bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using a dual antibody point-of-care test with visual and digital reads to diagnose syphilis among people living with HIV in Botswana
Authors: Maan Irfaan , Lawrence David S , Tlhako Nametso , Ramontshonyana Kehumile , Mussa Aamirah , Wynn Adriane , Marks Michael , Ramogola-Masire Doreen , Morroni Chelsea
Published: February 2021

Syphilis data from low- and middle-income countries are lacking due to limited testing. Point-of-care tests (POCTs) have been promoted to expand testing but previously only included treponemal tests, which cannot distinguish active from past infection. We aimed to assess the feasibility of using a combined treponemal and non-treponemal POCT in HIV clinic patients in Gaborone, Botswana, and estimate syphilis prevalence in our clinic sample using this approach. We recruited 390 non-pregnant patients. Participants underwent a combined treponemal and non-treponemal POCT (Dual Path Platform (DPP®) Syphilis Screen and Confirm Assay (Chembio Diagnostic Systems)) on finger-prick blood sample and a questionnaire. Median age 45 years, 30% men, median CD4 count 565 cells/μL, and 91% had an HIV viral load <400 copies/mL. Five participants had active syphilis (1.3%, 95% CI 0.5–3.0%) and 64 had previous syphilis (16.4%, 95% CI 13.0–20.4%) using the DPP POCT. There was a reasonable level of agreement between digital and visual reading of the POCT (kappa statistic of 0.81); however, visual reading missed three active infections (60%). The level of active syphilis was similar to local antenatal data. The DPP POCT led to five participants with active syphilis being diagnosed and starting same-day treatment. The digital reader should be used.
Infanticide and the influence of psychoanalysis on Dutch forensic psychiatry in the mid-twentieth century
Authors: Ruberg Willemijn
Published: February 2021

This article demonstrates how psychoanalytic thought, especially ideas by Adler, Reik, Deutsch, and Alexander and Staub, informed forensic psychiatry in the Netherlands from the late 1920s. An analysis of psychiatric explanations of the crime of infanticide shows how in these cases the focus of (forensic) medicine and psychiatry shifted from somatic medicine to a psychoanalytic emphasis on unconscious motives. A psychoanalytic vocabulary can also be found in the reports written by forensic psychiatrists and psychologists in court cases in the 1950s. The new psychoanalytic emphasis on unconscious motives implied a stronger focus on the personality of the suspect. This article argues that psychoanalysis accelerated this development in the mid-twentieth century, contributing to the role of the psy-sciences in normalization processes.
Load control and unsteady aerodynamics for floating wind turbines
Authors: Shen Xin , Zhu Xiaocheng , Du Zhaohui
Published: February 2021

Unlike fixed-base offshore wind turbine, the soft floating platform introduces 6 more degrees of freedom of motions to the floating offshore wind turbine. This may cause much more complex inflow environment to the wind turbine rotors compared with fixed-base wind turbine. The wind seen locally on the blade changes due to the motions of the floating wind turbine platform which has a direct impact on the aerodynamic condition on the blade such as the angle of attack and the inflow velocity. Such unsteady aerodynamic effects may lead to high fluctuation of the loads and power output. The present work aims to study the high unsteady aerodynamic performance of the floating wind turbine under platform surge motion. The unsteady aerodynamic loads are predicted with a lifting surface method with a free wake model. A preview predict control algorithm is used as the pitch control strategy. A full scale U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW floating wind turbine is chosen as the subject of the present study. The unsteady aerodynamic performance and instabilities have been discussed in detail under prescribed platform surge motions with different control targets. Both minimizing the power output and rotor thrust fluctuation are set as the control objectives respectively. The theory analysis and the simulation results indicate that the blade pitch control can effectively alleviate the variation of the rotor thrust under platform surge motions. Larger amplitude of the variation of blade pitch is needed to alleviate the variation of the wind turbine power and this leads to high rotor thrust fluctuation. It is also shown that negative damping can be achieved during the blade pitch control process and may lead the floating platform wind turbine system into unstable condition.
How did the top two greenhouse gas emitters depict climate change? A comparative analysis of the Chinese and US media
Authors: Su Yan , Hu Jun
Published: February 2021

China and the United States are the world’s top two greenhouse gas emitters. However, little is known as to the amount of attention the media in both countries have paid to the issue of climate change, and the ways in which their media framed the issue. To address both queries, this study analyzed the climate change coverage ( N = 9,001) of the Chinese and US media, using a computational approach. Results revealed overall increases of attention to climate change in both countries’ media from 2016 through 2019, whereas the Chinese witnessed a more evident increase after 2018. Moreover, the media in both countries tended to foster a sense of responsibilities rather than confining the issue to an episodic level. Furthermore, the US media highlighted political conflict and the catastrophic consequences of climate change, whereas the Chinese media highlighted public accountability and governance, as well as economic development and competitiveness.
Stop avoiding the inevitable: The effects of anthropomorphism in science writing for non-experts
Authors: McGellin Rockwell Tomson Lyon , Grand Ann , Sullivan Miriam
Published: February 2021

