bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Performance Analysis of Selected Military Hospitals Using Hospital Indicators and Inpatient Bed-Day Cost
Authors: Teymourzadeh Ehsan , Bahadori Mohammadkarim , Meskarpour-Amiri Mohammad , Khoshmanzar Javad , Hosseini-Shokouh Sayyed-Morteza
Published: May 2019

Background: Hospitals, the main providers of healthcare services, are costly centers which account for about 80% of the health sector budget and have a huge share of resources. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the economic performance of selected military hospitals in Tehran using hospital indicators and inpatient bed-day costs. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study conducted in hospitals affiliated with a military medical university. Data was collected with forms completed by referring to the hospitals’ finance and accounting, medical records, staffing, and logistics departments. The extracted data converted to hospital indicators using the appropriate formulas and analyzed using Excel and SPSS software with the T-test. Results: The average bed occupancy rate (BOR) was 71%, the average length of stay (ALOS) was 2.5 days, the average bed turnover (BT) was 31 times, and the average bed turnover interval (BTI) was one day. The comparison of means of all the above-mentioned indicators other than BOR with the national standards was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Inpatient bedday costs with and without capital costs were calculated to be 3312353 IRR and 12253775 IRR, respectively. Conclusion: Higher BOR and BT and lower ALOS and BTI indicators were appropriate compared with the national standards, but the cost performance was not appropriate. An unreasonable increase in inpatient bed-day cost revealed that there were unused beds and that hospitals had no monitoring systems for revenues and expenditures. Therefore, serious attention must be given to the scientific criteria and principles of health economics to improve resource productivity.
Deaths of Irish Civilians Abroad: Analysis of National Mortality Data, 2016-2018
Authors: Darrat Milad , Flaherty Gerard T.
Published: May 2019

Introduction: International travel is increasing, yet few studies have reported on country-level death rates among international travelers. The data regarding the death profiles of overseas Irish travelers are insufficient. The current study examined data obtained from the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade to profile these deaths. Methods: Data on Irish civilian citizen deaths occurring abroad were obtained from the Consular Division of the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and analyzed based on age, gender, time of death, travel destination, and recorded cause of death. Results: Between January 2016 and April 2018, the Consular Division received 654 reports of Irish civilians dying abroad, of which 72% (n=469) were males and 23% (n=149) were females; in 6% (n=36) the sex was not recorded. The mean age at death was 58 ±5 years old (range from 1 to 110, median 62 years). Recorded causes of death were illness (25%; n=162), traumatic deaths including homicides and suicides (24%; n=151), and natural (age-related) (3%; n=19); the rest were classified as unidentified cause (47%; n=309). The majority of deaths (63%; n=309) occurred in European destinations followed by Asia (16%; n=102) and the Americas (12%; n=75). Conclusion: At least 25% of Irish deaths abroad can be considered preventable. More tailored pre-travel medical interventions may prevent further deaths. In the collection of data, consular services miss the opportunity to acquire valuable information for both travelers and healthcare professionals. The authors recommend the creation of a comprehensive database of international traveler deaths.
Kinetika epoksidirane oleinske kiseline dobivene iz palmina ulja in situ proizvedenom permravljom kiselinom
Authors: Jalil Mohd Jumain , Hadi Abdul , Mora Norhashimah , Chang Siu Hua , Yamin Aliff Farhan Mohd , Zaini Mohd Saufi Md
Published: May 2019

Epoxidized palm oleic acid is often regarded as a highly valuable oleochemical due to its wide range of industrial applications, including cosmetics, personal care, and pharmaceutical products. In this study, oleic acid derived from palm oil with iodine value of 98.99 g/100 g, containing 75 % of oleic acid, 12 % of linoleic acid, 6.5 % of palmitic acid, and 6.5 % of stearic acid was epoxidised by in situ generated performic acid with hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donor and formic acid as active oxygen carrier in the presence of catalytic amount of inorganic acid. The rate constant for epoxidation of oleic acid was found to be 1.133 ∙ 10–3 mol–1 s–1 and activation energy was 91.12 kJ mol–1 at temperature of 75 °C. In addition, thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of activation were 88.2 kJ mol–1, −67.90 J mol–1 K–1, and 88.36 kJ mol–1, respectively. Relative conversion data showed that it was possible to develop epoxides from locally available, natural, renewable resources such as palm oil.
Recikliranje otpadne gume devulkanizacijom
Authors: Ptiček Siročić Anita , Florijanić Franjo , Šokman Maja , Dogančić Dragana
Published: May 2019

Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća polimeri i polimerni materijali postali su neizostavni dio različitih grana industrije i svakodnevnog života. Zbog vrlo raširene upotrebe elastomera nastaju velike količine gumenog otpada, što je opterećenje za okoliš te zahtijeva posebne mjere zbrinjavanja kako bi se smanjio njihov negativan utjecaj na okoliš. Uzorci polimernih mješavina na bazi prirodnog (NR) i stiren-butadienskog kaučuka (SBR) pripremljeni su u dvije serije s ciljem ispitivanja mehaničkih (prekidna čvrstoća, prekidno istezanje, ispitivanje čvrstoće na zarez) i reoloških svojstava te krajnje upotrebe u proizvodnji gumenih pružnih prijelaza. Prva serija uzoraka pripremljena je s gumenim prahom, a u drugu seriju umiješan je devulkanizirani gumeni prah. Uzorci su miješani na laboratorijskom mikseru te homogenizirani na laboratorijskom dvovaljku, a proces prešanja proveden je na hidrauličkoj preši. Dobiveni rezultati ispitivanja mehaničkih i reoloških svojstava pokazali su da je za NR/SBR polimernu mješavinu koja bi se upotrebljavala za pružne prijelaze znatno bolja opcija dodatak gumenog praha koji je dodatno devulkaniziran.
Spectrophotometric determination of magnesium oxide content in supplements of magnesium
Authors: Mandal Šaćira , Alispahić Amra , Dedić Alema , Džudžević Čančar Hurija
Published: May 2019

Magnesium is an essential element and the intracellular divalent cation involved in many biochemical functions. People with magnesium deficiency must increase their intake of magnesium, usually in the form of various supplements. A common form of magnesium supplement widely available in pharmacies is magnesium oxide (MgO). In this work, the content of MgO was determined in pharmaceutical supplementations using spectrophotometry, based on the reaction between magnesium ions and eriochrome black T at a wavelength of 535 nm. The analysed content of MgO ranged from 360.5 to 386.5 mg MgO, which corresponds to the daily Mg recommended values (300 to 400 mg).
FACTS AND ARTEFACTS OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN UKRAINE
Authors: LESHCHYNSKA OLENA
Published: May 2019

The article looks at the psychological conditions in which a modern person can rightly exercise their right to religious freedom and the preconditions for their involvement with the totalitarian (destructive) religious cults. The central issues of the article are as follows: the concept of spiritual need as a socially recognized psychic norm; the phenomenon of psychotherapeutic potential of the religious community; religiosity and spirituality.

      It has been proved that personality maturity is the precondition and the basis for healthy spirituality. A marked artefact of religious freedom in Ukraine is individuals’ involvement with destructive cults, which may lead to psychic and social dependence. Also the article presents the results of an empirical research involving a mass psychosemantic survey carried out in order to find how this religious problem is reflected in the mass consciousness of Ukrainians and in-depth interviews with people who have experienced psychic dependence on the cult.
COMMUNICATIVE ACTS IN THE TEXTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT GOSPELS: MENTAL AND AXIOLOGICAL, MORAL AND ETHICAL FACTORS
Authors: MELNYK YAROSLAV
Published: May 2019

The key issue of the article is the typology of communicative acts in the texts of the New Testament; the communicative acts are discussed from mental and axiological, moral and ethical perspectives. The goal of the article is to establish, discuss and interpret the main parameters of communication between Christ, His followers and opponents. The accent is made on the components of Christian world view as a discourse factor in the New Testament’s texts.

The analysis results are extrapolated to the sphere of discourse creation, its linguistic, philosophical, ethical and communicative aspects. The principles of human existence and the existence of information space in the early 21st century are discussed.
CELEBRATING THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE WEST UKRAINIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC. THE HISTORY OF THE ZUNR: DIFFERENCES IN APPROACHES AT THE STAGE OF CHANGING PARADIGMS IN UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: VELYKOCHYY VOLODYMYR
Published: May 2019

The article analyzes the conceptual changes in historiographical approaches to the phenomenon of the West Ukrainian People’s Republic (the ZUNR), whose centenary is celebrated in 2018. Historiographical sources provide clear evidence of the change in the analytical paradigm: shifting from glorification or a downright defamation to a careful examination of the ZUNR’s achievements and failures; investigating the least-studied aspects of its activity; establishing the role and place of the ZUNR in the history of Ukrainian state building.
WORD-FORMATION MEANS TEXTUAL COHESION AND COHERENCE
Authors: GRESHCHUK VASYL
Published: May 2019

The article looks at word-formation means of textual cohesion and coherence. The analysis shows that the repetition of a suffix, prefix, confix or a base in adjacent or distant sentences in small textual segments can ensure the latter’s cohesion. The ‘source word – derivative’ pair has a considerable cohesive potential. It is especially typical of syntactic derivation. The nominalization of the verb – the predicate of the base sentence, its communicative nucleus – and its use in the next sentence, adjacent or distant one, indicates the theme and ensures the communicative prospects of a sentence within the context of the developing and unfolding text. Textual cohesion is provided by ‘source word – derivative’ word-formation pairs beyond syntactic derivation – when we deal with mutation and modification. The components of complex word-formation units – word-formation paradigms, word-formation families – can be used as cohesive devices because they share the same root morpheme, which is the bearer of general semantic meaning inherent in all members of a paradigmatic grouping.
MILITARY-POLITICAL CONFRONTATION BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE NATO MEMBER STATES IN THE BALTIC REGION
Authors: TSEPENDA IGOR
Published: May 2019

This article analyses a range of problems faced by the NATO member states in the Baltic region in connection with Russian aggression in Ukraine. It is indicated that the Russian Federation boosts its military presence in the Kaliningrad Oblast: it deploys advanced missile systems and armored fighting vehicles to the region, increases its military contingent and rearms its Navy in the Baltic Sea. It is stressed that Russia has violated the 1987 Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-range and Shorter-range Missiles (the INF Treaty) and in recent years has been conducting large-scale military exercises.

