bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of Inflorescence Expansion in Florists’ Hydrangea
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Weiler Thomas C.
Published: August 2022

Plants of Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. ‘Merritt's Supreme’ containing inflorescence primordia within their apical buds developed more rapidly at 24°C than at 18° or 13° minimum temperature. Three weekly applications of one ml aqueous GA3 at 100, 500, or 1000 mg/liter progressively reduced forcing time of plants grown at 24°, and the highest level increased inflorescence diameter. Plant height was increased undesirably by gibberellin treatment, and marginal foliar necrosis occurred at the 2 highest concentrations used.
Light Acclimation in Citrus Leaves. II. CO2 Assimilation and Light, Water, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency
Authors: Syvertsen J. P.
Published: August 2022

Net CO2 assimilation (A) rates of ‘Duncan’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and ‘Pineapple’ orange (C. sinensis L.) seedlings grown under 3 different photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD), were measured in an open gas exchange system under controlled environmental conditions. Apparent quantum yield (ø), mesophyll conductance to CO2 (Gm), leaf conductance to H2O vapor (G1), transpiration (E) and water use efficiency (WUE) also were examined. Leaves of both species grown under high PPFD (full sunlight) had the greatest maximum rates of A, but the low PPFD (90% shade) leaves had the highest ø. The WUE of low PPFD grapefruit leaves was less than that of the high PPFD leaves but increased within 2 weeks after being moved into full sunlight. Transferring seedlings from low to high PPFD decreased ø of grapefruit but not of orange leaves. Changes in A were more strongly correlated to Gm than to G1. Carbon dioxide assimilation rate was positively correlated to total leaf nitrogen content. Citrus leaf photosynthetic characteristics and resources use efficiency not only acclimate to the light regimes under which they expand and mature, but leaves are capable of acclimating to new light regimes, even after full maturation.
Leaf Trichomes and Resistance of Lycopersicon hirsutum and L. esculentum to Spider Mites
Authors: Snyder John C. , Carter Catherine D.
Published: August 2022

Spider mite behavior was characterized on leaflets, varying in extent of expansion, from mite-resistant Lycopersicon hirsutum and mite-susceptible L. esculentum plants. Survival, mortality, avoidance, and fecundity of the mites were related to Type VI trichome density and/or other covariants of leaflet development. At equivalent Type VI densities L. hirsutum leaflets were more resistant than those of L. esculentum. Thus, differential density of the Type VI trichome did not account fully for the resistance of the L. hirsutum plants. Mite mortality was associated with the presence of the L. hirsutum Type VI trichome tips and mite avoidance was associated with other factors that covaried with L. hirsutum leaflet development and leaflet surface.
Pulse Treatments with Silver Thiosulfate and Sucrose Improve the Vase Life of Sweet Peas
Authors: Mor Yoram , Reid Michael S. , Kofranek Anton M.
Published: August 2022

Senescence of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus L.) flowers was associated with a climacteric rise in ethylene (C2H4) production. Pretreatment for 8 min with 4 mM silver thiosulfate (STS) doubled the vase life of the flowers and enhanced opening of buds on the spike. An overnight pulse at 20°C with 4% sucrose also promoted bud opening. A combined STS and sucrose treatment improved flower quality by promoting bud opening of spikes cut with tight florets, and by delaying floret senescence and abscission in both fresh and stored flowers. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) was less effective than STS in extending the vase life of sweet peas.
Effect of Gamma Radiation on Anthocyanin and Flavonol Pigments in Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.)1
Authors: Lees David H. , Francis F. J.
Published: August 2022

The effectiveness of gamma radiation as an enhancer of anthocyanin and flavonol pigment synthesis in cranberries was determined. Three different maturities of cranberries, based on their degree of coloration, and radiation levels of 150 and 300 krad were employed. The changes in the anthocyanin and flavonol pigments were measured quantitatively at regular intervals during storage. Radiation had a beneficial effect on the pigmentation of full-red cranberries and resulted in a significant increase in the anthocyanin and flavonol pigment contents. Effects on the less colored berries were not as great and in some cases flavonoid synthesis was reduced. The radiation induced changes were strictly quantitative in nature and there were no qualitative changes in the anthocyanins and flavonols. The visual effects of radiation on cranberries were minor softening and a stimulation of pigment production in the endocarp area of the fruit, resulting in internal coloration of the fruit. It was concluded that gamma radiation has an effect on the biosynthesis of the pigments involved and that the maturity stage of the cranberries was the controlling factor in determining the degree of response to radiation treatment. A possible mode of action of radiation on flavonoid synthesis was postulated.
The Influence of Nitrogen on the Growth and Maturity of Onions Grown on Organic Soil1
Authors: Riekels Jerald W.
Published: August 2022

Field experiments were conducted on organic soil for 3 years using relatively high rates of N to evaluate the influence of N on the growth and maturity of onions. In 2 years with low rainfall, maturity was not influenced, but yields declined with increasing rates of N. The decline in yield was originally attributed to ammonium toxicity, but observations with 3 sources of N indicated that high concn of fertilizer salts also could have caused injury to the plants.

