bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
86‐1: Invited Paper: Nano‐particle Heat Sink for Quantum‐dot Color Conversion
Authors: Cho Jinhyun , Oh Pilyong
Published: September 2020

Oxygen, temperature, and light deteriorate Quantum Dot (QD)’s reliability. Controlling oxygen and temperature is rather easy, but reliability problem under high light flux is more difficult. This study showed nano heat sink can improve QD reliability.
86‐2: Color Conversion Using Quantum Dots for LCD, OLED, and MicroLED Displays
Authors: Tangirala Ravi , Lee Ernest , Hotz Charlie , Kunai Yuichiro , Komatsu Yoshifumi , Harada Yoshihiro , Komada Megumi , Tokuda Masayoshi , Fukuura Tomohiro
Published: September 2020

Quantum dot color conversion technology will lead to displays with higher brightness, color tunability and viewing angles. We have developed Cd‐free QD‐photoresist (QDPR) formulations containing specially designed QDs with enhanced blue absorption and green/red emission to achieve >90% BT.2020 coverage at feature resolution of µ10 mm. QDPR devices can be fabricated on existing lithographic equipment, making this technology attractive for all kinds of displays including LCD, OLED and microLED.
P‐9: Timing Model and Maximum‐Aperture Pixel Design of an Active‐Matrix Display
Authors: Liu Xuchi , Xia Zhihe , Kwok Hoi-Sing , Wong Man
Published: September 2020

A timing model developed for an active‐matrix display is described, accounting for both the signal propagation delay and the pixel charging time. The Lagrange multiplier method is applied to maximize the aperture ratio of a pixel in such a display, while satisfying the constraints imposed by technology and the timing model.
P‐10: Advantages of Active Pixel Circuit Using Gap‐Type TFT as the Photo Device to Sense Low Intensity Light
Authors: Tu Cheng-Che , Wu Sin-You , Tai Ya-Hsiang
Published: September 2020

The photocurrent, device area, and parasitic capacitance of gap‐gate type thin‐film transistor (TFT) and photodiode have been compared. With the higher photocurrent, less occupied area, and smaller parasitic capacitance, the gap‐type TFT is suitable as photo device in active pixel sensor (APS) to sense low intensity light.
P‐22: Correlation Analysis for Subjective and Non‐Subjective Evaluation of Holograms Generated by Digital and Analog Spatial Light Modulators
Authors: Chuang Chih-Hao , Li Siao-Ting , Chen Chien-Yu , Lin Hoang Yan , Fan-Chiang Kuan-Hsu , Tsai Hsien-Chang
Published: September 2020

In this study, we propose the subjective and non‐subjective experiment to evaluate the hologram quality base on digital and analog types of spatial light modulators. The experiment is analyzed and evaluated by camera capturing and critical fusion frequency. The correlations between each result will be discussed.
P‐23: A Subjective Method for Evaluating Foveated Image Quality in HMDs
Authors: Thirumalai Vijayaraghavan , Ribera Javier , Xiang Jie , Zhang Junbin , Azimi Maryam , Kamali Jalil , Nasiopoulos Panos
Published: September 2020

Analyzing the perceptual image quality rendered on a head‐mounted display (HMD) is of primary importance to provide a flawless visual quality to VR headset users. In this paper, we propose a new subjective testing method to evaluate the quality of foveated images in HMDs. The images we use are coded by progressively increasing the compression ratio from the fixation point to the periphery. Our method is based on a standardized flickering paradigm which temporally interleaves the original and reconstructed images to make the differences more prominent. Results indicate that observers can identify more visual impairments near the fixation point than in periphery. This new subjective testing approach is, therefore, effective in assessing barely visible image artifacts of foveated imaging in HMDs.
P‐25: Effects of Image Distance on Cognitive Tunneling with Augmented Reality Head Up Displays
Authors: Pullukat Joseph , Tanaka Shinichi , Jiang Jiahao
Published: September 2020

Cognitive tunneling is a phenomenon where a driver can become overly‐focused on a display rather than the actual road scene. With a standard Head up Display (HUD), this is not normally an issue as the image is typically lower than the direct road scene. Augmented Reality (AR) HUDs on the other hand, use conformal graphics which exactly overlay and highlight the outside environment and are directly in the road scene. Studies have shown that HUD graphics directly in the view of the driver can increase cognitive tunneling. In this paper, we will study whether reducing the image distance of the HUD can help reduce the occurrence of cognitive tunneling.
P‐199: Late‐News‐Poster: Projection Headlight with Non‐Uniform DMD Illumination
Authors: Li Kenneth , Chang Y.P.
Published: September 2020

