bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of triclosan and methyl triclosan in environmental solid samples by matrix solid‐phase dispersion and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Sánchez‐Brunete Consuelo , Miguel Ester , Albero Beatriz , Tadeo José L.
Published: September 2010

In this study, a method for the determination of triclosan (TCS) and methyl triclosan (MTCS) in soil and sewage sludge samples from municipal wastewater treatment plants was developed based on the extraction by matrix solid‐phase dispersion. After extraction, the analytes were derivatized with N‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐N‐methyl‐trifluoroacetamide for their determination by isotope dilution GC with electron impact MS detection in the SIM mode, using 13C12‐labeled compounds as internal standards. Recoveries of MTCS and TCS from laboratory spiked sludge samples were in the range from 95.7 to 101.0% and 97.4 to 101.3%, respectively. In the case of soil samples, the recoveries of MTCS and TCS ranged from 98.4 to 101.0% and 98.7 to 99.0%, respectively. The limits of detection (S/N=3) varied from 0.10 to 0.12 ng/g for sewage sludge samples and from 0.05 to 0.08 ng/g for soil samples. The validated method was used to assess the levels of TCS and MTCS in sewage sludge collected from 19 wastewater treatment plants located in Madrid (Spain) and in soil samples collected from agricultural fields in Madrid. Both compounds were detected in all the sludge samples at concentrations ranging from 54 to 2987 ng/g dry weight for TCS and from 4 to 311 ng/g dry weight for MTCS. The levels encountered in soil were much lower, 0.8 to 4.7 ng/g dry weight for TCS and 0.3 to 3.8 ng/g dry weight for MTCS.
Use of SDA soybean oil in bakery applications
Authors: Whittinghill Jane , Welsby David
Published: September 2010

Stearidonic acid (SDA) soybean oil is a sustainable, land‐based source of omega‐3 fatty acids. SDA soybean oil can be formulated directly into baked products or incorporated into shortening blends for use in a variety of baking applications. Little has been published in the scientific and other literature concerning the functional and sensory performance of baking applications comprising SDA soybean oil. In this article, we review work that has been done to evaluate the performance of SDA soybean oil in an array of bakery applications. Consumer acceptance data showed that incorporation of SDA soybean oil in application models such as bagels, breakfast bars, pastries, cookies, icings and chocolate coatings resulted in acceptable product functionality and flavor. The results also indicated that SDA soybean oil imparted functional and sensory attributes in baked products that were similar to commercial soybean oil.
Just let it go!: Being realistic about what we can and cannot change
Authors: Goldsmith Marshall
Published: September 2010

Goldsmith tells us to just let it go when faced with situations that are beyond our control. Without acceptance and forgiveness, we end up hurting ourselves. He writes, “Clinging to anger and negativity weighs us down and ultimately limits any opportunities we might have of finding meaning and happiness.” Goldsmith offers readers three tools to use in learning to just let it go.
The transverse upper gracilis flap for breast reconstruction following liposuction of the thigh
Authors: Saint‐Cyr Michel , Shirvani Arash , Wong Corrine
Published: September 2010

A particular flap with rising prominence in breast reconstruction is the transverse upper gracilis (TUG) flap. With the increasing prevalence of patients opting for various forms of elective liposuctions, breast reconstruction with flaps has necessitated a more meticulous yet perhaps more flexible screening for potential donor sites. We present a case of a bilateral breast reconstruction using TUG flaps in a patient with a previous history of liposuction to her abdomen and thighs. The dimensions of the TUG flaps were 7 × 31 cm2. The patient did not undergo any flap or donor site complications. We speculate that perhaps much of the tissue and muscle in the medial thigh region is more robust than previously thought and that there is high potential for neo‐vascularization in the thigh region following a liposuction. Accordingly, we advocate the effective use of the TUG flap for breast reconstruction in spite of previous liposuctions to the thighs. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2010.
Isogenic venous graft supported with bone marrow stromal cells as a natural conduit for bridging a 20 mm nerve gap
Authors: Nijhuis Tim H.J. , Brzezicki Grzegorz , Klimczak Aleksandra , Siemionow Maria
Published: September 2010

In this study, we introduce a technique for bridging large neural gaps, using an isogenic vein graft supported with isogenic bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). In three groups a nerve defect of 20 mm was bridged with a vein graft. Our first experimental group comprized an empty venous graft, in group II the venous nerve graft was filled with saline where as in group III the venous nerve graft was filled with BMSC. The animals were tested for functional recovery up to 3 months post repair. Our results show that the BMSC filled venous graft resulted in significantly better regeneration of the nerve defect compared to controls, as confirmed by the functional recovery measured by somatosensory evoked potentials, toe spread, pin prick, and gastrocnemius muscle index. Conclusively, the results confirm that the vein graft supported with BMSC is associated with better functional nerve regeneration. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2010.
Computational flow studies in a subject‐specific human upper airway using a one‐equation turbulence model. Influence of the nasal cavity
Authors: Saksono P. H. , Nithiarasu P. , Sazonov I. , Yeo S. Y.
Published: September 2010

This paper focuses on the impact of including nasal cavity on airflow through a human upper respiratory tract. A computational study is carried out on a realistic geometry, reconstructed from CT scans of a subject. The geometry includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and two generations of airway bifurcations below trachea. The unstructured mesh generation procedure is discussed in some length due to the complex nature of the nasal cavity structure and poor scan resolution normally available from hospitals. The fluid dynamic studies have been carried out on the geometry with and without the inclusion of the nasal cavity. The characteristic‐based split scheme along with the one‐equation Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is used in its explicit form to obtain flow solutions at steady state. Results reveal that the exclusion of nasal cavity significantly influences the resulting solution. In particular, the location of recirculating flow in the trachea is dramatically different when the truncated geometry is used. In addition, we also address the differences in the solution due to imposed, equally distributed and proportionally distributed flow rates at inlets (both nares). The results show that the differences in flow pattern between the two inlet conditions are not confined to the nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal region, but they propagate down to the trachea. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A surface remeshing approach
Authors: Aubry R. , Houzeaux G. , Vázquez M.
Published: September 2010

