bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeted adsorption of molecules in the colon with the novel adsorbent‐based Medicinal Product, DAV132: A proof of concept study in healthy subjects
Authors: de Gunzburg Jean , Ducher Annie , Modess Christiane , Wegner Danilo , Oswald Stefan , Dressman Jennifer , Augustin Violaine , Feger Céline , Andremont Antoine , Weitschies Werner , Siegmund Werner
Published: July 2014

During antibiotic treatments, active residuals reaching the colon profoundly affect the bacterial flora resulting in the emergence of resistance. To prevent these effects, we developed an enteric‐coated formulated activated‐charcoal based product, DAV132, meant to deliver its adsorbent to the ileum and neutralize antibiotic residues in the proximal colon. In a randomized, control, crossover study, the plasma pharmacokinetics of the probe drugs amoxicillin (500 mg) absorbed in the proximal intestine, and sulfapyridine (25 mg) metabolized from sulfasalazine in the cecum and rapidly absorbed, were compared after a single administration in 18 healthy subjects who had received DAV132, uncoated formulated activated charcoal (FAC) or water 16 and 8 hours before, concomitantly with the probe drugs, and 8 hours thereafter. The AUC0–96 h of amoxicillin was reduced by more than 70% when it was taken with FAC, but bioequivalent when it was taken with water or DAV132. By contrast, the AUC0–96 h of sulfapyridine was reduced by more than 90% when administered with either FAC or DAV132 in comparison with water. The results show that DAV132 can selectively adsorb drug compounds in the proximal colon, without interfering with drug absorption in the proximal small intestine, thereby constituting a proof of concept that DAV132 actually functions in humans.
Cerenkov luminescence imaging of αvβ6 integrin expressing tumors using 90Y‐labeled peptides
Authors: Satpati Drishty , Hausner Sven H. , Bauer Nadine , Sutcliffe Julie L.
Published: July 2014

Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is an emerging preclinical molecular imaging modality that tracks the radiation emitted in the visible spectrum by fast moving charged decay products of radionuclides. The aim of this study was in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the two radiotracers, 90Y‐DOTA‐PEG28‐A20FMDV2 (90Y‐1) and 90Y‐DOTA‐Ahx‐A20FMDV2 (90Y‐2) (>99% radiochemical purity, 3.7 GBq/µmol specific activity) for noninvasive assessment of tumors expressing the integrin αvβ6 and their future use in tumor targeted radiotherapy. Cell binding and internalization in αvβ6‐positive cells was 90Y‐1: 10.1 ± 0.8%, 50.3 ± 2.1%; 90Y‐2: 22.4 ± 1.7%, 44.7 ± 1.5% with <5% binding to αvβ6‐negative control cells. Biodistribution studies showed maximum αvβ6‐positive tumor uptake of the radiotracers at 1‐h post injection (p.i.) (90Y‐1: 0.64 ± 0.15% ID/g; 90Y‐2: 0.34 ± 0.11% ID/g) with high renal uptake (>25% ID/g at 24 h). Because of the lower tumor uptake and high radioactivity accumulation in kidneys (that could not be reduced by pre‐administration of either lysine or furosemide), the luminescence signal from the αvβ6‐positive tumor was not clearly detectable in CLI images. The studies suggest that CLI is useful for indicating major organ uptake for both radiotracers; however, it reaches its limitation when there is low signal‐to‐noise ratio.
Effectiveness of a standardized education process for tracheostomy care
Authors: Yelverton Joshua C. , Nguyen Josephine H. , Wan Wen , Kenerson Michael C. , Schuman Theodore A.
Published: July 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Evaluate the effectiveness of an educational curriculum on general tracheostomy care principles and determine the effect of this educational curriculum on the level of provider comfort with tracheostomy care.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional questionnaire in an academic medical center.

Materials and Methods

A 25‐question multiple choice and true/false quiz was given to nonotolaryngology health care providers (nurses and physicians) who routinely provide tracheostomy care. This was followed by an education module, and the quiz was repeated. Participants were also asked to rate their level of comfort (0–100 point scale) managing a tracheostomy before and after the module. A 6‐month follow‐up assessment was also obtained.

Results

A total of 94 health care providers participated in the education module (50 physicians, 37 nurses, 7 fourth‐year medical students). The average number of correct answers increased by 3.1 (P < 0.001). The level of confidence in tracheostomy care improved by 18.8 points (P < 0.001). At the 6‐month assessment, there was still a significant improvement in the number of correct questions and level of confidence when compared to preeducation values (P < 0.02 for both). There was no significant change in the 6‐month values when compared to the posteducation values.

