bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila in the Provinces of Tierra Firme, or Catilla del Oro
Authors: Andagoya Pascual de
Published: March 2011

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This book, published in 1865, contains an early account of Spanish exploration on and around the Isthmus of Panama. The author accompanied Pedrarias Davila when he was appointed governor of the isthmus in 1514, and his report about the legendary riches of the Inca empire of Peru led to Pizarro's expedition and the destruction of the Inca civilisation. The translator's introductory essay describes the expedition of Balboa, who preceded Davila as governor of the isthmus, and was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean.
The Monster Telescopes, Erected by the Earl of Rosse, Parsonstown
Authors: Woods Thomas
Published: March 2011

William Parsons (1800–67), third earl of Rosse, was responsible for building the largest telescope of his time, nicknamed the 'Leviathan'. It enabled the earl to describe the spiral structure of galaxies. This volume reissues two contemporary accounts of the telescope. The first, published anonymously in 1844 and later revealed to be by Thomas Woods, provides a comprehensive description of the workings of both the 'Leviathan' and the smaller telescope which preceded it, with detailed accounts of the construction of both telescopes. The second, by another anonymous author, first appeared in the Dublin Review in March 1845, and outlines the history and problems of telescope manufacture from Galileo onwards. Together with a short account from 1842 of the Armagh observatory by its director, these works situate the telescopes, and the difficulties the earl faced during the eighteen years he took to build the 'Leviathan', in their wider context.
History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
Authors: Gregorovius Ferdinand
Published: March 2011

Ferdinand Gregorovius (1821–1891) was a celebrated German medieval historian. After studying philosophy and theology at the University of Königsberg, Gregorovius moved to Rome in 1852, and became immersed in researching the medieval history of the city. First published in 1872, his monumental study of medieval Rome was the first modern account of the subject, and became the standard reference. This English translation of the fourth German edition appeared between 1894 and 1902. In his work Gregorovius discusses the political, social and cultural changes in the city from 400 to 1534, making extensive use of primary sources. Gregorovius also includes the Renaissance in his study, showing how medieval thought and events influenced political and cultural life and thought during the Renaissance. Volume 7, Part 1 covers the period 1421–1496 and examines the condition of the city and the process of urban renewal.
History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
Authors: Gregorovius Ferdinand
Published: March 2011

Ferdinand Gregorovius (1821–1891) was a celebrated German medieval historian. After studying philosophy and theology at the University of Königsberg, Gregorovius moved to Rome in 1852, and became immersed in researching the medieval history of the city. First published in 1872, his monumental study of medieval Rome was the first modern account of the subject, and became the standard reference. This English translation of the fourth German edition appeared between 1894 and 1902. In his work Gregorovius discusses the political, social and cultural changes in the city from 400 to 1534, making extensive use of primary sources. Gregorovius also includes the Renaissance in his study, showing how medieval thought and events influenced political and cultural life and thought during the Renaissance. Volume 8, Part 2 covers the period 1522–1534. It examines the effects of the Reformation on the Papacy and discusses the sack of Rome in 1527.
Photiou Tou Patriarchou Lexeon Synagoge
Authors: Photius
Published: March 2011

This work, first published in 1822, was edited by Peter Paul Dobree (1782–1825) who had been entrusted with the literary remains of the eminent classical scholar Richard Porson (1759–1808). It contains the text of a ninth-century Greek lexicon compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. The lexicon was a tool for Byzantine Greeks studying the works of ancient authors, whose language and vocabulary differed significantly from the day-to-day language spoken in the Byzantine Empire. The lexicon offers the modern scholar a wealth of information regarding ancient works that Photius had access to but are no longer extant. The edition is based on a transcription, made by Porson, of the only remaining manuscript of the lexicon: Codex Galeanus, in Trinity College Library, Cambridge. Volume 2 contains entries for the letters pi to omega. The edition has served as an important source for the study of Byzantine lexicography.
Islam in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan
Authors: Rasanayagam Johan
Published: March 2011

The Uzbekistan government has been criticized for its brutal suppression of its Muslim population. This 2011 book, which is based on the author's intimate acquaintance with the region and several years of ethnographic research, is about how Muslims in this part of the world negotiate their religious practices despite the restraints of a stifling authoritarian regime. Fascinatingly, the book also shows how the restrictive atmosphere has actually helped shape the moral context of people's lives, and how understandings of what it means to be a Muslim emerge creatively out of lived experience.
Policy Diffusion Dynamics in America
Authors: Boushey Graeme
Published: March 2011

Policy Diffusion Dynamics in America integrates research from agenda setting and epidemiology to model factors that shape the speed and scope of public policy diffusion. Drawing on a data set of more than 130 policy innovations, the research demonstrates that the 'laboratories of democracy' metaphor for incremental policy evaluation and emulation is insufficient to capture the dynamic process of policy diffusion in America. A significant subset of innovations trigger outbreaks - the extremely rapid adoption of innovation across states. The book demonstrates how variation in the characteristics of policies, the political and institutional traits of states, and differences among interest group carriers interact to produce distinct patterns of policy diffusion.
The Legal Texts
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: March 2011

