bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of the Genus Varecia: Contributions to biomechanics, pathology, and the relationship of periosteal reaction to muscle insertions
Authors: Orellana Elise Renee , Naples Virginia L. , Rothschild Bruce M.
Published: June 2021

The genus Varecia, the ruffed lemur, is endemic to the forests of eastern Madagascar. Despite the abundance and diversity of lemur behavioral studies, anatomical descriptions are quite limited, both phylogenetically and epidemiologically. Jouffroy's description of limb musculoskeletal anatomy in Daubentoni madagascariensis, Propithecus verreauxi and Lemur variegatus was apparently based on single animal dissections. These studies provide little anatomical perspective as to interspecific lemur diversity and intraspecific variation. Our dissection of Varecia forelimbs is intended to contribute to the general knowledge of these animals as well as variation. An understanding of the basic anatomical features of lemur musculature serves to assist in determining diagnoses in pathological studies. Periosteal overgrowth is a phenomenon not limited to lemurs, but dissection of a lemur affected by a disorder causing generalized periosteal reaction allowed clarification of the effect of periosteal reaction on muscle insertions. We observed that periosteal reaction, no matter how extensive, actually spared areas of muscle attachment. Extension of the currently limited knowledge on lemur anatomy can lead to important insights not just for locomotor and other lemur studies, but for clarification of pathological conditions that can affect species facing other challenges to survival.

Grant Funding Source: N/A
The application of low‐level laser therapy and natural latex protein in the sciatic nerve crushed
Authors: Dias Fernando J , Issa João P M , Coutinho‐Netto Joaquim , Fazan Valéria P , Calzzani Ricardo A J , Sousa Luiz G , Iyomasa Daniela M , Iyomasa Mamie M , Watanabe Ii‐sei
Published: June 2021

This study analyzed the effects of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT, 15J/cm2, 780nm) and natural latex protein (P1, 0.1%) in a crush injury (axonotmesis) of the sciatic nerve (15 Kgf, 5.2 MPa, 10 min) in rats. Fifty rats (male, 250g) were allocated into 5 groups (n = 10): G1 ‐ control; G2 ‐ injured nerve; G3 ‐ injured nerve and LLLT; G4 ‐ injured nerve and P1; G5 ‐ injured nerve treated with P1 and LLLT. After 4 or 8 weeks sciatic nerve was dissected and processed for histological quantitation (myelin area/nerve area, capillary density) and ultrastructural analysis. In both periods analyzed the histological quantification showed improvement with application of LLLT and P1. After 8 weeks of crush injury the data from the G4 and G5 are like to the G1 data; and capillary density was higher in G3, G4 and G5. The ultrastructural analysis also revealed improvements in morphological characteristics with the application of LLLT and P1 after 4 and 8 weeks after nerve injury. The groups 4 and 5 show more similar characteristics to the control group. The application of LTTT and P1 improved the recovery of nerve crush 4 and 8 weeks after injury. After 8 weeks the characteristics of the treated groups were more similar to the control and capillary density was higher, revealing time‐dependency in this recovery, overall the groups receiving the protein P1 associated or not with LTTT showed the best results.

Research support: FAPESP 2010/12018.
Histological characterization of abdominal aorta post endovascular autologous transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem cells (MSCs) in Porcine AAA Model
Authors: Rawal Bhakti , Gillespie Virginia , Patel Aesha , Maheta Bhagirath , Faries Peter , Marin Michael
Published: June 2021

Introduction

MSCs transplantation is being investigated in porcine AAA models for their potential to repair degenerated aorta. This study aims to characterize histological changes in the tissues of porcine AAA models post MSC transplant to build reliable methods of tracking the cells.

Methods and Results

MSCs were isolated from pig's bone marrow and expanded in vitro. Lenti Virus + GFP transfected to MSCs for 48 hrs. The cells are prepared with mixture of 10% sucrose, puramatrix and PBS. The AAA is induced and MSCs labeled with GFP are injected. The pig is sacrificed 2 wks post surgery and the tissues are collected and formalin fixed for histological staining such as H&E, Trichrome, Pearl, and Picrosirius red(PSR). IHC is performed to localize GFP positive cells. Figure 1A: IHC staining for anti GFP showing bright green signal ‐positive spindle cells at the border of Media and adventitia layer of the tissue. Cluster of MSCs showing two different morphologies, round and spindle shapes indicating differentiation of MSCs within the damaged region. Figure 1B: PSR stains showing distinct color gradient between new collagen fibers in green Vs. old collagen fibers. Figure 2A: H&E stain shows the presence of MSCs. Figure 2B: Trichrome confirms figure 1A findings.

Conclusion

The histology slides clearly make it easy to visualize MSCs in the aorta post transplant confirming that it is possible to localize and track MSCs.
Phylogenetic based variation in autism
Authors: Charvet Christine , Finlay Barbara L.
Published: June 2021

Variation in brains across mammals and within humans is characterized by inter‐correlations in brain region volumes, distinct allometric scaling for each brain region and the relative independence in limbic structure volumes from the rest of the brain. Autism is a disorder characterized by impaired communication and deficits in social reciprocity. Studies have implicated the limbic system and cerebellum in autism but these studies have yielded contradictory results. We hypothesized that autism is characterized by abnormalities in the variation in brain region volumes that is observed within and across species. We used MRI scans from the ABIDE and OASIS databases to estimate brain volumes and 9 of its subdivisions (e.g., isocortex) in 41 autistic and 69 control individuals ranging between 16 to 29 years of age. Variation in autistic brains resembles but also differs from the individual variation observed in controls. The slopes of each brain region regressed against the brainstem in autistic and control individuals are similar. Limbic structures scale with relative independence from the rest of the brain in autistic and control individuals. However, the cerebellum of individuals with autism varies relatively independently of other brain regions, exhibiting very larger or small cerebella for a given brain size. Thus, our data suggest that the pattern of variation in the cerebellum is abnormal in autism.

