bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dust Formation in AGN Winds
Authors: Sarangi Arkaprabha , Dwek Eli , Kazanas Demos
Published: November 2019

Infrared observations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) reveal emission from the putative dusty circumnuclear “torus” invoked by AGN unification, which is heated up by radiation from the central accreting black hole (BH). The strong 9.7 and 18 μm silicate features observed in the AGN spectra, in both emission and absorption, further indicate the presence of such dusty environments. We present detailed calculations of the chemistry of silicate dust formation in AGN accretion disk winds. The winds considered herein are magnetohydrodynamic winds driven off the entire accretion disk domain that extends from the BH vicinity to the radius of BH influence, of order ∼1–100 pc depending on the mass of the resident BH. Our results indicate that these winds provide conditions conducive to the formation of significant amounts of dust, especially for objects accreting close to their Eddington limit, making AGNs a significant source of dust in the universe, especially for luminous quasars. Our models justify the importance of an r
−1 density law in the winds for efficient formation and survival of dust grains. The dust production rate scales linearly with the mass of the central BH and varies as a power law of index between 2 and 2.5 with the dimensionless mass accretion rate. The resultant distribution of the dense dusty gas resembles a toroidal shape, with high column density and optical depths along the equatorial viewing angles, in agreement with the AGN unification picture.
Chemistry on Rotating Grain Surfaces: Ro-thermal Desorption of Molecules from Ice Mantles
Authors: Hoang Thiem , Tung Ngo-Duy
Published: November 2019

It is widely believed that water and complex organic molecules (COMs) first form in the ice mantle of dust grains and are subsequently returned into the gas due to grain heating by intense radiation of protostars. Previous research on the desorption of molecules from the ice mantle assumed that grains are at rest, which is contrary to the fact that grains are suprathermally rotating as a result of their interaction with an anisotropic radiation or gas flow. To clearly understand how molecules are released into the gas phase, the effect of grain suprathermal rotation on surface chemistry must be quantified. In this paper, we study the effect of suprathermal rotation of dust grains spun-up by radiative torques on the desorption of molecules from icy grain mantles around protostars. We show that centrifugal potential energy due to grain rotation reduces the potential barrier of molecules and significantly enhances their desorption rate. We term this mechanism rotational-thermal or ro-thermal desorption. We apply the ro-thermal mechanism for studying the desorption of molecules from icy grains that are simultaneously heated to high temperatures and spun-up to suprathermal rotation by an intense radiation of protostars. We find that ro-thermal desorption is much more efficient than thermal desorption for molecules with high binding energy such as water and COMs. Our results have important implications for understanding the origin of COMs detected in star-forming regions and call for attention to the effect of suprathermal rotation of icy grains to use molecules as a tracer of physical conditions of star-forming regions.
Numerical Simulation and Completeness Survey of Bubbles in the Taurus and Perseus Molecular Clouds
Authors: Liu Mengting , Li Di , Krčo Marko , Ho Luis C. , Xu Duo , Li Huixian
Published: November 2019

Previous studies have analyzed the energy injection into the interstellar matter due to molecular bubbles. They found that the total kinetic energies of bubbles are comparable to, or even larger than, those of outflows but still less than the gravitational potential and turbulence energies of the hosting clouds. We examined the possibility that previous studies underestimated the energy injection due to being unable to detect dim or incomplete bubbles. We simulated typical molecular bubbles and inserted them into the 13CO Five College Radio Astronomical Observatory maps of the Taurus and Perseus Molecular Clouds. We determined bubble identification completeness by applying the same procedures to both simulated and real data sets. We proposed a detectability function for both the Taurus and Perseus molecular clouds based on a multivariate approach. In Taurus, bubbles with kinetic energy less than ∼1 × 1044 erg are likely to be missed. We found that the total missing kinetic energy in Taurus is less than a couple of 1044 erg, which only accounts for around 0.2% of the total kinetic energy of identified bubbles. In Perseus, bubbles with kinetic energy less than ∼2 × 1044 erg are likely to be missed. We found that the total missing kinetic energy in Perseus is less than 1045 erg, which only accounts for around 1% of the total kinetic energy of identified bubbles. We thus conclude that previous manual bubble identification routines used in Taurus and Perseus can be considered to be energetically complete. Therefore, we confirm that energy injection from dynamic structures, namely outflows and bubbles, produced by star formation feedback are sufficient to sustain turbulence at a spatial scale from ∼0.1 to ∼2.8 pc.
The Relationship of Magnetic Twist and Plasma Motion in a Magnetic Cloud
Authors: Zhao Ake , Wang Yuming , Feng Hengqiang , Zhuang Bin , Li Xiaolei , Li Hongbo , Jia Hong
Published: November 2019

