bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Open Source-Based Real-Time Data Processing Architecture Framework for Manufacturing Sustainability
Authors: Syafrudin Muhammad , Fitriyani Norma , Li Donglai , Alfian Ganjar , Rhee Jongtae , Kang Yong-Shin
Published: November 2017

Currently, the manufacturing industry is experiencing a data-driven revolution. There are multiple processes in the manufacturing industry and will eventually generate a large amount of data. Collecting, analyzing and storing a large amount of data are one of key elements of the smart manufacturing industry. To ensure that all processes within the manufacturing industry are functioning smoothly, the big data processing is needed. Thus, in this study an open source-based real-time data processing (OSRDP) architecture framework was proposed. OSRDP architecture framework consists of several open sources technologies, including Apache Kafka, Apache Storm and NoSQL MongoDB that are effective and cost efficient for real-time data processing. Several experiments and impact analysis for manufacturing sustainability are provided. The results showed that the proposed system is capable of processing a massive sensor data efficiently when the number of sensors data and devices increases. In addition, the data mining based on Random Forest is presented to predict the quality of products given the sensor data as the input. The Random Forest successfully classifies the defect and non-defect products, and generates high accuracy compared to other data mining algorithms. This study is expected to support the management in their decision-making for product quality inspection and support manufacturing sustainability.
An Appraisal Model Based on a Synthetic Feature Selection Approach for Students’ Academic Achievement
Authors: Cheng Ching-Hsue , Liu Wei-Xiang
Published: November 2017

Obtaining necessary information (and even extracting hidden messages) from existing big data, and then transforming them into knowledge, is an important skill. Data mining technology has received increased attention in various fields in recent years because it can be used to find historical patterns and employ machine learning to aid in decision-making. When we find unexpected rules or patterns from the data, they are likely to be of high value. This paper proposes a synthetic feature selection approach (SFSA), which is combined with a support vector machine (SVM) to extract patterns and find the key features that influence students’ academic achievement. For verifying the proposed model, two databases, namely, “Student Profile” and “Tutorship Record”, were collected from an elementary school in Taiwan, and were concatenated into an integrated dataset based on students’ names as a research dataset. The results indicate the following: (1) the accuracy of the proposed feature selection approach is better than that of the Minimum-Redundancy-Maximum-Relevance (mRMR) approach; (2) the proposed model is better than the listing methods when the six least influential features have been deleted; and (3) the proposed model can enhance the accuracy and facilitate the interpretation of the pattern from a hybrid-type dataset of students’ academic achievement.
Epidemiological Investigations of Four Cowpox Virus Outbreaks in Alpaca Herds, Germany
Authors: Prkno Almut , Hoffmann Donata , Goerigk Daniela , Kaiser Matthias , Van Maanen Anne , Jeske Kathrin , Jenckel Maria , Pfaff Florian , Vahlenkamp Thomas , Beer Martin , Ulrich Rainer , Starke Alexander , Pfeffer Martin
Published: November 2017

Four cowpox virus (CPXV) outbreaks occurred in unrelated alpaca herds in Eastern Germany during 2012–2017. All incidents were initially noticed due to severe, generalized, and finally lethal CPXV infections, which were confirmed by testing of tissue and serum samples. As CPXV-infection has been described in South American camelids (SACs) only three times, all four herds were investigated to gain a deeper understanding of CPXV epidemiology in alpacas. The different herds were investigated twice, and various samples (serum, swab samples, and crusts of suspicious pox lesions, feces) were taken to identify additionally infected animals. Serum was used to detect CPXV-specific antibodies by performing an indirect immunofluorescence assay (iIFA); swab samples, crusts, and feces were used for detection of CPXV-specific DNA in a real-time PCR. In total, 28 out of 107 animals could be identified as affected by CPXV, by iIFA and/or PCR. Herd seroprevalence ranged from 16.1% to 81.2%. To investigate the potential source of infection, wild small mammals were trapped around all alpaca herds. In two herds, CPXV-specific antibodies were found in the local rodent population. In the third herd, CPXV could be isolated from a common vole (Microtus arvalis) found drowned in a water bucket used to water the alpacas. Full genome sequencing and comparison with the genome of a CPXV from an alpaca from the same herd reveal 99.997% identity, providing further evidence that the common vole is a reservoir host and infection source of CPXV. Only in the remaining fourth herd, none of the trapped rodents were found to be CPXV-infected. Rodents, as ubiquitous reservoir hosts, in combination with increasingly popular alpacas, as susceptible species, suggest an enhanced risk of future zoonotic infections.
New Paradigms for the Study of Ocular Alphaherpesvirus Infections: Insights into the Use of Non-Traditional Host Model Systems
Authors: Pennington Matthew R. , Ledbetter Eric C. , Van de Walle Gerlinde R.
Published: November 2017

