bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paramilitaries and Electoral Support
Authors: Tribín Ana María
Published: April 2015

This paper examines the tactical redistribution of public resources by an incumbent seeking reelection in a country in the midst of an armed conflict. The illegal armed groups in Colombia are known to have extreme ideological beliefs; the guerrillas lean far to the Left, and the paramilitaries, far to the Right. The model and the empirical results show that regions with powerful groups who have a defined political ideology are less strategically attractive when it comes to the distribution of government resources. Nevertheless, when an illegal group can coerce voters to support a candidate and decide between candidates, as in the case of paramilitaries, redistribution is targeted to the illegal group. As a natural experiment, this paper empirically tests the effect of a policy to demobilize and reintegrate the members of paramilitary groups into society, so as to show the decisions on redistribution change when paramilitary forces do not exercise control in the municipalities.
Photocatalytic Properties of BiOCl/Bi2WO6 Composite
Authors: Ying Zuo  , Cong Wang  , Ying Sun  , Jiushan Cheng 
Published: April 2015

BiOCl/Bi2WO6 composite was prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method. The photocatalytic activity of the product was investigated by degrading Methyl Orange (MO) under visible light irradiation. The as-synthesized sample showed more efficient photocatalytic activity than that of single BiOCl or Bi2WO6.
Effect of Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide on Incoming Solar Radiation
Authors: H.D. Kambezidis  , L.D. Melas  , D.H. Kampezidou  , B.E. Psiloglou 
Published: April 2015

Incoming solar radiation is known to undergo an interaction with the constituents of the Earth’s atmosphere. This interaction is expressed by means of the mechanisms of absorption, scattering and reflection. The occurrence of each such mechanism depends on the size of the molecules in relation with the wavelength of the incoming radiation. The study of the interaction of solar radiation with atmospheric constituents, including aerosols, has long attracted scientific interest; such an interaction is related to climate-change issues. Among the atmospheric constituents, interest has been given to the anthropogenically-derived nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the troposphere, since there has been found that anthropogenic aerosols have been playing an important role in their interaction with the incoming solar radiation. That is the reason for the recent discovery of the global dimming phenomenon. Mean daily solar radiation values from the Actinometric Station of the National Observatory of Athens (ASNOA) are compared with simultaneous ones of NO2 measured by the network of the Greek Ministry of Environment within the Athens basin. The period considered in this study covers the years 1990 – 2004. The study examines clear-sky conditions in order to show the influence of NO2 alone on solar radiation. The results show that increasing levels of NO2 cause smaller/greater scattering of solar radiation (global/diffuse components) at different rates, thus resulting in an attenuation of solar radiation; this attenuation rate is greater in the global component than in the diffuse one, in absolute terms.
Carrier Transport Mechanism of Copper Phthalocyanine Based Photodiode for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: T. Elmore  , J. Candler  , F. Yakuphanoglu  , R.K. Gupta 
Published: April 2015

Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/n-silicon junction was fabricated using thermal evaporator method. X-ray analysis of the CuPc film confirms the b-phase with preferred orientation along (100) direction. The crystallite size of the CuPc film was estimated using XRD data and observed to be about 12.6 nm. The current-voltage characteristics of Au/CuPc/n-Si/Au device was studied in dark and under illumination. The device showed diode characteristics. The diode parameters such as ideality factor, barrier height and series resistance were determined using different techniques such as conventional forward bias I-V characteristics, Cheung method and Norde’s function. A good agreement between the diode parameters calculated form these methods was observed. The analysis of the diode characteristics confirmed that the transport mechanism of the Au/CuPc/n-Si/Au diode at the higher electric fields was governed by the space-charge-limited currents. The photoconducting behavior of the diode suggests that it can be used as a photosensor in optoelectronic applications.
MERCURY IN EDIBLE WILD-GROWN MUSHROOMS FROM HISTORICAL MINING AREA – SLOVAKIA: BIOACCUMULATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT
Authors: Árvay JÃºlius , Záhorcová Zuzana , Tomáš JÃ¡n , Hauptvogl Martin , Stanovič Radovan , Harangozo Ä½uboÅ¡
Published: April 2015

In the present paper, we focused on assessment of the contamination levels of five species (n = 33) of edible wild mushrooms (Macrolepiota procera, Boletus reticulatus, Suillus grevillei, Russula xerampelina and Xerocomellus chrysenteron). We collected samples of above-ground parts of the macroscopic fungi species in historical mining and processing area surrounding Banská Bystrica (Central Slovakia) in 2014. Within 2 m radius of the samples, we also took samples of underlying substrate. On the basis of the substrate, along with the monitored contaminant – mercury, we calculated bioaccumulation factors for individual species and their anatomical parts (cap and stipe). From the obtained results of the mercury content in the edible mushrooms, we then determined provisionally tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). The limit value for mercury (0.350 mg Hg kg-1 for an individual with average weight of 70 kg) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Our results suggest that despite the relatively low level of Hg in the underlying substrate, the species Macrolepiota procera (1.98 mg kg-1 ± 68.2 (0.41 - 3.20 mg kg-1 DW)) is characterized by extremely high bioaccumulation ability, as confirmed by the bioaccumulation factors (BAFc = 15.3; BAFs = 8.02). PTWI value was exceeded by almost 20%. In case of the other studied edible wild mushroom species, we did not record any increased risk of mercury intake by consumers. Generally it can be stated that consumption of wild mushrooms represents a relatively small but significant risk of negative impact on the consumer´s health.
THE CONTENT OF POLYPHENOLS IN FRUIT OF HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY (VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM L.) RELATING TO DIFFERENT FERTILIZER APPLICATION
Authors: Medvecký Michal , Daniel JÃ¡n , Vollmannová Alena , Zupka Stanislav , Kopernická Miriama
Published: April 2015

