bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal Consistency of the Meyer-Megargee Inmate Typology
Authors: JOHNSON DENNIS L. , SIMMONS JAMES G. , GORDON B. CARL
Published: March 2007

An initial sample of n = 316 MMPI profiles, produced by inmates at a Security Level III Federal Correctional Institution in Ashland, Kentucky, were subjected to the classification rules delineated by Megargee and Bohn (1979). Only 22 of these 316 profiles failed to meet the criteria for inclusion in at least one of the 10 Myer-Megargee types. The resultant 294 classifiable profiles (93%) were uniquely classified using only minimal (Set I) rules in combination with the accessory (Set II) rules provided by Megargee and Bohn (1979). Such a uniquely classifiable sample was intentionally selected for a potential bias towards stability. A final sample of n = 85 inmates were voluntarily retested (median test-retest interval = 9.78 months) and were classified. Only 16 of 85 inmates retained their original type designation upon retesting. On a subset of the overall sample (median test-retest = 3.15 months) only one of 14 profiles remained unchanged. These results both parallel and extend the data presented by Simmons, Johnson, Gouvier, and Muzyczka (1981) indicating marked instability sf the Myer-Megargee inmate typology. Thus, further data are amassed that question the efficacy of the Myer-Megargee typology for correctional decision-making.
A Critical Review of Social Skills Training with Young Offenders
Authors: HENDERSON MONIKA , HOLLIN CLIVE
Published: March 2007

The paper provides a critical review of 15 studies using Social Skills Training (SST) with delinquent populations. Conceptual and methodological issues are also discussed. It is concluded that the findings do not yet provide unequivocal support for the usefulness of SST in reducing criminal behavior of delinquents, and that failure to show consistent generalization and durability of training effects must be taken into account when discussing the efficacy of such treatment with young offenders.
Crowding and Prison Violence
Authors: ELLIS DESMOND
Published: March 2007

A review of the literature on social density/crowding effects indicates the need for a process explanation of the density, violence, crowding relationship. The mediational variables that should be included in such an explanation are age, transiency, and their relation with social density and crowding, as described in the model. Unique to this model is the treatment of crowding as a cognitive-evaluative state and as a dependent variable. In an attempt to indicate its utility, the model is, in the final segment of the article, applied to a concrete situation.
Eyewitness Composite Production
Authors: DAVIES GRAHAM , MILNE ALAN
Published: March 2007

Recent research has demonstrated that reinstatement of the original context of an incident can facilitate the performance of eyewitness at line-up. Groups of housewives (n=8) were allocated to the cells of a 2 × 2 factorial design that contrasted the effects of physical reinstatement (testing in the same or different room) with mental reinstatement of context (spontaneous recall or guided rehearsal of the original incident) on memory for the appearance of an unexpected intruder. Irrespective of room used for testing, memory guidance increased the quality of facial composites produced by witnesses (p < .001). Physical reinstatement of context also improved composite quality, though to a lesser extent (p < .05). No significant effects for either guidance or context were found on either recall of the physical details of the intruder or a simulated mugbook identification task.
Getting Rid of the Prima Donnas
Authors: ROSECRANCE JOHN
Published: March 2007

The accommodations of criminal justice personnel to changes in organizational structure is an unresearched phenomenon. Drawing upon qualitative data, I present a historical accounting of how probation officers responded to the bureaucratization of their department. Patterns of accommodation resembled those described by Presthus as (1) upwardly mobile, (2) indifferent, and (3) ambivalent. An analysis of these patterns helps provide an understanding of organizational dynamics prevailing in contemporary agencies. Those officers most suited to a bureaucratic setting dominate today's probation practice.
Behavior Modification in Probation Work
Authors: REMINGTON BOB , REMINGTON MARINA
Published: March 2007

The clinical utility of behavior modification has frequently been demonstrated with problems in living of the kind often encountered in probation casework. Despite this, the approach has been used only infrequently in the probation context. A review of the literature reveals that probation workers are receptive to behavior modification concepts, and that their knowledge of, and competence with, the approach is enhanced by training. However, the evidence that trained probation officers can implement behavioral procedures in everyday casework, and that behavioral casework then produces successful client outcome, is indicative rather than definitive. Possible reasons for difficulties with the implementation and outcome of behavior modification in probation settings are discussed, and consideration is given to ways in which the potential use of behavior modification in probation casework may be more fully realized.
The Effect of Layoff on Police Authoritarianism
Authors: AUSTIN THOMAS L. , HALE DONNA C. , RAMSEY LOLA J.
Published: March 2007

