bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic and social burden due to injuries and violence in Nepal: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Kumar J S , Shrestha S
Published: March 2011

Objective

Injury and violence cause 5 million deaths annually in the world which is around 9% of the global mortality. Eight out of 15 leading causes of deaths in the age group 15–25 years are injury related. The study investigates the incidence, severity and socio-economic burden of injuries and violence in two cities of Nepal.

Design

A cross-sectional study was designed to record the incidence of injuries, their causes and socio-economic burden during 17th August 2008 to 16th September 2008.

Participants

The study was conducted in emergency department of six hospitals in two major cities of Nepal. All the patients visiting emergency department with any kind of physical injury were included into the study.

Outcome measures

The cause, circumstances and severity of injury were recorded. In addition, the total amount of expense for the treatment was also calculated.

Results

In total, 505 injury cases (two brought dead) were reported, 72.7% (n=367) were male. Majority (60%, n=303) of them were economically active. 10.5% (n=53) were severely injured. 42.5% (n=214) of the injuries occurred in roads and 34.1% (172) at home. 65% (n=115) of road traffic injuries involved motorcycles. Fall from height (30.4%, n=503) was the commonest domestic injury. A single injury case cost 126.2 US$ including all the expenses and the loss due to inability to work.

Conclusions

The high incidence of injuries, especially road traffic injuries, adds a huge economic burden to nation.
A comparison of methods for measurement of injury severity
Authors: Harrison J E , Henley G
Published: March 2011

Background

The ICD-based Injury Severity Score (ICISS) provides a criterion for selecting severe injuries, useful when reporting trends in injury incidence because less affected by extraneous factors than total hospitalised cases. We assessed the relative performance of some variants of ICISS.

Method

Records from the Australian National Hospital Morbidity Database were included if Principal Diagnosis was S00-T89 (ICD10AM), the episode ended in the 2 years to 30 June 2007 and the mode of separation was not transfer to another acute-care hospital or statistical discharge.

The ICISS variants studied were: multiplicative; worst injury; treating comorbidity as a covariate (instead of and as well as age); hybrid (precoordinating multiple injury codes within each body region); and omitting same-day cases.

Survival proportions specific to each injury diagnosis code (Osler's ‘SRR’) were used to calculate ICISS, the method differing between variants. Performance of each variant in predicting survival was assessed by logistic regression modelling.

Findings

Multiplicative and worst injury approaches had similar discrimination and calibration (H-L statistic). Replacing age with comorbidity improved discrimination in multiplicative and worst injury models but calibration deteriorated. Including both comorbidity and age improved discrimination (multiplicative and worst injury); calibration did not change in the former, and deteriorated slightly in the latter. The hybrid approaches did not improve the models. Excluding same-day cases had little effect.

Conclusion

In this setting (all hospitalised injuries; ICD10AM coding) the best overall performance was for the multiplicative approach with both age and comorbidity as covariates.
Targeting safety in policy making: mental health risks in asylum seekers
Authors: Kärki F U , Bie H
Published: March 2011

In 2009, Norway received 17 170 asylum seekers from a number of countries, a majority coming from Afghanistan, Eritrea, Somalia and Iraq. The amount of asylum seekers doubled from 2007 to 2008. Traumatic factors related to life situation prior to migration and different phases in the migration process lead to increased vulnerability for severe psychiatric problems and disorders in this population, representing a safety issue the Norwegian Government seeks to meet through different policy actions. The most frequent diagnoses are post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive/anxiety disorders. A meta-analysis demonstrates that the incidence of PTSD in asylum seekers from formerly conflict-ridden regions is relatively high, varying between 15–47 % against an estimated 1.3–8% in the rest of the population in the USA and Australia (Silove, 2004). In recent years the interaction between traumatic past experiences and increased risk for violent acts has been put on the agenda, demanding joint strategies from different sectors such as health, justice and foreign affairs. The need for screening to identify mental health problems requiring immediate attention has been highlighted as an important measure, together with capacity and competence building among healthcare professionals, social services and staff in reception centres. Substantial inter-ministerial investments have been made resulting in a number of projects targeting mental health risks in asylum seekers and risk behaviour in reception centres. In addition somatic and mental health of asylum seekers is one of the main specialties in five newly established regional centres for violence, traumatic stress and suicide prevention.
Road traffic crashes in Kandy, Sri Lanka: the effect of a policy change the on the spot insurance scheme
Authors: Dharmaratne S D , Gamage O , Gaspe G M N S , Weeratunge N C , Kumarapeli V
Published: March 2011

Introduction

In Sri Lanka, a road traffic crash (RTC) has to be reported to the police within 3 days of the incident and a police report is essential to claim insurance. In 2005, payment of the claim at the time of the crash (on the spot) was introduced. We analysed all RTCs reported to the Kandy police for the period 1999 to 2008 to describe trends in RTCs and the effect of this policy change in the RTC information system.

