bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When Wanting the Best Goes Right or Wrong: Distinguishing Between Adaptive and Maladaptive Maximization
Authors: Hughes Jeffrey , Scholer Abigail
Published: July 2018

Researchers have often disagreed on how to define maximization, leading to conflicting conclusions about its potential benefits or drawbacks. Drawing from motivation research, we distinguish between the goals (i.e., wanting the best) and strategies (e.g., alternative search) associated with maximizing. Three studies illustrate how this differentiation offers insight into when maximizers do or do not experience affective costs when making decisions. In Study 1, we show that two motivational orientations, promotion focus and assessment mode, are both associated with the goal of wanting the best, yet assessment (not promotion) is related to the use of alternative search strategies. In Study 2, we demonstrate that alternative search strategies are associated with frustration on a discrete decision task. In Study 3, we provide evidence that one reason for this link may be due to reconsideration of previously dismissed options. We discuss the potential of this approach to integrate research in this area.
The (Ab)Normal-Social-Personality Catena: Exploring The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology During the Interwar Years
Authors: Davidson Ian James
Published: July 2018

This paper is a co-citation network analysis of The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (JASP) from 1925 to 1942. The analysis was conducted to help shed light on the historical roots of the intellectual and institutional relationships between social, personality, and abnormal psychology. JASP was a main venue for the boundary work of early-to-mid twentieth-century American psychologists. One of the main goals of these various research communities was to appropriate psychoanalytic and sociological concepts into preferred methods and approaches that favoured an individualistic, quantifiable, and normal subject. Five major research communities are identified and historically contextualized: Community #1: Measuring Social Aspects; Community #2: Psychometrics; Community #3: Operationalizing Psychoanalysis; Community #4: Introversion Studies; and Community #5: Experimental Social Psychology. This analysis demonstrates how disciplinary psychologists, at least within JASP, were united by the work of delimiting their work from closely aligned fields studying the same concepts--even if their methodological commitments to experimentalism or psychological testing might have ostensibly divided them. Possible future research incorporating post-WWII research and dynamic networking approaches is recommended.
Temporal change in pronoun use and its application to cultural psychology: the case of the Russian language in the 20th century
Authors: Borysenko Leonid
Published: July 2018

Pronouns have been linked to such an important dimension for comparing cultures as individualism and collectivism. I studied changes in pronoun use in the Google Books ngram database of Russian books published in 1900-2000. The frequency of all personal and possessive pronouns (in total 114 words, including 28 in the old, pre-1918 orthography) was retrieved. The results show that between 1900 and 2000 all pronouns decreased in use, except for third person plural pronouns; and significant fluctuations are observed during this period. Despite a century-long decrease, the period from 1960 is characterized by an increase in use for all pronouns. These results are in agreement with findings on other languages and also indicate a trend toward greater individualism.
Contextual moderators of the link between national and European identity among European youth
Authors: Jugert Philipp , Serek Jan
Published: July 2018

Identification with Europe can constitute an important part of psychological citizenship for European citizens. From a self-categorization perspective, higher-order (e.g., with Europe) and lower order subgroup identities (e.g., with the nation) may interfere with each other if they are seen as incompatible. We were interested in contextual moderators at school and country level of youth' national identity on identification with Europe. We used multi-level regression analyses based on data from the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS, 2009). Results showed strong positive effects of national identity at the individual, and classroom-level on European identity. However, main effects of national identity at the individual level were qualified by number of interactions with contextual-level measures of trust in the EU and indicators of social and economic inequality. Results point to the powerful effects of context in shaping the relationship between national and European identity.
Intergroup dissimilarity predicts physiological synchrony and affiliation in intergroup interaction
Authors: Danyluck Chad M , Page-Gould Elizabeth
Published: July 2018

Interpersonal similarity attracts. In intergroup contexts, however, similarity between groups potentiates bias. The current study examined whether intergroup similarity versus dissimilarity engenders cross-group friendship formation. We used an essay-writing paradigm to manipulate perceived intergroup similarity or dissimilarity between the ethnic groups of participants prior to a dyadic interaction that involved a competitive party game. During the interaction, we continuously recorded physiological and behavioral responses from both participants. We used the physiological responses to derive a measure of physiological synchrony: the mutual activation of partners’ sympathetic nervous systems. People primed with dissimilarity, not similarity, experienced physiological synchrony with their partner. Moreover, the partners of people primed with dissimilarity acted more affiliative than the partners of people primed with similarity, which in turn predicted friendship initiation by participants. We discuss the seemingly counter-intuitive value of emphasizing differences between groups to foster positive intergroup relations.
Personal reputation and the organization.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

