bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Coupling of Carbon Dioxide with Epoxides Catalyzed by Amino Acid Hydrochloride Salts.
Authors: Jiang Huan‐Feng , Yuan Bi‐Zhen , Qi Chao‐Rong
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrazolines and Pyrazoles via Hydrohydrazination.
Authors: Alex Karolin , Tillack Annegret , Schwarz Nicolle , Beller Matthias
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Aza‐Wittig Cyclizations for Heteroaromatic Synthesis.
Authors: Marsden Stephen P. , McGonagle Alison E. , McKeever‐Abbas Ben
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Isoxazolidine Derivatives by Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction of Chiral Nitrones with 1‐Propene‐1,3‐sultone.
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Kui , Chan Wing‐Hong , Lee Albert W. M. , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzyne Click Chemistry: Synthesis of Benzotriazoles from Benzynes and Azides.
Authors: Shi Feng , Waldo Jesse P. , Chen Yu , Larock Richard C.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of 5‐Dinitromethyltetrazole.
Authors: Lim Choong Hwan , Hong Seongho , Chung Kyoo‐Hyun , Kim Jin Seuk , Cho Jin Rai
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Assembly of Substituted Dihydropyrones via Organocatalytic Reaction in Water Media.
Authors: Wang Jing , Yu Fang , Zhang Xiaojing , Ma Dawei
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Route to the Synthesis of New 2,3‐Disubstituted Benzocoumarins.
Authors: El‐Shaieb Kamal M. , Shaker Raafat M. , Aly Ashraf A.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Rearrangements of Isobenzofurans: Studies Toward the Synthesis of the Ajudazols.
Authors: Hobson Stephen J. , Parkin Andrew , Marquez Rodolfo
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diverse Reactions of 1,4‐Dilithio‐1,3‐dienes with Nitriles: Facile Access to Tricyclic Δ1‐Bipyrrolines, Multiply Substituted Pyridines, Siloles, and (Z,Z)‐Dienylsilanes by Tuning of Substituents on the Butadienyl Skeleton.
Authors: Yu Nan , Wang Congyang , Zhao Fei , Liu Lantao , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Regioselective C—H Functionalization via Decarbonylation of Acid Chlorides and C—H Bond Activation under Phosphine‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Zhao Xiaodan , Yu Zhengkun
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: First Synthesis of 4,5‐Dihydro‐3(2H)‐pyridazinones via Zn‐Mediated Hydrohydrazination.
Authors: Alex Karolin , Tillack Annegret , Schwarz Nicolle , Beller Matthias
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Debenzylation of Hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane — The Key Step of the Synthesis of Polycyclic Nitramine Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane.
Authors: Koskin A. P. , Simakova I. L. , Parmon V. N.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Reaction of Triphenylphosphine, Acetylenic Esters, and Arylsulfonyl Hydrazides or Aryl Hydrazines: An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Stable β‐Nitrogen‐Substituted Phosphorus Ylides.
Authors: Anaraki‐Ardakani Hossein , Sadeghian Shirin , Rastegari Foroghossadat , Hassanabadi Alireza , Anary‐Abbasinejad Mohammad
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: iso‐PsE, a New Pseudopterosin.
Authors: Hoarau Christophe , Day Daniel , Moya Claudia , Wu Guang , Hackim Abdul , Jacobs Robert S. , Little R. Daniel
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Triterpenoid from the Fruits of Phellodendron chinense var. glabriusculum Schneid.
Authors: Yan Chen , Wang Ye , Du Hua , Hao Xiao‐Jiang
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Diosgenin Esters of Maleic and Itaconic Acids.
Authors: Martinez‐Garcia Ariel , Martinez Ricardo
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Malformin C, an Inhibitor of Bleomycin‐Induced G2 Arrest.
Authors: Kojima Yasuhiro , Sunazuka Toshiaki , Nagai Kenichiro , Julfakyan Khachatur , Fukuda Takashi , Tomoda Hiroshi , Omura Satoshi
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies and Biosynthetic Speculation on Marine Alkaloid Chartelline.
Authors: Kajii Shigeo , Nishikawa Toshio , Isobe Minoru
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Monoglycerides from the Brown Alga Sargassum sagamianum: Isolation, Synthesis, and Biological Activity.
Authors: Chang Hyeun Wook , Jang Kyoung Hwa , Lee Doohyun , Kang Hee Ryong , Kim Tae‐Yoon , Lee Bong Ho , Choi Byoung Wook , Kim Sanghee , Shin Jongheon
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Absolute Structure of (‐)‐Umtatin.
Authors: Yamaguchi Seiji , Kobayashi Masahide , Harada Shin‐ichiro , Miyazawa Masahiro , Hirai Yoshiro
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pleuromutilin Derivatives Having a Purine Ring. Part 1. New Compounds with Promising Antibacterial Activity Against Resistant Gram‐Positive Pathogens.
Authors: Hirokawa Yoshimi , Kinoshita Hironori , Tanaka Tomoyuki , Nakamura Takanori , Fujimoto Koichi , Kashimoto Shigeki , Kojima Tsuyoshi , Kato Shiro
