bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education, Experience and Translator Certification as Signaling Mechanisms
Authors: Chan Andy Lung Jan
Published: February 2016

Alors que la demande en services de traduction a augmenté à cause de la mondialisation et de l’essor des technologiques de l’information et des communications, le caractère généralisé de l’usage d’Internet a également accru l’incertitude en matière d’embauche et, par conséquent, les coÛts de la recherche de traducteurs compétents. Afin d’examiner les effets indicateurs de la scolarité, de l’expérience et de l’agrément en traduction dans le processus de recrutement, Hong Kong a fait l'objet d'une étude de cas. Parmi les constats dégagés, mentionnons la fragmentation du marché de la traduction; le bas statut professionnel des traducteurs; le caractère généralisé de la traduction dans une deuxième langue; la surdépendance des employeurs envers le niveau de scolarisation comme indicateur de recrutement; une ignorance relative des divers agréments du domaine de la traduction; et l'importance accordée à l'expérience professionnelle et les connaissances en informatique. Même si le corpus de l’étude ne reflète que le marché de la traduction à Hong Kong, il pourrait s’en dégager des situations générales en matière de recrutement de traducteurs dans d'autres pays et régions bilingues.
Domesticating Pragmatics and Culture in Translation
Authors: Farghal Mohammed , Al-Hamly Mashael A.
Published: February 2016

La relation qui existe entre le Texte Source (TS) et le Texte Cible (TC) en traduction retient depuis longtemps l’attention des théoriciens de la traduction. Certains spécialistes, comme Nida (1964), Catford (1965), Newmark (1988), et De Waard et Nida (1986), perçoivent le TS comme un “original sacré” dans sa forme, dans sa fonction, ou dans les deux. D’autres théoriciens, tels que Vermeer (1989), Venuti (1995), Behl (2002), et Muhawi (2007), soutiennent, au contraire, que le traducteur doit devenir un participant actif dans la communication interlinguale s’il vise à offrir un TC naturel. Le présent article montre qu’il est essentiel de maîtriser le TC aux niveaux pragmatiques et culturels lorsque l’on traduit entre l’arabe et l’anglais. Il est proposé que le traducteur doit être sensible aux différences de force illocutoire, de normes de politesse, et des implicatures conversationnelles entre les deux langues. Cet article documente certains difficultés provenant des domaines sociaux, politiques ou religieux. L’authenticité des exemples cités est assurée par une sélection faîte, dans la plupart des cas, à partir de traductions publiées.
Ecrire un manuel de l'interprétation consécutive pour les étudiants au Japon
Authors: Ito-Bergerot Hiromi
Published: February 2016

A consecutive interpretation manual, the first manual written in Japanese about training students for five minutes consecutive interpretation, as practiced at ESIT, was published in 2009. As the teaching conditions prevailing at ESIT are lacking in Japan, shortcomings in terms of linguistic knowledge and training structures had to be taken into account in the conception of the manual. This paper describes the solutions adopted. Based on the writings of Seleskovitch and Lederer, it also integrates results of the research conducted on the difficulties of interpreting Japanese discourse. It contains exercises to improve trainees' linguistic knowledge and skill, such as playing the speaker's role, for enhancing public speaking skills in A and B languages. Several speeches in English and Japanese prepared by ESIT students are reproduced as examples. The chapter on note-taking is the most important part of the book. As the reproduction of notes in consecutive does not make the reader really understand the way notes are taken and interpretation rendered if he has never witnessed a 5-minute consecutive interpretation , the teacher's demonstrations of note-taking and interpretation were videorecorded. A DVD containing those video files and audio files of speech recordings by ESIT students and graduates is attached to the book.
Regulation and Function of miR‐214 in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Stevens Hannah C. , Deng Lin , Grant Jennifer S. , Pinel Karine , Thomas Matthew , Morrell Nicholas W. , MacLean Margaret R. , Baker Andrew H. , Denby Laura
Published: February 2016

Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) can contribute to the etiology of diseases, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Here we investigated a potential role for the miR‐214 stem loop miRNA and the closely linked miR‐199a miRNAs in PAH. All 4 miRNAs were upregulated in the lung and right ventricle (RV) in mice and rats exposed to the Sugen (SU) 5416 hypoxia model of PAH. Further, expression of the miRNAs was increased in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells exposed to transforming growth factor β1 but not BMP4. We then examined miR‐214−/−mice exposed to the SU 5416 hypoxia model of PAH or normoxic conditions and littermate controls. There were no changes in RV systolic pressure or remodeling observed between the miR‐214−/−and wild‐type hypoxic groups. However, we observed a significant increase in RV hypertrophy (RVH) in hypoxic miR‐214−/−male mice compared with controls. Further, we identified that the validated miR‐214 target phosphatase and tensin homolog was upregulated in miR‐214−/−mice. Thus, miR‐214 stem loop loss leads to elevated RVH and may contribute to the heart failure associated with PAH.
Fishing gear transitions: lessons from the Dutch flatfish pulse trawl
Authors: Haasnoot Tim , Kraan Marloes , Bush Simon R.
Published: February 2016

