bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlled Synthesis of Heterotrimetallic Single‐Chain Magnets from Anisotropic High‐Spin 3 d–4 f Nodes and Paramagnetic Spacers
Authors: Yao Min‐Xia , Zheng Qi , Qian Kang , Song You , Gao Song , Zuo Jing‐Lin
Published: December 2012

By using the node‐and‐spacer approach in suitable solvents, four new heterotrimetallic 1D chain‐like compounds (that is, containing 3d–3d′–4f metal ions), {[Ni(L)Ln(NO3)2(H2O)Fe(Tp*)(CN)3]⋅2 CH3CN⋅CH3OH}n (H2L=N,N′‐bis(3‐methoxysalicylidene)‐1,3‐diaminopropane, Tp*=hydridotris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)borate; Ln=Gd (1), Dy (2), Tb (3), Nd (4)), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. All of these compounds are made up of a neutral cyanide‐ and phenolate‐bridged heterotrimetallic chain, with a {FeCNNi(OLn)NC}n repeat unit. Within these chains, each [(Tp*)Fe(CN)3]− entity binds to the NiII ion of the [Ni(L)Ln(NO3)2(H2O)]+ motif through two of its three cyanide groups in a cis mode, whereas each [Ni(L)Ln(NO3)2(H2O)]+ unit is linked to two [(Tp*)Fe(CN)3]− ions through the NiII ion in a trans mode. In the [Ni(L)Ln(NO3)2(H2O)]+ unit, the NiII and LnIII ions are bridged to one other through two phenolic oxygen atoms of the ligand (L). Compounds 1–4 are rare examples of 1D cyanide‐ and phenolate‐bridged 3d–3d′–4f helical chain compounds. As expected, strong ferromagnetic interactions are observed between neighboring FeIII and NiII ions through a cyanide bridge and between neighboring NiII and LnIII (except for NdIII) ions through two phenolate bridges. Further magnetic studies show that all of these compounds exhibit single‐chain magnetic behavior. Compound 2 exhibits the highest effective energy barrier (58.2 K) for the reversal of magnetization in 3d/4d/5d–4f heterotrimetallic single‐chain magnets.
ChemInform Abstract: A Fully Size‐Resolved Perspective on the Crystallization of Water Clusters.
Authors: Pradzynski Christoph C. , Forck Richard M. , Zeuch Thomas , Slavicek Petr , Buck Udo
Published: December 2012

Precisely size‐selected (H2O)n clusters (n = 85—457) are characterized by IR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure—Property Relationships in Solid Solutions of Noncentrosymmetric Aurivillius Phases, Bi4‐xLaxTi3O12 (x = 0—0.75).
Authors: Oh Seung‐Jin , Shin Yiseul , Tran T. Thao , Lee Dong Woo , Yoon Anne , Halasyamani P. Shiv , Ok Kang Min
Published: December 2012

Bi4Ti3O12, Bi3.75La0.25Ti3O12, Bi3.5La0.5Ti3O12, and Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Bi2O3, La2O3, and TiO2 (alumina crucibles, 750, 850, and 1000 °C for 24 h each).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Dy2PdGe6.
Authors: Gribanov Alexander , Safronov Sergey , Murashova Elena , Seropegin Yurii
Published: December 2012

The crystal structure of the title compound is determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of a New Lead Barium Borate, Pb1.13Ba7.87B18O36.
Authors: Wu Hongping , Pan Shilie , Jia Dianzeng , Chen Zhaohui , Yu Hongwei
Published: December 2012

Single crystals of the new title compound are prepared by melting a mixture of BaF2, PbO, and H3BO3 in the molar ratio of 1:1:4 (Pt crucible, 850 °C, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of W‐ and Mo‐Doped VO2(M) by Ethanol Reduction of Peroxovanadium Complexes and Their Phase Transition and Optical Switching Properties.
Authors: Zhang Yifu , Li Wei , Fan Meijuan , Zhang Fangfang , Zhang Juecheng , Liu Xinghai , Zhang Haining , Huang Chi , Li Houbin
Published: December 2012

Thermochromic W‐ and Mo‐doped monoclinic vanadium dioxide VO2(M) with various amounts of dopants is hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous mixtures of V2O5, H2O2, EtOH, and ammonium tungstate or ammonium molybdate (autoclave, 180 °C, 48 h) followed by calcination at 700 °C for 2 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure, Microstructure and Photoluminescence of Nanocrystalline Ti‐Doped Gahnite.
Authors: Vrankic M. , Grzeta B. , Mandic V. , Tkalcec E. , Milosevic S. , Ceh M. , Rakvin B.
Published: December 2012

Ti‐doped ZnAl2O4 (gahnite) samples with doping levels of 0, 1.8, 3.8, 5.4, and 11.6 at.% Ti relative to Al are synthesized from Zn(NO3)2, Al(O‐sBu)3, and Ti(O‐Bu)4 by a sol—gel method followed by thermal treatment (800 °C, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A Semiconductor or a One‐Dimensional Metal and Superconductor Through Tellurium π Stacking.
Authors: Beck Johannes , et al. et al.
Published: December 2012

The structures of compounds (IV) and (V) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Octet‐Line Node Structure of Superconducting Order Parameter in KFe2As2.
Authors: Okazaki K. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2012

Ultrahigh‐resolution laser angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy shows that KFe2As2 is a nodal s‐wave superconductor with an unusual Fermi surface‐selective multi‐gap structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Wintersweet‐Flower‐Like CoFe2O4/MWCNTs Hybrid Material for High‐Capacity Reversible Lithium Storage.
Authors: Wang Ying , Park Jinsoo , Sun Bing , Ahn Hyojun , Wang Guoxiu
Published: December 2012

