bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transgender-Related Education in Plastic Surgery and Urology Residency Programs
Authors: Morrison Shane D. , Dy Geolani W. , Chong H. Jonathan , Holt Sarah K. , Vedder Nicholas B. , Sorensen Mathew D. , Joyner Byron D. , Friedrich Jeffrey B.
Published: February 2017

Background

With increasing public awareness of and greater coverage for gender-confirming surgery by insurers, more transgender patients are likely to seek surgical transition. The degree to which plastic surgery and urology trainees are prepared to treat transgender patients is unknown.

Objective

We assessed the number of hours dedicated to transgender-oriented education in plastic surgery and urology residencies, and the impact of program director (PD) attitudes on provision of such training.

Methods

PDs of all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited plastic surgery (91) and urology (128) programs were invited to participate. Surveys were completed between November 2015 and March 2016; responses were collected and analyzed.

Results

In total, 154 PDs (70%) responded, and 145 (66%) completed the survey, reporting a yearly median of 1 didactic hour and 2 clinical hours of transgender content. Eighteen percent (13 of 71) of plastic surgery and 42% (31 of 74) of urology programs offered no didactic education, and 34% (24 of 71) and 30% (22 of 74) provided no clinical exposure, respectively. PDs of programs located in the southern United States were more likely to rate transgender education as unimportant or neutral (23 of 37 [62%] versus 39 of 105 [37%]; P = .017). PDs who rated transgender education as important provided more hours of didactic content (median, 1 versus 0.75 hours; P = .001) and clinical content (median, 5 versus 0 hours; P < .001).

Conclusions

A substantial proportion of plastic surgery and urology residencies provide no education on transgender health topics, and those that do, provide variable content. PD attitudes toward transgender-specific education appear to influence provision of training.
Private health expenditures and environmental quality
Authors: Safi Fatma , Ben Hassen Lobna
Published: February 2017

