bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self‐reported knowledge, attitudes, and practice of final‐year dental students in relation to child abuse: A multi‐centre study
Authors: Duman Canan , Al‐Batayneh Ola B. , Ahmad Sajjad , Durward Callum S. , Kobylińska Angelika , Vieira Alexandre R. , Tredoux Sheree , Okutan Alev Eda , Egil Edibe , Kalaoglu Elif Ece , Sirinoglu Capan Belen , Aksit Bicak Damla , Zafar Sobia
Published: March 2021

Background

The number of child abuse cases is increasing worldwide; therefore, it is important to educate individuals having contact with children about it. This includes dentists who play a pivotal role in detecting and reporting child abuse.

Aim

To identify and compare the final‐ year dental student's knowledge, attitudes, and practice in relation to child abuse.

Design

A 38‐ item and four‐ part online questionnaire was distributed to students of 11 dental schools in 10 countries. SPSS and GraphPad Prism were used for data analysis. The levels of statistical significance were determined using a chi‐ square test. P ≤ .05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

A total of 660 students completed the survey. Fifty‐ six percent of the students received formal training on child abuse, and 86% wanted additional training. The knowledge of child abuse was significantly higher in Australia, the United States, and Jordan compared with other countries. Internet (60.3%) was commonly used as an information source for child abuse.

Conclusions

The study showed that dental students lack knowledge and experience in recognizing and reporting child abuse. Most respondents indicated a desire for additional training; therefore, dental schools should review what they are currently teaching and make changes as appropriate.
Effectiveness of oral health education methods on oral hygiene in children and adolescents with visual impairment: A systematic review
Authors: Chua Helene , Sardana Divesh , Turner Robin , Ting Graeme , Ekambaram Manikandan
Published: March 2021

Background

Conventional methods of oral health education (OHE) are not suitable for children with visual impairment, as these methods usually involve visual demonstration with models or plaque‐disclosing dyes.

Aim

To systematically review the literature to support the best approach for providing OHE to children and adolescents with visual impairment.

Design

A systematic search of five electronic databases and grey literature was conducted. Randomized controlled trials that compared different OHE methods in children and adolescents with visual impairment were included. The Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool (RoB 2) was used for the risk‐of‐bias assessment. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) framework was used to determine the certainty of evidence.

Results

Nine randomized controlled trials with a total of 804 participants were included in this review. Seven OHE methods were compared. Seven studies were assessed to be at high risk of bias, one study was assessed to have some concerns, and one study was assessed to be at low risk of bias. The overall certainty of evidence was very low according to GRADE.

Conclusion

There was insufficient evidence to recommend a particular method of OHE as more effective in improving the oral hygiene of children with visual impairment, but combination methods may show similar or better results.
Impacts of distributors and group purchasing organizations on hospital efficiency and profitability: a bilateral data envelopment analysis model
Authors: Lee C. Christopher , Langdo James , Hwang David , Marques Vanda , Hwang Pauline
Published: March 2021

Total health care expenses have risen significantly in the United States. There are many factors and variables that can impact hospital operating efficiencies. Among them, engaging a distributor or group purchasing organization (GPO) is one method to influence efficiency throughout the entire supply chain. This research investigates the impact of distributors and GPOs on hospital efficiency and profitability. The data from the 2015 American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Hospital Survey of which 6251 hospitals participated are used. These hospitals were separated by those who purchased supplies through a distributor and those who did not. Likewise, the same was performed for those hospitals that used GPO and those that did not. This study employs DEA‐Solver software to develop four types of bilateral DEA models. The results of the DEA model use a ranking variable (rank sum) to rank the variables within the two groups (distributor and no distributor) to determine if there is a significant difference between distributor and nondistributor. The same is performed for GPO and non‐GPO. We examined the impact of the several control variables on hospital efficiency for distributors and GPOs. Results indicate that the control variables (region, education, profit/nonprofit, government/nongovernment, and system/nonsystem) made a significant difference for hospitals that used a distributor and a GPO. Lessons and implications are discussed for future research issues, such as quality of patient care and a frontier production function.
The in‐house logistics routing problem
Authors: Fabri Marcelus , Ramalhinho Helena
Published: March 2021

