bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psoriasis as initiator or amplifier of the systemic inflammatory march: impact on development of severe vascular events and implications for treatment strategy
Authors: Su Y.‐S. , Yu H.‐S. , Li W.‐C. , Ko Y.‐C. , Chen G.‐S. , Wu C.‐S. , Lu Y.‐W. , Yang Y.‐H. , Lan C.‐C.E.
Published: June 2012

Background  Psoriasis is a systemic disease associated with metabolic disorders and vascular complications. Both psoriasis and metabolic disorders are associated with systemic inflammation. We hypothesized that the sequence of events between the onset of psoriasis and metabolic disorder may affect the risk for subsequent development of vascular complications.

Methods  Nested case–control study was performed using the Taiwan National Health Insurance database. Accordingly, a total of 8180 psoriatic patients and 163 600 controls were included. Psoriasis was considered as the initiator of inflammatory march if metabolic disorder, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, developed after onset of psoriasis. In patients with pre‐existing metabolic disorder, psoriasis was considered as the amplifier of inflammatory march.

Results  In patients whose psoriasis served as the disease initiator, a lower risk for developing vascular disease (HR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.11–2.00 and HR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.31–2.05 for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events, respectively) was found compared with patients whose psoriasis served as the disease amplifier (HR = 2.26; 95% CI = 1.72–2.97 and HR = 2.78; 95% CI = 2.26–3.42 for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events, respectively) after adjusting for age and gender. In terms of treatment implications, methotrexate was associated with reduced risk for developing cerebrovascular event (HR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.05–0.88) only in patients with psoriasis serving as the disease amplifier.

Conclusions  Our results suggested that two scenarios of systemic inflammatory marches are present among psoriatic patients with metabolic disorder and judicious use of methotrexate may reduce the risk of cerebrovascular event, especially when psoriasis served as the disease amplifier of the systemic inflammatory march.
Prevalence of non classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency in Greek women with acne: a hospital‐based cross‐sectional study
Authors: Trakakis E. , Papadavid E. , Dalamaga M. , Koumaki D , Stavrianeas N. , Rigopoulos D. , Creatsas G. , Kassanos D.
Published: June 2012

Aim  To determine the prevalence and frequency of non classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NC‐CAH) due to 21‐OHD at the time of clinical presentation and at the peripubertal period in a substantial sample of Greek women with acne and to investigate the correlation of serum T, 17‐OHP and DHEA‐S with acne appearance at the time of clinical presentation.

Methods  One hundred and twenty‐three unselected women with hyperandrogenemic symptoms were examined. After the ACTH stimulation test, 6 (4.9%) women were diagnosed with NC‐CAH due to 21‐OHD.

Results  There was not any statistical significant difference in the frequency of peripubertal acne between NC‐CAH group of patients (6.4%) and patients with hyperandrogenemia of other aetiology (93%), mainly ovarian (P = 0.41). However, there was a statistical significant difference in the prevalence of acne at the time of clinical examination between the two groups (P = 0.04). Acne was present in 83.3% of women with NC‐CAH vs. 41.02% of women in the hyperandrogenic group without NC‐CAH. A statistically significant decrease of acne from the peripubertal time to the time of clinical examination in the group of women with hyperandrogenemia of other aetiology (−21.37%) was observed compared to women with NC‐CAH (P < 0.001).

Conclusion  We have shown that acne persists from peripubertal period to adult life in NC‐CAH women whereas it tends to diminish in women with hyperandrogenemia of other aetiology. Acne is a prominent finding in women with NC‐CAH. Serum concentrations of 17‐OHP after ACTH stimulation (17‐OHP6O) should be investigated in women with persistent acne in adult life.
Autoimmune signals in non‐segmental vitiligo patients are associated with distinct clinical parameters and toxic exposures
Authors: Arunachalam M. , Colucci R. , Berti S. , Kline J.A. , Lotti T. , Lotti F. , Dragoni F. , Moretti S.
Published: June 2012

Background  Although non‐segmental vitiligo is commonly considered an autoimmune disease, the possible differences between non‐segmental vitiligo patients with and without autoimmune signals have not been clearly established.

Objective  To perform a comparison of non‐segmental vitiligo patients with autoimmune signals (AIS) vs. those without autoimmune signals (NAIS) in regards to clinical characteristics and toxic/drug exposure.

Methods  112 vitiligo patients were selected for a sex and age matched (1 : 1) case control study at an university based dermatology outpatient hospital specialized in pigmentary disorders. Medical assessment was performed by dermatologists using the modified Vitiligo European Task Force form and serological and clinical signs of autoimmunity were evaluated.

Results  Disease duration, age of onset, patient history of cardiovascular disease, past smoking history, use of drugs, and consummation of goitrogenic foods were all significantly increased in the AIS group using McNemar’s test for matched pairs. In our conditional regression model, the simultaneous presence of disease duration, use of prescription drugs, and consummation of goitrogenic foods were the best predictors of AIS vitiligo patients.

