bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A scoping review of the functional magnetic resonance imaging‐based functional connectivity of focal cortical dysplasia‐related epilepsy
Authors: Cohen Nathan T. , Xie Hua , Gholipour Taha , Gaillard William D.
Published: September 2023

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is the most frequent etiology of operable pharmacoresistant epilepsy in children. There is burgeoning evidence that FCD‐related epilepsy is a disorder that involves distributed brain networks. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a tool that allows one to infer neuronal activity and to noninvasively map whole‐brain functional networks. Despite its relatively widespread availability at most epilepsy centers, the clinical application of fMRI remains mostly task‐based in epilepsy. Another approach is to map and characterize cortical functional networks of individuals using resting state fMRI (rsfMRI). The focus of this scoping review is to summarize the evidence to date of investigations of the network basis of FCD‐related epilepsy, and to highlight numerous potential future applications of rsfMRI in the exploration of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for FCD‐related epilepsy. There are numerous studies demonstrating a global disruption of cortical functional networks in FCD‐related epilepsy. The underlying pathological subtypes of FCD influence overall functional network patterns. There is evidence that cortical functional network mapping may help to predict postsurgical seizure outcomes, highlighting the translational potential of these findings. Additionally, several studies emphasize the important effect of FCD interaction with cortical networks and the expression of epilepsy and its comorbidities.
Adolescent delinquency: The role of early childhood exposure to intimate partner violence
Authors: Cheung Shannon , Huang Chien‐Chung
Published: September 2023

Objective

This study examines how early childhood intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure at ages 1 and 3 affects delinquency at age 15 years, while controlling for parenting when children were 5 years of age and early delinquency when children were 9 years of age.

Background

Exposure to IPV has been found to be a strong predictor of youth delinquency. Early delinquency is known to be a strong predictor of persistent, severe, and violent offending throughout the life course. This study aims to extend this line of research by analyzing the relation between IPV exposure and adolescent delinquency using longitudinal data collected from a nationally representative sample.

Method

The data came from the first six waves of the Fragile Families and Child Well‐being Study. The sample (N = 2,532) was 50.8% male, and average age was 15.6 years. Race/ethnicity distribution was as follows: 46.8% Black, 24.5% non‐Hispanic White, 24.5% Hispanic, and 3.8% other race/ethnicity.

Results

Exposure to IPV, particularly economic abuse, significantly affects delinquency at age 15. Negative parenting and early delinquency partially mediated these effects.

Conclusion

IPV exposure at ages as young as 1 and 3 years can affect children's delinquent behaviors during adolescence.

Implications

These findings suggest a need for early interventions for those exposed to IPV at a young age.
Best practices for structuring a family court parenting plan evaluation under the 2022 AFCC Guidelines
Authors: Martindale David A. , Shear Leslie Ellen
Published: September 2023

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi‐judicial immunity from damages claims. A well‐crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process.
Effects of egg stocking on density, distribution, and size of young‐of‐year brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a large boreal river in northern Sweden
Authors: Palm Daniel , Losee James , Holmgren Annika , Englund Jan‐Eric , Hellström Gustav
Published: September 2023

An understanding of egg densities and juvenile production is critical in salmonid egg stocking projects, but the question is not deeply studied. Given that managers rely on the number of young of the year (YOY) fish to evaluate stocking success, this knowledge gap poses a major challenge. We studied effects of two stocking levels on YOY brown trout at different downstream distances (0–600 m) from the stocking point. Density increased significantly with increasing distance from the stocking point when 60,000 eggs were stocked but not when 30,000 eggs were stocked. Body length was not related to distance from the stocking point and only moderately negatively related to density. We conclude that the results of egg stocking can be difficult to interpret because site‐specific density may vary with distance from the stocking point and the number of eggs stocked.
(Re)constructing identity following acquired brain injury: The complex journey of recovery after stroke
Authors: Faccio Elena , Fonte Cristina , Smania Nicola , Neri Jessica
Published: September 2023

Introduction

People with poststroke acquired brain injury (ABI) face a complex and often troubled identity reconstruction journey. The literature is rich with studies related to the psychological and neuropsychological components involved in rehabilitation, but it is lacking with respect to the investigation of the existential dimensions and the challenges associated with finding new senses and meanings for one's identity and future perspectives, body and interpersonal relationships.

Methods

The aim of this study is to investigate the narrative processes of identity reconstruction after brain damage. Through a qualitative approach, 30 autobiographical narratives about self, body and the relationships with others were collected and analyzed. Semistructured interviews were used for the data collection. Narrative and positioning analysis were applied.

Results

Four main positionings emerged: sanctioning a radical break with one's previous life; assuming a sense of salvation and compulsory as well as irreversible adaptation to the limitations associated with one's condition; feeling different and disabled; and considering new possibilities and active constructions of self‐being in relationship with others. These results underline the narrative processes of construction of the injury and the identity and delineate possible resources and instruments to improve the clinical practice for health practitioners. They are also valuable for other professionals who deal with neurological services and rehabilitation, such as psychological counselling and support for persons who have experienced ABI and their families.

