bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propagation of Castor Genetic Stocks by Stem Cuttings1
Authors: Stafford R. E.
Published: July 2010

Stem cuttings are a satisfactory method for propagating castor genetic stocks (Ricinus communis L.). Prolific root systems developed on cuttings treated with a commercial root‐promoting preparation and set in either sand or perlite. Cuttings with one or two nodes below the media surface and three or four nodes above the surface rooted best.
Implications of an Oat Plant with a Chimera for Reaction to Puccinia Coronata Var. Avenae1
Authors: McDaniel M. E. , Preisler F. J.
Published: July 2010

Leaves of an oat (Arena spp.) plant had sectors of tissue both near‐immune and completely susceptible to oat crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cda. var. avenae Frazer & Led.). The sectors followed the longitudinally striate leaf venation, and the line of demarcation between the bands of resistant and susceptible tissue was very distinct. The plant apparently was heterozygous for resistance, which was dominant, and the gene conditioning resistance to crown rust apparently was lost in an initial cell very early in the development of the apical meristem. The effect of the gene conditioning reaction to crown rust in the chimera plant appeared to be completely localized.
Environmental Control and Monitoring in Small, Barrierless Growth Chambers1
Authors: Raguse C. A. , Sumner D. C.
Published: July 2010

Apparatus is described which permits independent control of ambient shoot and root temperature in small pots. Temperature gradients in the root medium were dependent on distance from edge or surface of the medium and increased with increasing spread between chamber and coolant temperatures.
Nutritive Value of the Protein in High‐oil Selections in Maize1
Authors: Genter C. F. , King K. W.
Published: July 2010

Inbred lines were developed by continuous selfing and simultaneous selection for high protein and high oil content of the grain of corn (Zea mays L.). Grain of sixth generation inbred lines was analyzed and then composited to represent the four possible combinations of high and low oil and protein. A feeding trial was conducted with rats to evaluate the nutritional value of the protein of the composite samples.

Protein digestibility of all four composites was lower than that of a field maize sample included as a reference, and the protein digestibility of the two high‐protein composites was lowest of all. The protein efficiency ratio was lowest for the high‐protein — high‐oil composite. Thus, no practical improvement in the nutritive value of the protein could be determined.
Oxidation and Phosphorylation By Mitochondria Isolated From Iron‐sufficient and Iron‐deficient Corn Roots
Authors: Young Helen H. , Wallace A.
Published: July 2010

Active mitochondria were successfully isolated from roots of Fe‐deficient and Fe‐sufficient corn (Zea mays L.) plants. Citrate, DL‐isocitrate, α‐ketoglutarate, succinate, L‐malate, and NADH were oxidized by the mitochondria from either kind of corn plant. Fe‐deficient root mitochondria had decreased O2 uptake and oxidative phosphorylation as compared to those of Fe‐sufficient root mitochondria. Furthermore, mitochondrla from Fe‐deficient corn roots had a low respiratory control ratio and the O2 uptake had little response to the addition of ADP. Measurements of NADH oxidation by a spectrophotometric method showed that Fe‐deficient root mitochondria reduced the affinity between substrate and the nonheme Fe enzyme (NADH dehydrogenase).
Transgressive Segregation and the Nature of Gene Action for Yield in an Intervarietal Cross of Upland Cotton1
Authors: El‐Adl A. M. , Miller P. A.
Published: July 2010

Two inbred parental lines, their F1, and six inbred lines selected for high yield after three cycles of recurrent selection in this population were evaluated at three locations for two years. The F2 yielded 32.6% more than the midparent value and exceeded the higher parent by 13.3%. The F1 also exceeded the midparent values for several components of yield, including lint percentage, weight per boll, number of bolls per plot, lint index, and seed index.

The mean yield of the six selected lines exceeded that of the F1 by 5.5%. Each of the six lines was higher in lint yield and lint percentage than the higher parent of the original cross, which indicated that transgressive segregation for these traits had occurred.

Fifteen possible crosses among the six lines were compared with the above entries at three locations in the second year. These hybrids averaged 9.6% higher in yield than the mean of their parents. Significant heterosis was also detected for lint percentage, weight per boll, number of seed per boll, and lint index.

Estimates of general combining ability from the set of diallel crosses were significant for all traits except lint percentage, which demonstrated the importance of additive genetic effects for those traits. The variance for specific combining ability was significant only for lint percentage.
Translocation Pattern of Soybeans as Affected by Growth Substances and Maturity1
Authors: Blomquist R. V. , Kust C. A.
Published: July 2010

‘Chippewa’ soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) were planted in 38 cm rows, 8 cm apart within the row in 1968 and 1969. Two growth substances, 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid (Echrel) and N‐dimethylamine succinamic acid (Alar), were applied at the third trifoliolate leaf stage. Specific leaves of treated and non‐treated plants were fed 50 µc of 14CO2 for 5 min at four stages of maturity. Plants were harvested at 1/2 hour to one week after feeding, and radioactivity in plant parts was determined. Maturity affected translocation more than did growth substances. There were two distinct patterns of translocation. The first occurred before pods started to fill and was characterized by non‐specific transport to meristematic regions above the fed leaf. Translocation during rapid pod filling was primarily to pods at the axil of the fed leaf and at the second axil below the fed leaf. As plants approached maturity, a greater proportion of the total assimilate was translocated from the fed leaf. Growth substances did not affect the translocation pattern of soybeans. However, plants treated with Ethrel transported more 14C photosynthate to pods at the axil of the fed leaf.
Oat Varietal Differences in Root Development at Lower Leaf Nodes1
Authors: Nittler L. W.
Published: July 2010

