bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Southeastern Bat Species Using Noninvasive Genetic Sampling of Individual Guano Pellets
Authors: Brown Veronica A. , Willcox Emma V. , Fagan Kirstin E. , Bernard Riley F.
Published: September 2017

The impact of white-nose syndrome on North American bat populations may limit the effectiveness of traditional monitoring methods, including roost surveys, mist netting, and acoustic monitoring, and, in turn, determination of bat species occurrence. Genetic markers from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from feces (i.e., guano pellets) may provide an effective alternative method for assessing occurrence. We used an existing genetic marker from the 16S ribosomal subunit, mitochondrial DNA, to create a DNA sequence database for the 16 species of bats known to occur in Tennessee. We used our database to identify bat species from DNA extracted from 68 guano pellets collected from accumulations found in buildings of Great Smoky Mountains National Park from May to August 2015. No bats were directly observed at 19 roost buildings (55.9% of all identified roost buildings), where genetic analysis of guano was the only method available to determine species occurrence. Two of the species we detected roosting in buildings using DNA from guano, the little brown myotis Myotis lucifugus and northern long-eared myotis M. septentrionalis, are of special concern as a result of declines from white-nose syndrome. There are no records of the northern long-eared myotis roosting in Great Smoky Mountains National Park buildings, and no records of the little brown myotis roosting in buildings since white-nose syndrome became established in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Our findings emphasize the utility of these genetic techniques for detecting bat species when visual or acoustic methods may be compromised by species rarity, elusive behavior, or similarities in species morphology and call characteristics.
Home Range, Survival, and Activity Patterns of the Southeastern Pocket Gopher: Implications for Translocation
Authors: Warren Ashley E. , Conner L. Mike , Castleberry Steven B. , Markewitz Daniel
Published: September 2017

The southeastern pocket gopher Geomys pinetis is absent from a large portion of its historical range. Translocation may represent a viable management technique to reestablish populations into suitable habitat. However, several aspects of the species' ecology are poorly understood, making development of an effective translocation approach challenging. Therefore, we used radiotelemetry to examine home range, survival, dispersal, and daily activity patterns of the southeastern pocket gopher in southwestern Georgia. We measured soil and vegetation characteristics within individual home ranges and examined relationships between home range size, habitat variables, and body mass. Mean home range size of 17 radio-tagged pocket gophers was 921.9 m2 (range = 43.4–2246.8 m2). Home range size was positively related to body mass, percent silt at a depth of 25 cm, and soil carbon content at 75 cm and was negatively related to percent sand at 25 cm, percent clay at 50 cm, and ground cover of grasses other than wiregrass Aristida beyrichiana. Survival rate was 0.78 (range = 0.50–1.00) over the 51-wk study, and we documented predation, likely by avian predators, on two individuals. Three individuals dispersed, with a maximum dispersal distance of 319.1 m (range = 143.2–319.1 m), the farthest known southeastern pocket gopher dispersal. Pocket gophers exhibited greater activity from 0000 to 0400 hours and from 1600 to 2000 hours, contrasting previous research that southeastern pocket gophers were equally active throughout the diel period. Our home range size estimates for southeastern pocket gophers are the first determined using radiotelemetry and are considerably smaller than previous estimates. Although we documented dispersal distances more than 300 m, the fragmented nature of current and restored habitats likely will prevent large-scale natural colonization. Our results provide information important for maximizing success in future southeastern pocket gopher translocation efforts.
Increases in the Number of American Black Ducks Wintering in Nova Scotia, 1970–2015
Authors: Robertson Gregory J. , Tomlik Molly , Milton G. Randy , Parsons Glen J. , Mallory Mark L.
Published: September 2017

Despite extensive conservation and management efforts, American black duck (Anas rubripes) populations remain below desired population levels. Researchers have noted declines at a number of wintering areas, but indications are that wintering populations in the northern part of the range are increasing. Intermittently between 1970 and 1989, and annually since 1992, wildlife biologists have flown aerial surveys of the entire coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, to count wintering waterfowl. This survey counted the total number of ducks seen in predefined lengths of coastline. We analyzed those survey data using generalized linear mixed models, over the entire time period (1970–2015) and in the recent time period (1992–2015, when surveys were done every year), across five general regions of Nova Scotia. We fit models using Bayesian methods with uninformative priors; models with negative binomial response distributions performed well. Due to the large variation in mean numbers of black ducks across the predefined lengths of coastline, we treated these blocks of coastline as a fixed effect, while annual trend (slope) was modeled as a random effect to account for variation in annual trend across blocks of coastline. Results were similar between the entire time series (1970–2015) or the most recent and more complete time series (1992–2015). In general, numbers of wintering black ducks in Nova Scotia increased (1.0–16.0%/y) and increases were significant (Bayesian credible intervals did not bound 0) in four of five regions. Increasing numbers in Nova Scotia are consistent with other observations of increasing wintering numbers at the northern range of American black ducks and may indicate a shift in the wintering range that has been ongoing for decades. Future habitat management actions will benefit from consideration of regional trends and the distributional change of black duck.
Visualising the design of conditions for urban social sustainability
Authors: Greaney Deirdre
Published: September 2017

