bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of positive ions and electrically neutral active particles in afterglow in neon at low pressure
Authors: Pejović Milić M. , Nešić Nikola T. , Pejović Momčilo M.
Published: April 2014

Kinetics of positive ions and electrically neutral active particles formed during breakdown and successive discharge in neon-filled tube at 6.6 millibars pressure had been analyzed. This analysis was performed on the basis of mean value of electrical breakdown time delay t¯d dependence on afterglow period τ (memory curve). It was shown that positive ions are present in the 1μs < τ < 30 ms interval, which is manifested through t¯d slow increase with the increase of τ. A rapid t¯d increase in the 30 ms < τ < 3 s interval is a consequence of significant decrease of positive ions concentration and dominant role in breakdown initiation have ground state nitrogen atoms, which further release secondary electrons from the cathode by catalytic recombination process. These atoms are formed during discharge by dissociation of ground state nitrogen molecules that are present as impurities in neon. For τ > 3 s, breakdown is initiated by cosmic rays and natural radioactivity. The increase of discharge current leads to decrease of t¯d due to the increase of positive ions concentration in inter electrode gap. The increase of applied voltage also decreases t¯d for τ > 30 ms due to the increase of the probability for initial electron to initiate breakdown. The presence of UV radiation leads to the decrease of t¯d due to the increased electron yield caused by photoelectrons. The influence of photoelectrons on breakdown initiation can be noticed for τ > 0.1 ms, while they dominantly determine t¯d for τ > 30 ms.
Spin Hall controlled magnonic microwaveguides
Authors: Demidov V. E. , Urazhdin S. , Rinkevich A. B. , Reiss G. , Demokritov S. O.
Published: April 2014

We use space-resolved magneto-optical spectroscopy to study the influence of spin Hall effect on the excitation and propagation of spin waves in microscopic magnonic waveguides. We find that the spin Hall effect not only increases the spin-wave propagation length, but also results in an increased excitation efficiency due to the increase of the dynamic susceptibility in the vicinity of the inductive antenna. We show that the efficiency of the propagation length enhancement is strongly dependant on the type of the excited spin-wave mode and its wavelength.
Cell adhesion and growth on surfaces modified by plasma and ion implantation
Authors: Araujo W. W. R. , Teixeira F. S. , da Silva G. N. , Salvadori D. M. F. , Salvadori M. C.
Published: April 2014

In this study, we show and discuss the results of the interaction of living CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells, in terms of adhesion and growth on glass, SU-8 (epoxi photoresist), PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), and DLC (hydrogen free diamond-like carbon) surfaces. Glass, SU-8, and DLC but not PDMS showed to be good surfaces for cell growth. DLC surfaces were treated by oxygen plasma (DLC-O) and sulfur hexafluoride plasma (DLC-F). After 24 h of cell culture, the number of cells on DLC-O was higher than on DLC-F surface. SU-8 with silver implanted, creating nanoparticles 12 nm below the surface, increased significantly the number of cells per unit area.
Development of a thermal sensor to probe cell viability and concentration in cell suspensions
Authors: Park Byoung Kyoo , Yi Namwoo , Park Jaesung , Kim Yonggoo , Kim Dongsik
Published: April 2014

This paper presents a novel biothermal sensor to probe cell viability and concentration of a cell suspension. The sensing technique exploits the thermophysical properties of the suspension, so no labeling of suspended cells is required. When the sensor is periodically heated, the amplitude and phase of the thermal signal are dependent on the thermal properties of the cell suspension, particularly the thermal conductivity k. We measured k of HeLa, hepatocyte, and NIH-3T3 J2 cell suspensions with various concentrations and viabilities. The results demonstrate that the k of a cell suspension has a strong correlation with its concentration and viability. Accordingly, k can be employed as an index of cell concentration and viability. Furthermore, without data processing to obtain k, the electric signal that reflects the thermal response of the sensor can be used as a tool to probe viability of a cell suspension in real time. The proposed thermal sensing technique offers label-free, non-invasive, long-term, and real-time means to probe the viability and concentration of cells in a suspension.
Addition of L-ascorbic acid to culture and vitrification media of IVF porcine blastocysts improves survival and reduces HSPA1A levels of vitrified embryos
Authors: Castillo-Martín Miriam , Yeste Marc , Soler Albert , Morató Roser , Bonet Sergi
Published: April 2014

