bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of fluoride characteristics on tooth surface protection in an erosive condition: A multifaceted characterization approach
Authors: da Silva Marcelo Henrique Pereira Marques , Laurindo Vinicius Silva , Soares Luís Eduardo Silva
Published: April 2024

Objective

To evaluate the effect of fluoride consistency and composition to protect enamel and dentin against the dental erosion.

Materials and Methods

Bovine enamel and dentin specimens were treated with artificial saliva, neutral fluoride gel (NFG), acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (AFG), neutral fluoride foam (NFF), and acidulated phosphate fluoride foam. The samples were subjected to cycling. Micro energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry, surface roughness (Ra), contact angle (CA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. Composition, CA and Ra data were analyzed by ANOVA and multiple comparison test (p < 0.05).

Results

The dentin protected had a significantly higher mineral content than in the control. Eroded unprotected enamel had higher Ra values than normal surfaces. Fluoride treatments increased the Ra in dentin samples. AFG increased the CA in enamel. Fluoride foams increased CA in dentin with reduced mineral loss. SEM analysis found a deposited layer on enamel treated with AFG and remnants of deposits on dentin treated with NFG and NFF.

Conclusion

Regardless of the form of application, fluoride provided protection against erosion, however with different levels.

Clinical Significance

Applying the adequate fluoride form is relevant since the formulations have different effects on both enamel and dentin.
Proarrhythmic major adverse cardiac events with donepezil: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Nham Tina , Garcia Michael Cristian , Tsang Kai La Jennifer , Silva Jessyca Matos , Schneider Tyler , Deng Jiawen , Lohit Simran , Mbuagbaw Lawrence , Holbrook Anne
Published: April 2024

Background

Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are regularly used in Alzheimer's disease. Of the three ChEIs approved for dementia, donepezil is among the most prescribed drugs in the United States with nearly 6 million prescriptions in 2020; however, it is classified as a “known risk” QT interval‐prolonging medication (QTPmed). Given this claim is derived from observational data including single case reports, we aimed to evaluate high‐quality literature on the frequency and nature of proarrhythmic major adverse cardiac events (MACE) associated with donepezil.

Methods

We searched Medline, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Cochrane Central from 1996 onwards for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving patients age ≥18 years comparing donepezil to placebo. The MACE composite included mortality, sudden cardiac death, non‐fatal cardiac arrest, Torsades de pointes, ventricular tachyarrhythmia, seizure or syncope. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were performed with a treatment‐arm continuity correction for single and double zero event studies.

Results

Sixty RCTs (n = 12,463) were included. Twenty‐five of 60 trials (n = 5886) investigated participants with Alzheimer's disease and 33 trials monitored electrocardiogram data. The mean follow‐up duration was 31 weeks (SD = 36). Mortality was the most commonly reported MACE (252/331, 75.8% events), the remainder were syncope or seizures, with no arrhythmia events. There was no increased risk of MACE with exposure to donepezil compared to placebo (risk ratio [RR] 1.08, 95% CI 0.88–1.33, I2 = 0%) and this was consistent in the subgroup analysis of trials including participants with cardiovascular morbidities (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.88–1.47). Subgroup analysis suggested a trend toward more events with donepezil with follow‐up ≥52 weeks (RR: 1.32, 0.98–1.79).

Conclusions

This systematic review with meta‐analysis found donepezil may not be arrhythmogenic. Donepezil was not associated with mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, seizure or syncope, although longer durations of therapy need more study. Further research to clarify actual clinical outcomes related to QTPmed is important to inform prescribing practices.
A study concept of expeditious clinical enrollment for genetic modifier studies in Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy 1A
Authors: Xu Isaac R. L. , Danzi Matt C. , Ruiz Ariel , Raposo Jacquelyn , De Jesus Yeisha Arcia , Reilly Mary M. , Cortese Andrea , Shy Michael E. , Scherer Steven S. , Herrmann David N. , Fridman Vera , Baets Jonathan , Saporta Mario , Seyedsadjadi Reza , Stojkovic Tanya , Claeys Kristl G. , Patel Pooja , Feely Shawna , Rebelo Adriana P. ,   Inherited Neuropathy Consortium, Dohrn Maike F. , Züchner Stephan
Published: April 2024

Background

Caused by duplications of the gene encoding peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22), Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is the most common hereditary neuropathy. Despite this shared genetic origin, there is considerable variability in clinical severity. It is hypothesized that genetic modifiers contribute to this heterogeneity, the identification of which may reveal novel therapeutic targets. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of clinical examination results from 1564 CMT1A patients sourced from a prospective natural history study conducted by the RDCRN‐INC (Inherited Neuropathy Consortium). Our primary objective is to delineate extreme phenotype profiles (mild and severe) within this patient cohort, thereby enhancing our ability to detect genetic modifiers with large effects.

Methods

We have conducted large‐scale statistical analyses of the RDCRN‐INC database to characterize CMT1A severity across multiple metrics.