It is pointed out that amid the growing threat from Russia, the countries of the Baltic region have to reconsider their military strategies, to join their efforts in order to prevent any possible aggression. The NATO member states, the United States of America in particular, take part in the military drills in the region. Sweden’s military cooperation with NATO and the United States of America – a controversial issue in Swedish political circles – is discussed. The question of enhancing military interaction between the members of NATO – Germany and Norway, the Unites States and Poland – is addressed too. The advantages of building collective missile defense capability in the Baltic region and taking other steps to restrain Russia’s aggressive actions are indicated.
LITERARY HISTORY CONCEPTIONS OF B. LEPKY
Authors: KHOROB STEPAN
Published: May 2019

The article addresses the issue of the methodological conceptualism developed by Ukrainian literary historian Bohdan Lepky. The analysis proves that his textbook Nacherk istorii ukrainskoi literatury (An Essay on the History of Ukrainian Literature) retains its literary value and its place among the textbooks and study guides published in the first half of the 20th century.
THE ETHICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL CORE OF CULTURE
Authors: LARIONOVA VIKTORIIA
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this research is to discuss the role of myth in human culture, to define and specify its main functions. The goal is to show that being part of a cultural heritage, myths are an essential part of human culture in any epoch. Mythology provides a true reflection of the moral values of society and aesthetic attitude to reality.

Mythological consciousness is the oldest form of understanding and comprehension of the world, nature, society and people, the oldest system of values. There exists a direct connection between mythological and historical forms of consciousness.

Mythology as a science enhances the research process and allows for the extension of knowledge into other fields, the humanities in particular. It performs the function of explanation and legitimation of social norms.

Myth-making is a property of human consciousness. Myths as products of primary forms of thinking, the oldest forms of consciousness retain their role in all epochs; created and maintained by all generations, they have been preserved throughout millennia.
Reform of Civil Justice in Ukraine: A Differentiation of Action Proceedings and Review of Court Decisions
Authors: Izarova Iryna
Published: May 2019

[full article, abstract in English, abstract in Russian]

During the reform of 2014–2017 Ukrainian legislation was approved significantly, among them the Constitution, laws, related to judiciary and litigation, enforcement as well. The advocacy reform is last. This has led to the evolutionary renewal of justice in Ukraine, which was positively faced by the international community. This article proposes to consider some components of civil justice reform, which were substantially updated, as well as to analyse their compliance with international and European standards. This refers to (1) a general review of judicial statistics and (2) new approaches to the trial of a court of first instance – order, simplified, general proceedings, criteria for demarcation of civil cases (3), and (4) peculiarities of settling a dispute with the participation of a judge. The conclusions summarize the most progressive results of reforms, as well as make suggestions on further development of the potential of civil justice.
Konstitucinio Teismo įgaliojimai aiškinti savo nutarimus, išvadas, sprendimus: teisinio reguliavimo problemos ir tobulinimo galimybės
Authors: Pūraitė-Andrikienė Dovilė
Published: May 2019

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]

This article attempts to reveal the problems of the provisions regulating the institution of the interpretation of a formerly adopted ruling, conclusion or decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and to present the posibilities of their solution, i. e., proposals on how to improve the provisions of the Law on the Constitutional Court regulating this institution.This work mainly focuses on three problematic aspects of this institution: the legal force of the decisions on the interpretation of a ruling, conclusion or decision of the Constitutional Court; the objects of this institution; subjects entitled to initiate the interpretation of a ruling, conclusion or decision of the Constitutional Court.
Motor Third Party Liability after CJEU Interpretation of the Directive 103/2009/EC in Vnuk Judgment
Authors: Shevchenko Olga
Published: May 2019

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian]

The aim of this article is to assess the consequences of the interpretation of the terms ‘vehicle’ and ‘use of a vehicle’ in the light of the case of Damijan Vnuk v Zavarovalnica Trigalev (C-162/13) the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in accordance with the objectives set out in the Motor Insurance Directive.
Poverty and Early Childhood Outcomes
Authors: Roos Leslie L. , Wall-Wieler Elizabeth , Lee Janelle Boram
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND:

Children born into poverty face many challenges. Exposure to poverty comes in different forms, and children may also transition into or out of poverty. In this study, we examine the relationships among various outcomes and different levels of poverty (household and/or neighborhood poverty) at different points during a child’s first 5 years.

METHODS:

We used linkable administrative databases, following 46 589 children born in Manitoba, Canada, between 2000 and 2009 to age 7. Poverty is defined as those receiving welfare and those living in low-income neighborhoods. Four outcomes are measured in the first 5 years (placement in out-of-home care, externalizing mental health diagnosis, asthma diagnosis, and hospitalization for injury), with school readiness assessed between ages 5 and 7.

RESULTS:

Children born into poverty had greater odds of not being ready for school than children not born into poverty (adjusted odds ratio = 1.54, 1.59, 1.26 for children born in household and neighborhood poverty, household poverty only, and neighborhood poverty only, respectively; all significant at P < .05). Similar patterns were seen across outcomes. For those born into neighborhood poverty, the odds of school readiness were higher only if children moved before age 2.

