bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology
Authors: Arora Baldev R.
Published: June 2018

It is a matter of proud privilege that the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG), an autonomous research Institute of the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, is celebrating Golden Jubilee Year of its services to the nation. Primary mandate of the Institute is aimed at unveiling the geological and geodynamic mysteries involved in the orogeny of the Himalaya, youngest and lofty mountain chain of the world. I have been directly involved with the Institute for long years; first the Institute served as facilitator in launching my field experiments in the Himalaya far from Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Mumbai. Second, more direct interface when I had the opportunity to serve as a Director of this esteemed Institute during 2003-2009. Third, more fulfilling phase as a well-wisher, dreaming to see the Institute at Himalayan heights. My direct interactions and reminisces allow me to see the long march of the Institute from 1968-2018 in three phases.
Estimation of Anthropogenic Influences in Groundwater Quality of Shallow Aquifers of Moradabad City, Western Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Saba Naseemus , Umar Rashid , Absar Ahsan
Published: June 2018

The present work has been carried out in Moradabad, one of the important cities in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The main focus of the study is to estimate the extent of anthropogenic contamination in shallow groundwater of the area. For this purpose, total 188 groundwater samples collected from handpumps in pre- and post monsoon period of 2012 and 2013 (47 in each season) were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) and anions (Cl, HCO3, SO4, NO3 and F). The results of the analysis suggested that groundwater is slightly alkaline, hard to very hard in nature, average TDS values were found to be more than 1000 mg/l, which gives a clear evidence of anthropogenic influences. To estimate the extent of contamination, the information on relatively unpolluted groundwater systems occurring in different terrains including Ganga plain where the groundwater was relatively unaffected by anthropogenic activities is used. The estimated pristine chemical composition of groundwater of different terrains used in the present study was compared with the groundwater of Moradabad city. This comparison showed that Moradabad city with the highest Na, K, Cl, SO4 and NO3 values being 440 mg/l, 96 mg/l, 537 mg/l, 537 mg/l and 244 mg/l, respectively, is one of the most polluted urban centres within the Ganga plain. It may be suggested that values of > 50 mg/l for Na, > 10 mg/l for K, > 25 mg/l for Cl, > 50 mg/l for SO4 and > 10 mg/l for NO3 have their respective sources in anthropogenic activities such as agricultural in the peripheral region, human and animal wastes, leakages from drains and septic tanks, landfill leachates and industrial effluents.
Effect of Oscillation on Perineal Pressure in Cyclists: Implications for Micro-Trauma
Authors: Sanford Thomas , Gadzinski Adam J. , Gaither Thomas , Osterberg E. Charles , Murphy Greg P. , Carroll Peter R. , Breyer Benjamin N.
Published: June 2018

Background

Genital numbness and erectile dysfunction in cyclists may result from repeated perineal impacts on the bicycle saddle (micro-trauma) that occur during routine cycling.

Aim

To evaluate the relationship between oscillation forces and perineal pressures among cyclists in a simulated laboratory setting.

Methods

Participants were fit to a study bicycle to ensure all cyclists had the same torso angle (60 ± 1 degree) and maximum knee angle (150 ± 1 degree). A lever system was used to generate oscillation events of 3 progressively increasing magnitudes. Perineal pressure was continuously measured using a pressure sensor on the bicycle saddle. This process was carried out in each of the following conditions: (1) stationary (not pedaling) with the standard seatpost, (2) pedaling with standard seatpost, (3) stationary with seatpost shock absorber, and (4) pedaling with seatpost shock absorber.

Outcomes

We compared perineal pressure changes during oscillation events in the stationary and pedaling states, with and without the seatpost shock absorber.

Results

A total of 39 individuals were recruited (29 men and 10 women). As the amount of oscillation increased from an average of 0.7g (acceleration due to Earth’s gravity) to 1.3g, the perineal pressure increased from 10.3% over baseline to 19.4% over baseline. There was a strong linear relationship between the amount of oscillation and increase in pressure (r2 = 0.8, P < .001). A seatpost shock absorber decreased the impact of oscillation by 53% in the stationary condition. Men and women absorbed the majority of shock in areas corresponding to pelvic bony landmarks.

Conclusion

This study represents one of the first characterizations of cycling-associated perineal micro-trauma in a laboratory setting. We found a strong linear relationship between oscillation magnitude and perineal pressure during cycling, which was mitigated by a seatpost shock absorber. The use of shock absorption in bicycle design may reduce perineal micro-trauma and potentially improve cycling-associated perineal numbness and erectile dysfunction.
Increased risk for dementia both before and after stroke: A population‐based study in women followed over 44 years
Authors: Guo Xinxin , Östling Svante , Kern Silke , Johansson Lena , Skoog Ingmar
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Longitudinal studies are needed to understand the long‐term associations between stroke and dementia.

Methods

A population sample of 1460 women without stroke or dementia at baseline was followed over 44 years, from 1968 to 2012. Information on stroke and dementia was obtained from neuropsychiatric examinations, key‐informant interviews, hospital registry, and medical records.

