bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revealing the dynamic mechanism of cell-penetrating peptides across cell membranes at the single-molecule level
Authors: Zhai Yuhang , Li Siying , Wang Hui , Shan Yuping
Published: April 2024

The dynamic mechanism of three typical cationic (TAT48–60), amphipathic (MAP), and hydrophobic (Pep-7) cell-penetrating peptides interacting with cell membranes and the subsequent trans-membrane was revealed at the single-molecule level.
Correction: Development of bioactive and ultrasound-responsive microdroplets for preventing ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis
Authors: Zhang Yi , Dang Yi , Huang Maodi , Ma Yaping , Zhang Dingmei , Wang Xin
Published: April 2024

Correction for ‘Development of bioactive and ultrasound-responsive microdroplets for preventing ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis’ by Yi Zhang et al., J. Mater. Chem. B, 2023, 11, 11344–11356, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TB01726E.
Antisolvent polysulfone dielectric for ultrastable solution-processed high-performance conformal organic transistor array
Authors: Zhang Mingxin , Du Mengqiao , Tong Yanhong , Wang Xue , Sun Jing , Guo Shanlei , Zhao Xiaoli , Tang Qingxin , Liu Yichun
Published: April 2024

The solution-processed OFETs array based on polysulfone (PSU) dielectric shows the highest mobility up to 10.84 cm2 V−1 s−1 (1 Hz). Even crumpled 50 times, PSU dielectric OFETs show no significant decrease in electrical performance.
Incipient interturn fault detection for ONAN power transformers using electrothermal characteristic fusion analysis
Authors: Zhang Lijing , Sheng Gehao , Zhou Nan , Ni Zizhan , Jiang Xiuchen
Published: April 2024

Existing interturn fault detecting methods rely on winding impedance, winding current, and dissolved gases. They are effective only when the insulation is severely damaged. This paper proposes a novel detection method based on fusion analysis of electrothermal characteristics including winding currents, temperatures of four areas on the tank wall, top oil and ambient temperatures, which can identify the interturn fault at an early stage. When an incipient interturn fault occurs, the heat generated by the faulty turns is transferred to the oil and tank wall, leading to an increase in top oil and tank wall temperatures. Thus, the incipient fault can be detected by analysing these electrothermal characteristic parameters. Borrowing the idea of digital twin (DT), this method establishes a high‐fidelity simulation model to simulate the transformer electrothermal characteristics under different operating conditions. Afterward, an intelligent neural network is adopted to extract the quantitative relationship between the eight feature attributions and fault conditions. Finally, this neural network is utilized to detect the incipient interturn fault for the transformer entity. Case studies are conducted on a 100 kVA transformer with oil natural air natural (ONAN) cooling mode. The detection accuracy is improved by 68.5% compared to the winding current‐based method.
Strategies for equitable groupwork in the physics classroom
Authors: Shapiro Maura
Published: April 2024

Transparency when designing groups, assigning roles, and frequent discussion about values and contributions support better, more equitable participation.
Identification and epidemiological study of an uncultured flavivirus from ticks using viral metagenomics and pseudoinfectious viral particles
Authors: Kobayashi Daisuke , Inoue Yusuke , Suzuki Ryosuke , Matsuda Mami , Shimoda Hiroshi , Faizah Astri Nur , Kaku Yoshihiro , Ishijima Keita , Kuroda Yudai , Tatemoto Kango , Virhuez-Mendoza Milagros , Harada Michiko , Nishino Ayano , Inumaru Mizue , Yonemitsu Kenzo , Kuwata Ryusei , Takano Ai , Watanabe Mamoru , Higa Yukiko , Sawabe Kyoko , Maeda Ken , Isawa Haruhiko
Published: April 2024

During their blood-feeding process, ticks are known to transmit various viruses to vertebrates, including humans. Recent viral metagenomic analyses using next-generation sequencing (NGS) have revealed that blood-feeding arthropods like ticks harbor a large diversity of viruses. However, many of these viruses have not been isolated or cultured, and their basic characteristics remain unknown. This study aimed to present the identification of a difficult-to-culture virus in ticks using NGS and to understand its epidemic dynamics using molecular biology techniques. During routine tick-borne virus surveillance in Japan, an unknown flaviviral sequence was detected via virome analysis of host-questing ticks. Similar viral sequences have been detected in the sera of sika deer and wild boars in Japan, and this virus was tentatively named the Saruyama virus (SAYAV). Because SAYAV did not propagate in any cultured cells tested, single-round infectious virus particles (SRIP) were generated based on its structural protein gene sequence utilizing a yellow fever virus-based replicon system to understand its nationwide endemic status. Seroepidemiological studies using SRIP as antigens have demonstrated the presence of neutralizing antibodies against SAYAV in sika deer and wild boar captured at several locations in Japan, suggesting that SAYAV is endemic throughout Japan. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed that SAYAV forms a sister clade with the
Orthoflavivirus
genus, which includes important mosquito- and tick-borne pathogenic viruses. This shows that SAYAV evolved into a lineage independent of the known orthoflaviviruses. This study demonstrates a unique approach for understanding the epidemiology of uncultured viruses by combining viral metagenomics and pseudoinfectious viral particles.
Functional overlap between the mammalian
Sar1a
and
Sar1b
paralogs in vivo
Authors: Tang Vi T. , Xiang Jie , Chen Zhimin , McCormick Joseph , Abbineni Prabhodh S. , Chen Xiao-Wei , Hoenerhoff Mark , Emmer Brian T. , Khoriaty Rami , Lin Jiandie D. , Ginsburg David
Published: April 2024

