bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PEDOT:PSS/Graphene Nanocomposite Hole-Injection Layer in Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lin Chun-Hsuan , Chen Kun-Tso , Ho Jeng-Rong , Cheng J.-W. John , Tsiang Raymond Chien-Chao
Published: April 2012

We report on effects of doping graphene in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate), PEDOT:PSS, as a PEDOT:PSS/graphene nanocomposite hole injection layer on the performance enhancement of polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). Graphene oxides were first synthesized and then mixed in the PEDOT:PSS solution with specifically various amounts. Graphenes were reduced in the PEDOT:PSS matrix through thermal reduction. PLED devices with hole-injection nanocomposite layer containing particular doping concentration were fabricated, and the influence of doping concentration on device performance was examined by systematically characterizations of various device properties. Through the graphene doping, the resistance in the hole-injection layer and the turn-on voltage could be effectively reduced that benefited the injection and transport of holes and resulted in a higher overall efficiency. The conductivity of the hole-injection layer was monotonically increased with the increase of doping concentration, performance indices from various aspects, however, did not show the same dependence because faster injected holes might alter not only the balance of holes and electrons but also their combination locations in the light-emitting layer. Results show that optimal doping concentration was the case with 0.03 wt% of graphene oxide.
Fighting for the Nusayrī Soul: State, Protestant Missionaries and the 'Alawīs in the Late Ottoman Empire
Authors: Alkan Necati
Published: April 2012

Based on their writings, the religious beliefs of the Nusayrīs have been studied since the 19th century. But historical knowledge and information about them in the 19th century, based on Ottoman sources has been rather meager. Only in recent years this kind of research intensified. In the Ottoman Empire real interest in the Nusayrīs started during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876-1909). Due to fear of infiltration of heterodox Muslims by foreigners, especially by American and English Protestant missionaries, the Sultan was pressed to attract them to the Hanafī-Sunnī school. In this process, the status of the Nusayrīs underwent changes. After summarizing the attitude of the provincial Syrian administration and of Istanbul toward the Nusayrīs in the first decades of the 19th century, the article will give an overview of the developments regarding the Nusayrīs during the Tanzimat and the Hamidian era until roughly the Young Turk revolution. The following questions will be asked: How did Protestant missionaries integrate the Nusayrīs into their millenarian belief in a new social order? By what means did the Ottoman pacifying or "civilizing" mission attempt to integrate the Nusayrīs? And how did the Nusayrīs respond to the efforts of the Christian missionaries and the Ottoman state? The article will also challenge the view that the name "'Alawī" was only used after 1920.
Natural Knowledge as a Propaedeutic to Self-Betterment Francis Bacon and the Transformation of Natural History
Authors: Lancaster James A.T.
Published: April 2012

This paper establishes the 'emblematic' use of natural history as a propaedeutic to self-betterment in the Renaissance; in particular, in the natural histories of Gessner and Topsell, but also in the works of Erasmus and Rabelais. Subsequently, it investigates how Francis Bacon's conception of natural history is envisaged in relation to them. The paper contends that, where humanist natural historians understood the use of natural knowledge as a preliminary to individual improvement, Bacon conceived self-betterment foremost as a means to Christian charity, or social-betterment. It thus examines the transformation of the moralizing aspect of Renaissance natural history in Bacon's conception of his Great Instauration.
Legende oder Sage? Der Fall Mäander
Authors: Bläsing Uwe , Atakan Asiye
Published: April 2012

This paper focuses on two modern Turkish folktales being recounted in Afyonkarahisar (Western Anatolia). Both tales appear to have their roots in ancient Greek mythology, in which Meander is the main character. The story line is that Meander vows to the mother Goddess Cybele to sacrifice the first person coming to greet him, if she would grant him the victory in a decisive battle. The first person coming up to him after the battle turns out to be a close family member. He becomes mad with grief and kills himself by drowning in a nearby river, which is subsequently renamed in his honour. The tales bear a striking similarity to the biblical story of Jephthah (Book of Judges), which will be discussed in detail here together with other pecularities. Finally, this paper will also touch on the matter of classifying folktales: how should such stories be considered according to the definitions set by modern narratological theories, mere 'legends' (as implied by the Turkish term efsane) or rather 'myths'?
UN'INFANZIA DIFFICILE: LA TEORIA DELLA DISSOCIAZIONE ELETTROLITICA NEL XIX SECOLO
Authors: MAIOCCHI ROBERTO
Published: April 2012

 SUMMARY
The theory of electrolytic dissociation represented the main chapter of modern chemistry-physics born in the last decades of 19th century. It was vigorously supported, in particular by Ostwald, Arrhenius and Nerst, but it was also harshly criticised. This paper reconstructs the theorical and empirical arguments, which were proposed for and against this theory. Namely, it shows on the one hand the great difficulties, that the supporters of the theory were faced with, and on the other hand the strategies that they adopted in order to overcome these problems. The final part discusses how certain models for a philosophical reconstruction of science shed light on this historical case.
ESAME OTTICO DEI CANNOCCHIALI DI GALILEO*
Authors: QUERCIOLI FRANCO , MOLESINI GIUSEPPE , GRECO VINCENZO
Published: April 2012

