bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON QUANTUM SEMIGROUP ACTIONS ON FINITE QUANTUM SPACES
Authors: SOŁTAN PIOTR MIKOŁAJ
Published: October 2009

We show that a continuous action of a quantum semigroup [Formula: see text] on a finite quantum space (finite dimensional C*-algebra) preserving a faithful state comes from a continuous action of the quantum Bohr compactification [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text]. Using the classification of continuous compact quantum group actions on M2, we give a complete description of all continuous quantum semigroup actions on this quantum space preserving a faithful state.
THE ASYMMETRIC EXCLUSION QUANTUM MARKOV SEMIGROUP
Authors: PANTALEÓN-MARTÍNEZ LEOPOLDO , QUEZADA ROBERTO
Published: October 2009

In this paper we study a class of quantum Markov semigroups whose restriction to an abelian sub-algebra coincides, on the configurations with finite support, with the exclusion type semigroups introduced in Liggett's book14 of exchange rates [Formula: see text] not symmetric in the index site r, s. We find a sufficient condition for the existence of infinitely many faithful diagonal (or classical) invariant states for the semigroup, that satisfy a quantum detailed balance condition. This class of semigroups arises naturally in the stochastic limit of quantum interacting particles in the sense of Accardi and Kozyrev.1 We call these semigroups asymmetric exclusion quantum Markov semigroups and the associated processes asymmetric exclusion quantum processes.
COMPOSITION OPERATORS ON HAAGERUP Lp-SPACES
Authors: GOLDSTEIN S. , LABUSCHAGNE L. E.
Published: October 2009

Building on the ideas of Ref.14 we indicate how the concept of a composition operator may be extended to the context of Haagerup Lp-spaces.
ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY OF NONLINEAR DELAY-DIFFERENCE SYSTEM VIA MATRIX INEQUALITIES AND APPLICATION
Authors: RATCHAGIT K.
Published: October 2009

In this paper, we derive a sufficient condition for asymptotic stability of the zero solution of delay-difference system of nonlinear delay-difference system in terms of certain matrix inequalities by using a discrete version of the Lyapunov second method. The result is applied to obtain new stability condition in terms of certain matrix inequalities for some class of nonlinear delay-difference system such as delay-difference system of nonlinear delay-difference system with multiple delays in terms of certain matrix inequalities. Our results can be well suited for computational purposes.
THE NONLINEAR ELASTIC–PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF JOINTED ROCK MASS USING ELEMENT FREE GALERKIN METHOD
Authors: HATAF N. , HAJIAZIZI M. , GHAHRAMANI A.
Published: October 2009

In this paper the application of mesh-free (Element Free Galerkin) method in analyzing the nonlinear and elastic-plastic behavior of jointed rock mass is presented. The domain is represented by a set of arbitrary distributed nodes and the essential boundary conditions are enforced using penalty method. The Patton's failure criterion was used for behavior of joint failure. Few examples, showing the effectiveness of the method in predicting the elastic-plastic behavior of jointed rocks are presented and the results are compared well with finite difference method.
THERMAL BUCKLING RESPONSE OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATE WITH RANDOM SYSTEM PROPERTIES
Authors: LAL ACHCHHE , SINGH B. N.
Published: October 2009

This paper deals with second-order statistics of buckling temperature of shear deformable laminated composite plates resting on elastic foundation with random system properties. The temperature field is assumed to be a uniform distribution over the plate surface and through the plate thickness. The material properties are assumed to be independent of temperature. Based on the higher-order deformation theory, C0 finite element in conjunction with mean-centered first-order perturbation technique is proposed and applied to derive the random thermal eigenvalue problems. A detailed parametric study is carried out to highlight the sensitivity of the response. The results are compared with existing and Monte Carlo simulation.
Equilibrium studies on lithium(I) transfer into ionic liquid with a water-soluble octabromoporphyrin (H2(OBTMPyP)4+) from aqueous phase
Authors: Shimomura Takuya , Tabata Masaaki , Nishimoto Jun
Published: October 2009

A water-soluble octabromoporphyrin 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (H2(OBTMPyP)4+), H2P4+) and its lithium complex, Li(OBTMPyP)3+ , (LiP3+) , transferred quantitatively to an ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM+PF6-) with no addition of other counter ions. The acid-dissociation constants of H2(OBTMPyP)4+ between aqueous and BMIM+PF6- phases were determined spectrophotometrically and found to be 10-7.67 and 10-11.33 at I = 0.1 for K a1,IL = [H+]aq[HP3+]IL/[H2P4+]IL and K a2,IL = [H+]aq[P2+]IL/[HP3+]IL , respectively. Since the acid-dissociation constants involve the partition of H2(OBTMPyP)4+ between aqueous and IL phases, the determined values are ten times as low as those observed in aqueous solution. The transfer equilibrium constants of LiP3+ and NaP3+ to IL defined by K MP,IL = [MP3+]IL/[M+]aq[P2+]IL (M = Li+ or Na+) were found to be 104.83 and 101.31 for K LiP,IL and KNaP,IL , respectively. LiP3+ transferred selectively in the presence of Na+ (K LiP,IL /K NaP,IL = 103.52) to IL phase through an ion-exchange mechanism between BMIM+PF6- and Li(OBTMPyP)3+ .
Some cationic porphyrins: synthesis, stabilization of G-quadruplexes, and down-regulation ofc-mycin Hep G2 cells
Authors: Wang Shao R. , Zhang Dan , Luo Feng L. , Liu Lin , Weng Xiao C. , Huang Jing , Li Guo R. , Zhang Xiao L. , Zhou Xiang
Published: October 2009

