bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertical Ozone Profiles observed by Ozonesone at Pengjia Islet, Taiwan during ACCLIP 2022
Authors: Chen Wei-Nai , Chou Charles C.K. , Mekalathur RojaRaman
Published: February 2023

From Aug. 1st to Aug. 29th, 2022, 8 ozonesondes were successfully launched at Pengjia Islet, Taiwan (122°04’17” E, 25°37’46” N) to measure vertical ozone profiles up to 35 km. An ozone DIAL lidar was operated at Academia Sinica in Taipei City, Taiwan (25.040°N, 121.614°E, about 80 km southwest of Pengjia Islet) to continuously measure ozone profile up to 12 km. Ozonesondes launched by the CWB, Taiwan during 1992-2011 are also presented for comparison. The lowest ozone concentration usually occurred around cold point tropopause around 17.5km. The ozone concentration observed in Aug. 2022 in general was in the range of ozone observed during 1992-2011. And there is no significant ozone abundance observed in the UT/LS region. On Aug. 1st and 12th, significant low ozone episodes (about 0.5mPa and 0.8mPa) were found at 10km-16km and 9km-12km, respectively. These two ozone deficiencies might be owing to ozone quenching processes and HYSPLIT back-trajectory analysis indicated the air parcels passed northeast of the Philippines on 7/31 and south of Japan on 8/10, respectively. On the other hand, several weak ozone abundant/deficient episodes were noticed by ozonesonde and ozone DIAL measurements in the UTLS and the low troposphere regions. Ozone concentrations are also noticed to tend to be weakly negatively correlated with RH. HYSPLIT analysis shows most of the back-trajectory of air parcels nearby the south of Japan or northeast of the Philippines.
Marine heat waves: Characterizing a major climate impact in the Mediterranean
Authors: Pastor Francisco , Khodayar Samira
Published: February 2023

The Mediterranean Sea has suffered accelerated warming in the last 40 years, bringing higher temperatures mainly in the extended summer season. Sea surface temperature (SST) is not only experiencing higher extremes but also persistent high values. In this context, marine heat waves (MHW), considered as persistent and spatially extensive SST anomalies, have emerged as a key global change-induced high impact on the oceans. Hence, the characterization and trend analysis of MHWs has become of major interest. In this work MHWs in a relatively small, but complex, basin such as the Mediterranean, have been characterized and long-term trends assessed from SST satellite data analysis. In this study, a minimum area threshold, 5 % of the area basin, has been applied to avoid heat spikes or small-scale events. A trend to more frequent, intense, and longer MHWs is found in the 1982–2021 period in the Mediterranean. In the analysis, regional differences were apparent in MHWs characteristics and trends across the different sub-basins evidencing the fact that, even in a relatively small basin such as the Mediterranean, it is necessary to include a spatial perspective in the MHW analysis. Regarding the characterization of MHWs and trend analysis in the Mediterranean, a growing trend has been found in terms of frequency, duration, and intensity that accelerated since 2000 and especially in the last decade. This indicates not only the intensification and higher frequency of MHWs but the emergence of a new type of more intense, long-lasting and spatially extensive MHWs in recent years.
Profiling households through a combined vulnerability and flood exposure index in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: Tu Jiachang , Reimuth Andrea , Katzschner Antje , Yang Liang Emlyn , Garschagen Matthias
Published: February 2023

Understanding how the exposure and vulnerability to floods and other climate hazard varies between different groups of urban residents is an urgent prerequisite for guiding urban climate change adaptation policy and action. To be most effective, adaptation measures need to be designed specifically in relation the exposure and vulnerability profiles of different groups. Index approaches have since long been used to cluster households according to different levels of exposure and vulnerability. However, two main gaps remain in current research: First, while indices are typically based on either survey or statistical data, approaches transcending both levels of resolution through proxy variables are rare. Second, profiling is typically not linked to spatial categories such as urban morphology types.The approach presented here contributes to bridging both gaps. We use original household survey data from Ho Chi Minh City to generate an exposure and vulnerability index for the city. We then test the validity of that index, which is based on detailed data, in comparison to an index which builds on rougher statistical data. In a third step, we test how well vulnerability and exposure profiles from the index map against urban morphology types which can be used in risk modeling in order to analyse in how far valid exposure and vulnerability profiles can be linked to such morphology types. Our results show an existing yet limited link between exposure and vulnerability profiles on the one side and urban morphology types on the other. The results are essential for advancing urban risk modeling in an integrated manner and rolling such modeling out to larger spatial areas.
Tidal plastic recycling: net river plastic transport limited by tidal dynamics
Authors: Schreyers Louise , van Emmerik Tim , Bui Khiet , Van Le Thi Khoa , Vermeulen Bart , Nguyen Hong-Q. , van der Ploeg Martine
Published: February 2023

