bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II.—On some Recent Contributions to Precambrian Geology
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: May 2009

The last two numbers of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society contain three communications concerning rocks which are, or are thought to be, Precambrian. Two of them are in direct attack on work of mine, and the third incidentally opposes some portion of it. The materials of any reply I may have to make are, for the most part, already published in my papers, but the bearing of these facts seems to require to be pointed out.

Taking the communications in order, the first is the Anniversary Address of the President. In this he deals, so far as my work is concerned, first with Anglesey. Sir A. Geikie states that he was not prepared by previous writings for certain results he obtained. He was much astonished to find in central Anglesey so striking a counterpart to portions of the old gneiss of the north-west of Sutherland and Ross.
V.—Note on the Occurrence of Ammonites Jurensis in the Ironstone of the Northampton Sands in the Neighbourhood of Northampton
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

Considerable doubt having been expressed with regard to the occurrence of the zone of Ammonites jurensis in the neighbourhood of Northampton, much interest attaches to the discovery, by Mr. T. Jesson of Great Houghton, of the typical Ammonite in some abundance in this area. It is perhaps remarkable that there should have been any doubt about the matter, seeing that in Samuel Sharp's earlier paper Am. jurensis was recorded among the fossils from Duston, and this should have stimulated further search when the doubt arose which seems to have caused this species to be omitted from the later paper by the same author, in which some palæontological errors of the earlier paper were said to be corrected.
VI.—On Athyris læviuscula, Sow., sp., with the Full Disclosure of its Loop, etc
Authors: Glass Norman
Published: May 2009

Davidson thus describes the external characters of this species in his Sil. Suppl. pp. 101, 102. The description is practically the same as that which he previously gave in his Sil. Mon. “Marginally of a somewhat elongated, pentagonal shape, truncated, and slightly indented in front, broadest about the middle. Tapering posteriorly. Valves almost equally convex, with a slight median depression near the front in the ventral valve. Beak strongly incurved, and truncated by a minute oval foramen; surface smooth, marked by a few concentric lines of growth. Length 6, breadth 5 lines, but the generality of specimens are much smaller.” Davidson refers to the spirals of this species both in his Sil. Mon. and in his Sil. Suppl. Sil. Mon. p. 115: “I had noticed the presence of spirals in 1847, and recorded the observation in the ‘Bulletin Soc. Géol. France,’ and Lindström has also detected them in a Gothland specimen.”
II.—On Bubalus Bainii (Seeley)
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: May 2009

Very little is known in England of the Tertiary deposits of South Africa. Some marine beds are found, as at Bathurst, where the limestone is full of teeth of Carchadon and Lamna, and shells of Turritella Ostrea, Donax, and Lucina. The shells are preserved in the Albany Museum. I was informed that these beds are 300 to 400 feet above the sea. The teeth shown to me in their worn, polished, yellowish tone rather recalled the condition of Red Crag fossils.
III.—On the Genus Lévellia (Porcellia, Lévellé), with a Notice of a New Species from the Carboniferous Limestone of Ireland
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

In 1835 M. Charles Léveillé described a peculiar and extinct univalve shell under the name Porcellia, which he had discovered in the Carboniferous Limestone of Tournay in Belgium. Since that time the right of this name to stand has never been questioned, notwithstanding the fact of its pre-occupation by Latreille in 1804, for an Isopodous Crustacean genus, and which he rendered Porcellio. As the retaining of two names so nearly alike, differing only in their terminal letter, must constantly lead to confusion in Natural History nomenclature, it becomes necessary to suggest an alteration, and Léveillia is therefore proposed to take the place of Levéillé's genus Porcellia.
VI.—Note on certain Teeth referred to Hyænodon Indicus
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

In the “Palæontologia Indica,” ser. 10, vol. ii. p. 349, fig. 21, I described and figured a lower premolar from the Siwaliks of the Punjab, under the name of Hyænodon indius; the figure being reproduced in the accompanying woodcut (Fig. 1).
IV.—On a Diamantiferous Peridotite and the Genesis of the Diamond
Authors: Lewis H. Carrill
Published: May 2009

The discovery of diamonds at Kimberley, South Africa, has proved to be a matter, not only of commercial, but of much geological interest. The conditions under which diamonds here occur are unlike those of any other known locality, and are worthy of special attention. The first diamond foundinSouth Africa wasin1867, when a large diamond was picked out of a lot of rolled pebbles gathered in the Orange river. This led to the “river diggings” on the Orange and Vaal rivers, which continue to. the present time.
V.—Note On a Bed of Red Chalk in the Lower Chalk of Suffolk
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

The section exposing this stratum was discovered during an excursion made last June by Mr. W. Hill, F.G.S., and the author. It occurs in a quarry near West Row Ferry, about two miles west of Mildenhall;here a band of red marly chalk is seen near the entrance, dipping westward at a low angle, hut soon becoming horizontal and running along the whole face of the quarry, till it is cut off by a fault, which brings up lower beds on the southern side.
VI.—Comparative Studies Upon the Glaciation of North America, Great Britain, and Ireland
Authors: Lewis H. Carvill
Published: May 2009

