bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Somatic symptoms beyond those generally associated with a whiplash injury are increased in self-reported chronic whiplash. A population-based cross sectional study: the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK)
Authors: Myrtveit Solbjørg Makalani , Skogen Jens Christoffer , Wenzel Hanne Gro , Mykletun Arnstein
Published: August 2012

Background

Chronic whiplash leads to considerable patient suffering and substantial societal costs. There are two competing hypothesis on the etiology of chronic whiplash. The traditional organic hypothesis considers chronic whiplash and related symptoms a result of a specific injury. In opposition is the hypothesis that chronic whiplash is a functional somatic syndrome, and related symptoms a result of society-induced expectations and amplification of symptoms.

According to both hypotheses, patients reporting chronic whiplash are expected to have more neck pain, headache and symptoms of anxiety and depression than the general population. Increased prevalence of somatic symptoms beyond those directly related to a whiplash neck injury is less investigated.

The aim of this study was to test an implication derived from the functional hypothesis: Is the prevalence of somatic symptoms as seen in somatization disorder, beyond symptoms related to a whiplash neck injury, increased in individuals self-reporting chronic whiplash? We further aimed to explore recall bias by comparing the symptom profile displayed by individuals self-reporting chronic whiplash to that among those self-reporting a non-functional injury: fractures of the hand or wrist. We explored symptom load, etiologic origin could not be investigated in this study.

Methods

Data from the Norwegian population-based “Hordaland Health Study” (HUSK, 1997–99); N = 13,986 was employed. Chronic whiplash was self-reported by 403 individuals and fractures by 1,746. Somatization tendency was measured using a list of 17 somatic symptoms arising from different body parts and organ systems, derived from the research criteria for somatization disorder (ICD-10, F45).

Results

Chronic whiplash was associated with an increased level of all 17 somatic symptoms investigated (p<0.05). The association was moderately strong (group difference of 0.60 standard deviation), only partly accounted for by confounding. For self-reported fractures symptoms were only slightly elevated. Recent whiplash was more commonly reported than whiplash-injury a long time ago, and the association of interest weakly increased with time since whiplash (r = 0.016, p = 0.032).

Conclusions

The increased prevalence of somatic symptoms beyond symptoms expected according to the organic injury model for chronic whiplash, challenges the standard injury model for whiplash, and is indicative evidence of chronic whiplash being a functional somatic syndrome.
Association of smoking status, cumulative smoking, duration of smoking cessation, age of starting smoking, and depression in Korean adults
Authors: Yun Woo-Jun , Shin Min-Ho , Kweon Sun-Seog , Ryu So-Yeon , Rhee Jung-Ae
Published: August 2012

Background

Many previous studies did not sufficiently control for several confounding factors that may affect the association between smoking and depression, such as socioeconomic status. We investigated the association between depression and smoking status, smoking exposure, duration of smoking cessation, and age of starting smoking while controlling for socioeconomic factors.

Methods

This study was based on a community health survey performed in Jeollanam-do, South Korea, between September and November 2009. In total, 20,084 subjects (9,118 males and 10,966 females) were included in the analysis. Information on smoking characteristics, such as smoking status, pack-years of smoking, and age of starting smoking, was collected using a standardized questionnaire. Depression was defined using the Korean CES-D score.

Results

The odds ratios (ORs) of depression were 1.35 (0.92–1.98) for former smokers and 1.77 (1.27–2.48) for current-smokers among males, and 2.67 (1.38–5.16) for former smokers and 3.72 (2.11–6.54) for current-smokers among females, after adjusting for other confounding factors. Compared to light smoking, heavy smoking was significantly associated with depression in males [OR = 3.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.42–11.14], but not in females (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.73–2.09). No significant associations between depression and age of starting smoking and duration of smoking cessation were observed among former smokers.

Conclusions

Our data demonstrate that smoking is strongly associated with depression, particularly among females. These findings suggest that depression prevention may need to be combined with smoking prevention and that different strategies may be needed for males and females.
Laparoscopic and open postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in patients with advanced testicular cancer – a single center analysis
Authors: Busch Jonas , Magheli Ahmed , Erber Barbara , Friedersdorff Frank , Hoffmann Ivan , Kempkensteffen Carsten , Weikert Steffen , Miller Kurt , Schrader Mark , Hinz Stefan
Published: August 2012

Background

The open approach represents the gold standard for postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (O-PCLND) in patients with residual testicular cancer. We analyzed laparoscopic postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (L-PCLND) and O-PCLND at our institution.

Methods

Patients underwent either L-PCLND (n = 43) or O-PCLND (n = 24). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using the Fisher exact test and Mann–Whitney U test respectively. Overall survival was evaluated with the log-rank test.