CoFe2O4/multiwalled carbon nanotubes hybrid materials are hydrothermally synthesized from mixtures of FeCl3, CoCl2, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, ethylene glycol, diethylenetriamine, and KOH solution (autoclave, 180 °C, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Free Perovskite Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe0.9Nb0.1 O3‐δ as a Cathode Material for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.
Authors: Huang Shouguo , Wang Guojing , Sun Xiaohong , Lei Changmei , Li Teng , Wang Chunchang
Published: December 2012

Powders of the title compound are prepared by solid state reaction of BaCO3, SrCO3, Fe2O3, and Nb2O5 (air, 1000 and 1100 °C for 10 h each).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Sn‐Doped Li3V2(PO4)3/C Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Battery by Microwave Solid‐State Technique.
Authors: Liu Haiping , Bi Sifu , Wen Guangwu , Teng Xiangguo , Gao Peng , Ni Zujun , Zhu Yongming , Zhang Fang
Published: December 2012

Li3V2‐xSnx(PO4)3/C (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10) cathode materials are synthesized by a microwave‐assisted solid state reaction starting with mixtures of LiOH·H2O, V2O5, NH4H2PO4, SnO2, and sucrose (Ar flow, 300 °C for 3 h followed by microwave heating at 750 °C for 15 min).
ChemInform Abstract: New Indium Lead(II) Vanadate(V) in Pb2V2O7—InVO4 System and Its Characterization.
Authors: Bosacka M.
Published: December 2012

Solid state reaction of an equimolar mixture of InVO4 and Pb2V2O7 (550, 600, 650, 700, and 710 °C for 12 h each) leads to the formation of the new compound Pb2InV3O11, which is characterized by powder XRD, SEM, and DTA.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromate‐Mediated One‐Step Quantitative Transformation of PW12 into P2W20 Polyoxometalates.
Authors: Bajpe Sneha R. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2012

K13[KP2W20O72] is quantitatively obtained by addition of H3PW12O40 to an aqueous solution of K2CrO4 (pH 6.6) at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation of β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Deng Qing‐Hai , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H.
Published: December 2012

The asymmetric trifluoromethylation of cyclic β‐ketoesters, e.g. (I), (VI), (XI), (XIII), (XV) or (XVIII), with either Togni′s reagent (II) or Umemoto′s reagent (XVI) is efficiently catalyzed by a chiral Cu—bis(oxazolinylmethylene)isoindole complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stereoselective C—C Bond Formation by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Tandem Ylide Formation/[2,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement Between Donor/Acceptor Carbenoids and Chiral Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Li Zhanjie , Parr Brendan T. , Davies Huw M. L.
Published: December 2012

Two vicinal stereogenic centers are generated in the title reaction with excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of anti‐ and syn‐Homopropargyl Alcohols via Chiral Broensted Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Allenylboration Reactions.
Authors: Chen Ming , Roush William R.
Published: December 2012

The chiral BINOL‐derived phosphate‐catalyzed addition of chiral allenic boronates towards aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes provides access towards anti‐ (IV), (VI) and syn‐homopropargyl alcohols (III) in good yields and high stereoselectivities, although aliphatic aldehydes provide the syn‐homopropargylic alcohols (VII) in low diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Reactions of Cyclic α‐Diazocarbonyl Compounds with Selectivity over Tertiary C—H Bond Migration.
Authors: DeAngelis Andrew , Dmitrenko Olga , Fox Joseph M.
Published: December 2012

Suitable reaction conditions are presented for the Rh‐catalyzed intermolecular reaction of cyclic α‐diazocarbonyl compounds (I), (XII) and (XX) with olefins, alkynes and O‐, N‐, S‐nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Phosphodiesterase IVb Inhibitors. Part 2. Stereoselective Synthesis of Hexahydro‐3H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐c]imidazol‐3‐one and Tetrahydro‐1H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐c][1,3]oxazol‐3‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Zhmurov P. A. , Tabolin A. A. , Sukhorukov A. Yu. , Lesiv A. V. , Klenov M. S. , Khomutova Yu. A. , Ioffe S. L. , Tartakovsky V. A.
Published: December 2012

Starting from the known nitrone (I), the highly potent phosphodiesterase IVb inhibitors (VII) and (X) are stereoselectively synthesized in an overall yield of 22% and 18%, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Nonmetathetic Activity of Ruthenium Alkylidene Complexes: 1,4‐Hydrovinylative Cyclization of Multiynes with Ethylene.
Authors: Yun Sang Young , Wang Kung‐Pern , Kim Mansuk , Lee Daesung
Published: December 2012

Grubbs′ second generation catalyst efficiently catalyzes the 1,4‐hydrovinylative cyclization of tetraynes (I), (VI) and triynes (VIII) under an ethylene atmosphere.
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Bond Functionalization via Hydride Transfer: Formation of α‐Arylated Piperidines and 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinolines via Stereoselective Intramolecular Amination of Benzylic C—H Bonds.
Authors: Vadola Paul A. , Carrera Ignacio , Sames Dalibor
Published: December 2012

Treatment of aldehydes of type (I), (IV), (VI), and (IX) with Tos‐NH2 leads to imines which in the presence of BF3·OEt2 undergo cyclization to α‐arylated piperidines and tetrahydroisoquinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Transformations of β‐Lactam‐Condensed 1,3‐Benzothiazines to Isoquinoline and Thiazole Derivatives by Sulfur Extrusion and Addition Sequences.
Authors: Fodor Lajos , Csomos Peter , Csampai Antal , Sohar Pal
Published: December 2012

The ring transformation of dichloro β‐lactams (I) in the presence of sodium methoxide is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Addition and Addition—Elimination Reactions of Perfluoroalkyl Iodides to Electron‐Deficient Olefins.
Authors: Yajima Tomoko , Jahan Ishrat , Tonoi Takayuki , Shinmen Manami , Nishikawa Aya , Yamaguchi Kanako , Sekine Izumi , Nagano Hajime
Published: December 2012