This paper presents a simple two-period overlapping generations model that contains environmental and health issues. It investigates an intergenerational conflict between old and young generations as regards two defensive expenditures offsetting the influence of a worsening environment represented here by health care and environmental investment. Workers support environmental maintenance while retirees prefer investing in health care. The authors have shown that an increasing support for private health expenditure leads to a higher level of capital accumulation and leads also to a higher level of environmental quality if the maintenance efforts are higher than consumption externalities.
Influence of rain on the abundance of bioaerosols in fine and coarse particles
Authors: Rathnayake Chathurika M. , Metwali Nervana , Jayarathne Thilina , Kettler Josh , Huang Yuefan , Thorne Peter S. , O'Shaughnessy Patrick T. , Stone Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Assessing the environmental, health, and climate impacts of bioaerosols requires knowledge of their size and abundance. These two properties were assessed through daily measurements of chemical tracers for pollens (sucrose, fructose, and glucose), fungal spores (mannitol and glucans), and Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins in two particulate matter (PM) size modes: fine particles (< 2.5 µm) and coarse particles (2.5–10 µm) as determined by their aerodynamic diameter. Measurements were made during the spring tree pollen season (mid-April to early May) and late summer ragweed season (late August to early September) in the Midwestern US in 2013. Under dry conditions, pollen, and fungal spore tracers were primarily in coarse PM (> 75 %), as expected for particles greater than 2.5 µm. Rainfall on 2 May corresponded to maximum atmospheric pollen tracer levels and a redistribution of pollen tracers to the fine PM fraction (> 80 %). Both changes were attributed to the osmotic rupture of pollen grains that led to the suspension of fine-sized pollen fragments. Fungal spore tracers peaked in concentration following spring rain events and decreased in particle size, but to a lesser extent than pollens. A short, heavy thunderstorm in late summer corresponded to an increase in endotoxin and glucose levels, with a simultaneous shift to smaller particle sizes. Simultaneous increase in bioaerosol levels and decrease in their size have significant implications for population exposures to bioaerosols, particularly during rain events. Chemical mass balance (CMB) source apportionment modeling and regionally specific pollen profiles were used to apportion PM mass to pollens and fungal spores. Springtime pollen contributions to the mass of particles < 10 µm (PM10) ranged from 0.04 to 0.8 µg m−3 (0.2–38 %, averaging 4 %), with maxima occurring on rainy days. Fungal spore contributions to PM10 mass ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 µg m−3 (0.8–17 %, averaging 5 %), with maxima occurring after rain. Overall, this study defines changes to the fine- and coarse-mode distribution of PM, pollens, fungal spores, and endotoxins in response to rain in the Midwestern United States and advances the ability to apportion PM mass to pollens.
Chemical composition and droplet size distribution of cloud at the summit of Mount Tai, China
Authors: Li Jiarong , Wang Xinfeng , Chen Jianmin , Zhu Chao , Li Weijun , Li Chengbao , Liu Lu , Xu Caihong , Wen Liang , Xue Likun , Wang Wenxing , Ding Aijun , Herrmann Hartmut
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Chemical composition of 39 cloud samples and droplet size distribution in 24 cloud events were investigated at the summit of Mt. Tai from July to October 2014. Inorganic ions, organic acids, metals, HCHO, H2O2, sulfur(IV), organic carbon, element carbon as well as pH and electrical conductivity were analyzed. The acidity of the cloud water significantly decreased from a reported value of pH 3.86 in 2007–2008 (Guo et al., 2012) to pH 5.87 in the present study. The concentrations of nitrate and ammonium were both increased since 2007–2008, but the overcompensation of ammonium led to the increase of the mean pH value. The microphysical properties showed that cloud droplets were smaller than 26.0 μm and the most were in the range of 6.0–9.0 μm. The maximum droplet number concentration (Nd) was associated with droplet sizes of 7.0 μm. Cloud droplets exhibited a strong interaction with atmospheric aerosols. High PM2.5 level resulted in higher concentrations of water soluble ions and smaller sizes with more numbers of cloud droplets, and further gave rise to relatively high acidity. High degrees of relative humidity facilitated the formation of large cloud droplets and led to high liquid water contents under low PM2.5 level. The cloud droplets to wet deposition acted as an important sink of soluble material in the atmosphere and the dilution effect of the water content should be considered when estimating concentrations of soluble components in the cloud phase.
Seasonal variations of high time-resolved chemical compositions, sources and
evolution for atmospheric submicron aerosols in the megacity Beijing
Authors: Hu Wei , Hu Min , Hu Wei-Wei , Zheng Jing , Chen Chen , Wu Yusheng , Guo Song
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Severe regional haze problem in the megacity Beijing and surrounding areas, caused by fast formation and growth of fine particles, has attracted much attention in recent years. In order to investigate the secondary formation and aging process of urban aerosols, four intensive campaigns were conducted in four seasons between March 2012 and March 2013 at an urban site in Beijing (116.31° E, 37.99° N). An Aerodyne high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS) and other relevant instrumentations for gaseous and particulate pollutants were deployed. The average mass concentrations of submicron particulate matter (PM1) were 45.1±45.8, 37.5±31.0, 41.3±42.7, and 81.7±72.4 μg m−3 in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Organic aerosol (OA) was the most abundant component in PM1, accounting for 31, 33, 44 and 36 % seasonally, and secondary inorganic aerosol (SNA, sum of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium) accounted for 59, 57, 43, and 55 % of PM1 correspondingly. Based on the application of positive matrix factorization (PMF), the sources of OA were obtained, including the primary ones of hydrocarbon-like (HOA), cooking (COA), biomass burning OA (BBOA) and coal combustion OA (CCOA), and secondary component oxygenated OA (OOA). OOA, usually composed of more-oxidized (MO-OOA) and less-oxidized OOA (LO-OOA), accounted for 63, 69, 47 and 50 % in four seasons, respectively. Totally, the fraction of secondary components (OOA+SNA) contributed about 60–80 % to PM1, suggesting that secondary formation played an important role in the PM pollution in Beijing, and primary sources were also non-negligible. The evolution process of OA in different seasons was investigated with multiple metrics and tools. The average carbon oxidation states and other metrics show that the oxidation state of OA was the highest in summer, probably due to both strong photochemical and aqueous-phase oxidations. BBOA and CCOA were only resolved in autumn and winter, respectively, consistent with the agricultural activities (e.g., straw burning after the harvest in suburban areas) in autumn and domestic heating in winter, signifying that the comprehensive management for the emissions from biomass burning and coal combustion are needed. High concentrations of chemical components in PM1 in Beijing, especially in winter or in adverse meteorological conditions, suggest that further strengthening the regional emission control of primary particulate and precursors of secondary species is expected.
Leveraging 35 years of forest research in the southeastern U.S. to constrain carbon cycle predictions: regional data assimilation using ecosystem experiment
Authors: Thomas R. Quinn , Brooks Evan , Jersild Annika , Ward Eric , Wynne Randolph , Albaugh Timothy J. , Aldridge Heather Dinon , Burkhart Harold E. , Domec Jean-Christophe , Fox Thomas R. , Gonzalez-Benecke Carlos A. , Martin Timothy A. , Noormets Asko , Sampson David A. , Teskey Robert O.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Predicting how forest carbon cycling will change in response to climate change and management depends on the collective knowledge from measurements across environmental gradients, ecosystem manipulations of global change factors, and mathematical models. Formally integrating these sources of knowledge through data assimilation, or model-data fusion, allows the use of past observations to constrain model parameters and estimate prediction uncertainty. However, the influence of different experimental treatments on those predictions depends on the exact methods and techniques used for data assimilation. Here, we introduce a hierarchical Bayesian DA approach (Data Assimilation of Pine Plantation Ecosystem Research, DAPPER) that uses observations of carbon stocks, carbon fluxes, water fluxes, and vegetation dynamics from loblolly pine plantation ecosystems across the Southeastern U.S. to constrain parameters in a modified version of the 3-PG forest growth model. The observations included major experiments that manipulated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, water, and nutrients, along with non-experimental studies that spanned environmental gradients across an 8.6 × 105 km2 region. We optimized regionally representative posterior distributions for the most sensitive model parameters, which dependably predicted data from plots withheld from the data assimilation. The posterior distributions of parameters associated with ecosystem responses to CO2, precipitation, and nutrient addition, along with the corresponding regional changes in production associated with nutrient fertilization and drought, depended on how the experimental data were assimilated. In particular, assimilating nutrient addition experiments reduced the predicted sensitivity to nutrient fertilization while assimilated water manipulation experiments increased the sensitivity to drought. Further, it was necessary to assimilate data from the CO2 experimental enrichment site before other studies to constrain the parameters associated with the influence of CO2 on canopy photosynthesis. The ambient CO2 plots were numerous and had a large contribution to the cost function compared to the low number of elevated CO2 plots (289 ambient vs. 5 elevated plots). Overall, we demonstrated how three decades of research in southeastern U.S. planted pine forests can be used to develop data assimilation techniques that use multiple locations, multiple data streams, and multiple ecosystem experiment types to optimize parameters. This approach allows for future predictions to be consistent with a rich history of ecosystem research across a region.
