bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Power of Touch: Nonverbal Communication Within Married Dyads
Authors: Smith Joann C. Seeman , Vogel David L. , Madon Stephanie , Edwards Sarah R.
Published: June 2011

Researchers have suggested that one function of touch in mixed-sex interactions is to exert influence over another person. Yet theories offer different explanations as to when women and men will use touch as an influence strategy. The gender politics hypothesis proposes that men touch more as a way to maintain inequalities present in society. In turn, the dyadic power theory proposes that both women and men will touch more depending on their goals in a given situation. The person initiating a topic of disagreement is more likely to touch in order to try and influence the other person to agree with his or her position. However, researchers have rarely examined the different assertions of these theories within intimate relationships. The present study, with 67 married heterosexual couples, was designed to provide an initial test of these theories. The authors focused on four types of touch across two problem-solving topics: one chosen by each spouse. Consistent with the dyadic power theory, results indicated that when couples discussed topics chosen by wives, wives exhibited more touches. However, no differences in these forms of touch emerged when couples discussed topics chosen by husbands. Implications for marital counseling and research are discussed.
Addressing the Decline in Counseling and Supervision Process and Outcome Research in the Journal of Counseling Psychology
Authors: Mallinckrodt Brent
Published: June 2011

Scheel et al. have argued convincingly that there has been a decline in counseling-related research in the Journal of Counseling Psychology ( JCP) and The Counseling Psychologist ( TCP). This response focuses on the relatively steady 35-year decline in this type of research published in JCP. The author conducted a new analysis based on the frequency of PsycINFO thesaurus terms used to index 2,330 articles published in JCP over successive 5-year periods from 1975 to 2009. Results confirmed the basic conclusions of Scheel et al. that studies of the counseling and supervision process and outcome have declined over this period. Results also indicate the other types of research that have grown in frequency. These include studies of attachment behavior, multicultural issues, sexual minorities, coping, well-being, social support, and psychotherapy. The author argues that these new research areas are “counseling related” as well and that they have not crowded out the traditional studies Scheel et al. highlight.
Counseling-Related Research in Counseling Psychology: Creating Bricks, Not Edifices
Authors: Scheel Michael J. , Berman Margit , Friedlander Myrna L. , Conoley Collie W. , Duan Changming , Whiston Susan C.
Published: June 2011

Three counseling psychology colleagues (Lichtenberg, 2011; Mallinckrodt, 2011; Murdock, 2011 [all this issue]) provide differing perspectives about the findings from our target article (Scheel et al., 2011) of the decline of published counseling-related research in our major journals. In this rejoinder we respond to each author’s viewpoints concerning the decline.We reiterate our explanations for the decline, which include (a) stringent and narrowly defined criteria for publication, (b) elimination of analogue research from publication, (c) fewer mentors of process and outcome research, (d) declining interest in counseling-related research, and (e) difficulties in gaining access to counseling-related data.We offer a metaphor for the current state of research in counseling psychology of creating a confusing pile of bricks, not building edifices, and suggest it is time to create specialized journal outlets in counseling psychology to focus and connect counseling-related research with other important contexts of our field.
Principals’ Perception of Influence on Factors Affecting Student Achievement in Low- and High-Achieving Urban High Schools
Authors: Bloom Collette M. , Owens Emiel W.
Published: June 2011

The purpose of the study was to compare and contrast influences principals have on staffing, curriculum issues, and discipline policies in high- and low-performing urban high schools. The data for the present study were drawn from the first year follow up of the Educational Longitudinal Survey of 2002-2004 (ELS: 02), administered by the National Center for Educational Statistics. Of the 14,000 school administrators surveyed, only high-and low-performing urban high schools were included for this study. The results of this study revealed four areas where principals differed in their perceptions of their individual influences on academic achievement at their respective schools. Principals from high achieving urban school tend to have more influence on hiring and firing teaching staff and curriculum issues, such as course offerings and curricular guidelines. Principals from low achieving schools have more influence on school funding.
The Urban Neighborhood and Cognitive Functioning in Late Middle Age
Authors: Aneshensel Carol S. , Ko Michelle J. , Chodosh Joshua , Wight Richard G.
Published: June 2011

This study examines the association of cognitive functioning with urban neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and racial/ethnic segregation for a U.S. national sample of persons in late middle age, a time in the life course when cognitive deficits begin to emerge. The key hypothesis is that effects of neighborhood on cognitive functioning are not uniform but are most pronounced among subgroups of the population defined by socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity. Data are from the third wave of the Health and Retirement Survey for the birth cohort of 1931 to 1941, which was 55 to 65 years of age in 1996 (analytic N = 4,525), and the 1990 U.S. Census. Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage has an especially large negative impact on cognitive functioning among persons who are themselves poor, an instance of compound disadvantage. These findings have policy implications supporting “upstream” interventions to enhance cognitive functioning, especially among those most adversely affected by neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage.
Education and Racial-Ethnic Differences in Types of Exercise in the United States
Authors: Saint Onge Jarron M. , Krueger Patrick M.
Published: June 2011