This paper presents a laser excited phosphor automotive headlight capitalizing on the high efficiency of the white LEDs and the high intensity spot of the laser excited phosphor, producing a non‐uniform, hot spot intensity profile imaged onto the DMD. Automotive headlights had evolved over decades from incandescent light bulbs to halogen lamps up to about 10 years ago. As LED brightness continues to increase with lower prices, LED headlights started to be introduced. Beside the light outputs could be higher in power, the small footprints also allow automobile and lighting manufacturers to come up with very different aesthetic designs. The smallness of the LED light source also allows multiple light sources to be housed inside a single headlight allowing various schemes of spatial modulation. This allows controlled dimming or ON/OFF, reducing glares to other drivers. With the spatial intensity modulation capability of the DMD, the output intensity profile on the roadway can be controlled more precisely. With sufficient power and intensity from the light source, it is possible for a single DMD headlight to provide the low beam, high beam, extreme high beam, and controlled dimming for various detected objects. Special symbols can also be projected assisting the driver and improving safety under various road conditions. This requires a special light source using LEDs, lasers, and phosphor plates, with hotspots as described in this paper.
P‐201: Late‐News‐Poster: Synchronization Technique of Multi‐Chip Cascade Architecture for Automotive TDDI
Authors: Ito Daisuke , Satou Ken , Kitamura Kota , Noto Takayuki , Lee Albert Y , Shah Vishal S , Chen Joseph Yen
Published: September 2020

TDDI (Touch and Display Driver Integration) is a device that integrates two functions into one device. One function is as display driver IC and a second function is as a touch screen controller. For scaling to larger screen sizes for automotive applications with a TDDI architecture, multiple TDDI chips are needed due to the fan out of the required signals for supporting the display and integrated touch screen. However, in the case of TDDI multi‐chip architecture, synchronization among the plurality of chips becomes the key factor in order to achieve uniform picture quality and accurate touch response. For this paper we introduce techniques for synchronization for both the display and the touch function among a plurality of chips (TDDIs). In closing we have successfully achieved a cascaded TDDI architecture by this technique for a fully integrated automotive display and touch solution.
P‐34: New P‐type Gate Driver Circuit with Simultaneous and Progressive Output Waveforms in One Frame for AMOLED Displays of Simultaneous Emission Driving Method
Authors: Lee Chia-Lun , Cheng Mao-Hsun , Lin Chih-Lung
Published: September 2020

This work proposes a new LTPS gate driver circuit that can generate output waveforms for a simultaneous emission driving method. Simulation shows that the effect leakage current and the variations of threshold voltage are prevented successfully. Thus, the proposed circuit is applicable for AMOLED displays with the SE driving method.
P‐42: Novel Stress Profile for Chemically Strengthened Glass with High Drop Strength.
Authors: Ichimaru Tomonori , Yuki Ken , Kawamoto Kosuke , Murata Takashi , Kinoshita Kiyotaka , Miyahara Kazumi , Kunitomo Kazunobu
Published: September 2020

Newly developed stress profile of chemically strengthened glass for smartphone cover glass is demonstrated in this study. This innovative stress profile, named as EICS profile, improves the durability to the drop breakage. With this EICS profile, high strength cover glass, such as the glass, which is 2 times or more stronger than ever to the rough ground, can be obtained.
P‐43: Application of High Stiffness Glass Substrate for Multi‐Functional Large Area Displays
Authors: Akiyama Jun , Tokunaga Hirofumi , Hamada Yuya , Hayashi Kazutaka
Published: September 2020

Demand of large size flat panel displays are emerging. For upcoming displays, extra features are demanded in addition to the visual performance. One of the attracting features is the combination with an acoustic function. To utilize the display panel as a speaker, glass substrate plays important role to improve its acoustic quality. In this study, the effect of elastic property on display panel performance was investigated.
P‐47: Influences of Mo Film Residual Stress on Cu/Mo Interface and Undercut Performance
Authors: Li Guo , Meng Chen , Sheng Sun , Yao Sun , Huangzheng Liu , Zhiwei Tan , Juncheng Xiao , Hang Zhou
Published: September 2020

The bilayer structure of Cu/Mo wires applied in TV panels has been suffering from the undercut issue after patterning ever since its commercialization. Most of the efforts focused on applying more expensive barrier layer materials or the long‐time developing of etchant. In this paper, the influence of Mo residual stress on the undercut of Cu/Mo has been investigated. The results showed that by changing the Mo stress from tensile to compressive, the undercut has been improved to more than 50%, which is a promising solution for the issue.
P‐63: Measurements of Viewing Angle and Angular Resolution of Electronic Holographic Display
Authors: Nam Jeho , Kim Jinwoong
Published: September 2020

We propose a new measurement scheme for angular characteristics of electronic holographic displays. Specifically, viewing angle and angular resolution are analyzed and quantitatively measured to evaluate the optical characterization and visual quality of holographic display. These angular substances play an essential role that constructs three‐dimensional volume images in space. In this work, we make a use of direction‐selective test pattern hologram to measure its contrast modulation of reconstructed holographic images from different angular direction views. Experimental results are provided to verify the feasibility of our proposed measurement method and to evaluate the objective performance of angular characteristics in holographic display.
P‐64: Micro Optics Array for Aerial Display System and its Imaging Performance Evaluation Method
Authors: Kikuta Hayato , Kawagishi Norikazu , Kakinuma Ryota , Uehara Shinichi , Iwane Toru , Murayama Hiroshi , Konuma Osamu , Ryu Tomoaki , Yamamoto Hirotsugu
Published: September 2020

Several kinds of micro optics array have been developed to form aerial images in the mid‐air, and we propose evaluation methods for imaging performance of the optical system using the micro optics array. To evaluate the influence caused by aperture limitation of micro optics array and diffraction, the MTF measurement method using a knife edge has been improved considering the viewing direction/angle dependence.
P‐79: High Power Static Phosphor Plate Light Source for Digital Projections
Authors: Li Kenneth
Published: September 2020

