bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calidad del seguimiento a la exposición perinatal al HIV y observancia de las estrategias reconocidas para disminuir su transmisión en un centro de referencia de Medellín
Authors: Arango-Ferreira Catalina , Villegas Diana Isabel , Burbano Laura Daniela , Quevedo Augusto
Published: September 2019

Introducción. La prevención de la transmisión materno-infantil del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV) es una estrategia fundamental para evitar la infección en niños. A nivel local, se desconoce la situación de las mujeres gestantes infectadas por HIV y el grado de observancia de las estrategias reconocidas mundialmente para disminuir la transmisión perinatal.Objetivo. Describir las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de las mujeres gestantes con HIV y de sus hijos en un centro de referencia de Medellín.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo entre 2012 y 2015 mediante la revisión de las historias clínicas de las mujeres gestantes con HIV y de sus neonatos habidos en partos atendidos en el Hospital San Vicente Fundación. Se describieron las variables de atención prenatal, parto, recién nacido y seguimiento de los neonatos.Resultados. Se analizaron 106 madres y sus hijos expuestos al HIV. El 39,6 % de las mujeres gestantes conocía el diagnóstico antes del embarazo y al 58,5 % se le diagnosticó durante este. El 95,3 % de las mujeres gestantes asistió a control prenatal, 46,5 % de ellas a partir del primer trimestre. Si bien el 95 % recibió antirretrovirales, el 23,9 % comenzó a tomarlos tardíamente en el tercer trimestre. Solo el 63 % de las mujeres registró carga viral para el HIV después de la semana 34 de gestación. El 90,6 % de los partos fueron por cesárea, y el virus del papiloma humano y la sífilis fueron las principales infecciones concomitantes. Se hizo seguimiento de 103 niños (no fue posible localizar a tres de ellos para el seguimiento), a ninguno se le confirmó la presencia del HIV y, en el 88 %, se descartó.Conclusiones. En este estudio, no se registraron casos de transmisión perinatal. Sin embargo, siguen presentándose fallas y retrasos en la atención prenatal y en la oportunidad del seguimiento materno para confirmar oportunamente el HIV y para detectar tempranamente infecciones maternas concomitantes que eviten la morbilidad y las secuelas en los neonatos.
Absceso cerebral por Cladophialophora bantiana en un paciente con trasplante renal: reporte de un caso
Authors: Nieto-Ríos John Fredy , Villafañe-Bermúdez Douglas Ramón , Guerrero-Tinoco Gustavo Adolfo , Ramírez-Sánchez Isabel Cristina , Serna-Higuita Lina María , Aristizábal-Alzate Arbey , Ocampo-Kohn Catalina , Varela Gabriel , Zuluaga-Valencia Gustavo
Published: September 2019

Las feohifomicosis cerebrales son infecciones graves causadas por mohos dematiáceos, entre los cuales Cladophialophora bantiana es una de las especies más comúnmente aislada. Esta tiene tropismo por el sistema nervioso central y frecuentemente produce abscesos cerebrales en pacientes inmunocompetentes; además, en los inmunocomprometidos también puede ocasionar infección diseminada.Pese a la disponibilidad de medicamentos antifúngicos de amplio espectro, a menudo se requiere también la intervención quirúrgica; de todas maneras, la mortalidad es elevada.El diagnóstico debe hacerse interviniendo para tomar la muestra y hacer el cultivo y las pruebas de sensibilidad.Se presenta aquí el caso de un paciente con trasplante renal que presentó un absceso cerebral por C. bantiana, el cual se extrajo mediante resección quirúrgica. El paciente recibió tratamiento con voriconazol, con adecuada respuesta, mejoría y sin secuelas neurológicas.
CONTRIBUCIÓN AL SISTEMA DEMOCRÁTICO DE LA EXPRESIÓN DE IDEAS Y OPINIONES DE LAS DIFERENTES CONFESIONES RELIGIOSAS
Authors: Arcila Cano josé Antonio
Published: September 2019

En el escrito se resalta de conformidad con la jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional de Colombia, la importancia de la libertad de expresión y de la libertad religiosa en una sociedad democrática. De forma particular, se hará referencia a la política pública integral de libertad religiosa y de cultos, y su necesaria implementación en una sociedad pluralista
DAÑO ESPIRITUAL A LA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DERECHOS HUMANOS: LA LÓGICA DE ARGUMENTACIÓN LEGAL DEL JUEZ CANÇADO TRINDADE EN EL PROCESO DE SURINAME DE MOIWANA VERSUS
Authors: Montarroyos Heraldo Elias
Published: September 2019

El objetivo de esta investigación es descubrir la lógica de la argumentación legal del concepto de daño espiritual, desarrollado por primera vez en la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en 2005 por el juez Cançado Trindade durante la sesión de juicio de la queja de la comunidad Moiwana contra el Estado de Surinam. Para lograr el objetivo de esta investigación, se aplicarán seis categorías de conocimiento de inventario que deberían proyectar secuencialmente la lógica de argumentación del juez Cançado Trindade y, en consecuencia, la estructura epistemológica del concepto de daño espiritual.
DEVELOPMENT OF ABSORBENT TECHNOLOGY FOR OIL SPILL RECOVERY AND CLEANUP IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Nam Changwoo , Li Houxiang , Chung T.C. Mike
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT 2017-076

