bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Oven Temperature on the Chemical Quality of Cookies Made from Cashew Nut Waste Flour
Authors: Arifan Fahmi , Hidayah Mifta Nur , Susanti Siti , Ratnani Rita Dwi , Utami Palupi Diah , Prasetyo Alif Nur Fauzi
Published: March 2024

Cashew nuts are the seeds at the very end of the fruit of the cashew plant (Anacardium occidentale Linn). The cashew plant produces fruit consisting of two parts, namely pseudo-fruit and true fruit. Pseudo-fruit is a fruit stalk (penduculus) that is fleshy and contains elements of protein, sugar, fat, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins (A, B and C). The part of the fruit that produces cashews is a true fruit shaped like a kidney embedded at the end of a pseudo-fruit, green to brown, consisting of three layers, namely the hard skin layer (pericarp) consisting of epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp, epidermis layer (teste), and cashew seed layer (kernel). Cookies are a form of food that is easy to carry and is generally preferred by all circles of society. Cashew nut pulp has not been processed properly even though it can be used as a processed food ingredient that has many benefits. This research method uses factorial design 32 with data analysis using ANOVA. The novelty of this study is the use of cashew pulp flour with bleach modification as an ingredient in making cookies. This study aims to test the chemical quality of cookies from cashew nut pulp flour with oven temperature optimization. The chemical quality analyzed is in the form of protein content. It was found that the addition of cashew pulp flour had a significant effect on the protein content of cashew pulp cookies.
Utilization of Sulfonated Natural Zeolite as Catalyst for Glycerolysis Monooleate: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study
Authors: Anggoro Didi Dwi , Nurdiani Maulida , Dewatama Sultan Erico , Le Monde Brilliant Umara
Published: March 2024

The development and production of alternative fuels such as biodiesel that continues to be carried out further increases glycerol as a by-product of the biodiesel process. The accumulation that continues to occur will cause a decrease in the price of glycerol. To solve this problem, glycerol is reprocessed into its derivative products, one of which is Glycerol Mono Oleate (GMO). In this study, natural zeolite was modified using a sulfonation process. The results of catalyst characterization based on FTIR indicate that the modification in natural zeolite was successful when the catalyst had the expected functional groups. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG) are determined for this reaction using the Eyring equation. The reaction fits with the pseudo-2nd order kinetic model. The activation energy of the esterification reaction using sulfonated zeolite is reported as 37.855 kJ/mol. The result shows that the best variable to produce GMO is the reaction at a temperature of 220oC with the conversion value was 95.00%.
Performance of PVDF-La dope TiO2 Membrane Photocatalytic Under Visible Light Irradiation for Produced Water Treatment
Authors: Kusworo Tutuk Djoko , Puspa Meitri Bella
Published: March 2024

Membrane technology has been widely applied in water management systems for production, but is still hindered by fouling phenomena and low selectivity. Improving membrane performance through modification, such as the addition of photocatalytic materials, has been explored. In this research, La@TiO2 composite was incorporated into PVDF membranes for the treatment of produced water. Lanthanum doping on TiO2 effectively inhibits carrier recombination and enhances photocatalytic activity. According to the research results, adding the La@TiO2 composite to the membrane matrix increased the porosity value and membrane pore size. The PVDF-La@TiO2 1.5%wt membrane exhibited the highest flux values, specifically 20.59 L.m-2.h-1 and 40 L.m-2.h-1 in dark conditions and visible light irradiation. The rejection rates for COD, TDS, and ammonia were 69.89%, 57.77%, and 69.65%. The photocatalytic degradation effect of PVDF-La@TiO2 is proven by a significant difference in the filtration results under vis-light irradiation. The kinetics of COD removal are better described by a pseudo-first-order model. The degradation of PVDF-La@TiO2 1.5% pollutant demonstrated significant results, confirming its photocatalytic activity under irradiation. Overall, the membrane exhibited good performance and proved to be reusable after 6 hours of photofiltration. This research holds promise for enhancing the use of membrane photocatalytics in the treatment of produced water.
Separation of nickel and cobalt from nitrate leaching solutions of laterite ore by solvent extraction using trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis (2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl) phosphinate
Authors: Yuda Aulia Pertiwi Tri , Avista Dira , Astuti Widi , Petrus Himawan Tri Bayu Murti
Published: March 2024

This study used solvent extraction to separate nickel and cobalt from nitrate leaching of mixed nickel-cobalt oxalate precipitate (MOP). Laterite ore was first leached using citric acid, and then leaching filtrate was mixed with oxalic acid to produce MOP. MOP was releached using nitric acid (1M) to prepare the aqueous phase as a feed for solvent extraction. Solvent extraction used the extractant trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis (2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl) phosphate (Cyphos®IL 104) in kerosene. Solvent extraction experiments were conducted in the pH range of 6 to 7.6 (O/A ratio = 1 at 15 min). After separation, the concentration of the aqueous phase was analyzed using an ICP-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) to measure cobalt and nickel content. The results showed that the highest extraction efficiency of cobalt and nickel was obtained at pH 7.2, 99.97%, and 32.57%, respectively. At this optimum condition, the separation factor obtained for cobalt was 8008.66 and for nickel 0.0001, while cobalt was 3868.00 and nickel 0.48 for the ion distribution obtained. It indicates that at this condition, the extractant can extract cobalt to the organic phase, and nickel remains in the aqueous phase.
Regenerated Silica Gel for Isolation of Ethyl p-Methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia galanga rhizome
Authors: Mazaya Nadia Adelia , Widiastuti Diana , yati Indri , Prastya Muhammad Eka , Andreani Agustina Sus , Tachrim Zetryana Puteri
Published: March 2024