Proteins carrying a signal peptide and/or a transmembrane domain enter the intracellular secretory pathway at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are transported to the Golgi apparatus via COPII vesicles or tubules. SAR1 initiates COPII coat assembly by recruiting other coat proteins to the ER membrane. Mammalian genomes encode two
SAR1
paralogs,
SAR1A
and
SAR1B
. While these paralogs exhibit ~90% amino acid sequence identity, it is unknown whether they perform distinct or overlapping functions in vivo. We now report that genetic inactivation of
Sar1a
in mice results in lethality during midembryogenesis. We also confirm previous reports that complete deficiency of murine
Sar1b
results in perinatal lethality. In contrast, we demonstrate that deletion of
Sar1b
restricted to hepatocytes is compatible with survival, though resulting in hypocholesterolemia that can be rescued by adenovirus-mediated overexpression of either SAR1A or SAR1B. To further examine the in vivo function of these two paralogs, we genetically engineered mice with the
Sar1a
coding sequence replacing that of
Sar1b
at the endogenous
Sar1b
locus. Mice homozygous for this allele survive to adulthood and are phenotypically normal, demonstrating complete or near-complete overlap in function between the two SAR1 protein paralogs in mice. These data also suggest upregulation of
SAR1A
gene expression as a potential approach for the treatment of SAR1B deficiency (chylomicron retention disease) in humans.
Meaning as referential work
Authors: Koole Tom
Published: April 2024

This epilogue to the Special Issue on Interactional Semantics discusses the contributions to the Special Issue in
relation to other research to support three arguments. (i) The choice of Interactional Semantics to take the referential function
of language (Jakobson) as its object of research is a welcome choice. (ii) The use of the term ‘meaning’ for this research object
is potentially confusing and could be replaced by ‘referential work’. (iii) A research topic which could be included in
Interactional Semantics and has not been articulated as such, is the way in which the choice of a referential expression
establishes the referent as a particular social reality and is a tacit proposal to the interlocutors to talk about this referent
in these terms.
When dissatisfactory experiences turn into conflict
Authors: Hernández López María de la O
Published: April 2024

Online reviews have partly become a complaints channel in which posters vent their negative feelings (Henning-Thurau et al. 2004), but the contents, as well as the way posters express their
opinions, may vary depending on the type of review, the platform, and the consumers’ expectations, among others. This study
explores 600 negative reviews in Spanish, posted to the outsourced review site Trustpilot about three different companies: Zara,
Airbnb, and Travelgenio. The aim of this study is to examine: (1) the themes that posters raise as the source of complaint or
conflict; and (2) the impoliteness formulae (Culpeper 2016) found in the three
datasets. The results show that reviews are structured around a limited set of themes and formulae, which range from rather
descriptive evaluations that report moderate dissatisfaction (Zara reviews) to highly aggressive reviews related to communication
problems and significant loss of money and time (Travelgenio).
Actional nominalization in Present-Day English in the light of
the Referenced Index of Competition
Authors: Fernández-Domínguez Jesús
Published: April 2024

The suffix ‑ment is a
nominalizer which has been portrayed as practically “defunct” (Anshen & Aronoff
1999: 24), although recent coinages cast doubts on conclusive
statements (Bauer et al.
2013). This investigation is based on nonce formations
from the BNC and COCA and aims at exploring nominalizations which
compete for the meaning action in order to understand the
current degree of productivity of the processes involved. This is
done through a corpus-based quantitative approach which considers
‑ment in the light of its relationship to other
competitors, e.g. ‑ing or conversion. The results
reveal that ‑ment is normally surpassed by other
processes, but also that it has found a niche of application which
secures a minimal productive status.
Competition of lexicon vs. pragmatics in word formation
Authors: Fukushima Kazuhiko
Published: April 2024

Pragmatic information (motivating an
onomasiological perspective) interacts and competes with formal
grammar (embodying a semasiological inclination), namely, the
lexicon and its formal word-formation mechanisms to give rise to
intricate patterns of argument structures of Japanese lexical V-V
compounds. The compound formation process involves argument
synthesis (argument matching) displaying intricacies
inexplicable without appealing to speaker intentions regarding
reference choices, argument designation preferences, perspective
adjustment, etc. Downplaying or denying interaction and competition
between the two domains above would undermine generalization,
analytical precision, efficiency, and creativity within
morphology.
Computational Description of Physical Systems
Authors: Anderson Neal G , Piccinini Gualtiero
Published: April 2024