In this paper, we discuss a new class of i-PetroGel oil-superabsorbent technology that has shown a potential solution to the oil spill recovery and cleanup in arctic environments, based on the laboratory tests at Penn State and an open tank test at Ohmsett. This i-PetroGel material is formed by polyolefin polymers that are petroleum downstream products with similar oleophilic and hydrophobic properties of oil molecules. Apart from many oil sorbents based on adsorption, i-PetroGel absorbs oil by absorption (similar to Hydrogel absorbing aqueous solutions) and swells to a large volume. During Ohmsett testing, i-PetroGel flakes spread on top of the affected area showed effective transformation of Alaska North Slope (ANS) oil into a floating gel on the seawater surface, which was effectively recovered by an oleophilic drum skimmer and pumped to a storage tank. The recovered ANS oil-swelled adducts, containing <0.1 wt% water, exhibit similar distillation characteristics as the original ANS oil. Overall, this i-PetroGel technology could potentially provide a comprehensive solution for combating oil spills, with the goal to dramatically reduce the environmental impacts from oil spills and help recover one of the most precious natural resources. i-PetroGel exhibits a combination of desirable properties. ✓ High oil absorption capacity about 35–40 times by weight at 3 and 25 °C. ✓ Suitable to a broad range of hydrocarbons, including complex crude oils, refined oil products (gasolines, diesels, heating oils, etc.), and solvents (toluene, benzene, etc.). ✓ Fast kinetics in capturing the spilled oil. ✓ No detectable water absorption in i-PetroGel. ✓ The resulting oil/i-PetroGel adducts floating on water surface are recovered by skimmer. ✓ The recovered oil/i-Petrogel adducts can be refined as crude oil through standard refining processes. ✓ Cost effective. ✓ No secondary pollution.
Interaction of gas bubbles and oil droplets in subsea oil and gas blowouts – a new development of VDROP-J model.
Authors: Zhao Lin , Boufadel Michel C. , Gao Feng , King Thomas , Robinson Brian , Lee Kenneth
Published: September 2019

Abstract (2017-194)

The presence of methane bubbles in the oil and gas blowout could greatly reduce the oil droplet sizes. Bubbles tend to introduce energy into the system and separate oil droplets from each other. The interaction of oil droplets and gas bubbles in the near field of a blowout was investigated numerically using the VDROP-J model, whose droplet size distribution (DSD) was thoroughly calibrated. For this purpose, a new numerical scheme has been developed in VDROP-J to account for the interaction of gas bubbles and oil droplets in the blowout, giving simultaneous simulation of bubble and droplet size distribution along the discharged plume. Validation shows improvement of the model compared with the one without considering the gas bubble and oil droplet interactions. Effects of gas volume fraction on the droplet formation are also investigated. This new development will enhance the knowledge in subsea oil and gas blowouts.
Detection of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma Cells in Bone Marrow by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Reis Manoela Lira , Vieira Daniella Serafin Couto , Walter Laura Otto , Santos-Silva Maria Claudia
Published: September 2019

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Cytological, histological, and immunohistochemical techniques are routine laboratory tests for determining tumor subtypes. Over the past few years, laboratory diagnostic tests for breast cancer have become more complex, sophisticated, and specialized. This report describes the case of a young patient with metastatic breast cancer whose diagnosis was based on flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow aspirate. Flow cytometry showed to be an important tool in cancer diagnosis. Its application as a routine laboratory test for the diagnosis of solid tumors, such as breast cancer, can help provide fast results while increasing diagnostic coverage.
Pattern of Referral Cases to the Obstetrics Unit of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital for Maternal Delivery
Authors: Awoyesuku P. A. , MacPepple D. A.
Published: September 2019

Background: Formal education, antenatal care, and improved health services still remain the key to a large-scale reduction in maternal mortality in developing countries. Pregnancy and labour complications are most prevalent among unbooked patients compared to booked patients. Prompt and effective treatment will go a long way to reduce these complications.

Objective: To determine the pattern of Obstetric referral cases to the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH) and assess time to response by the hospital.

Methodology: A retrospective review of hospital records of all pregnant women referred to RSUTH for maternal delivery and care in a six months period, 1st April to 30th September 2015, was carried out. Data on patients’ age, educational level, marital status, gestational age, parity, booking status, time interval between admission and intervention, obstetric diagnoses and outcome were retrieved using structured pro-forma. Data were analyzed using United States CDC Epi Info Version 7.

Results: There were 460 cases referred to the hospital, which represents 42.6% of all maternal deliveries, with a mean age of 28.7±4.6 years and median age of 27.0 years. A majority, 73.7% had secondary education, 55.4% were Primigravidae, 55.4% had term pregnancies and 77.8% were booked elsewhere. Over 60% of diagnoses comprised of difficult labour, Pre-eclampsia/ Eclampsia and prolonged pregnancy. About 75% of the cases had intervention carried out within 12 hours of arrival to hospital.