Results

Primary histology was embryonal cell carcinomas (18 patients), pure seminoma (2 cases) and mixed NSGCTs (47 patients). According to the IGCCCG patients were categorized into “good”, “intermediate” and “poor prognosis” disease in 55.2%, 14.9% and 20.8%, respectively. Median operative time for L-PCLND was 212 min and 232 min for O-PCLND (p = 0.256). Median postoperative duration of drainage and hospital stay was shorter after L-PCLND (0.0 vs. 3.5 days; p < 0.001 and 6.0 vs. 11.5 days; p = 0.002). Intraoperative complications occurred in 21.7% (L-PCLND) and 38.0% (O-PCLND) of cases with 19.5% and 28.5% of Clavien Grade III complications for L-PCLND and O-PCLND, respectively (p = 0.224). Significant blood loss (>500 ml) was almost equally distributed (8.6% vs. 14.2%: p = 0.076). No significant differences were observed for injuries of major vessels and postoperative complications (p = 0.758; p = 0.370). Tumor recurrence occurred in 8.6% following L-PCLND and in 14.2% following O-PCLND with a mean disease-free survival of 76.6 and 89.2 months, respectively. Overall survival was 83.3 and 95.0 months for L-PCNLD and O-PCLND, respectively (p = 0.447).

Conclusions

L-PCLND represents a safe surgical option for well selected patients at an experienced center.
Effects of salivary protein flow and indigenous microorganisms on initial colonization of Candida albicans in an in vivo model
Authors: Kanaguchi Norihiko , Narisawa Naoki , Ito Tatsuro , Kinoshita Yosuke , Kusumoto Yasuka , Shinozuka Osamu , Senpuku Hidenobu
Published: August 2012

Background

Candida albican s is a dimorphic fungus that is part of the commensal microbial flora of the oral cavity. When the host immune defenses are impaired or when the normal microbial flora is disturbed, C. albicans triggers recurrent infections of the oral mucosa and tongue. Recently, we produced NOD/SCID.e2f1
-/- mice that show hyposalivation, decrease of salivary protein flow, lack IgA and IgG in saliva, and have decreased NK cells. Our objective was to characterize C. albicans infection and biofilm formation in mice.

Methods

NOD/SCID.e2f1
-/- mice were used as an animal model for C. albicans infection. C. albicans yeast and hyphal forms solutions were introduced in the oral cavity after disinfection by Chlorhexidine.

Results

The numbers of C. albicans colonized and decreased in a time-dependent manner in NOD/SCID.e2f1
+/+ after inoculation. However, the colonization levels were higher in NOD/SCID.e2f1
+/+ than NOD/SCID.e2f1
-/- mice. In the mice fed 1% sucrose water before inoculation, C. albicans sample was highly contaminated by indigenous microorganisms in the oral cavity; and was not in the mice fed no sucrose water. The colonization of C. albicans was not influenced by the contamination of indigenous microorganisms. The hyphal form of C. albicans restricted the restoration of indigenous microorganisms. The decreased saliva in NOD/SCID.e2f1
-/- did not increase the colonization of C. albicans in comparison to NOD/SCID.e2f1
+/+ mice. We suggest that the receptor in saliva to C. albicans may not be sufficiently provided in the oral cavity of NOD/SCID.e2f1
-/- mice.

Conclusion

The saliva protein flow may be very important for C. albicans initial colonization, where the indigenous microorganisms do not affect colonization in the oral cavity.
Adiponectin through its biphasic serum level is a useful biomarker during transition from diastolic dysfunction to systolic dysfunction - an experimental study
Authors: Fu Mingqiang , Zhou Jingmin , Qian Juying , Jin Xuejuan , Zhu Hongmin , Zhong Chunlin , Fu Michael , Zou Yunzeng , Ge Junbo
Published: August 2012

Background

Adiponectin is reported to relate with cardiovascular diseases, we sought to examine whether adiponectin is associated with disease progression of heart failure from hypertension in rats in comparison with other known biomarkers and echocardiographic parameters. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, n = 35), aged 1 month, were used and followed up to 18 months. High frequency echocardiography was performed both at baseline and every 3 months thereafter. Moreover, serum levels of N-terminal pro-natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as serum level and tissue expression of adiponectin were determined at the same time as echocardiography.

Results

The results clearly demonstrated time-dependent progression of hypertension and heart dysfunction as evidenced by gradually increased left ventricular mass index, NT-proBNP, IL-6 as well as gradually decreased cardiac function as assessed by echocardiography. Meanwhile, tissue and serum adiponectin decreased from 3 months and reached plateau until 12 months in parallel with decreasing of cardiac diastolic function. Thereafter, adiponectin levels increased prior to occurrence of systolic dysfunction. Adiponectin concentration is inversely related with NT-proBNP, IL-6 and E/E′ (correlation coefficient (r) = −0.756 for NT-proBNP, p < 0.001, -0.635 for IL-6, p = 0.002, and −0.626 for E/E′, p = 0.002, respectively) while positively correlated with E/A and E′/A′ (r = 0.683 for E/A, p = 0.001, 0.671 for E′/A′, p = 0.001, respectively). No difference for adiponectin distribution among visceral adipose tissues was found.

