bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wild Democracy
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: February 2023

This is a manifesto for a wilder democracy. This is an ethic for free, courageous and anarchic democrats. Courage is necessary because fear is the death of democracy. Fear -fear for personal security, fear of change and loss- leads to fascism and authoritarianism. Anarchy protects us. Anarchy is not a license, anarchy is the shadow and salvation of democracy, the discipline of the free. Wild democracy is nurtured in anarchic spaces. The Western canon taught that true democracy is dangerous, and that the people are a problem to be managed. This book argues that people have not only the right but the ability to rule themselves. The law should not rule them, they should rule the law. The book offers a critique of liberalism, the rule of law, and the Western canon. The anarchy that the book advocates is not a rejection of politics, solidarity, or cooperation: it is the rejection of any ruler but oneself. Wild democrats speak freely and deliberately. They are unafraid of difference, diversity and pluralism. They take risks. They experiment with new forms of government and the abandonment of governance. They dare to live with their enemies, to become new people and make new worlds. They recognize that when liberty is gone they have not only the right but the duty to rebel. This book, composed of a series of brief theses, offers a braver, more daring ethic for democrats, one that values courage more than civility, places respect above tolerance, and rejects authoritarianism decisively.
Anarchy, courage, democracy
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: February 2023

This set of theses explores the relationship between anarchy, courage, and democracy. Fear of anarchy shadows democracy, but it is authoritarianism we should fear. Authoritarians prey on the desire for protection, on suspicion of foreigners, and a fear of violence. Surveillance programs, like the Prevent program in the UK, make people more fearful and more willing to submit to power. Authoritarianism is the enemy of democracy, anarchy is its shadow and salvation. Anarchy protects free people, making them self-reliant, and able to work together. Democracy belongs not to elites but to the poor and shabby, and to the rebellious. Politicians imitate that shabbiness. Pirates, bandits, outlaws, and rogues are closer to democracy than men in suits. They have the daring that democrats need to rule themselves. They have the shabby, unruly courage characteristic of rebels everywhere. That courage is necessary because democracy is always a risky business.
Rights are born in the body
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: February 2023

These ten theses offer a simple and powerful theory of natural rights. Rights, Norton argues, are not abstract. They are not given by law. Instead they are born in the flesh of living bodies. They are held in common. They are inalienable and cannot be sold or contracted away. Rights are carried by every living person not only into politics, but into where they work and worship. Rights are above the law. These theses discuss specific rights: to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; to speak, to be silent and to heckle; to migrate; and to assemble where they choose; not merely where the state permits. The rights of other bodies, of animals and natural bodies, are also discussed here.
Democrats live with open hands
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: February 2023

This section of theses explores the generosity of free people and democratic life. The opening theses show how Plato’s criticism of democracy is challenged by the Muslim theorist al Farabi. Farabi sees democracy as wild, diverse, excessive and generous: generating more and more diversity. The section critiques the idea of “social trust” and ethnic homogeneity as necessary (or even desirable) for democracy. Instead, specific theses argue that democrats can tolerate the undemocratic, asking with Nietsche “What are my parasites to me?” The closing theses of the section argue that nothing is needed for democracy but humanity. Working with Ibn Khaldun, Norton argues that poverty and anarchy teach not only fortitude and self-reliance, but solidarity. These theses challenge fears of migration and immigrants, and anxieties over integration.
The problem with liberalism
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: February 2023

These theses are critical of liberalism. Rather than seeing the liberalism in “liberal-democratic” as a protection against the excesses of democracy, these theses argue that liberalism, not democracy, is a problem for free people. Liberalism’s insistence that law, rules, and institutions are good in themselves results not in more but less freedom. Contemporary examples show how liberalism operates as a supplement in the Derridian sense, adding only to replace. We see how often liberal procedures are mistaken for true democracy. Populism, on the other hands, is much maligned, but has a democratic and egalitarian core. One thesis gives a robust defense of populism with historical and contemporary examples. Theses in this section also offer ideas for radical decentralization and defenses of the importance of recall and the imperative mandate.
Democratic times
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: February 2023

The theses in this section focus on the times and temporalities of democratic self-rule. They show the times of celebration in uprisings and revolutionary successes. They describe the experience of bringing the new into the world. They show people experiencing self-rule as having times of frustration, danger, and loss. They show those times when people experience their own authority as calling forth the sacred and placing them in sacred time. These theses discuss ideas of fugitivity put forward by Sheldon Wolin, for whom democracy was episodic; and Neil Roberts and other Black scholars, for whom it has been tied to flight, exile and fugitive communities. These theses also discuss the joyful experiences of uprisings and revolutions chronicled by Alexis de Tocqueville and Aristide Zolberg.
Friends and enemies
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: February 2023