Conclusion: The pattern of referral cases to our hospital are mainly young educated primigravidae at term, who have had some form of antenatal care and presenting with common complications associated with this group. The intervention response time is good, but we recommend that high risk pregnancies should ab initio be registered at centers properly equipped to handle such cases to avoid calamity.
Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous Materials
Authors: Zhou Wu‐Xing , Cheng Yuan , Chen Ke‐Qiu , Xie Guofeng , Wang Tian , Zhang Gang
Published: September 2019

Thermal conductivity is one of the most fundamental properties of solid materials. The thermal conductivity of ideal crystal materials has been widely studied over the past hundreds years. On the contrary, for amorphous materials that have valuable applications in flexible electronics, wearable electrics, artificial intelligence chips, thermal protection, advanced detectors, thermoelectrics, and other fields, their thermal properties are relatively rarely reported. Moreover, recent research indicates that the thermal conductivity of amorphous materials is quite different from that of ideal crystal materials. In this article, the authors systematically review the fundamental physical aspects of thermal conductivity in amorphous materials. They discuss the method to distinguish the different heat carriers (propagons, diffusons, and locons) and the relative contribution from them to thermal conductivity. In addition, various influencing factors, such as size, temperature, and interfaces, are addressed, and a series of interesting anomalies are presented. Finally, the authors discuss a number of open problems on thermal conductivity of amorphous materials and a brief summary is provided.
Recent Progress in Methanol‐to‐Olefins (MTO) Catalysts
Authors: Yang Miao , Fan Dong , Wei Yingxu , Tian Peng , Liu Zhongmin
Published: September 2019

Methanol conversion to olefins, as an important reaction in C1 chemistry, provides an alternative platform for producing basic chemicals from nonpetroleum resources such as natural gas and coal. Methanol‐to‐olefin (MTO) catalysis is one of the critical constraints for the process development, determining the reactor design, and the profitability of the process. After the construction and commissioning of the world's first MTO plant by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, based on high‐efficiency catalyst and fluidization technology in 2010, more attention has been attracted for a deep understanding of the reaction mechanism and catalysis principle, which has led to the continuous development of catalysts and processes. Herein, the recent progress in MTO catalyst development is summarized, focusing on the advances in the optimization of SAPO‐34 catalysts, together with the development efforts on catalysts with preferential ethylene or propylene selectivity.
Rational Design of Nanocarriers for Intracellular Protein Delivery
Authors: Qin Xiaofei , Yu Changmin , Wei Jing , Li Lin , Zhang Chengwu , Wu Qiong , Liu Jinhua , Yao Shao Q. , Huang Wei
Published: September 2019

Protein/antibody therapeutics have exhibited the advantages of high specificity and activity even at an extremely low concentration compared to small molecule drugs. However, they are accompanied by unfavorable physicochemical properties such as fragile tertiary structure, large molecular size, and poor penetration of the membrane, and thus the clinical use of protein drugs is hindered by inefficient delivery of proteins into the host cells. To overcome the challenges associated with protein therapeutics and enhance their biopharmaceutical applications, various protein‐loaded nanocarriers with desired functions, such as lipid nanocapsules, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and peptides, are developed. In this review, the different strategies for intracellular delivery of proteins are comprehensively summarized. Their designed routes, mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutics in live cells or in vivo are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the perspective on the new generation of delivery systems toward the emerging area of protein‐based therapeutics is presented as well.
Dynamic Fluid‐Like Graphene with Ultralow Frictional Molecular Bearing
Authors: Jeon Intak , Park Gee Hoon , Wang Pan , Li Ju , Hunter Ian W. , Swager Timothy M.
Published: September 2019

Fluid‐like sliding graphenes but with solid‐like out‐of‐plane compressive rigidity offer unique opportunities for achieving unusual physical and chemical properties for next‐generation interfacial technologies. Of particular interest in the present study are graphenes with specific chemical functionalization that can predictably promote adhesion and wetting to substrate and ultralow frictional sliding structures. Lubricity between stainless steel (SS) and diamond‐like carbon (DLC) is experimentally demonstrated with densely functionalized graphenes displaying dynamic intersheet bonds that mechanically transform into stable tribolayers. The macroscopic lubricity evolves through the formation of a thin film of an interconnected graphene matrix that provides a coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.01. Mechanical sliding generates complex folded graphene structures wherein equilibrated covalent chemical linkages impart rigidity and stability to the films examined in macroscopic friction tests. This new approach to frictional reduction has broad implications for manufacturing, transportation, and aerospace.
Graded Microporous Layers for Enhanced Capillary‐Driven Liquid Water Removal in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Shrestha Pranay , Ouellette David , Lee Jongmin , Ge Nan , Wong Andrew Kai Cheung , Muirhead Daniel , Liu Hang , Banerjee Rupak , Bazylak Aimy
Published: September 2019

A novel microporous layer (MPL) is designed and fabricated with spatially graded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) to alleviate liquid water flooding in the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) of the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. In operando GDL liquid water distributions are examined using synchrotron X‐ray radiography and oxygen mass transport resistance via electrochemical characterizations, and it is found that the graded PTFE content in the MPL results in enhanced PEM fuel cell performance at high current densities (≥ 1.0 A cm−2). Specifically, less liquid water accumulates within the cathode GDL substrate, and the oxygen mass transport resistance is substantially lowered. This lower substrate water content is attributed to enhanced capillary‐driven removal of liquid water through the use of the graded MPL. This study demonstrates how strongly the spatial distributions of wettability and pore size of the MPL influence the performance of the PEM fuel cell.
Metal‐Free Synthesis of 5‐Trifluoromethyl‐1,2,4‐Triazoles from Iodine‐Mediated Annulation of Trifluoroacetimidoyl Chlorides and Hydrazones
Authors: Hu Sipei , Yang Zuguang , Chen Zhengkai , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: September 2019

A metal‐free approach for the synthesis of 5‐trifluoromethyl‐1,2,4‐triazoles from trifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides and hydrazones has been achieved under aerobic oxidative conditions. The reaction proceeds through a cascade base‐promoted intermolecular C−N bond formation and iodine‐mediated intramolecular C−N bond oxidative coupling sequence. The protocol features broad substrate scope and can be scaled up to gram scale.

