bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UTILIZATION OF UNIFORMLY LABELLED 14C-GLUCOSE IN THE PINEAL BODY OF GOATS
Authors: Hellman Bo , Larsson Stig
Published: December 2008

The in vitro utilization of uniformly 14C-labelled glucose was studied in the pineal body of goats by using a quantitative application of the radio paper-chromatographic technique. The O2 consumption as well as the formation of CO2 and lactic acid from glucose in the incubation medium was comparatively very high in young goats and decreased gradually with increasing age. The same was true for the formation of labelled amino acids. Thus, there were no measurable amounts of radioactive amino acids in goats older than 6 years, while in the animals 1–3 months old no less than 11.7 μg glucose was converted into amino acids per 25 mg wet weight of the pineal body Glutamic acid and alanine were found in the highest amounts among the different amino acids formed from glucose in the youngest age group. There were also appreciable amounts of arginine, glutamine, δ-aminobutyric acid and aspartic acid. Microscopical examination revealed that not only progressive degenerative changes but also a markedly reduced number of parenchymal cells per unit volume, might account for the diminished glucose metabolism found in the pineal body of adult goats. The metabolic findings, especially the very high rate of formation of amino acids from glucose in the youngest animals, are discussed in the light of the result of recent investigations, which suggest secretion of a protein hormone from the non-adult pineal body.
THE EFFECT OF MASSIVE DOSES OF CORTICOTROPHIN AND OF CORTICOSTERONE ON OVULATION OF THE CHICKEN (GALLUS DOMESTICUS)
Authors: van Tienhoven A.
Published: December 2008

One hundred IU of corticotrophin causes premature ovulation in the laying hen. The effect is not due to LH contamination. Corticosterone at levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/hen does not induce or block ovulation. Ten mg corticosterone/hen causes blocked as well as premature ovulations whereas 20 mg/hen consistently blocks spontaneous as well as progesterone-induced ovulation if given one hour prior to the progesterone. The same level of corticosterone fails to block progesterone-induced ovulations if given simultaneously with the progesterone. The possible mechanisms involved in these phenomena are discussed.
ADRENALINE EXCRETION DURING RESTING CONDITIONS AND AFTER INSULIN IN ADRENALECTOMIZED HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: von Euler U. S. , Ikkos D. , Luft R.
Published: December 2008

The effect of insulin on the urinary excretion of adrenaline was studied in 10 bilaterally adrenalectomized patients receiving cortisone and in eight healthy volunteers. The resting excretion of adrenaline was the same in both groups. Insulin administration to the adrenalectomized patients led to an increase in adrenaline excretion from the control level (mean ± S. E.) of 2.42 ± 0.33 to 5.01 ± 0.98 ng per min (P < 0.02) during the second hour, and 6.61 ± 0.82 ng per min (P < 0.001) during the third hour. In the normal subjects the maximum adrenaline excretion (21.7 ± 3.49 ng per min) was observed during the first hour. The response of the blood glucose level to insulin was the same in both groups. It is concluded that extra-adrenal chromaffin cells produce adrenaline and respond to insulin. It is suggested that hypoglycaemia may not be the principal cause of this response.
THE SECRETORY CAPACITY OF THE AUTOTRANSPLANTED HYPOPHYSIS AS INDICATED BY THE EFFECTS OF STEROID HORMONES ON THE MAMMARY GLANDS
Authors: Ahrén Kurt
Published: December 2008

In the present experiments the secretory capacity of the pituitary gland, autotransplanted to the kidney capsule, was studied with special regard to the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone, using the response of the mammary glands to oestrone (3-hydroxy-oestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one) and progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) in castrated female and male rats as indicator. The main results were as follows:

1) Daily injections of 10 μg of oestrone + 4 mg of progesterone stimulated slight duct growth and marked but not maximal lobule-alveolar development in the mammary glands of rats with transplanted hypophysis. In rats with intact pituitary gland this treatment produced more extensive duct growth and more marked alveolar development.

2) Daily injections of 1 μg of oestrone did not stimulate mammary gland development in rats with transplanted pituitary gland. The same treatment produced slight but definite duct growth in rats with intact pituitary gland.

3) Daily injections of 10 μg of oestrone stimulated slight duct growth and restricted lobule-alveolar development in rats with transplanted hypophysis. In rats with intact pituitary gland this treatment produced more extensive growth of the duct system.

4) In hypophysectomized rats all dose levels of oestrone and progesterone were ineffective in promoting mammary gland development. Combined with prolactin these hormones stimulated, in hypophysectomized rats, a mammary gland development which, qualitatively as well as quantitatively, was very similar to that found in rats with transplanted pituitary gland. These results indicate that the transplanted pituitary gland secreted considerable amounts of prolactin but did not secrete growth hormone or secreted it in only very small amounts.
FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CALCULATIONS OF SECRETION RATES. A CORRECTION
Authors: Laumas K. R. , Tait J. F. , Tait S. A. S.
Published: December 2008

Reconsideration of the question of the validity of the calculations of the secretion rates from the specificity activity of a urinary metabolite after the single injection of a radioactive hormone has led us to conclude that the basic equations used in a previous theoretical treatment are not generally applicable to the nonisotopic steady state if the radioactive steroid and hormone are introduced into the same compartment. If this is so, in a two compartmental model with metabolism occurring in both pools, it is now shown that the calculation (S = R — τ) is rigorously valid if certain precautions are taken. This is in contrast to the previous treatment which concluded (in certain special circumstances) that the calculation might not be correct.

