bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Olfaction for Mixed Paternity in Birds
Authors: Kvarnemo Charlotta , Anderstedt Alice , Strandh Maria , Blomqvist Donald
Published: January 2025

Olfaction can aid individuals in finding genetically compatible mates in many animals, while high levels of mixed paternity may result from a limited ability to evaluate their mate's genetic profile against their own before mating. To test this suggestion and explore if olfaction may indeed influence mating patterns in birds, we combined published measures of olfactory ability with data on genetic mating pattern in the same species, across a phylogenetically broad range of species. We used three measures of olfaction: (1) olfactory bulb diameter, (2) olfactory bulb volume and (3) number of olfactory receptor genes (148, 134 and 48 species, respectively). These measures were then matched to species‐specific estimates of mating pattern, measured as percentage of broods with mixed paternity (> 1 male siring offspring in the same brood). Limited overlaps between the datasets resulted in 30 matched species for olfactory bulb diameter, 31 for olfactory bulb volume and 15 for olfactory receptor genes. Controlling for brain size (telencephalon), we then correlated olfaction to mating pattern, and found that the bigger the relative olfactory bulb diameter, the lower the proportion of mixed paternity. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between olfactory bulb volume or number of receptor genes and paternity. This study thus indicates that mating patterns in birds may be influenced by olfactory ability, measured as olfactory bulb diameter. Next, we suggest expanding the datasets by collecting olfactory‐focused measures, targeting species for which paternity measures already exist, to allow a full phylogenetic analysis.
Cascade Controller Design for a Single‐Stage Charger to Inspect Distortion Power Factor, and Grid‐Side Voltage Harmonics
Authors: Maleki Mahdi , Rahimipour Behbahani Milad , Jalilian Alireza
Published: January 2025

Electric vehicles (EVs) are poised to take center stage in daily transportation, gradually replacing vehicles solely reliant on combustion engines. Therefore, it is essential to address power quality issues associated with their integration into smart cities. Interleaved DC‐to‐DC boost converters are utilized to fulfill the objectives of voltage regulation and power factor correction (PFC) by controlling the duty cycle of their operational switches. The voltage regulation and reactive power compensation are addressed by the outer and inner control loops, respectively. Average current mode control is implemented to align the drawn current with the source voltage, even though it includes indispensable nonfundamental harmonic components. Voltage and current harmonics analyses are performed, and then the distortion power factor (DPF) is calculated. The charger's DPF and its efficiency factor are calculated to be 0.8583 and 0.935, respectively. To demonstrate the ascendancy of the control strategy, the charger's characteristics are compared to those of an uncontrolled charger with a proposed boost converter. The total harmonic distortion (THD) for the controlled current and voltage is significantly less than that of the uncontrolled charger design.
Evaluation of Carbon Emission Efficiency and Analysis of Influencing Factors of Chinese Oil and Gas Enterprises
Authors: Li Pengtai , Wang Yanqiu , Liu Junqiao , Liang Mingxin
Published: January 2025

In 2020, China announced its “dual‐carbon” goal to the world, demonstrating the responsibility of a country to reduce emissions and consumption. Reducing carbon emissions is pivotal in achieving this ambitious goal. Oil and gas enterprises are significant contributors to China's carbon emissions. Evaluating the efficiency of their carbon emissions and analyzing the influencing factors are of great significance for achieving the “dual‐carbon” goal and promoting sustainable development. In this paper, 69 Chinese oil and gas enterprises are selected as research objects, collecting data from 2016 to 2021. The DEA–SBM model and GML index are used to conduct static and dynamic evaluations of carbon emission efficiency, and the Tobit model is used to analyze the factors affecting this efficiency from both internal and external perspectives. The results show that the carbon emission efficiency of Chinese oil and gas enterprises as a whole is relatively low and shows an upward trend during the study period. There are significant differences in the annual average values of carbon emission efficiency among these enterprises, with obvious disparities observed between different categories. Energy consumption intensity and capital–labor ratio have a notably negative impact on carbon emission efficiency. Conversely, per capita income from the main business, environmental regulation intensity, and foreign direct investment significantly contribute to the carbon emission efficiency of oil and gas enterprises. Meanwhile, the energy consumption structure, R&D investment intensity, economic development level, and government subsidy intensity do not play a significant impact on the carbon emission efficiency of these enterprises.
The CD123 antibody–drug conjugate pivekimab sunirine exerts profound activity in preclinical models of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Watts Ben , Smith Christopher M. , Evans Kathryn , Gifford Andrew J. , Mohamed Sara M. A. , Erickson Stephen W. , Earley Eric J. , Neuhauser Steven , Stearns Timothy M. , Philip Vivek M. , Chuang Jeffrey H. , Zweidler‐McKay Patrick A. , Lakshmikanthan Sribalaji , Jocoy Emily L. , Bult Carol J. , Teicher Beverly A. , Smith Malcolm A. , Lock Richard B.
Published: January 2025