Seedlings of oat, Avena sativa L., varieties were grown with continuous light and with a complete nutrient solution. Varieties differed significantly in percentage of plants with roots at lower leaf nodes. No ‘Clintland,’ ‘Kelsey,’ ‘Orbit,’ or ‘Russell’ plants grown at 27 ± 2 C developed roots at third leaf nodes. In contrast 95% of ‘Niagara’ and 100% of ‘Dorval’ plants developed roots at this node.
Recovery of the Recurrent Parent Phenotype During Backcrossing in Soybeans1
Authors: Wilcox J. R. , Probst A. H. , Athow K. L. , Laviolette F. A.
Published: July 2010

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines resistant and susceptible to Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. var. sojae A. A. Hildeb., selected in successive backcross generations, were evaluated for maturity, height, lodging, seed size, yield, and oil and protein content. Recovery of the phenotype of the recurrent parent was generally slower than predicted, assuming only additive genetic control of agronomic characteristics. Deviations from predicted performance were probably due to continued segregation for genes controlling the expression of these characteristics and the limited sample (4 to 8 lines) used to evaulate each generation.

Resistant selections were 3 to 6 cm taller and lodged more than susceptible selections. The shorter plant height of susceptible selections may be due to insidious infection. The increase in lodging of resistant selections may be a reflection of increased plant height or vigor due to resistance.

Implications of these results on backcross breeding of soybeans are discussed.
Herbicides in Narrow‐row Cotton Culture1
Authors: Wiese A.F. , Smith D.T.
Published: July 2010

On loamy sand soil application of several pre‐emergence herbicides followed by sprinkle irrigation or rainfall resulted in good control of a mixture of several Amaranthus (pigweed) species in narrow‐row (18 to 25 cm) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) without causing crop injury. On fine sandy loam soil preplant herbicide applications, followed by incorporation with a spike‐toothed harrow, gave good weed control without cotton injury. Deep incorporation of preplant herbicides on fine sandy loam caused cotton injury. On loam soil, shallow incorporation with a grain drill during the planting operation or deeper incorporation with a tandem disk gave good pigweed control without cotton injury. Herbicide rates required for control of pigweed in narrow‐row cotton were comparable to those required for weed control in conventional cultivated cotton on the same soil types.
Inheritance of Resistance to Chemical Defoliation in American Upland Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.1
Authors: Peacock H. A. , Hawkins B. S.
Published: July 2010

Data from S1, F1, F2, and BC1 populations treated with the defoliant, Def, indicated that resistance to chemical defoliation in Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., was controlled at a single locus. The symbol df was assigned to the gene in question. Two phenotypes were recognized in the F2 in the ratio of 3 susceptible (Df—): 1 resistant to chemical defoliation (dfdf).
Stability of Yield Performance in Triticale and Common and Durum Wheats1
Authors: Kaltsikes P. J.
Published: July 2010

Three cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) and one each of triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) and durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var. durum) were studied for their ability to yield consistently over a range of environments. This ability, as measured by the contribution of cultivars to the interaction sum of squares, was not associated with yielding ability. ‘Rosner’ triticale was less stable than ‘Hercules’ durum wheat, which in turn was less stable than ‘Manitou,’ ‘Neepawa,’ or ‘Pitic 62’ common wheat. In a second experiment with five triticale cultivars tested for 2 years over five locations, only the cultivar ✕ location ✕ year interaction was significant.
Retardation by Carboxin of Low‐Temperature Induced Discoloration in Zoysia and Bermudagrass1
Authors: Sachs Roy M. , Kingsbury Ralph W. , DeBie Jack
Published: July 2010

Carboxin, a systemic fungicide, greatly retards low temperature‐induced discoloration in zoysia and bermudagrass. Zoysia plants sprayed with 0.5 to 2% carboxin solutions retained their green color for 4 to 6 weeks at 2 to 4 C and 1800 ft‐c illumination; untreated plants became yellow‐brown under these conditions.
Caryopsis Percentage and Related Characters in Early Generations of Avena Sativa L.1
Authors: Wesenberg D. M. , Shands H. L.
Published: July 2010

Heritability estimates in the broad sense, based on F2 variances for three oat, Avena saliva L., crosses, ranged from .52 to .76 for primary caryopsis percentage. Heritability estimates for primary caryopsis percentage, primary kernel weight, and primary caryopsis weight were similar in two crosses. Heritability for caryopsis percentage was higher than heritability for kernel weight and caryopsis weight in one cross. The F1 and F2 data suggest that multiple factors influence oat caryopsis percentage and that the effects are primarily additive.
Evidence of Nonadditive Effects and Linkage in Two Hybrid Populations of Soybeans1
Authors: Croissant G. L. , Torrie James H.
Published: July 2010

