bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foliage Residue Decomposition and Nutrient Release in Peach Palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) Plantations for Heart‐of‐Palm Production in Costa Rica
Authors: Soto G. , Luna‐Orea P. , Wagger M. G. , Smyth T. J. , Alvarado A.
Published: September 2005

Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) for heart‐of‐palm production exports relatively low amounts of nutrients from the field and leaves considerable amounts of residue and nutrients on the ground as mulch. The primary objective of this study was to gain an understanding of residue decomposition and nutrient release patterns of peach palm foliage in a mature plantation in Costa Rica. The study was conducted within a 16‐yr commercial peach palm stand during two typically seasonal wet periods and one typically dry period. The third leaf of the five leaves cut during harvest of the stem portion were placed in 1‐mm mesh nylon bags. Bags were placed on the soil surface and retrieved at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 wk. Initial residue N concentrations over the three placement periods ranged from 24.2 to 28.1 g kg−1, C to N ratios between 16:1 and 17:1, cellulose from 251 to 325 g kg−1, and lignin from 80 to 104 g kg−1. There was no effect of seasonal periods on residue decomposition and N, P, and K release. Residue decomposition and nutrient release were best fitted by single‐exponential, three‐parameter models. The residue decomposition rate was 0.1472 wk−1 while nutrient release rates ranged from 0.0297 to 0.2998 wk−1. The potentially available nutrient pools in 4‐ and 8‐yr peach palm stands from a companion experiment ranged on an annual basis from 93 to 107 kg N ha−1, 14 to 15 kg P ha−1, 90 to 116 kg K ha−1, 19 to 23 kg Ca ha−1, and 13 to 14 kg Mg ha−1. The relatively rapid decomposition and nutrient release rates would seem to be ideal for this perennial cropping system where plants are continuously absorbing nutrients during the year to support the growth of offshoots that eventually become harvestable stems.
Biculture Legume–Cereal Cover Crops for Enhanced Biomass Yield and Carbon and Nitrogen
Authors: Sainju Upendra M. , Whitehead Wayne F. , Singh Bharat P.
Published: September 2005

Biculture legume–cereal cover cropping may enhance above‐ and belowground biomass yields and C and N contents. The increase in C and N supply to the soil has the potential to improve soil quality and crop productivity compared with monoculture cover crop species. We examined above‐ and belowground (0‐ to 120‐cm soil depth) biomass yields and C and N contents of a legume [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye (Secale cereale L.)], and biculture of legume and nonlegume (vetch and rye) cover crops planted without tillage in the fall of 1999 to 2001 in central Georgia. After cover crop kill in the spring, cotton (Gossypium hitsutum L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)] were planted using three tillage practices (no‐till, strip till, and chisel till) with three N fertilization rates (0, 60 to 65, and 120 to 130 kg N ha−1). The field experiment was arranged in a split‐split plot treatment with three replications on a Dothan sandy loam (fine‐loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Plinthic Kandiudults). Aboveground biomass yield of rye decreased from 6.1 to 2.3 Mg ha−1 from 2000 to 2002, but yield of hairy vetch varied (2.4 to 5.2 Mg ha−1). In contrast, biomass yield of vetch and rye biculture (5.6 to 8.2 Mg ha−1) was greater than that of rye and vetch planted alone in all years. Compared with winter weeds in no cover crop treatment, C content in rye (1729 to 2670 kg ha−1) was greater due to higher biomass yield, but N content in vetch (76 to 165 kg ha−1) was greater due to higher N concentration, except in 2002. As a result, C (2260 to 3512 kg ha−1) and N (84 to 310 kg ha−1) contents in biculture were greater than those from monocultures in all years. Similarly, belowground biomass yield and C and N contents were greater in biculture than in monocultures. In 2001, aboveground biomass yield and C and N contents in cover crops were also greater in strip till with biculture than in other treatments, except in chisel till with vetch and biculture, but belowground biomass yield and N content were greater in chisel till with biculture than in no‐till, strip till, and chisel till with weeds. Cotton lint yield was lower with biculture than with rye, but sorghum grain yield and cotton and sorghum biomass (stems + leaves) yields and N uptake were greater with biculture than with rye. Because of higher biomass yield and C and N contents, biculture of hairy vetch and rye cover crops may increase N supply, summer crop yields, and N uptake compared with rye and may increase potentials to improve soil organic matter and reduce N leaching compared with vetch.
A script‐enabled interactive checklist document for efficient management of electronic devices in a busy multimodality radiotherapy clinic
Authors: Pepin Mark D. , Brost Eric E. , Klein Kristi A. , Garces Yolanda I. , Brinkmann Debra H.
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Develop an efficient, interactive, and instructive checklist document for the management of implanted electronic medical devices in a multimodality radiotherapy clinic.

Methods

The built‐in scripting and interactivity of a popular commercial word processor was used to develop an interactive document that changes the information presented to the user based on drop‐down selections. The interactivity and scripting were compatible with the radiation oncology information system (ROIS) which allows the document to be accessible by all team members and serve as a permanent record in a patient's electronic chart.