In this work, we consider the internal logistics processes in the car assembling company SEAT S.A (where SEAT is Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo). We focus on the design of the supplying routes from the warehouse toward the workstations along a production line. The in‐house logistics routing problem (ILRP) can be seen as an extension of the classical vehicle routing problem considering special features such as long‐term fixed routes, unknown orders, backorders, and homogeneous fleet. To solve the ILRP, we propose an integer linear programming (ILP) model and a simulation‐based iterated local search (SimILS) algorithm. We conduct two computational experiments. The first experiment analyzes the methods' performance, and the second experiment compares the SimILS results with the current company's routes, considering real data provided by SEAT S.A. The results show that the SimILS provides the best overall results overcoming both the ILP approach and the current company's solution, leading to a significant improvement in the company's processes.
The Z‐plasty contributes to the coalescence of a chronic non‐healing wound
Authors: Zhang Xinling , Wang Guanhuier , Sun Yidan , Ding Pengbing , Yang Xin , Zhao Zhenmin
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to explore the treatment effect of Z‐plasty on a non‐healing wound. A total of 72 patients diagnosed with a chronic non‐healing wound in Peking University Third Hospital from November 2009 to August 2019 were retrospectively analysed. Among them, 27 patients were treated with Z‐plasty, and 45 patients were treated with the general method. Detailed patient information was retrieved from medical records, including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), alcohol, smoking, and comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease). Surgical parameters included operation time and intraoperative blood loss. Wound swelling, epidermal blisters, wound edge colour, and skin temperature at 1 day after surgery were assessed to evaluate the blood supply of the wound. Surgical complications included infection, haematoma, dehiscence, and non‐healing within 2 weeks postoperatively. Student t test (for continuous data) and Chi‐square test (for categorical data) were conducted to determine the statistical difference. We found no significant differences in age, gender, BMI, alcohol, smoking, and comorbidities between the two groups. Z‐plasty did not show any advantages in the surgical time, invasive blood loss, hospital days, and hospitalisation expenses. The incidence of abnormal wound edge colour with Z‐plasty was significantly lower than that with the general treatment (P < .05), and the Z‐plasty enables better healing of the patient's wound (P < .05). Z‐plasty promoted better recovery of chronic non‐healing wounds than direct suturing.
Diabetes management by either telemedicine or clinic visit improved glycemic control during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic state of emergency in Japan
Authors: Onishi Yukiko , Yoshida Yoko , Takao Toshiko , Tahara Tazu , Kikuchi Takako , Kobori Toshiko , Kubota Tetsuya , Shimmei Asuka , Iwamoto Masahiko , Kasuga Masato
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this retrospective cohort study at a Tokyo diabetes clinic was to evaluate the effect of telemedicine and clinic visit on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) during the coronavirus disease 2019 state of emergency. The effect of telemedicine and clinic visit during the emergency period on the post‐emergency measured HbA1c was evaluated by multiple regression models and logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, type of diabetes, pre‐emergency HbA1c and body mass index, and body mass index change during the emergency period. Among 2,727 patients who visited the clinic before and after the emergency period, the interval between clinic visits during the emergency period was significantly associated with HbA1c improvement. Telemedicine and clinic visit were independently associated with HbA1c improvement when pre‐emergency HbA1c was ≥7%. In conclusion, clinic visit and telemedicine during the coronavirus disease 2019 emergency period were both independently effective in HbA1c improvement in Japanese diabetes patients who had insufficient HbA1c control.
Scenario‐based extreme flood risk analysis of Xiong'an New Area in northern China
Authors: Wu Feng , Guo Naliang , Kumar Pankaj , Niu Lulu
Published: March 2021

Weather disasters, with floods amongst the most destructive, are increasingly being correlated with climate change. Flood warning measures, for which accurate simulation of flood evolution processes is required, are crucial to avoid human and economic losses. Xiong'an New Area was developed as a hub in northern China, implying an influx of residents and increased economic activity. However, this area is located downstream of the Baiyangdian Lake Basin; therefore, evaluating the flood risk here is vital. We applied a hydrodynamic model in our study and, to simulate the flood inundation process, we employed terrain spatial resolution; we calibrated and validated the model parameters using AnXin hydrological observation data. The results showed a relative water‐level error of 5.25%, indicating our model was largely reliable. We calculated the annual exceedance probability of peak discharge against the magnitude and frequency of historical flood‐peak streamflow in the basin. We simulated the flood submerged area under three scenarios, that is, return periods of 10, 50, and 100 years, and compared the effects of floods under these scenarios against the urban development planning of Xiong'an New Area. Our results provide practical guidance for flood control planning and crucial insight for urban planning in Xiong'an New Area.
Rent Extraction with Securities Plus Cash
Authors: LIU TINGJUN , BERNHARDT DAN
Published: March 2021

In our target‐initiated theory of takeovers, a target approaches potential acquirers that privately know their standalone values and merger synergies, where higher synergy acquirers tend to have larger standalone values. Despite their information disadvantage, targets can extract all surplus when synergies and standalone values are concavely related by offering payment choices that are combinations of cash and equity. Targets exploit the reluctance of high‐valuation acquirers to cede equity claims, inducing them to bid more cash. When synergies and standalone values are not concavely related, sellers can gain by combining cash with securities that are more information sensitive than equities.
Clinicopathological aspects of primary mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the salivary gland: A retrospective single‐center analysis of 72 cases
Authors: Zhang Chunye , Xia Ronghui , Gu Ting , Wang Lizhen , Tian Zhen , Zhu Ling , Han Jing , Hu Yuhua , Wang Yu , Sun Jingjing , Li Jiang
Published: March 2021

Background

Salivary gland extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma) is uncommon and has not been studied extensively. We aimed to investigate the features of clinicopathological and molecular changes of salivary MALT lymphoma.

Methods

Seventy‐two cases of primary salivary MALT lymphoma that had clinicopathological information available were utilized in this study. MALT1 gene translocation, trisomy 3, and trisomy 18 were detected by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software package.

