bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public engagement and institutional usage of Facebook in legislative assemblies from the Southeast Region of Brazil
Authors: Bernardes Cristiane Brum
Published: July 2021

RESUMO Introdução: Em um contexto de intensificação da interatividade, da hiperconectividade e da mobilidade, e ampliação das possibilidades de contato entre instituições legislativas e cidadãos por veículos digitais, este estudo analisa, comparativamente, como as quatro assembleias legislativas da Região Sudeste do Brasil utilizam os perfis institucionais criados no Facebook. O objetivo é compreender como o processo de engajamento público, conforme conceituado por Leston-Bandeira (2014), está sendo realizado pelas casas legislativas nessa plataforma. Materiais e Métodos: A coleta de dados empíricos sobre os perfis das assembleias legislativas de São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo foi realizada entre agosto de 2018 e outubro de 2019. Foram aplicadas as seguintes técnicas: 1) entrevistas em profundidade com os gestores da comunicação digital das casas e 2) análise comparativa das publicações e dos comentários no Facebook no período entre agosto de 2018 e janeiro de 2019. Os dados dos perfis foram coletados por meio do aplicativo Netvizz e analisados posteriormente a partir do Excel. As entrevistas foram realizadas entre agosto e dezembro de 2018 e em outubro de 2019 de forma presencial ou via internet (Skype e vídeo do WhatsApp). Resultados: Os dados comparativos revelam que o perfil @assembleiademinas fez um uso mais intenso do Facebook no período analisado, apesar de ter menos seguidores do que os perfis da ALERJ e da ALESP. Para além de postar mais, o perfil da ALMG alcançou mais interações dos cidadãos, especialmente por meio das reações a algumas postagens feitas em outubro e dezembro de 2018. Das quatro assembleias analisadas, o perfil da ALES é o que teve o menor alcance quantitativo, em número de usuários que interagem, tanto em relação às reações, quanto aos comentários. ALMG tem o perfil que recebeu mais reações por postagem, enquanto a ALESP recebeu mais comentários por post no período. Discussão: A conclusão mais geral é que as quatro casas legislativas analisadas não conseguem realizar o monitoramento das contribuições dos internautas e promover uma interação mais dialógica com eles, ficando centradas nos níveis de informação, compreensão e identificação do processo de engajamento público. Há, portanto, uma dificuldade de incluir os aspectos da participação e da intervenção na decisão política nas dinâmicas das mídias sociais. Em última medida, ao não aproveitarem o potencial dialógico das redes, as assembleias legislativas desperdiçam oportunidades de contato com o cidadão e ampliam seu distanciamento da sociedade.
Clinical communication in medical practice internship: articulating the skill to an integrated and competence-oriented curriculum
Authors: Lima Ana Glaucia Paulino , Pio Danielle Abdel Massih , Nonato Ana Carolina , Chirelli Mara Quaglio , Bettini Roseli Vernasque
Published: July 2021

Abstract: Introduction: Clinical Communication is an instrument for interaction between professionals and between them and users, being extremely important to ensure integral care. The complexity of the users’ biopsychosocial demands must be understood and worked through skills developed beyond the technical and biomedical knowledge, including a more extensive training in relation to the human being. In the curriculum of a medical school institution in the interior of São Paulo, Clinical Communication is a skill expected of the student in all undergraduate scenarios. During medical internship, it is important that communication practice be developed in an integrated fashion, considering the biopsychosocial aspects of the subject under care; however, the literature demonstrates that this skill is superficially explored in training, causing difficulty for its effectiveness. Thus, it can be assumed that there are different understandings about the concept of Clinical Communication and its theoretical-practical articulation between teachers and students, being necessary to analyze this educational process during internship. Objective: Thus, the objective was to question how teachers and students from a medical course internship understand the teaching-learning aspects about Clinical Communication in an integrated and competence-based curriculum. Method: This was a qualitative study, which included eleven 5th-year medical students, twelve 6th-year medical students and nine internship teachers. The interviews were semi-directed and carried out based on an interview script, which were later transcribed and submitted to the analysis of content, thematic modality. Results: Three categories emerged from the concepts and characteristics of the topics “Clinical Communication” and “Curriculum”: 1) What involves clinical communication; 2) Development of clinical communication during the undergraduate course and 3) Proposals for the training of internship students and teachers. It was observed that the participants understood the concept of Clinical Communication and its importance for the students’ training, but also that it is difficult to develop this training due to the lack of knowledge about the curriculum, student work overload and teacher devaluation. Conclusion: The study considers the development of Clinical Communication skills of internship students and the possibilities for reflection on gaps mentioned by students and teachers.
Understanding the determinants of public non-revenue water reduction intention in Selangor
Authors: Xien Ong Shelley Tze , Chuan Chong Shyue , Kai Sia Bik
Published: July 2021

