bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multicharge ion source (Supernanogan) for the OLIS facility at ISAC/TRIUMF
Authors: Jayamanna K. , Wight G. , Gallop D. , Dube R. , Jovicic V. , Laforge C. , Marchetto M. , Leross M. , Louie D. , Laplante R. , Laxdal R. , McDonald M. , Wiebe G. J. , Wang V. , Yan F.
Published: February 2010

The Off-Line Ion Source (OLIS) [K. Jayamanna, D. Yuan, T. Kuo, M. MacDonald, P. Schmor, and G. Dutto, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 1061 (1996); K. Jayamanna, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 02711 (2008)] facility consists of a high voltage terminal containing a microwave cusp ion source, either a surface ion source or a hybrid surface-arc discharge ion source [K. Jayamanna and C. Vockenhuber, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 02C712 (2008)], and an electrostatic switch that allows the selection of any one of the sources without mechanical intervention. These sources provide a variety of +1 beams up to mass 30 for Isotope Separator and ACcelerator (ISAC) [R. E. Laxdal, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 204, 400 (2003)] experiments, commissioning the accelerators, setting up the radioactive experiments, and for tuning the beam lines. The radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) [M. Marchetto, Z. T. Ang, K. Jayamanna, R. E. Laxdal, A. Mitra, and V. Zvyagintsev, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 150, 241 (2005)] injector accelerator is a constant velocity machine designed to accept only 2 keV/u and the source extraction energy is limited to 60 kV. Further stripping is then needed downstream of the RFQ to inject the beam into the drift tube linac [M. Marchetto, Z. T. Ang, K. Jayamanna, R. E. Laxdal, A. Mitra, and V. Zvyagintsev, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 150, 241 (2005)] accelerator that requires A/q up to 6. Base on this constraints a multicharge ion source capable to deliver beams above mass 30 with A/q up to 6 was needed in order to reach full capability of the ISAC facility. A Supernanogan [C. Bieth et al., Nucleonika 48, S93 (2003)] multicharge ion source was then purchased from Pantechnik and was installed in the OLIS terminal. Commissioning and performance of the Supernanogan with some results such as emittance dependence of the charge states as well as charge state efficiencies are presented.
Frequency domain multiplexing of force signals with application to magnetic resonance force microscopy
Authors: Oosterkamp T. H. , Poggio M. , Degen C. L. , Mamin H. J. , Rugar D.
Published: February 2010

Frequency domain multiplexing, using an actively damped micromechanical cantilever, is used to detect multiple force signals simultaneously. The measurement principle is applied to magnetic resonance force microscopy to allow concurrent measurement of nuclear spin signals originating from distinct regions of the sample, or from multiple spin species.
Surface chemical analysis and ab initio investigations of CsI coated C fiber cathodes for high power microwave sources
Authors: Vlahos Vasilios , Morgan Dane , LaCour Matthew , Golby Ken , Shiffler Don , Booske John H.
Published: February 2010

CsI coated C fiber cathodes are promising electron emitters utilized in field emission applications. Ab initio calculations, in conjunction with experimental investigations on CsI-spray coated C fiber cathodes, were performed in order to better understand the origin of the low turn-on E-field obtained, as compared to uncoated C fibers. One possible mechanism for lowering the turn-on E-field is surface dipole layers reducing the work function. Ab initio modeling revealed that surface monolayers of Cs, CsI, Cs2O, and CsO are all capable of producing low work function C fiber cathodes (1 eV<Φ<1.5 eV), yielding a reduction in the turn-on E-field by as much as ten times, when compared to the bare fiber. Although a CsI-containing aqueous solution is spray deposited on the C fiber surface, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and scanning auger microscopy measurements show coabsorption of Cs and I into the fiber interior and Cs and O on the fiber surface, with no surface I. It is therefore proposed that a cesium oxide (CsxOy) surface coating is responsible, at least in part, for the low turn E-field and superior emission characteristics of this type of fiber cathode. This CsxOy layer could be formed during preconditioning heating. CsxOy surface layers cannot only lower the fiber work function by the formation of surface dipoles (if they are thin enough) but may also enhance surface emission through their ability to emit secondary electrons due to a process of grazing electron impact. These multiple electron emission processes may explain the reported 10–100 fold reduction in the turn-on E-field of coated C fibers.
Enhanced tunable and pyroelectric properties of Ba(Ti0.85Sn0.15)O3 thin films with Bi1.5Zn1.0Nb1.5O7 buffer layers
Authors: Wang S. J. , Miao S. , Reaney I. M. , Lai M. O. , Lu L.
Published: February 2010

