bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Public Health
Authors: Robins Moriah
Published: August 2022

This chapter maps the gaps between public health sectors and the perceptions of public health held by those in other sectors. These gaps often stand in the way of effective collaboration, partnership, and communication, although public health professionals have long understood the interconnectedness of health and other aspects of community and individual health. This chapter identifies gaps in understanding about public health, based on data gathered from public health professionals and professionals outside of public health. These gaps profoundly limit recognition of the field’s value. However, areas of common ground between public health and other sectors are also identified as foundational spaces where strong collaboration and cross-sector partnership can be forged for mutual benefit and better health.
Communicating for Change
Authors: Kendall-Taylor Nat
Published: August 2022

This chapter defines the importance of the delivery of public health messaging so that the ideas that public health practitioners are communicating are not lost because of ineffective communication. Framing, and why it matters, is the central focus of this chapter. The tone and language used in science-based public health messaging is critical, especially when there is ample room for interpretation and misinterpretation. How one positions messages and presents ideas can increase support for public health and improve collaboration across sectors. Deliberate and strategic framing is key to the success of the public health message and its reception.
Tools
Authors: Miller Mark R. , Locke Rachel
Published: August 2022

This comprehensive chapter provides tools used for successful communication and how they can be wielded to advocate for public health initiatives and generally elevate the public’s value of public health perspectives. Framing, and how it works within storytelling, is described as a strategic tool for closing critical gaps in understanding between public health experts, leaders in other sectors, and the public. A discussion of metaphors as tools is also included, specifically to align the strategic goals of other sectors and public health initiatives (as well as the public’s personal relationship to health) in order to forge understanding and strong collaboration. Communication tools for building support for public health and collaboration tools for building bridges and partnerships meet the need for sector-specific audiences to see the value of collaboration, as well as general trust-building among the public through strategic storytelling.
Think Like a Marketer
Authors: Martin Sarah , Duin Anna
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on the words, images, and data that will best elevate the public health brand. It is important for public health professionals to “play the game” of marketing because when public health leaders are ignored, people die. Public health as a field needs to keep up with the marketing tactics and strength of the industries and sectors that feed our society. Compelling leading statements are essential for public health branding and storytelling in particular, because capturing the audience’s attention when there are infinite competing factors is critical. Similarly, imaging to portray data makes complicated numbers easy to understand and attractive to consume. Humanizing the data includes a framing approach that makes the data accessible, but also relatable, by being intentional about how one depicts data. These three pillars emphasize attention to detail because it works to elevate engagement.
1945 (and Smatterings from 1946 and 1947)
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Oscar Hammerstein continues to correspond with his son aboard a navy ship in the South Pacific as World War II reaches its conclusion. Paul Robeson wants Rodgers and Hammerstein to write him an operetta of Othello. Carousel opens and is a hit. There is detailed discussion of the running of Highland Farm. Rodgers and Hammerstein produce the Anita Loos play Happy Birthday, and the Irving Berlin musical Annie Get Your Gun. Hammerstein reports movingly of Jerome Kern’s death. Josh Logan gives advice on Allegro from out of town.
1958
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

There are letters from Mary Martin’s friend, Sister Gregory Duffy, who provides advice and insight about the religious life and being a postulant, to help guide the writing of The Sound of Music. After appearing in a television interview with Mike Wallace, Hammerstein responds to a critic who questions his patriotism. C. Y. Lee, the author of the novel, Flower Drum Song, describes a flower drum to Oscar Hammerstein. The film of South Pacific opens generating discussions about the promotion of the film, its success, and the criticism in some quarters of the use of color filters. Hammerstein corresponds with British producer, Harold Fielding, in how to adapt Cinderella into a staged pantomime, including the interpolation of additional Rodgers and Hammerstein songs.
1959
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

There is much correspondence about all aspects of the creation of The Sound of Music, including a plea from Rodgers and Hammerstein’s lawyer not to title the show Love Song, discussions of casting and who will be hired as designers and conductor, Mary Martin’s response on first having some of the songs played for her, and so on. Hammerstein writes a letter of apology to Tennessee Williams for statements Ed Sullivan quoted incorrectly or out of context. Continuing reactions to the film of South Pacific. Oscar gives advice to an aspiring songwriter. Richard Halliday reports on a meeting with Baroness von Trapp (Maria). Hammerstein finally raises all the funds for the George M. Cohan memorial, which is finally completed.
Extraction and Conflict in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru
Authors: Jaskoski Maiah
Published: August 2022

Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru are exceptional cases for a comparative study on social conflict over new extraction. During the 1990s–2010s, governments in all three countries encouraged private investment in hydrocarbons and mining that supported the growth of these already important sectors, and the expansion brought social conflict. Cross-country variation in national political dynamics and in dominant forms of extractive conflict facilitate the book’s most different systems design. Peru exhibited a pattern of major, violent protests set loose by redemocratization. In Colombia, armed actors on all sides of a civil war held interests in extractives. After the height of the armed conflict, movement activists objected to the environmental and social impacts of mining and hydrocarbons, frequently by turning to the courts. Finally, Bolivia is a case of direct action by indigenous groups that wavered in their relationship to a leftist national government.
The Articulation Challenge and Contested Community Representatives
Authors: Jaskoski Maiah
Published: August 2022

Communities that were classified as impacted by extraction and included in the formal participatory process—“insiders”—confronted the articulation challenge, or the hurdle of expressing their positions on new development. That challenge was greater if there was contestation over the boundary that delineated insider community representatives relative to the larger community—that is, where there was disagreement about who spoke for a community. Cohesive communities interrupted or blocked the participatory process. In divided settings, such unified protest was not possible, and community strategies depended on how a participatory institution defined participation. For public hearings, participation meant the holding of a meeting for all local residents. This structure encouraged activist insiders to participate, to compete with project supporters. By contrast, participation in prior consultation consisted of indigenous leaders signing off on meetings, allowing the state to pursue a fraudulent consultation with community members who posed as leaders. Communities later disputed the legitimacy of the consultation.
Opinion Formation in Light of the Facts
Authors: Boudreau Cheryl , MacKenzie Scott A
Published: August 2022

Income inequality has increased dramatically in the United States, yet public support for redistribution has not. The authors of this chapter theorize that mistaken beliefs about income inequality contribute to citizens’ lack of demand for greater redistribution, and that correcting these beliefs can help citizens connect their value for greater equality to their preferences for redistribution. To test their theory, they conduct a survey that measures citizens’ beliefs about income inequality and then randomly assigns them to receive factual or partisan information before expressing their support for redistributive policies. The survey found that citizens believe that income is distributed much more equitably than it actually is and that, in the absence of information, their preferences for redistribution are unrelated to whether or not they value greater equality. When citizens receive accurate information about income inequality, however, they connect their value for greater equality to their preferences for redistribution, even when their partisan allegiances recommend otherwise.
Do Facts Change Public Attitudes toward Fiscal Policy?
Authors: Sides John
Published: August 2022

U.S. fiscal policy confronts Americans with complicated issues about which many are not well-informed. Across three original survey experiments, this chapter examines the effect of providing information about the country’s fiscal health, and especially its budget deficit and national debt. In general, this information does not change attitudes about fiscal policy, even when it corrects substantial misperceptions. Moreover, information about the effects of tax policy on the national debt does not lead voters to align their policy preferences with their own stated concern about deficits and the debt. For this reason, a more “truthful” fiscal politics may not necessarily change public opinion very much.
The Ethics of Authorship
Authors: Kirkland N. Bryant
Published: August 2022

This chapter studies Herodotus’s reception in the literary essays of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Dionysius defends Herodotus’s narratorial behavior, including his choice of topic, his attitude toward his characters and readers, and his “ethics of representation.” The chapter demonstrates how Dionysius attributes “writerly lives” to his predecessors, in which authorship does not simply mirror one’s nature but rather depends on an active choice (prohairesis) for fair-minded representation. It suggests ways in which Dionysius’s positive acclamation of Herodotus involves his own kinetic imitation, and consequently the transportability of Herodotus’s voice into Dionysius’s literary criticism. The Herodotean ethos emerges as self-reflexive for Dionysius in his own critical role. The adoption of a Herodotean ethical persona through “submerged imitation” grounds Dionysius’s own self-portrait as a critic.
Removable Eyes
Authors: Kirkland N. Bryant
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that beneath Lucian’s ostensibly ludic reception of Herodotus lie serious queries into the opacities of reading nominally “straight” works such as the Histories. The chapter first analyzes the prolalia entitled Herodotus and Aëtion to demonstrate how Lucian frames Herodotean reception in meta-literary terms. The chapter then turns to the True Histories to show how Lucian navigates the elasticity of Herodotean narrative roles, pointing up the ambiguity of Herodotus as both extradiegetic narrator and intradiegetic “participant” in his work. Lucian’s mimetic techniques do not so much transmogrify Herodotean narrative into fantasy as they draw out certain latent, already “fantastical” features of Herodotean writing, including the fantasy of a stable viewing self in relation to the subjective encounter with others.
Anacharsis at Border Control
Authors: Kirkland N. Bryant
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on Lucian’s use of Anacharsis in both the Scythian and the dialogue Anacharsis. Close readings of these works, alongside examination of Herodotus’s own representation of Anacharsis and the Scythians, reveal how Lucian revives certain strands of Herodotean thought on cultural mobility and change. The debate between Anacharsis and Solon in Lucian’s Anacharsis plays out, the chapter argues, against the backdrop of Herodotus’s own narrative of the exchange between Solon and Croesus, with Lucian’s Anacharsis recast in the mode of Solon. The chapter demonstrates how some of Lucian’s apparent inversions tap into aspects of instability and relativism already present in Herodotus.
Pausanias in Wonderland
Authors: Kirkland N. Bryant
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses Pausanias’s Herodoteanism in his articulation of space and narrative authority, or what it calls psychogeography (borrowing from urban ethnographers): the interrelations of space, historical presence, and semiotic potential. It shows how Pausanias replays but also reworks aspects of Herodotean movement and how Pausanias’s psychogeography involves “textual space,” the overlapping sense of his work’s contiguousness with past texts. It demonstrates the intertextual activation of Herodotus in the opening of the Periegesis but also suggests modes of Pausanias’s self-differentiation. The chapter concludes by examining how Pausanias appropriates Herodotus’s rhetoric of wonder, as Pausanias redirects readers from awe at foreign material toward an encounter with the marvelous nature of Greece.
India’s Democratic Longevity and Its Troubled Trajectory
Authors: Varshney Ashutosh
Published: August 2022

