bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Evaluation of Microencapsulated Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Using Double Emulsion Method
Authors: Abdul Ameer Mohammed Wajeah , Maraie Nidhal K.
Published: April 2022

The need for producing sustained release dosage form was increased (especially for chronic diseases) to decrease side effect, increase efficacy of treatment, so it is now possible to administer the drugs once a week to once a year.    

Dexamethasone sodium Phosphate (DSP) is a potent corticosteroid used for the treatment of many conditions like osteoarthritis (OA) and post joint replacement surgery. Microencapsulated dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) having continuous prolonged release was prepared. To achieve that, DSP microcapsules were prepared using w/o/w double emulsion method where PLGA was used as a polymer, PVA and glycerol as plasticizer and Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as emulsifying agent. Nine formulas of (PLGA coated (DSP) (microcapsules) were prepared to study the effect of different variables on the % yield and entrapment efficiency (EE) including the effect of internal aqueous phase volume, presence of NaCl (as osmotic pressure enhancer), PLGA concentration, plasticizer concentration and sonication time. The best formula was found to be formula (F1) containing 16 mg DSP coated with PLGA and found to give 85% EE and 94.19% yield.
Effect of Moxifloxacin-Triple Therapy Versus Clarithromycin-Triple Therapy for the Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori Infections Regarding to Age and BMI.
Authors: Kadhim Ahmed Mansur , Mohammed Mohammed Mahmood , Hassan Hussein Muhammad
Published: April 2022

Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) is one of the most common infectious human pathogens, which infected more

 

than (50%) of the populations worldwide.

pylori induce inflammation, which causes of upper gastrointestinal illnesses including dyspepsia, peptic ulcer

 diseases, gastroesophageal reflux disease and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. It is important to use a greatly effective and better tolerated eradication regimen. In this study, fifty newly diagnosed adult patients with H. pylori infection were included, they were allocated into two groups with two different treatment regimens for H. pylori eradications; Group A (25 patients) received oral conventional clarithromycin-triple therapy for 14 days. Group B (25 patients) received oral moxifloxacin triple therapy for 14 days. The results reported in this study indicated a significant higher eradication rate of triple moxifloxacin regimen (80%) of patients with H. pylori infections compared to that of triple clarithromycin regimen (52%). In the present study, using different H.pylori eradication regimens for patients with different age groups demonstrated no statistically significant differences in eradication rate achieved (p< 0.05). The result of this study showed that triple moxifloxacin therapy produced a significant higher eradication rate than clarithromycin triple therapy among normal weight patients with H. pylori infection (100% and 50% respectively (p=0.032)), while there was no significance difference among overweight and obese patients (p< 0.05) between the two groups. The present study concluded that the administration of moxifloxacin triple regimen for H. pylori eradication, demonstrated eradication effectiveness was significantly higher compared to that of clarithromycin triple regimen.
The Protective Effect of Metformin Against Doxorubicin Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rabbits
Authors: Shaty Mohammed Hussein , Arif Inam Sameh , Al-Ezzi Muthanna I.
Published: April 2022

Back ground: Doxorubicin is a very effective anticancer therapy of the anthracycline's family used in many pediatric and adult cancers. However, due to severe cardiotoxicity adverse effect, the uses of doxorubicin are limited. Metformin reducing basal and

postprandial glucose levels. Metformin has a good treatment efficacy and safety profile in treatment of T2DM in conjunction with lifestyle modification. Metformin have a cardioprotective effect in addition to reducing basal and postprandial levels of glucose by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species, maintaining energy homeostasis and apoptosis regulation by its activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. 

Method: Thirty-six white male rabbits randomly divided to six groups, each comprising of six rabbits. 1- Control group injected 2 ml saline single dose intraperitoneally. 2- Metformin group 300 mg/kg/daily for 14 days orally. 3- Acute doxorubicin induction group 16 mg/ kg intraperitoneally as a single dose. 4- Chronic doxorubicin induction group 4mg/kg intraperitoneally twice a week for two weeks. 5- Metformin+ acute doxorubicin induction group 16 mg/kg intraperitoneally single dose and Metformin 300 mg/kg/daily for 14 days orally, three days before doxorubicin treatment. 6- Metformin + chronic doxorubicin induction group 4 mg/kg intraperitoneally, twice a week for two weeks and Metformin 300 mg/kg/daily for 14 days orally, three days before doxorubicin treatment. 

Result: our results revealed the treatment with metformin significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the serum level of troponin I and MMP2 in Metformin+ acute doxorubicin induction and Metformin + chronic doxorubicin induction groups in comparison with the acute doxorubicin and chronic doxorubicin groups.