However, if the hormone is secreted in both compartments and the radioactive steroid is injected into only one, then the calculation (S = R — τ) may not be correct in certain circumstances as was previously concluded (Laumas et al. 1961).
URINARY STEROIDS IN POST-NATAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA WITH VIRILISM
Authors: Lipsett M. B. , Riter B. D.
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTS

The urinary steroids have been analyzed in a 12-year-old girl with adrenal hyperplasia in whom virilization started at age 6. Androsterone and etiocholanolone levels were elevated and increased normally in response to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). The excretion of 11β-hydroxy-androsterone was high and of 11β-hydroxy and 11-ketoetiocholanolone low. She excreted 16 mg of pregnanetriol daily before ACTH, and 48 mg with ACTH. The excretion of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone was normal and increased with ACTH.

This steroid pattern was compared with that of 3 patients with adrenal hyperplasia and Cushing's syndrome. These patients excreted only slightly increased amounts of pregnanetriol and large amounts of all of the 11-oxyketosteroids.

The occurrence of post-natal virilizing adrenal hyperplasia has been reviewed and the hypothesis offered that there is a congenital partial block of 21-hydroxylation that becomes clinically apparent only some years later.
INDIREKTE PAPIERCHROMATOGRAPHISCHE METHODE ZUR BESTIMMUNG DER HARNOESTROGENE
Authors: Kecskés L. , Mutschler F. , Glós I. , Thán E. , Farkas I. , Ceglédi J. , Kóbor J.
Published: December 2008

1. An indirect paperchromatographic method is described for separating urinary oestrogens; this consists of the following steps: acidic hydrolysis, extraction with ether, dissociation of phenol-fractions with partition between the solvents. Previous purification of phenol fraction with the aid of paperchromatography. The elution of oestrogen containing fractions is followed by acetylation. Oestrogen acetate is isolated by re-chromatography. The chromatogram was developed after hydrolysis of the oestrogens 'in situ' on the paper. The quantity of oestrogens was determined indirectly, by means of an iron-reaction, after the elution of the iron content of the oestrogen spot, which was developed by the Jellinek-reaction.

2. The method described above is satisfactory for determining urinary oestrogen, 17β-oestradiol and oestriol, but could include 16-epioestriol and other oestrogenic metabolites.

3. The sensitivity of the method is 1.3–1.6 μg/24 hours.

4. The quantitative and qualitative determination of urinary oestrogens with the above mentioned method was performed in 50 pregnant and 9 non pregnant women, and also in 2 patients with granulosa cell tumour.
CORRELATION BETWEEN ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE EFFECT AND CHANGES IN RENAL EXCRETION OF CALCIUM IN RATS AND DOGS
Authors: Thorn Niels A.
Published: December 2008

Injections and infusions of various preparations of arginine- and lysine-vasopressin into hydrated dogs and rats caused an increased urinary excretion of calcium which was well correlated with the antidiuretic effect of these hormones. Synthetic oxytocin and lysyl8-oxytocin had the same effects when they were given in doses which caused antidiuresis, but smaller doses had no effect on renal calcium excretion. These findings strengthen the hypothesis, previously advanced, that the mechanism of action of the antidiuretic hormone involves an effect on calcium in the distal part of the nephron. The hypothesis is advanced that shifts of cell membrane calcium are involved in the mechanism of action of several other hormones as well.
EFFECTS OF HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS AND OF COLD ON THYROID ACTIVITY IN THE RAT
Authors: van Beugen L. , van der Werff ten Bosch J. J.
Published: December 2008

The effect was studied of an electrolytic basal midline lesion in the anterior part of the hypothalamus on thyroid activity of rats exposed to environmental temperatures of 24° C and 4° C. The index of thyroid function used was the biological half-life of thyroidal 131I calculated from the amount of radioactivity released by the gland in seven days.

In one experiment, thyroid function was studied at 24° C one month after the placement of a lesion and at 4° C a month later. In another experiment hypothalamic lesions were made in the middle of a release study, during which some of the animals were kept at 24° C and others at 4° C. The two experiments yielded comparable results; the biological half-life values were approximately 7½ days at 24° C and 4 days at 4° C in intact or blank-operated rats, and approximately 13 days at 24° C and 7 days at 4° C in rats with a hypothalamic lesion. Thyroid 127I contents of various groups were identical. It appears that the biological half-life was reduced to approximately half the normal value by exposure to cold, that a lesion caused doubling of the half-life and that summation of the two effects was produced, when a lesioned rat was exposed to cold or when a cold-exposed animal was lesioned. The basal midline region of the hypothalamus destroyed by the lesions, whilst appearing to be essential for the maintenance of »spontaneous« thyroid activity, does not seem to be essential for the thyroid response to cold. Observations on so-called goitre-block lesions are discussed in the light of these findings.
THE INFLUENCE OF 17α-METHYL-19-NORTESTOSTERONE (M. N. T.) ON THE METABOLISM OF CORTISOL
Authors: Vermeulen A. , Ferin J.
Published: December 2008

The effect of prolonged 17α-methyl-nortestosterone (M. N. T.) administration on cortisol metabolism was studied in several patients.

