bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cinquante nuances de succès : la perception de réussite entrepreneuriale et son évolution chez les jeunes entrepreneurs1
Authors: Cusin Julien , Krémer Florence
Published: December 2023

La littérature établit que la perception de réussite entrepreneuriale est multidimensionnelle (en intégrant des critères personnels et business) et potentiellement variable selon, par exemple, le genre, la nationalité ou l’âge des publics. La question de la volatilité de cette perception au fil du processus entrepreneurial reste largement inexplorée à ce jour, ce concept ayant été surtout étudié de façon statique. Dans cette recherche, nous adoptons une perspective dynamique, en nous intéressant au public des jeunes entrepreneurs. Nous nous demandons dans quelle mesure leur définition de la réussite entrepreneuriale et les critères qu’ils y associent sont amenés à évoluer dans la durée de l’aventure entrepreneuriale. Pour répondre à cette question, nous réalisons une analyse qualitative longitudinale de sept trajectoires de jeunes entrepreneurs, via six phases de collectes étalées sur 30 mois. Les données empiriques recueillies, analysées selon la méthodologie dite « à la Gioia », permettent de confirmer la coexistence de critères personnels et business dans la perception de réussite entrepreneuriale des jeunes entrepreneurs, et surtout d’identifier des critères de réussite spécifiques à ce jeune public. Plus encore, notre recherche souligne le caractère évolutif desdits critères, en mettant en évidence des mécanismes de renforcement et de fragilisation de la perception de réussite entrepreneuriale.
Drift of neural ensembles driven by slow fluctuations of intrinsic excitability
Authors: Delamare Geoffroy , Zaki Yosif , Cai Denise J , Clopath Claudia
Published: December 2023

Representational drift refers to the dynamic nature of neural representations in the brain despite the behavior being seemingly stable. Although drift has been observed in many different brain regions, the mechanisms underlying it are not known. Since intrinsic neural excitability is suggested to play a key role in regulating memory allocation, fluctuations of excitability could bias the reactivation of previously stored memory ensembles and therefore act as a motor for drift. Here, we propose a rate-based plastic recurrent neural network with slow fluctuations of intrinsic excitability. We first show that subsequent reactivations of a neural ensemble can lead to drift of this ensemble. The model predicts that drift is induced by co-activation of previously active neurons along with neurons with high excitability which leads to remodeling of the recurrent weights. Consistent with previous experimental works, the drifting ensemble is informative about its temporal history. Crucially, we show that the gradual nature of the drift is necessary for decoding temporal information from the activity of the ensemble. Finally, we show that the memory is preserved and can be decoded by an output neuron having plastic synapses with the main region.
Shared structure facilitates working memory of multiple sequences via neural replay
Authors: Huang Qiaoli , Luo Huan
Published: December 2023

Daily experiences often involve the processing of multiple sequences, such as speech processing and spatial navigation, yet storing them challenges the limited capacity of working memory (WM). To achieve efficient memory storage, relational structures shared by sequences would be leveraged to reorganize and compress information. Here, participants memorized a sequence of items with different colors and spatial locations and later reproduced the full color and location sequences, one after another. Crucially, we manipulated the consistency between location and color sequence trajectories. First, sequences with consistent trajectories demonstrate improved memory performance and a trajectory correlation between the reproduced color and location sequences. Interestingly, color sequence undergoes spontaneous forward neural replay when recalling trajectory-consistent location sequence. These results reveal that shared common structure is spontaneously leveraged to integrate and facilitate WM of multiple sequences through neural replay and imply a role of common cognitive map in efficient information organization in WM.
Marginalising dyslexic researchers is bad for science
Authors: Taylor Helen , Zaghi Arash , Rankin Sara
Published: December 2023

Communication in the sciences is often based on text, which places researchers with dyslexia at a disadvantage. However, this means that science is missing out on the original insights and specific strengths in exploration that dyslexic researchers bring to their disciplines. Here we discuss how the scientific community can address the challenges that dyslexic researchers face, and how science stands to benefit as a result. We discuss this in the context of a new theoretical framework proposing the existence of complementary learning strategies that could play a key role in scientific progress, particularly with regard to accelerating innovation.
A deep learning based approach for extracting Arabic handwriting: applied calligraphy and old cursive
Authors: Zerdoumi Saber , Jhanjhi NZ , Ariyaluran Habeeb Riyaz Ahamed , Hashem Ibrahim Abaker Targio
Published: December 2023