Patient or Public Contribution

This work resulted from a close collaboration between two universities and a hospital neurological rehabilitation department in the Veneto Region (Northern Italy). Three associations of people with stroke and their families living in the same area contributed to designing the research on the basis of the needs expressed by their members with the aim to identify strategies and devices to be implemented in the public service to improve the care pathway. They also participated in the interpretation of the data.
Assessment of structural and thermoluminescence characteristics of porcelain used as an electrical insulator
Authors: Portakal‐Uçar Ziyafer Gizem , Akça‐Özalp Sibel , Oglakci Mehmet , Barad Aya , Topaksu Mustafa
Published: September 2023

In the present work, the thermoluminescence (TL) properties and kinetics of beta‐irradiated porcelain used as an electrical insulator are investigated in great depth. Thermal annealing at 1100°C slightly changes the trap system, whereas heating over 500°C increases the visual TL intensity of the peaks. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to confirm the structural, morphological, and chemical investigations of the materials. The TL glow curve characteristics, repeatability, storage time properties, and dose–response behavior of non‐annealed and annealed porcelain have all been well investigated. Within the confidence interval, the material has been demonstrated to have excellent reusability. A linear response in the dose range of 0.1–3 Gy was observed. TM–Ts, initial rise, and computerized glow curve deconvolution methodologies were used to complete the kinetic study. The outcomes of the detailed investigations demonstrated that the sample was suitable for TL dosimetry potential uses.
Finding the ideal sedative: a non‐inferiority study of remimazolam vs propofol in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Lee Jungnam , Jeong Seok , Lee Don Haeng , Park Jin‐Seok
Published: September 2023

Background

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) requires an ideal sedative that provides a predictable action duration and meets safety requirements. We compared the efficacies and safeties of remimazolam and propofol in patients who had undergone ERCP.

Methods

In this prospective, randomized, single‐blind, single‐center study, we compared the performances of remimazolam and propofol for inpatient ERCP. Study medications were administered under the supervision of an endoscopist. One hundred and ten patients scheduled to undergo ERCP were randomly assigned to receive remimazolam or propofol. The primary endpoint was a composite of successful completion of the procedure and no requirement for rescue medication. Secondary endpoints included sedation efficacy, recovery time, and adverse events.

Results

Of the 110 patients randomized, 108 underwent sedation, and ERCP (53 received remimazolam and 55 propofol). The primary endpoint was met for remimazolam and propofol in 100% of patients in both arms. Incidences and frequencies of emergent adverse events, including desaturation, requiring treatment were comparable in both arms. However, ERCP was started sooner in the propofol arm (mean, 63.18 ± 16.56 s) than in the remimazolam arm (75.23 ± 32.27 s; P‐value = 0.02). Time to full alertness after ERCP was also significantly shorter in the propofol arm (304.18 ± 146.25 vs 448.34 ± 224.09 s; P‐value <0.001).

Conclusion

Remimazolam is not inferior to propofol in achieving successful ERCP completion without rescue medication. Incidences of adverse events were comparable. Remimazolam is a safe and effective alternative to propofol for ERCP sedation, expanding options for clinicians and improving patient outcomes.
Biological sex influences sleep phenotype in mice experiencing spontaneous opioid withdrawal
Authors: Tisdale Ryan K. , Sun Yu , Park Sunmee , Ma Shun‐Chieh , Haire Meghan , Allocca Giancarlo , Bruchas Michael R. , Morairty Stephen R. , Kilduff Thomas S.
Published: September 2023

Aversive symptoms, including insomnia experienced during opioid withdrawal, are a major drive to relapse; however, withdrawal‐associated sleep symptomatology has been little explored in preclinical models. We describe here a model of opioid withdrawal in mice that resembles the sleep phenotype characteristic of withdrawal in humans. Male and female C57BL/6 mice were instrumented with telemeters to record electroencephalogram, electromyogram, activity and subcutaneous temperature. All mice received two treatments separated by a 16‐day washout period: (1) saline (volume: 10 ml kg−1); or (2) ascending doses of morphine (5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg−1; volume: 10 ml kg−1) for 5 days at Zeitgeber time 1 and Zeitgeber time 13. Recordings for the first 71 hr after treatment discontinuation (withdrawal days 1–3) and for 24 hr on withdrawal days 5 and 7 were scored for sleep/wake state, and sleep architecture and electroencephalogram spectral data were analysed. Morphine was acutely wake‐ and activity‐promoting, and non‐rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep were increased during the dark phase on withdrawal day 2 in both sexes. While non‐rapid eye movement delta power (0.5–4.0 Hz), a measure of sleep intensity, was reduced during the light phase on withdrawal day 1 and the dark phase on withdrawal day 2 in both sexes, female mice also exhibited changes in the duration and the number of bouts of sleep/wake states. These observations of fragmented sleep on withdrawal days 1–3 suggest poorer sleep consolidation and a more pronounced withdrawal‐associated sleep phenotype in female than in male mice. These data may indicate a greater sensitivity to morphine, a more distinct aversive sleep phenotype and/or a faster escalation to dependence in female mice.
A breakage index for characterizing in vitro nut fragmentation and predicting human oral fragmentation
Authors: Cui Zhaowei , van der Glas Hilbert W. , Chen Jianshe
Published: September 2023