While anthropomorphism – the attribution of human characteristics to non-human things or events – is a fundamental part of human psychology and language, some scientists regard it as a source of misconceptions. This creates tension for those writing about science. Taking an experimental approach to diagnosing misconceptions, we compared the effects of anthropomorphic and non-anthropomorphic writing on 174 adult readers’ knowledge, understanding, confidence in and connection with the material. Reading any text at all improves readers’ knowledge and ability to answer questions. There was no difference in understanding, enjoyment or frequency of anthropomorphic thinking between anthropomorphic and non-anthropomorphic texts. Those who read anthropomorphic text tended to use more vivid examples and fewer generalisations. This suggests that anthropomorphism acts as an evocative, albeit potentially distracting, technique but does not cause significant misconceptions. Writers should feel free to use anthropomorphic techniques if they are appropriate for their topic and their audience.
Regeneration in Experimental Alveolar Bone Defect Using Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Toyota Akiko , Shinagawa Rei , Mano Mikiko , Tokioka Kazuyuki , Suda Naoto
Published: February 2021

Cleft lip and palate is a congenital disorder including cleft lip, and/or cleft palate, and/or alveolar cleft, with high incidence.The alveolar cleft causes morphological and functional abnormalities. To obtain bone bridge formation and continuous structure between alveolar clefts, surgical interventions are performed from infancy to childhood. However, desirable bone bridge formation is not obtained in many cases. Regenerative medicine using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is expected to be a useful strategy to obtain sufficient bone bridge formation between alveolar clefts. In this study, we examined the effect of human umbilical cord-derived MSCs by transplantation into a rat experimental alveolar cleft model. Human umbilical cords were digested enzymatically and the isolated cells were collected (UC-EZ cells). Next, CD146-positive cells were enriched from UC-EZ cells by magnetic-activated cell sorting (UC-MACS cells). UC-EZ and UC-MACS cells showed MSC gene/protein expression, in vitro. Both cells had multipotency and could differentiate to osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages under the differentiation-inducing media. However, UC-EZ cells lacked Sox2 expression and showed the lower ratio of MSCs than UC-MACS cells. Thus, UC-MACS cells were transplanted with hydroxyapatite and collagen (HA + Col) into alveolar cleft model to evaluate bone formation in vivo. The results of micro computed tomography and histological staining showed that UC-MACS cells with HA + Col induced more abundant bone formation between the experimental alveolar clefts than HA + Col implantation only. Cells immunopositive for osteopontin were accumulated along the bone surface and some of them were embedded in the bone. Cells immunopositive for human-specific mitochondria were aligned along the newly formed bone surface and in the new bone, suggesting that UC-MACS cells contributed to the bone bridge formation between alveolar clefts. These findings indicate that human umbilical cords are reliable bioresource and UC-MACS cells are useful for the alveolar cleft regeneration.
Capital Market Performance and Bangladesh’s Economy: An Empirical Study
Authors: Hossin Md. Shakhaowat , Hamid Md. Kaisar
Published: February 2021

This article aims to analyse the effect of capital market performance on Bangladesh’s economy using the data of market capitalization, stock turnover and gross domestic product (GDP) growth from 2001 to 2018. This study employed unit root test, Johansen cointegration test, vector error correction model, autoregressive distributed lag model, non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model, Granger causality test and Toda–Yamamato Granger non-causality test to examine this effect. The result of the vector error correction model revealed the existence of a long-run association between market capitalization and stock turnover as independent variables with GDP. Again, the results of autoregressive distributed lag model and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model also showed that there exists a significant positive relationship between the stock market and GDP of Bangladesh. Finally, Toda–Yamamato Granger non-causality test confirms that there is a unidirectional causality running from the capital market to GDP.
Higher Education, Vocational Training and Performance of Firms
Authors: Sangita Seema
Published: February 2021

This article contributes to the debate on the efficacy of traditional forms of education versus vocational training. The effects of technical education (leading to an engineering degree or diploma) and vocational training in engineering on the performance of Indian firms are analysed using regression models based on the Cobb–Douglas production function, enhanced to incorporate education and training. Instrumental variable approach is used to establish the direction of causality. It is found that that when a larger share of workers in a particular sector has a college or university-level technical education or vocational education in technical fields, there is a positive impact on firm performance in those sectors. Further, higher education in a general field seems to consistently benefit the organised manufacturing sector, while some levels of school education appear to benefit the unorganised sectors.

JEL codes: I-23; L-60; M-53
Vocational Education and Training in India: Prospects and Challenges from an Outside Perspective
Authors: Pilz Matthias , Regel Julia
Published: February 2021

With high economic growing rates and an evident shortage of skilled workers, the modernisation of formal vocational education and training (VET) in India increasingly came into focus. Skill development has been on top of the agenda of the Indian government for more than a decade, resulting in state policies and related schemes to upgrade and develop a system struggling with quantitative and qualitative issues. This article gives an overview of the main pillars of the Indian VET system and addresses policies and initiatives to restructure and upgrade formal VET in India. Finally, the main challenges as well as potential for a further development of the sector are highlighted from different systemic perspectives.

