bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structures and electrical properties of Sr/Fe‐modified KNbO3 ferroelectric semiconductors with narrow bandgap
Authors: Tang Wenbin , Zhang Yujie , Yuan Changlai , Liu Xiao , Zhu Baohua , Meng Liufang , Zhou Changrong , Liu Fei , Xu Jiwen , Wang Jiang , Rao Guanghui
Published: November 2020

In the process of exploring ferroelectric semiconductors, a new system of (1−x) KNbO3–xSrFeO3−δ (x = 0.00‐0.20) was successfully synthesized via solid‐state reaction. The crystal structures, ferroelectric, dielectric, optical, and electrical properties were systematically characterized. The orthorhombic phase with Amm2 space group is detected in all the ceramics. In addition, the orthorhombic and tetragonal phases coexist in 0.80KNbO3‐0.20SrFeO3‐δ ceramic. The decrease in oxygen octahedron distortion induces a weak ferroelectric polarization. The existence of long‐range ferroelectric polarization order in all the ceramics is verified and the bandgap of the ceramics can be tuned to ~2.18 eV. The improved short‐circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) and open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of the poled 0.95KNbO3‐0.05SrFeO3−δ ceramic at 30 kV/cm are ~6.90 nA/cm2 and 0.04 V, respectively. The activation energies for electrical conductivity of the grains and grain boundaries from 0.90KN–0.10SF ceramic are 0.67 and 0.77 eV, respectively, which indicate the doubly ionized oxygen vacancies. This work provides a new way to tune the optical bandgap/ferroelectric properties of KNbO3‐based ceramics for potential application in ferroelectric photovoltaic and energy fields.
The EU's International Investment Policy ten years on: the Policy‐Making Implications of Unintended Competence Transfers
Authors: Basedow Robert
Published: November 2020

In 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon empowered the EU to pursue an international investment policy and to conclude international investment agreements. The EU's first steps in this policy domain have attracted considerable public attention. Analysts depict competing societal interests as the main forces shaping EU policy in this domain. This article scrutinizes this widespread perception. It argues that competence struggles between the European Institutions and Member States, which still echo broad Member State opposition against the initial decision to empower the EU in this domain during the drafting of the Lisbon Treaty, play a similarly important role in shaping EU international investment policy. This article enhances our understanding of EU policy‐making in a highly salient policy domain and theoretically contributes to research on European Integration in that it shows that it matters for policy‐making ‘how’ the EU received an underlying competence.
A comparative analysis of the photoprotection hypothesis for the evolution of autumn colours
Authors: Pena‐Novas Ines , Archetti Marco
Published: November 2020

The adaptive value of autumn colours—the seasonal production of red anthocyanins observed in many species of trees and shrubs—is still debated. According to the photoprotection hypothesis, anthocyanins protect leaves from photo‐inhibition and photo‐oxidation at low temperatures, enabling the tree to reabsorb nutrients more efficiently before leaf fall. Hence, the hypothesis predicts that autumn colours are more likely to evolve in species growing in colder environments. We tested this prediction by comparing the climatic parameters of 237 North American tree species. We found that, although species with yellow autumn leaves grow under lower minimum temperatures than species with green leaves, there is no significant difference in temperature between species with red autumn leaves and species with green or yellow autumn leaves. We conclude that, although reabsorbing chlorophyll in autumn, and the consequent unmasking of yellow carotenoids, may be an adaptation to cold temperatures, the production of red anthocyanins is not. Hence, our interspecific comparative analysis does not support the photoprotection hypothesis as an explanation for the evolution of autumn colours.
Biliary cast syndrome after liver transplantation: A cholangiographic evolution study
Authors: Lemmers Arnaud , Pezzullo Martina , Hadefi Alia , Dept Séverine , Germanova Desislava , Gustot Thierry , Degré Delphine , Boon Nathalie , Moreno Christophe , Blero Daniel , Arvanitakis Marianna , Delhaye Myriam , Vandermeeren Alain , Njimi Hassan , Devière Jacques , Le Moine Olivier , Lucidi Valerio
Published: November 2020

Background and Aim

The aim of this study is to describe the cholangiographic features and endoscopic management of biliary cast syndrome (BCS), a rare specific ischemic cholangiopathy following liver transplantation.

Methods

Patients with biliary complications were identified from prospectively collected database records of patients who underwent liver transplantation at the Erasme Hospital from January 2005 to December 2014. After excluding patients with hepatico‐jejunostomy or no suspicion of stricture, cholangiograms obtained during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and magnetic resonance imaging were systematically reviewed. Biliary complications were categorized as anastomotic (AS) and non‐AS strictures, and patients with BCS were identified. Clinical, radiological, and endoscopic data were reviewed.

Results

Out of 311 liver transplantations, 14 cases were identified with BCS (4.5%) and treated with ERCP. Intraductal hyperintense signal on T1‐weighted magnetic resonance and a “duct‐in‐a‐duct” image were the most frequent features of BCS on magnetic resonance imaging. On initial ERCP, 57% of patients had no stricture. Complete cast extraction was achieved in 12/14, and one of these had cast recurrence. On follow‐up, 85% of the patients developed biliary strictures that were treated with multiple plastic stents reaching 60% complete stricture resolution, but 40% of them had recurrence. After a median follow‐up of 58 months, BCS patients had lower overall and graft survival (42.9% and 42.9%) compared with non‐AS (68.8% and 56.3%) and AS (83.3% and 80.6%), respectively.

