bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agonistic behavior and environmental enrichment of cats communally housed in a shelter
Authors: Dantas-Divers Leticia M. S. , Crowell-Davis Sharon L. , Alford Kelly , Genaro Gelson , D'Almeida Jose Mario , Paixao Rita L.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To evaluate the presence of a dominance rank in a group of cats and the relation between agonistic behavior and the use of resources, including environmental enrichment, in these cats.

Design—Observational analytic study.

Animals—27 neutered cats in a shelter in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Procedures—The cats were video recorded for 4 consecutive days to obtain baseline data. Subsequently, a puzzle feeder was added as an enrichment device every other day over 8 days, for a total of 4 days with enrichment. Cats were also video recorded on these days. All pretreatment and posttreatment agonistic behaviors and interactions with the puzzle feeder were recorded by reviewing the videotapes.

Results—143 agonistic encounters were recorded, of which 44 were related to resources and 99 were not. There were insufficient agonistic interactions to determine a dominance rank. Presence or absence of the puzzle feeder did not affect the rate of aggression. There was no significant effect of weight, sex, or coat color on the rate of aggression, and aggressive behavior did not correlate with time spent with the puzzle feeder. Twenty-three of the 27 cats interacted with the puzzle feeder.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In a stable group of communally housed cats, environmental enrichment did not cause increased aggression as a result of competition for the source of enrichment. Because environmental enrichment increases the opportunity to perform exploratory behaviors, it may improve the welfare of groups of cats maintained long-term in shelters, sanctuaries, or multicat households.
Real-time PCR for the detection of precise transgene copy number in durum wheat
Authors: Gadaleta Agata , Giancaspro Angelica , Cardone Maria , Blanco Antonio
Published: September 2011

Recent results obtained in various crops indicate that real-time PCR could be a powerful tool for the detection and characterization of transgene locus structures. The determination of transgenic locus number through real-time PCR overcomes the problems linked to phenotypic segregation analysis (i.e. lack of detectable expression even when the transgenes are present) and can analyse hundreds of samples in a day, making it an efficient method for estimating gene copy number. Despite these advantages, many authors speak of “estimating” copy number by real-time PCR, and this is because the detection of a precise number of transgene depends on how well real-time PCR performs.

This study was conducted to determine transgene copy number in transgenic wheat lines and to investigate potential variability in sensitivity and resolution of real-time chemistry by TaqMan probes. We have applied real-time PCR to a set of four transgenic durum wheat lines previously obtained. A total of 24 experiments (three experiments for two genes in each transgenic line) were conducted and standard curves were obtained from serial dilutions of the plasmids containing the genes of interest. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.95 to 0.97. By using TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR we were able to detect 1 to 41 copies of transgenes per haploid genome in the DNA of homozygous T4 transformants. Although a slight variability was observed among PCR experiments, in our study we found real-time PCR to be a fast, sensitive and reliable method for the detection of transgene copy number in durum wheat, and a useful adjunct to Southern blot and FISH analyses to detect the presence of transgenic DNA in plant material.
Free-Gap Evaluation for Two-Lane Rural Highways
Authors: Lobo António , Jacques Maria Alice Prudêncio , Rodrigues Carlos Manuel , Couto António
Published: September 2011

Studies related to operating speed predicting models' development require vehicles' speed under free-flow conditions to be collected at different sites. Thus, a critical issue is the definition of the gap (or headway) from which the speed of one vehicle is not affected by the speed of the vehicle ahead. In many studies, a 5-s headway was adopted as the reference headway value from which a vehicle could be assumed to travel at a free-flow speed. Justifications for this value's application are not clearly presented in the literature, and some authors suggest the use of other reference values. This paper presents a definition for platoon from observed values of vehicles' time gap. The reference gap value between two successive vehicles considered as traveling in a nonplatoon condition is defined as “free gap.” A five-step methodology is described and tested for road conditions in Portugal. The application performed showed both the adequacy of the methodology proposed and the convenience of exploratory studies aimed at the identification of platoon gap (or headway) suitable for specific operating speed studies. According to the methodology proposed, a 6-s gap is a suitable reference for future data collection on operating speed on Portuguese roads. This result suggests the need to review the headway reference values found in the literature for representing free-flow general conditions.
Travel Time Evaluation of a U-Turn Facility
Authors: Pirdavani Ali , Brijs Tom , Bellemans Tom , Wets Geert
Published: September 2011

Drivers on high-volume arterials with signalized intersections often face congestion during peak hours. This congestion, primarily through movement, decreases the traffic performance of the intersection. The primary delay at conventional intersections is caused by interactions between high left-turn movements and the opposing through maneuvers. Unconventional intersection designs have been proposed to decrease intersection delay and travel time, for example, by redirecting left turns from the minor approach away from the main intersection and replacing them with a right turn followed by U-turn. The U-turn intersection investigated in this study is geometrically designed with a raised island, which provides a protected U-turn movement. Several scenarios with different distances between the U-turn facility and the intersection, traffic volume on major and minor approaches, and percentage of left-turn volumes were simulated by using AIMSUN (Advanced Interactive Microscopic Simulator for Urban and Non-Urban Networks) software. Models were created to predict travel time for each movement at the intersection and were validated against data collected from a number of U-turn facilities. With these models, it was possible to calculate travel time of each movement within boundaries of geometric features and traffic conditions indicated in this study. Finally, by comparison of the travel time of a conventional signalized intersection with that of a U-turn facility, an objective criterion was obtained for use in deciding on the possible conversion of a signalized intersection into this new kind of U-turn facility. According to the results of this comparison, this type of U-turn facility generally produces lower travel time. Thus, evaluation of using this type of unconventional intersection should be seriously considered.
Strategies To Assess Hypoxic/HIF-1-Active Cancer Cells for the Development of Innovative Radiation Therapy
Authors: Yeom Chan Joo , Zeng Lihua , Zhu Yuxi , Hiraoka Masahiro , Harada Hiroshi
Published: September 2011