JEL Codes: I 210, I 280
Are Secondary Schools Imparting Digital Skills? An Empirical Assessment
Authors: Bhandari Bornali , Jain Charu , Sahu Ajaya K.
Published: February 2021

The aim of this article was to analyse the employability of currently enrolled secondary education (classes 9–12) students aged 14–21, specifically their functional digital skills. Digital skills are increasingly being recognised as a key foundational skill that also enhances employability. Gaining digital skills at the secondary education is important because it is one of the foundational skills that help prepare students transition to work and prepares them for life. There were three major objectives in this article: (a) to examine the trends and transitions in the acquisition of functional digital skills of currently enrolled secondary school Indian students according to their socio-economic and demographic profiles; (b) empirically investigate the factors influencing the acquisition of functional digital skills in urban areas and (c) examine whether the policy of providing schools with computers has had any discernible impact on the acquisition of functional digital skills of these students. Using the National Statistical Office 2017–2018 data on expenditure on education, we found that at the national level only 42% of the enrolled secondary school students had the ability to operate a computer and 46% had the ability to browse Internet in 2017–2018. The attainment of functional digital skills differed across rural and urban regions. The individual characteristics, socio-economic profile of households and school-related indicators were factors that explained the likelihood of students’ being equipped with functional digital skills. A key result was that students who had digital devices at home were more likely to have functional digital skills. The government had introduced computers in secondary schools in 2004 in India. We found evidence of a positive association between the provision of functional computers at secondary schools and attainment of digital skills, even for students from households with no computers at home. A key policy recommendation is that providing computers at schools can help overcome barriers to access to digital devices at home and improve the attainment of digital skills.

JEL Codes: I2, O15, O3
Multidimensional Human Deprivation in India: Does Club Convergence Exist?
Authors: Haldar Sushil Kr. , Hembram Sulekha , Das Suraj
Published: February 2021

A new measure of multidimensional human deprivation index (MHDI) across 24 states (over 4 time points corresponding to NFHS 1, 2, 3 and 4) is suggested here using principal component analysis (PCA). We observe that our weighted MHDI is found to be consistent with the Human Poverty Index (HPI) and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) introduced by UNDP in 1997 and 2010, respectively. Though most of the states in India have been experiencing a decline of the incidence of MHDI, but club convergence clearly proves that five major states such as Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha are found consistently to be stable in the higher group of MHDI. Lagged MHDI, human capital investments along with availability of infrastructure are the underlying factors of differential MHDI across states. Therefore, allocation of grants should consider these issues of chronic MHDI found in five major states in order to ensure regional balance, equity and social justice in our federal structure.
Physical Activity Tracking Among Sri Lankan Adults: Findings From a 7-Year Follow-up of the Ragama Health Study
Authors: Pinidiyapathirage Janani , Kasthuriratne Anuradhani , Bennie Jason A. , Pathmeswaran Arunasalam , Biddle Stuart J. H. , De Silva Hithanadura Janaka , Chackrewarthy Sureka , Dassanayake Anuradha S. , Ranawaka Udaya , Kato Norihiro , Wickremasinghe Ananda Rajitha
Published: February 2021

Limited data are available on physical activity tracking among adults in low- and middle-income countries. Using a longitudinal design, we assessed trends and correlates of physical activity among Sri Lankan adults. Individuals selected through age-stratified random sampling, were screened initially in 2007 (n = 2986) and reevaluated in 2014 (n = 2148). On both occasions, structured interviews and clinical measurements were completed. Approximately 40% of the participants engaged in recommended levels of physical activity both at baseline and follow-up. One-fifth reported increased physical activity at follow-up, a similar proportion reported being persistently inactive or a reduction in physical activity. In the adjusted analysis, being persistently active was associated with male sex, a lower educational level and income, being free of any chronic disease conditions, better self-rated health, and sitting time <8 hours. Our findings support public health interventions to help maintain recommended physical activity levels over time, particularly for subgroups at high-risk of physical inactivity.
The substitutive state? Neoliberal state interventionism across industrial, housing and private pensions policy in the UK
Authors: Berry Craig
Published: February 2021

