bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein H Promoter Polymorphisms in Relation to Lupus and Lupus-related Phenotypes
Authors: SURESH SANGITA , DEMIRCI F. YESIM K. , JACOBS ERIN , KAO AMY H. , RHEW ELISA Y. , SANGHERA DHARAMBIR K. , SELZER FAITH , SUTTON-TYRRELL KIM , McPHERSON DAVID , BONTEMPO FRANKLIN A. , KAMMERER CANDACE M. , RAMSEY-GOLDMAN ROSALIND , MANZI SUSAN , KAMBOH M. ILYAS
Published: May 2009

Objective.

Sequence variation in gene promoters is often associated with disease risk. We tested the hypothesis that common promoter variation in the APOH gene (encoding for ß2-glycoprotein I) is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) risk and SLE-related clinical phenotypes in a Caucasian cohort.

Methods.

We used a case-control design and genotyped 345 women with SLE and 454 healthy control women for 8APOHpromoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP; –1284C>G, –1219G>A, –1190G>C, –759A>G, –700C>A, –643T>C, –38G>A, and –32C>A).Association analyses were performed on single SNP and haplotypes. Haplotype analyses were performed using EH (Estimate Haplotype–frequencies) and Haploview programs.In vitroreporter gene assay was performed in COS-1 cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was performed using HepG2 nuclear cells.

Results.

Overall haplotype distribution of theAPOHpromoter SNP was significantly different between cases and controls (p = 0.009). The –643C allele was found to be protective against carotid plaque formation (adjusted OR 0.37, p = 0.013) among patients with SLE. The –643C allele was associated with a ~2-fold decrease in promoter activity as compared to wild-type –643T allele (mean ± standard deviation: 3.94 ± 0.05 vs 6.99 ± 0.68, p = 0.016). EMSA showed that the –643T>C SNP harbors a binding site for a nuclear factor. The –1219G>A SNP showed a significant association with the risk of lupus nephritis (age-adjusted OR 0.36, p = 0.016).

Conclusion.

Our data indicate thatAPOHpromoter variants may be involved in the etiology of SLE, especially the risk for autoimmune-mediated cardiovascular disease.
Sensitivity of the Classification of Psoriatic Arthritis Criteria in Early Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: D’ANGELO SALVATORE , MENNILLO GIANNA ANGELA , CUTRO MARIA STEFANIA , LECCESE PIETRO , NIGRO ANGELO , PADULA ANGELA , OLIVIERI IGNAZIO
Published: May 2009

Objective.

To determine the sensitivity of the CASPAR criteria in patients with early psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Methods.

Consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of PsA and a disease duration < 12 months were enrolled for study. The proportion of patients meeting the criteria (i.e., the sensitivity) was determined.

Results.

Forty-four patients with early PsA (23 women, 21 men; mean age 51 yrs, range 16–90) were enrolled. Mean disease duration (± SD) was 15.8 ± 14.3 weeks (range 0.1–50.9 wks). Thirty-four patients satisfied the criteria at the first visit (sensitivity 77.3%). Most patients met the skin and laboratory criterion, i.e., they were rheumatoid factor-negative, while only 2 satisfied the radiologic criterion.

Conclusion.

Our findings suggest a less satisfactory performance of the CASPAR criteria when applied in early PsA. Lower sensitivity could mainly depend on the small proportion of patients fulfilling the radiologic criterion.
Thrombin-Cleaved Osteopontin in Synovial Fluid of Subjects with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: HASEGAWA MASAHIRO , NAKOSHI YUTAKA , IINO TAKAHIRO , SUDO AKIHIRO , SEGAWA TATSUYA , MAEDA MASAHIRO , YOSHIDA TOSHIMICHI , UCHIDA ATSUMASA
Published: May 2009

Objective.

Osteopontin (OPN) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that has been recognized as a potential inflammatory cytokine. The function of OPN is modulated by protease digestion, and a thrombin-cleaved form of OPN is involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders. We examined thrombin-cleaved OPN products in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods.

Synovial fluid samples were obtained from knees of 20 patients with RA and 111 patients with OA. Thrombin-cleaved OPN product was determined using Western blotting. Levels of thrombin- cleaved and full-length OPN in synovial fluid were determined by ELISA. Synovia were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using an antibody specific to the thrombin-cleaved form.

Results.

Immunoblotting showed the presence of thrombin-cleaved OPN in synovial fluid from patients with RA and OA. ELISA results showed no difference between concentrations of full-length OPN in the synovial fluid of RA and OA patients; however, thrombin-cleaved OPN concentrations in RA synovial fluid samples were roughly 30-fold higher compared with OA samples (p < 0.001). Synovial fluid concentrations of thrombin-cleaved OPN in RA did not correlate with C-reactive protein levels. Immunohistochemistry of the synovium showed stronger reactivity in RA than in OA samples.

Conclusion.

Local generation of thrombin-cleaved OPN was increased in RA joints. Thrombin-cleaved OPN may be a useful biochemical marker of RA.
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Assessing Risk of Coronary Events in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: NIKPOUR MANDANA , GLADMAN DAFNA D. , IBAÑEZ DOMINIQUE , BRUCE IAN N. , BURNS ROBERT J. , UROWITZ MURRAY B.
Published: May 2009

Objective.

Classic risk factors do not fully account for the increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), making identification of the subset of patients at risk challenging. In this prospective cohort study we investigated whether myocardial perfusion defects in SLE are predictive of CAD events, independently of traditional Framingham risk factors.