With increasing attention in urban design theory paid to conditions conducive to sustainable forms of urban experience, there is emerging emphasis on the non-technical perspective of sustainable urban design. This perspective focuses on design for urban social sustainability. Despite increasing exploration in this area, much of the theoretical conditions remain as text-based descriptions that lack graphic representation. This is due, in part, to contributions from disciplines traditionally not associated with visualisation. In considering the suggestive potential of this perspective for designers, this research seeks to ascertain if it can be represented visually. This article illustrates the beginning of a wider exploration into how to make visual the design of conditions for urban social sustainability. Testing how the non-technical perspective of sustainable urban design could be applied and communicated, this article highlights not only the value of the perspective but also the role of imaging in narrowing the gaps between urban design theory and practice and in the development of performative forms of imaging in the revelation of performative urban conditions.
Built heritage perception through representation of its atmosphere
Authors: Kepczynska-Walczak Anetta , Walczak Bartosz Marek
Published: September 2017

A holistic view on the city was shaped under the influence of such fundamental works as the Image of the city by Kevin Lynch (1960), or Genius loci by Christan Norberg-Schulz (1979). Especially the latter publication defined the identity of places as a resultant of a number of factors, including intangible values, which allowed better understanding of the complexity and richness of the city phenomena Similar assumptions laid foundation for the recommendation on the protection of the historic urban landscape (HUL) adopted during the UNESCO General Conference in 2011. The above-mentioned issues are crucial for visualising built heritage, since not only shapes and dimensions are responsible for the proper understanding of the place. The intangible values are also of great importance. This is the main topic of the paper, which aims at presenting various methods and techniques in reconstructing and representing heritage buildings and areas. This is illustrated by case studies, based on the professional and didactic experience of authors. In particular, traditional hand-drawing techniques and computer-based visualisation methods are compared. Despite the adopted techniques the most important seems not only to achieve a certain level of accuracy but also to reflect genius loci of represented site. Both issues have to be well-balanced to achieve sustainable and satisfactory results.
Environmental design studies on perception and simulation: an urban design approach
Authors: Piga Barbara , Morello Eugenio
Published: September 2017

Perceptual simulation represents an attempt to anticipate physical reality, whereby people can experience and interpret future environments from a subjective perspective. Working on experiential simulation for urban and landscape design requires an understanding of the relationship between man and the environment from a perceptual and cognitive standpoint. In fact, only by investigating the sensing and cognitive processes behind perception can we establish an informed approach to simulation of places and their ambiances. In particular, we propose a parallelism between man/environment and man/simulation relationships, aiming at giving back a framework for replicating in simulation the multisensory aspects that occur in the perception of the physical world. Hence, the objective of this article is to present how we approach the dimension of perceptual simulation within our research and professional work as urban designers. From a methodological point of view, we explored the topic through two main tasks, namely the selection and reconstruction of the research context and the key issues of perceptual simulation finalized in the second task, i.e. the construction of a set of simulation tools for urban design, intended as a matrix of possible practical applications. In particular, the theoretical framework presented in this work consists of a selection and overview of references relevant to urban design, comprehension of the research context and delivery of the set of tools implemented within our research unit. This matrix of tools represents the novelty of this work and is intended as a practical reference for orienting the choice among different simulation tools within the urban design practice. For instance, it is important to highlight the efficacy of each type of simulation in mimicking the man/environment relationship.
La restauration-conservation (2011-2019) de la Fondation Vasarely (1973-1976), ou comment rendre actuelles des ambiances surannées
Authors: de Araujo Ana Bela
Published: September 2017

En 1973, le plasticien Victor Vasarely se fait architecte en construisant une Fondation, un centre architectonique, qui portera son nom, à Aix-en-Provence. Cette architecture singulière, manifeste de l’art optique, interpelle par son enveloppe autant que par ses intérieurs : à l’extérieur, un monument-écrin en noir et blanc versus à l’intérieur, une explosion de couleurs grâce aux 42 œuvres monumentales, les Intégrations de Vasarely. Quarante ans après son édification, le bâtiment a vieilli mais son état d’authenticité est restaurable. Une opération de restauration en conservation est entreprise depuis 2011. Et l’édifice a été inscrit (2003), puis classé Monument historique (2013). La patrimonialisation de cette œuvre emblématique des Trente Glorieuses questionne. S’agit-il de restaurer les qualités matérielles intérieures et extérieures de l’édifice ou avant tout l’esprit du lieu ? Pour un édifice dont la particularité est d’être une machine à illusions, est-il possible de recomposer les conduites perceptives et comportementales des visiteurs à l’identique ? Questionner la dimension sensorielle de la restauration-conservation de la Fondation revient ici à sonder la notion ambiguë d’« ambiance patrimoniale ».
From History to Architectural Imagination: A physical ambiences laboratory to interpret past sensory experiences and speculate on future spaces
Authors: Demers Claude MH , Potvin André
Published: September 2017