1. A decreased urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids occurred regularly.

2. Chromatographic analysis of the urinary corticoids revealed that the decreased urinary excretion involved exclusively cortisol metabolites, whereas corticosterone metabolites were excreted at normal levels.

This chromatographic study moreover showed an impairment in the conjugation of tetrahydrocorticoids.

3. Studies with 4-14C-cortisol in MNT treated patients showed increased transcortin levels, a normal cortisol pool, a reduced cortisol inactivation rate and a decreased cortisol production.

4. From these results it is concluded that the decreased 17-hydroxycorticoid excretion reflects a decreased cortisol production, at least partly secondary to a reduced cortisol-inactivation rate, which itself must be attributable either to an inhibition or a defect in the liver enzyme systems concerned in corticoid-inactivation.
ARTIFICIAL INDUCTION OF HYPOOESTROGENIC AMENORRHEA WITH METHYLESTRENOLONE, OR WITH LYNESTRENOL
Authors: Ferin J.
Published: December 2008

Continuous treatment with 17α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MNT) (5 – 2.5 – 1 mg daily) or 17α-ethinyl-17β-hydroxy-estr-4-en (Lynestrenol) (LNL) (5 – 2.5 mg daily), progestogenic norderivatives, can produce a state of prolonged amenorrhea with sterility (up to 30 months) in regularly menstruating women.

The uterine mucosa tends to become progressively atrophic. The response of the vagina however varies according to the steroid employed. Only MNT is capable of producing an atrophic vaginal smear.

This therapeutic hypo-oestrogenic amenorrhea seems highly beneficial to patients suffering from various gynaecological disorders, especially endometriosis and idiopathic menorrhagia with chronic iron deficiency.

Prolonged administration of MNT frequently produces signs of masculinization. On the other hand LNL is totally devoid of this androgenic action, at least in the doses used.

The disturbances consequent upon the treatment seem to disappear rapidly after the end of therapy.
THE METABOLISM OF ALDOSTERONE
Authors: Sandor Thomas , Lanthier André
Published: December 2008

A study was made of the metabolism of synthetic dl- and d-aldosterone and biosynthetic d-aldosterone-4-14C by surviving human liver slices, and of the metabolism of d-aldosterone by human kidney slices. After incubation of aldosterone with the tissue slices in a Krebs-Ringer-phosphate glucose medium at 37° C, the media were subjected to fractional hydrolysis and extracted with chloroform. In this way, it was possible to study not only the metabolites of the substrate but also the formation of water soluble conjugates of these metabolites and of aldosterone.

It was found that the major in vitro metabolite of aldosterone, using liver slices as a source of enzymes, was the glucuronide of a Ring A reduced α-ketolic steroid (A2). It was possible to show that this metabolite was identical to the tetrahydroaldosterone found in glucuronide conjugation in human urine. In addition, several other metabolites were isolated but in smaller quantities. These include metabolite A1, a possible stereoisomer of A2, two Δ4-3-ketonic, non reducing metabolites and a number of 14C substances characterized only by chromatographic mobilities. Chemically unchanged aldosterone was present in free, glucuronide and acid labile conjugation. Human kidney slices, in addition to producing small amounts of A2, did conjugate aldosterone in both the glucuronide and acid labile form.

The intravenous infusion of d-aldosterone to an adrenalectomized patient resulted in the urinary excretion of A2-glucuronide, aldosterone-glucuronide and the mild acid labile aldosterone conjugate.
HYDROXYLATION OF STEROIDS BY THE ISOLATED RAT ADRENAL
Authors: Ward Pamela J. , Birmingham Marion K.
Published: December 2008

When 11-deoxycorticosterone was added to the incubation medium of isolated, quartered rat adrenals in the absence of ACTH, 21 % was converted to corticosterone. 10% to the 20 → 18-hemiketal of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone and 3 % to material with a mobility relative to corticosterone (RB) of 0.10 in the toluene-propylene glycol system. The corresponding figures obtained with progesterone were 11%, 4% and 2% respectively. The addition of 18-hydroxyprogesterone caused an increase in the production of the 20 → 18-hemiketal of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone, which accounted for 6 % of the added steroid; it also caused the formation of an unidentified compound of RB 1.13 that did not reduce tetrazolium and yielded an absorption maximum in methanol at 240 mμ. Corticosterone only increased the formation of material with RB 0.10. The recovery of aldosterone was not affected by any of the added steroids. The conversion of added steroids was either unaffected or inhibited by ACTH.
URINARY EXCRETION OF GLUCOSIDURONIC ACID CONJUGATED 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS IN HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: Emberland R. , Ofstad J. , F. Støa K.
Published: December 2008

In thirteen patients with liver insufficiency the amount of total urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, as well as of the β-glucuronidase hydrolysable 17-hydroxycorticosteroid fraction, was determined. The material consisted of 13 subjects divided into two groups, the first group comprising 8 patients with severe liver insufficiency and the second group consisting of 5 patients with less pronounced signs of deficient liver function.

