bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aplicación del modelo de datos RDF en las colecciones digitales de bibliotecas, archivos y museos de España
Authors: Sulé Andreu , Centelles Miquel , Franganillo Jorge , Gascón Jesús
Published: February 2016

Se analiza cómo y en qué grado se aplica el modelo RDF en las principales colecciones digitales españolas de materiales patrimoniales. Se introduce este modelo y también las iniciativas de Datos Abiertos y Datos Enlazados. A continuación se examinan 51 repositorios digitales y de cada uno de ellos se determina si expresan sus registros en RDF, ofrecen un punto de consulta SPARQL consultable por agentes externos y si usan referencias como valor de las propiedades. A partir de los resultados se describen los modelos EDM de Europeana y OntoWeb. Se concluye que la aplicación de RDF es desigual, demasiado condicionada al uso de aplicaciones que convierten automáticamente los registros en tripletas RDF, que se dan pocos puntos SPARQL para la consulta externa y que el empleo de referencias se vincula al uso de aplicaciones con diferentes modelos: EDM u OntoWeb. Se recomienda que las colecciones han de enriquecer sus datos y determinar niveles de agregación de los datos RDF generados para difundirse, hacerse accesibles y adaptarse a la web semántica.
Academic Experiences of International Graduate Students
Authors: Gopal Anita
Published: February 2016

The author examined international graduate students' academic experiences in the context of internationalization from the Canadian standpoint. The objective was to explore how students are positioned between issues of citizenship, nationalism, and the classroom culture. The author used neo-racism as an innovative lens to theorize students' experiences. Key findings that emerged from the interview data included a lack of inclusive practices within the classroom; an absence of international perspectives within curriculum and teaching; language and accent discrimination, and a lack of peer interaction with domestic students. This study contributes to the paucity of research on international graduate students in Canada. It offers insights into the need for organizational change in attitudes towards diversity to improve students' academic experiences and suggests that institutional accountability is a critical component of transforming the culture of the university.
Learning the Rules of the Game
Authors: Li Mingsheng
Published: February 2016

This author investigates some important issues that affect Asian international students' academic and social acculturation at New Zealand universities. Twenty students from China, Japan, South Korea, and Thailand who were studying at four New Zealand universities participated in the study. English language proficiency was a persistent academic challenge. However, language often masked other fundamental deeper-level issues that affected the educational performance of non-English speaking background [NESB] Asian students and denied them their legitimate academic identity and full acculturation into the academic community, including academic and socio-cultural issues stemming from their unfamiliarity with the dominant academic culture, writing conventions, unwritten rules of the game, “correct” ways of writing, and styles of interpersonal communication. It is argued that host universities are obliged to investigate these critical issues and identify more programmatic strategies to facilitate academic acculturation of NEBS international students.
Making Meaning of Race and Racialization in the Lives of Five International Graduate Students
Authors: Lewis Ashlee
Published: February 2016

The author examines the ways in which race and privilege operate on a global scale through the experiences of international students studying in the United States. Specifically, the researcher explores how meanings attached to terms such as “Black” and “White” shift but do not collapse when making sense of students' experiences with race and racial classification in both the U.S. and in the contexts of their home countries. The researcher provides insight into international students' experiences with and understandings of race in both their home countries and in the United States within the broader context of student mobility. Furthermore, student narratives promote an understanding of the ways in which race is socially constructed, historically constituted, and geographically situated. Finally, the study will reveal the dominance of a reductionist “Black and White” portrayal of race in U.S. racial discourse and the ways in which that discourse is damaging to international students.
Exploring the Experiences of International Students' Partners
Authors: Woodend Jon , Nutter Sarah , Lei Danni , Cairns Sharon
Published: February 2016

The authors in this chapter aim to provide a beginning understanding of the unique experiences and challenges that partners of international students face when accompanying international students to post-secondary institutions. As enrollment of international students has steadily increased worldwide, institutions are beginning to recognize the necessity of extending services and programming to partners. With the difficulties of adjusting to a new country and culture, partners may provide a valuable source of social support. There are, however, additional unique difficulties for partners, including: lack of English proficiency, social disconnection, loss of identity, and many more. This chapter will provide an introduction to the importance of examining this population, historical background, general experiences of the partners, most current research, recommendations for services, policies and practices, and conclude with specific areas of further research. It is the hope of the authors to provide visibility for an often forgotten and invisible population.
Addressing the Needs of F-2 Wives in the United States
Authors: Bordoloi Samit Dipon
Published: February 2016