The built environment offers an impressive corpus of spatial typologies on which architects and users may build their knowledge based of ambiences. This corpus primarily consists of existing buildings originating from a wide spectre of historical backgrounds, but it could also include past ambiences. A physical ambiences laboratory has recently been developed, built, and inhabited to compare existing and past ambiences, but foremostly speculate on future ambiences. It consists of a full-scale, adaptable structure that allows for the experience of architectural typologies, and enables spatial transformations through time. Building the adaptable structure in an outdoors environment aims to connect the theory of ambiences with the actual complexity of experiencing on a site, which cannot be adequately approached with digital simulation. The definition of an ambience therefore involves complexity because of the changing nature of the environmental conditions that generates it, such as light, wind, sun, and sound, creating varying distribution patterns of natural fluxes. This research-creation project recognizes that the people-environment issue constitutes an essential basis to the creation of genuine genius loci. The research suggests that adaptive opportunities and reinterpretation of existing ambiences could ultimately translate into new spaces to experience environmental delight for responsive inhabitants.
Une justice froide ? L’ambiance thermique dans le palais de justice de Paris au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Pitor Adrien
Published: September 2017

Dans la continuité des travaux consacrés au paysage sonore par des historiens comme Alain Corbin et Arlette Farge, cet article entend faire du Palais de justice de Paris au XVIIIe siècle le cadre d’une étude sur la température dans un environnement bâti. En se fondant sur l’évaluation des dispositifs de chauffage et sur les témoignages des usagers du Palais tels que les hommes de loi et les justiciables, il montre à quel point le froid est omniprésent dans cet espace. Cette omniprésence est le résultat de l’attitude des autorités palatiales qui privilégient la prévention des risques d’incendie liés au chauffage au détriment du confort. Ce constat est d’autant plus frappant qu’il traduit une absence de prise en compte des réflexions théoriques et des avancées techniques des hommes des Lumières sur la sensibilité thermique. Il est en fait révélateur de comportements sociaux et de discours sur la justice structurés par l’opposition entre le froid et le chaud.
Building Artificial Climates. Thermal control and comfort in Modern Architecture (1930-1960)
Authors: Requena-Ruiz Ignacio
Published: September 2017

In the mid-twentieth century, the evolution of the various dimensions involved in the notion of climate led to a different vision of the relationship between bodies and indoor atmospheres. This article states that Modern Architecture hosted and promoted this change in cultural representations, social practices and technical developments of temperature and climate in indoor spaces. Our aim is to bring together points of view and interpretations of the cultural history, the history of techniques and the history of sensory perception in order to understand how the climatic dimension of indoor atmospheres became an agent of architectural transformation. In particular, the article focuses like a case study on the collaboration between Le Corbusier and André Missenard, a climate control specialist, through original archival research. As a result, we show how their theoretical reflections and built works illustrate a broader interest in architecture as a way of creating the ideal climates for modern ways of life.
Effect of Nonlinear Thermal Radiation on MHD Boundary Layer Flow and Melting Heat Transfer of Micro-Polar Fluid over a Stretching Surface with Fluid Particles Suspension
Authors: Makinde Oluwole Daniel , Kumar K. Ganesh , Manjunatha S. , Gireesha Bijjanal Jayanna
Published: September 2017

A comprehensive numerical study is conducted to investigate effect of nonlinear thermal radiation on MHD boundary layer flow and melting heat transfer of micro polar fluid over a stretching surface with fluid particles suspension. Using suitable transformations, the governing equations of the problem are transformed in to a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations and then they are solved numerically using the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg-45 method with the help of shooting technique. Authentication of the current method is proved by having compared with established results with limiting solution. The impact of the various stimulating parameters on the flow and heat transfer is analyzed and deliberated through plotted graphs in detail. We found that the velocity, angular velocity and temperature fields increase with an increase in the melting process of the stretching sheet. Also it is visualize that the shear stress factor is lower for micro polar fluids as compared to Newtonian fluids, which may be beneficial in flow and heat control of polymeric processing.
Motion of Williamson Fluid over an Upper Horizontal Surface of a Paraboloid of Revolution due to Partial Slip and Buoyancy: Boundary Layer Analysis
Authors: Abegunrin O.A. , Animasaun Isaac Lare
Published: September 2017