Conclusions

A standardized education module for tracheostomy care teaching resulted in significant increases in provider knowledge and confidence. Standardization of tracheostomy education and care is essential in academic hospital medical centers where multiple specialties may be performing tracheostomies and health care providers frequently change.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 125:342–347, 2015
Grain boundary engineering of metastable 204Cu, 301, and 301LN austenitic stainless steels to improve their sensitization resistance
Authors: Forsström A. , Talonen J. , Saukkonen T. , Hänninen H.
Published: July 2014

Grain boundary engineering (GBE) of 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steels has been widely researched but studies on other grades of austenitic stainless steels are less common. In this study, application of GBE on metastable austenitic stainless steels 204Cu, 301, and 301LN was assessed. Thermomechanical processing parameters were obtained for each of the tested steel grades by varying cold rolling reduction and annealing temperature, and analyzing the acquired grain boundary character distributions (GBCD) in scanning electron microscope (SEM) with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). A high fraction of about 80% low‐Σ CSL boundaries was attained in all of the tested steels. Effect of the GBE‐treatments on sensitization and intergranular corrosion properties was studied with Streicher and DL‐EPR tests. GBE‐treating was found to beneficially decrease the rate of intergranular corrosion and sensitization in 204Cu and 301 steels, but in low‐carbon 301LN steel no improvement was observed.
Performance Assessment of Some Isomers of Saturated Polycyclic Hydrocarbons for Use as Jet Fuels
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Monjezi Khadijeh Hosseini , Esmailpour Karim , Zamani Mehdi
Published: July 2014

The performance of jet fuel depends on the density (ρ), condensed phase heat of formation (▵fH°(c)), and specific impulse (ISP). Exo‐tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]decane (C10H16) or JP‐10 is now used as a suitable synthetic liquid jet fuel because it has the approximated values of ρ=1.1 g cm−3 and ▵fH°(c)=− 123 kJ mol−1 and a broad range between the melting and boiling points, i.e. Tbp–Tmp=196.2 K. This work introduces a suitable pathway for calculation of the values of ρ, ▵fH°(c), and ISP of 13 well‐known isomers of JP‐10 and a series of saturated polycyclic hydrocarbons with general formula of CnHn′ (5≤n≤12) in order to specify high performance jet fuels. Although 13 compounds have larger values of ISP*ρ than JP‐10, only two compounds, tetraspiro[2.0.0.0.2.1.1.1]undecane and tetracyclo[3.2.0.0(2,7).0(4,6)]heptane, are suitable as jet fuels.
Intrinsic defects, nonstoichiometry, and aliovalent doping of ABO perovskite scintillators
Authors: Casillas‐Trujillo L. , Andersson D. A. , Dorado B. , Nikl M. , Sickafus K. E. , McClellan K. J. , Stanek C. R.
Published: July 2014

Abstractauthoren We have employed a range of atomistic simulation methods to explore aspects of defect chemistry in ABO (where A= Ba or Sr, and B= Zr or Hf) perovskites, placing emphasis on processes relevant for application of these materials as high performance scintillators. Specifically, we examined intrinsic defect reactions, A and B excess nonstoichiometry and the solution of Me rare earth cations. As has been predicted in previous studies, we find that Schottky disorder is the lowest energy intrinsic process. For nonstoichiometry, we predict that AO‐excess is compensated by oxygen vacancies and BO‐excess is charge compensated by A vacancies (see abstract figure). Finally, for Me solution, we considered several reactions for Me cations ranging in size from Lu to La, and the preferred reaction depends on the specific Me cation and whether or not phase separation occurs.

Nonstoichiometry mechanisms in ABO perovskites. Red spheres correspond to O, blue to A, and green to B.
Novel Algorithms for Web Software Fault Prediction
Authors: Chatterjee Subhashis , Roy Arunava
Published: July 2014

Reliability is gaining importance with time for Web system because of the popularity of different Web‐based applications, namely, different Web sites and social community networks. In order to aggrandize the reliability of a Web system, some methods are required to measure its current reliability. In recent years, some research works have been carried out on Web software error analysis and reliability predictions. In all these research works, the Web environment has been considered as a crisp one. This is not in reality. Hence, in this paper, a novel clustering algorithm and a multivariate fuzzy logic and fuzzy time series based prediction algorithm for Web software fault prediction have been developed. The proposed prediction algorithm can predict the occurrences of more than one Web error, in a single day, on a single run. Proposed methods have been validated using some real Web failure data extracted from the HTTP logs (access and error logs) of www.ismdhanbad.ac.in (the official Web site of Indian School of Mines Dhanbad, India), which were collected from the Indian School of Mines Web server. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular data supportRamalina ovalisas a distinct lineage (Ramalinaceae, Ascomycota)
Authors: HAYWARD Glenys C. , BLANCHON Dan J. , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten
Published: July 2014

Ramalina celastriis a highly variable, widely distributed pan-subtropical lichen species. In Australasia the species had been separated into two subspecies;R. celastrisubsp.celastriandR. celastrisubsp.ovalis. This study compares morphological variation, substratum preference and sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and intergenic spacer (IGS) regions of ribosomal DNA from a range of specimens from New Zealand and one from Australia. Bayesian and ML trees generated using the sequence data form two well-supported clades corresponding to the two previously recognized subspecies. Molecular, morphological and geographical differences support the recognition ofR. ovalisat the species rank.
A FRAMEWORK FOR COMMUNITY-BASED SALIENCE: COMMON KNOWLEDGE, COMMON UNDERSTANDING AND COMMUNITY MEMBERSHIP
Authors: Hédoin Cyril
Published: July 2014

