bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell–Derived Smooth Muscle Cells by a Human SM22α Promoter
Authors: Kashiwakura Yuji , Katoh Youichi , Tamayose Kenji , Konishi Hakuoh , Takaya Norihide , Yuhara Senji , Yamada Masanori , Sugimoto Koichi , Daida Hiroyuki
Published: April 2003

Background—

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have many characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells that can differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMCs). However, there have been few studies closely following the cell development of smooth muscle lineage among BMSCs.

Methods and Results—

To investigate the possible existence of a cell population committed to the SMC lineage among bone marrow adhesion cells, we tried to detect and follow the in vitro differentiation of such a cell type by using a promoter-sorting method with a human SM22α promoter (−480 bp)/green fluorescent protein (GFP) construct. The construct was transfected to adhesion cells that appeared 5 days after the seeding of mononuclear cells from bone marrow. GFP was first detectable 5 days after the transfection in a cell population [Ad(G) cells], which expressed PDGF-β but neither mature (calponin) nor immature (SMemb) SMC-specific proteins at that time. However, the cells were eventually grown into individual clones that expressed SMC-specific proteins (α-smooth muscle actin, calponin, and SM-1), suggesting that Ad(G) cells have partly at least progenitor properties. Because early studies have reported that PDGF-β signaling plays pivotal roles in the differentiation of mesenchymal smooth muscle progenitor cells, Ad(G) cells might be putative mesenchymal smooth muscle progenitors expressing PDGF-β.

Conclusions—

We demonstrated the presence of a cell population fated to become SMCs and followed their differentiation into SMCs among BMSCs.
Urban Universities: Meeting the Needs of Students
Authors: Riposa Gerry
Published: April 2003

Urban universities play an increasingly significant role in post-secondary education; however, little attention has been directed at these institutions. While not attempting to provide a comprehensive set of generalizations predicting the behavior of these educational institutions, this article seeks to be a gateway to focus our attention upon and examine the distinctive character, mission, and activities of urban universities. To that end, we build the context of education by discussing the rise of public education, in general, and urban universities, in particular. Next, using the California State University system, we set out the environment, philosophy, and challenges that distinguish urban universities from their traditional counterparts. From this research, we are able to better define urban universities and their environments, to begin mapping policy responses to the challenges these institutions face, and to suggest future areas of research of these important learning centers.
The Future of College Access: The Declining Role of Public Higher Education in Promoting Equal Opportunity
Authors: Mumper Michael
Published: April 2003

Beginning in the 1980s, a series of forces conspired to make access to public higher education more difficult for low-income and disadvantaged students. Rising tuition, changes in the federal student aid programs, and the decline of affirmative admissions all played a role. This article shows how, in the decades ahead, these troubling trends are poised to accelerate. The fiscal conditions driving up tuition will continue. The emergence of a new generation of student aid programs will further shift benefits away from the low-income and toward the middle- and upper-income students. Similarly, increased competition will make admission to public colleges even more difficult. The cumulative result will be diminished access for the most needy students. This development is likely to reverse the traditional role of these institutions in promoting equal opportunity. Indeed, public higher education may come to play the reverse role of reinforcing and widening the nation’s income distinctions.
Few Remaining Dreams: Community Colleges Since 1985
Authors: Brint Steven
Published: April 2003

In recent years, three schools of thought—human capital economics, sociological contradictions theory, and the new structuralism—have contributed to discussions of the role of community colleges in American postsecondary education. An evaluation of this work suggests that the circumstances of community colleges have, in several respects, changed for the worse in the years since publication of the author’s book, The Diverted Dream (with Jerome Karabel). The community college student population has become more homogeneous in social class background and test scores, faculty work conditions have deteriorated, and dropout rates remain very high. One solution to the persisting performance problems of community colleges would be to split the colleges into three parts: one modeled on private-sector vocational training, another organized as two-year branches of four-year institutions, and a third as a community center for courses of avocational interest.
The Demand-Response Scenario: Perspectives of Community College Presidents
Authors: Gumport Patricia J.
Published: April 2003

Community colleges are often characterized as the segment of U.S. public higher education most responsive to environmental demands. During the past two decades of the twentieth century, community colleges faced expectations to expand their purposes beyond transfer and occupational education, to serve employers’ needs for training, and to accommodate more students in need of basic skills. Drawing on focus group data, this article examines what community college presidents characterize as the demand-response scenario for their colleges, the ways they work within it, and how they seek to move beyond it. The analysis focuses on their accounts of appropriate organizational responses, showing how institutional logics embedded in the wider context allowed for a range of legitimate responses yet also fostered ambiguity about their identity and societal role.
Welfare Reform and Enrollment in Postsecondary Education
Authors: Jacobs Jerry A. , Winslow Sarah
Published: April 2003

Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) has dramatically decreased welfare rolls, but has it reduced the college attendance rate of welfare recipients or limited the college enrollment of those who might have been on welfare without this policy change? The authors examine whether the work-first emphasis of welfare reform has reduced postsecondary education enrollment, principally in community colleges. Second, they consider whether welfare reform has increased enrollment in short-term, noncredit programs at the expense of degree-granting curricula. Third, they assess whether states with more restrictive formal policies regarding higher education have lower enrollment of welfare recipients than those with less restrictive policies. Finally, they examine whether welfare reform has affected the enrollment rates of young single mothers who might have been on welfare in the absence of TANF. They review enrollment data from a variety of sources and present original analyses of data on postsecondary enrollment patterns from multiple national data sets.
Leadership and Cooperation in Groups
Authors: TYLER TOM R.
Published: April 2003

Two major types of motivation underlie the ability of leaders to gain cooperation in groups. First is the desire of people to gain rewards and avoid punishments. Leaders can tap into such motivations to the extent that they control resources and/or instruments of surveillance and sanctioning. Second is people's internal attitudes and values, which shape what people want or feel they ought to do. Leaders can draw on these internal motivations by appealing to or creating attitudes and values. Both strategies influence behavior, but there are clear advantages to leadership based on connecting to people's attitudes and values. In particular, people voluntarily follow leaders who engage their internal motivations.
Considerations of Community
Authors: OMOTO ALLEN M. , SNYDER MARK
Published: April 2003

In this article, the authors examine the role of community in understanding volunteerism. First, the authors present a model of the volunteer process that identifies three stages (antecedents, experiences, consequences) and three levels of analysis (individual, organization, social system). Next, the authors propose two features of community—community as context for volunteerism and psychological sense of community—and articulate the implications of these features for the processes of volunteerism. Then, empirical evidence from studies of AIDS volunteers and their clients is reviewed that suggests (a) how communities and psychological sense of community encourage people to volunteer and connect with others and (b) how connecting to communities appears to be beneficial for the functioning of people living with HIV. Finally, the authors argue that explicit considerations of community can also contribute to understanding other forms of individual and collective action as well as broader civic and societal participation.
Social Capital and Community Electronic Networks
Authors: SULLIVAN JOHN L. , BORGIDA EUGENE , JACKSON MELINDA S. , RIEDEL ERIC , OXENDINE ALINA , GANGL AMY
Published: April 2003

In this article, the authors discuss the implementation of a community electronic network in a rural Minnesota town. The network is intended to help the community keep up with global technological progress by increasing access to the Internet. The current project compares this community approach to electronic networks with an economic, for-profit approach utilized in a nonequivalent control community. Drawing on the theory of social capital, the authors consider the relative impacts of privately oriented social engagement versus publicly oriented political engagement in relation to collective outcomes. The findings to date show that in the presence of a broadly based community electronic network, political as well as economic resources are linked to the use and knowledge of computer resources. The implications of these findings for larger issues of fair and equitable access to technology are discussed.
How Group Identification Helps to Overcome the Dilemma of Collective Action
Authors: KLANDERMANS BERT
Published: April 2003

According to the basic assumption underlying this article, people are more likely to participate in protest the more they feel that a group they identify with is treated unjustly. Depersonalization and the politicization of group identification are discussed as two processes that mediate the relationship between group identification and protest participation. Empirical evidence from three studies is discussed. In a study among people older than 55, participation in unions for the elderly appears to be correlated strongly with identification with the elderly. In a study of participation in peaceful protest among South African citizens, indicators of identification appeared to be correlated with protest participation, and finally, Dutch farmers were more likely to participate in farmers' protest the more they identified with other farmers. Results from the latter, longitudinal study suggest a recursive relationship between identity and protest participation: Group identification fosters protest participation and protest participation reinforces group identification.
Cooperation for Social Protection
Authors: ROTHSTEIN BO
Published: April 2003