Conclusion  The evaluation of non‐segmental vitiligo patients according to the presence vs. the absence of autoimmune signals allows us to correlate patients exhibiting autoimmune phenomenon with certain clinical characteristics, namely long disease duration, use of prescription drugs, and consumption of goitrogenic substances. In the presence of the aforementioned clinical profile, we suggest an evaluation of autoimmune signals.
Three‐dimensional imaging of small intestine morphology using non‐linear optical microscopy and endogenous signals
Authors: Ricard Clément , Vacca Barbara , Weber Pascal
Published: June 2012

Two‐photon microscopy (2PM) has become a gold standard for deep‐tissue observations in the living animal as well as on thick samples. Using 2PM, the endofluorescence properties of biomolecules have shown an interesting potential for the imaging of tissues without any staining. In this short communication, we report a method to observe the different layers of mouse small intestine explants with subcellular resolution and without any staining or clearing. This method allows rapid observations of samples with little to no preparation thanks to the endofluorescence properties of biomolecules such as NAD(P)H or flavins and second‐harmonic generation. Finally, we show different three‐dimensional reconstructions of the mouse small intestine anatomy obtained with this approach to show the potential of this method in morphological studies.
Evaluation and optimization of administered activity, scanning parameters and hydration at 99mTc hydroxymethylene diphosphonate adult whole‐body bone imaging
Authors: Starck Sven‐Åke , Rosendahl Lene
Published: June 2012

Purpose

To find out the method of optimal activity administration and scanning parameters to fulfil guidelines and diagnostic reference levels and to reach a maximal contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) in bone imaging. We also investigate the influence on CNR and bladder activity in well‐hydrated patients.

Methods

A total of 225 patients were included. The first group of 101 patients was used to find out the optimal method to administer activity in terms of optimized CNR. The next two groups with 62 patients each were hydrated with 1500 ml water in two different time periods. CNR, bladder area and content were calculated.

Results

An administrated activity per metre body height gave the highest CNR (5·43). A standard activity had the lowest percentage (2%) of images with <1·5 million counts. Early hydration decreased CNR from 5·41 to 4·85 (P = 0·06), with late hydration to 5·29 (NS). Studies with too few pulses were increased from 2 to 11% to a level of 15–26% and 11–21%, respectively. Early hydration reduced the bladder activity from 20·7 to 10·1 MBq (P<0·01), late hydration to 14·8 MBq (P = 0·08). The bladder size was enlarged from the no hydrated group (1406 mm2) to the early hydrated group (2406 mm2, P<0·000) and between the early and late hydrated group (3183 mm2, P<0·05).

Conclusion

A standard activity in sufficient quantity is the most practical method, in addition to have the lowest percentage of images with too few pulses. A high fluid intake is not recommended because of problems with disturbing bladder content.
Evaluation of a veterinary triage list modified from a human five‐point triage system in 485 dogs and cats
Authors: Ruys Laura J. , Gunning Myrna , Teske Erik , Robben Joris H. , Sigrist Nadja E.
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To devise a veterinary triage list (VTL) and to determine whether the application of this VTL results in more accurate categorization of emergency patients compared with intuitive triage.

Design

Prospective and retrospective observational study.

Setting

Private veterinary emergency clinic.

Animals

Four hundred and eighty‐five client‐owned dogs and cats.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and main results

A VTL was composed using a human triage system and data from medical records of the study group. Target waiting times were prospectively determined using intuition by veterinary nurses (TWT‐N).  Target waiting times were subsequently determined retrospectively by the use of the VTL (TWT‐VTL).  Both TWT‐N and TWT‐VTL were compared against target waiting times determined by a review team (TWT‐R), which was considered the gold standard. TWT categories included 0, 15, 30–60, and 120 minutes, and were associated with triage categories red, orange, yellow, and green, respectively. Differences in agreement were tested for significance. One hundred and eighty‐five dogs and 300 cats fulfilled the inclusion criteria. TWT‐N and TWT‐R agreed on 30 cases of 67 (44.8%) in triage category red and 22 of 89 (24.7%) in category orange. TWT‐VTL and TWT‐R agreed on 64 cases of 67 (95.5%) in category red and 75 of 89 (84.3%) in category orange. Agreement between TWT‐VTL and TWT‐R (Pearson's R = 0.848) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than agreement between TWT‐N and TWT‐R (Pearson's R = 0.519).

Conclusions

Intuitive triage performed by veterinary nurses showed significantly less correlation with TWT‐R than triage performed with the VTL. A short physical examination in all emergency patients appears to be essential in recognizing critical disease. The use of a standardized VTL can help to categorize veterinary emergency patients.
Pulse pressure variation and systolic pressure variation in horses undergoing general anesthesia
Authors: Langdon Fielding C. , Stolba Diana N.
Published: June 2012

Introduction

Changes in arterial pressure due to respiratory phases have been used to predict fluid responsiveness in a number of species and pulse pressure variation (PPV) and systolic pressure variation (SPV) are commonly used. The relationship between PPV and SPV has not been described in horses.

