bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Benthic structure drives butterflyfish species composition and trophic group abundance
Authors: Barbosa Miguel , Coupland Neil , Douglas Clara , Harrison Ellen , James Kelly M , Jones Mark , McIntyre Christina J , Philpott Darcy , Russell Grace E , Zawada Kyle , Dornelas Maria , Peddie Clare
Published: January 2019

Corals provide structure and food sources vital for the maintenance of coral reef fish diversity. However, coral reefs are currently under threat from climate change, which has led to the largest recorded loss of live coral. The loss of live coral, and corresponding shift in reef benthic composition, are predicted to impact the abundance and composition of coral reef fish species and communities. In this study, we investigate the effect of changes in reef benthic composition (eg. live coral, dead coral, algae), on the diversity and composition in an assemblage of butterflyfish species, in Faafu Atoll in the Maldives after the 2016 bleaching event. We show that differences in community composition of butterflyfish are associated to benthic structure, reflecting species feeding preferences. Interestingly, however, we also show that lower coral cover is not associated to lower abundance and species richness of butterflyfish. Our results suggest that maintenance of coral reef structure after a disturbance provides key microhabitats to accommodate non-corallivorous butterflyfish, thus maintaining abundance and species richness. Overall our study provides support for regulation of richness and abundance of coral reef fish assemblages to short term changes in coral reef benthic composition after disturbance via turnover in composition.
Effects of personality and life-history on the welfare of captive Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica)
Authors: Goswami Sitendu , Tyagi Praveen C , Malik Pradeep K , Pandit Shwetank J , Kadivar Riyazahmed F , Fitzpatrick Malcolm , Mondol Samrat
Published: January 2019

Background

The long-term success of ex-situ conservation programmes depends on husbandry and enrichment practices complemented by a robust welfare assessment protocol. Most zoos and conservation programmes continue to employ a bottom-up approach to measure animal welfare that often fails to account for intraspecific variations. Despite accepting animal sentience, we are yet to address individuality and its role in governing animal welfare in captive conditions. We explored the role of individuality (personality traits, and life history) on behaviour-based welfare indices of 35 (14:21) captive Asiatic lions in Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden, Junagadh, India. We categorized the subjects based on personality traits (bold or shy), life history (wild-rescued or captive-raised) and gender, and compared welfare indices in the form of behavioural diversity, latency to novel objects, enclosure usage patterns and aberrant repetitive behaviours between the groups. Further, we assessed the inter-relationships between different behavioural measures of welfare.

Results

Our results show that intraspecific variations based on life history and personality traits consistently predict the welfare states of captive lions. Asiatic lions with bold traits (M=0.5, SD=0.12, n=21) and captive-raised life history (M=0.47, SD=0.12, n=16) used enclosure space more homogenously compared to shy (M=0.71, SD=0.15, n=14) and wild-rescued (M=0.67, SD=0.15, n=19) animals. Behaviour diversity was significantly higher in captive-raised (M=1.26, SD=0.3, n=16) and bold (M=1.23, SD=0.26, n=21) subjects compared to wild-rescued (M=0.83, SD=0.35, n=19) and shy (M=0.73, SD=0.34, n=14) individuals. On the other hand, aberrant repetitive behaviours (stereotypy) were significantly lower in bold (M=7.01, SD=3.9, n=21) and captive-raised (M = 7.74, SD = 5.3) individuals compared to wild-rescued (M=13.12, SD=6.25, n=19) and shy (M=16.13, SD=5.4, n=16) lions. Behaviour diversity was reliably predicted by the enclosure usage patterns and aberrant repetitive behaviours displayed by subjects. The enclosure usage pattern of subjects was predicted by their latency to novel objects, behaviour diversity, and age.

Discussion

Our findings underline the importance of individual-centric, behaviour-based, and multi-dimensional welfare assessment tools in ex-situ conservation programmes. The results suggest that behavioural welfare indices complemented with personality can help improve welfare of Asiatic lions and highlight the critical need to address intraspecific variation in behavioural welfare measures in captive animals.
The complete chloroplast genomes of three Betulaceae species: implications for molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography
Authors: Yang Zhen , Wang Guixi , Ma Qinghua , Ma Wenxu , Liang Lisong , Zhao Tiantian
Published: January 2019

Background

Previous phylogenetic conclusions on the family Betulaceae were based on either morphological characters or traditional single loci, which may indicate some limitations. The chloroplast genome contains rich polymorphism information, which is very suitable for phylogenetic studies. Thus, we sequenced the chloroplast genome sequences of three Betulaceae species and performed multiple analyses to investigate the genome variation, resolve the phylogenetic relationships, and clarify the divergence history.

Methods

Chloroplast genomes were sequenced using the high-throughput sequencing. A comparative genomic analysis was conducted to examine the global genome variation and screen the hotspots. Three chloroplast partitions were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference approaches. Then, molecular dating and biogeographic inferences were conducted based on the whole chloroplast genome data.

Results

Betulaceae chloroplast genomes consisted of a small single-copy region and a large single copy region, and two copies of inverted repeat regions. Nine hotspots can be used as potential DNA barcodes for species delimitation. Phylogenies strongly supported the division of Betulaceae into two subfamilies: Coryloideae and Betuloideae. The phylogenetic position of Ostryopsis davidiana was controversial among different datasets. The divergence time between subfamily Coryloideae and Betuloideae was about 70.49 Mya, and all six extant genera were inferred to have diverged fully by the middle Oligocene. Betulaceae ancestors were probably originated from the ancient Laurasia.

