bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Classicist as Liberal Intellectual: Gilbert Murray and Alfred Eckhard Zimmern
Authors: Stapleton Julia
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers Murray's conception of Hellenism in relation to the vicissitudes of 20th-century liberalism, both political and intellectual, and explores his tireless work on its behalf. It examines his early influence on classical scholarship at Oxford, and the wider pursuit of cultural and political improvement to which he believed Classics was inextricably tied. The chapter analyses the quarters of society in which Murray and Zimmern sought to spread the Hellenist message as they understood it, and the extent of their success. It further emphasizes Murray's growing attachment to the historic English nation as an example of his later conservatism which has often been overlooked. Finally, it sets Murray's enhanced cultural pessimism during the interwar period in the context of the decline of a particular type of ‘public intellectual’ in Britain: the liberal intellectual, whose role it was to cultivate selflessly liberal habits of mind throughout Britain and beyond, and in increasingly adverse climates of opinion.
‘Yours Obediently, Gilbert Murray’: Letters toThe Times
Authors: Bruneau William , Wodell Russell
Published: September 2007

Gilbert Murray wrote or co-signed almost three hundred letters to the Editor of The Times. His topics ranged from Liberal politics and the League of Nations to reform of the national diet, simplification of English spelling, the humane treatment of animals, and the banning of smoking in cinemas. Excerpts from this formidable corpus suggests the range of Murray's epistolary art, force of argument, ready literary technique, and dry wit. To encourage reassessment of Murray as writer-activist, this chapter reviews letters illustrating Murray's hard-won eminence as professor, writer, Hellenist, politician, and citizen.
INTIAL BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM IN A HALF-SPACE WITH CONSTANT COEEFICIENTS
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis
Published: September 2007

This chapter drops the assumption of symmetry, or at least it does not assume the dissipativity in a classical sense. The search for a necessary condition for maximal estimates (strong well-posedness in Kreiss' sense) yields the so-called uniform Kreiss-Lopatinskii condition. The chapter investigates the case of a characteristic boundary. It gives practical devices to check the K.-L. condition, including the construction of a Lopatinskii determinant. It shows that the adjoint BVP shares with the direct one the K.-L. condition, a fact exploited in the duality method employed in the existence theory. The latter is carried out for the BVP in weighted (in time) spaces under the assumption that a Kreiss' dissipative boundary symmetrizer exists. Its existence is stated for a constantly hyperbolic operator, but the proof will be seen in the next chapter. The evolutionary property is shown with the use of the Paley-Wiener Theorem. Rauch's Theorem tells what the solution at a given time T can be estimated to; this extends the well-posedness to the full IBVP.
CONSTRUCTION OF A SYMMERTRIZER UNDER (UKL)
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers constantly hyperbolic operators. It proves the so-called ‘block structure’ due to Kreiss in the strictly hyperbolic case, and to Métivier in the general case. It then constructs in detail the dissipative boundary symmetrizer to pass to variable coefficients. An important issue is to ensure smooth dependence on parameters.
Atomic Forces and Tunneling
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a unified theory of tunneling phenomenon and covalent bond force, as a result of the similarity between the Bardeen theory of tunneling and the Herring-Landau theory of the covalent bond. Three general theoretical treatments are presented, which show that tunneling conductance is proportional to the square of the covalent bond interaction energy, or equivalently, the square of covalent bond force. The constant of proportionality is related to the electronic properties of the materials. For the case of a metal tip and a metal sample, an explicit equation contains only measurable physical quantities is derived. Several experimental verifications are presented. The equivalence of covalent bond energy and tunneling conductance provides a theoretical explanation of the threshold resistance observed in atom-manipulation experiments, and points to a method of predicting the threshold resistance for atom manipulation.
Nanometer-Scale Imaging
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the imaging mechanism of STM at the nanometer scale, where the features of interest are of about one nanometer and up. Using an s-wave tip model, using the Bardeen tunneling theory, Tersoff and Hamann showed that the STM image in this case is tip-independent: it is determined by the local density of states of the bare sample surface at Fermi level, taken at the center of curvature of the tip. The Tersoff-Hamann model has found numerous applications in interpreting the STM images, from the superstructure of surface reconstruction to the confined or scattered waves of the surface states. However, as shown by Tersoff and Hamann in their original papers, for features much smaller than one nanometer, such as at the atomic features of 0.3 nm, the non-spherical electronic states of the tip could play a significant role and thus cannot be overlooked.
Piezoelectric Scanner
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the physical principle, design, and characterization of piezoelectric scanners, which is the heart of STM and AFM. The concept of piezoelectricity is introduced at the elementary level. Two major piezoelectric materials used in STM and AFM, quartz and lead zirconate titanate ceramics (PZT), are described. After a brief discussion of the tripod scanner and the bimorph, much emphasis is on the most important scanner in STM and AFM: the tube scanner. A step-by-step derivation of the deflection formula is presented. The in-situ testing and calibration method based on pure electrical measurements is described. The formulas of the resonance frequencies are also presented. To compensate the non-linear behavior of the tube scanner, an improved design, the S-scanner, is described. Finally, a step-by-step procedure to repole a depoled piezo is presented.
3 The Ladder of Advancement
Authors: Albert Jones David
Published: September 2007