Conclusion

Adiponectin through its biphasic serum level is a useful biomarker during transition from diastolic dysfunction to systolic dysfunction.
Outpatient management of severe early OHSS by administration of GnRH antagonist in the luteal phase: an observational cohort study
Authors: Lainas George T , Kolibianakis Efstratios M , Sfontouris Ioannis A , Zorzovilis Ioannis Z , Petsas George K , Tarlatzi Theoni B , Tarlatzis Basil C , Lainas Trifon G
Published: August 2012

Background

Management of established severe OHSS requires prolonged hospitalization, occasionally in intensive care units, accompanied by multiple ascites punctures, correction of intravascular fluid volume and electrolyte imbalance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether it is feasible to manage women with severe OHSS as outpatients by treating them with GnRH antagonists in the luteal phase.

Methods

This is a single-centre, prospective, observational, cohort study. Forty patients diagnosed with severe OHSS, five days post oocyte retrieval, were managed as outpatients after administration of GnRH antagonist (0.25 mg) daily from days 5 to 8 post oocyte retrieval, combined with cryopreservation of all embryos. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients with severe OHSS, in whom outpatient management was not feasible.

Results

11.3% (95% CI 8.3%-15.0%) of patients (40/353) developed severe early OHSS. None of the 40 patients required hospitalization following luteal antagonist administration and embryo cryopreservation. Ovarian volume, ascites, hematocrit, WBC, serum oestradiol and progesterone decreased significantly (P < 0.001) by the end of the monitoring period, indicating rapid resolution of severe OHSS.

Conclusions

The current study suggests, for the first time, that successful outpatient management of severe OHSS with antagonist treatment in the luteal phase is feasible and is associated with rapid regression of the syndrome, challenging the dogma of inpatient management. The proposed management is a flexible approach that minimizes unnecessary embryo transfer cancellations in the majority (88.7%) of high risk for OHSS patients.
Prognostic relevance of melanoma antigen D1 expression in colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Zeng Zhao-lei , Wu Wen-jing , Yang Jing , Tang Zhen-jie , Chen Dong-liang , Qiu Miao-zhen , Luo Hui-yan , Wang Zhi-qiang , Jin Ying , Wang De-shen , Xu Rui-hua
Published: August 2012

Background

Melanoma antigen D1 (MAGED1) is a member of the type II melanoma antigen (MAGE) family. The down-regulation of MAGED1 expression has been shown in breast carcinoma cell lines and in glioma stem cells and may play an important role in apoptosis and anti-tumorigenesis. However, there is no report on its clinical role in colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods

We examined the expression of MAGED1 by qPCR in colorectal cancer tissues and their adjacent non-tumorous tissues taken from 6 cases and performed Western blotting and IHC analyses. In addition, we analyzed MAGED1 expression in 285 clinicopathologically characterized colorectal cancer patients.

Results

MAGED1 expression was significantly down-regulated in colorectal cancer tissues compared with adjacent non-tumorous tissues and was associated with clinical stage (p < 0.001), T classification (p = 0.001), N classification (p < 0.001), M classification (p < 0.001) and pathologic differentiation (p = 0.002). Patients with lower MAGED1 expression had a shorter survival time than those with higher MAGED1 expression. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that MAGED1 expression was an independent prognostic factors (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

MAGED1 may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker of human colorectal cancer.
Can misfit dislocations be located above the interface of InAs/GaAs (001) epitaxial quantum dots?
Authors: Chen Zi-Bin , Lei Wen , Chen Bin , Wang Yan-Bo , Liao Xiao-Zhou , Tan Hoe H , Zou Jin , Ringer Simon P , Jagadish Chennupati
Published: August 2012

InAs/GaAs(001) quantum dots grown by droplet epitaxy were investigated using electron microscopy. Misfit dislocations in relaxed InAs/GaAs(001) islands were found to be located approximately 2 nm above the crystalline sample surface, which provides an impression that the misfit dislocations did not form at the island/substrate interface. However, detailed microscopy data analysis indicates that the observation is in fact an artefact caused by the surface oxidation of the material that resulted in substrate surface moving down about 2 nm. As such, caution is needed in explaining the observed interfacial structure.
Common fixed points and best proximity points of two cyclic self-mappings
Authors: De la Sen M , Agarwal RP
Published: August 2012