Observations extending over several years upon glacial phenomena on both sides of the Atlantic had convinced the author of the essential identity of these phenomena; and the object of this paper was to show that the glacial deposits of Great Britain and Ireland, like those of America, may be interpreted most satisfactorily by considering them with reference to a series of great terminal moraines which both define confluent lobes of ice and also often mark the line separating the glaciated from the non-glaciated areas.
III.—The Fauna of the Olenellus Zone in Wales
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

In his recently published excellent Memoir on the “Fauna of the Lower Cambrian or Olenellus Zone,” Mr. Walcott has referred briefly to the presence of the fauna in Wales. The following additional facts bearing on the question may therefore be of some interest, and they will, I think, show that there is strong evidence in favour of the conclusion arrived at, that the Olenellus fauna occurs in the Caerfai Group of St. Davids, and in beds at the same horizon in North Wales.
I.—The Gigantic Ceratopsidæ, or Horned Dinosaurs, of North America
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

The Scapular Arch and Fore Limbs.—The scapula is massive, especially below. The shaft is long and narrow, with a thin edge in front, and a thick posterior margin above the glenoid fossa. The distal portion has a median external ridge, and a thick end (Woodcut, p. 242, Fig. 1, sc.).
VII.—The Effect of Sedimentation on the Temperature of the Earth's Crust
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

My letter in the March Number of the Geological Magazine, asking for a description of the “Herschel-Babbage” theory of Mountain formation, appears to have called forth Mr. Davison's “Note on the Expansion Theory of Mountain Evolution,” in which he favours us with his definition of the “fundamental principle of the theory of terrestrial evolution which has sometimes been called the ‘expansion theory.’”
II.—On the Superimposed Draninage of the English Lake District
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

“What was the condition of our present mountain tract during the great Carboniferous period? Was it wholly submerged after the elevation and denudation to which we have already seen it subject, or was there always a nucleus of dry land—an embryo of Cumbria—around which the Carboniferous deposits were laid down? I do not think this is a question that can ever be decidedly answered.”

It is a question which has frequently been asked, and the answer given are various. In the present communication I intend to loo at it from a somewhat different point of view from that in which has usually been approached, though the view here adopted in man respects resembles that taken by the late Mr. Hopkins.
IV.—On Soda-Microcline from Kilimandscharo
Authors: Hyland J. S.
Published: May 2009

The material, in which this felspar occurs, was collected by Dr Hans Meyer during his visit in 1887 to the East-African “snowmountain,” the Kilimandscharo, and kindly entrusted to me for description by Prof. F. Zirkel of Leipzig, to whom I desire to express my indebtedness for assistance and advice supplied me whilst working in his laboratory.

The rocks which possess this mineral as felspathic constituent are Nepheline- and Leucite-basanites, and were found in sitû on the south and south-east flanks of the Kibo peak. As rock-constituent this felspar is presumably confined to the outflows from the higher peak—the Kibo4—as no trace of it is to be found in the large series of rock-specimens, which represent the materials of which the other and lower peak—the Kimawenzi—is formed.
V.—On some Physical Changes in the Earth's Crust
Authors: Ricketts Charles
Published: May 2009

On the western flanks of the Malverns, the Upper Silurians are folded in several great anticlinals and synclinals, formed parallel to the axis of the Hill itself. To the west of Ledbury and again near Woolhope these contorted strata dip beneath the Old Red Sandstone, which, as computed by Phillips, has a maximum thickness of 8000 feet, that of the Upper Silurians being 2690 feet.

The thickness of the strata of which the Longmynd is formed has been estimated by the Government Surveyors at not less than 26,000 feet, as exposed in their highly inclined edges; the beds dipping at an average inclination of 60° to the W.N.W. They thus appear as if they had been tilted by pressure against the more ancient rocks of the Caer Caradoc Range.
IV.—Comparison of the Principal Forms of Dinosauria of Europe and America
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

The remains of Dinosaurian reptiles are very abundant in the Rocky Mountain region, especially in deposits of Jurassic age, and during the past ten years the author has made extensive collections of these fossils, as a basis for investigating the entire group. The results of this work will be included in several volumes, two of which are now well advanced towards completion, and will soon be published by the United States Geological Survey.

In the study of these reptiles, it was necessary to examine the European forms, and the author has now seen nearly every known specimen of importance. The object of the present paper is to give, in few words, some of the more obvious results of a comparison between these forms and those of America which he has investigated.
IX.—An Exposure of Middle and Newer Pleistocene Boulder Clay in Derby
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

Some very interesting deposits of Pleistocene age have lately been exposed on the Burton Road, Derby. The road rises on the north side of Mill Hill, and near the top, at the height of 260 feet, cuts into a mass of Boulder-clay, which is, or was, well shown in the cuttings for the new roads leading into Byron Street. Another outlier of the same clay is exposed in Littleover Lane to the southwest. The main mass of the deposit cut into on the Burton Road is a red morainic clay with boulders; apparently a subaerial moraine subsequently modified by the passage over it of land ice. Unlike the tough, silty, red and blue aqueous Boulder Clays so plentifully spread over the Midland counties, it shows little or no signs of aqueous action. Sometimes it has a banded or streaked appearance, but this seems to be due rather to a crushing or pressing-out action than to original conditions of deposition.
III.—On the Origin of the Stone-Rivers of the Falkland Islands
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

The stone-rivers of the Falkland Islands have been described by Mr. Darwin, Sir Wyville Thomson, Dr. Coppinger, and other naturalists who have visited those regions. The accounts given by the two first-named are well-known and easily accessible, and render a full description here unnecessary. But it may not be out of place to summarise the principal features of the stone-rivers, which must find an explanation in any satisfactory theory of their origin.