The main component from Kaempferia galanga rhizome extract is known as ethyl p-methoxycinnamate. Column chromatography using silica gel is one of the commonly used method for obtaining high purity of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate from K. galanga rhizome extract. In this study, the regeneration of silica gel then utilized for checking its reusability to undergo the isolation of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate. The silica gel was regenerated by utilizing two methods: (a) the direct furnace at 600 ⁰C; (b) the stirring process with aqueous solution of sulfuric acid which followed by furnace at 600 ⁰C. K. galanga rhizome extract was obtained under maceration by hexane. Regenerated silica gel was characterized by XRF and FTIR. The ethyl p-methoxycinnamate content was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The regenerated silica gel showed almost similar characteristic with the original commercial silica gel. The K. galanga rhizome extract after underwent column chromatography with regenerated silica gel showed high stability. This result ensured the utilization of regenerated silica gel can be considered for isolation of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate from K. galanga rhizome extract.
Volatile Compounds and Bioactivities of Non Polar Extracts of Horsfieldia macrothyrsa leaves and twigs
Authors: Megawati  , Darmawan Akhmad , Hudiyono Sumi , Permatasari Vera , Hidayat Arif , Kurniawan Hendris Hendarsyah
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the chemical composition of Horsfieldia macrothyrsa leaves and twigs by using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to extract the hexane (non-polar) fraction, which has antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. As per the findings, the primary constituents of this fraction were fatty acids and sesquiterpenes, with the other constituents being sesamin (13.32% twigs), palmitic acid (20.58% leaves), squalene (2.7% twigs), and linolenic acid (25.56% leaves). According to the antidiabetic activity test, the hexane fraction of H. macrothyrsa twigs exhibited an IC50 of 23.230 ± 0.22 μg/mL. In contrast, the antioxidant values of the leaves and twigs ranged from 50 μg/mL. The breast cancer cell line MCF-7 exhibited cytotoxic capability in an in vitro anticancer assay.
The Performance of Nanofiltration Membrane in Concentrating Folic Acid from Fermented Mungbean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) by Rhizopus oligosporus Strain-C1 and Rhizopus sp. for Recovery Efficiency of Natural Folic Acid
Authors: Aspiyanto  , Susilowati Agustine , Melanie Hakiki , Maryati Yati
Published: March 2024

This research was conducted to evaluate the performance of the nanofiltration (NF) membrane in concentrating permeate obtained from the ultrafiltration (UF) membrane of fermented mung bean. The procedure was performed to determine both the best flux and efficiency of recovering folic acid from the multi-filtration process. Feed A and Feed B were used as ultrafiltered permeate of fermented mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) obtained using Rhizopus oligosporus strain-C1 and Rhizopus sp., respectively. These feeds were subjected to the NF membrane installed in crossflow filtration (CFF) module system at room temperature, flow rate ~7.5 L/min. and transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 10 bar for 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes. The results showed that based on the optimum flux, the best performance of the NF membrane for Feed A and B was achieved at 15 and 15 min, with permeate flux of 32.22 and 20.44 L/m2.h., respectively. Retentate A and B contained folic acid concentrations of 308.51 and 297.53 μg/mL, as well as total solids of 1.39% and 2.20%. Meanwhile, permeate A and B yielded folic acid concentrations of 106.88 and 63.77 μg/mL, with total solids of 0.22 and 0.32%. Under the NF process conditions, retentate A and B showed observed rejection (Robs) rates of folic acid at 65.35 and 78.56%, as well as total solids of 84.34 and 85.36%, respectively. There was also a 9.75 and 3.10% increase in folic acid with a 4.18% and 17.31% rise in total solids compared to the initial condition at 0 minutes. Molecular weight analysis of folic acid in permeate A and B after 15 min. and 15 min. of processing were dominated by monomer with a MW of 442.17 Da. Meanwhile, mass spectra of feed B for a processing time of 15 min. were dominated by monomers with MW of 442.19 and 442.47 Da, both with a relative intensity of 100%.
Isolation, identification and α-glucosidase inhibition evaluation of a phenolic compound from Elaeocarpus mastersii King leaves
Authors: Okselni Tia , Efdi Mai
Published: March 2024

