bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AI-driven adaptive analysis for finding emergent behavior in military capability design
Authors: Braafladt Alexander , Sudol Alicia , Mavris Dimitri
Published: October 2024

This article introduces and demonstrates a new methodology for searching for emergent behavior in simulation-based analysis as rare, extreme events using adaptive techniques enabled by recent advances in Bayesian machine learning (ML). The new methodology, Low-cost Adaptive exploratioN to Track down Extreme, Rare events using Numerical optimization (LANTERN), supports analysis activities in defense planning that iteratively build up the understanding of new technology and concept alternatives in complex military scenarios. Central to this process is emergent behavior—hard-to-predict but highly important behaviors that present problems or opportunities. These unexpected behaviors can be generated in complex military scenarios and are crucial to decision-making, but are often difficult to find and work with due to the expense and cost of the existing approaches for working with high-fidelity military simulation. To address this challenge, LANTERN is formulated to accelerate the discovery of emergent behavior as rare, extreme events by combining human expert understanding with new artificial intelligence (AI)-driven adaptive experimentation techniques in iterative analysis. A demonstration of the methodology is presented using military agent-based simulation scenarios developed in the Advanced Framework for Simulation, Integration, and Modeling (AFSIM). The demonstration highlights how analysis can focus directly on searching for emergent behavior and shows substantial improvements over brute-force Monte Carlo approaches.
DWI lesions after intracranial aneurysm treatment with contour or WEB—does the device matter?
Authors: Gärtner Friederike , Klintz Tristan , Peters Sönke , Mahnke Justus , Mostafa Karim , Bueno Neves Fernando , Hensler Johannes , Larsen Naomi , Jansen Olav , Wodarg Fritz
Published: October 2024

Objective

In this study, we report our experience with the occurrence of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesions following aneurysm treatment with Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device and Contour Neurovascular System in elective settings. We compared both techniques in a retrospective single-center analysis, to investigate whether there are significant differences in the incidence of microemboli depending on the device used.

Materials and methods

Sixty-two cases treated with Contour were retrospectively compared with 84 WEB cases. Postinterventional MRI was performed in all patients within five days after the angiographic procedure. Only DWI lesions in the dependent vascular territory of the treated aneurysm were considered. Data on occurrence of DWI lesions, device implantation times as well as device change or repositions maneuvers were compared.

Results

A total of 146 patients were included in this study. Postinterventional DWI lesions were detected in 33 of the 62 (53.2%) Contour cases and in 36 of the 84 (42.8%) WEB cases with an average lesion number of 1.70 ± 3.45 in our WEB group and 1.68 ± 2.53 in our Contour cohort. Neither periinterventional device changes nor device reposition maneuvers had a significant impact on the occurrence of DWI lesions. Although four patients experienced transient neurological deterioration, the DWI lesions were not clinically relevant at the time of discharge, as the patients’ NIHSS remained stable compared to the preintervention NIHSS in the entire cohort. There was no statistically significant difference between the implantation times of WEB and Contour, although Contour could be implanted slightly faster.

Conclusion

Aneurysm treatment with WEB or Contour results in a comparable numbers of procedure-related DWI lesions. This effect was consistent after adjustment for other demographic or technical variables.
Riedel’s thyroiditis: A case report and review of the ultrasound findings of this rare disease entity
Authors: Michell Kevin , Hall Suzannah , Ali Zainab Alshiekh , Al-Hashim Muhannah , Howlett David C
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

Riedel’s thyroiditis is a rare inflammatory disease of the thyroid with non-specific and varied presentations. A typical presentation and ultrasound findings are reported in this case.

Case Report:

A 68-year-old male is referred to Ear, Nose and Throat for a neck lump that varied in size over 2 years. An ultrasound scan identified a suspicious nodule on the left thyroid that was biopsied confirming the diagnosis of Riedel’s thyroiditis.

Discussion:

The aetiology, presentation and management of Riedel’s thyroiditis are explored. The use of ultrasound and the utility of other imaging and biochemical tests are discussed.

Conclusion:

Riedel’s thyroiditis is a difficult condition to diagnose due to rarity, varied presentation, with non-specific clinical, biochemical and radiographic findings which often mimic thyroid cancers. Definitive diagnosis of Riedel’s thyroiditis requires histological analysis, and while fine-needle aspirations are typically insufficient, diagnostic samples can be taken with ultrasound-guided core biopsies.
Disgust drivers do not impact on the altered body in action representation in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Scarpina Federica , Vaioli Giulia , Brusa Federico , Bastoni Ilaria , Villa Valentina , Mendolicchio Leonardo , Castelnuovo Gianluca , Mauro Alessandro , Sedda Anna
Published: October 2024

