bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A clínica no século XXI e suas implicações éticas
Authors: Santos Adalberto Afonso Lima dos
Published: September 2012

Em psicologia, encontramos uma pluralidade de abordagens teóricas que dão origem a diferentes tipos de práticas clínicas. Nossa pergunta inicial é se haveria um conceito ou noção em psicologia que nos permitisse discorrer a cerca da prática clínica independente do referencial teórico adotado, já que cada teoria extrai suas técnicas e sua ética do pressuposto filosófico no qual se assenta. Como não poderia deixar de ocorrer, esbarramos na questão da ética, tendo sua pretensão de universalidade contrastada com a clínica do “um-a-um” vivenciada na experiência cotidiana.
Especializações em psicologia: subsídios para uma discussão necessária
Authors: Starling Roosevelt R.
Published: September 2012

O presente trabalho discute criticamente a proposição de áreas de especialização profissional para a psicologia. Com o propósito de oferecer um quadro conceitual que possa orientar a discussão subseqüente, algumas categorias heurísticas de análise são tentativamente propostas e algumas das propostas formais e/ou informais de especialização são discutidas à luz dessas categorias. O autor considera que a ausência de uma demonstração inequívoca e epistemologicamente sólida do caráter específico e da utilidade daquelas especializações, aliada aos riscos que uma fragmentação prematura pode trazer para a profissão, indica a conveniência de se adiar o reconhecimento formal e oficial dessas propostas.
Os desafios da psicologia frente à questão ecológica: rumo à complexa articulação entre natureza e subjetividade
Authors: Marçolla Bernardo Andrade
Published: September 2012

A partir da noção de paradigmas em ciência, nota-se como homem e natureza são abordados enquanto categorias distintas. Identifica-se tal tendência com processos históricos que tendem a separar sociedade e natureza. A partir desse caminho, procura-se relacionar estas tendências aos fenômenos psicossociais encontrados na modernidade. Enquanto direção, procura-se refletir acerca dos novos paradigmas em ciência e o modo como estes implicam um novo posicionamento frente à relação homem-natureza.
A etnometodologia enquanto caminho teórico-metodológico para investigação da aprendizagem nas organizações
Authors: Bispo Marcelo de Souza , Godoy Arilda Schmidt
Published: September 2012

Pensar as organizações enquanto campos simbólicos nos quais as pessoas convivem em constante interação mediada pela linguagem e, assim, constroem significado e sentido para suas atividades cotidianas, faz delas um espaço de aprendizagem e geração de conhecimento, envolvendo negociação e troca contínuas. As demandas sobre as organizações por inovação e mudança em razão do ambiente competitivo em que vivem sugerem novas formas de pensar o que é aprender e conhecer, que parece ir além do que está disponível nos meios formais de aprendizagem em que o conhecimento tácito e a aprendizagem coletiva resultando das interações sociais cotidianas ganham espaço. A partir dessa perspectiva, este ensaio tem como objetivo apresentar e analisar a possibilidade de investigação dos processos de aprendizagem nas organizações a partir do conceito de prática e à luz da etnometodologia, examinando como se articulam tais ideias e em que medida elas trazem novas maneiras de ver e compreender esse fenômeno. Sob as lentes da etnometodologia garfinkeliana, o texto traz um olhar diferenciado para a compreensão da aprendizagem organizacional a partir do conceito de prática (Gherardi, 2006). Como principais reflexões, o ensaio destaca que enxergar a aprendizagem organizacional sob os pressupostos da etnometodologia implica, necessariamente, pensar esse fenômeno a partir das práticas cotidianas das organizações e traz também a discussão sobre a demanda por uma melhor sistematização da etnometodologia como possibilidade de investigação empírica para as pesquisas em Administração.
Pesquisas agronômicas das plantas medicinais da Mata Atlântica regulamentadas pela ANVISA
Authors: Ming L.C. , Ferreira M.I. , Gonçalves G.G.
Published: September 2012

Com a divulgação da lista das espécies medicinais pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), de acordo com a Resolução RDC Nº10, de 09 de março de 2010, o uso dessas plantas passa a ter a chancela oficial do órgão governamental regulamentando seu uso e, em consequência disso, ter sua demanda bastante aumentada. A obtenção desses materiais adquire então grande importância, uma vez que haverá a necessidade de se produzir essas plantas. Com o objetivo de se avaliar a situação das pesquisas agronômicas com essas espécies, particularmente as de ocorrência na Mata Atlântica, foi feito um levantamento do número de publicações a partir dos nomes científicos, na base de dados eletrônica CAB Abstract, de 1990 a 2011. A pesquisa mostrou que o número de publicações por espécie varia de 2 a 1129, sendo que as espécies com maior número de artigos são aquelas já cultivadas como alimentícias. Das 66 espécies listadas, 36 são exóticas, 24 são da Mata Atlântica e 6 são nativas de outros biomas. Dentre as espécies da Mata Atlântica, foram excluídas as ruderais, frutíferas e arbóreas, devido à maioria dos trabalhos na área agronômica estarem relacionados ao manejo, controle ou produção de frutos e não ao seu cultivo sobre o ponto de vista medicinal. A única exceção foi a espécie medicinal arbórea Maytenus ilicifolia. Assim, foram selecionadas 16 espécies, as quais tiveram as publicações divididas em quatro áreas: Agronomia; Fitoquímica, Ensaios biológicos e Outros. Nesta pesquisa foi possível identificar que 32% dos artigos publicados são agronômicos, área que apresenta menos publicações do que a área de atividade biológica, que tem 40% das publicações, e a área de fitoquimica tem 20% das publicações. Estes resultados mostram que os pesquisadores estão atentos à importância das pesquisas agronômicas com plantas medicinais, mas que se faz necessário realizar trabalhos de domesticação das espécies selvagens e de fitotecnia com as espécies menos estudadas, para viabilizar o cultivo, a conservação dos recursos genéticos vegetais e do meio ambiente.
Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) armazenadas
Authors: Gama J.S.N. , Bruno R.L.A. , Silva K.R.G. , Rêgo E.R. , Pereira Filho T.B. , Barbosa R.C. , Bezerra A.K.D.
Published: September 2012