Conclusions

Particular magnetic resonance‐cholangiographic and ERCP‐cholangiographic features of BCS have been identified. Outcomes for BCS are characterized by high complete cast extraction rates, high incidence of secondary strictures, and poorer prognosis.
Digestive system manifestations and clinical significance of coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic literature review
Authors: Ye Lei , Yang Zhao , Liu Jiong , Liao Lianming , Wang Fangyu
Published: November 2020

Background and Aim

A worldwide outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has drawn global attention. Several reports have described the gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations in the infected patients. The systematic review was designed to highlight the gaps in our knowledge about the prevalence and clinical significance of GI symptoms in patients with COVID‐19.

Methods

We searched PubMed database and Google articles published in both English and Chinese up to June 3, 2020, using search terms “clinical features,” “2019 novel coronavirus,” “2019‐nCoV,” “COVID‐19,” or “SARS‐Cov‐2.” Observational studies, case reports, or letters describing the clinical features or observational studies regarding the detection and/or isolation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 viruses in stools were included.

Results

A total of 22 publications were finally selected. It was reported that GI symptoms occurred in about 3–40.7% of patients. GI manifestations included nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain, belching, abdominal distension, and GI hemorrhage. Diarrhea was the most common GI symptom. Infected patients had various degrees of liver dysfunction, and the severity of liver dysfunction was significantly associated with the severity of the disease. Therapy focusing on digestive system like liver supportive therapy or nutrition support or probiotics has been demonstrated to be effective interventions, which greatly improve prognosis. Fecal–oral transmission route is a potential risk for transmission.

Conclusions

GI symptoms are common in COVID‐19. Strengthening the recognition on abnormalities in digestive system of patients with COVID‐19 is crucial for early identification and timely treatment, especially for those atypical patients. Hygiene protection and keeping the drainpipe free flowing are necessary for everyone.
Beyond Social Constructionism? Cicourel and the Search for Ecological Validity
Authors: NELKEN DAVID
Published: November 2020

This article is a contribution to the occasional series dealing with a major book that has influenced the author. Previous contributors include Stewart Macaulay, John Griffith, William Twining, Carol Harlow, Geoffrey Bindman, Harry Arthurs, André‐Jean Arnaud, Alan Hunt, Michael Adler, Lawrence O. Gostin, John P. Heinz, Roger Brownsword, Roger Cotterrell, Nicola Lacey, Carol J. Greenhouse, David Garland, and Peter Fitzpatrick.
Mandibular border movements: The two envelopes of motion
Authors: Chuhuaicura Priscila , Lezcano María Florencia , Dias Fernando José , Fuentes Aler Daniel , Arias Alain , Fuentes Ramón
Published: November 2020

Background

The envelope of motion is a diagrammatic representation of the mandibular border movements. Classically, those movements are carried out eccentrically; starting from the position of maximal intercuspation, the mandible describes an excursion movement until reaching maximal mouth opening. Reverse movements would describe a different path, but up to now concentric development of mandibular border movements has not been considered. Literature states that beyond mandibular border movements limits, no movement is possible. Therefore, it is of great interest to compare both paths—both envelopes of motion—and define the actual limits of mandibular movement.

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the geometric characteristics of mandibular border movements carried out eccentrically and concentrically by healthy subjects.

Methods

Sixteen individuals aged between 18 and 27 years, molar class I and with no temporomandibular disorders, participated in the study. Eccentric and concentric mandibular movements were recorded using a 3D electromagnetic articulograph. Data were processed with computational scripts developed in MATLAB. Maximum mouth opening, trajectories, displacement ranges, polygon areas and chewing cycle area/ mandibular border movements area ratio were analysed.

Results

The frontal plane showed significant differences in all the parameters evaluated. Higher values were registered in the concentric area of the border movement envelope (P = .008) and in the trajectories on both sides. Statistical differences were observed in polygon areas (P = .006) in the sagittal plane and right ranges (P = .046) in the horizontal plane.

Conclusion

Concentric mandibular movements revealed significant differences in three‐dimensional trajectories in the frontal plane.
Histopathologic grading and its relationship with outcome in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Silva Luiz Arthur Barbosa da , Lopes Maria Luiza Diniz de Sousa , Sá Melka Coelho , de Almeida Freitas Roseana , Coletta Ricardo Della , da Silveira Ericka Janine Dantas , da Costa Miguel Márcia Cristina
Published: November 2020

Background

Histopathologic grading has been routinely used as a complement for clinical staging in the prognostication of patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). However, this subject remains contentious because there is no universally accepted grading system.

Objectives

This study compared the prognostic significance of four histopathologic grading systems in 80 cases of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC).