Improving SWAT model performance in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin using meteorological data integration and catchment scaling
Authors: Polanco Erwin Isaac , Fleifle Amr , Ludwig Ralf , Disse Markus
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The Upper Blue Nile River Basin is confronted by land degradation problems, insufficient agricultural production, and limited number of developed energy sources. Process-based hydrological models provide useful tools to better understand such complex systems and improve water resources and land management practices. In this study, SWAT was used to model the hydrological processes in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin. The calibration was done in such a way that the parameterization had a realistic representation of the interaction of land cover and soils properties. Comparisons between a Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and a ground weather dataset were done under two subbasin discretizations (30 and 87 subbasins) to create an integrated dataset to improve the spatial and temporal limitations of both datsets. A SWAT Error Index (SEI) was also proposed to compare the reliability of the models under different discretization levels and weather datasets. This index offers an assessment of the model quality based on precipitation and evapotranspiration. SEI demonstrates to be a reliable and useful method to measure the level of error of SWAT and develop better models. The results showed the discrepancies of using different weather datasets with different levels of subbasin discretization. Datasets under 30 subbasins achieved Nash-Sutcliff (NS) values of 0.15, 0.68 and 0.82; while models under 87 subbasins achieved values of 0.05, 0.61, and 0.84, for the CFSR, ground and integrated datasets, respectively. Based on the parameterization, the integrated dataset provided more reliable results and a more realistic representation of the land use and soil conditions of this region.
Water resources in the Badain Jaran Desert, China: New insight
from isotopes
Authors: Wu Xiujie , Wang Xu-Sheng , Wang Yang , Hu Bill X.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. To better understand the origin of water in the Badain Jaran Desert, China, water samples were collected from lakes, a spring and local unconfined aquifer for analyses of radiocarbon (14C) and tritium (3H), stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios (δ2H, δ18O), and d-excess values (= δ2H – 8δ18O). A series of evaporation experiments were also conducted in the desert to examine how the isotopic signature of water may change during evaporation and infiltration under local environmental conditions. The results show that the lakes in the southeastern sand dune area are fed by groundwater discharging into the lakes and that local groundwater, on the other hand, is derived primarily from modern meteoric precipitation in the region. Although dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater yielded very old radiocarbon ages, the presence of detectable amounts of tritium in groundwater samples, together with their δ2H, δ18O and d-excess characteristics, strongly suggest that the old radiocarbon ages of DIC do not represent the residence time of water in the aquifer but are the result of addition of old DIC derived from dissolution of ancient carbonates in the aquifer. The data do not support the hypothesis that the water in the Badain Jaran Desert was sourced in remote mountains on the northern Tibetan Plateau. This study also finds no support for the hypothesis that present-day water resources in the desert were recharged by the precipitation that fell in the past during the early Holocene when the climate was much wetter than today. Instead, this study shows that both groundwater and lake water were originated from meteoric precipitation in the region including mountainous areas adjacent to the desert under the modern climatic condition.
Remapping annual precipitation in mountainous areas based on vegetation patterns: a case study in the Nu River basin
Authors: Zhou Xing , Ni Guang-Heng , Shen Chen , Sun Ting
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Accurate high-resolution estimates of precipitation are vital to improving the understanding of basin-scale hydrology in mountainous areas. The traditional interpolation methods or satellite-based remote sensing products are known to have limitations in capturing the spatial variability of precipitation in mountainous areas. In this study, we develop a fusion framework to improve the annual precipitation estimation in mountainous areas by jointly utilizing the satellite-based precipitation, gauge measured precipitation, and vegetation index. The development consists of vegetation data merging, vegetation response establishment, and precipitation remapping. The framework is then applied to the mountainous areas of the Nu River basin for precipitation estimation. The results demonstrate the reliability of the framework in reproducing the high-resolution precipitation regime and capturing its high spatial variability in the Nu River basin. In addition, the framework can significantly reduce the errors in precipitation estimates as compared with the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method and the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) precipitation product.
On a reported effect in ionospheric TEC around the time of the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake
Authors: Masci Fabrzio , Thomas Jeremy N. , Secan Jim A.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. In a report published in Advances in Space Research, Nenovski et al. (2015) analyse ionospheric TEC data from GPS measurements around the time of 6 April 2009 Mw6.1 L'Aquila (Italy) earthquake. According to the authors, TEC difference (DTEC) calculated from two GPS receivers in central Italy shows a hump-like shape (an increase followed by a decrease) during the hours just before and shortly after the main shock. They maintain that the hump-like shape is anomalous and may be explained as related to the earthquake. We show that the DTEC increase the hours before the shock, as well as its subsequent slow decrease, do not have any characteristic that might support a possible relationship with the earthquake. We have also conducted our own independent analysis using the same GPS data analysed by Nenovski et al. (2015). We have found a daily modulation in DTEC time series that shows hump-like shapes like that reported by Nenovski et al. (2015) throughout the investigated period. This demonstrates that the hump-like shape in DTEC close to the time of the 6 April earthquake is not anomalous and cannot be considered a possible earthquake-related effect.
Sensitivity analysis and calibration of a dynamic physically-based
slope stability model
Authors: Zieher Thomas , Rutzinger Martin , Schneider-Muntau Barbara , Perzl Frank , Leidinger David , Formayer Herbert , Geitner Clemens
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Physically-based modelling of slope stability at catchment scale is still a challenging task. Applying a physically-based model at such scale (1 : 10,000 to 1 : 50,000), parameters with a high impact on the model result should be calibrated to account for (i) the spatial variability of parameter values, (ii) shortcomings of the selected model, (iii) uncertainties of laboratory tests and field measurements or (iv) if parameters cannot be derived experimentally or measured in the field (e.g. calibration constants). While systematic parameter calibration is a common task in hydrological modelling, this is rarely done using physically-based slope stability models. In the present study a dynamic physically-based coupled hydrological/geomechanical slope stability model is calibrated based on a limited number of laboratory tests and a detailed multi-temporal shallow landslide inventory covering two landslide-triggering rainfall events in the Laternser valley, Vorarlberg (Austria). Sensitive parameters are identified based on a local one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis. These parameters (hydraulic conductivity, specific storage, effective angle of internal friction, effective cohesion) are systematically sampled and calibrated for a landslide-triggering rainfall event in August 2005. The identified model ensemble including 25 behavioural model runs with the highest portion of correctly predicted landslides and non-landslides is then validated with another landslide-triggering rainfall event in May 1999. The identified model ensemble correctly predicts the location and the supposed triggering timing of 73.5 % of the observed landslides triggered in August 2005 and 91.5 % of the observed landslides triggered in May 1999. Results of the model ensemble driven with raised precipitation input reveal a slight increase in areas potentially affected by slope failure. At the same time, the peak runoff increases more markedly, suggesting that precipitation intensities during the investigated landslide-triggering rainfall events were already close to or above the soil's infiltration capacity.
Insights on the three-dimensional Lagrangian geometry of the Antarctic Polar Vortex
Authors: Curbelo Jezabel , García-Garrido Victor J. , Mechoso Carlos R. , Mancho Ana M. , Wiggins Stephen , Niang Coumba
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The present paper introduces an algorithm for the visualization, analysis and verification of transport and mixing processes in three-dimensional atmospheric flows. This algorithm is based on the methodology of Lagrangian descriptors (LDs), a technique from Dynamical Systems Theory. The algorithm is applied to reanalysis data in order to illustrate the evolution of the flow above Antarctica during a period of rapid changes in the southern spring of 1979. The evolution of Lagrangian coherent structures is discussed and connections with the stratosphere is examined. The results suggest that the cyclonic stratospheric polar vortex during late winter appears to extend down to the troposphere. The results are also indicative of features related to invariante manifolds that can act as deep vertical barriers to transport between vortices.
Friendship and Dialogue
Authors: Carmichael Liz
Published: February 2017

