bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Environmental Sustainability With Food Security Across Countries
Authors: Singh Ajay Kumar , Singh Ravindra , Singh Richa
Published: August 2024

This chapter develops the environmental sustainability index (ESI) global food security index (GFSI) across 34 countries in a time series of 2000 – 2021. GFSI is considered as a combination of its four components. It applied a composite Z-score method to estimate the stated indexes. It provides a cross comparison of these countries in environmental sustainability (ES) and global food security (GFS). Thereupon, causal association between ES and GFS is identified using regression equations. The statistical results imply a significant diversity in GFS and its driving indicators, and ES across countries. GFS is positively associated with ES, GFAVI, GFACI, GFSTI, and GFUTI. ES is positively associated with GFS and its other dimensions (excluding GFSTI). Trade openness, FDI and technological change, and consumption expenditure are useful to increase GFS. In this chapter, the decisive empirical results and numerous policy suggestions are presented to increase ES and GFS.
Jojoba Cultivation
Authors: Abobatta Waleed Fouad , Sun Xudong , Mohamed Nwara Ali
Published: August 2024

Jojoba (Simmondsia Chinensis (Link) Schneider) is one of the xerophyte plants belonging to Simmondiaceae family, and has unique botanical characteristics, like leathery leaves and deep root systems. It can thrive in arid conditions and withstand even the harshest of environments. Marginal lands are areas with limited agricultural potential due to poor soil quality, water scarcity, or other factors. These lands are often overlooked for agriculture, leading to environmental degradation and economic stagnation. Jojoba is a versatile plant that thrives in harsh conditions and plays a crucial role in preventing soil erosion. Its unique adaptation makes it a valuable asset in various ecosystems and in developing marginal lands. Various factors affect jojoba growth in marginal lands, i.e., soil quality, environmental conditions, and genetics, which play important roles in jojoba productivity. It provides a sustainable income for poor communities in marginal lands and is an ideal grazing source for various animals in dry areas.
Biosensor-Based Drones Anomaly Detection Integration for Sustainable Agriculture Development
Authors: Shafik Wasswa
Published: August 2024

Recently, biosensor-based drones (BBD) have emerged and have proven to be highly influential in the convergence of modern technology and agriculture. These drones possess the capacity to bring about significant changes in the realm of sustainable agriculture development. This study presents a comprehensive insight into the crucial element of anomaly detection (AD) in integrating BBD and investigates their diverse uses in promoting sustainability in agriculture. With various advanced sensor technologies, BBD collects and transmits real-time data for accurate monitoring of agricultural crops, soil quality, and environmental parameters. The utilization of a diverse range of sensors, including multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal infrared, global positioning system (GPS), light detection and ranging (LiDAR), environmental, chemical, and crop health sensors, provides farmers with the capability to make informed decisions based on data. The management of extensive datasets produced by these sensors presents a considerable obstacle. The utilization of AD techniques is crucial to exploit the capabilities of drones equipped with biosensors fully. Machine learning (ML) algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) systems significantly impact the processing and interpretation of sensor data. They are essential in detecting deviations from anticipated trends and notifying farmers of abnormalities that could indicate crop stress, illnesses, or pest presence. Detecting issues early enables prompt action, decreasing crop production losses and reducing reliance on chemical treatments. This, in turn, supports the adoption of sustainable farming methods. The utilization of BBD in advancing sustainable agriculture encompasses a wide range of applications. The practices encompass precision irrigation management, targeted fertilization, disease and insect control, land optimization, and minimization of environmental impact. These applications collectively enhance resource efficiency, augment agricultural yields, mitigate environmental impact, and promote sustainable agriculture. Selected studies were obtained from six top academic research databases. The authors used an exhaustive data extraction technique, focusing on the study objectives and type of AD in a smart operation, such as smart agriculture, transportation and smart things settings. According to this analysis, several studies have shown that deep learning (DL) and ML are more employed in preventing point and collective anomalies. Statistical approaches are more applicable in contextual and collaborative AD. The study presents an AD summary of ML, DL, and statistical-based approaches. Conclusively, the study identifies AD's future research directions from a drone operations perspective.
Beyond Current Cryptography
Authors: Pappachan Princy , Rahaman Mosiur , Sreerakuvandana Sreerakuvandana , Bansal Shavi , Arya Varsha
Published: August 2024

Cryptography has evolved significantly, from simple ancient ciphers to sophisticated algorithms to secure modern digital communications. The advent of quantum computing and increasing cyber threats represents a paradigm shift, challenging traditional cryptographic methods and necessitating the development of quantum-resistant algorithms. The chapter discusses this advancement by focusing on core principles such as superposition, entanglement, and the no-cloning theorem, which provide improved security measures. It investigates several quantum key distribution protocols and novel solutions, including quantum secure direct communication and deterministic secure quantum communication. This chapter also addresses the challenges posed by quantum computing to existing cryptographic systems by investigating post-quantum cryptographic algorithms and emphasizes technological and ethical considerations in the practical implementation of quantum cryptography The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of striking a balance between innovation and ethical responsibility.
Artificial Intelligence in Cryptographic Evolution
Authors: Ishtaiwi Abdelraouf , Al Khaldy Mohammad A. , Al-Qerem Ahmad , Aldweesh Amjad , Almomani Ammar
Published: August 2024