In this article, the motion of a non-Newtonian visco-inelastic fluid over an object that is neither a cone/wedge nor horizontal/vertical is presented. It is assumed that partial slip and buoyancy induces the flow of Williamson fluid over this kind of object herein referred to as an upper horizontal surface of a paraboloid of revolution. Considering the relationship between the thicknesses of the object and velocity index; the relevance of partial slip at the leading edge is significant and illustrated in this article. The governing equation which models the flow is non-dimensionalized and parameterized. The corresponding dimensionless equations are solved numerically using shooting technique along with fourth order Runge-Kutta integration scheme. Due to the presence of partial slip and thermal jump, increase in horizontal velocity at the wall is ascertained. The decrease in local heat transfer rate is ascertained within large interval next to the surface of a paraboloid of revolution in the absence of partial slip and thermal jump. A significant decrease in temperature distribution near the surface of an upper horizontal surface of a paraboloid of revolution is guaranteed with an increase in thermal buoyancy parameter in the presence of thermal jump.
Effects of Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux on Casson Nanofluid Flow Past a Stretching Cylinder
Authors: Makinde Oluwole Daniel , Nagendramma V. , Raju Chakravarthula S.K. , Leelarathnam A.
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we investigate the combined effects of Brownian motion, thermophoresis and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux on Casson nanofluid boundary layer flow over a stretching cylinder. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are obtained and transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by employing appropriate similarity solution. The model nonlinear boundary value problem is tackled numerically using fourth-fifth order Runge-Kutta integration scheme with shooting technique. Effects of various thermophysical parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles as well as skin friction and Sherwood number are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively. It is found that thermal relaxation parameter minimizes the temperature field and boosting the rate of heat transfer per unit volume. This heat flux conditions are very useful for thermal transport control in manufacturing and chemical industries.
Perceptions of Molecular Epidemiology Studies of Hiv among Stakeholders
Authors: Schairer Cynthia , Mehta Sanjay R. , Vinterbo Staal A. , Hoenigl Martin , Kalichman Michael , Little Susan
Published: September 2017

Background

Advances in viral sequence analysis make it possible to track the spread of infectious pathogens, such as HIV, within a population. When used to study HIV, these analyses ( i.e., molecular epidemiology) potentially allow inference of the identity of individual research subjects. Current privacy standards are likely insufficient for this type of public health research. To address this challenge, it will be important to understand how stakeholders feel about the benefits and risks of such research.

Design and methods

To better understand perceived benefits and risks of these research methods, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with HIV-infected individuals, individuals at high-risk for contracting HIV, and professionals in HIV care and prevention. To gather additional perspectives, attendees to a public lecture on molecular epidemiology were asked to complete an informal questionnaire.

Results

Among those interviewed and polled, there was near unanimous support for using molecular epidemiology to study HIV. Questionnaires showed strong agreement about benefits of molecular epidemiology, but diverse attitudes regarding risks. Interviewees acknowledged several risks, including privacy breaches and provocation of anti-gay sentiment. The interviews also demonstrated a possibility that misunderstandings about molecular epidemiology may affect how risks and benefits are evaluated.

Conclusions

While nearly all study participants agree that the benefits of HIV molecular epidemiology outweigh the risks, concerns about privacy must be addressed to ensure continued trust in research institutions and willingness to participate in research.
Correlation of aspergillus skin hypersensitivity with the duration and severity of asthma
Authors: Chopra Vishal , Jain Hardik , Goel Akhil D. , Chopra Siddharth , Chahal Ashrafjit S. , Garg Neha , Mittal Vidhu
Published: September 2017

Asthma is a significant health problem worldwide and Allergic Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) complicates the course of 1-2% of patients of asthma. Aspergillus skin hypersensitivity (AH) is the first step for diagnosis of ABPA. This study was conducted to know the correlation of AH with severity and duration of asthma. Patients, age >15 years, of asthma attending this hospital from January 2015 to December 2015 were included. Asthma was diagnosed clinically and confirmed with spirometry. Of 282 patients 206 patients were AH positive. The AST-positivity in patients having severe asthma (96.8%) was higher than that in patients having mild (36.8%) and moderate asthma (80.4%). The median (IQR) duration of asthma of AH positive patients was 5.0 yrs. This study emphasized the need of ABPA screening by intradermal skin test especially in patients having severe asthma and/or those having asthma for longer duration in order for early diagnosis of ABPA.
Ganglion impar block in patients with chronic coccydynia
Authors: Gonnade Nitesh , Mehta Neeraj , Khera Pushpinder Singh , Kumar Dewesh , Rajagopal Rengarajan , Sharma Pramod Kumar
Published: September 2017

