bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hidden symmetry of the static response of black holes: applications to Love numbers
Authors: Achour Jibril Ben , Livine Etera R. , Mukohyama Shinji , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: July 2022

Abstract

We show that any static linear perturbations around Schwarzschild black holes enjoy a set of conserved charges which forms a centrally extended Schrödinger algebra $$ \mathfrak{sh} $$
sh
(1) = $$ \mathfrak{sl} $$
sl
(2, ℝ) ⋉ $$ \mathcal{H} $$
H
. The central charge is given by the black hole mass, echoing results on black hole entropy from near-horizon diffeomorphism symmetry. The finite symmetry transformations generated by these conserved charges correspond to Galilean and conformal transformations of the static field and of the coordinates. This new structure allows one to discuss the static response of a Schwarzschild black hole in the test field approximation from a symmetry-based approach. First we show that the (horizontal) symmetry protecting the vanishing of the Love numbers recently exhibited by Hui et al., dubbed the HJPSS symmetry, coincides with one of the $$ \mathfrak{sl} $$
sl
(2, ℝ) generators of the Schrödinger group. Then, it is demonstrated that the HJPSS symmetry is selected thanks to the spontaneous breaking of the full Schrödinger symmetry at the horizon down to a simple abelian sub-group. The latter can be understood as the symmetry protecting the regularity of the test field at the horizon. In the 4-dimensional case, this provides a symmetry protection for the vanishing of the Schwarzschild Love numbers. Our results trivially extend to the Kerr case.
The solvability of $$f(p(x)) = q(f(x))$$ for given strictly monotonous continuous real functions p, q
Authors: Kopeček Oldřich
Published: July 2022

We investigate the functional equation $$f(p(x)) = q(f(x))$$

f
(
p
(
x
)
)
=
q
(
f
(
x
)
)

where p and q are given real functions. In the paper “On solvability of$$f(p(x)) = q(f(x))$$

f
(
p
(
x
)
)
=
q
(
f
(
x
)
)

for given real functionsp, q, Aequat. Math. 90 (2016), 471 - 494”, we solved the problem of the solvability of $$f(p(x)) = q(f(x))$$

f
(
p
(
x
)
)
=
q
(
f
(
x
)
)

under the assumption that p, q are strictly increasing continuous real functions. Now, we extend the solutions of this problem for any strictly monotonous continuous real functions p, q. Thereby, we use the methods of the just mentioned paper. Further, we present computations of the so called characteristics of the given functions p, q using the results of this paper and, finally, present a quite short algorithm with input p, q and output ’solvable/not solvable’.
Regional climate model emulator based on deep learning: concept and first evaluation of a novel hybrid downscaling approach
Authors: Doury Antoine , Somot Samuel , Gadat Sebastien , Ribes Aurélien , Corre Lola
Published: July 2022

Providing reliable information on climate change at local scale remains a challenge of first importance for impact studies and policymakers. Here, we propose a novel hybrid downscaling method combining the strengths of both empirical statistical downscaling methods and Regional Climate Models (RCMs). In the longer term, the final aim of this tool is to enlarge the high-resolution RCM simulation ensembles at low cost to explore better the various sources of projection uncertainty at local scale. Using a neural network, we build a statistical RCM-emulator by estimating the downscaling function included in the RCM. This framework allows us to learn the relationship between large-scale predictors and a local surface variable of interest over the RCM domain in present and future climate. The RCM-emulator developed in this study is trained to produce daily maps of the near-surface temperature at the RCM resolution (12 km). The emulator demonstrates an excellent ability to reproduce the complex spatial structure and daily variability simulated by the RCM, particularly how the RCM refines the low-resolution climate patterns. Training in future climate appears to be a key feature of our emulator. Moreover, there is a substantial computational benefit of running the emulator rather than the RCM, since training the emulator takes about 2 h on GPU, and the prediction takes less than a minute. However, further work is needed to improve the reproduction of some temperature extremes, the climate change intensity and extend the proposed methodology to different regions, GCMs, RCMs, and variables of interest.
Clinical efficacy of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients over 80 years old
Authors: Zhang Dongdong , Wang Xue , Zhang Mingbao , Yin Yafei , Guo Jianqiang
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and aggressive gastrointestinal cancer, and the prognostic impact associated with chemotherapy in super elderly (over 80 years old) patients remains poorly defined. We aimed to define the effect of chemotherapy on the prognosis of patients with CRC over 80 years old.

Patients and methods

A retrospective study including CRC patients over 80 years old was conducted. The patients were screened from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database from 2010 to 2015. Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were applied as the primary and secondary outcome. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with OS and CSS. Survival curves of OS and CSS were estimated by Kaplan–Meier method and compared by log-rank test.

Results

In total, 14,748 CRC patients over 80 years old were included in this study. The median patient age was 85 (IQR: 82–87). All patients were divided into surgical group and non-surgical group. The OS and CSS of the surgical group were significantly better than those of the non-surgical group (P < 0.001). Chemotherapy can improve OS and CSS for patients with stage III and IV (P < 0.001) in surgical group. For the super elderly patients with CRC, chemotherapy significantly improved OS and CSS in all TNM stages in non-surgical group.