Based on the results of this research, a new method for separating Arabic offline text is presented. This method finds the core splitter between the “Middle” and “Lower” zones by looking for sharp character degeneration in those zones. With the exception of script localization and the essential feature of determining which direction a starting point is pointing, the baseline also functions as a delimiter for horizontal projections. Despite the fact that the bottom half of the characteristics is utilized to differentiate the modifiers in zones, the top half of the characteristics is not. This method works best when the baseline is able to divide features into the bottom zone and the middle zone in a complex pattern where it is hard to find the alphabet, like in ancient scripts. Furthermore, this technique performed well when it came to distinguishing Arabic text, including calligraphy. With the zoning system, the aim is to decrease the number of different element classes that are associated with the total number of alphabets used in Arabic cursive writing. The components are identified using the pixel value origin and center reign (CR) technique, which is combined with letter morphology to achieve complete word-level identification. Using the upper baseline and lower baseline together, this proposed technique produces a consistent Arabic pattern, which is intended to improve identification rates by increasing the number of matches. For Mediterranean keywords (cities in Algeria and Tunisia), the suggested approach makes use of indicators that the correctness of the Othmani and Arabic scripts is greater than 98.14 percent and 90.16 percent, respectively, based on 84 and 117 verses. As a consequence of the auditing method and the assessment section’s structure and software, the major problems were identified, with a few of them being specifically highlighted.
Dynamic coefficient symmetric polynomial-based secure key management scheme for Internet of Things (IoT) networks
Authors: Liu Zhongya , Luo Yunxiao
Published: December 2023

Background

With the extensive application and continuous expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT), the access of a large number of resource-limited nodes makes the IoT application face a variety of security vulnerabilities and efficiency limitations, and the operating efficiency and security of IoT are greatly challenged. Key management is the core element of network security and one of the most challenging security problems faced by wireless sensor networks. A suitable key management scheme can effectively defend against network security threats. However, among the key management schemes that have been proposed so far, most of them do not take into account the efficiency in terms of connectivity rate and resource overhead, and some of them even have security risks.

Methods

In this article, based on the symmetric polynomial algorithm, a dynamic coefficient symmetric polynomial key management scheme is proposed to better solve the IoT security problem. In this scheme, the nodes’ IDs are mapped into the elements of the shared matrix M by the identity mapping algorithm, and these elements are used to construct polynomials P(x,y) to generate pairwise keys. The communicating nodes have their own coefficients of P(x,y) and thus have higher connectivity.

Results

The overall performance evaluation shows that the scheme significantly improves the resilience against node capture and effectively reduces the communication and storage overheads compared to the previous schemes. Moreover, the scheme overcomes the λ-security of symmetric polynomial key management scheme, and is able to provide a large pool of polynomials for wireless sensor networks, facilitating large-scale application of nodes.
100 años del Trabajo social en Chile y Latinoamérica. Desafíos y proyecciones al 2025
Authors: Brito Rodríguez Sonia , Comelin Fornés Andrea , Leiva Sandoval Paula , Ramírez Naranjo Nélida
Published: December 2023

A dos años de los 100 años del trabajo social en Chile y Latinoamérica, es relevante revisar el camino recorrido por la disciplina y profesión en respuesta a los cambios sociales en nuestra región. Este ejercicio busca descubrir la conexión entre su surgimiento y los desafíos actuales.
Morphometric Study of Martin-Gruber Anastomosis and Its Surgical Implications: A Cross-sectional Cadaveric Study
Authors: Bharathi D , Vineesh PV , Shruthi BN
Published: December 2023

Introduction: The Martin-Gruber anastomosis is a median- ulnar nerve communication in the upper part of the forearm. This anastomosis is classified into four types. Aim: To determine the incidence and morphometry of the Martin- Gruber anastomosis and recognise its surgical implications in the South Indian population. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 cadaveric upper limb specimens obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India between November 2022 and March 2023. The median and ulnar nerves were traced, and the Martin-Gruber anastomosis was identified and documented. The classification devised by Nakashima T was used in present study. The distance from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the point of anastomosis on the ulnar nerve was measured using Vernier calipers. The data were analysed using the statistical software Stastistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentage, while continuous data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Results: The Martin-Gruber anastomosis was observed in 11 out of 60 upper limb specimens (18.33%). Type I anastomosis was observed in 3 specimens (27.27%), Type II in 2 specimens (18.18%), and Type III in 6 specimens (54.4%). Type IV was not documented in present study. The distance from the location of the anastomosis on the ulnar nerve to the medial epicondyle of the humerus ranged from 2.2 cm to 13.2 cm, with an average of 3.5 cm. Conclusion: The findings of present study might be useful for neurosurgeons during nerve transfer techniques for chronic ulnar neuropathy, which is seen in the general population as well as athletes.
Morphometric Variations of the Foramen Lacerum in Dry Skulls and Its Clinical Significance: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Chaudhary Sanghpriya , Kumar Suchit , Chaudhary Shivani , Munjal Shashi
Published: December 2023