They consist of angular blocks of quartzite, “arranged,” according to Pernéty, “as if they had been accumulated carelessly to fill the ravines.” The blocks are from two to twenty feet long, and rest “irregularly one upon the other, supported in all positions by the angles and edges of those beneath” (Thomson).
VIII.—Notes on the Lower Palæozoic Rocks of the Fichtelegebirge, Frankenwald, and Thüringerwald
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

During the summer I visited Hof with Professor Nicholson, mainly in order to examine the Graptolite-bearing shales of the surrounding region. These we found to be far from rich in fossils, and the principal fossil-bearing localities were remote from one another. Under such circumstances little could have been accomplished, but for the kindness of Herr Glass, of Hof, who allowed us to examine his fine collection of fossils from the district. To him I would tender my best thanks, as also to Prof. Geinitz, who not only permitted me to examine his rich collection of Graptolites from the Thüringerwald preserved in the Dresden Museum, but also devoted some of his valuable time to me.

For a full account of the Lower Palæozoic rocks of the region under consideration, I may refer to Prof. Gümbel's exhaustive “Geognostiche Beschreibung des Fichtelgebirges mit dem Frankenwalde und dem Westlichen Vorlande.”
II.—The Effects of Pressure on Crystalline Limestones.
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Those who have carefully studied the crystalline schists cannot fail to have noticed that a community of structure—a sort of family likeness—prevails throughout any one group of rocks, while those which occur apparently at different horizons exhibit dissimilar structures. Thus the marbles associated with any group of crystalline schists are coarse or fine in grain, according to the structure of the latter. But to this rule exceptions appear, at first sight, not infrequent. For instance, in the Alps, we find not uncommonly, in that group of schists which seems to occupy the highest position, marbles which present an abnormally compact aspect. On closer examination they prove indeed to be crystalline in structure, but the crystals seem so small, the general structure so compact, that until we find them graduating into typical mica or other schists, we can hardly feel satisfied we are not being duped by infolded limestones of Mesozoic or Palæozoic age.
IV.—On the Systematic Position of the “Dendrodont” Fishes
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

In a short paper on the nomenclature of the Old Red Sandstone Fishes published in this Magazine for November, 1888, I expressed the opinion “that the scattered teeth and fragments of jaws known as Dendrodus and Lamnodus belong to fishes at present known to us by their scales as species of Holoptychius and Glyptolepis.” The family terms “Holoptychiidæ” and “Dendrodontidæ” I consider absolutely synonymous. On the other hand, the Rhizodontidæ (Gyroptychius, Tristichopterus, Rhizodus, etc.) present a somewhat different form of tooth-structure, and one which is, in the main, identical with that which, in so many Stegocephalous Amphibia, is called “labyrinthodont.”
V.—On Zonal Structure in Olivine
Authors: Hyland J. Shearson
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper on the volcanic rocks of Kilimandjaro I referred to the presence in the basaltic lavas of olivine crystals, which appeared to possess zonal structure. Although actual proof was wanting, still the symmetrical arrangement of the inclusions, as also the mode of alteration of the crystals, rendered the occurrence of such a structure highly probable. The olivines, being rich in iron, were altered into ferric oxide or ferric hydrate; and the line of division between the fresh and decomposed portions was mostly parallel to the crystallographic outlines. There was, however, no break in the optical continuity, such as the presence of zonal structure would demand.
I.—Notes on the Ponza Islands
Authors: Johnston-Lavis H. J.
Published: May 2009

In 1884 I spent about a fortnight investigating the geological structure of these islands, and intended to have to a certain extent completed my studies at that time. Cholera was then raging at Campobasso on the mainland, and the islanders, not comprehending the curious habits of a travelling geologist, supposed I had been sent by the Government to spread the “Cholera Powder,” and requested me to leave the islands by the next steamer. This I naturally for safety's sake did, and opportunities for returning to the locality not having again presented themselves to me, and lest I should forget some of the interesting observations I then made, I think it desirable without further delay to record what I then saw. This is all the more important since my own observations differ considerably from those of the few other observers of the geology of these islands, or include facts which they do not mention in their writings.
II.—Note on the Geological Relations of Rocks from Assouan and its Neighbourhood
Authors: Dawson J. William
Published: May 2009

