bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of psychological responses in parents of children that underwent stem cell transplantation
Authors: Riva Roberto , Forinder Ulla , Arvidson Johan , Mellgren Karin , Toporski Jacek , Winiarski Jacek , Norberg Annika Lindahl
Published: May 2014

Objective

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is curative in several life‐threatening pediatric diseases but may affect children and their families inducing depression, anxiety, burnout symptoms, and post‐traumatic stress symptoms, as well as post‐traumatic growth (PTG). The aim of this study was to investigate the co‐occurrence of different aspects of such responses in parents of children that had undergone HSCT.

Methods

Questionnaires were completed by 260 parents (146 mothers and 114 fathers) 11–198 months after HSCT: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Shirom–Melamed Burnout Questionnaire, the post‐traumatic stress disorders checklist, civilian version, and the PTG inventory. Additional variables were also investigated: perceived support, time elapsed since HSCT, job stress, partner‐relationship satisfaction, trauma appraisal, and the child's health problems. A hierarchical cluster analysis and a k‐means cluster analysis were used to identify patterns of psychological responses.

Results

Four clusters of parents with different psychological responses were identified. One cluster (n = 40) significantly differed from the other groups and reported levels of depression, anxiety, burnout symptoms, and post‐traumatic stress symptoms above the cut‐off. In contrast, another cluster (n = 66) reported higher levels of PTG than the other groups did.

Conclusions

This study shows a subgroup of parents maintaining high levels of several aspects of distress years after HSCT. Differences between clusters might be explained by differences in perceived support, the child's health problems, job stress, and partner‐relationship satisfaction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiences of paradox: a qualitative analysis of living with cancer using a framework approach
Authors: Leal Isabel , Engebretson Joan , Cohen Lorenzo , Rodriguez Alma , Wangyal Tenzin , Lopez Gabriel , Chaoul Alejandro
Published: May 2014

Objectives

Life‐threatening diseases such as cancer represent unique traumas—compared with singular, time‐limited traumatic events—given their multidimensional, uncertain, and continuing nature. However, few studies have examined the impact of cancer on patients as a persistent stressor. The aim of this qualitative study is to explore patients' ongoing experiences of living with cancer and the changes encountered in this experience over time.

Methods

Written reflections to three open‐ended questions collected from 28 patients on their experience of cancer at two time points were analyzed to explore participants' experiences and perspectives over time. Content analysis using a framework approach was employed to code, categorize, and summarize data into a thematic framework.

Results

Data analysis yielded the thematic framework—living with paradox, consisting of four interrelated themes: sources, experiences, resolution of paradox, and challenges with medical culture/treatment. The primary theme concerned moving through a dualistic and complex cancer experience of concurrently negative and positive emotional states across the course of cancer.

Conclusions

Respondents indicated that cycling through this contradictory trajectory was neither linear, nor singular, nor conclusive in nature, but reiterative across time. Recognition that patients' cancer experience may be paradoxical and tumultuous throughout the cancer trajectory can influence how practitioners provide patients with needed support during diagnosis, treatment, and recovery. This also has implications for interventions, treatment, and care plans, and adequately responding to the diversity of patient's psychosocial, physical, existential, and spiritual experience of illness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure–activity relationship studies of the phytotoxic properties of the diterpenic moiety of breviones
Authors: Carrera Ceferino , Chinchilla Nuria , Fronczek Frank R , Galindo Juan CG , Macías Francisco A
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Brevianes are a family of bioactive meroterpenoids originally described in fungi of the family Penicillium. These compounds have attracted a great deal of interest not only because of their unusual skeleton, suggesting a mixed mevalonate and polyketide biogenetic pathway, and their unusual oxa‐spiro ring fused to an α‐pyrone, but also because of the bioactivities shown by many members of this family.

RESULTS

During the course of a project aimed at the total synthesis of natural breviones A to E, the authors were able to synthesise the diterpenic moiety of brevianes and abeo‐brevianes. As a result, a collection of 25 compounds were synthesised and tested for bioactivity by two different bioassays. The bioassays used were etiolated wheat coleoptiles (Triticum aestivum) and seedlings in petri dishes. The plant species tested in the seedling bioassay were the commercial dicots lettuce and cress and the monocot weeds Echinochloa crus‐galli and Lolium rigidum.

CONCLUSIONS

The results clearly show that expanded phenanthrene‐like compounds corresponding to the diterpenic moiety of abeo‐brevianes are more selective towards E. crus‐galli in comparison with L. rigidum. Such selectivity can reach up to one order of magnitude (200‐fold) and makes some of the compounds good candidates as leads for the development of more specific herbicides. [[ArtCopyrightmsg]]
Free‐standing graphene monolayers in carbon‐based composite obtained from SiC: Raman diagnostics
Authors: Valakh Mykhailo , Kiselov Vitaliy , Yukhymchuk Volodymyr , Dzhagan Volodymyr , Efanov Andriy , Tryus Maksym , Belyaev Alexander , Zahn Dietrich R. T.
Published: May 2014