With high rainfall, yields increased with each increase in N, and as much as 240 lb. of N/acre was required for normal growth and maturation, while those onions receiving less than 120 lb. of N/acre were deficient in N and failed to mature properly. Utilizing different methods of incorporating N in the soil to evaluate the toxic response to N was unsuccessful in the wet season. Some indication of injury to the young seedlings occurred with the highest rates of N banded beneath the row, but these symptoms disappeared during subsequent periods of high rainfall.
The Inheritance of Pod Color and Bearing Habit in Capsicum frutescens L.1
Authors: Barrios Earl P. , Mosokar H. I.
Published: August 2022

F1 plants from a cross non-cluster vs. cluster fruiting habit were all of the non-cluster fruiting habit. F2 segregation was in a ratio of 3 non-cluster to 1 cluster habit, indicating that the cluster habit was controlled by a single recessive gene. F3 plants from selected non-cluster F2 plants segregated in a ratio of 3 non-cluster to 1 cluster habit. F4 plants from selected non-cluster F3 plants were all of the non-cluster habit.

Pod color of immature pods from F1 plants was greenish-yellow, while F2 progeny segregated for pod color in a ratio of 3 greenish-yellow: 1 sulfur-yellow, suggesting simple Mendelian inheritance.

Pod color of immature pods and fruit bearing habit were not associated. F1 plants were all of the non-cluster, greenish-yellow type. F2 progeny segregated in a ratio of 9 non-cluster, greenish-yellow: 3 non-cluster, sulfur-yellow: 3 cluster, greenish-yellow: and 1 cluster, sulfur-yellow. Each of these characters was monogenically inherited, segregating independently in the F2 generation. Mature pods of both parents and all progenies were red.
Competition and Survival in Female Plants of Asparagus officinalis L.1
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C. , McCully J. E.
Published: August 2022

It has long been known that female asparagus plants have a higher mortality rate than males. Several explanations have been postulated, among them, competition by males which are more vigorous. Row maps were made in fields ranging from 1 to 19 years old and the distribution and location of males and females in the rows were analyzed. Statistical analysis indicated that the higher mortality rate of females could not be attributed to competition of adjacent males.
Interaction of Harvest Maturity, Cold Storage, and Two Growth Regulators on Ripening of ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Looney Norman E.
Published: August 2022

Ripening of ‘Bartlett’ pears at 20°C was assessed in samples harvested weekly beginning 4 weeks prior to commercial harvest maturity. Ripening was promoted by delaying harvest, by 1- and 2-week periods of storage at 4.4°C, or both. Early summer treatments with 750 and 7500 ppm succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) delayed ripening but this effect was counteracted by both delayed harvest and postharvest storage at 4.4°C. It is concluded that SADH delays ripening by influencing an endogenous mechanism for controlling ripening in pears.
Maturation of ‘Anjou’ Pears in Relation to Chemical Composition and Reaction to Ethylene1,2
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Mellenthin W. M. , Hansen Elmer
Published: August 2022

To study the effect of maturity on ethylene induced ripening, ‘Anjou’ pears were picked at 4 stages of development representing 57%, 71%, 86% and 100% of total growth period. Beginning of a distinct maturation stage in ‘Anjou’ pears was not evident from changes in wt, firmness, soluble pectin, soluble solids, protein N or malic acid. Respiration, ethylene production and softening were differentially affected by ethylene treatment, according to concn applied (0.05-2.0 ppm) and time required for stimulation. Threshold concn affecting these reactions decreased progressively during maturation. Ripening as measured by softening was not dependent on development of the respiratory climacteric. Maturation of the ‘Anjou’ pear appears to involve a reorganization of metabolism preparatory for ripening.
Effect of Soil Incorporation on Selectivity, Movement, and Persistence of Herbicides in Watermelon Plantings1
Authors: Menges R. M. , Longbrake T. D. , Tamez S.
Published: August 2022

A combination treatment of preemergence O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide (bensulide) at 5 kg/ha plus postemergence a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) at 0.6 kg/ha gave outstanding weed control when applications were incorporated 2.5 cm in soil. The treatment controlled redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.] without reducing the yield of ‘Charleston Grey’ watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.). High rates of application of bensulide alone reduced yields. Isopropalin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylcumidine) and methyl-(4-amino-benzene)sulfonyl carbamate (MB-9057) were promising, but N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benefin), 2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate (CDEC), dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), and 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2, 6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin) were less effective. Several herbicides controlled weeds more efficiently when soil-incorporated 5.0 cm rather than 1.3 cm. Deep incorporation of preemergence applications of benefin and trifluralin reduced the yields. Oversprays of a petroleum mulch had no effect on preemergence applications of bensulide but increased soil temp, soil moisture, and crop yields.

