumor marker carcinoembryonic antigen were performed before the metastasectomy.

Results

Ninety‐nine patients underwent 132 lung metastasectomy procedures during the study period. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that GPS (p = 0.017), number of metastases (p = 0.004), and the presence of liver metastasis (p = 0.010) were associated with overall survival, while univariate analysis selected GPS (p = 0.028), number of metastases (p = 0.005), and liver metastasis (p = 0.014) as predictive factors associated with overall survival. Multivariate analysis also indicated GPS (p = 0.004), number of metastases (p = 0.004), and liver metastasis (p = 0.013) as predictive factors associated with overall survival.

Conclusion

In addition to number of metastases and liver metastasis, GPS is an important predictor of overall survival in colorectal cancer patients who undergo a lung metastasectomy.
Amino Acid‐Functionalized Calix[4]Resorcinarene Solubilization by Mono‐ and Dicationic Surfactants
Authors: Zakharova Lucia Ya. , Serdyuk Anna A. , Mirgorodskaya Alla B. , Kapitanov Illia V. , Gainanova Gulnara A. , Karpichev Yevgen , Gavrilova Elena L. , Sinyashin Oleg G.
Published: February 2016

Poorly water‐soluble calix[4]resorcinarenes modified with amino acid (Ala, Val) at the upper rim formed a water‐soluble mixed system with micelles of monocationic surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyldimethyl(2‐hydroxyethyl)ammonium bromide, and dicationic (gemini) surfactants, alkanediyl‐α,ω‐bis(dimethyltetradecylammonium bromides (14‐s‐14, where s = 2, 4, or 6). UV–Vis and DLS methods demonstrated that the micellar systems of surfactant/functionalized calix[4]resorcinarene underwent structural changes within a relatively narrow concentration range followed by changes in solubilization capacity and polydispersity. Gemini surfactants and monocationic/gemini mixed surfactant systems were provided selectivity in their interaction with calix[4]resorcinarene depending on the bulkiness of the substituent at the upper rim of calix[4]resorcinarene, gemini surfactant spacer length, and mixed micelles. These systems represent a direction to create biocompatible water‐soluble functionalized calix[4]resorcinarene composition and may open perspectives in designing organized systems with controllable properties.
Fast Production of Diacylglycerol in a Solvent Free System via Lipase Catalyzed Esterification Using a Bubble Column Reactor
Authors: Liu Manman , Fu Junning , Teng Yinglai , Zhang Zhen , Zhang Ning , Wang Yong
Published: February 2016

In this study, diacylglycerols (DAG) were synthesized rapidly (~30 min) in a solvent‐free system via esterification of glycerol with fatty acids (FA, the mixture of 60 wt% palm oil deodorizer distillate and 40 wt% oleic acid) catalyzed by Lipozyme 435 (Novozymes A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) using a bubble column reactor. The content of DAG, monoacylglycerols (MAG), triacylglycerols (TAG) and free fatty acids (FFA) in the crude product were 57.94 ± 1.60 wt%, 24.68 ± 2.08 wt%, 2.67 ± 1.72 wt% and 14.69 ± 1.22 wt%, respectively under the selected conditions, which were enzyme load of 5.0 wt%, glycerol/FA mole ratio of 7.5, initial water content of 2.5 wt%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, reaction time of 30 min and N2 gas flow of 10.6 cm min−1. The final product containing 91.30 ± 1.10 wt% of DAG was obtained by one‐step molecular distillation at 200 °C. The reusability of Lipozyme 435 was investigated by evaluating the esterification degree (ED) and the DAG content in the crude products in 30 successive runs. The enzyme retained 95.10 % of its original activity during 30 successive runs according to comparison of the ED. The new process showed a very high efficiency in production of DAG with a high purity. The ratio of positional isomers 1,3‐DAG to 1,2 ‐DAG was 2:1 in the final product. The certain plasticity (melting point of 44 °C) and content of unsaturated fatty acids made the product a valuable food ingredient.
The O*NET content model: strengths and limitations
Authors: Handel Michael J.
Published: February 2016