Introduction: Coccydynia refers to pain in the terminal segment of the spinecaused by abnormal sitting and standing posture. Coccydynia is usually managed conservatively, however in nonresponsive patients, ganglion impar block is used as a good alternate modality for pain relief. This article studies the effect of ganglion impar block in coccydynia patients who were not relieved by conservative management. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at the pain clinic in the departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Radiology in a tertiary centre in India.It was a prospective hospital-based study, in which 35 patients with coccydynia were considered for fluoroscopy-guided trans-sacro-coccygeal ganglion impar block. The outcome assessment was done using Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores for a follow-up period of 6 months. Of the 35 patients, 4 were lost to follow-up. Analysis was done usingthe data from the remaining 31 patients. Results: The mean age of the patients suffering from chronic coccydynia was 42.9 ± 8.39 years, and patients' age range was 28–57 years. The mean score of NRS and ODI before the procedure was 7.90 ± 0.16 and 48.97 ± 1.05, respectively. The interquartile range (IQR) of NRS score remained almost unchanged during pre and postprocedure, however, IQR of ODI varied during the pre and post procedural events. The NRS and ODI scores immediately after the procedure decreased drastically showing significant pain relief in patients, and the difference of scores till the end of study was statistically significant. Conclusion: This study recommends the trans-sacro-coccygeal “needle inside needle” technique for local anesthetic block of the ganglion impar for pain relief in patients with coccydynia. This should be integrated with rehabilitative measures including ergonomical modification for prolonging pain free period.
Follow-up chest radiographic findings in patients with MERS-CoV after recovery
Authors: Das Karuna M , Lee Edward Y , Singh Rajvir , Enani Mushira A , Al Dossari Khalid , Van Gorkom Klaus , Larsson Sven G , Langer Ruth D
Published: September 2017

Purpose: To evaluate the follow-up chest radiographic findings in patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) who were discharged from the hospital following improved clinical symptoms. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six consecutive patients (9 men, 27 women; age range 21–73 years, mean ± SD 42.5 ± 14.5 years) with confirmed MERS-CoV underwent follow-up chest radiographs after recovery from MERS-CoV. The 36 chest radiographs were obtained at 32 to 230 days with a median follow-up of 43 days. The reviewers systemically evaluated the follow-up chest radiographs from 36 patients for lung parenchymal, airway, pleural, hilar and mediastinal abnormalities. Lung parenchyma and airways were assessed for consolidation, ground-glass opacity (GGO), nodular opacity and reticular opacity (i.e., fibrosis). Follow-up chest radiographs were also evaluated for pleural thickening, pleural effusion, pneumothorax and lymphadenopathy. Patients were categorized into two groups: group 1 (no evidence of lung fibrosis) and group 2 (chest radiographic evidence of lung fibrosis) for comparative analysis. Patient demographics, length of ventilations days, number of intensive care unit (ICU) admission days, chest radiographic score, chest radiographic deterioration pattern (Types 1-4) and peak lactate dehydrogenase level were compared between the two groups using the student t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test. Results: Follow-up chest radiographs were normal in 23 out of 36 (64%) patients. Among the patients with abnormal chest radiographs (13/36, 36%), the following were found: lung fibrosis in 12 (33%) patients GGO in 2 (5.5%) patients, and pleural thickening in 2 (5.5%) patients. Patients with lung fibrosis had significantly greater number of ICU admission days (19 ± 8.7 days; P value = 0.001), older age (50.6 ± 12.6 years; P value = 0.02), higher chest radiographic scores [10 (0-15.3); P value = 0.04] and higher peak lactate dehydrogenase levels (315-370 U/L; P value = 0.001) when compared to patients without lung fibrosis. Conclusion: Lung fibrosis may develop in a substantial number of patients who have recovered from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Significantly greater number of ICU admission days, older age, higher chest radiographic scores, chest radiographic deterioration patterns and peak lactate dehydrogenase levels were noted in the patients with lung fibrosis on follow-up chest radiographs after recovery from MERS-CoV.
Unusual presentation of hydatid cyst – ruptured intraventricular hydatid
Authors: Thakur Sneha H , Joshi Priscilla C , Kelkar AB , Seth N
Published: September 2017

Echinococcosis in humans occurs as a result of infection by the larval stages of taenid cestodes of the genus Echinococcus. Most of the intracranial hydatids develop in brain parenchyma. Hydatid cyst within the cerebral ventricle is quite unusual. Literature review showed few case reports of childhood as well as adult intraventricular hydatid cysts. None of these cases presented for the first time with features of ruptured intraventricular cyst. This is a very rare presentation of a common disease. The possibility of infestation with E. granulosus should be included in the differential diagnosis of raised intracranial tension in patients reporting from endemic areas, because the prognosis following surgical intervention is excellent, especially in the pediatric age group.
Fashion Fibers
Authors: Gullingsrud Annie
Published: September 2017

Fashion Fibers: Designing for Sustainability is an accessible reference tool for fashion students and designers who want to learn how to make decisions to enhance the sustainability potential in common fibers used in the fashion industry. Drawing upon the cradle to cradle philosophy and industry expertise, the book introduces readers to the fundamentals of fiber production and the product lifecycle. It features a fiber-by-fiber guide to natural fibers including cotton, hemp, silk, manufactured fibers including polyester, modal, azlon, then covers processing and promoting recycled fibers that are designed to be "circular". Each chapters investigates six main areas of potential impact in fiber cultivation, production, and processing-including chemical use, water, fair labor, energy use, consumer use/washing and biodegradability and recyclability. Readers will learn about the sustainability benefits and environmental impacts at each stage of the lifecycle, optimizing sustainability benefits, availability, product applications, and marketing and innovation opportunities that lead to more sustainable fashion.
Global Sourcing in the Textile and Apparel Industry
Authors: Ha-Brookshire Jung E.
Published: September 2017