Two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] crosses were studied in the F4, F5, F,6, and F7 generations followed by the F5, F6, F7, and F8 generations in 1962 and 1963, respectively. For each cross, data were obtained from 49 lines, each represented by two random plants for each generation. A split‐plot design was used to give estimates of genotypic variance and covariance based upon a hierarchical arrangement of generations. An analysis of variance of multiple regression and associated partial regression coefficients indicated that additive genetic variance was the major component of genotypic variance for all traits studied. Dominance components occurred for plant height, seed weight, and lodging, but were relatively small. Linkage components appear to be important for flowering, plant height, seed weight, and lodging.
Formononetin Levels in Subterranean Clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) as Affected by Phosphorus and Sulfur Nutrition1
Authors: Schoo H. , Rains D. W.
Published: July 2010

Effects of six rates of P and three of S on the level of the estrogenic isoflavone formononetin in ‘Dwalganup’ subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum; L.) were evaluated. With increasing rates of fertilizer P and S the concentration of formononetin in leaf blades decreased significantly (at the 1% level). The P ✕ S interaction was not statistically significant. The decrease in formononetin concentration may have resulted from a “dilution effect” and/or a decrease in isoflavone synthesis.
Breeding Hard‐Seeded Vetch Using Interspecific Hybridization1
Authors: Donnelly E. D.
Published: July 2010

Vicia sativa L. (2n = 12) and V. cordata Wulf. (2n = 10) were crossed to incorporate the gene or genes for hard seed from the latter parent into an agronomically desirable V. sativa line. The F1 was highly infertile. The F2 and succeeding generations segregated for parental and recombination types, fertility, and permeability of seedcoat. In each generation selection for hard seed resulted in an increase in frequency of plants that produced 70 to 100% hard seed. Hardseededness increased from 9% in the F2 to almost 90% in the F5 and F6. Fertility and vigor were restored in the V. sativa type by F4. Recombination types continued to segregate for percentage hard seed, plant type, and seed production through F6. V. cordata types were not selected beyond the F3 because of the small size of this parent. Many V. sativa type F6 lines were genetically stable for a high percentage hard seed and high seed yield.
Leaf Area, Dry‐Matter Production, and Carbohydrate Reserve Levels of Birdsfoot Trefoil as Influenced by Cutting Height1
Authors: Greub L. J. , Wedin W. F.
Published: July 2010

The effects of three cutting heights on residual leaf area index (LAI), leaf area development, leaf efficiency (LE), mean crop growth rate (CGR), dry‐matter (DM) yield, and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) were studied in 1‐year‐old stands of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L., cultivar ‘Empire’) in 1965 and 1966. Data were taken during an early and a late‐summer regrowth period, each of 7 weeks in length.

The 3.8‐, 7.6‐, and 11.4‐cm cutting heights resulted in minimum effective LAI values of 0.05, 0.37, and 1.10, respectively, for the early summer regrowth. After 7 weeks the net DM yields of the 7.6‐ and the 11.4‐cm treatments were similar and significantly greater than those of the 3.8‐cm treatment. The 3.8‐cm treatment removed leaf area and axillary bud sites, thereby retarding initial regrowth and leaf development. Root and crown diseases were increased in late summer by the 3.8‐cm treatment. The LE increased as stubble height decreased, and decreased over time in all treatments. The CGR values increased with increased cutting height during the first 3 weeks of early summer regrowth. Thereafter, and during the late‐summer regrowth, there was considerable week‐to‐week variation in the CGR. Except for TNC and LE, the late‐summer responses were generally similar to those for early summer, but the values were less.

TNC levels increased as residual LAI increased during both regrowth periods. In early summer the differences were small and had nearly disappeared by the 7th week. In late summer the differences were greater than those for early summer and persisted throughout the 7 weeks.
Cotton (Gossypium birsutum L.) Yield, Stand, and Bolls per Plant as Influenced by Seed Class and Row Width1
Authors: Peacock H. A. , Reid J. T. , Hawkins B. S.
Published: July 2010

Unsorted seed of ‘Deltapine 45A’ and seed separated into almost equal lots of light, medium, and heavy seed (seed classes) were planted in 102‐cm (regular) and 25‐cm (narrow) rows (row widths) at the rate of six seed per 30.5 cm.

Plants from the light seed class were taller 75 days after emergence than were plants from any other seed class regardless of row width. Lint yield was not affected by row width or seed classs. The interaction between row widths and seed classes was significant and, in regular‐width rows, plants from unsorted seed produced more lint than did plants from the heavy seed class.

Unsorted seed produced more barren plants than did other seed classes. This result was apparently due to the larger number of plants produced from the unsorted seed in narrow rows.