Epidemiological research typically focuses on the intensity, frequency, or duration of physical activity, without consideration of the socially meaningful dimensions of exercise. The authors use data from the 1998 National Health Interview Survey ( N = 17,455) and information on participation in 15 exercise behaviors to examine educational differences in exercise among non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. Factor analysis identifies three types of exercise: team sports (e.g., basketball, football), fitness activities (e.g., running, weight lifting), and activities that require the use of specialized facilities (e.g., golf, tennis). Cultural capital and human capital perspectives offer insight into different dimensions of the relationship between education and exercise. Whites disproportionately undertake facility-based exercise, blacks tend toward team and fitness activities, and Mexican Americans gravitate toward team sports. Our findings offer insight into the social stratification of health and can aid the design of public health interventions.
Mechanisms Linking Social Ties and Support to Physical and Mental Health
Authors: Thoits Peggy A.
Published: June 2011

Over the past 30 years investigators have called repeatedly for research on the mechanisms through which social relationships and social support improve physical and psychological well-being, both directly and as stress buffers. I describe seven possible mechanisms: social influence/social comparison, social control, role-based purpose and meaning (mattering), self-esteem, sense of control, belonging and companionship, and perceived support availability. Stress-buffering processes also involve these mechanisms. I argue that there are two broad types of support, emotional sustenance and active coping assistance, and two broad categories of supporters, significant others and experientially similar others, who specialize in supplying different types of support to distressed individuals. Emotionally sustaining behaviors and instrumental aid from significant others and empathy, active coping assistance, and role modeling from similar others should be most efficacious in alleviating the physical and emotional impacts of stressors.
Disentangling the Exposure Experience
Authors: Adams Crystal , Brown Phil , Morello-Frosch Rachel , Brody Julia Green , Rudel Ruthann , Zota Ami , Dunagan Sarah , Tovar Jessica , Patton and Sharyle
Published: June 2011

This article examines participants’ responses to receiving their results in a study of household exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds and other pollutants. The authors study how the “exposure experience”—the embodied, personal experience and understanding of chronic exposure to environmental pollutants—is shaped by community context and the report-back process itself. In addition, the authors investigate an activist, collective form of exposure experience. The authors analyze themes of expectations and learning, trust, and action. The findings reveal that while participants interpret scientific results to affirm lay knowledge of urban industrial toxics, they also absorb new information regarding other pollutant sources. By linking the public understanding of science literature to the illness and exposure experience concepts, this study unravels the complex relationship between lay experience and lay understanding of science. It also shows that to support policy development and/or social change, community-based participatory research efforts must attend to participants’ understanding of science.
A hybrid simulation framework for the evaluation of common radio resource management scenarios
Authors: Pillekeit Andreas , Müller-Clostermann Bruno
Published: June 2011

We present a hybrid modeling framework with interacting simulative and analytic submodels for the efficient evaluation of common radio resource management (CRRM). It enables a cost–benefit investigation of different CRRM algorithms and architectures. Centralized as well as decentralized scenarios can be clearly defined by five standard components, namely the radio access system, the environment, the user equipment, the CRRM information manager, and the CRRM decider. The costs and time consumption of CRRM operations are taken into account via chargeable messages. The clarity of the model enables an efficient investigation of CRRM algorithms based on optimization theory, game theory, physical models, and other methods. The resulting framework has been implemented as a hybrid simulation model using the discrete event simulation system OMNeT++. A convenient and straightforward integration of different wireless network technologies and user service demands is also supported; models for the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) and the global system for mobile communications/enhanced general packet radio service (GSM/EGPRS) are already integrated. The scope of the proposed framework is demonstrated by the evaluation of realistic scenarios.
The Dynamic Lives and Static Institutions of the “Two Armies”
Authors: Burland Daniel , Lundquist Jennifer Hickes
Published: June 2011

The U.S. Army consists of two distinct functional components: soldiers serving in combat roles, on the one hand, and those who serve in support positions, on the other. Do these two functionally distinct segments differ culturally as well? Empirical researchers utilizing qualitative methods have supported a “Two Armies” concept. This article examines the phenomenon quantitatively by using a nationally representative sample of the active duty population. The authors find that there is a statistically significant difference between support and combat soldiers that holds even after taking into account differing demography. Interestingly, this is true mainly of White soldiers, and the authors find that it is driven by premilitary, civilian socialization. This dataset also clearly shows that, for most soldiers, the split between the two segments of the Army tends to diminish over time, with combat and support soldiers sharing more similar motivations with one another later in their terms of service.
The Reluctant Rise of an Urban Regime: The Exercise of Power in Fargo, North Dakota
Authors: Bauroth Nicholas
Published: June 2011

