bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strengths and limitations of using participatory science data to characterize a wildlife mass mortality event
Authors: Taylor Liam U. , Barychka Tatsiana , McKeon Seabird , Bartolotta Natasha , Avery‐Gomm Stephanie
Published: November 2024

Participatory science (i.e., “community science” or “citizen science”) platforms are increasingly used at every level of ecological and conservation research, including disease monitoring. Here, we used a comprehensive, ground‐truthed mortality dataset to judge how well participatory science data from iNaturalist represented the magnitude, taxonomic, temporal, and spatial patterns of waterbird mortality associated with a mass mortality event following the incursion of highly pathogenic avian influenza in eastern Canada in 2022. The iNaturalist dataset was effective at identifying species with high mortality (especially Northern Gannets, Morus bassanus), along with the time period and spatial regions with high concentrations of avian deaths. However, iNaturalist data severely underestimated the magnitude, overestimated the taxonomic breadth, and poorly represented the full geographic scope of disease‐related deaths. Our results suggest iNaturalist can be used to identify the species, timing, and location of relatively high mortality in situations where no other information is available and to supplement conventional sources of data. However, iNaturalist alone can neither quantify the magnitude nor pinpoint the mechanisms of mortality and therefore is not a viable substitute for comprehensive mortality assessments.
Protection of water resources from agricultural pressures: Embracing different knowledge domains in governance approaches
Authors: Wuijts Susanne , Graversgaard Morten , Van Den Brink Cors , Boekhold Sandra , Sundnes Frode , Farrow Luke , Surdyk Nicolas , Cvejic Rozalija , Tegner Anker Helle , Belinskij Antti , Van Rijswick Marleen
Published: November 2024

The remediation of nitrate and pesticide pollution from agriculture in drinking water resources has manifested itself as a complex and multifaceted challenge in Europe and in other continents. Addressing agricultural pollution in water resources requires cross‐sectoral approaches. The EU Water Framework Directive aims to build bridges among these sectors, but the often sectoral implementation by Member States prevents its potential from being fully explored. This study aims to contribute to the body of interdisciplinary knowledge on the driving forces towards water quality improvement from agricultural pollution by case study research in five European countries in an interdisciplinary setting. The cases have shown that the added value of voluntary practices is considerable for creating shared ambitions but limited for actual water quality improvement. Implementation of strategies should be supported by practical guidance and monitoring of outcomes that enables compliance testing and refines simulation models for the formulation of follow‐up actions. Dynamic interactions among the knowledge domains, for example, social‐economic context, the legal framework, and the state of the water system, help to identify necessary actions at the different stages of the policy cycle. Especially in the implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and adaptation stage of the policy cycle, there is a need for further studies in order to improve effectiveness, for example on the role of monitoring and evaluation, licensing, and the issue of scale in cross‐sectoral approaches.
Rise of a CD27− IgD− CD11c+ B cells population in kidney recipients achieving long‐term graft stability under immunosuppression
Authors: Brinas François , Sailliet Nicolas , Tilly Gaëlle , Delbos Laurence , Kerleau Clarisse , Giral Magali , Degauque Nicolas , Brouard Sophie , Danger Richard
Published: November 2024

The use of immunosuppressive treatment is required to prevent rejection events, even a long time after kidney transplantation despite rare recipients achieving long‐term graft stability without the need for immunosuppressive treatment, called operationally tolerant patients (TOLs). We comprehensively investigate the immune system of long‐term IS recipients (LTTs) and TOLs to highlight their shared and unique immune features. Blood immune cell phenotyping was performed by spectral cytometry. Samples from 34 individuals were analyzed, including 6 LTTs, 8 TOLs, 10 stable patients at 1 year posttransplantation (STAs), and 10 healthy volunteers. B cells differed between LTTs and TOLs with a decreased total B‐cell frequency and the acquisition of a memory phenotype in LTTs whereas a naive phenotype is maintained in TOLs. The frequencies of IgD−CD27− B cells and CD11c+ memory B cells are increased in LTTs, with an exhausted phenotype, evoked by a significant decrease in CD25 expression. These CD11c+ B cells display an exhausted phenotype similar to those found in several chronic immune diseases in which they have been shown to participate in their pathophysiology, suggesting active chronic inflammation in LTTs. Altogether, these data indicate that precautions should be taken to minimize IS use.
Recent progress on heteroepitaxial growth of single crystal diamond films
Authors: Uwihoreye Vedaste , Hu Yushuo , Cao Guangyu , Zhang Xing , Oropeza Freddy E. , Zhang Kelvin H. L.
Published: November 2024