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Application of Perovskite‐Structured Materials in Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Wu Tingjun , Pisula Wojciech , Rashid Mohd Yusoff Abd , Gao Peng
Published: September 2019

Over the past decades, perovskite materials, including oxide and hybrid types, have drawn considerable attention. Oxide perovskite materials have been investigated for a long time as semiconductor and insulator layers, while hybrid perovskite materials combining the characteristics of inorganic and organic counterparts in a molecular‐scale composite emerged under the spotlight recently. In the latter case, the inorganic frameworks of metal halide octahedra interact with one another through strong covalent or ionic bonds, which ensure their high charge carrier mobility and thermal stability. Their organic parts allow the hybrid perovskite materials to be fabricated through a simple, low capital cost, and low‐temperature process, and induce elastic properties in the material. Due to the unique physical properties of hybrid perovskites, they have been used in multiple applications, such as in light‐emitting diodes, solar cells, and photodetectors. This Review will focus on the application of oxide and hybrid perovskite materials in field‐effect transistors, which are among the essential elements in modern electronics. As a testbed, a field‐effect transistor device can also be used as a tool to characterize the charge carrier transport properties of materials.
Osteosarcopenia: A case of geroscience
Authors: Kirk Ben , Al Saedi Ahmed , Duque Gustavo
Published: September 2019

Many older persons lose their mobility and independence due to multiple diseases occurring simultaneously. Geroscience is aimed at developing innovative approaches to better identify relationships among the biological processes of aging. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are two of the most prevalent chronic diseases in older people, with both conditions sharing overlapping risk factors and pathogenesis. When occurring together, these diseases form a geriatric syndrome termed “osteosarcopenia,” which increases the risk of frailty, hospitalizations, and death. Findings from basic and clinical sciences aiming to understand osteosarcopenia have provided evidence of this syndrome as a case of geroscience. Genetic, endocrine, and mechanical stimuli, in addition to fat infiltration, sedentarism, and nutritional deficiencies, affect muscle and bone homeostasis to characterize this syndrome. However, research is in its infancy regarding accurate diagnostic markers and effective treatments with dual effects on muscle and bone. To date, resistance exercise remains the most promising strategy to increase muscle and bone mass, while sufficient quantities of protein, vitamin D, calcium, and creatine may preserve these tissues with aging. More recent findings, from rodent models, suggest treating ectopic fat in muscle and bone marrow as a possible avenue to curb osteosarcopenia, although this needs testing in human clinical trials.
Dual Graphitic‐N Doping in a Six‐Membered C‐Ring of Graphene‐Analogous Particles Enables an Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Lin Zhiyu , Yang Yang , Li Mengsi , Huang Hao , Hu Wei , Cheng Ling , Yan Wensheng , Yu Zhiwu , Mao Kaitian , Xia Guoliang , Lu Jian , Jiang Peng , Yang Kang , Zhang Ruirui , Xu Pengping , Wang Changlai , Hu Lin , Chen Qianwang
Published: September 2019

Graphene‐based materials still exhibit poor electrocatalytic activities for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) although they are considered to be the most promising electrocatalysts. We fabricated a graphene‐analogous material displaying exceptional activity towards the HER under acidic conditions with an overpotential (57 mV at 10 mA cm−2) and Tafel slope (44.6 mV dec−1) superior to previously reported graphene‐based materials, and even comparable to the state‐of‐the art Pt/C catalyst. X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) and solid‐state NMR studies reveal that the distinct feature of its structure is dual graphitic‐N doping in a six‐membered carbon ring. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the unique doped structure is beneficial for the activation of C−H bonds and to make the carbon atom bonded to two graphitic N atoms an active site for the HER.
Polyethylene Aerogels with Combined Physical and Chemical Crosslinking: Improved Mechanical Resilience and Shape‐Memory Properties
Authors: Khedaioui Douriya , Boisson Christophe , D'Agosto Franck , Montarnal Damien
Published: September 2019

While the introduction of polymers into aerogels strongly enhances their toughness, truly elastic monolithic aerogels which restore their dimensions upon extensive compression are still challenging to synthesize. In this context hydrophobic semi‐crystalline polymers with low glass transition temperatures, and combined stiffness and flexibility, have only recently attracted attention. Shown here is that polyethylene aerogels with a low density, and combined chemical crosslinking and high crystallinity, display high moduli and excellent mechanical resilience. To maximize the crystallinity of these aerogels while maintaining a high crosslinking density, polyethylene networks with well‐defined segments were synthesized by hydrosilylation crosslinking of telechelic, vinyl‐functionalized oligomers obtained from catalyzed chain‐growth polymerization. Recoverable deformations both above and below the melting temperature of polyethylene affords remarkable shape‐memory properties.
Potassium‐Ion‐Assisted Regeneration of Active Cyano Groups in Carbon Nitride Nanoribbons: Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction
Authors: Wang Weikang , Zhang Haimin , Zhang Shengbo , Liu Yanyan , Wang Guozhong , Sun Chenghua , Zhao Huijun
Published: September 2019

