bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge engineering in the communication of Information for safety critical systems
Authors: GURR CORIN A.
Published: July 2002

The design and assessment of safety critical systems often involves broad and distributed teams of designers, suppliers and analysts who represent diverse areas of expertise and motivations. Accurate and effective communication between these groups is
therefore an issue of primary importance. The formalisation of specifications and arguments of safety can be of significant benefit in ensuring the consistency of evidence in such cases, when it must be presented across many domains. However, a formal description of a safety critical system may be unconvincing unless it is presented in a form which is (or forms which are) accessible to the broad range of users and assessors of safety cases. This raises issues of human communication which include the tailoring of information to particular communicative tasks; the efficacy of differing media for communication and the cognitive impact that such differing media have. This paper draws together work in fields of knowledge engineering, knowledge based systems and human communication in an effort to address, from a sound theoretical basis, these and other communication issues raised by the use of formal descriptions in safety critical systems. Further, this paper argues that a primary role for knowledge based systems techniques in safety critical systems is in supporting the communication of information.
QUASI-PRODUCT FORM TO A MULTINODE QUEUEING SYSTEM SHARING
A STATE-DEPENDENT SETUP SERVER
Authors: Yamazaki Genji
Published: July 2002

We consider a K-node queueing system sharing
a setup server. Each node has a node server, a finite buffer,
and a service position. Each job in the buffer at a node
requires a setup by the setup server to receive service
from the node server at the service position. The arrival
process of jobs at each node is Poisson, the distribution
of node service times at each node is general, and the
setup times have a common exponential distribution. The
setup server behaves like M setup servers (i.e.,
the server can simultaneously process up to M
jobs). We consider two setup mechanisms by the setup server.
One is that for a setup of job at each node, both the waiting
position (occupied by the job) and service position are
used. The other is that only the service position is used
for a setup. The model operating under the former or latter
is referred to as Model I or II, respectively. For each
node in Model I or II, we construct a corresponding setup
server queue (CSQ). We show that the stationary distribution
of Model I or II is given by a product form of
the stationary distributions of CSQs.
REFLECTIONS ON LANGUAGE LEARNING.Leila Barbara and Mike
Scott (Eds.). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 1994. Pp. xxiv + 247.
Authors: Master Peter
Published: July 2002

Reflections on Language Learning is a festschrift to honor the work of
Antonieta Celani, a Professor of English at the Pontifical Catholic University of São
Paulo, Brazil, and the foremost promoter of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in Latin
America. The book consists of a collection of 20 essays written by her students and colleagues
from around the world, most reporting on studies that were carried out for the purpose of this
volume. The essays are equally divided into four categories: project development, teacher
education, language processing, and business interaction analysis.
CONSCIOUSNESS, RULES, AND INSTRUCTED SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION.Peter Robinson. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. Pp. xiv + 291.
$52.95 cloth.
Authors: Schachter Jacquelyn
Published: July 2002

In this revised dissertation, Robinson tackles two important topics in adult second language
learning: (a) the roles of attention and awareness and (b) the mechanisms for storage of second
language knowledge.
EVALUATING RESEARCH ARTICLES FROM START TO FINISH.Ellen R. Girden. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996. Pp. xi + 290. $24.95
paper.
Authors: Gass Susan
Published: July 2002

As I was preparing to do a workshop on research in second language acquisition,
Evaluating research articles by Girden arrived on my desk. The timing was perfect and
I was pleased to have this additional resource at my disposal. The book is designed for a
wide-ranging audience, with examples presented from a variety of fields (e.g., social work,
education, medicine, and psychology), although second language acquisition is not among them.
The studies cited as examples include studies that are flawed in one way or the other, with the
author leading the reader to understand the flaws.
Children's individual approaches to the organization
of narrative
Authors: WIGGLESWORTH GILLIAN
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the similarities and differences observed
in
individual approaches to the linguistic organization of narrative. Twenty

subjects in each of five age groups (four, six, eight, ten years and adult)

were asked to relate a narrative elicited from a picture book. All
references to the animate characters in the book were coded for form
(nominal/pronominal), and function (switch versus maintenance). Individual

analyses of the narratives indicated that a variety of strategies
were used across all age groups. Strategies identified included thematic

subject, nominal and anaphoric. When the narrative was divided into
segments based on the referential load of each segment, it was found that

there was an interaction between the strategy adopted in the first
segment, the age of the subject and the referential load of subsequent

segments. A variety of strategies was adopted by all age groups although

there were preferential trends observable within each group. The ability

to maintain a strategy across the varying referential load of the narrative

increased with age. Five developmental stages were identified from the

analysis which enabled certain tentative predictions to be made about
the way children approach a complex narrative task, suggesting that
children pass through a number of stages which reflect their ability to

organize the referential content of the narrative at differing speech
levels.
Accommodation in mean f0 during mother–infant
and father–infant vocal interactions: a longitudinal
case study
Authors: McROBERTS GERALD W. , BEST CATHERINE T.
Published: July 2002