Methods.

We performed myocardial perfusion imaging in 122 women with SLE who did not have a history of CAD. Patients had clinical and serologic evaluation, and an assessment of cardiac risk factors. They were then followed for the occurrence of CAD events. Cox regression models were used to determine independent predictors of CAD.

Results.

Forty-six (37.7%) patients had perfusion defects. Median followup was 8.7 years, during which 15 CAD events occurred (1 myocardial infarction, 14 angina). Cox modeling showed that myocardial perfusion defects are strongly predictive of CAD [hazard ratio (HR) 13.0, 95% CI 2.8 to 60.1, p = 0.001]. Although the 10-year Framingham risk score was significantly predictive of CAD (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.9, p = 0.01), the risk scores in groups with normal and abnormal scans were similar to the “low-risk” general population.

Conclusion.

In women with SLE, myocardial perfusion defects are strongly and independently predictive of CAD. Our findings suggest that myocardial perfusion imaging to assess risk of future coronary events should be considered in women with SLE.
Impairment and Disability: A Journey of Understanding
Authors: Brigham Christopher R.
Published: April 2024

The inaugural issue of the American Medical Association's (AMA's) Guides Newsletter in 1996 ignited a conversation about the concepts of impairment and disability. Although the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment has evolved significantly with evidence-based medicine from the third edition (1990) to the current 2023 version of the sixth edition, conflating impairment and disability ratings continues. Impairment and disability are distinct terms. The extent of an injury does not necessarily predict the effects on activities of daily living, including work, given other clinical factors, comorbidities, motivation, technology, and accommodations. Patients with disabilities are best understood by embracing a biopsychosocial-spiritual model that reflects a humanistic and holistic view because disability is a multifaceted concept that is influenced by evolving physical, psychological, and psychosocial factors. Evaluating impairment is a challenging undertaking and physicians tasked with impairment evaluations must be trained to use the AMA Guides appropriately.
Psychiatric Symptoms, Treatment Uptake, and Barriers to Mental Health Care Among US Adults With Post–COVID-19 Condition
Authors: Naik Hiten , Tran Karen C. , Staples John A. , Perlis Roy H. , Levin Adeera
Published: April 2024

Importance

Psychiatric symptoms are reportedly common among adults with post–COVID-19 condition (PCC). However, nationally representative data regarding symptom prevalence, treatment uptake, and barriers to care are needed to inform the development of care models.

Objectives

To evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in US adults with PCC compared with those without PCC and assess treatment uptake and cost-related barriers to treatment.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Data from the 2022 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative US cross-sectional survey, were analyzed between October 2023 and February 2024.

Exposure

Current PCC, defined as new symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection lasting more than 3 months and ongoing at the time of interview.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Depression symptoms were evaluated by the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the General Anxiety Disorder-7 instrument. Participants were classified as having received treatment if they received mental health counseling or therapy or medications for mental health. Sleep difficulties, cognitive difficulties, disabling fatigue, and cost-related barriers were assessed from additional NHIS questions.

Results

Of the 25 122 participants representing approximately 231 million US adults (median [IQR] age, 46 [32-61] years; 49.8% male and 50.2% female participants), a weighted prevalence (wPr) of 3.4% (95% CI, 3.1%-3.6%) had current PCC. Compared with other US adults, participants with current PCC were more likely to have depression symptoms (wPr, 16.8% vs 7.1%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.96; 95% CI, 1.51-2.55), anxiety symptoms (wPr, 16.7% vs 6.3%; AOR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.53-3.19), sleep difficulties (wPr, 41.5% vs 22.7%; AOR 1.95; 95% CI, 1.65-2.29), cognitive difficulties (wPr, 35.0% vs 19.5%; AOR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.66-2.50), and disabling fatigue (wPr, 4.0% vs 1.6%; AOR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.20-2.86). Among participants who had depression or anxiety symptoms, those with PCC had a similar likelihood of not having received treatment (wPr, 28.2% vs 34.9%; AOR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.66-1.57). However, participants with current PCC were more likely to report a cost-related barrier to accessing mental health counseling or therapy (wPr, 37.2% vs 23.3%; AOR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.40-2.98).

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this study suggest that people with PCC have a higher prevalence of psychiatric symptoms than other adults but are more likely to experience cost-related barriers to accessing therapy. Care pathways for PCC should consider prioritizing mental health screening and affordable treatment.
Daily Low-Level Red Light for Spherical Equivalent Error and Axial Length in Children With Myopia
Authors: Cao Kai , Tian Lei , Ma Dong-Li , Zhao Shi-Qiang , Li Ao , Jin Zi-Bing , Jie Ying
Published: April 2024

Importance

Treatments are needed to slow progression of or reduce incidence of myopia.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of daily 650-nm low-level red light (LLRL) for myopia treatment.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Single-masked, randomized clinical trial at 1 site in China. Baseline measurements were completed from August to September 2021. Participants were children aged 6 to 12 years with spherical equivalent error (SER) of −6 diopters (D) to 3 D. Data were analyzed from March to July 2023.

Interventions

Irradiation daily with 650-nm LLRL for 3 minutes twice daily 4 or more hours apart or no intervention.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary outcomes were changes in cycloplegia SER and axial length (AL) at 6- and 12-month follow-up visits. Safety was assessed on masked fundus photograph evaluations.

