bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro culture of wild Vanda tricolor Lindley seeds from Kintamani, Bali, as initial step for conservation
Authors: Gayatri P E P , Astarini I A , Pharmawati M
Published: November 2023

Vanda tricolor is an endemic orchid from Indonesia that can be found in Bali. As part of Orchidaceae, Vanda tricolor is facing the same problem as other orchid species, their seeds have various requirements for germination which causes a low germination rate. Preventing this endangered orchid from extinction with tissue culture not only maintains the genetic diversity but also understanding the growth factors of this very species. The aim of this research was to analyze how sterilization, medium, and light affect the germination of V. tricolor. Wild V. tricolor pod from Buahan Village, Kintamani, Bangli Regency, Bali, was sterilized with 2g/L fungicide, 1,05% and 0,79% NaClO; while seeds were sterilized with 1,05% NaClO. The seeds from these two different sterilization methods were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, Vacin and Went (VW) medium, Organic 1 (O1) medium, and Organic 2 (O2) medium, then half of them were placed under LED light and the rest were kept on dark. Each one of the sixteen treatment combinations was replicated six times. Seed sterilization with 1,05% NaClO showed better results than pod sterilization. Seeds started to germinate 3 weeks after sown with the highest germination rate occurred on seeds cultured on MS medium under LED light. This study revealed tissue culture with different treatments will aid to understand the preferred germination condition for wild Vanda tricolor and support its conservation.
Mangroves species diversity and their use as medicinal plants by coastal communities of Pesawaran Lampung
Authors: Duryat  , Rodiani  , Maryono T
Published: November 2023

As a means of adaptation to extreme habitats, mangrove plants produce a variety of secondary metabolic substances that have the potential as herbal medicines. Empirically, coastal communities have utilized and proven the medicinal properties of mangrove plants. The study’s objective was to determine the species diversity of mangrove plants and their use as herbal medicine in the Coastal of Pesawaran, Lampung Province. Mangrove plant diversity was obtained through vegetation analysis and the diversity index calculation. The use of mangroves as medicine was obtained through in-depth interviews followed by descriptive analysis and calculation of species use value, plant part value, and fidelity level. The results showed that the mangrove forest on the Pesawaran Coast consisted of 21 mangrove species from 12 families, with a moderate diversity index (H’= 1.9312). Most of the users of mangrove plants as medicine ethnically were Bugis (55%), aged over 40 years (62.5%), have an income ranging from 100--167 USD / month (54%), and have secondary education (37.5%). The community usesAvicenia albaas an antiseptic,Acanthus ilicifoliusas an antiseptic,Rhizophora apiculataas an antiseptic and analgesic, andR. stylosaas an antiseptic and anti-rheumatism. The Species use value ofR. apiculatewas the highest (0.25), while the other three species only reached 0.125. Leaves and bark were parts of the plant used as medicine, where leaves have the highest plant part value of 91.67%, and the remaining 8.33% was bark. The highest fidelity level was obtained byR. apiculateas an antiseptic (88%), followed successively byR. stylosaas an antiseptic (50%),R. stylosaas an analgesic, andA. albaas an antiseptic (13%).
Biodiversity, community structure and potential uses of seaweeds and seagrass in transition zone of Taka Bonerate Kepulauan Selayar biosphere reserve, Indonesia
Authors: Setia T M , Fadhillah H S , Wulandari P , Handayani S , Sainal S , Praptiwi R A , Sugardjito J
Published: November 2023

Macroalgae and seagrass play an important role in marine ecosystems. These organisms have important ecological roles that include primary producers, food sources for other biota, shelters and carbon sinks. Economically, many macroalgae and seagrass species can be exploited as commodities due to their nutritional values and benefits. In Indonesia, macroalgae is traditionally used as food and medicines, especially by communities living in coastal areas. This study aims to unravel the diversity and potential uses of seagrass and macroalgae in Polassi and Tambolongan islands, which is part of the transition zone of the Taka Bonerate Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Identification was performed to analyse several parameters, such as: frequency, density, closure, IVI, dominance and diversity index. Based on the identification results, 7 species of seagrass and 17 species of macroalgae were obtained. Five seagrass species and five algae species are known to contain compounds that are beneficial to humans such as antibacterial, antifungal, and bioactive compounds. Four algae species are used for consumption. The diversity index values of seagrass and macroalgae obtained were categorized as low-medium, with H’ 1.05 - 1.55 for seagrass and H’ 1.22 - 1.56 for algae. This study provides information that are useful for future utilization of marine resources.
The sustaining agro-biodiversity through topworking approach: a case of local superior durian conservation on Mount Arjuna
Authors: Purnama S , Anggraeni L , Zubaidi T
Published: November 2023

