bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unification of Global Hijrah Calendar In Indonesia: An Effort To Preserve The Maqasid Sunnah of The Prophet (SAW)
Authors: Mufid Abdul
Published: January 2021

This investigation shows the development of the Muslim global calendar from the view point of maqasid-e-sunnah nabawiyah and maqasid-e-shariah. This section investigates maqasid-e-sunnah nabawiyah and maqasid-e-shariah in the framework of the Hijri calendar federalization project in Indonesia. The questions to consider provide the amount need for an interconnected or unified schedule in Indonesia. There are as many as three levels in the Indonesian context. Firstly, the school of pessimism. Secondly, the optimistic school. Thirdly, the high school. As far as the school of pessimism is concerned, people belonging to this school think that creating a global astrolabe (calendar) is like a ridges desire for the surface of the earth. In contrast to the school of pessimism, there is the school of optimism. According to another school of philosophy, Indonesian Muslims must be enthusiastic and should make an attempt to unify the Hijri calendar. Moreover, the middle school believes that the unification of schedules, both locally and globally, is vital. If this task can be completed at once, it will be both effective and valuable. This research is now in the type of a literature review on maqasid and maqasid-e-shariah approaches. The results revealed that based on the assessment of maqasid-e-sunnah and maqasid-e-shariah, something like a single calendar in the Indonesian context did not achieve the urgent (principal) threshold. Even though Muslim people in Indonesia in particular and citizens in general keep living in peace and unity without the need for an integrated Hijri calendar, never to the point of threatening anarchy and chaos. This study suggests that it is wished that the inter-organizational statistics in Indonesia will be capable of taking heart in tackling all aspects of advancement in attempts to unify the Islamic calendar
Parasitoids collected in the Caatinga biome in Brazil
Authors: Marchiori Carlos Henrique
Published: January 2021

The Caatinga is the only biome restricted to the Brazilian territory, occupying basically the Region Northeast, with some areas in the state of Minas Gerais. Caatinga vegetation does not have green exuberance rainforests and the dry aspect of the physiognomies dominated by cacti and shrubs suggests low diversification of fauna and flora. For the preparation of this study, which consists of building a bibliographic summary of the main groups of parasitoids of the Order Hymenoptera (Parasitica Hymenoptera) collected in the Caatinga biome, a bibliographic search was carried out that contained published works on the following aspects: Definition Caatinga, Characteristics Hymenoptera, Characteristics Parasitica Hymenoptera, Main Superfamilies, and Families and Studies carried out and Main genera or species, during the period from December 2019 to January 2020. Although still incipient, some surveys on fauna and flora have been carried out in this type of vegetation, but many have ignored insects, which can be considered the group with a great contribution to the essential processes of ecosystems. 

KEYWORDS: Diptera, Hymenoptera, biodiversity, fruit flies, Region Northeast
Bibliographic summary about aquatic parasitoids
Authors: Marchiori Carlos Henrique
Published: January 2021

Parasitoids are responsible for reducing the populations of insects that proliferate on various substrates. Evaluation of these species for natural control over these insects is important for enabling studies that aim towards subsequent selection of species for use in biological control programs. This manuscript consists of the elaboration of a bibliographic summary of the parasitoids of Parasitica Hymenoptera) collected in aquatic environments. A bibliographic research was carried out that contained published works on the following aspects: The conservative, Parasitic Hymenoptera characteristics, main superfamilies and families and studies carried out and main genera or species, from November 2019 to January 2020.   All species of aquatic parasitoids belong to the order Hymenoptera.

KEYWORDS:  Hymenoptera, characteristics, parasitism, Brazil, world.
Religious tourism: relevance for post-pandemic Ukraine
Authors: Borysova Olga
Published: January 2021