Six varieties of high blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) grown on a plantation of research station in Krivá, that is located in the northern part of Slovakia, was examined to determine the content of polyphenols in the fruit depending on the three variants of fertilization. The first variant was realized with the application of organic fertilization, second one with mineral fertilizers and third variant was left without fertilization. The content of total polyphenols (TP) was determined spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The total polyphenol content ranged from 2522.90 mg.kg-1 to 4960.20 mg.kg-1 in the variant with organic fertilization. In the variant with mineral fertilization the total polyphenol content ranged from 2278.25 mg.kg-1 to 3350.23 mg.kg-1. In the variant without fertilization was concentration of total polyphenols from 2503.63 mg.kg-1 to 3790.48 mg.kg-1. Statistical evaluation of the results confirmed a very weak correlation between polyphenols and one variety of different fertilization on the level of significance (p
SELENIUM AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE CONTENT OF POLYPHENOL COMPOUNDS IN ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.)
Authors: Bystrická Judita , Kavalcová Petra , Musilová Janette , Tomáš JÃ¡n , Tóth TomÃ¡Å¡ , Orsák MatyÃ¡Å¡
Published: April 2015

Onions (Allium cepa L.) are important source of bioactive compounds including polyphenols and have potential beneficial properties for human health. Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that is required in small amounts. The aim of the research was to find out how selenium (Se) treatment affects on the quality of onion (Allium cepa L.). The content of the total polyphenols was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). Antioxidant activity was measured using a compound DPPH˙ (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl).The Se treatment increased the content of total polyphenols (TCA) and antioxidant activity (AA). The content of total polyphenols in samples of onion during vegatation period moved in the range from 508.16±27.59 to 607.56±23.15. In this work was watched also the influence of potassium on antioxidant activity, where values were in interval from 25.90±0.47 to 39.72±2.64.
ANALYSIS OF FREE AMINO ACIDS AND BIOGENIC AMINES IN THE BULL MUSCULUS THORACIS
Authors: Čuboň Juraj , Kačániová Miroslava , Kunová Simona , Haščík Peter , Hleba LukÃ¡Å¡ , Bebejová Andrea , Šmýkalová Helena
Published: April 2015

Chemical composition, changes of pH, free amino acids and biogenic amines during aging of beef Musculus thoracis during maturation were analysed. The parameters were analysed 24 hours, 48 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks after slaughtering. The value of pH was 24 hours after slaughtering 5.6 and 48 hours similar 5.57, following the first week increased (pH 5.89) and decreased after the second week and in the third week reached 6.20 pH. During the 3 weeks ripening of meat, we found statistically significant (P ≤0.01) differences only in spermidine content. Spermine content was significantly increased (P ≤0.05) from 20.05 mg.kg-1 to 48.27 mg.kg-1. Free amino acids histamine not significant increased from 0.04 to 0.86 mg.kg-1, also content of free amino acids ornithine increased from 0.02 to 0.37 mg.kg-1 at the end of ripening. The putrescine content was 24 hours after slaughter 1.11 mg.kg-1 and at 21th day of the experiment was non significantly higher of 9.28 mg.kg-1. Spermidine content significantly (P ≤0.01) increased from 2.04 to 9.91 mg.kg-1 and spermine significantly increased (P ≤0.05) from 20.05 to 48.27 mg.kg-1 on the 21th day of the experiment.
CHICKEN CARCASS STRUCTURE FED WITH ADDITION OF LINOLEIC ACID
Authors: Haščík Peter , Čuboň Juraj , Bebejová Andrea , Šmýkalová Helena , Kačániová Miroslava
Published: April 2015

The aim of this work was to determine the impact of linoleic acid added to feed mixtures for broiler chickens in relation to carcass structure. Research was conducted in experiment, which comparing characteristics of two groups of Ross 308 chickens: the experimental group with 5% addition of linoleic acid and the control group without the addition of linoleic acid. There was significantly higher carcass yield (P≤0.05) in experimental group. There were no significant differences in weight of offal in our experiment. Weight of abdominal fat in the experimental group was significantly higher (P≤0.01). The weight of heart was a higher (P≤0.05) in experimental group than in the control group. The analysis of various tissues of the breast and the thigh was found a higher proportion of fat and skin from the breast part (P≤0.01), and a higher proportion of fat and skin from the thigh part (P≤0.01) in the experimental group. Chicken breast part in the experimental group had a significantly lower proportion of muscle (P≤0.01).
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN NAKED AND HULLED OAT (AVENA SATIVA L.) VARIETIES
Authors: Chmelová Daniela , Ondrejovič Miroslav , Havrlentová Michaela , Hozlár Peter
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was determine suitable conditions for antioxidant extraction from different oat (Avena sativa L.) varieties, specifically naked oat (Tatran), and yellow (Atego), black (Paddock) and white (Fredy) hulled oats. Antioxidant activity was determined by radical-scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The results showed that methanol reported the highest recovery of antioxidant compounds in range from 150 to 228 μg/g plant material. The highest antioxidant activities were measured in naked oat Tatran (228 μg/g plant material) and black hulled oat Paddock (202 μg/g plant material). We achieved higher yields of antioxidant activities by increasing the solid-liquid ratio (w/v) (229 – 303 μg/g plant material). Extraction time was 240 minutes for maximal antioxidant activities in all oat varieties.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF APPLE JUICE ENRICHED BY HERBAL EXTRACTS
Authors: Ivanišová Eva , Frančáková Helena , Ritschlová Pavla , Dráb Å tefan , Solgajová Miriam , Tokár MariÃ¡n
Published: April 2015

