bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a sensitive ELISA for quantitation of Grastim® (rhG‐CSF) in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Nirmala Chandrasekar , Trivedi Ravikumar , Prasanthi Penubaka Venkata , Mullangi Ramesh , Srinivas Nuggehally R
Published: February 2006

Grastim® is bacterially produced recombinant counterpart of human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF). It has biological activity similar to that of endogenous G‐CSF. In the present work a sensitive, accurate, precise and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitation of G‐CSF in rat plasma was developed and validated. The ELISA method employed a technique in which anti‐human‐G‐CSF was adsorbed onto 96‐well maxisorp plates and used to capture the G‐CSF in rat plasma samples. The captured G‐CSF was then detected using streptavidin‐HRP amplification system. Absolute recovery was >90% from rat plasma. The validation includes assessments of method accuracy and precision, range of reliable response, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), storage stability (30 days) in rat plasma and assay specificity. The standard curve for G‐CSF was linear (R2 > 0.996) in the concentration range 4.88–625 pg/mL. The LLOQ was established at 4.88 pg/mL. The inter‐ and intra‐day precisions in the measurement of quality control (QC) samples, 15, 250 and 500 pg/mL, were in the range 3.00–8.66% relative standard deviation (RSD) and 1.03–4.69% RSD, respectively. Accuracy in the measurement of QC samples was in the range 87.28–110.79% of the nominal values. The assay shows dilutional linearity and specificity. Stability of G‐CSF was established for 30 days at −80°C and through three freeze–thaw cycles. The validated assay was successfully employed for the assessment of pharmacokinetic disposition of G‐CSF in rats. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the quantitation of muraglitazar in monkey plasma
Authors: Yao Ming , Srinivas Nuggehally
Published: February 2006

A high‐performance liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric (LC/MS) assay was developed and validated for the determination of muraglitazar, a novel α/γ, dual PPAR activator, in monkey plasma. The method utilized trazodone as the internal standard (IS). The extraction scheme involved a simple protein precipitation procedure with the use of a mixture of acetonitrile and methylene chloride. Separation was carried out on a BDS Hypersil C18 analytical column (2 × 50 mm, 3 µm) and an effective chromatographic separation of muraglitazar (3.31 min) and trazadone (2.27 min) was achieved at a ßow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The mobile phase, used in an isocratic mode, consisted of 90% A (acetonitrile: 0.1% formic acid, 50:50 v/v) and 10% B (acetonitrile: 0.1% formic acid, 95:5 v/v). Detection of muraglitazar and trazodone was by positive ion turbo‐ion spray mass spectrometry in the SIM mode. The mass spectrometer was programmed to admit the protonated molecules at m/z 372.0 (IS) and m/z 517.1 (muraglitazar). The standard curve, which ranged from 2 to 500 ng/mL, was fitted to a 1/x weighted linear regression model. The between run precision and within‐run precision values of the assay was within 6.2% RSD. The assay accuracy was within 10.0% of the nominal values of the range of QC samples (6.0–400 ng/mL). At the lower limit of quantitation (LLQ) of 2 ng/mL, the deviation of the predicted concentrations from the nominal value of LLQ samples (n = 6) were within ±16.6%. Muraglitazar was stable in monkey K3EDTA plasma for at least three freeze–thaw cycles. The processed samples (spiked samples) were stable for 48 h in auto‐sampler at 10°C. The average extraction recoveries of muraglitazar and IS were 83.3 and 91.9%, respectively. The assay was applied to delineate the pharmacokinetic disposition of muraglitazar in monkeys following a single oral dose. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC quantification of the HIV‐1 protease inhibitor saquinavir in brain and testis of mice
Authors: Mudigonda Koteshwara , Jukanti Raju , Apte Shashank S. , Ajjala Devender R. , Shrivastava Wishu , Kandikere Vishwottam N. , Nirogi Ramakrishna V. S.
Published: February 2006

A rapid, reliable HPLC method with UV detection (240 nm) was developed and validated for quantitation of saquinavir in mice brain and testis. Saquinavir and the internal standard were isolated from homogenized tissue matrices using liquid–liquid extraction procedure and were then analyzed using an isocratic mobile phase by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography. The lower limit of quantification was 50 ng/g for both brain and testis. A linear dynamic range of 50–5000 ng/g for both brain and testis was established. This HPLC method was validated with between‐batch precision of 0.5–4.4 and 1.5–5.5% for brain and testis, respectively. The between‐batch accuracy was 94.7–105.9% and 97.5–105.0% for brain and testis, respectively. The present method was applied for tissue distribution studies of the novel drug delivery systems of saquinavir in mice. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple HPLC method for the determination of apigenin in mouse tissues
Authors: Cai Hong , Raynaud Delphine , Steward William P. , Gescher Andreas J.
Published: February 2006