Results

A total of 336 children were randomly allocated into the LLRL group or control group in a 1:1 ratio. The control group contained 86 female patients (51.2%), and the treatment group contained 90 female patients (53.6%). The mean (SD) age, SER, and AL were 9.0 (1.9) years, −1.3 (1.5) D, and 23.8 (1.0) mm for all patients. A total of 161 (95.8%) in the LLRL group and 159 (94.6%) in the control group returned for the 6-month follow-up. A total of 157 (93.5%) in the LLRL group and 152 (90.5%) in the control group returned for the 12-month follow-up. Mean (SD) changes in SER were 0.15 (0.16) D and −0.26 (0.21) D for the LLRL group and the control group, respectively (difference, −0.41 D; 95% CI, −0.48 to −0.34 D; P < .001), at 6 months and 0.24 (0.27) D and −0.65 (0.33) D for the LLRL group and the control group, respectively (difference, −0.89 D; 95% CI, −0.95 to −0.83 D; P < .001), at 12 months. Mean (SD) changes in AL were −0.06 (0.08) mm and 0.13 (0.12) mm for the LLRL group and control group, respectively (difference, 0.19 mm; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.22 mm; P < .001), at 6 months and −0.11 (0.10) mm and 0.26 (0.16) mm for the LLRL group and control group, respectively (difference, 0.37 mm; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.40 mm; P < .001). Masked fundus photograph review did not identify retinal changes in either group.

Conclusions and relevance

These findings suggest daily use of 650-nm LLRL for 1 year can slow progression of SER and AL without safety concerns identified. Confirmation of these findings at independent sites seems warranted, as well as determining whether these effects can be sustained with or without continued treatment and whether LLRL has any effect on pathological myopia.

Trial Registration

ChiCTR2200058963
COVID-19 Vaccine–Associated Uveitis in Patients With a History of Uveitis
Authors: Kim Jiyeong , Kwon Hyeon Yoon , Ahn Seong Joon
Published: April 2024

Importance

Understanding the potential risk of uveitis recurrence after COVID-19 vaccination in individuals with a history of uveitis is crucial for vaccination strategies and clinical monitoring.

Objective

To investigate the risk of uveitis recurrence after COVID-19 vaccination in a cohort of individuals with a history of uveitis.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective population-based cohort study included individuals diagnosed with uveitis between January 1, 2015, and February 25, 2021, in South Korea. After excluding individuals without COVID-19 vaccination or with SARS-CoV-2 infection, individuals with a history of uveitis who had received at least 1 dose of a messenger RNA (BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech] or mRNA-1273 [Moderna]) or adenovirus vector-based (ChAdOx1 [AstraZeneca] or Ad26.COV2.S [Janssen]) COVID-19 vaccine were included. Data were analyzed from February 26, 2021, to December 31, 2022.

Exposure

Demographic and clinical data, along with vaccination details, were retrieved from the Korean National Health Insurance Service and Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency databases.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Outcomes of interest were incidence and risk of postvaccination uveitis in association with different COVID-19 vaccines and periods before and after COVID-19 vaccination. Uveitis was categorized by onset (early, within 30 days, or delayed) and type (anterior or nonanterior). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were calculated to evaluate the risk of uveitis following COVID-19 vaccination, stratified according to vaccine type and vaccination period.

Results

Of 543 737 individuals with history of uveitis, 473 934 individuals (mean [SD] age, 58.9 [17.4] years; 243 127 [51.3] female) had documented COVID-19 vaccination and were included in analysis. The cumulative incidence of postvaccination uveitis was 8.6% at 3 months, 12.5% at 6 months, and 16.8% at 1 year, predominantly of the anterior type. Variations in the risk of postvaccination uveitis were observed across different vaccines and intervaccination periods. The risk of early postvaccination uveitis was increased for individuals receiving the BNT162b2 (HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.52-1.86), mRNA-1273 (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.21-1.89), ChAdOx1 (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.43-1.79), and Ad26.COV2.S (HR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.40-3.07) vaccines. The risk of uveitis was higher particularly between the first and second vaccination doses (HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.55-1.73).

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that there was an elevated risk of uveitis following COVID-19 vaccination, with the vaccine type and period mediating this risk. For individuals with a history of uveitis, clinicians should consider the potential risk of uveitis recurrence in vaccination strategies and clinical monitoring.
Electrical line fault prediction using a novel grey wolf optimization algorithm based on multilayer perceptron
Authors: Zhang Yufei
Published: April 2024

Grey wolf optimization algorithm (GWO) has achieved great results in the optimization of neural network parameters. However, it has some problems such as insufficient precision, poor robustness, weak searching ability and easy to fall into local optimal solution. Therefore, a grey wolf optimization algorithm combining Levy flight and nonlinear inertia weights (LGWO) is proposed in this paper. The combination of Levy flight and nonlinear inertia weight is to improve the search efficiency and solve the problem that the search ability is weak and it is easy to fall into the local optimal solution. In summary, LGWO solves the problems of insufficient precision, poor robustness, weak searching ability and easy to fall into local optimal. This paper uses Congress on Evolutionary Computation benchmark function and combines algorithms with neural network for power line fault classification prediction to verify the effectiveness of each strategy improvement in LGWO and its comparison with other excellent algorithms (sine cosine algorithm, tree seed algorithm, wind driven optimization, and gravitational search algorithm). In the combination of neural networks and optimization algorithms, the accuracy of LGWO has been improved compared to the basic GWO, and LGWO has achieved the best performance in multiple algorithm comparisons.
Lyapunov stability analysis and FIL implementation for boundary‐based hybrid controller in boost converter
Authors: Patel Hardik , Shah Ankit
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive stability analysis of the boundary‐based hybrid control (BBHC) algorithm designed for boost converter. The stability assessment is carried out utilizing multiple Lyapunov functions, addressing both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) operation. The boost converter is modeled as a hybrid automaton to capture its dynamic behavior accurately. Through rigorous Lyapunov stability analysis, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of the BBHC algorithm in ensuring stable operation of the boost converter across various operating modes. Additionally, the proposed control algorithm's validation is conducted using the FPGA‐in‐the‐loop (FIL) technique, highlighting its efficiency and robustness in real‐world applications. This research contributes valuable insights into the design and implementation of stable control strategies for boost converter, emphasizing the practical utility of the BBHC algorithm with FIL for enhanced performance and reliability in power electronics systems.
Integrating Electrochemically Grown Nano‐Oxide and Polymer Films for Electrochromic Device: Achieving Near‐Infrared Shielding and Four‐Digit Efficiency
Authors: Ghosh Tanushree , Kandpal Suchita , Bansal Love , Sahu Bhumika , Rath Deb Kumar , Rani Chanchal , Kumar Rajesh
Published: April 2024