The Agreements negotiated in the Uruguay Round, which form the legal framework of the World Trade Organization, will govern world trade into the twenty-first century. This volume covers:
• Goods: the updated General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that includes new rules on agriculture, textiles, anti-dumping, subsidies and countervailing measures, import licensing, rules of origin, standards, and pre-shipment inspection. (The original 1947 GATT text is also included in this volume.)
• Services: the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
• Intellectual Property: the Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
• Disputes: the new procedures for dispute settlement
• The legal framework for the World Trade Organization
This is the definitive reference for all practising and academic trade lawyers. It is an essential addition to all international law libraries, a vital source book for students taking courses on international economic or trade law and an important resource for economists and political scientists.
Family Law and the Indissolubility of Parenthood
Authors: Parkinson Patrick
Published: March 2011

There are few areas of public policy in the Western world where there is as much turbulence as in family law. Often the disputes are seen in terms of an endless war between the genders. Reviewing developments over the last 30 years in North America, Europe and Australasia, Patrick Parkinson argues that, rather than just being about gender, the conflicts in family law derive from the breakdown of the model on which divorce reform was predicated in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Experience has shown that although marriage may be freely dissoluble, parenthood is not. Dealing with the most difficult issues in family law, this book charts a path for law reform that recognizes that the family endures despite the separation of parents, while allowing room for people to make a fresh start and prioritizing the safety of all concerned when making decisions about parenting after separation.
The Participation of States in International Organisations
Authors: Duxbury Alison
Published: March 2011

The admission of a state to membership is an important decision for an international organisation. In making this determination, organisations are increasingly promoting the observance of human rights and democratic governance as relevant principles. They have also applied the same criteria in resolving the question of whether existing members should be excluded from an organisation's processes. Through a systematic examination of the records, proceedings and practice of international organisations, in this book Alison Duxbury examines the role and legitimacy of human rights and democracy as membership criteria. A diverse range of examples is discussed, including the membership policies and practice of the League of Nations and the United Nations; the admission of the Central and Eastern European states to the European Union; developments in regional organisations in Africa, Asia and the Americas; and the exclusion of members from the UN specialised agencies.
Graph Spectra for Complex Networks
Authors: Mieghem Piet van
Published: March 2011

Analyzing the behavior of complex networks is an important element in the design of new man-made structures such as communication systems and biologically engineered molecules. Because any complex network can be represented by a graph, and therefore in turn by a matrix, graph theory has become a powerful tool in the investigation of network performance. This self-contained 2010 book provides a concise introduction to the theory of graph spectra and its applications to the study of complex networks. Covering a range of types of graphs and topics important to the analysis of complex systems, this guide provides the mathematical foundation needed to understand and apply spectral insight to real-world systems. In particular, the general properties of both the adjacency and Laplacian spectrum of graphs are derived and applied to complex networks. An ideal resource for researchers and students in communications networking as well as in physics and mathematics.
Brazilian Multinationals
Authors: Fleury Afonso , Fleury Maria Tereza Leme
Published: March 2011

Since the 1950s, subsidiaries of the most prestigious foreign multinationals have played a key role in Brazilian economic development, thus creating a very competitive domestic market. On top of this, government interventions in the last few decades have been inconsistent and contradictory, resulting in a series of economic crises. Only the most resilient Brazilian firms have been able to survive and prosper in this challenging environment. This book, first published in 2011, analyzes a variety of leading Brazilian multinationals and examines their competencies and competitive strategies in a variety of different settings. It develops an innovative analytical framework based on international business, international operations management, and international human resources management. This framework is then applied not only to Brazilian multinationals, but also firms from Latin America, Russia, India and China. This provides novel insights into the rise of Brazilian multinationals and the increasingly important role played by emerging economy multinationals in the global economy.
Interpreting Ancient Figurines
Authors: Lesure Richard G.
Published: March 2011

This book examines ancient figurines from several world areas to address recurring challenges in the interpretation of prehistoric art. Sometimes figurines from one context are perceived to resemble those from another. Richard G. Lesure asks whether such resemblances play a role in our interpretations. Early interpreters seized on the idea that figurines were recurringly female and constructed the fanciful myth of a primordial Neolithic Goddess. Contemporary practice instead rejects interpretive leaps across contexts. Dr Lesure offers a middle path: a new framework for assessing the relevance of particular comparisons. He develops the argument in case studies that consider figurines from Paleolithic Europe, the Neolithic Near East and Formative Mesoamerica.
Spinoza on Human Freedom
Authors: Kisner Matthew J.
Published: March 2011

Spinoza was one of the most influential figures of the Enlightenment, but his often obscure metaphysics makes it difficult to understand the ultimate message of his philosophy. Although he regarded freedom as the fundamental goal of his ethics and politics, his theory of freedom has not received sustained, comprehensive treatment. Spinoza holds that we attain freedom by governing ourselves according to practical principles, which express many of our deepest moral commitments. Matthew J. Kisner focuses on this theory and presents an alternative picture of the ethical project driving Spinoza's philosophical system. His study of the neglected practical philosophy provides an accessible and concrete picture of what it means to live as Spinoza's ethics envisioned.
Political Islam, Iran, and the Enlightenment
Authors: Mirsepassi Ali
Published: March 2011