Herbal phytochemicals have recently become an attractive subject for scientists in many different research areas. The aim of this study was to determine antioxidant activity, total polyphenol and flavonoid content of apple juice enriched by water herbal extracts. Secondary was to evaluate sensory characteristic of enriched apple juice. It was found that applications of water herbal extracts to apple juice increase antioxidant activities, and also total polyphenol and flavonoid content with compare to pure apple juice. The highest biological activities were detected in apple juice with addition of lemon balm (14.42 mg TEAC/L; 84.38 mg TEAC/L; 50.88 mg GAE/L; 36.26 μg QE/L, oregano (14.92 mg TEAC/L; 79.97 mg TEAC/L; 50.51 mg GAE/L; 31.02 μg QE/L) and salvia (8.40 mg TEAC/L; 30.40 mg TEAC/L; 23.33 mg GAE/L; 27.67 μg QE/L) water extract. Sensorial analysis of samples showed, that enriched juices had better properties for evaluators with compared to pure juice. The aim of this study was also to mention the potential use of medicinal herbs in food industry, because plant bioactive compounds can play an important role in preventing cardiovascular diseases, cancers and reduction inflammatory action.
MILK FATTY ACID PROFILE IN DIFFERENT BREEDS OF DAIRY CATTLE
Authors: Kirchnerová KatarÃ­na , Vršková Martina
Published: April 2015

The aim of the paper was to extend the knowledge about current fatty acids (FAs) profile of cow milk fat at herds of cows held in dairy farms in Slovakia. 368 milk samples were taken in total from cows of 5 different breeds, namely Holstein (H, n = 105), Red Holstein (R, n = 120), Pinzgau (P, n = 74), Slovak Pied (S, n = 61), and Braunvieh (B, n = 8). Single milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose content, minerals and fatty acid composition of milk fat using gas chromatography, where 54 FAs were identified and expressed relatively in percentage of peak areas (%) and evaluated in segments in accord with their biosynthetic origine. The combination of acids C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0, as expressed in the sum HCHFA (46.86% for S and 47.35% for P), and also the value of the so-calculated. atherogenic index (2.82 for S and 3.10 for P) are the lowest, and thus the most favorable for human health at the breeds S and P. Medically desirable MUFA (27.11% for the S and 25.84% for P) and PUFA (3.55% for S and 3.26% for P) in these breeds are represented in the highest percentage shares. We conclude that among the observed breeds of dairy cows the Pinzgau and Simental breeds showed a better value of the composition of milk fat from a health perspective.
Floristic composition of the kaan forests of Sagar Taluk: sacred landscape in the central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India
Authors: Gunaga Shrikant , Rajeshwari N. , Vasudeva R. , Ganeshaiah K. N.
Published: April 2015

In the Malnad region of the central Western Ghats, Karnataka, ethnic people conserve village forests called kaan forests as the abode of sylvan deities. Ethnic taboos have kept kaan forests in a virgin state over the course of centuries. In recent times, the strong taboo around these kaan forests has lessened, and the withdrawal of managing rights of kaans has affected valued species. Of 103 kaan forests (totalling 5,254 ha) in the region, 24 (= 12 ha) well-managed kaan forests were inventoried floristically during 2008 to 2009. The results provided identification of a total of 303 species in 237 genera and 79 diverse families. Of these, 34 species belong to rare, endangered, or threatened categories 116 were endemics, and 150 were evergreen species. kaan forests are still essentially of climax character, and are the abode of ecologically sensitive plant species. Affording more powers to the local communities in protecting the local biodiversity would be more effective in conserving them.
Advancing the Modelling Environment for the Safety Assessment of the Swedish LILW Repository at Forsmark
Authors: von Schenck Henrik , Kautsky Ulrik , Gylling Björn , Abarca Elena , Molinero Jorge
Published: April 2015

An extension of the Swedish final repository for short-lived radioactive waste (SFR) is planned and a safety assessment has been performed as part of the licensing process. Within this work, steps have been taken to advance the modelling environment to better integrate its individual parts. It is desirable that an integrating modelling environment provides the framework to set up and solve a consistent hierarchy of models on different scales. As a consequence, the consistent connection between software tools and models needs to be considered, related to the full assessment domain. It should also be possible to include the associated geometry and material descriptions, minimizing simplifications of conceptual understanding.

The usefulness of the analysis software Comsol Multiphysics as component of an integrating modelling environment has been tested. Here, we present two examples of hierarchical models. Consistent properties and boundary conditions have been extracted form regional hydrogeology and surface hydrology models when setting up repository scale models. CAD models of the repository have been imported into the analysis software, representing tunnel systems and storage vaults with engineered structures and barriers. Data from geographic information systems such as digital elevation models and geological formations have been also directly implemented into model geometries.