Electrochemically deposited thin films yield high uniformity, a property which is quite vital to in the context of electrochromic (EC) coatings and devices. Tungsten oxide and polyaniline are two such materials that show superior EC properties individually. However, when combined into a solid‐state device structure, they yield a device where the efficiency increases multifolds. This device combination, being thoroughly characterized in the domain of EC parameters such as high switching speeds, rich color contrast, and stability, is found to be an excellent complementary EC pair. The unique property of the said device is that it can reduce the transmission of wavelengths in the near‐infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, providing an edge over other such combinations. In addition, a four‐digit value of coloration efficiency makes this device stand out in the family of its contemporaries. Overall, the hybrid nature of the device prompts it to be an excellent combination indicating its high performance in terms of increased endurance and heat isolation capacity.
Ti3C2Tx MXene‐Reinforced Natural Rubber Nanocomposites with Tailored Mechanical and Antiaging Properties
Authors: Wijesinghe Ishara , Wimalachandra Sajani , Chathuranga Hiran , Kondarage Yashodha , Hettige Dharmasiri Chathushka D. , Firestein Konstantin L. , Tesfamichael Tuquabo , Bai Ruixiang , Lei Zhenkun , Yan Cheng
Published: April 2024

Recently, MXene has been identified as a novel reinforcing material for elastomers. Also, the free‐radical scavenging ability of MXene can be used to improve the antiaging properties of unsaturated elastomers, such as natural rubber (NR). Herein, Ti3C2Tx MXene is incorporated into NR at 0–0.8 wt% to investigate the mechanical and antiaging properties of NR/MXene nanocomposites (NRMX). The resultant nanocomposites with increasing MXene content show improved tensile properties and storage modulus due to the homogeneous distribution of MXene in the nanocomposite, interfacial interaction between MXene and NR molecules, and immobilization of NR polymer chains by MXene. Also, the reduced permanent deformation and hysteresis indicate a lowered heat build‐up with increasing MXene concentration. Finally, the improved mechanical properties retention, increased glass transition temperature, reduced free radical, and –OH and CO formation upon accelerated aging confirm the enhancement of the antiaging properties of NRMX nanocomposites.
Influence of Build Height on Quality of Additively Manufactured Thermoplastic Polyurethane Parts
Authors: Gangwar Sudhanshu , Saxena Prateek , Biermann Tobias , Steinnagel Carl , Lachmayer Roland
Published: April 2024

Due to geometrical degrees of freedom, low cost, and ease of realizing complex structures, polymer additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged exceptionally well. Even with rapid evolutionary growth, AM lacks sound quality mainly including inherent porosity and surface roughness compared to their counterparts (conventional manufacturing processes) due to the involvement of several printing parameters in AM processes. This quality‐based comparative assessment presents the influence of build/layer height on the porosity (using micro‐X‐ray computed tomography) and surface roughness (in build direction) of additively manufactured thermoplastic polyurethane (due to its versatile properties in applications like wearable electronics and biomedical) using three different polymer AM processes namely selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, and stereolithography. Along with porosity, an in‐depth pore characterization is also performed to understand the geometrical feature and severity of pores present in each sample of the AM process. Results are compared finally to make concluding remarks.
Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melting‐Processed Multihierarchical Lattice Structure Based on Body‐Centered‐Cubic Unit Cell
Authors: Nie Yu , Ren Yi , Gao Haoze , Liu Zhuofan , Ran Wei , Lou Chao , Chen Wei
Published: April 2024

Herein, three types of multihierarchical lattice structures (MHLSs) with different configurations are designed based on the body‐centered‐cubic (BCC) unit cell. The designed lattice structures are fabricated using Ti‐6Al‐4 V powder as feedstock material through selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The microstructure and surface morphology of the SLM‐formed samples are observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Theoretical calculation and quasistatic compression experiment are carried out to investigate their mechanical properties. The result shows that the size error of slave cell with small strut diameters is greater than that of master cell with larger strut diameters. All MHLSs exhibit superior mechanical properties compared to the BCC lattice structure. Moreover, the specific elastic modulus and specific yield strength of MHLSs with the best mechanical properties are 70.1% and 51.0% higher than that of BCC lattice structure, respectively. Meanwhile, theoretical calculation results of the elastic modulus and yield strength are consistent with the results of quasi‐static compression testing. The fracture morphology analysis indicates that the struts of the MHLSs samples exhibit a mixed brittle–plastic fracture mode, while the nodes exhibit a plastic fracture mode.
Low‐Temperature Dual‐Material Area‐Selective Deposition: Molybdenum Hexafluoride‐Mediated SiO2 Fluorination/Passivation for Self‐Aligned Molybdenum/Metal Oxide Nanoribbons
Authors: Oh Hwan , Thelven Jeremy M. , Margavio Hannah R. M. , Parsons Gregory N.
Published: April 2024