While most research on urban regimes examines cities with effective coalitions between business and government, there is growing recognition that such coalitions are not universal. Rast has suggested taking a multidimensional approach towards power, whereby the social-production model is best suited for understanding cities with strong regimes and the social-control model is more fitting for cities with weak or nonexistent regimes. This study illustrates how such an approach can be used to understand the postwar politics of Fargo, North Dakota. Fargo seemed to have all the components necessary for the creation of an urban regime, yet a coherent governing coalition was slow in forming despite the perceived need for downtown redevelopment. It took the prospect of federal urban renewal funds to change the power relationships within Fargo and allow regime formation. However, implementation of the urban renewal projects proved difficult and ultimately led to the regime’s collapse.
The Pied Piper of the Ghetto: Lyndon Johnson, Environmental Justice, and the Politics of Rat Control
Authors: McLaughlin Malcolm
Published: June 2011

When Congress rejected President Lyndon Johnson’s Rat Extermination and Control Bill in the summer of 1967, in a mood of growing conservatism, it inadvertently sparked a heated political controversy that brought the desperate conditions of life in inner-city America into sharp focus. This article focuses on the issue of rat infestation to explore the conditions of “urban blight” that disproportionately afflicted ghetto communities in the United States during the 1960s and that represented a form of environmental inequality linked to racial marginalization and poverty. It is suggested that a growing awareness of environmental aspects of inequality increasingly fueled ghetto discontent, feeding the outbreak of riots during the “long, hot summers,” and spurring liberals to think of new ways to understand the problems of inner-city poverty.
Virginia Lee Burton’s Little House in Popular Consciousness: Fuelling Postwar Environmentalism and Antiurbanism?
Authors: Goddard Joe
Published: June 2011

This article considers the significance of Victoria Lee Burton’s authorship, specifically The Little House, for lifestyle preferences and the development of environmental consciousness in the postwar period. The article argues that Burton deliberately designed her work to evoke country-friendly sensibilities and ambiences in her audience and portrayed the city in troublesome ways. The enduring success of The Little House for young audiences suggests that Burton struck a chord. Burton’s origins and upbringing probably also infused her depiction of a cosmopolitan rural idealism. Burton’s importance for modern environmentalism deserves greater recognition than it has received and may bear comparison to that of Rachel Carson.
Leading to Learn in Networks of Practice: Two Leadership Strategies
Authors: Soekijad Maura , van den Hooff Bart , Agterberg Marlous , Huysman Marleen
Published: June 2011

This paper outlines two leadership strategies to support organizational learning through networks of practice (NOPs). An in-depth case study in a development organization reveals that network leaders cope with a learning tension between management involvement and emergent learning processes by enacting two strategies: brokering and buffering (B&B), or conducting and controlling (C&C). The latter strategy implies a one-sided emphasis on institutionalization, whereas a B&B strategy implies mediating and shielding the network from too much management intervention. The B&B strategy appears more useful for achieving multilevel organizational learning through NOPs; this study thereby contributes to theory about learning and NOPs.
Intimate Partner Violence and Coparenting Across the Transition to Parenthood
Authors: Kan Marni L. , Feinberg Mark E. , Solmeyer Anna R.
Published: June 2011

Intimate partner violence (IPV) between parents has been linked to negative parenting and child maladjustment, yet the mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood. Based on a theory that violence among parents disrupts the coparental alliance—which has been linked to parenting quality and child adjustment—the authors examined the effect of prebirth violence on coparenting across the transition to parenthood. A community sample of 156 couples reported on IPV prior to the birth of their first child and on coparenting at child age 1 year. Both men and women’s violence perpetration were related to coparenting quality. Couple relationship quality and parent mental health problems accounted for the links between prenatal IPV and coparenting. This study adds to an understanding of the associations between IPV and family functioning across the transition to parenthood, and has important implications for preventive intervention.
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Aggravates Oxidative Stress and Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Rats with Chronic Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Arias-Loza Paula Anahi , Hu Kai , Frantz Stefan , Dienesch Charlotte , Bayer Barbara , Wu Rongxue , Ertl Georg , Pelzer Theo
Published: June 2011

