bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Writing Units or Decades First in Two Digit Numbers Dictation Tasks: The Case of Arabic—An Inverted Language
Authors: Ganayim Deia , Dowker Ann
Published: November 2021

This study investigated the effect of educational level and of the syntactic representation of numbers in Arabic on the task of transcoding two-digit numbers from dictation. The participants were primary, junior-high, and high school pupils and higher education students. All spoke Arabic as a mother tongue. They performed a transcoding task, namely writing two-digit numbers from dictation. Units first\decades first writing patterns were collected depending on the differential syntactic structures of the two-digit number dictated (decades first: whole tens; units first: teen numbers; identical units and decades, remaining two-digit numbers). The findings reveal that in general, Arabic speakers adopt a decades-first writing pattern for two-digit numbers, especially when it is consistent with the syntactic structure of two-digit numbers, as in whole-tens numbers. This decade-first writing pattern is more evident and consistent in junior-high school, high school, and higher education than in primary school due to the improvement in mathematical skills and second and third languages. However, this pattern is modulated by the syntactic complexity of the unit–decade structure. This complexity is more pronounced in two-digit numbers whose processing is more dependent on numerical syntax. Thus, whole-tens numbers, teen numbers, and identical-decade–unit numbers are less complex than the remaining two-digit numbers.
Influence of Carbon Nanotube Attributes on Carbon Nanotube/Cu Composite Electrical Performances
Authors: Sundaram Rajyashree , Sekiguchi Atsuko , Chen Guohai , Futaba Don , Yamada Takeo , Kokubo Ken , Hata Kenji
Published: November 2021

Carbon nanotube (CNT)/copper composites offer promise as lightweight temperature-stable electrical conductors for future electrical and electronic devices substituting copper. However, clarifying how constituent nanotube structures influence CNT/Cu electrical performances has remained a major research challenge. Here, we investigate the correlation between the CNT/Cu electrical performances and nanotube structure by preparing and characterizing composites containing nanotubes of different structural attributes. We prepared three types of composites—single-wall (SW)-CNT/Cu wires, SW-CNT/Cu pillars, and multi-wall (MW)-CNT/Cu wires. The composites were fabricated from the corresponding CNT templates by two-step Cu electrodeposition, which retains template nanotube attributes through the fabrication process. The nanotube characteristics (diameter, G/D, alignment, etc.) in each template as well as the internal structure and electrical performances of the corresponding composites were characterized. SW-CNT/Cu wires and pillars outperformed MW-CNT/Cu wires, showing ≈ 3× higher room-temperature four-probe conductivities (as high as 30–40% Cu-conductivity). SW-CNT/Cu also showed up to 4× lower temperature coefficients of resistances i.e., more temperature-stable conductivities than MW-CNT/Cu. Our results suggest that few-walled small-diameter nanotubes can contribute to superior temperature-stable CNT/Cu conductivities. Better CNT crystallinity (high G/D), fewer nanotube ends/junctions, and nanotube alignment may be additionally beneficial. We believe that these results contribute to strategies for improving CNT/Cu performances to enable the real-world application of these materials as Cu substitutes.
Decoration of Ag Nanoparticle on ZnO Nanowire by Intense Pulsed Light and Enhanced UV Photodetector
Authors: Noh Youngwook , Shin Jaehak , Lee Horim , Kim Gyu Young , Kumar Manoj , Lee Dongjin
Published: November 2021

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) are wide-bandgap semiconductors that absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Various post-treatment processes have been studied to improve the optical properties of the as-grown ZnO NWs. Among them, Ag nanoparticles (NPs) effectively improved the optical properties on the surface of the ZnO NWs. In this study, ZnO NWs were synthesized via the hydrothermal synthesis method. ZnO NWs were decorated with Ag NPs on the surface of the ZnO NWs in a silver nitrate (AgNO3) aqueous solution by intense pulsed light (IPL) irradiation. Ag NPs were successfully decorated under the following conditions: aqueous AgNO3 solution of 100 nM, an energy of 1 J/cm2, and an exposure time of 8 ms. The responsivity and sensitivity of the ZnO NW UV photodetectors increased by 7.43 and 3.37 times, respectively. The IPL process makes it possible to decorate Ag NPs in a simple manner within an extremely short time.
Skin Disease in Children: Effects on Quality of Life, Stigmatization, Bullying, and Suicide Risk in Pediatric Acne, Atopic Dermatitis, and Psoriasis Patients
Authors: Kelly Katherine A. , Balogh Esther A. , Kaplan Sebastian G. , Feldman Steven R.
Published: November 2021

Acne, atopic dermatitis (AD), and psoriasis are all chronic dermatologic conditions that greatly impact the lives of pediatric patients and their caregivers. The visible nature of these diseases negatively affects the self-image of children early in life as well as their relationships with their families and peers. Physicians recognize the importance of addressing both the physical and mental symptoms of their patients but are currently not equipped with clear guidelines to manage long-term psychosocial comorbidities in pediatric dermatologic patients. A PubMed and Google Scholar search of key words was conducted to explore self-image in pediatric patients with acne, AD, and psoriasis. Chronic skin diseases put pediatric patients at risk for strained family relationships, poor self-image, psychiatric comorbidities, stigmatization, and eventual suicidal behavior. A limitation of this study is a lack of a validated measure of quality of life in the pediatric population that fulfills enough criteria to evaluate long term quality of life in children and adults. Possible management options, including connecting patients with the same diagnosis and allocating resources to parents and teachers to better understand these chronic skin conditions, may provide pediatric patients with the support they need to develop resilience in the face of these challenges.
Analytical and Numerical Solutions for the Thermal Problem in a Friction Clutch System
Authors: Sabri Laith A. , Topczewska Katarzyna , Jweeg Muhsin Jaber , Abdullah Oday I. , Abed Azher M.
Published: November 2021