Drawing from fields such as marketing psychology, strategy, social psychology, and organizational behavior, the present examination explores the individual and organizational bases for personal reputation; specifically, how different bases interact with one another to produce an individual’s reputation within organizations. It is proposed that individuals use personal reputations to satisfy their need for positive self-esteem as well as to secure their sense of belonging in organizations. Furthermore, reputation allows individuals to obtain rewards such as autonomy, power, and career success and the opportunity to signal key information to audiences. Likewise, organizations utilize personal reputations to predict their members’ behaviors, market those who are a part of the organization to others, build their own corporate reputations, and signal information to consumers and competitors. To further this understanding of personal reputation an examination is presented as to how organizations serve as an essential context within which individuals realize their personal reputations and regulate their behavior.
Introduction to Bayesian Inference for Psychology
Authors: Etz Alexander , Vandekerckhove Joachim
Published: July 2018

We introduce the fundamental tenets of Bayesian inference, which derive from two basic laws of probability theory. We cover the interpretation of probabilities, discrete and continuous versions of Bayes' rule, parameter estimation, and model comparison. Using seven worked examples, we illustrate these principles and set up some of the technical background for the rest of this special issue of Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. Supplemental material is available via https://osf.io/wskex/.
Structured semantic knowledge can emerge automatically from predicting word sequences in child-directed speech
Authors: Huebner Philip , Willits Jon
Published: July 2018

Previous research has suggested that distributional learning mechanisms may contribute to the acquisition of semantic knowledge. However, distributional learning mechanisms, statistical learning, and contemporary “deep learning” approaches have been criticized for being incapable of learning the kind of abstract and structured knowledge that many think is required for acquisition of semantic knowledge. In this paper, we show that recurrent neural networks, trained on noisy naturalistic speech to children, do in fact learn what appears to be abstract and structured knowledge. We trained two types of recurrent neural networks (Simple Recurrent Network, and Long Short-Term Memory) to predict word sequences in a 5-million-word corpus of speech directed to children ages 0 to 3 years old, and assessed what semantic knowledge they acquired. We found that learned internal representations are encoding various abstract grammatical and semantic features that are useful for predicting word sequences. Assessing the organization of semantic knowledge in terms of the similarity structure, we found evidence of emergent categorical and hierarchical structure in both models. We found that the LSTM and SRN are both learning very similar kinds of representations, but the LSTM achieved higher levels of performance on a quantitative evaluation. We also trained a non-recurrent neural network, Skip-gram, on the same input to compare our results to the state-of-the-art in machine learning. We found that Skip-gram achieves relatively similar performance to the LSTM, but is representing words more in terms of thematic compared to taxonomic relations, and we provide reasons why this might be the case. Our findings show that a learning system that derives abstract, distributed representations for the purpose of predicting sequential dependencies in naturalistic language may provide insight into emergence of many properties of the developing semantic system.
More Similar than Different: Gender Differences in Basic Numeracy are the Exception not the Rule
Authors: Hutchison Jane , Lyons Ian M. , Ansari Daniel
Published: July 2018

This study investigates gender differences in children on the basic numerical skills that are predictive of math achievement. Previous research in this area is inconsistent and has relied upon traditional hypothesis testing, which does not allow for assertive conclusions to be made regarding non-significant findings. This study is the first to compare male and female performance (N =1391; ages 6-13) on many basic numerical tasks using both Bayesian and frequentist analyses. The results provide strong evidence of gender similarities on the majority of basic numerical tasks measured, suggesting that a male advantage in foundational numerical skills is the exception rather than the rule.
Heuristics as Bayesian inference under extreme priors
Authors: Parpart Paula , Jones Matthew , Love Bradley C.
Published: July 2018

Simple heuristics are often regarded as tractable decision strategies because they ignore a great deal of information in the input data. One puzzle is why heuristics can outperform full-information models, such as linear regression, which make full use of the available information. These "less-is-more'' effects, in which a relatively simpler model outperforms a more complex model, are prevalent throughout cognitive science, and are frequently argued to demonstrate an inherent advantage of simplifying computation or ignoring information. In contrast, we show at the computational level (where algorithmic restrictions are set aside) that it is never optimal to discard information. Through a formal Bayesian analysis, we prove that popular heuristics, such as tallying and Take-the Best, are formally equivalent to Bayesian inference under the limit of infinitely strong priors. Varying the strength of the prior yields a continuum of Bayesian models with the heuristics at one end and ordinary regression at the other. Critically, intermediate models perform better across all our simulations, suggesting that down-weighting information with the appropriate prior is preferable to entirely ignoring it. Rather than because of their simplicity, our analyses suggest heuristics perform well because they implement strong priors that approximate the actual structure of the environment. We end by considering how new heuristics could be derived by infinitely strengthening the priors of other Bayesian models. These formal results have implications for work in psychology, machine learning and economics.
The influence of subjective sleep quality on the association between eveningness and depressive symptoms.
Authors: Horne Charlotte Mary , Norbury Ray
Published: July 2018

