bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When ecological marginality is not geographically peripheral: exploring genetic predictions of the centre-periphery hypothesis in the endemic plantLilium pomponium
Authors: Casazza Gabriele , Macrì Carmelo , Dagnino Davide , Guerrina Maria , Juin Marianick , Minuto Luigi , Thompson John D. , Baumel Alex , Médail Frédéric
Published: March 2021

Background

Quantifying variation of genetic traits over the geographical range of species is crucial for understanding the factors driving their range dynamics. The center-periphery hypothesis postulates, and many studies support, the idea that genetic diversity decreases and genetic differentiation increases toward the geographical periphery due to population isolation. The effects of environmental marginality on genetic variation has however received much less attention.

Methods

We tested the concordance between geographical and environmental gradients and the genetic predictions of center-periphery hypothesis for endemicLilium pomponiumin the southern Alps.

Results

We found little evidence for concordance between genetic variation and both geographical and environmental gradients. Although the prediction of increased differentiation at range limits is met, genetic diversity does not decrease towards the geographical periphery. Increased differentiation among peripheral populations, that are not ecologically marginal, may be explained by a decrease in habitat availability that reduces population connectivity. In contrast, a decrease of genetic diversity along environmental but not geographical gradients may be due to the presence of low quality habitats in the different parts of the range of a species that reduce effective population size or increase environmental constraints. As a result, environmental factors may affect population dynamics irrespective of distance from the geographical center of the range. In such situations of discordance between geographical and environmental gradients, the predictions of decreasing genetic diversity and increasing differentiation toward the geographical periphery may not be respected.
A novel predicted ADP-ribosyltransferase-like family conserved in eukaryotic evolution
Authors: Wyżewski Zbigniew , Gradowski Marcin , Krysińska Marianna , Dudkiewicz Małgorzata , Pawłowski Krzysztof
Published: March 2021

The presence of many completely uncharacterized proteins, even in well-studied organisms such as humans, seriously hampers full understanding of the functioning of the living cells. ADP-ribosylation is a common post-translational modification of proteins; also nucleic acids and small molecules can be modified by the covalent attachment of ADP-ribose. This modification, important in cellular signalling and infection processes, is usually executed by enzymes from the large superfamily of ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs). Here, using bioinformatics approaches, we identify a novel putative ADP-ribosyltransferase family, conserved in eukaryotic evolution, with a divergent active site. The hallmark of these proteins is the ART domain nestled between flanking leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains. LRRs are typically involved in innate immune surveillance. The novel family appears as putative novel ADP-ribosylation-related actors, most likely pseudoenzymes. Sequence divergence and lack of clearly detectable “classical” ART active site suggests the novel domains are pseudoARTs, yet atypical ART activity, or alternative enzymatic activity cannot be excluded. We propose that this family, including its human member LRRC9, may be involved in an ancient defense mechanism, with analogies to the innate immune system, and coupling pathogen detection to ADP-ribosyltransfer or other signalling mechanisms.
LncRNA‐ZXF1 stabilizes P21 expression in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma by inhibiting ubiquitination‐mediated degradation and regulating the miR‐378a‐3p/PCDHA3 axis
Authors: Kong Deshui , Hou Yixin , Li Wenzhi , Ma Xiaohong , Jiang Jie
Published: March 2021

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have a profound effect on biological processes in various malignancies. However, few studies have investigated their functions and specific mechanisms in endometrial cancer. In this study, we focused on the role and mechanism of lncRNA‐ZXF1 in endometrial cancer. Bioinformatics and in vitro and in vivo experiments were used to explore the expression and function of lncRNA‐ZXF1. We found that lncRNA‐ZXF1 altered the migration and invasion of endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) cells. Furthermore, our results suggest that lncRNA‐ZXF1 regulates EEC cell proliferation. This regulation may be achieved by the lncRNA‐ZXF1‐mediated alteration in the expression of P21 through two mechanisms. One is that lncRNA‐ZXF1 functions as a molecular sponge of miR‐378a‐3p to regulate PCDHA3 expression and then modulate the expression of P21. The other is that lncRNA‐ZXF1 inhibits CDC20‐mediated degradation of ubiquitination by directly binding to P21. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to explore lncRNA‐ZXF1 functioning as a tumor‐suppressing lncRNA in EEC. LncRNA‐ZXF1 may become therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic indicator in the future.
The direct miR‐874‐3p‐target FAM84A promotes tumor development in papillary thyroid cancer
Authors: Ding Yu , Wu Luyao , Zhuang Xi , Cai Jingsheng , Tong Houchao , Si Yan , Zhang Hao , Wang Xiaoting , Shen Meiping
Published: March 2021