Methodology

Traffic police data was used. The number of crashes, deaths and injuries for each year were included in this analysis. If a road user was killed in the crash it was categorised a fatal crash and if at least one road user was injured, the crash was an injury producing crash.

Results

A total of 9679 RTCs were reported during the period of study, of which 136 were fatal crashes and 2654 were injury producing crashes. They killed 151 and injured 3310 road users, respectively. Although, there was a 24.9% reduction of total RTCs from 1999 to 2008, there was a 160% increase in fatal crashes and 15.1% increase in injury producing crashes during the same period. Crashes producing damage only has reduced by 50.9%.

Discussion and conclusions

The analysis shows that RTCs is reducing in Kandy, but the actual situation is different. Inclusion of insurance data into the road traffic crash information system is essential in the analysis of RTCs in Kandy, Sri Lanka in the future.
Training survival swim to prevent drowning for children at primary school in Da Nang city, Summer 2009
Authors: Nguyen V , Pham C , Linnan M
Published: March 2011

Drowning is a global public health problem. In Vietnam, according to Vietnam Multi-centre Injury Survey, drowning was the leading killer of children under 18 years old with the rate of 22.6/100 000 annually. The drowning rate of children is 10 times bigger than developed country in comparison. Researches gave evident that training on survival swim could be the most achieved method to reduce risks of children drowning. The SwimSafe program aims to train 5000 children from Da nang 20 lessons of survival swimming and water safety knowledge in 3 months summer 2009. Three kinds of model were practiced as followed: ten portable pools based at the primary schools, one community pool and two beach locations. Training materials were revised and translated from Royal Life Saving Society Australia (RLSSA) documents which can be applied on local situation and physical strength of Vietnamese children. 120 instructors and 8 lifeguards were recruited and trained that included 19 RLSSA certified instructors. After 3 months program, total 4718 children participated in the certification test with requirements of continuously swimming 25 meters and floating for 90 s, demonstrating basic knowledge of water safety and, for children over 10 years old, basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation techniques. The number of boys participated as much as girls, highest numbers are focused on 9 and 10 years old. 25 m swimming and 90 s floating capacity were in direct ratio with ages and attendances. SwimSafe program was touched the success. Lots of worthy experiences learnt could be applied to other communities in Vietnam.
Characteristics of helmets, dissatisfaction with the helmet and accident risk: a case-control study
Authors: Orsi C , Morandi A , Stendardo A , Marinoni A
Published: March 2011

In road accidents which involve two-wheeled vehicles the helmet plays a fundamental life-saving role. The driver's perception can be influenced by some features of the helmet, such as noisiness, temperature, ventilation, field of vision and size. Using data collected in the European study COST 357 – PROHELM (Accident Prevention Options with Motorcycle Helmets), we evaluated the relationships between having been involved in an accident and dissatisfaction with the helmet and between the cognitive capacity of the motorcycle riders and the objective features of the helmet. It is a case-control study: riders of motorised two-wheelers who have been involved in accidents (cases) were compared with a sample of riders interviewed as control cases. The variables, collected using standardised procedures in the various countries, concern information about the driver, the vehicle and the helmet, perceptions and use of the helmet and accident circumstances (only for cases). To evaluate the relationships, logistic regressions were carried out. Dissatisfaction with the helmet is complained of by the majority of drivers (about 70%), but evidence of an association with being involved in an accident has not been found. The most common complaints are about noisiness, followed by visor. Complaints do not seem to be associated with the objective features of the helmet. These results provide useful information about helmet comfort and the main causes of dissatisfaction reported by riders. This information should be of value to helmet manufacturers and designers to increase the pleasure of the helmet.
School injuries: a descriptive survey in Belgium
Authors: Senterre C , Dramaix M , Leveque A
Published: March 2011

It is known that school injuries are still occupy an important part of morbidity in young, although these accidents are predictable and targeted preventive measures can be implemented. In order to identify predictors of school injuries, we conducted a study on the basis of accidents declarations. The main objectives are to investigate (1) the relations between school grades, sex, injuries places and mechanisms, parts of the body injured, and types of lesions observed and (2) the injuries predictors of the head and of the limbs. In the logistic model, sex and school grades remain significantly associated with heads injuries. Risk was higher in boys, in lower grades and when there is a contact with someone or something. For the upper and the lower limbs, the logistic model shows also that sex and school grades remain significantly associated with this type of injuries. Risk was higher in girls, in latest grades and when there is a movement. Although, the association between injury and place of injury is not significant, the sport is the injuries place the most at risk. This study, based on secondary analysis of routine data collected by insurance companies for other finalities, has allowed us to better document the problematic of school injuries. Furthermore, multivariable analysis of the injuries predictors related to a specific anatomic part of the body gives important indications for the implementation of preventive strategies.
Backyard farm injuries assessment in rural area of Cluj County, Romania
Authors: Rus D , Chereches R M , Oprescu F , Dirle I A , Peek-Asa C , Stromquist A
Published: March 2011