Results

We defined patients below the 10th (mild) and above the 90th (severe) percentiles of age‐normalized disease severity based on the CMT Examination Score V2 and foot dorsiflexion strength (MRC scale). Based on extreme phenotype categories, we defined a statistically justified recruitment strategy, which we propose to use in future modifier studies.

Interpretation

Leveraging whole genome sequencing with base pair resolution, a future genetic modifier evaluation will include single nucleotide association, gene burden tests, and structural variant analysis. The present work not only provides insight into the severity and course of CMT1A, but also elucidates the statistical foundation and practical considerations for a cost‐efficient and straightforward patient enrollment strategy that we intend to conduct on additional patients recruited globally.
The role of psychological ownership in linking decent work to nurses' vigor at work: A two‐wave study
Authors: El‐Gazar Heba E. , Shawer Mona , Alkubati Sammer A. , Zoromba Mohamed A.
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Nurses' vigor at work profoundly impacts the quality of patient care. However, the determinants of nurses' vigor remain underexplored in the current nursing literature, and the mechanism through which these determinants exert their effects remains unclear.

Aim

This study aimed to elucidate the mediating role of psychological ownership in linking decent work to nurses' vigor at work.

Methods

A two‐wave, time‐lagged study was conducted to collect data from 289 nurses working across three hospitals in Port Said, Egypt, between March and June 2023. Data were collected using the Decent Work Scale, the Psychological Ownership Scale, the Shirom–Melamed Vigor Measure, on an Introductory Information Form. Mediation testing was performed using structural equation modeling.

Results

Decent work was significantly associated with psychological ownership and vigor at work. Psychological ownership partially mediated the relationship between decent work and nurses' vigor at work.

Conclusion

Decent work practices are critical in fostering nurses' vigor while working, and psychological ownership plays a mediating role in this relationship.

Clinical relevance

Hospital administrators should value decent work practices, which could enhance psychological ownership, resulting in a potential improvement in nurses' vigor at work.
Intradermal injection of Cutibacterium acnes and staphylococcus: A pustular acne‐like murine model
Authors: Zhou Na , Sun Yanan , Ren Xing , Wang Yunong , Gao Xinyu , Li Lishuang , Ma Yuman , Hao Yu , Wang Yi
Published: April 2024

Background

Skin 16S microbiome diversity analysis indicates that the Staphylococcus genus, especially Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), plays a crucial role in the inflammatory lesions of acne. However, current animal models for acne do not fully replicate human diseases, especially pustular acne, which limits the development of anti‐acne medications.

Aims

The aim is to develop a mouse model for acne, establishing an animal model that more closely mimics the clinical presentation of pustular acne. This will provide a new research platform for screening anti‐acne drugs and evaluating the efficacy of clinical anti‐acne experimental treatments.

Methods

Building upon the existing combination of acne‐associated Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) with artificial sebum, we will inject a mixture of S. aureus and C. acnes locally into the dermis in a 3:7 ratio.

Results

We found that the acne animal model with mixed bacterial infection better replicates the dynamic evolution process of human pustular acne. Compared to the infection with C. acnes alone, mixed bacterial infection resulted in pustules with a distinct yellowish appearance, resembling pustular acne morphology. The lesions exhibited redness, vascular dilation, and noticeable congestion, along with evident infiltration of inflammatory cells. This induced higher levels of inflammation, as indicated by a significant increase in the secretion of inflammatory factors such as IL‐1β and TNF‐α.

Conclusion

This model can reflect the clinical symptoms and development of human pustular acne, overcoming the limitations of animal models commonly used in basic research to study this situation. It provides support for foundational research and the development of new acne medications.
Interest convergence and the maintenance of racial advantage: The case of diversity in higher education
Authors: Starck Jordan G. , Hurd Kyneshawau , Perez Michael J. , Marshburn Christopher K.
Published: April 2024

One of the major tenets of Critical Race Theory, the interest convergence hypothesis postulates that policies promising improvements for Black Americans are enacted only to the extent they advance White Americans’ interests. We elaborate and update Bell's argument by demonstrating that current diversity commitments in higher education are another example of interest convergence. First, we present empirical and theoretical evidence that ubiquitous approaches to diversity serve the psychological interests of White Americans more than those of Black Americans. Second, we advance a systemic framework for how social psychological processes intersect with normative ideologies in the law and in universities’ operations to facilitate the prioritization of White over Black interests. In so doing, our goal is to illuminate the primacy of White identity and power as fundamental to shaping American society's collective embrace of diversity.
Synergistic mechanism of steam blanching and freezing conditions on the texture of frozen yellow peaches based on macroscopic and microscopic properties
Authors: Xian Meilin , Bi Jinfeng , Hu Lina , Xie Yitong , Zhao Yinuo , Jin Xin
Published: April 2024