Diamond is an ultimate semiconductor with exceptional physical and chemical properties, such as an ultra‐wide bandgap, excellent carrier mobility, extreme thermal conductivity, and stability, making it highly desirable for various applications including power electronics, sensors, and optoelectronic devices. However, the challenge lies in growing the large‐size and high‐quality single‐crystal diamond films, which are crucial for realizing the full potential of this wonder material. Heteroepitaxial growth has emerged as a promising approach to achieve single‐crystal diamond wafers with large sizes of up to 3 inches and controlled electrical properties. This review provides an overview of the advancements in diamond heteroepitaxy using microwave plasma‐assisted chemical vapor deposition, including the mechanism of heteroepitaxial growth, selection of substrates, film optimization, chemistry of defects, and doping. Moreover, recent progress on the device applications and perspectives is also discussed.
Land Use Legacy Landforms at the UNESCO Heritage Site Tarnowskie Góry, Upper Silesia, Poland—Stratigraphy, Soils and Age
Authors: Bonhage Alexander , Raab Thomas , Raab Alexandra , Schneider Anna , Malik Ireneusz , Wistuba Malgorzata , Verschoof‐van der Vaart Wouter
Published: November 2024

Metallurgy in Upper Silesia (Poland) has a long tradition of international significance, which was emphasized in 2017 when the historic silver mine in Tarnowskie Góry was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The area consists of various anthropogenic landforms, the stratigraphy of which has hardly been studied so far. In this study, we describe five main morphological units: Unit I (RCH) and Unit II (RCH pit), resulting from charcoal production; Unit III (shaft) and Unit IV (shaft heap), resulting from mining; and Unit V (reference forest soil). The first four units are a variation of a Technosol with inherently different properties from the reference forest soil. Unit I exhibits typical properties of a relict charcoal hearth (RCH), whereas Unit II resembles a pit. Unit III consists of a mostly infilled mining shaft remain (MSR), characterized by relocated subsoil. Unit IV consists of material from the adjacent Unit III that has been dumped directly aside. The studied RCH was used no earlier than during the second half of the 17th century, probably between 1725 and 1813. The studied MSR was used most likely between the 3rd and 5th centuries, which is much older than described so far. Together, the units reflect the characteristic heterogeneity of soils in shaft mining and RCH areas.
Patient outcome following selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor prescribing in primary care in Wales (UK)
Authors: Ahmed Shaila , Chaplin Katherine , Young Richard S. , Deslandes Paul N.
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study investigated prescribing patterns of two cohorts of patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) in primary care in Wales (UK), to better understand drivers for increased usage.

Methods

This e‐cohort study included patients receiving a first READ‐coded SSRI prescription in SAIL in either 2005 or 2015. Patients were followed up for 3 years from date of SSRI prescription. Influence of age and other demographic data on prescribing patterns, and details of mental health or medication reviews that took place were identified.

Results

In total 67,006 patients were included across the two cohorts; 29,534 in 2005, and 37,472 in 2015. Citalopram was the most commonly prescribed SSRI in both cohorts. A READ‐coded diagnosis relating to SSRI treatment could not be identified in 24,797 patients. The percentage of patients continuing treatment for 3 years was 6.9% and 11.3% in 2005 and 2015, respectively. In total, 21,150 (72%) patients in the 2005 cohort and 23,947 (64%) in the 2015 cohort received at least one medication review during follow‐up.

Conclusions

The proportion of patients continuing longer term treatment was small, whilst the number of recorded mental health and medication reviews offers some reassurance that prescribing remained appropriate.
Identification of Vesicle‐Mediated Transport‐Related Genes for Predicting Prognosis, Immunotherapy Response, and Drug Screening in Cervical Cancer
Authors: Lou Shuai , Lv Hongqing , Zhang Lin
Published: November 2024

Background

Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women. Vesicle‐mediated transport mechanisms significantly influence tumor cell behavior through intercellular material exchange. However, prognostic significance in CC patients remains underexplored.

Research Design and Methods

We identified differentially expressed vesicle‐mediated transport‐related genes from TCGA and GeneCards datasets through differential expression analysis. We constructed a prognostic model using Cox regression and LASSO regression, categorized patients into high‐ and low‐risk groups, and validated the model in the GEO data set. A nomogram integrating clinical features and risk scores demonstrated the model's independent prognostic capability. We analyzed tumor immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoints, and predicted immunotherapy responses in the high‐ and low‐risk groups. Finally, we screened potential drugs for targeting CC and conducted drug‐sensitivity analysis.

Results

We successfully established a 10‐gene prognostic model based on VMTRGs. The low‐risk group exhibited favorable prognosis, significant immune cell infiltration, and promising immunotherapy response, whereas the high‐risk group showed higher sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents such as Docetaxel and Paclitaxel. Potential drugs identified for targeting CC patients included Megestrol acetate, Lenvatinib, Adavosertib, and Barasertib.

Conclusions

The VMTRG‐based prognostic model demonstrates reliable clinical prognostic value and enhances understanding of vesicle‐mediated transport mechanisms in CC.
Deep Learning and Handcrafted Features for Thyroid Nodule Classification
Authors: Maarouf Ayoub Abderrazak , meriem Hacini , Hachouf Fella
Published: November 2024