Disgust is a powerful emotion that evolved to protect us from contamination and diseases; it also cores to very human feelings, such as shame. In anorexia nervosa, most of the knowledge on disgust regards food. However, disgust can be elicited by varied drivers, including body-related self-disgust, which may be more central to this condition. Here, we investigate in depth how disgust triggers related to the body influence altered representations in anorexia nervosa. Women with anorexia nervosa and healthy women performed the Hand Laterality Task, in which they were asked to judge the laterality of hands without and with a disgust charging feature (i.e., with a body product or with a body violation). We computed accuracy and reaction time for the effect of biomechanical constraints, an index of motor imagery. We also measured the general disgust sensitivity through a self-report questionnaire. Participants with anorexia nervosa were overall less accurate and slower compared with controls, suggesting a non-canonical (i.e., not based on motor imagery) approach to solving the task. However, they showed the same pattern of responses as controls for disgust-charged stimuli, despite reporting higher levels of disgust sensitivity. Our results suggested the absence of specific effects of disgust drivers on the (altered) body in action representation in anorexia nervosa. We discuss this evidence focusing on the role of the psychopathological symptoms characterising anorexia nervosa. We also reflect on the efficacy of experimental methodologies used to detect alterations in body representation in this clinical condition.
Gallbladder disease
Authors: Grundy Kristina , Nelson Alexandra
Published: October 2024

Gallstone disease is a common cause for patients to present to general practice. It can lead to a range of complications, and this article aims to increase confidence in identification of the condition, as well as referral criteria and management steps. Specifically, it will focus on the care of patients presenting to primary care and recognition of features requiring prompt referral.
Link between post-stroke psychopathology and scope-of-action awareness
Authors: Stahl Benjamin , Becker Kristina , Kocyigit Kevser , Denzler Petra , Röder Paula
Published: October 2024

Background:

Epidemiological research has failed to confirm laterality of lesion site as a neurobiological source of post-stroke psychopathology. However, acquired communication disorders have proved to be a key risk factor for depression, apart from established parameters such as pre-stroke psychopathology and physical immobility.

Objectives:

The present work examines a new predictor of post-stroke psychopathology: psychological flexibility. This concept describes an accepting attitude toward irreversible loss following stroke while using remaining agency.

Design:

Overall, 70 individuals engaged in a cross-sectional study conducted in the subacute stage after an ischemic or hemorrhagic event, a period with elevated prevalence of mental-health problems (2 weeks to 6 months after stroke).

Methods:

Outcomes included standardized self-report and clinician-rated measures of depression, anxiety disorders, and general psychopathology (Beck Depression Inventory; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; ICD-10 Symptom Rating; Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) alongside lack of psychological flexibility (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II). The study design controlled for pre-stroke psychopathology and physical immobility (Barthel Index).

Results:

Partial correlation analyses revealed a significant medium-to-large association between the entire set of clinical outcomes and lack of psychological flexibility ( r ⩽ 0.62, p < 0.001). In moderator analyses, the magnitude of this association did not vary significantly with diagnosis of acquired communication disorders (i.e., aphasia, apraxia of speech or dysarthria; separately or combined).

Conclusion:

The current results demonstrate a substantial link between post-stroke psychopathology and psychological flexibility. This finding opens new avenues for research on depression and other mental-health problems in stroke survivors with and without acquired communication disorders.

Registration:

www.drks.de ; identifier: DRKS00031204
The Antiviral Potential of a Natural Compound for COVID-19: A Review of the Current Findings
Authors: Jafari-Ardakan Zahra , Arefnezhad Reza , Rezaei-Tazangi Fatemeh
Published: October 2024

Objective

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel viral disease originating from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a life-threatening disease with dramatic morbidity and mortality globally. In this review, we aim to discuss the current evidence showing that the Imam Kazem drug, a natural compound that comprises Foeniculum vulgare, Terminalia chebula, Pistacia lentiscus, and red sugar, may be a therapeutic candidate in the fight against COVID-19 infection.

Methods

This literature review was performed by searching related words, including “ Imam Kazem drug,” “ Foeniculum vulgare,” “ Terminalia chebula,” “ Pistacia lentiscus,” “ Red sugar,” “Natural compounds,” “Traditional medicine,” “Coronaviruses,” “Antiviral,” “COVID-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” in different databases like Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scientific Information Databases until 2023.

Results

The current documents underscore that the Imam Kazem drug may be safe and effective against COVID-19. This natural compound, thanks to its constituents, may affect the pathogenic occurrence related to the disease, such as attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation-associated occurrences by different mechanisms, like scavenging free radicals, enhancing the function of antioxidant enzymes, and attenuating cytokine storm. Moreover, the Imam Kazem drug can exert its antiviral ability mainly by suppressing viral replication and blocking glycosaminoglycan binding sites. However, more preclinical and clinical evidence is required to support these results.