Elaeocarpus mastersii King is an Indonesian folk medicine with high phenolic content. In this study, the E. mastersii King leaves were extracted using methanol solvent through maceration. The methanol extract was continuously fractionated by the liquid-liquid extraction using hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), and ethyl acetate solvents, respectively. The DCM fraction was purified by column chromatography using Silica gel 60 and Sephadex LH-20 as the stationary phase and monitored by thin-layer chromatography. This isolation process led to obtaining a pure compound with the appearance of white crystalline powder and a melting point of 198-199℃. This compound absorbed the UV light at the wavelength of 229 and 274 nm, as well as produced the bathochromic shift by the addition of NaOH reagent indicating the aromatic compound with the hydroxyl (OH) substituent. The IR spectrum confirmed the presence of aromatic and OH groups along with other functional groups, such as carbonyl (vmax 1693 cm-1) and alkane (C-H, vmax 2953 cm-1). The NMR data suggested the isolated compound as methyl gallate. Furthermore, the m/z value of the isolated compound was 185.04416 Da [M+H]+. It confirmed the monoisotopic mass of the methyl gallate (184.0362 Da). However, biological evaluation as an α-glucosidase inhibitor showed no positive activity.
Potential Antioxidant Activity Methods DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, Total Phenol and Total Flavonoid Levels of Macaranga hypoleuca (Reichb. f. & Zoll.) Leaves Extract and Fractions
Authors: Minarti Minarti , Ariani Novita , Megawati Megawati , Hidayat Arief , Hendra Medi , Primahana Gian , Darmawan Akhmad
Published: March 2024

The Macaranga species (Euphorbiaceae), also known locally as "mahang", has been used in traditional medicine due to its potential health benefits. Around 12 species of the Macaranga have been found to contain more than 50 flavonoid compounds, which are the primary secondary metabolites in this genus. Free radicals can lead to organ damage, resulting in various chronic and degenerative disorders. Active antioxidant compounds can help inhibit the oxidation process caused by free radicals, and phenolic compounds, mainly from the flavonoid group, are thought to be present in Macaranga hypoleuca as a source of natural antioxidants. This study aimed to identify the antioxidant potential of methanol extract and its fractions of M. hypoleuca using the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods using a UV-Vis spectrometer method, as well as to determine total phenol and total flavonoid levels. The highest antioxidant activity of the DPPH and ABTS methods was found in the ethyl acetate fraction with IC50 values of 14.31 and 2.10 mg/L respectively. Meanwhile, the highest antioxidant activity of the FRAP method was found in the butanol fraction with an IC50 value of 0.48 mg/L. The highest total phenol and flavonoid content was found in the butanol fraction at 27.51 mg GAE/g and 88.42 mg QE/g respectively.
Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Dysoxylum densiflorum Extract and Fractions
Authors: Sundowo Andini , Antika Lucia Dwi , Meilawati Lia , Randy Ahmad , Artanti Nina , Hanafi Muhammad
Published: March 2024

Many studies have been carried out on the use of natural product compounds as an alternative medicine. Dysoxylum densiflorum is a plant that is commonly found in tropical countries and is used as an alternative treatment in local communities for several diseases. Our current study aims to determine the content of phytochemicals, total phenol, and total flavonoids from D. densiflorum leaves and stem bark methanol extract. The extraction was performed by the maceration method using methanol solvent and then fractionated into hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. A phytochemical screening was performed to determine the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The total phenol contents of the extract were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu using gallic acid as a standard. Total flavonoid were determined by alumunium chloride colorimetric methods, with quercetin as the standard. The antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2’-azino-bis-(3 ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic Acid (ABTS) assay. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the extract and fractions of D. densiflorum leaves contained flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The methanol extract and fractions of D. densiflorum stem bark contained flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The total phenol analysis showed that leaves and stem bark methanol fractions had the highest content, at 4.631 mg GAE/g and 3.011 mg GAE/g, respectively. While the total flavonoids analysis showed that leaves methanol extract and bark ethyl acetate fraction had the highest content compared to other samples from the same origin, which are 49.585 mg QE/g and 63.432 mg QE/g, respectively. Antioxidant test results using DPPH radical scavenging and the ABTS assay obtained the highest IC50 values, respectively, in the stem bark methanol fraction of 104.092 μg/mL and the leaves ethyl acetate fraction of 8.49 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction of D. densiflorum leaves contains the highest antioxidant activity. The results indicate that D. densiflorum extracts and fractions have antioxidant potential. Further research is required to identify compounds that act as antioxidants.
Antibacterial Activity from The Cashew Nut Shell Extracts
Authors: Abbas Jamilah , Ariani Novita , Andayanie Wuye Ria
Published: March 2024

Cashew nut shells were considered as a waste material of the cashew industries; therefore, we used this material as a source of antibacterial drugs and as a source of chemical constituent. Anacardium accidentale Linn (Anacardiacea family) popularly known as “Cashew”, is grown in the sandy loam soil, and has a spreading root system. Nutshell from cashew nut represents one of the major cheapest sources of non-isoprenoid phenolic lipid. This study investigated of antibacterial activities of cashew nut shell extract (CNSE). Samples were maceration by hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water solvent were then evaporated at 50 oC to give n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extract. The yield were obtained was 125.54 gr (28.91 %), 11.19 gr (2.58 %), 43.15 gr (9.94 %), 2.46 gr (0.08 %), and 46.50 gr (10.71 %), for hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water solvent espectively. The extract was examined for bacterias, namely Bacillus subtillis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, using the agar disc diffusion methods in using concentration of Cashew nut shell of 0.125%. 0.25%, 0.5 % and 1% respectively. The ethyl acetate extract and n-hexane extract of CNSE showed an antibacterial effect on B. subtillis with an inhibition zone of 10.333 mm and 9.67 mm. An n-hexane extract showed inhibition zone (11.667 mm) for S. aureus, 11.33 mm for P. aeruginosa. Methanol extract exhibited inhibition zone higher for S. aureus, followed by E. coli, P. aeruginosa and B. subtillis. Water extract did not affect the growth of E. coli. Four the ethyl acetate, methanol, hexane, and dichloromethane extract showed better antibacterial effects compared to water extract. Chemical constituents of hexane extract of cashew nut shell were investigated by GC-MS.
Optimization of power, duration, and water in solanesol extraction from virginia nicotiana tabacum l. leaves assisted by microwave-ultrasound using response surface methodology
Authors: Wirawan David , Safitra Edwin Rizki , Namhaed Kritsana , Muharam Yuswan , Gozan Misri
Published: March 2024