Objectives

To describe and compare PPV and SPV values of horses under general anesthesia.

Methods

Twenty‐six horses undergoing general anesthesia and receiving mechanical ventilation were enrolled in the study. Recordings of maximal and minimal values of pulse pressure and systolic pressure were calculated every 15 minutes throughout surgery.

Results

Initial PPV was 15.6% (7.9, 33.8) and decreased over the first 30 minutes to 10.7 ± 7.2% (P = 0.03). Initial SPV was 10.3 ± 2.6% and decreased over the first 30 minutes to 7.3 ± 3.3% (P = 0.004). PPV and SPV had a correlation coefficient of 0.52 (P < 0.0001) and a 95% limits of agreement from −7.1% to 14.4%.

Conclusion

PPV and SPV measurements in horses do not have strong agreement.
A retrospective study of circadian and seasonal presentations of dogs with congestive heart failure: 119 cases (1997–2009)
Authors: Steinberg Gary R. , Byron Julie K. , Mahoney Megan M.
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To test the hypothesis that there is a daily or seasonal rhythm in the presentation of congestive heart failure (CHF) in dogs.

Design

Retrospective case series from 1997 to 2009.

Setting

Small animal veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals

One hundred and nineteen dogs with 126 acute presentations of CHF.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

Medical records from a veterinary teaching hospital were searched for the occurrence of CHF. The effect of admission time, weekday, month, and season were analyzed separately using chi‐square tests. CHF presentations were largely confined to Monday and Tuesday (57%) and between 9 am and 11:59 am (55%). CHF was more common during September, October, and November (37%).

Conclusions

Information from this study may assist veterinarians in educating clients about the timing of clinical signs, and enable veterinary hospitals to anticipate CHF cases during certain times of the day and year.
Astrocyte origin of activity‐dependent release of ATP and glutamate in hippocampal slices: real‐time measurement utilizing microelectrode biosensors
Authors: Sershen Henry
Published: June 2012

It is well known that astrocytic and neuronal transmitter release processes are important for signalling, and that activity‐dependent release of adenosine nucleotides and transmitters occurs after stimulation. Neurons and astrocytes can account for the source of ATP efflux. In this issue of the BJP, Heinrich et al. characterized K+ depolarization‐evoked release of ATP, adenosine and glutamate in hippocampal slices, utilizing microelectrode biosensors for simultaneous real‐time recordings of multiple transmitter effluxes. They demonstrated efflux of ATP, adenosine and glutamate from hippocampus slices, in response to K+‐depolarization, with distinct kinetics and mechanisms, suggesting a coordinated pattern of transmitter release. Surprisingly, it turned out that a considerable amount of the transmitter efflux measured under these conditions had a glial origin. For a long time, it was believed that the glial cell did not play a major role in neurotransmission, but the latter results somewhat change this view. The release of ATP and glutamate from glial cells under these conditions involved P2X7 receptors, and a source of adenosine accumulation independent of the metabolism of extracellular ATP was identified. This study also highlighted a novel use of multi‐enzymatic microelectrode biosensors, which enabled a better characterization of transmitter release processes with higher temporal and spatial resolution than obtained previously. This technique was originally developed and used for the detection of purine release. In the present study, it was modified to identify the interplay between different transmitters, measured simultaneously in hippocampal slices.

LINKED ARTICLE This article is a commentary on Heinrich et al., pp. 1003–1020 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2012.01932.x
CGRP and NO in the Trigeminal System: Mechanisms and Role in Headache Generation
Authors: Messlinger Karl , Lennerz Jochen K. , Eberhardt Mirjam , Fischer Michael J.M.
Published: June 2012

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and metabolic products of nitric oxide (NO) are increased in jugular venous plasma during migraine attacks and other primary headaches. Patients suffering from primary headaches are particularly sensitive to CGRP and NO donors responding with delayed headaches to an infusion of either of these substances. Accordingly, both CGRP and NO are considered as key mediators in migraine, and clinical trials have shown that inhibitors of CGRP receptors and NO synthase are effective in treating migraine. There is an implicit understanding that CGRP and NO systems interact, and here, we review the body of preclinical work on these systems focusing on the trigeminovascular system in migraine.

NO derives from various cell types via 3 isoforms of NO synthase, whereas CGRP is produced from a subset of trigeminal afferents. In rodents, NO donors cause activity alterations on different levels of the trigeminal system including enhancement of CGRP release, which in turn results in arterial vasodilatation and possibly mast cell degranulation in the meninges. The activity of spinal trigeminal neurons, which is a sensitive integrative measure for trigeminal activity, is partly under the control of CGRP and NO. Both mediators facilitate nociceptive transmission, possibly via presynaptic mechanisms. These functions are supported by immunolocalization of CGRP receptor components on 3 trigeminovascular levels: cranial dura mater, trigeminal ganglion, and spinal trigeminal nucleus.