Increasing evidence suggests that eveningness is associated with increased risk for depression. Eveningness, however, is also associated with poor sleep quality and the unique role of eveningness in depressive symptomatology remains to be elucidated. The goal of the current study, therefore, was to examine the inter-relationships between eveningness, subjective sleep quality and depressive symptoms in healthy participants free of current or previous depression and sleep disorder. Here, 167 healthy participants (mean age 24.16, 129/38 females/males) completed the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Bootstrap mediation analysis for a simple mediation model including rMEQ, PSQI and CES-D was applied. Eveningness was associated with increased depressive symptoms and mediation analysis showed that this relationship was partly mediated by sleep quality. Our results suggest that indicators of depression observed in evening-type individuals cannot be attributed exclusively to disturbed sleep. We suggest that interventions that target both sleep quality and dysfunctionl cognitive styles would be optimal to promote well-being in evening-type individuals.
From Groups to Grits: Social Identity Shapes Evaluations of Food Pleasantness
Authors: Hackel Leor M , Wohl Michael Jeremy Adam , Coppin Geraldine , Van Bavel Jay Joseph
Published: July 2018

Throughout human history, food consumption has been deeply tied to cultural groups. Past models of food preference have assumed that social concerns are dissociated from basic appetitive qualities—such as tastiness—in food choice. Providing a counter to this notion, we tested and found support for the novel idea that social identities can shape the evaluation of food pleasantness. Specifically, individual differences in social identification (Study 1) as well as experimentally manipulated identity salience (Study 2) were associated with the anticipated tastiness of identity-relevant foods. We also found that identity salience influenced perceived food pleasantness during consumption (Study 3). These results suggest social identity may shape evaluations of food pleasantness, both through long-term motivational components of identification as well as short-term identity salience. Thus, the influence of social identity on cognition appears to extend beyond social evaluation, to hedonic experience. We discuss implications for theories of identity, decision-making, and food consumption.
But for the Bad, There Would not be Good: Grounding Valence in Brightness through Shared Relational Structures
Authors: Lakens Daniel
Published: July 2018

Light and dark are used pervasively to represent positive and negative concepts. Recent studies suggest that black and white stimuli are automatically associated with negativity and positivity. However, structural factors in experimental designs, such as the shared opposition in the valence (good vs. bad) and brightness (light vs. dark) dimensions might play an important role in the valence-brightness association. In six experiments, we show that while black ideographs are consistently judged to represent negative words, white ideographs represent positivity only when the negativity of black is co-activated. The positivity of white emerged only when brightness and valence were manipulated within participants (but not between participants), or when the negativity of black was perceptually activated by presenting positive and white stimuli against a black (vs. grey) background. These findings add to an emerging literature on how structural overlap between dimensions creates associations, and highlight the inherently contextualized construction of meaning structures.
Does glass shape influence the pouring accuracy of liquid volume?
Authors: Troy David , Attwood Angela Suzanne , Maynard Olivia M , Scott-Samuel Nicholas E. , Hickman Matthew , Woods Andy , Munafo Marcus Robert
Published: July 2018

Background and Aims: The shape of glassware may exacerbate or counteract biases in perceived volume, which may lead people to misjudge the pouring of alcoholic drinks. The aim of these studies was to investigate the effect of glass shape on the pouring accuracy of liquid volume. Methods: In Study 1, using an online computerised task, participants (n = 211) were asked to pour liquid in glasses in a within-subjects design with factors of glass shape (straight, curved) and requested percentage fullness (10, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90%). Curve estimations were carried out to determine if errors followed a linear or non-linear relationship. In Study 2, participants (n = 96) were asked to pour water to the midpoint of pint glasses in a within-subjects design with one factor of glass shape (straight, curved, tulip, inverted). Differences between poured amounts were analysed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA.Results: In Study 1, participants under-poured in curved glasses compared to straight glasses at all requested amounts. In Study 2, participants under-poured in curved (p < 0.001, dz = 1.51) and tulip (p < 0.001, dz = 0.59) glasses compared to straight glasses. Findings were inconclusive as to whether or not a difference was present between pourings in inverted and straight glasses. Participants displayed a tendency to under-pour in all glasses relative to requested amounts in both studies.Conclusions: The shape of glassware appears to influence the pouring accuracy of liquid. Pouring in tulip and curved glasses was more inaccurate compared to straight glasses, possibly due to the height of liquid within the glass and volume changing in a non-linear relationship. Glassware that promotes more accurate pouring may lead to slower alcohol consumption.
Cues to intention bias action perception toward the most efficient trajectory.
Authors: McDonough Katrina L , Hudson Matthew , Bach Patric
Published: July 2018

