bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective Internal Control Towards Business Sustainability of a Selected Company in Shenzhen, China
Authors: Sun Chonglian
Published: November 2024

In the vibrant and innovative landscape of Shenzhen, China, a certain company has achieved long-term sustainable business development through a series of efficient and rigorous internal control mechanisms, thereby setting a benchmark within the industry. As a pioneer of China's reform and opening-up, Shenzhen's business environment is marked by intense competition and rapid change, which imposes high demands on a company's adaptability and flexibility. The internal controls of this company not only address financial and operational risk management but also delve into the shaping of corporate culture and the fulfillment of social responsibilities. By constructing a comprehensive risk management system, optimizing internal processes, and enhancing information communication, the company has not only weathered market uncertainties but also progressively established a solid brand trust and market competitiveness. The effective implementation of internal controls has enabled the company to pursue economic benefits while achieving harmonious development in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) aspects, forming a unique sustainable business model. This model not only helps the company maintain a leading position in the rapidly changing market but also provides valuable experience and reference for other enterprises.
The Relationship Between the Psychological Contract and Job Satisfaction of Beginning College Student Employees
Authors: Wang Liying , Sheibani Shahnaz
Published: November 2024

In the context of the rapidly evolving economic landscape, the relationship between the psychological contracts of newly-graduated entry-level employees and their job satisfaction has emerged as a pivotal research topic within the realm of organizational management. The psychological contract, an informal and subjective promise of employment relations, directly influences employees' attitudes and performance. Various types of psychological contracts, such as transactional, relational, and developmental, to some extent, impact employees' job satisfaction. By effectively managing psychological contracts, enterprises can enhance employees' job satisfaction, thereby achieving a win-win situation. This article elucidates the impact mechanism of psychological contracts on job satisfaction and proposes a series of measures to improve the job satisfaction of newly-graduated entry-level employees. These measures include establishing a robust psychological contract, providing systematic introductory training, fostering a supportive work environment, implementing fair performance management, and promoting teamwork and social interaction.
Application of Natural Science Methods in Social Science Research
Authors: Huang Jiahai
Published: November 2024

The introduction of natural science methodologies into social science research aims to enhance the scientific rigor and validity of studies through precise techniques. By employing quantitative analysis, data mining, and model construction, researchers are able to delve deeper into the complexities of social phenomena, injecting new vitality into traditional qualitative research. Quantitative analysis methods render research outcomes more objective and reproducible, while data mining techniques can extract underlying patterns and trends from vast amounts of data. Model construction offers a systematic understanding of social dynamic processes, supporting the prediction and intervention of future social developments. Computer simulation technologies, particularly with the backing of big data and high-performance computing, enable hypothesis testing and virtual experiments on social systems, allowing for multi-level and multi-perspective observations of social phenomena. This interdisciplinary integration not only provides new research tools and methodologies for the social sciences but also effectively fosters the interchange of knowledge between different disciplines. However, continuous reflection and adjustment in practical applications are necessary to address the potential pitfalls and limitations that may arise from the complexity of these methods.
Research on Financial Investment Risk Assessment Techniques and Applications
Authors: Yang Yuqian
Published: November 2024

In recent years, the financial markets have undergone rapid development and significant volatility, leading to a pronounced urgency and complexity in investment risk assessment. This study explores the technologies and applications of financial investment risk evaluation, offering an in-depth analysis of the theoretical foundations and practical operations of quantitative, qualitative, and hybrid assessment methodologies. Traditional quantitative techniques, such as the Value at Risk (VaR) model, provide crucial objective data support, while qualitative approaches enrich the breadth of risk identification through expert opinions and seasoned experience. Hybrid methods synergistically combine the strengths of both, adapting to the intricacies of the market environment. The integration of big data and artificial intelligence technologies injects innovative momentum into risk assessment, enabling more precise and timely risk monitoring. Case applications span multi-layered risk management strategies within banks, insurance companies, and hedge funds, offering valuable insights for diverse financial institutions. The study posits that efficient risk assessment relies not only on technological advancements but also necessitates consideration of market dynamics and regulatory environment fluctuations. Continual innovation and practical optimization are pivotal in addressing future challenges.
Building Emotional Intelligence among B. Ed Students through Family Activities and Social Adjustment
Authors:   Vels University, Banu M.Jesima , Shobana Dr.S. ,   Vels University
Published: November 2024