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Modulating Chemical Reactivity Using a Photoresponsive Molecular Switch.
Authors: Samachetty Hema D. , Lemieux Vincent , Branda Neil R.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Branched Supramolecular Polymers Formed by Bifunctional Cyclodextrin Derivatives.
Authors: Miyawaki Atsuhisa , Takashima Yoshinori , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Harada Akira
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanostructured Columnar and Cubic Liquid—Crystalline Assemblies Consisting of Unconventional Rigid Mesogens Based on Triphenylmethanes.
Authors: Hatano Tsukasa , Kato Takashi
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Troubleshooting a Molecular Motor: A Remarkably Stable N‐Acyl Pyridinium Salt.
Authors: Markey Michael D. , Kelly T. Ross
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Ammonium/Bis‐ammonium Switchable Molecular Shuttle.
Authors: Leigh David A. , Thomson Andrew R.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Enediyne‐Crosslinked Networks and Their Reactivity under Thermal and Mechanical Conditions.
Authors: Hickenboth Charles R. , Rule Joseph D. , Moore Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Brookite‐Type TiO2 Nanotubes.
Authors: Deng Qixin , Wei Mingdeng , Ding Xiaokun , Jiang Lilong , Ye Binghuo , Wei Kemei
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: First Synthesis of α‐Aminoalkyl‐(N‐substituted)thiocarbamoyl‐phosphinates: Inhibitors of Aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13) with the New Zinc‐Binding Group.
Authors: Grzywa Renata , Oleksyszyn Jozef
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Dimensional Nanoconstruction with DNA
Authors: Simmel Friedrich C.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: RAFT Polymerization: An Avenue to Functional Polymeric Micelles for Drug Delivery
Authors: Stenzel Martina Heide
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Halogen Bonding in Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Metrangolo Pierangelo , Meyer Franck , Pilati Tullio , Resnati Giuseppe , Terraneo Giancarlo
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Aminocatalysis — Gold Rush in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Melchiorre Paolo , Marigo Mauro , Carlone Armando , Bartoli Giuseppe
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Syntheses of Carbocycles and Heterocycles via Homogeneous Gold Catalysis. Part 2. Cyclizations and Cycloadditions
Authors: Shen Hong C.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrenium Ions: Structure and Reactivity
Authors: Borodkin G. I. , Shubin V. G.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Trend in Rhodamine‐Based Chemosensors: Application of Spirolactam Ring‐Opening to Sensing Ions
Authors: Kim Ha Na , Lee Min Hee , Kim Hyun Jung , Kim Jong Seung , Yoon Juyoung
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in the Generation and Use of Nitrogen‐Centered Radicals
Authors: Zard Samir Z.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bimetallic Dendrimer‐Encapsulated Nanoparticles as Catalysts: A Review of the Research Advances
Authors: Peng Xiaohong , Pan Qinmin , Rempel Garry L.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding Chemical Reactivity: The Case for Atom, Proton and Methyl Transfers
Authors: Arnaut Luis G. , Formosinho Sebastiao J.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Vanadium Detoxification: Chemical and Biochemical Aspects
Authors: Baran Enrique J.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Eutectic Phase in Water‐Ice: A Sef‐Assembled Environment Conducive to Metal‐Catalyzed Non‐Enzymatic RNA Polymerization
Authors: Monnard Pierre‐Alain , Ziock Hans
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Flash Chemistry: Fast Chemical Synthesis by Using Microreactors
Authors: Yoshida Jun‐ichi , Nagaki Aiichiro , Yamada Takeshi
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Etiology of Iodinated Radiocontrast Nephrotoxicity and Its Attenuation by Beraprost
Authors: Yano Takahisa
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Sift in Retrosynthetic Paradigm.
Authors: Marek Ilan
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enabling Continuous‐Flow Chemistry in Microstructured Devices for Pharmaceutical and Fine‐Chemical Production.
Authors: Kockmann Norbert , Gottsponer Michael , Zimmermann Bertin , Roberge Dominique M.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Search for Bioactive Natural Products Targeting TRAIL Signaling Leading to Tumor Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Ishibashi Masami , Ohtsuki Takashi
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A new prognostic score system in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma not amendable to locoregional therapy
Authors: Yau Thomas , Yao Tzy Jyun , Chan Pierre , Ng Kelvin , Fan Sheung Tat , Poon Ronnie T. P.
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND.

Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who are not candidates for surgery or locoregional therapy are the focus of clinical trials of systemic therapy, as their overall prognosis remains poor. However, the current prognostic systems cannot reliably select appropriate candidates for systemic therapy trials based on the probability of 3‐month survival. In this study, the authors constructed a new prognostic score system, the Advanced Liver Cancer Prognostic System (ALCPS), which can objectively predict the probability of 3‐month survival.

METHODS.

Between 1990 and 2005, 1470 patients with advanced HCC who were not amendable to surgery or locoregional therapy were included in the analysis. The prognostic score system was developed from the multivariate Cox model through a point system and validated in an independent set. Okuda staging and Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) score were also applied to the validation set to compare their predictive accuracy.

RESULTS.

The ALCPS was based on 11 prognostic factors with different weights: ascites, abdominal pain, weight loss, Child‐Pugh grade, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, alpha‐fetal protein, urea, portal vein thrombosis, tumor size, and presence of lung metastases. It stratified patients in both training and validation sets to different prognostic groups with significant difference in 3‐month overall survival (P < .0001). By using the patients in the validation set with known 3‐month survival status, the ALCPS showed significantly better predictive power (area under the curve [AUC], 0.77) than Okuda score (AUC, 0.66; P < .001) and CLIP score (AUC, 0.71; P = .002).

CONCLUSIONS.

The new prognostic system can objectively help the clinicians to select appropriate candidates for evaluation of treatment efficacy in systemic therapy trials for advanced HCC. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Neuroendocrine tumor epidemiology
Authors: Hauso Oyvind , Gustafsson Bjorn I. , Kidd Mark , Waldum Helge L. , Drozdov Ignat , Chan Anthony K. C. , Modlin Irvin M.
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND.

The National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program has proven to be a significant resource in US neuroendocrine tumor (NET) epidemiology. Norway also holds a robust and detailed cancer registry: the Norwegian Registry of Cancer (NRC).

METHODS.

SEER NET data were compared with corresponding NRC data in the time period 1993 to 2004 to determine whether there are differences in NET epidemiology between Norway and the United States.

RESULTS.

The SEER and NRC reported 17,312 and 2030 NETs, respectively. The overall Caucasian SEER NET incidence was 4.44, compared with 3.24 in the NRC. In the SEER white subset, bronchopulmonary NETs were the most common (incidence = 1.42; 32% of all NETs), compared with small intestinal NETs in the NRC (0.81; 26%). A marked increase in SEER NET incidence (37%‐40%) was observed in the period 2000 to 2004, compared with 1993 to 1997; an even more pronounced increase (72%) was seen in the NRC. African Americans exhibited a remarkably high overall NET incidence of 6.50; furthermore, among African Americans, rectal NETs were most common (1.65; 27%). Small intestinal NET incidence was ∼30% higher in men compared with women in all populations. The highest 5‐year survival rates were for rectal NETs (74%‐88%) in both databases, whereas prostatic NETs had the worst outcome (0%‐23%). At diagnosis, NETs were localized in 27% to 46% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS.

NET incidence in the US Caucasian population and in Norway is similar, but considerably higher (∼50%) among African Americans. NETs have been regarded as indolent tumors; however, the 5‐year survival is only ∼55%. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Percent free prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is an accurate predictor of prostate cancer risk in men with serum PSA 2.5 ng/mL and lower
Authors: Walz Jochen , Haese Alexander , Scattoni Vincenzo , Steuber Thomas , Chun Felix K. H. , Briganti Alberto , Montorsi Francesco , Graefen Markus , Huland Hartwig , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND.