Our recent investigations indicate that interplanetary magnetic clouds (MCs) have a high-twist core and a weak-twist outer shell. Utilizing the velocity-modified uniform-twist force-free flux rope model, we further investigate the relationship between the twist profile of magnetic field lines and the distribution of the plasma poloidal angular velocity inside an MC. The poloidal velocity in the MC is 11 km s−1. There are evidently positive correlations between the absolute value of the twist and the plasma poloidal angular velocity in peeled flux ropes or flux rope layers, although the correlation coefficients in flux rope layers are less than those in peeled flux ropes. This finding suggests that plasma flows are frozen-in magnetic field lines as we expected for interplanetary medium, of which the magnetic Reynolds number is large. Furthermore, based on this picture, we infer the axial velocity in the MC frame, which is less than 10 km s−1 and almost uniform in the cross section of the MC. Besides, it is inferred that the plasma flows velocity in the MC is much less than the local Alfvén speed.
Measurement of the Nuclear Symmetry Energy Parameters from Gravitational-wave Events
Authors: Raithel Carolyn A. , Özel Feryal
Published: November 2019

The nuclear symmetry energy plays a role in determining both the nuclear properties of terrestrial matter as well as the astrophysical properties of neutron stars. The first measurement of the neutron star tidal deformability, from gravitational-wave event GW170817, provides a new way of probing the symmetry energy. In this work, we report on new constraints on the symmetry energy from GW170817. We focus in particular on the low-order coefficients: namely, the value of the symmetry energy at the nuclear saturation density, S
0, and the slope of the symmetry energy, L
0. We find that the gravitational-wave data are relatively insensitive to S
0, but that they depend strongly on L
0 and point to lower values of L
0 than have previously been reported, with a peak likelihood near L
0 ∼ 23 MeV. Finally, we use the inferred posteriors on L
0 to derive new analytic constraints on higher-order nuclear terms.
Detection of Coronal Mass Ejections at L1 and Forecast of Their Geoeffectiveness
Authors: Telloni Daniele , Antonucci Ester , Bemporad Alessandro , Bianchi Tiziano , Bruno Roberto , Fineschi Silvano , Magli Enrico , Nicolini Gianalfredo , Susino Roberto
Published: November 2019

A novel tool aimed to detect solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) at the Lagrangian point L1 and to forecast their geoeffectiveness is presented in this paper. This approach is based on the analysis of in situ magnetic field and plasma measurements to compute some important magnetohydrodynamic quantities of the solar wind (the total pressure, the magnetic helicity, and the magnetic and kinetic energy), which are used to identify the CME events, that is their arrival and transit times, and to assess their likelihood for impacting the Earths magnetosphere. The method is essentially based on the comparison of the topological properties of the CME magnetic field configuration and of the CME energetic budget with those of the quasi-steady ambient solar wind. The algorithm performances are estimated by testing the tool on solar wind data collected in situ by the Wind spacecraft from 2005 to 2016. In the scanned 12 yr time interval, it results that (i) the procedure efficiency is of 86% for the weakest magnetospheric disturbances, increasing with the level of the geomagnetic storming, up to 100% for the most intense geomagnetic events, (ii) zero false positive predictions are produced by the algorithm, and (iii) the mean delay between the potentially geoeffective CME detection and the geomagnetic storm onset if of 4 hr, with a 98% 2–8 hr confidence interval. Hence, this new technique appears to be very promising in forecasting space weather phenomena associated to CMEs.
Trigonometric Parallaxes of High-mass Star-forming Regions: Our View of the Milky Way
Authors: Reid M. J. , Menten K. M. , Brunthaler A. , Zheng X. W. , Dame T. M. , Xu Y. , Li J. , Sakai N. , Wu Y. , Immer K. , Zhang B. , Sanna A. , Moscadelli L. , Rygl K. L. J. , Bartkiewicz A. , Hu B. , Quiroga-Nuñez L. H. , van Langevelde H. J.
Published: November 2019

We compile and analyze approximately 200 trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions of molecular masers associated with very young high-mass stars. Most of the measurements come from the BeSSeL Survey using the VLBA and the Japanese VERA project. These measurements strongly suggest that the Milky Way is a four-arm spiral, with some extra arm segments and spurs. Fitting log-periodic spirals to the locations of the masers, allowing for “kinks” in the spirals and using well-established arm tangencies in the fourth Galactic quadrant, allows us to significantly expand our view of the structure of the Milky Way. We present an updated model for its spiral structure and incorporate it into our previously published parallax-based distance-estimation program for sources associated with spiral arms. Modeling the three-dimensional space motions yields estimates of the distance to the Galactic center,