Solanesol is an aliphatic terpene alcohol composed of nine isoprene units with many bioactive benefits and is commonly found in Solanaceae, including tobacco. Solanesol is difficult to synthesize artificially; Therefore, acquisition still relies on extraction. Extraction methods such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) have reduced extraction time and solvent consumption. Some variables that influence extraction performance in MAE are solvent selection, extraction time, microwave power, and sample-to-solvent ratio (S/F). This research aims to find the optimum parameters for the extraction of solanesol from Virginia variety tobacco leaves using the response surface methodology approach. This study considered the extraction time (30, 60, and 90 seconds), sample-to-water ratio (S/F) (1:1, 1:3, and 1:6), and microwave power (200, 400, and 600 W) were optimized. Solanesol from the extraction was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the yield response was then processed using Design Expert to obtain optimum variables of MAE. This study shows that the optimum condition for the MAE process was 10 mL of water, with a power of 324.581 W for 30 seconds and a predicted solanesol yield of 2.926%.
Optimization of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Reaction for Detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes in Clinical Nasopharynx Swab Samples
Authors: Mozef Tjandrawati , Safari Dodi , Prastya Muhamad Eka , Permatasari Vera , Risdian Chandra
Published: March 2024

Current molecular PCR-based methods for identifying Streptococcus pneumoniae, the primary cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and other invasive diseases, are accurate but require expensive infrastructure and have a long run time, which restricts their use, particularly in developing countries. LAMP, or loop-mediated isothermal amplification, is a low-cost alternative to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can be used quickly because the reaction only takes place at a constant temperature. We aimed to develop a LAMP assay for rapid detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in nasopharynx swab samples. The LAMP primers were designed using a conserved region of the lytA gene. An incubation time range of 30 to 60 minutes was studied to optimize the LAMP reaction. The real-time fluorescence intensity was monitored during the amplification reaction. Clinical nasopharynx swab samples identified as Streptococcus pneumoniae and their serotypes were tested to evaluate the performance of LAMP. To investigate the specificity of the LAMP, Streptococcus species samples and non-Streptococcus species samples were analyzed. In conclusion, the optimized LAMP assay is capable of detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae and its serotypes in nasopharynx swab samples.
Optimization of Natural Rubber Formulation for Military Vehicle Tread Using Filler Carbon Black Type N220/N550
Authors: Gunawan Arini Fitria , Hidayat Ade Sholeh , Murniati Riri , Susanto Herri , Arti Dewi Kusuma , Utami Wahyu Tri , Anggaravidya Mahendra , Iskandar Mohammad Soleh , Fidyaningsih Riastuti , Agustine Lies , Idvan  , Indriasari  , Amry Akhmad
Published: March 2024

This study aims to optimize the formulation of natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) into a compound for applications in military vehicles when passing through various field conditions. Natural rubber types SIR 20 and RSS 1 were used with Carbon Black types N220 and N550 as fillers. In this study, samples that were both normal and samples that had aged for 72 hours at 70°C were created. The results showed that the mixture of RSS 1 - CB N220 (i.e., 100 phr–75 phr) influenced strength and stiffness. The physical and mechanical properties of the specimens, including curing time, tensile strength, tear strength, elongation at break, and compression set had been defined. By utilizing the resulting mechanical characteristics, rubber compounds are optimized to meet the specific requirements of airless tires, including durability, comfort, and performance. It is anticipated to create an airless tire that provides essential performance while reducing the risk of punctures and flats.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfonated Anionic Hyperbranched Polyglycerol Oleate Surfactant Based on Oleic Fatty Acid Palm Oil
Authors: Irawan Yan , Ghozan Misri , Meliana Yenny , Kuslianti Elnike , Prasetyaningrum Aji , Rabbuka Muhammad Adiguna , Afifah Dita Dwi
Published: March 2024

Surfactant is a palm oil-based product that was rapidly developed. One type of surfactant with several advantages is anionic surfactant, known for its good emulsion, detergency, and thermal stability. The synthesis of this surfactant involved three steps: first, the polymerization of glycerol with a variable KOH catalyst (1%-4% w/v); second, the esterification of the polyglycerol with oleic acid; and finally, the sulfonation of polyglycerol oleate with H2SO4. The molecular weight of the obtained polyglycerol was determined using the Ostwald method, and the polymerization process was confirmed with FTIR. Polyglycerol oleate was characterized by determining the acid number, ester number, ion number, and saponification number, and confirmed using FTIR and 1H-NMR. Sulfonated polyglycerol oleate was characterized using FTIR and 1H-NMR.
The Impact of Chitosan Incorporation on the Mechanical Characteristics of Biodegradable Packaging based on PLA/PCL Blend
Authors: Suryani  , Rihayat Teuku , Fitria  , Sariadi  , Yunus M. , Hasanah Uswatun , Safitri Aida
Published: March 2024

