bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploration of constructive feedback practices in dental education chairside teaching: A case study
Authors: Prastiyani Nur H. N. , Felaza Estivana , Findyartini Ardi
Published: May 2020

Background

Chairside teaching is one of the teaching–learning methods in clinical dental education in which direct care is provided to patients. When students have been deemed competent in carrying out procedures on a dental phantom, they need clinical experience on patients, with guidance and constructive feedback from clinical teachers. Constructive feedback is an important learning platform in helping students analyse the strong and the weak aspects of their performance in order to identify required improvements. This study aimed to explore the practice of giving constructive feedback in chairside teaching.

Method

A qualitative method with a case study design. Data were collected through in‐depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with clinical teachers and students in clinical rotation. Data triangulation was carried out by observing the practice of giving constructive feedback in chairside teaching and document analysis from January to April 2019. Results of the in‐depth interviews and FGDs were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic analysis approach.

Result

In‐depth interviews with five programme coordinators and FGDs with two groups of clinical teachers (N = 8 and N = 6) and two clinical student groups (N = 8 each). Three main themes emerged in this study: ways to provide feedback, challenges on feedback provision and challenges on feedback follow‐up.

Conclusion

Differences in perception between clinical teachers and students were identified, influenced by students' interactions with the learning environment. Interventions are to be encouraged that involve teachers, students and institutions, and the interactions amongst the three.
Significance of CD10 protein expression in the diagnostics of follicular lymphoma: A comparison of conventional immunohistochemistry with flow cytometry supported by the establishment of BCL2 and BCL6 rearrangements
Authors: Szumera‐Ciećkiewicz Anna , Rymkiewicz Grzegorz , Sokół Kamil , Paszkiewicz‐Kozik Ewa , Borysiuk Anita , Poleszczuk Jan , Bachnio Katarzyna , Bystydzienski Zbigniew , Woroniecka Renata , Grygalewicz Beata , Kotarska Martyna , Stańczak Monika , Owczarek Daria , Pytlak Beata , Prochorec‐Sobieszek Monika , Walewski Jan
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with a crucial role of CD10 expression remain a standard diagnostic tool in follicular lymphoma (FL). The results of IHC CD10 detection with different primary antibodies are not fully reproducible, but some reports show that flow cytometry (FCM) can be a reliable method of CD10 identification.

Methods

The aim of the study was to compare results of CD10 expression in FL by IHC and FCM including immunophenotypic features in the context of the BCL2 and BCL6 alterations.

Results

Out of 76 histopathologically diagnosed FL, a group of 25 cases had simultaneously FCM. Immunohistochemically 77.6% of cases were CD10‐positive with comparable and reproducible results to FCM. Differences between the FCM expression of CD5/CD10/CD11c/CD25/CD43 and BCL2 overexpression (BCL2(+)higher) correlated with the BCL2 and BCL6 rearrangements (R) status. Lack of CD10 expression corresponded with the absence of BCL2R and higher MUM1 expression by IHC results but had no clinical impact on the long‐time outcomes.

Conclusions

Immunohistochemistry staining is a comparable method to FCM assessment in the evaluation of CD10 expression and diagnosis of FL. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy/FCM (FNAB/FCM) could be a useful tool for verifying FL diagnosis and CD10 detection. Despite its heterogeneity, FL has a characteristic immunophenotype. BCL2R and BCL6R FL cases differ mainly in levels of BCL2 and CD10 with CD43 co‐expression; BCL2(+)higher by FCM correlates with BCL2R. Moreover, FNAB plays an important role in material provision for supportive karyotyping and BCL2R, BCL6R assessed by FISH.
High‐pressure behavior and phase stability of Na2B4O6(OH)2·3H2O (kernite)
Authors: Comboni Davide , Pagliaro Francesco , Gatta G. Diego , Lotti Paolo , Milani Sula , Merlini Marco , Battiston Tommaso , Glazyrin Konstantin , Liermann Hanns‐Peter
Published: May 2020

The high‐pressure behavior of kernite [ideally Na2B4O6(OH)2·3H2O, a ~ 7.02 Å, b ~ 9.16 Å, c ~ 15.68 Å, β = 108.9°, Sp Gr P21/c, at ambient conditions], an important B‐bearing raw material (with B2O3 ≈ 51 wt%) and a potential B‐rich aggregate in radiation shielding materials, has been studied by single‐crystal synchrotron X‐ray diffraction up to 14.6 GPa. Kernite undergoes an iso‐symmetric phase transition at 1.6‐2.0 GPa (to kernite‐II). Between 6.6‐7.5 GPa, kernite undergoes a second phase transition, possibly iso‐symmetric in character (to kernite‐III). The crystal structure of kernite‐II was solved and refined. The isothermal bulk modulus (KV0 = β‐1P0,T0, where βP0,T0 is the volume compressibility coefficient) of the ambient‐pressure polymorph of kernite was found to be KV0 = 29(1) GPa and a marked anisotropic compressional pattern, with K(a)0: K(b)0: K(c)0~1:3:1.5., was observed. In kernite‐II, the KV0 increases to 43.3(9) GPa and the anisotropic compressional pattern increases pronouncedly. The mechanisms, at the atomic scale, which govern the structure deformation, have been described.
A computational modeling framework for reaction and failure of environmental barrier coatings under silicate deposits
Authors: Summers William D. , Poerschke David L. , Begley Matthew R. , Levi Carlos G. , Zok Frank W.
Published: May 2020