Reports that infants imitate the vocal pitch
characteristics of adult
caregivers (e.g. Lewis, 1936/1951) include
Lieberman's (1967; Lieberman, Ryalls & Rabson,
1982) claim that infants differentially adjust their
vocal pitch or fundamental frequency (f0) towards
that of their caregivers, resulting in higher mean pitch
when interacting with mothers
than when interacting with fathers. However, a recent
cross-sectional study of infants at ages 0;8 to 0;9 and 1;0 failed
to find evidence of
differential pitch adjustment toward male and female
caregivers (Siegel,
Cooper, Morgan & Brennesie-Sarshad, 1990). A more
sensitive test of
Lieberman's claims would be to use a longitudinal
design, with spontaneous recording sessions repeated over
many months. The current
study presents data from a longitudinal case study of an
infant recorded
at ages 0;3, 0;7, 0;10, 1;3 and 1;5 interacting with each
of her parents
in spontaneous play sessions and in isolated play. The
infant in our
study did not demonstrate significant adjustment of her
vocal pitch in
the direction of either parent. However, we did find evidence for
consistent adjustment by the parents, in accord with the
literature on infant-directed speech and mother–infant dyadic
interactions, which
suggest that the parents adjusted their behaviour to suit
the infant more than vice versa.
Competing language structures: the acquisition of
verb placement by bilingual German-English
children
Authors: DÖPKE SUSANNE
Published: July 2002

The simultaneous acquisition of two languages in early childhood

presents an interesting test case for language acquisition theories.
Children in bilingual environments receive input which could potentially

lead to output systems different to those of monolingual
children. The speech of three bilingual German-English children was
recorded monthly between the ages of 2;0 and 5;0. The analysis of word

order in the verb phrase shows that initial structural separation was
followed by an extended period of non-target structures in German
before the children eventually worked out which structures overlap and

which structures differentiate the two languages. The bilingual data
point towards language being acquired incrementally, on the basis of cue

strength and cue cost. It is suggested that the partially overlapping
structures in the input from German and English create structural
saliencies for the child before they are functionally accessible. Functional

identification eventually leads to structural separation.
A sequence of complexes generated by a finite set of homogeneous polynomials
Authors: KIRBY DAVID
Published: July 2002

The usefulness of the Koszul complex in handling in an algebraic
setting the two
geometric notions of multiplicity and depth first became apparent with
the work of
Auslander and Buchsbaum [1] following a suggestion of
Serre. Regarding the
generators a1, …, an

of the complex as a 1×n matrix first Eagon and Northcott
[4]
extended this work to a complex associated with an m×n

matrix, then shortly afterwards a different extension was given by Buchsbaum
and Rim
[2, 3]. These two
complexes are two of an infinite family [6]
some of which inherit the depth sensitive
property of the Koszul complex and all of which under a certain finiteness
condition
provide the same multiplicity as Euler–Poincaré characteristic

[7].

These two properties prove useful in geometric applications, see for
example Lago
and Rodicio [7] for depth sensitivity and Kirby
[8] for the characteristic as
multiplicity of intersection. During the course of these developments it
became clear
that it was most appropriate to regard the complexes as being generated
by linear
forms. From this point of view it is natural to ask if the linearity of
the forms is
necessary. In the present note we begin a response to this question by
extending the
work of [6] to complexes associated with forms of arbitrary
positive degree. In a
sequel we shall similarly extend the results of multiplicity in [7].
The Funk transform as a Penrose transform
Authors: BAILEY TOBY N. , EASTWOOD MICHAEL G. , GOVER A. ROD , MASON LIONEL J.
Published: July 2002

The Funk transform is the integral transform from the space of
smooth even
functions on the unit sphere S2⊂ℝ3

to itself defined by integration over great
circles. One can regard this transform as a limit in a certain sense of
the Penrose
transform from [Copf ]ℙ2 to [Copf ]ℙ*ast;2.

We exploit this viewpoint by developing a new proof of
the bijectivity of the Funk transform which proceeds by considering the
cohomology
of a certain involutive (or formally integrable) structure on an intermediate
space.
This is the simplest example of what we hope will prove to be a general
method
of obtaining results in real integral geometry by means of complex holomorphic

methods derived from the Penrose transform.
Subregular nilpotent representations of
[sscr ][Iscr ]n and [sscr ][oscr ]2n+1
Authors: CARSTEN JANTZEN JENS
Published: July 2002

Let [gscr ] be one of the Lie algebras [sscr ][Iscr ]n(K)

or [sscr ][oscr ]2n+1(K) over an algebraically
closed
field K of characteristic p>0. Suppose in the first
case
that n∉Zp and in the second
case that p≠2. This assumption implies that [gscr ] is simple.
In this
paper I study certain irreducible representations of [gscr ].
Safer Positioning of Electronic Fishing Aids
Authors: Mills Stella
Published: July 2002

Bridge design has undergone changes in the last few decades resulting in increased awareness
of the need for safety while maintaining the minimum of personnel. The concept of the one-person bridge has been studied fairly extensively with respect to military and large merchant
vessels, but much of this work has been ignored by those designing for smaller ships,
particularly fishing vessels. This paper derives principles for positioning the electronic fishing
aids of ‘single ticket’ fishing vessels while applying, where applicable practically, the
ergonomic principles developed from the wider community. The paper then applies the
principles to the wheelhouses of two fishing vessels and suggests modifications for greater
compliance. A conceptual wheelhouse design is given that satisfies all the principles while
including the usual suite of electronic aids typically carried by such fishing vessels.
Hidden Antennas for Vehicle Telematics Systems
Authors: Langley Professor Richard
Published: July 2002

