bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Departments' Interdependence on Organizational Decision Making
Authors: Tjosvold Dean
Published: September 2011

The goal interdependence of departments was expected to affect how their representatives discussed an organizational decision. 54 undergraduates in business administration were assigned to be representatives of two different departments and were led to believe that their departments were to cooperate for mutual benefit, compete to outdo each other, or to seek their own individualistic interests. Compared with the competitively linked representatives, the cooperative and individualistc representatves integrated both departments' views into their recommendation for the decision. Perhaps because they more openly confronted opposing views, individualistic subjects, although they reported that they understood the other's position less, tended to demonstrate more knowledge of the other's preferences than did those in the other two conditions. Department representatives were not necessarily unresponsive to each other's views. Individualistic and cooperative but not competitive goal interdependence seemed to contribute to organizational decision making.
Relationships between Machiavellianism, Task Orientation and Team Effectiveness
Authors: Jones Robert E. , White Charles S.
Published: September 2011

In this study 115 graduate business students most of whom were men employed full time in technical-professional and management fields operated in 32 groups to compete in a management-simulation game. Group task orientation and Machiavellianism were significant predictors of the groups' effectiveness. Machiavellianism, task orientation, and their interaction accounted for 46% of the variance in the teams' effectiveness. Earlier studies found high Machs to be more successful than low Machs in face-to-face situations. This study extends the work on Machiavellianism in that the context offered little opportunity for meaningful face-to-face interaction among compering groups, yet groups scoring high in Machiavellianism made strategic and operating decisions which led to substantially more favorable outcomes.
Gender and Sex-Role Differences in Intimacy of Self-Disclosure
Authors: Grigsby James P. , Weatherley Donald
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship of gender and sex-role type to intimacy of self-disclosure. Participants wrote descriptions of themselves which were supposedly to be given to another person, whom they were led to believe they would later meet. Women were significantly more intimate in their self-disclosures than were men. Differences in intimacy of disclosure were also found for different sex-role types, but contrary to expectations, femininity was not positively related to disclosure. Instead, masculinity was negatively related to intimacy of self-disclosure.
Validity of Invalid MMPI Profiles: Floating Profiles Revisited
Authors: Edinger Jack D. , Hoffman Joseph , Burnette Edmund , Katranides Margaret
Published: September 2011

While much literature suggested that highly elevated MMPI profiles are of questionable validity, Newmark and Sines (1972) found that even profiles with elevations ≥70 T on scales 1–9 have clinical significance. The two studies reported here were designed to investigate further such “floating profiles.” In Study I, MMPI profiles from 67 male psychiatric inpatients who produced “floating profiles” were subjected to Veldman's Hierarchical cluster analysis and five floating profile subtypes were identified. In Study II the entire sample of floaters as well as the subtypes were compared with a randomly selected sample of 40 nonfloaters in terms of a number of demographic and clinical variables. Results generally suggested that individuals who produce floating profiles differ significantly from individuals who produce more traditionally “valid” profiles. Also, results supported the assumption that the floater subtypes represent unique personality types. Findings are compared with the Newmark and Sines (1972) results, and implications of the current research are discussed.
An Application of a Realistic Job Preview in an Instructional Setting
Authors: Erffmeyer Robert C. , Erffmeyer Elizabeth S.
Published: September 2011

This study, which applied the research findings on realistic job previews in a classroom setting, compared the effects of a “realistic” and “traditional” preview on students' initial classroom expectations, attitudes, classroom attrition, and performance. During registration, either a realistic or traditional preview booklet was placed in the registration materials of the 402 students enrolled in the class. During the first class period students were asked to predict their final grades for the course. A course evaluation was completed by each student at the end of the semester. Final course grades were obtained for each student as well as the identity of those students who had resigned from the course. No significant differences were found between the realistic preview group and the traditional preview group on any of the dependent variables. Regardless of the treatment group, the preview booklet was well received by the students.
Relationship between Machiavellianism and External Control among Italian Undergraduates
Authors: Galli I. , Nigro G.
Published: September 2011

148 Italian undergraduates (62 men and 86 women) responded to the Italian version of the Christie's Mach IV scale and to the Italian version of the Rotter's Internal-External (I-E) Control scale. The positive correlation between Machiavellianism and external locus of control of .40 was significant for men as well as for women. The results confirm previous findings that more external individuals tend to agree with Machiavellian positions than do internal persons. The implications of the findings were discussed.
Perceived Parental Power and Parental Identification among Armenian-American Adolescents
Authors: Proudian Armine
Published: September 2011