The article is a presentation and analysis of the main provisions of 16 works of the world's leading experts on religious tourism and pilgrimage, published in a special issue of the International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. 2020. Vol.8. This special issue was dedicated to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religious tourism, and in particular pilgrimage, in the world. Religious tourism has a strong socio-cultural potential and demand - it is the value status of any person who feels the need for cultural, religious and recreational facilities important for spiritual, ideological and physical existence. It is also the availability of opportunities to meet the social and cultural needs of people in tourism services, because it has such a socio-cultural characteristic as a social practice that changes a person and positions him in the social space. Religious tourism became in the XXI century. significant, socially significant phenomenon. But the current pandemic has dealt a very painful blow to the entire tourism sector of the world economy, including religious tourism. Under the influence of the pandemic, the country banned pilgrimage. So the question arose: what's next? Is there a radical transformation of the religious life of mankind, including religious tourism? Isn't this the beginning of the end of religions, as some sociologists of the past predicted? This article is devoted to finding answers to these and other, no less complex, questions. The author set a goal - based on the analysis of the latest research on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religious tourism to identify and present those important points that are already relevant for religious tourism in Ukraine, as well as those that are just beginning to appear and will be relevant in the post. -pandemic era. In almost all articles of this Special Issue, the authors emphasized that religious tourism and pilgrimage are very sustainable and will meet the challenges posed by the pandemic. The question for the religious tourism and pilgrimage industry is how they will develop and transform new approaches that will help the growth strategies of key stakeholders. However, due to pandemic restrictions, it may not be possible to resume travel to holy sites and pilgrimage sites and trails without the assistance of national governments, international agencies, and relief organizations. Thus, the authors predict that the religious tourism industry will face very difficult circumstances in the near future.

All articles in the special issue of this journal express extremely relevant, deep and valuable opinions of scientists, which make us all think about what lessons Ukraine should learn about religious tourism, and in particular pilgrimage, and what should be its state policy and public opinion in this regard. further. And the author in the conclusions expresses her point of view on the content of these lessons, based on the views set out in this article of the world's best experts in religious tourism and pilgrimage.
The history of Ukrainian Association of Researchers of Religion to the 25th anniversary of establising
Authors: Borodina Viktoriia , Kozlovskyi Ihor
Published: January 2021

In this issue, the founder of the Donetsk regional branch of the Ukrainian Association of Religious Studies (UAR), theologian, candidate of historical sciences, senior researcher of the Department of Religious Studies of the GS Skovoroda Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, President of the Center for Religious Studies member of the Expert Council on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations under the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine, member of the Strategic Council under the Minister of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine. I. Kozlovsky worked for more than 25 years in the Donetsk Regional State Administration as a chief specialist and head of the department for religions, in the early 1990s he established the College of Religious Studies at Donetsk Open University, which was later transformed into the Faculty of Philosophy and Religious Studies of the State University of Information. intelligence (DUiISHI), and has done much to promote interfaith and interreligious dialogue and cooperation in the Donetsk region, whose religious map is very diverse.
At the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war, I. Kozlovsky became one of the organizers of the interfaith prayer marathon "Prayer for Ukraine", which took place in Donetsk from early March to November 2014, which was attended by members of the Donetsk branch of the UAR. Until 2016, some members of the UAR, led by I. Kozlovsky, who still remained in the occupied territories, collected data on the state of religious freedom in Donetsk and the region. In 2016, I. Kozlovsky was imprisoned by a terrorist group of the so-called "Donetsk People's Republic" and was held captive for almost 2 years (700 days).
Authors #92
Authors: Fylypovych Liudmyla O.
Published: January 2021

Authors #92
Table of Contents
Authors: Of the journal Editorial Board
Published: January 2021

Table of Contents
Management Options for Improving Flowering in Citrus Production
Authors: Archer Leigh , Brewer Miurel , Adhikari Bikash , Esteves Eduardo , Vincent Christopher , Vashisth Tripti
Published: January 2021

The final fruit yield and, ultimately, returns a grower receives from any given harvest is directly related to the number of viable flowers that are generated and the proportion of those flowers that produce fruit. A grower can improve the ability for their trees to consistently produce a profitable crop of fruit by understanding the steps involved in flowering and controlling the transition to reproductive growth. This new 6-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department was written by Leigh Archer, Miurel Brewer, Bikash Adhikari, Eduardo Esteves, Christopher Vincent, and Tripti Vashisth.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1399
Assessment of the Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio and Mean Platelet Volume in Pregnancy
Authors: Singgih Rendy , Firmansyah Yohanes
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Introduction:  Hypertension in pregnancy is a common complication that affects maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Comprehensive handling is needed to overcome the incidence of hypertension in pregnancy so that it does not get worse. The use of inflammatory markers is widely used as a predictor of the incidence of hypertension in pregnancy, especially preeclampsia. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) values are believed to predict the incidence of hypertension in pregnancy.

Aim of study: The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of both the NLR and MPV values to predict the incidence of hypertension in pregnancy.

Methods: This research is an analytic observational study using secondary data from medical records. The data were taken from the Cimacan Regional Hospital from January to December 2019. The variables were then tested statistically to see the difference in the mean. If there are significant results, the predictor's ability will be tested again with the ROC curve test.