Both groups were found to excrete significantly smaller amounts of total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids than a normal control group. With regard to the β-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid conjugated fraction, only the first group of patients seemed to deviate from the control group, showing a subnormal percentage conjugate excretion.
ELECTROPHORESIS IN STARCH GEL OF EXTRACTS OF HUMAN ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLANDS, WITH BIOASSAY OF GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: Lloyd H. M. , Meares J. D.
Published: December 2008

Extracts of human anterior pituitary glands were prepared by homogenization and high speed centrifugation. The particle-free supernatant solution were subjected to electrophoresis on paper, in starch grain and in starch gel. A preparative method for electrophoresis in starch gel was devised. Separation of serum proteins into 14 zones was obtained with this method and the patterns obtained with pituitary extracts showed three major zones, one of which was haemoglobin, and a variable number of other zones. Protein recovered after electrophoresis from portions of the gel was tested for gonadotrophin by the mouse uterus test. Gonadotrophic activity was found among the more slowly moving fractions and could not be correlated with any individual protein zones revealed by staining with nigrosine.
'DOUBLE MALE' – A NEW CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION IN THE KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
Authors: Muldal S. , Ockey C. H. , Thompson M. , White L. L. R.
Published: December 2008

1. A Klinefelter patient is reported with the sex chromosome constitution XXYY, and the modal number of 48 chromosomes.

2. This case excludes the possibility of maternal non-disjunction as a cause.

3. The evidence of paternal and maternal errors in Klinefelter's and Turner's syndromes is discussed, and it seems that paternal errors are more common than maternal.

4. The cause of Barr body formation is discussed with preference for the theory of paternal origin of heteropycnotic sex chromosomes. This theory may explain the existence of chromatin positive Turner's and chromatin negative Klinefelter's.

5. The Y-chromosome is considered in connection with the postulated XYY-male and with the non-mosaic true hermaphrodite.

6. A simple definition of the Klinefelter syndrome is offered.
EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON COMPONENTS OF 17-KETOSTEROIDS IN PATIENTS WITH BREAST CARCINOMA
Authors: Pesonen S. , Laitinen O.
Published: December 2008

The excretion of 17-ketosteroids (fractioned determinations) and gonadotrophic hormones in the urine of 10 breast cancer patients before and after hypophysectomy was studied.

Following hypophysectomy, less androsterone than androstanolone is excreted as compared with the percentage of these hormones excreted before hypophysectomy.
EFFECT OF SMALL DOSES OF OESTRADIOL BENZOATE ON PITUITARY PRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF I. C. S. H. IN GONADECTOMIZED MALE AND FEMALE RATS
Authors: Gans E. , van Rees G. P.
Published: December 2008

The influence on the I. C. S. H.-content of the pituitary gland and the blood serum of long-term treatment of gonadectomized male and female rats with several low doses of oestradiol benzoate was investigated.

It was found that only in females treatment with 0.1 and 0.2 μg of oestradiol benzoate daily results in an increase of the pituitary I. C. S. H.-content, whereas in the serum content a (non-significant) decrease was observed. In male rats the pituitary I. C. S. H.-content was not influenced by treatment with these doses, but the serum content decreased.

Higher doses of oestradiol (0.5 and 2.0 μg daily) caused, both in males and in females, a decrease of the I. C. S. H.-content in the hypophysis as well as in the serum.

It is assumed that oestrogen, if chronically administered, exerts two different actions on pituitary I. C. S. H.: it depresses the production of I. C. S. H. and inhibits the release. In females, these two effects have different threshold levels, that for the release being the lower one. In males the threshold for the inhibition of production has to be lower.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF TESTOSTERONE BY A STEIN-LEVENTHAL OVARY
Authors: Leon Nelson , Neves e Castro Manuel , Dorfman Ralph I.
Published: December 2008

A Stein-Leventhal ovary from a 23-year-old virilized woman who was excreting a normal amount of 17-ketosteroids incubated with acetate-l-14C formed testosterone-14C. The possibility that certain types of hirsutism, end even virilism in women, may be due to a small increase in testosterone production insufficient to produce a significant increase in urinary 17-ketosteroids is discussed.
THE METABOLISM OF VARIOUSLY LABELLED GLUCOSE IN FATTY LIVERS FROM MICE WITH CONGENITAL HYPERGLYCAEMIA AND OBESITAS
Authors: Hellman Bo , Larsson Stig , Westman Sighild
Published: December 2008

The in vitro utilization in liver slices of 14C-glucose, labelled in the C1 or C6 positions, was studied in mice of the American variety of the hereditary obese-hyperglycaemic syndrome. Those obese-hyperglycaemic animals (AO-mice), which exhibited a macroscopically obvious fatty liver (liver fat content 32.6 ± 2.7 %), were compared with lean normoglycaemic litter mates (AN-mice) (liver fat content 15.7 ± 0.9%). The incorporation of glucose into all the fractions of the livers analysed tended to be lower in the AO-mice. Thus after incubation in 14C6-glucose the CO2 was significantly lower (P < 0.001), while for lipids, the corresponding difference was only probable (P < 0.05). For the insoluble residue after extraction with trichloracetic acid and alcohol-ether the difference was significant at the 1 % level for 14C1-glucose and at the 0.1 % level for 14C6-glucose. Only with CO2 was there a difference between AO- and AN-mice (lower in the AO-mice; significant at the 5 % level) for the ratios of the radioactivities derived from the glucose labelled in the C6 and C1 positions.
CYTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREATIC CELLS WITH REGARD TO THEIR POSITION IN RELATION TO THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
Authors: Hellman Bo , Wallgren Arne , Petersson Birger
Published: December 2008

The exocrine pancreatic cells in mice were studied with regard to their position in relation to the islets of Langerhans. In the cells situated close to the islets, higher values were noted for both nuclear size. nucleolar volume and number of nucleoli per nucleus, while the concentration of nuclei per unit area was lower in this region than further away from the islets.