Conclusion

Imam Kazem drug may have a therapeutic capacity for patients with COVID-19 infection.
Seaweed Milk Food Supplement Produced from Hydropuntia eucheumatoides (Harvey)
Authors: Trung Vo Thanh , Huynh Tran Van , Khoa Truong Anh , Thuy Doan Thi
Published: October 2024

Objective / Background

Hydropuntia eucheumatoides (HE) seaweed is widely distributed in tropical seas and is a common food for coastal people. Our objectives were to prepare seaweed milk from HE, and test is possible utility as a food supplement and source of antioxidants that has an appropriate sensory profile.

Methods

We used an enzyme from Lactobacillus strains for polysaccharide hydrolysis into HE seaweed milk food supplements. We cultured five Lactobacillus strains with appropriate agarase, cellulase, and amylase enzyme activities.

Results

We optimized the enzyme concentration (mass of seaweed HE: 40 g/L), substrate concentration (2 mL enzyme/g seaweed), temperature (50 °C), pH (5), and hydrolysis time (96 h). The hydrolyzate included oligosaccharides, monosaccharides, amino acids, and minerals. The product exhibited excellent sensory details and is likely to be safe for consumption.

Conclusions

We completed our objectives. Our product is ready for initial consumer sensory testing.
Making Sense of Topical Pain Relief Options: Comparing Topical Analgesics in Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Smith Andrew Clark , Smith M. Seth , Roach Ryan P. , Prine Bryan R. , Moser Michael W. , Farmer Kevin W. , Clugston James R.
Published: October 2024

Context:

In patients with musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions, pain is the leading contributor to disability and significantly limits mobility and dexterity. This narrative review describes the efficacy and safety of topical analgesics in common use today.

Evidence Acquisition:

Secondary literature gained via a literature search using PubMed.gov and the Cochrane library were used.

Study Design:

Recent literature (2000-2023) on several major classes of topical analgesics and topical delivery systems were reviewed to provide strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT) levels. A total of 86 articles were reviewed.

Level of Evidence:

Level 2.

Results:

Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cabbage leaf wraps (CLW) appear to be best suited for multiple types of acute MSK pain, and topical nitroglycerin is helpful when used specifically for rotator cuff pain in patients seeking relief while performing activities of daily living and willing to treat for long periods of time. For compounded topical formulations, it may be better to offer single agent creams based on patient preferences. Little data support the use of cryotherapy. Traumeel could be a promising natural analgesic that compares with diclofenac. Topical lidocaine appears best suited for postherpetic neuropathic pain. O24 is a reasonable alternative with a low risk profile to treat pain in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.

Conclusion:

Choice of topical agents should be guided by current evidence accounting for type of pain, medication side effects, patient comorbidities, as well as patient preference, convenience, and cost.

Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT):

Of the topical analgesics and modalities reviewed, SORT level A evidence was found for topical NSAID use in decreasing MSK pain, topical lidocaine for postherpetic neuralgia, and nitroglycerin patches for treating rotator cuff pain if used for prolonged periods of time. Alternative treatments such as CLW and Traumeel show promising results (SORT level B).
Personalized online intervention based on a risk algorithm for the universal prevention of anxiety disorders: Design and development of the prevANS intervention
Authors: Martínez-Vispo Carmela , García-Huércano Cristina , Conejo-Cerón Sonia , Rodríguez-Morejón Alberto , Moreno-Peral Patricia
Published: October 2024

Objective

To describe the design and development of prevANS, a personalized online intervention for the universal prevention of anxiety disorders based on a predictive risk algorithm. A user-centered approach was followed, considering the feedback of potential users and mental health professionals.

Methods

The study had three phases: (a) designing the intervention based on existing scientific literature; (b) piloting and evaluating the beta version involving potential users and health professionals; and (c) refining the intervention based on participants’ suggestions. This iterative process aimed to refine the prevANS intervention before testing in a randomized controlled trial.

Results

The prevANS intervention provides personalized anxiety risk reports and components tailored to individuals’ needs. Participants at low risk receive psychoeducation had access to a set of tools enhance protective factors. Moderate/high-risk individuals also receive cognitive-behavioral training. Both groups have access to a reward system and forum. Results from the design evaluation indicate that the prevANS interface is attractive and user-friendly and the psychoeducational materials helpful and engaging. The cognitive-behavioral training module received positive feedback. Participants suggested changes related to usability, content clarity, attractiveness, and engagement, which were implemented afterwards.

Conclusions

This article describes the development of a personalized intervention for preventing anxiety disorders using a validated risk prediction algorithm. The prevANS intervention was designed based on current scientific literature by a team of experts employing a user-centered approach. Research on the effectiveness of information and communication technologies in mental health prevention interventions considering user needs and preferences is warranted.
Exploring Asian maternal experiences and mHealth needs for postpartum mental health care
Authors: Kamarudin Siti Sabrina , Idris Idayu Badilla , Ahmad Norfazilah , Sharip Shalisah
Published: October 2024

Background

Mental health care during the postpartum period is notably underexplored within Asian demographics, with barriers such as stigma, privacy concerns, logistical challenges, and a shortage of mental health professionals that limits access to optimal mental healthcare. Previous studies found that mobile health (mHealth) technology has been offering a promising solution to these issues. However, the perspectives of mothers on existing mental health services and their mHealth needs are still not well understood and warrant further exploration.