Over 95% of today's textile and apparel products are globally sourced, making sourcing one of the most important business functions in the industry. Global Sourcing in the Textile and Apparel Industry, 2nd Edition examines this crucial function in the textile and apparel industries, providing practical insight into both how and why global sourcing is pursued. Chapters include step-by-step global sourcing procedures and explore the theoretical, political, economic, social, and environmental implications of global sourcing decisions with an emphasis on sustainability. A real-world approach using current examples and hypothetical company called Amazing Jean helps students see how sourcing tasks are completed in the fashion industry.
No Right to Be Idle
Authors: Rose Sarah F.
Published: September 2017

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Americans with all sorts of disabilities came to be labeled as “unproductive citizens.” Before that, disabled people had contributed as they were able in homes, on farms, and in the wage labor market, reflecting the fact that Americans had long viewed productivity as a spectrum that varied by age, gender, and ability. But as Sarah F. Rose explains in No Right to Be Idle, a perfect storm ofpublic policies, shifting family structures, and economic changes effectively barred workers with disabilities from mainstream workplaces and simultaneously cast disabled people as morally questionable dependents in need of permanent rehabilitation to achieve "self-care" and "self-support." By tracing the experiences of policymakers, employers, reformers, and disabled people caught up in this epochal transition, Rose masterfully integrates disability history and labor history. She shows how people with disabilities lost access to paid work and the status of “worker”--a shift that relegated them and their families to poverty and second-class economic and social citizenship. This has vast consequences for debates about disability, work, poverty, and welfare in the century to come.
Reproduction and Its Discontents in Mexico
Authors: Jaffary Nora E.
Published: September 2017

In this history of childbirth and contraception in Mexico, Nora E. Jaffary chronicles colonial and nineteenth-century beliefs and practices surrounding conception, pregnancy and its prevention, and birth. Tracking Mexico’s transition from colony to nation, Jaffary demonstrates the central role of reproduction in ideas about female sexuality and virtue, the development of modern Mexico, and the growth of modern medicine in the Latin American context. The story encompasses networks of people in all parts of society, from state and medical authorities to mothers and midwives, husbands and lovers, employers and neighbors. Jaffary focuses on key topics including virginity, conception, contraception and abortion, infanticide, “monstrous” births, and obstetrical medicine. Her approach yields surprising insights into the emergence of modernity in Mexico. Over the course of the nineteenth century, for example, expectations of idealized womanhood and female sexual virtue gained rather than lost importance. In addition, rather than being obliterated by European medical practice, features of pre-Columbian obstetrical knowledge, especially of abortifacients, circulated among the Mexican public throughout the period under study. Jaffary details how, across time, localized contexts shaped the changing history of reproduction, contraception, and maternity.
Lovie
Authors: Yarger Lisa
Published: September 2017

From 1950 until 2001, nurse-midwife Lovie Beard Shelton worked in eastern North Carolina homes, delivering some 4,000 babies to black, white, Mennonite, and hippie women, to those too poor to afford a hospital birth, and to a few rich enough to have any kind of delivery they pleased. Her life, which was about giving life, was conspicuously marked by loss, including the untimely death of her husband and the murder of her son. Lovie is a provocative chronicle of Shelton’s life and work, which spanned enormous changes in midwifery and in the ways women give birth. In this exploration of documentary fieldwork, Lisa Yarger confronts the choices involved in producing an authentic portrait of a woman who is at once loner and self-styled folk hero. Fully embracing the difficulties of telling a true story, Yarger gets at the story of telling the story. Woven throughout the book is an account of the relationship between Lovie and Yarger as they attempt to bridge the dramatically separate worlds they inhabit. As Lovie describes her calling, the reader meets a woman who sees herself working in partnership with God and who must grapple with the question of what happens when a woman who has devoted her life to service ages out of usefulness: when I'm no longer a midwife, who am I? Facing retirement and a host of health issues, Lovie attempts to fit together the jagged pieces of her life as she prepares for one final home birth.
Reparation and Reconciliation
Authors: Smith Christi M.
Published: September 2017

Reparation and Reconciliation is the first book to reveal the nineteenth-century struggle for racial integration on U.S. college campuses. As the Civil War ended, the need to heal the scars of slavery, expand the middle class, and reunite the nation engendered a dramatic interest in higher education by policy makers, voluntary associations, and African Americans more broadly. Formed in 1846 by Protestant abolitionists, the American Missionary Association united a network of colleges open to all, designed especially to educate African American and white students together, both male and female. The AMA and its affiliates envisioned integrated campuses as a training ground to produce a new leadership class for a racially integrated democracy. Case studies at three colleges--Berea College, Oberlin College, and Howard University--reveal the strategies administrators used and the challenges they faced as higher education quickly developed as a competitive social field.
Madhouse
Authors: Lambe Jennifer L.
Published: September 2017