Students pursuing a bachelor's degree in education are prepared to work as teachers because they have received training in both pedagogy and academic areas. They gain experience in teaching strategies, classroom management, and student engagement. During their training, emotional intelligence, empathy, and communication are stressed as essential skills. B.Ed. students are able to create friendly and productive learning environments for all kinds of learners. For students to effectively regulate emotions, establish positive relationships, and establish positive learning environments, educators should have emotional intelligence (EI). The objective of this study is to determine how family activities and social adjustment affect the emotional intelligence of students pursuing a bachelor's degree in education. In this study 110 B.Ed. students (ages 20-25) studying in Chennai district were included who were split into control and experimental groups. Over the course of four weeks, the control group adhered to the standard curriculum, while the experimental group participated in family-based and social adjustment activities. Using a quasi-experimental methodology, this study collected quantitative data to assess how family activities and social adjustment affected B.Ed. students' emotional intelligence. The findings of pre- and post-tests on the Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) showed that the experimental group's EI scores had significantly increased. This study emphasizes how crucial it is to include social and emotional learning experiences in teacher preparation programs in order to improve students' emotional intelligence and create more well-rounded teachers
The Impact of Online Teaching on Job Satisfaction and Performance of Panskura Banamali College (Autonomous) Teachers as a Representative Sample College in West Bengal
Authors:   Raiganj University, Ghosh Parnab , Chakrabarty Dr.Amal Kumar ,   Raiganj University
Published: November 2024

A global trend toward online learning has been observed in educational institutions, especially those in West Bengal, since the start of the COVID-19 epidemic. Even though online learning has been there for a while, the epidemic has hastened its uptake, making it an essential part of the educational environment. Similar to numerous other institutions, West Bengal colleges were forced to swiftly shift to online educational environments, which required modifications to staff training and pedagogical approaches. Responses to the introduction of online instruction in West Bengali colleges have been mixed. Some educators welcomed the chance to experiment with cutting-edge teaching techniques and new technologies, but others found adjusting to this new training style extremely difficult. These difficulties may affect teacher satisfaction and general performance because of restricted access to technology, poor infrastructure, and a lack of training. This study delves into the experiences and attitudes of college teachers in West Bengal towards online teaching, exploring its impact on their job satisfaction and performance. It examines the challenges and opportunities associated with online instruction, focusing on the unique context of higher education in West Bengal. This document presents a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing teacher satisfaction, identifies potential strategies for improvement, and offers recommendations for policymakers and administrators to enhance the effectiveness of online teaching in West Bengal's colleges.
The (Ab)use of Soft Law in Shaping EU Competition Law: Undermining the Effectiveness of Leniency Programmes
Authors:   Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Carames Javier Guillen
Published: November 2024

One of the defining features of EU competition provisions is that they are enforceable and applicable by the authorities and courts of the European Union and those of its Member States. The European Commission and national competition authorities participate in the application of EU competition law to differing degrees. Different legal mechanisms are adopted to apply Article 101 TFEU, including leniency programmes aimed at pursuing cartels, considered to be the greatest risk to free competition in the European Union. These programmes are implemented using non-binding mechanisms of soft law, which has generated a number of issues for the European Commission and the administrative competition authorities of the Member States when applying European and national competition laws.
Efficacy of EMDR in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Serrano-Pintado Isabel , Rasines-Laudes Pedro
Published: November 2024

Background::
In recent years, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has spread, in both the number of publications and professionals who use this technique in the clinical setting. The objective of this meta-analysis was to verify the efficacy of EMDR in treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Method::
Based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 18 articles were selected ( = 1213 subjects), published between 1991-2022.

Results::
The effect sizes found in the meta-analysis were small in the reduction of symptoms associated with PTSD, anxiety and depression, both in post-treatment and in maintenance. The analysis of the moderating variables revealed that both intervention time, the number and duration of the sessions, the experience of the therapist, and the type of therapist in charge of the intervention play an important role in the size of the final effect. No statistically significant data were found in the meta-regression analysis.

Conclusions::
Although the study had restrictive criteria for study selection, there is a certain risk of bias in the selected articles, which lack sufficient methodological quality to be extrapolated to the clinical field.
Social Expectancy Increases Skin Conductance Response in Mobile Instant Messaging Users
Authors: Sánchez-Kuhn Ana , Flores Pilar , Ruiz-Ruano García Ana María , López Puga Jorge
Published: November 2024

Background::
Society is witnessing two parallel phenomena: an increase in the number of mobile phone users worldwide and a growing concern about problematic smartphone use. Leading explanatory models suggest that social reward may explain some problematic smartphone use. Given that experimental evidence about the impact of social variables on problematic smartphone use is scarce, the impact of social expectancy on emotional arousal measured with skin conductance response (SCR) was analysed during instant messaging.

Method::
A sample of 86 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to two groups. Experimental group participants were instructed to send a social expectation-generating message to their more active contacts in their preferred social network. After experiencing a virtual reality distraction environment, participants’ SCR was measured when they were allowed to use the smartphone and when it was withdrawn.

Results::
Participants in the experimental group showed a higher SCR response than the control group. Peaks analysis also showed that peak amplitude was higher in experimental participants when their smartphones were used and withdrawn. Experimental participants also showed a longer half recovery time when using the smartphone.

