bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hole transport layer influencing the charge carrier dynamics during the degradation of organic solar cells
Authors: Rana Aniket , Kumar Amit , Chand Suresh , Singh Rajiv K.
Published: February 2019

Here, we demonstrate the effect of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) hole transport layers (HTLs) on degradation of the bulk-heterojunction organic solar cell (OSC) with the combination of two active layers—poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]]. The study is performed for unencapsulated conventional structure OSCs exposed to the ambient dark condition. In the self-life test situation, it is found that PEDOT:PSS based devices show an initial higher short circuit current and subsequent faster degradation with time in comparison to the MoO3 based devices. The effects of these HTLs have been shown in terms of better charge extraction and a decrease in the shunt resistance as well as the bulk resistance of the active layer. The charge carrier generation probability evaluated from photocurrent data shows the dominant impact of active layer degradation rather than the oxidation of a top electrode under the ambient condition. This suggested mechanism is further supported by impedance spectroscopy as well as the evaluated transit time, global mobility, and exciton dissociation probability, establishing that the degradation does not much affect the transport property of the active material. Rather, it affects more the carrier generation rate. The low hole extraction barrier in PEDOT:PSS based devices show small transit time and high global mobility compared to MoO3. It is found that during the degradation process, the bulk resistance of the device significantly increases, which reduces the diffusion current in the device.
The impact of strained layers on current and emerging semiconductor laser systems
Authors: Sweeney Stephen J. , Eales Timothy D. , Adams Alfred R.
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we discuss how the deliberate and controlled introduction of strain can be used to improve the performance of semiconductor lasers. We show how strain-induced modifications of the electronic band structure give rise to significant changes in the valence band of III-V semiconductors which have been used to produce devices with lower threshold currents and higher efficiencies. We furthermore illustrate how the strain limit of semiconductor layers can be overcome by using strain compensation techniques and how this is being widely adopted in lasers based on a number of emerging III-V systems, enhancing device efficiency and output power and extending the wavelength of operation. We show how strained layers are also being used to optimize the performance of mid-infrared lasers through band offset control. Finally, we show how strain may be used to facilitate the production of lasers on silicon through controlling the conduction band valley splitting in group IV semiconductors or through the development of novel direct bandgap III-V systems that may be grown lattice matched to silicon. Such systems are expected to be of significant potential for the future convergence of electronic and photonic devices and highlight the ongoing importance of strain engineering in photonic devices.
Irradiation-induced hexagonal precipitates and their coupling with the evolution of helium bubbles
Authors: Gao Jie , Huang Hefei , Liu Jizhao , Zhu Zhenbo , Li Yan
Published: February 2019

The nature of irradiation-induced precipitates and their interaction with helium bubbles in a nickel-based Hastelloy N alloy were investigated using helium and subsequent xenon ions irradiation at 650 °C. The irradiation by xenon ions has induced the formation of precipitates which were identified as the Mo-Cr enriched M2C-type carbides with a hexagonal close-packed structure. The different behaviors of helium bubbles inside and outside of the precipitates were quantified by bubble size and density. The coupling mechanism between the bubble evolution and precipitate growth under irradiation-induced cascades was unveiled. This work will benefit a further quantitative model describing the interaction between the helium bubbles and growing precipitates under irradiation.
Surface temperature effects on the compressible flow past a rotating cylinder
Authors: Salimipour Erfan , Anbarsooz Morteza
Published: February 2019