Chapter 2 looks at India as one example of democratic longevity despite the presence of theoretically counter-intuitive conditions. Although India seems almost entirely bereft of the things that scholars believe to be conducive to democracy, it has been a democracy for seventy-one of the last seventy-three years. India has always fallen short of the liberal ideal and currently faces a populist challenge not unlike those faced by some other established democracies, but it is nonetheless perhaps democracy’s most remarkable success story. The explanation for how India has eluded the democratic collapse predicted for it by most theories emphasizes the importance of the beliefs and values of that country’s modern founders, and, in particular, its first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. But although the birth of Indian democracy is attributed to the values of the country’s founders, democratic persistence stems from the fact that India’s political elites have come to see democracy as being in their own interests.
Different Works, Different Versions, Neither or Both?
Authors: Schab Alon
Published: August 2022

Chapter 3 focuses on the issue of multiple versions. While specialist musicologist-editors give full critical consideration to the issue of multiple versions and its implications, there are some challenges that fall squarely in the performer’s domain. The chapter surveys some of the basic scenarios—works that survive in more than one manuscript, manuscripts that give markedly different versions of the same work, manuscripts that are difficult to relate to a specific version, catalogue entries, and critical editions that camouflage the multiplicity of versions. The chapter ends with a case study, showing how a concert program is shaped by the study of multiple versions.
China's Next Act
Authors: Moore Scott M.
Published: August 2022

If the COVID-19 pandemic taught us anything, it is that the world is bound together by shared challenges—and that at the center of those challenges stands China. Thanks to decades of breakneck growth and development, Chinese officials, businesses, and institutions now play a critical role in every major global issue, from climate change to biotechnology. This book re-envisions China’s role in the world in terms of sustainability and technology. This reframing is essential both because none of these increasingly pressing, shared global challenges can be tackled without China, and because they are reshaping China’s economy and its foreign policy, with major implications for the world at large. At the same time, sustainability and technology issues present opportunities for intensified economic, geopolitical, and ideological competition—a reality that Beijing recognizes. The danger is that China’s next act will drive divergence on the rules and standards the world desperately needs to tackle shared challenges in the decades ahead. In some areas, like clean technology development, competition can be good for the planet. But in others, it could be catastrophic: only cooperation can lower the risks of artificial intelligence and other disruptive new technologies. The challenges posed by climate change, pandemics, and emerging technologies make dealing with China’s state, its firms, and other institutions more complex and more critical than ever before. China’s Next Act helps foreign countries, companies, and other organizations prepare for a future shaped by sustainability, technology—and a dramatic new chapter for China and the world.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Scott M.
Published: August 2022

In the early twenty-first century, China once again became the world’s single most important country in a vast range of fields. Yet even as it became one of the world’s largest economies, most powerful militaries, and foremost geopolitical actors, China also wrestled with profound ecological and technological challenges. Pandemics, climate change, and data privacy threatened to disrupt Beijing’s carefully laid economic and political plans, and prompted major shifts in its economic, social, and foreign policies. What is more, the speed and scale of China’s development meant that these ecological and technological challenges increasingly resembled those of richer countries like the United States. Instead of convergence, though, common ecological and technological challenges underscored differences between China and other major countries, especially a lack of shared values. The world faces a shared but contested future, with China at the center.
Case 1
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: August 2022