Freezing and blanching are essential processing steps in the production of frozen yellow peaches, inevitably leading to texture softening of the fruit. In this study, the synergistic mechanism of stem blanching, freezing conditions (−20°C, −40°C, −80°C, and liquid nitrogen [−173°C]), and sample sizes (cubes, slices, and half peaches) on macroscopic properties of texture, cellular structure, and ice crystal size distribution of frozen yellow peaches were measured. Blanching enhanced the heat and mass transfer rates in the subsequent freezing process. For nonblanched samples, cell membrane integrity was lost at any freezing rate, causing a significant reduction in textural quality. Slow freezing further exacerbated the texture softening, while the ultra‐rapid freezing caused structural rupture. For blanched samples, the half peaches softened the most. The water holding capacity and fracture stress were not significantly affected by changes in freezing rate, although the ice crystal size distribution was more susceptible to the freezing rate. Peach cubes that had undergone blanching and rapid freezing (−80°C) experienced 4% less drip loss than nonblanched samples. However, blanching softened yellow peaches more than any freezing conditions. The implementation of uniform and shorter duration blanching, along with rapid freezing, has been proven to be more effective in preserving the texture of frozen yellow peaches. Optimization of the blanching process may be more important than increasing the freezing rate to improve the textural quality of frozen yellow peaches.
Inverse relationship between HBV DNA levels and liver histopathological changes in immune‐tolerant CHB patients
Authors: Huang Deliang , Lai Huiyi , Zhu Zhibin , Yu Hong , Peng Jinghan , Chen Yuanyuan , Liao Xuejiao , Chen Jun
Published: April 2024

Limited data exist regarding the association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels and liver histopathological changes in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) during the immune tolerant (IT) phase. In this study, we retrospectively analysed liver biopsy results from 150 adult IT‐CHB patients. The liver tissue necroinflammation and fibrosis were evaluated by the Scheuer scoring system. Multivariate logistic regression, smooth curve fitting, and segmented regression models were used to examine the association between HBV DNA levels and liver histopathological changes. A total of 26%, 30.67% and 42% of IT patients had significant necroinflammation (≥G2), significant fibrosis (≥S2) and significant histopathological changes (≥G2 and/or ≥S2), respectively. HBV DNA levels were independently and non‐linear inversely associated with significant necroinflammation and histopathological changes in IT‐CHB patients. Patients with HBV DNA levels <107 IU/mL had a higher risk of significant histopathological changes compared to those with levels >107 IU/mL. The findings were further confirmed by smooth curve fitting analyses, subgroup and sensitivity analyses. In segmented regression model analyses, the optimal DNA value for the lowest odds ratio of significant histopathological changes was 7.26 log10 IU/mL. A non‐linear inverse association between HBV DNA levels and significant histopathological changes in IT‐CHB patients. DNA 7.26 log10 IU/mL may serve as a potential cut‐off point to define a ‘true immune tolerant phase’ with minimal liver histopathological changes.
Upfront multi‐bipolar radiofrequency ablation for HCC in transplant‐eligible cirrhotic patients with salvage transplantation in case of recurrence
Authors: Boros Carina , Sutter Olivier , Cauchy François , Ganne‐Carrié Nathalie , Nahon Pierre , N'kontchou Gisele , Ziol Marianne , Grando Véronique , Demory Alix , Blaise Lorraine , Dondero Fédérica , Durand François , Soubrane Olivier , Lesurtel Mickael , Laurent Alexis , Seror Oliver , Nault Jean Charles
Published: April 2024

Introduction

We aim to assess the long‐term outcomes of percutaneous multi‐bipolar radiofrequency (mbpRFA) as the first treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in transplant‐eligible cirrhotic patients, followed by salvage transplantation for intrahepatic distant tumour recurrence or liver failure.

Materials and Methods

We included transplant‐eligible patients with cirrhosis and a first diagnosis of HCC within Milan criteria treated by upfront mbp RFA. Transplantability was defined by age <70 years, social support, absence of significant comorbidities, no active alcohol use and no recent extrahepatic cancer. Baseline variables were correlated with outcomes using the Kaplan‐Meier and Cox models.

Results

Among 435 patients with HCC, 172 were considered as transplantable with HCCs >2 cm (53%), uninodular (87%) and AFP >100 ng/mL (13%). Median overall survival was 87 months, with 75% of patients alive at 3 years, 61% at 5 years and 43% at 10 years. Age (p = .003) and MELD>10 (p = .01) were associated with the risk of death. Recurrence occurred in 118 patients within Milan criteria in 81% of cases. Local recurrence was observed in 24.5% of cases at 10 years and distant recurrence rates were observed in 69% at 10 years. After local recurrence, 69% of patients were still alive at 10 years. At the first tumour recurrence, 75 patients (65%) were considered transplantable. Forty‐one patients underwent transplantation, mainly for distant intrahepatic tumour recurrence. The overall 5‐year survival post‐transplantation was 72%, with a tumour recurrence of 2.4%.