The processes controlling the transport in tidal rivers and estuaries, the interface between fluvial and marine systems, remain largely unresolved. For this reason, current estimates of riverine plastic pollution and export into the ocean remain highly uncertain. Hydrodynamics in tidal rivers and estuaries are influenced by tides and freshwater discharge. As a consequence, flow velocity direction and magnitude can change diurnally. In turn, this impacts the transport dynamics of solutes and pollutants, including plastics. Plastic transport dynamics in tidal rivers and estuaries remain understudied, yet the few available observations suggest that plastics can be retained here for long time periods, especially during periods of low net discharge. Additional factors such as riparian vegetation and riverbank characteristics, in combination with bidirectional flows and varying water levels, can lead to even higher likelihood of long-term retention.Here, we provide a first observation-based estimation of net plastic transport on daily time scales in tidal rivers. For this purpose, we developed a simple Eulerian approach using sub-hourly observations of floating plastic transport and discharge during full tidal cycles. We applied our method to the Saigon river, Vietnam, throughout six full tidal cycles in May 2022.We show that the net plastic transport is about 27-32% of the total plastic transport. We found that plastic transport and river discharge are positively and significantly correlated (Pearson's r = 0.87, R2= 0.75). The net plastic transport is higher than the net discharge (27-32% and 18%, respectively), suggesting that plastic transport is governed by other factors than water flow. Such factors include wind, plastic concentrations in the water, and entrapment of plastics downstream of the measurement site. The net plastic transport rates per tidal cycle alternate between positive (seaward) net transport and negative (landward) net transport, as a result of the diurnal inequality in the tidal cycles. We found that soft and neutrally buoyant items had considerably lower net transport rates than rigid and highly buoyant items (11-17% vs 31-39%), suggesting the retention time strongly depends on item characteristics.Our results demonstrate the crucial role of tidal dynamics and bidirectional flows in net plastic transport. We emphasize the importance of understanding fundamental transport dynamics in tidal rivers and estuaries to ultimately reduce the uncertainties of plastic emission estimates into the ocean.
A probabilistic approach to determine the thermodynamic cloud phase using passive satellites
Authors: Mayer Johanna , Bugliaro Luca , Ewald Florian , Voigt Christiane
Published: February 2023

The cloud thermodynamic phase (ice / mixed-phase / liquid) is a crucial parameter to understand the earth radiation budget, hydrological cycle and atmospheric thermodynamic processes. The phase partitioning of clouds and their parameterization in global climate models have therefore become of particular interest.To improve our understanding of the frequency of occurrence and temporal evolution of cloud phase, geostationary passive sensors can be very useful due to their wide field of regard and high temporal resolution. However, the retrieval of cloud phase using passive instruments is challenging since the spectral signature of the phase is weak compared to other parameters of the clouds and atmosphere. Especially the distinction between ice and mixed-phase clouds is difficult and previous efforts to retrieve cloud phase often only distinguished between ice and liquid phase.We present a new method to detect clouds and retrieve their phase using the passive instrument SEVIRI aboard the geostationary satellite Meteosat Second Generation. The method uses probabilities derived from active observations (the Lidar-Radar product DARDAR) of cloud top phase. Combining these probabilities for different SEVIRI channels gives probabilities for the presence of a cloud and for its cloud top phase. Our probabilistic approach includes a measure of uncertainty and allows us to distinguish between ice, mixed-phase, supercooled liquid, and warm liquid clouds. The method is tested against active satellite measurements and shows good agreement. Finally, we discuss its advantages and limitations. In the future, we plan to use our method to study the microphysical (such as optical thickness and effective radii) and macrophysical (such as temporal evolution and extent) properties of ice and mixed-phase clouds.
Controls of soil functions and greenhouse gas emissions in rewetted peatlands
Authors: Gios Emilie , Emsens Willem-Jan , van de Putte Inge , van Diggelen Ruurd , Verbruggen Erik , Silvennoinen Hanna
Published: February 2023

Extensive peatland rewetting efforts have recently been proposed to restore these key terrestrial carbon storage systems in order to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, little is known about the effects of rewetting on peat microbial functions that are linked to GHG fluxes. A better understanding of which biotic and abiotic factors control these processes in rewetted peatlands is crucial to help guide restoration decisions with maximum climate benefits. Here, we present results exploring the effects of peat nutrient status (nutrient-rich vs. nutrient-poor) and N loading on microbial processes and GHG (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) production and consumption patterns in two rewetted fens. We used an automated incubation system coupled with a gas chromatograph to monitor microbial functions and GHG dynamics in rewetted peat samples under different treatments. Samples were collected at the start of a running year-long mesocosm experiment, where peat is incubated with controlled N concentrations and vegetation composition.The start point incubation data show that N loading, but not the inherent peat nutrient status, promoted N related processes such as nitrification and denitrification. Both methane production and consumption were higher in nutrient-rich peat, and were inhibited by the presence of nitrate and ammonium respectively. Methane production kinetics displayed variable patterns between nutrient-rich and -poor peat (higher initial production rate in nutrient-rich peat), yet the total amount of methane produced was similar between fens. Results also suggest that the availability of other electron acceptors than oxygen tended to increase anoxic carbon dioxide production rates in rewetted peatlands. Overall, these findings indicate that differences in chemical composition between the two similar peatland types (fens) can lead to variable GHG dynamics after rewetting, and that controls of soil functions are site-specific.We aim to use results from the endpoint of the mesocosm experiment (after 1 year of incubation) to investigate the impact of vegetation composition on soil functions, and whether N loading leads to acclimatization of GHG-related microbial functions in rewetted fens using transcriptomics combined with targeted incubations.
Improving the temporal regularity and continuity of consistently combined ERP: A closer look at today’s VLBI Intensives.
Authors: Klemm Lisa , Thaller Daniela , Flohrer Claudia , Walenta Anastasiia , Ullrich Dieter , Hellmers Hendrik
Published: February 2023