Results

The final interactive document, which was clinically deployed after beta testing with a group consisting of nurses and medical physicists, presents information and action plans to the user based on multiple departmental medical device decision trees that are specific to the combination of device, treatment modality, rhythm‐pacing dependence for cardiac devices, and distance from the device to the treatment volume.

Conclusion

A script‐enabled interactive document was developed for a busy multimodality clinic, condensing multiple comprehensive departmental guidelines spanning multiple device types and treatment modalities into a single interactive checklist accessible within the ROIS. Given the wide accessibility of the commercial word processor, this approach could be adopted by other clinics to streamline their own respective workflows.
Technical note: Minimizing CIED artifacts on a 0.35 T MRI‐Linac using deep learning
Authors: Curcuru Austen N. , Yang Deshan , An Hongyu , Cuculich Phillip S. , Robinson Clifford G. , Gach H. Michael
Published: February 2024

Background

Artifacts from implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are a challenge to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐guided radiotherapy (MRgRT).

Purpose

This study tested an unsupervised generative adversarial network to mitigate ICD artifacts in balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) cine MRIs and improve image quality and tracking performance for MRgRT.

Methods

Fourteen healthy volunteers (Group A) were scanned on a 0.35 T MRI‐Linac with and without an MR conditional ICD taped to their left pectoral to simulate an implanted ICD. bSSFP MRI data from 12 of the volunteers were used to train a CycleGAN model to reduce ICD artifacts. The data from the remaining two volunteers were used for testing. In addition, the dataset was reorganized three times using a Leave‐One‐Out scheme. Tracking metrics [Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), target registration error (TRE), and 95 percentile Hausdorff distance (95% HD)] were evaluated for whole‐heart contours. Image quality metrics [normalized root mean square error (nRMSE), peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR), and multiscale structural similarity (MS‐SSIM) scores] were evaluated. The technique was also tested qualitatively on three additional ICD datasets (Group B) including a patient with an implanted ICD.

Results

For the whole‐heart contour with CycleGAN reconstruction: 1) Mean DSC rose from 0.910 to 0.935; 2) Mean TRE dropped from 4.488 to 2.877 mm; and 3) Mean 95% HD dropped from 10.236 to 7.700 mm. For the whole‐body slice with CycleGAN reconstruction: 1) Mean nRMSE dropped from 0.644 to 0.420; 2) Mean MS‐SSIM rose from 0.779 to 0.819; and 3) Mean PSNR rose from 18.744 to 22.368. The three Group B datasets evaluated qualitatively displayed a reduction in ICD artifacts in the heart.

Conclusion

CycleGAN‐generated reconstructions significantly improved both tracking and image quality metrics when used to mitigate artifacts from ICDs.
Dosimetric evaluation in Helical TomoTherapy for lung SBRT using Monte Carlo‐based independent dose verification software
Authors: Kosaka Takahiro , Takatsu Jun , Inoue Tatsuya , Iijima Kotaro , Suzuki Michimasa , Murakami Naoya , Shikama Naoto
Published: February 2024

Purpose

To elucidate the dosimetric errors caused by a model‐based algorithm in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with Helical TomoTherapy (HT) using Monte Carlo (MC)‐based dose verification software.

Methods

For 38 plans of lung SBRT, the dose calculation accuracy of a treatment planning system (TPS) of HT was compared with the results of DoseCHECK, the commercial MC‐based independent verification software. The following indices were extracted to evaluate the correlation of dosimetric errors: (1) target volume, (2) average computed tomography (CT) value of the planning target volume (PTV) margin, and (3) average CT value of surrounding 2‐mm area of the PTV (PTV ring). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses determined the threshold for 5% of differences in PTV D95%. Then, the 38 plans were classified into two groups using the cutoff values of ROC analysis for these three indices. Dosimetric differences between groups were statistically compared using the Mann–Whitney U test.

Results

TPS of HT overestimated by more than 5% in the PTV D95% in 16 of 38 plans. The PTV ring showed the strongest correlation with dosimetric differences. The cutoff value for the target volume, the PTV margin, and the PTV ring was 14.7 cc, −754 HU, and −708 HU, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for the target volume, the PTV margin, and the PTV ring were 0.835, 0.878, and 0.932, respectively. Dosimetric errors more than 5% were observed when the PTV volume was less than 15 cc or when the CT value around the target was less than −700 HU.

Conclusion

The TPS of HT might overestimate the PTV dose by more than 5% if any the three indices in this study were below threshold. Therefore, independent verification with an MC‐based algorithm should be strongly recommended for lung SBRT in HT.
A retrospective study on the investigation of potential dosimetric benefits of online adaptive proton therapy for head and neck cancer
Authors: Chang Chih‐Wei , Bohannon Duncan , Tian Zhen , Wang Yinan , Mcdonald Mark W. , Yu David S. , Liu Tian , Zhou Jun , Yang Xiaofeng
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Proton therapy is sensitive to anatomical changes, often occurring in head‐and‐neck (HN) cancer patients. Although multiple studies have proposed online adaptive proton therapy (APT), there is still a concern in the radiotherapy community about the necessity of online APT. We have performed a retrospective study to investigate the potential dosimetric benefits of online APT for HN patients relative to the current offline APT.