Unsorted, light, and medium seed classes produced more 1‐boll plants than did the heavy seed class. As plant population increased, there was an increase in the number of 1‐boll plants. Seed class had no effect on the number of 2‐boll plants; however, regular‐width rows produced significantly more 2‐boll plants than did narrow rows. The medium seed class produced fewer 3‐boll plants than other seed classes regardless of row width, and regular‐width rows produced more 3‐boll plants than did narrow rows. Due to an interaction between row width and seed class, unsorted seed produced more 3‐boll plants than the light, medium, or heavy seed class in regular‐width rows. Seed planted in regular‐width rows produced more plants with more than three bolls than in narrow rows. Under the conditions of this test there were no advantages from either seed sorting or narrow rows.
Expression of Heterosis in Sericea Lespedeza with Competitive vs Noncompetitive Plant Spacing1
Authors: Cope Will A.
Published: July 2010

Open‐pollinated and self progenies of 10 inbred lines of sericea, Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don, were grown at both wide, noncompetitive, and close, competitive, spacings. The objective was to compare estimates of heterosis for the different levels of plant competition. Plant height was measured 6 weeks after transplanting, and yields of forage and seed were taken for 2 years. The 10 inbred lines were quite different in respect to height and forage and seed production. Heterosis was estimated as the percentage by which open‐pollinated progenies of these lines exceeded self progenies within a given spacing. Average values of heterosis at close spacing greatly exceeded those at wide spacing for forage and seed yields. Estimates ranged from 4 to 18% for wide spacing and from 8 to 64% for close. The less‐vigorous inbred lines, and particularly their self progenies, tended to be suppressed at the close spacing. Combining ability for vigor was expressed to a greater degree at the close spacing, a competitive condition much more like farm conditions than the spaced‐plant nurseries of the plant breeder. The sericea breeder should be aware of the importance of progeny testing under close spacing to more accurately characterize vigor of breeding lines.
Quantitative Inheritance of Some Head and Seed Characteristics in Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]1
Authors: Fanous Mamdouh A. , Weibel Dale E. , Morrison Robert D.
Published: July 2010

Heritabilities and expected genetic advances were estimated for head length, seed‐branch length, node number per head, and 100‐seed weight in five crosses of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental correlation coefficients also were calculated.

Head length and seed‐branch length exhibited relatively large estimates of heritability and expected genetic advance in each cross. In general, high positive genotypic correlations were observed between these characters. Therefore, rapid progress should result from early generation slection for either character, which should also result in simultaneous improvement in the other character as well.

Node number per head and 100‐seed weight exhibited relatively low heritabilities and expected genetic advances. Substantial progress under early generation selection for these characters could not be expected. However, selection for longer heads should increase node number per head in four of the five crosses and 100‐seed weight in one cross, since high positive genotypic correlations were observed in those instances.
Effect of Atrazine on Physiological Processes in Leaves1
Authors: Imbamba Simeon K. , Moss Dale N.
Published: July 2010

We fed 2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino‐s‐triazine (atrazine) through the base of excised leaves of atrazine‐tolerant and ‐susceptible species. Atrazine suppressed CO2 uptake in all species. This was shown to be due primarily to inhibition of the photosynthetic reactions and only to a slight extent to the stomatal closure caused by atrazine. Atrazine did not cause stomatal closure in CO2‐free air. Atrazine inhibited photorespiration but did not inhibit oxidation of externally supplied glycolate. It had no effect on dark respiration.
Light Interception and Reflectance Measurements with Ozalid Paper1
Authors: Kanemasu E. T. , Feltner K. C. , Vesecky J. F.
Published: July 2010

Ozalid paper and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensors were used to measure the incident, transmitted, and reflected light above and below sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] canopies. Incident and reflected solar radiation fluxes were also measured. The Ozalid paper sensors that have a narrow‐band response in the blue wavelengths were greatly influenced by the spectrum of light to which they were exposed. The PAR sensors that have a quantum response were not affected by the shape of the visible spectrum. The Ozalid paper technique required a calibration curve relating the number of sheets bleached to the energy density. A comparison of the results obtained by Ozalid, PAR, and solar radiation sensors showed that significant errors were introduced when the calibration curve was obtained using the incident solar spectrum.
Low Temperature Maintains Virulence of Dry Colletotrichum Trifolii Inoculum1
Authors: Ostazeski S. A. , Campbell T. A. , Devine T. E. , Hanson C. H.
Published: July 2010

Dry Colletotrichum trifolii inoculum from alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) stored 10 months in a freezer at ‐20 C, or in a refrigerator at 7.5 C, was as virulent as freshly blended V‐8 juice agar cultures. Dry inoculum stored at 21 C was nearly avirulent at the end of 4 months.
Heterosis and Combining Ability in Southern Soft Red Winter Wheats1
Authors: Bitzer M. J. , Fu S. H.
Published: July 2010

Six southern soft red winter wheats (Triticum aestivum), ‘Andnox,’ ‘Bledsoe,’ ‘Blueboy,’ ‘Coker 67‐14,’ ‘Ga 1123,’ and ‘Hadden,’ were crossed in diallel fashion. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of these soft red winter wheats in hybrid combinations for possible commercial hybrids. The best combiners in this group might possibly be the best parents for further testing of other hybrids. Three F1 hybrids yielded significantly higher than the better parent of each respective cross. Heterosis levels exceeded 25% for grain yield, all Fl′s averaged 6, 5, 5, and 17% above the average parent values for number of spikes, kernel weight, kernels per spike, and grain yield, respectively. General combining ability was the major component of variation. All grain quality characters were slightly improved in the F1 hybrid. Blueboy was the best general combiner in this group of parents.
Growth Studies of the Sugarcane Plant. II. Some Effects of Root Temperature and Gibberellic Acid and Their Interactions on Growth1
Authors: Mongelard J. C. , Mimura L.
Published: July 2010

Three‐month‐old sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) plants were raised from single‐eye cuttings and grown in aerated nutrient solution for an additional 28 days at an air temperature fluctuating between 21.5 C (night) and 30.5 C (day). The nutrient solutions in which the roots were immersed were kept at eight different temperatures ranging from 12.5 C to 33.5 C. Half the number of plants in each temperature treatment were treated weekly with gibberellic acid (GA). The GA (100 µg) was applied in 0.1 ml of water per plant in the folded leaves above the top visible dewlap.