Although 46% of the Romanian population lives in rural areas, little is known about injuries and violence rural residents experience. Research worldwide consistently shows that farm related activities are a major cause of rural injuries. While such injuries can result in considerable suffering and financial losses, little data are available on the prevalence and potential causes of injuries, especially among small farming operations. In Romania, the majority of farming operations are backyard farms, which are a method of survival agriculture, and also provide a place for work and recreation. This project assessed the burden of farm injuries, populations at risk and injury risk factors among backyard family farms in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. 150 backyard farms were targeted, with data collected on injury occurrence, defined as an injury that restricted rural inhabitants from normal activities for at least 4 h, or resulted in loss of consciousness, loss of awareness, or loss of memory for any length of time, or required professional care including backyard farm workers, non-working rural residents and visitors. At the time of abstract submission, data is being collected. Data will include the prevalence and risk factors for injury. The project is unique because it is the first to address backyard farm injuries in Romania. This data will provide the first public health information about backyard farm injuries, which will provide a baseline for future research projects on rural injuries as well as frame backyard farm injury prevention strategies and policies.
Alcohol and injury in Atlantic Canada: creating a culture of safer consumption
Authors: Heatley J
Published: March 2011

Alcohol places individuals at increased risk of intentional and unintentional injuries, including suicide, violence, motor vehicle collisions and falls. The culture of alcohol consumption in Atlantic Canada contributes to the burden of alcohol-related injuries in the region.

Methods

An environmental scan was conducted which involved a literature review and key informant interviews. The literature review included academic and grey literature (1998-present). Key informant interviews were conducted with 18 individuals throughout Atlantic Canada. The data was coded using the qualitative software package NVivo (version 7).

Results

Atlantic Canadians have rates of hazardous drinking higher than the Canadian average. Results indicated that Atlantic Canadian culture accepts and expects alcohol consumption and is highly tolerant of over-consumption and intoxication. Alcohol consumption increases risk of injury, injury severity and number of body regions injured. The results demonstrated that injuries sustained while under the influence of alcohol are in many cases viewed as humorous or as badges of honour. The culture of alcohol and injury in Atlantic Canada was seen to be a product of heritage and industry, marketing strategies by alcohol companies and policies regarding alcohol pricing, sales, and outlet density.

Conclusion

The results have demonstrated a need for a comprehensive approach to de-normalising hazardous use of alcohol in Atlantic Canada. Recommendations were developed to address policy, create a supportive cultural environment and to create individual awareness and understanding of the issue.
UK burden of injuries study
Authors: Lyons R A , Kendrick D , Towner E L , Christie N , Phillips C J , Coupland C , Hayes M , Macey S , Brophy S , Carter B , Groom L , Mulvaney C , Sleney J , Smith S , Stewart J , Evans P A , Pallister I , Coffey F
Published: March 2011

Objectives

The UKBOI study was designed to quantify important components of the population burden of injury in the UK.

Methods

A mixed methods study, incorporating a multi-centred prospective cohort of injured individuals; extrapolation of patient reported outcomes to population metrics using routine data from emergency departments (ED), hospital discharge registers and mortality data; calculation of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) using Global Burden of Diseases methodology and estimated indirect costs; and the calculation of direct medical costs.

Results

The study recruited 1517 injured individuals. Estimated numbers (and rates per 100 000) for UK population extrapolations were 750 999 (1240) for hospital admissions, 7 982 947 (13 339) for emergency department attendances and 22,185 (36.8) for injury related deaths, in the financial year 2005/6. An estimated 1 771 486 DALYs were lost from injuries occurring in that year, with 82% due to Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) and 18% from Years of Life Lost (YLLs). Some 20% of DALYs lost were due to YLDs occurring within 12 months post injury and 62% due to lifelong injuries. Direct medical costs were estimated at 482 million for ED visits and 2.15 billion for inpatient stays, with indirect costs of up to 35.5 billion. The qualitative study with 90 participants revealed many additional negative consequences for individuals, family and society.

Implications

The high population burden and costs associated with injuries in the UK demonstrates the need for sustained policies and interventions in support of prevention.
Developing child road safety indicators for communities
Authors: Endy-Findling L , Levi S , Gitelman V
Published: March 2011

Background

In Israel similar to the European region road traffic injuries are the leading cause of injury-related death and disability in children age 1–17. Children are vulnerable road users in the community travelling to school, parks and other neighbourhood destinations. Limited cognitive, behavioural and physical abilities make children more susceptible to injuries where infrastructure and interventions are not designed to promote road safety.

Objective

Develop Child Road Safety Indicators for Local Communities and a general assessment method to diagnose and promote child road safety issues in local communities.

Methods

Over 100 quantitative and qualitative indicators were developed in a 2 year-long series of working meetings with an interdisciplinary team of researchers, policy makers, engineers and child safety experts. A study was conducted in four municipalities. Indicators were measured for each municipality based on child injury data, behavioural observations, KAP surveys, management analysis, infrastructure and walkability assessments and surveys of children's trips. Analysis was conducted to create a composite indicator of child road safety in a city.