The study partially supported the social power model of parental identification for 64 female and 47 male Armenian-American adolescents. The results suggested a possible interaction of identification by sex and identification by perceived power. Perceived power and identification correlated moderately for the same rather than the cross-sex parents. Girls perceived mothers to have more power than boys, while they did not differ on the perception of fathers' over-all power. Fathers were perceived to be strongest in Outcome Control power and mothers in Referent power.
Intelligence and Learning of Learning Disabled Adolescents under Three Conditions
Authors: Scruggs Thomas E. , Mastropieri Margo A.
Published: September 2011

In further analysis of previously presented data Pearson correlations between scores on learning tasks and WISC-R IQs were computed for 90 adolescents diagnosed as learning disabled who had learned the hardness levels of 14 minerals under three conditions, keyword mnemonic, direct question, and free study. A statistically significant correlation of .44 was noted for students in the keyword condition vs .16 and .19 for free study and direct questions.
“Floating” MMPI Profiles and DSM-III Diagnoses
Authors: Newmark Charles S. , Chassin Pamela , Gentry Lee , Evans Dwight L.
Published: September 2011

DSM-III diagnoses of 55 hospitalized psychiatric male patients who produced “floating” MMPI profiles were obtained via retrospective chart review. A prospective study of 16 then was conducted to cross-validate the initial diagnostic findings The results from both investigations suggested that at least half of these hospitalized psychiatric patients received a DSM-III diagnosis of either borderline personality disorder or major depressive disorder. A paucity of schizophrenic diagnoses was noted.
Correlates of Career Choices of Women Volunteers
Authors: Jenner Jessica Reynolds
Published: September 2011

A study of 272 female volunteers aged 25 to 46 yr. explored the idea that the career role assigned to volunteer work is a function of life stage rather than of background differences. The data suggest that changes in the role of volunteer work are more likely to occur around the transition ages of 30, 35, and 40 yr. than at other ages. The majority of respondents indicated they consider their children's needs and opportunities before their own or their husbands', and the age of the youngest child was significantly related to change in reported volunteer hours. The respondents' emphasis on family and children leads to a recommendation for more research on children's ages as a factor in women's career choices.
Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny: Another Look at Three Androgyny Scoring Systems
Authors: Taylor Marylee C.
Published: September 2011

The scoring systems for androgyny proposed by Strahan, by Kalin, and by Bryan, Coleman, and Ganong are assessed as potential supplements to main effect terms for masculinity and femininity in regression analysis. Strahan's androgyny value, the sum of M and F, is completely redundant with the two main effect terms and would have no incremental value. The androgyny scores suggested by Kalin and by Bryan, et al. would each provide some general indication of the effect of balance between M and F scores. However, a more interpretable indicator of “balance androgyny” is the conventional (M × F) multiplicative interaction term.
Elimination of Positive Induction Effects in Discriminative Straight-Alley Performance by Sodium Amytal
Authors: Hovancik John R.
Published: September 2011

Following discriminative straight-alley training, rats were extinguished to S+ only or to an alternating S+ and S– trial sequence. Extinction was conducted after one-half of the subjects had been injected with sodium amytal while one-half were injected with saline. The saline subjects displayed a robust positive induction effect, i.e., subjects extinguished more slowly to S+ if S– trials were interspersed than if only S+ trials were given. This effect was not observed in the sodium amytal subjects. The results support an interpretation of positive induction in extinction based on the frustrative effects of nonreward.
Identification of Random Responders on the MMPI: An Actuarial Approach
Authors: Rogers Richard , Harris Michael , Thatcher Aileen A.
Published: September 2011

Actuarial methods were tested on 80 random profiles and 80 forensic evaluatees for discriminating between random and nonrandom MMPI profiles. Both a discriminant analysis approach and clinical decision rules were highly accurate (90% or better) at correctly classifying random profiles with findings consistent with previous research.
Relationships among Social Perception, Social Skill, and Social Anxiety of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Fingeret Allan L. , Monti Peter M. , Paxson Maryann
Published: September 2011

This study examined relationships among measures of social perception and social performance for 63 psychiatric patients. Simulated social situations with differing response alternatives were presented on videotape to patients who judged the most appropriate alternative of three. Patients also participated in role-plays, and their videotaped responses were later rated for social skill and social anxiety. Patients also responded to a self-report inventory of social behavior. Analysis indicated that social perception was correlated with social skill but not with social anxiety. Self-report measures were not correlated with either social perception or social performance. The possible role of social perception in social performance was discussed.
Parent Ego States and Attitudes toward Family Life and Children
Authors: Schill Thomas , Wang Selina L.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to relate Thorne and Faro's measure of parent ego state to child-rearing attitudes of college students. Results showed only limited support for the ego-state measure. Correlations were as expected for the nurturant-parent ego state but only for men. Few attitudes correlated significantly with the critical parent ego state.
Lack of Satisfaction in Post-Retirement Years
Authors: Blank Arthur M. , Ritchie Phil J. , Ryback David
Published: September 2011