Results: The results of statistical tests between the normotensive pregnancy group and pregnancy with hypertension showed that the mean difference was significant in the NLR variable with P-value of 0.004 and MPV with a P-value of 0.005. Then the NLR and MPV values were tested again by the ROC Curve method. The AUC results on the NLR variable (AUC: 0.562 / p-value: 0.022) and MPV (AUC: 0.560 / p-value: 0.022).

Conclusion: Although NLR and MPV had differences mean between the two groups, their ability to predict pregnancy with hypertension was very low.

 

Keywords: Pregnancy; Hypertension; Preeclampsia; NLR; MPV.
QUALITY OF LIFE RELATED TO HEALTH AND OBESITY IN A PRIMARY CARE CENTER
Authors: Hassan Khaled
Published: January 2021

Background: To evaluate the association between obesity and two aspects of health-related quality of life: self-perception of health and psychological well-being in patients enrolled in a health center.

Methods. Descriptive cross-sectional study on 167 patients between 20 and 70 years old, with a body mass index ³ 30. A clinical interview was carried out to obtain the socio-demographic and clinical variables of each patient and the administration of 2 questionnaires: 1) Nottingham Health Profile (PSN) and 2) Psychological General Well-Being (PGWB) index.

Results: Mean PSN scores indicated a moderate overall deterioration in perceived health in obese patients, the affected areas being "pain", "physical mobility" and "emotional reactions". The variables associated with a poorer score were female sex, age over 50 years, low educational level and the presence of psychiatric pathology or osteoarthritis. The mean total score on the PGWB indicates a small deterioration in psychological well-being. Female gender, anxiety, and a low educational level were also associated with worse scores.

Conclusions: In our population, a profile of obese patients with poor quality of life is identified (women over 50 years of age with a low level of education and the presence of psychiatric pathology or osteoarthritis) on whom the advisability of taking priority action is raised.

Keywords: Obesity. Quality of life. Health survey. Chronic diseases Perceived health. Psychological well-being.
Dalteparin as a Novel Therapeutic Agent to Prevent Diabetic Encephalopathy by Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Authors:   Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran., Zeinivand Motahareh , Nahavandi Arezo ,   Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran., Baluchnejadmojarad Tourandokht ,   Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran., Roghani Mehrdad ,   Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran., Golab Fereshteh ,   Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Hepcidin is the main modulator of systemic iron metabolism, and its role in the brain has been clarified recently. Studies have shown that hepcidin plays an important role in neuronal iron load and inflammation. This issue is of significance because neuronal iron load and inflammation are pathophysiological processes that are highly linked to neurodegeneration. Moreover, the activity of hepcidin has recently been manipulated to recover the neuronal impairment caused by brain inflammation in animal models. Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce type 1 diabetes. Male Wistar rats (n = 40) with a weight range of 200–250 g were divided into control, diabetic, diabetic + insulin, and diabetic + dalteparin groups. Dalteparin (100 mg/kg IP) and insulin (100 mg/kg SC) were administered for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, Y-maze and passive avoidance tasks were carried out. The animals were perfused randomly and their hippocampal tissue was isolated for the analysis of markers such as lipid peroxidation like Malondialdehyde (MDA), hepcidin expression, iron, and ferritin. Blood samples were taken for the measurement of serum inflammatory cytokine Interleukin (IL)-6. Results: The findings indicated that treatment with dalteparin reduced IL-6, MDA, ferritin, and hepcidin expression in diabetic rats compared to treatment with insulin (P<0.05). Moreover, treatment with dalteparin did not decrease the iron level or prevented its decline. Conclusion: Treatment with dalteparin improved the cognitive dysfunctions and symptoms of Alzheimer disease in STZ-induced diabetic rats by appropriately modulating and reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This may enhance the existing knowledge of therapeutics to reduce cognitive impairment in diabetes and is suggested to be a potential therapeutic agent in diabetes.
Insulin Within the Arcuate Nucleus Has Paradoxical Effects on Nociception in Healthy and Diabetic Rats
Authors:   Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran, Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar Hossein , Sadeghimahalli Forouzan ,   Departement of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, Khandan Shaghayegh ,   Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran., Shahabi Sima ,   Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran., Moghadamnia Aliakbar ,   Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Broad neural circuits originate from the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and project to many parts of the brain which are related to pain perception. Insulin receptors are found in the arcuate nucleus. Since nociception may be affected in type 1 diabetes, the present study aimed to investigate the intra-arcuate nucleus insulin role in pain perception in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and healthy rats. Methods: Regular insulin was microinjected within the arcuate nucleus and the pain tolerance was measured using the hot plate and the tail-flick apparatus in diabetic rats. Results: The results showed that the arcuate nucleus suppression with lidocaine could increase thermal nociception in non-diabetic animals. Also, insulin within the arcuate nucleus decreased the acute thermal pain perception in these animals. STZ-induced diabetes produced hypoalgesia which the latency of these tests, progressively increased over time after induction of diabetes. Also, in the same animal group, intra-arcuate injection of insulin reduced the latency of nociception. Conclusion: Intra-arcuate insulin has paradoxical and controversial effects in healthy and diabetic rats’ nociception. These effects seem to be due to the insulin effect on releasing pro-opiomelanocortin and its deriv
Sex Differences in the Association of Household Income with Amygdala Volume
Authors:   Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Assari Shervin
Published: January 2021