The repository scale hydrology models have provided a basis for further developments focussed on the modelling of coupled processes. An interface between Comsol Multiphysics and the geochemical simulator Phreeqc has been developed to support reactive solute transport studies. An important test case concerns radionuclide transport in a 3D, near-surface model of a catchment area. The dynamic surface hydrology has been simulated with MIKE SHE and connected to Comsol Multiphysics and Phreeqc for detailed hydro-geo-chemical modelling of radionuclide migration through soils and sediments.
Energetic Ion Bombardment of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Konesky Gregory A.
Published: April 2015

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit exceptional properties in terms of high strength-to-weight, high electrical conductivity, and high thermal conductivity, and have been employed as a reinforcement in various composites and other materials. Their tolerance to radiation environments may be suggested by their response to energetic ion bombardment. We discuss the effects of argon ion bombardment of both thin and thick multiwall carbon nanotube films over a range of 4 to 11 keV at fluence levels up to the order of 1021 ions/cm2. While individual carbon atoms are readily displaced from a carbon nanotube by bombardment at these energies, these nanotubes also exhibit a self-healing capability. At moderate energies and fluence, if two or more carbon nanotubes are touching and an ion strikes this point, they heal together where a junction or cross-link between them is created and the nanotubes interpenetrate. Even though some of the properties of the carbon nanotubes may be degraded by ion bombardment at non-junction regions, we have demonstrated a bulk cross-linked thin film of randomly oriented multiwall carbon nanotubes with an isotropic thermal conductivity of 2150 W/m K. At higher energies and fluence, the carbon nanotubes appear to collapse and reform aligned parallel to the incoming ion bombardment trajectory, producing high aspect ratio tapered structures. These structures are, in general, fully dense, unlike the loosely packed random carbon nanotube array from which they originated. There is also a sharp transition at the base of these structures from the dense form to the loose-packed form, suggesting that these structures may inhibit further penetration of the energetic ions.
Neutron Detection Signatures at Zero Bias in Novel Semiconducting Boron Carbide/Pyridine Polymers
Authors: Echeverría Elena , James Robinson , Pasquale Frank L. , Colón Santana Juan A. , Driver M. Sky , Enders A. , Kelber Jeffry A. , Dowben P.A.
Published: April 2015

Novel and more conventional boron carbides were combined with n-type silicon to make heterojunction diodes, with neutron capture signal at zero applied bias. The boron carbides were based on the cross linking of closo-1,2-dicarbadodecaborane (ortho-carborane; 1,2-B10C2H12), and cross linking based on the combination of closo-1,2-dicarbadodecaborane (ortho-carborane; 1,2- B10C2H12) and pyridine. In the latter devices, pyridine concentration was varied; samples with a closo-1,2-dicarbadodecaborane (ortho-carborane; 1,2- B10C2H12) to pyridine ratio of 1:1 (BC:Py1) and 1:3 (BC:Py3). The result is a nonvolatile robust p-type semiconductor of boron carbide (B10C2Hx):(C5NHx)y. The I(V) curves for the resulting heterojunction diodes exhibit strong rectification where the normalized reverse bias leakage currents are largely unperturbed with increasing pyridine inclusion. The devices are largely gamma insensitive and yet neutron voltaic properties of these boron carbides is demonstrated. The neutron capture generated pulses from these heterojunction diodes were obtained at zero bias voltage although without the characteristic signatures of complete charge collection from boron neutron capture generated electron-hole pair production. These results, nonetheless, suggest that modifications to boron carbide may result in better neutron voltaic materials with linking groups chosen from family of aromatic compounds that stretch between borazine (B3N3H6) and benzene that point the way to a whole family of future studies that may ultimately lead to boron carbides better suited to low power and low flux neutron detection.
As novas questões da linguística aplicada para o ensino de língua inglesa: multiletramentos, identidade e cultura
Authors: Gomes Rodrigo Belfort
Published: April 2015

A linguística aplicada, como afirma Almeida Filho (2007), Moita Lopes (2006) e Rajagopalan (2006), está preocupada com todos os aspectos que envolvem o ensino de línguas, o que fez com que o objetivo do professor de idiomas e estudiosos desse campo, fosse, por muito tempo, a busca pelo melhor método a ser empregado. Essas questões, no entanto, vêm sendo modificadas com o desenvolvimento da linguística crítica, que agregou ao professor um papel de formador de cidadãos, não sendo suficiente apenas ensinar o idioma. É objetivo deste artigo, fazer um levantamento sobre os principais métodos e abordagens utilizados para o ensino de língua estrangeira, mais especificamente de língua inglesa, destacando os seus objetivos educacionais. Após esse levantamento inicial, foi feita uma análise sobre o papel do professor em sala de aula, que, diante deste novo cenário educacional, precisa conciliar os conhecimentos linguísticos que serão transmitidos com as novas discussões da linguística aplicada sobre as teorias de multiletramentos, as questões culturais e o processo de (re) construção identitária, possibilitados a partir do trabalho textual.
Histórico da agressividade e violência nas escolas públicas e particulares no Brasil
Authors: Müller da Silva Jean Carlos , Schottz Eliane de Souza
Published: April 2015