The theses in this section identify and discuss the friends and enemies of the democratic. The opening thesis argues that equality provides necessary support to democracy. This is followed by a discussion of the corrupting effects of inequality on democratic life. Fear, authoritarianism, inequality, and claims to power in the blood are all enemies to democracy. The long history of identifying friendship as a democratic practice is discussed. One thesis discusses how friendship teaches people to live as democrats. The enemies of democracy are named, the threats they pose discussed. The final thesis in this section discusses what is to be done with these enemies of democracy, and how friends are to be found and cultivated.
Bass Diminution
Authors: Mortensen John J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter explains how bass lines may be elaborated through diminution, the difference between structural tones and elaborations (or diminutions), and how to recognize structural tones beneath an elaborated texture. The reader is then introduced to the idea that, unlike in Furno, most partimenti use diminution to “hide” the structural tones to a certain degree. The concept of bass diminution is important not only for further study of partimento, but also for improvisation.
Bicinium
Authors: Mortensen John J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the concept of bicinium, or keyboard music in only two voices. Because passages in bicinium play a substantial role in fugues, the technique must be studied on its own. Examples from toccatas of Francesco Durante and Alessandro Scarlatti are presented. Further examples from Johann Mattheson, Georg Frideric Handel, J. S. Bach, W. H. Pachelbel, and Fortunato Chelleri also appear. The chapter presents concepts of consonance and dissonance, and provides exercises in constructing effective passages in bicinium.
Stretto
Authors: Mortensen John J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter explains the technique of stretto, in which thematic material in the fugue is layered over itself in contrapuntal combinations. Topics include characteristics of the stretto, strategies for creating stretto, and principles of imitation at the octave, fourth, and fifth. Exercises accompany each concept.
Pedal Point, Cadenza, Ending
Authors: Mortensen John J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter explains the techniques of pedal points, cadenzas, and conclusions to a fugue. Topics include Gedalge’s rules for pedal points, the pedal point’s effect, and the pedal point’s location. The chapter contains many examples from music literature. The technique of the cadenza is explained. Exercises guide the reader to try out improvising pedal points at the keyboard.
Have a Life!
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: February 2023

Resilience is an evergreen topic of interest. People are naturally drawn to information on how to improve self-care, develop a rich circle of friends, gain and maintain a healthy perspective, and become more attuned to ways of uncovering and productively spending periods of time alone. Such opportunities help improve self-awareness and understanding. They help improve our emotional intellect so we don’t immediately react but instead pause to reflect and process life as it unfolds. Self-care, friendship, a healthy perspective, and reflective periods also aid us to balance independence and collaboration, as well as know how much psychological safety is needed, so we can risk without being rash. The original edition of Bounce addressed these areas, and much of what was contained in the book is still current and applicable. But then the appearance of Covid-19, increased gun violence, intense political strife, and dramatic divisiveness within countries, families, communities, and even within faith traditions occurred. The need to greet and successfully adjust to unexpected and broad-reaching change, personally threatening challenges, and serious community stress became of even greater import. In addition, styles of living which were taken for granted—that is, adults go out to work and children are educated in an actual classroom—were also radically impacted. As a result, not only were adults asked to adapt to deal with such stress and change but also to deal with the questions and needs raised in the young around the world about their own security and hoped-for normalcy. And so, additional lessons learned from those who effectively mined the often unexpected demands of this difficult period, which remains ongoing in a number of ways, need to be brought forth and added to what we already know. Given this, in this second edition, as well as the updating and expansion of each of the original chapters where needed, a new chapter on what can be drawn from the topic of posttraumatic growth is now included.
A Powerful Healing Combination
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: February 2023

One of the key aspects of self-care is having a well-rounded circle of friends. Included in this grouping should be at least four voices: the prophet, the cheerleader, the harasser, and the inspirational guide. Having such friends provides the strength and modeling for becoming a compassionate and resilient friend to others. They also help us appreciate the gift of being a healing presence as well as to understand the psychological dangers to our own sense of self when we reach out to others in need and under stress. Adding to the process of self-care along with friendship is becoming more aware of our own “signature strengths” and the link between happiness and resilience, which is a key element of the approach now known as “positive psychology.” Approaches for appreciating more clearly what are our major, as well as minor, signature strengths are offered.
Populations: From Statistics to Data Science
Authors: Johns Fleur
Published: February 2023