This article explores links among Christian love, friendship, and dialogue in the context of interfaith encounter. It discusses Christian love, agapē, as having the nature of open friendship-love, which motivates dialogue. A practical example of dialogue is presented: a Three Faiths Encounter program that has succeeded over the past three decades to bring about deeper understanding, overcome fears and barriers, and create friendship between Jewish, Christian, and Muslim participants. Strengths and weaknesses are discussed, and some further examples of initiatives that express and create friendship are introduced.
The Rhythm of “Loosen-Empty-Push”: Liturgy in Pursuit of Christian Unity
Authors: Seonwoo Hyuk
Published: February 2017

This article examines how the Tai Chi rhythm of “loosen-empty-push,” which reflects the yin-yang relationship, can be applied to the role of worship in the contemporary ecumenical movement. In the search for Christian unity, the Tai Chi rhythm will invite readers to join the flow of thoughts in which the pluralistic nature of ordo is recognized (loosen), prayerful listening is practiced (empty), and inculturation is explored (push).
Los laboratorios naturales un espacio vivo para la formación integral del estudiantado de la Universidad Comunitaria Intercultural, URACCAN
Authors: Hernández Oswaldo , Díaz David , Ruiz Ariel , Ramírez Byron , Gutiérrez Gerardo , Morales Néstor
Published: February 2017

