bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thawing permafrost increases old soil and autotrophic respiration in tundra: Partitioning ecosystem respiration using δ13C and ∆14C
Authors: Hicks Pries Caitlin E. , Schuur Edward A. G. , Crummer Kathryn G.
Published: October 2012

Ecosystem respiration (Reco) is one of the largest terrestrial carbon (C) fluxes. The effect of climate change on Reco depends on the responses of its autotrophic and heterotrophic components. How autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration sources respond to climate change is especially important in ecosystems underlain by permafrost. Permafrost ecosystems contain vast stores of soil C (1672 Pg) and are located in northern latitudes where climate change is accelerated. Warming will cause a positive feedback to climate change if heterotrophic respiration increases without corresponding increases in primary production. We quantified the response of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration to permafrost thaw across the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. We partitioned Reco using Δ14C and δ13C into four sources–two autotrophic (above – and belowground plant structures) and two heterotrophic (young and old soil). We sampled the Δ14C and δ13C of sources using incubations and the Δ14C and δ13C of Reco using field measurements. We then used a Bayesian mixing model to solve for the most likely contributions of each source to Reco. Autotrophic respiration ranged from 40 to 70% of Reco and was greatest at the height of the growing season. Old soil heterotrophic respiration ranged from 6 to 18% of Reco and was greatest where permafrost thaw was deepest. Overall, growing season fluxes of autotrophic and old soil heterotrophic respiration increased as permafrost thaw deepened. Areas with greater thaw also had the greatest primary production. Warming in permafrost ecosystems therefore leads to increased plant and old soil respiration that is initially compensated by increased net primary productivity. However, barring large shifts in plant community composition, future increases in old soil respiration will likely outpace productivity, resulting in a positive feedback to climate change.
Impact of cross‐sectional root canal shape on filled canal volume and remaining root filling material after retreatment
Authors: Rechenberg D.‐K. , Paqué F.
Published: October 2012

Aim

To assess the impact of cross‐sectional root canal shape (CSRCS) on the canal volume that can be filled and the root filling material that remains following a subsequent retreatment procedure.

Methodology

A total of 15 extracted two‐rooted human maxillary premolars and 15 mandibular first molars were used. Both root canals in the premolars (N = 30) and the distal root canal in the molars (N = 15) were prepared using ProFile instruments and filled by lateral compaction using gutta‐percha and AH Plus sealer. Canals were later retreated using the last ProFile used for instrumentation followed by two ProFiles of increasing size. Teeth were viewed in a μCT scanner before and after each treatment step. Defined and validated threshold levels were used to differentiate empty root canal volumes, root dentine and root filling materials from each other. CSRCS was defined as the averaged ratio between bucco‐lingual and mesio‐distal canal diameter (round ≤ 1, oval 1–2, long oval 2–4 and flattened ≥ 4), determined for each 1 mm over the total root length. Data were averaged between the two canals in premolars, only the distal canals were assessed in molars. Parametric and non‐parametric tests were used to statistically compare the data, alpha = 0.01.

Results

Canals in premolars had a round CSRCS after preparation (1.0 ± 0.0), whereas distal counterparts in molars were oval (1.6 ± 0.5). Significantly (P < 0.01) more canal volume could be filled, and significantly less filling material remained after retreatment in premolars compared with mandibular molar distal canals. There was a high correlation between CSRCS, filled canal volume and remaining filling material.

Conclusions

The endodontic procedures under investigation were significantly influenced by the cross‐sectional root canal shape.
Immortalization and characterization of human dental papilla cells with odontoblastic differentiation
Authors: Yang G. B. , Li X. Y. , Yuan G. H. , Liu H. , Fan M. W.
Published: October 2012

Aim

To establish a cell line of immortalized human dental papilla cells (hDPCs).

Methodology

Primary hDPCs were cultured and infected with lentivirus containing the hTERT gene. Integration and transcription of the hTERT gene were verified by PCR. The characteristics of the cells, such as morphology, proliferation and mineralization, were analysed. Also, the expression of odontoblastic‐related markers including ALP, DMP1, DLX3, OSX, DSP and Nestin, was detected by immunohistochemistry and real‐time RT‐PCR.

Results

hTERT gene was integrated into genomic DNA of immortalized cells (hDPC‐TERT) and transcribed into mRNA. With long‐time culture, hDPC‐TERT bypassed senescence and grew over 120 population doublings. hDPC‐TERT cells have a higher proliferation rate, but retain the phenotypic characteristics of the primary hDPCs, and so was ALP activity and mineralization activity. Furthermore, the hDPC‐TERT cells express no DSP and Nestin with maintenance medium, but highly expressed DSP and Nestin after odontoblastic induction.