Objective

This study aimed to explore the postpartum experiences of Malaysian mothers with postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms and their perspectives on using an mHealth technology to improve mental health care during the postpartum period.

Methods

We carried out in-depth interviews with six mothers, which were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. Collaborative discussions and consensus were employed to enhanced reliability.

Findings

Five main themes related to mothers’ postpartum experiences and perspectives emerged, namely, the existing circumstances of mothers, psychosociological reactions, maternal needs, innovation of care, and suggestions for pragmatic mHealth elements. These themes emphasized the emotional challenges of meeting societal, cultural, and personal expectations. The essential resources identified to be included in the mHealth technology were education on PPD, professional guided self-care, cognitive restructuring, validation of diverse infant feeding practices, and fostering partner support. Furthermore, interactive mHealth features such as mood trackers, notifications, platforms to share, and motivational tools aimed at elevating maternal well-being were also sought.

Conclusions

Mothers expressed a desire for mHealth services emphasizing the need for these educational tools to be culturally sensitive, accommodating local language and religious practices, and offering support during confinement, to effectively address the unique needs of postpartum mothers. This study highlights the importance of prioritizing practical mHealth interventions as strategic support services to enhance positive postpartum mental care in resource-stricken countries.
“Peace Is Dangerous”: Toward a Du Boisian Theory of Colonial Post-fascism
Authors: Meghji Ali
Published: October 2024

This article asks: “How was the rhetoric of post or anti-fascism used to develop colonial projects in the inter and postwar period?” Through investigating the Du Bois archive, I answer this through producing a Du Boisian theory of colonial post-fascism. While many have written about the connections between European fascism and colonialism in theories of “colonial fascism,” a Du Boisian approach leads us to the concept of colonial post-fascism, demonstrating the array of colonial practices which were instigated in the name of world peace in the inter and postwar era. Colonial post-fascism is characterized by three processes that Du Bois wrote about. First, colonial post-fascism involves a bifurcation between colonial violence and peace, such that Western powers in the inter and postwar period could make commitments to world peace without interrogating the actions of their empires. Second, colonial post-fascism involves the process by which empires developed their imperial practices to rebuild from the effects of the war against fascism. Finally, colonial post-fascism involves the U.S. empire increasing its militarization, which developed in the fight against fascism, to secure colonial power under the rhetoric of maintaining world peace. This article makes several contributions. First, instead of highlighting the link between European fascism and colonialism, I demonstrate how colonialism shaped European post-fascism. Second, I contribute toward the project of undoing bifurcated histories of the West which elide discussions of colonial violence. Finally, I highlight how Du Bois’s involvement in the peace movement was not just activism, but also generative to social theory.
Deadly Force by U.S. Customs and Border Protection: An Analysis of Fatal Encounters with Latinos
Authors: Hernandez Cristal N. , Craig Miltonette Olivia
Published: October 2024

Federal agencies are largely underrepresented when examining the dynamics of officer-involved killings. Amid discussions of police and immigration reform is the underexplored role of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Given the increased focus on reports of deaths at the U.S.–Mexico border, CBP agents’ use of deadly force warrants further scholarly attention. To address this gap in the literature, we rely on data from the Southern Border Communities Coalition and CBP to examine Latino individuals’ fatal encounters involving agents (2010–2023). We qualitatively analyze the characteristics of, and actions within, such encounters. Major findings and implications for theory and policy are discussed.
Antithrombotic drugs for carotid artery dissection: Updated systematic review
Authors: Avramiotis Nikolaos S , Schaub Fabian , Thilemann Sebastian , Lyrer Philippe , Engelter Stefan T
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

Extracranial internal carotid artery dissection (eICAD) is a leading cause of stroke in younger patients. In this Cochrane Review update we compared benefits and harms of eICAD-patients treated with either antiplatelets or anticoagulants.

Patients and methods:

Eligible studies were identified through Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE and personal search until December 2023. We included randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies comparing anticoagulants with antiplatelets in eICAD-patients. Co-primary outcomes were (i) death (all causes) and (ii) death or disability. Secondary outcomes were ischemic stroke, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and major extracranial hemorrhage. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% CIs were calculated for (i) all studies and (ii) separately for RCTs and non-randomized studies.