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) combining monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic payloads are a rapidly emerging class of immune‐based therapeutics with the potential to improve the treatment of cancer, including children with relapse/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). CD123, the α subunit of the interleukin‐3 receptor, is overexpressed in ALL and is a potential therapeutic target. Here, we show that pivekimab sunirine (PVEK), a recently developed ADC comprising the CD123‐targeting antibody, G4723A, and the cytotoxic payload, DGN549, was highly effective in vivo against a large panel of pediatric ALL patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models (n = 39). PVEK administered once weekly for 3 weeks resulted in a median event‐free survival (EFS) of 57.2 days across all PDXs. CD123 mRNA and protein expression was significantly higher in B‐lineage (n = 65) compared with T‐lineage (n = 25) ALL PDXs (p < 0.0001), and mice engrafted with B‐lineage PDXs achieved significantly longer EFS than those engrafted with T‐lineage PDXs (p < 0.0001). PVEK treatment also resulted in significant clearance of human leukemia cells in hematolymphoid organs in mice engrafted with B‐ALL PDXs. Notably, our results showed no direct correlation between CD123 expression and mouse EFS, indicating that CD123 is necessary but not sufficient for in vivo PVEK activity. Importantly, a PDX with very high CD123 cell surface expression but resistant to in vivo PVEK treatment, failed to internalize the G4723A antibody while remaining sensitive to the PVEK payload, DGN549, suggesting a novel mechanism of resistance. In conclusion, PVEK was highly effective against a large panel of B‐ALL PDXs supporting its clinical translation for B‐lineage pediatric ALL.
Response: Comparing letters written by humans and ChatGPT: A preliminary study
Authors: Matsubara Shigeki
Published: January 2025

Synopsis

Further experiments are needed to determine the characteristics of artificial‐intelligence‐generated letters.
Early parent‐child interaction and home environments of children exposed prenatally to opioids: A comparison of biological mothers and out‐of‐home caregivers
Authors: Lee Samantha J. , Davie‐Gray Alison , Woodward Lianne J.
Published: January 2025

Children born to mothers with opioid use disorder (OUD) are at increased risk of maltreatment and out‐of‐home care (OOHC) placement. This study examines the parent‐child interaction quality and home environments of 92 New Zealand children with prenatal opioid exposure (OE) and 106 non‐opioid‐exposed (NE) children. Experiences for those in maternal care versus OOHC were of particular interest. Biological mothers completed a lifestyle interview during late pregnancy/at birth. At 18 months, parent‐child interaction observations, maternal/primary caregiver interviews, and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment were completed during a home visit. At age 4.5, children underwent developmental assessment. By 18 months, 20% of OE children were in OOHC. Mothers with OUD who were younger, less cooperative, and had increased polysubstance use during pregnancy were more likely to have lost custody of their child. OE children in their mother's care experienced less positive parenting and lower‐quality home environments than NE children. OE children in OOHC had similarly resourced environments to NE children, yet experienced lower levels of parental warmth and responsiveness. Early parenting predicted child cognition, language, and behavior 3 years later, underscoring the critical importance of supporting the parenting and psychosocial needs of OE children's parents/caregivers to improve long‐term outcomes.
Role of the veterinary surgeon in the treatment of oiled seabirds
Authors: Mihr Joanna
Published: January 2025

Background: Seabirds are highly adapted to their marine environment and poorly tolerant of captivity. As rapid debilitation occurs when birds are contaminated with oil, the immediate initialisation of a high standard of care is essential to enhance outcomes when presented with contaminated patients. This article draws on the existing evidence base, along with personal experience, to provide guidance for clinicians working in veterinary practices on how to provide appropriate care.

Aim of the article: The aim of this article is to provide the practitioner with a guide to the initial assessment, management and stabilisation of oiled seabirds.
Global collaborations to change the paradigm of oral health education and care: 2024 ADEA Annual Session Chair of the Board Symposium, Proceedings
Authors: Perez Herminio L. , Fuentes Ana N. Lopez , Benzian Habib , Chadwick Greg , Manzanares Maria Cristina , Marichi Francisco , Quinn Barry , van der Hoeven Dharini , Niessen Linda C.
Published: January 2025

The 2024 ADEA Annual Session Chair of the Board Symposium titled, Global Collaborations to Change the Paradigm in Oral Health Education and Care, aimed to highlight innovative global education models in oral health. The symposium sought to identify and explore opportunities for collaboration with international partners to ensure sustainable healthcare education to improve the oral health workforce. Additionally, it focused on discovering and adapting innovative solutions and best practices to enhance access to oral health services worldwide.
Navigating AI Convergence in Human–Artificial Intelligence Teams: A Signaling Theory Approach
Authors: Smith Andria , van Wagoner Hunter Phoenix , Keplinger Ksenia , Celebi Can
Published: January 2025