Methods

Our retrospective study has a patient cohort of 10 cases. To mimic online APT, we re‐evaluated the dose of the in‐use treatment plan on patients’ actual treatment anatomy captured by cone‐beam CT (CBCT) for each fraction and performed a templated‐based automatic replanning if needed, assuming that these were performed online before treatment delivery. Cumulative dose of the simulated online APT course was calculated and compared with that of the actual offline APT course and the designed plan dose of the initial treatment plan (referred to as nominal plan). The ProKnow scoring system was employed and adapted for our study to quantify the actual quality of both courses against our planning goals.

Results

The average score of the nominal plans over the 10 cases is 41.0, while those of the actual offline APT course and our simulated online course is 25.8 and 37.5, respectively. Compared to the offline APT course, our online course improved dose quality for all cases, with the score improvement ranging from 0.4 to 26.9 and an average improvement of 11.7.

Conclusion

The results of our retrospective study have demonstrated that online APT can better address anatomical changes for HN cancer patients than the current offline replanning practice. The advanced artificial intelligence based automatic replanning technology presents a promising avenue for extending potential benefits of online APT.
Escherichia coli‐Induced cGLIS3‐Mediated Stress Granules Activate the NF‐κB Pathway to Promote Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Progression
Authors: Kang Feng‐Ping , Chen Zhi‐Wen , Liao Cheng‐Yu , Wu Yong‐Ding , Li Ge , Xie Cheng‐Ke , Lin Hong‐Yi , Huang Long , Tian Yi‐Feng , Wang Zu‐Wei , Chen Shi
Published: February 2024

Patients with concurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and hepatolithiasis generally have poor prognoses. Hepatolithiasis is once considered the primary cause of ICC, although recent insights indicate that bacteria in the occurrence of hepatolithiasis can promote the progression of ICC. By constructing in vitro and in vivo ICC models and patient‐derived organoids (PDOs), it is shown that Escherichia coli induces the production of a novel RNA, circGLIS3 (cGLIS3), which promotes tumor growth. cGLIS3 binds to hnRNPA1 and G3BP1, resulting in the assembly of stress granules (SGs) and suppression of hnRNPA1 and G3BP1 ubiquitination. Consequently, the IKKα mRNA is blocked in SGs, decreasing the production of IKKα and activating the NF‐κB pathway, which finally results in chemoresistance and produces metastatic phenotypes of ICC. This study shows that a combination of Icaritin (ICA) and gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GP) chemotherapy can be a promising treatment strategy for ICC.
Self‐Assembling Anti‐Freezing Lamellar Nanostructures in Subzero Temperatures
Authors: Yin Hongyao , Guo Weiluo , Wang Runxi , Doutch James , Li Peixun , Tian Qiang , Zheng Zhuo , Xie Lingzhi , Feng Yujun
Published: February 2024

The requirement for cryogenic supramolecular self‐assembly of amphiphiles in subzero environments is a challenging topic. Here, the self‐assembly of lamellar lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) are presented to a subzero temperature of −70 °C. These lamellar nanostructures are assembled from specifically tailored ultra‐long‐chain surfactant stearyl diethanolamine (SDA) in water/glycerol binary solvent. As the temperature falls below zero, LLCs with a liquid‐crystalline Lα phase, a tilted Lβ phase, and a new folded configuration are obtained consecutively. A comprehensive experimental and computational study is performed to uncover the precise microstructure and formation mechanism. Both the ultra‐long alkyl chain and head group of SDA play a crucial role in the formation of lamellar nanostructures. SDA head group is prone to forming hydrogen bonds with water, rather than glycerol. Glycerol cannot penetrate the lipid layer, which mixes with water arranging outside of the lipid bilayer, providing an ideal anti‐freezing environment for SDA self‐assembly. Based on these nanostructures and the ultra‐low freezing point of the system, a series of novel cryogenic materials are created with potential applications in extremely cold environments. These findings would contribute to enriching the theory and research methodology of supramolecular self‐assembly in extreme conditions and to developing novel anti‐freezing materials.
A Neuromorphic Vision and Feedback Sensor Fusion Based on Spiking Neural Networks for Real‐Time Robot Adaption
Authors: López‐Osorio Pablo , Domínguez‐Morales Juan Pedro , Perez‐Peña Fernando
Published: February 2024

For some years now, the locomotion mechanisms used by vertebrate animals have been a major inspiration for the improvement of robotic systems. These mechanisms range from adapting their movements to move through the environment to the ability to chase prey, all thanks to senses such as sight, hearing, and touch. Neuromorphic engineering is inspired by brain problem‐solving techniques with the goal of implementing models that take advantage of the characteristics of biological neural systems. While this is a well‐defined and explored area in this field, there is no previous work that fuses analog and neuromorphic sensors to control and modify robotic behavior in real time. Herein, a system is presented based on spiking neural networks implemented on the SpiNNaker hardware platform that receives information from both analog (force‐sensing resistor) and digital (neuromorphic retina) sensors and is able to adapt the speed and orientation of a hexapod robot depending on the stability of the terrain where it is located and the position of the target. These sensors are used to modify the behavior of different spiking central pattern generators, which in turn will adapt the speed and orientation of the robotic platform, all in real time. In particular, experiments show that the network is capable of correctly adapting to the stimuli received from the sensors, modifying the speed and heading of the robotic platform.
A Novel Flexible Endomicroscopic Scanning Instrument with Visual Servoing Control
Authors: Xu Xingfeng , Zhang Chengyu , Zhang Chi , Zuo Siyang
Published: February 2024

