bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diethylaluminum Chloride Mediated Vinylsilane Synthesis: Comparison of Different Solvent Systems.
Authors: Kwan Man Lung , Battiste Merle A. , Macala Megan K. , Aybar Sylvia C. , James Nicholas C. , Haoui Joseph J.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Anomalous Ring Cleavage of 1,3‐Dithiole‐ and 1,3‐Diselenole‐2‐thiones under the Cross‐Coupling Conditions Using Triethyl Phosphite.
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Watanabe Ryoji , Miyake Yosihiro
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel and Highly Efficient Synthetic Route to Unsymmetrical Organoselenides Using Cesium Bases.
Authors: Cohen Richard J. , Fox Daniel L. , Salvatore Ralph Nicholas
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Convenient Syntheses of Aryl and Perfluoroaryl Trichlorogermanes and Germatranes via an Organotin Route.
Authors: Kultyshev Roman G. , Prakash G. K. Surya , Olah George A. , Faller Jack W. , Parr Jonathan
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Litseaverticillols B, E, I, and J and Structural Reassignment of Litseaverticillol E.
Authors: Vassilikogiannakis Georgio , Margaros Ioannis , Montagnon Tamsyn
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantiospecific Total Syntheses of (‐)‐Valeranone.
Authors: Srikrishna A. , Viswajanani R. , Dinesh C.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Self‐Reproduction of Chirality on α‐Aminophosphonates: Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Alkylated Diethyl Pyrrolidin‐2‐yl‐phosphonate.
Authors: Amedjkouh Mohamed , Westerlund Kristina
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel C‐Thionucleosides: Synthesis and Reactions of 1,5‐ and 1,3‐Dialkyl Derivatives of (1,5‐Dithio‐1‐thiomethyl‐α‐D,L‐arabinopentulopyranos‐1‐yl) ‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole Nucleosides.
Authors: Al‐Masoudi Najim A. , Al‐Soud Yaseen A.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Apio Nucleosides with Thiazole‐4‐carboxamide and 1,2,4‐Triazole‐3‐carboxamide.
Authors: Kim Myong Jung , Jeong Lak Shin , Kim Joong Hyup , Shin Ji Hye , Chung Soon Yong , Lee Sang Kook , Chun Moon Woo
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile Preparation of α‐Acyloxyacetaldehyde, a Versatile Intermediate in the Synthesis of Antiviral Nucleosides.
Authors: Du Jinfa , Watanabe Kyoichi A.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Flavonoid and Methoxyellagic Acid Sodium Sulfates from Frankenia laevis L.
Authors: Hussein S. A. M.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Total Synthesis of Naturally Occurring (‐)‐Nitidon and Its Enantiomer.
Authors: Bellina Fabio , Carpita Adriano , Mannocci Luca , Rossi Renzo
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Human ACAT‐1 and ‐2 Inhibitory Activities of Saucerneol B, Manassantin A and B Isolated from Saururus chinensis.
Authors: Lee Woo Song , Lee Dae‐Woo , Baek Young‐Il , An So‐Jin , Cho Kyung‐Hyun , Choi Yang‐Kyu , Kim Hyoung‐Chin , Park Ho‐Yong , Bae Ki‐Hwan , Jeong Tae‐Sook
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Lead Compound for Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors Targeting 9‐cis‐Epoxycarotenoid Dioxygenase.
Authors: Han Sun‐young , Kitahata Nobutaka , Saito Tamio , Kobayashi Masatomo , Shinozaki Kazuo , Yoshida Shigeo , Asami Tadao
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electronic Structure Calculations of Low‐Dimensional Transition Metals
Authors: Vega A. , Parlebas J. C. , Demangeat C.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Precursors for CVD Growth of Nanocrystalline Diamond
Authors: Soga T. , Sharda T. , Jimbo T.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction Chemistry of 1,4‐Dilithio‐1,3‐diene and 1‐Lithio‐1,3‐diene Derivatives
Authors: Xi Zhenfeng
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Sulfenyl Chloride Chemistry: Synthesis, Reactions and Mechanisms Toward Carbon—Carbon Double Bonds
Authors: Abu‐Yousef Imad A. , Harpp David N.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Brassinosteroids : A New Role of Steroids as Biosignaling Molecules
Authors: Khripach Vladimir , Zhabinskii Vladimir , Karnachuk Raisa
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of P(III)‐Chirogenic Compounds
Authors: Johansson M. J. , Kann N. C.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metal Complexes as Catalysts for HX (X = B, CN, Si, N, P) Addition to C—C Multiple Bonds
Authors: Whittlesey M. K.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acyclic Arsine, Stibine, and Bismuthine Ligands
Authors: Levason W. , Reid G.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phosphorus Tripodal Ligands
Authors: Huttner G. , Strittmatter J. , Sandhoefner S.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tervalent Phosphorus Acid Derivatives
Authors: Allen D. W.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
β2‐Amino Acids: Syntheses, Occurrence in Natural Products, and Components of β‐Peptides
Authors: Lelais Gerald , Seebach Dieter
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phase Behavior of Highly Selective Nonvolatile Liquids with a Designable Property Profile and New Uses in Thermal Process Engineering
Authors: Seiler Matthias , Jork Carsten , Arlt Wolfgang
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Exploring the Multidimensional Character of Ultrafast Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Lochbrunner S. , Riedle E.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Analytical Methods for Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Sabatino Giuseppina , Chelli Mario , Brandi Alberto , Papini Anna M.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
DNA Hybridization at Magnetic Nanoparticles with Electrochemical Stripping Detection
Authors: Zhu Ningning , Zhang Aiping , He Pingang , Fang Yuzhi
Published: September 2004