The combination of artificial intelligence (AI) methods like machine learning with cryptography is essential for more intelligent and adaptable security measures. This chapter of the book outlines the convergence of AI with cryptography in detail. It summarizes the foundations of cryptography and the major AI techniques such as machine learning, deep learning, and evolutionary algorithms. The merging of AI & cryptography to maximize the potential of automated cryptanalysis that comes in terms of exposing the vulnerabilities, state of the art ciphers that follow an improved cryptographic design, enhanced intrusion detection in the form of anomaly recognition and advanced secure collaboration protocols for safe collaborative learning without sacrificing the secrecy of information. Applications in domains like finance, healthcare, and internet of things (IoT), among others, are further proofs of the benefits of program crypto-AI techniques. In addition, adversarial actions against the candidate and ethical issues are also the challenges.
Quantum-Resistant Cryptography
Authors: Widodo Agung Mulyo , Pappachan Princy , Sekti Binastya Anggara , Anwar Nizirwan , Widayanti Riya , Rahaman Mosiur , Bansal Ritika
Published: August 2024

Quantum-resistant cryptography develops cryptographic protocols and algorithms that can withstand attacks from quantum computers. Quantum computers can solve certain mathematical problems much faster than classical computers, making current encryption techniques like RSA and ECC vulnerable to quantum algorithms such as Shor's algorithm. To address this, quantum-resistant cryptography focuses on creating new algorithms based on mathematical problems that are difficult for quantum computers to solve efficiently. Examples include lattice-based, code-based, hash-based, and multivariate polynomial cryptography. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is leading efforts to standardize these algorithms to ensure they are compatible with various systems and applications. While these quantum-resistant algorithms offer protection, they may involve higher computational complexity and larger key sizes compared to traditional methods, posing implementation challenges that ongoing research aims to address.
Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC) Protocols and Privacy
Authors: Rahaman Mosiur , Arya Varsha , Orozco Sheila Mae , Pappachan Princy
Published: August 2024

This chapter explores the growing field of secure multi-party computation (SMPC), an important part of modern cryptography that protects privacy in group computing tasks. It does this by looking at their architectural designs, security models, ways to make them more efficient, and cross-domain uses. It goes into detail about the complex architecture and cryptographic methods that support SMPC, such as homomorphic encryption and sharing secrets, which protect the privacy and integrity of data in computations involving more than one person. This part also talks about strong security models that can protect against a wide range of threats, as well as ways to make algorithmic design and protocol implementation more efficient. In addition, it talks about how SMPC can be used in many different areas, like healthcare, banking, and AI, and stresses the need to follow privacy rules like GDPR. The chapter ends with a look ahead, talking about new challenges and trends that are coming up.
Homomorphic Encryption Enabling Computation on Encrypted Data for Secure Cloud Computing
Authors: Al Maqousi Ali , Alauthman Mohammad , Almomani Ammar
Published: August 2024

Homomorphic encryption enables computations on encrypted data, providing confidentiality for cloud computing applications. This chapter explains the foundations, classifications, and security definitions for homomorphic encryption schemes. Partially and somewhat homomorphic cryptosystems allow limited operations whereas fully homomorphic encryption supports arbitrary depth circuits through bootstrapping. Various homomorphic schemes are presented including RSA, Paillier, learning/ring with errors, Gentry's ideal lattices, and code-based cryptosystems. Their underlying hardness assumptions based on lattices, codes, and number theory are analyzed. Applications of fully homomorphic encryption for secure cloud analytics, machine learning, signal processing, database queries, and information retrieval are described. However, performance overhead remains a key challenge. Recent optimizations using leveled FHE, ciphertext packing, and function approximation aim to improve efficiency. Hardware acceleration via FPGAs and ASICs offers further speedups.
Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning Cryptographic Techniques for Secure Data Analysis
Authors: Alauthman Mohammad , Al-Qerem Ahmad , Almomani Ammar , Aldweesh Amjad , Aburub Faisal , Alkasassbeh Mouhammd
Published: August 2024

Machine learning models rely on sensitive personal data, creating tension between utility and privacy. Privacy-preserving machine learning aims to enable secure data analysis through cryptographic techniques. This chapter provides an overview of fundamental cryptographic primitives including secure multiparty computation, homomorphic encryption, differential privacy, and federated learning. The authors explain how these techniques allow collaborative model training and prediction without compromising data confidentiality. Example real-world applications in sectors like healthcare, finance, and public policy are presented. Hybrid approaches combining complementary cryptographic tools are outlined to improve efficiency, accuracy, and privacy. Finally, the authors examine emerging directions such as post-quantum security, trusted execution environments, and on-device learning.
Transforming Hospitality and Tourism With AI and Innovative Technologies
Authors: Dewangan Shweta , Kumar Sanjeev , Tyagi Pankaj Kumar
Published: August 2024

