bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alternation Learning and its Relationship to Intellectual Functioning in Primary Retardates
Authors: Flick Grad L. , Watkins Ernest O.
Published: September 2011

This report relates Jensen Alternation Board (JAB) performance of 50 white male primary retardates to their S-B IQ and PPVT IQ scores. The results demonstrated that use of the JAB with retardates was feasible, however, little variance was accounted for by using S-B IQ and PPVT IQ tests as predictors. The hypothesis that the JAB is not a conventional IQ test in retardates, as in mental patients, was supported.
Early Experience and Social Grouping in Fear Extinction of Rats
Authors: Angermeier W. F. , Philhour P. , Higgins J.
Published: September 2011

Rats, conditioned to escape shock in a straight 6-ft. runway, were tested for the effects which early rearing and presence of different numbers of social animals had on fear-conditioned escape responses. The most significant findings were that: (a) for animals reared apart, the presence of another animal or animals had little or no effect upon fear-conditioned escape behavior; (b) for animals reared together, the presence of other animals resulted in fear reduction; (c) this fear-reducing influence of other animals seemed to have developed during the early life in a social situation; and (d) the group had to consist of at least three animals before its effects in fear situations were apparent.
Effect of Water Deprivation and Injections of Hypertonic Saline on the Activity of Rats
Authors: Grimsley Douglas L.
Published: September 2011

Activity was measured in 5 independent groups of 10 rats assigned to each of 4 conditions, water deprived in wheels and stationary cages, saline injected in wheels and stationary cages. A significant increase in wheel running but not in stationary cage activity followed deprivation. Injections of hypertonic saline resulted in a significant decrease in wheel running and stationary cage activity. Three-hour cumulative water intake increased as an increasing function of hr. of water deprivation and amount of saline injected. While saline injections can induce water intake and facilitate instrumental responding, they do not affect activity in the same manner as water deprivation.
The Ferguson Primary Social Attitude Scales: Norms, Means, and Validity
Authors: Lawson Edwin D.
Published: September 2011

Further information is presented on Ferguson's revision of the Thurstone Social Attitude Scales which measure attitudes of Nationalism, Religionism, and Humanitarianism. Norms obtained at the University of Illinois in 1950 were comparable to pre-war norms on Humanitarianism and Nationalism; on Religionism the Illinois norms were more conservative. Canadian university data show that, in general, men tended to be more liberal than women on Religionism. When compared with an American sample, Canadian students tended to be more liberal. Validity of the three scales was confirmed by data from a projective technique.
Personality Factors of a Canadian Sample of Male University Students
Authors: Butt Dorcas Susan , Signori Edro I.
Published: September 2011

On the 16 P.F. Test, Form A, a sample of male students from the University of British Columbia differed from the American college standardization sample on 5 of 16 factors at the .001 level and from an Australian sample on two factors at the .001 level. These differences cannot be accounted for with confidence due to the intervening times among gathering the three sets of data. However, several widely accepted stereotypes of American-Canadian differences are supported. The U.B.C. students, presumably a more homogeneous group as a smaller percentage attend college in Canada, tended to be more impulsive and immature, more distrustful, shrewd, radical, and self-sufficient than their American counterparts. When the U.B.C. sample was compared with the Australian sample, the U.B.C. students tended to be more impulsive and immature and more introverted. These differences point to the necessity for caution in using the test's standardization norms when interpreting the results of Canadian students and the desirability of developing local norms.
Learning Rate Constant in Relationship to Number of Stimuli and Number of Alternatives
Authors: Nahinsky Irwin D. , Dodd David H.
Published: September 2011

A 3×3 factorial design was used to assess the effects of number of stimuli and of number of response alternatives in paired-associate learning upon the learning rate constant as determined by a duo-process paired-associate learning model. An increase in number of stimuli significantly decreased the learning rate constant while no significant relationship between number of alternatives and the learning rate constant was found.
Concurrent Food- and Water-Reinforced Responding under Food, Water, and Food-Plus-Water Deprivation
Authors: Fallon Daniel , Thompson Donald M. , Schild Mary E.
Published: September 2011

The effect of 22-hr. food, water, and food-plus-water deprivation cycles upon the bar-pressing performance of rats was assessed. In a two-bar experimental chamber, one bar produced intermittent food and another intermittent water reinforcement. Each food reinforcement was approximately equivalent by weight to each water reinforcement, and both bars were concurrently operative on a variable-interval schedule. During the first and last 6 of 18 successive 2-hr. sessions under each deprivation condition, most responses were emitted under food deprivation, next most under food-plus-water deprivation, and least under water deprivation. Rate of responding for food was consistently higher than for water.
A Factor Analysis of Mathematical Giftedness
Authors: Kennedy Wallace A. , Walsh John
Published: September 2011