Researchers generally agree with the idea of the police personality; however, there exists disagreement as to whether it is primarily attributable to predispositional traits or on-the-job socialization. As a test of the two major theoretical models, two groups of recalled police officers who were laid off approximately one and two years, respectively, were administered the short-form Rokeach Dogmatism Scale. Employment status during layoff was considered essential in comparing authoritarian levels between the two groups. It was hypothesized that if authoritarian levels of both groups, regardless of layoff employment status, did not differ significantly, then the predispositional model would be supported. If the groups' levels of authoritarianism did vary significantly, then the socialization model would have merit. Although race and age are associated with authoritarianism levels, the results support the predispositional model. Implications from the findings are discussed.
The Moral Education Approach in Treating Adult Inmates
Authors: MacPHAIL DANIEL D.
Published: March 2007

This study reveals the effects of a three-phase moral education program with adult male inmates over a seven-month period. Individuals making up five groups from a medium- and minimum-security institution were randomly assigned and matched for stage of moral development, age, ethnic group, prior record, and governing offense. The overall mean score of two experimental groups from the minimum-security institution and one experimental group from the medium-security institution were significantly higher than the overall control group mean score for ego development and moral judgment. In addition, there was a significantly positive relationship between ego and moral development.
Evaluating MMPI Validity in a Forensic Psychiatric Population
Authors: ROMAN DEBORAH D. , TULEY MICHAEL R. , VILLANUEVA MICHAEL R. , MITCHELL WILLIAM E.
Published: March 2007

The MMPI scores of 353 forensic psychiatric patients were examined to determine the validity scale characteristics of this population. Frequency distributions are provided for L, F, K, F-K, and O-S. These findings suggest that traditional cutoffs for these scales are of questionable use in determining the validity of MMPI scores for this population. It is suggested that elevations on validity measures in this population may be due to characterological features, substance abuse, and the presence of acute psychopathology in addition to deliberate efforts to deceive. The validity and clinical scale characteristics of a small group of identified malingerers ( n = 10) were compared to those of psychotic patients and were found to be distinctly different. Malingerers scored significantly higher on all “fake bad” validity measures (F, F-K, and O-S) and all clinical scales except 5 and 9, and lower on L and K. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Methodological Issues in Research on Physical Child Abuse
Authors: MASH ERIC J. , WOLFE DAVID A.
Published: March 2007

Considerable effort has been expended over the past 2 decades to advance our knowledge of the causes and cures for child abuse. Although important gains have been made, unfortunately the knowledge base that guides our policies and interventions in the area of physical child abuse still reflects an abundance of clinical folklore and/or research that is seriously methodologically flawed. Many inconsistent and contradictory research findings exist which simply cannot be reconciled because of the many differences in samples, methods, and definitions of independent and dependent variables that characterize studies in this area. These methodological issues are highlighted, with some suggestions for improving the scientific quality of future studies.
Peer Group Norms among Jewish and Arab Juveniles in Israel
Authors: SHERER MOSHE
Published: March 2007

Peer group norms of Jewish and Arab street-corner youth groups in Israel were studied using a peer norm indicator that measures two clusters of norms: three positive (motivation, respect for authority, helping others) and three negative (aggression, manipulation, criminality; Grissom, 1977). The norms of these groups were compared with those of two control groups (one Jewish and the other Arab) consisting of junior and senior high school students. The results indicated higher negative norms among the Arab street-corner youngsters than among their Jewish counterparts. The findings may provide an explanation for the occurrence of high levels of crime among Arab youth. An alternative explanation is discussed as well, taking into consideration possible discrimination against Arab youth by the criminal justice system in Israel.
Reducing the Intra-Institutional Effects of “Prisonization”
Authors: PEAT BARBARA J. , WINFREE L. THOMAS
Published: March 2007

“Prisonization,” or prison socialization, has long been recognized as a process with goals that are antithetical to the reintegration of ex-offenders. That is, it deemphasizes and even denigrates legitimate authority and middle-class values. Prison-based therapeutic communities, on the other hand, are intended to improve the attitudes and orientations of participants. This research examines three groups within a single-prison community — general-population inmates, therapeutic-community participants (TC inmates), and inmates eligible for the TC (“wannabes”)—in order to determine the extent to which levels of prisonization can be used to predict group membership.
The Role of Deviant Sexual Arousal in Juvenile Sexual Offending
Authors: HUNTER JOHN A. , BECKER JUDITH V.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the construct of deviant sexual arousal and its application to understanding juvenile sexual offending. In contrast to the relatively extensive investigation of deviant sexual interests in adult sex offenders, the juvenile offender literature is just beginning to emerge. Studies are reviewed relevant to the etiology of deviant sexual arousal in juveniles, its measurement, and attempts to alter such patterns through the application of cognitive-behavioral methodologies. The authors urge caution in comparing the etiology and clinical manifestation of deviant sexual behavior in juveniles and adults, and suggest that juvenile sex offenders represent a heterogeneous population with diverse evaluative and treatment needs.
Neutralization and Delinquency among Teenagers
Authors: SHIELDS IAN W. , WHITEHALL GEORGA C.
Published: March 2007