Conclusions::
Social expectancy is a critical variable in understanding problematic smartphone use and it should be considered in clinical contexts.
Differences in the Sexual Life of Spanish Men During the COVID-19 Lockdown by Sexual Orientation
Authors: Nebot-Garcia Juan E. , Ballester-Arnal Rafael , Ruiz-Palomino Estefanía , Elipe-Miravet Marcel , Gil-Llario María Dolores
Published: November 2024

Background: :
The pandemic affected the psychological well-being and sexuality of the population, especially among vulnerable groups such as men from sexual minorities.

Method: :
In Spain, a total of 320 heterosexual men and 151 sexual minority men, aged between 18 and 60, answered an ad hoc online questionnaire about sexual behavior during the lockdown.

Results: :
Compared to heterosexual men, during the lockdown, sexual minority men masturbated more, engaged in more sexual activities online, and had more sex with non-cohabitants. Heterosexual men had more sexual relations with their partners. Living with a partner during the lockdown predicted an improvement in sex life, especially for heterosexual men. Furthermore, the emotional impact of lockdown was a predictor of a worsening sex life regardless of sexual orientation.

Conclusions: :
Future interventions should take into account that men’s sex lives are mediated by the emotional impact of the moment, especially among sexual minority men, since the quality of their sex life shows a weaker relationship with some of the protective variables studied (living with a partner).
Patients´ and Therapists´ Reports of Psychotherapy Outcomes: Similarities and Differences
Authors: Loredo-Martínez Víctor , Coto-Lesmes Rocío , Fernández-Rodríguez Concepción
Published: November 2024

Background::
Discrepancies between therapists’ and patients’ measures regarding therapeutic results indicate the need to analyze which symptoms and processes are being taken into consideration when reporting clinical change. This study analyzes the concordance between patient and therapist, at pre- and post-treatment, when reporting about anxiety, depression, Experiential Avoidance (EA), Cognitive Fusion (CF) and Activation (A).

Method::
Convergence was examined between information obtained by means of standardized measures and visual analogical scales (VAS) in 94 patients with anxiety and/or depression who participated in a controlled clinical study (TRANSACTIVA study).

Results::
Statistically significant correlation ( < .05) was found between all the measures of anxiety and depression, regardless of the source, timepoint, and measures procedure at 95% confidence. In the VAS, patient and therapist agreed ( < .05) in their evaluation of specific symptoms. For EA, CF and A, the therapists’ measures demonstrated stronger correlations than those of the patients, although, in each condition, all the patients’ measures correlated with each other ( < .05).

Conclusions::
Suitable agreement was found between therapist and patient when reporting clinical change. One-item VAS appeared to b suitable for identifying anxiety, depression and the transdiagnostic patterns of EA, CF and A.
Evidence for Test Validation: A Guide for Practitioners
Authors: Sireci Stephen , Benítez Isabel
Published: November 2024

Background::
Validity is a core topic in educational and psychological assessment. Although there are many available resources describing the concept of validity, sources of validity evidence, and suggestions about how to obtain validity evidence; there is little guidance providing specific instructions for planning and carrying out validation studies.

Method::
In this paper we describe (a) the fundamental principles underlying test validity, (b) the process of validation, and (c) practical guidance for practitioners to plan and carry out sufficient validity research to support the use of a test for its intended purposes.

Results::
We first define validity, describe sources of validity evidence, and provide examples where each of these sources are addressed. Then, we describe a validation agenda describing steps and tasks for planning and developing validation studies.

Conclusions::
Finally, we discuss the importance of addressing validation studies from a comprehensive approach.
Risk Factors Associated with Gambling on Loot Boxes
Authors: Sanmartín Francisco J. , Velasco Judith , Gálvez-Lara Mario , Cuadrado Fátima , Moriana Juan A.
Published: November 2024

Background: :
Loot boxes (LBs) are virtual objects that players open without knowing the value of the item they will obtain. Because of their features, studies have explored their association with gambling, finding commonalities. However, risk factors have been overlooked. This study examined risk factors associated with gambling as applied to LBs (gambling in the past year, having family/friends who use LBs/gamble, trait impulsivity, and sensation-seeking).

Method: :
253 participants (82.2% men) with a mean age of 28 years ( = 12.11)-in three groups: gamblers ( = 89), LB purchasers ( = 63), and free-LB openers ( = 101)-completed a self-report.

Results: :
Having family/friends who used LBs was related to increased engagement in opening LBs at no cost. However, having gambled in the past year or having family/friends who used LBs or who gambled was not associated with increased purchasing. Gamblers, LB purchasers, and LB openers scored equally highly on impulsivity and sensation-seeking. Because some gamblers used LBs, and LB purchasers also opened free-LBs, further analyses were performed to control for the effects of overlapping groups. Loot boxers had higher scores in sensation-seeking than gamblers.