Current data support a relationship of CGRP and NO actions on all levels of the trigeminovascular system and emphasize central CGRP receptors as possible therapeutic targets.
Tobacco Quitlines Need to Assess and Intervene with Callers' Hazardous Drinking
Authors: Toll Benjamin A. , Cummings K. Michael , O'Malley Stephanie S. , Carlin‐Menter Shannon , McKee Sherry A. , Hyland Andrew , Wu Ran , Hopkins Jessica , Celestino Paula
Published: June 2012

Background

Based on published data showing that daily smokers have high rates of hazardous drinking and higher rates of smoking relapse, we hypothesized that New York State Smokers' Quitline (NYSSQL) callers would exhibit elevated rates of risky drinking and risky drinking callers would report lower rates of smoking cessation.

Methods

We assessed rates of hazardous drinking among 88,479 callers to the NYSSQL using modified NIAAA guidelines. Using 2 routine NYSSQL short‐term follow‐up interviews (n = 14,123 and n = 24,579) and a 3‐month follow‐up interview (n = 2,833), we also compared smoking cessation rates for callers who met criteria for hazardous drinking compared to moderate drinkers and nondrinkers.

Results

At baseline, 56% of callers reported drinking, and 23% reported hazardous drinking using modified NIAAA guidelines. Hazardous drinkers did not differ on measures of smoking cessation outcomes compared to nondrinkers but did have lower smoking cessation rates compared to persons who reported moderate alcohol consumption for the enhanced services program 1‐week follow‐up (adjusted OR [95% CI] = 1.09 [1.01, 1.17], p = 0.04) and the standard 2‐week follow‐up (adjusted OR [95% CI] = 1.17 [1.07, 1.29], p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Nearly a quarter of smokers calling the NYSSQL reported a hazardous drinking pattern, which was associated with lower cessation outcomes compared to those who reported a moderate drinking profile. Given the large number of high‐risk drinkers who can be identified through a quitline, tobacco quitlines may provide a venue for providing brief alcohol interventions to these high‐risk drinkers. Future studies should evaluate whether a brief alcohol intervention would result in improved smoking cessation rates for hazardous drinking smokers.
Department of Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Centers: Translating Aging Research into Clinical Geriatrics
Authors: Supiano Mark A. , Alessi Cathy , Chernoff Ronni , Goldberg Andrew , Morley John E. , Schmader Kenneth E. , Shay Kenneth ,   Writing on behalf of the GRECC Directors Association
Published: June 2012

Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Centers (GRECCs) originated in 1975 in response to the rapidly aging veteran population. Since its inception, the GRECC program has made major contributions to the advancement of aging research, geriatric training, and clinical care within and outside the VA. GRECCs were created to conduct translational research to enhance the clinical care of future aging generations. GRECC training programs also provide leadership in educating healthcare providers about the special needs of older persons. GRECC programs are also instrumental in establishing robust clinical geriatric and aging research programs at their affiliated university schools of medicine. This report identifies how the GRECC program has successfully adapted to changes that have occurred in VA since 1994, when the program's influence on U.S. geriatrics was last reported, focusing on its effect on advancing clinical geriatrics in the last 10 years. This evidence supports the conclusion that, after more than 30 years, the GRECC program remains a vibrant “jewel in the crown of the VA” and is poised to make contributions to aging research and clinical geriatrics well into the future.
Effect of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease on Cognitive Test Performance and Cognitive Change in Older Adults
Authors: Köhler Mirjam , Kliegel Matthias , Kaduszkiewicz Hanna , Bachmann Cadja , Wiese Birgitt , Bickel Horst , Mösch Edelgard , Weyerer Siegfried , Werle Jochen , Fuchs Angela , Pentzek Michael , Leicht Hanna , König Hans‐Helmut , Luppa Melanie , Riedel‐Heller Steffi , Jessen Frank , Maier Wolfgang , Scherer Martin , Wagner Michael ,   for the Ageing, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe) study group
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To examine the effect of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases on initial cognitive test performance and rate of change in three cognitive measures.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

General practices in six towns throughout Germany.

Participants

Three thousand three hundred twenty‐seven participants aged 75 and older (average 79.7 ± 3.6).

Measurements

Data were collected during home visits every 18 months and included sociodemographic variables, depression, disease status, drug intake, and cognition.

Results

Although the presence of transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke and diabetes mellitus was related to poor initial cognitive test performance, the presence of those and other far‐reaching chronic diseases or a higher disease burden were not related to the rate of change in cognition over time.