Community involvement in gun violence prevention and treatment is one strategy that many of us wholeheartedly embrace. How we achieve this goal opens the field to a wide range of options, which is exciting but frustrating because there is no one universal model. There certainly is room for innovation in the gun injury field. Coverage of Stop the Bleed (STB) in the previous chapter makes selecting a case illustration on this topic a natural next step. STB brings a concrete example of a community-centered gun violence approach, empowering residents to assume health provider roles. Chicago is a site for viewing this campaign because of its prominence with gun violence and its efforts to stem this tide. The organization selected for attention in this chapter is youth-led, bringing this dimension to life. Youth activism after the Parkland, Florida, shooting received national attention. However, we can find youth-led activist organizations throughout the country, as evidenced in Chicago.
Research
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: August 2022

A nation that ignores gun injuries is, in reality, a misinformed country on gun violence, and this makes it arduous to find viable solutions. Grasping gun violence’s reach requires research capturing its visible and invisible consequences, and there is never a singular victim, but rather victims. There is no magical solution for gun violence; it necessitates quantitative and qualitative research that is highly participatory and community capacity enhancing, too. Gun research must not limit itself to informing practice but transforming it. Being able to accurately assess violence measures is critical in evaluating the effectiveness of policies and interventions. This takes on added significance at the local level. Effective policies on gun injuries are not possible without corresponding data to guide them. Reliable gun injury data must be obtained at all three governmental levels: local (neighborhood and block), state (including county), and national. More specifically, to understand urban violence, we need to focus our attention on city blocks within neighborhoods. Business as usual, however, is ill advised if we are to paint a complex picture of this phenomenon rather than a simplistic rendition. Bringing together researchers and practitioners in urban community partnerships is a noteworthy goal, as outlined in this chapter.
Fort Clatsop
Authors: Aron Stephen
Published: August 2022

This chapter journeys across the continent with Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to fix on Fort Clatsop at the edge of the Pacific Ocean and examine how peace between Indians and explorers was maintained. Especially during the two hundredth anniversary commemorations of the exhibition, the retellings of the Lewis and Clark saga acclaimed the pacific relations between explorers and Indians, especially during the Corps’ sojourn on the West Coast of North America. In reality, as the chapter details, interactions at Fort Clatsop did not live up to these bicentennial “wishtories.” But if not exactly the “peace and friendship” stamped on the medals that Lewis and Clark gifted to Indian leaders, the explorers did manage to avoid violent conflicts and to get what they needed from Indians during their months at Fort Clatsop.
Justice in Islam
Authors: Baker Raymond William
Published: August 2022

Justice stands as the crown jewel of the Islamic moral universe. Qur’anic references to justice are more frequent than those to the prophets of Islam. It is justice, rather than jihad or “holy war” of the Western imagination, that defines the centrist Islam of the Qur’an. Justice in midstream Islam is at once “one and many,” to borrow a formulation of Islamic mystics. Justice is one as the core Islamic value, and many in the particular struggles for social justice it inspires. Abu Dharr al Ghifari, the beloved seventh-century companion of the Prophet Muhammad, authored several hundred prophetic traditions and fought for the rights of the poor. Abu Dharr modeled the combination of scholarship and activism that characterizes Islamic intellectuals. Struggles for social justice waged in Egypt, Turkey, Iran, and beyond evoke the Prophet’s companion as exemplar. The excesses of extremist thinking and the blinding glare of the violence it fosters may threaten to overwhelm the faith. Invariably, however, Islamic intellectuals step forward to restore moderation. Centrist Islam today is winning adherents at a pace that outstrips all other faiths. Individual chapters focus on the contributors to this Awakening, including the Egyptian Shaikh Muhammad al Ghazalli, the Turkish scholar Sa’id Nursi, the Lebanese Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Fadlallah, the martyred Iraqi Grand Ayatollah Baqir al Sadra, the Iranian intellectual Ali Shariati, and the American athlete and Muslim convert Muhammad Ali. Their stories explain how an awakened Islam has today become a global phenomenon.
Conflict in Northern Ireland
Authors: Perkoski Evan
Published: August 2022