This chapter introduces computational descriptions of physical systems (CDPSs), which are physical descriptions of physical systems (PDPSs) that map onto abstract computational definitions of computing systems (CDCSs) via physical-to-computational mappings (PCMs). Physical-to-computational mappings are dynamically self-consistent mappings from some or all elements of a PDPS to all elements of a CDCS, where dynamical self-consistency requires that the transformations of all computationally relevant physical states conform to the transformations of the computational states onto which they map. This minimal notion of a CDPS will be placed in the context of stronger alternatives in Chapter 4, where minimal qualifying criteria that any CDPS must satisfy are supplemented by additional criteria that give rise to stronger classes of CDPSs. The classification of CDPSs by the restrictiveness of the strength criteria they satisfy provides a useful and transparent strategy for evaluating claims that particular physical systems implement particular computations.
Unlimited Pancomputationalism
Authors: Anderson Neal G , Piccinini Gualtiero
Published: April 2024

This chapter considers unlimited pancomputationalism, which in its simplest form holds that every physical system implements every computation. It briefly reviews the origins of unlimited pancomputationalism and considers in detail the most precise and influential arguments that support it. It analyzes these arguments through the lens of our evaluation framework, reveals the underlying computational descriptions of physical systems employed in these arguments to be weak, and discusses what one must accept about the nature of physical computation to accept these arguments. It concludes that, in failing to satisfy criterion PCE (physical-computational equivalence) and thus failing to ensure that formal features of computations are fully and faithfully reflected in physical dynamics of systems taken to implement them, the physical systems employed in arguments for unlimited pancomputationalism lack meaningful signatures of computation. This undercuts the strongest arguments for unlimited pancomputationalism and identifies the missing ingredient responsible for their failure: physical-computational equivalence.
Discovery of New Genomic Configuration of Mating-Type Loci in the Largest Lineage of Lichen-Forming Fungi
Authors: White Kristin H , Keepers Kyle , Kane Nolan , Lendemer James C
Published: April 2024

The genetic architecture of mating-type loci in lichen-forming fungi has been characterized in very few taxa. Despite the limited data, and in contrast to all other major fungal lineages, arrangements that have both mating-type alleles in a single haploid genome have been hypothesized to be absent from the largest lineage of lichen-forming fungi, the Lecanoromycetes. We report the discovery of both mating-type alleles from the haploid genomes of three species within this group. Our results demonstrate that Lecanoromycetes are not an outlier among Ascomycetes.
Opportunities and Barriers to Pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship by Community Pharmacists
Authors: Alzard Shahd , Wen Jane , Huynh Nguyen Phuong Quynh , Shirkhanzadeh Shahrzad , Tso Jocelyn Y , Rabino Meynard , Vanevski Marijana , Bryant Penelope A , Buttery Jim , Haeusler Gabrielle M , Lim Angelina S
Published: April 2024

Community Pharmacists (CPs) are easily accessible and can advocate for the appropriate use of antibiotics in children. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 47 CPs and 46 parents/caregivers. Both groups expressed challenges to intervening when antibiotics have already been prescribed and highlighted the need for more support for CPs to make informed decisions.
Underreporting Supplements: A Case of Drug-induced Liver Injury Due to a Testosterone Booster
Authors: Manhas Ashna , Arnold Casey Genevieve , Bush Allison Marie
Published: April 2024

Acute liver injuries (ALIs) are caused by a wide range of etiologies, and determining the cause can often be challenging. Detailed history taking is essential in patients with liver injuries to promptly determine the underlying source of injury and for timely treatment and prognosis. A 27-year-old active duty man presented to the emergency department (ED) with jaundice. On medication reconciliation, he only reported taking acetaminophen for a recent upper respiratory infection. The patient had an ALI and was treated with N-acetyl cysteine for presumed acetaminophen toxicity. Initially, his liver-associated enzymes (LAEs) improved, but 2 weeks after discharge, he returned to the ED upon referral from ship medical for jaundice and worsening liver injury. Repeated query into the patient’s history revealed that he was using a testosterone booster supplement for 6 months preceding initial hospitalization. After evaluation of other etiologies for liver injury returned negative, drug-induced liver injury from the testosterone booster was determined to be the underlying etiology. With discontinuation of the supplement, his liver injury improved. Hepatotoxicity is a major concern in supplement use; however, it is largely underreported. Supplements are often not recognized or reported as medications by patients, leading to failure to identify them as potential toxicants. This case highlights the importance of including supplement education and questioning in the evaluation of ALI and maintaining a high index of suspicion when other common etiologies of liver disease are negative.
Bad Air and Boiled Horsehair
Authors: Fazal Tanisha M.
Published: April 2024