, the circular rotation speed at the Sun's position,

km s−1, and the nature of the rotation curve. Our data strongly constrain the full circular velocity of the Sun,

km s−1, and its angular velocity,

km s−1 kpc–1. Transforming the measured space motions to a Galactocentric frame which rotates with the Galaxy, we find non-circular velocity components typically ≲10 km s−1. However, near the Galactic bar and in a portion of the Perseus arm we find significantly larger non-circular motions. Young high-mass stars within 7 kpc of the Galactic center have a scale height of only 19 pc, and thus are well suited to define the Galactic plane. We find that the orientation of the plane is consistent with the IAU-defined plane to within ±0.°1, and that the Sun is offset toward the north Galactic pole by

pc. Accounting for this offset places the central supermassive black hole, Sgr A*, in the midplane of the Galaxy. The measured motions perpendicular to the plane of the Galaxy limit precession of the plane to ≲4 km s−1 at the radius of the Sun. Using our improved Galactic parameters, we predict the Hulse–Taylor binary pulsar to be at a distance of 6.54 ± 0.24 kpc, assuming its orbital decay from gravitational radiation follows general relativity.
The effect of prey identity and substrate type on the functional response of a globally invasive crayfish
Authors: South Josie , McCard Monica , Khosa Dumisani , Mofu Lubabalo , Madzivanzira Takudzwa C. , Dick Jaimie T. A. , Weyl Olaf L. F.
Published: November 2019

Biological invasions threaten biodiversity on a global scale, therefore, developing predictive methods to understand variation in ecological change conferred is essential. Trophic interaction strength underpins community dynamics, however, these interactions can be profoundly affected by abiotic context, such as substrate type. The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) has successfully invaded a number of freshwater ecosystems. We experimentally derive the Functional Response (FR) (density dependent predation) of the red swamp crayfish preying upon both a benthic prey; chironomid larvae, and a pelagic prey; Daphnia magna, on a no substrate control, sand, and gravel substrates to determine whether (1) there is a higher impact on prey that are benthic, and (2) whether the presence of different substrate types can dampen the interaction strength. We apply and demonstrate the utility of the Functional Response Ratio (FRR) metric in unravelling differences in ecological impact not obvious from traditional FR curves. Procambarus clarkii is capable of constantly utilising high numbers of both benthic and pelagic prey items, showing a Type II functional response under all scenarios. The presence of gravel and sand substrate each independently decreased the magnitude FR upon D. magna. Though, with regards to chironomid larvae the FR curves showed no difference in magnitude FR, the FRR reveals that the highest impact is conferred when foraging on sand substrate. This reinforces the need for impact assessments to be contextually relevant.
Spectral characteristics of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural as a related substance in medicinal products containing glucose
Authors: Hudz Nataliia , Leontiev Dmytro , Wieczorek Piotr P.
Published: November 2019

Objectives: To study 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) spectral characteristics aiming at their future application in analytical procedures and their validation for the determination of 5-HMF in liquid products containing glucose after sterilization.Method: Direct spectrophotometric method for the determination of 5-HMF using the molar absorption coefficient at the absorption maximum (284 nm).

Results and discussion: aqueous 5-HMF solutions have strong absorption in the ultraviolet range below 310 nm and give two absorption maxima at wavelengths of 229–230 nm and 284 nm. An excellent linear relationship between absorbance and 5-HMF concentration was observed in the concentration range of 2.0–10.0 mg/l. The linear dependence passes through the origin. The molar absorption coefficients of 5-HMF were determined and found to be 3007 mol−1•L•cm−1at 229–230 nm and 16070 mol−1•L•cm−1at 284 nm. The use of the molar absorption coefficient of 5-HMF stated in the Pharmacopeia of the United States of America for determining 5-HMF in polydextrose (16830 mol−1·L·cm−1at 283 nm) gives recovery results for model solutions of reference substance of 5-HMF that are acceptable from the point of view of the requirements of the State Pharmacopeia of Ukraine for methods of quantitative determination of impurities. However, other values of the molar absorption coefficient (17000 and 22700 mol−1•L•cm−1) given in the scientific publications are unsuitable for the quantitative determination of 5-HMF as an impurity in medicinal products.

Conclusion: The molar absorption coefficient (16830 mol−1•L•cm−1at 284 nm) may be used to quantify 5-HMF as an impurity in medicinal products containing glucose. For a specific medicinal product, a full validation of the analytical procedure of the 5-HMF determination is required taking into account the composition of this product.
Phytotherapeutic approaches to treatment and prophylaxis in pediatric practice
Authors: Petkova Valentina , Hadzhieva Bozhidarka , Nedialkov Paraskev
Published: November 2019

Medicinal plants, their extracts and herbal medicinal products occupy a growing share of medicines in the pharmacy worldwide.

Historically, the first medicines were products of plants, as well as some of the most important medicines still in use today. With the development of phytochemistry, as part of the pharmaceutical science, great progress has been made in the isolation and in determining the value of a number of biologically active substances (BAS).

Many plants have yielded pure substances (or natural products) that are applied in modern medical practice. Other compounds are potentially useful or have toxic effects.

Traditional medicine incorporating many herbal medicines remains an important (and in some cases, the only) form of treatment in some countries, with increasing use in medical practice.