A carbon‐based composite was obtained by an optimized method of high‐temperature sublimation of polycrystalline SiC. Scanning electron microscopy of the composite detected flakes with lateral sizes of up to tens of microns and some fine‐dispersed carbon material. From a thorough analysis of G and 2D bands in the Raman spectra measured within the flakes we conclude that the flakes consist of free‐standing graphene monolayers of high quality, while the fine‐dispersed material is mainly graphite. The proposed method of producing the graphene‐containing composite is supposed to be very promising due to its relative simplicity and high mass output.
Spin–orbit interaction in the magnetization of two‐dimensional electron systems
Authors: Wilde M. A. , Rupprecht B. , Herzog F. , Ibrahim A. , Grundler D.
Published: May 2014

We review recent experimental and theoretical work on the quantum oscillations of the magnetization M, i.e., the de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) effect, in two‐dimensional electron systems (2DESs) with spin–orbit interaction (SOI). We focus first on a theoretical modeling by numerically solving the Hamiltonian including the Rashba (R) and Dresselhaus (D) SOI and the Zeeman term in an arbitrarily tilted magnetic field B. We second present experimental data on the SOI‐modified quantum oscillations of in 2DESs formed in the InGaAs/InP and AlGaAs/GaAs material systems for different tilt angles between the 2DES normal and the direction of B. We find pronounced beating patterns in InGaAs/InP that are described quantitatively by assuming a dominant R‐SOI except for a distinct frequency anomaly in M present in nearly perpendicular B. In AlGaAs/GaAs, beating patterns occur at large tilt angles. Here, anomalies in the dHvA wave form occur. The findings demonstrate that the understanding of the ground state energy of a 2DES is incomplete when SOI is present. Finally, we predict that the amplitude and anisotropy of specific dHvA oscillations with respect to the in‐plane magnetic field component allow one to quantify the magnitude and relative signs of both R‐SOI and D‐SOI when simultaneously present.

Calculated fan chart of Landau levels and oscillatory Fermi energy in a 2DES subject to SOI. The beating patterns in contain information on the SOI. They manifest itself in a variety of experimentally accessible observables. In this feature article, we focus on the magnetization M as a thermodynamic state variable. The inset sketches a micromechanical cantilever magnetometer used to measure M using the torque .
Bandgap Tuning with Thermal Residual Stresses Induced in a Quantum Dot
Authors: Kong Eui‐Hyun , Joo Soo‐Hyun , Park Hyun‐Jin , Song Seungwoo , Chang Yong‐June , Kim Hyoung Seop , Jang Hyun Myung
Published: May 2014

Lattice distortion induced by residual stresses can alter electronic and mechanical properties of materials significantly. Herein, a novel way of the bandgap tuning in a quantum dot (QD) by lattice distortion is presented using 4‐nm‐sized CdS QDs grown on a TiO2 particle as an application example. The bandgap tuning (from 2.74 eV to 2.49 eV) of a CdS QD is achieved by suitably adjusting the degree of lattice distortion in a QD via the tensile residual stresses which arise from the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between CdS and TiO2. The idea of bandgap tuning is then applied to QD‐sensitized solar cells, achieving ≈60% increase in the power conversion efficiency by controlling the degree of thermal residual stress. Since the present methodology is not limited to a specific QD system, it will potentially pave a way to unexplored quantum effects in various QD‐based applications.
Flexible and Transparent Gas Molecule Sensor Integrated with Sensing and Heating Graphene Layers
Authors: Choi Hongkyw , Choi Jin Sik , Kim Jin‐Soo , Choe Jong‐Ho , Chung Kwang Hyo , Shin Jin‐Wook , Kim Jin Tae , Youn Doo‐Hyeb , Kim Ki‐Chul , Lee Jeong‐Ik , Choi Sung‐Yool , Kim Philip , Choi Choon‐Gi , Yu Young‐Jun
Published: May 2014

Graphene leading to high surface‐to‐volume ratio and outstanding conductivity is applied for gas molecule sensing with fully utilizing its unique transparent and flexible functionalities which cannot be expected from solid‐state gas sensors. In order to attain a fast response and rapid recovering time, the flexible sensors also require integrated flexible and transparent heaters. Here, large‐scale flexible and transparent gas molecule sensor devices, integrated with a graphene sensing channel and a graphene transparent heater for fast recovering operation, are demonstrated. This combined all‐graphene device structure enables an overall device optical transmittance that exceeds 90% and reliable sensing performance with a bending strain of less than 1.4%. In particular, it is possible to classify the fast (≈14 s) and slow (≈95 s) response due to sp2‐carbon bonding and disorders on graphene and the self‐integrated graphene heater leads to the rapid recovery (≈11 s) of a 2 cm × 2 cm sized sensor with reproducible sensing cycles, including full recovery steps without significant signal degradation under exposure to NO2 gas.
Crustacean‐Derived Biomimetic Components and Nanostructured Composites
Authors: Grunenfelder Lessa Kay , Herrera Steven , Kisailus David
Published: May 2014