 SUMMARY
The results of a series of optical tests recently performed on the Galileo's telescopes are reported. In particular, evidence is given of the interferometric quality of the lenses, nearly attaining optical perfection.
LE IMMAGINI DELLA NATURA: SCALE, MAPPE, ALBERI 1700-1800
Authors: BARSANTI GIULIO
Published: April 2012

 SUMMARY
The eighteenth century images of nature do not all refer to the traditional « scale » model but they rather belong to three distinguished types.The concept of the « scale » was reformulated by some very important philosophers between the seventeenth and the eighteenth century (Locke, Leibniz) and spread by the most eminent naturalists (Tyson, Vallisnieri, Bonnet). It is based on the continuity and fullness of nature and consists in lining up bodies, from the simplest to the most complex, according to an order that is also hierarchical. The popularity of the scale starts decreasing in the first half of the eighteenth century; around 1770 the scale loses all its morphological characteristics and ideological functions and it disappears within a few years.The « map », as the first alternative to the scale, was conceived and put forth by Donati and Linnaeus around 1750. From the empirical point of view it represents the discovery that nature is a much more complex field than was traditionally assumed and, in particular, it shows that the multiple and differentiated affinities existing between living bodies make it necessary to group them " in bunches ". From the theoretical point of view, the map that was popular in the second half of the eighteenth century is the two-dimensional image of any possible type of element, according to the principle that « all what can be, is » (Buffon).The « tree » is different from both the previous images; its history is more complex also because, unlike the scale and the map, the principles it is based upon and the concepts it suggests are different and sometimes in contrast with the previous ones. It was conceived by Pallas (1766) to represent the discontinuity of nature and the separation of the biological world. It became the « genealogical tree » only with great difficulty in 1801, that is the three-dimensional image of evolution: it was Lamarck who, after rejecting the « scale » and the « map », definitively decreed its success in the nineteenth century.
PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI
Authors: DE GREGORIO MARIO
Published: April 2012

title SUMMARY /title The inventory of Giorgio Santi's correspondance preserved in the Public Library of Siena shows the many relations of this tuscan chemist, botanist and naturalist, from 1776 to 1822. He grew in France in close contact with the new theories put forward by Buffon and Lavoisier. He was Professor at the University of Pisa and since 1782 director of the botanical gardens of this town. Santi is one of the most interesting italian scientific personalities between eighteenth and nineteenth century, an important representative of that Tuscan group that worked towards the achievement of the great program of the Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo, and then persued the goal under the new French administration.
GALILEO'S ACCOUNT OF ASTRONOMICAL MIRACLES IN THE BIBLE: A CONFUSION OF SOURCES
Authors: GOLDSTEIN BERNARD R.
Published: April 2012

 RIASSUNTO
Nella sua Lettera alla Granduchessa Cristina Galileo considerava due miracoli astronomici della Bibbia (il sole immobile davanti a Giosuè, e l'ombra solare che si muove a ritroso sui passi [cioè la meridiana] d'Achaz), citando alcune discussioni di questi passi nella letteratura precedente. Dopo aver esaminato le relazioni tra questi testi e altri commenti antichi della Bibbia da cui essi dipendono, l'Autore dimostra che Galileo non ha probabilmente esaminato tutti e sette i testi in prima persona, ma che la sua fonte era in realtà il commento di Magalhaens al libro di Giosuè, pubblicato nel 1612 (il più recente dei sette in cui gli altri sei sono citati); e che, oltre alla confusione già esistente nei testi citati, Galileo ha ulteriormente confuso i riferimenti testuali.
THE BOLOGNA STONE AND THE NATURE OF LIGHT
Authors: GOMEZ SUSANA
Published: April 2012

 RIASSUNTO
La pietra di Bologna fu nel XVII e XVIII secolo uno dei più bei regali che uno scienziato potesse ricevere. Il suo potere di emanare luce nell'oscurità era in quell'epoca un fenomeno difficile da spiegare. Come tante altre «curiosità naturali» il fosforo diventò un esempio spirituale delle diverse teorie della luce e della materia. Alchimisti, chimici, cartesiani e newtoniani interpretarono la fosforescenza della pietra di Bologna con i loro diversissimi modelli esplicativi. In particolar modo all'Accademia delle Scienze di Bologna il fosforo costituì nel XVIII secolo un eccellente esempio della diffusione del newtonianesimo e nello stesso tempo del metodo sperimentale a cui si dovevano sottoporre tutte le teorie scientifiche.
SULLA TEORIA DELLE PROPORZIONI NEL SEICENTO
Authors: PALLADINO FRANCO
Published: April 2012