Bi 1.5 Zn 1.0 Nb 1.5 O 7 (BZN) buffered Ba(Ti0.85Sn0.15)O3 (BTS) heterostructures have been deposited on LaNiO3/SiO2/Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The film and interface microstructures, dielectric and pyroelectric properties of BTS thin films are controlled by the thickness of the BZN buffer layer. The BZN layer suppresses interdiffusion between BTS and the bottom electrode, resulting in a reduction in dielectric loss and leakage current. At 303 K, the dielectric loss, tunability and figure of merit of BZN buffered-BTS films are 0.009, 47.9%, and 68.4, respectively. Furthermore, a promising pyroelectric coefficient and figure of merit, 24.7×10−4 C/m2 K and 16.3×10−5 Pa−1/2 are also attained at 293 K.
Polarization-selective transmission in stacked two-dimensional complementary plasmonic crystal slabs
Authors: Iwanaga Masanobu
Published: February 2010

It has been experimentally and numerically shown that transmission at near infrared wavelengths is selectively controlled by polarizations in two-dimensional complementary plasmonic crystal slabs (2D c-PlCSs) of stacked unit cell. This feature is naturally derived by taking account of Babinet’s principle. Moreover, the slight structural modification of the unit cell has been found to result in a drastic change in linear optical responses of stacked 2D c-PlCSs. These results substantiate the feasibility of 2D c-PlCSs for producing efficient polarizers with subwavelength thickness.
High-brightness water-window electron-impact liquid-jet microfocus source
Authors: Skoglund P. , Lundström U. , Vogt U. , Hertz H. M.
Published: February 2010

We demonstrate stable high-brightness operation of an electron-impact water-jet-anode soft x-ray source. A 30 kV, 7.8 W electron beam is focused onto a 20 μm diameter jet resulting in water-window oxygen line emission at 525 eV/2.36 nm with a brightness of 3.0×109 ph/(s×μm2×sr×line). Monte Carlo-based modeling shows good quantitative agreement with the experiments. The source has potential to increase the x-ray power and brightness by another 1–2 orders of magnitude and fluid-dynamical jet instabilities is determined to be the most important limiting factor. The source properties make it an attractive alternative for table-top x-ray microscopy.
Electronic excitation energies in solution at equation of motion CCSD level within a state specific polarizable continuum model approach
Authors: Caricato Marco , Mennucci Benedetta , Scalmani Giovanni , Trucks Gary W. , Frisch Michael J.
Published: February 2010

We present a study of excitation energies in solution at the equation of motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) level of theory. The solvent effect is introduced with a state specific polarizable continuum model (PCM), where the solute-solvent interaction is specific for the state of interest. Three definitions of the excited state one-particle density matrix (1PDM) are tested in order to gain information for the development of an integrated EOM-CCSD/PCM method. The calculations show the accuracy of this approach for the computation of such property in solution. Solvent shifts between nonpolar and polar solvents are in good agreement with experiment for the test cases. The completely unrelaxed 1PDM is shown to be a balanced choice between computational effort and accuracy for vertical excitation energies, whereas the response of the ground state CCSD amplitudes and of the molecular orbitals is important for other properties, as for instance the dipole moment.
Two-center potential correlations and its use to determine effective ion-ion interactions and dielectric permittivities in dipolar solvents
Authors: Karlström Gunnar , Linse Per , Woodward Clifford E.
Published: February 2010

General expressions for two-center electrostatic potential correlations and its use to determine (i) the effective interaction between simple ions in a dipolar solvent and (ii) the dielectric permittivity of the solvent are proposed. Such two-center potential correlations were determined from Monte Carlo simulations of spherically confined dipolar particles embedded in a dielectric medium described by using an image charge approximation. The deduced dielectric permittivities increased with increasing dipolar moment, and at large dipole moments the effective interaction displayed an attractive first minimum.
Voltage-dependent ferromagnetic resonance in epitaxial multiferroic nanocomposites
Authors: Benatmane Nadjib , Crane S. P. , Zavaliche F. , Ramesh R. , Clinton T. W.
Published: February 2010

We demonstrate electrical control of the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in multiferroic nanostructures. A series of heteroepitaxial BiFeO3–NiFe2O4 nanocomposites of varying thickness are characterized using a microwave probe with magnetic and electric sensitivity. We apply an electric field to a sample and observe voltage-driven shifts in the FMR frequency, reflecting a change in magnetic anisotropy. The voltage dependence of the FMR linewidths is even more pronounced, indicating the electric polarization can induce relatively large magnetic nonuniformity in the material. These characteristics may lead to a class of rf filters where both frequency and bandwidth are electrically tunable.
Efficient energy transfer in layered hybrid organic/inorganic nanocomposites: A dual function of semiconductor nanocrystals
Authors: Lutich Andrey A. , Pöschl Andreas , Jiang Guoxin , Stefani Fernando D. , Susha Andrei S. , Rogach Andrey L. , Feldmann Jochen
Published: February 2010

The efficiency of energy transfer in hybrid organic/inorganic nanocomposites based on conjugated polymers and semiconductor nanocrystals is strongly dependent on both the energy transfer rate and the rate of the nonradiative recombination of the polymer. We demonstrate that the polymer nonradiative recombination can be reduced by the suppression of exciton diffusion via proper morphology engineering of a hybrid structure. In the layer-by-layer assembled nanocomposite of a conjugated polymer and CdTe nanocrystals the latter have a dual role: first, they are efficient exciton acceptors and, second, they reduce nonradiative recombination in the polymer by suppressing exciton diffusion across the layers.
Dynamics of an open elastic rod with intrinsic curvature and twist in a viscous fluid
Authors: Lim Sookkyung
Published: February 2010