This chapter evaluates the book’s theory qualitatively. It presents a case study of two splinter organizations that operated in Ireland and Northern Ireland during the Troubles (1968–1998): the Irish National Liberation Army and the Real Irish Republican Army. Drawing upon months of field work and visits to archives in Dublin, London, and Belfast, it traces how the preceding internal politics affected the membership, decision-making, organizational structure, and overall trajectory of these two breakaway groups. It also evaluates and systematically rejects a host of completing explanations for their behavior. In effect, this chapter reveals the causal mechanisms underlying the book’s theory that link a splinter’s earliest formation to its eventual behavior.
More Parties or No Parties
Authors: Santucci Jack
Published: August 2022

How should we think about electoral reform? What are the prospects for modern-day efforts to reform away the two-party system? This book offers a “shifting coalitions” theory of electoral-system change, puts the Progressive Era in comparative perspective, and warns against repeating history. It casts reform as an effort to get or keep control of government, usually during periods of party realignment. Reform can be used to insulate some coalition, dislodge the one in power, or deal with noncommittal “centrists.” Whether reform lasts depends less on the number of parties than on whether it helps coalitions hold themselves together. This is where the Progressives got it wrong. Unable to win support for “multi-party politics,” they built a reform movement on the idea of “no parties.” They polarized local politics on the issue of “corruption,” won proportional representation in twenty-four cities, then watched (and sometimes joined) its repeal in all but one case. Along the way, they found they needed parties after all, but the rules they had designed were not up to the task. This movement’s legacy still shapes American politics: nonpartisan elections to undersized city councils. Today’s reformers might do well to make peace with parties, and their critics might do well to make peace with having more.
Cultural Influences on Memory
Authors: Gutchess Angela , Gilliam Ashley N.
Published: August 2022

This chapter will review behavioral and neuroimaging findings on cross-cultural differences in memory, including cultural differences in the prioritization of object versus context information, the use of categories in memory, memory specificity, and self-referencing in memory. A model drawing on the contribution of top-down versus bottom-up processes will be used to account for some of the findings of cross-cultural differences and highlight the need for more consideration of the lower-level processes that contribute to cultural differences in memory. This framework will also consider effects of cognitive aging and predict what types of processes should evoke magnification, maintenance, or minimization of cultural differences across the life span.
Beyond the Black/White Binary
Authors: Cartagena Juan , Chestnut Shelby , Hawk Crystal Echo , Ladd Donna
Published: August 2022

Founder of the Jackson Free Press and the Mississippi Free Press, which both provide in-depth reporting across historical divides, introduces members of different communities to one another, with emphasis onto educating White people about the Black experience. President of LatinoJustice spotlights the legacy of dominance that has denigrated the Latino community’s unique cultural contributions, blurred knowledge of its richness through faulty data collection, and sometimes generated internal tensions. The executive director of IllumiNative presents startling data about how little Americans know about Indigenous people and their rich culture, which has endured despite displacement and genocide. The challenges facing people of Asian descent—often overlooked amidst stereotypes of a monolithic “model minority”—are examined in this chapter as well. Finally, the director of policy and programs at the Transgender Law Center describes the transgender community’s push to influence or lead the research, philanthropy, and policy that affects them.
Refugee Solutions in the Age of Global Crisis
Authors: Androff David K.
Published: August 2022

Refugee Solutions in the Age of Global Crisis: Human Rights, Integration, and Sustainable Development addresses the question of what to do about the global refugee crisis. One in every 95 people on the planet has been forcibly displaced from their home, and the collective response is woefully inadequate. Through comparative case study, this book provides the first comprehensive policy analysis of all three durable solutions in the context of the global refugee crisis. The durable solutions were designed more than 70 years ago to find permanent homes for refugees . Last year, fewer than two percent of refugees found their way to any of these solutions. Reforming yesterday’s solutions requires understanding how they have been used, how they have failed, and how they can be improved. The durable solutions of voluntary repatriation, local integration, and third country resettlement are rarely if ever considered together. Contemporary comparative case studies of the Somali Voluntary Repatriation Program, the Kalobeyei Integrated Settlement, and the Arizona Refugee Empowerment Project illustrate these refugee solutions. This book is global in scope as the case studies focus on refugee policies and populations from Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and North America. This book offers implications for improving refugee solutions to promote human rights through integration and sustainable development. This is vital to counter the rising tide of restrictionist, anti-refugee sentiment and policies.
The Doctor and the Algorithm
Authors: Graham S. Scott
Published: August 2022