With the improvement in diagnostic technology, the incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) is on the rise. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common pathological type of thyroid cancer; therefore, it is important to explore some valuable molecular targets to improve the treatment and prognosis of PTC. Studies have shown that family with sequence similarity 84, member A (FAM84A) is involved in the development of various tumors. However, the role of FAM84A in PTC remains unknown. Herein, we explored the biological function and specific molecular mechanism of FAM84A in PTC. Results indicated that FAM84A was upregulated in PTC tissues and cells. In addition, patients with higher FAM84A expression tended to possess larger tumor size, higher lymph node metastasis rate, and advanced TNM stage. Further studies indicated that downregulation of FAM84A could inhibit the development of PTC in vitro and in vivo by repressing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, FAM84A was confirmed to be negatively regulated by tumor suppressor miR‐874‐3p. In conclusion, our findings suggest that FAM84A may act as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for PTC.
The Influence of In Situ Anatase Particle Addition on the Formation and Properties of Multifunctional Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on AA2024 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Ignjatović Stefan , Blawert Carsten , Serdechnova Maria , Karpushenkov Sergey , Damjanović Milan , Karlova Polina , Dovzhenko Gleb , Wieland D. C. Florian , Zeller-Plumhoff Berit , Starykevich Maksim , Stojanović Srna , Damjanović-Vasilić Ljiljana , Zheludkevich Mikhail L.
Published: March 2021

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) with in situ anatase particle addition is applied to functionalize the surface of AA2024 alloy. A base potassium titanium oxide oxalate dihydrate aqueous electrolyte is used with up to 30 g L−1 anatase particle addition. The coatings’ morphology and phase composition as a function of the anatase concentration in the electrolyte are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). Photocatalytic activity, stability in chloride solution, and tribological properties are also determined. The main coating forming phases are anatase and rutile on top of a mixed interface region consisting of TiAl2O5 as reaction product between the TiO2 and an Al2O3 barrier layer on top of the Al substrate. The mixed layer is extending with increasing amount of particles added, due to intensified discharges. In addition, anatase‐to‐rutile phase ratio increases due to the additional anatase particles in the electrolyte. Thus, the photocatalytic activity is improving with the particle addition. The coatings’ mechanical resistance is dropping first before increasing again with more particles added. Chemical and restored mechanical stability seems to be related to the extended mixed interface formation, which strengthens the bond to the substrate when more particles are added.
Multivalent Polyanionic 2D Nanosheets Functionalized Nanofibrous Stem Cell‐based Neural Scaffolds
Authors: Xia Yi , Yang Hua , Li Shuang , Zhou Suqiong , Wang Liyun , Tang Yuanjiao , Cheng Chong , Haag Rainer
Published: March 2021

Because developed neural cells are no longer regenerative and proliferative, achieving neural regenerations by using induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS cells) for nerve diseases have recently attracted much attention. Since the IPS cells’ growth and differentiation can be manipulated by different physical and chemicals cues, scaffolds combining the beneficial nanostructures and extracellular matrix may become an ideal interface to promote IPS cells’ neural differentiation. In this work, a biocompatible and multivalent polyanion, hyperbranched polyglycerol sulfate, is used to modify the graphene oxide to obtain bio‐adhesive 2D nanosheets. After coating electrospinning nanofibers, the 2D nanosheets‐functionalized nanofibrous scaffolds are applied to mediate the proliferation, lineage specification, and neural differentiation of IPS cells. The results suggest that the modified scaffolds can improve the adhesion and proliferation of IPS cells combined with high efficiency in maintaining their stemness. During the neural differentiation process, the scaffolds can promote neural differentiation and their maturity, meanwhile decreasing the lineage specification toward astrocyte. Overall, this study not only provides new multivalent/bio‐adhesive nanofibrous scaffolds that integrate the chemical and physical cues to facilitate the targeted neural differentiation of IPS cells but also presents a novel pathway for the fabrication of carbon nanomaterials‐based biocomposites in regenerative therapies.
A Paper‐Based Wearable Photodetector for Simultaneous UV Intensity and Dosage Measurement
Authors: Cai Sa , Zuo Chaolei , Zhang Jiayu , Liu Hui , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: March 2021

Photodetectors, which convert the light signal into other forms of signal, have been under the spotlight of research for many years because they are widely applied in monitoring, communication, and imaging. Most of the currently available photodetectors can output electrical signals to indicate the transient light intensity, while some display color change to reveal the absorbed light dosage. However, there is no device that can tell the transient light intensity and accumulated light dosage at the same time. Here, a paper‐based wearable photodetector that can simultaneously measure transient light intensity and accumulated light dosage is reported. The phosphomolybdic acid/citric acid system, whose color change can be observed by the naked eye, is designed as the photochromic material to combine with photodetective materials (using 2D Sr2Nb3O10 and ZnO nanoparticle as examples) on paper. Such paper‐based photodetector fully utilizes natural hygroscopicity and softness of paper, showing decent flexibility. Its optoelectronic signal remains stable even after 1000 cycles of bending. To the best of one's knowledge, this is the first photodetector that can tell light intensity and dosage simultaneously. This work introduces a new type of wearable photodetector by structure design and material selection, shedding light on more novel works for convenient and practical photodetection.
A Fluorescent Metal–Organic Framework for Food Real‐Time Visual Monitoring
Authors: Wang Jing , Li Daquan , Ye Yingxiang , Qiu Yu , Liu Jiawei , Huang Liang , Liang Bin , Chen Banglin
Published: March 2021