A twisted elastic rod with intrinsic curvature is considered. We investigate the dynamics of the rod in a viscous incompressible fluid. This fluid is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations and the fluid-rod interaction problem is solved by the generalized immersed boundary method combined with the Kirchhoff rod theory. We classify the equilibrium configurations of an open elastic rod as they depend on the rod’s intrinsic characteristics and fluid properties. We assume that the intrinsic curvature and twist are distributed uniformly along the rod. In the case of zero intrinsic curvature (i.e., the stress-free state of the rod is straight), we find a critical value of twist, below which the straight state of the rod is stable. When the twist is above this critical value, however, the rod buckles locally and produces a loop or a plectoneme or a combination of both. When the constant intrinsic curvature is nonzero, we also find a critical value of twist that distinguishes a buckled rod from a stable helix. We also find that fluid viscosity plays an important role in determining equilibrium configuration in this paper.
Focussing bending waves via negative refraction in perforated thin plates
Authors: Farhat Mohamed , Guenneau Sebastien , Enoch Stefan , Movchan Alexander B. , Petursson Gunnar G.
Published: February 2010

We propose a design of a periodically perforated thin plate leading to lensing effect of bending waves via negative refraction. To achieve this goal, we first analyze the band spectrum of the bi-harmonic operator for an array of freely vibrating square voids using both numerical (finite elements) and asymptotic methods. We then find some point in the reciprocal space where the acoustic dispersion surface displays a convex isofrequency contour shrinking with frequency. We finally demonstrate that a point force generating a bending wave above a finite array of 221 perforations displays an image underneath according to the Snell–Descartes inverted laws.
Empirical model of residue contact probabilities for polypeptides
Authors: Betancourt Marcos R.
Published: February 2010

An empirical theory for the probability of formation of intrachain contacts in denatured polypeptides is presented. Contact probabilities for arbitrary sequences are modeled by composition-weighted averages of the homopolypeptides contact probabilities. Homopolypeptide probabilities are obtained for each one of the 20 amino acids by Monte Carlo simulations. A multipower law model for the homopolypeptides fits very precisely the contact probabilities after optimization. Its asymptotic behavior for large contact loop lengths consist of three different exponents depending on where the contacts are located along the chain in general agreement with other theoretical models. The model for the heteropolypeptide contact probabilities is also able to reproduce the simulated probabilities of a set of denatured proteins but with less accuracy. Contact probabilities for heteropolypeptides are significantly similar, in particular for loop lengths above 20 residues, and the model does not have enough resolution to clearly distinguish between different proteins. Sequence order information seems necessary to increase the precision. Overall, contacts with loop lengths above 33 residues behave as those from random flight chains. One exception are polyproline chains for which this length seems to be much higher.
A smoothing monotonic convergent optimal control algorithm for nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence design
Authors: Maximov Ivan I. , Salomon Julien , Turinici Gabriel , Nielsen Niels Chr.
Published: February 2010

The past decade has demonstrated increasing interests in using optimal control based methods within coherent quantum controllable systems. The versatility of such methods has been demonstrated with particular elegance within nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) where natural separation between coherent and dissipative spin dynamics processes has enabled coherent quantum control over long periods of time to shape the experiment to almost ideal adoption to the spin system and external manipulations. This has led to new design principles as well as powerful new experimental methods within magnetic resonance imaging, liquid-state and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. For this development to continue and expand, it is crucially important to constantly improve the underlying numerical algorithms to provide numerical solutions which are optimally compatible with implementation on current instrumentation and at same time are numerically stable and offer fast monotonic convergence toward the target. Addressing such aims, we here present a smoothing monotonically convergent algorithm for pulse sequence design in magnetic resonance which with improved optimization stability lead to smooth pulse sequence easier to implement experimentally and potentially understand within the analytical framework of modern NMR spectroscopy.
Simulations of heteroaggregation in a suspension of alumina and silica particles: Effect of dilution
Authors: Cerbelaud M. , Ferrando R. , Videcoq A.
Published: February 2010

The influence of dilution on the aggregation process of suspensions composed of two kinds of oxide particles (alumina positively charged particles d1=400 nm and silica negatively charged particles d2=250 nm) has been studied by computer simulations. Two kinds of simulations have been performed: Brownian dynamics simulations to study the aggregation process and its kinetics and global minimization searches to find the most stable configurations of aggregates. We show that the rate of dilution has a strong influence on the structure and on the shape of aggregates in Brownian dynamics simulations. By confronting these aggregates with the stable aggregates found by global minimization, we demonstrate that they are metastable and their shape is explained by the competition between the kinetics of aggregate coalescence and the kinetics of aggregate reorganization into more stable configurations.
Møller–Plesset perturbation theory gradient in the generalized hybrid orbital quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical method
Authors: Jung Jaewoon , Sugita Yuji , Ten-no S.
Published: February 2010