Over millions of years, the crustacean exoskeleton has evolved into a rigid, tough, and complex cuticle that is used for structural support, mobility, protection of vital organs, and defense against predation. The crustacean cuticle is characterized by a hierarchically arranged chitin fiber scaffold, mineralized predominately by calcium carbonate and/or calcium phosphate. The structural organization of the mineral and organic within the cuticle occurs over multiple length scales, resulting in a strong and tough biological composite. Here, the ultrastructural details observed in three species of crustacean are reviewed: the American lobster (Homarus americanus), the edible crab (Cancer pagurus), and the peacock mantis shrimp (Odontodactylus scyllarus). The Review concludes with a discussion of recent advances in the development of biomimetics with controlled organic scaffolding, mineralization, and the construction of nanoscale composites, inspired by the organization and formation of the crustacean cuticle.
Independent Tests and the Log-Likelihood-Ratio Measure of Confirmation
Authors: Pruss Alexander R. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2014

I shall offer some very plausible assumptions for the measure of confirmation and show that they imply that E confirms H relative to background K to degree f (PK(E|H)/PK(E|~H)), where f is a strictly increasing function. An additional assumption about how measures of confirmation combine then makes f be proportional to a logarithm.
Why Explanatoriness Is Evidentially Relevant
Authors: McCain Kevin , Poston Ted ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2014

William Roche and Elliott Sober argue that explanatoriness is evidentially irrelevant. This conclusion is surprising since it conflicts with a plausible assumption—the fact that a hypothesis best explains a given set of data is evidence that the hypothesis is true. We argue that Roche and Sober’s screening-off argument fails to account for a key aspect of evidential strength: the weight of a body of evidence. The weight of a body of evidence affects the resiliency of probabilities in the light of new evidence. Thus, Roche and Sober are mistaken. Explanatoriness is evidentially relevant.
Behavioral measure of the light‐adapted visual sensitivity of white‐tailed deer
Authors: Cohen Bradley S. , Osborn David A. , Gallagher George R. , Warren Robert J. , Miller Karl V.
Published: May 2014

Although many aspects of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) biology and physiology have been studied thoroughly, few studies have examined deer perception. We obtained a behavioral measure of light‐adapted visual sensitivity based on performance of 7 deer in forced‐choice discrimination tests. We compared intensity thresholds at the short and long wavelengths of their purported visual spectrum. Utilizing an automated training device, we trained deer to discriminate between lit and unlit light‐emitting diode (LED) lights expressing monochromatic wavelengths, and recorded performance across a series of decreasing intensities for each wavelength until deer could no longer discriminate the light stimulus. We regressed a best‐fit logistic function to each deer's performance as intensity decreased at a single wavelength, demarcated the sensitivity threshold to that wavelength, and compared deer's sensitivity threshold across wavelengths. Our behavior‐based sensitivity measurements agreed with previous estimates of white‐tailed deer's cone photoreceptor sensitivity. We confirm that these cone photoreceptors contribute to deer behavior, and that deer have a greater perceptual sensitivity to shorter wavelengths and lower sensitivity to longer wavelengths. Our findings also suggest the deer have some sensitivity to ultraviolet light. The visual perception of the white‐tailed deer is specialized for sensitivity during their crepuscular patterns, enables detection of predators along their horizon, and is well‐adapted for a prey species. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
A modified operational sequence methodology for zoo exhibit design and renovation: Conceptualizing animals, staff, and visitors as interdependent coworkers
Authors: Kelling Nicholas J. , Gaalema Diann E. , Kelling Angela S.
Published: May 2014

Human factors analyses have been used to improve efficiency and safety in various work environments. Although generally limited to humans, the universality of these analyses allows for their formal application to a much broader domain. This paper outlines a model for the use of human factors to enhance zoo exhibits and optimize spaces for all user groups; zoo animals, zoo visitors, and zoo staff members. Zoo exhibits are multi‐faceted and each user group has a distinct set of requirements that can clash or complement each other. Careful analysis and a reframing of the three groups as interdependent coworkers can enhance safety, efficiency, and experience for all user groups. This paper details a general creation and specific examples of the use of the modified human factors tools of function allocation, operational sequence diagram and needs assessment. These tools allow for adaptability and ease of understanding in the design or renovation of exhibits. Zoo Biol. 33:336–348, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applicability of Enhanced Recovery Program for Advanced Liver Surgery
Authors: Takamoto Takeshi , Hashimoto Takuya , Inoue Kazuto , Nagashima Daisuke , Maruyama Yoshikazu , Mitsuka Yusuke , Aramaki Osamu , Makuuchi Masatoshi
Published: May 2014

Background

Enhanced recovery programs (ERPs) have been developed in various surgical fields and have been shown to accelerate postoperative recovery without increasing the incidence of adverse events. Whether ERP can be safely applied to patients undergoing complex liver surgery with a risk of liver failure remains unclear.

Methods

We created an ERP by rearranging our conventional postoperative treatments and applied this program to patients undergoing major hepatectomy between 2008 and 2013. The ERP elements included greater perioperative education, individualized postoperative fluid therapy, and early mobilization. The success of the ERP was evaluated on postoperative day (POD) 6 based on the criterion of independence from continuous medical intervention with the exception of an abdominal drainage tube. Adherence to each item in the ERP was evaluated, and risk factors for delayed accomplishment were analyzed.