90 mathematically gifted high school students selected on the basis of aptitude and interest in mathematics were compared with 63 unselected college preparatory high school students in the same general ability range. A principal-component method of factor analysis was used to determine the minimum number of independent dimensions needed to account for the variance in the correlational matrix.
Effect of an Approval-Seeking Induction on Interpersonal Proximity
Authors: Rosenfeld Howard M.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether interpersonal proximity is used as an instrumental act for the attainment of social approval female Ss were assigned approval-seeking or approval-avoiding roles and were compared for their subsequent proximity to a female confederate in an otherwise unstructured social situation. Approval-seeking Ss positioned themselves significantly closer to the confederate. Angles of confrontation did not differ between the experimental groups. The study was interpreted as a first step in the development of a comprehensive description of expressions of positive interpersonal affect in informal interaction.
Enhancement of Avoidance Learning by Strychnine Sulfate
Authors: Gibby R. G. , Gibby R. G. , Kish G. B. , Theologus G. C.
Published: September 2011

Using a .1% solution of strychnine sulfate in normal saline, the shock avoidance lever pressing of 3 groups of Wistar rats was tested with the following pre-trial intraperitoneal injections: (1) 1 mg/kg of strychnine, (2) .5 mg/kg of strychnine and (3) 1 mg/kg of normal saline. Over four successive test days avoidance learning as measured by latencies and number of avoidances was significantly enhanced in the 1-mg/kg strychnine group as compared with the .5-mg/kg strychnine and saline groups. The latter two groups did not differ significantly from each other.
Spontaneous Alternation following Long Intertrial Intervals
Authors: O'Connell Richard H.
Published: September 2011

32 satiated rats were given spontaneous alternation tests with 0-, 6-, and 18-hr. intertrial intervals. Significant alternation, displayed for all intervals, is interpreted as support for a modification of Walker's theory relating alternation and the consolidation process.
Social Influence, Information Processing, and Net Conformity in Dyads
Authors: Willis Richard H.
Published: September 2011

A 2 × 2 × 2 orthogonal design was employed to investigate 2 modes of instructional set (Information Processing and Social Influence), 2 levels of perceived task competence (Subject Superior and Partner Superior), and sex of Ss. The Information Processing set stressed S's use of cues about the partner's performance to improve his own initial performance, while the Social Influence set presented the experiment as one on suggestibility. The primary hypothesis was that there would be a greater difference in net conformity to partners between the 2 competence conditions under the Information Processing set than under the Social Influence set. This hypothesis was confirmed. Data were analyzed in terms of the diamond model of social response. The confirmation of the primary hypothesis is interpreted as the result of the joint effects of perceived instrumentality and acceptability as a means of partner behavior.
Values Associated with Intentions of Cuban Refugees to Remain in the U.S. Army
Authors: Gordon Leonard V. , Medland Francis F.
Published: September 2011

Cuban officers and enlisted men, serving for brief periods in the U. S. Army, were administered the Survey of Interpersonal Values during, respectively, their 10th and 5th weeks in the service. Several weeks later, toward the end of their periods of obligated service, they were asked to specify whether they wished to remain in the Army. For both groups, Conformity and Benevolence were positively associated and Independence was negatively associated with desire to stay in the Army. Results have implications for the prediction of military career orientation and possibly industrial turnover.
Level of Intelligence and Reaction to Frustration on a Verbal Task
Authors: Yager Susan , Harrison Ross
Published: September 2011

Female college students in the highest and lowest quarters for intelligence (college norms) were compared for the effects of frustration on a verbal task upon subsequent verbal productivity. The groups were equated for neuroticism. The brighter students showed an adverse effect which did not hold for students of lower intellectual status.
Memory Trace Disruption by Cortical Spreading Depression
Authors: Bivens Lyle W. , Ray Oakley S.
Published: September 2011

Eight rats were trained under unilateral spreading depression to make a brightness discrimination in a T-maze for water reward. Following training, all Ss were given a single trial (transfer trial) with neither hemisphere depressed. Four Ss were replaced in their home cages for 24 hr. and then the untrained hemisphere was tested by depressing the trained hemisphere. These Ss showed significant transfer of the learning. The other 4 Ss were depressed on the untrained side 1 hr. after the transfer trial. Transfer to the untrained side was then tested 6 hr. after this depression. No transfer appeared in this group, apparently because the depression of the untrained side after the transfer trial disrupted the transferred engram.
Distilled Water and Tap Water as Factors in Taste Preference Experimentation
Authors: Schnorr John A. , Brookshire Kenneth H.
Published: September 2011

Albino rats were permitted to drink either distilled water or tap water from two bottles. Animals with prior experience with distilled water in the home cage showed a consistent preference for distilled water which increased over test sessions; Ss having prior experience with tap water did not show statistically reliable preference behavior. Amount of water deprivation during the test session and length of test session were not significant variables. It was concluded that previous results showing a preference for tap water reflect the operation of several variables including prior experience, but the present experiment casts doubt on interpretations, suggesting that tap water is in some general way more palatable or that tap water and distilled water may be equated when interpreting experiments on taste preference.
Computest: A Computer Language for Individual Testing, Instruction, and Interviewing
Authors: Starkweather John A.
Published: September 2011