Grant Funding Source: N/A
The anatomy of the jawless fish head and the early evolution of vertebrates
Authors: Miyashita Tetsuto
Published: June 2021

No other structure better characterizes vertebrates than the head, with its intricate nervous innervations, highly specialized muscles, and massive skull. Did the first vertebrate possess all of those traits, or did early vertebrates acquire them in steps? Answers may lie in the jawless grade of vertebrates. Based on dissections, a histological analysis, and μCT imaging of cartilages, muscles, and nerves in hagfish and lampreys, I demonstrate that the biomechanics of jawless vertebrate head differs from that of jawed vertebrates in two distinct ways: linear muscle antagonism and elastic recoiling of the skeleton. I report structures in both hagfish and lampreys that either represent precursors to jawed vertebrate conditions (e.g., cardinal heart foreshadowing synovial joints; replacement of tooth plates mimicking that of the true teeth) or appear to be intermediate between two distinct tissues of jawed vertebrates (e.g., a cartilage functionally acting as a skeletal element but histologically identical to tendons). Evolutionary precursors to the jawed vertebrate conditions appeared in steps and transformed quickly at the origin of jaws. Coupled with the molecular genetic evidence, I present an evolutionary scenario for early vertebrates in which expression of the mandibular‐patterning Dlx pathway shifts via a series of specializations in feeding and respiratory structures.

Grant Funding Source: NSERC
Allometry and function of primate pelves
Authors: Lewton Kristi L.
Published: June 2021

Functional inference of locomotion in fossil primate pelves is difficult due to the effects of body size, phylogeny, and other non‐locomotor functions on pelvic shape. This study examines size and scaling of pelvic anatomy using phylogenetic comparative methods to determine aspects of the pelvis that may be affected by the loading requirements of both locomotor mode and body size. Three‐dimensional landmark data were collected on 787 pelves from 40 taxa ranging in mean body size from 0.25 to 270 kg. Ten linear dimensions were calculated and phylogenetic reduced major axis regressions were performed for each pelvic dimension on overall pelvic size at several taxonomic levels. At the primate‐wide level, tests of the null hypothesis of isometric scaling of pelvic dimensions were rejected for some ilium dimensions and for the cross‐sectional areas of the ilium and ischium, dimensions that have been suggested to be strongly related to the effects of locomotor loading. The height of the lower ilium scales with negative allometry, while ilium width and the cross‐sectional area of the ilium and ischium all scale with strong positive allometry; tests for Catarrhini, Platyrrhini, Lemuriformes, and Lorisiformes support the primate‐wide results (all results significant at p<0.05). These results suggest that as body size increases—and forces due to loading increase—the height of the ilium decreases to mitigate bending stresses, while the areas of the ilium and ischium increase to reduce bone strain. Primate pelvic anatomy is likely adapted to the combined effects of loading due to large body size and locomotion.

Grant Funding Source: NSF‐BCS #075–2575, The Leakey Foundation
SUV39H1 Orchestrates Centromeric Methylation Dynamics in Mitosis
Authors: Chu Lingluo , Liu Xing , Yao Xuebiao
Published: June 2021

Histone methylation performs multiple functions such as DNA replication, transcription regulation, heterochromatin formation, and chromatin condensation. How this methylation gradient is orchestrated in the centromere during chromosome segregation is not known. Here we examine the temporal dynamics of protein methylation in the centromere by SUV39H1 methyltransferase, a key mitotic regulator, using fluorescence resonance energy transfer‐based sensors in living HeLa cells and immunofluorescence of native SUV39H1 substrates. A quantitative analysis of methylation dynamics, using centromere‐targeted sensors, reveals a temporal change during chromosome segregation. These dynamics result in an accurate chromosome congression to and alignment at the equator as an inhibition of methylation dynamics using SUV39H1 inhibitor perturbs chromosome congression in living HeLa cells. Surprisingly, this inhibition of methylation results in a brief increase in Aurora B kinase activity and an enrichment of microtubule depolymerase MCAK in the centromere with a concomitant kinetochore‐microtubule destabilization and a reduced tension across the sister kinetochores with ultimate chromosome misalignments. We reason that SUV39H1 generates a gradient of methylation marks at the kinetochore that provides spatiotemporal information essential for accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis. Currently, we are uncovering the kinetochore substrates of SUV39H1 and understand how methylation of non‐histone proteins regulates kinetochore microtubule dynamics and chromosome plasticity in mitosis.
DNA‐binding studies of FOXO1 through site‐directed mutagenesis
Authors: Blunt Endia , Mottamal Madhusoodanan , Collins Chantelle , Johanson Kelly
Published: June 2021

Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is a malignant, skeletal muscle tumor that occurs primarily in older children and young adults. ARMS is frequently caused by the transcription factor, Pax3‐FOXO1, which retains the full Pax3 DNA‐binding domain and a truncated FOXO1 DNA‐binding domain. While the Pax3 domain has been thought to direct DNA binding, the ability of the truncated FOXO1 domain to bind DNA has never been directly tested. The overall goal of this project is to characterize the activity of the truncated FOXO1 DNA‐binding domain to help explain how transcription factors containing FOXO1 translocations target genes. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that the truncated FOXO1 DNA‐binding domain is predicted to have a folding pattern similar to the full length domain, is stable, and maintains similar DNA contacts. In the full length DNA‐binding domain, Arg225 and Ser235 are known to be important for maintaining DNA contacts, and these residues are also predicted to be necessary for DNA contact in the truncated system. Our previous studies have shown that Pax3‐FOXO1 can bind both Pax3 and FOXO1 recognition sequences in vitro. Here, we present our studies on the different affinity of Pax3‐FOXO1 for Pax3 and FOXO1 recognition sequences as well as the effect of Arg225 and Ser235 site‐directed mutagenesis on the affinity for these sequences.
Cadmium toxicity and small non‐coding RNAs in animal cells
Authors: Estrella Luis A , Cruz Andy W , Negron Juan A
Published: June 2021

Cadmium is an environmental hazard that causes cell damage. Cytotoxicity and cell death has been clearly demonstrated in liver and kidney. However, the specific toxic effect at the molecular level remains to be elucidated. In this study we have used Chinese Hamsters Ovary Cells (CHOs) to investigate the genetic and molecular mechanisms of cadmium toxicity. Cell viability assays, gene expression of metal binding proteins and non‐coding RNAs analysis have been done by Reverse Transcription Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTqPCR). Exposition of CHOs to μM concentrations of cadmium, showed a correlation with cell death, overexpression of metallothioneins, and down‐regulation and up‐regulation and small non‐coding RNAs. These results suggest a role of small non‐coding RNAs in cadmium toxic effects in animal cells. This work was supported by US Department of Education, Award # PO31C110181.
Superresolution Microscopy Studies of the Synaptic Localization of Neuromodulatory Proteins in Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Lochner Janis Elizabeth , Murphy Taylor , Shaver Daniel , Scalettar Bethe
Published: June 2021

Superresolution microscopy techniques, light‐based imaging techniques that can surpass the resolution limit imposed by diffraction, are beginning to play an increasing role in studies of synaptic physiology and plasticity. Neuromodulatory proteins implicated in memory‐related synaptic plasticity reside in densecore granules (DCGs) that are transported to both pre‐ and postsynaptic sites. We are using structured illumination microscopy (SIM), a superresolution imaging technique that can be used for multi‐color fluorescence imaging, to evaluate the position of DCGs relative to the active zone, the site where synaptic vesicles cluster near their release machinery. Additionally, we are evaluating if DCGs are targeted to a recently identified exocytic microdomain that is positioned lateral to the postsynaptic density. The enhanced resolution of SIM allows individual DCGs to be distinguished from DCG clusters, and the multi‐color capabilities of SIM provide more detailed synaptic localization data than were previously available using standard wide‐field and laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. This work is supported by National Institutes of Health grant 2 R15 NS40425–03.
Effects of size, buffer composition, number and position of tag on purity and yield of purification of histidine‐tagged proteins by immobilized metal affinity chromatography
Authors: Martinez Mireya N. , Odunuga Odutayo O
Published: June 2021

Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) is a popular technique used for large‐scale purification of proteins because of its high binding specificity, capacity and relative ease and cost of operation. Despite recent advances in improving the robustness of the technique, several factors still affect the level of purity and yield of proteins during IMAC. Using (His)6‐tagged proteins with comparably high level of expression, we are investigating the effects of factors such as protein size, number and position of tags, species of bivalent ions, buffer composition and commonly used additives on the purity and yield of purification in IMAC. Initial experimental data suggests that size of protein has significant influence on purity and yield of purification of (His)6‐tagged proteins using Ni2+ and Co2+ IMAC.
Induction of Foxo3a by nutrient deprivation regulates folliculogenesis
Authors: Barilovits Sarah , Newsom Kimberly , Nick Harry
Published: June 2021

The transcription factor Foxo3a impacts apoptosis, metabolism, and cell proliferation/differentiation, and is critical in ovarian folliculogenesis. Mice overexpressing Foxo3a in the ovary are infertile due to lack of follicular development, while Foxo3a−/− mice display infertility resulting from global follicular activation. Our cell culture data show that Foxo3a mRNA and protein expression is induced by both essential amino acid and glucose deprivation. We hypothesized that nutrient deprivation in mice would similarly upregulate Foxo3a expression, and potentially block follicular development. 5‐week‐old C57/B6 female mice were injected daily with 2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DG), a glucose‐deprivation mimetic, at increasing concentrations (100mg/kg, 300mg/kg, 600mg/kg or PBS). After two weeks, one ovary was used for RNA analysis, which showed that 100mg/kg 2‐DG caused a 4‐fold increase in Foxo3a mRNA. The contralateral ovary was formalin‐fixed and sectioned, and follicles were counted and classified. Mice treated with 100mg/kg 2‐DG had a 58% decrease in percentage of early‐stage primary follicles, while treatment with 600mg/kg 2‐DG resulted in a 32% decrease in these follicles. Our data demonstrate that nutrient deprivation induces Foxo3a in a mouse model, and that this induction results in a decrease of early‐stage activated follicles.