Results:

We meta-analyzed a total of 42 studies (2624 patients) including 2 RCTs (213 patients) for the primary outcome of death and 31 studies (1953 patients) including 1 RCT (115 patients) for the primary outcome of death or disability. Antiplatelet-treated patients had higher odds for death (ORall-studies 2.70, 95% CI 1.27–5.72; ORRTCs 6.80, 95% CI 0.14–345; ORnon-randomized studies 2.60, 95% CI 1.20–5.60) and death or disability (ORall-studies 2.1, 95% CI 1.58–2.66; ORRTCs 2.2, 95% CI 0.29–16.05; ORnon-randomized studies 2.1, 95% CI 1.58–2.66) than anticoagulated patients. Antiplatelet-treated patients had also higher odds for ischemic stroke, though this reached statistical significance only in the subgroup of RCTs (ORRTC 4.60, 95% CI 1.36–15.51). In turn, antiplatelet-treated patients had less symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ORall-studies 0.25, 95% CI 0.07–0.86) and a tendency toward less major extracranial hemorrhage (ORall-studies 0.17, 95% CI 0.03–1.03).

Discussion and conclusion:

The evidence considering antiplatelets as standard of care in eICAD is weak. Individualized treatment decisions balancing risks versus harms seem recommendable.
Intravenous thrombolysis or antiplatelet therapy for acute nondisabling ischemic stroke: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Lun François , Palaiodimou Lina , Katsanos Aristeidis H , Tsivgoulis Georgios , Turc Guillaume
Published: October 2024

Purpose:

Uncertainties remain on the optimal treatment for acute minor stroke with nondisabling symptoms. The two most common therapeutic approaches are intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and antiplatelet therapy, notably dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). We synthesized data from the literature to compare IVT to DAPT and identify the best treatment for this population.

Method:

We systematically searched Pubmed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library for randomized trials and observational studies comparing IVT, aspirin, and/or DAPT, started within 24 h of symptom onset in patients with minor stroke (NIHSS ⩽ 5) and nondisabling symptoms. Random-effects Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted. The primary outcome was excellent functional outcome at 3 months (mRS 0–1). Secondary outcomes included mRS 0–2, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, mortality, and recurrent stroke.

Findings:

Four randomized trials and 2 observational studies (5897 patients for the analysis of the primary outcome) were included. Compared with IVT (alteplase), DAPT (clopidogrel + aspirin) was significantly associated with higher odds of mRS 0–1 (OR = 1.52, 95% CrI, 1.09–2.35), but aspirin alone was not (OR = 1.36, 95% CrI, 0.87–2.30). DAPT was also associated with lower odds of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage than alteplase (OR = 0.14, 95% CrI, 0.03–0.91). There were no significant differences between treatment groups regarding the other outcomes. For each outcome, the ranking for the best treatment was DAPT, then aspirin, and then IVT.

Discussion/Conclusion:

This network meta-analysis suggests that DAPT may be the optimal treatment for acute nondisabling stroke, with higher odds of excellent functional outcome compared with IVT. Registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42024522038
Off-grid: Trading infrastructure for atmosphere in Bucharest, Romania
Authors: O’Neill Bruce
Published: October 2024

Categorically, to be positioned off the municipal grid has meant social illegibility. Those living off-grid, in turn, have been shown necessarily to be hyper resourceful in order to improvise a claim of membership upon the city. Coming on the heels of decades of liberalizing reforms in post-socialist Romania, however, this essay turns attention onto Bucharest’s unplanned and unincorporated suburbs to detail an ongoing experiment to recast the politics of living off-grid. Beyond the reach of Bucharest’s municipal infrastructure, thousands of suburban homes have taken shape. These developments invite upwardly mobile residents to trade their socialist-era apartments located within the municipal grid for so-called “American-style” homes lacking in basic municipal services but that are newer, bigger, and more comfortable. These homes attempt to recast off-grid as a viable site for participating in an “imagined First World.” The rub, as this essay details, is that the necessary reliance upon private alternatives to the municipal grid cannot support these ambitions, leading to indignities that cast a long shadow over emergent senses of cosmopolitan belonging.
Towards more inclusive understandings of creativity
Authors: Tanggaard Lene
Published: October 2024

Creativity research could advantageously turn away from the notion that being creative is solely connected to novelty, youth, and renewal, and that the ability to be creative declines with age. On the contrary, it seems that people can find great value in being active, participating in the community, and creating—in the vegetable garden, with knitting, or together with others in choirs and community life. This commentary on Adams-Price and Morse “Creativity, aging, context and culture: Reimagining creativity in everyday life in older adults” invites the authors to go even further in their theoretical exploration of models of creativity adding an even stronger lifespan perspective on creativity.
Climate change policing: Integrating environment-sensitive approaches in Nigerian security operations
Authors: Angalapu Dengiyefa , Tony Eseimokumo Albert , Uben Adah Miriam
Published: October 2024