Malaysia's high level of non-revenue water (NRW) has reduced the ability of the water service providers to accommodate increasing water demands and caused immense financial stress for their water-related infrastructure investment as well as operating expenditures. The main purpose of this work was to examine consumer behaviour towards NRW reduction based on an extended model that integrated the constructs of the theory of planned behaviour, environmental knowledge, environmental concern and the mediator of service performance. The proposed model was examined using a self-structured questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with a targeted sample of 400 citizens currently living in the state of Selangor, Malaysia, with the method of quota sampling. The research findings identified that the factors of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and environmental knowledge had significant influences on NRW reduction intention. In addition, it was found that the construct of service performance had a partial mediation effect in the relationship between perceived behavioural control and behavioural intention towards NRW reduction. The findings of this study could assist water-related stakeholders to develop contemporary and effective NRW reduction strategies.
Local scour evolution around semi-circular end bridge abutment in quasi-unsteady condition
Authors: Gokmener Serkan , Gogus Mustafa
Published: July 2021

In this experimental study, the temporal development of local scour is studied around semi-circular end bridge abutments under quasi-unsteady clear-water flow conditions in a rectangular sediment channel. A step-wise hydrograph of 6 h duration is used in the experiments. Six different abutment lengths having constant width, with uniform sand as bed material, were tested for three different successive flows – each applied continuously for 2 h. Bathymetry of the bed level was measured around the abutment every 15 min with the help of a measurement device to observe temporal development of the local scour around the semi-circular end abutment. Effects of the abutment length, flow intensity and time on the scour depths around semi-circular end bridge abutments, along with those at the front, upstream and downstream faces of the abutment, are also investigated and discussed. It is shown that the maximum scour depth always occurs at the front noses of the abutments compared with those at the upstream and downstream noses. A dimensionless empirical formula is derived to predict the scour depth at the front nose of the abutment as a function of related parameters. The results reveal that flow intensity is the most critical parameter in scour development.
Linear-scale models for discharge estimation: asymmetric compound open channel flows
Authors: Singh Prateek Kumar , Tang Xiaonan , Rahimi Hamidreza
Published: July 2021

In this study, three recent methods of discharge estimation are evaluated, namely, the interacting divided channel method, the modified divided channel method and the momentum transfer divided channel method, which include momentum exchange on the interface for prediction of discharge. These methods are compared intensively using 22 experimental flume data sets with six river data sets taken from the literature comprising 204 test runs in total. These data sets are categorised as asymmetric compound channels with a wide range of width ratio (B/b), aspect ratio (b/h) and bed slope ([Formula: see text]), where [Formula: see text] is the total width of channel at the bankfull condition, [Formula: see text] is the main channel bed width and [Formula: see text] is the bankfull main channel height. All these three methods are capable of predicting both overall and zonal discharge for small- to large-scale channels, including natural rivers. However, the interacting divided channel method is the least erroneous, with an average percentage error of 5.83%. Further investigations should include in-depth discussion on zonal discharge prediction, particularly for floodplain discharge, which has been an area of concern and interest in the areas of the water environment and sustainable design of rivers.
Alternative methodologies for economic evaluation of strategic investment projects
Authors: Nazimko V. K. , Fedoseeva L. V. , Skryabin O. O. , Zaitsev I. M.
Published: July 2021

The authors compare UNIDO methodology and traditional methodology of evaluating effectiveness of investment which was widely spread in the Soviet time. The latter has been undeservedly forgotten, but at the same time it is a pragmatic alternative for the UNIDO methodology. The article depicts the basic drawbacks of the UNIDO methodology. The main one is its inconsistency of interests of an economic entity to the growing production and cost savings. If an economic entity implements this methodology, it is likely to face great risks of various nature. The traditional approach makes calculations significantly simpler, increases their accuracy and reduces risks. The author points out the basic provisions of the classical methodology, such as evaluation of the efficiency of capital investments, basic indicators of economic effectiveness of investment, production tasks which require evaluation of economic effectiveness of investment. Use of the traditional approach makes it possible to significantly reduce the costs for preparing the feasibility study of an investment project. The author considers the criteria of effectiveness of the traditional methodology which are adapted to the modern practice. The main advantages of the classical methodology are its focus on economic result which corresponds to the trend on the economic growth and social results in realization of national projects. Classical methodology of evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects can become a competitive alternative of a widespread UNIDO methodology. The alternative can be of interest for the federal executive bodies (for example, for the Ministry for Economic Development of the Russian Federation) in evaluating effectiveness of the national investment projects.
Opportunities for tax planning for digital companies: international experience
Authors: Alekseev A. S.
Published: July 2021