The structure and operation of a computer language is presented, an arrangement which allows machine simulation of individual testing, instruction, and interviewing. Sequences of test questions may be written in natural language and a variety of cues may be used for the recognition of a right answer from typewriter input. Variable comments may be stored which are typed for either a right or a wrong answer. Choice of the next question to be asked may be determined by the evaluation of an answer, and scoring is optional for each question. Presented examples demonstrate operation on the IBM 1620.
Brain Stimulation and Control of Behavior
Authors: Wolff Peter C.
Published: September 2011

Current longitudinal studies on rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs suggest that intracranial stimulation can be used to train animals to discriminate, fight, and vocalize. Because of the unique reinforcing properties of ICS, organisms not readily reinforced by conventional methods can be trained.
Status Level of Occupations Chosen and Rejected by Middle and Lower Class Boys and Girls
Authors: Clark Edward T.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that children's occupational choices are superior in status to the occupations they reject was supported by the occupational choices and rejections of 60 middle class boys and 49 girls and 108 lower class boys, but not by those of the 107 lower class girls.
Intelligence Level and Background Factors in Learning Disorders
Authors: Coleman James C. , Sandhu Malathi
Published: September 2011

Background data on 364 Ss referred to a university remedial clinic for children were related to level of intelligence. Significant differences were found for referral problems, family background, health history, developmental problems, and behavior problems.
Home Environment and Death Expectancy of Institutionalized Mental Retardates
Authors: Price W. A. , Sanderson R. E.
Published: September 2011

Examination of the case histories of 68 hospitalized mentally retarded patients who, after being admitted to hospital directly from their homes, died within 1 yr. of admission and who were matched with those of 68 patients who survived beyond a year, showed the home environments prior to hospitalization of those patients who died within the year were judged to be “warmer” and the more supportive than those of patients who survived.
A Validational Study of the Chapin Social Insight Test
Authors: Gough Harrison G.
Published: September 2011

Although little known or used in present-day psychology, the Chapin Social Insight Test appears to be a potentially valuable psychometric tool. It is addressed to a capacity of fundamental importance in interpersonal life, and its conceptual rationale is persuasive. A series of validational studies was therefore undertaken. In 10 male and 4 female samples (total N = 1,330) the Chapin scale was found to correlate significantly with various indices of social sensitivity and social acuity and to identify individuals who impress others as insightful, perceptive, imaginative, and resourceful. The scale was also found to have predictive implications for creative originality and academic persistence or progress.
Transitional Probability in Anagram Solution in a Group Setting: A Replication
Authors: Pinckney George A.
Published: September 2011

An earlier study comparing the solubility of anagrams with high and low digram frequency counts was replicated. Results indicated no significant differences in Ss' ability to solve the two types of anagrams. These negative findings were discussed in light of the dependent variables used in the present and previous studies.
Relation of Sexual Behaviors, Values, and Conflicts to Avowed Happiness
Authors: Wilson Warner R.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire study of 101 college students related attitudes toward sexual intimacy to adjustment, measured by avowed happiness, and to religiosity. Religiosity correlated negatively with liberality and positively with happiness ( r = .33, p < .001). Other trends suggested a relation between unhappiness and several measures of liberality and conflict. The results support other studies in showing a small relationship between adjustment and adherence to traditional, conservative values. Data are discussed in terms of different theories of the role of value conflicts in the etiology of neurosis. Other findings show that in Hawaii Caucasians are more liberal than Orientals, males are more liberal than females, estimates of parental outlook are less liberal than S‘s ideal behavior, and S‘s own behavior is more liberal than his ideal (in boys only) and more conservative than what his peers are believed to accept (in girls only).
Cross-Cultural Validation of a Measure of Asocial Behavior
Authors: Gough Harrison G.
Published: September 2011

The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) seeks to measure dispositions having universal status, of value in forecasting and conceptualizing interpersonal behavior anywhere. Under this rationale, cross-cultural study is imperative. The Socialization scale of the inventory was administered in 8 languages in 10 countries, to totals of 21,772 non-delinquent and 5,052 delinquent males and females. Significant and appropriate differences were observed in all comparisons. Assuming base rates of 20% for females and 30% for males, the optimum cutting score for the delinquent vs non-delinquent dichotomy was 28; using this score, 78% of the males and 85% of the females were correctly classified. Dichotomous classification is therefore possible, but interpretation of scores should nonetheless pay attention to the full continuum of variation.
Leadership Aspiration and Leadership Ability
Authors: Gordon Leonard V. , Medland Francis F.
Published: September 2011