A method is presented to remesh three‐dimensional discrete data surfaces. The originality of the method resides in mimicking heavily the classical adva10ncing front method for quality while always relying on a valid mesh for robustness. Therefore, local operations are applied in a first step to obtain a mesh of appropriate length scale compared to the specified size, and an original procedure has been developed for refinement that automatically degenerates to a surface mesh optimization if the size map has been respected. A valid mesh is then always available during the remeshing procedure.

A new background grid is proposed that relies on a Cartesian mesh for the size distribution. Interpolation is performed very quickly and the size distribution is smoothed out to provide a slowly varying mesh size distribution.

Various numerical results are presented to illustrate the efficiency but mainly the quality and robustness of the method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of clonal immunoglobulin and T‐cell receptor gene rearrangements in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia using a low‐cost PCR strategy
Authors: Assumpção Juliana Godoy , Ganazza Mônica Aparecida , de Araújo Marcela , Silva Ariosto Siqueira , Scrideli Carlos Alberto , Brandalise Silvia Regina , Yunes José Andrés
Published: September 2010

Background

Immunoglobulin (Ig) and T‐cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements function as specific markers for minimal residual disease (MRD), which is one of the best predictors of outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We recently reported on the prognostic value of MRD during the induction of remission through a simplified PCR method. Here, we report on gene rearrangement frequencies and offer guidelines for the application of the technique.

Procedure

Two hundred thirty‐three children had DNA extracted from bone marrow. Ig and TCR gene rearrangements were amplified using consensus primers and conventional PCR. PCR products were submitted to homo/heteroduplex analysis. A computer program was designed to define combinations of targets for clonal detection using a minimum set of primers and reactions.

Results

At least one clonal marker could be detected in 98% of the patients, and two markers in approximately 80%. The most commonly rearranged genes in precursor B‐cell ALL were IgH (75%), TCRD (59%), IgK (55%), and TCRG (54%). The most commonly rearranged genes for T‐ALL were TCRG (100%) and TCRD (24%). The sensitivity of primers was limited to the detection of 1 leukemic cell among 100 normal cells.

Conclusions

We propose that eight PCR reactions per ALL subtype would allow for the detection of two markers in most cases. In addition, these reactions are suitable for MRD monitoring, especially when aiming the selection of patients with high MRD levels (≥10−2) at the end of induction therapy. Such an approach would be very useful in centers with limited financial resources. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:1278–1286. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rate of decline of ferritin in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis as a prognostic variable for mortality
Authors: Lin Tiffany F. , Ferlic‐Stark Laura L. , Allen Carl E. , Kozinetz Claudia A. , McClain Kenneth L.
Published: September 2010

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is difficult to diagnose and treat. Highly elevated ferritin is strongly associated with HLH and levels may provide a prognostic marker. A comprehensive review of ferritin data from our patients during treatment was analyzed with respect to mortality. A patient was 17 times more likely to die when percent ferritin decrease was less than 50% as compared to a 96% or greater decrease as indicated with multivariate logistic modeling. Higher maximum ferritin levels in the first 3 weeks also contributed to the odds of death (OR = 5.6; 90% CI = 1.2–24.9). Regular ferritin measurements may be useful predicting outcomes in HLH patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;56:154–155. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti‐emetic effect of ginger powder versus placebo as an add‐on therapy in children and young adults receiving high emetogenic chemotherapy
Authors: Pillai Anu Kochanujan , Sharma Kamlesh K , Gupta Yogendra K. , Bakhshi Sameer
Published: September 2010

Purpose

Chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are major adverse effects of chemotherapy. Ginger has been used in postoperative and pregnancy‐induced nausea and vomiting. Data on its utility in reducing CINV in children and young adults are lacking.

Patients and Methods

Sixty chemotherapy cycles of cisplatin/doxorubicin in bone sarcoma patients were randomized to ginger root powder capsules or placebo capsules as an additional antiemetic to ondensetron and dexamethasone in a double‐blind design. Acute CINV was defined as nausea and vomiting occurring within 24 hr of start of chemotherapy (days 1–4) and delayed CINV as that occurring after 24 hr of completion of chemotherapy (days 5–10). CINV was evaluated as per Edmonton's Symptom Assessment Scale and National Cancer Institute criteria respectively.

Results

Acute moderate to severe nausea was observed in 28/30 (93.3%) cycles in control group as compared to 15/27 (55.6%) cycles in experimental group (P = 0.003). Acute moderate to severe vomiting was significantly more in the control group compared to the experimental group [23/30 (76.7%) vs. 9/27 (33.33%) respectively (P = 0.002)]. Delayed moderate to severe nausea was observed in 22/30 (73.3%) cycles in the control group as compared to 7/27 (25.9%) in the experimental group (P < 0.001). Delayed moderate to severe vomiting was significantly more in the control group compared to the experimental group [14/30 (46.67%) vs. 4/27 (14.81%) (P = 0.022)].