As the costs of blue laser diodes and laser diode arrays are getting lower, laser excited phosphor systems will be used in areas that were not possible before. This paper presents a static, without a rotating phosphor wheel, high power laser excited phosphor system in which the phosphor plate has a very high damage threshold and droop threshold temperature. The highest power density, limited by the available laser source, of over 54 W per sq. mm has been achieved and is expected to increase in the near future with higher power laser sources, development of homogenizing and diffusing optics at the input, and micro and photonic structures at the output surfaces.
P‐81: Holographic Near‐to‐Eye Display for Vision‐Correcting Application
Authors: Kim Dongyeon , Nam Seung-Woo , Bang Kiseung , Lee Byoungho
Published: September 2020

Holographic near‐to‐eye display for vision‐correcting application is introduced by manipulating the hologram rather than modifying the optical system. The aberration corrected hologram is acquired considering overall optical system as well as eye lens. The hologram rendering is mainly based on complex ray tracing that each ray not only contains amplitude but also phase information due to calculated optical path. In experiment, the overall setup for holographic near‐to‐eye display is implemented with an imaging lens containing high numerical aperture that resembles actual human eye lens. This approach is highly effective in providing aberration corrected hologram since it does not require any manual manipulation in compensating the hologram. In the near future, this approach will allow users to have prescribed holograms depending on the structure of individual eye.
P‐90: A New PWM Pixel Circuit for Micro‐LED Displaly with 60Hz Driving and 120Hz Lighting
Authors: Wang Ting , Chen Rong , Zhou Hongbo , Wu Huangyao , Zhou Qiufeng , Lai Guochang , Li Junyi
Published: September 2020

The essence of pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) pixel circuit for OLED is voltage driven current which is widely used in market. For micro LED, due to the color shift with the current, PAM pixel circuit is no longer suitable. However, the pulse width modulation (PWM) is voltage driven duty ratio where the current is fixed and can solve the color shift problem. Thus, a new PWM pixel circuit with CMOS LTPS TFTs for micro‐LED display has been developed in this paper. In addition, the developed PWM circuit can also reduce the power consumption and realize the drive circuit of 60Hz, and LED lighting of 120Hz respectively.
P‐92: Low‐Power Perovskite Photodetector Based on ZnO/CsPbBr3/TFB Heterojunction
Authors: Yan Shikai , Tang Sheng , Li Qing
Published: September 2020

A photodetector based on ZnO/CsPbBr3/TFB heterojunction has been fabricated. The effect of ZnO film thickness on device performance has been discussed. The device can be operated at 0V and shows the maximum performance with detectivity of 2x1012 Jones and on/off ratio of 2.4x105 at ‐0.62V, showing a low‐power characteristic.
P‐96: Design and Verification of a Driving System Suitable for LED Display Devices
Authors: Fu Jianhang , Fu Jianguo , Chen Haiping , Yang Bo , Liang Pengfei , Wang Zhenling , Liu Shengke
Published: September 2020

To achieve the purpose of controlling visual luminance of LED, the pixel circuit adjust the length of illumination time in a frame. The current and luminance remain constant when LED is turned on. The driving method avoids color shift. In addition, its luminance is comparable to that of the traditional analog driving mode.
P‐98: Inkjet Printed CsPbBr3 Quantum Dots for Full‐Color Display
Authors: Duan Miao , Wu Yongwei , Yin Yongming , Geng Jing , Hou Jun , Li Dongze , Zhang Xin
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we fabricated CsPbBr3 perovskite QDs as green color conversion layer and CdSe/ZnS QDs as red color conversion layer using the inkjet‐printing technology. Finally, a 4‐inch active matrix full‐color QDs display prototype with a high NTSC (~122%) is demonstrated using the miniLED backlight for the first time.
P‐100: Enhanced Luminescence by Multi ‘A’ Site Cations Strategy and Potassium Doping for Solution‐Processed Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wu Yongwei , Hu Zhiping , Xin Zhilong , Yang Guang , Jiang Pei , Duan Miao , Yin Yongming , He Bo , Chen Shujhih , Li Dongze , Zhou Hang , Zhang Xin , Zhang Shengdong
Published: September 2020

Normally, two‐dimensional (2D) perovskite with a formula of L2An‐1MnX3n+1 contain a mono cation (e.g., methylammonium (MA+) or formamidinium (FA+)). In this work, an approach, which emphasizes ‘A’ site cations mixing and potassium doping, was demonstrated to obtain highly luminescent 2D perovskites (PLQY up to 83%). The according perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs), which were fabrication via all‐solution processing method, reaches a brightness of 2200 cd/m2, and a maximum current efficiency of 8.6 cd/A.
P‐105: Bright, Large Pixel, Flexible Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes for Photomedicine
Authors: Triana M Alejandro , Wu Shin-Tson , Dong Yajie
Published: September 2020