On the slopes of Mount Arjuna there are durian growing areas that are similar to durian forests, and produce a very high diversity of durians. Through the fruit festival, four local durian varieties of good quality have been selected, namely Dupen, Gundul, Tahan and Bawuk. To preserve these varieties, farmers take a top working approach, which replaces unqualified plants with superior varieties. The implementation of topworking in two ways, namely grafting shoot buds and grafting inserts on the trunk of mature plants. The implementation of topworking is carried out by farmers who own the parent tree and non-owners of the parent tree. The results showed that the technique of cutting stems and then grafting shoots was significantly higher than the topworking method of grafting inserts on the trunk of the plant. The success rate of topworking is impacted by the genetic material ownership system. Owners of parent trees consistently perform at a higher level than non-owners, as evidenced by their higher percentage of top working success. The Gundul durian variety, which exhibits a significantly higher percentage of growth than other varieties because the branching arrangement in the tree architecture of the Gundul variety is lower than that of other varieties, demonstrates how the ease of taking enteris also influences the success rate of topworking. This strategy encourages the growth and reproduction of multiple local durian varieties on a single mature plant on the slopes of Mount Arjuna while also enhancing fruit quality by substituting inferior durian varieties with the farmer’s preferred superior durian varieties.
Biodiversity and indigenous knowledge on orchid conservation: Study at a community in Yogyakarta
Authors: Nuraini L , Hastangka  , Kristiawan Y
Published: November 2023

This study discusses how to manage biodiversity and the role of indigenous knowledge of orchid conservation in Indonesia. Orchids are one of the most attractive tropical flower plants that need attention for conservation. This research was conducted to understand the role and contribution of indigenous knowledge in conserving orchids and protecting natural biodiversity in tropical countries. The questions in this study emphasize how the concept of indigenous knowledge protects tropical biodiversity through a community approach carried out in Yogyakarta. The method used in this research uses qualitative approaches. Primary were data taken from observation, and interview approaches to conservation communities and orchid farmers in Sleman area. Meanwhile, secondary data taken from literature review and bibliometric survey. The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the role of the community in conserving orchids for the preservation of biodiversity. The results of this study are a model and community or the community way of doing biodiversity conservation in Indonesia start from traditional knowledge that has been passed down from generation to generation and experience about plants. So that life experiences about plants that are passed down from generation to generation are very important and influential in providing education for the community and sustainable science.
Ethnobotanical study of Zingiber album Nurainas, an endemic ginger from Sumatra
Authors: Syafira F , Nurainas  , Syamsuardi
Published: November 2023

Zingiber album Nurainas is an endemic ginger of Sumatra which was published as a new species in 2017 and have been listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The IUCN assessment informs that there is habitat degradation due to the conversion of land functions accompanied by local community utilization in Simanau, Solok Regency, West Sumatra. This study aimed to explore local utilization patterns of Z. album through an ethnobotanical approach. The methods used include field observations through direct and indirect interviews with 18 respondents, also literature studies to see the performance of species among other species in Zingiberaceae in West Sumatra. Use Value (UV), Cultural Food Significance Index (CFSI), and ethnoalluvial using EthnobotanyR package were used for analysis. The research results revealed that Z. album was traditionally utilized as a vegetable along with traditional treatment for swollen uterus after childbirth, abdominal pain, internal heat, and abdominal swollen known as “panyakik rajo” and “panah gadang” that has a low benefit value (UV; 0.28) and medium cultural importance (CFSI; 45.6) and classified as low utilization among other species. Ethnoalluvial plot shows that the potential use of Zingiber album amid other Zingiberaceae species in West Sumatra suggests that this plant possesses a little importance.
Utilization of various honey, fruits, and vegetables to increase hemoglobin levels in pregnant women with anemia in Indonesia
Authors: Widowati R
Published: November 2023

The aims of the study was to analyze the student’s theses research data of Midwifery Study Program at Faculty of Health Sciences Universitas Nasional regarding the use of honey, fruit and vegetables to increase hemoglobin levels in pregnant women with anemia in Indonesia. The research was conducted by analyzing student theses for four semesters between 2020 and 2023. The variables analyzed included location of the research, types of honey, fruits and vegetables, form of serving, method of consumption, and the effect on hemoglobin levels. A total of 522 student’s theses from 2020 until 2023 were recorded. The results showed 40 theses research (7.66%) were according to the research objectives. The research locations were cover 11 provinces in Indonesia. There are two types of honey, namely acacia honey and mutiflora honey. There are 10 fruits consumed with or without a combination (guava, star fruit, dates, tomatoes, dragon fruit, watermelon, ambon banana, papaya, lime, avocado). There are also 10 vegetables consumed with or without a combination (beetroot, carrot, red spinach, green spinach, katuk, moringa, matel, green bean, broccoli, and caulerpa). The mean increase in the hemoglobin level ranged from 0.85 to 3.71 g/dl. Prevention of anemia in pregnancy should not only be done by providing blood-boosting tablets or iron supplement but also by providing varied and nutritionally balanced food to increase the hemoglobin level and prevent anemia in pregnancy.
Profiling of HSPB9 gene sequences in Donggala (Bos indicus) and Polled Bali (Bos javanicus) cattle breeds of Indonesia
Authors: Hasbi H , Putra W P B , Maulana T , Agung P P , Said S , Sonjaya H , Baco S , Gustina S , Duma Y , Tanari M , Baharun A
Published: November 2023

HSPB9 gene plays important role to protect cells from heat stress in mammals. This research aim to describe the DNA sequence of HSPB9 gene in Donggala (Bos indicus) and Bali (Bos javanicus) bulls using forward sequencing method. A total of 10 blood samples from 6 Donggala and 4 Polled Bali were used in this study for DNA analysis. The bulls were kept at the breeding station at Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi for Donggala and Bali, respectively. Results showed that a novel nonsence mutation of c.216C>T (p.L68L) was detected in the exon 1 of Bali HSPB9 gene. Commonly, the HSPB9 gene was monomorphic in Donggala and Bali cattle. In conclusion, the mutation of c.216C>T might be used as the genetic marker to discriminate Donggala and Bali cattle.
Somatic embryo formation, plantlet vigorous and greenhouse preliminary test of garlic bulblet obtained through somatic embryogenesis
Authors: Supriyati Y , Tambunan I R , Mastur  , Tamami J , Azizi A A A , Darsa Y , Yufdi P
Published: November 2023