Conclusion

Diabetes mellitus, stroke and TIA affect cognitive test performance beyond well‐known sociodemographic variables and depressive symptoms, although none of these diseases contributed to cognitive decline over time. In practical terms, prevention and diagnosis of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases may be essential to cognitively healthy aging.
Ethnic Origin and Residential Attainment of Immigrants in European Countries
Authors: Glikman Anya , Semyonov Moshe
Published: June 2012

Segregated ethnic neighborhoods are prevalent in most contemporary European cities. Whereas patterns of segregation have been studied extensively in America, research on immigrants’ segregation and residential location in Europe is relatively new. The present research utilizes data from the European Social Survey to examine patterns of locational attainment among immigrants across 13 European countries and the extent to which they are influenced by immigrants’ tenure in the host country, socio–economic characteristics, preferences for residential location, exposure to discrimination, and ethnic and cultural origin. The analysis reveals that residential attainment varies considerably across ethnic and cultural groups: immigrants from Asia or Africa as well as Muslims are less likely to reside in neighborhoods which are perceived to be inhabited mostly by Europeans. Although the effects of generation, ethnic origin, and Muslim religion on residential location are quite uniform across countries, some meaningful cross–national differences in patterns and levels of immigrants’ residential segregation are observed and discussed. Net of other effects, differential residential preferences and perception of discrimination are found to influence perceived ethnic composition of immigrants’ neighborhoods.
How Low–Income Residents Can Benefit from Urban Development: The LA Live Community Benefits Agreement
Authors: Saito Leland T.
Published: June 2012

Large urban development projects highlight the vast disparities in the economic and political resources controlled by developers as compared to low–income residents. Studies have documented the negative impact of such projects on neighborhoods, such as the displacement of residents. This case study of the largest development project in contemporary downtown Los Angeles analyzes how a community coalition that included low–income residents successfully negotiated with the developer the first comprehensive Community Benefits Agreement (CBA) in the nation. This 2001 CBA addressed the interests of low–income residents and now serves as a model for major CBAs across the country. This article draws upon regime theory and urban political economy in examining the resources, organizations, and coalition composition behind the CBA. It suggests that CBAs represent a significant increase in political power for low–income residents when they ally with service sector unions concerned about permanent, living wage jobs. Low–income residents drew upon neighborhood and immigrant networks to organize even non–citizens. The L.A. coalition could also take advantage of the political opportunity provided by the fragmentation of growth interests and the strong real estate market in the city.
Effects of Crystal Structure on the Microwave Dielectric Properties of ABO4 (A = Ni,Mg,Zn and B = Mo,W) Ceramics
Authors: Kim Eung Soo , Jeon Chang Jun , Clem Paul G.
Published: June 2012

The dependence of microwave dielectric properties on the crystal structure, bond character, and electronic characteristics of AMoO4 and AWO4 (A = Ni, Mg, Zn) ceramics was investigated. The dielectric constant (K) of specimens was principally affected by the dielectric polarizabilities, molar volume, and electronic oxide polarizabilities. MgMoO4 and AWO4 (A = Ni, Mg, Zn) display a single phase monoclinic wolframite structure, whereas ZnMoO4 is a single phase triclinic wolframite structure. The quality factor (Qf) of AWO4 was higher than that of AMoO4 (A = Mg, Zn); these results were attributed to the packing fraction due to effective ionic size. The temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency (TCF) of the specimens was dependent on the cations' bond valence between the cation and oxygen ions. This suggests the ability to tailor ABO4 microwave K, Qf, and TCF via ionic design rules.
Composition‐Property‐Structure Correlations of Scandium Aluminosilicate Glasses Revealed by Multinuclear 45Sc, 27Al, and 29Si Solid‐State NMR
Authors: Pahari Bholanath , Iftekhar Shahriar , Jaworski Aleksander , Okhotnikov Kirill , Jansson Kjell , Stevensson Baltzar , Grins Jekabs , Edén Mattias
Published: June 2012

Many features of aluminosilicate glasses incorporating a rare‐earth (RE) ion are dictated by its mass and cation field strength (CFS). Sc–Al–Si–O glasses are interesting because Sc3+ exhibits the highest CFS but the lowest mass of all RE3+ ions. We explore relationships between the glass composition and several physical properties, such as density, glass‐transition temperature (Tg), Vickers hardness, and refractive index, over the glass forming region of the ternary Sc2O3–Al2O3–SiO2 system. The glasses exhibit uniform and unexpectedly low Tg‐values (≈875°C), but a high microhardness (≈9.3 GPa) that correlates with the Sc2O3 content. 29Si magic‐angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy shows enhanced deshielding and a minor glass‐network ordering as either the Al or Sc content of the glass increases. 27Al MAS NMR reveals that besides the expected AlO4 tetrahedra, substantial amounts of AlO5 (31%–35%) and AlO6 (≈5%) polyhedra are present in all Sc–Al–Si–O glass structures. 45Sc isotropic chemical shifts (≈92 ppm) derived from MAS and 3QMAS (triple‐quantum MAS) NMR experiments are consistent with ScO6 environments.
Sol‐Gel Production ofCe0.8Gd0.2O1.9Nanopowders Using Sucrose and Pectin as Organic Precursors
Authors: Wang Zihua , Kale Girish M. , Ghadiri Mojtaba
Published: June 2012