Teams that combine human intelligence with artificial intelligence (AI) have become indispensable for solving complex tasks in various decision‐making contexts in modern organizations. However, the factors that contribute to AI convergence, where human team members align their decisions with those of their AI counterparts, still remain unclear. This study integrates signaling theory with self‐determination theory to investigate how specific signals—such as signal fit, optional AI advice, and signal set congruence—affect employees' AI convergence in human–AI teams. Based on four experimental studies conducted in facial recognition and hiring contexts with approximately 1100 participants, the findings highlight the significant positive impact of congruent signals from both human and AI team members on AI convergence. Moreover, providing an option for employees to solicit AI advice also enhances AI convergence; when AI signals are chosen by employees rather than forced upon them, participants are more likely to accept AI advice. This research advances knowledge on human–AI teaming by (1) expanding signaling theory into the human–AI team context; (2) developing a deeper understanding of AI convergence and its drivers in human–AI teams; (3) providing actionable insights for designing teams and tasks to optimize decision‐making in high‐stakes, uncertain environments; and (4) introducing facial recognition as an innovative context for human–AI teaming.
Effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on carcass traits, muscle fiber structure, oxidative stability, meat quality, and regulatory mechanisms in Holstein steers
Authors: Huang Yongliang , Lei Yu , Shi Jinping , Liu Wangjing , Zhang Xiao , He Pengjia , Ma Yue , Zhang Xu , Cao Yongzhi , Cheng Qiang , Zhang Zhao , Lei Zhaomin
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

Dietary supplementation for beef cattle, using natural plant extracts, such as oregano essential oil (OEO), has proven effective in enhancing growth performance, beef production quantity and quality, and ensuring food safety. However, the precise mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of OEO on carcass traits, muscle fiber structure, meat quality, oxidative status, flavor compounds, and gene regulatory mechanisms in the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscles of beef cattle. Eighteen steers were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 9 per group) and fed either a control diet (CK) or the same diet supplemented with 20 g of OEO per head per day for 300 days.

RESULTS

Oregano essential oil supplementation improved the body weight, carcass weight, meat production, area and diameter of fiber, ether extract, and water‐holding power of muscle. Increasing catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and by decreasing lipid droplets (LDs) reduced muscle lipid oxidation. However, the color (L*, a*, b*, C* and H°) and the flavor compounds of muscle were affected adversely by OEO. The transcriptome and metabolome indicated the OEO group enriched fat synthesis, proteo‐metabolism, antioxidants, and growth significantly. Five key genes (SH2B2, CD209, LOC504773, C1QC, and HMOX) and ten downregulated metabolites (deoxyguanosine, d‐melezitose, maltotriose, raffinose, melatonin, quinic acid, orotic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, 2‐methylsuccinic acid, and pyridoxal 5’‐phosphate) were identified as key biomarkers. These interacted to positively influence the growth, oxidative status, and meat quality of steers positively.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that OEO, as a natural bioactive compound, can serve as an additive for beef cattle, with a daily dose of 20 g per steer improving growth and meat quality, although it may affect muscle color and flavor negatively. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Nutrient pulse scenarios drive contrasting patterns in the functional stability of freshwater phytoplankton
Authors: Happe Anika , Buttyán Bence , Gergácz Bence , Langenheder Silke , Berger Stella A. , Nejstgaard Jens C. , Striebel Maren
Published: January 2025

Climate change is increasing the frequency, intensity, and stochasticity of extreme weather events such as heavy rainfall, storm‐induced mixing, or prolonged drought periods. This results in more variable regimes of dissolved nutrients and carbon in lakes and induces temporal fluctuations in the resource availability for plankton communities, which can further lead to changes in growth and the cellular ratio of essential elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. However, the current understanding of the effects of variations in regularity and frequency of precipitation events on both producer and consumer levels is limited by the lack of experimental studies examining processes at multiple trophic levels. In our mesocosm study, we added the same total amount of nitrate, phosphate, and colored dissolved organic matter (cDOM) to each mesocosm at pulses differing in frequency (daily, intermittent, or one extreme addition) and regularity (regular, irregular) over a simulated run‐off period followed by a recovery period. Our results showed that phytoplankton biomass fully recovered to control conditions from one extreme nutrient and cDOM pulse, whereas pulses of higher frequency gradually increased the biomass. In terms of stoichiometry, the extreme pulse led to the lowest stability in particulate C : P and N : P ratios. At the zooplankton level, copepod biomass decreased across all nutrient and cDOM additions, but no effects between the treatments were found. Overall, our study demonstrates that phytoplankton stability depends on the regularity and frequency of nutrient additions and differs substantially between biomass and stoichiometry, but the effects may be buffered on zooplankton level.
Efficient Measurement of Orbital Angular Momentum Entanglement Using Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Zhao Jiaxian , Wang Min , Huang Shuang‐Yin , Ge Yu , Tu Chenghou , Li Yongnan , Wang Hui‐Tian
Published: January 2025