The Doctor and the Algorithm combines insights from science and technology studies, critical algorithm studies, and public interest informatics to better understand how health artificial intelligence (AI) is made, promoted, regulated, and justified. It reviews the enthusiastic promises of health AI marketing communication and medical futurism as well as concerns about the dangerous and inequitable effects of AI that have been raised in critical algorithm studies and bioethics. In so doing, The Doctor and the Algorithm investigates promising new applications for health AI, as well as how these new technologies can replicate human biases under a veneer of objectivity and lead to considerable harms. The book also leverages AI, itself, to investigate the foundations of machine-learning technologies and the use of promotional language in health AI research. Along the way, it explores both how the overly enthusiastic embrace of health AI can lead to unintended consequences for patients and public health and how new initiatives in ethical and just AI can support better futures for algorithmic medicine. The Doctor and the Algorithm closes with recommendations for practices and frameworks that can support these more ethical and just approaches to health AI.
Clarifying Ideology
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan
Published: August 2022

This chapter sets out the understanding of ideology that underpins the book. It critiques a common but flawed way of thinking about ideology that I term ‘the true believer model’—in which ideologies represent rigid belief-systems that motivate committed followers to implement their ‘ideal vision of society’. The chapter explains how this image profoundly mischaracterizes classic ideological phenomena like liberalism, Nazism, or communism, and creates a misconceived dichotomy between ideology and pragmatic strategy that is fatal to a proper understanding of political violence. The chapter then sets out an alternative ‘infrastructural’ model of ideology, in which ideologies are broadly conceptualized as the distinctive political worldviews of individuals, groups, and organizations, and are theorized as shaping behaviour through four kinds of ideological influence: commitment, adoption, conformity, and instrumentalization. Together, these forms of influence allow ideologies to act as crucial infrastructures in mass killing, binding diverse individuals into joint campaigns of violence.
The Hardline Justification of Mass Killing
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan
Published: August 2022

While an increasing number of scholars agree that ideologies matter in mass killings, there is huge disagreement over which kinds of ideologies or ideological themes are most crucial in encouraging such violence. This chapter engages that debate, critiquing the dominant focus of ‘traditional-ideological perspectives’ on ‘revolutionary’ or ‘utopian’ ideological goals or values that contrast with pragmatic strategic goals and/or invert conventional morality. The chapter instead emphasizes the principal roots of mass killing in radicalized versions of what are nevertheless highly familiar claims about security politics. Specifically, the chapter identifies six principal ‘justificatory mechanisms’ in the hardline narratives that underpin mass killing—threat construction, guilt attribution, deidentification, valorization, futurization, and the destruction of alternatives—and presents a mixture of historical and psychological evidence to show that such mechanisms have real causal power to encourage support for and participation in violence.
Nanoparticles
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the zero-dimensional electrons in Quantum Dots (QD)s, and obtains expressions for the quantized subbands, density-of-state function, absorption, gain, and emission properties by following the simple particle-in-a box picture. Elementary ideas of growth by self-assembly are given next, mentioning the effect of size distribution in the ideal absorption spectra. The structure of QD lasers, the gain characteristics, and the competition between electron-hole and excitonic recombination are next illustrated. The difference between strong and weak confinement regimes is then pointed out. The elementary theory of excitonic processes is refined by empirical methods. A classification of nanocrystals based on growth by top-down and bottom-up methods is then given, mentioning synthesis of nanoparticles. The core-shell nanostructures are next illustrated. A brief discussion on bright and dark excitons, biexcitons, and trions then follows. Applications like QD lasers, detectors, QD infrared photodetector, solar cells, colour filters, and photochromatic glasses are mentioned.
Isomorphism Invariance
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C.
Published: August 2022

This chapter turns to the top-down argument for the L∞G∞S Hypothesis, an argument that involves close consideration of the nature of the logical constants. It is argued that the logical expressions are distinguished by their topic neutrality and that this is well-captured by the semantic test of isomorphism invariance. The chapter next offers a generalization of the Tarski–Sher criterion which is used to argue for a necessary condition on the one true logic: roughly, it must contain logical constants for all isomorphism-invariant operations. A crucial result in the literature is McGee’s theorem, which links isomorphism invariance to infinitary logic. This result isn’t as well known as it should be and it is presented here in the most accessible form to be found in the literature.
The Intensional Objection
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C.
Published: August 2022

Another objection to isomorphism invariance found in the literature is that it is a purely extensional account that ignores the meanings of expressions. While this doesn’t threaten the L∞G∞S Hypothesis, The One True Logic closes by considering the correct response. Focusing on McGee’s example of unicorn negation, which is logical because coextensive with negation, even though it is in some sense ‘about’ unicorns, the chapter first considers modal responses, which are found to be unsuccessful. The chapter then considers and develops a stronger response from Gil Sagi. The authors argue that this response succeeds, although they note that other problems remain, such as the predicate ‘is a unicorn’. The chapter closes with some thoughts on how a response should be developed.
Digital Economic Policy
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

