bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fear of missing out and binge‐drinking among adolescents
Authors: Brunborg Geir S. , Skogen Jens C. , Burdzovic Andreas Jasmina
Published: July 2021

Introduction

No previous studies have examined the cross‐sectional association between fear of missing out (FOMO) and binge‐drinking among adolescents. The aim of the present study was: (i) to estimate the magnitude of this association; (ii) to assess the impact of potential confounders (i.e. sensation‐seeking, symptoms of depression and self‐regulation); and (iii) determine if it is uniform across all levels of these characteristics.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study of adolescents from 33 middle schools in Norway, stratified according to geographic location, urban and rural locations, and standard of living. Participants were a nation‐wide sample of N = 2646 adolescents (mean age 16.2 years, 43% boys). Self‐report data were collected on binge‐drinking, FOMO, sensation‐seeking, symptoms of depression and self‐regulation.

Results

Overall, 21% reported binge‐drinking ≤ once per month in the past 12 months, while 9% reported binge‐drinking more than once per month. Multinomial logistic regression showed that the crude effect, where greater FOMO was associated with greater risk of binge‐drinking, was substantial (relative‐risk ratio = 1.50 [1.35, 1.66], P < 0.001), but somewhat attenuated after including all potential confounders (relative‐risk ratio = 1.28 [1.14, 1.43], P < 0.001). Effect modification analyses showed that the effect of FOMO on binge‐drinking ≤ once per month was stronger for adolescents with low symptom levels of depression and weaker for adolescents at high levels of depression.

Discussion and Conclusion

Norwegian adolescents with higher FOMO have greater risk of binge‐drinking.
Who would try (or use more) cannabis if it were legal?
Authors: Weatherburn Donald , Darke Shane , Zahra Emma , Farrell Michael
Published: July 2021

Introduction

This study sought to determine: (i) whether decriminalisation of cannabis use would increase the proportion who would try the drug; and (ii) the proportion who would use more cannabis; and (iii) explore their characteristics.

Methods

Australian National Drug Strategy Household surveys were used to address (i)‐(iii). Significant independent predictors of (i) and (ii) were identified using logistic regression.

Results

An estimated 4.2% of the population aged 14 and over (n = 882 708) who have never tried cannabis before would try it, if use of the drug were made legal, while 2.6% of the population aged 14 and over (537 000) would use more cannabis if its use were made legal. Respondents were more likely to say they would try cannabis if they were male, younger or suffered from a mild, moderate and/or severe level of psychological stress. Respondents were more likely to say they would use more cannabis if they were male, younger, psychologically stressed and not currently frequent users of the drug.

Discussion and Conclusions

Decriminalisation of cannabis use is likely to result in an increase in consumption of the drug among young people with mental health problems. If cannabis use is decriminalised, Australian State and Territory Governments should make provision for a possible increase in demand for drug treatment and for public education on the risks associated with frequent/prolonged cannabis use.
An intelligent IoMT enabled feature extraction method for early detection of knee arthritis
Authors: Khamparia Aditya , Pandey Babita , Al‐Turjman Fadi , Podder Prajoy
Published: July 2021

Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid are most common form of arthritis disorder, affecting millions of people worldwide. This article presents a computer aided detection system (CAD) for early knee osteoarthritis and rheumatoid detection using X‐ray images and machine learning classifiers. This work also proposed a novel feature extractor from X‐ray images of knee to assist in detection and classification, called explainable Renyi entropic segmentation with Internet of Things (IoT) framework. The proposed method later utilizes model agnostic algorithm using post hoc explainability for extracting relevant information from prediction of knee joint segmentation. CAD system is integrated with an IoT framework and can be used remotely to assist medical practitioners in treatments of knee arthritis. The presented results show commendable improvement over different existing feature extractors in combination with different classifiers. The best result of proposed extractor method was obtained when combined with random forest classifier having Euclidean hyperparameter that gave an accuracy of 95.23%, among all the evaluators. The obtained results show the effectiveness of proposed feature extractor model to determine relevant features from knee and describe the suitable knee disorders.
Isolation of a novel adomavirus from cultured American eels, Anguilla rostrata, with haemorrhagic gill necrosis disease
Authors: Yang Jin‐Xian , Chen Xi , Li Ying‐Ying , Song Tie‐Ying , Ge Jun‐Qing
Published: July 2021

Recently, the culture of American eels (Anguilla rostrate) in China has been impacted by emergence of a disease with signs of haemorrhagic gill necrosis. The gills of diseased eels are covered with petecchia and they bleed when the operculum is pressed. In this study, a novel American eel adomavirus (AEAdoV) was isolated from the diseased eels using the eel ovary cell line (EO). The virus proliferated in the EO cells with a maximum TCID50/ml of 106.29 ± 0.23 at 6 days post‐infection. The virions were non‐enveloped with a diameter of 75–85 nm and shown to be a DNA virus upon 5‐iodo‐2’‐deoxyuridine (IDU) treatment. PCR assays showed that AEAdoV encodes a superfamily 3 helicases (S3H) replicase and shared high similarities with Anguilla marmorata adomavirus (MEAdoV). Although no clinical signs or mortality was observed among the eels injected with AEAdoV, the virus was reisolated from livers, kidneys and gills of injected eels at 35 days post‐injection. Our results suggested that AEAdoV exhibited a latent infection in A. rostrata. The pathogenicity of the AEAdoV needs to be confirmed further.
Zooming In and Out of Virtual Jewish Prayer Services During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Ben‐Lulu Elazar
Published: July 2021