Discussions

This research elucidates the potential of chloroplast genome sequences in the application of developing molecular markers, studying evolutionary relationships and historical dynamic of Betulaceae.It also reveals the advantages of using chloroplast genome data to illuminate those phylogenies that have not been well solved yet by traditional approaches in other plants.
Estimated Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines in Preventing Secondary Infections in Households
Authors: Grijalva Carlos G. , Nguyen Huong Q. , Zhu Yuwei , Mellis Alexandra M. , McGonigle Trey , Meece Jennifer K. , Biddle Jessica E. , Halasa Natasha B. , Reed Carrie , Fry Alicia M. , Yang Yang , Belongia Edward A. , Talbot H. Keipp , Rolfes Melissa A.
Published: November 2024

Importance

Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) is commonly assessed against prevention of illness that requires medical attention. Few studies have evaluated VE against secondary influenza infections.

Objective

To determine the estimated effectiveness of influenza vaccines in preventing secondary infections after influenza was introduced into households.

Design, Settings, and Participants

During 3 consecutive influenza seasons (2017-2020), primary cases (the first household members with laboratory-confirmed influenza) and their household contacts in Tennessee and Wisconsin were enrolled into a prospective case-ascertained household transmission cohort study. Participants collected daily symptom diaries and nasal swabs for up to 7 days. Data were analyzed from September 2022 to February 2024.

Exposures

Vaccination history, self-reported and verified through review of medical and registry records.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Specimens were tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to determine influenza infection. Longitudinal chain binomial models were used to estimate secondary infection risk and the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in preventing infection among household contacts overall and by virus type and subtype and/or lineage.

Results

The analysis included 699 primary cases and 1581 household contacts. The median (IQR) age of the primary cases was 13 (7-38) years, 381 (54.5%) were female, 60 (8.6%) were Hispanic, 46 (6.6%) were non-Hispanic Black, 553 (79.1%) were Non-Hispanic White, and 343 (49.1%) were vaccinated. Among household contacts, the median age was 31 (10-41) years, 833 (52.7%) were female, 116 (7.3%) were Hispanic, 78 (4.9%) were non-Hispanic Black, 1283 (81.2%) were non-Hispanic White, 792 (50.1%) were vaccinated, and 356 (22.5%) had laboratory-confirmed influenza during follow-up. The overall secondary infection risk of influenza among unvaccinated household contacts was 18.8% (95% CI, 15.9% to 22.0%). The risk was highest among children and was 20.3% (95% CI, 16.4% to 24.9%) for influenza A and 15.9% (95% CI, 11.8% to 21.0%) for influenza B. The overall estimated VE for preventing secondary infections among household contacts was 21.0% (95% CI, 1.4% to 36.7%) and varied by type; estimated VE against influenza A was 5.0% (95% CI, −22.3% to 26.3%) and 56.4% (95% CI, 30.1% to 72.8%) against influenza B.

Conclusions and Relevance

After influenza was introduced into households, the risk of secondary influenza among unvaccinated household contacts was approximately 15% to 20%, and highest among children. Estimated VE varied by influenza type, with demonstrated protection against influenza B virus infection.
A SEER Registry–Based Analysis of Pediatric Colorectal Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Emile Sameh Hany , Horesh Nir , Garoufalia Zoe , Gefen Rachel , Dourado Justin , Wexner Steven D.
Published: November 2024

This cohort study analyzes the characteristics of colorectal cancer in pediatric patients using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry data.
Looking Beyond and Behind a Retinal Detachment
Authors: Majidi Shahriyar P. , Campbell Ashley A. , Burkholder Bryn
Published: November 2024

A 63-year-old woman with a history of type 1 diabetes presents with gradually progressive vision loss in the right eye for the past year. What would you do next?
Introduction to matrix‐based method for analyzing hybrid multidimensional prostate MRI data
Authors: Fan Xiaobing , Chatterjee Aritrick , Medved Milica , Antic Tatjana , Oto Aytekin , Karczmar Gregory S.
Published: November 2024

A new approach to analysis of prostate hybrid multidimensional MRI (HM‐MRI) data was introduced in this study. HM‐MRI data were acquired for a combination of a few echo times (TEs) and a few b‐values. Naturally, there is a matrix associated with HM‐MRI data for each image pixel. To process the data, we first linearized HM‐MRI data by taking the natural logarithm of the imaging signal intensity. Subsequently, a hybrid symmetric matrix was constructed by multiplying the matrix for each pixel by its own transpose. The eigenvalues for each pixel could then be calculated from the hybrid symmetric matrix. In order to compare eigenvalues between patients, three b‐values and three TEs were used, because this was smallest number of b‐values and TEs among all patients. The results of eigenvalues were displayed as qualitative color maps for easier visualization. For quantitative analysis, the ratio (λr) of eigenvalues (λ1, λ2, λ3) was defined as λr = (λ1/λ2)/λ3 to compare region of interest (ROI) between prostate cancer (PCa) and normal tissue. The results show that the combined eigenvalue maps show PCas clearly and these maps are quite different from apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2 maps of the same prostate. The PCa has significant larger λr, smaller ADC and smaller T2 values than normal prostate tissue (p < 0.001). This suggests that the matrix‐based method for analyzing HM‐MRI data provides new information that may be clinically useful. The method is easy to use and could be easily implemented in clinical practice. The eigenvalues are associated with combination of ADC and T2 values, and could aid in the identification and staging of PCa.
Research on Measurement Algorithm of Thermocouple Time Constant Under Multiple Incentive Experimental Conditions
Authors: Liu Yunhong , Liu Xianming , Zhao Yuanrong , Wang Chongwen , Ge Fang
Published: November 2024