Dr. Bonney having been so kind as to examine microscopically and describe a collection of crystalline rocks which I made in the vicinity of Assouan on the Nile, I have prepared the following notice of the geological conditions, to accompany his descriptions, referring, however, to the notes on the locality given in my paper in the Geological Magazine for Oct. 1884. Reference may also be made to the paper of Lieut. Newbold in the Journal of the Geological Society, vol. iv., and to that of Mr. Hawkshaw in the same journal, vol. xxiii. Lartet has given in his Geology of Palestine a summary of the observations of Russegger, Rivière and Figari Bey on the crystalline rocks of the Nile, and the allied rocks of the Sinaitic Peninsula have been described by him, by Bauerman and by Holland, and more recently by Hull. All these authors have given, more or less distinctly, a series of gneisses and micaceous and hornblendic schists associated with intrusive granites and diorites as the oldest rocks of these districts, and succeeding these in geological age, certain slates and associated rocks, with porphyry and basanite in beds and veins.
I.—On the Discovery of the Larval Stage of a Cockroach, Etoblattina Peachii, H. Woodw., from the Coal-Measures of Kilmaurs, Ayrshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

By the kindness of Mr. B. N. Peach, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of Scotland, I have been permitted to examine a very interesting insect-remain enclosed in a light-brown nodule of Clay-Ironstone, obtained fram Kilmaurs, Ayrshire.

In February last I had the pleasure to describe three new forms of British Carboniferous Cockroaches, viz.:—

1. Etoblattina Johnsoni, H. Woodw., Coal-Measures, Coseley, near Dudley.

2. Leptoblattina exilis, H. Woodw. do. do.

3. Lithomylacris Kirkbyi, H. Woodw., U. Coal-Measures, Meithil, Fife.

Mr. S. H. Scudder, of Boston, has described no fewer than 30 species from the Coal-Measures of N. America, whilst 41 species have been described by Goldenberg, Heer, Germar, Scudder, and others from the Coal-Measures of Europe, so that this group of Orthopterous insects was perhaps almost as well represented in the Coal-period as at the present day, and nearly as widely distributed geographically.
III.—The Growth of Cephalopod Shells
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

The shells of Cephalopods form an evolutionary series, traceable to an ancestor unknown, but nearly related to not yet coiled forms of the Cambrian. In all descendants from this common stock homologous parts are discerned. Hence facts regarding the growth of any one form may be applied to all. Of Cephalopods with chambered shells only Nautilus, Spirula, and Sepia exist. Spirula is so rare and its shell so retrograde that no theory has yet been built on it. Examination of Nautilus gave rise to the Secretion-hypothesis, shortly stated as follows:—As the animal grows, the adherent muscles and the cincture gradually advance, the siphuncle lengthening in proportion; thus a cavity is formed between the last septum and the surface of the visceral hump: this latter then deposits calcareous matter, beginning at the sides of the shell and proceeding towards the siphuncle round which it is continued backward. During the advance of the animal the anterior portion of the mantle secretes calcareous matter, which it deposits in successive layers on the margin of the aperture (Edwards and Wood).
III.—Elements of Primary Geology
Authors: Hunt T. Sterry
Published: May 2009

Under the general terms of Primary and Original, given by Werner and others, to the early crystalline rocks, have been included various mineral aggregates which may be classed under three heads: 1. The great stratiform masses of aqueous origin, essentially granitic, and formed by slow deposition at the earth's surface, which I have called Indigenous rocks. 2. Those lesser crystalline masses which were formed under similar conditions to the last, but within veins or fissures in pre-existing rocks, and may therefore be called Endogenous. 3. Rocks resembling the last in their geognostic relations, and often confounded with them, but distinguished by the fact that they have come into their present positions not by deposition from solution, but by displacement in a more or less fluid or plastic state. These Exotic or erupted masses, whether ancient or modern, are in a sense Primary, since they sustain, in one way or another, intimate relations to the more ancient rocks to which this name was first given.
VIII.—Bursting Rock Surfaces
Authors: Hughes T. McKenny
Published: May 2009

The interesting note by Mr. Strahan in the Geol. Mag. for September, 1887, on explosive slickensides, reminded me of some similar phenomena which were not of unfrequent occurrence near Dent Head and Ribble Head in Yorkshire.

In the limestone quarry from which the black marble of Dent is procured the workmen found that, when they were quarrying the lower beds and struck the rock with a pick or bar, fragments flew up into the air with greater force than, could be due to their blow and in an unexpected direction.
IX.—Note on Hylæochampsa
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

In my paper on Crocodilia in the July Number of the Geological Magazine, pp. 310–311, I expressed my opinion that the characters given by M. Dollo in his description of the Belgian Bernissartia did not appear to me to afford grounds by which that form could be distinguished from Hylæochampsa, and I accordingly observed in a note that the onus of proving the distinctness of the former rested with its describer. In a note published on pp. 394–396 of the September Number of the Magazine, M. Dollo replies to this criticism, and shows conclusively that the Belgian form is entitled to specific, and very probably to generic distinction from the larger English one.
III.—On the Genus Piloceras, Salter, as Elucidated by Examples lately discovered in North America and in Scotland
Authors: Foord Arthur H.
Published: May 2009