The dry friction clutch is an important part in vehicles, which has more than one function, but the most important function is to connect and disconnect the engine (driving part) with driven parts. This work presents a developed numerical solution applying a finite element technique in order to obtain results with high precision. A new three-dimensional model of a single-disc clutch operating in dry conditions was built from scratch. As the new model represents the real friction clutch including all details, the complexity in the geometry of the clutch is considered one of the difficulties that the researchers faced using the numerical solution. The thermal behaviour of the friction clutch during the slip phase was studied. Meanwhile, in the second part of this work, the transient thermal equations were derived from scratch to find the analytical solution for the thermal problem of a clutch disc in order to verify the numerical results. It was found, after comparison of the numerical results with analytical results, that the results of the numerical model are very accurate and the difference between them does not exceed 1%.
Routing and Spectrum Allocation in Spectrum-Sliced Elastic Optical Path Networks: A Primal-Dual Framework
Authors: Wang Yang , Li Chaoyang , Hu Qian , Flor Jabree , Jalalitabar Maryam
Published: November 2021

The recent decade has witnessed a tremendous growth of Internet traffic, which is expected to continue climbing for the foreseeable future. As a new paradigm, Spectrum-sliced Elastic Optical Path (SLICE) networks promise abundant (elastic) bandwidth to address the traffic explosion, while bearing other inherent advantages including enhanced signal quality and extended reachability. The fundamental problem in SLICE networks is to route each traffic demand along a lightpath with continuously and consecutively available sub-carriers, which is known as the Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) problem. Given its NP-Hardness, the solutions to the RSA problem can be classified into two categories: optimal solutions using link-based, path-based, and channel-based Integer Linear Programming (ILP) models, which require extensive computational time; and sub-optimal heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithms, which have no guarantee on the solution quality. In this work, inspired by a channel-based ILP model, we propose a novel primal-dual framework to address the RSA problem, which can obtain a near-optimal solution with guaranteed per-instance closeness to the optimal solution.
A Constitutive Equation of Turbulence
Authors: Egolf Peter W. , Hutter Kolumban
Published: November 2021

Even though applications of direct numerical simulations are on the rise, today the most usual method to solve turbulence problems is still to apply a closure scheme of a defined order. It is not the case that a rising order of a turbulence model is always related to a quality improvement. Even more, a conceptual advantage of applying a lowest order turbulence model is that it represents the analogous method to the procedure of introducing a constitutive equation which has brought success to many other areas of physics. First order turbulence models were developed in the 1920s and today seem to be outdated by newer and more sophisticated mathematical-physical closure schemes. However, with the new knowledge of fractal geometry and fractional dynamics, it is worthwhile to step back and reinvestigate these lowest order models. As a result of this and simultaneously introducing generalizations by multiscale analysis, the first order, nonlinear, nonlocal, and fractional Difference-Quotient Turbulence Model (DQTM) was developed. In this partial review article of work performed by the authors, by theoretical considerations and its applications to turbulent flow problems, evidence is given that the DQTM is the missing (apparent) constitutive equation of turbulent shear flows.
Heterologous Expression of a Thermostable Chitinase from Myxococcus xanthus and Its Application for High Yield Production of Glucosamine from Shrimp Shell
Authors: Lyu Yongmei , Zheng Feng , Qiu Chuanxing , Wang Meng , Wang Dujun , Zhang Xiaoyang , Voglmeir Josef , Liu Li , Yu Xiaohong
Published: November 2021

Glucosamine (GlcN) is a widely used food supplement. Hence, enormous attention has been concerned with enzymatic production of GlcN owing to its advantage over a chemical approach. In this study, a previously unstudied chitinase gene (MxChi) in the genome of Myxococcus xanthus was cloned, expressed in recombinant soluble form and purified to homogeneity. TLC-, UPLC-, and microplate-reader- based activity tests confirmed MxChi hydrolyzes colloidal chitin to chitobiose as sole product. The optimal catalytic pH and temperature of MxChi was identified as 7.0 and 55 °C, respectively. MxChi exhibited 80% activity after 72 h incubation at 37 °C. The site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the amino acids D323A, D325A, and E327A of MxChi were in the DXDXE catalytic motif of GH18. When coupled with β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (SnHex) and deacetylase (CmCBDA), the enzyme allowed one-pot extraction of GlcN from colloidal chitin and shrimp shell. The optimal condition was 37 °C, pH 8.0, and 1/3/16.5 (MxChi/SnHex/CmCBDA), conducted by orthogonal design for the enzymatic cascades. Under this condition, the yield of GlcN was 26.33 mg from 400 mg shrimp shell. Facile recombinant in E. coli, robust thermostability and pure product herein makes newly discovered chitinase a valuable candidate for the green recycling of chitin rich waste.
Evaluating the Lipid Quality of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Harvested from Different Oceans by Their Fatty Acid Signatures
Authors: Domingues Valentina F. , Quaresma Mário , Sousa Sara , Rosas Mónica , Ventoso Breixo , Nunes Maria Leonor , Delerue-Matos Cristina
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the fishing location on yellowfin tuna’s (YFT; Thunnus albacares) white muscle total lipid (TL) content and fatty acid profile. The comparison included 45 YFT loins, equally divided between the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The ocean had no significant influence on YFT TL content, total PUFA and total n-3 PUFA (p > 0.05), averaging 1.09 g/100 g of muscle, 229.2 and 192.8 mg/100 g of muscle, respectively. On the other hand, the YFT harvested on the Indian Ocean displayed significantly higher contents of both SFA and MUFA totals than the Atlantic Ocean counterparts (p < 0.05), while the YFT harvested in the Pacific Ocean presented intermediate values, not differing significantly from the other two origins. The YFT from the Indian and Pacific oceans held twice the n-6 PUFA content recorded in the Atlantic YFT (44.1 versus 21.1 mg/100 g of muscle). Considering the recommended daily intake of EPA plus DHA is 250 mg, the consumption of 100 g of YFT from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans would provide 149.2 mg, 191.8 mg or 229.6 mg of EPA plus DHA, representing 59.7%, 76.7% or 91.8% of the recommended daily intake, respectively.
Electromagnetic Precursors of Short Gamma-Ray Bursts as Counterparts of Gravitational Waves
Authors: Wang Jieshuang , Liu Liangduan
Published: November 2021