Conclusion: From these results in this study, we can conclude that metformin has a cardioprotective effect against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in acute and also the chronic induction by decreasing serum level of troponin I and MMP2.
Controlling phase transformation during milling in the pre-formulation of Active pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Hameed Ghaidaa Sulaiman
Published: April 2022

A high percentage of active pharmaceutical ingredient are available in the insoluble crystalline phase.  During pharmaceutical processing such as milling there are many issues can be initiated due to the transformation of this crystalline materials. Some trans-formation might be positively

solving the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) problems such as solubility and dissolution rate while others might negatively affect these factors which render the APIs into inactive compound. Therefore, during the pre-formulation study, all of these issues must be resolved to ensure drug stability and hence its bioavailability. This review will shed the light on the most popular transformations that happened, factors affecting them, and the characterization methods used for the detection of phase formed. The studying of these factors, will help to avoid them in future
Effect of Curcumin Supplement on Pulmonary Functions, Total and Differential White Blood Cell Count, Serum Level of Leptin and Body Mass Index in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Chronic Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Khdair Sura Abbas , Abdulridha Manal Khalid , Fatah Mostafa Abdal
Published: April 2022

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation together with increased oxidative stress that lead to clinical symptoms of asthma. 

  Obesity is a known risk factor of asthma as the obesity is correlated with systemic inflammation and airway restriction. Curcumin, a natural product derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa (Turmeric), has a wide range of beneficial properties including anti-inflammatory and weight reducing agent. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of curcumin as supplement therapy on the pulmonary function, total and differential white blood cell count and metabolic status of chronic bronchial asthmatic patients. It is a prospective randomized controlled interventional study carried out on 40 patients visiting Al-Yarmouk teaching hospital and conducted from October 2017 to April 2018. The patients were allocated into group1; include 17 asthmatic patients assigned to receive conventional therapy for asthma alone, and group 2; include 23 asthmatic patients assigned to receive conventional therapy for asthma plus 750 mg curcumin capsule twice daily for two months. Results revealed significant improvement in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) in group 2 patients after two months(P<0.01). The total white blood cell count didn’t show any difference after treatment except decrease in neutrophil count after curcumin supplement (p< 0.05). The leptin level and body mass index present with no significant difference in both groups after two months (p >0.05).
Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Synthesis of Ibuprofen, Naproxen and Nabumetone
Authors: Raauf Ayad M. R , Raauf Sura S. , Abed Nehad Kanaan , M Hala Ayad
Published: April 2022

This review paper covers the major synthetic approaches attempted towards the synthesis of some Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Naproxen, Ibuprofen and Nabumetone)
Preparation and Evaluation of Emulgel as Topical Drug Delivery for Nimesulide by Using Conventional Emulsion
Authors: Mohammed Ali Mayssam H. , Ali Wedad K.
Published: April 2022

Topical drug administration is a mean by which various types of dosage forms such as ointments, creams, gels and emulgels are applied at a specific site of the body such as skin, ophthalmic, vagina and various parts of gastrointestinal tract to

 

give either local or systemic effect. Nimesulide is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which has good anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity.

In this study, eight formulations of nimesulide emulgel containing conventional emulsion were prepared to investigate the effects of different variables on the physical appearance, pH, spreadability, viscosity and in vitro drug release. These variables are the type of oil phase of the emulsion (olive and coconut oil), type and concentration of emulsifying agent (span 80 and tween 80), type of gelling agent (carbopol934 and HPMCK15M), preservative and penetration enhancer.

The results revealed that (F4) which consist of 2.5% HPMCK15M, 4% (combination of span80 and tween80), 8% coconut oil and 1% nimesulide was an optimum formulation, since it shows maximum drug release after 7 hrs in addition to excellent physical appearance.
Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, molecular docking and ADME studies of new derivatives of ketoprofen as cyclooxygenases inhibitor
Authors: Allawi Mustafa M. , Mahdi Monther F. , Raauf Ayad M. R.
Published: April 2022

The synthesis of new selective COX-2 enzyme is an approach for obtaining potent, anti-inflammatory drugs that have fewer side effects. Ketoprofen has a very low selectivity toward COX-2 enzyme and has a serious GIT side effects because it induces gastric ulcer. A new series of 4-thiazolidinones bearing ketoprofen moiety was designed, synthesized, and then evaluated as a

new inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).

Characterization and identification of the synthesized compounds were established by determination of 1H-NMR spectra,13C-NMR spectra, FT-IR spectroscopy, and physical properties.

These newly synthesized compounds have been evaluated in vivo for their anti-inflammatory efficiency and in silico selectivity toward COX-2 throughout molecular docking by using GOLD.suite.v.5.6.2. All the tested. compounds via molecular. docking showed significant. activities when compared. With ketoprofen and diclofenac as references drugs, the results were consistent with the study of in in vivo acute. anti-inflammatory activity.

Also, ADME studies had been accomplished in order to predict the absorption sites, bioavailability, topological polar surface Area (TPSA), and also drug-likeness.  The ADME results reported that. All the synthesized. compounds can be absorbed by the GIT.
Lipidomics application to explain acute cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin
Authors: Abdul Karim Lubna Zuhair , Arif Inam Sameh , Al Saady Fouad A.
Published: April 2022

Doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardio-toxicity is one of the important limiting factors for the clinical use of this drug, the exact mechanism underlying the cardiotoxicity is still under debate and different experimental protocols were used.  Lipidomics technology was used in this study to investigate the underlying

the cardiotoxicity is still under debate and different experimental protocols were used.  Lipidomics technology was used in this study to investigate the underlying mechanism of cardiotoxicity induced by DOX.  Lipidomics refers to the complete analysis of lipid profile of a cell or organism based on the principles and tools of analytical chemistry particularly mass spectrometry. This study was designed to investigate cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin using lipidomics technology.