The flavone apigenin occurs in many leafy vegetables and fruits. It has been reported to have cancer chemopreventive efficacy in rodents. An HPLC method described previously for the determination of tricin, the dimethoxy cogener of apigenin, was modified and validated for measurement of apigenin in mouse tissues. Separation was carried out on a Hypersil‐BDS C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm) with an isocratic mobile phase of 55% methanol in 0.1 m ammonium acetate, pH 5.10, containing 0.27 mm disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. UV detection was at 336 nm, without interference from endogenous tissue compounds. The assay was linear in the range 25–400 ng/mL, 0.25–4 µg/mL and 2.5–40 µg/mL, with r2 > 0.99 in all cases, for mouse plasma, liver and intestinal mucosa, respectively. Apigenin in mouse plasma, liver and intestinal mucosa was efficiently extracted with 0.1 m acetic acid in acetone. The assay recovery at low, medium and high concentrations was between 94.6 and 131.7% for all biomatrices, with a relative standard deviation of <10%. The lower limit of quantification for plasma was 25 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation of <15%. The method was used to measure the steady‐phase apigenin levels in tissues of mice receiving apigenin in their diet. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous estimation of six anti‐diabetic drugs—glibenclamide, gliclazide, glipizide, pioglitazone, repaglinide and rosiglitazone: development of a novel HPLC method for use in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations and its application to human plasma assay
Authors: Venkatesh P. , Harisudhan T. , Choudhury Hira , Mullangi Ramesh , Srinivas Nuggehally R.
Published: February 2006

This paper describes a convenient method for the separation and simultaneous determination of six anti‐diabetic drugs viz., glibenclamide (GLB), gliclazide (GLC), glipizide (GLZ), pioglitazone (PGL), repaglinide (RPG) and rosiglitazone (RGL) in pharmaceutical formulations. Also, the assay has been shown applied to support quantification of the six anti‐diabetic drugs in human plasma. The analytes were either injected directly onto the column after suitable dilution (pharmaceutical formulation analysis) or a simple extraction procedure, using acetonitrile, from human plasma spiked with anti‐diabetic drugs and internal standard (IS). Ternary gradient elution at a flow rate of 1 mL/min was employed on an Intertisl ODS 3V column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) at ambient temperature. The mobile phase consisted of 0.01 m formic acid (pH 3.0), acetonitrile, Milli Q water and methanol. Celecoxib was used as an IS. The six anti‐diabetic drugs were monitored at a wavelength of 260 nm. The nominal retention times of RGL, PGL, GLZ, GLC, GLB, IS and RGL were 11.4, 13.3, 14.8, 17.6, 20.78, 22.1 and 25.4 min, respectively. The assay developed for formulation analysis was found to be accurate and precise. The calibration curves ranged from 0.1 to 100 µg/mL for all analytes with the exception of GLB, where the range was 0.3–100 µg/mL. The plasma assay was validated for parameters such as specificity, accuracy and extraction recovery. The proposed method is simple, selective and can be extended for routine analysis of anti‐diabetics in pharmaceutical preparations and in biological matrices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Realization of discrete (inverse) wavelet transforms in arbitrary dimensions
Authors: Vogt Frank , Booksh Karl S.
Published: February 2006

One‐dimensional (1D) wavelet transforms (WTs) have become a valuable tool in chemometrics, which is currently expanded to multi‐dimensional WTs for applications in multi‐way analyses. In this short communication we present a unified concept for realizing multi‐dimensional WTs of arbitrary order. Goal of this technical report is to demonstrate that multi‐dimensional WTs can be realized solely by means of well‐established 1D WTs. The high practicality of the proposed approach is due to a recursive algorithm, which derives a N‐dimensional WT (N ≥ 2) by combining the already available (N − 1)‐dimensional WT with an additional 1D WT. This concept for designing WTs in arbitrary dimensionality has the potential to open new chemometric perspectives for hyphenated measurement techniques. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who wants to control the habit? A multi‐dimensional hypnotic model of smoking cessation
Authors: Bonshtein Udi , Shaar Izhar , Golan Gabi
Published: February 2006

The article describes and demonstrates a short‐term psychotherapeutic intervention model for smoking cessations, which integrates behaviour and cognitive apparatus with hypnotic techniques. This model puts exclusive emphasis on examination, creation and intensification of the patient's motivation to eradicate the habit, by strengthening self‐control, integrating suggestions that are tuned to the patient's needs, and using aversion techniques in the hypnotic state.