On the outskirts of Havana lies Mazorra, an asylum known to—and at times feared by—ordinary Cubans for over a century. Since its founding in 1857, the island’s first psychiatric hospital has been an object of persistent political attention. Drawing on hospital documents and government records, as well as the popular press, photographs, and oral histories, Jennifer L. Lambe charts the connections between the inner workings of this notorious institution and the highest echelons of Cuban politics. Across the sweep of modern Cuban history, she finds, Mazorra has served as both laboratory and microcosm of the Cuban state: the asylum is an icon of its ignominious colonial and neocolonial past and a crucible of its republican and revolutionary futures.
From its birth, Cuban psychiatry was politically inflected, drawing partisan contention while sparking debates over race, religion, gender, and sexuality. Psychiatric notions were even invested with revolutionary significance after 1959, as the new government undertook ambitious schemes for social reeducation. But Mazorra was not the exclusive province of government officials and professionalizing psychiatrists. U.S. occupiers, Soviet visitors, and, above all, ordinary Cubans infused the institution, both literal and metaphorical, with their own fears, dreams, and alternative meanings. Together, their voices comprise the madhouse that, as Lambe argues, haunts the revolutionary trajectory of Cuban history.
Banishing the Inferno
Authors: Lambe Jennifer L.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 traces the renewal of the revolutionary pact to rebuild Mazorra after 1959, this time under the auspices of Dr. Eduardo Bernabé Ordaz, personally selected by Fidel Castro to direct the hospital. This round of reconstruction at the newly baptized Hospital Psiquiátrico de La Habana finally reestablished the unity between hospital and state that had come undone during the preceding decades. Under Ordaz’s leadership, however, broader revolutionary trends and tensions inevitably came to bear, including a conflicted attitude toward patient labor and homosexuality, even as the director’s Catholic faith and anti-Communist disposition established Mazorra as a unique space within the revolutionary project.
The Civil War and U.S. World Power
Authors: Sexton Jay
Published: September 2017

Jay Sexton’s opening essay focuses on the role of the Civil War in the realization of U.S. national and global power in the nineteenth century. Though the Civil War gave evidence of the immense military and economic power of the United States, he shows, the projection of that power on the world stage also required foreign collaboration.
Manifest Dominion
Authors: Huzzey Richard
Published: September 2017

This chapter analyses how Britons responded to the febrile political and social crises of the Americas in the 1860s. Although the American Civil War created a particular challenge – and great confusion – to observers in the United Kingdom, that conflict was one of a wider range of concerns in balancing the demands of rival imperial and new post-colonial powers to preserve British influence. Considering opinions expressed travel writing and political commentary, the chapter argues that Britons struggled to balance competing interests – in economic affairs, in geopolitical strategy, in imperial authority, and in suppression of the slave trade – to maintain a manifestly uncertain dominion over the Americas. Touching on British concerns stretching from the Mosquito Coast to the Pacific north--west, the chapter suggests that crises in the Americas illuminated diverse priorities and anxieties.
Dominican Civil War, Slavery, and Spanish Annexation, 1844–1865
Authors: Eller Anne
Published: September 2017

One of Spain’s most perilous foreign adventures was the takeover of the Dominican Republic in March 1861.Anne Eller’s essay takes us to what will be less familiar territory for most readers. Dominican guerrilla fighters and their Haitian allies, many of them former slaves, forced Spain to leave in defeat. Their valiant struggle also inspired Cubans and Puerto Ricans to take up their own quest for independence from Spain.
Atlantic Bonds: A Nineteenth-Century Odyssey from America to Africa
Authors: Lindsay Lisa A.
Published: September 2017

Through the contextualized biography of a previously unknown African American immigrant to Africa, this book illuminates slavery and freedom in multiple parts of the nineteenth century Atlantic world. A decade before the American Civil War, James Churchwill Vaughan (1828-93) set out to fulfill his formerly enslaved father’s dying wish: that he should leave his home in South Carolina for a new life in Africa. Over the next forty years, Vaughan was taken captive, fought in African wars, built and rebuilt a livelihood, and led a revolt against white racism, finally becoming a successful merchant and founder of a wealthy, educated, and politically active family in Lagos, Nigeria. Tracing Vaughan’s journey from South Carolina to Liberia to several parts of Yorubaland (present-day southwestern Nigeria), the book documents this “free” man’s struggle to find economic and political autonomy in an era when freedom was not clear and unhindered anywhere for people of African descent. By following Vaughan’s transatlantic journeys and comparing his experiences to those of his parents, contemporaries, and descendants in Nigeria and South Carolina, the book reveals the expansive reach of slavery, the ambiguities of freedom, and the surprising ways that Africa, rather than America, offered new opportunities for people of the African diaspora.
Troubled Times in Yorubaland
Authors: Lindsay Lisa A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers Vaughan’s first decade in southwestern Nigeria (1855-67) in the context of West Africa’s major developments: warfare, migration, slave trading, missionary Christianity, and colonialism. During the warfare that convulsed the region for much of the nineteenth century, thousands of captives were exported as slaves to the Americas. Others were rescued by the British Navy and landed at Sierra Leone; some of these, along with ex-slaves from Brazil and Cuba, later returned to Yorubaland. Meanwhile, missionaries from Britain and a few from the United States pushed inland. Though Vaughan had come to Yorubaland as a carpenter for American Southern Baptist missionaries, he was living separately from them when he was taken captive during the brutal Ibadan-Ijaye war. He escaped to Abeokuta, where the African American activist Martin Robeson Delany had recently tried to negotiate a settlement for black American immigrants. Vaughan and the other diasporic Africans in Yorubaland may have hoped to fulfill their dreams of freedom in the land of their ancestors, but they found something more complicated. As this chapter shows, freedom as autonomy meant vulnerability, while freedom as safety or prosperity was best achieved through subordination to strong, autocratic rulers, who profited from slavery themselves.
Case
Authors: Eagles Charles W.
Published: September 2017