The role of estrogens during myocardial ischemia has been extensively studied. However, effects of a standard hormone replacement therapy including 17β-estradiol (E2) combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) have not been assessed, and this combination could have contributed to the negative outcomes of the clinical studies on hormone replacement. We hypothesized that adding MPA to an E2 treatment would aggravate chronic heart failure after experimental myocardial infarction (MI). To address this issue, we evaluated clinical signs of heart failure as well as left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and remodeling in ovariectomized rats subjected to chronic MI receiving E2 or E2 plus MPA. After eight weeks MI E2 showed no effects. Adding MPA to E2 aggravated LV remodeling and dysfunction as judged by increased heart weight, elevated myocyte cross-sectional areas, increased elevated left ventricle end diastolic pressure, and decreased LV fractional shortening. Impaired LV function in rats receiving MPA plus E2 was associated with increased cardiac reactive oxygen species generation and myocardial expression levels of NADPH oxidase subunits. These results support the interpretation that adding MPA to an E2 treatment complicates cardiovascular injury damage post-MI and therefore contributes to explain the adverse outcome of prospective clinical studies.
Tumor Satellite in Predicting Occult Nodal Metastasis of Tongue Cancer
Authors: Yang Tsung‐Lin , Lou Pei‐Jen , Chang Yih‐Leong , Wu Chen‐Tu , Wang Cheng‐Ping , Ko Jenq‐Yuh
Published: June 2011

Objective

Tongue cancer is well known to have a high potential for locoregional metastasis. However, controversy about electively treating the neck in early‐stage tongue cancer remains. Although many risk factors related to cervical occult nodal metastasis (ONM) have been investigated, the ability of the tumor to spread, a phenomenon that results from the intrinsic property of the tumor and its interaction with the surrounding environment, has seldom been addressed.

Study Design

Retrospective case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary referral hospital of university.

Subjects

Patients with early‐stage squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue.

Results

In 71 eligible enrolled patients, ONM was detected in 19 (27%) patients, while the results were negative (ONM(−)) in 52 (73%) patients. The average tumor satellite distance (TSD) in the ONM(+) group was 4.1 ± 4.3 mm, in contrast to that in the ONM(−) group (1.0 ± 1.5 mm; P <. 001). When stratified by increased TSD values, the significance of the difference between the 2 groups increased. For clinical applications, the optimal TSD threshold for determining the ONM probability was 3.5 mm. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that TSD was an independent prognosticator.

Conclusions

The results indicate that TSD is a feasible pathological parameter that is useful for determining the status of cervical nodal metastasis. It can be used as an indicator of potential cervical subclinical disease and as a guideline for deciding the necessity and modality of neck treatment.
Functional and Survival Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Total Glossectomy Compared with Total Laryngoglossectomy
Authors: Sinclair Catherine F. , Carroll William R. , Desmond Renee A. , Rosenthal Eben L.
Published: June 2011

Objective

To compare functional and survival outcomes for patients undergoing total glossectomy (TG) or total glossectomy plus laryngectomy (TGL) for advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Academic tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

There were 30 included patients (20 TG, 10 TGL). Outcomes included tumor recurrence, disease‐free survival, and functional data (swallowing, gastrostomy tube dependence, speech, airway).

Results

Mean patient age was 56 years with a male predominance (90%). Compared with TG, TGL was more commonly performed for recurrent tumors (90% vs 55%, P =. 06). Perineural invasion and extracapsular extension occurred more commonly in the TGL group (80% vs 50%, P =. 12). At 12 months postoperatively, 61% of TG patients had disease recurrence compared with 40% of TGL patients (P =. 43), and 12‐month disease‐free survival was 40% (TG) and 50% (TGL). Functionally, more TG patients were totally gastrostomy tube dependent (70% vs 30%, P =. 04), and 50% of TG patients were also tracheostomy dependent. Intelligible speech was achieved by 30% of TG and 10% of TGL patients (P =. 68).

Conclusion

Patients undergoing TGL had similar functional and survival outcomes to patients undergoing TG alone despite the presence of more locally advanced disease with greater adverse pathological features. Following TG alone, positive or close margins occurred most commonly at the inferior margin of resection (hyoid/valleculae), which could explain why TGL in patients with advanced tongue SCC may improve local disease control.
The endocannabinoid system in critical neurodevelopmental periods: sex differences and neuropsychiatric implications
Authors: Viveros MP , Llorente R , Suarez J , Llorente-Berzal A , López-Gallardo M , Rodriguez de Fonseca F
Published: June 2011

This review focuses on the endocannabinoid system as a crucial player during critical periods of brain development, and how its disturbance either by early life stressful events or cannabis consumption may lead to important neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms. First we discuss the advantages and limitations of animal models within the framework of neuropsychiatric research and the crucial role of genetic and environmental factors for the establishment of vulnerable phenotypes. We are becoming aware of important sex differences that have emerged in relation to the psychobiology of cannabinoids. We will discuss sexual dimorphisms observed within the endogenous cannabinoid system, as well as those observed with exogenously administered cannabinoids. We start with how the expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors is regulated throughout development. Then, we discuss recent results showing how an experimental model of early maternal deprivation, which induces long-term neuropsychiatric symptoms, interacts in a sex-dependent manner with the brain endocannabinoid system during development. This is followed by a discussion of differential vulnerability to the pathological sequelae stemming from cannabinoid exposure during adolescence. Next we talk about sex differences in the interactions between cannabinoids and other drugs of abuse. Finally, we discuss the potential implications that organizational and activational actions of gonadal steroids may have in establishing and maintaining sex dependence in the neurobiological actions of cannabinoids and their interaction with stress.
Joint coupling design of underactuated hands for unstructured environments
Authors: Dollar Aaron M , Howe Robert D
Published: June 2011