The gadolinium‐doped ceria (CGO) is of great interest as oxide ion conducing solid electrolyte for intermediate and low‐temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operation. In this investigation, high‐purity nanopowders of cerium gadolinium oxide (CGO,Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9) are synthesized by sol‐gel method using sucrose as an organic chelating agent and pectin for gelation. The results of this investigation indicate that the final particle size of approximately 8 nm can be obtained after calcination of the predried gel at 500°C for 2 h in ambient air. An insight in to the calcination process has been obtained by using simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC). Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that all samples crystallized as single phase cubicCGOpowders with no trace of impurity. The mean crystallite sizes calculated fromXRDanalysis using Rietveld refinement method agree with the morphological features observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanopowders produced in this study exhibit negligible strain as indicated by Rietveld refinement procedure. The nominal composition ofCGOhas been found to be in excellent agreement with that determined independently using energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and inductively coupled plasma—atomic emission spectrometry analysis (ICP–AES). TheXRDandTEManalyses indicate that there is a significant influence of calcination temperature on the crystal size, which increases with increasing temperature for a fixed annealing time.
Maxillary sinus augmentation with iliac autograft – a health‐economic analysis
Authors: Truedsson A. , Hjalte K. , Sunzel B. , Warfvinge G.
Published: June 2012

Purpose

To estimate and compare the costs of maxillary sinus augmentation performed with autologous bone graft either from the iliac crest or from local bone harvested from the mandibula. To evaluate post‐operative health‐related quality‐of‐life parameters for patients subjected to sinus augmentation and iliac bone surgery.

Material and methods

The hospital records of 14 patients subjected to sinus augmentation with iliac autograft, and 14 patients treated with local autograft, were analysed with regard to costs related to surgery, hospitalization and sick leave. Post‐operative health parameters were assessed with a questionnaire.

Results

Mean hospital costs, administration excluded, for sinus augmentation with iliac autograft was €3447. Policlinic treatment alternatives e.g. local bone autograft with or without bone substitutes, rendered costs of approximately 42% thereof. The loss of production for a worker was 41% of the total cost (€9285). With regard to health‐related quality‐of‐life and post‐operative morbidity, most of the patients had recovered 14 days after the iliac graft surgery.

Conclusion

The cost for a sinus augmentation with iliac surgery exceeds that of a policlinic procedure manifold. Provided that a policlinic operation with local bone, with or without bone substitute, renders an adequate end result, the economic gain would be substantial and post‐operative morbidity would be greatly reduced.
Recurrence patterns of oral leukoplakia after curative surgical resection: important factors that predict the risk of recurrence and malignancy
Authors: Kuribayashi Yuri , Tsushima Fumihiko , Sato Masaru , Morita Kei‐ichi , Omura Ken
Published: June 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 682–688

Background:  Oral leukoplakia can be treated using a variety of treatment procedures; however, the lesions recur in many cases irrespective of the treatment procedure used. The rate of recurrence was from 7.7% to 38.1%. This study aims to identify the important factors that can lower the risk of recurrence of oral leukoplakia treated by curative surgical resection.

Methods:  The clinical records of 52 patients with oral leukoplakia (53 lesions) who underwent curative surgical resection between 2004 and 2009 were retrospectively analyzed for the rate of recurrence, clinical outcome, epithelial dysplasia, lesion location, and resection margins.

Results:  The recurrence rate following curative surgical resection was 15.1%, with the most common site being the gingiva. Malignant transformation occurred in a single patient (1.9%). Minimal resection margins (<3 mm) were observed in many patients with recurrent disease, and recurrence was more likely in cases with positive margins (epithelial abnormalities at the resection margins) than in those with negative margins. There was no significant association between recurrence and the degree of epithelial dysplasia.

Conclusions:  Our data suggest that surgical resection of oral leukoplakia is curative only if all areas of epithelial abnormalities are identified and resected. Moreover, an adequate resection margin may reduce the risk of recurrence.
Analysis of human skin tissue by millimeter‐wave reflectometry
Authors: Smulders P.F.M.
Published: June 2012

Background/purpose

Millimeter‐wave reflectometry is a potentially interesting technique to analyze the human skin in vivo in order to determine the water content locally in the skin. Purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility of skin‐tissue differentiation. In addition, it addresses the influence of the pressure of the probe on the skin, the influence of an air gap between probe and skin as well as the influence of a bandage between probe and skin.

Methodology

Reflection coefficients at various positions on the skin are measured in the 40–60 GHz range and the examined effects are quantified in terms of magnitude and phase of the reflection coefficient. Also, the possibility to perform tissue differentiation is quantified.

Results

It is indicated that differentiation of skin tissue can be performed on the basis of the magnitude of the reflection coefficient provided that no air gap exists between probe and skin. The influence of probe pressure can be substantial, in particular for phase measurements. The presence of an air gap between probe and skin reduces the differentiation capability of the considered measurement technique, whereas a bandage between probe and skin did not significantly affect the differentiation power.