This article advances the notion of ‘the substitutive state’ to explore the changing character of state institutions and state action in the context of neoliberalization. This understanding is contrasted with alternative accounts of state neoliberalization such as ‘the regulatory state’ and ‘the competition state’. It focuses upon the UK, and three domains of economic statecraft in particular: industrial policy (primarily the May government’s 2017 industrial strategy), housing policy (primarily extensive support for mortgage lending and borrowing since the 2008 financial crisis) and private pensions policy (primarily the establishment of state-owned pension scheme providers in the context of ‘automatic enrolment’ regulations). The article argues that state action in the UK increasingly encompasses new mechanisms for intervention in the private economy. However, associated policy practices are rarely strategic or purposeful. Interventionist mechanisms are often populated by the private economic actors implicated in the problem intervention is designed to solve, or are used to relieve the private sector from serving unprofitable market segments. Substitutive statism is aligned with a wider accumulation regime which state actors perceive as immutable; they are therefore willing to intervene to sustain this regime, irrespective of market signals. In short, state institutions have a more expansive interventionist footprint, but are doing less with more. In contrast to accounts of ‘the neoliberal state’, we should not assume that these institutions add up to ‘ the state’, albeit a state with neoliberal characteristics. State action has always been a central, organizing element of neoliberalism, although its form has evolved as neoliberal ideas confront capitalist accumulation in practice.
Coping With and Adapting to COVID-19 in Rural United States and Canada
Authors: Wang Donna , Chonody Jill M. , Krase Kathryn , Luzuriaga Leina
Published: February 2021

Guidelines aimed at slowing the spread of COVID-19 resulted in major changes in people’s lives. A cross-sectional online survey, completed by 1,405 adults in Canada and the United States in June 2020, found respondents from rural areas/small towns reported better coping and adjustment (i.e., less use of substances for support), less personal impact, less life disruption, and fewer challenges with transportation and health care, than urban and suburban respondents. Those in rural areas were less likely to use the newspaper, but more likely to use social media, for information. Finally, rural respondents reported higher levels of support for their national leadership’s response to the pandemic. The needs and strengths of rural areas, as well as approaches to serve rural areas are discussed.
Development of PZT fiber rosette to locate acoustic source
Authors: Ha Bao Chi , Gilbert Kevin , Wang Gang
Published: February 2021

Because of their electro-mechanical coupling property, Lead-Zirconate-Titanate (PZT) materials have been widely used for ultrasonic wave sensing and actuation in structural health monitoring applications. In this paper, a PZT rosette concept is proposed to conduct Lamb wave-based damage detection in panel-like structures by exploring its best directional sensing capability. First, a directivity study was conducted to investigate sensing of flexural Lamb wave propagation using a PZT fiber having d33 effects. Then, commercial off-the-shelf PZT fibers were polarized in-house in order to construct the PZT rosette configuration, in which three PZT fibers are oriented at 0°, 45°, 90°, respectively. Since Lamb wave responses are directly related to measured PZT fiber voltage signals, a simple interrogation scheme was developed to calculate principal strain direction in order to locate an acoustic source. Comprehensive tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed PZT rosette using an aluminum plate. It is shown that the PZT rosette is able to sense Lamb wave responses and accurately locate an acoustic source. We expect to further evaluate the PZT rosette performance when damages are introduced.
The Clip Approach: A Visual Methodology to Support the (Re)Construction of Life Narratives
Authors: Talsi Riikka , Laitila Aarno , Joensuu Timo , Saarinen Esa
Published: February 2021

Major life changes may cause an autobiographical rupture and a need to work on one’s narrative identity. This article introduces a new qualitative interview methodology originally developed to facilitate 10 prostate cancer patients and five spouses in the (re)creation of their life narratives in the context of a series of interventive interviews conducted over a timespan of several months. In “The Clip Approach” the interviewees’ words, phrases, and metaphors are reflected back in a physical form (“the Clips”) as visual artifacts that allow the interviewees to re-enter and re-consider their experience and life and re-construct their narratives concerning them. Honoring the interviewees as authors facilitates autobiographical reasoning, building a bridge between the past and the future, and embedding the illness experience as part of one’s life narrative. The Clip Approach provides new tools for both research and practice—potentially even a low-threshold psychosocial support method for various applicability areas.
Interim Analysis of Attrition Rates in Palliative Care Study on Dignity Therapy
Authors: Samuels Virginia , Schoppee Tasha M. , Greenlee Amelia , Gordon Destiny , Jean Stacey , Smith Valandrea , Reed Tyra , Kittelson Sheri , Quest Tammie , O’Mahony Sean , Hauser Josh , Guay Marvin O. Delgado , Rabow Michael W. , Emanuel Linda , Fitchett George , Handzo George , Chochinov Harvey Max , Yao Yingwei , Wilkie Diana J.
Published: February 2021

A routine threat to palliative care research is participants not completing studies. The purpose of this analysis was to quantify attrition rates mid-way through a palliative care study on Dignity Therapy and describe the reasons cited for attrition. Enrolled in the study were a total of 365 outpatients with cancer who were receiving outpatient specialty palliative care (mean age 66.7 ± 7.3 years, 56% female, 72% White, 22% Black, 6% other race/ethnicity). These participants completed an initial screening for cognitive status, performance status, physical distress, and spiritual distress. There were 76 eligible participants who did not complete the study (58% female, mean age 67.9 ± 7.3 years, 76% White, 17% Black, and 7% other race). Of those not completing the study, the average scores were 74.5 ± 11.7 on the Palliative Performance Scale and 28.3 ± 1.5 on the Mini-Mental Status Examination, whereas 22% had high spiritual distress scores and 45% had high physical distress scores. The most common reason for attrition was death/decline of health (47%), followed by patient withdrawal from the study (21%), and patient lost to follow-up (21%). The overall attrition rate was 24% and within the a priori projected attrition rate of 20%-30%. Considering the current historical context, this interim analysis is important because it will serve as baseline data on attrition prior to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research will compare these results with attrition throughout the rest of the study, allowing analysis of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the study attrition.
Views of Registered Dietitians Compared to Speech-Language Pathologists on Artificial Nutrition and Hydration at the End of Life
Authors: Bigford Molly K , Heuberger Roschelle , Raymond Erica , Shayna Viki , Paauw James
Published: February 2021