A incidência de fungos em sementes interfere negativamente o seu potencial fisiológico, podendo ter início no campo, durante o armazenamento ou na pós-colheita. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de erva-doce armazenadas em diferentes embalagens. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de análise de sementes da UFPB, em Areia-PB. As sementes foram colhidas em plantas tratadas e não tratadas com inseticida Actara, beneficiadas e acondicionadas nas embalagens papel alumínio, saco plástico e vidro. Em seguida, armazenadas em câmara fria durante 315 dias. Inicialmente e a cada 45 dias foram realizados as seguintes determinações e testes: teor de água, emergência de plântulas, primeira contagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento e massa seca das plântulas e sanidade das sementes pelo método "blotter-test". Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, os tratamentos foram distribuídos em fatorial 2 x 3 x 8 (com e sem inseticida, 3 embalagens e 8 períodos de avaliação). Os resultados indicam que a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de erva-doce foi principalmente afetada pelo fungo Alternaria sp., ocorrendo a manutenção da viabilidade das sementes por aproximadamente 95 dias na embalagem de saco plástico; a aplicação do inseticida Actara mantém a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de Foeniculum vulgare no armazenamento.
Crescimento, produção de fitomassa e teor de óleo essencial de folhas de capim citronela (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) em cultivo consorciado com algodoeiro colorido no semiárido mineiro
Authors: Rocha H.C.R. , Alvarenga C.D. , Giustolin T.A. , Brant R.S. , Souza M.D.C. , Sarmento H.G.S. , Barbosa M.G.
Published: September 2012

Avaliou-se o crescimento, a produção e o teor do óleo essencial de dois cortes de capim citronela em cultivo consorciado com algodoeiro colorido no semiárido. Para isso foram utilizados dois sistemas de consórcios (tratamentos): algodão colorido consorciado com capim citronela 3x1 e algodão colorido consorciado com capim citronela 1x1. A variedade de algodão colorido utilizada foi a BRS Rubi e as mudas de capim citronela foram produzidas no Horto de Plantas Medicinais da Unimontes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos e 16 repetições. O experimento foi mantido em regime de sequeiro e foi avaliado a altura das plantas de capim citronela. Foram realizadas duas colheitas das folhas de capim citronela, sendo a primeira no momento da colheita da fibra do algodão e a segunda na rebrota do capim, seis meses após. Todas as plantas da parcela foram colhidas e as folhas frescas foram pesadas, no campo, com o auxílio de balança digital. Amostras das folhas colhidas foram retiradas e levadas para secagem em estufa com circulação forçada de ar a 35ºC até atingirem massa constante. Foi verificada a massa seca e posteriormente realizada a extração do óleo essencial pelo método de hidrodestilação em aparelho modificado de Clevenger. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Skott-Knott (p<0,05). A altura das plantas não diferiu entre os tratamentos nas colheitas. Para a produção de massa fresca e seca houve diferença entre os tratamentos apenas na segunda colheita. Neste caso, as plantas cultivadas em consórcio 1x1 produziram mais do que as do consórcio 3x1. O teor de óleo essencial de capim citronela não variou entre os dois sistemas de consórcio, tanto no primeiro como no segundo corte.
Comercialização de plantas medicinais no contexto da cadeia produtiva em Minas Gerais
Authors: Souza M.R.M. , Pereira R.G.F. , Fonseca M.C.M.
Published: September 2012

A Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) contribuiu para o incremento do uso e conhecimento das plantas medicinais brasileiras, incentivando e respaldando o cultivo por agricultores familiares e a inserção no mercado. O Programa de Desenvolvimento de Plantas Medicinais prioriza ações em toda a cadeia produtiva do cultivo à distribuição. O conhecimento da demanda e dos padrões de qualidade adequados permite que distribuidores e consumidores possam tomar decisões sobre a aquisição e oferta dos produtos medicinais. Entretanto, há carência de informações e tecnologias na cadeia produtiva, o que desfavorece o seu pleno desenvolvimento, condizente com o potencial de geração de renda e promoção da saúde. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e analisar o padrão atual de obtenção e comercialização de plantas medicinais no Mercado Central de Belo Horizonte. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com amostra representativa de 9 comerciantes das 23 lojas de plantas medicinais do Mercado Central, de acordo com o critério de acessibilidade descrito por Berquó. Os resultados demonstraram a precariedade desse setor quanto à obtenção das plantas medicinais, principalmente pela falta de conhecimento e informações na aquisição e venda dos produtos pelos consumidores e vendedores, respectivamente.
Temporal shifts in top‐down vs. bottom‐up control of epiphytic algae in a seagrass ecosystem
Authors: Whalen Matthew A. , Duffy J. Emmett , Grace James B.
Published: September 2012