The article deals with comparing taxation conditions of a range of countries which can be applied for IT companies as the subjects of digital economy. The author examines the peculiar features of tax privileges, tax planning tools and optimization for running digital companies in such countries as Estonia, Hong Kong, Great Britain, Malta and Ireland. These countries are included in a number of international ratings and are highly estimated by foreign experts as regards the level of convenience of doing IT business. The author especially focuses on the financial calculations of possible ways for tax optimization and the key features of implementation of the extremely popular in European countries IP-Box regimes. In conclusion the author concentrates on the patterns and trends within the tax jurisdictions under consideration including the one regarding the existing treaties on avoiding double taxation. He points out that it is possible to use the international experience in order to create competitive taxation of digital companies in Russia as part of developing addenda to the package of measures (effective 01.01.2021) which is also called “tax maneuver”. In particular, it is suggested that income tax rate for IT businesses in Russia should be altered taking into consideration the foreign countries’ indexes. Moreover, the author presents his ideas on the components of possible use of such measures as “digital residency” as part of the second package of “tax maneuver” measures. The author makes a conclusion on the importance of implementing non-taxation measures for maintaining rapid development of IT-industry in Russia and enumerates the most essential directions and problems of the IT-society and the possible ways of their realization.
Risk management in the group of companies n the distribution of funds
Authors: Gerasimova L. N.
Published: July 2021

The article discusses the mechanisms of distribution of funds within a group of companies and analyzes the risks that arise in various situations. It is shown that the risks depend on the type of interdependence of companies, the impact on subsidiaries, etc., the classification of holdings with the characteristics of key concepts is given. The classification criteria are considered: the type of interdependence of companies, the influence of the parent company, the nature of the relationship. Examples of the structure of a group of companies are presented. The processes of financing the operating activities of the holding company, in which the management company distributes the group’s funds to its subsidiaries in order to make the business profitable, are analyzed. The processes of financing investment projects of subsidiaries involving the provision of specific projects with resources are analyzed and the current options for reallocating funds in the group are shown, taking into account the risks. The methods of using business contracts, intra-group loans in the redistribution of money within the group are considered. The variants of their optimal use in various situations are shown. There are three main types of risks that you need to pay attention to first of all: a decrease in net assets, cash gaps and taxes. Taking into account these areas, the methods of reducing the risks of intra-group financing are described and recommendations are given on what to do in these situations. The formula for calculating net assets is presented, the calculation of which is carried out in order to compare the value of net assets with the value of the authorized capital. Methods of reducing the risk of cash gaps are considered. Tax risks are analyzed and measures to reduce them are proposed.
Treatment outcomes of civilian gunshot tibia fractures at a major trauma centre
Authors: Gerafa Muaad , Jakoet Shafique , van Heukelum Marcus , Ie Roux Nicholas , van der Merwe Simone , Makhubalo Obakeng , du Preez Gian , Burger Marilize , Ferreira Nando
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The aim of this retrospective longitudinal study was to describe the overall burden and outcomes of surgically managed gunshot tibia fractures at a major trauma centre. Secondary objectives were to identify possible risk factors for complications including non-union and infection and to highlight any differences in outcomes between treatment modalities METHODS: All consecutive patients who sustained gunshot injuries to the tibia between January 2014 and December 2017 including children and multiple gunshots injuries were considered for inclusion. Information related to patient demographics, injury characteristics, treatment information and treatment outcomes with respect to rate of fracture union and occurrence of infection were obtained from patient records. All patients with insufficient medical records were excluded RESULTS: The records of 197 patients who sustained gunshot tibia fractures were reviewed. The mean follow-up was 4.1 months (interquartile range [IQR] 2.5-6.8). The majority of cases were young males (89%) with a mean age of 29.2±10.2 years. Extra-articular diaphyseal fractures were observed in the majority of cases (91%). Definitive treatment included formal debridement in theatre and plaster cast immobilisation (44%), intramedullary nail fixation (27%), circular external fixation (22%) and plate fixation (7%). The study revealed an overall fracture-related infection (FRI) rate of 11% and bone union rate of 91%. Circular external fixation showed the lowest fracture union rate (86%) and highest FRI rate (21%) of the modalities included in this study. No associations between independent risk factors and presence of complications were identified CONCLUSION: The study reports encouraging outcomes for tibia fractures caused by civilian gunshot injuries. Various definitive surgical stabilisation techniques showed high proportions of union and low burden of FRI Level of evidence: Level 4 Keywords: tibia, gunshot, fracture, outcome
Polio-like deformity: a diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Salem Khaled A Ben , Maré Pieter H , Goodier Matthew , Marais Leonard C , Thompson David M
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Significant advances have been made in the global effort to eradicate polio. Vaccine-associated poliovirus, or other enteroviruses, may still affect the anterior horn cell and cause acute flaccid paralysis. Following the acute disease, residual paralysis results in lower motor neuron weakness, altered growth and deformity. Our study aims to describe the clinical manifestations of a group of children that mimic that of classic paralytic poliomyelitis METHODS: We identified six children from our paediatric orthopaedic database that presented with polio-like deformities. Their clinical and imaging records were reviewed and described, together with the clinical manifestations of paralytic poliomyelitis RESULTS: Limb hypoplasia, pathological gait patterns and foot deformities were consistent features. The median leg length discrepancy was 2.5 cm (range 2-4 cm). The gait patterns observed included a Trendelenburg gait in 33% (n=2), a short limb gait in 50% (n=3), and one case with a combination of Trendelenburg, short limb and steppage gait. Tensor fascia lata contracture was present in 50% (n=3) of our patients. Foot deformities ranged from calcaneo-cavo-valgus to equino-cavo-varus deformities CONCLUSION: Despite significant advances made in the global fight to eradicate polio, we still see children with clinical manifestations reminiscent of the disease. Orthopaedic surgeons should remain familiar with the assessment and diagnosis of the sequelae of paralytic poliomyelitis Level of evidence: Level 5 Keywords: poliomyelitis, vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis, polio-like deformity, acute flaccid paralysis
Prediction of rock fragmentation using the Kuznetsov-Cunningham-Ouchterlony model
Authors: Mutinda E.K. , Alunda B.O. , Maina D.K. , Kasomo R.M.
Published: July 2021

