bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Organic Matter Content and Composition as Related to Ley Clipping Management and Fertilization
Authors: Tan K. H. , Edwards J. H. , Beaty E. R. , McCreery R. A.
Published: July 2010

Soil organic matter content' and composition, with particular attention to C/Porg and C/N relationship, were investigated under clipping and fertility treatments applied to Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum, Flugge) grown on a Eustis loamy sand.

The results indicated that soil organic matter accumulation was influenced by the interaction of nitrogen fertilization and clipping management. Nitrogen fertilization alone had some effect, whereas clipping only had no influence on the organic C content of the surface soil. The C/N ratio decreased with depth in the profile with weekly clipping, but remained relatively constant from the surface to 30–40 cm depth with monthly clipping intervals.

The C/Porg ratio in the surface soil increased with increasing N‐fertilization as well as by monthly and 6‐weeks clippings. The effect of interaction of N‐fertilization and clipping frequency on the C/Porg ratio was greater than the influence of clipping frequency or N‐fertilization alone. The C/Porg ratio of the subsoil was unaffected by either.
Some Folists on Whiteface Mountain, New York
Authors: Witty J. E. , Arnold R. W.
Published: July 2010

Relatively shallow, nonsaturated organic soils on Whiteface Mountain in New York have been characterized and classified. These Folists consist of strongly acid O1 and O2 horizons of litter accumulations in varying stages of decomposition overlying bedrock or carpeting fragmental materials at depths commonly ranging from 10 to 75 cm. These soils occur mainly above 760‐m elevation and are relatively pure units on narrow ridge crests and on steep mountain slopes. On less steep slopes these Folists are intimately associated with Spodosols. The main families observed are: dysic Typic Borofolists; dysic, micro‐Typic Borofolists; dysic Lithic Borofolists; dysic, shallow Lithic Borofolists; and dysic, micro Lithic Borofolists. Borofolists are cold Folists with mean annual soil temperature < 8C; the Lithic subgroups have a lithic contact within 1 m of the surface; and the Typic subgroups are underlain by fragmental materials. The shallow family indicates a lithic contact between 18 and 50 cm, whereas the micro family has a solum less than 18 cm thick. All families observed are dysic having a pH < 4.5 measured in neutral salt solution.
Use of Sample Data and Seventh Approximation Criteria in Delineating Areas of Similar Soils
Authors: Mausel P. W. , Runge E. C. A. , Carmer S. G.
Published: July 2010

Soil series data, from the Soil and Water Conservation Needs Inventory 2% sample for a nine county study area in east‐central Illinois, were transformed into Seventh Approximation nomenclature at the order, suborder, great group, and subgroup categories. The dominant and second most dominant classes of soil within each sample area, with an indication of the degree of dominance, were plotted on outline maps. Stream locations were placed on the maps before soil boundaries were drawn. Soil regions were delineated by placing boundaries midway between sample areas of a different classification.

Analysis of the maps indicates that the resulting subgroup map shows characteristics of soil distribution generally comparable to currently used county soil association maps. The development of this method is not intended to replace traditional methods of map construction in pedologically advanced areas. However, it may be a useful method for constructing accurate soil maps at various selected levels of generalization in areas of the world where soil distribution patterns are unknown or incompletely understood.
Accuracy in the Identification of Subgroups Delineated by a Sample‐Based Soil Association Map
Authors: Mausel P. W. , Runge E. C. A. , Carmer S. G.
Published: July 2010

A procedure to develop Seventh Approximation primary and secondary subgroup soil maps was applied to sample data for Christian county, Ill. A measure of accuracy of the resulting subgroup soil association map was determined by comparison with the modern detailed Christian county soil survey. The two most dominant subgroups of soils in two‐thirds of the county were identified correctly using a sample‐based soil association map. One of the two most dominant subgroups of soils was identified correctly in most of the remainder of the county. The virtual absence of areas where the two dominant subgroups of soils were incorrectly identified is further evidence that the Seventh Approximation maps based on sample data can be used in those areas of the world needing modern soil information.
A Prediction Equation for Vegetation Effects on Water Yield from Watersheds in Arid Areas
Authors: Grover B. L. , Campbell C. B. , Campbell M. D.
Published: July 2010

A water yield prediction equation based on plant type, water use profiles, and historic precipitation records is presented. The equation can be set at any desired probability value. Yields predicted for sites occupied by deep‐rooted brush species average 14 cm less per year than those for sites occupied by a grass‐forb complex. This pattern holds for central Utah watersheds higher than 2,330 m above mean sea level in 4 out of 5 years.
Annual Variation in Foliage of Fertilized and/or Irrigated Red Pine Plantations
Authors: Leaf Albert L. , Berglund John V. , Leonard Raymond E.
Published: July 2010

Near‐terminal, current‐year autumnal foliage from 160 trees in 2 by 2 m spaced, 40‐year‐old red pine plantations (Pinus resinosa Ait.) growing on sandy outwash soil was sampled for 6 consecutive years and analyzed for length and dry weight, and concentrations and contents of ash, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. The sample trees are from the dominant canopy on a 0.8‐ha area of known K deficiency, subdivided into four paired treatment plots of 40 sample trees per treatment: control, irrigation, fertilization, and combination treatments. The paper describes spatial and temporal variation and treatment response in foliage characteristics. The results indicate that the bases of expression of nutrient elements and climatic conditions affect the nutrient status diagnosis for long‐term management considerations.
Influence of Manganese and pH on Chemical Composition, Bronzing of Leaves, and Yield of Carrots Grown on Acid Sphagnum Peat Soil
Authors: Gupta Umesh C. , Chipman E. W. , MacKay D. C.
Published: July 2010