Este trabalho tem por objetivo trazer ao leitor uma definição da temática violência escolar, bem como compreender os mecanismos pelos quais ocorrem, identificando os autores, coautores e vítimas envolvidas, além dos ambientes em que ocorrem. A partir disso, traçar medidas de controle para essa epidemia que tem protagonizado os jornais e telejornais, com casos cada vez mais inusitados de agressão. Para tornar possível o presente estudo, adotou-se a tipologia de prática de pesquisa documental, trazendo e analisando as ideias de alguns autores estudiosos do tema. Através de um conjunto de pensamentos foi possível traçar mecanismos que permitam o controle ou até mesmo a erradicação dos casos de violência nas escolas. Procura-se mostrar, também, o papel do professor nesse combate ao problema que vem afetando o país desde os tempos mais remotos, destaca-se ainda, a necessidade de um preparo adequado do educador para enfrentar a problemática, evitando que o mesmo se atenha apenas ao ensino de sua disciplina, estimulando uma maior interação entre professores e alunos e provar que somente assim é possível resolver ou amenizar a situação.
Politícas públicas e a formação do professor na modalidade a distância
Authors: Nunes Andréa Karla Ferreira , Berger Miguel André , Assis Rafael Cruz de
Published: April 2015

As transformações advindas do avanço técnico-científico ensejaram mudanças significativas nos diferentes setores da sociedade. O avanço da tecnologia, o mercado de trabalho mais competitivo e as novas exigências com relação à formação dos profissionais foramdesafios marcantes no âmbito da educação, ensejando o surgimento intensificado das políticas públicas na década de 90 do século XX. A Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira deu respaldo legal a esses avanços apontando a Educação a Distância (EaD),como uma das estratégias para formação inicial e continuada do professor. Esse estudo analisou a contribuição do Curso de Licenciatura em Matemática na modalidade a Distância, ofertado pela Universidade Tiradentes visando à formação do professor. O alunoegresso foi escolhido como fonte de informação, pois sua participação no processo educativo aliada à sua vivência profissional lhe dá mais condições de tecer análises e sugestões a respeito dessa modalidade de ensino.
O livro didático e a circulação do conhecimento: uma análise da questão ambiental na geografia escolar
Authors: Carvalho Márcia Eliane Silva , Cunha Jussara Nascimento , Dias Liliane de Jesus , Lima Lucas , Andrade Vanilza da Costa
Published: April 2015

A circulação do conhecimento tem como um dos espaços formais de ocorrência a instituição escolar. Nestes espaços, o livro didático tem sido tomado como um grande aliado dos docentes e discentes, pois nele estão sistematizados os saberes historicamente acumulados pela ciência. Nessa perspectiva, o presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar como circula o conhecimento acerca da temática ambiental em livros didáticos de geografia do ensino fundamental, antigas 5ª a 8ª séries. Para atingir os objetivos propostos esta pesquisa foi baseada na abordagem qualitativa, sendo dividida em dois momentos: levantamentos bibliográficos e analisadas de duas coleções didáticas. Na coleção Geografia, Homem e Espaço as questões ambientais predominam nos de textos complementares. Na coleção Geografia, Sociedade e Cotidiano a questão ambiental é tratada em capítulos específicos, ou seja, os autores discutem e sugerem medidas para preservação/conservação dos recursos naturais. De modo geral, a questão ambiental nos livros analisados, instiga os professores e alunos para discussão dos problemas locais, através de textos e atividades complementares. Mas recai sobre o docente permitir esta leitura. Sendo assim, as duas coleções analisadas apresentam a temática de forma a possibilitar a circulação do conhecimento sobre a temática ambiental, mas para isso é necessário o engajamento e comprometimento do professor para desenvolver discussões e projetos que retratem os problemas ambientais da atualidade.
ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND HYDRAULIC FACILITIES CONDITION OF LAKE SERNOYE (SERNOVODSK SETTLMENT, SERGIEVSK DISTRICT, SAMARA REGION)BASED ON MONITORING RESULTS OF 2012
Authors: MEShchERYaKOVA Z. V , ERMAKOVA I. V , ORLOVA A. A , KARPOVA V. I
Published: April 2015

Natural observation material of environmental and hydraulic facilities conditions during 2012 was considered. Pressure and culvert facilities were visually examined. Conclusions were made and the recommendations were given for repairing and reconstructing the object in order to provide further reliable operation of environmental and hydraulic facilities.
GUIDANCE ON ACCOUNTING FOR TREES AND SHRUBS IN THE CALCULATION OF SLOPE STABILITY
Authors: ARSLANOV A. A , MUSTAFIN R. F
Published: April 2015

The authors suggest a method for defining the share of roots in the volume of ground layer as a basis for calculating the stability of slopes covered with tree-bush vegetation.
ANALYSIS OF CORRUGATED AND UNEVEN SURFACE INFLUENCE ON HYDRAULIC RESISTIVITY AND HEAT EMISSION FOR TURBULENT CURRENTS OF LIQUID FLOW IN INDUSTRIAL PIPES
Authors: LUKS A. L , KRESTIN E. A , ShUVALOV M. V
Published: April 2015