This paper examines joint coupling in underactuated robotic grippers for unstructured environments where object properties and location may not be well known. A simplified grasper consisting of a pair of two-link planar fingers with compliant revolute joints was simulated as it grasped a target object. The joint coupling configuration of the gripper was varied in order to maximize successful grasp range and minimize contact forces for a wide range of target object sizes and positions. The number of actuators was also varied in order to test performance for varying degrees of underactuation. A normal distribution of object position was used to model sensing uncertainty and weight the results accordingly. There are three main results: distal/proximal joint torque ratios of around 1.0 produced the best results, both for cases in which sensory information available for the task was poor and when sensing was good; an actuator for each gripper finger performs no better than a single actuator for both fingers; and that for good sensing, the gripper should be positioned off-center from the object, resulting in an increased lever arm and lower unbalanced contact forces on the object.
Development of Chronic and Acute Golden Syrian Hamster Infection Models With Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Hardjo
Authors: Zuerner R. L. , Alt D. P. , Palmer M. V.
Published: June 2011

The golden Syrian hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus) is frequently used as a model to study virulence for several Leptospira species. Onset of an acute lethal infection following inoculation with several pathogenic Leptospira species has been widely adopted for pathogenesis studies. An important exception is the outcome following inoculation of hamsters with live L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo, the primary cause of bovine leptospirosis and a cause of human infections. Typically, inoculation of hamsters with L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo fails to induce clinical signs of infection. In this study, the authors defined LD50 and ID50 for 2 strains of L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo: JB197 and 203. Both strains infected hamsters with ID50 values of approximately 1.5 × 102 bacteria yet differed in tissue invasion and interaction with leukocytes, resulting in widely divergent clinical outcomes. Hamsters infected with strain 203 established renal colonization within 4 days postinfection and remained asymptomatic with chronic renal infections similar to cattle infected with serovar Hardjo. In contrast, hamsters infected with strain JB197 developed a rapidly debilitating disease typical of acute leptospirosis common in accidental hosts (eg, humans) with an LD50 of 3.6 × 104 bacteria. Evidence that strain JB197 resides in both extracellular and intracellular environments during hamster infection was obtained. Development of models that result in chronic and acute forms of leptospirosis provides a platform to study L. borgpetersenii pathogenesis and to test vaccines for the prevention of leptospirosis.
A Retrospective Study of Those Histopathologic Parameters Predictive of Invasion of the Lymphatic System by Canine Mammary Carcinomas
Authors: Rasotto R. , Zappulli V. , Castagnaro M. , Goldschmidt M. H.
Published: June 2011

The aim of the present study was to determine which histopathologic parameters of primary canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs) could predict metastatic spread via the lymphatic system. A modification of the World Health Organization classification was applied to 245 CMCs. In addition to tumor subtype, neoplastic infiltration of the surrounding mammary stroma, vasculogenic mimicry, and micropapillary pattern were evaluated, and 2 histologic grading systems were used for each sample. A statistical analysis was undertaken to determine the relationship between these histopathologic parameters and the detection of lymphatic vessels invasion (LVI) and regional lymph node metastases (RLM). To compare the predictive value for lymphatic spread of the 2 histologic grading systems, the Akaike information criterion was measured. The classification into tumor subtypes was significant ( P < .01) in predicting the risk of LVI and RLM. Peripheral infiltration, vasculogenic mimicry, and micropapillary pattern were found in 170 of 245 (69.4%), 32 of 245 (13.1%), and 54 of 245 (22.0%) CMCs. The presence of peripheral infiltration was significantly associated ( P < .001) with both LVI and RLM, and a similar relation ( P < .05) was found for the micropapillary pattern. Vasculogenic mimicry was not predictive of invasion of the lymphatic system. Both histologic grading systems were significant predictors ( P < .001) of the risk of LVI and RLM. The grading system that included a more rigorous evaluation of the neoplastic mitotic activity had the lower Akaike information criterion values, thus indicating a better predictive ability. The study confirms the significant prognostic role for the modified World Health Organization classification of CMCs and the prognostic value of additional histopathologic parameters.
Hematologic Changes After Total Body Irradiation and Autologous Transplantation of Hematopoietic Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cells in Dogs With Lymphoma
Authors: Escobar C. , Grindem C. , Neel J. A. , Suter S. E.
Published: June 2011