Introduction: The foramen lacerum is located in the middle cranial fossa and transmits a number of nerves and blood vessels. Occlusion can result in the compression of the neurovascular bundle, and the foramen has been reported to be involved in the spread of tumours into the cranium. Aim: The aims of the present study was to describe the morphology of the foramen lacerum and to compare the anatomical parameters on the left and right sides of the skull. Also, the significance of the anatomical parameters in male versus female skulls and right side versus left side of the skull where studied. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in May and June 2023 using 62 dry skulls (124 foramen lacerum) available in the Department of Anatomy at Gautam Buddha Chikitsa Mahavidyalay, a tertiary care teaching institute in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. The anatomical parameters, including the Anteroposterior (AP) and transverse diameters, were recorded using a calibrated digital Vernier caliper. The shape of the foramen was also observed. The mean and standard deviation of the recorded parameters were obtained. Results: Out of the 62 skulls, 41 were males and 21 were females, resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 1.8:1. The mean AP diameter on the Right Side (RT) and Left Side (LT) in males was 6.26 mm and 6.24 mm, respectively, while in females, the mean diameter was 4.97 mm (RT) and 5.4 mm (LT). The mean transverse diameter recorded in the present study was 6.14 mm (RT) and 6.2 mm (LT) in males, while in females, this measurement was 5.88 mm on both sides. The most common shape of the foramen lacerum observed in the study was bilaterally round, in both males and females. Conclusion: There are morphological differences in the AP diameter between male and female skulls, with males having a larger AP diameter on their right side and females having larger AP diameter on their right side. The overall size of the foramen lacerum was smaller in the present study, indicating a higher likelihood of neurovascular bundle compression with age. The recent advances in skull base surgery warrant further and larger studies on this neglected yet important foramen to gather more data on its morphometric variations in different geographical regions.
PRINCÍPIOS PARA UMA PRÁTICA DIALÓGICO-DISCURSIVA DE ORALIDADE, LEITURA E ESCRITA NA PRÉ-ESCOLA
Authors: Branco Jordanna Castelo
Published: December 2023

Este artigo objetiva discutir os princípios norteadores do Instrumento de Avaliação de Contexto das Práticas de Oralidade, Leitura e Escrita elaborado como parte de uma pesquisa de doutorado. Tem como referencial teórico os estudos da linguagem de Bakhtin (1995, 2003) e Vigostiki (1991, 2007, 2008), de avaliação de contexto de Bondioli (2008, 2015) e Ferrari (2013) e de leitura e escrita e Educação Infantil de Corsino (2003) e Kramer, Corsino e Nunes (2011). Teve como metodologia revisão bibliográfica e levantamento e análise de documentos oficiais sobre avaliação de contexto e leitura e escrita na Educação Infantil. Concluiu-se que o ensino da leitura e da escrita na primeira infância deve ser baseado em práticas educativas contextualizadas e significativas para as crianças de modo a possibilitar a imersão delas cultura letrada.
Responses of Some Sugarcane Varieties to Application of Ethrel Ripener with Respect to Their on Quality and Productivity
Authors: Ali A. M. K. , Gadallah A. F. I. , Hussien Omeima A. Kh.
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station in Shandaweel, Sohag Governorate, Egypt. (latitude of 26.33° N and longitude of 31.41° E) in the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 planting seasons, to evaluate the effects of three concentrations of the chemical ripener " Ethrel" (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 liter/fed) sprayed on the leaves, in addition to control treatment (without spraying) on yield and quality of tow sugarcane varieties [the commercial variety (G.T. 54-9) and the promising one (G. 2004-27) in addition to (G. 2005-47) genotype]. A randomized complete block design was used in a split-plot arrangement was used. The results showed that the sugarcane varieties differed markedly in all studied traits. G.T. 54-9 variety superior in stalk diameter and sugar yield/fed in both seasons as well as cane yield/fed in the 1st one, while, G.2004-27 variety recorded the highest stalk and most number of millable canes/fed in both seasons as well as cane yield/fed in the 1st season, on the other hand, G.2005-47 genotype was superior in brix, sucrose, purity and sugar recovery% in both seasons. The results also showed that adding 1.0 liter/fed of Ethrel spray to the cane leaves caused an increase in brix, sucrose, purity and sugar recovery% as well as sugar yield/fed, compared to the untreated (control). On the contrary, the treatments with Ethrel concentrations led to a decrease in the  height and diameter of the stalk as well as cane yield. However, the increase (%) in quality and sugar yield was more than the decrease in cane yield. Therefore, Ethrel addition led to an increase in quality and sugar yield at concentration of 1.0 liter/fed "E3". Under conditions of this work, it was found that growing all studied sugarcane varieties and spraying them with 1.0 l/fed of Ethrel ripener can be recommended for the maximum sugar production.
Preclinical Assessment of Wound Healing and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Eichhornia crassipes in Wistar Albino Rats
Authors: Raju M. Ganga , Pravallika U. , Pavani Kandukuri , N. V. L. Suvarchala Reddy V.  , Edunoori Keerthana
Published: December 2023

Aim: An essential medicinal plant, Echhornia crassipes is a member of the Pontederiaceae family and is used to treat a wide range of disorders. Using various animal models, this study sought to investigate the anti-inflammatory and wound-healing benefits of an ethanolic extract of E. crassipes.

Study Design: This study engaged in vivo studies to investigate the wound healing and anti-inflammatory studies of the extract when compare with standard treatment.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Methodology: The optimal dosage of MEEC (Methanolic Extract of Eichhornia crassipes) was established by conducting acute toxicity tests. The efficacy of wound healing was assessed in this study by means of excision and incision wound models. For the purpose of inducing paw oedema and testing the anti-inflammatory efficacy, we utilised carrageenan and formalin, respectively.

Results: Experiments on acute toxicity indicated that the extract was acceptable at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. Two gel concentrations of the extract, 5% and 10%, were applied topically. Wounds healed significantly faster with 10% MEEC gel than with the conventional 10% povidone iodine ointment. Similar to the gold standard drug diclofenac, MEEC at doses of 200 mg/kg b.w. and 400 mg/kg b.w. demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory effects in the two animal models.