The study explored the question whether a significant relationship exists between the individual's aspiring to be in a leadership position and his leadership ability as estimated by peer ratings. Leadership aspiration was measured once by the Survey of Interpersonal Values (SIV); leadership ability was measured twice, once in each of two different group settings. Ss were men in two companies ( N = 246 and N = 229) of Army basic trainees. For each company, in each of two group settings, the Leadership scale was found to be significantly related to peer ratings of leadership ability. In all four instances, significant negative relationships were found between the Support scale of the SIV and the peer-rating criterion. These findings indicate that certain measurable aspects of the individual's need or value structure may have potential for predicting certain leadership criteria.
The Homeless Man
Authors: Levinson Boris M.
Published: September 2011

Recent studies bearing on the characteristics of the homeless man are reviewed. It is suggested that isolation of culturally determined personality factors of the homeless person be explored.
Approval Motive and Acceptance of “Fake” Personality Test Interpretations which Differ in Favorability
Authors: Mosher Donald L.
Published: September 2011

The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability (M-C SD) scale has been interpreted as measuring a need for social approval and then, more recently, as a measure of vulnerable self-esteem. The present study placed Ss in a situation where gaining approval from the psychologist required accepting unfavorable personality test interpretations as personally characteristic of them when acceptance would lower their self-esteem. High-scoring Ss on the M-C SD scale were more likely to accept favorable but less likely to accept unfavorable “fake” personality test interpretations from the psychologist than were the low scoring Ss on M-C SD.
Compound Verbal Stimuli and Word Association
Authors: Rouse Richard O. , Verinis J. Scott
Published: September 2011

In two replications, 97 and 122 Williams College students in elementary psychology classes were given two lists of word pairs with instructions to give a discrete free associate to each pair. List A contained word-pairs designed to increase the frequency of the normative primary responses and List B contained pairs designed to increase the range of responses. The results showed that significantly fewer different responses and significantly higher frequencies for the primary responses were given to List A than to List B. Compared to the single-word norms, responses to List A had higher, and to List B, lower, commonality. Two factors were used in constructing List A: (1) the stimulus pair denoted or connoted a third word; (2) in common speech, a third word frequently follows the stimulus pair. The List B pairs lacked these factors, or had them in a low degree.
Effects of the Cuban Crisis Upon Attitudes Related to War and Peace
Authors: Epstein Edmund N.
Published: September 2011

Shifts in attitudes related to war and peace were observed after the Cuban crisis in 128 enlisted candidates for the U. S. Naval Submarine Service.
Some Limitations of Existing Scales in the Measurement of Social Attitudes
Authors: Diab Lutfy N.
Published: September 2011

Some of the problems involved in the measurement of social attitudes are pointed out and briefly discussed, with particular relevance to the measurement of apparently “moderate” or “neutral” attitudes. The concepts of latitude of acceptance and latitude of rejection developed by Sherif and Hovland, as well as the semantic differential procedure devised by Osgood, are critically evaluated and briefly commented upon in the light of recent research conducted by the writer on attitude measurement. Finally, a suggested revision and combination of present techniques is briefly described.
Food-Reinforced Response Decrements as a Function of Amount of Ionizing X-Irradiation
Authors: Smith Richard K. , Elder S. Thomas , Stokes Stuart K. , Rye Merrill M. , Meckstroth George R.
Published: September 2011

32 malt albino rats, about 90, 120, or 150 days of age and weighing between 240 and 340 gm. at the start of the experiment, were employed in a study in which whole body X-irradiation dose level was the independent variable and number of VR-3 food reinforced bar-presses pet session the dependent variable. On the 12th day of training, Ss were assigned without bias to one of the four following whole-body X-irradiation doses: (1) 0 rad, (2) 285 rad, (3) 570 rad, or (4) 855 rad. An analysis of responses made by the four treatment groups over 10 days of post-irradiation observation yielded significant main effects attributable to differences in amount of X-irradiation and to daily experimental sessions. The interaction of days with level of irradiation was also significant. The amount of initial response decrement was directly related to the amount of irradiation received, with maximum differentiation occurring about the fourth day after treatment.
Acquisition and Transfer of Zero-Delay Matching
Authors: Cumming William W. , Berryman Robert , Cohen Leila R.
Published: September 2011

Six birds were trained to match-to-sample with red, green, and blue stimuli on a zero-delay procedure in which the sample stimulus is presented and then removed at the same time the choice stimuli are presented. The acquisition functions for zero-celay matching show it to be a more difficult task for pigeons than simultaneous matching where the choice response can be made with the sample present. After 42 sessions with red, green, and blue stimuli, yellow stimuli were substituted wherever the blue stimuli had appeared to test the transfer of the matching performance. The results from the transfer tests are considered in terms of a “coding hypothesis.”
Group Cohesion and Conformity Behavior
Authors: Moran Gary
Published: September 2011