Ocular herpesviruses, most notably human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) and felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), infect and cause severe disease that may lead to blindness. CHV-1 and FHV-1 have a pathogenesis and induce clinical disease in their hosts that is similar to HSV-1 ocular infections in humans, suggesting that infection of dogs and cats with CHV-1 and FHV-1, respectively, can be used as a comparative natural host model of herpesvirus-induced ocular disease. In this review, we discuss both strengths and limitations of the various available model systems to study ocular herpesvirus infection, with a focus on the use of these non-traditional virus-natural host models. Recent work has demonstrated the robustness and reproducibility of experimental ocular herpesvirus infections in dogs and cats, and, therefore, these non-traditional models can provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of ocular herpesvirus infections.
The Role of Infected Cell Proliferation in the Clearance of Acute HBV Infection in Humans
Authors: Goyal Ashish , Ribeiro Ruy , Perelson Alan
Published: November 2017

Around 90–95% of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infected adults do not progress to the chronic phase and, instead, recover naturally. The strengths of the cytolytic and non-cytolytic immune responses are key players that decide the fate of acute HBV infection. In addition, it has been hypothesized that proliferation of infected cells resulting in uninfected progeny and/or cytokine-mediated degradation of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) leading to the cure of infected cells are two major mechanisms assisting the adaptive immune response in the clearance of acute HBV infection in humans. We employed fitting of mathematical models to human acute infection data together with physiological constraints to investigate the role of these hypothesized mechanisms in the clearance of infection. Results suggest that cellular proliferation of infected cells resulting in two uninfected cells is required to minimize the destruction of the liver during the clearance of acute HBV infection. In contrast, we find that a cytokine-mediated cure of infected cells alone is insufficient to clear acute HBV infection. In conclusion, our modeling indicates that HBV clearance without lethal loss of liver mass is associated with the production of two uninfected cells upon proliferation of an infected cell.
Three-Dimensional Numerical Study of Free-Flow Sediment Flushing to Increase the Flushing Efficiency: A Case-Study Reservoir in Japan
Authors: Esmaeili Taymaz , Sumi Tetsuya , Kantoush Sameh , Kubota Yoji , Haun Stefan , Rüther Nils
Published: November 2017

The catchment of the Dashidaira reservoir located on the Kurobe River has high sediment yield. Because of the sufficient available amount of water in the catchment during flood events, the free-flow sediment flushing operation with full water-level drawdown is employed every year to preserve the effective storage capacity of the Dashidaira reservoir. This paper focuses first on the numerical simulation of a previously conducted free-flow flushing operation in the Dashidaira reservoir using the available in situ obtained data. Afterwards, to improve the flushing efficiency, the effects of water and discharge manipulation and the construction of an auxiliary channel on the total volume of the flushed sediment were studied. A fully 3D numerical model using the finite volume approach in combination with a wetting/drying algorithm was utilized to reproduce the flow velocity field and simulate the movable bed variations. The outcomes revealed that increasing the average free-flow discharge during the free-flow stage by approximately 56%, in the form of multiple discharge pulses, can enhance the flushing efficiency by up to 13%, and the construction of an auxiliary channel in the wide midstream of the reservoir can locally increase the sediment erosion from this area.
The Zeolite-Anammox Treatment Process for Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater—A Review
Authors: Grismer Mark , Collison Robert
Published: November 2017

Water quality in San Francisco Bay has been adversely affected by nitrogen loading from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharging around the periphery of the Bay. While there is documented use of zeolites and anammox bacteria in removing ammonia and possibly nitrate during wastewater treatment, there is little information available about the combined process. Though relatively large, zeolite beds have a finite ammonium adsorption potential and require periodic re-generation depending on the wastewater nitrogen loading. Use of anammox bacteria reactors for wastewater treatment have shown that ammonium (and to some degree, nitrate) can be successfully removed from the wastewater, but the reactors require careful attention to loading rates and internal redox conditions. Generally, their application has been limited to treatment of high-ammonia strength wastewater at relatively warm temperatures. Moreover, few studies are available describing commercial or full-scale application of these reactors. We briefly review the literature considering use of zeolites or anammox bacteria in wastewater treatment to set the stage for description of an integrated zeolite-anammox process used to remove both ammonium and nitrate without substrate regeneration from mainstream WWTP effluent or anaerobic digester filtrate at ambient temperatures.
On the Dominant Factor Controlling Seasonal Hydrological Forecast Skill in China
Authors: Zhang Xuejun , Tang Qiuhong , Leng Guoyong , Liu Xingcai , Li Zhe , Huang Zhongwei
Published: November 2017

Initial conditions (ICs) and climate forecasts (CFs) are the two primary sources of seasonal hydrological forecast skill. However, their relative contribution to predictive skill remains unclear in China. In this study, we investigate the relative roles of ICs and CFs in cumulative runoff (CR) and soil moisture (SM) forecasts using 31-year (1980–2010) ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) and reverse-ESP (revESP) simulations with the Variable Capacity Infiltration (VIC) hydrologic model. The results show that the relative importance of ICs and CFs largely depends on climate regimes. The influence of ICs is stronger in a dry or wet-to-dry climate regime that covers the northern and western interior regions during the late fall to early summer. In particular, ICs may dominate the forecast skill for up to three months or even six months during late fall and winter months, probably due to the low precipitation value and variability in the dry period. In contrast, CFs become more important for most of southern China or during summer months. The impact of ICs on SM forecasts tends to cover larger domains than on CR forecasts. These findings will greatly benefit future work that will target efforts towards improving current forecast levels for the particular regions and forecast periods.
Strategy to discover full-length amyloid-beta peptide ligands using high-efficiency microarray technology
Authors: Galati Clelia , Spinella Natalia , Renna Lucio , Milardi Danilo , Attanasio Francesco , Sciacca Michele Francesco Maria , Bongiorno Corrado
Published: November 2017