We present BKG´s current activities in the area of combined data processing of different space-geodetic techniques. The primary goal of the combined analyses is the improvement of the consistency between the techniques through common parameters, mainly Earth Rotation Parameters (ERP), and thereby to improve also the resulting ERP. In previous studies, we have investigated different combination approaches using VLBI and GNSS data and generated ERP time series with latencies of about 1-2 or 14 days, depending on the input data we used. In this way, we achieved a significant improvement in accuracy, especially for the dUT1 series, compared to the individual technique-specific solutions. The processing is based on homogenized datum-free normal equations (provided via SINEX files), which allow a rigorous combination on the normal equation level instead of the observation level.Our main objective is to generate an ERP product that is characterized by a continuous, daily and regular resolution and the shortest possible latency, especially for the highly variable dUT1. The mandatory requirement for achieving these characteristics is the rapid availability of the input data on the daily basis, especially of the VLBI Intensive sessions. The time series of daily SINEX files of the legacy (S/X) VLBI Intensive sessions show some gaps in the past. The reasons for this are manifold and can be found throughout the entire VLBI processing chain, i.e., from the observation, i.e. station ability to participate, to the analysis, i.e. the data quality revision. However, in the last two years, an increasing number of VGOS Intensive campaigns has been conducted in addition to the legacy Intensives. As a result, the Intensive series is nowadays almost without gaps and there are even more than one Intensive sessions (up to 6) available per day. In our recent studies, we compare the VGOS and legacy Intensives data in terms of their latency and the quality of the resulting dUT1 estimates and integrate them into our combination process. We highlight also the challenges of extending the combination with the new VGOS data. Its incorporation will eventually pave the way for establishing an operational ERP product at BKG.
Linking aerosol size distribution and hygroscopicity to cloud droplet formation at an Arctic mountain site
Authors: Motos Ghislain , Freitas Gabriel , Georgakaki Paraskevi , Wieder Jörg , Aas Wenche , Lunder Chris , Krejci Radovan , T. Pasquier Julie , Henneberger Jan , O. David Robert , Mohr Claudia , Zieger Paul , Nenes Athanasios
Published: February 2023

The regulation of energy transfer by clouds and fog is a key process affecting the climate of the Arctic, a region that exhibits frequent cloud cover and suffers an extreme vulnerability to climate change. Measurements were performed over a whole year at the Zeppelin station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway from October 2019 to October 2020 in the framework of the NASCENT campaign (Ny-Ålesund AeroSol Cloud ExperimeNT). Aiming at a better understanding of the susceptibility of cloud droplet formation, we analyzed particle number size distributions obtained from differential mobility particle sizers and chemical composition derived from filter samples and an aerosol chemical speciation monitor. Combined with updraft velocity information from a wind lidar and an ultrasonic anemometer, the data were used as input parameters for a state-of-the-art cloud droplet formation parameterization to investigate the particle sizes that can activate to cloud droplets, the levels of supersaturation as well as potential cloud droplet formation and its susceptibility to aerosol. We showed that low aerosol levels in fall and early winter led to clouds that are formed under an aerosol-limited regime, while higher particle concentrations centered around the Arctic Haze together with a drop in cloud supersaturation could be linked to periods of updraft velocity-limited cloud formation regime. In the latter case, we observed that the maximum number of cloud droplets forming - also called the limiting droplet number - and the updraft velocity follow a relationship that is universal, as proved by similar studies previously performed in different environments and cloud types. Finally, we successfully performed a droplet closure, proving, for the first time, the ability of our cloud droplet parameterization to predict cloud droplet number not only in liquid clouds but also in mixed-phase clouds with a very high degree of glaciation. This closure suggests that rime splintering may not be significant enough to affect droplet concentrations, which is consistent with previous observations and model simulations.
Does the rate of warming matter for heat-mortality?
Authors: Lüthi Samuel , Bresch David N. , Vicedo-Cabrera Ana M.
Published: February 2023