Laboratory bioassays showed that under high temp, furrow irrigation, and low rainfall, trifluralin moved upwards in sandy clay loam and had a half-life of 1 and 3 weeks with 1.3- and 5.0-cm incorporation in soil, respectively. Persistence of trifluralin increased with rate of application and depth of incorporation. Traces of trifluralin activity were found 5 months after treatment only with the 1.1 kg/ha application soil-incorporated 5.0 cm. Field bioassays showed that whereas bensulide, benefin, and trifluralin reduced the growth of German millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.], only bensulide reduced the growth of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.). Crop injury increased with rate of application and depth of incorporation.
Morphology and Genetics of Fleshy Calyx and Their Relation to Crack Resistance in Tomatoes1
Authors: Chu Mel Chih-Yu , Thompson A. E.
Published: August 2022

A crack resistant tomato strain,‘Oregon State University 251’ (OSU 251) with fleshy calyx, was crossed with non-fleshy calyx lines to produce F2 segregations of 1 fleshy : 2 intermediate : 1 non-fleshy and backcross ratios of 1 : 1. Short sepal length, wide lobe width, and thick calyx are pleiotropic effects of the fleshy calyx gene, fl. Comparative anatomy of calyx and pedicel is described. The fleshy pedicel of ‘OSU 251’ had the widest cortex, vascular bundle and pith areas, but the areas occupied by the vascular bundle and pith when expressed on a percentage basis were smaller than those of the other parental lines and F1’s. Fruits of segregates with fleshy calyx were significantly more crack resistant than those with non-fleshy calyx. Crack resistance in ‘OSU 251’ is thought not to be a pleiotropic effect of fl, but the fleshy calyx morphology is considered to be of value in selection of plants resistant to fruit cracking.
Copper Toxicity in Phaseolus vulgaris L. as Influenced by Iron Nutrition. I. An Anatomical Study1
Authors: Daniels Roland R. , Struckmeyer B. Esther , Peterson L. A.
Published: August 2022

The anatomy of the leaf of Phaseolus vulgaris L. was similar when grown at 0.04 and 0.50 ppm Cu without Fe and with 0.50 ppm Cu-Fe tartrate; necrosis was most severe in the latter. Stems showed no cellular abnormalities. Compared to the controls and other treatments, however, the number of xylem and tracheary elements was less in plants grown at both levels of Cu without Fe and with 0.50 ppm Cu-Fe tartrate. Stunting of roots and shoots occurred when plants were grown with high levels of Cu or without Fe. With high Cu, blunt enlarged root tips resulted from severe hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Lateral roots were initiated within 0.4 mm from the promeristem and fewer meristematic cells were present. Anatomical symptoms characteristic of high Cu were absent when FeEDTA was used as the source of Fe.
Essentiality of Ammonium for Cranberry Nutrition1
Authors: Greidanus Ted , Peterson L. A. , Schrader L. E. , Dana M. N.
Published: August 2022

Cranberry plants, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. ‘Stevens’ were grown in nutrient solutions with several levels of NH4-N and NO3-N alone and in combination. The nutrient solutions were sampled weekly and analyzed for concn of NO3-N and NH4-N. It was found that the plants absorbed NH4-N preferentially to NO3-N. Dry wt and number of new shoots produced were strongly favored by the NH4 form of N. Tissue N concn was low and the plants were N-deficient when the NH4-N was depleted from the nutrient solutions before termination of the experiment, and concn was high with a sustained NH4-N supply. Plants grown in NO3-N solutions were N-deficient and had tissue N concn interm ediate to those for the extreme levels of NH4-N. No NO3-N was detected in the plant tissues. Nitrate reductase activity was absent from the aboveground portions of the plants when the possible effect of microorganisms were removed. It is concluded that NH4-N is essential for cranberry growth.
Swelling of Mitochondria Isolated from Irradiated Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Ahmed E. M. , Dennison R. A. , Padwal-Desai S. R.
Published: August 2022

Mitochondrial suspensions isolated from ‘Homestead’ tomatoes swelled on exposure to CCl4 or C2H4 and contracted upon the addition of ATP, Mg++, and BSA. The responses to C2H4 treatment were less evident than for the CCl4 treatment. Rates of swelling and contraction were more pronounced when the fruits were irradiated at the mature green or the 2-day breaker stages of maturity and during subsequent storage of these fruits.
Mimosa Epicotyl and Hypocotyl Total Protein, Total Nucleic Acid, and Nucleic Acid Fractionation During Induction of Cold Hardiness1,2,3
Authors: Brown Gregory N. , Satohiko Sasaki
Published: August 2022

Total protein increases were observed in both Albizzia julibrissin epicotyl and hypocotyl tissues with advancing stage of cold hardiness, while no changes were detected in total nucleic acid quantities. Heavy ribosomal RNA decreased and soluble RNA increased, as percentages of total nucleic acid, during induction of cold hardiness in epicotyl tissues, but they remained unchanged in hypocotyl tissues. The data suggest either different mechanisms of control during induction of cold hardiness between epicotyl and hypocotyl tissues or a lack of relationship quantitatively between nucleic acid fractions and total protein concn or induction of cold hardiness in Albizzia julibrissin tissues.
Fine Structure of the Fruit Surface of Three Apple Cultivars1
Authors: Faust Miklos , Shear Cornelius B.
Published: August 2022