Precursor emissions are found in some short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs). In this paper, we review the theories and observations of the SGRB precursor and discuss its prospect as an electromagnetic counterpart of the gravitational wave event produced by neutron star (NS) mergers. The observed luminosity, spectrum, and duration of precursors are explained by the magnetospheric interaction model during the inspiral or the cocoon/jet shock breakout model during the jet propagation. In general, these two models predict that the precursor will be weaker than the main GRB, but will be of a larger opening angle, which makes it an advantageous gamma-ray counterpart for NS mergers in the local Universe, especially for NS - black hole mergers with very low mass ratios, in which the main GRBs are not expected. The joint observation of the precursor, SGRB, and gravitational wave will help to reveal the jet launch mechanism and post-merger remnant.
The Influence of Monomer Structure on the Properties of Ionogels Obtained by Thiol–Ene Photopolymerization
Authors: Lewandowska Aneta , Gajewski Piotr , Szcześniak Katarzyna , Marcinkowska Agnieszka
Published: November 2021

The influence of ene and thiol monomer structure on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of thiol–ene polymeric ionogels were investigated. Ionogels were obtained in situ by thiol–ene photopolymerization of 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (TATT), 2,4,6-triallyloxy-1,3,5-triazine (TAT), diallyl phthalate (DAP), and glyoxal bis(diallyl acetal) (GBDA) used as enes and trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate) (TMPTP), pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP), and pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptobutyrate) (PETMB) used as thiols in 70 wt.% of ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMImNTf2). The mechanical strength of ionogels was studied by puncture resistance and ionic conductivity by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The course of photopolymerization by photo-DSC method (differential scanning calorimetry) as well as characterization of compositions and its components (by IR and UV spectroscopy-Kamlet–Taft parameters) were also studied. The resulting ionogels were opaque, with phase separation, which resulted from the dispersion mechanism of polymerization. The mechanical and conductive properties of the obtained materials were found to be largely dependent on the monomer structure. Ionogels based on triazine monomers TAT and TATT were characterized by higher mechanical strength, while those based on aliphatic GBDA had the highest conductivity. These parameters are strongly related to the structure of the polymer matrix, which is in the form of connected spheres. The conductivity of ionogels was high, in the range of 3.5–5.1 mS∙cm−1.
p130Cas Is Correlated with EREG Expression and a Prognostic Factor Depending on Colorectal Cancer Stage and Localization Reducing FOLFIRI Efficacy
Authors: Kumbrink Jörg , Li Pan , Pók-Udvari Agnes , Klauschen Frederick , Kirchner Thomas , Jung Andreas
Published: November 2021

p130 Crk-associated substrate (p130Cas) is associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance in breast and lung cancers. To elucidate p130Cas functional and clinical role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression/therapy resistance, we performed cell culture experiments and bioinformatic/statistical analyses of clinical data sets. p130Cas expression was associated with poor survival in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) data set. Knockdown/reconstitution experiments showed that p130Cas drives migration but, unexpectedly, inhibits proliferation in CRC cells. TCGA data analyses identified the growth factor epiregulin (EREG) as inversely correlated with p130Cas. p130Cas knockdown and simultaneous EREG treatment further enhanced proliferation. RNA interference and EREG treatment experiments suggested that p130Cas/EREG limit each other’s expression/activity. Inverse p130Cas/EREG Spearman correlations were prominent in right-sided and earlier stage CRC. p130Cas was inducible by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and FOLFIRI (folinic acid, 5-FU, irinotecan), and p130Cas and EREG were upregulated in distant metastases (GSE121418). Positive p130Cas/EREG correlations were observed in metastases, preferentially in post-treatment samples (especially pulmonary metastases). p130Cas knockdown sensitized CRC cells to FOLFIRI independent of EREG treatment. RNA sequencing and gene ontology analyses revealed that p130Cas is involved in cytochrome P450 drug metabolism and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. p130Cas expression was associated with poor survival in right-sided, stage I/II, MSS (microsatellite stable), or BRAF-mutated CRC. In summary, p130Cas represents a prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target in CRC.
Immunological Mechanisms of Vaccine-Induced Protection against SARS-CoV-2 in Humans
Authors: Goyal Keshav , Goel Harsh , Baranwal Pritika , Tewary Anisha , Dixit Aman , Pandey Avanish Kumar , Benjamin Mercilena , Tanwar Pranay , Dey Abhijit , Khan Fahad , Pandey Pratibha , Gupta Piyush Kumar , Kumar Dhruv , Roychoudhury Shubhadeep , Jha Niraj Kumar , Upadhyay Tarun Kumar , Kesari Kavindra Kumar
Published: November 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 infection spread rapidly throughout the world and appears to involve in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. SARS-CoV-2 is attached to host cells via binding to the viral spike (S) proteins and its cellular receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Consequently, the S protein is primed with serine proteases TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, which facilitate the fusion of viral and cellular membranes result in the entry of viral RNA into the host cell. Vaccines are urgently required to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and aid in the recovery to pre-pandemic levels of normality. The long-term protective immunity is provided by the vaccine antigen (or pathogen)-specific immune effectors and the activation of immune memory cells that can be efficiently and rapidly reactivated upon pathogen exposure. Research efforts aimed towards the design and development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 are increasing. Numerous coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have passed late-stage clinical investigations with promising outcomes. This review focuses on the present state and future prospects of COVID-19 vaccines research and development, with a particular emphasis on immunological mechanisms of various COVID-19vaccines such as adenoviral vector-based vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and DNA vaccines that elicits immunological responses against SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans.
Automated Damage Detection of (C/C)/Si/SiC Composite Using Vibration Modes with Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Shibata Chihiro , Shichijo Naohiro , Matsuoka Johei , Takeshima Yuriko , Yang Jenn-Ming , Tanaka Yoshihisa , Kagawa Yutaka
Published: November 2021