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of l-ascorbic acid on embryo quality and gene expression of porcine blastocysts after supplementations of in vitro culture medium and/or vitrification–warming media. Embryo quality, in terms of total cell number (TCN), DNA fragmentation and peroxide levels, together with the relative transcript abundance of BCL-2 associated X protein (BAX), BCL2-like 1 (BCL2L1), POU class 5 homeobox 1 (POU5F1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSPA1A), was analysed. In Experiment 1, gene expression and embryo quality of fresh blastocysts were evaluated after culture with or without l-ascorbic acid; no significant differences were observed between the groups. In Experiment 2, blastocysts cultured with or without l-ascorbic acid were vitrified using two different vitrification solutions, supplemented or not with l-ascorbic acid. Supplementation of culture and vitrification media significantly enhanced survival rates and reduced peroxide levels. No significant differences in TCN, DNA fragmentation and BAX, BCL2L1 and POU5F1 expression were found in vitrified blastocysts among experimental groups. Vitrification procedures increase HSPA1A transcript abundance, but this increase was significantly lower in embryos cultured and/or vitrified with l-ascorbic acid. Thus, supplementing culture and/or vitrification media with l-ascorbic acid enhances survival rates of porcine blastocysts, suggesting a relationship with HSPA1A expression.
Muscular anatomy of the tail of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus
Authors: Dawson Rebekah , Milne Nick , Warburton Natalie M.
Published: April 2014

The western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus, is a large-bodied kangaroo that engages in pentapedal locomotion at low speeds and bipedal hopping at high speeds. The tail is thought to have functional roles in both of these modes of locomotion. In pentapedal locomotion the tail acts as a ‘fifth limb’ to support the body weight together with the forelimbs while the hind limbs are drawn forward. The tail has also been suggested to have a role as a counterbalance during bipedal hopping. On the basis of these functional roles for the tail in locomotion, the caudal musculature of the western grey kangaroo was dissected and described in this study. The arrangement of the caudal musculature showed particular adaptations for the role of the tail in both pentapedal locomotion and bipedal hopping.
LRP1 is a receptor for
Clostridium perfringens
TpeL toxin indicating a two-receptor model of clostridial glycosylating toxins
Authors: Schorch Björn , Song Shuo , van Diemen Ferdy R. , Bock Hans H. , May Petra , Herz Joachim , Brummelkamp Thijn R. , Papatheodorou Panagiotis , Aktories Klaus
Published: April 2014

Significance

Glycosylating toxins are major virulence factors of pathogenic
Clostridia
, including
Clostridium difficile
toxins A and B, which cause antibiotics-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. Host cell uptake of these toxins is suggested to be mediated via C-terminal combined repetitive oligopeptides (CROP). Here, we identified LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) as a host cell receptor of
Clostridium perfringens
TpeL toxin, a recently identified clostridial glycosylating toxin, which has no CROP domain. TpeL binds to LRP1 with a C-terminal receptor-binding domain, which is conserved in all other clostridial glycosylating toxins and precedes the CROP domain. Thus, our study identifies LRP1 as TpeL receptor and suggests a two-receptor model for clostridial glycosylating toxins, which offers additional perspectives in antitoxin strategies.
Ruth First: the analysis and practice of politics in South Africa
Authors: Williams Gavin
Published: April 2014

This is the text prepared for a lecture given to the Walter Rodney Memorial Series, African Studies Centre, Boston University, 8 November 1982, in tribute to Ruth First. It discusses her writing on South Africa and Namibia in the context of her political commitments and ultimately her assassination. It considers the forms and themes of her writing; her role as communist and journalist; the Congress Alliance; nationalism, socialism and the Freedom Charter; capital and labour; the treason trial to the sabotage campaign; Namibia; peasants and politics; detention without trial; exile and solidarity; historical interpretation and revolutionary strategy.
Ruth First: a revolutionary life in revolutionary times
Authors: O'Laughlin Bridget
Published: April 2014

Writing about the life of Olive Schreiner, Ruth First hoped that biography could capture the dilemmas of a white South African woman and writer at the turn of the twentieth century, caught in a world that made her, but in which she could not bear to live as it was. Ruth First too struggled her entire life against the injustices of race and class in southern Africa, but she did so with a confidence, joy and energy that Schreiner never achieved. Written on the basis of conversations with Ruth First in Mozambique in the last period of her life, this paper explores the possibilities and dilemmas posed by her commitment to a disciplined collective revolutionary project embedded in strong nationalist movements.
Ruth First: internationalist activist, researcher and teacher: the long road to Mozambique
Authors: Gentili Anna Maria
Published: April 2014

I was in prison when Ruth First was assassinated, felt almost alone. Lost a sister in arms … It is no consolation to know that she lives beyond her grave. (Mandela 2010, 333)

This article analyses the contribution of Ruth First to the knowledge of struggles in South Africa and in Africa as a whole. First was inspired by her experience as a militant researcher in South Africa, by her editing of Govan Mbeki's work on Transkei and by her experiences in the UK. This contribution makes a significant examination of First's interest in and engagement with the broadly defined left of Italian politics, encompassing her work for the Lelio Basso Foundation, including its work on violations of the UN Charter. It also discusses First's wide-ranging and diverse analyses of Africa. It concludes with a discussion of First's work at the Centro de Estudos Africanos, and the development of the close interrelation between teaching and research developed there, which was politically engaged in a critical but dynamic way.
‘More comfortably without her?’: Ruth First as writer and activist
Authors: Saul John S.
Published: April 2014