As a metal‐free nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) photocatalyst, g‐C3N4 is available from a scalable synthesis at low cost. Importantly, it can be readily functionalized to enhance photocatalytic activities. However, the use of g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts for the NRR has been questioned because of the elusive mechanism and the involvement of N defects. This work reports the synthesis of a g‐C3N4 photocatalyst modified with cyano groups and intercalated K+ (mCNN), possessing extended visible‐light harvesting capacity and superior photocatalytic NRR activity (NH3 yield: 3.42 mmol g−1 h−1). Experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the ‐C≡N in mCNN can be regenerated through a pathway analogous to Mars van Krevelen process with the aid of the intercalated K+. The results confirm that the regeneration of the cyano group not only enhances photocatalytic activity and sustains the catalytic cycle, but also stabilizes the photocatalyst.
Alkali Metal Arenides as a Universal Synthetic Tool for Layered 2D Germanene Modification
Authors: Hartman Tomas , Sturala Jiri , Plutnar Jan , Sofer Zdenek
Published: September 2019

The rediscovery of graphene in 2004 has started an enormous chase in the research of 2D materials. A new family of layered 2D materials consisting of the 14th group elements beyond carbon has already been reported. Here, a new methodology in germanene chemistry is presented using germanane (Ge6H6) as a stable and easily accessible starting material for effective synthesis of novel germanene derivatives. The modification procedure utilizing strong bases—alkali metal arenides—for deprotonation of germanane and its subsequent functionalization with p‐nitrobenzyl bromide is described. Functionalization of germanene is confirmed by FT‐IR, Raman, and XPS spectroscopy as well as by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Synthesis of Chiral Tetrasubstituted Azetidines from Donor–Acceptor Azetines via Asymmetric Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Imido‐Ylide [3+1]‐Cycloaddition with Metallo‐Enolcarbenes
Authors: Marichev Kostiantyn O. , Wang Kan , Dong Kuiyong , Greco Nicole , Massey Lynée A. , Deng Yongming , Arman Hadi , Doyle Michael P.
Published: September 2019

The all‐cis stereoisomers of tetrasubstituted azetidine‐2‐carboxylic acids and derivatives that possess three chiral centers have been prepared in high yield and stereocontrol from silyl‐protected Z‐γ‐substituted enoldiazoacetates and imido‐sulfur ylides by asymmetric [3+1]‐cycloaddition using chiral sabox copper(I) catalysis followed by Pd/C catalytic hydrogenation. Hydrogenation of the chiral p‐methoxybenzyl azetine‐2‐carboxylates occurs with both hydrogen addition to the C=C bond and hydrogenolysis of the ester.
Graphene oxide‐catalyzed CSp3–H activation of methylarenes in aqueous medium: A unified metal‐free access to amides and benzimidazoles
Authors: Dandia Anshu , Mahawar Dinesh Kumar , Sharma Ruchi , Badgoti Ranveer Singh , Rathore Kuldeep S. , Parewa Vijay
Published: September 2019

Graphene oxide (GO)‐catalyzed selective synthesis of amides via CSp3–H activation of methylarenes and consequent C–N bond formation with anilines under aqueous medium has been described. Oxygen functionality allied with GO surface played a dual role both as acid catalyst and oxidizing agent to some extent. However, GO has a copious effect on the reaction, shown by a high TOF value with TBHP as co‐oxidant. The decisive role of carboxylic acid functional groups on GO nanosheets in this metal‐free strategy has been confirmed and was monitored by various analytic techniques viz. Fourier transform‐infrared, UV–Vis, Raman and XPS. A plausible mechanism was proposed by control experiments and by the isolation of the intermediate. Over‐oxidation of methylarenes was not detected, and high recyclability of the carbocatalyst with its heterogeneous behavior facilitated the isolation and purification of the desired products. We have further explored the utility of this process for the chemoselective synthesis of benzimidazoles.
A review on separation and purification techniques for biodiesel production with special emphasis on Jatropha oil as a feedstock
Authors: Suthar Krunal , Dwivedi Ankur , Joshipura Milind
Published: September 2019

Biodiesel is a promising alternative to conventional fuels. Research on biodiesel has vast experimental findings, but the outcomes are not always unidirectional. The sequence of unit operation for various transesterification processes is studied. The review work emphasizes on the separation and purification of Jatropha‐derived biodiesel. The study on the downstream processes of alcohol recovery, glycerol‐rich and biodiesel‐rich phase separation, and biodiesel purification techniques is the main part of this paper. The biodiesel purification includes wet and dry washing and membrane techniques. The purpose of the review is to find separation techniques that are less energy‐intensive and environmentally friendly purification processes for biodiesel production from Jatropha. The strategies to reduce the cost of biodiesel production from Jatropha are discussed. The Jatropha biodiesel possesses huge potential as one of the alternative energy sources for commercial exploitation in India.
Silencing Palestine: Limitations on free speech within mental health organizations
Authors: Berger Elizabeth , Jabr Samah
Published: September 2019