The time constant is often an important indicator parameter to evaluate the response speed of thermocouples. However, in practical applications, the output signal suffers from interference and deformation due to the excitation signal not satisfying the desired step size, data transmission delay, and the effect of mechanical vibrations, which do not match the output response of the system of the same order. In addition, the measurement results are not reproducible due to the subjective influence of the manual measurement method. In this paper, we propose a method to compute the time constant. The output signal is modified by filtering and fitting to enable the automatic calculation of the time constant, and the parameters of the algorithm are discussed. We developed a thermocouple time constant measurement device using a water bath and laser excitation conditions, obtaining response signals from thermocouples with different wire diameters and laser powers. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed time constant calculation methods in accurately capturing the changing trend of thermocouples with different wire diameters and laser powers. These methods successfully meet the requirements for processing the dynamic response signals of thermocouples under various excitation conditions.
Enhanced Voltage‐Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy and Field‐Free Magnetization Switching Achieved with High Work Function and Opposite Spin Hall Angles in W/Pt/W SOT Tri‐Layers
Authors: Chen Yu‐Chia , Jia Qi , Yang Yifei , Huang Yu‐Han , Lyu Deyuan , Peterson Thomas J. , Wang Jian‐Ping
Published: November 2024

Voltage‐Gated Spin‐Orbit‐Torque (VGSOT) Magnetic Random‐Access Memory (MRAM) is a promising candidate for reducing writing energy and improving writing speed in emerging memory and in‐memory computing applications. However, conventional Voltage Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy (VCMA) approaches are often inefficient due to the low VCMA coefficient at the CoFeB/MgO interface. Additionally, traditional heavy metal/perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) ferromagnet bilayers require an external magnetic field to overcome symmetry constraints and achieve deterministic SOT switching. Here, a novel and industry‐compatible SOT underlayer for next‐generation VGSOT MRAM by employing a composite heavy metal tri‐layer with a high work function is presented. This approach achieves a VCMA coefficient exceeding 100 fJ V−1m−1 through electron depletion effects, which is ten times larger than that observed with a pure W underlayer. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that this composite heavy metal SOT underlayer facilitates the integration of VCMA with opposite spin Hall angles, enabling field‐free SOT switching in industry‐compatible PMA CoFeB/MgO systems.
A Facile Strategy to Suppressing Impurity Phase in Perovskite Wet Films for Efficient and Stable Photovoltaics
Authors: Lin Pu‐An , Zhang Wenfeng , Yang Yang , Yu Lang , Yin Yuan , Chen Ruihao , Cai Bing , Sun Jie , Zheng Xiaojia , Huang Yuelong , Zhang Wen‐Hua
Published: November 2024

Perovskite solar cells are among the most promising candidates for the next generation of photovoltaic technology. However, the heterogeneous nature of mixed halide perovskites as ionic crystals raises challenges to their photovoltaic performance and long‐term stability. Herein, a functional molecule, named 2‐amino‐4‐trifluoromethylpyridine (2A4TP), is introduced as an inhibitor of impurity phases in perovskite wet films, enabling the formation of optically active pure phase (α‐phase) perovskites at room temperature. Meanwhile, reducing aggregation barrier for perovskite colloidal particles contribute to accelerate perovskite nucleation rate. Ultimately, the resulting uniform perovskite films afford to the optimized perovskite solar cells (0.09 cm2) exhibited a champion efficiency of 24.59% along with superior thermal and operational stability. Finally, 30x30 cm2 modules fabricated in this way delivers an impressive efficiency of 16.12% (with an aperture area of 655.2 cm2), demonstrating the large‐area compatibility of the strategy.
Vacuum‐Assisted Growth of Single Crystal Perovskite Arrays toward Ultralow Dark Current Photodetectors
Authors: Zhang Suicai , Ge Yalong , Qin Xuan , Wang Xuekai , Tao Tian , Yu Leiming , Song Xiaohui , Jiang Yurong , Xia Congxin
Published: November 2024

Metal halide perovskites are widely employed in photodetectors (PDs) due to their exceptional photoelectric conversion ability. However, the high dark current induced by defect states during perovskite crystallization has not been well resolved, which enormously deteriorates the sensitivity of PD. Herein, a vacuum‐assisted template‐confined growth method is proposed to successfully fabricate high‐quality single crystal perovskite microwire arrays with low defect states and superior photoelectric characteristics. Experimentally and theoretically, it is proved that the fabricated perovskite microwire arrays PDs exhibit superior performance with commendable responsivity of 0.49 A W−1 and detectivity surpassing 1.21 × 1013 Jones, which profits from ultralow dark current of ≈200 fA at a 5 V bias. Particularly, the perovskite microwire arrays PD behaves the characteristics of flexible robust stability and high‐definition image recognition. This work provides a universal strategy for optimizing perovskite crystal quality and constructing high‐performance optoelectronic devices in many scenarios.
Vertical Graphene‐Based Multiparametric Sensing Array for Integration of Smart Catheter to Electrochemically Monitor Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Huang Xinshuo , Liang Baoming , Huang Shuang , Liu Zhengjie , Yao Chuanjie , Zheng Shantao , Zhang Tao , Liu Zhibo , Wang Yunuo , Wu Yuxiang , Yang Jingbo , Liu Jing , Chen Hui‐jiuan , Xie Xi
Published: November 2024