The genus Piloceras was founded by J. W. Salter in 1859 upon the siphuncle of a shell closely allied to Endoceras. It was supposed by Salter that the invaginated sheaths observed in the siphuncle of Piloceras “represented the siphuncle and septa combined,” the septate part of the shell not being preserved in the specimens described by him.
VII.—Glacier Lake Channels
Authors: Kendall Percy Fry
Published: May 2009

Having shown that the ‘railway-cutting’ valleys of the Goathland area exhibit anomalies of position seemingly irreconcilable with the view supported by Professor Bonney that they are vestiges of an ancient river-system that has undergone readjustments by the process of stream capture, I may now enforce the argument by exhibiting the contrast between the form and magnitude of the old and those of the new valleys in the same district.
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Zoœcia separated by a distinct furrow, which passes into a deep crevice at the junction points, widely rounded below but tapering very considerably and almost to a point above, with areas of the same shape and upright rounded side walls thickening considerably below, and often developing something of an internal front wall; average length of area 28 mm., breadth 2 mm., but marginal zoœcia often run much larger.
VI.—The Principle of Saturation
Authors: Scott Alexander
Published: May 2009

In Professor Shand's reply to my criticism of his original paper on the application of the principle of saturation with respect to silica in the classification of igneous rocks, some points arise which make it clear that he has misunderstood me in several particulars. In the beginning of my paper, it was explicitly stated that what was to be considered was (1) whether the principle, as enunciated by Professor Shand, could be extended to minerals other than the silica ones (quartz, tridymite, etc.), the felspars and the felspathoids, and (2) whether the criterion whereby the rock minerals were divided into the two groups of saturated and unsaturated was sufficiently exact. The criterion used was that of “the observed facts of distribution”, and any mineral which was found coexisting with quartz or some other form of silica in igneous rocks was said to be saturated, while those which did not occur along with quartz were said to be unsaturated. Correspondingly, rocks which consisted entirely of minerals of the former type were classed as saturated, those consisting of mixtures of the two types as part-saturated, and those consisting solely of the second type as unsaturated. I endeavoured to show that the rock-forming minerals cannot be satisfactorily divided into two classes in this empirical fashion, without any consideration of the cooling-histories of the individual rocks in which the minerals may be found.
I.—Eocystis, I. Eocystites primævus Hartt
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

The second edition of J. W. Dawson's Acadian Geology (1868) contains some notes communicated by C. F. Hartt. One of these, on p. 643, runs as follows:

“Eocystites primçvus, Billings, Coll. Hartt (Fig. 220). The little plate with radiating sculpture, represented somewhat enlarged in the figure, is regarded by Mr. Billings, to whom the specimens have been submitted, as indicating anew genus of Cystideans.”

In this perfunctory manner, without diagnosis or description, was the genus Eocystites founded. Since a named species was mentioned, that species, E. primçvus, must be taken as genotype, and the generic name is thereby validated.
V.—The Kaolin Veins
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

Kaolin occurs abundantly in the Federated Malay States in connexion with granite, and is certainly formed on a large scale by weathering. The purest kaolin in large quantity, however, is found as veins in clay above limestone at Gopeng and elsewhere in Kinta, and in quartzite and shales near Tanjong Malim and Kerling. The purity of these veins and the information obtained about those in Kinta when traced down to limestone, lead to interesting considerations about their origin, and the nature of the material in the limestone is a matter of importance in connexion with the possibility of establishing a kaolin industry.
II.—On the Microscopical Structure and Composition of a Phonolite from the “Wolf Rock.”
Authors: Allport S. , Phillips J. A.
Published: May 2009

The rock described in the following paper is, I believe, new to British petrology; and as the value of microscopical analysis is not yet fully recognized, a detailed description may be acceptable to many readers of the Geological Magazine. The specimens examined were kindly sent to me by Mr. J. A. Phillips, together with a chemical analysis, which, with his permission, is also added.
II.—On “Wants” in Ironstone Seams and their Connection with Faults
Authors: Jack Robert L.
Published: May 2009

Of all the “troubles” that afflict the Ironstone miner, few are more perplexing than those known as “wants.” It sometimes happens that in the course of the working a “face” is being carried forward into the ironstone seam, when the miner finds that he has taken out what is apparently the last piece of “stone,” and looks with astonishment at “the blaise where the stone should be.”
V.—Notes on the Geology of Part of Co. Donegal, Ireland
Authors: Green A. H.
Published: May 2009

In the early part of this year I paid a visit to the north-western part of Donegal. My stay was short and my time too much taken up with other matters to allow of detailed geological work; but there were two things that at once attracted the attention of the most casual observer, the bedded character of the granite, and the traces of former wide-spread glaciation. To these I gave such time as I could, and on my return threw my notes into a paper which was read before the Geological Society of London. On seeing my paper, Mr. E. H. Scott had the kindness to send me copies of two papers of his own and of a report by himself, Sir E. Griffith, and Professor Haughton, on the Donegal Granites, in which, among other matters, the bedded character of these rocks was pointed out.
II.—Review of Progress of Mineralogy from 1864 to 1918
Authors: Prior G. T.
Published: May 2009