This paper focuses on the transition in the Dutch cutter fleet-targeting flatfish, from the conventional beam trawl to the pulse trawl fishing gear. In doing so, we explore the process of gear transition, presenting the challenges that fishers and policy-makers face. The pulse trawl technique represents a particularly controversial gear transition as it makes use of electricity, which has been banned by the European Union since 1988. However, it is seen by those developing it in the Netherlands as an important alternative fishing gear to the conventional beam trawl technique, which is becoming increasingly inefficient with rising fuel prices and well-documented impact on benthic habitats. By using a multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions as the analytical framework, we explore the development of the pulse trawl and the interaction between different levels. We also discuss the influence of technology-push on its transition into practice and regulation. This paper demonstrates the importance of social dimensions in the adoption of new fishing gears and in doing so contributes to our knowledge on how technological transitions in fisheries can be managed.
A comparison of the dose from natural radionuclides and artificial radionuclides after the Fukushima nuclear accident
Authors: Hosoda Masahiro , Tokonami Shinji , Omori Yasutaka , Ishikawa Tetsuo , Iwaoka Kazuki
Published: February 2016

Due to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, the evacuees from Namie Town still cannot reside in the town, and some continue to live in temporary housing units. In this study, the radon activity concentrations were measured at temporary housing facilities, apartments and detached houses in Fukushima Prefecture in order to estimate the annual internal exposure dose of residents. A passive radon–thoron monitor (using a CR-39) and a pulse-type ionization chamber were used to evaluate the radon activity concentration. The average radon activity concentrations at temporary housing units, including a medical clinic, apartments and detached houses, were 5, 7 and 9 Bq m −3 , respectively. Assuming the residents lived in these facilities for one year, the average annual effective doses due to indoor radon in each housing type were evaluated as 0.18, 0.22 and 0.29 mSv, respectively. The average effective doses to all residents in Fukushima Prefecture due to natural and artificial sources were estimated using the results of the indoor radon measurements and published data. The average effective dose due to natural sources for the evacuees from Namie Town was estimated to be 1.9 mSv. In comparison, for the first year after the FDNPP accident, the average effective dose for the evacuees due to artificial sources from the accident was 5.0 mSv. Although residents' internal and external exposures due to natural radionuclides cannot be avoided, it might be possible to lower external exposure due to the artificial radionuclides by changing some behaviors of residents.
Class in American Politics
Authors: Brewer Mark D.
Published: February 2016

Social class is a concept that has proven notoriously difficult to define despite the fact that seemingly everyone thinks they know what it means. Despite the ambiguity surrounding the concept, most would agree that social class involves differentials in resources, economic positions, and status among various individuals and groups in a particular society. Whether and/or how such differentials affect the political organization and governance of the society in question is the primary focus of analyses of class and politics. Many would claim that the place of social class in politics has been a central question of those who study politics since the time of Aristotle, who famously argued in his Politics that the type of government a city had was determined by which social class held political power. Still others would argue that the examination of class and politics goes back even further to Aristotle’s teacher Plato, who in his Republic had Socrates explain that a truly just city requires its inhabitants be divided into three groupings based on natural abilities (and also age)—rulers, guardians, and farmers and craftsmen—and charged the guardians with preventing both wealth and poverty from entering the city because of the fact that the presence of either inevitably corrupts justice. Either way, it is clear that the concern with how the two interact goes back a long time. This entry looks specifically the role of social class in American politics. While it was once asserted by some that the United States was a classless society, or at least a society where class was irrelevant in the nation’s politics, it is now virtually unanimously accepted that social class has mattered politically. The leading pieces of research on this matter are briefly addressed here.
Performance-based Research Assessment in Higher Education
Authors: Lucas Lisa
Published: February 2016

The phenomenon of Performance-Based Research Assessment (PBRA) in higher education is a national, regional, and global one. It is a broad-ranging area of research and commentary and not a field that is easy to capture or summarize. In attempting to do so, this article will predominantly draw upon the wide range of research that has been conducted on national systems of PBRA in higher education as well as the comparisons made of these different national systems. It will also address, however, the continued significance of “global league tables,” most notably the Academic Ranking of World Universities produced by Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China and the Times Higher Education Supplement University World Rankings in the United Kingdom. It is important to note that these PBRA systems are constantly in flux, so anything that is written can quickly become outdated. This article is organized in terms of themes, which capture the historical and political significance of predominantly national PBRA systems and the significance they have in challenging our ideas of universities, how they should be governed and funded and ultimately in potentially re-shaping the mission of higher education institutions and changing the work done by academics and the production of disciplinary knowledge. It is a diverse research field with a wide range of disciplinary perspectives that have been taken to investigate this topic and the span of disciplinary theories and methodologies, including disciplines such as statistics, policy analysis, and sociology. Those authors writing on PBRA in higher education are academics across all disciplines within the broad areas of the sciences, social sciences, and humanities as well as non-academic managers and leaders within higher education. It is an issue that is debated by individuals across the whole system of higher education. The literature can be broadly based within two areas, a perspective that views PBRA systems as a means to improve accountability and efficiency of research in higher education, which attempts to compare and contrast the PBRA systems and argue for the best and most efficient way of organizing them while recognizing that improvements must be made to ensure fairness and equity. The other is a critique of the whole project of PBRA systems, which are seen to be allied to neo-liberal and new public management ideological agendas and employs critical theoretical perspectives to show the deleterious impacts of such systems on knowledge production within universities and academic work and identity.
John Cassavetes
Authors: O'Brien James
Published: February 2016