Methods

Clinical and follow‐up information of the patients were obtained from medical records. Histopathologic malignancy grading of the tumor invasive front, Histologic risk assessment (HRA), World Health Organization (WHO) grading system, and Budding and Depth of invasion (BD) model were evaluated in the surgical specimens.

Results

The HRA, histopathologic malignancy grading and WHO systems did not predict survival. Patients with larger tumor size [Hazard ratio (HR): 2.38; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07‐5.27; P = 0.026] and patients with BD model high‐grade tumors (HR: 2.99; 95% CI: 1.03‐8.68; P = 0.034) were significantly associated with a poor 5‐year overall survival rate. In the multivariate analysis, tumor size was identified as the only significant independent prognostic factor (HR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.00‐4.99; P = 0.050). None of the grading systems studied was associated with 5‐year disease‐free survival rates.

Conclusions

BD model was the only histopathologic grading system associated with the outcome of patients with OTSCC, indicating its potential value as an effective tool for the prognostication of OTSCC.
Dysplasia and DNA ploidy to prognosticate clinical outcome in oral potentially malignant disorders
Authors: Sathasivam Hans Prakash , Nayar Deepa , Sloan Philip , Thomson Peter J. , Odell Edward W. , Robinson Max
Published: November 2020

Background

Oral potentially malignant disorders are a clinical conundrum as there are no reliable methods to predict their behaviour. We combine conventional oral epithelial dysplasia grading with DNA ploidy analysis to examine the validity of this approach to risk assessment in a cohort of patients with known clinical outcomes.

Methods

Sections from diagnostic biopsies were assessed for oral epithelial dysplasia using the WHO grading system, and DNA ploidy analysis was performed using established methods. Patients reviewed for a minimum of 5 years who did not develop oral squamous cell carcinoma were classified as “non‐transforming” cases. Patients that developed oral squamous cell carcinoma ≥ 6 months after the initial diagnostic biopsy were classified as having “malignant transformation.”

Results

Ninety cases were included in the study. Seventy cases yielded informative DNA ploidy results. Of these 70 cases, 31 progressed to cancer. Oral epithelial dysplasia grading and DNA ploidy status were both significantly associated with clinical outcome (P < 0.05). Severe dysplasia had a hazard ratio of 3.50 (CI: 1.46, 8.45; P = 0.005) compared to cases with mild dysplasia. Aneuploidy had a hazard ratio of 2.09 (CI: 1.01, 4.32; P = 0.046) compared to cases with a diploid/tetraploid status. Receiver operating characteristic analysis gave an area under the curve of 0.617 for DNA ploidy status and 0.688 when DNA ploidy status was combined with dysplasia grading.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that combining dysplasia grading with DNA ploidy status has clinical utility which could be used to develop novel management algorithms.
Elevated CO2 affects kelp nutrient quality: A case study of Saccharina japonica from CO2‐enriched coastal mesocosm systems
Authors: Zhang Xiaowen , Xu Dong , Han Wentao , Wang Yitao , Fan Xiao , Loladze Irakli , Gao Guang , Zhang Yan , Tong Shanying , Ye Naihao
Published: November 2020

Kelps provide critical services for coastal food chains and ecosystem, and they are important food source for some segments of human population. Despite their ecological importance, little is known about long‐term impacts of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on nutrient metabolites in kelps and the underlying regulation mechanisms. In this study, the kelp Saccharina japonica was cultured in CO2‐enriched coastal mesocosm systems for up to 3 months. We found that, although eCO2 significantly increased the growth rate, carbon concentrations, and C/N ratio of S. japonica, and it had no effect on total nitrogen and protein contents at the end of cultivation period. Meanwhile, it decreased the lipid, magnesium, sodium, and calcium content and changed the amino acid and fatty acid composition. Combining the genome‐wide transcriptomic and metabolic evidence, we obtained a system‐level understanding of metabolic response of S. japonica to eCO2. The unique ornithine–urea cycle (OUC) and aspartate‐argininosuccinate shunt (AAS), coupled with TCA cycle, balanced the carbon and nitrogen metabolism under eCO2 by providing carbon skeleton for amino acid synthesis and reduced power for nitrogen assimilation. This research provides a major advance in the understanding of kelp nutrient metabolic mechanism in the context of global climate change, and such CO2‐induced shifts in nutritional value may induce changes in the structure and stability of marine trophic webs and affect the quality of human nutrition resources.
Evaluation of serum high‐mobility group box 1 concentration in dogs with epilepsy: A case‐control study
Authors: Koo Yoonhoi , Kim Hakhyun , Yun Taesik , Jung Dong‐In , Kang Ji‐Houn , Chang Dongwoo , Na Ki‐Jeong , Yang Mhan‐Pyo , Kang Byeong‐Teck
Published: November 2020

Background

High‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a key mediator of neuroinflammation and there are increased HMGB1 levels in laboratory animal models of epilepsy and human patients with epilepsy.

Objectives

To determine serum HMGB1 levels in dogs with epilepsy.

Animals

Twenty‐eight epileptic dogs, 12 dogs with nonepileptic brain diseases, and 26 healthy dogs.