Tourism, hospitality, efficiency, and customer satisfaction benefit from AI. AI automation, deep learning, predictive analytics, and customized solutions change customer operations. Chatbots handle urgent reservations and customer inquiries, while humans handle difficult situations. These trustworthy solutions boost customer satisfaction and business efficiency. ML algorithms boost pricing and booking systems' responsiveness, efficiency, and market sensitivity. AI-customized customer data improves marketing and communications. AI integration raises ethical concerns of things like enterprise data privacy and automation. But it also cuts tourism and hotel staff turnover and hiring costs. AI uses predictive analytics to automate and distribute resources, saving time and money. This extensive study examines AI's impact on travel and hospitality. Reports inform stakeholders of current and future trends. In this chapter, the authors prepare stakeholders for AI's rapid hotel and tourism industry transformation.
The Ethical Implications of AI-Powered Personalization in Hospitality and Tourism
Authors: Mooi Kwong Anthony Tee , Omar Shida Irwana , Nur Aliah Mansor
Published: August 2024

The hospitality and tourism industries are revolutionized by AI-powered personalization, enhancing guest experiences and boosting revenue. However, this advancement raises ethical concerns, notably around data privacy, transparency, guest consent, and potential algorithmic discrimination. This chapter discusses these issues, focusing on how algorithmic bias affects inclusivity in travel. It proposes mitigation strategies such as ethical frameworks, robust data security, and user control over personal information. Addressing bias through diverse datasets and human oversight is emphasized. The future of AI in hospitality requires balancing personalization with ethical considerations. Recommendations for stakeholders aim to ensure a responsible, sustainable future for AI-driven travel experiences.
The Role and Importance of Metaverse and Blockchain Technology in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry
Authors: Banerjee Shuvasree , Banerjee Tathagata
Published: August 2024

Blockchain technology, on the other hand, provides a secure and transparent way to record and verify transactions, making it an ideal solution for the tourism and hospitality industry. By using blockchain technology, businesses can streamline their payment processes, reduce fraud and identity theft, and improve data security. Additionally, this chapter will be focusing upon how blockchain technology can enable businesses to create decentralized and secure marketplaces for booking accommodations, flights, and other travel services, eliminating the need for intermediaries and reducing costs for both businesses and customers.
Mobile Apps in Bleisure Tourism
Authors: Mohanty Priyakrushna , Chellasamy Aarthy , Nagarathinam Aishwarya
Published: August 2024

This study aims to achieve four primary objectives: first, to evaluate how mobile apps improve travel productivity and efficiency by streamlining logistics and simplifying planning for both business and leisure activities; second, to investigate how these apps support the integration of work and leisure by providing tools for remote work, task management, and peer communication; third, to explore how mobile apps enhance the quality and authenticity of bleisure experiences by helping travelers discover new places and immerse themselves in local culture; and finally, to construct a comprehensive framework for mobile apps in bleisure tourism for use by multiple stakeholders, including travelers, travel companies, the hospitality industry, employers, local tourism boards, and app developers. This study highlights the significance of mobile technology in optimizing the bleisure travel experience.
Technological Advancements in the Hospitality Sector
Authors: Aggarwal Bindu , Kumar Pawan , Verma Ranjeet
Published: August 2024

In today's digital era, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) is crucial, particularly in the significance of chatbots. From the start, AI has opened numerous possibilities and obstacles across various sectors including the hospitality sector. Similarly, AI needs to be considered in the process of translating new innovations into the worldwide economy. Addressing customer inquiries is a critical aspect of the hospitality sector with many businesses embracing this technology like the use of chatbots for round-the-clock customer interaction. This chapter explores the effective incorporation of chatbots into the hospitality sector and their potential to revolutionize its future. It also suggests a framework for utilizing smart chatbots to enhance the hospitality sector's operational efficiency. The chapter wraps up by highlighting main findings, providing suggestions and implications for policy and practice, and emphasizing the need for a harmonious relationship between technological advancements such as chatbots and the hospitality sector to deliver improved customer experiences.
Understanding the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry Through Customer Experience
Authors: Jain Aastha , Singh Kuldeep , Jain Preeti
Published: August 2024