Greenhouse experiments were conducted on the direct effects and interactions of pH and Mn on the growth and the Mn and Fe contents of carrots (Daucus Carota L., sativa D.C.) grown on an acid sphagnum peat soil. The highest content of Mn in carrot tops occurred at pH values of 4.4 to 5.0 and the lowest at pH 6.2 and 6.4. However, the Mn content was lower at pH values of 4.0 and 4.1 than at pH 4.4 to 5.0. There was a significant interaction of pH and Mn on the Mn content of tissues. At low pH, high rates of applied Mn increased the Mn content of tissue several times more than it did at high pH. Bronzecolored symptoms on carrot leaves appeared when the Mn content of tops was more than 2,600 ppm. Such symptoms were associated with lower yields of carrots, when Mn content of tops ranged from about 7,100 to 9,600 ppm. This reduction in yield was also related with low pH. The Mn content of roots varied from 133 to 236 ppm. The Fe content of tops was lower at pH 4.1 than at higher pH values.
Magnesium Fertilization of Potatoes as Related to Liming and Potassium
Authors: Hossner L. R. , Doll E. C.
Published: July 2010

The effects of lime and soil K levels on yield and levels of Ca, Mg, and K in petioles of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum, var. Sebago) fertilized with Mg were determined in field experiments on Karlin loamy sand. Yield response to Mg fertilizer was related to both level of exchangeable soil Mg and to soil Mg/K ratio. Above 0.3 meq/100 g of soil Mg, yields were not affected by either level of soil Mg or Mg/K ratio, and below 0.3 meq Mg, yields decreased markedly when the soil Mg/K ratio fell below 0.8 (equivalent basis). Yields were increased by liming when soil pH was 5.0, but these differences were not statistically significant. Soil test levels after cropping indicated that considerable amounts of Ca, K, and Mg probably leached below the plow layer.

Yields decreased when Mg in petioles was less than 0.15% after 6 weeks. Increasing the level of K in petioles decreased the level of Mg. In Mg‐deficient plants, Mg in petioles decreased as the season progressed, while Mg increased in nondeficient plants.
Effects of Stemflow Water on a Miami Soil Under a Beech Tree: I. Morphological and Physical Properties
Authors: Gersper P. L. , Holowaychuk N.
Published: July 2010

The effects of the stemflow portion of the biohydrologic soil forming factor on the morphological and physical properties of a Miami soil under a beech tree were determined. Effects were assessed by comparing properties of soil profiles located at different distances from the tree stem. Differences were tested by analysis of variance and Duncan's Multiple Range Test.

The most obvious effects of stemflow water on morphological properties of this soil was to have caused a thickening of the A2 horizon, considerable low‐chroma mottling in the B horizon, and an increase in the number of subdivisions of the B horizon. Effects of stemflow water on physical properties of this soil were just as pronounced. Bulk density of the A1 horizon was lowered considerably. Clay content of the A horizon was increased while the content of the B2 horizon was decreased. Correspondingly, the silt content of the A horizon was decreased while the content of the B2 horizon was increased.
Pyrophosphate Hydrolysis of Ammonium, Calcium, and Calcium Ammonium Pyrophosphates in Selected Texas Soils
Authors: Hossner L. R. , Melton J. R.
Published: July 2010

Five soils of varying chemical and mineralogical composition were treated with several pyrophosphates, and the rate of pyrophosphate hydrolysis determined. Pyrophosphate hydrolysis was a function of the pyrophosphate compound, soil type, and CaCO3 treatment.

Except for Ca2P2O7, hydrolysis rate could not be predicted by the relative solubility of the pyrophosphate compound. For example, in the three acid soils, hydrolysis rates were: CaH2P2O7 = Ca3(NH4)2(P2O7)2 · 6H2O = (NH4)3HP2O7 · H2O >> Ca2P2O7. However, for the two basic soils, hydrolysis rates were: CaH2P2O7 > Ca3(NH4)2(P2O7)2 · 6H2O > (NH4)3 HP2O7 · H2O > > Ca2P2O7. Pyrophosphates were hydrolyzed more rapidly in acid soils than in basic soils.

Application of 2% CaCO3 reduced hydrolysis rates of the acid soils. The same application of CaCO3 to the basic soils either slightly increased or had little effect on the hydrolysis rates.
The Solubility of Mixed Magnesium‐Aluminum Hydroxide in Various Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Hunsaker V. E. , Pratt P. F.
Published: July 2010

The object of this study was to investigate the release of Mg to water and various aqueous solutions by synthetic crystalline Mg‐Al hydroxide and the same material freshly precipitated on hydroxy Al‐montmorillonite. Washing in centrifuge tubes and leaching columns was used to determine the amount of Mg released by 50‐mg samples of the synthetic mineral in water, in solutions of NaCl, and in solutions of NH4NO3 and NH4OAc at pH 6.0 and 9.0. Mixed Mg‐Al hydroxide, precipitated on hydroxy Al‐coated montmorillonite, was also leached with similar solutions. NH4OAc buffered at pH 6.0 released nearly 25% of the Mg present in crystalline mixed hydroxide, while NH4NO3 at pH 5.7 and NaCl at pH 6.3 released 11.5% and 4.2$, respectively. The dissociation of the mixed Mg‐Al hydroxide, either well crystallized or freshly precipitated, is strongly dependent on the pH of the solution and, therefore, the weakly acidic NH4 solutions were very effective in releasing Mg. The mineral is partially soluble in water and only slightly more soluble in NaCl.
Field Measurement of Soil Water Diffusivity
Authors: Gardner W. R.
Published: July 2010