The author analyzes the impact of current university regulations and policies on the everyday lives of wives of international students. The research process involved interviews with twenty-six women, located at two educational institutions, who came to the US on an F-2 visa (student dependent visa). It also included analysis of documents related to immigration policies and university regulations that had a direct impact on the experiences of wives of international students. The findings show that F-2 wives' adjustment experiences are strongly influenced by the level of institutional support provided by the university. The chapter concludes with recommendations for federal and university policies that create a welcoming environment for international students and their families.
Understanding Language Experiences of International ESL Students in U.S. Classrooms
Authors: Zhao Juanjuan , Ng Dana Funywe
Published: February 2016

The authors examine how international ESL (English as second language) students construct their experiences of learning and using English in the classrooms. Studying language experiences of international students is crucial to understanding the factors that may affect their academic performance and engagement in social activities in American universities. The focus group discussions revealed various issues and difficulties faced by international students. These challenges included comprehending and writing academic texts in subject areas, engaging in classroom discourse, and communicating with native speakers outside the classrooms. In addition, the focus group discussions revealed discrepancies between language criteria used in ESL and subject area courses. Findings indicate that the language development of international ESL students and their academic experiences are complex. This study calls for a comprehensive inquiry approach to offer more support and better services for international students' successful adaptation into American academic and social lives.
Stochastic Contingency Analysis Based on Voltage Stability Assessment in Islanded Power System Considering Load Uncertainty Using MCS and k-PEM
Authors: Jabari Farkhondeh , Seyedia Heresh , Ravadanegh Sajad Najafi , Ivatloo Behnam. Mohammadi
Published: February 2016

Increased electricity demands and economic operation of large power systems in a deregulated environment with a limited investment in transmission expansion planning causes interconnected power grids to be operated closer to their stability limits. Meanwhile, the loads uncertainty will affect the static and dynamic stabilities. Therefore, if there is no emergency corrective control in time, occurrence of wide area contingency may lead to the catastrophic cascading outages. Studies show that many wide area blackouts which led to massive economic losses may have been prevented by a fast feasible controlled islanding decision making. This chapter introduces a novel computationally efficient approach for separating of bulk power system into several stable sections following a severe disturbance. The splitting strategy reduces the large initial search space to an interface boundary network considering coherency of synchronous generators and network graph simplification. Then, a novel islanding scenario generator algorithm denoted as BEM (Backward Elimination Method) based on PMEAs (Primary Maximum Expansion Areas) has been applied to generate all proper islanding solutions in the simplified network graph. The PPF (Probabilistic Power Flow) based on Newton-Raphson method and Q-V modal analysis has been used to evaluate the steady-state stability of created islands in each generated scenario. BICA (Binary Imperialistic Competitive Algorithm) has then been applied to minimize total load-generation mismatch considering integrity, voltage permitted range and steady-state voltage stability constraints. The best solution has then been applied to split the entire power network. A novel stochastic contingency analysis of islands based on PSVI (Probability of Static Voltage Instability) using MCS (Monte Carlo Simulation) and k-PEM (k-Point Estimate Method) have been proposed to identify the critical PQ buses and severe contingencies. In these approaches, the ITM (Inverse Transform Method) has been used to model uncertain loads with normal probability distribution function in optimal islanded power system. The robustness, effectiveness and capability of the proposed approaches have been validated on the New England 39-bus standard power system.
Hybridized Genetic Algorithm Based Machine Parameters Estimation for Direct Torque Control of 3 Phase Motor for Wind Energy Systems
Authors: Venkobarao Vivek
Published: February 2016

It is generally aware that real-time parameter estimation of A.C. induction machine is very important for the efficient operation of vector-controlled drives. However, most existing methods have not taken into account of the four imperfections within the system, i.e. the existence of severe power harmonics due to the PWM inverter drive, the imbalancing of the 3-phase supply from the inverter, the variation of supply frequency under load changing and acceleration/deceleration, and changes in resistance. In this example, we have developed a new method of parameter estimation based on real time data sampling of voltages and currents, no matter they are sinusoidal or not. Here, the assumption of a synchronous rotating speed of the stator flux is not critical. With the aid of hybrid genetic algorithm techniques, the model has been found useful for on-line speed/torque control in most field orientation control schemes as it is much easier to achieve a global minimum during the optimization process.
Global and Local Clustering-Based Regression Models to Forecast Power Consumption in Buildings
Authors: Vergara Gonzalo , Carrasco Juan J. , Martínez-Gómez Jesus , Domínguez Manuel , Gámez José A. , Soria-Olivas Emilio
Published: February 2016