This paper discusses three contractive conditions for two 2-cyclic self-mappings defined on the union of two nonempty subsets of a metric space to itself. Such self-mappings are not assumed to commute. The properties of convergence of distances to the distance between such sets are investigated. The presence and uniqueness of common fixed points for the two self-mappings and the composite mapping are discussed for the case when such sets are nonempty and intersect. If the space is uniformly convex and the subsets are nonempty, closed and convex, then the iterates of points obtained through the self-mapping converge to unique best proximity points in each of the subsets. Those best proximity points coincide with the fixed point if such sets intersect.
Efficient shift-variant image restoration using deformable filtering (Part II): PSF field estimation
Authors: Miraut David , Ballé Johannes , Portilla Javier
Published: August 2012

We present a two-step technique for estimating the point spread function (PSF) field from a single star field image affected by shift-variant (SV) blur. The first step estimates the best-fitting PSF for each block of an overlapping block grid. We propose a local image model consisting of a pattern (the PSF) being replicated at arbitrary locations and with arbitrary weights. We follow an efficient alternate marginal optimization approach for estimating (1) the most likely pattern, and (2) the locations where it appears in the block, with sub-pixel accuracy. The second step uses linear dimensionality reduction and nonlinear spatial filtering for estimating the entire PSF field from the grid of local PSF estimates. We simulate SV blur on realistic synthetic star fields to assess the accuracy of the method for this kind of images, for different blurs, star densities, and Poisson counts. The results indicate a moderately low error and very robust behavior against noise and artifacts. We also apply our method to real astronomical images, and demonstrate that the method provides relevant information about the underlying structure of the actual telescope and atmosphere PSF fields. We use a variant of the method proposed in Part I to compensate for the observed blur.
IL-7Rα and L-selectin, but not CD103 or CD34, are required for murine peanut-induced anaphylaxis
Authors: Maltby Steven , DeBruin Erin J , Bennett Jami , Gold Matthew J , Tunis Matthew C , Jian Zhiqi , Marshall Jean S , McNagny Kelly M
Published: August 2012

Background

Allergy to peanuts results in severe anaphylactic responses in affected individuals, and has dramatic effects on society and public policy. Despite the health impacts of peanut-induced anaphylaxis (PIA), relatively little is known about immune mechanisms underlying the disease. Using a mouse model of PIA, we evaluated mice with deletions in four distinct immune molecules (IL7Rα, L-selectin, CD34, CD103), for perturbed responses.

Methods

PIA was induced by intragastric sensitization with peanut antigen and cholera toxin adjuvant, followed by intraperitoneal challenge with crude peanut extract (CPE). Disease outcome was assessed by monitoring body temperature, clinical symptoms, and serum histamine levels. Resistant mice were evaluated for total and antigen specific serum IgE, as well as susceptibility to passive systemic anaphylaxis.

Results

PIA responses were dramatically reduced in IL7Rα−/−and L-selectin−/−mice, despite normal peanut-specific IgE production and susceptibility to passive systemic anaphylaxis. In contrast, CD34−/−and CD103−/−mice exhibited robust PIA responses, indistinguishable from wild type controls.

Conclusions

Loss of L-selectin or IL7Rα function is sufficient to impair PIA, while CD34 or CD103 ablation has no effect on disease severity. More broadly, our findings suggest that future food allergy interventions should focus on disrupting sensitization to food allergens and limiting antigen-specific late-phase responses. Conversely, therapies targeting immune cell migration following antigen challenge are unlikely to have significant benefits, particularly considering the rapid kinetics of PIA.
Reproduction in porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) seropositive gilts inseminated with PCV2b spiked semen
Authors: Sarli Giuseppe , Morandi Federico , Panarese Serena , Bacci Barbara , Ferrara Domenico , Bianco Carlo , Fusaro Laura , Bacci Maria Laura , Galeati Giovanna , Dottori Michele , Bonilauri Paolo , Lelli Davide , Leotti Giorgio , Vila Thais , Joisel Francois , Allan Gordon , Benazzi Cinzia , Ostanello Fabio
Published: August 2012

Background

Since 1999, field evidence of transplacental infection by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and reproductive failure has been reported in pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathological consequences of PCV2 infection in conventional PCV2-seropositive gilts by insemination with PCV2b-spiked semen.

Results

Six PCV2 seropositive gilts were inseminated with PCV2b-supplemented semen (infected) and three animals with semen and cell culture medium (controls). Only three out of the six infected animals were pregnant by ultrasonography on day 29 after insemination, while two out of the three controls were pregnant. One control gilt aborted on day 23 after insemination but not due to PVC2. Viraemia was demonstrated in four out of six infected and in one control gilt that became infected with PCV2a. Anti-PCV2 antibody titres showed dynamic variations in the infected group throughout the study. Among infected gilts, the animal with the lowest anti-PCV2 titre (1/100) at the beginning of the experiment and another that reached a similar low value during the experiment showed evident seroconversion over time and had also PCV2 positive foetuses. One placenta displayed mild focal necrosis of the chorionic epithelium positively stained by immunohistochemistry for PCV2 antigen.