The stabilization of G-quadruplex DNA represents an attractive strategy for the design and development of novel antitumor drugs. In the present work, we have designed and synthesized nine cationic porphyrins, each with four side arms at their meso positions. The interactions of these porphyrins with both human telomeric DNA and NHE III1G-quadruplexes were measured by various DNA binding assays, including polymerase stop assay, circular dichroism (CD) and CD melting assay. We then proceeded to investigate their effects on the expression of c-myc oncogene in the Hep G2 cell line. The experimental results indicate that these porphyrins are capable of effectively inducing or stabilizing both human telomeric and NHE III1G-quadruplexes in the presence or absence of metal ions. Furthermore, we have discovered that porphyrins with a stronger stabilizing effect on c-myc G-quadruplexes lead to more pronounced down-regulation of the c-myc oncogene in the Hep G2 cell line.
Aminomethylation of chlorophyll a derivatives using bis(N,N-dimethylamino)methane
Authors: Belykh Dmitri V. , Tarabukina Irina S. , Gruzdev Ivan V. , Kodess Mikhail I. , Kutchin Aleksandr V.
Published: October 2009

Bis(N,N-dimethylamino)methane has been shown to be a convenient reagent for the aminomethylation of chlorophyll a derivatives. Methylpheophorbide a (in enol form) and chlorin e 6 13-amides were aminomethylated with bis(N,N-dimethylamino)methane. Reactivity of methylpheophorbide a exo-ring and chlorin e 6 13-amides vinyl group were shown to be different. Selective methylpheophorbide a exo-ring aminomethylation was realized and isomerization of the exo-ring aminomethylation product with rhodochlorin 15-acrylic derivative formation was studied. The action of bis(N,N-dimethylamino)-methane in the presence of weak acid has been shown to be a simple and effective synthetic procedure to obtain a new chlorin e 6 derivative with two N,N-dimethylaminomethyl substituents in the vinyl group. The aminomethylation products' high yields, the simplicity of the procedure, the use of metal-free chlorines and the possible synthesis of new compounds, were found to be the main advantages of using bis(N,N-dimethylamino)methane as an aminomethylation reagent in chlorophyll a derivatives' chemistry.
Structural effects of core-modified porphyrins in dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Xie Yu , Joshi Prakash , Ropp Mike , Galipeau David , Zhang Lifeng , Fong Hao , You Youngjae , Qiao Qiquan
Published: October 2009

A series of core-modified porphyrins with different meso aryl groups ( R 1), anchoring groups ( R 2), and core atoms (X) were studied as light-harvesting sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). DSSCs were fabricated using these porphyrins as well as TiO2 nanoparticles with a particle diameter of around 25 nm. A dense layer of TiO2 was deposited as an interfacial layer on fluorine-doped tin dioxide (FTO) substrates. A TiO2 nanocrystalline film was then deposited on the dense layer by spin coating. The comparison of DSSC performance from different core-modified porphyrins was studied. The UV-vis absorption spectroscopy of porphyrin films attached on TiO2 and porphyrin solutions were also measured. The results indicated that both anchoring and meso aryl groups impacted on cell performance. The cell efficiency was correlated to the absorption of porphyrin films attached on TiO2 at the Soret band.
Microwave-assisted expeditious O-alkylation of meso-hydroxyphenylporphyrins
Authors: Chaleix Vincent , Couleaud Pierre , Sol Vincent , Zerrouki Rachida , Alves Sandra , Krausz Pierre
Published: October 2009

A mild method for O-alkylation of meso-hydroxyphenylporphyrin has been developed using microwave irradiation. This method is clean and efficient for many substrates and results in significant improvement in reaction yield and in a dramatic decrease in reaction time in comparison to thermal heating.
Thermodynamic investigation of manganese(III) 5-(1-(4-carboxybutyl)pyridinium-4-yl) 10,15,20-tris-(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin with calf thymus DNA
Authors: Dezhampanah Hamid , Bordbar Abdol-Khalegh , Tangestaninejad Shahram
Published: October 2009

Binding properties of two water-soluble porphyrins, manganese(III) 5-(1-(4-carboxybutyl)pyridinium-4-yl) 10,15,20-tris(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin ( Mn(III)5-CBPyP ) and manganese(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin ( Mn(III)TMPyP ), in the presence of various concentration of calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA), has been studied in 7.5 mM phosphate buffer, pH = 7.2 and at various temperatures by UV-vis absorption, resonance light scattering (RLS) and fluorescence spectroscopy and viscosity measurement. Optical absorption and RLS measurements have demonstrated three different species of both porphyrins form in DNA solution. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated by van't Hoff equation at various temperatures. The values of -4.89 kJ.mol-1 and +65.98 J.mol-1.K-1 for Mn(III)5-CBPyP and -14.92 kJ.mol-1 and +15.46 J mol-1.K-1 for TMPyP were estimated for enthalpy and entropy changes of interaction, respectively. The data indicate that the process is exothermic and enthalpy- and entropy-driven, suggesting that electrostatic forces play a considerable role in the interaction process. The binding of both porphyins to DNA quenches fluorescence emission of ethidium bromide (EB) and the quenching process obeys linear Stern-Volmer relationship, indicating the quenching of electron transfer of EB from its binding sites by these porphyrins. The results of using these techniques indicate the external mode of binding for both porphyrins and a higher binding affinity of Mn(III)5-CBPyP with respect to Mn(III)TMPyP .
Synthesis and optical properties of tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine containing phenylene dendron unit as a peripheral substituent
Authors: Jang Chun Keun , Jaung Jae Yun
Published: October 2009