This chapter argues that humanitarian investment in and deployment of digital interfaces are transforming how people, places, and things are being collectively made to count, or not, in the global sensory economy—and that these transformations warrant close attention. Whereas international humanitarian work has long been concerned with the condition of a population rendered statistically in conventional demographic terms, digital interfaces are oriented toward analysis of digital aggregates that have not been purposively, systematically, or randomly sampled. Governments, international organizations, and their many private-sector partners are increasingly captivated by the speculative digital aggregates around which digital interfaces revolve. Concern with populations in the traditional sense may only kick in at a lower, later, stage. Power evoked and oriented by the digital interfaces being developed in the international humanitarian field is less a power to “make live and let die”—although it may ultimately have those effects—than a power to make perceive and let pass. And we are only in the earliest stages of developing legal and political vocabularies to engage with these developments critically and creatively.
Uses: Using, Disusing, and Misusing Digital Humanitarian Interfaces
Authors: Johns Fleur
Published: February 2023

What else might digital interfaces be called to do other than try to mimic reality, demand resilience, or intone the march of progress in international humanitarian work? This chapter suggests that answers to this question could reside in the politics of digital interfaces’ use, disuse, and misuse. What gains power in contemporary international legal and political relations is what gets used and who or what is deemed useful and how. Things that fall out of use and people who are regarded as useless tend to be treated as superfluous. This chapter explores the politics of what is considered usable or useful in and by digital humanitarian interfaces; who qualifies as a user of them; what range of uses are enacted or invited by them; and how digital interfaces might be generatively disused or misused in international humanitarian work. Use, as queer theorist Sara Ahmed has discussed at length, can be conservative, but can also be ways of stopping, resisting, questioning, reinhabiting practices. This chapter will engage with Sara Ahmed’s work, especially as it probes what this could entail in the context of the making use (or not) of digital humanitarian interfaces. That is, this chapter explores what prospects could be enlivened in global order by the use, disuse, or misuse of digital humanitarian interfaces, drawing out their potential to reshape humanitarianism on the global plane.
The Enemies’ Truce
Authors: Braver Joshua
Published: February 2023

Chapter Five focuses on Bolivia, the true test of extraordinary adaptation by fire. Unlike Colombia’s process, Bolivia’s was marked by a full and deep inclusion. The chapter begins by showing how extraordinary adaptation occurred through Congress illegally amending the old constitution to structure the creation of a new one. Since all parties participated in its drafting, the product was a constitution that decentralizes and divides power. However, the cost of including the opposition was the watering down of long-held peasant demands for land redistribution. The changes for the country were significant, but ultimately extraordinary adaptation was unable to fully deliver the radical justice revolutionaries sought.
Who Counts? Effective Altruism and the Problem of Numbers in the History of American Wildlife Conservation
Authors: Wise Michael D.
Published: February 2023

Effective Altruists’ recent interventions into the domain of North American wildlife conservation replicate problems that have long affected the history of wildlife science and management in the United States. A century ago, conservation agencies structured wildlife policies around the efficient management of wild animals as a public resource owned by the state, managing wildlife populations for hunting and tourism, deploying “businesslike regulations, enforced with promptness, effectiveness, and common sense”—as Gifford Pinchot put it in 1905—to maximize “the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run.” Based on transforming wild animals into property, these policies stunted wider discussions about the ethics of wildlife conservation, setting conservation work down a path that diverged from animal advocacy. The economizations of Effective Altruism are rooted in this history of the ownership ideal, and a rejection of that principle is necessary to center the needs of nonhuman animals in conservation discussions.
A Feminist Ethics of Care Critique of Effective Altruism
Authors: Adams Carol J.
Published: February 2023

This essay introduces the concept of the rational-economic man and describes how the commitment to this concept influenced the rise of white men to places of power in the animal advocacy movement. It also shows how the precepts of Effective Altruism (EA) adhere to this concept. It examines the privilege that Effective Altruists like Peter Singer and Jeff Sebo fail to consider in forwarding EA. It suggests that an alternative ethical approach exists, a “feminist ethics of care,” but that through the abjection of sympathy or sentiment in a patriarchal culture, it becomes disregarded as Effective Altruism opts for an arid rationality. And yet, because each person, including theorists, are located somewhere, individuals will find the approach of Effective Altruism cannot illumine the decision-making required from our specific social locations. Finally, it considers how Animal Charity Evaluators contributed to the harm of sexual exploitation while making it harder to fix the problem.
The Empty Promises of Cultured Meat
Authors: Abrell Elan
Published: February 2023