This chapter analyzes Civil War military medicine in two parts. The first part focuses on the role of disease, which was the primary killer in the Civil War. The second part focuses on the role of “medical logistics,” such as hospitals, staffing, evacuation, and data collection. Unlike the treatment of disease, which remained fairly rudimentary over the course of the war, the Civil War saw significant advancements in medical logistics. The chapter also contains an analysis of Civil War veterans’ benefits, with a focus on the historically expansive pension system set up after the war. Combined, the discussion of military medicine and veterans’ benefits provides a window into the long-term costs of the Civil War.
Introduction
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

In July 1864, in the fourth summer of the Civil War, the popular Northern journal Harper’s Weekly featured an article entitled “Fighting for Our Foes.” The article invoked the “terrorism under which the people of the rebellious States have long suffered”—the extortion, intimidation, and violence perpetrated by elite slaveholders against the Southern masses in order to keep “their white fellow-citizens ignorant and debased.”
March of Redemption
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

“Startling News from Washington—A Promising Victory Turned into a Disastrous Defeat.” So the New York Herald reported from Manassas, Virginia, where the Federals clashed with the Confederates on July 21, 1861, along a tributary stream of the Potomac River called Bull Run. As Lincoln and his allies regrouped in the wake of this alarming start to the war, three major challenges loomed: thwarting secessionists in the slaveholding border states, resolving the status of slaves who ran from their masters to Union lines, and finding commanders who would not just win battles but also set the right tone for the war effort. Addressing these challenges was politically delicate work. Northerners struggled to discern what sorts of policies—what combination of force and incentive—would break the spell of secession and bring the Southern rebels to their senses.
Sacred Soil
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

As McClellan’s army bore down on the rebel capital in May 1862, the Richmond Daily Dispatch conjured images of the “pollution” of her soil by the “hireling hoards of the North.” The city must be defended at all costs, it warned, for “to lose Richmond is to lose Virginia.” “To die in her streets would be bliss,” the paper intoned, and “would consecrate the spot anew, and wash it of every stain.” In Confederate eyes, McClellan’s grand campaign in Virginia epitomized the dark dreams of invasion and conquest that secessionists had long imputed to the abolitionist North. But Federal soldiers who moved up the Peninsula imagined themselves to be an army of liberation: they claimed Southern soil and Southern history as American, and imagined that Union victory would both regenerate the land and perpetuate the true legacy of the Revolution and of the Virginia Founders. On the Northern home front, defenders of an expanded confiscation policy aimed to punish treason and reward loyalty in the name of military necessity, while Lincoln, whose offer of compensated emancipation was rebuffed again by the border states, laid the groundwork for emancipation by presidential fiat in the insurgent states. In the face of renewed calls for colonization, African Americans staked their own claim, based on centuries of sacrifice and labor, to American soil and citizenship.
Countdown to Jubilee
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

Antietam was the victory Lincoln had waited for, and on September 22, 1862, in keeping with the secret pledge he had made to his cabinet, he promulgated his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. The document reiterated the standing offer to loyal slaveholders: if they undertook their own voluntary measures to gradually dismantle slavery, Lincoln would urge Congress to provide them with pecuniary compensation for their lost property and federal aid for colonization of the freedpeople. It reprised the major provisions of the Second Confiscation Act, underscoring that U.S. military forces would no more act as slave catchers: all slaves of rebels who came to Union lines or under Union occupation would be “deemed captives of war... forever free of their servitude and not again held as slaves.” But Lincoln’s edict also went beyond the earlier colonization proposals and Confiscation Acts. Levied under his presidential war powers, the preliminary proclamation was a warning: as of January 1, 1863, Lincoln told disloyal Southerners, “all persons held as slaves within any state, or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” Implicitly acknowledging both the self-emancipation of fugitive slaves and the army’s role as the beacon for flight, the proclamation promised that the federal government and military would “recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons” and “not repress... any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”
The Emancipation Proclamation
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

Lincoln inscribed the Emancipation Proclamation into law at 2:00 p.m. on January 1, 1863, after the conclusion of a three-hour New Year’s Day reception at the Executive Mansion. The president’s hand trembled as he wrote his name, a sign of physical wear from glad-handing with the public. But his sense of purpose was unshakeable. “I never in my life felt more certain that I was doing right than I do in signing this paper,” he said to Seward.
Rallying Point
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

“What Horror surrounds me! Here I am, helpless and bleeding, my flesh lacerated, my thigh-bone broken; the dead so ghastly, the dying and the wounded all about me; my regiment falling back, the enemy advancing. What will become of me?” The terror Union private Arthur van Lisle felt on September 19, 1863, the first day of the battle of Chickamauga, is palpable, even in words he wrote thirty years after the event. Van Lisle’s 1893 reminiscence continued, “My eyes are riveted to that glorious old banner.... Will it recover its lost ground and save the boys who fell where it first advanced? Will it ever reach me?”
Is This Hell?
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