Method: Twelve adult male rats divided randomly into two groups, each group comprising of six rats. 1: Control group (single dose (1ml) saline intraperitoneally); 2: DOX group (20 mg/ kg single dose intraperitoneally). After anesthesia, the myocardial tissue harvested and stored in liquid nitrogen, then the metabolites will be extracted from left ventricle of the heart tissue, derivatized using boron trifluride-methanol 10% and then the metabolites identified using GC-MS.

Results: The results showed that treatment with DOX produced significant (P<0.05) increase in the level of acetic acid, cholesterol, myristic acid, and stearic acid. Whereas the level of arachidonic acid, linolic acid, pentadecanoic acid, oleic acid and ricinoleic acid, decreased significantly (P<0.05) in DOX group.  Lauric acid, palmitic acid, and methylcyclohexane, were found to be increased in DOX group.

Conclusion: This study showed that DOX induced cardiotoxicity can be identified by lipidomics technique by measuring lipid biomarkers of cardiotoxicity in heart tissue which include the saturated fatty acids (stearic acid, acetic acid and palmitic acid), unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid) as well as cholesterol
Effects of vitamin D supplementation on red cell indices and cytokines in patients with thalassemia: An open-label randomized clinical trial
Authors: HamaSalih Raz Muhammed , Al-Nimer Marwan S.M.
Published: April 2022

Background and aim

Deficiency of vitamin D is known as a health problem all over the world and a recognized clinical complication of beta thalassemia patients. Vitamin D acts as a hormone at the nuclear receptor rendering it a beneficial medication for a number of diseases. It is believed that vitamin D

 

is important in the modulation of the inflammation system by regulating the formation of inflammatory cytokines and immune cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the red cell indices and cytokines levels in patients with beta thalassemia major, in an open label randomized clinical trial.

Patients and Methods: this study performed an open-label randomized clinical trial in patients with beta thalassemia major. Forty-six patients completed the eight weeks clinical trial and were allocated to administer oral vitamin D3 supplement of 100,000 IU every two weeks as an add-on treatment. During the study, hematological indices, serum iron, ferritin, vitamin D, calcium and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, interleukin-2 and interleukin-10) were evaluated before (at baseline) and after vitamin D supplementation for 8 weeks.

Results: Vitamin D3 supplements significantly decreases interleukin-6 levels and elevates the serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and IL-10, it also significantly reduced serum ferritin level, but it did not alter the hematological indices.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that administration of vitamin D has a potential anti-inflammatory role in beta thalassemia patients and reduces serum ferritin levels, which may reduce the burdens of iron overload in thalassemia patients.
An Overview on the Recent Technologies and Advances in Drug Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs
Authors: Dakhil Ibtihal Abdul kadhim , Mahdi Zainab H.
Published: April 2022

Solubility can be defined as the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at certain conditions to yield a single-phase system. Solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients is considered the main parameter to get the most desired drug concentration in general circulation

in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Poor aqueous solubility considered the main problem occurs in the formulation progress of new chemical entities; in addition to the standard improvement; solubility is the main dispute for formulation scientists. The drug must appear as solution at the site of absorption in order to be absorbed. Many physical or chemical modification techniques are used to improve the solubility of low aqueous soluble drugs, in addition to other techniques such as particle size reduction, crystal engineering, salt formation, solid dispersion, use of surfactant and complexation. The selection of the solubility improvement methods depends on drug characteristics, location of absorption and the features of the administered dosage form.
Leptin: A new aspect of a multifunctional protein
Authors: Hedef El-Yassin D.
Published: April 2022

The Maintenance of an appropriate body weight is very important for the survival of higher organisms. In order to have a constant weight, there must be an energy balance. Despite short-term mismatches in energy balance, energy intake can generally be matched to energy expenditure with great precision due to the existence of several types of signaling biomolecules such as leptin.Leptin is an adiposity-derived hormone that decreases food intake and body weight via its receptor in the hypothalamus. In rodents, it also modulate glucose metabolism by increasing insulin sensitivity.Leptin interacts with pathways in central nervous system and through direct peripheral mechanisms.Leptin appears to have a range of roles as a growth factor in a range of cell types. Surely, more interactions are yet to be discovered.Although the complexity of leptin axis indicates that it is difficult to derive effective treatments for obesity, leptin was the first of a group of adiposite-secreted hormones to be used clinically to treat hypoleptinemic status.This review sheds a small ray of light on the wide landscape of function, roles, actions and interactions of leptin to improve knowledge and point the way to the underlying physiology which predisposes some individuals to apparently unregulated weight gain
Effect the Pharmaceutical Care and Health Education on Knowledge and Disease Control for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A sample of Iraqi Patients
Authors: Hussein Al Hussein Safaa , Kadhim Kadhim Ali , Fadil Sabah Mousa
Published: April 2022

Objective: To study the effect of Pharmaceutical Care (PC) program and health education delivered by pharmacist on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patient’s knowledge about diabetes, glycemic control, blood pressure and Body Mass Index (BMI).