A dendritic shell can create a distinct micro-environment within its core. It also has the advantage of possessing unique photochemical, photophysical, electrochemical, and catalytic properties. Polyphenylene dendrons, which are characterized by their shape-persistent structures and out-of-plane twisted phenyl components, have previously been successfully attached to various functional groups. We have recently developed a convenient method for synthesizing a new type of porphyrazine that contains both flexible (linear) and more rigid (dendritic) groups. The synthesis of this completely aromatic and dendronic structure is unique in that it is based on a [2+4] Diels-Alder cycloaddition of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone to an ethynyl compound, followed by the elimination of carbon monoxide. In this study, tetrapyrazinoporphyrazinato metal and metal-free complexes were prepared by mixing 2,3-dicyano-5-polyphenylpyrazines with magnesium in n-butanol. The synthesized tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF-MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass) spectrometry, elemental analysis and 1 H NMR spectroscopy.
On some Fossiliferous Beds overlying the Red Crag at Chillesford, near Orford, Suffolk
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: October 2009

Conclusions

From the few facts above detailed it would at all events appear that the coralline and red crags are on the hills north of Orford overlaid unconformably by a deposit ten to twenty feet thick of a distinct mineral and palæontological character. In Iken parish this deposit clearly reposes upon the coralline crag, and at Chillesford the red crag is at one point shown to occur below it, and at another to outcrop at a short distance from it on a lower level. The red crag is also frequently found between these two places on the slopes of the hills, the summits of which are capped by the clays and sands. The following section would therefore, I infer, represent the structure of this part of the country.
On the Position in which Shells are found in the Red Crag
Authors: Ringler-Thomson T. G.
Published: October 2009

T
he
unvarying position of the bivalve and univalve shells in the red crag formation of Suffolk and Essex, in many localities, has not, that I am aware of, been ever publicly discussed. The inexhaustible stores of Pectunculi in this formation, as well as the other less numerous bivalves, are deposited in layers of various thickness, from six inches to as many or more feet, each shell having its inside or concavity downwards, and the umbones of the shells having in general an easterly direction.
Notes on Remains of Fossil Reptiles discovered by Prof. Henry Rogers of Pennsylvania, U.S., in Greensand Formations of New Jersey
Authors: Owen
Published: October 2009

T
he
paper descriptive of the series of fossils submitted to me in November 1848 by Prof. Rogers, and read at the meeting of the Society on the 31st of January 1849, has been unfortunately lost; the rough notes taken on the inspection of the fossils have likewise been mislaid, and I am compelled, therefore, in order that the benefit designed by Prof. Rogers to English palæontologists, by bringing over the above collection of rare and valuable instructive fossils, should not be wholly lost, to give now such notes as my restricted leisure will permit of the specimens which have been selected for the subjects of Plates X. & XI.
On Supposed Casts of Footprints in the Wealden
Authors: Beckles S. H.
Published: October 2009

C
ertain
large trifid bodies, presenting a resemblance to the casts of the impressions of birds′ feet, are rather numerous in the cliffs to the east and west of Hastings (from the latter locality Mr. Beckles has obtained eight specimens), in a limestone containing
Cyrencæ
, remains of
Lepidotus
, &c., and Dr. Mantell has discovered a specimen in the Wealden of the Isle of Wight.

Several specimens, detached from the cliffs, have been taken from the beach; but at about four miles east of Hastings, where the cliffs are about 200 feet high, the casts occur at about 40 feet above the sea-level. They were found in a stratum of rock, overlying a bed of clay; which latter having been removed by rain and weather, the casts appeared in relief on the under-surface of the rock, just as if they were hanging from the ceiling of a room.

One detached block obtained at this place bears four of these trifid bodies in relief; they are arranged with the toes pointing in a uniform direction, so as to mark out a nearly perfect square. A distance of 2 ft. 7 in. separates the two in front, and 2 ft. 5 in. the hinder two: between the two on the right, from the toe of the hinder one to the heel of the foremost, there is a space of 2 ft. 3 in.; and between the other two the distance is less by nearly 2 inches.

The largest specimen found has a length of 21 inches.

The general uniformity of position and of character,—the constant presence of a middle or heel-like prominence and of three “toes,” the central one being always the longest, together with other uniform peculiarities,—have reference apparently to the connection of the origin of these trifid bodies with the foot-prints of birds or other animals.