Although the formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) fibrils in neuronal tissues is a hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD), small-sized Aβ oligomers rather than mature fibrils have been identified as the most neurotoxic species. Therefore, the design of new inhibitors, able to prevent the aggregation of Aβ, is believed to be a promising therapeutic approach to AD. Unfortunately, the short-lived intermediate structures that occur in a solution along the Aβ aggregation pathway escape conventional experimental investigations and there is urgent need of new tools aimed at the discovery of agents targeting monomeric Aβ and blocking the early steps of amyloid aggregation. Here, we show the combination of high-efficiency slides (HESs) with peptide microarrays as a promising tool for identifying small peptides that bind Aβ monomers. To this aim, HESs with two immobilized reference peptides, (i.e., KLVFF and Semax) with opposite behavior, were investigated for binding to fluorescently labeled Aβ peptide. Transmission electron microscopy was used to demonstrate Aβ fibrillar aggregates missing. The use of HESs was critical to ensure convenient output of the fluorescent microarrays. The resulting sensitivity, as well as the low sample consumption and the high potential for miniaturization, suggests that the proposed combination of peptide microarrays and highly efficient slides would be a very effective technology for molecule profiling in AD drug discovery.
Radiographic Underestimation of In Vivo Cup Coverage Provided by Total Hip Arthroplasty for Dysplasia
Authors: Nie Yong , Wang HaoYang , Huang ZeYu , Shen Bin , Kraus Virginia Byers , Zhou Zongke
Published: November 2017

The accuracy of using 2-dimensional anteroposterior pelvic radiography to assess acetabular cup coverage among patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip after total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains unclear in retrospective clinical studies. A group of 20 patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (20 hips) underwent cementless THA. During surgery but after acetabular reconstruction, bone wax was pressed onto the uncovered surface of the acetabular cup. A surface model of the bone wax was generated with 3-dimensional scanning. The percentage of the acetabular cup that was covered by intact host acetabular bone in vivo was calculated with modeling software. Acetabular cup coverage also was determined from a postoperative supine anteroposterior pelvic radiograph. The height of the hip center (distance from the center of the femoral head perpendicular to the inter-teardrop line) also was determined from radiographs. Radiographic cup coverage was a mean of 6.93% (SD, 2.47%) lower than in vivo cup coverage for these 20 patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (
P
<.001). However, both methods yielded highly correlated measurements for cup coverage (Pearson
r
=0.761,
P
<.001). The size of the acetabular cup (
P
=.001) but not the position of the hip center (high vs normal) was significantly associated with the difference between radiographic and in vivo cup coverage. Two-dimensional radiographically determined cup coverage conservatively reflects in vivo cup coverage and remains an important index (taking 7% underestimation errors and the effect of greater underestimation of larger cup size into account) for assessing the stability of the cup and monitoring for adequate ingrowth of bone. [
Orthopedics.
2018; 41(1):e46–e51.]
Three Cases of Associated Persistent Fetal Vasculature and Ocular Coloboma: Posterior Segment Dysgenesis
Authors: Khokhar Sudarshan , Takkar Brijesh , Pillay Ganesh , Venkatesh Pradeep
Published: November 2017

The authors discuss the association of persistent fetal vasculature and ocular coloboma in three children. They explore the possibility of a cause-effect relationship between these disorders, and link them together as a broader posterior dysgenesis.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2017;54:e77–e80.]
Phase Stability, Structure and Thermodynamics of Modified Ni- and Fe-Aluminides
Authors: Santra Sangeeta
Published: November 2017

The Ni-aluminides are integral constituents of thermal barrier coatings applied over Ni-based superalloys. These aluminides provide oxidation-resistance by forming a protective α–Al2O3surface layer. The Pt-modified β–NiAl bond coat has been developed with an impetus to increase the service-life of Ni-based superalloys. The Pt-modified β–NiAl bond coat significantly improves the oxidation-resistance of superalloys. An interdiffusion zone containing topologically closed packed phases develops at the bond coat/superalloy interface. This eventually leads to Al-lean γ′–Ni3Al transformation, whose oxidation resistance is inferior to that of β–NiAl. The Pt-group metals Ir and Ru delay this transformation and impart creep-resistance to the bond coat. Recent investigations demonstrate that alloying with transition metals such as Cr, Mo and Fe enhance the mechanical strength. The functional stability of bond coat-superalloy assembly counts on the interfacial reaction and associated local structural variations which is a function of bond coat composition. This chapter elucidates the effect of various alloying elements on phase constitutions, crystallographic structural stability and thermodynamics of Ni-and Fe-aluminides to engineer a prospective bond coat.
NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Control Inflammation during Leishmania amazonensis Infection by Mediating Infection-Induced Neutrophil Apoptosis
Authors: Carneiro Matheus B. H. , Roma Eric H. , Ranson Adam J. , Doria Nicole A. , Debrabant Alain , Sacks David L. , Vieira Leda Q. , Peters Nathan C.
Published: November 2017