Group differences in levels of cohesion and motivation were unrelated to conformity to social pressure in a judgmental perceptual situation thereby failing to support Festinger's cohesion theory.
The Rat's Adjustment to Repeated Exposure to 72-Hour Food Deprivation
Authors: Wright John H.
Published: September 2011

18 male albino rats were exposed to repeated cycles of 72-hr. food deprivation and 120 hr. of recovery. Over successive recovery periods Ss exhibited increases in food intake, decreases in wheel running, and decreases in the amount of recovery time required to regain and surpass pre-deprivation body-weight levels. Increases in activity occurred during 72-hr. deprivation and were found to show an increase over successive deprivations. In a second phase of the experiment the response to 72-hr. deprivation with increases in wheel running was found to be greater for rats permitted to run during recovery than for rats not permitted to run during recovery. These findings suggested that the response to 72-hr. deprivation with increases in activity is determined in part by a previous history of opportunity for reinforcement of the wheel-running response by ingestion.
Temporal Relations and Meaningfulness in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Mueller Donald J. , Travers Robert M. W.
Published: September 2011

Each of 34 Ss was presented with a list of 12 paired associates which were arranged according to high-low or low-high stimulus and response meaningfulness and also in a simultaneous or sequential time relationship. Meaningfulness level on the stimulus side of the dyad rather than on the response side was found to be more crucial for learning, and significantly more learning occurred also when the dyads were presented in the simultaneous condition. The findings were discussed in terms of both association theory and the differences between the present procedure and the conventional anticipation method.
A Factorial Study of Praise and Blame
Authors: Kennedy Wallace A. , Willcutt Herman C.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of praise and blame on the discrimination performance of 720 Ss as a function of race (Negro, white), grade (2, 4, 7, 10). intelligence (high, medium, low), and sex was studied. Analysis of variance indicated that in situations involving perceptual skills, with speed as the criterion measure, reproof had a debilitating effect upon performance, while praise resulted in an increase in performance larger than that associated with practice alone.
Perceived Importance and Obtainability of Certain Values Associated with Naval Service
Authors: Blumenfeld Warren S.
Published: September 2011

A personnel turnover hypothesis involving the congruity of values between the individual and the institution was examined in 2 samples of reenlisted electronics personnel in the Navy. Each sample rated 10 values generally associated with naval service in terms of the importance of the values to them and the obtainability of the values in the Navy. In both samples, the ratings were highly reliable; and certain of the values were rated significantly higher than others. In both samples, the relationship between perceived importance and obtainability was essentially zero. The data neither refuted nor supported the original hypothesis; methodological considerations were discussed.
Note on “Disinhibition”
Authors: Marshall Hermine H. , Cowan Philip A.
Published: September 2011

Use of the term “disinhibition” by social learning theorists is criticized on several grounds. (1) Use of a descriptive term as an explanatory concept is circular. (2) Since the term carries specific explanatory meaning stemming from traditional learning theory, adding another meaning to a single term is likely to cause unnecessary confusion. Altering the name of the term, e.g., “de-inhibition” might help clarify the literature. (3) Where the same term is used to explain seemingly different situations, one is uncertain as to whether the implied underlying process is indeed a single one. (4) The underlying process postulated by Bandura and Walters to account for “disinhibition” is the counterconditioning or extinction of anxiety responses, but the possibly crucial role of E and the experimental arrangements in mediating the effect of the model have been overlooked. Further research regarding the presence of anxiety responses and the effect of the experimental arrangements seems necessary before conclusions can be reached as to the process underlying increments in deviant responses and their generalizability to real life situations.
Development of a New Set of MMPI Scales
Authors: Finney Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

By item analysis from clinical judgments, 45 new MMPI scales were derived to measure personality processes thought to be basic and clinically important, such as drives or urges, defense mechanisms, and patterns of personal interaction.
Further Evidence that Strongest Free-Recalled Items are not Recalled First
Authors: Battig William F.
Published: September 2011

Order of free recall of items given correctly for the first time on the same trial did not show a monotonic relationship to subsequent recall, which was better for first and last than intermediate initial recall positions. These results corroborate and extend Battig, Allen, and Jensen's (1965) demonstration that previously incorrect items tend to be given earlier in free recall than previously correct items.
Correlates of Verbal Paired-Associate Learning in Children
Authors: McCullers John C.
Published: September 2011

Although a number of investigations of paired-associate (PA) learning have been conducted with children, little effort has been made to determine the relationship between ability in PA tasks and other subject variables. This study correlated PA performance of elementary school children with measures of intelligence, anxiety, and achievement. Two lists were studied, one consisting of strongly associated word pairs, and one of weak pairs. Relationships between various subject variables and PA performance on the strong pairs was not significant. Performance on the weak pairs, however, correlated significantly with the IQ, reading, vocabulary, and comprehensive achievement level of the children.
Differential Effects of “Brainstorming” Instructions Upon High and Low Creative Subjects
Authors: Turner Winston M. , Rains Jack D.
Published: September 2011