On the other hand, the fact that in pediatric patients there is a limitation, mainly moral and ethical, of the number of medications to be administered due to the difficulty of conducting clinical trials in children, stimulates the use of herbal medicines of proven quality, effectiveness and safety among this group of patients.
Two new species of Polydesmus Latreille, 1802/1803 from northern Spain with reinstatements of two species, and a key to the Iberian Polydesmus species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae)
Authors: Djursvoll Per
Published: November 2019

Polydesmus biscayensissp. nov. and P. asturiensissp. nov. are described and figured based on material housed in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid. The specimens were collected in six localities in the Asturias and Cantabria provinces, including four caves. In addition, Polydesmus haroi Mauriès & Vicente, 1977 and Polydesmus racovitzai Brolemann, 1910 are transferred from Propolydesmus Verhoeff, 1895 to Polydesmus Latreille, 1802/1803 after examining the gonopod morphology. A key to the Iberian Polydesmus species is presented.
L’ogresse institution
Authors: Denis Paul
Published: November 2019

L’auteur explore dans quelle mesure toute institution, quelle que soit son organisation, présente des aspects ou des caractéristiques au pouvoir phobogène. L’autorité de ceux qui dirigent l’institution, soit ès qualité soit pour avoir pris indirectement le pouvoir, peut activer chez chaque personne qui y travaille un système imagoïque et faire vivre l’institution comme une dictature, une dévoreuse de temps et d’énergie. Le rapport que chacun entretient au pouvoir se trouve questionné sur la scène institutionnelle. L’emprise de l’encadrement peut susciter d’authentiques réactions claustrophobiques. L’institution apparaît alors comme dévorante et castratrice : un ogre.
Une voie vers la réciprocité dans l’accueil aux soins des personnes sans domicile fixe
Authors: Geoffroy-Romane Carol , Bourdet-Loubère Sylvie , Mazoyer Anne-Valérie , Pirlot Gérard
Published: November 2019

Cet article propose des éléments qui rendent compte de l’évolution des modalités de l’accompagnement par l’institution de soin des personnes sans domicile fixe. Car cette population active des peurs et des angoisses plus ou moins archaïques (temps antérieur à la différenciation du Moi , antérieur à la parole), pouvant induire des défenses telles que le clivage chez les soignants. Quelle est donc l’expression de la conflictualité psychique qu’une telle rencontre peut provoquer ? Cela justifie-t-il une attitude spécifique ? Dans un référentiel de psychopathologie psychanalytique cet article qui repose sur une Recherche-Action Existentielle (R-AE) étudie plus spécifiquement la question du contre-transfert chez les soignants, à savoir comment se situer par rapport à cet autre désaffilié, et comment tolérer ses propres mouvements pulsionnels et ses affects, en miroir des leurs.
« La peur n’évite pas le danger » ; éviter la peur met-il en danger ?
Authors: Rassinon Samuel , Tromeleue Linda
Published: November 2019

Victime de violences, corrompu par l’homéostasie familiale maltraitante, l’enfant affolé devient affolant. Il confronte la protection de l’enfance à des émotions complexes. Sans lieu spécifique d’expression, celles-ci pressent les intervenants vers des mouvements d’anesthésie qui neutralisent le déploiement de leur intervention. Émotionnellement interdits, ils sont en risque à leur insu d’être infiltrés par la doctrine parentale qui rend légitime l’illégal. Les auteurs explorent en quoi la co-intervention systémique en analyse des pratiques favorise chez les professionnels l’émergence et l’accueil de ces émotions, notamment la peur, dans ce qu’elles ont de plus humanisant. Ils montrent en quoi cette démarche favorise l’émerge d’une contre-identification à l’agresseur, véritable socle de protection.
L’Apothéose de Satan (ou le vampire pantocrator)
Authors: Fresnault-Deruelle Pierre
Published: November 2019

Cet article revient sur la démarche d’iconologue que l’auteur met en œuvre depuis de nombreuses années. À la question « Qu’est-ce que lire une image ? », il propose une réponse pragmatique consistant à déployer sa méthode à travers un exemple qu’il accompagne d’un discours critique. Le propos vise à remonter à la source des images emblématiques qui préfigurent, nourrissent ou ont marqué l’image analysée ; à s’intéresser à la circulation des symboles qu’elles véhiculent dans le corps social à travers l’histoire culturelle en prenant en compte les divers champs médiatiques qu’elles empruntent (gravure, affiche, peinture, cinéma, BD, pochoirs de rues). Avec humour et érudition, l’auteur éclaire le dessin emblématique d’Eugène Ogé, « Voilà l’ennemi ! », paru en 1902 dans La Lanterne , « Journal Républicain Anticlérical » à la lumière de ses inspirateurs des xviii e  et xix e  siècles pour nous indiquer les filiations de la figure mythique du vampire que l’on retrouve même dans le street art contemporain.
Scoring of Leisure Activities for Older Adults According to Cognitive, Physical, and Social Components
Authors: Wion Rachel K. , Hill Nikki L. , Mogle Jacqueline , Bhargava Sakshi , Berish Diane , Kolanowski Ann
Published: November 2019