The study of energy efficiency in buildings is an active field of research. Modeling and predicting energy related magnitudes leads to analyze electric power consumption and can achieve economical benefits. In this study, classical time series analysis and machine learning techniques, introducing clustering in some models, are applied to predict active power in buildings. The real data acquired corresponds to time, environmental and electrical data of 30 buildings belonging to the University of León (Spain). Firstly, we segmented buildings in terms of their energy consumption using principal component analysis. Afterwards, we applied state of the art machine learning methods and compare between them. Finally, we predicted daily electric power consumption profiles and compare them with actual data for different buildings. Our analysis shows that multilayer perceptrons have the lowest error followed by support vector regression and clustered extreme learning machines. We also analyze daily load profiles on weekdays and weekends for different buildings.
Contemporary Energy Management Systems and Future Prospects
Authors: Manzoor Amir
Published: February 2016

The transformation of electric grid into smart grid has improved management of available resources and increased energy efficiency. Energy management systems (EMS) play an important role in enhancing user participation in control of energy management. Using such systems, consumers can obtain information about their energy consumption patterns and shape their energy consumption behaviors for efficient energy utilization. Contemporary EMS utilizes advanced analytics and ICT to provide consumers actionable feedback and control of energy management. These systems provide high availability, an easy-to-use user interface, security, and privacy. This chapter explores the contemporary EMS, their applications, classifications, standards, and frameworks. The chapter defines a set of requirements for EMS and provides feature comparison of various EMS. The chapter also discusses emerging trends and future research areas in EMS.
Application of Soft Computing Techniques in Power Engineering
Authors: Venkobarao Vivek
Published: February 2016

A discharge estimator is designed and analyzed in this chapter to estimate the discharge with voltage, frequency and current without prior knowledge of head. A control of discharge in submersible pump is achieved by varying the motor speed. In VSI fed induction motor the speed is varied by varying the switching frequency. The ratio of frequency to the applied voltage is maintained constant, to keep the air gap flux at a desired value. The development of discharge estimator, PID and Fuzzy controllers are discussed in this chapter.
Taxation Policy Measures for E- Retailers
Authors: Moid Sana
Published: February 2016

The internet has already revolutionized many aspects of modern business and living and promises to bring even more radical future changes. In contrast, tax laws are normally slow to changing realities. It is anticipated that trade in tangible (physical) goods with e- commerce will not introduce problems. However, trade in intangible (electronic or digital) goods can be problematic because they will be difficult if not impossible to track. The chapter discusses the important concepts woven around the idea of taxing e tailing transactions and aims at coming up with a conclusion which will help further to determine the appropriate tax policies for e retailers keeping in mind the global framework. The chapter aims at discussing the concept of Internet Taxation, E- Retailing laws and regulations in Global Context. The chapter also discusses broad outlines relating to taxability of E Retailing transactions from VAT and CST angle under different scenarios and arguments in favor and against of taxing the e tailing transactions. The chapter also discusses important acts passed in different economies for taxing online retailers including Marketplace Fairness Act 2013 and Internet Tax Freedom Act. It is concluded by discussing the possible effects of the online retail tax. It could be argued that e- commerce for most part will not require new tax principles. Existing principles still apply only the old ways of doing things need to be digitized. The internet and e- commerce certainly does introduce some new business models and products that would not have been possible with old technology. And in some case, new laws may be required or old laws amended. Trade in intangibles or goods that are in digital format promises to be the main problem area.
The Role of the Leadership Style in Creating Conflict and Tension in a Higher Education Institution
Authors: Khoury Grace C. , McNally Beverley
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines the influence of context on leadership styles in a higher education institution. Specifically, the enactment of leadership, the consequence of differing leadership styles, and the resultant interpersonal conflict. Informed by the empirical literature examining the Middle East, workplace stress and conflict, leadership and interpersonal communication, the chapter highlights the consequences of a high-conflict external context and the resultant constraints on human resource policies and practices. The recommendations include establishing a leadership development program aimed at creating an awareness of different leadership styles and the leadership of diverse groups. This includes the implementation of a cultural change program, programs to support the empowerment of minority groups, management education focusing on conflict resolution. The chapter adds to the body of literature by addressing the challenges confronting leadership in a high conflict context.
A Unified Framework of Organizational Perspectives and Knowledge Management and Their Impact on Job Performance
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: February 2016

This chapter introduces the framework and causal model of organizational culture, organizational climate, knowledge management, and job performance related to business process orientation. It argues that dimensions of organizational culture, organizational climate, and knowledge management have mediated positive effect on job performance. Knowledge management positively mediates the relationships between organizational culture and job performance and between organizational climate and job performance. Organizational culture is positively related to organizational climate. Furthermore, the author hopes that understanding the theoretical constructs of organizational culture, organizational climate, knowledge management, and job performance through the use of the framework and causal model will not only inform researchers of a better design for studying organizational culture, organizational climate, knowledge management, and job performance, but also assist in the understanding of intricate relationships between different factors.
Developing Instructional Leadership and Communication Skills through Online Professional Development
Authors: Zinger Doron
Published: February 2016