 SUMMARY
The classical definitions of ratio (otherwise: λγoς, proportio, respect, reason) and proportion (otherwise: αναλoγία, rationes similes, rationes aequales, rationes eaedem, proportionalitas and also proportio, analogy, proportionality), defined respectively by the third and the fifth definitions of the V Book of Euclid's Elements (see I. L. Heiberg, Elementa, vol. II, pp. 2-3), were subjected to a rigorous examination in the Seventeenth century: Among the critics and revisers of those definitions, in this paper we deal with Giovanni Alfonso Borelli and Andre Tacquet (whose definition of «equal reasons» has inspired generations of mathematicians: see Appendixes). Borelli and Tacquet devised refined procedures to figure out the «equality of reasons» by approximation.
I RAPPORTI TRA SPALLANZANI E GIRARDI E LE «OSSERVAZIONI ANATOMICHE INTORNO AI PIPISTRELLI» DI MICHELE GIRARDI
Authors: CASTELLANI CARLO
Published: April 2012

 SUMMARY
Among the manuscripts of L. Spallanzani preserved at the «A. Panizzi» Library in Reggio Emilia there is an unsigned paper entitled «Osservazioni anatomiche intorno ai Pipistrelli» («Anatomical Observations on Bats»). Its examination proved that it is not by Spallanzani, but by the anatomist Michele Girardi, who studied the subject with particular attention to the nervous system of the cheiroptera at the request of L. Spallanzani, who developed an interest in the matter in the course of his research on the blind flight of these animals. Having established the authorship of the manuscript and reconstructed the circumstances in which the article was prepared, we analyse it briefly and reproduce a complete transcription of this unpublished text.
MELCHISEDECH THEVENOT, THE BUBBLE LEVEL, AND THE ARTIFICIAL HORIZON
Authors: TURNER A. J.
Published: April 2012

 RIASSUNTO
La livella a bolla e l'orizzonte artificiale non sono stati studiati dettagliatamente nei testi moderni sulla strumentaria. L'articolo esamina il contesto in cui Thévenot ideò i due strumenti e analizza il primo sviluppo della livella a bolla. Si cerca così di dimostrare che, contrariamente a quanto si asserisce, l'uso di tale strumento non fu poco diffuso. Infine se ne discute l'impiego come orizzonte artificiale mettendolo in relazione con il contesto che lo produsse.
REPORT ON THE CONFERENCE «NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN SCIENCE PRIOR TO 1900» (Trento, lst-3rd October 1991)
Authors: CIANCIO LUCA
Published: April 2012

 SUMMARY
This report is intended to give information about an international conference which was held in Trento (1-3 October 1991) on the theme «Non-verbal Communication in Science Prior to 1900». After a short introduction to the general topic, short accounts of the papers presented at the conference are given. Finally, an announcement regarding a three-day workshop sheduled on 23-25 September 1992 is provided.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, PAOLO DAL POZZO TOSCANELLI AND FERNO DE RORIZ: NEW EVIDENCE FOR A FLORENTINE CONNECTION
Authors: APFELSTADT ERIC
Published: April 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title Si ritiene che Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli abbia mandato tre lettere in Portogallo tra il 1474 e il 1482: una, comprendente una mappa, indirizzata ad un canonico di Lisbona chiamato Fernando Martins; un'altra, contenente copie della prima lettera e della carta, a Cristoforo Colombo; e una terza ancora a Colombo. Sebbene l'autenticit delle tre lettere sia stata accettata dalla maggior parte degli studiosi colombiani, l'intera corrispondenza stata negata da alcuni, e le due lettere a Colombo da altri. In giuoco almeno una parte della stima per la scoperta del Mondo Nuovo. Martins stato spesso identificato col canonico portoghese Fernando de Roritz, che stato testimone al testamento di Niccol di Cusa insieme con Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, ma nessun'altra prova della sua conoscenza con Toscanelli stata finora conosciuta. Nuovi documenti adesso confermano la presenza del Roritz a Firenze nel 1459, quando egli ha servito accanto al Toscanelli come medico del cardinale Giacomo di Portogallo ed stato testimone al testamento del cardinale, e di nuovo nel 1466, quando stato testimone all'atto di dote della cappella del cardinale in San Miniato al Monte.
«COMMERCIO DI LIBRI E PRODUZIONI NATURALI»
Authors: ABBRI FERDINANDO
Published: April 2012

 SUMMARY
At the end of the eighteenth century the great Swedish botanist Carl Peter Thunberg (1743-1828) established some cultural relationships with the Tuscan naturalists. Here Giovanni Mariti's and Attilio Zuccagni's letters to Thunberg are published.The present essay is a further contribution to the history of the Italian-Swedish relationships during the Enlightenment.
The aging Canadian population and hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction: projection to 2020
Authors: Rawson Nigel SB , Chu Rong , Ismaila Afisi S , Terres Jorge Alfonso Ross
Published: April 2012

Background

The risk of experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) increases with age and Canada's population is aging. The objective of this analysis was to examine trends in the AMI hospitalization rate in Canada between 2002 and 2009 and to estimate the potential increase in the number of AMI hospitalizations over the next decade.

Methods

Aggregated data on annual AMI hospitalizations were obtained from the Canadian Institute for Health Information for all provinces and territories, except Quebec, for 2002/03 and 2009/10. Using these data in a Poisson regression model to control for age, gender and year, the rate of AMI hospitalizations was extrapolated between 2010 and 2020. The extrapolated rate and Statistics Canada population projections were used to estimate the number of AMI hospitalizations in 2020.