Features of corrugated and uneven surface of pipes and grooves and their influence on hydraulic resistivity and heat emission for turbulent currents of liquid flow are analyzed. In autonomous area the resistivity of pipes cannot be found by using a single geometric parameter (equivalent height of roughness peaks), which is typical for even-granular, or sandy unevenness. It is proposed to use several geometrical parameters (d/D, t/D, etc.) for theoretical and experimental study of occurring wave moves in the liquid flow in pipes. Methods and results for modeling wave motions by using diﬀerent turbulence creators for wall layers (i.e. diametrical grooves, wire ruts and spirals) and precise instruments. Main influence of corrugated and uneven pipe surfaces on structure changes in the wall layers of fluid flow was identified. Practical guidelines for measurements of hydraulic resistivity of the pipes in engineering networks and systems are described.
LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGIC PROBLEMS OF A CITY ON THE EXAMPLE OF INNER AREAS OF RECREATIONAL WATERS OF SAMARA
Authors: ROZhDESTVENSKAYa E. S
Published: April 2015

The article considers the problem of inner city areas of recreational waters of Samara. Their typological relation to town planning grounds, recreational use, sanitary and hygienic condition, landscape and environmental conditions, visual aesthetic and compositional characteristics are viewed.
STUDY OF SORBENT OBR -1 CHARACTERISTIC FOR TERTIARY TREATMENT OF DRINKING WATER FROM HEAVY METAL IONS AND ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
Authors: ABUOVA G. B , BORONINA L. V , KIChIGIN V. I
Published: April 2015

High sorption capacity of OBR-1 in relation to the studied substances is determined. It is shown that the desorption (elution) of the studied organic and nonorganic compounds from OBR-1 doesnt practically occur in conditions of getting treated water (pH, temperature, concentration). The article describes the theoretical study of organic and nonorganic compounds at particular structural units of OBR-1 using the up-to-date quantum-chemical method that makes it possible to represent the experiment and theorybased models of adsorption units.
SAMPLES FOR TESTING FIRE PROTECTIVE COATINGS ON METAL
Authors: IL'IN N. A , FRYGIN V. V , AKULOV A. Yu , ShEPELEV A. P
Published: April 2015

The technical solution for testing fire protective coatings for metal, which refers to the technique of flame retardant materials and structures, designed to assess the eﬀectiveness of fire protection of steel constructions.
IMPROVEMENT OF LIVING AREA HEAT-TO-HUMIDITY MODE
Authors: GORDEEVA T. E , ZELENTsOV D. V
Published: April 2015

One of types of re-planning of inhabited apartments is considered. The situation at which introduction in a design of an external multilayered wall of additional warming is necessary from internal rooms is considered.
HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX HOUSES AS THE ELEMENT OF CREATING HIGHLY COMFORTABLE LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Authors: GENERALOV V. P , GENERALOVA E. M
Published: April 2015

The article points out the necessity of constructing high-rise residential complex houses in the structure of Russian cities. On the basis of foreign countries experience it becomes obvious that the construction of such complexes can create highly comfortable and urbanized living environment. High-rise residential complex houses are quite new phenomena in the residential typology. The introduction of such complex houses into the regulated land of Russian cities requires active research work of designers and builders who could create their own type of high-rise residential complex houses in accordance with Russian climatic, social and economic conditions.
EVOLUTION OF PERFORATED SURFACES
Authors: KARAKOVA T. V , SIDOROVA Yu. O
Published: April 2015

Studied the history of the emergence and development of diﬀerent technologies to produce a perforated surface and consider the range of materials used in the process of punching. The evolution of the method of perforation in architecture, interior design, product design, functional and technological properties and decorative perforations. Describes the research and development and design and architectural projects, the most interesting from the point of view of the material.
EVOLUTION OF THE LIVING INTERIOR DUE TO SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS
Authors: MALYShEVA S. G , RODIONOVA A. E
Published: April 2015

This article deals with some key points that characterize the evolution of living interior due to the influence of scientific and technological achievements. The problem that arises before the designer in the process of translation of technical advances in human environment is formulated. Due to fantastic acceleration of the introduction of these achievements in the design related production the general trend of scientific knowledge development is constantly growing and design principles of the living space are changing.
CRITERIA ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AFFECTING ARCHITECTURE BUILDING
Authors: SUKhININA E. A
Published: April 2015

International systems of environmental certification and environmental standards in construction are considered by the author. Definitions of terms: environmental standards and environmental certification of buildings given by the author. Partition structure and environmental requirements for certification systems is reviewed and analyzed. Effects of environmental requirements on architectural standardsplanning solutions for buildings and structures analyzed. Number of technical requirements defined in environmental standards. Recommendations are made to improve the system of certification in the construction of buildings.
ORGANIZATION OF SAFE OPERATION OF THE TERRITORIES OF THE OLD SAMARA
Authors: MOTRENKO A. A , YaKOVLEVA M. V
Published: April 2015

For the organization of exploitation of the city territory it is necessary to conduct systematic inventory and inspection of the oldest parts of the city. This enables us to make decisions in the fate of the old Fund and the support of historically valuable objects.
RESULTS OF ENGINIRING INSPECTION OF TECHNICAL CONDITION OF BUILDINGS` BRICK WALLS OF PETROCHEMENICAL INDUSTRY ENTERPRISE TO ITS SAFETY OPERATION
Authors: ZUBANOV S. V
Published: April 2015