Results

During 44 years follow‐up, 362 women developed stroke and 325, dementia. The age‐specific incidence of the two disorders was similar. The incidence of dementia was higher in those with stroke than among those without (33.7% vs. 18.5%; age‐adjusted hazard ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.15–1.81). The increased risk of dementia started already 5 years before stroke, was highest 1 year after stroke, and continued more than 11 years after stroke.

Discussion

There is an increased risk for dementia both before and after stroke. This has implications for understanding the relation between the two disorders and for prevention of dementia and stroke.
Olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease– and Lewy body–related cognitive impairment
Authors: Yoo Han Soo , Jeon Seun , Chung Seok Jong , Yun Mijin , Lee Phil Hyu , Sohn Young Ho , Evans Alan C. , Ye Byoung Seok
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Olfactory dysfunction is common in Alzheimer's disease– and Lewy body–related disorders, but its neural correlates have not been clearly elucidated.

Methods

We retrospectively recruited 237 patients with Alzheimer's disease–related cognitive impairment (ADCI) and 217 with Lewy body–related cognitive impairment (LBCI). They were identically evaluated using the Cross‐Cultural Smell Identification Test, neuropsychological tests, and brain magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

LBCI had more severe olfactory dysfunction than ADCI. Patients with more severe cognitive dysfunction had worse olfactory function in both groups. In ADCI, lower Cross‐Cultural Smell Identification Test scores correlated with a lower cortical thickness in brain regions typically affected in Alzheimer's disease, most prominently in the right parahippocampal cortex, whereas in LBCI, the scores correlated with white matter abnormalities in regions vulnerable to Lewy body, including subcortical regions of the orbitofrontal and frontoparietal cortices.

Discussion

Our results suggest that cortical atrophy in ADCI and white matter abnormalities in LBCI play important roles in olfactory dysfunction.
Ascertaining top evidence in emergency medicine: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Bazak Stephanie J. , Sherbino Jonathan , Upadhye Suneel , Chan Teresa
Published: June 2018

Objectives

The application of evidence-informed practice in emergency medicine (EM) is critical to improve the quality of patient care. EM is a specialty with a broad knowledge base making it daunting for a junior resident to know where to begin the acquisition of evidence-based knowledge. Our study’s objective was to formulate a list of “top papers” in the field of EM using a Delphi approach to achieve an expert consensus.

Methods

Participants were recruited from all 14 specialty EM programs across Canada by a nomination process by the program directors. The modified Delphi survey consisted of three study rounds, each round sent out via email. The study tool was piloted first with McMaster University’s specialty EM residents. During the first round, participants individually listed top papers relevant to EM. During the two subsequent rounds, participants ranked the papers listed in the first round, with a chance to adjust ranking based on group responses.

Results

A total of eight EM specialty programs responded with 30 responses across the three rounds. There were 119 studies suggested in the first round, and, by the third round, a consensus of>70% agreement was reached to generate the final list of 29 studies.

Conclusions

We produced, via an expert consensus, a list of top studies relevant for Canadian EM physicians in training. It can be used as an educational resource for junior residents as they transition into practice.
The Weighting of Cues to Upright Following Stroke With and Without a History of Pushing
Authors: Fraser Lindsey E. , Mansfield Avril , Harris Laurence R. , Merino Daniel M. , Knorr Svetlana , Campos Jennifer L.
Published: June 2018

Objective:Perceived upright depends on three main factors: vision, graviception, and the internal representation of the long axis of the body. We assessed the relative contributions of these factors in individuals with sub-acute and chronic stroke and controls using a novel tool; the Oriented Character Recognition Test (OCHART). We also considered whether individuals who displayed active pushing or had a history of pushing behaviours had different weightings than those with no signs of pushing.Method:Three participants experienced a stroke <3 months before the experiment: one with active pushing. In total, 14 participants experienced a stroke >6 months prior: eight with a history of pushing. In total, 12 participants served as healthy aged-matched controls. Visual and graviceptive cues were dissociated by orienting the visual background left, right, or upright relative to the body, or by orienting the body left, right, or upright relative to gravity. A three-vector model was used to quantify the weightings of vision, graviception, and the body to the perceptual upright.Results:The control group showed weightings of 13% vision, 25% graviception, and 62% body. Some individuals with stroke showed a similar pattern; others, particularly those with recent stroke, showed different patterns, for example, being unaffected by one of the three factors. The participant with active pushing behaviour displayed an ipsilesional perceptual bias (>30°) and was not affected by visual cues to upright.Conclusion:The results of OCHART may be used to quantify the weightings of multisensory inputs in individuals post-stroke and may help characterize perceptual sources of pushing behaviours.
CONDITIONAL LARGE INITIAL DATA SCATTERING RESULTS FOR THE DIRAC–KLEIN–GORDON SYSTEM
Authors: CANDY TIMOTHY , HERR SEBASTIAN
Published: June 2018

