bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal Plasticity of Single Crystal and Film on Substrate Probed by Nano-indentation: Simulations and Experiments
Authors: Vu-Hoang Sinh , Parry Guillaume , Verdier Marc
Published: October 2011

Thin films are the building blocks of small devices technology. The mechanical characterization of layers is a central step for their integration in industrial process. Instrumented indentation is an experimental measurement technique well suited to small scales.

In the film on substrate geometry, the deformation pattern during indentation is modified as compared to semi infinite homogenous solid. In this work, the effect of the constrained geometry on the indentation test is investigated on model material: Cu single crystal. The constitutive laws for the materials are based on a crystal plasticity model. This is not a strain gradient model as in [1] since no material length scale is introduced. The approach is similar to [2], except that the hardening is physically based, using dislocations densities on the 12 slip systems of the FCC crystal as internal variables. This modelling strategy gave good quantitative agreements with experiments in the case of various bulk Cu single crystals. It is used here in order to explore the geometry effect due to the finite thickness of elastic-plastic films deposited on elastic substrates. The criteria of comparison between the finite thickness films and the bulk samples are curves of indentation forces and stiffness versus indentation depth on the one hand, surface deformation on the other hand; it is straightforward to get these data from the finite elements simulations and from the atomic force microscopy (AFM). The simulations are compared to experimental data obtained on Cu films deposited on Si and Cu single crystals.
Irradiation-Driven Compositional Changes in Alloys
Authors: Dubey Santosh , El Azab Anter , Wolf Dieter
Published: October 2011

A model to study the formation of compositional patterns in concentrated binary alloys under irradiation is presented. In this model, six atomic and defect species are considered: regular lattice atoms (A and B), dumbbell interstitials (AA, BB and AB) and vacancies. In addition to long range diffusion of these species, local defect-defect (vacancy-interstitial recombination) and defect-atom (dumbbell-atom) reactions have also been considered. The model tracks simultaneous evolution of all the species in reaction-diffusion formalism. Irradiation events are modeled as a stochastic point process which changes the concentration of all the species instantaneously in a random fashion. In each irradiation event, a spatial distribution of point defects (core-shell distribution: core dominated by vacancies and shell by interstitials) has been introduced in the system which drives the kinetics of diffusion and reaction. The model has been non-dimensionalized with respect to intrinsic length and time scales of the material system and solved numerically using finite difference technique. Applying this model to CuAu solid solution, we have shown that the alloy exhibits spinodal-like decomposition with specific steady state wavelengths that depend on the irradiation conditions.
Stability criteria for unsaturated shallow slopes
Authors: Buscarnera G. , Di prisco C.
Published: October 2011

This letter focuses on the mechanical conditions governing the initiation of landslides in unsaturated shallow slopes. The goal is to provide mathematical criteria for predicting the onset of slope instabilities and capturing the interplay between saturation conditions and shear failure. For this purpose, the standard scheme of infinite slope is used and the mechanical response of the deposit is represented through simple shear kinematics. This assumption enables the study of different perturbation scenarios using a modelling strategy that: (i) incorporates the constraints describing the interaction with the pore fluids into the control conditions and (ii) allows the analytical derivation of stability indices for each scenario. The theoretical results show that, in unsaturated slopes, the coupling between the solid skeleton and the pore fluid can exacerbate the tendency to undergo mechanical instabilities. This general aspect is clearly disclosed by the analytical expression of the stability index for water-undrained shearing. It is found that, because of hydro-mechanical coupling, the failure mode originated by these perturbations embodies some characteristics of both shear localisation and static liquefaction. As a result, depending on soil properties and initial conditions, the unstable response resulting from its activation can resemble either phenomena and predictive models are necessary to distinguish between the two scenarios.
Solving Promiscuous Protein Carbohydrate Recognition Domains with Multivalent Glycofullerenes
Authors: Yoann M. Chabre,  , Roy Rene
Published: October 2011

Studies on multivalent carbohydrate protein interactions critically depend on the nature of protein's binding sites, their number and also their relative three dimensional orientations. Although a wide range of neoglycoconjugates including glycodendrimers has been synthesized to address this issue, no systematic rules exist yet that can predict the optimal shapes, size, and number of required exposed carbohydrate ligands. This chapter will illustrate a few examples of bacterial and human lectins together with bacterial toxins having varied number of carbohydrate recognition domains that necessitated multivalent glycoconjugates. In particular, fullerenes, because of their particular physical properties, have been used to describe novel synthetic strategies and possible fit with concomitant lectins.
Monovalent and Multivalent Inhibitors of Bacterial Toxins
Authors: Edward D. Hayes  , Turnbull W. Bruce
Published: October 2011