In February 1864 Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick, a brash Union cavalry commander known for his bravery and recklessness, proposed to Stanton and then to Lincoln a plan for a raid directly on Richmond. Kilpatrick imagined that the raid would disrupt Confederate communications and supply lines, strike fear in the hearts of the city’s inhabitants, and free inmates languishing in Confederate prisons; Stanton directed that Kilpatrick’s raiders should also distribute hundreds of copies of the December 8 amnesty proclamation among civilians. The plan called for a carefully orchestrated joint action by Kilpatrick and his compatriot Colonel Ulric Dahlgren: Kilpatrick would attack Richmond with a force of 3,000 troops from the northwest, while Dahlgren and a smaller force assailed it from the south. The raid started promisingly enough. Setting out on February 28 and meeting little Confederate resistance, Kilpatrick’s troopers reached Richmond’s outer fortifications by March 1, 1864. But then the mission went off the rails. Under artillery fire from the Confederates, Kilpatrick lost his nerve and retreated, leaving Dahlgren’s men isolated and forcing them to retreat as well. Groping their way through hostile terrain, under rebel pursuit in the darkness of night, Dahlgren and some ninety of his men got separated from the rest of his command and then ambushed on March 2 by rebel cavalry. The young colonel was killed and all but twenty-one of his soldiers captured.
Campaign Season
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

“Atlanta is ours, and fairly won,” read William Sherman’s September 3, 1864, dispatch to Washington, D.C., announcing his capture of the rebel stronghold. “Since the 5th of May, we have been in one constant battle or skirmish.” Over four months, the Union had sustained 37,000 casualties and inflicted 32,000 on the Confederate army. This news, coming across the telegraph wires just two days after the Chicago convention declared the war effort a failure, could not have come at a more propitious time for Lincoln. In Auburn, New York, at a public celebration of Sherman’s victory, William Seward offered a de facto campaign speech for Lincoln, calling the National Union party the true peace party. Propositions of peace with a restoration of the Union, he explained, would come “not from the Confederates in authority, nor through them, but from citizens and states under and behind them... just so fast as those citizens and states shall have been delivered by the Federal arms from the usurpation by which they are oppressed.” The Union would greet liberated Southerners as “brethren who have come back from their wanderings, to seek a shelter in the common ark of our national security and happiness.” And redeemed white Southerners would do the right thing by dismantling slavery, the “mainspring of the rebellion.” “The Union men in all the slave states that we have delivered are even more anxious than we are to abolish slavery.
Study Design
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt
Published: April 2024

In order to have a quality study, researchers must create a quality study design. This chapter explores how to do that. It begins with a discussion of the importance of research questions and how those questions guide research. The chapter then discusses the literature that is related to developing research questions. Next, the details of study design, including choosing a data collection technique, determining the unit of analysis, sample size, the issue of time and time frames, and place, are discussed. Finally, the chapter explores different ways to collect a sample of people to participate in the study and how to fund one’s research.
Community-Based Action Research
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt
Published: April 2024

This chapter discusses community-based action research, a collaborative method in which a researcher assists with a community-led project. This often involves a social justice component. Many methods can be employed in this type of research, but the hallmark of community-based action research is that the researcher does not design and carry out the research alone. Rather, community members are brought together and decide what information would be valuable to their cause and how to collect it. The chapter also discusses why a researcher might choose this method and how to go about doing it. In addition, it examines common pitfalls in community work and how to move past them.
Reporting Results
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt
Published: April 2024

The final step in any research project is to share the results with the scholarly community. This is done through publication. Qualitative research provides comprehensive data to draw from. Given the nature of health research, reporting results could take a variety of forms. This chapter explores how to write up results for a variety of audiences. The exploration begins with traditional peer-reviewed journals and a discussion of conventional and nonconventional writing styles. This is followed by a discussion of voice and who is allowed to speak for another person. The chapter then discusses general mechanics of writing well and how to edit one’s work.
Introduction
Authors: Barrett Ron , Zuckerman Molly K. , Dudgeon Matthew R. , Armelagos George J.
Published: April 2024

The introduction begins with the history and definition of the term, “emerging infectious diseases.” In the 1990s, the US Institute of Medicine used this term to describe newly discovered, recurring, and antimicrobial resistant infections. The term was intended to draw attention to important global health problems but it soon became sensationalized by the popular media. From a deeper historical perspective, “emerging infections” represented an emerging awareness in wealthy societies of human problems that had never been sufficiently addressed. This book traces these recurring problems of subsistence, settlement, and social organization in three epidemiological transitions that occurred between the Paleolithic and the present day.
New and Converging Infections
Authors: Barrett Ron , Zuckerman Molly K. , Dudgeon Matthew R. , Armelagos George J.
Published: April 2024

A major feature of the Third Epidemiological Transition is a major increase in the number of human infections from newly detected pathogen species that originated with non-human animal hosts. This chapter examines the biosocial factors that have driven the spillover of these zoonotic pathogens into the human species as well as the stepwise evolution of their relative virulence and transmissibility. Although issues such as wild-animal hunting and so-called wet markets may have contributed to these processes, large-scale commercial agriculture and resource extraction enterprises play a much larger role by encroaching on wild environments and increasing the size and density of domestic animal populations that can serve as vector species. With respect to potential human host populations, the global trends of urbanization, aging, and poverty have created opportunities for the incubation of new pathogens. All these processes are occurring within extensive networks of trade, migration, and travel.
New Ways to Think
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L.
Published: April 2024