Background: Household income and other socioeconomic position (SEP) indicators are among the most salient social determinants of children’s emotions and behaviors. Some research has shown that income and other SEP indicators may have certain sex-specific effects on the structures and functions of particular brain regions. Objectives: To investigate sex differences in the association of household income with amygdala volumes in US children. Materials & Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The study data was collected between 2016 and 2018 across 21 sites distributed across US states. Wave 1 ABCD included 10262 American children aged between 9 and 10 years old. The independent variable was household income. The primary outcome was the left amygdala volume, which was measured by T1-weighted structural brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We used a data exploration and analysis portal for our data analysis. Results: Overall, the household income was positively associated with left amygdala size in children. Sex showed a statistically significant interaction with household income on children’s left amygdala volume, net of all confounders, indicating a stronger effect of high household income on male children compared to female children. Conclusion: Household income is a more salient determinant of left amygdala volume for male children compared to female American children. Low-income male children remain at the highest risk of a small amygdala.
The Effect of Cognitive-behavior Modification and Feeding Behavior on Serotonin Levels and Depression Symptoms
Authors:   Department of Psychology, School of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, Golbarg Khonachah Motahare , Khosrojavid Mahnaz ,   Department of Psychology, School of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, Kafi Masouleh Seyed Musa ,   Department of Psychology, School of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, Mirzajani Ebrahim ,   Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Mahdavi Roshan Marjan ,   Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Published: January 2021

Background: Depression includes negative interpretations of events, dislike of the self, and negative appraisal of the future. Objectives: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of educational programs of cognitive-behavior modification and feeding behavior on serotonin levels and depression symptoms in university students. Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest and a control group design. The study population included all male and female bachelor degree students in the Faculty of Literature and Humanities of the University of Guilan, Guilan Province, Iran at the time of the research. Among 2854 students, using Morgan’s table, the sample size was determined as 340. In the following, 24 students with depression symptoms and other inclusion criteria were selected as the sample and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. During the twelve sessions of training, the number of participants decreased from 24 to 16. The study tools included the Beck depression inventory (1996), the food frequency questionnaire (2017), 21 food enjoyment questionnaire, and the blood test. The obtained data were analyzed by 1-way analysis of covariance in SPSS v. 24. Results: The analysis showed that the use of cognitive-behavior modification training reduced students’ depression (P<0.01). However, the use of feeding behavior training did not increase serotonin levels in students (P>0.05). Conclusion: Among people with depression symptoms, cognitive-behavior modification by focusing on their negative self-talk can be useful in creating sensible thoughts and positive inner dialogue. But in these people, feeding behavior training for two months did not change serotonin levels.
Iranian Mental Health Researchers & Predatory Journals
Authors:   Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Mahmoodi Seyed Mohammad Hossein , Jalali Nadoushan Amir Hossein ,   Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: January 2021

Predatory journals exploit open access publication method; they do not carry out the peer review process and editorial assessment properly and publish unassessed articles for financial gain. According to a recent investigation published in the Lancet Psychiatry Journal, about 20% of authors or co-authors of articles published in predatory psychiatric journals have been Iranian. This substantial contribution needs attention and seems to be compatible with previous studies inspecting involvement of other academics from Iran in predatory publications.
Scoping Review of Questionnaires on Stigma of Mental Illness in Persian
Authors:   Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Rezvanifar Farahnaz , Shariat Seyed Vahid ,   Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Amini Homayoun ,   epartment of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Psychiatry Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Rasoulian Maryam ,   Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Shalbafan Mohammadreza ,   Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: January 2021