Optical biopsy using probe‐based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) technologies performs in vivo tissue scanning of organ surfaces and plays a crucial role in early cancer diagnosis. Herein, a flexible endomicroscopic scanning instrument based on a 3‐degree‐of‐freedom flexible hinge structure and visual servoing control is presented. The instrument integrates OCT and pCLE. OCT information compensates for the imaging distance of pCLE, which can combine the advantages of the two technologies. The mechanism allows for tissue surface scanning with a wire‐driven active bending part and dynamic adjustment of the probe‐tissue distance using a combination of wire and spring‐driven, which satisfy large‐area scanning while maintaining consistence tissue contacts. Local optimization‐based visual servoing control is proposed to optimize the tissue scanning. Through the scanning experiments, high‐quality mosaics of uneven surfaces are obtained with an effective area that is larger than 4 mm2. In vivo animal trial further verifies the feasibility and clinical potential of the instrument.
A Bioinspired Shape Memory Alloy Based Soft Robotic System for Deep‐Sea Exploration
Authors: Xu Yi , Zhuo Jiangshan , Fan Mingyu , Li Xinge , Cao Xunuo , Ruan Dongrui , Cao Hejinsheng , Zhou Fanghao , Wong Tuck‐Whye , Li Tiefeng
Published: February 2024

Developing robots integrating sensors, actuators, and computational capabilities for deep‐sea exploration is challenging. Nature often offers innovative solutions to complex problems, and in this context, inspiration is drawn from the remarkable abilities of deep‐sea snails, specifically their unique tentacles, often referred to as “eyestalks” due to the presence of an eye at their tip. Herein, “DeepStalk,” a soft robot designed for deep‐sea exploration, is introduced, utilizing three shape memory alloys (SMAs) springs that mimic the three tentacle flexor muscles of deep‐sea snails. Overall, DeepStalk incorporates sensory, actuation, and control modules for operation under high hydrostatic pressure. To achieve precise control of its orientation in 3D space, a simple and reliable vector‐PID controller is developed. Remarkably, the robot successfully maintains its desired bending attitude even at 30 MPa hydrostatic pressure, achieved through the Joule heating of SMA springs. Furthermore, DeepStalk demonstrates the capability to track moving objects underwater, showcasing its potential application in challenging environments at depths of up to 20 MPa. This marks the first attempt for soft robots to integrate sensor, actuator, and control modules capable of complex tasks under high hydrostatic pressure. This innovative research advances integrated soft robotic systems for deep‐sea exploration field.
Advances and Challenges in Cerebral Organoids Research
Authors: Luo Dandan , Xu Jiaqi , Liu Fuyao , Gu Zhen
Published: February 2024

Cerebral organoids are three‐dimensional (3D) aggregates with a more advanced composition, maturation, and architecture. It has emerged as a novel and sophisticated model system for studying neurodevelopment and neurological disorders, in comparison to conventional two‐dimensional (2D) cell cultures. However, due to the extraordinarily complex nature of brain development, current cerebral organoids are not as functional and mature as brains. The development of cerebral organoids requires a culture system with sufficient developmental patterning factors, essential cell components, and vasculature. In this review, the critical factors and events that contribute to the development of cerebral organoids are focused on. The advanced design, fabrication techniques, and technologies are also discussed to enhance the application potential of cerebral organoid technology.
Dendrimer‐Based Nanodrugs for Chemodynamic Therapy of Tumors
Authors: Zhang Caiyun , Guo Yunqi , Shen Mingwu , Shi Xiangyang
Published: February 2024

To realize precise tumor treatment, chemodynamic therapy (CDT) that utilizes metal element to trigger Fenton or Fenton‐like reaction to generate cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals in tumor region has been widely investigated. Recently, the dendrimers featured with abundant surface functional groups and excellent biocompatibility are regarded as promising carriers of metal elements for tumor delivery. Much effort has been devoted to design dendrimer‐based nanodrugs for CDT and CDT‐involved synergistic therapy of tumors. Herein, the recent advances in the construction of dendrimer‐based nanodrugs (in most cases, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers) for CDT, CDT/chemotherapy, CDT/phototherapy, CDT/gene therapy, or CDT‐involved multimodal therapy are reviewed. Furthermore, the future perspectives with regard to the development of dendrimer‐based nanodrugs for CDT‐involved tumor treatment are also briefly discussed.
Sparse multiway canonical correlation analysis for multimodal stroke recovery data
Authors: Das Subham , West Franklin D. , Park Cheolwoo
Published: February 2024