The emergence of new technologies and business models such as data analytics, online platforms, and artificial intelligence has shaken the economy and society at their foundations. Recently, it has become apparent that public authorities must take a pro-active role to define the rules of the newly emerged markets before potential issues and concerns cement. How rules are currently written determines who will exert a stronger influence on the economy and society in the coming years. This is a key reason why digital policymakers are currently exposed to tremendous pressure by stakeholders. This book takes a journey through all the main areas in the digital economy that beg for policy action. Readers may learn about the general features of a digital economy and the EU long-term strategic plans to govern it. They may learn about telecom markets, the data economy, the digitization of the public sector, cybersecurity, the platform economy, liability for online content, e-commerce, the sharing economy, the impact of technology on labour markets, digital inequality, disinformation, and artificial intelligence. This book primarily aims to provide students with the background knowledge and analytical tools necessary to understand, analyse, and assess the impact of EU digital policies on the European economy and society. The approach is both theoretical and applied. The main goal is to prepare students to give informed and economically sound advice to an EU policymaker for digital affairs.
Digital Government
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

Digitizing the public sector has become imperative for every country in the world. A digitized public administration is leaner, faster, and more efficient. It can better identify and anticipate its constituency’s issues; it is transparent and accountable. That is all the more necessary to enable governments to perform increasingly challenging tasks, such as dealing with shrinking public budgets, meeting citizens’ raising expectations, and relating with a highly dynamic surrounding economic environment. Transformation is, however, far from easy. Technological adoption, the modernization of infrastructure, and the upskilling of the public workforce are just the first steps. A digital public sector requires a radical cultural change for public employees and citizens alike. It begs for significant investment and efforts to establish a mutually beneficial communication flow between public administrations and citizens, business, and society at large. Of particular relevance is the use of data in the public sector. Data is a powerful enabler of innovation. But to unleash its full potential, it needs the proper governance framework.
Online Content and Platform Liability
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

In their early days, online platforms were considered neutral intermediaries with no direct editorial responsibility. That is the approach enshrined in the 2000 e-Commerce EU Directive, whereby information society services are not considered liable for the illegal content they unknowingly host. That principle may be not entirely suitable to address today’s challenges. In particular, platforms have been subject to increasing public pressure to take on a proactive role to limit the ever-growing spread of harmful content online: from incitement to hatred, from violence to child pornography. A change in platforms’ liability approach seems all the more sensible since platforms have, over time, outgrown their mere intermediary role and acquired the sophisticated technological means necessary to monitor their users’ behaviour. Yet entrusting platforms with a proactive screening role for the content they host entails a significant risk: hampering users’ freedom of expression. Ultimately, it has the potential to undermine the functioning of the Internet as we know it today. Reconciling the two sides of the dilemma is the fundamental goal of policy action.
The Sharing Economy
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

Nothing better represents the meaning of digital disruption than the “sharing economy”. Online sharing platforms allow owners of under-used assets (for example, a car, a house, or even a specific knowledge or expertise) to compete with established businesses, offering services of comparable, if not enhanced, quality and exploit their assets in a profitable way. Users can access services often supplied by non-professional “peers” at advantageous conditions compared to those offered by professionals. The resulting impact on markets and legacy businesses can be wide and significant, though not always positive: it may concern the environment, labour markets, and society at large, with important implications for policy-making. This chapter provides an overview of the sharing economy and analyses its main features.
Digital Inequality
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