Conclusions: :
The results can contribute to the development of prevention and intervention strategies for LB users.
Strategies for Promoting Reading Competence: Teaching Practices and Enjoyment of Reading
Authors: Benítez Isabel , Cuesta Marcelino , Govorova Elena
Published: November 2024

Background::
Reading literacy is key for personal development and educational success. Previous studies have examined variables that influence and enhance development of reading literacy in specific contexts. However, there is no consensus about which teaching practices encourage development of reading in different settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate how educational strategies influence the development of reading literacy and to analyse their predictive capacity in various cultural, educational and social contexts.

Method::
The study used data from 294,527 students from 37 countries collected as part of the PISA 2018 study. The data were analysed using an adaptation of the Difference in Differences methodology, which allowed us to isolate the effects of the factors on the acquisition of reading literacy.

Results::
Students who enjoyed reading and explicitly used an effective reading strategy had reading scores that outperformed their mathematics results on the PISA scale by 4 to 9 points on average.

Conclusions::
Identifying key factors in the acquisition of reading literacy-such as enjoyment of reading-and the use of effective strategies-such as summarizing texts-underscores the need for suitably targeted educational policies.
Validity Evidence for the Self-Absorption Scale (SAS) in Spanish Population
Authors: Marqueses José M. S. , Fausor Rocío , Sanz-García Ana , García-Vera María Paz , Sanz Jesús
Published: November 2024

Background: :
The Self-Absorption Scale (SAS) is one of the few instruments that measure dysfunctional self-focused attention or self-absorption, a transdiagnostic factor of vulnerability to various emotional disorders. The internal structure of the Spanish version of the SAS and its relationship with other variables have not been examined, nor has whether its subscales provide relevant information. These were the two goals of the present study.

Method::
The factor structure of the SAS, its internal consistency, and its relationship with depression and post-traumatic stress were analyzed in a Spanish community sample of 519 adults.

Results::
The SAS presented a symmetrical bifactor structure with a general factor of self-absorption that explained most of the variance in the items and two specific factors of private and public self-absorption. The total scale and the two subscales of the SAS exhibited excellent, good or adequate reliability coefficients (alphas/omegas = .70 - .88) and correlated with depression and post-traumatic stress ( = .34 - .46).

Conclusions::
The SAS provides reliable, valid measures of dysfunctional self-focused attention in Spanish adults, but its Private and Public Self-absorption subscales are not much more useful than the information provided by its total scale.
Psychometric Properties and Factorial Invariance of the Educational-Clinical Questionnaire: Anxiety and Depression (CECAD) in Basque Population
Authors: Gorostiaga Arantxa , Balluerka Nekane , Aliri Jone , Echeveste Usue , Lameirinhas Joanes
Published: November 2024

Background::
Anxiety and depression are the most common current mental health problems. Due to their comorbidity, there is a need for instruments that measure them simultaneously. Moreover, given that their prevalence varies by gender and age, it is important to examine the factorial invariance of such instruments. The present study aimed to analyze the dimensionality and factorial invariance of the Basque version of the Educational-Clinical Questionnaire: Anxiety and Depression (CECAD) as a function of gender and age, and to gather additional evidence of its validity.

Method::
The sample comprised 2131 participants (54.2 % female) between 7 and 24 years old (= 13.2; = 3.52).

Results::
The CECAD was found to have a two-dimensional structure invariant to gender and age, with higher latent means for girls in both dimensions, and for those aged 14 and over in depression, but with small effect sizes. Both reliability and convergent validity values were good.

Conclusions::
The Basque version of the CECAD has good evidence of validity and reliability for assessing anxiety and depression in Basque-speaking children and adolescents.
Protonation/deprotonation-driven switch for the redox stability of low-potential [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin
Authors: Wada Kei , Kobayashi Kenji , Era Iori , Isobe Yusuke , Kamimura Taigo , Marukawa Masaki , Nagae Takayuki , Honjo Kazuki , Kaseda Noriko , Motoyama Yumiko , Inoue Kengo , Sugishima Masakazu , Kusaka Katsuhiro , Yano Naomine , Fukuyama Keiichi , Mishima Masaki , Kitagawa Yasutaka , Unno Masaki
Published: November 2024

Ferredoxin is a small iron-sulfur protein and acts as an electron carrier. Low-potential ferredoxins harbor [4Fe-4S] cluster(s), which play(s) a crucial role as the redox center. Low-potential ferredoxins are able to cover a wide range of redox potentials (–700 to –200 mV); however, the mechanisms underlying the factors which control the redox potential are still enigmatic. Here, we determined the neutron structure of ferredoxin from
Bacillus thermoproteolyticus
, and experimentally revealed the exact hydrogen-bonding network involving the [4Fe-4S] cluster. The density functional theory calculations based on the hydrogen-bonding network revealed that protonation states of the sidechain of Asp64 close to the [4Fe-4S] cluster critically affected the stability of the reduced state in the cluster. These findings provide the first identification of the intrinsic control factor of redox potential for the [4Fe-4S] cluster in low-potential ferredoxins.
Bridging the gap between presynaptic hair cell function and neural sound encoding
Authors: Jaime Tobón Lina María , Moser Tobias
Published: November 2024