The results suggest that the juxtainsular exocrine cells have an increased functional activity, which is responsible for the halo phenomenon around the islets. Signs of very highly increased cell function in the juxtainsular exocrine cells were found in a mouse strain with an excessive insulin secretion from the islets of Langerhans. This supports the view that the regional differences, including the halo phenomenon, are due to local differences in the insulin concentration.
PERMEABILITY OF HUMAN PLACENTA TO PROGESTERONE-4-14C IN THE MIDDLE OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Castrén O. , Hirvonen L. , Närvänen S. , Soiva K.
Published: December 2008

Four women who had been pregnant for 17–24 weeks and whose pregnancies had been interrupted with simultaneous sterilisation because of chronic diseases, were given 10–20 μc of progesterone-4-14C intravenously. The ether-soluble radioactive material in the plasma of the mothers decreased so rapidly that only one per cent of the original radioactivity remained after 10 minutes. Two to four specimens of blood were taken from each foetus in utero 2–15 minutes after the injection. Every specimen was found to contain an ether-soluble radioactive material. The radioactivity of the foetal plasma increased gradually and 5–10 minutes after the injection it reached the radioactivity level in the plasma of the mother.
THE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPHIN AND CORTISONE ON UTERINE GLYCOGEN IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Vaes Gilbert
Published: December 2008

Cortisone (but not corticotrophin) increases the glycogen content of the rabbit uterus. The relative percentage increase in glycogen is twice as large in oestradiol-treated as in untreated spayed rabbits, suggesting a preferential enhancement by cortisone of the glycogenopoietic action of oestradiol on the uterus. Increased glycogen deposition is noted wherever glycogen is normally present in controls receiving no cortisone, i. e., in the myometrium of spayed rabbits and in the endometrium and myometrium of spayed rabbits receiving oestradiol.
HORMONES THYROIDIENNES ET METABOLISME DU CHOLESTEROL CHEZ LE POULET
Authors: Michel Raymond , Cabanne Ferdinand , Truchot Roger , Roche Jean
Published: December 2008

Radiothyroidectomy delays growth of cockerels and induces a minimal hypercholesterolaemia in animal fed a normal diet but causes a marked hypercholesterolaemia in animals on a high cholesterol diet.

3:5:3′-triiodo-L-thyronine and 3:5:3′-triiodothyroacetic acid (TA3) inhibited for several months the hypercholesterolaemia of radiothyroidectomized chickens. These products decreased the levels of aortic and hepatic cholesterol.

Vitamine A1 produced an elevated blood cholesterol in thyroidectomized cockerels fed with a cholesterol rich diet but given with TA3 vitamin A1 exaggerated the hypocholesteric effects of TA3 and decreased the hepatic cholesterol.

Histological examinations confirmed the completeness of the thyroidectomy by 131I and demonstrated inhibition of spermatogenesis. Aortic atheromatosis was often minimal but atheromatosis was more severe in the coronary.
THE CATABOLIC EFFECTS OF LOW DOSES OF CORTISOL AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN THE PANHYPOPITUITARY SUBJECT
Authors: Lipsett Mortimer B. , Bergenstal Delbert M.
Published: December 2008

In the subject with panhypopituitarism, doses of cortisol, that are well within the range of the daily secretion rate, caused significant catabolism of body protein. This effect could not be explained by the decreased rate of degradation of cortisol attributable to hypothyroidism.

Low doses of triiodothyronine likewise resulted in nitrogen loss. The associated loss of cations suggested that the excess nitrogen came from body protein and was not a result of the release of protein-rich myxoedema fluid.

It is suggested that the subject's initial thyroid and adrenal status should be considered when assessing the metabolic alterations produced by a number of hormones.
GOITROGENIC ACTION OF THYROXINE ADMINISTERED WITH PROPYLTHIOURACIL
Authors: Sellers E. A. , Schönbaum E.
Published: December 2008

Rats were fed chow or a low iodine (standard) diet containing 0.02% propylthiouracil (PTU) for a year or longer. Over a critical range of dosage, 1-thyroxine (T4) potentiated the goitrogenic effect of PTU. The effect was greater with a chow diet than with the standard diet. Part of this difference could be attributed to the presence of more iodide in the chow, as iodide added to the standard diet increased the size of the goitres produced. The maximum effect was produced when 25 μg% or less of T4 was administered, and in high dosage (125 μg% in diet) inhibition of goitrogenesis occurred. Similar degrees of goitrogenesis took place when 0.02%. 0.05% or 0.125% PTU were fed supplemented with one concentration of T4. Thus the potentiation of goitrogenesis is related to the intake of thyroxine itself, and can most likely be explained by the action of the hormone on the adenohypophysis or higher centres, or on functions of the thyroid gland.
BLOOD VESSELS OF EXPERIMENTAL THYROID TUMOURS
Authors: Sellers E. A. , Schönbaum E.
Published: December 2008