Conclusion: The benefits of MEEC on wound healing and inflammation may be attributed to its chemical components, which include alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and sterols.
Effect of Tillage, Crop Residue Management and Nutrient Levels on Energetics, Microbial Growth, Dehydrogenase Activity, Weed Parameters, Quality Parameters and Soil Physico-Chemical Properties of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Naveen Parangi , Akhil K. , Lakshmi Y. Siva , Reddy M. S.
Published: December 2023

The field experiment on “Effect of tillage, crop residue management and nutrient levels on energetics, microbial growth, dehydrogenase activity, weed parameters, quality parameters and soil physico-chemical properties of maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted during rabi season of 2022-23 at Maize Research Centre, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agriculture University, Agricultural Research Institute, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana. The experiment comprised of 12 treatment combinations laid out in a split–plot design with three replications. The main–plot treatments included four different tillage practices:M1-Conventional tillage (Plough + Cultivator + Rotovator), M2-Residue incorporation (After 10 days of spreading the haulms, only rotovator was run), M3- Residue incorporation (After spreading the haulms, microbial consortium was sprayed and after 10 days only rotovator was run) and M4- Zero-tillage (Only microbial consortium was sprayed on the haulms). Sub–plot treatments included three nutrient levels: N1- 100% RDF (240-80-80 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1), N2: 100% RDN & P and 50% RDK (240-80-40 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1), and N3: 87.5% of RDN, 75% RDP and 75% RDK (210-60-60 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1). Results revealed that, among the tillage practices, residue incorporation (M3) had recorded significantly higher total microbial population, dehydrogenase activity and post-harvest soil available NPK of maize and lowest weed density and weed dry matter and it was on par with zero-tillage (M4) whereas all the parameters were significantly lower in conventional tillage (M1). However, Energy indices viz., energy use efficiency, specific energy, net energy, energy productivity, energy intensiveness was found to be the best in M1 -conventional tillage. Among the different nutrient levels, N1 (100% RDF) had shown significantly higher total microbial population, dehydrogenase activity and post-harvest soil available NPK of maize. Energy indices viz., energy use efficiency, specific energy, net energy and energy productivity was found to be the best in N1- 100% RDF. Whereas energy intensiveness was found to be best with N3- 87.5% of RDN, 75% RDP and 75% RDK. However, energy indices like energy use efficiency, energy productivity and energy intensiveness indicated non-significant effect of different nutrient levels. Tillage as well as nutrient levels did not exert any significant effect on moisture content and bulk density at sowing, tasselling & silking and at harvest stages. Similar results were followed with quality parameters. The interaction effect due to tillage and nutrient levels on soil microbial studies, enzymatic activity, weed parameters, quality parameters, soil physico-chemical parameters, and energy indices was found non- significant.
Impact of Groundwater Depletion on Irrigation Cost of Paddy and Maize Cropping System in the Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Prasad Poiba Ravi , Sinha D. K. , Singh K. M. , Ahmad Nasim
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted to estimate the cost of groundwater irrigation and the impact of groundwater over-exploitation on the irrigation cost of paddy and maize in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. Based on the stage of groundwater extraction, the Central Groundwater Board divided the study area into safe and exploited areas. Primary data was collected from both these safe and exploited areas. The study found that the annual irrigation cost of groundwater in over-exploited areas for both paddy (₹4033.38/acre) and maize (₹3570.26/acre) were observed to be higher as against paddy (₹2697.01/acre) and maize (₹ 2524.76/acre) in safe areas. The added cost of groundwater irrigation in over-exploited areas for paddy (₹988.08/acre) and maize (₹838.34/acre) were preponderantly greater than paddy (₹216.60/acre) and maize (₹187.82/acre) in safe areas. This revealed that groundwater over-exploitation had a more significant impact on over-exploited regions. Marginal and small farmers are the primary victims of groundwater over-exploitation in terms of cost and groundwater resources. Free/subsidized electricity for irrigation and water-intensive crops, paddy and maize, are one of the reasons for depleting groundwater in the study area. There is a solid requirement for controlling groundwater over-exploitation in the study area.
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of Chaliyar River Basin by Multivariate Statistical Model
Authors: Aiswarya L. , Rema K. P. , Shyla J. , Brijesh V. K. , Vaisakh V.
Published: December 2023

Landslides were frequently observed in nature that can result in significant property damage and fatalities. Land management in landslide-prone areas can be aided by preparing a landslide susceptibility map. The landslide susceptibility of Chaliyar river basin was evaluated using the logistic regression (LR) technique. For this, an inventory map of 592 prior landslides was created using Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery. The inventory of landslides was then randomly split into 30% and 70% for model training and validation respectively. Fifteen landslide causative factors viz., Slope, Aspect, Curvature, Relative Relief, TWI, Distance to Road, Distance to Streams, Distance to Lineaments, Land Use Land Cover, Drainage Density, Road Density, Lineament Density, Geomorphology, Soil Texture, NDVI were considered for landslide susceptibility modelling. Utilising a Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (ROC) and Area Under Curve (AUC) value, the resulting susceptibility maps were validated. Analysis reveals that the validation stage of the LR model had a ROC-AUC value of 0.815. The study also demonstrates that slope, soil texture and LULC play a substantial role on the occurrence of landslides in the study area. The proposed landslide susceptibility model is appropriate, taking into account the ROC-AUC (0.815), and can be applied to future land use planning and landslide mitigation in the Chaliyar basin.
DANÇAS DA DIÁSPORA AFRICANA-BRASILEIRA
Authors: Conrado Amélia Vitória de Souza
Published: December 2023