Conclusions

PCV2-seropositive gilts can be infected with PCV2 after intrauterine exposure and low maternal antibody titre may increase the probability of a foetal infection.
Integrated network analysis reveals a novel role for the cell cycle in 2009 pandemic influenza virus-induced inflammation in macaque lungs
Authors: Shoemaker Jason E , Fukuyama Satoshi , Eisfeld Amie J , Muramoto Yukiko , Watanabe Shinji , Watanabe Tokiko , Matsuoka Yukiko , Kitano Hiroaki , Kawaoka Yoshihiro
Published: August 2012

Background

Annually, influenza A viruses circulate the world causing wide-spread sickness, economic loss, and death. One way to better defend against influenza virus-induced disease may be to develop novel host-based therapies, targeted at mitigating viral pathogenesis through the management of virus-dysregulated host functions. However, mechanisms that govern aberrant host responses to influenza virus infection remain incompletely understood. We previously showed that the pandemic H1N1 virus influenza A/California/04/2009 (H1N1; CA04) has enhanced pathogenicity in the lungs of cynomolgus macaques relative to a seasonal influenza virus isolate (A/Kawasaki/UTK-4/2009 (H1N1; KUTK4)).

Results

Here, we used microarrays to identify host gene sequences that were highly differentially expressed (DE) in CA04-infected macaque lungs, and we employed a novel strategy – combining functional and pathway enrichment analyses, transcription factor binding site enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction data – to create a CA04 differentially regulated host response network. This network describes enhanced viral RNA sensing, immune cell signaling and cell cycle arrest in CA04-infected lungs, and highlights a novel, putative role for the MYC-associated zinc finger (MAZ) transcription factor in regulating these processes.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the enhanced pathology is the result of a prolonged immune response, despite successful virus clearance. Most interesting, we identify a mechanism which normally suppresses immune cell signaling and inflammation is ineffective in the pH1N1 virus infection; a dyregulatory event also associated with arthritis. This dysregulation offers several opportunities for developing strain-independent, immunomodulatory therapies to protect against future pandemics.
Mar, a MITE family of hAT transposons in Drosophila
Authors: Deprá Maríndia , Ludwig Adriana , Valente Vera LS , Loreto Elgion LS
Published: August 2012

Background

Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are short, nonautonomous DNA elements flanked by subterminal or terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) with no coding capacity. MITEs were originally recognized as important components of plant genomes, where they can attain extremely high copy numbers, and are also found in several animal genomes, including mosquitoes, fish and humans. So far, few MITEs have been described in Drosophila.

Results

Herein we describe the distribution and evolution of Mar, a MITE family of hAT transposons, in Drosophilidae species. In silico searches and PCR screening showed that Mar distribution is restricted to the willistoni subgroup of the Drosophila species, and a phylogenetic analysis of Mar indicates that this element may have originated prior to the diversification of these species. Most of the Mar copies in D. willistoni present conserved target site duplications and TIRs, indicating recent mobilization of these sequences. We also identified relic copies of potentially full-length Mar transposon in D. tropicalis and D. willistoni. The phylogenetic relationship among transposases from the putative full-length Mar and other hAT superfamily elements revealed that Mar is placed into the recently determined Buster group of hAT transposons.

Conclusion

On the basis of the obtained data, we can suggest that the origin of these Mar MITEs occurred before the subgroup willistoni speciation, which started about 5.7 Mya. The Mar relic transposase existence indicates that these MITEs originated by internal deletions and suggests that the full-length transposon was recently functional in D. willistoni, promoting Mar MITEs mobilization.
An in planta, Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression method for inducing gene silencing in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves
Authors: Andrieu Aurélie , Breitler Jean Christophe , Siré Christelle , Meynard Donaldo , Gantet Pascal , Guiderdoni Emmanuel
Published: August 2012

Background

Localized introduction and transient expression of T-DNA constructs mediated by agro-infiltration of leaf tissues has been largely used in dicot plants for analyzing the transitivity and the cell-to cell movement of the RNAi signal. In cereals, however, the morphology of the leaf and particularly the structure of the leaf epidermis, prevent infiltration of a bacterial suspension in cells by simple pressure, a method otherwise successful in dicots leaves. This study aimed at establishing a rapid method for the functional analysis of rice genes based on the triggering of RNA interference (RNAi) following Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation of leaves.