Conclusion

Upfront multi‐bipolar RFA for a first diagnosis of early HCC on cirrhosis coupled with salvage liver transplantation had a favourable intention‐to‐treat long‐term prognosis, allowing for spare grafts.
Girls in scrubs: An ethnographic exploration of the clinical learning environment
Authors: Gupta Shalini , Howden Stella , Moffat Mandy , Pope Lindsey , Kennedy Cate
Published: April 2024

Background

Gender bias is an enduring issue in the medical profession despite women being more represented within medical schools and the health care workforce in numerous countries across the world. There have been frequent calls for further exploration of gender‐based discriminations within medical education, owing to its lasting impact on student's professional development and career trajectories. This paper presents an ethnographic exploration of the experiences of female medical students and doctors in the clinical learning environment (CLE), aiming to disrupt the cycle of gender inequity in the clinical workplace.

Methods

Our research field involved two teaching wards in a Scottish urban hospital, where 120 h of non‐participant observations were conducted over 10 months. Combining purposive and convenience sampling, we conducted 36 individual interviews with key informants, which included medical students, foundation doctors, postgraduate trainees, consultant supervisors, and other health care professionals such as nurses and pharmacists. Data was thematically analysed using Bourdieu's theory of social power reproduction. The research team brought diverse professional backgrounds and perspectives to the exploration of data on gendered encounters.

Results

Combining the observational and interview data, five themes were generated, which suggested gender‐related differentials in social and cultural capital that the participants acquired in the CLE. Experiences of discriminatory behaviour and stereotypical thought processes impacted the female students' engagement and drive towards learning, implying an adverse influence on habitus. In contrast, the valuable influence of gendered role‐models in building confidence and self‐efficacy signified a positive transformation of habitus. The research participants displayed considerable internalisation of the gendered processes in the CLE that appeared to be linked to the transient nature of clinical placements.

Conclusions

This research reveals that despite constituting the majority demographic of medical school, female students struggle to gain social and cultural capital. Gendered hierarchies that structure clinical workplaces disadvantage female students and doctors, and the differential experiences transform their habitus. Based on our theoretically informed investigation, we advocate for role‐models given their positive impact on students' and doctors' habitus. Additionally, medical educators may consider extended clinical placements that provide opportunities for female students and early‐career doctors to secure social and cultural capital through integrating better in health care teams and building meaningful interprofessional relationships.
Gap‐free X and Y chromosome assemblies of Salix arbutifolia reveal an evolutionary change from male to female heterogamety in willows, without a change in the position of the sex‐determining locus
Authors: Wang Yi , Gong Guang‐Nan , Wang Yuan , Zhang Ren‐Gang , Hörandl Elvira , Zhang Zhi‐Xiang , Charlesworth Deborah , He Li
Published: April 2024

In the Vetrix clade of Salix, a genus of woody flowering plants, sex determination involves chromosome 15, but an XY system has changed to a ZW system. We studied the detailed genetic changes involved.

We used genome sequencing, with chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C) and PacBio HiFi reads to assemble chromosome level gap‐free X and Y of Salix arbutifolia, and distinguished the haplotypes in the 15X‐ and 15Y‐linked regions, to study the evolutionary history of the sex‐linked regions (SLRs).

Our sequencing revealed heteromorphism of the X and Y haplotypes of the SLR, with the X‐linked region being considerably larger than the corresponding Y region, mainly due to accumulated repetitive sequences and gene duplications.

The phylogenies of single‐copy orthogroups within the SLRs indicate that S. arbutifolia and Salix purpurea share an ancestral SLR within a repeat‐rich region near the chromosome 15 centromere. During the change in heterogamety, the X‐linked region changed to a W‐linked one, while the Z was derived from the Y.
Designer oleosins boost oil accumulation in plant biomass
Authors: Sadre Radin
Published: April 2024

This article is a Commentary on Anaokar et al. (2024), 243: 271–283.
Opening Pandora's box of transport phenomena
Authors: Vesala Timo
Published: April 2024

This article is a Commentary on Griffani et al. (2024), 243: 1301–1311.
Advancements and turning point of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: A comprehensive analysis of research trends and collaborative networks
Authors: Ahn Jihye , Choi Moonsung
Published: April 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force with great potential in various fields, including healthcare. In recent years, AI has garnered significant attention due to its potential to revolutionise ophthalmology, leading to advancements in patient care such as disease detection, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of disease progression. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the research trends and collaborative networks at the intersection of AI and ophthalmology. In this study, we conducted an extensive search of the Web of Science Core Collection to identify articles related to ‘artificial intelligence’ in ophthalmology published from 1968 to 2023. We performed co‐occurrence keywords and co‐authorship network analyses using VOSviewer software to explore the relationships between keywords and country collaboration. We found a remarkable surge in articles applying AI in ophthalmology after 2017, marking a turning point in the integration of AI within the medical field. The primary application of AI shifted towards the diagnosis of ocular disease, which was particularly evident through keywords such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age‐related macular degeneration. Analysis of the collaboration networks of countries revealed a global expansion of ophthalmology‐related AI research. This study provides valuable insights into the evolving landscape of AI integration in ophthalmology, indicating its growing potential for enhancing disease detection, diagnosis, treatment planning and monitoring of disease progression. In order to translate AI technologies into clinical practice effectively, it is imperative to comprehend the evolving research trends and advancements at the intersection of AI and ophthalmology.
Autism in patients with eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Lima Rian Vilar , Muniz Maria Carolina Rocha , Barroso Luana Lima , Pinheiro Maria Clara Apolônio , Matos Yuri Marques Teixeira , Nogueira Sarah Baltasar Ribeiro , Nogueira Hildenia Baltasar Ribeiro
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), have been increasingly associated with eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). However, the relationship between these diseases remains unclear. We performed a systematic review with meta‐analysis to address this issue.