Conclusion

For super elderly patients with colorectal cancer, tumor treatment should not be abandoned because of their age. It is necessary to carry out clinical trials in super elderly patients.
Comparing forces on the fetal neck in breech delivery in lithotomy versus all-fours position: a simulation model
Authors: Fard Delnaz , Borchers Chiara S. , Philippeit Jill-Caren , Philippeit Anja V. , Kaukemüller Laura R. , Higgins-wood Lara R. , Papageorgiou Spyridon , Hillemanns Peter , von Kaisenberg Constantin S. , Klapdor Rüdiger
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To measure forces applied to the fetal neck, in a simulation model for breech delivery, in both lithotomy versus all-fours position.

Methods

We used a Laerdal SimMom simulator and a Birthing Baby together with PROMPT Flex Software. The descent of the fetus was accomplished using the Automatic Delivery Module 2. The baby was always in breech position; the SimMom in either all-fours or lithotomy positions. Sensors were located inside the fetal neck region to simulate forces applied to the plexus.

Results

The lowest force on the fetal neck region was recorded for the delivery in all-fours position without further maneuvers (mean force 58.70 Newton, standard deviation 2.54 N). As weight was added to the baby, the force increased (i.e. + 500 g, mean force 71.8 N, SD 3.08 N, p < 0.001). Delivery in lithotomy position resulted in a mean force of 81.56 N (SD 19.55 N). The force significantly increased in case of delivery of the head without assistance from contractions (mean force 127.93 N, SD 23.10 N). In all-fours position, the delivery of the fetal head from pelvic floor level without contractions (Frank’s Nudge maneuver) resulted in a mean force of 118.45 N (SD 15.48 N, p = 0.02). Maneuvers for shoulder dystocia (the inverted type that can occur during breech delivery) led to significantly higher mean forces independent from birthing positions.

Conclusion

Breech delivery in all-fours position was associated with the lowest force acting on the fetal neck in our simulation model.
Comparison of different oval window sealing materials in stapes surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Scarpa Alfonso , Marra Pasquale , Ralli Massimo , Viola Pasquale , Gioacchini Federico Maria , Chiarella Giuseppe , Salzano Francesco Antonio , De Luca Pietro , Ricciardiello Filippo , Cassandro Claudia , Corbi Grazia Maria
Published: July 2022

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety characteristics of different materials used for oval window sealing during stapedotomy.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Published international English literature from January 1, 2000 to December 2021 was screened, checking for studies that compared different materials utilization in patients undergoing stapedotomy surgery for otosclerosis or congenital stapes fixation. Data related to the efficacy and safety of each material were extracted. The primary outcome measure was the air–bone gap (ABG) closure after surgical intervention.

Results

Six studies were included in the metanalysis. Because of the heterogeneity of the treatments adopted, we assessed the use of the fat compared to all other treatments, and the use of the gelfoam compared to all other treatments. In the former analysis (fat vs others) we did not identify differences in ABG closure between the groups (p = 0.74), with a low heterogeneity of the results (I2 = 28.36%; Hedge’s g = 0.04, 95% CI − 0.19 0.27); similarly, we did not identify differences between the use of gelfoam and other treatments (p = 0.97), with a low heterogeneity of the results (I2 = 28.91%; Hedge’s g = 0.00, 95% CI − 0.20 0.21).

Conclusions

Numerous options are available for oval window sealing during stapedotomy, with acceptable safety and effectiveness profiles. Based on the current data, no definitive recommendation can be made regarding the choice of one material over another, and the convenience of sealing over no sealing at all.
Endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy: a long-term follow-up results for a cohort of 21 patients
Authors: Penner Federica , De Marco Raffaele , Di Perna Giuseppe , Portonero Irene , Baldassarre Bianca , Garbossa Diego , Zenga Francesco
Published: July 2022

Background

Endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy (EEO) has been described as a potential approach for craniovertebral junction (CVJ) disease which could cause anterior bulbomedullary compression and encroaching. Due to the atlantoaxial junction’s uniqueness and complex biomechanics, treating CVJ pathologies uncovers the challenge of preventing C1–C2 instability. A large series of patients treated with endonasal odontoidectomy is reported, analyzing the feasibility and necessity of whether or not to perform posterior stabilization. Furthermore, the focus is on the long-term follow-up, especially those whom only underwent partial C1 arch preservation without posterior fixation.

Methods

This study is a retrospective analysis of patients with ventral spinal cord compression for non-reducible CVJ malformation, consecutively treated with EEO from July 2011 to March 2019. Postoperative dynamic X-ray and CT scans were obtained in each case in order to document CVJ decompression as well as to exclude instability. The anterior atlas‐dens interval, posterior atlas‐dens interval and C1–C2 total lateral overhang were measured as a morphological criteria to determine upper cervical spine stability.

Results

Twenty-one patients (11:10 F:M) with a mean age of 60.6 years old at the time of surgery (range 34–84 years) encountered the inclusion criteria. For all 21 patients, a successful decompression was achieved at the first surgery. In 11 patients, the partial C1 arch integrity did not require a posterior cervical instrumentation on the bases of postoperative and constant follow-up radiological examination. In 13 cases, an improvement of motor function was recorded at the time of discharge. Only one patient had further motor function improvement at follow-up. Among the patients that did not show any significant motor change at discharge, 4 patients showed an improvement at the last follow-up.