Results

Using an agro-infection protocol combining a wound treatment and a surfactant, we were able to obtain in a reliable manner transient expression of a T-DNA-borne uidA gene in leaf cells of japonica and indica rice cultivars. Using this protocol to transiently inhibit gene expression in leaf cells, we introduced hairpin RNA (hpRNA) T-DNA constructs containing gene specific tags of the phytoene desaturase (OsPDS) and of the SLENDER 1 (OsSLR1) genes previously proven to trigger RNAi of target genes in stable transformants. SiRNA accumulation was observed in the agro-infected leaf area for both constructs indicating successful triggering of the silencing signal. Accumulation of secondary siRNA was observed in both stably and transiently transformed leaf tissues expressing the HpRNA OsSLR1 construct. Gene silencing signalling was investigated in monitoring the parallel time course of OsPDS-derived mRNA and siRNA accumulation in the agro-infiltrated leaf area and adjacent systemic sectors. The sensitive RT-Q-PCR method evidenced a consistent, parallel decrease of OsPDS transcripts in both the agroinfiltred and adjacent tissues, with a time lag for the latter.

Conclusions

These results indicate that the method is efficient at inducing gene silencing in the agro-infected leaf area. The transfer of low amounts of siRNA, probably occurring passively through the symplastic pathway from the agro-infected area, seemed sufficient to trigger degradation of target transcripts in the adjacent tissues. This method is therefore well suited to study the cell-to-cell movement of the silencing signal in a monocot plant and further test the functionality of natural and artificial miRNA expression constructs.
Review of underground coal gasification technologies and carbon capture
Authors: Self Stuart J , Reddy Bale V , Rosen Marc A
Published: August 2012

It is thought that the world coal reserve is close to 150 years, which only includes recoverable reserves using conventional techniques. Mining is the typical method of extracting coal, but it has been estimated that only 15% to 20% of the total coal resources can be recovered in this manner. If unrecoverable coal is considered in the reserves, the lifetime of this resource would be greatly extended, by perhaps a couple hundred years. Mining involves a large amount of time, resources, and personnel and contains many challenges such as drastic changes in landscapes, high machinery costs, elevated risk to personnel, and post-extraction transport. A new type of coal extraction method, known as underground coal gasification (UCG), that addresses most of the problems of coal mining is being investigated and implemented globally. UCG is a gasification process applied to in situ coal seams. UCG is very similar to aboveground gasification where syngas is produced through the same chemical reactions that occur in surface gasifiers. UCG has a large potential for providing a clean energy source through carbon capture and storage techniques and offers a unique option for CO2 storage. This paper reviews key concepts and technologies of underground coal gasification, providing insights into this developing coal conversion method.
Solid waste as renewable source of energy: current and future possibility in Algeria
Authors: Eddine Boukelia Taqiy , Salah Mecibah Med
Published: August 2012

Algeria has created a green momentum by launching an ambitious program to develop renewable energies and promote energy efficiency. Solid waste is one of most important sources of biomass potential in Algeria, which can be used as renewable energy sources.

With economic development and the evolution of population, the quantity of solid waste is increasing rapidly in Algeria; according to the National Cadastre for Solid Waste Generation, the overall generation of municipal solid waste was more than 10.3 million tons per year, and the amount of industrial solid waste, including non-hazardous and inert industrial waste was 2,547,000 tons per year, with a stock quantity of 4,483,500 tons. The hazardous waste generated amounts to 325,100 tons per year; the quantities of waste in stock and awaiting a disposal solution amount to 2,008,500 tons. Healthcare waste reaches to 125,000 tons per year.

The management of solid waste and its valorization is based on the understanding of solid waste composition by its categories and physicochemical characteristics. Elimination is the solution applied to 97% of waste produced in Algeria. Wastes are disposed in the following ways: open dumps (57%), burned in the open air in public dumps or municipal uncontrolled ones (30%), and controlled dumps and landfill (10%). On the other side, the quantities destined for recovery are too low: only 2% for recycling and 1% for composting.

Waste to energy is very attractive option for elimination solid waste with energy recovery. In this paper, we give an overview for this technology, including its conversion options and its useful products (such as electricity, heat and transportation fuel), and waste to energy-related environmental issues and its challenges.
Vernalization – a cold-induced epigenetic switch
Authors: Song Jie , Angel Andrew , Howard Martin , Dean Caroline
Published: August 2012

Growth and development are modulated by environmental signals in many organisms. These signals are often perceived at one stage and ‘remembered’ until later in development. An increasingly well-understood example of this process in plants is provided by vernalization, which refers to the acquisition of the ability to flower after prolonged exposure to cold. In Arabidopsis thaliana, vernalization involves downregulation and epigenetic silencing of the gene encoding the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). This epigenetic silencing is quantitative and increases with the duration of exposure to cold. Vernalization involves a Polycomb-based switching mechanism, with localized nucleation of silencing during periods of cold, and spreading of the silencing complex over the whole gene after the exposure to cold. A number of characteristics of vernalization have recently been elaborated on through the use of mathematical modelling. This has revealed the importance of chromatin dynamics for the switching mechanism and has shown that the quantitative nature of the process is due to cell-autonomous switching of an increasing proportion of cells. The principles derived from vernalization are likely to be widely relevant to epigenetic reprogramming in many organisms.
The in vivo function of mammalian cell and tissue polarity regulators – how to shape and maintain the epidermal barrier
Authors: Niessen Michaela T. , Iden Sandra , Niessen Carien M.
Published: August 2012