Area‐selective deposition (ASD) is a forefront nanopatterning technique gaining substantial attention in the semiconductor industry. While current research primarily addresses single‐material ASD, exploring multi‐material ASD is essential for mitigating complexity in advanced nanopatterning. This study describes molybdenum hexafluoride (MoF6)‐mediated fluorination/passivation of the hydroxylated SiO2 (SiO2‒OH) at 250 °C as a new method to pacify nucleation during subsequent ZnO and TiO2 atomic layer deposition (ALD). In contrast, Al2O3 ALD is not passivated on the fluorinated SiO2 (SiO2‒F). The study further shows that Mo ALD using MoF6 and silane (1 wt% SiH4 in Ar) selectively proceeds on hydrogen‐terminated Si (Si‒H), whereas SiO2‒OH becomes fluorine‐passivated without observable Mo deposition. This enables subsequent ZnO and TiO2 ASD on Mo versus SiO2‒F, as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Proposed growth and inhibition mechanisms highlight the importance of the metal oxide precursor in achieving selectivity. Taken together, self‐aligned Mo/ZnO and Mo/TiO2 nanoribbons are demonstrated on coplanar nanoscale Si‒H/SiO2‒OH patterns by sequentially integrating two individual ASD processes: 1) Mo ASD on Si‒H versus SiO2‒OH; and 2) ZnO or TiO2 ASD on Mo versus SiO2‒F. This work highlights the potential for this approach in new ASD systems.
From Single Metals to High‐Entropy Alloys: How Machine Learning Accelerates the Development of Metal Electrocatalysts
Authors: Fan Xinyu , Chen Letian , Huang Dulin , Tian Yun , Zhang Xu , Jiao Menggai , Zhou Zhen
Published: April 2024

The rapid advancement of high‐performance computing and artificial intelligence technology has opened up novel avenues for the development of various metal electrocatalysts. In particular, dilute and high‐entropy alloys have garnered significant attention owing to their unique electronic and spatial structures, as well as their exceptional electrocatalytic performance. Commencing with the exploration of single‐atom alloy catalysts, the latest advancements in machine learning (ML) techniques are presented for the efficient screening of a broad spectrum of metal spaces. Subsequently, the review delves into the prevailing trend in alloy research, focusing specifically on rare‐metal alloy electrocatalysts, and offers an overview of the progress and outcomes achieved through the application of ML in these domains. Finally, high‐entropy alloys are highlighted as a promising category of electrocatalysts and underscore the importance and potential applications of ML in addressing complex and challenging research issues are underscored.
A Copper/Ferrous‐Engineering Redox Homeostasis Disruptor for Cuproptosis/Ferroptosis Co‐Activated Nanocatalytic Therapy in Liver Cancer
Authors: Zhang Xiaoling , Zhu Jiuxin , Wang Sihao , Li Siyi , E Jiaoting , Hu Jiahe , Mou Ruishu , Ding He , Yang Piaoping , Xie Rui
Published: April 2024

Cuproptosis and ferroptosis hold great promise for overcoming apoptotic resistance in liver cancer based on their unique metal‐driven cell death modalities. However, insufficient intracellular copper and iron concentration, complicated tumor microenvironment (TME), and unclear cross‐regulatory mechanisms between cuproptosis and ferroptosis, severely restrict the therapeutic performance. Herein, copper‐doped hollow Prussian blue (CHP) nanozymes are rationally designed for loading photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) and O2‐saturated perfluorohexane (PFH), denoted as O2‐PFH@CHPI nanoparticles, to induce cuproptosis and ferroptosis. In response to the specific TME, the CHP nanozymes can synergistically catalyze Fenton reactions and consume endogenous glutathione, leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Upon near‐infrared irradiation, the O2‐PFH@CHPI‐enabled photothermal effect can simultaneously accelerate catalytic reactions and trigger O2 release for photodynamic therapy to promote oxidative stress. Notably, cuproptosis can be effectively activated through Cu+‐mediated dihydrolipoamide S‐acetyltransferase aggregation and Fe–S cluster protein loss. Concurrently, the tilt of redox balance is favorable for lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase 4 inactivation, resulting in an augmented ferroptosis effect. Mechanistically, oxidative stress‐boosted cuproptosis and ferroptosis jointly disrupt mitochondrial metabolism, which in turn exacerbates intracellular oxidative stress, thus realizing a mutually enhanced therapeutic effect. This work may provide new guidance for utilizing copper/ferrous‐engineering nanozymes for cuproptosis/ferroptosis synergetic therapy.
Impact of Hierarchical Dopant‐Induced Microstructure on Thermoelectric Properties of p‐Type Si‐Ge Alloys Revealed by Comprehensive Multi‐Scale Characterization
Authors: Jang Kyuseon , Ko Won‐Seok , Son Ji‐Hee , Jang Jeong‐In , Kim Bongseo , Vega‐Parades Miquel , Jang Hanhwi , Allahyari Maryam , Kim Se‐Ho , Ryou KenHee , Chae Donghyeon , Park Hail , Jung Yeon Sik , Oh Min‐Wook , Jung Chanwon , Scheu Christina , Choi Pyuck‐Pa
Published: April 2024