Discontinuous carbon fiber-carbon matrix composites dispersed Si/SiC matrix composites have complicated microstructures that consist of four phases (C/C, Si, SiC, and C/SiC). The crack stability significantly depends on their geometrical arrangement. Nondestructive evaluation is needed to maintain the components in their safe condition. Although several nondestructive evaluation methods such as the Eddy current have been developed, any set of them is still inadequate in order to cover all of the scales and aspects that (C/C)/Si/SiC composites comprise. We propose a new method for nondestructive evaluation using vibration/resonance modes and deep learning. The assumed resolution is mm-order (approx. 1–10 mm), which laser vibrometers are generally capable of handling sufficiently. We utilize deep neural networks called convolutional auto-encoders for inferring damaged areas from vibration modes, which is a so-called inverse problem and infeasible to solve numerically in most cases. We solve this inference problem by training convolutional auto-encoders using vibration modes obtained from a non-damaged specimen with various frequencies as the dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed method successfully detects the damaged areas of validation specimens. One of the noteworthy points of this method is that we need only a few specimens for training deep neural networks, which generally require a large amount of data.
Variability of Heat and Water Fluxes in the Red Sea Using ERA5 Data (1981–2020)
Authors: Nagy Hazem , Mohamed Bayoumy , Ibrahim Omneya
Published: November 2021

The study of heat and water fluxes is one of the most essential components for understanding the interactions and exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere. Heat transfer across the air–sea interface is an important process in ocean–atmosphere dynamics. In this study, a 40-year (1981–2020) high-resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) ERA-5 reanalysis dataset from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is used to estimate the variability and trends of heat and water flux components in the Red Sea. The results show that the surface net heat flux is negative (loss) in the Northern Red Sea (NRS) and positive (gain) in the Southern Red Sea (SRS). The highest seasonal surface net heat flux is observed in the spring and early summer, while the lowest is reported in the winter. A significant linear trend is found in the surface net heat flux over the NRS and SRS, with values of about −0.12 ± 0.052 (W/m2)/yr and +0.20 ± 0.021 (W/m2)/yr, respectively. The annual mean surface net water flux loss to the atmosphere over the entire Red Sea is +1.46 ± 0.23 m/yr. The seasonal surface net water flux peak occurs in winter as a result of the northeast monsoon wind, which increases evaporation rate over the whole length of the Red Sea. The highest surface net water flux (+2.1 m/yr) is detected during 2020, while the lowest value (+1.3 m/yr) is observed during 1985.
Quantitative Estimation of Cell-Associated Silver Nanoparticles using the Normalized Side Scattering Intensities of Flow Cytometry
Authors: Shim Yoo Jin , Ha My Kieu , Yoon Tae Hyun
Published: November 2021

Quantification of cellular nanoparticles (NPs) is one of the most important steps in studying NP–cell interactions. Here, a simple method for the estimation of cell-associated silver (Ag) NPs in lung cancer cells (A549) is proposed based on their side scattering (SSC) intensities measured by flow cytometry (FCM). To estimate cellular Ag NPs associated with A549 cells over a broad range of experimental conditions, we measured the normalized SSC intensities (nSSC) of A549 cells treated with Ag NPs with five different core sizes (i.e., 40–200 nm, positively charged) under various exposure conditions that reflect different situations of agglomeration, diffusion, and sedimentation in cell culture media, such as upright and inverted configurations with different media heights. Then, we correlated these nSSC values with the numbers of cellular Ag NPs determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) as a well-established cross-validation method. The different core sizes of Ag NPs and the various exposure conditions tested in this study confirmed that the FCM-SSC intensities are highly correlated with their core sizes as well as the amount of cellular Ag NPs over a linear range up to ~80,000 Ag NPs/cell and ~23 nSSC, which is significantly broader than those of previous studies.
Single Excited Dual Band Luminescent Hybrid Carbon Dots-Terbium Chelate Nanothermometer
Authors: Zairov Rustem R. , Dovzhenko Alexey P. , Sarkanich Kirill A. , Nizameev Irek R. , Luzhetskiy Andrey V. , Sudakova Svetlana N. , Podyachev Sergey N. , Burilov Vladimir A. , Vatsouro Ivan M. , Vomiero Alberto , Mustafina Asiya R.
Published: November 2021