Results

The indicators provide detailed assessment of child road safety issues in each municipality and allow for comparison across communities. Findings also point to variations between individual municipalities and national data, for example, the national survey of child safety restraints indicates 88% use while municipality survey results ranged 36–92% use. A set of essential child road safety indicators was compiled. Future assessment in a larger sample of municipalities will allow for further development of indicators and adjustments to the assessment method.
Addition of a minimal data set to paediatric emergency department data a tool to enhance child safety
Authors: Endy-Findling L , Ivancovsky M , Mike-Doron R , Bilia M , Brantz I , Dalal I , Silbinger O
Published: March 2011

Background

Each year, approximately 180 000 children are admitted to Paediatric Emergency Departments (PED) throughout Israel due to injuries. The hospital registry system (ATD) records the reason for admission, injury results and demographic data. A study conducted at Wolfson Medical Center to collect a Minimal Data Set (MDS) as recommended by the WHO includes injury type, injury location, injury cause and activity during injury.

Methods

Data Sources for children age 0–17 admitted to PED: ATD for 2008 and unique MDS registry for August–December, 2008. Data from ATD and MDS were analysed and compared to determine unique information collected via MDS, examine child injury data and characterise patterns of PED visits.

Results

ATD data includes injuries of 6,375 children admitted as a result of injury. The MDS data covers 84% of admissions in August–December. MDS provides additional information and refines data collected in the ATD. ATD data defined the external cause of injury in 70% of the injuries as a single category ‘falls, blunt trauma and cuts’, while MDS data distinguishes these cases as falls- 40%, blunt trauma- 24% and cuts- 5%. ATD analysis indicated 152 road traffic accident (RTA) injuries, while MDS analysis point to 409 RTA cases of which 46% were bicycle related. MDS data also indicates that half of the injuries occurred at home. The study examines feasibility for a sustainable MDS data collection in PED departments and is also used in a partnership between the hospital and a local municipality to identify and repair child injury hazards.
Using accreditation reports to measure performance: from expectations to reality
Authors: Lavoie A , Moore L , Murat V , Bamvita J M , Lapointe J , Bourgeois G
Published: March 2011

The American College of Surgeons has published criteria for trauma centre accreditation since the 1970s. Following their initial designation as trauma centres in 1993-95, 59 hospitals in the province of Quebec, Canada, were evaluated in situ by an external panel of experts in two waves: 1995–2000 and 2000–2005.

Objective

Evaluate whether accreditation assessment reports can be used to measure the structural performance of trauma centres.

Methods

Both a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of the accreditation reports were performed. A standardised evaluation grid involving three major themes (commitment, program and procedures) and measuring 84 elements was applied. In total, 115 evaluations (three were missing), were retrospectively analysed.

Results

The reports reflect the hospitals' performance but also convey political strategies, primarily aiming to stimulate the best performers and to avoid discouraging poor performers. After initial designation, the first wave produced higher performance scores than the second wave, with means of 46.3 (+-7.25) and 48.6 (+-12.9) respectively. This reflects the harsher judgment on repeating offenders during the second wave. No correlation was observed between scores from the two waves (Spearman's rho 0.03, p=0.822).

Conclusion

Trauma centre evaluation through expert panel site visits is an international norm. It is however expensive and time consuming. In this system, such evaluations do assess a trauma centre's structure performance but also convey political preoccupations. Improvement lies in a more systematic reporting of site visits by the experts.
Risk perception by the patient and the primary care health professional and traffic injuries. Baseline results from the LESIONAT cohort study
Authors: Prieto-Alhambra D , Martin C , Muoz J , Martinez D , Lopez C , Serra M , Soldevila N , Briones E
Published: March 2011

Aim

To assess the relationship between risk perception and reported traffic collisions (TC) and traffic injuries (TI) the year before.

Methods

Design: Cohorts.

Setting

Primary Care (PC). Urban area. Barcelona (Spain).

Population

1938 subjects possessing driving license, who attended a participating practice from March to November/2009.

Measurements

Outcome: TC, TI the year before.

Main exposures

Perception of risk for TCs (self-perception (SPR) and as assessed by a health professional (HPPR)), scored 0–10.

Covariates

Age, gender, seatbelt use, adherence to speed limits, long-term conditions (LTC) and drugs which increase risk for TC (LTD), psychoactive substance (PS).

Data collection

Interview with a health professional during the recruitment visit. Checked with medical records.

Statistics

Wilcoxon-test to assess differences in risk perception between categories. Logistic regression to assess relationship between risk perception scores, covariates and TC, TI.