In goitres and tumours of the thyroid produced by feeding rats 0.02% propylthiouracil (PTU) plus 25 μg% 1-thyroxine (T4) in the diet for periods of 8 to 16 months, occlusive vascular changes have been observed. These changes occurred in arteries, arterioles and probably veins. They consist of endothelial proliferation extensive enough to produce occlusion, extensive subendothelial hyalinosis, thickening of the muscle wall and sometimes a cellular reaction in the adventitia. Usually one type of lesion was predominant in any one animal. The severe lesions occurred only in the thyroids, and only in rats fed the PTU-T4 combination but occasionally changes resembling periarteritis nodosa were seen in other tissues of treated and control animals. It is suggested that the severe vascular lesions play an important part in the production of gross nodularity, often a feature of the tumours. A possible analogy to nodularity of goitres in humans is drawn.
SEPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF STEROID OESTROGENS BY MEANS OF THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Lisboa B. P. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

A method is described for the separation and characterisation of 24 steroid oestrogens. The method is based on thin-layer chromatography of the various oestrogens and of their derivatives (such as nitroso-complex, reduction product with potassium borohydride and hydrazone with Girard's reagent T) on Silica Gel G in different solvent systems.

Data are presented on the assessment of the reproducibility of the method.
PROLONGED VAGINAL OESTRUS AND THE NORMAL OESTROUS CYCLE IN THE RAT
Authors: Van der Werff ten Bosch J. J. , Van Rees G. P. , Wolthuis O. L.
Published: December 2008

Pituitary and serum ICSH content were determined in rats with prolonged vaginal oestrus due to a lesion in the anterior hypothalamus, and in rats with regular cycles which were killed during early dioestrus, late dioestrus, pro-oestrus or oestrus. It appeared that cyclic variations occurred in rats with regular cycles; maxima in both pituitary and serum ICSH were noted in late dioestrus. Rats with prolonged vaginal oestrus had pituitary glands with a high ICSH potency, as in late dioestrus, whilst their serum contained only just detectable amounts of ICSH.

The findings indicate that the pituitary gland of rats with prolonged vaginal oestrus caused by a hypothalamic lesion releases little ICSH into the blood, although the storage of this hormone by the gland is not impaired.
DEVELOPMENT OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIES FOLLOWING THYROIDECTOMY
Authors: Thorsøe Hans
Published: December 2008

In the rabbit, radical surgical thyroidectomy leads to increased ovarian weight and a tendency to development of polycystic ovaries. This process is preceded by an increase in the ovarian content of acid mucopolysaccharides.

10 days after thyroidectomy the ovaries showed an increased number of growing follicles, a highly increased quantity of non-sulphated metachromatic substance, and an increased quantity of hexosamine.

20 days after thyroidectomy there was, moreover, an increased number of Graafian follicles, an increased synthesis of 35S-containing mucopolysaccharides, and a significant increase in ovarian weight.

30 days after thyroidectomy polycystic ovaries were found in 4 out of 10 rabbits. The number of growing follicles as well as of Graafian follicles was increased. In addition, there were large, atretic follicles without ovum, with a fainter metachromasia, and only little incorporation of 35S. The hexosamine content as well as the synthesis of 35S-containing mucopolysaccharide was also increased in this group.

50 days after thyroidectomy 5 out of 10 rabbits had enormously enlarged, polycystic ovaries. The synthesis of 35S-containing mucopolysaccharides was reduced, while the hexosamine content was still increased.
EFFECT OF DYDROGESTERONE ON HUMAN ENDOMETRIUM AND OVARIAN ACTIVITY
Authors: Bishop P. M. F. , Borell U. , Diczfalusy E. , Tillinger K.-G.
Published: December 2008

Some of the pharmacological properties of dydrogesterone (9β,10α-pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione) were studied in the human female. When dydrogesterone was administered by mouth in daily doses of 10 mg for 10 to 14 days to amenorrhoeic women primed with ethinyloestradiol progestational transformation of the endometrium was found in 30 out of 32 artificial cycles. When administration of ethinyloestradiol was not continued until the end of the artificial cycle, break-through bleeding occurred in 30 out of 35 occasions, whereas it took place in only 9 out of 30 cycles, when ethinyloestradiol was given throughout the cycle.

Dydrogesterone was administered in 77 cycles to women with incapacitating dysmenorrhoea from the 5th to the 25th day. When the daily dose was 10 mg, the subsequent period was not incapacitating on 20 out of 31 occasions whereas with daily doses of 15 or 20 mg the corresponding results were 40 out of 46. Forty-eight out of 60 cycles labelled »not incapacitating« were completely painless. No side-effects whatsover were observed.

Studies of basal temperature records in amenorrhoeic and dysmenorrhoeic women indicate that dydrogesterone has no thermogenic activity. When the compound was given to normally menstruating women in daily doses of 10 to 40 mg from the beginning of the cycle, it did not interfere with the characteristic biphasic temperature pattern, with the urinary excretion of oestrogen and pregnanediol or with the formation of a corpus luteum as proved at laparotomy. Even following the administration of as much as 400 mg per day a corpus luteum was found. It is concluded therefore, that dydrogesterone does not inhibit ovulation.