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) for use with SiC‐based composites in gas turbine engines may fail following reaction with molten silicate deposits. The processes involved may include dissolution of the EBC material into the deposit, reactions that produce new phases, and cracking or spallation upon cooling, the latter driven by thermal expansion mismatch between the reaction products and the underlying EBC and substrate. Here, we describe an integrated computational framework to simulate the processes and to predict the conditions leading to coating loss through reactive consumption and/or spallation. The framework integrates distinct models to determine: (a) the nature and quantity of phases resulting from dissolution and chemical reactions; (b) thermo‐physical properties of those phases; and (c) energy release rates for penetration cracking and spallation upon cooling. We demonstrate the use of the framework by computing critical deposit thicknesses for one specific EBC material (Y2Si2O7) as a function of deposit composition. In this system, the critical deposit thickness for typical coating thicknesses is dictated mainly by spallation, not by consumption, and may vary by orders of magnitude, depending on deposit composition and coating thickness and toughness. With respect to deposit composition, the key parameter governing coating failure is the Ca:Si ratio.
How pathogens affect the marine habitat use and migration of sea trout (Salmo trutta) in two Norwegian fjord systems
Authors: Lennox Robert J. , Eldøy Sindre H. , Vollset Knut W. , Miller Kristi M. , Li Shaorong , Kaukinen Karia H. , Isaksen Trond E. , Davidsen Jan G.
Published: May 2020

Wild fish are confronting changing pathogen dynamics arising from anthropogenic disturbance and climate change. Pathogens can influence animal behaviour and life histories, yet there are little such data from fish in the high north where pathogen dynamics may differ from comparatively southern regions. We aimed to compare the pathogen communities of 160 wild anadromous brown trout in two fjords in northern Norway and to determine whether pathogens influenced area use or return to spawn. Application of high‐throughput qPCR detected 11 of the 46 pathogens screened for; most frequently encountered were Ichthyobodo spp., Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola. The rate of returning to freshwater during the spawning season was significantly lower for the Skjerstadfjord fish. Piscichlamydia salmonis and F. psychrophilum were indicator species for the Skjerstadfjord and pathogen communities in the two fjords differed according to perMANOVA. Individual length, Fulton's condition factor and the time between first and last detection of the fish were not related to the presence of pathogens ordinated using non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). However, there was evidence that pathogen load was correlated with the expression of smoltification genes, which are upregulated by salmonids in freshwater. Correspondingly, percentage of time in freshwater after release was longer for fish with greater pathogen burdens.
Aging Together in Enduring Couple Relationships: A Life Course Systems Perspective
Authors: Wickrama Kandauda (K. A. S.) , O'Neal Catherine Walker , Lee Tae Kyoung
Published: May 2020

This article introduces and demonstrates the use of an integrated life course systems perspective to advance the study of the aging processes of couples in enduring relationships. This objective is accomplished by bridging the life course and systems perspectives to conceptualize the couple as a functioning system and to locate couple dynamics within a longitudinal life course context in order to identify multilevel relational mechanisms that explain partners' aging outcomes in their broader socioeconomic and longitudinal context. Informed by this integrated theoretical perspective, testable hypotheses related to aging processes are derived, and analytical methodologies that can advance the research on couple aging processes are demonstrated. Identifying these relationship‐health processes and contextual considerations provides insight into leverage points for the development and implementation of prevention and intervention efforts to facilitate positive aging outcomes. Directions for further theoretical and analytical advances in the area of couple aging are discussed.
The effect of a comprehensive mobile application program (CMAP) for family caregivers of home‐dwelling patients with dementia: A preliminary research
Authors: Park Eunsil , Park Heeok , Kim Eun Kyung
Published: May 2020

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a comprehensive mobile application program in managing behavior and psychological symptoms of home‐dwelling patients with dementia in South Korea.

Methods

A nonequivalent control group pretest‐posttest design was conducted. A total of 26 family caregivers participated in this study. The application program consists of understanding of dementia, interventions, communication skills, coping methods, and bulletin boards. Data collection was performed from July 9, 2018, to October 4, 2018. Family caregivers' fatigue, sleep, and burden and patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia were measured. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, independent t tests, Mann–Whitney U test, repeated measures analysis of variance, and Friedman test were used.

Results

The application program offered environmental management in an intervention using communication skills and coping methods, depending on the behavioral and psychological symptom type. The results showed significant differences between the two groups in family caregivers' fatigue (F = 11.24, p = .003) and burden (χ2 = 10.55, p = .005).