A British Museum official may perhaps be pardoned if, in a review of the progress of mineralogy since the first appearance of the Geological Magazine, he begins with a reference to scientific work done in the Museum with which the Editor was so long associated. At the time when the Magazine first saw the light the Keeper of the Mineral Department was the late Professor Nevil Story-Maskelyne. He was one of the first to grasp that efficient tool for deciphering mineral aggregates which had been provided by Nicol and Sorby in the thin-section. He was engaged in the particular work to which Keepers of that Department have since appeared to consider they must in duty bound devote much of their time and energy, viz. the investigation of meteorites, and, assisted by the microscopic examination of thin slices of these bodies, he was soon able to announce the discovery in them of several new species, one of which, the sulphide of calcium, oldhamite, must have been formed under conditions very different from those which prevail on the earth's surface.
III.—British Liassic Gasteropoda
Authors: Wilson E.
Published: May 2009

Description.—Shell conical, turrited; apex acute; spiral angle regular, whorls 8–9, angularly carinated anteriorly; sutures wide and deep; each whorl bears 3 spiral rows of equally spaced but unequal neatly rounded tubercles; the anterior of these, which are much the largest, are set on the carina; the middle row consists of fine granules, whilst the nodules of the posterior row, which adjoin the posterior suture, are intermediate in size and half-way between the other two. Fine, close-set curved striæ of growth cross the whorls transversely, but are scarcely discernible even with a lens, except on the last whorl of well-preserved specimens.
IV.—The Glacial Deposits of Sudbury, Suffolk
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

The accumulations of drift in the vicinity of the town of Sudbury have been described by Mr. Whitaker in the Geological Survey Memoir upon the N.W. part of Essex and N.E. part of Herts, etc.; and additional notes are given by the same author in the Memoir upon the Geology of Ipswich, etc. Since the appearance of these memoirs the sections have altered considerably, and one of the exposures is of such interest, that a record of it seems to me desirable, as in a few years it will be doubtless destroyed, and one more link in the chain of facts which have to be considered in attempting to account for the mode of formation of these drifts will have disappeared.
I.—American Jurassic Mammals
Authors: Marsh O.C.
Published: May 2009

The first American mammal found in the Jurassic, and a large proportion of those since discovered, belong to a peculiar family which the writer has called the Dryolestidœ. It includes several genera and numerous species from America, and is likewise represented among the forms found in Europe.
III.—On Some Remains of Siluroid Fishes from British Eocene Formations
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

Among the early Tertiary Fishes in the British Museum, there are a number of detached spines and cranial fragments from the Middle and Upper Eocene beds of Bracklesham and Barton, which are undoubtedly referable to extinct members of the family of Siluridæ. With the exception, however, of three specimens figured and briefly noticed by Dixon in his work on the fossils of Sussex, all have remained hitherto undescribed; nor is it an easy task to base any satisfactory identifications upon such fragmentary materials.
IV.—Note on the Hordwell and other Crocodilians
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

The two admirable summaries of our knowledge of fossil Crocodilia recently published by Mr. A. Smith Woodward—the one relating to British forms, in this Magazine, and the other, comprising the whole order, in the “Proceedings of the Geologists' Association”—render it a comparatively easy matter to find out what is known concerning any particular species or genus; and I may accordingly at once proceed to the proper subject of this paper.
V.—On Parallel Structure in Rocks as indicating a Sedimentary Origin
Authors: Callaway Ch.
Published: May 2009

Igneous rocks and crystalline schists are often associated with each other in such a manner as to compel the conclusion that either the igneous rocks have been formed out of the schists or the schists out of the igneous rocks. There are other cases in which the two kinds of rock are less intimately related; parallel structure is wanting, the junctions are sharply defined, and there is no evidence of an original mineral gradation. These are examples of the ordinary irregular intrusion of igneous rocks in schists. But there is a third group in which the characters are intermediate. In these rocks, structural parallelism is more or less distinct, and there is often a partial blending of the two kinds of rock at the line of contact; but other indications forbid the belief that the schists have been elaborated out of the associated igneous masses.
VII.—On the Tertiary Flora of Australia
Authors: von Ettingshausen Constantin Baron
Published: May 2009

Mr. C. S. Wilkingson, Government Geologist for New South Wales, had the kindness to entrust his collection of Australian Tertiary plant-remains to me, for which I now express my most sincere thanks to him. I laid the results of my investigations before the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna, in a Memoir, entitled: “Contributions to the Tertiary Flora of Australia, Part II.,” which follows a Memoir already published under the same title, Part I., in the forty-seventh volume of the “Denkschriften” of the same Academy.
I.—On the Chert and Siliceous Schists of the Permo-Carboniferous Strata of Spitzbergen, and on the Characters of the Sponges therefrom, which have been described by Dr. E. von Dunikowski
Authors: Hinde George Jennings
Published: May 2009