Local tumor recurrence and distant tumor metastasis frequently occur after radiation therapy and result in the death of cancer patients. These problems are caused, at least in part, by a tumor-specific oxygen-poor microenvironment, hypoxia. Oxygen-deprivation is known to inhibit the chemical ionization of both intracellular macro-molecules and water, etc., and thus reduce the cytotoxic effects of radiation. Moreover, DNA damage produced by free radicals is known to be more repairable under hypoxia than normoxia. Hypoxia is also known to induce biological tumor radioresistance through the activation of a transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Several potential strategies have been devised in radiation therapy to overcome these problems; however, they have not yet achieved a complete remission. It is essential to reveal the intratumoral localization and dynamics of hypoxic/HIF-1-active tumor cells during tumor growth and after radiation therapy, then exploit the information to develop innovative therapeutic strategies, and finally damage radioresistant cells. In this review, we overview problems caused by hypoxia/HIF-1-active cells in radiation therapy for cancer and introduce strategies to assess intratumoral hypoxia/HIF-1 activity.
Greater Genetic Diversity in Spatially Restricted Coral Reef Fishes Suggests Secondary Contact among Differentiated Lineages
Authors: Bay Line K. , Caley M. Julian
Published: September 2011

The maintenance of genetic diversity is a central goal of conservation. It is the raw material for evolutionary change and if lost, can accelerate extinction of species. According to theory, total genetic diversity should be less in species with restricted ranges and in populations on the margins of distributional ranges, making such species or populations more vulnerable to environmental perturbations. Using mtDNA and nuclear Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) data we investigated how the genetic diversity and structure of three con-generic species pairs of coral reef fishes (Pomacentridae) was related to species’ range size and position of populations within these ranges. Estimates of genetic structure did not differ significantly among species, but mtDNA and nucDNA genetic diversities were up to 10 times greater in spatially restricted species compared to their widespread congeners. In two of the three species pairs, the distribution of genetic variation indicated secondary contact among differentiated lineages in the spatially restricted species. In contrast, the widespread species displayed a typical signature of population expansion suggesting recent genetic bottlenecks, possibly associated with the (re) colonization of the Great Barrier Reef. These results indicate that historical processes, involving hybridization and founder effects, possibly associated with Pleistocene sea level fluctuations, have differentially influenced the widespread and spatially restricted coral reef damselfish species studied here.
Tsallis Mutual Information for Document Classification
Authors: Vila Màrius , Bardera Anton , Feixas Miquel , Sbert Mateu
Published: September 2011

Mutual information is one of the mostly used measures for evaluating image similarity. In this paper, we investigate the application of three different Tsallis-based generalizations of mutual information to analyze the similarity between scanned documents. These three generalizations derive from the Kullback–Leibler distance, the difference between entropy and conditional entropy, and the Jensen–Tsallis divergence, respectively. In addition, the ratio between these measures and the Tsallis joint entropy is analyzed. The performance of all these measures is studied for different entropic indexes in the context of document classification and registration.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Present and Future Prospective
Authors: Vasapollo Giuseppe , Sole Roberta Del , Mergola Lucia , Lazzoi Maria Rosaria , Scardino Anna , Scorrano Sonia , Mele Giuseppe
Published: September 2011

Molecular Imprinting Technology (MIT) is a technique to design artificial receptors with a predetermined selectivity and specificity for a given analyte, which can be used as ideal materials in various application fields. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs), the polymeric matrices obtained using the imprinting technology, are robust molecular recognition elements able to mimic natural recognition entities, such as antibodies and biological receptors, useful to separate and analyze complicated samples such as biological fluids and environmental samples. The scope of this review is to provide a general overview on MIPs field discussing first general aspects in MIP preparation and then dealing with various application aspects. This review aims to outline the molecularly imprinted process and present a summary of principal application fields of molecularly imprinted polymers, focusing on chemical sensing, separation science, drug delivery and catalysis. Some significant aspects about preparation and application of the molecular imprinting polymers with examples taken from the recent literature will be discussed. Theoretical and experimental parameters for MIPs design in terms of the interaction between template and polymer functionalities will be considered and synthesis methods for the improvement of MIP recognition properties will also be presented.
Study on the Stability of DeoxyArbutin in an Anhydrous Emulsion Systemy
Authors: Lin Chih-Chien , Yang Chao-Hsun , Chang Nai-Fang , Wu Pey-Shiuan , Chen Yi-Shyan , Lee Shu-Mei , Chen Chiu-Wen
Published: September 2011