An analytic gradient expression is formulated and implemented for the second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) based on the generalized hybrid orbital QM/MM method. The method enables us to obtain an accurate geometry at a reasonable computational cost. The performance of the method is assessed for various isomers of alanine dipepetide. We also compare the optimized structures of fumaramide-derived [2]rotaxane and cAMP-dependent protein kinase with experiment.
Seven-degree-of-freedom, quantum scattering dynamics study of the H2D++H2 reaction
Authors: Wang Dunyou , Xie Zhen , Bowman Joel M.
Published: February 2010

A quantum scattering dynamics, time-dependent wavepacket propagation method is applied to study the reaction of H2D++H2→H3++HD on the Xie–Braams–Bowman potential energy surface. The reduced-dimensional, seven-degree-of-freedom approach is employed in this calculation by fixing one Jacobi and one torsion angle related to H2D+ at the lowest saddle point geometry of D2d on the potential energy surface. Initial state selected reaction probabilities are presented for various initial rovibrational states. The ground state reaction probability shows no threshold for this reaction, in other words, this reaction can occur without an activation barrier. The vibrational excitation shows that the stretching motion of H+–HD only has a small effect on the reaction probability; the vibrational excitation of HD in H2D+ hinders the reactivity. By contrast, rotational excitation of H+–HD greatly enhances the reactivity with the reaction probability increased double or triple at high rotational states compared to the ground state. Reactive resonances, seen in all the initial state selected reaction probabilities, are also found in the integral cross section for the ground state of H2D+ and H2. The thermal rate coefficient is also calculated and is found to be in semiquantitative agreement with experiment; however, quantum scattering approaches including more degrees of freedom, especially including all the angles, are necessary to study this reaction in the future.
Magnetic-field-controlled noise-activated switching in a nonlinear three-terminal nanojunction
Authors: Hartmann F. , Hartmann D. , Kowalzik P. , Gammaitoni L. , Forchel A. , Worschech L.
Published: February 2010

Magnetic-field-controlled switching of a nonlinear three-terminal nanojunction was studied. Noise-activated switching was observed, which depends sensitively on the strength of an external magnetic field. Such a functioning resembles a noise-activated nonlinear detector as proposed by Gammaitoni and Bulsara [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 230601 (2002)] for magnetic fields realized with a nanoelectronic device.
Effects of anisotropy and spin-asymmetry of ferromagnetic materials in ferromagnetic/Cr2O3/ferromagnetic trilayers
Authors: Liu X. H. , Liu W. , Guo S. , Yang F. , Lv X. K. , Gong W. J. , Zhang Z. D.
Published: February 2010

Strong effects of ferromagnetic (FM) materials on the exchange coupling are observed at different temperatures in FM1(3 nm)/Cr2O3(6 nm)/FM2(10 nm) trilayers with FM≡Co, Fe, or Ni80Fe20. Changes of the anisotropy of FM and spin-asymmetry of the reflection coefficients for spin-up and spin-down electrons of FM contacted the antiferromagnetic layer influence the strength of interfacial and interlayer coupling of the trilayers. Thus, the reduction of the interfacial coupling and the enhancement of the interlayer coupling with increasing temperature result in quite different magnetic behavior of different trilayers.
Investigation of hole-mobility in a polyfluorene copolymer by admittance spectroscopy
Authors: Debebe Siraye E. , Mammo Wendimagegn , Yohannes Teketel , Tinti Francesca , Zanelli Alberto , Camaioni Nadia
Published: February 2010

Transport of holes in a low band gap polyfluorene, APFO-Green6, was investigated by means of admittance spectroscopy in the modulation frequency range 1–106 Hz. At room temperature, hole mobility of APFO-Green6 is dependent on the applied electric field, as commonly observed in disordered organic materials. The excess capacitance toward low frequencies provides evidence for charge relaxation in trap levels. A dispersion parameter of 0.4 was achieved from the trend of hole transit times with the electric field.
Quasi-linear MHD modelling of H-mode plasma response to resonant magnetic perturbations
Authors: Nardon E. , Tamain P. , Bécoulet M. , Huysmans G. , Waelbroeck F.L.
Published: February 2010

The plasma response to externally imposed resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) is investigated through quasi-linear MHD modelling in the case where the resonant surfaces are located in the pedestal of an H-mode plasma. The pedestal is a particular region regarding the question of plasma response to RMPs because of its strong E × B and electron diamagnetic rotations. It is found that a strong rotational screening takes place in most of the pedestal. The RMPs may, however, penetrate in a narrow layer at the very edge, where the plasma is cold and resistive. The possibility that one harmonic of the RMPs may also penetrate if its resonant surface is at a particular location, close to the top of the pedestal, where the E × B and electron diamagnetic rotations compensate each other, is discussed. Finally, the RMPs are found to produce some additional transport, even though they do not penetrate.
Resonant magnetic perturbation experiments on MAST using external and internal coils for ELM control
Authors: Kirk A. , Nardon E. , Akers R. , Bécoulet M. , De Temmerman G. , Dudson B. , Hnat B. , Liu Y.Q. , Martin R. , Tamain P. , Taylor D.
Published: February 2010