John Cassavetes (b. 1929–d. 1989) was an American actor and filmmaker who wrote, directed, and acted in a catalogue of independent films he made over a forty-year career. Cassavetes directed twelve films—thirteen if one considers Shadows (1958) and Shadows (1959) as distinct works. With a close group of actors and crew, his works often featured Gena Rowlands (b. 1930), Seymour Cassel (b. 1935), Peter Falk (b. 1927–d. 2011), and Ben Gazzara (b. 1930–d. 2012). Despite early praise of Shadows (1958) by writers such as Jonas Mekas, reviewers were often unfavorable, uninterested, and/or unkind to the majority of Cassavetes’s films. Cassavetes won no major awards in the United States, though Rowlands, his chief collaborator and his wife, was nominated for an Academy Award twice, for her performances in his films A Woman Under the Influence (1974) and Gloria (1980). Cassavetes did receive a steady run of accolades near the end of his life. At that point, scholars and critics began to consider his works more expansively in terms of their aesthetics—including oft-cited characteristics of a certain brand of realism, naturalism, and echoes of cinéma vérité. The last three films of his career included two made within the studio system—Gloria (1980) and Big Trouble (1986). Released between these, Love Streams (1984), Cassavetes’s last independent film, was also well received in the United States, and it won first place in the Berlin Film Festival. He died in 1989 of cirrhosis of the liver. For the most part, scholarly writings about the films of John Cassavetes did not appear until the 1980s and 1990s. They have been in large part spearheaded and expanded upon by a small number of authors. Prominent among those writers is Ray Carney. This article began under Carney’s advisorship, and his early input (2011–2012) helped shape its scale and scope. It is not a comprehensive listing and annotation of the writings, but it represents a selection highlighting major trends and directions of response and examination.
Don Quixote in English
Authors: Childers William
Published: February 2016

Asked whether Don Quixote could become a bridge between North and South America, Jorge Luis Borges replied, “Yes, I think it would be a splendid idea. It has been a bridge between Spain and South America also. Because we think of Don Quixote as if we had written it” (Borges 1997, cited under Scholarly Tradition: Latin American and US Latino). Indeed, Cervantes’s novel is the acknowledged classic uniting the entire Spanish-speaking world. At the same time (though this is less widely understood), its impact on Anglo-American literature is unparalleled by any other foreign-language work. No serious writer in English since the 17th century has been free of its influence, and such major figures of the United States as Melville, Twain, and Faulkner have been enthusiastic readers. Cervantes’s masterpiece is thus uniquely situated to bridge the cultural traditions converging in the Latino experience. Moreover, Don Quixote has also left its impression on the literatures of immigrant communities that contributed significantly to US identity over the last two centuries, most notably those expressed in Yiddish and Russian. This pervasive presence is a testament to the place of the Hispanic element within the culturally heterogeneous Western Hemisphere, including those areas where English remains the predominant language. As the Latino element of North American identity comes to the fore, the relevance of the book for negotiating cultural understanding within and across ethnicities only grows stronger. Given its role as an established classic of world literature, integrating this work as part of Latino identity strengthens the prestige of a family of cultures all too often associated in the Anglophone media with the most negative effects of modernity: poverty, poor education, marginality. Always keeping in mind the particular relevance of this topic to Latino studies, this article surveys translations of Don Quixote into English and scholarship on its reception in England and the United States, at the same time as it provides a roadmap of the principal examples of that reception in fiction and essays, with some reference to stage and screen adaptations as well. Given the Latino studies focus, the British reception of the work is treated in a somewhat more cursory fashion, emphasizing the most historically important examples in order to allow a more expansive handling of the reading and recycling of Don Quixote in America.
On the brightness of surviving companions in type Ia supernova remnants
Authors: Noda Kazuhiro , Suda Takuma , Shigeyama Toshikazu
Published: February 2016

The progenitor systems for type Ia supernovae are still controversial. One of the methods used to test the proposed scenario for the progenitor systems is to identify companions that are supposed to survive according to the so-called single degenerate scenario. These companions might be affected by supernova ejecta. We present several numerical simulations of surviving red giant companions whose envelopes were stripped and heated. We find that red giants with less-massive helium cores (≲0.30 M⊙) can be so faint after the supernovae that we cannot detect them. In addition, we apply the results to the case of SNR 0509−67.5, and put constraints on the helium core mass, envelope stripping, and energy injection under the single degenerate scenario for type Ia supernovae.
High-precision analyses of Lyα damping wing of gamma-ray bursts in the reionization era: On the controversial results from GRB 130606A at z = 5.91
Authors: Totani Tomonori , Aoki Kentaro , Hattori Takashi , Kawai Nobuyuki
Published: February 2016