This paper describes the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), a relatively recent database containing measures of occupational characteristics produced by the United States Department of Labor as a replacement for the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. O*NET scores cover cognitive, interpersonal, and physical skill requirements, as well as working conditions, and are derived mostly from survey responses of large, representative samples of workers. O*NET’s substantive scope and sampling are impressive, but there are also significant gaps and duplication in content. Underlying constructs, item wording, and response options are often vague or overly complex. However, O*NET items have generally sensible correlations with wages, which, along with the richness of the database, ensure O*NET’s place among researchers interested in work and labour markets.
Nonhomogeneous boundary conditions for the spectral fractional Laplacian
Authors: Abatangelo Nicola , Dupaigne Louis
Published: February 2016

We present a construction of harmonic functions on bounded domains for the
spectral fractional Laplacian
operator and we classify them in terms of their divergent profile at the boundary. This is used to establish and solve boundary value problems associated with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. We provide a weak-

L^{1}

theory to show how problems with measure data at the boundary and inside the domain are well-posed. We study linear and semilinear problems, performing a sub- and supersolution method. We finally show the existence of
large solutions
for some power-like nonlinearities.
Suicidal ideation and behavior assessment in dementia studies: An Internet survey
Authors: Chappell Phillip , Dubrava Sarah , Stewart Michelle , Hartley Dean M. , Alphs Larry , Brashear H. Robert , Conwell Yeates , Miller David , Schindler Rachel J. , Siemers Eric R. , Yaffe Kristine
Published: February 2016

Introduction

The AARR task force on suicidal ideation and behavior (SI/SB) in dementia conducted an online survey on the extent of SI/SB in individuals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia who were participating in clinical trials.

Methods

Investigators with experience in conducting SI/SB assessments in clinical trial subjects with MCI or dementia were invited to complete a global 19‐item online survey.

Results

A total of 204 evaluable responses were collected with the majority from North America and Europe (83.4%) and the remainder from Asia, Latin America, and Mideast/Africa. The mean (SD) number of subjects personally assessed by the respondents in the past year with MCI, mild‐moderate dementia, or severe dementia was 12.8 (26.2), 31.2 (39.6), and 10.1 (34.7), respectively. The mean number of subjects in each diagnostic group with suicidal ideation (SI), suicidal behavior (SB), or completed suicide (CS) was on average quite low (0.3 to 1.1 for SI, 0.1 to 0.2 for SB, and 0.0 to 0.2 for CS). Confidence in subject self‐reports of SI/SB over different time periods declined with increasing severity of cognitive impairment and with increasing duration of the recall time period assessed. Of respondents, 56% and 75% had low confidence in self‐ratings of SI/SB from subjects with severe dementia over the past 24 hours and the past week to 1 month, respectively. Ratings of the reliability of information collected on SI/SB also decreased with increasing severity of cognitive impairment. Approximately 70% of respondents rated the reliability of the information they obtained from all sources (patient, caregiver, and others) for subjects with MCI as high, but only about half (42.0% to 55.3%) and less than a quarter (17.4% to 24.3%) rated the reliability of information obtained for subjects with mild to moderate dementia or severe dementia as high, respectively.

Discussion

These results support the usefulness of prospective SI/SB assessments in MCI and mild dementia, raise questions about the reliability of assessments in moderate dementia, and confirm their lack of clinical utility in severe dementia. The results highlight the need for development of validated assessment instruments adapted to the stage of cognitive decline of the patients under study and may be the most effective in the earliest stages of the disease.
Dynamics and equilibria of thin viscous coating films on a rotating sphere
Authors: Kang D. , Nadim A. , Chugunova M.
Published: February 2016

We examine the dynamics of a thin viscous liquid film on the outer surface of a solid sphere rotating around its vertical axis in the presence of gravity. An asymptotic model describing the evolution of the film thickness is derived in the rotating frame based on the lubrication approximation. The model includes the centrifugal and gravity forces and the stabilizing effect of surface tension. Depending on the values of the parameters, the problem admits different types of steady states: one with a uniformly positive film thickness, or those with one or two dry zones on the sphere. We prove that all steady states are energy minimizers and hence global attractors for axisymmetric states.
Basement-involved reactivation in foreland fold-and-thrust belts: the Alpine–Carpathian Junction (Austria)
Authors: GRANADO P. , THÖNY W. , CARRERA N. , GRATZER O. , STRAUSS P. , MUÑOZ J. A.
Published: February 2016