Spinning cylinders have been the subject of numerous studies because of not only their interesting flow patterns but also their widespread applications. In this study, the effects of the surface temperature of a spinning cylinder on the compressible flow characteristics have been studied numerically. Simulations are performed in the laminar flow regime at Re = 200, M∞ = 0.1-0.4, and Pr = 0.7. The dimensionless cylinder surface velocity is considered from 0 to 7 for a wide range of cylinder surface temperatures. Results show that increasing the cylinder surface temperature leads to a considerable reduction in the lift coefficient. However, surface temperature effects on the drag coefficient do not follow a regular trend due to various vortex shedding patterns. The results also reveal that the vortex shedding pattern and the position of the stagnation points not only depend on the speed ratio but also depend on the surface temperature. Furthermore, at a narrow band of speed and temperature ratios, an oscillatory flow without vortex shedding occurs which has not been reported in previous studies. The heat transfer analysis shows that the cylinder mean surface Nusselt number decreases as the surface temperature increases at both Mach numbers and all speed ratios. Moreover, increasing the speed ratios increases the mean Nusselt number at M∞ = 0.3; however, there is no such trend at M∞ = 0.2. Investigating the compressibility effects also shows that the lift coefficient decreases with increasing Mach number, while the drag coefficient and Nusselt number increase.
Synergistic tuning of carrier mobility, effective mass, and point defects scattering triggered high thermoelectric performance in n-type Ge-doped PbTe
Authors: Wang Zhengshang , He Huan , Cui Xudong , Liu Hangtian , Qiu Wenbin , Chen Longqing , Zhou Binqiang , Tang Jun , Ang Ran
Published: February 2019

Most achievements on remarkable thermoelectric performance have been made in the intermediate-temperature p-type PbTe. However, the n-type PbTe exhibits a relatively poor figure of merit ZT, which is urgently expected to be enhanced and compatible with the p-type counterpart. Here, we report that the introduction of excessive Pb can effectively eliminate cation vacancies in the n-type Pb1+xTe−0.4%I, leading to a considerable improvement of carrier mobility μ. Moreover, further Ge doping induces a large enhancement of thermoelectric properties due to the combined effect of improved electrical transport properties and increased phonon scattering in the n-type Pb1.01Te−0.4%I−y%Ge. The Ge doping not only contributes to the increase of the Seebeck coefficient owing to the increased effective mass m∗, but also gives rise to the dramatic decrease of lattice thermal conductivity due to the strengthened point defects scattering. As a result, a tremendous enhancement of the ZT value at 723 K reaches ∼1.31 of Pb1.01Te−0.4%I−3%Ge. Particularly, the average ZTave value of ∼0.87 and calculated conversion efficiency η∼13.5% is achieved by Ge doping in a wide temperature range from 323 to 823 K. The present findings demonstrate the great potential in the n-type Pb1.01Te−0.4%I−y%Ge through a synergistic tuning of carrier mobility, effective mass, and point defects engineering strategy.
Controlled deposition of electrospun nanofibers by electrohydrodynamic deflection
Authors: Soldate Paul , Fan Jintu
Published: February 2019

Electrospinning is a technique often used for the production of nanofibers composed of various polymers and ceramics. For enhanced material performance, it is desirable to obtain nanofibrous structures with a pre-determined microscopic fiber orientation and macroscopic geometry. However, it is challenging to control or predict the final deposition structure of an electrospun nanofiber due to the inherent instabilities induced along the polymer jet during the electrospinning process. Historically, mitigating these instabilities has been attempted electrically, magnetically, and mechanically with limited levels of success. Here, a new technique to electrically control the trajectory of an electrospun jet by electrohydrodynamic deflection is introduced. This protocol is achieved using a set of linearly actuated intermediary electrodes and a rapidly oscillating electric potential, driven by home-built AC amplifiers and a switching algorithm to control the amplitude, frequency, duty cycle, and the relative phase of the external electric field. Predetermined nanofibrous geometries are printed along predetermined paths using a 10% polyethylene oxide polymer solution.
Drosophila melanogaster
nonribosomal peptide synthetase Ebony encodes an atypical condensation domain
Authors: Izoré Thierry , Tailhades Julien , Hansen Mathias Henning , Kaczmarski Joe A. , Jackson Colin J. , Cryle Max J.
Published: February 2019