Conclusions

A line of immortalized human dental papilla cells, which remains in an undifferentiated state and has odontoblastic differentiation potential, was established. This cell line can be used as a cell model for studying the mechanism of the initiation of odontoblast differentiation.
Carbon distribution in top‐ and subsoil horizons of two contrasting Andisols under pasture or forest
Authors: Panichini M. , Matus F. , Mora M.L. , Godoy R. , Bolan N.S. , Rumpel C. , Borie F.
Published: October 2012

Volcanic ash soils display distinctive morphological, physical and chemical properties and they contain several times more organic matter than non‐volcanic soils. So far, there are few studies of soil organic matter (SOM) distribution in different chemically and physically protected carbon pools of soil horizons of volcanic soils. The aim of this study was to determine the SOM distribution (and its δ13C and δ15N composition) in different chemical and physical fractions at various depth horizons of two Andisols under pasture or rain forest in southern Chile. We used the amount of humus‐complexes (Cp) extracted with Na pyrophosphate as a measure of C stabilized by aluminum (Alp) and iron (Fep) in combination with density fractionation to separate particulate organic matter as free (fPOM), occluded (oPOM) and organic matter associated with the mineral fraction (MF). The results showed that soil SOM stock (0–40 cm) in the pasture soil was 166 Mg C ha−1 (11.7 Mg N ha−1) and in the forest soil 100 Mg C ha−1 (4.1 Mg N ha−1). The SOM variation was explained largely by the differences in Cp, Alp and Fep. About 34% of total soil C was found as Cp in both oPOM and MF in the topsoil, whereas 33–53% was found in the subsoil horizons. The oPOM fraction was more important in the forest soil and generally decreased in the subsoil where these fractions were enriched with δ13C and δ15N. Our results emphasize the importance of the humus complex and oPOM formation as the SOM stabilization mechanism in the forest Andisol, whereas under pasture organo‐mineral interaction, including the formation of humic‐metal complexes, is the most important stabilization mechanism. A conceptual model is lacking to demonstrate the major areas of uncertainty within known mechanisms and factors that explain the distribution of SOM through soil profiles in Andisols.
Isolation and identification of high pressure‐resistant bacteria naturally contaminating strawberry pulp
Authors: Huang Jingjing , Wang Siyuan , Zhang LiYun , Wu Jihong , Xu Zenghui , Liao Xiaojun , Hao Yanling , Zhang Yan
Published: October 2012

The inactivation of bacteria naturally present in strawberry pulp was investigated after high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment at pressure levels up to 600 MPa at 25 °C for 5 ~ 25 min. Five strains of pressure‐resistant bacteria designated as A, B, C, D and E were isolated and identified. The five strains were gram‐positive, spore‐forming, rods or rod in chains. Growth of the strains was observed at 30 ~ 45 °C, and strain B also grew well at 55 °C. They could produce acid from glucose and were catalase‐positive. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the five strains belonged to the genus Bacillus. Strain A and D exhibited the greatest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99% with B. licheniformis and B. firmus, respectively. By combination of phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain C was B. mycoides and E was B. pumilus. On the basis of physiological and biochemical characteristics, gyrB gene sequences analysis and whole‐cell fatty acids analysis, strain B was B. amyloliquefaciens. Further studies showed that strain B (B. amyloliquefaciens) exhibited the highest pressure resistance, and it was reduced by 4.62‐log after treatment at 600 MPa for 25 min at 25 °C as the most effective observed inactivation.
Interaction between lactic acid bacteria and food‐borne pathogens on putrescine production in ornithine‐enriched broth
Authors: Kuley Esmeray , Balikci Esra , Özogul İlyas , Cengiz Derya
Published: October 2012

Interactions of mixed cultures [lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and food‐borne pathogens (FBP)] on putrescine (PUT) as well as other biogenic amines (BAs) production were investigated in ornithine‐enriched broth. Significant differences in BAs production were found among the bacterial strains (P < 0.05). Conversion of ornithine into PUT by Salmonella Paratyphi A and Aeromonas hydrophila as well as Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was high (>75 mg L−1), whereas other bacterial strains yielded below 50 mg L−1 of PUT. LAB strains resulted in significant reduction in PUT by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae, except for Escherichia coli, which was stimulated more than two‐fold PUT in the presence of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Lactobacillus plantarum had generally inhibition effect on histamine (HIS) and tyramine production by FBP, whereas Lc. lactic subsp. lactic slightly stimulated HIS by E. coli and A. hydrophila. Streptococcus thermophilus resulted in 1.5‐fold higher HIS formation by bacteria (10 mg L−1). Consequently, the interaction between LAB and specific FBP might result in significant inhibition of amine accumulation, if the correct LAB strains are used.
Determination of reaction kinetics of hydrolysis of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) protein for manipulating production of bioactive peptides with antioxidant activity, angiotensin‐I‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity and Ca‐binding properties
Authors: Charoenphun Narin , Youravong Wirote , Cheirsilp Benjamas
Published: October 2012

To manipulate enzymatic hydrolysis of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) muscle protein for production of bioactive peptides, its reaction kinetics was intensively studied. The study showed that the production of peptides with different bioactive properties including antioxidant activity, angiotensin‐I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and Ca‐binding property and their kinetics were affected by the degree of hydrolysis and substrate concentration. A comparative study on reaction kinetics found that the kinetic parameters for the production of each bioactive peptide are unique, that is, the maximum initial velocity, Vmax, for hydrolysis of protein was as high as 1.07 mg mL−1 min−1, but that for the production of peptides with antioxidant activity and Ca‐binding property were very low, range of 7.14–66.7 μg mL−1 min−1, and that for the production of peptides with ACE inhibitory activity was the lowest, at 2.57 μg mL−1 min−1. This knowledge of reaction kinetics of protein hydrolysis would be useful for manipulating and optimising the production of peptides with desired bioactive properties.
A spectrophotometric method for the detection of carboxymyoglobin in beef drip
Authors: Droghetti Enrica , Focardi Claudia , Nocentini Mila , Smulevich Giulietta
Published: October 2012