High‐dimensional (HD) entanglement of photonic orbital angular momentum (OAM) offers significant potential for enhancing channel capacity and improving noise resistance in quantum information processing. However, the challenge of achieving simple and rapid measurement has limited its practical applications. In this work, a quantum state tomography (QST) framework is demonstrated that utilizes convolutional neural networks to rapidly reconstruct the density matrix of OAM entanglement from only two coincidence measurements. The experimental results for a 5D OAM entangled state yield a fidelity of 0.973 ± 0.005. This method is also applicable to mixed OAM entangled states and scenarios with incomplete tomographic measurements. These findings represent a significant step toward implementing high‐speed QST for applications involving HD spatial mode quantum state, whether in free space or integrated systems.
Flipping the Script: Harnessing Consumer Knowledge, Message Order and Refutation for Effective Two‐Sided Green Advertising
Authors: Bharti Megha , Bharti Mehak
Published: January 2025

Green product advertisements often face credibility challenges due to perceived greenwashing, contributing to the attitude‐behavior gap in green consumption. This research examines the strategic use of two‐sided messaging through five experimental studies, assessing its impact on green consumption across various product categories. We explore the nuances of message order, demonstrating that placing the negative message first can either weaken or strengthen green product purchase based on consumers' knowledge of the green product category. This finding highlights that conventional order may not always be effective, especially in green marketing, where consumer knowledge varies. Furthermore, we explore the interactive effect of consumer knowledge in two‐sided messaging involving refutational appeals. Overall, our research offers valuable insights for marketers aiming to strategically leverage two‐sided advertising to enhance green product adoption.
Synthesis of Biomass‐Based Linear Aliphatic Polyesters Based on Sebacic Acid and 1,18‐Octadecanedioic Acid and Their Thermal Properties and Odd‐Even Effect
Authors: Loh Joshua Wen Jun , Chua Nam‐Hai , Goto Atsushi
Published: January 2025

A series of biomass‐based linear aliphatic polyesters are synthesized by combining sebacic acid (SA) (C10 diacid) and 1,18‐octadecanedioic acid (OA) (C18 diacid) with a series of diols with varied alkyl chain lengths (C2 to C10 diols). SA and OA are obtainable from castor oil and palm oil, respectively. The reaction extent (polymerization extent) is high (≥96%) in all cases, and the number‐average molecular weight (Mn) is 10 000–43 000 g mol−1 after purification. A possible limitation of currently available biomass‐derived polyesters is their relatively low melting temperatures (Tm). The polyesters synthesized using OA with a long alkyl chain (C18 chain) in the present work exhibit relatively high Tm values of 78–93 °C, which are rather close to that (105–118 °C) of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), and may serve as biomass‐based alternatives to LDPE with respect to thermal properties. Scientifically notably, an odd‐even effect is observed in the Tm values. Polyesters with an even total‐number of carbon atoms in the repeating unit have higher Tm values than their odd total‐number counterparts likely due to their different orientations of dipoles of the polar ester groups along the backbone chain.
Supply Chain Investment, Financing Schemes With the Uncertainty of Low‐Carbon Technology Innovation: Carbon Asset Pledge vs. Sell–Buyback?
Authors: Li Jiawen , Xu Xiaomin , Huang Shengzhong , Fu Hongyong
Published: January 2025

Carbon emissions are recognized as major contributors to the greenhouse effect, accelerating global warming. Meanwhile, technology innovation is acknowledged as a key determinant influencing carbon emissions. Therefore, implementing low‐carbon technology innovation (LCTI) becomes a critical approach to mitigating global warming. However, the uncertainty of LCTI and capital constraints hinder enterprises from adopting such innovations. Additionally, the constraints imposed by traditional financing channels exacerbate the predicament faced by enterprises. In this paper, we build a two‐echelon supply chain model in the context of LCTI uncertainty, consisting of a retailer with sufficient capital and a manufacturer facing capital constraints, where traditional financing channels are restricted, to explore the strategies of LCTI investments, carbon asset financing, and product pricing. The research findings are as follows: Firstly, LCTI does not consistently result in higher expected profits for the manufacturer. This means that the manufacturer may lack the willingness to invest in such endeavors unless the probability coefficient of success in LCTI surpasses a certain threshold. Conversely, the retailer always benefits as a free rider from the manufacturer's investment in low‐carbon technology. Secondly, both carbon asset pledge and sell–buyback financing can continuously increase the manufacturer's LCTI investments, but their impacts on the manufacturer's profits differ. Under pledge financing, higher LCTI investments imply greater profits for the manufacturer. In contrast, under sell–buyback financing, the impact may be either positive or negative, which depends on the fluctuation of carbon price. If carbon price escalates beyond a certain degree, sell–buyback financing may backfire. Yet, it also provides the opportunities for the manufacturer to maximize profits. Thirdly, improving LCTI investments can either benefit or harm the environment. This is contingent upon the relationship between the carbon emission ratio and the demand ratio. Win–win economic benefits and environmental performance can be achieved only when the carbon emission ratio is lower than the demand ratio. Finally, in the context of LCTI uncertainty, although carbon asset financing can enhance the manufacturer's LCTI investments and has the potential to improve the manufacturer's profits, it fails to prevent the retailer's free‐riding behavior. An LCTI cost‐sharing mechanism can limit such behavior and help the manufacturer and retailer reach a win–win outcome.
Study examines variable ADHD rates among adults, children
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: January 2025