Methods

The search was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines using descriptors for ASD and EGIDs from the MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, LILACS, and Web of Science databases. Observational studies with the prevalence of ASD in any EGID were included. The study protocol was registered on the PROSPERO platform under the number CRD42023455177.

Results

The total dataset comprised 766,082 participants. The result of the single‐arm meta‐analysis showed an overall prevalence of ASD in the population with EGID of 21.59% (95% CI: 10.73–38.67). There was an association between EGID and ASD (OR: 3.44; 95% CI: 1.25–2.21), also significant when restricted only to EoE (OR: 3.70; 95% CI: 2.71–5.70).

Discussion

Recent studies have implicated the influence of an inadequate epithelial barrier integrity in the pathogenesis of several diseases. The role of this mechanism can be extended to situations beyond allergic reactions, including other conditions with underlying immunological mechanisms. Several diseases are potentially related to the systemic effect of bacterial translocation in tissues with defective epithelial barriers.

Conclusion

Our meta‐analysis provides evidence that supports the consideration of EGID in patients with ASD and ASD in patients with EGID. Despite its limitations, the results should also be validated by future studies, preferably using multicenter prospective designs in populations with low referral bias.
Self‐aggregation of zinc bacteriochlorophyll‐d analogs with an acylhydrazone moiety as the 13‐keto‐carbonyl alternative
Authors: Fujii Satoru , Tamiaki Hitoshi
Published: April 2024

Zinc methyl 3‐hydroxymethyl‐pyropheophorbides‐a possessing an acylhydrazinylidene group at the 131‐position were prepared by chemically modifying chlorophyll‐a, which were models of bacteriochlorophyll‐d as one of the light‐harvesting pigments in photosynthetic green bacteria. Similar to the self‐aggregation of natural bacteriochlorophyll‐d in the antenna systems called chlorosomes, some of the synthetic models self‐aggregated in an aqueous Triton X‐100 solution to give red‐shifted and broadened visible absorption bands. The newly appeared oligomeric bands were ascribable to the exciton coupling of the chlorin π‐systems along the molecular y‐axis, leading to intense circular dichroism bands in the red‐shifted Qy and Soret regions. The self‐aggregation in the aqueous micelle was dependent on the steric size of the terminal substituent at the 13‐acylhydrazone moiety. An increase in the length of the oligomethylene chain as the terminal moved the red‐shifted Qy maxima to shorter wavelengths, and branched alkyl and benzyl substitutes afforded no more self‐aggregates to leave monomeric species in the hydrophobic environment inside the micelle. These results indicated that the acyl groups on the 13‐hydrazone as the alternative of the natural 13‐ketone regulated the chlorosome‐like self‐aggregation.
The centrality of law for EU sustainable finance markets: Outlining a research agenda
Authors: Eriksson Saga
Published: April 2024

This article discusses how law shapes sustainable finance market creation in the European Union (EU). Although markets for environmental, social and governance (ESG) oriented investments have continued to grow, a gap has persisted between fund popularity and real‐world impact. The EU has sought to address this through common legal standards for sustainable economic activities. However, there has been limited empirical examination of how industry applies these new measures and how they facilitate further market development. The article seeks to address this by proposing a research agenda for the examination of sustainable finance legislation through a ‘law as constitutive’ lens. The approach argues for an empirical inquiry that recognises the political and social conditions of market development, explored through interviews with market participants focusing on their experiences of legislation. The article explains how a ‘law as constitutive’ framing best suits the EU context when exploring the potential and limitations of the current policy approach.
An integrative review of parent education approaches in sport: Considerations for program planning and evaluation
Authors: Milan Fabrício João , Knight Camilla J. , de Oliveira Lucas Machado , Ciampolini Vitor , Milistetd Michel
Published: April 2024