Conventional canonical correlation analysis (CCA) measures the association between two datasets and identifies relevant contributors. However, it encounters issues with execution and interpretation when the sample size is smaller than the number of variables or there are more than two datasets. Our motivating example is a stroke‐related clinical study on pigs. The data are multimodal and consist of measurements taken at multiple time points and have many more variables than observations. This study aims to uncover important biomarkers and stroke recovery patterns based on physiological changes. To address the issues in the data, we develop two sparse CCA methods for multiple datasets. Various simulated examples are used to illustrate and contrast the performance of the proposed methods with that of the existing methods. In analyzing the pig stroke data, we apply the proposed sparse CCA methods along with dimension reduction techniques, interpret the recovery patterns, and identify influential variables in recovery.
A generalized calibrated Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach to basket trials with multiple endpoints
Authors: Chi Xiaohan , Yuan Ying , Yu Zhangsheng , Lin Ruitao
Published: February 2024

A basket trial simultaneously evaluates a treatment in multiple cancer subtypes, offering an effective way to accelerate drug development in multiple indications. Many basket trials are designed and monitored based on a single efficacy endpoint, primarily the tumor response. For molecular targeted or immunotherapy agents, however, a single efficacy endpoint cannot adequately characterize the treatment effect. It is increasingly important to use more complex endpoints to comprehensively assess the risk–benefit profile of such targeted therapies. We extend the calibrated Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach to monitor phase II basket trials with multiple endpoints. We propose two generalizations, one based on the latent variable approach and the other based on the multinomial–normal hierarchical model, to accommodate different types of endpoints and dependence assumptions regarding information sharing. We introduce shrinkage parameters as functions of statistics measuring homogeneity among subgroups and propose a general calibration approach to determine the functional forms. Theoretical properties of the generalized hierarchical models are investigated. Simulation studies demonstrate that the monitoring procedure based on the generalized approach yields desirable operating characteristics.
Spectrum–effect relationship study between ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography fingerprints and anti‐hepatoma effect in vitro of Cnidii Fructus
Authors: Lv Zhenguo , Ouyang Huizi , Zuo Fanjiao , Ge Minglei , Wu Mengxuan , Zhao Lulu , Zhu Yameng , Miao Xinxin , Bai Yu , Chang Yanxu , He Jun
Published: February 2024

Cnidii Fructus, derived from the dried ripe fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss, has the effect of warming kidneys and invigorating Yang. This study established the spectrum–effect relationships between ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) fingerprints and the antitumor activities of Cnidii Fructus on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. In UHPLC fingerprints, 19 common peaks were obtained, and 17 batches of herbs had similarity >0.948. In Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) test, 17 batches of Cnidii Fructus extract significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells to different degrees, showing different half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Furthermore, gray correlation analysis, Pearson's analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed to screen out eight components. The analysis of mass spectrum data and a comparison with standards revealed that the eight components were methoxsalen, isopimpinellin, osthenol, imperatorin, osthole, ricinoleic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid. The verification experiments by testing single compounds indicated that these eight compounds were the major anti‐hepatoma compounds in Cnidii Fructus. This work provides a model combining UHPLC fingerprints and antitumor activities to study the spectrum–effect relationships of Cnidii Fructus, which can be used to determine the principal components responsible for the bioactivity.
Investigation of the therapeutic effect of Hedan tablets on high‐fat diet‐induced obesity in rats by GC–MS technology and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing
Authors: Pan Xuan , Zhang Yumeng , Qiao Yongyao , Cao Qingying , Wei Liuxin , Zhao Min
Published: February 2024

Obesity is a persistent metabolic condition resulting from the excessive accumulation or abnormal distribution of body fat. This study aimed to establish an experimental rat model of obesity. The efficacy of treating obesity with Hedan tablets (HDT) was assessed by monitoring changes in weight, blood lipid levels, analyzing inflammatory factors, evaluating organ indices, and observing liver tissue pathology. Furthermore, we utilized 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing technology to explore changes in intestinal flora. In addition, GC–MS was used to measure fecal short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) content. The onset of obesity led to a significant decrease in the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria. Conversely, the administration of HDT demonstrated a substantial ability to increase the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria. Obesity resulted in a noteworthy reduction in total SCFAs, a trend significantly reversed in the HDT group. Through correlation analysis, it was determined that HDT mitigated the inflammatory response and improved blood lipid levels by augmenting the abundance of Lactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus, Ruminococcus, and Enterococcus. These particular intestinal flora were identified as regulators of SCFA metabolism, thereby ameliorating metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity. Moreover, HDT intervention elevated the overall fecal concentration of SCFAs, thereby improving metabolic disorders induced by obesity. The anti‐obesity effects of HDT are likely attributable to their capacity to influence the composition of intestinal flora and boost SCFA levels in the intestine.
Do boards care about planetary boundaries? A gender perspective on circular economy disclosures
Authors: Enciso‐Alfaro Saudi‐Yulieth , García‐Sánchez Isabel‐María
Published: February 2024