We consider the global behaviour for large solutions of the Dirac–Klein–Gordon system in critical spaces in dimension$1+3$. In particular, we show that bounded solutions exist globally in time and scatter, provided that a controlling space–time Lebesgue norm is finite. A crucial step is to prove nonlinear estimates that exploit the dichotomy between transversality and null structure, and furthermore involve the controlling norm.
Direct numerical simulation of a bubble motion in a spherical tank under external forces and microgravity conditions
Authors: Dalmon A. , Lepilliez M. , Tanguy S. , Pedrono A. , Busset B. , Bavestrello H. , Mignot J.
Published: June 2018

We present, in this paper, numerical simulations of bubble sloshing in a spherical tank, resulting from a tank rotation around a fixed axis in microgravity conditions. This configuration is of great interest in space applications where sloshing can have harmful effects on the stability of satellites. Depending on the dimensionless numbers characterising this phenomenon, our study is focused on the motion and the deformation of a bubble, initially at rest, which is set in motion when the manoeuvre is starting until it reaches a constant rotation speed around the axis. It is shown in this article that, during the first stage of the manoeuvre, the motion of the bubble is essentially driven by the inertial force that depends on the angular acceleration. Next, when the angular velocity is increasing, the centrifugal force being dominant, the trajectory of the bubble is pushed towards the direction between the centre of the tank and the axis of rotation. Finally, when the angular velocity becomes constant, the bubble, reaching a quasi-steady position, is deformed and pressed against the solid boundary of the tank. A quantified description of these phenomena is proposed through a parametric study varying the essential dimensionless numbers, i.e. the Bond number based on the angular velocity, and another Bond number based on the angular acceleration. As the temporal evolution of the forces acting on the satellite wall is of utmost importance for designing satellites and manoeuvres, we also present an analysis characterising the latter. We also detail the first comparisons between the numerical simulations and the Fluidics experiment performed in the International Space Station (ISS) in microgravity conditions. Thanks to these comparisons, we can validate the simulations in configurations of interest.
Swirling flow states of compressible single-phase supercritical fluids in a rotating finite-length straight circular pipe
Authors: Ly Nguyen , Rusak Zvi , Wang Shixiao
Published: June 2018

Steady states of inviscid, compressible and axisymmetric swirling flows of a single-phase, inert, thermodynamically supercritical fluid in a rotating, finite-length, straight, long circular pipe are studied. The fluid thermodynamic behaviour is modelled by the van der Waals equation of state. A nonlinear partial differential equation for the solution of the flow streamfunction is derived from the fluid equations of motion in terms of the inlet flow specific total enthalpy, specific entropy and circulation functions. This equation reflects the complicated, nonlinear thermo-physical interactions in the flows, specifically when the inlet state temperature and density profiles vary around the critical thermodynamic point, flow compressibility is significant and the inlet swirl ratio is high. Several types of solutions of the resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equation for the axially independent case describe the flow outlet state when the pipe is sufficiently long. The approach is applied to an inlet flow described by a solid-body rotation with uniform profiles of the axial velocity and temperature. The solutions are used to form the bifurcation diagrams of steady compressible flows of real fluids as the inlet swirl level and the centreline inlet density are increased at a fixed inlet Mach number and temperature. Focus is on heavy-molecule fluids with low values of $R/C_{v}$. Computed results provide theoretical predictions of the critical swirl levels for the exchange of stability of the columnar state and for the appearance of non-columnar states and of vortex breakdown states as a function of inlet centreline density. The difference in the dynamical behaviour between that of a calorically perfect gas and of a real gas is explored. The analysis sheds new fundamental light on the complex dynamics of high-Reynolds-number, compressible, subsonic swirling flows of real gases.
The impedance boundary condition for acoustics in swirling ducted flow
Authors: Masson Vianney , Mathews James R. , Moreau Stéphane , Posson Hélène , Brambley Edward J.
Published: June 2018

The acoustics of a straight annular lined duct containing a swirling mean flow is considered. The classical Ingard–Myers impedance boundary condition is shown not to be correct for swirling flow. By considering behaviour within the thin boundary layers at the duct walls, the correct impedance boundary condition for an infinitely thin boundary layer with swirl is derived, which reduces to the Ingard–Myers condition when the swirl is set to zero. The correct boundary condition contains a spring-like term due to centrifugal acceleration at the walls, and consequently has a different sign at the inner (hub) and outer (tip) walls. Examples are given for mean flows relevant to the interstage region of aeroengines. Surface waves in swirling flows are also considered, and are shown to obey a more complicated dispersion relation than for non-swirling flows. The stability of the surface waves is also investigated, and as in the non-swirling case, one unstable surface wave per wall is found.
Does Sexism Affect Thai Women's Psychological and Behavioural Responses? The Stereotype Threat-Buffering Effect of Mindfulness
Authors: Jarunratanakul Prapimpa , Jinchang Kamonkan
Published: June 2018