Experiments have been performed on MAST using both external (n = 1, 2) and internal (n = 3) resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) coils. ELM suppression has not been achieved even though vacuum modelling shows that either set of coils can produce a region (ΔΨpol > 0.17), for which the Chirikov parameter is greater than 1, wider than that correlated with ELM suppression in DIII-D. Although complete ELM suppression has not been achieved, application of RMPs has triggered ELMs in ELM free H-mode periods (n = 3) and increased the ELM frequency in regularly ELM-ing discharges (n = 2, 3). In addition, the application of RMPs in an n = 3 configuration has produced large changes to the edge turbulence in L-mode discharges.
ELM destabilization by externally applied non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations in NSTX
Authors: Canik J.M. , Maingi R. , Evans T.E. , Bell R.E. , Gerhardt S.P. , Kugel H.W. , LeBlanc B.P. , Manickam J. , Menard J.E. , Osborne T.H. , Park J.-K. , Paul S. , Snyder P.B. , Sabbagh S.A. , Unterberg E.A.
Published: February 2010

We report on a recent set of experiments performed in NSTX to explore the effects of non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations on the stability of edge-localized modes (ELMs). The application of these 3D fields in NSTX was found to have a strong effect on ELM stability, including the destabilization of ELMs in H-modes otherwise free of large ELMs. Exploiting the effect of the perturbations, ELMs have been controllably introduced into lithium-enhanced ELM-free H-modes, causing a reduction in impurity accumulation while maintaining high confinement. Although these experiments show the principle of the combined use of lithium coatings and 3D fields, further optimization is required in order to reduce the size of the induced ELMs.
3 Mesopotamia and Israel
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Job. The former, which should be considered as a tragic drama and at the same time an example of wisdom literature, can be seen as an example of ancient humanism, for it both explores a temptation to hope for immortality, and rebukes that temptation, depicting it as a failure of true human wisdom, and a failure to understand the rational consolations of life. The Book of Job is also a tragic drama, with absurdist elements, which does not attempt to solve intellectually the problem of evil and injustice, but to confront it. Both works present imaginatively experience which has a depth of reality that in effect excludes hope for immortality.
5 The Christian Beginnings
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

Jesus’ words about salvation and damnation reveal an extraordinarily heightened sense of the absolute claims the spiritual makes upon us, independently of belief in a future state. Jesus enforces with prodigious power the sense that failure to live with total confidence in God's fatherhood forfeits everything. St. Paul transforms the message by adding a timeless, mythical character to the mission of Jesus, sublating the tragedy of his execution into the history of a savior god. The chapter explores early accounts of hell in the apocrypha, Fathers of the Church, and Origen who denied hell's eternity, preaching a restoration of all (apocatastasis) at the end of time. It ends with a brief account of some Muslim traditions of hell, of Izra ‘il, Angel of Death, of interrogation by the angels Munkar and Nakir, the Sirat or narrow bridge over hell which all must pass over.
7 Predestination: Augustine to Calvin and Beyond
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

This chapter explores the history and logic of the doctrine of predestination—that because of inherited (“original”) sin man needs divine grace to perform any righteous act. Since grace is a free gift of God, it was taken to follow that God, in withholding it from some and granting it to others, consigns some to everlasting perdition simply from the counsel of his own will, from all eternity. The chapter examines St. Augustine, chief originator of the doctrine, and his struggle with those who opposed it, especially the Pelagians. It goes on to examine Calvin's more severe concept of Double Predestination, and later developments, through the Council of Trent, disputes between Jansenists and Jesuits, up to the modern times. It examines critically whether belief in fundamental human depravity can have a rational basis.
8 The Decline of Hell
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

The Dantean hell was ordered, even hierarchical. The hell of the Catholic Counter‐Reformation, as well as most Protestant versions of hell, gave up that order in the interests of the psychological drama of damnation, with millions of the damned crushed promiscuously together, with a revolting stench. The chapter examines some Jesuit versions of hell, including one whose fearsome picture of the eternal and unspeakable sufferings of the damned bears a remarkable resemblance to the sermons on hell in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man of James Joyce. It traces an English tradition of empirical speculation about the exact nature of hell, the composition of its fires, and where it might be located in the universe (in the sun, for instance), and the gradual rise in a sentiment hostile to the idea of everlasting punishment.
9 Rome's Happiest Inspiration?
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