The report introduces hybrid polyelectrolyte-stabilized colloids combining blue and green-emitting building blocks, which are citrate carbon dots (CDs) and [TbL]+ chelate complexes with 1,3-diketonate derivatives of calix[4]arene. The joint incorporation of green and blue-emitting blocks into the polysodium polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) aggregates is carried out through the solvent-exchange synthetic technique. The coordinative binding between Tb3+ centers and CD surface groups in initial DMF solutions both facilitates joint incorporation of [TbL]+ complexes and the CDs into the PSS-based nanobeads and affects fluorescence properties of [TbL]+ complexes and CDs, as well as their ability for temperature sensing. The variation of the synthetic conditions is represented herein as a tool for tuning the fluorescent response of the blue and green-emitting blocks upon heating and cooling. The revealed regularities enable developing either dual-band luminescent colloids for monitoring temperature changes within 25–50 °C through double color emission or transforming the colloids into ratiometric temperature sensors via simple concentration variation of [TbL]+ and CDs in the initial DMF solution. Novel hybrid carbon dots-terbium chelate PSS-based nanoplatform opens an avenue for a new generation of sensitive and customizable single excited dual-band nanothermometers.
Australian Christian Conscientious Objectors during the Vietnam War Years 1964–72
Authors: Sandy Geoffrey A
Published: November 2021

Many young Christian men faced a moral dilemma when selective military conscription was introduced in Australia during the Vietnam War from 1964–72. The legislation was the National Service Act in 1964 (NSA). Some believed that their Christian conscience did not allow them to kill or serve in the army. Most of them sought exemption as a conscientious objector decided at a court hearing. Others chose non-compliance with the NSA. All exercised nonviolent Holy Disobedience in their individual opposition to war and conscription for it. Holy disobedience stresses the importance of nonviolent individual action, which was an idea of A.J. Muste, a great Christian pacifist. The research reported here is strongly influenced by his approach. It is believed to be the first study which explicitly considers Christian conscientious objectors. A data set was compiled of known Christian conscientious objectors during the Vietnam War years from authoritative sources. Analysis allowed identification of these men, the grounds on which their conscientious beliefs were based and formed and how they personally responded to their moral dilemma. Many of their personal stories are told in their own words. Their Holy Disobedience contributed to ending Australia’s participation in the Vietnam War and military conscription for it.
Pension and Active Ageing: Lessons Learned from Civil Servants in Indonesia
Authors: Ananta Aris , Moeis Ahmad Irsan A. , Widianto Hendro Try , Yulianto Heri , Arifin Evi Nurvidya
Published: November 2021

Many developing countries are currently facing an ageing population without sufficient preparation for old-age financial adequacy, an important component in active ageing. One question is whether a pension system can create old-age financial adequacy. At the same time, many countries are shifting their pension systems from a defined benefit to a defined contribution pension system to improve the welfare of older people while maintaining state budget sustainability. Indonesia is not an exception. This paper learns from civil servants in Indonesia, where the retirement payout from the existing pay-as-you-go, defined benefit system is meagre. The system is to be transformed into a defined contribution one. Using a simulation method, this paper examines whether the proposed system will provide a better retirement payout, which is higher than the minimum wage and will allow retirees to maintain their pre-retirement income. This paper concludes that the proposed system alone is not sufficient to create old-age financial adequacy and, therefore, is less able to contribute to active ageing. To improve the retirement payout, among other things, the retirement age should be raised and made optional, and the accumulated savings should be re-invested during the retirement period.
Effects of Cadmium Sulfate on the Brown Garden Snail Cornu aspersum: Implications for DNA Methylation
Authors: Georgescu Marius , Drăghici George Andrei , Oancea Eliza-Florentina , Dehelean Cristina Adriana , Şoica Codruţa , Vlăduţ Nicolae-Valentin , Nica Dragoș Vasile
Published: November 2021

An extensive literature exists regarding the cellular, physiological, and genetic effects of cadmium (Cd)—A highly toxic, but commonly used trace metal in modern industry. However, limited data are available on its epigenetic effects, especially for terrestrial sentinel invertebrates. We determined Cd retention, total DNA methylation, and the methylation status of 5′ end of the Cd-MT gene in the hepatopancreas of the brown garden snail, Cornu aspersum, fed Cd sulfate for four weeks. Bodyweight changes and survival were also measured. Hepatopancreas cadmium increased in a dose-dependent manner from the third-lowest dose onward, with very large amounts being found for the highest treatment group. However, no mortalities occurred, irrespective of dietary Cd dose. We identified significant genome-wide hypermethylation in specimens given the highest dose, which overlapped with a significant bodyweight decrease. The Cd-MT gene showed an unmethylated 5′ end of the Cd-MT gene and this status was not affected by cadmium exposure. Hepatopancreas DNA methylation is as sensitive as bodyweight to non-lethal concentrations of dietary Cd given as cadmium sulfate but less responsive than tissue accumulation. Such an exposure event, by contrast, does not affect the methylation status of the Cd-MT gene 5′ end.
Stellar Chromospheric Variability
Authors: de Grijs Richard , Kamath Devika
Published: November 2021