Conclusion

Ginger root powder was effective in reducing severity of acute and delayed CINV as additional therapy to ondensetron and dexamethasone in patients receiving high emetogenic chemotherapy (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00940368). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:234–238. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemically induced phase separation in the preparation of porous epoxy monolith
Authors: Li Jianhua , Du Zhongjie , Li Hangquan , Zhang Chen
Published: September 2010

A methodology for preparing porous epoxy monolith via chemically induced phase separation was proposed. The starting system was a mixture of an epoxy precursor, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA), a curing agent, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and a thermoplastic polymer, polypropylene carbonate (PPC). As DGEBA was cured with DDM, the system became phase‐separated having PPC particles dispersed in epoxy matrix. After PPC particles were removed by thermal degradation, a porous structure was obtained. The phase separation mechanism was determined by the initial composition and illustrated by a pseudophase diagram. The pore size increased with increasing the concentration of PPC and raising the curing temperature. The intermediate and final morphologies of the system were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
A green fluorescent protein solubility screen in E. coli reveals domain boundaries of the GTP‐binding domain in the P element transposase
Authors: Sabogal Alex , Rio Donald C.
Published: September 2010

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding and hydrolysis events often act as molecular switches in proteins, modulating conformational changes between active and inactive states in many signaling molecules and transport systems. The P element transposase of Drosophila melanogaster requires GTP binding to proceed along its reaction pathway, following initial site‐specific DNA binding. GTP binding is unique to P elements and may represent a novel form of transpositional regulation, allowing the bound transposase to find a second site, looping the transposon DNA for strand cleavage and excision. The GTP‐binding activity has been previously mapped to the central portion of the transposase protein; however, the P element transposase contains little sequence identity with known GTP‐binding folds. To identify soluble, active transposase domains, a GFP solubility screen was used testing the solubility of random P element gene fragments in E. coli. The screen produced a single clone spanning known GTP‐binding residues in the central portion of the transposase coding region. This clone, amino acids 275–409 in the P element transposase, was soluble, highly expressed in E.coli and active for GTP‐binding activity, therefore is a candidate for future biochemical and structural studies. In addition, the chimeric screen revealed a minimal N‐terminal THAP DNA‐binding domain attached to an extended leucine zipper coiled‐coil dimerization domain in the P element transposase, precisely delineating the DNA‐binding and dimerization activities on the primary sequence. This study highlights the use of a GFP‐based solubility screen on a large multidomain protein to identify highly expressed, soluble truncated domain subregions.
Predicting the disruption by UO22+ of a protein‐ligand interaction
Authors: Pible Olivier , Vidaud Claude , Plantevin Sophie , Pellequer Jean‐Luc , Quéméneur Eric
Published: September 2010

The uranyl cation (UO22+) can be suspected to interfere with the binding of essential metal cations to proteins, underlying some mechanisms of toxicity. A dedicated computational screen was used to identify UO22+ binding sites within a set of nonredundant protein structures. The list of potential targets was compared to data from a small molecules interaction database to pinpoint specific examples where UO22+ should be able to bind in the vicinity of an essential cation, and would be likely to affect the function of the corresponding protein. The C‐reactive protein appeared as an interesting hit since its structure involves critical calcium ions in the binding of phosphorylcholine. Biochemical experiments confirmed the predicted binding site for UO22+ and it was demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance assays that UO22+ binding to CRP prevents the calcium‐mediated binding of phosphorylcholine. Strikingly, the apparent affinity of UO22+ for native CRP was almost 100‐fold higher than that of Ca2+. This result exemplifies in the case of CRP the capability of our computational tool to predict effective binding sites for UO22+ in proteins and is a first evidence of calcium substitution by the uranyl cation in a native protein.
Does inflammation play a role in kava hepatotoxicity?
Authors: Zhang Lillian Yuan , Rowe Anthony , Ramzan Iqbal
Published: September 2010

The pathophysiology of kava hepatotoxicity remains inconclusive. There is circumstantial evidence for the roles of toxic metabolites, inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and depletion of liver glutathione. Pharmacogenomic effects are likely, particularly for Cytochrome P450 genes. Experimental and clinical cases of hepatotoxicity show evidence of hepatitis. The question remains whether this inflammation is caused by components of kava directly, or indirectly due to the downstream effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calorimetric researches
Authors: Verkade P. E. , Coops J. , Hartman H.
Published: September 2010

VIII. The paraffin oil method; an aid in the determination of the heats of combustion of difficultly combustible and hygroscopic substances.
A general theory of lyophobic colloids. II
Authors: Hamaker H. C.
Published: September 2010

Corresponding to views developed in the first paper a formula is given, which roughly estimates the total energy of interaction between two colloidal particles as a function of their distance apart: this formula contains the particle charge E and the electrolyte concentration c as two independent parameters.

The properties of a colloidal system are discussed for arbitrary values of E and c. The E‐c plane obtained by plotting E and c as abscis and ordinate in a rectangular system of axis is found to be split up in different portions; in one region a sol is stable, in another it is flocculated, while in intermediate regions more complicated conditions prevail.

A physical change in the sol is represented by a simultaneous variation of E and c, that is by a curve in the E‐c plane. With the aid of such curves a variety of phenomena viz. peptisation, reversible and irreversible flocculation, and thixotropy are discussed in a clear and simple way.
The crystal structure of NaOH.BF3 and of the alkali fluoborates and TIBF4
Authors: Klinkenberg L. J.
Published: September 2010

An X‐ray analysis was carried out of Na‐ Cs‐ and TIBF4 which proved to be isomorphous with the corresponding Perchlorates. The compound BF3. NaOH, isomorphous with NaBF4, should be formulated as the sodium salt of monohydroxyfluoboric acid; the hydroniumsalt of the same acid (BF3. 2H2O) formed the subject of a previous publication.