A spectrophotometric method, based on the electronic absorption and second‐derivative spectra of beef drip, has been developed to detect the amount of carbon monoxide bound to myoglobin in treated beef samples. The method has been validated following the criteria reported in the Eurachem guides. The limit of detection, equal to 0.14 μm, has been evaluated analysing ten blank samples, taking into account the mean concentration and the resulting standard deviations. The accuracy of the method has been studied in terms of trueness and precision; the first is expressed as per cent recovery (always exceeding 90%) and the second as relative standard deviation. The method is easy, rapid and allows one to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the CO concentration in the meat drip, by simply measuring in the UV–Vis spectrum of an unknown sample the absorbance values at three specific wavelengths: 423, 429 and 434 nm.
Chemical characterisation of pasture‐ and grain‐fed beef related to meat quality and flavour attributes
Authors: Tansawat Rossarin , Maughan Curtis A. J. , Ward Robert E. , Martini Silvana , Cornforth Daren P.
Published: October 2012

This study examined pasture (PF) and grain feeding (GF) effects on meat quality and nutritional attributes, and correlated sensory attributes with cooked meat volatiles. GF rib steaks had higher fat content (P < 0.05), and were lighter, redder and more yellow (P < 0.05). PF beef contained more (P < 0.05) omega‐3 fatty acids, despite having lower fat content. PF beef had higher antioxidant capacity, and lower oxidation indices (P < 0.05). Diets influenced the volatile profile of cooked meat. Flavour descriptors barny, gamey and grassy were associated with PF, and were uniquely shown here to be positively correlated with aroma volatiles benzaldehyde, toluene, dimethyl sulfone, 3‐heptanone, 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (P < 0.05). GF beef had higher (P < 0.05) levels of hexanal, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 2,3‐octandione, and 2,6‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐4‐ethyl‐phenol, uniquely associated with umami and juicy flavours. The main positive nutritional attribute of PF beef was its low fat content.
Suppressive ability of selected fodder plants on the growth of Parthenium hysterophorus
Authors: KHAN N , O’DONNELL C , GEORGE D , ADKINS S W
Published: October 2012

Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive weed in Australian rangelands. It displaces valuable fodder plants and causes significant production losses within the cattle industry. Glasshouse screening trials were used to test 20 selected fodder species (test species) for their suppressive ability against P. hysterophorus growth. The trials used two planting densities (four or six plants per pot) and five planting frequencies. Each density by planting frequency was replicated three times. The dry shoot biomass of the test species was used to calculate a suppression index, in order to rank the relative suppressive abilities of the test plants. Setaria incrassata, Panicum maxicum and Cenchrus ciliaris were ranked as strongly suppressive, while Astrebla squarrosa, Bothriochloa pertusa, Themeda triandra, Astrebla elymoides, Bothriochloa decipens, Eulalia aurea and Lablab purpureus were moderately suppressive. The other test species had only poor suppressive abilities. A second glasshouse trial assessed the growth characteristics of the test plants at 13, 27 or 40 days after transplantation (DAT). Test species that strongly suppressed the growth of Parthenium hysterophorus had several attributes that included the ability to attain a greater height, the rapid production of tillers or a branched canopy and an extensive leaf area and root system; these growth attributes were present as early as 13 DAT. The present glasshouse screening approach identified several fodder species for further testing in field trials, and because the attributes that allow the test species to suppress Parthenium hysterophorus are present at the earliest stages of the plant’s life cycle, a rapid screening method is proposed that assesses these attributes at 27 DAT.
Mortality from acquired bullous diseases of skin in Canadian adults 2000–2007
Authors: Baibergenova Akerke T. , Weinstock Martin A. , Shear Neil H.
Published: October 2012

Background  Bullous skin diseases are known to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There have been no studies on mortality from severe bullous skin diseases in Canada.

Methods  We used mortality data from the Statistics Canada website from 2000 to 2007 for three major bullous skin diseases: bullous pemphigoid; pemphigus; and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Crude and age‐standardized mortality rates were calculated and compared with the corresponding US mortality rates. Linear regression was used to assess time trend and effect of gender and age on mortality rates.

Results  During the period of eight years, there were 115 deaths attributed to pemphigoid, 84 to pemphigus, and 44 to TEN. The crude annual mortality rate was the highest for pemphigoid (0.045 per 100,000), followed by pemphigus (0.033), and TEN (0.017). None of these conditions demonstrated significant time trends in mortality rates over the eight‐year period, although a trend towards decreasing pemphigus mortality was observed (P = 0.07). No gender difference in mortality was observed, but advanced age was associated with mortality in all three conditions.