In the current scenario, the role of artificial intelligence is becoming crucial as it can perform challenging tasks and actions with less time and more accuracy. There is a need for more extensive research in the domain of artificial intelligence in the hospitality and tourism industry. Hence, this study investigates the impact of artificial intelligence and robotics on the employment and skill requirements of the hospitality and tourism workforce. This study also uses AI and robotics to enhance the personalized customer experience. Researchers employed a systematic literature review and applied the PRISMA technique to present an extensive and in-depth analysis of existing research on adopting AI and robotics in the tourism and hospitality industry. This research will also help managers focus on digital marketing and promote artificial intelligence's role. Further research should investigate the 'digitalization' of guest experience and quality of services in hospitality and tourism.
Artificial Intelligence's Potential to Improve Operational Efficiency and Customer Experience in the Hospitality and Tourism Sectors
Authors: Avula Mahathi , Reddy C. Kishor Kumar , Sithole Thandiwe
Published: August 2024

This study examines the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the sectors of tourism and hospitality with the goal of understanding how they influence customer satisfaction and operational effectiveness. To lay the groundwork for a thorough examination of AI-driven developments, the introduction provides an overview of AI technologies and their possible uses in the hospital and tourist industries. The sections that follow focus on particular fields in which artificial intelligence is significantly advancing. Stakeholders in the hospitals and tourist industries may fully utilize AI to produce experiences that are unmatched and have a good social impact by committing to ethical AI deployment, collaborating with partners, and making strategic investments. Achieving remarkable experiences, encouraging sustainability, and propelling industrial expansion are all possible with AI if stakeholders in the hospital and tourist sectors embrace its ethical use, collaborate, and make calculated investments.
AI and Conflict Resolution in Tourism Destinations
Authors: Irshad Afshan , Singh Ajit Kumar
Published: August 2024

Tourism remains a key driver and promoter of international economic growth as well as intercultural relations, but, in the modern world, it is associated with vast challenges like resource competition, misunderstandings between cultures and nations, environmental consequences together with politico-economic pressure. This chapter assesses the revolutionary potential of artificial intelligence in solving tourist destination conflicts. AI could enhance conflict resolution by taking advantage of emerging technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing (NLP), and predictive analytics. What appears clear is that these technologies will offer the means for more fine-grained data analysis, improved forecasting, and stakeholder engagement. The chapter seeks to provide both tourist managers and policymakers with novel methods for promoting sustainable and peaceful tourism development, by way of a complete understanding of AI conflict resolution mechanisms.
Beyond the Storm
Authors: Alnasser Emad Mohammed , Alkhozaim Sultan Mohammed , Alshiha Ahmed Abdulaziz , Al-Romeedy Bassam Samir
Published: August 2024

This study explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on both smart human resources and crisis management. It also examines how smart human resources influences crisis management and mediates the relationship between AI and crisis management. PLS-SEM and WarpPLS 7.0 statistical software were employed to analyze survey responses from 464 managers and supervisors at travel agencies, hotels, and airlines in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The findings indicate that AI positively impacts both smart human resources and crisis management. Furthermore, smart human resources have a positive effect on crisis management and partially mediates the relationship between AI and crisis management. This research provides valuable insights for organizations on implementing AI and smart human resources practices to enhance resilience and crisis management efficiency in the tourism and hospitality sector.
A Study on the Relationship Between Japanese School Teacher Attitudes Toward Inquiry-Based Learning and Their Creativity
Authors: Fukui Masanori , Kuroda Masakatsu , Amemiya Kuni , Maeda Madoka , Kumar Rajendra , Yadav Urmila
Published: August 2024

This study investigated perceptions of Inquiry-based Learning (IBL), the importance of IBL compared to traditional knowledge, and the relationship between confidence in teaching inquiry-based learning and creativity. The analysis results indicated that the group with high creativity had significantly higher “confidence in teaching” in creativity. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between groups in “perception of IBL” and “importance of IBL.” Furthermore, it was ascertained that elementary school teachers had a strong positive perception of IBL and its importance. Teachers with more experience and creativity in inquiry-based learning tended to have more positive perceptions of and confidence in inquiry-based learning. This suggests that the direction of teacher training to raise awareness toward inquiry-based learning differs depending on creativity and school type.
Trans-Disciplinary Collaborative Disciplines Generating Cohesive Curriculum
Authors: Singh Bhupinder , Kaunert Christian
Published: August 2024

The range of learning experiences is frequently constrained by the inflexible frameworks of conventional disciplines. The goal of transdisciplinary collaborative disciplines is to dismantle these silos so that information from many subjects may be integrated. This method acknowledges that problems in the real world call for complex answers that incorporate knowledge from several academic fields. The creation of curricula that represents a common understanding among faculty members from several disciplines is at the core of transdisciplinary cooperation. Teachers may build coherent learning paths that effortlessly combine different viewpoints and approaches by working together on curriculum design. This chapter explores how transdisciplinary collaborative disciplines may be revolutionary in creating a coherent and purposeful curriculum in higher education. It also express the concept of adopting transdisciplinary cooperation is a commitment to developing a generation of learners prepared for the future.
Consequences of the Inclusion of Innovative Teaching Activities on University Students' Satisfaction
Authors: Alcántara-Pilar Juan Miguel , Rojas-Lamorena Álvaro J. , Rodríguez-López M.ª Eugenia , Guerrero-Gómez Tamara
Published: August 2024