Results

The rates of AMI hospitalizations by gender and age group showed a decrease between 2002 and 2009 in patients aged ≥ 65 years and relatively stable rates in those aged < 64 years in both males and females. However, the total number of AMI hospitalizations in Canada (excluding Quebec) is projected to increase by 4667 from 51847 in 2009 to 56514 in 2020, a 9.0% increase. Inflating this number to account for the unavailable Quebec data results in an increase of approximately 6200 for the whole of Canada. This would amount to an additional cost of between $46 and $54 million and sensitivity analyses indicate that it could be between $36 and $65 million.

Conclusions

Despite projected decreasing or stable rates of AMI hospitalization, the number of hospitalizations is expected to increase substantially as a result of the aging of the Canadian population. The cost of these hospitalizations will be substantial. An increase of this extent in the number of AMI hospitalizations and the ensuing costs would significantly impact the already over-stretched Canadian healthcare system.
The effectiveness of financial incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy: is it from being paid or from the extra aid?
Authors: Mantzari Eleni , Vogt Florian , Marteau Theresa M
Published: April 2012

Background

Financial incentives appear to be effective in promoting smoking cessation in pregnancy. The mechanisms by which they might operate however, are poorly understood. The present study examines how financial incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy may work, by exploring pregnant women's experiences of trying to stop smoking, within and outside of a financial incentives scheme.

Methods

Thirty-six (n = 36) UK-based pregnant smokers (n = 36), offered standard NHS Stop-Smoking Services, of whom twenty (n = 20) were enrolled in a financial incentives scheme for smoking cessation (n = 20) and sixteen (n = 16) were not, were interviewed about (i) their motivation to stop smoking, and (ii) the factors they perceived as influencing their quitting efforts. Framework Analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results

Women in the two groups reported similar reasons for wanting to stop smoking during pregnancy. However, they described dissimilar experiences of the Stop-Smoking Services, which they perceived to have differentially influenced their quit attempts. Women who were incentivised reported using the services more than women who were not incentivised. In addition, they described the motivating experience of being monitored and receiving feedback on their progress. Non-incentivised women reported problems receiving the appropriate Nicotine Replacement Therapy, which they described as having a detrimental effect on their quitting efforts.

Conclusion

Women participating in a financial incentives scheme to stop smoking reported greater engagement with the Stop-Smoking Services, from which they described receiving more help in quitting than women who were not part of the scheme. These results highlight the complexity of financial incentives schemes and the intricacies surrounding the ways in which they operate to affect smoking cessation. These might involve influencing individuals' motivation and self-regulation, changing engagement with and provision of support services, or a combination of these.
Activating KIR/HLA complexes in classic Kaposi's Sarcoma
Authors: Guerini Franca R , Mancuso Roberta , Agostini Simone , Agliardi Cristina , Zanzottera Milena , Hernis Ambra , Tourlaki Athanasia , Calvo Maria G , Bellinvia Monica , Brambilla Lucia , Clerici Mario
Published: April 2012

Background

Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma (cKS) is a rare vascular tumor associated with Human Herpesvirus 8 (KSHV) infection, nevertheless not all KSHV-infected individuals have cKS.

Objective

We investigated whether particular KIR/HLA receptor/ligand genotypes would be preferentially present in KSHV-infected and uninfected individuals who have or have not developed cKS.

Methods

KIR/HLA genotypes were analyzed by molecular genotyping in 50 KSHV-infected individuals who did or did not have cKS and in 33 age-and sex-matched KSHV seronegative individuals.

Results

There was no association of individual KIR, HLA or receptor ligand combinations with KSHV infection. However, activating KIR and KIR/HLA genotypes were significantly more frequent in cKS cases, specifically KIR3DS1, KIR2DS1, and KIR2DS1 with its HLA-C2 ligand.

Conclusion

A nonspecific inflammatory response triggered by activation of NK cells upon KIR-HLA interaction could be associated with the pathogenesis of KS.
A comparative study of defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance during simulated cardiac arrest in nursing student teams
Authors: Eikeland Husebø Sissel I , Bjørshol Conrad A , Rystedt Hans , Friberg Febe , Søreide Eldar
Published: April 2012

Background

Although nurses must be able to respond quickly and effectively to cardiac arrest, numerous studies have demonstrated poor performance. Simulation is a promising learning tool for resuscitation team training but there are few studies that examine simulation for training defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (D-CPR) in teams from the nursing education perspective. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which nursing student teams follow the D-CPR-algorithm in a simulated cardiac arrest, and if observing a simulated cardiac arrest scenario and participating in the post simulation debriefing would improve team performance.

Methods

We studied video-recorded simulations of D-CPR performance in 28 nursing student teams. Besides describing the overall performance of D-CPR, we compared D-CPR performance in two groups. Group A (n = 14) performed D-CPR in a simulated cardiac arrest scenario, while Group B (n = 14) performed D-CPR after first observing performance of Group A and participating in the debriefing. We developed a D-CPR checklist to assess team performance.