In coastal marine food webs, small invertebrate herbivores (mesograzers) have long been hypothesized to occupy an important position facilitating dominance of habitat‐forming macrophytes by grazing competitively superior epiphytic algae. Because of the difficulty of manipulating mesograzers in the field, however, their impacts on community organization have rarely been rigorously documented. Understanding mesograzer impacts has taken on increased urgency in seagrass systems due to declines in seagrasses globally, caused in part by widespread eutrophication favoring seagrass overgrowth by faster‐growing algae. Using cage‐free field experiments in two seasons (fall and summer), we present experimental confirmation that mesograzer reduction and nutrients can promote blooms of epiphytic algae growing on eelgrass (Zostera marina). In this study, nutrient additions increased epiphytes only in the fall following natural decline of mesograzers. In the summer, experimental mesograzer reduction stimulated a 447% increase in epiphytes, appearing to exacerbate seasonal dieback of eelgrass. Using structural equation modeling, we illuminate the temporal dynamics of complex interactions between macrophytes, mesograzers, and epiphytes in the summer experiment. An unexpected result emerged from investigating the interaction network: drift macroalgae indirectly reduced epiphytes by providing structure for mesograzers, suggesting that the net effect of macroalgae on seagrass depends on macroalgal density. Our results show that mesograzers can control proliferation of epiphytic algae, that top‐down and bottom‐up forcing are temporally variable, and that the presence of macroalgae can strengthen top‐down control of epiphytic algae, potentially contributing to eelgrass persistence.
Radiolarian assemblages of Middle and Late Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) ages from an olistolith record pelagic deposition within the Bornova Flysch Zone in western Turkey
Authors: Tekin Ugur Kagan , Göncüoglu M. Cemal , Uzuncimen Seda
Published: September 2012

The Bornova Flysch Zone (BFZ) in NW Anatolia comprises several olistoliths or tectonic slivers, representing various parts of the Izmir-Ankara ocean. Radiolarian assemblages extracted from one of the olistoliths of the BFZ, cropping out along the Sögütlü section, to the NE Manisa city, were studied in detail. The lowermost part of the section contains latest Bajocian – early Callovian radiolarian taxa, followed by radiolarian assemblages indicating Late Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) ages. Previous studies reveal that the Izmir-Ankara oceanic basin was initially opened during late Ladinian – early Carnian. The new radiolarian data obtained from this olistolith reveals that relatively condensed, and possibly more or less continuous, pelagic sedimentation took place during the late Middle Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous in a non-volcanic oceanic basin closer to the Tauride-Anatolide platform margin.
Electromagnetism metaheuristic algorithm for solving the strong minimum energy topology problem
Authors: Kartelj Aleksandar
Published: September 2012

In this paper electromagnetism (EM) metaheuristic is used for solving the
NP-hard strong minimum energy topology problem (SMETP). Objective function is
adapted to the problem so that it effectively prevents infeasible solutions.
Proposed EM algorithm uses efficient local search to speed up overall running
time. This approach is tested on two sets of randomly generated symmetric and
asymmetric instances. EM reaches all known optimal solutions for these
instances. The solutions are obtained in a reasonable running time even for
the problem instances of higher dimensions.
Structural Determinants of Working-Class Politicization: The Role of Independent Unions in Mexico
Authors: Davis Charles L. , Coleman Kenneth M.
Published: September 2012

Este estudio, basado en una encuesta, pretende analizar cómo se desarrolla la conciencia política y la actitud militante que existe entre los obreros mexicanos. Estudia las diferencias que en este sentido se dan entre quienes trabajan en industrias donde existen líneas de montaje y los que no. Asimismo, analiza las diferencias existentes entre los obreros que pertenecen a sindicatos independientes y los afiliados a sindicatos "controlados".
El municipio entre la sociedad y el Estado
Authors: Assad Carlos Martínez , Ziccardi Alicia
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this article is to provide information on the powers of local municipalities in Mexico. A sociological interpretation will clarify the economic, social, and political functions that local municipalities exercise in relation to productive activities, living conditions, and democratic processes recently attempted.
An Analysis of Interstate Migration in Mexico: Impact of Origin and Destination States on Migration Patterns
Authors: Fukurai Hiroshi , Pick James B. , Butler Edgar W. , Nag Swapan
Published: September 2012

Se presentan dos teorías competitivas sobre la migración interestatal utilizando el censo de 1980 de México. Una tesis comparativa económica y un modelo de segmentación económica fueron perfeccionados al incorporar una perspectiva sistema-mundial.
Remembering Catarino Garza's 1891 Revolution: An Aborted Border Insurrection
Authors: Young Elliott
Published: September 2012

