bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indole Alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus: Bioproduction and Their Effect on Human Health
Authors: Almagro Lorena , Fernández-Pérez Francisco , Pedreño Maria
Published: February 2015

Catharanthus roseus is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae which produces terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) of high medicinal importance. Indeed, a number of activities like antidiabetic, bactericide and antihypertensive are linked to C. roseus. Nevertheless, the high added value of this plant is based on its enormous pharmaceutical interest, producing more than 130 TIAs, some of which exhibit strong pharmacological activities. The most striking biological activity investigated has been the antitumour effect of dimeric alkaloids such as anhydrovinblastine, vinblastine and vincristine which are already in pre-, clinical or in use. The great pharmacological importance of these indole alkaloids, contrasts with the small amounts of them found in this plant, making their extraction a very expensive process. To overcome this problem, researches have looked for alternative sources and strategies to produce them in higher amounts. In this sense, intensive research on the biosynthesis of TIAs and the regulation of their pathways has been developed with the aim to increase by biotechnological approaches, the production of these high added value compounds. This review is focused on the different strategies which improve TIA production, and in the analysis of the beneficial effects that these compounds exert on human health.
Fortifier and Cream Improve Fat Delivery in Continuous Enteral Infant Feeding of Breast Milk
Authors: Tabata Mika , Abdelrahman Khaled , Hair Amy , Hawthorne Keli , Chen Zhensheng , Abrams Steven
Published: February 2015

Premature and high-risk infants require accurate delivery of nutrients to promote appropriate growth. Continuous enteral feeding methods may result in significant fat and micronutrient loss. This study evaluated fat loss in enteral nutrition using current strategies for providing high-risk infants fortified human milk (HM). The fat content of HM was measured by IR analyzer in a simulated feeding system using the Kangaroo epumpTM and the MedFusionTM 2010 pump. Comparisons in fat loss were made between HM, HM supplemented with donor HM-derived fortifier Prolacta + H2MFTM (H2MF), and HM supplemented with H2MF and donor HM-derived cream ProlactCRTM (cream). When using the Kangaroo epumpTM, the addition of H2MF and cream to HM increased fat delivery efficiency from 75.0% ± 1.2% to 83.7% ± 1.0% (p < 0.0001). When using the MedFusionTM 2010 pump, the addition of H2MF to HM increased fat delivery efficiency from 83.2% ± 2.8% to 88.8% ± 0.8% (p < 0.05), and the addition of H2MF and cream increased fat delivery efficiency to 92.0% ± 0.3% (p < 0.01). The addition of H2MF and cream to HM provides both the benefits of bioactive elements from mother’s milk and increased fat delivery, making the addition of H2MF and cream an appropriate method to improve infant weight gain.
γδ T Cell Immunotherapy—A Review
Authors: Kobayashi Hirohito , Tanaka Yoshimasa
Published: February 2015

Cancer immunotherapy utilizing Vγ9Vδ2 T cells has been developed over the past decade. A large number of clinical trials have been conducted on various types of solid tumors as well as hematological malignancies. Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy can be classified into two categories based on the methods of activation and expansion of these cells. Although the in vivo expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by phosphoantigens or nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-bis) has been translated to early-phase clinical trials, in which the safety of the treatment was confirmed, problems such as activation-induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cell anergy and a decrease in the number of peripheral blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cells after infusion of these stimulants have not yet been solved. In addition, it is difficult to ex vivo expand Vγ9Vδ2 T cells from advanced cancer patients with decreased initial numbers of peripheral blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. In this article, we review the clinical studies and reports targeting Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and discuss the development and improvement of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
Development and Integration of a Solar Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and a Wireless Sensor Network to Monitor Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Malaver Alexander , Motta Nunzio , Corke Peter , Gonzalez Felipe
Published: February 2015

Measuring gases for environmental monitoring is a demanding task that requires long periods of observation and large numbers of sensors. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) currently represent the best alternative to monitor large, remote, and difficult access areas, as these technologies have the possibility of carrying specialized gas sensing systems. This paper presents the development and integration of a WSN and an UAV powered by solar energy in order to enhance their functionality and broader their applications. A gas sensing system implementing nanostructured metal oxide (MOX) and non-dispersive infrared sensors was developed to measure concentrations of CH4 and CO2. Laboratory, bench and field testing results demonstrate the capability of UAV to capture, analyze and geo-locate a gas sample during flight operations. The field testing integrated ground sensor nodes and the UAV to measure CO2 concentration at ground and low aerial altitudes, simultaneously. Data collected during the mission was transmitted in real time to a central node for analysis and 3D mapping of the target gas. The results highlights the accomplishment of the first flight mission of a solar powered UAV equipped with a CO2 sensing system integrated with a WSN. The system provides an effective 3D monitoring and can be used in a wide range of environmental applications such as agriculture, bushfires, mining studies, zoology and botanical studies using a ubiquitous low cost technology.
Ionizing Radiation Detectors Based on Ge-Doped Optical Fibers Inserted in Resonant Cavities
Authors: Avino Saverio , D'Avino Vittoria , Giorgini Antonio , Pacelli Roberto , Liuzzi Raffaele , Cella Laura , De Natale Paolo , Gagliardi Gianluca
Published: February 2015