Climate change has shifted from being solely a severe environmental challenge to becoming a critical threat to global security. Despite efforts to securitise climate change through speeches, policies, research, media and advocacy by various organisations, the specific roles of security agencies, especially in developing countries dealing with insurgencies, remain undefined. This study emphasises that an effective securitisation process must outline clear roles for security agencies, beginning with the creation of an environment friendly operational plan. In Nigeria, non-state violent groups use natural environments like forests and water bodies as hideouts, leading security forces to turn these areas into battlegrounds without environmental assessments or post-conflict remediation plans. This study investigates how eco-friendly practices are integrated into Nigerian security operations. Through 30 interviews and a critical analysis of climate-related policies, it was found that climate policies are not incorporated into security operations. This is evident in the criminalisation of forests, unsustainable disposal of crude oil and drugs, and correctional processes that ignore climate sensitivity. The study concludes that Nigerian security operations need a paradigm shift towards integrating climate-sensitive approaches, recommending that security agencies adopt practices that consider ecological impacts.
Mechanistic role of mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Varzideh Fahimeh , Wang Brandon , Qin Yifei , Kansakar Urna , Santulli Gaetano , Jankauskas Stanislovas S.
Published: October 2024

Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a protein crucial for cellular stress response and survival, particularly in the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Unlike traditional neurotrophic factors, MANF primarily regulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and protects cells by reducing ER stress-induced apoptosis. MANF operates both inside and outside cells, influencing key pathways like JAK/STAT and NF-κB to enhance cell survival during stress. Beyond its neuroprotective role, MANF is also vital in cardiovascular protection, mitigating damage by reducing inflammation and maintaining cellular function. Elevated MANF levels have been observed in patients experiencing myocardial infarction and murine models of ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, highlighting its importance in these conditions. Overexpression of MANF in cardiomyocytes reduces ER-stress-induced cell death, while its depletion worsens this effect. Treatment with recombinant MANF (rMANF) has been shown to improve cardiac function in mice with I/R injury by decreasing infarct size and inflammation. Research also indicates that alterations in the α1-helix region of MANF can impact its structure, expression, secretion, and overall function. Given its protective effects and involvement in critical signaling pathways, MANF is being explored as a potential therapeutic target for ER stress-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular conditions like myocardial I/R injury.
Exosomes derived from apical papilla stem cells improve NASH by regulating fatty acid metabolism and reducing inflammation
Authors: Nie Yifei , Meng Wenqing , Liu Duanqin , Yang Ziqing , Wang Wenhao , Ren Huiping , Mao Kai , Lan Weipeng , Li Chuanhua , Wang Zhifeng , Lan Jing
Published: October 2024

Background

Apical papilla stem cells (SCAPs) exhibit significant potential for tissue repair, characterized by their anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic properties. Exosomes derived from stem cells have emerged as safer alternatives that retain comparable physiological functions. This study explores the therapeutic potential of exosomes sourced from SCAPs in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

Methods

A NASH mouse model was established through the administration of a high-fat diet (HFD), and SCAPs were subsequently isolated for experimental purposes. A cell model of NASH was established in vitro by treating hepatocellular carcinoma cells with oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA). Exosomes were isolated via differential centrifugation. The mice were treated with exosomes injected into the tail vein, and the hepatocytes were incubated with exosomes in vitro. After the experiment, physiological and biochemical markers were analyzed to assess the effects of exosomes derived from SCAPs on the progression of NASH in both NASH mouse models and NASH cell models.

Results

After exosomes treatment, the weight gain and liver damage induced by HFD were significantly reduced. Additionally, hepatic fat accumulation was markedly alleviated. Mechanistically, exosomes treatment promoted the expression of genes involved in hepatic fatty acid oxidation and transport, while simultaneously suppressing genes associated with fatty acid synthesis. Furthermore, the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines and the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers in liver tissue were significantly decreased. In vitro cell experiments produced similar results.
Measuring undergraduate evolution learning using the CANS: psychometric strengths and limitations
Authors: Zuckerman Austin L. , Sbeglia Gena
Published: October 2024

Background

Evolution continues to be one of the most difficult biological topics to teach, warranting innovative pedagogical tools and assessment strategies for enhancing evolutionary instruction. A major advance in measuring the evolution knowledge of undergraduate students came with the development of the Conceptual Assessment of Natural Selections (CANS). In this study, we use the CANS to measure knowledge and learning of natural selection in a large (N > 6000) sample of undergraduate students to expand upon prior validity testing of this instrument and advance knowledge of student evolutionary reasoning. We apply the Rasch measurement framework to examine if the CANS productively measures the intended construct and investigate the patterns of knowledge and learning about evolution among students with different backgrounds and demographic characteristics.