A loss in mean dry weight of the plants at a root temperature of 12.5 C indicated a higher respiratory than photosynthetic activity. Above 15.5 C an increase in root temperature resulted in an almost linear increase in dry matter production up to 30.5 C. The effect of GA on dry matter production was more pronounced at 18.5 C than at 27.5 C to 30.5 C. There was very little response to GA application at intermediate temperatures. Tiller production was reduced by root temperature below 24.5 C, above which there was an increase in the mean number and mean dry weight of tillers with increasing temperature. GA caused a reduction in tiller dry weight at 27.5 C; however, the effect decreased above that temperature.

It is suggested that GA production in the roots, or translocation from the roots, or both, are inhibited by root temperatures below 18.5 C, which would explain the high response to applied GA at 18.5 C. At temperatures of 27.5 C and 30.5 C a positive response to exogenous GA might be the result of depletion, through consumption of endogenous GA due to the rapid growth rate of the plants at these temperatures. The growth of the GA‐treated plants was maximum at a root temperature of 30.5 C under the conditions of the experiment. for the control plants maximum growth was attained at the root temperature of 33.5 C. However, the maximum response to GA, compared to the controls at the same temperature, occured at 18.5 C.
Germination of Grass Seed as Influenced by Storage Condition1
Authors: Canode C. L.
Published: July 2010

Normal and hulled seed of six cool‐season grasses were stored for 10 years under three storage conditions. Normal seeds of intermediate wheatgrass [Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv.], tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius L. Presl.), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were not reduced in germination when stored for 10 years at 5 C and 40% relative humidity (cold‐dry). Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) lost 5 and 17% germination under this storage condition. Warm‐dry and cool‐moist storage reduced the germination of normal seed of meadow foxtail by 2 and 6% and timothy by 11 and 19%, respectively. These less favorable storage conditions greatly reduced germination of the other four species. Hulled seed of Orchardgrass and tall oatgrass maintained high germination after 10 years of storage when stored under cold‐dry conditions.
Susceptibility of Tall Fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., to Crown Rust1
Authors: Berry Charles D. , Gudauskas Robert T.
Published: July 2010

Factors affecting infectivity of urediospores of Puccinia coronata Corda. var. coronata were determined to develop procedures for screening large numbers of ‘Goar’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plants for crown rust resistance. Urediospores stored 246 days at 4 C showed little reduction in pathogenicity; those stored for 270 days were virtually noninfective. Spores diluted in talc gave consistently more infections than those diluted in water; infectivity varied directly with spore concentration. Best rust incidence occurred on Goar plants maintained at 24 C. Several rust‐resistant Goar seedlings were identified using the described technique.
Effects of Fungicide and Insecticide Seed Treatments on Germination, Stand, and Development of Cotton Seedlings1
Authors: Minton Earl B.
Published: July 2010

At standard germination temperatures (20 to 30 C), percent germination of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds was not increased by treatments containing cyano (methylmercuri) guanidine (Panogen 15)3, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), and O,O‐diethyl S‐2‐[(ethylthio) ethyl] phosphorodithioate (disulfoton) as compared the untreated check. Germination was reduced by some treatments containing PCNB and disulfoton used alone and in combinations. Germination at constant 18 C was not affected by any treatment. In field and greenhouse tests conducted at sub‐optimum temperatures, seedling survival was increased by Panogen 15 used alone and in combination with either PCNB or disulfoton or both as compared to the check. However, stands were not increased significantly by overcoating Panogen 15‐treated seeds with PCNB and disulfoton as compared to Panogen 15 used along. In field and greenhouse tests phytotoxicity ratings of seedlings were related to application of disulfoton. There was a slight increase in phytotoxicity ratings for treatments containing the three pesticides as compared to treatments with disulfoton or with the insecticide plus either of the fungicides.
Agronomic Evaluation of Crambe as a Source of Oil1
Authors: Lessman K. J. , Meier V. D.
Published: July 2010

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst ex. R. E. Fries) seed oil is believed to have potential as a specialty lubricant. Ten crambe introductions representing the original germplasm available in the US were evaluated for agronomic potential in Indiana. Greater crambe yields were obtained in plots of narrower rows. Location and row spacing had nonsignificant affects on oil production. Differences among introductions for most agronomic attributes were nonsignificant. Results indicate a need for diverse crambe germplasm.
Development and Performance of Double‐Cross Hybrid Red Clover1
Authors: Anderson M. K. , Taylor N. L. , Kirthavip R.
Published: July 2010

Genetic control of crossing was accomplished by using inbreds with homozygous S‐alleles to produce double‐cross hybrid red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). The method, checked by the use of the leafmark gene, proved to be effective in controlling crosses for the production of hybrids. Single and double crosses were evaluated for performance. Certain I1 single and double crosses showed consistently good performance in all characters studied, but most were not superior to the best check variety.