The authors report on episodes in which five professional mental health organizations—for the most part associations for psychoanalysis and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy—have covertly tried to silence members who bring attention to the issue of human rights abuses inflicted by the Israeli occupation of Palestine. These various vignettes illustrate how the leadership of these organizations systematically attempts to limit the activism of their members, even in their “free time,” and to forbid the introduction of discussion of Israel/Palestine into their newsletters, meetings, chatrooms, and other organizational venues—despite the fact that these organizations profess their commitment to exploring themes of social justice and to the principle of open dialogue. Implications and recommendations are discussed, particularly the practical need for transparency on the part of our organizations and the intellectual need for a more complete theoretical understanding of the roles of history, ideology, and collective meaning within mental life.
Mechanical Properties of the Human Tibial and Peroneal Nerves Following Stretch With Histological Correlations
Authors: Kerns James , Piponov Hristo , Helder Cory , Amirouche Farid , Solitro Giovanni , Gonzalez Mark
Published: September 2019

Despite the extensive literature regarding peripheral nerve stretch injuries, there are few studies that compare the nerve histology with the mechanical properties in humans. There is clinical evidence suggesting that the peroneal nerve is at greater risk for injury compared to the tibial nerve following total hip arthroplasty and hip trauma. We examined the two nerves from fresh human cadavers with or without controlled stretch. The mechanical properties, stiffness, and strain were compared with light microscopic preparations in longitudinal sections stained by the trichrome method for collagen and showing the effects of structural deformation. The tibial nerve had an average failure load 1.7× that for the peroneal nerve (P = 0.0001). Although the corresponding average stiffness showed a trend toward being larger (4.39 vs. 3.81 N/mm), the difference was not significant (P = 0.126). Histologically, the perineurium along with the underlying nerve fascicle was undulated in the control specimens and straightened out in the stretched specimens. Peroneal nerves went on to failure at lower loads and exhibited a wavy pattern on pathologic slides after failure, which shows that peroneal nerves fail mechanically before they can unfold. The tibial nerve has a biomechanical and histological advantage compared to the peroneal nerve during tensile testing, which could be the reason why it is less commonly damaged. We conclude that the perineurium is especially protective against deformation changes in human nerves relative to the respective nerve size and number of fascicles. Anat Rec, 302:2030–2039, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Sportcampus der TUM mit Großvordach in Holz
Authors: Kley Gordian , Käppeler Bertram
Published: September 2019

Im Zuge des Neubaus des Campus im Olympiapark in München (CiO: Fakultät für Sport‐ und Gesundheitswissenschaften der TUM sowie Zentraler Hochschulsport) wird eine zweigeschossige Großkonstruktion in Holz mit folgenden Kennzahlen errichtet: 22 000 m2 Dachfläche, 11 000 m2 Decken‐ und Wandflächen, 5 200 m3 Holzeinsatz. Dabei von besonderer Bedeutung: Hallen für 14 Sportfelder, Integration einer Laufbahn, 300 Büroräume, zahlreiche Seminar‐ und Vorlesungsräume, Bibliothek, Werkstätten und Prüflabor sowie eine fast 19 m weit auskragende Überdachung der an das Gebäude angrenzenden Laufbahngeraden mit einer Kragdachfläche von rd. 3 000 m2.

Das Gesamtbauwerk muss höchsten gestalterischen und funktionalen Ansprüchen genügen (1. Preis im Architektur‐Wettbewerb 2015).

Während die Hallendächer von konventionellen Brettschichtholzkonstruktionen abgeleitet sind und als solche im Tragwerk eine überaus wirtschaftliche Kombination aus Funktionalität und Ästhetik darstellen, folgt die in ihrer Besonderheit alles überragende Vordachkonstruktion in erster Linie der äußeren Gestalt des Gesamtbaukörpers: knapp 19 m Auskragung mit einer Konstruktionshöhe von lediglich 1,60 m – eine extrem schlanke und faszinierende Konstruktion aus verklebten Hohlkästen, werkseitig vorgefertigt in 40 Großelementen, die in Übersicht und Details erläutert wird.
Bioinformatic analysis of the prognostic value and potential regulatory network of FOXF1 in papillary thyroid cancer
Authors: Gu Yi , Hu Chunmei
Published: September 2019

FOXF1 belongs to the forkhead family of transcription factors. In this study, we aimed to explore the expression profile of FOXF1 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and corresponding adjacent normal tissues, by using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas‐Thyroid Cancer (TCGA‐THCA) and The Genotype‐Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. Also, we studied its prognostic significance in PTC and its potential regulatory network. Results showed that FOXF1 expression was significantly lower in PTC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Subgroup analysis only confirmed the downregulation in classical histological variant, but not in tall‐cell and follicular variants. FOXF1 downregulation was associated with advanced T stages, positive nodal invasion, and advanced pathological stages of the classical variants. FOXF1 expression might be a fair prognostic marker in terms of recurrence, which independently predicted favorable RFS (HR:0.114, 95%CI: 0.045–0.289, p < .001). We examined FOXF1 somatic mutations, gene‐level copy number alterations (CNAs) and the methylation status of 57 CpG sites in more than 350 classical PTC cases. However, no expression‐related genetic and epigenetic alterations were identified. Based on 20,048 genes with RNA‐seq data, we identified 16 genes that showed strongly positive co‐expression (Pearson's r ≥ 0.6) with FOXF1. Available evidence showed that some of the genes have well‐characterized tumor suppressive effects. We hypothesized that some of these genes might be the upstream regulators or downstream effectors of FOXF1 in classical PTC. In conclusion, FOXF1 mRNA was typically downregulated in classical PTC. Its expression might be a specific and independent prognostic biomarker in terms of RFS in classical PTC patients.
Arcs of carbon awareness in the value chain and their antecedents
Authors: Isil Ozgur , Sebastianelli Rose
Published: September 2019