This chapter outlines the process by which clergy were secured appointment to parishes. It discusses the complex identities and roles of curates, and their financial position, and suggests that they were not a depressed underclass. It examines the practise of patronage, describing who exercised it, how it worked, the significance or not of political influence, and the influence of the parishioners. Numerous examples are provided of how clergy set out to seek preferment, and of the expenses involved in being presented to a parish.
10 Supervision of the Clergy
Authors: Albert Jones David
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates the evidence for the oversight and supervision of the clergy. It examines the processes of visitations by bishops and archdeacons, and the use of rural deans in monitoring the conduct and activities of parish clergy. It looks at the evidence for clerical societies and deanery meetings of clergy which were encouraged by bishops, especially in the early 18th and early 19th centuries. The process for making and investigating complaints against clergy is examined. The procedures used by bishops for disciplining clergy, and the levels of expectation by parishioners and bishops are considered.
5 Understanding US Opposition to the ICC
Authors: Ralph Jason
Published: September 2007

This chapter explains why the Clinton administration chose to sign, and the Bush administration chose to ‘unsign’ the Rome Treaty. Both argued that the Treaty violated the principle of sovereign consent and they both appealed to Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to support their argument. The chapter then asks why the US finds this argument so compelling when other democratic states are not threatened by the Court. The chapter offers an answer that goes beyond arguments that focus on America's national interests and its international responsibilities. Instead, it focuses on the cultural role that democratic consent plays in constituting America as a separate nation. The policy of opposing the ICC while offering alternative approaches to international criminal justice is, therefore, a representational practice designed to instantiate a particular image of America as well as a political move to protect the national interest.
8 Conclusion: International Society and American Empire
Authors: Ralph Jason
Published: September 2007

This chapter summarises and interprets the main arguments of the book. To do this it draws on E.H.Carr's criticism of the idea that a harmony always exists between the particular interests of the great powers and those of wider society. To the extent that US interests are advanced by the society of states and to the extent that liberty can grow within this society, it is possible to accept the idea that the US promotes and Empire of Liberty. But to the extent that the society of states continues to tolerate injustice, then the supposed harmony between US defence of that society and the world's demand for justice quickly breaks down. The chapter reminds readers of the utopian element of Carr's philosophy and his argument that great powers often need to compromise in order to maintain credibility. In this context, it concludes that support for the ICC is a more effective means of fulfilling America's purpose and a less costly sacrifice for the US to make than that demanded by the ‘Americanist’ policy of nation‐building.
4 Non‐combatant Immunity and the Definition of Non‐innocence and Innocence
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe
Published: September 2007

This chapter tackles the question of why soldiers, allegedly, are legitimate targets and civilians not. Four approaches to the explanation of the difference are discussed: the moral guilt theory, the convention theory, the self-defence theory, and the justifying emergency theory. All these approaches have a valid moral principle at heart, but are nevertheless misleading in that they raise their respective principle to the status of the absolute. The chapter outlines how a comparative weighting of the principles can proceed if applied to concrete cases. The resulting approach does not square the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate targets with the distinction between soldiers and civilians; this has extremely important consequences for the conduct of war.
2 The Scope of Inherent Powers
Authors: Fisher Louis
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the constitutional source of ‘inherent powers’. Firstly it analyzes what is meant by express, implied, and emergency powers. Then it examines closely the 1936 Supreme Court case, Curtiss-Wright, that is most often cited for supporting inherent and extra-constitutional powers for the president. The chapter then moves to discussing the use of inherent powers by President Harry Truman in 1952 to seize steel mills to prosecute the war in Korea, and the reliance on inherent powers by President George W. Bush to accomplish a range of war-related actions. Truman's initiative was repudiated by the Supreme Court in the Youngstown case, but the legal and political limits of Bush's actions are still being played out.
8 The Public, the President, and the War in Iraq
Authors: Jacobson Gary C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter reviews a selection of polling data on the president and the war to document the unprecedented partisan polarization in public attitudes these have jointly provoked, and to begin to explore some of the questions the data can be used to address concerning the formation, evolution, and consequences of mass opinion on the war. The public's unusually wide partisan divisions over evaluations of President Bush and his decision to force a regime change in Iraq are closely connected. Among Republicans of all stripes, but especially Christian conservatives, initial high regard for the president and trust in his honesty encouraged acceptance of his original case for war. When its premises proved faulty, they either missed that story or decided it was irrelevant and continued to support the war, accepting the administration's claim that it was integral to the war on terrorism and thus to the security of the US. Democrats tended to neither trust Bush nor appreciate his performance as president, so their support for the war depended crucially on belief in its necessity.
11 Managing the News: The Bush Communications Operation
Authors: Kumar Martha Joynt
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the Bush White House's communications operation, including its basic functions and the staff requirements of each. Special attention is given to the need for both long-term planning and coordination for offensive efforts and for an organization capable of quick-response defensive moves. In the first term, the White House was able to set priorities, plan ahead, coordinate among government units, and stick with the plan, making news on the president's terms. The administration has been less successful, however, in handling unanticipated situations and criticisms of the president, and in responding to what others wanted to talk about. At the same time, there were natural limits to what communications operations can do that depend upon the president himself, the difficulties in most administrations of admitting communications problems, and the troubles that come with promoting unpopular policies.
Conclusion: Anglicanism and Empire, 1700–c.1850
Authors: Strong Rowan
Published: September 2007