The skin-whitening agent, deoxyArbutin, is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor that is safer than hydroquinone and arbutin. However, it is thermolabile in aqueous solutions, where it decomposes to hydroquinone. Pharmaceutical and cosmetic emulsions are normally oil-in-water (o/w) or water-in-oil (w/o) systems; however, emulsions can be formulated with no aqueous phase to produce an anhydrous emulsion system. An anhydrous emulsion system could offer a stable vehicle for compounds that are sensitive to hydrolysis or oxidation. Therefore, to enhance the stability of deoxyArbutin in formulations, we chose the polyol-in-silicone, anhydrous emulsion system as the basic formulation for investigation. The quantity of deoxyArbutin and the accumulation of hydroquinone in both hydrous and anhydrous emulsions at various temperatures were analyzed through an established high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. The results indicated that water increased the decomposition of deoxyArbutin in the formulations and that the polyol-in-silicone, oil-based, anhydrous emulsion system provided a relatively stable surrounding for the deoxyArbutin that delayed its degradation at 25 °C and 45 °C. Moreover, the composition of the inner hydrophilic phase, containing different amounts of glycerin and propylene glycol, affected the stability of deoxyArbutin. Thus, these results will be beneficial when using deoxyArbutin in cosmetics and medicines in the future.
Synthesis, Characterization and Fluorescent Property Evaluation of 1,3,5-Triaryl-2-pyrazolines
Authors: Hasan Aurangzeb , Abbas Asghar , Akhtar Muhammed Nadeem
Published: September 2011

A series of 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazolines was synthesized by dissolving the corresponding 4-alkoxychalcones in glacial acetic acid containing a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. This step was followed by the addition of (3,4-dimethylphenyl) hydrazaine hydrochloride. Finally the target compounds were precipitated by pouring the reaction mixture onto crushed ice. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. The 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazolines bearing homologous alkoxy groups were found to possess fluorescence properties in the blue region of the visible spectrum when irradiated with ultraviolet radiation. The fluorescent behavior of these compounds was studied by UV-Vis and emission spectroscopy, performed at room temperature.
One Step Formation of Propene from Ethene or Ethanol through Metathesis on Nickel Ion-loaded Silica
Authors: Iwamoto Masakazu
Published: September 2011

Increased propene production is presently one of the most significant objectives in petroleum chemistry. Especially the one-step conversion of ethene to propene (ETP reaction, 3C2H4 ® 2C3H6) is the most desired process. In our efforts, nickel ion-loaded mesoporous silica could turn a new type of ETP reaction into reality. The one-step conversion of ethene was 68% and the propene selectivity was 48% in a continuous gas-flow system at 673 K and atmospheric pressure. The reactivity of lower olefins and the dependences of the ETP reaction on the contact time and the partial pressure of ethene were consistent with a reaction mechanism involving dimerization of ethene to 1-butene, isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene, and metathesis of 2-butene and ethene to yield propene. The reaction was then expanded to an ethanol-to-propene reaction on the same catalyst, in which two possible reaction routes are suggested to form ethene from ethanol. The catalysts were characterized mainly by EXAFS and TPR techniques. The local structures of the nickel species active for the ETP reaction were very similar to that of layered nickel silicate, while those on the inert catalysts were the same as that of NiO particles.
Chemical Profile of the Organic Residue from Ancient Amphora Found in the Adriatic Sea Determined by Direct GC and GC-MS Analysis
Authors: Jerković Igor , Marijanović Zvonimir , Gugić Mirko , Roje Marin
Published: September 2011

An ancient organic residue was collected from the bottom of a Greco-Italian amphora found in the Adriatic Sea and investigated by direct GC and GC-MS analysis. The headspace composition was determined by HS-SPME using: (1) DVB/CAR/PDMS and (2) PDMS/DVB fibres. Higher percentages of benzene derivatives, monoterpenes and other low-molecular aliphatic compounds were obtained by method (1) in contrast to higher percentage of naphthalene and phenanthrene derivatives found by method (2). In comparison with the composition of pine resin, it is more likely that the found low-molecular aliphatic alcohols, acids, esters and carbonyls with 2-phenylethanol were trapped and preserved within the organic residue from stored wine – the amphora’s originally content. Semi-volatile diterpenes methyl dehydroabietate (33.6%) and retene (24.1%) were dominant in the residue CH2Cl2 solution. Other abundant compounds were 1,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene (6.8%) as well as other naphthalene and/or phenanthrene derivatives [7-(1-methylethyl)-1,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydronaphthalene, 7-(1-methylethyl)-1,4a-dimethyl-2,3,4,4a,9,10-hexahydrophenanthrene, 7-(1-methylethyl)-1,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydro-phenanthrene, 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene and 2,3,5-trimethylphenanthrene]. Possible sources and formation pathways of the major compounds in the residue were discussed.
Isolation and Purification of Oridonin from the Whole Plant of Isodon rubescens by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography
Authors: He Fa , Bai Yuhua , Wang Jing , Wei Jing , Yu ChunYue , Li Sen , Yang Weili , Han Chenghua
Published: September 2011