The unprecedentedly bright afterglow of Swift GRB 130606A at z = 5.91 gave us a unique opportunity to probe the reionization era through high-precision analyses of the redward damping wing of Lyα absorption, but the reported constraints on the neutral hydrogen fraction $(\!f_{\rm H\,{\small I}})$ in intergalactic medium (IGM) derived from spectra taken by different telescopes are in contradiction to each other. Here we examine the origin of this discrepancy by analyzing the spectrum taken by the Very Large Telescope (VLT) with our own analysis code previously used to fit the Subaru spectrum. Though the VLT team reported no evidence for IGM H i using the VLT spectrum, we confirm our previous result of preferring non-zero IGM H i (the best fit $f_{\rm H\,{\small I}} \sim 0.06$, when IGM H i extends to the GRB redshift). The fit residuals of the VLT spectrum using the model without IGM H i show the same systematic trend as the Subaru spectrum. We consider that the likely origin of the discrepancy between the two teams is the difference of the wavelength ranges adopted in the fittings; our wavelength range is wider than that of the VLT team, and also we avoided the shortest wavelength range of deep Lyα absorption (λobs < 8426 Å), because this region is dominated by H i in the host galaxy and the systematic uncertainty about host H i velocity distribution is large. We also study the sensitivity of these results to the adopted Lyα cross-section formulae, ranging from the classical Lorentzian function to the most recent one taking into account fully quantum mechanical scattering. It is found that the preference for non-zero IGM H i is robust against the choice of the cross-section formulae, but it is quantitatively not negligible and hence one should be careful in future analyses.
Conservative Management of Minimally Displaced (≤2 mm) Fractures of the Lateral Humeral Condyle in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Knapik Derrick M. , Gilmore Allison , Liu Raymond W.
Published: February 2016

Background:

Fractures to the lateral humeral condyle are common in the pediatric population and can lead to complications related to displacement of the fracture fragment. The ideal treatment for minimally displaced fractures (measuring ≤2 mm) is controversial.

Methods:

A systematic review was performed identifying and evaluating studies related to displacement of lateral humeral condyle fractures in pediatric patients. Databases included in this review were PubMed, Biosis Preview, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and EMBASE. We investigated the rate of subsequent displacement for minimally displaced fractures following immobilization, the time span in which fracture displacement occurs, and the complications related to displacement despite immobilization.

Results:

Our review of the literature found 6 studies that matched the search criteria. The risk of subsequent displacement in minimally displaced fractures initially treated with immobilization was 14.9% with fracture displacement typically occurring within the first week following injury. Malunion, nonunion, and loss of motion were the most commonly identified complications following subsequent displacement.

Conclusions:

For minimally displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle, appropriate diagnosis of fracture stability and fracture displacement with close radiographic follow-up 1 week following injury dictate the success of conservative management.

Level of Evidence:

Level II—systematic review of level-II or level-I studies with inconsistent results.
The Role of Molecular Technology and Prolonged Cultures in the Diagnosis of Fungal Prosthetic Joint Infections and Orthopedic-Related Devices
Authors: Domínguez Delfina C. , Camacho Elizabeth , Antony Suresh
Published: February 2016

Fungal infections involving orthopedic-related devices, including prosthetic joints, are a rare occurrence. However, the diagnosis is often difficult leading to prolonged and often unnecessary medical and surgical interventions such as antifungal medications and invasive orthopedic procedures. Candida parapsilosis is an unusual cause of prosthetic joint infection, and its diagnosis can be challenging. We present a case wherein the patient presented with a persistently swollen knee and negative cultures. The diagnosis was made by increasing culture incubation time and polymerase chain reaction. This case emphasizes the need for prolonged culture incubation every time samples are collected from prosthetic sites. Furthermore, to provide a prompt diagnosis, the use of molecular technology is highly recommended.
Streptococcus anginosus Purulent Pericarditis With Contiguous Hepatic and Subdiaphragmatic Fluid Collections
Authors: Cooper Joseph David , Gotoff Robert Alan
Published: February 2016

Streptococcus anginosus is a microaerophilic, catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci, which form small colonies and produce a characteristic caramel odor when cultured on blood agar. Purulent pericarditis is a rare clinical presentation caused by this microorganism. We present a 62-year-old gentleman with multiple medical comorbidities whom had worsening shortness of breath during the last month. He presented in cardiac tamponade and computed tomographic scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis revealed a large pericardial effusion with contiguous subdiaphragmatic and hepatic collections. Streptococcus anginosus was isolated from pericardial fluid, and the associated subdiaphragmatic and hepatic collections completely resolved after initial and emergent subxiphoid pericardial drainage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first known case of Streptococcus anginosus causing purulent pericarditis with associated subdiaphragmatic and hepatic collections which resolved after drainage.
Evaluation of the Treatment of Candiduria at an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Radosevich John J. , Nix David , Erstad Brian L.
Published: February 2016