The Roman Catholic doctrine of Purgatory has possibly attracted more opprobrium from Protestants than any other teaching of the Church. It went with the granting of indulgences—one of the precipitating occasions of the Reformation. Purgatory had very little scriptural warrant, greatly increased the spiritual power of the Church, and was thought to give rise to many abuses. Yet (the chapter argues) it was one of the happiest inspirations of Rome, for it led to a deepening understanding of the psychology of repentance, and a more humane vision of the possibilities of salvation. This theme is explored particularly in relation to Dante's Purgatorio along with a brief discussion of T. S. Eliot's poem “Animula.”
14 Heavenly Speculations
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

The English speculated in an empirical way about heaven (as they had done about hell) in the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries. Isaac Watts envisaged what was virtually a Royal Society of intellectual speculation in heaven. Other thinkers discussed at length what avocations and travels would keep the saved occupied throughout eternity. The relation between our original bodies and the risen version was often discussed, with surprising results. Some—the “mortalists”—denied that the body could be immortal. One of the most striking speculative projects—Thomas Burnet's A Sacred Theory of the Earth, which explains what will happen after the General Resurrection—is described. There was also a heaven of sentimental eroticism, and a suggestion that we need not die at all.
15 Heaven Heard and Seen: Swedenborg
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

Swedenborg aims vividly to describe his encounters with angels in the various “heavens” he claims to have visited. His heavens and hells might be called “real,” in that they correspond to psychological states. Swedenborg has been called the inventor of the modern heaven. The human soul contains powers and possibilities that accord with the Romantic doctrine of man as microcosm of the universe. There is an affinity of mystics such as Blake with Swedenborg. Heaven is not a reward for goodness, or hell a punishment for evil. In so far as we are good and filled with love, we are in heaven. Swedenborg's heaven is not God‐centered. There is no place for original sin in his philosophy, or for the ascetic. His is an optimistic vision, thoroughly Pelagian. Marriage and the erotic—even in heaven—is at the center of his thought, with an emphasis on “conjugial” love.
16 With Easy Intercourse Pass To and Fro
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

This chapter describes the birth of spiritualism, influenced by the events of the American Civil War, and finally by the First World War. Spiritualism is partly a legacy of Swedenborgianism, and partly an attempt to prove survival after death scientifically. The first claimed spiritualist phenomena were in Hydesville, New York, and then Massachusetts. Many distinguished intellectuals gave credence to Spiritualism. The chapter explores the apparent credulity of members of the Cambridge (England)–based Society for Psychical Research, especially toward the famous medium D. D. Home (“Mr Sludge the Medium”). The First World War and its losses encouraged the cult, which was accepted by many as a New Revelation. The astonishing resemblance of the actions of mediums to those of conjurors is described, as is the skepticism of Harry Houdini.
17 Scoring in Heaven
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

This chapter explores the gap that opened up in the twentieth century between theologians and popular religion. It looks at the confident beliefs about the future life of Mormons; the optimism of the “American Way of Death” as expressed in the memorial park movement, culminating in Forest Lawn Memorial Park. But it also looks at the Rapture believers, and beliefs of some evangelical Christians about Armageddon, the final triumph of Christianity, and the end of the world. Finally it explores modern Muslim apocalypticists, with their corresponding expectation of the Dajjal (Antichrist) and final triumph of Islam. It ends with the beliefs in the Second Coming and Antichrist of the ancient Coptic Church of Egypt.
Profit Power Economics
Authors: de Kuijper Mia A. M.
Published: February 2010

Profit Power Economics brings together cutting-edge economics, network mathematics, and business experience to give readers a clear grasp of the underlying forces that are reshaping our business world. This groundbreaking book offers nothing less than a new economic paradigm for our age—as well as the practical tools to make the most of it. Challenging, insightful and practical, Profit Power Economics will change the way you think, compete, and invest. This book demonstrates that the emergence of perfect information is transforming our business fundamentals so dramatically that this is grounds for doubting many familiar principles of mainstream economics. Profit Power Economics provocatively declares that it is time that we update our ideas about competition, business models, mass consumer markets, even the nature of winning itself. What are the new rules for corporate leaders and investors to maximize returns? What are the new strategies? This book argues convincingly that profit power—the ability to retain your own enterprise's profitability and extract returns from others; and use the leverage that derives from it to orchestrate business relationships and to win over competitors and customers—is the key. In Profit Power Economics, readers get all the basics to navigate today's economy, including the 12 power nodes and the Four Rules for Maximizing Profits. These help readers to identify the most profitable enterprise elements; decide what to own; structure and manage modern global enterprises; win in 3-dimensional corporate competition; and win in mass-markets by using the powerlaw dynamics of networked decision-makers.
The Power Node Strategy
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Chapter 1 introduces Profit Power—the ability to retain your own profitability and extract returns from others; and use the leverage that derives from it to orchestrate business relationships and to win over competitors and customers—and asserts that profit power is the key to achieving extraordinary returns. Being best is not good enough. The sources of profit power are called power nodes. This chapter provides concrete examples of how power nodes work to produce extraordinary returns.
The Star Driver
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Chapter 2 focuses on the underlying driver of change, the falling cost of information, and paints the scenario of how it is changing our economic reality.
Three-Dimensional Competition
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Corporate competition will become 3-dimensional due to the proliferation of focused companies in the age of transparency. Competition will be about capturing returns, not about gaining horizontal market share. In many cases, the key determinant of returns will be the ability to defend or extract returns from vertical competitors. The chapter introduces a new measure to assess 3-dimensional competitive strength, relative power strength (RPS).
Rule #3
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Chapter 17 contains the operating instructions for implementation of the third of the Four Rules
6 Cognitive Reserve and Aging
Authors: Stern Yaakov
Published: February 2010