Cholera and travellers' diarrhoea are caused by AB5 protein toxins that bind to ganglioside GM1 at the surface of the cells lining the intestine. Inhibition of this protein-carbohydrate interaction would prevent the toxin from entering the cells, and thus prevents toxin-induced diarrhoea. In this review we will describe the structures of the cholera and E. coli heat-labile toxins, and summarize the main strategies that have led to the development of monovalent and multivalent inhibitors of these toxins. A number of key design concepts emerge from these studies including the importance of pre-organization of the sugar residues within the monovalent ligands, and also the pre-organization of monovalent ligand groups within larger multivalent ligands. The importance of chelation and protein aggregation as mechanisms of multivalent inhibition is also discussed.
Combinatorial Libraries of Dendritic Glycoclusters
Authors: Jean-Louis Reymond,  , Darbre Tamis
Published: October 2011

Dendrimers, displaying a regularly branched tree-like structure, offer an optimal synthetic platform to explore multivalency effects, in particular to construct bioactive glycoclusters as ligands for lectins. We have used combinatorial peptide chemistry to prepare glycopeptide dendrimer libraries as glycoclusters of the general structure (sugar-XXX)4(LysXXX)2LysXXXNH2 (X = alpha-amino acid, Lys = branching lysine residue). Binding assay was performed on such combinatorial libraries bearing an alpha-C-fucoside endgroup, and led to the discovery of strong ligands for the fucose specific lectin LecB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These dendrimers are potent inhibitors of biofilms, and require a tetravalent ligand for activity. In a related approach, involving binding assay to cancer cells using galactosylated glycopeptide dendrimers led to drug-delivery dendrimers. In both cases the amino acid composition of the dendrimer branches strongly influences the biological activity of the glycoclusters in addition to the simple multivalency effects, demonstrating the utility of peptide chemistry for systematically optimizing physicochemical and biological properties of the dendrimers.
Cyclopeptide-Based Glycoclusters
Authors: Olivier Renaudet  , Dumy Pascal
Published: October 2011

The emergence of glycomics has deeply stimulated the design of new bioactive glycoclusters over the past decade. Among the increasing number of multivalent synthetic structures reported so far, cyclopeptide-based glycoclusters (CBGs) have recently shown promising interest for diverse biological applications. This chapter aims at describing the major advances in this field, with a special focus on the inhibition of carbohydrate-protein interactions and the synthetic vaccines.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23, Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, and Phosphorus Intake in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study
Authors: Gutiérrez Orlando M. , Wolf Myles , Taylor Eric N.
Published: October 2011

Background and objectives

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) regulates phosphorus and vitamin D metabolism. Elevated FGF23 concentrations are associated with cardiovascular disease events and mortality across a broad range of kidney function, but the predictors of FGF23 concentrations in the general population are unclear.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

We examined cross-sectional associations of dietary and nondietary parameters with plasma FGF23 in 1261 participants of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (mean age 64 ± 9, mean creatinine 0.9 ± 0.2 mg/dl, mean FGF23 64 ± 28 RU/ml).

Results

In multivariable-adjusted analyses, each 5-year increase in age was associated with 2.1 RU/ml higher FGF23, each 500-mg increase in phosphorus intake was associated with 3.4 RU/ml higher FGF23, and each 0.1-mg/dl increase in creatinine was associated with 3.4 RU/ml higher FGF23. Participants in the highest category of body mass index had 9.5 RU/ml higher FGF23 than those in the lowest, smokers had 17.1 RU/ml higher FGF23 than nonsmokers, and participants with hypertension had 6.0 RU/ml higher FGF23 than those without hypertension. With respect to biochemical parameters, higher parathyroid hormone, phosphate, uric acid, and triglyceride levels all were associated independently with higher FGF23 in models adjusted for age, creatinine, and other factors. In a subset of 748 participants with available data, some inflammatory biomarkers were associated independently with higher FGF23.

Conclusions

In community-dwelling adults with largely preserved kidney function, established cardiovascular risk factors and higher phosphorus intake were associated with higher FGF23. These results might explain the link between FGF23 and cardiovascular disease.
Kinetic Model of Phosphorus Mobilization during and after Short and Conventional Hemodialysis
Authors: Agar Baris U. , Akonur Alp , Lo Ying-Cheng , Cheung Alfred K. , Leypoldt John K.
Published: October 2011

Background and objectives

The kinetics of plasma phosphorus (inorganic phosphorus or phosphate) during hemodialysis treatments cannot be explained by conventional one- or two-compartment models; previous approaches have been limited by assuming that the distribution of phosphorus is confined to classical intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. In this study a novel pseudo one-compartment model, including phosphorus mobilization from a large second compartment, was proposed and evaluated.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Clinical data were obtained during a crossover study where 22 chronic hemodialysis patients underwent both short (2-hour) and conventional (4-hour) hemodialysis sessions. The model estimated two patient-specific parameters, phosphorus mobilization clearance and phosphorus central distribution volume, by fitting frequent intradialytic and postdialytic plasma phosphorus concentrations using nonlinear regression.

Results

Phosphorus mobilization clearances varied among patients (45 to 208 ml/min), but estimates during short (98 ± 44 ml/min, mean ± SD) and conventional (99 ± 47 ml/min) sessions were not different (P = 0.74) and correlated with each other (concordance correlation coefficient ρc of 0.85). Phosphorus central distribution volumes for each patient (short: 11.0 ± 4.2 L and conventional: 11.9 ± 3.8 L) were also correlated (ρc of 0.45).