Methods

In this case‐control study, serum HMGB1 concentrations were estimated using the canine‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit. Diagnosis of dogs with epilepsy was based on medical history, physical and neurological examination findings, laboratory test results, magnetic resonance image, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.

Results

Serum HMGB1 levels were significantly higher in epileptic dogs (median = 0.41 ng/mL; range, 0.03‐5.28) than in healthy dogs (median = 0.12 ng/mL; range, 0.02‐1.45; P = .002). In contrast, serum HMGB1 levels of dogs with non‐epileptic brain diseases (median = 0.19 ng/mL; range, 0.03‐1.04) were not significantly increased compared to those of healthy dogs (P = .12). Regarding idiopathic epilepsy, dogs with an epilepsy course of >3 months showed a higher serum HMGB1 concentration (median = 0.87 ng/mL; range, 0.42‐2.88) than those with that of ≤3 months (median = 0.26 ng/mL; range, 0.03‐0.88; P = .02).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Serum HMGB1 could be a biomarker of epilepsy.
Exploring patients’ and physicians’ perspectives about competent health advocacy
Authors: LaDonna Kori A. , Watling Christopher J. , Cristancho Sayra M. , Burm Sarah
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Many residency programmes struggle to demonstrate how they prepare trainees to become competent health advocates. To meaningfully teach and assess it, we first need to understand what ‘competent’ health advocacy (HA) is and what competently enacting it requires. Attempts at clarifying HA have largely centred around the perspectives of consultant physicians and trainees. Without patients’ perspectives, we risk training learners to advocate in ways that may be misaligned with patients’ needs and goals. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to generate a multi‐perspective understanding about the meaning of competence for the HA role.

Methods

We used constructivist grounded theory to explore patients’ and physicians’ perspectives about competent health advocacy. Data were collected using photo elicitation; patients (n = 10) and physicians (n = 14) took photographs depicting health advocacy that were used to inform semi‐structured interviews. Themes were identified using constant comparative analysis.

Results

Physician participants associated HA with disruption or political activism, suggesting that competence hinged on medical and systems expertise, a conducive learning environment, and personal and professional characteristics including experience, status and political savvy. Patient participants, however, equated physician advocacy with patient centredness, perceiving that competent HAs are empathetic and attentive listeners. In contrast to patients, few physicians identified as advocates, raising questions about their ability to train or to thoughtfully assess learners’ abilities.

Conclusion

Few participants perceived HA as a fundamental physician role—at least not as it is currently defined in curricular frameworks. Misperceptions that HA is primarily disruptive may be the root cause of the HA problem; solving it may rely on focusing training on bolstering skills like empathy and listening not typically associated with the HA role. Since there may be no competency where the patient voice is more critical, we need to explore opportunities for patients to facilitate learning for the HA role.
Mild obesity does not affect the forearm muscle microvascular responses to hyperglycemia
Authors: Soares Rogério Nogueira , Reimer Raylene A. , Doyle‐Baker Patricia K. , Murias Juan M.
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Mild obesity has been associated with postprandial brachial artery vascular dysfunction. However, direct assessment of these effects within the forearm skeletal muscle microcirculation remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of mild obesity on the arm micro‐ and macrovascular responses to glucose ingestion.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study combined NIRS assessments of forearm skeletal muscle (FDS) reactivity (reperfusion slope) with %FMD of conduit artery function (brachial artery) before (Pre), as well as 60 and 120 min after glucose ingestion in 10 lean (BMI 23.9 ± 1.8) and 10 obese (BMI 32.9 ± 1.9) individuals.

Results

Both groups showed a significant increase in the reperfusion slope at 60 and 120 min after glucose ingestion compared with the pre–glucose ingestion measurements. Obese individuals showed a significant (p < .05) reduction in %FMD at 60 min after glucose ingestion, while no significant changes in postprandial %FMD were observed in lean participants.

Conclusion

Even though obese individuals showed impaired postprandial brachial artery function, the current findings suggest that mild obesity does not affect the forearm skeletal muscle responses to glucose ingestion.
Knowledge of patient observation among critical care nurses
Authors: Alastalo Mika , Salminen Leena , Vahlberg Tero , Leino‐Kilpi Helena
Published: November 2020

Background

The clinical observations made by critical care nurses are vital for maintaining patient safety and making appropriate decisions in the care of patients who are critically ill. Evaluating the reliability of observations and applying analytical thinking are essential elements of patient observation. Previous studies of critical care nurses' knowledge have focused either on specific aspects of patient observation or on critical care nursing in general; therefore, the findings are not comprehensive.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate critical care nurses' level of knowledge in patient observation and to explore the factors that are associated with it.

Study design

A cross‐sectional knowledge test survey with critical care nurses in Finland was used.

Methods

Data were collected in seven adult intensive care units in all five university hospitals in Finland between September 2017 and January 2018 by using a knowledge test (20 items) developed for this study. All critical care nurses were eligible to participate. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results

Altogether, 372 nurses responded (response rate 49%). Their average scores in the knowledge test were 77% (mean 15.29/20, SD 2.41) for correct answers, 75% (mean 8.2/11, SD 1.54) in the sum‐variable “Evaluating the reliability of observation” and 79% (mean 7.08, SD 1.45) for “Analytical thinking.” A higher knowledge level was associated with education in special tasks in an intensive care unit.