The development of environmentally sustainable plastics has gained prominence due to their eco-friendliness and renewable nature. In this research, eco-friendly plastic was formulated by blending Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polycaprolactone (PCL) with the incorporation of chitosan as a filler. The primary objective of this study is to scrutinize and delineate the influence of varying compositions of PLA/PCL/chitosan on the mechanical attributes of eco-friendly plastics. This was achieved through hot pressing methods at a temperature of 200°C for a duration of 1 hour. The composition ratios for PLA/PCL were set at 2/8 g, 3/7 g, 5/5 g, 7/3 g, and 8/2 g, while chitosan compositions ranged from 0.2 g to 0.6 g. Comprehensive assessment of the eco-friendly plastics involved biodegradability tests, tensile strength measurements, elongation evaluations, functional group analyses, and examination of plastic film morphology. Optimal performance, ascertained through characterization, was achieved with a composition of PLA/PCL/Chitosan at 8/2/0.6 g, yielding a 38.8% degradation rate, a tensile strength of 42.53 MPa with a composition of PLA/PCL/Chitosan at 8/2/0.4 g, and an elongation of 6.96% with a composition of PLA/PCL/Chitosan at 8/2/0.2 g. The functional groups identified included N-H, C-H, C=O, and C-O groups, indicating a blending process without the formation of new functional groups. Morphology testing revealed a smooth surface, although some undissolved chitosan particles were evident, likely due to non-uniform blending.
H-PVA Cross-Linking Mechanism Prepared By Freeze-Thaw And Annealing: Optimizing Gel Fraction And Swelling
Authors: Tsaniatri Dhiya’ Acfira , Mulia Kamarza , Krisanti Elsa Anisa
Published: March 2024

PVA has attracted attention as a material in the formation of hydrogels for drug release media. Crosslinking is one of the keys to hydrogel formation. Gel fraction, swelling ratio, and degree of crystallinity are parameters used to determine the enhancement of crosslinking and the formation of mechanical properties of hydrogels. H-PVA was synthesized through freeze-thaw and annealing processes and optimized by Box-Behnken design. Analysis of the degree of crystallinity revealed that the freeze-thaw and annealing processes formed and increased crosslinking. This is supported by data from the gel fraction analysis, which indicates that the number of crosslinks increases and the swelling ratio decreases, indicating that the hydrogel structure is strong enough to withstand water absorption. The results of the design of the experiment (DOE) showed that simultaneously the model was able to explain the presence of crosslinks formed in H-PVA, as seen from the p-value >0.0001 and the statistical test results R2 = 0.99 (close to 1). Optimal conditions were found at a PVA concentration of 18.972 (%w/v), a freeze-thaw cycle of three times, and an annealing temperature of 92 °C.
Adsorption Kinetics of Activated Carbon from Oil Palm Fronds on Decreasing of Copper and Lead Ions
Authors: Oktavianty Herawati , Anggoro Didi Dwi
Published: March 2024

One of the most common plantation biomass wastes is palm fronds, which will decompose without further processing. Lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose contributed 31.7 percent, 33.9%, and 17.4%, respectively, of the chemical compounds found in oil palm leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of activated carbon to adsorb copper and lead metals, as well as to calculate its kinetics and adsorption capacity. Activated carbon with a certain amount is added to 50 ml of copper and lead metal solution for a certain time. The results obtained after the adsorption process were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). From the results of AAS analysis, it was found that activated carbon with a mass of 1.5 g and a contact time of adsorption for 40 minutes was the most effective in reducing the concentration of copper and lead metals. Copper metal adsorption follows Freundlich adsorption isotherm model while lead metal follows Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The adsorption kinetics pattern of copper and lead metals follows second order kinetic adsorptions.
Comparative study of well diffusion and disc diffusion method to investigate the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Curcuma longa extracts
Authors: Nurkhaliza Farrah , Risana Mariha Zulfa , Pubasari Aprilina , Priatmoko Sigit , Prastya Muhammad Eka , Andreani Agustina Sus
Published: March 2024

Green synthesis method for the preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Curcuma longa extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents was studied. The optimization of the synthesis was determined by varying the weight of the extracts, the AgNO3 concentration, and the reaction time. The results revealed that 3 g of extracts, 0.005 M AgNO3, and 30 min of incubation time were the ideal conditions to synthesize AgNPs-Cur. The characterization was assessed by UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, and TEM. UV-Vis spectra showed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 428 nm with the stability after 5 months of storage time. FTIR analysis revealed the formation of AgNPs using turmeric extracts and the synthesized AgNPs-Cur had the average size of 22.12 ± 0.60 nm (analyzed by TEM). The well diffusion and disc diffusion method were performed to investigate the antibacterial activity of AgNPs-Cur against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results concluded that AgNPs-Cur exhibited better bacterial growth inhibitory activities with well diffusion method than disc diffusion method.
Stengthening of Edible Film From Corn Starch and Iota Carrageenan with Butterfly Pea Flower Extraction (Clitoria ternate L) Addition
Authors: Sasongko Setia Budi , Agustina Fitri Lita
Published: March 2024