 Patients and methods: A prospective interventional study including T2DM patients with poor glycemic control, i.e. glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) more than 7%. Patients receiving PC and education about T2DM and cardiovascular disease by the researcher pharmacist. Patients were followed for 26 weeks. The study parameters included HbA1c, Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Systolic Blood pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), BMI and Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ-24).

Results: Thirty-eight T2DM patients were included in the study. Thirty-two completed the program. A significant decrease in the HbA1c and FBS at the end line measurements (from 9.1% to 7.4%, P-value = 0.001) and (from 187.4 to 135.3, P-value = 0.001) respectively. A significant decrease occurred in both SBP and DBP (from 129.8 to 125.2, P-value = 0.009) and (from 82.0 to 77.9, P-value =0.001) respectively. Diabetes knowledge score also showed a significant increase at the end of study (from 52.6 to 63.7, P-value =0.001)

Conclusion: Pharmaceutical care and health education with continuous follow up delivered by the pharmacist even for a relatively short period of time in collaboration with specialist physician, resulted in improved T2DM Knowledge plus better glycemic and blood pressure control.
Treatment Trends of Myocarditis with Coxsackievirus B3 infection
Authors: Hanna Dalya Basil , Jasim Ghaith Ali , Abdullah Al-Shuwaikh Arwa Mujahid
Published: April 2022

Viral myocarditis occurred after viral invasion of the cardiocytes and followed by the releasing of viral particles and inflammatory cells. Acute viral myocarditis is relatively common phase of the disease cured spontaneously in some cases or leading to sever acute heart failure and cardiac damage ended with chronic heart failure with increased mortality rate. The fully understand mechanism of viral myocarditis is unclear but some hypothesis trying to illustrate the events of the disease.

Regardless of etiological cause, myocarditis is treated depending on disease phase and by following the instructions of Heart Failure Society of America guideline.

This article provides the basic knowledge available in literatures to review some important informations of viral myocarditis, with a special focusing on viral myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B3 infection.
Highlight on lipids and its use for covalent and non-covalent conjugations
Authors: Abdullah Q. Khudhur  , Nidhal K. Maraie  , Ayad M.R. Raauf
Published: April 2022

Lipids are organic fatty or waxy compounds which are used to make nanocarriers that are promising for drug delivery. When lipids associated covalently (lipid-drug conjugate LDC) or non- covalently (drug-lipid complex) to drugs to form Lipid Drug Conjugates (LDC). Most common types of lipids

 

used for drug conjugation are fatty acids, glycerides, steroids, and phospholipids. Conjugation with lipids may change the properties of the drug and significantly increase the drug lipophilicity. Lipid-drug conjugation could improve the delivery of drugs by the lymphatic system, enhance bioavailability of oral administered drugs, improve drug targeting in tumor diseases, enhance the loading of drugs into some delivery carriers, increase drug stability, and many others. Lipid-drug conjugates can be prepared through different strategies for conjugation and by chemical linkers depending on the chemical structure of both drugs and lipids, careful selection of lipids and drug are necessary in designing the lipid-drug conjugate to achieve maximum benefits.
In Silico Design and Molecular Docking Studies of Carbapenem Analogues Targeting Acinetobacter baumannii PBP1A Receptor
Authors: Twana Salih  , Hawzhin A. Salih
Published: April 2022

Carbapenems are considered as the most effective antibiotic against Acinetobacter baumannii infections, as the pathogen has a resistance to the most of the other beta-lactam antibiotics; however, recent studies proved that this pathogen has developed

resistance to carbapenems, as well. Therefore, development of novel therapeutics targeting A. baumannii resistant strains is an urgent global requirement. One of the causes responsible for this bacterial resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics is the decreased strength of interactions between A. baumannii Penicillin-Binding Proteins 1A (PBP1A) and carbapenems. Therefore, the aim of this study is to design a novel analogue of imipenem with significantly higher binding affinity and improved drug-likeness properties to overcome resistance of the pathogen and optimize bioavailability, respectively. De novo drug design was performed using virtual screening to predict the ligand(s) with the highest binding affinity. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional structure of the designed molecules were sketched using Chemdraw professional and MarvinSketch, respectively. After separating the targeted protein from A. baumannii PBP1A-imipenem complex structure (3UDX) and retaining a monomer (chain A) from a dimer of the protein structure using Text Editor (ConTEXT v0.98.6), docking was achieved using virtual screening AutoDock Vina program. Finally, drug-likeness properties were assessed. The results could find the selected compounds with significantly higher binding affinity and improved physicochemical properties compared with imipenem.
Two-intervention social distancing strategy to control COVID-19 in Mosul city; A Comparative study
Authors: Muhammad A. Ahmed  , Zena N. Al Jalelli  , Muataz A. Alani  , Firas I. Mostafa  , Aws A. Al-Hamdani  , Rowa fawaz  , Saraa M. Ghanim  , Zahraa A. Al-Kataan
Published: April 2022

Background: Novel coronavirus what known now as COVID-19 pandemic represents worldwide health problem. It presented as an upper respiratory infection, acute respiratory distress syndrome, micro thrombosis, sepsis, septic shock, and multi-organ failure and death. Early recognition of suspected cases allows health staff and local gover-

 

Nment the sufficient time to initiate the appropriate international and national protocols to control the transmission of infection.