Renal failure is typical chronic kidney disease that required peritoneal dialysis as the primary treatment, but current catheter devices lack functionality to monitor changes in chemical analytes during peritoneal dialysis. Fabrication of miniatured sensing modules with good electrochemical performance in tiny catheter devices is the key to realize the smart monitoring of peritoneal dialysis. In this work, a vertical graphene‐based multiparametric sensing array (VG‐MSA) is developed to continuously measure fluctuations of various analyte concentrations for peritoneal dialysis monitoring. Vertical graphene (VG) electrode with good electrochemical properties serves as the core module in VG‐MSA, allowing the development of miniatured sensing modules with sufficient electrochemical performance. The VG‐MSA enables sensitive and multiplexed measurement of dialysate components like metabolites (reactive oxygen species, uric acid, and glucose) and ions (K+, Ca2+, and H+). The VG‐MSA is demonstrated to effectively detect biochemical signals in peritoneal dialysate in vivo on rat models. The VG‐MSA catheter can be inserted into abdominal cavity, allowing full contact with dialysate for in situ, real‐time, and continuous collection of biochemical information during peritoneal dialysis. The VG‐MSA catheter device offers a valuable tool for monitoring dialysis quality and facilitating treatment adjustments, potentially as a promising platform for high‐quality therapy of renal failure.
Complete Mode Spectrum Decomposition of Complex‐Structured Light by Computer‐Generated Holography
Authors: Ma Yunfei , Zhang Zilong , Wang Yuqi , Yang Hongzhi , He Wei , Kong Lingyu , Zhao Suyi , Li Xiaotian , Hu Yetong , Zhao Changming
Published: November 2024

Analyzing or probing a complex‐structured light field with a simple model to obtain its mode composition sequence and phase delays among eigenmodes is challenging. Currently, there are numerous methods for calculating the weight and analyzing the amplitude of structured light eigenmodes, particularly on orbital angular momentum light field. However, the complete mode spectrum decomposition including the eigenmodes’ indexes with the intensity coefficients and relatively phase delays still needs the comprehensive solution. In this work, the diffractive optical method to extract the complete information of complex‐structured light field composed by eigenmodes superimposed state is detailly designed and proved. Through the interference between the inverse conversion of eigenmodes in the Fourier domain, complete mode spectrum can be constructed with eigenmode ordinals, amplitude weight coefficients, and relative phases. To the best of the knowledge, this marks the inaugural use of a simple computational hologram method to fully decompose the mode spectrum information, thereby obtaining more crucial intrinsic information about the intermode phases without additional efforts. This approach on analyzation and description can serve as a vital general tool for analyzing the intensity, phase, and Poynting vector field of complex‐structured light fields.
Advancements and Current Application Status of Bioremediation Technology for Oil‐Contaminated Soil
Authors: Wang Sichang , Wang Liting , Sun Wujuan , Li Miao , Li Qian , Ke Congyu , Huang Shenlin
Published: November 2024

With the rapid development of the global oil industry, the problem of oil‐contaminated soil has become increasingly prominent, posing a serious threat to the natural environment and human health. Therefore, bioremediation technology as an environmentally friendly and cost‐effective solution has been widely studied and concerned. This paper reviewed the progress and application status of bioremediation technology for oil‐contaminated soil, and analyzed the classification and principle of bioremediation technology. Through the comprehensive analysis of the actual cases at home and abroad, the actual effects and challenges of bioremediation technology are comprehensively evaluated. These cases not only show the remarkable effect of this technology in the treatment of oil‐contaminated soil, but also reveal the problems existing in its practical application. On this basis, the future development direction of bioremediation technology is prospected.
Donor–Acceptor Viologens with Through‐Space Conjugation for Enhanced Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalysis
Authors: Qiao Yi , Xu Liang , Liu Xiaoyang , Gao Yujing , Li Naiyao , Li Yawen , Cao Tianle , Yan Ni , Liu Zishun , He Gang
Published: November 2024

A series of novel donor–acceptor (D–A) type viologens with through‐space conjugation (TSC) are synthesized. The synergistic effect of D–A conjugation and TSC endow these compounds with a narrower energy gap, excellent redox properties, strong absorption in the visible range (up to 450 nm), and high efficiency of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). These compounds also exhibit a long‐lived charge separation state and stable radical formation. Considering their impressive photophysical and redox properties, TSC viologens with D–A conjugation are explored for visible‐light‐driven photocatalysis. As a catalyst in oxidative coupling reactions under visible light, compound 9 can achieve a yield of 94%, attributed to its strong ICT effect. Additionally, hybridized into graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄), compound 9 enhances hydrogen production performance under visible light, achieving an H2 generation rate of 4102 µmol h−1g−1. This study highlights the potential applications of TSC viologens in photocatalytic systems.
Self‐Boosting Programmable Release of Multiple Therapeutic Agents by Activatable Heterodimeric Prodrug‐Enzyme Assembly for Antitumor Therapy
Authors: Jiang Shanshan , Gurram Bhaskar , Zhu Junfei , Lei Shan , Zhang Yifan , He Ting , Tagit Oya , Fang Hui , Huang Peng , Lin Jing
Published: November 2024