Specimens of chert-rock from the Productus-chert division of the Permo-Carboniferous series of Spitzbergen are shown to consist largely of detached siliceous sponge spicules, thus indicating the probable derivation of this rock from the skeletal remains of these organisms. The chert is of the same character as that of the Yoredale beds of the British Isles, and it occurs on the same relative geological horizon. The Productus-chert division has a thickness on Axel's Island of 376 m., of which 265 m. are chert, and 111 m. dark siliceous schists, likewise containing sponge remains, but less abundantly than the chert. The chert had previously been regarded as connected in some way with the igneous rocks of the island.
II.—Physiography of the Lower Trias
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

The origin of the Lower Trias is evidently a question of interest to the readers of the Geological Magazine. Professor Bonney, in an article, to the tone of which no exception can be taken, criticizes the view which I have ventured to put forth, and very properly supports his own. It would be impossible and a waste of paper and type for me to traverse all his statements, as in many cases my reply would amount to little more than a reproduction, in a different form perhaps, of the arguments already made use of. There are, however, one or two points on which I should like to express myself, and there are some misconceptions that require clearing up.
V.—On the Schists of the Lizard District
Authors: Somervail Alexander
Published: May 2009

This paper is intended as preliminary to one shortly to follow on the nature and origin of the banded structure in these rocks. I have deemed it necessary to treat of the present subject as introductory to the other, giving my own views as to what I believe to be the true origin and relations of these rocks to each other, as these seemed to me to have a very direct and important bearing on the question of their banded structures.
III.—A Note on Submedullary Casts of Coal-measure Calamites
Authors: Arber E. A. Newell
Published: May 2009

The pith-casts of Calamites are common Coal-measure fossils, sometimes of use in helping to fix the horizon of certain coals. They are, however, notoriously difficult taxonomically, and in several cases there is difference of opinion among authorities both as to the essential characters of a particular type of pith-cast, and also as to what is the most nearly correct name to apply to it. Immense space is still taken up by arguments as to what, exactly, some ancient and often manifestly rough drawing, supposed to represent a type, really depicts—with a view to maintaining a strict priority as regards nomenclature. If the original specimen is now lost, as is not infrequently the case, the guessing still continues. Some workers are not content to start their synonymies chronologically with the next oldest figure, the original of which still survives and the nature of which is agreed to on all hands.
IV.—Notes on the genus Homalonotus
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

Since Salter, in 1865, published his classification of the species of the genus Homalonotus, no detailed attempt has been made to re-arrange the increased number of species now known into natural groups. Salter was not convinced that his scheme was satisfactory, and appears to have regarded it as largely artificial, though convenient. The divisions instituted or recognized by him bore the names Brongniartia, Salter, 1865 (divided into two sections); Trimerus, Green, 1832; Kænigia, Salter, 1865; Dipleura, Green, 1832; and Burmeisteria, Salter, 1865.
V.—Mountain Building
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

In an article by Dr. H. Jeffreys in the Geological Magazine for April, pp. 215–19, an attempt is made to show that the discovery of radio-active materials in the earth's crust favours the “contraction and puckering” theory of mountain building. With regard to 0. Fisher's view he writes, “It rests entirely on Kelvin's theory of the cooling of the earth, which has had to be completely revised on account of the discovery of the extensive distribution of radio-active matter in the earth's crust. The time available has been found to be about twenty times greater than on Kelvin's theory, and the cooling has therefore had time to extend to a much greater depth and to produce a very much greater compression.” We are also told what the reduction in the earth's diameter has probably been, and the actual depth of Fisher's level of no strain.
IV.—On the Occurrence and Interpretation of Rock-Cliffs and Rock-Floors on the Western Shores of the “Dry” Lakes in South-Central Western Australia
Authors: Jutson J. T.
Published: May 2009

In South-Central Western Australia, in the physiographic division which the writer has termed the Central or Salt Lake Division, in a large portion of which the average annual rainfall is about 10 inches per annum, numerous “dry” lakes or playas occur. These have been described and the question of their origin has been discussed by various authors. They have been differently regarded as due to glacial, marine, and wind action; also as the remains of old Tertiary rivers now largely obliterated by drifting sands; and also (in part) as deformation basins. Most writers agree that they have been formed under subaerial conditions, and probably most will ultimately agree that deformation is responsible for some at least of the lakes, or has aided in their formation.
III.—On the Discovery of a Quartzose Conglomerate at Caldon Low, Staffs
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid , Alkins W. E.
Published: May 2009

During a visit to the limestone quarries at Caldon Low last September we had the good fortune to discover an interesting exposure of a quartzose conglomerate containing numerous fossils. The bed was exposed in a strong joint-face running approximately N.N.W. to S.S.E., at the northern extension of the quarry on the north-west flank of the Low, just beyond the mineral line of the North Staffordshire Railway. The altitude is about 900 feet O.D. The conglomerate apparently extended some little distance to the south-west before the opening of the quarry, as we ascertained that some 20 or 30 yards had been removed in gaining access to the limestone behind. It appears to extend for some distance round the flank of the Low towards the north-east.
IV.—Notes on Ammonites
Authors: Spath L.F.
Published: May 2009