Garlic production in Indonesia is still low due to limited availability of seedling. Approximately 10% of garlic yield are used for the next cultivation. Therefore about 90 % of garlic consumption are still imported from China. In addition to conventional seed production, alternative routes are needed, such as through somatic embryogenesis. Research consists of three activities, namely 1) induction and multiplication of callus, 2) embryo somatic and plantlet formation and 3) preliminary test of bulblet in vitro in the greenhouse. Parameters observed in the laboratory activities were time of callus emergence, callus weight and morphology, time of somatic embryo emergence, embryo diameter and weight per bottle, plantlet number and vigorous and bulblet number per bottle, while in the greenhouse, parameter observed were survival of bulblet number, plant height, leaf number per plant, and clove number and weight. The result showed that application of 2,4-D 3 mg/l with casein hydrolysate acid was suitable for callus induction of garlic var. Lumbu Kuning, while BAP 2 mg/l was the most suitable formula for callus multiplication, the addition of paclobutrazol 1 ppm and sucrose 20% in MS medium was the most suitable treatment for plantlet vigorous, while the bulblet formation could be developed by using jasmonic acid with sucrose of 12%. The best medium for growjng media of in vitro bulblet in the greenhouse was the combination of sandy soil, cocopeat and manure.
Segregation of molecular markers associated with Bph3 gene in BC5F2 population derived from Ciherang rice variety as the recipient parent
Authors: Yunus M , Dadang A , Slamet  , Warsun A , Satyawan D , Chaerani
Published: November 2023

Brown planthopper (BPH), an important insect pest of rice, can cause severe damage and significant yield loss. An efficient and environmentally friendly method to control this pest is by planting resistant varieties. The brown planthopper resistance gene Bph3 from Rathu Heenati variety is closely linked to the Waxy gene that regulates amylose synthesis, the primary determinant of rice eating and cooking quality. The purposes of this study were to analyze the segregation ratio of SSR markers associated with Bph3 gene and to identify individual plants carrying homozygous allele for Bph3 gene in a BC5F2 population derived from a backcross that used Ciherang as the recurrent recipient parent. Analyses using RM589, RM586, and RM588 markers linked to Bph3 gene and RM190 marker linked to the Waxy gene indicated that the ratio of genotype segregation for each marker related to Bph3 gene did not deviate from the expected ratio with the χ
2 value was 0.956, 0.587, and 1.467 for RM589, RM586, and RM588, respectively (χ2
table = 5.991, α=0,05). All individual plants had a homozygous allele from Ciherang for Waxy gene based on the RM190 marker. As many as 25 individual plants which have homozygous Bph3 allele from Rathu Heenati and homozygous Waxy allele from Ciherang can be further developed as promising BPH-resistant rice varieties with eating and cooking quality similar to Ciherang.
Metabolite profiling of the medicinal herb Phyllanthus niruri L. under drought stress
Authors: Nawfetrias W , Nurhangga E , Reninta R , Chotimah S , Bidara I S , Maretta D , Devy L , Esyanti R R , Faizal A
Published: November 2023

Plant-specialized metabolites are unique sources for pharmaceuticals and industrially valuable biochemicals. Accumulation of these metabolites is common in plants stimulated by biotic or abiotic stressors and/or elicitors. One of the abiotic factors that influence the plant’s bioactive molecule is drought stress, which can be employed to stimulate the production of bioactive compounds in plants. Phyllanthus niruri is commonly used as a medicinal plant in many parts of the world for the treatment of various diseases because it contains bioactive compounds that have the potential to be antioxidants, antimicrobials, and anti-hepatoprotective. Our previous studies have demonstrated that drought stress up to 70% field capacity (FC) could increase crop production as well as phenol and flavonoid contents. This study aimed to analyze the metabolite profile of P. niruri, which was subjected to drought stress for various FC (Control, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 55%). Using chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis, forty-seven compounds were identified. Three compounds were detected in control and all treatments, whereas four compounds were only detected in drought-stressed plants. β-sitosterol, 9-tricosane, heneicosane, and hexacosane are the main compounds only detected at 80% FC. The clustering analysis revealed that drought stress induced distinct compounds compared to control. Moreover, 85% -75% FC presumably induces similar compounds as they were in the same cluster, while plants responded differently upon 70% FC and 55% FC. In conclusion, P. niruri synthesizes different bioactive compounds under different drought-stress conditions.
SSR diversity on rice landraces collected from Yogyakarta Province
Authors: Kurniawan H , Hidayatun N , Kristamtini  , Widyayanti S , Risliawati A
Published: November 2023