Some specimens, as for instance that of which a model was presented to the Society by Mr. Taggart in 1846†, have narrower “toes” than others.
On the Till of Caithness
Authors: Cleghorn John
Published: October 2009

T
he
Till generally occupies the low districts of Caithness. At Lybster, however, fourteen miles south of Wick, it reaches 212 feet above the sea, with an unascertained depth below low-water mark. In the harbour it has been bored twenty feet, and it is the anchorage ground of the bay. The author finds that at Lybster and at Wick the deposit is in a trough of rock, more than a mile broad and many miles long, of the shape seen at
a, b, c
, in the annexed woodcut. At Lybster the deposit is cut through by the Burn of Reisgill, which empties itself into the harbour, and at Wick by the river of Wick; at both places the clay is found on each side of the watercourses, rising in high banks, as shown at
a, d
, and
e, c
, in the accompanying diagram.

From observations Mr. Cleghorn has had the opportunity of making, he believes the Till to be laminated, as represented in the accompanying section, and that the troughs at Lybster and Wick, previously to the denuding action of the Burn and the River, were filled up as represented in the figure.

From the position of the Till in Caithness, its lamination, and broken shells, from the occurrence of smoothed and scratched boulders in the Till similar to such as are found in the watercourses near Wick, and from the apparent elevation of the Caithness coastline, as proved by the occurrence of rocks perforated by lithodomous molluscs at various elevations above the present level*, the author infers that the Till is the wastings of coasts and the sedimentary matter of rivers deposited in the valleys of a deep sea, inhabited by the
Anarrhicas lupus
*.
On the Occurence of the Remains of Insects in the Tertiary Clays of Dorsetshire
Authors: Brodie P. B.
Published: October 2009

T
he
Tertiary strata of sands and clays at Corfe in Dorsetshire, which have been for some time known to contain a numerous and interesting flora, have afforded a large collection of remains of plants, chiefly dicotyledonous leaves, to the researches of my cousin, W. R. Brodie, Esq., and my friend, the Rev. G. H. Austen. In addition to the plants, the former discovered a few small elytra of Coleopterous Insects which belong to the families
Curculionidæ
and
Buprestidæ
. Mr. Westwood, who has kindly examined them, states that they belong to the ordinary types of the existing fauna*. This discovery is the more interesting on account of the extreme rarity of any relics of Insects in our British Tertiaries; and it appears to be their first occurrence in this portion of the series, although Dr. Mantell, in his ‘Geology of the Isle of Wight,’ mentions that Mr. Webster had observed traces of Insects in the London Clay near Parkhurst†, but no description or figures are given. It should be observed that the Curculionideous elytron was obtained two or three feet below the leaf-bed, where leaves are comparatively scarce, but the other elytra were associated with the plants.

Mr. Prestwich informs me that he considers the Corfe clays and sands to belong, probably, to the lower part of the "Bagshot Sand," but he does not feel quite confident as to their true position, which is rendered the more difficult to determine, from the apparent absence of the London and Mottled Clays in
On the Kelloway Rock of the Yorkshire Coast
Authors: Leckenby John
Published: October 2009

Among the more interesting features in the geology of the east coast of Yorkshire is the Kelloway Rock, whether compared, in its extraordinary development, or in the great variety of its fossils, with its Wiltshire prototype.

The Kelloway Rock is first seen in the cliff a short distance to the south of Gristhorp Bay, and here, but for its position below the Oxford Clay, and the presence of some characteristic fossils, there is little about the thin band of calcareous pisolite in which these fossils occur to identify it with the ochreous and arenaceous deposits as it usually appears. This band, which immediately underlies the Oxford Clay, never exceeds 5 inches in thickness, and after a course of 50 yards, thins out into a bed containing much decomposed lignite, and which at this point forms a passage into the Oxford Clay above. The great mass below, presenting a thickness of nearly 30 feet, is entirely unfossiliferous. The thin deposit at the top, and the passage into beds of lignite, seem to indicate the gradual filling up of some shallow sea of that period.

From the southern extremity of Gristhorp Bay, the Kelloway Rock is seen on the cliff, from the base to a height of fifteen to twenty feet, presenting, by its laminated markings and longitudinal fissures, an appearance of artificial masonry. It gradually ascends northward (the fossiliferous band having disappeared), until, about midway in the bay, it passes inland.

The underlying Cornbrash is well developed about halfway up the
On the Extraneous Fossils of the Red Crag
Authors: Wood S. V.
Published: October 2009

The Deposit called the Red Crag indicates the action of strong reversible or tidal currents, and is more disturbed and littoral in its character than any portion of a formation at present known; and, for its limited area, it contains a larger percentage of foreign† organic remains than any of which we have as yet a record. I know of no locality that appears to me more to resemble what was probably the local condition of the Sea of the Red Crag during the accumulation of the material herein enumerated than the conditions under which the Bay of Christchurch at present exists; and I believe that in the conflicting streams that now wash the shores of that neighbourhood may be found a cause sufficient to produce all the effects visible in the Red Crag,—only reversing the direction of the land, the sea of that period opening to the northward.