This model has been found efficient in our clinical work, can be used to treat other habit disorders and creates an opportunity for empirical research that examines the efficacy of this integrative model as compared to other methods. Copyright © 2005 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional correlates of conversion and hypnotic paralysis: a neurophysiological hypothesis
Authors: Tallabs Felipe A.
Published: February 2006

Since conversion disorder was thoroughly described by Pierre Janet psychiatric findings have traditionally been the only available source of contribution to the clarification of the phenomena. Some recent cognitive approaches though, have tried to explain conversion paralysis in terms of a disconnection phenomenon supposedly causative of degeneration in motor information processes. These approaches though relevant are purely theoretical, and only in recent years has neurological research provided sufficient evidence to commence developing a neuropsychological theory of conversion paralysis. Defined cortical regions like the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been found to be related to conversion and hypnotic paralysis, while on the other hand, psychological evidence linking hypnotizability and conversion has also emerged. This paper attempts to relate some neurological and psychological evidence in a first step towards a general theory of conversion paralysis. Copyright © 2005 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The production of hypnotic time‐distortion: determining the necessary conditions
Authors: Naish Peter L.N.
Published: February 2006

An attempt was made to find the components of the hypnotic experience that give rise to familiar time‐distortion effects. A series of experiments is described that examined a variety of hypnosis and hypnosis‐like situations, known or expected to induce errors of time judgement. It was found that, if participants closed their eyes and imagined vividly, even in the absence of an induction or any reference to hypnosis, hypnotic‐like time effects could be achieved. The results are interpreted in terms of the model proposed by Naish (2001), in which it is suggested that an internal clock runs more slowly when a person becomes detached from reality and generates his or her own experiences. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotic suggestibility and academic achievement: a preliminary study
Authors: West Victoria
Published: February 2006

A correlational study examined the relationship between hypnotic suggestibility and academic achievement. Fifty‐eight undergraduate students were administered the HGSHS:A (Shor and Orne, 1962) and their assessment grades from a range of taught modules were collected. Significant negative correlations were found, showing that the higher the academic achievement, the lower the hypnotic suggestibility. Multiple regression found that academic grades were significant predictors of hypnotic suggestibility. The implications are discussed. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Understanding the multidimensional mechanisms of hypnotic analgesia
Authors: Benedittis Giuseppe De
Published: February 2006

Pain is a multidimensional sensory experience, mainly based upon a three factorial model: sensory‐discriminative, motivational‐affective and cognitive. Each dimension of the pain experience is subserved by discrete neuroanatomical pathways and is apparently coded at different levels and sites of the central nervous system. An increasing body of evidence has shown that hypnosis can be effective in the down‐modulation of the pain sensation in both acute and chronic pain states. In acute pain, the effect of hypnotic analgesia is specific, positively correlated with hypnotic responsiveness and unrelated to endogenous opioid mechanisms. The neural mechanisms underlying hypnotic states and responses to hypnotic suggestions of analgesia remain largely unknown.

On a psychophysiological basis, the neo‐dissociation theory by Hilgard and Hilgard (1994) has provided a heuristic framework to explain some aspects and apparent paradoxes of hypnotic analgesia. On neurophysiological grounds, recent evidence has shed, at least, some light on the mystery of pain relief in hypnosis. It is likely that hypnotic suggestions of analgesia may modulate pain processing at multiple levels and sites within the central nervous system. At the peripheral level, hypnosis may modulate nociceptive input by down‐regulating A delta and C fibres stimulation and reducing sympathetic arousal. At a spinal level, sensory analgesia during hypnosis has been shown to be linearly related to a reduction of the nociceptive flexion (RIII) reflex, a polysynaptic spinal reflex. At supraspinal cortical level, neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies have shown that hypnotic suggestions of analgesia can modulate directly both sensory and affective dimensions of the pain perception (the affective being reduced significantly more than the sensory), thus confirming, at least partially, the neo‐dissociation theory. Moreover, highly hypnotizable subjects possess stronger attentional filtering abilities than do low hypnotizable subjects. This greater cognitive flexibility might result in better focusing and diverting attention from the nociceptive stimulus as well as better ignoring irrelevant stimuli in the environment. Cognitive control processes are associated with a ‘supervisory attentional system’, involving the frontotemporal limbic cortices.

Multiple, hierarchical pain control systems during hypnotic suggestions of analgesia provide a new description of the neurobiological basis of hypnotic analgesia, demonstrating specific patterns of peripheral and central activation associated with the hypnotic state and with the processing of hypnotic suggestions. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Mediation and moderation of hypnotic and cognitive‐behavioural pain reduction
Authors: Milling Leonard S. , Breen Amanda
Published: February 2006