In this research, we present a refined image‐based computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) system for thyroid cancer detection using ultrasound imagery. This system integrates a specialized convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture designed to address the unique aspects of thyroid image datasets. Additionally, it incorporates a novel statistical model that utilizes a two‐dimensional random coefficient autoregressive (2D‐RCA) method to precisely analyze the textural characteristics of thyroid images, thereby capturing essential texture‐related information. The classification framework relies on a composite feature vector that combines deep learning features from the CNN and handcrafted features from the 2D‐RCA model, processed through a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. Our evaluation methodology is structured in three phases: initial assessment of the 2D‐RCA features, analysis of the CNN‐derived features, and a final evaluation of their combined effect on classification performance. Comparative analyses with well‐known networks such as VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, and AlexNet highlight the superior performance of our approach. The outcomes indicate a significant enhancement in diagnostic accuracy, achieving a classification accuracy of 97.2%, a sensitivity of 84.42%, and a specificity of 95.23%. These results not only demonstrate a notable advancement in the classification of thyroid nodules but also establish a new standard in the efficiency of CAD systems.
DC24: A new density coherence functional for multiconfiguration density‐coherence functional theory
Authors: Zhang Dayou , Shu Yinan , Truhlar Donald G.
Published: November 2024

In this study, we explored several alternative functional forms to construct more accurate and more physical density coherence (DC) functionals for multiconfiguration density‐coherence functional theory. Each functional is parameterized against the same database as used in our previous work. The best DC functional, which is called DC24, has a more physical interpretation, and—as a side benefit—it also has a mean unsigned error of 1.73 kcal/mol, which is a 9% improvement as compared to the previous functional. The article also contains a new definition of the unpaired electron density, which may be useful in other contexts as well.
Time perception and delay discounting in the FMR1 knockout rat
Authors: Fox Adam E. , Cooper Abbie R. , Pape Amelia L. , Tobias‐Wallingford Hannah M. , DeCoteau William E.
Published: November 2024

There is substantial evidence for timing (time perception) abnormalities related to developmental disabilities, particularly autism spectrum disorder. These findings have been reported in humans and nonhuman preclinical models. Our research objective was to extend that work to a genetic knockout (KO) model of fragile X/developmental disability, the FMR1 KO rat. We also sought to test delay discounting in the model and assess potential relations between timing and choice behavior. Consistent with previous human and nonhuman work, we found reduced timing precision in the FMR1 KO rats. We also discovered significantly increased smaller, sooner reward choice in the FMR1 KO rats. Performance on the timing task appeared to be unrelated to performance on the choice task for both model and control rats. These results add to what has become increasingly clear: timing is disrupted in humans diagnosed with developmental disabilities and in nonhuman models designed to model developmental disabilities. Our findings are consistent with those of previous work and the first to our knowledge to show such effects in the FMR1 KO rat. We discuss the potential clinical implications and future directions surrounding potential “timing interventions” for individuals diagnosed with developmental disabilities.
A Stepwise‐Clustered Precipitation Downscaling Method for Ensemble Climatic Projections in the Mediterranean Region
Authors: Wang Siyu , Huang Guohe , Zhang Chong , Lu Chen
Published: November 2024

Precipitation changes dynamically in the Mediterranean region. Therefore, the projection of future precipitation and its historical distribution mechanism is essential for climate mitigation and adaptation. In this study, a stepwise clustered precipitation downscaling method (SCPD) was developed and adopted in the Mediterranean region to reveal the inherent variation rules and trends over the future 100 years under two SSP scenarios. A cutting and merging multivariate process is introduced to build a cluster tree for supporting further downscaling and projecting steps. The ensemble average from the global climate model (GCM) dataset is used for precipitation projections. The precipitation performance of SCPD, evaluated by R
2, is fairly decent. The precipitation projections vary with the original rainfall patterns over the gauge stations. Dry places tend to become comparably drier in the future. Precipitation in the northern Mediterranean region shows a drier winter–spring and wetter summer–autumn. Opposite trends emerged in the southern part, with increasing winter precipitation and decreasing summer rainfall. The rising carbon dioxide concentration will further intensify the decrease in rainfall. However, the centres of these two EOFs are not identical. The contributions of NAO (positive) and Niño 3.4 (negative) to PC1 are relatively high. Accordingly, the strongest positive correlation with PC2 is SCAND, as well as negative correlations with AO, NAO and EAWR. Positive anomaly precipitation is attributed to PC1, whereas PC2 is responsible for most of the negative variance precipitation.
Assessment of Basin‐Scale Concurrent Dry and Wet Extreme Dynamics Under Multimodel CORDEX Climate Scenarios
Authors: Swain Sushree Swagatika , Mishra Ashok , Chatterjee Chandranath
Published: November 2024