Results

Altogether, 200 patients were included, and 165 patients (82.5 %) completed the ERP. Multivariate analyses showed that (1) an age of 65 years or older and (2) a red blood cell transfusion were independent risk factors for delayed accomplishment. The performance of thoracotomy or choledocojejunostomy did not significantly affect accomplishment of the ERP. Oral intake starting on POD 1 was achieved in 179 patients (89.5 %), and termination of intravenous drip infusions on POD 5 was feasible in 72.5 %.

Conclusions

An ERP for major hepatectomy was completed in more than 80 % of the patients. Earlier bowel movement can be challenged. The liquid in–out balance should be adjusted on an individual basis, rather than uniformly, especially for patients over 65 years of age or who required a red blood cell transfusion.
Insights into human phosphoglycerate kinase 1 deficiency as a conformational disease from biochemical, biophysical, and in vitro expression analyses
Authors: Pey Angel L. , Maggi Maristella , Valentini Giovanna
Published: May 2014

Mutations in genes encoding metabolic enzymes are often the cause of inherited diseases. Mutations usually affect the ability of proteins to fold properly, thus leading to enzyme loss of function. In this work, we explored the relationships between protein stability, aggregation, and degradation in vitro and inside cells in a large set of mutants associated with human phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (hPGK1) deficiency. To this end, we studied a third of the pathogenic alleles reported in the literature using expression analyses and biochemical, biophysical, and computational procedures. Our results show that most pathogenic variants studied had an increased tendency to aggregate when expressed in Escherichia coli, well correlating with the denaturation half‐lives measured by thermal denaturation in vitro. Further, the most deleterious mutants show reduced stability toward chemical denaturation and proteolysis, supporting a pivotal role of thermodynamic stability in the propensity toward aggregation and proteolysis of pathogenic hPGK1 mutants in vitro and inside cells. Our strategy allowed us to unravel the complex relationships between protein stability, aggregation, and degradation in hPGK1 deficiency, which might be used to understand disease mechanisms in many inborn errors of metabolism. Our results suggest that pharmacological chaperones and protein homeostasis modulators could be considered as good candidates for therapeutic approaches for hPGK1 deficiency.
Thick Low-Friction nc-MeC/a-C Nanocomposite Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy: Microstructure and Tribological Properties in Sliding Contact with a Ball
Authors: Zimowski Sławomir , Moskalewicz Tomasz , Wendler Bogdan , Kot Marcin , Czyrska-Filemonowicz Aleksandra
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we show that duplex surface treatment, combining oxygen diffusion hardening with the subsequent deposition of thick, low-friction nanocomposite nc-MeC/a-C coatings to improve the tribological properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. We have synthesized, in a magnetron sputtering process, the nanocomposite nc-MeC/a-C coatings (where Me denotes W or Ti transition metal) consisting of two dissimilar materials (nanocrystallites of transition metal carbides MeC and an amorphous carbon matrix a-C). The nano and microstructure of the substrate material and coatings were examined with the use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as by X-ray diffractometry. It was found that different carbide nanocrystals of the same transition metal were embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix of both coatings. The HRTEM analysis indicated that the volume fraction of tungsten carbides in the nc-WC/a-C coating was equal to 13 pct, whereas in the nc-TiC/a-C one the volume fraction of the titanium carbides was equal to just 3 pct. The tribological properties, hardness, and scratch resistance of the coatings were investigated as well. The coefficient of friction (COF) of the coatings during dry sliding against 6 mm diameter alumina ball reached very low value, 0.05, in comparison with an oxygen-hardened alloy, whose COF was equal to 0.8. This low-friction effect of the coatings has been attributed to the formation of a self-lubricating film in sliding contact. The coatings exhibited similar failure morphology in the scratch tests. Even though the hardness was rather low, the coatings exhibited a very good wear resistance during sliding friction. The wear rate of the nc-WC/a-C coating was equal to 0.08 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1 and for the nc-TiC/a-C one it was 0.28 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1.
The Effect of Fiscal Policy on Oil Revenue Fund: The Case of Kazakhstan
Authors: Azhgaliyeva Dina
Published: May 2014

Setting an optimal fiscal policy in oil-producing countries is challenging, due to the exhaustibility of oil resources and unpredictability of oil prices. Recently it has become popular among oil-producing countries to establish oil revenue funds, which are believed to stabilize the economy and provide inter-generational redistribution of oil wealth. The effectiveness of oil revenue funds and their design have received considerable attention from researchers and policymakers recently. Using empirical model, it is found that an oil revenue fund in Kazakhstan stabilized the government expenditure, but did not stabilize real effective exchange rates.
Experiments on the fragmentation of a buoyant liquid volume in another liquid
Authors: Landeau M. , Deguen R. , Olson P.
Published: May 2014

We present experiments on the instability and fragmentation of volumes of heavier liquids released into lighter immiscible liquids. We focus on the regime defined by small Ohnesorge numbers, density ratios of the order of one, and variable Weber numbers. The observed stages in the fragmentation process include deformation of the released fluid by either Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) or vortex ring roll-up and destabilization, formation of filamentary structures, capillary instability, and drop formation. At low and intermediate Weber numbers, a wide variety of fragmentation regimes is identified. Those regimes depend on early deformations, which mainly result from a competition between the growth of RTI and the roll-up of a vortex ring. At high Weber numbers, turbulent vortex ring formation is observed. We have adapted the standard theory of turbulent entrainment to buoyant vortex rings with initial momentum. We find consistency between this theory and our experiments, indicating that the concept of turbulent entrainment is valid for non-dispersed immiscible fluids at large Weber and Reynolds numbers.
Microstructure and rheology of finite inertia neutrally buoyant suspensions
Authors: Haddadi Hamed , Morris Jeffrey F.
Published: May 2014