CONCLUSIONS:

The level of poverty (household or neighborhood) and its duration modify the relationship between early poverty and childhood outcomes. Covariate adjustment generally weakens but does not eliminate these relationships.
Organized Sports for Children, Preadolescents, and Adolescents
Authors: Logan Kelsey , Cuff Steven ,   COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS, LaBella Cynthia R. , Brooks M. Alison , Canty Greg , Diamond Alex B. , Hennrikus William , Moffatt Kody , Nemeth Blaise A. , Pengel K. Brooke , Peterson Andrew R. , Stricker Paul R.
Published: May 2019

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed July 11, 2023.

Interest and participation in organized sports for children, preadolescents, and adolescents continue to grow. Because of increased participation, and younger entry age, in organized sports, appropriate practice, game schedules, and content become more important, taking into account athlete developmental stage and skills. Parental support for organized sports in general, with focus on development and fun instead of winning, has emerged as a key factor in the athlete’s enjoyment of sports. Schools and community sports organizations who support multiple levels of sport (eg, recreational, competitive, elite) can include more youth who want to play sports and combat sport dropout. This report reviews the benefits and risks of organized sports as well as the roles of schools, community organizations, parents, and coaches in organized sports. It is designed to complement the American Academy of Pediatrics clinical reports “Physical Activity Assessment and Counseling in Pediatric Clinical Settings” and “Sports Specialization and Intensive Training in Young Athletes” by reviewing relevant literature on healthy organized sports for youth and providing guidance on organized sport readiness and entry. The report also provides guidance for pediatricians on counseling parents and advocating for healthy organized sports participation.
Characterization of lacosamide metabolites by UHPLC–ESI–HRMS method
Authors: Gawlik Maciej , Skibiński Robert , Komsta Łukasz
Published: May 2019

In this study, the in vitro phase I metabolism of lacosamide was characterized with the use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (quadrupole time-of-flight). The use of two metabolism simulation techniques (photocatalysis and human liver microsomes) allowed the characterization of a polar metabolite of parent compound, not yet described. The experiment with the participation of HLM gave the ability to describe the full liver metabolic pathway of lacosamide. It has been proven that this molecule undergoes deacetylation, demethylation, and during liver tissue metabolism. Photocatalysis with the use of a TiO2 catalyst was proved to be a complementary technique in mimicking in vitro drug metabolism.
Preliminary Interpretation of the magnetic anomalies of the Eastern Vietnam sea and adjacent region a
Authors: Minh Lê Huy , Hùng Lưu Việt
Published: May 2019

In this paper we showed that the reduction to the pole at low latitude based on a Wiener filtering approach of Hansen and Pawlowski could be applied on the magnetic equator if the magnetic boundaries are not paralel to magnetic meridians. Using this reduced-to-the-pole method, we have found that the geologic boundaries determined from the reduced-tothe-pole magnetic anomalies of the Eastern Vietnam sea and adjacent regions correlate remarkably well with the major geological features, including majorfaults, seafloor spreading segments, volcanic or intrusive blocks ... These results could be considered as very important informations to reconstruct the tectonic history of the region.
Nghiên cứu trượt lở khu vực Móng Sến - Sapa
Authors: Túc Nguyễn Đăng
Published: May 2019

The research of landslide in Mong Sen - Sapa zone
Nghiên cứu kiến trúc Kiến tạo các trũng Kainozoi muộn ở Tây Bắc Việt Nam
Authors: Việt Lê Triều , Hùng Nguyễn Văn
Published: May 2019

The study of late Cenozoic basins in the Northwestern Vietnam
Đặc điểm địa hình Karst nhiệt đới Vịnh Hạ Long
Authors: An Lê Đức , Anh Lại Huy
Published: May 2019

Characteristics of tropical Karst of Ha Long Bay
Nghiên cứu và đánh giá khả năng phát điện bằng sức gió tại Phước Hòa (Bình Định)
Authors: Lưu Lê Văn , Huy Lê Việt , Thành Phạm Xuân , Sơn Hoàng Hải
Published: May 2019

Investigation and assessment of wind power potentiatity at Phuoc Hoa (Binh Dinh)
Mô hình dòng chảy nước dưới đất vùng Bắc Bình
Authors: Vượng Bùi Trần
Published: May 2019

Groundwater flow model at Bac Binh
The waste water treatment situation in the former German democratic republic
Authors: Lohse Manfred
Published: May 2019

It is well known that the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) have reunited. The new federal states with about 17 millions inhabitants are: East-Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommem, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt and Thiiringen. This paper (talk) begins with a description a of the sewage disposal situation at the time of the reunion and then goes on to discusses the improvements that will have to be made. Finally a few examples of the situation in the cities and rural areas will be presented.
Drying system of sewage sludge - wastewater treatment plant in Gdansk
Authors: Obarska-Pempkowiak Hanna
Published: May 2019