The welfare state can be seen as a measure of the social protection. A major finding within the comparative welfare state research is the differences in scope, institutionalization, and effectiveness against poverty between the institutionalized forms of social protection among the industrialized Western democracies. The major question in this article is, How can we understand and explain the causal mechanism between such institutions, social norms, and human behavior? A model is presented to show that if voters/taxpayers act out of self-interest, both a selective/minimal and an encompassing/universal welfare state are likely outcomes. The different outcomes cannot be explained by the importance of the ideology of ruling political parties or that citizens in these different countries have different basic values about social justice. Instead, the argument is that the puzzle why structurally similar countries vary so much in their systems of social protection can be solved by institutional theory.
Terrorism Potential for Research Reactors Compared With Power Reactors
Authors: Bunn George , Braun Chaim
Published: April 2003

If terrorists could steal 25 kg to 50 kg of highly enriched uranium fuel to be used for one or more large research reactors, they might be able to make a nuclear weapon from it. The same is not true of unburned fuel from power reactors because the uranium is not highly enriched and therefore not useful for making such weapons without a difficult uranium enrichment process. If terrorists could steal radioactive fuel that has been burned in either kind of reactor, they could probably make a radioactive dispersal device or “dirty bomb.” If terrorists could use an airplane or truck bomb to crash through walls and fences protecting either kind of reactor and penetrate the reactor’s containment or blow up in the pond where irradiated spent nuclear fuel is stored, they might be able to disperse radioactivity over an area the shape and size of which would depend not only on the effect of the crash or explosion but also on the direction and speed of the wind. The amount and degree of radioactivity of irradiated fuel is likely to be much greater in power reactors but the vulnerability of irradiated fuel is likely to be greater in research reactors.
The Characteristics of Nuclear Terrorist Weapons
Authors: Maerli Morten Bremer , Schaper Annette , Barnaby Frank
Published: April 2003

The risk of nuclear terrorism may still be low, but the possible level of physical destruction, fatalities, and injuries is so great in and of itself that the potential for terrorist acquisition and use of nuclear devices warrants serious consideration. By addressing characteristics of potential nuclear terrorist weapons, this paper provides some observations on the likelihood of nuclear terrorism and on the technical feasibility of crude nuclear weapon production. It will be shown that the production obstacles may be lower than anticipated and that technical barriers should not be regarded sufficient to avoid future nuclear terrorism. Preventing any extremist group from achieving their goals of large-scale nuclear violence can best be done by denying them access to highly enriched uranium or plutonium, the essential ingredients of any nuclear device. Adequate protection and control of such materials is thus vital. However, the gap between the threat and the international response seems to be widening.
What It Takes to Become a Nuclear Terrorist
Authors: Steinhausler Friedrich
Published: April 2003

There is justified concern that terrorists may use nuclear or other radioactive material to commit an act of terrorism. However, there are multiple barriers to be overcome by a terrorist to actually be able to deploy such a weapon. This article discusses four threat scenarios involving nuclear and other radioactive materials: radioactive dispersion with criminal intent, radiological malevolence, attack on a nuclear power plant, and nuclear weapons. Altogether, 16 attack modes are identified with largely different logistical and technical requirements for their implementation. However, none of them should be considered as out of realm for a dedicated terror organization with a certain degree of sophistication.
Marketing Fear
Authors: Rossin A. David
Published: April 2003

This article tries to determine the political payoffs of marketing nuclear fear. Three subjects are selected for analysis: radiation, plutonium, and nuclear waste disposal. Predicted dangers of low-level radiation use a concept called “collective dose”; however, collective dose is not a predictor of radiation health or injury, let alone cancer or death. Plutonium, commonly referred to as “the most toxic element known to man,” is the material nations manufacture for nuclear weapons. It is also the inevitable by-product of nuclear power production and incites public fears of nuclear weapons proliferation and dangers of underground disposal. Finally, the article looks at nuclear waste disposal—Can it be done at all? Is the “nuclear industry” afraid to do it? Or are they and the government unwilling to do it because it costs too much? There is serious political payoff from raising nuclear issues. There is more than science to be considered. How an issue is marketed to the public becomes critically important.
Nuclear Smuggling Chains
Authors: Zaitseva Lyudmila , Hand Kevin
Published: April 2003

This article analyzes the supply and demand sides in nuclear smuggling, as well as intermediaries between them, based on the 700 illicit trafficking incidents collected by the Stanford Database on Nuclear Smuggling, Theft, and Orphan Radiation Sources (DSTO) for the period 1991 to 2002. The supply side consists of people with access to nuclear and other radioactive material. It can be subdivided into civilian employees at source facilities, ranging from technicians to top managers; military personnel; and security guards. Intermediaries—traffickers and middlemen—can be categorized as amateurs, opportunist businessmen and firms, and organized crime groups. The demand side is represented by proliferating nation states, terrorist organizations, religious sects, separatist movements, and criminal groups or individuals interested in using nuclear and other radioactive material for malevolent purposes, such as murder, deliberate exposure, blackmail, and extortion.
An Analysis of the Legal Issues Relating to the Prevention of Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism
Authors: Levin Brian , Amster Sara-Ellen
Published: April 2003