A character of the suture-line that has received considerable attention lately is the obliquity with regard to the radius. Of course, it had long been noticed that suture-lines may vary in the form and foliation of their elements (brachyphyllic, dolichophyllic, and leptophyllic suture-lines of Mojsisovics, and euryphyllian and stenophyllian suture-lines of Haug) as in their general course. There maybe (externally) a strong convexity forward (Cyclololus), a straight (Sphenodiscus) or wavy line (Pseudosageceras), or a convexity backward (Protengonoceras). Again, the suture-line may be inclined strongly forward towards the umbilicus (Cheltonia) or have a retracted or dependent inner portion (Psiloceras). It is this Litter obliquity that has been used as a generic and even family distinction, e.g. by Mr. Buckman, to determine the affinity of Bredya with Hammatoceratidse, and not Hildoceratidæ.
VI.—The Carboniferous Limestone of the Wrekin District
Authors: Parsons L. M.
Published: May 2009

The Carboniferous Limestone cropping out near Wellington and near Newport in the Wrekin district has hitherto received little attention. One or two references to the Lower Carboniferous rocks of the area are made in Geology in the Field, in which the limestone is referred to the Dibunophyllum zone, and the intrusive material underlying the limestone is described as an olivine-dolerite, probably of Tertiary age. Apart from these references there does not appear to be any published description of the limestone of the district. Although the Lower Carboniferous outcrops in the area are small, the faunal contents, stratigraphical horizon, and petrology of these rocks are subjects of interest in connection with recent work on the Carboniferous Limestone of various Midland districts.
III.—A Revision of the Group of Nautilus elegans, J. Sowerby
Authors: Foord Arthur H.
Published: May 2009

Owing to the defective character of Sowerby's description and figure of Nautilus elegans, the latter has been variously interpreted, specimens belonging to other species having been frequently referred to it. In the present paper we shall show what is the true N. elegans, tracing the history of the type-specimen, which we have been fortunate enough to identify in the collection of the British Museum. This done, we shall proceed to describe three other species, viz. N. elegantoides, d'Orbigny, N. Atlas, Whiteaves, and N. pseudoelegans, d'Orbigny, all evidently allied to N. elegans, and forming with it a group of species which may be appropriately called the “Group of Nautilus elegans.”
VI.—The Date of the High Continental Elevation of America
Authors: Browne A. J. Jukes
Published: May 2009

The proofs of a much greater elevation of the American continent at no very distant geological date, which have been communicated to the Geol. Mag. by Prof. J. W. Spencer and Mr. W. Upham, are very interesting, and Mr. Upham's suggestion that this great elevation occurred in Pliocene and early Pleistocene time is a taking one. He thinks the culmination of the uplift coincided with the Glacial period, and was to a large extent the cause of that period; if he is right, we are forced to infer that there has been a post-Glacial submergence to the extent of over 3000 feet over the whole region, including the Gulf of Mexico. There is, however, a difficulty in this supposition, to which I beg to call Mr. Upham's attention.
IV.—Notes on the Process of Schist-Making in the Malvern Hills
Authors: Callaway Charles
Published: May 2009

In the October Number of this Magazine, a paper by the Rev. A. Irving, D.Sc, calls for some comment. The subject, “The Malvern Crystallines,” is one which has engaged my close attention during the last seven years, and two expositions of my views have appeared in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. I am glad to find that Dr. Irving accepts my main conclusion —that the Malvern gneisses and schists are of igneous origin; but there are some important details in which he has formed a different opinion. It will not be necessary for me to discuss these differences with any fulness, since my third and final paper, which is nearly ready, treats of some of his more material objections to my views.
V.—On Yorkshire Thecidea
Authors: Walker John Francis
Published: May 2009

I Have obtained a considerable number of specimens of Thecidium ornatum, Moore, from the Coral Rag, in the bed containing Phasianella (Pseudomelania) striata; Pseudodiadema versipora, Hemicidaris intermedia, etc., from a quarry between Ayton and Scarborough. My friend, the late Mr. Charles Moore, F.G.S., gave me some specimens of this Brachiopod from the Coral Eag of Lyneham, Wiltshire, with which the Yorkshire Thecidium perfectly agrees in form. This shell, especially the dorsal valve, is plentiful at Ayton, but it is troublesome to find on account of its small size; it is best obtained by washing the marl; occasionally it is found attached to Ostrea.
I.—Note on Some Recent Additions to the Vertebrate Fauna of the Norfolk “Pre-Glacial Forest-Bed”
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of my last notes on the Vertehrata of the Norfolk “Forest-Bed” in this Magazine, several new forms have been identified, and we are now under obligation to Mr. W. Barker and Mr. A. Savin, whose diligent search in these beds has brought to light four species not hitherto recorded; three of them are bones of Birds, and therefore especially interesting, as so few remains of this class have been determined from British Pre-Glacial deposits. I have to thank Prof. Stewart and Dr. Garson for the facilities they have afforded me on this, as on other occasions, when comparing specimens in the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons; and for similar assistance at the British Museum I am indebted to Mr. R. Bowdler Sharpe and Mr. Oldfield Thomas.