Endogenous stimuli‐responsive prodrugs, due to their disease lesion specificity and reduced systemic toxicity, have been widely explored for antitumor therapy. However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) as classical endogenous stimuli in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are not enough to achieve the expected drug release. Herein, a ROS‐activatable heterodimeric prodrug‐loaded enzyme assembly is developed for self‐boosting programmable release of multiple therapeutic agents. The heterodimeric prodrug NBS‐TK‐PTX (namely NTP) is composed of 5‐(ethylamino)‐9‐diethylaminobenzo[a]phenothiazinium chloride analog (NBS), paclitaxel (PTX) and ROS‐responsive thioketal (TK) linker, which shows a strong binding affinity with glucose oxidase (GOx), thus obtaining NTP@GOx assembly. Notably, the enzymatic activity of GOx in NTP@GOx is inhibited by NTP. The programmable release is achieved by following steps: i) NTP@GOx is partially dissociated in acidic TME, thus releasing a small segment of NTP and GOx. Thereupon, the enzymatic activity of GOx is recovered; ii) GOx‐triggered pH reduction further facilitates the dissociation of NTP@GOx, thus accelerating a large amount of NTP and GOx release; iii) The TK linker of prodrug NTP is cleaved by hydrogen peroxide generated by GOx catalysis, thus expediting the release of NBS for Type‐I photodynamic therapy and PTX for chemotherapy, respectively. The NTP@GOx shows great potential for multimodal synergistic cancer therapy.
Ucp1 Ablation Improves Skeletal Muscle Glycolytic Function in Aging Mice
Authors: Qiu Jin , Guo Yuhan , Guo Xiaozhen , Liu Ziqi , Li Zixuan , Zhang Jun , Cao Yutang , Li Jiaqi , Yu Shuwu , Xu Sainan , Chen Juntong , Wang Dongmei , Yu Jian , Guo Mingwei , Zhou Wenhao , Wang Sainan , Wang Yiwen , Ma Xinran , Xie Cen , Xu Lingyan
Published: November 2024

Muscular atrophy is among the systematic decline in organ functions in aging, while defective thermogenic fat functionality precedes these anomalies. The potential crosstalk between adipose tissue and muscle during aging is poorly understood. In this study, it is showed that UCP1 knockout (KO) mice characterized deteriorated brown adipose tissue (BAT) function in aging, yet their glucose homeostasis is sustained and energy expenditure is increased, possibly compensated by improved inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT) and muscle functionality compared to age‐matched WT mice. To understand the potential crosstalk, RNA‐seq and metabolomic analysis were performed on adipose tissue and muscle in aging mice and revealed that creatine levels are increased both in iWAT and muscle of UCP1 KO mice. Interestingly, molecular analysis and metabolite tracing revealed that creatine biosynthesis is increased in iWAT while creatine uptake is increased in muscle in UCP1 KO mice, suggesting creatine transportation from iWAT to muscle. Importantly, creatine analog β‐GPA abolished the differences in muscle functions between aging WT and UCP1 KO mice, while UCP1 inhibitor α‐CD improved muscle glycolytic function and glucose metabolism in aging mice. Overall, these results suggested that iWAT and skeletal muscle compensate for declined BAT function during aging via creatine metabolism to sustain metabolic homeostasis.
Modulation of the Nernst Thermoelectrics by Regulating the Anomalous Hall and Nernst Angles
Authors: Lyu Meng , Liu Junyan , Shen Jianlei , Zhang Shen , Liu Yang , Yang Jinying , Wang Yibo , Feng Yiting , Wang Binbin , Wei Hongxiang , Liu Enke
Published: November 2024

The large anomalous Nernst effect in magnetic Weyl semimetals is one of the most intriguing transport phenomena, which draws significant attention for its potential applications in topological thermoelectrics. Despite frequent reports of substantial anomalous Nernst conductivity (ANC), methods to optimize Nernst thermoelectrics remain limited. The research reveals that the magnitude of the ANC is directly related to the sum of the anomalous Nernst and Hall angles. While the sign of the anomalous Hall angle is relatively stable in a certain material, the sign of the anomalous Nernst angle can be intrinsically tuned. Therefore, the ANC can be effectively optimized by regulating these angles to work in concert. This finding is verified by experimental modulation from iron‐doped magnetic topological material Co3Sn2S2. Additionally, a robust TlnT scaling law of the ANC over the temperature range of 40 to 140 K is observed in all studied samples, suggesting an intrinsic origin of the ANC. Considering the common opposite sign of the anomalous Nernst and Hall angles in many magnetic topological materials, the research offers an applicable scheme for optimizing the Nernst thermoelectrics.
Physical Reservoir Computing Utilizing Ion‐Gating Transistors Operating in Electric Double Layer and Redox Mechanisms
Authors: Tsuchiya Takashi , Nishioka Daiki , Namiki Wataru , Terabe Kazuya
Published: November 2024