The impact of extreme events in risk analysis depends on factors such as magnitude, duration, timing and whether the system recovers fully before the next event occurs. While previous studies have primarily examined the drivers and characteristics of individual extremes, less focus has been given to the concurrent or compounding nature of extremes across adjacent seasons. Thus, understanding the dynamics of such compound extremes, particularly dryness and wetness, is crucial. To address these concerns, a Multi Scalar Drought Index (MSDI) is formulated using precipitation and temperature data from three river basins (Brahmani, Baitarani and Cauvery) of eastern and southern India. The combinations of dryness and wetness, such as Dry‐Dry, Dry‐Wet, Wet‐Dry and Wet‐Wet, between consecutive seasons are analysed across four seasons (summer, rainy, autumn and winter). The prolonged dryness/wetness along with dry/wet year are evaluated from baseline (1979–2018) to projected COrdinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) future period (2020–2099). The spatio‐temporal variations in intra‐annual dry‐wet extremes are identified using the Mann–Kendall test. The results suggest that the eastern Indian river basins, particularly the Brahmani and Baitarani basins, experience more frequent occurrences of compounding dryness‐wetness compared to Cauvery river which is a southern Indian basin. Future scenarios indicate a trend towards dryness during the monsoon season in Brahmani and Baitarani basins, with frequent wet extremes in late autumn and winter. Abrupt transitions between dryness and wetness are prevalent during the Rainy‐Autumn and Autumn‐Winter seasons in Brahmani and Baitarani basins. The increased frequency of compound dry‐wet extremes poses significant socio‐economic risks, including reduced agricultural productivity, water management challenges and heightened vulnerability of local livelihoods dependent on consistent water availability. The results of this study provide a scientific reference for sustainable agriculture and water resource management to predict future seasonal dry and wet alternations and develop effective mitigation strategies.
Extracellular vesicles from cartilage progenitors stimulate type II collagen expression and wound healing in meniscal cells
Authors: Betensky Daniel J. , Chen Maxwell D. , Trivedi Jay , Desai Salomi , Twomey‐Kozak John , Wen Sicheng , Jayasuriya Chathuraka T.
Published: November 2024

Knee meniscus tearing is a common orthopaedic injury that can heal poorly if left untreated, increasing the risk of post‐traumatic Osteoarthritis. Intraarticular injection of human cartilage‐derived progenitor cells (CPCs) has been shown to promote meniscus healing after injury. However, the mechanism by which CPCs stimulated this effect was unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the paracrine effects that CPC‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have on native meniscal cells during healing. EVs from human CPCs and marrow‐derived stromal cells were isolated via ultracentrifugation. EVs produced by each cell type were quantified, and their sizes were determined via NanoSight. EV protein expression was characterized via western blot. Meniscal fibrochondrocyte cellular metabolic activity (as an indicator of cell viability and proliferation) following treatment with EVs, was quantified using MTT and ATP assays. A 2D wound healing assay was used to determine the effects of treating inner meniscal fibrochondrocytes with EVs in a dose‐dependent manner. Gene expression analysis for chondrogenesis genes was performed via RT‐qPCR on inner meniscal fibrochondrocytes following treatment with EVs. Our results showed that CPCs produced a wide size range of EVs expressing CD9, CD81, and HSP70. Treatment of inner meniscal fibrochondrocytes with CPC‐EVs improved 2D wound healing, in comparison to EVs isolated from marrow‐derived stromal cell controls. CPC‐EV treatment increased Type II Collagen mRNA expression in inner meniscal fibrochondrocytes. These findings demonstrate that CPC‐EVs stimulate chondrogenic matrix production and wound healing in meniscal cells at the optimal dose of 1.0 × 107 particles/mL, significantly outperforming the effects of marrow stromal cell‐derived EVs.
Polyamino Acid Based Zwitterionic Coating can Inhibit Coagulation and Inflammation Through Anti‐Fouling and Restoring Microenvironment
Authors: Xiang Zehong , Chen Honghong , Wu Feng , Pan Haobo
Published: November 2024

Protein adhesion and thrombosis formation caused by limited surface properties pose great challenges to biomedical implants. Although various hydrophilic coating or drug release coatings are reported, the single coating cannot cope with cases under the condition of complex physiological environment, which causes the coating effect is limited. In this study, a polyamino acid‐derived zwitterionic coating is constructed to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the microenvironment. It is demonstrated that the coating has excellent hydrophilicity, stability, and lubricity, and can obviously prevent protein adhesion. At the same time, the coating can eliminate hydrogen peroxide and maintain the stability of the microenvironment. The in vivo and in vitro experiments show that the coating has good biocompatibility, and inhibits thrombus. Amino acid zwitterion coating prevents protein deposition, alleviates the inflammatory process, inhibit of thrombosis, reduces the risk of implantable medical devices, and prolongs their service time. Hence, the work paves a new way to develop amino acid based zwitterionic polymer coating that can reduce the implant complications.
The Mechanism of TRIM21 Inhibiting the Invasion and Migration of ccRCC by Stabilizing ASS1
Authors: Yang Zhe , Cai Jihao , Li Jingjing , Liu Xiangjie , Liu Wenjing , Cui Kun , Bai Ziyuan , Dong Yurong , Peng Dongmei , Duan Qiuxin , Shahzad Asif , Zhang Qiao
Published: November 2024