From the dissociation pressure, the heat of dissociation of NaBF4 and NaOH. BF3 was determined. The relative stability of both compounds was discussed.
Das Azidpotential
Authors: Blokker P. C.
Published: September 2010

Die Potentiale an einer blanken und einer platinierten Platinanode während der Elektrolyse einer Natriumazidlösung und der Einfluss von Kaliumrhodanid auf diese Potentiale wurden bestimmt. Kaliumrhodanid macht die Potentiale weniger positiv. Dies ist im Einklang mit der Tatsache, dass Jod nur im Gegenwart von Kaliumrhodanid imstande ist aus Natriumazidlösungen Stickstoff zu entwickeln.

Weiter zeigte sich, dass der Stickstoff, welcher in statu nascendi bei Elektrolyse einer Natriumazidlösung entsteht, in Gegenwart von Phenol, Spuren eines Isonitrils bildet.
Polymerisation of tetrahydronaphthalene
Authors: Waterman H. I. , Leendertse J. J. , Nieman J. B.
Published: September 2010

Introduction. In previous communications the results of polymerisation experiments carried out with several unsaturated hydrocarbons were described

A general survey is given in Trans. Faraday Soc., “A general discussion on polymerisation and condensation”, 37, 251 (1936).

H. I. Waterman, J. J. Leendertse and W. A. A. Blanche Koelensmid, Rec. trav. chim. 55, 7 (1936).

H. I. Waterman, J. J. Leendertse and J. Ph. Makkink, J. Inst. Petroleum Tech. 22. 333 (1936).

In the present paper the results of the polymerisation of tetrahydro‐naphthalene with aluminium chloride as a catalyst will be described. The nature of the reaction products of the polymerisation was investigated by using the specific refractivity‐molecular weight method

J. C. Vlugter, H. I. Waterman and H. A. van Westen, J. Inst. Petroleum Tech. 21, 661 (1935). see also J. C. Vlugter, Thesis Delft 1932.

.

Though the reaction products that have been obtained by the polymerisation of tetrahydronaphthalene at 50°C with aluminium chloride as a catalyst are strongly cyclic, their nature can only partly be explained by the supposition that the reaction during the polymerisation experiment is a “theoretical polymerisation”, in which the molecular weight regularly increases, without any ring opening or ring formation.

It has been proved in analogy with the work of Schroeter

G. Schroeter, Ber. 57, 1990 (1924).

that some ring opening occurred during the polymerisation. Also a rather important quantity of a solid, crystalline compound which contained 3 rings per molecule has been separated from the reaction products.

The production of gases has not been observed in the polymerisation.
On the chlorination of chlorobenzene in the gaseous phase at 500‐600°; The meta directing influence of the chlorine atom
Authors: Wibaut J. P. , van de Lande L. M. F. , Wallagh G.
Published: September 2010

The chlorination of chlorobenzene vapour in the presence of pumice as a contact substance has been studied at 500°, 550° and 600°. The reaction proceeds violently; even when a large excess of chlorobenzene is used, carbon is formed, especially in the experiments at 550° and at 600°. Besides dichlorobenzenes a considerable quantity of higher chlorinated benzenes is formed; the yields of dichlorobenzenes are low. The mixture of dichlorobenzenes has been isolated from the reaction product and the proportions of isomerides has been determined by thermal analysis. The main product (50%‐60%) of the mixture of dichlorobenzenes formed within the range of 500–600°, is meta‐dichlorobenzene.

Although the chlorination of chlorobenzene at high temperatures is not suitable for an exact quantitative investigation, it is proved in this paper, that this substitution reaction belongs to the meta type at 500–600° in the presence of pumice as a contact substance.
Syntheses of polychloro‐compounds with aluminium chloride. III. The condensation of chloroethanes with chloroethylenes
Authors: Prins H. J.
Published: September 2010

The condensation of readily available chloroethanes with chloroethylenes under the influence of aluminium chloride is described, and the course of the reaction and the composition of the resulting products are discussed.
L'action des Disulfures Alcalins sur le Tétrabromotétraméthylméthane
Authors: Backer H. J. , Evenhuis N.
Published: September 2010

Cette réaction donne un tétrasulfure spirocyclique asymétrique, dont l'un anneau renferme la fonction dithioéther, tandis que l'autre est le sulfure d'un thioéther.

La structure du tétrasulfure résulte de la désulfuration à l'aide de cuivre qui conduit à un trisulfure et de l'oxydation qui donne naissance d'abord à la disulfone du trisulfure et puis à un acide sulfonedisulfonique.
Die Krystallstruktur des Trioxymethylens
Authors: Moerman N. F.
Published: September 2010

Die Krystallstruktur dieses Polymers des Formaldehyds wurde bestimmt ohne jede Annahme über Form und Grösse des Moleküls. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass das Trioxymethylen im festen Zustand aus (CH2O)3‐Molekülen aufgebaut ist. Die 3 Kohlenstoffatome bilden zusammen mit den drei Sauerstoffatomen einen Sechsring der nicht flach ist, wie beim Benzen sondern dem geknickten Sechsring des Cyclohexans (Stuhlzustand) sehr ähnelt. Die Struktur ist rhomboedrisch (Raumgruppe C63√).
Die Dielektrizitäts‐Konstante des Flüssigen Schwefeltrioxyds
Authors: Smits A. , Moerman N. F.
Published: September 2010

Die Dielektrizitätskonstante des flüssigen Schwefeltrioxyds wurde zwischen 12° und 28°, die des eisartigen Schwefeltrioxyds zwischen 12° und 16°.85 (Tripelpunkt) gemessen.