The protein Ebony from
Drosophila melanogaster
plays a central role in the regulation of histamine and dopamine in various tissues through condensation of these amines with β-alanine. Ebony is a rare example of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) from a higher eukaryote and contains a C-terminal sequence that does not correspond to any previously characterized NRPS domain. We have structurally characterized this C-terminal domain and have discovered that it adopts the aryl-alkylamine-
N
-acetyl transferase (AANAT) fold, which is unprecedented in NRPS biology. Through analysis of ligand-bound structures, activity assays, and binding measurements, we have determined how this atypical condensation domain is able to provide selectivity for both the carrier protein-bound amino acid and the amine substrates, a situation that remains unclear for standard condensation domains identified to date from NRPS assembly lines. These results demonstrate that the C terminus of Ebony encodes a eukaryotic example of an alternative type of NRPS condensation domain; they also illustrate how the catalytic components of such assembly lines are significantly more diverse than a minimal set of conserved functional domains.
Parrots, peccaries, and people
Authors: Overall Simon E.
Published: February 2019

The western margin of the Amazon basin near the modern-day border between Ecuador and Peru is an area of notable linguistic and ethnic diversity, but the indigenous cultures also show considerable similarities, thanks to a long history of contact and mutual influence. One of the cultural traits of the area is a genre of “magic” songs used to ensure success in all kinds of activities, but especially romantic pursuits, hunting (for men), and gardening (for women). These songs are distinguished musically from other song types, the lyrics are rich in imagery and metaphor (especially relating to birds and animals) and allusions to mythology, and they use a lexicon that includes both archaisms and innovative loanwords from neighbouring languages. This paper focuses on the magic songs (calledanɨnoranen) of the Aguaruna or Awajún, an indigenous group of north Peru. I describe the formal and poetic properties of these songs and their significance within the context of Aguaruna oral tradition and traditional culture, and then ask what these songs can tell us about the social and linguistic history of the region.
Kinesin-binding protein ensures accurate chromosome segregation by buffering KIF18A and KIF15
Authors: Malaby Heidi L.H. , Dumas Megan E. , Ohi Ryoma , Stumpff Jason
Published: February 2019

Mitotic kinesins must be regulated to ensure a precise balance of spindle forces and accurate segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. Here, we demonstrate that kinesin-binding protein (KBP) reduces the activity of KIF18A and KIF15 during metaphase. Overexpression of KBP disrupts the movement and alignment of mitotic chromosomes and decreases spindle length, a combination of phenotypes observed in cells deficient for KIF18A and KIF15, respectively. We show through gliding filament and microtubule co-pelleting assays that KBP directly inhibits KIF18A and KIF15 motor activity by preventing microtubule binding. Consistent with these effects, the mitotic localizations of KIF18A and KIF15 are altered by overexpression of KBP. Cells depleted of KBP exhibit lagging chromosomes in anaphase, an effect that is recapitulated by KIF15 and KIF18A overexpression. Based on these data, we propose a model in which KBP acts as a protein buffer in mitosis, protecting cells from excessive KIF18A and KIF15 activity to promote accurate chromosome segregation.
Picky carnivorous plants? Investigating preferences for preys’ trophic levels – a stable isotope natural abundance approach with two terrestrial and two aquatic Lentibulariaceae tested in Central Europe
Authors: Klink Saskia , Giesemann Philipp , Gebauer Gerhard
Published: February 2019

Background and Aims

Stable isotope two-source linear mixing models are frequently used to calculate the nutrient-uptake efficiency of carnivorous plants from pooled prey. This study aimed to separate prey into three trophic levels as pooled prey limits statements about the contribution of a specific trophic level to the nutrition of carnivorous plants. Phytoplankton were used as an autotrophic reference for aquatic plants as the lack of suitable reference plants impedes calculation of their efficiency.

Methods

Terrestrial (Pinguicula) and aquatic (Utricularia) carnivorous plants alongside autotrophic reference plants and potential prey from six sites in Germany and Austria were analysed for their stable isotope natural abundances (δ15N, δ13C). A two-source linear mixing model was applied to calculate the nutrient-uptake efficiency of carnivorous plants from pooled prey. Prey preferences were determined using a Bayesian inference isotope mixing model.

Key Results

Phytophagous prey represented the main contribution to the nutrition of Pinguicula (approx. 55 %), while higher trophic levels contributed a smaller amount (diverse approx. 27 %, zoophagous approx. 17 %). As well as around 48 % nitrogen, a small proportion of carbon (approx. 9 %) from prey was recovered in the tissue of plants. Aquatic Utricularia australis received 29 % and U. minor 21 % nitrogen from zooplankton when applying phytoplankton as the autotrophic reference.