Conclusions

The reproducibility of patient-specific parameters during short and conventional hemodialysis treatments suggests that a pseudo one-compartment model is robust and can describe plasma phosphorus kinetics under conditions of clinical interest.
Characterization of a Recurrent In-frame UMOD Indel Mutation Causing Late-onset Autosomal Dominant End-Stage Renal Failure
Authors: Smith Graham D. , Robinson Caroline , Stewart Andrew P. , Edwards Emily L. , Karet Hannah I. , Norden Anthony G. W. , Sandford Richard N. , Karet Frankl Fiona E.
Published: October 2011

Background and objectives

In a single-center renal clinic, we have established routine mutation testing to diagnose UMOD-associated kidney disease (UAKD), an autosomal dominant disorder typically characterized by gout, hyperuricemia, and renal failure in the third to sixth decades.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Four probands and their multigeneration kindreds were assessed by clinical, historical, and biochemical means. Diagnostic UMOD sequencing was performed, and mutant uromodulin was characterized in vitro.

Results

All available affected members of the four kindreds harbored the same complex indel change in UMOD, which was associated with almost complete absence of gout and a later onset of CKD; the youngest age at ESRD or death was 38 years (range, 38 to 68 years) compared with 3 to 70 years in other reports. Three mutation carriers (all ≤35 years) are currently asymptomatic. The indel sequence (c.278_289del TCTGCCCCGAAGinsCCGCCTCCT; p.V93_G97del/ins AASC) results in the replacement of five amino acids, including one cysteine, by four novel residues, also including a cysteine. Uromodulin staining of the only available patient biopsy suggested disorganized intracellular trafficking with cellular accumulation. Functional characterization of the mutant isoform revealed retarded intracellular trafficking associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention and reduced secretion into cell culture media, but to a lesser extent than we observed with the previously reported C150S mutation.

Conclusions

The indel mutation is associated with a relatively mild clinical UAKD phenotype, consistent with our in vitro analysis. UAKD should be routinely considered as a causative gene for ESRD of unknown cause, especially where there is an associated family history or where biopsy reveals interstitial fibrosis.
Numerical and structural chromosome polimorphism in fish species: Carassius auratus gibelio b. and alburnus alburnus L.
Authors: Fister Svetlana
Published: October 2011

The paper presents the results of cytogenetic investigations of the fish species Carassius auratus gibelio, B. and Alburnus alburnus, L. Karyotype definitions are given for fish caught at different localities in Serbia. Within the bisexual population of the silver carp Carassius auratus gibelio B., we observed variability in the number of the last, smallest akrocentrics (2n=100_ 22-4). These variating accessory chromosomes were called Banalogues. We established the number of chromosomes (3n=150+8 and 3n=150+10) and gave the karyotype characteristics for gynogenetic lines of triploid females. We pointed out that the existing clones differ in the number of chromosomes, i.e. in the number of Banalogues, which are also probably the cause of the occurence of - gynogenetic karyoclones. In the species Alburnus alburnus, L., we established the existence of modified karyotipes with a large metacentric - Robertson's fusion, translocation probably formed by the two biggest akrocentrics. We examined the possibility of maintaining variability in populations of this specie. The results are discussed in comparison to disorders which result from these changes in reproduction, and the possible consequences that can be expected in the offispring.
Investigation of possibilities for appearance of African horse sickness virus and changes in species of the genus "Culicoides" in Bulgaria
Authors: Chenchev I. , Nedelchev N. , Sanchez-Vizcaino J.M. , Romero L.
Published: October 2011

To date, Bulgaria has been free of African Horse Sickness (AHS). Contacts with and proximity to countries, in which it is assumed there are cases of the disease, necessitate surveillance of equine animals near the border strict control of outgoing and incoming animals, especially those returning to the country after a long stay abroad of participation in races. Instructions for carrying out veterinary activities in instances when the disease occurs in Bulgaria have been worked out, since there were occurrences of Blue tongue disease (the disease has the same epizootiological vectors of spreading) in regions bordering with Turkey last year. The serological screening investigations of blood sera by ELISA of equine animals from the same villages and regions during one active period of flight of culicoides did not establish the presence of antibodies to this dangerous transmissive disease. The present study contributed to working out scientific-methodological diagnostic preparedness in Bulgaria as regards this exotic transmassive disease.
Immunoenzyme: Elisa diagnostics in veterinary medicine
Authors: Djurisic Slavko , Lazic Sava , Petrovic Tamas , Savic-Jevdjenic Sara , Lupulovic Diana
Published: October 2011