Semi-preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was successfully used for isolation and purification of oridonin from Isodon rubescens by using a two-phase-solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (2.8:5:2.8:5, v/v/v/v). The targeted compound isolated, collected and purified by HSCCC was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 40.6 mg of oridonin with the purity of 73.5% was obtained in less than 100 min from 100 mg of crude Isodon rubescens extract. The chemical structure of the compound was identified by IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.
Structural Versatility of Bicellar Systems and Their Possibilities as Colloidal Carriers
Authors: Lucyanna Barbosa-Barros , Gelen Rodríguez , Merce Cócera , Laia Rubio , Carmen López-Iglesias , Alfons de la Maza , Olga López
Published: September 2011

Bicellar systems are lipid nanostructures formed by long- and short-chained phospholipids dispersed in aqueous solution. The morphological transitions of bicellar aggregates due to temperature, composition and time variations have been revised in this work. To this end, two bicellar systems have been considered; one formed by dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dihexanoyl- phosphatidylcholine (DHPC) and another formed by dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and DHPC. The relationship between the magnetic alignment, the morphology of the aggregates and the phase transition temperature (Tm) of lipids is discussed. In general terms, the non-alignable samples present rounded objects at temperature below the Tm. Above this temperature, an increase of viscosity is followed by the formation of large elongated aggregates. Alignable samples presented discoidal objects below the Tm. The best alignment was achieved above this temperature with large areas of lamellar stacked bilayers and some multilamellar vesicles. The effect of the inclusion of ceramides with different chain lengths in the structure of bicelles is also revised in the present article. A number of physical techniques show that the bicellar structures are affected by both the concentration and the type of ceramide. Systems are able to incorporate 10% mol of ceramides that probably are organized forming domains. The addition of 20% mol of ceramides promotes destabilization of bicelles, promoting the formation of mixed systems that include large structures. Bicellar systems have demonstrated to be morphologically stable with time, able to encapsulate different actives and to induce specific effects on the skin. These facts make bicellar systems good candidates as colloidal carriers for dermal delivery. However, water dilution induces structural changes and formation of vesicular structures in the systems; stabilization strategies have been been explored in recent works and are also updated here.
A High-Precision Micropipette Sensor for Cellular-Level Real-Time Thermal Characterization
Authors: Shrestha Ramesh , Choi Tae-Youl , Chang Wonseok , Kim Donsik
Published: September 2011

We report herein development of a novel glass micropipette thermal sensor fabricated in a cost-effective manner, which is capable of measuring steady thermal fluctuation at spatial resolution of ~2 µm with an accuracy of ±0.01 °C. We produced and tested various micrometer-sized sensors, ranging from 2 µm to 30 µm. The sensor comprises unleaded low-melting-point solder alloy (Sn-based) as a core metal inside a pulled borosilicate glass pipette and a thin film of nickel coating outside, creating a thermocouple junction at the tip. The sensor was calibrated using a thermally insulated calibration chamber, the temperature of which can be controlled with an accuracy of ±0.01 °C, and the thermoelectric power (Seebeck coefficient) of the sensor was recorded from 8.46 to 8.86 µV/°C. We have demonstrated the capability of measuring temperatures at a cellular level by inserting our temperature sensor into the membrane of a live retinal pigment epithelium cell subjected to a laser beam with a focal spot of 6 μm. We measured transient temperature profiles and the maximum temperatures were in the range of 38–55 ± 0.5 °C.
A Semantic Sensor Web for Environmental Decision Support Applications
Authors: Gray Alasdair J. G. , Sadler Jason , Kit Oles , Kyzirakos Kostis , Karpathiotakis Manos , Calbimonte Jean-Paul , Page Kevin , García-Castro Raúl , Frazer Alex , Galpin Ixent , Fernandes Alvaro A. A. , Paton Norman W. , Corcho Oscar , Koubarakis Manolis , Roure David De , Martinez Kirk , Gómez-Pérez Asunción
Published: September 2011

Sensing devices are increasingly being deployed to monitor the physical world around us. One class of application for which sensor data is pertinent is environmental decision support systems, e.g., flood emergency response. For these applications, the sensor readings need to be put in context by integrating them with other sources of data about the surrounding environment. Traditional systems for predicting and detecting floods rely on methods that need significant human resources. In this paper we describe a semantic sensor web architecture for integrating multiple heterogeneous datasets, including live and historic sensor data, databases, and map layers. The architecture provides mechanisms for discovering datasets, defining integrated views over them, continuously receiving data in real-time, and visualising on screen and interacting with the data. Our approach makes extensive use of web service standards for querying and accessing data, and semantic technologies to discover and integrate datasets. We demonstrate the use of our semantic sensor web architecture in the context of a flood response planning web application that uses data from sensor networks monitoring the sea-state around the coast of England.
Migrants, transporteurs et agents de l'État : rencontre sur l'axe Agadez-Sebha
Authors: Brachet Julien
Published: September 2011

Résumé L’axe transsaharien Agadez-Dirkou-Sebha est devenu depuis quelques années le théâtre d’importants mouvements migratoires régionaux et intercontinentaux. Ces circulations humaines, illégales pour la plupart, sont animées par des réseaux migratoires au sein desquels agissent divers groupes d’acteurs publics et privés. L’organisation de ces groupes et les relations qui les lient renseignent sur l’évolution de leurs logiques et montrent comment l’État et ses agents tendent à ne plus différencier le licite de l’illicite.
La «bonne gouvernance» à l'épreuve des contextes locaux
Authors: Hochet Peter
Published: September 2011