Conclusions

The separation of prey animals into trophic levels revealed a major nutritional contribution of lower trophic level prey (phytophagous) for temperate Pinguicula species. Naturally, prey of higher trophic levels (diverse, zoophagous) are rarer, resulting in a smaller chance of being captured. Phytoplankton represents an adequate autotrophic reference for aquatic systems to estimate the contribution of zooplankton-derived nitrogen to the tissue of carnivorous plants. The autonomous firing of Utricularia bladders results in the additional capture of phytoplankton, calling for new aquatic references to determine the nutritional importance of phytoplankton for aquatic carnivorous plants.
Cardiac sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 is a novel mediator of ischaemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Li Zhao , Agrawal Vineet , Ramratnam Mohun , Sharma Ravi K , D’Auria Stephen , Sincoular Abigail , Jakubiak Margurite , Music Meredith L , Kutschke William J , Huang Xueyin N , Gifford Lindsey , Ahmad Ferhaan
Published: February 2019

Aims

We previously reported that sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes and is further up-regulated in ischaemia. This study aimed to determine the mechanisms by which SGLT1 contributes to ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.

Methods and results

Mice with cardiomyocyte-specific knockdown of SGLT1 (TGSGLT1-DOWN) and wild-type controls were studied. In vivo, the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated for 30 min and reperfused for 48 h. Ex vivo, isolated perfused hearts were exposed to 20 min no-flow and up to 2 h reperfusion. In vitro, HL-1 cells and isolated adult murine ventricular cardiomyocytes were exposed to 1 h hypoxia and 24 h reoxygenation (H/R). We found that TGSGLT1-DOWN hearts were protected from I/R injury in vivo and ex vivo, with decreased infarct size, necrosis, dysfunction, and oxidative stress. 5’-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation increased SGLT1 expression, which was abolished by extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) inhibition. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that ERK, but not AMPK, interacts directly with SGLT1. AMPK activation increased binding of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 and specificity protein 1 transcription factors to the SGLT1 gene, and HuR to SGLT1 mRNA. In cells, up-regulation of SGLT1 during H/R was abrogated by AMPK inhibition. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that SGLT1 interacts with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and EGFR interacts with protein kinase C (PKC). SGLT1 overexpression activated PKC and NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2), which was attenuated by PKC inhibition, EGFR inhibition, and/or disruption of the interaction between EGFR and SGLT1.

Conclusion

During ischaemia, AMPK up-regulates SGLT1 through ERK, and SGLT1 interacts with EGFR, which in turn increases PKC and Nox2 activity and oxidative stress. SGLT1 may represent a novel therapeutic target for mitigating I/R injury.
Changes in Mortality Involving Extended-Release and Long-Acting Opioids After Implementation of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy
Authors: Black Joshua C , Bau Gabrielle E , Rosen Travis , Cepeda M Soledad , Wedin Gregory P , Green Jody L , Dart Richard C
Published: February 2019

Objective

To assess changes in mortality rates in extended-release and long-acting (ER/LA) opioid analgesics after the implementation of the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS).

Setting

All drug poisoning deaths in three states: Florida, Oregon, and Washington. Data were obtained through state vital records offices and the Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction-Related Surveillance System Medical Examiner Program.

Methods

Using cause-of-death literal text from death certificates, individual opioid active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) involved in each death were identified using rules-based natural language processing. Population-adjusted and prescriptions dispensed–adjusted mortality rates were calculated for all ER/LA opioid analgesic and individual opioid APIs. Rates before and after implementation of the REMS were compared. Rate changes were compared with rates from two APIs with little or no inclusion in the REMS: benzodiazepines and hydrocodone.