The mediator function of response expectancies and the moderator function of hypnotic and non‐hypnotic imaginative suggestibility were evaluated in the analogue treatment of pain. One hundred and sixty‐seven participants previously assessed for hypnotic and imaginative suggestibility were randomly assigned to distraction, cognitive‐behavioural package (i.e., Stress Inoculation Training), hypnotic cognitive‐behavioural package, hypnotic analgesia suggestion, placebo control, or no‐treatment control conditions. The four ‘active’ treatments reduced pain more than the no‐treatment control condition. There was no statistical difference in effectiveness between these four treatments, but only the cognitive‐behavioural package reduced pain more than the placebo control condition. Response expectancies partially mediated the effects of treatment on pain. Imaginative suggestibility, defined as a generalized tendency to respond to imaginative suggestions delivered outside of hypnosis, moderated the effects of the cognitive‐behavioural package. Contrary to prediction, neither hypnotic suggestibility, nor hypnotizability (operationalized as hypnotic suggestibility with imaginative suggestibility statistically controlled) moderated the effects of the hypnotic treatments. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotic phenomena and altered states of consciousness: a multilevel framework of description and explanation
Authors: Kallio Sakari , Revonsuo Antti
Published: February 2006

There is currently agreement that, in addition to the changes in external behaviour, suggestions presented in a hypnotic context may give rise to changes in subjective experience. Yet, there is no general agreement about the theoretical framework within which these changes in experience should be explained. Though different theories about hypnosis overlap in many respects, there is still disagreement on whether reference to a specific internal state of the individual is necessary in order to explain these changes. We place the explanatory task in the context of a multilevel framework of explanation, which reveals that the disagreement between the ‘state’ and ‘nonstate’ view is about the level of description at which the phenomenon ‘hypnosis’ should be conceptualized. We propose a novel approach using the multilevel explanation which helps to formulate empirically testable hypotheses about the nature of hypnosis. We will outline the basic elements of such an approach and hope that our proposition will help hypnosis research to integrate with the multidisciplinary research on other phenomena of consciousness. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Ego‐state therapy in the treatment of a complex eating disorder
Authors: Degun‐Mather Marcia
Published: February 2006

This report describes the treatment of a woman with a diagnosis of binge eating disorder and a history of bingeing and periods of starvation throughout adolescence and adulthood. She had sought a number of different therapies, but not really benefited from any of them. She felt confused about herself and did not have a sense of her identity. She had recognized there were parts of herself that seemed separate from each other. Ego‐state therapy with hypnosis helped her to understand the cause of her compulsive bingeing. This was followed by the hypnotic affect bridge which enabled her to access another child part of herself concerned with a fear of starvation and abandonment, and wanting to remain ‘solid’ but not ‘fat’. These phases of therapy produced great improvement in her eating behaviours, which she had not experienced before. By accessing the ego‐states, she was able to start an inner communication, and make cognitive and emotional changes. This was reinforced later with cognitive therapy, from which she had not gained much benefit previously. The importance of combining these therapeutic approaches is discussed. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
On the efficacy of hypnosis: a meta‐analytic study
Authors: Flammer Erich , Bongartz Walter
Published: February 2006

From 444 studies published until 2002 that investigated the efficacy of hypnosis, 57 randomized clinical studies were selected that compared patients treated exclusively by hypnosis to an untreated control group (or to a group of patients treated by conventional medical procedures). The 57 studies were integrated into a meta‐analysis that yielded a weighted average post‐treatment effect size of d = 0.56 (medium effect size). For hypnotic treatment of ICD‐10 codable disorders (32 studies) the calculation of the weighted mean effect size resulted in d = 0.63. These estimates are conservative since all variables of a given study were used. Most of the studies employed methods of the classic approach to hypnosis. In order to obtain an estimate to which extent non‐clinical factors (design‐quality, way of comparison of dependent variables) have an influence on the effect sizes, effect sizes were computed for all studies of the original 444 studies that reported the necessary statistical information (N = 133). For those studies with an average effect size of d = 1.07 a massive influence of non‐clinical factors was demonstrated with a range from d = 0.56 for randomized studies with group comparisons to d = 2.29 for non‐randomized studies using pre‐post‐comparisons. Out of the 57 randomized studies, only 6 reported numerical values for the correlation between hypnotic suggestibility and treatment outcome with a mean correlation of r = 0.44. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Correlates of imaginative and hypnotic suggestibility in children
Authors: Poulsen Bruce C. , Matthews William J.
Published: February 2006

As an extension of previous research by Braffman and Kirsch (1999) with adults, this study investigated the relationship between suggestibility and hypnotizability in a sample of 44 child psychiatric patients. Participants were assessed for various correlates of imaginative suggestibility while controlling for nonhypnotic suggestibility. Overall, nonhypnotic suggestibility accounted for most of the variance in hypnotizability (r = 0.73; p < 0.001), and vividness and absorption were found to predict unique variance in hypnotizability (r = 0.28; p < 0.001) when nonhypnotic suggestibility was controlled. These results support the view of hypnotic responsiveness as reflecting a continuum of suggestibility and serve to further weaken the contention that hypnosis produces an altered state of consciousness. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Self‐hypnosis and osteopathic soft tissue manipulation with a ballet dancer
Authors: Gordon Christopher‐Marc , Gruzelier John
Published: February 2006