Conclusion

The critical care nurses' knowledge level was considered to be suboptimal. There is a need for improving knowledge of patient observation among Finnish critical care nurses to ensure safe and good quality care.

Relevance to clinical practice

Finnish critical care nurses' knowledge of patient observation could be improved by providing specific continuing education for new nurses entering intensive care units and for experienced critical care nurses throughout their career.
Rare Occurrence of Acute Hematogenous Periprosthetic Joint Infection Due to Fusobacterium Nucleatum in the Background of a Dental Procedure: A Case Report
Authors: Shi Teng‐bin , Fang Xin‐yu , Wang Chao‐xin , Cai Yuan‐qing , Li Wen‐bo , Zhang Wen‐ming
Published: November 2020

Objective

Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobic gram‐negative bacilli that is one of the oral and other mucosal surface microbiota. It involves a wide range of human diseases and was first found in periodontal diseases, but reports of bone‐related infections caused by F. nucleatum are rare, especially periprosthetic joint infections (PJI).

Methods

Here, we present the first case of acute hematogenous PJI of the hip joint caused by F. nucleatum, and debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) was performed.

Results

The patient was successfully treated with DAIR, identification of isolates by metagenomics next‐generation sequencing was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction.

Conclusions

For stable acute hematogenous PJI after hip replacement, quick and accurate diagnosis, the identification of pathogenic microorganisms, and the use of DAIR combined with sufficient sensitive antibiotics have a certain clinical effect and can achieve the purpose of both preserving the prosthesis and infection control.
Challenging the status quo of scientific presentations
Authors: Chatterjee Debnath , Yaster Myron , Lockman Justin L. , Glass Nancy L. , Schreiner Mark S. , Sinskey Jina L. , Fiadjoe John E.
Published: November 2020

Scientific presentations, usually given with slide presentation software such as PowerPoint™, are the most common method for disseminating knowledge to students and peers. Unfortunately, many are boring, text‐heavy, and bullet point–riddled data dumps, with animations or cartoons that obscure or distract rather than clarify the message. These presentations, which we have all sat through and/or delivered, are often so dull that they are referred to as “death by PowerPoint™.” In this paper, the authors intend to impart basic techniques for organizing and communicating information in the most effective, engaging, and actionable ways possible. We focus on three processes: generating ideas and outlining a talk, creating visually appealing uncluttered slides, and delivering an inspiring, practice‐changing presentation. We also discuss considerations for a virtual presentation. We believe that even experienced speakers could benefit from reflecting on these recommendations and editing their slide presentations for clarity and simplicity.
Dying by drying: Timing of physiological stress thresholds related to tree death is not significantly altered by highly elevated CO2
Authors: Gattmann Marielle , Birami Benjamin , Nadal Sala Daniel , Ruehr Nadine Katrin
Published: November 2020

Drought‐induced tree mortality is expected to occur more frequently under predicted climate change. However, the extent of a possibly mitigating effect of simultaneously rising atmospheric [CO2] on stress thresholds leading to tree death is not fully understood, yet. Here, we studied the drought response, the time until critical stress thresholds were reached and mortality occurrence of Pinus halepensis (Miller). In order to observe a large potential benefit from eCO2, the seedlings were grown with ample of water and nutrient supply under either highly elevated [CO2] (eCO2, c. 936 ppm) or ambient (aCO2, c. 407 ppm) during 2 years. The subsequent exposure to a fast or a slow lethal drought was monitored using whole‐tree gas exchange chambers, measured leaf water potential and non‐structural carbohydrates. Using logistic regressions to derive probabilities for physiological parameters to reach critical drought stress thresholds, indicated a longer period for halving needle starch storage under eCO2 than aCO2. Stomatal closure, turgor loss, the duration until the daily tree C balance turned negative, leaf water potential at thresholds and time‐of‐death were unaffected by eCO2. Overall, our study provides for the first‐time insights into the chronological interplay of physiological drought thresholds under long‐term acclimation to elevated [CO2].
Phosphatase OsPP2C27 directly dephosphorylates OsMAPK3 and OsbHLH002 to negatively regulate cold tolerance in rice
Authors: Xia Changxuan , Gong Yanshan , Chong Kang , Xu Yunyuan
Published: November 2020