Due to increasing food‐safety issues, exploiting efficient approaches for food quality assessment and instrumentation has attracted concerns worldwide. Herein, a smart evaluation system based on a fluorescent metal–organic framework (MOF) is developed for real‐time visual monitoring of food freshness. Via post‐synthetic modification, a ratiometric fluorescent MOF probe is constructed by covalently coupling fluorescein 5‐isothiocyanate (5‐FITC) with NH2‐rich lanthanide MOF. The probes exhibit a dual‐emissive‐responsive to biogenic amine, resulting in an increase in FITC emission along with a decrease in Eu3+ emission accompanied by a clear distinguishable color transition from orange red to green. After doping the probes on a flexible substrate, the obtained MOF composite film can be integrated with a smartphone‐based portable platform easily. It is proved that this smart evaluation system can be used for on‐site inspection of the freshness of raw fish samples. This work develops a fluorescent MOF‐based smart evaluation system as a novel platform for application in food monitoring, which not only has enormous economic value but also holds great public health significance.
Elucidating the Role of Ion Migration and Band Bending in Perovskite Solar Cell Function at Grain Boundaries via Multimodal Nanoscale Mapping
Authors: Qiu Haian , Mativetsky Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2021

Although hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells have achieved extraordinary improvements over the past few years, questions remain about the role of grain boundaries. This article reports on the nanoscale point‐by‐point current–voltage mapping of photovoltaic characteristics in inverted methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite solar cells. These measurements reveal an increased open‐circuit voltage and shunt resistance, along with a suppressed short‐circuit photocurrent at grain boundaries and nearby regions. Support from nanoscale ionic strain and surface potential mapping suggests that local ion accumulation and downward band bending can facilitate charge separation, but hinder charge collection at grain boundaries.
Superhydrophobic/Superoleophilic Polyacrylonitrile/Ag Aerogels for the High Efficient Oil/Water Separation and Sensitive Detection of Low‐Concentration Oily Sudan Dyes
Authors: Li Manman , Deng Linghan , Tan Yong , Qi Kai , Tian Xingyu , Yu Jiacheng , Qin Chuanxiang , Cheng Si
Published: March 2021

The detection of low‐concentration oily pollutants, especially when in oil/water mixtures or real food matrix, still faces great challenges. Integrating adsorption and plasmonic hot‐spot on single material will be an efficient method for ultra‐sensitively detecting oily dyes or contaminants in oil/water mixtures via surface‐enhanced Raman scattering. Herein, the superhydrophobic/superoleophilic polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/Ag aerogels which can quickly absorb and detect low‐concentration oily dyes in oil/water mixtures are successfully fabricated. In order to solve the contradiction that abundant hydrophilic‐Ag nanoparticles are adverse to the superhydrophobicity of substrate but in favor of Raman signals, the superhydrophobic/superoleophilic PAN/Ag aerogels are prepared through two steps: substrate‐seeding and secondary‐growth. The lowest detection concentration of 10−12 m for oil‐soluble Sudan III in oil/water mixtures is achieved by using PAN/overgrown Ag (PAN/O‐Ag) nanofibrous aerogels as absorbent, which is superior to most of reported materials. Moreover, a detection limit of 0.1 ppm of Sudan III spiked in chilli powder is obtained using PAN/O‐Ag aerogels.
CsPbBr3 QDs Modified Vertically Layered MoS2/Si Heterojunction for Fast UV–vis–NIR Spectrum Flexible Photodetectors
Authors: Guo Linjuan , Gu Yansong , Yang Zheng , Tian Shuo , San Xingyuan , Liu Jihong , Gao Linjie , Qiao Shuang , Wang Shufang
Published: March 2021

The CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) modified vertically layered MoS2/Si (V‐MoS2/Si) heterojunction is successfully prepared. It is found that the resulting photodetector realizes the UV–vis–NIR broad‐spectrum detection with good sensitivity and fast photoresponse speed. Typically, the responsivity and response/recovery time towards 808 nm reach up to 0.975 A W−1 and 6.8/6.7 ms, respectively. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that with the modification of CsPbBr3 QDs, the responsivities of the pure V‐MoS2/Si‐based photodetector for 532, 671, and 808 nm detection are boosted by 5.43, 2, and 5.45 times, respectively. The enhanced sensing performance is attributed to the vis–NIR light harvesting capability and excellent electrical transporting property of the CsPbBr3 QDs. Most importantly, the flexibility can be applied to the wearable devices for various working environments. The present work pushes the development of the flexible devices for broadband spectrum detection faced to practical application.
Close to Real: Large‐Volume 3D Cell Spheroids on a Superamphiphobic Surface
Authors: Yu Yanjia , Dai Mohan , Xu Wei , Chen Shuangshuang , Lu Qinghua
Published: March 2021

3D cell spheroids with native cell‐to‐cell junctions and cell‐extracellular matrix interactions can recapitulate the comprehensive physiological environments in vivo, providing new platforms for preclinical drug screening. However, the applications of 3D cell spheroids are limited by the unmatched size, deficient cell abundance, and short service time. In this work, a novel upward culture method on a porous silica superamphiphobic biointerface (SABI) is developed to fully overcome these technical hurdles. Cell suspensions maintain in a state of aquatic marble, accelerating cellular self‐aggregation. Contributing to the upward culture model, this strategy overcomes the shortages of size limitation and media refreshing in the classical methods. Herein, large‐volume 3D cell spheroids with the size of over 1500 µm can be efficiently established within 2 days and subsequently long‐term cultured for more than 20 days. For a close to real biomimetic microenvironment, breast tumor 3D spheroid is applied as a proof of concept, simultaneously employing MCF‐7 cell, cancer‐associated fibroblast (clone 8), and vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC). The large‐volume tumor spheroid with close‐to‐real microenvironment services as a unique paradigm for all‐in‐one biological relevant researches, including the capacity of in situ observation, long‐term incubation, drug screening, and recyclability.
Microengineered 3D Collagen Gels with Independently Tunable Fiber Anisotropy and Directionality
Authors: Ahmed Adeel , Joshi Indranil M. , Larson Stephen , Mansouri Mehran , Gholizadeh Shayan , Allahyari Zahra , Forouzandeh Farzad , Borkholder David A. , Gaborski Thomas R. , Abhyankar Vinay V.
Published: March 2021