The enormous energy consumption of modern machine learning technologies, such as deep learning and generative artificial intelligence, is one of the most critical concerns of the time. To solve this problem, physical reservoir computing, which uses the non‐linear dynamics exhibited by mechanical systems such as materials and devices as a computational resource for highly efficient information processing, has attracted much attention in recent years. In particular, ion‐gated transistors, a group of devices that control electrical conductivity using electrochemical mechanisms such as electric double layers and redox, show very high computational performance with complex and diverse output properties in contrast to their simple structures, due to the complexity of the physical and chemical processes involved. This research provides an overview of physical reservoir computing using ion‐gating transistors, focusing on the materials used, various computational tasks, and operating mechanisms.
Comprehensive Passivation on Different Charged Ions and Defects for High Efficiency and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ma Xixi , Yang Xiuying , Wang Ming , Qin Ru , Xu Dongfang , Lan Chaowen , Zhao Kui , Liu Zhike , Yu Binxun , Gou Jing , Liu Shengzhong Frank
Published: November 2024

Trap‐mediated nonradiative charge recombination poses a significant obstacle to achieving high‐efficiency and stability in metal‐halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Utilizing the interactions between functional groups of molecules and perovskite defects as surface defect passivation strategies is a common approach in addressing this challenge. Nevertheless, the challenge lies in developing a comprehensive molecule capable of effectively depressing and passivating different charged defects. This study explores a multifunctional organic salt neostigmine methyl sulfate (NMS), to finely regulate the crystallization of perovskite film, thereby minimizing defects and passivating surface defects. The C═O and S═O of NMS coordinate with Pb2+, while the oxygen atoms of S═O interact with FA+ through hydrogen bonds (O∙∙∙H─N). The interactions involving S─O− with Pb2+ ions and ─N(CH3)3+ with the negative halide ions are predominantly electrostatic interactions. Therefore, through NMS treatment, the crystallization process of perovskite film is delayed, energy levels are optimized, and the surface defects are effectively passivated. This leads to a notable decrease in defect density and an improved alignment of perovskite energy levels, enhancing carrier transfer and extraction within the device. Consequently, a stabilized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.95% is achieved. Even after 50 d, the device maintains its environmental stability retaining 89.39%.
Evaluation of Soluble Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R) in Peripheral Blood as a Diagnostic Marker of CSF1R‐Related Disorder (CSF1R‐RD) in a Murine Model and CSF1R‐RD Patients
Authors: Hu Banglian , Zhou Yuhang , Wu Chujun , Xiao Naian , Li Jianpeng , Li Xin , Li Yanfang , Zhang Xian , Huang Xiaohua , Song Yabin , Wang Zhanxiang , Zhang Yun‐Wu , Zhang Zaiqiang , Zheng Honghua
Published: November 2024

Mutations in colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) result in CSF1R‐related disorder (CSF1R‐RD). Our previous study demonstrated a proteolytic generation of a soluble CSF1R (sCSF1R) that could potentially serve as a diagnostic biomarker of CSF1R‐RD. Herein, we observed that sCSF1R is released into peripheral serum as a highly glycosylated monomer in Csf1r+/− mice that mimic the clinical symptoms of CSF1R‐RD patients. Notably, we found that serum sCSF1R could distinguish CSF1R‐RD cohorts from controls with high accuracy as evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. This study demonstrates that reduced sCSF1R in serum may serve as a diagnostic biomarker for CSF1R‐RD. ANN NEUROL 2025;97:397–403
Earth: An Oxidative Planet with Limited Atom Resources and Rich Chemistry
Authors: Dupont Jairton , Lozano Pedro
Published: November 2024

Humanity faces an unprecedented survival challenge: climate change, driven by the depletion of natural resources, excessive waste generation, and deforestation. Six out of nine planetary boundaries have been exceeded, signaling that Earth is far from a safe operating space for humanity. In this Viewpoint Article we explore three critical “atomic‐molecular” challenges: Earth's limited atomic resources, its oxidative nature, and very rich chemistry. Addressing these requires a transformation in how we produce and consume, emphasizing sustainable practices aligned with the United Nations’ 17 goals. The advancement of science and technology has extended human life expectancy and improved quality of life. However, to ensure a sustainable future, we must move towards less oxidative chemical processes, incorporate CH4−CO2 redox chemistry into the circular economy, and transition from a linear, fossil fuel‐dependent economy to a circular bioeconomy. Reforestation and the recovery of degraded lands are essential, alongside the shift towards green and sustainable chemistry. Earth's dynamic chemistry is governed by the principles of thermodynamics and kinetics, but science alone is insufficient. Achieving global sustainability requires coordinated economic, political, and social decisions that recognize Earth's limited resources and oxidative nature. Together, these efforts will position humanity to meet the challenges of climate change and secure a sustainable future.
Organic Crystal with Anti‐Stokes Photoluminescent Excitation and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Features
Authors: Wang Jiaxuan , Zhang Heming , Liang Baoyan , Tu Zhengqian , Ke Lianbao , Li Zhiqiang , Bi Hai , Wang Yue
Published: November 2024