Die D.K. zeigte bei der Schmelztemperatur keinen Sprung. Die starke Aenderung in der Zusammensetzung beim Schmelzen hat also keinen merklichen Einfluss auf der D.K. Daraus wurde geschlossen, dass die polymeren Moleküle aus (SO3)3 bestehen.

Diese sind dipolfrei und werden wahrscheinlich eine ebene Konfiguration besitzen.
Some properties of the ecgonines and their esters I
Authors: de Jong A. W. K.
Published: September 2010

The specific rotation of l‐ecgonine in different solutions is discussed. The decomposition of 0.5g of cocaine in 20 cm3 of 2 n.hydrochloric acid is complete in 5 hours, as is also that of 0.25 g in 20 cm3 of n/2 acid. A method is indicated for the determination of the quantity of l‐ecgonine in a mixture containing a compound with leavo rotation, which is not altered by boiling with 20% caustic potash solution. The following principle results were obtained with this method. The quantity of ecgonidine formed by boiling l‐ecgonine, l‐benzoylecgonine and l‐cocaine with hydrochloric acid is greater the stronger the acid and the longer the time of boiling. The esters are split up first into ecgonine and this is then partly transformed into ecgonidine. d‐Φ‐Ecgonine is not converted by boiling for 12 hours in a strong solution of hydrochloric acid. The l‐ecgonine of the esters is partly converted into ecgonidine by boiling with 20% potash. At ordinary temperatures the esters of l‐ecgonine are partially converted into d‐Φ‐ecgonine by alkalis in alcohol or acetone. This is a result of their easy conversion into their d‐isomers while they are still undecomposed and in contact with an alkali. By boiling with water benzoylecgonine and also cocaine form only small quantities of ecgonidine. l‐Cocaine heated at 115°–120° is converted first to the extent of 50% into ecgonidine methylester and benzoic acid; this acid then forms a benzoate with the remaining 50% of l‐cocaine, which is transformed on heating into l‐ecgonine methyl ester and benzoic acid anhydride, while the latter ester is changed on longer heating into its d‐isomer. d‐Cocaine is also transformed by heating at 115–120° into ecgonidine but with much more difficulty. The ecgonines and the cocaines are all converted on heating with excess benzoic acid at 115–120° into ecgonidine. l‐Ecgonine forms a compound with barium chloride (2 mol. of ecgonine + 1 mol. of BaCl2) which is slightly soluble in boiling absolute alcohol, but insoluble in boiling benzene.
Some properties of the ecgonines and their esters II. The structural formulae of the ecgonines and ecgonidine
Authors: de Jong A. W. K.
Published: September 2010

The structural formulae of the ecgonines are discussed and arguments are put forward for the double bond of ecgonidine being in the α.β‐position instead of in the β.γ‐position as suggested by Willstätter and Müller.
Light pressure and photophoresis in colloidal solutions
Authors: Gribnau F. B. , Krom C. J. , Kruyt H. R.
Published: September 2010

From the colloid chemical standpoint it is of interest with regard to light pressure that (a) the actual light pressure of the visible spectrum cannot be detected in colloidal solutions with the means available at present, (b) the results of the researches of Ehrenhaft and his co‐workers give but little information regarding the true light pressure, (c) the radiation of the nearest infra red can produce characteristic heat effects in colloidal solutions (such effects are usually grouped under the name of radiometer action), (d) the photophoresis effect observed by Barkas in sols is to be attributed to such a radiometer effect, (e) the transparency of water to the nearest infra red is frequently incorrectly left out of account, (f) in rendering the Brownian movement visible account must be taken of a possible movement caused by a radiometer effect, (g) in carrying out settling experiments, i. e. determination of the particle size by the sedimentation method using Stokes' law, attention must be paid to the influence of heat effects.
Ultra‐Violet absorption spectra of pyridine and pyridine derivatives
Authors: Spiers C. W. F. , Wibaut J. P.
Published: September 2010

The ultra‐violet absorption spectra of pyridine and 27 of its derivatives have been quantitatively measured. The possible errors have been calculated in every case. Some general remarks concerning the data and their interpretation are given.

The pyridine derivatives investigated comprise six mono‐ and nine dihalogenated pyridines, the three mono amino‐pyridines, three amino‐halogeno‐pyridines, three dipyridyls, two dipyridylamines and a tripyridylamine.
Über β.Tritylierte Glycerolderivate
Authors: Verkade P. E. , van der Lee J. , Meerburg W.
Published: September 2010

Die Bereitung von α Stearyl‐βγ. ditritylglycerol und von Tritritylglycerol wird beschrieben. Diese leichte Bildung von β.tritylierten Glycerolderivaten beweist von neuem, dass Tritylchlorid keineswegs ein spezifisches Reagens auf in einer Polyhydroxylverbindung vorhandene primäre Hydroxylgruppen ist. Vorgefasste Meinungen über die Konstitution eines ‐ sei es für synthetische Zwecke, sei es im Laufe einer Konstitutionsbestimmung hergestellten ‐ Tritylderivates einer Polyhydroxylverbindung sind daher vom Übel. In solchen Fällen wird man stets einen Beweis für die Konstitution dieses Stoffes erbringen müssen.
1,2‐Disélénacyclopentanes
Authors: Backer H. J. , Winter H. J.
Published: September 2010

L'action du séléniure (et du diséléniure) potassique sur le 1,3‐dibromo‐2‐méthyl‐2‐phénylpropane donne, comme produit secondaire, le 4‐méthyl‐4‐phényl‐1,2‐disélénacyclopentane (voir la formule).