Cellular processes are linked to the alignment (anisotropy) and orientation (directionality) of collagen fibers (i.e., landscape) in the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Given the vital role that cell‐matrix interactions play in regulating biological functions, several microfluidic methods have successfully established anisotropic 3D collagen gels to develop quantitative relationships between structural cues and cellular responses. However, independently tailoring the fiber anisotropy and fiber directionality within a landscape remains a challenge. Here, a user‐friendly microfluidic platform with a non‐uniform channel geometry is used to control the degree of fiber anisotropy and directionality as a function of extensional strain rate and a defined flow path, respectively. New experimental capabilities, including independent control over the degree of fiber anisotropy and directionality, spatial gradients in anisotropy, and multi‐material interfaces, are demonstrated. A channel peel‐off technique provides direct access to the microengineered collagen landscapes, and the alignment of single MD‐MB‐231 cancer cells and monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) is shown. Finally, the platform's modular capability is highlighted by integrating an ultrathin porous Parylene (UPP) membrane onto the microengineered collagen landscape as a method to control the degree of cell‐matrix interaction.
Organic Ammonium Halide Modulators as Effective Strategy for Enhanced Perovskite Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Akin Seckin , Dong Bitao , Pfeifer Lukas , Liu Yuhang , Graetzel Michael , Hagfeldt Anders
Published: March 2021

Despite rapid improvements in efficiency, long‐term stability remains a challenge limiting the future up‐scaling of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Although several approaches have been developed to improve the stability of PSCs, applying ammonium passivation materials in bilayer configuration PSCs has drawn intensive research interest due to the potential of simultaneously improving long‐term stability and boosting power conversion efficiency (PCE). This review focuses on the recent advances of improving n‐i‐p PSCs photovoltaic performance by employing ammonium halide‐based molecular modulators. The first section briefly summarizes the challenges of perovskite materials by introducing the degradation mechanisms associated with the hygroscopic nature and ion migration issues. Then, recent reports regarding the roles of overlayers formed from ammonium‐based passivation agents are discussed on the basis of ligand and halide effects. This includes both the formation of 2D perovskite films as well as purely organic passivating layers. Finally, the last section provides future perspectives on the use of organic ammonium halides within bilayer‐architecture PSCs to improve the photovoltaic performances. Overall, this review provides a roadmap on current demands and future research directions of molecular modulators to address the critical limitations of PSCs, to mitigate the major barriers on the pathway toward future up‐scaling applications.
Outdoor‐Useable, Wireless/Battery‐Free Patch‐Type Tissue Oximeter with Radiative Cooling
Authors: Kang Min Hyung , Lee Gil Ju , Lee Joong Hoon , Kim Min Seok , Yan Zheng , Jeong Jae‐Woong , Jang Kyung‐In , Song Young Min
Published: March 2021

For wearable electronics/optoelectronics, thermal management should be provided for accurate signal acquisition as well as thermal comfort. However, outdoor solar energy gain has restricted the efficiency of some wearable devices like oximeters. Herein, wireless/battery‐free and thermally regulated patch‐type tissue oximeter (PTO) with radiative cooling structures are presented, which can measure tissue oxygenation under sunlight in reliable manner and will benefit athlete training. To maximize the radiative cooling performance, a nano/microvoids polymer (NMVP) is introduced by combining two perforated polymers to both reduce sunlight absorption and maximize thermal radiation. The optimized NMVP exhibits sub‐ambient cooling of 6 °C in daytime under various conditions such as scattered/overcast clouds, high humidity, and clear weather. The NMVP‐integrated PTO enables maintaining temperature within ≈1 °C on the skin under sunlight relative to indoor measurement, whereas the normally used, black encapsulated PTO shows over 40 °C owing to solar absorption. The heated PTO exhibits an inaccurate tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) value of ≈67% compared with StO2 in a normal state (i.e., ≈80%). However, the thermally protected PTO presents reliable StO2 of ≈80%. This successful demonstration provides a feasible strategy of thermal management in wearable devices for outdoor applications.
Modulating Metal–Organic Frameworks as Advanced Oxygen Electrocatalysts
Authors: Li Zhaoqiang , Gao Rui , Feng Ming , Deng Ya‐Ping , Xiao Dengji , Zheng Yun , Zhao Zhao , Luo Dan , Liu Youlin , Zhang Zhen , Wang Dandan , Li Qian , Li Haibo , Wang Xin , Chen Zhongwei
Published: March 2021