This article draws on a speech made at the Ruth First Symposium in London in June 2012. It describes Ruth First's role as a writer, political organiser and mobiliser of the freedom struggle within and without South Africa, drawing attention to her intellectual contribution and underscoring the importance of her Maputo years, with their broader significance. It discusses the personal tensions that many had with her, but points out that there was always a political issue at stake in these disagreements. It stresses her role as a scholar-activist, and following Brecht suggests that her assassination was an attempt by the assassins to ‘sleep more comfortably’. It then draws powerfully on a letter from Rusty Bernstein to pose the question of what First would have made of the contemporary situation in South Africa, where the ‘Empire of Capital’ is still dominant.
Low concentrations of ethanol stimulate biofilm and pellicle formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Tashiro Yosuke , Inagaki Aya , Ono Kaori , Inaba Tomohiro , Yawata Yutaka , Uchiyama Hiroo , Nomura Nobuhiko
Published: April 2014

Biofilms are communities of surface-attached microbial cells that resist environmental stresses. In this study, we found that low concentrations of ethanol increase biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 but not in a mutant of it lacking both Psl and Pel exopolysaccharides. Low concentrations of ethanol also increased pellicle formation at the air–liquid interface.
Stage-specific quercetin sulfation in the gut of Mythimna separata larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Aboshi Takako , Ishida Masahiro , Matsushita Kaori , Hirano Yunosuke , Nishida Ritsuo , Mori Naoki
Published: April 2014

The metabolism of quercetin was investigated in Mythimna separata larvae. Quercetin 4′-O-sulfate was mainly identified in the frass when 6th instar larvae were fed artificial diets containing 1% quercetin. In the case of the 3rd instar larvae, a larger amount of quercetin was detected in the frass. M. separata larvae had different metabolic strategies for quercetin at different developmental stages.
Characterization and expression pattern of a novel β-defensin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): implications for its role in mucosal immunity
Authors: Li Hua , Guo Hongyan , Shan Shijuan , Qi Chenchen , An Liguo , Yang Guiwen
Published: April 2014

β-defensins are a group of cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptides that play antibacterial and antiviral roles in immune systems of vertebrates. Here, we report the cloning and identification of a β-defensin 3 cDNA sequence from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that this β-defensin 3 belonged to the BD-2 group of fish. Real-time PCR showed that the β-defensin 3 mRNA was expressed in all the tissues of normal common carp that we examined and was highly expressed in the spleen and gills. When challenged with Vibrio anguillarum, the expression level of common carp β-defensin 3 mRNA was quickly upregulated in various tissues. Our results indicate that the β-defensin 3 showed markedly high constitutive expression in the gills, and significantly upregulated expression in the hindgut of the common carp after infection, suggesting it plays an important role in the innate and mucosal immunity of common carp.
Neuronal cell-surface protein neurexin 1 interaction with multi-PDZ domain protein MUPP1
Authors: Jang Won Hee , Choi Sun Hee , Jeong Joo Young , Park Jung-Hwa , Kim Sang-Jin , Seog Dae-Hyun
Published: April 2014

Location of membrane proteins is often stabilized by PDZ domain-containing scaffolding proteins. Using the yeast two-hybrid screening, we found that neurexin 1 interacted with multi-PDZ domain protein 1 (MUPP1) through PDZ domain. Neurexin 2 and 3 also interacted with MUPP1. MUPP1 and neurexin 1 were co-localized in cultured cells. These results suggest a novel mechanism for localizing neurexin 1 to synaptic sites.
Content of resveratrol and glycoside and its contribution to the antioxidative capacity of Polygonum cuspidatum (Itadori) harvested in Kochi
Authors: Kurita Serika , Kashiwagi Takehiro , Ebisu Tomoyo , Shimamura Tomoko , Ukeda Hiroyuki
Published: April 2014

We quantified trans-resveratrol in each part of fresh Polygonum cuspidatum harvested in Kochi Prefecture. A small amount of trans-resveratrol was detected in the edible stem parts, the content varying with seasonal, geographical, and environmental factors. We also examined the antioxidative activity of each part, suggesting that P. cuspidatum contained many more contributing antioxidants other than resveratrol.
Bovine milk-derived α-lactalbumin inhibits colon inflammation and carcinogenesis in azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate-treated mice
Authors: Yamaguchi Makoto , Takai Shoko , Hosono Akira , Seki Taiichiro
Published: April 2014