To discover potential sources of difficulty associated with retirement and aging, a questionnaire was devised and administered to a sample of 32 retirees ( M age of 691 yr.) who had worked full time for at least ten years and were now working less than fifteen hours per week. Relationships between lack of satisfaction with post-retirement life and about half of various suggested sources of difficulty pertaining to retirement and aging were established by chi squared.
Respondents' Bias in Mail Surveys
Authors: Bloch Tova , Nebenzahl Israel D.
Published: September 2011

In addition to well known sources of bias inherent in mail surveys, the occurrence of respondents' bias is suggested. In an empirical study 16.7% of returned questionnaires were answered by someone other than the addressees, which produced a significant increase in the percentage of female respondents. The replies of the selected and of the self-selected respondents were significantly different on 8 out of 11 behavioral measures.
Methodological Adaptations in Assertiveness Training Programs Designed for the Blind
Authors: Ruben Douglas H.
Published: September 2011

The current research applies an “alternative” social skills training package with revisions in assertiveness for congenital and adventitious blind rehabilitation students. A series of 5 units covering philosophic concepts of blindness and practical techniques for an assertive repertoire comprised 2 assertiveness courses, each lasting 4 weeks ( Ns = 7, 6). Methodological revisions mainly included more auditory and gestural manipulations.
The Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale: Stability and Reliability under Conditions of Individual Administration
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Cobb Pamela N. , Gwynn Maxwell I.
Published: September 2011

The Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale (CURSS) was individually administered to 59 subjects on two occasions. All three CURSS suggestibility dimensions remained stable across sessions. In addition, experimenter's and subjects' self-ratings of overt response to test suggestions were highly correlated. Amnesia, scored as a continuous variable, also remained stable across sessions.
Follow-up Study of the Effectiveness of Emotive-Reconstructive Therapy
Authors: Morrison James K. , Heeder Robyn
Published: September 2011

A 3-mo. followup study of 44 clients receiving emotive-reconstructive psychotherapy indicated that this therapeutic modality seemed to produce a significant and stable reduction of problems on the Psychotherapy Problem Checklist.
Reliability of Retrospective Self-Reports of Physical Illness
Authors: Blotcky Alan D. , Grandmaison Sarah L. , Carscaddon David M.
Published: September 2011

Using a test-retest method, the present study investigated the degree to which physical health problems occurring during the past year can be reported reliably on a retrospective questionnaire. 62 undergraduate students were administered an illness questionnaire on two occasions separated by 14 days. Product-moment correlations between test and retest reports on six health measures were significant and ranged from .66 to .91. The current findings point to the reliability of illness-by-illness reporting as well as self-reports of incidence rather than duration of illness. Both acute and chronic illnesses seem to be reported reliably; men and women reported their health disorders in an equally accurate manner.
Doctoral Dissertations on Hypnosis: 1923–1980
Authors: Clark Barbara D. , Hungerford Lynn E. , Reilley Robert R.
Published: September 2011

The growing number of hypnosis-related dissertations accepted by American universities represents an index of the recognition of hypnosis as a legitimate subject of scientific inquiry. In recent years, the number of these dissertations has increased at a phenomenal rate. The purpose of this study was to review listings of doctoral dissertations relating to hypnosis during the period from 1923 to 1980. Factors studied included topics, dates of acceptance, and studies in disciplines other than psychology. Recent trends are also reviewed as a basis for the prediction of future developments.
A Contrasting Bipolar Jungian Method of Modeling Military Character and Nonmilitary Character
Authors: Mak Marshall
Published: September 2011

A forced-choice, bipolar, Jungian inventory of representative items inspired by the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory and the Self-directed Search was administered to a military sample of 73 U. S. Air Force (USAF) and U. S. Army (USA) Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) cadets and a nonmilitary sample of 74 civilian graduate students. Fourier transforms of the general trigonometric polynomial depicted from the graphed point plots of the statistically significant data indicated (a) a “direct-current” characterization of the military sample and (b) an “alternating-current” characterization of the nonmilitary sample. Equivalent system models were extrapolated from behavioral and clinical psychology, i.e., “paranoid” and “schizoid,” and personality psychology, i.e., “authoritarian” and “egalitarian.” The resulting characterizations from the physics model were pragmatically discussed as possible predictors of (a) identifying probable successful U. S. Service Academy enrollees, (b) profiling effective military recruiters, and (c) maximizing the potential combat effectiveness of the military unit.
Data over Time: How Much Tells the Story
Authors: Zlomke Leland C. , Piersel Wayne C.
Published: September 2011