Participation in leisure activities may be cognitively protective for older adults. However, there is no comprehensive scoring system for analyzing data related to the effectiveness of leisure activity engagement on cognitive decline risk. The authors developed a component scoring system to determine the typical amount of cognitive, physical, and social effort required for participation in common leisure activities. Fifty-nine leisure activities were scored on the three activity effort components in two rounds of expert panel review using a modified Delphi technique. Consensus on the component scores was esta blished. Interrater reliability (IRR) was acceptable across all three components (0.72). IRR was adequate for the cognitive component (0.75) and excellent for the physical (0.94) and social (0.95) components. Component scores can be used to examine how the level of cognitive, physical, or social effort required for engagement in specific leisure activities is associated with risk for cognitive decline and other poor outcomes. [
Research in Gerontological Nursing, 13
(1), 13–20.]
Living a Daily Life With Self-Awareness Among Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Choi Miran , Kim Miyoung
Published: November 2019

The current study aimed to understand how older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) perceived their condition following diagnosis and to explain the process of coping with concomitant changes in their lives. Using theoretical sampling methods, in-depth interviews were conducted between August 2015 and September 2017 in 20 older adults with MCI; the collected data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. The core category was living a daily life with self-awareness. The four stages of daily life experience among participants were accepting their diagnosis, strengthening their volition, taking care of their health, and maintaining a daily life with self-awareness. After being diagnosed with MCI, participants were more attentive to behaviors in their daily lives. Participants accepted their diagnosis as well as changes to their lifestyles to avoid causing inconvenience to others. [
Research in Gerontological Nursing, 13
(1), 41–48.]
Trends in New Multi-Family Residential Development in Serbia
Authors: Djukić Aleksandra M. , Antonić Branislav M.
Published: November 2019

The field of housing has undergone significant changes during the challenging post-socialist transition. Serbia has been a somewhat different case in the way that its transition was postponed and more complex. Conversely, its housing also carries the legacy of the more developed former socialist Yugoslavia. This dichotomy can easily be observed in the case of the newly-built, “transitional” multi-storey housing. However, the data relating to its characteristics is rare and insufficiently accurate. The aim of this chapter is to improve the research of the urban dimension in newly-built multi-family housing in Serbia, regarding housing planning in the new master and detailed urban plans for Serbian cities. This has been researched by analyzing the professional knowledge and experience of local experts. Therefore, the method used in the research was survey, in which urban experts had participated. It had been carried out in May 2015.
Information System Supporting Heterogeneous Sources for Promoting Destination of Rural Areas
Authors: Raspopovic Milic Miroslava , Vukmirovic Milena , Cvetanovic Svetlana
Published: November 2019

Tourism in rural areas is considered small-scale tourism, which represents a strong potential for growth of areas traditionally characterized as agricultural areas. Rural tourism tends to be heterogeneous with many different and scattered stakeholders, making the efficiency and effectivity hard to achieve. Many ICT technologies have found their way into smart tourism. Even though there are plentiful user generated data and smart tourism applications, they represent a very heterogeneous sources that are challenging to integrate in one scalable system. The aim of this research is to propose a model for information system that will increase efficiency of the rural small-scale tourism by using both internal and external systems, such as social networks, local services, geotagged resources, sentiment analysis, and data- and text-based mining systems. The goal of this information system is to gather a rich database that will allow users to identify their next destination and to identify most valuable assets for each location in the region.
Evaluation of Technologies That Help to Identify Hazards for Cyclists in Cities
Authors: Chaloupka Christine , Risser Ralf , Füssl Elisabeth
Published: November 2019

How do people look at sites and places and perceive details? Studies are referred dealing with the looking behaviour of cyclists, under the assumption that the method used could also be applied for assessing looking behaviour of tourists and to learn more about risks for cyclists. In the frame of a naturalistic cycling study in Austria, among others, a method should be developed that would help to find out where bicyclists direct their visual attention on their ways. Use was made of mobile eye tracking glasses. Results will be shown of the development work that demonstrate that points of interest can be identified via the detection of gaze plots of samples of cyclists. No technology helps to register what is perceived by peripheral vision which would give a more complete picture of reality. Any technological method that today registers where cyclists, or customers, or visitors direct their attention to has to be completed with verbal data from interviews, questionnaires, etc. in order to assure themselves of what really has been perceived.
Contemporary Rural Settlements
Authors: Bijedić Dženana , Čahtarević Rada , Zvizdić Denis , Proho Adna
Published: November 2019

Throughout history, built environment developed intuitively on empirical experience led by trial and error. Such approach provided resilience and evolvement of patterns that guided spatial organization. Newer interventions in the rural environment resulted in disconnected spatial fragments. By comparing vernacular and contemporary planning and construction practice in the natural park Blidinje, the authors tried to identify the reason for which contemporary interventions resulted in new patterns in spatial planning, ones completely unfamiliar for this geographical area. They identified the reason in the fact that men started to treat the natural space as a commodity, forcing stakeholders to be led primarily by economic principles. Such principles are rigid and linear, instead of contextual in this matter. At the same time, the environmentally sound approach should respect complexity of whole endeavor aiming to achieve diversity and variability. The models developed based on complexity theory and self-organization should preserve continuity and integrity of the place and man.
Challenges of Applying Deep Learning in Real-World Applications
Authors: Tyagi Amit Kumar , Rekha G.
Published: November 2019