Esta investigación tuvo como propósito diagnosticar el estado actual de los laboratorios naturales de URACCAN, como espacios vivos donde se construyen y recrean conocimientos, saberes y prácticas en armonía con la madre tierra, que contribuyen a la revitalización de la identidad y cultura de los pueblos, mediante la innovación, emprendimiento, producción y comercialización, fundamentado en los lineamientos, principios y valores institucionales para el buen vivir. Los mismos se encuentran ubicados en la Costa Caribe nicaragüense, específicamente en los municipios de Waspam, Siuna, Waslala y Nueva Guinea. Se emplearon técnicas de análisis documental, observación participante, entrevistas bajo un enfoque participativo y matriz de priorización (FODA). Asimismo, se llevaron a cabo talleres participativos de discusión y análisis con las autoridades de los recintos, directores de áreas, secretarias/os académicas, coordinadores de áreas, responsables de laboratorios naturales y obreros de campo. Los resultados muestran una descripción biofísica de cada laboratorio natural, así como determinar el uso actual, las fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas, que permiten tomar las decisiones estratégicas oportunas y, así mejorar en el futuro el funcionamiento donde el estudiantado, docentes, investigadores, líderes y comunitarios crean y recrean conocimientos, saberes y prácticas.
Comunidades de aprendizaje: una perspectiva de la educación inclusiva
Authors: Lanza Elvir Martha Luz , Flores López William Oswaldo
Published: February 2017

En este artículo se analizó la metodologia de comunidades de aprendizaje desde una perspectiva de la educación inclusiva. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con un enfoque hermenéutico hacia los contenidos de libros de textos, artículos científicos, artículos de prensa, leyes, curriculos, programas de formación y normas institucionales. Los resultados certifican que la metodología comunidades de aprendizajes juega una papel importante en la educación inclusiva, porque toma en cuenta: el diálogo y la acción comunicativa; aprendizaje dialógico; modelo dialógico; grupos interactivos y tertulias literarias, permitiendo mejorar la convivencia, el desarrollo de capacidades, de diálogo y critica para una construcción de una sociedad igualitaria, multicultural y solidaria. Por lo tanto, las comunidades de aprendizaje ayudan a la superación de las desigualdades y riesgo de exclusión social, así como la tendencia al fracaso del estudiantado.
Alta Hooker, maestra comunitaria intercultural
Authors: Petrie Henry A.
Published: February 2017

Biografía de la Master Alta Suzzane Hooker Blandford, Rectora de la Universidad de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense (URACCAN). Circunspecta y erudita, Creole nacida el 10 de agosto de 1951, en Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, en cuya adolescencia y juventud fue deportista y enfermera.
Neuropathic bladders: Investigation and treatment through their lifetime
Authors: Metcalfe Peter D.
Published: February 2017

The child with a neuropathic bladder requires lifelong dedicated care. Just as each patient presents with unique physiology, each phase of their life presents varying challenges. The primary concern for our patients is their renal health, but continence and independence also play significant roles. Most patients can be managed conservatively, but a myriad of surgical options are also available, reinforcing our emphasis on individualized care. Appropriate presurgical planning is required to ensure the right patient receives the best operation for his/her wants and needs. Furthermore, the numerous potential complications must be understood and longterm followup and surveillance is required. This review outlines the basic pathophysiology, investigations, and treatments, with a focus on the changing needs throughout their lives.
Developing a program for pediatric urological care in the community
Authors: Papanikolaou Frank , Lee Linda
Published: February 2017

The growth of large metropolitan areas across Canada has fostered the need to provide tertiary care to patients outside of the traditional university-affiliated hospitals. Subspecialty urology care at centres of excellence in the community includes urological oncology, men’s health, community urology, and pediatric urology. The two of us have developed such centres of excellence in pediatric urology in the communitysettings of Mississauga, ON, and Victoria, BC. This article highlights personal experiences in developing these programs and the lessons learned. It is hoped that this can help guide similar undertakings by others to develop centres of excellence in subspecialty urology care so as to bring care closer to patients’ homes.
Inguinoscrotal pathology
Authors: Guerra Luis , Leonard Michael
Published: February 2017

Infants, children, and adolescents with inguinoscrotal pathology comprise a significant proportion of emergency department and outpatient visits. Visits to the emergency department primarily comprise individuals presenting with scrotal pain due to testicular torsion or torsion of the testicular appendages. At such time, immediate urological consultation is sought. Outpatient visits comprise those individuals with undescended testes, hydroceles, and varicoceles. Rare, but important problems, such as pediatric testicular tumours, may also present in the office setting. Many of these outpatient visits are to primary care physicians, who should have an appreciation of the timing and need for referral.The purpose of this review is to familiarize the general urologist and primary care physician with these varied pathologies and give insight into their assessment and management. Some of these same conditions are seen in adult patients, but there are some significant differences in their management in the pediatric group. In addition, the utility of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, are discussed within each pathological entity. It is hoped that this overview will assist our general urology and primary care colleagues in patient management for diverse inguinoscrotal pathologies.
Cryptorchidism: A practical review for all community healthcare providers
Authors: Braga Luis H. , Lorenzo Armando J.
Published: February 2017