bjectives: In order to plan according to the needs of psychiatric patients, there is a need to study different aspects of social stigma in target groups. Due to the limited access to questionnaires used for assessment of social stigma in Persian, this study aims to review all of the tools available for assessment of social stigma, which have been designed in Iran or have been translated to Persian. Methods: This is a conceptual review study. After extensive review of resources, articles related to social stigma in the health system and conducted on health care staff, students, caregivers or patientschr('39') families, psychiatric patients, mothers with children with autism, mothers with children with Down syndrome, and the general population were included in the study. We extracted the information of Persian questionnaires used in the reviewed articles. The questionnaires and additional information were collected by contacting the authors of the articles via E-mail. Results: There were 21 questionnaires for assessing social stigma in Persian language. Of these, 19 questionnaires could be accessed and analyzed. Most of the questionnaires were the translated version of other tools, and only 4 questionnaires had been developed and validated in Persian. Conclusion: Most of the questionnaires in Persian are used to measure social stigma in health care staff and students followed by caregivers or patientschr('39') families. There is limited number of questionnaires for the assessment of social stigma in general population and patients. This is in contrast to the other languages that have mainly focused on assessment of stigma in general population and patients. To date, no questionnaire in Persian exists for the assessment of social stigma in children and adolescents.
The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Academic Procrastination in Medical Sciences Students of Zanjan University
Authors:   Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran., Armani Kian Alireza , Rostami Bahram ,   Medical Education Development Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran., Moosavi Seyyede Elnaz ,   Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran., Maghbooli Mehdi ,   Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran., Fakoor Ehsan ,   Shahid Beheshti Medical Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
Published: January 2021

Objectives: Procrastination and academic failure are factors that are on the rise among medical universities and threaten the educational system. Therefore, it is necessary to identify interventions that can reduce these factors. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on academic procrastination in Medical Sciences students of Zanjan University, Zanjan City, Iran. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test & post-test design and case and control groups. The statistical population was all students with academic failure who were referred to the University Counseling Office during the academic year 1996-7, out of whom 38 were enrolled in the study considering the inclusion criteria and academic procrastination score. The study data were collected using the standard Solomon’s and Rothlobom questionnaire. Students’ academic performance was also measured by their semester grade point average. Covariance analysis and analysis of covariance were used for data analysis in SPSS V. 24. Results: The mean academic procrastination was significantly different between the two groups at the post-test (P<0.05). Group F was statistically significant in academic procrastination equal to 257.553 (P<0.05), so the effectiveness of ACT on academic procrastination and its components was confirmed. Concerning academic performance, the F of the group factor was equal to 9.59 and at the level of P<0.05 which was statistically significant. Conclusion: The results show the effectiveness of ACT on student’s procrastination and academic failure.
A New Approach to Monitoring and Evaluation of Cecal Ligation and Puncture Sepsis Model
Authors:   Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran., Khosrojerdi Arezou , Soudi Sara ,   Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, Zavaran Hosseini Ahmad ,   Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran., Hashemi Seyed Mahmoud ,   Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: January 2021

Background: Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease in response to the pathogens that leads to vital organ failures the failure of vital organs. Appropriate animal models should be developed to measure the effectiveness of therapeutic methods. Cecal Ligation and Puncture (CLP) is the most widely used methods of creating the sepsis model. Some variables interfere in the creation of the CLP model which terminated to result in an unrepeatable dynamic of the inflammatory responses. The current research, suggests presents the simultaneous study of inflammatory responses in serum and liver as a criterion for determining the inflammatory status of the CLP model. Materials and Methods: CLP model was induced in 15 female C57bl/6 mice. IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β1 cytokines levels were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after CLP induction in both serum and liver tissue by ELISA method. Serum levels of liver enzymes were analyzed by the clinical chemistry analyzer. All studies were performed in healthy mice as well. The results were reported as Mean±SD. Results: The levels of IL-10 and TGF- β1 in the liver is were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than serum. The production of IL-10 and TGF- β1 in the serum and liver reaches its maximum at peaked 24 and 72 hours after CLP induction. The level of TNF-α in the liver is was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than serum with a maximum production 24 hours after CLP induction. Conclusion: Serum is not a good representative of the inflammatory condition in sepsis. Therefore, it is suggested that local inflammatory responses be considered in evaluating the model, and the determination of drug efficacy.
Neutrophils to Lymphocytes Ratio and the Prognosisof the COVID-19 Patients
Authors:   Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Taghavi-Farahabadi Mahsa , Mahmoudi Mohammad ,   Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Hashemi Seyed Mahmoud ,   Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Namaki Saeed ,   Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
Published: January 2021