The 'Wschod' wastewater treatment plant, with average flow of sewage equal to 110 000 m3 /day, is the biggest plant in the voyevodship of Gdansk. The volume of treated sewage amounts to 60% of the total quantity of sewage in the community of Gdansk. Until 1993 treatment of sewage was carried out in the facilities that ensured only mechanical removal of contaminants. Poor sanitary conditions of the coastal water of the Gulf of Gdansk was the main reason for introducing primary chemical precipitation (dephosphatation), using coagulant called PIX. Chemical process of precipitation resulted first of all in effective elimination of phosphates, between 77.6 - 81.8% during the period 1993-95. The removal of organic matter also improved. Due to this the load of total suspended solids in 1995 decreased by 49.1% in comparison to 1992. The removal of organic matter expressed as BOD5 and CODcr equaled respactively 34.7% and 32,8%. However, after the introduction of chemical precipitation, the increase of the sludgefrom 600 m3 /d (before introducing of chemical precipitation) to 1100 m3 /d (after introducing of chemical precipitation) was observed. For this reason it was decided to provide support for the coagulation process with anionic polimer. The anionic polimer was introduced in 1995, which resulted in the decrease of the total production of sludge to the amount of 600 - 650 m3 /d.

Modernization of the WWTP also caused the necessity of replacing the formerly used method of dewatering on drying beds (total area of 7.4 ha) by mechanical dewatering in centrifuges of capacity of 8-25 m3 /h and maximum load of sludge of 800 kg DS/h. As a result the operation of the treatment plant became easier, though the problems with utilization of the sludge are not completely solved yet.
Managing solids residuals from pulp and paper production at STORA
Authors: Broman Per G.
Published: May 2019

Solid residuals form a significant part of the flow of materials in forest industry processes. These residuals, are important sources of energy, primarily, and are therefore efficiently utilized. Only a small proportion of the residuals is deposited. Developments are moving toward an even greater degree of utilization of the residuals' potential value. The paper reviews the way STORA uses its resources, the residuals that are generated and how they are utilized. It also intends to provide a picture of how work on residuals forms one part of the environmental quality work that STORA sums up in the word Ecobalance.
Landfill problems in Vilnius city
Authors: Lvinskiene Violeta , Mikalauskas Antanas , Ambraziejute Grita , Caplikas Alvydas
Published: May 2019

Vilnius City has two sanitary landfills, which are on operation now, one is Kariotiskes household waste landfill, started at 1987, second is demolition and construction waste landfill, ready to be closed. There are four closed and recultivated household waste landfills in Vilnius city and close to it. The main problems of closed landfils are the same as of working one - biogas leakage almost in all of them, what is not environmentally safe; another problem is leachate production, which is especially increasing in autumn and spring seasons in Kariotiskes and still is a problem in two closed landfills. Collection of recycleable materials was started at sources in 1994. Four fractions are collected : paper, glass, plastic and metal. In 1997 two special sites for collection of bulky waste were opened. Sorting of various recycleable materials at the landfill was started in 1992. The premises were built for sorting, packing and storage of saved materials. Paper, plastic metal , glass, wood, bricks etc. are collected there. The first row of Kariotiskes landfill - 10,5 ha area has reached 25-30 m high hill. It was closed in 1996. The recultivation project is on competition now.We are looking for a new site , which could serve for sorting, crushing and reusing of demolition waste.The problem is iron - concrete.
Landfill problems and solutions in Latvia
Authors: Donina Llze
Published: May 2019

This paper describes existing situation of landfilling of waste in Latvia, including historical overview of waste disposal in Latvia, institutional set-up, existing waste disposal situation, dumpsite management, environmental impacts of disposal sites. A short description of municipal solid waste management is provided in this paper, in order to characterise possible solutions for waste landfilling problems in Latvia.
LFG - landfill gas in nordic countries
Authors: Birkeland Knut H.
Published: May 2019

LFG- extraction systems were introduced in 1982 to the Nordic countries. Up until today there have been built 120 plants. The next few years will double the number. The energy potential will increase from 1 TWh to 2 TWh. In an environmental aspect this reduction of methane to the atmosphere can be compared to a stop of all use of private cars (ca. 10 million tons of CO2)
Environmental impact from Riga city landfill, Latvia
Authors: Rydergren Anders
Published: May 2019

Getlini waste disposal site has been the major landfill for Riga City since more than 20 years. Due to the conditions at the site and indications on contamination of the groundwater aquifers there were plans to close the site and establish a new landfill. However, those plans were later revised as it was found that the most appropriate alternative would be to remediate the old parts of the disposal site and  continue the landfilling operations utilising modem technologies.

Based on this information it was decided to carry out a feasibility study including investigations of the environmental impact from the existing disposal site and propose measures for remediation of existing contamination as well as recommendations on how to continue the operations in an environmentally acceptable way.