Conclusions

The outcomes, even in C1 arch preservation without posterior fixation, are promising, and it could be said that the endonasal route potentially represents a valid option to treat lesions above the nasopalatine line.
Alleviating drought and water scarcity in the Mediterranean region through managed aquifer recharge
Authors: Henao Casas J. D. , Fernández Escalante E. , Ayuga F.
Published: July 2022

Drought and water scarcity can significantly impair the sustainable development of groundwater resources, a scenario commonly found in aquifers in the Mediterranean region. Water management measures to address these drivers of groundwater depletion are highly relevant, especially considering the increasing severity of droughts under climate change. This study evaluates the potential of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) to offset the adverse effects of drought and water scarcity on groundwater storage. Los Arenales aquifer (central Spain), which was unsustainably exploited for irrigation in the second half of the twentieth century, is employed as a case study. Two neighbouring zones within this aquifer are contrasted, namely, Los Arenales (LA) and Medina del Campo (MC). The primary difference between them in terms of water resources management is the wide-scale implementation of MAR systems in LA since the early 2000s. Several groundwater statistical methods are used. Groundwater-level trend analysis and average piezometric levels show in LA a faster recovery of aquifer storage and less susceptibility to drought compared to MC. On the other hand, standardised precipitation indexes and standardised groundwater level indexes of detrended groundwater-level time series, which do not include the effects of MAR, show that LA can be more negatively affected by drought and groundwater abstraction. The sharper recovery of piezometric levels in LA when considering MAR, and bigger drought impacts observed when the effects of this measure are removed, demonstrate that MAR can effectively alleviate the impacts of water scarcity and drought, providing an adaptation solution to climate change worldwide.
On the Modeling and Simulation of Portfolio Allocation Schemes: an Approach Based on Network Community Detection
Authors: Ferretti Stefano
Published: July 2022

We present a study on portfolio investments in financial applications. We describe a general modeling and simulation framework and study the impact on the use of different metrics to measure the correlation among assets. In particular, besides the traditional Pearson’s correlation, we employ the Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis (DCCA) and Detrended Partial Cross-Correlation Analysis (DPCCA). Moreover, a novel portfolio allocation scheme is introduced that treats assets as a complex network and uses modularity to detect communities of correlated assets. Weights of the allocation are then distributed among different communities for the sake of diversification. Simulations compare this novel scheme against Critical Line Algorithm (CLA), Inverse Variance Portfolio (IVP), the Hierarchical Risk Parity (HRP). Synthetic times series are generated using the Gaussian model, Geometric Brownian motion, GARCH, ARFIMA and modified ARFIMA models. Results show that the proposed scheme outperforms state of the art approaches in many scenarios. We also validate simulation results via backtesting, whose results confirm the viability of the proposal.
Mono-PEGylated thermostable Bacillus caldovelox arginase mutant (BCA-M-PEG20) induces apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Chung Sai-Fung , Tam Suet-Ying , Kim Chi-Fai , Chong Hiu-Chi , Lee Leo Man-Yuen , Leung Yun-Chung
Published: July 2022

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant solid tumors in the world, especially in Asia with high mortality due to a lack of effective treatment. The potential usage of the newly constructed arginine-depleting enzyme—mono-PEGylated Bacillus caldovelox arginase mutant (BCA-M-PEG20), an effective drug against multiple cancer cell lines such as cervical and lung cancers, for the treatment of gastric cancer was demonstrated. Our results indicated that BCA-M-PEG20 significantly inhibited argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS)-positive gastric cancer cells, MKN-45 and BGC-823, while another arginine-depleting enzyme, arginine deiminase (ADI, currently under Phase III clinical trial), failed to suppress the growth of gastric cancer cells. In vitro studies demonstrated that BCA-M-PEG20 inhibited MKN-45 cells by inducing autophagy and cell cycle arrest at the S phase under 0.58 U/mL (IC50 values). Significant caspase-dependent apoptosis was induced in MKN-45 after the treatment with 2.32 U/mL of BCA-M-PEG20. In vivo studies showed that administrations of BCA-M-PEG20 at 250 U/mouse twice per week significantly suppressed about 50% of tumor growth in the MKN-45 gastric cancer xenograft model. Taken together, BCA-M-PEG20 demonstrated a superior potential to be an anti-gastric cancer drug.
Buckling of Thin-Walled Cylinders from Three Dimensional Nonlinear Elasticity
Authors: Springhetti Roberta , Rossetto Gabriel , Bigoni Davide
Published: July 2022

The famous bifurcation analysis performed by Flügge on compressed thin-walled cylinders is based on a series of simplifying assumptions, which allow to obtain the bifurcation landscape, together with explicit expressions for limit behaviours: surface instability, wrinkling, and Euler rod buckling. The most severe assumption introduced by Flügge is the use of an incremental constitutive equation, which does not follow from any nonlinear hyperelastic constitutive law. This is a strong limitation for the applicability of the theory, which becomes questionable when is utilized for a material characterized by a different constitutive equation, such as for instance a Mooney-Rivlin material. We re-derive the entire Flügge’s formulation, thus obtaining a framework where any constitutive equation fits. The use of two different nonlinear hyperelastic constitutive equations, referred to compressible materials, leads to incremental equations, which reduce to those derived by Flügge under suitable simplifications. His results are confirmed, together with all the limit equations, now rigorously obtained, and his theory is extended. This extension of the theory of buckling of thin shells allows for computationally efficient determination of bifurcation landscapes for nonlinear constitutive laws, which may for instance be used to model biomechanics of arteries, or soft pneumatic robot arms.
Heterogeneous donor circles for fair liver transplant allocation
Authors: Akshat Shubham , Gentry Sommer E. , Raghavan S.
Published: July 2022