In recent years, there has been an increase in the delivery and evaluation of parent education programs within youth sport. Subsequently, some recent reviews of these programs have been conducted. However, one consistent issue across many of the programs and associated review papers is the lack of an appropriate evaluation framework to guide the planning or associated reporting of the outcomes of the interventions. This has limited understanding of the overall impact of sport parenting interventions. Thus, the purposes of the current study were as follows: (a) to identify commonalities in the reporting and evaluation of parent education programs; (b) to identify gaps in the reporting and evaluation of parent education programs; (c) to draw these insights together to provide suggestions regarding how the RE‐AIM could be used to enhance planning and evaluation of evidence‐based programs for parent education in sport. Specifically, utilizing the RE‐AIM framework to provide insights into pertinent evaluation metrics, this integrative review aimed to identify commonalities and gaps in the reporting of parent education programs. The RE‐AIM framework considers the essential elements to assess the external and internal validity of interventions through five dimensions: Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (Am J Public Health. 1999;89(9):1322‐1327). Subsequently, the review aimed to provide suggestions regarding strategies to enhance the planning and evaluation of evidence‐based programs for parent education in sport. Overall, the analysis demonstrated that most studies presented some pertinent evaluation information related to the RE‐AIM framework, such as the number of participants and contacts made, the measures used, and the program level. However, the studies also lacked information on participant exclusion criteria, the method used to select the delivery agent (e.g., parents engaged in the program), and cost measures. Overall, the current study identified various areas where programs could be enhanced, specifically related to reporting procedural elements (e.g., program design, target population, and costs) pertaining to the implementation of parent education programs.
Carbon neutrality of an island with 100% renewable energy production and forest as carbon sinks: El Hierro (Canary Islands) a pilot for Europe
Authors: Cruz‐Pérez Noelia , Grūbe Gunta , Ruiz‐Peinado Ricardo , García‐Gil Alejandro , Santamarta Juan C.
Published: April 2024

The island of El Hierro is the smallest and youngest island in the Canary archipelago. It has been recognized as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 2000, and it has a population of approximately 10,000 inhabitants. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of CO2 emissions absorbed by the forest stands of the island of El Hierro and compare it to the emissions generated by the population. It is noteworthy that there is a hydro‐wind energy production project on the island that has significantly minimized the emissions linked to energy production. In short, El Hierro's forest stands are capable of capturing 46,785 tons of CO2 annually, while emissions associated with electricity production and emissions linked to road mobility are below the island's carbon sequestration capacity since the Gorona del Viento renewable energy project was built. By working on investment in renewable energies to produce energy and changing mobility with the use of electric vehicles, a small island like El Hierro can adapt to ecological transition by the year 2040. This is a goal set by the government to drastically reduce emissions in the Canary Islands.
Short‐term effects of double‐layer ploughing reduced tillage on soil structure and crop yield
Authors: Pöhlitz Julia , Schlüter Steffen , Rücknagel Jan
Published: April 2024

Soil tillage is widely acknowledged to affect soil characteristics and agricultural productivity. This research investigates the short‐term effects of various tillage methods on soil physical properties and crop yields at a Central German field site with a dry climate (mean temperature 9.5°C; annual precipitation 470 mm). Three tillage approaches were evaluated: conventional plough tillage (25 cm depth), cultivator tillage (18 cm depth), and double‐layer plough tillage (15 and 30 cm depth). We assessed soil physical properties through standard laboratory analyses, compression tests, soil pore structure via X‐ray computed tomography (X‐ray CT) and crop yields over 3 years. The results indicate that cultivator tillage approach increased soil bulk density relative to conventional tillage, especially in the second year, though this effect diminished over time. Double‐layer plough tillage emerged as a viable short‐term alternative to conventional tillage, achieving comparable soil bulk density. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values were generally higher for soils under conventional tillage or double‐layer plough tillage than for cultivator tillage, highlighting their soil loosening effect. Classical soil analysis methods combined with X‐ray computed tomography provided valuable insights into tillage induced changes to soil structure. Cultivator tillage resulted in a distinct pore structure with reduced macroporosity and pore connectivity. Despite notable soil property variations, crop yields remained consistent across the tillage methods. Overall, double‐layer plough tillage presents a sustainable option, moderately improving soil physical properties while maintaining crop yields. This study highlights the need to assess the short‐term effects of tillage on soils and contributes to the broader dialogue on optimizing tillage strategies for effective soil management and crop production.
Intercropping herbage promoted the availability of soil phosphorus and improved the bacterial genus structure and the abundance of key bacterial taxa in the acidic soil of mango (Mangifera indica L.) orchards
Authors: Yan Chengming , An Dongsheng , Zhao Baoshan , Ma Zhiling , Ma Haiyang , Zhao Qiufang , Kong Ran , Su Junbo
Published: April 2024