A simple and practical method for electrochemical DNA hybridization assay has been developed to take advantage of magnetic nanoparticles for ssDNA immobilization and zinc sulfide nanoparticle as oligonucleotide label. Magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ with NH4OH, and then amino silane was coated onto the surface of magnetite nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles have the advantages of easy preparation, easy surface modification and low cost. The target ssDNA with the phosphate group at the 5′ end was then covalently immobilized to the amino group of magnetite nanoparticles by forming a phosphoramidate bond in the presence of 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimeth‐ylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDAC). The zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticle‐labeled oligonucleotides probe was used to identify the target ssDNA immobilized on the magnetic nanoparticles based on a specific hybridization reaction. The hybridization events were assessed by the dissolution of the zinc sulfide nanoparticles anchored on the hybrids and the indirect determination of the dissolved zinc ions by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a mercury film glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The proposed method couples the high sensitivity of anodic stripping analysis for zinc ions with effective magnetic separation for eliminating nonspecific adsorption effects and offers great promise for DNA hybridization analysis.
Use of a Commercially Available Wood‐Free Resin Pencil as Convenient Electrode for the ‘Voltammetry of Microparticles’ Technique
Authors: Perdicakis Michel , Aubriet Hugues , Walcarius Alain
Published: September 2004

A wood‐free resin pencil comprised of a lead made of graphite particles dispersed in a polymeric matrix is proposed as a convenient low‐cost electrode for the ‘Voltammetry of Microparticles’ technique instead of paraffin impregnated graphite rods. The pencil electrode was successfully applied for the characterization of insulating (Prussian blue, zeolites) and conductive (silver selenide, pyrite) microparticles in various media. The voltammetric responses were comparable to, sometimes even better than, those obtained with applying other electrochemical techniques.
FET‐Based Chemical Sensor Systems Fabricated with Standard Technologies
Authors: Errachid Abdelhamid , Zine Nadia , Samitier Josep , Bausells Joan
Published: September 2004

Miniaturized solid‐state ion sensors based on field‐effect transistors on silicon can take advantage of the capabilities of microelectronics and microsystems technology for the integration of combined functionalities. Optimized solid‐state chemical sensors usually require specific materials and fabrication processes. However, if standard fabrication processes can be used, integrated chemical sensor systems can be developed in a shorter time and in a cost effective way. We show that, for applications in which a long operating time is not required, such as in disposable biomedical sensors, good integrated sensor systems can be fabricated with standard materials and processes. Specific examples are presented, such as multisensor systems, sensors with integrated signal‐processing circuits and sensors with particle manipulation electrodes.
Nuclear pore complex oxalate binding protein p62: Its expression on oxalate exposure to VERO cells
Authors: Sivakamasundari P. , Varalakshmi P. , Kannabiran M.
Published: September 2004

Oxalate rich stones are the most common among the various stones. Oxalate binding protein plays a vital role in the transport of oxalate. Nuclear pore complex (NPC) contains a protein of molecular weight 62 kDa and it has maximum oxalate binding activity. The physiological significance of the presence of oxalate binding protein in the NPC is not well understood. In order to study its function, the expression of this protein during oxalate stress condition and the morphological changes on oxalate exposure to synchronized VERO cells have been determined. VERO cells were synchronized at different stages of cell cycle using cell cycle blockers and expression of the NPC p62 was assessed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique with p62 antibody (MAb 414). Expression of NPC p62 was more pronounced in 1.0 mM oxalate concentration in mitotic phase than in S phase, suggesting cell cycle dependency. During oxalate exposure there is cell aggregation and complete degeneration of cell morphology occurs, which in turn lead to the expression of certain genes, including the NPC oxalate binding protein p62. Thus, oxalate induces degeneration of cells (may be due to the lipid peroxidation) and leads to the expression of NPC oxalate binding protein and the expression is of cell cycle dependent manner. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of cell proliferation in human breast tumor cells by antisense oligonucleotides against facilitative glucose transporter 5
Authors: Chan K.K. , Chan Judy Y.W. , Chung Karen K.W. , Fung Kwok‐Pui
Published: September 2004