Principals and school leaders play a pivotal role in teacher satisfaction, retention, and learning; thus, they are uniquely positioned to help teachers improve their practice. Principals face many of the same challenges that teachers do, especially in schools serving low-income, low-performing, and ethnically diverse students. This chapter examines the extant literature concerning online professional development (OPD) and how it may hold particular promise for principals and other school leaders who work in these challenging settings, with a focus on attending to principal instructional leadership. A corollary purpose centers on how effective online communication (and the use of digital modalities) can create greater access and flexibility for participants. Establishing lines of communication and building online community may help overcome the professional isolation experienced by principals. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Developing Trust within International Teams
Authors: Kirstein Kurt D.
Published: February 2016

The widespread use of international teams has been driven by an unprecedented need to draw upon varied talents of employees from around the globe in a manner that is both organizationally and financially feasible. Despite the importance of technologies to enable such teams, their success depends largely on the levels of intra-team trust and collaboration they are able to establish throughout the life of their projects. Team members on international teams may differ substantially on a number of cultural dimensions including preferences for individualistic versus collective teamwork, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and contextual communication. This chapter will investigate how these four cultural dimensions are likely to impact trust within an international team. Suggestions that team leaders can utilize to address these cultural dimensions are also presented.
Credible Negotiation Leadership
Authors: Long Larry W. , Javidi Mitch , Hill L. Brooks , Normore Anthony H.
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to integrate credible leadership into the authors' previous work in principled negotiation. After the introduction, international negotiation is conceptualized with an in-depth description of the process. This is followed by description of negotiation styles and eight propositions for credible negotiation leadership that are predicated upon intercultural communication study. The conclusion is an application of Credible Negotiation Leadership with recommendations.
The Role of Leadership and Communication
Authors: Rintoul Heather M.
Published: February 2016

This chapter explores concerns and challenges associated with the transition to online graduate instruction from the traditional face-to-face format. The author discusses several catalysts for the transition to virtual teaching; the ethics of being present; impediments to learning and communication online; and participant concerns. The chapter also considers online knowledge and meaning-making, online communities and associated uncertainties. Finally, considerations for leadership and communication moving forward are addressed.
Possibility to Increase the Life Time of Surfaces on Parts by the Use of Diamond Burnishing Process
Authors: Varga Gyula
Published: February 2016

New trends appeared in product design and technological planning, which contributed in the development of new finish machining procedures like diamond burnishing. With the influence of diamond burnishing process, the surface roughness, the hardness of machined surface, and the dimensional accuracy can be improved. In this paper the effect of burnishing technological parameters on the cylindricity error of the burnished cylindrical surface and furthermore on changing of hardness of the burnished surfaces were examined, too. Burnishing parameters, which were taken into consideration during the examinations, are burnishing speed, burnishing feed, and burnishing force. Formulas suitable for determination of the improvement ratios of cylindrical shape error and improvement of hardness were determined by the Taguchi type Factorial Experimental Design.
Surface Roughness Prediction in Face Milling by Special Tools
Authors: Felhő Csaba , Kundrák János
Published: February 2016

The ability to plan the surface roughness in case of machining by rotational tools is introduced in the paper by the help of a formerly developed calculation method. This method utilizes the theoretical surface roughness indexes which were calculated in advance for the prediction of the expected surface roughness parameters. An experimental milling head is considered for the theoretical and experimental investigations, which can contain different insert geometries. The paper describes two distinct cases: in the first case, the face milling is performed by two identical cutting inserts, while in the second one, two different insert are applied simultaneously. Results of the carried-out experiments are also presented for the validation of the theoretical calculations.
Modelling and Analysis of Relationship between Cutting Parameters Surface Roughness and Cutting Forces Using Response Surface Methodology when Hard Turning with Coated Ceramic Inserts
Authors: Maňková Ildikó , Vrabeľ Marek , Beňo Jozef , Franková Mária
Published: February 2016