The potential for nuclear and radiological terrorism is a concern for policy makers as the motives and methods of many modern terrorists have changed to embrace weapons of mass destruction. Because these threats likely involve malefactors who rely on a combination of preparation, cooperation, and technical data, it is important to examine how the law addresses preliminary criminal activity as well as access to potentially dangerous information. Although criminal and First Amendment legal sanctions are primarily oriented to address past activities, they do allow authorities to act prospectively in limited circumstances. These circumstances can include instances where nuclear or radiological terrorism is a possibility.
Capitalizing on the Curriculum
Authors: Eckel Peter D.
Published: April 2003

For many institutions, finding new resources and positioning themselves well in the technology-rich, competitive environment has become a high priority. Universities have long capitalized on their research to both maximize prestige and generate revenue. Many institutions now view their curriculum and courses as capital. Some engage in for-profit curriculum-based ventures and others enter into strategic alliances. These activities raise questions for shared governance in initiating and operating activities intended to capitalize on the curriculum. This article explores how these new activities and traditions of shared governance and institutional autonomy intersect, identifying potential conflicts and raising questions for campus leaders.
A View of the Market Through Studies of Policy and Governance
Authors: Martinez Mario , Richardson Richard C.
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this article is to develop a research-based conceptualization of a state’s higher education market in the United States. The aim is to synthesize existing notions of the higher education market into a coherent starting point and to organize discussion of the market around subjects related to supply, consumption, and management. The conceptualization provides a state-level view of the higher education market appealing to state policy makers. The article draws on another study linking state policy to postsecondary performance. Results incorporate existing literature germane to the higher education market, within and outside of the higher education discipline.
The Promise and Peril of Parallel Governance Structures
Authors: Hartley Matthew
Published: April 2003

A recent survey of 146 postsecondary institutions found that 55% formed change task forces in the past 5 years. This article presents a detailed case of one private college that utilized task forces as a key strategy during a comprehensive change effort. Analysis describes the promise and peril of these innovative decision-making structures. Unburdened by day-today operational issues, the task forces focused on the change agenda, provided a “change friendly” environment, and became powerful change coalitions. The case shows how parallel governance structures devolve into “shadow” governance structures. Included are factors that determine how task forces enhance or compromise shared governance.
Leadership and Academic Culture in the Senate Presidency
Authors: Campbell Dean
Published: April 2003

This article utilizes current interview data from 42 senate presidents to analyze patterns of leadership orientations. The language and symbols that faculty leaders use reflects their beliefs and behaviors about shared governance. Three themes that arose from the interviews are discussed. References to citizenship, skepticism about faculty governance, and a desire for personal career gain were dominant themes. The study suggests that the various dimensions of academic culture influence leadership and that thinking of shared governance through a cultural lens rather than a bureaucratic or political standpoint enhances our understanding about how to improve shared governance.
Assessing the Senate
Authors: Minor James T.
Published: April 2003

Based on a national study of 750 4-year institutions, this study assesses the current state of senates and identifies factors that contribute to senate effectiveness. Findings show that although cultural elements of campus governance are positive, faculty are dissatisfied with the quality of their involvement in decision making. Regression analyses show that high levels of faculty involvement in the senate and influence in particular areas of decision making are significant predictors of senate effectiveness. Based on the findings, the study raises questions aimed at advancing the study and practice of institutional governance with particular attention to the role of faculty senates.
Geographic Scales and the Competition for Economic Growth
Authors: Thomas Kenneth
Published: April 2003

One of the key features of globalization is the increase in capital mobility, which propels national and subnational governments alike into a heightened competition for investment as more locations become feasible for any particular investment. This can be seen most clearly in the case of state and local governments in the United States, where the absence of controls on development incentives allowed a rapid increase in their level during the 1990s. State and local governments are caught in a Prisoners’ Dilemma that can only be solved at the federal level. In the absence of such intervention, many local organizations have tried to at least bring more transparency and accountability to the use of development incentives, with some success in moving the deals out of the back rooms and institutionalizing clawbacks of incentives where recipients fail to produce the promised investment.
Invisible Infrastructure and the City
Authors: Hackler Darrene
Published: April 2003