A review of the literature dealing with Sykes and Matza's theory of delinquency suggests that there is a need for a measure of their concept of neutralization that is both psychometrically sound and sensitive to the limited verbal skills of many delinquents. A neutralization scale was accordingly developed; evidence is offered to suggest that it is both reliable, in terms of internal consistency, and valid, in terms of (a) its relationship with other measures of a propensity toward delinquency, (b) its ability to differentiate between delinquents and nondelinquents, and (c) its ability to predict subsequent delinquency among incarcerated young offenders (both while institutionalized and during a 1-year postdischarge follow-up).
MMPI-2 and Race in a Forensic Diagnostic Sample
Authors: BEN-PORATH YOSSEF S. , SHONDRICK DENISE D. , STAFFORD KATHLEEN P.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the association between race and MMPI-2 scores in a sample of 211 individuals who completed the MMPI-2 as part of their court-ordered forensic psychological evaluations. Of these, 137 Caucasians and 47 African Americans produced valid MMPI-2 protocols. The two groups' mean scores on the MMPI-2 validity, clinical, content, and substance abuse scales were compared through a series of analyses of variance. Significant differences between the two groups were found only on the content scales Cynicism and Antisocial Practices, with the African American group scoring higher than the Caucasian group. Discussion focuses on the relative absence of differences between African Americans' and Caucasians' MMPI-2 scores in this study and on directions for further research.
HIV-Related Behaviors in Transitional Correctional Settings
Authors: SCHILLING ROBERT F. , IVANOFF ANDRÉ , EL-BASSEL NABILA , SOFFA FRED
Published: March 2007

Although investigators have studied HIV-related behavior and attitudes in prisons, little is known about HIV/AIDS phenomena in work release or other alternative forms of incarceration. This study examined the sexual- and drug-risk behavior of 270 male drug users in three work-release facilities located in New York City, comparing their self-reported risk profiles to findings from studies of related high-risk samples in other settings. The respondents reported lower rates of current drug use (heroin, crack cocaine, and alcohol), injection drug use, sexual risk taking, and sexually transmitted diseases than did these comparison groups, and the respondents reported comparable rates of condom use. The rates of most HIV-related risk behaviors in this sample were substantially lower than those reported in other studies of comparison populations. Explanations for these unexpectedly low rates of self-reported risk behavior are offered, and ways in which to overcome practical and methodological challenges that arise in conducting HIV/AIDS research in transitional correctional settings are suggested.
Risk Assessment for Juveniles on Probation
Authors: FUNK STEPHANIE J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a study that examines the utility of separate risk assessment instruments for classifying male and female delinquents on probation. It addresses these questions: (a) Do separate instruments classify juveniles' risks for reoffending better than a combined instrument? and (b) Do risk factors differ for female and male reoffenders? These issues are explored using data gathered from a large metropolitan juvenile court. The findings indicate that separate risk assessment instruments improve classifications of risk for reoffending, especially among females. Furthermore, female risk factors differ substantially from those of their male counterparts. Implications are discussed for applied and theoretical research.
Agenda for a City
Authors: Fitch Lyle C. , Walsh Annmarie Hauck
Published: March 2007

"Service delivery is the specialty of the city government. The more competently it performs this function, the greater will be its bargaining power in Albany and Washington. Successful local program management and supportive local constit uents in this urban colossus cannot be ignored by other governments ... This, therefore, is the problem-rich prospect for New York as it enters the 1970s. On the positive side, however, there are a diversified, resilient and growing economy, and a long record of comparative political stability. One may optimistically hope that the present period is one of growing pains...."
The Quality of Administration
Authors: Sigelman Lee
Published: March 2007

This article proposes seven standards for evaluating the quality of administration in the American states and offers quantitative indicators for five of these standards. The interrelationships among these indicators are explored, and the indicators are related to a number of the socioeconomic and political features of the states. Some suggestions are offered concerning further study of administration in the American state context.
A Theoretical Problem in Comparative Administration
Authors: Bendor Jona Than
Published: March 2007