This paper describes three different antenna systems for mobile vehicle applications. The antennas are either patches or derivatives in all cases. The first is a dual-band telephone antenna with a low profile and wide bandwidth. Operating at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, with a VSWR of better than 1·7, it is a hybrid construction combining a monopole with a top-loading patch shorted to the ground-plane. Extra-shorted pins provide the upper frequency band coverage. It provides monopole radiation characteristics and can be hidden under a plastic panel or mounted on the vehicle roof. The second is a microstrip patch antenna integrated into a laminated glass windscreen for a vehicle. It is fed using a coplanar waveguide feed printed on the innermost layer of the glass, avoiding the need for a contacting feed within the laminate. The patch and ground plane are meshed for manufacturing in the glass to avoid distorting the heat profile when the glass is shaped and laminated. The patch is easily fed from inside the vehicle and is potentially a very low cost design. The final antenna discussed is a dual-band patch antenna specifically designed for the Globalstar satellite telephone system at 1·6 GHz and 2·45 GHz. It also covers the Iridium band at 1·6 GHz. A single circularly polarised patch is used. Dual-band operation results from truncating the corners of the square patch and judiciously placed slots to achieve a band spacing of 1·5.
Control Strategies for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Craven Paul J. , Sutton Robert , Burns Roland S.
Published: July 2002

In recent years, both the offshore industry and the navies of the
world have become
increasingly interested in the potential operational usage of unmanned
underwater vehicles.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of a number of modern control
approaches and
artificial intelligence techniques which have been applied to the autopilot
design problem for
such craft.
The Development of the Gyrocompass – Inventors as Navigators
Authors: Broelmann J.
Published: July 2002

Most reference books or monographs about the history of the gyrocompass

portray individual inventors, each as an inventive genius, respected as
a national
hero and probably depicted creating novelties in ‘brooding meditation’.
This
seems to be an accepted, rather comfortable point of view, as the subject
covers
the invention of a ‘black-box’-type too. But the invention,
development and the
adaption of this gyro instrument in a complex technological and social
system was
not achieved on the basis of a ‘single-handed’ venture.

If emerging technologies are not only scientific, but also involve social
or
cultural requirements, then communication along the networks of knowledge

between inventor, mechanic and mathematician, the code of patent lawyers
and
financiers and – last but not least – navigation
officers and the red tape of a navy
must play an influential role. I would thus like to sketch out the subject
of
invention as communication and present the inventor as a navigator, someone

who leads his crew through all currents, shallows and drifts and, while
keeping
ahead of other competitors, arrives at some still uncertain location.
Evolution of the system of protected areas in Western Australia
Authors: POULIQUEN-YOUNG ODILE
Published: July 2002

The Western Australian system of protected areas (PAs) covers more than 15 million ha and is the second largest conservation estate of the Australian continent. An analysis of the history of the creation of PAs in Western Australia shows that the concept of nature conservation through reserves was slow to emerge. During the early decades of the century, reserves were mainly created for their recreation values. The lack of governmental interest in nature conservation led to a belated development of reserve coverage up to the 1950s, while vast areas of land were opened to farming and pastoralism. Following two scientifically-based reviews of the PA system, the number and coverage of PAs increased dramatically up to the late 1970s. The rationalization of the vesting and managerial responsibilities for PAs was only finalized in the 1980s. Since then, there has not been any large increase in PA area but a consolidation of the PA coverage. The development of the system of PAs has been impeded by the belated response of Western Australian governments to conservation concerns and a 'worthless' land approach to conservation as a land use. While large-scale land alienation for agriculture has now stopped, other types of land uses such as mining and other aspirations over land management and vesting, such as Aboriginal land claims and forestry are now constraining any large expansion of the PA system. Only an approach embracing the whole landscape can overcome the political and social limitations of the concept of PAs and the further degradation of developed land in Western Australia.
A computer simulation of the transmission dynamics and the
effects of duration of immunity and survival of persistently
infected animals on the spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in dairy cattle
Authors: INNOCENT G. , MORRISON I. , BROWNLIE J. , GETTINBY G.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a computer model that mimics the spread of
bovine viral diarrhoea virus
(BVDV) infection through a closed herd. The model is able to simulate
the spread of infection
when a persistently infected (PI) animal is introduced into an
infection-free herd, and it is used
to investigate the role of persistently infected animals, seroconverting
animals, loss of PI calves
and duration of immunity on the level of infection within the herd.
Under typical management
conditions one persistently infected animal poses a real threat to a
herd, and the prospect of
the herd becoming infection free in a 10-year period without intervention is remote.
Seroconverting animals are found to be an important source of infection
in herds with few
immune animals. The increased loss of PI calves is likely to restrict
the numbers of PI animals
in a herd, and loss of immunity is important since it increases the
possibility of a PI calf being born.
SHORT PAPER Changing prevalence of antibody to Dengue virus in paired

sera in the two years following an epidemic in Taiwan
Authors: CHEN W.-J. , KING C.-C. , CHIEN L.-Y. , CHEN S.-L. , FANG A.-H.
Published: July 2002

To elucidate the epidemic pattern of a dengue outbreak in southern

Taiwan during 1987–8,

antibody prevalence rates were investigated in paired sera collected in

both epidemic

(Kaohsiung) and non-epidemic (Tainan) areas. In Kaohsiung, the IgG prevalence

rate in 1989

was significantly higher (9·23%) than that in 1988 (5·29%)

suggesting that new infections

continuously appeared after the first bleeding in 1988.