In recent years, successful examples of antisense oligonucleotide (AS) therapy for genetic diseases have stimulated scientists to investigate its application on cancer diseases. AS can be used to down‐regulate the mRNA and protein expression by annealing to specific region of the target mRNA which is responsible for the malignancy. Glucose transporter 5 (Glut5) is a tissue specific transporter that can be found on breast cancer tissues but not on normal breast tissues. Therefore, it is of clinical interest to investigate whether AS against Glut5 mRNA can tackle breast cancer. In this study, two cell lines, MCF‐7 which is estrogen‐receptor positive and MDA‐MB‐231 which is estrogen‐receptor negative, were used to mimic breast cancer tissues at early and late stages, respectively. A 15‐base sequence around the start codon of Glut5 was used. It was found that AS against Glut5 exerted anti‐proliferative effect on both of these two breast tumor cell lines and seemed to exert its effect via the suppression of expression of Glut5 proteins in the cells. AS against Glut5 exhibited no effect on human hepatoma HepG2 cells which do not possess any Glut5. The results imply an alternative way in treating breast tumor as the AS against Glut5, unlike tamoxifen, takes effect on breast tumor cells via suppressing the expression of Glut5 that they specifically possess, and regardless whether the breast tumors are estrogen dependent or not. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of post‐treatment with 6‐Dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP) on ethanol activation of mouse oocytes at different ages
Authors: Lan Guo‐Cheng , Ma Suo‐Feng , Wang Zi‐Yu , Luo Ming‐Jiu , Chang Zhong‐Le , Tan Jing‐He
Published: September 2004

To study the effect of post‐treatment with 6‐Dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP) on oocyte activation and development, mouse oocytes collected at different times post human chorion gonadotropin (hCG) injection were incubated in 6‐DMAP‐containing Chatot‐Ziomek‐Bavister (CZB) medium for different periods after ethanol exposure, and activation and development were observed. When oocytes were cultured in 6‐DMAP without prior ethanol exposure, the highest activation rate was only 40%. Incubation in 6‐DMAP for 6 h following ethanol exposure significantly (P<0.05) increased the activation rate in oocytes recovered 15 and 18 h post hCG, but this effect was not significant in the 21 h oocytes. When oocytes were incubated in 6‐DMAP for 1 h at different time points after ethanol, a 6‐DMAP susceptible temporal window was found to be located from the second to the fifth h in the 18 h oocytes and from the fourth to the fifth h in the 15 h oocytes, and within the window, the duration of 6‐DMAP incubation can be reduced to 0.5 h with more than 80% activation. With the 13 h oocytes, however, 6‐DMAP‐incubation can only be shortened to 3 h and no specific temporal window was identified. Oocytes that were incubated in 6‐DMAP for 1 or 2 h after ethanol exposure developed to morula/blastocyst stages at significantly (P<0.05) higher rates than those incubated in 6‐DMAP for 6 h. Our results suggested that (i) long duration of 6‐DMAP incubation impaired the development of mouse parthenogenotes; (ii) the effect of 6‐DMAP alone was limited without prior ethanol exposure; (iii) the egg age affected both the timing of 6‐DMAP susceptibility and the duration of exposure required to obtain a maximal activating effect; (iv) the most effective activating protocols varied for oocytes of different ages. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:837–843, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of flavour volatiles detects differences among closely related traditional cultivars of tomato
Authors: Ruiz Juan J , Alonso Arancha , García‐Martínez Santiago , Valero Manuel , Blasco Pilar , Ruiz‐Bevia Francisco
Published: September 2004

Volatile compounds with a major contribution to aroma have been quantitatively determined in four traditional tomato cultivars and one commercial F1 hybrid. One of the traditional cultivars was the most appreciated for flavour and overall acceptability in tests performed using a panel of 30 untrained tasters. The same cultivar showed significantly higher contents of hexanal and cis‐3‐hexenal volatile compounds, which have been previously reported to be two of the most important contributors to tomato flavour. On the basis of a small number of fruits per cultivar, significant differences among very closely related tomato cultivars can be detected for volatile aromas, thus allowing the use of the determination of volatiles as a possible tool in tomato breeding programs, making even the selection of single plants possible. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of water and nitrogen deficit on fruit ripening and aroma potential of Vitis vinifera L cv Sauvignon blanc in field conditions
Authors: des Gachons Catherine Peyrot , Leeuwen Cornelis Van , Tominaga Takatoshi , Soyer Jean‐Pierre , Gaudillère Jean‐Pierre , Dubourdieu Denis
Published: September 2004

S‐Cysteine conjugate precursors of three volatile thiols were monitored in Vitis vinifera L cv Sauvignon blanc grapes during fruit ripening to assess the influence of vine water and nitrogen status on the grape aroma potential in field conditions. Four dry farmed plots were studied in the Pessac‐Léognan and Graves appellations (Bordeaux area) in 1998, which was a very dry vintage, and in 1999, when regular summer rainfall occurred. Soil water‐holding capacity ranged from very low to high. Soil total nitrogen content was related to soil organic matter content, which was highly variable on the four plots. Vine vigour was enhanced by both high water and nitrogen status. Major compounds in grapes depended mainly on vine water status. Water deficit‐stressed vines produced small berries with low sugar and low total acidity. Grape aroma potential was highest in vines under mild water deficit and moderate nitrogen supply. Severe water deficit stress seemed to limit aroma potential, as did nitrogen deficiency. Consequences for site selection and irrigation management for Sauvignon blanc are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Study of albedo and carpelar membrane degradation for further application in enzymatic peeling of citrus fruits
Authors: Pretel M Teresa , Amorós Asunción , Botella M Angeles , Serrano María , Romojaro Félix
Published: September 2004