Humans interpret others’ behaviour as intentional and goal-directed, expecting others to take the most energy-efficient path to achieve their goals. Recent studies have shown that these expectations of efficient action provide a perceptual prediction of an ideal efficient trajectory, against which the observed action is evaluated, resulting in a distorted perceptual representation of unexpected inefficient actions. Here we show that these predictions rely on the inferred intentionality of the stimulus. Participants observed an actor reach for an object with a straight or arched trajectory. The actions were made efficient or inefficient by adding or removing an obstructing object. The action disappeared mid-trajectory and participants reported the last seen position of the hand on a touch screen. Replicating previous research, judgments of inefficient actions were biased toward the efficient prediction (straight trajectories upward to avoid the obstruction, arched trajectories downward towards the target) In two further experiments, we removed intentional cues by replacing the hand with a non-agentive ball (Exp 2), and by removing the biological profile of the motion by depicting it move at a constant speed (Exp 3). Perceptual biases were substantially reduced when intentional cues were removed. Predictions of efficient action are at least partially perceptually represented and influence perceptual judgments of others actions, biasing them towards these expectations. These predictions emerge from attributions of intentionality to the observed actor, triggered by the perception of agency and kinematics that follow biological motion profiles.
The structure of influence tactics: a cartoon-based measurement system derived from the theater concept of dramatic action
Authors: Liron Yuvalal , Raindel Noa , Alon Uri
Published: July 2018

People use behavioral tactics during social interactions to influence others toward a specific goal or effect. Understanding these social interactions that transpire on a second-by-second time scale requires concepts that can describe these tactics. Existing approaches to describe social interactions consider emotional states or use ad-hoc descriptors for microanalysis of interactions. Such descriptors are different in each context thereby limiting comparisons, and can also mix facets of meaning such as emotional states, short term tactics and long-term goals. To develop a systematic set of concepts for second-by-second social interactions, we suggest a complementary approach based on practices employed in theater. Theater uses the concept of dramatic action, the effort that one makes to change the psychological state of another. Unlike states (e.g. emotions), dramatic actions aim to change states; unlike long-term goals or motivations, dramatic actions can last seconds. We defined a set of 22 basic dramatic action verbs using a lexical approach, such as ‘to threaten’ – the effort to incite fear, and ‘to encourage’ – the effort to inspire hope or confidence. We then developed a set of visual cartoon stimuli for these basic dramatic actions, and find that people can reliably and reproducibly assign dramatic action verbs to these stimuli. We show that each dramatic action can be carried out with different emotions, proving that the two constructs are distinct. We characterized a principal valence axis of dramatic actions. Finally, we re-analyzed three widely used interaction coding systems in terms of dramatic actions, to suggest that dramatic actions might serve as a common vocabulary across research contexts. This study supplies a key ingredient to analyze the elements of behavior in social interactions.
Little race or gender bias in an experiment of initial review of NIH R01 grant proposals
Authors: Forscher Patrick S. , Cox William Taylor Laimaka , Brauer Markus , Devine Patricia G.
Published: July 2018

Many granting agencies allow reviewers to know the identity of a proposal’s Principal Investigator (PI), which opens the possibility that reviewers discriminate on the basis of PI race and gender. We investigated this experimentally with 48 NIH R01 grant proposals, representing a broad spectrum of NIH-funded science. We modified PI names to create separate White male, White female, Black male, and Black female versions of each proposal, and 412 scientists each submitted initial reviews for three proposals. We find little to no race or gender bias in initial R01 evaluations, and additionally find that any bias that might have been present must be negligible in size. This conclusion was robust to a wide array of statistical model specifications. Pragmatically important bias may be present in other aspects of the granting process, but our evidence suggests that it is not present in the initial round of R01 reviews.
Misattribution of Claims: Comment on Payne et al., 2013
Authors: Bar-Anan Yoav , Nosek Brian A.
Published: July 2018

Bar-Anan and Nosek (2012) and Payne et al. (2013) investigated the relationship between awareness and perceived intentions with performance on the Affective Misattribution Procedure (AMP). Payne and colleagues incorrectly described some of Bar-Anan and Nosek’s claims, analysis strategies, and conclusions. This brief comment corrects these errors.
Dispositional Mindfulness in Daily Life: A Naturalistic Observation Study
Authors: Kaplan Deanna M , Raison Charles , Milek Anne , Tackman Allison Mary , Pace Thaddeus , Mehl Matthias R.
Published: July 2018