The United States (U.S.) Department of Health and Human Services is interested in increasing geographical equity in access to liver transplant. The geographical disparity in the U.S. is fundamentally an outcome of variation in the organ supply to patient demand (s/d) ratios across the country (which cannot be treated as a single unit due to its size). To design a fairer system, we develop a nonlinear integer programming model that allocates the organ supply in order to maximize the minimum s/d ratios across all transplant centers. We design circular donation regions that are able to address the issues raised in legal challenges to earlier organ distribution frameworks. This allows us to reformulate our model as a set-partitioning problem. Our policy can be viewed as a heterogeneous donor circle policy, where the integer program optimizes the radius of the circle around each donation location. Compared to the current policy, which has fixed radius circles around donation locations, the heterogeneous donor circle policy greatly improves both the worst s/d ratio and the range between the maximum and minimum s/d ratios. We found that with the fixed radius policy of 500 nautical miles (NM), the s/d ratio ranges from 0.37 to 0.84 at transplant centers, while with the heterogeneous circle policy capped at a maximum radius of 500 NM, the s/d ratio ranges from 0.55 to 0.60, closely matching the national s/d ratio average of 0.5983. Our model matches the supply and demand in a more equitable fashion than existing policies and has a significant potential to improve the liver transplantation landscape.
A Hybrid Modelling Approach for Aerial Manipulators
Authors: Kremer Paul , Sanchez-Lopez Jose Luis , Voos Holger
Published: July 2022

Aerial manipulators (AM) exhibit particularly challenging, non-linear dynamics; the UAV and its manipulator form a tightly coupled dynamic system, mutually impacting each other. The mathematical model describing these dynamics forms the core of many solutions in non-linear control and deep reinforcement learning. Traditionally, the formulation of the dynamics involves Euler angle parametrization in the Lagrangian framework or quaternion parametrization in the Newton-Euler framework. The former has the disadvantage of giving birth to singularities and the latter being algorithmically complex. This work presents a hybrid solution, combining the benefits of both, namely a quaternion approach leveraging the Lagrangian framework, connecting the singularity-free parameterization with the algorithmic simplicity of the Lagrangian approach. We do so by offering detailed insights into the kinematic modeling process and the formulation of the dynamics of a general aerial manipulator. The obtained dynamics model is validated experimentally against a real-time physics engine. A practical application of the obtained dynamics model is shown in the context of a computed torque feedback controller (feedback linearization), where we analyze its real-time capability with increasingly complex AM models.
Neutrino Mass Measurements Using Cryogenic Detectors
Authors: Gastaldo L.
Published: July 2022

The determination of the absolute mass scale of neutrinos is one of the most important challenges in Particle Physics. The shape of the endpoint region of$$\beta ^-$$β--decay and electron capture (EC) spectra depends on the phase space factor, which, in turn, is function of the masses of the neutrino mass eigenstates. High energy resolution and high statistics measurements of$$\beta ^-$$β-and EC spectra are therefore considered a model-independent way for the determination of the neutrino mass scale. Since almost four decades, low temperature microcalorimeters are used for the measurement of low energy$$\beta ^-$$β-and EC spectra. The first efforts were focused on the development of large arrays for the measurement of the$$^{187}$$187Re$$\beta ^-$$β--spectrum. In the last ten years, the attention moved to EC of$$^{163}$$163Ho. This choice was mainly motivated by the very good performance which could be achieved with low temperature microcalorimeters enclosing$$^{163}$$163Ho with respect to microcalorimeters with absorber containing$$^{187}$$187Re. The development of low temperature microcalorimeters for the measurement of the finite neutrino mass is discussed and, in particular, the reasons for moving from$$^{187}$$187Re to$$^{163}$$163Ho. The possibility to reach sub-eV sensitivity on the effective electron neutrino mass with$$^{163}$$163Ho, thanks to the multiplexing of large microcalorimeter arrays is demonstrated. In conclusion, an overview on other nuclides which have been proposed as good candidates, motivated by the excellent performance of low temperature microcalorimeters is presented.
Bioactive Properties of Bread Formulated with Plant-based Functional Ingredients Before Consumption and Possible Links with Health Outcomes After Consumption- A Review
Authors: Amoah Isaac , Cairncross Carolyn , Osei Emmanuel Ofori , Yeboah Jacqueline Afua , Cobbinah Jesse Charles , Rush Elaine
Published: July 2022

Bread is a commonly consumed staple and could be a viable medium to deliver plant-based ingredients that demonstrate health effects. This review brings together published evidence on the bioactive properties of bread formulated with plant-based ingredients. Health effects associated with the consumption of bread formulated with plant-based functional ingredients was also reviewed. Bioactive properties demonstrated by the functional ingredients fruits and vegetables, legumes, nuts and tea incorporated into bread include increased phenolic and polyphenolic content, increased antioxidant activity, and extension of bread shelf-life by impairment of lipid and protein oxidation. Acute health effects reported included appetite suppression, reduced diastolic blood pressure, improvements in glycaemia, insulinaemia and satiety effect. These metabolic effects are mainly short lived and not enough for a health claim. Longer term studies or comparison of those who consume and those who do not are needed. The incorporation of plant-based functional ingredients in bread could enhance the health-promoting effects of bread.
On the Electric Contact Resistance
Authors: Persson B. N. J.
Published: July 2022

When an electric current flow across an interface between two contacting solids a change in the electric potential occur over the interface. One part of the electric contact resistance is due to the constrictions at asperity contact regions. Barber has shown that the constriction resistance can be related to the interfacial contact stiffness. I discuss the relation between the classical (approximate) Holm theory for the constriction resistance and the (exact) theory involving the contact stiffness.