Improving chilling tolerance is a major target of rice breeding. The OsMAPK3–OsbHLH002–OsTPP1 signalling pathway enhances chilling tolerance in rice: the kinase is activated by cold stress, and subsequently the transcription factor is phosphorylated by the activated kinase, triggering the expression of cold response genes. However, it is largely unknown how this pathway is suppressed in time to avoid it being in a continuously activated state. We found that a novel type 2C protein phosphatase, OsPP2C27, functions as a negative regulator of the OsMAPK3–OsbHLH002–OsTPP1 pathway. A dynamic change in OsMAPK3 activity was found during cold treatment. We show that OsPP2C27 interacts physically with and dephosphorylates OsMAPK3 in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, OsPP2C27 can also directly dephosphorylate OsbHLH002, the target of OsMAPK3. After cold treatment, survival rates were higher in OsPP2C27‐RNAi lines and a T‐DNA insertion mutant, and lower in OsPP2C27‐overexpression lines, compared to wild type. Moreover, expression of the OsTPP1 and OsDREBs were increased in OsPP2C27‐RNAi lines and decreased in OsPP2C27‐overexpression lines. These results indicate that cold‐induced OsPP2C27 negatively regulates the OsMAPK3–OsbHLH002–OsTPP1 signalling pathway by directly dephosphorylating both phospho‐OsMAPK3 and phospho‐OsbHLH002, preventing the sustained activation of a positive pathway for cold stress and maintaining normal growth under chilling conditions.
Antibacterial Photoactivity and Thermal Stability of Tetra‐cationic Porphyrins Immobilized on Cellulosic Fabrics
Authors: Fayyaz Fatemeh , Rassa Mehdi , Rahimi Rahmatollah
Published: November 2020

The thermal stability and photo‐bactericidal effect of several tetra‐cationic porphyrins and their zinc ion compounds immobilized onto cellulosic fabrics against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli were investigated and compared using a 100 W tungsten lamp. Immobilization of various concentrations of these photosensitizers onto cellulosic fabrics was carried out and characterized by ATR‐FT‐IR, DRS, TGA, and SEM. Applied cellulosic fabrics with the photosensitizers exhibited remarkable photo‐stability, thermal stability, and antimicrobial activity against these studied strains.
Insights for temporomandibular disorders management: From psychosocial factors to genetics—A case report
Authors: Braga Samilla Pontes , Fiamengui Lívia Maria Sales Pinto , da Silveira Virgínia Régia Souza , Chaves Hellíada Vasconcelos , Furquim Bruno D'Aurea , Cunha Carolina Ortigosa , Repeke Carlos Eduardo Palanch , Conti Paulo César Rodrigues
Published: November 2020

Aims

This case report aimed to discuss the multifactorial etiology and also the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) by addressing important associated psychosocial and biological factors, emphasizing the interaction between these factors and a probable genetic predisposition.

Methods and results

A 21‐year‐old female patient was evaluated according to Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD and diagnosed with arthralgia, myofascial pain, disc displacement without reduction, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) degenerative disease. TMJ alterations were confirmed through magnetic resonance imaging and cone‐beam computed tomography. Pressure pain threshold of masticatory structures was evaluated using a pressure algometer. Sleep bruxism, poor sleep quality, migraine with aura, mild anxiety, and history of facial trauma were also identified through anamnesis and clinical examination. Following this, genetic analysis was performed to evaluate the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) already associated with TMD: SNP COMT Val158Met (rs4680), MMP1‐1607 (rs1799750), and tumor necrosis factor alpha‐308 (rs1800629), which were all present. A personalized treatment for TMD management was performed, and it included self‐management programs, occlusal appliance therapy, pharmacotherapy, anxiety management, and stress control. An 8‐year follow‐up demonstrated long‐term stabilization of TMJ degenerative disease.

Conclusion

Genetic evaluation, added to anamnesis and clinical examination, could be useful for TMD prognosis and management.
An explanation of the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases in immuno‐compromised individuals
Authors: Roe Kevin
Published: November 2020

Some pathogen infections and immune system deficiencies have been linked to a few autoimmune diseases. However, the pathogenesis of most autoimmune diseases is unknown. An explanatory hypothesis for the pathogenesis of infection‐initiated autoimmune diseases is provided. Virulent pathogen infections create extensive pathogen antigens that frequently require antibodies. These antibodies create extensive antigen‐antibody immune complexes, which some immuno‐compromised individuals will not adequately eliminate. This will cause inflammatory type III hypersensitivity symptoms, including protease releases that destroy epithelium, mesothelium and endothelium basement membranes, express new immunogenic antigens from previously sequestered basement membrane constituents, and ultimately induce new autoantibodies. This can continue after the infection ends, if the first wave of protease attacks on basement membranes induces new autoantibodies that cause new uncleared antigen‐antibody immune complexes and type III hypersensitivity reactions. The secreted proteases and other enzymes will have preferred substrates and these proteases or other enzymes by themselves, or by their processed protein substrates, can express immunogenic antigens that induce new autoantibodies and initiate various autoimmune diseases. In summary, several autoimmune diseases can be initiated in immuno‐compromised individuals during extensive pathogen infections, if these individuals have two immune problems: (a) slow or weak initial immune responses that result in a reliance on antibodies and (b) an inability to eliminate the resulting antigen‐antibody immune complexes by phagocytosis. These two immune problems and the resulting immune system type III hypersensitivity reaction can explain the causation of several autoimmune diseases, including the most common and the rarest autoimmune diseases, both their differences and their similarities.
Beyond severe acute maternal morbidity: a mixed‐methods study on the long‐term consequences of (severe pre‐)eclampsia in rural Tanzania
Authors: Mooij R. , Kapanga R. R. , Mwampagatwa I. H. , Mgalega G. C. , van Dillen J. , Stekelenburg J. , de Kok B. C.
Published: November 2020

Objectives

To explore the long‐term (perceived) consequences of (severe pre‐)eclampsia in rural Tanzania.