The ELISA technique is one of the most commonly used laboratory-diagnostical methods for diagnosing many infective diseases in humans and animals today. Due to its high specificity and sensitivity this technique is considered a method of choice in diagnosing many viral diseases. The phases and components of the ELISA technique are constantly improved because of its mass use, as well as the high demands of laboratory diagnostics. Therefore it is necessary to continually inform the expert public of all the innovations, forms and possibilities of the ELISA technique. This paper describes the factors that caused the genesis of the ELISA technique and shows its forms. The methodological and practical aspects of the ELISA technique, when applied in laboratory diagnostics of veterinary medicine are also presented.
Contemporary aspects in assessment of protein needs in dairy cows
Authors: Grubic Goran , Adamovic Ognjen , Stojanovic Bojan , Djordjevic Nenad
Published: October 2011

The aim of meeting protein needs in dairy cows is to provide sufficient degradable proteins, which are optimally used in the rumen, to provide the required level of productivity with a minimal amount of crude protein in the diet. The new concept, shown in this paper, which expresses protein value as metabolic, enables better protein balancing in dairy cows than before. The nutritive value of metabolic protein in dairy cows depends on essential amino acid composition of protein and their contribution to total essential amino acids. The improvement of protein utilization efficiency has practical implications. The reason for this is to decrease feeding costs per kilogram of milk or milk protein, the need for more efficient production, higher milk protein yield and to allow other nutrients in the diet to prove their influence on the increase of production.
Optimal feeding and maintenance technology for dairy cows in intensive production conditions
Authors: Medic Dragoljub , Veselinovic Spasoje , Veselinovic Snezana , Cupic Zeljko , Ivancev Nenad , Ivancev Anica , Tatic Snezana
Published: October 2011

Over the past 50 years, milk production in our country was only partly based on economic principles, the social aspect being predominant, as for most strategic agricultural products. Only towards the end of 2000, when the key disparities in prices were somewhat corrected, it began to acquire characteristics of economically organized production. Nevertheless, some things remained, like the existence of state premiums for milk which are an effort to bridge the differences between real production costs, on the one hand, and the very low purchasing power of the wider strata of society, on the other. The objective of this work was to review several farm models typical for our country, and to point out the best solutions for developing industrial dairy farming in our very good geographic conditions and other natural resources, and all for the purpose of introducing optimal conditions for feeding and technology with economically justified production.
Factors affecting dry matter intake and its prediction for Holstein cows
Authors: Glamocic Dragan , Grubic Goran , Djordjevic Nenad
Published: October 2011

Many factors affects dry matter intake (DMI). Individual theories based on physical fill of the reticulorumen, metabolic-feedback factors, or oxygen consumption have been proposed to determine and predict DMI (NRC, 2001). Prediction of DMI is fundamentally important in nutrition because it establishes the amount of nutrients available to an animal for health and production. Actual or accurately estimated DMI is important for the formulation of diets to prevent underfeeding or overfeeding of nutrients and to promote efficient nutrient use. Underfeeding of nutrients restricts production and can affect the health of an animal. Overfeeding of nutrients increases feed costs, can results in excessive excretion of nutrients into the environment, and at excessively high amounts may be toxic or cause adverse health effects. Several DMI prediction equations have been developed for use in the field, but only a few have been given in this paper.
Effect of vitamin E suplementation on the health status and production capabilities of high producing diary cows
Authors: Cilev Goce , Sokarovski Jordan , Sinovec Zlatan , Palasevski Bone , Nastova-Djordjioska Rodne
Published: October 2011

Concerning the importance of vitamin E in the nutrition of high-producing cows, a review of the recent available literature was done (for its chemical characteristics, metabolism, content in the feedstuffs and the effects of its use upon the cows health status and production capabilities). As a result of the achieved knowledge for the vitamin E role in the cows nutrition, new norms were worked out. The values of these norms are connected to the cows' production phase and they are as follows: 1000 mg/day - from the drying period (60-70 days before calving) to 3rd week before calving; 3000 mg/day - 3 weeks before and 4 weeks after calving (transition phase); 1000 mg/day - 5 to 10 weeks after calving; 500 mg/day - from the 11-th week of lactation until the drying period. The enlarged amount of vitamin E in the transition phase is important for the reduction of infective and metabilism diseases, i.e. it is important for the cows immunologic system. It decreases the risks connected to the mastitis appearance and improves the reproductive function as well.
Mycotoxins in pathophysiology of cattle diet
Authors: Masic Zoran , Adamovic Milan , Djilas Sandra , Mihaljev Zeljko
Published: October 2011

Depending on the age and production category, cattle show different sensitivity towards certain mycotoxins. Microflora of the rumen degrades to a different degree and inactivates mycotoxins. In the work are presented the most important mycotoxicoses of cattle caused by fungal metabolites from the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium. Poisoning of cattle in our area is most often caused by Zearalenone, Dioxinivalenol, T-2 toxin, Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxin, but in the work are also presented Fumonisin B1 and B2. The work also describes preventive possibilities and protection of animal health from the effects of mycotoxins.
The influence of mineral adsorbent „Minazel” on the reduction of residual zearalenone and its metabolites in cow's milk
Authors: Nesic Srdjan , Grubic Goran , Adamovic Milan , Bocarov-Stancic Aleksandra , Dakovic Aleksandra
Published: October 2011