Herein, we report flexible deep‐red quantum‐dot light‐emitting diodes on ITO/PEN substrates with narrow bandwidth, long shelf‐life, external quantum efficiency up to 8.3%, and high brightness of 42214 cd/m2 (8 mm2 pixel at 5.8 V) equivalent to 19.6 mW/cm2.sr, which are ideal light sources for photomedicine, i.e. photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation.
P‐214: Late‐News‐Poster: Development of Ce3+ Activated Yellow‐Orange Nitride Phosphor for Various Applications
Authors: Inata Yuhei , Takashina Shiho
Published: September 2020

(La,Y)3Si6N11:Ce3+ (LSN) phosphor has been used for white LEDs in back light units (BLUs). We have succeeded in developing LSN phosphors with wide color variations, less thermal quenching and any other luminescence properties. We expect that LSN phosphors will be also used for lighting and laser devices.
P‐126: Surveys on the Stylus Technologies for Capacitive‐Type Touch Systems
Authors: An Jae-Sung , Jung Young-Ho
Published: September 2020

In this paper, the surveys on the stylus technologies for capacitive‐type touch systems (CTSs) are presented. The stylus technologies are classified into the passive and active stylus depending on the battery integration. To explain two types of the stylus, the architecture of CTS with the stylus is firstly explained. Afterward, the operation principles of the passive, which have a capacitive‐type (C‐type), an electromagnetic resonance type, and an electrically coupled resonance type, and a C‐type active type styli are described.
P‐217: Late‐News‐Poster: Convolutional Neural Network‐based Multi‐touch Detection Technique on Learning from Class‐imbalanced Dataset
Authors: Yoon Hyeon-Seok , Ahn Saehyun , Kang Keon-Woo , Lee Il-ho , Park Sang-jin , Ma Yun-a , Kang Suk-Ju
Published: September 2020

The touchscreen has a lack of accuracy in discriminating between multi‐touch and single‐touch signals when touch signals are too close to each other. This causes the machine's incorrect expectation of the intended touch coordinates. We propose a novel convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based multi‐touch detection to increase the accuracy for detecting the number of touching points. Additionally, the modified loss function is proposed to train the proposed neural network for the class‐imbalanced dataset. The novel loss function is optimized by considering the number of data according to the class, and then, the detection accuracy is increased compared with the conventional approach. Finally, we compute the coordinates of the touch signal by using the result of CNN. Experimental results show that the detection accuracy of the proposed network with our novel loss function was 93.67%.
P‐142: Moire Analysis and Quantification in Oblique View
Authors: Jia Qian , You Jaegeon , Wang Xinxing , Peng Kuanjun , Wang Yingtao , Sun Xuefei , Lin Honghui , Liu Liyan
Published: September 2020

The aim of this work is to analyze and quantify moire issue of stacked structures in oblique view. In oblique view, the pixel values of the stacked layers can't be added directly. Thus, we made a simple one‐dimensional model to calculate the coordinates of the down layer and used interpolation method to calculate the pixel values in olique view. Then we used CSF method to process the superposition graph and made quantification. Experiment results showed that our method is a simple and effective way to analyze moire in oblique view.
P‐150: Extended Jones matrix for the reflective liquid crystal display at oblique incidence
Authors: Lien Shui-Chih Alan , Wang Bin
Published: September 2020

Jones matrix for the general reflective birefringent medium at normal incidence was published recently [1]. In this paper, this Jones matrix formulation is extended for the reflective liquid crystal display at oblique incidence. Numerical simulation results for reflective LCDs using this extended matrix method were carried out and compared with those of the unfolding method by Ge et al. [2] and those of the Berreman's 4 x 4 method [3].
P‐153: High Performance Photo‐aligned Surface of Vertical Alignment Liquid Crystal Displays for Mass Production
Authors: Tseng Man-Chun , Chiu Hon-Wah , Tang Shu-Tuen , Yeung Fion Sze-Yan , Kwok Hoi-Sing
Published: September 2020

Photoalignment technology has been proven useful in the patterned alignment display industry. For large area display, most of the available in‐plane switching (IPS) mode TVs or panels use photoalignment technology. Not only it allows free pattern alignment direction to the liquid crystal compared to the conventional rubbed polyimide, but also it provides high yield and stability. However, the cost of the photoalignment technology could be very high. The materials often require polarized deep UV irradiation with a finite dosage to generate pretilt angles. Due to the improper control of rubbing on the alignment layer, the low yield rate problem still exists in the passive LCD world, especially for vertical photoalignment LCDs. It would be ineffective to improve the yield rate problem with this technology. Furthermore, the required materials are not common in the market. In view of the situation, a Vertical Alignment (VA) surface by non‐polarized LED light irradiation with a large wavelength is proposed and demonstrated in this paper. The cost of the LED exposure equipment is relatively more affordable. In a series of factory pilot runs on the proposed alignment characteristics, it shows comparable result to conventional polyimides in terms of performance. It achieves a stable and uniform pretilt angle, with high anchoring energy and fast response time. To conclude, the proposed robust alignment layer could benefit the industry with a better performance at low cost.
P‐166: Tuning the Refractive Index of Silicon‐Oxynitride Films for Light‐Extraction Enhancement of OLED Devices
Authors: Miao Yang , Yang Zhongguo , Li Jinchuan , Qian Jiajia , Chu Jinxing , Wang Min , Du Yanying , Cao Weiran , Zhou Hang
Published: September 2020