Conclusion

The findings showed the application program improved family caregivers' fatigue and burden. It also suggested there is a need to develop a wandering persons location program to improve family caregivers' stress and patients' behavioral problems in future studies.
Evaluation of sensory effects of thiols in red wines by projective mapping using multifactorial analysis and correspondence analysis
Authors: Garrido‐Bañuelos Gonzalo , Panzeri Valeria , Brand Jeanne , Buica Astrid
Published: May 2020

The aim of the current study was to systematically evaluate effects of single thiols, of thiol interactions in a single red wine matrix, and of red wine matrix effects combined with thiol interactions using projective mapping (PM) with experienced assessors. All work was done in dearomatized red wine from various cultivars. A dual approach to the projective mapping data analysis (coordinates and multifactorial analysis or frequency of citations and correspondence analysis), coupled to regression vector (RV) coefficients allowed to test the hypothesis that the resulting maps should be similar, which was the case for single thiols (RV > 0.7) but not for the more complex thiol × thiol or thiol × thiol × matrix interactions tested (RV < 0.7). It was shown that 4‐mercapto‐4‐methylpentan‐2‐one (4MMP) levels were relatively more important than the cultivar used, while the opposite was true for 3‐mercapto‐1‐hexanol (3MH) and 3‐mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA). No specific descriptors were associated with 3MH and 3MHA, but the wines had more “savory” notes. The interaction effects of 3MH × 4MMP and 3MHA × 4MMP were different both in the number and in the frequency of citation of the attributes.

Practical Applications

Complex multilevel sensory interaction phenomena can be studied if a pragmatic and systematic practical methodology is used, as demonstrated by this work. As the method used does not require a trained panel, this type of approach can be used also outside an academic environment, to the benefit of the industry; however, the researchers must take into account the complexity of the matrix and the difficulty of the assessment. The outcome of the dual approach to the data analysis could help researchers decide which data handling option is better suited for their work.
Easy guide to conducting a systematic review
Authors: Caldwell Patrina HY , Bennett Trish
Published: May 2020

A systematic review is a type of study that synthesises research that has been conducted on a particular topic. Systematic reviews are considered to provide the highest level of evidence on the hierarchy of evidence pyramid. Systematic reviews are conducted following rigorous research methodology. To minimise bias, systematic reviews utilise a predefined search strategy to identify and appraise all available published literature on a specific topic. The meticulous nature of the systematic review research methodology differentiates a systematic review from a narrative review (literature review or authoritative review). This paper provides a brief step by step summary of how to conduct a systematic review, which may be of interest for clinicians and researchers.
Cassia tora extract alleviates Aβ1–42 aggregation processes in vitro and protects against aluminium-induced neurodegeneration in rats
Authors: Ravi Sunil K , Narasingappa Ramesh B , Mundagaru Ravi , Girish Talakatta K , Vincent Bruno
Published: May 2020

Objectives

To examine the ability of Cassia tora extract to produce, in vitro and in vivo, beneficial effects with respect to events occurring during Alzheimer's disease.

Methods

Previously characterised methanol extract of C. tora was tested for its ability to lessen Aβ42 aggregation processes in vitro and to alleviate aluminium-induced impairments in vivo in rats.

Key findings

Cassia tora extract prevents the aggregation of monomeric, oligomeric and fibrillary Aβ1–42  in vitro. Moreover, the daily ingestion of 100 and 400 milligrams of the extract per kilogram of body weight for 60 days ameliorates the neurobehavioral and cognitive abilities of aluminium-treated rats in vivo. Importantly, treatments with the extract trigger a significant recovery of antioxidant enzymes function, a diminution of lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase activity, a decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and an increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in both the hippocampus and the frontal cortex. Finally, we evidence that the extract is able to ameliorate the aluminium-dependent loss of neuronal integrity in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus.

Conclusions

Altogether, our results reveal that methanol extract of C. tora is able to prevent typical AD-related events and therefore stands as a promising mild and natural anti-AD multitarget compound.
A comparative study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 5-hydroxy-4-methoxycanthin-6-one and its metabolite in normal and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis rats by HPLC-MS/MS
Authors: Liu Fangle , Zhang Qiuyu , Lin Chaozhan , Yao Yufeng , Wang Meiqi , Liu Changhui , Zhu Chenchen
Published: May 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the existing form of 5-hydroxy-4-methoxycanthin-6-one (PQ-A) in vivo after oral administration and the effects on its pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution by colitis.

Methods

A rapid HPLC-MS/MS method was established to simultaneously determine PQ-A and its main metabolite, 1-methoxicabony-β-carboline (PQ-B), in biological samples acquired from normal and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitic rats administered orally with PQ-A. Then, the pharmacokinetics of both PQ-A and PQ-B, and tissue distribution of PQ-A in the above two states were analysed.

Key findings

The pharmacokinetic results showed that the prototype of PQ-A was the main existing form in both physiological and pathological conditions. And significant difference between the above two status in pharmacokinetics of PQ-A was observed, such as higher exposure and longer elimination in colitis than that in normal rats. It suggested that the pharmacokinetics of medications for colitis was affected by enteritis. The tissue distribution studies displayed that PQ-A mainly accumulated in intestinal tract. Especially, the distribution of PQ-A in intestinal tract was increased obviously in colitic rats.