Graphical Abstract
Anticancer Drugs Gemcitabine, Letrozole, and Tamoxifen in Municipal Wastewater and Their Photodegradation in Laboratory-Scale UV Experiments
Authors: Alitalo Olga-Sofia , Rantalainen Anna-Lea , Pellinen Jukka
Published: July 2022

The occurrence of three anticancer drugs (gemcitabine, letrozole, tamoxifen) was studied in wastewater samples from two local wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Finland. Studied pharmaceuticals were selected, as anticancer drugs are potential to cause adverse effects on organisms even at low concentrations, but they are seldom included in the analysis of emerging contaminants. The concentration of anticancer drugs was determined by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC–MS/MS). Tamoxifen and letrozole were detected from influent samples ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 ng/L, respectively. Letrozole was detected from effluent samples at a concentration up to 2.4 ng/L. Letrozole has been detected in wastewater effluent only once before, at a lower concentration of 0.28 ng/L. Gemcitabine was not detected in any of the samples. UV irradiation is used in many wastewater treatment plants to disinfect the effluent. Such tertiary treatment might degrade also these potentially harmful drugs and, therefore, photodegradation of the chosen pharmaceuticals was studied in laboratory-scale experiments. Tamoxifen showed high degradation rates, 94% in spiked wastewater with UV fluence 4830 mJ/cm2 and 98% in pure water with UV fluence 2520 mJ/cm2, respectively. Letrozole showed the lowest degradation rates of 24% in wastewater and 34% in pure water, respectively. The degradation rate at the fluence level typical for UV disinfection stage of wastewater treatment plants was 37% for tamoxifen but only 5% for letrozole. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report to show the effectiveness of UV irradiation to degrade letrozole.
The Cerebellar Gene Database: a Collective Database of Genes Critical for Cerebellar Development
Authors: Ramirez Miguel , Wu Joshua , Liu Matthew , Wu Derek , Weeden Dave , Goldowitz Daniel
Published: July 2022

This report presents the first comprehensive database that specifically compiles genes critical for cerebellar development and function. The Cerebellar Gene Database details genes that, when perturbed in mouse models, result in a cerebellar phenotype according to available data from both Mouse Genome Informatics and PubMed, as well as references to the corresponding studies for further examination. This database also offers a compilation of human genetic disorders with a cerebellar phenotype and their associated gene information from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. By comparing and contrasting the mouse and human datasets, we observe that only a small proportion of human mutant genes with a cerebellar phenotype have been studied in mouse knockout models. Given the highly conserved nature between mouse and human genomes, this surprising finding highlights how mouse genetic models can be more frequently employed to elucidate human disease etiology. On the other hand, many mouse genes identified in the present study that are known to lead to a cerebellar phenotype when perturbed have not yet been found to be pathogenic in the cerebellum of humans. This database furthers our understanding of human cerebellar disorders with yet-to-be-identified genetic causes. It is our hope that this gene database will serve as an invaluable tool for gathering background information, generating hypotheses, and facilitating translational research endeavors. Moreover, we encourage continual inputs from the research community in making this compilation a living database, one that remains up-to-date with the advances in cerebellar research.
Spatial–temporal prediction model for land cover of the rural–urban continuum axis between Ar-Riyadh and Al-Kharj cities in KSA in the year of 2030 using the integration of CA–Markov model, GIS-MCA, and AHP
Authors: Abdelkarim Ashraf , Alogayell Haya M. , Alkadi Ibtesam I. , Youssef Ismail
Published: July 2022

The spatiotemporal analysis of land use/land cover change and monitoring, modeling, and forecasting the future of land uses are considered challenges facing planners and decision-makers in developing countries. These challenges are increased in neighborhood areas surrounding large cities, which are known as the “rural–urban continuum”. These areas have become the preferred areas for resettlement for most urban residents. The objectives of the present study were to (1) monitor the land cover change in the rural–urban continuum axis between the Ar-Riyadh and Al-Kharj cities during the period 1988–2020, (2) simulate the future growth of land cover up to the year 2030 using the Cellular Automated Markov Model (CA-Markov), and (3) improve the ability of CA-Markov to predict the future by integrating multi-criteria analysis based on geographic information systems (GIS-MCA) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. The results of the study revealed large changes in the land cover in the rural–urban continuum axis between the Ar-Riyadh and Al-Kharj cities. About 60 km2 of agricultural land has been lost, with an average annual decrease of 2 km2. The industrial and urban areas were increased with growth rate of 4%. There were five categories of spatial suitability, ranging between 32 and 86%, and 70% or higher is the recommended percentage for future land uses. The industrial use was the most likely land use in 2030, as it recorded an increase of 27.1 km2 over the year 2020.
Occurrence of Second Oral Potentially Malignant Disorder following Excision of Primary Lesion: A Prospective Study of Cases from a Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Kudva Adarsh , Kumar Mathangi , John Evit Rajan , Dhara Vasantha
Published: July 2022

Background

Early diagnosis and timely management of potentially malignant oral disorders may prevent malignant transformation and prompt diagnosis of frank malignancies favours better prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of surgical management of oral potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and observe the prevalence of recurrence at the primary site and occurrence of another potentially malignant lesion in these patients.