The microstructure and rheological properties of suspensions of neutrally buoyant hard spherical particles in Newtonian fluid under finite inertia conditions are studied using the lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM), which is based on a discrete Boltzmann model for the fluid and Newtonian dynamics for the particles. The suspensions are subjected to simple-shear flow and the properties are studied as a function of Reynolds number and volume fraction, $\phi $. The inertia is characterized by the particle-scale shear flow Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}= {(\rho \dot{\gamma }a^{2})/\mu }$, where $a$ is the particle radius, $\dot{\gamma }$ is the shear rate and $\rho $ and $\mu $ are the density and viscosity of the fluid, respectively. The influences of inertia and of the volume fraction are investigated for $0.005\leqslant \mathit{Re}\leqslant 5$ and$0.1\leqslant \phi \leqslant 0.35$. The flow-induced microstructure is studied using the pair distribution function $g(\boldsymbol {r})$. Different stress mechanisms, including those due to surface tractions (stresslet), acceleration and the Reynolds stress due to velocity fluctuations are computed and their influence on the first and second normal stress differences, the particle pressure and the viscosity of the suspensions are detailed. The probability density functions (PDFs) of linear and angular accelerations are also presented.
A principled Cognitive Linguistics account of English phrasal verbs withupandout*
Authors: MAHPEYKAR NARGES , TYLER ANDREA
Published: May 2014

abstract

Many attempts have been made to discover some systematicity in the semantics of phrasal verbs. However, most research has investigated the semantics of particles exclusively; no study has examined how the multiple meanings of the verb also contribute to the meanings of phrasal verbs. The current corpus-based (COCA) study advances the research on phrasal verbs by examining the interaction of the polysemy networks of both the verb and the particle in four phrasal verb constructions:get up,take up,get out, andtake out. Following the Cognitive Linguistics (CL) based methodology set out by Tyler and Evans (2003) for analyzing the semantics of particles, in conjunction with Langacker’s (1991) analysis of the semantics of verbs, a replicable polysemy analysis of the semantics ofgetandtakewas established. The polysemy networks for both the verbs and the particles laid the foundation for investigating the multiple meanings of the phrasal verbs found in the corpus. The CL-based analysis of the semantics of the phrasal verb constructions provides evidence for the compositional nature of phrasal verbs, showing that the multiple meanings can be systematically accounted for through the interaction of the polysemy networks of the component verbs and particles.
How the Bank of France Changed U.S. Equity Expectations and Ended the Panic of 1907
Authors: Rodgers Mary Tone , Payne James E.
Published: May 2014

Using an event study approach, we find the announcement by the Bank of France in 1907 to accelerate gold payments directly for U.S. crops is associated with the ultimate upturn in U.S. equity prices. Spillover to the French financial markets accompanied the Regents’ decision to release sterilized reserves, thereby arresting the drainage of coin in French circulation. Counterfactual analysis shows that the facility alone would have been unlikely to end the crisis. Investors may have revised equity expectations upward, recognizing that the acceleration in reliable seasonal gold flows would relieve monetary stringency.
Prospective three-year follow up of a cohort study of 240 patients with chronic facial pain
Authors: Agius A M , Jones N S , Muscat R
Published: May 2014

Background:

Patients often present with facial pain ascribed to sinusitis, despite normal nasal endoscopy and sinus computed tomography. Facial pain is increasingly recognised to be of neurological origin.

Method:

A cohort of 240 patients with chronic facial pain was followed up for 36 months at an otolaryngological practice in Malta. The types of facial pain were classified according to International Headache Classification criteria. The body mass index, occupation and educational level of patients were compared with the general population.

Results:

Tension-type mid-facial pain and facial migraine without aura were the most common types of chronic facial pain. The sites of pain, symptoms, treatment and outcomes for these principal pain types are discussed. Patients with mid-facial pain were treated with low-dose amitriptyline for eight weeks. After three years, nearly half of the patients were symptom free, and in a third the pain changed from being chronic to being episodic. The treatment of patients with facial migraine was more varied but the length of time until recurrence of pain was similar.

Conclusion:

The most effective long-term treatments for tension-type mid-facial pain and facial migraine were low-dose amitriptyline and low-dose amitriptyline and triptans, respectively.
Optimising the pre-treatment process before mobile ear surgery for chronic suppurative otitis media in Wolisso and Attat, Ethiopia
Authors: Guntinas-Lichius O , Wittekindt C , Baier M , Manni J J
Published: May 2014

Background:

Chronic suppurative otitis media is a major cause of long-standing hearing impairment in many Sub-Saharan African countries.