Results

Patients that take LTD scored SPR lower (mean difference (MD) -0.561(−0.938 to −0.183);p=0.019); those with LTC, and PS users dont score higher (p=0.09, p=0.35 respectively). Health professionals score higher those with LTC (MD 0.879(0.634 to 1.123); p<0.001), LTD (MD 0.967 (0.722 to 1.212); p<0.001) and PS users (MD 0.857 (0.497 to 1.216); p<0.001). HPPR is independently associated with TCs (p=0.026), and TIs (p=0.025). SPR is not related with TCs, nor it is with TIs (both p>0.5).

Discussion

PC patients are not aware of the increased risk associated with their LTD, nor with the LTC they are prescribed; PS users arent either. By contrast, HPPRs know about the excess of risk associated with these. Their advice could be an effective intervention.
Safety strategies and the balanced score card technique
Authors: Furst P G
Published: March 2011

What you measure is what you get. For better or worse, measurement drives organisational behaviour to a large degree. For the most part the predominant measurement system utilised by management, in business, to assess success has been financial. In the mid-1980s structural changes in the economy and other business practices, started management looking for other means of information gathering and assessment to more successfully run their organisations.

Meanwhile other disciplines devised metrics with which to measure and affect business processes; the quality movement, reengineering, process management, to name a few. Also in the last 10–15 years change management and strategy implementation rose in prominence. The Balanced Scorecard provides a highly effective system with which to meet these challenges. This technique aligns organisational strategy and provides an in process, upstream measurement and improvement mechanism.

Production quality and safety can greatly benefit from predictive metrics, especially safety whose metrics are reactive and out of alignment with business goals. In this session we will identify some of these roadblocks and explore methods with which safety performance can be effectively aligned with business strategy, made to drive desired behaviours, structurally remove organisational drives of loss and reduce the cost of risk.
Emergency Department presentations for injuries related to cribs
Authors: McFaull S , Skinner R , Herbert M
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Safe design and use of cribs is fundamental to infant safety. Because international coding (ICD) does not specify crib-related injuries, few surveillance systems provide data to study these injuries.

Methods

The Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) collects information on injuries treated in the emergency departments of 11 paediatric and 3 general hospitals. Its database was used to study crib-related injuries to children under 5 years of age, 1990–2007.

Results

3201 cases were identified. The proportion of crib cases among all CHIRPP injuries remained relatively constant over time. The median age was 16 months (IQR, 1023 months). The male to female ratio was 1.2:1. Falls out of cribs accounted for 75% of injuries followed by body part entrapment (7.2%), accessing hazardous objects (2.3%) and crib malfunction (<1%). Head/face/neck injuries occurred in 56% of cases and among these half were closed head injuries. A novel scale was developed to classify the severity of these injuries; the majority (82.5%) were minor, 5.2% moderate and 1.4% serious/fatal. In this study 4.5% of infants were admitted to hospital and there was one death (suffocation related to bedding materials).

Discussion

Although Canada introduced product standards for cribs before 1990 (updates pending), crib-related injuries continue to occur. Injuries could be reduced through review/enforcement of standards, and, vigilance by parents regarding: correct installation and maintenance of approved cribs, minimising bedding and removing extra objects, removing hazards around the crib, and, discontinuing use when a child can climb out.
Risk of road traffic injuries in Barcelona: baseline results from the LESIONAT Cohort study
Authors: Martin C , Prieto-Alhambra D , Vilella E , Bel J , Martorell E , Birules M , Casas R , Valiente S , Val J L Del , Briones E
Published: March 2011

Aim

To assess the relationship between medical risk factors, and traffic collisions (TC) traffic injuries (TI) the year before recruitment.

Methods

Design: prospective cohorts.

Setting

26 primary care practices (PC). Urban area. Barcelona (Spain).

Population

1938 subjects possessing driving license, who attended one of the participating practices from March to November/2009.

Measurements-outcome

TC, TI the year before.

Main exposures

Risk-associated long-term conditions (LTC), medications, alcohol, psychoactive substance (PS)

Covariates

Age, gender, driver's characteristics, social class.

Data collection

Structured survey (checked with medical records) during the recruitment visit.

Statistics

Mann-Whitney-U to assess differences in TC and TI occurrence between categories. Logistic regression to assess relationship between TC, TI and drivers characteristics.

Results

Mean age 44 years (SD 18.7). 57.3% males. TC incidence the year before 12.6%; TI 6.1%. 51.1% had a history of LTC, and 45.2% were taking medicines. 2.7% were risk alcohol consumers, and 14% PS users. TC risk was higher among those less than 50 years (OR 2.17 (1.27 to 3.7)) and those with high-risk alcohol consumption (OR 4.14 (1.7 to 10.0)). TI occurrence was higher among those less than 50 years (OR 4.8 (1.8 to 12.4)) and in lower social classes (OR 9.9 (2.0 to 23.4)).