To ascertain the age of the Red Crag by the “percentage test,” could only be effected by the exclusion of a large portion of its contents; and, when we have got rid of those fossils which we know to belong to some remote anterior period, we should then have to contend against the doubtful admission of many species that may have been introduced from the deposits immediately antecedent. A large number of the shells have in all probability, as suggested by Sir Charles Lyell, been washed into the Red Crag Sea by an underwater abrasion of the older beds; and the
On a Fossil Fruit found in the upper part of the Wealden Deposits in Swanage Bay, Isle of Purbeck
Authors: Phillips John
Published: October 2009

But few of the numerous fossil remains of Plants in the Wealden and Purbeck deposits of the British Isles have as yet been completely described. Ferns,
Equisetaceæ
, Monocotyledonous plants,
Coniferæ,
Cycadaceæ
, and Characeæ have been recognized by their leaves and stems. But fruits are uncommon. One of these is cycadaceous—
Zamiostrobus
, and there are two undetermined
Carpolithi
*.

To this short catalogue I am now able to offer one addition, taken from a nodule of ironstone in the upper part of the Wealden beds, in Swanage Bay, at the close of 1857.

The general section of the strata near Swanage, on a line from north to south, shows, in succession, the Portland rock, the Purbeck deposits, the Wealden, and the Cretaceous beds. For the purpose of this notice, only Wealden groups require attention.

The upper part of the Wealden, as seen very completely in the Northern Cliffs of Swanage Bay, exposes about 700 feet of clays frequently red or purple, less frequently blue, greenish, or very pale, alternating with sandstones of different tints, mostly soft and fine- grained, but sometimes hardened by irony impregnation, or modified by admixture of pebbles. One band contains much lignite.

In the upper part of this series, above every red or purple bed, are alternations of sandstone and pale shale. In one of the shale-beds is a course of small nodules of pyritous ironstone, one of which yielded, on fracture, the fruit in question. It is a mass of bisulphuret of iron, which threatened to fall to
On some Vegetable Remains from Madeira
Authors: Bunbury Charles J. F.
Published: October 2009

The vegetable remains procured by Sir Charles Lyell and M. Hartung from the leaf-bed which they discovered* in the ravine of S. Jorge, in the Island of Madeira, were entrusted to me for examination; and I propose now to lay before the Geological Society the observations I have been able to make upon them. I have examined 140 specimens, by far the greatest part of them in a very imperfect state, mostly small fragments, often quite undeterminable, and, even when most perfect, no more than single detached leaves, of which, however, the veins and margin are often very well displayed. Dicotyledonous leaves predominate, but are intermixed with numerous remains of Ferns, always, however, in small fragments, insufficient to give any idea of the general form of the frond. The very fragmentary and incomplete condition of the remains of Ferns in this bed ia indeed striking. Something of it is attributable to the nature of the stone, which is by no moans fissile, but breaks quite irregularly; but something also would seem to be owing to the original conditions of the deposit. The circumstance is unfortunate, because Ferns are so variable, and show such differences even in different parts of the same frond, that great uncertainty attends the determination of them from such small fragments.

Of the Dicotyledonous leaves, a large proportion, as I have said, are too imperfect to be even described. Of those that are preserved, a few kinds may, with a certain degree of confidence, be referred to
On the Lower Coal-measures, as developed in British America
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: October 2009

Deposits indicating the existence of the coal-flora and its associated freshwater fauna at the beginning of the Carboniferous period have been recognized in various parts both of the Old and New Worlds, and have modified the views entertained of the subdivisions of the Carboniferous system. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick such deposits are developed with a clearness and fullness of detail capable of throwing much light on the dawn of the terrestrial conditions of the coal-period, and on the relations of these lower beds to the true coal-measures. I propose in the present paper to offer a contribution towards this end, by collecting in one view the information existing on these rocks in British America, with the addition of facts collected in the past summer, and the results of a comparison of the specimens in my collection with those of the upper portions of the coal-measures.

I.
Characters and extent of the Lower Carboniferous Rocks
.

The occurrence of beds containing coal-plants in connexion with the Lower Carboniferous marine deposits of Nova Scotia was observed by Sir W. E. Logan in 1841, though at that time the true place of the beds was not understood, owing to the belief that the limestones afterwards ascertained to be Lower Carboniferous were of Permian date. Sir C. Lyell examined these beds in 1842, as they occur at Horton Bluff; and the author subsequently more fully examined their relations to the marine limestones, and traced them in various parts of Nova Scotia, and at
Some Observations on
Stigmaria ficoides
Authors: Binney E. W.
Published: October 2009

During the past year it has been my good fortune to meet with several specimens of this singular root, which throw some additional light on the origin of its medullary rays,—the nature of the vascular bundles which were believed to be dispersed throughout its pith,— and the structure of the central or vascular portion of its rootlet; points of considerable interest, and which up to the present time have not been well determined.