This article presents a community-based account of salience as an alternative and a complement to the ‘natural salience’ approach which is endorsed by almost all game theorists who use this concept. While in the naturalistic approach, salience is understood as an objective and natural property of some entities (events, strategies, outcomes), the community-based account claims that salience is a function of community membership. Building on David Lewis’s theory of common knowledge and on some of its recent refined accounts, I suggest that salience acts as a correlating device in a correlated equilibrium. What is constitutive of salience is common understanding, the fact that agents have common knowledge that they share the same modes of reasoning with respect to a well-identified set of events. I argue that the basis for common understanding is community membership. The relevance of this account stems from the fact that it answers the objection that salience is either unnecessary or unable to account for coordination between rational agents.
The allocation of responsibility for internationally wrongful acts committed in the course of multinational operations
Authors: Palchetti Paolo
Published: July 2014

The article aims to examine, in light of the codification work of the International Law Commission and of the most recent practice, some issues concerning the allocation of responsibility between an organisation and its troop-contributing states for the conduct taken in the course of a multinational operation (with a specific focus on UN operations). After explaining the general rule of attribution of conduct based on the status of the multinational force as an organ or an agent of the organisation, this article will examine the validity of special rules of attribution of conduct based on the notions of ‘effective control’ or ‘ultimate control’ over the acts of the multinational force. Finally, I will discuss the possibility of dual responsibility of both the organisation and the troop-contributing state concerned.
The correlation between reading and mathematics ability at age twelve has a substantial genetic component
Authors: Davis Oliver S. P. , Band Gavin , Pirinen Matti , Haworth Claire M. A. , Meaburn Emma L. , Kovas Yulia , Harlaar Nicole , Docherty Sophia J. , Hanscombe Ken B. , Trzaskowski Maciej , Curtis Charles J. C. , Strange Amy , Freeman Colin , Bellenguez Céline , Su Zhan , Pearson Richard , Vukcevic Damjan , Langford Cordelia , Deloukas Panos , Hunt Sarah , Gray Emma , Dronov Serge , Potter Simon C. , Tashakkori-Ghanbaria Avazeh , Edkins Sarah , Bumpstead Suzannah J. , Blackwell Jenefer M. , Bramon Elvira , Brown Matthew A. , Casas Juan P. , Corvin Aiden , Duncanson Audrey , Jankowski Janusz A. Z. , Markus Hugh S. , Mathew Christopher G. , Palmer Colin N. A. , Rautanen Anna , Sawcer Stephen J. , Trembath Richard C. , Viswanathan Ananth C. , Wood Nicholas W. , Barroso Ines , Peltonen Leena , Dale Philip S. , Petrill Stephen A. , Schalkwyk Leonard S. , Craig Ian W. , Lewis Cathryn M. , Price Thomas S. ,   The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Donnelly Peter , Plomin Robert , Spencer Chris C. A.
Published: July 2014

Dissecting how genetic and environmental influences impact on learning is helpful for maximizing numeracy and literacy. Here we show, using twin and genome-wide analysis, that there is a substantial genetic component to children’s ability in reading and mathematics, and estimate that around one half of the observed correlation in these traits is due to shared genetic effects (so-called Generalist Genes). Thus, our results highlight the potential role of the learning environment in contributing to differences in a child’s cognitive abilities at age twelve.
Improvement of the stability of immunochromatographic assay for the quantitative detection of clenbuterol in swine urine
Authors: Peng Tao , Yang Wan-chun , Lai Wei-Hua , Xiong Yong-Hua , Wei Hua , Zhang Jinsheng
Published: July 2014

The stability of lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay for quantitative detection of clenbuterol was studied and improved.
Molecular excitons in a copper azadipyrrin complex
Authors: McLean T. M. , Telfer S. G. , Elliott A. B. S. , Gordon K. C. , Lein M. , Waterland M. R.
Published: July 2014

Exciton coupling is applied for the first time to successfully explain the excited-state structure of metalloazadipyrrins.
The interaction of human microbial pathogens, particulate material and nutrients in estuarine environments and their impacts on recreational and shellfish waters
Authors: Malham Shelagh K. , Rajko-Nenow Paulina , Howlett Eleanor , Tuson Karen E. , Perkins Tracy L. , Pallett Denise W. , Wang Hui , Jago Colin F. , Jones Davey L. , McDonald James E.
Published: July 2014

Review of the interaction of human microbial pathogens, nutrients and flocs from rivers to coasts.
A low calorie morning meal prevents the decline of hepatic glycogen stores: a pilot in vivo13C magnetic resonance study
Authors: Bawden S. J. , Stephenson M. C. , Ciampi E. , Hunter K. , Marciani L. , Spiller R. C. , Aithal G. P. , Morris P. G. , Macdonald I. A. , Gowland P. A.
Published: July 2014

A low dose oral glucose challenge following an overnight fast inhibits further reduction in hepatic glycogen reserves without raising levels above baseline.
Precursor-driven selective synthesis of hexagonal chalcocite (Cu2S) nanocrystals: structural, optical, electrical and photocatalytic properties
Authors: Mondal Gopinath , Bera Pradip , Santra Ananyakumari , Jana Sumanta , Mandal Tarak Nath , Mondal Anup , Seok Sang Il , Bera Pulakesh
Published: July 2014