To evaluate the epidemiology, management, and outcomes associated with candiduria in intensive care unit (ICU) and medical ward (MW) patients. This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary care academic medical center. Adult patients aged between 18 and 75 years who were admitted for at least 5 days with a urinary culture that grew a Candida species between July 2010 and June 2011 were included. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Laboratory data, urinary symptoms, risk factors for urinary and invasive candidiasis, treatment, and patient outcomes were collected and evaluated. Sixty-seven ICU and 65 MW patients met the inclusion criteria. ICU patients were more likely to have risk factors for invasive candidiasis and candiduria. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were the most frequently identified urinary isolates. Antifungal therapy was commonly initiated despite rapid replacement or removal of urinary drainage devices and a lack of patient reported symptoms. Fluconazole was the most commonly used antifungal agent, followed by micafungin. Hospital length of stay did not vary significantly between the ICU and MW groups (P = 0.0628). All-cause mortality was higher in the ICU patients compared with that of the MW patients (22.4% vs. 3.1%, P = 0.0012). Differences exist between ICU and MW patients that develop candiduria with respect to risk factors, and outcomes. Antifungals, including fluconazole and micafungin, were often used inappropriately (ie, asymptomatic patients) in this patient cohort. Efforts to improve healthcare provider awareness of the contemporary recommendations to manage candiduria are necessary to improve patient care and antifungal use.
Risk of Gastrointestinal Events During Lapatinib Therapy: A Meta-Analysis From 12,402 Patients With Cancer
Authors: Yang XiongWen , Pan Xiong , Cheng Xiaoshu , Kuang YuKang , Cheng YingZhang
Published: February 2016

Lapatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used as an anticancer therapeutic agent, has adverse events associated with treatment resulting in noncompliance and withdrawal from the therapy. Here, we performed meta-analysis of published clinical trials to determine relative risk (RR) and incidence of gastrointestinal events during lapatinib therapy in patients with cancer. A comprehensive literature search was performed and summary incidence, RR, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed-effects or random-effects models, depending on the heterogeneity of trials. Thirty-six trials with 12,402 patients were included; summary incidences of all-grade gastrointestinal events in patients with cancer were diarrhea 57.8%, nausea 30.8%, and vomiting 19.6%. Lapatinib combination with chemotherapy or any anti-HER2 mAbs were associated with significant risk of all-grade diarrhea [(RR 3.64, 95% CI, 2.96–4.49), (RR 2.89, 95% CI, 2.21–3.79), respectively] and high-grade diarrhea [(RR 11.25, 95% CI, 7.31–17.33), (RR 9.96, 95% CI, 7.23–13.72), respectively], and lapatinib combination with chemotherapy group showed a significantly increased risk of all-grade nausea (RR 1.54, 95% CI, 1.25–1.89). Lapatinib combination with chemotherapy or any anti-HER2 mAbs were associated with significant risk of all-grade vomiting [(RR 1.47, 95% CI, 1.12–1.93), (RR 1.30, 95% CI, 1.11–1.52), respectively]. Lapatinib combination with any anti-HER2 mAbs was associated with a significant risk of high-grade vomiting (RR 2.25, 95% CI, 1.41–3.61). This study revealed a significantly increased risk of diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting in patients with cancer receiving lapatinib, suggesting that appropriate clinical intervention and gastrointestianal protective agents should be emphasized.
Severe Thrombocytopenia Induced by First Infliximab Administration for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Nagai Yoshiki , Yokogawa Naoto , Shimada Kota , Sugii Shoji
Published: February 2016

Thrombocytopenia due to antitumor necrosis factorα agents is very rare. A 68-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis on methotorexate received infliximab (IFX). Three days after the first IFX infusion, she developed gingival bleeding, petechia, and gross hematuria. Her platelet count fell to 2000/μL. We administered a platelet transfusion and intravenous methylprednisolone. Three days after admission, her platelet count was 7000/μL and her bleeding persisted. After double filtration plasmapheresis, her bleeding stopped and her platelet count recovered over 2 weeks. Thrombocytopenia is a rare but severe complication of IFX. Double filtration plasmapheresis may be useful for removing IFX or possible antibodies against platelets when IFX remaining in the patient's blood interferes with improvement of the patient's condition.
The Relationship Between Mobility Dysfunction Staging and Global Cognitive Performance
Authors: Tolea Magdalena I. , Galvin James E.
Published: February 2016

Objectives:

To assess the relationship and the directionality between mobility and cognitive performance.