Photoinduced radical perfluoroalkylation of various simple electron‐deficient olefins is achieved in the presence of an aqueous Na2S2O3 solution.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Free Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Promoted by 1,3‐Diarylimidazolium Salts and KOH.
Authors: Ikhile Monisola Itohan , Nyamori Vincent Onserio , Bala Muhammad Dabai
Published: December 2012

IMD is found to be most efficient salt for the process which utilizes mild aerobic conditions compared to the inert atmosphere required for metal‐based systems.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Route for the Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Alcohols Employing 1‐Propanephosphonic Acid Cyclic Anhydride as Acid Activator.
Authors: Nagendra G. , Madhu C. , Vishwanatha T. M. , Sureshbabu Vommina V.
Published: December 2012

A simple protocol presented for the reduction of carboxylic acids as well as amino acids and peptides to the corresponding alcohols under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Conversion of Aryl and Heteroaryl Bromides into the Corresponding Chlorides.
Authors: Feng Xiujuan , Qu Yiping , Han Yanlei , Yu Xiaoqiang , Bao Ming , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: December 2012

The reaction is conducted under mild conditions using a very inexpensive chlorine source.
ChemInform Abstract: A Protocol for Accessing the β‐Azidation of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Angelini Tommaso , Bonollo Simona , Lanari Daniela , Pizzo Ferdinando , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: December 2012

The new, efficient, and recoverable bifunctional supported ammonium fluoride PAS selectively catalyzes the direct and solvent‐free β‐azidation of the title carboxylic acids without the need to protect/deprotect the carboxylic functionality.
ChemInform Abstract: Kumada—Tamao—Corriu Coupling of Heteroaromatic Chlorides and Aryl Ethers Catalyzed by (IPr)Ni(allyl)Cl.
Authors: Iglesias Maria Jose , Prieto Auxiliadora , Nicasio M. Carmen
Published: December 2012

The title reaction allows an efficient access to a number of biaryls and heterobiaryls.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of α,β‐Unsaturated Esters and Amides via External CO‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of Alkenyl Tosylates.
Authors: Ueda Tsuyoshi , Konishi Hideyuki , Manabe Kei
Published: December 2012

The tosylate substrates react with phenyl formate (II) to give α,β‐unsaturated esters directly.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Palladium‐Mediated Decarbonylation Reaction: Synthesis of Eulatachromene.
Authors: Akanksha Akanksha , Maiti Debabrata
Published: December 2012

The transformation (24 examples) proceeds under lower catalyst loading and with shorter reaction times compared to conventional heating.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Generated “Lanthanum(III) Nitrate Alkoxide” as a Highly Active and Nearly Neutral Transesterification Catalyst.
Authors: Hatano Manabu , Kamiya Sho , Ishihara Kazuaki
Published: December 2012

The ratio of lanthanum nitrate to the applied phosphonium salt determines yield and e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Aluminum Triflate Catalyzed O‐Glycosidation: Temperature‐Switched Selective Ferrier Rearrangement or Direct Addition with Alcohols.
Authors: Williams D. Bradley G. , Simelane Sandile B. , Kinfe Henok H.
Published: December 2012

The reaction of benzyl protected glycal (I) with both aliphatic and aromatic alcohols in the presence of Al(O‐Tf)3 proceeds either via addition or via Ferrier rearrangement depending on the reaction temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteropolyacid‐Catalyzed Direct Deoxygenation of Propargyl and Allyl Alcohols.
Authors: Egi Masahiro , Kawai Takuya , Umemura Megumi , Akai Shuji
Published: December 2012

Treatment of propargyl and allyl alcohols with Et3SiH and H3[PW12O40] provides a mild and efficient approach to various alkynes and trisubstituted alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd/Light‐Accelerated Atom‐Transfer Carbonylation of Alkyl Iodides: Applications in Multicomponent Coupling Processes Leading to Functionalized Carboxylic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Fusano Akira , Sumino Shuhei , Nishitani Satoshi , Inouye Takaya , Morimoto Keisuke , Fukuyama Takahide , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: December 2012

Three‐ and four‐component reactions towards functionalized esters, lactones and lactames are developed based on palladium/light induced, radical carbonylation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Step Thioetherification by Indium‐Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Carboxylic Acids with Thiols.
Authors: Sakai Norio , Miyazaki Takahiro , Sakamoto Tomohiro , Yatsuda Takuma , Moriya Toshimitsu , Ikeda Reiko , Konakahara Takeo
Published: December 2012

It provides a new method to prepare a wide range of thioethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of Cyclopropyl Substituted Propargyl Esters: A Tandem 1,3‐Acyloxy Migration [5 + 1] Cycloaddition.
Authors: Shu Dongxu , Li Xiaoxun , Zhang Min , Robichaux Patrick J. , Guzei Ilia A. , Tang Weiping
Published: December 2012

The title reaction allows an efficient access to highly substituted cyclohexenones.
ChemInform Abstract: S‐Benzyl Isothiouronium Chloride as a Recoverable Organocatalyst for the Reduction of Conjugated Nitroalkenes with Hantzsch Ester.
Authors: Nguyen Quynh Pham Bao , Kim Jae Nyoung , Kim Taek Hyeon
Published: December 2012

The reduction of unsaturated nitroalkanes into nitroalkanes using a combination of Hantzsch ester and S‐benzyl isothiouronium chloride as organic catalyst system is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Samarium Diiodide Promoted Tandem β‐Elimination and Cross‐Pinacol Coupling: A New Access to 1‐Vinyl‐1,2‐diols with Two Adjacent Quaternary Carbon Centers.
Authors: Zhao Yun‐Hui , Ma Ru‐Lin , Sun Xing‐Wen , Lin Guo‐Qiang
Published: December 2012