Conclusion  Among bullous skin diseases, pemphigoid is the leading cause of mortality in Canada. This is in contrast to the USA, where TEN is the leading cause of mortality from bullous skin diseases. It is not clear whether differences in healthcare systems explain these findings.
Histopathology attributes of Fox–Fordyce disease
Authors: Brau Javier Cristina N. , Morales Adisbeth , Sanchez Jorge L.
Published: October 2012

Background  Fox–Fordyce disease is a rare chronic papular condition with a very characteristic clinical presentation but a nonspecific histopathology. Its traditionally described histopathologic features have been criticized as variable and indistinct. Recently, a perifollicular infiltrate of histiocytes with foamy cytoplasm has been described as a consistent and reliable diagnostic finding.

Methods  To evaluate the traditional and most recently described histopathologic and immunohistochemical attributes of Fox–Fordyce disease, we performed a computerized search of specimens in two dermatopathologic databases in Puerto Rico from the years 2000–2010. An additional specimen was donated by a dermatopathologist from an outside institution. Three cases were evaluated using hematoxylin–eosin‐stained sections. The tip of an axillary lipoma excision specimen was used as the control tissue. Periodic acid‐Schiff, colloidal iron, and immunoperoxidase staining for CD68 and c‐kit (CD117) were performed in all specimens.

Results  We were able to verify traditionally described histological features such as infundibulum dilation, hyperkeratosis, plugging, acanthosis, and lymphohistiocytic infiltrate. Infundibular spongiosis was also common. A perifollicular foam cell infiltrate was the most distinct pathologic feature among our cases. The periodic acid‐Schiff staining patterns suggested that the foam cell cytoplasm material might be similar in nature to the apocrine gland secretion content.

Conclusions  Our results confirmed that a perifollicular foam cell infiltrate is the most distinct histopathologic feature. In addition, findings suggest that the intracytoplasmic foam cell material may be similar in nature to the apocrine gland secretion.
Molecular diagnostic strategies: a role in the practice of dermatology
Authors: Elaba Zendee , Phelps Amanda , Murphy Michael J.
Published: October 2012

Molecular diagnostic strategies are gaining wider acceptance and use in dermatology and dermatopathology as more practitioners in this field develop an understanding of the principles and applications of genomic technologies. Molecular testing is facilitating more accurate diagnosis, staging, and prognostication, in addition to guiding the selection of appropriate treatment, monitoring of therapy, and identification of novel therapeutic targets, for a wide variety of skin diseases.
Specialized dermatological care for marginalized populations and education at the primary care level: is community dermatology a feasible proposal?
Authors: Estrada Roberto , Chavez‐Lopez Guadalupe , Estrada‐Chavez Guadalupe , Paredes‐Solis Sergio
Published: October 2012

Skin diseases have a very high frequency either in developed as well as in undeveloped countries. Guerrero, Chiapas, and Oaxaca are the most impoverished states in Mexico, where 24% of the population lacks basic health care, and only 15% are estimated to have access to specialists. Community Dermatology program was founded in 1991 with the intention of improving the dermatological health of remote, marginalized inhabitants of the state of Guerrero. The program consists of a two‐day visit to a pre‐selected community; the first day includes a basic dermatology training course for local providers, and day 2 is a “Jornada”,which means a day of free medical consultation and treatment. Pityriasis albus Cloasma, vitiligo, and acne continue to be the most frequent diagnosed primary disorders, as in rural areas occupational obligations include prolonged sun exposure. The experience and success of Community Dermatology over the last 20 years has demonstrated that this model of healthcare delivery and instruction is economically feasible, provides practical and quantifiable benefits for the communities served, and could be emulated by other disciplines within medicine.
Phenytoin induces in vitro melanocyte proliferation
Authors: Porojan Daniela , Bâldea Ioana , Achim Marcela , Cosgarea Rodica
Published: October 2012

Background  Phenytoin (5,5 diphenylhydantoin), a widely‐used anticonvulsant, has been employed both topically and systemically in the treatment of some dermatological disorders. Immunological and non‐immunological defects suggests that phenytoin could be therapeutically effective for vitiligo repigmentation.

Aim of study  The first objective was to evaluate the effect of phenytoin on cultures of normal human melanocytes and to assess cytotoxicity of the substance using colorimetric methods. The second objective was to select the topical product that releases phenytoin best and fastest, for further clinical studies in vitiligo patients.

Materials and methods  In the first part of the study, we exposed normal human epidermal melanocyte cultures at 5,5 diphenylhydantoin at different concentrations. Melanocyte proliferation was evaluated using colorimetric assays (MTS assay), by measuring the absorbance at 490 nm with an ELISA plate reader. In the second part of the study, we formulated and obtained three types of phenytoin topical preparations: gel, hydrophilic cream, and ointment, for evaluation of the in vitro phenytoin release.

Results  The statistical analysis revealed that at low concentrations (0.1, 0.5 μg/ml), phenytoin stimulates growth and cellular proliferation in melanocyte cultures. The in vitro study of drug release indicated that gel formulation gives the highest phenytoin release.