Research Support: McKnight Brain Institute Research Fund
Protective role of BLT2 receptor in mouse acute lung injury
Authors: Shigematsu Misako , Koga Tomoaki , Saeki Kazuko , Yokomizo Takehiko
Published: June 2021

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a biologically active lipid mediator for which two G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCR) have been identified, namely BLT1 and BLT2. Although BLT2 has been known as a low affinity LTB4 receptor expressed in epithelial cells of various tissues, the biological roles of BLT2 in vivo remain elusive. We recently identified an endogenously produced fatty acid, 12‐hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12‐HHT) as a high affinity ligand for BLT2, and that BLT2 is important in the maintenance of mucosal integrity and protects intestinal inflammation. Pneumolysin (PLY), a major virulence factor of S. pneumoniae, plays a key role in mortality associated with S. pneumoniae infection by its direct cytotoxic effect to the alveolar epithelium. To investigate the protective role of BLT2 expressed in lung epithelium, we administrated PLY intratracheally to wild type (WT) and BLT2 deficient (BLT2 KO) mice in vivo, and also mouse lung epithelial cell line MLE12 was treated with PLY in vitro. Preliminary experiments showed higher lethality in BLT2 KO mice and the dose‐dependent cytotoxicity in MLE12 that was attenuated in BLT2‐overexpressed cells, suggesting a protective role of BLT2 in S. pneumoniae infection.
Identification of sphingolipids as novel noninvasive biomarkers of liver damage caused by chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Qu Feng , Zheng Su‐Jun , Liu Shuang , Jin Ying , Zhang Jin‐Lan , Duan Zhong‐Ping
Published: June 2021

Sphingolipids are key components in the viral life cycle that affects host‐pathogen interactions. In this study, a total of 98 subjects were classified as either healthy control (n=28), chronic hepatitis B (n=23), cirrhosis (n=21), or acute‐on‐chronic liver failure patients (n=26), according to the clinical tests. The serum levels of 43 sphingolipids were detected by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Biometrical methods were used to identify and evaluate the potential biomarkers. Sphingolipid patterns differed substantially between the four stages. Sixteen sphingolipids were identified as potential biomarkers. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that 15 of them showed significant diagnostic performance (area under the curve (AUC) >; 0.7), especially in distinguishing cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis B (AUC >; 0.9). A marked improvement of diagnostic performance was achieved by combining biomarkers using logistic regression. Significant correlations between sphingolipids, measures of liver damage (MELD and Child‐Pugh scores) and HBV DNA levels were also obtained. Our study revealed that HBV alters sphingolipid metabolism, and sphingolipids hold promise as novel noninvasive biomarkers of HBV caused liver damage. Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2012ZX09301002–006)
Adenosine A2A Receptor Agonists Regulate Cholesterol Homeostasis in Mouse Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages (BMDM)
Authors: Voloshyna Iryna , Littlefield Michael J , Kaplan Laura , Rieger Jayson M , Figler Robert , Reiss Allison B
Published: June 2021

Objective

Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) mediate anti‐inflammatory changes in the vasculature. Here we report that A2AR ligation via administration of the specific agonist ATL313 or the adenosine‐releasing drug methotrexate (MTX) to apolipoprotein (apo) E−/− mice enhances expression of cholesterol efflux proteins: cholesterol 27‐hydroxylase and ATP binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1 and reduces scavenger receptor expression in BMDM.

Methods

Male homozygous apoE−/− (C57BL/6J) mice were randomized into 3 groups (n=8) and fed from age 10–20 weeks: regular chow [control], ATL313 300 μg/kg/day [AEA] or MTX 1mg/kg/week [AEM]. Femurs were dissected and cell suspensions obtained by flushing bones with DMEM. BMDM were generated by culturing cells for 7 days with MCSF. Expression of F40/80, ABCA1 and G1, 27‐hydroxylase, CD36 and LOX1 were evaluated by QRT‐PCR. Western blot confirmed results of PCR.

Results

In apoE−/− mice, A2AR activation raises 27‐hydroxylase mRNA (by 23.5±3.5% in AEA and 18.7±2.1% in AEM) and ABCA1 (by 38.9±5.4% in AEA and 45.7±8.3% in AEM). ABCG1 expression was unchanged. CD36 and LOX‐1 mRNA were downregulated in both AEA and AEM groups, compared to control.

Conclusions

A2AR ligation has an anti‐atherogenic effect on cholesterol transport that prevents lipid accumulation. Novel therapeutic approaches to cardioprotection may be directed toward improved cholesterol balance through A2AR activation.
Macrophage destruction and loss of immunoregulatory function contributes to the pathology associated with MRSA pneumonia
Authors: Kitur Kipyegon , Ahn Danielle , Parker Dane , Prince Alice
Published: June 2021

Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 produce numerous toxins that lyse specific population of leukocytes, including macrophages. We hypothesized that MRSA leads to immune dysregulation due to macrophage killing. We quantified macrophage gene products by qRT‐PCR and cytokine array after a 4‐hour exposure to MRSA USA300. THP‐1 cells significantly upregulated pro‐inflammatory cytokines including IL‐1β, IL‐1α, IL‐12 and MIP‐1α 4 hours after exposure to MRSA (≥2 fold each). Anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐27 (over 100‐fold, P<0.01) and IL‐10 (over 10‐fold, P<0.01) were induced 24 hours post‐MRSA infection. The cytotoxicity induced by MRSA was measured by LDH assay, cell viability by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry analysis. Low dose (MOI 10) MRSA killed 35% of THP‐1 cells after 2 hours and over 70% after 4 hours. Macrophage cell death was not associated with annexin‐V staining, but was caspase‐dependent, as Z‐VAD‐FMK, a pan‐caspase inhibitor, significantly reduced THP‐1 cells’ cytotoxicity (40% reduction; P<0.001). A α‐hemolysin null mutant of MRSA USA300 killed significantly less macrophages than wild‐type MRSA (19% vs 28%; P<0.01), consistent with the role of Hla in activating the NLRC3 inflammasome. These results suggest the leukocidal activity of MRSA targeting macrophages can result in loss of their immunoregulatory activity.
A certificate program to help bachelor's degree graduates transition into careers in the bioscience industry
Authors: Wallert Mark , Provost Joseph
Published: June 2021

Today's undergraduates majoring in biochemistry, molecular biology, or biotechnology commonly receive the knowledge and technical skills to excel in the academic environments of graduate and professional schools. When graduates with the same level of training enter bioscience (pharmaceutical, biochemistry, biotechnology, and other related areas) industry careers, their employers commonly report it takes six to twelve months for these new hires to become fully functional employees. Typically, the reason for this lag time is not related to the new employees understanding of scientific principles or even of their ability to function in a laboratory environment. The primary reason for this lag time is the new employee's ability to use their skill sets in the highly regulated environment of the bioscience industry. To assist graduates in making the transition from undergraduate training into the bioscience industry workforce, the MSUM has developed the Biochemistry and Biotechnology Industry Certificate Program. The four courses created as part of the Certificate Program will be presented along with the reasons for their inclusion in the program. Feedback from our consulting industry partners suggest that this training should decrease the time for new hires to become fully functional from six to twelve months to two or three months.
Vitamin K and cognitive function in healthy older adults. The NuAge Study
Authors: Ferland Guylaine , Presse Nancy , Belleville Sylvie , Gaudreau Pierrette , Greenwood Carol E , Kergoat Marie‐Jeanne , Morais Jose A , Payette Helene , Shatenstein Bryna
Published: June 2021

Evidence is accumulating from in vitro and rodent studies that vitamin K plays a role in brain and could have a positive effect on cognitive function, especially during aging. The present study examined cross‐sectional associations between vitamin K status and cognitive performance in 320 cognitively‐healthy men and women aged 70–85 y from the Québec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging. Vitamin K status was measured as serum phylloquinone concentrations. Verbal and non‐verbal episodic memory, executive functions, and speed of processing were assessed using 13 cognitive scores from 6 tests. The median serum phylloquinone concentration was 1.06 nmol/L (range, 0.08–23.57 nmol/L). After adjustment for covariates including diet quality and serum lipid profile, higher serum phylloquinone concentration (log‐transformed) was associated with better cognitive scores (Z‐transformed) on the second (β = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.13 to 0.82), the third (β = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.75), and the 20‐min delayed (β = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.82) trials of the RL/RI‐16 Free and Cued Recall Task, a test of verbal episodic memory. No associations were found with non‐verbal episodic memory, executive functions, and speed of processing. Overall, our study provides evidence for a role of vitamin K in episodic verbal memory among healthy older adults. This research was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Quality of Life (QOL), Depression and Physical and Gastrointestinal (GI) Symptoms in HIV‐Infected Patients on ART
Authors: Antwi Janet , Baum Marianna K , Martinez Sabrina S , Gracia Deborah , Greer Pedro , Barr Shakira , Campa Adriana
Published: June 2021

Objective

Health‐related QOL measures disease burden in chronic disorders. We evaluated QOL, depression, and physical and GI symptoms in HIV+ adults.

Methods

After consenting 191 participants, information on sociodemographics, depression and GI symptoms were collected. The Spitz QOL Index was used; score<8 and subscores <2 (activity, daily living, health, support and outlook) were considered poor QOL. CD4 count and viral load were obtained from records. Depression (scale ≥16) was assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.

Results

Participants were 66% male, 33% had depression and 17% had QOL score <8. In regression analyses, QOL score<8 was associated with depression (β=0.21,p=0.009) and fever (β=0.27,p=0.003). SQOL subscores were significantly associated with depression, except for daily living, after adjusting for other significant factors. Activity <2 was associated with lower CD4 count, (β= −0.20,p=0.004), female gender (β=0.22, p= 0.015), and constipation β=0.15,p=0.034) controlling for age and BMI.

Conclusion

Depression and GI symptoms impact QOL and need to be recognized early in the treatment of HIV+ patients to improve mental health and QOL.