On Prépare composé analogue aux dépens du 1,3‐dibromo‐2,2‐diméthylpropane par l'inter‐médiaire du bis‐sélénacyanure. L'anneau di‐sélénacyclopentane s'ouvre par l'oxydation qui conduit à un acide diséléninique.
A system of colloid phenomena
Authors: Hamaker H. C.
Published: September 2010

Colloid experiments are frequently interpreted on the assumption that attractive and repulsive forces are acting between the particles. In the paper below the consequences of this assumption are analysed from a theoretical point of view. It is found that the phenomena which may arise must logically be divided into two classes. These two classes show a very striking resemblance with the phenomena observed in lyophobic and lyophylic colloids respectively. It is also easily seen that the two classes of phenomena are not definitely separated, but that intermediate cases may exist. This is again in close agreement with the result of observation.

Strictly, however, the therms “lyophobic” and “lyophylic” do not apply to our classes of phenomena; instead of this a distinction between “reversible” and “irreversible” phenomena is proposed and it is maintained that, by combining this classification with the common distinction between lyophobic and lyophylic colloids, a more satisfactory system of colloids and colloid phenomena is obtained.
Das System Pyrogallol‐Paraphenylendiamin
Authors: Beets M. G. J.
Published: September 2010

Neue Bestimmung der Schmelzfigur im System Pyrogallol‐Paraphenylendiamin, weil die Ergebnisse von Kremann und Kaltmann sehr verschieden sind.
The amorphous part of starch in fresh bread, and in fresh pastes and solutions of starch: (preliminary publication)
Authors: Katz J. R.
Published: September 2010

The V‐pattern of starch is difficult to understand. It is the x‐ray pattern of starch in fresh bread; and it is the x‐ray pattern of starch pastes and of starch solutions, after dehydration with alcohol.

A real explanation of this x‐ray pattern cannot yet be given. But a series of facts found since 1930 makes another interpretation more probable than the one published then. It now seems most likely to be the superimposition of two patterns: an amorphous pattern of starch and a purely crystalline V‐pattern. But the old explanation still remains a possibility. When the new explanation is accepted, the change in the starch during the staling of bread is to be explained as the crystallization of the amorphous part of the swollen granules to a crystalline substance with a B‐pattern.

And, on this basis, the micels in dilute fresh starch pastes and in dilute fresh starch solutions are to be considered as being chiefly amorphous. In very concentrated pastes and solutions they may be partly crystalline (with V‐pattern).
Some remarks on the complexity of the solid state of sulphur trioxide and other substances
Authors: Gerding H. , Gerding‐Kroon R.
Published: September 2010

Phenomena of polymerisation, mainly studied for such organic substances as formaldehyde and styrene, are also present with sulphur trioxide and other inorganic substances and with a number of elements.

They are responsible for several cases of allotropy of the solid state.
The determination of aneurin (= vitamin B1) in urine by the thiochrome reaction
Authors: Westenbrink H. G. K. , Goudsmit J.
Published: September 2010

A chemical method, based on the thiochrome reaction, for the determination of aneurin in urine is described and discussed. The authors consider the accuracy of their method sufficient for most physiological, hygienic and clinical purposes.
The bromination of bromo‐, chloro‐ and fluorobenzenes in the gas phase; the effect of the temperature and catalyst on the substitution‐type
Authors: van Loon M. , Wibaut J. P.
Published: September 2010

With the aid of an improved and automatically working bromination apparatus, we have closely examined the bromination of bromobenzene, chlorobenzene and fluorobenzene in the gas phase.

All the three halogenobenzenes investigated, show a change from the ortho‐para‐ to the meta‐substitution type at about 400‐450° in brominations with artificial graphite as contact substance. With bromobenzene the relative quantities of Ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐dibromobenzenes obtained were accurately determined at various reaction temperatures. The effect of temperature on the ratio in which the isomers are produced cannot be explained by the existing theories of substitution.

The reaction took a completely different course in brominations with ferric bromide as a catalyst. Under these conditions, the reaction velocity is so high that the reaction can be investigated from 200°. With all three halogenobenzenes, the para‐ortho‐substitution type persists throughout the whole region of 200‐500°. Similar results were obtained with copper bromide as a catalyst. The theoretical views of Scheffer on the relationship between the reaction temperature and the ratio of the isomers so obtained, in substitutions in the benzene nucleus, which so far has only been tested experimentally over relatively small ranges of temperature, could now be tested over the range of 200‐450° with the data obtained in the bromination of bromobenzene with iron bromide as a catalyst. In this catalytic bromination, the agreement between the values found experimentally and those calculated from Scheffer's formula was excellent.

According to the investigations of Holleman and his co‐workers the type of a disubstitution reaction (ortho‐para or meta substitution) is determined by the nature of the substituent already present. From our investigations it appears that in the case of Cl, Br or F atoms, which have so far been considered as typical ortho‐para directing atoms, the nature of the atom already in the benzene nucleus is not the sole factor determining the type of substitution. It depends on the temperature at which the reaction is carried out and the nature of the catalyst used, whether the reaction belongs to the ortho‐para type or the meta type.
Die Dampfspannung von gesättigten wässerigen Lösungen der Dihydroxybenzene
Authors: Dingemans P.
Published: September 2010

Bei der Durchsicht der Literatur fällt auf, dass die Dampfspannungen von gesättigten wässerigen Lösungen sowohl von anorganischen Salzen als auch von organischen Stoffen meistens nur über einen kleinen Temperaturbereich hin gemessen worden sind. Nur für die Systeme H2O‐AgNO3 1) und H2O‐NH4NO32) wurde die p‐T‐Linie der gesättigten Lösungen bis an den Schmelzpunkt der Salze bestimmt.
Hier werden jetzt die Resultate von, nach einer statischen Methode ausgeführten, Dampfspannungsmessungen von gesättigten wässerigen Lösungen von Resorcinol, von Pyrocatechol und von Chinol gegeben, von 15° C an und für die beiden ersteren Stoffe bis zum Schmelzpunkt des gelösten Stoffes.