Results

The ratio of male to female was 1:2.8, and the median age was 57.0 years. 12.5% (9/72) of the patients presented with multiple swellings. Among the others with solitary mass, the parotid gland was involved most frequently (47/63,74.6%), followed by the palate (7/63, 11.1%). 34.7% of patients had an autoimmune disease, with Sjögren syndrome (SS) being the most common. Among the 70 cases successfully performed, it was identified that trisomy 3 was the most frequent molecular change (41/70, 58.6%), followed by trisomy 18 (7/70, 10%) and MALT1 translocation (5/70, 7.1%). The tumor tissue tended to exhibit trisomy 3 in patients without SS (p = 0.038). The 5‐year overall survival was 94.1%, and the 5‐year disease‐free survival was 85.3% (mean follow‐up time: 104.7 months). The patients without SS and trisomy 18 had a prolonged recurrence‐free survival (p = 0.015, p = 0.001 respectively).

Conclusion

Salivary gland MALT lymphoma is associated with autoimmune diseases, and trisomy 3 is the most common genetic change. Trisomy 18 can be used to predict the possibility of tumor relapse.
TLR‐4 targeting contributes to the recovery of osteoimmunology in periodontitis
Authors: Yang Xi , Tao Xiaoan , Qi Weijuan , Liu Zhao , Wang Yamin , Han Qianqian , Xu Chenrong
Published: March 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the potential role of TLR‐4 in the osteoimmunological imbalance of periodontitis.

Background

Although current evidence supports that TLR‐4 plays an important role in the inflammatory response of periodontal tissues triggered by microorganisms, little information is available regarding the function of TLR‐4 in the osteoimmune regulation of homeostasis in periodontitis.

Methods

Human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) were isolated from the gingival tissues of 3 healthy volunteers and the expression of osteoclastogenic cytokines was evaluated by ELISA and real time RT‐PCR. In addition, 30 C57BL/6 mice were used and randomly divided into three groups: control group, periodontitis group (CP) and periodontitis+TAK‐242 (a specific inhibitor of TLR‐4) group (TAK‐242) and the expression of osteoclastogenic cytokines and the osteoclast density in the periodontal tissue were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining. Moreover, micro‐computed tomography (Micro‐CT) was used to assess bone resorption.

Results

The in vitro results showed that TAK‐242 blocked the overproduction of IL‐1, IL‐6, TNF‐α and RANKL in HGEC treated with LPS. The in vivo results revealed that TAK‐242 also effectively decreased these osteoclastogenic cytokines in periodontal tissue of mice with periodontitis. More importantly, Micro‐CT analysis showed a significant reduction of the alveolar bone loss in the TAK‐242 group compared with the CP group. Furthermore, the TRAP staining showed a significant lower density of osteoclasts in the alveolar bone area of the TAK‐242 group.

Conclusion

TLR‐4 inhibition decreased the differentiation of osteoclast through the inhibition of the overproduction of osteoclastogenic cytokines and the prevention of the alveolar bone absorption in mouse periodontitis models. Therefore, the use of TAK‐242 might contribute to the recovery of the osteoimmunological homeostasis and might provide a potential strategy to treat periodontal diseases.
Protective mechanisms of Taiwanese green propolis toward high glucose‐induced inflammation via NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Vo Thi Thuy Tien , Lee Chiang‐Wen , Chiang Yao‐Chang , Chen Yue‐Wen , Yu Yu‐Hsiang , Tuan Vo Phuoc , Wu Ching‐Zong , Lee I‐Ta
Published: March 2021

Objective

To investigate protective effects of Taiwanese green propolis (TGP) against high glucose‐induced inflammatory responses in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) through NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.

Background

NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the progression of both diabetesmellitusand periodontitis, suggesting a common potential therapeutic target for these diseases. Propolis is renowned for various biological activities, particularly anti‐inflammation and antioxidant, representing a promising therapy for many conditions. However, underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Methods

The cytotoxicity of TGP was evaluated by cell viability assay. The mRNA levels and protein expression or secretion of various inflammatory molecules and NLRP3 inflammasome‐related molecules in high glucose‐exposed HGFs with or without pretreatment of TGP (5 μg/ml) were determined by real‐time PCR and western blot or specific kits, respectively. Intracellular and mitochondrial ROS measurements, NADPH oxidase activity determination, and subcellular fractions were performed to assess ROS generation. The transcriptional activity of NF‐κB was measured by luciferase reporter kit. The signaling components were further differentiated using pharmacological inhibitors of ROS and small interfering RNAs of TLR2, TLR4, or NF‐κB.

Results

High glucose could induce IL‐1β‐driven inflammatory responses in HGFs via the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome regulated by TLR2/TLR4 coupled ROS in NF‐κB‐dependent manner. TGP had no adverse impact on the cell viability of HGFs at concentrations no greater than 10 μg/ml, and could exert inhibitory effects on high glucose‐induced inflammatory responses via the interruption of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.