First, as to the origin of the medullary ray, and the nature of the vascular bundles in the pith—Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker, in summing up the state of our knowledge of
Stigmaria
*, in 1848, describes the woody axis of the root, and figures two characteristics specimens, one showing the large medullary rays or bundles, and the other the narrow rays. The author then says: “the medullary rays, even the narrowest, are traversed by bundles of tubes, half the diameter of the largest vessels of the axis (or wood), or even less (pl. 2. figs. 6, 7
a
, and 8). The tranverse lines on their surface are generally finer and less crowded. These bundles evidently originate in the cellular axis of the stem, and do not belong to the wedges of vascular tissue (or wood) between which they run, as they appear to have done in M. Brongniart's† specimen of the plant, both from his figure and description. I cannot, however, but conclude the latter to be erroneous, because M. Goeppert, whose specimens appear to have been in this
On the Jointings in the Carboniferous and Devonian Rocks in the District around Cork; and on the Dolomites of the same District
Authors: Harkness Robert
Published: October 2009

Jointings in the “Brownstone” and “Yellow Sandstone.”
—The country around Cork is well marked by peculiar features, which have resulted from the nature of the sedimentary rock occupying this area, and from the nature of the sedimentary rock occupying this area, and from certain physical changes which have operated on these rocks subsequent to their deposition.

The contour of the district exhibits a series of low hills generally ranging in nearly an east and west direction; and these hills are composed of Devonian sandstone. Separating the east and west ranges of hills are valleys; and in many of them Carboniferous limestones are seen, and other rocks appertaining to the lower portion of this formation,—the areas of Carboniferous rocks being the remains of much larger masses which have been removed by denudation.

The physical features of this district have originated from a succession of rolls, which have affected the strata after the deposition of the Carboniferous series.

In the deposits which here form both the Devonian and the Carboniferous formations there are seen well-developed series of jointings; these, however, are more extensive, and occur in greater variety, in the limestones of the Carboniferous group. In the Devonian rocks (which consist of fine-grained dark-coloured sandstones, well marked by cleavage, and locally “brownstones” in the lower portion which is here developed, and light-coloured sandstones, the “yellow sandstones” of the Irish geologists, in their higher parts) the jointings in general only manifest one direction, which is nearly N. and S.; and these N. and S.
On the Slate-rocks and Trap-veins of Easdale and Oban
Authors: Nicol James
Published: October 2009

In the Geological Map of Scotland a narrow band of clay-slate is laid down as skirting the eastern shore of Islay and Jura, and passing through Luing and Seil to Kerrera and the vicinity of Oban. This rock was fully described by Dr. Macculloch in his work on the Western Isles; and I should not have noticed it further, had not my observations led me to differ from him in some important points. My present remarks refer, however, only to this formation as seen on Seil and Easdale and in the vinity of Oban, and more especially to the former locality. This place has been long celebrated for its extensive slate-quarries, the property of the Marquis of Breadalbane. These works give employment to about 200 persons. They are chiefly situated in the small island of Easdale; and, the higher parts of the rock being exhausted, they are now carried on at a great depth below the level of the sea.

Mineral character of the rocks.
—The slates extracted for roofing-purposes on Easdale and Seil are usually dark-blue or almost black, with a silky lustre. They are split along true planes of cleavage; but the thin laminæ are uneven and undulating. Their surfaces are thus often striated or wrinkled, similarly to what is named ripplemark in other beds, but in this case clearly produced in an entirely different manner. Crystals of iron-pyrites (usually cubes, but with one axis often abnormally shortened) are dispersed in more or less abundance through these slates. As
On some Points in the History and Formation of Etna
Authors: Abich H.
Published: October 2009

Your questions about Etna have carried me back to the pleasant time when I made repeated studies of that remarkable mountain, not having a presentiment of the occasion which I much later had of verifying and recognizing in another land the truth of those beautiful laws of nature, written so clearly in the configuration of the Val di Bove, and especially in the structure of the very body of Etna, visible on the slopes and steep declivities of that enormous chasm of subsidence, the Val di Bove. For, that it is indeed such, nobody will deny who has been enabled, by comparative researches in the whole circumference of the elliptical valley, to prove that idea of its formation,—an idea indeed which immediately suggests itself to the observer from the elevated edge of the Val di Bove on the border of the Piano del Lago or Schiena dell'Asino.

You are struck by some particulars in my figure of the mountain in Pl. 8 of my ‘Views of Etna*,’ and you desire to know how far those lines pointed out in your copy of it are based upon direct observation? In general, I have to confess that, when tracing those dotted lines, I may have fogotten that it was not the right place, in a profile constructed by hypsometrical measurements only, to hint at theoretical views, and that it would have been better to suppress not only the dotted line, but also those lines indicating a stratification, and intended to express a
On the Black Mica of the Granite of Leinster and Donegal; and its probable identity with Lepidomelane
Authors: Haughton Samuel
Published: October 2009

We owe our knowledge of Lepidomelane to a single analysis, made by Soltmann, of a specimen from Petersberg, Wermland. He describes it as occurring in an aggregate of minute black scales, in small six-sided tables, with perfect basal cleavage—either hexagonal or trimetric, easily dissolved in muriatic or nitric acid, leaving a skeleton of silica.

Its composition is as follows—

This analysis gives very nearly, in atoms—

Soltmann does not appear to have ascertained whether his mica were uniaxial or biaxal, as he is in doubt whether it is trimetric or hexagonal.

In my first paper* on the Granites of Leinster, I have mentioned the black mica which is found accompanying the white margarodite of the Leinster granite, in small flakes, and noticed the curious fact that these flakes are sometimes physically imbedded in the plates of white mica, without injuring their fissility or lustre, but always effecting a reduction of about 20° in the angle between the optic axes of the latter.