Ebenfalls wurden die Dampfspannungen von wässerigen Lösungen, gesättigt an einem dieser Stoffe, von 15° C an bis zu der eutektischen Temperatur der beiden gelösten Stoffe gemessen. Diese Eutektika wurden erneut bestimmt und für das System Pyrocatechol‐Resorcinol auch die gesamte Schmelzlinie. Dabei wurden bedeutende Unterschiede gegenüber den in der Literatur

H. W. Bakhuis Roozeboom, Verslag. Akad. Wetenschappen Amsterdam 10, 350 (1901)

E. Jänecke und E. Rahlfs, Z. anorg. allgem. Chem. 192, 237 1930
Sur L'Acide α‐Naphtylacétique
Authors: Olivier S. C. J. , Wit J.
Published: September 2010

On a amélioré la manière de préparer l'acide 1‐naphtylacétique, substance acrivant la croissance des végétaux. Pour le composé à l'état pur, on a déterminé un point de fusion de 135°‐135°.5, tandis qu'on trouve dans la littérature des chiffres variant de 106° à 132°.
Nitration and halogenation of 1 : 2‐bis‐(phenylamino)‐ethane and its derivatives. II
Authors: Schouten A. E.
Published: September 2010

This communication deals with a continuation of work described in the previous paper on this topic2). Some halogenonitro‐derivatives of 1:2‐bis‐(phenylamino)‐ethane with the halogen atom in themeta‐position are first described along with their nitration to explosive nitramines. The bromination and chlorination of 1:2‐bis‐(phenylamino)‐ethane and some of its derivatives are then discussed. The nitration of the acetyl compounds of 1:2‐bis‐(phenylamino) ‐ethane and its derivatives leads to the formulation of some rules on substitution. Finally, the nitration of N.N'diphenylpiperazine and its derivatives is dealt with, the occurrence of ring opening pointing to a striking analogy with van Romburgh's nitration of dimethylaniline.
The cohesive energy of liquid mixtures I
Authors: Staverman A. J.
Published: September 2010

It is shown that in computing the cohesive energy of a mixture it is possible to allow for the different sizes and shapes of the molecules by introducing an interaction constant. This constant is calculated for some molecules from the work of Hirobe; the calculation gives constant values for molecules of small polarity; for strongly polar molecules the theory will be given in a later paper.
The structure of aliphatic compounds: the walden inversion
Authors: Taylor William
Published: September 2010

From kinetic measurements of the reactions of Me, Et, Pr β and Bu γ, phenyl ethers, acetates, alcohols (with hydrogen bromide) and bromides (with aqueous alcohol) Bu γ compounds are found to react very much more rapidly than the others. The suggestion is made that in primary and secondary aliphatic compounds. AlkX, X is bound partially by α‐hydrogen. This would support theories of Polanyi and others to explain the Walden Inversion as shown by the relative reactivities of the corresponding alkyl halides with anions.
Some α‐[6‐methoxyquinolyl‐8]‐β‐alkylureas
Authors: Boehmer J. W.
Published: September 2010

Some α‐[6‐methoxyquinolyl‐8]‐β‐alkylureas have been prepared and studied with regard to their activity against bird malaria.
Freezing points of the system p‐dioxane‐t‐butanol
Authors: Getman Frederick H.
Published: September 2010

The complete freezing point diagram of the system p‐dioxane‐t‐butanol was established. The existence of a well‐defined eutectic was revealed.
The reduction of unsaturated ketones
Authors: Dippy J. Frederick J. , Lewis Reginald H.
Published: September 2010

Adequate details for the preparation of a number of unsaturated ketones (including substituted benzylidene acetophenones) are described.

Reduction of these unsaturated ketones by various chemical agencies has been studied.

Conversion to saturated ketones is effected by sodium amalgam in acetic acid. This method of obtaining such compounds is particularly useful since the necessary unsaturated ketones are derived in good yield by condensation of simple aldehydes and ketones.

Diketone secondary products in this mode of reduction are now shown to arise only at elevated temperatures.

The presence of chloro or nitro substituent inhibits reduction.

Generalisations made by Harries on the sodium amalgam reduction are criticised.

The Clemmensen reduction applies smoothly to benzylidene acetone yielding n‐propyl benzene.
The oxidation velocities of some alkenes with peracetic acid
Authors: Böeseken J. , Stuurman J.
Published: September 2010

The reactions of a number of alkenes and cyclenes with peracetic acid has been investigated in acetic acid solution, usually at various temperatures, in order to collect data on the E and B values of the Arrhenius equation:

\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \log \;k = \sim \frac{E} {{2.303\;RT}} + B. $$\end{document}

It appeared that the reaction constant increases considerably as the hydrogen atoms on the unsaturated carbon atoms are replaced by alkyl groups, and this was chiefly to be ascribed to the fall in the E values. The B values also fall in the case of the cyclic compounds, in which one would expect some tension on steric considerations.
Sulfones Insaturées. I. Préparation et Constitution des Sulfones Investigées. Tautomérie des Sulfones
Authors: de Roy Van Zuydewijn E.
Published: September 2010

Le but initial de mes recherches sur l'influence du groupe SO2sur la liaison double était exclusivement l'application de la méthode à l'acide borique de Böeseken aux diols eis‐ et trans‐ des sulfones cycliques, dérivées des butadiènes. Il va sans dire que la détermination de la constitution des sulfones insaturées devait précéder la préparation de ces diols, qui pouvait être exécutée autant par oxydation avec l'acide peracétique ou du KMnO4ou OsO4que par saponification du dibromure.