Ali Mirsepassi's book presents a powerful challenge to the dominant media and scholarly construction of radical Islamist politics, and their anti-Western ideology, as a purely Islamic phenomenon derived from insular, traditional and monolithic religious 'foundations'. It argues that the discourse of political Islam has strong connections to important and disturbing currents in Western philosophy and modern Western intellectual trends. The work demonstrates this by establishing links between important contemporary Iranian intellectuals and the central influence of Martin Heidegger's philosophy. We are also introduced to new democratic narratives of modernity linked to diverse intellectual trends in the West and in non-Western societies, notably in India, where the ideas of John Dewey have influenced important democratic social movements. As the first book to make such connections, it promises to be an important contribution to the field and will do much to overturn some pervasive assumptions about the dichotomy between East and West.
Women and Mass Consumer Society in Postwar France
Authors: Pulju Rebecca J.
Published: March 2011

Women and Mass Consumer Society in Postwar France examines the emergence of a citizen consumer role for women during postwar modernization and reconstruction in France, integrating the history of economic modernization with that of women and the family. This role both celebrated the power of the woman consumer and created a gendered form of citizenship that did not disrupt the sexual hierarchy of home, polity and marketplace. Redefining needs and renegotiating concepts of taste, value and thrift, women and their families drove mass consumer society through their demands and purchases at the same time that their very need to consume came to define them.
Effect oftrans-fat, fructose and monosodium glutamate feeding on feline weight gain, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, adipokine and lipid profile
Authors: Collison Kate S. , Zaidi Marya Z. , Saleh Soad M. , Inglis Angela , Mondreal Rhea , Makhoul Nadine J. , Bakheet Razan , Burrows Joey , Milgram Norton W. , Al-Mohanna Futwan A.
Published: March 2011

The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing, and new experimental models are required to investigate the diverse aspects of these polygenic diseases, which are intimately linked in terms of aetiology. Feline T2DM has been shown to closely resemble human T2DM in terms of its clinical, pathological and physiological features. Our aim was to develop a feline model of diet-induced weight gain, adiposity and metabolic deregulation, and to examine correlates of weight and body fat change, insulin homeostasis, lipid profile, adipokines and clinical chemistry, in order to study associations which may shed light on the mechanism of diet-induced metabolic dysregulation. We used a combination of partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening and high-fructose corn syrup to generate a high-fat–high-fructose diet. The effects of this diet were compared with an isoenergetic standard chow, either in the presence or absence of 1·125 % dietary monosodium glutamate (MSG). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body imaging and a glucose tolerance test were performed. The present results indicate that dietary MSG increased weight gain and adiposity, and reduced insulin sensitivity (P < 0·05), whereas high-fat–high-fructose feeding resulted in elevated cortisol and markers of liver dysfunction (P < 0·01). The combination of all three dietary constituents resulted in lower insulin levels and elevated serum β-hydroxybutyrate and cortisol (P < 0·05). This combination also resulted in a lower first-phase insulin release during glucose tolerance testing (P < 0·001). In conclusion, markers of insulin deregulation and metabolic dysfunction associated with adiposity and T2DM can be induced by dietary factors in a feline model.
The effect of small-amplitude time-dependent changes to the surface morphology of a sphere
Authors: NORMAN A. K. , KERRIGAN E. C. , McKEON B. J.
Published: March 2011

Typical approaches to manipulation of flow separation employ passive means or active techniques such as blowing and suction or plasma acceleration. Here it is demonstrated that the flow can be significantly altered by making small changes to the shape of the surface. A proof of concept experiment is performed using a very simple time-dependent perturbation to the surface of a sphere: a roughness element of 1% of the sphere diameter is moved azimuthally around a sphere surface upstream of the uncontrolled laminar separation point, with a rotational frequency as large as the vortex shedding frequency. A key finding is that the non-dimensional time to observe a large effect on the lateral force due to the perturbation produced in the sphere boundary layers as the roughness moves along the surface is=tU∞/D≈ 4. This slow development allows the moving element to produce a tripped boundary layer over an extended region. It is shown that a lateral force can be produced that is as large as the drag. In addition, simultaneous particle image velocimetry and force measurements reveal that a pair of counter-rotating helical vortices are produced in the wake, which have a significant effect on the forces and greatly increase the Reynolds stresses in the wake. The relatively large perturbation to the flow-field produced by the small surface disturbance permits the construction of a phase-averaged, three-dimensional (two-velocity component) wake structure from measurements in the streamwise/radial plane. The vortical structure arising due to the roughness element has implications for flow over a sphere with a nominally smooth surface or distributed roughness. In addition, it is shown that oscillating the roughness element, or shaping its trajectory, can produce a mean lateral force.
Agonistic Liberalism
Authors: Gray John
Published: March 2011