In Indonesia, rice is the most common food, and many areas have a lot of rice landraces. Therefore, characterization is very important to be done to identify potential gene sources to be used for the breeding program. The current study aims to learn more about the genetic diversity of rice landrace accessions collected from Yogyakarta province using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 56 accessions of rice landraces originated from Yogyakarta province, and 7 accessions of standard varieties, were used in the study. The DNA sample was extracted from young leaves and isolated for further molecular analysis by using eleven SSR markers. Data analysis was conducted using Power Marker v3.25 for genetic analysis, and DARwin v6.0.021 for cluster analysis and dendrogram visualization. The results of the genetic analysis showed that the average values of major allele frequency, number of alleles, gene diversity, heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 0.27, 10.1, 0.83, 0.15, and 0.80, respectively. All eleven SSR markers were highly informative (PIC>0.50), as their PIC values ranged from 0.69 to 0.85. These markers have great potential to be used for marker-assisted selection of the germplasm collections. The result of cluster analysis showed that all the rice landrace accessions were separated into three different groups, each consisting of 29, 28, and 6 accessions.
Tobacco resistance gene expression levels in response to the infection of Phytophthora nicotianae
Authors: Sukweenadhi J , Christian C V , Setiabudi J , Savitri W D
Published: November 2023

One of the main obstacles often encountered in efforts to increase productivity and quality of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) yields is the attack of black shank disease by the oomycetes Phytophthora nicotianae. So far, what has been done mainly by tobacco cultivators is the observation of resistance through calculating the rate of death or disease of plants due to pathogen attack, so research is needed to determine the resistance profile of local varieties of tobacco to black shank disease in molecular stage to speed up the screening process of tobacco varieties. This study aim to determine the gene expression profile related to resistance in tobacco varieties Beinhart 1000, Hick Broadleaf, and two local varieties, namely Dark 302 and Dark 314, in response to black shank disease. The research consisted of preparing tobacco and P. nicotianae inoculum, artificial inoculation, followed by semi-quantitative analysis of gene expression related to tobacco resistance, PR1, PR4, PLP2, and PUB24. Tobacco resistant variety, Beinhart 1000, expressed a relatively 285% higher PR1 significantly than the control. The length of time of infection showed that PR1, PR4, PLP2, and PUB24 genes were expressed temporally, and the dynamics of expression of each test gene affected the development of pathological conditions.
Callus stage and morphology affect the DNA yield on the DNA extraction from the sugarcane in vitro callus
Authors: Aksa A A , Setiawati Y , Minarsih H , Riyadi I , Prasetyo M E R B , Sinta M M , Sumaryono  , Saptari R T
Published: November 2023

The main concern with the micropropagation of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) with a complex polyploid genome is the frequent occurrence of somaclonal variations. Therefore, genetic stability analysis is often required to ensure the uniformity of the micropropagated sugarcane, as early as in the callus stage. DNA extraction is the initial and important step of the genetic stability analysis. In this experiment, we compared the yield of DNA extraction from the sugarcane embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli. The sugarcane non-embryogenic callus was initiated from immature rolled leaf explants of the 6 months-old plant cane in the callus induction media, that were incubated in the dark room. The embryogenic calli were obtained by routine subcultures of the non-embryogenic calli every six weeks. The results showed that the extraction yield from the non-embryogenic calli was far lower than that from the embryogenic calli, most likely due to the high-water content of the non-embryogenic calli. Furthermore, histological analysis using Safranin and Fast Green staining revealed the low lignin content and nuclei in the non-embryogenic calli cell mass, causing the transparent and watery appearance of the calli and might influence the low DNA extraction yield.
Profiles of Semi-Polar Metabolites from Leaves of In Vitro- Derived Plants of Indonesian Pepper Varieties (Capsicum annuum) after Gamma Irradiation Treatments
Authors: Wahyuni  , Sri Hartati N , Sulistyowati Yuli , Perdani Ambar Y , Roziqoh Wasiatur , Farias-Pereira Renalison , Su Xiaoyang , Sudarmonowati Enny , Raskin Ilya
Published: November 2023

Gamma irradiation has been widely utilized for mutation breeding as it induces random mutations in plant cells. Due to limitations on other breeding approaches, including cross-breeding and transgenic plants, gamma irradiation-induced mutation breeding has regained its popularity among breeders and scientists. Untargeted metabolomics analysis can be used to profile any perturbation between untreated samples and treated sample groups without having prior knowledge of particular metabolites, including semi-polar metabolites, which cover phenolic acids, flavonoids, glycosylated steroids, alkaloids, and other glycosylated species. This study aimed to profile semi-polar metabolite modification in leaves of plants derived from in vitro cultures after gamma irradiation treatments in Indonesian chili pepper varieties. Seeds of Laris and Kopay were exposed to gamma-ray doses (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 Gy), after which they were germinated and cultivated in vitro. Plantlets were acclimated in the greenhouse and leaves were collected for metabolite analysis at 80 days after the germination of irradiated seeds. Semi-polar metabolites from leaves were extracted using methanol and the extracts were subjected to LC-MS analysis. Results showed that the composition and levels of semi-polar metabolites of Laris 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 Gy were similar to Laris 0 Gy (control; unirradiated seeds), although several abundancies of that of 200 Gy gamma irradiation dose were different than control. Except at dose 400 Gy, Kopay at 0 Gy, 200 Gy, and 300 Gy also showed similar metabolite profiles, indicating that gamma-ray doses did not induce mutation at genes regulating metabolite biosynthetic pathways. In contrast, Kopay 400 Gy showed low levels of terpenoids and flavonoids, indicating that a 400 Gy dose of gamma ray may affect the upstream part of the shikimate biosynthetic pathway, resulting in low levels of precursors at the upstream biosynthetic pathway of terpenoids and flavonoids. Hence, the accumulation of terpenoids and flavonoids was very low. These findings provide insights into the effect of gamma irradiation for mutation breeding that may be important for future pepper breeding programs.
Transformation of CRISPR/Cas9 expression construct to enhance saturated fatty acid synthesis in oil palm for biofuel production
Authors: Minarsih H , Permatasari G W , Setiawati Y , Mardhika L D , Saptari R T , Riyadi I , Aksa A A , Sinta M M
Published: November 2023