A new single-source precursor, [Cu(mdpa)2][CuCl2], is used to prepare selectively high chalcocite (Cu2S) with excellent photodegradation of Congo red (CR).
Comparison of the substrate selectivity and biochemical properties of human and bacterial γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase
Authors: Rydzik Anna M. , Leung Ivanhoe K. H. , Kochan Grazyna T. , Loik Nikita D. , Henry Luc , McDonough Michael A. , Claridge Timothy D. W. , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: July 2014

BBOX is a 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase that can catalyse formation of vicinal diols and amino alcohols.
Overcoming confinement limited swelling in hydrogel thin films using supramolecular interactions
Authors: Wiener Clinton G. , Weiss R. A. , Vogt Bryan D.
Published: July 2014

Re-arrangement of supramolecular physical crosslinks enables near bulk-like swelling.
First-principles prediction of the Raman shifts in parahydrogen clusters
Authors: Faruk Nabil , Schmidt Matthew , Li Hui , Le Roy Robert J. , Roy Pierre-Nicholas
Published: July 2014

We report a first-principles prediction of the Raman shifts of parahydrogen (pH2) clusters of sizes N = 4–19 and 33, based on path integral ground-state simulations with an ab initio potential energy surface. The Raman shifts are calculated, using perturbation theory, as the average of the difference-potential energy surface between the potential energy surfaces for vibrationally excited and ground-state parahydrogen monomers. The radial distribution of the clusters is used as a weight function in this average. Very good overall agreement with experiment [G. Tejeda, J. M. Fernández, S. Montero, D. Blume, and J. P. Toennies, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 223401 (2004)] is achieved for p(H2)2−8,13,33. A number of different pair potentials are employed for the calculation of the radial distribution functions. We find that the Raman shifts are sensitive to slight variations in the radial distribution functions.
Electron drift velocities in He and water mixtures: Measurements and an assessment of the water vapour cross-section sets
Authors: de Urquijo J. , Basurto E. , Juárez A. M. , Ness K. F. , Robson R. E. , Brunger M. J. , White R. D.
Published: July 2014

The drift velocity of electrons in mixtures of gaseous water and helium is measured over the range of reduced electric fields 0.1–300 Td using a pulsed-Townsend technique. Admixtures of 1% and 2% water to helium are found to produce negative differential conductivity (NDC), despite NDC being absent from the pure gases. The measured drift velocities are used as a further discriminative assessment on the accuracy and completeness of a recently proposed set of electron-water vapour cross-sections [K. F. Ness, R. E. Robson, M. J. Brunger, and R. D. White, J. Chem. Phys. 136, 024318 (2012)]. A refinement of the momentum transfer cross-section for electron-water vapour scattering is presented, which ensures self-consistency with the measured drift velocities in mixtures with helium to within approximately 5% over the range of reduced fields considered.
Fast pick up technique for high quality heterostructures of bilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Zomer P. J. , Guimarães M. H. D. , Brant J. C. , Tombros N. , van Wees B. J.
Published: July 2014

We present a fast method to fabricate high quality heterostructure devices by picking up crystals of arbitrary sizes. Bilayer graphene is encapsulated with hexagonal boron nitride to demonstrate this approach, showing good electronic quality with mobilities ranging from 17 000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature to 49 000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 4.2 K, and entering the quantum Hall regime below 0.5 T. This method provides a strong and useful tool for the fabrication of future high quality layered crystal devices.
Bernstein instability driven by thermal ring distribution
Authors: Yoon Peter H. , Hadi Fazal , Qamar Anisa
Published: July 2014

The classic Bernstein waves may be intimately related to banded emissions detected in laboratory plasmas, terrestrial, and other planetary magnetospheres. However, the customary discussion of the Bernstein wave is based upon isotropic thermal velocity distribution function. In order to understand how such waves can be excited, one needs an emission mechanism, i.e., an instability. In non-relativistic collision-less plasmas, the only known Bernstein wave instability is that associated with a cold perpendicular velocity ring distribution function. However, cold ring distribution is highly idealized. The present Brief Communication generalizes the cold ring distribution model to include thermal spread, so that the Bernstein-ring instability is described by a more realistic electron distribution function, with which the stabilization by thermal spread associated with the ring distribution is demonstrated. The present findings imply that the excitation of Bernstein waves requires a sufficiently high perpendicular velocity gradient associated with the electron distribution function.
High-pressure behavior of amorphous selenium from ultrasonic measurements and Raman spectroscopy
Authors: He Z. , Wang Z. G. , Zhu H. Y. , Liu X. R. , Peng J. P. , Hong S. M.
Published: July 2014