Conclusions

These results contributed to further illuminate the ADME process of PQ-A in different status and were prospected to be the reference to the clinical application of similar medicines in pathological states.
Effects of a Reading Intervention Implemented at Differing Intensities for Upper Elementary Students
Authors: Donegan Rachel E. , Wanzek Jeanne , Al Otaiba Stephanie
Published: May 2020

Students with disabilities who display severe reading difficulties may require intensive interventions in order to make progress. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of a multicomponent reading intervention implemented at two different intensities, in two separate randomized control trials, for a subset of fourth‐grade students who displayed severe reading difficulties, and who had or were at risk for disabilities. We use multilevel models to examine the effect of a standard, less intensive implementation in Study 1, and of a more intensive implementation in Study 2, relative to typical school services. Analyses revealed no significant effects of treatment for the standard, less intensive implementation in Study 1. Significant effects for word reading and word reading fluency outcomes for students assigned to receive the intensive implementation were noted in Study 2. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Decline of zooplankton food resources of Limnothrissa miodon fishery in Lake Kariba: Global warming‐induced ecosystem disruption by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
Authors: Magadza Christopher H. D. , Madzivanzira Takudzwa C. , Chifamba Portia C.
Published: May 2020

The present study was conducted on the Lake Kariba portion of the Middle Zambezi Biosphere Reserve. Magadza (2011) previously reported the pelagic Lake Tanganyika sardine (Limnothrissa miodon) fishery introduced into Lake Kariba was declining. This phenomenon was attributed to observed climate‐change‐related warming of the lake, facilitating establishment of the invasive Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, currently the dominant alga in the lake. Chlorophyceae contribute to less than 10% of the phytoplankton biomass. Accordingly, it was postulated that its dominance in the lake resulted in a food chain disruption because this cyanobacterium was not preferred by zooplankton grazers. Accordingly, the present study examined the feeding behaviour of L miodon with reference to available food items in the Sanyati Basin of Lake Kariba. The results highlighted a virtual absence of entomostraca zooplankton in the Sanyati Basin of Lake Kariba, in contrast to previous findings of previous studies, the avoidance of C. raciborskii in the diet of L. miodon, as measured by the Ivlev electivity index, a low stomach fullness index, the movement of L. miodon to macroinvertebrates associated with the littoral zone as a food source, and unfavourable dietary indicators of L. miodon. These results collectively suggest a food deficit for L. miodon in Lake Kariba, leading to the previously observed decline in the lake fishery.
Social cognitive intervention following an initial implantable cardioverter defibrillator: Better treatment response for secondary versus primary prevention
Authors: Auld Jonathan P. , Thompson Elaine A. , Dougherty Cynthia M.
Published: May 2020

Background

The patient + partner (P+P) is a patient/partner‐focused social cognitive intervention with demonstrated efficacy to improve outcomes following an initial implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Little is known about how the patient response may differ by ICD implant indication. The aim of this study was to examine the response to intervention for patients with an initial ICD by reasons for primary versus secondary ICD indication.

Method

A longitudinal secondary analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial testing the P+P intervention examined patient health outcomes over 12 months, stratified by the indication for the ICD: primary prevention without cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) (1o No CRT, n = 100), primary prevention with CRT (1o CRT, n = 78), secondary prevention after cardiac arrest (2° Cardiac Arrest, n = 66), and secondary prevention for other arrhythmias (2o Other, n = 57). Outcomes included physical and mental health status (Short‐Form‐36 Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary), physical symptoms (Patient Concerns Assessment), depression (Patient‐Health‐Questionniare‐9), and anxiety (State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory).

Results

Participants (n = 301) were on average 64 years old, primarily male (73.7%) and Caucasian (91%) with reduced ejection fraction (34%). There were no baseline differences between ICD groups for all outcomes (P > .05). Patients in the 2° Cardiac Arrest group showed greater improvement from baseline to 3 months in physical and mental health outcomes. The 2° Cardiac Arrest group had better physical (F = 11.48, P = .004) and mental health (F = 4.34, P = .038) and less severe physical (z = 2.24, P = 0.013) and depressive symptoms (z = 2.71, P = .003) at 12 months compared to the 1o No CRT group.

Conclusion

The P+P intervention was more effective for promoting physical and psychological health outcomes for individuals receiving an ICD for 2o prevention after cardiac arrest.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Authors: Jouneau Stéphane , Ménard Cédric , Lederlin Mathieu
Published: May 2020

PAP is an ultra‐rare disease in which surfactant components, that impair gas exchange, accumulate in the alveolae. There are three types of PAP. The most frequent form, primary PAP, includes autoimmune PAP which accounts for over 90% of all PAP, defined by the presence of circulating anti‐GM‐CSF antibodies. Secondary PAP is mainly due to haematological disease, infections or inhaling toxic substances, while genetic PAP affects almost exclusively children. PAP is suspected if investigation for ILD reveals a crazy‐paving pattern on chest CT scan, and is confirmed by a milky looking BAL that gives a positive PAS reaction indicating extracellular proteinaceous material. PAP is now rarely confirmed by surgical lung biopsy. WLL is still the first‐line treatment, with an inhaled GM‐CSF as second‐line treatment. Inhalation has been found to be better than subcutaneous injections. Other treatments, such as rituximab or plasmapheresis, seem to be less efficient or ineffective. The main complications of PAP are due to infections by standard pathogens (Streptococcus, Haemophilus and Enterobacteria) or opportunistic pathogens such as mycobacteria, Nocardia, Actinomyces, Aspergillus or Cryptococcus. The clinical course of PAP is unpredictable and spontaneous improvement can occur. The 5‐year actuarial survival rate is 95%.
Assessment of immunodeficiency scoring index performance in enterovirus/rhinovirus respiratory infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Pérez Ariadna , Montoro Juan , Hernani Rafael , Lorenzo Ignacio , Hernández‐Boluda Juan Carlos , Giménez Estela , Gómez María Dolores , Balaguer‐Roselló Aitana , Gonzalez‐Barberá Eva , Guerreiro Manuel , Aguilar Cristóbal , Navarro David , Solano Carlos , Sanz Jaime , Piñana José Luis
Published: May 2020