Dopant‐induced microstructure in thermoelectric materials significantly affects thermoelectric properties and offers a potential to break the interdependence between electron and phonon transport properties. However, identifying all‐scale dopant‐induced microstructures and correlating them with thermoelectric properties remain a huge challenge owing to a lack of detailed microstructural characterization encompassing all length scales. Here, the hierarchical boron (B)‐induced microstructures in B‐doped Si80Ge20 alloys with different B concentrations are investigated to determine their precise effects on thermoelectric properties. By adopting a multi‐scale characterization approach, including X‐ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography, five distinctive B‐induced phases within Si80Ge20 alloys are identified. These phases exhibit different sizes, compositions, and crystal structures. Furthermore, their configuration is comprehensively determined according to B doping concentrations to elucidate their consequential impact on the unusual changes in carrier concentration, density‐of‐states effective mass, and lattice thermal conductivity. The study provides insights into the intricate relationship between hierarchical dopant‐induced microstructures and thermoelectric properties and highlights the importance of investigating all‐scale microstructures in excessively‐doped systems for determining the precise structure‐property relationships.
Atomically Dispersed Platinum on Conjugated Polymers with Tailored Cation‐π Interactions and Microstructures for Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Longsheng , Ma Ziwei , Wu Zhenzhong , Liu Yunxia , Bai Jing , Zhang Shouhan , Debroye Elke , Fan Wei , Lin Haiping , Liu Tianxi
Published: April 2024

Developing high‐performance platinum (Pt) single atom catalyst with maximum metal‐atom‐utilization efficiency is of significance for water electrolysis, which demonstrates enormous potentials toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In addition to stably immobilizing Pt single atoms on a support material, it is highly desired to elaborately tailor their coordination environments for achieving optimized HER performance. In this work, a general strategy is reported to develop advanced catalysts with Pt single atoms immobilized on conjugated polymers, where their coordination environments and HER activities can be readily tailored by adjusting the cation‐π interactions formed between the Pt single atoms and conjugated polymers. For the proof‐of‐concept study, polypyrrole (PPy), polyfuran (PFu), and polythiophene (PTh) with analogous molecular structures are investigated, where the N, O, and S heteroatoms in PPy, PFu, and PTh can affect their π domains and induce different cation‐π interactions. Experimental and theoretical studies both suggest that the HER performance of the resulting catalysts follows the trend of Pt1‐PTh < Pt1‐PFu < Pt1‐PPy, which shows a correlation with their cation‐π interactions. Moreover, by utilizing the microstructure‐tailorable property of conjugated polymers, PPy aerogel with enhanced specific surface area are prepared to support Pt single atoms, achieving substantial HER performance improvement.
AMPLON: Amplifying DNA with Multiarm Priming and Looping Optimization of Nucleic Acid
Authors: Doganay Mert Tunca , Roman Ethan , Hujer Andrea M. , Bonomo Robert A. , Deeks Steven G. , Kuritzkes Daniel R. , Draz Mohamed S.
Published: April 2024

Nucleic acid amplification, the bedrock of biotechnology and molecular diagnostics, surges in applications—especially isothermal approaches—heightening the demand for advanced and precisely engineered methods. Here, a novel approach for amplifying DNA with multiarm priming and looping optimization of nucleic acid (AMPLON) is presented. AMPLON relies on a novel polymeric material with unique set of multiarm polyethylene glycol–DNA primers for efficient DNA amplification under isothermal conditions. Each arm carries single‐stranded DNA complementing the sense or antisense sequence of the target DNA. The amplification reaction begins with antisense arms binding to the target DNA, forming a template for sense‐carrying arms to direct multiarm large DNA amplicon synthesis through successive DNA looping and unlooping steps. Using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) as a model clinical target, AMPLON exhibits high sensitivity, detecting target concentrations as low as 100 copies mL−1. Compared to a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay using sensitive primers, AMPLON reliably identifies HIV‐1 RNA in plasma samples (n = 20) with a significant agreement rate of 95%. With its ability to achieve highly specific and sensitive target amplification within 30 min, AMPLON holds immense potential to transform the field of nucleic acid research and unleashing new possibilities in medicine and biotechnology.
Achieving High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries by Modulating Li+ Desolvation Barrier with Liquid Crystal Polymers
Authors: Miao Xiang , Song Chenxi , Hu Wei , Ren Yaoyu , Shen Yang , Nan Ce‐wen
Published: April 2024

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries offer high theoretical capacity but are hindered by poor rate capability and cycling stability due to sluggish Li2S precipitation kinetics. Here a sulfonate‐group‐rich liquid crystal polymer (poly‐2,2′‐disulfonyl‐4,4′‐benzidine terephthalamide, PBDT) is designed and fabricated to accelerate Li2S precipitation by promoting the desolvation of Li+ from electrolyte. PBDT‐modified separators are employed to assemble Li–S batteries, which deliver a remarkable rate capacity (761 mAh g−1 at 4 C) and cycling stability (500 cycles with an average decay rate of 0.088% per cycle at 0.5 C). A PBDT‐based pouch cell even delivers an exceptional capacity of ≈1400 mAh g−1 and an areal capacity of ≈11 mAh cm−2 under lean‐electrolyte and high‐sulfur‐loading condition, demonstrating promise for practical applications. Results of Raman spectra, molecular dynamic (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the abundant anionic sulfonate groups of PBDT aid in Li+ desolvation by attenuating Li+‐solvent interactions and lowering the desolvation energy barrier. Plus, the polysulfide adsorption/catalysis is also excluded via electrostatic repulsion. This work elucidates the critical impact of Li+ desolvation on Li–S batteries and provides a new design direction for advanced Li–S batteries.
A Strong, Tough, and Stable Composite with Nacre‐Inspired Sandwich Structure
Authors: Wang Shaoxiong , Tan Lulu , Yang Zhao , Zhao Hewei , Guo Lin
Published: April 2024