In all of its varieties, traditional liberalism is a universalist political theory. Its content is a set of principles which prescribe the best regime, the ideally best institutions, for all mankind. It may be acknowledged — as it is, by a proto-liberal such as Spinoza — that the best regime can be attained only rarely, and cannot be expected to endure for long; and that the forms its central institutions will assume in different historical and cultural milieux may vary significantly. It will then be accepted that the liberal regime's role in political thought is as a regulative ideal, which political practice can hope only to approximate, subject to all the vagaries and exigencies of circumstance. Nonetheless, the content of traditional liberalism is a system of principles which function as universal norms for the critical appraisal of human institutions. In this regard, traditional liberalism — the liberalism of Locke and Kant, for example — represents a continuation of classical political rationalism, as it is found in Aristotle and Aquinas, where it also issues in principles having the attribute of universality, in that they apply ideally to all human beings.
Distribution and population size of the Corsican NuthatchSitta whiteheadi
Authors: THIBAULT JEAN-CLAUDE , HACQUEMAND DIDIER , MONEGLIA PASQUALE , PELLEGRINI HERVÉ , PRODON ROGER , RECORBET BERNARD , SEGUIN JEAN-FRANÇOIS , VILLARD PASCAL
Published: March 2011

Endemic to the island of Corsica in the western Mediterranean, the Corsican NuthatchSitta whiteheadionly occupies mature stands of Corsican PinePinus nigra lariciowhich cover a very small area. We present estimates of the distribution and population size of the Corsican Nuthatch, based on both field investigation and analysis of vegetation maps for the 103 county and municipality forests identified. Between spring 1997 and summer 2008, 48 forests were systematically investigated to map nuthatch territories, requiring 20 months of fieldwork. In the 55 forests not explored, we estimated the number of territories from analysis of digital maps with a calculated mean density from six spot-mapping censuses previously made in mature forests. The total estimated number was estimated to be 1,557-2,201 territories, distributed across 45 forest fragments (= group of connected stands) totalling 185 km2. At distances varying from 250 m to 16 km from each other, fragments were separated by unfavourable vegetation (shrubs, trees other than pines) or rocky outcrops. The area of these fragments varied from seven to 3,159 ha. Of the 45 fragments, 19 held fewer than 10 nuthatch pairs, 20 had 10–99 territories, and only six had more than 100 territories. We suggest that nuthatch numbers have declined by 10% in the past 10 years because of a reduction in suitable habitat due to fires and logging. The Corsican Nuthatch currently fulfils the criteria established by IUCN to qualify as “Vulnerable”.
Somatic cells derived from haploid larvae are feasible as donors for nuclear transplant in zebrafish. Preliminary results
Authors: Cardona-Costa J. , Pérez-Camps M. , García-Ximénez F.
Published: March 2011

Somatic cells derived from zebrafish haploid larval (both androgenetic and gynogenetic) cultures were used as donors for nuclear transplant into non-enucleated oocytes. Nuclei were transplanted either before or simultaneously with oocyte activation in the central region and in the incipient animal pole, respectively. Against expected results, 20% of transplanted embryos during oocyte activation using cells of gynogenetic origin reached the 100% epiboly stage, even two survived for up to 5 days, whereas no development was observed when cells from androgenetic origin were used. Results derived from this work open a novel possibility of studying somatic cell reprogramming and imprinting phenomena in zebrafish.
The Uniqueness Effect in Selection Interviews
Authors: Roulin Nicolas , Bangerter Adrian , Yerly Elise
Published: March 2011

Today’s job market is competitive, leading applicants to try and “stand out from the crowd.” The job interview is an ideal situation for doing so, for instance by preparing original or unique answers to traditional interview questions. This study tested empirically how an applicant providing a unique answer was evaluated relative to applicants providing qualitatively equivalent but nonunique answers. Applicants providing unique answers obtained higher evaluations and improved their chances to get a job offer. Our results suggest that interviewers may be influenced by the uniqueness of applicants’ answers, irrespective of applicants’ true abilities to perform on the job.
Perceived Justice and Group Identification
Authors: Lipponen Jukka , Wisse Barbara , Perälä Janne
Published: March 2011

Temporal dynamics have hardly been considered in the fields of organizational justice and group identification, yet addressing intra-individual change trajectories over time may lead to a fuller understanding of the relationship between justice and identification. Therefore, this study investigated the moderating role of previous identification (T1) in the relationship between later perceptions of justice (T2) and later identification (T2). After reviewing two competing and contradictory lines of research, we formed our main hypothesis and tested it with data derived from 109 respondents serving as conscripts in military units. In line with our hypothesis, our results clearly and consistently indicated that the relationship between later perceptions of three forms of supervisory focused justice (procedural, interactional, and distributive justice) and later identification was stronger among those individuals whose prior identification was low. Theoretical implications and managerial ramifications of our findings are discussed.
Analytical model for environmental tracer transport in well catchments
Authors: Stauffer Fritz , Stoll Sebastian , Kipfer Rolf , Kinzelbach Wolfgang
Published: March 2011