Oxygen‐related electrocatalysis, including those used for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), play a central role in green‐energy related technologies. Rational fabrication of effective oxygen electrocatalysts is crucial for the development of oxygen related energy devices, such as fuel cells and rechargeable metal–air batteries. Recently, owing to their tunable compositions and microstructures, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based materials have drawn extensive attention as nonprecious oxygen electrocatalysts. Various strategies have been developed to fabricate MOF‐based electrocatalysts and regulate their active sites, such as heterometal doping, defect engineering, morphology tuning, heterostructure construction, and hybridization. In this review, by focusing on various modulation strategies aiming at active sites, the recent advances of MOF‐based electrocatalysts are summarized. The synthetic methods used to synthesize various MOF‐based oxygen electrocatalysts are discussed, followed by the underlying engineering mechanisms required to allow performance enhancement, and finally some existing challenges that hinder for their practical applications are discussed alongside a perspective on their possible future.
Phase‐Separated Mo–Ni Alloy for Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Reactions with High Activity and Enhanced Stability
Authors: Song Jidong , Jin Yan Qi , Zhang Lei , Dong Pengyu , Li Jiawang , Xie Fangyan , Zhang Hao , Chen Jian , Jin Yanshuo , Meng Hui , Sun Xueliang
Published: March 2021

The development of alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells and alkaline water electrolysis requires nonprecious metal catalysts for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, it is reported a phase‐separated Mo–Ni alloy (PS‐MoNi) that is composed of Mo metal and embedded Ni metal nanoparticles. The PS‐MoNi shows excellent hydrogen electrode activity with a high exchange current density (−4.883 mA cm−2), which is comparable to the reported highest value for non‐noble catalysts. Moreover, the amorphous phase‐separated Mo–Ni alloy has better structural and electrochemical stability than the intermetallic compound Mo–Ni alloy (IC‐MoNi). The breakdown potential of PS‐MoNi is as high as 0.32 V, which is much higher than that of reported IC‐MoNi. The X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate the electrons transfer from Mo to Ni for PS‐MoNi, leading to suitable adsorption free energies of H* (ΔGH*) on the surface of Mo. This means that the electron density modulation of Mo metal by embedded Ni metal nanoparticles can produce excellent HOR and HER performance.
A Stable CaV4O9 Anode Promises Near‐Zero Volume Change and High‐Capacity Lithium Storage
Authors: Wu Peijie , Xu Xiaoming , Wu Yi , Xu Feng , Wang Xuanpeng , Meng Jiashen , Han Chunhua , Liu Xiong , Zhu Zhe , Mai Liqiang
Published: March 2021

Even though lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have seen extensive applications during the past 20 years, the anode materials which have realized commercialization are mainly restricted to graphite and Li4Ti5O12. However, because of the limited capacity of these two intercalation‐type anodes, they cannot meet the higher requirements in energy density of some applications. Very few types of high‐capacity anode materials have been successfully commercialized, mainly due to the inevitable large volume change during lithium insertion/extraction. Herein, a promising anode material, CaV4O9, which shows both high gravimetric capacity of more than 600 mAh g–1 with a safe average discharge potential of about 0.8 V, and near‐zero volume change character like Li4Ti5O12, is identified. The specific lithium storage mechanism and the origin of near‐zero volume change character are revealed. Considering the superior performance endowed by these unique intrinsic properties, CaV4O9 shows great potential for commercialized anode material and may promote innovation in LIBs.
Comprehensive Understanding of Sodium‐Ion Capacitors: Definition, Mechanisms, Configurations, Materials, Key Technologies, and Future Developments
Authors: Cai Peng , Zou Kangyu , Deng Xinglan , Wang Baowei , Zheng Min , Li Longhao , Hou Hongshuai , Zou Guoqiang , Ji Xiaobo
Published: March 2021

In the past 10 years, preeminent achievements and outstanding progress have been achieved on sodium‐ion capacitors (SICs). Early work on SICs focussed more on the electrochemical performance. While it is easy to confirm which specific electrodes exhibit excellent properties, it is difficult to understand the mechanisms which are most promising for the next generation of SICs. From the early research in supercapacitors iterations to the present well‐developed Na‐ion batteries, the evolution of the controversial pseudocapacitive mechanism for SICs has been full of breakthroughs and back tracing steps. Moreover, as the research has progressed and the interests have changed, different emphases on the different subdisciplines (cell configurations, flexible devices, and presodiation technologies) have increased. In this review, first, the electric double layer mechanism, battery‐type mechanism, and the controversial pseudocapacitance mechanism are systematically analyzed and compared. Subsequently, mechanism‐oriented SICs cell configurations with different cathode and anode mechanisms are discussed. Moreover, the characteristics and features of electrode materials in different SICs cell configurations are summarized. Finally, key technologies and possible future developments are discussed. This review summarizes SICs from a broad and macro perspective from mechanisms to cell configurations, from cathodes to anodes, and from history to future, and offers a deep understanding of SICs devices.
The Effects of Chromophore Halogenation on the Stability of UV‐Absorbing Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Tianran , Burlingame Quinn C. , Sorli Jeni C. , Ball Melissa L. , Cheng Guangming , Yao Nan , Loo Yueh‐Lin
Published: March 2021