A method is described for calculating the soil water diffusivity of a field profile during drainage. The time rate of increase of soil suction is shown to be related to the diffusivity in a simple way through an approximate solution of the unsaturated flow equation.
Lime Response as Related to Percent Al Saturation, Solution Al, and Organic Matter Content
Authors: Evans Clyde E. , Kamprath E. J.
Published: July 2010

Concentration of soil solution Al in mineral soils was related to the percent Al saturation of the effective CEC. In organic soils, however, the concentration of Al in the soil solution was more related to the amount of exchangeable Al than to percent Al saturation. Soils with increasing organic matter content had a lower content of soil solution Al at a given pH.

Liming increased the growth of corn on mineral soils when the Al saturation was greater than 70%. On all soils except one, corn responded to liming when the concentration of soil solution Al was greater than 0.40 meq/liter. Soybeans responded to liming on mineral soils when the Al saturation was greater than 30%. On all soils soybeans responded to liming when the concentration of soil solution Al was greater than 0.20 meq/liter.
Release of Nitrogen by Burning Light Forest Fuels
Authors: DeBell D. S. , Ralston C. W.
Published: July 2010

Smokes produced by burning pine litter, green needles, and fuels of lower nitrogen content were drawn through dilute acid solutions which were then nesslerized in the presence and absence of titanous sulfate. Kjeldahl analyses of fuels and residues indicated that 62% of the nitrogen contained in pine litter and leaf materials was released by burning. No ammonia was detected in combustion gases. Only minor amounts (0.3% and less) of the nitrogen released by burning were detected by nesslerization (+TiSO4) of dilute acid solutions. We concluded that only small amounts (0.30 − 0.48 kg/ha‐1 for typical loblolly stands) of nitrogen released by forest fires could be returned to the soil via precipitation and be made available for tree growth. Most nitrogen in organic matter presumably is volatilized as nitrogen gas.
Two Dimensional Heat Transfer in Porous Media with Steady‐State Water Flow
Authors: Erh K. T. , Nielsen D. R. , Biggar J. W.
Published: July 2010

Theoretical and experimental temperature distributions were examined for laboratory columns of Hanford sandy loam, Panoche clay loam, and Aiken clay saturated with water flowing at a constant rate. The temperature of the water entering the columns was kept below or above the ambient temperature for several values of soil water velocity. Temperature distributions were predicted as a function of flow velocity, radial size, apparent thermal conductivity, and the wall heat transfer coefficient of the cylindrical container for the soil. Values of the apparent axial and radial thermal conductivity depend upon the flow velocity at values less than 0.3 cm min‐1 with only one exception. The value of the axial thermal conductivity was 1.1 greater than that of the radial thermal conductivity for all soils and flow velocities. Increasing the soil column radius had the same effect on the temperature distribution as increasing the water velocity.
Physico‐chemical Properties of Sols and Gels of Na‐montmorillonite with and without Adsorbed Hydrous Aluminum Oxide
Authors: Davey Brian G. , Low Philip F.
Published: July 2010

Sodium‐montmorillonite was prepared with and without adsorbed hydrous aluminum oxide and called Na/Al‐clay and Na‐clay, respectively. The two clays were mixed with 10‐4N NaCl solution in different proportions. Measurements of shear stress at different shear rates showed that the clay content at which gelation began, as indicated by an increase in viscosity and the initiation of non‐Newtonian and hysteretic behavior, was lower for the Na/Al‐clay than for the Na‐clay (∼ 2% clay vs. 4% clay). Theoretical considerations indicated that both strong and weak bonds were present in the gels but only weak bonds were present in the sols.

Specific heat capacities of the mixtures were determined in a Calvet microcalorimeter and were found to differ from those calculated from the known proportions and specific heat capacities of clay and water. Differences were greater for the Na/Al‐ than for the Na‐clay. A detailed analysis indicated that these differences could be attributed to clay‐water interaction.

EMF measurements, made with sodium glass and Ag/AgCl electrodes, showed that the relative partial molar free energy of NaCl changed with clay content in somewhat different ways for the Na/Al‐ and Na‐clay mixtures. The changes were correlated with changes in other properties of the mixtures. It was concluded that adsorbed hydrous aluminum oxide does influence the physico‐chemical properties of sols and gels of Na‐montmorillonite.
Fractionation of Inorganic Phosphate in Calcareous Lake Sediments
Authors: Williams J. D. H. , Syers J. K. , Harris R. F. , Armstrong D. E.
Published: July 2010