Experimental research and modeling in the field of turning hardened bearing steel with hardness of 62 HRC using TiN coated mixed oxide ceramic inserts is presented. The main objective of the article is investigation the relationship between cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed rate) and output machining variables (surface roughness and cutting force components) through the response surface methodology (RSM). The mathematical model of the effect of process parameters on the cutting force components and surface roughness is presented. Moreover, the influence of TiN coating on above mentioned variables was monitored. The design of experiment according to Taguchi L9 orthogonal matrix (32) was applied for trials. Pearson´s correlation matrix was used to examine the dependence between the factors (f, vc) and the machining variables (surface roughness and cutting force components). The results show how much surface roughness and cutting force components is influenced by cutting speed and feed in hard turning with coated ceramics.
Precision Sculptured Surface CNC Machining Using Cutter Location Data
Authors: Fountas Nikolaos A. , Vaxevanidis Nikolaos M. , Stergiou Constantinos I. , Benhadj-Djilali Redha
Published: February 2016

Industrial parts with sculptured surfaces are typically, manufactured with the use of CNC machining technology and CAM software to generate surface tool paths. To assess tool paths computed for 3-and 5-axis machining, the machining error is evaluated in advance referring to the parameter controlling the linearization of high-order curves, as well as the scallop yielded as a function of radial cutting engagement parameter. The two parameters responsible for the machining error are modeled and corresponding cutter location data for tool paths are utilized to compare actual trajectories with theoretical curves on a sculptured surface assessing thus the deviation when virtual tools are employed to maintain low cost; whilst ensuring high precision cutting. This operation is supported by applying a flexible automation code capable of computing the tool path; extracting its CL data; importing them to the CAD part and finally projecting them onto the part’s surface. For a given tolerance, heights from projected instances are computed for tool paths created by changing the parameters under a cutting strategy, towards the identification of the optimum tool path. To represent a global solution rough machining is also discussed prior to finish machining where the new proposals are mainly applied.
Sampling Based Assessment of the Free-Form Milling Strategies
Authors: Beňo Jozef , Maňková Ildikó , Draganovská Dagmar , Ižol Peter
Published: February 2016

In this paper, author introduce common needs of increasing surface quality in tool making, a sort of products manufactured by free form milling technology. Principles of the free-form surface decomposition into measurable samples are presented and that is a method of combining CAD modeling with design of sampling objects. Sampling objects are classed both according to their measurability and applied milling strategy. Authors verify experimentally their sampling approach for three milling strategies applied in surface finishing operations while free-form surfaces are investigated in terms of their signed radii. Verification of proposed approach is based on statistical distribution of the measured surface roughness data.
Influence of Cutting Fluid Conditions and Cutting Parameters on the Chip Form in Turning of Titanium and Steel Alloys
Authors: Słodki Bogdan , Struzikiewicz Grzegorz , Ślusarczyk Łukasz
Published: February 2016

The paper presents the results of turning tests of Ti6Al4V alloy with a sintered carbide tool. For selected sets of cutting data, two kinds of coolant supply were compared. Conventional coolant supply with the pressure of 7 bar was compared with HPC (High - Pressure Coolant) system working with the pressure of 70 bar. The tests revealed the fact that HPC system is useful for small values of feed taking into account chip form. Photographs of chips and their form analysis are presented. The results of tests performed by Sandvik Coromant concerning turning stainless steel were compared and discussed.
The effects of aflatoxin B1 and silymarin-containing milk thistle seeds on ileal morphology and digestibility in broiler chickens
Authors: Hasheminejad Seyed Ahmad , Fani Makki Omid , Ansari Nik Hossein , Ebrahimzadeh Ahmad
Published: February 2016

This study investigated the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and milk thistle seed (MTS) on some apparent ileal morphology and digestibility variables in the small intestines of broilers. A total of 216 Ross 308 male broiler chickens were allocated in a 3x3 factorial arrangement of the treatments with three concentration of AFB1 (0, 250, and 500 ppb) and three levels of MTS (0, 5, and 10 g kg-1). On day 35, the birds that received diets with 500 ppb of AFB1 alone (main effect) showed significant decrease in apparent ileal digestibility [dry matter (DM; 72.46±0.27), calcium (Ca; 40.81±1.11), crude protein (CP; 29.42±1.89), apparent digestible energy (2653±58.82)], ileal morphology [villus length (VL; 822.5±7.47), villus width (VW; 90.16±2.17) and ratio of VL to crypt depth (VL/CD; 4.74±0.07)] in their ileum segments (P<0.01). However, the mean nitrogen (N; 61.39±0.48) and crypt depth (CD; 173.5±9.87), in the ileum were significantly greater for the birds that were fed with 500 ppb AFB1 alone in their diets when compared with the control (P<0.01). Also, thistle seeds can ameliorate the toxic effects of AFB1 on some ileal digestibility factors, that is, DM, N, Ca, and CP, in broiler chicks. Nevertheless, ileum morphology of VW and goblet cell numbers were not affected negatively by the AFB1 plus MTS in diets. The results of this study indicated that the use of MTS independently reduced the toxic effects of AFB1, facilitated the absorption of nutrients, and reduced the metabolic demands of the intestinal tract in broiler chickens.
Reference intervals for selected serum biochemistry analytes in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
Authors: Hudson-Lamb Gavin C. , Schoeman Johan P. , Hooijberg Emma H. , Heinrich Sonja K. , Tordiffe Adrian S.W.
Published: February 2016