This netnographic study examines Reform Jewish rituals transmitted by virtual platforms, Facebook and Zoom, during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Reform Judaism, which supports modern liberal theology, has adopted the usage of technology for Shabbat services. The transition from the physical space to the virtual one challenges the performance of the ritual: Rabbis change the ritual's structure, and during online services, the congregants have different feelings toward the congregation and their own spiritual worship, made manifest in changes in their usual religious gestures. A positive result of the move to the virtual space is that though the Reform Jewish congregations, as non‐Orthodox communities, have been excluded by the state, virtual prayers further expose Reform services to Israeli society. However, this might hinder societal support if it is shown that the community can conduct its services without an actual formal space. This study illuminates the intersection of virtual space, religious praxis, and political conflicts.
The clinical utility of neostigmine administration in the diagnosis of acquired myasthenia gravis
Authors: Cridge Harry , Little Alison , José‐López Roberto , Pancotto Theresa , Michaels Jennifer R , Menchetti Marika , Suñol Anna , Lipsitz David , Beasley Michaela J
Published: July 2021

Objective

To assess the clinical utility of neostigmine methylsulfate administration in the diagnosis of suspected acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) in dogs and cats.

Design

Retrospective study (2017‐2019).

Setting

Five university teaching hospitals and 2 private referral hospitals.

Animals

Twenty‐two dogs and 3 cats. Criteria for inclusion were clinical signs consistent with acquired MG, performance of a neostigmine challenge and acetylcholine receptor antibody titers.

Interventions

None.

Measurements & main results

The route of neostigmine administration was recorded. Response to neostigmine challenge was determined via sequential evaluation of muscle strength and ambulation following administration of neostigmine methylsulfate. Response to neostigmine challenge was compared to acetylcholine receptor antibody titers, which were used as the biochemical gold standard in this study. Sixteen out of 22 dogs were diagnosed with acquired MG. Thirteen of 16 had a strong positive response to neostigmine challenge whereas 3 of 16 had no response. Two out of 3 dogs with polymyositis also had a strong positive response to neostigmine challenge. Weak positive results were seen with intracranial neoplasia (n = 1) and a dog with dilated cardiomyopathy and coxofemoral joint disease (n = 1). One cat was diagnosed with acquired MG and had a positive response to neostigmine challenge. Two cats had no response to neostigmine challenge and were diagnosed with alternate conditions. Two cats were premedicated with glycopyrrolate, one of which had a mild adverse response to neostigmine challenge (sialorrhea and mild transient tremors). Three out of 22 dogs had minimal adverse effects (sialorrhea and 1 dog with muscle tremors).

Conclusions

The neostigmine challenge appears to be safe and viable alternative to the previously utilized edrophonium challenge, particularly when weak positive responses are considered negative for acquired MG. Polymyositis cases may have a false positive response to neostigmine challenge.
The coiling direction paradox in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma
Authors: Darling Kate , Kucera Michal , Wade Chris
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Living benthic foraminifera in methane- and sulfide-enriched sediments at cold seeps and hydrothermal vents
Authors: Heinz Petra , Sommer Stefan , Pfannkuche Olaf , Hemleben Christoph , Kitazato Hiroshi
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Correlation of the Thanetian-Ilerdian turnover of larger foraminifera and the Initial Eocene thermal maximum (IETM) confirming evidence from the Campo area (Pyrenees, Spain)
Authors: Pujalte Victoriano , Schmitz B. , Baceta J. I. , Bernaola G. , Dinarès-Turell J. , Orue-Etxebarria X. , Payros A.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
2008: retrospectiva dos 50 anos da geologia na UFRJ e olhar crítico para o futuro
Authors: Barroso Emílio Velloso , Barroso Josué Alves , Horta Arthur Eduardo Diniz Gonçalves , Carvalho Ismar De Souza
Published: July 2021

The history of 50 years of the Geology undergraduate course of Rio de Janeiro Federal University and the 40 years of its Graduate Geology Program is part of the scientific knowledge of the Brazilian Geology during this period. The five decades of geology undergraduate course are analysed with respect to available job opportunities during that period and the own evolution of Geology as science. It is also analysed the widen of the educational activities of the Geology Department through public understanding of science
Foraminíferos bentônicos e atividade bacteriana como ferramenta para análise ambiental no Estuário do Rio Pontegi, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
Authors: Souza Vanessa M. de , Laut Lazaro L. M , Silva Frederico S. da , Figueiredo Jr Alberto G. de , Vital Helenice , Frazão Eugênio
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study was to identify possible zonation patterns and assess the environmental impact on the Potengi River Estuary, Rio Grande do Norte State, through the distribution of benthic foraminifera associated to bacterial activity and abiotic parameters. Six sediment samples were collected from locations that presented clear signs of pollution. The environment was predominantly anaerobic and fermentation occurred at all sites. Forty-two species of foraminifera were identified. The dominant species were Ammonia tepida and Arenoparrella mexicana, which are known to be opportunistic, and able to adapt to rapidly changing conditions. CCA analyses showed that salinity and organic matter, followed by bacterial carbon, were more strongly linked to organism distribution in the Potengi River Estuary. Dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature and total organic matter were higher at the estuary mouth than at the other sites, creating favorable conditions for foraminiferal growth and allowing the faunistic succession on the upper estuary. As foraminifera assemblages when associated to environmental parameters can be used as efficient proxies for environmental diagnosis, these results suggest that the Potengi Estuary is under great stress from the surrounding urban development.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF A LOW-NOISE AND EFFICIENT NEXT-GENERATION AERO-ENGINE FAN
Authors: Jaron Robert , Moreau Antoine , Guérin Sébastien , Enghardt Lars , Lengyel Timea , Otten Tom , Nicke Eberhard
Published: July 2021