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH phagocyte oxidase isoform (NOX2) are critical for the elimination of intracellular pathogens in many infections. Despite their importance, the role of ROS following infection with the eukaryotic pathogen Leishmania has not been fully elucidated. We addressed the role of ROS in C57BL/6 mice following intradermal infection with Leishmania amazonensis. Despite equivalent parasite loads compared with wild-type (WT) mice, mice deficient in ROS production by NOX2 due to the absence of the gp91 subunit (gp91phox−/−) had significantly more severe pathology in the later stages of infection. Pathology in gp91phox−/− mice was not associated with alterations in CD4+ T cell–mediated immunity but was preceded by enhanced neutrophil accumulation at the dermal infection site. Ex vivo analysis of infected versus uninfected neutrophils revealed a deficiency in infection-driven apoptosis in gp91phox−/− mice versus WT mice. gp91phox−/− mice presented with higher percentages of healthy or necrotic neutrophils but lower percentages of apoptotic neutrophils at early and chronic time points. In vitro infection of gp91phox−/− versus WT neutrophils also revealed reduced apoptosis and CD95 expression but increased necrosis in infected cells at 10 h postinfection. Provision of exogenous ROS in the form of H2O2 reversed the necrotic phenotype and restored CD95 expression on infected gp91phox−/− neutrophils. Although ROS production is typically viewed as a proinflammatory event, our observations identify the importance of ROS in mediating appropriate neutrophil apoptosis and the importance of apoptosis in inflammation and pathology during chronic infection.
Ultraviolet B–Induced Maturation of CD11b-Type Langerin− Dendritic Cells Controls the Expansion of Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells in the Skin
Authors: Yamazaki Sayuri , Odanaka Mizuyu , Nishioka Akiko , Kasuya Saori , Shime Hiroaki , Hemmi Hiroaki , Imai Masaki , Riethmacher Dieter , Kaisho Tsuneyasu , Ohkura Naganari , Sakaguchi Shimon , Morita Akimichi
Published: November 2017

Skin dendritic cells (DCs) are divided into several subsets with distinctive functions. This study shows a previously unappreciated role of dermal CD11b-type Langerin− DCs in maintaining immunological self-tolerance after UVB exposure. After UVB exposure, dermal CD11b-type Langerin− DCs upregulated surface CD86 expression, induced proliferation of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells without exogenous Ags, and upregulated a set of genes associated with immunological tolerance. This Treg-expansion activity was significantly hampered by CD80/CD86 blockade in vivo. These results indicate that CD11b-type Langerin− DCs from the UVB-exposed skin are specialized to expand Treg cells in the skin, which suppress autoimmunity.
Landing Kinematics and Kinetics at the Knee During Different Landing Tasks
Authors: Heebner Nicholas R. , Rafferty Deirdre M. , Wohleber Meleesa F. , Simonson Andrew J. , Lovalekar Mita , Reinert Andrew , Sell Timothy C.
Published: November 2017

Context: 

Several tasks have been used to examine landing biomechanics for evaluation and rehabilitation, especially as related to anterior cruciate ligament injuries. However, comparing results among studies in which different tasks were used can be difficult, and it is unclear which task may be most appropriate.

Objective: 

To compare lower extremity biomechanics across 5 commonly used landing tasks.

Design: 

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting: 

University-operated US Air Force Special Operations Forces human performance research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants: 

A total of 65 US Air Force Special Tactics Operators (age = 27.7 ± 5.0 years, height = 176.5 ± 5.7 cm, mass = 83.1 ± 9.1 kg).

Intervention(s): 

Kinematic and kinetic analysis of double- and single-legged drop landing, double- and single-legged stop jump, and forward jump to single-legged landing.

Main Outcome Measure(s): 

Hip-, knee-, and ankle-joint kinematics; knee-joint forces and moments; and ground reaction forces (GRFs) were the dependent measures. We used repeated-measures analyses of variance or Friedman tests, as appropriate, to assess within-subject differences across tasks.

Results: 

Peak vertical GRF and peak knee-flexion angle were different among all tasks (P < .001). Single-legged landings generated higher vertical GRF (χ2 = 244.68, P < .001) and lower peak knee-flexion values (F4,64 = 209.33, P < .001) except for forward jump to single-legged landing, which had the second highest peak vertical GRF and the lowest peak knee-flexion value. The single-legged drop landing generated the highest vertical (χ2 = 244.68, P < .001) and posterior (χ2 = 164.46, P < .001) GRFs. Peak knee-valgus moment was higher during the double-legged drop landing (χ2 = 239.63, P < .001) but similar for all others.