The risk of extreme heat mortality is ever increasing with the rapidly changing climate. However, several studies that project future levels of heat mortality have been criticized to be over-pessimistic, as these studies don’t reflect on communities’ ability to adapt to heat. Adaptation to heat is highly complex and not only complicated by the changing climate but also by other mega-trends such as ageing societies or urbanization. In this work, we therefore model future levels of heat-related mortality whilst incorporating location-specific empirical adaptation as a function of mean summer temperature and time.Concretely, we model the relationship between daily temperature and mortality by using quasi-Poisson regression time series analyses with distributed lag nonlinear models, which is a well-established approach in climate change epidemiology. The relationship expresses the change in mortality risk at specific temperature values against an optimum temperature (the so-called temperature of minimum mortality, MMT). We first model this relationship for continuous five-year intervals for several locations. Next, we express the change in MMT as a linear function of mean summer temperature and time. Adaptation is thus incorporated by shifting the MMTs according to future temperature levels and by when they are reached.This modelling approach allows us to assess heat mortality levels for different climate scenarios at the same level of global warming but at different points in time in the future. Potential findings of this approach are relevant, as the public debate and climate policy focuses largely on warming levels (1.5, 2°C) and to a lesser extent on how fast these levels are reached.
Determination of runoff and sediment transport in an Alpine torrent in Austria
Authors: Schneider Josef , Gegenleithner Sebastian , Pessenteiner Stefanie , Sass Oliver , Schöner Wolfgang
Published: February 2023

Floods including sediment transport are a significant threat to  communities in Austria. With climate change impacting the Alps, it is crucial to enhance and reassess protective measures. Predictions for the future of the Alpine climate indicate that there will be more winter precipitation and stronger, convective rain in the summer, even if the temperature goals set by the  Paris Agreement are met.However, analyzing the impact of increased extreme precipitation on flood events in small Alpine catchments remains a challenge, and knowledge of the subsequent impacts on sediment transport is still insufficient. The catchment area of the Schöttlbach and thus the town of Oberwölz (Murtal, Styria) were affected by extreme flood events with extreme sediment transport in both 2011 and 2017, which caused heavy damage. The region was therefore selected to work with local stakeholders (especially the Austrian Torrent and Avalanche Control authorities) to improve the process understanding of flood events and sediment transport in a torrent catchment area and to draw possible climate change scenarios for the future.It was the aim of the project „RunSed-CC“ (i) to estimate future runoff and sediment transport in an Alpine catchment using the latest climate projections (ÖKS15), (ii) to consider them in the light of the associated model uncertainties, and (iii) the potential for extrapolating the results to other Alpine catchments to test.One focus of the project was the collection of natural data using a wide variety of measurements in the catchment area of an alpine torrent.The project RunSed-CC developed further a model that connects rainfall and runoff to sediment transport. The  hydrological model WaSiM was used, in combination with data on the  evolution of sediment source areas, to drive the 2D numerical models Telemac-2D (hydrodynamics) & Sisyphe (sediment transport). The main focus of the project was to  understand the potential impacts of future climate change on the  hydrologic regime, changes in sediment dynamics and sediment yield, and  associated uncertainties in the model.This article is intended to provide a brief outline of the results of the extensive project, with a focus on the final findings of the sediment balances at the outlet of the catchment area. 
Moho map and receiver functions database beneath the European Alps using data from recent large-scale passive experiments
Authors: Michailos Konstantinos ,   AlpArray Receiver Function working group
Published: February 2023

The Alpine orogen is a unique geological formation with a highly variable crustal structure. Despite numerous active and passive seismic investigations in the past, constraints on the crustal structure across the whole Alpine domain are still limited. To improve on this, we use waveform data from four past and ongoing large-scale passive experiments in the broader Alpine region: namely the AlpArray Seismic Network (AASN), which also includes many permanent stations in its footprint, the Eastern Alpine Seismic Investigation (EASI), the China-Italy-France Alps seismic transect (CIFALPS-1) and the Pannonian-Carpathian-Alpine Seismic Experiment (PACASE). This results in a composite seismic network of more than 700 broadband seismic stations, providing unprecedented data coverage.  We apply a systematic processing workflow to these data and calculate Receiver Functions (RF). After applying strict quality control we obtained 107,633 high-quality RF traces, on average of 122 per station. Next, we developed codes to perform time-to-depth migration in a newly implemented 3D spherical coordinate system using a reference P and S wave velocity model. Finally, we compiled a new detailed Moho map by manually picking the depth of the discontinuity. Our Moho depth estimates generally support the results of previous studies in the region and vary from ca. 20 to ca. 55 km depth with the maximum values observed beneath the Alpine orogen. The RF dataset along with the codes and new Moho map are all open-access. The high quality and homogeneously calculated RF dataset, along with the new, coherently derived Moho depth map of the Alpine region, can provide helpful information for interdisciplinary imaging and modeling studies investigating the geodynamics of the European Alps orogen and its forelands (e.g., joint inversions with other geophysical and geological datasets). 
In situ observation of mode 1 nonlinear internal waves of opposite polarity in a changing environment
Authors: Moncuquet Adèle , Jones Nicole , Bordois Lucie , Zulberti Andrew , Dufois François , Grasso Florent , Lazure Pascal
Published: February 2023