Observational data on self-injurious behavior spanning 34 mo. is presented to illustrate the importance of a longitudinal analysis across multiple treatments. Five interventions were implemented to increase a subject's positive interactions and decelerate incidents of self-injurious behavior. Although data indicate a continual, steady decrease in the targeted self-injurious behavior, conclusions based on shorter segments of time, as are often reported, would possibly result in different interpretations. The importance of longitudinal analysis of low frequency, high intensity behaviors is discussed in relation to the impact that short-term data analysis can have upon decision-making and treatment.
Correlations between WISC-R IQS and Wide Range Achievement Test Grade Equivalents for Intellectually Gifted Students
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , Whorton James E. , Currie Billye B.
Published: September 2011

The significant correlations between the WISC-R and the Wide Range Achievement Test for a sample of 90 gifted youth were .19 for the Full Scale IQ and Spelling grade equivalents and .18 for the Verbal IQ and Spelling and accounted for little common variance.
“Green Stamp Therapy” Revisited: The Evolution of 12 Years of Behavior Modification and Psychoeducational Techniques with Young Delinquent Boys
Authors: Carpenter Patricia
Published: September 2011

Describes the evolution of techniques used in 16 groups for boys, 10 through 13 yr., 1968 through 1980, from a loosely structured format, incorporating behavioral reinforcets, into a highly structured, psychoeducational package that had some success in eliminating aggressive, disruptive behavior and substituting more controlled, cooperative actions. Reinforcers were initially S & H Green Stamps and over time, privileges, toys and recreational activities were added. Game techniques, tapes, role playing, and psychoeducational activities were emphasized, and a group identification fostered. Over 100 boys completed these groups. Statistical data in later groups indicated that empathy and feeling sensitivity significantly improved. Therapists' rating of “improved” were in the 60 to 70% range.
Influence of Recollections of Teachers' and Peers' Evaluations on Students' Self-Appraisals
Authors: Plax Timothy G. , Beatty Michael J. , Payne Steven K.
Published: September 2011

According to reflective appraisal theory, a person's self-statements are largely determined by what that person thinks significant others think about him. In the present study, teachers and peers were identified as significant others and the relationship between self-appraisal and recollections of teacher and peer appraisals was examined. Self-appraisals of subjects appeared to be partially a function of recollected teachers' appraisal; however, no effect was found for peers' appraisal.
Comparison of Diagnostic Test Scores through Use of a T-Score Table
Authors: Weller Carol
Published: September 2011

T-scores can be used to compare scores from standardized tests of ability and performance, simplify determination of intra-individual discrepancy, and lead to more appropriate assessment, diagnosis, and classification. A conversion table is presented.
Some Determinants of Attitudes toward Substance Use in an Urban Ethnic Community
Authors: Gary Lawrence E. , Berry Greta L.
Published: September 2011

Personal interview responses of a stratified random sample of 411 non-institutionalized black adults, 18 yr. of age and older, who resided in a large northeastern city showed sex, age, marital status, community involvement, racial consciousness, and religious involvement as significantly related to attitudes toward substance use. Educational status was not an important predictor of attitudes. Women, persons 65 yr. of age and older, and married respondents were less tolerant of substance use than men, persons less than 25 yr. of age, and those who were single. Respondents involved in church and community activities and those with a high level of racial consciousness were more likely to express intolerant attitudes toward substance use than those not so involved and aware. The significance of these findings and implications for programs for prevention of substance abuse and future research are discussed.
Genuine versus Simulated Responses on the Impact of Event Scale
Authors: Perkins David V. , Tebes Jacob A.
Published: September 2011

Construct validity established for the Impact of Event Scale does not include evidence that the scale can distinguish genuine responses from simulated ones, an important requirement for cognitively “transparent” measures subject to systematic distortion by demand characteristics of the test situation. Comparison scores from 35 students coping with recent parental death and 30 randomly selected students instructed to respond as though they recently had a parent die indicated that, as predicted for this measure, simulated responses involved uniformly high endorsement of all items, while genuine responses were lower in magnitude and varied more from item to item. The scale appears to be adequately sensitive to differences between genuine and simulated responses.
Use of Imagery Procedures with Students Labeled ‘Trainable Retarded’
Authors: Groden June , Cautela Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are described in which covert-conditioning procedures were modified for use with two students enrolled in a class for “trainable retarded” within the public school system. This seems to be the first reported use of covert procedures with this population. The design, which used a multiple baseline across behaviors, was utilized to study the effect of covert procedures on inappropriate motor behaviors. The design included phases in which strong requests to change behavior controlled the influence of demand. The request phase produced no consistent change in the rates of behavior, however, covert procedures did prove effective. Results suggest that both covert reinforcement and covert modeling techniques can be utilized effectively with retarded individuals in a school environment. This can be used to advantage in mainstreaming and integrating children with special needs.
Concurrent and Discriminant Validities of the Geriatric Depression Scale with Older Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Hyer Lee , Blount John
Published: September 2011