Transparent photovoltaics that harvest ultraviolet photons are promising point‐of‐use power sources for lower power applications, such as electrochromic windows that regulate the flow of visible and infrared photons for lighting and temperature regulation. Organic photovoltaic cells employing contorted hexabenzocoronene (cHBC) and its derivatives as chromophores have shown promise for transparent solar cells due to their high open‐circuit voltages, large‐area scalability, and high photoactive layer transparency. Here, the operational stability of such devices is investigated and it is found that the solar cell active layers that include peripherally halogenated chromophores undergo rapid morphological degradation during operation, while control cells employing cHBC and other non‐halogenated derivatives as donors with archetype C70 as an acceptor are highly stable. This study suggests halogenation of chromophores can play an outsized role in determining the operational stability of devices comprising them, which should be considered during the molecular design process.
Electronically Modified Atomic Sites Within a Multicomponent Co/Cu Composite for Efficient Oxygen Electroreduction
Authors: Zhang Qingran , Kumar Priyank , Zhu Xiaofeng , Daiyan Rahman , Bedford Nicholas M. , Wu Kuang‐Hsu , Han Zhaojun , Zhang Tierui , Amal Rose , Lu Xunyu
Published: March 2021

Rational design of cost‐effective and active electrocatalysts is an essential step toward the large‐scale realization of hydrogen fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Its success requires a drastic improvement in the kinetics of the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, a novel ORR catalyst formed by encapsulating thin Cu layer decorated Co nanoparticles inside graphitic carbon layers that are embedded with abundant CoNx and CuNx atomic sites (denoted as SA‐CoCu@Cu/CoNP), is reported. The multicomponent SA‐CoCu@Cu/CoNP composite exhibits a remarkable ORR catalytic activity, exceptional stability, and excellent methanol tolerance in alkaline media, outperforming the commercial platinum carbon under identical testing conditions and also being active in acidic media. The excellent ORR catalytic performance is ascribed to the modified electronic structure of the CoNx active sites due to an electron donating effect from the embedded nanoparticles and the nearby CuNx species, as revealed by X‐ray spectroscopic results and density functional theory computations. Moreover, the effective role of CuNx sites in suppressing the peroxide formation during ORR is also identified, endowing the resultant catalyst a prolonged stability and enhanced efficiency that are beneficial for practical applications.
Understanding the phenotypic spectrum of ASXL‐related disease: Ten cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Cuddapah Vishnu Anand , Dubbs Holly A. , Adang Laura , Kugler Steven L. , McCormick Elizabeth M. , Zolkipli‐Cunningham Zarazuela , Ortiz‐González Xilma R. , McCormack Shana , Zackai Elaine , Licht Daniel J. , Falk Marni J. , Marsh Eric D.
Published: March 2021

Over the past decade, pathogenic variants in all members of the ASXL family of genes, ASXL1, ASXL2, and ASXL3, have been found to lead to clinically distinct but overlapping syndromes. Bohring–Opitz syndrome (BOPS) was first described as a clinical syndrome and later found to be associated with pathogenic variants in ASXL1. This syndrome is characterized by developmental delay, microcephaly, characteristic facies, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties. Subsequently, pathogenic variants in ASXL2 were found to lead to Shashi–Pena syndrome (SHAPNS) and in ASXL3 to lead to Bainbridge–Ropers syndrome (BRPS). While SHAPNS and BRPS share many core features with BOPS, there also seem to be emerging clear differences. Here, we present five cases of BOPS, one case of SHAPNS, and four cases of BRPS. By adding our cohort to the limited number of previously published patients, we review the overlapping features of ASXL‐related diseases that bind them together, while focusing on the characteristics that make each neurodevelopmental syndrome unique. This will assist in diagnosis of these overlapping conditions and allow clinicians to more comprehensively counsel affected families.
Starke Lewis‐ und Brønsted‐saure Zentren im Borosulfat Mg3[H2O→B(SO4)3]2
Authors: Netzsch Philip , Stroh Regina , Pielnhofer Florian , Krossing Ingo , Höppe Henning A.
Published: March 2021

Borosulfate zeigen neben faszinierenden Strukturen Eigenschaften, die über eine reine Analogie zu Silikaten hinausgehen. Mg3[H2O→B(SO4)3]2 ist das erste Borosulfat mit einem Boratom, das ausschließlich von drei Tetraedern koordiniert wird. So bildet das freie Lewis‐saure Zentrum ein Lewis‐Säure‐Base‐Addukt mit einem Wassermolekül – beispiellos für die Borosulfat‐Chemie und sogar für Borate. Quantenchemische Berechnungen zu Wasseraustauschreaktionen mit BF3 und B(C6F5)3 ergaben eine höhere Lewis‐Azidität für das Borosulfat‐Anion. Außerdem zeigten Protonenaustauschreaktionen eine höhere Brønsted‐Azidität des Borosulfats als vergleichbare Silikate oder Phosphate. Zusätzlich wurde Mg3[H2O→B(SO4)3]2 durch Röntgenbeugung, Infrarotspektroskopie, thermogravimetrische Analyse und Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT)‐Rechnungen charakterisiert.
Polymorphism in Squaraine Dye Aggregates by Self‐Assembly Pathway Differentiation: Panchromatic Tubular Dye Nanorods versus J‐Aggregate Nanosheets
Authors: Shen Chia‐An , Bialas David , Hecht Markus , Stepanenko Vladimir , Sugiyasu Kazunori , Würthner Frank
Published: March 2021