The establishment and maintenance of cell and tissue polarity is crucial for a range of biological processes, such as oriented division, migration, adhesion and barrier function. The molecular pathways that regulate cell and tissue polarity have been extensively studied in lower organisms as well as in mammalian cell culture. By contrast, relatively little is still known about how polarization regulates the in vivo formation and homeostasis of mammalian tissues. Several recent papers have identified crucial roles for mammalian polarity proteins in a range of in vivo processes, including stem cell behavior, cell fate determination, junction formation and maintenance and organ development. Using the epidermis of the skin as a model system, this Commentary aims to discuss the in vivo significance of cell and tissue polarity in the regulation of mammalian tissue morphogenesis, homeostasis and disease. Specifically, we discuss the mechanisms by which the molecular players previously identified to determine polarity in vitro and/or in lower organisms regulate epidermal stratification; orient cell division to drive cell fate determination within the epidermal lineage; and orient hair follicles. We also describe how altered polarity signaling contributes to skin cancer.
Structure and function of endosomes in plant cells
Authors: Contento Anthony L. , Bassham Diane C.
Published: August 2012

Endosomes are a heterogeneous collection of organelles that function in the sorting and delivery of internalized material from the cell surface and the transport of materials from the Golgi to the lysosome or vacuole. Plant endosomes have some unique features, with an organization distinct from that of yeast or animal cells. Two clearly defined endosomal compartments have been studied in plant cells, the trans-Golgi network (equivalent to the early endosome) and the multivesicular body (equivalent to the late endosome), with additional endosome types (recycling endosome, late prevacuolar compartment) also a possibility. A model has been proposed in which the trans-Golgi network matures into a multivesicular body, which then fuses with the vacuole to release its cargo. In addition to basic trafficking functions, endosomes in plant cells are known to function in maintenance of cell polarity by polar localization of hormone transporters and in signaling pathways after internalization of ligand-bound receptors. These signaling functions are exemplified by the BRI1 brassinosteroid hormone receptor and by receptors for pathogen elicitors that activate defense responses. After endocytosis of these receptors from the plasma membrane, endosomes act as a signaling platform, thus playing an essential role in plant growth, development and defense responses. Here we describe the key features of plant endosomes and their differences from those of other organisms and discuss the role of these organelles in cell polarity and signaling pathways.
Actin nucleators in the nucleus: an emerging theme
Authors: Weston Louise , Coutts Amanda S. , La Thangue Nicholas B.
Published: August 2012

Actin is an integral component of the cytoskeleton, forming a plethora of macromolecular structures that mediate various cellular functions. The formation of such structures relies on the ability of actin monomers to associate into polymers, and this process is regulated by actin nucleation factors. These factors use monomeric actin pools at specific cellular locations, thereby permitting rapid actin filament formation when required. It has now been established that actin is also present in the nucleus, where it is implicated in chromatin remodelling and the regulation of eukaryotic gene transcription. Notably, the presence of typical actin filaments in the nucleus has not been demonstrated directly. However, studies in recent years have provided evidence for the nuclear localisation of actin nucleation factors that promote cytoplasmic actin polymerisation. Their localisation to the nucleus suggests that these proteins mediate collaboration between the cytoskeleton and the nucleus, which might be dependent on their ability to promote actin polymerisation. The nature of this cooperation remains enigmatic and it will be important to elucidate the physiological relevance of the link between cytoskeletal actin networks and nuclear events. This Commentary explores the current evidence for the nuclear roles of actin nucleation factors. Furthermore, the implication of actin-associated proteins in relaying exogenous signals to the nucleus, particularly in response to cellular stress, will be considered.
ChemoPlus Gown may Not Afford Adequate Protection; Archaic Liquid Measurement is a Factor in Medication Errors; Drainage System Has Luer Connector; Reuse of Insulin Pens; ISMP Consumer Web Site Updated
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Smetzer Judy L.
Published: August 2012

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them at your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Medication Errors Reporting Program. Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.

Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported directly to ISMP through the ISMP Web site ( www.ismp.org ), by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE, or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Rectal Bleeding and Hemostatic Disorders Induced by Dabigatran; Severe Coagulopathy Caused by Rifampicin in Patients with Sclerosing Cholangitis; Fatal Case of Adynamic Ileus following Initiation of Clozapine; Posttraumatic Memories Triggered by Donepezil in a Dose-Dependent Pattern; Risk of Natalizumab-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy; Behavioral Adverse Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs in Epilepsy; Amiodarone-Associated Optic Neuropathy; Factors Associated with Reported Preventable Adverse Drug Events
Authors: Sinister Joel
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), discuss methods of prevention, and promote reporting of ADRs to the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) MEDWATCH program (800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting, preventable ADR to MEDWATCH, please consider sharing the account with our readers.
Magnesium Sulfate (Nebulized): Acute Asthma Exacerbation (Adults)
Authors: Preston James E. , Generali Joyce A.
Published: August 2012

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to jgeneral@kumc.edu .
Can Successful Implementation of the Common Canister Program Deliver Cost Containment and Improved Infection Control?
Authors: Neel Scott , Tauman Allison
Published: August 2012

Purpose

To review considerations for implementing the common canister program in hospitals, and to encourage a careful evaluation of a substantial financial and process improvement opportunity involving the common canister program.