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is characterized by its aggressive invasion and metastasis, presenting significant clinical challenges. Gaining insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying its progression is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Addressing a critical knowledge gap in understanding ccRCC tumorigenesis, this study aims to elucidate the expression patterns of TRIM21 in ccRCC, unravel its impact on ccRCC patient prognosis, and investigate the regulatory role of TRIM21 in ASS1 expression and urea cycle dysregulation within the context of ccRCC. The results demonstrate that TRIM21 is downregulated in ccRCC, and low expression of TRIM21 predicts an unfavorable prognosis for ccRCC patients. Furthermore, the upregulation of TRIM21 can inhibit the migration and invasion of ccRCC cells by regulating the ubiquitination modification of ASS1. This not only expands the functional role of TRIM21 in ccRCC tumorigenesis but also demonstrates its ability to reverse urea cycle dysregulation through stabilizing ASS1 expression. Specifically, abnormal downregulation of TRIM21 in ccRCC reduces K63 ubiquitination modification of ASS1, leading to decreased stability of the ASS1 protein, aggravated urea cycle dysregulation, and facilitated migration and invasion of ccRCC cells. Additionally, reduction in ASS1 reverses the depressed migration and invasion caused by overexpression of TRIM21 in ccRCC cells. In summary, our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the functional role played by TRIM21 in ccRCC progression, pinpoint a unique and novel regulatory mechanism involving ectopic downregulation‐mediated ASS1 ubiquitination modification and urea cycle dysfunction during ccRCC progression, and provide fresh insights for further investigation into the pathogenesis and metabolic reprogramming associated with ccRCC.
Differential Game Analysis of Carbon Emission Reduction Effect and Price Strategy Considering Government Intervention and Manufacturer Competition
Authors: Sun Hongxia , Liu Jinzhou , Zhang Linlin
Published: November 2024

Governments and enterprises are paying more and more attention to carbon emissions. Considering the dynamic of carbon emissions reduction (CER) and the government intervention, this study discusses the optimal CER effort level, price, and government intervention intensity in a two‐echelon supply chain consisting of a government and two manufacturers. The two manufacturers have two competitive behaviors: Cournot and Stackelberg. Two differential game models are constructed for the two different behaviors, and the optimal decisions under the two models are obtained. The comparisons of these optimal solutions are analyzed, and the influence of some parameters on the optimal solution in the two models is investigated under two scenarios. Furthermore, the optimal government intervention intensity is obtained with the goal of maximizing government utility. The results show that the Stackelberg game allows manufacturers to achieve higher profits and CER but is disadvantageous to consumers, and the manufacturer as the leader has a first‐mover advantage. Fierce market competition leads to greater CER and profits, but higher prices reduce consumer surplus. Larger penalties can promote enterprises to reduce carbon emissions when carbon emissions are large. Compared with the Cournot behavior game, the Stackelberg allows manufacturers to obtain higher profits and CER, but the prices are higher that are detrimental for consumers. The fierce market competition is good for manufacturers, the environment, and the society, but it reduces the consumer surplus. The low CER efficiency causes high costs and reduces the manufacturer's motivation to CER, which harm the environment and reduce profits. The government intervention is negatively correlated with the intensity of market competition and the sensitivity of manufacturers to policies.
Indigenous Technical Knowledge and Its Potential Application to Uganda's Pig Sub‐Sector
Authors: Kasima Junior Senyonga , Mugonola Basil , Muyinza Harriet , Kizza‐Nkambwe Sarah , Beyihayo Geoffrey Akiiki , Kidega Kenneth , Nokrach James , Mpewo Maxmillan , Kisaame Marx , Ndyomugyenyi Elly Kurobuza
Published: November 2024

Uganda's pork consumption is speculated to exceed any other livestock meat consumption by 2050. However, the current trend in pig production may not meet the demand due to pig production constraints such as recurrent disease incidences and high feeding costs. The proposed modern practices are not cost‐effective, especially for resource‐constrained pig farmers. This review, therefore, synthesises previous studies on the practicability of integrating Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) in pig production to mitigate the prevailing pig production challenges in Uganda. By employing ITK, smallholder farmers have realised that indigenous pig breeds are disease‐resistant and suit the prevailing harsh tropical conditions. In addition, affordable plant‐based concoctions have been developed to cure diseases in pigs. For example, Centella asiatica has been identified as a potential purgative for diarrhoeal infections. Integrating pigs in cropping systems has also been adopted as a low‐cost alternative to effectively feed pigs for optimal performance. Fortunately, most of the ITK options for solving pig production challenges are feasible in Uganda. Thus, ITK should be embedded in the country's extension system to increase smallholder farmers' awareness about its potential of improving pig production. An ITK‐modern technology integration would probably meet the acceptance and be suitable for commercial pig producers.
An overview of the non‐procedural treatment options for peripheral neuropathic pain
Authors: Zeldin Evan R. , Goddard Adam R. , Boyle Maxwell S. , Madathil Renee L. , Rosenvall Erick , Majithia Kajri A. , Morrison Eric J.
Published: November 2024

Peripheral neuropathic pain is common in patients with peripheral nerve injury and can significantly impact both their function and quality of life. There is a wide variety of non‐interventional treatment approaches, including pharmacologic therapy, physical/occupational therapy, modalities (therapeutic, mechanical, thermal, etc.), psychology, and lifestyle modification. First line pharmacologic therapy for peripheral neuropathic pain includes gabapentinoids, tricyclic antidepressants, and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Other classes of medications, such as topical treatments, opioids, and cannabinoids, have more limited usefulness in treatment but remain part of a treatment regimen. Physical and occupational therapy, psychological interventions, and lifestyle medicine are important adjuncts in the treatment and prevention of future peripheral neuropathic pain. The strength of the evidence supporting each intervention varies, with that for pharmacologic intervention being the strongest. A combination of these options tailored to the individual needs of the patient likely will result in the best treatment outcome for peripheral neuropathic pain.
High‐resolution perfusion imaging in rodents using pCASL at 9.4 T
Authors: Pires Monteiro Sara , Hirschler Lydiane , Barbier Emmanuel L. , Figueiredo Patricia , Shemesh Noam
Published: November 2024