Methods:

Attempts were made to optimise the pre-treatment process before mobile ear surgery for chronic suppurative otitis media in Wolisso, a semi-urban community in the Oromia region, and in Attat, a rural community in the Gurage region, both in the south-west of Ethiopia, between 2008 and 2010. This included special training for ENT nurses, and the use of a strict scheduling regime and improved topical treatment.

Results and conclusion:

This strategy allowed effective middle-ear surgery to be carried out using simple means and with a mobile ear surgery team, the latter of which is only transiently but regularly on site.
Biometry of the normal stapes using stapes axial plane, high-resolution computed tomography
Authors: Rousset J , Garetier M , Gentric J-C , Chinellato S , Barberot C , Le Bivic T , Mériot P
Published: May 2014

Objective:

The stapes is difficult to analyse on computed tomography because of the small size of its components and its oblique orientation. The stapes axial plane, parallel to the superstructure, seems optimal for this purpose. The present study assessed the position of the stapes axial plane with respect to the usual axial plane including the lateral semicircular canal, and sought to measure the main dimensions of the stapes.

Methods:

This retrospective study comprised 208 computed tomography scans of normal ears. Stapes length and width, footplate thickness and incudostapedial joint width were measured.

Results:

The stapes axial plane was directed upward, outward (44°) and forward (12°) with respect to the lateral semicircular canal plane. Mean head-to-footplate distance was 3.7 mm and mean superstructure width was 2.7 mm. Mean footplate thickness was 0.27 mm on stapes axial plane versus 0.48 mm on lateral semicircular canal plane. Incudostapedial joint width was systematically less than 0.7 mm.

Conclusion:

Stapes dimensions on stapes axial plane were close to anatomical data, particularly for footplate thickness.
A longitudinal assessment of the serological response toTheileria parvaand other tick-borne parasites from birth to one year in a cohort of indigenous calves in western Kenya
Authors: KIARA H. , JENNINGS A. , BRONSVOORT B. M. DE C. , HANDEL I. G. , MWANGI S. T. , MBOLE-KARIUKI M. , CONRADIE VAN WYK I. , POOLE E. J. , HANOTTE O. , COETZER J. A. W. , WOOLHOUSE M. E. J. , TOYE P. G.
Published: May 2014

Tick-borne diseases are a major impediment to improved productivity of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. Improved control of these diseases would be assisted by detailed epidemiological data. Here we used longitudinal, serological data to determine the patterns of exposure toTheileria parva, Theileria mutans, Babesia bigeminaandAnaplasma marginalefrom 548 indigenous calves in western Kenya. The percentage of calves seropositive for the first three parasites declined from initial high levels due to maternal antibody until week 16, after which the percentage increased until the end of the study. In contrast, the percentage of calves seropositive forT. mutansincreased from week 6 and reached a maximal level at week 16. Overall 423 (77%) calves seroconverted toT. parva, 451 (82%) toT. mutans, 195 (36%) toB. bigeminaand 275 (50%) toA. marginale. Theileria parvaantibody levels were sustained following infection, in contrast to those of the other three haemoparasites. Three times as many calves seroconverted toT. mutansbefore seroconverting toT. parva. NoT. parvaantibody response was detected in 25 calves that died ofT. parvainfection, suggesting that most deaths due toT. parvaare the result of acute disease from primary exposure.
Absolutely continuous spectrum of Dirac operators with square-integrable potentials
Authors: Hughes Daniel , Schmidt Karl Michael
Published: May 2014

We show that the absolutely continuous part of the spectral function of the one-dimensional Dirac operator on a half-line with a constant mass term and a real, square-integrable potential is strictly increasing throughout the essential spectrum (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞). The proof is based on estimates for the transmission coefficient for the full-line scattering problem with a truncated potential and a subsequent limiting procedure for the spectral function. Furthermore, we show that the absolutely continuous spectrum persists when an angular momentum term is added, thus also establishing the result for spherically symmetric Dirac operators in higher dimensions.
The influence of immersion and presence in early stage engineering designing and building
Authors: Faas Daniela , Bao Qifang , Frey Daniel D. , Yang Maria C.
Published: May 2014

This paper explores the role of a designer's sense of engagement in early stage design. In the field of virtual reality, presence and immersion are standard measures of an individual's sense of engagement and involvement in an activity. High levels of presence might indicate that the designer is highly focused on the work. The central research question is the following: do designers who are more engaged in design activity, as measured by presence and immersive tendency questionnaires, produce better designs? An experiment was conducted to assess presence and immersive tendencies within the context of a hands-on, open-ended design-and-build activity. The results indicated that the designers' sense of immersion and presence ranged widely as well as their sense of frustration and calmness while performing the design activity. It was found that higher levels of presence correlated with either high design performance or low design performance. Lower levels of presence correlated with average design performance. No correlations were found between immersive tendency and design performance. This study suggests that some level of presence can be linked with better design, and it implies that level of presence might serve as an indicator of performance and learning in similar design-and-build activities.
The mechanical transformation and environmentally conscious behavior
Authors: Son Jay Jungik , Shu L.H.
Published: May 2014