Objective:

To analyze and compare the knowledge and opinions of registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) about artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) in a terminal illness. Beliefs of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) were also considered and compared against RDN data.

Methods:

This is a descriptive analysis utilizing survey responses from RDNs and SLPs regarding ANH in a case study patient with advanced dementia.

Results:

There was a strong belief among RDNs that ANH at end of life (EOL) would improve nutritional status, although a correlation was found between those in favor of ANH and believing it was ethical to withhold ANH at EOL (R2 = 0.109, p = 0.002). Responses indicated that SLPs need more education regarding ANH techniques, while RDNs felt ANH would improve aspiration risk. Place of employment, religion and age of respondents were also found to impact beliefs.

Conclusion:

Clinicians, specifically RDNs, working with patients at EOL need more evidenced-based education on the risks and benefits of ANH. Decisions regarding care of patients at EOL should be void of clinicians’ personal bias which may affect ethical treatment in the clinical setting. Further controlled trials must be performed before claims can be made regarding ANH at EOL.
A Course on the Future of Work: Building the Scaffold While Standing on It
Authors: Allen Douglas B. , Fukami Cynthia V. , Wittmer Dennis P.
Published: February 2021

We have entered the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Disruption is coming—in fact, it is here. New paradigms are forming, which will bring significant change to the workplace. It is unclear what changes will come to pass and what will be their ultimate impact on the workplace. But our discipline of management bears a deep responsibility to prepare our students for this future workplace in their role as employees and their roles as leaders and managers. In this article, we share our journey in addressing this rapidly emerging issue so that others may benefit from what we learned. First, we argue that the topic of the 4IR and the future of work should be a required part of the business school curriculum. Second, we detail the process we followed in developing a management elective on the 4IR, including our insights into developing a course in a relatively unfamiliar territory. Third, we end with a call for an ongoing collaborative discussion on approaches to teaching this new area from a management perspective.
Innovation Through Developing a Total Enterprise Computer Simulation: Teaching Responsible Decision Making
Authors: Gibbons Belinda , Fernando Mario , Spedding Trevor
Published: February 2021

The increasingly interconnected and complex business environment demands business executives to be equipped with highly developed cross-functional skills and the capacity to integrate responsible decision making in business. To develop students with these attributes, the business higher education sector is expected to employ teaching and learning techniques that produce graduates with the ability and capacity for managing businesses responsibly. However the traditional, linear thinking embedded in current business higher education material and delivery methods hinders such an approach. This article presents an innovative approach to teach responsible decision making through the design, development, and implementation of an online simulation. This teaching approach uses a total enterprise computer simulation which exposes students to interactive, multidisciplinary decision making across functional, societal, environmental, and economic issues. The article also discusses the implications of the findings for theory and practice of designing and using computer simulations for teaching and learning in business higher education.
Evaluation of the Clinical Effectiveness of Nasoalveolar Molding (NAM) Using Grayson Method Versus Computer-Aided Design NAM (CAD/NAM) in Infants With Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: El-Ashmawi Noha A. , Fayed Mona M. Salah , El-Beialy Amr , Attia Khaled H.
Published: February 2021

Objective:

The aim is to compare between the clinical effectiveness of nasoalveolar molding (NAM) versus the computer-aided design NAM (CAD/NAM) in patients with bilateral clefts.

Design:

The trial is a randomized comparative trial with 1:1 allocation ratio.

Participants:

Thirty infants with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate were recruited.

Interventions:

Patients were randomized between NAM and CAD/NAM groups. The treatment steps described by Grayson were followed for the NAM group. In the CAD/NAM group, digitized maxillary models were made to create series of modified virtual models which were used to fabricate the molding plates using 3-dimensional printing technology. The nasal stents were then added to the plates following Grayson method. The study lasted for 4 months.

Main Outcomes:

The primary outcome was to evaluate the changes in the intersegment cleft gap. Secondary outcomes included the analysis of the maxillary arch in transverse, anteroposterior, and vertical dimensions as well as the premaxillary deviation and rotation. Chair side time was assessed for both methods.

Results:

Both modalities decreased the intersegment cleft gap. The CAD/NAM plates caused more reduction in the total arch length by 1.99 mm (−3.79 to 0.19, P = .03) as compared to the NAM treatment. No differences were found between groups in the transverse and vertical maxillary arch changes.