Breakage of food influences eating experience and sensory perception. The aims of the study were to identify an appropriate breakage index and to develop an in vitro method for predicting the ease of oral breakage of nuts. Kernels of five types of nuts were fragmented in vitro using a texture analyzer and 12 subjects therefore performed molar bites. In addition, peanuts were differently roasted (over 0, 15, 25, and 35 min) to vary texture within the same nut type. Projected particle areas were determined using imaging. Two Breakage Indices were compared (1) BI‐I, the difference, after and before fragmentation, in square root values of ratios between total projected area and volume [Agrawal et al., 1997, Archives of Oral Biology, 42(1), 1–9], and (2) BI‐II, the ratio of the total projected area after and before fragmentation. BI‐II gives a stronger linear regression than BI‐I between in vivo and in vitro index values for different types of nuts; Pearson's r = 0.834 versus 0.499 (12 subjects with all data pooled). Using BI‐II, a subject's regression result in fragmentation tests with differently roasted peanuts was as strong as when testing different nut types: Pearson's r = 0.984 versus 0.964. Since the range of the in vitro BI‐II values was 5.5 times smaller in the peanut tests, the finding of a similarly strong regression indicates a high sensitivity of BI‐II to detect differences in food texture. BI‐II is useful for food industry to determine how easily solid foods break down and thereby compare the potential of flavor release between foods during chewing.
Differentiating airway inflammation in calves based on cluster analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology
Authors: Clinquart Justine , van Leenen Katharina , Bokma Jade , Pardon Bart
Published: September 2023

Background

Nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (nBAL) is routinely performed in calves, and airway cytology has great potential in airway disease diagnostics. A good reference framework for nBAL cytology is lacking.

Objectives

To distinguish different cytological profiles in nBAL from grouped housed calves using cluster analysis, and characterize these profiles on individual and herd levels.

Animals

Three hundred thirty‐eight group‐housed calves from 60 herds (mainly dairy and beef ).

Methods

Cross‐sectional study. Differential counts of white blood cells were determined on nBAL fluid, followed by differentiation of cytological profiles by K‐means‐based cluster analysis. These profiles were characterized by reference values, decision tree analysis, and associations with clinical, ultrasonographic, bacteriological, and cytological features.

Results

A normal (55.9%), a neutrophilic (41.1%), and an eosinophilic profile (3.0%) were identified. The normal profile was characterized by reference values of 2.3% to 47.4% neutrophils, 35.1% to 95.1% macrophages, 0.4 to 22.9% lymphocytes, and 0.0% to 0.9% eosinophils. The neutrophilic profile was characterized by ≥44.5% neutrophils, <1.6% eosinophils, and <11.5% lymphocytes. This profile was associated with the isolation of Pasteurella multocida, the presence of neutrophils with toxic granulation, and the presence of phagocytosed bacteria in neutrophils. The eosinophilic profile was characterized by eosinophils ≥1.6% (neutrophilia present) or ≥2.4% (neutrophilia absent), and associated with the presence of mast cells. On herd level, the neutrophilic and eosinophilic profiles were present in 85.0% and 15.0% of the herds, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

This study provides a first step in the development of cytological guidelines, aiding the assessment of airway health and inflammation in calves through nBAL fluid cytology.
Effects of folate deficiency and sex on carcinogenesis in a mouse model of oral cancer
Authors: Pitstick Lenore , Goral Joanna , Ciancio Mae J. , Meyer Alice , Pytynia Matthew , Bychek Sofia , Zidan Safia , Shuey Jennifer , Jham Bruno C. , Green Jacalyn M.
Published: September 2023

Objectives

To investigate the effects of dietary folate and sex on histopathology of oral squamous cell carcinoma in mice.

Materials and Methods

Mice (C57Bl/6, 30/sex) were fed either a deficient folate or sufficient folate diet. Vehicle or 4‐nitroquinoline1‐oxide (50 μg/mL) in vehicle were administered in drinking water for 20 weeks, followed by 6 weeks of regular drinking water. Oral lesions were observed weekly. Tongues were studied for histopathologic changes. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to measure cell proliferation (Ki67+), and to quantify expression of folate receptor, reduced folate carrier, and proton‐coupled folate transporter. T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils were counted and normalized to area.

Results

All 4NQO‐treated mice developed oral tumors. Dietary folate level did not affect tumor burden. More tumors were observed on the ventral aspect of the tongue than in other locations within the oral cavity. 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide‐treated mice displayed 27%–46% significantly lower expression of all three folate transport proteins; diet and sex had no effect on folate transporter expression. T‐cell and neutrophil infiltration in tongues were 9.1‐fold and 18.1‐fold increased in the 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide‐treated mouse tongues than in controls.