In this paper, we present analytical solutions and discuss them for simplified groundwater systems with decaying environmental tracers such as 3H, including the formation of a decay product such as tritiogenic 3He. The developed solutions are applicable for shallow, unconfined groundwater systems, which can be conceptually described by a steady‐state, two‐dimensional, semiconfined groundwater flow model with constant thickness, recharge rate, and porosity. The prerequisite for the applicability of our solutions is that the pumping wells and observation wells at which tracer information is available are fully screened over the entire aquifer thickness. The sampling by pumping from such wells produces the complete mixing of water of different age and origin. The application of our solution to the Baltenswil (Zurich, Switzerland) groundwater field site shows that the simplified model is able to catch essential dynamics of the transient concentration development of 3H and 3He.
Ovine pedomics: the first study of the ovine foot 16S rRNA-based microbiome
Authors: Calvo-Bado Leo A , Oakley Brian B , Dowd Scot E , Green Laura E , Medley Graham F , Ul-Hassan Atiya , Bateman Vicky , Gaze William , Witcomb Luci , Grogono-Thomas Rose , Kaler Jasmeet , Russell Claire L , Wellington Elizabeth M H
Published: March 2011

We report the first study of the bacterial microbiome of ovine interdigital skin based on 16S rRNA by pyrosequencing and conventional cloning with Sanger-sequencing. Three flocks were selected, one a flock with no signs of footrot or interdigital dermatitis, a second flock with interdigital dermatitis alone and a third flock with both interdigital dermatitis and footrot. The sheep were classified as having either healthy interdigital skin (H) and interdigital dermatitis (ID) or virulent footrot (VFR). The ovine interdigital skin bacterial community varied significantly by flock and clinical condition. The diversity and richness of operational taxonomic units was greater in tissue from sheep with ID than H or VFR-affected sheep. Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla comprising 25 genera. Peptostreptococcus, Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus were associated with H, ID and VFR, respectively. Sequences of Dichelobacter nodosus, the causal agent of ovine footrot, were not amplified because of mismatches in the 16S rRNA universal forward primer (27F). A specific real-time PCR assay was used to demonstrate the presence of D. nodosus, which was detected in all samples including the flock with no signs of ID or VFR. Sheep with ID had significantly higher numbers of D. nodosus (104–109 cells per g tissue) than those with H or VFR feet.
Does Optic Flow Explain the Firing of Grid Cells?
Authors: Raudies Florian , Mingolla Ennio , Hasselmo Michael
Published: March 2011

*Problem.* Various cues such as vestibular, sensorimotor, or visual information can lead to the firing of grid cells recorded in entorhinal cortex of rats. A recent model uses boundary vector cells to provide information about the 2D spatial position (Barry et al., Review Neuroscience, 17, 2006). However, boundary vector cells need to know the angle and distance of the boundary wall. In contrast we study the estimation of 2D velocity and change of heading of the rat from optic flow and if this information can lead to grid cell firing.*Approach.* A simple circular cage is modeled as a 3D world and trajectories of a rat’s movement are simulated. Optic flow for a spherical camera model is calculated for regularly sampled locations on the ground of the cage. This flow information is used in a template model to estimate the rat’s 2D linear velocity and yaw rotational velocity. 2D linear velocities are integrated into the velocity controlled oscillator (VCO) model (Burgess, Hippocampus, 18, 2008) while spatial locations are taken from the original trajectory.

Result and Conclusion.

If velocity estimates are temporally integrated over ~20min the error summation by path integration prevents generation of a clear grid cell firing pattern by the VCO model. However, for short durations velocity estimates and path integration are accurate. If we assume a reset mechanism that recalibrates the spatial location of the rat grid cell firing can be achieved. Different reset intervals were simulated and the grid score for the firing pattern was calculated. For a reset interval longer than one minute this grid score decreases rapidly. We conclude that grid cell firing is not generated only by optic flow, but that a recalibration of the spatial position using cues other than optic flow occurs at least every minute.Supported by CELEST (NSF SMA-0835976).
Adiposity Is Not Equal in a Multi‐Race/Ethnic Adolescent Population: NHANES 1999–2004
Authors: Dugas Lara R. , Cao Guichan , Luke Amy H. , Durazo‐Arvizu Ramon A.
Published: March 2011

BMI is the preferred measure of adiposity in adolescents. Recent evidence suggests that in adults the relationship between BMI and adiposity can vary by age and race/ethnicity. We investigated the relationship between BMI and percent body fat (%BF) in a large multi‐ethnic, nationally representative sample of US adolescents (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES, 1999–2004). BMI was calculated; %BF was derived from dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry data and compared to BMI among adolescents from three groups: non‐Hispanic white (NHW), non‐Hispanic black (NHB), and Mexican‐American (MA). Fractional polynomials were used to model a new equation to estimate %BF from a given BMI. MA boys weighed significantly less than either NHW or NHB boys, while only NHB girls weighed significantly more than the other girls. Among the boys there were no differences in mean BMI, whereas %BF differed significantly between all three groups. For the girls, both BMI and %BF differed significantly the groups with MA girls having the highest %BF. The significant correlates for modeling %BF from BMI included gender, age, race/ethnicity, weight, the final model explained 79% of the variance in %BF. NHB adolescents had significantly lower %BF for BMI and MA had higher than NHW. Our results indicate that BMI may not be an equivalent measure of %BF in a multi‐ethnic population of US adolescents.
Mehr als Nährstoffversorgung: Ernährung bei Demenz
Authors: Menebröcker Claudia
Published: March 2011