1,3‐Dioxolane substrates rearrange in the presence of excess SmI2 to afford novel 1,2‐diol structures as highly functionalized skeletons for natural product syntheses.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free N—H Insertions of Donor/Acceptor Carbenes.
Authors: Hansen Stephanie R. , Spangler Jillian E. , Hansen Joern H. , Davies Huw M. L.
Published: December 2012

The thermal decomposition of aryldiazoacetates generates carbenes, which directly undergo the C—H insertion reactions with a wide range of primary and secondary alkyl‐ and aryl/heteroarylamines to give α‐arylamino esters in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Oxidative Amide Formation with N‐Hydroxysuccinimide and Hypervalent Iodine Reagents.
Authors: Yao Haoyi , Tang Yun , Yamamoto Kana
Published: December 2012

An oxidative process for the formation of amides from aldehydes or related alcohols such as (XIII) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Straightforward and General Access to α‐Phthalimido‐α′‐substituted Propan‐2‐ones.
Authors: Pace Vittorio , Holzer Wolfgang
Published: December 2012

Regioselective ring opening of starting compound (I) with a variety of nucleophiles produces propan‐2‐ol derivatives which are readily oxidized to the corresponding ketones in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: TBD‐Catalyzed α‐Sulfenylation of Cyclic Ketones: Desymmetrization of 4‐Substituted Cyclohexanones.
Authors: Poladura Belen , Martinez‐Castaneda Angel , Rodriguez‐Solla Humberto , Concellon Carmen , del Amo Vicente
Published: December 2012

A simple and efficient protocol for the α‐sulfenylation of cyclic ketones is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free α‐Arylation of β‐Keto Amides via an Interrupted Insertion Reaction of Arynes.
Authors: Mohanan Kishor , Coquerel Yoann , Rodriguez Jean
Published: December 2012

Both cyclic and acyclic β‐keto amides undergo the title reaction to give the corresponding α‐phenyl‐ or α‐(2‐naphthyl)‐substituted products.
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,4‐Naphthoquinone‐2,3‐bis‐sulfides Catalyzed by a Commercial Laccase.
Authors: Wellington Kevin W. , Bokako Refiloe , Raseroka Nelly , Steenkamp Paul
Published: December 2012

An oxidative C—S bond formation with alkyl and aryl thiols (II) and (IV) is achieved under mild conditions from both the naphthohydroquinone carboxylic acid (I) and the naphthohydroquinone (VI), enabling direct access to naphthoquinone (bis)sulfides such as (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐ and Metal‐Free C—H Direct Arylations of Naphthalene and Other Unbiased Arenes with Diaryliodonium Salts.
Authors: Castro Susana , Fernandez Juan J. , Vicente Ruben , Fananas Francisco J. , Rodriguez Felix
Published: December 2012

The arylation of naphthalene with diaryliodonium triflate (I) proceeds readily under microwave irradiation to afford 1‐arylnaphthalene (III) as main product.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Double C—H Bond Activation of Diaryl Ketones for the Synthesis of Fluorenones.
Authors: Gandeepan Parthasarathy , Hung Chen‐Hsun , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: December 2012

The palladium‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization of benzophenones (I) leads to desired fluorenones (II) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light Induced Intermolecular [2 + 2]‐Cycloaddition Reactions of 3‐Ylideneoxindoles Through Energy Transfer Pathway.
Authors: Zou You‐Quan , Duan Shu‐Wen , Meng Xiang‐Gao , Hu Xiao‐Qiang , Gao Shuang , Chen Jia‐Rong , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: December 2012

Title reaction provides access towards structurally constraint spirooxindoles bearing four contiguous stereocenters in excellent diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Epoxidation of Olefins with a Silica‐Supported Peracid.
Authors: Mello Rossella , Alcalde‐Aragones Ana , Gonzalez Nunez Maria Elena , Asensio Gregorio
Published: December 2012

The title reagent is found to be efficient for the epoxidation of a number of alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzyl‐Type Cation Initiated Nucleophilic Substitution on Furan and Thiophene by Using α‐EWG Ketene S,S‐Acetals as Nucleophiles.
Authors: Sun Shaoguang , Liu Jun , Liu Qun , Wang Mang
Published: December 2012

Novel Lewis acid catalyzed reactions of furan and thiophene derivatives including aldehydes and Baylis—Hillman adducts with ketene S,S‐acetals are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Synthesis of endo‐endo‐3,7‐Dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane Lignans Using 1,6‐Bis(dipropylboryl)‐2,4‐hexadiene.
Authors: Anfimov A. N. , Erdyakov S. Yu. , Gurskii M. E. , Bubnov Yu. N.
Published: December 2012

Stereospecific intramolecular cyclization of known unsaturated diols (I) is achieved by ozonolysis, whereas other methods such as iodocyclization fail.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of C1‐Substituted Oxabenzonorbornadienes.
Authors: Haner Jamie , Jack Kelsey , Menard Michelle L. , Howell Jennifer , Nagireddy Jaipal , Raheem Mohammed Abdul , Tam William
Published: December 2012

The title compounds, which are of interest as precursors of highly substituted ring systems, can be directly prepared by Diels—Alder reaction of benzyne with 2‐substituted furans.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light‐Induced Synthesis of 3,4‐Diarylthiophenes from 3,4‐Diaryl‐2,5‐dihydrothiophenes.
Authors: Chen Yu‐Zhe , Wang Deng‐Hui , Chen Bin , Zhong Jian‐Ji , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: December 2012

It provides a facile method to prepare 3,4‐diarylthiophenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Catalyzed Highly Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Alkylated/3‐Alkenylated Indoles from 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Singh Neetu , Singh Krishna Nand
Published: December 2012