Due to development in technology, millions of devices (internet of things: IoTs) are generating a large amount of data (which is called as big data). This data is required for analysis processes or analytics tools or techniques. In the past several decades, a lot of research has been using data mining, machine learning, and deep learning techniques. Here, machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence and deep learning is a subset of machine leaning. Deep learning is more efficient than machine learning technique (in terms of providing result accurate) because in this, it uses perceptron and neuron or back propagation method (i.e., in these techniques, solve a problem by learning by itself [with being programmed by a human being]). In several applications like healthcare, retails, etc. (or any real-world problems), deep learning is used. But, using deep learning techniques in such applications creates several problems and raises several critical issues and challenges, which are need to be overcome to determine accurate results.
Challenges and Applications for Implementing Machine Learning in Computer Vision
Authors: Patel Hiral R. , Patel Ajay M , Parikh Satyen M.
Published: November 2019

The chapter introduces machine learning and why it is important. Machine learning is generally used to find knowledge from unknown data. There are many approaches and algorithms available for performing machine learning. Different kinds of algorithms are available to find different patterns from the data. This chapter focuses on different approaches with different usage.
Medical Imaging Importance in the Real World
Authors: Kashyap Ramgopal
Published: November 2019

In the medical image resolution, automatic segmentation is a challenging task, and it's still an unsolved problem for most medical applications due to the wide variety connected with image modalities, encoding parameters, and organic variability. In this chapter, a review and critique of medical image segmentation using clustering, compression, histogram, edge detection, parametric, variational model. and level set-based methods is presented. Modes of segmentation like manual, semi-automatic, interactive, and automatic are also discussed. To present current challenges, aim and motivation for doing fast, interactive and correct segmentation, the medical image modalities X-ray, CT, MRI, and PET are discussed in this chapter.
Cooperative Learning as a Blended Learning Strategy
Authors: Bosch Chantelle , Mentz Elsa , Reitsma Gerda
Published: November 2019

There is currently a movement in education institutions towards blended learning (BL). The integration of technology in the classroom is likely to be the defining transformative innovation for education in the 21st century. As BL is used more extensively in K–12 schools, educators must develop specialized skills for teaching in blended environments. For the purpose of this study, Cooperative learning (CL) is proposed as a BL strategy. CL is an approach that involves a small group of students working together as a team to solve a problem, complete a task, or accomplish a common goal. The combined blended learning model was developed from a synthesis of BL design models and can be used as a design tool when creating a cooperative-blended learning environment.
Inside the Flip
Authors: Pulley Philip Gene
Published: November 2019

In today's educational setting of state and federal mandates, teachers are looking for ways to increase student engagement and collaboration in their classrooms. New educational technologies have many teachers exploring the flipped classroom to meet those mandates. In flipped classrooms, educators flip direct instruction and traditional homework. Students might watch a video over a concept at home and then apply the concept to problems in class. For almost two decades, teachers have implemented and research has been conducted on the flipped model. Little of that research exists at grades 6-12, where the majority of teachers using it teach. This study looked inside the flipped classrooms of seven middle and high school teachers from subject areas including mathematics, science, Spanish, and social studies. Data for the study were collected through interviews, lesson plans and materials, as well as classroom observations in order to gain a full picture of the activities taking place inside of flipped classrooms. This study also looked at the teachers' motivations for using the model.
Recent Advances in Waste Cooking Oil Management and Applications for Sustainable Environment
Authors: Tye Ching Thian
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the management of waste cooking oil (WCO) in a sustainable manner in order to protect the environmental pollution. Increasing consumption of edible oils worldwide leads to generation of substantial amount of waste cooking oil (WCO). While WCO is not considered toxic, large amount of WCO can contribute to environment pollution if not being handled properly. The huge generation of WCO in the world creates problem of collection, treatment and disposal. Due to its chemical features, the recycling of WCO not only provides a renewable feedstock for producing biofuels and bio-based products, but also alleviates environmental pollution arising from its improper handling. This chapter also provides an overview of some recent approaches in WCO recycling and applications.
“Microplastics”
Authors: Embrandiri Asha , Quaik Shlrene , Emmanuel Madu Ijanu , Rahma Mariyam , Rupani Parveen Fatemeh , Jamaludin Mohd Hafiz , Naim Mohd Azrul
Published: November 2019