Conclusions:

Both interventions were effective in narrowing the cleft gap. Similar maxillary changes were found in both groups. The CAD/NAM modality required less chair side time compared to the NAM treatment.
Dental, Occlusal, and Craniofacial Features of Children With Microcephaly Due to Congenital Zika Infection: 3 Cases Report From Valle del Cauca, Cali—Colombia—2020
Authors: Aragón Natalia , Díaz Catalina , Contreras Adolfo
Published: February 2021

Objective:

Describes dental, occlusal, and craniofacial characteristics of 3 children aged 3 to 4 years with microcephaly due to congenital Zika infection in Cali Valle del Cauca, 2020.

Design:

Three children case report with congenital Zika virus microcephaly.

Setting:

Institutional

Patients:

Three children with maternal viral infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction during first trimester of pregnancy were included and were born from 2016 to 2017.

Interventions:

Oral and mouth functional examination was performed including soft tissue examination; lingual and labial frenulum; evaluation of swallowing and chewing; craniofacial analysis; dimension of dental arch; intercanine and intermolar distance, palate form; relationship and growth of maxilla, mandible, and facial dental midline using plaster models; and complementary image analysis.

Main Outcome Measures:

Child and mother sociodemographic features, craniofacial measurements; dental and oral features; maxillary and mandibular measures; and speech, swallowing, and chewing disorders.

Results:

Small head circumference at birth and at the time of clinical evaluation was compared to normal children of approximately their age. Upper third of the face was short, and presence of hypertonic masticatory muscles with hypotonic swallowing muscles, dysphagia, dyslalia, bruxism, lip incompetence, tongue interposition, and hypersalivation and epilepsy were the main medical problem. They have complete primary dentition with normal dental morphology, tooth eruption altered, dental caries, and dental malocclusion was identified.

Conclusion:

There are no changes in the dental formula and dental morphology in the deciduous dentition. They present severe chewing and speaking limitation, facial disproportion, and occlusal problems that warrant dental and medical attention.
What Does Political Context Tell Us? Understanding the Persistence of Ideological Imprints in the Case of Turkish Humor Magazines
Authors: Öztürk Deniz
Published: February 2021

This study aims to develop a contextualized perspective for understanding the variation in the persistence of founders’ ideological imprints across different periods. We argue for the time-varying influence of political circumstances on ideological imprinting to grasp the consequences of multiple different imprints. Employing a multiple-case study research design that relies heavily on archival data, we explored the political contextual sources of variation in political cartoons of Turkish humor magazines from 1972 to 2015. Our findings show that the variation in the persistence of ideological imprints is related to political changes that result in (in)congruence between the founder’s political ideology and the ideology of the governing party, the type of political ideology that the founder represents, and change within the party ideology over time. By revealing how political contexts surrounding imprints lead to persistence, we contribute to imprinting theory and the organizational implications of political ideologies in non-Western contexts.
High- Versus Low-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronic Acid for the Treatment of Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: A Triple-Blind Randomized Comparative Trial
Authors: Mohebbi Rezvaneh , Rezasoltani Zahra , Mir Mahshad , Mohebbi Maryam , Vatandoost Sima , Esmaily Hadi
Published: February 2021

Background

Shoulder pain most commonly originates from the tendon structures of the rotator cuff.

Objective

We compared the clinical effects of high- versus low-molecular-weight (LMW) hyaluronic acid for the management of rotator cuff tendinopathy.

Methods

We carried out a parallel, triple-blind, randomized comparative trial at a teaching hospital. In total, 56 patients aged 16 to 70 years with rotator cuff tendinopathy were randomly allocated to 2 groups. We administered a single shoulder injection of either 1 mL of 1% high- (>2000 kDa) or 1 mL of 1% LMW hyaluronate (500-700 kDa) to the corresponding groups. The primary outcome was the intensity of shoulder pain. The secondary outcomes were range of motion and disability of the shoulder, and quality of life. We performed the measurements at baseline and at 1, 4, and 12 weeks postintervention. The pain measurements were repeated at the sixth month postintervention.

Results

Comparisons of baseline versus 3 months showed that both interventions were beneficial in the management of the tendinopathy (all P values <0.05). However, between-group analyses did not indicate any clinically significant difference between the 2 medications. The pain, induration ( P = 0.007), and inflammation at the site of the injection were less prominent for LMW hyaluronate.