An Anglican theological paradigm was important in this period because Christianity was both sincerely believed and widely influential, and because most English people were Christian and Anglican. The empire and its inhabitants were understood through a series of theological motifs and the traditions of the Church of England. Anglicanism was imperialist in the sense of believing the English-British Empire in being connected with inequalities of power in the empire. But the empire was also subordinate to, and conditional upon, the English-British fulfilling divine providential purposes.
God Is Not a Story
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran
Published: September 2007

The book argues that the contemporary theological practice of describing Christian doctrines or beliefs as ‘narratives’ or ‘stories’ leads to a non-realistic idea of God, that is, to conceiving God as a story or narrative invented by ourselves. The idea that doctrines are narratives derives from an emphasis on the method of theology, that is, the substitution of a self-reflective description of how we know about God for saying what God is. The aspect of how we know about God upon which descriptive or narrative theologies focus is visual, and hence we characterize such theologies as cinematic or ‘movieish’. The book considers four ways in which narrative theologies replace content with method. Within ecclesiology, Barthian narrative theologians stress our grasp of the resurrected Christ at the expense of the resurrection witnesses. In the context of arguing for God's existence, Thomistic narrativists discuss the rationality of our questioning rather than the evidence for God's existence. Since, therefore, neither Barthian nor Thomistic narrative theologies can assume that the Creator God is metaphysically known, they visualize the problem of evil, presenting it like a melodramatic conflict. Fourthly, the attempt to elucidate the Trinity by means of narration or description tends toward modalism or Sabellianism. The focus of narrative theologies on methodological or epistemic issues entails that they reflect either the faith of the believer (rather than the object of belief) or the reason of the reasoner (rather than its target). This book proposes that theology can bypass this fideism/rationalism axis by making love the basis of theology, and that in four ways: the source of the Church and its scriptures is an act of love; the evidential image on which proofs for the existence of God can be based is the love of mother for child; the appearance of the Trinity in our history is the expression of the love of God; and hence, since its principal object is God's active love, theology refers, not to a melodrama, but to a real drama.
Naming God
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran
Published: September 2007

This chapter is about arguments for the existence of God. It shows how grammatical Thomists like Herbert McCabe and Denys Turner make proving that God exists into a matter of proving that it is rational to question whether God exists. Their leading question, ‘why is there something rather than nothing?’ assumes rather than proves that the world is contingent: it takes us around the ‘story’ of God's existence from the inside of faith, and does not refer to any specific creative action of God. Circulating thus within human psychological acts, the grammatical Thomist argument is focussed on the act of questioning rather as a movie holds our attention by repeatedly posing new questions, causing us to suspend disbelief but not to credit it with real agency. The way in which story Barthians use the ‘ontological argument’ makes the Biblical stories about God into an evidential basis of God's existence. Robert Jenson's ‘story Thomism’ takes Thomistic and Barthian narrative theology to a logical conclusion by making ‘God’ a character within a wider story, whose plot requires ‘contingent’ and ‘Creator’ characters.
Inflection
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: September 2007