Dogs with and without lymphoma have undergone hematopoietic cell transplantation in a research setting for decades. North Carolina State University is currently treating dogs with B- and T-cell lymphoma in a clinical setting with autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplants, using peripheral blood CD34+ progenitor cells harvested using an apheresis machine. Complete blood counts were performed daily for 15 to 19 days posttransplantation to monitor peripheral blood cell nadirs and subsequent CD34+ cell engraftment. This study documents the hematologic toxicities of total body irradiation in 10 dogs and the subsequent recovery of the affected cell lines after peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant, indicating successful CD34+ engraftment. All peripheral blood cell lines, excluding red blood cells, experienced grade 4 toxicities. All dogs had ≥ 500 neutrophils/μl by day 12, while thrombocytopenia persisted for many weeks. All dogs were clinically normal at discharge.
Imperfect tools for a difficult job: Colposcopy, ‘colpocytology’ and screening for cervical cancer in Brazil
Authors: Teixeira Luiz Antonio , Löwy Ilana
Published: June 2011

The quasi-totality of social scientists who studied screening for cervical tumours identified such screening with a single method: the Pap smear (exfoliative cytology). This article explains that this method was not valid everywhere. The history of screening for cervical cancer in Brazil displays an alternative method for detecting cervical malignancies: a direct observation of the cervix with a specific instrument — the colposcope. The development of this method in Brazil in the 1940s and 1950s reflected a complex mixture of professional interests, government policies, and regional, local and charitable initiatives. While the use of colposcopy for cervical tumour screening was phased out in the 1970s and 1980s, the long lifespan and widespread diffusion of this method illuminates the irreducible contingency of specific developments in science, technology and medicine. Seen from the vantage point of Brazil, the Western model for preventing cervical malignancies no longer appears self-evident. Alternative choices might have led to the development of different material and visual cultures of medicine, stimulated different patterns of medical specialization and division of medical labour, produced different links between malignancies, women, gynaecologists, epidemiologists and public health experts, and shaped different health policies.
Situating the geoweb in political economy
Authors: Leszczynski Agnieszka
Published: June 2011

The geoweb represents a profound shift within regimes of the production, dissemination, and institutionalization of geographic information. Going beyond early geographic accounts of the geoweb that engage it as an extension of Web 2.0, this paper situates the emergence of the geoweb within the neoliberal political economic restructuring of the state. Drawing upon evidence of state, market, and citizen practices around Web-based spatial media and geoinformation, I argue that as the state is ‘rolling back’ from public aspects of the cartographic project, market regimes of governance are simultaneously ‘rolling out’, subsuming the mapping enterprise to the imperatives of technoscientific capitalism.
The conductive property of polyurethane/expanded graphite powder composite foams
Authors: Danqing Chen  , Guohua Chen
Published: June 2011

Polyurethane (PU)/expanded graphite powder (EGp) composite foams have been prepared by filling mold curing reaction. The morphology and electrical properties of the prepared PU/EGp composite foams have been investigated. The percolation threshold effect of PU/EGp composite foams occur at the content around 5 wt% of the EGp, which is much lower than that of graphite nanosheets (GN) composite and carbon black (CB) composite. The resistivity of PU/EGp and PU/GN composite foams can reach at about 106 Ω cm, while CB system can only reach at about 108 Ω cm. The resistance of PU/EGp composite foams shows negative temperature coefficient effect and negative pressure coefficient effect.
Water of functionalized microfibrillated cellulose as foaming agent for the elaboration of poly(lactic acid) biocomposites
Authors: Boissard Carole I.R. , Bourban Pierre-Etienne , Tingaut Philippe , Zimmermann Tanja , Månson Jan-Anders E.
Published: June 2011