New technology innovations and the utilization of elite varieties are necessary for oil palm intensification to improve productivity. In addition to productivity improvement, oil palm intensification is also directed to improve the quality of crude palm oil (CPO) to be used in biofuel production. The modification of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway through genetic engineering is one of the most promising approaches. The research aims to apply a genetic transformation to oil palm calli and to improve success regeneration of the transformed explants. A CRISPR/Cas9 expression construct to edit the PTE (palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase) gene, which protein is involved in the formation of palmitic acid, was generated in the previous research. In this study, the genetic transformation of the construct into 4month-old oil palm calli was conducted via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The transformed calli were subsequently subcultured into selection media containing 100 ppm of cefotaxime and 50 ppm of kanamycin antibiotics. After several weeks, the transformed calli were transferred into DF10 media without antibiotics. Non-transformed calli were able to grow on the selection media with antibiotics but still in the globular phase. In contrast, the transformed calli on the selection media were able to grow to the scutellar phase with a compact structure in the embryogenic callus development stages. The next step is to optimize the transformation method as well as the regeneration media composition.
Application of combination of auxins in callus induction and proliferation of shallot cv Trisula and Sumenep through in vitro technique
Authors: Rahayu S , Purnamaningsih R , Husni A , Chaerani  , Rosliani R
Published: November 2023

Shallot (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) is one of a strategic commodity in Indonesia. To increase of production of shallot seed, there needs a good tuber with high productivity tolerant to abiotic stress. One of the obstacles to increase of shallot production with tuber in good quality and tolerant to abiotic stress is not available. Tissue culture technique is one of the methods proved can propagate plant in large amounts and in a shorter time compared to the conventional method. The objectives of this research are to get the best media formulation for callus induction and proliferation. The explant used in this research are shoot tip of shallot from cultivar Trisula and Sumenep. The Media used were MS. The medium was enriched with (0,5 – 3 mg/l) 2,4-D + 2 mg/l picloram (0,5 – 3 mg/l) or NAA + with or without 3 gr/l Casein hydrolysate; and MS + 3 mg/l Picloram + 2 or 3 mg/l NAA + 3 g/l Casein Hydrolysate. The best media formulation for callus induction of Trisula variety was MS + 3 mg/l 2,4D + 2 mg/l picloram + 3 g/l Casein Hydrolysate, whereas the best media formulation for callus induction of Sumenep variety was MS + 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D + 2 mg/l picloram. The best media formulation for callusproliferation was MS + 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D + 2 mg/l picloram both Trisula and Sumenep varieties. These results could be used for plant propagation and breeding program of shallot in the future.
Exploration and macroscopic characterization of microbiomes (fungi and bacteria) on anthracnose-Infected chili plants in lowlands fields of Deli Serdang North Sumatra
Authors: Tarigan R , Hermanto C , Lisnawita  , Safni I , Udiarto B K , Hasim A , Setiawati W , Marpaung A E , Sebayang A , Riska  , Karo B , Barus S , Hutabarat R C , Resiani D. , Jumjunidang
Published: November 2023

Anthracnose is one of the main obstacles in chili cultivation. This disease reduces chili production by 40% to 100% during the rainy season. Most techniques used to control anthracnose is using synthetic fungicides that potentially cause resistance and environmental pollution. Disease management by the microbiome of plants with antagonistic properties is an alternative biological control. The aim of the study was to explore the diversity of the microbiome (fungi and bacteria) in various tissues (rhizosphere, endosphereandphylosphere) of large red chili plants infected with anthracnose macroscopically. The object of this research was the leaves, stems, and roots of 5 months old of chili plants affected by anthracnose from two different locations of planting areas. The exploration of the microbiome of anthracnose- infected chili plants in a lowland area in Sumatera Utara in 3 DAI discovered 13 fungi and 12 bacteria, whilst 10 fungi and 11 bacteria in the second location by tissue cropping technique. Besides that, by grinding technique, resulted in 14 fungi isolates dan 13 bacteria in the first location and 16 fungi isolates and 14 bacteria in the second location. At 7 DAI, there found 130 bacteria in the first location and 146 bacteria in location 2 by grinding technique. By tissue cropping technique, there were 124 bacteria in the first location and 102 bacteria in the second location. Morphologically, fungi were identified asFusariumsp, Aspergillussp,Penicillumsp,Trichodermasp,Humicolasp,Colleotetrichumsp,Idriellasp,Alternariasp,Rhizopussp andCurvulariasp while the bacteria obtained 9 different isolates based on the morphology of colony.
Lyoprotectants for Lactobacillus brevis B144 and their capability to maintain the expression of surface layer protein
Authors: Pratiwi R D , Zanjabila S
Published: November 2023