Inorganic orthophosphate (inorganic P) added with NH4F reagent to calcareous Wisconsin lake sediments was recovered in the NH4F (0–32%), citrate‐dithionite‐bicarbonate (18–23%), and first HCl (38–63%) reagents of an inorganic P fractionation scheme. Calcium fluoride, formed during NH4F extraction of calcareous materials, sorbed inorganic P, presumably resulting in the formation of a CaF2‐orthophosphate complex; inorganic P was also sorbed by CaCO3 and CaF2 in an NaOH system. Consequently, the values of NH4F‐P and first NaOH‐P underestimated the amount of inorganic P released from secondary Al‐ and Fe‐containing sediment components during the NH4F and first NaOH extractions, whereas the values for “reductant‐soluble P” (citrate‐dithionite‐bicarbonate‐extractable) overestimated the amount of P occluded within Fe oxides, and the P extracted subsequently by HCl overestimated the amount of acid‐extractable Ca‐P present. Because of the side reactions with CaCO3, the NH4F reagent was omitted in subsequent fractionation studies. Added inorganic P sorbed from 0.1N NaOH solution by CaCO3 in pure form or in calcareous sediments was essentially quantitatively recovered in a subsequent citrate‐bicarbonate extraction. A proposed inorganic P fractionation scheme for calcareous materials, based on successive single extractions with NaOH, citrate‐dithionite‐bicarbonate, and HCl reagents, removed approximately 90% of the total inorganic P in the sediments. Native inorganic P released in the NaOH extraction originated from Fe‐ and Al‐bound P but not from Ca‐bound P, and P released in the subsequent citrate extraction was largely, if not wholly derived from P resorbed during the preceding NaOH extraction. Phosphorus released in the following HCl extraction was derived from Ca‐bound P. Previous inorganic P fractionation schemes have underestimated nonoccluded Fe‐ and Al‐bound P and overestimated Cabound P and, frequently, occluded Fe‐bound P in calcareous soils and sediments.
The Metal Complexing Capacity and the Nature of the Chelating Ligands of Water Extract of Poultry Litter
Authors: Tan K. H. , Leonard R. A. , Bertrand A. R. , Wilkinson S. R.
Published: July 2010

The metal complexing capacity and the nature of the chelating ligands of organic matter extracted from broiler house litter were studied by ion‐exchange equilibrium and dissolution methods and infrared spectroscopy.

The water extract of broiler house litter appeared to exhibit a significant chelating effect on the cations Cu2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, and Al3+. The amount of organic matter complexed by one mole of metal and the stability of metal complexes increased with increasing pH in the cases of Cu‐, Mg‐, and Al‐complexes, but were unaffected by changes in pH in the case of Zn‐complexes. With respect to the divalent ions, the amount of organic matter chelated and the stability of the divalent metal‐complexes decreased in the order Cu > Zn > Mg.

Dissolution studies with insoluble Al2O3 and Fe2O3 powders showed that both Al and Fe were chelated in the aqueous extract, but 10 times more Al than Fe was dissolved in a given time period.

Infrared analysis revealed spectrograms of the ligands similar to those obtained for polysaccharides. However, since the freeze‐dried extract contained 9% N, some NH2 groups must have been present, although bands of these groups were not resolved from overlapping O‐H bands. Functional group frequency vibration comparisons at 3,500, 3,200, 1,650, and 1,400 cm‐1 showed that the formation of stable metal‐complexes involved carboxyl electrovalent linkages and probably hydroxyl and/or amino coordinate linkages.
Grass Cycling of Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, and Sodium in Solodization
Authors: White E. M.
Published: July 2010

Insufficient Na is cycled to the soil surface by the blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides), western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii), and bromegrass (Bromus inermis) to retard the solodization of a solonetz soil. Sodium, Ca, and Mg contents in plant tops were about the same as in the roots, while tops contained more K than the roots. The ratio of Ca to Mg in the plants was less than the ratio of exchangeable Ca to exchangeable Mg in the soil. Proportionately more Mg than Ca is cycled to the upper part of the soil by these plants. This cycling may be a factor in the genesis of solodized soils with considerable exchangeable Mg.
The Effect of Hydrophobic Substances on Water Movement in Soil during Infiltration
Authors: DeBano Leonard F.
Published: July 2010

The effect of hydrophobic substances on water movement was studied by infiltrating water horizontally and vertically into soil columns packed with wettable and water repellent soils. Horizontal infiltration was 25 times slower in water repellent soil than wettable soil. In the water repellent soil, the water content decreased 20 to 25% between the water source and the wetting front. In contrast, water content dropped 10% in the same region of the wettable soil. Diffusivities calculated for the two types of soil suggested that hydrophobic substances had the greatest effect on water movement at the lower water contents. The orientation of the columns during water entry affected the shape of the soil‐water profiles in the water repellent soil, but not in the wettable soil. The diffusivities calculated from horizontal infiltration experiments were not useful for predicting soil‐water profiles during vertical infiltration into either the wettable or water repellent soils.
Effect of Different Anions on the Crystallization of Aluminum Hydroxide in Partially Neutralized Aqueous Aluminum Salt Systems
Authors: Ross G. J. , Turner R. C.
Published: July 2010

The effect of Cl‐, NO3‐, and ClO4‐ ions on the crystallization of Al(OH)3 was studied in 0.2M, 80% neutralized AlCl3, Al(NO3)3, and Al(ClO4)3 systems at 25C. In the presence of 0.6M Cl‐ no crystalline Al(OH)3 formed during 2 year's reaction; instead, an aluminum hydroxychloride solid of composition Al(OH)2.5Cl0.5·xH2O crystallized. In the presence of 0.6M NO3‐ a poorly crystalline aluminum hydroxynitrate of approximate composition Al(OH)2.5(NO3)0.5 · xH2O formed initially, but gibbsite crystallized eventually after 9½ month's reaction. In the presence of 0.6M ClO4‐ nordstrandite initially crystallized and was present after 3 week's reaction. These results support the hypothesis that the rate of Al(OH)3 crystallization is inversely related to the tendency of anion inclusion in aluminum hydroxide precipitates, and that this tendency decreases with an increase in size and structural complexity of monovalent inorganic anions.