This article presents a study on the foam processing of sustainable biocomposites made of polyl(actic acid) (PLA) and functionalized microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) using water as a foaming agent. MFC contains moisture and can be used as a water carrying agent in a ‘green’ foaming process. The quantity of water, that is, of foaming agent, was adjusted by chemically modifying the fibrils, changing their surface hydroxyl groups, and thus tailoring their hygroscopicity. Functionalized carboxymethylated and acetylated MFC were processed with PLA in a two-step microextruder and various foams were produced. The thermal behavior of the MFC was fully investigated to determine the amount of available foaming agent. Densities and morphologies of resulting foams were correlated to processing temperatures and to water contents ranging from 3.7 to 98 wt%. A low processing temperature and MFC water content of 9 wt% provided uniform foams with the lowest densities. However, too high water content showed poor foaming efficiency and high densities. The obtained foams were compared with foam processed with a chemical foaming agent, used alone or in combination with the MFC.
Field assessment of stratified aged-refuse-based reactor for landfill leachate treatment
Authors: He Yan , Zhao Youcai , Zhou Gongming , Huang Minsheng
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the engineering applicability of the stratified aged-refuse-based process for landfill leachate treatment. In this work, a pilot-scale (10m3day−1) and a demonstration-scale (200m3day−1) stratified reactor, containing the aged refuse excavated from an 8-year-old closed landfill cell, were used as a medium by which to treat landfill leachate generated in the Shanghai Refuse Landfill (SRL). The preliminary-treated leachate with initial CODcr, NH3-N and total-N concentrations of 2387–8592, 1431–2145 and 1290–2188 mgL−1, respectively, was intermittently sprayed over the refuse surface eight times a day with 3 h per interval in the pilot study. The results from the pilot operation showed that on average 89.5% of COD, 98.8% of NH3-N and 52.6% of total N could be removed from a hydraulic load of 0.267–0.444m3m−3refuseday−1. Additionally, similar results were observed for the demonstration system even with the leachate of low BOD5/COD ratios (0.17–0.19). The investment and operational costs of this stratified process were about 20000yuan (€2200) and 1–2 yuan (€0.11–0.22) per m3 leachate treated, respectively. Taken together, the stratified process has some significant advantages including low operation cost, easy maintenance and good adaptability to the leachate of variable quality, which makes this process a viable alternative for the treatment of landfill leachate.
From Passengers to Drivers
Authors: Mirman Jessica H. , Kay Joseph
Published: June 2011

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for adolescents in most developed countries. In some countries including the United States, parents play a critical role in teaching adolescents to drive; however, little is known about what parents believe to be necessary in developing safe, skilled drivers, including the kind of instruction and experiences needed. The aim of this study was to address this gap in the research by describing what parents know and believe about the learning-to-drive process using semistructured interviews and surveys. U.S. parents were asked to identify and describe important skills and concepts, learning methodologies, common problems, and evaluation metrics for novice drivers. An emic account of the learning-to-drive period was generated to inform future interventions to support families and to generate hypotheses for future research.
A C.L.E.A.R. Approach to Report Writing: A Framework for Improving the Efficacy of Psychoeducational Reports
Authors: Mastoras Sarah M. , Climie Emma A. , McCrimmon Adam W. , Schwean Vicki L.
Published: June 2011

Psychoeducational reports are the primary means for a school psychologist to communicate the results of an assessment. Although reports should be written in the most efficient and reader-friendly manner, this is not always the case. Additionally, problems in report writing have remained relatively consistent for several decades, despite recommendations on how reports should be improved. The focus of the current article is to provide an integrated and easily implemented framework for improving psychoeducational reports based on the evidence and broad recommendations currently available in the literature. Specifically, the C.L.E.A.R. Approach to report writing for practitioners is presented, with practical strategies and examples provided to illustrate the use of the model in a school-based setting.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as a Translational Tool for the Study of Neonatal Stroke
Authors: Dzietko Mark , Wendland Michael , Derugin Nikita , Ferriero Donna M. , Vexler Zinaida S.
Published: June 2011

More than half of neonatal stroke survivors have long-term sequelae, including seizures and neurological deficits. Although the immature brain has tremendous potential for recovery, mechanisms governing repair are essentially unexplored. We investigated whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) early or late after transient middle cerebral arterial occlusion in postnatal day (P) 10 rats can serve as an intermediate endpoint for long-term studies. Injured animals selected by diffusion-weighted MRI during middle cerebral arterial occlusion were scanned using T2-weighted MRI at P18 and P25 (injury volumes on MRI and histology were compared) or were subjected to contrast-enhanced MRI at P13 to characterize cerebral microcirculatory disturbances and blood–brain barrier leakage. Injury volume during middle cerebral artery occlusion did not predict histological outcome at 2 weeks. Major reductions in injury volume occurred by P18, with no further changes by P25 and correlated with histological injury. Cerebral perfusion was significantly reduced in the injured caudate but blood–brain barrier leakage was small. Therefore, conventional T2-weighted MRI performed during a subchronic injury phase predicts a long-term histological outcome after experimental neonatal focal stroke.
Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in a 12-Year-Old Boy With SAMHD1 Mutations
Authors: Ramantani Georgia , Häusler Martin , Niggemann Pascal , Wessling Britta , Guttmann Hedwig , Mull Michael , Tenbrock Klaus , Lee-Kirsch Min Ae
Published: June 2011

Aicardi-Goutières syndrome is an early-onset encephalopathy with a presumed immune pathogenesis caused by inherited defects in nucleic acid metabolism. The clinical picture resembles a congenital viral infection despite negative investigations for common viruses. In addition to leukoencephalopathy with calcifications of basal ganglia, patients show increased levels of the antiviral cytokine interferon-α in cerebrospinal fluid. We report on a 12-year-old boy with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) due to mutations in the SAMHD1 (sterile alpha motif domain and HD domain-containing protein 1) gene, illustrating an emerging pattern of the natural history of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome characterized by neurological disease followed by symptoms of systemic autoimmunity. Thus, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome constitutes a model disease for systemic autoimmunity triggered by the activation of the innate immune system. Recognition of the etiologic link between Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus has direct implications on therapeutic management and suggests that early immune modulatory intervention can improve neurological outcome.
The Black Box of Perinatal Ischemic Stroke Pathogenesis
Authors: Mineyko Aleksandra , Kirton Adam
Published: June 2011