Mindfulness has seen an extraordinary rise as a scientific construct, yet surprisingly little is known about how it manifests behaviorally in daily life. The present study identifies assumptions regarding how mindfulness relates to behavior and contrasts them against actual behavioral manifestations of trait mindfulness in daily life. Study 1 (N = 427) shows that mindfulness is assumed to relate to emotional positivity, quality social interactions, prosocial orientation and attention to sensory perceptions. In Study 2, 185 participants completed a gold-standard, self-reported mindfulness measure (the FFMQ) and underwent naturalistic observation sampling to assess their daily behaviors. Trait mindfulness was robustly related to a heightened perceptual focus in conversations. However, it was not related to behavioral and speech markers of emotional positivity, quality social interactions, or prosocial orientation. These findings suggest that the subjective and self-reported experience of being mindful in daily life is expressed primarily through sharpened perceptual attention, rather than through other behavioral or social differences. This highlights the need for ecological models of how dispositional mindfulness “works” in daily life, and raises questions about the measurement of mindfulness.
Experimental Design and the Reliability of Priming Effects: Reconsidering the "Train Wreck"
Authors: Rivers Andrew M , Sherman Jeff
Published: July 2018

Failures to replicate high-profile priming effects have raised questions about the reliability of priming phenomena. Studies at the discussion’s center, labeled “social priming,” have been interpreted as a specific indictment of priming that is social in nature. However, “social priming” differs from other priming effects in multiple ways. The present research examines one important difference: whether effects have been demonstrated with within- or between-subjects experimental designs. To examine the significance of this feature, we assess the reliability of four well-known priming effects from the cognitive and social psychological literatures using both between- and within-subjects designs and analyses. All four priming effects are reliable when tested using a within-subjects approach. In contrast, only one priming effect reaches that statistical threshold when using a between-subjects approach. This demonstration serves as a salient illustration of the underappreciated importance of experimental design for statistical power, generally, and for the reliability of priming effects, specifically.
The Message or the Messenger? Inferring Virality and Diffusion Structure from Online Petition Signature Data
Authors: Chan Chi LIng , Lai Justin , Hooi Bryan , Davies Todd
Published: July 2018

Goel et al. (2016) examined diffusion data from Twitter to con- clude that online petitions are shared more virally than other types of content. Their definition of structural virality, which measures the extent to which diffusion follows a broadcast model or is spread person to person (virally), depends on knowing the topology of the diffusion cascade. But often the diffusion structure cannot be observed directly. We examined time-stamped signature data from the Obama White House’s We the People petition platform. We developed measures based on temporal dy- namics that, we argue, can be used to infer diffusion structure as well as the more intrinsic notion of virality sometimes known as infectiousness. These measures indicate that successful petitions are likely to be higher in both intrinsic and structural virality than unsuccessful petitions are. We also investigate threshold effects on petition signing that challenge simple contagion models, and report simulations for a theoretical model that are consistent with our data.
Quantity judgment and the mass-count distinction across languages: Advances, problems, and future directions for research
Authors: Barner David , Bale Alan Clinton
Published: July 2018

We review advances in the experimental study of the mass-count distinction and highlight problems that have emerged. First, we lay out what we see to be the scientific enterprise of studying the syntax and semantics of mass-count distinction, and the assumptions we believe must be made if additional progress is to occur, especially as the empirical facts continue to grow in number and complexity. Second, we discuss the new landscape of cross-linguistic results that has been created by widespread use of the quantity judgment task, and what these results tell us about the nature of the mass-count distinction. Finally, we discuss the relationship between the mass-count distinction and non-linguistic cognition, and in particular the object-substance distinction.
Preprint "Male facial attractiveness, dominance, and health and the interaction between cortisol and testosterone"
Authors: Kordsmeyer Tobias L. , Lohöfener Mareike , Penke Lars
Published: July 2018

Objectives The dual-hormone hypothesis suggests that associations of testosterone (T) with certain behavioral tendencies are stronger when cortisol (C) levels are low simultaneously. A range of studies provided supporting evidence for TxC interaction effects for example on dominance and risk-taking behaviors. However, concerning perceptions of facial characteristics the evidence is mixed, with a recent study reporting a positive association between perceived facial dominance and T among men with higher C.Methods We sought to further examine links of observer-rated facial attractiveness, dominance and health (based on photographs of N = 165 men) with baseline T, competition-induced T reactivity, and their interaction with baseline C.Results There was some evidence that baseline T and the interaction of T reactivity with baseline C positively predicted facial dominance, however these were not robust when including control variables.Conclusions Since no effects were found for attractiveness and health, our results suggest that associations of perceived facial characteristics with baseline T, T reactivity and their interactions with baseline C are rather weak.
Congruency effects on recognition memory: A context effect
Authors: Rosner Tamara M , Milliken Bruce
Published: July 2018