Due to the increasing bypass ratios of modern engines, the fan stage is increasingly becoming the dominant source of engine noise. Accordingly, it is becoming more and more important to develop not only efficient but also quiet fan stages. In this paper the noise emission of a fan for an aero-engine with bypass ratio of 19 is reduced within a multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) by means of a hybrid noise prediction method while at the same time optimizing the aerodynamic efficiency. The aerodynamic performance of each configuration in the optimization is evaluated by stationary Reynolds-Averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) simulations. These stationary flow simulations are also used to extract the aerodynamic excitation sources for the analytical fan noise prediction. The resulting large database of the optimization provides new insights into which extent an MDO can contribute to the design of both quiet and efficient fan stages. In addition to that the hybrid approach of numerical flow solutions and analytical description of the noise sources enables to understand the noise reduction mechanisms. In particular, the influence of rotor blade loading on the aerodynamic efficiency and the noise sources as well as the potential of configurations with a comparatively low number of outlet guide vanes (OGV) is explored.
Factor Structure of the Barriers to Physical Activity Scale for Youth With Visual Impairments
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J. , Snapp Erin E. , G. Moore E. Whitney , Lieberman Lauren J. , Armstrong Ellen , Mannella Staci
Published: July 2021

Youth with visual impairments (VIs) often experience unique barriers to physical activity compared with their sighted peers. A psychometrically sound scale for assessing barriers to physical activity for youth with VI is needed to facilitate research. The purpose of this study was to confirm the ability of the previously identified three-factor structure of the Physical Activity Barriers Questionnaire for youth with Visual Impairments (PABQ-VI) to produce scores considered to be valid and reliable that perform equally well across age, VI severity, and gender. Our results supported the three-factor structure and that the PABQ-VI produces scores considered valid and reliable. Mean, variance, and correlation differences were found in personal, social, and environmental barriers for age and VI severity, but not gender. Researchers can use the PABQ-VI to test and evaluate ways to reduce barriers for this population.
Changes in Hydration Factors Over the Course of Heat Acclimation in Endurance Athletes
Authors: Sekiguchi Yasuki , Benjamin Courteney L. , Dion Samantha O. , Manning Ciara N. , Struder Jeb F. , Dierickx Erin E. , Morrissey Margaret C. , Filep Erica M. , Casa Douglas J.
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of heat acclimation (HA) on thirst levels, sweat rate, and percentage of body mass loss (%BML), and changes in fluid intake factors throughout HA induction. Twenty-eight male endurance athletes (mean ± SD; age, 35 ± 12 years; body mass, 73.0 ± 8.9 kg; maximal oxygen consumption, 57.4 ± 6.8 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed 60 min of exercise in a euhydrated state at 58.9 ± 2.3% velocity of maximal oxygen consumption in the heat (ambient temperature, 35.0 ± 1.3 °C; relative humidity, 48.0 ± 1.3%) prior to and following HA where thirst levels, sweat rate, and %BML were measured. Then, participants performed 5 days of HA while held at hyperthermia (38.50–39.75 °C) for 60 min with fluid provided ad libitum. Sweat volume, %BML, thirst levels, and fluid intake were measured for each session. Thirst levels were significantly lower following HA (pre, 4 ± 1; post, 3 ± 1, p < .001). Sweat rate (pre, 1.76 ± 0.42 L/hr; post, 2.00 ± 0.60 L/hr, p = .039) and %BML (pre, 2.66 ± 0.53%; post, 2.98 ± 0.83%, p = .049) were significantly greater following HA. During HA, thirst levels decreased (Day 1, 4 ± 1; Day 2, 3 ± 2; Day 3, 3 ± 2; Day 4, 3 ± 1; Day 5, 3 ± 1; p < .001). However, sweat volume (Day 1, 2.34 ± 0.67 L; Day 2, 2.49 ± 0.58 L; Day 3, 2.67 ± 0.63 L; Day 4, 2.74 ± 0.61 L; Day 5, 2.74 ± 0.91 L; p = .010) and fluid intake (Day 1, 1.20 ± 0.45 L; Day 2, 1.52 ± 0.58 L; Day 3, 1.69 ± 0.63 L; Day 4, 1.65 ± 0.58 L; Day 5, 1.74 ± 0.51 L; p < .001) increased. In conclusion, thirst levels were lower following HA even though sweat rate and %BML were higher. Thirst levels decreased while sweat volume and fluid intake increased during HA induction. Thus, HA should be one of the factors to consider when planning hydration strategies.
Implication of Blood Rheology and Pulmonary Hemodynamics on Exercise-Induced Hypoxemia at Sea Level and Altitude in Athletes
Authors: Raberin Antoine , Nader Elie , Lopez Ayerbe Jorge , Mucci Patrick , Pialoux Vincent , Meric Henri , Connes Philippe , Durand Fabienne
Published: July 2021