One of the most enormous waste is plastic. Most plastic waste can damage the environment on land and in the oceans. Food packaging plastic is switched from conventional to natural materials. The research goal is an analysis of biodegradable, edible film plastic materials. A combination of corn starch (CS) (4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2% w/v), iota-carrageenan (IC) (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2% w/v), and butterfly pea flower extraction (BPE) (0, 4, 8% v/v) can be developed as edible biodegradable films. The method used in this research is bench casting. These edible films are characterized based on physico-mechanical properties, water properties, and biodegradation. The results of water vapor permeability as water properties in CS/IC3 samples was 19.449 g.mm/m2.h.kPa, and in the CS/IC/BPE 3-2 samples was 12.596 g.mm/m2.h.kPa. Based on the results, the tensile strength as physical-mechanical properties of the samples increased as the iota-carrageenan and BPE content occurred in the CS/IC5 sample with a value of 3.32 MPa and the CS/IC/BPE 5-2 sample with a value of 4.93 MPa. The CS/IC/BPE sample extensively reduced cherry tomato weight loss and increased the duration of storage of the studied tomatoes by 10 days. The research shows that the natural material CS/IC/BPE produces a good edible film for packaging.
How suitable are equity release mortgages as investments for pension funds?
Authors: Buckner Dean , Dowd Kevin , Hulley Hardy
Published: March 2024

This article examines the claim that equity release mortgages, the U.K. equivalent of reverse mortgages in the U.S., are suitable investments for pension funds. We present valuation, stress test and scenario analysis results that suggest that equity release mortgages are unsuitable for pension funds because: (i) they bear returns that are typically below the risk-free rate; (ii) they are not hedges for annuity books, let alone good hedges; and (iii) they are heavily exposed to house price risk, which annuity books are not. Our results suggest that equity release mortgages meet none of these criteria to be suitable for pension funds and are almost entirely dominated by risk-free government bonds. We offer an explanation for why investors appear to be unaware of the low returns on equity release mortgages.
Taking a value based commissioning approach to non-clinical and clinical support services
Authors: Kinsman Trinette , Reid Samantha , Arnott Hayley
Published: March 2024

Value based healthcare beyond the clinical domain is the focus of this case study. We share NSW Health’s experiences in achieving value through a focus on outcomes in non-clinical and clinical support services using examples that demonstrate key aspects across the commissioning cycle. These include: the importance of stakeholder engagement in the planning phase to later success; the critical role of non-clinical services in patient experience; the opportunity to facilitate value by introducing new approaches in business areas such as procurement; and the role of clinical supports such as digital enablement to facilitate outcome-focussed clinical models. Applying a value lens to non-clinical services can increase the potential benefits to patients, clinicians and the system.
Creating a framework for change: transitioning to value-based healthcare in Queensland
Authors: Gavaghan Belinda , Finch Jennifer , Clarke Katelyn
Published: March 2024

Value-based healthcare has been described as the sustainable, equitable and transparent use of healthcare resources to achieve improved experiences and outcomes for people and communities. It is supported by all levels of government in Australia, with recent initiatives championing a shift away from traditional, clinician-centric care delivery to a more contemporary, value-based approach. To date, however, efforts in Queensland have focused on smaller scale siloed models of care and have not extended to the transformational change required to create equitable and sustainable healthcare delivery. The Queensland Health Allied Health Framework for Value-Based Health Care (the Framework) builds on contemporary frameworks with reference to the local context in Queensland and provides a structure and starting point for clinicians and managers to work together with consumers to transform services to focus on preventative health and wellbeing, shifting the focus of care to the community and sustainably improving the quality of care delivered. The Framework outlines key considerations for the design and implementation of new services, including understanding the care pathway, supporting an outcome driven workplace culture, measuring what matters and designing for outcomes. Several key lessons were learnt during the development of the Framework, including the importance of early and sustained consumer partnerships, of establishing a shared definition of value-based healthcare that enables integration across the care pathway and the need for leadership at all levels to actively support the change management process. While developed for Queensland public allied health services, the Framework is intended to be a system-wide tool relevant to all health professionals and services.
Environmental conditions on the Pacific halibut fishing grounds obtained from a decade of coastwide oceanographic monitoring, and the potential application of these data in stock analyses
Authors: Sadorus Lauri L. , Webster Raymond A. , Sullivan Margaret
Published: March 2024