The Bay of Biscay (Bob) is a hot spot for the generation of internal tides and nonlinear internal waves (NLIW). However, no studies have focused on internal waves on the continental shelf of the Bob. Here, we present 22 days of collocated temperature, velocity and backscatter profiles within a water depth H of 65 m. The background stratification evolved from two pycnoclines, with the strongest one near the sea bed, to a continuous profile due to wind-driven upwelling.Under the double pycnocline situation, we observed trains of elevation emerging from each internal tidal front with amplitude reaching up to H/4 and propagating at speeds between 0.1 and 0.35 m/s. Sporadically depression waves were measured within the train and can propagate substantially faster (between 0.36 and 0.54 m/s). With the continuous stratification, the trains of NLIWs of elevation and containing opposite polarities were no longer observed.These observations suggest that depression waves can cross the train of elevation waves. Resulting interactions could have significant impacts on sediment dynamics over the shelf. The double pycnocline regime and the impact of the stratification modification due to wind will be investigated numerically in future work.
Investigating transfer and mixing in the sub-canopy using fiber-optic driven distributed temperature and wind speed and scalar gas sampling network
Authors: Abdoli Mohammad , Thomas Christoph
Published: February 2023

This study employed fiber-optic distributed temperature and wind speed data in the forest environment, together with a scalar gas sampling network and eddy covariance measurements, to address questions concerning scalar gas mixing and transport under weak-wind conditions. We also investigate advection term variability using distributed wind speed to determine how it influences the CO2 budget in the subcanopy. Preliminary results demonstrate that employing friction velocity and bulk shear filtering to define weak and strong wind conditions separates the vertical temperature and scalar gas profiles but not the horizontal. Furthermore, the biggest scalar gas spatial variations occur at night, when wind direction and TKE magnitudes are most influential. The inlets positioned in a route related to a clearing cut show the most variability among the scalar gas inlets, illustrating the influence of subcanopy architecture on mixing and transport along the subcanopy.
The surface chemistry of carbonatite soils: Implications for REE resources.
Authors: Smith Martin , Beard Charles , Watkins Isaac , Broom-Fendley Sam , Wall Frances , Cheng Xu , Liu Yan , Chen Wei , Kynicky Jindrich
Published: February 2023

The rare earth elements (REE), and in particular neodymium and dysprosium, are essential for the development of renewable energy. At present the REE are sourced from either low concentration weathered granitoid (ion adsorption clay) deposits in southern China, or from high concentration carbonatite-related deposits [1], especially the World’s dominant REE mine at Bayan Obo, China, but also including the Mt Weld weathered carbonatite, Australia. Weathered carbonatites (e.g. Tomtor, Russia; Mount Weld, Australia) are some of the world’s highest grade REE deposits. As part of the NERC Global Partnerships Seedcorn fund project WREED, we have carried out preliminary investigations in weathering products from carbonatite hosted REE deposits. Three end member deposit styles can be identified – in situ residual deposits, where carbonate dissolution has generated primary REE mineral enrichment on palaeosurfaces or in karst; supergene enrichment from dissolution and reprecipitation of REE phosphates and fluorcarbonates forming hydrated phosphates or authigenic carbonate minerals; clay and oxide caps (either from in situ weathering or from soil transport from surrounding rocks) that may hold the REE adsorbed to mineral surfaces (c.f. the ion adsorption deposits). High grade weathered carbonatite deposits typically consist of supergene horizons, that may be phosphate-rich due to dissolution and re-precipitation of apatite and monazite during the weathering process (Mount Weld [2][3]), overlain by later sediments that may be REE enriched by accumulation of residual minerals (e.g. Tomtor [4]). The mineralogy of the ore zone is linked to, but distinct from, the unweathered carbonatite rock, and includes phosphates, crandallite-group minerals, carbonates and fluorcarbonates and oxides. We have carried out leaching studies, SEM examination and XPS characterisation of soil and weathered rock samples from a range of deposits. Residual and supergene processes can result in enrichments up to 100x times bedrock concentrations, with residual enrichments in particular hosted in monazite and bastnäsite. Supergene enrichment results in more complex mineralogy which may present processing challenges. Clay-rich soils have much lower REE concentrations. However, sequential leaching studies demonstrate that a significant proportion of REE are present at trace levels in the oxide fraction in residual and supergene deposits. In clay caps the easily leachable fraction of REE matches that of ion adsorption deposits and may represent a potentially easily extractable resource. References[1] Wall and Chakhmouradian, 2012, Elements 8, 333-340;[2] Duncan and Willett, 1990, Geology of Mineral Deposits of Australia pp. 591-597;[3] Lottermoser, 1990, Lithos 24, 151-167;[4] Kravchenko and Pokrovsky, 1995, Econ. Geol. 90, 676-689
Weathering response of a clastic source-to-sink system to extreme environmental perturbations: the Permian-Triassic transition on Finnmark Platform, Barents Sea
Authors: Kling Melanie , Sirevaag Hallgeir , Pucéat Emmanuelle , Eide Christian Haug
Published: February 2023