A bis(squaraine) dye equipped with alkyl and oligoethyleneglycol chains was synthesized by connecting two dicyanomethylene substituted squaraine dyes with a phenylene spacer unit. The aggregation behavior of this bis(squaraine) was investigated in non‐polar toluene/tetrachloroethane (98:2) solvent mixture, which revealed competing cooperative self‐assembly pathways into two supramolecular polymorphs with entirely different packing structures and UV/Vis/NIR absorption properties. The self‐assembly pathway can be controlled by the cooling rate from a heated solution of the monomers. For both polymorphs, quasi‐equilibrium conditions between monomers and the respective aggregates can be established to derive thermodynamic parameters and insights into the self‐assembly mechanisms. AFM measurements revealed a nanosheet structure with a height of 2 nm for the thermodynamically more stable polymorph and a tubular nanorod structure with a helical pitch of 13 nm and a diameter of 5 nm for the kinetically favored polymorph. Together with wide angle X‐ray scattering measurements, packing models were derived: the thermodynamic polymorph consists of brick‐work type nanosheets that exhibit red‐shifted absorption bands as typical for J‐aggregates, while the nanorod polymorph consists of eight supramolecular polymer strands of the bis(squaraine) intertwined to form a chimney‐type tubular structure. The absorption of this aggregate covers a large spectral range from 550 to 875 nm, which cannot be rationalized by the conventional exciton theory. By applying the Essential States Model and considering intermolecular charge transfer, the aggregate spectrum was adequately reproduced, revealing that the broad absorption spectrum is due to pronounced donor‐acceptor overlap within the bis(squaraine) nanorods. The latter is also responsible for the pronounced bathochromic shift observed for the nanosheet structure as a result of the slip‐stacked arranged squaraine chromophores.
Examining the contribution of factors affecting the electrical behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)/graphene nanoplatelets composites
Authors: Luo Xiaoling , Schubert Dirk W.
Published: March 2021

In this study, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) conductive composite films with different morphologies were fabricated from the same constituent materials using four fabrication techniques, solution casting (SC), SC followed by hot pressing (SCP), melt mixing followed by SC (MSC), and melt mixing followed by hot pressing (MP). Morphologies of dispersed GNPs and electrical properties in both in‐plane and perpendicular direction were investigated and compared systematically. The corresponding percolation thresholds (Φc) of the composites varied from 0.42 ± 0.13 vol% to 3.26 ± 0.48 vol%. The conductivities varied up to two orders of magnitude and decreased in the sequence of SC > MSC > SCP > MP. These variations were explained in terms of GNPs size, GNPs orientation, distribution and dispersion state of fillers. The contribution of the above factors in each procedure were discerned individually, the results were discussed and compared with other experimental studies and simulations as well.
Phenylalanine‐Tethered pH‐Responsive Poly(2‐Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate)
Authors: Choudhury Neha , Das Somnath , Samadder Satyajit , De Priyadarsi
Published: March 2021

A series of pH‐responsive random copolymers comprised of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and tert‐butyl carbamate (Boc)‐protected phenylalanine methacryloyloxyethyl ester (Boc‐Phe‐EMA) were synthesized via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in N,N′‐dimethylformamide (DMF) at 70 °C. The synthesized copolymers were comprehensively characterized using a combination of techniques, including 1H NMR, FT‐IR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Reactivity of each monomers towards controlled radical polymerization was evaluated by determining the reactivity ratios by virtue of extended Kelen‐Tüdös method at high conversions revealed the higher reactivity of non‐modified HEMA (rHEMA=1.03) in contrast to Boc‐Phe‐EMA (rBoc‐Phe‐EMA=0.48). Furthermore, the expulsion of the Boc‐groups resulted copolymers with ionizable pendant primary ammonium and hydroxyl groups. To understand the glass transition behaviours of homo‐ and co‐polymers, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) measurements were carried out. The effect of HEMA content on the pH‐sensitivity of the copolymers in aqueous medium was investigated through turbidity measurements. Finally, the counteranion exchange from trifluoroacetate to chloride provided copolymers with enhanced water solubility and unaltered phase transition pH.
Applying a logic of appropriateness to understand behavioral differences between common resource dilemmas and public good dilemmas
Authors: Molenmaker Welmer E. , Lelieveld Gert‐Jan , De Kwaadsteniet Erik W. , Van Dijk Eric
Published: March 2021

Common resource dilemmas (CRDs) and public good dilemmas (PGDs) are distinct types of social dilemmas, yet they model the same underlying conflict between the collective interest and one's self‐interest. Here, we study and interpret behavioral differences between these two main types of social dilemmas by applying a logic of appropriateness. In two experiments, we argue and demonstrate that CRDs, relative to PGDs, evoke higher levels of cooperation, because taking from collective property (in CRDs) is generally considered less appropriate than not giving from personal property (in PGDs). Importantly, these differential considerations of appropriateness are reflected not only in the willingness to cooperate but also in the willingness to punish and reward others' (non)cooperative behavior. Taken together, the findings reveal that CRDs and PGDs elicit different norms of appropriateness.
Gefaltet und vorgespannt – Das Tragwerk des Stade de la Tuilière in Lausanne
Authors: Bassetti Andrea , Kunze Matthias
Published: March 2021