The high-pressure behavior of melt-quenched amorphous selenium (a-Se) has been investigated via ultrasonic measurements and Raman scattering at room temperature. The ultrasonic measurements were conducted on a-Se in a multi-anvil apparatus with two different sample assemblies at pressures of up to 4.5 and 4.8 GPa. We discovered that similar kinks occur in the slopes of the pressure dependence characteristics of the travel time and the sound velocity in both shear and longitudinal waves in the 2.0–2.5 GPa range. These kinks are independent of the sample assemblies, indicating an intrinsic transformation of the a-Se. Additionally, we deduced the pressure-volume relationship of a-Se from the sound velocity characteristics using the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state, and the results agreed well with those of previous reports. In situ high-pressure Raman scattering measurements of a-Se were conducted in a diamond anvil cell with an 830 nm excitation line up to a pressure of 4.3 GPa. We found that the characteristic band of a-Se at ∼250 cm−1 experienced a smooth shift to a lower frequency with pressure, but a sharp slope change in the band intensity versus pressure occurred near 2.5 GPa. The results of X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicate that the samples remain in their amorphous states after decompression. Thus, we proposed that the abnormal compression behavior of a-Se in the 2.0–2.5 GPa range can be attributed to pressure-induced local atomic reconfiguration, implying an amorphous-amorphous transition of the elementary selenium.
Ultraviolet-B radiation enhancement in dielectric barrier discharge based xenon chloride exciplex source by air
Authors: Gulati P. , Prakash R. , Pal U. N. , Kumar M. , Vyas V.
Published: July 2014

A single barrier dielectric barrier discharge tube of quartz with multi-strip Titanium-Gold (Ti-Au) coatings have been developed and utilized for ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation production peaking at wavelength 308 nm. The observed radiation at this wavelength has been examined for the mixtures of the Xenon together with chlorine and air admixtures. The gas mixture composition, chlorine gas content, total gas pressure, and air pressure dependency of the UV intensity, has been analyzed. It is found that the larger concentration of Cl2 deteriorates the performance of the developed source and around 2% Cl2 in this source produced optimum results. Furthermore, an addition of air in the xenon and chlorine working gas environment leads to achieve same intensity of UV-B light but at lower working gas pressure where significant amount of gas is air.
Modeling ecological drivers in marine viral communities using comparative metagenomics and network analyses
Authors: Hurwitz Bonnie L. , Westveld Anton H. , Brum Jennifer R. , Sullivan Matthew B.
Published: July 2014

Significance

Microorganisms and their viruses are increasingly recognized as drivers of myriad ecosystem processes. However, our knowledge of their roles is limited by the inability of culture-dependent and culture-independent (e.g., metagenomics) methods to be fully implemented at scales relevant to the diversity found in nature. Here we combine advances in bioinformatics (shared k-mer analyses) and social networking (regression modeling) to develop an annotation- and assembly-free visualization and analytical strategy for comparative metagenomics that uses all the data in a unified statistical framework. Application to 32 Pacific Ocean viromes, the first large-scale quantitative viral metagenomic dataset, tested existing and generated further hypotheses about ecological drivers of viral community structure. Highly computationally scalable, this new approach enables diverse sequence-based large-scale comparative studies.
Spin crossover in ferropericlase and velocity heterogeneities in the lower mantle
Authors: Wu Zhongqing , Wentzcovitch Renata M.
Published: July 2014

Significance

Seismic tomography reveals Earth’s internal structure in great detail. Lateral variations of seismic wave velocities expose enigmatic mantle structures that, to be deciphered, require independent knowledge of acoustic velocities in minerals. Using density functional theory-based computational methods we show that a spin state change in iron in ferropericlase, the second major phase of the Earth’s lower mantle, produces seismic velocity anomalies that can be misinterpreted as compositional heterogeneity. This spin change reduces thermally induced longitudinal velocity variations between ∼1,500- and 2,000-km depths. This phenomenon is observed in
P
velocity tomography models and has been thought to be related to a chemical transition in the mantle. The spin change in iron in ferropericlase may offer an alternative interpretation of this phenomenon.
Metal-free transfer hydrogenation of olefins via dehydrocoupling catalysis
Authors: Pérez Manuel , Caputo Christopher B. , Dobrovetsky Roman , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: July 2014

Significance

For more than a century, hydrogenation has been limited to the use of transition metal-based catalysts. With the emerging focus on the chemistry of earth-abundant elements, the 21st century has seen a renaissance in main-group chemistry. In this work, an electrophilic phosphonium cation is shown to act as main-group catalyst effecting the dehydrocoupling of silane and amines, phenols, thiols, and carboxylic acids with the concurrent release of H
2
. In addition, performing the reactions in the presence of olefins, dehydrocoupling occurs with simultaneous hydrogenation of the olefin. This chemistry provides an unprecedented avenue to metal-free transfer hydrogenation catalysis of olefins.
Metformin and phenformin deplete tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolytic intermediates during cell transformation and NTPs in cancer stem cells
Authors: Janzer Andreas , German Natalie J. , Gonzalez-Herrera Karina N. , Asara John M. , Haigis Marcia C. , Struhl Kevin
Published: July 2014

Significance

The diabetes drugs metformin and phenformin have interesting anticancer properties including the selective inhibition of cancer stem cells (CSCs). We show that these drugs (
i
) have remarkably similar metabolic profiles, (
ii
) reduce the tricarboxylic acid cycle and selected glyolytic intermediates during transformation, providing physiological evidence that mitochondrial complex I is a target, and (
iii
) have very different effects during transformation and in CSCs. These observations provide insight into the metabolic effects of these drugs in cancer contexts and their selective effects in CSCs that underlie potential cancer treatments.
The Politics of Food Labeling and Certification
Authors: Clough Emily
Published: July 2014