Conclusion

Taiwanese green propolis could elicit protective effects against IL‐1β‐driven inflammation in high glucose‐exposed HGFs through TLR2/TLR4 combined ROS/NF‐κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
Clinical findings, neurological manifestations and survival of dogs with insulinoma: 116 cases (2009‐2020)
Authors: Ryan D. , Pérez‐Accino J. , Gonçalves R. , Czopowicz M. , Bertolani C. , Tabar M. D. , Puig J. , Ros C. , Suñol A.
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To review the clinical findings and outcome in dogs diagnosed with insulinoma, and to assess which factors are predictors of overall survival. Additionally, to describe the neurological manifestations of this population and their correlation with survival.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective multicentric study of canine insulinoma cases (2009 to 2020). Signalment, clinical history, neurological examination, diagnostic findings, treatment and outcome were obtained from clinical records. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare the overall survival.

Results

One hundred and sixteen cases were included. Median duration of clinical signs before presentation was 1.5 months. The most common presenting clinical signs were weakness (59.5%), epileptic seizures (33.6%) and changes in consciousness or behaviour (27.6%). Three dogs were suspected to have paroxysmal dyskinesia. Thirty‐two dogs had an abnormal neurological examination, most commonly showing obtundation (28.1%), decreased withdrawal reflexes (21.9%) and absent menace response (18.8%). Overall survival for dogs undergoing surgery (20 months) was significantly longer than in medically treated (8 months; adjusted hazard ratio: 0.33; 95% confidence interval: 0.18, 0.59). Presence of metastases was the only other variable associated with prognosis (adjusted hazard ratio 1.72; 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 2.91).

Clinical Significance

Clinical signs of canine insulinoma are vague and non‐specific. Weakness, epileptic seizures and changes in mentation or behaviour were the most commonly reported. Obtunded mentation and forebrain neurolocalisation were the main neurological manifestations. Dogs undergoing surgery had a longer overall survival compared to medically treated cases, and dogs with metastasis had a shorter overall survival regardless of treatment modality. Abnormalities in the neurological examination did not correlate with prognosis.
Investigation of spatio‐temporal clusters of positive leptospirosis polymerase chain reaction test results in dogs in the United States, 2009 to 2016
Authors: Smith Amanda M. , Stull Jason W. , Evason Michelle D. , Weese J. Scott , Wittum Thomas E. , Szlosek Donald , Arruda Andréia Gonçalves
Published: March 2021

Background

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of concern and an investigation of recent spatio‐temporal trends of leptospirosis in dogs in the United States is needed. Leptospira PCR testing has become increasingly used in veterinary clinical medicine and these data might provide information on recent trends of disease occurrence.

Objectives

To identify and describe clusters of PCR‐positive Leptospira test results in dogs in the United States.

Animals

Leptospira real‐time PCR test results from dogs (n = 40 118) in the United States from IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., between 2009 and 2016 were included in the analysis.

Methods

In this retrospective study, spatio‐temporal clusters for a real‐time PCR‐positive test were identified using the space‐time permutation scan statistic and the centroid of the zip code reported for each test. A maximum spatial window of 20% of the population at risk, and a maximum temporal window of 6 months were used.

Results

Seven statistically significant space‐time clusters of Leptospira real‐time PCR‐positive test results were identified across the United States: 1 each located within the states of Arizona (2016), California (2014‐2015), Florida (2010), South Carolina (2015), and 1 each located within the south‐central region (2015), midwest region (2014), and northeast region (2011). Clusters ranged from 3 to 108 dogs and were identified during all years under study, except 2009, 2012, and 2013.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The spatial and temporal components of leptospirosis in dogs in this study are similar to those in previous work. However, clusters were identified in new areas, demonstrating the complex epidemiology of this disease.
Liver‐type fatty acid‐binding protein and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin in cats with chronic kidney disease and hyperthyroidism
Authors: Kongtasai Thirawut , Meyer Evelyne , Paepe Dominique , Marynissen Sofie , Smets Pascale , Mortier Femke , Demeyere Kristel , Vandermeulen Eva , Stock Emmelie , Buresova Eva , Defauw Pieter , Duchateau Luc , Daminet Sylvie
Published: March 2021

Background

Liver‐type fatty acid‐binding protein (L‐FABP) and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) are candidate biomarkers for the detection of early chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats.

Objective

To evaluate urinary and serum L‐FABP and NGAL concentrations in CKD cats and in hyperthyroid cats before and after radioiodine (131I) treatment.

Animals

Nine CKD cats, 45 healthy cats and hyperthyroid cats at 3 time points including before (T0, n = 49), 1 month (T1, n = 49), and 11 to 29 months after (T2, n = 26)131I treatment.

Methods

Cross‐sectional and longitudinal study. Serum L‐FABP (sL‐FABP), serum NGAL (sNGAL), urinary L‐FABP (uL‐FABP), and urinary NGAL (uNGAL) were compared between the 3 groups and between hyperthyroid cats before and after treatment. Data are reported as median (min‐max).