Few studies have examined the linkage of perceived sexism with stereotype threat and psychological responses in a work setting and moderators that may buffer this negative effect. In Study 1, the relationships among perceived sexism, stereotype threat, and psychological responses were explored among Thai female employees ( N = 296) in a self-report questionnaire study. The aim of Study 2 was to investigate whether mindfulness can mitigate the disastrous effect of sexism on performance, using an experimental design. In Study 1, the standard error of measurement (SEM) results observed a partial mediation effect of stereotype threat for the sexism-disidentification relationship, and sexism only had a significant direct effect on career aspirations. In Study 2, the interaction effect of sexism × mindfulness on the female participants’ reasoning test scores was significant, indicating that those with mindfulness practice performed better when being exposed to sexist behaviours. The current research provides additional information on understanding the impact of sexism on disengagement and decreased career aspirations among Thai female employees in male-dominated industries. In practice, Thai organisations should be concerned about the impact of sexism on disengagement and the protective factor of performance decrements by encouraging anti-sexist norms and fostering the cultivation of mindfulness through practice.
Tsunami-based evidence for large eastern Aleutian slip during the 1957 earthquake
Authors: Griswold Frances R. , MacInnes Breanyn T. , Higman Bretwood
Published: June 2018

The Aleutian subduction zone is capable of generating magnitude ~9 earthquakes that have local impact and broadcast their destructive power across the Pacific through tsunamis. Field surveys of the tsunami from the 1957 Great Aleutian earthquake (reportedMw8.6) indicate a tsunami amongst the largest of the twentieth century. In the eastern half of the rupture zone, stranded logs record up to 18 m run-up in the Islands of Four Mountains (IFM) and 32±2 m on Unalaska Island. In conjunction with archaeological studies in the region, these observations show the potential impact of tsunamis on the ancient peoples in the IFM. Simulation of the near-field tsunami produced from the published slip distribution of 1957 is almost an order of magnitude smaller than all field observations. Increasing the earthquake magnitude and amount of eastern slip used in forward models of the tsunami demonstrate that run-up observations can be achieved throughout the eastern Aleutians if the earthquake was more than twice as large—at leastMw8.8 earthquake with 10–20 m of eastern slip. Additionally, up to five possible IFM paleotsunami deposits agree with the regional picture of regular large events, illustrating the circum-Pacific tsunami hazard from the east-central Aleutians.
Description of a new species of the genus Anguillonema Fuchs, 1938 (Nematoda: Sphaerularioidea) with an identification key to the species
Authors: Yaghoubi A. , Pourjam E. , Pedram M.
Published: June 2018

Anguillonema iranicum n. sp. is described and illustrated as the second species of this genus from Iran, based on morphological, morphometric and molecular characteristics. It is identified by a short, thin body, a continuous lip region, six lines on the lateral field, a short, thin stylet, a posteriorly located pharyngo-intestinal junction to excretory pore, the presence of a post-vulval uterine sac, vulval position at 89% (87.4–89.9%) of body length, an elongate conoid tail with a rounded to pointed tip and not dorsally bent, and common functional males with short spicules and lacking a bursa. Morphological differences between the new species and the three known species of the genus, namely A. amolensis, A. crenati and A. poligraphi, are discussed. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the new species using partial 18S rDNA sequence revealed that it formed a sister clade with three species of Howardula, one species of Anguillonema and one unidentified isolate. In phylogenetic analyses using partial sequences of 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment, the new species formed a clade with two isolates of Parasitylenchus. A key to identification of Anguillonema species is also presented.
Are close-following and breaching behaviours by basking sharks at aggregation sites related to courtship?
Authors: Gore Mauvis , Abels Lotte , Wasik Shane , Saddler Luke , Ormond Rupert
Published: June 2018

Basking sharks Cetorhinus maximus tend to aggregate in summer at favoured locations along Britain and Ireland's west coast. Sharks have been described approaching and close-following one another, often to one side. This has been interpreted as putative pre-mating behaviour. At aggregation sites around the Inner Hebrides we used boat-based observation and in-water and overhead drone video-photography to document behaviour and to determine the sex of individuals. It was confirmed that a shark will frequently move purposely towards another from a distance and swim to maintain a position either directly behind or closely to one side of a conspecific for short periods. Contrary to expectation, we found no relationship between the sex of a shark or its size and close-following. This suggests that following behaviours are not mainly related to courtship. Further, abrasions on the nose suspected to be related to male behaviour were found to occur on both sexes, although abrasions on pectoral fins, similarly suggestive of mating-related behaviour, were predominantly on females. Breaching by basking sharks has also been proposed as a means of attracting the opposite sex. We observed breaching by solitary sharks but commonly by sharks within aggregations, and at other times by more than one shark on the same day at the same time; but there was not any clear evidence to indicate that breaching is primarily related to mating. More likely individuals show close following chiefly for feeding-related hydrodynamic advantage. It remains plausible however that mature sharks make use of feeding aggregations to initiate pre-courtship behaviour.
COMPARATIVE VALUE AND THE WEIGHT OF REASONS
Authors: Sher Itai
Published: June 2018