The assessment of depression among elderly persons has been difficult to accomplish. A new scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, however, has been developed to alleviate some of the conceptual and psychometric problems of other more widely used depression scales among older populations. In this study, scores of 61 older psychiatric inpatients were compared for the new scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. These groups did not differ on chronicity, education, or intelligence. Although there is much overlap between the two ( r = .73), there is also considerable independence. Most importantly, scores on the new scale were a more precise indicator of depression diagnosis than the Beck scores. Finally, the new scale was a better discriminator between two older groups, depressed and non-depressed, than the Beck scores.
Evaluating Effects of Nonclass Experiences on Students' Educational Aspirations and Academic Achievement
Authors: Waxman Hersholt C. , Sulton Larry D.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigates the extent to which high school students' participation in extracurricular activities affects their postsecondary aspirations and academic achievement. The Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills, the Brown-Holtzman Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes, and the Nonclass Experiences Questionnaire were administered to 119 high school students from a large urban school district. Two-stage least squares regression analyses indicate that nonclass activities have positive effects on students' educational aspirations but negative effects on students' academic achievement.
Sexual Fantasies of Black and of White College Students
Authors: Price James H. , Miller Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

The intent of the study was to obtain data on the incidence of sexual fantasies and on the relationship of sex and race to types of sexual fantasies listed on an original Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire. Participants were 128 college students between the ages of 18 and 34 yr., including 28 black women, 45 white women, 25 black men, and 30 white men. Analysis of responses to the 34 sexual fantasies led to conclusions that blacks were more likely to utilize fantasy during intercourse. Whites were more prone to feel guilt for having sexual fantasies. Blacks were less satisfied with their sexual relations. Both black men and women had higher mean frequencies than white men and women for fantasies involving aggression, homosexual behavior, oral and anal sex, and sex with someone of a different race.
Comparison of Clients' and Nonclients' Expectations of Counseling
Authors: Richmond Jayne
Published: September 2011

The Expectations About Counseling Questionnaire was used to measure subjects' expectations about a counselor's characteristics and the counseling relationship. Subjects were compared based on their previous experience in a counseling relationship, high and low Trait anxiety, and gender.
Prediction of Susceptibility to Substance Dependency
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Independent multiple regression equations for predicting susceptibility to either alcohol or opiates were double cross-validated. Criterion correlations were also significant when applied in field use with independent samples having established histories. Either equation, however, predicted either substance equally well, and the scores loaded on the same factor. A combined generalized equation proved valid for both substances.
Some Concurrent, Criterion-Related Data on Validity for the Quick Test Based on Three Canadian Samples
Authors: Violato Claudio , White William B. , Travis Leroy D.
Published: September 2011

Three separate studies of the criterion-related validity of the Quick Test are reported. In all three studies, IQ was measured with Form 2 of the Quick Test; IQs or raw scores were correlated with various variables. In the first study ( N = 65), positive and significant correlations between Quick Test IQs and standardized measures of academic achievement were found. In Study 2 ( N = 164) and 3 ( N = 170), positive and significant correlations were found between Quick Test raw scores and measures of memory performance. Even though this research is based on subjects from a very narrow range of age (5 to 10 yr.), substantial positive correlations were found between Quick Test scores and several variables. It is concluded that these data provide further evidence for the validity of the Quick Test as a test of intelligence.
Interaction of Teachers' Judgments of Students' Personality and School Performance
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Multiple judgments of school performance and students' personality by teachers interact and neither involve intelligence scores. Teachers' degree of “feelings of personal warmness” were a major factor in assessments.
When Will People Help? The Effects of Gender, Urgency, and Location on Altruism
Authors: Colaizzi Antoinette , Williams Kim J. , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: September 2011

It is important to determine when helpful behavior is likely to occur. The present experiment studied the effects of gender, urgency, and location on altruistic behavior. 64 phone calls were made by a woman who said her car had broken down and asked the person reached to call a number located either within or outside the person's calling district. Half of the callers said that this was her last dime (high urgency) and half that she had no more change (low urgency). 64 phone calls were made in a similar manner by male experimenters. The design of the experiment was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. All three main effects were significant. Women received assistance more rapidly than men; those with no money were helped more rapidly; and those asking for calls within the district were helped more quickly. Factors which facilitated altruism include amount of need, similarity to the person in need, and cost to the helper.
A Behavioral Decision Theory Approach to Modeling Dyadic Trust in Superiors and Subordinates
Authors: Butler John K. , Cantrell R. Stephen
Published: September 2011