Este artigo propõe um debate sobre as danças da diáspora africana-brasileira e sua relação com as políticas de arte e cultura, na medida em que questiona de que forma essas vêm contemplando o referido segmento na atualidade. O questionamento leva a presunção de que pouco ou quase nunca as políticas promovem fomento artístico-cultural, profissionalização, ação social, entretenimento e lazer a tal especificidade da dança, que existe de maneira apartada de seus direitos e relações de igualdade no vasto campo de conhecimento e saberes das artes. Mesmo com a ausência de políticas que as contemplem,os seus agentes culturais, majoritariamente constituídos por pessoas pretas e pardas, não se acomodam diante das ausências e precariedades, e criam modos de resistências, (re)existências e afirmação. Para fundamentar nossas ideias, articulamos metodologias que se originam de epistemologias afroreferenciadas, tais como: Simas e Rufino (2019), os quais oferecem direcionamentos múltiplos e entrecruzados no lastro de um pensamento afrodiaspórico e decolonial, como definem os autores Costa, Torres & Grosfoguel (2020).
Guiding Principles to Address the Impact of Algorithm Bias on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Health Care
Authors: Chin Marshall H. , Afsar-Manesh Nasim , Bierman Arlene S. , Chang Christine , Colón-Rodríguez Caleb J. , Dullabh Prashila , Duran Deborah Guadalupe , Fair Malika , Hernandez-Boussard Tina , Hightower Maia , Jain Anjali , Jordan William B. , Konya Stephen , Moore Roslyn Holliday , Moore Tamra Tyree , Rodriguez Richard , Shaheen Gauher , Snyder Lynne Page , Srinivasan Mithuna , Umscheid Craig A. , Ohno-Machado Lucila
Published: December 2023

Importance

Health care algorithms are used for diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, risk stratification, and allocation of resources. Bias in the development and use of algorithms can lead to worse outcomes for racial and ethnic minoritized groups and other historically marginalized populations such as individuals with lower income.

Objective

To provide a conceptual framework and guiding principles for mitigating and preventing bias in health care algorithms to promote health and health care equity.

Evidence Review

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the National Institute for Minority Health and Health Disparities convened a diverse panel of experts to review evidence, hear from stakeholders, and receive community feedback.

Findings

The panel developed a conceptual framework to apply guiding principles across an algorithm’s life cycle, centering health and health care equity for patients and communities as the goal, within the wider context of structural racism and discrimination. Multiple stakeholders can mitigate and prevent bias at each phase of the algorithm life cycle, including problem formulation (phase 1); data selection, assessment, and management (phase 2); algorithm development, training, and validation (phase 3); deployment and integration of algorithms in intended settings (phase 4); and algorithm monitoring, maintenance, updating, or deimplementation (phase 5). Five principles should guide these efforts: (1) promote health and health care equity during all phases of the health care algorithm life cycle; (2) ensure health care algorithms and their use are transparent and explainable; (3) authentically engage patients and communities during all phases of the health care algorithm life cycle and earn trustworthiness; (4) explicitly identify health care algorithmic fairness issues and trade-offs; and (5) establish accountability for equity and fairness in outcomes from health care algorithms.

Conclusions and Relevance

Multiple stakeholders must partner to create systems, processes, regulations, incentives, standards, and policies to mitigate and prevent algorithmic bias. Reforms should implement guiding principles that support promotion of health and health care equity in all phases of the algorithm life cycle as well as transparency and explainability, authentic community engagement and ethical partnerships, explicit identification of fairness issues and trade-offs, and accountability for equity and fairness.
Well-Being Parameters and Intention to Leave Current Institution Among Academic Physicians
Authors: Ligibel Jennifer A. , Goularte Nicolette , Berliner Jennifer I. , Bird Steven B. , Brazeau Chantal M. L. R. , Rowe Susannah G. , Stewart Miriam T. , Trockel Mickey T.
Published: December 2023

Importance

Physician turnover interrupts care delivery and creates health care system financial burden.

Objective

To describe the prevalence of burnout, professional fulfillment, and intention to leave (ITL) among physicians at academic-affiliated health care systems and identify institutional and individual factors associated with ITL.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study administered a survey to 37 511 attending-level medical specialists at 15 academic medical institutions participating in the Healthcare Professional Well-Being Academic Consortium. Data were collected from October 2019 to July 2021. Statistical analysis was performed from May 2022 to March 2023.