Background

Enterovirus/rhinoviruses (EvRh) are the most common cause of respiratory virus infections in recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT).

Objective

We sought to analyze the value of the immunodeficiency scoring index (ISI) in predicting lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) progression and mortality in a prospective cohort of consecutive adult (>16 years) allo‐HSCT recipients with EvRh infection from December 1 2013 to December 1 2019 at two Spanish transplant centers.

Results

We included 234 allo‐HSCT recipients with 383 EvRh episodes. Out of 383 EvRh episodes, 98 (25%) had LRTD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified three independent factors associated with LRTD progression: Ig G < 400 mg/dL, community‐acquired respiratory virus (CARV) co‐infection and high‐risk ISI. Inclusion of Ig G levels and CARV co‐infection in the ISI improved its performance by significantly increasing the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) from 0.643 to 0.734 (P = .03). Likewise, the two conditions identified by multivariate analyses as associated with higher probability of mortality were high‐risk ISI and EvRh infection within 6 months after transplant.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm the value of high‐risk ISI in predicting both probability of EvRh LRTD and 3‐month overall mortality. We also demonstrate that the original ISI could be adapted to other CARV types by including additional variables to improve its performance.
Nuclear import of LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 is redundantly mediated by importins α‐1, α‐2 and α‐3
Authors: Chen Chong , Kim Daewon , Yun Hee Rang , Lee Yun Mi , Yogendra Bordiya , Bo Zhao , Kim Hae Eun , Min Jun Hong , Lee Yong‐Suk , Rim Yeong Gil , Kim Hyun Uk , Sung Sibum , Heo Jae Bok
Published: May 2020

LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (LHP1) encodes the only plant homologue of the metazoan HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (HP1) protein family. The LHP1 protein is necessary for proper epigenetic regulation of a range of developmental processes in plants. LHP1 is a transcriptional repressor of flowering‐related genes, such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), AGAMOUS (AG) and APETALA 3 (AP3). We found that LHP1 interacts with importin α‐1 (IMPα‐1), importin α‐2 (IMPα‐2) and importin α‐3 (IMPα‐3) both in vitro and in vivo. A genetic approach revealed that triple mutation of impα‐1, impα‐2 and impα‐3 resulted in Arabidopsis plants with a rapid flowering phenotype similar to that of plants with mutations in lhp1 due to the upregulation of FT expression. Nuclear targeting of LHP1 was severely impaired in the impα triple mutant, resulting in the de‐repression of LHP1 target genes AG, AP3 and SHATTERPROOF 1 as well as FT. Therefore, the importin proteins IMPα‐1, ‐2 and ‐3 are necessary for the nuclear import of LHP1.
Experimental Study of Refrigerant (R-134a) Condensation Heat Transfer and Retention Behavior on Paraffin-Coated Vertical Plates and Fin Structures
Authors: Jin Hong-Qing , Wang Sophie
Published: May 2020

Condensation of refrigerant R-134a is experimentally investigated on a paraffin-coated copper surface and compared to condensation on a plain copper surface. Heat transfer and visualization experiments are conducted for vertical-plate samples and for two different fin structures at various degrees of subcooling. A one-dimensional heat conduction model is used to interpret the condensation heat transfer measurements, while liquid retention behavior is quantified with the aid of image processing. The experimental results on vertical plates show that the heat transfer is enhanced on the coated surface with a maximum increase of 27% in the condensing heat transfer coefficient. On fin structures, the liquid retention was reduced by up to 28% on a coated surface. The heat transfer and retention behavior vary with surface material, degree of subcooling, and fin geometry.
Clinoptilolite, a type of zeolite, by near ambient pressure-XPS
Authors: Avval Tahereh G. , Carver Victoria , Chapman Sean C. , Bahr Stephan , Dietrich Paul , Meyer Michael , Thißen Andreas , Linford Matthew R.
Published: May 2020

Near ambient pressure-x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this paper, we show the NAP-XPS survey; O 1s, Ca 2p, C 1s, K 2p, Al 2s, Al 2p, Si 2p, and Si 2s narrow scans; and the extended valence band spectrum of clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite that would be difficult to analyze by conventional XPS. A small N 1s signal from N2(g) is also observed in the survey spectrum. Signals in the narrow scans are fit to Gaussian–Lorentzian sum and Gaussian–Lorentzian product functions.
Derivation of input-output functions from distortion-product otoacoustic emission level maps
Authors: Zelle Dennis , Bader Katharina , Dierkes Linda , Gummer Anthony W. , Dalhoff Ernst
Published: May 2020