This study aims to understand the characteristics and distribution patterns of soil phosphorus (P) forms in the tropical high‐P orchards under cover cropping and to explore the biotic and abiotic factors driving the changes in P forms. The study collected three kinds of soil (clean tillage [CK, control], Stylosanthes guianensis cover [SC, legume], and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cover [CC, grass]) from a mango orchard and determined P forms in the water‐stable aggregates and bulk soil, analyzed the environmental factors and the structure of the bacterial‐fungal community. Compared to CK, SC and CC have a significant positive influence on the forms and distribution of soil P, increase the content of organic P (Org‐P) and certain inorganic P forms (Al‐P and Fe‐P), and enhance the content of P within macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), thereby maintaining total P (TP) and Olsen‐P in the top 30 cm of soil, particularly for the SC treatment. SC and CC also improved acid phosphatase (ACP), and water‐stable aggregates while decreasing bulk density (BD) and exchangeable aluminium (Ale) in the topsoil (0–15 cm). Redundant and Pearson analysis revealed these factors significantly affected soil P availability. Moreover, SC and CC increased the relative abundance of Nitrospira, Candidatus‐Udaeobacter, Pseudolabrys, and ADurb.Bin063–1 in the topsoil (0–15 cm), and decreased the relative abundance of Occallatibacter. Redundant and Pearson analysis indicated that these bacterial communities are likely associated with the availability of P. Overall, cover cropping promoted the transformation and distribution of P forms by altering the physical, chemical, and biological environment of the soil, which was beneficial for the sustainable P management in tropical high‐P soils. This research offers practical insights into the use of cover crops as a tool for enhancing soil health and sustainable P management in tropical high‐P orchards.
Manganese and phosphorus maize shoot concentrations are differently affected by nitrification inhibitor‐driven rhizosphere acidification
Authors: Etabo Mathew Edung , Ribeiro Pablo Lacerda , Pitann Britta , Mühling Karl Hermann
Published: April 2024

High soil pH can lead to Mn2+ and P deficiency and yield losses. In addition, it is unclear which process, nitrification‐induced acidification of bulk soil or nitrification inhibitor‐driven rhizosphere acidification, is more effective in increasing Mn2+ availability and shoot concentration. Thus, this topic was investigated in this study. Moreover, we also evaluated if applying NIs can avoid P deficiency in soil with high pH and high buffering capacity. Two greenhouse experiments were carried out to investigate the impact of applying 3,4‐Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) in sandy soil subjected to the application of different lime rates, simulating several soil pH and buffering capacity conditions. The utilized lime rates were 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g CaCO3 kg−1. The measured variables were bulk and rhizosphere soil pH, Mn2+ and P availability, maize biomass production, as well as Mn and P shoot concentrations. DMPP significantly reduced shoot biomass by 10% in unlimed soil; however, it promoted the overall shoot biomass by 30% in limed soil in both experiments. In addition, DMPP decreased the overall Mn shoot concentration by 24 and 21% in experiments I and II, respectively. In contrast, DMPP increased the overall P shoot concentration due to rhizosphere acidification by 24 and 17% in experiments I and II, respectively. The DMPP application did not avoid P deficiency under the highest lime rate (4 g CaCO3 kg−1) despite alleviating it. In conclusion, the application of NIs is not beneficial for increasing Mn2+ shoot concentration and, when performed to increase P availability in high pH soils, should consider the likelihood of causing Mn deficiency.
Light recovery after maize harvesting promotes soybean flowering in a maize–soybean relay strip intercropping system
Authors: Luo Kai , Yuan Xiaoting , Zuo Jia , Xue Yuanyuan , Zhang Kejing , Chen Ping , Li Yiling , Lin Ping , Wang Xiaochun , Yang Wenyu , Flexas Jaume , Yong Taiwen
Published: April 2024

Moving from sole cropping to intercropping is a transformative change in agriculture, contributing to yield. Soybeans adapt to light conditions in intercropping by adjusting the onset of reproduction and the inflorescence architecture to optimize reproductive success. Maize–soybean strip intercropping (MS), maize–soybean relay strip intercropping (IS), and sole soybean (SS) systems are typical soybean planting systems with significant differences in light environments during growth periods. To elucidate the effect of changes in the light environment on soybean flowering processes and provide a theoretical basis for selecting suitable varieties in various planting systems to improve yields, field experiments combining planting systems (IS, MS, and SS) and soybean varieties (GQ8, GX7, ND25, and NN996) were conducted in 2021 and 2022. Results showed that growth recovery in the IS resulted in a balance in the expression of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in the meristematic tissues of soybeans, which promoted the formation of new branches or flowers. IS prolonged the flowering time (2–7 days) and increased the number of forming flowers compared with SS (93.0 and 169%) and MS (67.3 and 103.3%) at the later soybean flowering stage. The higher carbon and nitrogen content in the middle and bottom canopies of soybean contributed to decreased flower abscission by 26.7 and 30.2%, respectively, compared with SS. Canopy light environment recovery promoted branch and flower formation and transformation of flowers into pods with lower flower‐pod abscission, which contributed to elevating soybean yields in late‐maturing and multibranching varieties (ND25) in IS.
Pollinator‐assisted plant phenotyping, selection, and breeding for crop resilience to abiotic stresses
Authors: Pérez‐Alfocea Francisco , Borghi Monica , Guerrero Juan José , Jiménez Antonio R. , Jiménez‐Gómez José M. , Fernie Alisdair R. , Bartomeus Ignasi
Published: April 2024