It is well known that the developmental model has encountered severe empirical, methodological, and theoretical difficulties. It is, however, not easy to discard an idea when there are no substitutes. Accordingly, an alternative theory-one borrowing biological notions of evolution-is offered as a replacement. Because many scholars have failed to distinguish "development" from "evolution," the properties of the two models are spelled out and their differences specified. To illustrate the new model, it is shown how the problem of developmental stages can be reformulated in evolutionary terms. Finally, two methodological problems of evolutionary theory, its falsifiability and its predictive and explanatory power, are briefly discussed.
Representative Bureaucracy and Bueaucratic Responsibility
Authors: Saltzstein Gracehall
Published: March 2007

Scholars concerned with representative bureaucracy have expressed considerable interest in the possibility of a linkage between active and passive representation. However, the theory of representative bureaucracy as a means of insuring administra tive responsibility remains widely misunderstood and poorly operationalized. This essay provides an explication of the theory, evaluates existing attempts to operation alize the concepts involved, and reaches conclusions regarding the utility ofthe theory as legitimation of bureaucratic policy-making. The discussion seeks to clarify some of the ambiguities concerning the theory and to demonstrate the methodological com plexities involved in attempts to test the existence of representativeness in bureaucracy.
State Executive Branch Reorganization
Authors: Garnett James L. , Levine Charles H.
Published: March 2007

Despite all the controversy and expense that have surrounded state executive branch reorganization for more than sixty years, most of what we know is anecdotal, fragmentary, conceptually imprecise and untested. This study is designed to contribute conceptual and empirical order to the study of reorganization by analyzing data drawn from coding most of the state reorganizations of this century. Three central questions are addressed: (I) Why do state reorganizations occur? (2) Whatforms do reorganized executive branches take? (3) How are state executive reorganizations conducted? What strategies and tactics are applied with regard to adoption? We tested 40 hypotheses derived from the relationships of three competing and complementary perspectives on reorganization with three adoption strategies and four dimensions of executive reorganization.
Measuring Organizational Power
Authors: Meier Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

Although power is a major concern of organization theory, little research has focused on the horizontal dimension of power between organizations at relatively equal hierarchical levels. This study attempts to fill that void by operationalizing organizational power for 127 federal government agencies. The derived measure is subjected to tests for internal and external validity by empirically testing one promising theory of agency power.
Bureaucratization and Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Sigelman Lee
Published: March 2007

This article develops a hypothesis concerning one particular aspect of the organizational change process. Various interpretations of the linkage between bureaucratization and organizational effectiveness are laid out and then synthesized into a more comprehensive interpretation.
Congress, the Bureaucracy, and Casework
Authors: Johannes John R.
Published: March 2007

Based on interviews with and questionnaires returned by a total of 232 federal branch and 402 current and former members of Congress and congressional staff assistants, this study tests three hypotheses about congressional casework: (1) that it is more useful than commonly believed for purposes of congressional and internal executive oversight of programs, personnel, and operations; (2) that congressional and administrative elites hold very similar views about congressional casework; and (3) that the positions and responsibilities held by congressional and administrator participants in the casework process affect their views toward casework in a fashion predicted by a textbook understanding of administrative processes. The findings of the study generally support the hypotheses, differing somewhat with previous findings at the state level. Explanations for the discrepancy are provided and an assessment of the consequence is made.
Environmental Turbulence
Authors: White Michael C. , Crino Michael D. , Kedia Ben L.
Published: March 2007

It is a generally accepted proposition in the literature on organizations that there is a monotonic relationship among increasing environmental complexity, organizational interdependence, and increasing environmental turbulence. Moreover, this proposition also assumes that increasing environmental complexity for the organization and increasing organizational interdependencies lead to increased uncertainty for organizational growth and survival. This article challenges this latter assumption by arguing that organizational theory generally has ignored the industrial organization economics literature. This literature contradicts the increasing uncertainty assumption considered by many to be a major contribution to the literature by Emery and Trist.
Complaining as Participation
Authors: Miewald Robert D. , Comer John C.
Published: March 2007

Complaining is seen as a form of participation in administration. Although the literature recommends greater participation, we have little evidence about what sort of people are likely to complain and what the effect of their participation through complaining will be. The attitudes of people who had complained to the Nebraska ombudsman were compared with a sample of citizens who had not complained. The complainers were found to have a lower sense of political efficacy and were more cynical about government than the noncomplainers. The implications of complaining for public administrators are discussed.
Two Critical Issues of American Public Administration
Authors: Ventriss Curtis
Published: March 2007

American public administration has been described as a field that lacks a coherent theoretical foundation. Many believe that this theoretical paucity has left the field vulnerable to public misconceptions and attacks. To confront this dilemma it is necessary, as a preliminary step, to examine two crucial points central to public administration: (1) the role of managerialism, and (2) the relationship of public administration to the state. This article discusses these two issues and addresses how public administration needs to formulate a new linkage to the meaning of "the public."
Varieties of Administrative Abuse
Authors: Morgan Douglas F.
Published: March 2007