Up to 17% of men with a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level below the accepted prostate biopsy cutoff of 2.5 ng/mL may have prostate cancer. Because identification of these patients represents a difficult task, we assessed the ability of percent free PSA to discriminate between benign and malignant prostate biopsy outcomes in men with PSA ≤2.5 ng/mL.

METHODS.

Between 1999 and 2006, 543 men with a PSA ≤2.5 ng/mL were referred for initial prostate biopsy. Age, total PSA, percent free PSA, and digital rectal examination findings represented predictors of prostate cancer at biopsy in logistic regression models. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) quantified the discriminative ability of the predictors. The pathological characteristics of the detected cancers were assessed in individuals treated with radical prostatectomy.

RESULTS.

Of all, 23% had prostate cancer on biopsy, 16.5% of patients treated with radical prostatectomy had pT3 stage, and 35.6% had a pathological Gleason score of 3 + 4 or higher. The most accurate predictor of prostate cancer on biopsy was percent free PSA (0.68) versus age (0.50), total PSA (0.57), or rectal examination findings (0.58). Of patients with percent free PSA below 14%, 59% had prostate cancer. In multivariate models, percent free PSA (P < .001) and rectal examination findings (P = .001) were the only independent predictors of prostate cancer. The combined AUC of all predictors (0.69) was not significantly (P = .7) higher than that of percentage of free PSA alone (0.68).

CONCLUSIONS.

The risk of prostate cancer is clearly non‐negligible in patients with PSA ≤2.5 ng/mL. The percent free PSA can accurately predict the prevalence of prostate cancer at prostate biopsy in these individuals. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Proceedings of the International Consensus Conference on Breast Cancer Risk, Genetics, & Risk Management, April, 2007
Authors: Schwartz Gordon F. , Hughes Kevin S. , Lynch Henry T. , Fabian Carol J. , Fentiman Ian S. , Robson Mark E. , Domchek Susan M. , Hartmann Lynn C. , Holland Roland , Winchester David J. ,   and the Consensus Conference Committee
Published: October 2008

A consensus conference including 30 experts was held in April, 2007, to discuss risk factors for breast cancer and their management. Four categories of risk were outlined, from “average” through “very high” risk, the latter including individuals with high penetrance BRCA1/2 gene mutations. Guidelines for management of patients in each of these categories were discussed, with the major portion of the conference devoted to individuals with BRCA1/2 mutations. Prevalence of these mutations in the general population was estimated to be 1 in 250‐500 individuals, with an increased prevalence in Ashkenazi Jews and other founder groups. Risk‐reduction strategies for these individuals included surveillance, with or without chemoprevention drugs, or surgical procedures to remove the organs at risk, ie, bilateral mastectomy and/or bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy. These risk reduction strategies were evaluated fully, and recommendations were made for the care of patients in each risk category. These guidelines for patient care were approved by the entire group of experts. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Type 1 corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor expression reported in BAC transgenic mice: Implications for reconciling ligand‐receptor mismatch in the central corticotropin‐releasing factor system
Authors: Justice Nicholas J. , Yuan Zung Fan , Sawchenko Paul E. , Vale Wylie
Published: October 2008

In addition to its established role in initiating the endocrine arm of the stress response, corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) can act in the brain to modulate neural pathways that effect coordinated physiological and behavioral adjustments to stress. Although CRF is expressed in a set of interconnected limbic and autonomic cell groups implicated as primary sites of stress‐related peptide action, most of these are lacking or impoverished in CRF receptor (CRFR) expression. Understanding the distribution of functional receptor expression has been hindered by the low resolution of ligand binding approaches and the lack of specific antisera, which have supported immunolocalizations at odds with analyses at the mRNA level. We have generated a transgenic mouse that shows expression of the principal, or type 1, CRFR (CRFR1). This mouse expresses GFP in a cellular distribution that largely mimics that of CRFR1 mRNA and is extensively colocalized with it in individual neurons. GFP‐labeled cells display indices of activation (Fos induction) in response to central CRF injection. At the cellular level, GFP labeling marks somatic and proximal dendritic morphology with high resolution and is also localized to axonal projections of at least some labeled cell groups. This includes a presence in synaptic inputs to central autonomic structures such as the central amygdalar nucleus, which is implicated as a stress‐related site of CRF action, but lacks cellular CRFR1 expression. These findings validate a new tool for pursuing the role of central CRFR signaling in stress adaptation and suggest means by which the pervasive ligand‐receptor mismatch in this system may be reconciled. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:479–496, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Soil water dynamics under low‐ versus high‐ponderosa pine tree density: ecohydrological functioning and restoration implications
Authors: Zou Chris B. , Breshears David D. , Newman Brent D. , Wilcox Bradford P. , Gard Marvin O. , Rich Paul M.
Published: October 2008