Method:

A cross-sectional analysis of a racially/ethnically diverse sample of 327 community-dwelling adults (mean age=68.9±9.9 y; range, 40 to 100 y) categorized as having no mobility dysfunction, upper-extremity (UE) impairment, lower-extremity (LE) impairment, or mobility limitation (both UE and LE impairments), and compared by global cognition with multiple hierarchical linear regression adjusted for sociodemographic, health, and mood factors. A bootstrapping mediation analysis investigated the directionality of the mobility-cognition association.

Results:

LE (Est.=−2.95±0.77, P=0.001) but not UE impairment (Est.=−1.43±1.05, P=0.175) was associated with a poorer global cognitive performance/impairment. The presence of mobility limitation had the strongest effect on cognition (Est.=−3.78±1.09, P<0.001) adjusting for sociodemographic factors, body composition, comorbidities, and mood. Mediation analysis indicated that the relationship between cognition and mobility likely operates in both directions.

Discussion:

The association between cognitive function and mobility follows a dose-response pattern in which the likelihood of poor global cognition increases with the progression of mobility dysfunction, with evidence that LE impairments may be better indicators of an impaired cognitive status than UE impairments. Using brief, valid tools to screen older patients for early signs of mobility dysfunction, especially when the LE is affected, is feasible, and may provide the first detectable stage of future cognitive impairment and provide actionable steps for interventions to improve performance, reduce burden, and prevent the development of physical disability and loss of independence.
Default Mode Network Functional Connectivity in Early and Late Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Lee Eek-Sung , Yoo Kwangsun , Lee Young-Beom , Chung Jinyong , Lim Ji-Eun , Yoon Bora , Jeong Yong
Published: February 2016

Background:

Default mode network (DMN) functional connectivity is one of the neuroimaging candidate biomarkers of Alzheimer disease. However, no studies have investigated DMN connectivity at different stages of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The aim of this study was to investigate patterns of DMN connectivity and its breakdown among cognitively normal (CN), early MCI (EMCI), and late MCI (LMCI) subjects.

Methods:

Magnetic resonance imaging data and neuropsychological test scores from 130 subjects (CN=43, EMCI=47, LMCI=40) were obtained from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. DMN functional connectivity was extracted using independent components analysis and compared between groups.

Results:

Functional connectivity in the precuneus, bilateral medial frontal, parahippocampal, middle temporal, right superior temporal, and left angular gyri was decreased in EMCI subjects compared with CN subjects. When the 2 MCI groups were directly compared, LMCI subjects exhibited decreased functional connectivity in the precuneus, bilateral medial frontal gyri, and left angular gyrus. There was no significant difference in gray matter volume among the 3 groups. Amyloid-positive EMCI subjects revealed more widespread breakdown of DMN connectivity than amyloid-negative EMCI subjects. A quantitative index of DMN connectivity correlated well with measures of cognitive performance.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that the breakdown of DMN connectivity may occur in the early stage of MCI.
Electroconvulsive Therapy in Italy
Authors: Buccelli Claudio , Di Lorenzo Pierpaolo , Paternoster Mariano , D'Urso Giordano , Graziano Vincenzo , Niola Massimo
Published: February 2016

Background

The use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is still very limited in Italy for ideological rather than scientific reasons.

Objectives

To describe the public controversies surrounding ECT in Italy and to propose a plan of action to resolve the dispute.

Methods

We describe the historical background and the current public controversies about ECT by reviewing the official documents issued by the entities involved in the debate and by reporting our personal experiences of ECT practice.

Results

According to the highest legal and health authorities, there are no ethical reasons for doubting the licit nature of ECT. However, because of politically and ideologically based conflicts, public ECT centers are still lacking. The situation could further deteriorate because local initiatives are endeavoring to criminalize and ban the treatment.

Conclusions

The enactment of specific regulations and guidelines concerning the use of ECT by the Italian government is highly warranted to increase the availability of the treatment. Education and information campaigns must strive to increase the knowledge of health professionals and the lay public regarding the safe and beneficial use of ECT.
Dynamics, morphogenesis and convergence of evolutionary quantum Prisoner's Dilemma games on networks
Authors: Li Angsheng , Yong Xi
Published: February 2016

The authors proposed a quantum Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game as a natural extension of the classic PD game to resolve the dilemma. Here, we establish a new Nash equilibrium principle of the game, propose the notion of convergence and discover the convergence and phase-transition phenomena of the evolutionary games on networks. We investigate the many-body extension of the game or evolutionary games in networks. For homogeneous networks, we show that entanglement guarantees a quick convergence of super cooperation, that there is a phase transition from the convergence of defection to the convergence of super cooperation, and that the threshold for the phase transitions is principally determined by the Nash equilibrium principle of the game, with an accompanying perturbation by the variations of structures of networks. For heterogeneous networks, we show that the equilibrium frequencies of super-cooperators are divergent, that entanglement guarantees emergence of super-cooperation and that there is a phase transition of the emergence with the threshold determined by the Nash equilibrium principle, accompanied by a perturbation by the variations of structures of networks. Our results explore systematically, for the first time, the dynamics, morphogenesis and convergence of evolutionary games in interacting and competing systems.
Universal recovery map for approximate Markov chains
Authors: Sutter David , Fawzi Omar , Renner Renato
Published: February 2016