The incidence rate of ADHD diagnoses among adults and adolescents reveals both upward and downward trends in both populations observed over different time periods, according to the authors of new research considered to be one of the largest retrospective cohort studies evaluating the incidence rates of new ADHD diagnoses in both populations.
Multicenter Retrospective Analysis of Pediatric Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Treatment Practices and Outcomes Prior to Pediatric American Thyroid Association Guidelines Implementation
Authors: Mahajan Priya , May Sarah Beth , Shekar Meghan , Werny David , Patterson Briana C. , Chan Christine M. , Aldrink Jennifer H. , Horvath Kyle Z. , Hawkins Douglas S. , Olson Thomas A. , Venkatramani Rajkumar
Published: January 2025

Background

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is the most common pediatric thyroid malignancy, with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) representing 90% of the cases. In 2015, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) developed management guidelines for pediatric DTC.

Procedure

Patients less than 21 years of age diagnosed with DTC between 2000 and 2015 at Texas Children's Hospital, Seattle Children's Hospital, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Children's Hospital Colorado, and Nationwide Children's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate treatment practices before the implementation of the ATA guidelines.

Results

We included 216 pediatric patients with DTC. A majority were female (76%) with a median age at diagnosis of 14.8 years. Neck swelling (56%) and palpable nodules (49%) were common presenting symptoms. Diagnostic evaluations typically included thyroid ultrasound, with common features being microcalcifications (47.7%) and hypoechogenicity (39.0%). Fine‐needle aspiration cytology confirmed diagnosis in 50.5%. The majority of patients underwent total thyroidectomy (78.7%) and lymph node dissection (75.5%). ATA risk stratification was low, intermediate, and high risk in 111 (51.4%), 29 (13.4%), and 76 patients (35.2%), respectively. Upfront radioactive iodine (RAI) was administered in 83%. At 1‐year follow‐up, 46% were disease‐free (66% low risk, 59% intermediate risk, and 13% high risk). The 5‐year progression‐free survival for low, intermediate, and high risk were 86%, 53%, and 43%, respectively. The disease‐related overall survival was 100%.

Conclusions

Prior to the introduction of the ATA guidelines, a majority of patients underwent total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection followed by RAI. Selective use of RAI for low‐risk disease as recommended in the current guidelines may be appropriate.
Plasma‐Induced Thiol‐Ene Click Reaction for the Preparation of High‐Stability Perovskite Nanoplatelets
Authors: Wang Yikun , Wu Xiang , Lei Chuangchang , Li Yaohua , Ou Qiongrong , Zhang Shuyu
Published: January 2025

Perovskite nanoplatelets (NPLs) have garnered significant attention, however, their low resistance to light, heat, oxygen, and water has been recognized as a major barrier to practical applications. In this study, we developed cross‐linked NPL materials through an argon plasma‐induced thiol‐ene chemistry strategy. This was achieved by inducing a thiol‐ene click reaction between surface ligands containing carbon–carbon double bonds and the cross‐linker pentaerythritol tetrakis (3‐mercaptopropionate) (PTMP) via plasma irradiation. The results demonstrate that argon plasma irradiation can initiate the thiol‐ene click reaction, while also causing the carbon–carbon double bonds in the ligand to undergo cross‐linking. The polymerization of the ligands leads to the encapsulation of the NPLs within the polymer matrix, allowing for excellent stability performance.
The role of observations in ECMWF tropical cyclone initialisation and forecasting
Authors: Magnusson Linus , Majumdar Sharanya J. , Dahoui Mohamed L. , Bormann Niels , Bonavita Massimo , Browne Philip A. , Brown Andy R. , De Chiara Giovanna , Duncan David I. , English Stephen , Geer Alan J. , Healy Sean , Ingleby Bruce , McNally Anthony P. , Pappenberger Florian , Prates Fernando , Rabier Florence , de Rosnay Patricia , Rennie Michael P. , Warrick Francis
Published: January 2025

In a unique undertaking, 13 Observing System Experiments (OSEs) were conducted at the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) during a 37‐day period in August–September 2020, using the same 9‐km resolution as the operational data assimilation. These OSEs provided a unified framework to evaluate and understand the role of different types of observational data for tropical cyclone (TC) forecasts, keeping in mind that removing or adding individual types is expected to have a limited effect due to resilience in the full observation system. The strongest impact came from withholding of microwave radiance observations, which on average degraded the TC position for all evaluated lead times and central‐pressure forecasts out to three days, with some further improvement from all‐sky assimilation of Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU‐A) temperature sounders to the TC position forecasts. Scatterometer data improved the forecasts of both quantities, with further improvements from reduced spatial thinning. The impact for other satellite data such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)‐RO, atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) and Aeolus were mixed/neutral. While the aircraft‐borne data (dropsonde, flight‐level data) were mostly beneficial, further investigations on how to best use this data in the TC core are needed. The assimilation of interpolated hourly central pressure and position data estimated by forecasters had an overall positive impact on both position and central pressure. While this study has illustrated the difficulties in obtaining strong results for observation impact on TCs for an operational data assimilation system, including new observations and improvements to the use of existing ones are necessary to keep improving the accumulated positive effect from the observation system. Additionally, future work is needed to advance diagnostic tools to judge the impact of individual observation systems on TCs.
Prescribed Performance Asymptotic Tracking Control for Uncertain Non‐Linear Systems With Full‐State Constraints and Input Saturation
Authors: Wu Xiaorui , Shen Naijun , Gao Yang , Ma Jiali , Qian Chen , Chen Qingwei
Published: January 2025