Technological development is often presented as a powerful way to enhance the human condition, particularly for the most vulnerable segments of the population. Digital technologies can improve the efficiency of general interest services, most notably in the health care and educational sectors. They generate opportunities and reduce costs for consumers, workers, and small entrepreneurs. New technologies provide for incredibly effective communication channels, enhancing political participation and amplifying the voice of those who are the margin of society. On the contrary, history shows that the most recent technological development cemented and even exacerbated off-line inequalities, contributing to polarizing societies and widening the gap between the haves and the have-nots. A key driver of this extremely worrying phenomenon is the digital divide, defined as individuals’ different exposure to the opportunities offered by technology, both in terms of access and ability to use it and profit from it. Policymakers must deploy policy solutions that would promote wider access to technology within the population and a more symmetric distribution of the benefits that stem from it. Policy should drive technological development to correct off-line inequality rather than exacerbate it.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI) holds the keys to unlocking a future of unconceivable prosperity for humankind: it may dramatically boost the performance of economies and provide unprecedented opportunities for citizens, companies, and the public sector. It may also advance our ability to address humanity’s challenges, such as providing effective tools for disaster control, a weapon against climate change, or a cure for diseases like cancer. But AI also conceals the potential for a future at the other end of the spectrum. A future where citizens of dystopian societies undergo permanent monitoring for the way they behave or could behave. Where discriminatory treatment is a norm and fundamental rights are systematically ignored. A society where the gap between the haves and have-nots becomes unbridgeable. The role of public policy in the AI space is thus extremely important. Public policy can create the conditions for humanity to get the most out of AI while steering it away from the dystopian future, popularly depicted in science fiction books or films, by designing appropriate ethical and legal frameworks to protect society’s core values.
A SPADEFUL OF EARTH
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the diversity of life, introducing this through the teeming life found in soil. It traces the history of life, from the origin of all species as the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA), some three to four billion years ago. This was a springboard to an astonishing diversity of microbes, revealed by Carl Woese who uncovered their genetic signatures. The much later diversification of multicellular organisms in the sea, and its yet later expansion on to land, have been revealed by palaeontologists, and interpreted through the revolutionary studies of Jack Sepkoski, Stephen Jay Gould, and Mike Benton; possible reasons for their very different patterns of diversification are outlined.
A BONFIRE LIKE NO OTHER
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan
Published: August 2022

This chapter focusses on how energy intersects with life. The energy of sunlight has sustained life on Earth for billions of years, converted by plants into chemical energy, which in turn, is distributed through Earth’s myriad organisms. Now, humans have become adept at controlling energy sources for their own benefit, both by directing biological production towards themselves through crops and domesticated animals, and by opening up new sources of energy, including the fossilized sunlight of hydrocarbon fuels. One major development was the Haber-Bosch process, to fix (at great energetic cost) nitrogen from the air for the increased biological production that now keeps something like half the world’s population alive, via programmes like the Green Revolution. The Earth’s rapidly growing cities are now enormous energy sinks quite out of balance with natural systems, and the chapter concludes by discussing how they may be brought more into balance with nature.
MIRROR TO THE WORLD
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the development of technology and how it intersects with the biosphere. Technology was originally ingenious and artisanal, but limited for want of energy and resources. Then, coal, oil, and gas became energy sources. Technology mushroomed into a planet-spanning technosphere, currently parasitizing and diminishing the biosphere, with ballpoint pens and Swan lightbulbs among a myriad of rapidly evolving technospecies. While, as the technosphere develops and proliferates, it now begins to include living machines such as xenobots. The technosphere, while now similarly sized to the biosphere, is far more wasteful of resources. If its evolution is not to cause the Earth to become one giant landfill site, it must quickly become much better at recycling.
Interjections and particles
Authors: Corr Alice
Published: August 2022

This chapter surveys the categorially heterogeneous taxonomy of conversation-oriented particles and interjections, which are variously characterized as ‘non-syntactic’, ‘autonomous’, ‘deficient’, or otherwise ‘deviant’. It argues that the structural deficiency of these items is merely apparent, and that their incompatibility with a range of formal operations is, paradoxically, a reflection of the complexity of their internal syntax. On this view, utterance-oriented constituents are unified by their topological mapping at the ‘edge of the edge’ of the phasal template where the descriptive content of their interior is (increasingly) irrelevant to their interpretation. Their contribution to the universe of discourse is instead determined through ostension with the result that utterance-oriented constituents are characterized not by what they say but by what they ‘do’. Accordingly, the categorial non-uniformity of taxa such as ‘interjections’ and ‘particles’ results from classifying utterance-oriented items in terms of their interpretation rather than the syntactic category of their lexical root.
Doing things with utterance grammar
Authors: Corr Alice
Published: August 2022

This chapter synthesizes the key findings of Part I, and lays out the proposal for the Utterance Phrase (UP) as the utterance-oriented domain ‘beyond the clause’. U-heads are argued to assemble structure outside the phasal template, such that utterance-oriented constituents (in the specifiers of the UP) are formally connected to the ‘host’ sentence at its leftmost edge without being ‘part of’ that sentence (i.e. its phasal structure). The UP is conceptualized as the locus of utterance packaging of base-generated ‘utterance topics’ (viz. root-like, phase-external adjuncts) interpretatively modificational and hierarchically superior to the CP. Extending the sentence to include the (non-phasal) UP facilitates, in turn, the proposal that ‘dynamic’ conversational moves can be modelled under topological mapping principles within the clausal syntax. Accordingly, a maximally specified ‘rigid’ CP constitutes a simple (single) conversational update, and U-heads connect via their specifiers similarly simple conversational updates to that CP; together, these updates implement a complex conversational move.