Methods

The study participants included patients who had undergone clinical oral examination, surgical excision of biopsy-proven cases of dysplastic oral potentially malignant disorders (leukoplakia, erythroplakia, non-healing ulcerative and erosive areas, etc.) who were on routine follow-up as per the standard guidelines. These patients were followed up closely during each monthly follow-up visit for the first year. The patients were then prospectively analysed for any recurrence of lesion. On follow-up visits, detailed clinical oral examination was done to note the prevalence of a new lesion in any oral cavity sub site other than the previous site. If a new lesion was detected, then biopsy followed by surgical excision was followed as per standard guidelines. The follow-up period after the second surgical intervention was 12 months.

Results

Fifty patients with potentially malignant oral disorders underwent surgical excision. The majority of the study subjects were males (39/50) and 41 of them were below 65 years of age. Of 50 patients, 13 (26%) had second oral potentially malignant lesion other than the primary site. The rate of recurrence of the lesions at the primary site was 4% (2/50). Of these patients with recurrence, all had malignant transformation (2/2). Also, patients who were initially diagnosed with moderate dysplasia had a higher chance of recurrence. A second lesion at a site different from the primary lesion was seen in 26% of the cases.

Conclusion

Surgical management of such lesions with one-centimetre oncological margins in all dimensions contrary to the routine five millimetre surgical margins reduces the chance of recurrence.
Schulbezogene Programme zum Umgang mit Hatespeech – Eine kriteriengeleitete Bestandsaufnahme
Authors: Seemann-Herz Lisanne , Kansok-Dusche Julia , Dix Alexandra , Wachs Sebastian , Krause Norman , Ballaschk Cindy , Schulze-Reichelt Friederike , Bilz Ludwig
Published: July 2022

Der vorliegende Beitrag informiert über 14 deutschsprachige Programme zur Prävention und Intervention bei Hatespeech unter Kindern und Jugendlichen (Jahrgangsstufen 5–12). Inhalte und Durchführungsmodalitäten der Programme sowie Ergebnisse einer kriteriengeleiteten Qualitätseinschätzung anhand von fünf Kriterien werden im Hinblick auf deren Anwendung in der schulischen Praxis beschrieben und erörtert. Der Überblick über Schwerpunkte, Stärken und Entwicklungspotentiale schulbezogener Hatespeech-Programme ermöglicht Leser*innen eine informierte Entscheidung über den Einsatz der Programme in der Schule sowie in der offenen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit.
Ultrafast Laser Texturing of Stainless Steel in Water and Air Environment
Authors: Piccolo Leonardo , Wang Zibo , Lucchetta Giovanni , Shen Mengyan , Masato Davide
Published: July 2022

Ultrafast laser texturing allows the generation of micro- and nanostructures on steel substrates. Laser-ablated textures show a wide range of structure geometries, from the micro to the nanoscale, which can enable plastic product functionalization. Polymer processing technologies are used to replicate mold textures on a large manufacturing scale. To enable new product functionalities, developing novel texture geometries is critical. The laser-ablated texture dimensions are primarily linked to the laser light properties, such as the laser wavelength, thus limiting the achievable structure shapes. This work uses ultrafast laser to manufacture textures in air and water environments. The effect of the different mediums on structures formation is characterized. The irradiation is performed over a wide range of fluence values. The texture geometry and characteristics are evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. For decreasing fluence values, the structures transitioned from micro bumps, to LIPSS, to nanostructures, regardless of the irradiation environment. Conversely, structure morphology is affected by the irradiation environment. The LIPSS pitch is lower for the underwater environment due to the change in the laser angle of incidence, which changes with the refraction index ratio of the air and water. A novel nano-lamellae texture was generated when irradiating the steel surface underwater at relatively low fluence. The dynamics of different LIPSS generations are discussed, considering the irradiation medium’s optical, thermal, and physical properties.
Combined experimental and simulative approach for friction loss optimization of DLC coated piston rings
Authors: Götze Andreas , Jaitner Dirk
Published: July 2022