Examination of the fruit surface of the cvs. Golden Delicious, Delicious, and York Imperial, revealed considerable differences in the appearance of their wax structure. Waxes of ‘Delicious’ and ‘York Imperial’ were arranged in upright platelets early in the season and the platelets were somewhat smoothed by harvest. Wax of ‘Golden Delicious’ grown in a humid climate had surface cracks early in the season and the severity of the cracks had increased by harvest. The same cultivar grown in an arid climate was free of cracks. Waxes of this cultivar from both locations had amorphous wax with only occasional platelets.
Effect of Surfactant on Ion Penetration Through Leaf Wax and a Wax Model1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. , Wilcox Gerald E.
Published: August 2022

Leaves of nonglaucous cotton and tomato absorbed Mn whether or not a surfactant was added to a MnSO4 spray solution, whereas the leaves of glaucous cabbage and onion absorbed Mn only when a surfactant was added. Manganese was absorbed by cabbage leaves only when a surfactant was added or when leaf surface wax formation was inhibited by ethyl N,N-dipropylthiolcarbamate (EPTC). Non-glaucous and glaucous pea mutants did not significantly absorb Mn unless surfactant was added to a MnSO4 spray, after which both mutants equally absorbed Mn.

Surfactants increased the concn of 59fe penetrating into a wax paraffin model to a 0.5 mm depth by 8- to 30-fold over a no-surfactant treatment. Both the rate and depth of penetration were increased by surfactant. No Fe was absorbed by cabbage leaves unless surfactant was present in the spray solution or the leaf wax was disturbed by brushing.

Thus, surfactant efficiently overcame an external leaf wax layer as a barrier to the absorption of foliar applied ions and thereby increased ion movement into the leaf.
Endogenous Growth Regulators in Dwarf and Tall Cucumber1
Authors: Sandhu M. S. , Lockard R. G. , Grunwald C. , Stoltz L. P.
Published: August 2022

A higher level of auxin-like growth promoter was found in seedlings of the tall cucumber cultivar than in those of the dwarf. However, the highest level of GA-like growth promoter was found in the shoot tips of the dwarf cultivar, both in seedlings and mature plants; and this fraction was chromatographically similar to authentic GA3. The difference in GA-like activity between dwarf and tall was greater in the shoot tips of seedlings than in those of mature plants. Furthermore, the content of GA-like material was similar in dark grown tall and dwarf cucumber, but in light grown seedlings the activity was nearly twice as high in the dwarf as in the tall. These data are supported by mevalonate-2-14c feeding experiments.
Relationship of Electrolytic Conductance to Cold Injury and Acclimation in Fruit Trees1,2
Authors: Ketchie D. O. , Beeman C. H. , Ballard A. L.
Published: August 2022

Electrolytic conductance was measured from acclimated and nonacclimated seedlings of apple, pear and citrus which were frozen and unfrozen. A close correlation between electrolytic conductance and survival was shown. A comparison was made between conductance and injury of apple and pear trees in the natural freeze of 1968-69 in Washington. Procedures are outlined for using conductance as a measure of cold tolerance among cultivars or treatments within the same cultivar. The use of T10 and T90, which describes the transition range of injury, is outlined and described. Procedures are also outlined for following acclimation or deacclimation through the year and for determining freeze-injury from natural freezes.
Channeling Multiliteracies in Digital Era: A Case Study of EFL Student-Made Video Project in Vocational High School
Authors: Fadila Nadzifa Nur , Setyarini Sri , Gustine Gin Gin
Published: August 2022

The rapid growth of technology and the new demand of workforce in 21st century have intrigued the research to explore multiliteracies in EFL vocational high school through student-made video project. The skills to process information from mass media and operate in a digitized field are deemed to be necessary for vocational high school students. Student-made video project can be considered as an alternative in training students to enhance their multiliteracies skill, which will be explored in this research. Through a case study design, the integration process and salient modes of multiliteracies are captured. Involving a teacher and students of a vocational high school, the findings revealed that the student-made video project are conducted through four main stages, namely experiencing, conceptualizing, analyzing, and applying. The modes of multiliteracies appeared more frequent are visual representation, audio representation, and oral language in the form of video visual, audio of the video, script writing, and classroom discussion.
Social Domination and Marginalization in Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery: Critical Discourse Analysis and Appraisal Study
Authors: Paramitha Novalita Pradnya
Published: August 2022

Ideology is sometimes hidden away, especially in language, since language is the closest aspect of human, for it is used every day. One of the examples is covert ideology within the short story. This is why critical discourse analysis is needed to uncover this kind of thing. The short story scrutinized in this research is Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery. In order not to merely reveal an assumption, this research combines the critical discourse analysis theory by Fairclough, specifically termed Dialectical-Relational approach, as the philosophical theory with Appraisal study as the linguistic theory. All of the sentences and clauses in the story are the data of the research. The data, then, are close read for more accurate analysis. It is observed that the ideologies concealed by the text are social domination and marginalization through tradition. However, those social wrongs are hard to abolish, since they are even desired by the society; the tradition is believed to bring prosperity to the village regardless of wicked impact to the individual it brings, related to metanarratives, doxa, and symbolic violence, and fidelity towards the actor of domination. Therefore, there should be law to govern the habit harmful for others, so that all of the society rights can be protected.
The Effectiveness of Extensive Reading in Improving EFL Academic Writing
Authors: Linuwih Endar Rachmawaty
Published: August 2022