The reaction leads to the desired products if dimedone (II) is used as dicarbonyl unit.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 1H‐Benzimidazole Derivatives Using Thiamine Hydrochloride as a Reusable Organocatalyst.
Authors: Lei Min , Ma Lei , Hu Lihong
Published: December 2012

Thiamine hydrochloride is shown to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives of type (III) or (V) from o‐phenylendiamine and aromatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Hantzsch Thiazole Synthesis of N‐Phenyl‐4‐(6‐phenylimidazo[2,1‐b]thiazol‐5‐yl)thiazol‐2‐amines from the Reaction of 2‐Chloro‐1‐(6‐phenylimidazo[2,1‐b]thiazol‐5‐yl)ethanones and Thioureas.
Authors: Kamila Sukanta , Mendoza Kimberly , Biehl Edward R.
Published: December 2012

The biologically important title structures (III) can be prepared in an easy manner with good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium‐Mediated Regioselective Mono‐Allylation of 1,5‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and Dehydrative Cyclization to 2,3‐Dihydro‐4H‐pyran‐4‐ones and 3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐[1,4]oxazines.
Authors: Kim Sung Hwan , Lee Sangku , Kim Se Hee , Lim Jin Woo , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: December 2012

In the case of intermediates (VIIb) and (XIb), unexpected bicyclic products (IX) and (XIII) are obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (5S*,4aS*,7aS*)‐5‐Hydroxyhexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran‐3(1H)‐one.
Authors: Lozanova A. V. , Chizhov A. O. , Veselovsky V. V.
Published: December 2012

Title compound (VII) is synthesized as potential isoprostane building block.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted Coumarins via Broensted Acid Mediated Condensation of Allenes with Substituted Phenols or Anisoles.
Authors: Kim Sundae , Kang Dongjin , Lee Chang‐Hee , Lee Phil Ho
Published: December 2012

It provides a new and efficient method to prepare a wide range of coumarins.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted Quinolines from N‐Aryl‐N‐(2‐alkynyl)toluenesulfonamides via FeCl3‐Mediated Intramolecular Cyclization and Concomitant Detosylation.
Authors: Roy B. , Ansary Inul , Samanta Srikanta , Majumdar K. C.
Published: December 2012

Optimized conditions afford the target compounds via a 6‐endo‐dig cyclization/detosylation sequence and are suitable for the access to a diverse range of quinoline structures from simple starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Nitro‐Mannich Route for the Synthesis of 1,2‐Diamine Containing Indolines and Tetrahydroquinolines.
Authors: Anderson James C. , Noble Adam , Tocher Derek A.
Published: December 2012

A convenient and highly stereoselective method to prepare 3‐aminotetrahydroquinolines and 2‐aminomethylene indolines starting from nitrostyrenes of type (I) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of C1‐Indol‐3‐yl‐Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives via a Pictet—Spengler Approach.
Authors: Larsson Rikard , Blanco Narda , Johansson Martin , Sterner Olov
Published: December 2012

The condensation of L‐DOPA derivative (I) with aldehydes (II) provides a diastereomeric mixture of tetrahydroquinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Mannich Reaction in the Synthesis of N,S‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 14. Unexpected Formation of Thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyridines in the Aminoalkylation of N‐Methylmorpholinium 4‐Aryl‐3‐cyano‐6‐oxo‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐2‐thiolates by Isobutyraldehyde and Primary Amines.
Authors: Dotsenko V. V. , Krivokolysko S. G.
Published: December 2012

Title compounds (IV) are synthesized through a three‐component condensation starting from thiolates (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis of Functionalized Indolizine Derivatives from Huisgen′s Zwitterions and 1‐Methylimidazole/Dichloroketene Adduct.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Hosseinpour Reza , Pashazadeh Ramin , Skoulika Stavroula
Published: December 2012

The process involves the in situ formation of zwitterionic intermediates from pyridines or quinolines and dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II)/Iron(III) Co‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Diamination of Alkynes: Facile Synthesis of Imidazopyridines.
Authors: Zeng Jing , Tan Yu Jia , Leow Min Li , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: December 2012

The reaction proceeds with high regioselectivity and imidazoisoquinolines are also available.
ChemInform Abstract: New Three‐Component Reaction of Perimidines with Sodium Azide and Sodium Nitrile in Polyphosphoric Acid.
Authors: Lyakhovnenko A. S. , Aksenov A. V. , Aksenov N. A. , Goncharov V. I. , Aksenova I. V.
Published: December 2012

All products are purified by recrystallization.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of a Novel Pyrrolidinyl Pyrido Pyrimidinone Derivative as a Potent Inhibitor of PI3Kα and mTOR.
Authors: Le Phuong T. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2012

Lead optimization efforts that employed structure‐based drug design and physicochemical property based refinement lead to the discovery of title compound (XIII) which exhibits potent activity against PI3Kα and mTOR, good kinase selectivity, and robust ADMET properties as well as good oral bioavailability.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Amination of 6‐Halo‐2‐cyclopropyl‐3‐(pyridyl‐3‐ylmethyl)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one.
Authors: Garlapati Ramesh , Pottabathini Narender , Gurram Venkateshwarlu , Chaudhary Avinash B. , Chunduri Venkata Rao , Patro Balaram
Published: December 2012

The halogenated substrates (I) and (IV) are used for amination in order to prepare highly functionalized derivatives of the pharmaceutically important skeleton.
ChemInform Abstract: New Tricyclic Compounds with Pyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidine Fragment, the 7,8‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyrimido[4,5,6‐de]quinazoline Derivatives.
Authors: Dorokhov V. A. , Voronkova V. A. , Komkov A. V. , Shashkov A. S.
Published: December 2012