Methods

Women were traced for this mixed‐methods study 6–7 years after the diagnosis of (severe pre‐)eclampsia. Demographic and obstetric characteristics were noted, and blood pressure was recorded. Questionnaires were used to assess physical and mental health. The qualitative part consisted of semi‐structured interviews (SSI). A reference group consisted of women without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Results

Of 74 patients, 25 (34%) were available for follow‐up, and 24 were included. Five (20%) had suffered from (pre‐)eclampsia twice. Hypertension was more common after (pre‐)eclampsia than in the reference group (29% vs. 13%). Thirteen women (56%) had feelings of anxiety and depression, compared to 30% in the reference group. In SSIs, experiences during the index pregnancy were explored, as well as body functions, reproductive life course and limitations in daily functioning, which were shown to be long‐lasting.

Conclusions

Women who suffered from (severe pre‐)eclampsia may experience long‐term sequelae, including hypertension, depression and anxiety. Women lack information about their condition, and some are worried to conceive again. To address their specific needs, a strategy along the continuum of care is needed for women following a complicated pregnancy, starting with a late postnatal care visit 6 weeks after giving birth.
In, out, or somewhere else entirely: Going beyond binary constructions of the closet in the lives of LGBTQ people from a Muslim background living in Brussels
Authors: Boussalem Alessandro
Published: November 2020

This paper analyses and critically discusses experiences and narratives of sexuality disclosure and concealment of LGBTQ people from a Muslim background living in Brussels. Elaborating on queer of colour critiques to the normativity charted by coming out discourses, this paper argues for the unpacking and deconstruction of the binary and linear trajectory from “in” to “out” of the closet to understand the experiences of LGBTQ people from a Muslim background.
Driving performance assessments for benzodiazepine receptor agonist–related impairment: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Murphy Andrea L. , Peltekian Sophie M. , Helwig Melissa , Macdonald Marilyn , Martin-Misener Ruth , Saini Bandana , Neyedli Heather , Giacomantonio Chris , Gardner David M.
Published: November 2020

Objective:

The objective of this scoping review is to identify, map, and characterize the evidence for assessments that measure driving performance in people taking benzodiazepine receptor agonists.

Introduction:

Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs are widely prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders and insomnia even though they are not recommended as an initial treatment for these indications. Benzodiazepine and Z-drug use is associated with an elevated risk of traffic accidents, and guidance documents instruct patients to consult with their health care providers for instructions on how to safely operate a motor vehicle while consuming these medications. However, little is known about the assessments that measure driving performance regarding the extent and length of impairment from the consumption of the individual benzodiazepines and Z-drugs.

Inclusion criteria:

Eligible studies will include participants who are new, intermittent, or chronic users of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs. No exclusions will be applied regarding the health status of participants or whether their benzodiazepine and Z-drug use is for an approved indication as indicated by government agencies (eg, Health Canada) or practice guidelines. Studies that examine the consumption of a benzodiazepine and Z-drug in association with the operation of a motor vehicle (real or simulated) with direct or indirect objective or standard subjective measures or indicators of impairment while operating a motor vehicle will be considered.

Methods:

Embase (Elsevier), MEDLINE (Ovid), and PsycINFO (EBSCO) will be searched as sources of published studies. Only studies published in English will be included, and there will be no limit on dates of publication. After screening the titles and abstracts of identified citations, two independent reviewers will retrieve potentially relevant full-text studies and extract data. Data will be presented in diagrammatic or tabular form accompanied by a narrative summary.
Oligodendrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles as antigen-specific therapy for autoimmune neuroinflammation in mice
Authors: Casella Giacomo , Rasouli Javad , Boehm Alexandra , Zhang Weifeng , Xiao Dan , Ishikawa Larissa Lumi Watanabe , Thome Rodolfo , Li Xing , Hwang Daniel , Porazzi Patrizia , Molugu Sudheer , Tang Hsin-Yao , Zhang Guang-Xian , Ciric Bogoljub , Rostami Abdolmohamad
Published: November 2020

Extracellular vesicles from oligodendrocytes restore antigen-specific immune tolerance in mice models of multiple sclerosis.
Prevalence and risk factors of myopic maculopathy: a cross-sectional study in Han and Uygur adults in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Chen Ting , Ma Jin , Shan Guang-Liang , Pa Lize , Ding Lin , Pan Li , Ke Limujiang , Mu Hebuli , Ya Senjiang , Tao Ning , Dong Fen , Wang Ke , Zhong Yong
Published: November 2020

Objectives

To estimate the prevalence, ethnic differences and associated risk factors of myopic maculopathy in Han and Uygur adults in Xinjiang, China.

Design and setting

A cross-sectional study with multistage, stratified cluster sampling method was conducted in Xinjiang, China.

Participants

A total of 4023 Han and Uygur participants aged 40 years and older were eligible for the study.