Inflection is the expression of morphosyntactic properties on words. Examples are case and number marking on nouns, and number and person marking on verbs. These properties play a role in computing the correct form of word in a sentence. Unlike derivation, inflectional processes do not create new words but forms of a word. There are different theoretical models for inflection: Word-and-Paradigm, Item-and-Arrangement, and Item-and-Process models.
1 Challenges to Capital
Authors: GLYN ANDREW
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses challenges faced by the capital system. It begins with a description of the unprecedented boom of the economies of the most developed capitalist countries (North America, Western Europe, Japan, and Australasia) in the 1950s and 1960s, dubbed as the ‘Golden Age’, characterized by low unemployment, low inflation, and rapidly growing living standards. This was followed by the apparent decline of the capitalist system during the second half of the 1960s and through the 1970s, characterized by the emergence of organized labour, international disorganization, and productivity slowdown.
Spreading The Mind: Projection, Necessity and Realism
Authors: Kail P. J. E.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes Hume's positive account of our idea of necessity, the perceptual nature of the metaphor of ‘spreading the mind’, and revisits realism. It is argued that Hume's account is projective in two senses. The first is explanatory, whereby the modal element of causal thought is explained non-detectively. The second is feature projective, whereby we attribute a feature of mind to an external object. The chapter argues that Hume's account is better than commentators have thought.
Chapter 13 Saving between Cohorts: The Role of Planning
Authors: Lusardi Annamaria , Beeler Jason
Published: September 2007

This chapter compares the saving behavior of Early Baby Boomers (age 51-56 in 2004) and its predecessor cohort in the Health and Retirement Study (age 51-56 in 1992). Results indicate that the Boomers accumulated more wealth than the previous cohort, largely because they benefited from rising house prices. Nevertheless, some Boomer families are less well off, particularly those headed by those with low education and low income, and minorities. The survey also shows that many Boomers have not planned for retirement, and like the earlier cohort, nonplanners have much less wealth than planners. In other words, lack of planning is tantamount to lack of saving, irrespective of the economic changes observed over the last dozen years.
Chapter 14 Retiring on the House? Cross-Cohort Differences in Housing Wealth
Authors: Coronado Julia L. , Maki Dean , Weitzer Ben
Published: September 2007

This chapter evaluates housing wealth and its potential role in Baby Boomers' retirement wellbeing. The Health and Retirement Survey is used to compare Boomers' wealth position to that of the immediately preceding cohort, just prior to retirement. Results show that Boomers have more valuable homes but have also borrowed more against them, so they have a similar fraction of assets allocated to home equity as their predecessors. Unlike prior studies, this chapter shows that people do view housing as a source of wealth that can help them finance their retirement needs. Indeed, a substantial fraction of older households do move and appear to liquidate some home equity in the process. Consequently, some of the recent home equity extraction may be related to the aging of the population rather than a cyclical response to rapid house appreciation.
Latin Poetry and the Judgement of Taste
Authors: Martindale Charles
Published: September 2007

The aim of this book is to encourage an interest in the tradition of modern Western aesthetics as it applies to poetry and the arts. It argues that the study of literature today is unduly dominated by ideology critique, and that there is a need for a new recognition of the importance of beauty and the aesthetic in our response to the arts. It explores ways in which Kant’s aesthetic theory, as set out in the Critique of Judgement, still provides powerful tools of analysis for the modern critic. For example, the Kantian aesthetic — the free judgement of taste — carries a rebuke to the means/end rationality that is so widespread and so dangerous in the contemporary West. It shows that the Kantian ‘judgement of taste’ is a judgement of form and content together, and is thus not a version of formalism. It explores the relationship between politics and aesthetics in the responses to the arts, arguing that aesthetic judgements are not simply disguised judgements of other kinds. Finally, it urges on those writing about literature the value of aesthetic criticism — the attempt to isolate the unique aesthetic quality of artworks — as pioneered by Walter Pater, offering three essays on Latin poets as examples of what might be done.
Prologue
Authors: Martindale Charles
Published: September 2007

This short prologue deplores the widespread ignorance of the modern European tradition of philosophical aesthetics and the current hegemony of ideology-critique and culturalism. It stakes a claim for the importance and value of beauty and the aesthetic, and of free judgement. It also sets out the structure of the book. First, Kant’s principal claims and their value for thinking about the aesthetic today are investigated. Second, a detailed response is given to two major objections to aesthetic judgements, namely that they necessarily entail formalism and that they are really occluded judgements of other kinds (social, political, economic). Finally, these obstacles are confronted and with a turn from the past to the future, the possible forms that aesthetic criticism might take are investigated.
Content, Form, and Frame
Authors: Martindale Charles
Published: September 2007