Conclusions: 

Different landing tasks elicited different biomechanical responses; no single task was best for assessing a wide range of biomechanical variables related to anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Therefore, depending on the goals of the study, using multiple assessment tasks should be considered.
A survey exploring awareness and experience of tinnitus in young adults
Authors: Bagwandin Vedika , Joseph Lavanithum
Published: November 2017

Background: Hearing loss among young adults is on the increase largely because of greater exposure to recreational noise. One of the effects of a sensorineural hearing loss is tinnitus. Despite efforts to raise awareness of hearing loss and tinnitus, young adults continue to expose themselves to the potential risks. The reasons for this are unclear; neither is the extent to which tinnitus is experienced in this population.Objectives: The study aimed to describe the awareness and experience of tinnitus among young adults, with regard to its existence, causes, effects and management.Methods: A descriptive study design was employed using an electronic survey that targeted students within a selected school at a university in KwaZulu-Natal. There were 75 participants between 18 years and 30 years. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. To raise awareness about tinnitus, on completion of the questionnaire, all participants were given access to an information document about tinnitus, its causes and management.Results: The majority of participants (69.86%) were not aware of the existence of tinnitus. Thus, most of the participants did not know about the causes or effects of tinnitus. Tinnitus was experienced by 13.51% of participants themselves and 12.16% knew someone who suffered from it.Conclusions: The general lack of awareness of what tinnitus was, its causes and effects, has implications for audiologists who are involved in hearing health care across the age span. Hearing health promotion programmes targeted at young adults should include information on hearing loss as well as tinnitus and its management.
The Rudin–Shapiro Sequence and Similar Sequences Are Normal Along Squares
Authors: Müllner Clemens
Published: November 2017

We prove that digital sequences modulomalong squares are normal, which covers some prominent sequences, such as the sum of digits in baseqmodulom, the Rudin–Shapiro sequence, and some generalizations. This gives, for any base, a class of explicit normal numbers that can be efficiently generated.
On a long range segregation model
Authors: Caffarelli Luis A. , Patrizi Stefania , Quitalo Veronica
Published: November 2017

In this work we study the properties of segregation processes modeled by a family of equations

L(u_i) (x) = u_i(x)\: F_i (u_1, \ldots, u_K)(x)\qquad i=1,\ldots, K

where

F_i (u_1, \ldots, u_K)(x)

is a non-local factor that takes into consideration the values of the functions

u_j

in a full neighborhood of

x.

We consider as a model problem

\Delta u_i^\epsilon (x) = \frac1{\epsilon^2} u_i^\epsilon (x)\sum_{i\neq j} H(u_j^\epsilon)(x)

where

\epsilon

is a small parameter and

H(u_j^\epsilon)(x)

is for instance

H(u_j^\epsilon)(x)= \int_{\mathcal{B}_1 (x)} u_j^\epsilon (y)\, dy \:\: \mathrm {or} \:\: H(u_j^\epsilon)(x)= \mathrm {sup}_{y\in \mathcal{B}_1(x)} u_j^\epsilon (y).

Here

\mathcal{B}_1(x)

is the unit ball centered at

x

with respect to a smooth, uniformly convex norm

\rho

of

\mathbb R^n

. Heuristically, this will force the populations to stay at

\rho

-distance 1, one from each other, as

\epsilon\to0

.
Critical mass for infinite-time aggregation in a chemotaxis model with indirect signal production
Authors: Tao Youshan , Winkler Michael
Published: November 2017

We study the Neumann initial-boundary problem for the chemotaxis system

\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} u_t= \Delta u - \nabla \cdot (u\nabla v), & x\in \Omega, \, t>0, \\ 0=\Delta v - \mu(t)+w, & x\in \Omega, \, t>0, \\ \tau w_t + \delta w = u, & x\in \Omega, \, t>0, \end{array} \right. \qquad \qquad (\star)

in the unit disk

\Omega:=B_1(0)\subset R^2

, where

\delta\ge 0

and

\tau>0

are given parameters and

\mu(t):=\frac{1}{|\Omega|} \int_\Omega w(x,t)dx

,

t>0

. It is shown that this problem exhibits a novel type of critical mass phenomenon with regard to the formation of singularities, which drastically differs from the well-known threshold property of the classical Keller-Segel system, as obtained upon formally taking

\tau\to 0

, in that it refers to blow-up in infinite time rather than in finite time. Specifically, it is first proved that for any sufficiently regular nonnegative initial data

u_0

and

w_0

, (

\star

) possesses a unique global classical solution. In particular, this shows that in sharp contrast to classical Keller-Segel-type systems reflecting immediate signal secretion by the cells themselves, the indirect mechanism of signal production in (

\star

) entirely rules out any occurrence of blow-up in finite time. However, within the framework of radially symmetric solutions it is next proved that

\|u(\cdot,t)\|_{L^\infty(\Omega)} \to \infty \qquad \text{as } t\to\infty.
Mean quantum percolation
Authors: Bordenave Charles , Sen Arnab , Virág Bálint
Published: November 2017

We study the spectrum of adjacency matrices of random graphs. We develop two techniques to lower bound the mass of the continuous part of the spectral measure or the density of states. As an application, we prove that the spectral measure of bond percolation in the two-dimensional lattice contains a non-trivial continuous part in the supercritical regime. The same result holds for the limiting spectral measure of a supercritical Erdős–Rényi graph and for the spectral measure of a unimodular random tree with at least two ends. We give examples of random graphs with purely continuous spectrum.
The motivic Steenrod algebra in positive characteristic
Authors: Hoyois Marc , Kelly Shane , Østvær Paul Arne
Published: November 2017