In a previous paper the effect of alterations in the stereochemical configuration of steroid hormones at C-9 and C-10 on their pharmacological properties was reported (Reerink et al. 1960). Among various derivatives of 9β,10α-progesterone (retro-progesterone) tested, one, 9β,10α-pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione (hereafter referred to as »dydrogesterone«), see Fig. 1, was found to be a potent progestational agent when administered orally to rabbits (Schöler 1960) and to amenorrhoeic women (Tillinger & Diczfalusy 1960). The purpose of the present communication is to report on some of the pharmacological properties of this compound in the human female.
TRIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE-LINKED DEHYDROGENASES IN THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN MAN; THE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPHIN AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF ENZYMES
Authors: Studzinski G. P. , Symington T. , Grant J. K.
Published: December 2008

Four TPN linked dehydrogenases – Isocitric Dehydrogenase, Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase, 6 Phosphogluconic Dehydrogenase and the Malic Enzyme – were studied in human adrenal cortex and found to be present almost exclusively in the soluble part of the cell sap. The effect of corticotrophin on these enzymes was studied by comparing the enzyme activities in the cortex of the adrenal glands removed before and after corticotrophin administration. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase showed marked increase in activity after corticotrophin administration. This increase was not parallel to the concomitant weight increase occurring in the adrenal gland. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is uniformly distributed in the »normal« adrenal cortex. After corticotrophin administration however the increase takes place principally in the middle third of the cortex. These findings are discussed in relation to the current theories of the mechanism of corticotrophin action.
A NOTE ON THE SPECIFICITY OF THE KOENIG COLOUR REACTION AS MODIFIED BY OERTEL
Authors: Martin Robert P.
Published: December 2008

The Koenig colour reaction, as modified by Oertel, may be used for detection and quantification of testosterone acetate and epitestosterone as well as for androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and testosterone.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF HUMAN PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: Laron Zvi , Assa Sara
Published: December 2008

Human growth hormone (HGH) prepared from human pituitary glands by the method of Raben (1959) showed two components on agar gel electrophoresis. Fraction I corresponded to a slow alpha-globulin, and fraction II had a mobility between alpha and beta-globulin. On agar gel immunoelectrophoresis using HGH and rabbit antiserum to HGH, these two components showed immunological identity. By using agar gel immunoelectrophoresis and the haemagglutination technique HGH preparations of both Raben and Li type were shown to be contaminated with human albumin. Antiserum to human growth hormone containing also antibodies against human albumin was purified by adsorption with human albumin. It is postulated that part of the difficulties encountered in the use of the haemagglutination-inhibition technique to determine growth hormone concentration in serum, is due to impurities in the human growth hormone preparations and antisera to these preparations in use.
STERILIZATION OF MALES BY INTRATESTICULAR ADMINISTRATION OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE
Authors: Kar Amiya B. , Das R. P.
Published: December 2008

Administration of CdCl2 directly into the rat testis causes acute and irreversible destruction of the germinal epithelium. The interstitial portion regenerates after an initial phase of atrophy. The minimum effective dose of the salt (150 μg/kg) by this route is about 1/16th of the minimum dose needed to evoke these changes when administered subcutaneously. These effects are restricted to the testis to which CdCl2 is injected; the contralateral one remains unaffected. The testicular changes are specific to Cd as ZnCl2 (50-200 μg/kg) administered in a similar manner, does not influence the testis.

Degenerative changes similar in nature and extent to rats, are seen in the testis of rabbits, goats and rhesus monkeys after direct injection. The testis of rabbits seems to be resistant to CdCl2 when administered by the subcutaneous route.
ADRENOCORTICAL ACTIVITY DURING INDUCED HYPOGLYCAEMIA
Authors: Arner Bengt , Hedner Pavo , Karlefors Tord
Published: December 2008

Free plasma corticosteroids were determined by a fluorimetric method before and during hypoglycaemia, induced by the intravenous injection of insulin. The investigation was performed on 10 healthy subjects. The hypoglycaemia was most marked 20–30 minutes after the injection of insulin. 40 minutes after the injection of insulin the plasma corticosteroids had reached a value significantly above the pre-injection level. 60 minutes after the insulin injection the plasma corticosteroid level had reached its maximum. The mechanism and the possibility of using the experimental technique as a hypophyseal-adrenocortical function test are discussed.
VERGLEICHENDE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR WIRKUNG VON THYROXIN, TRIJODTHYRONIN, TRIJODTHYROESSIGSÄURE UND TRIJODTHYROPROPIONSÄURE
Authors: Kessler F. J. , Krüskemper H. L.
Published: December 2008

Male Wistar rats were treated with 1-thyroxine, 1-triiodothyronine, triiodothyroacetic acid and triiodothyropropionic acid in equimolar doses. The catabolic effect (body and organ weight), the variation of the heart weight, the augmentation of tissue respiration, the DNA-content of liver and the activity of enzymes in red blood cells have been compared.
RATIO CORTISONE/CORTISOL IN MOTHER AND INFANT AT BIRTH
Authors: Bro-Rasmussen Frede , Buus Ole , Trolle Dyre
Published: December 2008

Specific determinations of cortisone/cortisol in the maternal and cord blood at the time of delivery in 9 normal pregnant women, 2 patients with adrenogenital syndrome, and 1 patient with Addison's disease showed that the cortisone/cortisol ratio was altered from 1:10 in the maternal blood to more than 1:1 in cord blood, presumably due to transhydrogenation in the placenta.