Significant correlations were observed between characters evaluated in spaced plantings and broadcast plots, indicating that spaced plantings can be used effectively in the preliminary selection of superior single and double crosses.
Effects of Environment on Response of Soybeans to TIBA1
Authors: Hume D. J. , Tanner J. W. , Criswell J. G.
Published: July 2010

Experiments conducted over a period of 7 years on soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Ontario, indicated that preflowering environmental conditions affected the response of soybean yields to application of 2, 3, 5‐triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA). Trials conducted in years when precipitation was above average and temperatures were normal during the preflowering period resulted in yield increases following TIBA application. However, in years when precipitation was normal or below normal or temperatures were below normal during the preflowering period, no positive yield responses to TIBA application were observed. No relationship was observed between environmental conditions after first flower appearance and yield response to TIBA applications.
Inheritance and Genetic Relationships of Six Endosperm Types in Sorghum1
Authors: Gorbet D. W. , Weibel D. E.
Published: July 2010

Twelve different lines of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] representing six different endosperm types were intercrossed in all possible combinations including reciprocals. F1 and F2 endosperm classifications were made as well as F2 plant classifications (F3 endosperm). Also, some crosses were made onto male‐sterile lines and limited backcross data were obtained. The F2 endosperm data were analyzed by chi‐square procedures. The study was conducted to determine the inheritance and interrelationship among six endosperm types in sorghum, i.e., normal, waxy, sugary, yellow, dent, and defective. Defective endosperm appeared to be conditioned by recessive genes at a single locus, but normal endosperm was incompletely dominant or gave a dosage effect. The expression of yellow endosperm appeared to be conditioned by more than one and possibly several factors with some evidence of dosage effect and of dominance toward nonyellow. Reciprocal differences were noted for F1. endosperms from all crosses involving the defective and the yellow endosperm types. Three of the endosperm types (dent, sugary, and waxy) were inherited as independent simple recessives, however, some modifying factors altered the inheritance of the waxy type in some crosses. No linkage was indicated in the study.
Evaluation of Two Methods of Hybridization in Bromus Inermis Leyss1
Authors: Mishra S. N. , Drolsom P. N.
Published: July 2010

Seed set in all possible single crosses among seven clones of Bromus inermis was evaluated following two methods of hybridization, mutual pollination (MP) and the bottle technique (BT). The methods were used without emasculation under field conditions. The parent clones used were relatively self‐sterile. The study indicated that seed set following both methods was approximately similar in both years, although differences for certain specific crosses were observed.
Relationships of Stripe Rust Spike Infection to Morphologic and Agronomic Traits of Wheat1
Authors: Allan R. E. , Pritchett J. A.
Published: July 2010

The relationships of spike infection caused by the stripe rust fungus (Puccinia striiformis West.) with awn expression, spike type and plant height among near‐isogenic lines of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied at Pullman, Washington in 1966–67. The percentage and severity of lemma infection served to determine spike infection. Awned lines had 16 to 41% more lemmas infected than awnless sibs suggesting that the awn influences the incidence of the disease. Presence or absence of the club gene did not affect the occurrence of lemma infection. Plant height was related to the percentage and severity of lemma infection in all five populations tested, but this relationship varied. Short lines tended to be more vulnerable to lemma infection by stripe rust in some seasons and in certain genetic backgrounds. Yield losses correlated with the percentage and severity of lemma infection among near‐isogenic lines of C.I. 13253/7*‘Burt.’ Test weight differences were related to both the percentage and severity of lemma infection by the disease.
Aging Stresses on Physiological and Biochemical Activities of Crimson Clover (Trifolium incarnatum L. var. Dixie) Seeds1
Authors: Ching T. M.
Published: July 2010

To explore the mechanism of aging, seed lots of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) which had been subjected to different aging stresses were analyzed for germinability, growth rate, membrane permeability, content of soluble metabolites, ribonucleic acids (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), soluble protein, acid phosphatase and cytochrome c oxidase activities, and ability to incorporate phenylalanine and uridine into protein and RNA. Aging in quiescent seeds appears to be related to a gradual inactivation of pre‐existing enzymes and systems for protein and RNA synthesis, and a hydrolysis of structural components. Membrane‐bound acid phosphatase was more resistant to aging stresses than the soluble acid phosphatase. High seed water content and high storage temperature did not reduce the quantity of preexisting RNA or DNA in seeds; qualitative changes in conserved RNA and DNA were not precluded, however.
Calculation of the Rate and Duration of Grain Filling in Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Johnson D. R. , Tanner J. W.
Published: July 2010

Grain yield in corn (Zea mays L.) is a function of the rate and duration of dry matter accumulation in the grain. We developed a technique for calculating these two components, based upon a regression analysis of yield over time. At least 90% of the grain accumulated linearly beginning 2½ weeks after silking. The duration of the actual grain‐filling period can be calculated from the final yield plus two or three sampling dates between 3 and 6 weeks after silking.
Combining Ability in Alfalfa Hybrids Made with Cytoplasmic Male Sterility1
Authors: Pedersen M. W. , Hill R. R.
Published: July 2010

Seventy alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hybrids were produced by crossing l0 cytoplasmic male‐sterile parents with 7 untested male parents. Variance components due to males, σ2M, females, σ2F, and their interactions, σ2MF, were estimated for yield during two growing seasons and for pollen production in one season.