In this paper, an extension of asymptotic tracking control is proposed for a class of high‐order uncertain non‐linear systems that consider prescribed performance, state constraints, and input saturation. To address the conflict between prescribed performance boundaries, input saturation, and full‐state constraints, a novel adaptive tube‐based prescribed performance boundary and a new barrier Lyapunov function are introduced. By integrating adaptive control and backstepping techniques, an adaptive neural network controller is developed. The incorporation of command filtering techniques helps avoid the “feasibility assumptions” of the virtual controller and the “computational complexity” issues arising from backstepping techniques. Additionally, two auxiliary systems are introduced to compensate for filtering errors and mitigate errors induced by input saturation. Stability analysis demonstrates that all signals are bounded, the tracking error converges asymptotically under prescribed performance constraints, and no violations of state constraints occur. Through comparative simulations, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated.
Improving the Measures of Phonological Ability in the Russian Language: IRT and CART Modeling Application
Authors: Markov Ilia V. , Kharitonova Ksenia S. , Grigorenko Elena L.
Published: January 2025

Phonological awareness and phonological working memory are essential for successful language acquisition and development of literacy. Although this essence is language‐universal, its degree varies for different languages, depending, in part, on language transparency. The current study analyzes the adapted versions of the pseudoword repetition test (assessing phonological working memory) and Rosner's Auditory Segmentation test (assessing phonological awareness) in a typically developing Russian native sample of children (n = 502). As a preparatory step to item analysis, we investigated the effects of grade and gender on performance using a mixed effects model. The initial item analysis was carried out using model comparison within the Item Response Theory model framework and threshold/slope analysis. The majority of the items in both assessments did not differentiate between students with different levels of phonological ability. Further item selection using regression tree models led to the formation of predictive and non‐predictive item subsets for each assessment. After comparing the item subsets on various linguistic metrics, the differences were found in number of syllables and subsyllabic complexity for the pseudoword repetition test and elision segment position for the auditory segmentation test. The findings inform test development strategies in the cases of extremely low difficulty/discrimination of the items and outline a blueprint of pseudoword repetition and auditory segmentation test's adaptation for potentially detecting higher levels of phonological ability in transparent languages such as Russian.
Contribution of Topic Background Knowledge to Language Learning Outcomes through Parent–child Dialogic Reading
Authors: Dong Yang , Chow Bonnie Wing‐Yin , Xia Gelin , Mo Jianhong , Dong Hang
Published: January 2025

The article explored the impact of topic background knowledge (TBK) on children's language ability development and reading‐related emotional factors. TBK refers to the foundational knowledge that children possess concerning a specific subject or topic. The content schemata theory suggests that a high level of TBK facilitates information processing during reading activities, benefiting language learning outcomes, fostering reading interest, and reducing reading anxiety. The current study used experts' evaluation of TBK levels that children might have towards books, children's key cue predictions, eye‐tracking indicators, and topic‐related knowledge test to select low‐level TBK books that children had. A total of 346 kindergarteners and their parents were selected and randomly divided into four groups across TBK levels (high level vs. low level) that children had in selected books, and the parent–child interactive reading approach [Dialogic reading (DR) vs. Typical reading (TR)]. This study enhanced children TBK through pre‐learning activities which provided relevant information related to the target book content. The high‐level TBK children received relevant knowledge pre‐learning activities towards books used in formal reading intervention, while low‐level TBK children received irrelevant knowledge pre‐learning activities to counterbalance. The children were pretested on their receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, listening comprehension, reading interest, and reading anxiety. After an eight‐week intervention, a posttest was administered to assess the same measures. The results showed that both TBK and parent–child interactive reading approach enhanced children's language development via book reading activities. Furthermore, a pre‐learning activity is an appropriate approach to enhance the level of TBK. This study extended the application of the content schemata theory in parent–child reading activities and highlighted the importance of TBK in parent–child reading.
Laser Terminals on CubeSats: Developments for Telecommunications and Quantum Links
Authors: Roubal Christian , Dolejsky Till , Rödiger Benjamin , Rein Fabian , Rosano Nonay Jorge , Rüddenklau René , Papadopoulos Christos , Schmidt Christopher , Moll Florian
Published: January 2025