From Fair Trade to Organic certification, the ethical labeling of food represents a growing phenomenon in the twenty-first century. The proliferation of labeling initiatives in recent years has provoked debate on the effectiveness of this form of voluntary, market-based regulation. Advocates understand ethical food labeling as a way of safeguarding environmental, labor, and health standards in food production that are unprotected by the state by empowering consumers as political actors. Conversely, critics view ethical food labeling as an elitist system plagued by problems of transparency, accountability, scalability, and consumer misinformation—ultimately an inadequate substitute for stronger state regulation. This chapter provides an overview of ethical labeling standards for food, outlining the claims made by proponents, the critiques that have been raised, and the relevant research, focusing particularly on Fair Trade and Organic standards.
Ethics of Food Production and Consumption
Authors: Korthals Michiel
Published: July 2014

Food production and consumption involves ethics, as reflected in prohibitions, refutations, exhortations, recommendations, and even less explicit ethical notions such as whether a certain food product is natural. Food ethics has emerged as an important academic discipline and a branch of philosophy whose underlying goal is to define and elucidate food ethical problems. This article explores the ethics of food production and food consumption. It first presents a historical overview of food and the evolving gap between food production and consumption before discussing a number of quite pressing social concerns associated with the present-day food production system. It then considers concepts and approaches, including agrarianism and pluralism, in the context of two urgent food ethical problems: malnutrition and producing and eating meat. The article also examines food choice, the relationship between food ethics and politics, and the task of food ethics before concluding with a discussion of the future of food and food ethics.
Substance Use and Crime
Authors: White Helene Raskin
Published: July 2014

The author explores the associations between alcohol and drug use and crime. First, general theoretical models of the substance use–crime connection, including substance use causing crime, crime leading to substance use, and a common cause model, are presented. Next, the empirical research that examines situational and global associations between substance use and crime is reviewed, and this research is tied to the explanatory models. The review indicates that the substance-using/crime-committing population is heterogeneous and there are multiple paths that lead to substance use and crime. For some individuals, acute intoxication increases the risks of violent crime; for some, the need for expensive and addictive drugs increases the risks for income-generating crime; for some, exposure to drug cultures and the drug market increases all types of crime, especially violent crime; for some, the criminal lifestyle increases substance use; and, finally, for others, common underlying characteristics (e.g., family, personality, genetics, neighborhoods) increase the risks for both substance use and crime. The author concludes with a discussion of implications for treatment and prevention and suggestions for future research.
Historical Overview of Qualitative Research in the Social Sciences
Authors: Brinkmann Svend , Jacobsen Michael Hviid , Kristiansen Søren
Published: July 2014

Qualitative research does not represent a monolithic, agreed-upon approach to research but is a vibrant and contested field with many contradictions and different perspectives. In order to respect the multivoicedness of qualitative research, we will approach its history in the plural—as a variety of histories. We will work polyvocally and focus on six histories of qualitative research, which are sometimes overlapping, sometimes in conflict, and sometimes even incommensurable. They can be considered as articulations of different discourses about the history of the field, which compete for researchers’ attention. The six histories are: (1) the conceptual history of qualitative research, (2) the internal history of qualitative research, (3) the marginalizing history of qualitative research, (4) the repressed history of qualitative research, (5) the social history of qualitative research, and (6) the technological history of qualitative research.
A Brief Statement on the Public and the Future of Qualitative Research
Authors: Leavy Patricia
Published: July 2014

Patricia Leavy, editor of the Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research, offers some final comments about the future of qualitative research. Leavy suggests there is a widespread move from a disciplinary to a transdisciplinary research structure in which problems of import are at the center of research practices. Within this context, qualitative researchers are well positioned to advance because of their ability to develop responsive and flexible research designs and present their work in multiple formats. Furthermore, Leavy notes how the broader move toward public scholarship is propelling both the practice of qualitative research and the teaching of qualitative methods.
Wisdom and Apocalypticism
Authors: Goff Matthew
Published: July 2014

In the 1960s, Gerhard von Rad declared that apocalypticism is a child of the wisdom tradition rather than prophecy. Von Rad first laid out his argument in Old Testament Theology, spawning a great deal of scholarly discussion. This chapter examines von Rad’s ideas and their impact on scholarship with regard to both early Judaism and the New Testament. It begins with an overview of apocalypticism, apocalypse, and wisdom before turning to wisdom literature and the Dead Sea Scrolls. It then discusses the boundaries of wisdom and apocalypticism and compares wisdom and apocalypticism in the Hellenistic age to wisdom and apocalypticism today.
Social-Scientific Approaches to Apocalyptic Literature
Authors: Esler Philip F.
Published: July 2014

One way to investigate the original meaning of biblical texts is through social-scientific interpretation, an area of historical criticism that utilizes ideas from anthropology, sociology, and social psychology. This chapter explores how social-scientific ideas and perspectives offer important insights on some apocalyptic texts. It explains how social-scientific research into “millennialism” provides a helpful mode of analysis for the content of apocalyptic texts. The chapter begins with a discussion of the sociology of knowledge, sectarianism, and millennialism. It then considers apocalyptic texts in a millennial perspective, the application of ideas and perspectives from Mediterranean anthropology to biblical texts, and apocalypses as a literature of resistance to imperial oppression. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the connection between “empire,” apocalyptic literature, and ethnic identity.
Descents to Hell and Ascents to Heaven in Apocalyptic Literature
Authors: Bremmer Jan N.
Published: July 2014