Lactobacillus brevis as a probiotic has been reported to facilitate micronutrient absorption such as minerals (zinc, calcium, magnesium) into the intestine through the surface layer protein (Slp). Negatively charged-Slp from the bacteria that adheres on the intestinal mucosa binds to the positively charged-minerals, e.g., calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium and potassium via an ionic interaction. In this study, several sugar-based lyoprotectants (glucose, galactose, and lactose) and skim milk were implemented in the L. brevis B144 InaCC freeze drying. The dried L. brevis B144 InaCC was kept in the refrigerator up to three months and monthly tested for the cell viability. The dried L. brevis B144 InaCC was re-culture and then its Slp was isolated using 8 M guanidine hydrochloride. In general, combinations of skim milk and the sugar-based lyoprotectant provided higher protection than the skim milk alone. Meanwhile, without any lyoprotectant, the L. brevis B144 InaCC lose its ability to grow. In regards to maintain the capability of the Slp expression, the L. brevis B144 InaCC which was protected with the combination of 20% skim milk and 10% galactose showed the highest protein expression level among the other lyoprotectants.
The nano mixture of ethanol extract ketumbar (Coriandrum sativum L.) seed and putri malu (Mimosa pudica L.) leaves potentially reduced blood glucose levels in hyperglycemia wistar rat
Authors: Wahjuni S , Puspawati N M , Manuaba I B P
Published: November 2023

The formation of nano extracts can increase the bioactivity of a compound in the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of a nano mixture of Coriandrum sativum L seed and ethanol extract of Mimosa pudica L leaves to reduce glucose levels in hyperglycemic rats, compared to an ethanolic extract mixture of Coriandrum sativum L seeds and Mimosa pudica L leaves. The size and zeta potential characterization of the ethanolic extract mixture of Coriandrum sativum L seed and Mimosa pudica L leaves was carried out using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The results of characterization with PSA showed that the nanoparticle size of the ethanolic mixture of Coriandrum sativum L seeds and Mimosa pudica L leaves was 184.4 nm and the zeta potential value was -1.62 mV. The particle size obtained is in accordance with the herbal nano size, which is 50-300 nm. Identification of compounds in the ethanolic extract mixture of Coriandrum sativum L seed and Mimosa pudica L leaves by LC-MS/MS, found 7 compounds suspected of antihyperglycemia, namely phenylalanine, indole, 4-methoxy benzaldehyde, 2,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde, apigenin, 2-flouren-9-ylidenemethyl-pyridine, and 5-Pentyl-1,3-benzenediol. The activity test results showed that the nano ethanol extract mixture of Coriandrum sativum L seed and Mimosa pudica L leaves was more effective in lowering blood glucose levels (79.29%) compared to the ethanolic extract mixture of Coriandrum sativum L seed and Mimosa pudica L leaves (50.88%).
Effects of Temperature Shock on Viability and Stress-Related Gene Expression in Pediococcus acidilactici, a Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria
Authors: Jonathan I , Devanthi P V P , Arham A G A , Crystalia A A , Ying C L S , Pramanda I T
Published: November 2023

Probiotics are live microorganisms that can confer health benefits when consumed in sufficient amounts. However, probiotics are often subjected to various temperature stresses during their processing and storage, which may lead to undesirable loss of viability. Pediococcus acidilactici, a species of lactic acid bacteria, is a promising probiotic candidate due to its ability to produce the antimicrobial peptide pediocin. Their response to temperature-related stress, especially at the molecular level, is still poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of shocks at various temperatures on the viability and stress-related gene expression of P. acidilactici. There was no significant reduction in the viability of P. acidilactici after temperature shock for 5 minutes at -80°C, 4°C, and 60°C compared to the control at 30°C (Log 9.2-9.3 CFU/mL), while there was a significant reduction in the culture subjected to 75°C (Log 6.17) and 90°C (0), both for 5 mins. RT-qPCR analysis showed no significant differences in the expression of groEL, a heat shock response gene, in P. acidilactici subjected to -80°C, 4°C, and 60°C compared to 30°C, although possible gDNA contamination might occur. These results suggest that P. acidilactici potentially has good survival when subjected to heat-based food processing for probiotics product development.
Impact of Fertilizer Type and Vegetative Growth Duration on the Availability of Copper in Clay Loam Soil Planted of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Iraq
Authors: Al-Zayadi Ahmed M. , Jarallah Raid Sh.
Published: November 2023

The present field trial aimed to study the effect of fertilizer type and growth duration on copper availability in the maize soil. In addition to the control, six different fertilizer treatments of mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and humic acid (two levels each) were applied in the experiment. Soil samples were collected 70 and 100 days after planting. The results present that there were no significant differences between the half-recommendation fertilizer treatments (the first level) for all fertilizers, and the effect of the entire recommendation treatments (the second level) for poultry waste and humic acid 0.37 mg kg-1 and their superiority over the urea fertilization treatments 0.33 mg kg-1 in 70 days of cultivation. At 100 days, the fertilization treatments with poultry waste resulted in the highest concentration of available copper, 0.41 and 0.35 mg kg-1, respectively, the two levels. The results present a decrease in the concentration of available copper in the soil with an increase in the growth period.
A comparative Study of the Content of some Microelements in the Soil of the Mouradia Agricultural Project in Babil Governorate
Authors: Nayyef Mushreq Turki , Al-Wotaify Abbas S. S.
Published: November 2023