Neural diversity can expand the encoding capacity of a circuitry. A striking example of diverse structure and function is presented by the afferent synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the cochlea. Presynaptic active zones at the pillar IHC side activate at lower IHC potentials than those of the modiolar side that have more presynaptic Ca
2+
-channels. The postsynaptic SGNs differ in their spontaneous firing rates, sound thresholds and operating ranges. While a causal relationship between synaptic heterogeneity and neural response diversity seems likely, experimental evidence linking synaptic and SGN physiology has remained difficult to obtain. Here, we aimed at bridging this gap by
ex vivo
paired recordings of IHCs and postsynaptic SGN boutons with stimuli and conditions aimed to mimic those of
in vivo
SGN-characterization. Synapses with high spontaneous rate of release (
SR
) were found predominantly on the pillar side of the IHC. These high
SR
synapses had larger and more temporally compact spontaneous EPSCs, lower voltage-thresholds, tighter coupling of Ca
2+
channels and vesicular release sites, shorter response latencies and higher initial release rates. This study indicates that synaptic heterogeneity in IHCs directly contributes to the diversity of spontaneous and sound-evoked firing of SGNs.
Quasi‐Amorphous Metallic Nickel Nanopowder as an Efficient and Durable Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Doudou , Shi Jingying , Qi Yu , Wang Xiaomei , Wang Hong , Li Mingrun , Liu Shengzhong , Li Can
Published: October 2018

Nickel is regarded as the best alternative metal electrocatalyst to platinum for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Success in developing a quasi‐amorphous metallic nickel (QAMN) nanopowder catalyst using a two‐step chemical route for efficient and durable HER in alkaline solution is reported. It is found that the QAMN electrocatalyst exhibits essentially zero overpotential at the cathodic onset while delivering 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of only 240 mV; both performances are far better than what was reported previously using prior metallic nickel catalysts. Taking into account increased surface area, further enhanced activity is attributed to the superior intrinsic activity. Meanwhile, the QAMN catalyst shows excellent stability in accelerated and interrupted polarization in alkaline solution for tens of hours. This study provides a new chemical means to prepare amorphous metallic materials for more efficient catalysis.
Adult leukemia survival trends in the United States by subtype: A population‐based registry study of 370,994 patients diagnosed during 1995‐2009
Authors: Bailey Chris , Richardson Lisa C. , Allemani Claudia , Bonaventure Audrey , Harewood Rhea , Moore Angela R. , Stewart Sherri L. , Weir Hannah K. , Coleman Michel P. ,   CONCORD Working Group (US members)
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

The lifetime risk of developing leukemia in the United States is 1.5%. There are challenges in the estimation of population‐based survival using registry data because treatments and prognosis vary greatly by subtype. The objective of the current study was to determine leukemia survival estimates in the United States from 1995 to 2009 according to subtype, sex, geographical area, and race.

METHODS

Five‐year net survival was estimated using data for 370,994 patients from 43 registries in 37 states and in 6 metropolitan areas, covering approximately 81% of the adult (15‐99 years) US population. Leukemia was categorized according to principal subtype (chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and acute lymphocytic leukemia), and subcategorized in accordance with the HAEMACARE protocol. We analyzed age‐standardized 5‐year net survival by calendar period (1995‐1999, 2000‐2004, and 2005‐2009), leukemia subtype, sex, race, and US state.

RESULTS

The age‐standardized 5‐year net survival estimates increased from 45.0% for patients diagnosed during 1995‐1999 to 49.0% for those diagnosed during 2000‐2004 and 52.0% for those diagnosed during 2005‐2009. For patients diagnosed during 2005‐2009, 5‐year survival was 18.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 17.8%‐18.6%) for acute myeloid leukemia, 44.0% (95% CI, 43.2%‐44.8%) for acute lymphocytic leukemia, and 77.3% (95% CI, 76.9%‐77.7%) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. For nearly all leukemia subtypes, survival declined in successive age groups above 45 to 54 years. Men were found to have slightly lower survival than women; however, this discrepancy was noted to have fallen in successive calendar periods. Net survival was substantially higher in white than black patients in all calendar periods. There were large differences in survival noted between states and metropolitan areas.