This single case study of a ballet dancer incorporates essentially osteopathy, self‐hypnosis and neurolinguistic programming (NLP) in the management of exhaustion, stress, anxiety and pain symptoms of the right thigh, calf and ankle combined with confidence strengthening techniques. Physical and mental burnout symptoms had reached the point of constant pain and overstrain of the muscles of the right leg and hip, spine and neck. In parallel with these were symptoms of exhaustion, unhappiness and a tendency to over‐focus on other dancers at the expense of self‐focus and motivation. The osteo/physical therapy entailed the rebalancing of overused, strained and hyper‐tense muscular tissues using myofascial‐release techniques, together with the deactivation of trigger points and postural integration. The mental attitude was supported through reframing techniques during self‐hypnosis directed at general feelings of being blocked, imprisoned, cramped, exhausted and weakened in the right leg. Psychophysiological assessment post therapy was compatible with self‐regulation training. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Touching trauma: combining hypnotic ego strengthening and zero balancing
Authors: Edmunds Dorsett , Gafner George
Published: February 2006

Reports in the literature cite a variety of somatic and psychological treatment modalities that address the physical and behavioural sequelae of torture (Prip, Tived and Holten, 1995; Amris and Prip, 2000; Jefferson, 2000). In this brief paper, we would like to highlight a combined treatment method that we have found useful in our work with refugees. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotizability as an adaptive trait
Authors: Santarcangelo Enrica L. , Sebastiani Laura
Published: February 2006

This paper reviews our studies on the hypnotizability/hypnosis‐related modulation of the mind‐body connection during relaxation and mental stress, considered as the extremes of the wakefulness cognitive‐autonomic arousal. The concept of relaxation is discussed according to the observation that similar self‐reports of relaxation and autonomic states may correspond to different EEG patterns in low (Lows) and highly hypnotizable subjects (Highs). Results obtained during mental stress are discussed in the light of a possible adaptive role of hypnotic susceptibility as a natural protection against cardiovascular hazard; in fact, only Highs can actively suppress the cardiovascular responses evoked by a moderate mental stress. All together, findings show that the body can differentially act to similarly experienced relaxation and mental stress and suggest for hypnotizable individuals an evolutionary advantage. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The effect of hypnotherapy on procedural pain and state anxiety related to physiotherapy in women hospitalized in a burn unit
Authors: Harandi Ali Amini , Esfandani Akram , Shakibaei Fereshteh
Published: February 2006

Due to severe pain and anxiety in burn patients, especially in procedures such as physiotherapy, and because of the adverse effects of pain on the outcome of physiotherapy, application of adjunctive methods are necessary for achieving pain relief. Right now, no certain method of pain reduction is available. This study evaluated the efficacy of hypnotherapy in reducing pain and anxiety in burn patients through a randomized clinical trial. From amongst women hospitalized in a burn unit, 44 patients were selected and divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group underwent four hypnotherapy sessions and the control group remained without any hypnotherapy intervention. Procedural pain and anxiety related to physiotherapy were evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) contemporaneously in both groups. The degree of pain and anxiety caused by physiotherapy decreased significantly in the intervention group, as compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Hypnosis is recommended as a complementary method in burns physiotherapy. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotherapeutic insights and interventions: a cancer odyssey
Authors: Walker Leslie G.
Published: February 2006

Despite advances in molecular biology and therapeutics, cancer continues to be a major source of morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis and treatment are often stressful, and high levels of psychological and psychiatric disorders have been reported consistently over the last 20 years.

However, there is evidence that much of this distress is preventable by providing a support service that is open‐access and fully integrated functionally and geographically with other parts of cancer services. This paper reviews the findings of some of the interventional research carried out by the author and his colleagues over the past 20 years. These studies have provided evidence that relaxation therapy, guided imagery and hypnotherapy can be very beneficial in helping patients cope with the diagnosis and treatment. Intriguingly, there is some evidence that they may prolong life, although further studies are required to clarify this. In the meantime, however, it is clear that much can be done to prevent, as well as to treat, cancer‐related problems. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotic deafness: a cross‐paradigm analysis
Authors: Perlini Arthur H. , Johns Raymond A. , Van Hoof Patricia L.
Published: February 2006