De l'une des sulfones investigées, celle de l'isoprène, Eigenberger

Eigenberger, J. prakt. Chem. (2) 127, 307 (1930); 129, 312; 131, 289 (1931)

) a décrit une isomérisation qu'il expliquait en admettant une transformation cis‐trans. En étudiant ce réarrangement de plus près, je constatai toutefois que l'interprétation d'Eigenberger était incorrecte, et qu'il s'agit ici d'un cas de tautoméric.

Après que cette partie de mes recherches fut virtuellement terminée, il parut une publication de Strating

J. Strating, Thèse Groningue 1934

), dans laquelle celui‐ci décrivait entre autres la détermination de la constitution d'un des composés étudiés par moi (la sulfone cyclique de diméthylbutadiène) et de quelques produits de son oxydation. Ici Strating signalait indépendamment de nous, que l'interprétation d'Eigenberger concernant l'isomération de la sulfone d'isoprène était intenable et montrait qu'il s'agit d'un changement de position de la double liaison. Les méthodes de Strating diffèrent pourtant assez de celles appliquées par moi; quant à l'isomérisation mentionnée plus haut, les résultats de mes recherches m'obligent à être d'un autre avis sur le mécanisme que celui proposé par Strating.

En préparant les diols cis et trans susdits, j'observai que le groupe SO2rend l'attaque de la double liaison par des oxydants beaucoup plus difficile que dans le cas de la plupart des substances insaturées.

Pour me faire une idée plus claire du caractère et de la grandeur de cette influence, j'essayai de mesurer la vitesse d'oxydation des sulfones insaturées à l'aide de l'acide peracétique. Ces mesures n'ont pourtant pas conduit au résultat attendu, parce qu'il fut constaté que la plupart des observations ne pouvaient être reproduites.
Untersuchungen ueber Pyrrolderivate 2. Mitteilung
Authors: Rinkes I. J.
Published: September 2010

Die Ergebnisse der Substitution in den Pyrrolkern wurden näher durch Einführung einer zweiten Nitrogruppe in 2‐Acetyl‐4‐nitropyrrol, 2‐Acetyl‐5‐Nitropyrrol und 5‐Nitro‐2‐pyrrolcarbonsäure Methylester studiert.

Es ergab sich, dass in allen Fällen Produkte entstanden, die auf Grund der Substitutionstheorie erwartet wurden.

Die Methode zur Darstellung des 2‐5‐Pyrroldicarbonsäuremethylesters wurde verbessert.
Some derivatives of glucamine and galactamine
Authors: den Otter H. P.
Published: September 2010

Aniline was obtained in place of the desired N(2.3.4.5.6‐pentahydroxyhexyl)‐N‐(phenyl)‐amine on reduction of glucose‐anilide with aluminium amalgam or with Pd and hydrogen.

Reduction of glucosoxime with 3% sodium amalgam afforded glucamine, which could then be combined with 1‐choro‐2.4‐dinitrobenzene, picryl chloride, 1‐chloro‐2.4‐dinitronaphthalene and 1.3‐dichloro‐4.6‐dinitro‐benzene to give N(2.4‐dinitrophenyl)‐glucamine, N(2.4.6‐trinitrophenyl)‐glucamine, N(2.4‐dinitronaphthyl)‐glucamine and N(3‐chloro‐4.6‐dinitro‐phenyl)‐glucamine.

Galactosoxime can also be reduced with 3% sodium amalgam to give galactamine, which can be condensed with the compounds given in (2) to give N(2.4‐dinitrophenyl)‐galactamine, N(2.4.6‐trinitrophenyl)‐galactamine, N(2.4‐dinitronaphthyl)‐galactamine and N(3‐chloro‐4.6‐dinitrophenyl)‐galactamine.
Untersuchungen ueber Pyrrolderivate. 3. Mitteilung
Authors: Rinkes I. J.
Published: September 2010

Die β‐Pyrrolcarbonsäure wird in der Literatur wiederholt beschrieben, aber in einer Abhandlung von Neisser (s.u.) gezeigt, dass sämtliche Bereitungsmethoden nur eine Modifikation der α‐Säure lieferten. Es gelang mir, mit Hilfe einer durchsichtigen Synthese die β‐Säure darzustellen und die Verschiedenheit von der α‐Säure zu erweisen.
Flame ranges and explosion regions
Authors: van Deventer A. M.
Published: September 2010

Four ternary systems were investigated viz CH3ClairCCl2F2, C2H5ClairCCl2F2, C4H10airCCl2F2 and C4H10airC2H5Cl. In each system the lengths were determined over which the flame phenomenon was propagated in the mixtures through the explosion tube in the neighbourhood of the explosion limit.

The limit curves were constructed and discussed.
On the composition and the crystallography of autunite and the meta‐autunites
Authors: Beintema J.
Published: September 2010

The optical behaviour of artificial autunite crystals was studied in connection with its water content. The autunite was shown to be transformed into meta‐autunite‐I on loosing water. The crystal structure of both compounds was studied by means of X‐rays. The remarkable properties of the mineral, namely its varying water content and the base exchange are associated with the crystal structure. By studying the corresponding Ba‐compound it is concluded that the cations in the meta‐autunite‐I probably do not occupy a fixed position. Because of their great mobility it is permissible to consider them as “vagabond ions”.