Funded by NIAAA
Familiarity and Acceptance of Selected Korean Foods by Vietnamese and Brazilians
Authors: Kim Mi‐Hye , Kim Eun‐Ji , Chung Ji‐Hye , Shin Ji‐Eun , Woo Nariyha , Chung Hae Kyung
Published: June 2021

The speed of cultural exchange, including the adoption of novel foods, has accelerated with increased internet use and international travel. As the number of studies demonstrating the clear health benefits of Korean cuisine continues to grow, the resulting governmental efforts to promote Korean cuisine has also increased. We aimed to evaluate the familiarity and acceptance of Korean foods by randomly selecting 90 local foodies in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam and 203 local foodies in Sao Paulo, Brazil between June 2010 and August 2012. SPSS 12.0, t‐tests and Chi‐square tests were performed to compare the findings. Korean foods were consumed ≥2/wk by 42% of Vietnamese (VT) vs. <1/yr by 32% of Brazilians (BZ, p<0.001). Most frequently consumed by VT were Kimchi (7.7%), Kimchi Jjigae (7%) and Bibimbop (7%). BZ consumed Bulgogi (13.4%), Kimchi (10.7%), and Samgyeopsal/Galbi (6.3%), with Samgyetang (12.4%) and Bibimbap (15.5%) as desired items to try in the future. Preferred flavors of Korean foods were cited as spicy, strong spicy‐marinated flavor by VT, and sour taste by BZ. Disliked flavors were oily and sour by VT and smell, texture and spicy‐marinated flavor by BZ. The differences between VT and BZ should be considered in developing and introducing country‐tailored and localized menus and services.

Grant Funding Source: Korean Rural Development Administration (20120501–030‐503–001‐02–00)
My child is overweight? : How parental perceptions differ by race/ethnicity
Authors: Cardel Michelle , Dulin‐Keita Akilah , Gunnarsdottir Thrudur , Johnson Susan L. , Peters John C. , Hill James O. , Fernandez Jose R.
Published: June 2021

Low socioeconomic status (SES) and minority populations are at increased risk for overweight (OW), and parents that are unaware of their child's OW status are less likely to seek treatment. We examined the influence of parent's race/ethnicity and SES on parental perceptions of child weight status and concern for the child becoming overweight (CONCERN) among a racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of parents and normal and OW children ages 7–12. BMI was assessed via anthropometrics and OW was defined as BMI ≥ 85% for age, sex, and height. Parental perceptions of OW were measured via the Child Feeding Questionnaire. Of the 312 subjects, 53% were male, 39% were white, 34% were African American (AA), and 27% were Hispanic (HA). HA had a higher prevalence of OW (p<0.05), and HA and AA parents report significantly more CONCERN than whites (p<.0001). In parents of OW children, more than two‐thirds of parents in each racial/ethnic group incorrectly identified their child as normal weight. Among AA and HA parents, ~7% identified their OW child as being underweight. In whites, CONCERN was significantly correlated with parental ability to correctly identify weight status (p=0.0043). SES and child sex was not associated with CONCERN or parental ability to correctly identify weight status. This data suggests that among white parents only, concern for weight status was associated with correctly identifying child weight status.

Grant Funding Source: T‐32
Formative research to promote healthful diets among low‐SES, urban, African‐American adolescents: Individual and household level findings
Authors: Johnson Katherine Abowd , Lee Pollard Suzanne , Steeves Elizabeth Anderson , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: June 2021

African‐American adolescents living in low‐SES neighborhoods in Baltimore, MD face many obstacles to consuming a healthful diet, which contribute to high rates of obesity in this population. In‐depth interviews were conducted with low‐SES Baltimore youth ages 10–14 (n=15) and their adult caregivers (n=15) to investigate potential strategies to promote healthful food behaviors, including purchasing nutritious foods from small food sources. Several major themes emerged. Caregivers and youth consistently cited the same foods—salad, vegetables, and fruit—and baking as healthy, but rarely articulated other foods or less concrete dietary strategies like moderation or substitution. Informants described unstructured parenting styles around food and youth that exercised much control over household food decisions. Caregivers cited peers as influences on adolescents’ food purchasing and consumption; youth did not and often cited marketing and taste as more influential. This information was used to develop the B'more Healthy: Communities 4 Kids intervention, a multi‐level obesity prevention program. Research supported by National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) (grant # 1U54HD070725–02)
Relationship between 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and adiponectin levels in Blacks
Authors: Zarini Gustavo G , Shaban Lemia , Exebio Joel C , McLean Michael , Huffman Fatma G
Published: June 2021

This study examined the association of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and adiponectin levels in Blacks. This cross‐sectional study included Haitian (n=119) and African Americans (n=199) >; 35 years of age. They were recruited from multiple sources from Miami‐Dade and Broward Counties, Florida, U.S. Twenty ml of venous blood was collected from each participant after an overnight fast. Serum 25(OH)D and adiponectin levels were determined using ELISA methods. Analyses included t‐test, Chi‐square, Pearson's correlations and linear regression. Haitians had significantly lower 25(OH)D (P=.035) and adiponectin levels (P=<.001) as compared to African Americans. Regression analyses showed that after controlling for covariates, the association between 25(OH)D with adiponectin was only significant for African Americans (β=.194, SE= .051, P=.039). The model explained 9.3% of the variability in adiponectin levels. Race/ethnicity is especially disregarded in the Black population living in the U.S. Findings underline the importance of investigating biochemical markers in Black groups as separate and independent ethnicities. Funding for this research was provided through an NIH/NIDDK sponsored grant.
Do households that experience crop failure or price shocks reduce animal source food expenditures in rural Peru?
Authors: Humphries Debbie L , Crookston Benjamin , Schott Whitney , Dearden Kirk A , Behrman Jere R , Penny Mary E
Published: June 2021