The measurement of ionizing radiation (IR) is a crucial issue in different areas of interest, from environmental safety and industrial monitoring to aerospace and medicine. Optical fiber sensors have recently proven good candidates as radiation dosimeters. Here we investigate the effect of IR on germanosilicate optical fibers. A piece of Ge-doped fiber enclosed between two fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is irradiated with gamma radiation generated by a 6 MV medical linear accelerator. With respect to other FBG-based IR dosimeters, here the sensor is only the bare fiber without any special internal structure. A near infrared laser is frequency locked to the cavity modes for high resolution measurement of radiation induced effects on the fiber optical parameters. In particular, we observe a variation of the fiber thermo-optic response with the radiation dose delivered, as expected from the interaction with Ge defect centers, and demonstrate a detection limit of 360 mGy. This method can have an impact in those contexts where low radiation doses have to be measured both in small volumes or over large areas, such as radiation therapy and radiation protection, while bare optical fibers are cheap and disposable.
Simultaneous 2D Strain Sensing Using Polymer Planar Bragg Gratings
Authors: Rosenberger Manuel , Eisenbeil Waltraud , Schmauss Bernhard , Hellmann Ralf
Published: February 2015

We demonstrate the application of polymer planar Bragg gratings for multi-axial strain sensing and particularly highlight simultaneous 2D strain measurement. A polymer planar Bragg grating (PPBG) fabricated with a single writing step in bulk polymethylmethacrylate is used for measuring both tensile and compressive strain at various angles. It is shown that the sensitivity of the PPBG strongly depends on the angle between the optical waveguide into which the grating is inscribed and the direction along which the mechanical load is applied. Additionally, a 2D PPBG fabricated by writing two Bragg gratings angularly displaced from each other into a single polymer platelet is bonded to a stainless steel plate. The two reflected wavelengths exhibit different sensitivities while tested toward tensile and compressive strain. These characteristics make 2D PPBG suitable for measuring multi-axial tensile and compressive strain.
Development of a Prototype Web-Based Decision Support System for Watershed Management
Authors: Zhang Dejian , Chen Xingwei , Yao Huaxia
Published: February 2015

Using distributed hydrological models to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing non-point source pollution by applying best management practices (BMPs) is an important support to decision making for watershed management. However, complex interfaces and time-consuming simulations of the models have largely hindered the applications of these models. We designed and developed a prototype web-based decision support system for watershed management (DSS-WMRJ), which is user friendly and supports quasi-real-time decision making. DSS-WMRJ is based on integrating an open-source Web-based Geographical Information Systems (Web GIS) tool (Geoserver), a modeling component (SWAT, Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a cloud computing platform (Hadoop) and other open source components and libraries. In addition, a private cloud is used in an innovative manner to parallelize model simulations, which are time consuming and computationally costly. Then, the prototype DSS-WMRJ was tested with a case study. Successful implementation and testing of the prototype DSS-WMRJ lay a good foundation to develop DSS-WMRJ into a fully-fledged tool for watershed management. DSS-WMRJ can be easily customized for use in other watersheds and is valuable for constructing other environmental decision support systems, because of its performance, flexibility, scalability and economy.
Palladium nanoparticles anchored to anatase TiO2 for enhanced surface plasmon resonance-stimulated, visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity
Authors: Leong Kah Hon , Chu Hong Ye , Ibrahim Shaliza , Saravanan Pichiah
Published: February 2015

Freely assembled palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) on titania (TiO2) nano photocatalysts were successfully synthesized through a photodeposition method using natural sunlight. This synthesized heterogeneous photocatalyst (Pd/TiO2) was characterized through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-DRS), Raman and photoluminescence (PL) analyses. The simple and smart synthesis anchored well the deposition with controlled Pd NPs size ranging between 17 and 29 nm onto the surface of TiO2. Thus, it gives the characteristic for Pd NPs to absorb light in the visible region obtained through localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPRs). Apparently, the photocatalytic activity of the prepared photocatalysts was evaluated by degrading the endocrine disrupting compound (EDC) amoxicillin (AMX) excited under an artificial visible light source. In the preliminary run, almost complete degradation (97.5%) was achieved in 5 h with 0.5 wt % Pd loading and the degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The reusability trend proved the photostability of the prepared photocatalysts. Hence, the study provides a new insight about the modification of TiO2 with noble metals in order to enhance the absorption in the visible-light region for superior photocatalytic performance.
Gouverner par l'évacuation ? L'exemple des « campements illicites » en Seine-Saint-Denis
Authors: Cousin Grégoire , Legros Olivier
Published: February 2015

Depuis quelques années déjà, les pouvoirs publics multiplient les opérations d’évacuation de « campements illicites » en France. Sans grands résultats puisque les personnes expulsées, le plus souvent des ressortissants roumains désignés à tort ou à raison comme Roms, vont généralement s’installer un peu plus loin, toujours dans l’illégalité. Dans ces conditions, à quoi sert de poursuivre les opérations d’évacuation ? Instruments de l’exécution civile ou de la police administrative au départ, les procédures d’évacuation tiennent aujourd’hui lieu de politique publique en direction des « campements illicites ». Sur le plan de la gestion territoriale, leur bilan est mitigé cependant : à court terme, les évacuations sont inefficaces puisqu’elles n’ont toujours pas dissuadé les familles expulsées de renoncer à leurs pratiques ; à plus long terme en revanche, pour peu qu’elles soient suivies d’une réaffectation ou d’une sécurisation durable des terrains squattés, les évacuations devraient inciter les familles à revoir leurs stratégies résidentielles, mais sans pour autant les contraindre forcément à quitter leurs régions d’installation.
Mise en place d'une méthodologie expérimentale : hypothèses et variables
Authors: Anceaux Françoise , Sockeel Pascal
Published: February 2015