The feasibility study was carried out by SWECO, in association with GeoKonsultants in accordance with an agreement with Riga City Council and financed by Sida and Riga City.
Hazardous waste management problems in Latvia
Authors: Lauceniece Dagnija
Published: May 2019

This paper describes the current and historical situation and hazardous waste kinds in Latvia. Present-day the main problems of hazardous waste management are - incineration, establishment of secure landfill, stabilisation of inorganic waste, necessity for the guide-lines for pollution assessment and remediation of storage sites of hazardous waste. The collection and disposal of unwanted pesticides is defined as first priority in the implementation of National Hazardous Waste Management Strategy.
Stabilisation of hazardous waste on Langöya
Authors: Lindström Jakob
Published: May 2019

NOAH is established to take care of all hazardous waste not accepted by other companies or exported. The Ministry of Environment owns 52 % of the shares in the company. NOAH is located on two sites; A new fuel blending plant in Brevik for organic waste, and a chemical treatment plant for inorganic hazardous waste on Langöya.
Contaminated land situation in Finland
Authors: Nevalainen Jukka
Published: May 2019

Contaminated land sites in Finland was investigated in the beginning of 1990' s. About 10 000 sites were suspected to be polluted. Typical cases of soil contamination are sawmills, wood impregnation plants, waste treatment plants, garages and scrap yards. It is estimated that about 1200 sites need remediation actions. Estimated costs of restoration are FIM 5.4 billion over the next 20 years. Legislation has been changed to concern soil pollution. However old and hostless contaminated soil sites have legal and economic problems. The resources meant to solve soil pollution have increased rapidly during last years in Finland.
Training medical students in health coaching skills
Authors: McNamara Margaret , Bodenheimer Thomas
Published: May 2019

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Introduction. Serious problems are apparent in physician-patient communication. Many patients leave physician encounters without understanding what the physician said. Many physicians tell patients how to change health-related behaviors rather than finding out what changes patients are willing and able to make. Intervention. To address these problems, University of California, San Francisco instituted a curriculum innovation for first-year medical students: required training on health coaching with particular emphasis on 1) assisting patients in understanding their medical condition and management advice, and 2) engaging patients in making behavior-change action plans. The curriculum, using interactive role plays followed by peer and expert feedback, has been utilized yearly from 2013 to 2018 and continues into the future. Evaluation. The authors evaluated the training through 1) on-line evaluations performed immediately after the training sessions, 2) Observed Structure Clinical Examination (OSCE) assessments of students' health coaching skills, and 3) a survey of students 2 or 3 years after their training sessions. Overall, most students were able to demonstrate health coaching skills and felt that health coaching is valuable for patient care. Many students were using health coaching skills during their third and fourth year clinical clerkships.
Features of immune status in patients with various clinical forms of oral lichen planus
Authors: Chuykin S. V. , Akmalova G. M. , Mirsayapova I. A. , Ron G. I. , Chernysheva N. D. , Khairullina R. M.
Published: May 2019

Oral mucosal lesions hold one of the lead places in the structure of dental diseases. Oral lichen planus (OLP) considered as a multifactorial disease is of top priority among dermatoses of oral mucosa and red lip border. Diverse putative concepts behind developing lichen planus pathogenesis are discussed including immunoallergic, viral, genetic and membrane-destructive theories. However, an immune theory is thought to play a crucial role in developing lichen planus. Despite documented induction of immune mechanisms, complex interaction between pathological process and normal defense response as well as stirred interest to it, multiple aspects of immunological conflict in lichen planus remain unclear. Few data describing altered immune parameters depending on clinical picture of lichen planus are currently available that suggested to perform the study aimed at examining immune status in patients with various forms of oral lichen planus. There were enrolled 286 oral lichen planus patients (248 females and 38 males), aged 2784 years. Based on clinical picture, all OLP patients were divided into 6 groups: a typical type, exudative-congestive, erosive-ulcerous, hyperkeratotic, atypical, bullous type. An immune status in peripheral blood samples was evaluated by analyzing innate defense mechanisms as well as humoral and cellular immunity. Multiple altered immune parameters characterized by impaired phagocytic capture and metabolic activity, disimmunoglobulinemia, altered ratio of major immunocompetent cell types and subsets were documented during the study. Moreover, OLP patients with typical, hyperkeratotic, exudative hyperemic, atypical and erosive ulcerous forms were found to have increased amount of CD4+ helper T cells associated with a self-sustained immune response due to suppressed elimination of pathogenic agents consequently resulting in developing autoimmune process. While analyzing immune status in OLP patients, it allowed to find a relationship between dysphagocytosis signs, impaired humoral and cellular immunity as well as various clinical forms of the disease. Thus, it suggests imbalanced mechanisms responsible for pathogen elimination might play a role in OLP pathogenesis, including infectious agents being involved in its development.
Treatment phasespecific frequency and conditions for developing ТТV and HGV infection in children with new onset acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Poslova L. Yu. , Alekseev A. B. , Sergeeva A. V. , Kovalishena O. V. , Shkarin V. V. , Senagina N. E. , Brusnigina N. F. , Butina T. Yu.
Published: May 2019