Exposures

Hypothesized institutional and individual determinants of occupational well-being.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was ITL, defined as having at least a moderate intention (a score of 2 on a 0-4 scale) to leave one’s institution within the next 2 years. Additional outcomes included burnout and professional fulfillment, defined using published Professional Fulfillment Index cut points.

Results

Of 18 719 academic physician survey respondents (8381 [44.8%] male; 2388 [12.8%] Asian, 10 599 [56.6%] White, 1039 [5.6%] other race, 4693 [25.1%] unknown race; 294 [1.6%] Hispanic or Latina/Latino/Latinx), 6903 of 18 217 (37.9%) met criteria for burnout and 7301 of 18 571 (39.3%) for professional fulfillment; 5177 of 15 890 (32.6%) reported moderate or greater ITL. Burnout, professional fulfillment, and ITL varied across specialties. After adjusting for demographics, each 1-point increase (range 0-10) in burnout was directly associated with ITL (odds ratio [OR], 1.52 [95% CI, 1.49-1.55])c, and each 1-point increase in professional fulfillment was inversely associated with ITL (OR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.63-0.65]). After adjusting for demographics, burnout, and professional fulfillment, each 1-point increase (range 0-10) in supportive leadership behaviors (OR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.82-0.84]), peer support (OR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.91-0.95]), personal-organizational values alignment (OR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.80-0.82]), perceived gratitude (OR, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.92-0.97]), COVID-19 organizational support (OR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.85-0.91]), and electronic health record helpfulness (OR, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.93-0.97]) were inversely associated with ITL, whereas each 1-point increase (range 0-10) in depression (OR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.05-1.10]) and negative impact of work on personal relationships (OR, 1.09 [1.07-1.11]) were directly associated with ITL.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of academic physicians, 32.6% indicated moderate or higher ITL within 2 years. Burnout, lack of professional fulfillment, and other well-being factors were associated with ITL, suggesting the need for a comprehensive approach to reduce physician turnover.
POTEE promotes breast cancer cell malignancy by inducing invadopodia formation through the activation of SUMOylated Rac1
Authors: Martínez‐López Angélica , García‐Casas Ana , Infante Guiomar , González‐Fernández Mónica , Salvador Nélida , Lorente Mar , Mendiburu‐Eliçabe Marina , Gonzalez‐Moreno Santiago , Villarejo‐Campos Pedro , Velasco Guillermo , Malliri Angeliki , Castillo‐Lluva Sonia
Published: December 2023

The small GTPase Rac1 (Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) has been implicated in cancer progression and in the poor prognosis of various types of tumors. Rac1 SUMOylation occurs during epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), and it is required for tumor cell migration and invasion. Here we identify POTEE (POTE Ankyrin domain family member E) as a novel Rac1‐SUMO1 effector involved in breast cancer malignancy that controls invadopodium formation through the activation of Rac1‐SUMO1. POTEE activates Rac1 in the invadopodium by recruiting TRIO‐GEF (triple functional domain protein), and it induces tumor cell proliferation and metastasisin vitroandin vivo. We found that the co‐localization of POTEE with Rac1 is correlated with more aggressive breast cancer subtypes. Given its role in tumor dissemination, the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths, POTEE could represent a potential therapeutic target for these types of cancer.
Medical image segmentation of gastric adenocarcinoma based on dense connection of residuals
Authors: Hu Ying , Guo Yue , Xu Xian , Xie Shipeng
Published: December 2023

Background and objective

Accurate segmentation of gastric cancer based on CT images of gastric adenocarcinoma is crucial for physicians to screen gastric diseases, clinical diagnosis, preoperative prediction, and postoperative evaluation plans. To address the issue of the inability of the segmentation algorithm to depict the correct boundaries due to unclear gastric contours in the lesion area and the visible irregular band‐like dense shadow extending to the perigastric region, a 3D medical image segmentation model 3D UNet based on residual dense jumping method is proposed.

Methods

In the method we proposed, Residual Dense Block, which is applied to the image super‐resolution module to remove CT artifacts, and Residual Block in ResNet are further fused. The quality of CT images is improved by Residual Dense Skip Block, which removes banded dense shadows, preserves image details and edge information, captures features, and improves the segmentation performance of gastric adenocarcinoma. The Instance Normalization layer position is modified to select the best result. Different loss functions are also combined in order to obtain the best gastric adenocarcinoma segmentation performance.

Results

We tested the model on a hospital‐provided gastric adenocarcinoma dataset. The experimental results show that our model outperforms the existing methods in CT gastric adenocarcinoma segmentation, in which the method combining the hybrid loss function of Dice and CE obtains an average dice score of 82.3%, which is improved by 5.3% and 3.8% compared to TransUNet and Hiformer, respectively, and improves the cross‐merge rate to 70.8%, compared to nnFormer, nnUNet by 1% and 0.9%, respectively.