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new pandemic virus, a global concern, and has threatened human health. This virus binds to the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) that is expressed on different cells, especially on the alveolar cells. So the virus can enter the lung cells and causes respiratory syndromes. In Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is caused by SARS-CoV-2, respiratory failure, and acute inflammation is the main cause of death. According to several reports, multiple factors, such as Neutrophils to Lymphocytes Ratio (NLR) have prognostic potentials in COVID-19. This study aims to review this parameter to have a better prediction about the condition of the patients and their treatments. According to this review, the NLR ratio that is related to the innate immune responses and inflammation can be helpful in the discrimination of severe from non-severe cases of COVID-19 patients.
Lactobacillus Acidophilus Cytotoxicity Effect and Apoptosis in Human Bladder Carcinoma Cells: An In Vitro Study
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Agriculture and Modern Technology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran., Taheri Faeghe , Moazamian Elham ,   Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Agriculture and Modern Technology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran., Mahdavi Mehdi ,   Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Anticancer effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus, as a probiotic bacterium, have been indicated in several studies. There are common therapeutic options for bladder cancer treatment; however, their side effects and recurrence of disease are considerable. Therefore, complementary medication is essential and it must be safe and effective. In the present research, we assessed the anti-tumor activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LB) on the bladder cancer cell line by evaluating the apoptosis mechanism. Materials and Methods: EJ138 bladder cancer cell line was provided and the cytotoxicity level of LB was evaluated with various concentrations after 24, 48, and 72 h. To evaluate the apoptosis effect, the gene expression of Bax, BCL2, and TNF-α was assessed using real-time PCR. Results: The optimum concentration of the cytotoxicity level was 12.5μg/mL at 24, 48, and 72 h. Bax expression was upregulated in tumor cells treated with LB alone and the mixture of LB and BCG (LB/BCG) as compared to the control group after 24 and 48 h. Also, the mRNA level of TNF-α increased in treated cells with LB and LB/BCG compared to the control group. BCL2 expression did not show a significant difference between experimental groups versus the control group. Conclusion: Our findings showed that LB has a synergistic effect with BCG through increasing apoptotic gene expression and TNF-α cytokine. Besides, at 48 h treatment, the apoptosis effect is more than 24 h. Thus, it seems that the mode of action of LB is time-dependent.
COVID-19 Patients Suffer From DHEA-S Sufficiency
Authors:   Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran., Vaez Mahdavi Mohammad Reza , Kaboudanian Ardestani Sussan ,   Instiute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran., Rezaei Arezou ,   Institute of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran., Mohammadi Saeed ,   Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Rajabnia Chenary Maryam ,   Defense Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran., Gharegozlou Behnaz ,   Department of Immunology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Naghizadeh Mohammad Mehdi ,   Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran, Ghazanfari Tooba ,   Immunoregulation Research Center , Shahed University< Tehran, Iran
Published: January 2021

Background: The nervous, endocrine, and immune systems contribute to the response and dynamic adaption to various stresses. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been demonstrated in various active critical illnesses. Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a disease with age and gender disparities. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 125 consecutive inpatients with COVID-19 admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex from February 12, 2020, to April 4, 2020, were enrolled. The severity of patients was classified into three subgroups based on the types of oxygen therapies. Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S) and cortisol levels were measured in serum of inpatients with Siemens kit. Results: While the increase in cortisol level was not significant in COVID-19 patients, the DHEA-S level and DHEA-S/cortisol ratio significantly decreased in the patients with the increase in severity of the disease. Conclusion: We proposed that the supplementation of DHEA, the precursor of both androgens and steroids, may ameliorate adverse outcomes of COVID-19 disease and improve COVID-19 patients’ ability to survive.
A Review of The Role of The Microbiome on Immune Responses and Its Association With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran., Ghorban Movahed Mahtab , Abdi Ali Ahya ,   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
Published: January 2021

In recent years, the microbiome has been recognized as a key regulator of immune responses. Evidence suggests that changes in the microbiome can lead to chronic disease and even exacerbation of the disease. Impairment of innate immunity resulting from microbial incompatibility may worsen host susceptibility to infection and exacerbate chronic lung diseases. Specific microbes play a key role in improving immune responses and microbial incompatibility is involved in chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Cystic Fibrosis (CF). CF is an extremely complex disease that results from a gene mutation. Lack of expression of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) has late complications. Incompatibility in lung microbiota is associated with chronic lung diseases, but it is not determined whether this incompatibility can cause health problems or ineffective regulation of immune response create the disease and its progression. In the CF, due to the deficiency of the immune system, many opportunistic microorganisms, including Pseudomonas. aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus are colonized in the patient’s lung and due to an immunodeficiency causedby a defect in the system CFTR, lungs are unable to clear the bacteria that leads to severe pulmonary complications and respiratory and digestive problems in such patients. Therefore, in these patients, the microbiome contributes to dysfunctional immune responses and disease exacerbations. This review summarizes the impact of the microbiome on host immune responses and its relationship with CF to explore the role of the microbiome in causing CF.
Immunology and Immunopathology of COVID-19: Precision Medicine and Individualized Treatment Approach are Decisive Factors
Authors:   Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran, Ghazanfari Tooba
Published: January 2021