This study aimed to investigate the changes in blood viscosity, pulmonary hemodynamics, nitric oxide (NO) production, and maximal oxygen uptake () during a maximal incremental test conducted in normoxia and during exposure to moderate altitude (2,400 m) in athletes exhibiting exercise-induced hypoxemia at sea level (EIH). Nine endurance athletes with EIH and eight without EIH (NEIH) performed a maximal incremental test under three conditions: sea level, 1 day after arrival in hypoxia, and 5 days after arrival in hypoxia (H5) at 2,400 m. Gas exchange and oxygen peripheral saturation (SpO2) were continuously monitored. Cardiac output, pulmonary arterial pressure, and total pulmonary vascular resistance were assessed by echocardiography. Venous blood was sampled before and 3 min after exercise cessation to analyze blood viscosity and NO end-products. At sea level, athletes with EIH exhibited an increase in blood viscosity and NO levels during exercise while NEIH athletes showed no change. Pulmonary hemodynamics and aerobic performance were not different between the two groups. No between-group differences in blood viscosity, pulmonary hemodynamics, and were found at 1 day after arrival in hypoxia. At H5, lower total pulmonary vascular resistance and greater NO concentration were reported in response to exercise in EIH compared with NEIH athletes. EIH athletes had greater cardiac output and lower SpO2 at maximal exercise in H5, but no between-group differences occurred regarding blood viscosity and . The pulmonary vascular response observed at H5 in EIH athletes may be involved in the greater cardiac output of EIH group and counterbalanced the drop in SpO2 in order to achieve similar than NEIH athletes.
Examination of a Composite Walking Measure on Cognitive Functioning Among Participants in the Chicago Health and Aging Project
Authors: Desai Pankaja , Halloway Shannon , Dhana Klodian , Zhang Yanyu , Holland Thomas , Agarwal Puja , Ford Christopher N. , Mendes de Leon Carlos , Evans Denis A. , Morris Martha C.
Published: July 2021

This study examined the relationship between walking and cognitive function among Chicago Health and Aging Project participants. Data collection occurred during six 3-year cycles, of which Cycles 4–6 were used for this specific analysis. Information was obtained regarding walking frequency and duration, demographics, chronic conditions, cognitive activities, apolipoprotein E4, physical function, and cognitive function (global and domains). A composite walking measure was developed and categorized as follows: no walking, ≤105 min/week, and >105 min/week. Mixed-effects regression analyses tested associations between walking and global cognitive function, episodic memory, and perceptual speed. The sample consisted of 4,320 participants (African American/Black: 65%; female: 65%; mean education: 13 years; mean age: 75 years). Composite or total walking had a statistically significant association with global cognitive function and perceptual speed, after adjustments were made.
Environment-Stratified Age-Period-Cohort Effects on the Prevalence of Walking Among Older Adults
Authors: Kim Dong Ha , Kang Heewon , Yoo Seunghyun
Published: July 2021

Walking promotes active aging; however, walking prevalence changes among older adults by age and environmental conditions remain unclear. Age-period-cohort (APC) differences in walking trends among Korean older adults were examined. Data included adults aged ≥ 65 years (n = 592,235) from the nationally representative Korean Community Health Survey. Regional units examined were metropolitan cities, small- and medium-sized cities, and rural areas. Environment-stratified APC modeling was applied for walking prevalence (walking days/time during the past week). From 2008 to 2017, the walking prevalence gap between regional units widened. Decreasing trends were most apparent in rural areas, including by birth year. In all areas, walking decreased with increased age. No distinct period effects were found. Each effect’s magnitude was larger in rural areas than cities. Differential APC effects by environmental conditions likely influence walking prevalence changes among older adults. Walking promotion for older adults should consider APC effects and environmental conditions.
The Effect of Low-Load Resistance Training on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Trained Men: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Dobson Nick
Published: July 2021

Clinical Scenario: Resistance training (RT) programs promote skeletal muscle hypertrophy through the progressive physiological stress applied to an individual. Currently, the vast majority of studies regarding the hypertrophic response to RT have focused on either sedentary or untrained individuals. This critically appraised topic focuses on the hypertrophic response to high- and low-load RT in resistance-trained men. Clinical Question: In experienced male weightlifters, does high-load RT lead to greater increases in muscle mass than low-load RT? Summary of Key Findings: Six studies met the inclusion criteria, while 4 studies were included in the analysis. Each of the 4 studies showed that low-load RT elicited hypertrophic gains similar to high-load RT when sets were taken to failure. Three of the studies were not volume equated, indicating a dose–response relationship between training volume-load and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. One of the studies was volume equated, indicating that skeletal muscle hypertrophy could be achieved at levels comparable to those observed in high-load protocols as a result of high levels of metabolic stress and the concomitant recruitment of high-threshold motor units that can occur during fatiguing contractions. Clinical Bottom Line: Evidence suggests that low-load training produces hypertrophic gains similar to those observed in high-load RT protocols when sets are taken to failure in resistance-trained men. Strength of Recommendation: There is moderate to strong evidence to suggest that low-load RT elicits hypertrophic gains similar to those observed in high-load RT protocols when sets are taken to failure in resistance-trained men.
Hip-Focused Neuromuscular Exercise Provides Immediate Benefits in Foot Pronation and Dynamic Balance: A Sham-Controlled Cross-Over Study
Authors: Turgut Elif , Yagci Gozde , Bayrakci Tunay Volga
Published: July 2021