Cryptorchidism is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the male genitalia, occurring in 1% of boys by the age of one year. Even though the etiology of cryptorchidism is multifactorial, management has evolved with the clear recognition that hormonal treatment is not effective and surgery between 6–18 months of age leads to better testicular outcomes. Diagnostic laparoscopy is considered the standard approach for management of non-palpable testes, and can be combined with one or two-stage orchidopexy, with up to 80–90% success rates. This review discusses the natural history of retractile testicles, indications for hormonal treatment and orchidectomy, ultrasound’s role as a diagnostic tool, risks of infertility and testicular cancer, and surgical techniques for inguinal and intra-abdominal testes.
Current hypospadias management: Diagnosis, surgical management, and long-term patient-centred outcomes
Authors: Keays Melise A. , Dave Sumit
Published: February 2017

In this article, we present the current approach to hypospadias, a review of the classification, preoperative evaluation, and factors that enable decision-making during surgery. We will then discuss patient-reported outcomes, evaluating the patients’ and parents’ perspectives regarding hypospadias repair.
Underlying Gaps between Environmental Knowledge and Behavior in the City of Toyota: Phase II
Authors: Ito Hiroshi
Published: February 2017

This study analyzes underlying gaps between environmental knowledge and behavior in the city of Toyota. A previous study through a focus group interview suggests that Toyota citizens act or do not act on eco-items comprising the city’s eco-policy for ecological, economic as well as other reasons such as safety and convenience. Through a combination of questionnaires and interviews with 29 Toyota citizens, the current research extends the previous study and continues to further explore reasons why citizens take or do not take actions on eco-items while they are aware of them. The findings of the current research confirm those of the previous study and provide more insights about why Toyota citizens take or do not take actions on eco-items despite their recognition.
Modelling the Relationships between Internal Marketing Factors and Employee Job Satisfaction in Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Rony Nazneen Islam , Suki Norazah Mohd
Published: February 2017

Employees have long been playing the pivotal role in service organizations to achieve a success-oriented goal. The oil and gas industry is included in the high rising sectors in the world’s economy. Due to economic turmoil in this sector, a fear of being laid off remains in an employee’s mind. Thus, the goal of this study is to assess the impact between internal marketing factors (e.g., extrinsic and intrinsic employee rewards, leadership, internal communication, and training and development), and employee job satisfaction in the oil and gas industry. There were 215 complete and usable questionnaires received, and the answers varied among the demographic and functional designation within the oil and gas industry. Multiple regressions were utilized for analysis of data. Results revealed that internal communication is recognized to have the strongest effect on employee job satisfaction in the oil and gas industry. Organizations must emphasize on communicating to all level of employees by setting clear directions and key priorities in the organization, provided that the communications are not misled through upward and downward streams. Furthermore, organizations are to create a space for employees to give clear instructions via e-mail, paper, telephones, and face-to-face communication. A management can utilize the research results by conducting such internal marketing practices to keep their top rated employees within the organization. ut the individual differences related to entrepreneurial intentions, it is necessary to continue studying this phenomenon, considering that the results are still scarce and inconclusive.
Examining the Relationship between Psychological Capital and Entrepreneurial Intention: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Contreras Francoise , Dreu Inge de , Espinosa Juan C.
Published: February 2017

The aim of this study is determine if Entrepreneurial Intention is related to Psychological Capital in business students. Self-efficacy, Hope, Optimism and Resiliency, which are all dimensions of psychological capital, were assessed with the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), the Hope Scale (HS), the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R) and the Resilience Scale (RS), respectively. The Entrepreneurial Intention was assessed through five statements. According to the results, Entrepreneurial Intention is related to all dimensions of Psychological Capital, mainly with Self-efficacy and Resilience. Psychological Capital as an integrated construct was related to Entrepreneurial Intention as a whole. These findings provide additional evidence about the importance to study Psychological capital as an integrated construct instead of studying its dimensions separately, even more so when studied in relation to Entrepreneurial Intention. In spite of the advances in the knowledge about the individual differences related to entrepreneurial intentions, it is necessary to continue studying this phenomenon, considering that the results are still scarce and inconclusive.
Inorganic Nanoplatforms for Simultaneous Cancer Imaging and Therapy: Status and Challenges
Authors: Mian Chen
Published: February 2017