This chapter examines the themes of descent to hell and ascent to heaven in apocalyptic literature, focusing on the period from Homer to late antiquity. It discusses the diachronic developments and interrelationships of descents and ascents within Jewish and Greco-Roman contexts. After considering descents into the underworld in the classical world, that is, ancient Greece, it turns to a series of apocalyptic texts composed most probably in Palestine with Enoch. It then looks at descents in ancient Rome and in early Christianity, the ascent of the soul to heaven, and ascent to immortal heavenly life.
The Imagined World of the Apocalypses
Authors: Beyerle Stefan
Published: July 2014

This chapter examines Jewish apocalypses from the third and second centuries BCE. Drawing on the book of Daniel and the Book of the Watchers, it looks at the relationship between “other world” and “this world” and how this relationship is conceptualized through various strategies. It shows that apocalypses construe their unique world by referring to different myths from the ancient Near East, considers a mixture of religio-historical allusions in Daniel 7–8, and discusses modern descriptions of apocalypticism and of “apocalypse” as genre that point to different aspects of an “imagined apocalyptic world.” It also analyzes the motif of chaos and creation in ancient Jewish and Christian apocalypticism, along with the prominent position of heaven and heavens within the cosmologies of ancient Jewish apocalypses.
Patterns of phenotypic correlations among morphological traits across plants and animals
Authors: Conner Jeffrey K. , Cooper Idelle A. , La Rosa Raffica J. , Pérez Samuel G. , Royer Anne M.
Published: July 2014

Despite the long-standing interest of biologists in patterns of correlation and phenotypic integration, little attention has been paid to patterns of correlation across a broad phylogenetic spectrum. We report analyses of mean phenotypic correlations among a variety of linear measurements from a wide diversity of plants and animals, addressing questions about function, development, integration and modularity. These analyses suggest that vertebrates, hemimetabolous insects and vegetative traits in plants have similar mean correlations, around 0.5. Traits of holometabolous insects are much more highly correlated, with a mean correlation of 0.84; this may be due to developmental homeostasis caused by lower spatial and temporal environmental variance during complete metamorphosis. The lowest mean correlations were those between floral and vegetative traits, consistent with Berg's ideas about functional independence between these modules. Within trait groups, the lowest mean correlations were among vertebrate head traits and floral traits (0.38–0.39). The former may be due to independence between skull modules. While there is little evidence for floral integration overall, certain sets of functionally related floral traits are highly integrated. A case study of the latter is described from wild radish flowers.
Evolutionary rates for multivariate traits: the role of selection and genetic variation
Authors: Pitchers William , Wolf Jason B. , Tregenza Tom , Hunt John , Dworkin Ian
Published: July 2014

A fundamental question in evolutionary biology is the relative importance of selection and genetic architecture in determining evolutionary rates. Adaptive evolution can be described by the multivariate breeders' equation (), which predicts evolutionary change for a suite of phenotypic traits () as a product of directional selection acting on them (β) and the genetic variance–covariance matrix for those traits (G). Despite being empirically challenging to estimate, there are enough published estimates ofGandβto allow for synthesis of general patterns across species. We use published estimates to test the hypotheses that there are systematic differences in the rate of evolution among trait types, and that these differences are, in part, due to genetic architecture. We find some evidence that sexually selected traits exhibit faster rates of evolution compared with life-history or morphological traits. This difference does not appear to be related to stronger selection on sexually selected traits. Using numerous proposed approaches to quantifying the shape, size and structure ofG, we examine how these parameters relate to one another, and how they vary among taxonomic and trait groupings. Despite considerable variation, they do not explain the observed differences in evolutionary rates.
Phenotypic integration in style dimorphic daffodils (Narcissus, Amaryllidaceae) with different pollinators
Authors: Pérez-Barrales Rocío , Simón-Porcar Violeta I. , Santos-Gally Rocío , Arroyo Juan
Published: July 2014

Different pollinators can exert different selective pressures on floral traits, depending on how they fit with flowers, which should be reflected in the patterns of variation and covariation of traits. Surprisingly, empirical evidence in support of this view is scarce. Here, we have studied whether the variation observed in floral phenotypic integration and covariation of traits inNarcissusspecies is associated with different groups of pollinators. Phenotypic integration was studied in two style dimorphic species, both with dimorphic populations mostly visited by long-tongued pollinators (close fit with flowers), and monomorphic populations visited by short-tongued insects (loose fit). ForN. papyraceus, the patterns of variation and correlation among traits involved in different functions (attraction and fit with pollinators, transfer of pollen) were compared within and between population types. The genetic diversity of populations was also studied to control for possible effects on phenotypic variation. In both species, populations with long-tongued pollinators displayed greater phenotypic integration than those with short-tongued pollinators. Also, the correlations among traits involved in the same function were stronger than across functions. Furthermore, traits involved in the transfer of pollen were consistently more correlated and less variable than traits involved in the attraction of insects, and these differences were larger in dimorphic than monomorphic populations. In addition, population genetic parameters did not correlate with phenotypic integration or variation. Altogether, our results support current views of the role of pollinators in the evolution of floral integration.
Laboratory animal models to study foot-and-mouth disease: a review with emphasis on natural and vaccine-induced immunity
Authors: Habiela Mohammed , Seago Julian , Perez-Martin Eva , Waters Ryan , Windsor Miriam , Salguero Francisco J. , Wood James , Charleston Bryan , Juleff Nicholas
Published: July 2014