Cultured meat is often framed in many Effective Altruist circles as a grand solution to the problem of animal agriculture and its disastrous impacts on animal well-being, human health, and the environment. Indeed, Effective Altruist–influenced organizations such as the Good Food Institute tout investment in cultured-meat companies as an essential strategy in ending industrial animal agriculture. However, recent techno-economic analyses indicate that it will not be financially or technologically feasible to produce commercial cultured products that could compete with conventional meat products at any significant scale in the next decade, suggesting that cultured meat will not be capable of displacing conventional meat fast enough to avoid the disastrous effects of accelerating climate change. This chapter argues this investment-focused strategy has misdirected financial and activist resources away from alternative strategies that could better respond to the pressing necessity of ending animal agriculture more immediately.
Introduction
Authors: Li Ji
Published: February 2023

This introductory chapter situates Caubrière’s documentation in the modern context of Western expansion, imperialism, and imperial legacy in modern China. As imperial competition undermined the world’s frontiers, the Catholic Church’s missionary enterprise was intertwined with the European empires’ expansion into indigenous societies. The French missionary movement became the most extensive front in France’s overseas empire-building. In Manchuria, the expansion of the Catholic Church was under the French Religious Protectorate and encountered regional imperial powers of Russia and Japan. How to place Catholic missions and missionary writings within the historical narratives and ideological framework is a critical point in understanding missions and empire-building in modern times.
The Battlefield
Authors: Li Ji
Published: February 2023

This chapter reconstructs the battlefield of the Boxers’ attack on the Santaizi village church based on Caubrière’s detailed descriptions of the Boxers, the Catholic fighters and survivors, and the local magistrates who provided mediation in the aftermath. Caubrière’s words and drawings portray how local people made sense of the event. It adds a valuable account to the mainstream narrative of the Boxer Uprising, which drowns out the voices of individual participants, especially those in rural communities. Drawing on Caubrière’s compelling accounts of raw emotions and profound injury, this chapter also explores the suffering and survival of Chinese Christianity at the dawn of modern China.
Obligation and Responsibility
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: February 2023

This chapter explains the four principal issues that are explored in this book. The four items on the Putative Contrasts list summarize these issues: (1) Both moral responsibility and moral obligation require freedom, but whereas, seemingly, the former does not require freedom to do otherwise, the latter does. (2) Semicompatibilism regarding responsibility (or obligation) is the thesis that even if determinism is incompatible with freedom to do otherwise, it is compatible with responsibility (or obligation). Arguably, while responsibility semicompatibilism is plausible, obligation semicompatibilism is far less tenable. (3) Externalism about responsibility or obligation is the view that how you acquire apt antecedents of action, such as beliefs, desires, and values, may influence whether you are responsible for, or are morally obligated to do, something. It appears that whereas responsibility externalism is true, there is little or no reason to believe that obligation externalism is true. (4) While obligations can change with time’s passage, blameworthiness cannot. The general conclusion argued for is that the only item on this list that captures a real difference is item 3. Obligation and responsibility are far more similar to each other than items 1, 2, and 4 suggest. A chapter-by-chapter synopsis concludes the discussion.
More Radical Reversal Stories and Appraisals
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: February 2023

This chapter tests the hypothesis that responsibility is historical—how one acquires one’s springs of action can affect responsibility—because responsibility is primarily an agent-focused appraisal, while obligation is not historical in virtue of obligation’s being a fundamentally act-focused appraisal. Assessments or judgments of practical rationality, which are judgments regarding what one takes practical reason to require, permit, or forbid, are agent-focused assessments. In contrast, judgments of practical reason are act-focused. If the hypothesis is correct, we would expect radical reversal cases, which feature invasive manipulation of agents who are unaware of being manipulated, to undermine judgments of practical rationality but not those of practical reason. This is, indeed, borne out by apt radical reversal cases. Next, the chapter defends the view that how one acquires apt constituents of love can affect whether one indeed loves another or the value of the sort of love one displays. Finally, the chapter discusses whether determinism undermines requirements or obligations of love, and whether determinism imperils being blameworthy or praiseworthy from love’s standpoint as opposed to the moral standpoint.
Obligation, Overridingness, and Punishment
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: February 2023