The eruption of the Siberian Traps at the Permian-Triassic transition significantly affected depositional environments world-wide. Known consequences are (I) extreme global warming, (II) increased soil-erosion, decreasing chemical weathering and aridification on the continents, (III) oceanic stagnation and acidification, and (IV) the most severe mass extinction on Earth. In the Southwestern Barents Sea, the record across the Permian transition is continuous at a cored site located close to the basin margin, making it possible to study the response of a relatively proximal source-to-sink system in terms of petrography, provenance, and sedimentary environments. The record consists of Upper Permian carbonates developed as an oxygenated carbonate platform, overlain by transitional dys- or anoxic, organic-rich shales and a Lower Triassic prograding siliciclastic turbidite-prodelta-delta system.In this project we use these deposits to reconstruct the sediment source area and changes within the catchment area across the Permian-Triassic transition. From a dataset of >50 2D seismic lines and sampled sandstones from ~160 m stratigraphic cores, we have already found that the sediment supply rate increased by more than 100-fold, which vastly exceeds the world-wide trend of sediment supply increase across the Permian-Triassic transition (6–7-fold). This has led to several models that may explain the observed evolution, but in order to distinguish between these models, mudstone provenance and weathering proxies must also be investigated. Herein we focus on the Neodymium and Hafnium isotopic composition in the mudstones, and thus present insights into weathering processes. This will allow us to investigate the climatic component in the catchment across the transition. Our preliminary results show that the catchment in the Late Permian supplied mudstones with extreme (much more than observed in modern deposits) chemical weathering and a stable provenance from a small, nearshore catchment. Broadly coincident with the Permian Triassic Transition, mudstones show a provenance change consistent with increase in catchment area and a strong decrease in chemical weathering. This indicates that the increase in sediment supply from at the Permian-Triassic transition was not caused by sudden flushing of onshore weathered material stored in catchments during the Permian, nor can it be caused by increase in chemical weathering because of climate change. It appears that the observed changes are mainly a result of tectonic uplift and tilting of Northern Fennoscandia possibly due to onset of a new rifting episode in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. The coincidence of this strong response to the Permian-Triassic transition could perhaps indicate that adjustments of the catchment to the new topographic setting was helped by the climate change.
Making MacGyvers: lessons from a decade of maker education
Authors: Hut Rolf , Coenders Miriam , Vis Gijs
Published: February 2023

Regular visitors of the EGU General Assembly are familiar with the ‘MacGyver’ sessions where hydrologists present measuring solution they have designed, build and tinkered (often ducttaped) themselves. We often get asked how we convey the MacGyver mentality to our students: how to teach them the skills and attitude to tackle their own problems hands on?We teach this in the undergraduate course ‘measuring water’. In this course the learning goals include teaching hydrology students how to measure the different states and fluxes in the water cycle. We approach this by having teams of students design, make and demonstrate their own sensor. This ‘maker-education’ approach is known for stimulating intrinsic motivation in students to work on their projects, but it also comes with its own challenges: how to make sure that all students learn about all different types of sensors and not only about the one they choose? How to steer students towards choosing a project topic that is both challenging enough and not too challenging, without giving them the idea you are curbing their freedom to choose their own topic?In this presentation we will reflect on lessons learned from a decade of teaching ‘Measuring Water’ and provide take-aways applicable for all geoscientific teaching.
Large-scale shifts in transpiration dynamics following bark beetle infestation: Stomatal conductance responses
Authors: Su Ye , Li Meijun , Shao Wei , Jarsjö Jerker
Published: February 2023