La revolución de Catarino Garza en 1891 muestra el surgimiento de la oposición al regimen del Presidente Porfirio Díaz en la frontera mexicanotexana. Aunque el intento de tumbar a Díaz fracasó despues de un par de años, Garza exitosamente evadió los ejércitos y autoridades de ambos lados del río causando un escandalo en la prensa internacional. La importancia de Garza y su movimiento, sin embargo, no está en su fuerza militar o en la ausencia de la misma. La revuelta de Garza es significante porque muestra los cambios económicos y afiliaciones sociales en la sociedad fronteriza a fines del siglo XIX. Está transformación permitío y al mismo tiempo obstaculizó la formación de una coalición pluriclasista mexicana.
Measuring Legitimacy in Mexico: An Analysis of Public Opinion during the 1988 Presidential Campaign
Authors: von Sauer Franz A.
Published: September 2012

Valiéndose de los resultados de una encuesta nacional realizada por Consultores 21, S. A./UNIVISION durante la campaña electoral de 1988 en México, este artículo emplea un marco empírico para medir las percepciones del pueblo sobre la "legitimidad" del sistema político mexicano. Aunque el análisis de las estadísticas aquí empleado demuestra que la opinión pública registró muy altos niveles de rechazo a las "reglas del juego político", también sugiere la presencia de un margen de apoyo que tiende aún a garantizar la continuidad del sistema y de sus gobernantes.
La Protección del patrimonio histórico en México: practicas locales y competencias federales
Authors: Melé Patrice
Published: September 2012

The 1972 Mexican law on the preservation of the national patrimony appeared to have totally removed local interests from that endeavor. But, public actions affecting historic centers are the result of the interaction of local and federal concerns. This article examines the variety of ways local actors legitimate and support their activities within the context of federal regulations. The nature of public intervention regarding historic urban centers and the level of protection of the nation's historical patrimony are the result of a plurality of interests and laws rather than the simple application of federal legislation.
Dilemmas of the Opposition in Government: Chihuahua and Baja California
Authors: Mizrahi Yemile
Published: September 2012

Este artículo analiza el conjunto de oportunidades y limitaciones que encuentran los gobiernos de oposición en México para introducir cambios políticos significativos en sus estados. Si bien estos gobiernos navegan en un mundo político todavía dominado por el Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), sí tienen un importante margen de maniobra para relacionarse con el gobierno federal y para impulsar reformas administrativas y democráticas dentro de sus estados. El artículo compara las experiencias del gobierno de Chihuahua con las del gobierno de Baja California.
Formación y consolidación de las organizaciones obreras en Baja California, 1920-1930
Authors: López Marco Antonio Samaniego
Published: September 2012

The article examines the various ways in which labor organizations began to form in Baja California. Because of the nature of the Porfirian political economy, which led to the preeminence of North American capital and the introduction of Chinese laborers, particularly in the Mexicali Valley, the first efforts of Mexican workers were directed against foreigners. This did not prevent them, however, from establishing ties with groups in southern California, principally in the Imperial Valley and in Mexicali. In Ensenada, where conditions were quite different, the stevedores organized to control the loading and unloading activities of the port. The Confederación Regional de Obreros Mexicanos, an official organization during the administrations of Alvaro Obregón and Plutarco Elías Calles, operated throughout the district. Indeed, the confederation's activities determined, to a great degree, the nature of worker demands in the region.
Alternative Forms, Fashions and Policies for Technology Transfer: A Binational Perspective
Authors: Reynolds Clark W.
Published: September 2012

Las políticas relacionadas a la transferencia de la tecnología deben ser evaluadas ya que afectan un amplio espectro de lazos internacionales, entre ellos el comercio, la migración, el capital, y el fluir de la tecnología.
Inestabilidad política y presidencialismo en México
Authors: Rodríguez Rogelio Hernández
Published: September 2012

This article analyzes the principal political acts of the Carlos Salinas administration--elections, the removal of state governors, and the reforms of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)--and their consequences on the political system. Such measures, far from being democratic improvements, have accentuated presidencialismo at the expense of political institutions.
Mexican Presidentialism: A Historical and Institutional Overview
Authors: Chávez Alicia Hernández
Published: September 2012

Este ensayo examina el surgimiento y la consolidación del presidencialismo en México en el siglo XX. También discute los sucesos que condujeron a la centralización en el proceso de tomar decisiones y en el modo cómo la centralización del poder en la presidencia emergió en las décadas de 1940-70 como una seria amenaza al desarrollo político e institucional del país.
The Political Economy of Mexico under De la Madrid: Austerity, Routinized Crisis, and Nascent Recovery
Authors: Cornelius Wayne A.
Published: September 2012

Este artículo describe y analiza la estructura política de la administración del Presidente Miguel de la Madrid en respuesta a la crisis económica de los 80 en México. La estrategia económica y política de la administración para el período de 1984 hasta 1988 es presentada en términos de los resultados obtenidos hasta la fecha y las restricciones externas. Se analizan las posibilidades para la paz social, la recuperación económica, y la estabilidad política en México.
Armies in the Fields and Factories: The Mexican Working Classes in the Midwest in the 1920s
Authors: Vargas Zaragosa
Published: September 2012