Conclusions  Our result indicates that topical applications of low concentrations of phenytoin may have beneficial effects in vitiligo, which justifies its further testing on clinical trials. Our gel formulation occurred to be the most suitable for the clinical studies.
Asymptomatic solitary nodule over the right hand
Authors: Marrouche Nadine , Kurban Mazen , Salman Salah , Kibbi Abdul‐Ghani , Abbas Ossama
Published: October 2012

What is your diagnosis?
Donor motivation in Xi’an, China: comparison with Canadian donors
Authors: O’Brien S. F. , Shao Z.‐J. , Osmond L. , Yi Q.‐L. , Li C.‐Y. , An Q.‐X.
Published: October 2012

Background and Objectives  In China, paid donation is prohibited by law. There is little literature assessing donor motivation in China, and comparison with western countries such as Canada is important in understanding the application of Western literature. We compared motivational factors in donors from the city of Xi’an, China, with Canadian donors matched for age, sex and donation status.

Materials and Methods  A total of 218 donors in Xi’an completed an interview about motivation as did 218 Canadian donors matched for age, sex and donation status. Frequencies and percentages of responses to questions were tabulated and compared using the Chi‐squared test.

Results  Donors in Xi’an and Canada felt a personal responsibility to donate blood (81·2% vs. 78·0%, P = 0·2057), but Xi’an donors were more likely to consider blood donation a social responsibility (81·7% vs. 45·2%, P < 0·0001). Xi’an donors more often believed that society views donation as a normal activity (98·6% vs. 48·4%, P < 0·0001) and that the social atmosphere promotes donation (90·3% vs. 53·5%, P < 0·0001) and saw greater health benefit (52·3% vs. 12·5%, P < 0·0001). Most Xi’an donors believed in balance between their life force (Qi) and blood (86·7% vs. 49·8%, P < 0·0001) but did not believe blood lost from donating would affect this (0·5% vs. 3·8%, P = 0·01).

Conclusion  While traditional Chinese beliefs may not be seen as a barrier among people in Xi’an who donate blood, blood donation is seen differently than by Canadian donors. There is a need for more research specific to China to tailor recruitment strategies.
The contribution of HIV infection to intracranial arterial remodeling: A pilot study
Authors: Gutierrez Jose , Elkind Mitchell S. V. , Petito Carol , Chung David Y , Dwork Andrew J. , Marshall Randolph S
Published: October 2012

Pathological arterial wall changes have been cited as potential mechanisms of cerebrovascular disease in the HIV population. We hypothesize that dilatation would be present in arterial walls of patients with HIV compared to controls. Fifty‐one intracranial arteries, obtained from autopsies of five individuals with HIV infection and 13 without, were fixed, embedded, stained, and digitally photographed. Cross‐sectional areas of intima, media, adventitia and lumen were measured by preset color thresholding. A measure of arterial remodeling was obtained by calculating the ratio between the lumen diameter and the thickness of the arterial wall. Higher numbers indicate arterial dilatation, while lower numbers indicate arterial narrowing. HIV‐infected brain donors were more frequently black (80% vs. 15%, P = 0.02) compared with uninfected donors. Inter and intra‐reader agreement measures were excellent. The continuous measure of vascular remodeling was significantly higher in the arteries from HIV donors (β = 2.8, P = 0.02). Adjustments for demographics and clinical covariates strengthen this association (β = 9.3, P = 0.01). We found an association of HIV infection with outward brain arterial remodeling. This association might be mediated by a thinner media layer. The reproduction of these results and the implications of this proposed pathophysiology merits further study.
Dangerous passion: Othello syndrome and dementia
Authors: Cipriani Gabriele , Vedovello Marcella , Nuti Angelo , di Fiorino Andrea
Published: October 2012

Jealousy is a complex emotion that most people have experienced at some time in life; pathological jealousy refers primarily to an irrational state. Othello syndrome is a psychotic disorder characterized by delusion of infidelity or jealousy; it often occurs in the context of medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders. At least 30% of cases in the literature show a neurological basis for their delusion of infidelity, although its biological basis is not fully understood. The purpose of this paper is to examine the phenomenon of pathological jealousy in people with dementia. We searched the electronic databases for original research and review articles on Othello syndrome in demented patients using the search terms ‘Othello syndrome, morbid jealousy, pathological jealousy, delusional disorders, dementia’. Convictions about the partner's infidelities may form the content of psychopathological phenomena, such as delusions. Delusional jealousy is a frequent problem in dementia. Coexistent delusions and hallucinations are frequent. The violence in demented patients suffering from this syndrome is well documented and forensic aspects are highlighted. There are no systematic researches about the clinical characteristics of Othello syndrome in persons suffering from dementia, but only case reports and it is not possible to differentiate or compare differences of delusional jealousy across the various type of dementia or distinguish the syndrome in demented patients from the syndrome in other psychiatric disorders. Frontal lobe dysfunction may be called into question in delineating the cause of the delusional jealousy seen in Othello syndrome.
Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the World Health Organization‐Five Well‐Being Index in elderly
Authors: Lucas‐Carrasco Ramona
Published: October 2012

Aims

The World Health Organization (WHO)‐Five Well‐being Index (WHO‐5) is a short 5‐item index designed to assess the level of emotional well‐being. The positive questions of the WHO‐5, shifted towards measuring cheerfulness and the level of energy, work in the screening of depression. This paper describes the psychometric properties of the Spanish WHO‐5 in older persons.