Thirty high and 29 low creative Ss, tested for the effects of “brainstorming” upon idea production, responded positively to “brainstorming” instructions. It is suggested that this finding points to true underlying differences in creative ability between the groups.
Parental Attitudes toward Children's Hospitalization Experiences
Authors: Barclay Allan
Published: September 2011

Three groups of parents, whose children had had differing medical conditions and associated hospitalization experiences, were asked to indicate their attitudes toward “illness,” “hospital,” and “doctor” on a semantic differential scale. Group 1 (leukemia) parents were extremely negative in their attitudes toward “illness” but generally very favorable toward “hospital” and “doctor.” Group 2 (tonsillectomy) and Group 3 (plastic surgery) were relatively neutral toward “illness” and quite positive toward “hospital” and “doctor.” Implications were discussed.
Distance, Group Dispersion and Opinion Change
Authors: Rule Brendan Gail , Renner John
Published: September 2011

This study extended previous findings with respect to distance and group dispersion as determinants of opinion change. Change in the direction advocated by a group increased as discrepancy between S's opinion and the group norm increased. Change increased as homogeneity of group opinions increased.
On Clinical Diagnosis and Prediction
Authors: Guiora Alexander Z.
Published: September 2011

This paper distinguishes among three different modes of comprehending through which diagnostic and predictive clinical judgments are reached. A brief discussion and definition of each of these modes, that is, inference, empathy, and intuition, are offered in order to indicate that differentiation is possible. It is felt that continued exploration of these processes promises to provide more fruitful understanding of what is now often accepted merely as inexplicable and “uncanny” clinical judgment.
Desensitization and Fear Conditioning
Authors: Strouthes Andrew
Published: September 2011

Varied numbers of electroshock administrations followed by equal numbers of CS-UCS paired presentations were given to 7 groups of male albino rats to study desensitization and fear conditioning. Conditioned fear R, measured by the obstruction apparatus, was weaker in rats shocked prior to fear conditioning.
Self-Determined Stimulus Trains of ICSS Delivered to Preoptic and Forebrain Regions as a Function of Biphasic Rectangular Pulse Frequency
Authors: Elder S. Thomas , Work Murray S.
Published: September 2011

Three rats with electrodes implanted in the preoptic area were trained to administer trains of rectangular biphasic pulses to their own brains for as long as they held a lever down. With pulse frequency as the independent variable it was found that mean response duration was a negatively accelerated decreasing function of pulse frequency. The relation between response rate and frequency suggests an inverted U-shaped function. Other Ss with electrodes placed more anteriorly (forebrain), under conditions of self-administered electrical stimulation would depress the box and hold it down until a convulsion was produced.
Variables Affecting Avoidance Conditioning in Free-Responding and Discrete-Trial Situations
Authors: Fitzgerald Robert D. , Brown Judson S.
Published: September 2011

The wheel-turning performance of 140 hooded rats was studied both in a free-responding and in a discrete-trial avoidance situation. A 3 × 2 × 2 design, involving comparisons of three intertrial intervals (15, 30, and 60 sec.), two CS-UCS intervals (constant and variable), and two wheel-rotation criteria (90° and 360°), was employed in the free-responding condition. Differential avoidance was found to be a positive increasing function of the length of the intertrial interval, but it was not affected substantially by CS-UCS interval or by the rotation requirement. No group's performance exceeded 42% on any day. Performance with the discrete-trial technique improved significantly in the case of the 15 sec. ITI but not for the 60-sec. ITI. Problems involved in making meaningful comparisons of free-responding and discrete-trial procedures were discussed.
Effect of Various Degrees of Stomach Loading on the Sucking Response in Puppies
Authors: James W. T. , Rollins Jack
Published: September 2011

Rather large injections of gruel directly into the stomach of 7 puppies deprived from 3½ to 4 hr. did not terminate the sucking response. The amount injected varied from 1 gm. gruel to 10 gm. body weight to 1 gm. to 49 gm. body weight. On tests in which the amount injected was determined by the puppies' natural intake on the previous day, all Ss sucked after injection. These data emphasize the vigor of the sucking response in puppies and its occurrence relatively independent of a full stomach.
Effects of Specific Instructions to Fake on Gordon Personal Profile Scores
Authors: Braun John R.
Published: September 2011

The Gordon Personal Profile was administered under normal instructions and under one of two faking instructions to 4 groups of college students. Scores on Ascendancy, Responsibility, and Emotional Stability were found to increase markedly under the faking instructions. Total score, the number of favorable alternatives chosen by S, was shown to be quite useful in detecting faking. The importance of the specific directions given Ss in faking studies was emphasized.
Self-Control Procedures in Personal Behavior Problems
Authors: Goldiamond Israel
Published: September 2011