Results

CKD cats had significantly higher sL‐FABP (13.50 [3.40‐75.60] ng/ml) and uL‐FABP/Cr (4.90 [0.97‐2139.44] µg/g) than healthy cats (4.25 [1.34‐23.25] ng/ml;P= .01 and 0.46 [0.18‐9.13] µg/g;P< .001, respectively). Hyperthyroid cats at T0 had significantly higher uL‐FABP/Cr (0.94 [0.15‐896.00] µg/g) than healthy cats (P < .001), thereafter uL‐FABP/Cr significantly decreased at T2 (0.54 [0.10‐76.41] µg/g,P= .002). For the detection of CKD, uL‐FABP/Cr had 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 66.4‐100.0) sensitivity and 93.2% (95% CI, 81.3‐98.6) specificity. There were no significant differences in sNGAL and uNGAL/Cr between the 3 groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

L‐FABP, but not NGAL, is a potential biomarker for the detection of early CKD in cats. Utility of uL‐FABP to predict azotemia after treatment in hyperthyroid cats remains unknown.
Prevalence and determinants of concurrent wasting and stunting and other indicators of malnutrition among children 6–59 months old in Kersa, Ethiopia
Authors: Roba Aklilu Abrham , Assefa Nega , Dessie Yadeta , Tolera Abebe , Teji Kedir , Elena Hemler , Bliznashka Lilia , Fawzi Wafaie
Published: March 2021

Malnutrition is the leading cause of poor child health in Ethiopia, and progress to avert it is unacceptably slow. In addition, little is known about the magnitude and factors associated with concurrent wasting and stunting (WaSt). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with WaSt, wasting, stunting and underweight among children 6–59 months in Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Ethiopia. Data from a total of 1091 children and their parents' were analysed from a cross‐sectional study. Household questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were used for data collection. Height‐for‐age, weight‐for‐height and weight‐for‐age indices are expressed as standard deviation units from the mean for the reference group. Multivariate analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with WaSt, wasting, stunting and underweight. Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05. The prevalence of indicators of malnutrition was WaSt (5.8%), wasting (16.8%), stunting (53.9%) and underweight (36.9%). Children aged 6–17 months had a higher odds of wasting (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–2.75) compared with those aged 36–59 months, whereas children aged 18–35 months (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.65–3.47) and 36–59 months (aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.07–2.37) had higher odds of stunting compared with those aged 6–17 months. Similarly, children aged 18–35 months (aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.07–2.37) and 36–59 months (aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.52–3.10) had higher odds of underweight compared with children aged 6–17 months. Households that did not treat drinking water at point of use were at higher odds of WaSt (aOR 3.3, 95% CI 1.16–9.27) and stunting (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.31–2.85) compared with those who did treat drinking water. Boys were more likely to be WaSt, wasted, stunted and underweight. Cough was associated with WaSt, wasting and underweight. Furthermore, maternal education, maternal occupation and maternal age were significantly associated with wasting. Maternal body mass index (BMI) of less than 18.5 kg/m2 and maternal BMI between 18.5 and 25 kg/m2 were associated with child stunting. In Kersa, the prevalence of WaSt, wasting, stunting and underweight is very high and requires urgent public health intervention. This study highlights point‐of‐use water treatment, maternal education, hygiene and sanitation, child health service utilization and maternal BMI as important areas to improve to target child malnutrition. Furthermore, a community‐based programmatic and policy direction for early identification and management of WaSt in addition to other indicators of malnutrition is recommended.
Hyperglycemia‐induced seizures and visual symptoms due to reversible occipital damage: A case series
Authors: Baby Neena , George Minu , Divakar Anil Kumar
Published: March 2021

Seizures associated with hyperglycemia are mostly partial motor with or without secondary generalization. Occipital lobe seizures due to hyperglycemia have been reported in few case studies. The clinical characteristics, electroencephalogram (EEG), and imaging findings of the patients with poorly controlled sugars, visual impairment, and seizures were analyzed. Three patients presented with poorly controlled sugars, seizures, and visual symptoms including visual impairment and occipital seizures over a period of 6 months. EEG showed frequent occipital spikes and electrical seizures of occipital origin. Magnetic resonance imaging brain showed T2 FLAIR hypointensity over the subcortical white matter and gyral changes over the parieto‐occipital area. All of them showed good clinical improvement with antiepileptic medications and good glycemic control. The imaging repeated on follow‐up in two patients showed complete resolution of T2 FLAIR hypointensity. Hyperglycemia‐induced changes can occur with a predeliction for occipital lobe. The visual impairment and occipital seizures respond to glycemic control and anticonvulsants.
Clinicopathological features of Chinese patients with B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders and kidney infiltration
Authors: Cheung Chi Yuen , Tang Arthur H. C. , Wong Yuen Ting , Chan Gavin S. W. , Tang Sydney C. W.
Published: March 2021

Aim

Direct kidney involvement in B‐cell lymphoproliferative disease is a rare disorder with only a few studies reported in Caucasian patients. The clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of this entity remain poorly described.

Methods

We retrospectively studied all adult Chinese patients who had histology‐proven renal parenchymal infiltration by malignant B‐cells between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2018 at two tertiary hospitals in Hong Kong. Clinical, pathological and radiological data were collected from 20 patients. Follow‐up data were analysed until 31 December 2019.

Results

Median follow‐up duration was 22 (1–171) months. Only seven patients (35%) had established diagnosis of haematological cancer before kidney biopsy.