The late Eocene – early Miocene Alpine–Carpathian fold-and-thrust belt (FTB) lies in the transition between the Eastern Alps and the Western Carpathians, SE of the Bohemian crystalline massif. Our study shows the involvement of crystalline basement from the former European Jurassic continental margin in two distinct events. A first extensional event coeval with Eggerian–Karpatian (c.28–16 Ma) thin-skinned thrusting reactivated the rift basement fault array and resulted from the large degree of lower plate bending promoted by high lateral gradients of lithospheric strength and slab pull forces. Slab break-off during the final stages of collision around Karpatian times (c.17–16 Ma) promoted large-wavelength uplift and an excessive topographic load. This load was reduced by broadening the orogenic wedge through the reactivation of the lower-plate deep detachment beneath and ahead of the thin-skinned thrust front (with the accompanying positive inversion of the basement fault array) and ultimately, by the collapse of the hinterland summits, enhanced by transtensional faulting. Although this work specifically deals with the involvement of the basement in the Alpine–Carpathian Junction, the main conclusions are of general interest to the understanding of orogenic systems.
Preventing Civil War
Authors: Cunningham David E.
Published: February 2016

Civil wars occur in some countries at some times and not in other countries at other times. This articleexamines how the potential for large-scale external intervention can prevent civil wars. The authorargues that intervention by external states in civil war can be so overwhelming that it reduces one side’s probability of victory to essentially zero. When dissidents expect this type of intervention on the side of government, they anticipate no chance of achieving success through violence and do not initiate civil wars. When governments anticipate this type of intervention on their behalf, they feel protected from internal threat and are less constrained in their dealings with their populations. This repression increases grievances, leading dissidents to engage in strategies of dissent other than civil war. The authortests three implications of this argument-that states in more hierarchical relationships will experience civil war at lower rates, be more repressive, and experience other forms of dissent at higher rates-and finds strong support for it.
Language contact and contextual nasalization in Louisiana French
Authors: Blainey Darcie
Published: February 2016

This paper examines variation in Louisiana French nasalized vowels across two time periods: 1977 and 2010–2011. Non-contrastive nasal vowels are typical of English, while contrastive nasal vowels are typical of French. Louisiana French is an endangered language variety. Instead of simplifying to a single type of vowel nasality, as might be expected in a situation of heavy language contact and language shift, Louisiana French maintains a system of phonetic and phonemic nasal vowels. Digitized interviews with 32 native speakers from lower Lafourche Parish provide 2801 data points for analysis. In contrast with previous assertions in the literature, quantitative analyses reveal that contextual nasalization operates almost exclusively within the domain of the word, not the syllable.
Radar Study Examines Pulsing Tropical Climate
Authors: Shultz David
Published: February 2016

In the Madden-Julian Oscillation, shear forces caused by air layers slipping and sliding near the equator play a critical role in forming enormous thunderstorms and monsoons.
Climate Change Freezes Mountain Wildflower Reproduction
Authors: Sullivan Cody
Published: February 2016

New research provides evidence that plants that flower earlier in the year because of climate warming experience more frost damage and have less reproductive success.
White House Showcases Earthquake Alerts, Federal Quake Readiness
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2016

A prototype ShakeAlert early warning system approaches alert-ready status as the administration issues an executive order on federal earthquake standards.
Ecological succession leads to chemosynthesis in mats colonizing wood in sea water
Authors: Kalenitchenko Dimitri , Dupraz Marlène , Le Bris Nadine , Petetin Carole , Rose Christophe , West Nyree J , Galand Pierre E
Published: February 2016

Chemosynthetic mats involved in cycling sulfur compounds are often found in hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and whale falls. However, there are only few records of wood fall mats, even though the presence of hydrogen sulfide at the wood surface should create a perfect niche for sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. Here we report the growth of microbial mats on wood incubated under conditions that simulate the Mediterranean deep-sea temperature and darkness. We used amplicon and metagenomic sequencing combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization to test whether a microbial succession occurs during mat formation and whether the wood fall mats present chemosynthetic features. We show that the wood surface was first colonized by sulfide-oxidizing bacteria belonging to the Arcobacter genus after only 30 days of immersion. Subsequently, the number of sulfate reducers increased and the dominant Arcobacter phylotype changed. The ecological succession was reflected by a change in the metabolic potential of the community from chemolithoheterotrophs to potential chemolithoautotrophs. Our work provides clear evidence for the chemosynthetic nature of wood fall ecosystems and demonstrates the utility to develop experimental incubation in the laboratory to study deep-sea chemosynthetic mats.
Genomic and in situ investigations of the novel uncultured Chloroflexi associated with 0092 morphotype filamentous bulking in activated sludge
Authors: McIlroy Simon Jon , Karst Søren Michael , Nierychlo Marta , Dueholm Morten Simonsen , Albertsen Mads , Kirkegaard Rasmus Hansen , Seviour Robert James , Nielsen Per Halkjær
Published: February 2016