Este artículo analiza la clase trabajadora inmigrante mexicana en el medio oeste durante la década de 1920, centrándose en el aspecto industrial de sus diversas experiencias de trabajo.
Inflation and Rural Livelihood in a Mexican Province: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Cook Scott
Published: September 2012

Se examina el impacto material e ideológico de la crisis económica vigente sobre los campesinos-artesanos y los pequeños capitalistas del valle de Oaxaca. En especial se enfoca sobre el impacto de la inflación sobre la vida cotidiana via una muestra limitada de jefes de casa encuestados en noviembre de 1985. Se considera algunas cuestiones teóricas vinculadas al análisis y necesarias para comprender el capitalismo mexicano de provincia.
Minimal Maxims: Cooperation and Natural Conversation in Zinacantan
Authors: Haviland John B.
Published: September 2012

Los procesos de la inferencia pragmática, combinados con los principios cooperativos conocidos como 'máximas conversacionales,' estructuran la comunicación en los intercambios verbales. Este trabajo investiga la aplicación etnográfica del estudio comparativo de los patrones conversacionales en una comunidad tzotzil.
Dependency, Postimperialism, and the Mexican Revolution: An Historiographic Review
Authors: Haynes Keith A.
Published: September 2012

Este ensayo utiliza el concepto del "posimperialismo" para examinar la historiografía reciente de la Revolución mexicana y concluye que la Revolución transformó dramaticamente las relaciones sociopolíticas externas tanto como las internas.
Harmony and Conflict of Intercultural Images: The Treatment of Mexico in U. S. Feature Films and K-12 Textbooks
Authors: Greenfield Gerald Michael , Cortés Carlos E.
Published: September 2012

El presente trabajo se ocupa de las visiones que sobre México se tiene en los Estados Unidos. Para ello analiza la "adaptación intercultural" que se da en los mensajes que de México proporcionan tanto los libros de texto en todos los niveles escolares como los que aparecen en las películas comerciales.
The Status of Mexican Science and Technology Research: Potential Avenues for Collaborative Programmes with the United States
Authors: Sarukhán José
Published: September 2012

El presente artículo ofrece una breve descripción del desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología en México. Evalúa la dimensión y la calidad de la comunidad científica mexicana, así como la naturaleza e importancia de la interacción entre México y los Estados Unidos. Concluye con una serie de recomendaciones para mejorar la colaboración científica y tecnológica entre ambos países.
Política y caudillismo en el Congreso Constituyente mexicano de 1917
Authors: Blidstein Marcelo
Published: September 2012

This article examines the political and ideological components of the Mexican Constitutional Assembly of 1917 and offers a new and more heterogeneous interpretation of this composition. Here, a dividing line is drawn between the political followers of either Carranza or Obregón, on the one hand, and other representatives who, despite their ideological proximity to the obregonistas, acted independently on the political sphere. A further group comprising those representatives who were not aligned with any of the other three groups is also considered. / Este artículo trata sobre la composición política e ideológica del Congreso Constituyente mexicano de 1917 y propone una interpretación nueva y más heterogénea de dicha composición. El artículo traza una línea divisoria entre los diputados constituyentes aliados políticamente a Carranza y a Obregón, por un lado, y a otros delegados, que pese a compartir una ideología que guardaba gran similitud con la de los obregonistas, eran independientes en cuanto a la esfera política. Además de ello, existía un grupo, mayoritario y heterogéneo formado por diputados que no estaban alineados con ninguno de los otros tres grupos.
Human Agency in International Migration: The Maintenance of Transnational Social Fields by Yucatecan Migrants in a Southwestern City
Authors: Adler Rachel H.
Published: September 2012

This essay shows how an ethnographic approach can improve upon the existing literature on transnational migration. Data comes from a community of Yucatecans living in a city in the United States. An analysis of how particular households reacted to changes in U. S. law shows how migrants are influenced by factors besides the economic. Migrants have the power to make their own decisions and neither laws nor the economy can determine the options they take. / Este ensayo demuestra cómo una metodología etnográfica podría mejorar los estudios existentes concernientes a la migración transnacional. Los datos provienen de una comunidad yucateca que vive en una ciudad de los Estados Unidos. El análisis de cómo ciertas familias reaccionan a cambios en las leyes de los Estados Unidos demuestra cómo factores que no son puramente económicos influyen a los migrantes previamente mencionados. Efectivamente, los migrantes tienen el poder de hacer sus propias decisiones y las leyes y la economía no pueden determinar las opciones que ellos toman.
Indian Brides of Christ: Creating New Spaces for Indigenous Women in New Spain
Authors: Lavrin Asunción
Published: September 2012