This article explores the linkage between telecommunications infrastructure and high-tech industry growth in cities of two metropolitan areas, Minneapolis—St. Paul, Minnesota and Phoenix, Arizona. Results indicate that cities with greater telecommunications capacity are more likely to have positive growth in high-tech industry and all sectors analyzed. Yet, the results also suggest that while we often think of high-tech industry as a single entity, it is important to disaggregate the industry to determine whether certain production processes and services make the firm react differently to telecommunications as a location factor. Where high-tech firms are locating and the degree to which telecommunications infrastructure is attractive to these firms is of great import given that cities desire to take part in the New Economy. The findings suggest that local policy makers may have more success in attracting high-tech business that fit the city’s current telecommunications profile.
When the Global Meets the Local at the Mall
Authors: Salcedo Rodrigo
Published: April 2003

The last 20 years have completely changed the image and function of the mall as developed in the 1950s by Victor Gruen and other pioneers. The mall has been transformed from a Fordist space that encourages mass consumption and sameness to a post-Fordist space that attempts to create social distinctions. Urban scholars have assumed that the mall is an outpost of the globalized economy that diminishes locality and human agency. In this article, the globalizing view of the mall is questioned, arguing in favor of “glocalization” processes that combine the post-Fordist capitalist logic of the mall industry with local characteristics that affect mall development.
Competing for Growth
Authors: Louishomme Claude
Published: April 2003

Contrary to what the urban political economy literature would lead us to predict, riverboat casinos have increasingly faced strong, organized opposition in many states across the country despite the large amounts of private investments, jobs, and tax revenues generated by casino developments. Yet at the same time, no such significant opposition has developed to successfully challenge the granting of large public subsidies to other private businesses by state and local governments. The author argues that this anomaly is explained by the mobilization of nationally organized interest groups that are successful in framing gaming as a moral, expressive issue, not only an instrumental strategy of economic development. These groups have been able to exploit the decentralization and fragmentation of the political system by exerting influence in several arenas, including citizen referenda, legal appeals, and legislative action.
Changing professions
Authors: Lewis Jenny M. , Marjoribanks Timothy , Pirotta Marie
Published: April 2003

Professional autonomy is a much-used concept which has operated with scant empirical attention directed at understanding its meaning among practitioners. This study investigates how General Practitioners (GPs) understand their professional autonomy, and what they perceive to be the main threats to it. Four focus groups were attended by 25 GPs in Melbourne. We found that GPs aspire to an ‘ideal type’ of professional who has the freedom to determine what is best for patients, but they believe their autonomy is threatened by financial constraints, greater accountability requirements, and more demanding patients. These findings reveal how GPs understand autonomy in their practice, and indicate that their concerns may have little to do with the deprofessionalization and proletarianization theses. Micro-level studies of GPs in the workplace, combined with greater understandings of different aspects of professional autonomy, appear useful in understanding how GPs’ work and autonomy is changing.
‘That’s my Australian side’
Authors: Zevallos Zuleyka
Published: April 2003

Through an analysis of qualitative interviews, this article explores the ethnic identities of Australian women aged 17–25 years of South and Central American backgrounds. The interviews show that expressions of Latin ethnicity are constructed around four ‘emblems’ symbolizing Latin ‘culture’– food, language, music and dancing, and festivity. Adopting a social constructionist perspective, this article details the respondents’ agency in the reconstruction of Latin ethnicity, and the consequences of the racial categorizations of ‘Australian-ness’ encountered by the participants. Their emphatic rejection of an Australian identity arises from their experiences growing up in Australia, where they are not ‘seen’ as Australian, highlighting that Australian identity continues to be regarded as synonymous with an Anglo-Celtic appearance. Nevertheless the respondents acknowledge Australian values of egalitarianism as significant when negotiating gender and sexuality. This ‘paradox’ of ethnic identity in the context of this study is best exemplified by the recurring comment, ‘That’s my Australian side’, and will be investigated through a critique on the limitations of ‘multicultural’ ideology and its lived experience.
Determinants of Foreign Trade Mission Participation
Authors: Schuler Douglas A. , Schnietz Karen E. , Baggett L. Scott
Published: April 2003

The selection process for firm participation on foreign trade missions during the Clinton administration has received much attention. Although critics said seats were exchanged for political contributions, government officials argued they selected internationally competitive firms capable of leveraging the contacts the mission provided. This article provides empirical evidence consistent with both claims. Firms with high levels off oreign trade competency were almost six times more likely to be chosen for participation than firms with little international experience, whereas firms making large soft money donations were five times more likely to be chosen for participation than firms making no soft money donations.
The Maintenance of an Organization’s Socially Responsible Practice
Authors: Randel Amy E.
Published: April 2003