Two recent studies have reported that incongruent selective attention items are better remembered than congruent items on a surprise recognition memory test (Krebs, Boehler, De Belder, & Egner, 2013; Rosner, D’Angelo, MacLellan, & Milliken, 2014). These findings suggest that an increased need for cognitive control may trigger encoding mechanisms at the time of study that result in better recognition of those items at test, a form of the desirable difficulty effect (Bjork, 1994). The experiments in the present paper demonstrate that this effect can depend on whether differences in selective attention difficulty are blocked or intermixed at the time of encoding. These results suggest that additional encoding time itself does not invariably result in better recognition for more difficult selective attention items. Instead, the dependence of recognition memory on encoding difficulty appears to reflect a context-sensitive control response to encoding difficulty.
Effect of response format on cognitive reflection: Validating a two- and four-option multiple choice question version of the Cognitive Reflection Test
Authors: Sirota Miroslav , Juanchich Marie
Published: July 2018

The Cognitive Reflection Test, measuring intuition inhibition and cognitive reflection, has become extremely popular since it reliably predicts reasoning performance, decision-making and beliefs. Across studies, the response format of CRT items sometimes differs, assuming construct equivalence of the tests with open-ended vs. multiple choice items (the equivalence hypothesis). Evidence and theoretical reasons, however, suggest that the cognitive processes measured by these response formats and their associated performances might differ (the non-equivalence hypothesis). We tested the two hypotheses experimentally by assessing the performance in tests with different response formats and by comparing their predictive and construct validity. In a between-subjects experiment (n = 452), participants answered an open-ended, a two- or a four-option response format of stem-equivalent CRT items and completed tasks on belief bias, denominator neglect and paranormal beliefs (benchmark indicators of predictive validity) as well as actively open-minded thinking and numeracy (benchmark indicators of construct validity). We found no significant differences between the three response formats in the number of correct responses, the number of intuitive responses (with the exception of the two-option version being higher than the other tests) and in the correlational patterns with the indicators of predictive and construct validity. All three test versions were similarly reliable but the multiple-choice formats were completed more quickly. We speculate that the specific nature of the CRT items helps to build construct equivalence among the different response formats. We recommend using the validated multiple-choice version of the CRT presented here, particularly the four-option CRT, for practical and methodological reasons.
Evaluation of confound regression strategies for the mitigation of micromovement artifact in studies of dynamic resting state functional connectivity and multilayer network modularity
Authors: Lydon-Staley David M. , Ciric Rastko , Satterthwaite Theodore D. , Bassett Danielle S
Published: July 2018

Dynamic functional connectivity reflects the spatiotemporal organization of spontaneous brain activity in health and disease. Dynamic functional connectivity may be susceptible to artifacts induced by participant motion. This report provides a systematic evaluation of 12 commonly-used participant-level confound regression strategies designed to mitigate the effects of micromovements in a sample of 393 youths (ages 8-22 years). Each strategy was evaluated according to a number of benchmarks, including (i) the residual association between participant motion and edge dispersion, (ii) distance-dependent effects of motion on edge dispersion, (iii) the degree to which functional sub-networks could be identified by multilayer-modularity maximization, and (iv) measures of module reconfiguration, including node flexibility and node promiscuity. Results indicate variability in the effectiveness of the evaluated pipelines across benchmarks. Methods that included global signal regression were the most consistently effective de-noising strategies.
The academic outcomes of first-in-family in an Australian university: An exploratory study.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

Although the first-generation and first-in-family status (FIF) of university students has been of intense interest in the USA, it has received very little consideration in Australia. The present research redressed this imbalance by investigating the academic outcomes of FIF undergraduate students at a large, public, Australian university. Undergraduate students (N = 227) who were enrolled in education, nursing and liberal arts degrees completed an online survey. Data are representative of typical gender enrolment patterns for these degrees. In contrast to US research, there was no clear relationship between socioeconomic status and FIF status in this sample. Consistent with US research, FIF students had poorer academic outcomes than non-FIF students. However, this difference was only significant after the first-year of study when students were less likely to receive scaffolded learning support within courses. FIF students were more likely than non-FIF students to seek support from university services. The implications of these results for Australian universities are considered.
What Predicts Stroop Performance? A Conditional Random Forest Approach
Authors: IJzerman Hans , Pollet Thomas Victor , Ebersole Charles R. , Kun David
Published: July 2018