Overgrowth of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) leads to impaired sludge settleability, a condition known as bulking, which is a common operational problem worldwide. Filaments with the Eikelboom 0092 morphotype are commonly associated with such bulking episodes. Members of the uncultured B45 phylotype, which is embraced within the phylum Chloroflexi, were recently shown to exhibit this morphology. Although these organisms are among the most abundant populations recorded in activated sludge processes, nothing is known about their metabolic characteristics. In this study, a genome sequence, representing the B45 phylotype, was retrieved from a metagenome generated from an activated sludge WWTP. The genome consisted of two chromosomes and one plasmid, which were 4.0, 1.0 and 0.04 Mbps in size, respectively. A metabolic model was constructed for this organism, based on annotation of its genome, showing its ability to generate energy by respiration, utilizing oxygen, nitrite or nitrous oxide as electron acceptors, or by fermentation of sugars. The ability of B45 members to ferment sugars under anaerobic conditions was validated in situ with microautoradiography—fluorescence in situ hybridization. The provisional name of ‘Candidatus Promineofilum breve’ is proposed for this species. This study represents the first detailed information on an uncultured genus of filamentous organisms from activated sludge.
Tailoring the chiral magnetic interaction between two individual atoms
Authors: Khajetoorians A. A. , Steinbrecher M. , Ternes M. , Bouhassoune M. , dos Santos Dias M. , Lounis S. , Wiebe J. , Wiesendanger R.
Published: February 2016

Chiral magnets are a promising route towards dense magnetic storage technology due to their inherent nano-scale dimensions and energy efficient properties. Engineering chiral magnets requires atomic-level control of the magnetic exchange interactions, including the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, which defines a rotational sense for the magnetization of two coupled magnetic moments. Here we show that the indirect conduction electron-mediated Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction between two individual magnetic atoms on a metallic surface can be manipulated by changing the interatomic distance with the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope. We quantify this interaction by comparing our measurements to a quantum magnetic model and ab-initio calculations yielding a map of the chiral ground states of pairs of atoms depending on the interatomic separation. The map enables tailoring the chirality of the magnetization in dilute atomic-scale magnets.
Opposing roles of LTB4 and PGE2 in regulating the inflammasome-dependent scorpion venom-induced mortality
Authors: Zoccal Karina F. , Sorgi Carlos A. , Hori Juliana I. , Paula-Silva Francisco W. G. , Arantes Eliane C. , Serezani Carlos H. , Zamboni Dario S. , Faccioli Lúcia H.
Published: February 2016

Tityus serrulatus sting causes thousands of deaths annually worldwide. T. serrulatus-envenomed victims exhibit local or systemic reaction that culminates in pulmonary oedema, potentially leading to death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying T. serrulatus venom (TsV) activity remain unknown. Here we show that TsV triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation via K+ efflux. Mechanistically, TsV triggers lung-resident cells to release PGE2, which induces IL-1β production via E prostanoid receptor 2/4-cAMP-PKA-NFκB-dependent mechanisms. IL-1β/IL-1R actions account for oedema and neutrophil recruitment to the lungs, leading to TsV-induced mortality. Inflammasome activation triggers LTB4 production and further PGE2 via IL-1β/IL-1R signalling. Activation of LTB4-BLT1/2 pathway decreases cAMP generation, controlling TsV-induced inflammation. Exogenous administration confirms LTB4 anti-inflammatory activity and abrogates TsV-induced mortality. These results suggest that the balance between LTB4 and PGE2 determines the amount of IL-1β inflammasome-dependent release and the outcome of envenomation. We suggest COX1/2 inhibition as an effective therapeutic intervention for scorpion envenomation.
Flow invariant droplet formation for stable parallel microreactors
Authors: Riche Carson T. , Roberts Emily J. , Gupta Malancha , Brutchey Richard L. , Malmstadt Noah
Published: February 2016