If we are to succeed in crafting appropriate solutions to prevent abuses of administrative discretion, we must pay serious attention to three major perspectives that shape the exercise of administrative authority: the perspective of lawmakers, who create at least four different kinds of discretion; the perspective of clients, who may suffer from one or more of five major forms of administrative abuse; and the perspective of practitioners, who are influenced in varying ways by the moral propensities of the work setting. The article concludes with a brief discussion and illustration of how these multiple perspectives need to be taken into account when devising solutions to prevent various abuses of administrative discretion.
Governing in Bureaucracies
Authors: Hult Karen M.
Published: March 2007

This analysis applies a variant of organization theory, the governance approach, to the 1982 formulation by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services of the parental notification rule covering adolescents who receive prescription contraceptives from federally funded family planning clinics. Uncertainties about and controversies over policy goals and technologies shaped and reflected the policy debate and the structures developed for finalizing the rule. By highlighting the role of formal and informal structure in influencing decision process and outcome, governance theory provides a conceptual language for discussing how organizations do and should cope with uncertainty and conflict, and broadens the range of possible decision structures that might be adopted.
Administrative and Organization Behavior
Authors: Schott Richard L.
Published: March 2007

Recent research in the field of cognitive psychology provides some surprising and important insights for students of administration. This article reviews various leitmotifs of the field and discusses several aspects-among them, perception, schema formation, information processing, and the evolution of the brain which have a direct bearing on administration and organizations. Finally, it explores the implications which these findings have for understanding administrative behavior.
State Autonomy and Societal Pressure
Authors: Stritch Andrew J.
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the validity of the statist approach in explaining U.S. import policy for steel in the mid-1980s. It focuses on a body of theoretical literature, exemplified in the works of Eric Nordlinger, Stephen Krasner, Theda Skocpol, and others, and evaluates the contention that policy formation can be best understood in terms of the state's autonomy from "politically weighty " social forces. It argues that despite some theoretical and methodological limitations, a statist approach offers a better explanation of policy development in this case than do society-centered models. State actors successfully resisted the disparate parochial demands of the steel industry, even though other countervailing societal pressures were weak. Of central significance was the fact that steel import policy had widespread political and economic implications that went well beyond the steel sector in both domestic and international affairs. The principal state actors felt compelled to locate steel policy within this broader context and to restrain the steel industry's actions accordingly. To do this, it was necessary for the state to maintain a substantial degree of autonomy from organized societal pressure.
The Place of Constitutionalism in the Education of Public Administrators
Authors: Maletz Donald J.
Published: March 2007

The American Society for Public Administration's code of professional ethics culminates in an admonition to respect, supports and even study constitutions, both state and federal. However, an understanding of constitutionalism is an often neglected or perfunctory element in the educational program for public administrators. In his influential l887 essay on public administration, Woodrow Wilson reasoned that because there is near universal agreement about constitutional principles in modern society, concentration should be chiefly on problems of effective management. The recent rebirth of concern for education in professional ethics generally and ethics in public administration in particular also reveals a tendency to approach the issues in a way that is still insufficiently connected to constitutional norms. The remedy for such difficulties is a critique of the ideological temper on the basis of what might be called an ethic of constitutional government, which to the extent that it can be elaborated satisfactorily should be an important component of the education offered to future public administrators.
State Administration and the Founding Fathers During the Critical Period
Authors: Beach John C. , Carter Elaine D. , Dede Martha J. , Goodsell Charles T. , Guignard Rose-May , Haraway William M. , Kumar Monisha , Morgan Betty N. , Sweet Virginia K.
Published: March 2007

Some scholars stress the absence of discussion in the U.S. Constitution of public administrative institutions, concluding that bureaucracy's role in American government is thereby legally and historically suspect. An important insight on this point can be gained by examining public administration activities in the 13 original states during the "Critical Period" between the Declaration of Independence and the Constitutional Convention. Administrative arrangements were surprisingly elaborate during this period, although not necessarily housed under an executive branch. Moreover, state governments already were performing-by means of these arrangements-almost all of the powers explicitly enumerated in the new federal government. The Founding Fathers, far from being ignorant of prevailing state administrative institutions or their activities in these areas, were immersed in them. Hence they must have clearly understood what would be required administratively of the new federal government.
Koop as an Exemplar of Moral and Democratic Decision Making
Authors: Bowman James S. , Wall Brent
Published: March 2007