Novel fused heterocycles (VI) are obtained by the sequential reaction of 2‐diaminomethylidenedimedone with aryl isocyanates.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydro‐3‐alkyl/aryl‐2‐thioxoquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Devi Nepram Sushuma , Singh Sarangthem Joychandra , Singh Okram Mukherjee
Published: December 2012

The procedure is highly efficient in the case of primary aliphatic amines and no catalyst is necessary.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Spiroderivatives of Isothiourea of the 1,3‐Thiazine Series as Promising Neuroprotectors.
Authors: Proshin A. N. , Serkov I. V. , Petrova L. N. , Bachurin S. O.
Published: December 2012

A synthetic route to the hitherto unknown 2‐aminospirothiazines (III) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Modular Functionalization of Allenes to Aminated Stereotriads.
Authors: Adams Christopher S. , Boralsky Luke A. , Guzei Ilia A. , Schomaker Jennifer M.
Published: December 2012

Rhodium‐catalyzed cyclization of allenic sulfamate (I) provides access towards a strained bicyclic methylene aziridine intermediate, which undergoes aziridine ring opening on reaction with various nucleophiles to afford cyclic sulfamates (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Conformationally Restricted Peptide Mimetics by Ring‐Closing Olefin Metathesis.
Authors: Wakchaure Satish , Einsiedel Juergen , Waibel Reiner , Gmeiner Peter
Published: December 2012

The RCM‐based synthetic strategy to access cyclic peptide mimetics is extended to 10‐membered lactams of type (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Tricyclic Pyrazoles: An Efficient Approach to Cannabinoid Analogues with a Tricyclic Framework Incorporating the Pyrrole and Pyrazole Moieties.
Authors: Pinna Giansalvo , Pinna Gerard A. , Chelucci Giorgio , Baldino Salvatore
Published: December 2012

The synthesis of cyclic analogues (VIII) and (IX) of the potent and selective CB1 antagonist rimonabant is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chalcones Derived from (+)‐ and (‐)‐Usnic Acids.
Authors: Sokolov D. N. , Luzina O. A. , Polovinka M. P. , Salakhutdinov N. F. , Tolstikov G. A.
Published: December 2012

Different pathways to obtain chalcones from usnic acid derivative (I) are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Epitaxially Stabilized EuMoO3: A New Itinerant Ferromagnet.
Authors: Kozuka Yusuke , et al. et al.
Published: December 2012

An epitaxially stabilized new perovskite compound, EuIIMoIVO3 is prepared as a thin film by pulsed laser deposition using perovskite substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Magnetism in Gold Nanostructures: Making Gold Even More Attractive
Authors: Trudel Simon
Published: December 2012

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Applications in Sandstones and Carbonate Rocks
Authors: Song Yi‐Qiao
Published: December 2012

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Comparative Study of Two Thermodynamic Models Applied to Solutions of the NH3—H3PO4—H2O and NH3—CO2—NaCl—H2O Systems
Authors: Jaworski Zdzislaw , Czernuszewicz Malgorzata , Gralla Lukasz
Published: December 2012

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Auger Electron, X Ray and UV Photoelectron Spectroscopies
Authors: Gruenert Wolfgang
Published: December 2012

Review: for the characterization of catalysts; 160 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Magnetic Materials: Fundamental and Technological Aspects
Authors: Yusuf S. M.
Published: December 2012

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fe—Nb—Ti (Iron—Niobium—Titanium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: December 2012

Review: phase relations; 9 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Emerging Concepts in Solid‐State Hydrogen Storage: the Role of Nanomaterials Design
Authors: Reardon Hazel , Hanlon James M. , Hughes Robert W. , Godula‐Jopek Agata , Mandal Tapas K. , Gregory Duncan H.
Published: December 2012

Review: 264 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Inorganic Photocatalytic Materials for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Takanabe Kazuhiro , Domen Kazunari
Published: December 2012

Review: < 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Size and Shape Control of Metal Nanoparticles for Reaction Selectivity in Catalysis
Authors: An Kwangjin , Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: December 2012

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Simple Synthesis of Ferrocene Ligands from a Practitioner′s Perspective
Authors: Butler Ian R.
Published: December 2012

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Developments in the Coordination Chemistry of Europium(II)
Authors: Garcia Joel , Allen Matthew J.
Published: December 2012

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in the Synthesis of Oxepanes and Medium Ring Ethers.
Authors: Kleinke Andrew S. , Webb Damien , Jamison Timothy F.
Published: December 2012

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyimido Sulfur Anions and Ylides
Authors: Stalke Dietmar
Published: December 2012

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments on the Trifluoromethylation of (Hetero)arenes
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Feng , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: December 2012

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Addressing Challenges in Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions Through Ligand Design
Authors: Lundgren Rylan J. , Stradiotto Mark
Published: December 2012

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Chemistry of DNA Functinalization; Chromophores as DNA Base Substitutes versus DNA Base/2′‐Modifications
Authors: Schmucker Wolfgang , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim
Published: December 2012

Review: ca. 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Polydimethylsiloxane in Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Seethapathy Suresh , Gorecki Tadeusz
Published: December 2012

Review: 180 refs.
The risk of developing invasive breast cancer in Hispanic women
Authors: Banegas Matthew P. , Leng Mei , Graubard Barry I. , Morales Leo S.
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND:

Current evidence on breast cancer among US Hispanic women indicates a significant public health threat, although few studies have assessed the heterogeneity in breast cancer risk among Hispanics of different origin.