Soil water dynamics reflect the integrated effects of climate conditions, soil hydrological properties and vegetation at a site. Consequently, changes in tree density can have important ecohydrological implications. Notably, stand density in many semi‐arid forests has increased greatly because of fire suppression, such as that in the extensive ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosaLaws.) forests that span much of western USA. Few studies have quantified how soil water content varies in low‐ versus high‐density stands both by depth and years, or the inter‐relationships between water content, stand density, and ecohydrological processes. Over a 4‐year period, we measured the soil water content throughout the soil profiles in both low‐density (250 trees/ha) and high‐density (2710 trees/ha) ponderosa pine stands. Our results document significantly greater soil water contents in the low‐density stands over a wide range of conditions (wet, dry, winter, summer). We observed substantial differences in water contents at depths greater than are typically measured. Our results also show that differences in monthly average soil water contents between the low‐ and high‐density stands fluctuated between 0·02 and 0·08 m3m−3depending on the time of year, and reflect a dynamic coupling between infiltration and stand evapotranspiration processes. The difference in soil water availability between low‐ and high‐density stands is substantially amplified when expressed as plant‐available water on a per tree, per biomass or per leaf area basis. Our findings highlight important ecohydrological couplings and suggest that restoration and monitoring plans for semi‐arid forests could benefit from adopting a more ecohydrological focus that explicitly considers soil water content as a determinant of the ecosystem process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CEC separation of peptides using a poly(hexyl acrylate‐co‐1,4‐butanediol diacrylate‐co‐[2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride) monolithic column
Authors: Augustin Violaine , Stachowiak Timothy , Svec Frantisek , Fréchet Jean M. J.
Published: October 2008

A polyacrylate‐based monolithic column bearing cationic functionalities and designed for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) has been prepared via photopolymerization of a mixture of hexyl acrylate, butanediol diacrylate, 2‐(acryloyloxy) ethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (monomers), azobisisobutyronitrile (photoinitiator), acetonitrile, phosphate buffer, and ethanol (porogens). The polymerization process was initiated with UV light at 360 nm. The column performance was evaluated via the separations of alkylbenzenes, substituted anilines, basic drugs, peptides, and a protein digest. The separation of complex peptide mixtures was then studied since such separations constitute a promising application of capillary electrochromatograhy. In particular, the effects of mobile phase composition, including ionic strength of the buffer solution and the percentage of acetonitrile on the retention factor, the column efficiency, and the resolution were determined. The separations were affected by both interaction of the peptides with the stationary phase and their own electrophoretic mobility. Excellent separations with column efficiencies of up to 160 000 plates/m were achieved for both a mixture of ten well‐defined peptides and a tryptic digest of cytochrome c. The fractions of eluent containing peptides of the digest separated in the monolithic column were collected and characterized using matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry.
Rapid separation and determination of microcystins using monolithic columns in isocratic elution mode by pressurized capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Gu Congying , Lin Li , Li Bin , Chen Xiaodong , Ren Jicun , Jia Jinping , Wu Dan , Fang Nenghu
Published: October 2008