One view of practical reasoning is that it involves the weighing of reasons. It is not clear, however, how the weights of reasons combine, especially given the logical and substantive relations among different reasons. Nor is it clear how the weighing of reasons relates to decision theoretic maximization of expected value. This paper constructs a formal model of reasons and their weight in order to shed light on these issues. The model informs philosophical debates about reasons, such as the question of whether reasons or values are more fundamental and the opposing doctrines of atomism and holism about reasons.
The role of joint engagement in the development of language in a community-derived sample of slow-to-talk children
Authors: CONWAY L. J. , LEVICKIS P. A. , MENSAH F. , SMITH J. A. , WAKE M. , REILLY S.
Published: June 2018

We explored whether supported (SJE) or coordinated joint engagement (CJE) between mothers recruited from the community and their 24-month-old children who were slow-to-talk at 18 months old were associated with child language scores at ages 24, 36, and 48 months (n = 197). We further explored whether SJE or CJE modified the concurrent positive associations between maternal responsive behaviours and language scores. Previous research has shown that SJE, maternal expansions, imitations, and responsive questions were associated with better language scores. Our main finding was that SJE but not CJE was consistently positively associated with 24- and 36-month-old expressive and receptive language scores, but not with 48-month-old language scores. SJE modified how expansions and imitations, but not responsive questions, were associated with language scores; the associations were evident in all but the highest levels of SJE. Further research is necessary to test these findings in other samples before clinical recommendations can be made.
The Fiscal Revolution in America: A Reinterpretation
Authors: Hillyer James
Published: June 2018

Between the 1930s and early 1960s, U.S. economic policy underwent an important transformation, described by economist Herbert Stein as “The Fiscal Revolution in America.” During those years, policymakers utilized Keynesian ideas to promote prosperity, and the fiscal revolution reached its peak after John F. Kennedy proposed a growth-boosting tax cut despite the unprecedented peacetime consequence of running a deficit in nonrecession conditions. This article explores how that revolution developed during the postwar period. It challenges the argument that the business community shaped and consolidated the fiscal revolution in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Instead, this article shows that liberal economists played a crucial role in fashioning Keynesianism’s postwar consolidation, so much so that the brand of that doctrine implemented in the early 1960s owed much to their efforts and was significantly different to the one championed by the business community.
Detection of IgG3 antibodies specific to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) p24 protein as marker for recently acquired infection
Authors: Viana I. F. T. , Coêlho D. F. , Palma M. L. , Nascimento E. J. M. , Gu G. , Lima L. F. O. , Foti L. , Krieger M. A. , Pilcher C. , Calzavara-Silva C. E. , Mailliard R. B. , Rinaldo C. R. , Dhalia R. , Marques E. T. A.
Published: June 2018

Reducing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission is still a public health priority. The development of effective control strategies relies on the quantification of the effects of prophylactic and therapeutic measures in disease incidence. Although several assays can be used to estimate HIV incidence, these estimates are limited by the poor performance of these assays in distinguishing recent from long-standing infections. To address such limitation, we have developed an assay to titrate p24-specific IgG3 antibodies as a marker of recent infection. The assay is based on a recombinant p24 protein capable to detect total IgG antibodies in sera using a liquid micro array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subsequently, the assay was optimised to detect and titrate anti-p24 IgG3 responses in a panel of sequential specimens from seroconverters over 24 months. The kinetics of p24-specific IgG3 titres revealed a transient peak in the 4 to 5-month period after seroconversion. It was followed by a sharp decline, allowing infections with less than 6 months to be distinguished from older ones. The developed assay exhibited a mean duration of recent infection of 144 days and a false-recent rate of ca. 14%. Our findings show that HIV-1 p24-specific IgG3 titres can be used as a tool to evaluate HIV incidence in serosurveys and to monitor the efficacy of vaccines and other transmission control strategies.
Examining variation in interstage mortality rates across the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative: do lower-mortality centres have lower-risk patients?
Authors: Bates Katherine E. , Yu Sunkyung , Lowery Ray , Pasquali Sara K. , Brown David W. , Manning Peter B. , Uzark Karen
Published: June 2018

Background

Although interstage mortality for infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome has declined within the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative, variation across centres persists. It remains unclear whether centres with lower interstage mortality have lower-risk patients or whether differences in care may explain this variation. We examined previously established risk factors across National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative centres with lower and higher interstage mortality rates.

Methods

Lower-mortality centres were defined as those with >25 consecutive interstage survivors. Higher-mortality centres were defined as those with cumulative interstage mortality rates >10%, which is a collaborative historic baseline rate. Baseline risk factors and perioperative characteristics were compared.

Results

Seven lower-mortality centres were identified (n=331 patients) and had an interstage mortality rate of 2.7%, as compared with 13.3% in the four higher-mortality centres (n=173 patients, p<0.0001). Of all baseline risk factors examined, the only factor that differed between the lower- and higher-mortality centres was postnatal diagnosis (18.4 versus 31.8%, p=0.001). In multivariable analysis, there remained a significant mortality difference between the two groups of centres after adjusting for this variable: adjusted mortality rate was 2.8% in lower-mortality centres compared with 12.6% in higher-mortality centres, p=0.003. Secondary analyses identified multiple differences between groups in perioperative practices and other variables.