Bohr brought to the challenge the conviction that no single picture could express the entire content of any domain of experience. He therefore did not privilege waves or particles but sought a way to have them both. Heisenberg bridled at this. He was not so fond as his boss of admitting waves associated with his rival Schrödinger. Their discussion grew heated. Bohr left to go skiing, and Heisenberg pre-empted him by inventing the uncertainty principle. Bohr responded with ‘complementarity’, and aired his new philosophy in a lecture at Lake Como. He talked for an hour, inaudibly, in lengthy ‘Bohrish’ sentences hard to unscramble when read and impossible when only heard. We must use both wave and particle descriptions, he claimed, but we must also remember that in the quantum domain they are merely symbolic, applicable only when limited by acts of observation, which can be described using only classical concepts.
Measurement and Impossibility
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L.
Published: April 2024

As Heisenberg began to promulgate his version of the new quantum philosophy as the ‘Copenhagen spirit’, John von Neumann undertook to purge quantum mechanics of its defects and make it comprehensible to Göttingen’s prince of mathematics, David Hilbert. The result is familiar to any student of physical science. Von Neumann separated the continuous, deterministic, and reversible evolution of the wavefunction from its discontinuous, indeterministic, and irreversible ‘collapse’ in an act of measurement. He saw no reason why the first process should not continue all the way up the chain to the observer’s conscious mind, where the second process occurs. Bohr had little to say about von Neumann’s theory, other than it was ‘wrongly put’. Von Neumann also closed the door that Born had left ajar. Causality could not be restored to the quantum domain by supposing the existence of ‘hidden variables’, as these, according to his reasoning, were mathematically impossible.
Juvenile Deviationism
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L.
Published: April 2024

The old guard reacted predictably to Bohm’s theory, but were obliged to concede its logical consistency. Oppenheimer denounced it as ‘juvenile deviationism’. With the help of his communist assistant, Jean-Pierre Vigier, de Broglie re-embraced the pilot wave theory he had abandoned in 1927. Pauli claimed that de Broglie had relapsed to his ‘shadow physics beer-idea wish dreams’ under Bohm’s ‘devilish influence’. The old guard rallied in the face of this French recidivism. Bohm and Vigier argued that the wave field could be modelled as a fluid and a particle as an inhomogeneity in the fluid, subject to many small random fluctuations. Owing to these vicissitudes, any arbitrary statistical distribution of inhomogeneities will tend towards the value dictated by the Born rule. Few were persuaded. The squabbling between Einstein and Born continued as the old guard began to fall, and as Bohm left Brazil first for Israel, and then England.
While the Photons Are Dancing
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L.
Published: April 2024

The interest in foundations ran headlong into 1960s New Age spiritualism. The Fundamental Fysiks Group (FFG) was formed in 1975, its early recruits turning their joblessness into the productive probing of foundational questions. The FFG championed Bell: three-quarters of the papers published about his theorem and inequalities during the 1970s came from FFG members. A ‘thinkshop’ organized in Erice in 1976 brought together Clauser and Shimony, among others, and two newcomers, Alain Aspect and Anton Zeilinger. Sympathetic to Einstein, and confused by Bohr, Aspect had set himself the task to perform the ultimate Bell test in which the experimental settings are changed whilst the entangled particles are in flight. The results, published in 1982, sealed the slow recognition that had dawned over the previous decade: quantum entanglement and non-locality are real phenomena. The ‘Aspect experiments’ became iconic, just as efforts were getting under way to exploit entanglement in quantum computing and cryptography.
Where to Cut? Which Way to Go?
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L.
Published: April 2024

Quantum non-locality played havoc with the ‘ordinary view of a scientist’. Bohr’s interpretation could be made to paper over the difficulty, but it too left holes in understanding. The ‘measurement problem’ remained. But where does the quantum world end and the classical begin? Anthony Leggett argued that we should superpose macroscopically distinct states and detect their interference. Schrödinger’s cat is too ambitious, so we try for an inanimate preparation of tiny macroscopic dimensions. Molecules with increasing numbers of atoms show interference effects, as do superconducting devices large enough to be visible. Quantum-eraser experiments show the trade-off between ‘which-way’ (particle) information and (wave) interference. Complementarity, deduced from deep reflection and articulated in tortured Bohrish, is understood as a direct consequence of the formalism itself. Further experiments suggest we must now abandon the common-sense notion that an object exists in some state, in any state, known or unknown, before measurement.
Basic Notions Used in the Economic Analysis of Taxation
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael
Published: April 2024