The translation of batch chemistries onto continuous flow platforms requires addressing the issues of consistent fluidic behaviour, channel fouling and high-throughput processing. Droplet microfluidic technologies reduce channel fouling and provide an improved level of control over heat and mass transfer to control reaction kinetics. However, in conventional geometries, the droplet size is sensitive to changes in flow rates. Here we report a three-dimensional droplet generating device that exhibits flow invariant behaviour and is robust to fluctuations in flow rate. In addition, the droplet generator is capable of producing droplet volumes spanning four orders of magnitude. We apply this device in a parallel network to synthesize platinum nanoparticles using an ionic liquid solvent, demonstrate reproducible synthesis after recycling the ionic liquid, and double the reaction yield compared with an analogous batch synthesis.
Multilayer microwave integrated quantum circuits for scalable quantum computing
Authors: Brecht Teresa , Pfaff Wolfgang , Wang Chen , Chu Yiwen , Frunzio Luigi , Devoret Michel H , Schoelkopf Robert J
Published: February 2016

As experimental quantum information processing (QIP) rapidly advances, an emerging challenge is to design a scalable architecture that combines various quantum elements into a complex device without compromising their performance. In particular, superconducting quantum circuits have successfully demonstrated many of the requirements for quantum computing, including coherence levels that approach the thresholds for scaling. However, it remains challenging to couple a large number of circuit components through controllable channels while suppressing any other interactions. We propose a hardware platform intended to address these challenges, which combines the advantages of integrated circuit fabrication and the long coherence times achievable in three-dimensional circuit quantum electrodynamics. This multilayer microwave integrated quantum circuit platform provides a path towards the realisation of increasingly complex superconducting devices in pursuit of a scalable quantum computer.
T cell-specific inactivation of mouse CD2 by CRISPR/Cas9
Authors: Beil-Wagner Jane , Dössinger Georg , Schober Kilian , vom Berg Johannes , Tresch Achim , Grandl Martina , Palle Pushpalatha , Mair Florian , Gerhard Markus , Becher Burkhard , Busch Dirk H. , Buch Thorsten
Published: February 2016

The CRISPR/Cas9 system can be used to mutate target sequences by introduction of double-strand breaks followed by imprecise repair. To test its use for conditional gene editing we generated mice transgenic for CD4 promoter-driven Cas9 combined with guide RNA targeting CD2. We found that within CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes from lymph nodes and spleen 1% and 0.6% were not expressing CD2, respectively. T cells lacking CD2 carryied mutations, which confirmed that Cas9 driven by cell-type specific promoters can edit genes in the mouse and may thus allow targeted studies of gene function in vivo.
Isotopic disequilibrium in Globigerina bulloides and carbon isotope response to productivity increase in Southern Ocean
Authors: Prasanna K. , Ghosh Prosenjit , Bhattacharya S. K. , Mohan K. , Anilkumar N.
Published: February 2016

Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios in planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides collected from tow samples along a transect from the equatorial Indian ocean to the Southern Ocean (45°E and 80°E and 10°N to 53°S) were analysed and compared with the equilibrium δ18O and δ13C values of calcite calculated using the temperature and isotopic composition of the water column. The results agree within ~0.25‰ for the region between 10°N and 40°S and 75–200 m water depth which is considered to be the habitat of Globigerina bulloides. Further south (from 40°S to 55°S), however, the measured δ18O and δ13C values are higher than the expected values by ~2‰ and ~1‰ respectively. These enrichments can be attributed to either a ‘vital effect’ or a higher calcification rate. An interesting pattern of increase in the δ13C(DIC) value of the surface water with latitude is observed between 35°S and~ 60°S, with a peak at~ 42°S. This can be caused by increased organic matter production and associated removal. A simple model accounting for the increase in the δ13C(DIC) values is proposed which fits well with the observed chlorophyll abundance as a function of latitude.
Cardiac sodium channel regulator MOG1 regulates cardiac morphogenesis and rhythm
Authors: Zhou Juan , Wang Longfei , Zuo Mengxia , Wang Xiaojing , Ahmed Abu Shufian Ishtiaq , Chen Qiuyun , Wang Qing K.
Published: February 2016