Currently, it is believed that TTV and HGV display multifaceted activities in developing diverse acute and chronic processes (disorders affecting the liver, respiratory tract, hematopoiesis oncology diseases etc.). Transfusion of contaminated blood and its components contribute in transmission of HGV and TTV infections. In connection with this, examining a role for HGV and TTV in etiological structure of pediatric liver damage in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as well as their relation to developing toxic liver damage against during ongoing therapy is of special interest. Our study was aimed at assessing hospital-acquired HGV and TTV infection and its potential effect on the incidence rate and liver damage intensity in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A rationale for the current study was previously verified hepatitis of unknown etiology excluding viral hepatitis B and C in such patients. In the study, there were examined 99 patients stayed at the Department of Hematology as well as 286 samples from diverse donor bloodderived products. The data obtained were examined by using epidemiological methods (retrospective and near real-time epidemiological analysis, prospective observation), microbiological monitoring, ELISA, PCR followed by analyzing with variation statistics methods. It was found that 51 children, mainly aged 24 years (47.1%), were diagnosed with new onset acute lymphoblastic leukemia during a six-year follow-up study. Treatment phase-specific dynamic investigation demonstrated a progressive increase in frequency of HGV-infected ALL patients from 9.8% (day 15 of therapy) up to 45.1% (maintenance therapy). Moreover, a therapeutic intervention was associated with TTV infection detected in 100% cases in baseline TTV DNA-negative patients 100%, and its rate was significantly increased. Thus, our study allowed to demonstrate that 48% and 77% ALL pediatric patients were infected HGV and TTV, respectively, at initial treatment phase (remission induction), that was paralleled with administering the maximum-dose parenteral therapy, including transfusion therapy. Finally, assessing blood donor-derived preparations allowed to detect HGV RNA and TTV DNA in 6.61.46% and 19.32.9% cases, respectively.
Induction of HCV-specific cell response in vitro by dendritic cells generated with interferon-α
Authors: Chernykh E. R. , Oleynik E. A. , Leplina O. Yu. , Tikhonova M. A. , Tyrinova T. V. , Starostina N. M. , Ostanin A. A.
Published: May 2019

The induction of a strong multi-epitope T-cell response against hepatitis C virus (HCV) plays an important role in eliminating the virus, whereas adoptive response deficiency contributes to chronic and rapid progression of HCV-infection. Since dendritic cells (DCs) are capable of priming naive T lymphocytes and induce an effective immune response, the use of DC-based vaccines to enhance the HCV-specific T cell response is considered as a new approach to treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The ability of DCs generated from monocytes in the presence of interferon- and loaded with recombinant HCV proteins Core (1120) and NS3 (11921457) to induce an antigen-specific cellular response in healthy donors and patients with CHC was investigated. The immune response was assessed by proliferative activity and Th1 (IFN)/Th2 (IL-4, IL-6) production in mononuclear cells (MNC) cultures, and activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the degranulation test. We demonstrated that the primary antigen-specific response in MNC cultures of seronegative donors was detected better by stimulation of DCs, loaded with both antigens (DCCore /NS3) than when loaded with a single protein. DCCore/NS3 induced the proliferative response and degranulation of CD8+ T cells in MNC cultures of all tested donors, and in 50% (5/10) cases IFN production. Similarly to donor DCs, DCCore/NS3 of patients with CHC induced a proliferative response in most cases (86%) and IFN production in 57% cases. At the same time, the activation of cytotoxic T cells in patients was less frequent (patients vs donors 57 and 100%, respectively), which could be partly due to increased spontaneous degranulation of CD8+ T cells in some patients. The obtained data testify the possibility of using vaccines based on interferon--induced DCs for the prevention and treatment of chronic HCV infection.
In vitro dendritic cell maturation isolated from healthy people and patients with Staphylococcus aureuscaused chronic osteomyelitis
Authors: Rubtsova Ju. P. , Aleynik D. Ya. , Zhivtsov O. P. , Mitrofanov V. N.
Published: May 2019

Here we present the data comparing maturation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived dendritic cells (DCs) isolated from healthy volunteers and Staphylococcus aureus-positive patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Dendritic cells were cultured in a standard maturation cell medium (RPMI-1640, supplemented with antibiotics, L-glutamine, 15% calf embryonic serum) added with interleukin-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, followed by adding a stimulating factor cocktail containing interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2. Dendritic cell maturation was analyzed by estimating visual characteristics under Zeiss ODSERVER.Z1 inverted microscope using Axiovision Rel.4.8 imaging software as well as light and phase-contrast microscopy at magnification of 40, 100, 200, 400, 630. Dendritic cell immunophenotyping was carried out by using a panel of anti-human monoclonal antibodies: anti-CD80 FITC-conjugated, anti-CD86 (B72) PE-conjugated, anti-HLA-DR PC7-conjugated (all from Beckman Coulter, USA), anti-CD14 PerCP-Cy5.5-conjugated, anti-CD83 APC-conjugated, anti-CD40 PE-Cy7-conjugated (Becton Dickinson, USA) as well as isotype-matched control antibodies on the FACS Canto II f low cytometer (Becton Dickinson, USA). It was shown that while maturation dendritic cells derived both from patients or volunteers increased in size and underwent dendrite formation. Moreover, expression of CD86, CD83, CD80, and CD40 markers on dendritic cells derived from patients vs. volunteers was lowered. However, DC stimulation resulted in significantly increased percentage of DCs positive for CD83 DCs co-stimulation molecules CD86, CD80, CD40 chronic osteomyelitis. However, such differences found in immature DCs in both groups disappeared upon maturation, so that expression of the key markers on day 10 was maintained at close level. In particular, expression of CD83 differentiation marker and the CD80 co-stimulation molecule on DCs from patients vs. volunteers was increased stronger. Thus, a maturation potential in DCs isolated from patients with Staphylococcus aureus-caused chronic osteomyelitis was not impaired in vitro. The data obtained open up an opportunity to use dendritic cells as a natural adjuvant-substituting component for development of individualized vaccines in treatment and prevention of recurrent chronic osteomyelitis.
The effects of inter-row spacings on yield, yield components and oil ratio of winter canola (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: BEYYAVAŞ Vedat , HALİLOĞLU Hasan
Published: May 2019