Results

Overall there were large variations in how accurately the nursing student teams performed the specific parts of the D-CPR algorithm. While few teams performed opening the airways and examination of breathing correctly, all teams used a 30:2 compression: ventilation ratio.

We found no difference between Group A and Group B in D-CPR performance, either in regard to total points on the check list or to time variables.

Conclusion

We found that none of the nursing student teams achieved top scores on the D-CPR-checklist. Observing the training of other teams did not increase subsequent performance. We think all this indicates that more time must be assigned for repetitive practice and reflection. Moreover, the most important aspects of D-CPR, such as early defibrillation and hands-off time in relation to shock, must be highlighted in team-training of nursing students.
Bone formation rather than inflammation reflects Ankylosing Spondylitis activity on PET-CT: a pilot study
Authors: Bruijnen Stefan TG , van der Weijden Mignon AC , Klein Joannes P , Hoekstra Otto S , Boellaard Ronald , van Denderen J Christiaan , Dijkmans Ben AC , Voskuyl Alexandre E , van der Horst-Bruinsma Irene E , van der Laken Conny J
Published: April 2012

Introduction

Positron Emission Tomography - Computer Tomography (PET-CT) is an interesting imaging technique to visualize Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) activity using specific PET tracers. Previous studies have shown that the PET tracers [18F]FDG and [11C](R)PK11195 can target inflammation (synovitis) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may therefore be useful in AS. Another interesting tracer for AS is [18F]Fluoride, which targets bone formation. In a pilot setting, the potential of PET-CT in imaging AS activity was tested using different tracers, with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and conventional radiographs as reference.

Methods

In a stepwise approach different PET tracers were investigated. First, whole body [18F]FDG and [11C](R)PK11195 PET-CT scans were obtained of ten AS patients fulfilling the modified New York criteria. According to the BASDAI five of these patients had low and five had high disease activity. Secondly, an extra PET-CT scan using [18F]Fluoride was made of two additional AS patients with high disease activity. MRI scans of the total spine and sacroiliac joints were performed, and conventional radiographs of the total spine and sacroiliac joints were available for all patients. Scans and radiographs were visually scored by two observers blinded for clinical data.

Results

No increased [18F]FDG and [11C](R)PK11195 uptake was noticed on PET-CT scans of the first 10 patients. In contrast, MRI demonstrated a total of five bone edema lesions in three out of 10 patients. In the two additional AS patients scanned with [18F]Fluoride PET-CT, [18F]Fluoride depicted 17 regions with increased uptake in both vertebral column and sacroiliac joints. In contrast, [18F]FDG depicted only three lesions, with an uptake of five times lower compared to [18F]Fluoride, and again no [11C](R)PK11195 positive lesions were found. In these two patients, MRI detected nine lesions and six out of nine matched with the anatomical position of [18F]Fluoride uptake. Conventional radiographs showed structural bony changes in 11 out of 17 [18F]Fluoride PET positive lesions.

Conclusions

Our PET-CT data suggest that AS activity is reflected by bone activity (formation) rather than inflammation. The results also show the potential value of PET-CT for imaging AS activity using the bone tracer [18F]Fluoride. In contrast to active RA, inflammation tracers [18F]FDG and [11C](R)PK11195 appeared to be less useful for AS imaging.
Intellectual disability and major psychiatric disorders: A continuum of neurodevelopmental causality
Authors: Owen Michael J.
Published: April 2012

There is accumulating evidence for shared genetic as well as environmental risk between intellectual disability and other conditions with a neurodevelopmental basis such as autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy and schizophrenia. These can be conceived as lying along a continuum of genetically and environmentally induced neurodevelopmental causality.
Trends in Surgical Research in the UK and Ireland: Are We Dumbing Down?
Authors: Wilson TR , Owais A , Khan S , Macfie J
Published: April 2012

The UK and Ireland have long held an international reputation for producing good quality surgical research. However, the climate in which clinical research is undertaken has changed considerably over the last few years. Healthcare has become heavily target driven and the pressures of service provision leave less time and fewer resources available to devote to research. Changes in postgraduate training mean that less emphasis is placed on the importance of research and current working patterns are less conducive to undertaking research.
Could Personalised Self-Inking Stamps Improve Identification Standards in Medical Records?
Authors: MacKeith Sac , Svelusamy  , Pajaniappane A , Jervis P
Published: April 2012

Doctors' handwriting has long been criticised as being difficult to read or even illegible. In more recent years research has confirmed that it is not uncommon to find medical case note entries that are deficient, illegible or unidentifiable. In Good Medical Practice the General Medical Council (GMC) asks that doctors 'keep clear, accurate, legible and contemporaneous patient records'. In addition, the GMC 'expects that all doctors will use their reference numbers widely to identify themselves to all those with whom they have professional contact'. This includes encouragement for its use in case note entries and prescribing.
The Significant Impact of Acute Air Ambulance Patient Transfers on a Trauma Unit
Authors: Mansha M , Lakkol S , Rangan A
Published: April 2012