Piston rings cause significant friction losses within internal combustion engines. Especially the first compression ring, which is pressed onto the liner by high cylinder pressure, contributes significantly to the total friction loss of the piston assembly. The tribological behavior of the oil scraper ring is mainly related to the pretensioning force and can lead to high losses even at low and idle speed. Due to this, there is always a markable risk of wear for the contact surfaces of the piston rings and the cylinder. “Diamond-like carbon” coatings on the surface of the piston rings can prevent wear and are able to reduce friction in the ring-liner-contact. The purpose of this work was to investigate the tribological benefit of this coating-system on the compression and oil scraper ring. Experimental studies were carried out on a fired single-cylinder engine using the Indicated Instantaneous Mean Effective Pressure-method (IIMEP) for the crank angle-resolved detection of the piston assembly’s friction force. To be able to determine the component-related fractions of the friction loss and to quantify the hydrodynamic and asperity related parts locally and time dependent, an EHD/MBS model of the engine was created in AVL EXCITE and a simulative investigation was performed. This simulation was validated by the experimental work and provided detailed information about the individual contact conditions and gap height of each tribological contact of the piston group. The combined approach of measurement and simulation enabled the prediction of tribological aspects and performance in parameter studies on a virtual engine test bed.
Influence of ZnO Particle Size and Soil Characteristics on the Estimation of Long-Term Zn Bioavailability by Chemical Extraction Methods and Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films (DGT)
Authors: Almendros Patricia , González Demetrio , Ibañez Miguel A. , Smolders Erik , Fernández María Dolores , García-Gomez Concepción , Obrador Ana
Published: July 2022

The aim of this paper is to explore whether the long-term bioavailability of Zn in different soils can be predicted using operational extraction procedures. Green peas and beetroot were grown in two soils with contrasting physicochemical characteristics. Two Zn sources of different sizes (ZnO-nano or ZnO-bulk) were applied 1 year earlier, at different Zn application rates. The amounts of available Zn were assessed using the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique and different chemical extraction procedures: water-soluble (WS), CaCl2, rhizosphere-based low-molecular-weight organic acid (LMWOAs), DTPA-TEA, and NH4Ac. The different correlation and regression studies showed that the estimation of availability is dependent on the soil categorical variable, especially in the beetroot crop. Zn-DGT could be used to estimate the Zn concentration of the aerial part of the green pea using a general model for both soil and ZnO sizes. The estimation of long-term Zn bioavailability was successful using either medium-strength extractive solutions or the DGT technique. The extraction methods involving complexing agents or buffered salt solution overestimated the amount of bioavailable Zn in calcareous soil. Further studies will be necessary to know the amounts of Zn associated with the different soil fractions.

Graphical abstract
The rhythm of the night: patterns of activity of the European wildcat in the Italian peninsula
Authors: Lazzeri Lorenzo , Fazzi Paola , Lucchesi Marco , Mori Emiliano , Velli Edoardo , Cappai Nadia , Ciuti Francesca , Ferretti Francesco , Fonda Federica , Paniccia Chiara , Pavanello Marco , Pecorella Stefano , Sangiuliano Alberto , Sforzi Andrea , Siclari Antonino , Spada Arianna
Published: July 2022

The European wildcat is a threatened carnivore, whose ecology is still scarcely studied, especially in Mediterranean areas. In this study, we estimated activity rhythm patterns of this felid, by means of camera-trapping at three spatial scales: (i) whole country (Italy); (ii) biogeographical areas; (iii) latitudinal zones. The activity rhythms patterns were also calculated according to temporal scales: (1) warm semester; (2) cold semester and (3) seasonal scales. Lastly, we also tested whether the effect of moon phases affected the wildcat activity. We conducted the analysis on a total of 975 independent events collected in 2009–2021, from 285 locations, in ~ 65,800 camera days. We showed that the wildcat in Italy exhibits a > 70% nocturnal behaviour, with 20% of diurnal activity, at all spatial scales, and throughout the whole year, with peaks at 10.00 p.m. and 04.00 a.m. We observed a high overlap of wildcat activity rhythms between different biogeographical and latitudinal zones. The wildcat was mainly active on the darkest nights, reducing its activity in bright moonlight nights. Diurnal activity was greater in the warm months and decreased with the distance from shrubs and woodlands, most likely according to activity rhythms of its main prey, water presence in summer, the care of offspring and the availability of shelter sites. Conversely, the distance to paved roads seems to have no significant effects on diurnal activity, suggesting that, in presence of natural shelters, the wildcat probably may tolerate these infrastructures. We suggested limited plasticity in activity rhythm patterns of the wildcat, emphasizing the importance of dark hours for this species.
Atlas VPM: two decades informing on unwarranted variations in health care in Spain
Authors: Angulo-Pueyo Ester , Comendeiro-Maaløe Micaela , Estupiñán-Romero Francisco , Martínez-Lizaga Natalia , Ridao-López Manuel , González-Galindo Javier , Launa-Garcés Ramón , Seral-Rodríguez Miriam , Bernal-Delgado Enrique ,   on behalf of Atlas VPM group, Goicoechea Salazar J. A. , Cantó Casasola V. D. , Falcón Alloza I. , Muñoyerro Muñiz M. D. , Margolles Martins M. J. , Sánchez Janáriz H. , Trujillo Alemán S. , Tristancho Ajamil R. , Suarez Rodríguez G. , Estupiñán Ramirez M. , Romero Ruiz G. , Navarro Córdoba M. M. , Muñoz Ortiz L. , Espallargues M. , Oliva G. , Monsalve Torrón R. , Pacheco Martínez M. C. , Pastrana Ara F. , Pérez Boillos M. J. , García Colmenero C. , Verde López C. , Vázquez Mourelle R. , Sanguino R. , Castelao M. C. , Vacas P. , Castaño Riera E. J. , Muñoz Alonso Y. , Zaforteza Dezcallar M. , Carandell Jäger E. , Pujol Buades A. , Medina iBombardó D. , Sáenz Ortiz P. , Cestafé A. , Riera Sanz F. , Oliva Pérez J. C. , Celada R. , Sánchez Prieto F. L. , Palomar Rodríguez J. , García R. , Gorricho J. , Iragui M. , Ibáñez-Beroiz B. , Librero-López J. , Millán Ortuondo E. , Garmendia Navarro I. , Goretty Escobar T. , Jiménez C. , Calabuig J. , Sotoca R. , Peiró Moreno S. , Hurtado I.
Published: July 2022

Since the early 2000’s, the Atlas of Variations in Medical Practice in the Spanish National Health System (namely, Atlas VPM) has been analysing and informing unwarranted variations in health care provision and outcomes in the Spanish Health System.