The evolution of Higher Education requires new and more innovative teaching methodologies that coexist with more traditional education. This chapter seeks the evaluation of the activities implemented in several subjects of the Marketing and Market Research area of the Business Administration and Management Degree under the same Teaching Innovation Project. For this purpose, we have measured the effect of the confirmation of students' expectations, as well as their perceived usefulness and subjective learning in reference to the activities carried out, on the satisfaction with the innovation process. By partial least squares structural equation modelling we found that the perceived usefulness of these activities is the main precursor of student satisfaction.
Technology Integration in Online Learning Platforms
Authors: Vetrivel S. C. , Arun V. P. , Maheswari R. , Saravanan T. P.
Published: August 2024

With the rapid advancement of technology, education has undergone a transformative shift towards online learning platforms, blending traditional methods with innovative digital tools. This chapter explores the integration of technology in education, focusing on online learning platforms, blended learning approaches, and gamification techniques. Online learning platforms offer flexible and accessible avenues for knowledge acquisition, catering to diverse learning styles and schedules. Blended learning, combining face-to-face instruction with online components, provides a personalized learning experience, enhancing student engagement and outcomes. Gamification, leveraging game elements and mechanics in educational contexts, fosters motivation, collaboration, and skill development. By synthesizing these approaches, educators can create dynamic and interactive learning environments that meet the needs of today's learners.
An Examination of the Relationship Between Japanese School Teachers' Attitudes Toward Inquiry-Based Learning, Self-Efficacy, and ICT Skills
Authors: Fukui Masanori , Sano Yudai , Yanuarto Wanda Nugroho , Anggoro Subuh , Ong Eng Tek , Ng Khar Thoe , Kumar Rajendra
Published: August 2024

This study employs structural equation modeling to explore how teacher self-efficacy and ICT skills influence attitudes toward inquiry-based learning. By analyzing comprehensive survey data, we reveal that high self-efficacy negatively impacts the adoption of new ICT skills, while low self-efficacy positively influences these skills. Additionally, enhanced ICT skills improve attitudes toward inquiry-based learning across all groups. These findings suggest the need for tailored teacher training programs that consider varying levels of self-efficacy and ICT proficiency.
Development of Methodological Framework on “Environment/Health Science”-Related Transdisciplinary Studies
Authors: Ng Jing Hang , Razak Nurul Nadiah Abd , Ng Khar Thoe , Intaratat Kamolrat , Teik Peter Chew Ee , Ng Chin Siang , Kanthan Kumaran Lechimi , Ng Sally Chit Peng , Kumar Rajendra , Fukui Masanori , Ong Eng Tek , Anggoro Subuh
Published: August 2024

Cardiovascular Disease, a very serious noncommunicable global illness in medical/health science that is caused by many factors (such as environmental pollution) has been one of the highest fatality rates among many nations, numerous ethnic groups and even among younger population. This chapter reports parts of a bigger scale study to develop methodological framework for HEIs to monitor/evaluate learning outcomes integrating technology-enhanced transdisciplinary approaches in Environmental/Health Science and Biotechnology related studies in line with Sustainable Development Goals. Mixed-research method including multiple-case studies is the research design involving both qualitative/quantitative data collection and analysis. The has also shared recent innovation transforming toxins with nature's touch using biocatalysts as case exemplar. Suggestion will be made to develop framework bridging ‘Health-Education/Entrepreneurship-Technology' for the design of product to promote healthy lifestyle.
Influences of Leaderboard Direction on Learning Performance and Satisfaction in Gamified E-Learning
Authors: Wen Bo , Hu Paul Jen-Hwa , Fang Yue
Published: August 2024

The fast-growing use of gamification in e-learning underscores its potential to enhance individuals' learning performance and experience. However, the mechanisms through which key gamification element influences people's learning remain unclear. This study addresses this gap by investigating how distinct leaderboard directions influence individual learning performance and satisfaction. We conduct a randomized experiment to examine these effects and explore the underlying mechanisms. Our results show that upward leaderboard improves learning performance and satisfaction by fostering learning effort and active exploration. In contrast, downward leaderboard enhances learning performance and satisfaction through self-efficacy and self-expansion. Interestingly, the effect of lateral leaderboards on learning satisfaction appears not associated with the development of personal meaning. This study contributes to current research and practice by providing important insights for effective gamified e-learning design, implementation, and use.
Secondary Immunodeficiency and Non-cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis
Authors: Zo Sungmin , Moon Ji-Yong , Min Kyung Hoon , Lee Hyun
Published: August 2024

Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi that causes cough, sputum, and recurrent infections. As it may be associated with various respiratory or systemic diseases, a critical aspect of managing bronchiectasis is to identify the underlying cause. Immunodeficiency is a rare but important cause of bronchiectasis, and its treatability is a significant trait for bronchiectasis management. While primary immunodeficiencies in bronchiectasis are well recognized, secondary immunodeficiencies remain under-reported and under-researched. Secondary immunodeficiencies may result from various diseases and conditions, such as hematologic malignancies, human immunodeficiency virus infection, renal transplantation, or the use of immunosuppressive drugs, and may contribute to the occurrence of bronchiectasis. Recurrent pulmonary and/or extrapulmonary infections in bronchiectasis may indicate the presence of secondary immunodeficiency in patients with these underlying conditions. For treatment, examining the underlying condition, managing bronchiectasis adequately, and prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., macrolide) and/or supplementary immunoglobulin G therapy may provide potential benefits. Considering the projected increase in the prevalence of secondary immunodeficiencies and bronchiectasis, future guidelines and research on the diagnosis and optimized treatment are needed.
Distribution of Thanetian-Ilerdian biozones in Lorestan Zone, West of Iran
Authors: Maghfouri Moghaddam Iraj
Published: August 2024

The Taleh Zang Formation is a carbonate sequence of the late Paleocene–early Eocene age in the Lorestan zone, west of Iran. This Formation overlays siliciclastic rocks of the Amiran Formation and is overlain by red sandstone of the Kashkan Formation. A biostratigraphic scheme, based on the larger benthic foraminifera, is proposed for the Thanetian–Ilerdian deposits in Lorestan Zone. We compare our results with the available data from other parts of Tethys and the zonation of shallow-marine Paleocene–Eocene of Mediterranean Tethys is made. In total, 367 samples were collected from the six sections. From a biochronostratigraphic point of view, three biozones and one indeterminate zone are identified. The zones are shallow benthic zone 3 (early Thanetian), shallow benthic zone 4 (late Thanetian), and shallow benthic zone 6 (early Ilerdian). In the northern part of the Lorestan Zone (Kabutar Bula and Psht-e Jangal sections), the Taleh Zang Formation contains poor fauna. Due to the stratigraphic position, an early Thanetian age can be considered. Our data showed that the late Paleocene and Eocene biozones in Lorestan Zone developed parallel to the axis of the folding, in a northwest-southeast trend. They get younger from the northeast to the southwest. Keywords: biostratigraphy, Eocene, Foraminifera, Lorestan Zone, Paleocene.
Assessment of Psychiatric Illness among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at a Tertiary Care Center in India
Authors: Yadav Prashant , Gupta Ashish Kumar , Gautam Aditya Kumar , Arya Sumit , Kumar Adesh , Mishra Arun Kumar , Gupta Sandeep
Published: August 2024

Introduction:

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious multisystemic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Both common mental disorders (CMD) and TB are global public health problems that have a considerable impact on human health. Moreover, TB and CMDs share common risk factors including poverty, drug addiction, and homelessness and the coexistence of CMD and TB leads to difficult management of TB.

Materials and Methods:

This was a hospital-based longitudinal study, carried out between June 2021 and December 2022. In this study, 147 pulmonary TB patients were included as per inclusion and exclusion criteria, and psychiatric illness was evaluated by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.

Results:

The mean age of study participants was 37.59 ± 15.37 years, there were 99 (67.3%) were male and 48 (32.7%) were female. Psychiatric illness was found in 77 (52.38%) pulmonary TB patients. Among psychiatric illness, anxiety was found in 33 (22.4%) participants and 21 (14.3%) participants had depression. Mixed anxiety and depression were found in 20 (13.6%) patients and 03 (2%) participants had severe psychosis. The association of psychiatric illness with age group and gender was not significant (P = 0.734, 0.203, respectively). There were 105 (71.40%) patients who had <12 standard education and 42 (28.60%) had >12 standard education and their association with psychiatric illness was statistically significant (P = 0.044). Adverse drug reactions were found among 80 (54.42%) patients and the association between adverse drug reactions and psychiatric illness was significant (P = 0.031).

Conclusion:

Psychiatric illness is one of the important domains to be evaluated in timely manner in TB patients and early intervention is needed for better management of the TB because the severity, social factors, and chronicity of the disease make them susceptible to develop psychiatric illness.
Adverse Effects of Gliptins in Type 2 Diabetics in Morocco
Authors: Guerboub Ahmed Anas , Louday Loubna , Issouani Jade , Errahali Yassine
Published: August 2024

Introduction:

Gliptins are a relatively recent class of oral antidiabetic agents used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study is to identify the adverse effects of gliptins in patients with type 2 diabetes, compare the tolerability of these drugs with data from the literature, and determine patients’ behavior in the face of these adverse effects with a view to optimizing their management.

Methods:

Our study is cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical, involving 100 patients aged over 20 years, followed at the Endocrinology Department of the Military Hospital Mohammed V.