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was the most common subtype in our cohort (n = 5, 25%). Others included low‐grade B‐cell lymphoma (n = 11), intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma (n = 1), mantle cell lymphoma (n = 1) and multiple myeloma (n = 2). Fourteen patients (70%) presented with AKI while 12 patients (60%) had proteinuria. Seven patients (35%) had unilateral renal mass, one had bilateral renal masses and one had bilateral diffuse nephromegaly in computed tomography. Lymphomatous tubulointerstitial infiltration was the prevalent histological finding. Nine patients (45%) had coexisting renal lesions other than direct tumour infiltration. All but one patient received chemotherapy. Ten patients died and renal responders had a significantly better survival than non‐renal responders (p = .03).

Conclusion

Direct tumour infiltration can occur in a wide variety of B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Coexisting immunoglobulin‐related nephropathy is frequently found. Renal biopsy is required for early diagnosis which allows timely and appropriate treatment.
Intraspecific genetic variation and biogeographic history of the arid relict shrub Amygdalus pedunculata (Rosaceae) in northwest China
Authors: Wei Bo , Zhang Lin , Ma Song‐Mei , Ren Chen‐Rong , Nie YingBin , Sun Fang‐Fang
Published: March 2021

We studied the arid shrub Amygdalus pedunculata to better understand biogeographic histories and the impact of climate fluctuations during the Quaternary in shaping genetic variation and in northwest China. Three chloroplast DNA intergenic spacers (psbK‐psbI, trnL‐trnF and trnV) were sequenced in 129 individuals from 10 populations across the range of A. pedunculata, and 17 haplotypes were identified, with one haplotype that was distributed across all sampled populations. High levels of total gene diversity (HT = 0.965) and within‐population diversity (HS = 0.669) were identified. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that most genetic variation occurred within populations. Neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analysis suggested past range expansions of A. pedunculata. As such, A. pedunculata has likely undergone a substantial postglacial range expansion northward and southward along the margins of the northern Yin Mountains and Mu Us Desert, respectively. Principal coordinate analyses, median‐joining network analysis and Beast analysis revealed that 17 haplotypes mainly formed three clusters, corresponding to the Northern (Damao Banner) and Central (Wula Mountains and Guyang County) regions of Inner Mongolia and the Southern region (Bulang Township) in northern Shannxi. The local adaptative differentiation is speculated to have occurred among the three regions mainly resulting from geographical isolation caused by the uplift and extension of the Yinshan Mountains during the Quaternary.
The decline of Gentianella campestris: three decades of population development of an endangered grassland plant in Sweden
Authors: Glav Lundin Linnea , Eriksson Ove
Published: March 2021

Species‐rich semi‐natural grasslands are declining all over northern Europe, and many plant species confined to such grasslands are currently under threat. We studied the development of populations of one such species, the field gentian Gentianella campestris, during three decades in the County of Södermanland, south of Stockholm, Sweden. Gentianella campestris is Red Listed as Endangered in Sweden. It is a strict biennial, and as far as known with only a transient seed bank. Large population fluctuations are a characteristic of this species, and its life history makes the species inherently sensitive to factors causing population reductions. We found that the number of sites with G. campestris has declined with over 60% in the last three decades. The total number of flowering individuals also show a strong decreasing trend, although there was an increase the last year (2020) at a few remaining sites. Cessation of grazing management is a major cause of the decline, but populations also disappeared from managed sites. It is possible that the management has been inappropriate, and circumstantial evidence suggests that summer drought might be an additional cause of population decline. Data from 2018, a year with an exceptional summer drought, supports this explanation. A sowing experiment indicated that recruitment of new populations is unlikely in the present‐day landscape where most vegetation is unsuitable for G. campestris. Due to the poor prospects for long‐term maintenance of grazing management in still remaining semi‐natural grasslands, and the decline even at sites with current management, G. campestris faces a risk of becoming regionally extinct within the coming decades.
Influence of physiography, soil and climate on Taxus globosa
Authors: Antúnez Pablo
Published: March 2021

In order to apply, promote and consolidate the actions and strategies of conservation of a species in danger of extinction, it is desirable to have the most detailed information possible about its habitat and the variables that affect it. In this study, we examined how temperature, soil pH, precipitation and physiography affect occurrence of Taxus globosa, an endangered species in Central and North America. The medical importance (contains taxol, a substance to treat cancer) of this plant and its endemic status make it a highly priority species that requires all efforts to preserve it. Hypothesis evaluation of the abiotic variable–probability of occurrence relationships we did by using the generalized additive model with a Bayesian approach. Small climatic intervals we observed and response curves were asymmetric in most cases. Variables that showed statistical significance in the analyses were the mean temperature in the warmest month, mean annual temperature and the summer dryness index. The findings contribute to the scientific basis for the conservation and management of the species and could implement specific actions, such as the exact location of sites in the wildlife for assisted propagation trials, to establish or expand natural protected areas based on the altitudinal gradient or suitable climate ranges.
New combinations in the Neotropical genus Monticalia (Compositae, Senecioneae)
Authors: Calvo Joel
Published: March 2021