This chapter attempts to counter one common objection to aesthetic judgements about artworks (including works of literature): that they are formalistic, detaching formal features of the work from the discursive and ideological contexts of their use. It argues that the Kantian judgement of taste is a judgement of form and content. This is illustrated in connection with some Odes of Horace and poem 64 of Catullus. It argues that the issue changes complexion if attention shifts from qualities ‘in’ the work to the mind of the receiver. Derrida’s deconstruction of the neo-Kantian notion of the autonomy of art and the issue of the frame/parergon (with Propertius 1. 16 as an instance) are also examined.
Distinguishing the Aesthetic: Politics and Art
Authors: Martindale Charles
Published: September 2007

This chapter counters another commonly made objection to aesthetic judgements about artworks (including works of literature): that they are really occluded judgements of other kinds. It considers politics and aesthetics as rival discourses, and the kind of interpretations that each generates by analyzing Horace Odes 2.7 and Virgil’s Eclogues. It argues for the legitimacy of aesthetic readings as well as political ones, and shows how the notion that the aesthetic is essentially a ‘reactionary’ category is quite at odds with the history of aesthetics. The specially privileged importance assigned to the aesthetic by Schiller (as a propaedeutic to good citizenship) and Pater (as a superior form of knowledge to any other), and the problems of their accounts are analysed. It is argued that a crucial feature of the aesthetic is the absence of hierarchy. The language and concepts of ideology critique are used to demonstrate the shortcomings of the chapter’s attack on the aesthetic.
A Water Perspective on Population, Environment, and Development
Authors: Falkenmark Malin
Published: September 2007

This chapter attempts to integrate population growth, environment, and development, taking as its starting point that fact that the water-cycle may be seen as the central clockwork of the biosphere. After discussing how the water cycle can be seen as the propagator of various disturbances, the chapter focuses on causes of water scarcity. Genuine water scarcity is hydro-climatically defined, whereas ‘man-induced’ scarcity is a manifestation of scarcity the causes of which can be traced back to human actions. The main argument of this chapter is that water scarcity is essentially a problem of population growth. The tremendous threat induced by uncontrolled population growth is that increased population will produce more waste, but the per capita amount of water in which this waste may be diluted decreases. Therefore, population growth must be minimized. The avoidable part of that growth should be mitigated by child-spacing methods, and the unavoidable part of that growth should be met by decisive preparations for food and water security and improved waste handling in industry.
Transplants, Transfer, and Work Transformation
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces long running debates about Japanese firms, both as developers of distinctive models of production and employment relations in Japan, and as the potential disseminators of these models internationally through transplantation, transfer, and work transformation within their overseas subsidiaries. It develops a distinctive contribution to these debates, which draws on labour process theory and institutionalist analyses to address the ways in which enterprise managers respond to the cross-cutting constraints of system, societal, and dominance effects. Finally, it situates the research reported elsewhere in the book in relation to these debates, outlines the structure of the book, and summarizes the contributions of each chapter to the overall analysis.
The Internationalization of Japanese Manufacturing
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: September 2007

This chapter charts the timing and geographical spread of Japanese foreign direct investment. It discusses different interpretations of the distinctive characteristics of Japanese manufacturing multinationals and the evolution of their internationalization strategies, focusing on the rapid growth of such investment from the mid-1980s and their goals in establishing overseas subsidiaries. It argues that many earlier analyses were too optimistic in their expectations of upgrading, especially in the light of the ebb, flow, and international repositioning of investment as Japanese companies respond to changing economic conditions at home and the wider international division of labour, with its regional rivalries and new centres of low-cost production. Thus, some subsidiaries will remain routine manufacturing plants, some may move up the value chain and others may face contraction or closure. These different trajectories will help shape the production regimes and employment relations of specific subsidiaries, mediating any process of global localization.
Work and Employment Relations in the Smaller Component Subcontractors: Distinctive Pressures and Contrasting Trajectories
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses the evolution of management policies and work and employment relations in two smaller Japanese sub-contractors. Both firms were tightly constrained by customer-supplier relations, possessed limited managerial resources to support innovative production and employment policies, and faced problems in the recruitment, retention, and control of labour. Such circumstances prompted a selective and opportunistic adoption and adaptation of parent company management techniques, characterized in one case by the substantial autonomy of local management, but in the other by a fractious process of conflict within management. Japanese-inspired employment practices were less evident than a resort to the familiar tactics of labour regulation in other small enterprises, mixing elements of paternalism, formalization, informal mutuality, insecurity, and threat. The chapter addresses similarities and differences between the two factories in both management micropolitics and employment relations, linking these to distinctive subsidiary mandates, ownership structures, and relations with customers and competitors.
Theorizing Subsidiary Operations: System, Society, and Dominance Effects Revisited
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the wider implications of the analysis of Japanese firms developed throughout the book, both for debates about the transfer and hybridization of Japanese production models, and for broader theorizing about the subsidiary operations of international firms. It discusses the lessons of the research for three dominant images of subsidiary operations — as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants, which give differing emphases to system, society, and dominance effects in understanding the operations of such workplaces. It argues that the transfer and translation of management approaches and techniques within and between enterprises, and the evolution of work and employment relations within specific workplaces, is a more contested, multi-layered, and complex phenomena than is conventionally recognized, strongly influenced by power relations within management and the corporate mandate of the subsidiary.
Spectacular Power in the Greek and Roman City
Authors: Bell Andrew
Published: September 2007