Context Establishing baseline environmental characteristics of demersal fish habitat is essential to understanding future distribution changes and to identifying shorter-term anomalies that may affect fish density during monitoring efforts. Aims Our aim was to synthesise environmental data to provide near-bottom oceanographic baseline information on the Pacific halibut fishing grounds, to establish geographic groupings that may be used as co-variates in fish-density modelling and to identify temporal trends in the data. Methods Water-column profiler data were collected from 2009 to 2018 along the North American continental shelf, during summer fishery surveys focused on Pacific halibut. Key results In addition to establishing baseline information on the fishing grounds, this analysis illustrated that environmental variables can be grouped geographically into four regions that correspond to the four biological regions established by the International Pacific Halibut Commission. A spatio-temporal modelling approach is presented as an example of how to describe the relationship between environmental data and Pacific halibut distribution. Conclusions This study has highlighted the efficacy of environmental data in analysing fish distribution and density changes. Implications Oceanographic monitoring provides the ability to detect annual anomalies such as seasonal hypoxic zones that may affect fish density and to establish baseline information for future research.
Grating-assisted hot-electron photodetectors for S- and C-band telecommunication
Authors: Shao Weijia , Cui Weihao , Xin Yixiao , Hu Junhui , Li Xiaofeng
Published: March 2024

Although outstanding detectivities, InGaAs photodetectors for optic fiber communication are often costly due to the need for cooling. Therefore, cryogen-free and cost-effective alternatives working in telecommunication bands are highly desired. Here, we present a design of hot-electron photodetectors (HE PDs) with attributes of room-temperature operation and strong optical absorption over S and C bands (from 1460 to 1565 nm). The designed HE PD consists of a metal–semiconductor–metal hot-electron stack integrated with a front grating. Optical simulations reveal that mode hybridizations between Fabry–Pérot resonance and grating-induced surface plasmon excitation lead to high absorption efficiencies (≥0.9) covering S and C bands. Probability-based electrical calculations clarify that device responsivity is mainly determined by working wavelength on the premise of broadband strong absorption. Moreover, through comparison studies between the grating-assisted HE PD and purely planar microcavity system that serves as a reference, we highlight the design superiorities in average absorption and average responsivity with optimized values of 0.97 and 0.73 mA W−1, respectively. The upgraded peformances of the designed device are promising for efficient photoelectric conversion in optic fiber communication systems.
Synthesis of silicon carbide in a matrix of graphite-like carbon prepared via carbonization of rigid-rod polyimide Langmuir–Blodgett films on silicon substrate
Authors: Goloudina Svetlana , Pasyuta Vyacheslav , Kirilenko Demid , Smirnov Aleksandr , Kasatkin Igor , Zhizhin Evgeny , Koroleva Aleksandra , Sevostiyanov Evgeny , Panov Mikhail , Trushlyakova Valentina , Gofman Iosif , Svetlichnyi Valentin , Luchinin Viktor
Published: March 2024

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a wide-band gap semiconductor that exceeds other semiconducting materials (except diamond) in electrical, mechanical, chemical, and radiation stability. In this paper, we report a novel approach to fabrication of SiC nano films on a Si substrate, which is based on the endotaxial growth of a SiC crystalline phase in a graphite-like carbon (GLC) matrix. GLC films were formed by carbonization of rigid rod polyimide (PI) Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films on a Si substrate at 1000 °C in vacuum. After rapid thermal annealing of GLC films at 1100 °C and 1200 °C, new types of heterostructures SiC(10 nm)/GLC(20 nm)/Si(111) and SiC(20 nm)/GLC(15 nm)/SiC(10 nm)/Si(111) were obtained. The SiC top layer was formed due to the Si-containing gas phase present above the surface of GLC film. An advantage of the proposed method of endotaxy is that the SiC crystalline phase is formed within the volume of the GLC film of a thickness predetermined by using PI LB films with different numbers of monolayers for carbonization. This approach allows growing SiC layers close to the 2D state, which is promising for optoelectronics, photovoltaics, spintronics.
Plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition of silicon nitride using magnetized very high frequency plasma
Authors: Ji You Jin , Kim Hae In , Kang Ji Eun , Choi Seung Yup , Kim Ki Hyun , Kim Doo San , Ellingboe A R , Kim Hye Min , Yeom Geun Young , Kim Dong Woo
Published: March 2024

To obtain high-quality SiN
x
films applicable to an extensive range of processes, such as gate spacers in fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs), the self-aligned quadruple patterning process, etc, a study of plasma with higher plasma density and lower plasma damage is crucial in addition to study on novel precursors for SiN
x
plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) processes. In this study, a novel magnetized PEALD process was developed for depositing high-quality SiN
x
films using di(isopropylamino)silane (DIPAS) and magnetized N2 plasma at a low substrate temperature of 200 °C. The properties of the deposited SiN
x
films were analyzed and compared with those obtained by the PEALD process using a non-magnetized N2 plasma source under the same conditions. The PEALD SiN
x
film, produced using an external magnetic field (ranging from 0 to 100 G) during the plasma exposure step, exhibited a higher growth rate (∼1 Å/cycle) due to the increased plasma density. Additionally, it showed lower surface roughness, higher film density, and enhanced wet etch resistance compared to films deposited using the PEALD process with non-magnetized plasmas. This improvement can be attributed to the higher ion flux and lower ion energy of the magnetized plasma. The electrical characteristics, such as interface trap density and breakdown voltage, were also enhanced when the magnetized plasma was used for the PEALD process. Furthermore, when SiN
x
films were deposited on high-aspect-ratio (30:1) trench patterns using the magnetized PEALD process, an improved step coverage of over 98% was achieved, in contrast to the conformality of SiN
x
deposited using non-magnetized plasma. This enhancement is possibly a result of deeper radical penetration enabled by the magnetized plasma.
Probe chip nanofabrication enabled reverse tip sample scanning probe microscopy concept and measurements
Authors: Kim Hyeon-Su , Peric Nemanja , Minj Albert , Wouters Lennaert , Serron Jill , Mancini Chiara , Koylan Serkan , Sergeant Stefanie , Hantschel Thomas
Published: March 2024