The enzymatic activity of four commercial enzymatic preparations (Peelzym I, II, III and IV) on citrus pectin, polygalacturonic acid and carboxymethylcellulose was determined (measured as the decrease in relative viscosity). In addition, the effectiveness of these preparations in the enzymatic degradation of the albedo and the segment membrane from Cimboa fruits was assessed. The highest activity on citrus pectin was shown by Peelzym II, although Peelzym I and IV activities were also elevated, 94.5 ± 6.2% and 88.7 ± 8.3% respectively of Peelzym II activity, and no relevant differences were found between them. Peelzym II also showed the highest activity for polygalacturonic acid, which was approximately 25% more than that of Peelzym I and IV, and more than double that of Peelzym III. Peelzym IV showed 40% more EM‐cellulase activity than Peelzym I, II and III. Segment membrane solution was degraded mainly by the enzymatic preparations Peelzym I and II. Thus, the most effective activities for the degradation of the carpelar membrane from Cimboa were those activities which act mainly on pectin and especially on polygalacturonic acid. However, the albedo was degraded to the greatest extent by Peelzym II and, in turn, the most important activities for albedo degradation were those which act on polygalacturonic acid. In addition, the concentration of the enzymatic preparation for the degradation of the carpelar membrane was lower than that required for albedo degradation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of four isolation techniques for honey aroma compounds
Authors: Alissandrakis Eleftherios , Tarantilis Petros A , Harizanis Paschalis C , Polissiou Moschos
Published: September 2004

The analysis of the volatile fraction of honey provides useful information for the determination of the botanical and geographical origin. However, the results obtained vary greatly upon the extraction procedure employed. Four different isolation techniques were compared, that is hydrodistillation (HD), micro‐simultaneous steam distillation–solvent extraction (MSDE), ultrasound‐assisted extraction (USE) and solid‐phase microextraction (SPME). From the data obtained, USE and SPME seem to be more suitable for the isolation of potent marker compounds. HD and MSDE have main drawbacks because of the drastic conditions used that lead to the formation of artefacts and the degradation of sensitive compounds. These drawbacks are avoided when employing USE and SPME. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Complete 1H and 13C NMR spectral assignment of cis‐ and trans‐ 3‐{2‐[2‐(4‐methylphenyl)ethenyl]phenyl]}sydnones
Authors: Butković Kristina , Marinić Željko , Šindler‐Kulyk Marija
Published: September 2004

1H and 13C NMR spectra of cis‐ and trans‐3‐{2‐[2‐(4‐methylphenyl)ethenyl]phenyl]}sydnones, the first stilbene‐substituted mezoionic oxadiazolium rings, were fully assigned combining the information in various solvents, such as deuterated benzene, acetone and chloroform, using 2D NMR techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two new irregular acyclic sesquiterpenes aldehydes from Santolina corsica essential oil
Authors: Ferrari Bernard , Tomi Félix , Richomme Pascal , Casanova Joseph
Published: September 2004

Two isomeric irregular sesquiterpene aldehydes, namely 3,9‐dimethyl‐6‐isopropyl‐2(E),7(E),9‐decatrienal and 3,9‐dimethyl‐6‐isopropyl‐2(Z),7(E),9‐decatrienal, were isolated from the essential oil of Santolina corsica and their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substituent effects on 15N NMR chemical shifts in selected N‐alkylthiohydroxamic acids. A comparative study
Authors: Przychodzeń Witold , Doszczak Leszek , Rachon Janusz
Published: September 2004

The 15N NMR spectra of three N‐alkyl‐δ‐carbomethoxyvalerothiohydroxamic acids (2) and six synthesized N‐isopropylbenzothiohydroxamic acids (3) were measured and compared with appropriate spectra of structurally similar hydroxylamines (1), benzohydroxamic acids (4), benzamides (5) and thiobenzamides (6). The analysis of the chemical shifts of the thiohydroxamic acids under investigation indicates that the inductive effect of the hydroxyl group rather than steric hindrance is responsible for non‐additivity of the effect of substituents. Additionally, N‐hydroxyl diminishes the effect of aromatic ring substituents on the 15N chemical shifts in the thiohydroxamic acids 3 which is approximately half that in the respective thiobenzamides 6. The chemical shift values correlate best with Brown's σ+ parameter. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteome analysis of Pseudomonas sp. K82 biodegradation pathways
Authors: Kim Seung Il , Kim Jin Young , Yun Sung‐Ho , Kim Jung‐Hyun , Leem Sun‐Hee , Lee Chulhyun
Published: September 2004