Outcome measures

The association between myopic maculopathy and its risk factors was screened using the generalised estimating equation (GEE) model. We also investigated whether ethnic differences exist between Han and Uygur populations affected by myopic maculopathy. Myopic maculopathy was defined in accordance with International Photographic Classification and Grading System for Myopic Maculopathy.

Results

A total of 3044 subjects (5946 eyes) were included in our study (1736 Han and 1308 Uygur individuals). The participants consisted of 1256 (41.3%) men and 1788 (58.7%) women. The average age was 52.2±9.4 years, and the mean spherical equivalent (SE) was −0.18±2.31 dioptre (D). Myopic maculopathy was detected in 198 eyes of 138 participants. The age-adjusted prevalence of myopic maculopathy reached 5.8% (95% CI 4.8 to 6.8). In the GEE model, myopic maculopathy was significantly associated with old age (per year; OR: 1.16; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.19; p<0.001) and myopic SE (per −1 D; OR: 1.48; 95% CI 1.40 to 1.56; p<0.001). No ethnic differences were detected between Han (98, 5.7%) and Uygur population (40, 3.1%) in terms of the prevalence of myopic maculopathy (OR=0.89; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.48; p=0.64). Neither urbanisation (p=0.38) nor the level of education (p=0.92) was associated with myopic maculopathy.

Conclusions

A high age-adjusted prevalence of myopic maculopathy was observed in Han and Uygur populations in Xinjiang, China. Old age and high degree of myopic refraction were independent risk factors for myopic maculopathy. No ethnic differences were detected in Han and Uygur populations affected by myopic maculopathy.
Psychotherapy versus treatment as usual and other control interventions in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: a protocol for systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis
Authors: Rashid Rajeeb , Condon Laura , Gluud Christian , Jakobsen Janus C , Lindschou Jane , Lissau Inge
Published: November 2020

Introduction

The prevalence of children with overweight and obesity is increasing worldwide. Multicomponent interventions incorporating diet, physical activity and behavioural change have shown limited improvement to body mass index (BMI). However, the impact of psychotherapy is poorly explored. This systematic review aims to assess the effects of psychotherapeutic approaches for children with all degrees of overweight.

Methods and analysis

We will include randomised clinical trials involving children and adolescents between 0 and 18 years with overweight and obesity, irrespective of publication type, year, status or language up to April 2020. Psychotherapy will be compared with no intervention; wait list control; treatment as usual; sham psychotherapy or pharmaceutical placebo. The following databases will be searched: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL and LILACS. Primary outcomes will be BMI z-score, quality of life measured by a validated scale and proportion of patients with serious adverse events. Secondary outcomes will be body weight, self-esteem, anxiety, depression and proportion of patients with non-serious adverse events. Exploratory outcomes will be body fat, muscle mass and serious adverse events. Study inclusion, data extraction and bias risk assessments will be conducted independently by at least two authors. We will assess risk of bias according to Cochrane guidelines and the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care guidance. We will use meta-analysis and control risks of random errors with Trial Sequential Analysis. The quality of the evidence will be assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Tool. The systematic review will be reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Cochrane guidelines.

Ethics and dissemination

As individual patient data will not be included, we do not require ethics approval. This review will be published in a peer review journal.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42018086458.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of PET/CT surveillance imaging to detect systemic recurrence in resected stage III melanoma: study protocol
Authors: Dieng Mbathio , Khanna Nikita , Nguyen Mai Thi Hoang , Turner Robin , Lord Sarah J , Menzies Alexander M , Allen Jay , Saw Robyn , Nieweg Omgo E , Thompson John , Morton Rachael L
Published: November 2020

Introduction

In the new era of effective systemic therapies for advanced melanoma, early detection of lower volume recurrent disease using surveillance imaging can improve survival. However, intensive imaging follow-up strategies are likely to increase costs to health systems and may pose risks to patients. The objective of this study is to estimate from the Australian health system perspective the cost-effectiveness of four follow-up strategies in resected stage III melanoma over a 5-year period following surgical treatment with curative intent.

Methods and analysis

A decision-analytic model will be built to estimate the costs and benefits of (1) 12 monthly, (2) 6 monthly, (3) 3–4 monthly positron emission tomography/CT imaging for 5 years, compared with (4) no imaging follow-up. The model will be populated with probabilities of disease recurrence, test performance measures using data from >1000 consecutive resected stage III melanoma patients from Melanoma Institute Australia diagnosed between 2000 and 2017. Healthcare resource use, including surveillance imaging, doctor’s visits, subsequent tests and procedures to investigate suspicious findings, will be quantified from detailed patient records and valued using Australian reference pricing. Economic outcomes include cost per new distant melanoma recurrence detected and cost per diagnostic error avoided, for no imaging compared with the other strategies.

Deterministic sensitivity analyses will examine the robustness of model results.

Ethics and dissemination

This study was approved by the Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Local Health District Ethics Review Committee (RPAH Zone), AU/1/830638 and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (EO2019-1-454). The results of this study will be published in peer-reviewed medical and health economics journals and will inform melanoma management guidelines.