A rationale for the use of self-control procedures in counseling is presented, along with illustrative material from several case studies. Self-control, as used here, involves specification of the behavioral deficit or desired behaviors which are lacking, and having S himself set up or program the conditions which may produce the desired behavioral modification. The procedures selected are extensions from laboratory research in operant modification of behavior, and the counseling sessions may include training S in behavior analysis, with his own behaviors as the experimental data.
Adjustment of the Rat to the 23-HR. Food-Deprivation Schedule under Two Conditions of Water Availability
Authors: Dufort Robert H. , Rollins Howard A. , Funderburk Anne J.
Published: September 2011

Adjustment of rats to the 23-hr. food deprivation schedule was affected by presence or absence of water during the daily 1-hr. food-intake period. Ss with water adjusted in 15–20 days; Ss without water required an estimated 30–35 days to adjust.
Unequal Equal Intervals: A Paradox in the Measurement of Intelligence
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Stone Leroy A.
Published: September 2011

The hypotheses were that expert judges (e.g., psychologists, social workers, psychiatrists) would perceive intervals of intelligence as follows: (a) Psychometrically equal intervals from different ranges of intelligence (e.g., medium vs low) are judged as psychologically unequal. (b) Traditional boundaries of intellectual categories profoundly influence experts' judgments. (c) Intervals from the higher ranges of intelligence are judged to be relatively larger than equal intervals from the lower ranges. The hypotheses were essentially confirmed. The nature of intelligence from the viewpoint of the expert judge is a series of unequal, ordered categories, with unequal but interval scale measurement characteristics within categories.
Solution of a Detour Problem by Rats in Elevated and Ground Mazes
Authors: Grosser George S. , Resnick Norman H.
Published: September 2011

The problem was (1) to determine whether rats would select a previously avoided, long detour when a direct path to food is blocked and the food is also inaccessible via a previously preferred, intermediate length path; and (2) to test Tolman's claim that this ability exists with an elevated maze but not with a ground maze. Only one rat, in the ground maze, chose the correct, long route. This animal ran the maze much more rapidly than the others. It appears that running speed may be related to insight but not maze type.
A Short Table for Both the Sign Test and Estimation of the Median for Sample Sizes to 1,000
Authors: Mackinnon William J.
Published: September 2011

A table enables the researcher to perform the sign test and distribution-free interval estimation of the median. By virtue of using the critical sample-size as entry and also providing instructions about the simple calculating required for some applications, the table combines shortness of format and breadth of applicability, encompassing 12 probability levels and sample sizes to 1,000.
A Technique for the Analysis of Affect in Early Memories
Authors: Wynne Ronald D. , Schaffzin Barbara
Published: September 2011

A technique for analyzing affect in early memories, based on Plutchik's theory of emotion, is outlined. Scores are reliable and show suggestive correlations with standard personality and cognitive measures. Current projects are discussed, and suggestions for applications offered. A scoring manual is available.
Conditioning History and Maladaptive Human Operant Behavior
Authors: Weiner Harold
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are presented which examined the effects of different past experiences (histories of conditioning) upon maladaptive human behavior in an operant conditioning laboratory situation. In Exp. I, unnecessary punished responding under a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule was shown to result from a history of fixed-ratio conditioning. In Exp. II low rates of variable-interval responding which produced unnecessary reinforcement loss followed a history of conditioning under a differential reinforcement of low rate schedule.
Relationships among Originality, Intelligence, Scholastic Achievement, and Scholastic Ability Measures
Authors: Sciortino Rio
Published: September 2011

A principal components analysis was performed on the scores obtained from a vocabulary test, the GPA, the OSPE and the four subscores of a Solutions Test, adaptiveness, inventiveness, relevance, and quantity ( N = 92 undergraduate male students). Kaiser's normal varimax procedure yielded the following five factors: adaptiveness, verbal intelligence, inventiveness, general scholastic achievement, and verbal scholastic ability. Another principal components analysis was performed on the scores obtained from a vocabulary test, the GPA, the OSPE and the four subscores of an Interpretations Test, denotativeness, connotativeness, appropriateness, and quantity ( N = 95 undergraduate males). Kaiser's normal varimax procedure yielded the following five factors: denotativeness, verbal intelligence, connotativeness, general scholastic achievement, and verbal scholastic ability.
Problems of Magnitude Measurement with Multiple GSRS
Authors: Grings William W. , Lockhart Russell A.
Published: September 2011

In long delay or trace conditioning more than one maximum for the GSR response curve is obtained. CRs expressed as magnitudes of response may employ either stimulus onset points or response onset points as base levels from which to measure changes (GSRs). Data are presented to demonstrate that different magnitude measures (those from CS onset and from CR onset) may yield different sensitivity to independent variation and different values for empirically defined conditioning phenomena. Further data show that responses occurring in close succession during a trial may be interdependent.
Do Objective Professional Examinations Involve Reasoning?
Authors: Newman Sidney H. , Howell Margaret A.
Published: September 2011