METHODS:

The 2000 and 2005 National Health Interview Survey Cancer Control Modules were used to examine the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT) 5‐year risk and lifetime risk of invasive breast cancer among Mexican/Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Cuban/Cuban American, Dominican (Republic), Central/South American, Other Hispanic, and non‐Hispanic white (NHW) women ages 35 to 84 years. Multiple linear regression models were used to compare the BCRAT 5‐year and lifetime breast cancer risk between 1) Hispanics and NHWs and 2) Hispanic subgroups.

RESULTS:

Hispanic women had significantly lower mean BCRAT 5‐year and lifetime breast cancer risk compared with NHW women (P < .001). Among Hispanic subgroups, Cuban/Cuban Americans had a higher BCRAT 5‐year risk (P < .05), whereas Dominicans had a higher lifetime risk (P < .001) compared with Mexican/Mexican Americans. Approximately 2.6% of Hispanic women were at high risk for breast cancer (BCRAT 5‐year risk ≥1.67%), ranging from 1% of Central/South Americans to 3.7% of Puerto Ricans; few Hispanics (0.2%) had a lifetime risk ≥20%.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current findings indicate that Hispanic women have a significantly lower risk of breast cancer compared with NHW women, although the risk according to BCRAT differed significantly between specific Hispanic subgroups. We provide estimates of the number of US Hispanic women from six subgroups who may be eligible for prophylactic breast cancer chemoprevention. The authors concluded that future studies should further investigate the heterogeneity in breast cancer risk and risk factors between Hispanic women of different origins. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
External validation on a prospective basis of a nomogram for predicting the time to first treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Molica Stefano , Giannarelli Diana , Gentile Massimo , Cutrona Giovanna , Di Renzo Nicola , Di Raimondo Francesco , Neri Antonino , Federico Massimo , Ferrrarini Manlio , Morabito Fortunato
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND:

A nomogram that incorporates traditional and newer prognostic factors to identify patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who are at high risk of receiving therapy was developed by investigators at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC). Because the model required validation before its extensive use could be recommended, the authors sought to externally validate the nomogram in an independent, community‐based cohort of patients with CLL.

METHODS:

In total, 328 previously untreated patients with newly diagnosed, asymptomatic, Binet stage A CLL from different primary hematology centers who were registered on a prospective basis during 2006 to 2010 on an observational database of the Italian Lymphoma Study Group were considered suitable for external validation of the model.

RESULTS:

A total point score was calculated for each patient using a formula proposed by MDACC investigators, and the median score was 19.9 (range, 0‐69.5). Furthermore, when the score was evaluated as continuous variable (ie, by measuring the risk of each point increase), the total point score was associated with the time to first treatment (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02‐1.05; P < .0001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a point score of 25 (area under curve; 0.64; sensitivity, 61.5; specificity, 72.1; P < .0001) as the best threshold capable of separating patients who needed therapy from patients who did not (HR, 3.27; 95% CI, 2,07‐5.18; P < .0001). The prognostic index category also remained a predictor of the time to first treatment when the analysis was limited to patients with Rai stage 0 disease (HR, 4.05; 95% CI, 2.25‐7.52; P < .0001). Finally, a goodness‐of‐fit test demonstrated that the nomogram model had a significantly good fit at 2 years (correlation coefficient [r2] = 0.966; P = .002).

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results confirmed the ability of a newly developed prognostic index to predict the time to first treatment among previously untreated patients with CLL who had early disease and extended the utility of the model to those with Rai stage 0 disease. In addition, the actual and predicted time to first treatment outcomes revealed good agreement, suggesting that, externally, the results provided by the model are well calibrated. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Transcriptional corepressors in cancer
Authors: Grivas Petros D. , Papavassiliou Athanasios G.
Published: December 2012

The normal cell transcriptional process entails a high degree of combinatorial effects and time‐dependent “flexibility” to translate cellular signaling into differential gene expression levels. Transcriptional corepressors can function as histone‐modifying enzymes to regulate epigenetic events, modulate chromatin structure, and hence control transcriptional activity. Various corepressor complexes have been described; qualitative and quantitative alterations of corepressors can crucially influence the transcriptional output of both normal and malignant cells. Because these molecules can exert epigenetic control of tumorigenic signaling pathways, they can be considered potential regulators of cancer cell‐related phenomena. Alterations of the expression level and/or function of transcriptional corepressors have been reported in a wide range of human cancers; thus, corepressors may present rational therapeutic targets as well as potential biomarkers of response to selective therapeutic interventions. Deeper insights into the context‐specific and time‐specific physical connections among transcription factors, coregulators, and gene regulatory elements, as well as epigenetic modifications, and their interactions, can enhance the capacity to interfere with small molecules that may restore the normal transcriptome/interactome in a cancer cell. There are several conceivable mechanisms of corepressor targeting in cancer that create enthusiasm. However, design, discovery, and testing of such innovative treatment approaches require extensive elaboration before they can achieve practical implementation in the clinic. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Molecular Mechanism of TRP Channels
Authors: Zheng Jie
Published: December 2012

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are cellular sensors for a wide spectrum of physical and chemical stimuli. They are involved in the formation of sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste, temperature, and pain sensation. TRP channels also play fundamental roles in cell signaling and allow the host cell to respond to benign or harmful environmental changes. As TRP channel activation is controlled by very diverse processes and, in many cases, exhibits complex polymodal properties, understanding how each TRP channel responds to its unique forms of activation energy is both crucial and challenging. The past two decades witnessed significant advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie TRP channels activation. This review focuses on our current understanding of the molecular determinants for TRP channel activation. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:221‐242, 2013.
Neuromodulation: Purinergic Signaling in Respiratory Control
Authors: Funk Gregory D.
Published: December 2012