Pseudomonas sp. K82 is a soil bacterium that can degrade and use monocyclic aromatic compounds including aniline, 3‐methylaniline, 4‐methylaniline, benzoate and p‐hydroxybenzoate as its sole carbon and energy sources. In order to understand the impact of these aromatic compounds on metabolic pathways in Pseudomonas sp. K82, proteomes obtained from cultures exposed to different substrates were displayed by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and were compared to search for differentially induced metabolic enzymes. Column separations of active fractions were performed to identify major biodegradation enzymes. More than thirty proteins involved in biodegradation and other types of metabolism were identified by electrospray ionization‐quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. The proteome analysis suggested that Pseudomonas sp. K82 has three main metabolic pathways to degrade these aromatic compounds and induces specific metabolic pathways for each compound. The catechol 2,3‐dioxygenase (CD2,3) pathway was the major pathway and the catechol 1,2‐dioxygenase (β‐ketoadipate) pathway was the secondary pathway induced by aniline (aniline analogues) exposure. On the other hand, the catechol 1,2‐dioxygenase pathway was the major pathway induced by benzoate exposure. For the degradation of p‐hydroxybenzoate, the protocatechuate 4,5‐dioxygenase pathway was the major degradation pathway induced. The nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of substrates demonstrated that Pseudomonas sp. K82 metabolizes some aromatic compounds more rapidly than others (benzoate > p‐hydroxybenzoate > aniline) and that when combined, p‐hydroxybenzoate metabolism is repressed by the presence of benzoate or aniline. These results suggest that proteome analysis can be useful in the high throughput study of bacterial metabolic pathways, including that of biodegradation, and that inter‐relationships exist with respect to the metabolic pathways of aromatic compounds in Pseudomonas sp. K82.
Semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks composed of poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) and polyacrylamide hydrogels
Authors: Djonlagić Jasna , Petrović Zoran S.
Published: September 2004

Three series of semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks, based on crosslinked poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPA) and 1 wt % nonionic or ionic (cationic and anionic) linear polyacrylamide (PAAm), were synthesized to improve the mechanical properties of PNIPA gels. The effect of the incorporation of linear polymers into responsive networks on the temperature‐induced transition, swelling behavior, and mechanical properties was studied. Polymer networks with four different crosslinking densities were prepared with various molar ratios (25:1 to 100:1) of the monomer (N‐isopropyl acrylamide) to the crosslinker (methylenebisacrylamide). The hydrogels were characterized by the determination of the equilibrium degree of swelling at 25 °C, the compression modulus, and the effective crosslinking density, as well as the ultimate hydrogel properties, such as the tensile strength and elongation at break. The introduction of cationic and anionic linear hydrophilic PAAm into PNIPA networks increased the rate of swelling, whereas the presence of nonionic PAAm diminished it. Transition temperatures were significantly affected by both the crosslinking density and the presence of linear PAAm in the hydrogel networks. Although anionic PAAm had the greatest influence on increasing the transition temperature, the presence of nonionic PAAm caused the highest dimensional change. Semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks reinforced with cationic and nonionic PAAm exhibited higher tensile strengths and elongations at break than PNIPA hydrogels, whereas the presence of anionic PAAm caused a reduction in the mechanical properties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3987–3999, 2004
The impact of cervical cancer and dysplasia: A qualitative, multiethnic study
Authors: Ashing‐Giwa Kimlin T. , Kagawa‐Singer Marjorie , Padilla Geraldine V. , Tejero Judith S. , Hsiao Evana , Chhabra Rajinder , Martinez Lucrecia , Tucker M. Belinda
Published: September 2004

Study purpose: Cervical cancer (CCA) remains a health challenge nationally and globally. In the US, more than 12 000 women are diagnosed each year with invasive cervical cancer and more than 220 000 are living with a history of this diagnosis (ACS, 2003). This qualitative study aims to examine health related quality of life (HRQOL) from a culturally consistent framework.

Methods: Key‐informant interviews (N=23) and focus group interviews (N=51) were conducted with a multiethnic sample of cervical cancer survivors (CCS) recruited from hospitals and clinics.

Analyses and results: Content and theme analyses were conducted. Findings indicate that cultural and family factors often promote coping and well‐being, but may foster delay in care seeking and self‐deprecation, particularly among Latina and Asian CCS. Faith in God was relied on for comfort, strength and healing by many survivors, especially the African Americans and Latinas. Overall, our participants reported moderate HRQOL. However, persistent concerns included treatment side‐effects; difficulties accessing quality care; inadequate health insurance, barriers to good physician‐patient relationship such as language and doctors' time constraints; insufficient knowledge about CCA due to limited information from medical staff; lack of control over treatments; social support, family well‐being, functional and work issues; and sexuality and relationship concerns. Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, cultural beliefs and practices, age and family support dictated the level of cancer‐related burden.

Conclusion: Invasive CCA is primarily a cancer of women who are economically disenfranchised. Women with a CCA diagnosis are disproportionately challenged by lack of resources including quality, affordable health care and psychosocial services. CCS experience persistent medical, psychological, social, and relational concerns. Information concerning CCS is needed, particularly in Spanish, Vietnamese and Korean. There is an urgent need for further research to understand the risk factors, and the social and cultural mediators of cancer‐related HRQOL for CCS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The meaning of quality of life in patients being treated for advanced breast cancer: A qualitative study
Authors: Luoma Minna‐Liisa , Hakamies‐Blomqvist Liisa
Published: September 2004

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the meaning of advanced breast cancer patients' quality of life (QoL). A semi‐structured interview was used, and the phenomenological research method chosen to analyse the data.