Résumé Au Mali, le télescopage du processus de décentralisation au titre de la « bonne gouvernance » et des projets de gestion participative des ressources naturelles conduit à un modèle de « bonne gouvernance des ressources » dont la vocation est de remplacer ou de compléter le modèle villageois d’organisation de l’accès aux ressources. Cet article montre que la tentative non contrôlée d’un projet de mettre en place cette logique a été confronté au fait que les modèles politiques sous-jacents ont peu en commun. Ne prenant pas en compte les caractéristiques de la société locale, fonctionnant sur des modèles d’interprétation stéréotypés et des solutions préétablies, l’intervention du projet ne contribuera pas à mettre en place un espace public de diffusion et de négociation des règles. Elle favorisera plutôt le renforcement de rapports politiques autoritaires, et l’émergence de comportements opportunistes nouveaux.
Situation géopolitique de la péninsule coréenne
Authors: Godement François
Published: September 2011

Dans cet entretien, François Godement présente la situation géopolitique de la péninsule coréenne. Si la réunification coréenne est officiellement souhaitée par les deux parties, l’une et l’autre la redoutent : le Nord car son existence serait remise en jeu, le Sud car le coût en serait très élevé. Le règlement de la situation coréenne ne peut se faire sans un accord entre la Chine et les États-Unis, et le rôle de la Chine dans la situation géopolitique de la région s’accroît du fait de sa montée en puissance. Le gouvernement chinois s’accommode très bien de deux Corées. Quant au Japon, autre puissance régionale à prendre en compte, il faut aller au-delà des clichés de l’hostilité des Coréens envers l’ancienne puissance coloniale. Le degré d’interpénétration économique est élevé : les échanges commerciaux sont très importants entre le Japon et la Corée du Sud. Mais les tensions actuelles montrent que les liens économiques n’écartent pas les risques de tensions pour des raisons géopolitiques.
La crise nucléaire nord-coréenne : le bilan et la résolution
Authors: Lee Seung-Keun
Published: September 2011

Dans cet article, on dresse le bilan et on examine la résolution de la crise nucléaire nord-coréenne. Selon les études empiriques sur la diplomatie nucléaire et la stratégie politico-militaire de la Corée du Nord, il est évident que Pyongyang essaie de développer des armes nucléaires alors que la communauté internationale ne fait pas pression sur les Nord-Coréens pour qu’ils abandonnent le programme nucléaire. Dans ce but, cet article propose quelques pistes pour une approche compréhensive : le retour à des pourparlers à six ; la préparation d’un «  roadmap  » sophistiqué pour l’élimination nucléaire nord-coréenne ; l’encouragement à la transformation graduelle de la Corée du Nord et son intégration à la communauté internationale. Pour trouver une solution afin de résoudre la crise nucléaire nord-coréenne, une stratégie à long terme et complète doit tendre à l’élimination totale des armes nucléaires nord-coréennes et à la dénucléarisation de la péninsule coréenne.
Sur le « multiculturalisme » à la coréenne
Authors: Kim Tae-Soo
Published: September 2011

Depuis ces dernières décennies, la société sud-coréenne s’affronte à un nouveau phénomène inouï : mutation progressive vers une société pluriethnique provoquée par la venue massive des étrangers. D’où se posent des questions délicates sur l’intégration de ces nouveaux venus de diverses origines ethnico-culturelles au pays dont la base de cohésion sociale repose en principe sur une idée de « communauté du sang ». Si, en France, on voit dans les discours multiculturels une remise en cause radicale du principe républicain, la Corée accepte sans grand heurt le « multiculturalisme » comme une référence valable pour résoudre des problèmes liés à l’intégration des étrangers venus à s’installer en Corée. Mais le « multiculturalisme » coréen, le plus souvent initié et promu par l’État sous le nom de « politiques multiculturelles », est dénué de tout son sens philosophique originel pour servir à un moyen efficace en faveur de politiques d’assimilation à la coréenne, destinées à une certaine catégorie d’étrangers, soit les immigrés du mariage.
De Stringer et Parcours santé à La position du missionnaire : la position du scénariste et du romancier
Authors: Osganian Patricia
Published: September 2011

Résumé Jean-Paul Jody est né à Nantes. Après avoir vécu de petits boulots, vendu des voitures en Afrique, parcouru le monde, il devient accompagnateur de voyages puis formateur-consultant spécialisé dans la psychologie des intérêts. Parallèlement il écrit des romans et des scénarii : Une femme rêvée réalisé pour TF1, Stringer réalisé à New York par Klaus Biedermann avec Burt Reynolds dans le rôle principal. Il anime aujourd’hui des ateliers d’écriture. Il est aussi l’auteur de Parcours Santé (Actes Sud, 2001), La position du missionnaire (Les Contrebandiers Editeurs, Prix Polar de Cognac 2004), Chères toxines (Seuil, 2008), La route de Gakona (Seuil, 2009), Vingt mille vieux sur les nerfs (Le Poulpe, Baleine, 2010). Mouvements est allé à sa rencontre pour tenter de comprendre le lien entre écriture de scénario et de roman.
La figure du serial killer : romans en série et séries TV, entretien avec Franck Thilliez
Authors: Osganian Patricia
Published: September 2011