Food security is threatened by climate change, with heat and drought being the main stresses affecting crop physiology and ecosystem services, such as plant–pollinator interactions. We hypothesize that tracking and ranking pollinators' preferences for flowers under environmental pressure could be used as a marker of plant quality for agricultural breeding to increase crop stress tolerance. Despite increasing relevance of flowers as the most stress sensitive organs, phenotyping platforms aim at identifying traits of resilience by assessing the plant physiological status through remote sensing‐assisted vegetative indexes, but find strong bottlenecks in quantifying flower traits and in accurate genotype‐to‐phenotype prediction. However, as the transport of photoassimilates from leaves (sources) to flowers (sinks) is reduced in low‐resilient plants, flowers are better indicators than leaves of plant well‐being. Indeed, the chemical composition and amount of pollen and nectar that flowers produce, which ultimately serve as food resources for pollinators, change in response to environmental cues. Therefore, pollinators' preferences could be used as a measure of functional source‐to‐sink relationships for breeding decisions. To achieve this challenging goal, we propose to develop a pollinator‐assisted phenotyping and selection platform for automated quantification of Genotype × Environment × Pollinator interactions through an insect geo‐positioning system. Pollinator‐assisted selection can be validated by metabolic, transcriptomic, and ionomic traits, and mapping of candidate genes, linking floral and leaf traits, pollinator preferences, plant resilience, and crop productivity. This radical new approach can change the current paradigm of plant phenotyping and find new paths for crop redomestication and breeding assisted by ecological decisions.
Lack of efficacy of aprotinin over tranexamic acid in type A aortic dissection repair
Authors: Reidy Bryan , Aston Daniel , Sitaranjan Daniel , Fazmin Ibrahim Talal , Muir Martin , Ali Jason , De Silva Ravi , Falter Florian
Published: April 2024

Background

The role of aprotinin in modern cardiac surgery is not well defined. While licensed for use in isolated coronary artery bypass grafting it is more commonly used for cases deemed to be at an increased risk of bleeding. The relative efficacy, and safety profile, of aprotinin as compared to other antifibrinolytics in these high‐risk cases is uncertain.

Study Design and Methods

A retrospective observational study with propensity matching to determine whether aprotinin versus tranexamic acid reduced bleeding or transfusion requirements in patients presenting for surgical repair of type A aortic dissection (TAD).

Results

Between 2016 and 2022, 250 patients presented for repair of TAD. A total of 231 patients were included in the final analysis. Bleeding and transfusion were similar between both groups in both propensity matched and unmatched cohorts. Compared to tranexamic acid, aprotinin use did not reduce transfusion requirements for any product. Rates of bleeding in the first 12 h, return to theater and return to intensive care unit with an open packed chest were similar between groups. There was no difference in rates of renal failure, stroke, or death.

Conclusion

Aprotinin did not reduce the risk of bleeding or transfusion requirements in patients undergoing repair of type A aortic dissections. Efficacy of aprotinin may vary depending on the type of surgery performed and the underlying pathology.
The employment of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta in deployed settings
Authors: Taheri Branson D. , Fisher Andrew D. , Eisenhauer Ian F. , April Michael D. , Rizzo Julie A. , Guliani Sundeep S. , Flarity Kathleen M. , Cripps Michael , Bebarta Vikhyat S. , Wohlauer Max V. , Schauer Steven G.
Published: April 2024

Background

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) has been often used in place of open aortic occlusion for management of hemorrhagic shock in trauma. There is a paucity of data evaluating REBOA usage in military settings.

Study Design and Methods

We queried the Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DODTR) for all cases with at least one intervention or assessment available within the first 72 h after injury between 2007 and 2023. We used relevant procedural codes to identify the use of REBOA within the DODTR, and we used descriptive statistics to characterize its use.

Results

We identified 17 cases of REBOA placed in combat settings from 2017 to 2019. The majority of these were placed in the operating room (76%) and in civilian patients (70%). A penetrating mechanism caused the injury in 94% of cases with predominantly the abdomen and extremities having serious injuries. All patients subsequently underwent an exploratory laparotomy after REBOA placement, with moderate numbers of patients having spleen, liver, and small bowel injuries. The majority (82%) of included patients survived to hospital discharge.

Discussion

We describe 17 cases of REBOA within the DODTR from 2007 to 2023, adding to the limited documentation of patients undergoing REBOA in military settings. We identified patterns of injury in line with previous studies of patients undergoing REBOA in military settings. In this small sample of military casualties, we observed a high survival rate.
International managerial skill and big Colombian exporting firms' performance, 2006–2014
Authors: Merchán Álvarez Federico Alberto
Published: April 2024

This paper uses a sample of the biggest private Colombian exporting firms to propose and estimate a two‐step methodology for measuring international managerial skill and calculating its impact on international firm performance. The first step quantifies the managerial team's organisational capital contribution to rise firms' export proficiency through the average of a regression residuals group conformed by export unit value residuals for differentiated products (multiplying by −1 the price competition products' residuals) and export quantity residuals for homogeneous products. The second step results indicate that: (i) international managerial quality has a significant and robust positive effect on export value, (ii) better managers in the international market do not increase the number of products exported but upgrade export basket's quality and (iii) export value elasticity relative to international managerial quality is around 5 times larger than export value elasticity relative to exogenous global demand shocks.