Conclusions

The residual jump connection structure indeed improves segmentation performance. The proposed method has the potential to be used as a screen for gastric diseases and to assist physicians in diagnosis.
Xylazine update: Prevalence, treatment and research
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2023

The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which has taken the federal lead on xylazine – the animal tranquilizer that has invaded the illicit fentanyl supply, making a drastic overdose situation even worse – has recently come out with a page on What You Should Know About Xylazine (https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/deaths/other‐drugs/xylazine/faq.html).
A Novel Ferroelectric Rashba Semiconductor
Authors: Krizman Gauthier , Zakusylo Tetiana , Sajeev Lakshmi , Hajlaoui Mahdi , Takashiro Takuya , Rosmus Marcin , Olszowska Natalia , Kołodziej Jacek J. , Bauer Günther , Caha Ondrej , Springholz Gunther
Published: December 2023

Fast, reversible, and low‐power manipulation of the spin texture is crucial for next generation spintronic devices like non‐volatile bipolar memories, switchable spin current injectors or spin field effect transistors. Ferroelectric Rashba semiconductors (FERSC) are the ideal class of materials for the realization of such devices. Their ferroelectric character enables an electronic control of the Rashba‐type spin texture by means of the reversible and switchable polarization. Yet, only very few materials are established to belong to this class of multifunctional materials. Here, Pb1−xGexTe is unraveled as a novel FERSC system down to nanoscale. The ferroelectric phase transition and concomitant lattice distortion are demonstrated by temperature dependent X‐ray diffraction, and their effect on electronic properties are measured by angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy. In few nanometer‐thick epitaxial heterostructures, a large Rashba spin‐splitting is exhibiting a wide tuning range as a function of temperature and Ge content. This work defines Pb1−xGexTe as a high‐potential FERSC system for spintronic applications.
Significance of Engineering the MnO6 Octahedral Units to Promote the Oxygen Reduction Reaction of Perovskite Oxides
Authors: Weng Zheng , Liu Luohua , Hu Yang , Wei Yicheng , Da Pengfei , Wu Zelong , Mu Zhaori , Xi Pinxian , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: December 2023

The electronic structure and geometric configuration of catalysts play a crucial role to design novel perovskite‐type catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Nowadays, many studies are more concerned with the influence of electronic structure and ignore the geometric effect, which plays a nonnegligible role in enhancing catalytic performances. Herein, this work regulates the MnO6 octahedral tilting degree of LaMnO3 by modulating the concentration of Y3+, excluding the electronic effect from the valence state of manganese. Plotting the MnO6 octahedral tilting degree as a function of concentration of Y3+ produces a volcano‐shaped plot. The octahedral tilting can reduce the Mn−O covalency, generating more highly active Mn3+ and oxygen vacancies during ORR process. The specific activity has a positive correlation with octahedral tilting degree. Meanwhile, the octahedral tilting stabilizes Mn−O interactions during ORR process and promote stability. Based on experimental results and DFT calculations, octahedral tilting alters the rate‐determining step (RDS) and decrease the energy barrier. Subsequent extended experiment confirms that octahedral tilting is the key factor to affect the catalytic performances.
Advanced Soft Porous Organic Crystal with Multiple Gas‐Induced Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Transformations for Highly Selective Separation of Propylene and Propane
Authors: Li Lin , Zhao Shuhong , Huang Huiming , Dong Muyao , Liang Jie , Li Hui , Hao Jian , Zhao Engui , Gu Xinggui
Published: December 2023

Soft porous organic crystals with stimuli‐responsive single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) transformations are important tools for unraveling their structural transformations at the molecular level, which is of crucial importance for the rapid development of stimuli‐responsive systems. Carefully balancing the crystallinity and flexibility of materials is the prerequisite to construct advanced organic crystals with SCSC, which remains challenging. Herein, a squaraine‐based soft porous organic crystal (SPOC‐SQ) with multiple gas‐induced SCSC transformations and temperature‐regulated gate‐opening adsorption of various C1‐C3 hydrocarbons is reported. SPOC‐SQ is featured with both crystallinity and flexibility, which enable pertaining the single crystallinity of the purely organic framework during accommodating gas molecules and directly unveiling gas‐framework interplays by SCXRD technique. Thanks to the excellent softness of SPOC‐SQ crystals, multiple metastable single crystals are obtained after gas removals, which demonstrates a molecular‐scale shape‐memory effect. Benefiting from the single crystallinity, the molecule‐level structural evolutions of the SPOC‐SQ crystal framework during gas departure are uncovered. With the unique temperature‐dependent gate‐opening structural transformations, SPOC‐SQ exhibits distinctly different absorption behaviors towards C3H6 and C3H8, and highly efficient and selective separation of C3H6/C3H8 (v/v, 50/50) is achieved at 273 K. Such advanced soft porous organic crystals are of both theoretical values and practical implications.
Agroeconomic costs for meeting the Environmental Protection Agency's mitigation menu approach to pesticide regulation
Authors: Duzy Leah M. , Campana David J. , Brain Richard
Published: December 2023

In April 2022, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) introduced a workplan for pesticide registration and reregistration to meet obligations under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), which included a menu of suggested mitigation measures to reduce potential for exposure of nontarget species to runoff, spray drift, and erosion. If adopted on registered product labels, it enables a prospective registrant to meet more stringent ESA criteria for registration, even during non‐ESA‐issued interim decisions. This paper identifies and evaluates complexities posed by the mitigation menu approach that could undermine good intentions underlying this new process and uses existing economic considerations to analyze positive and negative externalities. Several points of complexity demonstrate how the mitigation menu approach would benefit from further regulatory development or refinement. Changes should be informed by fundamental questions about the dynamics between landowners and land managers and, crucially, different motivations decision‐makers face in adopting voluntary versus regulatory mitigations.
The distribution of competitive research grants from the National Institute for Food and Agriculture: A comparison of 1862 land grant universities, 1890 land grant universities, and other institutions
Authors: Wilson Norbert L. W. , Walters Lurleen M. , Wade Tara , Reynolds Kenesha
Published: December 2023