Improving the fracture resistance of nacre‐inspired composites is crucial in addressing the strength‐toughness trade‐off. However, most previously proposed strategies for enhancing fracture resistance in these composites have been limited to interfacial modification by polymer, which restricts mechanical enhancement. Here, a composite material consisting of graphene oxide (GO) lamellae and nanocrystalline reinforced amorphous alumina nanowires (NAANs) has been developed. The structure of the composite is inspired by nacre and is composed of stacked GO nanosheets with NAANs in between, forming a sandwich‐like structure. This design enhances the fracture resistance of the composite through the pull‐out of GO nanosheets at the nanoscale and GO/NAANs sandwich‐like coupling at the micro‐scale, while also providing stiff ceramic support. This composite simultaneously possesses high strength (887.8 MPa), toughness (31.6 MJ m−3), superior cyclic stability (1600 cycles), and long‐term (2 years) immersion stability, which outperform previously reported GO‐based lamellar composites. The hierarchical fracture design provides a new path to design next‐generation strong, tough, and stable materials for advanced engineering applications.
Co‐Assembled Nanoparticles toward Multi‐Target Combinational Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease by Making Full Use of Molecular Recognition and Self‐Assembly
Authors: Li Wen‐Bo , Xu Lin‐Lin , Wang Si‐Lei , Wang Ying‐Yue , Pan Yu‐Chen , Shi Lin‐Qi , Guo Dong‐Sheng
Published: April 2024

The complex pathologies in Alzheimer's disease (AD) severely limit the effectiveness of single‐target pharmic interventions, thus necessitating multi‐pronged therapeutic strategies. While flexibility is essentially demanded in constructing such multi‐target systems, for achieving optimal synergies and also accommodating the inherent heterogeneity within AD. Utilizing the dynamic reversibility of supramolecular strategy for conferring sufficient tunability in component substitution and proportion adjustment, amphiphilic calixarenes are poised to be a privileged molecular tool for facilely achieving function integration. Herein, taking β‐amyloid (Aβ) fibrillation and oxidative stress as model combination pattern, a supramolecular multifunctional integration is proposed by co‐assembling guanidinium‐modified calixarene with ascorbyl palmitate and loading dipotassium phytate within calixarene cavity. Serial pivotal events can be simultaneously addressed by this versatile system, including 1) inhibition of Aβ production and aggregation, 2) disintegration of Aβ fibrils, 3) acceleration of Aβ metabolic clearance, and 4) regulation of oxidative stress, which is verified to significantly ameliorate the cognitive impairment of 5×FAD mice, with reduced Aβ plaque content, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. Confronted with the extremely intricate clinical realities of AD, the strategy presented here exhibits ample adaptability for necessary alterations on combinations, thereby may immensely expedite the advancement of AD combinational therapy through providing an exceptionally convenient platform.
Short‐Wave Infrared Colloidal QD Photodetector with Nanosecond Response Times Enabled by Ultrathin Absorber Layers
Authors: Deng Yu‐Hao , Pang Chao , Kheradmand Ezat , Leemans Jari , Bai Jing , Minjauw Matthias , Liu Jiayi , Molkens Korneel , Beeckman Jeroen , Detavernier Christophe , Geiregat Pieter , Van Thourhout Dries , Hens Zeger
Published: April 2024

Ultrafast short‐wavelength infrared (SWIR) photodetection is of great interest for emerging automated vision and spatial mapping technologies. Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) stand out for SWIR photodetection compared to epitaxial (In,Ga)As or (Hg,Cd)Te semiconductors by their combining a size‐tunable bandgap and a suitability for cost‐effective, solution‐based processing. However, achieving ultrafast, nanosecond‐level response time has remained an outstanding challenge for QD‐based SWIR photodiodes (QDPDs). Here, record 4 ns response time in PbS‐based QDPDs that operate at SWIR wavelengths is reported, a result reaching the requirement of SWIR light detection and ranging based on colloidal QDs. These ultrafast QDPDs combine a thin active layer to reduce the carrier transport time and a small area to inhibit slow capacitive discharging. By implementing a concentration gradient ligand exchange method, high‐quality p–n junctions are fabricated in these ultrathin QDPDs. Moreover, these ultrathin QDPDs attain an external quantum efficiency of 42% at 1330 nm, due to a 2.5‐fold enhanced light absorption through the formation of a Fabry–Perot cavity within the QDPD and the highly efficient extraction (98%) of photogenerated charge carriers. Based on these results, it is estimated that a further increase of the charge‐carrier mobility can lead to PbS QDPDs with sub‐nanosecond response time.
Primary Human Breast Cancer‐Associated Endothelial Cells Favor Interactions with Nanomedicines
Authors: Wang Lin , Sheth Vinit , Liu Kaili , Panja Prasanta , Frickenstein Alex N. , He Yuxin , Yang Wen , Thomas Abigail G. , Jamei Mohammad Hasan , Park Jeesoo , Lyu Shanxin , Donahue Nathan D. , Chen Wei R. , Bhattacharya Resham , Mukherjee Priyabrata , Wilhelm Stefan
Published: April 2024