Assessment of blast fragment size distribution is critical in mining operations because it is the initial step towards mineral extraction. Different empirical models and techniques are available for predicting and investigating the consequences of blasting, one of which is the Kuznetsov-Cunningham-Ouchterlony (KCO) model. In this paper we summarize the advances in the empirical models from inception until now, and explore the improvements that have been made so far with particular emphasis is on the most recent KCO model. Utilization of the model and the errors that arise between expected and the actual outcomes are analysed. The results indicate that the KCO model remains useful for predicting the blast fragmentation at limestone mine sites, despite the availability of other advanced prediction models. It is also a valuable instrument for pre-surveying the impact of varying certain parameters of a blast plan.
Evaluación de las propiedades dinámicas de un pórtico plano (MDOF) en una mesa vibratoria
Authors: Tapia Andrade Andrea , Torres Berni Wilson
Published: July 2021

Hoy en día, el estudio de la dinámica estructural es fundamentalmente teórico con acceso a ciertas simulaciones vía \emph{software}, sin embargo, este proyecto intenta que el estudiante pueda entender y observar de manera física las respuestas dinámicas de modelos experimentales. Estos modelos corresponden a pórticos planos de múltiples grados de libertad, que están sometidos a aceleración en la base, la cual es generada por una mesa vibratoria. Los resultados obtenidos se compararán con teóricos. Estos fueron obtenidos basándose en la descomposición modal y en el método de Newmark para el cálculo de la respuesta dinámica, considerando variación lineal en la aceleración de cada piso. La aplicación generada, ATH Dynamic Responses, proporcionó las respuestas teóricas, mediante una interfaz gráfica amigable para el usuario. Los modelos experimentales están constituidos por dos materiales: acero inoxidable (parantes) y láminas de acrílico (pisos), y fueron ensayados sobre una mesa vibratoria. La adquisición de datos se realizó mediante acelerómetros que se colocaron en cada piso y sobre la mesa vibratoria, fueron corregidos, tanto por línea base como con el filtro pasa bajo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la instrumentación con una mesa vibratoria y adquisición de datos con acelerómetros proporcionan valores muy similares a los teóricos en cuanto a respuestas dinámicas y propiedades modales.
The Non-Bypass Trajectory, or The Boom in Demand for TVET in Russia
Authors: Maltseva Vera , Shabalin Alexey
Published: July 2021

Since the mid‑2010s, Russia has been witnessing a redistribution of student flows between higher education and TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training), more and more school leavers applying to TVET institutions. Postsecondary educational choices are closely associated with socioeconomic status of the family, so changes in the patterns of educational transitions may indicate both changes in the education system and shifts in the national socioeconomic system. In available literature, the growing enrollment in TVET is mostly explained by “push” factors repulsing students out of secondary and higher education systems and by the so-called “bypass maneuver” of accessing college via TVET that is popular among Russian school leavers.This article attempts to find out whether the demand for TVET is actually increasing, what may stand behind it apart from the factors within the education system, and whether there is a socioeconomic dimension to this change. Research results allow debunking the myth of the TVET sector growing by virtue of using TVET programs as a springboard to college. Demand for vocational educational trajectoriesis growing beyond the “bypass maneuver” — not only among middle school graduates, who are at the main fork in educational trajectories, but also among highschool leavers. Changes in the demand for TVET programs has exposed rigidity of the TVET system, which manifests itself in enrollment capacity being unable to satisfy the demand for particular specialization, excessive growth in tuition-based enrollment, and the “invisible” demand from high school leavers. The increasing popularity of the vocational track results from the mutually reinforcing factors in the education system, negative economic growth, and labor market situation. The most important trigger behind the growing demand for TVET is the shrinkage of household disposable income: coupled with reduced access to higher education, it “pushes” school leavers with low socioeconomic status out of the academic track.
Peculiarities of Personal Constructs in Professionals of Extreme Spheres of Activity (with Officers of the Ministries of Emergency Situations and Internal Affairs as an Example)
Authors: Glukhova V.A. , Maltseva A.S.
Published: July 2021