CONCLUSIONS

Survival from leukemia in US adults improved during 1995‐2009. Some geographical differences in survival may be related to access to care. We found disparities in survival by sex and between black and white patients.
Evaluation of holographic imaging cytometer holomonitor M4® motility applications
Authors: Zhang Yuntian , Judson Robert L.
Published: October 2018

Digital holographic cytometry (DHC) and other methods of quantitative phase imaging permit extended time‐lapse imaging of mammalian cells in the absence of induced cellular toxicity. Manufactured DHC platforms equipped with semi‐automated image acquisition, segmentation, and analysis software packages (or modules) for assessing cell behavior are now commercially available. When housed in mammalian cell incubators these cytometers offer the potential to monitor and quantify a range of cellular behaviors without disrupting routine culture. Realization of this potential requires validation against established standards. Two proprietary software modules for assessing cellular motility available using the HoloMonitor M4 DHC platform were evaluated on human melanoma cells lines with known relative motility and metastatic potential. One such software package, the Track Cells module, was run during routine culture. In addition, the Wound Healing module was conducted in parallel with established transwell migration and invasion assays. Each module was evaluated for reproducibility and correlation to established assays. Both software modules reliably recorded increased cellular motility in the metastatic 1205Lu line as compared with the non‐metastatic WM793 line. In a direct comparison of the two propriety DHC software modules and two established transwell assays, the relative cell motilities were well correlated. The granularity of data provided by the Track Cells module permitted the additional identification of rare hyper‐motile cells in the metastatic population and the distinction of motility from division associated displacement. The two HoloMonitor M4 DHC proprietary software modules for assessing cellular motility yielded reproducible results that were well‐correlated with established standards. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Inhibiting conjugation as a tool in the fight against antibiotic resistance
Authors: Graf Fabrice E. , Palm Martin , Warringer Jonas , Farewell Anne
Published: October 2018

Antibiotic resistance, especially in gram‐negative bacteria, is spreading globally and rapidly. Development of new antibiotics lags behind; therefore, novel approaches to the problem of antibiotic resistance are sorely needed and this commentary highlights one relatively unexplored target for drug development: conjugation. Conjugation is a common mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria that is instrumental in the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. Most resistance genes are found on mobile genetic elements and primarily spread by conjugation. Furthermore, conjugative elements can act as a reservoir to maintain antibiotic resistance in the bacterial population even in the absence of antibiotic selection. Thus, conjugation can spread antibiotic resistance quickly between bacteria of the microbiome and pathogens when selective pressure (antibiotics) is introduced. Potential drug targets include the plasmid‐encoded conjugation system and the host‐encoded proteins important for conjugation. Ideally, a conjugation inhibitor will be used alongside antibiotics to prevent the spread of resistance to or within pathogens while not acting as a growth inhibitor itself. Inhibiting conjugation will be an important addition to our arsenal of strategies to combat the antibiotic resistance crisis, allowing us to extend the usefulness of antibiotics.
Dose translation between laboratory animals and human in preclinical and clinical phases of drug development
Authors: Nair Anroop , Morsy Mohamed Aly , Jacob Shery
Published: October 2018

Preclinical Research & Development

Appropriate translation and determination of the maximum recommended starting dose in human is a vital task in new drug development and research. Allometric scaling is the most frequently used approach for dose extrapolation based on normalization of dose‐to‐body surface area. Misinterpretation of allometric dose conversion and safety factor application can lead to major problems in calculating maximum recommended safe starting dose in first‐in‐human clinical trials. Therefore, dose translation always necessitates careful consideration of body surface area, pharmacological, physiological and anatomical factors, pharmacokinetic parameters, metabolic function, receptor, and life span. The concept of estimating the first‐in‐human dose, interspecies scaling between species and the factors influencing the dose escalation were reviewed. The pros and cons of various approaches to determine first‐in‐human dose including allometric scaling, pharmacokinetically guided approach, minimal anticipated biological effect level, pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modeling, similar drug approach, and microdosing were explained. The five steps to estimate maximum recommended starting dose for human studies by scaling factor were elaborated. Few examples, illustrating the application of different approaches were also demonstrated along with concerns that may be considered while applying such methods. Furthermore, typical considerations in dose administration, dosing through diet, maximum absorbable dose, blood sampling, and anesthesia in animal species were discussed. In summary, this review may serve as a concise guide for predicting human equivalent dose from animal species for researchers involved in various phases of preclinical and early clinical drug development.
Comparison of the quality of dried persimmon (Diospyros kaki THUNB.) treated with medicinal plant extracts and food additives
Authors: Kim Jun‐Hoi , Chung Il Kyung , Kim Hak Yoon , Kim Kyung‐Min
Published: October 2018