Conclusion and Relevance

Both medications are effective for the treatment of tendinopathy. The benefits last at least for 3 months, and pain alleviation lasts partially for 6 months. The shoulder injection of LMW hyaluronate is more tolerable to the patient. Therefore, we recommend LMW hyaluronate as the first choice for the management of rotator cuff tendinopathy.
Shame in Family Systems With Developmental Trauma
Authors: Hoekstra Kiera , Katz Ellen
Published: February 2021

This article highlights the importance of recognizing and working with shame when clinicians are supporting families who have experiences of developmental trauma. This article will help clinicians identify the existence of shame in parents, children, and therapist; differentiate shame from guilt; understand the connection to developmental trauma; and draw information from case examples. This article draws from clinical wisdom and experience, providing possible interventions that may be helpful with this population. Recommendations for future research are also discussed.
Comparison of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes Following Arthroscopic Debridement With Extracellular Matrix Augmentation and Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation for Medium-Size Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Hansen Oliver B. , Eble Stephanie K. , Patel Karan , Cabe Taylor N. , Sofka Carolyn , Deland Jonathan T. , Drakos Mark C.
Published: February 2021

Background:

Historically, microfracture has been used to treat small talar osteochondral lesions with good results, whereas osteochondral autologous transplantation (OAT) has proven effective for the treatment of larger lesions. It is not clear which method is more effective for medium-sized lesions around the critical size of 150 mm2, above which microfracture outcomes tend to be poor. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential advantages of OAT augmented with a combination of extracellular matrix and bone marrow aspirate concentrate (ECM-BMAC) compared to debridement with ECM-BMAC (DEB) in the treatment of medium-sized osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs).

Methods:

Clinical and radiographic data were collected retrospectively for patients treated by a single fellowship-trained foot and ankle surgeon. Magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were scored using the Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Tissue (MOCART) system and were evaluated for the presence of cysts and edema. Fifty-two patients met inclusion criteria, with 25 who received an OAT procedure. Age, body mass index, lesion size, lesion location, and follow-up time were similar between groups. Average MRI follow-up times were 16.7 months for the OAT group and 20.3 months for the DEB group ( P = .38).

Results:

Patients treated with OAT had significantly higher average total MOCART scores (69 vs 55, P = .04) and significantly lower rates of cyst (14% vs 55%, P < .01), edema (59% vs 90%, P = .04), revision surgery (0% vs 19%, P = .05), and therapeutic injection for pain (4% vs 30%, P = .02) compared to patients treated with DEB. No significant differences were detected in patient-reported outcome scores between groups.

Conclusion:

The native hyaline cartilage introduced by OAT appears to result in higher-quality repair tissue when compared to DEB, as evidenced by OAT patients’ higher MOCART scores and lower rates of cyst and edema. There was no difference in clinical outcome scores, though OAT patients did not require revision surgery or therapeutic injection for pain as frequently as DEB patients.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Anatomic Repair vs Closed Reduction of the Syndesmosis
Authors: Del Balso Christopher , Hamam Al-Walid , Chohan Moaz Bin Yunus , Tieszer Christina , Lawendy Abdel-Rahman , Sanders David William
Published: February 2021

Background:

The goal of the study was to compare radiographic and functional outcomes between conventional closed syndesmotic reduction and screw fixation with open reduction, direct repair of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AiTFL) and screw fixation. We hypothesized that open reduction with restoration of the AiTFL would provide an improved reduction with better radiographic and functional outcomes.

Methods:

Fifty consecutive patients with OTA 44-C ankle fractures were enrolled. Treatment was nonrandomized and based on surgeon preference. Patients were treated with either open reduction, suture-anchor AiTFL repair, and screw fixation (ART group), or conventional closed reduction of the syndesmosis followed by screw fixation (CR group). The primary outcome measure was anteroposterior (AP) displacement of the fibula on CT scan at 3 months postoperatively. Secondary outcome measures included the Maryland Foot Score, the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle Hindfoot Score, and the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS).

Results:

Mean AP difference between injured and noninjured ankles was decreased in the ART group compared with the CR group (0.7 ± 0.3 mm vs 1.5 ± 0.3 mm, P = .008). No differences were observed between groups in overall scores for secondary outcome measures. The ART group displayed a significant difference in Maryland Foot Shoe subscore at 12 months (ART = 9.5 vs CR = 8.3, P = .03) and FAOS Quality of Life subscore at 12 months (64.1 compared to 38.3, P = .04).

Conclusion:

Open anatomic syndesmotic repair resulted in improved radiographic outcomes compared with closed reduction. Cosmesis was worse at 6 weeks compared to the CR group; however, quality of life and shoewear were improved in the ART group at 1 year postoperatively.

Level of Evidence:

Level II, prospective comparative study.
Tracking Cognitive Decline with a Serious Game: Benchmarking Against the Mini-Mental State Examination
Authors: Tong Tiffany , Urakami Jacqueline , Chignell Mark , Tierney Mary C. , Lee Jacques S.
Published: February 2021

We are developing whack-a-mole games for cognitive assessment. In prior research, we have shown that variants of the game assess cognitive speed and executive functioning (response inhibition), and can be used to screen for delirium in emergency departments. We have also found that whack-a-mole game performance is significantly correlated with overall Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. In this paper, we report the results of a study that assessed the relationship of our serious game for cognitive assessment with specific components of the MMSE. We found that game performance is correlated most strongly with the orientation to time items component of MMSE and that the combination of three elements of the MMSE (attention and calculation; orientation to time; repetition) accounted for almost half of the variance in game performance in our sample.
How Long Can a Driver (Safely) Glance at an Augmented-Reality Head-Up Display?
Authors: de Oliveira Faria Nayara , Gabbard Joseph L.
Published: February 2021