Thermal activation process utilizes environmental thermal energy to help supplement energy for the nonspontaneous energy‐consuming upconversion physical transitions with positive free energy change (ΔG>0). Reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) and hot band absorption are two kinds of thermal activation transitions. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials with rISC have significantly propelled advancements in organic semiconductors. Hot band absorption, enables anti‐Stokes photoluminescence, offering a promising route for efficient photon upconversion. In this work, we constructed a crystal consisting of a donor‐acceptor type TADF molecule, DPQ‐DPAC, demonstrating dual thermal activation properties of hot band absorption with a notable 0.1 eV anti‐Stokes shift emission and proficient TADF performance. Only in the crystal TADF efficiency facilitates and the photoluminescence quantum yield elevates to an impressive 90.8 %. Combining the extended absorption spectrum, these enhancements collectively realize anti‐Stokes photoluminescence in crystal. Experimental and theoretical results on the DPQ‐DPAC crystal indicate optimizations in its conformational and vibrational modes, resulting in enhancements to its properties. This finding provides insight into crafting organic materials with thermally activated functionalities and contributes to fully exploiting the potential of organic materials, further advancing versatile materials applications.
Mechanics‐Photophysics Correlation in Tough, Stretchable and Long‐Lived Room Temperature Phosphorescence Ionogels Deciphered by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Authors: Yang Xipeng , Li Ningyan , Wang Binbin , Chen Panyi , Ma Song , Deng Yifan , Lü Shaoyu , Tang Yu
Published: November 2024

The development of tough, stretchable and long‐lived room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials holds great significance for manufacturing and processing photoluminescent materials, but limited techniques are available to profile their mechanics‐photophysics correlation. Here we report glassy ionogels, and their mechanical properties and photophysical properties are fused by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), functioning like a human brain that perceives a material instantaneously by linking sensory perception and cognition. Depending on two special temperatures presented in DMA curves, Tloss (the peak of loss modulus (E”)) and Tg (glass transition temperature), the ionogels can vary from being either tough with persistent phosphorescence, extensible with effective phosphorescence or resilience with inefficient phosphorescence. Leveraging this method, we achieve stretchable and long‐lived RTP ionogels with tensile yield strength of 53 MPa, tensile strain of 497 %, Young's modulus of 782 MPa, toughness of 111.2 MJ/m3, and lifetime of 113.05 ms. Our work provides a simple yet powerful method to reveal the mechanics‐photophysics correlation of RTP ionogels, to predict their performance without laborious synthesis and characterization, opening new avenues for applications of RTP materials, including applications in harsh conditions (257 K or 347 K), shape memory and shape reconstruction.
Room‐Temperature Formate Ester Transfer Hydrogenation Enables an Electrochemical/Thermal Organometallic Cascade for Methanol Synthesis from CO2
Authors: Fernández Sergio , Assaf Eric A. , Ahmad Shahbaz , Travis Benjamin D. , Curley Julia B. , Hazari Nilay , Ertem Mehmed Z. , Miller Alexander J. M.
Published: November 2024

The reduction of CO2 to synthetic fuels is a valuable strategy for energy storage. However, the formation of energy‐dense liquid fuels such as methanol remains rare, particularly under low‐temperature and low‐pressure conditions that can be coupled to renewable electricity sources via electrochemistry. Here, a multicatalyst system pairing an electrocatalyst with a thermal organometallic catalyst is introduced, which enables the reduction of CO2 to methanol at ambient temperature and pressure. The cascade methanol synthesis proceeds via CO2 reduction to formate by electrocatalyst [Cp*Ir(bpy)Cl]+ (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine), Fischer esterification of formate to isopropyl formate catalyzed by trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (HOTf), and thermal transfer hydrogenation of isopropyl formate to methanol facilitated by the organometallic catalyst (H‐PNP)Ir(H)3 (H‐PNP=HN(C2H4PiPr2)2). The isopropanol solvent plays several crucial roles: activating formate ion as isopropyl formate, donating hydrogen for the reduction of formate ester to methanol via transfer hydrogenation, and lowering the barrier for transfer hydrogenation through hydrogen bonding interactions. In addition to reporting a method for room‐temperature reduction of challenging ester substrates, this work provides a prototype for pairing electrochemical and thermal organometallic reactions that will guide the design and development of multicatalyst cascades.
Enhanced Stability and Properties of Benzene‐1,3,5‐Tricarboxamide Supramolecular Copolymers through Engineered Coupled Equilibria**
Authors: Kong Huanjun , Valverde‐González Antonio , Maruchenko Régina , Bouteiller Laurent , Raynal Matthieu
Published: November 2024

Improving the stability of multi‐component and functional assemblies such as supramolecular copolymers without impeding their dynamicity is key for their implementation as innovative materials. Up to now, this has been achieved by a trial‐and‐error approach, requiring the time‐consuming characterization of a series of supramolecular coassemblies. We report herein that this is possible to significantly enhance the stability of supramolecular copolymers by a minimal change in the chemical nature of one of the interacting monomers. This is achieved by replacing an ester function by an ether function in the structure of a chiral benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamide (BTA) monomer, used as “sergeant”, coassembled with achiral monomers, the “soldiers”. Pseudo‐phase diagrams, constructed by probing the nature of the coassemblies with multifarious analytical techniques, confirm that the greater stability of the resulting copolymers is mainly due to the minimization of competing species. This leads to better rheological and catalytic properties of the corresponding supramolecular copolymers. Favouring coassembly over undesired assembly pathways must be considered as a blueprint for the development of better‐performing supramolecular multi‐component systems.
Investigation on Foamed Polypropylene/Nano‐Talc/Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Composites in a Combined In‐Mold Decoration and Microcellular Injection Molding Process
Authors: Yan Kui , Chang Shiyi , Guo Wei , Zhao Feng , Wang Yuanhao
Published: November 2024