Sowohl im häuslichen als auch im stationären Bereich berichten Pflegende und Betreuende, wie schwierig die ausreichende Versorgung von Menschen mit Demenz ist. Neben kognitiven Problemen erschweren Schluckstörungen oder Immobilität die Nahrungsaufnahme der Betroffenen. In diesem Beitrag werden Ansätze zur Sicherstellung einer bedürfnisorientierten und bedarfsgerechten Ernährung bei Demenz aufgezeigt. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die Maßnahmen weit über den Tellerrand hinausgehen.
Effect of temperature and V/III ratio on the initial growth of indium nitride using plasma-assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Norman D. P. , Tu L. W. , Chiang S. Y. , Tseng P. H. , Wadekar P. , Hamad S. , Seo H. W.
Published: March 2011

The growth of Indium nitride (InN) was studied in the nucleation stage by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition technique using atomic nitrogen from an RF microwave plasma source. Deposition was carried out through a range of substrate temperatures from 375 to 550 °C and at varying V/III ratios from 950 to 3150. We found that the diffusion lifetime of In atoms on the substrate becomes maximized at the growth temperature 475 °C, in which low temperature photoluminescence exhibits the excellent optical properties of the materials with a bandgap of 0.69 eV and a width of 34 meV. In addition, we observed that nitrogen cracking efficiency is significantly improved by using plasma so that high quality InN crystallites were grown with a very low V/III ratio around 950.
Electron field emission enhancement of carbon nanowalls by plasma surface nitridation
Authors: Takeuchi Wakana , Kondo Hiroki , Obayashi Tomomi , Hiramatsu Mineo , Hori Masaru
Published: March 2011

Carbon nanowalls (CNWs) are two-dimensional carbon nanostructures consisting of stacked graphene sheets standing vertically on the substrate. The sharp edges of CNWs provide us with opportunities for applications as electron field emitter arrays. The effects of nitrogen plasma (NP) treatment on the surface of CNWs have been investigated in order to improve the electron field emission properties. The electron emission current from the edges of CNWs was drastically increased by the NP treatment. Morphological and chemical changes in the CNWs after the NP treatment were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Anisotropic magnetic properties and domain structure in Fe-3%Si (110) steel sheet
Authors: Shin Sunmi , Schaefer Rudolf , DeCooman B. C.
Published: March 2011

The understanding of the anisotropic magnetization mechanism in 3%Si steel is relevant to both the design of the electrotechnical applications of 3%Si steel and the fundamental materials science of soft magnetic materials. In the present study, the relation between the anisotropic magnetic properties and the magnetization curves of 3%Si-Fe (110) steel sheet for various directions of axial magnetization was studied taking into account the domain structure. The magnetic loss of the (110) steel sheet were measured in an applied field at an angle α to the [001] axis. The angle α was varied from 0° to 90°, in steps of 15°. In off-[001] directions, the magnetization resulted in a highly structured domain pattern and domain wall displacements, which could be related to the shape of the magnetization curves. The magnetization curves could be divided in four segments, with each segment related to a specific domain structure.
Vortex-antivortex creation and annihilation on CoFeB crosstie patterns
Authors: Gomez R. D. , Ma J. S. , Arkilic A. , Chung S. H. , Krafft C.
Published: March 2011

The creation and annihilation of vortex and antivortex pairs in crosstie walls on CoFeB islands were investigated using magnetic force microscopy (MFM) in the presence of applied field. The first vortex-antivortex pair (V-AV) is nucleated in a 4-domain Landau pattern from a section of a 180° degree Néel wall as a consequence of the formation of an end domain closure pattern. The V-AV pair creation satisfies the condition for the closure domain vortices to have the same chiralities. Pair annihilation occurs in two steps: a rapid advance of the vortices toward the more or less fixed antivortices followed by a deceleration caused by the decrease in local susceptibility. There is a spread in the annihilation fields that does not depend upon the core polarity but is determined by energy minimization.
An advanced double-layer combined windings transverse flux system for thin strip induction heating
Authors: Wang Youhua , Wang Junhua , Pang Lingling , Ho S. L. , Fu W. N.
Published: March 2011