Functional nanomaterials have inspired revolutionary methods for cancer early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. For instance, the imaging property of nanomaterials with high resolution and sensitivity can be used for noninvasive detection of cancer and visualization of drug transport. Meanwhile, the therapeutic property of nanomaterials with controllable fashion will increase therapy efficacy and decrease adverse side effect. Thus, compared to traditional treatment approaches, the nanomaterials which combines imaging and therapeutic functionalities, will be more suitable for cancer theranostics. This review introduces several types of inorganic nanoparticles, including silica nanoparticles, upconversion nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles, which can been explored as theranostic nanoplatforms for simultaneous cancer imaging and therapy. We also cover the ongoing challenges of these nanoparticles in clinical applications.
Origen in the Likeness of Philo: Eusebius of Caesarea’s Portrait of the Model Scholar
Authors: Rogers Justin M.
Published: February 2017

This article discusses the similarities between the biographical presentations of Philo and Origen in Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History. The tension Eusebius feels between Philo Christianus and Philo Judaeus is certainly detectible in his presentation of the Therapeutae, a group about whom Philo reports and whom Eusebius considers the first Egyptian Christians. Eusebius recognizes that Philo is exegetically closer to Christianity, and religiously closer to Judaism. This realization creates an ambiguity in the Ecclesiastical History in which Philo is presented explicitly neither as Jew nor Christian, but can be identified as either.
David Nirenberg. Neighboring Faiths: Christianity, Islam, and Judaism in the Middle Ages and Today
Authors: Johnson Hannah
Published: February 2017

No abstract is available.
Variantangivelser i en dansk produktionsordbog ud fra eksempler med fleksionsangivelser i Retskrivningsordbogen
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning
Published: February 2017

Looking at articles on language in the newspapers, you will find it striking how many readers are interested in the permissibility of certain expressions. How can we decide if a word or an inflection is allowed? Some people think that the use gives the necessary answers, while others are of the opinion that the customs and especially the language customs are degenerating and therefore cannot serve as decision maker. More than 270 years ago this battle was fought under the watchwords: usus tyrannus and usus imper-ans. This was of course not the first attempt to define the differences between descrip-tive and prescriptive linguistics, and it was indeed not the last one. Despite of that now no really convincing solutions have been given until now. This is due not only to diffe-rent opinions on the relation between the use of the language and its rules, but also to the following factors: (a) the empirical basis of the description, and (b) the aim of the description. In this article it will be shown that purely descriptive information does not help clearly enough by problems on language production, and that extremely prescriptive information helps too little by problems on language reception. In other  words, we need prescriptive rules for production and descriptive ones for reception. For this form of prescription which builds on a selection on descriptive data we introduce the expression proscription.
Semantische und enzyklopädische Informationen in Fachwörterbüchern. Eine Untersuchung zu fachinformativen Informationstypen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung wortgebundener Darstellungsformen
Authors: Geeb Franziskus
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Hvad er erhvervssprog? Etymologiske og kontrastive overvejelser
Authors: Eriksen Lars H.
Published: February 2017

Der nachfolgende Beitrag befaßt sich mit der derzeitigen Debatte im Bereich der ‘Erhvervssprog’-Forschung, welches zu übersetzen ist mit ‘Wirtschaftssprachen-’ bzw. ‘Fachsprachenforschung’. In der bisherigen Auseinandersetzung wurde die eigentliche Bedeutung der Bezeichnung ‘Erhvervssprog’ weitgehend unbeachtet gelassen. Diese Thematik wird im Folgenden aufgegriffen. Mit Ausgangspunkt in einer kontrastiven etymologischen Untersuchung des Begriffsfeldes soll die aktuelle Bedeutung des Wortes in der dänischen und in der deutschen Sprache bestimmt werden.Aufgrund der Sprachgeschichte wird sich die Forschung im Bereich ‘erhvervssprog’ auch mit, der Sprache der Wirtschaft in ihrer Vielfältigkeit beschäftigen müssen und kann sich daher nicht ausschließlich als Fachsprachenforschung verstehen.
ДУБРОВАЧКО ПИСМО ХЕРЦЕГУ ХРВОЈУ ВУКЧИЋУ ХРВАТИНИЋУ
Authors: Смиљанић Аранђел
Published: February 2017

Средином децембра 1403. херцег Хрвоје упутио је у Ду­ бровник писмо које су донијели његов слуга Ратко Мишановић и дубровачки поклисар Влахуша, вјероватно ангажован у мисији на двору Хрватинића. Поред писма, они су властима Републике пренијели и неке херцегове усмене поруке. Ускоро је у Дубровник стигло ново херцегово писмо у коме је најављивао могућност измирења с краљем Стефаном Остојом. Дубровчани су на мисију посланика и оба херцегова писма одговорили својим писмом од 27. децембра, у коме су изражавали наду да ће се он измирити са краљем. У писму су још хвалили херцегову мудрост и саопштавали како ће његовом посланику Ратку одговорити, да би он када дође на његов двор могао пренијети њихове поруке.
ЧЕТВРТИ, ПЕТИ И ШЕСТИ ЛИСТ ДЕПОЗИТА ВОЈВОДЕ САНДАЉА СА ПРИПАДАЈУЋИМ ПОТВРДАМА
Authors: Драгичевић Павле
Published: February 2017