Published haematologic and serum biochemistry reference intervals are very scarce for captive cheetahs and even more for free-ranging cheetahs. The current study was performed to establish reference intervals for selected serum biochemistry analytes in cheetahs. Baseline serum biochemistry analytes were analysed from 66 healthy Namibian cheetahs. Samples were collected from 30 captive cheetahs at the AfriCat Foundation and 36 free-ranging cheetahs from central Namibia. The effects of captivity-status, age, sex and haemolysis score on the tested serum analytes were investigated. The biochemistry analytes that were measured were sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, urea and creatinine. The 90% confidence interval of the reference limits was obtained using the non-parametric bootstrap method. Reference intervals were preferentially determined by the non-parametric method and were as follows: sodium (128 mmol/L – 166 mmol/L), potassium (3.9 mmol/L – 5.2 mmol/L), magnesium (0.8 mmol/L – 1.2 mmol/L), chloride (97 mmol/L – 130 mmol/L), urea (8.2 mmol/L – 25.1 mmol/L) and creatinine (88 µmol/L – 288 µmol/L). Reference intervals from the current study were compared with International Species Information System values for cheetahs and found to be narrower. Moreover, age, sex and haemolysis score had no significant effect on the serum analytes in this study. Separate reference intervals for captive and free-ranging cheetahs were also determined. Captive cheetahs had higher urea values, most likely due to dietary factors. This study is the first to establish reference intervals for serum biochemistry analytes in cheetahs according to international guidelines. These results can be used for future health and disease assessments in both captive and free-ranging cheetahs.
African societies, nation-states, governance, human migration, xenophobia and cultural contestations: Editorial framing
Authors: Sebola Mokoko P. , Tsheola Johannes
Published: February 2016

NO ABSTRACT
International migration: The state-sovereignty-migration nexus
Authors: Chigudu D.
Published: February 2016

Commonly, international human migration is blamed for corroding states sovereignty, especially stemming from policy circles, academic literature and citizens of the host countries. This has attracted the attention of the media highlighting hazards of being a migrant, with some countries viewing migrants as enemies; and, Cuba provides a vivid case. Yet in other countries, migrants are viewed as important contributors to social and economic development, with Mexico, the Dominican Republic and India serving as examples. This article locates migrants in the framework of human rights as guided by international law without prejudice to the demands of state sovereignty, but linking the two in the context of developing international standards. Migration is seen as a feature of human history dating back to primordial time. Nothing appears surprising in the movement of people across borders, defining a migrant through emigration and immigration while giving due respect to the sovereignty of states, both sending and receiving. The article discusses the nexus between migrants and state sovereignty in order to highlight the mutual benefit grounded in international law. It attempts to portray a more positive image of the migrant person in light of the global world, socio-economic development and human rights fundamentals. The main challenge remains that of implementing human rights, which appear to be at the crossroads of individual rights and state sovereignty. The paper reveals how the challenge can be overcome while maintaining the structure of rights and freedoms without infringement on states’ sovereignty. It concludes that migrants remain on the periphery of effective protection from the vagaries of the citizens, partly because the state has a tendency to confine certain rights to its citizenry. States possess discretionary authority to control the ingress of foreign nationals into their territories though sometimes they fail to do that as evidenced by hundreds of millions of irregular migrants around the world. The paper reveals that, the symbiotic relationship between migrants, regular or irregular, and state sovereignty should be strengthened.
Governance, ‘sovereignty-state-territory triad’, human population migration and xenophobia in (South) Africa
Authors: Tsheola Johannes , Segage Martina
Published: February 2016