The results of the use of mineral adsorbent - Minazel, a preparation based on natural zeolite, in the prevention of mycotoxicoses and avoidance of zearalenone and its metabolites transfer into cow's milk were described in this paper. Using mineral adsorbent Minazel in a concentration of 0.5% of concentrate mixture the transfer of zearalenone from feeds to milk was prevented.
Analysis of factors influencing estrus cycle in dairy cows
Authors: Jovicin Milovan , Petrujkic Tihomir , Milovanovic Aleksandar , Dujakovic Milorad , Zikic Dragan
Published: October 2011

The frequency of interestrus intervals between two inseminations during two annual period, from 1. 4. 2001 - 31. 3. 2003, on a farm with 500 Holstein-Frisian cows and milk production of 5500-6000 kg was analyzed. Periods of 1? months of estrus cycles were presented by histograms for pregnant, nonpregnant and culled cows. Normal and multiple cycles indicate estrus detection errors, and were recorded in 26.70% / 22.73% and 33.25% / 33.77% cows, in the first and second analyzed periods, respectively. Short and prolonged estrus cycles were noted in 12.22% / 4.34%, and 10.07% / 7.36% cows, in the first and second analyzed periods respectively, and indicate nutritional disturbances and embryonal mortality. Disturbed estrus periods were found in 41.31% and 43.10% cows and heifers and were a consequence of other cumulate factors in herd sterility. Herd fertility improvement may be achieved with systematic work on prevention of ovarial dysfunction and proper records management.
Diet and fertility in cattle
Authors: Petrujkic Tihomir , Cernesku H. , Jovicin Milovan , Protic Gojko , Petrujkic Branko
Published: October 2011

The diet of high-yield dairy cows process a very complex and acute problem. Much new knowledge in the area of production and preparation of feedstuffs, diet technology, and the interactions that occur between the components of the nutritive feed ration are required in order to resolve this problem. It is necessary constantly to coordinate feed norms with genetic potential which is ever changing and advanced. The observed problems must be resolved using multidisciplinary methods so that a diet can yield good health, and that health contribute to better reproduction and possibilities for more successful breeding and improved performance in cattle farming. In certain countries, thanks to their geographic position and climatic conditions which allow rainfall throughout the year, a natural green diet can be applied, which provides large numbers of green mass components, and with additives which can be supplemented relatively easily. This type of diet is not possible in our farms. It is very important to know which feedstuff components are laking for certain categories of cattle. The used ration must be constant and administered to animals of certain age or production characteristics in order to improve production results at cattle farms. A great problem occurs when diet is reduced due to dried grass and the resulting stress in animals. A 50% diet reduction in young cattle often results in the occurrence of respiratory diseases. Following 10-14 days of treatment, the disease disappears in young animals, but the energy deficit leads to the weakening (depression) of the immune system. Even a so-called high-energy diet often causes respiratory diseases. A diet deficient in proteins also affects cows after lactation, as opposed to a normative diet, and a reduced protein diet disturbs the microbial activity in the rumen and the synthesis of compounds which are important for both the cow and the calf, making room for the incidence of metabolic diseases, most often acidosis. This paper presents and integral description of cattle diet management according to phases, and a new approach to cattle diet with respect to fertility observed in reproduction over a longer time period at large diary cow farms.
Results of inseminations of cows in spontaneous and induced oestrus
Authors: Veselinovic Spasoje , Stancic Blagoje , Veselinovic Snezana , Medic Dragoljub , Lazarevic Tanja , Ivancev Nenad , Ivancev Anica , Cekic Igor
Published: October 2011

Cow fertility depends on many factors, the most important of which are diet, maintenance, upkeep conditions, and technical-technological conditions of production in cattle breeding. If we accept this as correct, and it is, then the question appears, under the same conditions of diet, upkeep, and the technological production process, why some cows conceive and yield a calf each year, while others remain barren, even though the level of milk production per cow is approximately the same. An answer to this question would help resolve the problem of cow sterility. The paper shows the results of insemination of cows in spontaneous or induced oestrus following the administration of one or two injections of prostaglandin. Conception results in spontaneous oestrus following the first insemination were 43.4%(33/76), after the second 23.7%(18/76), after the third 11.8% (9/76), and after the fourth and all subsequent 21.1% (16/76) with an insemination index of 2.3. The results of conception in cows in induced oestrus following a single administration of prostaglandin after the first insemination were 68.4% (13/19), the second and third 15.8% (3/19) each, with an insemination index of 1.5. Following two injections of prostaglandin in induced oestrus, the conception results after the first insemination were 100 % (5/5) with an insemiantion index of 1.0.
Immunoprophylaxis of bovine mastitis
Authors: Pavlovic Vojislav , Vakanjac Slobodanka
Published: October 2011