As I noted in my previous editorial, It is necessary to examine the immunological aspects of COVID-19. Thus, in order to identify the underlying mechanisms, design appropriate treatment protocols, and effective vaccination, we started to conduct a multicenter cohort study entitled “Iran-Cohort Study of COVID-19 Immunology and Immunopathology”. This comprehensive multicenter cohort study is underway at Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
INOVASI PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM MELALUI SISTEM KREDIT SEMESTER (SKS)
Authors: Fuadi Salis Irvan
Published: January 2021

Pendidikan harus tanggap, inovatif dan aspiratif sesuai dengan apa yang dibutuhkan masyarakat. Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan tentang inovasi pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam melalui Sistem Kredit Semester (SKS). Adapun inovasi pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) melalui Sistem Kredit Semester (SKS) dapat diinovasi dalam hal kurikulum, materi, metode dan evaluasi pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI). Inovasi terhadap kurikulum dengan Sistem Kredit Semester dengan pola kontinu. Inovasi  terhadap materi dilakukan dengan membagi mata pelajaran PAI menjadi 4 mata pelajaran yang terdiri dari PAI 1 Fikih, PAI 2, Akhalk, PAI 3 Al-Qur’an Hadits dan PAI 4 SKI. Inovasi metode pembelajaran yang ditawarkan untuk diterapkan secara keseluruhan dalam mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam ialah student centered atau pembelajaran yang berpusat pada peserta didik dan pembelajaran kolaboratif. Adapun inovasi evaluasi pembelajaran secara umum dilakukan dengan memperhatikan dan berpegang pada karakteristik dan prinsip-prinsip pengembangan evaluasi yang tetap mengacu sesuai model evaluasi atau penilaian pada kurikulum 2013.
REVITALISASI FUNGSI MASJID SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN JUVENILE DELINQUENCY (KENAKALAN REMAJA)
Authors: Fuadi Salis Irvan
Published: January 2021

The mosque at this time its function has somewhat faded, it looks much different when themosque functioned as the center of the activities of the people in the time of Rasulluah SAW.Nowadays the mosque's function is only used in activities that are merely like a prayer.People, especially teenagers, rarely maximize mosques for non-religious activities. Thisis for teenagers will cause a sense of shame on the mosque and more worrying about theless controlled youth activities. Juvenile delinquency is very prevalent in the community.Revitalization of mosque functions as an effort to prevent Juvenile Deliqeuecy (JuvenileDelinquency) is necessary. The revitalization of the function of the mosque as an effortto prevent Juvenile Deliquency (Youth Delinquency) covers the field of organization,worship, education, social and economic. In the field of organization is to maximize therole of adolescent mosque bonds, in the field of worship is the program "shame withoutberjama'ah", then in the field of education is "mosque science warehouse", and "mosquesolution msyarakat" revitalisasi social field and the last field of economy that is " economicteen-based mosque ".
TANTANGAN GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DALAM MEMAHAMI STANDAR PROSES DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA
Authors: Kholifah Nisa , Rochman Chaerul , Farida Ida , Basri Hasan
Published: January 2021

This study aims to analize understanding of the educational process standards in PAI and non-PAI teachers. This is important to discuss in order to know the understanding of the standard education process in junior high. The method used in this study uses descriptive quantitative research including five PAI teachers and five Non PAI teacher and this study describes the teacher's understanding of the Process Standard indicators through the calculation of perception on each of the Indicators. The instrument used was a questionnaire about understanding Standard Process. The conclusion of this research is that both of them have a high level of understanding (very good) but the difference is the challenges faced by each teacher. Both PAI Teachers and Non PAI Teachers.
Necessidade de capacitação dos profissionais na Educação Especial em município paulista
Authors: Marchi Cynthia Mariana Gonçalves Arroyo , Nozaki Maria Eduarda Pontes , Massari Felipe Adolfo K. , Horta Maria Fernanda da , Abrahã Leonardo de Faria Bachelli , Rangel Lídia Magalhães , Castro Valéria da Cruz Oliveira de
Published: January 2021