The aim of this work is to explore the relationship between products that mechanically transform and individual environmentally conscious behavior (ECB). Our qualitative study led to observations on how each of the three transformation principles, expand/collapse, expose/cover, and fuse/divide, specifically supports ECBs. As expected, expand/collapse enables better portability of products. Increased portability of reusable products (e.g., travel mugs and shopping bags) reduces reliance on their disposable counterparts. A less expected observation is that increased portability also increases the spontaneity by which ECBs could be carried out. While there are fewer ECB supporting products that incorporate the expose/cover principle, we believe that it enables one to include, yet hide potentially unaesthetic, features that support ECB in often-used or worn items. Finally, we found fuse/divide to enable portability beyond what is possible with expand/collapse alone. Fuse/divide may also make possible other product transport and reuse strategies. We conclude that mechanically transformable products support and enable ECBs, especially when existing infrastructure presents obstacles. Such products may increase the rate of participation in ECB, which then justifies improvements to the shortfalls in infrastructure for which they compensate.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults: Early Cognitive Outcome
Authors: Kinsella Glynda J. , Olver John , Ong Ben , Gruen Russell , Hammersley Eleanor
Published: May 2014

Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in older age is associated with high rates of mortality. However, little is known about outcome following mild TBI (mTBI) in older age. We report on a prospective cohort study investigating 3 month outcome in older age patients admitted to hospital-based trauma services. First, 50 mTBI older age patients and 58 orthopedic controls were compared to 123 community control participants to evaluate predisposition and general trauma effects on cognition. Specific brain injury effects were subsequently evaluated by comparing the orthopedic control and mTBI groups. Both trauma groups had significantly lower performances than the community group on prospective memory (d=0.82 to 1.18), attention set-shifting (d=−0.61 to −0.69), and physical quality of life measures (d=0.67 to 0.84). However, there was only a small to moderate but non-significant difference in the orthopedic control and mTBI group performances on the most demanding task of prospective memory (d=0.37). These findings indicate that, at 3 months following mTBI, older adults are at risk of poor cognitive performance but this is substantially accounted for by predisposition to injury or general multi-system trauma. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–9)
Roman imperialism, globalization and Romanization in early Roman Italy. Research questions in archaeology and ancient history
Authors: Stek Tesse D.
Published: May 2014

Viewed from the perspective of early Roman Italy, Versluys's stimulating proposal is extremely thought-provoking, both with regard to the framework proposed and with regard to what we might call an ‘ahistorical’ approach that explicitly places a material-culture studies perspective at the centre of analysis. This proposed approach interacts in a variety of fascinating ways with the direction that study of the early Roman expansion and Roman Italy has taken over the last two decades, both in terms of research topics and questions, and also in terms of the academic and disciplinary setting within which they have developed. In order to stimulate the debate from the perspective of ‘the beginnings’ of the expanding Roman world, I would like to reflect briefly here on some of these potential interactions as I see them. Below, I will sketch the development of the discussion for early Roman Italy and raise two main, interrelated points.
On equivalence of infinitary formulas under the stable model semantics
Authors: HARRISON AMELIA , LIFSCHITZ VLADIMIR , TRUSZCZYNSKI MIROSLAW
Published: May 2014

Propositional formulas that are equivalent in intuitionistic logic, or in its extension known as the logic of here-and-there, have the same stable models. We extend this theorem to propositional formulas with infinitely long conjunctions and disjunctions and show how to apply this generalization to proving properties of aggregates in answer set programming.
Sonic Anthropology in 1900: The Challenge of Transcribing Non-Western Music and Language
Authors: PASLER JANN
Published: May 2014

Coming to terms with foreign otherness in 1900 inevitably involved interpretation, negotiation and acceptance of the ungraspable ‘space between’ the oral and the written. Julien Tiersot's transcriptions of non-western music into western notation tell us more about racial preconceptions and the search for musical universals than about musical difference. Léon Azoulay, French physician and member of the Société d'Anthropologie, similarly presumed something universal in human languages, and wished to fix them through ‘non-systematic’ transcriptions into phonemes and ‘semi-literal’ translations. However, whereas Tiersot took dictation from musicians performing at the Paris Universal Exhibitions, in 1900 Azoulay made over 400 wax cylinder recordings there. This little-known and, until recently, unavailable collection includes diverse languages and dialects, accompanied by notes on the linguistic and sociological characteristics of those recorded. These documents shed light upon the ‘revolution in knowledge’ they sought to bring about, and how the genre of transcription reveals fundamental aspects of the colonial experience.
Whose Bird Is It? Messiaen's Transcriptions of Australian Songbirds
Authors: TAYLOR HOLLIS
Published: May 2014

This article examines the meeting point of Olivier Messiaen, Australia and birdsong, particularly as it relates to the transcription of pied butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis) vocalizations. It draws upon correspondence from Messiaen to the Australian ornithologist Sydney Curtis, printed here for the first time, as well as two recordings not previously available to musicologists, from which Messiaen transcribed. Both the recorded birdsong models and Messiaen's transcription of them in hiscahiersare subjected to sonographic and waveform analysis. In analytical scrutiny of eight of these transcriptions, I demonstrate that Messiaen's pied butcherbird transcriptions conform to their models in a partial and highly personal way. I propose a provisional template for Messiaen's approach to birdsong transcription, in order to answer Alexander Goehr's question: ‘Why do birds sound like birds, but Messiaen's birds sound like Messiaen?’
Urban home gardens in the Global North: A mixed methods study of ethnic and migrant home gardens in Chicago, IL
Authors: Taylor John R. , Lovell Sarah Taylor
Published: May 2014