A combined in‐mold decoration and microcellular injection molding (IMD/MIM) method is used in this paper. The blend materials' rheological and crystallization characteristics are thoroughly examined, shedding light on how ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) influences their properties. Additionally, the cellular structure, surface quality, and mechanical properties of the foamed parts are analyzed, revealing the blend materials' impact on both the macroscopic and microscopic attributes of the foamed components. The signal‐cell and double‐cell representative volume element (RVE) model are built in Digimat to study the variation of stress distribution with time under tensile and shear loads. The results show that the addition of EPDM reduces the fluidity of the melt and makes the viscosity of the PP/nano‐talc blend system higher. The foamed composite has the largest cell diameter and the smallest cell density when the EPDM content is 20%. The addition of elastomer EPDM has only a minor influence on the interfacial bonding behavior of PP film and PP matrix, and the apparent quality is high. When the EPDM content is between 10% and 30%, it notably enhances the impact resistance of foamed material. However, this improvement comes at the cost of a reduction in tensile and flexural strength.
Restabilization of Post‐Consumer Recycled Polypropylene With Natural Antioxidants From Spent Coffee Residue
Authors: Kouranou Dionysia , Galanopoulou Christina , Korres Dimitrios M. , Tzani Andromachi , Detsi Anastasia , Vouyiouka Stamatina
Published: November 2024

The efficiency of natural compounds as stabilizers against thermo‐mechanical degradation during the reprocessing of a post‐consumer recycled polypropylene (PCR‐PP) is herein investigated. For this purpose, natural active ingredients are extracted from spent coffee residue (SCR). Different methods of extraction are tested and all extracts are subjected to characterization methods in order to identify the most promising extract in terms of antioxidant properties, which is then reproduced on larger scale and added to a PCR‐PP at a content of 1.0 wt%. The stabilized compound undergoes five cycles of extrusion, after which it is compared to a nonstabilized PCR‐PP and a PCR‐PP stabilized with a commercial synthetic primary antioxidant, which have both undergone the same reprocessing. Consequently, the reprocessing of the nonstabilized PCR‐PP resulted in degradation and extrudates of higher melt flow rate (MFR) and lower thermal stability, that is, reduced oxidative induction time (OIT) and onset temperature (OOT). Contrariwise, with the natural compounds embodiment, the degradation was found to be suppressed, resulting in stable MFRs and higher OITs and OOTs, imitating the behavior of the PCR‐PP with the typical synthetic antioxidant. In conclusion, natural compounds from SCR may sufficiently serve as high value‐added antioxidants for the recycling of a PCR‐PP via remelting‐restabilization.
Rheological and UV‐Protecting Properties of Biobased and Biodegradable Blends for Injection Molding Applications
Authors: Tavares Loleny , Sousa Liliana R. , da Silva Sara Magalhães , Lima Paulo S. , Oliveira J. M.
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the effect of graphene (GRA) reinforcement on the rheological properties of a biodegradable blend based on starch‐based material (B20), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and fortified pentaerythritol ester of rosin (RES) as a compatibilizer. Prototypes produced through injection molding of B20/RES/PBS and B20/RES/PBS/GRA blends were evaluated for their susceptibility to color changes induced by UV radiation. A double capillary rheometer was employed to assess the rheological properties across shear rates ranging from 10 to 6000 s−1. The viscosity master curves were well‐fitted to the Cross‐William‐Landel‐Ferry (WLF) model and the formulations exhibited non‐Newtonian (shear‐thinning) behavior. The blends demonstrated a pronounced dependence of viscosity on temperature, indicating a decrease as temperatures increased. The incorporation of GRA reinforcement into the blend led to a notable reduction in viscosity, contributing to an enhanced flow behavior. The activation energy (E

a
) was determined using the Arrhenius model and the composite B20/RES/PBS/GRA exhibited a higher E

a
value compared to B20/RES/PBS, indicating that the reinforcement with GRA requires increased energy to overcome interactions between chain segments. The incorporation of GRA significantly enhances the B20/RES/PBS blend's UV resistance due to its effective UV absorption and superior photostability, making it a promising candidate for automotive passenger compartment applications.
An Exponential Drucker‐Prager Constitutive Model of Polyurethane Adhesive for Finite Element Model Simulation
Authors: Zhang Xinmiao , Gao Feng , Li Yan , Lei Mohan , Zhou Fan
Published: November 2024

The elasto‐plastic model‐based finite element method (FEM) simulation can graphically describe the nonlinearly mechanical response of adhesives to various loadings. Its prediction accuracy significantly hinges on the constitutive models of the adhesives. In this study, the plasticity property of the polyurethane adhesive is characterized by the Exponential Drucker‐Prager model (EDPM), and the model parameters are identified through tensile and shear tests. The FEM simulations and validation experiments reveal that there exists a monotonically increasing nonlinear relationship between the bonding thickness and the maximum stress of the adhesive joint as well as the stress peaked in the end of the single‐lap‐joint (SLJ), while the joint strength shows a monotonically decreasing tendency with the increment of the bonding length, and the stress at the joint end is distributed uniformly. The EDPM‐based constitutive model of polyurethane adhesive can accurately delineate the elastic–plastic deformation process of the bonding joints, which lays a theoretical foundation for optimizing the material properties of the adhesive and the bonding process.