Since the publication of that paper, I have ascertained the existence, in large quantities, of a similar black mica in the Co. Donegal, both in granite and gneiss; and also, through the kindness of Mr. Cotton, C.E., obtained specimens of the black mica of the Leinster granite, found in large crystals in the cuttings of the Bagenalstown and Wexford Railway, at Ballyellin, in the Co. Carlow.

The black mica of Ballyellin is found in crystalline plates, 2 in. by ½ in.; it is not only associated with, but
On the Occurence of some Tertiary Fossils at Grove Ferry, near Canterbury, Kent
Authors: Brown John , Sowerby G.B.
Published: October 2009

My friend Mr. Prestwicn having kindly informed me of an interesting fossiliferous deposit at Wear Farm, in the parish of Chislet, I was endeavouring to find the spot in 1854, when accidentally I heard of a little sand-pit in a garden near Grove Ferry, also in the parish of Chislet (about a mile and a half from Wear Farm), on the left-hand side of a lane leading from the railway-station to the little village of Up Street, nearly a mile from the village of Chislet. Up Street is on the high road from Canterbury to Ramsgate, and six miles from the former. The pit was rather more than halfway up the side of the hill, and within about thirty feet of its top. The surface of the ground slopes down to the River Stour. Gravel caps the hill; and the Lower Tertiary sands are seen in a section, at its foot, near the railway-station, and also at a farm about half a mile to the east.

The fossil shells which I found in the little sand-pit were mostly very fragile, but in considerable abundance. They occurred both in sand and in dark red clay§ and some were nearly white, whilst others were tinted rusty red. Those which belong to Crag species appeared especially to be of a reddish colour.

The beds forming the central portion of this hill above Grove Ferry would appear, according to Mr. Prestwich's sections¶ of the Lower Tertiaries of that neighbourhood, to belong to the “Basement-bed of the London Clay,”
On the Fossil Crustacean found in the Magnesian Limestone of Durham by Mr. J. Kirkby, and on a New Species of Amphipod
Authors: Bate C. Spence
Published: October 2009

In January, 1857, a paper by Mr. Kirkby was read before the Geological Society*, on “some Permian Fossils from Durham,” in which a few fragments were described as the remains of an extinct Crustacean. Some drawings of these were kindly submitted to me previously to their publication. One series I regarded† as being probably from the anterior portion of an Isopod; and the remainder I considered as not belonging to the same animal, but as parts of an Amphipod.

I have recently (since the reading of this paper) been allowed, through the kindness of Mr. Kirkby (to whom I applied in accordance with a suggestion from the Council of the Geological Society), the advantage of examining the original specimens of
Prosoponiscus problematicus
, together with others that have been discovered since the publication of his paper.

Having thus a favourable opportunity of reconsidering an opinion which was given from an examination of drawings only, I have been enabled to make out some points not portrayed in the drawings, which enable me to arrive at a more satisfactory conclusion. The specimens are the anterior and middle parts of an Amphipod; and none belong to an Isopod, as I at first informed Mr. Kirkby‡.

To show with any amount of certainty the correctness of this hypothesis, it is necessary that I should demonstrate, in recent Crustacea, an approximation of structure to that of the fossil. Assuming that, if certain known parts of an unknown animal agree in character with those homologically the sae
On a Collection of Australian Fossils in the Museum of the Natural History Society at Worcester; with Descriptions of the Lower Jaw and Teeth of the
Nototherium inerme
and
Nototherium Mitchelli
, Owen; demonstrating the identity of the latter species with the
Zygomaturus of Macleay
Authors: Owen
Published: October 2009

Since the communication of the remarks on the photographs of the fossil cranium referred by Mr. W. S. Macleay to a new genus of
Marsupialia
, which he has called Zygomaturus, I have received, for examination, through the liberality of the Council of the Natural History Society of Worcester, a series of specimens of mammalian fossils from the Condamine River and Darling Downs, Australia; there have also arrived at the British Museum casts of the cranium, and of the upper jaw and teeth of the Zygomaturus, liberally presented by the Trustees of the Museum at Sydney, N. S. Wales, by which I am able to demonstrate that this cranium belongs, as I suspected it might, to the genus Nototherium, and to that species which, in my “Report on the Extinct Mammals of Australia,” I dedicated to the then Surveyor-General of Australia, Col. Sir Thomas L. Mitchell*.

The Worcester collection of fossils, contributed chiefly by Mr. Hughes, from freshwater (pleistocene?) deposits of Darling Downs, contains the right ramus of the mandible of the
Nototherium inerme
(Pl. IX. fig. 3*), very closely corresponding with that figured in pl. 3 of my “Report” and “Catalogue.” It fortunately includes sufficient of the symphysis to show the bottom of a socket of a small procumbent incisor. One of the differences between the cranium of the great
Diprotodon
and that of the smaller animal with double-ridged molars subsequently acquired is the relatively smaller size of the incisors in the so-called
Zygomaturus
. From the analogy of the
Diprotodon
On the Structure of some of the Siliceous Nodules of the Chalk
Authors: Wetherell N. T.
Published: October 2009

Abstarct

T
he
author described several specimens of the peculiar banded flints* found in the chalk and in gravel, and of which he had made a large collection during several years. They usually exhibit a central longitudinal axis or narrow stem, crossed on its middle third by numerous short parallel stripes of alternately light and dark flint, and frequently terminated at each extremity by an irregular mass of flint, often clouded or grey. The axis occurs sometimes isolated, sometimes covered with a thin coating of grey flint only, and sometimes associated with only a few cross stripes of the banded structure. In some instances the banded flint has for its axis a sponge, or fragments of sponge.