Conclusion

The results of this work confirm the potential of millimeter‐wave reflectometry for determination of the water content in skin tissue which may lead to interesting applications as early detection of skin cancer and through‐bandage monitoring of wounds.
Infrared observations of the recurrent nova T Pyxidis: ancient dust basks in the warm glow of the 2011 outburst
Authors: Evans A. , Gehrz R. D. , Helton L. A. , Starrfield S. , Bode M. F. , Osborne J. P. , Banerjee D. P. K. , Ness J.-U. , Walter F. M. , Woodward C. E. , Kuulkers E. , Eyres S. P. S. , Oliveira J. M. , Ashok N. M. , Krautter J. , O'Brien T. J. , Page K. L. , Rushton M. T.
Published: June 2012

We present Spitzer Space Telescope and Herschel Space Observatory infrared observations of the recurrent nova T Pyx during its 2011 eruption, complemented by ground-base optical-infrared photometry. We find that the eruption has heated dust in the pre-existing nebulosity associated with T Pyx. This is most likely interstellar dust swept up by T Pyx — either during previous eruptions or by a wind — rather than the accumulation of dust produced during eruptions.
Use and success of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies for sleep problems
Authors: Homsey Marianne , O’Connell Kathleen
Published: June 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this web‐based, quantitative, descriptive, correlational study was to identify frequency of use and success of strategies to alleviate sleep problems, to determine whether there is any relationship between use and success (perceived effectiveness) of strategies, on the one hand, and adults’ gender, age, income, or education, on the other.

Data sources: Data were collected from a web‐based survey that examined strategy use and success to alleviate insomnia.

Conclusions: The most frequently used strategies and those perceived as successful in alleviating sleep problems included medications and sleep hygiene strategies. Users of some strategies differed from nonusers on gender, age, income, and education.

Implications for practice: Results from this study can be used to advise patients with sleep problems about choosing strategies to help alleviate those problems to reduce insomnia and to lower the risks of comorbid illness and healthcare costs. This study contributes to the current available findings that focus on determining which strategies are being used to alleviate sleep problems, those perceived as the most successful, and identifying strategy use and success based on demographics.
Timing is everything: When to consult palliative care
Authors: Callaway Carlin
Published: June 2012

Purpose: Consults promote additional perspectives and help with complex patient management. As the population ages and healthcare demands increase, providers are consulting palliative care (PC). Nurse practitioners (NPs) should understand when to consult PC.

Data sources: Information was obtained from an extensive search of the scientific literature to include Pallimed (http://www.pallimed.org/) and the author's clinical experience.

Conclusions: Based on the 2009 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality PC developed from the Hospice and PC Coalition, PC should be consulted at diagnosis. These findings have also been validated in a landmark randomized controlled trial by Temel et al. (2010). The goals of PC are to alleviate suffering and promote quality of life for people with illnesses. PC accepts and incorporates hospice philosophies, but is distinct.

Implications for practice: Many professional organizations are incorporating PC into their specialties and guidelines. In addition to incorporating PC at diagnosis, PC access needs to be improved. New and experienced NPs may appreciate collaborating with PC specialists. Such conversations and relationships will likely offer practical and supportive guidance to both patients and NPs. Overall, the future for PC is promising.
Factors predicting older adults’ use of exercise and acetaminophen for osteoarthritis pain
Authors: McDonald Deborah Dillon , Molloy Bonnie
Published: June 2012

Purpose: To identify predictors of older adults’ use of exercise and/or acetaminophen, and avoidance of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat their osteoarthritis pain.

Data sources: Data were analyzed from 457 adults aged 60 and older with moderate or greater osteoarthritis pain intensity who responded to the Brief Pain Inventory between 2006 and 2007. The following predictors were entered into a logistic regression to predict use of exercise and/or acetaminophen and nonuse of NSAIDs: age, gender, ethnicity, race, education, arthritis treatment by a practitioner, pain treatment by a practitioner, pain intensity, functional interference from the pain, and percent of pain relief from current treatments.

Conclusions: A total of 213 (46.6%) reported using exercise and/or acetaminophen and did not report using NSAIDs. Older adults reporting arthritis treatment by a practitioner were 2.2 (confidence interval 1.08–4.59) more likely to use recommended arthritis pain treatment, p < .03. Only 3–4% of the variance for use of recommended pain management treatment was explained by the predictors.

Implications for practice: Results underscore the importance of guidance by practitioners who are knowledgeable about safe osteoarthritis pain management for older adults.
Should trans fats be regulated?
Authors: SHRAPNEL Bill
Published: June 2012

Aim:  The aim of this paper is to critically assess recent calls for increased regulation to lower the level of trans fats in the Australian diet.

Methods:  Key milestones in the elucidation of the effects on trans fats on health were identified and reviewed. Trends in intakes of trans fats in Australia and factors affecting those trends were described and compared with those in Denmark, which has regulated to lower population intake of trans fats.