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) emerge from the cochlea when elicited with two tones of frequencies f1 and f2. DPOAEs mainly consist of two components, a nonlinear-distortion and a coherent-reflection component. Input-output (I/O) functions of DPOAE pressure at the cubic difference frequency, fDP=2f1−f2, enable the computation of estimated distortion-product thresholds (EDPTs), offering a noninvasive approach to estimate auditory thresholds. However, wave interference between the DPOAE components and suboptimal stimulus-level pairs reduces the accuracy of EDPTs. Here, the amplitude P of the nonlinear-distortion component is extracted from short-pulse DPOAE time signals. DPOAE level maps representing the growth behavior of P in L1,L2 space are recorded for 21 stimulus-level pairs and 14 frequencies with f2=1 to 14 kHz (f2/f1=1.2) from 20 ears. Reproducing DPOAE growth behavior using a least-squares fit approach enables the derivation of ridge-based I/O functions from model level maps. Objective evaluation criteria assess the fit results and provide EDPTs, which correlate significantly with auditory thresholds (p < 0.001). In conclusion, I/O functions derived from model level maps provide EDPTs with high precision but without the need of predefined optimal stimulus-level pairs.
Fundamental modeling of wave propagation in temporally relaxing media with applications to cardiac shear wave elastography
Authors: Sabbadini A. , Keijzer L. B. H. , Vos H. J. , de Jong N. , Verweij M. D.
Published: May 2020

Shear wave elastography (SWE) might allow non-invasive assessment of cardiac stiffness by relating shear wave propagation speed to material properties. However, after aortic valve closure, when natural shear waves occur in the septal wall, the stiffness of the muscle decreases significantly, and the effects of such temporal variation of medium properties on shear wave propagation have not been investigated yet. The goal of this work is to fundamentally investigate these effects. To this aim, qualitative results were first obtained experimentally using a mechanical setup, and were then combined with quantitative results from finite difference simulations. The results show that the amplitude and period of the waves increase during propagation, proportional to the relaxation of the medium, and that reflected waves can originate from the temporal stiffness variation. These general results, applied to literature data on cardiac stiffness throughout the heart cycle, predict as a major effect a period increase of 20% in waves propagating during a healthy diastolic phase, whereas only a 10% increase would result from the impaired relaxation of an infarcted heart. Therefore, cardiac relaxation can affect the propagation of waves used for SWE measurements and might even provide direct information on the correct relaxation of a heart.
REVIEWS OF ACOUSTICAL PATENTS
Authors: Fulop Sean A.
Published: May 2020

The purpose of these acoustical patent reviews is to provide enough information for a Journal reader to decide whether to seek more information from the patent itself. Any opinions expressed here are those of the reviewers as individuals and are not legal opinions. Patents are available via the internet at the USPTO website, and also using Google Patents.
International management of underwater noise: Transforming conflict into effective action
Authors: Lewandowski Jill , Staaterman Erica
Published: May 2020

Underwater noise and its effects on the environment now sit squarely on the international stage and are being addressed by high-level international bodies, such as the European Union and United Nations. This is in addition to the many governments of coastal nations also working to address concerns under their own national laws and requirements. At the same time, the issue's intractability in reaching solutions continues to grow. Initial concerns in the 1990s over impacts of certain naval sonars on marine mammals have now expanded to a broader range of species, geographies, sound sources, stakeholder groups, and political and regulatory interests. In addition, there are now concerns over impacts to fishery catch rates and, for some, how reduced catch rates may affect available food for people. This paper examines how the international community can work to find solutions to this seemingly intractable problem. It reviews ten major international agreements and identifies “what” major topical areas are ripe for collaboration and then ties these findings to “how” collaborative processes should be designed to reach effective and lasting solutions.
Leishmanicidal Activity of an
In Silico
-Screened Novel Inhibitor against Ascorbate Peroxidase of Leishmania donovani
Authors: Kashif Mohammad , Paladhi Ankush , Singh Ranjeet , Bhattacharyya Sankar , Hira Sumit Kumar , Manna Partha Pratim
Published: May 2020

Peroxidases are a heterogeneous family of enzymes that have diverse biological functions. Ascorbate peroxidase is a redox enzyme that is reduced by trypanothione, which plays a central role in the redox defense system of
Leishmania
. In view of developing new and novel therapeutics, we performed
in silico
studies in order to search for a ligand library and identify new drug candidates and their physiological roles against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of
Leishmania donovani
.
A Framework for the Selection of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Based on Bacterial Competence Mechanisms
Authors: Amaya-Gómez Carol V. , Porcel Mario , Mesa-Garriga Leyanis , Gómez-Álvarez Martha I.
Published: May 2020