Aim:  Evaluate the effectiveness of two- intervention social distancing strategy that was applied to control COVID-19 in Mosul city.

Method: Using mathematical simulation model for COVID-19 spread implemented in Santa Clara City in US to estimate the expected burden of the pandemic in Mosul City. This model give a numerical data about the number of the infected cases and time interval of applying the appropriate intervention control strategies by comparing single-strategy (social distancing) to two-intervention strategy (social distancing & light switch approach).

Results: The two interventions strategy shows that on average, the baseline epidemic scenario affected 12.3% of the population in comparison to 11.6% with single-strategy at 70% contact rate. While at the rate of 20% of social contact, only 0.11 % of the population will be infected in the two-intervention strategy in comparison to 0.165% when the single strategy applied. This means a significant reduction in the spread of the infection and the peak time incidence in all hypotheses will be significantly delayed.

Conclusion: The two- intervention social distancing strategy is an efficient tool to control COVID-19 in Mosul city and this represents a big success for Crisis Cell in controlling the pandemic in Mosul city.
Cuscuta Chinensis potentiate the effect of methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis Induced Rats.
Authors: Ahmed Shawqy Saadoon  , Mustafa Ghazi Alabbassi  , Nadia Hameed Mohammed
Published: April 2022

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic destructive inflammatory disease related to a breakdown in immune tolerance. This disease is characterized by joint inflammation, swelling, and in severe cases deformation may occur. Cuscuta Chinensis (C. Chinensis) is a parasitic plant, grow around other plants to absorb nutrient and water from them. C. Chinensis has a wide range of chemicals that produce a wide range of pharmacological activates. Because of its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, it was considered as a good candidate to assess its role in RA. Methods: Rheumatoid arthritis was induced by injection of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant inside the foot-pad of male albino rats. The animals were grouped in four groups as follows group 1 considered as a normal control group, group 2 consider as positive control arthritis, group 3 treated with methotrexate (MTX), group 4 treated with MTX and C. Chinensis extract. On day 14 of immunization, treatments began and last for 21 days, at the end of the experiment all animals were sacrificed and serum was collected. The serum markers that had been evaluated were MMP3, VEGF, and SOD. Throughout the experiment time the body weight was evaluated. Results The combination significantly (P-value ≤ 0.05) improves objective parameter of RA which was the body weight. Also significantly decrease (P-value ≤ 0.05) the serum level of MMP3, VEGF, and considerably increase serum SOD. Conclusion: The combination has a significant beneficial role in suppression of destructive enzyme (MMP3), angiogenic stimulators (VEGF), and increase serum SOD enzyme.
Efficacy of gel electrophoresis for proteins and biotechnological products –an overview.
Authors: Ammar Q. Muhammed  , Nidhal K. Maraie  , Basma T. Al-Sudani
Published: April 2022

Nucleic acids or proteins electrophoresed within a matrix or gel that immersed in a buffer provides ions needed to carry a current and for pH maintenance at a relatively constant value. Sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

 

(SDS-PAGE) utilizes SDS as an anionic detergent that causes protein denaturation that linearized protein molecules. Each molecule of SDS has the ability to binds to two amino acids. As a result, the ratio of charge to mass becomes constant for all denatured proteins in the mixture. The molecules of protein migrate toward the positive pole and separated in the gel depending only on their molecular weights. The chains of polyacrylamide are cross linked by N, N-methylene bisacrylamide comonomers and ammonium persulfate used as an initiator for polymerization as they act as radical source and N, N, N', N'- tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) used to catalyse the polymerization. Electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids by using agarose or polyacrylamide gels were illustrated in this review.
GC-MS analysis of Iraqi Silybum marianum Flowers, Leaves and Seeds Extracts
Authors: Rasha Eldalawy  , Wasan Abdul kareem  , Widad M K Al-Ani
Published: April 2022

Iraqi land is rich with medicinal plants and Iraqi people trust using herbals as treatments since ancient times, one of these important wild medicinal plants is Silybum marianum, which is known as Milk thistle. It has a long history in Greek and Arabian medicine as a liver tonic

which has been confirmed by scientific in vivo/ in vitro study and made the plant in the top of medicine that can regenerate liver tissues and cure various liver diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the active constituents in the seeds, leaves and the flowers of Iraqi Silybum marianum, identification  have been done by GC-MS instrument after the extraction process by hexane then ethanol as a solvent in the Soxhlet apparatus, An important compounds has been detected such as phytosterol, catechin, terpenes, fatty acids, fatty alcohol, and  monosaccharide,  in different concentration in the parts of the plants.
Synthesis, Antibacterial study and ADME Evaluation of Novel Isonicotinoyl Hydrazide Derivative Containing 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Moiety
Authors: Mazen Mohammed Jwaid  , Karima Fadhil Ali  , Mayada Hadi Abd-alwahab
Published: April 2022

Novel derivative of isoniazid containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole pharmacophore has been synthesized. The chemical structure of the compound was characterized and confirmed by using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy.