The incorporation of anions, especially NO3‐, in hydrous aluminum solids may have agronomic importance.
Diffusion of Iron and Iron Chelates in Soil
Authors: O'Connor G. A. , Lindsay W. L. , Olsen S. R.
Published: July 2010

The importance of diffusion in moving Fe to plant roots was estimated by theoretical calculations. In plant studies chelates increased the diffusion and uptake of Fe by increasing the concentration gradient of diffusible Fe to sorghum roots (Sorghum vulgare). Uptake of Fe increased linearly with the concentration of Fe in solution.

Self‐diffusion coefficients of Fe and Fe chelates were determined in both aqueous media and soil. In aqueous media, the diffusion coefficients were 6.2 × 10‐6 cm2sec‐1 for Fe, 5.4 × 10‐6 cm2sec‐1 for FeEDDHA, 4.2 × 10‐6 cm2sec‐1 for FeDTPA, and 3.9 × 10‐6 cm2sec‐1 for FeEDTA. In soil, a correction factor was used to adjust the apparent porous system self‐diffusion coefficients. The corrected diffusion coefficients in soil were 1.5 × 10‐7 cm2sec‐1 for Fe and 1.85 × 10‐7 cm2sec‐1 for FeEDDHA.
Solution Ion Activity and Plant Growth
Authors: Khasawneh F. E.
Published: July 2010

The relation of ion uptake to soil solution composition is discussed. Uptake of a given ion depends not only on its activity in solution, but also on the activity of other ions and the relation that exists between solution ions and exchangeable or solid‐phase ions. Methods of combining all these factors are reviewed and evaluated. A dimensionless plot, suggested by Howard and Adams, which related relative plant growth to the ratio of the ion activity to the sum of ion activities in solution, ai/Σn1ai, seems to have a wide range of applicability that extends from uptake from a nutrient solution in a beaker to uptake from soil solution in situ.
Problems Associated with the Determination and Application of the Solubility Product Constant
Authors: Nakayama F. S.
Published: July 2010

Difficulties encountered in estimating the solubility product constants of CaSO4 · 2H2O and CaCO3 from analytical measurements are discussed. A major factor involved is the formation of complexes between the constituent of the dissolving solid and other ionic species in solution. Conversely, when the solubility product principle using these constants is applied for predicting the precipitation of ions or the dissolution of a solid in fairly dilute solutions containing various ionic constituents, adequate accounting of all possible combinations of ion association must be made. Prediction problems are still present for solutions at high salt concentrations.
Loess Distribution in Central and Eastern Kentucky
Authors: Barnhisel R. I. , Bailey H. H. , Matondang Sahat
Published: July 2010

The loess distribution along a transect from Louisville to eastern Pike County, Kentucky was studied. The parameters used to determine the extent and depth of loess were particle size analyses, titanium content of—and relative amounts of feldspar in—the coarse, medium, and fine silt fractions. The best criterion was the expression of data on the percent silt on a clay‐free basis. It was determined that the loess mantle extends about 148 km (92 miles) eastward from the Ohio River. Beyond this distance the loess was either too thin to be recognized due to mixing with residuum or loess was not present. The entire soil profile was developed in loess up to 68 km (42 miles) from the source and from 84–148 km (52–92 miles) along the transect, the upper part of the solum was in loess, the lower part was developed in residual material. It appeared that loess of two ages associated with the glaciation periods, was present in the initial part of the transect, up to 84 km (52 miles) from the Ohio River.
Furrow Infiltration Rates as Affected by Incorporation of Straw or Furrow Cultivation
Authors: Miller D. E. , Aarstad J. S.
Published: July 2010

Either straw incorporation or cultivation of the furrow bottom greatly increased furrow infiltration into a sandy loam soil during a 3‐year study period. Straw incorporation became less effective as the season progressed. A single straw application of 13.4 tons/ha lasted until midway into the second irrigation season. The cultivation treatment caused serious erosion when furrow inflow rates were about 6 liters/min or more. The straw prevented erosion at all inflow rates (up to 8 liters/min). Organic matter contents were significantly increased by the incorporation of straw. Aggregate stabilities followed the same trend, but differences were not statistically significant.
Limitations on Scaling by Contact Angle
Authors: Philip J. R.
Published: July 2010

The prevalent notion that the (static and dynamic) behavior of liquids in porous media such as soils may be scaled by contact angle depends on the over‐simplification that such media are bundles of long cylindrical capillaries. Observations on such media yield, at best, apparent contact angles which cannot be related directly to contact angle at interfaces within the medium. In some circumstances scaling by apparent contact angle may hold approximately, but this is of only limited value, since apparent contact angle depends not only on the true liquid‐solid contact angle, but also on properties of the internal geometry of the medium. These matters are illustrated through the counter‐example of a (somewhat more realistic) conical‐pore model; and an interpretation is offered of some data of Mustafa et al. (4).
Soil and Plant Relationships of Inositol Phosphate Stereoisomers; the Identification of D‐Chiro‐ and Muco‐Inositol Phosphates in a Desert Soil and Plant System
Authors: L'Annunziata Michael F. , Fuller Wallace H.
Published: July 2010