Adding light extraction film is an effective way to enhance the light extraction of OLEDs. By matching the index difference between OLED and resin, the thin film encapsulation (TFE) layers covering the entire surface of the top‐emission OLED device and located between OLED and resin could be functioned as the light extraction film. In this study, an approach to obtain high refractive index SiON films was investigated. We successfully achieved three gradient index changes in SiON films.The Fourie Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra were tested to analyze the content of Si‐N and Si‐O bond in the SION films. The moisture permeability of the SiON films were also tested.
P‐179: Design and Synthesis of Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Emitter with Strong PyCN Acceptor and Multi Donors
Authors: Lee Ui Gun , Chung Won Jae , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: September 2020

A thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter of 234CzPyCN was synthesized to study the effect of strong acceptor (PyCN) and strong multi donors on the TADF properties. Electrical and Photophysical properties of the TADF emitters were characterized by the electron donating and accepting strength of the molecule. The material was designed by uniting multiple carbazoles which are substituted at ortho, meta, and para positions relative to the PyCN that is applied as electron accepting unit. Energy band gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) was measured to be 2.97 eV. The maximum photoluminescence emission peak of 234CzPyCN was 479 nm. 234CzPyCN device presented maximum external quantum efficiency of 20.8% with a CIE color coordinate of (0.18, 0.37).
P‐183: Development of Highly Efficient Long Wavelength Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Using an Auxiliary Acceptor as Reverse Intersystem Crossing Promoter
Authors: Kothavale Shantaram Sahadu , Chung Won Jae , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: September 2020

To achieve high efficiency for long wavelength thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitter is difficult because small singlet emission energy and high fluorescence radiative rate are contradictory to each other, as per energy gap law. We designed and synthesized two yellow‐red TADF emitters namely, Ac‐DCQX‐1 and Ac‐DCQX‐2 based on a molecular design concept of inserting auxiliary acceptor to the main acceptor unit. Auxiliary acceptor was introduced at the ortho position of the acridine donor for the intensified charge transfer character from donor to acceptor, increased HOMO‐LUMO overlap and reduced singlet‐triplet energy gap. Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of Ac‐DCQX‐1 and
Ac‐DCQX‐2 were −5.87/−3.49 and −5.89/−3.87 eV respectively and
the singlet‐triplet energy gap (ΔEST) calculated were 0.08/0.05 eV. As a result, high EQE values of 27.6 and 23.8 % with color coordinate of (0.42, 0.55) and (0.55, 0.44) were obtained for Ac‐DCQX‐1 and Ac‐DCQX‐2 respectively.
P‐225: Late‐News‐Poster: Organic Thin‐Film Coating by Micro Multi‐Nozzle Jet Method
Authors: Shin Kwon-Yong , Kang Kyungtae , Lee Sang-Ho
Published: September 2020

We explored the micro multi‐nozzle jet coating to obtain an organic thin film that is mostly deposited by the slot‐die coating in solution‐based fabrication of organic light‐emitting devices. We proposed a unique micro multi‐nozzle jet method that applies vacuum suction to the side of jetting flow for a stable column jet flow. A micro multi‐nozzle jet head was designed and fabricated to operate in both the jetting and suction modes simultaneously. A Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) solution was selected as a test ink to perform the feasibility test for the thin film coating application. To coat uniform organic thin film less than 100 nm, we investigated the physical parameter conditions such as jetting pressure, head suction pressure, stage speed and coating head printing pitch.
P‐226: Late‐News‐Poster: Degradation and Impurity Analysis of Organic Materials for OLED Application by Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Oh Yoonseok , Shin Dongjin , Oh Jooyeon , Kim Yangsun , Moon Hyunsoo , Park Man Jae , Ahn Nari , Lee Chan-jae
Published: September 2020

We demonstrate the performance of the degradation analysis of N,N″‐Di(1‐naphthyl)‐N,N″‐diphenyl‐(1,1″‐biphenyl)‐4,4″‐diamine (NPB) by laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (LDI‐TOF MS), which is a rapid and accurate technique for material identification. The difference of normal and degraded areas of NPB was clearly shown in mass spectra. Degraded areas were visualized by using LDI‐TOF MS imaging with high spatial resolution of 5 μm. Positive and negative mass spectra of 9,10‐Di(1‐naphthyl)anthracene (α‐ADN) with 98%(HPLC) purity were obtained to determine impurities in OLED materials. The bromine ion that generated impurities during the synthetic process was detected in the negative spectrum of α‐ADN. This technique provides a convenient method to validate the performance and stability of OLED device.
P‐229: Late‐News‐Poster: Suppression of Viewing‐Angle Dependence of Top‐Emitting OLEDs by Applying Nanostructured Reflective Anode
Authors: Kim Nam Su , Song Jae Ho , Kim Dae Young , Suh Min Chul
Published: September 2020

To improve the viewing angle dependence of TEOLEDs, we have modified the surface morphology of highly reflective anode by using nano‐island structure. This nano‐island structure is simply fabricated by depositing a specific inorganic material and applying an appropriate environmental condition of a certain temperature and humidity. The resultant TEOLEDs with nano‐structured reflective anode showed stable white angle difference (WAD) with Δ u'v' of 0.005.
Putting the stars in the their places
Authors: Logan Shay Allen ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2020