Cet article méthodologique se propose de présenter ce qui, dans le cycle d’une recherche, concerne la mise en place du plan de recherche. Il se focalise tout particulièrement sur la formulation des hypothèses à partir de la question de recherche ainsi que sur leur opérationnalisation et la manière de les mettre à l’épreuve par le biais du choix des variables. Les contrôles expérimentaux, ainsi que les plans factoriels, plans d’expérience les plus utilisés, sont ensuite présentés.
Nutrients, functional properties, storage stability and costing of complementary foods enriched with either termites and fish or commercial micronutrients
Authors: Kinyuru J.N. , Konyole S.O. , Onyango-Omolo S.A. , Kenji G.M. , Onyango C.A. , Owino V.O. , Owuor B.O. , Estambale B.B. , Roos N.
Published: February 2015

Application of edible insects in complementary food production has not been studied much. This study developed and evaluated complementary foods based on edible termites to combat child malnutrition in Kenya. Two complementary foods, Winfood Classic (W-C; containing termites anddagaa fish) and Winfood Lite (W-L; without termites anddagaa fish) were formulated and processed by extrusion cooking. Their nutrient content, functional properties, storage stability and cost of the foods were evaluated using standard methods. W-C contained significantly higher (P<0.001) levels of 423.6 kcal/100 g energy, 19.1 g/100 g protein, 12.3 g/100 g fat, 6.3 mg/100 g zinc than W-L which contained 407.2 kcal/100 g energy, 14.6 g/100 g protein, 9.0 g/100 g fat and 5.5 mg/100 g zinc. Iron content in W-C (12.2 mg/100 g) and W-L (12.5 mg/100 g) were not significantly different (P=0.37). The energy contribution from fats (26.1 E%) from W-C was within the recommend levels in complementary foods while energy from proteins (protein E%) was higher from the two foods (18.0 and 14.3 E%, respectively). Bulk density was significantly different (P=0.02) amongst W-C and W-L and within the recommended levels of ≤0.5 g/cm3 in complementary foods. The foods were shelf stable for 6 months of storage with neither pathogenic microorganisms nor aflatoxins reported. Peroxide value was below the limits (≤10 meq/kg) after 6 months of storage. Production cost of the foods was 3.21 and 2.23 US$/kg for W-C and W-L, respectively, with termites contributing 42.3% of the basic cost of production in W-C. The study confirms that termites anddagaa fish can be utilised in processing of affordable and safe complementary foods with adequate nutrient density.
Insects as food and feed in the Asia Pacific region: current perspectives and future directions
Authors: Yen A.L.
Published: February 2015

Western cultures currently struggle to have insects accepted as a human food. This barrier is not as high in many parts of the Asia Pacific region because entomophagy is (or was until recent times) a part of their accepted diets. The region is comprised of many different cultural groups and the degree to which they embraced entomophagy has been determined by dietary needs, cultural considerations, and the availability of insects. While entomophagy has decreased in westernised societies, the demand for edible insects has increased in parts of Asia in association with rising standards of living. An assessment of the use of insects as food and feed in the Asia Pacific region is provided and important knowledge gaps are identified. Edible insects are sourced by three main strategies: wild harvesting, semi-domestication of insects in the wild, and farming. Semi-domestication and farming have the potential to provide a more sustainable food supply, but globally 92% of species are wild harvested. The harvested insects come from all trophic levels, although most of the terrestrial edible insect species are herbivores and most species of edible aquatic species are predators. The increased demand for edible insects puts pressure on the source populations because new technologies are now used to harvest insects more efficiently and to store them safely for longer periods, facilitating the harvesting of greater amounts of insects. This, in combination with either loss of natural habitats or changes to the environment, puts even more pressure on insect populations. The over harvesting of edible insects from different trophic levels could have long term adverse implications for ecosystem processes in Asia Pacific and other regions.
Small-scale production of edible insects for enhanced food security and rural livelihoods: experience from Thailand and Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Authors: Durst P.B. , Hanboonsong Y.
Published: February 2015

Thailand and Lao People's Democratic Republic have long and rich histories of human consumption of insects, which have provided important contributions to food security and nutrition over the centuries. In the past, most insects were collected for non-commercial home consumption, but insects are now increasingly sold in local markets and to dealers as a source of cash income. While traditional household consumption remains important in many areas of the two countries, consumption patterns are evolving, with increased demand for insects as snacks and in urban areas. Production patterns are also evolving to include not only traditional harvesting of insects from wild habitats, but also semi-domestication and insect farming. Marketing practices are increasingly reflecting changing consumer preferences and demands and the growing population of urban consumers. Production, processing, and marketing of edible insects is providing important income, employment and livelihood opportunities across Thailand and Lao PDR, with new niche markets offering growing opportunities for entrepreneurs.
miR-182 Is Largely Dispensable for Adaptive Immunity: Lack of Correlation between Expression and Function
Authors: Pucella Joseph N. , Yen Wei-Feng , Kim Myoungjoo V. , van der Veeken Joris , Socci Nicholas D. , Naito Yukiko , Li Ming O. , Iwai Naoharu , Chaudhuri Jayanta
Published: February 2015