In the United States, interest in urban farms and community gardens is flourishing, yet the urban home food garden (UHFG) and its contributions to urban systems have been overlooked and understudied. To begin to address this gap, we are conducting a mixed methods study of African American, Chinese-origin and Mexican-origin households with home gardens in Chicago, IL. Study methods include in-depth interviews, participant observation, ethnobotanical surveys and analysis of the chemical and physical properties of garden soils. As of this writing, findings indicate that home gardening has an array of beneficial effects, contributing to household food budgets and community food systems, the reproduction of cultural identity and urban biodiversity. The majority of informants in the study were internal or international migrants. For these individuals, gardening, culture-specific food plant assemblages and the foodways they support represent a continuation of cultural practices and traditional agroecological knowledge associated with their place of origin. The gardens of some migrant households also harbor urban agrobiodiversity with roots in the Global South. At the same time, gardens may have less salubrious effects on urban systems and populations. A lack of knowledge of safe gardening practices may expose vulnerable populations to environmental hazards such as soil contaminants. Gardeners in this study reported using synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides, sometimes indiscriminately, and the repeated application of synthetic fertilizers and compost may contribute to the nutrient loading of urban stormwater runoff. These effects may be moderated by the relatively low bulk density and high porosity of garden soils due to tillage and the application of organic matter, which can be expected to enhance stormwater infiltration. While the UHFG's potential contributions to urban systems are significant, outreach and research are needed to help gardeners grow food safely and sustainably in ways that contribute to overall ecosystem health.
Prognosis in autoimmune and infectious disease: new insights from genetics
Authors: Lee James C , Smith Kenneth G C
Published: May 2014

A well‐recognised feature of autoimmune and infectious diseases is that their clinical course and eventual outcome can vary substantially between affected individuals. This variability in disease prognosis critically determines patient well‐being, and yet is relatively poorly understood and largely understudied—with many investigators opting instead to study what causes disease development in the first place. Better understanding of what determines prognosis could provide unique insights into disease biology, potentially revealing new therapeutic targets, and will also be essential if prognosis‐based ‘personalised medicine’ is ever to become a reality. Here, we highlight the previously under‐appreciated role that genetics has in determining prognosis in autoimmune and infectious disease, and the common role that FOXO3 has been shown to have as a modulator of inflammatory responses, and thereby of outcome, across several distinct diseases.
New high-pressure van der Waals compound Kr(H2)4 discovered in the krypton-hydrogen binary system
Authors: Kleppe Annette K. , Amboage Mónica , Jephcoat Andrew P.
Published: May 2014

The application of pressure to materials can reveal unexpected chemistry. Under compression, noble gases form stoichiometric van der Waals (vdW) compounds with closed-shell molecules such as hydrogen, leading to a variety of unusual structures. We have synthesised Kr(H2)4 for the first time in a diamond-anvil high-pressure cell at pressures ≥5.3 GPa and characterised its structural and vibrational properties to above 50 GPa. The structure of Kr(H2)4, as solved by single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction, is face-centred cubic (fcc) with krypton atoms forming isolated octahedra at fcc sites. Rotationally disordered H2 molecules occupy four different, interstitial sites, consistent with the observation of four Raman active H2 vibrons. The discovery of Kr(H2)4 expands the range of pressure-stabilised, hydrogen-rich vdW solids, and, in comparison with the two known rare-gas-H2 compounds, Xe(H2)8 and Ar(H2)2, reveals an increasing change in hydrogen molecular packing with increasing rare gas atomic number.
Magneto-Plasmons in Periodic Nanoporous Structures
Authors: Song Yujun , Yin Weiting , Wang Ying-Hui , Zhang Jun-Pei , Wang Yan , Wang Rongming , Han Junbo , Wang Wu , Nair Selvakumar V. , Ruda Harry E.
Published: May 2014

We report on ordered nanoporous films exhibiting a unique magneto-plasmon based response, fabricated by nanosphere-assisted physical deposition. This work focuses on multi-layer Ag/CoFeB/Ag films as examples of such structures. Their microstructure dependent magnetic properties, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and magneto-optical Kerr effect were investigated. The observed effects of nanopores and Ag layers on the magnetic properties indicate the synergistic interaction between nanopores and Ag layers leading to an enhancement of the ferromagnetic character of the CoFeB film. LSPR spectra reveal that the introduction of Ag layers enhances the light transmission in the nanoporous CoFeB films (having pore sizes exceeding the wavelength of light) due to an enhanced interaction of light with surface plasmons. Periodic nanoporous Ag/CoFeB/Ag films covered by Ag capped nanospheres show a much larger extinction than uncovered nanoporous Ag/CoFeB/Ag films. The correlation between the magneto-optical Kerr effect and the nanostructures suggests a field-tunable Kerr effect owing to the magneto-electric coupling between the magnetic layer and the Ag layers, which is enhanced by the nanopores. These hybrid nanostructures are expected to offer potential applications in photovoltaic cells and for magneto-optic sensors.