Results

The mean ER/LA opioid analgesic population-adjusted mortality rate significantly decreased in all three states (FL: P = 0.003; OR: P = 0.003; WA: P < 0.001). Mortality rates for benzodiazepines and hydrocodone also decreased and were not statistically different. Significant heterogeneity in mortality rates of individual opioids was observed between the three states. When adjusted for prescription volume, the ER/LA opioid analgesic mortality rate decreased in all three states, but was significant only for Washington (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The population-adjusted mortality rate of ER/LA opioid analgesics has decreased in three states. Notably, the contributions to mortality rates by individual opioid analgesics were not uniform across the three states in this study. However, these changes were not generally distinct from changes in mortality rates where comparator substances were involved.
Ultra High-frequency Ultrasonographic Imaging with 70 MHz Scanner for Visualization of the Lymphatic Vessels
Authors: Hayashi Akitatsu , Giacalone Guido , Yamamoto Takumi , Belva Florence , Visconti Giuseppe , Hayashi Nobuko , Handa Mayumi , Yoshimatsu Hidehiko , Salgarello Marzia
Published: February 2019

Background:

Identification and localization of functional lymphatic vessels are important for lymphaticovenular anastomosis. Conventional high-frequency ultrasound (CHFUS) has been reported to be useful for them, but it has some disadvantages. In this article, we present new capabilities of ultra high-frequency ultrasound (UHFUS) for imaging of the lymphatic vessels, which may overcome the weakness of CHFUS.

Methods:

Thirty unaffected extremities in 30 unilateral secondary lymphedema patients (13 upper limbs and 17 lower limbs) were examined. Identification of the lymphatic vessels using UHFUS and CHFUS were performed at 3 sites in each unaffected extremity. Number and diameter of the detected lymphatic vessels were compared between UHFUS and CHFUS groups. At the same time, new characteristics of the lymphatic vessels seen with UHFUS were investigated.

Results:

One hundred sixty-nine lymphatic vessels were detected with UHFUS, and 118 lymphatic vessels with CHFUS. The number of lymphatic vessels found in upper and lower extremities was significantly larger with UHFUS than with CHFUS. The diameter of lymphatic vessels found in upper and lower extremities was significantly smaller with UHFUS than with CHFUS. All lymphatic vessels that were detected in UFHUS were less likely to collapse when the transducer was against the skin of the examined sites.

Conclusions:

Detection rate of the lymphatic vessels in nonlymphedematous extremities with UHFUS was higher than that with CHFUS. UHFUS provides images with extremely high resolution, demonstrating new characteristics of the lymphatic vessels.
High-throughput task to study memory recall during spatial navigation in rodents
Authors: Morales Lucia , Tomàs David P. , Dalmau Josep , de la Rocha Jaime , Jercog Pablo E.
Published: February 2019

Spatial navigation is the most frequently used behavioral paradigm to study hippocampal dependent memory formation in rodents. However, commonly used tasks can present some limitations: i) they are labor intensive, preventing the implementation of parallel testing for high-throughput experimentation; ii) yield a low number of repeated trials, curtailing the statistical power; iii) are hard to combine with neural recordings, because tethering sometimes interferes with behavior; iv) are not based on overt behavioral responses that can be precisely timed, making difficult the identification of the underlying neural events; v) produce a low spatial coverage, limiting the characterization of neuronal patterns related to spatial information. To circumvent these limitations, we developed a spatial memory task that required minimal human intervention, allowed simultaneous and unsupervised testing of several mice, and yielded a high number of recall trials per session (up to ~20). Moreover, because recall sessions could be repeated over many days, the task provided enough statistical power to characterize in detail the animals behavior during memory recall, even to quantify the decay in spatial accuracy of memories as they are stacked across days. In addition, the task is compatible with neural activity recordings. Together, these features make our task a valuable tool to start dissecting the neural circuit dynamics underlying spatial memory recall.
Residents’ attitudes to tourism: a review
Authors: Hadinejad Arghavan , D. Moyle Brent , Scott Noel , Kralj Anna , Nunkoo Robin
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore recent trends in the theories and methods applied to studies on residents’ attitudes.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve the objective of this research, this paper provides a review of 90 journal articles on residents’ attitudes towards tourism published between 2011 and 2017. The relevant articles were then analysed using content analysis.