Results

While a unidimensional Rasch model demonstrated acceptable reliabilities and fit for most of the CANS items, some items showed problematic fit statistics and were resistant to instruction. The instrument items also did not span the full range of student abilities, which suggests relatively low measurement precision. Our large sample also allowed rigorous tests of multidimensionality, revealing the presence of multiple dimensions or constructs, some of which may not be intentional. These results generated specific item-level recommendations for improving this instrument. Using Rasch measures to examine learning patterns, we found that pre-test evolution knowledge was low but that there were high learning gains by the end of the course. However, some concept categories were found to be more difficult than others, suggesting the need for more attention to these areas by instructors. We also identified pre-test disparities in evolutionary knowledge by socially defined race and biological sex, yet students from all groups achieved comparable learning gains at the end of the course.

Conclusion

The CANS holds great potential to generate critical insights about student evolutionary reasoning and provide information about which instructional approaches most effectively mitigate the notable knowledge disparities among students. We leverage the findings of this study to propose tangible ways in which this instrument may be improved in order to better achieve both of these goals.
The association between aberrant salience and psychotic experiences in general population twins, and genetic vulnerability as a modifier
Authors: Drukker Marjan , Todor Tatvan , Bongaarts Jelle , Broggi Eleonora , Kelkar Mihika , Wigglesworth Thomas , Verhiel Kayle , van Leeuwen Karel , Koster Meinte , Derom Catherine , Thiery Evert , De Hert Marc , Menne-Lothmann Claudia , Decoster Jeroen , Collip Dina , van Winkel Ruud , Jacobs Nele , Guloksuz Sinan , Rutten Bart , van Os Jim
Published: October 2024

Background

Previous studies assessing the hypothesis that the construct of ‘aberrant salience’ is associated with psychosis and psychotic symptoms showed conflicting results. For this reason, the association between measures to index aberrant salience and subclinical psychotic symptoms in a general population sample was analysed. In addition, genetic vulnerability was added to the analysis as a modifier to test the hypothesis that modification by genetic vulnerability may explain variability in the results.

Methods

The TwinssCan project obtained data from general population twins (N = 887). CAPE (Community Assessment of Psychic Experience) scores were used to index psychotic experiences. Aberrant salience was assessed with white noise task and ambiguous situations task.

Results

Measures of aberrant salience were not associated with psychotic experiences, nor was there evidence for an interaction with genetic predisposition in this association (Z = 1.08, p = 0.282).

Conclusions

Various studies including the present could not replicate the association between aberrant salience and psychotic experiences in general population samples. The conflicting findings might be explained by moderation by genetic vulnerability, but results are inconsistent. If there was evidence for a main effect or interaction, this was in the positive symptom scale only. On the other hand, the association was more robust in so-called ‘ultra-high risk’ patients and first episode psychosis patients. Thus, this association may represent a state-dependent association, present only at the more severe end of the psychosis spectrum.
Evaluating the learning curve of Minimally Invasive Chevron and Akin Osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus deformity: a systematic review
Authors: Ramelli Luca , Ha Joon , Docter Shgufta , Jeyaseelan Lucky , Halai Mansur , Park Sam Si-Hyeong
Published: October 2024

Background

One procedure that has gained popularity in the surgical management of hallux valgus is the minimally invasive Chevron and Akin osteotomy (MICA). The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the learning curve associated with this technically demanding procedure.

Methods

A search of the EMBASE and PubMed databases was performed to identify all clinical studies that assessed the learning curve associated with the MICA procedure. Studies where patients were not diagnosed with hallux valgus, did not undergo MICA, or did not report data on operation time, fluoroscopy exposure, or complications were excluded. A risk of bias assessment was conducted to assess the validity of the studies.

Results

The initial literature search yielded 287 studies, and seven studies were included in the final analysis. A quantitative comparative analysis could not be performed as the included studies used different statistical methods to quantify the learning curve. Lewis et al. determined that after 38 operations, there was a decrease in operation time and fluoroscopy exposure (p < .001). Merc et al. found that it took 29 and 30 operations to reach a plateau for operation time and fluoroscopy exposure, respectively (p < .001). Palmanovich et al. found that it took 20 and 26 operations to reach a plateau for operation time and fluoroscopy exposure, respectively (p < .001). Toepfer and Strässle found there was a significant decrease in operation time and fluoroscopy exposure after the first 19 procedures in their series (p < .001). With respect to complications, one study found a significant difference after the 42nd operation (p = .007). However, the remaining studies found that complication rates did not significantly change with increased technical proficiency. All seven studies were deemed to have a moderate risk of bias.

Conclusions

Surgeons can expect a learning curve of 20 to 40 operations before reaching technical proficiency with the MICA procedure. After the learning curve is achieved, surgeons can expect to see a significant decrease in both operation times and fluoroscopy exposure. No consistent significant difference was found in complications as one becomes more technically proficient with the procedure.
Evaluating the effectiveness of web-based oral health education on enhancing mothers’ awareness: a semi-experimental internet-based intervention
Authors: Kashani Kasra , Shahravan Arash , Sarafinejad Afshin
Published: October 2024

Objectives

This study examined the impact of web-based education on enhancing mothers’ awareness of oral health care for children aged 9 and 12 years. It focused on the crucial role of mothers in educating about oral health to prevent dental diseases and reduce long-term healthcare costs.