The concept of reserve has been proposed to account for the disjunction between the degree of brain damage and its clinical outcome. After reviewing epidemiologic data supporting the concept of cognitive reserve, this chapter focuses on methodologic approaches for imaging studies intended to delineate the neural underpinnings of cognitive reserve (CR). It suggests three interrelated questions that can guide this research: Do old and young individuals use the same or different networks to mediate task performance? If they use the same network, can CR be related to individual differences in network efficiency and capacity? If they use different networks, can CR be related to this compensatory activation? Finally it raises the possibility that CR might be mediated by a generalized network that is independent of the specific demands of the task at hand.
7 Compensatory Reorganization of Brain Networks in Older Adults
Authors: Grady Cheryl L.
Published: February 2010

Evidence from neuroimaging studies shows that increased recruitment of prefrontal cortex and greater functional connectivity between prefrontal and other brain regions, including the medial temporal lobes, are often associated with better memory performance in older adults. These alterations in memory-related brain activity may be compensatory, but may also indicate less efficient use of these regions. A major unresolved issue is the relation between these functional age differences and structural brain changes with age, particularly in the white matter tracts that support communication between brain areas. The use of network approaches for image analysis has considerable potential to inform us about how brain areas work together to mediate memory function and how these networks change as we get older.
8 Cross-Species Imaging Applied to the Aging Brain: Dissociating Alzheimer’s Disease from Normal Aging
Authors: Jones Sidonie T. , Small Scott A.
Published: February 2010

Whether ‘cognitive aging’ and Alzheimer's disease are overlapping processes or whether they are mechanistically distinct has been an ongoing debate. Indeed, both the early stages of Alzheimer's disease and aging itself have been found to affect the function of the hippocampal formation, a brain structure vital for memory. The hippocampal formation is made up of separate subregions, each expressing a unique molecular profile. It is this molecular anatomy that explains why mechanistically distinct processes that cause hippocampal dysfunction do so by differentially targeting select hippocampal subregions. Here, we review a series of recent studies that have applied a high-resolution variant of functional magnetic resonance imaging to map hippocampal dysfunction in human patients, aging nonhuman primates, and transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and aging. Taken together with additional postmortem observations, these studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease and aging target different subregions of hippocampal formation. More than just informing the debate over Alzheimer's disease and aging, pinpointing hippocampal subregions differentially affected by each may improve diagnostic abilities, and—more importantly—can be used to uncover pathogenic mechanisms.
16 MRI and the Differential Diagnosis of Dementia
Authors: Bastos-Leite António J. , Scheltens Philip
Published: February 2010

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has opened up the way to diagnose dementia in vivo. It provides clear evidence for hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD), lobar atrophy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), vascular changes in VaD, and specific findings in some rare forms of dementia. In addition, the traditional role of excluding space-occupying lesions has been kept and the combination of both aspects has rendered MRI indispensable in the diagnostic work-up.
17 White Matter Hyperintensities in Aging and Dementia
Authors: Mayda Adriane , Yoshita Mitsuhiro , DeCarli Charles
Published: February 2010

Both advancing age and cognitive impairment are associated with increased prevalence of various brain diseases, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) being the most common. Abnormalities of cerebral white matter commonly seen on a magnetic resonance image (MRI) as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are non-specific, but are increased with aging, CVD, and as a possible consequence of AD. In this chapter, we review current scientific evidence regarding the impact of white matter changes, particularly WMH, on cognition with aging and in the setting of cognitive impairment syndromes such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD.
18 Functional MRI Studies in Aging and Early Alzheimer’s Disease: Predicting Clinical Decline
Authors: Sperling Reisa
Published: February 2010

The pathophysiological process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to begin years, perhaps even decades, prior to the point of clinical diagnosis. Novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques have the potential to detect very early brain dysfunction that may predict cognitive decline and subsequent diagnosis of dementia. fMRI studies of subjects at risk for AD have been somewhat inconsistent, with some studies suggesting there may be a period of paradoxical “hyperactivity” very early in the course of prodromal AD, particularly in the hippocampus. It remains unclear whether early functional alterations are compensatory in the setting of early AD pathology or are sensitive indicators of neuronal toxicity. The combination of molecular and functional imaging techniques should prove valuable in elucidating the relationship between AD pathology and brain network dysfunction, and ultimately in predicting clinical decline.
6 Hypothetical Consent
Authors: Kuflik Arthur
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers the coherence and force of appeals to hypothetical consent—that to which a person would consent if he or she were in a position to do so. We might say it is permissible to perform surgery on an unconscious person because he or she would have consented had he or she been able to consent or arrange a person's posthumous affairs by reference to what he or she would have consented. Although the intuitive force of hypothetical consent is powerful, some philosophers have argued that such hypothetical consent not only is not real consent, but also that it can do no moral work. The chapter argues that this view is too quick.
8 Consent to Sexual Relations
Authors: Wertheimer Alan
Published: February 2010