Although IgG antibody persisted in

most infected blood samples, waning of antibody occurred in

6/355 (1·69%) of Kaohsiung

sera. IgM antibody was only detected in Kaohsiung sera, suggesting that

Tainan was not

involved in the outbreak. Because IgG antibody was present in some samples

collected in 1989,

but not in 1988, from the non-epidemic area, sporadic infections perhaps
occurred.

Additionally, 4/355 (1·13%) of Kaohsiung sera showed IgM antibody

positive in both 1988

and 1989. In turn, secondary infections may have occurred because of

circulation of multiple-types of the virus. The possible relationship

between low levels of dengue haemorrhagic fever

(DHF) and the loss of IgG antibodies over time is also discussed.
Characterization of a new genotype of measles virus detected
in China and England
Authors: JIN L. , SUN Y. J. , GE L. , BROWN D. W. G.
Published: July 2002

We report the co-circulation of a new lineage of measles virus
(MV) and an Edmonston-like
(Ed-like) genotype of MV in China during 1995–7. Sequence analysis
of 25 strains was
performed on a 282 nucleotides (nt) region of the nucleoprotein (N) gene,
a 450-nt region of
the haemagglutinin (H) gene and a 152-nt region of the matrix (M) gene
by direct sequencing
of RT-PCR amplicons obtained from clinical specimens. The entire H gene
was sequenced
from two strains. The results showed that 24/25 Chinese strains belonged
to a new genogroup
and were distinct from the vaccine strains used in China and the UK, and
also from MV
strains previously described in Europe, Africa and the USA. The remaining
strain was Ed-like.
Two strains of the new genotype (IV) and one of the Ed-like genotype were
also detected in
the UK in 1996.
Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to the chlamydia-like
microorganism ‘Simkania Z’ by ELISA
Authors: FRIEDMAN M. G. , GALIL A. , GREENBERG S. , KAHANE S.
Published: July 2002

The newly described microorganism ‘Simkania Z’, related
to the Chlamydiae, has been shown
to be associated with bronchiolitis in infants and community acquired pneumonia
in adults.
The prevalence of infection in the general population is unknown. A simple
ELISA assay for
the detection of serum IgG antibodies to ‘Simkania Z’ was used
to determine the prevalence of
such antibodies in several population samples in southern Israel (the Negev).
The groups tested
included 94 medical and nursing students, 100 unselected blood donors,
106 adult members of
a Negev kibbutz (communal agricultural settlement), and 45 adult Bedouin,
residents of the
Negev. IgG antibodies to ‘Simkania Z’ were found in 55–80%
of these presumably healthy
individuals, independently of antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis
and Chlamydia pneumoniae.
The Bedouin had a seropositivity rate of 80%, while all other groups had
rates of between 55
and 64%. These results indicate that ‘Simkania Z’ infection
is probably common in southern
Israel.
Epidemiological features of and public health response to a St. Louis encephalitis epidemic in Florida, 1990–1
Authors: MEEHAN P. J. , WELLS D. L. , PAUL W. , BUFF E. , LEWIS A. , MUTH D. , HOPKINS R. , KARABATSOS N. , TSAI T. F.
Published: July 2002

A St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) epidemic in Florida during 25 weeks in 1990–1, resulted in 222
laboratory-diagnosed cases, an attack rate in the 28 affected counties of 2·25/100000. Disease
risk rose with advanced age, to 17·14/100000 in persons over 80 years, and all 14 fatal cases
were in persons over 55 years (median, 70 years). Community serosurveys in Indian River
County, the epicenter of the outbreak (attack rate 21/100000), showed acute asymptomatic
infections in 3·6% of the persons surveyed, with higher rates in persons with outdoor
occupational exposure (7·4%) and in clients of a shelter for the indigent (13·3%). A matched
case-control study found that evening outdoor exposure for more than 2 h was associated with
an increased risk for acquiring illness (odds ratio [OR] 4·33, 95% CI 1·23–15·21) while a
number of recommended personal protective measures were protective. Four SLE patients were
dually infected with Highlands J virus, the first reported cases of acute infection with this
alphavirus. The case-control study provided the first evidence that a public education campaign
to reduce exposure had a protective effect against acquiring the disease.
Seasonal change in the nesting sites of Apodemus argenteus
Authors: Sekijima Tsuneo
Published: July 2002