Background

The common canister program has not received a comprehensive evaluation in the literature. It has not been compared to traditional inhaler administration, and the potential infectious risk of the traditional patient-specific inhaler administration process has not been considered. Ten microbiologic studies examining infection risk have been performed using a common canister protocol; no studies have been published with individual inhaler administration without a spacer. The results in all 10 of the common canister microbiologic studies indicated that this program was safe for patients when a multidisciplinary approach was followed and was accompanied by hospitalwide education.

Conclusion

Because of the opportunity to reduce inhaler expenditures by 50% and the theoretical concerns of contamination from the traditional inhaler process, this program should be evaluated. Best practice requires a relative assessment of all inhaler administration models to determine the safest and most efficacious practice. It may be surprising to learn how an inhaler, after touching a patient's mouth during the individual inhaler administration process, is handled, transported, and stored by staff, and the various contaminated surfaces the inhaler contacts in the retrieval, administration, and return to storage process.
Efficacy of a Nurse-Managed Argatroban Dose-Adjustment Protocol in a University Teaching Hospital
Authors: Young Sallie K. , Riding Daniel , Antonio Michael E. , Al-Mondhiry Hamid A.
Published: August 2012

Background

Argatroban is a direct thrombin inhibitor used in the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). No study has evaluated the safety and efficacy of a nurse-managed argatroban dosing protocol.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of 151 total admissions (129 patients) in which argatroban infusions were administered before and after protocol implementation. The preprotocol and postprotocol groups consisted of 69 and 68 admissions, respectively. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they were ≥18 years old and received an argatroban drip for any reason in the 2 years prior to or following protocol implementation.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of clinically overt bleeding (primary study safety endpoint) between groups. There was no difference between groups in the primary efficacy endpoints, the mean number of partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assessments per day, and dose adjustments. The mean number of sub- and supratherapeutic aPTTs during treatment was higher in the preprotocol group when utilizing the specified range in the preprotocol group and the protocol's aPTT range (45–90 s); the preprotocol and postprotocol groups had an average of 3.4 and 1.04 subtherapeutic aPTTs, respectively ( P = .008). Similarly, the preprotocol group had an average of 4.98 supratherapeutic aPTTs, while the postprotocol group had 1.84 ( P < .001). There was no difference in duration of argatroban infusion in the preprotocol group compared to the postprotocol group with regard to duration of infusion or final infusion rate.

Conclusions

This nurse-managed argatroban adjustment protocol provides similar safety and efficacy outcomes and decreased monitoring when pre and post implementation were compared.
Ivermectin 0.5% Topical Lotion
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Demaris Kendra , Levien Terri L. , Baker Danial E.
Published: August 2012

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available on-line. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. A drug class review is now published monthly with The Formulary Monograph Service.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The September 2012 monograph topics are on mirabegron, lorca-serin, trastuzumab emtansine, canagliflozin, and lixivaptan. The DUE/MUE is on mirabegron.
Approvals, Submission, and Important Labeling Changes for US Marketed Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: August 2012

This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drugs, new indications, dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of this information; however, if there are any questions, please let me know at bakerdan@wsu.edu .
Pharmacy Residency Research Project: Tips to Complete the Project in One Year
Authors: Weber Robert J.
Published: August 2012

The Director's Forum series is designed to guide pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems. For those pharmacy directors with residency training programs, September often signifies the beginning of the residency research project, because the residents have become acclimated to their environment, their residency expectations, and the department's operations. Due to the potential complexity of the residency research project, planning and starting the project needs to begin in the first week of the residency if the goal is to complete and publish the project during the residency year. This article of the Director's Forum provides tips on completing and submitting a residency research project before the end of the residency year. In addition, this article provides the residency program director and the director of pharmacy with a timeline that, if followed, will improve the efficiency and the quality of the residency research project. The completion of a research project and its submission for peer-reviewed journal publication enhances the professional aspects of the residency program while providing the residents with life-long effective problem-solving skills.
Recent Publications on Medications and Pharmacy
Authors: Russett Flint
Published: August 2012

Hospital Pharmacy Hospital Pharmacy presents this feature to keep pharmacists abreast of new publications in the medical/pharmacy literature. Articles of interest regarding a broad scope of topics are abstracted monthly.