Este artículo analiza la interrelación de los factores de clase, género y raza en la definición de una política de admisión de mujeres indígenas a las órdenes religiosas de la Nueva España. El argumento teológico que permitiría ubicarlas dentro de los parámetros de espiritualidad de la época maduró en el siglo dieciocho. Clase y raza, usadas previamente para excluirlas, fueron utilizadas por sus promotores para su reivindicación y aceptación, a pesar de residuos de prejuicio racial entre algunos miembros de la iglesia y la burocracia. This article discusses the interplay of class, gender, and race in the definition of a policy of admission of indigenous women to full membership in the regular orders in New Spain. A theological argument to accommodate them within the parameters of established spirituality reached its maturity in the eighteenth century. Class and race--previously used to exclude Indian women--were skillfully used to buttress the acceptance of Indian nuns by their supporters, despite residues of racial prejudice among members of the Church and the bureaucracy.
The Extraordinary Case of Mr. Falconnet and 2,500,000 Silver Dollars: London and Mexico, 1850-1853
Authors: Costeloe Michael P.
Published: September 2012

Este artículo versa sobre la deuda externa de México en el siglo dicinueve. Revela la manera en que los acreedores británicos, representados por su Committee of Mexican Bondholders (Comité de Tenedores de Bonos Mexicanos) y su agente, Francis Falconnet, negociaron el pago en efectivo de 2.5 millones de dólares del dinero de indemnización pagada por Estados Unidos después de la guerra México-Estados Unidos de 1846-1848. Las transacciones financieras internacionales; los intereses gubernamentales franceses, estadounidenses y británicos; la política mexicana doméstica y la probable corrupción de la élite política mexicana, son algunos de los temas explorados en este ensayo. This article concerns Mexico's nineteenth-century foreign debt. It reveals how British creditors, represented by their Committee of Mexican Bond holders and its agent, Francis Falconnet, negotiated payment in cash of 2.5 million of the indemnity money paid by the United States after the Mexican-U. S. War of 1846-1848. International financial transactions; French, U.S., and British government interests; and Mexican domestic politics and probably corruption in Mexico's political elite are among several themes in this essay.
Tecnología y campesinos en la Revolución mexicana
Authors: Guajardo Guillermo
Published: September 2012

What changes did the Mexican Revolution generate in the use of technology and of labor, which until 1910 contributed to economic growth? This article seeks to clarify that question through the analysis of the literature concerned with economic continuity during the Revolution and with qualitative evidence regarding the operation of the railways and their labor force during the years 1911 to 1915, a time when they were controlled by the Liberating Army of the South. The result of the analysis indicates that peasant forces clearly used the railway system and their activities demonstrate an interesting process of mastering technology and learning new ways of mobilization. However, these transformations brought tensions into the revolutionary movement. In addition, the cultural and economic gap between the city and the countryside, together with military pressure on the peasant movement, obstructed the development of new uses of the transport technology. Finally, the essay questions the ability of the contenders to destroy the material structures of the old order because of the regional character of its economic and military base. ¿Qué cambios generó la Revolución mexicana en el uso de la tecnología y la mano de obra que hasta 1910 sirvió al crecimiento económico? El artículo despeja esta interrogante a través del análisis de la literatura preocupada de la continuidad económica durante la Revolución y de evidencia cualitativa sobre la operación de las líneas ferroviarias y del personal que quedó bajo el control del Ejército Libertador del Sur entre 1911 y 1915. Los resultados sugieren que hubo un claro empleo del ferrocarril por las fuerzas campesinas, con un interesante proceso de tecnificación y aprendizaje de nuevas posibilidades de movilización de factores. Sin embargo ello se tradujo en tensiones al interior de dicho movimiento. A su vez la distancia cultural y económica entre el campo y la ciudad, sumada a la presión militar sobre el movimiento campesino, impidió a éste madurar los nuevos usos de esa tecnología del transporte. Finalmente se cuestiona la capacidad destructiva de los contendientes para arrasar con la materialidad del antiguo orden debido al carácter regional de la base económica y militar en la cual se sostuvo el conflicto.
"Amore regolato": Papal Nephews and Their Palaces in Eighteenth-Century Rome
Authors: Minor Heather Hyde
Published: September 2012

In the early modern period, families of popes had an extraordinary ability to shape Rome's architectural and urban fabric. The most important architectural project of any papal family in the papal capital was their palace. In 1753, when Cardinal Neri Corsini contentedly surveyed his palace, the satisfaction he felt would have been familiar to papal relatives for more than 250 years. But unlike generations of papal nephews before him, Neri could take added pride in the fact that he had done it all on his own, relying on his wit rather than the papal coffers. The Palazzo Corsini, like the Palazzo Albani and the Palazzo Braschi, was a rarity in eighteenth-century Rome. Through a combination of the traditional practice of careful study of primary sources with cultural history, broadly conceived, this article illuminates the set of political exigencies and social circumstances that led to the extinction of this architectural form, which had shaped the Eternal City for centuries.
House and Household on Gorée, Senegal, 1758-1837
Authors: Hinchman Mark
Published: September 2012

The West African island of Gorée was one of the nodes that connected African trading routes to North Atlantic trade. The varied population included English, French, Portuguese, Manding, Moor, Sereer, and Wolof. The island was notable because many of the categories by which people are identified-gender, race, class-were not strictly defined and did not dictate economic success. At one time, African women constituted the majority of property owners. Whereas many colonial studies focus on urbanism and colonial discourse, this article looks to the domestic sphere. For this inquiry into life on the ground, I cast my net wide and draw on source materials including rental contracts, wills, and probate inventories. My goal is to complicate the perception of how buildings functioned in colonial environments. The primary method is considering a variety of users, including wealthy Europeans, tenants, servants, and those for whom Gorée is most widely known-slaves.
"That Tritest/Brightest Truth": Emily Dickinson's Anti-Sentimentality
Authors: Farland Maria Magdalena
Published: September 2012