Cyclooxygenase-2 is expressed early in colon carcinogenesis and plays crucial role in the progress of the disease. Recently, we found that α-lactalbumin had anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2. In experiment 1, we investigated the effects of α-lactalbumin on the colon carcinogenesis initiated with azoxymethane (AOM) followed by promotion with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice. Dietary treatment with α-lactalbumin decreased fecal occult blood score at 3 days after DSS intake. α-Lactalbumin also decreased the colon tumor at week 9. In experiment 2, AOM-treated mice were sacrificed at 7 days after DSS intake. The plasma and colon prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in AOM/DSS-treated mice were higher than those in the DSS-treated mice without initiation by AOM. α-Lactalbumin decreased PGE2 in both plasma and colon. These results suggest that α-lactalbumin effectively inhibited colon carcinogenesis, and the inhibition may be due to the decreased PGE2 by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 at cancer promotion stages.
The Global Justice Movement and Occupy Wall Street: spillover, spillout, or coalescence?
Authors: de Vries-Jordan Helma G. E.
Published: April 2014

This article argues that a symbiotic coalescence has emerged between the Global Justice Movement (GJM) and Occupy Wall Street (OWS), rather than a spillover or spillout from the GJM to OWS. News coverage concerning GJM and OWS protests and interviews with scholars who have studied or participated in these movements are used to explore overlapping actors, frames, targets, and tactical repertoires as well as dynamics in protest mobilization levels. I conclude that a symbiotic coalescence emerged between the GJM and OWS. Although the coalescence was mutually beneficial to both movements, OWS benefited more from these cross-movement ties than the GJM. Further, the demobilization of the GJM preceded the onset of OWS. The findings are consistent with coalescence arguments and inconsistent with spillover or spillout arguments. OWS continues to maintain a largely untapped network of participants, which can be remobilized at politically opportune moments for new waves of social justice activism.
On the theta correspondence for (𝐺𝑆𝑝(4),𝐺𝑆𝑂(4,2)) and Shalika periods
Authors: Morimoto Kazuki
Published: April 2014

We consider both local and global theta correspondences for

G
S
p

4

\mathrm {GSp}_4

and

G
S
O

4
,
2

\mathrm {GSO}_{4,2}

. Because of the accidental isomorphism

P
G
S
O

4
,
2

≃

P
G
U

2
,
2

\mathrm {PGSO}_{4,2} \simeq \mathrm {PGU}_{2,2}

, these correspondences give rise to those between

G
S
p

4

\mathrm {GSp}_4

and

G
U

2
,
2

\mathrm {GU}_{2,2}

for representations with trivial central characters. In the global case, using this relation, we characterize representations with trivial central character, which have Shalika period on

G
U

(
2
,
2
)

\mathrm {GU}(2,2)

by theta correspondences. Moreover, in the local case, we consider a similar relationship for irreducible admissible representations without an assumption on the central character.
Apologies and Courtroom Apologies
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine
Published: April 2014

In order to determine what makes the apologies produced during allocution at sentencing unusual, the chapter begins with a discussion of garden-variety apologies. Austin’s (1962) performative-constative continuum is reviewed because these terms figure prominently in the analysis. Attention is also given to some of the ways in which emotion is understood in U.S. culture and how the display of affect is linked to a successful apology. The fact that paralinguistic indexes are consistent with multiple interpretations means that various addressees will interpret them differently; the fact that they are culturally viewed as relatively reliable indicators of a speaker’s affective state means that addressees will feel certain that their interpretation is correct. The chapter identifies the numerous ways in which the apologies produced during allocution are atypical and argues that these aspects function to limit the remedial potential of any apology produced in this context .
Some Observations on Imposters in Albanian
Authors: Kallulli Dalina
Published: April 2014

This chapter provides an overview of the morphosyntactic and semantic properties of imposter DPs in Albanian. Notable properties of this class of nominal expressions in this language bear on agreement patterns (such as the fact that both singular and plural imposters exhibit both first/second and third person verbal agreement), on the need for more granular distinctions within this class of expressions, as well as on the fact that information structure interferes with antecedence and/or binding relations, as seen through the interaction of clitic doubling and epithets in constructions with imposters.
Icelandic Verbal Agreement and Pronoun-Antecedent Relations
Authors: Wood Jim , Sigurðsson Einar Freyr
Published: April 2014

The primary goal of this chapter is to refine our understanding of the role of finite-verb agreement in pronoun-antecedent relations. It turns out that plural imposters such as “the undersigned and John” trigger first person agreement more easily than singular imposters such as “the undersigned,” and that finite verb agreement plays a surprising role in constraining pronoun-antecedent relations. If an imposter such as “the undersigned and John” triggers third person agreement, it can antecede a first or a third person pronoun in an embedded clause; but if that same imposter triggers first person agreement, then it can only antecede a first person pronoun. This state of affairs suggests that pronouns have a syntactic relation with their antecedent, a relation that is proposed to be mediated by one or more silent functional heads, such as the “context linkers” proposed in H.Á. Sigurðsson (2004, 2010, 2011).
The intonational phonology of European Portuguese
Authors: Frota Sónia
Published: April 2014

This chapter provides an analysis of the prosodic and intonational structure of European Portuguese. It describes and argues for the PW, the PhP, and the IP as domains of EP prosodic hierarchy, shows that focus has no effects on prosodic phrasing, and accounts for the major intonational features of the language.
The intonational phonology of Catalan
Authors: Prieto Pilar
Published: April 2014