Methods

Mothers were divided into three groups: control, intervention with a web system, and intervention with a brochure. Over one month, their knowledge about their children’s oral health was assessed before and after the intervention.

Results

Data were analyzed using parametric t-tests and non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests. The findings indicated a significant increase in parental awareness in both intervention groups.

Conclusion

It is recommended that parent education be done using web-based systems or mobile apps, which are better choices due to greater accessibility and interactivity.
Central odontogenic fibroma: retrospective study of six cases with variable histopathologic features using 2022 WHO classification
Authors: Poomsawat Sopee , Choakdeewanitthumrong Sirada , Kitisubkanchana Jira , Kosanwat Theerachai
Published: October 2024

Background

Central odontogenic fibroma (COF) is a rare benign odontogenic tumor with a wide range of histopathologic features. We evaluated COF diagnosed in our institute with 16 years’ experience using 2022 WHO classification.

Methods

Our archives were reviewed and cases diagnosed as COF were selected. Clinical, radiographic and microscopic features were tabulated and analyzed.

Results

Of 13,736 specimens, six cases (0.04%) of COF were discovered. Patients ranged in age from 14 to 44 years. There were two males and four females. Maxilla and mandible were affected equally. Five cases showed radiolucent appearance (4 unilocular, 1 multilocular) and one case showed a mixed radiolucent-radiopaque pattern. Histopathologically, three cases were conventional type (2 epithelium-rich, 1 epithelium-poor). Two cases were the hybrid COF with central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) and one of which was also associated with secondary aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC). The last case with a mixed radiolucent-radiopaque pattern was the ossifying subtype.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrated that COF is a rare odontogenic tumor and exhibits diverse radiographic and microscopic appearances. The triphasic tumor consisting of the COF, CGCG and ABC, is reported here for the first time, while the ossifying subtype is considered the tenth case reported in the English-language literature. Oral and maxillofacial pathologists and other healthcare personnel must be aware of this rare odontogenic tumor and its variants to achieve the definite diagnosis.

Clinical trial number

Not applicable.
Prevalence of Oral Potentially Malignant Lesions, Tobacco use, and Effect of Cessation Strategies among Solid Waste Management workers in Northern India: a pre-post intervention study
Authors: Khanna Divya , Shruti Tulika , Tiwari Manish , Sharma Priyanka , Khan Aqusa , Ranjan Sudhir , Balasundaram P. , Khargekar Naveen , Chaturvedi Pankaj , Mishra Aseem
Published: October 2024

Background

India bears the highest global burden of oral cancer, despite having an operational tobacco cessation framework. Occupational groups like solid waste management personnel face significant health challenges due to prevalent tobacco use, leading to oral potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer. Enhanced tobacco control strategies are essential for these groups.

Methods

A pre-post interventional, community-based study enrolled 1200 municipal workers in Varanasi, India, from July 2022 to August 2023. 858 tobacco users underwent screening and were randomly assigned to one of three interventions: Very Brief Advice, Individual Behavioral Counseling, or Group Behavioral Therapy. Follow-up was conducted one year after the baseline interventions Effectiveness was measured by nicotine dependence reduction using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) scores and cessation rates defined as at least 6-month abstinence. Appropriate statistical tests assessed the burden of tobacco use, oral potentially malignant lesions, and pre-post differences in FTND scores within and between groups. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Municipal workers exhibited a high prevalence (71.5%) of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use. One-third (32.9%) of the participants screened positive for oral potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer. Leukoplakia was the most common lesion. Screened positivity correlated with significant nicotine dependence. Among 494 follow-up participants, 47.1% reported a significant reduction in nicotine dependence across all intervention groups. Quade’s ANCOVA indicated significant differences in post-test FTND scores, with individual behavioral counselling showing the greatest reduction. However, no cessation was achieved in any group despite the significant decline in dependence.

Conclusion

Solid waste management personnel in Varanasi show heightened SLT use and associated oral potentially malignant lesions. The persistent tobacco use in these high-risk occupational populations undermines government tobacco control efforts and highlights the need for robust policy and implementation strategies. The study demonstrated a significant reduction in nicotine dependence following interventions, though tobacco cessation was not achieved. More frequent interventions and addressing quitting barriers—such as cultural norms, lack of awareness, easy accessibility, and adverse working conditions—are crucial. Developing a tailored workplace model to tackle tobacco use in occupational settings may facilitate cessation.

Clinical trial registration number

Trial registration Clinical Trials Registry India CTRI/2020/07/026479. Date of registration 10/07/2020.