An objective professional examination in medicine and three relatively “pure” tests of reasoning were administered to a key development group of 88 medical interns and a cross-validation group of 83 interns. Results suggest that professional examination items involving reasoning can be identified by a physician or by item-analysis against reasoning tests. Judgmentally identified items correlated .35 to .49 with general and deductive reasoning; items identified by item-analysis correlated on cross-validation, .37 to .46 with these reasoning factors. (Spearman-Brown estimates were in the .50-.70 range.)
Free Association Responses as a Function of Age and Stimulus Frequency
Authors: Rokosz Saundra F. , Correll R. E.
Published: September 2011

Free association responses to 49 words at two Thorndike-Lorge frequency counts were obtained from young and old Ss. Twenty-six words at the 2–5 frequency count and 23 words at the 20–25 frequency count were administered to 509 young and 95 old Ss. The response pattern of the old group was analyzed in relation to the response primary for the young group. Results were analyzed by relative frequency of the primary response to each stimulus word and by the number of omissions to each word. Older Ss had more omissions and deviated from the younger group in their responses to approximately one-half the stimulus words. Results suggest caution in construction of word lists to study age differences in paired-associate learning and memory.
Peabody's Agreement Response Set Measure: Reply to Samelson
Authors: Miklich Donald Robert
Published: September 2011

On the basis of a partial reanalysis of the data in Peabody's 1961 study of Agreement Response Set, Samelson (1964) has concluded that Peabody's double agreement score measures item rather than subject characteristics. This paper argues that the data which the reanalysis presents are not only consistent with Peabody's interpretation, but predictable from it. Data from another source are presented to show that double agreement scores do measure subject characteristics.
Modification of the Syracuse Scales of Social Relations for Administration in the Third and Fourth Grades and in Special Classes for the Mentally Retarded
Authors: De Jung John E.
Published: September 2011

Certain assumptions and procedures for administering the Syracuse Scales of Social Relations are examined, using classes of elementary and educable mentally retarded school children and a modified Syracuse Scales developed and administered to a sample of 400 third through sixth grade and special class children. The detailed analysis of these data supports the use of the modification for this population.
Learning of Abstract Responses by Process and Reactive Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: True John E.
Published: September 2011

20 male patients rated as process schizophrenics were compared with 20 reactive schizophrenics and 20 non-psychiatric patients on a learning task designed to elicit increasing numbers of abstract responses. Only the process group did not manifest significant learning under the conditions of the study. Reactive schizophrenics and normals learned to respond more abstractly and there was no significant difference in over-all learning between these two groups. Results support the meaningfulness of the process-reactive distinction.
Birth Order, Research Participation, and Social Participation of Peace Corps Volunteers
Authors: Armilla Jose
Published: September 2011

A parsimonious explanation was offered why ordinal position might be related to participation in specific activities as revealed in recent studies. Two hypotheses were developed and tested using a sample of 222 Peace Corps volunteers. The first hypothesis was that more first borns than later borns will respond immediately to an appeal by mail and actually participate in research. The second hypothesis was that first borns from large families engage in fewer social activities than do second borns. The statistically significant results supported the hypotheses and were consistent with previous empirical findings.
Rapid Extinction of an Avoidance Response following a Period of Response Prevention in the Avoidance Apparatus
Authors: Baum Morrie
Published: September 2011

Thirty-three rats were trained to avoid shock in a novel avoidance apparatus that required S to climb or jump onto a ledge in order to avoid. When Ss had achieved a learning criterion, they were assigned to one of three groups, each of which received a different experimental treatment prior to extinction training. Group I, the normal-control group, received no interruption between acquisition and extinction. Group II, the time-control group, spent a 5-min. interval on the safety ledge between the last acquisition trial and the first extinction trial. Group III, the experimental response-prevention group, spent a 5-min. interval on the grid floor of the apparatus between acquisition and extinction. For Group III Ss, the ledge was removed from the apparatus to prevent the occurrence of avoidance responses during the response-prevention interval. The results showed that Group III (response-prevention) Ss extinguished significantly sooner, confirming previous findings.
Creative Thinking Abilities of Intellectually Superior Children in the Regular Grades
Authors: Smith Robert M. , Neisworth John T.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine on which of 18 creativity factors a group of 60 intellectually bright students in regular fifth grade classes would differ from a group of intellectually normal Ss (matched on sex, race, socio-economic position, school, and classroom setting) when variables of possible influence were either not controlled or were covaried in different ways. Eight Guilford-type tests were used to assess factors of creativity. Without statistical control, the gifted exceeded significantly the normals on 8 of 14 verbal factors but on none of the non-verbal dimensions. When different variables were controlled singly and in combination, significant differences appeared on the dependent variables. Separate correlations for gifted and normal Ss indicated differences in the way intelligence and achievement related to creativity factors for the groups.