Inositol phosphate stereoisomers were isolated from a forest soil and its surface organic horizon of undecomposed ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) needles, and also from a desert soil and its surface plant matter of undecomposed velvet mesquite (Prosopis juliflora var. velutina) leaves. Qualitative and preparative paper chromatography, mass spectrometry, infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were the principal methods used to identify the stereochemistry of the inositol moieties. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy proved to be the most useful means of differentiating among the soil and plant inositol phosphates. Myo‐ and “DL”‐chiroinositol phosphates (optical rotation unknown) were found in the pine needles of P. ponderosa and its underlying soil. Myo‐, D‐chiro‐, and muco‐inositol phosphates were found in the leaves of P. juliflora var. velutina; however, only myo‐ and D‐chiroinositol phosphates were identified in the underlying desert soil. The presence of D‐chiro‐inositol phosphate but absence of muco‐inositol phosphate in the desert soil poses questions concerning the fate of the latter in the soil. Epimerization reactions involving a cyclic ketone intermediate are considered, which could occur between the muco‐ and D‐chiro‐inositol moieties and also between the myo‐ and D‐chiro inositol moieties, in which the isomers in both cases differ in the stereochemistry of only one carbon atom.
Trace Element Correlation of Volcanic Ash Soils
Authors: Borchardt G. A. , Harward M. E.
Published: July 2010

Neutron activation of volcanic ash followed by gamma‐ray detection with a Ge(Li) semiconductor detector and 4096 multichannel analyzer produced rapid analysis for 19 elements. This was demonstrated to be useful for correlating soil parent materials. The trace element compositions of volcanic glass from C horizons of soils along a 450‐km transect in Oregon correlate with known ejecta from Mt. Mazama. Concentration of transition metals in upper horizons relative to C horizons occurred in the order Cr > Co > Fe = Sc. Ratios of Na/Fe and Na/Co increased with depth. The abundances of Hf, Th, and the rare earth elements, as well as Sc/Fe ratios, were relatively constant with depth. Stable elemental ratios unique to Mazama ash aided correlation of weathered soil horizons. Some of the soils of northeastern Oregon may have small amounts of St. Helens ash in upper horizons in addition to the predominant Mazama ash.
Formation of Vesicular Structure in Soil
Authors: Miller D. E.
Published: July 2010

Vesicular structure observed under irrigation furrows of several high‐silt soils is described. The structure is induced by the succession of wetting and drying cycles that accompany irrigation. The degree of drying before irrigation, the number of irrigations and the surface tension of water are important factors in the structure formation. The vesicular structure is probably caused by capillary pressure within the air‐filled voids surrounded by water. The soils involved are unstable when nearly saturated, and the capillary pressure is sufficient to form the trapped air into spheres. Swelling and shrinking accompany the wetting and drying, so that more air is trapped each cycle and the volume of vesicles increases with number of irrigations. The size of vesicles increases with number of irrigations as small vesicles merge to become larger ones, and thus decrease the surface area per unit volume.
The Effect of Sprinkling Intensity and Soil Type on Oxygen Flux During Irrigation and Drainage
Authors: Gornat B. , Enoch H. , Goldberg D.
Published: July 2010

The effect of sprinkling intensity on oxygen flux in sand, loam, and clay soil was measured with platinum electrodes. In all three soils, the interval between two consecutive irrigations could be divided into four periods: (i) From the beginning of irrigation until the wetting front reached the electrode, the reduction current was unrelated to oxygen flux and the measurements were meaningless. (ii) When the wetting front reached the electrode, high values were recorded. From then on, the oxygen flux decreased to a minimum value by the end of the irrigation. (iii) Shortly after irrigation and until drainage had almost ceased, flux increased to a new peak. (iv) Hereafter, the reduction current decreased although the real oxygen diffusion presumably increased.

Oxygen flux was higher at the low irrigation intensity, which is attributed to a lower soil moisture content during infiltration at this rate. Aggregate breakdown and crust formation on the soil surface due to the high irrigation intensity inhibit gas exchange.
Infiltration from a Trickle Source: I. Mathematical Models
Authors: Brandt A. , Bresler E. , Diner N. , Ben‐Asher I. , Heller J. , Goldberg D.
Published: July 2010

Theoretical considerations and mathematical tools to analyze multidimensional transient infiltration from a trickle source have been developed. Two mathematical models were considered: (i) a plane flow model involving the Cartesian coordinates x and z; and (ii) a cylindrical flow model described by the cylindrical coordinates r and z. The diffusion‐ type water flow equation in unsaturated soil was solved numerically by an approach that combines the noniterative ADI difference procedure with Newton's iterative method. The numerical results have been compared with Wooding's solution for steady infiltration from a circular pond and with a simple one‐dimensional solution. These comparisons indicate that the method is reliable and can be used with confidence. Typical results are demonstrated to show the effect of trickle discharge on the water content field, the saturated water entry zone, and the water flux at the soil surface.
Infiltration from a Trickle Source: II. Experimental Data and Theoretical Predictions
Authors: Bresler E. , Heller J. , Diner N. , Ben‐Asher I. , Brandt A. , Goldberg D.
Published: July 2010