This study attempts to answer the question of to what extend extensive reading (ER) could enhance the English of Foreign language (EFL) learners' academic writing. This quasi-experimental study compared two English classes in terms of academic writing improvement after six weeks. This sample of the study was 64 students in a private university in the academic years of 2020-2021. In a traditional English class, the students primarily focused on grammar instruction and writing practice. On the other hand, the students in an ER class engaged in an ER program in and out of class involving the reading-related writing practice. The pretest and posttest were administered to measure students’ writing improvement. The results indicate that students in ER group with more exposure to comprehensible input show statistically significant progress on their posttest, whereas students in a traditional class show a moderate increase.
Character Education from the Students’, Teachers’, and Schools’ Perspective
Authors: Hanafi Hanafi
Published: August 2022

In 2016, the Indonesian Government emphasized character education by sparking a Character Strengthening Program or Program Penguatan Karakter/PPK to build and strengthen the students’ character. This program focuses on character building but it mainly highlights five main good characters which are religiosity, nationalism, integrity, independence, and cooperation. This study aims to deeply understand the perspective of students, teachers, and schools toward knowledge and value of character education and to explore the linkage among them as a complete picture. A mixed-method research was employed in this study. The data was collected from 2 junior and 2 senior high schools, which involved 4 headmasters, 12 teachers, and 212 students. Regression analysis was performed to evaluate the roles of teachers and schools in the internalization of character education among students, while the qualitative approach was employed to understand teachers’ and schools' perspectives. This study finds that based on the students’ perspective, teachers' and schools' roles are playing a significant effect on the internalization of the values of character education to them. The school and the teachers were not familiar with terms used by the governments PPK programs. Despite, the school and teacher are in synergy in developing the students’ good character with their own character development terms such as “akhlaq mulia” which is actually has similar values with the Government’s Character Strengthening Program
The Students’ Perceptions on Using Blended Learning for English Learning during Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Istiqomah Istiqomah
Published: August 2022

The policy of remote learning (PJJ) during the COVID-19 pandemic caused new problems for the students. The Implementation of the teaching and learning process has totally changed from face-to-face into online learning and some schools tried to integrate offline and online learning. This research objective was to see the students’ perception of the use of blended learning in English classes. The Subject of this study is Mechanical Engineering Students 4th Semester of STTR Cepu. This study uses a descriptive quantitative design. The researcher took data from a questionnaire on the students' perceptions in the use of blended learning which was consisted of 19 questions and an observation checklist to crosscheck the students’ answers in the questionnaire. Then, analyzing the data descriptively and measuring it using a Likert scale. The results of the study showed the students’ positive response toward the implementation of blended learning since it has great benefit in the teaching and learning process. The implementation of the blended learning method in English lessons required the teachers’ creativity in providing an English learning platform. This research also revealed the weaknesses of Blended Learning. The success of the implementation of blended learning depended on the availability of the facilities like internet access and network in applying that method. In addition, the knowledge of using technology was necessarily mastered by the teachers and the students.
An Analysis on Contextual Meaning of Selected Songs in Rex Orange County's Album "Pony" and Its Pedagogical Implication
Authors: Chotimah Umi Nur , As Sabiq Agus Husein
Published: August 2022

Even though several previous studies discuss meaning analysis in song lyrics, limited studies also conveyed its pedagogical implication in learning. It is essential since songs and music have been widely used in the educational field, especially teaching and learning. Therefore, this research aimed to find out the type of context in the selected songs of Rex Orange County's album entitled Pony, to analyze the contextual meaning found in the songs, and to describe the pedagogical implication of the songs in English learning. The data in this research were in the form of documents, and they were obtained from Rex Orange County's selected songs in Pony album. In analyzing the data, the researchers used content analysis regarding the contextual meaning of Rex Orange County's song lyrics from the album Pony. The results showed that the Pony album contains many contexts and contextual meanings, and there were 40 contexts and 7 context types and contextual meaning in the selected songs of Pony album. These songs can be used as authentic materials to teach "Meaning Through Music" material using the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach and Gap Song Filling strategy for the pedagogical implication.
Teacher’s Questioning Strategies Used in the English Speaking Class of Junior High School
Authors: Irawati Lulus , Nirmalasari Uphy Riska , Styati Erlik Widiyani
Published: August 2022

The objective of this research is to identify the types of the teacher’s questioning strategy used in the English speaking class of junior high school. The research was using a qualitative approach. This study was carried out in a teacher and students speaking English in two classrooms. The data were collected from classroom observation and documentation. This study shows that the teacher applies all the questioning strategy. In this case, the types of questioning strategies are strategy are structuring, pitching and putting clearly, directing and distributing, pausing and pacing, prompting and probing, listening to replies and responding and sequencing. The questions are started modals like will and can and auxiliary do and did and linking verbs is and are. The teacher also starts the question with wh-questions like what, when, why, where, who and how questions. The result of this study can make the teacher controls the lesson, guide the students’ response, and promote interaction in classroom. The students can contribute to share, show and express their idea when they are given questions by the teacher.
Criteria for Selecting Instructors of English for Academic Purposes Courses: What Do Students Look for?
Authors: Harper John , Li Shang
Published: August 2022