Satellite‐based laser communication is an emerging technology that is finding its way from research to industry. Compared to radio frequency (RF) systems, it has a more efficient size, weight, and power budget and, furthermore, is license free. The required space laser terminals can be designed in different sizes, depending on the mission needs. Data rate requirements range from CubeSats with Mb/s to large satellites with Gb/s data rates and sometimes even Tb/s. This enables, for example, the use of high‐resolution imagers even in CubeSats or mega‐constellation networks with high‐rate intersatellite links. Space laser terminals are also necessary for satellite‐based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which is increasingly important for the development of future quantum‐safe networks. In contrast to classical optical links for data transmission, link budget constraints cannot be overcome by simply amplifying the power, but the end‐to‐end loss needs to be minimized. This is possible with high antenna gains defined by the transmit and receive optics size. Therefore, the optics size of the laser terminal is one of the most important parameters. Building optical terminals with large apertures for use in space is expensive and requires at least a small satellite platform, increasing the cost of development and launch. The New Space approach using a CubeSat platform is a cost‐effective alternative because many components can be selected off‐the‐shelf. This paper reviews developments of laser communication terminals for CubeSats in space to ground and intersatellite scenarios with applications in quantum communications and telecommunications. The systems are selected with respect to clear space deployment, and their core parameters are compared. Special focus and detailed insight are given for the development OSIRIS4CubeSat (O4C).
The Future of MXenes: Exploring Oxidative Degradation Pathways and Coping with Surface/Edge Passivation Approach
Authors: Khalid Zubair , Hadi Farhan , Xie Jing , Chandrabose Vidya , Oh Jae‐Min
Published: January 2025

The MXene, which is usually transition metal carbide, nitride, and carbonitride, is one of the emerging family of 2D materials, exhibiting considerable potential across various research areas. Despite theoretical versatility, practical application of MXene is prohibited due to its spontaneous oxidative degradation. This review meticulously discusses the factors influencing the oxidation of MXenes, considering both thermodynamic and kinetic point of view. The potential mechanisms of oxidation are systematically introduced, based on experimental and theoretical models. Typically, the surfaces and edges of MXenes are susceptible to oxidation, as the surface terminal groups are easily attacked by oxygen and water molecules, ultimately leading to structural deformation. To retard oxidative degradation, ligand mediated surface/edge passivation is suggested as a promising strategy. In this regard, detailed passivation strategies for MXenes are systematically explained based on the types of chemistry at the MXene‐ligand interface—covalent bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding—and the type of stabilizing moieties—organic, inorganic, biomolecules, and polymers. The retardation of oxidation is discussed in relation with the interaction type and passivating moiety. This review aims to catalyze future research to identify efficient and cost‐effective ligands for the surface engineering of MXenes, enhancing their oxidation stability.
Beyond Tradition: A MOF‐On‐MOF Cascade Z‐Scheme Heterostructure for Augmented CO2 Photoreduction
Authors: Jin Ruipeng , Li Rui , Ma Ming‐Li , Chen Da‐Yu , Zhang Jian‐Yu , Xie Zheng‐He , Ding Li‐Feng , Xie Yabo , Li Jian‐Rong
Published: January 2025

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are rigorously investigated as promising candidates for CO2 capture and conversion. MOF‐on‐MOF heterostructures integrate bolstered charger carrier separation with the intrinsic advantages of MOF components, exhibiting immense potential to substantially escalate the efficiency of photocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2RR). However, the structural and compositional complexity poses significant challenges to the controllable development of these heterostructures. Herein, a conventional MOF‐on‐MOF nanocomposite is readily optimized from a type II heterojunction to a state‐of‐the‐art cascade Z‐scheme configuration via the encapsulation of Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs), establishing synergistic MOF‐MOF and metal‐MOF heterojunctions with reinforced built‐in electric field. A cascade electron flow is thus propelled, vigorously separating the photogenerated charge carriers and profoundly extending their lifetimes. Collectively, the photocatalytic activity of the cascade Z‐scheme is drastically promoted, exhibiting a nearly quintuple enhancement in the CO production rate over the original type II heterostructure. Moreover, the anti‐sintering capacity of the developed nanocomposite is unveiled, elucidating its simultaneously improved activity and stability. These findings present unprecedented regulation over the configuration of a MOF‐on‐MOF heterojunction, substantially enriching the fundamental understanding and rational design strategies of composite materials.
Phase Coexistence Induced Giant Dielectric Tunability and Electromechanical Response in PbZrO3 Epitaxial Thin Films
Authors: Zhang Wanli , Mou Xinpeng , Ma Yunpeng , Zheng Yi , Wang Sixu , Shu Liang , Du Ziwan , Deng Chenguang , Yang Qiong , Yu Rong , Li Jing‐Feng , Li Qian
Published: January 2025