Let

S

be an essentially smooth scheme over a field and

\ell\neq\mathrm {char}\: S

a prime number. We show that the algebra of bistable operations in the mod

\ell

motivic cohomology of smooth

S

-schemes is generated by the motivic Steenrod operations. This was previously proved by Voevodsky for

S

a field of characteristic zero. We follow Voevodsky's proof but remove its dependence on characteristic zero by using etale cohomology instead of topological realization and by replacing resolution of singularities with a theorem of Gabber on alterations.
Face numbers of sequentially Cohen–Macaulay complexes and Betti numbers of componentwise linear ideals
Authors: Adiprasito Karim A. , Björner Anders , Goodarzi Afshin
Published: November 2017

A numerical characterization is given of the

h

-triangles of sequentially Cohen–Macaulay simplicial complexes. This result determines the number of faces of various dimensions and codimensions that are possible in such a complex, generalizing the classical Macaulay–Stanley theorem to the nonpure case. Moreover, we characterize the possible Betti tables of componentwise linear ideals. A key tool in our investigation is a bijection between shifted multicomplexes of degree

≤ d

and shifted pure

(d–1)

-dimensional simplicial complexes
Particulate trimethylamine in the summertime Canadian high Arctic lower troposphere
Authors: Köllner Franziska , Schneider Johannes , Willis Megan D. , Klimach Thomas , Helleis Frank , Bozem Heiko , Kunkel Daniel , Hoor Peter , Burkart Julia , Leaitch W. Richard , Aliabadi Amir A. , Abbatt Jonathan P. D. , Herber Andreas B. , Borrmann Stephan
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Size-resolved and vertical profile measurements of single particle chemical composition (sampling altitude range 50–3000 m) were conducted in July 2014 in the Canadian high Arctic during an aircraft-based measurement campaign (NETCARE 2014). We deployed the single particle laser ablation aerosol mass spectrometer ALABAMA (vacuum aerodynamic diameter range approximately 200–1000 nm) to identify different particle types and their mixing states. On the basis of the single particle analysis, we found that a significant fraction (23 %) of all analyzed particles (in total: 7412) contained trimethylamine (TMA). Two main pieces of evidence suggest that these TMA-containing particles originated from emissions within the Arctic boundary layer. First, the maximum fraction of particulate TMA occurred in the Arctic boundary layer. Second, compared to particles observed aloft, TMA particles were smaller and less oxidized. Further, air mass history analysis, associated wind data and comparison with measurements of methanesulfonic acid give evidence of a marine-biogenic influence on particulate TMA. Moreover, the external mixture of TMA-containing particles and sodium and chloride (Na ∕ Cl-) containing particles, together with low wind speeds, suggests particulate TMA results from secondary conversion of precursor gases released by the ocean. In contrast to TMA-containing particles originating from inner-Arctic sources, particles with biomass burning markers (such as levoglucosan and potassium) showed a higher fraction at higher altitudes, indicating long-range transport as their source. Our measurements highlight the importance of natural, marine inner-Arctic sources for composition and growth of summertime Arctic aerosol.
The role of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) in determining the composition of ambient ions in the boreal forest
Authors: Bianchi Federico , Garmash Olga , He Xucheng , Yan Chao , Iyer Siddharth , Rosendahl Ida , Xu Zhengning , Rissanen Matti P. , Riva Matthieu , Taipale Risto , Sarnela Nina , Petäjä Tuukka , Worsnop Douglas R. , Kulmala Markku , Ehn Mikael , Junninen Heikki
Published: November 2017