With the help of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, Loewen and Sallis, joined by a dozen other plaintiffs, sued the state in federal court. Loewen v. Turnipseed sought to force approval of the textbook. Attorneys Melvyn Leventhal and later Frank Parker with the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law fought the case for four years through endless delays, depositions, motions, and negotiations. Peter Stockett represented the state in Judge Orma R. Smith’s court.
Trial
Authors: Eagles Charles W.
Published: September 2017

Four years after filing a lawsuit, in a four-day trial in Greenville and Oxford, Frank Parker for the plaintiffs asked the court to order the Textbook Purchasing Board to approve Conflict and Change. Defense witnesses, including Howard E. Railes and John M. Turnipseed, showed the racial nature of their objections to the book. In April 1980 Judge Orma R. Smith ruled in favor the plaintiffs and ordered state officials to add it to the list of approved textbooks.
Change
Authors: Eagles Charles W.
Published: September 2017

Though a minority of school districts adopted Conflict and Change, its example encouraged other authors to more progressive positions on race. The textbook controversy marked a transition from the effects of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s to the beginning of the culture wars of the 1980s and beyond. The fight involved interpretations of the past, values to be taught to children, who would control society, and the definition of state identity anticipated similar controversies in the culture wars over the National History Standards and the Smithsonian’s exhibit dealing with the Enola Gay.
Introduction Conquest and Incarceration
Authors: Hernández Kelly Lytle
Published: September 2017

Mass incarceration is mass elimination. That is the punch line of this book. I had trouble arriving at such an unsettling idea, but the collection of two centuries of evidence documenting the long rise of incarceration in Los Angeles left me no other interpretation. Incarceration operates as a means of purging, removing, caging, containing, erasing, disappearing, and eliminating targeted populations from land, life, and society in the United States....
Scorpion’s Tale
Authors: Hernández Kelly Lytle
Published: September 2017

The fourth chapter sheds new historical insight on a key but little-studied demographic of incarceration in the United States: Mexicanos, including immigrants from Mexico and U.S.-born persons of Mexican descent. It is a story that unfolded across the U.S.-Mexico borderlands but peaked in Los Angeles when, in the summer of 1907, two LA PD officers kicked in the door of a shanty on the outskirts of town and arrested three leaders of a rebel movement to oust Mexico’s president, Porfirio Diaz. These men, Ricardo Flores Magon, Librado Rivera, and Antonio Villarreal, were political exiles living in hiding in the United States. Their arrests, as with the arrests of thousands of their supporters across the borderlands, were part of President Diaz’s counterinsurgency campaign to cage (if not kill) Magon and crush his rebel movement, which demanded massive political reform and land redistribution in Mexico. Yet, while incarcerated in Los Angeles, Magon, Villarreal, and Rivera cultivated new ways to stoke rebellion in Mexico. Their ongoing assault on the Diaz regime pushed Mexico toward the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution (1910–17). Therefore, Chapter 4 unearths how the incarceration of Mexicanos in the United States surged during the age of revolution in Mexico. It is an epic tale.
Justice for Samuel Faulkner
Authors: Hernández Kelly Lytle
Published: September 2017

The sixth chapter spans the decades between the 1920s and the 1960s. In these years, as Los Angeles took center stage in the nation’s landscape of jails and prisons, the population of African Americans incarcerated in Los Angeles shot from politically irrelevant and slightly disproportionate to politically dominant and stunningly disproportionate. It has remained so ever since. Chapter 6 tracks the origins of the incarceration of blacks in Los Angeles. In particular, it details why and how black incarceration so disproportionately followed the expansion of L.A.’s African American community. Moreover, by exhuming the first recorded killing of a young black male by the LA PD, which occurred in South Central Los Angeles on the evening of April 24, 1927, this chapter details why and how police brutality so closely accompanied black incarceration in the city. It is a brutal history attended by persistent—and, in time, explosive—black protest, tracking how community members fought police brutality between 1927 and the outbreak of the Watts Rebellion in 1965. Indeed, race, policing, and protest became inextricable as Los Angeles advanced toward becoming the carceral capital of the United States.