Mastitis poses a major economic and health problem in herds of dairy cows. The many years of taking different approaches to treating mastitis have not resulted in an adequate solution, so that the problem of mastitis is still present and acute. The treatment of mastitis using antibiotics yields satisfactory results, but it implies substantial costs for treatment and losses in rejecting milk. Due to the above reasons, a new area of scientific research offers possibilities for finding new solutions to the ever present problem of mastitis - immunoprophylaxis. Vaccines against mastitis available at this time are still not sufficiently effective in general practice, and they are at the level of experimental vaccines. All barn vaccines which have been worked on so far have been significantly experimentally successful. The success is in a significant increase in the antibody titer in serum (but not in milk), as well as in reducing the incidence of clinical and subclinical mastitis cases among experimental and control animals. Nevertheless, it is still believed that immunoprophylaxis, as a method for preventing inflammation of the udder and the occurrence of mastitis, is still an insufficiently investigated field of scientific research. Many scientists are engaged on the problem of finding a vaccine against mastitis, but the coplexity of the mammary gland and the specific permeability of the blood-milk barrier do not permit these efforts to be as successful as they might be if this were not the case.
Biologically active compounds in colostrum: Significance and possibilities for increasing their resorption
Authors: Gvozdic Dragan , Stojic Velibor , Samanc Horea , Fratric Natalija , Vujanac I.
Published: October 2011

Colostrum in domestic animals contains numerous bioactive substances like insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II), epidermal growth factor (EGF), immunoglobulins (Ig), lactoferin (Lf), transferin (Tf) and others. Many of them have distinct functions and stimulate growth and glucose utilization, or have some other, still unknown regulatory function. Bioactive substances influence growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract (GT), and cause many metabolic and endocrine changes in the neonate. Resorption of the bioactive substances from the GT of the neonate could be a specific, receptor dependant, or nonspecific process, and in many cases the exact mechanism has not been completely elucidated. On the other hand, there are technological procedures and substances that could effectively increase concentration of some bioactive compounds in the systemic circulation of the neonate. We are still unaware of the full importance of these technological procedures and products, partly because of the very complex additive and/or synergic effects of the different bioactive substances from the colostrum on the newborn animals.
Clinical pathology of milking calves digestion disorder
Authors: Fatur Bogo
Published: October 2011

The period from calving until normal dry food feeding is very sensitive for preruminat animals. Normal weaning can be successful at 6 to 8 weeks post partum. Young milking calves are very susceptible to bacterial or viral infection if immunity is not reached through colostrum on time. On the other hand indigestions are very frequent and account for one-third of the most frequent disorders in young calves. Parturition losses (dystocia) and respiratory diseases are more frequent. The final result of negative environmental and management influences can be the onset of acute or chronic diarrhea associated with long, expensive and often unsuccessful treatment. Acute dehydration and death are not so rare. Etiological reasons are known, it is possible define them: inadequate feeding of pregnant cows and heifers in late stages of pregnancy; hygiene problems and bad management of neonate calves. Contaminated milk, starters and milk substitutes are the main source of scours. These problems are evident on farms where owners or workers do not have the elementary knowledge about physiology, anatomic differences and management principles for preruminant animals. At weaning time calves can develop serious problems when dry feeding does not begin on time. For does that reason normal micro flora and fauna are not able to accept normal function for ruminal digestion.
Abomasal displacement in cattle
Authors: Zemljic Borut
Published: October 2011

Left abomasal displacement can be treated among other techniques also with the rolling technique accompanied with a percutaneus paramedian abomasopexy using toggle pin fixators of cornel wood. This method is reliable, quick and cheap.
Epizootiology and measures for repressing leptospirosis in cattle herds
Authors: Kisin Bratislav , Zivadinovic Mira
Published: October 2011

Leptospirosis is a cause of great economic damages in cattle-breeding, and it is a great sanitary problem for human health. Therefore we tried to examine the situation in our area, through a period of 15 years, from the in year 1988. until year 2002.We gained insight into the spread of the sickness on our epizootic area, both for the animal population and for the human population.
Postpartum resumption of cyclic ovarian function, first estrus and re-conception and their relation to energy metabolism in high-producing dairy cows
Authors: Huszenicza Gyula , Kulcsar M. , Katai L. , Balogh O. , Samanc Horea , Ivanov Ivan
Published: October 2011

In the last few decades a continuous increase was observed in average milk production of dairy cows all over the world. Simultaneously, however, a dramatic decrease was seen in reproductive performance. This tendency is attributed to the increased incidence of bacterial complications in uterine involution, as well as to the high occurrence of ovarian malfunctions in the postpartum period. The aim of this paper is to review the physiology and pathology of the latter, really complex phenomenon. The nutritional basis of this process, that the requirements of high-producing dairy cows shift abruptly after parturition as the daily milk yield rapidly increases and the ensuing negative energy balance (NEB) will extend 10-12 weeks. In the context of the high genetic merit dairy cow, the pp NEB is the difference between the dietary intake of utilizable energy and the expenditure of energy for body mass maintenance and milk synthesis. In principle, it is a physiological phenomenon, which may, however, result in more or less severe disorders in both the metabolism and reproduction and so it may lead to great economic losses in modern dairy practice [112]. In the first 3-4 weeks after calving the NEB is highly correlated with both milk yield and the interval to first ovulation. Because the number of ovulatory estrous cycles preceding the insemination (AI) has been shown to influence the conception rate, the length of the pp interval to first ovulation provides an important parameter for assessing the effect of NEB on reproductive performance S19, 20?.
Significance of different animal species in experimental models for in vivo investigations of hematopoiesis
Authors: Kovacevic-Filipovic Milica , Bozic Tatjana , Stevanovic Jelka
Published: October 2011