The theory of transient infiltration from a trickle source, as developed in Part I of this work, was compared with experimental results. Laboratory experiments using a loamy soil were conducted under conditions similar to those assumed in the two‐dimensional plane flow model. Field data were collected from a sandy soil that was wetted by commercial trickles. The field conditions were similar to those assumed in the cylindrical model. The effect of trickle discharge rates on the water content distribution and on the location of the wetting front was considered. The functional relationship between water diffusivity and water content was estimated by a computer technique that complements the conventional method for diffusivity determination. These data, together with the soil water retention curve were used to estimate the hydraulic conductivity as a function of water content. The agreement between theory and experiment, as expressed by water content distribution and location of the wetting front, is generally good and suggests that the theory is applicable to many field situations. Significant discrepancies between observed and theoretical results were obtained only in one case, where the rate of trickle infiltration was large. The theory, as well as the experimental data, indicate that for the conditions studied, an increase in the trickle discharge rate results in an increase in the horizontal wetted area and a decrease in the soil wetted depth.
Nitrate Adsorption: I. In Some Acid Soils of Mexico and South America
Authors: Kinjo T. , Pratt P. F.
Published: July 2010

Nitrate adsorption by subsoils of Andepts, Oxisols, and Alfisols from Mexico and South America was studied using a batch‐type technique. Nitrate adsorption increased as the acidity of the suspension increased to about pH 3.5. This increase was directly proportional, but not equivalent, to the amount of hydrogen ion added. The adsorption of NO3‐ was concentration‐dependent and was described by a Langmuir type isotherm when NO3‐ concentration was above 0.03N for Andepts and above 0.08N for Oxisols and Alfisols. Adsorption maxima and affinity constants of Andepts were twice as large as those of other soils. A significant correlation was observed between the amount of NO3‐ adsorbed and the content of amorphous inorganic materials extractable with 0.5N NaOH.
Volatilization of Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds from Beef Cattle Areas
Authors: Elliott L. F. , Schuman G. E. , Viets F. G.
Published: July 2010

The release of NH3 plus steam‐distillable organic N compounds to the atmosphere from a small beef feedlot and a pasture was measured. Acid traps placed next to the feedlot and 0.8 km from the feedlot averaged 148 and 16 kg/ha per yr NH3 plus steam‐distillable organic N compounds, respectively. The same traps averaged 21 and 3.3 kg/ha per yr, respectively, of organic N compounds that were not recovered by the 3‐min steam distillation procedure. Feedlot disturbances, such as manure mounding, increased volatilization of N compounds. Ammonia plus steam‐distillable organic N compounds trapped near a cattle pasture and cropland averaged 15 and 11 kg/ha per yr, respectively. Organic N compounds not recoverable by the 3‐min steam distillation were very low in the areas.

Normally, steam distillation values represent only NH3; however, in this case, other N‐containing compounds were distilled over and titrated as NH3.
Nitrate and Salt in Soils and Ground Waters from Land Disposal of Dairy Manure
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Pratt P. F. , Bishop S. E.
Published: July 2010

The NO3‐ contents of soils and ground waters underneath lands used for disposal of manures from dairies in the Chino‐Corona Basin were determined. Soil and water samples were taken from 15 holes drilled to the top of water table in sites representing corrals, irrigated croplands, and pastures used as disposal areas.

Considerable amounts of NO3‐ and salt were found in soil profiles underneath the disposal areas, although the magnitude was not as high as in profiles under corrals. Average NO3‐‐N concentrations in waters sampled from water tables were 26, 57, 45, and 74 ppm for control (undisturbed), corral, cropland, and pasture sites, respectively, exceeding the PHS recommended limit of 10 ppm NO3‐‐N for safe drinking water. Domestic well waters pumped from deeper aquifers averaged 6 ppm of NO3‐‐N. Contributions of NO3‐‐N to ground waters, as indicated by deep soil samples, on a per unit area basis, tended to be: corral > pasture > cropland. Existing conditions in the study area need some modifications if acceptable quality of the ground waters is to be maintained.
Acidity in Lateritic Rice Soils as Estimated by Various Methods
Authors: Savant N. K. , Kibe M. M.
Published: July 2010

Acidity estimated by various methods was significantly correlated with total acidity (exchange acidity + pH‐dependent acidity) and varied from 28.4% to 82.4% of total acidity. The overall efficiency of the various methods studied was of the following decreasing order:
urn:x-wiley:03615995:saj2sssaj197103615995003500050057x:equation:saj2sssaj197103615995003500050057x-math-0001
Effect of Soil Moisture Tension on Nitrate Accumulation in Drummer Silty Clay Loam
Authors: Sabey Burns R. , Johnson D. D.
Published: July 2010

The relationship between soil moisture tension and nitrate accumulation in a Drummer silty clay loam was found to differ very little from previously studied silt loams. In the silty clay loam the rates of NO3‐ accumulation were 63, 51, 40, 10, and 14% as great at soil moisture tensions of ⅓, ½, 1, 5, and 15 bar, respectively, as at ½0 and 1/10 bar. The rates of NO3‐ accumulation in the silt loams were 71, 53, 29, and 13% as great at ⅓, 1, 5, and 15 bar, respectively, as at 1/10 bar soil moisture tension. At all tensions except 15 bar the mean relative rates of NO3‐−N accumulation (moisture rate indexes − RM values) are slightly lower for the silty clay loam than for the silt loams.
Evaluation of the Field Percolation Test and an Alternative Procedure to Test Soil Potential for Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent
Authors: Bouma J.
Published: July 2010