Conclusion

Treatment with 4NQO was the primary factor in determining cancer development, decreased folate transport expression, and lymphoid cell infiltration.
Cora Diamond on the concept of ethics
Authors: Burleigh Barnaby
Published: September 2023

Is ethics about anything? Cora Diamond has famously argued that ethics lacks a subject matter by providing a variety of examples of ethical discourse, which, she claims, are ethically significant without being about anything ethical. They do not have a moral subject matter, but are nonetheless instances of moral thinking. This raises the question what it means for a piece of discourse to be moral. What does Diamond mean by the concept of ethics? Diamond never gives this question a direct answer, which is a cause for concern, among other things because there is reason to worry that any workable account of the concept of ethics will lead back to the idea that ethics has a subject matter. I explain how this worry can be averted by construing the concept of ethics as a family resemblance concept.
The Historical Presidency: “Something uniquely sinister in U.S. history”: New evidence on the Truman administration's 1951 investigation of the China Lobby
Authors: Hartnett Stephen J.
Published: September 2023

Archival evidence sheds new light on the Truman administration's 1951 investigation into the “China Lobby” and its links to McCarthyism. Truman's advisors suspected connections among illicit funding streams generated by Chiang Kai‐shek's Nationalist regime in Formosa, illegal lobbying by unregistered agents, and a barrage of anti‐Communist propaganda from activists connected to McCarthy and the “China Lobby.” The White House worried that by flooding America's public discourse with charges of treason, the alleged conspirators were destabilizing the nation's ability to engage in reasoned deliberation about foreign policy. However, the White House could not persuade any congressional committees to manage an investigation, so it instead ran an executive operation that produced tantalizing clues but no prosecutable conclusions. Rather than proving its suspicions, the investigation created confusion and sowed doubts about Truman's judgment. Analyzing the administration's investigation provides new insights into the confusions and contradictions besetting America's grappling with the early Cold War and offers lessons on how not to defend democracy in a time of crisis.
Can some food/medicinal plants directly affect porcine ovarian granulosa cells and mitigate the toxic effect of toluene?
Authors: Sirotkin Alexander V. , Macejková Martina , Tarko Adam , Fabova Zuzana , Harrath Abdel Halim
Published: September 2023

The action of buckwheat, rooibos and vitex on healthy female reproductive systems, as well as their ability to mitigate the reproductive toxicity of environmental contaminant toluene have not yet been examined. We analysed the influence of toluene (0, 10, 100 or 1000 ng/mL) with and without these plant extracts (10 μg/mL) on cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Cell viability, proliferation (PCNA accumulation), apoptosis (accumulation of bax) and release of progesterone (P) and oestradiol (E) were measured. Toluene reduced ovarian cell viability and proliferation, increased apoptosis and suppressed E but not P release. Plant extracts, given alone, were also able to directly suppress some ovarian cell functions. The addition of buckwheat promoted toluene action on cell viability, proliferation and P release, but it did not modify other toluene effects. Rooibos mitigated toluene action on cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis but promoted its action on P and E. The addition of vitex mitigated all the tested toluene effects. These observations: (1) demonstrate the direct toxic influence of toluene on ovarian cells, (2) demonstrate the ability of food/medicinal plants to either promote or mitigate toluene effects and (3) suggest that vitex could be a natural protector against the suppressive effect of toluene on female reproduction.
Attachment‐based family therapy versus nondirective supportive therapy for lesbian, gay, bisexual and questioning adolescents with depression, and suicidal ideation: An exploratory study
Authors: Russon Jody , Abbott Caroline H. , Jin Bora , Rivers Alannah Shelby , Winston‐Lindeboom Payne , Kobak Roger , Diamond Guy S.
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning (LGBQ) adolescents are particularly at risk for suicidal ideation; however, little clinical research is focused on treating this population. Attachment‐based family therapy (ABFT) is among the few empirically supported youth suicide treatments adapted for LGBQ adolescents. The purpose of this exploratory study is to determine the differential treatment effects and rates of change for LGBQ and heterosexual adolescents with depression and suicidal ideation receiving either ABFT or family enhanced nondirective supportive therapy (FE‐NST).

Method

The sample included 129 adolescents (31% LGBQ), ages 12–18 randomized to the two treatment groups. Multilevel modeling was used to examine individual changes in depression and suicidal ideation over the 16‐week treatment.

Results

Results revealed that LGBQ adolescents in the ABFT condition showed a greater rate of reduction in depressive symptoms over treatment, slope = −0.94, p < 0.001, than did LGBQ adolescents in the NST condition, slope = −0.41, p = 0.12. Heterosexual adolescents showed symptom reduction in both treatment conditions (ABFT slope = −0.47, p < 0.001; NST slope = −0.79, t (113) = −7.48, p < 0.001). Changes in suicidal ideation were found across time, but not across conditions.