This study examines the patterns and antecedents of firms' value chain greenhouse gas emissions (VCGGE) awareness. Drawing on a sample of 1,322 firms from multiple countries and industries, we use cluster analysis to first evaluate how well firms' VCGGE awareness patterns match traditional value chain integration patterns, identified by prior literature. We then examine how well internal indicators of greenhouse gas emissions (GGE) management predict advanced VCGGE awareness. Our study indicates that VCGGE patterns partially match traditional value chain integration patterns and that firms' VCGGE awareness is much higher for their upstream than downstream activities. Moreover, our findings show that the internal adoption of GGE management is a significant predictor of advanced awareness of VCGGE. Overall, we find that most firms have limited awareness about the magnitude of their VCGGE, suggesting that many opportunities to reduce these emissions, especially in the downstream value chain, remain unexplored.
Targeting claudin‐4 enhances chemosensitivity of pancreatic ductal carcinomas
Authors: Sasaki Takamitsu , Fujiwara‐Tani Rina , Kishi Shingo , Mori Shiori , Luo Yi , Ohmori Hitoshi , Kawahara Isao , Goto Kei , Nishiguchi Yukiko , Mori Takuya , Sho Masayuki , Kondo Masuo , Kuniyasu Hiroki
Published: September 2019

Claudin (CLDN) family comprises of protein that form a tight junction, and is involved in regulating polarity and differentiation of cells. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of inhibiting CLDN4 in pancreatic ductal carcinomas (PDC). We first examined 91 cases of human PDC by immunohistochemistry and found that CLDN4 expression was correlated with tumor invasion, nodal metastasis, and distant metastasis. Anti‐CLDN4 extracellular domain antibody, previously established by us (4D3), inhibited the proliferation of MIA‐PaCa‐2 PDC cells and increased intracellular 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) concentration with lowering transepithelial electrical resistance. Concurrent treatment of 5‐FU and 4D3 resulted in synergistic inhibition of growth of MIA‐PaCa‐2 cells in nude mice. In addition, MIA‐PaCa‐2 cell tumors treated with full‐dose folfirinox (FFX) decreased tumor diameters to 50%; however, 60% of mice were dead from adverse effects. In contrast, half‐dose FFX concomitant with 4D3 treatment decreased tumors equivalent to full‐dose FFX, but without the adverse effects. These findings suggest that targeting CLDN4 might increase the effectiveness and safety of anticancer drug therapy in PDC.
TWEAK promotes hepatic stellate cell migration through activating EGFR/Src and PI3K/AKT pathways
Authors: Zhang Feng , Xu Mingcui , Yin Xiaochun , Guo Huiwen , Zhang Bin , Wang Yi , Xiao Jiangqiang , Zou Xiaoping , Zhang Ming , Zhuge Yuzheng
Published: September 2019

Activated human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) showed enhanced ability of migration compared with quiescent HSCs, which is pivotal in liver fibrogenesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of tumor necrosis factor‐like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) on the migration of activated HSCs and to explore the relevant potential mechanisms. Human HSCs LX‐2 cells were cultured with TWEAK. TNFRSF12A‐downexpressing lentiviruses were used to infect LX‐2 cells. The specific matrix metalloproteinases inhibitor BB94, the Src family kinase inhibitor, Dasatinib, and the specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K), LY294002 were used to treat LX‐2 cells combined with TWEAK. Cell migration and invasion was tested by the transwell assay. The expression of EGFR/Src, PI3K/AKT, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) was identified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction or western blotting. The result showed TWEAK promoted HSC migration and collagen production. BB94 significantly attenuated the migration of LX‐2 induced by TWEAK. Dasatinib inhibited the ability of cell migration stimulated by TWEAK. TWEAK upregulated the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Src. The phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT was significantly activated by TWEAK stimulation. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT reduced the expression of MMP9 induced by TWEAK. The present study, for the first time, demonstrated that TWEAK promoted HSC migration through the activation of EGFR/Src and PI3K/AKT pathways, and showed a novel potential mechanism of HSC migration regulated by TWEAK.
Investigation of Cubic Fe4M4 Frameworks for Application in Nonaqueous Energy Storage
Authors: VanGelder Lauren E. , Schreiber Eric , Wind Marie‐Louise , Limberg Christian , Matson Ellen M.
Published: September 2019

Multimetallic complexes have recently seen increased attention as next‐generation charge carriers for nonaqueous redox flow batteries. Herein, we report the electrochemical performance of a molecular iron–molybdenum oxido complex, {[(Me3TACN)Fe][μ‐(MoO4κ3O,O′,O“)]}4 (Fe4Mo4O16). In symmetric battery charging schematics, Fe4Mo4O16 facilitates reversible two‐electron storage with coulombic efficiencies >99 % over 100 cycles (5 days) with no molecular decomposition and minimal capacity fade. Energy efficiency throughout cycling remained high (∼82 %), as a result of the rapid electron‐transfer kinetics observed for each of the complex's four redox events. We also report the synthesis of the analogous synthetic frameworks featuring tungstate vertices or bridging‐sulfide moieties, revealing key observations relevant to structure–function relationships and design criteria for these types of heterometallic ensembles.
Über die Grenzen der Fließfähigkeit hinaus
Authors: Pumpen Lutz
Published: September 2019