This article seeks to examine the association of the concept of governance of international relations and, by implication, human population migration, through the rigid practices of “sovereignty-state-territory triad” with the fomentation and exacerbation of societal stereotypes, attitudes and perceptions of xenophobia in Africa, in general, and South Africa, in particular. Ascriptions of the majority of population migration as “international” affirms the centrality of the operationalisation of the “sovereignty-state-territory triad” in understanding the fragmentary constructions of societal attitudes and perceptions of people resident in distinct geopolitical entities ascribed as national territories. State and non-state governance entrapments with this triad perpetuate societal stereotypes that are in concurrence with bordered-territories where populations described as citizens are stimulated to protect endowments and resources of the land against the perceived destruction associated with the conduct of the out-groups. Unsurprisingly, the theorisation of human population migration has equally been intricately involved with environmental conservation and securitisation of biodiversity that enables land dispossession of the vulnerable sections of the population through the Western economic narratives of “Peace Parks”. Simultaneously in Southern Africa, the concept of African Renaissance, inescapably embedded with “cooperation and conflict” at all scales, has offered a buzzword to be realised through “Peace Parks” that have evidently failed to deliver reaffirmation of African cultures, continental emancipation and democratisation. The preeminence of societal stereotypes, attitudes and perceptions of xenophobia and violent abuses of African immigrants in South Africa provides vivid illustrations of the inconsistencies and non-linearity of concepts such as African Renaissance and “Peace Parks”. This article asserts that measures for repairing the landscapes of xenophobia among Africans, especially in South Africa, will remain pipedreams if they are not embedded with adaptive governance designed to undermine the rigidities of the “sovereignty-state-territory triad”, prevalent in the international relations.
International movements, post-apartheid dispensations and illegal immigration into South Africa
Authors: Wotela Kambidima , Letsiri Cleophas
Published: February 2016

Arising from the supposed negative impact of illegal immigration, including security threats as well as recent xenophobic violence, the South African Government would like to counter illegal immigration. To do this, it needs to understand the root causes of illegal immigration into the country. This article, therefore, seeks to explain and interpret why illegal immigrants make South Africa their ideal choice of destination. To provide a context, the article begins with a discussion on the research setting, that is, the South African international boundaries. Thereafter, the article discusses the concept of illegal immigration from the South African context before reviewing literature on the number of illegal immigrants in South Africa and the supposed impact. The article then explores literature on international movements and discusses established migration frameworks that explain and interpret these movements. Lastly, to confirm some facts arising from the review, we interviewed officials that manage illegal immigration as well as detained immigrants. We establish that four migration streams that have created a blended society in Southern Africa sparked illegal immigration into South Africa. The article conclude that the problem of illegal immigration into South Africa is perpetuated by deep-rooted migration networks. Therefore, if the South African Government wants to avert illegal immigration, its policy-makers should examine these roots and take them into account to arrive at a solution that is in sync with the root causes of the problem.
Drivers of community xenophobic attacks in South Africa: poverty and unemployment
Authors: Mamabolo Malemela
Published: February 2016

This paper argues that attacks of foreign nationals in most local communities were sparked by desperation precipitated by high rates of poverty and unemployment in South Africa. Additionally, there is citizens’ frustrations with the perceived competition for access to the available resources, especially among poor people who are unemployed with no formal business support from government. In South Africa’s twenty years of democracy, poverty and unemployment still remain critical concerns particularly among the poor in most townships and rural communities. Despite the country’s initiative to identify policies and strategies that could be adopted to address the status quo, the majority has continued to live in abject poverty and demeaning unemployment. Lack of economic opportunities in South Africa continues to create hatred between foreign nationals and locals, sparking xenophobic attacks. South African citizens accused foreigners of stealing their jobs and other opportunities. The article recommends that South Africa should create a harmonious business environment for both locals and foreign nationals running businesses.
Iatrogenic Coagulopathy and the Development of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome after L-asparaginase Chemotherapy
Authors: Rota Eugenia , Vallisa Daniele , Morelli Nicola , Scagnelli Paola
Published: February 2016