Conclusion

LGBQ adolescents in the ABFT condition had a sharper decrease in depressive symptoms and better outcomes at week 16.
Introduction of EUBIS standards to upgrade inspections of blood establishments to improve the safety of blood transfusion: The Polish experience
Authors: Lachert Elżbieta , Antoniewicz‐Papis Jolanta , Mikołowska Agata , Kubis Jolanta , Szczepiorkowski Zbigniew M. , Łętowska Magdalena
Published: September 2023

Background and Objectives

The competent authority (CA) responsible for external inspections of Polish blood establishments (BEs) and supervision of the quality system is the Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine (IHTM). Before the implementation of the European Blood Inspection System (EuBIS) classification of non‐compliance, the IHTM inspections were conducted according to national guidelines and the non‐compliance‐related recommendations were based on the inspectors' own experience and interpretation of the observed problems. Since 2009, IHTM inspections were already performed according to EuBIS guidelines. The study assessed the impact of the EuBIS classification on the IHTM recommendations. We assumed that the implementation of consistent assessment criteria contributed to the upgrading of the quality of BE inspections.

Materials and Methods

BE‐inspection protocols; 30 from 2009 to 2010 and 61 from 2016 to 2019. Non‐compliance‐related recommendations were classified according to the seriousness of non‐compliances (critical, major, other significant, and observation) and also to the area of BE activity (documentation, organisation of work, qualification and validation, pathway from donor qualification to blood component‐issue, quality control of blood components, adverse events and reactions).

Results

The recommendations mostly referred to document‐keeping and work organisation and were distributed as follows: 2009–2 critical (others unclassified), 2010–1‐13 major, 4–25 other significant and 1–7 suggestions, 2016–2019–3‐9 critical, 90–196 major, and 157–297 other significant as well as 14–22 suggestions.

Conclusion

Polish BEs still require: integrated document management, analysis of IHTM recommendations, implementation of corrective and preventive measures and personnel training in identifying similar non‐compliances in other procedures.
A retrospective study of treatment, outcome, recurrence and concurrent diseases in 190 dogs with anal sacculitis
Authors: Hvitman‐Graflund Katinka , Sparks Tim , Varjonen Katarina
Published: September 2023

Background

Few studies report the treatment and recurrence rate in anal sacculitis (AS).

Objectives

Retrospective study reporting the management, recurrence and concurrent diseases in dogs with AS in a primary care practice.

Animals

One hundred and ninety privately owned dogs in Sweden.

Materials and Methods

Clinical records of dogs diagnosed with AS between 2018 and 2021 were reviewed, and management, time until clinical resolution, number of recurrent episodes and comorbidites were recorded.

Results

The 190 dogs developed 290 episodes of AS. The most common management, in 235 of 290 (81.0%) episodes, was flushing ± infusion of an antimicrobial product into the sacs ± prescription of a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), providing resolution in 213 of 235 (90.6%) episodes. Median time to resolution was one week (range 1–16 weeks), with resolution seen within one week in 205 of 290 (70.7%) episodes. A single episode of AS developed in 126 of 190 (66.3%) dogs. Dogs with concurrent cutaneous allergic disease were more likely (p < 0.001) to have recurrence of AS when compared to dogs with other comorbidities. Cutaneous allergic disease occurred more often (p < 0.001) in dogs with AS than in the practice population.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Local treatment of the anal sacs ± systemic NSAID was the most common treatment, inducing clinical resolution in the majority of dogs. Cutaneous allergic disease was the most common concurrent diagnosis, with higher recurrence rate of AS compared to other diseases and occurring in higher prevalence than in the practice population. Further studies are needed to determine if management of cutaneous allergic disease would reduce the risk of AS.
“I love with all my heart”
Authors: Willan Claude
Published: September 2023

This chapter recovers a culture that developed in diametric opposition to the Whig cause, advocating for the house of Stuart. It adumbrates a large and coherent archive of Jacobite poetry in manuscript across over 300 manuscripts with at least 600 poems, and addresses how and why this culture existed. Picking out key rhetorical and formal gestures, the chapter offers an overview of a huge body of almost completely unprinted and unstudied work, arguing for its cohesion and precision. Having explained the kinds of secrecy the culture operated under and the formal consequences of those material conditions, it suggests an alternative model for literary aesthetics: not whether a poem is good or bad but whether it is effective or ineffective at achieving its goals.
Zionism and the Sacramental Danger of Nationalism
Authors: Wolfson Elliot R.
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses Susan Taubes’s attitude toward Zionism, the land of Israel, and the ramifications of ethnonationalism on the spiritual temperament of Judaism. Early on, Susan entertained the expectation that Israel might become a place to create a more meaningful Jewish existence. The initial enthusiasm that Israel would provide not only a physical home but also a spiritual-intellectual center was offset by explicit criticisms of Zionist nationalism that informed the embryonic character of the state. Some of Susan’s letters express consternation about the uncertainty and the instability of the socio-political situation in the newly formed state, and others proclaim ambivalence about the putative merit of modern Jewish nationalism on realistic and idealistic grounds. In time, Susan would offer a resounding pessimism about the dream of Zionist utopianism, viewing the modern state of Israel as yet another example of the capitalistic commodification of culture.
Can the Copenhagen Adduction Exercise Prevent Groin Injuries in Soccer Players? A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Quintana-Cepedal Marcos , de la Calle Omar , Olmedillas Hugo
Published: September 2023