Context: Knowledge on how to utilize a kinetic chain approach in foot and ankle rehabilitation is important. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of hip-focused neuromuscular exercise on foot pronation and single-leg neuromuscular control. Design: Cross-over study. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: This cross-over study included 44 asymptomatic volunteers with foot pronation. Interventions: All participants performed (1) a hip-focused neuromuscular exercise and (2) a sham exercise in randomized order. Main Outcome Measures: Foot pronation was assessed by the navicular drop test, and lower-extremity neuromuscular control was assessed by the Modified Star Excursion Balance Test and frontal plane projection angle during single-leg squat before and after the experiments. Results: Navicular drop test scores were significantly lower after the hip-focused neuromuscular exercise than after the sham exercise (mean difference [95% CI] = 2.84 [−1.08 to 6.77], P = .003). Modified Star Excursion Balance Test scores in the anterior (P = .008), posteromedial (P = .04), and posterolateral (P < .001) directions were significantly increased after hip-focused neuromuscular exercise. No statistically significant condition × time interaction was found for the frontal plane projection angle (P > .05). However, a main effect of time (P = .003) indicated that less dynamic knee valgus occurred during single-leg squat after both experiments. Conclusions: Hip-focused neuromuscular exercise produced immediate alterations in foot pronation and dynamic balance. Thus, the hip-focused neuromuscular exercise may be used to control foot posture in foot rehabilitation integrated with a kinetic chain approach and could be an effective prevention and treatment strategy.
Shoulder Range of Motion, Rotator Strength, and Upper-Extremity Functional Performance in Junior Tennis Players
Authors: Busra Cigercioglu Nazli-Busra , Guney-Deniz Hande , Unuvar Ezgi , Colakoglu Filiz , Baltaci Gul
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Repetitive and asymmetric movements in tennis can result in biomechanical adaptation in shoulder joint. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in shoulder range of motion (ROM), strength, and functional performance tests between the dominant and nondominant shoulders, as well as to identify gender differences in junior tennis players. Methods: Forty-two junior tennis players (age mean: 11.3 [1.2] y, body mass index 18.3 [2.4] kg/m2) were included in the study. Shoulder internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER) ROM, and total ROM, IR and ER isokinetic strength and closed kinetic chain upper-extremity stability, seated medicine ball throw used, grip hold tests were applied bilaterally. Paired sample t test and Student t test were used to compare the differences. Results: ER ROM was greater, while IR ROM and total ROM were lower on the dominant shoulder (all P values < .05). Nineteen players had glenohumeral IR deficit (IR ROM difference >13°). The players had a greater ER strength on the dominant side and similar IR strength between shoulders. There was significant difference in seated medicine ball throw results between the dominant and nondominant sides (P < .001). The mean distance for bilateral seated medicine ball throw was 377.02 (85.70) m, and closed kinetic chain upper-extremity stability results were calculated as a mean of 15.85 (1.72) touches. Differences between the genders: total ROM of the dominant shoulder was higher in female players (P = .045), the IR PT/BW at 60°/s angular speed was higher in male players’ dominant shoulder (P = .030), and closed kinetic chain upper-extremity stability performance was higher in male players (P = .019). Conclusions: Adolescent tennis players demonstrated differences in strength, ROM, and functional performance results between the dominant and nondominant shoulders. Gender differences were also seen in the aforementioned parameters in junior tennis players. Determining these differences may improve our understanding of sport-specific shoulder joint adaptations in tennis.
Dancing Queer Tango: An Experience of Queer Pedagogy in PESTE
Authors: Pereira-García Sofía , López-Cañada Elena , Elling-Machartzki Agnes
Published: July 2021

Purpose: The lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, and queer/questioning students normally occupy a marginalized and at-risk position in classes and especially in physical education. In this paper, the authors explore the ways in which queer tango can contribute to counteracting heteronormativity and opening up students to new interactions and identifications through the performance of different gender performances in Physical Education and Sport Tertiary Education. Method: A queer tango session was carried out with 111 university students (91 men and 19 women aged 19–22 years). Data were obtained from interviews, video records, and open questionnaires about the practice. Results: The findings reveal that the performance of dance roles that are contrary to the heteronormative order reinforced both heteronormativity and queer embodiments in Physical Education and Sport Tertiary Education. Conclusion: An isolated activity is not enough, and more queer pedagogical practices should be introduced in order to make meaningful changes to mainstream students’ ideology and behaviors.
Conflict and Harm in the Context of Restorative School Physical Education
Authors: Hemphill Michael A. , Janke Emily M. , Flores Santos , Gordon Barrie
Published: July 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the issues of conflict and harm in physical education within a school recognized for its exemplary restorative practices. Method: A single case study approach was employed to examine one restorative school in Wellington, New Zealand. The school was purposely selected to participate in this study based on its recognition for exemplary restorative practices. Participants included physical educators (n = 11), administrators (n = 4), and students (n = 25). Data sources included interviews, observations, and reflection documents. Data were analyzed using a collaborative qualitative approach. Results: Three qualitative themes described the context of restorative school physical education, types of harm that occurred, and how physical educators were positioned as central figures in creating a context where harm was addressed. Discussion: This study provides insights into restorative practices and has implications for teaching social and emotional learning skills.
Evaluation of Left Ventricular Outflow Gradients During Staged Exercise Stress Echocardiography Helps Differentiate Pediatric Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy From Athletes and Normal Subjects
Authors: Gaitonde Mansi , Jones Shannon , McCracken Courtney , Ferguson Matthew E. , Michelfelder Erik , Sachdeva Ritu , Border William
Published: July 2021