Methods

A total of 199 participants from community centers and primary care centers participated in the study completing a battery of measures: WHO‐5, Quality of Life (WHOQOL‐BREF), depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS‐15]), as well as health and sociodemographic information. Analysis was performed using standard psychometric methods.

Results

Internal consistency reliability was good (Cronbach's α = 0.86). Exploratory factor analysis showed a one‐factor solution which accounted for 66% of the total variance of WHO‐5. Moderate–high correlations were found between WHO‐5 and the WHOQOL‐BREF and GDS‐15 were confirmed, indicating good convergent validity. Discriminative validity was confirmed by the ability of the WHO‐5 to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy and depressed and non‐depressed participants (as measured by the GDS‐15).

Conclusions

The WHO‐5 showed acceptable psychometric properties in elderly persons. It might be a useful tool to assess emotional well‐being and to detect depressive symptoms among older persons in primary care and community centers.
Clinical correlates associated with cognitive dysfunction in people with schizophrenia
Authors: Tanaka Tsunehiko , Tomotake Masahito , Ueoka Yoshinori , Kaneda Yasuhiro , Taniguchi Kyoko , Nakataki Masahito , Numata Shusuke , Tayoshi Shinya , Yamauchi Ken , Sumitani Satsuki , Ohmori Takashi , Ueno Shu‐ichi , Ohmori Tetsuro
Published: October 2012

Aims

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation between cognitive function and clinical variables in people with schizophrenia.

Methods

The subjects were 61 stabilized outpatients with schizophrenia (DSM‐IV). Their mean age was 40.1 (SD = 12.2) years. All subjects gave written informed consent to participate in the research. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, and the Drug‐Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale.

Results

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Negative syndrome score was significantly correlated with verbal memory score (r = −0.37, P < 0.01), working memory score (r = 0.38, P < 0.01), attention and speed of information processing score (r = −0.51, P < 0.01), verbal fluency score (r = −0.39, P < 0.01), and composite score (r = −0.54, P < 0.01). In addition, the Drug‐Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale score was significantly correlated with attention and speed of information processing (r = −0.45, P < 0.01), and composite score (r = −0.41, P < 0. 01). Dose of antipsychotics and anti‐Parkinson drugs was not significantly correlated with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia scores.

Conclusions

These results indicate that cognitive dysfunction of people with schizophrenia might be associated with negative and drug‐induced extrapyramidal symptoms, suggesting that their minimization would be important for improving cognitive dysfunction.
Effects of N‐acetyl cysteine on cognitive function in bipolar disorder
Authors: Dean Olivia M. , Bush Ashley I. , Copolov David L. , Kohlmann Kristy , Jeavons Susan , Schapkaitz Ian , Anderson‐Hunt Murray , Berk Michael
Published: October 2012

Aims

Bipolar disorder is characterized by progressive changes in cognition with declines in executive functioning, memory and sustained attention. Current pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder target mood symptoms but have not addressed these cognitive changes resulting in euthymic individuals who still experience cognitive deficits. N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC) has been shown to have effects on antioxidant status, glutamate transmission, inflammation and neurogenesis. Adjunctive treatment with NAC improves the symptoms experienced by those with bipolar disorder, particularly depression, and it was hypothesized that cognition may also be improved following NAC treatment.

Methods

As part of a larger randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, participants in the current report were tested at baseline and 6 months to assess changes in cognitive function following either 2000 mg of NAC daily or placebo.

Results

This study failed to find changes in cognitive function following treatment with NAC compared to placebo.

Conclusions

While an important pilot study, this study had a small sample size and included a limited battery of cognitive tests. Further investigations on the effects of NAC on cognitive performance in bipolar disorder are required.
Opioid effect on lungs
Authors: YAMANAKA TRAVIS , SADIKOT RUXANA T.
Published: October 2012

Opioids are widely used for their analgesic properties for the management of acute and chronic pain related to a variety of illnesses. Opioid usage is associated with adverse effects on respiration which are often attributed to depression of the central nervous system. Recent data indicate that opioid use has increased over the last two decades. There is also increasing evidence that opioids have a variety of effects on the lungs besides suppression of respiration. Opioids can affect immune cells function, increase histamine release causing bronchospasm, vaso‐constriction and hypersensitivity reactions. Together, these actions have a variety of effects on lung function. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the effects of opioids on the lungs including the respiratory centre, immune function, airways and pulmonary vasculature.
Oxymoronic or synergistic: Deconstructing the psychiatric and/or mental health nurse
Authors: Cutcliffe John , Stevenson Chris , Lakeman Richard
Published: October 2012