This paper presents a new semantics for the weak relevant logic DW that makes the role of the infamous Routley star more explicable. Central to this rewriting is combining aspects of both the American and Australian plan for understanding negations in relevance logics.
Confronting Bias With Children’s Literature: A Preservice Teacher’s Journey to Developing a Critical Lens for Reading the Word and the World
Authors: Kelly Katie , Laminack Lester , Gould Evelyn
Published: September 2020

Grounded in the work of critical literacy, the authors describe one preservice teacher’s journey as she develops her own critical lens while selecting children’s literature and designing instruction to engage second graders in critical conversations. She helps students unpack their biases and reflects on her own assumptions while becoming more critically conscious herself. Thinking within and beyond the texts, the students began to critically read the word and the world as they saw the power in their voices and actions. The authors also describe three sample lessons that can be adapted for other classrooms.
Stochastic modeling of the cutting force in turning processes
Authors: Fodor Gergő , Sykora Henrik T , Bachrathy Dániel
Published: September 2020

The main goal of this study is to introduce a stochastic extension of the already existing cutting force models. It is shown through orthogonal cutting force measurements how stochastic processes based on Gaussian white noise can be used to describe the cutting force in material removal processes. Based on these measurements, stochastic processes were fitted on the variation of the cutting force signals for different cutting parameters, such as cutting velocity, chip thickness, and rake angle. It is also shown that the variance of the measured force signal is usually around 4–9% of the average value, which is orders of magnitudes larger than the noise originating from the measurement system. Furthermore, the force signals have Gaussian distribution; therefore, the cutting force model can be extended by means of a multiplicative noise component.
Short-term Safety and Quality of Life Outcomes Following Radioembolization in Primary and Secondary Liver Tumours: a Multi-centre Analysis of 200 Patients in France
Authors: Loffroy Romaric , Ronot Maxime , Greget Michel , Bouvier Antoine , Mastier Charles , Sengel Christian , Tselikas Lambros , Arnold Dirk , Maleux Geert , Pelage Jean-Pierre , Pellerin Olivier , Peynircioglu Bora , Sangro Bruno , Schaefer Niklaus , Urdániz María , Kaufmann Nathalie , Bilbao José Ignacio , Helmberger Thomas , Vilgrain Valérie ,   On behalf of the CIRT-FR Principal Investigators, Piana Gilles , Frandon Julien , Tasu Jean-Pierre , Kobeiter Hicham
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Radioembolization has emerged as a treatment modality for patients with primary and secondary liver tumours. This observational study CIRT-FR (CIRSE Registry for SIR-Spheres Therapy in France) aims to evaluate real-life clinical practice on all patients treated with transarterial radioembolization (TARE) using SIR-Spheres yttrium-90 resin microspheres in France. In this interim analysis, safety and quality of life data are presented. Final results of the study, including secondary effectiveness outcomes, will be published later. Overall, CIRT-FR is aiming to support French authorities in the decision making on reimbursement considerations for this treatment.

Methods

Data on patients enrolled in CIRT-FR from August 2017 to October 2019 were analysed. The interim analysis describes clinical practice, baseline characteristics, safety (adverse events according to CTCTAE 4.03) and quality of life (according to EORTC QLQ C30 and HCC module) aspects after TARE.

Results

This cohort included 200 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (114), metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC; 38) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (33) amongst others (15). TARE was predominantly assigned as a palliative treatment (79%). 12% of patients experienced at least one adverse event in the 30 days following treatment; 30-day mortality was 1%. Overall, global health score remained stable between baseline (66.7%), treatment (62.5%) and the first follow-up (66.7%).

Conclusion

This interim analysis demonstrates that data regarding safety and quality of life generated by randomised-controlled trials is reflected when assessing the real-world application of TARE.

Trial Registration

Clinical Trials.gov NCT03256994.
PFASST-ER: combining the parallel full approximation scheme in space and time with parallelization across the method
Authors: Schöbel Ruth , Speck Robert
Published: September 2020

To extend prevailing scaling limits when solving time-dependent partial differential equations, the parallel full approximation scheme in space and time (PFASST) has been shown to be a promising parallel-in-time integrator. Similar to space–time multigrid, PFASST is able to compute multiple time-steps simultaneously and is therefore in particular suitable for large-scale applications on high performance computing systems. In this work we couple PFASST with a parallel spectral deferred correction (SDC) method, forming an unprecedented doubly time-parallel integrator. While PFASST provides global, large-scale “parallelization across the step”, the inner parallel SDC method allows integrating each individual time-step “parallel across the method” using a diagonalized local Quasi-Newton solver. This new method, which we call “PFASST with Enhanced concuRrency” (PFASST-ER), therefore exposes even more temporal concurrency. For two challenging nonlinear reaction-diffusion problems, we show that PFASST-ER works more efficiently than the classical variants of PFASST and can use more processors than time-steps.
Ambulante Entlassung aus der Notfallstation
Authors: Exadaktylos A. , Srivastava D.
Published: September 2020