The use of the air ambulance service (AAS) in the UK has shown a marked increase since it was first started in 1985. Currently, there are 16 dedicated helicopter emergency ambulance service (HEAS) providers operational across the country. Certain differences exist among these services with regard to the aircraft used (Bolkow 105, Squirrel, Dauphin), their ownership (leased, bought), crews (paramedical, medical), funding (public subscription, central funding), operators (health authority, ambulance services, police authorities, hospital trust), operational basis (for trauma only or all emergencies) and operating environment (metropolitan, urban, rural).
A Breed Apart: Using Psychological Profiling to Select and Tailor the Training of Junior Surgeons
Authors: Harries RL , Shacaluga A , Gomez KF
Published: April 2012

The theory of psychological types originated from Carl Gustav Jung as published in his 1921 book. Jung suggested the existence of two types of cognitive function: the 'rational' (judging) functions (specifically, thinking and feeling) and the 'irrational' (perceiving) functions (sensing and intuition). Jung proposed that these functions are expressed in either an introverted or extraverted way.
‘Her Infinite Variety’: Representations of Shakespeare’s Cleopatra in fashion, film and theatre
Authors: Osmond Suzanne
Published: April 2012

The ‘Cleopatra look’ has recurred regularly in fashion marketing, advertising, masquerade balls, fashion trends and in the salons and catwalk shows of haute couture since the beginning of the twentieth century. The ‘look’ embraces the kitsch spectacle of excessive
opulence associated with the stereotypical Orientalist image of Ancient Egypt: that of palm trees, pyramids and odalisques. It also reflects the various cultural attitudes to female power and the seductive exotic ‘Other’ that have consistently pervaded western societies in the
last two centuries. This article extends on the contribution which feminist scholarship has made to the way in which the female body generates meaning in film, literature and fashion. It focuses on theatrical performance, as well as on representations of Cleopatra in film and fashion. It presents
an analysis of some of the most influential representations of Cleopatra, which viewed together begin to form a ‘collective mythology’ in which the shifting relationships between fashion, costume and feminine ideals are apparent.
Materia Prima, text-as-image
Authors: Calvert Sheena
Published: April 2012

It is with the materiality of language, or Materia Prima, that this article concerns itself, reflecting upon the ‘surface’ of text, as an image in its own right. The oral or spoken/auditory/acoustic qualities of language have long been held to be aesthetically central to
literature and poetry. The philosopher Richard Shusterman describes this phenomenon as a lack of attention to those instances when the ‘visible is visible’, this phrase relying upon a distinction between two meanings of the word ‘visible’. The first suggests being ‘able
to be seen’, while the second suggests the ‘conspicuous’ or ‘strikingly manifest’ aspect(s) of the seen (or passive and active modes of the visible). The printed surface of language, where the ‘visible is visible’, has traditionally been viewed as
irrelevant in philosophical accounts of language, from Plato to Wittgenstein, where, frequently, language is broken down only into ‘the sound aspect’ and ‘the meaning aspect’. However, this article will argue that the knowledge that artists, designers, typographers
and illustrators bring is that the material word is a crucial partner in the production of meaning, by engaging with those practitioners whose work interfaces with these concerns, both directly and indirectly.
Phantom Settlements
Authors: Morgan Catrin
Published: April 2012

This article discusses the book Phantom Settlements by Catrin Morgan and Mireille Fauchon. Phantom Settlements contains illustrated interviews with the artists Ryan Gander, Jamie Shovlin and Tom McCarthy in which they discuss the role of authenticity and deception in their work. The
article begins by giving an overview of the book’s five chapters, each of which is illustrated and authored in a distinct style. It then outlines the concepts governing the style of each chapter and looks at the use of footnotes and appendices in reinforcing the book’s repeating
structure. It also considers the contribution made by the design of the book to the discussion it contains. The article concludes by making the case for Phantom Settlements as a piece of authorial illustration.
Questions of Reading and Readership of Pictorial Texts: The Case of Bhimayana, a Pictorial Biography of Dr. Ambedkar
Authors: Oza Vasvi
Published: April 2012

Bhimayana (2010) is a pictorial biography of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (1891–1956), a very important Indian leader whose struggles and writings about uprooting the caste system from the Indian society have been of crucial relevance for contemporary struggles by dalits and adivasis
(tribals) in India. It is in this spirit of Ambedkar’s encounter to the dominant Brahmanical hegemonic forces that the title of the pictorial text under consideration, ‘Bhimayana’, gains relevance – that is, in providing a counter-epic to the dominant Brahmanical, nationalist
epic of the Ramayana; it subverts the commonsensical nationalist narrative of what constitutes an epic. The visual narrations in Bhimayana by the well-known Gondi (tribal) artists Subhash Vyam and Durgabai Vyam, have come to challenge the conventional way of storytelling in a sequential format
like that of a graphic text along with challenging the way in which image-word texts are generally read. The visual and the verbal arrangements in Bhimayana have shared a different strategy of storytelling which defies marking this text into categories such as ‘comic book’ or ‘graphic
novel’. It has brought Gond art to a medium of mass media but only as an exclusive commodity. This paper attempts to address the problems of image-word relationship in the text – Bhimayana, by scrutinizing the challenging reading patterns it has called for. The discussion ranges
from inquiries in art-historical studies, to more contemporary aspects of visual culture and mass media in everyday life like graphic novels, comics etc.
Slowing time down: Correspondences, ambiguity and attendance
Authors: Braund Steve
Published: April 2012