As a new wave of technology, polymethacrylate‐based monolithic column was prepared and its application in the separation of three kinds of microcystins (MCs) in pressurized capillary electrochromatography with ultraviolet detection was studied. The key factors affecting the separation performance, such as monolithic column, pressure of the pump, component and concentration of mobile phase and the voltage, were investigated and optimized in detail. A baseline separation could be achieved in less than 6 min using a 5 mM borate buffer with a pH of 9.6 and 10% acetonitrile as the mobile phases in isocratic elution, under a voltage of +13 kV and a supplementary pressure of 7.5 MPa. The calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficient r>0.998 over a range of 0.10–25.00 mg/L. The LODs for the three MCs were in the range of 0.03–0.09 mg/L. This method was successfully applied to separate MCs from other compounds in spiked tap water after solid‐phase extraction. The lower LODs for MC‐LR, MC‐YR and MC‐RR were obtained to be 0.10, 0.13, 0.16 μg/L, respectively. These results make it clear that this proposed system is accurate and robust enough to be used as a fast separation tool for routine monitoring of MCs in real water samples.
Preparation and evaluation of a lysine‐bonded silica monolith as polar stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction pressurized capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Huang Guihua , Lian Qiuyan , Zeng Wencan , Xie Zenghong
Published: October 2008

A silica‐based monolith as polar stationary phase was described for hydrophilic interaction pressurized capillary electrochromatography (HI‐pCEC). The polar monolithic column was prepared by on‐column reaction of lysine with epoxy groups on a γ‐glycidoxypropyltrimethosysilane‐modified silica monolith. The stationary phase yielded strong hydrophilic interaction due to the slightly polar hydroxyl groups, and the strong polar lysine ligand with amino groups and carboxylic groups contained on the surface of the monolith. In order to evaluate the hydrophilic character of lysine ligand, the chromatographic behaviors of epoxy monolith (before lysine bonded) and diol monolith (hydroxyl groups contained) were also investigated. Two groups of comparative experiment were developed in terms of the separation of typical neutral non‐polar and polar compounds performed in a mobile phase of aqueous‐acetonitrile solution. Results showed that the lysine monolith was much more hydrophilic than the diol monolith, which presented less hydrophobic than the epoxy monolith. For further study on its hydrophilic character, the lysine monolith was demonstrated in the HI‐pCEC mode for the separations of various polar compounds such as phenols, nucleic acid bases and nucleosides.
Capillary electrophoretic chiral determination of mirtazapine and its main metabolites in human urine after enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors: de Santana Fernando José Malagueño , Lanchote Vera Lúcia , Bonato Pierina Sueli
Published: October 2008

Capillary electrophoresis and liquid‐phase microextraction using porous polypropylene hollow fibers were employed for the enantioselective analyses of mirtazapine and its metabolites demethylmirtazapine and 8‐hydroxymirtazapine in human urine. Before the extraction, urine samples (1.0 mL) were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis at 37°C for 16 h. Then, the enzyme was precipitated with trichloroacetic acid, the pH was adjusted to 8 with 0.5 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 11) and 15% sodium chloride was further added. The analytes were transferred from the aqueous donor phase, through n‐hexyl ether (organic solvent immobilized in the fiber), into 0.01 moL/L acetic acid solution (acceptor phase). The electrophoretic analyses were carried out in 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 2.5) containing 0.55% w/v carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin. The method was linear over the concentration range of 62.5–2500 ng/mL for each mirtazapine and 8‐hydroxymirtazapine enantiomer and 62.5–1250 ng/mL for each demethylmirtazapine enantiomer. The quantification limit was 62.5 ng/mL for all the enantiomers. Within‐day and between‐day assay precision and accuracy were lower than 15% for all the enantiomers. Finally, the method proved to be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.
A continuous wavelet transform algorithm for peak detection
Authors: Wee Andrew , Grayden David B. , Zhu Yonggang , Petkovic‐Duran Karolina , Smith David
Published: October 2008

Contactless conductivity detector technology has unique advantages for microfluidic applications. However, the low S/N and varying baseline makes the signal analysis difficult. In this paper, a continuous wavelet transform‐based peak detection algorithm was developed for CE signals from microfluidic chips. The Ridger peak detection algorithm is based on the MassSpecWavelet algorithm by Duet al.[Bioinformatics2006,22, 2059–2065], and performs a continuous wavelet transform on data, using a wavelet proportional to the first derivative of a Gaussian function. It forms sequences of local maxima and minima in the continuous wavelet transform, before pairing sequences of maxima to minima to define peaks. The peak detection algorithm was tested against the Cromwell, MassSpecWavelet, and Linear Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time‐of‐flight‐mass spectrometer Peak Indication and Classification algorithms using experimental data. Its sensitivity to false discovery rate curve is superior to other techniques tested.
Ion separation in nanofluidics
Authors: Xuan Xiangchun
Published: October 2008