 

The desired compound was tested against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using agar well-diffusion technique for their ability as antibacterial agent and showed good antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria. In addition, ADME evaluations were performed using Swiss ADME to predict if the synthesized compound can be given orally, the bioavailability, topological polar surface area, and drug-likeness. The result showed that all tested compounds absorbed orally and fulfilled the Lipinski rule.
Extraction and Detection of Some Flavonoids from Tamarix aphylla (F. Tamaricaceae) Grown in Iraq
Authors: Saja Ismaeel  , Huda Jaber Waheed  , Widad Mustafa Kamel
Published: April 2022

Objective: In the present study, screening for some flavonoids (aglycone and glycoside) in tamarix aphylla by using thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromat-ography. Methods: The leaves of

 

Tamarix.aphylla was extracted by soxhlet with Ethylacetate and then with the ethanol /water 90%. The flavonoids were detected by Analyticl thin layer chromatography using standards and by HPLC. Results:Three  flavonoid aglycones were extracted  with ethylacetate (Kaempferol .Quercetin , Isorhamnetin) and one flavonoid glycoside (Rutin) was detected in the  ethanol /water  90% extract. Conclusion: From   this    study can be conclude that tamarix aphylla is a promising plant for many flavonoid compounds that have many pharmacological actions
Role of Pharmaceutical Care in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Kirkuk City
Authors: Hiwa S. Namiq  , Kawa A. Obeid  , Dilan A. Mohammed
Published: April 2022

Background and objectives. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that negatively affects patient’s quality of life and creates a huge burden on both patients and health care system. Effective pharmaceutical intervention could result in a tighter disease control,

 

reducing long term complications and improving the quality of life.

Methods: In this study, a prospective clinical trial was performed to evaluate the role of pharmaceutical care in reducing complications and in improving the quality of life among patients with T2DM.A total of 189 patients were included and divided into two groups; the first group: consisted of 95 patients, comprised the intervention group who received regular pharmaceutical care on monthly basis. The rest 94 patients were allocated to the non-intervention group who only received usual medical care. Patient selection was carried out according to certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two categories of data were recorded from each participant at 6 time points during the study period. The first category was assessment of risk factors of complication such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, uncontrolled hyperglycemia, physical inactivity and smoking. The second category was current status of diet and quality of life.

Results: The number of drug therapy problems non-adherence to medication and HBA1c were significantly reduced and quality of life was significantly improved among intervention group. Other Clinical and blood parameters were not affected.

Conclusion: Pharmacist collaboration with physicians regarding management of type II diabetes patients have yielded a better patient management outcome, reduced risk factors and improved the quality of life in those patients.
Effect of new synthesized piperazine derivative [1] containing 1, 2, 4 –triazole ring on the growth of some pathogenic microorganisms
Authors: Khulood Al-Samaraie W. , Omar Al-Rahbi S. , Nazar Al-Nasiri A.
Published: April 2022

This work describes the antimicrobial activity of newly synthesized 4-methyl (3-mercapto -4- phenyl -4H- 1,2,4-Triazole –5-yl) methyl piperazine. [1]. The newly synthesized piperazine derivative was obtained from basic cyclization of the intermediate product obtained from the reaction between acetic hydrizide –4-methyl piperazine and phenylisothiosyanate(1) .[1] The in vitro tests showed antimicrobial activity against two pathogenic bacteria viz; Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) and Escherichia coli (gram negative), in addition to the dermatophyte pathogenic fungi Trichophyton rubrum. The screening antibacterial results illustrated below indicate that concentration [50mg/ml] showed the highest inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, while the same concentration has a moderate activity againstStaphylococcus aureus.While the highest inhibitory effect against Trichophyton rubrum was achieved using the concentration [25 mg/ml].
Atopy as a risk factor for dermatophytoses
Authors: Rand Hafidh R. , Nidhal Abdul Muhaimen , Rasool Dabbagh
Published: April 2022

Antagonism between cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity that develops in atopic patients may be correlated with susceptibility of those patients to dermatophytoses. One hundred and one patients were included in this study from September 2002 to September 2003 to discover the association between atopy and dermatophytoses. The atopic status of patients did not act as a predisposing factor for different types of dermatophytoses, but it increased the susceptibility of such infections to become chronic rather than acute.
Introduction of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) In the non surgical periotherapy of Rapidly progressive periodontitis
Authors: Abdullatif Al-Juboury , Maiada Al-Mousilly M.
Published: April 2022