The maintenance of an organization’s socially responsible practice is explained by linking perspectives within a cross-level framework. The proposed framework incorporates research on the institutional environment (societal level), organizational identity (organizational level), and champions’ tactics (individual level). Under different institutional environmental conditions, organizational identity and champions’tactics are posited to be differentially effective in supporting a socially responsible practice. The theoretical framework presented is suggestive of directions for empirical work on the maintenance of firms’ socially responsible practices and offers suggestions to managers regarding ways of compensating for conditions that otherwisewould weaken the maintenance ofa socially responsible practice.
Corporate Welfare, Corporate Citizenship, and the Question of Accountability
Authors: Dawkins Cedric E.
Published: April 2003

Researchers in the business and society area have yet to address corporations that receive special government subsidies (a.k.a. corporate welfare). This article makes the argument that given their subsidized status, the citizenship of those companieswarrants scrutiny, tests the common notion that large companies in particular industries derive the greatest benefit from corporate welfare, and determines what, if any, relationship corporate welfare has with corporate citizenship. Results show that large companies in particular industries are the most likely recipients of corporate welfare. In addition, corporations that receive corporate welfare demonstrate levels of corporate citizenship, which, after controlling for size, are not significantly different from companies that receive no such subsidies.
Selling Civil Society
Authors: HENDERSON SARAH L.
Published: April 2003

To what degree can Western countries “purchase” civic engagement and participation in less developed countries that do not share the Western liberal tradition? Drawing on interview data as well as internal documents, this article looks at the effects of Western and international assistance on building civil society and, hence, democracy in Russia by focusing on the Russian nongovernmental organization (NGO) community. Although Western assistance has provided tangible equipment and training for NGOs, overall funding designed to facilitate the growth of civil society has had unintended consequences. Institutions, interests, and incentive structures impede successful collective action toward building a civic community by encouraging both funders and NGO activists to pursue short-term benefits over long-term development. The result is the creation of patron-client ties between the international donor and the Russian recipient rather than horizontal networks of civic engagement among Russian NGOs and their domestic audience.
Does Discourse Matter in the Politics of Welfare State Adjustment?
Authors: SCHMIDT VIVIEN A.
Published: April 2003

In the reform of the welfare state, countries' experiences depend not only on their economics, institutions, and policy responses but also on politics, that is, on governments' ability to gain agreement for reform through discourse, understood as both a set of ideas and an interactive process. This article seeks to show not only how discourse matters but also when it matters, that is, when it acts as a causal influence on welfare reform, altering perceptions of interests and overcoming institutional obstacles to change. It demonstrates this through the examination of three matched sets of cases in which the presence of a coherent discourse contributed to the success of welfare state reform and its absence contributed to its failure. The matched pairs are Britain and New Zealand, the Netherlands and Germany, and Italy and France.
Monetary Divergence
Authors: BEARCE DAVID H.
Published: April 2003

Under capital mobility, governments face a political choice: hold an autonomous monetary policy with currency instability or stabilize exchange rates with the sacrifice of policy autonomy. This article examines what domestic political factors led the advanced industrial democracies to choose an autonomous monetary policy and what factors led them instead to choose stable exchange rates in the post-Bretton Woods era. Leftist-led governments have opted for an autonomous loose fiscal-tight monetary policy mix associated with exchange rate instability. Rightist-led governments have chosen a tight fiscal-loose monetary policy mix associated with exchange rate stability. These results are important because they help reestablish partisan agency in terms of monetary-exchange rate policy making, even under the structural constraint of international capital mobility.
Globalization, Embedded Realism, and Path Dependence
Authors: HANSEN RANDALL
Published: April 2003

Long confined to historians and sociologists, the study of immigration has garnered increased interest among political scientists. Two dominant schools—the globalization and embedded realist theses—have attempted to account for the gap between restrictionist intentions of governments and continuing immigration (the gap hypothesis). The globalization thesis argues that international norms and institutions limit governments' ability to control migration; the embedded realist thesis counters that limits on state autonomy are domestic. This article argues that although the embedded realist thesis is on stronger conceptual ground, both fail to account for two central categories of immigrants to Europe: colonial immigrants to France and Britain and asylum seekers to Germany. Drawing on historical institutionalist work, this article employs a path-dependent analysis to account for these categories. Against their own wishes, governments found themselves accepting larger migrations and naturalizations because of the path-dependent effects of their own citizenship and constitutional regimes.
Minority Governments, Deadlock Situations, and the Survival of Presidential Democracies
Authors: CHEIBUB JOSÉ ANTONIO
Published: April 2003