Clinical Scenario: Injuries that affect the groin region are among the most common in football players. To prevent this condition, studies have focused on strengthening the adductors, hip flexors, or abdominal muscles. Recent investigations have used an eccentric-biased exercise (Copenhagen Adduction Exercise [CAE]) that promotes functional and architectural adaptations in the muscle tissue, though its effect on injury risk reduction is unknown. Clinical Question: Can the Copenhagen Adduction Exercise prevent groin injuries in soccer players? Summary of Key Findings: The literature was searched for studies investigating the potential groin injury risk reduction effect of the CAE. (1) Three studies met the inclusion criteria and were used for this appraisal; (2) one study observed a significantly lower injury rate ratio favoring the group that used the CAE program; and (3) 2 studies found similar or higher injury rates in the intervention groups, not supporting the inclusion of the CAE as a preventative tool. Clinical Bottom Line: There is conflicting evidence that usage of the CAE is superior to not performing adductor strengthening exercises in mitigating the risk of sustaining groin injuries. Given the evidence supporting these findings, it is advisable to exercise caution when contemplating the incorporation of the CAE into training regimens aimed at preventing groin injuries. Strength of Recommendation: There is Grade B evidence to suggest that inclusion of the CAE may not be associated with reduced injury rates.
Manipulating mitochondrial electron flow enhances tumor immunogenicity
Authors: Mangalhara Kailash Chandra , Varanasi Siva Karthik , Johnson Melissa A. , Burns Mannix J. , Rojas Gladys R. , Esparza Moltó Pau B. , Sainz Alva G. , Tadepalle Nimesha , Abbott Keene L. , Mendiratta Gaurav , Chen Dan , Farsakoglu Yagmur , Kunchok Tenzin , Hoffmann Filipe Araujo , Parisi Bianca , Rincon Mercedes , Vander Heiden Matthew G. , Bosenberg Marcus , Hargreaves Diana C. , Kaech Susan M. , Shadel Gerald S.
Published: September 2023

Although tumor growth requires the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), the relative contribution of complex I (CI) and complex II (CII), the gatekeepers for initiating electron flow, remains unclear. In this work, we report that the loss of CII, but not that of CI, reduces melanoma tumor growth by increasing antigen presentation and T cell–mediated killing. This is driven by succinate-mediated transcriptional and epigenetic activation of major histocompatibility complex–antigen processing and presentation (MHC-APP) genes independent of interferon signaling. Furthermore, knockout of methylation-controlled J protein (MCJ), to promote electron entry preferentially through CI, provides proof of concept of ETC rewiring to achieve antitumor responses without side effects associated with an overall reduction in mitochondrial respiration in noncancer cells. Our results may hold therapeutic potential for tumors that have reduced MHC-APP expression, a common mechanism of cancer immunoevasion.
Endogenous CO
2
ice mixture on the surface of Europa and no detection of plume activity
Authors: Villanueva G. L. , Hammel H. B. , Milam S. N. , Faggi S. , Kofman V. , Roth L. , Hand K. P. , Paganini L. , Stansberry J. , Spencer J. , Protopapa S. , Strazzulla G. , Cruz-Mermy G. , Glein C. R. , Cartwright R. , Liuzzi G.
Published: September 2023

Jupiter’s moon Europa has a subsurface ocean beneath an icy crust. Conditions within the ocean are unknown, and it is unclear whether it is connected to the surface. We observed Europa with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to search for active release of material by probing its surface and atmosphere. A search for plumes yielded no detection of water, carbon monoxide, methanol, ethane, or methane fluorescence emissions. Four spectral features of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) ice were detected; their spectral shapes and distribution across Europa’s surface indicate that the CO
2
is mixed with other compounds and concentrated in Tara Regio. The
13
CO
2
absorption is consistent with an isotopic ratio of
12
C/
13
C = 83 ± 19. We interpret these observations as indicating that carbon is sourced from within Europa.
Modeling cartel size to inform violence reduction in Mexico
Authors: Caulkins Jonathan P. , Kilmer Beau , Reuter Peter
Published: September 2023

Estimating stocks and flows is an innovative first step
In Science Journals
Authors: Lopez Bianca , Smith Keith T. , Maroso Mattia , Jiang Di , Yeston Jake S. , Neuhofer Daniela , Aldenderfer Mark , Lavine Marc S. , Funk Michael A. , Nusinovich Yevgeniya , Uzogara Ekeoma , Kelly Priscilla N. , Ross Sarah H. , Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: September 2023

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
Solar max set to arrive sooner than expected—and stronger
Authors: Savitsky Zack
Published: September 2023

A feisty Sun threatens satellites and electric grids, highlighting need for better forecasts
Polio eradication effort struggles with end game
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: September 2023