Numerous discoveries in medicine are results of experiments on different animal species. The most frequently used animals in hematopoiesis investigations are laboratory mice and rats, but so-called big animals, such as pigs, sheep, cats, dogs, and monkeys, evolution-wise closer to humans have a place in experimental hematology as well. The specific problematics of a certain animal specie can lead to fundamental knowledge on certain aspects of the process of hematopoiesis end the biology of stem cells in hematopoiesis. Furthermore, comparative investigations of certain phenomena in different species help in the recognition of the general rules in the living world. In the area f preclinicalinvesti- gations, animal models are an inevitable step in studies of transplantation biology of stem cells in hematopoiesis, as well as in studies of biologically active molecules which have an effect on the hematopoietic system. Knowledge acquired on animal models is applied in both human and veterinary medicine.
Most frequent calf diseases in industrial breeding
Authors: Lazic Sava , Petrovic Tamas , Pusic Ivan , Velhner Maja
Published: October 2011

It is possible to conduct an analysis of the incidence of viral diseases in calves if these diseases are divided into two basic groups. One group comprises diseases of respiratory organs which are manifested by symptoms of a respiratory syndrome, and the second group comprises diseases of digestive tract organs in the form of a gastrointestinal syndrome. It is considered that viruses have the dominant role in the complex etiology of the respiratory syndrome, primarily the IBR virus or the Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BHV-1), followed by the parainfluenza 3 virus (RSV), the Bovine Viral Diahrrea Virus (BVDV), the bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), but also other viruses, such as adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, can also influence the appearance of the respiratory syndrome. The respiratory syndrome is rarely caused by a single viral agent, but most frequently by mixed viruses, but also by bacterial infections. Mixed viral infections often have a lethal outcome. Investigations of the etiology of the gastrointestinal syndrome so far indicate that, in addition to bacteria, viruses can also be a significant etiological factor. Rotaviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses parvoviruses, herpesviruses (the IBR virus), pestiviruses (BVDV), can be the causes of a gastrointestinal syndrome. It is believed that viruses can be the cause in about 10% cases in the ethiopathogenesis of this syndrome. The paper describes the etiopathogenesis of calf diseases of viral etiology which are most often found in the local conditions of industrial breeding of calves.
Lipid and glycogen contents in liver of high-yield dairy cows in peripartal period
Authors: Djokovic Radojica , Samanc Horea
Published: October 2011

Liver tissue samples were taken by biopsy from Holstein cows in advanced stages of gravidity and in early lactation for pathological-histological examinations. Lipid content in hepatocytes was determined using the stereometric method by calculating volume density, and of glycogen using semi-quantitative microscopic examination of sections stained according to the method of Best. Pathological-histological examinations of liver tissue samples in healthy animals, gravid or peripartal cows did not reveal lipid infiltration or cell degeneration, and hepatocytes were completely or partly filled with glycogen. In ketotic cows, pathological-histological examinations of liver tissue samples showed lipid infiltration and hepatocyte degeneration of different intensity. In only one ketotic cow, we determined a slight degree of lipid infiltration, there was a medium degree of lipid infiltration and degeneration in six cows, and three cows were found to have a grave form of fatty liver. The quantity of glycogen in hepatocytes is in negative correlation with the degree of lipid infiltration and degeneration. In severe cases of fatty liver, glycogen is completely absent from hepatocyte cytoplasm.
Staphylococcus aureus effect of different factors on mammary gland infection with staphylococcus aureus bacteria
Authors: Jurcevic Alen , Pengov Andrej
Published: October 2011

The objective of our investigation was to determine how certain factors (the environment, treatment, prevention, animal) affect udder infection with Staphylococcus aureurs (S. aureus) bacteria. A questionnaire investigated the effect of different factors on the frequency of infection with S. aureus bacteria. We established that prevention, treatment on the basis of results of bacteriological examinations and antibiograms, and the elimination of the negative influence of the environment, form a basis for reducing the frequency of udder infections. We verified the questionannire results with the variant analysis method and established that the effect of the environment significantly digresses from the other factors (prevention treatment and diagnosis, animal). Our results show that the breeder, with good prevention and good treatment of mastitis, often disregards the effects of the barn and the environment in which the cows are maintained. Poor barn conditions have a negative effect on cow resistance and at the same time enable the existence and multiplication of pathogenic species of bacteria. In addition to the maintenance conditions, one must not forget prevention and therapy of mammary gland inflammation, either. On the grounds of our previous investigations (Pengov et al., 2000), we recommend for the therapy of mammary gland inflammation the use of a combination of amoxicillin and clavulonic acid, and as prevention of mammary gland inflammation the use of an udder ointment.
Oxitetracycline residue in cow milk after intrauterine application
Authors: Vukovic Vujadin , Dugalic-Vrndic Nada
Published: October 2011