This study-examines the problems addressed by Surgeon General C. Everett Koop in order to extract the virtues or values-the moral point of view-embedded in his actions. These are then compared to competing theoretical approaches in public administration ethics to determine the ethicalframe of reference of Koop 's decisions. The analysis reveals that Koop followed a personal ethic as well as a public service ethic. The authors argue that his approach not only makes democratic and moral deliberations possible but in fact defines them. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of thefindings for ethical theory in public administration.
Parallel Virtual Organizations
Authors: Allcorn Seth
Published: March 2007

The growing presence in the workplace of computers that are linked together to form intraorganizational networks (intranets), thus enabling unprecedented electronic employee connectedness, contains within it a collision between the traditional hierarchically organized physical workplace and the potentially chaotic virtual workplace. This article describes this new workplace context as a parallel virtual organization (PVO) that possesses its own values and culture independent of its host culture, the traditional bureaucratic hierarchical organization (BHO). The growth of PVOs means that a transitional space must be developed initially between them and their BHO counterparts to enable the eventual merger of the two organization forms to create a new, more dynamic, and fluid organization that, by its nature, innovates to keep pace with rapid and unrelenting change in the marketplace. The psychological, social, and technical aspects of the rise of the parallel virtual organization are discussed.
Accounting for Sub Governments
Authors: Jordan Grant , Maloney William A.
Published: March 2007

The article begins by comparing the use of terms such as policy community and sub government by different authors and in different (JS. and UK) political science traditions. Although accepting the major body of work that points to the erosion of sub governments, the authors argue that too much emphasis on the complexity and volatility of policy making masks underlying tendencies to stability and bargaining The need for the resolution of conflict both leads to perennial attempts to reconstruct islands of stability and to attempts to "solve" unique disputes by adopting some of the features that have been traditionally associated with sub governments. The authors identify the key characteristics of stable arrangements and attempt to explain their evolution by identifying the benefits of these arrangements for policy makers.
Spontaneous Talk, Linguistic Capital, and Diversity
Authors: Rich Wilbur C.
Published: March 2007

In knowledge-based organizations, talk is more than just talk. Verbal ability plays a key role in career mobility in the workplace. Every worker is also expected to have good listening and interpretive skills. These skills are essential because the communication system in such organizations contains linguistic codes that allow several different messages to be sent in a single transmission. As minorities and women move into white-collar positions, they must be able to decipher the linguistic codes within these messages. Organizations are reluctant to teach them the code because so much of the existing power arrangement is organized around the receptive and interpretive skills of White males. This article discusses how codes are used to maintain the status quo and inhibit the career mobility of minorities and women.
The Afro-American Woman's Emerging Selves
Authors: Brown-Collins Alice R. , Sussewell Deborah Ridley
Published: March 2007

This article goes beyond the question of the positive-negative valence of the Afro-American female self-concept. It pro poses a model of self-concept formation for Afro-American women that explains the complexity involved in the syn thesis of gender and race self-referents. Three self-referents. psychophysiological referent, African-American referent, and myself referent, are proposed to provide an under standing of the Black female self.
The Themes Concerning Blacks (TCB) Projective Technique as a Measure of Racial Identity: An Exploratory Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: White Aaronette M. , Olivieira D. France , Strube Michael J. , Meertens Roel H.
Published: March 2007

The usefulness of the Themes Concerning Blacks (TCB) as a measure of racial identification was explored among African American, African Dutch, and African Surinamese samples. Generally, most of the characters on the TCB cards were perceived by all three groups in ways parallel to the objective description of the cards, the highest number of recorded themes was given to the same cards by all groups, the emotional tone of most of the stories was moderately sad, the outcome of most stories was neutral, and Afrotypic (race-specific) content was significantly absentfrom stories. The absence may be due to the adverse effects of oppression on identity, guarded behavior in the testing situation, and the crudeness of the scoring system. Recommendations forfuture studies using the TCB are given.
Promoting Ethnic Identity Development in African American Youth: The Role of Rites of Passage
Authors: Brookins Craig C.
Published: March 2007