The main functions of the respiratory neural network are to produce a coordinated, efficient, rhythmic motor behavior and maintain homeostatic control over blood oxygen and CO2/pH levels. Purinergic (ATP) signaling features prominently in these homeostatic reflexes. The signaling actions of ATP are produced through its binding to a diversity of ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors. However, its net effect on neuronal and network excitability is determined by the interaction between the three limbs of a complex system comprising the signaling actions of ATP at P2Rs, the distribution of multiple ectonucleotidases that differentially metabolize ATP into ADP, AMP, and adenosine (ADO), and the signaling actions of ATP metabolites, especially ADP at P2YRs and ADO at P1Rs. Understanding the significance of purinergic signaling is further complicated by the fact that neurons, glia, and the vasculature differentially express P2 and P1Rs, and that both neurons and glia release ATP. This article reviews at cellular, synaptic, and network levels, current understanding and emerging concepts about the diverse roles played by this three‐part signaling system in: mediating the chemosensitivity of respiratory networks to hypoxia and CO2/pH; modulating the activity of rhythm generating networks and inspiratory motoneurons, and; controlling blood flow through the cerebral vasculature. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:331‐363, 2013.
Assessment of Renal Function; Clearance, the Renal Microcirculation, Renal Blood Flow, and Metabolic Balance
Authors: Beierwaltes William H. , Harrison‐Bernard Lisa M. , Sullivan Jennifer C. , Mattson David L.
Published: December 2012

Historically, tools to assess renal function have been developed to investigate the physiology of the kidney in an experimental setting, and certain of these techniques have utility in evaluating renal function in the clinical setting. The following work will survey a spectrum of these tools, their applications and limitations in four general sections. The first is clearance, including evaluation of exogenous and endogenous markers for determining glomerular filtration rate, the adaptation of estimated glomerular filtration rate in the clinical arena, and additional clearance techniques to assess various other parameters of renal function. The second section deals within vivoandin vitroapproaches to the study of the renal microvasculature. This section surveys a number of experimental techniques including corticotomy, the hydronephrotic kidney, vascular casting, intravital charge coupled device videomicroscopy, multiphoton fluorescent microscopy, synchrotron‐based angiography, laser speckle contrast imaging, isolated renal microvessels, and the perfused juxtamedullary nephron microvasculature. The third section addressesin vivoandin vitroapproaches to the study of renal blood flow. These include ultrasonic flowmetry, laser‐Doppler flowmetry, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), phase contrast MRI, cine phase contrast MRI, dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI, blood oxygen level dependent MRI, arterial spin labeling MRI, x‐ray computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. The final section addresses the methodologies of metabolic balance studies. These are described for humans, large experimental animals as well as for rodents. Overall, the variousin vitroandin vivotopics and applications to evaluate renal function should provide a guide for the investigator or physician to understand and to implement the techniques in the laboratory or clinic setting. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:165‐200, 2013.
Principles of Liver Regeneration and Growth Homeostasis
Authors: Michalopoulos George K.
Published: December 2012

Liver regeneration is perhaps the most studied example of compensatory growth aimed to replace loss of tissue in an organ. Hepatocytes, the main functional cells of the liver, manage to proliferate to restore mass and to simultaneously deliver all functions hepatic functions necessary to maintain body homeostasis. They are the first cells to respond to regenerative stimuli triggered by mitogenic growth factor receptors MET (the hepatocyte growth factor receptor] and epidermal growth factor receptor and complemented by auxiliary mitogenic signals induced by other cytokines. Termination of liver regeneration is a complex process affected by integrin mediated signaling and it restores the organ to its original mass as determined by the needs of the body (hepatostat function). When hepatocytes cannot proliferate, progenitor cells derived from the biliary epithelium transdifferentiate to restore the hepatocyte compartment. In a reverse situation, hepatocytes can also transdifferentiate to restore the biliary compartment. Several hormones and xenobiotics alter the hepatostat directly and induce an increase in liver to body weight ratio (augmentative hepatomegaly). The complex challenges of the liver toward body homeostasis are thus always preserved by complex but unfailing responses involving orchestrated signaling and affecting growth and differentiation of all hepatic cell types. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:485‐513, 2013.
Multiproxy Analyses of Stratigraphy and Palaeoenvironment of the Late Palaeolithic Grabow Floodplain Site, Northern Germany
Authors: Tolksdorf Johann Friedrich , Turner Falko , Kaiser Knut , Eckmeier Eileen , Stahlschmidt Mareike , Housley Rupert A. , Breest Klaus , Veil Stephan
Published: December 2012

Changing river courses and fluctuations of the water table were some of the most fundamental environmental changes that humans faced during the Late Glacial, particularly as these changes affected areas intensively used for settlement and resource exploitation. Unfortunately, only a few stratigraphies have been documented in the North European plain that show the interaction between river development, vegetation history, and occupation by Late Palaeolithic humans. Here, we present the results of detailed stratigraphical studies (pedology, archaeology, chrono‐, tephra‐, and palynostratigraphy) at the Federmesser site Grabow 15 located in the broad Elbe River valley. The research aimed to produce a model of site formation based on a multiproxy approach, relating the local evidence to the palaeoenvironmental and settlement history of the wider region. After deposition of fluvial sands during the Late Pleniglacial in a braided setting, the river course developed locally toward a meandering system at the transition from the Older Dryas to the Allerød, while periodic flooding led to the deposition of floodplain sediments during the early Allerød. The floodplain was settled by people of the earliest “Federmessergruppen,” who are believed to have chosen this open floodplain area along the river for collecting and processing amber of local origin. Their artifacts became embedded in the aggrading floodplain sediments. In the late Allerød, floodplain sedimentation ceased and a Fluvisol‐type soil developed, indicating a trend toward geomorphic stability. The Fluvisol was then covered by silty floodplain sediments due to a rising water level during the late Younger Dryas resulting in the cessation of human occupation in the area. Subsequent organic‐rich Late Glacial/Holocene sediments preserved the settlement remains to the present.