An improved understanding of perinatal stroke epidemiology, classification, neuroimaging, and outcomes has emerged in recent years. Despite this, little is known regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for most cases. A multitude of possible associations and putative risk factors have been reported, but most lack definitive empirical evidence supporting primary causation. These include obstetrical and maternal factors, perinatal conditions, infectious diseases, prothrombotic abnormalities, cardiac disorders, medications, and many others. The bulk of evidence is weak, dominated by case reports and retrospective case series. Findings from the small number of case-control and cohort studies that exist are limited by heterogeneous populations and methodologies. The single largest barrier to ultimately understanding and potentially improving outcomes from this common and disabling condition is the lack of comprehensive, fully powered risk factor studies required to definitively describe perinatal stroke pathogenesis. This review summarizes current evidence and suggests future directions for research.
Sleep in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Simard-Tremblay Elisabeth , Constantin Evelyn , Gruber Reut , Brouillette Robert T. , Shevell Michael
Published: June 2011

Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, are considered to be a population at risk for the occurrence of sleep problems. Moreover, recent studies on children with cerebral palsy seem to indicate that this population is at higher risk for sleep disorders. The importance of the recognition and treatment of sleep problems in children with cerebral palsy cannot be overemphasized. It is well known that the consequences of sleep disorders in children are broad and affect both the child and family. This review article explores the types and possible risk factors associated with the development of sleep problems in children with cerebral palsy and the impact of this disorder on the child and family. In addition, a brief summary of current diagnostic and treatment modalities is provided. Finally, the characteristics, diagnostic techniques, and management of sleep-related breathing disorders in children with cerebral palsy are discussed.
Visual Attention Study in Youth With Spastic Cerebral Palsy Using the Event-Related Potential Method
Authors: Hakkarainen Elina , Pirilä Silja , Kaartinen Jukka , Eriksson Kai , van der Meere Jaap J.
Published: June 2011

Youth with mild spastic cerebral palsy (n = 14) and a peer control group were compared on an oddball paradigm. Here, visual stimuli were presented with low and high probability and participants were instructed to count in silence the number of rare stimuli. The infrequent stimulus typically elicits an enhanced frontal central N2 and a centroparietal P300 event-related brain potential, reflecting orientation and evaluation of stimulus novelty. No differences in latency and amplitude of the N2–P300 complex were found between the 2 groups, indicating that some fundamental attention processes are intact in youth with mild spastic cerebral palsy.
Primary Leptomeningeal Melanocytosis in a 10-Year-Old Girl
Authors: Brunsvig Kirsten L. , Zenobi Marie , Rilliet Benedict , Hassani Yassine El , Haller Raoul de , Ansari Marc , Lobrinus Johannes A. , Hanquinet Sylviane , Fluss Joel
Published: June 2011

Primary leptomeningeal melanocytosis is rarely encountered in the pediatric population. Despite being considered a nonmalignant condition, it uniformly carries a poor prognosis given the ineluctable progression of meningeal infiltration. The case of a previously healthy 10-year-old girl who was first thought to suffer from recurrent hemiplegic migraine is reported. She later developed insidious subacute hydrocephalus. Meningeal biopsy performed during shunt insertion demonstrated an unexpectedly large number of melanocytes consistent with meningeal melanocytosis. Subsequently, the child developed recurrent shunt dysfunction and showed evidence of malignant transformation. The steps to reaching the proper diagnosis are discussed, and the current literature on this rare clinical entity as well as on related central nervous system melanocytic lesions that can occur in the pediatric population is reviewed.
Linear Measurement and Linear Measurement Estimation Skills in Apparel Design
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Ahn Insook
Published: June 2011

This study investigated whether training provided in apparel design classes improves ability to estimate and measure full-scale lines, if these abilities are correlated, and if students’ ability to measure is better than their ability to estimate dimensions of full-scale lines. Beginning students (n = 37) were enrolled in the first fashion production class; advanced students (n = 78) were enrolled in classes for which the first class was a prerequisite. Students completed the 30-item Estimate of Linear Measurements of Full-Scale Lines; then measured the 30 lines with a ruler (Physical Measurement Test). On average, participants scored around 50% on both tests. Beginning students scored lower on both tests than advanced students. The tests were not significantly correlated. Students scored higher on the measurement test than the estimation test. Training provided in apparel design classes appeared to contribute to skill in estimating dimensions of, and physically measuring, full-scale lines.