The significance of the alteration in the cortisone/cortisol ratio from mother to infant is discussed.
ACID PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE PANCREATIC ISLETS OF RATS OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Hellerström Claes , Brolin Sven , Larsson Stig , Hellman Bo
Published: December 2008

Histochemical methods for acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase were applied to the islets of Langerhans in rats of different ages. It was not possible to demonstrate any specific glucose-6-phosphatase activity, since at the pH optimum of this enzyme, both glucose-6-phosphate and sodium-β-glycerophosphate were hydrolyzed; the more intense reaction occurring with the latter substrate. At the end of the intrauterine life there was a marked acid phosphatase reaction, which appeared unchanged during the first 10 days of postnatal life but was considerably weaker in adult rats. The occurrence of a smaller number of non-reacting cells in the islet periphery was assumed to be evidence that there was no demonstrable acid phosphatase activity in one or both types of A cells. The considerable reaction found in the islets of foetuses and young rats might reflect the maturation and rapid proliferation of these cells during early stage of life.
ADDISON'S DISEASE AND HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: Stewart W. K. , Green D. M. , Lowe K. G.
Published: December 2008

The association of Addison's disease and hyperthyroidism is rare since a review of the world literature revealed only 13 cases which showed considerable diversity in their clinical features. The case is described here of a 40 year old man who developed Addison's disease and, two years later, hyperthyroidism with typical exacerbation of Addison's disease. Treatment of Addison's disease with replacement therapy and of hyperthyroidism with carbimazole followed by radio-active iodine was satisfactory. The patient's serum contained no adrenal antibodies but there were thyroid antibodies which were probably only of secondary importance. Study of such cases might have been expected to be rewarding in casting light on the thyro-adrenal axis, particularly in regard to the problem of whether there is reciprocal relationship between secretion by the pituitary gland of corticotrophin and thyrotrophin. Review of the recent literature however shows much diversity of opinion as to the existence or importance of any specific inter-relationship between adrenocortical and thyroid function and study of the reported case and review of earlier clinical reports of associated Addison's disease and hyperthyroidism shed no light on the problem. The association of these two endocrinopathies may therefore be only fortuitous.
DARSTELLUNG VON GONADOTROPIN AUS MENSCHLICHEN HYPOPHYSEN
Authors: Bettendorf Gerhard , Apostolakis Michael , Voigt Klaus D.
Published: December 2008

Approximately 3000 human hypophyses were processed by a modification of the method of König & King (1950) in order to obtain potent gonadotrophic extracts.

The final product, fraction E3, was found to have a total gonadotrophic activity of 200 HMG U./mg in the mouse uterus test and was 10 times as active as the FSH standard NIH-FSH-S 1 in the HCG augmentation test. MSH, ACTH and LTH contamination was insignificant.

The specific activities obtained in other laboratories (Gemzell et al. 1958, 1960; Li 1960; Steelman et al. 1953, 1958, 1959) are not substantially higher. It may therefore be concluded that our relatively simple procedure is just as efficient as the more complicated, time consuming methods referred to above. Furthermore the overall recovery of our method seems to be higher.

Attempts were made to obtain a further purification of fraction E3 by means of CMC, Sephadex and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and also by means of flow-stream electrophoresis. DEAE Sephadex chromatography results in a slight increase in specific activity, which was, however, combined with a substantial overall recovery loss. The other fractionation methods employed gave no satisfactory results. A complete separation of FSH and ICSH activity even by means of CMC chromatography was not obtained.

The total gonadotrophic activity per hypophysis was found to be approximately 1000 HMG units (average in unselected batches of hypophyses from various pathology institutes). Estimation in single hypophyses of men and women above the age of 45 resulted in higher values. Single estimations of total gonadotrophin activity in hypophyses of foetuses and of pregnant women have very low values, while in the hypophyses of children no gonadotrophic activity could be detected.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF THYROTROPHIC HORMONE IN MAN
Authors: Skanse Bengt , von Studnitz Wilfried
Published: December 2008

The metabolic effects of prolonged administration of thyrotrophic hormone were studied in 5 euthyroid subjects and in 1 patient who had been subjected to total thyroidectomy. Thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) had no effect in the thyroidectomized patient, thus showing that the metabolic effects were mediated by stimulation of the thyroid. In the euthyroid subjects the TSH caused an increase in thyroid activity as judged by the rise in basal metabolic rate (BMR) and serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) and the clinical symptoms.

The administration of TSH resulted in:

elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and in an increase of the fibrinogen, haptoglobin, coeruloplasmin and total hexose content of the serum;

an increase of α1-, α2-, and β2-globulins and smaller and less consistent changes in the albumin and β1- and γ-globulins, i. e. changes of the type seen in acute infections or acute inflammatory diseases;

a fall in the total serum lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids, and less consistent changes in the α- and β-lipoproteins.

During continued administration of TSH all the above mentioned metabolic effects tended to level off and/or disappear, probably owing to formation of antibodies.

Withdrawal of TSH was followed by a rebound phenomenon, presumably because of diminished production of thyroid hormone.

From the clinical point of view the possibility of increased thyroid function being a cause of elevated ESR and of the serum proteins changes resembling those seen in acute inflammatory processes should perhaps be considered.
CONTRIBUTION A L'ETUDE DE LA FORMATION D'ANDROGENES PAR L'OVAIRE. II
Authors: Seeman A. , Saracino R. T. , Guerin P.
Published: December 2008

The comparison between the level of the 17-ketosteroids in the blood of the ovarian vein and in the peripheral blood as well as the decrease of these steroids after castration shows that the ovary produces androgens and pours them in the general circulation.

The new results we are presenting confirm our preceding finding and bring the supplementary notion of a conjugation of the 17-ketosteroids by the ovary.