Cool stars with convective envelopes of spectral types F and later tend to exhibit magnetic activity throughout their atmospheres. The presence of strong and variable magnetic fields is evidenced by photospheric starspots, chromospheric plages and coronal flares, as well as by strong Ca ii H+K and Hα emission, combined with the presence of ultraviolet resonance lines. We review the drivers of stellar chromospheric activity and the resulting physical parameters implied by the observational diagnostics. At a basic level, we explore the importance of stellar dynamos and their activity cycles for a range of stellar types across the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. We focus, in particular, on recent developments pertaining to stellar rotation properties, including the putative Vaughan–Preston gap. We also pay specific attention to magnetic variability associated with close binary systems, including RS Canum Venaticorum, BY Draconis, W Ursae Majoris and Algol binaries. At the present time, large-scale photometric and spectroscopic surveys are becoming generally available, thus leading to a resurgence of research into chromospheric activity. This opens up promising prospects to gain a much improved understanding of chromospheric physics and its wide-ranging impact.
Labor protection during the operation of electrical installations
Authors: Porochkin D. B.
Published: November 2021

The article discusses the changes that have occurred in the Labor Protection Regulations during the operation of electrical installations, identified during the comparative analysis of the Labor Protection Regulations No. 328n and No. 903n.
Occupational morbidity in the main industries in the context of the COVID-19 conavirus pandemic
Authors: Babanov S.A. , Berezin I.I.
Published: November 2021

Preserving and strengthening the health of the working population is one of the priority tasks of health care in the Russian Federation, including in the Samara region. Up to 39.7% of the country's population works under conditions that do not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. Unsatisfactory working conditions are the main reason for the development of occupational diseases among the working population in the Samara region. The workers of medical institutions registered 42 acute occupational diseases with permanent disability, including 13 acute occupational diseases with fatal outcomes from the biological factor "new coronavirus infection caused by the COVID-19 virus."
A ausência do amparo legal quanto à adequação do quantitativo do corpo discente em sala de aula/ The absence of legal support regarding the adequacy of the number of students in class
Authors: Santos João Soares , Santos Adênia Sousa , Santos Sônia Soares
Published: November 2021

Grande parte dos alunos das séries iniciais do ensino fundamental apresenta algum tipo de dificuldade na aprendizagem, porém, muitas vezes, nada ou quase nada é feito para a reversão desta triste constatação. Associada  a essa situação, estão as salas de aula com um número excessivo de alunos, causando grandes dificuldades para o trabalho do professor e deficiências na  aprendizagem dos alunos, realidade vivenciada nas Escolas Municipais Oséas Cavalcanti Batista e Joaldo Lima de Carvalho, necessariamente nas turmas de 4º e 5º ano respectivamente dessas unidades de ensino, situadas no município de Itabaianinha/SE.  Tendo em vista que os objetivos de ensino-aprendizagem concentram-se apenas no âmbito cognitivo sendo o mesmo para todos os alunos e tomam por referência para avaliação o aluno médio têm por consequência uma excessiva utilização de metodologias transmissoras, homogeneização e inflexibilidade do ensino e consequentemente desintegração dos alunos com necessidades educacionais diversas. Tomando como princípios a prática pedagógica na qual o conceito de aprender determina o de ensinar esse trabalho tem por objetivo identificar a prática pedagógica dos professores da escola pública, analisando também as políticas educacionais voltadas para a sistematização da organização do ensino público nas diversas redes municipais de ensino.
A constituição popular da islândia: uma nova perspectiva de participação popular por meio das redes sociais / Iceland’s crowdsourced constitution: a new perspective on people’s participation through social networks
Authors: Marinho Flávio Ayres , Cançado Airton Cardoso , Iwamoto Helga Midori
Published: November 2021

O Governo Islandês recentemente, entre 2009 e 2013, conduziu o processo de criação da primeira constituição redigida pelo povo do mundo. Imersos em um contexto de crise global monetária provocada pelo colapso das grandes instituições financeiras da América em 2008, o que ficou conhecido pelos islandeses de ‘A quebra’, uma lei foi enviada ao parlamento requerendo a implementação de uma Assembleia Constituinte. Para segurar a participação, a assembleia utilizou as redes sociais para conduzir discussões entre a população da Islândia e o Conselho Constituinte, que substituiu a Assembleia. Embora o processo não tenha sido ratificado como a nova constituição da Islândia, trata-se do processo de constituição mais inclusivo até o momento e serviu como um modelo que inspirou todo o mundo. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar brevemente este processo, levando em consideração a participação, transparência, pluralismo e inclusão na perspectiva da Gestão Social, desde a ‘Revolução dos potes e panelas’, os problemas enfrentados, até os resultados obtidos com a versão final.
Formação em gestão para as organizações artísticas e culturais: breves reflexões / Management training for artistic and cultural organizations: brief reflections
Authors: Maranhão Romero de Albuquerque
Published: November 2021

A gestão dos bens artísticos e culturais pelas organizações públicas e privadas tornou-se um fator estratégico. Todavia, são poucos os estudos relacionando arte e gestão no Brasil. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste ensaio é discutir a temática da formação em gestão para as organizações artísticas e culturais numa perspectiva crítica, a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica e documental. A pesquisa aponta que nos cursos de graduação em Administração e/ou Artes não há conteúdos atinentes à gestão de organizações culturais e artísticas. Registra-se, também, que a formação em Administração é direcionada apenas para as indústrias convencionais e para o comércio, deixando de lado as organizações voltadas à cultura, portanto não enfatizando a diversidade cultural do Brasil.
As diferentes abordagens epistemológicas no uso dos cinco tipos de triangulação / The different epistemological approaches in the use of the five types of triangulation
Authors: Ramalho Wanderley , Klein Simone Boruck , Azevedo Salette Silveira
Published: November 2021