A central question in quantum information theory is to determine how well lost information can be reconstructed. Crucially, the corresponding recovery operation should perform well without knowing the information to be reconstructed. In this work, we show that the
quantum conditional mutual information
measures the performance of such recovery operations. More precisely, we prove that the conditional mutual information
I
(
A
:
C
|
B
) of a tripartite quantum state
ρ

ABC

can be bounded from below by its distance to the closest recovered state

R

B
→
B
C

(

ρ

A
B

)

, where the
C
-part is reconstructed from the
B
-part only and the recovery map

R

B
→
B
C

merely depends on
ρ

BC

. One particular application of this result implies the equivalence between two different approaches to define topological order in quantum systems.
A novel polymorphism in nitric oxide synthase interacting protein (NOSIP) modulates nitric oxide and mortality in Human Sepsis
Authors: Mukherjee Ratnadeep , Singh Diwakar Kumar , Patra Rajkumar , Barman Pijus Kanti , Prusty Birendra Kumar , Thatoi Pravat , Tripathy Rina , Das Bidyut Kumar , Ravindran Balachandran
Published: February 2016

Nitric oxide, synthesised by three isoforms of Nitric Oxide synthases viz., nNOS by neurons, eNOS by endothelial cells and iNOS by phagocytes, performs a wide variety of biological functions in neurons, vascular endothelial cells and immune cells. Interaction between inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Nitric oxide synthase interacting protein (NOSIP) was observed both in human monocytes and mouse macrophages and in cell free systems by biophysical methods. A novel mutation in nitric oxide synthase interacting protein (NOSIP) determined NO levels produced by human monocytes and was associated with disease severity in Sepsis patients. The study reveals NOSIP as an important regulator of inflammation by virtue of its ability to influence nitric oxide production both in mice and in humans and opens up novel avenues for therapeutic strategies against acute inflammation. While the influence of this novel NOSIP polymorphism in cardio-vascular and neuronal functions could be a subject of future investigations, its role in determining disease severity and mortality of the ongoing Covid 19 pandemic will be of immediate relevance.
Systematic over-expression screens for chromosome instability identify conserved dosage chromosome instability genes in yeast and human tumors
Authors: Duffy Supipi , Fam Hok Khim , Wang Yikan , Styles Erin B. , Kim Jung-Huyn , Ang J. Sidney , Singh Tejomayee , Larionov Vladimir , Shah Sohrab , Andrews Brenda J. , Boerkoel Cornelius F. , Hieter Phillip
Published: February 2016

Somatic copy number amplifications (SCNAs) and gene over-expression are common features of many cancers. To determine the role of gene over-expression on genome stability, we performed functional genomic screens in the budding yeast for chromosome instability, a defining characteristic of cancer that can be targeted by therapeutics. Over-expression of 245 yeast genes increases chromosome instability by influencing processes such as chromosome segregation and DNA damage repair. Testing candidate human homologs, which were highly recurrently altered in tumors lead to the identification of 2 genes, Tdp1 and Taf12 that contribute to CIN in human cells when over-expressed. Rhabdomyosarcoma lines with higher levels of Tdp1 also show chromosome instability and can be partially rescued by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Tdp1. Using synthetic dosage lethality screens in yeast, we identified candidate target genes that will specifically target tumors with high levels of Tdp1. We demonstrate the utility of functional genetic screens in model organisms to broaden the spectrum of CIN genes, to identify novel genes relevant to chromosome instability in humans and to identify candidate gene targets that can be leveraged to selectively kill tumors over-expressing specific genes.
Reinvestigating the role of ERK5: kinase activity is not required for cellular immune response or proliferation
Authors: Lin Emme C.K. , Amantea Christopher M. , Nomanbhoy Tyzoon K. , Weissig Helge , Ishiyama Junichi , Hu Yi , Sidique Shyama , Li Bei , Kozarich John W. , Rosenblum Jonathan S.
Published: February 2016

Unlike other members of the MAPK family, ERK5 contains a large C-terminal domain with transcriptional activation capability in addition to an N-terminal canonical kinase domain. Genetic deletion of ERK5 is embryonic lethal and tissue-restricted deletions have profound effects on erythroid development, cardiac function and neurogenesis. In addition, depletion of ERK5 is anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic. Small molecule inhibition of ERK5 has been shown to have promising activity in cell and animal models of inflammation and oncology. Here we report the synthesis and biological characterization of potent, selective ERK5 inhibitors. In contrast to both genetic depletion/deletion of ERK5 and inhibition with previously reported compounds, inhibition of the kinase with the most selective of the new inhibitors had no anti-inflammatory or anti-proliferative activity. The source of efficacy in previously reported ERK5 inhibitors is shown to be off-target activity on bromodomains (BRDs), conserved protein modules involved in recognition of acetyl-lysine residues during transcriptional processes. It is likely that phenotypes reported from genetic deletion or depletion of ERK5 arise from removal of a non-catalytic function of ERK5. The newly reported inhibitors should be useful in determining which of the many reported phenotypes are due to kinase activity, and delineate which can be pharmacologically targeted.
Be the leader in your own life
Authors: Copeland Liz
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to discuss how aspects of leadership development can be used to enhance the coaching experience and how leadership skills can be applied to the process of personal change.