This chapter presents an analysis of the prosodic and intonational structure of Catalan within the Autosegmental-Metrical (AM) framework (Pierrehumbert 1980, Pierrehumbert and Beckman 1988, Ladd 1996, Gussenhoven 2004, Jun 2005, and Beckman et al. 2005, among others). The chapter focuses on the description of the main facts about Catalan prosodic phrasing and intonation. It provides a description of the basic intonational tunes found in the language and it exemplifies the basic intonational categories with utterances that provide evidence for the phonological contrasts mentioned.
The intonational phonology of Mongolian
Authors: Karlsson Anastasia M.
Published: April 2014

This chapter describes tonal features of Halh Mongolian. Mongolian belongs to edge-prominence languages: Halh speakers either use available boundary tones or insert a tonal boundary for different pragmatic meanings. Most tonal variation occurs utterance finally, while phrasing and focusing are signaled phrase initially at the left edge of prosodic units.
Prosodic structure and focus realization in West Greenlandic
Authors: Arnhold Anja
Published: April 2014

This chapter introduces the prosody of West Greenlandic, a language without lexical tones, stress, or pitch accents. Based on different types of data, the chapter discusses the prosodic structure, focusing on the mora, phonological word, and intonation phrase. It also outlines prosodic effects of information structure.
The intonation of Lebanese and Egyptian Arabic
Authors: Chahal Dana , Hellmuth Sam
Published: April 2014

This chapter describes aspects of the prosody of Lebanese and Egyptian Arabic, based on the findings of two independent studies (Chahal 2001, Hellmuth 2006b) carried out within the Autosegmental-Metrical (AM) framework. Although comparison of the results of the two studies shows similarities between the two varieties (for example, in the inventory and occurrence of phrase accent/boundary tone combinations), the study also reveals significant variation, in respect to size of pitch accent inventory (large vs. small), distribution of pitch accents (relatively more or less sparse), and the realization of focus (availability or not of post-focal de-accentuation). The study thus highlights key areas of potential crosslinguistic variation, whilst also demonstrating crossdialectal variation amongst spoken Arabic dialects.
Typology of intonational phrasing in Japanese dialects
Authors: Igarashi Yosuke
Published: April 2014

This chapter forms a typology of intonational phrasing in Japanese dialects. The dialects are classified into four categories by means of two binary parameters: one distinguishes dialects with and without lexical tonal specification, the other distinguishes dialects with and without the Accentual Phrase that can contain more than one word.
Borrowed Words
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

This book traces the history of loanwords in English from earliest times to the present day. The first two chapters outline the research methodology and framework, and introduce several key datasets that are referred to throughout the book: the full wordlist of the Oxford English Dictionary; the 1,000 most frequent words in a corpus of contemporary English; and the English words that provide the closest fit with a large list of basic meanings. The next three chapters look at the historical and cultural background up to the Norman Conquest, the methodology of comparative linguistics and the identification of families of related languages, the ways in which loanwords from the remote past are identified, and, finally, why there are relatively few English loanwords from the Celtic languages of the British Isles. The following three groups of chapters form the heart of the historical discussion in the book, looking in detail at loanwords from Latin found in Old English; loanwords resulting from Scandinavian contact and settlement; and loanwords that reflect multilingual contacts between French, Latin, and English in later medieval England. The final part of the book looks in detail at loanwords from Latin and French from 1500 to the present, including the role of loanwords in the history of written English and in the formation of specialist technical and scientific vocabularies; the contribution from other major donor languages, both within Europe and beyond (including Arabic, Hebrew, languages of South Asia, Malay, Chinese, Maori, and Japanese); and, finally, it assesses the deep transformations in all layers of the vocabulary of English that have resulted from the integration of loanwords from different sources.
Historical and cultural background to c.1150
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

Studying loanwords is impossible without paying some attention to external, non-linguistic history as well as to purely internal linguistic factors. This chapter highlights some of the most important historical factors relevant to the early history of loanwords in English. The pre-history of the Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain is considered, with an examination of contacts between the Germani and other peoples, including the Romans and Celts, in continental Europe. The social, cultural, and linguistic situation in Celtic and Roman Britain is considered, as well as the likely impacts of the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. The conversion to Christianity is considered, as well as the successive impacts of Scandinavian raids and settlement. Finally, the changes brought about by the Norman Conquest are assessed.
Old English in contact with Celtic
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

A survey is given of the (small) number of generally accepted Celtic loanwords in Old English. The evidence for distinct inputs from different Celtic languages is considered briefly. The evidence for Celtic input in Old English personal names and in English place names is also summarized. In order to provide further context for the limited number of loanwords found in Old English, the Celtic loanwords found in French are compared and contrasted. The so-called Celtic hypothesis, that there may have been considerable substratal structural influence from Celtic on English, is summarized, and the reasons why this is not necessarily incompatible with a small number of loanwords are investigated. Finally, a brief survey is given of loanwords from Celtic languages in the later history of English.
An overview of Latin loanwords in Old English
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