Examination of the names used to signify a nurse who specializes in working with people with mental health problems indicates the absence of a shared nomenclature and the frequent conflation of the terms ‘psychiatric’ and ‘mental health’. Informed by the work of Derrida (1978) and Saussure (1916–1983), the authors encourage the deconstruction of and problematization of these terms, and this shows that what nurses who work with people with so‐called mental illness are called has depended on where they have worked, the vagaries of passing fashion, and public policy. Further, there are irreconcilable philosophical, theoretical, and clinical positions that prevent nurses from practicing simultaneously as ‘psychiatric’ and ‘mental health’ nurses. Related service user literature indicates that it is disingenuous to camouflage ‘psychiatric’ services as ‘mental health’ services, and as signifiers, signified, and signs, psychiatric and mental health nursing are sustained by political agendas, which do not necessarily prioritize the needs of the person with the illness. Clearly demarked and less disingenuous signs for both mental health and psychiatric care would not only be a more honest approach, but would also be in keeping with the service user literature that highlights the expectation that there are two signs (and thus two services): psychiatric and mental health services.
Qualitative exploration of family perspectives of smoke‐free mental health and addiction services
Authors: Missen Rebecca Leigh , Brannelly Tula , Newton‐Howes Giles
Published: October 2012

The significant health disparities experienced by people with mental illness indicate the need for mental health service improvement. This qualitative study explored family and whānau (Māori family group) perspectives of smoke‐free mental health services. Thematic analysis found that family and whānau identified a number of barriers to the implementation of successful smoke‐free policy, including lack of coordination and consistency, and limited, if any, family and whānau inclusion. Family and whānau discussed smoking as a strategy for coping with anxiety and boredom; therefore, the need for other activities and strategies to replace smoking was identified as necessary in effective service delivery. The attitude that mental health service policy should be different from general health policy, due to the experience of mental distress, was also identified. In this paper, we argue that the development and implementation of quality mental health services would be strengthened by involving family and whānau in smoke‐free initiatives. Furthermore, the provision of relevant information to family, whānau, and service users would help dispel myths and stigma associated with tobacco and mental health.
Towards guidelines for post‐disaster vulnerability reduction in informal settlements
Authors: Doberstein Brent , Stager Heather
Published: October 2012

Although the development community has long recognised that securing land tenure and improving housing design can benefit significantly informal settlement residents, there is little research on these issues in communities exposed to natural disasters and hazards. Informal settlements often are located on land left vacant because of inherent risks, such as floodplains, and there is a long history worldwide of disasters affecting informal settlements. This research tackles the following questions: how can informal settlement vulnerabilities be reduced in a post‐disaster setting?; and what are the key issues to address in post‐disaster reconstruction? The main purpose of the paper is to develop a set of initial guidelines for post‐disaster risk reduction in informal settlements, stressing connections to tenure and housing/community design in the reconstruction process. The paper examines disaster and reconstruction responses in two disaster‐affected regions—Jimani, Dominican Republic, and Vargas State, Venezuela—where informal settlements have been hit particularly hard.
Climate forecasts in disaster management: Red Cross flood operations in West Africa, 2008
Authors: Braman Lisette Martine , van Aalst Maarten Krispijn , Mason Simon J. , Suarez Pablo , Ait‐Chellouche Youcef , Tall Arame
Published: October 2012

In 2008, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) used a seasonal forecast for West Africa for the first time to implement an Early Warning, Early Action strategy for enhanced flood preparedness and response. Interviews with disaster managers suggest that this approach improved their capacity and response. Relief supplies reached flood victims within days, as opposed to weeks in previous years, thereby preventing further loss of life, illness, and setbacks to livelihoods, as well as augmenting the efficiency of resource use. This case demonstrates the potential benefits to be realised from the use of medium‐to‐long‐range forecasts in disaster management, especially in the context of potential increases in extreme weather and climate‐related events due to climate variability and change. However, harnessing the full potential of these forecasts will require continued effort and collaboration among disaster managers, climate service providers, and major humanitarian donors.
EXPLORING THE LIMITS TO LOCAL AUTHORITY SOCIAL CARE COMMISSIONING: COMPETING PRESSURES, VARIABLE PRACTICES, AND UNRESPONSIVE PROVIDERS
Authors: RUBERY JILL , GRIMSHAW DAMIAN , HEBSON GAIL
Published: October 2012

Building on international insights into the complexity of public services' procurement and its outcomes, this paper reveals the contradictory influences that generated ambiguous, volatile, and variable commissioning practices in social care commissioning for older adults in a 2008/09 case survey of 14 English local authorities (LAs). Their commissioning practices ranged from cost minimizing to partnership‐focused, with the more cost‐focused practices associated with lower user satisfaction scores. Nevertheless, survey data show that LA measures such as more generous fees resulted in limited responses by the independent sector providers in improving employment practices. Overriding budget constraints, volatile national and local policy priorities, low trust relations, and an unwillingness among national providers to raise employment standards locally all limited the influence of local commissioning on actual practice. These findings point to the need for a stronger national framework for social care and for attention to be paid to how to improve providers' practices.
TOWARDS AN OPEN FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO WELFARE STATE CHANGE: PRESSURES, IDEAS, AND BLAME AVOIDANCE
Authors: VIS BARBARA , VAN KERSBERGEN KEES
Published: October 2012