The overridingness thesis says that of the different sorts of obligation such as moral, legal, or prudential obligation, moral obligation is supreme or overriding. For instance, if at some time one morally ought to do something and one prudentially ought to do something else, but one cannot at this time do both, then one “plain ought” to do what morality requires. The thesis presupposes an “ought” (“plain ought”) that is distinct from the “ought” of ordinary normative standpoints, such as the moral, prudential, legal, or etiquettical standpoints. The chapter defends the view that determinism compromises “plain ought,” thereby calling into question the overridingness thesis. In addition, the chapter unearths an important implication of the argument developed in a previous chapter for the incompatibility of determinism and obligation. Some philosophers have proposed that there is no free will problem for punishment because attractive justifications of punishment, such as quarantine or apt deterrent justifications, are entirely divorced from blameworthiness. The chapter introduces a new free will obstacle for punishment that arises in virtue of the commitments of these justifications to moral obligation.
The Application of the Third Geneva Convention in Fluid Conflicts
Authors: Blank Laurie R.
Published: February 2023

Armed conflicts that fluctuate between international (IAC) and non-international (NIAC), based on the changing character of the parties involved or the involvement of additional parties, present significant complexities regarding the status and protection of persons. The usually straightforward determination during IAC that a captured enemy soldier is a prisoner of war (POW) becomes the much more difficult question of what authority the detaining party has and what treatment and disposition that soldier is owed when the conflict becomes a NIAC. The internationalization of a NIAC raises the challenging question of whether detainees meeting the criteria for prisoners of war but captured during the NIAC, when such status did not exist, should now be characterized as prisoners of war. Understanding how these transitions in a fluid conflict can and should affect the status and treatment of persons is essential for effective operational planning and preparation. After examining the application of specific key terms in the Third Geneva Convention in such fluid conflicts, specifically regarding the status of detainees and the obligation to release and repatriate, this chapter highlights the underlying questions at the heart of the application of the Geneva Conventions in search of a coherent theme or principle to drive such analyses. A deeper examination of the Convention, including the basis for the key applicable provisions, suggests that although the Third Geneva Convention’s meaning and intent are readily decipherable, if not explicit, the debate rests on the underlying “storyline” or theme that could or should drive interpretation in such situations.
The Use of Force Against Prisoners of War: Operationalizing Article 42
Authors: Hanna Chris , “Ossie” Oswald Bruce
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines the application of force against prisoners of war (POWs) by deconstructing Article 42 of the Third Geneva Convention. It does this by focusing on key words in Article 42, particularly (1) “use of weapons,” (2) “escaping or attempting to escape,” (3) “extreme measures” and “warnings.” It also discusses whether a law enforcement paradigm is useful when considering the use of lethal force against POWs and urges care in associating or promoting such a paradigm in relation to the management of POWs. The chapter is set in the specific historical context of a mass escape of Japanese POWs from an Australian POW camp during the Second World War. This incident, and the analysis of the law concerning the incident, are offered as a prompt to treat the prospect of the use of force against POWs as requiring prior consideration and planning. Accordingly, the chapter concludes with several suggestions of how States may wish to interpret and apply Article 42 in doctrine and orders. These suggestions are made to ensure that military planners and commanders can maintain the required levels of security in POW camps while making certain that the protective status to which POWs are entitled are safeguarded.
ICRC Perspectives on the Interpretation of the Third Geneva Convention More Than Seventy Years after Its Adoption
Authors: Henckaerts Jean-Marie , Mačák Kubo , Orkin Mikhail , Policinski Ellen
Published: February 2023

This chapter aims to share the ICRC’s experience and insights in applying the treaty interpretation methodology set out in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to the interpretation of the Geneva Conventions. It draws on the work accomplished in updating the first three Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions, focusing on the Third Geneva Convention. It explains how the rules for treaty interpretation have been applied in this process. It looks in particular at the requirement that an interpretation be carried out in good faith, the concepts of the “ordinary meaning of terms” and the “object and purpose” of a Convention. It further examines the impact of subsequent developments in practice and law on the interpretation of the Conventions and surveys the supplementary means of interpretation set out in the Vienna Convention. Finally, it examines how the Commentaries have drawn a distinction between the law as it stands today (lex lata) and the law as it should be (de lege ferenda).
Introduction
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Dobbs Erica , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra
Published: February 2023

How do individuals protect and provide for themselves in a world where, by choice or by force, so many are long-term residents without full membership and long-term citizens without residence in the places where they are entitled to rights? The introductory chapter discusses what has changed about social welfare provision in this world on the move where states are backing away from their role as social welfare providers. This chapter describes a new regime of hybrid transnational social protection (HTSP) which brings to light how migrants (and nonmigrants) piece together resource environments across borders from multiple sources, including the state, the market, nongovernmental organizations, and social networks. This chapter identifies four logics upon which social protection is based. In addition to the traditional logic of citizenship which entitles people to protection on the basis of their constitutional rights, people also see the logic of personhood/humanity, the logic of the market, and the logic of community. In each logic, social protection involves choices and ranges of actors: local, subnational, national, and supranational potential providers, some only accessible through international migration. Migration thus becomes a form of social protection, transforming how and where individuals and families provide for themselves. HTSP is by no means a panacea. It redistributes inequalities rather than ameliorating them, creating new winners and losers.
Children and Families
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Dobbs Erica , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra
Published: February 2023