Findings

Key findings revealed that although social exchange theory is still dominant in exploring residents’ attitudes towards tourism, new frameworks are beginning to emerge such as institutional theory and bottom-up spillover theory. Nonetheless, alternative theoretical perspective has only been applied once or twice and requires further engagement. Quantitative methods still dominate the field, with the geographic dispersal of studies spanning 33 countries.

Research limitations/implications

A potential limitation of this review is that articles published only in four leading tourism journals, namely, ATR, JTR, TM and JOST, were analysed.

Originality/value

This review contributes to the literature in tourism by assessing the shift in the application of theory and methodological approaches in residents’ attitudes studies from previous systematic reviews. This study adds to the body of knowledge by providing an overview of the existing status of research on residents’ attitudes towards tourism, providing direction for future scholarly inquiry. A further contribution of this review is an indication of not only the data collection methods but also data analysis techniques which have not been done in previous review articles on residents’ attitudes towards tourism. As opposed to other systematic reviews, this paper assessed the geographical setting of studies on residents’ attitudes towards tourism.
Mechanisms underlying effects of kiwifruit on intestinal function shown by MRI in healthy volunteers
Authors: Wilkinson‐Smith Victoria , Dellschaft Neele , Ansell Juliet , Hoad Caroline , Marciani Luca , Gowland Penny , Spiller Robin
Published: February 2019

Background

Chronic constipation affects approximately 17% of the population worldwide and remains an important unmet need since patients are often dissatisfied with treatment. Kiwifruit may offer an alternative to traditional laxatives and have been shown to increase stool volume, frequency and improve consistency.

Aims

Using non‐invasive MRI techniques, we assessed the effect of ingestion of kiwifruit on fluid distribution in the intestines and bowel function.

Methods

Two period crossover trial of kiwifruit vs control in healthy adults. Intervention: two kiwifruits twice daily vs isocaloric control (maltodextrin) twice daily, consumed for a total of 3 days. Subjects underwent MRI scanning fasted and at hourly intervals for 7 hours on the third day. Primary outcome: T1 relaxation time of ascending colon (T1AC) using MRI. Secondary outcomes: Small bowel water content (SBWC), colonic volume, gut transit time, T1 of descending colon, stool frequency and form.

Results

Fourteen volunteers completed the study. T1AC was higher after kiwifruit ingestion (P = 0.029) during the second half of the day (when meal residue would be expected to reach the AC, AUC T1 T240‐420 minutes; mean (SD) 137 (39) s*minute with kiwifruit versus 108 (40) s*minute with control. SBWC (P < 0.001), colon volumes (P = 0.004), as well as stool frequency (1.46 ± 0.66 with kiwifruit vs 1.14 ± 0.46 stools per day with control; P = 0.034) and stool form score (Bristol Stool Chart score 4.1 (0.9) with kiwifruit versus 3.4 (0.7) with control; P = 0.011) were markedly increased in participants consuming kiwifruit compared to control.

Conclusion

Consumption of kiwifruit in healthy volunteers increases water retention in the small bowel and ascending colon and increases total colonic volume. The data may explain the observed increase in stool frequency and looser stool consistencies, suggesting that kiwifruit could be used as a dietary alternative to laxatives in mild constipation.
A macroecological approach to evolutionary rescue and adaptation to climate change
Authors: Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre F. , Souza Kelly S. , Bini Luis M. , Loyola Rafael , Dobrovolski Ricardo , Rodrigues João Fabricio M. , Lima‐Ribeiro S. , Terribile Levi C. , Rangel Thiago F. , Bione Igor , Freitas Roniel , Machado Iberê F. , Rocha Tainá , Lorini Maria L. , Vale Mariana M. , Navas Carlos A. , Maciel Natan M. , Villalobos Fabricio , Olalla‐Tarraga Miguel A. , Gouveia Sidney
Published: February 2019