This study compared responses to a deafness suggestion amongst subjects administered one of three conditions: hypnosis and suggestion (i.e. reals), simulating instructions (i.e. simulators), or the suggestion alone without hypnosis (i.e. cognitives). Reals and simulators were administered a hypnotic induction, followed by a unilateral, left‐ear deafness suggestion and the cognitive group was given the unilateral deafness suggestion without a hypnotic induction. All subjects were administered the Stenger Test of Audition (Stenger, 1907) during the deafness trial, and again on a final post‐deafness trial. The Stenger Test is designed to assess the degree and veracity of deafness reports. Reported changes in deafness levels were indistinguishable amongst high‐reals, low‐cognitives and high‐cognitives; all three of these groups reported lower levels of deafness compared to the simulating group. The latter demonstrated a pattern of response consistent with faking deafness, a response for which the Stenger Test is designed to measure. The findings lend support to the hypothesis that deafness does not uniquely characterize highly suggestible hypnotized subjects. In addition, the differences between reals and simulators reflect contextual demands on real subjects to report their deafness experience accurately. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Toward a scientifically based understanding of Milton H. Erickson's strategies and tactics: hypnosis, response sets and common factors in psychotherapy
Authors: Lynn Steven Jay , Hallquist Michael N.
Published: February 2006

This article updates and extends earlier efforts (e.g. Sherman and Lynn, 1990; Lynn and Sherman, 2000) to characterize Erickson's work on the basis of the scientific literature and Kirsch and Lynn's (see Kirsch and Lynn, 1998) response set theory. It identifies therapeutic mechanisms and learning processes inherent in Erickson's work that constitute ‘common factors’ potentially responsible for the effectiveness of diverse psychotherapeutic and hypnotherapeutic approaches. We argue that many of Erickson's creative techniques were effective in establishing a strong therapeutic alliance and engendering, fortifying and maintaining positive response sets while removing impediments to the automatic activation of positive response sets and altering or deautomatizing maladaptive response sets. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Creating a virtual reality in hypnosis: a case of driving phobia
Authors: Kraft Tom , Kraft David
Published: February 2006

This is a case study of a 55‐year‐old married woman who had a severe driving phobia with a concomitant reduction in her mobility. She had been involved in an accident on the motorway but did not develop phobic symptoms until after the second incident – a near collision. The treatment consisted of a systematic desensitization of driving scenarios in hypnosis: after sixteen treatment sessions, the patient made a complete recovery and was able to drive on all public roads. Following each session, the patient was encouraged to practise her driving in the presence of her husband who was a skilled driver. In hypnosis, the patient was able to create a world of vivid imagery using all sensory modalities; and it was this verisimilitude, akin to ‘virtual reality exposure therapy’ (VRET), that contributed significantly to her complete recovery. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Beliefs and attitudes of Chinese regarding hypnosis and its applications
Authors: Yu Calvin Kai‐ching
Published: February 2006

The aim of the current study is to broadly consider the beliefs and attitudes of Hong Kong Chinese, regarding the notion of hypnosis and its applications. Particular attention is given to a comparison between the data of the current Chinese sample and those obtained by Western studies. Parameters such as self‐perceived hypnotizability and psychology training are also examined. Four hundred and fifty‐seven college students in Hong Kong were included in the study, and widely used inventories were adopted to measure their beliefs and attitudes towards hypnosis and its applications. While participants' beliefs in regards to the general nature of hypnosis do not vary significantly according to their cultural background, participants' perceived value of hypnosis and attitudes towards being hypnotized are subject to the effects of psychology training and self‐perceived hypnotizability. In addition, a number of significant associations between beliefs and attitudes with regard to hypnosis and its applications were found. This highlights the importance of clearing up the common misunderstanding in hypnotic practice. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Fantasy proneness, paranormal beliefs and personality features in out‐of‐body experiences
Authors: Gow Kathryn , Lang Tracey , Chant David
Published: February 2006

This study investigated the relationship between reported out‐of‐body experiences, certain psychological variables and personality characteristics. One hundred and sixty‐seven participants completed a series of questionnaires to investigate differences amongst those participants reporting out‐of‐body experiences and those who were classified as believers or non‐believers on: fantasy proneness, paranormal beliefs, psychological absorption, psychological association, somatoform dissociation, certain personality characteristics and OBE experience sensations. The findings revealed that experients were more fantasy prone, higher in their belief in the paranormal and displayed greater somatoform dissociation. Psychological absorption and dissociation were higher for believers than for either experients or non‐believers and in relation to experients, fantasy proneness, paranormal beliefs and the personality dimensions of institution and feeling were significantly related, as were psychological absorption, psychological dissociation and somatoform dissociation. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotizability and immunological response to psychological intervention in HIV
Authors: Laidlaw Tannis M. , Kerstein Ryan , Bennett Bryan M. , Naito Akira , Dwivedi Prabudha , Gruzelier John
Published: February 2006

Objective:

This pilot study related hypnotizability to changes in HIV immune blood markers after two psychological interventions.

Design:

The mean of two blood assays prior to intervention was compared to the results of the blood assay after the intervention.