A Educação Especial em todos os seus âmbitos tem ganhado os holofotes em discussões e pesquisas em todo o país a fim de compreender, analisar ou propor mudanças, visando à formação continuada na Educação Especial, promovendo uma maior atenção ao público em específico. Sendo assim, os discentes do curso de Medicina perceberam uma necessidade de avaliar a aprendizagem dos professores e estagiários no trabalho com crianças que possuem necessidades educacionais especiais em uma escola no interior paulista. Tratou-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva que utilizou variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas que permitem mapear alguns resultados sobre esse processo de socialização e aprendizagem das crianças especiais. Efetivamente, a notória arguição é o reconhecimento das carências educacionais que professores e estagiários encontram no cotidiano com portadores de necessidades especiais. Os resultados evidenciam que há grande esforço didático por parte destes para incluir os alunos com deficiência e estabelecer a integralidade desde a realidade na sala de aula até instrumentos de socialização e desenvolvimento integral da pessoa como um todo. Entretanto, as análises apontam para a importante preocupação dos profissionais da educação que demonstram a acuidade de maior treinamento e reciclagem no âmbito da Educação Especial, aliás, é observado que existe a necessidade de aumentar o tempo de qualificação dos educadores face a complexidade que a tarefa exige.
Profilo epidemiologico e determinante sociale del COVID-19 a Macapá, Amapá, Amazon, Brasile
Authors: Silva Anderson Walter Costa , Cunha Arthur Arantes , Alves Giovana Carvalho , Corona Rodolfo Antônio , Dias Claudio Alberto Gellis de Mattos , Nassiri Reza , Vedovelli Silvana , Vilhena Tania Regina Ferreira , Favacho Veronica Batista Cambraia , Sousa Josiany Ferreira , Araújo Maria Helena Mendonça , Oliveira Euzébio , Dendasck Carla Viana , Fecury Amanda Alves
Published: January 2021

Alla fine di dicembre 2019, a Wuhan, in Cina, è emersa una nuova varietà di Coronavirus, dichiarata emergenza sanitaria pubblica globale dall’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS). Il tropismo delle vie aeree può essere dovuto all’espressione dell’enzima angiotensina-convertitore 2 (ACE2). Nella regione dell’Amazzonia legale brasiliana, fino al 22 marzo 2020, lo Stato di Amazonas ha presentato 26 casi confermati; Acri 11 casi; Paragrafo 04; Rondonia 03; Roraima, Tocantins, Maranhão e Mato Grosso 02 casi; e Amapá solo 01 se confermato. Questo studio mira a quantificare e analizzare i primi casi sospetti e confermati di COVID-19 a Macapá, Amapá, Amazon, Brasile. Si tratta di uno studio osservazionale, retrospettivo e quantitativo, riferito al profilo dei primi 108 casi sospetti segnalati a Macapá, tra il 13 marzo 2020 e il 21 marzo 2020, e ai calcoli di incidenza del COVID-19 nelle 26 capitali brasiliane e Brasilia, Distretto Federale, tra il 26 febbraio 2020 e il 26 marzo 2020. Gli studi possono rivelare un modello specifico di diffusione del virus, che contribuirebbe alla pianificazione e all’attuazione di misure di controllo e sorveglianza epidemiologica più efficaci.

Alla fine di dicembre 2019, a Wuhan, in Cina, è emersa una nuova varietà di Coronavirus, dichiarata emergenza sanitaria pubblica globale dall’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS). Il tropismo delle vie aeree può essere dovuto all’espressione dell’enzima angiotensina-convertitore 2 (ACE2). Nella regione dell’Amazzonia legale brasiliana, fino al 22 marzo 2020, lo Stato di Amazonas ha presentato 26 casi confermati; Acri 11 casi; Paragrafo 04; Rondonia 03; Roraima, Tocantins, Maranhão e Mato Grosso 02 casi; e Amapá solo 01 se confermato. Questo studio mira a quantificare e analizzare i primi casi sospetti e confermati di COVID-19 a Macapá, Amapá, Amazon, Brasile. Si tratta di uno studio osservazionale, retrospettivo e quantitativo, riferito al profilo dei primi 108 casi sospetti segnalati a Macapá, tra il 13 marzo 2020 e il 21 marzo 2020, e ai calcoli di incidenza del COVID-19 nelle 26 capitali brasiliane e Brasilia, Distretto Federale, tra il 26 febbraio 2020 e il 26 marzo 2020. Gli studi possono rivelare un modello specifico di diffusione del virus, che contribuirebbe alla pianificazione e all’attuazione di misure di controllo e sorveglianza epidemiologica più efficaci.