The economics of taxation has a rich and complex history dating back to Adam Smith.1 Below, some of that literature is summarized from the perspective of what can be applied to tax policies in emerging economies.2 Some basic notions that are important for the tradeoffs developed in the tax literature are discussed before proceeding to a summary discussion.
Collection-Driven Taxation
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael
Published: April 2024

The foundation for one approach to tax reform is presented in Chapter 2. This approach is based on the standard approach described in the previous chapter, and is used as the foundation for what is called ‘collection-driven taxation’. The basis for collection-driven taxation is the extensive use of withholding on most market transactions. The taxpayer is always defined as an individual. The policy intent is to impose a tax on the returns to human and nonhuman capital as well as the consumption of goods and services by domestic residents. Those charged with imposing advanced tax are called ‘advanced payment agents (APAs)’ to distinguish these agents from taxpayers.
Summary
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael
Published: April 2024

A collection-driven perspective of each tax in the standard approach (except property tax) was presented in Chapters 3 through 6. This chapter contains a summary of the approach and some concluding comments. How implementation through time might be achieved is discussed. The long-term objective is to impose one tax on income for revenue purposes and to use selected excise taxes to correct for negative externalities. In addition, taxpayers will know, and perhaps participate in, the computation of net income. There is no one-size-fits-all from our perspective, and the starting point will be unique in each country. That said, sufficient common elements exist to warrant discussion of how the tax instruments in the standard model can be coordinated—at least initially.
What Jumps Out
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora
Published: April 2024

Based on informer file-stories, Chapter 5 offers a number of key observations about the social practice of informing in Communist Czechoslovakia. Concepts such as intimacy, power, social navigation, strategy, tactics, and exchange contour the relationship between StB officers and ‘their’ informers. Informing blurs the line between the political and the personal. Informers occupy liminal spaces between victims and victimizers. Many informers were blackmailed into informing but many turned to the StB to leverage their private wants and actualize their immediate needs. Chapter 5 examines the role of emotions as catalysing and then sustaining these interactive dimensions. Four emotions in particular stand out: fear, resentment, desire, and allegiance. This chapter invokes the file-stories to illustrate these emotions in the life stories of informers, while also noting that StB officers, as well, expressed sentiments such as solicitude and disappointment during their interactions with ‘their’ informers.
Introduction
Authors: Russo Martina
Published: April 2024

This introductory chapter is divided into five sections. The first section outlines the main topic of the book; the second section briefly delves into the terminology and the terms cognate with flattery; the third section offers a concise overview of the burning phenomenon of flattery in imperial Rome by assessing it within the political environment of the principate and suggests perceiving it as an alternative strategy to avoid a breakdown between the writer and the emperor; the fourth section explores the theoretical approaches by which the book is informed: the first, the doublespeak theory, derives from a contemporary narratological theory applied to several disciplines; the second, the pragmatics of exemplarity, focuses on the impact of historical exempla in ancient culture. The concluding section ends this introductory chapter with a summary of the book.
Flattering with exempla
Authors: Russo Martina
Published: April 2024

Chapter 3 proposes an innovative reading of the presence of Claudius in the consolation by analysing the speech attributed to Claudius by Seneca. At the end of this consolation, after having instructed Polybius to contain his pain through praecepta, Seneca, by means of the emperor, presents a sequence of exempla to the freedman. This chapter offers a new interpretation of the presence of Claudius in this consolation. According to traditional scholarship, the presence of Claudius, called to take over the role of the consolator, should be read as another attempt to flatter him. Instead, it is drawn out a subversive meaning in the presence of the ruler by focusing on the words which Seneca employs to describe the emperor: tenacissima memoria and adsueta sibi facundia, in typical Senecan style, betray a ‘veiled’ meaning, that is not necessarily apparent at first reading. On closer examination, that passage discloses a web of intertextual links, first of all, with Ovid, the favourite model for Seneca’s consolations.
Blatantly Obsequious or Wisely Cautious? Exempla from De ira
Authors: Russo Martina
Published: April 2024

Chapter 4 deals with some historical exempla of flattery in Seneca’s philosophical prose. Having focused thus far on the Ad Polybium, this chapter shifts the focus to the practical examples of adulation in Seneca’s works. This chapter analyses some historical exempla from the second and third books of the De ira by which it is possible to shed light on the question of flattery. All exempla of this chapter have to do with the intellectual’s relationship to power: in Senecan prose, this relationship is thematized in the awareness of the writer and audience that everyone is under strict surveillance. This chapter focuses on the De ira, as some exempla there, even if they belong to a distant past, can be set in dialogue with the current and deplorable exempla at the imperial court. Seneca’s unique description of the present day through the narration of a distant past throws light on the continuity, almost the overlap, between the times of narrated events and his times.
Seneca, Theorist of Flattery
Authors: Russo Martina
Published: April 2024