Résumé Franck Thilliez est écrivain, auteur de thrillers qui sont rapidement devenus des best-sellers. De ses premiers romans construits autour des figures de tueurs en série jusqu’aux évolutions les plus récentes, à la frontière du fantastique, voire de la science-fiction, il met en scène les arcanes de la psyché et poursuit inlassablement une réflexion autour de la question du mal et des pulsions. Ses deux derniers romans parus aux éditions Fleuve Noir : Le syndrome E (octobre 2010) et Gataca (avril 2011) forment un diptyque sur la violence.
Un film social habillé de noir
Authors: Perriaux Anne-Sophie , Osganian Patricia , Flory Julienne
Published: September 2011

Résumé Jacques Fansten est connu des cinéphiles pour La fracture du myocarde, avec Jacques Bonnaffé, sorti en 1991. Il l’est aussi des téléspectateurs du service public pour de nombreuses fictions, dont, coécrite avec Jean-Claude Grumberg, Les lendemains qui chantent (France 2, 1985) ou Les Frileux (France 3, 2010), avec Maruschka Detmers. Mais on ignore souvent que ce cinéaste prolixe, tenant d’un cinéma subtilement social et politique, est aussi un auteur et parfois un producteur. Outre son goût pour « le noir », c’est cette position originale qui nous a donné l’envie d’une conversation.
« Impressions d'Afrique »
Authors: Osganian Patricia
Published: September 2011

Caryl Férey est écrivain, auteur de thrillers politiques, avec notamment une trilogie à succès mettant en scène la situation de minorités ethniques : Haka , Utu , avec les Maories en Nouvelle-Zélande, et Zulu . Le roman décrit le contexte post-apartheid en Afrique du Sud, à la veille de la coupe du monde de football, illustrant le sort de la minorité zouloue. Mouvements est parti à sa rencontre pour revenir sur l’itinéraire d’un écrivain dont la genèse de l’œuvre reste fortement marquée par une réflexion sur le postcolonialisme et la dénonciation de l’oppression, proposant du même coup une vision singulière de la violence. Caryl Férey a été lauréat de nombreux prix littéraires pour Utu et Zulu a obtenu les plus grands prix du roman noir français.
Taking a bite out of "Buffy": Carnivalesque play and resistance in fan fiction
Authors: Hodges Amanda L. , Richmond Laurel P.
Published: September 2011

Popular culture provides a vital point of entry to examine discourses of hegemony and resistance at work within the growing culture of fandom. Drawing from epistemologies of feminism and poststructuralism, we deconstruct how fans read, co-construct, apply, and reenvision texts as they navigate societal notions of gender in their own constructions of subjectivity. We discuss subversive examples of sexuality and gender found in American popular culture, particularly the portrayal of femininity in the character of Faith, the bad girl from Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Such examples are important because they impart crucial hegemonic lessons that may then be played out in everyday life. By focusing on the third season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, we examine the discourses of risk at play within the source text, fan sites, and online fan fiction. Bakhtin's ideas of carnival drive much of fan fiction, and Foucault's analysis of power relations as well as Butler's theories of performativity contribute to play that affords dynamic, critical perspectives with which to interrogate social metanarratives and their impact on the subject.
"Personal connections in the digital age," by Nancy K. Baym
Authors: Ellcessor Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

Review of Nancy Baym. Personal connections in the digital age. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2010. Paperback, $19.95 (196p) ISBN 978-0745643328.
Subverting the canon in feminist fan fiction
Authors: Leow Hui Min Annabeth
Published: September 2011

A close reading of feminism and patriarchy within obsession_inc's Concession (2010).
Ecto-5′-Nucleotidase (CD73) Decreases Mortality and Organ Injury in Sepsis
Authors: Haskó György , Csóka Balázs , Koscsó Balázs , Chandra Rachna , Pacher Pál , Thompson Linda F. , Deitch Edwin A. , Spolarics Zoltán , Virág László , Gergely Pál , Rolandelli Rolando H. , Németh Zoltán H.
Published: September 2011

The extracellular concentrations of adenosine are increased during sepsis, and adenosine receptors regulate the host’s response to sepsis. In this study, we investigated the role of the adenosine-generating ectoenzyme, ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73), in regulating immune and organ function during sepsis. Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by subjecting CD73 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice to cecal ligation and puncture. CD73 KO mice showed increased mortality in comparison with WT mice, which was associated with increased bacterial counts and elevated inflammatory cytokine and chemokine concentrations in the blood and peritoneum. CD73 deficiency promoted lung injury, as indicated by increased myeloperoxidase activity and neutrophil infiltration, and elevated pulmonary cytokine levels. CD73 KO mice had increased apoptosis in the thymus, as evidenced by increased cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and increased activation of NF-κB. Septic CD73 KO mice had higher blood urea nitrogen levels and increased cytokine levels in the kidney, indicating increased renal dysfunction. The increased kidney injury of CD73 KO mice was associated with augmented activation of p38 MAPK and decreased phosphorylation of Akt. Pharmacological inactivation of CD73 in WT mice using α, β-methylene ADP augmented cytokine levels in the blood and peritoneal lavage fluid. These findings suggest that CD73-derived adenosine may be beneficial in sepsis.
Anti-CD180 (RP105) Activates B Cells To Rapidly Produce Polyclonal Ig via a T Cell and MyD88-Independent Pathway
Authors: Chaplin Jay W. , Kasahara Shinji , Clark Edward A. , Ledbetter Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2011