Numerous plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been inoculated into the soil with the aim of improving the supply of nutrients to crop plants and decreasing the requirement of chemical fertilizers. However, sometimes these microbes fail to competitively colonize the plant roots and rhizosphere. Hence, the plant growth promotion effect is not observed. Here, we describe a new screening strategy aiming at the selection of more competent PGPR. We evaluated bacterial phenotypes related to plant growth promotion, colonization, and persistence. Our results demonstrated that despite the fact that our
Rhizobium
sp. strains successfully solubilized phosphorus and produced siderophores, their abilities to spread over surfaces, resist hydrogen peroxide, and form biofilms varied. Additionally, a multicriteria decision analysis was used to analyze the data that originated from bacterial physiological characterizations. This analysis allowed us to innovatively evaluate each strain as a whole and compare the performances of the strains under hypothetical scenarios of bacterial-trait requirements.
Absence of Long-Term Protection in Domestic Pigs Immunized with Attenuated African Swine Fever Virus Isolate OURT88/3 or BeninΔMGF Correlates with Increased Levels of Regulatory T Cells and Interleukin-10
Authors: Sánchez-Cordón Pedro J. , Jabbar Tamara , Chapman Dave , Dixon Linda K. , Montoya María
Published: May 2020

The duration of immunity for any vaccine candidate is crucial. In the case of African swine fever virus vaccine candidates, this issue has received little attention. Attenuated viruses have proven protective following short immunization protocols in which pigs were challenged a few weeks after the first immunization. Here, the duration of immunity and the immune responses induced over a duration of 130 days were studied during prechallenge and after challenge of pigs immunized with the naturally attenuated isolate OURT88/3 and an attenuated gene-deleted isolate, BeninΔMGF. After a single intramuscular immunization of domestic pigs with the OURT88/3 isolate or BeninΔMGF virus, animals were not protected against challenge with the virulent Benin 97/1 ASFV genotype I isolate at day 130 postimmunization. The levels of regulatory T cells and IL-10 were elevated at the end of the experiment, suggesting that regulatory components of the immune system may inhibit effective protection.
Linearized Siderophore Products Secreted via MacAB Efflux Pump Protect Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from Oxidative Stress
Authors: Bogomolnaya L. M. , Tilvawala R. , Elfenbein J. R. , Cirillo J. D. , Andrews-Polymenis H. L.
Published: May 2020

Nontyphoidal
Salmonella
bacteria induce a classic inflammatory diarrhea by eliciting a large influx of neutrophils, producing a robust oxidative burst. Despite substantial progress understanding the benefits to the host of the inflammatory response to
Salmonella
, little is known regarding how
Salmonella
can simultaneously resist the damaging effects of the oxidative burst. The multidrug efflux pump
MacAB
is important for survival of oxidative stress both
in vitro
and during infection. We describe a new pathway used by
Salmonella
Typhimurium to detoxify extracellular reactive oxygen species using a multidrug efflux pump (MacAB) to secrete a linear siderophore, a metabolite of enterobactin. The natural substrates of many multidrug efflux pumps are unknown, and functional roles of the linear metabolites of enterobactin are unknown. We bring two novel discoveries together to highlight an important mechanism used by
Salmonella
to survive under the oxidative stress conditions that this organism encounters during the classic inflammatory diarrhea that it also induces.
Access to PCNA by Srs2 and Elg1 Controls the Choice between Alternative Repair Pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Arbel Matan , Bronstein Alex , Sau Soumitra , Liefshitz Batia , Kupiec Martin
Published: May 2020

PCNA, the ring that encircles DNA maintaining the processivity of DNA polymerases, is modified by ubiquitin and SUMO. Whereas ubiquitin is required for bypassing lesions through the DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways, we show here that SUMOylation represses another pathway, salvage recombination. The Srs2 helicase is recruited to SUMOylated PCNA and prevents the salvage pathway from acting. The pathway can be induced by overexpressing the PCNA unloader Elg1, or the homologous recombination protein Rad52. Our results underscore the role of PCNA modifications in controlling the various bypass and DNA repair mechanisms.
Phages Actively Challenge Niche Communities in Antarctic Soils
Authors: Bezuidt Oliver K. I. , Lebre Pedro Humberto , Pierneef Rian , León-Sobrino Carlos , Adriaenssens Evelien M. , Cowan Don A. , Van de Peer Yves , Makhalanyane Thulani P.
Published: May 2020

In Antarctic environments, the combination of both abiotic and biotic stressors results in simple trophic levels dominated by microbiomes. Although the past two decades have revealed substantial insights regarding the diversity and structure of microbiomes, we lack mechanistic insights regarding community interactions and how phages may affect these. By providing the first evidence of widespread antiphage innate immunity, we shed light on phage-host dynamics in Antarctic niche communities. Our analyses reveal several antiphage defense systems, including DISARM and BREX, which appear to dominate in cold desert niche communities. In contrast, our analyses revealed that genes which encode antiphage adaptive immunity were underrepresented in these communities, suggesting lower infection frequencies in cold edaphic environments. We propose that by actively challenging niche communities, phages play crucial roles in the diversification of Antarctic communities.
Multiproxy records in middle–late Miocene sediments from the Wushan Basin: Implications for climate change and tectonic deformation in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Weitao , Zhang Peizhen , Wang Zhicai , Liu Kang , Xu Hongyan , Liu Caicai , Zhang Huiping , Zheng Wenjun , Zheng Dewen
Published: May 2020