Chapter 8 focuses on the Naturales quaestiones. At the core of Chapter 8 is the preface to book 4a of the Naturales quaestiones in which Seneca, by ‘praising’ Lucilius, the flatterer of Gallio, offers a vivid caricature of the adulator. Ostensibly, Seneca defines the flatterer in the guise of a depraved person, by comparing him with appalling characters in Roman society. In the final section of the chapter, it will be discussed how Seneca’s portrait of the flatterer contrasts with the depiction of the wise man and how, ultimately, they share more similarities than we could expect: each is artifex, albeit in a different sense, and Seneca subsumes the two types, as being sapiens at the imperial court means inevitably playing the role of the flatterer.
Conclusion
Authors: Russo Martina
Published: April 2024

This concluding chapter draws together the results of my investigation of the theory and practice of flattery in Seneca’s philosophical texts. First, it provides an overview of the scope and function of flattery in Seneca. In particular, it points out the centrality of flattery to the elaboration of the strategies in which the Stoic philosopher addresses power. With the drastic reduction of freedom, different flattering strategies reflect the development of alternative ways to deal with the tyrannical power embodied by the emperor. Telling the truth is not feasible, and flattery acts as an instrument for courtiers. As has been analysed in detail, flattery is also a mechanism for rulers, as it acts as a validation of their power. In contrast to the wise man, who tries to set an exemplum for posterity, the ruler does not seek signs of real approbation for his rule, merely blatant praise.
Disability and Politics
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie
Published: April 2024

A key aim of this book is to help ensure that disability moves away from its current marginalized position within the study of politics. It urges scholars who have yet to think about disability in relation to the study of representation, institutions, parties, or voting to incorporate disability into their analyses. Including disability is important because of the (growing) size of the disabled population but also because of the entrenched stigma and discrimination faced by disabled people. This chapter reviews the main approaches to the concept of disability, including the dominant social model. It explains why disabled people can be considered a social group and discusses the questions and challenges scholars encounter when studying this group. After briefly introducing the concept of political representation, the chapter sets out the research questions, methods, and methodology used throughout the book. It concludes with a brief overview of the structure of the book and its key arguments.
Disabled Candidates and Voter Perceptions
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie
Published: April 2024

Stigma surrounding disability means that disabled people tend to be portrayed either as inspirational or (more commonly) as incapable, dependent, weak, and vulnerable. This chapter examines the extent to which voters perceive disabled politicians negatively, and whether this might also help explain why there are few (self-declared) disabled politicians across our legislatures and governments. To examine this question, the chapter presents findings from original survey experiments, presenting representative samples of the population in the UK and the US with profiles of disabled and non-disabled politicians. The findings suggest that, in fact, British and US voters perceive disabled candidates more positively than non-disabled candidates in relation to several traits and issue competences. While seen as less strong, disabled candidates are perceived as more compassionate, honest, and hard-working, and as more competent and committed in policy areas such as welfare, healthcare, and minority rights. Disabled candidates are seen as better able to represent under-represented groups, and even society as a whole. If anything, voters are more willing to support them. Thus, rather than holding negative stereotypes towards disabled candidates, voters perceive their experience of navigating barriers and marginalization in their everyday lives as an asset.
Trace of a Revolution
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla
Published: April 2024

This chapter introduces the book’s main aims, situating them against the backdrop of existing research on revolutions and on Tunisia. After critically engaging with the Euro-American corpus of revolutionary theory (termed here “metropolitan revolution,” it presents the argument of the book. First, Tunisia’s revolution must be studied in the longue durée, exploring various synchronic “protestscapes” across the diachrony of the country’s revolutionary milieu. Second, the agentic, affective, and cognitive dimensions of peoplehood come to the fore through protest. Third, peoplehood and revolution co-construct one another in a “twin ferment.” Next, the chapter positions the book’s investigation as an interdisciplinary endeavor and a postcolonial corrective to reigning “epistemic injustice” in research on Arab revolution. Then, the chapter maps out the book’s ontological moorings, explaining its interpretivist epistemology and methodology. Finally, it closes with a substantive overview of the book’s chapters.
Tunisian Protestscapes
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla
Published: April 2024

This chapter lays out the book’s main theoretical framework. Conceptualizing Tunisians as the “missing people,” peuple introuvable, and “the part that has no part,” it offers the notion of peoplehood forged through anti-authoritarian insurgency and disobedience. The chapter then presents “protestscapes” as an epistemology of studying Tunisian protest and revolution. These “moving snapshots,” aid in the dis-assembling of situated, partial components of Tunisia’s revolution. This dis-assembling of revolution into its synchronies/spatialities is key to re-assembling it as transhistorical (a diachrony/temporality). Protestscapes are incubated within spatialities, aiding in the interpretation of revolution’s sociality and materiality. They disclose the emancipatory activisms of Tunisia’s marginals and indignants. Understanding revolution via protestscapes gives concrete shape to the overall agentic, affective, and cognitive maturation of peoplehood bottom-up. The analysis links resistance and social doing to the rise of peoplehood, the nemesis of “counter-revolution,” which marked the onset of postcolonial state-building and nationalism immediately after independence.