Results:  The scientific evidence demonstrating adverse effects of trans fats on human health is consistent and strong. Australian health authorities were quick to identify the potential risk of trans fats and communicate it to health professionals and the food industry. The response from the margarine industry resulted in large falls in the trans fat content of the Australian diet in the mid‐1990s. A second wave of trans fat reduction across many foods categories has occurred subsequently. Total intake of trans fats in Australia is now low, half the upper limit recommended by the World Health Organization and lower than the intake in Denmark. Trans fats of industrial origin comprise just one‐eighth of 1% of dietary energy. These falls in trans fat intake mirror the large falls that occurred in Denmark prior to regulation.

Conclusions:  The case for increased regulation to lower intake of trans fats in Australia cannot be sustained. The trans fat issue stands as a good example of self‐regulation through collaboration between Australian health agencies, the food industry and the government.
A review of the indices and references used to assess overweight and obesity in Australian children and adolescents
Authors: RALSTON Robin A. , WALKER Karen Z. , TRUBY Helen
Published: June 2012

Aim:  The study aims to undertake a narrative review examining the indices and references used for the assessment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in Australia. This review also summarises current international opinion on choice of indices and reference values.

Methods:  A systematic search for articles was conducted to examine indices and references used to define overweight and obesity in recent research studies carried out in Australia and published between January 2002 and January 2010.

Results:  Three hundred ninety papers were retrieved, of which 86 were reviewed. Body mass index (BMI) is the most common method used to measure overweight/obesity in children and adolescents in Australia. The International Obesity Task Force reference charts defining overweight and obesity for gender and age‐specific BMI are the most widely used. Waist circumference and the waist‐to‐height ratio are indices used to determine central adiposity, but these are not yet in widespread use.

Conclusions:  Body mass index‐for‐age and ‐gender is the most common method used in Australia to measure overweight or obesity in children and adolescents and should be used for most future studies. As recommended by the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reference charts should be used for children aged 2–18 years. For children aged <2 years, there is a choice between an idealized standard (World Health Organization chart, based on breastfed infants) or a national standard (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention chart, more suitable for formula‐fed infants).
How do mothers juggle the special dietary needs of one child while feeding the family? A qualitative exploration
Authors: CROWLEY Elesa T. , WILLIAMS Lauren T. , BROWN Leanne J.
Published: June 2012

Aim:  The study aims to examine the lived experiences of mothers implementing a special diet (cow's milk protein free) for a child under 12 while also continuing to feed their family. The second aim was to examine how these experiences impacted on their decision of whether or not to continue the diet.

Methods:  A phenomenological qualitative approach was taken. Semi‐structured telephone interviews were held with mothers of children participating in a six‐week dietary trial. Questions focused on their experiences of administering a special diet and influences on diet continuation after the trial. Interviews were voice recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis was conducted using a constant comparative inductive approach with the aid of NVivo7 (QSR International Pty Ltd., Doncaster, Victoria, Australia).

Results:  Twenty‐two parents were interviewed. Children participants were aged between 2 and 12 years (mean 6 years). Key themes arising about feasibility of the diet included maternal concern to please the entire family with food, sharing responsibility with the child and development of existing skills in food provision. Specialist medical advice impacted on continuation of the diet beyond the trial.

Conclusion:  This is one of only a few studies investigating how the extra burden of meeting the special dietary needs of one child, while feeding the family, is experienced by women. A more complete understanding of the barriers to implementing and sustaining dietary modification may eventually improve nutrition outcomes.
Using formative work to enhance a workplace weight loss maintenance intervention: Balancing what employees want and what they need
Authors: ZINN Caryn , SCHOFIELD Grant
Published: June 2012

Aim:  This study investigates employees' prior experiences of losing and maintaining weight and their proposed ideas for a workplace‐based weight loss maintenance intervention. Findings were used to inform such an intervention.

Methods:  Twenty‐five adults (11 male; 14 female) from two workplaces in Auckland, New Zealand, with attempted weight loss history, participated in focus groups. Data were transcribed and analysed using thematic induction analysis and examined for emergent themes. An existing draft intervention was refined and the concept returned to the same focus group participants from one workplace for informal feedback.

Results:  A key common‐gender theme identified was weight regain, with fad/restrictive type diets being cited as usual weight loss methods. Successful female experiences encompassed good social support, while dietary restriction, boredom and personal crises hindered sustainability. Males identified tiredness and a lack of motivation as exercise barriers, plus weekends as challenging times. For an ideal initiative, females favoured flexibility and variety, while males favoured a more prescriptive approach, but were open to any type of regime as long as it resulted in weight loss. Common desires included combining nutrition and exercise, sustainability, and including a support group and weight tracking component.

Conclusions:  Males and females had some opposing expectations of the type of regime they needed to achieve sustained weight loss. However they were able to use both positive and negative elements from their prior weight loss experiences to put forward ideas for an intervention which aligned with evidence‐based guidelines for sustained weight loss.