The need to develop environmentally respectful business activities has led academics to propose the circular economy (CE) as a more sustainable production and consumption model than the linear model, where interest groups demand greater disclosure of information that makes it possible to evaluate the business transition towards the CE. Also, the planetary boundaries framework provides thresholds for different natural processes that are affected by business activities, so in this research, we link the CE to planetary boundaries by designing a score, and we analyse the presence of female directors and the role women play in the presentation of CE information that attends to planetary boundaries. We also examine the effect that national cultures characterized by high power distance and masculinity can have on their performance. We use a sample of 832 companies around the world from 2011 to 2020. The results show that women directors promote the presentation of CE information at a global level and disaggregated by CE issues, framed within planetary boundaries—a relation that is reinforced in societies with high power distance.
“How I think, Who I am”—Role of social media influencers (SMIs) as change agents
Authors: Paul Justin , Jagani Khyati , Yadav Neha
Published: February 2024

Social media influencers (SMIs) have gained critical standing due to their capability to generate trust and alter behaviors. Trust in the influencer has further encouraged the followers to value the relationship equally and sometimes more than family and friends. In a mixed‐method approach, the study investigates the role played by SMIs as change agents by generating trust. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) was used to assess the measurement and structural models. Findings reveal that influencer characteristics—interactivity and informativeness—significantly impact the followers' social, physical, and emotional self‐concept. Trust fully mediated the relationship between interactivity and emotional self‐concept, and partially mediated the relationship between interactivity and social & physical self‐concept. However, informativeness was not significant in building trust leading to self‐concept. The findings imply that SMIs must engage in more consistent, meaningful, and real conversations with their followers to create an effective communication strategy. The current study based on the findings develops a conceptual model to demonstrate the impact of SMI characteristics on self‐concept, by generating trust.
Children and adolescent consumer behavior: Insights from the life course paradigm
Authors: Moschis George P. , Mathur Anil
Published: February 2024

Researchers have long been interested in understanding young consumers, but they have had inadequate methods for studying their consumption‐related thoughts and actions at early stages of life and how these develop and change during formative years. Recent theoretical and methodological advances in behavioral and social science have contributed to the development of a research approach, known as “life course paradigm.” This approach has helped replace and integrate previously used theories and methods by offering researchers an over‐arching multi‐theoretical framework for studying a wide variety of phenomena; and it has rapidly diffused across disciplines, and is increasingly used internationally. This article shows how consumer researchers could benefit from applying this conceptual research framework to improve existing models and study youths' consumer behavior in an innovative way.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of distal trachea: A case report
Authors: Choi Sang Gyu
Published: February 2024

Key Clinical Message

This case report highlights the rarity of distal tracheal adenoid cystic carcinoma and emphasizes the importance of considering it as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with sustained dyspnea. Early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach involving thoracic surgeons, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists are crucial for optimal treatment planning and patient outcomes. Further research is warranted to better understand the pathogenesis, molecular characteristics, and optimal management strategies for this rare tracheal malignancy.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an unusual malignant neoplasm that mostly arises in the minor salivary glands. It can also occur in various mucous membrane‐lined structures, including the trachea. The treatment of choice is surgery in resectable cases, but radiotherapy and chemotherapy are generally utilized for unresectable cases or palliative treatment. In this study, I report my experience with a case of unresectable ACC occurring in a distal trachea treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), based on the patient's clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, histopathological findings, treatment modalities, and long‐term prognosis.
Efficacy and manageable safety of tagraxofusp in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: a case series of pediatric and adolescent/young adult patients
Authors: Pemmaraju Naveen , Cuglievan Branko , Lasky Joseph , Kheradpour Albert , Hijiya Nobuko , Stein Anthony S. , Meshinchi Soheil , Mullen Craig A. , Angelucci Emanuele , Vinti Luciana , Mughal Tariq I. , Pawlowska Anna B.
Published: February 2024

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) predominantly occurs in adults ≥60 years old; 10–20% of cases are pediatric or adolescent/young adult (AYA) patients. Tagraxofusp (TAG, Elzonris®) is the only approved treatment for BPDCN; in the United States it is approved for patients aged ≥2 years. Data on treating pediatric and AYA BPDCN patients are limited. We present a case series of pediatric and AYA patients with BPDCN treated with TAG. Eight patients (five newly diagnosed; three relapsed/refractory [R/R]), aged 2–21 years, received 12 mcg/kg TAG. Seven patients were female; most had skin (n = 6) and/or bone marrow (n = 4) involvement. No new safety signals were identified. Grade 3 adverse events were headache (n = 1) and transaminitis (n = 2). Three patients with newly diagnosed BPDCN achieved complete response, one achieved partial response, and one had stable disease (SD). One patient with R/R BPDCN achieved a minor response; one had SD. Seven patients (88%) were bridged to stem cell transplant: 80% of newly diagnosed patients and 100% of R/R patients. Five patients remained alive at last follow‐up. These cases highlight the efficacy and safety of TAG in pediatric and AYA patients for whom there is no other approved BPDCN therapy.
Association between venous thromboembolism‐associated genetic variants, coagulation factor levels, and thrombin generation potential
Authors: Han Jihee , Li‐Gao Ruifang , de Mutsert Renée , Rosendaal Frits R. , van Hylckama Vlieg Astrid
Published: February 2024