There are represented results of engineering inspection and diagnostics of technical condition of buildings` brick walls of Samara Region`s petrochemical industry enterprise in the article. There are given major constructive characteristics of buildings with brick walls. There are given main types of defects and damages of building brick structures. There are detected reasons of defects stone constructions of buldings.
CALCULATION OF THE RESIDUAL RESOURCE OF BUILDINGS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE STOCK OF BEARING ABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Authors: BELYaEV S. M
Published: April 2015

The method of definition of a residual resource of buildings taking into account a stock of bearing ability of structures and the defeat area at possible accident is presented in work. This method is based on the widely known method of definition of a residual resource of the building on physical wear of structures. Disadvantages of this widespread method are analyzed and ways of their elimination are oﬀered in this article.
Unusual High-Pressure Tolerance of Polyboronic Crosslinked Gel Under High-Temperature Rheology Condition
Authors: Legemah Magnus , Qu Qi , Sun Hong , Vo Minh , Li Leiming , Carman Paul
Published: April 2015

Borate-crosslinked gels are preferred for hydraulic fracturing treatment of wells over metal-crosslinked gel because of their ability to reheal after shear and their reduced proppant pack damage. Conventional monoborate-crosslinked fluid is mostly limited to wells with low to medium bottomhole temperatures (120 to 200°F), while polyborate-crosslinked fluid is applicable at moderate to high temperatures (250 to 350°F). Recent work has found that the viscosity of conventional borate-crosslinked fluid underwent sequential viscosity loss at room temperature with stepwise pressure increases from 500 to 10,000 psi. This compromise in viscosity at high pressure can undermine fracture geometry as well as proppant transport and distribution in created hydraulic fractures. Also, it will be interesting to carry out this type of study under high-temperature conditions.

We reported in SPE 140817, 164118, and 168186 a high-temperature-tolerant polyamino-boronate crosslinker (PAB) containing multiple boron sites capable of interacting with multiple polysaccharide strands to form more complex crosslinking networks at lower polymer loadings than conventional fluids. Two crosslinkers constituted with different polyamine backbones (tetraethylenepentamine and tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine) were synthesized and crosslinked with hydrated guar. The optimized rheology was investigated at 250°F under a pressure ramp of 500 to 10,000 psi. The results indicate that viscosity of a 30 pound per thousand gallon (ppt) PAB-crosslinked guar is sustained up to 7000 psi at 250°F, whereas viscosity of conventional 30 ppt guar crosslinked by conventional borate crosslinkers fluid declines on ramping pressure from 500 to below 5000 psi.

The detailed results of the rheology tests at high temperature and pressure, 11B NMR of synthesized PAB crosslinkers and intermediates, as well as fluid chemistry will be discussed in this paper.
Development of a Numerical Scheme for Simulation of Asphaltene Dependent Phenomena in Porous Media
Authors: Hematfar V. , Chen Z. , Maini B. B.
Published: April 2015

Asphaltene is the highest molecular weight fraction of crude oil that under some conditions can undergo deposition and adsorption and affect the properties of porous media. This work presents a mathematical model for fractionation of asphaltene content of crude oil into different parts that evolve as a result of mechanisms like precipitation, flocculation, adsorption and entrapment during pressure depletion and solvent injection tests in core samples.

A fully coupled numerical scheme that bundles all nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) and pertinent relations is developed to compute the distribution of these fractions and other properties with respect to time and space. Flow of suspended asphaltene particles in the oil phase is modeled and phase behavior properties are predicted by the Peng-Robinson equation of state. A thermodynamic equation is derived to calculate the solubility parameter as an indication of asphaltene stability in the flowing system. The pressure distribution along the core is determined by combining the mass balance equations for oil, gas and asphaltene components into one PDE. In addition, a convection-dispersion PDE is developed to calculate the distribution of asphaltene concentration and include the effect of dispersion of asphaltene particles in the model. A reduction in transmissibility and large additional pressure drop due to asphaltene precipitation are used to infer the extent of damage to porous medium. Furthermore, an artificial neural network is trained using asphaltene deposition data and is then applied to calculate permeability evolution based on porosity. Finally, the modeling results are validated by experimental data.

Interpretation of the obtained results and tracking of distribution for various fractions of asphaltene are useful to detect and evaluate the asphaltene dependent phenomena, their real cause and relative importance, and the locations where they may occur.

Asphaltene is shown to affect the oil production rate and recovery efficiency. An enhanced knowledge of all relevant mechanisms and considering them in simulation and decision making will lead to the development of improved production schemes.
Alkalinity in The 21st Century: An Improved Methodology for Carbonate Determination in Oilfield Brines
Authors: Fisher Russell A. , Palkowetz Joseph M. , Combes Christopher J.
Published: April 2015

Long-standing techniques for alkalinity determination in oilfield brines were derived from analysis of potable water as given in standard methods guidebooks (APHA, 1985). Such traditional potable water methods are unable discriminate the contribution from the naturally occurring organic anions. This lack of sensitivity has led to higher scale-inhibitor costs than would be indicated using the technique presented here. Other industry-accepted methods have demonstrated the ability to parse the organic and inorganic alkalinity components but are time consuming and unsuited for the brisk pace of a production lab environment.

A rapid and robust method employing classical acid-base titration techniques has been developed to meet the requirements of advanced scale-prediction models. This method involves two separate titrations; one using 0.10 N hydrochloric acid followed by a back-titration using 0.10 N sodium hydroxide.