This paper is an attempt to highlight the possibilities of redirecting content by form; how formal composition can help indicate the illustrations content and further extend its meaning.
Agenesis of Corpus Callosum and Associated Malformations
Authors: Hahn Jin S. , MacLean Jane , Yeom Kristen
Published: April 2012

Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is one of the more common brain malformations encountered by neonatologists and pediatricians. It may occur in isolation but more often is associated with other brain malformations. ACC also is a feature in >100 genetic syndromes. Fetal neuroimaging advances have allowed prenatal detection of callosal agenesis and associated anomalies in the brain and other organs. The outcome in ACC is varied and depends largely on the related anomalies and underlying etiology. This review discusses the etiologies and diagnosis of ACC and provides strategies for a more specific prenatal diagnosis, such as Aicardi and Zellweger syndromes.
TEMPORAL CONTEXT, PREFERENCE, AND RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
Authors: Podlesnik Christopher A. , Jimenez‐Gomez Corina , Thrailkill Eric A. , Shahan Timothy A.
Published: April 2012

According to behavioral momentum theory, preference and relative resistance to change in concurrent‐chains schedules are correlated and reflect the relative conditioned value of discriminative stimuli. In the present study, we explore the generality of this relation by manipulating the temporal context within a concurrent‐chains procedure through changes in the duration of the initial links. Consistent with previous findings, preference for a richer terminal link was less extreme with longer initial links across three experiments with pigeons. In Experiment 1, relative resistance to change and preference were related inversely when responding was disrupted with response‐independent food presentations during initial links, replicating a previous finding with rats. However, more food was presented with longer initial links, confounding the disrupter and initial‐link duration. In Experiment 2, presession feeding was used instead and eliminated the negative relation between relative resistance to change and preference, but relative resistance to change was not sensitive to relative terminal‐link reinforcement rates. In Experiment 3, with more extreme relative terminal‐link reinforcement rates, increasing initial‐link duration similarly decreased preference and relative resistance to change for the richer terminal link. Thus, when conditions of disruption are equal and assessed under the appropriate reinforcement conditions, changes in temporal context impact relative resistance to change and preference similarly.
TESTING FOR TRANSITIVE CLASS CONTAINMENT AS A FEATURE OF HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Slattery Brian , Stewart Ian , O'Hora Denis
Published: April 2012

Three experiments investigated responding consistent with transitive class containment, a feature of hierarchical classification. Experiment 1 replicated key components of a preliminary attempt to model hierarchical classification (Griffee & Dougher, 2002) and tested for responding consistent with transitive class containment. Only 2 out of 5 participants showed the expected pattern. Experiment 2 tested whether repeated exposures to the Experiment 1 protocol would give rise to the expected pattern more reliably. None of 3 novel participants demonstrated the pattern. In Experiment 3, physically similar stimuli used in Experiments 1 and 2 were replaced across testing cycles by arbitrary stimuli. Transitive‐class‐containment‐consistent responding was observed in all 3 novel participants. Implications, limitations and future research are discussed.
Safety Aspects of Processing Carbon Dioxide for CCS and CO2-EOR Projects
Authors: Saadawi Hisham
Published: April 2012

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the Gulf Region in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as well as the use of Carbon Dioxide for Enhance Oil Recovery (CO2-EOR) in the Middle East Region.

Unlike H2S, carbon dioxide does not support combustion. However, carbon dioxide can cause asphyxia if inhaled in large quantities. While many Middle Eastern oil producers have experience with sour oil and gas fields, there is little or no experience with CCS and CO2-EOR operation.

For CCS and CO2-EOR projects, carbon dioxide is typically transported in pipelines at pressure above its critical pressure (73.82 bar). In the event of depressurization or loss of containment, the escaping CO2 will experience a sudden change in phase which may result in dry ice projectiles being expelled at very high velocities. Other hazards include cryogenic burns to the skin and catastrophic failure of carbon steel equipment due to low temperature metal embitterment.

Dealing with CO2 presents oil producers with new safety challenges. This paper discusses the safety aspects of handling carbon dioxide in CCS and CO2-EOR projects.
How Oil Spill Response Management, Exercises and Drills Have Changed Since the Gulf of Mexico and the Lessons Learnt
Authors: Burton Sharon
Published: April 2012

After the Gulf of Mexico many oil industry companies are re-training their emergency response teams. The use of exercises and drills is an essential part of the team building that allows the response teams to deal with incidents. When establishing the team, table top exercises can be used to bind the group together and sort out strengths and weaknesses. Drills, where equipment and personnel are deployed are useful. Unplanned or no-notice exercises, point to areas for improvement as teams are put under more pressure. The use of external agencies, for example a national exercise, creates a more realistic scenario comparable to an actual spill, as the response teams would have to deal with a variety of stakeholders, but is this far enough?