Conclusions

Variation in interstage mortality rates between these two groups of centres does not appear to be explained by differences in baseline risk factors. Further study is necessary to evaluate variation in care practices to identify targets for improvement efforts.
An illiquid market in the desert: estimating the cost of water trade restrictions in northern Chile
Authors: Edwards Eric C. , Cristi Oscar , Edwards Gonzalo , Libecap Gary D.
Published: June 2018

This paper estimates the cost of a policy to restrict water trades to mining firms in northern Chile in order to protect riparian ecosystems and indigenous agriculture. In response to the policy, mining firms have developed high-cost desalination and pumping facilities to secure adequate water supplies. We develop a methodology and estimate the cost of market transactions that fail to occur due to the policy. Lost trade surplus is estimated at US$52 million per year. Without trade restrictions, around 86 per cent of the remaining agricultural water in the region would be transferred to mining.
Planning target volume (PTV) margin practice patterns in adults and paediatrics among the Paediatric Radiation Oncology Society (PROS) members: an international survey
Authors: ElBeltagi Mohamed N. , Wall Verna , Marignol Laure
Published: June 2018

Aim

Evolving data are showing the need of considering smaller planning target volume (PTV) margin in paediatrics compared with adults treated for the same body site. This study proposed to evaluate the current patterns of practice regarding the PTV margin in paediatric patients compared with adult patients through an international survey.

Materials and methods

A four-item questionnaire was created to address the PTV margins for paediatrics and adults as part of a comprehensive survey. International Paediatric Radiation Oncology Society (PROS) members were selected to partake and were contacted via email.

Results

In total, 43 responded to the survey. The majority of the responders have written guidelines for PTV margin while the majority of those who have guidelines do not have separate guidelines for paediatrics. The implemented PTV margin for paediatric patients was in the majority 3–5 mm for the head region and 5–10 mm for the torso region and the difference from the PTV margin implemented in adults was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

The majority of responders employ a series of site-specific PTV margin protocols that are applied to both adults and paediatrics, and do not take into consideration patient age or size. These results highlight the need of a separate policy for PTV margin in adults and paediatrics in every institution.
The ecumenical origins of pan-Africanism: Africa and the ‘Southern Negro’ in the International Missionary Council’s global vision of Christian indigenization in the 1920s
Authors: Engel Elisabeth
Published: June 2018

This article explores the attitudes and policies of the International Missionary Council (IMC) concerning Africa and African Americans. It aims to revise historical scholarship that views the ecumenical missionary movement as originating in white Western missions and guided by the goals of post-war internationalism. It argues that the IMC, founded in 1921 as the central institution for coordinating Protestant missions around the world, developed an ecumenical definition of pan-Africanism. This definition cast African Americans from the US south in the role of ‘native’ leaders in the formation of indigenous churches in Africa. With this racialized version of Christian indigenization, the IMC excluded African Christian groups that sought to form their own churches. It promoted, instead, European colonial projects and missionary societies that aimed to use African American missionaries to counter the incendiary ideas of pan-Africanism.
Wideband and low axial ratio circularly polarized antenna using AMC-based structure polarization rotation reflective surface
Authors: Chen Qiang , Zhang Hou , Yang Lu-Chun , Zhang Xiao-Fei , Zeng Yi-Chao
Published: June 2018

This paper investigates a wideband and low axial ratio circularly polarized (CP) antenna, which is composed of a monopole on a novel polarization rotating reflective surface (PRRS) based on a corner-truncated artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure. By adjusting the dimensions of truncated corner properly, the PRRS has two polarization rotation (PR) frequency points. Then, a large PR band of 18% (5.55–6.65 GHz) can be achieved with two adjacent PR frequency points coming together. The profile of the newly PRRS is only0.04λ0. With corner-truncated AMC-based PRRS loading, a measured impedance bandwidth of 1.8 GHz (5.4–7.2 GHz) and the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 1 GHz (5.55–6.65 GHz) could be obtained by the monopole antenna and validated by measurements. The values of AR were well below 1 dB at most of the CP region, which show a perfect CP performance. Moreover, the proposed antenna has exhibited a large axial ratio beamwidth in both the xoz- and yoz-planes and a peak gain of 6.1 dBic within the operational bandwidth.
Continuity and Episodicity in the Early Alpine Tectonic Evolution of the Western Carpathians: How Large‐Scale Processes Are Expressed by the Orogenic Architecture and Rock Record Data
Authors: Plašienka Dušan
Published: June 2018

Key Points

Limited Cenozoic shortening of the Western Carpathians facilitates a comprehensive tectonic model of their pre‐Late Eocene evolution

Western Carpathian orogeny was driven by pull of the Meliata oceanic slab and by the northward drift of Adria

Multiple rock record data provide valuable constraints for evolutionary tectonic models of collisional orogens
Can We Crack the Climate Code of the Southern Polar Region?
Authors: Khan Alia , Bracegirdle Thomas , Russell Joellen
Published: June 2018