The
aim of this research was to investigate the effect of different inter-row spacing
on yield, yield components and oil ratio of canola. Experiments were
established in the trial site of the Department of Field Crops, Faculty of
Agriculture, Harran University in randomized complete block design with 3
replications in 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons. Licord cultivar, which
is known as winter type, was used in the experiment. In the experiment, the
plots consisted of 5 rows with 6 m length, inter-row spaces were 10, 20, 30,
40, 50, 60 and 70 cm, and intra-row space was 5 cm. Seed yield
(kg ha-1), plant height (cm), number of branches (plant-1),
number of pods (plant-1), number of seeds (pod-1), 1000
seed weight (g), oil ratio (%), number of flowering days (day) and number of
maturation days (day) were examined. In the results of the study; it was
observed that in case of inter-row spaces of (60 and 70 cm) increased the
seed yield decreased; the plant height decreased with the increases of the
inter-row spacing; number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant,
number of seeds per pod; and 1000 seed weight increased with the increases of
the inter-row spacing. The effects of inter-row spacing on the oil ratio,
number of flowering days and number of maturation days were limited in two
years of the trial. Consequently, it can be recommended the most suitable
inter-row spacing is 20 cm for canola cultivation.
UNC Chapel Hill Zebrafish Aquaculture Core (ZAC) Environmental Summary v1
Authors: Altemara Michelle
Published: May 2019

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a popular animal model used in a variety of research areas. As with all animal models, husbandry conditions, including environmental parameters, nutrition, and exposure to pathogens can affect research results. Additionly, zebrafish are tolerant of a wide range of environmental parameters, which has led to wide variation in husbandry practices across facilities around the world. The lack of standard conditions across zebrafish laboratories may play a role in irreproducible experiments. Therefore, a summary of these conditions for the year 2017 have been compiled for the Zebrafish Aquaculture Core (ZAC) facility at the University of North Carolina (UNC) Chapel Hill with the aim to have this data included in research articles published using our fish. As more institutions publish husbandry protocols, standard husbandry practices may emerge.
Improving Students’ Sustainability Awareness through Argument-driven Inquiry
Authors: Salsabila Erning Rahmadini , Wijaya Agus Fany Chandra , Winarno Nanang
Published: May 2019

Sustainability awareness is one of the things that the student should have to help in a caring environment. Sustainability awareness of the student can be built by knowledge and awareness of what should be done or not. The student will be more aware of the students involved and explore more in building a concept about the environmental issue itself. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of Argument-Driven Inquiry toward students' sustainability awareness in learning global warming. The method used in this research was experimental research. This study used two different groups of student. The first group learned using Argument-Driven Inquiry and the second group learned using Inquiry-based Learning. The population was seventh-grade students in one of Junior Secondary School in Bandung, Indonesia. The purposive sampling technique was used to choose the sample. The participants consist of 52 students from both groups. Each group consists of 26 students. The data were collected by giving the questionnaire of sustainability awareness. The questionnaire consists of 15 items. The result of this study shows the different percentage in the level of students' sustainability awareness between the two groups. The most different percentage is on the sustainability practice awareness aspect. The group that used Argument-Driven Inquiry has percentage 40.7% which means as medium and the group that used Inquiry-based Learning has percentage 37.6% which means as low. Based on the result, Argument-Driven Inquiry gives a better impact on students’ sustainability awareness. Argument-Driven Inquiry can be considered as one of the alternative teaching models that can give a better understanding in building the awareness of Junior Secondary School student.
PERBEDAAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN THINK –TALK –WRITE (TTW) DENGAN TRAFFINGER TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS PESERTA DIDIK PADA MATA PELAJARAN SOSIOLOGI
Authors: Lukman Anggia Amanda , Pasya Gurniwan Kamil , Eridiana Wahyu
Published: May 2019

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan model pembelajaran Think –Talk –Write (TTW), model pembelajaran  Traffinger dengan model pembelajaran konvensional dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta didik dalam mata pelajaran sosiologi di kelas XI SMAN 10 Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan quasi eksperimen, pola penelitian menggunakan Nonequivalent Control Group Design dengan langkah memberi pretest, memberikan perlakuan dengan model pembelajaran yang sudah ditentukan pada dua kelas eksperimen dan satu kelas kontrol dan memberi postets. Short method digunakan dalam pengolahan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis antara model pembelajaran Think, Talk and Writen, Traffinger dan metode konvensional pada mata pelajaran sosiologi dengan derajat kebebasan 7 dan taraf signifikan 1% dan t hitung sebesar 3,499.Kata Kunci : Think –Talk –Write (Ttw), Traffinger, Berpikir Kritis