This book's analysis of the power of prestige in civic communities of the ancient world demonstrates the importance of crowds' aesthetic and emotional judgement upon leaders and their ambitious claims for immediate and lasting significance; and also finds consideration of this dynamic still to be valuable for modern citizens. An initial discussion of the fall of Ceauşescu in 1989 prompts theoretical considerations about the inseparability of authority and its manifestation; and scrutiny of Julius Caesar's gestures towards self-definition introduces the complexity of ancient political relations. The simultaneous presence of both popular affection for wondrous and kingly individuals, and also egalitarian suspicion of it, is detected in classical Athens, where an Alcibiades needed to manoeuvre craftily to achieve obvious and ritual pre-eminence in associating himself with age-old and Homeric models of distinction. Accordingly, the arrival of Hellenistic kingliness, such as that of Demetrios Poliorcetes, upon the political stage was neither wholly innovative nor unattractive. Yet such kings quite clearly articulated a new and grandiose majesty, as can be seen in parades in Egypt and Syria. With the growth of Roman imperialism, these stylings of personal power needed to be adapted to new realities and models, just as Romans of the later Republic increasingly found much to admire and emulate in others' spectacles. Thus, the book comes back to the end of the Republic and to Cicero's struggles to maintain traditional, republican dignities in civic ceremony while a new Roman kingliness, thoroughly attentive to spectacular politics, was dawning.
3 The Affections of the Athenians
Authors: Bell Andrew
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the democracy of classical Athens. It shows the remarkable power of a citizenry to restrict overweening individuality in its ceremonial life, but also shows the lingering potential for infatuation with kingly charisma. This can be seen in abundance in the broader Hellenistic world.
Afterword
Authors: Bell Andrew
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that it is often a refrain of contemporary political critique that style seems to overshadow substance in republics or democracies. But perhaps it has always been like that. If to be a Greek or Roman citizen was in some measure to have dignity in being a political consumer entitled to expect a good spectacle, then the study of classical politics has the power to offer insight into habits of consumption and affection, scrutiny and judgement. If rhetorics of visibility fix the models and memories of individual power, then we may all wonder at the capacity of even the humble to realize power in their cheers or jeers; and so enjoy liberal dignity.
The Internationalisation of Securities Markets
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses how three sets of international factors revolutionised markets for securities trading from the mid-1960s onwards. Firstly, transnational technological and economic developments, such as computerisation, expansion of securities markets, higher cross-border flows, and growth of large corporate investors and suppliers that transformed financial markets are examined. The other two factors relate to reforms in the US between the late 1960s and early 1980s that influenced the world securities market and offered an example of new institutions; European Union (EU) sectoral regulation that grew from the late 1980s and established a legal framework that outlawed monopolies and aided competition. These three forms of internationalisation placed severe pressures on traditional European institutions for securities trading, notably the organisation of stock exchanges as clubs of individual brokers, monopolies over trading, and regulation by governments and brokers themselves. Subsequent chapters compare the impacts of these three forms of internationalisation across countries.
Chapter 3
Authors: Waylen Georgina
Published: September 2007

Using the discussion of the gendered nature of institutions, such as political parties developed in Part One, as its starting point, Part Three concentrates on the electoral arena. To determine the extent of women's participation in this arena during transitions to democracy, this part analyses three major themes: the level of women's descriptive representation in the post-transition period, the roles that women have played in the conventional arena in various stages of transition, and the contribution that women active in the conventional arena have made to any improvements in women's descriptive and substantive representation. Part Three explains the marked differences seen in patterns of women's representation in different post-transition contexts in terms of electoral rules, political parties, ideology, women activists, and quotas. It also analyses how far women legislators ‘act for’ women and enhance women's substantive representation.
Chapter 4
Authors: Waylen Georgina
Published: September 2007