Estimates of the number of Latin loanwords found in Old English are reviewed and the main difficulties in reaching a definitive total are explained. The timespan of Latin loanwords in Old English is outlined, as are the difficulties that surround attempts to date particular borrowings. Various schemes of periodization are reviewed. An annotated list is provided of early borrowings, as well as a selection of the most significant later borrowings, subdivided into semantic categories. This set of words serves as the basis for further discussion in chapters 7 and 8.
Interrogating the data from chapter 6
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

Cases of difficult or uncertain etymologies are briefly reviewed. Words that may show either direct borrowing or derivation from other borrowings within English are discussed and exemplified. The influence of loanwords on the lexicon of Old English is investigated from a number of perspectives. Firstly, the question of survival into modern English is examined, especially for the light it casts on the degree of integration of words into the Old English lexicon. Secondly, questions of word frequency and distribution in different surviving texts are investigated. Thirdly, the extent to which loanwords can realize basic meanings in Old English is assessed. Finally, the relatively few borrowed verbs are looked at in some detail.
Example passages from English and multilingual texts
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

A series of extracts from Middle English texts of different dates and types is presented, with commentary on all of the loanwords (from French, Latin, or early Scandinavian) found in each passage. The extracts are drawn from the Final Continuation of the Peterborough Chronicle; the Ormulum; the Ancrene Wisse; John Trevisa’s translation of Ranulf Higden’s Polychronicon; and Caxton’s Prologue to The Boke of Eneydos. This is complemented by a more discursive consideration of some passages from multilingual texts and texts not in English, drawing attention to the questions they raise about some of the likely mechanisms by which words entered English, as well about how far individuals distinguished between the vocabularies of each language in a situation of functional language switching. The chapter is followed by a brief summary of the main conclusions from chapters 11, 12, and 13.
Borrowing from Latin and French after 1500
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

The background to lexical borrowing in English from Latin and French after 1500 is established in a survey of some of the key developments in language use and in the development of English as a written language. The expanding functions of English are examined, as are changes in relationships between writing in English, Latin, and French, and stylistic developments in the written English. In this context, the data on numbers of borrowings from each language given in chapter 1 is looked at afresh. The effect that changing attitudes towards loanwords in this period had on patterns of borrowing is also assessed. Differentiation in form between French and Latinate strata in the lexicon is examined, as shown by morphological differentiation between Latin and French borrowings, and respelling or remodelling of earlier borrowings. The role of affixes of Latin and French origin in English word formation is assessed. The development of some French and Latin loanwords within English over a long historical period is evaluated, by looking at continuing semantic borrowing, and increasing word frequency in English. Finally, the particular patterns of formation using Latin and Greek elements that developed in scientific and technical language are assessed.
General conclusions and pointers for further investigation
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

This short concluding chapter summarizes the main narrative and conclusions of the book. It looks at the core methodologies introduced in chapter 1 and how they have been applied in subsequent chapters, and summarizes the differing contributions from each of the major donor languages, and the relevant linguistic, social, and cultural factors. It also looks at ways in which research can be carried further forward and points towards a companion website giving some suggestions for individual readers wanting to investigate topics discussed in this book further by close engagement with empirical data.
Space groups
Authors: Ladd Mark
Published: April 2014

Space groups in one, two and three dimensions are studied, with copious illustrations, including stereoscopic views. Limiting conditions on X-ray reflection from crystals are introduced first geometrical considerations. Examples of plane groups and space groups in all crystal systems are examined. The representation of symmetry operations by matrices is extended to space groups, and black-white and colour symmetry are introduced with examples and practical illustrations. The International Tables for Crystallography are indicated as definitive works on crystal symmetry.
Disrupting Diaspora: Policing Terrorist Organizations
Authors: Sentas Victoria
Published: April 2014

This chapter explores how laws banning non-state armed actors as ‘terrorist organisations’ produce diaspora communities as suspect populations. Terrorist designation has serious consequences for many diasporas who fled conflicts yet remain connected to them. Understanding proscription as a police power, explains its effects on Kurdish and Tamil diasporas. Security police rely on new offences to manage assertions of collective identity and are significant forces in neutralizing political claims. The chapter explains how diasporas' identity claims to conflicts over territory are racialised as familial and made suspect through the spectre of ‘fronts’ hidden within multiculturalism. The counter-terrorism offences arising from this regime pay particular attention to diverse forms of diasporic affiliation and affect. Both open-ended legal categories and discretionary police agency practices criminalise ethno-political agency by recognising and targeting heterogeneity. Both the intention and effect is to flatten and depoliticise ethnic identity as a precondition of liberal multicultural inclusion.
Shariʿa and Social Engineering
Authors: Feener R. Michael
Published: April 2014