This article evaluates the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) competitive grant funding awarded to predominately White 1862 land grant institutions (LGUs), historically Black 1890 LGUs, and non‐land grant institutions. We present the historical distribution of funding for agricultural research. Much of the inquiry centers on the differential funding of the 1862 LGUs, 1890 LGUs, and non‐land grant institutions. We discuss the implications for academic and community stakeholders. Results show that, on average, 1890 LGUs and non‐land grant institutions receive less competitive grant funding than 1862 LGUs for the same award programs. We show that the disparity falls from 2010 to 2019.
Evaluation of the advantage of surgeons certified by the endoscopic surgical skill qualification system participating in laparoscopic low anterior rectal resection
Authors: Sawada Naruhiko , Akagi Tomonori , Shimomura Manabu , Todate Yukitoshi , Nagakari Kunihiko , Takeshita Hiroaki , Maruyama Satoshi , Takata Manabu , Ichikawa Nobuki , Hida Koya , Iijima Hiroaki , Yamaguchi Shigeki , Taketomi Akinobu , Naitoh Takeshi ,   The EnSSURE Study Group Collaboratives in Japan Society of Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery.
Published: December 2023

Background

A technical qualification system was developed in 2004 by the Japan Society for Endoscopic Surgery. An analysis of the EnSSURE study on 3188 stage II–III rectal cancer patients, which was performed by including the participation of qualified surgeons as assistants and advisers without restricting their participation as operators, revealed that the participation of technically qualified surgeons in surgery improved the technical and oncological safety of laparoscopic rectal resection.

Aim

This secondary retrospective analysis of the EnSSURE study examined the advantage of qualified surgeons participating in laparoscopic low anterior resection (LAR).

Methods

The outcomes of low anterior resection were compared between groups with and without the participation of surgeons qualified by the Endoscopic Surgical Skill Qualification System (Q and non‐Q groups, respectively). We used propensity score matching to generate paired cohorts at a one‐to‐one ratio. The postoperative complication rate, short‐term results (hemorrhage volume, operative time, number of dissected lymph nodes, open conversion rate, intraoperative complication rate, and R0 resection rate), and long‐term results (disease‐free survival rate, local recurrence rate, and overall survival rate) were evaluated.

Results

The frequencies of postoperative complications, anastomotic bleeding, and intraperitoneal abscess were significantly lower, the operative time was significantly shorter, the postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter, and the number of dissected lymph nodes was higher in the Q group. No significant differences were observed in disease‐free survival, local recurrence, or overall survival rate rates between the groups.

Conclusion

The participation of qualified surgeons in LAR is technically advantageous.
Risk of Multiple Sclerosis in People Living with HIV: An International Cohort Study
Authors: McKay Kyla A. , Wijnands José M. A. , Manouchehrinia Ali , Zhu Feng , Sereda Paul , Li Jenny , Ye Monica , Trigg Jason , Kooij Katherine , Ekström Anna Mia , Gisslén Magnus , Hillert Jan , Hogg Robert S. , Tremlett Helen , Kingwell Elaine
Published: December 2023

Objective

There has been interest in a possible negative association between HIV and multiple sclerosis (MS). We aimed to compare the risk of MS in a cohort of individuals living with HIV to that in the general population.

Methods

Population‐based health data were accessed for 2 cohorts of HIV‐positive persons from Sweden and British Columbia, Canada. Incident MS was identified using MS registries or a validated algorithm applied to administrative data. Individuals with HIV were followed from 1 year after the first clinical evidence of HIV or the first date of complete administrative health data (Canada = April 1, 1992 and Sweden = January 1, 2001) until the earliest of incident MS, emigration, death, or study end (Canada = March 31, 2020 and Sweden = December 31, 2018). The observed MS incidence rate in the HIV‐positive cohort was compared to the expected age‐, sex‐, calendar year‐, income‐specific, and region of birth‐specific rates in a randomly selected sample of >20% of each general population. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for MS following the first antiretroviral therapy exposure (“ART‐exposed”) was also calculated.

Results

The combined Sweden‐Canada cohort included 29,163 (75% men) HIV‐positive persons. During 242,248 person‐years of follow‐up, 14 incident MS cases were observed in the HIV‐positive cohort, whereas 26.19 cases were expected. The SIR for MS in the HIV‐positive population was 0.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32–0.90). The SIR for MS following the first ART exposure was 0.55 (95% CI = 0.31–0.96).

Interpretation

This international population‐based study demonstrated a lower risk of MS among HIV‐positive individuals, and HIV‐positive ART‐exposed individuals. These findings provide support for further exploration into the relationship among HIV, ART, and MS. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:487–494