The relative importances of five determinants of dyadic trust (integrity, competence, consistency, loyalty, and openness) were investigated from two perspectives: trust in superiors and trust in subordinates. Two experiments were designed from research on behavioral decision theory. The participants, 78 undergraduate management students, responded to cues that described hypothetical superiors (Exp. 1) and subordinates (Exp. 2). Responses indicated the amount of trust held in each of 32 superiors and 32 subordinates. Integrity, competence, and consistency were stronger than loyalty or openness as determinants of trust in one's superiors and in one's subordinates. There were no differences in the importance of any of the determinants of trust in one's subordinates versus one's superiors. Method considerations are discussed.
Relationships between Need to Appear Socially Desirable, Achievement Motivation, and Attribution of Academic Outcomes in Secondary School Students
Authors: Eyo Isidore E.
Published: September 2011

Measures of social desirability, achievement motivation and attribution of academic outcomes were administered to 415 Form Five students (201 men and 214 women) in secondary schools and a teachers' training college. The aim was to find out how the need to appear socially desirable correlated with the need to achieve and the attribution of academic outcomes for Nigerian students. Three patterns of relationship were discernible. Firstly, for men, there was a non-significant inverse relationship between the need to appear socially desirable and the attribution of academic outcomes, whereas, for women, the relationship was positive and significant, indicating that women appear to have a stronger need to attribute academic outcomes in ways that make them appear socially desirable. Another interpretation is that the need to appear socially desirable may tend to enhance the acceptance of personal responsibility for academic outcomes for men more than women. Secondly, the relationship between the need to appear socially desirable and the need to achieve was negative and significant for both men and women, indicating that both sexes seem to possess a need to achieve in socially desirable directions, even though the two needs develop inversely. Evidence from the literature points to the fact that such inverse development involving social desirability tends to be healthier for personality and behaviour. Thirdly, the correlation between attribution of academic outcomes and the need to achieve was nonsignificant for men but significant for women, indicating that the manner of attributing responsibility for academic outcomes is predictive of achievement motivation for women but not for men.
Effects of Ordinal Position on Academic Self-Concept
Authors: Griffore Robert J. , Bianchi Leonard
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to determine whether a relationship exists between birth order and academic self-concept. While previous studies have not consistently given evidence for such a relationship, it has been suggested that birth-order effects might be related to time of measurement and general cultural milieu. For a sample of 2116 children, academic self-concept was highest among boys but not girls who were only children. It was also generally higher among girls than boys, and generally lower among middle-born than among younger or oldest children. Also evidence indicated academic self-concept declines with age. These findings are discussed, in part, relative to time of measurement.
People Can Be too Perfect: Effects of Subjects' and Targets' Attractiveness on Interpersonal Attraction
Authors: Gallucci Nicholas T. , Meyer Robert G.
Published: September 2011

This study provided an explanation of selections of others to meet based on composites of qualities inputed to the others. Women, consensually identified as representative of one of three levels of attractiveness, made attraction responses to female targets consensually identified as representative of five levels of attractiveness. Attraction responses were attributions of personality traits and the selection of one target person to meet. Socially desirable attributions increased and the attribution of psychological disturbance decreased with targets' increasing attractiveness. The attribution of negative or egocentric qualities increased with targets' increasing attractiveness, except for targets of moderately high attractiveness, who were described as significantly less egocentric than targets of average and very high attractiveness. Targets of moderately high attractiveness were the overwhelming favorites for interaction. All results were uninfluenced by subjects' attractiveness. The results were discussed in terms of a social-exchange theory of human relations.
Atkinson's Inverse-U Curve and the Missing Cognitive Variables
Authors: Locke Edwin A. , Shaw Karyll N.
Published: September 2011

A 3 × 3 factorial design examined the effects of three degrees of feedback/feedforward (given before task performance) and three levels of objective probability of success on task performance. Subjective expectancy, personal goal, valence of winning a monetary prize, expectancy, and commitment to winning were measured as intervening variables. The experimental manipulations had no effect on performance. This and other replication failures indicate that Atkinson's widely cited 1958 finding of a curvilinear relationship between probability of success and performance is not very robust. However, three variables not included in his model, personal goal, valence and commitment, were significantly related to performance, with commitment showing the strongest relationship.
Innovativeness and Cognitive Complexity: A Second Look
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald E. , Nugent Nicholas
Published: September 2011

Innovativeness and cognitive complexity are hypothesized to be positively related. Since both constructs seem to be multi-dimensional, the methodological validity of the relationship is an especially important issue. Two studies were conducted using different measures of each construct. In the first, 82 undergraduates completed the Innovativeness Scale, the Open Processing Scale, and the Rep Test. The correlation between the two innovativeness scales was high, but the two with the cognitive complexity measure were non-significant. In the second, 81 undergraduates completed the Innovativeness Scale, the Open Processing Scale, and the Role Category Questionnaire. The innovativeness scales were highly correlated, but no significant correlations were found with the cognitive complexity measure. It seems that innovativeness is related, if at all, only with cognitive integration, not with cognitive differentiation.
Comparison of Reliability and Validity of Unweighted and Factor Scales
Authors: Rahim M. Afzalur , Psenicka Clement
Published: September 2011