We evaluated the direct application of different extracts from plant‐derived compounds at different ratios. The best effect was observed with the combination of 18.18% clove, 9.90% cinnamon, 9.09% licorice, 4.55% firmament, 4.55% grapefruit seed extract, and 54.54% apple cider vinegar. The combination of these compounds improved the moisture content of the fruit and showed antifungal, antibrowning, and antifungal/antibrowning effects as compared with the control following 6‐week treatment. The treatment resulted in an increase in the overall sugar concentration of dried persimmons. Antibrowning/antifungal test showed high sugar content of 30–39 °brix. The hardness of the treatment groups was similar to that of the control and decreased by 0.5 to 0.8 after 6 weeks. The evaluation of color change revealed a decreasing tendency in the value of △E during the drying period. Thus, natural extracts effectively suppressed the quality degradation during drying of persimmon and may be used to replace sulfur fumigation.
Acute exposure to organic and inorganic sources of copper: Differential response in intestinal cell lines
Authors: Keenan Joanne , O'Sullivan Finbarr , Henry Michael , Breen Laura , Doolan Padraig , Sinkunaite Indre , Meleady Paula , Clynes Martin , Horgan Karina , Murphy Richard
Published: October 2018

Scope

Copper supplementation in nutrition has evolved from using inorganic mineral salts to organically chelated minerals but with limited knowledge of the impact at the cellular level.

Methods

Here, the impact of inorganic and organic nutrient forms (glycinate, organic acid, and proteinate) of copper on the cellular level is investigated on intestinal cell lines,HT29 and Caco‐2, after a 2‐hr acute exposure to copper compounds and following a 10‐hr recovery.

Results

Following the 10‐hr recovery, increases were observed in proteins involved in metal binding (metallothioneins) and antioxidant response (sulfiredoxin 1 and heme oxygenase 1), and global proteomic analysis suggested recruitment of the unfolded protein response and proteosomal overloading. Copper organic acid chelate, the only treatment to show striking and sustained reactive oxygen species generation, had the greatest impact on ubiquitinated proteins, reduced autophagy, and increased aggresome formation, reducing growth in both cell lines. The least effect was noted in copper proteinate with negligible impact on aggresome formation or extended growth for either cell line.

Conclusion

The type and source of copper can impact significantly at the cellular level.
Opinions of Argentinean neonatologists on the initiation of life‐sustaining treatment in preterm infants
Authors: Silberberg Agustín , Villar Marcelo José , Torres Silvio
Published: October 2018

Background

In June 2014, the Argentinean Ministry of Health published guidelines for the management of neonates born at the limit of viability (≤25 weeks of gestation). We explored the opinion of neonatologists in Buenos Aires, Argentina, regarding the initiation of life‐sustaining treatment (LST) in critically ill neonates, focusing on the effect of sociocultural factors on their opinion.

Methods

An anonymous survey was designed to explore the opinions of Argentinean neonatologists on whether or not to initiate LST in newborns born prematurely. Five hundred eighty neonatologists from 36 neonatal units were invited to participate, and 315 specialists from 34 neonatal units completed the survey (response rate 54%). The survey was conducted between June 2014 and February 2015.

Results

9.5% (30/315) of the neonatologists answered they would begin LST on neonates born at 22 weeks, 42.5% (134/315) at 23 weeks, 37% (117/315) at 24 weeks, 7% (22/315) at 25 weeks, and 4% (12/315) at ≥26 weeks. Cumulatively then, 96% of participants stated they would start LST at 25 weeks of gestation or less. On multivariate analysis, a “transcendent” value of life and lack of consideration of the local legal framework for making medical decisions in the delivery room were statistically associated with an opinion in favor of initiation of LST in neonates born at the limit of viability. More than 50% of the Argentinean neonatologists surveyed answered they would initiate treatment at a gestational age of less than 23 weeks, despite the fact that the recommendations of the Argentinean Ministry of Health are to only give comfort care for these neonates. The opinion of most Argentinean neonatologists surveyed thus differs from that recommended by the guidelines of Argentina.

Conclusion

The most frequent opinion of Argentinean neonatologists was to initiate LST in neonates at the limit of viability. Certain factors, in particular the sense of a transcendent meaning to life and lack of consideration of the local legal framework for making medical decisions in the delivery room, seem to influence the decision to start LST.
Caregivers’ knowledge about children's paracetamol
Authors: Mullan Judy , Burns Pippa , Sargeant Danielle
Published: October 2018

Although safe, paracetamol, commonly used in children, can cause adverse events if not administered correctly. This research aimed to investigate caregivers' knowledge about children's paracetamol. A convenience sample of caregivers who had purchased Children's Panadol were asked to complete an online survey, assessing their knowledge of paracetamol. Most of the 174 respondents were female (93.7%), highly‐educated (72.4%) with adequate functional health literacy (85.6%). Almost all respondents correctly identified that Children's Panadol contained paracetamol (96.6%). However, approximately a quarter of them did not know the maximum daily dose (26.4%), just under half (46%) did not know how many days this dose could be safely given, and over one‐third (37.4%) did not know that liver toxicity could result from overdose. These findings suggest that adult caregivers administering paracetamol to children have gaps in their knowledge. Strategies to help improve caregiver's knowledge about the correct and safe administration of children's paracetamol need to be considered.
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as a left‐sided pleural effusion
Authors: Huang Maple , Sum Reuben , Deshpande Sheetal , Joosten Simon A.
Published: October 2018