Conclusions

According to our data, preventive interventions on alcohol intake, in lower social classes and among young people, are necessary.
Epidemiology of childhood unintentional injury in metropolitan city Dhaka
Authors: ul Baset M D Kamran , Rahman A K M Fazlur , Rahman A , Mashreky S M R , Shafinaz S
Published: March 2011

Introduction

There is a growing consensus in the international health community that injury is a leading cause of death and disability throughout the world. The recent epidemiological transition showed growing proportion of child deaths due to injuries from 9% of all deaths in 1983 to 53% in 2000 in Bangladesh.

Objective

Find out the magnitude and risk factors of childhood unintentional injury in a metropolitan city Dhaka.

Methodology

A cross sectional study conducted to determine the current childhood unintentional injury situation in Dhaka.

Result

The survey conducted in 38901 households comprising of 160 064 populations. A total number of deaths were 715 in last 1 year. Out of them injury death is 43. Injury mortality among 1–17 years children 25 per 100 000/year. In children of 10–14 years age, the rate of injury mortality was higher than others. The rate is higher among the males than the females. Among children, drowning accounted for 50% of all injury deaths. Fall and burn were the 10.3% and 7.7% cause of injury death respectively. 16 908 persons were identified who were suffering from illness among them, 2188 persons were ill due to injury. About 13% children suffered illness due to injury. The major cause of illness due to injury was fall (432.6 per 10 00 00 population). There are widespread injury risks and hazards like poisonous substance, sharp cutting instrument, fire, water reservoir etc with in the residence premises.

Conclusion

Injury prevention efforts should focus in urban area for safety of the children.
Alcohol related injury risk behaviors and associated factors among adolescents in Korea
Authors: Park N
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Injury is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among adolescent and alcohol is considered as major risk factor of injury. The alcohol related risk taking behaviour in adolescents are strong positive relations with exposure on injury, violence and crime etc. The objective of this study is to identify the associated factors of injury related risk taking behaviours due to alcohol among middle and high school students in Korea.

Methods

The data for analysis is from the Korean youth risk behaviour which is school-based national surveys. The sampling was implemented by multi-stage stratification. One class in each grade was selected as sample class in sample school. All students in sample class were surveyed. The descriptive analysis and multivariate Logistic regression were used to examine the associations between influencing factors of injury risk behaviour due to alcohol.

Results

The students who had experience of thinking on suicide, early exposure on alcohol and tobacco, feeling on stress, low socioeconomic status on parents, grade, low school performance and gender are higher on risky behaviours (p<0.05). And Also students who binge drinkers were more than to involve to other injury risk behaviours such as riding with a driver who had been drinking, being a victim of violence etc.

Discussion and conclusion

The more effective and tailored interventions which is considered these associated factors need to develop in school settings and should strengthen to educate for injury prevention program including alcohol prevention from early stage in life.
Transport-related walking and pedestrian injuries among adults in urban India: association with socioeconomic indicators
Authors: Dandona R , Kumar G A , Dandona L
Published: March 2011

Objective

The association of individual- and cluster-level socio-economic status indicators for transport-related walking (TRW) and pedestrian injuries is reported from an urban population in India.

Methods

A three-stage systematic cluster design was used to recruit 7650 people aged 15–49 years (92.8% participation) representative of Hyderabad city population. Participants responded to questions on TRW and pedestrian injuries. Logistic regression was used to assess association for having >2 TRW trips per day and non-fatal pedestrian injury incidence in the last 12 months with individual-level (caste, education, per capita monthly income (PCMI), household ownership of vehicle) and cluster-level (cluster median income, CMI) socio-economic indicators.

Results

The overall mean number of TRW trips per day was 6.25 with five times higher trips in the households that owned only a cycle as compared with those which owned a car (p<0.001). Those with no education had the highest odds of reporting >2 TRW trips per day (8.30; 95% CI 6.79 to 10.13), and these trips decreased with increasing PCMI and CMI quartiles. Annual age-sex-adjusted rate for non-fatal pedestrian injuries was 7.4% (95% CI 6.7 to 8.0) and the highest rate was reported for those with >10 TRW trips per day (15.1%, 95% CI 12.4 to 17.8). The odds of reporting non-fatal pedestrian injury in the last 12 months increased with increasing number of TRW trips.

Conclusions

These data can contribute to understanding the differences in walking patterns and pedestrian injuries across the socio-economic gradient to formulate police and interventions aimed at reducing road traffic injuries in India.
Development of an injury surveillance system for the Canadian forces
Authors: Valle M N , Payne E
Published: March 2011