Effect of arboreal activity on nesting site selection in Apodemus argenteus was examined by using nest boxes, a footprint recording technique, and live‐trapping. Although the breeding season of A. argenteus was from April to September, the use of nest boxes placed on the trunks of trees was observed only from late July to September when use of the arboreal habitat by A. argenteus became active. Nesting site selection of A. argenteus was closely associated with their spatial activity.
Total eclipse silences grasshoppers' and bushcrickets' songs
Authors: Fischer Franz Peter
Published: July 2002

A total eclipse of the sun is a very rare event for a given geographical location, and it is not easy to predict the reaction of animals to such events. On 11 August 1999, the reaction of some species of Saltatoria was quantitatively analysed in a long‐term study area for which the normal diurnal song patterns are well established. The song activity of the grasshoppers and bushcrickets declined slowly during the partial eclipse, and stopped completely during the 2‐min total eclipse. After a marked delay, song activity returned suddenly to normal. This suggests that light intensity is the main parameter controlling the diurnal song pattern in the species studied, and obviously overrides any internal rhythm.
Aspects of the histology of reproduction in the female Angolan free‐tailed bat Mops condylurus (Microchiroptera: Molossidae) in Mpumalanga, South Africa
Authors: Vivier L. , van der Merwe M.
Published: July 2002

The reproductive pattern of the female Angolan free‐tailed bat Mops condylurus (A. Smith, 1933) was investigated at two localities in Mpumalanga. Female Angolan free‐tailed bats displayed a seasonal bimodally polyoestrous reproductive pattern. Parturition in December was followed closely by a post‐partum oestrus. Ovarian follicle and endometrium cycles also closely followed the breeding season. The reproductive tract displayed complete dextral dominance with the right ovary and uterus being functionally dominant. Luteal activity was maintained throughout pregnancy and healthy corpora lutea were observed until late in pregnancy. Shedding of the zona pellucida occurred in the oviduct in the region of the ampulla–isthmus junction. The embryo entered the uterus as a morula, where it was transformed into a unilaminar, free‐lying blastocyst. A unique feature of the pre‐implantation uterus was the formation of a distinct decidua at the implantation site on the mesometrial side. Implantation in the Angolan free‐tailed bat was centric and superficial. First attachment of the trophoblast to the endometrium was mesometrial. The formation of a pre‐placental pad of trophoblast cells was also initiated on the mesometrial side, while orientation of the embryonic disc was anti‐mesometrial. Placental development occurred in the abembryonic hemisphere. Proliferation of the trophoblast over the embryonic hemisphere was slow and a bilaminar arrangement of the trophoblast was not observed in this region until after the primitive streak stage.
Feeding habits of the blackwidow spider Latrodectus lilianae (Araneae: Theridiidae) in an arid zone of south‐east Spain
Authors: Hódar José A. , Sánchez‐Piñero Francisco
Published: July 2002

The diet of the blackwidow spider Latrodectus lilianae (Araneae: Theridiidae) was studied in an arid shrub‐steppe of south‐eastern Spain during 1990–93. For the first 3 years, prey mummies attached to spider webs were collected once the spiders' activity period was finished, at the end of September. In the fourth year, webs were marked and checked bi‐weekly from April to September during the activity period of the blackwidow spider. We identified 2106 prey items from 164 webs. Most prey were Tenebrionidae and Oniscidae, which together represented from 65.4% to 82.0% in frequency and from 78.6% to 92.0% in biomass of all prey. An analysis of selectivity comparing prey availability from prey collected in pitfalls and those collected in the webs showed that spiders preferred Tenebrionidae and Oniscidae. However, an analysis of prey size reflects also that spiders mostly selected prey ranging from 12.5 to 22.5 mm long, suggesting that prey size, rather than taxon, determines prey capture. Other predatory arthropods, as well as five small lizards, were found as prey of the blackwidow spider. This suggests that the blackwidow spider may play an essential role in regulating the food web and trophic structure in this community by preying on other species that potentially compete with or prey upon blackwidow spiders.
Change without change
Authors: Naro Anthony J. , Görski Edair , Fernandes Eulália
Published: July 2002

Brazilian Portuguese possesses two forms used as
1st person plural pronouns: nós and a
gente, both meaning ‘we’. The form nós
has always been pronominal, whereas a gente is
derived diachronically from the noun phrase a gente
‘the people’. In accord with this historical
evolution, the standard language prefers the use of the
1st plural verb desinence -mos with nós,
as in nós falamos ‘we speak’
or ‘we spoke’. The 3rd person desinence 0
is reserved for a gente, giving a gente fala
‘we speak’ as the preferred form. In popular
speech both nós fala and a gente falamos
are used frequently. We examine the use of these variable
forms across four generations in Rio de Janeiro. In the
older generations, phonic salience is the principal controlling
factor for both nós and a gente.
Since preterit desinences are stressed more frequently
than present desinences, this induces a biased surface
distribution, with -mos occurring more frequently
with past tense reference. Nonetheless, for older speakers
tense does not play a statistically significant role. In
younger speakers, tense becomes statistically significant
as a determining factor in the use of the desinences, with
preterit favoring -mos for both subject forms.
So far, there has been no change in the grammar itself,
but the locus of determination of the use of -mos
seems to have shifted from saliency to tense across the
generations. One can speculate that some time in the future
-mos may become a preterit marker.
Blow-up in a chemotaxis model without symmetry assumptions
Authors: HORSTMANN DIRK , WANG GUOFANG
Published: July 2002