Microplastics are plastics with smaller than 5mm particle size and they originate from sequential degradation of larger plastic molecules or are manufactured, and they have found use in many realms of life. Their gradual degradability and ingestion by aquatic organisms have become an environmental concern. Microplastics are regarded as a “tiny problem” requiring massive attention. Occurrences of microplastics have been detected in almost all environment matrices. Although several committees have taken steps towards handling the menace, most of the regulations' guidelines refer to “all wastes” in general, leaving many loopholes. This chapter views microplastics, occurrences, detection, and existing policies. The roles of industry and individuals in preserving the ecosystems are deliberated. In summary, emphasis on the bottom-up strategy to curb the escalating amount of plastics waste in our environment is sought and adoption of the “avoid the avoidable” attitude for a more holistic approach in tackling the severity of the impending threat.
Coagulation-Flocculation Technology in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Ho Yeek-Chia , Chua Siong-Chin , Chong Fai-Kait
Published: November 2019

Coagulation and flocculation processes are widely used in potable water treatment due to its high efficiency in turbidity removal. Egyptians discovered this method in 1500 BC by using alum to settle the suspended solids in the water. Today, the coagulation and flocculation processes are implemented with the purpose of agglomerate colloids and fine particles in water into larger particles, which is also known as floc. Therefore, reduction of turbidity and pollutants e.g. organic matter, inorganic matter, suspended solid, etc. can be achieved. This chapter covers the principle of coagulation and flocculation process which includes the charge neutralization and various binding mechanisms e.g. interparticle bridging, sweeping coagulation, and absorption. Besides, various types of coagulants and flocculants that have been discovered and their respective effectiveness in potable water treatment are discussed as well in this chapter. Polymer modifications to synthesize new coagulant/flocculant i.e. grafting and crosslinking are also included.
Membrane Technology for Treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastewaters
Authors: Vara Saritha , Konni Madhavi , Karnena Manoj Kumar
Published: November 2019

It is estimated 90% of the available water resources will be expended in 15 years and by 2025, nearly 60% of the world population will have scarcity of water if the rate of consumption continues at its present level. The mounting use of pharmaceuticals, with enhanced production, have driven these industrial effluents into so-called emerging pollutants that have become a new environmental problem. Pharmaceutical wastewater, specifically categorized by complex components, are ending up polluting natural water bodies, making it necessary to remove such substances from the wastewaters to prevent harm to the natural environment. Amid options available for treating these effluents, biological processes are cost-effective and environmentally safe alternatives to chemical methods. One of the recent advances includes use of membrane technology. Among these, membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis technologies are becoming advanced and promising options for wastewater treatment, and reuse at a reduced price is making it economically feasible.
Waste Management Practice in Malaysia and Future Challenges
Authors: Chua Huang Shen , Bashir Mohammed J. K.
Published: November 2019

Malaysia current waste management systems are not able to solve the disposal rates. The reduction of waste through 3Rs programme (reduce, reuse, and recycle) is in precontemplation stage. The municipal solid waste (MSW) condition is mixed and wet. The landfill and Thermal Treatment Plant (incineration) are the current practices for the MSW disposal. Landfill created leachate while incineration released unhealthy gases. Incineration failed due to the improper management and high cost of the operation. Torrefaction is needed before it goes to the incineration to improve the high heating value (HHV). The MSW pyrolysis and gasification are able to convert into valuable products (bio-oil, biochar, combustible gases). Combustible gases can be used to feedback into the incinerator. The heat of the incinerator can be performed waste to energy (WTE), which is able to convert into electricity as a Feed-in-Tariff (FiT).
Real-Time Construction Waste Reduction Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Enegbuma Wallace Imoudu , Bamgbade Jibril Adewale , Ming Cosmas Pang Han , Ohueri Chukwuka Christian , Tanko Bruno Lot , Ojoko Edo Oga , Dodo Yakubu Aminu , Kori Sa'id
Published: November 2019

The paradigm shift towards waste reduction in the construction industry has produced revolutionary techniques in assessing and mitigating waste during the construction lifecycle. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology presents potentials in real-time construction waste management for informed decision-making processes for site managers. Due to the dynamic and complex construction work environment, material and equipment, labour and management policies are subjected to latent and identified hazards. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the real time impact of construction waste. UAV technology was adopted. UAV flight mission and deployment time were designed to meet target requirements and snapshot checklist. Data images were captured from an 11-storey residential building and analysed for conformity to construction waste and safety requirements. The prevalence of exposed material and equipment, low labour awareness, and need for policy shift to circular economy was predominant. Further studies can explore multiple construction monitoring and other category of construction works.
Establishing a Media Literacy Cognate at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Authors: Cubbage Jayne
Published: November 2019

This study explores the need as well as the feasibility of implementing a media literacy cognate at Historically Black Colleges and Universities nationwide. Of the approximately 40 colleges and universities with media studies or communications departments or schools, only three offer a named media literacy course. Similarly, of the communications and media programs with ACEJMC accreditation, only one, Howard University offers a media literacy course. Using diffusion of information theory to explore the knowledge of and eventual adoption of media literacy courses at HBCUs, the study seeks to provide an introduction to schools about their need to teach media literacy to students across the college and university curriculum.
Examining the Factors that Influence ICT Adoption in SMEs
Authors: Lawrence Japhet Eke
Published: November 2019