Augmented-Reality (AR) head-up display (HUD) is one of the promising solutions to reduce distraction potential while driving and performing secondary visual tasks; however, we currently don’t know how to effectively evaluate interfaces in this area. In this study, we show that current visual distraction standards for evaluating in-vehicle displays may not be applicable for AR HUDs. We provide evidence that AR HUDs can afford longer glances with no decrement in driving performance. We propose that the selection of measurement methods for driver distraction research should be guided not only by the nature of the task under evaluation but also by the properties of the method itself.
Application of Cognitive Performance Modeling for Usability Evaluation of Emergency Medical Services In-Vehicle Technology
Authors: Park Junho , McKenzie Johnathan , Shahini Farzaneh , Zahabi Maryam
Published: February 2021

Motor vehicle crashes are one of the leading causes of emergency medical service (EMS) fatalities. These crashes have been mainly attributed to driver distraction caused by in-vehicle technologies especially mobile computer terminals (MCTs). This study used cognitive performance modeling to assess MCT use by EMS drivers. A pilot study was conducted with six EMS experts performing a navigation task with the MCT. Pilot data results were used to create and validate the models using CogTool platform. In terms of task completion time (TCT), the model closely matched the data collected through observations, allowing for redesign improvements to be considered, while further validating CogTool as an analytical tool. The MCT was also redesigned based on the usability heuristics. The developed models and approach can be used in MCT design and development process to ensure efficient interaction in multi-tasking situations of driving and using the MCT.
Team Synchronization and Individual Contributions in Coop-Space Fortress
Authors: Li Huao , Ni Tianwei , Agrawal Siddharth , Hughes Dana , Sycara Katia
Published: February 2021

This work studied human teamwork with a concentration on the influence of team synchronization and in- dividual differences on performance. Human participants were paired to complete collaborative tasks in a simulated game environment, in which they were assigned roles with corresponding responsibilities. Cross- correlation analysis was employed to quantify the degree of team synchronization and time-lag between two teammates’ collective actions. Results showed that team performance is determined by factors at both the individual and team levels. We found interaction effects between team synchronization and individual differences and quantified their contributions to team performance. The application of our research findings and proposed quantitative methods for developing adaptive agents for human-autonomy teaming is discussed.
Human Factors Challenges in Urban Air Mobility
Authors: Scheff Scott , Friedman-Berg Ferne , Shively Jay , Carter Andrew
Published: February 2021

For several generations there has been the vision of the flying car, a way to leave the road behind and fly through the skies from one point to another above the urban landscape. Finally, we appear to be on the cusp of true urban air mobility (UAM). Companies such as Uber Elevate, Amazon Delivery Drones, Hyundai Motor Company, and KittyHawk are looking to change the way we transport not just ourselves, but packages too. With this UAM capability however, comes multiple challenges for the human factors practitioner. Topics covered in this panel discussion will include the various challenges associated with safely operating UAM platforms in the airspace, requirement considerations, workload factors, and machine vs. human automation needs. This diverse panel includes renowned UAM and unmanned systems experts representing Government and Industry.
Improving Support for Contingency Planning in Air Traffic Flow Management
Authors: Fernandes Alicia , Brinton Chris , Kaler Curt
Published: February 2021

As air traffic continues to increase, it will be increasingly important to maximize use of available capacity. Traffic management coordinators explicitly incorporate contingency planning into their decision-making processes, but current Traffic Flow Management (TFM) tools provide limited support for such contingency planning. This paper describes an effort to explicitly support contingency planning in TFM, allowing automation to better align with the human’s approach to the situation. We propose a modeling framework and report on initial operational feedback indicating that our modeling framework captures the essence of TFM workflow.
A Communication Interface for a Dismounted Ground Commander and an Intelligent Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Systems (IA-UAS) – A Feasibility Study
Authors: Ziv-Schegolsky Regina , Oppenheim Ilit , Parmet Yisrael , Oron-Gilad Tal
Published: February 2021

As unmanned systems become more intelligent, ground force may be able to interact directly with the UAS, without the need for a human UAS operator as a moderator. We looked at how interaction tools facilitate coordination between commanders and intelligent autonomous UASs. For this a mission execution interface (MEI) was developed. It was added to an existing chat and graphical bi-directional communication interface that was shown valuable for commander-UAS operator interaction. This setup was tested in the battle-lab facility using Wizard-of-Oz technique to generate the intelligent UAS capabilities. Focusing on the utility of the MEI relative to chat alone, or when both communication means are provided, results demonstrate how the MEI was used for mission execution for static or dynamic targets. Design improvements need to be applied to the MEI following the study outcomes and user feedback to make it more effective for conveying the commander’s intent throughout the mission.