Recently three large meta‐analyses of genome‐wide association studies for venous thromboembolism (VTE) identified over 130 genetic variants. However, mechanisms by which newly identified and therefore underexplored VTE‐associated genetic variants influence VTE remain unclear. To elucidate the mechanism, we investigated the association between 61 newly identified VTE‐associated genetic variants and the levels of coagulation factor (F) VIII, FIX, FXI, and fibrinogen as well as thrombin generation parameters (lag time, peak, endogenous thrombin potential, time‐to‐peak, and velocity), which are well‐known biological traits associated with VTE. This study was conducted on 5341 participants of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study. The associations between VTE‐associated genetic variants and coagulation factor levels and thrombin generation parameters were examined using linear regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, and menopausal status. Of 61 genetic variants, 33 were associated with one or more of the coagulation factor levels and thrombin generation parameters. Following multiple testing corrections, five genetic variants remained significant, of which MAP1A rs55707100 exhibited the most robust association with thrombin generation parameters and FXI levels (β = ‐5.33%, 95% confidence interval: ‐8.44, ‐2.22). Our findings shed light on the underlying mechanisms by which these genetic variants influence the risk of VTE.
Development of patellofemoral osteoarthritis with knee joint malalignment and lateral patellar dislocation after hindlimb suspension in growing rats
Authors: Ozawa Junya , Ikeda Airi , Kanehara Marina , Moriyama Hideki , Kaneguchi Akinori
Published: February 2024

Knee malalignment is a risk factor for patellar instability and patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PFOA), but etiologies remain unknown. We investigated the potential effects of decreased weight loading during growth on knee alignments and patellofemoral (PF) joint pathology. Hindlimb suspension (HS) was performed in 4‐week‐old female rats for 2, 4, and 8 weeks (HS groups). Age‐matched rats were used as controls. Three‐dimensional reconstructed images of the knee were obtained using X‐ray computed tomography. Tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT–TG) distance, patellar tilt angle, and bisect offset were measured as indices of knee alignment. Histological analysis was also performed to evaluate the changes in cartilage and synovium in the PF joints. At Week 8, TT–TG distance, patella tilt angle, and bisect offset were significantly larger in the HS group than in the control group, respectively, indicating tibial external rotation, outward patellar tilt, and external displacement of the patella. Lateral patellar dislocation was frequently found in the HS group at Week 8 (five of eight knee joints, p < 0.05). Degenerative changes in the cartilage of the trochlear groove were observed at Week 8, and synovial changes such as hypertrophy and synovitis were observed at Weeks 4 and 8. Correlation analyses revealed significant relationships between the Mankin score and bisect offset, and between the OARSI synovitis score and all knee alignments indices. These results suggest that decreased weight loading on the lower extremities in growing rats resulted in knee malalignments characterized by external rotation of tibia and high incidence of lateral patellar dislocation with concomitant PFOA.
Evaluation of tendon and ligament microstructure and mechanical properties in a canine model of mucopolysaccharidosis I
Authors: Lau Yian Khai , Iyer Keerthana , Shetye Snehal , Friday Chet S. , Dodge George R. , Hast Michael W. , Casal Margret L. , Gawri Rahul , Smith Lachlan J.
Published: February 2024

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by deficient alpha‐l‐iduronidase activity, leading to abnormal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in cells and tissues. Synovial joint disease is prevalent and significantly reduces patient quality of life. There is a strong clinical need for improved treatment approaches that specifically target joint tissues; however, their development is hampered by poor understanding of underlying disease pathophysiology, including how pathological changes to component tissues contribute to overall joint dysfunction. Ligaments and tendons, in particular, have received very little attention, despite the critical roles of these tissues in joint stability and biomechanical function. The goal of this study was to leverage the naturally canine model to undertake functional and structural assessments of the anterior (cranial) cruciate ligament (CCL) and Achilles tendon in MPS I. Tissues were obtained postmortem from 12‐month‐old MPS I and control dogs and tested to failure in uniaxial tension. Both CCLs and Achilles tendons from MPS I animals exhibited significantly lower stiffness and failure properties compared to those from healthy controls. Histological examination revealed multiple pathological abnormalities, including collagen fiber disorganization, increased cellularity and vascularity, and elevated GAG content in both tissues. Clinically, animals exhibited mobility deficits, including abnormal gait, which was associated with hyperextensibility of the stifle and hock joints. These findings demonstrate that pathological changes to both ligaments and tendons contribute to abnormal joint function in MPS I, and suggest that effective clinical management of joint disease in patients should incorporate treatments targeting these tissues.
A systematic assessment and optimization of photon‐counting CT for lung density quantifications
Authors: Sotoudeh‐Paima Saman , Segars W. Paul , Ghosh Dhrubajyoti , Luo Sheng , Samei Ehsan , Abadi Ehsan
Published: February 2024

Background

Photon‐counting computed tomography (PCCT) has recently emerged into clinical use; however, its optimum imaging protocols and added benefits remains unknown in terms of providing more accurate lung density quantification compared to energy‐integrating computed tomography (EICT) scanners.