Die Entlassung aus der Notfallstation in die ambulante Weiterbehandlung stellt den größten Teil des „outflow“ aus den Notfallstationen dar. Um die steigende Anzahl der Patienten sicher in die ambulante Betreuung zu entlassen, sollte der Entlassungsprozess ebenso wie Diagnostik und Therapie einen Platz im Behandlungsplan einnehmen. Werden die Maßnahmen zur Sicherung einer guten Kommunikation und Instruktion der Patienten vor der Entlassung richtig umgesetzt, können Patientensicherheit und medizinisches Outcome verbessert werden. Diese Strategie unterstützt eine patientenzentrierte Behandlung und reduziert oftmals eine ungeplante Wiedervorstellung und folglich Gesundheitskosten. Der nachfolgende Text basiert auf der Veröffentlichung „Improving the emergency department discharge process: environmental scan report“ des Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality an der der Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine für die Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in den Vereinigten Staaten. Hier werden Begriffe definiert, die eine qualitativ hochwertige Entlassung ausmachen; welche Risikofaktoren eine qualitativ schlechte Entlassung verursachen können und welche Maßnahmen die Qualität der Entlassung erhöhen. Natürlich sollte man dabei die Unterschiede im Setting und im Gesundheitssystem sowie der Notfallstationen bedenken und an die eigenen Gegebenheiten anpassen.
Global assessment of C-reactive protein and health-related outcomes: an umbrella review of evidence from observational studies and Mendelian randomization studies
Authors: Markozannes Georgios , Koutsioumpa Charalampia , Cividini Sofia , Monori Grace , Tsilidis Konstantinos K. , Kretsavos Nikolaos , Theodoratou Evropi , Gill Dipender , Ioannidis John PA , Tzoulaki Ioanna
Published: September 2020

C-reactive protein (CRP) has been studied extensively for association with a large number of non-infectious diseases and outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the breadth and validity of associations between CRP and non-infectious, chronic health outcomes and biomarkers. We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses and a systematic review of Mendelian randomization (MR) studies. PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were systematically searched from inception up to March 2019. Meta-analyses of observational studies and MR studies examining associations between CRP and health outcomes were identified, excluding studies on the diagnostic value of CRP for infections. We found 113 meta-analytic comparisons of observational studies and 196 MR analyses, covering a wide range of outcomes. The overwhelming majority of the meta-analyses of observational studies reported a nominally statistically significant result (95/113, 84.1%); however, the majority of the meta-analyses displayed substantial heterogeneity (47.8%), small study effects (39.8%) or excess significance (41.6%). Only two outcomes, cardiovascular mortality and venous thromboembolism, showed convincing evidence of association with CRP levels. When examining the MR literature, we found MR studies for 53/113 outcomes examined in the observational study meta-analyses but substantial support for a causal association with CRP was not observed for any phenotype. Despite the striking amount of research on CRP, convincing evidence for associations and causal effects is remarkably limited.
Classical Logic with n Truth Values as a Symmetric Many-Valued Logic
Authors: Salibra A. , Bucciarelli A. , Ledda A. , Paoli F.
Published: September 2020

We introduce Boolean-like algebras of dimension n ($$n{\mathrm {BA}}$$

n
BA

s) having n constants $${{{\mathsf {e}}}}_1,\ldots ,{{{\mathsf {e}}}}_n$$

e
1

,
…
,

e
n

, and an $$(n+1)$$

(
n
+
1
)

-ary operation q (a “generalised if-then-else”) that induces a decomposition of the algebra into n factors through the so-called n-central elements. Varieties of $$n{\mathrm {BA}}$$

n
BA

s share many remarkable properties with the variety of Boolean algebras and with primal varieties. The $$n{\mathrm {BA}}$$

n
BA

s provide the algebraic framework for generalising the classical propositional calculus to the case of n–perfectly symmetric–truth-values. Every finite-valued tabular logic can be embedded into such a n-valued propositional logic, $$n{\mathrm {CL}}$$

n
CL

, and this embedding preserves validity. We define a confluent and terminating first-order rewriting system for deciding validity in $$n{\mathrm {CL}}$$

n
CL

, and, via the embeddings, in all the finite tabular logics.
Avoiding taxes: banks’ use of internal debt
Authors: Reiter Franz , Langenmayr Dominika , Holtmann Svea
Published: September 2020

This paper investigates how multinational banks use internal debt to shift profits to low-taxed affiliates.
Using regulatory data on multinational banks headquartered in Germany, we show that banks use this tax avoidance channel more aggressively than non-financial multinationals do. We find that a ten percentage points higher corporate tax rate increases the internal net debt ratio by 5.7 percentage points, corresponding to a 20% increase at the mean. Our study also takes into account the existence of conduit entities, which simply pass through financial flows. If conduit entities are systematically located in low-tax countries, previous studies may have underestimated the extent of debt shifting.
Existence of Solutions for Implicit Obstacle Problems of Fractional Laplacian Type Involving Set-Valued Operators
Authors: Motreanu Dumitru , Nguyen Van Thien , Zeng Shengda
Published: September 2020