We introduce a new scanning probe microscopy (SPM) concept called reverse tip sample scanning probe microscopy (RTS SPM), where the tip and sample positions are reversed as compared to traditional SPM. The main benefit of RTS SPM over the standard SPM configuration is that it allows for simple and fast tip changes. This overcomes two major limitations of SPM which are slow data acquisition and a strong dependency of the data on the tip condition. A probe chip with thousands of sharp integrated tips is the basis of our concept. We have developed a nanofabrication protocol for Si based probe chips and their functionalization with metal and diamond coatings, evaluated our probe chips for various RTS SPM applications (multi-tip imaging, SPM tomography, and correlative SPM), and showed the high potential of the RTS SPM concept.
CATD: a reproducible pipeline for selecting cell-type deconvolution methods across tissues
Authors: Vathrakokoili Pournara Anna , Miao Zhichao , Beker Ozgur Yilimaz , Nolte Nadja , Brazma Alvis , Papatheodorou Irene
Published: March 2024

Motivation

Cell-type deconvolution methods aim to infer cell composition from bulk transcriptomic data. The proliferation of developed methods coupled with inconsistent results obtained in many cases, highlights the pressing need for guidance in the selection of appropriate methods. Additionally, the growing accessibility of single-cell RNA sequencing datasets, often accompanied by bulk expression from related samples enable the benchmark of existing methods.

Results

In this study, we conduct a comprehensive assessment of 31 methods, utilizing single-cell RNA-sequencing data from diverse human and mouse tissues. Employing various simulation scenarios, we reveal the efficacy of regression-based deconvolution methods, highlighting their sensitivity to reference choices. We investigate the impact of bulk-reference differences, incorporating variables such as sample, study and technology. We provide validation using a gold standard dataset from mononuclear cells and suggest a consensus prediction of proportions when ground truth is not available. We validated the consensus method on data from the stomach and studied its spillover effect. Importantly, we propose the use of the critical assessment of transcriptomic deconvolution (CATD) pipeline which encompasses functionalities for generating references and pseudo-bulks and running implemented deconvolution methods. CATD streamlines simultaneous deconvolution of numerous bulk samples, providing a practical solution for speeding up the evaluation of newly developed methods.

Availability and implementation

https://github.com/Papatheodorou-Group/CATD_snakemake.
Functional traits of non-vascular epiphytes influence fine scale thermal heterogeneity under contrasting microclimates: insights from sub-Mediterranean forests
Authors: Canali Giulia , Di Nuzzo Luca , Benesperi Renato , Nascimbene Juri , Giordani Paolo
Published: March 2024

Lichens and bryophytes contribute to regulating the forest microclimate and support ecosystem functions. Exploring the thermal heterogeneity at a trunk-level may help elucidate the effect of thermoregulation of epiphytes. We hypothesized that (i) the thermal patterns of epiphytic communities depend on the microclimatic conditions of the surrounding atmosphere and (ii) the thermal heterogeneity at a trunk-level may in turn depend on functional traits of epiphytic communities, such as thallus colour and growth form. We carried out two measurement sessions under contrasting microclimatic conditions (wet vs. dry). Using a thermal camera, we acquired infra-red (IR) images of 50 trees during the same time period under the contrasting wet and dry conditions. Results showed significant differences in thermal characteristics of the trees when contrasting wet with dry conditions and that colour and growth form were significantly associated with changes in thermal patterns at the trunk-level. The study highlights the importance of understanding the thermoregulatory processes of epiphytic communities.
Shared and differing functional connectivity abnormalities of the default mode network in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Wang Yaxuan , Li Qian , Yao Li , He Ning , Tang Yingying , Chen Lizhou , Long Fenghua , Chen Yufei , Kemp Graham J , Lui Su , Li Fei
Published: March 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) both show abnormal resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of default mode network (DMN), but it is unclear to what extent these abnormalities are shared. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis, including 31 MCI studies and 20 AD studies. MCI patients, compared to controls, showed decreased within-DMN rsFC in bilateral medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex (mPFC/ACC), precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), right temporal lobes, and left angular gyrus and increased rsFC between DMN and left inferior temporal gyrus. AD patients, compared to controls, showed decreased rsFC within DMN in bilateral mPFC/ACC and precuneus/PCC and between DMN and left inferior occipital gyrus and increased rsFC between DMN and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Conjunction analysis showed shared decreased rsFC in mPFC/ACC and precuneus/PCC. Compared to MCI, AD had decreased rsFC in left precuneus/PCC and between DMN and left inferior occipital gyrus and increased rsFC in right temporal lobes. MCI and AD share a decreased within-DMN rsFC likely underpinning episodic memory deficits and neuropsychiatric symptoms, but differ in DMN rsFC alterations likely related to impairments in other cognitive domains such as language, vision, and execution. This may throw light on neuropathological mechanisms in these two stages of dementia.