In this paper we prove the existence of solutions of the Keller–Segel model in chemotaxis,
which blow up in finite or infinite time. This is done without assuming any symmetry
properties of the solution.
Stress-controlled shear waves in a saturated granular medium
Authors: HAYES BRIAN T. , SCHAEFFER DAVID G.
Published: July 2002

We study plane shear waves in a continuum model for a saturated soil, assuming a hypoplastic
flow rule. Following an earlier paper on velocity-controlled waves [1], we now specify a time-
periodic stress disturbance on the boundary of a semi-infinite medium. As before, the stress
saturates, tending at large times to a position-independent value, away from the boundary. By
contrast, the dependence of this asymptotic state on the boundary data is strikingly different:
in the previous case, this dependence was wildly discontinuous, while here it is very simple and
smooth.
Special issue on Semantics, Applications, and Implementation of Program Generation
Authors: Taha Walid , Wadler Peter
Published: July 2002

Program generation has the prospect of being an integral part of a wide range of software
development processes. Recent studies investigate different aspects of program generation
systems, including their semantics, their applications, and their implementation. Existing
theories and systems address both high-level (source) language and low-level (machine)
language generation. A number of programming languages now support program generation
and manipulation, with different goals, implementation techniques, and targeted at different
applications. In this context, a PLI workshop dedicated to this theme (SAIG'00) was held in
Montreal in September 2000. Following on from this workshop, a special issue of the Journal
of Functional Programming will be devoted to the same theme.

Full-length, archival-quality submissions are solicited on topics including both theoretical
and practical models and tools for building program generation systems, Examples include:

[bull ] Semantics, type systems, and implementations for multi-stage languages.

[bull ] Run-time specialization systems, e.g. compilers, operating systems.

[bull ] High-level program generation (applications, foundations, environments).

[bull ] Symbolic computation, linking and explicit substitution, in-lining and macros.

Reports on applications of these techniques to real-world problems are especially encouraged,
as are submissions that relate ideas and concepts from several of these topics, or bridge
the gap between theory and practice.

Contributors to SAIG'00 are encouraged to submit, but submission is open to everyone.
Papers will be reviewed as regular JFP submissions, and acceptance in the special issue will
be based on relevance to the theme. The special issue also welcomes high-quality survey and
position papers that would benefit a wide audience. Accepted papers exceeding the space
restrictions will be published as regular JFP papers.

Submissions should be sent to the guest editor (address below), with a copy to Nasreen
Ahmad (nasreen@dcs.gla.ac.uk). Submitted articles should be sent in postscript format,
preferably gzipped and uuencoded. In addition, please send, as plain text, title, abstract, and
contact information. The submission deadline is 1st February 2001. For other submission
details, please consult an issue of the Journal of Functional Programming or see the Journal's
web page at http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/jfp/.
Pipelined functional tree accesses and updates: scheduling, synchronization, caching and coherence
Authors: BENNETT ANDREW J. , KELLY PAUL H. J. , PATERSON ROSS A.
Published: July 2002

This paper is an exploration of the parallel graph reduction approach to parallel functional
programming, illustrated by a particular example: pipelined, dynamically-scheduled implementation
of search, updates and read-modify-write transactions on an in-store binary search
tree. We use program transformation, execution-driven simulation and analytical modelling
to expose the maximum potential parallelism, the minimum communication and synchronisation
overheads, and to control the overall space requirement. We begin with a lazy functional
program specifying a series of transactions on a binary tree, each involving several searches
and updates, in a side-effect-free fashion. Transformation of the source code produces a
formulation of the program with greater locality and larger grain size than can be achieved
using naive parallelization methods, and we show that, with care, these tasks can be scheduled
effectively. Even with a workload using random keys, significant spatial locality is found, and
we evaluate a modified cache coherency protocol which avoids false sharing so that large
cache lines can be used to minimise the number of messages required. As expected with
a pipeline, the application should reach a steady state as soon as the first transaction is
completed. However, if the network latency is too large, the rate of completion lags behind
the rate at which work is admitted, and internal queues grow without bound. We determine
the conditions under which this occurs, and show how it can be avoided while maximising
speedup.
A calculus with polymorphic and polyvariant flow types
Authors: WELLS J. B. , DIMOCK ALLYN , MULLER ROBERT , TURBAK FRANKLYN
Published: July 2002

We present λCIL, a typed λ-calculus which serves as the foundation for a typed intermediate
language for optimizing compilers for higher-order polymorphic programming languages. The
key innovation of λCIL is a novel formulation of intersection and union types and flow labels
on both terms and types. These flow types can encode polyvariant control and data flow
information within a polymorphically typed program representation. Flow types can guide a
compiler in generating customized data representations in a strongly typed setting. Since λCIL
enjoys confluence, standardization, and subject reduction properties, it is a valuable tool for
reasoning about programs and program transformations.
First-order functional languages and intensional logic
Authors: RONDOGIANNIS P. , WADGE W. W.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that first-order functional
programs can be
transformed into intensional programs of nullary variables, in a semantics
preserving way. On
the foundational side, the goal of our study is to bring new insights and a
better understanding
of the nature of functional languages. From a practical point of view, our
investigation
provides a formal basis for the tagging mechanism that is used in the
implementation of
first-order functional languages on dataflow machines.
Computational types from a logical perspective
Authors: BENTON P. N. , BIERMAN G. M. , DE PAIVA V. C. V.
Published: July 2002