The article presents the results of an empirical study of personality traits of officers of the Ministries of Emergency Situations and Internal Affairs. The study is aimed at revealing specific combinations of personality traits - personality constructs characterizing specialists of different extreme occupations. 80 individuals took part in the research work. The pronouncedness of personality traits in the officers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations (MES) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) was compared using the following techniques and methodologies: S.Maddy Hardiness Survey; Holmes-Rahe Stress and Social Adjustment Scale; Method for Diagnosing of Emotional Burnout Levels by V.V. Boyko; California Psychological Inventory (CPI). The MIA officers have been found to have more pronounced personality traits such as vitality and hardiness (according to the S. Maddy Survey), social presence, independence, responsibility, socialization, making a good impression, "ordinary guy" impression, feeling of well-being, achievement through subordination, intellectual effectiveness, manliness (according to CPI). The comparison of the factor structures revealed invariant (with significant factor loading in both groups) and variable (with significant factor loading in one group) elements. The following personality constructs have been identified in the personality structure of the MIA officers: transactional leadership, strategy of variational adjustment in situations of uncertainty, strategy of taking responsibility under the given conditions, personal and social normativity. The following personality constructs have been identified in the personality structure of the MES officers: role-related masculinity, role-related empathy, strategy of volitional control in situations of uncertainty, strategy of variational adjustment under the given conditions.
Emotion Sensitivity in Individuals with Various Degrees of Expressive Suppression: The Case of Policemen
Authors: Padun M.A. , Sorokko E.A. , Suchkova E.A. , Lyusin D.V.
Published: July 2021

The article examines emotion sensitivity in policemen and its relationships with emotion suppression. It was hypothesized that individuals with high emotion suppression were less efficient in recognizing others’ negative emotions. Forty-nine policemen from the Arkhangelsk region of Russia aged from 22 to 50 took part in the study. Emotion sensitivity was measured presenting faces with dynamic changes in emotional expression from neutral to the one of four emotion categories, namely happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. Emotion suppression was measured with Gross’ Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Happiness was recognized faster and more accurately compared to negative emotions. Among negative emotions, the least intensity was needed for the recognition of fear, more intensity for the recognition of sadness, and even more for anger. Fear was recognized more accurately compared to anger; there was no difference in the accuracy of the recognition of fear and sadness. Individuals high in expressive suppression recognized happiness faster and mistook sadness for anger more often. The results are discussed in the context of the specific features of policemen professional activity.
Legal Consciousness in Determination of Corrupt Behavior
Authors: Chernysheva E.V.
Published: July 2021

The article discusses the structure of legal consciousness in the view of the effect of its components on the choice between corrupt and non-corrupt behavior. For more detailed analysis, the research sample was comprised of students of a departmental institution of higher education specializing in jurisprudence, experienced law enforcement officials as well as convicts serving sentences in correctional facilities for the crimes they had committed (including corruption-related ones). It has been established that one's choice of corrupt behavior is directly related to the general level of development of one's legal consciousness. Convicts are more characterized by underdeveloped mindset for respecting the rule of law: they yield to corruption in situations with no other way to resolve their problem or if giving a bribe feels less "costly". Essential structural components of corrupt behavior have been revealed: strong belief that corruption is ineradicable, allowing acts of bribery under certain circumstances, legal immaturity, motives to justify such behavior, mixed or contradictory attitudes towards corruption. The general level of one's legal consciousness influences one's choice between corrupt and non-corrupt behavior.
Exploring Court Culture and its Scale Development
Authors: Kumar D.
Published: July 2021

I conducted three interlocking studies to explore the concept of court culture and to develop a court culture scale. In study 1, I conducted in-depth interviews of legal professionals and clients (n=51) from the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Uttarakhand (UK) to identify the indicators of court culture. In study 2, I generated the items and refined them. In study 3, I surveyed legal professionals to assess measurement dimensionality and reliability (n=517). The scale indicated seven independent court culture dimensions: outcome orientation, manipulation, discipline, individualism & collectivism, work orientation, pride, and professionalism.
Global Digital Networks—Current status and future directions
Authors: Engdahl E. R. , Peterson J. , Orsini N. A.
Published: July 2021