Adequate perfusion is critical for maintaining normal brain function and aberrations thereof are hallmarks of many diseases. Pseudo‐Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling (pCASL) MRI enables noninvasive quantitative perfusion mapping without contrast agent injection and with a higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) than alternative methods. Despite its great potential, pCASL remains challenging, unstable, and relatively low‐resolution in rodents – especially in mice – thereby limiting the investigation of perfusion properties in many transgenic or other relevant rodent models of disease. Here, we address this gap by developing a novel experimental setup for high‐resolution pCASL imaging in mice and combining it with the enhanced SNR of cryogenic probes. We show that our new experimental setup allows for optimal positioning of the carotids within the cryogenic coil, rendering labeling reproducible. With the proposed methodology, we managed to increase the spatial resolution of pCASL perfusion images by a factor of 15 in mice; a factor of 6 in rats is gained compared to the state of the art just by virtue of the cryogenic coil. We also show that the improved pCASL perfusion imaging allows much better delineation of specific brain areas, both in healthy animals as well as in rat and mouse models of stroke. Our results bode well for future high‐definition pCASL perfusion imaging in rodents.
Fatty acid composition evaluation of abdominal adipose tissue using chemical shiftencoded MRI: Association with diabetes
Authors: Liu Dingxia , Yin Minyan , Chen Jiejun , Fu Caixia , Schneider Manuel , Nickel Dominik , Yao Xiuzhong
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the association between the fatty acid composition of abdominal adipose tissue in NAFLD patients using chemical shift–encoded MRI and the development of insulin resistance and T2DM. We enrolled 231 subjects with NAFLD who underwent both abdominal magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemical shift–encoded MRI: comprising of 49 T2DM patients and 182 subjects without. MRI‐ and MRS‐based liver fat fraction was measured from a circular region of interest on the right lobe of the liver. The abdominal fatty acid compositions were measured at the umbilical level with chemical shift‐encoded MRI. Bland‐Altman analysis, Student's t test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Spearman correlation analysis were performed. The logistic regression was applied to identify the independent factors for T2DM. Then, the predictive performance was assessed by Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. An excellent agreement was found between liver fat fraction measured by MRS and MRI. (slope = 0.8; bias =‐0.92%). In, patients with T2DM revealed lower fractions of mono‐unsaturated fatty acid (Fmufa) (33.68 ± 10.62 vs 38.62 ± 12.21, P =.0089) and higher fractions of saturated fatty acid (Fsfa) (34.11 ± 9.746 vs 31.25 ± 8.66, P =.0351) of visceral fat tissue compared with patients without. BMI, HDL‐c, Fmufa and Fsfa of visceral fat were independent factors for T2DM. Furthermore, Fsfa‐S% was positively correlated with liver enzyme levels (P =.003 and 0.04). However, Fmufa‐V% was negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and HOMA‐IR (P =.004, P =.001 and P =.03 respectively). Hence, the evaluation of fatty acid compositions of abdominal fat tissue using chemical shift–encoded MRI may have a predictive value for T2DM in patients with NAFLD.
Sex estimation by discriminant function analysis of long bones in prehistoric Southeast Asian populations
Authors: Nhoem Sophorn , Domett Kate
Published: November 2024

Biological sex estimation is an integral part of reconstructing the biological profile of an individual in forensic anthropological and bioarchaeological contexts. Formulating population specific discriminant function equations for metric variables is vital for reconstructing biological sex of fragmentary skeletal remains. This study aimed to develop multivariable and univariable sectioning point sex estimation equations from long bones of prehistoric Thailand and Cambodia people dated from 4700 to 1450 BP. A total of 481 individuals (236 females and 245 males) with 997 long bone measurements were analyzed. Discriminant function analysis was used to analyze sexually dimorphic measurements from long bones of humeri (177 females and 183 males), femora (169 females and 178 males), and tibiae (139 females and 151 males). Stepwise and direct multivariable functions offered the highest accuracies of 97.3% for humeri, 97% for femora, and 96.7% for tibiae. Univariable functions indicated that the recommended measurements for use in sex estimations with high cross‐validation accuracies are the humeral epicondylar breadth (89.1%), femoral maximum head diameter (87.1%), and tibial midshaft circumference (88.3%). These equations are applicable for use in sex estimation for the specific prehistoric Southeast Asian populations to improve our understanding of the prehistoric demography. Further evaluation and validation of the equations are required to test whether these equations can also be applied to estimate biological sex of contemporary Southeast Asian populations.
On the Effect of Fibre Orientation and MWCNTs on the Strain‐Sensing Performance of TPU/PANI Electrospun Nanofibres
Authors: Khedewy Amira T. , Saleh Dalia I. , Shaker A.
Published: November 2024