Background: Elevated left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradients during exercise can occur in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) as well as in athletes and normal controls. The authors’ staged exercise protocol calls for imaging at rest and during each stage of exercise to evaluate the mechanism of LVOT obstruction at each stage. They investigated whether this staged approach helps differentiate HCM from athletes and normal controls. Methods: They reviewed pediatric exercise stress echocardiograms completed between January 2009 and October 2017 at their center and identified those with gene-positive HCM, athlete’s heart, and normal controls. Children with inducible obstruction (those with no LVOT gradient at rest who developed a LVOT peak gradient > 25 mm Hg during exercise) were included. LVOT peak gradient, velocity time integral, acceleration time, and deceleration time were measured at rest, submaximal stages, and peak exercise. Results: Compared with athletes, HCM patients had significantly higher LVOT peak gradients at rest (P = .019), stage 1 of exercise (P = .002), and peak exercise (P = .051), as well as a significantly higher change in LVOT peak gradient from rest to stage 1 (P = .016) and from rest to peak (P = .038). The acceleration time/deceleration time ratio of the LVOT Doppler was significantly lower in HCM patients compared with normal controls at peak exercise. Conclusions: The HCM patients who develop elevated LVOT gradients at peak exercise typically manifest early obstruction in the submaximal stages of exercise, which helps to differentiate them from athletes and normal controls.
Immune correlates of protection by mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates
Authors: Corbett Kizzmekia S. , Nason Martha C. , Flach Britta , Gagne Matthew , O’Connell Sarah , Johnston Timothy S. , Shah Shruti N. , Edara Venkata Viswanadh , Floyd Katharine , Lai Lilin , McDanal Charlene , Francica Joseph R. , Flynn Barbara , Wu Kai , Choi Angela , Koch Matthew , Abiona Olubukola M. , Werner Anne P. , Moliva Juan I. , Andrew Shayne F. , Donaldson Mitzi M. , Fintzi Jonathan , Flebbe Dillon R. , Lamb Evan , Noe Amy T. , Nurmukhambetova Saule T. , Provost Samantha J. , Cook Anthony , Dodson Alan , Faudree Andrew , Greenhouse Jack , Kar Swagata , Pessaint Laurent , Porto Maciel , Steingrebe Katelyn , Valentin Daniel , Zouantcha Serge , Bock Kevin W. , Minai Mahnaz , Nagata Bianca M. , van de Wetering Renee , Boyoglu-Barnum Seyhan , Leung Kwanyee , Shi Wei , Yang Eun Sung , Zhang Yi , Todd John-Paul M. , Wang Lingshu , Alvarado Gabriela S. , Andersen Hanne , Foulds Kathryn E. , Edwards Darin K. , Mascola John R. , Moore Ian N. , Lewis Mark G. , Carfi Andrea , Montefiori David , Suthar Mehul S. , McDermott Adrian , Roederer Mario , Sullivan Nancy J. , Douek Daniel C. , Graham Barney S. , Seder Robert A.
Published: July 2021

Antibodies dovetail with protection

Immune correlates of protection are clinical end points used to gauge vaccine-induced immunogenicity and protection. Corbett
et al
. studied nonhuman primate (NHP) immune responses to various doses of the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine to provide a range of immune responses and protective outcomes. They determined that circulating spike protein–specific antibodies correlated with protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication in the airways. Passively transferred NHP antibodies were sufficient to mediate protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in hamsters, emphasizing that antibodies are mechanistic correlates. Protection of the lower respiratory tract required lower serum antibody concentrations, possibly explaining why most current vaccines are highly effective against severe lower airway disease. The higher antibody threshold required for reducing upper airway infection has potential implications for boosting to limit transmission. —STS
Development of National Cancer Database for Cost and Quality of Life (CaDCQoL) in India: a protocol
Authors: Prinja Shankar , Dixit Jyoti , Gupta Nidhi , Mehra Nikita , Singh Ashish , Krishnamurthy Manjunath Nookala , Gupta Dharna , Rajsekar Kavitha , Kalaiyarasi Jayachandran Perumal , Roy Partha Sarathi , Malik Prabhat Singh , Mathew Anisha , Pandey Awadhesh , Malhotra Pankaj , Gupta Sudeep , Kumar Lalit , Kataki Amal , Singh Gurpreet
Published: July 2021

Introduction

The rising economic burden of cancer on healthcare system and patients in India has led to the increased demand for evidence in order to inform policy decisions such as drug price regulation, setting reimbursement package rates under publicly financed health insurance schemes and prioritising available resources to maximise value of investments in health. Economic evaluations are an integral component of this important evidence. Lack of existing evidence on healthcare costs and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) makes conducting economic evaluations a very challenging task. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a national database for health expenditure and HRQOL for cancer.