Intervention:

A course of four weekly 2‐hour training sessions coupled with daily self‐hypnosis practice was given to 13 participants with diagnosed HIV and for a further participants a similar course was given in a Japanese healing method called Johrei (a total of 22 participants). All were naïve to anti‐retroviral medication.

Main outcome measures:

CD4+ T cell counts, viral load of the HIV virus in blood.

Results:

When highly hypnotizable subjects were compared to those of lower hypnotizability in a repeated measures analysis, their CD4+ t‐lymphocyte counts were significantly higher (p = 0.007). This was achieved by the highly hynotizable subjects non‐significantly raising their CD4+ counts while the CD4+ counts of the less hynotizable subjects declined significantly (mean change = −79.4 p = 0.006). The differences in CD4+ T cell % of lymphocytes and the viral loads did not differ

Conclusions:

This pilot study indicates that hypnotizability may predict immunological response to psychological interventions in HIV. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Waking hypnosis for waking people: why from Valencia?
Authors: Capafons Antonio
Published: February 2006

This article presents a cultural analysis of the reasons that waking hypnosis is widely accepted in Spain. These reasons relate to several features of the Spanish people, including their attitude towards others, politics, religion, habits and even the climate in which they live. In general, Spaniards seem to perceive ‘waking’ hypnosis as a technique that better adapts to their lifestyle than more traditional forms of hypnosis. In addition, they may be able to have more confidence in ‘waking’ hypnosis as it appears less threatening, since it is differentiated from stage hypnosis as presented by the media. Therefore, although ‘waking’ hypnosis is American in origin, the particular reasons why it has developed in Spain can be easily understood. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
A case of post‐herpetic neuralgia treated with self‐hypnosis and imagery
Authors: Williamson Ann
Published: February 2006

This is a study of a case of post‐herpetic neuralgia treated successfully with the use of self‐hypnosis and client generated imagery in three sessions, the total treatment time being two hours. Paramount in the resolution was an acceptance of the symptom. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The hidden observer: final thoughts but not the last word
Authors: Green Joseph P. , Page Roger A. , Handley George W. , Rasekhy Rouhangiz
Published: February 2006

In this commentary, we respond to issues raised by reviewers of our paper concerning the hidden observer. We maintain the position that there are sufficient cues in the wording of the instructions to participants concerning the nature of their hidden reports to explain our findings and the findings from other flexible‐observer studies. Copyright © 2005 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact on health status of a hypnosis clinic in general practice
Authors: Dobbin Alastair , Faulkner Steve , Heaney David , Selvaraj Sivasubramaniam , Gruzelier John
Published: February 2006

The impact on health status of hypnosis was investigated in a primary care NHS GP surgery clinic, with referrals from a Local Health Care Cooperative (LHCC) with 85,000 patients. The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐36 Health Survey (SF36) pre and post treatment was completed by patients referred with mental health problems, medical problems and for smoking cessation. One hundred and fifteen patients successfully completed SF36 questionnaires before and six weeks after the intervention. Categories of treatment were smoking cessation, mental health, and medical. In the case of referrals for smoking cessation there were no significant changes in mental, social or physical function six weeks after the intervention. In the case of mental health referrals, which were predominantly anxiety related, there was a large and significant effect on the SF‐36 in emotional role and mental role and a moderate effect on social role and mental health. Self‐hypnosis was in widespread use after treatment, even in those whose perceived problem appeared not to have improved. The results suggest that simple hypnosis techniques could have a significant impact on mental health. This could have implications for promoting mental health as well as for treating mental illness, and needs to be tested further by a randomized, controlled trial. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The five factor model of personality and hypnotizability: little variance in common
Authors: Green Joseph P.
Published: February 2006

The present study examined the responses of N = 285 undergraduate students on the NEO‐PI‐R (Costa and McCrae, 1992) and the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A; Shor and Orne, 1962). Participants' gender and their scores across the five domain scales of the NEO‐PI‐R accounted for approximately 8% (6% adjusted) of the variance in HGSHS:A scores. Individual facet scores on the NEO‐PI‐R accounted for approximately 21% (12% adjusted) of the variance in HGSHS:A performance. Results are consistent with previous attempts to associate hypnotizability with a measure of the five factor model of personality. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Beliefs and opinions regarding hypnosis and its applications among Chinese professionals in medical settings
Authors: Yu Calvin Kai‐ching
Published: February 2006

Following the earlier report (see Yu, 2004) on how Chinese college students perceive hypnosis, this second paper proceeds to examine specifically the beliefs and opinions of Hong Kong Chinese health professionals regarding the notion of hypnosis and its clinical applications. In addition to the 457 college students initially reported in the first paper, 75 professionals working in medical settings are included in this study. The present findings indicate that while the professionals share similar beliefs and misconceptions about the general nature of hypnosis with the college students as a whole, the professionals very much resemble those students without psychology training who hold noticeably different opinions on the dimensions of the worth and transcendence‐achieving quality of hypnosis. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Clinical applications of ‘waking’ hypnosis from a cognitive‐behavioural perspective: from efficacy to efficiency
Authors: Capafons Antonio
Published: February 2006