Many opportunities have been made available through the use of Information communication technologies (ICT) in organizations in general, and particularly in Small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with the early adopters' successes well publicized. Thus, many organizations not taking advantages of the ICT are currently examining their options. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence SMEs' decision in adopting ICT in business. The diffusion theory, the technology acceptance model and information richness will provide the theoretical foundation for this study. Currently in the data collection phase, the owner/manager or someone responsible for IT employed by the SMEs will be surveyed in this cross-industry study. Preliminary results from the study are reported as well as sample questions resulting from the study to be used in the final survey questionnaire.
Information Sharing and Communications with Mobile Cloud Technology
Authors: Pal Shantanu
Published: November 2019

The use of mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, tablet computers, and PDAs) has steadily increased in recent years. At the same time the cloud-based applications have greatly enhanced the computing capabilities to these mobile devices. Therefore, the emergence of mobile-cloud technology is promising for offloading computations to the cloud. In this chapter we explore the state-of-the-art research in mobile-cloud technology and discuss the integration of the mobile devices and cloud-based applications. We begin by describing the mobile-cloud architecture and its functional components. Next, we explore the applications (e.g., education, healthcare, disaster management, etc.) and related challenges (e.g., bandwidth utilization, latency, connectivity, etc.) with the mobile-cloud technology. Finally, we outline the issues associated to these applications that need to be improved upon for delivering a more scalable and resource-enhanced mobile-cloud technology to the users.
Information and Communication Technologies as Drivers of Social Unrest
Authors: Garcia-Murillo Martha , Zaber Moinul , Wohlers de Almeida Marcio
Published: November 2019

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are alleviating frictions associated with the gathering and distribution of information, as well as reducing transaction costs related to the identifying, monitoring, and coordination of citizens dissatisfied with certain government policies. We conducted a random-effect logit tests based on a uniquely developed panel dataset of 138 countries from 2005 to 2014 to determine, ceteris paribus, whether or not ICTs play a role in facilitating changes to the status quo that gravitate against government policies. We found that ICTs although it can reduce hysteresis, the tendency to remain passive, inertia, is stronger. In addition, because ICTs are multi-purpose technologies they also support other beneficial economic and political activities which can explain why we don't see greater evidence of social unrest with these technologies. The literature on social unrest provide some clues about this phenomenon. People are willing to engage in these movements but it appears that only during a crisis.
Knowledge Sharing between Enterprises of the Same Group
Authors: Carvalho Nuno , Gomes Isabel
Published: November 2019

This exploratory study seeks to promote investigation about knowledge sharing between enterprises of the same enterprise group and is motivated by the growing importance of knowledge management (KM) to businesses. The data was collected from Community Innovation Survey (CIS) 2012 and three linear regressions were performed (one to all enterprises, one to SME and one to large enterprises). The results show that cooperation for product or process innovation and service innovation influence knowledge sharing between enterprises of the same enterprise group, contributing to learning organizations. The present paper clarifies the importance of innovation and cooperation for innovation in KM practices between enterprises of the same enterprise group. The results are only valid to SME, since large enterprises have different practices of KM.
Antecedents and Consequences of Adopting Social Networking Technologies for Knowledge Sharing in Small Firms
Authors: Soto-Acosta Pedro , Popa Simona
Published: November 2019

This paper examines factors, which affect web 2.0 knowledge sharing and its effect on organizational innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The study also investigates whether web 2.0 knowledge sharing mediates the relationship between HR (Human Resource) practices and innovation. The proposed research model and its associated hypotheses were tested by using structural equation modelling on a dataset of 552 SMEs. Results suggest that technological and organizational factors are positively associated with web 2.0 knowledge sharing in Ss, while the contrary is found with regard to vertical competition. In addition, results show that web 2.0 knowledge sharing positively influence innovation and that web 2.0 knowledge sharing mediates the relationship between Human Resource (HR) practices and innovation in SMEs.
The Role of Human Resources (HR) in Tacit Knowledge Sharing
Authors: Dalkir Kimiz
Published: November 2019

In Knowledge Continuity Management (KCM), knowledge from highly experienced employees leaving the organization is particularly challenging to document, classify and organize so that it can be accessed, understood and used by the successor to that employee. Horizontal knowledge sharing (in the context of peer-to-peer networks) and vertical knowledge transfer (in the context of KCM) are distinguished in order to address some of the conceptual confusion in this field. Both Human Resources (HR) and Knowledge Management (KM) units contribute to KCM but they need to do so in a more integrated fashion. The complementary roles played by the KM and HR teams are analyzed in a case study to show how they can work in tandem to ensure knowledge continuity in an organization. Key recommendations are made on how to implement a comprehensive KCM strategy for tacit knowledge, including the role that can be played by information and communication technologies.