Data on the Rahim Organizational Conflirt Inventory II, which measures the five styles of handling interpersonal conflict, such as integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising, were collected from a random national sample of 1,219 executives. Scales for the five conflict styles were constructed by an unweighted method (item averaging) and complete estimation and shorthand methods of factor scaling. A comparison of reliability and validity of the five scales of conflict styles constructed by the three methods indicated no superiority of the factor scaling methods over the unweighted method.
A Cognitive Analysis of the WAIS Similarities Task
Authors: Fulkerson Samuel C. , Cartwright Jerry L.
Published: September 2011

Attitudes and ratings of 8 word-pairs from Similarities given by 14 men and 19 women were analyzed. Mean number of attributes and an abstraction score did not vary across word-pairs. Various measures of overlap reflected difficulty of stimuli. Only word-pairs for which controlling number of attributes improved the correlation of abstraction and Similarities were those for which the correlation of abstractions and number of attributes was significant.
Marijuana Effects on Semantic Memory: Verification of Common and Uncommon Category Members
Authors: Block Robert I. , Wittenborn J. R.
Published: September 2011

Effects of smoked marijuana containing 10 mg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and placebo on retrieval of simple, real-world knowledge in semantic memory were studied. In Exp. 1, subjects (36 men, mean age 23.8 yr.) decided whether an item (e.g. apple) belonged to a specified category (e.g., fruit). In Exp. 2, subjects (40 men, mean age 22.8 yr.) decided whether two items (e.g., apple, peach) belonged to the same category. Marijuana did not alter the normal difference in reaction time between common and uncommon examples of categories, suggesting that effects of marijuana on associations do not derive directly from underlying, general alterations of semantic memory retrieval. Marijuana's effects were not influenced by the demands on memory retrieval or by providing advance information relevant to the required decisions, suggesting memory retrieval was not impaired by this dose of marijuana.
Cognitive Growth and Test-Retest Effects of Selected Conservation Abilities, Logical Groupings and Infralogical Groupings
Authors: Yore Larry D. , Ollila Lloyd O.
Published: September 2011

Performance on specific conservation tasks, logical and infra-logical grouping were repeatedly monitored for 83 boys and girls during Grade 1. The test-retest effects of the selected Piagetian interviews were also explored. Sizeable cognitive growth occurred during the first year of formal education; Grade 1 girls generally showed better cognitive development than the boys. The results did not indicate significant test-retest effects for the six tasks.
Relationships between Irrational Beliefs and Self-Report Indices of Psychopathology
Authors: Evans Robert M. , Picano James J.
Published: September 2011

As part of a larger study of beliefs, psychopathology, and criminal behavior, the Irrational Beliefs Test and the MMPI were administered to 125 inmates at a federal correctional institution. An initial correlation analysis between the Irrational Beliefs Test and three indices of psychopathology scored from the research scales of the MMPI indicated that greater belief irrationality was associated with increased maladjustment. The results provide important evidence of the validity for the Irrational Beliefs Test and secondarily support Ellis' 1962 theory of psychopathology.
Strategies for Evaluating Field-Placement Programs
Authors: Ware Mark E. , Millard Richard J. , Matthews Janet R.
Published: September 2011

This investigation describes two studies that evaluated the influence of undergraduate field-placement programs, using treatment and no-treatment comparison groups who were pre- and posttested on measures of inter-and intra-personal as well as career attitudes. No consistent differences between groups were noted. The investigation pointed out the need for data-based studies and the promise of a skills-assessment approach for evaluating field-placement programs.
Anxiety and Depression in Geriatric and Adult Medical Inpatients: A Comparison
Authors: Magni Guido , De Leo Diego
Published: September 2011

Anxiety and depression were evaluated for two groups of medical inpatients, one of 178 geriatric subjects, the other of 201 adults, using the Anxiety Factor Score and the Depression Factor Score derived from the SCL-90. The geriatric subjects scored higher than the adults for depression. The adults scored higher for anxiety, but also had high depression scores. Women of both groups scored significantly higher than men on the depression scale. Moreover, adult women reported a higher mean score than adult men on the anxiety scale. No significant difference emerged in relation to the type of organic disease among the adult patients, while among the geriatric patients, subjects with disorders of the CNS, muscular-skeletal apparatus and blood scored significantly higher on the depression scale than those with other diseases.
Prediction of Successful Weight Management from Personality and Demographic Data
Authors: Bolocofsky David N. , Coulthard-Morris Linda , Spinler Dwayne
Published: September 2011