PbZrO3 (PZO) thin films, as a classic antiferroelectric material, have attracted tremendous attention for their excellent dielectric, electromechanical, and thermal switching performances. However, several fundamental questions remain unresolved, particularly the existence of an intermediate phase during the transition from the antiferroelectric (AFE) to ferroelectric (FE) state. Here, a phase coexistence configuration of an orthorhombic AFE phase and a tetragonal‐like (T‐like) phase is reported in epitaxial antiferroelectric PZO thin films, with thickness ranging from 16 to 110 nm. This configuration is evidenced both macroscopically by distinct shoulder‐cape‐shaped dielectric behavior and microscopically through scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis. Remarkably, a 49 nm PZO film achieves an ultrahigh dielectric tunability of 90.1%, while a 59 nm film exhibits significant electromechanical strain of 0.66%. Microscopically, HAADF‐STEM reveals the presence of the intermediate phase with a dipole arrangement of vertically diagonal up‐up‐down‐down pattern, and first‐principles calculations further confirm the role of this intermediate phase during AFE‐to‐FE phase transition, which is responsible for the unusual dielectric peaks of ɛr‐E curves. These findings not only enhance the understanding of phase transition in antiferroelectric materials but also exhibit great potential for high‐performance tunable and nano‐electromechanical device applications.
Efficient Photocatalytic Water Purification Through Novel Janus‐Nanomicelles with Long‐Lived Charge Separation Properties
Authors: Gao Jin , Yang Liu‐Jun , Wang Guan , Xie Chen‐Fan , Yin Han , Li Hua , Lu Jian‐Mei
Published: January 2025

Although the design of photocatalysts incorporating donor–acceptor units has garnered significant attention for its potential to enhance the efficiency of the photocatalysis process, the primary bottleneck lies in the challenge of generating long‐lived charge separation states during exciton separation. Therefore, a novel Janus‐nanomicelles photocatalyst is developed using carbazole (Cz) as the donor unit, perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxydiimide (PDI) with long‐excited state as the acceptor unit and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the hydrophilic segment through ROMP polymerization. After optimizing the ratio, Cz19‐PDI18‐PEG10 rapidly adsorbs bisphenol A (BPA) within 10 s through π–π interaction, hydrogen‐bonding interaction, and hydrophobic interaction between BPA and hydrophobic blocks when exposed to aqueous humor and efficiently photodegrades BPA (50 ppm) within 120 min for water purification purposes due to its long‐lived charge separation state and achieving the highest reported efficiency so far. Mechanistic studies have shown that this excellent performance of Cz19‐PDI18‐PEG10 can be attributed to synergistic interactions between highly efficient adsorption capacity and long‐lived charge separation states during photocatalysis. This novel Janus‐nanomicelles design strategy holds promise as an effective candidate for water purification.
Perovskite Mini‐Module Voltage Loss Quantification and Analysis by Large‐Scale Hyperspectral Photoluminescence Imaging
Authors: Levtchenko Alexandra , Lopez‐Varo Pilar , Provost Marion , Medjoubi Karim , Rousset Jean , Ory Daniel
Published: January 2025

Perovskite‐based solar cells have been extensively studied by the scientific community over the past decade and they are currently a very promising technology to be integrated into tandem perovskite module, for example, associated with silicon solar cells. However, one of the challenges lies in the upscaling of the production of perovskite solar cells from small laboratory‐scale cells (<1 cm2) to larger modules. In this context, there is considerable interest in extending the analysis previously conducted on a micrometer or millimeter scale to a larger scale. In this work, for the first time, full‐sample size hyperspectral absolutely calibrated photoluminescence (PL) imaging applied to 16 cm2 perovskite semitransparent mini‐modules is introduced. Herein, the inhomogeneities in PL emission observed between the different cells are investigated, highlighting shunt mechanisms and ion migration effects, as well as quantifying and evaluating the origins of the voltage losses. The impact of these inhomogeneities on device performance and stability is also addressed.
Enhancing CNNs With Detail Feature Module for High‐Pixel Image Classification
Authors: Qin Shanshan , Wang Shuoyue , Zang Jinhao , Yuan Pei
Published: January 2025

In the realm of advanced photographic technology, high‐pixel images offer visual clarity but also present significant challenges to computer vision due to their complex textures and structural details. These high‐pixel images necessitate the development of sophisticated algorithms for image feature extraction to improve classification accuracy. Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) exhibit powerful capacities for extracting features of images, they lead to rapidly increasing computations. To enhance the efficiency of CNNs, this study proposes a detail feature module (DFM) that employs a spatial attention mechanism (SAM), high‐dimensional weight assignment (HWA), and a feature fusion module (FFM). The DFM can be generally embedded into CNNs, say, residual networks (ResNet) or lightweight ShuffleNets, augmenting the network's ability to capture and retain detailed features by assigning weights from high‐dimensional features to low‐dimensional ones. We carry out experiments on images with varying pixels to assess the effectiveness of the DFM. The comparative and ablation experiments demonstrate that the integration of DFM enhances the classification performance of ResNets and ShuffleNets, with particularly notable improvements in the lightweight ShuffleNets. The DFM proves its generalizability within CNNs and enhanced capability to extract features, underscoring its potential impact on improving the classification tasks in complex imaging environments.