In the United Kingdom, oil companies are legally required to test their spill Contingency Plans once a year and their full Emergency Response Team with the Secretary of State's Representative every 5 years. Since the Gulf of Mexico incident these companies have gone back to their plans and their emergency teams to re-evaluate. The focus has switched from what might happen to the very worst case scenario.

At Oil Spill Response we exercise weekly, planned table top exercises, no notice drills, sitting in response centres, full equipment deployments and site survey reports. The lessons learnt from the Gulf of Mexico have changed our own exercises and training to include more ICS, different response strategies and survey techniques.

This paper will focus on the use of best practice exercises, drills and spill management, lessons learnt from the Gulf of Mexico, and how to prepare oil spill response teams. It will attempt to prompt a more rigid structure for the training of response teams and try to ascertain the best method for each sector to create realism.
Preventing Disease in the Workforce
Authors: Robin Tauzin ND , Pachiyannakis Karim
Published: April 2012

The leading causes of death are cancer, diabetes, and heart disease which are occurring at alarming rates in the UAE population. Our company's aim is to avoid these diseases by improving employee's health and encouraging them to practice prevention. We have achieved this goal by implementing an innovative approach to health through our flagship program the Health Monitoring Management System (HMMS).

The HMMS is designed to evaluate and classify the health of every employee, as well as promote wellness and disease prevention. Employees are then given a consultation with a holistic doctor to evaluate their health, diet, and lifestyle. Employees are educated about disease prevention and healthy lifestyles through mandatory trainings, publications, daily SMS, and health events. And finally, periodic medical evaluations are performed on employees to follow their progress throughout their employment.

Through our HMMS we have seen a 5% decrease in the number of employees who smoke, a 19% decrease in high triglycerides, a 40% decrease in high cholesterol, a 2% decrease in diabetes rates, and a 9% decrease in obesity rates. Since Implementation of the HMMS 8 years ago, the statistics demonstrate that our workforce is becoming healthier. The HMMS has extended its influence beyond our companies’ employees to reach families, clients, contractors, and visitors. Some of the initiatives include "Know Your Body" training, Health Week, Healthy Lifestyle coaching, cooking healthy, understanding food labels, sports, and exercise programs. The HMMS encompasses health from both a conventional and holistic point of view so as to ensure optimal health and wellbeing.
High Profile Visit, An Efficient Tool in Improving Drilling Safety
Authors: Boucif Mustapha Nasr-Eddine , Al Hammadi Adel
Published: April 2012

During the past two decades drilling safety had been improving on an exponential basis from reactive era to proactive era until 2006 where the drilling division achieved a world class HSE performance. A new strategy was adopted in 2008 after a slowdown in performance in 2007.

Investigation of our LTI for 2007 has shown a lack of commitment from the management on rig site and a lot of unsafe behaviour. As a result, all the training efforts were focused on these two strategic axes: Human behaviour and Management commitment on rig site; resulting in an outstanding performance in 2008.

This paper will show how HSE performance of ADCO drilling Division has improved from 1998 till today and explain the different steps went through and how finally reached one full year without LTI (from the 29th of September 2007 until 29th of September 2008). This result was due to top management strategic orientation, where on the 30th of September 2007 all the rigs were shut down for six hours and all the top Management team went on a high profile visit to all the rigs to their commitment to safety. Since then high profile visit is conducted on a weekly basis to maintain the awareness of the crews and was one of the key success to an outstanding performance for the year 2008 where the LTIF was 0.09; the lowest ever in ADCO Drilling history.
Addressing Work Execution through Integrated Technology Provides New Leading Indicators to Improve Operational Risk Management
Authors: Mackay Iain , Lehmann Scott
Published: April 2012

Operational Risk Management is now a board level challenge for all companies in our industry. Recent tragic events strongly indicate a lack of awareness and understanding of the major process safety hazards and their risks by the frontline. This increases the potential for further process safety incidents. Furthermore, the lack of visibility of frontline cumulative risk and overall risk profiles is seriously impacting management efforts to fundamentally improve operational risk management and the efficiency and effectiveness of frontline operations.

To address these issues, a fundamental change in the way frontline operations are managed is needed. New processes are required that operationalize the safe work execution rules and establish structured processes to ensure that people are guided to the correct operational decisions that are appropriate to their conditions and context. Technology can be a significant enabler of business process in oil and gas industry as it has been for other industries.

Frontline operations have changed very little in the past 40 years making it difficult for frontline workers to consistently make the right decisions without the right tools. It is ironic that supermarket checkout operators have access to more technology than frontline technicians yet the consequences of each making mistakes bears no comparison.

The added benefit of deploying the right technology in frontline work execution is the access to real data that is generated as part of routine frontline work. This data can provide insight into how work is actually is done, how well it is planned and how well engaged the frontline is in process safety management. For the first time, management is able to have access to new leading indicators of both operational risk and work efficiency. Management can now exercise oversight and use the data to not only demonstrate compliance but build the foundation for continually improving operational performance.