The author had not found in the banded flint any spongy tissue peculiar to it; in some instances, however, a silicified sponge appears to have been traversed by alternate lines of the light and dark colour analogous to those of the banded flints. In some instances a concentric arrangement of light and dark layers of flint occurs around the two ends of an axis, or around isolated nuclei.

Mr. Wetherell regarded this banded appearance in the flint as not being due to an organic structure, but to have originated in a peculiar arrangement of the siliceous matter around organic bodies, frequently long and stem-like, such as those of the
Graphularia
, which supplied so many axial nuclei to the concretions in the London Clay†.
On some Points in the Geology of South Africa
Authors: Rubidge R. N.
Published: October 2009

T
he
author had observed in Namaqualand the occurrence of horizontal siliceous beds, covering other siliceous inclined beds, the silicification of the latter being apparently due to the infiltration of silica from the upper quartzose beds into the inclined beds below. In this communication Dr. Rubidge details the evidences that he observed of such a process having taken place, and points out how the observations on some of the Namaqualand rocks by Mr. Bain, Mr. Bell, and Dr. Atherstone, respectively, tend to support his views on this point. The inclined beds of this district are gneissic, and, in the instances referred to, very quartzose.

The horizontal sandstones of this district he correlates with the Table Mountain sandstones*; he has found in them a few obscure traces of fucoidal or other plants†.

The author then passes on to the Cape district; and, first offering his testimony to the industry and general exactitude of Mr. Bain as a geologist, he proceeds to compare Mr. Bain’s section of Mitchell’s Pass‡ with a section which he lately made for himself on two hasty journeys.

Mr. Bain figures the indurated sandstone or quartzite of Mitchell’s Pass as being at first horizontal, and then suddenly dipping at a strong angle northward, so as to underlie the Devonian schists of the Bokkeveld, at Ceres, and to divide them from the slates of the Cape district. Dr. Rubidge points out the apparent difficulty of explaining such an inclination of the quartzite, the slates underlying both the inclined and horizontal portions not presenting any evidence of a difference in dip; and he suggests that the inclined beds of quartzite have nothing to do with the horizontal quartzite, except that, being immediately beneath the horizontal siliceous beds, they have by some means been silicified from above, and thus rendered in appearance identical.
On the Westward Extension of the Old Raised Beach of Brighton; and on the Extent of the Sea-bed of the same Period
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: October 2009

T
his
raised beach, with its curious old sea-cliff brought to light again in the modern cliffs at Kemp Town, was first made known by the late Dr. Mantell*. Mr. Dixon† afterwards showed that beds of the same age extended to Shoreham and Broadwater, near Worthing ; whilst Mr. Godwin-Austen‡ has more recently described, on the coast between Bognor and Bracklesham, two thin marine beds of Newer Tertiary age, the uppermost of which he considers synchronous with the raised beach of Brighton §. The exact range westward and inland of this old beach, or of the sea-deposits of the same age, has not, however, yet been determined. With a view to assist this inquiry, I beg to lay before the Society the facts having reference to it which I have collected during the last few years, whilst examining the Older Tertiary strata and the drift-beds of this district,—the result, however, more particularly of two excursions made with the special view of tracing, if possible, the line of old cliff along the southern base of the South Downs between Brighton and Portsmouth. On the present occasion I do not propose to touch upon the question of the drift ‖, beyond describing such portions of it as are exhibited in conjunction with the older sea-bed. I may merely observe that the drift which has passed over this district has so swamped and hidden even its later geological features, that in a distance of thirty-seven miles I could not find a single place where
On the Lacustrine or Karéwah Deposits of Kashmere
Authors: Godwin-Austen H. Havesham
Published: October 2009

T
here
is a point of geological interest at a place called Kuttai (on the River Jhelum, going up to Baramula), where the surface is covered with enormous granite-boulders. At a march and a half (22 miles) further on, they occur again, at a place called Oorie, and extend up the valley, past a place called Gingle, about 12 miles. Vigne notices this place (Oorie) in his ‘Travels’†. The hills at Kuttai are of limestone, and at Gingle of a basaltic rock. Mr. Vigne says,—“I know of no granite in Kashmere except in Hara-mook, but not
in situ
. Hara-mook rises opposite the entrance to the Baramula Passi‡; and the same medium must have
floated
or
forced
the granite of Deotsuh to either place from the northward.” This passage in Mr. Vigne’s work has given rise to the notion that glaciers from Hara-mook once extended across the valley of Kashmere. If this had been the case, it seems to me that some few blocks or boulders would be found scattered across the valley, and left at various heights on the slopes above the river (Jhelum). Such, however, is not the case: the granite-blocks on the surface at Kuttai, Oorie, and Gingle are never higher than the level of the “alluvial” plain; and these are found through the whole thickness of the alluvium from top to bottom ; as may be seen in the sections, when the nullahs cut through it.

The following plans and sketches (figs. 1, 2, and 3), taken along