The non surgical periotherepy are based on the bacteriologic back ground of periodontal diseases.More than 46 different verulant species were composing the bacterial flora. Tetracycline, doxycyline, minocyline were used systemically and / or topically in association with conventional scaling and root planning, as well chlorhexidine and wide variety of antiseptics were used. Rapidly progressive type A and type B being a complex disease showing a specific entity and a complex bacterial flora, a curative non surgical remedy not yet well realized.The polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) a highly effective wide broad spectrum bactericidal, fungicidal and virocidal antiseptic used in low concentration (3%) as an intrapocket irrigation solution accompanied with conventional ultrasound scaling and root planning. Eight patients having rapidly progressive periodontal (3 of type A , 5 of type B) were involved in this study, 12 therapeutic sessions were performed during 6 months. Once a week, in the first month, twice a month in the next 3 months, then once a month in the later 2 months. The result showed a significant improvement of the clinical parameters, gingival bleeding index (GBI), clinical pocket depth (CDD) and clinical tooth mobility (CTM) and with radiologic evidences of bone formation.The result suggests that PVP could be the promising effective, safe, clinically applicable, easy to use, and cheap remedy of complex periodontal diseases.
Synthesis of nitrocoumarin derivative and separation of its isomers
Authors: M. Ibrahim , N. Al–Sabea , Y. K. Saour
Published: April 2022

Coumarins antgonise the effects of vitamine K During the formation of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X in the liver, vitamine K is converted into a biologically inactive metabolite which then reduced back to the active vitamine by the enzyme epoxide reductase.Coumarins which are structurally similar to vitamine K, are believed to act as competitive inhibitors of this enzyme and thus limit the availability of the active form of the vitamine to form clotting factors.Coumarins, e.g. (warfarin) is indicated in deep–vein thrombosis and in pulmonary embolism …etc. The aim of this study is to synthesize and isolate a nitrocoumarin derivative with a possible high intrinsic activity.The nitrocoumarin derivative was synthesized by the reaction of 7–hydroxy, 4–methylcoumarin with mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid at 0°C.The identity of the prepared compound had been confirmed using UV–Vissibile spectroscopy, I.R spectroscopy, elementary analysis, (sodium fusion test) and HPLC.
Changes in serum levels of Total protein , Albumin and Globulin in patients with Behcet's Disease.
Authors: Ikbal Al-Joofy K. , Raad Muslih K. , Khalida Mousawy M.
Published: April 2022

In order to have an idea about some of biochemical changes which might play a role in the pathogenesis of Behcet's disease. Estimation of serum total protein, albumin, globulin and HLA typing were carried out in 70 patients with Behcets disease using colorematric, mathematic & microlymphocytotoxicity tests respectively, compared with 35 patients with recurrent oral ulcers, and 35 healthy control group.Hyperproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia with hypoalbuminemia were observed in those patients in comparison to control groups
The topical application of clofibrate in the treatment of acne vulgaris
Authors: Maiada Al-Mousilly M.
Published: April 2022

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease.The therapeutic approach to this disease includes standard topical and systemic agents to newlyintroduced alternative medications.This study suggests a new indication for clofibrate (the lipid lowering agent) & that is to be usedtopically in the treatment of acne vulgaris. The proposed mechanism is by decreasing lipidbiosynthesis which takes place in the sebaceous gland.A total of 60 patients with visible papules and pustules of severe acne were enrolled in this study .Their age range between 13 – 31 years (24 males & 36 females).Healthy age matched controls (30 subjects) without any skin diseases were also participated is thisstudy.Clinical investigations involved disappearance of signs and symptoms of the disease while thebiochemical investigations involved measuring total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, & TG levels, SGOT,SGPT in the sera of all volunteers done before and 10 days after the topical application of clofibrate(500mg once daily).The effectiveness of the topical application of clofibrate was approved in the treatment of acnevulgaris as a new clinical application of this drug and a novel strategy for the treatment of the diseaseas there was significant improvement 75% of the patients & moderate improvement for the rest of thepatients .In comparison with controls, patients with acne had higher total serum cholesterol and LDL levelswith no significant difference in TG, HDL & enzyme levels.

However, after the topical application of clofibrate, total serum cholesterol and LDL levels weredecreased while no significant changes observed in the TG, HDL, GOPT, GPT serum levels.The results revealed that circulating lipid were slightly higher in patients with acne than controlsubjects but declined after treatment. Healing was accompanied with improvement in the symptoms ofthe disease. This might suggest that the lipid profile is one of the contributing or aggravating factorsfor this disease.
Effect of maintenance therapy for childhood with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia by combination of methotrexate and 6–mercaptopurine on the liver.
Authors: Firas Abid T. , Ilham Al–Fakhri F.
Published: April 2022