Contemporary adolescent rites-of-passage interventions within the African American community are designed to positively influence the ethnic identity of African American youth through activities that provide historical and cultural information, teach intellectual and social skills, and promote values that are consistent with African American culture and community needs. Unfortunately, it is unclear how consistent these interventions are with current developmental research and theory. This article presents and describes the adolescent developmental pathways paradigm (ADPP), a rites-of-passage modelforAfrican American youth that provides a developmentalframework for ethnic identity development and integrates it into the current literature on adolescent rites of passage. Particular attention is given to the ecological context within which adolescent-focused interventions currently operate and have been shown to be effective. The implications of the ADPPfor adolescent development, community empowerment, social change, andfuture research are also discussed.
Toward the Development of an Ethnic Identity Measure for African American Youth
Authors: Smith Emilie Phillips , Brookins Craig C.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the preliminary researchfindings on the Multi-Construct African American Identity Questionnaire, an instrument designed to measure several proposed components of racial/ethnic identity in African American adolescents. Data are presented on African American youth, ranging from 11 to 18 years of age, at two urban sites in the midwestern and southeastern United States. The psychometric properties of the instrument are examined, and information is included on the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity of the instrument. The findings are also examined in the context of current theoretical models of ethnic identity and its relationship to self-construct and personal identity. The implications of thefindingsfor the healthy development of African American youth are discussed.
Assessing the Stressful Effects of Racism: A Review of Instrumentation
Authors: Utsey Shawn O.
Published: March 2007

This article reviewed six instruments developed to assess the psychological processes associated with the experience of racism among African Americans. Although the instruments reviewed in this article are relatively new and have not undergone any extensive psychometric scrutiny, all of them contribute to providing the psychological technology necessary to assess the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral consequences of racial discrimination amongAfricanAmericans. The Racism Reaction Scale (RRS), Perceived Racism Scale (PRS), Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS), Racism and Life Experience Scale-Brief Version (RaLES-B), Schedule of Racist Events (SRE), and the Perceptions of Racism Scale (PoRS) were all reviewed with regard to their initial development, psychometric properties, and practical use. Recommendations for modifications, revisions, and additional reliability and validity evidence are presentedfor each measure.
The Prejudice Perception Assessment Scale: Measuring Stigma Vulnerability among African American Students at Predominantly Euro-American Universities
Authors: Gilbert Dorie J.
Published: March 2007

Building on previous social-psychological studies, the Prejudice Perception Assessment Scale (PPAS) was developed to measure stigma vulnerability-the phenomenon of attributing negative, interpersonal feedback to prejudice in ambiguous situations-among African American students on predominantly Euro-American campuses. This article describes the methodological procedures followed in developing the PPAS, a brief scale composed offive vignettes aimed at assessing the extent to which participants tend to perceive prejudice as the cause of negative, interpersonal outcomes in ambiguous situations. Results from two studies with African American participants (N = 66 and N = 109, respectively) indicate that the construct of stigma vulnerability is conceptually similar but different from participants'general mistrust of Whites. The PPAS has good internal consistency and measures stigma vulnerability as a unidimensional variable.
The Status of Racial/Ethnic Research in Counseling Psychology: Committed or Complacent?
Authors: Carter Robert T. , Akinsulure-Smith Adeyinka M. , Smailes Elizabeth M. , Clauss Caroline S.
Published: March 2007

There has been a growing demandfor research that explores racial/ethnic issues within psychology. However, analyses of leading counseling psychology journals suggest that attention devoted to racial/ethnic issues is disproportionately less in comparison to other topics. This study is a content analysis of racial and ethnic issues in three journals along specific areas for their level of commitment versus complacency: studyframe, method, analysis, and discussion. Preliminary results indicate that research in this area is more complacent than committed. Results and recommendations forfuture study will be discussed in light of thesefindings.
Statistics Anxiety among African American Graduate Students: An Affective Filter?
Authors: Onwuegbuzie Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

The recruitment and retention of African Americans in graduate schools remains a significant problem. Statistics anxiety has been found to be prevalent among graduate students, being implicated both as a barrier to success in quantitative courses and a barrier to completion of theses and dissertations. To date, it is unclear whether African American graduate students experience higher levels of statistics anxiety. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare levels of statistics anxiety between African American and Caucasian American graduate students. A series of t tests revealed that the African American graduate students had higher levels of statistics anxiety than did their Caucasian American counterparts. Recommendations for future research are provided. Also, implications for educators responsible for recruiting and retaining African American graduate students are discussed.
Children's Drawings
Authors: La Voy S. Kathleen , Pedersen William C. , Reitz Jeanne M. , Brauch Adam A. , Luxenberg Toni M. , Nofsinger Chrismon C.
Published: March 2007

Research suggests that children's drawings are reflective of their culture. In the drawings of seven and eight year old children from Japan and the United States it was found that Japanese children drew significantly fewer smiles, a higher number of details and larger figures. Findings are interpreted within cultural differences.
The Effects of Fluctuations in Blood Glucose Level on Reading Test Performance
Authors: Hunter William J. , Wentzell Sharon L. , Tan Meng H.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effect of fluctuations in blood glucose on the reading performance of diabetic school children. Nine diabetic children between the ages of 9 and 12 years were compared with a group of non-diabetics of the same ages and sex, who were matched on academic potential (by teacher judgement). The dependent variables were the vocabulary and reading comprehension subtests of the Canadian Test of Basic Skills. Although no achievement differences were found, differences were demonstrated in the time required to complete the subtests. The intercorrelations of achievement measures with blood glucose levels were also examined. The implications of these results, together with the limited existing literature, are discussed in terms of the directions needed in future research and the possible impact they might have on classroom practice.
The Future of School Psychology in France
Authors: Guillemarda Jean-Claude
Published: March 2007