Animal source foods (ASF) are rich in protein, iron, zinc and other nutrients essential for optimal growth and development. We hypothesized that price shocks or crop failure for rural Peruvian households led to reduced expenditures on ASF. Peruvian Young Lives household panel data (n=857) in 2006 and 2009 was used to characterize relations between these shocks and ASF expenditures per adult equivalent (AE) over the previous 15 days, adjusted to 2006 Peruvian soles. Between 2006 and 2009, 6.8% (n=58) of households experienced crop failure and 13.3% (n=114) experienced price shocks. In that same time period, average household ASF expenditures per AE increased by ~50% (19.0 soles+ 16.5 to 27.6 soles+ 18.5) and household ASF expenditures increased from 25.1% to 29.0% of total food expenditures. Experience of price shocks or crop failure did not significantly affect changes in total ASF expenditures or meat expenditures between 2006 and 2009. Crop failure was significantly associated with decreased expenditures on eggs. ASF expenditures and total food expenditures increased during this period, and total ASF expenditures and meat expenditures remained stable regardless of reported shocks to the household.
A fortified corn/soy atole increases linear growth and decreases morbidity over a 2.5 year period in urban Guatemalan toddlers and young children
Authors: Villanueva Lisa M. , Reinhart Gregory A.
Published: June 2021

A long term feeding study was undertaken in the Guatemala City municipal nurseries in February 2010 to evaluate the effects of micronutrient supplementation on iron status, growth and morbidity. Chispuditos®, a corn/soy atole beverage mix providing 21 vitamins and minerals (12 mg iron and 9 mg zinc per day) was fed to 317 children under the supervision of nursery staff. In children (n=55) that entered the study with HAZ<−2, HAZ scores improved from −2.59 at inception to −1.93 in June 2012 (P<0.01). The proportion of children with HAZ<−2 decreased from 16.5 to 8.20% (P=0.013) during this time period. The incidence of anemia at study initiation was 11.9% and decreased to 4.12% (P<0.01). Children that were anemic (hemoglobin, Hb, < 11.0 g/dL) at study initiation had Hb increase from 10.44 to 12.36 g/dL (P<0.01). The incidence of acute diarrhea decreased from 11.2% to 6.8% (P<.001), and acute respiratory infections decreased from 11.2% to 6.8% (P<0.001) in the general nursery population. Data from this nursery population suggest that improvements in iron status plateau within one year while improvements in linear growth continue. It is concluded that providing a micronutrient‐fortified atole results in sustained improvements in linear growth and decreased morbidity in this population. This study was supported by the Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition and Fundación Castillo Córdova.
The importance of hypercaloric diet components: alter metabolic parameters independent of time and the amount consumed and inflammatory only after prolonged intake
Authors: Francisqueti Fabiane V. , Nascimento André F. , Luvizotto Renata A. M. , Correa Camila R.
Published: June 2021

The aim was to evaluate the influence of short and long periods of high calorie diet on metabolic markers in plasma and inflammatory in adipose tissue. Male Wistar rats (10 weeks old) were divided to receive control diet (C, normal chow + water) or hypercaloric (DH, calorie diet + sugar water) for 6 or 24 weeks, constituting four groups: C6, C24, and DH6 DH24 (n = 8 animals/group). Were analyzed: final body weight (FW), adiposity index (AI), caloric and food intake (g), plasmatics metabolic parameters (blood glucose, triglyceride‐(TG), insulin, leptin, adiponectin, IL‐6 and TNF‐ α) and in adipose tissue (IL‐6 and TNF‐ α). Both experimental periods caused change in AI, blood glucose, TG, leptin, adiponectin and insulin in DH, even ingesting smaller amount of feed and no difference in caloric intake. However, only 24 weeks was associated with increased IL‐6 and TNF‐α only in adipose tissue. In conclusion, metabolic parameters were altered by the diet quickly, while inflammatory change in adipose tissue needed of a longer exposure to energy overload, showing that components of the diet are important, independent of the amount consumed.

Financial Support: FAPESP (2011/14132–0)
Childhood whole‐grain intake and young adult obesity
Authors: Flint Alan John , Field Alison , Rimm Eric
Published: June 2021

The authors conducted a prospective analysis of the relationship between intake of whole grains in childhood and the incidence of obesity in young adulthood, among participants in the prospective cohort Growing Up Today Study. Intakes were estimated from food frequency questionnaires administered annually in 1996–1998, when participants ranged in age from 9 to 16 years. Overall, 767 of the 10,302 children and adolescents aged 11 to 16 years who were not obese (below the 95th percentile weight for age and sex) in 1998 went on to become obese as adults (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) by the time they were 18 to 25 years of age in 2005–2007. The quintile category median intakes of whole grains ranged from 7.8 g/d to 32.4 g/d. Intake of whole grains (highest vs. lowest quintile) was inversely associated with incident obesity, RR 0.70 (95% CI 0.55–0.89), p for trend = 0.002, in multivariate models adjusting for potential confounding factors. Intake of total bran, RR 0.70 (95% CI 0.55–0.90), total germ, RR 0.69 (95% CI 0.54–0.88) and cereal fiber RR 0.74 (95% CI 0.58–0.95) were also inversely associated with development of obesity. These findings have implications for future dietary guidelines for children and the prevention of obesity in young adults.
Essential steps in the analysis of NHANES dietary data
Authors: Kranz Sibylle , Dodd Kevin , Juan WenYen , Johnson LuAnn K. , Jahns Lisa
Published: June 2021