Standard solutions of bicarbonate and acetate blended at set proportions were employed to determine total alkalinity and organic acid content using this manual technique. The bicarbonate ion is estimated by subtracting organic acids from titrated total alkalinity.

The validation of the automated implementation of this method shows strong reproducibility and accuracy that is achieved in less than fifteen minutes. The new alkalinity method provides quality data for scale modeling.

More than one hundred runs of the newly developed method have shown excellent reproducibility from field locations in Texas, Louisiana, Utah, Colorado and Oklahoma. The laboratory adaptation using an auto-titrator has shown good correlation with the manual field method, and it can be automated for a high-throughput commercial laboratory. Concentrations of iron above 30 mg/l can interfere with the method if oxidation is allowed.
Carbonate Scale Control under High Level of Dissolved Iron and Calcium in the Bakken Formation
Authors: Peng Yang , Yue Zhiwei , Ozuruigbo Chioma , Fan Chunfang
Published: April 2015

The Bakken formation has emerged as one of the major oil and gas sources in the United States primarily because of technological advancements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. Because of the high level of dissolved iron and calcium, water in the Bakken formation can be challenging in terms of scale control compared to other types of formation water with low levels of dissolved iron and calcium. Generally, for controlling carbonate scale, the high level of dissolved iron present in water significantly reduces the performance of commonly used scale inhibitors, such as polycarboxylic acids and amino tri(methylene phosphonic) acids etc. Most studies attribute such adverse impacts to the additional consumption of scale inhibitors by iron carbonate. However, evidence has shown the mechanism can be more complicated because of potential crystal distortion and scale seed effects during the coexistence of the two scale forms (Smith et al. 2008). In addition, compatibility issues caused by high concentrations of calcium in water can also help vitiate the performance of scale inhibitors.

This paper presents a series of field and laboratory studies conducted to better understand and address such problems. A discussion of acquired results and their implications is presented. Using Bakken formation water with more than 200 mg/L offerrous ions and 18,000 mg/L calcium ions, the inhibition performance of some conventional scale inhibitors and a few innovative solutions under anaerobic static and dynamic test conditions are evaluated and compared. Modeling analyses of Bakken water helped identify calcium carbonates and iron carbonates as primary potential scales. The compatibility of scale inhibitors in Bakken water with and without crosslinked gel fracturing fluid was also investigated. The results revealed two new chemicals are compatible with the fracturing fluid, both exhibiting high iron and calcium tolerance. These new solutions enabled effective control of calcium carbonate and iron carbonate scales in Bakken formation water.
Development and Application of a State of the Art Fully Synthetic Single Filtration Control Additive Providing Optimum Rheology in WBM: An Innovation for the Medium Temperature Drilling Market
Authors: Kayser Christoph , Botthof Gernold , Wylde Jonathan
Published: April 2015

Synthetic polymers are mainly used at HTHP conditions (>400°F), but there is also an application for them at medium temperatures (250 to 350°F) where generally modified natural polymers, synthetic polymers or combinations can be used. These products support fluid loss control and rheology; however, combinations of different products add cost and complexity to the mud system. These are becoming less robust and often there is a trade-off between good fluid loss control and creation of a negative influence on mud rheology.

This paper details the development of three new fully synthetic, single additive polymers for the medium temperature range. The simplified formulation contributes to a robust drilling fluid combining excellent fluid loss control and low rheology profile. These new co-polymeric materials were designed for the most common WBM drilling applications and can be used in fresh water, in saturated NaCl and different mixed salt brines mainly for filtration control performance and rheological properties. Comprehensive data has been provided on mixed salt brines containing NaCl up to saturation and seawater together with 3% mg/L Mg++, 5% mg/L Ca++ and 6% KCl.
Physicochemical Interactions of Source Rocks with Injected Water-Based Fluids
Authors: Abdulsattar Z.R. , Agim K. , Lane R.H. , Hascakir B.
Published: April 2015

Water-based fracturing fluids contain polymers to function either as fluid viscosifiers or friction-reduction agents. Whereas much work has been done on optimizing these functions, little or no published work focuses on their chemical interactions with the rock they are targeting. Guar gum or one of its derivatives is used as a base for linear or cross-linked gels, while co-polymers of polyacrylamide are used in slick-water fracturing. This paper reports studies on the adsorption behavior of some, primarily, guar-based polymers onto the surface of source rock outcrop samples in order to provide a better picture of the interactions of polymers with these rocks. Outcrop samples from the Barnett, Eagle Ford, and Marcellus were collected, analyzed for mineralogy and total organic carbon, then exposed to different polymer solutions under elevated temperature and moderately elevated pressure. Viscosities of these polymer solutions were measured before and after exposing them to the rock in order to establish a correlation between polymer adsorption and the rock mineralogy and organic content. Results indicate that there is a significant correlation between the adsorption behavior of the polymer and the rock mineralogy and its organic carbon. Cationic polymers are more prone to be adsorbed on the surface of the rock than non-ionic polymers. The importance of polymer adsorption has not yet been determined. We speculate that adsorption could be useful in aiding wellbore cleanup after the fracturing stimulation is complete, but it might also have detrimental impacts on hydrocarbon production. We also conclude that oxidizing breakers might be spent on removing the organic content of the rock rather than being spent on breaking cross-linked gels, especially in rocks with high organic content. The results from this work point out that fluid-rock interactions are significant, and that further research regarding shale polymer interactions and its effects on hydrocarbon production is needed.