The paper examines the excretion of oxitetracycline residue in milk of East Friesian cows that received a single intrauterine treatment. A total of 10 cows were divided into two equal experimental groups, and one group was administered a dose of 0.5 g/cow, and the other group 1 g/cow oxitetracycline. Oxitetracycline residue in milk was determined using the Rezazurin test method with Str. Thermophilus, as the test microorganism. Following the i.u. administration of oxitetracycline in a dose of 0.5 g/cow the average duration of the presence of its residue in milk in treated cows was 46.0 (34-58) hours, with oxitetracycline residue concentration ranging from 0.1-1.4 mcg/ml milk. After the dose of 1 g/cow, this time period was 55.6 (34-82) hours, and the oxitetracycline residue concentration ranged from 0.1-2.2 mcg/ml milk.
Investigations of two oral rehydration solutions in treatment of piglets with acute gastroenteritis
Authors: Vukavic Tamara , Dosen Radoslav , Licina Jasna
Published: October 2011

The basic disorder in acute gastroenteritis is the disrupted transport of water and electrolytes, to a different degree. The objective of these investigations was to evaluate the efficacy of two oral rehydration solutions (ORS) in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in suckling piglets. Fifty piglets, 20 with acute gastroenteritis and 30 healthy controls aged 10 days were chosen at random upon the incidence of diarrhea, for one of two ORS treatments (ORS-1 and ORS-2). The piglets with diarrhea were administered a probiotic per os on the first day and an antibiotic parenterally, until the diarrhea disappeared. All the piglets were followed clinically from days 1-6 of the investigations. Faeces samples were taken for bacteriological culture on the first day. Clinical signs of hydration were better, as well as the difference in body mass of piglets with diarrhea under the ORS-2 treatment which was significantly higher (p=0.036) in comparison with the difference in piglets under the ORS-1 treatment. All piglets with diarrhea had normally formed faeces on the sixth day. Escherichia coli was isolated from faeces of 48 piglets. Piglets with acute gastroenteritis, treated with ORS with a higher osmolarity and which contained instead of citrate, bicarbonates in higher concentrations, with less potassium, more sodium and more chlorine had a better state of hydration, with a significantly bigger difference in body mass, and the results of their control group were not significantly different against those of piglets treated with ORS of a different composition.
Incidence of epulides in the dog: A retrospective histopathological study
Authors: Dinev Ivan , Borissov I. , Dimov D.
Published: October 2011

The retrospective histopathological study of 468 samples of tumour material obtained from dogs, referred to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora during the period 1991-2000 showed that 29 specimens (6.19%) were epulides. According to their histogenesis, the lesions were classified in two primary groups: reactive lesions ? 37.94% and peripheral odontogenic tumours ? 62.06%. Epulides were most commonly encountered in males (68.96%) compared to females (31.04%). The average age of affected dogs was 4 years for both genders. In 18 cases (62.06%), the lesions were mandibular whereas in 11 (37.94%) ? maxillar. The highest predilection to epulides was observed in German Shepherds ? 27.58%.
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in our section material
Authors: Aleksic-Kovacevic Sanja , Marinkovic Darko
Published: October 2011

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) has been diagnozed in our section material in 23 cats, 19 Persian and 4 domestic, of both sexes, aged between 5 months and 8 years. The majority of the infected population were animals under 20 months of age. The macroscopic finding in most cats was of granulomatous character, and large quantities of goldenyellow gelatinous exudate were observed in the stomach cavity of 7 animals, corresponding to the exudative form of FIP. Granulomas were in most cases located in the abdomen wall, liver, spleen, omentum and serous membrane of intestines, and the histological structure was characterized by fibrinoid-necrotic centers with numerous lymphocytes, monocytes, angioblasts and fibroblasts. Immunohistochemically, feline corona virus (FCV) antigens were exprimed in the cytoplasm of macrophages, more rarely in plasma cells in granulomas, and sometimes in necrotized areas.
Seasonal variation of the plerocercoid ligula intestinalis (L) observed in roach (Rutilus rutilus, L) from the yenice irrigation pond, Çanakkale, Turkey
Authors: Oguz Cemal , Oguz Öztürk , Güre Hayati
Published: October 2011

This study was carried out at the Yenice Irrigation Pond between October 1999 and October 2000. For this study 368 roach (Rutilus rutilus) were examined and 37 parasites and 93 Ligula intestinalis were found in the abdominal cavity of the host (prevalence 10.1%, mean intensity 2.51 specimens/fish). Based on season, the highest number of infected fish occurred during summer (33.3%, 4 parasite/fish), and during the other season the mean intensity of infection was relatively low (prevalence 3.3%, 1 specimens/fish). On the other hand, the parasite species was determined especially on small and medium host fish sizes (2.17-100%). Basic criteria for the assessment of the parasite species of host fish were the general parameters related to parasite populations, which are prevalence, mean intensity, seasonal variation, and relationship between host size and infection.