In order to move towards an accurate delimitation of Monticalia and its morphologically closest genera, the following names are transferred to Monticalia: Pentacalia chimborazensis, Senecio aclydiphyllus, S. miniauritus and S. pleniauritus. The four species thrive in the highlands of the central Andes and were hitherto treated under the genus Pentacalia. Monticalia miniaurita comb. nov. is recorded in Ecuador for the first time.
Microtargeting control: Explicating algorithmic control and nudges in platform‐mediated cab driving in India
Authors: Parth Shalini , Bathini Dharma Raju
Published: March 2021

We discuss algorithmic control and nudges prevalent in the gig economy in relation to extant management control literature. We draw on an analysis of archival data and interviews with drivers and executives of app‐based cab companies in India. Comparing algorithmic control with direct control, we explain the increase in the scale and scope of automation that enables detailed driver profiling and segmentation, which is crucial for microtargeting control mechanisms and controlling driver earnings. Explaining nudges vis‐a‐vis indirect control, we highlight the role of mental processes and clarify the labelling of control mechanisms as nudges. Furthermore, we show how nudges are interwoven into algorithmic control as they capitalise on and feed into it. We also substantiate the discussions on information asymmetry by explicating the calculative apparatus that underlies the asymmetry.
Mobilising networks after redundancy: The experiences of Australian journalists
Authors: Marjoribanks Timothy , Zion Lawrie , Sherwood Merryn
Published: March 2021

Redundancy and job loss in a context of precarity have become central to the experiences of journalists globally over the last decade. Previous research has identified the importance of networks to job seeking in these contexts. This article analyses responses of 225 journalists in Australia whose positions were made redundant between 2012 and 2014 to questions about their ongoing connections with former colleagues in a survey conducted four times: in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. A key finding is that these networks are resources that journalists develop, manage, mobilise and maintain for social and professional purposes, sometimes simultaneously. In this paper, we also seek to extend theoretical and empirical understandings of networks as forms of support when dealing with job loss and in developing strategies for seeking new employment and career opportunities.
Minimum 7‐year Follow‐up of A Porous Coated Trabecular Titanium Cup Manufactured with Electron Beam Melting Technique in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Huang Yong , Zhou Yi‐xin , Tian Hua , Wang Jun‐wen , Liu Wen‐guang , Li Hu
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To investigate the cup survivorship, patient satisfaction level, clinical function, and radiographic outcomes of patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) using electron beam melting (EBM)‐produced porous coated titanium cups at mid‐term follow up.

Methods

A total of 32 patients (32 hips) from five hospitals in China who underwent primary THA using EBM‐produced trabecular titanium cups between May and December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criteria were: (i) patients who underwent THA with the use of EBM‐produced cups with possible 7‐year follow up; and (ii) patients with follow‐up information, including the cup survivorship, patient satisfaction level, and clinical outcomes such as Harris hip score. The exclusion criteria were: (i) patients with neuropathic diseases; and (ii) patients who underwent THA due to neoplastic disease. Five (15.6%) patients were lost to follow up before the 7‐year follow‐up and, thus, were excluded; none of these patients died due to disease associated with the THA or had undergone removal of their cups as of our last evaluation. The mean age and body mass index of the patients were 59.37 (range: 38.00–69.00) years and 24.51 (range: 16.50–34.10) kg/m2, respectively. Thirteen (48.1%) of the patients were female.

Results

The average duration of follow‐up was 93.48 (range: 89.00–99.00) months. The median Harris hip score improved from 42.00 (interquartile range: 37.00–49.00) to 97.00 (interquartile range: 92.00–97.00) at the latest follow up (P < 0.001). A total of 18 (66.7%) patients rated their satisfaction level as very satisfied, 6 (22.2%) as satisfied, 2 (7.4%) as neutral and 1 (3.7%) as dissatisfied. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were identified. At the latest follow up, all cups were considered to have achieved osteointegration fixation, with three or more of the five signs evident in the most recent X‐ray. However, three cups revealed radiolucent lines with a width of less than 1 mm. The median vertical and horizontal distances between the latest postoperative center of rotation relative to the anatomic center of rotation were 2.50 (interquartile range: −3.10, 6.94) mm superiorly and 3.26 (interquartile range: −8.12, 2.38) mm medially, respectively, at the most recent postoperative follow up. Kaplan–Meier survivorship analysis of cups, with the endpoint defined as postoperative radiolucent lines of less than 1 mm in width in at least two zones, reveals that the 8.25‐year survival was 96.3% (95% confidence interval: 76.49%–99.47%).