MicroRNA (miR)-mediated regulation of protein abundance is a pervasive mechanism of directing cellular processes. The well-studied and abundant miR-182 has previously been implicated in many aspects of T cell function, DNA repair, and cancer. In this study, we show that miR-182 is the most highly induced miR in B cells undergoing class-switch recombination. To elucidate the requirement of miR-182 in lymphocyte function, we extensively characterized mice with a targeted deletion of Mir182. We show that despite its dramatic induction, loss of miR-182 has minimal impact on B cell development, the ability of B cells to undergo class-switch recombination ex vivo and to undergo Ag-driven affinity maturation in vivo. Furthermore, in striking contrast to knockdown studies that demonstrated the requirement of miR-182 in T cell function, miR-182–deficient mice display no defect in T cell development and activation. Finally, we show that T cell–dependent immune response to experimental Listeria monocytogenes infection is intact in miR-182–deficient mice. We conclude that, contrary to previous studies, miR-182 does not play a significant role in all measured aspects of mouse adaptive immunity. This striking absence of a phenotype highlights the lack of correlation between expression pattern and functional requirement, underscores the limitations of using knockdown approaches to assess miR requirements, and suggests that miR networks may compensate for the chronic loss of specific miRs.
Requirement for Autophagy in the Long-Term Persistence but not Initial Formation of Memory B cells
Authors: Chen Min , Kodali Srikanth , Jang Albert , Kuai Le , Wang Jin
Published: February 2015

Autophagy is required for the long-term maintenance of Ag-specific memory B cells. However, whether autophagy is also important for the initial formation of memory B cells remains unclear. In this study, we show that newly generated memory B cells do not display active autophagy but are capable of forming Ab-secreting cells after rechallenge with Ags. Increases in autophagy took place over time after the initial formation of memory B cells. The expression of transcription factors involved in autophagy, but not changes in epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation, was required for autophagy gene expression and the development of active autophagy in memory B cells. This indicates that autophagy is not critical for the initial generation of memory B cells but is required for their long-term persistence. Our results suggest that promoting autophagy to improve Ab-dependent immunological memory is more effective during memory B cell maintenance stage.
Outlining and discussing various psychological perspectives on career meta-capacities
Authors: Koekemoer Eileen
Published: February 2015

No abstract available.
Gasoline Abuse in a 10-Year-Old Child with Mental Retardation: A Case Report
Authors: Joshi Mohit , Vankar G. K.
Published: February 2015

Inahalant abuse is of increasing interest in India. The age of onset is typically during adolescence. Gasoline inhalant use is rarely reported in adolescents with intellectual deficit. We report a case of petrol dependence in a 10-year-old child with mental retardation. Possible effect of petrol huffing on behavior and cognition is discussed.
Приближения Бишопа-Рунге и обращение теоремы Римана-Клейна
Authors: Michel Vincent , Henkin Gennadi Markovich
Published: February 2015

В статье изложены результаты по проективным вложениям римановых поверхностей, гладких или с нодальными особенностями. Эти результаты применяются к обратной задаче Дирихле-Неймана и к обращению теоремы
Римана-Клейна. Для построения нужных вложений техника Бишопа адаптируется к случаю открытых поверхностей с границей и используется теорема типа Рунге о гармонических приближениях в компактном случае.
Библиография: 36 названий.
Нетривиальное квантование модели $\phi^4_n$ при $n\ge 2$
Authors: Klauder John Rider
Published: February 2015

Традиционное квантование ковариантных $\phi^4_n$-моделей скалярного поля является тривиальным для пространства-времени размерности $n\ge 5$, и это же может оказаться верным для $n=4$. Однако альтернативный контрчлен порядка $O(\hbar)$ приводит к нетривиальным результатам для всех $n\ge 4$, а также дает иное квантование для $n=2,3$. Найден контрчлен, который обеспечивает эти свойства настолько просто и непосредственно, насколько это возможно. Тот же контрчлен также дает решение для таких моделей, как $\phi^p_n$ при любом четном $p$, в том числе для моделей с $p>2n/(n-2)$, которые традиционно рассматриваются как неперенормируемые.
Тождества Славнова-Тейлора и Уорда в теории электрослабых взаимодействий
Authors: Becchi Carlo
Published: February 2015

В рамках теории электрослабых взаимодействий обсуждается класс калибровок, подходящих для вычисления электромагнитных процессов. В частности, показано, что в калибровках из указанного класса наряду с фундаментальными тождествами Славнова-Тейлора, гарантирующими независимость физических результатов выбора калибровки, имеются также стандартные тождества Уорда в квантовой электродинамике, которые, как хорошо известно, играют важнейшую роль в вычислении электромагнитных процессов, в частности при анализе электромагнитных радиационных поправок.
Динамическое представление операторов для дираковской частицы в плосковолновом поле
Authors: Lobanov Andrey Evgen'evich
Published: February 2015

Найден явный вид интегралов движения для дираковской частицы, находящейся в плосковолновом поле. Данные операторы представляют собой реализацию алгебры Ли группы Пуанкаре в случае, когда пространство представления состоит из решений уравнения Дирака-Паули для частицы в плосковолновом поле.
К развитию неэрмитовой алгебраической теории с $\gamma_5$-расширением массы
Authors: Rodionov Vasilii Nikolaevich , Kravtsova Galina Al'bertovna
Published: February 2015