Laboratory animal models have provided valuable insight into foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) pathogenesis in epidemiologically important target species. While not perfect, these models have delivered an accelerated time frame to characterize the immune responses in natural hosts and a platform to evaluate therapeutics and vaccine candidates at a reduced cost. Further expansion of these models in mice has allowed access to genetic mutations not available for target species, providing a powerful and versatile experimental system to interrogate the immune response to FMDV and to target more expensive studies in natural hosts. The purpose of this review is to describe commonly used FMDV infection models in laboratory animals and to cite examples of when these models have failed or successfully provided insight relevant for target species, with an emphasis on natural and vaccine-induced immunity.
Global Emergency Medicine: A Review of the Literature From 2013
Authors: Becker Torben K. , Jacquet Gabrielle A. , Marsh Regan , Schroeder Erika D. , Foran Mark , Bartels Susan , Duber Herbert C. , Cockrell Hannah , Levine Adam C. ,   the Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review (GEMLR) Group
Published: July 2014

Objectives

The Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review (GEMLR) conducts an annual search of peer‐reviewed and grey literature relevant to global emergency medicine (EM) to identify, review, and disseminate the most important new research in this field to a worldwide audience of academics and clinical practitioners.

Methods

This year 8,768 articles written in six languages were identified by our search. These articles were distributed among 22 reviewers for initial screening based on their relevance to the field of global EM. An additional two reviewers searched the grey literature. A total of 434 articles were deemed appropriate by at least one reviewer and approved by an editor for formal scoring of overall quality and importance.

Results

Of the 434 articles that met our predetermined inclusion criteria, 65% were categorized as emergency care in resource‐limited settings, 18% as EM development, and 17% as disaster and humanitarian response. A total of 24 articles received scores of 18 or higher and were selected for formal summary and critique. Interrater reliability for two reviewers using our scoring system was good, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.63 (95% confidence interval = 0.55 to 0.69). Infectious diseases, trauma, and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases common in resource‐limited settings represented the majority of articles selected for final review.

Conclusions

In 2013, there were more emergency care in resource‐limited settings articles, while the number of disaster and humanitarian response articles decreased, when compared to the 2012 review. However, the distribution of articles selected for full review did not change significantly. As in prior years, the majority of articles focused on infectious diseases, as well as trauma and injury prevention.
The role of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met genetic polymorphism in bipolar disorder: a case–control study, comorbidities, and meta‐analysis of 16,786 subjects
Authors: González‐Castro Thelma Beatriz , Nicolini Humberto , Lanzagorta Nuria , López‐Narváez Lilia , Genis Alma , Pool García Sherezada , Tovilla‐Zárate Carlos Alfonso
Published: July 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of Val66Met brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphism with bipolar disorder in (i) a meta‐analysis and (ii) a case–control study in a Mexican population. We also investigated the possible association of this polymorphism with clinical features.

Methods

We performed a keyword search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases. A total of 22 studies that have investigated the association of Val66Met (rs6265) with bipolar disorder were selected for inclusion and combined with random effects meta‐analysis, using allelic, additive, dominant, and recessive models. Finally, the single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6265) Val66Met in theBDNFgene was genotyped and compared between 139 patients with bipolar disorder and 141 healthy volunteers in a Mexican population.

Results

The pooled results from the meta‐analysis (9,349 cases and 7,437 controls) did not show a significant association in any of the models. The same results were obtained in our case–control study when analyzing the distribution of the genotypic frequencies of the Val66Met polymorphism in patients with bipolar disorder. However, when we analyzed the association between rs6265 and lifetime history of suicidal behavior, we found an association between genotype Val‐Val and suicide attempt (p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Although the present study has some limitations, the results indicate a lack of association between the Val66Met polymorphism and bipolar disorder. However, in our case–control study in a Mexican population, the Val66Met polymorphism was associated with suicidal behavior in patients with bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, it is important to consider potential interactions of theBDNFgene, the environment, and different inheritance patterns, when carrying out future genetic studies with larger samples.
Louis the Pious and the contours of empire
Authors: Conant Jonathan P.
Published: July 2014

When the southern Iberian city of Mérida revolted against Umayyad control, the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious (814–40) sought to gain recognition there of his own political authority, probably in early 830. Motivated by a desire to project Frankish power after Umayyad intervention in Catalonia, the move was also in keeping with larger patterns of Carolingian expansion in the Iberian frontier zone. The incident is further revealing of Louis the Pious's wider imperial ambitions in the 820s, which early medieval conceptions of space allowed to be expressed over surprisingly long distances, well beyond the frontiers of the Frankish kingdoms.