Design/methodology/approach

– The concept of “leadership in action in your own life” is being used by the author to promote positive attitude to change during the process of coaching. Reflections on this are shared here.

Findings

– Leadership is a role that can be taken on by anyone when they embark on personal change and having leadership attitudes can considerably aid the coaching process. Leadership should not be thought of as something that “only other people do”.

Practical/implications

– Coaches should be prepared to specifically call a client to leadership in their own life, offering leadership attitudes as a way of meeting the challenge of personal change.

Originality/value

– This paper describes the value of explicitly using leadership and leadership attitudes in any area of personal change and development, not just in leadership development.
Sports Marketing and the Challenges of Globalization: A Case Study of Cultural Resistance in New Zealand
Authors: Grainger Andrew , Jackson Steven J.
Published: February 2016

The message to international marketers has long been “think global, act local”, but the complexity of the issue has rarely been explored empirically. This analysis examines the notion of disjuncture herein defined as points of ambiguity, incongruity and conf lict that emerge when global sport-advertising campaigns are released within local cultural settings. The purpose of the paper is to move beyond the “think global, act local” adage by examining the politics and contradictions associated with local regulatory control of global sport advertisements in a specific national context, namely New Zealand.
Media Ownership of Pro Sports Teams: Who are the Winners and Losers?
Authors: Gerrard Bill
Published: February 2016

This paper analyses the media ownership of professional sports teams. The theory of vertical integration is used to identify internal efficiency gains, lower uncertainty and increased market power as general explanations. The industryspecific reasons are examined, particularly the importance of securing access to broadcasting rights. The potential implications for teams, leagues and fans are discussed. It is suggested that media ownership of teams may undermine the sporting and financial viability of leagues thus necessitating intervention by sports administrators and government regulators.
Adopting A Relationship Marketing Paradigm: The Case of the National Basketball Association
Authors: Cousens Laura , Babiak Kathy , Slack Trevor
Published: February 2016

This paper explores the adoption of a relationship marketing paradigm by the National Basketball Association. A contextualist framework was used to explore the context, content and processes of this change that evolved over a 17-year time period. Personal interviews were conducted with leaders of this league and over 80 documents were reviewed and content analyzed. The results of this study provide insights into relationship marketing and organizational change for sport managers.
Social impact of major sports events perceived by host community
Authors: Liu Dongfeng
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the social impact of major sports events perceived by host city residents using Shanghai as an example.

Design/methodology/approach

– Exploratory factor analysis based on 450 valid questionnaires.

Findings

– Research revealed six impact factors including four positive ones: “image and status,” “international exchange and cooperation,” “economic and tourism development,” and “infrastructure development.” In addition, two negative ones are also identified as “inconvenience of life” and “environment pollution and security concern.” Taken as a whole, the local residents in Shanghai have a relative positive perception of the impact of major sports events. Four out of six impact factors were significantly predictive of the attitude toward future bidding of major sports events.

Originality/value

– The existing literature mainly examined social impact of specific events through case study, and little is known about the overall perception of major sports events in general. Accordingly, this paper seeks to bridge the gap by taking an event portfolio approach using Shanghai as an example.
AXA UK, Real Life Supporters and Sponsorship of the Football Association Challenge Cup
Authors: Wilcox Ralph C. , Andrews David L. , Longmuir Maxine
Published: February 2016

The article examines AXA UK's decision to invest in a four-year, £25 million sponsorship of the English Football Association's Challenge Cup beginning with the 1998-99 season. Corporate profiles are provided for the sponsor along with a comprehensive socio-historical overview of the property. As a member of the French-based, multinational AXA Group, the relationship of this domestic sponsorship (offering worldwide exposure) to the company's strategic emphasis on “Thinking Globally” and “Acting Locally” is examined. The Sponsorship Team's careful selection of the property and formulation of strategic goals, challenges, creative themes, consumer targets, and partnerships is presented. Evidence suggests that AXA UK's decision to pursue sponsorship over advertising paid significant dividends through the first two years of the agreement.
In a Downturn or just Pausing for Breath?: An Objective Look at the State of The Sports Marketing Industry
Authors: Fenton William
Published: February 2016

Concerns about a slowdown in the sports marketing business have recently been expressed. A major conference, SportBusiness 2001, included a session asking if the boom was over. Assuming that the level of sponsorship activity is a key indicator of the real state of the industry, we conducted an analysis of the amount spent worldwide on acquiring sponsorship rights in 2000. This confirms that the recent spectacular growth has halved to a still-robust seven per cent. Further analysis undertaken of sponsorship agreements reported in the European press in 2000 provides evidence that the sponsorship medium is still fundamentally valid.