This article reviews several essential components for use in the practice of hypnosis from a cognitive‐behavioural perspective. These include a cognitive‐behavioural introduction, which presents hypnosis to the client as a voluntary, self‐controlled process. Then, a set of practical tasks is presented for assessing suggestibility as well as collaboration and attitudes toward hypnosis. The author provides a description of rapid self‐hypnosis and instruction as to its implementation, and advocates the use of metaphors designed to facilitate a client's understanding of hypnosis. The article then introduces ‘waking’ hypnosis as an efficient, adaptable, and pleasurable alternative to other forms of hypnosis, and discusses its implications in terms of the socio‐cognitive perspective of hypnosis. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The hidden observer: a straw horse, undeservedly flogged
Authors: Kihlstrom John F. , Barnier Amanda J.
Published: February 2006

The ‘hidden observer’ experiment by Green, Page, Handley and Rasekhy is criticized on methodological grounds, especially the inadequate screening of subjects and departure from the canonical principles of both Hilgard's ‘hidden observer’ technique and Orne's real‐simulator design. We also highlight some results of the experiment which appear to undercut the investigators' conclusions – especially the fact that reals and simulators differed markedly in their response to the critical Less Aware instruction. Our principal criticism, however, is conceptual: it is the very nature of hypnosis that the hypnotic subject's behaviours and experiences will be influenced by the wording of suggestions and subjects' interpretations of them. Accordingly, evidence that covert reports are influenced by the wording of suggestions is not evidence that the hidden observer is a methodological artifact, or that it is not a reflection of divided consciousness. Copyright © 2005 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the inevitability of finding hypnosis‐simulator equivalence
Authors: Naish Peter L.N.
Published: February 2006

It is argued that any study where hypnotic behaviour is brought about through suggestion must inevitably find similar behaviour in simulators. Consequently, although simulators may still have a role to play in identifying spontaneous behaviour that is unique to hypnosis, they cannot illuminate the question of how suggested experiences are generated. Copyright © 2005 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The observer remains hidden
Authors: Kallio Sakari , Revonsuo Antti
Published: February 2006

The concept of ‘hidden observer’ is one of the most controversial issues in hypnosis research. Green, Page, Handley and Rasekhy (this issue) approach it by using an ideomotor task which has not previously been used in association with the hidden observer. We regard their experiment as interesting; however, there are conceptual and methodological problems that hamper the impact of their study. In our commentary, we take the opportunity to point out some problems in their paper as well as to stress the importance to integrate concepts used in hypnosis research to mainstream cognitive neuroscience and consciousness research. Copyright © 2005 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pyrene‐Stacked Nanostructures Constructed in the Recombinant Tobacco Mosaic Virus Rod Scaffold
Authors: Endo Masayuki , Wang Hangxiang , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Majima Tetsuro
Published: February 2006

The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod‐structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene‐attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 μm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV‐visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form π‐stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a π‐stacking interaction in a well‐ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.
From Allylic Alcohols to Aldols through a New Nickel‐Mediated Tandem Reaction: Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Cuperly David , Petrignet Julien , Crévisy Christophe , Grée René
Published: February 2006

Nickel hydride type complexes have been successfully developed as catalysts for the tandem isomerization–aldolization reaction of allylic alcohols with aldehydes. Optimization of the reaction conditions has shown that a cocatalyst, such as MgBr2, has a very positive effect on the kinetics of the reaction and in the yields of aldols. Under such optimized conditions {[NiHCl(dppe)] + MgBr2 at 3–5 mol %)}, this reaction affords the aldols in good to excellent yields. It is a full‐atom‐economy‐type reaction that occurs under mild conditions. Furthermore, it has a broad scope for the allylic alcohols and it is compatible with a wide range of aldehydes, including very bulky derivatives. The reaction is completely regioselective, but it exhibits a low stereoselectivity, except for allylic alcohols with a bulky substituent at the carbinol center. The use of chiral nonracemic catalysts was not successful, affording only racemic compounds. However, it was possible to use asymmetric synthesis for the preparation of optically active aldols. Various mechanistic studies have been performed using, for instance, a deuterated alcohol or a deuterated catalyst. They gave strong support to a mechanism involving first a transition‐metal‐mediated isomerization of the allylic alcohol into the free enol, followed by the addition of the latter intermediate onto the aldehyde in an “hydroxyl–carbonyl–ene” type reaction. These results confirm that allylic alcohols can be considered as new and useful partners in the development of the aldol reaction.