An experimental science relies on solid and replicable results. The last few years have seen a rich discussion on the reliability and validity of psychological science and whether our experimental findings can falsify our existing theoretical models. Yet, concerns have also arisen that this movement may impede new theoretical developments. In this article, we re- analyze the data from a crowdsourced replication project that concluded that lab site did not matter as predictor for Stroop performance, and, therefore, that there were no “hidden moderators” (i.e., context was likely to matter little in predicting the outcome of the Stroop task). The authors challenge this conclusion via a new analytical method– supervised machine learning - that “allows the data to speak.” The authors apply this approach to the results from a Stroop task to illustrate the utility of machine learning and to propose moderators for future (confirmatory) testing. The authors discuss differences with some conclusions of the original article, which variables need to be controlled for in future inhibitory control tasks, and why psychologists can use machine learning to find surprising, yet solid, results in their own data.
Guidelines for Establishing Reliability when Coding Narrative Data
Authors: Syed Moin , Nelson Sarah C.
Published: July 2018

The use of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches has been foundational to research on emerging adulthood, yet there remain many unresolved methodological issues pertaining to how to handle qualitative data. The purpose of this article is to review best practices for coding and establishing reliability when working with narrative data. In doing so, we highlight how establishing reliability must be seen as an evolving process, rather than simply a focus on the end product. The review is divided into three broad sections. In the first section, we discuss relatively more quantitatively-focused methods of coding and establishing reliability, whereas in the second section we discuss relatively more qualitatively-focused methods. In the final section, we provide recommendations for researchers interested in coding narrative and other types of open-ended data. This article is intended to serve as an essential resource for researchers working on a variety of topics related to emerging adulthood and beyond.
Journal Data Sharing Policies and Statistical Reporting Inconsistencies in Psychology
Authors: Nuijten Michele B. , Borghuis Jeroen , Veldkamp Coosje Lisabet Sterre , Alvarez Linda Dominguez , van Assen Marcel A. L. M. , Wicherts Jelte M.
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we present three retrospective observational studies that investigate the relation between data sharing and statistical reporting inconsistencies. Previous research found that reluctance to share data was related to a higher prevalence of statistical errors, often in the direction of statistical significance (Wicherts, Bakker, & Molenaar, 2011). We therefore hypothesized that journal policies about data sharing and data sharing itself would reduce these inconsistencies. In Study 1, we compared the prevalence of reporting inconsistencies in two similar journals on decision making with different data sharing policies. In Study 2, we compared reporting inconsistencies in psychology articles published in PLOS journals (with a data sharing policy) and Frontiers in Psychology (without a stipulated data sharing policy). In Study 3, we looked at papers published in the journal Psychological Science to check whether papers with or without an Open Practice Badge differed in the prevalence of reporting errors. Overall, we found no relationship between data sharing and reporting inconsistencies. We did find that journal policies on data sharing are extremely effective in promoting data sharing. We argue that open data is essential in improving the quality of psychological science, and we discuss ways to detect and reduce reporting inconsistencies in the literature.
Eye-gaze contingent attention training (ECAT): Examining the causal role of attention regulation in reappraisal and rumination
Authors: Lopez Alvaro Sanchez , Everaert Jonas , van Put Jill , de Raedt Rudi , Koster Ernst H. W.
Published: July 2018

This study used a novel eye-gaze contingent attention training (ECAT) to test the prediction that attention regulation is involved in reappraisal and rumination. Sixty-six undergraduates were randomly assigned to either the control or the active training condition of the ECAT. Active ECAT comprised training in allocating attention toward positive words to efficiently create positive interpretations while receiving gaze-contingent feedback. Participants in the control condition freely generated interpretations without receiving gaze-contingent feedback. Active ECAT resulted in: 1) more sustained attention on positive information, in turn predicting greater reappraisal success to down-regulate negative emotions, and 2) larger reductions in state rumination after viewing negative scenes. Our results highlight the importance of considering attention mechanisms in understanding (and treating impaired) emotion regulation processes. These findings provide an important step toward the use of personalized attention training to build resources of resilience.
The influence of university students' stress mindsets on health and performance outcomes
Authors: Keech Jacob J , Hagger Martin S , O'Callaghan Frances , Hamilton Kyra
Published: July 2018

Background: Emerging evidence indicates that holding particular stress mindsets have favorable implications for peoples’ health and performance under stress. Purpose: The aim of the current study was to examine the processes by which implicit and explicit stress mindsets relate to health- and performance-related outcomes. Specifically, we propose a stress beliefs model in which somatic responses to stress and coping behaviors mediate the effect of stress mindsets on outcomes. Methods: Undergraduate university students (N = 218, n = 144 female) aged 17 to 25 years completed measures of stress mindset, physical and psychological wellbeing, perceived stress, somatic responses to stress, proactive behaviors under stress, and an implicit association test assessing an implicit stress mindset. At the end of the semester, students’ academic performance was collected from university records. Results: Path analysis indicated significant indirect effects of stress mindset on psychological wellbeing and perceived stress through proactive coping behaviors and somatic symptoms. Stress mindset directly predicted perceived stress and physical wellbeing, and physical wellbeing and academic performance were predicted by stress mindset through perceived somatic symptoms. Implicit stress mindset did not predict proactive behavior as anticipated. Conclusions: Current findings indicate that behaviors with the goal of proactively meeting demands under stress and perceived somatic symptoms are important mediators of the effect of stress mindset on health- and performance-related outcomes. The findings from this study provide formative data which can inform the development of future interventions aiming to encourage more adaptive responses to stress.
Children’s use of polysemy to structure new word meanings
Authors: Srinivasan Mahesh , Berner Catherine , Rabagliati Hugh
Published: July 2018