Purpose

To systematically assess the performance of a clinical PCCT scanner for lung density quantifications and compare it against EICT.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study involved a retrospective analysis of subjects scanned (August‐December 2021) using a clinical PCCT system. The influence of altering reconstruction parameters was studied (reconstruction kernel, pixel size, slice thickness). A virtual CT dataset of anthropomorphic virtual subjects was acquired to demonstrate the correspondence of findings to clinical dataset, and to perform systematic imaging experiments, not possible using human subjects. The virtual subjects were imaged using a validated, scanner‐specific CT simulator of a PCCT and two EICT (defined as EICT A and B) scanners. The images were evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE) of lung and emphysema density against their corresponding ground truth.

Results

Clinical and virtual PCCT datasets showed similar trends, with sharper kernels and smaller voxel sizes increasing percentage of low‐attenuation areas below ‐950 HU (LAA‐950) by up to 15.7 ± 6.9% and 11.8 ± 5.5%, respectively. Under the conditions studied, higher doses, thinner slices, smaller pixel sizes, iterative reconstructions, and quantitative kernels with medium sharpness resulted in lower lung MAE values. While using these settings for PCCT, changes in the dose level (13 to 1.3 mGy), slice thickness (0.4 to 1.5 mm), pixel size (0.49 to 0.98 mm), reconstruction technique (70 keV‐VMI to wFBP), and kernel (Qr48 to Qr60) increased lung MAE by 15.3 ± 2.0, 1.4 ± 0.6, 2.2 ± 0.3, 4.2 ± 0.8, and 9.1 ± 1.6 HU, respectively. At the optimum settings identified per scanner, PCCT images exhibited lower lung and emphysema MAE than those of EICT scanners (by 2.6 ± 1.0 and 9.6 ± 3.4 HU, compared to EICT A, and by 4.8 ± 0.8 and 7.4 ± 2.3 HU, compared to EICT B). The accuracy of lung density measurements was correlated with subjects’ mean lung density (p < 0.05), measured by PCCT at optimum setting under the conditions studied.

Conclusion

Photon‐counting CT demonstrated superior performance in density quantifications, with its influences of imaging parameters in line with energy‐integrating CT scanners. The technology offers improvement in lung quantifications, thus demonstrating potential toward more objective assessment of respiratory conditions.
Novel pore size‐controlled, susceptibility matched, 3D‐printed MRI phantoms
Authors: Witherspoon Velencia J. , Komlosh Michal E. , Benjamini Dan , Özarslan Evren , Lavrik Nickolay , Basser Peter J.
Published: February 2024

Purpose

We report the design concept and fabrication of MRI phantoms, containing blocks of aligned microcapillaires that can be stacked into larger arrays to construct diameter distribution phantoms or fractured, to create a “powder‐averaged” emulsion of randomly oriented blocks for vetting or calibrating advanced MRI methods, that is, diffusion tensor imaging, AxCaliber MRI, MAP‐MRI, and multiple pulsed field gradient or double diffusion‐encoded microstructure imaging methods. The goal was to create a susceptibility‐matched microscopically anisotropic but macroscopically isotropic phantom with a ground truth diameter that could be used to vet advanced diffusion methods for diameter determination in fibrous tissues.

Methods

Two‐photon polymerization, a novel three‐dimensional printing method is used to fabricate blocks of capillaries. Double diffusion encoding methods were employed and analyzed to estimate the expected MRI diameter.

Results

Susceptibility‐matched microcapillary blocks or modules that can be assembled into large‐scale MRI phantoms have been fabricated and measured using advanced diffusion methods, resulting in microscopic anisotropy and random orientation.

Conclusion

This phantom can vet and calibrate various advanced MRI methods and multiple pulsed field gradient or diffusion‐encoded microstructure imaging methods. We demonstrated that two double diffusion encoding methods underestimated the ground truth diameter.
Tensor denoising of quantitative multi‐parameter mapping
Authors: Herthum Helge , Hetzer Stefan
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Quantitative multi‐parameter mapping (MPM) provides maps of physical quantities representing physiologically meaningful tissue characteristics, which allows to investigate microstructure‐function relationships reflecting normal or pathologic processes in the brain. However, the achievable spatial resolution and stability of MPM for basic research or clinical applications is severely constrained by SNR limits of the MR acquisition process, resulting in relatively long acquisition times. To increase SNR, we denoise MPM acquisitions using principal component analysis along tensors exploiting the Marchenko‐Pastur law (tMPPCA).

Methods

tMPPCA denoising was applied to three sets of MPM raw data before the quantification of maps of proton density, magnetization transfer saturation, R1, and R2*. The regional SNR gain for high‐resolution MPM was investigated as well as reproducibility gains for clinically optimized protocols with moderate and high acceleration factors at different image resolutions.

Results

Substantial noise reduction in raw data was achieved, resulting in reduced noise for quantitative mapping up to sixfold without introducing bias of mean values (below 1%). Scan–rescan fluctuations were reduced up to threefold. Denoising allowed to decrease the voxel volume fourfold at the same scan time or reduce the scan time twofold at same voxel volume without loss of sensitivity.

Conclusions

tMPPCA denoising can (a) improve of fine spatial and temporal patterns, (b) considerably reduce scan time for clinical applications, or (c) increase resolution to potentially push cutting‐edge MPM protocols from the upper to the lower limit of the mesoscopic scale.