Four field tests were applied in well drained pedons in Wisconsin. Infiltration rates of the variable‐head percolation test procedure, required by law in many states to test soil suitability for disposal of septic tank effluent, were much higher than hydraulic conductivity (K) for saturated soil, measured with the double‐tube method, and more variable. Soil moisture tensions were recorded around operating, partly filled, seepage beds in different soils indicating the occurrence of low flow rates through unsaturated soil, due to crusting at the soil interface of the seepage beds. Measurement of K values in situ, as a function of soil moisture tension, is proposed as a field test to determine soil potential for effluent disposal. A field experiment with dosing of effluent was made to demonstrate that system management will determine which K values from the measured range will apply to the flow system at any given time.
Numerical Approximation of Cation Exchange in Miscible Displacement through Soil Columns
Authors: Lai Sung‐Ho , Jurinak J. J.
Published: July 2010

The cation exchange process in soil columns during the miscible displacement of cation solutions was studied. The model involves the assumption that equilibrium between the cation adsorbed and the cation in solution exists. The material balance equation that governs the miscible displacement of cations includes and exchange function and was solved by a finite difference method. This method is capable of solving the material balance equation whether a linear or nonlinear cation exchange isotherm defines the exchange reaction. The applicability of the model and method of solution was tested by conducting soil column experiments. The agreement between the numerical solution and the experimental values was good.
Distribution of Moved Clay in Four Loess‐Derived Alfisols that Occur in Southern Illinois
Authors: Grossman R. B. , Fehrenbacher J. B.
Published: July 2010

Measurements of moved clay by optical examination of thin sections are reported for four pedons of Alfisols developed in loess from southern Illinois.

Alford soils (Typic Hapludalfs) occur on the interfluve summits and Muren soils (Aquic Hapludalfs) on the locally associated sideslopes in areas of strong relief in Alexander County. The pedon of Muren is formed in an older loess than is the pedon of Alford. The pedon of Muren contains a twofold, higher maximum percentage of moved clay, and the maximum occurs at a shallower depth.

Wartrace soils (Typic Hapludalfs) and Hosmer soils (Typic Fragiudalfs) occur in local association in Johnson County. Wartrace soils occupy sites of slightly higher elevation on the ridgetops in a landscape of moderate to gentle relief. The moved clay in the Hosmer pedon reaches 9% (absolute) in the B2t; this is one‐third of the total clay and twice the maximum percentage in the Wartrace pedon.

The study suggests three points that may be applicable to similar soils: (i) the fabric exclusive of the moved clay bodies can have appreciably lower clay than the total clay percentages would indicate; (ii) somewhat impeded internal drainage appears to favor local translocation of clay; (iii) amounts of moved clay are sufficient to account for the computed decrements in clay for the eluvial horizons.
Soil Association Maps and Proposed Nomenclature
Authors: Simonson Roy W.
Published: July 2010

Information on the distribution of soils is needed for areas ranging in size from individual farms to the country as a whole. Detailed soil maps serve for individual farms or tracts of comparable size. General soil maps are needed for areas of larger size. Such maps may show soil associations or they may be schematic. The first kind serves a greater number of pragmatic objectives because the patterns and proportions of component soils within associations can be indicated. It is suggested that soil association maps are needed for a minimum of four universes in the United States. From largest to smallest, these have approximate areas of 250,000 sq km or more (one hundred thousand square miles or more), 2,500–250,000 sq km (thousands or ten of thousands of square miles), 250–2,500 sq km (hundreds of square miles), and less than 250 sq km (tens of square miles). Regardless of the size of universe covered by a map, the maximum number of soil associations in the legend should be about the same. This maximum should be about 18. The smallest number that does not do violence to soil patterns is best. A hierarchy of names is proposed for soil associations in the four universes. Again from largest to smallest, these are megasociation, macrosociation, mesosociation, and microsociation. It is further proposed that soil association and association be used as generic terms.
Forest Floor Characteristics within a Small Plot in Douglas‐Fir in Western Washington
Authors: Grier C. C. , McColl J. G.
Published: July 2010

The forest floor of a 0.04‐ha plot beneath a 40‐year‐old Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco plantation was intensively sampled. Means and their standard errors, the range of values and the number of samples required to estimate the mean within 10% with 95% confidence were determined for forest floor dry weight, water storage, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, manganese, nitrogen, ash content, weight loss on ignition and also pH and conductivity of equilibrium solutions from the forest floor and A and B horizons of the soil. Dry weight of the forest floor is 14,300 ± 440 kg/ha and water storage is 2.78 mm or 208% while nutrient contents expressed in kg/ha arc: calcium, 123.27 ± 4.85; magnesium, 19.45 ± 1.14; potassium, 27.31 ± 1.07; manganese, 14.87 ± 0.67; nitrogen, 140.14 ± 6.08, and weight loss on ignition 11,211 ± 228 kg/ha. Dry weight correlates with ash weight, loss on ignition and water storage while ash content correlates with magnesium. Conductivity and pH of equilibrium solutions did not compare with values previously obtained using tension lysimeter installations suggesting that equilibrium with the exchange complex is not achieved during soil moisture flow. Means of most properties are estimated within 10% with less than 30 samples.
The Morphology and Genesis of Some Alpine Soils in British Columbia, Canada: I. Morphology, Classification, and Genesis
Authors: Sneddon J. I. , Lavkulich L. M. , Farstad L.
Published: July 2010

Five soils occurring in alpine regions of British Columbia, Canada, were described. The soils were found to have silt loam to loamy sand textures. Four of the soils met the morphological requirements of the Spodosol order. Dark surface mineral horizons occurred at four sites; two of these qualified as umbric epipedons. Volcanic ash was found in the vicinity of some sites. The soils were classified into the USDA Comprehensive System and the System of Soil Classification for Canada.