The findings show that limitations in physical functioning translate into dependency on others, leading to decreased autonomy. Patients tended to ensure their autonomy by participating in easier activities or changing their internal standards. Changes in appearance and decreased condition affected patients' ability to carry out roles and responsibilities, which led to changes in lifestyle and also affected patients' social functioning, often resulting in isolation. The meaning of being able to sustain reciprocal relationships was emphasized. Patients maintained control of to what extent their illness was recognized in social relationships, which was crucial to their feelings of autonomy. Close families were a main source of social support, but also a major source of concern. Meaning of emotional functioning was often expressed in terms of the ability to enjoy life day‐by‐day and of commitment to treatment. Patients' cognitive functioning was largely intact while their difficulties in cognitive functioning were more characteristic of anxiety. Global QoL was often expressed in terms of a normal life. In addition there were 3 meta themes which emerged from the data: the patients' ability to control the illness experience, personal growth and hope. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of data with multiple sources of correlation in the framework of generalized estimating equations
Authors: Shults Justine , Whitt Melicia C. , Kumanyika Shiriki
Published: September 2004

This paper is motivated by a study of physical activity participation habits in African American women with three potential sources of correlation among study outcomes, according to method of assessment, timing of measurement, and intensity of physical activity. To adjust for the multiple sources of correlation in this study, we implement an approach based on generalized estimating equations that models association via a patterned correlation matrix. We present a general algorithm that is relatively straightforward to program, an analysis of our physical activity study, and some asymptotic relative efficiency comparisons between correctly specifying the correlation structure vs ignoring two sources of correlation in the analysis of data from this study. The efficiency comparisons demonstrate that correctly modeling the correlation structure can prevent substantial losses in efficiency in estimation of the regression parameter. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Translin associated protein X is essential for cellular proliferation
Authors: Yang Shicheng , Hecht Norman B.
Published: September 2004

DNA vectors that express short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) provide a new tool for reverse genetic analysis for selective long‐term reduction of gene expression in mammalian cells. Using shRNA constructs with a cytomegalovirus promoter and an actin intron between the hairpins for stabilization, we reduce expression of an exogenously expressed gene, GFP and the endogenous protein, Translin‐associated factor X (TRAX), in stably transfected Hela cell lines. The reduction of TRAX in Hela cells causes reduced cell proliferation. This decrease is specific as there is no equivalent reduction of the TRAX interacting protein, Testis brain RNA‐binding protein, or any significant increase in a number of interferon‐related target genes.
An episodic ataxia type‐1 mutation in the S1 segment sensitises the hKv1.1 potassium channel to extracellular Zn2+
Authors: Cusimano Antonella , Cristina D'Adamo Maria , Pessia Mauro
Published: September 2004

Episodic ataxia type‐1 (EA1) is a human neurological syndrome characterized by attacks of generalized ataxia and by continuous myokymia that has been associated with point mutations in the voltage‐gated potassium channel gene KCNA1. Although important advancement has been made in understanding the molecular pathophysiology of EA1, several disease‐causing mechanisms remain poorly understood. F184C is an EA1 mutation that is located within the S1 segment of the human Kv1.1 subunit. Here, we show that the F184C mutation increases ∼4.5‐fold the sensitivity of the channel to extracellular Zn2+. Both Zn2+ and Cd2+ markedly alter the activation kinetics of F184C channel. In addition, the mutated channel reacts with several methane thiosulfonate reagents which specifically affected channel function. The results provide structural implications and indicate that sensitisation of hKv1.1 to Zn2+ is likely to contribute to the EA1 symptoms in patients harboring the F184C mutation.
Discrete model of fish scale incremental pattern: a formalization of the 2D anisotropic structure
Authors: Smolyar Igor V. , Bromage Timothy G.
Published: September 2004

The structure of growth patterns on fish scales is characteristically anisotropic: the number of circuli and their widths significantly vary with the direction of measurement. We show, however, that because of anisotropy, fish scale growth rate variability can be described in fuzzy terms. The index of structural anisotropy is introduced, which serves as a measure of the fuzziness of growth-rate quantification. A discrete model of fish scale incremental pattern is proposed, which takes into account the incremental structure in 2D. This model is based on a representation of the fish scale pattern as a relay network, taking anisotropy in the form of discontinuities and convergences of incremental structural elements into account, and the widths of growth increments in different directions. The model is used to formalize procedures necessary for the quantification of fish scale growth rate. The capability of the model for analysing objects with similar structural attributes as found in fish scale incremental patterns, such as those found in coral, otoliths, shells, and bones, is demonstrated.
Daily egg production of anchovy in European waters
Authors: Somarakis Stylianos , Palomera Isabel , Garcia Alberto , Quintanilla Luis , Koutsikopoulos Constantin , Uriarte Andrés , Motos Lorenzo
Published: September 2004