The final part of the book deals with the relationship between transitions to democracy, women's substantive representation, and policy outcomes. It completes the analysis of the circumstances under which a transition to democracy can alter different women's access to policymaking and with what results. After examining women's access to policymaking and gender policies under state socialist and authoritarian regimes, it moves on to look at post-transition outcomes. It focuses on the machinery of the state with regard to women, constitutional/legal frameworks, and codes, before turning to look at gender policy outcomes in three different areas: divorce and family law, domestic violence, and reproductive rights, particularly abortion. The final section examines how the social and economic transitions that have so often accompanied transition to democracy are gendered through an exploration of market reforms and welfare structuring.
Partnerships, Corporations, and the Limits on Contractual Freedom in U.S. History: An Essay in Economics, Law, and Culture
Authors: Lamoreaux Naomi R.
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that a focus on big business has distorted the understanding of the legal history of the corporation. The relevant context for understanding the evolution of the form must be broadened to include two related but somewhat contradictory trends: first, the democratization of the corporate form of enterprise (that is, its adoption by increasing numbers of small businesses); and second, a growing tendency in the general culture to see enterprises as manifestations of collective action rather than individual initiative. These trends forced courts and policy makers to reconsider the nature of corporations and also created considerable confusion about how corporations differed from the other main organizational form employed by small businesses — partnerships. The end result of this reconsideration was a rigid definition of the two forms that severely limited the contractual freedom of small businesses.
Reading Characters Read: On Methodology
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini
Published: September 2007

This chapter elaborates the main interpretative strategies of the book's approach, arguing for its position within the wider context of the existing scholarship on the Heroides. The first section of draws a rough map of the main lines of enquiry that have been traced by critics so far. It briefly sketches the passage from the earlier derogatory comments on the heroines' portraits to the more recent interest in the subtle intertextual games played by Ovid in these deeply self-conscious narratives. The remainder of the chapter delineates the main preoccupations of the book' s approach in the light of the insight gained and impasses reached by the previous critical strands.
Landscapes of Lost Innocence
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini
Published: September 2007

This chapter draws attention to a so-called rhetoric of innocence in the Heroides. In particular, it explores the symbolism of images of idealized happiness which are to be found scattered in the poems, investing in the collection a drive for emotional and poetical closure. However, writing reigns over the collection: in the course of the chapter, this innocent order will be disturbed and ultimately annulled by the complexities of the heroines' self-reflexive conscience, just as their visions of innocence will be gradually disturbed by their artistic impulse.
Postcards Home: TheHeroidesas Letters
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on those features of the Heroides which are directly related to their epistolary form, in an attempt to explore the ways in which letter-writing and letter-reading creates and manipulates meaning in the Ovidian collection. In stressing the epistolary element within the collection's generic multivalence, the chapter's arguments draw on insights concerning the epistolary novel, a genre distinguished in modern times with acknowledged debts to Ovid's Heroides.
Introduction: To Wander ‘out of the Common Road’
Authors: Cotterill Anne
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter opens with a reading Ovid's myth of Daedalus' Cretan labyrinth, well-known to Renaissance students — a figural web whose themes of power and obfuscation, gender, and interiority the book traces in the digressive writing of Donne, Marvell, Browne, Milton, and Dryden. When displaced socially or politically, these men played with a loss of direction and self in their texts, solicited the figure of a woman or feminine nature to negotiate their turns, and finally wrested a powerful, even prophetic, voice from the maze. The chapter reviews the competitive function of digression in classical rhetoric and related rhetorical concepts such as amplification, copia, and improvisation, and their centrality in Renaissance classrooms beginning with Erasmus' De Copia (1512). By 1598, digressio had become the ambiguous ‘Straggler’ in The Arte of English Poesie, an alarming figure of marginal, disorderly desire and, by 1700, a hydra-headed monster of modern writing to Swift and others.
The Self‐Reference Rule
Authors: O'Brien Lucy
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the self-reference rule (SSR), which states that ‘I’ refers to the subject who produced it. In particular, it analyses the suggestion that SRR is able to provide a satisfactory account of first-person reference, and it also examines the reductionist approach to first-person reference. It is argued that while we may concede that there may be a kind of basic reflexive reference that the approach explains, there is nevertheless an element of self consciousness in the kind of first-person reference under consideration which the approach fails to capture.
British Management and Organization up to the 1940s
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes a period when in spite of the scale and nature of British business activities and the emergence of big business (mostly through intense merger activity), there was a persistence of personal and proprietorial capitalism, as well as the extent to which firms operated in dense industrial districts that afforded extensive opportunities to externalize a wide range of activities. An analysis of the drivers, using a force-field diagram, demonstrates how the British environment was not conducive to the development of managerial capitalism.
The Practice of Management—Labour
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew
Published: September 2007