Рассматривается неэрмитова фермионная модель c $\gamma_5$-расширением массы: $m\to m_1+\gamma_5m_2$. Устанавливается связь рассматриваемой теории и геометрической теории с максимальной массой в квантово-механическом приближении. Предлагается уточненное условие ненарушенности $PT$-симметрии теории. Оно содержит указание о разделении исходной области ненарушенности на подобласти, отвечающие описанию обычных и экзотических частиц. Вычисляется оператор $\mathcal C$, необходимый для построения нового скалярного произведения в данной теории с неэрмитовым гамильтонианом, и приводится ряд следствий его введения. Решается задача о нахождении собственных значений и собственных векторов рассматриваемого гамильтониана.
O dveh prevodih Prešernovega Sonetnega venca v francoščino
Authors: Schlamberger Brezar Mojca
Published: February 2015

Delo prof. dr. Vladimirja Pogačnika poleg številnih znanstvenih člankov s področja leksikologije in skladnje vključuje tudi precej prevodov slovenskih avtorjev v francoščino - od kratkih zgodb prek otroške literature do poezije. Višek njegovega prevajalskega delovanja je nedvomno prevod Prešernovega Sonetnega venca, kjer je prevodne rešitve slogovno in prevodoslovno utemeljil. V članku bomo analizirali njegov prevod in recepcijo tega prevoda med francoskimi bralci vzporedno s skoraj sočasnim prevodom istega Prešernovega dela izpod peresa Kolje Mičevića, ki je bil v slovenskih krogih deležen več objav kot Pogačnikov prevod. Poglobljena slogovna in skladenjska analiza seveda govorita v prid Pogačnikovemu prevodu, taki so tudi odzivi kultiviranih slovenskih bralcev, ki smo jih anketirali za potrebe raziskave.
Che cosa (non) è rimasto della francesità?: addomesticamento e straniamento nelle traduzioni italiana e slovena di Les fleurs bleues di Raymond Queneau
Authors: Ožbot Martina
Published: February 2015

Nel presente contributo vengono offerte alcune riflessioni sulla traduzione di aspetti culturalmente specifici nel testo letterario, e in particolare sulle versioni italiana e slovena del romanzo Les Fleurs bleues di Raymond Queneau, che sono opera rispettivamente di Italo Calvino e di Ana Barič Moder. Al centro dellʼattenzione è soprattutto la dicotomia traduttiva tra lʼapproccio straniante e quello domesticante. Un esame del testo originale e delle due traduzioni ha dimostrato che ambedue i traduttori si sono sforzati di preservare i caratteri della cultura di partenza iscritti nel romanzo queneauiano. Allo stesso tempo, però, hanno cercato di integrare le proprie versioni negli ambienti dʼarrivo quando ciò pareva necessario per rendere possibile il pieno funzionamento delle due traduzioni come opere letterarie che, nei specifici contesti italiano e sloveno, sono destinate ad avere la funzione di entità letterarie a sé stanti, cioè indipendenti dal loro primario legame con il testo di partenza francese. Fatte queste premesse, lʼapproccio generale dei due traduttori può essere caratterizzato come relativamente addomesticante, anche se in entrambe le versioni, e in particolare in quella italiana, viene concesso ampio spazio anche allo straniamento, purché esso non incrini la funzionalità della traduzione.
Nekaj smernic za raziskovanje sledi prvotnih slovansko-romanskih jezikovnih stikov v slovenski toponimiji
Authors: Šega Agata
Published: February 2015

V članku predlagamo pristope in smernice za raziskovanje najstarejših krajevnih imen romanskega izvora v slovenščini in drugih pokazateljev slovansko-romanskega sožitja na območju zahodnih Alp in severnega Jadrana pred koncem XI. stoletja. Predvsem opozarjamo na težave, ki jih lahko raziskovalci, zlasti jezikoslovci, upravičeno pričakujejo na tem področju dela. Cilj je izdelava dokončnega seznama zemljepisnih imen, ki bi omogočila identifikacijo in analizo sledov srednjeveškega romanstva, na njuni osnovi pa tudi oceno prisotnosti jezikovne in materialne kontinuitete na tem področju.
Poudarjanje v slovenščini in v francoščini: slovenski poudarjalni členki in njihove ustreznice v francoščini
Authors: Oven Jacqueline
Published: February 2015

Pri pričujočem članku gre za kontrastivno analizo poudarjalnosti v slovenščini in v francoščini. Avtorica izhaja iz rezultatov raziskave rabe poudarjalnih členkov v slovenščini in njihovih francoskih ustreznic. Primeri so vzeti iz korpusa, ki so ga sestavljala sodobna književna dela, prevedena iz slovenščine v francoščino ali obratno. V članku avtorica najprej definira slovenske poudarjalne členke in nato predstavi njihove najbolj pogoste francoske ustreznice (sobesedilne prislove in polnopomenske lekseme). Primerjava slovenskih in francoskih izrazov pripelje do ugotovitve, da je poudarjalnost zelo kompleksen proces. Glede na francosko ustreznico uporabimo v slovenščini različne stopnje poudarjalnosti (šibko, osnovno in okrepljeno). Kontrastivni pristop je pripeljal do ugotovitve, da nekateri slovenski členki lahko, glede na kontekst, uvedejo različne stopnje poudarjalnosti, kar lahko pripelje do določenih dvoumnosti pri razumevanju. V takih primerih se je izkazalo, da je francoski prevod pomagal razjasniti dvoumnosti, saj je prevajalec izbral francoski ustreznik, ki je točno določil stopnjo poudarjalnosti.
Glasno branje - dejavnost, ki bi jo bilo pri pouku tujega jezika potrebno rehabilitirati?
Authors: Lah Meta
Published: February 2015