Tom Frieden, co-author of critical new report, explains the repeated failures of decadeslong campaign
Biofilm formation by heat-resistant dairy bacteria: multispecies biofilm model under static and dynamic conditions
Authors: Diarra Carine , Goetz Coralie , Gagnon Mérilie , Roy Denis , Jean Julie
Published: September 2023

In the food industry, especially dairy, biofilms can be formed by heat-resistant spoilage and pathogenic bacteria from the farm. Such biofilms may persist throughout the processing chain and contaminate milk and dairy products continuously, increasing equipment cleaning, maintenance costs, and product recalls. Most biofilms are multispecies, yet most studies focus on single-species models. A multispecies model of dairy biofilm was developed under static and dynamic conditions using heat-resistant
Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus thermophilus,
and
Rothia kristinae
isolated from dairies.
C. tyrobutiricum
and
R. kristinae
were weak producers of biofilm, whereas the other four were moderate to strong producers. Based on cross-streaking on agar,
P. aeruginosa
was found to inhibit
B. licheniformis
and
E. faecalis
. In multispecies biofilm formed on stainless steel in a CDC reactor fed microfiltered milk, the strong biofilm producers were dominant while the weak producers were barely detectable. All biofilm matrices were dispersed easily by proteinase K treatment but were less sensitive to DNase or carbohydrases. Further studies are needed to deepen our understanding of multispecies biofilms and interactions within to develop improved preventive strategies to control the proliferation of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria in dairies and other food processing environments.

IMPORTANCE

A model of multispecies biofilm was created to study biofilm formation by heat-resistant bacteria in the dairy industry. The biofilm formation potential was evaluated under static conditions. A continuous flow version was then developed to study multispecies biofilm formed on stainless steel in microfiltered milk under dynamic conditions encountered in dairy processing equipment. The study of biofilm composition and bacterial interactions therein will lead to more effective means of suppressing bacterial growth on food processing equipment and contamination of products with spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, which represent considerable economic loss.
Answer to the Photo Quiz: Bloodstream infection in a neutropenic patient with severe aplastic anemia
Authors: Abdolrasouli Alireza , Schelenz Silke
Published: September 2023

Read the full article for the answer.
Genetic signatures associated with the virulence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus AH2012/12
Authors: Peng Qi , Fan Baochao , Song Xu , He Wenlong , Wang Chuanhong , Zhao Yongxiang , Guo Weilu , Zhang Xue , Liu Shiyu , Gao Jie , Li Kemang , Zhang Baotai , Zhou Jinzhu , Li Yunchuan , Guo Rongli , Li Bin
Published: September 2023

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly pathogenic swine coronavirus causing severe diarrhea and high mortality to piglets. PEDV strain AH2012/12 isolated from a diarrheal piglet has been passaged
in vitro
for over 102 passages. Viral infection assay revealed that PEDV AH2012/12-P102 (the 102nd passage of AH2012/12) showed an enhanced fusogenicity than the wild-type AH2012/12. Animal experiments demonstrated that AH2012/12-P102 is an attenuated PEDV strain as shown by the evidence of no mortality, extremely low virus shedding, and no sign of diarrhea in the AH2012/12-P102 challenged piglets. Compared with AH2012/12, AH2012/12-P102 had two obvious deletions in the genome, one deletion is in the S1 gene and the second deletion contains the carboxy-terminus of the S2 gene and the start codon of ORF3. Using the reverse genetic system of PEDV, we generated a series of recombinant PEDVs with deletions based on the deletion in the genome of AH2012/12-P102. Viral infection assays indicated that the second deletion could enhance the fusogenicity of PEDV AH2012/12. Animal experiments showed that the first deletion could reduce the virulence but not fully attenuate AH2012/12, but the second deletion could attenuate PEDV AH2012/12
in vivo
. Further animal experiments indicated that the recombinant PEDV with deleted carboxy-terminus of S gene induced higher IgG, IgA, neutralization antibodies, and protection effects against virus challenge than the killed vaccine. Collectively, our data demonstrated two genetic features associated with the virulence of PEDV AH2012/12 and provided a promising method for the development of attenuated vaccine candidates for PEDV.

IMPORTANCE

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by PED virus (PEDV) remains a big threat to the swine industry worldwide. Vaccination with live attenuated vaccine is a promising method to prevent and control PED, because it can elicit a more protective immunity than the killed vaccine, subunit vaccine, and so on. In this study, we found two obvious deletions in the genome of a high passage of AH2012/12. We further confirmed the second deletion which contains seven amino acids at the carboxy-terminus of the S2 gene and the start codon of ORF3 can reduce its pathogenicity
in vivo
. Animal experiments indicated that the recombinant PEDV with deleted carboxy-terminus of S gene showed higher IgG, IgA, neutralization antibodies, and protection effects against virus challenge than the killed vaccine. These data reveal that the engineering of the carboxy-terminus of the S2 gene may be a promising method to develop live attenuated vaccine candidates of PEDV.
Cx43-mediated hyphal folding counteracts phagosome integrity loss during fungal infection
Authors: Cristovao Beatriz , Rodrigues Lisa , Catarino Steve , Abreu Monica , Gonçalves Teresa , Domingues Neuza , Girao Henrique
Published: September 2023