The increasing demand for flexible electromechanical devices with superior stretchability, durability, thermal stability and sensitivity has driven the development of new smart functional materials to replace conventional semiconductors. This study utilises combining electrospinning and in situ polymerisation to fabricate four types of thermoplastic polyurethane/polyaniline (TPU/PANI) nanofibrous membranes with varied fibre orientation and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) incorporation. The combined effects of material composition and fibre alignment on strain‐sensing performance were systematically explored. All membranes exhibited stable, symmetric ohmic behaviour under strain, with current decreasing as strain increased. Remarkable repeatability and stability were observed in cyclic current–time tests. MWCNTs addition significantly enhanced conductivity, with aligned fibres further boosting performance. Gauge factor (GF) measurements revealed that aligned TPU/PANI mats had GFs of 7 (0%–18% strain) and 14.3 (18%–40%), while aligned TPU/MWCNTs/PANI mats had GFs of 5.2 (0%–13%) and 7.3 (13%–40%). Random TPU/PANI mats showed GFs of 13.9 (0%–11%) and 23.3 (11%–40%) and random TPU/MWCNTs/PANI mats had GFs of 13.9 (0%–19%) and 24.7 (19%–40%). Each configuration demonstrated suitability for specific applications, with random TPU/MWCNT/PANI mats exhibiting the best overall performance. This research provides critical insights into optimising flexible strain sensors by tuning both material composition and fibre orientation.
Transverse impact performance and finite element analysis of three‐dimensional woven tubular composite with different structures
Authors: Song Yao , Ouyang Yiwei , Chai Ying , Wang Jiaxuan , Liu Yang , Gong Xiaozhou
Published: November 2024

In this study, experiments combined with finite element analysis (FEA) were used to investigate the damage mechanism of transverse low‐velocity impacts on three‐dimensional woven tubular composites (3DWTC) with different structures. The damage morphology after impact was observed using three‐dimensional microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three mesoscale models were constructed based on the authentic structure of the 3DWTC. Additionally, the effects of the structure type on the impact resistance, stress distribution, and damage morphology of 3DWTC were studied. The impact resistance of the shallow cross‐linked (SCL) structure is the strongest, according to the data. The structure that resists impacts the least is the through orthogonal (TO) structure. The greater the straightness of the warps in the structure, the density of the weft, the volume fraction, the greater the cooperative load‐bearing capacity of the warps and wefts, and the greater the speed of stress propagation. The wefts and inner warps are subjected to tensile forces at the point of impact. The outer warps are subjected to compression. The stresses are distributed in a cross‐shaped pattern. The straightened warp and weft parts of the TO serve a key structural role in load‐bearing. The warps of the SCL and the shallow‐crossed curved joint (SCCJ) structure serve a key structural role in the load‐bearing capacity.

Highlights

The impact resistance of 3DWTCs was investigated.

The tensile state, stress propagation rate of 3DWTC were analyzed using the mesoscale model.

The main load‐bearing components are revealed.

The differences in damage morphology of 3DWTCs are analyzed.
Bonding strength of short carbon fiber reinforced PA6 composites ultrasonic welding joints
Authors: Li Liu‐Kai , Zhang Ting‐Ting , Cui Yin‐Kui , Xing Yu , Liang Jian‐Guo
Published: November 2024

Short carbon fiber composites have high specific modulus, high specific strength and excellent formability, which are suitable for short‐term and environmentally friendly ultrasonic welding. In this study, ultrasonic welding experiments were conducted on short carbon fiber reinforced PA6 composites using a servo‐driven non‐metallic ultrasonic welder. The weld specimens were analyzed for spot weld morphologies, interfacial bonding strength, failure modes and compressive shear fracture to establish the correlation between weld energy and weld quality. The results indicate that when the welding energy is 450 J, the short carbon fibers are interlaced at the interface, which has a pinning effect, thereby enhancing the joint strength reaching 2990 N, and the welding efficiency reaches 46%. Besides, the compressive shear section is divided into regions. The proportion of heat and area in different compressive shear regions are quantitatively analyzed, and the calculation model of joint strength is proposed. Meanwhile, the correlation between welding energy and its correlation, as well as three different shear failure modes, is obtained. This work is helpful for the optimization of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) ultrasonic welding process parameters and the evaluation of joint strength.

Highlights

A special fixture for ultrasonic welding was designed to optimize the welding energy process of ultrasonic welding CFRTP, and the properties of ultrasonic welded joints were analyzed. When the welding energy is 450 J, a high shear strength welded joint of 2990 N was successfully prepared.

The shear fracture of the welded joint was successfully obtained by designing a special clamp for compression shearing. The welding area was qualitatively divided according to the temperature measurement results of the interface center. In addition, the heat and area ratio of different zones in the compression‐shearing area under different welding energy were quantitatively analyzed, and the calculation model of joint strength was proposed. At the same time, the welding energy and its correlation, as well as three different shear failure modes were obtained.