Avtorica izhaja iz predpostavke, da je sodoben, komunikacijsko usmerjen, pouk tujega jezika koristen za določene uporabnike, saj jih hitro pripelje do osnovne komunikacije v tujem jeziku. Žal tak pouk ni zadosten za tiste učence ali dijake, ki bodo od znanja tujega jezika odvisni in bo zanje pomembno ne le to, da znajo tvoriti sporočila, pač pa tudi, da jih tvorijo pravilno in imajo korektno izgovorjavo. Avtorica razmišlja o tem, kakšno vlogo bi pri tem lahko imelo glasno branje. Raziskave, katerih izsledke podaja, so bile doslej opravljene na področju maternih jezikov in z zelo majhnimi otroki. Avtorji navajajo pozitiven vpliv glasnega branja na usvajanje besedišča in na motivacijo za branje. Po pregledu štirih bistvenih metodologij - t.i. tradicionalne, direktne, metodologije SGAV in komunikacijske ter učbenikov, ki pripadajo vsaki od teh metodologij, avtorica ugotovi, da glasno branje v zgodovini poučevanja francoščine ni nastopalo niti v metodologijah niti v učbenikih - gre torej za dejavnost, ki je ni potrebno le rehabilitirati, pač pa uvesti, vsaj za določeno ciljno publiko. Na vsak način gre za področje, ki bi ga bilo potrebno tudi pri tujem jeziku podrobneje raziskati.
Verbot vs. Gebot: Dichotomien und Gegensatzpaare in der Rechtssprache
Authors: Bukovčan Dragica
Published: February 2015

Rechtssprache ist als Metasprache und als Objektsprache Gegenstand des Interesses sowohl der Juristen als auch der Linguisten. Zu diesem komplexen und nach wie vor unerforschten Bereich zählen Dichotomien und Gegensatzpaare, die in der Rechtssprache wichtige, nach einigen Autoren sogar fundamentale Rolle spielen. In der Rechtssprache sind sie als sprachliche Universalien überall belegt /öffentliches Recht vs. Privatrecht; legal vs. illegal; gesetzmäßig vs. gesetzwidrig/. Ihre spezifischen Erscheinungsformen widerspiegeln Rechtstradition und -konzepte einer bestimmten Gesellschaft. Oft wird von »echten«, »falschen« und »verdeckten« Dichotomienim juristischen Diskurs gesprochen, obwohl eine einheitliche Kategorisierung nichtmöglich ist. Außerdem entwickeln sich ständig neue Rechtskonzepte mit veränderter Versprachlichung der Inhalte als Folge dynamischer gesellschaftlicher Veränderungen. Heute sind Dichotomien in der Rechtssprache eine schnell veränderliche Kategorie. Für die Analyse und Interpretation konnten logische Bilder und deutsche Tradition der Begriffsjurisprudenz bzw. dieser Tradition zugrunde liegende Idee von »Kern und Hof von Rechtsbegriffen« dienen. Deutsche Rechtsquellen bilden den Referenzrahmen, wogegendie Quellen aus anderen Rechtssystemen die Anwendbarkeit des vorgeschlagenen Interpretationsmodells bestätigen oder aber auf die Divergenzen in Rechtskulturen und -traditionen hinweisen.
Rechtssprachliche Kollokationen im deutsch-polnischen Vergleich und deren Stellenwert im Auslandsgermanistikstudium
Authors: Księżyk Felicja
Published: February 2015

Entgegen der verbreiteten Ansicht, dass Kollokationen insbesondere bei der Übersetzungin die Nicht-Muttersprache Probleme bereiten, ihre Rezeption dagegen ungehindert erfolgt, wird im vorliegenden Beitrag davon ausgegangen, dass dies bei Fachwendungen nicht der Fall ist. Das Phänomen der Kollokationen soll durch eine Analyse ausgewählter juristischer Lehrbücher näher beleuchtet werden. Angesichts der Schwierigkeiten, die fachsprachliche Kollokationen auch Muttersprachlern bereiten, werden einige Wege zum kompetenteren Umgang mit diesen sprachlichen Phänomenen vorgestellt.
The role of ESP courses in general English proficiency
Authors: Cigan Vesna , Kordić Ljubica
Published: February 2015