It is well-known that children rapidly learn words, following a range of heuristics. What is less well appreciated is that – because most words are polysemous and have multiple meanings (e.g., ‘glass’ can label a material and drinking vessel) – children will often be learning a new meaning for a known word, rather than an entirely new word. Across four experiments we show that children flexibly adapt a well-known heuristic – the shape bias – when learning polysemous words. Consistent with previous studies, we find that children and adults preferentially extend a new object label to other objects of the same shape. But we also find that when a new word for an object (‘a gup’) has previously been used to label the material composing that object (‘some gup’), children and adults override the shape bias, and are more likely to extend the object label by material (Experiments 1 and 3). Further, we find that, just as an older meaning of a polysemous word constrains interpretations of a new word meaning, encountering a new word meaning leads learners to update their interpretations of an older meaning (Experiment 2). Finally, we find that these effects only arise when learners can perceive that a word’s meanings are related, not when they are arbitrarily paired (Experiment 4). Together, these findings show that children can exploit cues from polysemy to infer how new word meanings should be extended, suggesting that polysemy may facilitate word learning and invite children to construe categories in new ways
Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkeys Spontaneously Individuate and Enumerate Small Numbers of Non-Solid Portions
Authors: Wood Justin N. , Hauser Marc D. , Glynn David D. , Barner David
Published: July 2018

Fundamental questions in cognitive science concern the origins and natureof the units that compose visual experience. Here, we investigate thecapacity to individuate and store information about non-solid portions,asking in particular whether free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)quantify portions of a non-solid substance presented in discrete pouringactions. When presented with portions of carrot pieces poured from a cupinto opaque boxes, rhesus picked the box with the greatest number ofportions for comparisons of 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3, and 3 vs. 4, but not forcomparisons of 4 vs. 5 and 3 vs. 6. Additional experiments indicate thatrhesus based their decisions on both the number of portions and the totalamount of food. These results show that the capacity to individuatenon-solid portions is not unique to humans, and does not depend onstructures of natural language. Further, the fact that rhesus’ ability torepresent non-solid portions is constrained by the same 4-item limittypically ascribed to the system of parallel individuation that operatesover solid objects suggests that the visual system recruits common workingmemory processes for retaining information about solid objects andnon-solid portions. We discuss our results with respect to theories ofvisual processing, as well as to the role that the human language facultymay have played in both the evolution and development of quantification.
A Responsiveness-based intervention for female partners of male smokeless tobacco users: Changing supportive behaviors and attitudes in a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Akers Laura , Andrews Judy A. , Severson Herbert H. , Gordon Judith S.
Published: July 2018

Background: Partner support can play an important role in health behavior change, but well-intentioned supportive behaviors can also generate resistance to change. Previous research found that “perceived partner responsiveness” to support is highest when the supporting partner demonstrates respect, understanding, and caring.Purpose: Here we explore the hypothesis that exposure to a responsiveness-based intervention leads to improvements in supportive behaviors and attitudes, in the smokeless tobacco (ST) cessation context.Methods: 1,145 wives/domestic partners of ST users who wanted their male partner to quit tobacco were randomized to intervention or delayed treatment control. Those randomized to intervention received immediate access to the interactive UCare (Understanding, Caring, Respect) website and were mailed a printed booklet. Enrollment began in July 2015 and ended in December 2016. Outcome measures were change from baseline to six-week follow-up in behaviors and attitudes/beliefs related to showing respect, understanding, and caring (responsiveness) in the tobacco cessation context, and change in a measure of instrumental (practical) support, and the relation between these variables and intervention exposure.Results: Changes in the desired direction were observed for the intervention group, as compared to the control group, for the three main outcomes of interest. Effect sizes assessing change were between small and medium. Change in each of the support outcomes was predicted by intervention use.Conclusions: A brief intervention can train individuals to show greater partner responsiveness toward their partner in the tobacco cessation context, increasing their supportive behaviors and improving their attitudes/beliefs about their partner’s tobacco use and the cessation process.