The current study included the selection of three agricultural fields from the soil of the Muradia Agricultural Project of the Directorate of Agriculture in Babil Governorate. Thirty-four samples were taken from them at a surface depth of 0-30 cm, for the purpose of a comparative study of the content of some microelements through soils of various fields with agricultural use. As the size distribution of the soil classes was mostly dominated by silt, and thus the type of tissue ranged from a silty clay mixture to a silty mixture. The soil interaction values ranged between 7.0-7.90, and the electrical conductivity ranged between 1.31-6.23 ds m-1 in all study soils, except for the unexploited comparison soil samples in which the soil interaction values were between 7.36-8.30, and the electrical conductivity ranged between 8.39-24.36. ds m-1. The soil content of organic matter was 10.30-20.00 and 3.40-9.60 g kg-1, respectively. The values of the exchange capacity of the positive ions varied in the soils of the current study, as they ranged between 9.090-14.9 cmol charge kg-1, and its height in other soils ranged between 16.5-25.91 cmol charge kg-1. The values of available iron ranged between 4.12-8.39 mg kg-1 in all the study soils, except for the unexploited comparison soil samples in which it was 4.04-7.63 mg kg-1, while manganese ranged between 5.20-3.55 and 3.16-4.88 mg kg-1, respectively. While copper is between 0.86-2.58 and 0.81-1.99 mg kg-1, respectively, and zinc is 0.87-1.51 and 0.78-1.06 mg kg-1, respectively.
Evaluation of the Readiness of NPK Elements for the Soils of the Mouradia Agricultural Project in Babil Governorate
Authors: Nayyef Mushreq Turki , Al-Wotaify Abbas S. S.
Published: November 2023

The current study included the selection of three agricultural fields from the soil of the Muradia Agricultural Project of the Directorate of Agriculture in Babil Governorate. Thirty-four samples were taken from them at a surface depth of 0-30 cm, in order to evaluate the readiness of NPK elements through the soils of various fields with agricultural use. As the size distribution of the soil classes was mostly dominated by silt, and thus the type of tissue ranged from a silty clay mixture to a silty mixture. The soil interaction values ranged between 7.0-7.90, and the electrical conductivity ranged between 1.31-6.23 ds m-1 in all study soils, except for the unexploited comparison soil samples in which the soil interaction values were between 7.36-8.30, and the electrical conductivity ranged between 8.39-24.36 ds m-1. The soil content of organic matter was 10.30-20.00 and 3.40-9.60 mg kg-1, respectively. The values of the exchange capacity of the positive ions varied in the soils of the current study, as they ranged between 9.09-14.9 cmol charge kg-1, and its height in other soils ranged between 16.5-25.91 cmol charge kg-1. The values of available nitrogen ranged between 23.00-48.18 mg kg-1 in all the study soils, except for the unexploited control soil samples in which it was 22.15-30.16 mg kg-1, while phosphorus ranged between -17.54-31.20 and 8.20-17.20 mg kg-1, respectively., while potassium ranged between 175.11-205.16 and 149.30-165.22 mg kg-1, respectively.
Effect of Irrigation Regime on Mineralogical Properties of Clay Fraction in some Iraqi Rice Soils
Authors: Mahmoud O. H. , Essa S. K.
Published: November 2023

Five soil pedons were chosen from two sites in Najaf and Diwaniyah, governorates, represent some of the soils of Middle Euphrates area. The soils are exploited by rice crop, and irrigated by two methods (flooded and dry) during the growing season. The mineralogical composition of < 2μm fractions for two depths (0-30 and 31-60 cm) in all studied soils were examined by X-ray diffractions. Results showed the presence of Mica, Smectite, Real chlorite and Kaolinite minerals in clay fraction of soils irrigated by the wet method. Results also, showed the precipitation of Brucite layer into Montmorillonite interlayers and caused to shifting Montmorillonite towards Chlorite mineral in soils irrigated by the dry method, and this was attributed to creation a suitable conditions from continuous wet-dry cycling, which encouraged a chloritization phenomenon to occur in these soils.. While, the continuous waterlogging process did not affect much on the weathering of mica minerals, and transformed it towards of expandable 2:1 minerals in these soils.
Effect of Addition Nitrogen Fertilizer at Different Irrigation Levels on Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity by Using Two System of Irrigation
Authors: Al-Shami Yahya Ajib Oudah , Al-Budeiri Montazer Hammadi , Al-Maamori Haider A.
Published: November 2023

A field study was conducted in the province of Wasit - Kut, in a semi-arid region with a clay loam texture, for the purpose of studying the effect of adding nitrogen fertilizer, which included the level of 300 kg H-1 (N1) and 150 kg H-1 (N2) and the comparison treatment without adding fertilizer (N0) and using two levels of irrigation, which included EP (P1) 75%, EP (P2) 100% under drip irrigation (DI) and surface irrigation (SI) systems on saturated Hydraulic conductivity (Ks). The results showed that the addition of nitrogen fertilizer N1 had a significant effect by increasing the nitrogen availability using (DI), as the N1 gave the highest value of conductivity and a significant difference from the rest of the treatments, by increase 154.3% While the increase were 103.7% and 56.79% for the treatment N2 and N0, respectively. The results indicated that there were significant differences due to the effect of different irrigation levels on the Ks values, as P1 treatment gave the highest Ks value of 2.21 m day-1 compared with P2 treatment, which amounted to 1.94 m day-1, With the presence of significant differences for the two irrigation systems on the Ks values, as the values increased compared with the values before planting, with an increase of 129.6% and 38.27% for the (DI) and (SI) system. The study also showed that there were significant differences for the effect of the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer treatments and the irrigation levels, as well as the presence of significant differences for the effect of the interaction between the nitrogen fertilizer treatments and the irrigation system used on the Ks values.
Evaluation Heavy Metals Pollution in the Soil from some Regions of Al-Diwaniyah City / Iraq
Authors: Al-Jbury Mohammed Mana Shayyal , Al-Kasser Mohammed Khadom
Published: November 2023