Seeking to provide insight into the role that English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses play in China’s growing number of joint-venture universities (JVUs), this article reports on a study of the factors that motivate students’ selection of instructors for such courses. The study reports on three stages of the investigation: (1) a preliminary, online tapping of learners’ motives in EAP instructor selection, (2) a survey, based on the findings of Stage 1, in which past EAP students ranked qualities most and least desired of EAP instructors, (3) focus-group discussions (FGDs), based on the survey of Stage 2, in which past EAP students commented on the qualities that they most and least desired of EAP instructors. Survey results are grouped into the top three, bottom three, and middle three; survey results are analyzed in light of FGDs, with discrepancies between the two being acknowledged and interpreted. Three overarching pedagogical implications are presented: (1) the need of a sense of community in EAP courses, (2) the need of transparency in EAP courses, and (3) the perception of EAP instructors as first and foremost classroom teachers. Limitations of the study are duly noted.
Willingness to Communicate: The Predictive Roles of the L2 Motivational Self-System and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Youvalari Farnaz Esmkhani
Published: August 2022

Research on communication emphasizes the psychological variables that play a great role in predicting a predisposition for engaging or avoiding communicative behavior. As a quantitative correlational study, this research was conducted with a convenient sample of 94 Iranian EFL learners to investigate to what degree the L2 motivational self-system and self-efficacy beliefs of language learners could predict second language willingness to communicate (WTC). A  Likert scale highly reliable questionnaire containing 35 items was put to use to collect data on dimensions of the L2 motivational self-system, self-efficacy beliefs and L2 WTC. After the combined predictive ability of these variables, as a model, on WTC was measured, the study aimed at finding the unique contribution of each variable on WTC. Also, the researcher aimed at investigating whether gender would moderate each of the relationships between the explanatory variables and WTC. A set of multiple regression analyses indicated that the ideal L2 self, the ought-to L2 self, the L2 learning experience, and self-efficacy, as a whole model, was able to predict 41.6% of the variation in WTC. It was found that the ideal L2 self was the strongest predictor of WTC, followed by self-efficacy beliefs, which uniquely explained 38.7% and 16.8% of the variation in WTC scores, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that gender did not have the ability to statistically moderate any of the aforementioned relationships. The findings of this academic endeavor are discussed in relation to the potential theoretical and practical implications it has for the field of English language teaching.
Can Code Switching Indicate Personal Branding?: A Case Study of Higher Education Students in Indonesia
Authors: Rahmah Mila Afidah , Indhiarti Tantri Refa
Published: August 2022

The goal of this research is to have a better understanding of how students can grow into their own personal brands by switching their languages. The study takes a qualitative approach, and the data were gathered through interviews via Google Forms. The interviewees were all current Brawijaya University students from departments of English Education and English Literature. There are fifty students telling their experiences while comitting code switching and how they obtained the stereotype. According to the findings, the primary goal of developing a personal brand is to gain confidence, where a personal brand will help them stand out among their competitors. It is also discovered that code switching and personal branding are not yet being practiced to the extent that it could be due to the limited research in this area previously. However, we have discovered that people are interested in this phenomenon because it is more a matter of individuals' lack of knowledge about personal branding that is limiting them.
Translation Techniques of Medical Terms Found in Covid-19 Guidebook
Authors: Restiana Ismi Ovianti , Nugroho Raden Arief
Published: August 2022

This study was conducted to find and analyze the use of translation techniques used by translators in translating various medical terms contained in the COVID-19 guidebook based on the theory from Rask (2008). The categories of medical terms used in this study are medical terms, epidemiological terms, and organizational terms. This study uses the descriptive qualitative method. The data were obtained through classifying and describing the medical terms in the COVID-19 guidebook according to the types of translation techniques based on Molina & Albir (2002). The findings show the type of translation technique, that has been found in this study, which gets a percentage of 63,54% as the highest frequency reaching 739 is Established Equivalence in all categories. Interestingly, it can be seen that translators are very concerned about the use of grammatical structures in the source language. Since the grammatical structure in the source language is different from the target language, translators also tend to use a more common language taken from the dictionary but equivalent to the target language.
Needs Analysis of Development of Critical Thinking Skills Assessment Instruments on Vocational School English Subjects
Authors: Cahyaningrum Ryzka , Lestari Wahyu , Supriyadi Supriyadi
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to analyze the needs for developing critical thinking skills technology-based assessment instruments in English subjects for vocational school and find out the factors that can support and inhibit developing and implementing critical thinking skills technology-based assessment instruments. This study used the qualitative research method with a case study design. The subject of study was 5 teachers and 15 eleventh-grade vocational school students at Tangerang. Observations, interviews, and documentation were conducted to collect the data. After collecting the data, the researcher used triangulation to confirm the data. The data collected were analyzed to answer the research questions using several stages, namely condensation, display, and verification. The results showed that the development of technology-based assessment instruments of critical thinking skills on vocational school English subjects needs to be developed. The schools have facilitation for conducting a technology-based assessment. Students have never taken on critical thinking skills assessment. Teachers and schools did not have the development of assessment instruments of critical thinking skills so teachers have never conducted critical thinking skills assessments on English subjects. Moreover, the students still have some obstacles in English learning such as vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar. Therefore, the teachers should help to improve students’ vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar before conducting a critical thinking skills assessment.
Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions towards the Process of Writing
Authors: Suprapto Maghfiroh Agustinasari , Anditasari Amira Wahyu , Sitompul Siti Kholija , Setyowati Lestari
Published: August 2022