Results:

The average age of the patients was 63 years, with a sex ratio F/H of 1.13. The median age of diabetes in the patients was 13 years, with an average blood glucose level of 1.64 and an average hemoglobin A1c of 8.26. The comorbidities were 30% cardiovascular disease, 25% hypertension, and 14% dyslipidemia, and 30% of patients had no comorbidities. Forth-six percent of patients reported adverse events and 54% did not report any adverse event. Twenty-eight percent of the adverse events were gastrointestinal, 18% skin disorders, 14% urinary tract infections, 12% hypoglycemia, 12% nervous system disorders, 8% airway infections, and 8% general disorders.

Conclusion:

This study shows that gliptins remain a safe option as the side effects seem fairly well tolerated by patients. Adverse events may impact patient compliance and pose a problem of adherence to treatment. Thus, it would be advantageous to develop therapeutic education for diabetic patients to detect and manage adverse effects.
The Prevalence of Comorbidities Associated with Multiple Sclerosis in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alnajashi Hind , Wali Abdullah , Aqeeli Ali , Magboul Almothanna , Alfulayt Mohammed , Baasher Abdullah , Alzahrani Samer
Published: August 2024

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune mediated demyelinating illness of the central nervous system. This study looks at various comorbidities associated with MS, focusing on their impact on disease progression. Understanding comorbidities in MS is important as it can impact treatment selection and overall disease management and prognosis.

Aims and Objectives:

Our aim is to show the prevalence of comorbidities along with MS. This research focuses on the comorbidities associated with MS and their impact on disease progression in the Arab Gulf region, with a special emphasis on Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Material and Methods:

A retrospective record review was conducted from July 2022 to July 2023. The study included 286 patients, selected based on a definitive MS diagnosis in accordance with McDonald’s 2017 criteria. Data collected included demographic information, MS type, duration of diagnosis, type of disease modifying therapy (DMT) used, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, and type of comorbidities.

Results:

The majority of the patients were female (70%) with an average age of 36 years. Most patients had relapsing remitting MS, and the majority were on DMTs, with fingolimod being the most common. Nearly half of the patients had comorbidities, with mood disorders, diabetes mellitus (DM), migraine, and hypertension (HTN) being prevalent. A significant positive association was found between the EDSS scores and both DM and HTN, but there was no significant link with migraine.

Conclusion:

The findings indicate that individuals with MS have an increased risk of developing comorbidities such as migraine, DM, and HTN. Emphasizing a healthy lifestyle could potentially reduce the incidence of DM and HTN and their related vascular complications. The research also notes the prevalence of mood disorders among the MS population, although it remains inconclusive whether these are separate comorbid conditions or inherent symptoms of MS.
Anatomical and Radiological Findings of Abnormal Calcified Structures within and around the Foramen Transversarium and Its Clinical Implications
Authors: Chakravarthi Kosuri Kalyan , Nelluri Venumadhav , Reghunadhan Deepthynadh , Sugavasi Raju
Published: August 2024

Background:

The foramen transversarium is a vital anatomical structure found in the cervical vertebrae of the spine. Typically, it serves as a passageway for important neurovascular structures, including the vertebral artery and vein, as well as the vertebral nerve. However, abnormal calcification or ossification of soft tissues in and around this area can lead to various clinical implications. Understanding the presence and implications of abnormal ossified structures in and around the foramen transversarium is crucial for clinicians involved in the diagnosis and management of cervical spine disorders.

Aims:

Accordingly, this present study was designed to evaluate the abnormal ossified structures anatomically and radiologically within and around the foramen transversarium.

Materials and Methods:

This study was conducted on 182 (26 sets of cervical vertebrae) dried human cervical vertebrae obtained from the respective departments of anatomy and on 190 (95 males and 95 females) adult patients who visited the radiology department for neck-related problems such as stiff neck, neck/shoulder pain, dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, visual disturbances, and cognitive impairment.

Results:

Among 182 examined cervical vertebrae, unilateral complete accessory foramen transversarium was found in 23 vertebrae (12.63%), bilateral complete in 19 (10.44%), bilateral incomplete in 6 (3.29%), unilateral complete double in 4 (2.19%), and unilateral complete absence of foramen transversarium in 3 (1.64%). Stenosis due to aberrant osteophytes was noted in 9 vertebrae (4.9%). Out of 190 patients, three males presented with cervical kyphosis, severe spinal canal stenosis, and spinal cord compression due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and osteophyte complexes at C3–C6, with the most significant compression at C5–C6.

Conclusion:

A thorough understanding of abnormal ossifications in and around the foramen transversarium is crucial for the management of cervical spine disorders; imaging modalities such as X-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are crucial for recognizing and intervening in these cases, which is essential to prevent adverse neurological outcomes associated with vertebral artery involvement.
The evaluation of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 immunohistochemical expression and methylation status of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase in glioblastoma patients and their impact on survival rates
Authors: Moneim Rabab A. , Ayad Essam E. , Salama Mohamed M. M. , Ghattas Sylvia W. M. , Hashem Wedad M. B. , el Zawahry Ibrahim Mohamed Sherif , Hasan Hesham F. , Abdel-Rafei Mohamed K. , Khalifa Sara El Sayed , Khairy Rasha A.
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive lethal glial tumor with a dismal prognosis. The success of different therapeutic approaches depends mainly on genetic heterogeneity. Mutation in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 gene and hypermethylation of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) are potential biomarkers for predicting GBM prognosis and response to treatment.