Phagolysosomes are crucial organelles during the elimination of pathogens by host cells. The maintenance of their membrane integrity is vital during stressful conditions, such as during
Candida albicans
infection. As the fungal hyphae grow, the phagolysosome membrane expands to ensure that the growing fungus remains entrapped. Additionally, actin structures surrounding the hyphae-containing phagosome were recently described to damage and constrain these pathogens inside the host vacuoles by inducing their folding. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the phagosome membrane adaptation during this extreme expansion process is still unclear. The main goal of this study was to unveil the interplay between phagosomal membrane integrity and folding capacity of
C. albicans
-infected macrophages. We show that components of the repair machinery are gradually recruited to the expanding phagolysosomal membrane and that their inhibition diminishes macrophage folding capacity. Through an analysis of an RNAseq data set of
C. albicans-
infected macrophages, we identified Cx43, a gap junction protein, as a putative player involved in the interplay between lysosomal homeostasis and actin-related processes. Our findings further reveal that Cx43 is recruited to expand phagosomes and potentiates the hyphal folding capacity of macrophages, promoting their survival. Additionally, we reveal that Cx43 can act as an anchor for complexes involved in Arp2-mediated actin nucleation during the assembly of actin rings around hyphae-containing phagosomes. Overall, this work brings new insights on the mechanisms by which macrophages cope with
C. albicans
infection ascribing to Cx43 a new noncanonical regulatory role in phagosome dynamics during pathogen phagocytosis.

IMPORTANCE

Invasive candidiasis is a life-threatening fungal infection that can become increasingly resistant to treatment. Thus, strategies to improve immune system efficiency, such as the macrophage response during the clearance of the fungal infection, are crucial to ameliorate the current therapies. Engulfed
Candida albicans
, one of the most common
Candida
species, is able to quickly transit from yeast-to-hypha form, which can elicit a phagosomal membrane injury and ultimately lead to macrophage death. Here, we extend the understanding of phagosome membrane homeostasis during the hypha expansion and folding process. We found that loss of phagosomal membrane integrity decreases the capacity of macrophages to fold the hyphae. Furthermore, through a bioinformatic analysis, we reveal a new window of opportunities to disclose the mechanisms underlying the hyphal constraining process. We identified Cx43 as a new weapon in the armamentarium to tackle infection by potentiating hyphal folding and promoting macrophage survival.
Capsule production promotes Group B
Streptococcus
intestinal colonization
Authors: Vaz Michelle J. , Dongas Sophia , Ratner Adam J.
Published: September 2023

Late-onset disease is the most common clinical presentation of Group B
Streptococcus
(GBS) infection during infancy, and gastrointestinal (GI) colonization is an important precursor. Previously, we described a murine model of postnatal GBS GI colonization that resulted in sustained colonization and progression to invasive disease. Capsular polysaccharide is an important GBS virulence factor. Vaccines based on a subset of capsular serotypes are in clinical trials. However, little is known regarding the role of specific GBS capsular serotypes in GI colonization. We examined the role of GBS capsule in GI colonization using capsule-producing and acapsular strains derived from GBS strain A909 (serotype Ia) in a murine model. Using isogenic GBS strains differing only in capsular serotypes, we explored the role of specific serotypes in GI colonization by determining competitive indices during cocolonization. We found that GBS A909 colonizes the murine GI tract without causing invasive disease. In monocolonization experiments, there was colonization persistence with the capsule-producing strain (100%) compared to the acapsular mutant strain (13%). In cocolonization experiments, the capsule-producing strain outcompeted its isogenic acapsular mutant, with a geometric mean competitive index of 8, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.7, 38.9] in the colon at 7 days post-colonization. A909 expressing its native serotype Ia capsule outcompeted an isogenic mutant that expresses serotype III capsule, with a geometric mean competitive index of 2.5, 95% CI [1.2, 5.1] in the colon at 7 days post-colonization. Thus, polysaccharide capsule production enhances GBS GI colonization
in vivo
. In an A909 genetic background, the production of a serotype Ia capsule provides a competitive advantage over an isogenic strain producing type III capsule. The murine model is a valuable tool to understand the role of GBS capsule types in GI colonization.

IMPORTANCE

The establishment of GBS intestinal colonization is believed to be a critical precursor to late-onset disease in neonates, which has a significant impact on neurodevelopment outcomes in this population. Our prior work described a murine model of postnatal Group B
Streptococcus
(GBS) acquisition and invasive disease. Using this model, we explored the importance of GBS polysaccharide capsule production on gastrointestinal colonization. We found that the expression of capsule (compared to isogenic acapsular strains) provides an advantage in intestinal colonization and, importantly, that capsule type Ia has an advantage over capsule type III in a GBS A909 strain background. We speculate that specific serotypes may differ in colonization fitness, which may play a role in serotype distribution in neonatal disease.