Chapter 1 explores the ways children’s rights to protection are reconstituted in the context of transnational migration. This chapter examines social protections for five categories of children: (1) children left behind, (2) noncitizen children born or growing up in countries of destination, (3) children sent ahead, (4) children sent back, and (5) internationally adopted children. Each group faces unique challenges and has access to different types and levels of resources, legitimated by the intersecting and sometimes competing logics of rights and entitlements—as minors, as family dependents, as citizens, and as consumers or commodities. Analyzing these different experiences makes visible the drastic changes that children and their families experience in our world on the move. The experiences of these children also underscore the importance of disaggregating citizenship and social rights, going beyond the nation to understand social protection strategies, and decentering the state’s role in the safety net.
Marx and Markets
Authors: Kain Philip J.
Published: February 2023

To make the case that Marx accepts social democracy, it must be shown that he accepts markets. But markets produce fetishism or alienation. In Marx’s earlier writings, overcoming such fetishism, it seemed, required eliminating markets altogether. By the time of Capital, however, Marx thinks socialist society can end fetishism by controlling the market to prevent it from dominating us. Chapter 1 tries to discover how far along the spectrum from social democracy to full socialism society must move in order to control the market. It argues that social democracy could do so, whereas, full state ownership—full socialism—might fail to control markets and produce even greater fetishism. It also examines briefly the argument of Weber, Mises, and Hayek that a socialist economy without markets, money, and prices would be unable to calculate efficiently and thus unable to effectively control its economy.
Marx and Democracy
Authors: Kain Philip J.
Published: February 2023

Wouldn’t it require a powerful and dominating state to control the market? Wouldn’t that produce political alienation? Do we just have to choose between one sort of alienation or another: market fetishism or political alienation? This is the issue that Chapter 2 takes up. How can a dominating political state and political alienation be avoided? Marx’s answer from 1843 on is democracy—the greatest possible extension of voting. Even the dictatorship of the proletariat is simply the proletariat democratically outvoting the bourgeoisie. For Marx, the state should be understood as a battleground where classes fight it out—and where the proletariat can, as the Communist Manifesto puts it, “win the battle of democracy.” But there is yet another problem. Marx realizes that the proletariat is not the majority anywhere in Europe—the peasants are. This is an issue that will have to be faced in subsequent chapters.
Marx and Majority Revolution
Authors: Kain Philip J.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 4 argues that with his theory of historical materialism Marx moves away from a theory of minority revolution toward a theory of majority revolution in an advanced capitalist society. The social relations of production will come to fetter the forces of production and produce a polarization of classes and the immiseration of the proletariat. That will lead to an insurrection by the immense majority—which would make possible a democratic society that could proceed without a powerful state standing over and dominating society. The problem is that the industrial proletariat never becomes the majority in any society. Another problem is that both models for revolution discussed so far put the political revolution before the social revolution. And that imperils democracy. These problems will have to be addressed in Chapter 5.
Marx and Social Democracy
Authors: Kain Philip J.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 6 characterizes social democracy in greater detail. The Meidner Plan of Sweden, very interestingly, demonstrated the possibility of socialism emerging within and out of capitalism—that is, that it is quite possible for a social democratic society to move to collective ownership of the means of production through a fully democratic, peaceful, and legal process employing nothing but ordinary capitalist mechanisms. It also suggests that the Swedish economy would not have ended up looking anything like what Hayek and Mises would suggest. Chapter 6, following Galbraith and others, points out that capitalism, as it develops larger and larger corporations, necessitates a great deal of planning. Again, socialism emerges within capitalism. Consequently, there is even less of a structural obstacle to moving peacefully and democratically toward planning in a social democratic society.
Sibling Therapy
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail
Published: February 2023