Writing process has been proven to be an effective approach to enhance students’ writing performance. The writing process consists of pre-writing, drafting, revising, and editing. The writing process aids the students in developing ideas while writing, but it was claimed that students also face challenges during the process. Therefore, this current study aimed to investigate the students’ perceptions of the writing process and the challenges. The subjects taken were the first-year students of the English Educational program at the State University of Malang, in which 31 students of IC Writing Class were chosen. The perceptions were investigated through a survey study by distributing online questionnaires via Google Form. The questionnaire was divided into four aspects; pre-writing, drafting, revising, and editing, which aimed at exploring the students’ perceptions during the writing process and its challenges. The findings of the study showed that the students experienced difficulties in the writing process. The most challenging stages they had were the pre-writing and revising stage. The students faced challenges in generating and structuring ideas, respectively. Meanwhile, the students claimed that drafting and editing were less challenging since they followed the preceding stage. Nonetheless, the students also believed that proofreading was a complex process in the editing stage. The results of this study will be beneficial for English teachers and future researchers to vary the teaching methodology and reflect a better analysis.
The Use of Social Media in Learning English Writing of Indonesian English Department Students
Authors: Puspita Dewi Aprilia Elok , Fauzan Umar , Nadia Nadia
Published: August 2022

Social media is a product of information and communication technology that is used by many people around the world, ranging from children to adults. Although not created specifically for educational purposes, social media has drawn the attention of some educators, especially in the field of teaching and learning English. The objectives of this research were to find out the types of social media used by English department students in the fourth semester of UINSI Samarinda and the use of social media in learning English writing. This research was conducted by using a descriptive-qualitative design. The researcher used questionnaires, interviews, and documentation as instruments to collect the data. The primary data in this research was obtained from questionnaires and interviews with the students who were active in using social media in learning English writing. Then, the secondary data contained recordings and documentation obtained from the students as the subjects of this research. The data analysis techniques used were data condensation, data display, conclusion drawing, and verification. To test the validity of the data, the researcher used the credibility technique with the source triangulation method. The result of this research showed that there were seven types of social media used by the students in learning English writing, namely social networking sites (SNS), blogs, micro-blog, wiki, social bookmarking websites, media sharing sites, and RSS (Really Simple Syndication). The students mostly used social media in learning English writing by using some provided features, especially which allow them to interact with their peers, such as personal chat, group chat, comment section, caption, description, story, and bio. Additionally, they also used some of these social media as learning sources to help them in developing their English writing skill.
The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND) Project
Authors: Lazarotto Lago Bruno
Published: August 2022

GRAND is designed to detect ultra-high-energy cosmic particles –
specially neutrinos, cosmic rays and gamma rays using radio antennas.
With ~20 mountainous sites around the world it will cover a total area
of 200,000 km^{2}2.
The planned sensitivity of 10^{-10}−10
GeV cm^{-2}−2
s^{-1}−1
sr^{-1}−1
above 5\times10^{17}5×1017
eV will likely ensure the detection of cosmogenic neutrinos predicted by
most common scenarios enabling neutrino astronomy. Furthermore, PeV–EeV
neutrinos can test particle interactions at energies above those
achieved in accelerators. The pathfinder stage GRANDProto300 is planned
to start taking data in 2021. We present the current overall status of
the project with emphasis on the neutrino physics.
Measurements of heavy-flavor production as a function of multiplicity with ALICE at the LHC
Authors: Bailung Yoshini
Published: August 2022

In this contribution, the production of heavy-flavor hadrons as a
function of multiplicity, via the study of the
\mathbf{D}𝐃-meson
and heavy-flavor hadron decay leptons self-normalized yields in pp
collisions at the center of mass energy \bm{\sqrt{s} = 13}𝐬=13
TeV is discussed. Comparisons are made with similar measurements of
J/\bm{\psi}𝛙
at \bm{\sqrt{s} = 13}𝐬=13
TeV and various model calculations. The \mathbf{\Lambda_{c}^{+}/D^{0}}𝚲𝐜+/𝐃0
and \mathbf{D^{+}_{s}/D^{0}}𝐃𝐬+/𝐃0
yield ratios in different multiplicity intervals in pp collisions at
\bm{\sqrt{s} = 13}𝐬=13
TeV are also reported. In addition, the ALICE measurement of
\mathbf{\Lambda_{c}^{+}}𝚲𝐜+
production in p–Pb collisions at \bm{\sqrt{s_{{NN}}}}𝐬𝐍𝐍
= 5.02 TeV down to transverse momentum (\bm{p_{T}}𝐩𝐓)
= 0 GeV/\bm{c}𝐜
is presented. Finally, the nuclear modification factor is shown for open
charm hadrons at \bm{\sqrt{s} = 5.02}𝐬=5.02
TeV in p–Pb collisions. Finally, measurements of the elliptic flow of
heavy-flavor hadron decay leptons in p–Pb systems are presented, which
hint towards a possible collective behaviour in high multiplicity p–Pb
collisions.
Clinical case of multiple organ damage in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Sadovnikova I. V. , Abramov S. A. , Postnikova A. D. , Golichnikova A. A.
Published: August 2022