abstract

The Global Digital Seismograph Network (GDSN), which consists of the Seismic Research Observatories, the Abbreviated Seismic Research Observatories, and the Digital World-Wide Standardized Seismograph Network stations, and the International Deployment Accelerometers (IDA) network, which is operated by the University of California, produce digital seismic data in overlapping bands from short to tidal periods. GDSN and IDA data are available through national and regional data centers, the GDSN data on network-day tapes and the IDA data on bimonthly network tapes. The digital waveforms are being used in research applications that benefit from the high resolution and wide dynamic range of the data, and the ease and speed with which large volumes of digital data can be processed. The usefulness of the data is being enhanced by special processing techniques that overcome some of the constraints of band-limited recording. GDSN improvements under study include an increase in short-period bandwidth, addition of horizontal short-period recording, and the recording of very long-period signals at SRO stations. Several additional stations with borehole seismometers are planned, possibly with satellite data telemetry to the United States. However, in the future, the most likely source of new GDSN data is through the acquisition of digital data from independently operated national and regional networks that are being installed or contemplated in several countries, including the United States.
Digital processing of regional network data
Authors: Herrmann Robert B.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Much more than hypocenter location can be done with digital time histories obtained from regional seismic networks. Examples are given of how these data can be routinely processed to provide readily accessible intermediate results for subsequent studies, among which are velocity inversion using teleseismic P residuals, composite focal mechanism studies, and spectral analysis. The processing must be designed to be as routine and as complete as possible. Only with these two objectives achieved can the seismic networks be as productive as they should be.
An earthquake alarm system for the Maui A Offshore Platform, New Zealand
Authors: Tyler R. G. , Beck J. L.
Published: July 2021

abstract

An earthquake alarm system for the Maui A Offshore Platform, which is situated in the Tasman Sea off the coast of New Zealand for the production of natural gas, is described. The function of the alarm system is to give an immediate warning when accelerations equal to half the design level for the platform have been reached in order that safety procedures can be initiated. The alarm system was designed to monitor only the response of the lower modes of the platform, as these would make the major contribution to the stresses in the platform. Ambient vibration measurements were performed which showed the values of frequency for the six lowest modes to be in the range of 0.45 to 1.35 Hz. The alarm system was accordingly designed so that the signal from the transducers passed through a filter with a nominally flat frequency response over a bandwidth 0.3 to 2 Hz with a sharp roll-off at 24 dB per octave at higher frequencies. A radio link with similar detectors on shore was arranged to give confirmation that an earthquake had occurred in order to reduce the risk of false alarms.
Rampart seismic zone of central Alaska
Authors: Yi-Fa Huang P. , Biswas N. N.
Published: July 2021

abstract

This paper describes the characteristics of the Rampart seismic zone by means of the aftershock sequence of the Rampart earthquake (ML = 6.8) which occurred in central Alaska on 29 October 1968. The magnitudes of the aftershocks ranged from about 1.6 to 4.4 which yielded a b value of 0.96 ± 0.09. The locations of the aftershocks outline a NNE-SSW trending aftershock zone about 50 km long which coincides with the offset of the Kaltag fault from the Victoria Creek fault. The rupture zone dips steeply (≈80°) to the west and extends from the surface to a depth of about 10 km. Fault plane solutions for a group of selected aftershocks, which occurred over a period of 22 days after the main shock, show simultaneous occurrences of strike-slip and normal faults. A comparison of the trends in seismicity between the neighboring areas shows that the Rampart seismic zone lies outside the area of underthrusting of the lithospheric plate in southcentral and central Alaska. The seismic zone outlined by the aftershock sequence appears to represent the formation of an intraplate fracture caused by regional northwest compression.
Dynamic analysis of a slope failure from the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake, California, earthquake
Authors: Wilson Raymond C. , Keefer David K.
Published: July 2021

abstract

The Coyote Lake, California, earthquake of 6 August 1979 (ML = 5.7) provided a rare opportunity to perform a dynamic numerical analysis of a seismically induced slope failure using actual strong-motion records. The earthquake displaced a preexisting slump on the northeast shore of Lake Anderson and formed a fissure 20 m long; offsets of 9 mm vertically and 18 mm horizontally were measured across the fissure. The slump is 9 km northwest of the located epicenter but within 100 m of the mapped trace of the Calaveras fault. Two strong-motion records were written in the vicinity of the slump: Coyote Creek, 5 km to the southeast, and Gilroy #6, 15 km to the southeast. These records combined with field measurements of the slope, estimates of the material properties, and a dynamic numerical model based on the Newmark analysis of seismic slope stability to calculate a predicted displacement for the landslide. A displacement of 27 mm, calculated using the N50°E component of the Gilroy #6 record, is in excellent agreement with the displacement measured in the field (21 mm). However, displacements of only 0.12 mm, calculated using the 250° component of the Coyote Creek strong-motion record, reflect significant local variations in seismic shaking intensity.