A novel double-layer (DL) combined windings transverse flux induction heating (TFIH) system is used to address the inhomogeneous eddy current density problem which dominates the thermal distribution on the surface of work strips. The single-phase winding of a typical TFIH system is replaced by a double-layer combined one, which enables the magnetic fluxes generated by each phase to interact and complement each other to compensate for the weak magnetic areas that otherwise would generate more uniform and concentrated eddy current density and temperature distribution. In order to attain the performance of the proposed DL-TFIH system, an interpolative finite element analysis modeling method is introduced in this paper. Simulation results of the proposed systems are compared with a typical TFIH device.
Bulk and edge modes in two-dimensional magnonic crystal slab
Authors: Kłos J. W. , Krawczyk M. , Sokolovskyy Mykhaylo
Published: March 2011

Magnonic crystals are novel materials that open a new field to explore in the domain of spin dynamics in nanoscale systems. They also hold great promise for technological applications. The bulk, matrix, and edge magnonic states in a slab of two-dimensional magnonic crystal in the form of a superlattice of arrays of cylindrical dots of finite thickness are considered. The presented calculations are based on the plane wave method reformulated to gain in generality and efficiency, with both the exchange and the demagnetizing fields taken into account. The analytical formulas for Fourier coefficients of position-dependent material parameters for finite arrays of rods of various cross-sectional geometry and arrangement in the unit cell have been derived and presented. The localization properties of the edge modes found result from the magnonic spectrum and not from the nonuniformity of the internal magnetic field.
f-electron dependence of the physical properties of REAlB4; an AlB2-type analogous “tiling” compound
Authors: Mori T. , Kudou K. , Shishido T. , Okada S.
Published: March 2011

α -HoAlB4 and α-ErAlB4 were synthesized, and their magnetic properties and specific heat investigated in comparison with other known rare-earth analogs. Recent developments in rare-earth aluminoboride compounds with two-dimensional boron layers have attracted interest due to the heavy fermion superconductivity in β-YbAlB4, multiple anomalies manifesting below the Néel temperatures in α-TmAlB4 attributed to intrinsic building defects, and field stable state in Tm2AlB6. Strikingly, α-HoAlB4 and α-ErAlB4 were discovered to exhibit superparamagnetic or spin glass behavior in contrast to the magnetic ordering or nonordering observed for the other rare-earth element compounds. The magnetic field dependence of the irreversibility was consistent with the de Almeida Thouless (AT) line versus the quadratic suppression typically observed for antiferromagnetic systems. The specific heat exhibited behavior indicative of a multilevel Schottky anomaly and four states of the 5I8 Hund’s rule multiplet of Ho3+ are indicated to lie below 20 K. While building defects are not evident, it is indicated that disorder is strong in α-HoAlB4 and α-ErAlB4 and possible ferromagnetic interactions can be giving rise to frustration.
An all-optical scalar and vector spin-exchange relaxation-free magnetometer employing on–off pump modulation
Authors: Gusarov Alexander , Levron David , Baranga Andrei Ben-Amar , Paperno Eugene , Shuker Reuben
Published: March 2011

It is demonstrated that a spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer can be used for scalar measurements with no additional hardware. Because of relaxation processes, an ensemble of alkali atoms needs a constant supply of polarized photons by a pump beam to maintain a polarized state. If the pump beam is shuttered off, the system decays to its equilibrium state. For a low enough relaxation rate and with a magnetic field present, the system will exhibit oscillations at its natural frequencies. In a SERF magnetometer, it happens at the Zeeman resonance frequency of the atoms (Larmor frequency). Thus, shuttering off the pump beam reveals oscillations at the Larmor frequency. From this frequency, one can deduce the scalar value of the applied magnetic field. As a result, all-optical scalar measurements can be performed. At the same time, either one or two vector components of the applied field can be measured by using one or two orthogonal probe beams, respectively. In a low-polarization SERF regime, the ground state can be well described by the Bloch equations for the electron spin polarization. By solving the time-dependent Bloch equations [neglecting the diffusion term and assuming that the nuclear slowing-down factor q(P) is constant], the oscillation frequency of the system is obtained. From this frequency, the scalar value of the applied magnetic field is derived. It is shown that applied fields down to 1 nT can be measured with a 0.1% relative uncertainty. Fields down to 50 pT can be measured with a 10% relative uncertainty. The time dependence acquired in the “off” periods is strongly correlated with the Zeeman sublevels population of the atomic ground state and reveals its spin dynamics.
Analysis of volume distribution of power loss in ferrite cores
Authors: LoBue M. , Loyau V. , Mazaleyrat F.
Published: March 2011

We present a technique to estimate the inhomogeneities of magnetic loss across the section of ferrite cores under ac excitation. The technique is based on two distinct calorimetric methods that we presented elsewhere. Both methods are based on the measurement of the rate of increase of the sample temperature under adiabatic condition. The temperature ramp is recorded either measuring the sample bulk resistivity or using a platinum probe pasted on the sample surface. As an example we apply the procedure to an industrial sample of Mn–Zn ferrite under controlled sinusoidal excitation with a peak induction of 50 mT in the range between 100 kHz and 2 MHz. The results are discussed by comparison with simulations of the dissipation field profile through the sample, calculated using a finite element method (FEM) code.
In-plane magnetic anisotropy in Fe/MgO/GaAs(001) system
Authors: Chen G. , Li J. X. , Zhu J. , Liang J. H. , Wu Y. Z.
Published: March 2011