Im Norden von Lausanne, der „Hauptstadt des Sports“, entsteht ein neues ökologisches Viertel mit großzügigen Sportinfrastrukturen. Ein Fußballstadion mit 12 000 Sitzplätzen bildet das zentrale Element der Anlage. Aus einem internationalen Wettbewerb ging der Entwurf der Architektengemeinschaft :mlzd und Sollberger Bögli Architekten sowie Dr. Lüchinger+Meyer Bauingenieure als Siegerprojekt hervor, im Herbst 2020 wurde die neue Sportstätte in Betrieb genommen. Der kompakte Stadionentwurf mit den vier aufgefalteten Ecken als unverwechselbare Erkennungszeichen zielt auf Klarheit und Einfachheit ab. Entsprechend ist die vorgeschlagene Tragstruktur konstruiert, die einen hohen Vorfabrikationsgrad aufweist und sowohl in der Herstellung als auch im Unterhalt sehr wirtschaftlich ist. Eine schalenartige Tribünenstruktur in Massivbauweise und eine leichte Dachkonstruktion bilden die wesentlichen Bestandteile des Stadiontragwerks. Als Fassade für die Haupttribüne des neuen Stade de la Tuilière wurde eine funktionale gläserne Gebäudehülle konzipiert.
Biofabrication of a three dimensional human‐based personalized neurofibroma model
Authors: Roy Vincent , Lamontagne Rémy , Talagas Matthieu , Touzel‐Deschênes Lydia , Khuong Hélène T. , Saikali Stéphan , Dupré Nicolas , Gros‐Louis François
Published: March 2021

Neurofibromas are the most characteristic feature of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a multisystemic disorder caused by aberrations in the neurofibromin gene (NF1). Despite significant progress over the last several years in understanding this disease, a suitable in vitro model to better mimic neurofibroma formation and growth has yet to be described. There is therefore a need to establish an in vitro, three dimensional model that allows the incorporation of multicellular lineages and the modulation of the cellular microenvironment—known to be important for cellular crosstalk and distribution of soluble factors—to study neurofibroma biology and morphogenesis. A self‐assembly approach was used to generate tissue‐engineered skins (TES) in which patient‐derived spheroids made of NF1‐associated Schwann cells and fibroblasts were seeded. We describe the first in vitro three dimensional neurofibroma model—directly derived from NF1 patients presenting with histopathological features—having an ECM protein expression profile quite similar to that of a native tumor. We observed efficient incorporation, proliferation, and migration of spheroids within NF1‐TES over time. This biotechnological approach could provide a unique tool for precision medicine targeting NF1 and for assessing the tumorigenic properties of each NF1 gene mutation linked to tumor formation.
Design and Synthesis of Novel N‐(2‐aminophenyl)benzamide Derivatives as Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and Their Antitumor Activity Study
Authors: La Minh Thanh , Jeong Byung‐Hoon , Kim Hee‐Kwon
Published: March 2021

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy because inhibition of HDACs triggers growth arrest or apoptosis of tumor cells. In the present study, a new series of fluorinated N‐(2‐aminophenyl)benzamide derivatives were synthesized to investigate potential inhibition of HDACs and associated anticancer activity. Among the synthesized derivatives, compound 24a showed potent inhibitory activity of HDACs and higher antitumor efficacy in human cancer cell lines (HCT‐116, MCF‐7, and A549) compared with SAHA. Moreover, animal studies demonstrated that compound 24a showed potent in vivo antitumor efficacy in an HCT‐116 colon cancer xenograft mouse model.
Design and implementation of active learning strategies to enhance student understanding of foundational concepts in biochemistry
Authors: Kopecki‐Fjetland Mary A. , Steffenson Matthew
Published: March 2021

For many students biochemistry is a demanding course because they are expected to apply previously learned foundational concepts to new biological contexts. These foundational concepts serve as a scaffold onto which to build threshold concepts such as the physical basis of interactions. Unfortunately, many students possess misconceptions or gaps in knowledge of these foundational concepts which hinder their understanding of new information. This paper describes the implementation of an iterative process to improve student foundational concept learning in an introductory biochemistry course. The process includes pre‐assessment of foundational concept knowledge, introduction of interventions targeting low performing concepts and re‐assessment of student learning gains. Diverse active learning strategies such as problem‐based worksheets, tactile learning activities, review activities and learning cycle activities were introduced to target concepts including hydrogen bonding, pH/pKa, bond energy and chemical equilibrium. While all active learning strategies resulted in improved posttest scores compared to pretest scores, no one strategy appears to be more beneficial than another. Survey results suggest students recognized the value of utilizing the various active learning strategies in the classroom to enhance critical thinking skills, engagement during class time, and collaboration skills. The process allows instructors the breadth and flexibility to introduce diverse active learning strategies tailored to their specific student needs in an effort to improve student foundational concept learning.
Disentangling economic crisis effects from environmental regulation effects: Implications for sustainable development
Authors: Lazzini Simone , Occhipinti Zeila , Parenti Angela , Verona Roberto
Published: March 2021

With climate change becoming more severe, policy makers must impose environmental regulations that will lead firms to adopt sustainable corporate models. According to the Porter hypothesis, environmental regulation can favour the implementation of business strategies that improve economic and environmental performances. In this study, we examine how one such form of regulation, the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), impacts firm performance, and we subsequently widen the examination beyond the regulation to evaluate an economic crisis which could potentially confound regulation effects. We estimate a panel model with time‐ and firm‐fixed effects for different subsamples that disentangle the effect of the EU ETS policy from the 2008 economic crisis. The results indicate that the EU ETS policy in its third phase can activate the Porter hypothesis and is effective in fuelling the implementation of sustainable corporate models by firms. However, we also find that the economic crisis neutralises the effects of the regulation on firm performance, precluding the triggering of the Porter hypothesis in severely affected firms.