Tree mortality triggered by bark beetle infestation can significantly affect terrestrial carbon and water balances. However, how to improve the parameterization of the stomatal conductance to express the dynamics of ecosystem disturbance remains unclear. A subalpine forest located in the Rocky Mountains experienced a severe bark beetle outbreak in 2008, which provided a unique opportunity to investigate carbon and water flux changes covering the periods of pre-infestation (2005-2007), infestation (2008-2009), and post-infestation (2010-2014). Affected by bark beetle infestation, the stomatal conductance during the summer season (July and August) significantly reduced from 0.0018 m/s in the pre-infestation period to 0.0011 m/s in the infestation period. The decrease in stomatal conductance was not solely caused by the decrease of LAI, but also related to variation in parameter g1 in three commonly-used models of Ball-Barry, Leuning, and Medlyn. The parameter g1 was related to water use efficiency (WUE), and WUE values increased in the infestation period and decreased in the post-infestation period providing evidence that the physiological behavior was significantly changed due to bark beetle infestation. As for the simulation of transpiration, the fitted parameter significantly improved the accuracy in comparison with recommended parameterization. With the inclusion of temporally varied stomatal conductance, estimated transpiration during the infestation period and post-infestation period was improved by 4.3%~13.6% in comparison with the unvaried parameterization fitted in the pre-infestation period. Accounting for the temporally varied stomatal conductance parameters in response to disturbed environments may improve the description of stomatal conductance leading to better model performance in estimated water and carbon balances.
Idealized modeling of anticyclonic plumes from wildfires and volcanic eruptions in the stratosphere
Authors: Podglajen Aurélien , Legras Bernard , Lapeyre Guillaume , Plougonven Riwal , Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: February 2023

Anticyclonically-trapped plumes were first discovered following the 2020 Australian fires. Since then, they have been reported after several extreme wildfires and volcanic eruptions, including the 2017 Canadian wildfires, the 2019 Raikoke and the 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruptions. They appear as coherent plumes of aerosols and combustion/volcanic compounds confined within mesoscale anticyclones (100s to 1000 km diameter), which for several months resist dispersion and dilution by the large-scale flow. Due to their unusual composition, large radiative forcing is prevailing inside the plumes, generating significant diabatic responses in terms of vertical motions and potential vorticity.In this presentation, we propose a conceptual model of the anticyclonic plumes. We will explore ramifications through idealized numerical simulations and theoretical investigations. Particular focus will be put on the condition of their formation and the dynamics of their maintenance and diabatic motions in the stratosphere.
Society-environment links in the area of the sanctuary of Artemis Amarysia (Evia Island, Greece) based upon paleoenvironmental reconstruction
Authors: Talas Tibor
Published: February 2023

The catchment basin of the Sarandopotamos on Evia Island (Greece) has been an environment of habitation and worship since the early Neolithic. Many settlements from different periods have been found in this area. It is also in this catchment, close to the Sarandopotamos delta, that the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece discovered in 2007, the sanctuary of Artemis Amarysia after centuries of investigation. This discovery aside, we still do not understand if, and the extent to which, the human history of occupation and abandonment in this region is related to its environmental history. Thus, the aim of this research is to use a suite of paleoenvironmental reconstruction methods to recreate ancient landscapes, their environments and their evolution to understand the society-environment relation. The sanctuary and its eventual abandonment could potentially be impacted by synergistic reactions between changes in sediment supply, changes in basin hydrology and sea-level all of which may have impacted both the magnitude and frequency of local flooding via changes in river bed level, lateral shifting of the river and water table rises and falls. Thus, the aim of this project is to undertake an integrated, multi-method reconstruction of the local water-sediment environment and to relate this to the history of the sanctuary and wider human settlement. This will then test whether an environmental influence needs to be retained as a hypothesis for wider societal changes in this area. In order to do this, a model of the sedimentary dynamics of the catchment is being carried out using LAPSUS software, and sedimentary cores are being obtained in order to understand the relationship between environmental and human-driven (e.g. land use) change in the catchment, the geomorphic response of the delta and the history of human occupation. The relationship between the delta and eustatic and isostatic history also has to be understood. A single beam eco sounder survey is been conducted in order to investigate the different delta created by the shift in the Sarandopotamos bed. Moreover, in order to better understand the local context and the landscapes observed today, this project is also interested in the geomorphological history of periods prior to human occupation. These different aspects emphasize the complexity of the project but through developing a multi-disciplinary and multi-scale appraisal of environmental history and how it links to human history we may get a better understanding of the extent to which the two are connected. This poster will present preliminary modelling results that demonstrate the sensitivity of the land-ocean interaction to sea-level rise and delta dynamics from the late Pleistocene through the Holocene to the present.
Multi-decadal ice-flow acceleration in the Greenland Ice Sheet interior
Authors: Løkkegaard Anja , Colgan William , Khan Shfaqat Abbas
Published: February 2023

The rise of satellite survey techniques over the last few decades has allowed more detailed measurement of ice flow velocities and directions. Although satellite measurements are generating ice-flow maps of increasingly higher resolution, both temporally and spatially, these records only span a period of less than two decades. During this time, however, ice dynamics have generally been dominated by anomalous changes. This makes it challenging to observe multi-decadal trends in glacier dynamics.In 1959, the Expédition Glaciologique Internationale Groenland (EGIG) surveys were launched in Central West Greenland. Stakes positions and elevations were surveyed East-West across the Greenland ice sheet between c. 70 and 72°N. The positions of these stakes were subsequently re-measured in 1967. We calculate changes in position between these precise surveys into ice flow velocity and direction during the 1959/67 periods. These calculations assess uncertainties in both ice flow magnitude and azimuth.This re-analysis is focused on 11 of the EGIG stakes located closest to Jakobshavn Isbræ, and is part of a present day effort to re-measure ice flow velocity and direction. Comparison of the 1959/1967 to current day observations shows an increase in velocity between the two periods ranging from approximately 8 to 15% increase. A subtle but systematic northward shift in azimuth is observed with the increase in values ranging from approximately 0.9 to 1.9%.  These in situ observations offer a glimpse into the state of ice flow before the satellite era and provide a better understanding of trends in the form and flow of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Mapping Swedish Soils with High-resolution DEM-derived Indices and Machine Learning
Authors: Lin Yiqi , Lidberg William , Karlsson Cecilia , Ågren Anneli
Published: February 2023