While the cultural importance of sentimental fiction has been well documented by critics such as Jane Tompkins and Claudia Tate, the nature and function of sentimental poetry has remained largely unexplored. This essay offers a corrective to this critical tendency by reading major poems by Emily Dickinson in terms of the contemporary sentimental fictions of death and immortality to which they are indebted. Against those critics who have emphasized Dickinson's embrace of sentimentality's domestication of death, the essay argues that her poems contest and even negate the fictions of immortality made available by popular authors such as Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Ik Marvel. Dickinson's poems employ certain distinctive generic conventions of sentimentality's conduct of death-the passage from life to immortality, the posthumous reunion, the equation of heaven and home. But where sentimental fictions employ familiar scenes of earth and home to represent the less-familiar prospect of heaven and immortality, Dickinson's poems remove hometown places and persons from heaven's scene; where sentimental fictions domesticate death, her poems detach and strip it bare. The characteristic features of her poetry-scenelessness and temporal transcendence-are thus the mark neither of Dickinson's incipient modernism nor of the lyric voice's isolation from society or history, but rather of Dickinson's deliberate departure from a historically specific mode of representing immortality.
The Merging of Spiritualities: Jane Eyre as Missionary of Love
Authors: Franklin J. Jeffrey
Published: September 2012

This essay analyzes the discourses of spirituality represented in Jane Eyre within the context of the Evangelical upheaval in the Britain of Charlotte Brontë's childhood and the mixing of supernatural with Christian elements in the "popular religion" of early-nineteenth-century British rural society. In addition to a dominant Christian spiritualism and a supernatural spiritualism, however, a third discrete discourse is identified in the text-the discourse of spiritual love. The novel stages a contest between these three competing discourses. Christianity is itself conflictually represented, being torn between the repressive, masculine Evangelicalism of Mr. Brocklehurst and the healing communion (among women) represented by Helen Burns and the figure of "sympathy." The supernatural is equally conflicted: it is shown to empower Jane and to be a necessary vehicle for bringing Christian discourse in contact with the discourse of spiritual love, but then it is denied and left, like the madwoman in the attic, as the excluded term. Finally, spiritual love is offered by the text as that which solves these contradictions, revising and merging Christianity and the supernatural to produce a rejuvenated spirituality, one that fosters what is conceived of as the "whole" person, her need for mutual human relationship, her spiritual needs, and her desire.
Dufay's Nuper rosarum flores, King Solomon's Temple, and the Veneration of the Virgin
Authors: Wright Craig
Published: September 2012

Analysis of the architecture of the cathedral of Florence suggests that there is no correlation between the structural proportions in that church and the durational ratios in Guillaume Dufay's motet Nuper rosarum flores (as suggested by Charles Warren in 1973). The inspiration for the formal plan of the motet was likely not architecture, but a biblical passage (1 Kings 6:1-20), which gives the dimensions of the Temple of Solomon as 60 x 40 x 20 x 30 cubits. The vision of the Temple and, to a lesser degree, the image of the womb of the Virgin as the temple of Christ were elaborated upon by countless medieval exegetes, sermonizers, liturgical commentators, poets, and manuscript illuminators. Dufay expressed the traditional numerical symbols of the Temple (6:4:2:3, 4 and 7) and that of the Virgin (7) throughout the structure of his motet and thereby effected a musical union of these two spiritual forces.
A Theory of Musical Meter
Authors: Benjamin William E.
Published: September 2012

This article is in five sections, each of which deals with a problem basic to the theory of musical meter. The first sets up a conceptual framework in which meter, group structure, and accent are related to one another. The second explores the practical and aesthetic functions of metric perception. In the next section, grouping and accent, as the determinants of meter, are thoroughly investigated. A penultimate section discusses several operations of metric distortion, and the final section considers the bases for, and significance of, deeper levels of meter. In a general sense, the article attempts to make sense out of the tangle of conflicting views that constitutes the recent literature on this subject. Each of its sections departs from a survey of prevalent views and proceeds to mediate among these by integrating them in a general framework in which they are more or less easily accommodated without mutual contradiction.
Using Polyrhythms to Study Rhythm
Authors: Handel Stephen
Published: September 2012

Polyrhythms consisting of two or three dissonant pulse trains have been used to investigate rhythmic interpretation. The dissonant rhythmic lines allow for the study of the emergent nature of rhythmic organization. The empirical outcomes demonstrated that the rhythm perceived was contextual, depending on the timing between elements, pulse train frequency, polyrhythm configuration, element accentuation, and individual preferences. The effect of any factor depended on the values of each other factor. Although polyrhythms can illustrate the interactive nature of rhythm, polyrhythms do not shed light on the traditional views of rhythm concerning grouping and temporal extrapolation. Therefore, polyrhythms provide a good context for studying rhythm as a foreground melody at the expense of providing a poor context for studying rhythm as a background-organizing factor for tonal melody.
The Micro- and Macrostructural Design of Improvised Music
Authors: Pressing Jeff
Published: September 2012