Atlas VPM covers a two-fold perspective: a geographic one, where unwarranted variations would reflect the uneven exposure of the population to health care as a consequence of the place of residence; and, a provider-specific approach, where unwarranted variations would reflect differences in utilisation and outcomes that are at provider-level.

Building on routine data (hospital and primary care electronic records, administrative data, geographic information, etc.) Atlas VPM has adapted the classical small area methods and has included a large panoply of techniques, such as Bayesian methods, hierarchical modelling or time-series forecasting.

Led by the Data Science for Health Services and Policy Research group at the Institute for Health Sciences in Aragon, Atlas VPM implies a linkage and exchange process with the 17 Departments of Health of the Spanish regions where the research agenda is shared and research outcomes are translated into profiling and benchmarking interactive tools meant to facilitate clinical and policy decision-making.
A Novel Antipathogenic Agent for Nonwoven Fabric
Authors: Simpson Sydney , McMinn Chelsey , Van Mondfrans Sherry M. , Hendry Jackson , Ronayne Sean , Dewhurst Stephen , Feng Changyong , Bal B. Sonny , Bock Ryan M. , McEntire Bryan J.
Published: July 2022

Medical-grade masks and N95 respirators containing non-woven fibers are designed to prevent the spread of airborne diseases. While they effectively trap respiratory droplets and aerosols, they cannot lyse entrapped pathogens. Embedded antimicrobial agents such as silver, copper, zinc, iodine, peptides, quaternary ammonium salts, or nanoparticles have been used to overcome this limitation. However, their effectiveness remains debatable because these materials can be toxins, allergens, irritants, and environmental hazards. Recently, silicon nitride (Si3N4) was found to be a potent antipathogenic compound, and it may be an ideal agent for masks. In powder or solid form, it is highly effective in inactivating bacteria, fungi, and viruses while leaving mammalian tissue unaffected. The purpose of this study was to serially assess the antiviral efficacy of Si3N4 against SARS-CoV-2 using powders, solids, and embedded nonwoven fabrics. Si3N4 powders and solids were prepared using conventional ceramic processing. The “pad-dry-cure” method was used to embed Si3N4 particles into polypropylene fibers. Fabric testing was subsequently conducted using industrial standards—ISO 18184 for antiviral effectiveness, ASTM F2299 and EN 13274-7 for filtration efficiency, EN 14683 for differential pressure drop, and ISO 18562-2 for particle shedding. A modification of ISO 18562-3 was also employed to detect ammonia release from the fabric. Antiviral effectiveness for Si3N4 powders, solids, and embedded fabrics were 99.99% at ≤ 5 min, ~ 93% in 24 h, and 87% to 92% in 120 min, respectively. Results of the standard mask tests were generally within prescribed safety limits. Further process optimization may lead to commercial Si3N4-based masks that not only “catch” but also “kill” pathogenic microbes.
Rotavirus and Norovirus Infections in Children Under 5 Years Old with Acute Gastroenteritis in Southwestern China, 2018–2020
Authors: Yang Longyu , Shi Shulan , Na Chen , Li Bai , Zhao Zhimei , Yang Tao , Yao Yufeng
Published: July 2022

Objective

Rotaviruses and noroviruses are important causes of acute gastroenteritis in children. While previous studies in China have mainly focused on rotavirus, we investigated the incidence of norovirus in addition to rotavirus in Southwestern China.

Methods

From January 2018 to December 2020, cases of rotavirus or norovirus infections among children under five ages with acute gastroenteritis were evaluated retrospectively.

Results

The detection rate of rotavirus was 24.5% (27,237/111,070) and norovirus was 26.1% (4649/17,797). Among 17,113 cases submitted for dual testing of both rotavirus and norovirus, mixed rotavirus/norovirus infections were detected in 5.0% (859/17,113) of cases. While there was no difference in norovirus incidence in outpatient compared to hospitalized cases, rotavirus was detected two times more in outpatients compared to hospitalized cases (26.6% vs.13.6%; P < 0.001). Both rotavirus and norovirus infections peaked in children aged 12–18 months seeking medical care with acute gastroenteritis (35.6% rotavirus cases; 8439/23,728 and 32.5% norovirus cases; 1660/5107). Rotavirus infections were frequent between December and March of each year while norovirus was detected earlier from October to December. Our results showed significant correlation between virus detection and environmental factors such as average monthly temperature but not relative humidity. In addition, we observed a reduction in the detection rates of rotavirus and norovirus at the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that rotavirus and norovirus are still important viral agents in pediatric acute gastroenteritis in Southwestern China.