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare chronic granulomatous process that affects the kidneys. It is usually associated with longstanding urinary tract infections and obstruction. Patients suffering from XGP typically present with undifferentiated symptoms, including abdominal pain, weight loss, and intermittent fevers. For this reason, diagnosis is often delayed until patients are acutely unwell with sepsis.
Fine Structure of Whistler Mode Hiss in Plasmaspheric Plumes Observed by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Nakamura S. , Omura Y. , Summers D.
Published: October 2018

We survey 3 years (2013–2015) of data from the Van Allen Probes related to plasmaspheric plume crossing events. We detect 194 plume crossing events, and we find that 97% of the plumes are accompanied by very low frequency hiss emissions. The plumes are mainly detected on the duskside or dayside. Careful examination of the hiss spectra reveals that all hiss emissions consist of obvious fine structure. Application of a band‐pass filter reveals that the fine structure is consistent with the occurrence of discrete wave packets. The hiss data display high coherency. The events are classified by location. Duskside hiss and nightside hiss tend to have extremely high polarization with no chorus at the high‐frequency end of the dynamic spectrum. The duskside hiss has a distinct upper frequency limit. On the other hand, the dawnside hiss has strong chorus elements at the upper hiss frequency, which makes the upper frequency limit ambiguous. We show that the structure of whistler mode hiss is different from artificial random noise. Although noise also has fine spectral characteristics, the polarization and waveform data are totally different from the hiss cases. Our results strongly suggest that whistler mode hiss in plasmaspheric plumes universally possesses fine structure.
Early Oral Switch to Linezolid for Low-risk Patients With Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections: A Propensity-matched Cohort Study
Authors: Willekens Rein , Puig-Asensio Mireia , Ruiz-Camps Isabel , Larrosa Maria N , González-López Juan J , Rodríguez-Pardo Dolors , Fernández-Hidalgo Nuria , Pigrau Carles , Almirante Benito
Published: October 2018

Background

Oral switch to linezolid is a promising alternative to standard parenteral therapy (SPT) in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB).

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study of all adult cases of SAB between 2013 and 2017 in a Spanish university hospital. We compared the efﬁcacy, safety, and length of hospital stay of patients receiving SPT and those where SPT was switched to oral linezolid between days 3 and 9 of treatment until completion. We excluded complicated SAB and osteoarticular infections. A k-nearest neighbor algorithm was used for propensity score matching with a 2:1 ratio.

Results

After propensity score matching, we included 45 patients from the linezolid group and 90 patients from the SPT group. Leading SAB sources were catheter related (49.6%), unknown origin (20.0%), and skin and soft tissue (17.0%). We observed no difference in 90-day relapse between the linezolid group and the SPT group (2.2% vs 4.4% respectively; P = .87). No statistically significant difference was observed in 30-day all-cause mortality between the linezolid group and the SPT group (2.2% vs 13.3%; P = .08). The median length of hospital stay after onset was 8 days in the linezolid group and 19 days in the SPT group (P < .01). No drug-related events leading to discontinuation were noted in the linezolid group.

Conclusions

Treatment of SAB in selected low-risk patients with an oral switch to linezolid between days 3 and 9 of treatment until completion yielded similar clinical outcomes as SPT, allowing earlier discharge from the hospital.
GFP-Forked, a genetic reporter for studyingDrosophilaoocyte polarity
Authors: Baskar Raju , Bakrhat Anna , Abdu Uri
Published: October 2018

The polarized organization of theDrosophilaoocyte can be visualized by examining the asymmetric localization of mRNAs, which is supported by networks of polarized microtubules (MTs). In this study, we used the geneforked, the putativeDrosophilahomologue ofespin, to develop a unique genetic reporter for asymmetric oocyte organization. We generated a null allele of theforkedgene using the CRISPRCas9 system and found thatforkedis not required for determining the axes of theDrosophilaembryo. However, ectopic expression of a truncated form of GFP-Forked generated a distinct network of asymmetric Forked, which first accumulated at the oocyte posterior and was then restricted to the anterolateral region of the oocyte cortex in mid-oogenesis. This localization pattern resembled that reported for the polarized MTs network. Indeed, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of the polarized organization of the oocyte showed that the filamentous Forked network diffused throughout the entire cortical surface of the oocyte, as would be expected upon perturbation of oocyte polarization. Finally, we demonstrated that Forked associated with Short-stop and Patronin foci, which assemble non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers. Our results thus show that clear visualization of asymmetric GFP-Forked network localization can be used as a novel tool for studying oocyte polarity.

Summary statement:

The novel asymmetric Forked network could be used as a genetic reporter for visualizing and studying oocyte polarity.