Siblings share a unique relationship: They have known each other longer than anyone else. No matter how close or distant siblings are today, they are part of each other. As adults, they actually are part of two sibling sets. The original siblings are the ones who grew up together and have changed and aged together. The second set is the creation of their childhood perceptions, feelings, hurts, and resentments, as well as idealizations about the original siblings. These siblings, like ghosts, are not visible; they never age. While these ghosts mostly lie dormant, when they jump into action, they distort how adults relate to their siblings now. The ghosts have four components—frozen images, crystallized roles, unhealthy loyalty, and sibling transference—each of which has a unique effect on one’s adult life, and all of which may be transferred onto important adults in their lives, including spouses and lovers, people at work, and friends. For therapists of all theoretical orientations, Sibling Therapy is the first book that provides a theoretical framework for working with adult siblings and will be helpful in understanding the influences of clients’ ghosts, especially when dealing with intractable problems. While based in systemic theory, the book goes beyond, looking at the specific issues related to being siblings. The ideas and the numerous clinical examples presented here are applicable for family therapists, social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors, pastoral counselors, and anyone working in a therapeutic position, as well as masters and doctoral students in these fields.
Recognizing Sibling Ghosts in Your Clients’ Treatment
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail
Published: February 2023

The way therapists see their clients’ problems—whether individual or couples—may have a sibling connection. Learning to help clients see the connection themselves can lead to better outcomes, especially for those with intractable problems. How to prepare for inviting siblings into your clients’ sessions and problems that might arise in a variety of circumstances are discussed. When siblings attend, they can provide missing information that may clarify your client’s understanding of their history. Sometimes siblings find the session so helpful, they choose to participate in the sibling therapy. This chapter discusses how to begin the sessions. Examples include an emphasis on how to point out indications of clients’ frozen images, crystallized roles, and any unhealthy loyalties that may be affecting them.
Treatment for Those Requesting Sibling Therapy
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail
Published: February 2023

The reasons siblings seek therapy can color the direction and physical space for ensuing therapy sessions, but across all modalities, the primary ingredient is a good therapeutic relationship. The importance of the first session’s structure is discussed, with an emphasis on the therapist’s efforts to determine the ghosts that may be present and the effective use of a genogram. Eleven common causes of sibling conflict (with clinical examples) are discussed, including the role of parental involvement in adult sibling conflict. Why listening for key words is important and when a therapist should intervene, flexibility around which siblings to involve, session logistics (including problems with video therapy sessions), and ending therapy are covered.
The Myth of the Community Fix
Authors: Cate Sarah D.
Published: February 2023

The Myth of the Community Fix: Inequality and the Politics of Youth Punishment explores the consequences of the widespread bipartisan embrace of the community-based reform movement in the juvenile justice system. Using a qualitative comparative case study focused on Texas, California, and Pennsylvania, the book traces the historical development of juvenile justice policy and the limitations of the community-based reform movement. The book is organized around four key findings from the case studies. First, rather than eliminate the negative effects of juvenile incarceration, the community-based reform movement shifts punishment to the local level and diminishes democratic accountability. Second, the reforms create incentives for carceral expansion rather than retraction by opening up new avenues for the privatization of juvenile prisons, programs, and policymaking decisions. Third, this reform strategy individualizes the solutions to delinquency at the expense of needed structural solutions. Finally, community-based reforms perpetuate and expand punitive policies in the juvenile justice system. These reforms are not fundamentally improving the lives of youth caught in the juvenile justice system, and in fact, the current community-based reform movement has led to a number of negative consequences, particularly for racial minorities and working-class youth. By contextualizing the community-based reform movement as part of the broader shift away from the centralized provision of public goods in the United States this book demonstrates why those committed to addressing the problems of mass incarceration should be wary of the community fix.
Introduction
Authors: Cate Sarah D.
Published: February 2023

The introduction gives an overview of the purpose of the book, mainly to address the continued abusive and harmful treatment of youth in the justice system in light of widespread reform efforts. The introduction also outlines the approach of the book, which provides a qualitative assessment of changes within the justice system and situates them within a broader policy and historical context. This perspective explores how youth are being treated, what is happening to those no longer sent to state-run prisons, and the complex political story behind how this reform model developed and garnered widespread support. These reforms contribute to a larger pattern of American social policy development toward devolution, privatization, and an emphasis on individual responsibility rather than on eliminating economic and political inequalities.
In Search of Ancient Tsunamis
Authors: Goff James
Published: February 2023