Variance components, σ2F and σ2MF, were more important than σ2M for yield in the year of establishment. Components, σ2M and σ2F, were approximately equal, and σ2MF was unimportant for yield in the second growing season. The only important component of variance for pollen production was σ2M. The greater importance of σ2F and σ2MF in the year of establishment was attributed to a correlation between seed weight and yield. The small value of σ2MF after the year of establishment indicated that parents could be selected for general combining ability without testing numerous specific combinations. Correlations between pollen production and forage yield were very small and nonsignificant, indicating that male fertility would not have to be restored in alfalfa hybrids used for forage production.
Effects of Varying Root/Shoot Temperatures on Early Growth of Subterranean Clover1
Authors: Summer D. C. , Raguse C. A. , Taggard K. L.
Published: July 2010

We sought to determine the individual contributions of ambient root and shoot temperatures to rate of plant development, dry matter accumulation, and root/shoot ratio. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L., subsp. yaminnicum Katznelson and Morley)' plants were grown from seed to the 7‐ to 10‐ leaf stage in sand‐nutrient culture. Combinations of 10 and 20 C were used in the following basic chronological sequence: (i) plants were grown at 20 C from seed to the two‐leaf stage; (ii) root, shoot, or overall temperature was then lowered to 10 C and growth was allowed to progress until the five‐leaf stage; and (iii) temperature was returned to 20 C and growth was continued to the 7‐ to 10‐ leaf stage.

Growth was expressed as a regression of trifoliolate leaf number on days accumulated (y = bx + a) within each of the three growth intervals. For intervals (i) and (iii), b = 0.32 and 0.44, respectively. For (ii), b = 0.20 (root temp. 10 C), and 0.15 (overall temp. 10 C). Correlations (rxy) = 0.99 in all instances. Plant weights were more closely related to final stage of plant development than to temperature treatment. Root/shoot ratios averaged 0.44. Shoot ambient temperature appeared to be less important than root ambient temperature as a determinant of growth rate.
Relationship of Seed Weight to the Cytotype of Monosomic Progeny in Cotton1
Authors: Douglas C. R.
Published: July 2010

Seed weight was used as an indicator of cytotype for the progeny of monosomic plants of Gossypium hirsutum L. Data were presented from plants monosomic for chromosomes 2, 4, 6, 16, 17, and 18. On a within‐boll basis lighter‐weight seeds tended to produce monosomic plants in comparison with heavier seeds, which tended to produce disomics.
Canalization of Ovary Development in Hordeum Vulgare L.1
Authors: Singh B. D. , Harvey B. L.
Published: July 2010

The development of the ovary in Hordeum vulgare L. cultivars appears to be highly canalized to both environmental and minor genetic variations. The canalization seems to be disrupted in the female sterile mutants. As a result, the female sterile lines showed a considerable variation for seed set, stigma hairiness, and stigma and ovary lengths. Seed set and stigma hairiness were significantly correlated.
Variations in Leaf Resistances, Net Photosynthesis, and Tolerance to the Beet Yellows Virus Among Varieties of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Hall A. E. , Hunt W. F. , Loomis R. S.
Published: July 2010

Tolerance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties to the Beet Yellows Virus was associated with maintenance of low leaf resistances to the transport of gases during infection. In extreme cases net photosynthesis at light saturation was inversely related to leaf resistance. The potential usage of the constant pressure, mass flow porometer in selecting for maintenance of low leaf resistances was investigated.
Photosynthesis in the Genus Beta1
Authors: Hall Anthony E.
Published: July 2010

All but two of the known species of the genus Beta were investigated and found to have high CO2 compensation points that could be suppressed by low oxygen concentrations. This suggests that these species have the conventional Calvin cycle system of photosynthetic metabolism.
Metaxenia Effect on Dent Corn Pericarp Thickness1
Authors: Helm J. L. , Zuber M. S.
Published: July 2010

If pericarp thickness in corn (Zea mays L.) is directly influenced by the pollen parent, then open‐pollinated ears in a study of pericarp thickness would be subject to a bias. We answered this question by using pollen mixtures identifiable by resultant endosperm color. Our results from four sets of thick‐thin mixtures indicated a lack of a metaxenia effect for the lines involved. Coupled with results we obtained earlier on pericarp thickness of lines pollinated by several pollinators, plus a lack of an effect from tissue underlying the pericarp, we concluded there was a general lack of a metaxenia effect on pericarp thickness of mature corn kernels.
Changes in Nonstructural Carbohydrate Fractions at Intervals Down the Tap Root Bark and Wood of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) During Regrowth1
Authors: Escalada J.A. , Smith Dale
Published: July 2010