Soil is the surface layer of the earth’s crust in which plant roots grow and some animals and other microorganisms live in it and it is considered the basis of the ecosystem, so its contamination negatively impact the health of all living organisms, especially humans who are at the top of the food chain. Heavy metals are considered among the most prominent inorganic pollutants in the soil, so this study came to evaluate the concentrations of some toxic heavy metals in areas with different activities in the city of Diwaniyah. The results of the study showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the surface soil ranged between (0.958-2.292 mg/kg) and (19.132-73.907 mg/kg), (14.882 - 50.012 mg/kg) and (29.689-62.109mg/kg) for cadmium, lead, copper and chromium, respectively, and their concentrations in the soil at depth of 30 cm ranged between (1.529-1.971 mg/kg), (22.160 - 99.885 mg/kg), (12.790-55.630 mg/kg) and (41.278-75.467 mg/kg) for cadmium, lead, copper and chromium, respectively. Soil pollution was evaluated by using some pollution indices such as the geological accumulation index, pollution load index, contamination factor and degree of pollution. The results of pollution indices showed that the surface soil of the surface study sites and depth of 30 cm is contaminated with a very high degree of cadmium. Medium pollution with lead and little pollution with copper and chromium, and this requires great attention in order to reduce soil pollution with heavy metals, especially cadmium and lead.
Effect of NPS Fertilizer, Spraying Nano-NPK+TE and Cerium Oxide NPs on Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)
Authors: Jassim Layth Hamid Naji , Al-Juthery Hayyawi Wewa Attia
Published: November 2023

The aim of this research was to identify the effects of NPS fertilizer with the spraying of Nano-NPK+TE and Cerium Oxide NPs on the growth and yield of (Amber 33) rice. This field study was carried out in the Tali’a region, 41-Husainiya, Hilla city, Babylon province, Iraq, from 14/6/2022 to 25/11/2022, The study treatments were randomly distributed on the experimental units according to a simple and one-way experiment by a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The study treatments consisted of adding NPS fertilizer at four levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1) and spraying with nanomaterials of Nano-NPK+TE and Cerium Oxide NPs at concentrations of (2.5 ml L-1) and (50 mg L-1), respectively, with four sprays for each of them. A total of 16 experimental units were used. The statistical analysis using Duncan’s test revealed to us that the process of fertilizing with NPS fertilizer and nanomaterials led to the highest improvement for plant height with a value of (130.43 cm) achieved by the combination of (NPS 300 kg ha-1 + spray CeO2 NPs + Nano-NPK+TE), This combination also achieved the highest chlorophyll index of (41.6 SPAD), as well as the highest response in biological yield (21.19 Meg ha-1), grain yield (5.89 Meg ha-1) and the index of yield harvesting (27.8%). Moreover, this treatment achieved high response for the weight of 1000 grains at (21.31 g). Additionally, the bi-combination of spraying with CeO2 NPs and Nano-NPK+TE had the highest agronomic efficiency at (381.61 kg kg-1).
Effect of Phosphorous, Potassium Nano-Fertilizers and Spraying of (Sepehr 4) Nano-Fertilizer and Carbon Nanotubes on the Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Najm Sahar Hamza , Al-Juthery Hayyawi Wewa Attia
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this experiment is to compare the growth and yield of the Amber 33 cultivar of rice after being fertilised with nano-phosphorous and nano-potassium, as well as after being sprayed with carbon nanotubes and nano-synthetic fertiliser (Sepehr 4) (K+Fe+Zn+Mn). Between June 15 and November 23, 2022, researchers in Babylon province, Iraq, combed through the area known as District 41-Al-Hussainiya, which is located to the south of the city of Hilla. Using a Randomised Complete Blocks Design (RCBD), two levels of phosphorus and potassium nano-fertilizers (0 and 10 kg.ha-1) were applied to some treatments, while other treatments included spraying with nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (at a concentration of 50 mg L-1) and Sepehr 4 nano-fertilizer (K+Fe+Zn+Mn) (at a concentration of 10 mg L-1). The results of the statistical analysis of the Duncan test showed that the four-component combination (nano-phosphorous+nano-potassium+spraying carbon nanotube+synthetic nano-fertilizer) (K+ e+ Zn+ Mn) recorded the highest values in plant height (134.5) cm and biological yield (20.710) Meg ha-1, grain yield was (6.067) Meg ha-1, the concentration of nitrogen in the grain was (1.40)%, and the percentage of protein in the grain was (8.331)%, and the combined effect was (phosphorus nano-fertilizer+carbon nanotubes +sepehr 4 synthetic nano-fertilizer achieved the highest index of chlorophyll at (42.63) SPAD, The combined effect of the combination (P nano-fertilizer + carbon nanotube +(K+Fe+Zn+Mn)) and Spray Nano(K+Fe+Zn+Mn) solo achieved the highest significant increase in the Clearance % (68,780 and 68,670)%respectively. While spraying the carbon tubes alone achieved the highest field efficiency of (7958.000) kg kg-1