Since the late 1980s, the Daily Egg Production Method (DEPM) has been applied to several anchovy stocks in European waters. DEPM surveys in the Bay of Biscay were well standardized and focused on providing fisheries-independent information for stock assessment purposes. Those targeting Mediterranean stocks were largely experimental and often opportunistic, with the main aim of developing and testing the method, rather than providing estimates of spawning stock biomass (SSB) for stock assessment. Consequently, the DEPM has been applied once, twice, or a maximum of three times in certain Mediterranean areas with no among-area standardization. Different techniques for several aspects of the method have been used in the Mediterranean, and the parameters estimated vary greatly among stocks and year of application. Evidence is provided that variability in biological production among sub-basins and/or years, a characteristic of Mediterranean Sea, may directly affect anchovy egg production. The daily specific fecundity of anchovy stocks can vary greatly among years, areas, or seasons in response to changing environmental and trophic regimes. When the correlation between regression-derived estimates of daily egg production and associated estimates of daily specific fecundity for anchovy in the Mediterranean, the Bay of Biscay, and upwelling areas are compared, a significant isometric relationship emerges for the Mediterranean and the Bay of Biscay, implying density-dependent use of spawning habitat. In upwelling areas, estimates of daily egg production are relatively high for a narrow range of generally low daily specific fecundities. There is a strong linear relationship between anchovy SSB and spawning area in European waters that does not differ significantly between the Bay of Biscay and the Mediterranean Sea.
Persistent HPV infection in postmenopausal age women
Authors: Smith E.M. , Johnson S.R. , Ritchie J.M. , Feddersen D. , Wang D. , Turek L.P. , Haugen T.H.
Published: September 2004

Objective: Persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with an increased risk of developing cervical SIL and cancer in young women. Because this association in older, postmenopausal age women has received little attention, we evaluated persistence of HPV among women in this age group. Methods:Women (n=105) ages 45–64 were examined annually for 7 years to evaluate HPV in cervical cytologic specimens. PCR, dot blot hybridization and DNA sequencing were used to detect HPV types. Results:The cumulative prevalence of HPV was 34%, and 24% had HPV high‐risk oncogenic types which are associated with genital cancers. The most common oncogenic types were HPV‐16 (72%) and HPV‐31 (16%). The persistence rate of HPV infection was 16%. No specific risk factors were associated with repeat viral positivity. Conclusion:Postmenopausal women are infected with persistent oncogenic HPV at a substantial rate, supporting the need for continued screening in postmenopausal women to detect preneoplastic genital lesions.
Learning world languages
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: September 2004

For most of us languages aren't all that easy to use, or learn – whether we have been born into one or several languages, or have to learn one or more ‘alien’ languages, with alien writing systems. This may just be part of the general hurly-burly of life, and is certainly the usual way of things in, say, India, Nigeria and the Philippines, or it may happen in the comparative calm of classroom and library (nowadays widely regarded as the ‘proper’ way to learn languages, even if it is not always the most effective). The first of these is, as it were, the ‘marketplace’ tradition (learning as you go), the second the ‘monastery’ tradition (classrooms, timetables, exams, and accreditation).
Playful English: kinds of reduplication
Authors: Rastall Paul
Published: September 2004

Alliteration, assonance, and other literary tics.
Cucurbits
Authors: Hargraves Orin
Published: September 2004

The fruits of the plant family Cucurbitaceae – variously called the gourd family, the pumpkin family, the melon family, or the cucumber family – offer rich pickings for charting the distribution of English dialectal variations and the curious ways in which they get fixed. The cucurbits are a medium-sized plant family, with representatives native to both the Old and New Worlds. They are what taxonomists call a monophyletic family, or a clade: all representatives of the family known today have a single ancestor, which presumably sprouted up somewhere on Pangaea. This paper explores this linguistic phenomenon.
Class, identity and the urban: the middle class in England, c. 1790–1950
Authors: GUNN SIMON
Published: September 2004

The article considers the relationship between the middle class and urban place in England. Using the concept of identity, it examines changes in the meaning of the term ‘middle class’ between the late eighteenth and the mid-twentieth century and how these changes were related to the configuration of urbanity. In the earlier twentieth century, it is argued, state and nation replaced the urban as the principal referent for middle-class identity.
Extended cusp‐like regions and their dependence on the Polar orbit, seasonal variations, and interplanetary conditions
Authors: Stubbs T. J. , Cargill P. J. , Lockwood M. , Grande M. , Kellett B. J. , Perry C. H.
Published: September 2004

Extended cusp‐like regions (ECRs) are surveyed, as observed by the Magnetospheric Ion Composition Sensor (MICS) of the Charge and Mass Magnetospheric Ion Composition Experiment (CAMMICE) instrument aboard Polar between 1996 and 1999. The first of these ECR events was observed on 29 May 1996, an event widely discussed in the literature and initially thought to be caused by tail lobe reconnection due to the coinciding prolonged interval of strong northward IMF. ECRs are characterized here by intense fluxes of magnetosheath‐like ions in the energy‐per‐charge range of ∼1 to 10 keV e−1. We investigate the concurrence of ECRs with intervals of prolonged (lasting longer than 1 and 3 hours) orientations of the IMF vector and high solar wind dynamic pressure (PSW). Also investigated is the opposite concurrence, i.e., of the IMF and high PSW with ECRs. (Note that these surveys are asking distinctly different questions.) The former survey indicates that ECRs have no overall preference for any orientation of the IMF. However, the latter survey reveals that during northward IMF, particularly when accompanied by high PSW, ECRs are more likely. We also test for orbital and seasonal effects revealing that Polar has to be in a particular region to observe ECRs and that they occur more frequently around late spring. These results indicate that ECRs have three distinct causes and so can relate to extended intervals in (1) the cusp on open field lines, (2) the magnetosheath, and (3) the magnetopause indentation at the cusp, with the latter allowing magnetosheath plasma to approach close to the Earth without entering the magnetosphere.
Delineation of geologic facies with statistical learning theory
Authors: Tartakovsky Daniel M. , Wohlberg Brendt E.
Published: September 2004