CD180 is homologous to TLR4 and regulates TLR4 signaling, yet its function is unclear. We report that injection of anti-CD180 mAb into mice induced rapid Ig production of all classes and subclasses, with the exception of IgA and IgG2b, with up to 50-fold increases in serum IgG1 and IgG3. IgG production after anti-CD180 injection was not due to reactivation of memory B cells and was retained in T cell-deficient (TCR knockout [KO]), CD40 KO, IL-4 KO, and MyD88 KO mice. Anti-CD180 rapidly increased both transitional and mature B cells, with especially robust increases in transitional B cell number, marginal zone B cell proliferation, and CD86, but not CD80, expression. In contrast, anti-CD40 induced primarily follicular B cell and myeloid expansion, with increases in expression of CD80 and CD95 but not CD86. The expansion of splenic B cells was due, in part, to proliferation and occurred in wild-type and TCR KO mice, whereas T cell expansion occurred in wild-type, but not in B cell-deficient, mice, indicating a direct role for B cells in CD180 stimulation in vivo. Combination of anti-CD180 with various MyD88-dependent TLR ligands biased B cell fate because coinjection diminished Ig production, but purified B cells exhibited synergistic proliferation. Anti-CD180 had no effect on cytokine production from B cells, but it increased IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α production in combination with LPS or CpG. Thus, CD180 stimulation induces intrinsic B cell proliferation and differentiation, causing rapid increases in IgG, and integrates MyD88-dependent TLR signals to regulate proliferation, cytokine production, and differentiation.
Deletion of Syk in Neutrophils Prevents Immune Complex Arthritis
Authors: Elliott Emily R. , Van Ziffle Jessica A. , Scapini Patrizia , Sullivan Brandon M. , Locksley Richard M. , Lowell Clifford A.
Published: September 2011

The K/BxN serum transfer model of arthritis is critically dependent on FcγR signaling events mediated by spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). However, the specific cell types in which this signaling is required are not known. We report that deletion of Syk in neutrophils, achieved using sykf/f MRP8-cre+ mice, blocks disease development in serum transfer arthritis. The sykf/f MRP8-cre+ mice display absent joint disease and reduced deposition of pathogenic anti–glucose-6-phosphate isomerase Abs in the joint (with a reciprocal accumulation of these Abs in the peripheral circulation). Additionally, sykf/f MRP8-cre+ mice manifest poor edema formation within 3 h after formation of cutaneous immune complexes (Arthus reaction). Together, this suggests that neutrophil-dependent recognition of immune complexes contributes significantly to changes in vascular permeability during the early phases of immune complex disease. Using mixed chimeric mice, containing both wild-type and sykf/f MRP8-cre+ neutrophils, we find no impairment in recruitment of Syk-deficient neutrophils to the inflamed joint, but they fail to become primed, demonstrating lower cytokine production after removal from the joint. They also display an increased apoptotic rate compared with wild-type cells in the same joint. Mast cell-deficient c-kitsh/sh mice developed robust arthritis after serum transfer whereas c-kitW/Wv mice did not, suggesting that previous conclusions concerning the central role of mast cells in this model may need to be revised. Basophil-deficient mice also responded normally to K/BxN serum transfer. These results demonstrate that Syk-dependent signaling in neutrophils alone is critically required for arthritis development in the serum transfer model.
Th17 Cytokines Are Critical for Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Airway Hyperreponsiveness through Regulation by Complement C3a and Tachykinins
Authors: Bera Monali M. , Lu Bao , Martin Thomas R. , Cui Shun , Rhein Lawrence M. , Gerard Craig , Gerard Norma P.
Published: September 2011

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with serious lung disease in infants and immunocompromised individuals and is linked to development of asthma. In mice, acute RSV infection causes airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion. Infected cells induce complement activation, producing the anaphylatoxin C3a. In this paper, we show RSV-infected wild-type mice produce Th17 cytokines, a response not previously associated with viral infections. Mice deficient in the C3aR fail to develop AHR following acute RSV infection, and production of Th17 cytokines was significantly attenuated. Tachykinin production also has been implicated in RSV pathophysiology, and tachykinin receptor-null mice were similarly protected from developing AHR. These animals were also deficient in production of Th17 cytokines. Tachykinin release was absent in mice deficient in C3aR, whereas C3a levels were unchanged in tachykinin receptor-null animals. Thus, our data reveal a crucial sequence following acute RSV infection where initial C3a production causes tachykinin release, followed by activation of the IL-17A pathway. Deficiency of either receptor affords protection from AHR, identifying two potential therapeutic targets.
A Potential of microRNAs for High-Content Screening
Authors: Serva Andrius , Claas Christoph , Starkuviene Vytaute
Published: September 2011