Ionic species with a constant charge‐to‐size ratio (i.e. electrophoretic mobility) cannot be separated in electroosmotic or pressure‐driven flow along microscale channels. In nanoscale channels, however, the enormous electric fields inside electrical double layers cause transverse ion distributions yielding charge‐dependent mean ion speeds in the flow. Those ions with a constant charge‐to‐size ratio can thus be separated solely by charge (or equivalently, size) in nanofluidics. Here we develop an analytical model to optimize and compare the separation of such ions in nanochannel chromatography and nanochannel electrophoresis in terms of selectivity, plate height and resolution. Both planar and cylindrical geometries are considered. It is found that in nanoscale channels chromatography yields a larger selectivity and a larger minimum reduced plate height than electrophoresis does. The maximum resolution is, however, comparable between these two nanofluidic approaches, where the optimal channel half‐height or tube radius is within the range of 1–10 times the Debye length. Our results also suggest that cations can be better separated in nanofluidics than can anions.
An extended description of the effect of detergent monomers on migration in micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Téllez Adolfo , Weiss Victor U. , Kenndler Ernst
Published: October 2008

Three equilibria determine the interaction of a neutral analyte with the detergent in micellar electrokinetic chromatography and therefore its migration: (i) that of the free analyte in the aqueous phase with the micelle, (ii) its association with free detergent monomers in the aqueous phase, and (iii) the partition of the associate of analyte and monomer between the aqueous solution and the micelle. For the first equilibrium, non‐stoichiometric partitioning between two phases is preferred in the present work over the assumption of complex formation between one molecule of the analyte with one micelle. The second equilibrium is described by the formation of a 1:1 associate of the analyte and monomer. In this paper, thirdly an additional equilibrium is introduced, namely, the distribution of the analyte–monomer associate between the aqueous and the micelle phase; it is expressed by the according partition coefficient. The three equilibrium constants are interrelated. Mobility data for a lipophilic fluorescent compound and a series of n‐alkylphenones (differing in chain length) were measured as a function of the SDS concentration below and above the critical micellar concentration. Curve fitting enabled the derivation of the equilibrium constants. It was found that the association constants of the analytes with the detergent monomers are between 2 and 75 M−1. Interestingly, the partition coefficient of the analyte–monomer associate between the aqueous and micellar phase is by a factor of 5–200 larger than that of the free analyte.
Electrokinetic sample injection for high‐sensitivity capillary zone electrophoresis (part 1): Effects of electrode configuration and setting
Authors: Hirokawa Takeshi , Koshimidzu Eiji , Xu Zhongqi
Published: October 2008

Electrokinetic injection (EKI) is usually considered as one of the useful approaches to improve sensitivity of CZE analysis. In the present study, we explored the relationship between electrode position and sample amount injected during EKI process by using 2D computer simulation (CFD‐ACE+) and real experiments, aiming to obtain higher detection sensitivity. Two different models of electrode configuration, a capillary inserted in a hollow electrode and a capillary surrounded by a cylindrical electrode on the reservoir wall, were simulated to evaluate the efficiency of EKI. It was found that analytes, occurring only in an effective potential field, could be introduced into the capillary while the other analytes remain outside of the field because of slow diffusion. Consequently, the longer distance between the electrode and the end of capillary, the higher efficiency of EKI was found by the simulation. This finding was verified by the real CZE analysis of dilute rare‐earth metal ions in a chloride solution (pH almost neutral). In fact, when the distance of Pt electrode and the capillary end in a CE apparatus (an Otsuka CAPI‐3100) was default (ca. 1 mm), LOD of Er was 0.27 μg/L. When the distance was increased to 19.5 mm, the LOD was improved over ten times down to 0.02 μg/L. The LOD achieved is 50‐fold better than that of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (1–2 μg/L for Er).
An updated and improved determination key for Aspidistra Ker‐Gawl. (Ruscaceae, Monocotyledons)
Authors: Tillich H.‐J.
Published: October 2008

This updated and improved key facilitates the successful determination of all the 93 Aspidistra species currently known. Taking in consideration the variability of several species and/or the uncertainty of character distinctions, a number of species is now considered twice or even three times in the key. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)