To help understand the relationship between global cooling and Tibetan uplift in the middle to late Miocene, multiple proxy data including carbonate stable isotope records, magnetic susceptibility, and sediment color references were obtained from a magnetostratigraphic section (14.5–6.0 Ma) of the Wushan Basin along the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. New proxies identify two phase changes that may have been controlled by global cooling and tectonic deformation at this time. During 14.5–13.2 Ma, positive shifts of ∼2.0‰ in δ18O and δ13C, an increase in lightness (L*), and a decrease in redness (a*) suggest gradually increasing aridity. Relatively high δ18O and δ13C values and low a*/L* and magnetic susceptibility values continue until ca. 10 Ma, when δ18O and δ13C significantly decrease and redness as well as magnetic susceptibility significantly increase. The negative shifts in δ18O and δ13C and increases in redness and magnetic susceptibility at 10 Ma are consistent with coeval basin environment and provenance changes. Combining these data with basin analysis, we suggest that global cooling was the dominant factor and Tibetan uplift was the subordinate factor for the middle Miocene aridification of the Wushan Basin. In contrast, the contribution of Tibetan uplift was dominant and global climate change was subordinate in the late Miocene basin paleogeographic reorganization.
Supplemental Material: Transition from the lithospheric to asthenospheric mantle-derived magmatism in the Early Jurassic along eastern Bangong–Nujiang Suture, Tibet: Evidence for continental arc extension induced by slab rollback
Authors: Xu Wangchun , al. et
Published: May 2020

Table S1: Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb data of the early Jurassic mafic rocks from the Kaqiong microblock; Table S2: Zircon LA-ICP-MS REE (ppm) data of the early Jurassic mafic rocks from the Kaqiong microblock; Table S3: Whole-rock major (%) and trace (ppm) element data of the early Jurassic mafic rocks from the Kaqiong microblock; Table S4: Zircon LA-MC-ICP-MS Lu-Hf data of the early Jurassic mafic rocks from the Kaqiong microblock; Table S5: Whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopic data of the early Jurassic mafic rocks from the Kaqiong microblock.
Fifteen-minute consultation: Recognition and management of the child or young person who has ingested a novel psychoactive substance
Authors: Tubman Lee , Mullen Niall , Tracy Derek K
Published: May 2020

Intoxicated children and young people (CYP) attending the paediatric emergency department (PED) are typically under the influence of alcohol or established recreational agents such as cannabis or ecstasy. The last decade or so has seen an increase in the numbers of CYP in PED who have used novel psychoactive substances (NPS). In this review, we describe four different functional classes of NPS, their legal status, clinical effects, acute management and interventions to reduce harm.
Association of illicit drug use in adolescence with socioeconomic and criminal justice outcomes in adulthood: prospective findings from a UK national birth cohort
Authors: White James , Bell Steven , Batty G David
Published: May 2020

Background

Illicit drug use in adolescence has been linked to drug use and poor mental health in adult life, but few studies have examined the relation between adult economic and criminal justice outcomes.

Methods

We analysed data from 14 082 participants (6999 women) in the 1970 British Birth Cohort Study. Illicit drug use over study members’ lifetime and in the past year were self-reported at 16 years of age. Thirteen outcomes were self-reported at 30 years of age, including illicit drug use, smoking, problems with alcohol, mental and physical health, experience of socioeconomic disadvantage and experiences with the criminal justice system.

Results

At 16 years of age, 20.3% of the participants had ever tried an illicit drug and 7.2% had used in the past year. After adjustment for ﻿childhood socioeconomic status and mental health problems, and following correction for multiple testing, there was a dose–response association between illicit drug use at 16 years with illicit drug use in adult life in the past year (OR; 95% CI – 1.83, 1.51 to 3.12), experiencing homelessness (1.74, 1.16 to 2.62), being arrested (1.57, 1.29 to 1.92) and cautioned (1.97, 1.50 to 2.57) by the police, and being found guilty at court (1.73, 1.34 to 2.23).

Conclusions

Adolescent drug use was associated with an array of social and criminal outcomes in later life.
Ethics of instantaneous contact tracing using mobile phone apps in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Parker Michael J , Fraser Christophe , Abeler-Dörner Lucie , Bonsall David
Published: May 2020

In this paper we discuss ethical implications of the use of mobile phone apps in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contact tracing is a well-established feature of public health practice during infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics. However, the high proportion of pre-symptomatic transmission in COVID-19 means that standard contact tracing methods are too slow to stop the progression of infection through the population. To address this problem, many countries around the world have deployed or are developing mobile phone apps capable of supporting instantaneous contact tracing. Informed by the on-going mapping of ‘proximity events’ these apps are intended both to inform public health policy and to provide alerts to individuals who have been in contact with a person with the infection. The proposed use of mobile phone data for ‘intelligent physical distancing’ in such contexts raises a number of important ethical questions. In our paper, we outline some ethical considerations that need to be addressed in any deployment of this kind of approach as part of a multidimensional public health response. We also, briefly, explore the implications for its use in future infectious disease outbreaks.