The purpose of the present paper is the study of the interaction between learning English for Specific Purposes (ESP), in particular, English for the Financial Sector, and general English proficiency. The research examines the effects of an ESP course being taught for a year on the students' general English proficiency.Two sets of tests were prepared for that purpose and administered to 30 first-year students of finance and law. The students took the placement test twice, at the beginning and at the end of the school year. To monitor test performance over a research period, a parallel form measuring the same competences was administered at the beginning of the second semester. In the test development process a special consideration has been paid to the level of difficulty and its relation to the students' prior educational context. Drawing on the National State Matura exams the test is set at Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) Level B2. As regards its content the test is comprised of reading comprehension tasks (multiple matching, multiple-choice cloze, gapped text) and grammar tasks aiming to examine lexical and grammatical competence.There were two major assumptions in this study: 1) Learning ESP can improve students' general English proficiency, and 2) There is a more substantial improvement in lexical competence as compared to the improvement in grammatical competence.There is strong evidence in support of the first hypothesis, whereas for the second one the results were ambiguous. After major findings are presented and discussed, implications for ESP teaching are given in closing.
Les deictiques dans les textes juridiques
Authors: Smolej Mojca
Published: February 2015

Par définition, la langue juridique devrait être univoque, explicite et précise. Les moyens linguistiques, tant lexicaux que structurels, sont censés instaurer une relation de cause à effet optimale entre la pensée et son expression. Ainsi, le rédacteur des textes juridiques a le devoir de vérifier scrupuleusement lʼadéquation de la pensée ou du contenu avec les moyens linguistiques utilisés ; par ailleurs, au niveau structurel (par exemple, de lʼordre des mots), il doit effectuer des vérifications et éliminer toute éventuelle ambiguïté ou imprécision. Nous prendrons pour point de départ de notre analyse des textes juridiques en vigueur transgressant dʼune manière ou dʼune autre la règle de clarté et de précision. Lʼemploi des déictiques est lʼune des fréquentes causes dʼambiguïté. Le deuxième alinéa de lʼarticle 18 de la Loi sur les contentieux administratifs (ZUS-1) présente un bon exemple de ce type dʼemploi. Ainsi, nous lisons que "zastopnik javnega interesa lahko vloži tožbo na podlagi pooblastila vlade, kadar ta ugotovi, da je bil z upravnim aktom kršen zakon v škodo javnega interesa" ("le représentant de lʼintérêt public peut déposer plainte sur la base dʼune procuration du gouvernement dans les cas où il constate que lʼacte administratif transgresse la loi aux dépens de lʼintérêt général" ). Le pronom "ta" , employé de manière anaphorique dans la proposition subordonnée, peut se référer à deux entités distinctes, le représentant de lʼintérêt public ("zastopnik javnega interesa") et le gouvernement ("vlada"), ce qui permet une interprétation abusive de la loi. En 2010, cette ambiguïté a même indirectement conduit à la mort de lʼun de ceux qui sʼen était servi pour contourner la loi.
Slovenian legal language from the standpoint of a Slovenian language expert
Authors: Žele Andreja
Published: February 2015

The paper draws attention to the current issues of legal language use within oneʼs own language, in this case Slovenian. We use specific cases to point out the additional semantic stress on legal terminology, word-formational variations and their (non-)acceptability, the need to take into consideration grammatical categories such as semantic definiteness in adjectives, and perfective and imperfective aspects in verbs and gerunds, as well as the (non-)justification of conversions within multiword legal terms. In this regard it is established that whatever is ambiguous in legal terminology is at the same time also wrong. Comment is made on the lexico-grammatical response of legal Slovenian to the inclusion of concepts of the transnational legal order, i.e. the legal order of the European Union. The analysis uses Slovenian legal texts and translated legal texts all approved by the competent legal institutions for linguistic analysis and the legal lexis which had already been included in language-oriented discussions. According to the issues presented, the study of law (i.e. legal norms, legal science and legal practice) reveals a constant need, or rather impetus, to introduce a parallel study course dealing with regular language based and linguistic updates of legal Slovenian.
The meaning(s) in law and language
Authors: Accetto Matej
Published: February 2015

This paper revisits the delicate relation between law and language, with language inevitable serving as the vehicle of legal deliberations and pronouncements, and in particular their seemingly irreconcilable qualities: while law is predicated on the concept of the rule of law (or Rechtsstaat) which in turn calls for a clear and predictable system of norms ensuring equal treatment, language is often indeterminate or ambiguous, the meaning of words unclear or uncertain. Is language even properly equipped to perform the role asked of it by law? This question is addressed by outlining and analysing the path traversed from the open-ended vagueness of linguistic terms to the uncompromising confines of their legal interpretation, both in the course of adopting legislation and in particular in the course of adopting judicial pronouncements on the meaning of linguistic terms employed.
Challenges in legal translation - revisited
Authors: Simonnæs Ingrid
Published: February 2015

The aim of this paper is to discuss challenges in legal translation from the view of a teacher who evaluates the work of semi-professional translators in a special setting. Recurrent translation errors may subsequently be used as a pedagogical resource in specialised translator training. The observation of recurrent challenges confronting the candidates in legal translation and the absence of formal translator training programs are the reasons why NHH now offers an on-line course in legal translation, JurDist, focusing i.a. on useful translation strategies.
Relationship between students’ motivation and their socio-demographic characteristics
Authors: Cigan Vesna
Published: February 2015