Why are some governments able to push through radical welfare state reforms while others, operating in similar circumstances, are not? Why are some ideas more acceptable than others? We present an open functional approach to reform to answer these questions and illustrate it empirically by discussing the drastic reform of the Dutch disability scheme in the early 1990s. Ideas translate a functional pressure that existentially threatens a social insurance system into a drastic welfare state reform, such as a severe tightening of eligibility criteria. Functional requirements constrain the range of ideas that political actors can consider for welfare state reform, although they do not determine which ideas are adopted. But once adopted, ideas influence the reforms pursued. A government's choice of ideas and the political strategies to implement them determine the success or failure of the reform. Blame avoidance strategies mediate vitally between the functional pressure, the idea and the reform.
Aid Allocation by German NGOs: Does the Degree of Official Financing Matter?
Authors: Dreher Axel , Nunnenkamp Peter , Thiel Susann , Thiele Rainer
Published: October 2012

Using a new data set for 41 German non‐governmental organisations (NGOs), we analyse the allocation of NGO aid across recipient countries in a Tobit regression framework. By identifying for each NGO the degree of official financing, we address the largely unresolved issue of whether financial dependence on the government impairs the targeting of NGO aid. It turns out that German NGOs are more active in poorer countries, while they do not complement official aid by working under difficult local conditions. Beyond a certain threshold, rising financial dependence weakens their poverty orientation and provides an incentive to engage in ‘easier’ environments. In addition, we find that the NGOs follow the state as well as NGO peers when allocating aid. This herding behaviour is, however, hardly affected by the degree of official financing.
Die Auswirkungen bedarfsabhängiger Leistungen: Ergänzungsleistungen in der Schweiz
Authors: Bütler Monika , Inderbitzin Lukas , Schulz Jonathan F. , Staubli Stefan
Published: October 2012

As in many other countries, means tested benefits constitute an important part of the Swiss old age security system and disability insurance. In contrast to universal benefits, such targeted transfers are intended to only support the ones in need and thereby lead to low level of public expenses. However, individuals face strong incentives at various stages in life to adapt their behavior in order to become eligible. Using the Swiss Erg¨anzungsleistungen as an example, we argue that means tested benefits increase the incentive to apply for disability benefits, raise the attractiveness of early retirement, and induce individuals to favor a lump sum payment over an annuity. Moreover, they decrease the incentive to purchase private long-term care insurance.
Effizient, einfach und gerecht: Ein integriertes System zur Reform von Einkommensteuer und Sozialabgaben
Authors: Löffler Max , Peichl Andreas , Pestel Nico , Schneider Hilmar , Siegloch Sebastian
Published: October 2012

The system of income taxation in Germany is too complex and insufficiently transparent. Many reform proposals have been publicly debated during the past years. However, so far, conflicting goals of positive employment and distributional effects without a negative impact on the state’s budget could not be overcome. A common problem of previous reform proposals is that they have neglected social security contributions and their interactions with income taxes. We tackle this issue by proposing an integrated system of taxation. Our simulations show that this comprehensive reform resolves conflicting goals: employment increases, inequality decreases and tax revenues slightly increase.
Abzug von Eigenkapitalzinsen als Betriebsausgaben – ein steuersystematischer Beitrag zur Krisenabsicherung von Unternehmen
Authors: Rose Manfred , Zöller Daniel
Published: October 2012

The article deals with the development of a new model for taxing personal capital income and business profits incorporating elements of a (lifetime oriented) ACE system and of a traditional system of capital income taxation. This new approach adheres to decision neutrality at the enterprise level while taking into account both international competitiveness of company taxation and the requirement to meet the redistribution goal of the government. Neither a purely consumption based tax system nor the traditional tax system is capable to meet these requirements in a similar way. The distinctive core of the new system is that - according to the ideal approach of taxing lifetime income - notional interest on equity capital is deductible from the taxable profit of enterprises irrespective of their legal form. Interest income, dividends and capital gains received by individuals will be taxed according to a flat rate tax when they are withdrawn from their qualified bank accounts. Compared to the status quo, the introduction of the proposed tax system in Germany would make equity financing of investments more attractive. This could provide companies with the necessary cushion to survive financial or economic crises as they would be equipped with more equity capital.
Successful treatment of widespread eczema and sleep disruption in a 7‐month‐old infant with methylprednisolone aceponate 0.1%
Authors: Torrelo A.
Published: October 2012

A 7‐month‐old infant, with no known food allergy or intolerance, presenting with eczema lesions affecting many parts of his body, was diagnosed with infantile eczema. A skin barrier defect, due to filaggrin deficiency, was suspected. Prior treatment with emollients was not effective and produced discomfort. After twice‐daily application of methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA) 0.1% (Advantan®), in addition to temporary withdrawal of emollients, for 10 days. At the follow‐up examination, improvements in all eczema lesions, scratching behavior and sleep quality were observed, and eczema was considered almost clear and under control. Advantan was prescribed to control new flares of eczema, and heavy emollients were recommended to treat residual dryness and damage from original lesions. No side effects of Advantan were reported. In an infant with newly diagnosed eczema, Advantan was safe and effective in alleviating lesions and scratching severity and restoring sleep.