The in-plane magnetic anisotropy in the Fe/MgO/GaAs(001) system has been carefully studied as a function of MgO thickness. The epitaxial relation is Fe(001)[110]//MgO(001)[100]//GaAs(001) [100] for dMgO >1 monolayer (ML). The interfacial uniaxial anisotropy was greatly reduced by the MgO interlayer, and the easy axis of the fourfold anisotropy was found to rotate from the GaAs〈100〉 direction to the GaAs〈110〉 direction. Such anisotropy transition happens within the 1.2 ML MgO thickness range.
Asymmetry in the angular dependence of the switching field of GaMnAs film
Authors: Shin Jinsik , Kim Shinhee , Lee Sangyeop , Yoo Taehee , Lee Hakjoon , Khym S. , Lee Sanghoon , Liu X. , Furdyna J. K.
Published: March 2011

Planar Hall effect measurements were carried out on two GaMnAs ferromagnetic films with different Mn concentrations (6.2% and 8.3% Mn). The switching fields of magnetization taken from field scans of the planar Hall effect showed significantly different angular dependences in the two samples. While the angular dependence of the switching field for the sample with 8.3% Mn had a symmetric rectangular shape in the polar plot, that of the other sample with 6.2% Mn exhibited a clearly asymmetric behavior, with large steps at the 〈110〉 crystallographic directions. This switching field behavior was analyzed by considering pinning fields for crossing the 〈110〉 directions. The fitting of step features appearing at the 〈110〉 directions revealed the presence of a new uniaxial anisotropy field Hu2 along the [100] direction, in addition to the commonly observed cubic Hc anisotropy field (along the 〈100〉 directions) and uniaxial anisotropy Hu1 fields (along either the [110] or the [11¯0] direction) in the GaMnAs film.
Probing the interdependence between irreversible magnetization reversal processes by first-order reversal curves
Authors: Béron Fanny , Pirota Kleber R. , Knobel Marcelo
Published: March 2011

A procedure to probe the interdependence between irreversible magnetic processes is presented. It consists of measuring the first-order reversal curves (FORCs) without saturating the system. Depending on the variation of the reversal fields during the curves’ acquirement (increasing or decreasing), it fixes the hardest or softest hysterons into their negative saturation level throughout the measurement. Differences between these FORC diagrams and the classical one, as well as variation of the end magnetization as a function of the reversal field, indicate and characterize the requirement that some irreversible processes arise from others. The procedure is described to investigate magnetic systems, but can be directly used to study any hysteretic system.
Estimating and adjusting abnormal networks with unknown parameters and topology
Authors: Jia Chenhui , Wang Jiang , Deng Bin , Wei Xile , Che Yanqiu
Published: March 2011

The changes of parameters and topology in a complex network often lead to unexpected accidents in complex systems, such as diseases in neural systems and unexpected current in circuit system, so the methods of adjusting the abnormal network back to its normal conditions are necessary to avoid these problems. However, it is not easy to detect the structures and information of each network, even if we can find a network which has the same function as the abnormal network, it is still hard to use it as a reference to adjust the abnormal network because a lot of network information is unknown. In this paper, we design a “bridging network” as an information bridge between a normal network and an abnormal network to estimate and control the abnormal network. Through the “bridging network” and some adaptive laws, the abnormal parameters and connections in abnormal network can be adjusted to the same conditions as those of the normal network which is chosen as a reference model. Finally, the “bridging network” and the abnormal network achieve synchronization with the normal network. Besides, the detailed inner information in normal network and abnormal network can be accurately estimated by this “bridging network.” Finally, the nodes in the abnormal network will behave normally after the correction. In this paper, we use Hindmarsh–Rose model as an example to describe our method.
Giant magnetoimpedance and field sensitivity in amorphous and nanocrystalline (Co1−xFex)89Zr7B4 (x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1) ribbons
Authors: Chaturvedi Anurag , Laurita Nicholas , Leary Alex , Phan Manh-Huong , McHenry Michael E. , Srikanth Hariharan
Published: March 2011

We report on the giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect and its field sensitivity (η) in amorphous and nanocrystalline (Co1−xFex)89Zr7B4 ribbons with x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.10. The nanocrystalline samples were obtained by annealing amorphous ribbons in a field of 2 T applied perpendicular to the ribbon axis. We find that for the amorphous samples the GMI ratio tends to decrease with Fe doping, while the largest value of η is achieved for the x = 0.025 composition. For the nanocrystalline samples, the GMI ratio and η first decrease with increase of Fe-doped content from x = 0 to x = 0.05 and then increase for x = 0.1. The field annealing significantly enhances the GMI ratio and η in the nanocrystalline samples with x = 0 and 0.1, but decreases the η in the nanocrystalline samples with x = 0.025 and 0.05. The variations of the GMI ratio and the field-induced magnetic anisotropy field (HK) upon Fe doping are correlated with the microstructural changes in the nanocrystalline samples.