Changes in total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) at intervals down the tap root of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) during regrowth were studied to determine what depth of root sampling would adequately reflect readily available carbohydrate trends during regrowth. After the tops were harvested in mid‐August, alfalfa roots were dug from the soil at weekly intervals to a 30‐cm depth. Tap roots were cut into six segments of 5‐cm length each, separated into bark and wood tissues, and dried at 70 C. Wood made up more of each tap root segment than bark, but ratio of bark to wood increased down the root. Content (grams) of carbohydrate fractions in the segments gave a clearer picture of changes down the root, and with time, than concentration (percentages). About 63% of the TNC used between 0 day and the date of lowest carbohydrate level during regrowth came from the root wood, while only 37% came from the root bark. Starch (ST) content accounted for 62% of the TNC used; 38% was total sugars (TS). About 38% of the TNC content came from the top 5‐cm segment and 23, 16, 10, 6, and 770 came from segments 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. About 5S7, of the net gain in TNC content was accumulated in the root wood between the date of lowest carbohydrate level and 47 days, while 42% was accumulated in the root bark. ST content accounted for 88% of the TNC content accumulated; 12% was TS. About 34% of the TNC content accumulated was in the top 5‐cm segment and 22, 15, 12, 9, and 8% could be found in segments 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively.

Loss or gain of weight by each root tissue was almost equal to that of TNC. TNC trends were similar for each root segment, indicating that any depth of root sampling will adequately reflect carbohydrate changes during regrowth.
Fertility and Inbreeding Studies of Cicer Milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.)1
Authors: Scheetz J.G. , Carleton A.E. , Stroh J.R.
Published: July 2010

Estimates of cross‐ and self‐fertility were made on 34 cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) clones in 1970. Crossfertility was estimated by measuring seed set under openpollination, and self‐fertility was estimated by measuring seed set both from selfing in isolation by native bees and selfing by hand. Seed obtained from four clones were seeded in flats In the greenhouse to study the effect of inbreeding on seedling growth.

Cicer flowers were most fertile during the first 3 weeks of flowering. Self‐fertility, estimated by pods‐per‐available‐flowers of all cicer milkvetch clones was 9.8% following self‐pollination by hand. Self‐fertility of four clones under spatial isolation was 58.9% pods‐per‐availableflowers. Cross‐fertility of all clones under open‐pollination was 61.4%. Bees were more effective in achieving selffertilization than hand manipulation. Selfing reduced the growth of cicer seedlings by 32%. Cicer milkvetch is naturally cross‐pollinated with a relatively high degree of self‐fertility when there is no cross‐pollen available and pollination is done by natural pollinators.
Flower Color Inheritance of Crimson Clover (Trifolium incarnatum)1
Authors: Sullivan S. L. , Knight W. E. , Baetcke Karl P.
Published: July 2010

Crimson, deep pink, and medium pink crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) flower colors are under the control of gene Cr. There are possibly three alleles of this gene, Cr, Cr′, and Cr′, each one causing a successive increase in total pigment concentration, which in turn determines the precise shade of coloration. All three alleles are dominant to the recessive cr, which results in white color in the homozygous recessive condition.

In addition to gene Cr, maroon flowers are also under the control of gene M. The interaction of these two genes results in a 9:3:4 F2 segregation ratio. It is possible that sectoring and incompatibility alleles are involved in these lines.

Lavender flower is under the control of two genes, Cr and B. Gene B regulates flavonoid production at the expense of anthocyanin production, resulting in the copigmentation phenomenon that produces the lavender coloration.
Development of Maize Weevil on Kernels of Opaque‐2 and Floury‐2, Nearly Isogenic Corn Inbred Lines1
Authors: Schoonhoven A. V. , Wassom C. E. , Horber E.
Published: July 2010

Five nearly isogenic inbred lines of corn (Zea mays L.) differing in opaque‐2 or floury‐2 genes were exposed to the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais M.). Equal numbers of weevil progeny were obtained from the soft‐endosperm, high‐lysine kernels and from their normal counterparts. The inbred lines yielded significantly different numbers of weevil progeny. Interactions between endosperm types and inbred lines were significant (P<.01). Progeny weevils emerged significantly sooner from highlysine (soft starch endosperm) than from normal endosperm. Weevil developmental periods also differed significantly among the five inbred lines tested.

Weights of weevil progeny upon emergence from different inbred lines differed significantly but endosperm character had no influence. Relative influence of seed hardness on weevil progeny and possible effects on storage of high‐lysine corn are discussed.
Estimation of Combining Ability, Hybrid Vigor, and Gene Action for Protein in Avena spp. L.1
Authors: Ohm H. W. , Patterson F. L.
Published: July 2010

Six Avena sterilis L. introductions, all high in groat protein, were crossed as paternal parents to five A. saliva L. commercial genotypes to estimate combining ability, hybrid vigor, types of genetic effects, and heritability for percent groat protein and protein yield.

F1 hybrids produced a lower percent groat protein than the midparental value. Percent groat protein was maintained from F1 to F2. Contrastingly, a large amount of hybrid vigor existed for protein yield in the F1 but was reduced in F2. General combining ability was highly significant for percent groat protein in paternal and in maternal parental groups. Paternal ✕ maternal interaction effects were generally nonsignificant. Each of the A. sterilis parents appeared to have similar proportions of dominant and recessive genes for percent groat protein when in combination with the given set of A. sativa genotypes Partial dominance for low protein was usually indicated. High percent groat protein was recessive in all crosses. Percent groat protein was highly heritable. Protein yield, dependent on seed yield, had low heritability values. Percent groat protein tended to be negatively correlated with seed yield, although the correlation was low and nonsignificant.