The publication presents a clinical case of cystic fibrosis with multiple organ lesions in a 9-year-old child. The medical and social significance of cystic fibrosis is due to a significant decrease in the quality of life of patients, the need for long-term treatment, its cost, constant clinical supervision, early disability of patients, and limited life expectancy.In the presented clinical case, an early age of cystic fibrosis onset, a severe course with damage to the bronchopulmonary system, intestines, pancreas, liver and the development of pronounced pancreatic, protein-energy, respiratory failure, as well as anemia is noted. Despite the early diagnosis of the disease, the child developed multiple organ failure due to the presence of concomitant diseases, which determines the unfavorable prognosis.
O Trabalho por Aplicativos Digitais no contexto da Quarta Revolução Industrial
Authors: Borges da Fonseca Bruno Gomes , Pessoa Fernando dos Santos
Published: August 2022

Esta pesquisa analisou as novas formas de trabalho por aplicativo digital, em especial o realizado pela plataforma Ifood, no contexto da Quarta Revolução Industrial. Embasado no método dialético-materialista e na técnica de pesquisa documental indireta nas modalidades pesquisas documental e bibliográfica, analisaram-se as quatro Revoluções Industriais e o trabalho intermediado por aplicativos digitais. O objetivo era examinar esse tipo de trabalho, as suas consequências e verificar a existência da subordinação como ponto central da caracterização do vínculo empregatício. A título de principais resultados, o estudo concluiu que o trabalho intermediado por aplicativos digitais pode gerar precarização nas relações de trabalho e que novas teorias sobre a subordinação são capazes de demonstrar a existência desse requisito na relação entre empresas de aplicativo e trabalhadores, o que sinaliza para a existência do vínculo empregatício.
Entendendo a Guerra Fiscal no contexto do imposto sobre a propriedade de veículos automotores
Authors: Lima Ludmila Lopes , Pereira Alexandre Pimenta Batista , Nascimento Geraldo Barbosa do
Published: August 2022

O critério espacial de incidência do Imposto sobre a Propriedade de Veículos Automotores (IPVA), associado à discricionariedade do contribuinte em poder indicar um domicílio de sua preferência, a par das diferentes alíquotas do imposto estipuladas pelo respectivo ente federado, propicia e incentiva o surgimento da chamada guerra fiscal. Neste texto objetiva-se fazer uma análise acerca dos aspectos jurídicos do IPVA, trazendo à tona a problemática da falta de Lei Complementar que crie normas gerais sobre o mencionado imposto, bem como a ausência de uma Resolução do Senado Federal que disponha sobre uma alíquota mínima obrigatória a todos os Estados-membros. A abordagem metodológica utilizada será qualitativa, voltada para a análise documental de leis, projetos de leis e jurisprudência. A lacuna normativa fomenta a guerra fiscal que, por sua vez, compromete a integridade do pacto federativo, gera insegurança jurídica e prejudica tanto os Estados-membros quanto os contribuintes de boa-fé.
O papel do poder judiciário na concretização dos direitos fundamentais diante da escassez de recursos públicos no contexto de pandemia
Authors: Verucy R. Barbosa Jéssyca , de Azevedo Gonzaga Alvaro , Labruna Felipe
Published: August 2022

O presente artigo tem como finalidade analisar a racionalização das decisões na ADPF 671(direito universal à saúde) e na ADI 6357 (não aplicação da “regra de ouro” em respeito aos direitos fundamentais) da Suprema Corte que tratam dos “conflitos” constitucionais envolvendo a escassez dos recursos públicos e as garantias dos direitos fundamentais, tais como o direito à saúde, à vida e à dignidade da pessoa humana diante do cenário de pandemia (Covid-19). Neste trabalho foram utilizadas as premissas do pós-positivismo para abordar o papel do poder Judiciário na garantia de um Estado Democrático de Direito devido à judicialização dessa celeuma no atual contexto de crise. Com isso, será enfatizada a normatização dos direitos fundamentais estabelecida na Teoria dos Princípios do jusfilósofo Ronald Dworkin e sua tese da resposta correta. A metodologia baseia-se em apreciação qualitativa de livros, de jurisprudência e de outros artigos científicos que trazem recursos sobre Teoria do Direito visando a auxiliar o poder Judiciário na garantia de direitos indispensáveis em contexto de pandemia, além de apreciação de conjunto legislativo correlacionado.