This article presents the results of research on the relationship between indicators of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in students attending higher education institutions, and their socio-demographic characteristics: the type of upper secondary education completed, secondary education grade point average, year of study, gender, and parents’ education.  The research was conducted in March 2012, through a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of 604 respondents. The questionnaire examined, among other things, students’ motivation for learning, self-assessment of motivation for learning English and further professional development, and self-assessment of overall satisfaction with the study programme.  According to the self-determination theory developed by Deci and Ryan (2000), intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are essential for undertaking any activity, including learning. As a social agent, each individual interacts with different social groups in an action-oriented set of circumstances, and develops his/her personality (CEFR). Social contexts that catalyse intrapersonal and interpersonal differences also have a significant influence on motivation. Gardner’s theory of motivation emphasizes the importance of social components and the extrinsic nature of instrumental and integrative ­orientation. Instrumental-integrative dichotomy was further developed by Dörnyei (1994: 279), who introduced a motivational framework consisting of three levels: the language level, the learner level and the learning situation level. Survey results show that the respondents are generally highly-motivated to learn, and that intrinsic motivation is predominant. Statistically significant differences were found between gender, secondary education grade point average, and year of study and the type and intensity of motivation, whereas the type of upper secondary education completed, and parents’ education, were not found to be statistically significantly correlated with the examined concepts.
Pragmatic competence and the CEFR: pragmatic profiling as a link between theory and language use
Authors: Sickinger Pawel , Schneider Klaus Peter
Published: February 2015

The functional and communicative perspective on language advocated in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), hides the fact that, while the CEFR programmatically emphasises the role of pragmatic competence in language learning, it provides little guidance in how to transform the domain of language learning, teaching and testing, accordingly. In the present paper, we argue for an extended and more detailed treatment of pragmatic competence in the context of the CEFR, that we think is necessary to enable practitioners to implement this conception of communicative competence in their everyday work. Whereas a gap between the CEFR’s programmatic vision and practical requirements has been noted and addressed, e.g. by the creation of reference level descriptions (RLDs) for individual languages, the pragmatic component has thus far not been thoroughly covered by the respective initiatives, such as the English Profile. Based on a review of definitions of pragmatic competence in the linguistic literature, we claim that a customised methodology will be necessary to fully integrate pragmatic competence into CEFR-based descriptions of language competence, especially if these descriptions are to be operationalised in language testing and certification. We then present our own approach to the issue of assessing pragmatic competence, which is part of an ongoing research project called Pragmatic Profiling (PRA.PRO). One of the main goals of this project is to establish pragmatic profiles of different varieties of English based on native speaker communicative behaviour, elicited via a variety of tasks in a standardized questionnaire format (the Questionnaire on English Usage), and other methods. The pragmatic norms derived from this empirical data can be directly compared with learner performance, which will ultimately allow us to assess divergence from native speaker norms and, thereby, evaluate levels of developing pragmatic competence in learners. Our primary concern is to point out that more empirical research is needed to link the levels of theoretical description and concrete communicative performance, and that the methodology employed in PRA.PRO is a promising route to achieving this goal
Literacy development in course books for teaching English in the second cycle of Slovenian primary school
Authors: Dagarin Fojkar Mateja
Published: February 2015

In recent years, there has been an increased focus on the teaching of reading to children, and the development of their literacy skills in their mother tongue and foreign languages.The theoretical part of the article introduces literacy, and its role within the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Literacy is part of the linguistic competences (particularly phonological, orthographic and orthoepic competences) that need to be acquired for successful communication. Unlike Slovene, English is a language with deep orthography, therefore, the development of literacy skills in English poses a considerable challenge to Slovenian learners. In the empirical part of the article, course books used for teaching English in the second cycle of Slovenian primary schools have been analysed with regard to literacy development, especially phonological, orthographic and orthoepic competences. This includes activities for developing orthographic reading skills, phonological and phonemic awareness, and the like. The research has shown that this area is approached to a greater or lesser extent in course books, and that literacy skills are mostly developed in an unprincipled way, without any systematic planning. Finally, a more systematic approach is recommended in developing early literacy skills in English as a foreign language.
Lexical and semantic aspects in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the teaching of Italian business correspondence
Authors: Lenassi Nives
Published: February 2015

The article is based on the guidelines of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFRL). It presents the results of a study aimed to determine to what extent they are taken into account in seven textbooks used for teaching business Italian. Given the importance of vocabulary in this type of language teaching, the article focuses on certain lexical and semantic aspects of business correspondence such as wordformation, synonymy, antonymy, collocations, part-whole relations, translation equivalence, and register differences. The analyses show that the authors of the materials covered these aspects well (albeit in different ways and to different extents in individual textbooks) despite the fact that in most cases the textbooks were written before the CEFRL was published or was known. In addition, two categories not present in the Framework but characteristic of business language were also recognized as important by the authors of the textbooks and presented in the task sections. These are some frequently used abbreviations and definitions (or their approximations considering the communicative language competence acquired) that learners can use to fill lexical gaps.
From evaluation of knowledge to evaluation of competence: a change of paradigm and of ideas
Authors: Bourguignon Claire
Published: February 2015

This article shows that research on competence-oriented assessment does not meet the criteria of analytic research but is to be considered as systemic.Indeed, competence-oriented assessment is complex and marks an epistemological turning point in the field of language learning and teaching. It thus upsets the traditional representations based on knowledge assessment. After a presentation of the fundamental concepts of competence-oriented assessment and its impact on language learning and teaching, an explanation is given of why words are not enough to bring about changes in perspective. Teachers will not apply a theoretical framework which does not fit in with their ideas. This is why it seems difficult to envisage any research on competence-oriented assessment without reflecting on how teachers can adapt to a new paradigm.