Conclusion

The mid‐term follow‐up of patients who underwent primary THA using EBM‐produced porous coated titanium cups demonstrated favorable patient satisfaction, good clinical function, excellent survivorship, and adequate biological fixation.
A republic for all sentients: Social freedom without free will
Authors: Paez Eze
Published: March 2021

Most nonhuman animals live on the terms imposed on them by human beings. This condition of being under the mastery of another, or domination, is what republicanism identifies as political unfreedom. Yet there are several problems that must be solved in order to successfully extend republicanism to animals. Here I focus on the question of whether freedom can be a benefit for individuals without a free will. I argue that once we understand the grounds that make freedom a desirable property of choices, we can see how it is appropriate to predicate it of those made by any sentient agent.
The significance of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression in spindle cell lesions of the breast
Authors: Genco Iskender Sinan , Hackman Kayla , Morrar Doaa , Jin Cao , Santagada Eugene , Hajiyeva Sabina
Published: March 2021

Spindle cell lesions of the breast are rare entities and pose a diagnostic challenge for pathologists due to overlapping morphologic and immunohistochemical features. We evaluated EZH2 expression in various benign (fibromatosis (n = 8), myofibroblastoma (n = 7), neurofibroma (n = 1), nodular fasciitis (n = 5), benign phyllodes tumor (n = 18)) and malignant (malignant phyllodes tumor (n = 8), metaplastic breast carcinoma (n = 16) and angiosarcoma (n = 8)) spindle cell lesions as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic marker. The EZH2 expression was evaluated semi‐quantitatively to categorize the cases as ‘low’ and ‘high’ expression. All benign lesions showed low EZH2 expression, whereas high EZH2 expression was observed in the majority (28/32; 88%) of malignant lesions. The study results suggest that EZH2 may be used both as an additional diagnostic tool to reach an accurate diagnosis of the spindle cell lesions of the breast and as a therapeutic target for the malignant lesions.
Age‐related changes in cerebrovascular health and their effects on neural function and cognition: A comprehensive review
Authors: Zimmerman Benjamin , Rypma Bart , Gratton Gabriele , Fabiani Monica
Published: March 2021

The process of aging includes changes in cellular biology that affect local interactions between cells and their environments and eventually propagate to systemic levels. In the brain, where neurons critically depend on an efficient and dynamic supply of oxygen and glucose, age‐related changes in the complex interaction between the brain parenchyma and the cerebrovasculature have effects on health and functioning that negatively impact cognition and play a role in pathology. Thus, cerebrovascular health is considered one of the main mechanisms by which a healthy lifestyle, such as habitual cardiorespiratory exercise and a healthful diet, could lead to improved cognitive outcomes with aging. This review aims at detailing how the physiology of the cerebral vascular system changes with age and how these changes lead to differential trajectories of cognitive maintenance or decline. This provides a framework for generating specific mechanistic hypotheses about the efficacy of proposed interventions and lifestyle covariates that contribute to enhanced cognitive well‐being. Finally, we discuss the methodological implications of age‐related changes in the cerebral vasculature for human cognitive neuroscience research and propose directions for future experiments aimed at investigating age‐related changes in the relationship between physiology and cognitive mechanisms.
Conserving shellfish reefs—a systematic review reveals the need to broaden research efforts
Authors: Toone Trevyn A. , Hunter Rebecca , Benjamin Emilee D. , Handley Sean , Jeffs Andrew , Hillman Jenny R.
Published: March 2021

Globally, shellfish reefs have experienced unprecedented declines from historical levels, imperiling the surrounding ecosystems and the services they provide. Shellfish conservation and restoration projects have emerged to combat and reverse this decline but are hindered by a scattered knowledge base and a lack of evidence‐based best practice. To address this concern, we conducted a systematic review of English‐language peer‐reviewed articles studying the impacts of conservation‐based actions on reef‐building bivalves. A comprehensive search identified 281 relevant articles for the review. Articles were then categorized to establish the temporal and geographic extent of shellfish reef conservation research, quantify collaboration within the field, and develop a systematic map of the distribution of evidence across intervention and outcome categories. The results confirm a substantial increase in shellfish reef research with 72% of articles published since 2010. However, this evidence base is uneven, with 80% of research occurring in the United States and Northern Europe, 71% on only oysters, and 58% by only academia‐affiliated authors. The systematic map of linkages and gaps also reveals disparities in the evidence base, as ecological interventions and outcomes are undertaken and measured at a far greater rate than social interventions and outcomes, despite evidence that social aspects are critical components of conservation work. To ensure future conservation practitioners have evidence that is relevant to the circumstances of their projects, this evidence base needs to be diversified and we offer recommendations on reprioritizations for future research as well as a comprehensive database of existing shellfish conservation papers.
Decolonising Religious Studies in South Africa: Reflections on the field 26 years after democracy
Authors: Scharnick-Udemans Lee-Shae S.
Published: March 2021

In light of the decolonial turn in scholarship, this essay maps the state of the field for Religious Studies in South Africa, 26 years after the first democratic elections. It suggests that between the genealogical critique of the discipline and the mapping of decoloniality in research and teaching, a description and assessment of the institutional presence and politics of Religious Studies and theology is necessary. This conceptual pause allows us to chart the practical possibilities and limitations for the discipline's future. By highlighting the contested Christonormativity that characterises contemporary South African public culture and illustrating the overrepresentation of theology in higher education, I argue that the flourishing of Christian privilege in higher education should be more critically considered within the decolonial project.
Pharmacotherapy for sleep apnoea: A search for the right therapeutic key
Authors: Landry Shane A. , Edwards Bradley A.
Published: March 2021

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