The #GreatAntarcticClimateHack; La Jolla, California, 9–12 October 2017
GPlates: Building a Virtual Earth Through Deep Time
Authors: Müller R. Dietmar , Cannon John , Qin Xiaodong , Watson Robin J. , Gurnis Michael , Williams Simon , Pfaffelmoser Tobias , Seton Maria , Russell Samuel H. J. , Zahirovic Sabin
Published: June 2018

GPlates is an open‐source, cross‐platform plate tectonic geographic information system, enabling the interactive manipulation of plate‐tectonic reconstructions and the visualization of geodata through geological time. GPlates allows the building of topological plate models representing the mosaic of evolving plate boundary networks through time, useful for computing plate velocity fields as surface boundary conditions for mantle convection models and for investigating physical and chemical exchanges of material between the surface and the deep Earth along tectonic plate boundaries. The ability of GPlates to visualize subsurface 3‐D scalar fields together with traditional geological surface data enables researchers to analyze their relationships through geological time in a common plate tectonic reference frame. To achieve this, a hierarchical cube map framework is used for rendering reconstructed surface raster data to support the rendering of subsurface 3‐D scalar fields using graphics‐hardware‐accelerated ray‐tracing techniques. GPlates enables the construction of plate deformation zones—regions combining extension, compression, and shearing that accommodate the relative motion between rigid blocks. Users can explore how strain rates, stretching/shortening factors, and crustal thickness evolve through space and time and interactively update the kinematics associated with deformation. Where data sets described by geometries (points, lines, or polygons) fall within deformation regions, the deformation can be applied to these geometries. Together, these tools allow users to build virtual Earth models that quantitatively describe continental assembly, fragmentation and dispersal and are interoperable with many other mapping and modeling tools, enabling applications in tectonics, geodynamics, basin evolution, orogenesis, deep Earth resource exploration, paleobiology, paleoceanography, and paleoclimate.
No Change in the Recent Lunar Impact Flux Required Based on Modeling of Impact Glass Spherule Age Distributions
Authors: Huang Ya‐Huei , Minton David A. , Zellner Nicolle E. B. , Hirabayashi Masatoshi , Richardson James E. , Fassett Caleb I.
Published: June 2018

The distributions of 40Ar/39Ar‐derived ages of impact glass spherules in lunar regolith samples show an excess at <500 Ma relative to older ages. It has not been well understood whether this excess of young ages reflects an increase in the recent lunar impact flux or is due to a bias in the samples. We developed a model to simulate the production, transport, destruction, and sampling of lunar glass spherules. A modeled bias is seen when either (1) the simulated sampling depth is 10 cm, consistent with the typical depth from which Apollo soil samples were taken, or (2) when glass occurrence in the ejecta is limited to >10 crater radii from the crater, consistent with terrestrial microtektite observations. We suggest that the observed excess of young ages for lunar impact glasses is likely due to limitations of the regolith sampling strategy of the Apollo program, rather than reflecting a change in the lunar impact rate.
Comparing the Performance of the NEEWS Earthquake Early Warning System Against the CWB System During the 6 February 2018 Mw 6.2 Hualien Earthquake
Authors: Hsu T. Y. , Lin P. Y. , Wang H. H. , Chiang H. W. , Chang Y. W. , Kuo C. H. , Lin C. M. , Wen K. L.
Published: June 2018

The National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, Taiwan, has developed an Earthquake Early Warning System (NEEWS). The NEEWS predicts peak ground acceleration (PGA) using an on‐site approach, whereas the Central Weather Bureau (CWB), Taiwan, uses a regional approach. Earthquake alerts are issued at the NEEWS stations once PGA reaches a preassigned PGA threshold, regardless of the approach used. An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.2 and a focal depth of 10.0 km struck Hualien, in eastern Taiwan, on 6 February 2018. It resulted in 17 fatalities and 285 injuries, 4 collapsed buildings, and damage to more than 175 buildings. During the earthquake, the system performance of 28 NEEWS stations was documented. In this study, we compare and discuss the accuracy of the PGA predictions, lead times, and classification performance of both approaches.
Tectonic Control of a Change in Sedimentary Environment at ~10 Ma in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Tao , Han Wenxia , Fang Xiaomin , Miao Yunfa , Zhang Weilin , Song Chunhui , Wang Yadong , Khatri Dhan Bahadur , Zhang Zhigao
Published: June 2018

Tectonic uplift and climate change play a key role in the evolution of sedimentary systems in terrestrial basins. The Qaidam Basin in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau is well suited for studying these processes because of its location and its thick, continuous sequence of Cenozoic sediments. Unfortunately, however, there is a lack of continuous, well‐dated sedimentary records from the region. In the present study, we combined grain‐size analyses of sediment cores and outcrop samples with structural analysis of seismostratigraphic data from the western Qaidam Basin. The results reveal dramatic shifts in the depositional environment at ~11.5–10 Ma, coeval with the topographic development of the area. Together with paleoclimatic analysis and a conceptual model, we conclude that tectonic movements, rather than climatic changes, were the dominant forcing factor.
People Searching for Meaning in Their Lives Find Literature More Engaging
Authors: Carney James , Robertson Cole
Published: June 2018