There is a soaring demand for up-to-date and spatially-explicit soil information to address various environmental challenges. One of the most basic pieces of information, essential for research and decision-making in multiple disciplines is soil classification. Conventional soil maps are often low in spatial resolution and lack the complexity to be practical for hands-on use. Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) has emerged as an efficient alternative for its reproducibility, updatablity, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness, as well as the ability to quantify uncertainties.Despite DSM’s growing popularity and increasingly wider areas of application, soil information is still rare in forested areas and remote regions, and the integration with high-resolution data on a country scale remains limited. In Sweden, quaternary deposit maps created by the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) have been the main reference input for soil-related research and operation, though most parts of the country still warrant higher quality representation. This study utilizes machine learning to produce a high-resolution surficial deposits map with nationwide coverage, capable of supporting research and decision-making. More specifically, it: i) compares the performance of two tree-based ensemble machine learning models, Extreme Gradient Boosting and Random Forest, in predictive mapping of soils across the entire country of Sweden; ii) determines the best model for spatial prediction of soil classes and estimates the associated uncertainty of the inferred map; iii) discusses the advantages and limitations of this approach, and iv) outputs a map product of soil classes at 2-m resolution. Similar attempts around the globe have shown promising results, though at coarser resolutions and/or of smaller geographical extent. The main assumptions behind this study are: i) terrain indices derived from digital elevation model (DEM) are useful predictors of soil type, though different classification algorithms differ in their effectiveness; ii) machine learning can capture major soil classes that cover most of Sweden, but expert geological and pedological knowledge is required when identifying rare soil types.To achieve this, approximately 850,000 labeled soil points extracted from the most accurate SGU maps will be combined with a stack of 12 LiDAR DEM-derived topographic and hydrological indices and 4 environmental datasets. Uncertainty estimates of the overall model and for each soil class will be presented. An independent dataset obtained from the Swedish National Forest Soil Inventory will be used to assess the accuracy of the machine learning model. The presentation will cover the method, data handling, and some promising preliminary results.
Assessing the performance of a Combined Water Vapor / Temperature / Aerosol Raman Lidar within the TEAMx pre-campaign in the Inn Valley (Innsbruck, Austria) during Summer 2022
Authors: Vogelmann Hannes , Federer Maria , Speidel Johannes , Gohm Alexander
Published: February 2023

A newly available Raman lidar (Purple Pulse Lidar Systems) for vertical profiling of atmospheric water vapor, temperature and aerosols was evaluated during the TEAMx pre-campaign (TEAMx-PC22) in summer 2022 in the Inn Valley (Austria). TEAMx (Multi-scale transport and exchange processes in the atmosphere over mountains – programme and experiment) is an international research program addressing exchange processes in the atmosphere over mountains and their parametrization in numerical weather models and climate models. Prior to the multi disciplinary measurement campaign, planned in 2024/2025, the pre-campaign 2022 was rather performed for testing (new) instruments and measurement sites and finding synergies between certain devices.The Raman lidar system is capable of profiling water vapor and temperature throughout the entire planetary boundary layer (typically 3 km to 4 km agl. on summer days) continuously with a basic temporal resolution of 10 s and a reasonable vertical resolution of 30 m to 100 m. Depending on conditions and temporal averaging, water vapor profiles could even be obtained up to ~7.5 km agl. during nighttime. The lidar system was located at the University of Innsbruck (downtown). It was operated side by side with a vertically staring Doppler wind lidar and a nearby (50 m) scanning Doppler wind lidar on the rooftop of the university building, which provide vertical profiles of the vertical wind component at a 1-s interval and vertical profiles of the three-dimensional wind vector at a 10-min interval, respectively. During the measurement period (Aug 2022 to Sep 2022), operational radiosondes were launched in close proximity, at Innsbruck Airport, roughly 3 km to the west of the lidar site. In addition to the daily ascent at 2 UTC, radiosondes were launched at about 8, 14 and 20 UTC on selected days with potentially complex meteorological conditions. We present a first assessment of the Raman lidar measurements through comparisons with the radiosonde data. Together with data from the wind lidars, we also present an interpretation for significant meteorological situations and events, such as foehn, a passing front, a thunderstorm and the formation of a convective boundary layer during a warm period.