The paper is devoted to a new kind of implicit obstacle problem given by a fractional Laplacian-type operator and a set-valued term, which is described by a generalized gradient. An existence theorem for the considered implicit obstacle problem is established, using a surjectivity theorem for set-valued mappings, Kluge’s fixed point principle and nonsmooth analysis.
PRRT: identikit of the perfect patient
Authors: Albertelli M. , Dotto A. , Di Dato C. , Malandrino P. , Modica R. , Versari A. , Colao A. , Ferone D. , Faggiano A. ,   on behalf of NIKE
Published: September 2020

Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has been strengthened since the publication of NETTER-1. Nevertheless, the correct positioning in the therapeutic algorithm is debated, and no optimal sequence has yet been standardized. Possible criteria to predict the response to PRRT in neuroendocrine tumors (NET) have been proposed. The aim of this review is to define the perfect identity of the eligible patient who can mostly benefit from this therapy. Possible predictive criteria which have been analysed were: primary tumor site, grading, tumor burden, FDG PET and 68Ga-PET uptake. Primary tumor site and 68Ga-PET uptake do not play a pivotal role in predicting the response, while tumor burden, FDG PET uptake and grading seem to represent predictive/prognostic factors for response to PRRT. The heterogeneity in trial designs, patient populations, type of radionuclides, previous therapies and measurement of outcomes, inevitably limits the strength of our conclusions, therefore care must be taken in applying these results to clinical practice. In conclusion, the perfect patient, selected by 68Ga-PET uptake, will likely have a relatively limited liver tumor burden, a ki67 index <20% and will respond to PRRT irrespective to primary tumor. Nevertheless, we have mostly prognostic than predictive factors to predict the efficacy of PRRT in individual patients, while a promising tool could be the NETest. However, to date, the identikit of the perfect patient for PRRT is a puzzle without some pieces and still we cannot disregard a multidisciplinary discussion of the individual case to select the patients who will mostly benefit from PRRT.
Transformative dimensions of lifelong learning: Mezirow, Rorty and COVID-19
Authors: Eschenbacher Saskia , Fleming Ted
Published: September 2020

COVID-19 has done significant damage to individuals, families, workers and the economy. What is not known about the virus is part of the problem, and the knowledge gap drives an unprecedented and urgent search for knowledge. This article explores the challenges for lifelong learning and the relevance of transformative learning. Disorientation, disorienting dilemmas and critical reflection are the ingredients of such learning, since we can only learn our way out of this situation. The authors present American adult educator Jack Mezirow’s theory of transformative learning (TL) as an appropriate learning framework for lifelong learning. They draw on the work of American philosopher Richard Rorty and German philosopher and sociologist Jürgen Habermas to re-shape TL so that it supports the kind of learning that is sufficiently complex and nuanced to enable us to deal with contradictions, ambivalence and meaning-making in a world where not-knowing is the new normal.
Oil sludge washing with surfactants and co-solvents: oil recovery from different types of oil sludges
Authors: Ramirez Diego , Shaw Liz J. , Collins Chris D.
Published: September 2020

Different physicochemical and biological treatments have been used to treat oil sludges, and oil recovery techniques are preferred such as oil sludge washing (OSW) with surfactants and co-solvents. Toluene is commonly used as co-solvent, but it is non-benign to the environment. This study tested alternative co-solvents (n-pentane, n-hexane, cyclohexane, and isooctane) at 1:1 and 2:1 C/OS (co-solvent to oil sludge ratio). Also, this study evaluated the effect on the oil recovery rate (ORR) of three main parameters in the washing: type, concentration, and application ratio (S/OS) of surfactants to oil sludges. To date, no study has assessed these parameters in the washing of oil sludges from different sources. Four types of oil sludges and five surfactants (Triton X-100 and X-114, Tween 80, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and rhamnolipid) were used. The results showed that cyclohexane had high ORR and could be used instead of toluene because it is more benign to the environment. The S/OS ratio had a high effect on the ORR and depended on the type of oil sludge. Rhamnolipid, Triton X-100, and Triton X-114 had the highest oil recovery rates (40 – 70%). In addition, it was found that the surfactant concentration had no effect on the ORR. Consequently, the addition of surfactant was not significantly different compared to the washing with no surfactants, except for one sludge. The use of the surfactant in the washing solution can help in the selective extraction of specific oil hydrocarbon fractions in the recovered oil to assess its potential reuse as fuel. Further recommendations were given to improve the OSW process.
Distal triceps tendinopathies
Authors: Lappen Sebastian , Geyer Stephanie , Scheiderer Bastian , Macken Craig , Mazzocca Augustus D. , Imhoff Andreas B. , Siebenlist Sebastian
Published: September 2020

Tendinopathy of the distal triceps represents a rare pathology in the upper extremity. Although there is scant scientific evidence published to date, the association with risk factors such as internal diseases or steroid use is commonly described in various reports. Due to traumatic incidents or sporting overuse, partial or complete ruptures can occur. Clinically, stress-related posterior elbow pain, swelling, ecchymosis, loss of strength in extension, and a palpable gap in the tendon can be seen. Physical examination shows reduced extension force and increasing pain with forced extension against resistance. Tendinopathies and resulting partial or complete ruptures can be detected by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Conservative therapy with temporary immobilization is recommended for tendinopathies or minor ruptures of the triceps tendon. Complete ruptures or larger partial ruptures should be treated surgically with anatomical refixation of the tendon.