Because strong-motion records and slope failures rarely coincide, this landslide provides an important test case for our understanding of the dynamics of seismically induced landslides, as well as a warning that local seismologic variations need to be considered in any design applications.
On the Green's functions for a layered half-space. Part II
Authors: Apsel Randy J. , Luco J. Enrique
Published: July 2021

abstract

A numerical procedure to obtain the dynamic Green's functions for layered viscoelastic media is presented. The procedure is based on numerical evaluation of certain Hankel-type integrals which appear in an integral representation derived previously by the authors. Comparisons illustrating the accuracy and flexibility of the approach are made with a number of solutions obtained by other methods.
Generalization of Higuchi's conditions for Love waves propagating through two welded quarter-spaces with two surface layers on each
Authors: Kazi M. H. , Niazy A.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Higuchi (1932) considered a medium consisting of two quarter-spaces in welded contact, each having a single homogeneous layer of the same thickness overlying a homogeneous half-space, and gave conditions on the rigidities and densities of the two layers and two half-spaces in such a way that the plane Love waves normally incident on the vertical plane generate only reflected and transmitted Love waves without mode conversion or body-wave scattering.

In this paper, we generalize Higuchi's results to two layers overlying a half-space divided by a vertical plane. On one side of the vertical plane, the shear velocities and rigidities for the top and the bottom surface layers, and for the half-space are β1, μ1, β2(>β1), μ2(>μ1), and β3(>β2), μ3(>μ2), respectively. On the other side, the corresponding shear velocities and rigidities for the two layers and the half-space are given by the primed quantities with β3′ > β2′ > β1′ and μ3′ > μ2′ > μ1′. We show that if the following conditions are satisfied

1 β 1 2 − 1 β 1 ' 2 = 1 β 2 2 − 1 β 2 ' 2 = 1 β 3 2 − 1 β 3 ' 22

and

μ 1 μ 1 ' = μ 2 μ 2 ' = μ 3 μ 3 '

then plane Love waves normally incident on the vertical plane generate only reflected and transmitted Love waves without mode conversion or body-wave scattering. These conditions for the special case under consideration provide a valuable check for various analytical and numerical approximations which ignore the body-wave contributions in similar diffraction problems.
Microfilming of Historical Seismograms from the Mount Hamilton (Lick) seismographic station
Authors: Uhrhammer Robert A.
Published: July 2021

abstract

The seismograms from the Mount Hamilton, California, seismographic station were microfilmed as part of the Historical Seismogram Filming Project. All of the available smoked paper and photograpic seismograms from the Mount Hamilton station (more than 35,000 from 6 June 1911 through 30 June 1962) were prepared and microfilmed onsite at the University of California, Berkeley. The preparation time averaged 2 man-minutes/seismogram, and the overall cost averaged out to $1.05/seismogram.
Higher order accuracy in multiple filter technique
Authors: Bhattacharya S. N.
Published: July 2021

It is known that there are systematic errors in the determinations of group velocity and amplitude spectrum by multiple filter technique (MFT) due to change of group velocity with frequency. Here, we obtain the relation of each of these systematic errors with the variations of group velocity, amplitude spectrum, and initial phase with frequency. This is achieved by expanding (in the theory of MFT) wavenumber, amplitude spectrum, and initial phase by Taylor series and retaining some of the higher order terms. It has been seen that the above variations lead measured group velocity by MFT to the group velocity of neighboring frequency toward which amplitude spectrum is increasing. Based on the relations obtained, two methods by MFT are proposed for improved determinations of group velocity, and amplitude and phase spectra of dispersive waves. The methods are tested on a theoretical seismogram.
Depth dependence of source parameters at Monticello, South Carolina
Authors: Fletcher J. B. , Boatwright J. , Joyner W. B.
Published: July 2021

Three estimates of stress differences, which include Brune stress drop, stress drop from rms of acceleration (arms), and the apparent stress, have been determined for 13 earthquakes at Monticello, South Carolina, a site of reservoir-induced seismicity. Data for nine of the events come from digitally recorded three-component seismograms at four or five stations that were deployed around the Monticello Reservoir in May and early June 1979. The data from the other four events come from a strong-motion accelerograph located on the dam abutment at the southwest end of the reservoir. Estimates of the seismic moment (Mo) range from 4.6 × 1017 to 3.4 × 1020 dyne-cm (S waves) and radiated energy from about 1011 to 3 × 1016 dyne-cm (S waves). Brune stress drops ranged from 0.5 bars to about 90 bars and show a strong dependence on depth (focal depths range from 0.07 to 1.4 km) and a moderate dependence on Mo. Arms stress drops from the direct S-wave span a similar range of values and also exhibit a strong dependence on depth. Apparent stresses are usually lower than the other estimates of stress differences by a factor of 2 to 4. Seismic stress differences are highest in the topmost 0.2 to 0.3 km, a depth range for which the in situ measurements of stress and pore pressure suggest that the rock is in a state of incipient failure. In this depth range, where the four largest events occurred, the stress drops are of the same order as the ambient shear stress. These data suggest that at Monticello, where pore fluids have a strong influence on the failure process, the largest stresses released seismically are in regions most conducive to failure and that the seismic efficiencies for events at Monticello are larger than have been reported for other tremors in different tectonic settings.
Progressive multiple event location (PMEL)
Authors: Pavlis Gary L. , Booker John R.
Published: July 2021