MOG1 was initially identified as a protein that interacts with the small GTPase Ran involved in transport of macromolecules into and out of the nucleus. In addition, we have established that MOG1 interacts with the cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 and regulates cell surface trafficking of Nav1.5. Here we used zebrafish as a model system to study the in vivo physiological role of MOG1. Knockdown of mog1 expression in zebrafish embryos significantly decreased the heart rate (HR). Consistently, the HR increases in embryos with over-expression of human MOG1. Compared with wild type MOG1 or control EGFP, mutant MOG1 with mutation E83D associated with Brugada syndrome significantly decreases the HR. Interestingly, knockdown of mog1 resulted in abnormal cardiac looping during embryogenesis. Mechanistically, knockdown of mog1 decreases expression of hcn4 involved in the regulation of the HR, and reduces expression of nkx2.5, gata4 and hand2 involved in cardiac morphogenesis. These data for the first time revealed a novel role that MOG1, a nucleocytoplasmic transport protein, plays in cardiac physiology and development.
Transcriptional identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes associated with embryogenesis in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
Authors: Zhai Lulu , Xu Liang , Wang Yan , Zhu Xianwen , Feng Haiyang , Li Chao , Luo Xiaobo , Everlyne Muleke M. , Liu Liwang
Published: February 2016

Embryogenesis is an important component in the life cycle of most plant species. Due to the difficulty in embryo isolation, the global gene expression involved in plant embryogenesis, especially the early events following fertilization are largely unknown in radish. In this study, three cDNA libraries from ovules of radish before and after fertilization were sequenced using the Digital Gene Expression (DGE) tag profiling strategy. A total of 5,777 differentially expressed transcripts were detected based on pairwise comparison in the three libraries (0_DAP, 7_DAP and 15_DAP). Results from Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were implicated in numerous life processes including embryo development and phytohormones biosynthesis. Notably, some genes encoding auxin response factor (ARF ), Leafy cotyledon1 (LEC1) and somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SERK ) known to be involved in radish embryogenesis were differentially expressed. The expression patterns of 30 genes includingLEC1-2,AGL9,LRR,PKLandARF8-1were validated by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, the cooperation between miRNA and mRNA may play a pivotal role in the radish embryogenesis process. This is the first report on identification of DEGs profiles related to radish embryogenesis and seed development. These results could facilitate further dissection of the molecular mechanisms underlying embryogenesis and seed development in radish.
A novel mutation in TRPV3 gene causes atypical familial Olmsted syndrome
Authors: Ni Cheng , Yan Ming , Zhang Jia , Cheng Ruhong , Liang Jianying , Deng Dan , Wang Zhen , Li Ming , Yao Zhirong
Published: February 2016

Olmsted syndrome (OS) is a rare keratinization disorder, typically characterized by two primary diagnostic hallmarks—mutilating palmoplanter and periorificial keratoderma. However, there’s a growing body of literature reporting on the phenotypic diversity of OS, including the absence of aforementioned hallmarks and the presence of some unusual clinical features. Here we presented an atypical familial case of OS that could be confused with Huriez syndrome due to the presence of a scleodactyly-like appearance and tapered fingers in the proband. We ruled out this possibility and made a definitive diagnosis of OS based on clinical features and a genetic assay. Recently, mutations in TRPV3 associated with autosomal dominant or recessive OS continued to be reported, thus conducing to clarifying the underlying relationship between the genotype and phenotype of OS. So we further explored the genotype-phenotype correlation by integrating functionl assays with in silico predictions. Our research not only redefined the phenotypic spectrum of OS, but also provided concrete molecular insights into how mutations in a single gene can lead to significant differences in the severity of this rare disease.
Reduced soluble RAGE is associated with disease severity of axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome
Authors: Zhang Da-Qi , Wang Rong , Li Ting , Zhou Jian-Ping , Chang Guo-Qiang , Zhao Ning , Yang Li-Na , Zhai Hui , Yang Li
Published: February 2016

Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) is an anti-inflammatory factor that mitigates the proinflammatory effects of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). The aim of this study was to investigate whether Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)-related inflammation are mediated by sRAGE and HMGB1. We measured serum sRAGE, HMGB1, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in 86 patients with GBS and analysed associations between sRAGE or HMGB1 and clinical variables in these subjects. In addition, we determined cerebrospinal fluid sRAGE and HMGB1 levels in a cross-sectional study of 50 patients with GBS who had matched serum samples. We found serum sRAGE levels in patients with the acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) subtype of GBS, but not other subtypes, were significantly lower than those in healthy controls and were significantly correlated with GBS disability score and Erasmus GBS outcome score, while serum HMGB1, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in all subtypes of GBS were significantly higher than those in healthy controls. Moreover, increased sRAGE levels and decreased HMGB1 levels after treatment were observed. Our results showed that serum sRAGE may be a useful biomarker for inflammation in the AMAN GBS subtype, while HMGB1 may be related to the inflammatory process across all types of GBS.
Exploring long-wave infrared transmitting materials with AxBy form: First-principles gene-like studies
Authors: Du Jia-Ren , Chen Nian-Ke , Li Xian-Bin , Xie Sheng-Yi , Tian Wei Quan , Wang Xian-Yin , Tu Hai-Ling , Sun Hong-Bo
Published: February 2016

Long-wave infrared (8–12 μm) transmitting materials play critical roles in space science and electronic science. However, the paradox between their mechanical strength and infrared transmitting performance seriously prohibits their applications in harsh external environment. From the experimental view, searching a good window material compatible with both properties is a vast trail-and-error engineering project, which is not readily achieved efficiently. In this work, we propose a very simple and efficient method to explore potential infrared window materials with suitable mechanical property by first-principles gene-like searching. Two hundred and fifty-three potential materials are evaluated to find their bulk modulus (for mechanical performance) and phonon vibrational frequency (for optical performance). Seven new potential candidates are selected, namely TiSe, TiS, MgS, CdF2, HgF2, CdO and SrO. Especially, the performances of TiS and CdF2 can be comparable to that of the most popular commercial ZnS at high temperature. Finally, we propose possible ranges of infrared transmission for halogen, chalcogen and nitrogen compounds respectively to guide further exploration. The present strategy to explore IR window materials can significantly speed up the new development progress. The same idea can be used for other material rapid searching towards special functions and applications.
From Flexible and Stretchable Meta-Atom to Metamaterial: A Wearable Microwave Meta-Skin with Tunable Frequency Selective and Cloaking Effects
Authors: Yang Siming , Liu Peng , Yang Mingda , Wang Qiugu , Song Jiming , Dong Liang
Published: February 2016

This paper reports a flexible and stretchable metamaterial-based “skin” or meta-skin with tunable frequency selective and cloaking effects in microwave frequency regime. The meta-skin is composed of an array of liquid metallic split ring resonators (SRRs) embedded in a stretchable elastomer. When stretched, the meta-skin performs as a tunable frequency selective surface with a wide resonance frequency tuning range. When wrapped around a curved dielectric material, the meta-skin functions as a flexible “cloaking” surface to significantly suppress scattering from the surface of the dielectric material along different directions. We studied frequency responses of multilayer meta-skins to stretching in a planar direction and to changing the spacing between neighboring layers in vertical direction. We also investigated scattering suppression effect of the meta-skin coated on a finite-length dielectric rod in free space. This meta-skin technology will benefit many electromagnetic applications, such as frequency tuning, shielding and scattering suppression.
Influence of local habitat on the physiological responses of large benthic foraminifera to temperature and nutrient stress
Authors: Prazeres Martina , Uthicke Sven , Pandolfi John M.
Published: February 2016

Large benthic foraminifera (LBF) are important for reef sediment formation, but sensitive to elevated temperature and nutrients. However, it is possible that conspecific foraminifera living in different reef sites present divergent response to environmental shifts. We investigated how populations of Amphistegina lobifera from reef sites located along a temperature and nutrient gradient of the northern Great Barrier Reef respond and acclimate to elevated temperature and nitrate under lab-controlled conditions. Generalized linear mixed models showed that interaction between reef sites and temperature or nitrate conditions had a significant effect on survivorship, bleaching frequency and growth rates of A. lobifera. Further physiological analyses of antioxidant capacity and Ca-ATPase activity showed that populations collected from the inner-shelf sites (highest nutrient levels, largest temperature variation) were consistently able to acclimate to both parameters after 30 days. In contrast, foraminifera collected from the reef sites located in the mid- and outer-shelfs were significantly more sensitive to elevated temperatures and nitrate. Our results highlight the importance of local habitat in shaping the tolerance of LBF to changing environmental conditions; populations that live in stable environments are more sensitive to elevated temperature and nitrate, even within their fundamental tolerance range, than those that experience fluctuating conditions.