This book presents a richly-textured critical examination of the day-to-day workings of one of the contemporary world’s most complex experiments with the state implementation of Islamic law in the context of massive post-disaster/post-conflict projects for social reconstruction. It argues for new attention to be paid to the ways in which contemporary projects for the implementation of Islamic law are future-oriented, and thus argues for revising widely-held views that characterize contemporary calls for the Shariʿa as either utopian attempts to return to a past ‘golden age’ of Islam, or as manifestations of identity politics in an age of globalization. Drawing on archival materials and ethnographic data, it examines the ways in which Muslim academics and Indonesian state officials in Aceh have conceived of state implementation of Islamic law as a project of social engineering. The emphasis is on the ways in which the ideals and institutions of advocates of Islamic law in contemporary Aceh are configured in relation to a range of non-Muslim modernist projects to employ law as a tool of social engineering. In doing so, this work demonstrates the links between a local project for the formal implementation of Islamic law and broader configurations of law, moral authority, and state power in the modern global order.
Reconfigurations of Religious Education and Authority
Authors: Feener R. Michael
Published: April 2014

This chapter examines the ways in which understandings of Islam central to the development of Aceh’s contemporary Shariʿa system were developed and transmitted through Islamic educational institutions in Aceh. After tracing the outlines of major developments in both Traditionalist and Modernist-style schools in twentieth-century Aceh, it focuses on the pivotal role of the Banda Aceh campus of the State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) in the contemporary Islamic legal system. Particular attention is devoted here to educational institutions in Aceh and their role in the development and dissemination of specific models for thinking about Islam, law and society in Aceh in ways that highlight conjunctures of institutional and ideological innovations that inform both the substantive content and the institutional architecture of the contemporary Islamic legal system.
Institutionalizing the Ulama
Authors: Feener R. Michael
Published: April 2014

This chapter discusses the processes by which Aceh’s ulama have been organized by the Indonesian state both as a means of social control in a politically troubled region, and as an instrument for the promotion of particular governmental policies of ‘development’. It also addresses the extent to which the ulama have attempted to use this institutional foundation and its resources to advance their own agendas for social change. These discussions begin by tracing the evolving dynamics of Islamic leadership in Aceh during the mid twentieth-century ‘Darul Islam’ insurrection, and subsequent attempts by the Indonesian central government to engage with local Islamic scholars at various times to support the integration of Aceh into the Indonesian state. It then examines the current work of Aceh’s official Ulama Council with a particular focus on the role it has played in public debates over the perceived threat posed by ‘deviant teachings’ (I. ajaran sesat).
State-directed Daʿwa and the Shariʿa Bureaucracy
Authors: Feener R. Michael
Published: April 2014

This chapter discusses the establishment of a new governmental body created at the turn of the twenty-first century and tasked with the job of coordinating the work of the other state institutions involved with the implementation of Islamic law in Aceh. After an overview of the structure and operations of the State Shariʿa Agency (Dinas Syariat Islam/DSI), it presents a critical examination of the underlying vision of Islamic law that animates the enterprise. The discussion of the ways in which these ideals are promoted by the DSI highlights the further shift toward instrumentalist visions of Islamic law and its deployment for state-directed projects of social engineering as a coordinated effort at public education supported by the various institutions of the contemporary Islamic legal system.
Sanctions and Socialization
Authors: Feener R. Michael
Published: April 2014

This chapter treats the mechanisms for the monitoring and enforcement of Shariʿa norms in contemporary Aceh with a focus on the institution known locally as the ‘Shariʿa Police’ (Wilayatul Hisbah/WH). This examination of the work and the experience of WH officers calls particular attention to the fundamental importance of conceptions of public pedagogy at work in this new institution for the enforcement of Islamic law, and its intended contribution to the project of social engineering. Based upon interviews with male and female WH officers, this chapter engages narratives of their own motivations in the job and experiences of their work in the field, as well as their relations to other government bodies and vigilante groups. These rarely heard perspectives serve to set the stage for the concluding section of the chapter, which presents a window into the heated public debates over the WH and its work in contemporary Aceh.
Shariʿa and Social Engineering
Authors: Feener R. Michael
Published: April 2014

This final chapter builds on the empirical data presented in the chapters that precede it to develop a more sustained discussion of the idea of Shariʿa as a tool of social engineering in contemporary Aceh. In doing so it traces the various lines of influence that have shaped this forward-oriented, instrumentalist vision of Islamic law in society — including strains of twentieth-century American sociological jurisprudence, daʿwa-inspired Islamic activism, Indonesian state developmentalist ideology, and the international reconstruction and development rhetoric of ‘building back better’. These and other diverse elements have come together in unexpected and powerful ways to shape the discourse and practice of Islamic law in contemporary Aceh in the post-disaster/post-conflict period.
Loyalty in the EU Treaties
Authors: Klamert Marcus
Published: April 2014