Injuries represent a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Canadian military. The 2008/2009 Health and Lifestyle Information Survey (HLIS) found that in the preceding 12 months 23% of Canadian Forces (CF) personnel had sustained a repetitive strain injury and 21% an acute injury. These injuries were mainly attributed to physical training/sports/Adventure training. CF occupational fitness requirements necessitate participation in vigorous physical training, sports and military exercises, placing this population at increased risk of non-battle related injury, with adverse implications for operational readiness. The 2008/2009 HLIS found that among CF personnel unable to deploy, 32% identified musculoskeletal injury as the reason. To obtain more detailed information about injury incidence, trends and risk factors required to plan locally-driven prevention activities, an injury surveillance pilot system is being implemented in Canadian Forces Base Valcartier, Quebec. The system is based on the Australian Defence Force and Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) models where detailed information about injuries is collected at the point of medical contact. This paper presents the challenges in implementing injury surveillance systems in a clinical environment which has geographically dispersed health clinics, non-standardised patient triage processes, high pre-existing workloads and a variety of military stakeholders. Despite these potential barriers, the Canadian Department of National Defence Injury surveillance project team has developed an innovative and promising system for injury data collection, and expects that results from the analysis of the data collection process to be available by autumn 2010.
Safety excellence by design (achieving stellar performance)
Authors: Furst P G
Published: March 2011

The ultimate goal of the safety process is to assist in creating a safe work environment for the organisations employees. In reality a limited number of safety programs/initiatives prove successful in consistently accomplishing this. Safety usually is and has been treated as a separate function from that of the rest of the organisations operations, system, processes and procedures. There are many reasons for this. Some are historical, others are operational, some relate to the basic understanding of core drivers of loss, and still other relate to the organisations values, vision and strategy.

To achieve excellence in safety one must approach the issue holistically. One must start with a vision (what one is trying to accomplish), next assessing the situation (where are we), then selecting the strategies and define the process of how to achieve that goal. This may require corrective action (fixing things), or it may require change (continuous improvement), or it may require innovation (creative change). In this session we will look at how, High Performance Safety initiatives can and will improve the company's bottom line. We will look at the way safety is usually approached (prevailing wisdom), some of the impediments to achieving safety excellence (standards, procedures, behaviours, culture & leadership), and the critical steps (alignment and integration) that will help achieve safety excellence within an organisation.
Making of unintentional injury pyramid chart by age group in Japan
Authors: Uchiyama Y , Tanaka T , Ishii H , Matsuda H
Published: March 2011

Background

The purpose of this study was to make Japanese unintentional injury pyramid chart indicating the relation between injury death, hospitalisations and practice visits by age group for consider the feature of unintentional injury in Japan.

Methods

Mortality data for unintentional injuries available from Vital Statistics of Japan and the patient survey in 2008 were used.

Results

In 2008, the mortality for unintentional injury was 13.2 per 100 000 populations under 1 year old. Assuming injury death was one, the hospitalisations were 33 and practice visits were 2028. Among 1–4 year olds, 3.8 and 1: 110: 11 196. Among 5–14 year olds, 2.1 and 1: 218: 20,211. Among 15–24 year olds, 8.2 and 1: 102: 2869. Among 25–34 year olds, 7.0 and 1: 78: 2215. Among 35–44 year olds, 8.4 and 1: 63: 1691. Among 45–54 year olds, 13.2 and 1: 47: 1,080. Among 55-64 year olds, 22.4 and 1: 38: 653. Among 65–74 year olds, 44.8 and 1: 31: 349. Over 75 year olds, 159.3 and 1: 24: 101.

Conclusions

Though the injury pyramid chart is useful as an index for enlightenment of injury prevention, there are some features by age groups. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse injury data including the mortality, the hospitalisations, practice visits comprehensibly, particularly in children and seniors for effective injury prevention.
Sight on the effectiveness of injury prevention interventions
Authors: Toet H
Published: March 2011

Injury prevention practitioners and experts, policy makers and health professionals seek information on what works and what doesn't work for the prevention of injuries. There is a need to build capacity among those working in injury prevention by providing relevant and accessible information on current knowledge about the effectiveness of preventive measures to enhance decision making and design of interventions in injury prevention. To provide this information to a wide variety of users the Dutch Consumer Safety Institute, in partnership with EuroSafe, developed a database on Effective Measures in Injury Prevention (EMIP). EMIP is an attempt to make it easier to assess the level of evidence available for a particular measure or strategy. By browsing the database, users have access to statements that provide evidence on prevention measures in injury prevention (eg, legislation, education), background documents upon which these evidence statements are based. The scope of EMIP is all injuries and all ages. Information in the database is primarily based on existing reviews with a focus on systematic reviews. If quality reviews are not available, other literature including original articles have been reviewed. Evidence statements are developed and reviewed by experts from the appropriate area of the injury field prior to being added to the database. The topics covered within EMIP include child safety, sport safety, vulnerable road users and safety for seniors. Topics related to intentional injuries are not yet included within EMIP. The EMIP database is available via the EuroSafe website:http://www.eurosafe.eu.com/csi/eurosafe2006.nsf/wwwVwContent/l2effectivemeasures.htm
Unique features of unintentional injury death, hospitalisations and practice visits rate by age groups in Japan
Authors: Tanaka T , Ishii H , Uchiyama Y , Yanai M , Yamada Y
Published: March 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to identify the unique features of Japanese unintentional injury and to consider strategies for injury prevention.

Method

Mortality data for unintentional injuries available from Vital Statistics of Japan and the patient survey in 2008 was used, and the rate of hospitalisations and practice visits for unintentional injury was calculated.