У раду се анализирају три документа у којима је пописана имовина која је сачињавала депозите војводе Сандаља у Дубровнику. У доку­ ментима је прецизирана и правна регулатива која се тицала подизања депозита у случају Сандаљеве смрти. Саставни дио ових докумената су и потврде Санда­ љевих посланика, које су означавале шта је и када из ових депозита изузимано
ДВА ПИСМА ДУБРОВАЧКЕ ОПШТИНЕ ВОЈВОДИ САНДАЉУ ПОВОДОМ ЊЕГОВОГ ДЕПОЗИТА И ОДЛАСКА У БОСНУ НА СТАНАК
Authors: Драгичевић Павле
Published: February 2017

Тема рада су два писма Дубровачке општине чији је повод настанка Сандаљев одлазак на станак у Босну љета 1422, на коме су рјешавана важна питања у односима између Венеције и Босне, као и неке локалне теме. Једна од њих је и напад људи војводе Радосава Павловића на кућу дубровачког кнеза у Конавлима.
ПИСАНИ ПОМЕНИ МАНАСТИРА ТВРДОШ ИЗ XV ВИЈЕКА
Authors: Пекић Радмило
Published: February 2017

У историјској литератури не постоји усаглашен став од када датира требињски манастир Тврдош. Док археолози тврде да манастир датира из раног средњег вијека, код историчара је полазна основа почетак XVI вијека. Међутим у Дубровачком архиву сачувани су документи у којима се помиње Тврдош у XV вијеку. У раду су приказана и дипломатички анализирана необјављена два документа из 90-их година XV вијека, у којима се помињу свештеници Цркве Успења Пресвете Богородице у Требињу
Il gourmet manga al di là del sushi
Authors: Maria Teresa Orsi
Published: February 2017

The imagery of many (the majority of ) Italians, especially the younger generations, seems to have abandoned the icons by longstanding tradition associated with Japanese culture, geisha and samurai, in favour of other models, which landed, in the last ten/twenty years, in the world of manga and sushi. Two terms which, along with karaoke and the less auspicious tsunami, have now become part of the Italian vocabulary. In both cases, there was also a rapid crystallisation of rooted clichés: if, on the one hand, the manga has often been assimilated only to images of violence or sentimental and exhausting platitudes, on the other, the rich and innovative landscape of Japanese cuisine has been reduced only to sushi, very often identified by the personal interpretations of other countries (the Californian rolls seem to be a case in point). Apart from stereotypes and cliché, manga and kitchen – as indeed literature and food – give rise to a happy convergence in Japan today. The article examines the role that in many manga (so-called ryōri manga) is taken by food in all its variations, from the most traditional (which does not live by sushi alone), to the one that reworks in a very felicitous way suggestions coming from other countries, from the most sophisticated that analyses any minimum dish with maniacal rigor, to the simplest and most minimalist to one that accepts fast food without much remorse. It is a complex role, which goes far beyond a limiting definition of recipes, but expands and is enriched to the point of creating stories, situations and characters that become a mirror of a particular moment in contemporary Japanese society.
Samurai in love. Ritratti di samurai della seconda metà del XVIII secolo in visita ai quartieri del piacere
Authors: Cristian Pallone
Published: February 2017

Commonplaces on the samurai circulating in the Edo period show some discrepancy from the image of the hero represented by the contemporary rhetoric of bushidō. This paper seeks to analyse these commonplaces by investigating a set of witty stories set in Edo brothels, written mainly in dialogic form and published in the kohon ‘little book’ format between the 1750s and the end of the Eighteenth Century. These short stories, known as (kaiwatai-)sharebon, had cliché plots that usually included a contraposition between different stereotyped visitors of the pleasure quarters. A part of these customers were samurai. They were virtually subdivided into two categories, giving shape to two different stereotyped depictions of the warriors. One mocked the country samurai and those coming from the lowest echelons of the warrior class, one fiercely caricaturised those from Edo. During the ’80s, another tendency emerged within the poetics of kaiwatai sharebon, particularly in the works of Santō Kyōden (1761-1816): satire against the new ideal, endorsed by Matsudaira Sadanobu (1758-1829), of the moderate warrior, devoting himself to the weapons and the arts.
I Giapponesi, parlanti obliqui e vaghi per la salvaguardia di ‘wa’: quanto c’è di vero nel luogo comune?
Authors: Chiara Zamborlin
Published: February 2017

Japanese communication style is often described as characterized by indirectness and vagueness. How much truth is there in this cliché? In trying answering this question, I will first review some of the major theoretical ethnographic studies on Japanese language and culture that intended to explain from different angles the recurrent use of indirectness and vagueness in the Japanese discourse system. In this connection, I will point out that it is often difficult to determine to what extent many scholars’ accounts can be viewed as non-stereotypical and bias-free, and from which viewpoint their descriptions is to be considered unnatural or fragmentary. I will then analyze the Japanese communication style, focusing on a sort of ambiguity that indeed appears to characterize the way many Japanese communicate verbally. My analysis will be based on authentic segments extracted from email messages written by native speakers of Japanese at a workplace.