Abstract. In order to investigate the negative ions in the boreal forest we have performed measurements to chemically characterise the composition of negatively charged clusters containing highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs). Additionally, we compared this information with the chemical composition of the neutral gas-phase molecules detected in the ambient atmosphere during the same period. The chemical composition of the ions was retrieved using an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (APi-TOF-MS) while the gas-phase neutral molecules (mainly sulfuric acid and HOMs) were characterised using the same mass spectrometer coupled to a nitrate-based chemical ionisation unit (CI-APi-TOF). Overall, we divided the identified HOMs in two classes: HOMs containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen-containing HOMs or organonitrates (ONs). During the day, among the ions, in addition to the well-known pure sulfuric acid clusters, we found a large number of HOMs clustered with nitrate (NO3−) or bisulfate (HSO4−), with the first one being more abundant. During the night, the distribution of ions, mainly composed of HOM clustered with NO3−, was very similar to the neutral compounds that are detected in the CI-APi-TOF as adducts with the artificially introduced primary ion (NO3−). For the first time, we identified several clusters containing up to 40 carbon atoms. These ions are formed by up to four oxidised α-pinene units clustered with NO3−. While we know that dimers (16–20 carbon atoms) are probably formed by a covalent bond between two α-pinene oxidised units, it is still unclear what bonding formed larger clusters. Finally, diurnal profiles of the negative ions were consistent with the neutral compounds revealing that ONs peak during the day while HOMs are more abundant at night-time. However, during the day, a large fraction of the negative charge is taken up by the pure sulfuric acid clusters causing differences between ambient ions and neutral compounds (i.e. less available charge for HOM and ON).
Comparison of the fast Lyman-Alpha and LICOR hygrometers for measuring airborne turbulent fluctuations
Authors: Lampert Astrid , Hartmann Jörg , Pätzold Falk , Lobitz Lennart , Hecker Peter , Kohnert Katrin , Larmanou Eric , Serafimovich Andrei , Sachs Torsten
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The properties of fast hygrometers, the Lyman-Alpha and different LICOR humidity sensors, are analysed in direct intercomparison flights on different airborne platforms. One vibration isolated closed-path and two non-isolated open path LICOR sensors were installed on the twin engine turbo-prop aircraft Dornier 128. The closed-path sensor provided absolute values and fluctuations of the water vapour mixing ratio in good agreement with the Lyman-Alpha. The signals of the two open-path sensors showed considerable high frequency noise, and the absolute value of the mixing ratio was observed to drift with time in this vibrational environment. On the helicopter-towed sonde Helipod with very low vibration level the open-path LICOR sensor agreed very well with the Lyman-Alpha over the entire frequency range up to 3 Hz. The results show that the LICOR sensors are well suited for airborne measurements of humidity fluctuations, provided that a vibrationsless environment is given, and this turns out to be more important than close sensor spacing.
Fungal loop transfer of N depends on biocrust constituents and N form
Authors: Aanderud Zachary T. , Smart Trevor B. , Wu Nan , Taylor Alexander S. , Zhang Yuanming , Belnap Jayne
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Besides performing multiple ecosystem services individually and collectively, biocrust constituents may also create biological networks connecting spatially and temporally distinct processes. In the fungal loop hypothesis, rainfall variability allows fungi to act as conduits and reservoirs, translocating resources between soils and host plants. To evaluate the extent biocrust species composition and N form influence loops, we created a minor, localized rainfall event containing 15NH4+ and 15NO3− and measured the resulting δ15N in surrounding cyanobacteria- and lichen-dominated crusts and grass, Achnatherum hymenoides, after twenty-four hours. We also estimated the biomass of fungal constituents using quantitative PCR and characterized fungal communities by sequencing the 18S rRNA gene. We only found evidence of fungal loops in cyanobacteria-dominated crusts where 15N, from 15NH4+, moved 40 mm h−1 and the δ15N in crusts decreased as the radial distance from the water addition increased (linear regression analysis: R2 = 0.58, F = 16, P = 0.002, n = 14). In cyanobacteria crusts, δ15N, from 15NH4+, was diluted as Ascomycota biomass increased (linear regression analysis: R2 = 0.50, F = 8.8, P = 0.02, n = 14), Ascomycota accounted for 82 % (±2.8) of all fungal sequences, and one order, Pleosporales, comprised 66 % (±6.9) of Ascomycota. The lack of loops in moss-dominated crusts and substantial movement of 15NO3− may stem from mosses effectively sequestering newly fixed N and fungi preferring 15NH4+ for amino acid transformation and translocation. No label entered A. hymenoides. Our findings suggest that minor rainfall events allow dark septate Pleosporales to rapidly translocate N in the absence of a plant sink.
Microbial Biobanking Cyanobacteria-rich topsoil facilitates mine rehabilitation
Authors: Williams Wendy , Schneemilch Mel , Chilton Angela , Williams Stephen , Neilan Brett
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Mining rehabilitation requires key solutions to complex issues relating to ecosystem function. In arid landscapes, the removal or disturbance of topsoil incorporating soil microbial communities can result in a shift in ecosystem function. Soil surfaces in arid regions are protected by biocrusts that regulate soil moisture, sequester carbon and fix significant quantities of atmospheric nitrogen. Cyanobacteria often dominate these bioactive surfaces and work as ecosystem engineers in that they are in sufficiently large quantities they initiate biocrust establishment and facilitate soil surface stabilisation. Cyanobacterial exopolymeric secretions form cohesive and protective layers at the soil surface that minimise wind erosion. This research encompassed soil microbial community profiling (using a polyphasic approach) with a focus on biobanking topsoil for rehabilitation purposes. The research was in collaboration with Iluka Resources at Jacinth–Ambrosia (J–A) mineral sand mine located in a semi-arid chenopod shrubland in southern Australia. At J–A diverse biocrusts included a significant representation of cyanobacteria, lichens and mosses that inhabited nearly half of all soil surfaces. Cyanobacterial community structure at J–A was comprised of a variety of species having a range of attributes that contributed to their resilience and survival in an arid environment. Stockpiling from shallow scrapings and storage at low profiles appeared beneficial in microbial biobanking cyanobacterial inoculum that would facilitate recovery over time. These studies have provided information for the establishment of a monitoring program that assesses the re-establishment of biocrusts following mining. Following soil stockpiling that occurred during the mining process, cyanobacterial taxa recovered at different rates. Cyanobacterial strategies central to survival include exopolymeric production, spectral adaptation, nitrogen fixation and motility. Biocrust re-establishment during mining rehabilitation relies on the role of cyanobacteria as a means of early soil stabilisation. Provided there is adequate cyanobacterial inoculum in the topsoil stockpiles their growth and the subsequent crust formation should take place largely unassisted. Ongoing monitoring of biocrust recovery is important as it provides an effective means of measuring important soil restoration processes.