Seven of 30 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) receiving maintenance therapy (MT) consisting of daily oral 6–mercaptopurine (6MP) and weekly methotrexate (MTX) developed both hepatocellular destruction and intrahepatic cholestasis (with abnormally elevated levels of serum aminotransferases enzymes GOT, GPT that mainly indicate liver cell destruction, and alkaline phosphatase, gammaglutamyl transferase enzymes, as well as total serum bilirubin that mainly indicate biliary tract disorder). In the remaining 23 patients, the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT) enzymes, and total serum bilirubin (TSB) . were within the normal reference ranges for these parameters of the liver function tests while 13 patients. have abnormally elevated serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvate transamiase (GPT). The long–term use of MTX (20 mg/m2/week) and 6MP (75 mg/m2/day) during the MT for childhood ALL may lead to the development of hepatocellular destruction mainly induced by MTX, and intrahepatic mainly induced by 6MP.
Qualitative and Quantitative investigations of Furocoumarin derivatives (Psoralens) of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Rutaceae)
Authors: Diar Arif , Enas Jawad , Ekbal Al-Khateeb , Ali Al-Shamma
Published: April 2022

Haplophyllum tuberculatum is an indigenous plant widely distributed in Iraq.Phytochemical investigation of this plant indicating that the plant is rich in alkaloids, fixed and volatile oils; but non about psoralen contents. Preliminary investigation indicated that this plant has furocoumarins in acceptable amount.Based on these results together with literature survey it was deemed desirable to carry out this phytochemical work with emphasis on isolation and characterization of the furocoumarins compounds.Detailed preliminary investigation of the furocoumarins content of the dried, ground whole plant has been described and the results were discussed.Thin layer chromatography of the petroleum ether (boiling point 60-80ºC) extract demonstrated the occurance of furocoumarins compounds in the plant.The extraction procedure of the plant material, the fractionation and isolation procedures of the furocoumarins are fully described.One compound was isolated and identified as Ammoidin by TLC (compared with standard), melting point (148°C), mixed melting point (148ºC) and HPLC.Spectrophotometer apparatus was used to determine exactly the amount of Ammoidin measured at 304nm at UV absorption. In Haplophyllum tuberculatum the maximum amount of Ammoidin was found in sample collecting from Daquok during June.
Phytochemical investigation of Suaeda baccata (chenopodiaceae)
Authors: Suhad Al-Mohammadi S. , Ekbal Al-Khateeb , Ali Al-shamma
Published: April 2022

This work covers some phytochemical studies of a wild plant, Suaeda baccata Forsk of the family Chenopodiaceae, which covers almost all the cities of Iraq. Literature survey revealed a number of publications concerning different species of Suaeda, but none at all concerned Suaeda baccata, therefore, a research on this plant will be of important value. Several reports indicated the presence of alkaloids in some Suaeda species, thus our investigation procedures emphasized the identification and isolation of the alkaloids that might be present in this plant. Preliminary investigation on the plant extract showed the presence of the alkaloids that were tested by both Mayer’s reagent and Dragendorff’s spraying reagent, and authenticated with standard compounds by TLC using several solvent systems that proved the presence of two alkaloids, trigonelline and choline. Trigonelline crystals were subjected to tests of purity as HPLC, melting point and mixed melting point, which matches with the standard trigonelline. Extract containing choline alkaloid was identified only by TLCusing different solvent systems. Studies concerning its crystallization and identification by HPLC and melting point were left for further studies since choline is highly hygroscopic and oxidizable compound.
Thyroid function tests, lipid profile and the diagnosis of thyroid diseases
Authors: Noran Radhi T. , Hedef El-Yassin D.
Published: April 2022

Thyroid hormones exert an enormous range of effects on lipid metabolism. The composition and the transport of lipoproteins are seriously disturbed in thyroid diseases.The aim of this study is to look for a significant statistical correlation between thyroid hormones and levels of serum lipids in attempt to use such a correlation in the clinical diagnosis of thyroid disorders.Results: Significant elevated levels of total cholesterol, phospholipids and VLDL cholesterol were observed in hypothyroidism with a slight increase in the serum triglyceride. However in hyperthyroidism, an insignificant decrease of total cholesterol, phospholipids and VLDL cholesterol concentrations was observed as well as plasma triglycerides.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggests that the use of classical methods for the determination of lipid profile as a preliminary step in the diagnosis of thyroid disorder is to be of great importance, wherever radioimmunoassay assay kits of thyroid hormone are not available as in remoteurban medical sites or in unfavorable circumstances
Immunosuppressive Serum Factors in Patients with Dermatophytoses
Authors: Rand Hafidh R. , Nidhal Abdul Muhaimen , Rasool Dabbagh
Published: April 2022

Serum factors may be involved in suppression of cell-mediated immunity to fungal antigens in chronic dermatophytoses. In certain cases like dermatophytoses, the infectious process may generate a serum factor that is capable of inducing immunosuppression, thereby the patient susceptible to chronic infection.Lymphocytes isolated from heparinized whole blood of fifteen patients and fifteen control subjects were used in order to prepare a pure population, ready for use in microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay to measure the proliferative activity of PBL in patients and control subjects. Lymphocytes were isolated by density gradient sedimentation. Non-significant differences (P>0.05) revealed when the patients sera incubated with its own lymphocytes and with controls lymphocytes.The study found that absence of the serum inhibitory factors with specific and/or non-specific action in patients sera may be associated with the local rather than the systemic action of dermatophytederived lymphocyte inhibitory factors. The study also found that patients sera were with stimulatory rather than inhibitory action.