What are the conditions that generate minority presidents, minority governments, and deadlock in presidential regimes? What is the impact of minority presidents, minority governments, and deadlock on the survival of these regimes? Based on data for all presidential democracies that existed between 1946 and 1996, the author shows (a) that characteristics of the electoral and party systems do affect the level of support for the president in congress and hence the probability of minority presidents and minority governments; (b) that these characteristics, and the minority governments they generate, do not make deadlock more likely; and (c) that minority presidents, minority governments, and deadlock do not affect the survival of presidential democracies. Together, these findings suggest that the view that explains the instability of presidential democracies in terms of the type of executive-legislative relations these regimes are likely to induce must be abandoned. The author offers two reasons, institutional in nature, that may account for the instability of presidential regimes.
Economic Conditions and Incumbent Support in Africa's New Democracies
Authors: POSNER DANIEL N. , SIMON DAVID J.
Published: April 2003

In this article, the authors investigate the effects of economic conditions on support for an incumbent regime in a new African democracy. Drawing on two unique data sources from Zambia—the results of a 1,200-respondent postelection survey and a pair of 10,000-household poverty surveys conducted in the same years as that country's first two posttransition general elections—the authors find evidence that declining economic conditions coincide with the withdrawal of support for the incumbent president, although the effects of changing economic conditions are relatively small compared to noneconomic determinants of the vote such as ethnic affiliation and urban/rural location. The authors also find that, to the extent that voters respond to declining economic conditions, they do so via withdrawal from the electoral process rather than via support for the opposition. The findings suggest that African electorates are at least modestly responsive to economic trends but that noneconomic motivations still predominate in any given election.
Rulers and Rules
Authors: LUST-OKAR ELLEN , JAMAL AMANEY AHMAD
Published: April 2003

Previous efforts to understand the creation of political institutions in newly democratizing states have largely ignored the importance of regime types in explaining institutional development. However, this article argues that the type of authoritarian regime in place at the onset of liberalization significantly influences the creation of electoral rules. Incumbent elites in formerly single-party regimes prefer electoral laws that concentrate legislative power in the hands of the dominant party, whereas monarchs prefer systems that allow representation to a wide range of parties. Consequently, the establishment of electoral institutions in monarchies and one-party states should differ. Examining the Middle East, this article finds that a distinct pattern of electoral institutions in monarchies and one-party states does indeed exist. Furthermore, these electoral institutions promote significant differences in legislative representation.
Enhancing Political Participation in Democracies
Authors: KRISHNA ANIRUDH
Published: April 2003

What factors account for a more active and politically engaged citizenry? Macro-national institutions, micro-level influences (such as individuals' wealth and education), and meso-level factors, particularly social capital, have been stressed variously in different studies. How do these different factors stack up against one another? What contribution does social capital make compared with the other factors? And how—through what channels—is social capital brought to bear on issues of democratic participation? These questions are examined here with the help of an original data set collected over 2 years for 69 village communities in two north Indian states, including interviews with more than 2,000 individual respondents. Analysis reveals that institutions and social capital work together in support of active participation. Social capital matters, and its effects are magnified when capable agents are also available who can help individuals and communities connect with public decision-making processes.
Social Protection and Economic Integration
Authors: BROOKS SARAH M.
Published: April 2003

In the past two decades of the 20th century, governments around the world began to apportion greater responsibility for old-age income provision to individuals and market forces through the privatization of pension systems. This article examines the political and economic foundations of the turn to private pension systems through a quantitative analysis of 57 countries around the world. I offer a causal model to explain the likelihood and degree of pension privatization based on the unique incentives and constraints created by domestic political and economic structures in each country. I show that the likelihood and degree of structural pension reform are shaped by the cost of the existing pension system, political party structures, domestic investment and debt levels, and geopolitical networks.
Challenging the Civic/Ethnic and West/East Dichotomies in the Study of Nationalism
Authors: SHULMAN STEPHEN
Published: April 2003