Insufficient site parameterization remains a major stumbling block for efficient and reliable prediction of flow and transport in a subsurface environment. The lack of sufficient parameter data is usually dealt with by treating relevant parameters as random fields, which enables one to employ various geostatistical and stochastic tools. The major conceptual difficulty with these techniques is that they rely on the ergodicity hypothesis to interchange spatial and ensemble statistics. Instead of treating deterministic material properties as random, we introduce tools from machine learning to deal with the sparsity of data. To demonstrate the relevance and advantages of this approach, we apply one of these tools, the Support Vector Machine, to delineate geologic facies from hydraulic conductivity data.
Energetic electron beams in Ganymede's magnetosphere
Authors: Williams D. J.
Published: September 2004

We present energetic particle measurements obtained from the Galileo satellite's final close encounter with Jupiter's moon Ganymede. The encounter occurred on 28 December 2000, crossing Ganymede's plasma wake at midlatitudes. Field‐aligned electron beams were observed in the region where trapped‐like electron and ion distributions were measured. Given the altitude of the encounter (closest approach ∼2335 km), the observation of both trapped‐like distributions and field‐aligned electron beams is surprising and suggests that the Ganymede magnetosphere is a more complex configuration than earlier charged particle results indicate. The location of the beams, their angular width, and their spectral characteristics suggest that they may be formed by the entry and subsequent quasi‐chaotic drift of ambient Jovian electrons within Ganymede's magnetosphere.
Radiated seismic energy and earthquake source duration variations from teleseismic source time functions for shallow subduction zone thrust earthquakes
Authors: Bilek S. L. , Lay T. , Ruff L. J.
Published: September 2004

Earthquake source time functions deconvolved from teleseismic broadband P wave recordings are used to examine rupture variations for 417 underthrusting earthquakes located on the interplate interface in circum‐Pacific subduction zones. Moment‐scaled duration of significant moment release varies with depth, with longer‐duration events occurring in the shallowest 20 km of the megathrusts. The source time functions are also used to estimate radiated seismic energy. Two estimates are obtained: a simple scaled triangle substitution for the moment release history provides a minimum estimate, while integration of the time function shape provides an estimate limited only by the bandwidth of the teleseismic deconvolutions. While these energy calculations underestimate total energy, they enable systematic comparisons of rupture process within and between subduction zones. We do not find significant depth dependence for radiated energy overall, but some regions do show mild trends of increasing energy/seismic moment ratios (E/Mo) with increasing source depth that correspond to rupture duration variations in those regions. The observations of longer rupture duration at shallow depth with moderate E/Mo may be due to heterogeneous friction and structural features on the shallow plate interface.
Alterations in protein kinase C activity and processing during zinc-deficiency-induced cell death
Authors: CHOU Susan S. , CLEGG Michael S. , MOMMA Tony Y. , NILES Brad J. , DUFFY Jodie Y. , DASTON George P. , KEEN Carl L.
Published: September 2004

Protein kinases C (PKCs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that are critical for signal transduction pathways involved in growth, differentiation and cell death. All PKC isoforms have four conserved domains, C1–C4. The C1 domain contains cysteine-rich finger-like motifs, which bind two zinc atoms. The zinc-finger motifs modulate diacylglycerol binding; thus, intracellular zinc concentrations could influence the activity and localization of PKC family members. 3T3 cells were cultured in zinc-deficient or zinc-supplemented medium for up to 32 h. Cells cultured in zinc-deficient medium had decreased zinc content, lowered cytosolic classical PKC activity, increased caspase-3 processing and activity, and reduced cell number. Zinc-deficient cytosols had decreased activity and expression levels of PKC-α, whereas PKC-α phosphorylation was not altered. Inhibition of PKC-α with Gö6976 had no effect on cell number in the zinc-deficient group. Proteolysis of the novel PKC family member, PKC-δ, to its 40-kDa catalytic fragment occurred in cells cultured in the zinc-deficient medium. Occurrence of the PKC-δ fragment in mitochondria was co-incident with caspase-3 activation. Addition of the PKC-δ inhibitor, rottlerin, or zinc to deficient medium reduced or eliminated proteolysis of PKC-δ, activated caspase-3 and restored cell number. Inhibition of caspase-3 processing by Z-DQMD-FMK (Z-Asp-Gln-Met-Asp-fluoromethylketone) did not restore cell number in the zinc-deficient group, but resulted in processing of full-length PKC-δ to a 56-kDa fragment. These results support the concept that intracellular zinc concentrations influence PKC activity and processing, and that zinc-deficiency-induced apoptosis occurs in part through PKC-dependent pathways.