The short fiber distribution characterization and pores effect on the joint's strength were analyzed. The appearance of porosity defects has a significant weakening effect on the welded joint.
Fine‐Tuning of Elastic Properties by Modifying Ordering of Parallel Nanolayer Inclusions in Hard Sphere Crystals
Authors: Narojczyk Jakub W. , Smardzewski Jerzy , Kędziora Przemysław , Tretiakov Konstantin V. , Wojciechowski Krzysztof Witold
Published: November 2024

It is known that changes on the microscopic, structural level of materials exert changes on their macroscopic properties, in particular elastic ones. This approach can be used to alter the elastic properties of materials. However, it is not easy to predict the impact of a particular change in the structure of crystals. The recent studies show that depending on the size, shape, and orientation of inclusions used, the resulting elastic properties may differ. Inclusions may enhance, weaken, or eliminate the auxetic properties in a hard sphere model. This study is focused on the influence of the spatial distribution of planar inclusions within the hard sphere crystal and its impact on its elastic properties. Periodic systems containing two nanolayer inclusions in the representative volume element, oriented orthogonally to ‐direction and in various spatial ordering, are considered. It has been shown that introducing layer inclusions causes the deterioration of auxetic properties in the ‐direction. However, the latter weakly depends on the spatial ordering of the inclusion layers. Moreover, changes in the size of the inclusion particles, combined with different ordering of the inclusion layers, can be used to coarsely and finely tune the elastic properties of the model crystal.
Soybean yield is positively linked to organic matter, but planting date remains more influential
Authors: Malone Lindsay Chamberlain , Ruark Matthew D. , Vann Rachel Atwell , Singh Maninder P. , Ross W. Jeremy , Conley Shawn P.
Published: November 2024

Establishing connections between soil health indicators and crop performance will help ensure that tests recommended to farmers relate to outcomes of interest. This study assessed the relationship of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] yield with three common soil health indicators: soil organic matter (SOM), permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), and autoclaved citrate extractable nitrogen (ACE‐N). These tests were assessed alongside other factors (soil test phosphorus, soil test potassium [STK], mapped clay, planting date, summer precipitation, and location). Soil samples were collected from 457 producer‐managed fields between 2019 and 2021 in Arkansas, Michigan, North Carolina, and Wisconsin. Planting date and yield were reported by producers, while mapped clay and rainfall were determined using publicly available data. Simple linear regression was used to assess the relationship between soil health indicators and yield: the natural log of SOM and POXC were positively associated with soybean yield (R2 = 0.07, p < 0.001; R2 = 0.03, p < 0.001), while ACE‐N was not (p = 0.872). Multiple linear regression was used to further test the relationship of SOM and POXC with yield, while accounting for other factors that contribute to soybean yield. Models explained 27% of variation in yield, with significant factors including SOM or POXC, soybean planting date, STK, and mapped clay. Based on standardized coefficients, planting date was the most influential factor associated with yield. Broadly, our results indicate that improvements in yield are linked to higher SOM, but management decisions like planting early are critical for achieving high yields.
On the Variation in Surface State of Nominally Identical Fused Silica Optics Surfaces
Authors: Seeling Sebastian , Köhler Robert , Tasche Daniel , Gerhard Christoph
Published: November 2024

A considerable number of different tools and operating materials are used in classical optics manufacturing. Moreover, further parameters such as environmental and process conditions contribute to material removal and surface smoothing in the course of production. A large potential variety of the final surface state of optics can thus be expected. Against this background, nominally identical fused silica optics surfaces purchased from different suppliers were investigated in the present work via x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy. It is shown that the surfaces under consideration feature quite different types and degrees of contamination that can be attributed to the particularly used water and polishing agent. Moreover, slight differences in index of refraction and surface roughness were detected. The presented data thus confirm the expectation that the surface state of an optical component might depend on its origin. The findings are intended to sensitize users regarding such a potential impact, for example, when switching to other suppliers for bought‐in parts and outsourced precision optics items.
Synthesis and Molecular Docking Study of Hydrazone Schiff Bases of α‐Naphthalene‐Containing Alkyl Phenyl Ether Fragment as Potent α‐Amylase and α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Shah Tanzeela Ahmad , Alam Aftab , Zainab  , Assad Mohammad , Parveen Zahida , Rafiq Huma , Ayaz Muhammad , Shah Syed Adnan Ali , Latif Abdul , Ali Mumtaz , Ahmad Manzoor
Published: November 2024

In this study, new Schiff base derivatives of α‐naphthalene acetic acid containing alkyl phenyl ether fragment have been effectively synthesized through multistep reaction process, characterized by 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. These derivatives have been tested for their in vitro α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities. In the series, 8 compounds (2j, 2f, 2e, 2m, 2a, 2b, 2l, and 2c) exhibited promising α‐amylase inhibition with IC50 values from 5.38 ± 0.36  to 14.59 ± 0.64 µg/mL. Similarly, in the case of α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity, 10 derivatives (2e, 2f, 2j, 2m, 2b, 2c, 2i, 2d, 2a, and 2l) exhibited excellent activity having IC50 values from 6.96 ± 0.39 to 16.27 ± 0.31 µg/mL, wheras the remaining derivatives exhibited good‐to‐least antidiabetic potential. The ADME properties were calculated for all Schiff base derivatives using Swiss‐ADME web tool. Furthermore, the docking studies identified the binding modes of the compounds.