Aim

This study aimed to investigate IDH1 immunohistochemical expression and MGMT promoter methylation status in a subset of Egyptian patients diagnosed with GBM and their correlation with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).

Methods

This study was conducted on 30 archived paraffin blocks of GBM patients with available clinical and follow-up data. The patient’s medical files were revised to document their clinical data, and immunostaining was done for detecting IDH1 expression. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to assess MGMT promoter methylation. Kaplan-Meier estimates and log-rank tests were used to assess OS and PFS.

Results

Out of the 30 GBM cases, 46.7% showed positive IDH1 immunostaining, and 63.3% were MGMT-methylated. Positive IDH1 immunostaining and methylated MGMT cases were significantly associated with better OS and PFS, 6- and 12-month follow-up postchemotherapy (P<0.05). In contrast, the extent of surgery was only associated with PFS (P<0.05), but not with OS (P>0.05).

Conclusion

This study highlights the value of investigating IDH1 mutation and MGMT promoter methylation as potential biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of patients with GBM and the possibility of developing future targeted therapy. However, further studies on larger scales are needed to validate these findings.
A Retrospective Study of the Histopathological Spectrum of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum
Authors: Patel Varniraj , Ahuja Rhea , Arava Sudheer K. , Khandpur Sujay , Bhari Neetu , Gupta Vishal , Ramam M.
Published: August 2024

Background:

There are no recent studies with a focus on the histopathology of erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL).

Objectives:

To describe the histopathological spectrum of ENL.

Materials and Methods:

Digital records from the pathology department were searched, and 125 slides were included. The histopathologic findings were recorded using a pre-designed proforma.

Results:

Several patterns were noted with the most common being a superficial and deep, perivascular and peri-appendageal, well-circumscribed dermal infiltrate that was seen in 70 (56.0%) biopsies. Other dermal patterns included a similar but loose infiltrate in 19 (15.2%) biopsies, diffuse dermal involvement in 9 (7.2%), top-heavy in 9 (7.2%), and bottom-heavy infiltrates in 12 (9.6%). Subcutaneous tissue was included in 107 biopsies. Extension of dermal infiltrates to the subcutis was noted in 71 (66.4%) biopsies and predominant involvement of the subcutis was noted in 6 (4.8%) biopsies, with lobular involvement in 60 (56.1%), septal involvement in 3 (2.8%), and septo-lobular involvement in 14 (13.1%). In 30 (28.0%) biopsies, the subcutaneous fat was uninvolved. The infiltrates contained neutrophils and foamy histiocytes in variable proportions, along with lymphocytes and plasma cells. Eosinophils were noted occasionally. Medium and/or small vessel vasculitis was noted in 11 (8.8%) biopsies. Fite-Faraco staining was available for 112 biopsies and revealed mainly fragmented and granular acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in 29 (25%) biopsies.

Limitations:

Our study had a retrospective design; we could not compare the lesional age and clinical characteristics of patients with the histological features.

Conclusion:

ENL is characterized by dermal infiltrates composed of foamy histiocytes and neutrophils in varying proportions arrayed in different dermal patterns. Extension of dermal infiltrates into the subcutis was frequent but absent in some. Predominant or exclusive involvement of the subcutis was rare. Vasculitis was noted in a small minority, while AFB were demonstrated in about a quarter of cases.
Evaluation of risk factors for childhood myopia progression: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Chen Chun-Wen , Yao Jing-Yan
Published: August 2024

Myopia is a global public issue with a dramatically increasing incidence. Myopia is currently characterized by its earlier onset, quick development in preschool (0–5 years old), and continued progression particularly during the coronavirus-19 epidemic phase. It has been established that myopia experienced during childhood earlier resulted in vision impairment. In order to intervene in myopia development and offer a novel tool for earlier detection, the review attempts to identify known environmental and genetic risk factors for juvenile myopia (6–18 years old). Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases were thoroughly searched for articles on myopia that had been published within the previous 10 years. The searches were carried out separately by two experts. The study’s inclusion criteria were met by 28 articles. All studies that examined the link between risk factors and myopia were recruited. Parental myopia, near work, time spent outdoors, and a high level of education are all significant risk factors for juvenile myopia. It is clear that there is a strong environmental connection, especially in high myopia; nevertheless, more research is needed to identify any potential links between myopia and screen use. Myopia’s genesis and mechanism are ambiguous and unclear. Further genetic studies could aid in examining genes to comprehend the development of myopia.