Chapter 1 discusses the origins of Union loyalty since the European Coal and Steel Community. It deals with specifications of loyalty in the Treaties that provide a ‘taste’ of its various functions in EU law, such as being the basis for mutual recognition. It explains how loyalty is relevant in all constellations under Union law, most commonly binding the Member States, but also applying in the reverse vertical relationship such as with preliminary rulings, horizontally between the Member States, and between the Union institutions in the shape of institutional balance. The Chapter discusses whether loyalty can also apply in areas of Member State competences, and to what extent it affects purely political matters and the cooperation of the Member States outside the framework of Union law or the Union institutions. This Chapter also deals with the relation between loyalty and the duty to respect national identities.
A Primer on the Structure of Union Law
Authors: Klamert Marcus
Published: April 2014

Chapter 4 deals with the question of the unity of the Union legal order and the Member State legal orders on the one hand, and with the unity of Union law on the other. It firstly discusses the effects of Union law within national law, showing that monism and dualism remain the ubiquitous legal theories for conceptualizing this relationship, which underpin also more recent and seemingly distinct concepts proposed in the literature. The usefulness of such alternative concepts is questioned by exploring the anticipatory effects of Union directives before the expiry of the transposition deadline. This Chapter moreover discusses whether Union loyalty has the same effect in the Common Foreign and Security Policy, building on the discussion in Chapter 2 on the predominance of solidarity in this policy area.
Supremacy, Pre-emption, and the Union Interest
Authors: Klamert Marcus
Published: April 2014

Chapter 5 discusses abstention duties for Member States that result from the adoption of a legislative act by the Union, or that flow from Union acts that have not become a formal act of secondary law or have not yet led to the conclusion of an international agreement. The nature of substantive supremacy and procedural supremacy and their limitations in providing the rationale for these duties, such as the ERTA effect and the ILO principle, are explored. The Chapter probes whether pre-emption should be considered a distinct legal concept of EU law in this context, and whether the Union interest does not provide a better rationale for such duties.
Effectiveness, Judicial Protection, and Loyalty
Authors: Klamert Marcus
Published: April 2014

Chapter 6 starts by discussing the role of the principle of effectiveness as a means to ensure the effective judicial protection of Union citizens in exercising rights provided in Union law instruments such as directives. It is shown that, similar to supremacy, effectiveness can lead either to the disapplication of national (procedural) law (exclusionary effect), or to the introduction of new rules to the realm of national law (creationist effect). This Chapter also explores the shared ancestry of the principle of state liability with the case law on the binding force of national decisions. Against this background, more recent case law is analysed, which is increasingly blurring the border between supremacy, direct effect, and indirect effect, both with regard to secondary law as well as international agreements concluded by the Union.
Jus Post Bellum as a Partly Independent Legal Framework
Authors: Fleck Dieter
Published: April 2014

This chapter examines jus post bellum as a legal discipline focusing on civilian and military assistance in performing regime change, robust law enforcement operations post-conflict, and international territorial administration. Reviewing differences that exist between jus post bellum and other branches of international law, as to their contents, purpose, and enforcement, the chapter explores in which branch similar, albeit different, rules have been created, in what sense jus post bellum rules might surpass the boundaries of other legal branches, and whether its rules may be influenced by those of other branches including jus ad bellum and jus in bello. Requirements for further regulation of jus post bellum are explored with this background. Finally, it is discussed in what sense jus post bellum rules are temporary in nature or lasting parts of a new legal order, and to what extent they inform the domestic law of the state concerned.
Contrasting the Normative and Historical Foundations of Transitional Justice and Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Iverson Jens
Published: April 2014

This chapter contrasts Transitional Justice and jus post bellum in order to create a clearer definition and understanding of each. The terms are evaluated not as essentialist truths but as terms that have evolved and will continue to change. The chapter begins with a review of Hersch Lauterpacht’s concept of the Grotian Tradition, and how it relates to Transitional Justice and jus post bellum. Jus post bellum and Transitional Justice are then contrasted and analyzed with respect to their varied legal or political emphases, their content, their geographical scope, their contrasting historical foundations, and their current usage. The chapter seeks to clarify where the extensive literature and experience regarding Transitional Justice is more or less likely to be helpful to those interested in jus post bellum. Additionally, the author hopes that the concept of jus post bellum may help those interested in Transitional Justice to refocus and strengthen their field.
Waging Peace
Authors: Vatanparast Roxana
Published: April 2014

This chapter analyzes the concept and suggested content of a contemporary jus post bellum legal framework through the lens of critical legal and political theory. The chapter’s central argument is that jus post bellum is characterized by a series of ambiguities, contradictions, and problems which seriously weaken arguments in favor of formalizing jus post bellum principles in a body of law. The chapter also argues that the creation of a new jus post bellum body of law may not be necessary, and may in effect have unintended consequences that are contrary to both the foundational aspirations of jus post bellum and humanitarian ideals. While this chapter argues against formalizing jus post bellum principles in a body of law, it concludes that jus post bellum may be a useful (theoretical) concept in the international legal discourse.