Results

In 2008, the mortality for unintentional injury was 13.2, the rate for hospitalisations was 441, and the rate for practice visits was 26 838 per 100 000 populations under 1 year old. Among 1–4 years, 3.8 and 423 and 42 850. Among 5-14 years, 2.1 and 452 and 41 907. Among 15–24 years, 8.2 and 834 and 23 405. Among 25–34 years, 7.0 and 549 and 15 578. Among 35–44 years, 8.4 and 530 and 14 255. Among 45–54 years, 13.2 and 624 and 14 229. Among 55-64 years, 22.4 and 861 and 14 666. Among 65-74 years, 44.8 and 1383 and 15 651. Over 75 years, 159.3 and 3872 and 16 074.

Conclusions

Though the rate of mortality and hospitalisations among 1–4 and 5–14 year olds groups was lower than the other age groups, the rate of practice visits was higher than the other age groups. Also, it was necessary to pay attention to the mortality for among 65–74 year olds and over 75 year olds, the hospitalisation rates for over 64 year olds.
Healthcare providers readiness to screen for intimate partner violence in Northern Nigeria
Authors: John I A , Lawoko S , Svanström L , Mohammed A Z
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) against women within healthcare has been advocated and practiced as routine in high income countries. However, screening for IPV against women in sub-Saharan African context is limited or none at all.

Objective

To assess the factors associated with the readiness to screen for IPV among care providers at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano hospital, Nigeria.

Method

Readiness was measured using the Domestic Violence Healthcare Providers survey instrument, which measures grade of perceived self efficacy in screening for IPV, fear for victim/provider safety, access to system support to refer abused victims, professional roles resistant/fear of offending clients and blaming the victim for being abused.

Results

Social workers perceived a higher self-efficacy and better access to system support networks to refer victims than peers in other occupation categories. Female care providers and doctors were less likely to blame the victim than males and social workers respectively. Younger care providers, of Yoruba ethnicity and social workers were less likely to perceive conflicting professional roles related to screening than older providers, of Hausa ethnicity and doctors respectively.

Conclusion

The preparedness of healthcare providers is important in screening for IPV, findings that informs interventions and further research.
Animal-related activities as risk factors for injuries among youths on agricultural operations
Authors: Ryan A D , Gerberich S G , Alexander B H , Renier C M
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Working with animals on agricultural operations is hazardous for youths. We evaluated the associations between activities and injuries related to specific animal types.

Methods

A case-control study within the Regional Rural Injury Study II included 425 youths (less than 20 years of age) with injuries related to their operation and 1886 controls (randomly selected youths). Exposures of interest were collected for the months prior to injury events for cases and randomly selected months for controls, based on an injury incidence algorithm. Multivariate logistic regression characterised associations between specific animal-related activities and injury outcomes among youths who reported working with the same animals.

Results

A large proportion of cases and controls worked with beef cattle (47%, 28%), followed by horses (28%, 14%) and dairy cattle (22%, 12%). Feeding was the most common activity associated with animals in the study. Among those working with swine, 100% of cases (reporting swine-related injuries) and 85% of controls indicated feeding these animals during the month of interest. Activities most reported for dairy cows and beef cattle, respectively, were milking (63%, 44%) and herding (81%, 61%). Elevated risk of dairy cattle-related injury was associated with milking (OR: 2.5; 95% CI 1.0 to 6.6). Beef cattle-related injuries were associated with calving (OR: 4.2; 95% CI 2.1 to 8.6) and footwork (OR: 2.2; 95% CI 1.0 to 4.9).

Conclusions

Among youths working with a specific type of animal, activities can be identified that are associated with injuries related to that animal. Identifying specific hazardous tasks is necessary for effective prevention measures.
First aid for all, first aid for life: Making the employee case for first aid
Authors: Evens R
Published: March 2011

One year on from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) changes to UK workplace safety, many businesses are still adapting their processes to adopt these changes and carry out the necessary risk assessments. While some organisations have trained first aid practitioners, this is far too often seen as a tick-box exercise rather than a necessary life skill, meaning that many first aiders fail to keep their skills updated. St John Ambulance research found that 79% of businesses had periods where no trained first aiders were present. Given that with a blocked airway you have 4 min to live yet ambulances take an average of 8 min to respond to an emergency, it is important for more workers, if not all, to be first aid competent to provide employees with the necessary protection. Knowledge of key first aid skills can be the difference between life and death – the public agrees. In fact our research found that two nearly two thirds (59%) of people want first aid to be taught in the workplace. By treating first aid as an act of social responsibility, rather than a time consuming regulatory task, businesses can help to guarantee a safer environment for their employees, their families and the wider community. Offering company-wide first aid training as an employee benefit is just one step towards creating this safer environment. Richard Evens, commercial training director, St John Ambulance, will present the case for employee-wide first aid training, providing examples of businesses that have seen success in this approach.