Moggi's computational lambda calculus is a metalanguage for

denotational semantics which
arose from the observation that many different notions of computation have
the categorical
structure of a strong monad on a cartesian closed category. In this paper
we show that
the computational lambda calculus also arises naturally as the term calculus
corresponding
(by the Curry–Howard correspondence) to a novel intuitionistic modal
propositional logic.
We give natural deduction, sequent calculus and Hilbert-style presentations
of this logic and
prove strong normalisation and confluence results.
Did CALL feedback feed back? Researching learners’ use of feedback
Authors: PUJOLÀ JOAN-TOMÀS
Published: July 2002

This paper reports on one specific aspect of a study which
investigated the learners’ use of the help facilities available within a
program called ImPRESSions. Among those facilities, feedback was central to the
design of the program and an important aspect of the research study. Little is known
about how learners interact with feedback in CALL. This paper explains the design
and implementation of the feedback features of the program, and tries to portray
insights into how learners used these in four different sessions using ImPRESSions.
Learners’ screen movements, observation and retrospection questions about the
use of help facilities were recorded for later description and analysis. The results
about the use of the feedback facility are presented and discussed from a qualitative
perspective.
‘Il m'a sauté dessus’, ‘je lui ai couru après’: un cas de postposition en français
Authors: Porquier Rémy
Published: July 2002

Le débat sur le statut grammatical en français (adverbes ou prépositions ?) de certains éléments de la phrase a souvent porté sur le cas des ‘prépositions orphelines’. Dans ce cadre, on s'intéresse au cas particulier des structures du type: ‘il m'a sauté dessus’, ‘je lui ai couru après’, ‘elle me tourne autour’, etc., où un élément prépositionnel (ou adverbial ?) se trouve postposé au pronom qu'il régit. Un examen systématique de ce type de constructions, très fréquentes en français parlé, met en évidence, sur la base d'inventaires et d'un corpus de français parlé et écrit, leur statut particulier, du double point de vue syntaxique et sémantique. Au-delà du strict point de vue syntaxique, l'examen débouche sur plusieurs observations: inventaire et nature des verbes et éléments prépositionnels, domaines sémantiques, statut lexical des unités ‘VII’ inventoriées.
The importance of Vu Quang Nature Reserve, Vietnam, for bird conservation, in the context of the Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area
Authors: Eames J. C. , Eve R. , Tordoff A. W.
Published: July 2002

Vu Quang Nature Reserve, Vietnam, was brought to the attention of the world scientific community following the

discovery of two previously undescribed large mammal species in the early 1990s. In light of the identification of

other sites of high biodiversity value in the Annamite mountains of Vietnam and Laos, the relative importance for

biodiversity conservation of Vu Quang needs to be reassessed. In this paper we evaluate the importance of the site for

bird conservation, in relation to 13 other protected areas in the Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area (EBA) and

present species lists for all 14 sites. Whilst Vu Quang supports one of the highest numbers of recorded bird species

of all 14 protected areas, a complementarity analysis revealed that Vu Quang does not fall within the critical subset

of sites necessary to conserve 95% of the avifaunal diversity of the EBA. The site should not, therefore, be considered

a regional bird conservation priority. Furthermore, of the nine restricted-range species known from the Annamese

Lowlands EBA, only three are known from Vu Quang, which is not, therefore, a priority site for the conservation of

endemic bird species. We also evaluate the conservation status of the avifauna of Vu Quang, and propose potential

conservation measures to enhance its importance for bird conservation.
Between Empire and Nation-State: Comments on the Pathology of State Formation in Eastern Europe during the ‘Short Twentieth Century’
Authors: Péteri György
Published: July 2002

This essay considers the basic differences between the development of the modern nation-state in west and east European contexts. It suggests that, because the foundations of state formation in the latter in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were ethnonationalist, a long road lies ahead in eastern Europe before the region can free itself from its lengthy captivity between the bad extremes of Empire on the one hand and the ethnonational Nation-State on the other. It disputes the idea that ethnocultural homogeneity within the borders of the nation-state provides a viable solution, even if the way to the creation of such homogeneity may be painful, and claims that policies which aim to create this ethnocultural homogeneity tend to prolong the swing of the region's political organisation between Empire and Nation-State. The only way out of the dilemma would appear to be the inclusion of these states in the processes of voluntary (non-imperial) regional and European supranational integration.
The Algerian War and French Memory
Authors: Cohen William B.
Published: July 2002