Why are some people interested in complex literature and others not? This study experimentally investigated this question by assessing what cognitive traits moderated responses to literary and less-literary fictional vignettes. Specifically, participants were exposed to two variants of a celebrated literary text, one altered so as to remove overtly literary elements. A moderation analysis was performed on responses with respect to three variables: need for cognition (NC); meaning in life (measured in two subscales, search for meaning [SM] and presence of meaning [PM]); and intentionality/mentalizing ability (IM). Results showed that SM moderated interpretive response to the textual variation, such that those with increasing scores on the SM scale were increasingly more likely to rate the literary vignettes as worthy of appreciation. This result, in turn, gave grounds for a second study that investigated the role played by cloze values in identifying a text as “literary.” The latter study showed that the literary and less-literary vignettes exhibited significant differences in cloze values. Taken together, these studies suggest that differences in responsiveness to literary materials may well be driven by preexisting cognitive factors.
A novel bacterial sulfur oxidation pathway provides a new link between the cycles of organic and inorganic sulfur compounds
Authors: Koch Tobias , Dahl Christiane
Published: June 2018

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) plays a globally significant role in carbon and sulfur cycling and impacts Earth’s climate because its oxidation products serve as nuclei for cloud formation. While the initial steps of aerobic DMS degradation and the fate of its carbon atoms are reasonably well documented, oxidation of the contained sulfur is largely unexplored. Here, we identified a novel pathway of sulfur compound oxidation in the ubiquitously occurring DMS-degrader Hyphomicrobium denitrificans XT that links the oxidation of the volatile organosulfur compound with that of the inorganic sulfur compound thiosulfate. DMS is first transformed to methanethiol from which sulfide is released and fully oxidized to sulfate. Comparative proteomics indicated thiosulfate as an intermediate of this pathway and pointed at a heterodisulfide reductase (Hdr)-like system acting as a sulfur-oxidizing entity. Indeed, marker exchange mutagenesis of hdr-like genes disrupted the ability of H. denitrificans to metabolize DMS and also prevented formation of sulfate from thiosulfate provided as an additional electron source during chemoorganoheterotrophic growth. Complementation with the hdr-like genes under a constitutive promoter rescued the phenotype on thiosulfate as well as on DMS. The production of sulfate from an organosulfur precursor via the Hdr-like system is previously undocumented and provides a new shunt in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. Furthermore, our findings fill a long-standing knowledge gap in microbial dissimilatory sulfur metabolism because the Hdr-like pathway is abundant not only in chemoheterotrophs, but also in a wide range of chemo- and photolithoautotrophic sulfur oxidizers acting as key players in global sulfur cycling.
Experimental infection of dromedaries with Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus is accompanied by massive ciliary loss and depletion of the cell surface receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4
Authors: Haverkamp Ann-Kathrin , Lehmbecker Annika , Spitzbarth Ingo , Widagdo Widagdo , Haagmans Bart L. , Segalés Joaquim , Vergara-Alert Julia , Bensaid Albert , van den Brand Judith M. A. , Osterhaus Albert D. M. E. , Baumgärtner Wolfgang
Published: June 2018

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) represents an important respiratory disease accompanied by lethal outcome in one-third of human patients. Recent data indicate that dromedaries represent an important source of infection, although information regarding viral cell tropism and pathogenesis is sparse. In the current study, tissues of eight dromedaries receiving inoculation of MERS-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) after recombinant Modified-Vaccinia-Virus-Ankara (MVA-S)-vaccination (n = 4), MVA-vaccination (mock vaccination, n = 2) and PBS application (mock vaccination, n = 2), respectively, were investigated. Tissues were analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy. MERS-CoV infection in mock-vaccinated dromedaries revealed high numbers of MERS-CoV-nucleocapsid positive cells, T cells, and macrophages within nasal turbinates and trachea at day four post infection. Double immunolabeling demonstrated cytokeratin (CK) 18 expressing epithelial cells to be the prevailing target cell of MERS-CoV, while CK5/6 and CK14 expressing cells did not co-localize with virus. In addition, virus was occasionally detected in macrophages. The acute disease was further accompanied by ciliary loss along with a lack of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), known to mediate virus entry. DPP4 was mainly expressed by human lymphocytes and dromedary monocytes, but overall the expression level was lower in dromedaries. The present study underlines significant species-specific manifestations of MERS and highlights ciliary loss as an important finding in dromedaries. The obtained results promote a better understanding of coronavirus infections, which pose major health challenges.
Author Correction: Large-scale intact glycopeptide identification by Mascot database search
Authors: Bollineni Ravi Chand , Koehler Christian Jeffrey , Gislefoss Randi Elin , Anonsen Jan Haug , Thiede Bernd
Published: June 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.