The equivocal results of research on weight-management may reflect a failure to consider subject variables. This study evaluated the utility of using personality and demographic data as predictors of weight loss, weight maintenance, and drop-outs in two weight-management programs, behavioral and behavioral with the addition of hypnosis. Although significant prediction occurred, the variables related to weight loss were different from those related to weight maintenance and were specific to the treatment employed. A different subset of variables significantly discriminated drop-outs from those who completed the treatments. Data suggest a multidimensional approach can be used to predict success effectively in a weight program, provided consideration is given to the specific treatment.
Withdrawal and Matching Strategies in Reducing Attack-Instigated Aggression
Authors: Bertilson H. S. , Wonderlich S. A. , Blum M. W.
Published: September 2011

This article reports a conceptual replication of earlier work by Dengerink and Bertilson. For a random sample of attack-instigated subjects, the use of a withdrawal strategy by an opponent is the most effective way to reduce the subject's aggression. Dengerink and Bertilson demonstrated this effect using the Taylor reaction-time procedures. The present report of similar findings used the interpersonal communications task. A matching strategy was tested in both studies but reduced aggression more slowly than the withdrawal strategy. Matching and yoked-control groups did not differ from each other during any block of testing in these two experiments. This suggests that the reduction in shock settings by subjects in the matching condition is not due to the opponent's shock settings being contingent upon the subject's shock settings. These findings are limited to randomly selected attack-instigated subjects since Pisano and Taylor reported highly aggressive subjects, who were not attacked, reduced their aggression most rapidly to a matching strategy.
Rape and Post-Traumatic Stress in Multiple Personality
Authors: Coons Philip M. , Milstein Victor
Published: September 2011

An increased incidence of childhood physical and sexual abuse has previously been demonstrated in patients with multiple personalities. This disorder in women is also associated with an increased incidence of forcible rape during adolescence and adulthood by strangers or acquaintances. In a series of 17 women with multiple personality, 6 had been raped. A control group of non-dissociative disorder patients matched for age and sex yielded no instances of forcible rape. This high incidence of rape is thought to be related to the masochistic character traits which are common in multiple personality. The relationship of multiple personality and rape to post-traumatic stress disorder is explored. Treatment in group and individual therapy in which education and prevention were emphasized is described.
Effects of Chronic Shock on Cooperation: A Potential Model of Learned Chronic Pain Behavior
Authors: Goldberg Stephen G. , Cheney Carl D.
Published: September 2011

Pain, as a private experience, cannot be measured directly; it can only be inferred from pain-associated behaviors. An objective measure of such behavior is the observable impairment of functioning, e.g., a reduction in performance. It has been suggested that pain behaviors can eventually cease to be a function of neural activity and come under the control of external environmental contingencies. In an initial attempt to test this suggestion, pairs of rats were housed separately in chambers for the duration of the experiment. Their normal activity in this condition included lever-pressing for food on a cooperative schedule of reinforcement. The ratio of responses showed the division of labor. The grid floor of one chamber was then electrified at low amperage, reducing the proportion of responses made by that subject. This reduction was complemented by an increase in the amount of responding by the partner. Following termination of shock, baseline ratios were slow to recover, demonstrating chronically impaired functioning. These results support Fordyce's suggested etiology of chronic pain behaviors in humans.
Impact of Stress and Locus of Control on the Concept of Self
Authors: Clayson Dennis E. , Frost Taggart F.
Published: September 2011

This research examined the effects of stress and locus of control upon the concept of self. Rotter's I-E Scale, Holmes and Rahe's Stress Scale, and a Lawson's Modified Semantic Differential Self-concept Scale were administered to 659 blue collar workers. Analysis indicated that internal subjects with low stress had a higher mean self-concept and were more satisfied with their relationships with spouses than subjects who were externally oriented and under high stress.
Differences between Men and Women on Selected Tennessee Self-Concept Scales
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Williamson J. David
Published: September 2011

Differences in self-concepts of 19 men and 69 women, all university students, were investigated. Nine subscales and the total self-concept of the Tennessee Self-concept Scale were analyzed by t tests and omega-squared. Women scored significantly higher on 7 of the 9 subscales and the total self-concept. Men accounted for from 9 to 16% of the variance in scores on the Identity, Self-satisfaction, Behavior, Moral-Ethical Self, Family Self subscales and the total self-concept score. Other studies with a larger sample of men are needed.
Cost-Effectiveness of College Achievement by Androgynous Men and Women
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B. , Han Yu Ling
Published: September 2011

Androgynous college women ( n = 20) were superior in academic achievement to nonandrogynous women ( n = 20), and the better achievement was not associated with excessive stress. There was no achievement difference between androgynous ( n = 15) and nonandrogynous ( n = 16) men.