Hochviskose, nicht mehr fließfähige Medien bringen auch Dickstoffpumpen schnell an ihre Einsatzgrenzen. Mit dem neu entwickelten Fassentleerungssystem mit Folgeplatte von Lutz werden diese Grenzen überschritten. Durch den stufenlos regulierbaren Betrieb wird ein besonders schonendes Fördern von Pasten und nicht mehr fließfähigen Substanzen in Lebensmittel‐, Pharma‐ und Industriebereichen ermöglicht.
Metal‐Catalyzed Substrate‐Directed Enantioselective Functionalization of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Wang Zi‐Xuan , Bai Xiao‐Yan , Li Bi‐Jie
Published: September 2019

Alkenes are versatile compounds that are available on large scales in industry or through chemical synthesis. Selective functionalization of unactivated alkenes in a chemo‐, regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantioselective fashion is a highly sought‐after goal in organic synthesis. Substrate‐directed enantioselective functionalization of unactivated alkenes provides an important strategy to achieve this goal. Using a functional group on the alkene substrate as a native coordinating group, a two‐point binding mode of the substrate to the metal center enables effective control of regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. Through this strategy, a variety of enantioselective functionalization methods have been developed recently. The recent advances in this area are highlighted here.
La[N(SiMe3)2]3‐Catalyzed Hydroboration of Esters and Other Challenging Unsaturated Groups
Authors: Xu Xiaojuan , Kang Zihan , Yan Dandan , Xue Mingqiang
Published: September 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

The commercially available homoleptic lanthanum amide La[N(SiMe3)2]3 (LaNTMS) is reported to enable the hydroboration of esters using pinacolborane (HBpin) as the reducing agent. A wide range of substrates including aromatic, aliphatic esters and lactones were applicable to afford corresponding boronic esters in excellent yields under mild and neat conditions with broad functional group compatibility and good chemoselectivity. Furthermore, LaNTMS is capable to realize the very challenging and rarely reported hydroboration of carbonate esters with low catalyst loading at room temperature. Both cyclic and linear carbonate esters can be easily converted to the corresponding products with satisfactory yields. Besides, the hydroboration of alkynes has been developed by using LaNTMS as a catalyst.
Numerical computational modeling of random rough sea surface based on JONSWAP spectrum and Donelan directional function
Authors: Wu Gengkun , Liang Yongquan , Xu Shaohua
Published: September 2019

In this paper, 51 sets of directional spectrum measured data collected from the Bohai offshore site were applied to study the comparative characteristics of Wen's direction spectrum and Donelan direction function. Firstly, the optimal frequency value of direction spectrum is analyzed from two aspects: the direction cumulative distribution and the direction distribution function fitting quality. Secondly, combined with the experimental results, the distribution characteristics of different direction functions are compared from the maximum and standard deviation of the distribution function. The experiments prove that Donelan function contains all the states of the wind and wave growth stage, which can fully measure the influence of the wave age on wind frequency spectrum. Then, this paper analyzes the classical Monte Carlo method and the Las Vegas method from the perspective of the computational complexity and direction distribution difference of simulation step. Based on the classical Monte Carlo method, this paper proposes a two‐dimensional random rough sea surface numerical calculation model suitable for different water depths and different wind wave growth stages. Finally, by analyzing the characteristics of the nonlinear sea surface, this paper studies the effects of wind speed, wind direction, and fetch on sea surface wave height and growth state.
The impact of columnar file formats on SQL‐on‐hadoop engine performance: A study on ORC and Parquet
Authors: Ivanov Todor , Pergolesi Matteo
Published: September 2019

Columnar file formats provide an efficient way to store data to be queried by SQL‐on‐Hadoop engines. Related works consider the performance of processing engine and file format together, which makes it impossible to predict their individual impact. In this work, we propose an alternative approach: by executing each file format on the same processing engine, we compare the different file formats as well as their different parameter settings. We apply our strategy to two processing engines, Hive and SparkSQL, and evaluate the performance of two columnar file formats, ORC and Parquet. We use BigBench (TPCx‐BB), a standardized application‐level benchmark for Big Data scenarios. Our experiments confirm that the file format selection and its configuration significantly affect the overall performance. We show that ORC generally performs better on Hive, whereas Parquet achieves best performance with SparkSQL. Using ZLIB compression brings up to 60.2% improvement with ORC, while Parquet achieves up to 7% improvement with Snappy. Exceptions are the queries involving text processing, which do not benefit from using any compression.
Exploring sustainability, good governance, and social responsibility in small and medium enterprises
Authors: Rubio‐Andrés Mercedes , Ramos‐González María del Mar , Sastre‐Castillo Miguel Ángel , Danvila‐del‐Valle Ignacio
Published: September 2019

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) need to create shared value in order to compete in a global environment. Reputation is the result of the good work carried out by SMEs with regard to their main stakeholders, given their condition as a small‐ or medium‐sized enterprise. Rather than drawing on conventional financial performance, we propose an innovative sustainability model using shared value creation as the main endogenous variable. The results obtained are based on the opinions of the 261 owners–managers consulted. The method used is partial least squares, and conclusions show that good governance in SMEs must be reflected in good responsibility practices so as to generate reputation, which in turn has a positive effect on shared value. This leads to an effective level of commitment for SMEs, such that their codes of good governance and reports must be consistent with their responsibility towards stakeholders in order to achieve shared value.