This article challenges the widespread notion that civic nationalism is dominant in Western Europe and North America, whereas ethnic nationalism is dominant in Central and Eastern Europe. After laying out the civic-West/ethnic-East argument, it refines the civic/ethnic dichotomy and deduces the state policies that flow from ethnic, cultural, and civic conceptions of national identity. It then employs survey data from 15 countries to measure mass conceptions of national identity by analyzing attitudes on criteria for national membership and state policy toward assimilation and immigration. The article finds that the civic-West/ethnic-East stereotype, when true, is only weakly true, and according to several measures is false. Finally, several explanations for strong cultural national identities in the West and strong civic national identities in Eastern Europe are given.
To Vote or Not to Vote
Authors: ZHONG YANG , CHEN JIE
Published: April 2003

Village elections have been a much talked about subject both inside and outside China since the 1980s. Yet there is little agreement on the exact nature of these elections. The following study is an empirical effort to study peasants' participation in Chinese village elections. The key question asked in this study is What subjective factors motivate Chinese peasants to vote or not vote in village elections? The authors' main findings are that those who tended to vote in village elections were people with low levels of internal efficacy and democratic values, high levels of life satisfaction and interest in state and local public affairs, and that anti-corruption sentiment does not seem to play any role in village elections. Peasants with higher levels of internal efficacy and democratic orientation stayed away from village elections due to the institutional constraints on these elections. These findings call into question the competitiveness and democratic nature of Chinese village elections.
Left Turn on Green?
Authors: BROWN DAVID S. , BROWN J. CHRISTOPHER , DESPOSATO SCOTT W.
Published: April 2003

This article presents the first attempt to examine the political consequences of internationally funded programs that target local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Although the purported mission of NGOs is often economic, humanitarian, or environmental, the authors suggest that their impact is also profoundly political. Injections of international resources into underdeveloped, often clientelistic societies can fundamentally change the nature of the local political arena, affecting access to economic resources, social benefits, and ultimately the quality of democratic representation. The authors analyze the impact external resources have on politics by examining a series of World Bank-funded projects based in the Brazilian Amazon from 1995 to 1997. They show that World Bank funding designed to channel resources to local groups had powerful effects in the political arena, increasing electoral support for the Left in the 1998 presidential race. This article has important implications for the growing role of NGOs and their influence on politics in the developing world.
Globalization and Taxation
Authors: STEINMO SVEN
Published: April 2003

Many have argued that the increased international mobility of both capital and labor witnessed in recent years will force advanced capitalist democracies to cut taxes and, thus, ultimately roll back their welfare states. This analysis tests this hypothesis through an examination of policy developments in Sweden, the country with the world's heaviest tax burden and largest social welfare state. The analysis focuses on the history and structure of taxation policy (the policy arena predicted to be most directly affected by globalization). The findings reveal that there have been very important changes in the Swedish welfare state: The tax and spending regimes have been changed less than the globalization thesis predicts. This analysis argues that Sweden has indeed adapted and changed in recent years but finds little support for the more dire thesis that countries like Sweden must abandon their high-tax regimes and/or their generous social welfare systems.
The Structure of Citizen Attitudes and the European Political Space
Authors: Gabel Matthew J. , Anderson Christopher J.
Published: April 2003

A common concern regarding the viability of institutional reform of the EU is whether European citizens constitute a political community that facilitates democratic governance. One important aspect of this concern is whether public perceptions are structured so as to ease or impede political discourse across Europe. To investigate this question, the authors examine whether the EU mass public organizes its attitudes toward EU policy issues in systematic and meaningful ways. Specifically, they examine whether EU citizens' attitudes across a broad range of policies decided at the EU level are structured consistently with several prominent models of the EU policy space. Using Eurobarometer data, the authors show that citizens' policy positions on EU issues are systematically organized along a single dimension that is different from domestic Left-Right.
The New Politics, Culture Wars, and The Authoritarian-Libertarian Value Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies
Authors: Flanagan Scott C. , Lee Aie-Rie
Published: April 2003

The plurality of conflicting worldviews that are now found in the Western advanced industrial democracies has created values and belief systems that are markedly at odds with each other, which in turn has projected a whole new set of new politics or culture war issues onto the political agenda. The authors have empirically identified an authoritarian-libertarian dimension of value change that captures an important dimension of this shift. They demonstrate that the shift from authoritarian to libertarian values is related to (a) growing levels of social and political alienation along a number of key attitudinal dimensions; (b) a dramatic shift in positions on the key culture wars issues; and (c) higher participatory levels and more assertive modes of political involvement, yielding asymmetric mobilization around the culture wars issues. The study is based on the 1990 wave of the World Values Survey in the 12 largest and most affluent Western nations.