Methods and analysis

The present study proposes to develop a National Cancer Database for Cost and Quality of Life (CaDCQoL) in India. The healthcare costs will be estimated using a patient perspective. A cross-sectional study will be conducted to assess the direct out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), indirect cost and HRQOL among cancer patients who will be recruited at seven leading cancer centres from six states in India. Mean OOPE and HRQOL scores will be estimated by cancer site, stage of disease and type of treatment. Economic impact of cancer care on household financial risk protection will be assessed by estimating prevalence of catastrophic health expenditures and impoverishment. The national database would serve as a unique open access data repository to derive estimates of cancer-related OOPE and HRQOL. These estimates would be useful in conducting future cost-effectiveness analyses of management strategies for value-based cancer care.

Ethics and dissemination

Approval was granted by Institutional Ethics Committee vide letter no. PGI/IEC-03/2020-1565 of Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. The study results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented to the policymakers at national level.
Impact of aspirin use on clinical outcomes in patients with vasospastic angina: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lin Yaowang , Chen Yang , Yuan Jie , Qin Haiyan , Dong Shaohong , Chen Qiuling
Published: July 2021

Objectives

The use of aspirin to prevent cardiovascular disease in vasospastic angina (VSA) patients without significant stenosis has yet to be investigated. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of aspirin use among VSA patients.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources

PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for relevant information prior to October 2020.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

Aspirin use versus no aspirin use (placebo or no treatment) among VSA patients without significant stenosis.

Data extraction and synthesis

Two investigators extracted the study data. ORs and 95% CIs were calculated and graphed as forest plots. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale tool and Begg’s funnel plot were used to assess risk of bias.

Results

Four propensity-matched cohorts, one retrospective analysis and one prospective multicentre cohort, in total comprising 3661 patients (aspirin use group, n=1695; no aspirin use group, n=1966) were included in this meta-analysis. Aspirin use and the incidence of major cardiovascular adverse events with follow-up of 1–5 years were not significantly correlated (combined OR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.55 to 1.68, p=0.829, I2=82.2%; subgroup analysis: OR=1.09, 95% CI: 0.81 to 1.47, I2=0%). No significant difference was found between aspirin use and the incidence of myocardial infarction (OR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.09 to 4.36, p=0.615, I2=73.8%) or cardiac death (OR=1.73, 95% CI: 0.61 to 4.94, p=0.444, I2=0%) during follow-up.

Conclusion

Aspirin use may not reduce the risk of future cardiovascular events in VSA patients without significant stenosis.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020214891.
Primary care for patients with respiratory tract infection before and early on in the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational study in 16 European countries
Authors: van der Velden Alike W , Bax Eva A , Bongard Emily , Munck Aabenhus Rune , Anastasaki Marilena , Anthierens Sibyl , Balan Anca , Böhmer Femke , Bruno Pascale , Chlabicz Slawomir , Coenen Samuel , Colliers Annelies , Emmerich Susanne , Garcia-Sangenis Ana , Ghazaryan Hrachuhi , van der Linde Sanne R , Malania Lile , Pauer József , Tomacinschii Angela , Tonkin-Crine Sarah , Vellinga Akke , Zastavnyy Ihor , Verheij Theo , Goossens Herman , Butler Christopher C
Published: July 2021

Objective

To describe primary health care (consultation characteristics and management) for patients contacting their general practitioner (GP) with a respiratory tract infection (RTI) early on in the COVID-19 pandemic in contrasting European countries, with comparison to prepandemic findings.

Setting

Primary care in 16 countries (79 practices), when no routine SARS-CoV-2 testing was generally available.

Design and participants

Before (n=4376) and early in the pandemic (n=3301), patients with RTI symptoms were registered in this prospective audit study.

Outcome measures

Consultation characteristics (type of contact and use of PPE) and management characteristics (clinical assessments, diagnostic testing, prescribing, advice and referral) were registered. Differences in these characteristics between countries and between pandemic and prepandemic care are described.

Results

Care for patients with RTIs rapidly switched to telephone/video consultations (10% in Armenia, 91% in Denmark), and when consultations were face-to-face, GPs used PPE during 97% (95% CI 96% to 98%) of contacts. Laboratory testing for SARS-CoV-2 in primary care patients with RTIs was rapidly implemented in Denmark (59%) and Germany (31%), while overall testing for C reactive protein decreased. The proportion of patients prescribed antibiotics varied considerably between countries (3% in Belgium, 48% in UK) and was lower during the pandemic compared with the months before, except for Greece, Poland and UK. GPs provided frequent and varied COVID-related advice and more frequently scheduled a follow-up contact (50%, 95% CI 48% to 52%). GPs reported a slightly higher degree of confidence in the likely effectiveness of their management in face-to-face (73% (very) confident, 95% CI 71% to 76%) than in virtual consultations (69%, 95% CI 67% to 71%).