Analyzing dietary intake data of nationally representative samples is a highly sought skill, especially in the pursuit of public health recommendations or the evaluation of dietary guidance. Although NHANES are publicly available data and the CDC provides guidance a number of analytical programs to help researchers conduct analysis, the merging of survey waves and calculation of average consumption is rather challenging. Analysts must be aware of changes that may have occurred between each 2 yr cycle of the continuous NHANES and FNDDS, the food and nutrient database used to calculate dietary intakes, including elimination or changes in food codes. Units of intake, e.g. g/100 kcals, g/100 g, or g/day, can impact findings and must be chosen in relation to the research question. We provide step‐by‐step instructions on the data manipulation required to analyze dietary intake data from NHANES 2003–2010. As our primary interest is the intake of MyPlate equivalents of food groups and subgroups (e.g., cup or ounce equivalents), individual food files were merged with the MyPlate Equivalents Database 2.0, the CNNP addendum to MPED 2.0 and an author‐developed list of proxy matched food items. The potential need for correcting data for the distribution of food groups or nutrients will be discussed.
Perception of maternity staff toward baby‐friendly hospital initiative accreditation
Authors: Bai Yeon , Wunderlich Shahla M , Fly Alyce D
Published: June 2021

The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) requires hospitals to create an environment conducive to breastfeeding for postpartum mothers. Baby‐Friendly hospitals have shown significant improvement of breastfeeding rates. This study describes staff's underlying beliefs that can promote or hinder BFHI accreditation. A sample of 20 maternity staff was recruited from 10 southern New Jersey hospitals during spring 2011, and completed a questionnaire framed under the theory of planned behavior. Six open‐ended questions were asked about BFHI process: two each to elicit behavioral, normative, and control beliefs. Participants were white females, 21.5±8.6 years of experience in maternity; 55% having post college education; 55% working toward BFHI accreditation in their facilities. Content analysis examined texts provided by respondents. Frequently mentioned consequence of accreditation was “increased breastfeeding rates, 65%”.” “Benefit to mom/baby, 80%” was the most frequently mentioned reason for supporting accreditation; whereas “resistant to change, 75%” was for disapproving it. Disapproving referents included administrators, 35% and physicians/pediatricians, 30%. Most mentioned barriers were “costly, 45%” and “ignorance, 45%.” Findings can be used to develop a quantitative instrument determining influential beliefs, thus providing directions for effective accreditation procedures.
Effectiveness of losing weight slowly for producing and maintaining weight loss in overweight and obese adults: 24 month results
Authors: Pacanowski Carly R , Levitsky David A
Published: June 2021

This study tested the efficacy of losing weight slowly in 1% decrements. Adults desiring to lose weight with a BMI ≥ 27.0kg/m2 that were not diabetic, pregnant, or had an eating disorder volunteered (n = 178) for the study and were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. The experimental group self‐weighed daily and logged their weight on a website that presented a graph of their weight with a line that was set initially at 1% lower than their starting weight. Once the participants achieved a stable weight at the 1% level, the line dropped another 1%. This continued until the participants reached a maximum of 10% loss. A significant difference in weight loss was found between the experimental group and the control group after 12 months (mean loss 1.0 ± 9.8 lbs vs 5.7 ± 12.9 lbs; p=0.019). Males showed a greater weight loss than females as indicated by a significant group by gender interaction (p=0.044). The experimental group maintained the lost weight through the next 12 months of the study (mean loss of 1.2 ± 15.0 lbs; p=0.5 versus 0). Future research that identifies individuals that would benefit from this type of self‐directed approach is necessary.

Grant Funding Source: Cornell University
A qualitative exploration of facilitators and barriers to weight‐loss maintenance in premenopausal women
Authors: Metzgar Catherine J. , Preston Amy G , Miller Debra L , Nickols‐Richardson Sharon M
Published: June 2021

Few women are successful at weight‐loss maintenance (WLM), due to a limited understanding of facilitators and barriers to achieving WLM. To explore facilitators and barriers to WLM, 7 focus groups were conducted with women who participated in a primary, 18‐wk randomized clinical trial that promoted weight loss with an energy‐restricted diet. Focus groups were held in a private room, tape‐recorded, and led by a moderator and co‐facilitator. Tapes were transcribed verbatim; phenomenologic analysis was used to evaluate transcripts for common themes. Women (n=23, mean±SD age: 39.4±6.2 y, BMI: 30.0±6.2 kg/m2) perceived awareness and mindfulness of food choices, exercise, support, accountability and self‐motivation as facilitators of WLM. Barriers included aging, heath status changes, internal factors, environmental pressures and lack of accountability or support. Consuming unprocessed foods; emphasizing fruits/vegetables, lean protein, whole grains and low‐fat dairy; planning ahead and being mindful of food choices and portion control; keeping a food journal; following consistent eating patterns of frequency and snack consumption; and maintaining a “fresh‐slate” mindset were additional strategies for WLM. Future interventions should target these facilitators and barriers to promote long‐term WLM in women.

Funded by The Hershey Center for Health and Nutrition, The Hershey Company, Hershey, PA.