In the last years miRNAs have increasingly been recognised as potent posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Possibly, miRNAs exert their action on virtually any biological process by simultaneous regulation of numerous genes. The importance of miRNA-based regulation in health and disease has inspired research to investigate diverse aspects of miRNA origin, biogenesis, and function. Despite the recent rapid accumulation of experimental data, and the emergence of functional models, the complexity of miRNA-based regulation is still far from being well understood. In particular, we lack comprehensive knowledge as to which cellular processes are regulated by which miRNAs, and, furthermore, how temporal and spatial interactions of miRNAs to their targets occur. Results from large-scale functional analyses have immense potential to address these questions. In this review, we discuss the latest progress in application of high-content and high-throughput functional analysis for the systematic elucidation of the biological roles of miRNAs.
Histochemical properties of sialic acids and antimicrobial substances in canine anal glands
Authors: Nara T. , Yasui T. , Fujimori O. , Meyer W. , Tsukise A.
Published: September 2011

The functional properties of sialic acids appear to be manifold. Additionally, antimicrobial substances serve as a non-specific defense against microorganisms. In this study, therefore, the localization of sialic acids and antimicrobial substances in the anal glands of dog was studied by sialoglycoconjugate histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. The secretory epithelium, luminal secretions and excretory ducts exhibited high levels of sialoglycoconjugates that terminated in SiaÎ±2-6Gal/GalNAc or SiaÎ±2-3Gal1-4GlcNAc. Additionally, O-acetylated sialic acids were detectable in these glandular structures. Antimicrobial substances, such as lysozyme, immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin and the peptide group of Î²-defensins, were also demonstrated as products of the anal glands. The results obtained are discussed with regard to the functional significance of the anal glands. These secretory products may create a defensive barrier against microbial invasion at the anal mucosa.
Albumin coated liposomes: a novel platform for macrophage specific drug delivery
Authors: Vuarchey Clément , Kumar Sushil , Schwendener Reto
Published: September 2011

Here we report a new and efficient approach of macrophage specific drug delivery by coating liposomes with albumin. Activated albumin was reacted with liposomes containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as hydrophilic spacers to create a flexible layer of covalently bound albumin molecules on the liposome surface. Albumin coated liposomes were taken up faster and more efficiently than uncoated liposomes by murine macrophages. Liposome uptake was significantly higher in macropha - ges as compared to other cell types tested (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, tumor cells), suggesting specificity for macrophages. In vivo, splenic macrophages phagocytosed BSA coated liposomes (BSA-L) at faster rates compared to conventional liposomes (L) and PEG liposomes (PEG-L). To prove the effectiveness of this new macrophage specific drug carrier, the bisphosphonates clodronate and zoledronate were encapsulated in BSA-L and compared with conventional liposomes. In vitro, treatment of macrophages with clodronate or zoledronate in BSA-L led to cytotoxic activity within a very short time and to up to 50-fold reduced IC50 concentrations. In vivo, clodronate encapsulated in BSA-L depleted splenic macrophages at a 5-fold lower concentration as conventional clodronate-liposomes. Our results highlight the pharmaceutical benefits of albumin-coated liposomes for macrophage specific drug delivery.
Porcine foetal and neonatal CYP3A liver expression
Authors: Hermann Marie Louise Hiort , Skaanild Mette Tingleff
Published: September 2011

Human cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) are hepatic metabolising enzymes which participates in the biotransformation of endo- and exogenous substances in foetuses and neonates respectively. These CYP3A enzymes display an inverse relationship: CYP3A7 is the dominant enzyme in the foetal liver, whereas the expression of CYP3A4 is low. After parturition there is a shift in the expression, thus CYP3A7 is down regulated, while the level of CYP3A4 gradually increases and becomes the dominant metabolising CYP3A enzyme in the adult. The minipig is increasingly being used as a model for humans in biomedical studies, because of its many similarities with the human physiology and anatomy. The aim of this study was to examine whether, as in humans, a shift is seen in the hepatic expression of a CYP3A7- like enzyme to cytochrome P450 3A29 (CYP3A29) (an orthologue to the human CYP3A4) in minipigs. This was elucidated by examining the hepatic mRNA expression of CYP3A7 and CYP3A29 in 39 foetuses and newborn Göttingen minipigs using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Furthermore the immunochemical level of CYP3A7-LE and CYP3A29 was measured in liver microsomes using western blotting. The expression of CYP3A29 was approximately 9- fold greater in neonates compared to foetuses, and a similar difference was reflected on the immunochemical level. It was not possible to detect a significant level of foetal CYP3A7 mRNA, but immunoblotting showed a visible difference depending on age. This study demonstrates an increase in the expression of CYP3A29, the CYP3A4 orthologue in perinatal minipigs as in humans, which suggests that the minipig could be a good model when testing for human foetal toxicity towards CYP3A4 substrates.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome associated with deoxycoformycin and alemtuzumab
Authors: Cooksley T , Haji-Michael P
Published: September 2011

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a combined clinical and radiological syndrome characterised by headaches, encephalopathy, seizures and visual loss. We present the case of a 55-year-old male who developed this condition following treatment with deoxycoformycin and alemtuzumab. We review the literature considering diagnosis, pathophysiology and optimal strategies for treatment of this condition.