Os pesquisadores em Ciências Sociais têm buscado, de modo recorrente, um maior rigor aos procedimentos metodológicos, tendo em vista o exame de fenômenos na referida área. Sob tal pressuposto, as contribuições teóricas deste estudo se voltam, à lacuna existente entre os paradigmas científicos e os tipos de triangulação, com o propósito deste ampliar conhecimentos, para a continuação na busca por novos métodos para aplicação em pesquisas científicas. Trata-se de um ensaio teórico que se assenta em estudos sobre a estratégia metodológica de triangulação em artigos publicados e disponibilizados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais de maior proeminência. Ademais, a análise e a reflexão apresentadas fundamentam-se na interpretação articulada do marco teórico de referência, sob o método dedutivo e caráter descritivo e analítico. Como resultado, apresenta-se uma síntese valorativa da tipologia de triangulação. De modo complementar, são explicitadas as principais características que os definem, além das quantidades de abordagens epistemológicas possíveis para cada tipo de triangulação. Nesse sentido, o aprofundamento de estudo a respeito da estratégia metodológica da triangulação contribui para a sua crescente aprovação na comunidade científica, consolidando-se, cada vez mais, como uma alternativa segura para que contradições nas análises dos fenômenos investigados sejam minimizadas.
Оптимізаційні задачі модернізації пропускних здатностей дуг відмовостійких мереж
Authors: Стецюк Петро Іванович , Лиховид Олексій Петрович , Жидков Володимир Олександрович , Супрун Антон Андрійович
Published: November 2021

Розглянуто математичні моделі двох класів задач модернізації пропускних здатностей дуг відмовостійких орієнтованих мереж. Відмовостійкою вважається мережа, для якої можна задовольнити всі вимоги на передачу потоків, якщо матиме місце одна, будь-яка відмова, з усіх можливих одиничних відмов мережі. У першому класі задач (задача A) для передачі потоків можуть використовуватись всі можливі шляхи в мережі. У другому класі задач (задача P) для передачі потоків задіяно тільки шляхи із напередзаданої множини шляхів. Математичні моделі представлено задачами лінійного, булевого та нелінійного програмування з блочною структурою матриці обмежень. Матеріал статті представлено в п’яти розділах. У розд. 1 описано поняття одиничної відмови та сценарію відмов мережі, наведено зміст оптимізаційних задач A та P для модернізації пропускних здатностей дуг відмовостійкої мережі, описано тестову мережу (6 вершин та 19 дуг) для перевірки алгоритмів розв’язання задач модернізації відмовостійких мереж. У розд. 2 описано базові моделі задач лінійного програмування для знаходження пропускних здатностей дуг відмовостійкої фізичної структури мережі (задача A) та відмовостійкої логічної структури мережі (задача P), розглянуто їх властивості. У розд. 3 описано задачі A та P у формі моделей змішаного булевого лінійного програмування. Наведено оптимальні розв’язки задачі A для різних сценаріїв відмов на прикладі тестової мережі. Розв’язки знайдено за допомогою програми Gurobi з NEOS-сервера, де математичну модель задачі A описано мовою моделювання AMPL. У розд. 4 описано нелінійні моделі опуклого програмування для задач A та P, призначені для знаходження оптимальних за вибраним критерієм пропускних здатностей дуг відмовостійких мереж, та описано декомпозиційний алгоритм їх розв’язання. У розд. 5 наведено опис програмного забезпечення мовою програмування ФОРТРАН для декомпозиційного алгоритму на основі ефективних реалізацій r-алгоритмів Шора. Проведено порівняння декомпозиційного алгоритму з програмою IPOPT на основі результатів розв’язання тестових задач.
Учет многофакторности характеристик голоса в задачах идентификации диктора
Authors: Соловьев Виктор Иванович , Рибальский Олег Владимирович , Журавель Вадим Васильевич , Шабля Александр Николаевич , Тимко Евгений Валентинович
Published: November 2021

При тестировании на специализированных базах данных наиболее совершенных систем идентификации диктора их минимальная эффективность, оцениваемая величиной вероятности ошибки в точке пересечения кривых ошибок, составляет лишь несколько процентов. Однако известно множество факторов, влияющих на вариативность характеристик голоса диктора, каждый из которых имеет свое, отличное от других, влияние на результаты идентификации диктора по характеристикам голоса. Сложность создания и тестирования систем идентификации диктора заключается в необходимости количественной формализации ряда конкретных факторов, влияющих на характеристики его голоса. Рассмотрен предложенный метод учета множества факторов, влияющих на параметры характеристик голоса диктора, обеспечивающий принципиальную возможность косвенного учета их практически неограниченного количества. Согласно этому методу из речевых сигналов выделяются «атомарные» структуры, зависящие от совокупности основных факторов, влияющих на процесс идентификации диктора. По такому методу все существенные факторы, влияющие на характеристики голоса, будут косвенно учитываться на уровне этих структур. Экспертные решения принимаются по комбинаторной совокупности огромного числа этих «атомарных» структур. Под «атомарными» структурами речи понимаются спектры любых фрагментов гласных звуков, выделяемых во временном окне продолжительностью 20 мс. "Атомарные" структуры выделяются в автоматическом режиме. Предлагаемый метод обеспечивает рациональный учет богатофакторности влияния различных параметров, поскольку на спектры этих структур влияют все основные факторы, характеризующие индивидуальность голоса конкретного диктора. Решение об идентичности голосов дикторов, записанных на разных фонограммах, осуществляется на основе комбинаторики «атомарных» спектров гласных звуков в обоих фонограммах. Метод показал высокую эффективность при экспертизе фонограмм малой продолжительности.
Применение информационной технологии для моделирования динамики управления ядерным реактором с разбиением на зоны по вертикальной оси
Authors: Северин Валериій Петрович , Никулина Елена Николаевна
Published: November 2021