Cancer nanomedicines predominately rely on transport processes controlled by tumor‐associated endothelial cells to deliver therapeutic and diagnostic payloads into solid tumors. While the dominant role of this class of endothelial cells for nanoparticle transport and tumor delivery is established in animal models, the translational potential in human cells needs exploration. Using primary human breast cancer as a model, the differential interactions of normal and tumor‐associated endothelial cells with clinically relevant nanomedicine formulations are explored and quantified. Primary human breast cancer‐associated endothelial cells exhibit up to ≈2 times higher nanoparticle uptake than normal human mammary microvascular endothelial cells. Super‐resolution imaging studies reveal a significantly higher intracellular vesicle number for tumor‐associated endothelial cells, indicating a substantial increase in cellular transport activities. RNA sequencing and gene expression analysis indicate the upregulation of transport‐related genes, especially motor protein genes, in tumor‐associated endothelial cells. Collectively, the results demonstrate that primary human breast cancer‐associated endothelial cells exhibit enhanced interactions with nanomedicines, suggesting a potentially significant role for these cells in nanoparticle tumor delivery in human patients. Engineering nanoparticles that leverage the translational potential of tumor‐associated endothelial cell‐mediated transport into human solid tumors may lead to the development of safer and more effective clinical cancer nanomedicines.
Manufacturing Free‐Standing, Porous Metallic Layers with Dynamic Hydrogen Bubble Templating
Authors: Mularczyk Adrian , Niblett Daniel , Wijpkema Adam , van Maris Marc P. F. H. L. , Forner‐Cuenca Antoni
Published: April 2024

The 3D structure (i.e., microstructure) of porous electrodes governs the performance of emerging electrochemical technologies such as fuel cells, electrolysis, and batteries. Sustaining electrochemical reactions and convective‐diffusive mass transport at high efficiency is complex and motivates the search for sophisticated microstructures with multimodal pore size distributions and pore size gradients. Here a new synthesis route for porous, metallic layers is presented that combines the characteristics of carbon structures (i.e., pore size, porosity) with the properties of metals (i.e., recyclability, conductivity). Building on the method of dynamic hydrogen bubble templating, a novel approach is engineered to manufacture thin, free‐standing layers using an electrochemical flow cell through the introduction of an intermediate layer and optimization of the synthesis parameters. Mechanically stable layers are created with thicknesses ranging from ≈50 to ≈200 µm comprising porous, dendritic structures, arranged to form a vascular network of larger pores with a gradient in radii from ≈5 µm at the bottom and up to ≈36 µm at the top of the material. Using X‐ray tomographic data, the morphology is analyzed, and the diffusive transport through the material as a function of liquid filling is simulated and compared to state‐of‐the‐art carbon fiber‐based electrodes, showing significantly higher mass transfer properties.
Bowl Shaped Oxide‐Templated Gold Nanostructured Arrays and Structure‐Induced Hydrophilic–Hydrophobic Transition and Molecular Trapping Effect
Authors: Yang Xiaowei , Lu Yanyan , Zhao Qian , Lei Biao , Chen Kang , Wei Yi , Zhang Hongwen , Cai Weiping
Published: April 2024

A facile and versatile methodology is developed for the synthesis of diverse gold nanostructured arrays employing an oxide secondary template combined with sputtering deposition. A bowl‐shaped tin oxide‐built array, with fine structure on its bowl edges, is first designed and prepared by solution‐dipping of an organic colloidal monolayer, drying, and heating treatment. This array is then used as a secondary template for a gold nanostructured array by sputtering deposition on it. By controlling the solution's concentration and drying rate to adjust the fine structure of the secondary template, various new gold nanostructured arrays with hexagonal arrangement are fabricated, including “graphene‐structured” gold nanoarray, non‐contact nanoparticle's ring array, closely contacted nanoring array, and bowl/nanoparticle binary composite nanoarray, achieving the structural diversity and morphological tunability of nanoarrays. Additionally, these gold nanostructured arrays can transition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic properties solely by adjusting their surface architecture. Importantly, the bowl‐shaped structural units within these gold nanoarrays demonstrate a marked capability for capturing target molecules that can only very weakly interact with plasmonic metals. This work offers an efficient route to achieve the structural diversity of nanoarrays, which is of significance in designing and fabricating foundational materials for the next generation of multifunctional nanodevices.
Non‐coalescence of nonidentical droplets in oil under a DC electric field
Authors: Huang Xin , Chen Mindan , Huang Yunyun , Luo Xiaoming , Teng Lin , Xiao Longqiang , Li Jiaqing
Published: April 2024

Excessive electric field strength causes the droplets to contact but not coalesce, severely deteriorating the oil–water separation efficiency. The investigation of the non‐coalescence of nonidentical droplets in oil under a DC electric field is conducted using high‐speed photography. The effects of droplet volume ratio and interfacial tension ratio on the characteristics and critical parameters for droplet non‐coalescence are systematically explored. The results show the critical electrocapillary number for the non‐coalescence of nonidentical droplets and critical contact cone angle decreases as the volume sum increases or the interfacial tension ratio decreases, which is related to the competition between the resultant electric field force and the interfacial tension force. These results contribute to optimizing the operating parameters of the electric coalescer and improving the oil–water separation efficiency.