Conclusions

Despite between-country variation in consultation characteristics, access to SARS-CoV-2 laboratory testing and medication prescribing, GPs reported a high degree of confidence in managing their patients with RTIs in the emerging pandemic. Insight in the highly variable pandemic responses, as measured in this multicountry audit, can aid in fine-tuning national action and in coordinating a pan-European response during future pandemic threats.
Medical students’ experience of the hidden curriculum around primary care careers: a qualitative exploration of reflective diaries
Authors: Parekh Ravi , Jones Melvyn Mark , Singh Surinder , Yuan Jack Shi Jie , Chan See Chai Carol , Mediratta Saniya , Smith Rhys , Gunning Elinor , Gajria Camille , Kumar Sonia , Park Sophie
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Primary healthcare internationally is facing a workforce crisis with fewer junior doctors choosing general practice (GP) as a career. In the UK, a national report on GP careers highlighted adverse influences during medical school on students’ career choices. The authors explored these influences in two urban UK medical schools, both with relatively low numbers of students entering GP training.

Design

Using a phenomenological approach, the authors thematically analysed the reflective diaries of four medical students who were recruited as ‘participant researchers’ over a period of 10 months. These students made regular reflexive notes about their experiences related to GP career perceptions in their academic and personal environments, aiming to capture both positive and negative perceptions of GP careers. The research team discussed emerging data and iteratively explored and developed themes.

Setting

Two UK medical schools

Participants

Undergraduate medical students

Results

Seven key themes were identified: the lack of visibility and physicality of GP work, the lack of aspirational GP role models, students’ perceptions of a GP career as default, the performativity of student career choice with the perceptions of success linked to specialism, societal perceptions of GP careers, gender stereotyping of career choices and the student perception of life as a GP.

Conclusions

Students overwhelmingly reflected on negative cues to GP careers, particularly through their experience of the hidden curriculum. Three recommendations are made: the need for increased representation of GP role models in clinical curricula content delivery and senior leadership; ensuring GP clerkships involve an active and authentic student role with patients, enabling students to experience GP’s ‘work’ including managing complexity, uncertainty and risk. Finally, institutions need to consider students’ experiences of the hidden curriculum and the effect this can have on students’ perception of careers, alongside the challenges of rankings and perceived hierarchical positioning of disciplines.
Psychological factors for the onset of depression: a meta-analysis of prospective studies
Authors: Fu Zhongfang , Brouwer Marlies , Kennis Mitzy , Williams Alishia , Cuijpers Pim , Bockting Claudi
Published: July 2021

Objectives

A comprehensive overview of the evidence for factors derived from leading psychological theories of the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) that underpin psychological interventions is scarce . We aimed to systematically investigate the prospective evidence for factors derived from the behavioural, cognitive, diathesis–stress, psychodynamic and personality-based theories for the first onset of MDD.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

Databases PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane and Embase and published articles were systematically searched from inception up to August 2019. Prospective, longitudinal studies that investigated theory-derived factors before the first onset of MDD, established by a clinical interview, were included. Screening, selection and data extraction of articles were conducted by two screeners. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria were used to estimate level of confidence and risk of bias. Meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models and mixed-method subgroup analyses.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Effect size of a factor predicting the onset of MDD (OR, risk ratio or HR).

Results

From 42 133 original records published to August 2019, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria. Data were only available for the cognitive (n=6585) and personality-based (n=14 394) theories. Factors derived from cognitive theories and personality-based theories were related to increased odds of MDD onset (pooled OR=2.12, 95% CI: 1.12 to 4.00; pooled OR=2.43, 95% CI: 1.41 to 4.19). Publication bias and considerable heterogeneity were observed.

Conclusion

There is some evidence that factors derived from cognitive and personality-based theories indeed predict the onset of MDD (ie, dysfunctional attitudes and negative emotionality). There were no studies that prospectively studied factors derived from psychodynamic theories and not enough studies to examine the robust evidence for behavioural and diathesis–stress theories. Overall, the prospective evidence for psychological factors of MDD is limited, and more research on the leading psychological theories is needed.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42017073975.
Gravitating Meron-like topological solitons in massive Yang–Mills theory and the Einstein–Skyrme model
Authors: Ipinza Marcelo , Salgado-Rebolledo Patricio
Published: July 2021

We show that Merons in D-dimensional Einstein–Massive–Yang–Mills theory can be mapped to solutions of the Einstein–Skyrme model. The identification of the solutions relies on the fact that, when considering the Meron ansatz for the gauge connection $$A=\lambda U^{-1}dU$$

A
=
λ

U

-
1

d
U

, the massive Yang–Mills equations reduce to the Skyrme equations for the corresponding group element U. In the same way, the energy–momentum tensors of both theories can be identified and therefore lead to the same Einstein equations. Subsequently, we focus on the SU(2) case and show that introducing a mass for the Yang–Mills field restricts Merons to live on geometries given by the direct product of $$S^3$$

S
3

(or $$S^2$$

S
2

) and Lorentzian manifolds with constant Ricci scalar. We construct explicit examples for $$D=4$$

D
=
4

and $$D=5$$

D
=
5

. Finally, we comment on possible generalisations.