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical and radiological syndrome mostly related to hypertension, eclampsia, renal failure, or to chemotherapy and/or immunosuppressive drugs. Although the PRES pathophysiology is multifactorial, hypertension and endothelial dysfunction are hypothesized to be the pivotal factors. Here we report a case of PRES in an adult patient after chemotherapy (Escherichia coliL-asparaginase [L-ASP], daunorubicin, vincristine, and intrathecal methotrexate) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The development of the PRES was strictly associated with an iatrogenic coagulopathy induced by L-ASP, which inhibits the biosynthesis of hepatic coagulation factors. The nadir of platelet count, antithrombin III (ATIII) and fibrinogen curve was coincident with the onset of the PRES neurological picture; subsequently, the normalization of the ATIII and fibrinogen levels seemed to parallel the good clinical evolution. This case seems to provide new insights into the PRES pathophysiological mechanisms.
Change in turbopause altitude at 52 and 70° N
Authors: Hall Chris M. , Holmen Silje E. , Meek Chris E. , Manson Alan H. , Nozawa Satonori
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The turbopause is the demarcation between atmospheric mixing by turbulence (below) and molecular diffusion (above). When studying concentrations of trace species in the atmosphere, and particularly long-term change, it may be important to understand processes present, together with their temporal evolution that may be responsible for redistribution of atmospheric constituents. The general region of transition between turbulent and molecular mixing coincides with the base of the ionosphere, the lower region in which molecular oxygen is dissociated, and, at high latitude in summer, the coldest part of the whole atmosphere. This study updates previous reports of turbopause altitude, extending the time series by half a decade, and thus shedding new light on the nature of change over solar-cycle timescales. Assuming there is no trend in temperature, at 70° N there is evidence for a summer trend of  ∼  1.6 km decade−1, but for winter and at 52° N there is no significant evidence for change at all. If the temperature at 90 km is estimated using meteor trail data, it is possible to estimate a cooling rate, which, if applied to the turbopause altitude estimation, fails to alter the trend significantly irrespective of season. The observed increase in turbopause height supports a hypothesis of corresponding negative trends in atomic oxygen density, [O]. This supports independent studies of atomic oxygen density, [O], using mid-latitude time series dating from 1975, which show negative trends since 2002.
Error apportionment for atmospheric chemistry-transport models: a new approach to model evaluation
Authors: Solazzo E. , Galmarini S.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. In this study, methods are proposed to diagnose the causes of errors in air quality (AQ) modelling systems. We investigate the deviation between modelled and observed time series of surface ozone through a revised formulation for breaking down the mean square error (MSE) into bias, variance, and the minimum achievable MSE (mMSE). The bias measures the accuracy and implies the existence of systematic errors and poor representation of data complexity, the variance measures the precision and provides an estimate of the variability of the modelling results in relation to the observed data, and the mMSE reflects unsystematic errors and provides a measure of the associativity between the modelled and the observed fields through the correlation coefficient. Each of the error components is analysed independently and apportioned to resolved process based on the corresponding timescale (long scale, synoptic, diurnal, and intra-day) and as a function of model complexity. The apportionment of the error is applied to the AQMEII (Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative) group of models, which embrace the majority of regional AQ modelling systems currently used in Europe and North America. The proposed technique has proven to be a compact estimator of the operational metrics commonly used for model evaluation (bias, variance, and correlation coefficient), and has the further benefit of apportioning the error to the originating timescale, thus allowing for a clearer diagnosis of the process that caused the error.
The description and validation of the computationally Efficient CH4–CO–OH (ECCOHv1.01) chemistry module for 3-D model applications
Authors: Elshorbany Yasin F. , Duncan Bryan N. , Strode Sarah A. , Wang James S. , Kouatchou Jules
Published: February 2016

Abstract. We present the Efficient CH4–CO–OH (ECCOH) chemistry module that allows for the simulation of the methane, carbon monoxide, and hydroxyl radical (CH4–CO–OH) system, within a chemistry climate model, carbon cycle model, or Earth system model. The computational efficiency of the module allows many multi-decadal sensitivity simulations of the CH4–CO–OH system, which primarily determines the global atmospheric oxidizing capacity. This capability is important for capturing the nonlinear feedbacks of the CH4–CO–OH system and understanding the perturbations to methane, CO, and OH, and the concomitant impacts on climate. We implemented the ECCOH chemistry module in the NASA GEOS-5 atmospheric global circulation model (AGCM), performed multiple sensitivity simulations of the CH4–CO–OH system over 2 decades, and evaluated the model output with surface and satellite data sets of methane and CO. The favorable comparison of output from the ECCOH chemistry module (as configured in the GEOS-5 AGCM) with observations demonstrates the fidelity of the module for use in scientific research.
Achievement Motivation and Its Relationship with Characteristics of Leaders in Youth Centers in Jordanian Society
Authors: Jabali Safia
Published: February 2016

This study aimed to detect achievement motivation and its relationship with the members of The Leader features youth centers in Jordanian society. Where the study sample consisted of 638 young men and women of the members of the youth centers in the Kingdom of them (366) and a young man (272) were chosen young intentional way of participating in the Ajloun and cypress camps during 2014. The researcher used a special test designed to measure the effective leader attributes and test achievement motivation and who has been verified sincerity and the Calendar researcher used the averages, standard deviations, and percentages, and transactions of the link and test (g), and testing of regression analysis and found the results to the existence of a positive relationship between characteristics social, personal and administrative effective leader as perceived by members and achievement motivation they have at the significance level (α≤ 0,05). And the lack of statistically significant differences in the relationship between the characteristics of an effective leader differences as perceived by members and achievement motivation at the significance level (α≤0,05) attributable to differences between the sexes. The study also recommends that workers leaders working with young people to raise achievement motivation among members through enhance the behavior of interest. And provide a democratic atmosphere for members in matters of activities and decisions and others. Holding training courses and programs for the rehabilitation of leaders working with young people.