The labour-management relationship has been vital not just for its substantial impact within the organization, but also because of its effect on Britain’s wider social, political, and economic development. Until the 1970s, employers used externalization and sub-contracting. This ultimately caused a loss of control at the shop-floor level to unions and their members through fragmented bargaining when the labour market changed to high employment, with consequences for industrial conflict and management authority and legitimacy. There was a slow transition to internalization and professionalization of labour management, and a delay in the development of appropriate systems and methods of modern management in the personnel field. The last two decades have, however, seen an assertion of control by employers.
Meaning Representation: Setting the Scene
Authors: Jaszczolt K.M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses the cutting edge question of the semantics/pragmatics boundary, discusses semantic underspecification, logical form, the notion of ‘what is said’, and the contrast between conscious inference and default interpretations. It suggests that a theory of discourse meaning should postulate only one level of meaning where information from various sources merges to produce one representation. This representation is then to be cast in the language of, and using the principles of, dynamic semantics.
Herodians andIoudaioiin Flavian Rome
Authors: Schwartz Daniel R.
Published: September 2007

Focusing on the political relationship between Judaea and Rome, this chapter examines why Agrippa II, a staunch ally of Vespasian and Titus during the Great Revolt, was never rewarded with the kingship of Judea. The answer to this question, according to Schwartz, lies in the Flavian portrayal of Judaea as a conquered territory. This was illustrated by Vespasian’s coinage featuring the legend Iudaea capta. This chapter argues that ‘Judaea’ ceased to be an official designation and its territory started to be referred to as ‘Idumaea’ or ‘Palaestina’. It then weighs in on the debate over translating Iudaeus as ‘Judean’ or as ‘Jew’. In his view, while Graeco-Roman usage originally designated an ethnicity connected with a geographical region (as in ‘Judean’), the word took on a broader meaning (‘Jew’) when the Judean Diaspora started to grow; Judaean religious attributes became the most distinctive marker of their cultural uniqueness.
Last Year in Jerusalem: Monuments of the Jewish War in Rome
Authors: Millar Fergus
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores in detail the role of the Flavian victory in Judaea in the physical transformation of the city of Rome. The triumph of Vespasian and Titus ex Iudaeis in June 71 CE was an event made more memorable by Josephus’ lavish description of it. The defeat of the Jews and the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple were enshrined in the very fabric of the urban centre and hence in Roman public memory, reminding the inhabitants of the city of the decisive role played by Vespasian and Titus in that victory. The triumphal arches to Titus (erected in 81 and after his death), the Flavian Amphitheatre (inaugurated in 80), and the Temple of Peace (dedicated in 75) were all related to the Flavian victory in Judaea and helped give the dynasty a lasting legitimacy.
FromExemplatoExemplar? Writing History around the Emperor in Imperial Rom
Authors: Kraus Christina Shuttleworth
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on 1st-century CE Roman historical narrative, with a view to understanding to what extent Josephus may have been influenced by such writing. It is argued that works such as Valerius Maximus’ Memorable Words and Deeds, Tacitus’ Annales, and Frontinus’ Strategemata all displayed a similar tendency towards the use of exemplarity (exempla) as a principal technique of understanding the past. The increasing emphasis on ‘great figures’ by 1st-century Roman historians, a phenomenon catalyzed by and pulled towards the figure of the Emperor, was a literary tactic which underlined individuals as unique actors in history. It also, however, portrayed individuals’ actions and behaviours as relatively fixed paradigms, to be imitated or eschewed by posterity. This chapter maintains that this technique of exemplarity is to be seen as inextricably linked with the increasing influence of biography on Roman historical writing, sometimes, as in the case of Tertullian’s and Jerome’s references to Tacitus’ work, actually becoming conflated with it.
Parallel Lives of Two Lawgivers: Josephus' Moses and Plutarch'sLycurgus
Authors: Feldman Louis H.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the thematic and possible literary relationships between Josephus’ narrative on Moses and Plutarch’s biography of the Spartan Lycurgus, two legendary lawgivers. Parallels in the portraits of these two leaders include not only the expected emphases on such Spartan virtues as courage, wisdom, and moderation, but also their conspicuous agreement that, for example, alien customs present a serious threat to the internal harmony of their own ethnic traditions. It is remarkable that Josephus nowhere mentions Plutarch by name, since references to Greco-Roman authors are not uncommon in his corpus. The chapter suggests that it was perhaps Plutarch’s hostile attitude towards the Flavian emperors that prevented his overt mention in Josephus’ writing. It is concluded that there is insufficient evidence to determine whether Josephus knew Plutarch’s work or both writers used a common source. Both writers, however, displayed a marked concern with issues of moral exemplarity.