This paper introduces a new method of using earthquake arrival times to simultaneously determine earthquake hypocenters and station corrections. Progressive multiple event location (PMEL) forms a solution in three major steps: (1) hypocenters are located by conventional single event methods using current station correction estimates; (2) an annulled data set (Pavlis and Booker, 1980) is formed and accumulated using Householder transformations; and (3) station correction perturbations are calculated from a pseudoinverse solution of the annulled data set. In practice, PMEL converges rapidly. We analyze the non-uniqueness of PMEL estimates in terms of resolution and covariance matrices. One of the most important features of PMEL is the computer algorithm that we describe which requires only a modest amount of computer memory that is independent of the number of earthquakes to be processed. Consequently, this algorithm can process a virtually unlimited number of earthquakes.

We apply PMEL to a set of 8049 arrival times from 652 earthquakes and 4 explosions recorded by a network in the Coso Range, Inyo County, California. PMEL converges after four adjustments to the station corrections. The final rms misfit of 0.05 sec is remarkably good, and the station correction estimates correlate strongly with surface geology.
Ambient vibration test results of the Imperial County Services Building
Authors: Pardoen Gerard C.
Published: July 2021

The ambient vibration test results conducted on the Imperial County Services Building prior to the 15 October 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake are summarized. These results are of significant interest because the Imperial County Services Building has been the source of many postearthquake investigations due to the fact that the 1979 earthquake represented the first time a building instrumented with strong motion recorders suffered and recorded the major structural failure.
Theoretical study of the excitation, spectral characteristics, and geometrical attenuation of regional seismic phases
Authors: Campillo Michel , Bouchon Michel , Massinon Bernard
Published: July 2021

We present a theoretical study of the generation and geometrical attenuation of regional crustal phases. We do this through the computation of seismograms in the epicentral distance range from 60 to 500 km. The geometrical attenuation of Lg waves with epicentral distance is of the form r−0.83. Pg wave amplitudes display a much stronger decay of the form r−1.5. The spectral density of the crustal transfer function for Pg waves is relatively flat for frequencies between 0.1 and 5 Hz while Lg wave spectra strongly fall off beyond 2 to 3 Hz.

The excitation of Pg wave is insensitive to the depth of the source within the crust while the Lg amplitude is about 50 per cent higher for a source in the upper and middle crust than in the lower crust. The amplitudes of these two phases drastically decrease when the source is below the Moho. These results illustrate the important role of wave guide played by the crust for the propagation of Lg and Pg.

We find that the geometrical attenuation of Pg and Lg waves is independent of source mechanisms. In the case of an explosion, the excitation of Pg is insensitive to the source depth. The Lg wave amplitude is small in comparison to Pg and Rayleigh waves and depends on the closeness of the source to an interface or to the free surface.
Calculation of Qβ using the spectral ratio method in Northern Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Rebollar C. J.
Published: July 2021

The spectral ratio method for measuring absorption in the Peninsular Ranges region of Northern Baja California has been used. A Qβ from 240 to 350 was calculated in the range of frequencies from 1 to 13 Hz independent of frequency. Simple theoretical spectra of the form E(f) = Ω[(f/fc)2 +1]−1*exp(−πftQ−1) where ω is the low-frequency level, fc is the corner frequency, t is the travel time, and Q is the attenuation factor, match the observed spectra at ENX and CBX stations. The epicentral distance at ENX is about 16 and 57 km at CBX.
Structural corrections for slowness and azimuth of seismic signals arriving at Gauribidanur array
Authors: Ram Avadh , Yadav Lalaji
Published: July 2021

Slowness and azimuth anomalies directly measured from the data recorded at seismic arrays have been used for observing deviations from spherical symmetric earth. Interpretation of such observations for reliable refinement of earth models requires correction for the effect of irregularities in the crust and upper mantle structure beneath the recording sites because it introduces large systematic errors in slowness and ray direction. Observations of large systematic errors in slowness and azimuth for teleseismic events approaching Gauribidanur (GBA) seismic array from the east were compensated by introducing a number of dipping Moho beneath recording sites. It was found that a dipping interface having a dip of 6° and a strike of N13°E explains observations of ray direction anomalies in a satisfactory manner. This can deviate seismic rays up to 11.5 per cent in slowness and 6.5° in azimuth. The quantum of errors seems quite significant as far as refinement of earth models is concerned. A correction table has been prepared which would be useful in the analysis of slowness and azimuth of earthquakes recorded at GBA from the eastern direction. We have applied these structural corrections successfully to the observed slowness and azimuth of earthquakes from this direction. This is illustrated in the form of array diagrams.