Рассмотрена структура информационной технологии моделирования систем управления, которая включает блок моделей систем, модуль методов интегрирования и другие программные элементы. Для анализа динамики управления ядерным реактором разработаны программы математических моделей ядерного реактора ВВЭР-1000 серии В-320 и его систем управления в виде нелинейных систем дифференциальных уравнений в форме Коши. Для интегрирования нелинейных систем дифференциальных уравнений приведен алгоритм системного метода первой ступени. Рассмотрена математическая модель реактора ВВЭР-1000 как объекта управления с разбивкой на зоны по вертикальной осью в относительных переменных состояния, приведены значения постоянных параметров модели и начальные условия, соответствующие номинальному режиму. С использованием информационной технологии для десяти зон реактора системным методом интегрирования выполнено имитационное моделирование динамики управления ядерным реактором. Построены графики нейтронных и тепловых процессов в активной зоне реактора, а также изменения аксиального офсета при сбросе нагрузки реактора под влиянием перемещения поглощающих стержней и увеличения концентрации борной кислоты. Проведен анализ динамических процессов управления реактором. Программы методов интегрирования и моделей реактора ВВЭР-1000 серии В-320 включены в информационную технологию для оптимизации маневренных режимов реактора.
NGHIÊN CỨU TẤN SỐ ALEN ADH1B*2 MÃ HÓA ENZYME CHUYỂN HÓA RƯỢU ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 1B Ở NGƯỜI VIỆT NAM SINH SỐNG TẠI THÀNH PHỐ THÁI NGUYÊN
Authors: Yến Hoàng Thị Thu , Kiên Nguyễn Thế
Published: November 2021

Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) là enzyme tham gia chủ yếu vào quá trình chuyển hóa rượu ở người, có 3 biến thể alen ảnh hưởng đến hoạt tính chuyển hóa rượu của ADH1B (ADH1B*1, ADH1B*2 và ADH1B*3). Trong đó, alen ADH1B*2 và ADH1B*3 có hoạt tính oxy hóa rượu thành acetaldehyde độc hại cao hơn so ADH1B*1. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi xác định tần số alen ADH1B*2 ở 49 cá thể người Việt Nam sinh sống tại thành phố Thái Nguyên, tỉnh Thái Nguyên bằng phương pháp xác định và phân tích trình tự đoạn gen ADH1B. Kết quả cho thấy, trong 49 cá thể người nghiên cứu có 5 cá thể có kiểu gen đồng hợp ADH1B*1/ADH1B*1 (10,2%); 29 cá thể có kiểu gen đồng hợp ADH1B*2/ADH1B*2 (59,2%) và 15 cá thể có kiểu gen dị hợp ADH1B*1/ADH1B*2 (30,6%). Như vậy, tần số alen ADH1B*1 và ADH1B*2 trong nhóm mẫu nghiên cứu tương ứng là 25,5% và 74,5%. Kết quả của nghiên cứu này chỉ ra biến thể gen mã hóa ADH1B chuyển hóa rượu (ADH1B*1 và ADH1B*2) ở nhóm người Việt Nam nghiên cứu có tỷ lệ khác biệt lớn so với nghiên cứu về người Việt Nam đã công bố.
THỰC TRẠNG MÔI TRƯỜNG BÃI CHÔN LẤP LỢN DỊCH TẢ CHÂU PHI TẠI TỈNH THÁI BÌNH
Authors: Công Võ Hữu , Viên Trần Đức , Hương Lại Thị Lan , Lan Nguyễn Thị , Duyên Đinh Hồng , Hà Lý Thị Thu , Hùng Lê Văn , Trà Vũ Thị Thu , Giang Nguyễn Thị Hương , Hà Cam Thị Thu
Published: November 2021

Nghiên cứu này nhằm đánh giá thực trạng môi trường nước, đất và không khí bãi chôn lấp lợn dịch tả châu Phi tại tỉnh Thái Bình. Nghiên cứu thực địa đối với chất lượng nước mặt, nước ngầm, đất và không khí xung quanh các điểm chôn lấp trên địa bàn huyện Vũ Thư, Quỳnh Phụ, Hưng Hà và Tiền Hải. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, chất lượng môi trường nước quanh bãi chôn lấp được đặc trưng bởi các yếu tố ô nhiễm hữu cơ (BOD, COD) và amoni (NH4+) với mức nồng độ quan trắc được từ 6,0–183mg/L BOD5 và 11,5–78,2 mg/L COD trong nước ngầm quanh hố chôn lấp. Hầu hết các điểm chôn lấp đều có nồng độ H2S vượt ngưỡng cho phép (QCVN06:2009/BTNMT). Coliform trong nước mặt cạnh hố chôn cao gấp 10,1–25.833 lần so với quy chuẩn cho phép (7500 CFU/100mL). Đối với nước ngầm mật độ coliform cao gấp 100-33.566 lần so với quy chuẩn cho phép là 3 CFU/100ml. Trong môi trường đất có sự xuất hiện của colifirm nhưng không phát hiện có E.coli và Salmonela. Các nghiên cứu sâu về mối quan hệ giữa các yếu tố môi trường và hố chôn lấp cần được tiến hành sâu hơn để có hệ thống quản lý tốt hơn.