Towards High Resolution Climate Reconstruction Using an Off-line Data Assimilation and COSMO-CLM 5.00 Model
Authors: Fallah Bijan , Acevedo Walter , Russo Emmanuele , Becker Nico , Cubasch Ulrich
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Paleo-proxy observations have been recently used to constrain the climate models through data assimilation (DA). However, both DA and climate models are computationally very expensive. Moreover, in paleo-DA, the assimilation period is usually too long for a dynamical model to follow the previous analysis state and the chaotic behavior of the model becomes dominant. The majority of the recent paleoclimate studies using DA have performed low or intermediate resolution global simulations along with an off-line DA approach. In an off-line DA, the re-initialisation cycle is completely removed after the assimilation step. In this paper, we design a computationally affordable DA to assimilate yearly pseudo and real observations into an ensemble of COSMO-CLM high resolution regional climate model (RCM) simulations over Europe, where the ensemble members slightly differ in boundary and initial conditions. Within a perfect model experiment, the performance of the applied DA scheme is evaluated with respect to its sensitivity to the noise levels of pseudo-observations. It was observed that the injected bias in the pseudo-observations does linearly impact the DA skill. Such experiments can serve as a tool for selection of proxy records, which can potentially reduce the background error when they are assimilated in the model. Additionally, the sensibility of the COSMO-CLM to the boundary conditions is addressed. The geographical regions, where the model exhibits high internal variability are identified. Two sets of experiments are conducted by averaging the observations over summer and winter. The dependency of the DA skill to different seasons is investigated. Furthermore, the effect of the spurious correlations within the observation space is studied and the optimal correlation length, within which the observations are assumed to be correlated, is detected. Finally, the real yearly-averaged observations are assimilated into the RCM and the performance is evaluated against a gridded observation dataset. We conclude that the DA approach is a promising tool for creating high resolution yearly analysis quantities. The affordable DA method can be applied to efficiently improve the climate field reconstruction efforts by combining high resolution paleo-climate simulations and the available proxy observations.
Thermocline state change in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific during the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation
Authors: Jakob Kim A. , Pross Jörg , Scholz Christian , Fiebig Jens , Friedrich Oliver
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The late Pliocene/early Pleistocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (iNHG) ~ 2.5 million years ago (Marine Isotope Stages [MIS] 100–96) stands out as the most recent major tipping point in Earth's climate history. It strongly influenced oceanographic and climatic patterns including trade-wind and upwelling strength in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP). The thermocline depth in the EEP, in turn, plays a pivotal role in the evolution of short-term climate phenomena such the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, and thus bears important consequences for the Earth's climate system. However, thermocline dynamics in the EEP during to the iNHG have yet remained unclear. While numerous studies have suggested a link between a thermocline shoaling in the EEP and Northern Hemisphere ice growth, other studies have indicated a stable thermocline depth during iNHG, thereby excluding a causal relationship between thermocline dynamics and ice-sheet growth. In light of these contradictory views, we have generated geochemical (planktic foraminiferal δ18O, δ13C and Mg/Ca), sedimentological (sand-accumulation rates) and faunal (abundance data of thermocline-dwelling foraminifera) records for Ocean Drilling Program Site 849 located in the central part of the EEP. Our records span the interval from ~ 2.75 to 2.4 Ma (MIS G7–95), which is critical for understanding thermocline dynamics during the final phase of the iNHG. They document a thermocline shoaling from ~ 2.64 to 2.55 Ma (MIS G2–101) and a relatively shallow thermocline from ~ 2.55 Ma onwards (MIS 101–95). This indicates a state change in EEP thermocline depth shortly before the final phase of iNHG. Ultimately, our data support the hypothesis that (sub-)tropical thermocline shoaling may have contributed to the development of large Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.
A General Lake Model (GLM 2.4) for linking with high-frequency sensor data from the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON)
Authors: Hipsey Matthew R. , Bruce Louise C. , Boon Casper , Busch Brendan , Carey Cayelan C. , Hamilton David P. , Hanson Paul C. , Read Jordan S. , de Sousa Eduardo , Weber Michael , Winslow Luke A.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The General Lake Model (GLM) is a one-dimensional open-source model code designed to simulate the hydrodynamics of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. GLM was developed to support the science needs of the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON), a network of lake sensors and researchers attempting to understand lake functioning and address questions about how lakes around the world vary in response to climate and land-use change. The scale and diversity of lake types, locations and sizes, as well as the observational data within GLEON, created the need for a robust community model of lake dynamics with sufficient flexibility to accommodate a range of scientific and management needs of the GLEON community. This paper summarises the scientific basis and numerical implementation of the model algorithms, including details of sub-models that simulate surface heat exchange and ice-cover dynamics, vertical mixing and inflow/outflow dynamics. A summary of typical parameter values for lakes and reservoirs collated from a range of sources is included. GLM supports a dynamic coupling with biogeochemical and ecological modelling libraries for integrated simulations of water quality and ecosystem health. An overview of approaches for integration with other models, and utilities for the analysis of model outputs and for undertaking sensitivity and uncertainty assessments is also provided. Finally, we discuss application of the model within a distributed cloud-computing environment, and as a tool to support learning of network participants.