School psychology began in France in 1945. After a slow development, the number of appointed school psychologists reached 3000 by the 1980s. With an administrative status of a 'special teacher' working in school psychology, and a professional training quite insufficient so that most of them improve by themselves, French school psychologists seem in a poor professional situation by comparison with many other developed countries.
Sex Differences in Test Anxiety in Terms of the Worry-Emotionality Distinction
Authors: Hagtvet Knut A.
Published: March 2007

The components of worry and emotionality of the test anxiety construct (Liebert and Morris, 1967) were expected to operate as a unitary response construct in girls of grade six when the context of an evaluative achievement setting was explicitly included in the measuring operation. In the same situational context, worry and emotionality were expected to operate as two distinctive non-overlapping response constructs in boys at the same age. The findings supported these expectations and were interpreted in terms of a cognitive-attentional theory of test anxiety. The importance of measuring worry and emotionality explicitly embedded in an evaluative interpersonal achievement context is emphasized.
Screening Kindergarteners at an International School
Authors: Mardell-Czudnowski Carol
Published: March 2007

Sixty-four kindergarteners at an international school were screened with DIAL-R (Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of LearningRevised). Genetic variables (sex, race), environmental variables (years in host country, parental educational level, birth order and size of family, bilingualism of child and parents, birthplace, primary language of child and parents), and the interaction of race and primary language of the child were analysed to ascertain their effect on the four DIAL-R scores. Significant differences are discussed and the conclusion is drawn that when using an American normed test with a heterogeneous population, local norms are advisable for correctly interpreting and meeting the needs of young children.
Stress and the School Psychologist
Authors: Burden Robert L.
Published: March 2007

Representative groups of English (n = 20) and Australian (n = 34) school psychologists were asked to complete the School Psychologists and Stress Inventory (SPSI) and their responses compared with those of a larger but more disparate US sample. Similar levels of stress were reported in all three countries but specific differences as well as similarities were found in the identification of sources of stress. Some possible reasons for these differences are speculated and the strengths and weaknesses of the questionnaire approach to stress is discussed.
Evaluation of Children with Learning Disabilities on Luria's Neuropsychological Test Battery
Authors: Rieck Miriam
Published: March 2007

The performance of 10 learning disabled (LD) children and 14 controls (age range 8-14 years) on the Luria-Nebraska-Manitoba Neuro-psychological Test Battery for Children (MCLNTB) was compared. LD children performed significantly less well than control children on the 11 MCLNTB summary scales. IQ was found to correlate with performance on all MCLNTB measures. When IQ was partialled out, 4 of the 11 summary scale scores remained significantly lower for LDs, while one became lower for controls. Inspection of the level of performance on the 149 items comprising the summary scales suggested that the MCLNTB is sensitive to functional deficit and areas of strength in children with LD, thus rendering it useful for psychoeducational diagnosis. Implications for future research concerning the relationship between IQ and LD are discussed.
Meaningful Evaluation of Educational Programmes Through a Consultancy Role for Educational Psychologists
Authors: Macgregor Alan
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes the necessity for effective evaluation of educational programmes and suggests specifically that educational psychologists working within a consultancy model should carefully address the issue of evaluation if it is to be meaningful. The intention is to explore the concept of what is meaningful evaluation and how it can educational psychologists.
A Change in Focus... Without Losing Sight of the Child
Authors: Kaser Roland
Published: March 2007

Due to the influence of family therapy, ecological and systems theory approaches, there has been an increasing tendency within school psychology to shift the focus of attention from the individual problem child to the child's environment (mainly the school and family) and to place the main emphasis upon prevention. The paper questions the legitimacy and expediency of this change in focus and examines consequences for school psychology as a profession. A newly developed taxonomic model provides an overview of various school psychological activities, and some basic structural and process phenomena observed in the school psychological context are described and analysed using systems and communications theory. Based on these, eight statements put forward the view that school psychology should in the future continue to attend to both problem-oriented individual casework and preventive and context-related tasks. This polyvalent orientation requires us to formulate new professional guidelines for school psychologists as 'successive generalists', who see professional learning as a life-long process and change the focus of their activities during the course of their professional development.