This entertaining book offers a journey through the science of tsunamis, a “how to” guide in many ways of what to look for in the geology, geomorphology, anthropology, and archaeology. It draws on examples from around the world and includes numerous personal accounts of field and laboratory experiences. This journey through tsunami science is framed within the search for ancient tsunamis in the northern part of Chile, a desert environment that requires the use of all the skillsets available to the tsunami researcher. This is a region where numerous attempts to find evidence have failed largely due to the hostile environment that refuses to play by the rules. The story is told through the very personal lens of the author with firsthand accounts of the trials and tribulations of fieldwork and local eccentricities, of serendipitous events, and a growing awareness and understanding of the value of a wide variety of techniques that can be applied to the science. The journey is populated with side stories engaging the reader with deeper insights into the countries, study areas, joys, and disappointments of carrying out scientific research across the globe. It is both a very personal story as well as an in-depth look at the science involved in an increasingly sophisticated and interdisciplinary search to better understand the true nature of tsunamis. It contains the wisdom of elders, “eureka” moments of discovery, and a look at the very latest developments in understanding the effects of ancient tsunamis on prehistoric human populations.
Strand 4
Authors: Goff James
Published: February 2023

Armed with a now significant array of techniques this chapter considers the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, where large, historically documented events have been reported. It starts with a discussion of the details of the ad 1868 earthquake and tsunami in Chile and then moves westward across the Pacific Ocean to the Chatham Islands, where there is the geology, geomorphology, and written accounts of the event. The chapter also relates how, during the first fieldwork there a much larger event was missed in the absence of the skillsets needed to recognize it. After many years, knowledge from Tonga and Japan facilitated identification of the largest ever tsunami deposit reported in New Zealand. A combination of all the knowledge gained from studying numerous types of locations dated this event to between 3500 and 4000 years ago and numerical modeling identified the most likely source as northern Chile. The fieldwork, thinking and logic are explained throughout the chapter.
Strand 7
Authors: Goff James
Published: February 2023

This chapter reviews mass burials and their role in identifying paleotsunami sites. Archaeologists are shy at coming forward with a tsunami interpretation for an ancient mass burial. Only one mass burial in prehistory has been given a possible tsunami origin and that is in Greece, but there are many other candidates. This chapter first highlights an ancient, yet historical, tsunami mass burial in Japan and the evidence it gives us for our search into prehistory. Armed with this information we journey through the Pacific, to Easter Island and its interaction with ancient and historical tsunamis, then to the most convincing case found so far in the Solomon Islands with a detailed review of all of the evidence. A more controversial example of a mass burial from Vanuatu leads to a discussion of fieldwork and the case of the lost historical tsunami on the island of Tanna. The final mass burial to be discussed comes from Scotland, which is controversial, yet interesting nonetheless.
Strand 10
Authors: Goff James
Published: February 2023

This chapter sums up where we have got to and the importance of each strand for the work ahead. Researchers from many disciplines, not just geology, can start from their own first strand. In this way, there will be a far greater chance that new ideas will be forthcoming from areas of research not considered before. The excitement lies in the one common thread throughout all of this—humans. Needed now is a reinvestigation of mass burials in the light of what has been discovered about ancient tsunamis. This chapter considers forensic archaeology, a research area more likely to provide significant progress on understanding ancient tsunamis than any other.
The Politics of Holocaust Memory in Central and Eastern Europe: Contemporary Poland as a Comparative Case Study
Authors: Zisook Jonathan
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines the contentious politics of Holocaust memory in contemporary Poland as a comparative case study. It presents an overview of three controversies since the electoral victory of the Law and Justice Party in 2015, followed by an analysis of the Jedwabne debate in the early 2000s—the most profound discussion of Polish-Jewish relations since the Second World War. It then contextualizes the politics of Holocaust memory in Poland within a comparative-historical framework, drawing parallels to forms of Holocaust distortion in present day Hungary as a means of elucidating the Polish case. The chapter concludes by discussing Polish collective memory and the Holocaust in relation to Hungary and urges scholars to interrogate the instrumentalization of the Holocaust as a sociological phenomenon permeating national and transnational politics in post-Communist Europe.
Jewish Revival in Post-Communist Hungary: Expectations and Reality
Authors: Kovács András
Published: February 2023

After the fall of Communism, a general expectation prevailed that a Jewish revival was imminent in Hungary where the numerical estimates tended toward 100,000 people with Jewish parentage and ranging upwards of 150,000 for those of partial Jewish descent. Based on a comparison of data collected during the 1999 and 2016–2017 large scale Jewish population surveys, the article aims to reconsider whether Jewish group identification increased in the decades after the fall of Communism, and how developments in this respect may be related to the functioning of the Jewish institutions in Hungary. The results of the analysis demonstrate that nowadays Jews of the country perceive themselves much more frequently as members of a bounded group and are increasingly open to being identified as Jewish in interactions with their environment than earlier. Yet these changes are less the consequence of a return to traditional religious observance in the framework of the Jewish religious institutions, and more the products of enhanced ethnic consciousness and identification.