Two short pieces of freely improvised music by the same performer were recorded in microstructural detail by the use of a specially constructed automatic transcription apparatus. The apparatus consists of a modified DX7 synthesizer and 2650 microprocessor which interfaces with other computers for data processing. The resultant music is transcribed into a modified form of traditional notation and subjected to both micro- and macrostructural analysis. Microanalysis includes the areas of timing (interonset and duration distributions, displacement, chordal spreads, etc.), dynamics ( key velocity, quantization, chordal patterns, etc.), and legatoness (relative, absolute, pedaling). Macroanalysis uses the full panoply of devices from traditional music theory (tonal procedures, rhythmic and motivic design, pitch class sets, etc.). Correlations between microstructural parameters, and with macrostructure, were found to be highly significant in Improvisation A, which had a supplied external pulse, but largely absent in Improvisation B, which had no such pulse. Where pulse was present, rhythmic design was found to be based largely on pulse subdivision and shifting. Some performance effects (e.g., chordal spreads) operated over a time scale of 10 msec or less. Others (e.g., synchronization to an external pulse) showed less resolution. Differences in the distribution patterns of interonset times, durations, and legatoness suggest three independent underlying temporal mechanisms that may sometimes link together in coordination with macrostructure. Quantization ("categorical production") of some variables (interonset times, key velocities) was clearly established. The results were also interpreted in relation to an earlier model of improvisation (Pressing, 1987).
Sensitivity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex to Contour: Toward a Neurophysiology of Music Perception
Authors: Weinberger Norman M. , McKenna Thomas M.
Published: September 2012

The responses of single neurons in the primary (AI) and secondary (AII) auditory cortical fields of waking cats were recorded during presentation of sequences of five iso-intensity tones. Tonal contour was varied by employing sequences that either increased or decreased monotonically in frequency, or in which contour was non-monotonic. The vast majority of neurons in both auditory fields (84%) exhibited sensitivity to tonal contour, that is, the response to at least one frequency (usually more) in a sequence differed significantly between two or more types of contour. Although all of the mechanisms involved have not been identified, the serial position of a tone within a sequence could explain some of the findings. Responsivity may also depend upon the magnitude of the interval difference between two consecutive tones. Additionally, contour per se could be effective even for neurons that were not sensitive to differences in type of contour; for example, responses to the same tones could be facilitated when presented in sequences of different frequencies compared to sequences of the same frequency. Further, the range of frequency response and the best frequency of a neuron may depend upon whether these parameters are determined using isolated tones or contoured sequences. Finally, omission of one tone within a sequence produced significant modification of response to other tones in most (87%) cells, with effects extending up to 3 sec following the the gap. Neurons in both primary and secondary auditory cortical fields displayed all effects, the only difference was that neurons in All were more likely to exhibit sensitivity to tone omission than those in AI. The findings are discussed with reference to neurophysiological and psychophysical data. We conclude that the effects of contour and other aspects of tonal sequences are detectable at the level of single neurons in auditory cortex of waking animals and that the use of dynamic stimuli is likely to be critical for a neurophysiological account of music perception and the perception of other complex acoustic stimuli.
A Search for Tonal Pattern Perception in Cebus Monkeys: Why Monkeys Can't Hum a Tune
Authors: D'Amato M. R.
Published: September 2012

This article reviews a series of experiments aimed at assessing the capacity of cebus monkeys and rats for tonal pattern perception (sensitivity to frequency contour). The animals' ability to differentiate between two tunes (structured sequences of tones) that shared several component notes and were similar in their average frequency suggested tonal pattern perception in both species. Detailed analysis of the basis of their discriminative behavior revealed, however, that the latter was completely controlled by local cues. Additional studies confirmed this finding and showed that the cognitive limitation was not, in the case of the monkeys, due to a generally impoverished capacity for processing acoustic stimuli or to an unduly truncated auditory short- term store. Many species of songbirds also seem remarkably deficient in their ability to perceive the tonal patterns of non-species-specific acoustic stimuli, which may be widespread among animals. Some implications of this striking difference in the auditory processing capacities of animals and humans are briefly discussed.
The Semitone Paradox
Authors: Deutsch Diana
Published: September 2012

This article concerns a pattern of tones that provides a curious exception to the principle of equivalence under transposition. When the pattern is transposed by a half octave, the identical pitches are heard but they appear to be reversed in time. Further, the pattern in any one key is heard quite differently by different listeners. The implications of this new pitch paradox are discussed.
Response-Time Measures as a Means of Exploring Tonal Hierarchies
Authors: Janata Petr , Reisberg Daniel
Published: September 2012

We explore the possibility of studying music perception with responsetime measures. Subjects heard either a chord (tonic triad) or scale prime, followed by a single note, and indicated whether the note did or did not belong in the primed key. Overall, the data resemble the tonal hierarchy previously demonstrated with other methods, thus establishing the validity of the response-time measure. In addition, the scale primes superimpose a recency effect on the standard hierarchy, as would be expected from a serially presented stimulus. We discuss what this implies about tonal hierarchies, and the use of response-time measures to study the online processes of music listening. We also report data for nondiatonic tones.