This chapter focuses on the question of when a person's consent to sexual relations is morally transformative. For example, if one consents while intoxicated or after one has been deceived, is it permissible for the other party to proceed? It develops a general account of the criteria of moral transformative consent (CMT), a set of criteria that itself can take two forms: the criteria of morally transformative consent for the law (CMTL) and the criteria of morally transformative consent for morality (CMTM). Both versions of CMT are moral criteria, but the criteria that indicate when consent should—as a moral matter—be regarded as legally permissible are not identical to the criteria that indicate when a person's consent renders another's action morally permissible.
12 Political Obligation and Consent
Authors: Simmons A. John
Published: February 2010

This chapter addresses the age-old question: Do we have an obligation to obey the law? It has long been argued that one has an obligation to obey the law if (Plato) and perhaps “only if” (Locke) one consents to do so. The chapter argues that citizens in a democratic polity do not consent to be governed and thus cannot acquire obligations in this way.
15 Consent to Clinical Research
Authors: Miller Franklin G.
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers the scope and limits of consent to participate in research. Following discussion of a famous historical case of clinical research without informed consent, it examines the therapeutic misconception and the justifiability of research without consent.
11 Restorative Justice and Gendered Violence in New Zealand
Authors: Jülich Shirley
Published: February 2010

Chapter Abstract: This chapter investigates whether restorative justice has the potential to not only provide victims of gendered violence with a sense of justice but also whether it can address violence that is power-based and reflective of entrenched societal attitudes and beliefs. Contextualized in the New Zealand environment, the chapter explores victims’ understandings of justice and critiques three fundamental principles of restorative justice: the involvement of victims, the negotiation of a community response, and the transfer of power to the community. Further, it discusses how Project Restore, a restorative justice provider group, uses restorative justice to address gendered violence. The chapter concludes with an analysis of neutrality, impartiality, and confidentiality: practice issues that are particularly relevant when addressing gendered violence.
The Law of American State Constitutions
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This book provides complete coverage of American State Constitutional Law. It contrasts the more familiar federal Constitution and explains the importance of the differences. The book then surveys the state constitutions put in place before the adoption of the federal Constitution, together with their influences on the development of the federal Constitution. Next, it describes the broad outlines of state constitutions' evolution over the centuries, as well as the limits placed on state constitutions by federal law. Next, the book covers the growth of the New Judicial Federalism (state constitutions providing, or being interpreted to provide, more protective rights than the federal Constitution). This includes a variety of methodology issues arising in cases raising both federal and state constitutional rights arguments, such as the sequencing of arguments and development of criteria for recognizing rights beyond the federal minimum standards. The technique of interpreting state constitutional rights in “lockstep” with federal rights is analyzed and criticized. State constitutional separation or distribution of powers is discussed and contrasted with the federal doctrines. The book then explains and illustrates the unique features of each of the three branches of state governments. The book analyzes the specialized techniques of judicial interpretation applied to state constitutions. Finally, it surveys the mechanisms of state constitutional amendment and revision, together with the extensive judicial involvement in these processes.
Patch-Clamp Recording
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

Invented by Bert Sakmann and Erwin Neher during the 1970s, the patch-clamp recording technique aids scientists in examining the functions of individual protein molecules that form ion channels in cell membranes. The importance of this outstanding contribution, which has revolutionized neurophysiology and greatly augmented understanding of cell membranes, is underscored by the fact that Sakmann and Neher received the Nobel Prize in 1991. The fundamental finding arising from patch-clamp experiments is that currents through cell membranes pass through protein channels. This chapter provides a brief introduction to the patch-clamp technique and presents the fundamental equations that govern currents through individual ion channels. The electrophysiology of three types of ion channels is described: nongated chloride channels, voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, and ligand-gated acetylcholine channels.
Physical Basis for the Resting Potential
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

Thanks to the pioneering experiments of the Italian physician Luigi Galvani, it has long been understood that electricity plays a vital role in the functioning of the nervous system. That these electrical signals are intrinsic to animal tissues was demonstrated by the German electrophysiologist du Bois Reymond, who showed that cells have a “resting” potential, the constant voltage across the cell membrane in the absence of stimulation. This chapter describes the Nernst equation, which predicts the strength of electrical potentials that arise from ionic concentrations differences across membranes. The fundamental role of the Nernst equation for electrophysiology is presented in relationship to the parallel conductance model for the cell membrane potential. Basic equations for resting potential, including the role of the electrogenic membrane ion pump, are presented.