Benjamin Stora, Imaginaires de guerre: Algérie-Vietnam en France et aux Etats Unis (Paris: Decouverte, 1997), 252pp., FF 125, ISBN 2-707-12667-5. Benjamin Stora, Le transfert d'une mémoire – de ‘l'Algérie française’ au racisme anti-Arabe (Paris: Découverte, 1999), 148pp., FF 75, ISBN 2-707-12968-2. Martin Evans, The Memory of Resistance: French Opposition to the Algerian War (Oxford: Berg, 1997), 250pp., ISBN 1-859-73927-x. Charles-Robert Agéron, ed., La guerre d'Algérie et les Algériens, 1954–1962 (Paris: Armand Colin 1997), 346pp., ISBN 2-200-01895-9. Jean-Jacques Jordi and Mohand Hamoumou, Les harkis, une mémoire enfouie (Paris: Autrement, 1999), 139pp., FF 120, ISBN 2-282-60866-1.
The Managed Care Blues and How to Cure Them,
by Walter A. Zelman and Robert A. Berenson. Washington, D.C.:
Georgetown University Press, 1998. 240 pp.
Authors: Light Donald W.
Published: July 2002

In a new and important book entitled The Managed
Care Blues and How to Cure Them, a lifetime consumer
advocate and a surgeon who witnessed the excesses and unaccountable
errors of his colleagues under fee for service explain
with deft hands the promise of managed care, its problems,
and solutions to them. Walter Zelman and Robert Berenson
show empathy for the consumer backlash, provider resentment,
and the patients' rights movement that has spawned
a thousand bills to prevent possibly unethical actions.
Yet they believe these efforts to regulate managed care
are misdirected and will prevent it from realizing its
potential.
Health Reform in America: The Mystery of the Missing Moral
Momentum
Authors: BROWN LAWRENCE D.
Published: July 2002

Examining health policy and its recent reform misadventures
in the United States from a moral viewpoint is painful.
That the nation devotes 14% of its Gross Domestic Product
to health services—sometimes of doubtful clinical
efficacy and value for money—and yet lets more than
40 million citizens go without health coverage strikes
critics, both foreign and domestic, as a disgrace explicable
only by ethical deficiencies distinctive to the American
value system. There is certainly merit in this critique,
which understandably incites fire and brimstone about the
urgent moral imperative of getting the nation on the path
of righteousness at last.
The Ethics of Animal Research: What Are the Prospects for
Agreement?
Authors: DEGRAZIA DAVID
Published: July 2002

Few human uses of nonhuman animals (hereafter simply
“animals”) have incited as much controversy
as the use of animals in biomedical research. The political
exchanges over this issue tend to produce much more heat
than light, as representatives of both biomedicine and
the animal protection community accuse opponents of being
“Nazis,” “terrorists,” and the
like. However, a healthy number of individuals within these
two communities offer the possibility of a more illuminating
discussion of the ethics of animal research.
On the Number of Incidences Between Points and Curves
Authors: PACH JÁNOS , SHARIR MICHA
Published: July 2002

We apply an idea of Székely to prove a general
upper bound on the number of incidences
between a set of m points and a set of n
‘well-behaved’ curves in the plane.
Urban renaissance and consumer revolution in Nottingham, 1688–1750
Authors: Beckett John , Smith Catherine
Published: July 2002

This article looks at ways of relating together two concepts of early modern urban life: the urban renaissance and the consumer revolution. Nottingham passed through a process of urban renewal between c. 1688 and c. 1750, and it is argued that in the absence of any public funding this must have been privately pioneered by the town's ‘middling sort’. Using probate inventory material the members of this social group are identified, and their habits as consumers examined. We speculate that it was this consumer-conscious middling sort which promoted urban change.
A combination of calcium ionophore and puromycin effectively produces human parthenogenones with one haploid pronucleus
Authors: Nakagawa Koji , Yamano Shuji , Nakasaka Hisayo , Hinokio Kenji , Yoshizawa Midori , Aono Toshihiro
Published: July 2002

Parthenogenetic activation with various combinations of the calcium
ionophore A23187 and protein synthesis or phosphorylation inhibitors was
investigated as a means of producing human parthenogenones with one haploid
pronucleus. Unfertilised human aged oocytes exposed to 5 μM A23187 for 5 min
were treated with 10 μg/ml puromycin (puromycin group, 46 oocytes) or
2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine (DMAP group, 42 oocytes) for 5 h. Oocytes treated
only with A23187 served as a control (control group, 40 oocytes). After
washing the oocytes, they were incubated for up to 37 h. Evidence of
activation (pronuclear formation) and cleavage was observed 18 h and 42 h
after A23187 treatment, respectively. Activation rates in the puromycin and
DMAP groups were significantly higher than in the control group (91% (42/46)
and 77% (34/44) vs 20% (8/40), p < 0.05, respectively). In the
puromycin group, 81% (34/42) of the activated oocytes showed one pronucleus
with the second polar body (2ndPB), whereas none (0/34) of the activated
oocytes in the DMAP group extruded the 2ndPB. The cleavage rate in the
puromycin group was significantly lower than in the DMAP group (38% vs 68%,
p < 0.05). The activated oocytes which had one pronucleus with
the 2ndPB in the puromycin group showed a haploid set of chromosomes
(10/13). In conclusion, the combination of A23187 and puromycin is effective
for producing human parthenogenones with one haploid pronucleus.