Despite the widespread use of ecological niche models (ENMs) for predicting the responses of species to climate change, these models do not explicitly incorporate any population‐level mechanism. On the other hand, mechanistic models adding population processes (e.g. biotic interactions, dispersal and adaptive potential to abiotic conditions) are much more complex and difficult to parameterize, especially if the goal is to predict range shifts for many species simultaneously. In particular, the adaptive potential (based on genetic adaptations, phenotypic plasticity and behavioral adjustments for physiological responses) of local populations has been a less studied mechanism affecting species’ responses to climatic change so far. Here, we discuss and apply an alternative macroecological framework to evaluate the potential role of evolutionary rescue under climate change based on ENMs. We begin by reviewing eco‐evolutionary models that evaluate the maximum sustainable evolutionary rate under a scenario of environmental change, showing how they can be used to understand the impact of temperature change on a Neotropical anuran species, the Schneider's toad Rhinella diptycha. Then we show how to evaluate spatial patterns of species’ geographic range shift using such models, by estimating evolutionary rates at the trailing edge of species distribution estimated by ENMs and by recalculating the relative amount of total range loss under climate change. We show how different models can reduce the expected range loss predicted for the studied species by potential ecophysiological adaptations in some regions of the trailing edge predicted by ENMs. For general applications, we believe that parameters for large numbers of species and populations can be obtained from macroecological generalizations (e.g. allometric equations and ecogeographical rules), so our framework coupling ENMs with eco‐evolutionary models can be applied to achieve a more accurate picture of potential impacts from climate change and other threats to biodiversity.
Influence of work excitement and workplace violence on professional commitment and turnover intention among hospital nurses
Authors: Chang Yuan‐Ping , Lee De‐Chih , Chang Shu‐Chen , Lee Yi‐Hua , Wang Hsiu‐Hung
Published: February 2019

Aim and objectives

This study aimed to determine the influence of work excitement, workplace violence and the violence prevention climate on professional commitment and turnover intention.

Background

Workplace violence can easily cause the quality of nursing care to decline. Improvements in the working environment and working conditions can improve nurses’ professional commitment and satisfaction.

Design

A cross‐sectional multicentre study with convenience sampling was conducted. We have complied with the guidelines of STROBE Checklist in presenting this research.

Methods

Out of 900 questionnaires, 696 were deemed valid for analysis (77.33%). This study collected data on sociodemographic information, experiences of workplace violence, professional commitment, work excitement, violence prevention climate and turnover intention.

Results

The results show that professional commitment has a significant effect on turnover intention. Professional commitment positively influences work excitement, especially when the work is challenging and varied. It also indirectly influences turnover intention by generating work excitement. Workplace violence introduces an interactive moderating effect on the relationship between professional commitment and work excitement. A violence prevention climate changes the interactive moderating effect of workplace violence on professional commitment, which in turn influences turnover intention.

Conclusions

Positive work experience, institutional organisational policies and support systems are the mediating and moderating factors in the relationship between professional commitment and turnover intention. Nurses expect organisations to maintain good staff relations, provide a positive working environment and learning opportunities and strengthen communication channels, all of which affect nurse retention.

Relevance to clinical practice

Workplace violence is a serious crisis that can lead to turnover intention among hospital nurses. To enhance interpersonal relationships in the workplace and improve nurse retention, hospitals should schedule an adequate amount of staff and provide sufficient equipment and supplies to create a safe and positive work environment.
A Bidirectional Study of the Earlier Acquisition of Dative Structures in English and Arabic
Authors: Aljadani Anwar Saad
Published: February 2019

This article conducts a bidirectional investigation of the earlier acquisition of dative structures in English and Arabic by Second Language (L2) learners. It reports on two dative structures: the Prepositional Dative (PD) structure and the Double Object Dative (DOD) structure, rating experiments (grammaticality judgment task) to test which dative structure is preferred earlier by L2 learners and whether L2 learners transfer their preferences relating to the two dative structures in the First Language (L1) to their L2. A total of 50 Arab learners of English and 40 English learners of Arabic were tested for the purpose of this study. It was observed that Arab learners of English preferred the PD structure over the DOD structure, whereas English learners of Arabic showed a slight preference for the use of the DOD structure; however, this observation is statistically insignificant. These findings indicate a lack of L1 influence, as all L2 learners preferred a dative structure that does not correspond to the preferred structure in their L1. Such findings could be consistent with the idea of the language acquisition process, as proposed by the Processability Theory, which implies that constructions that are easiest to process will be learned earlier than those that are harder to process despite the convergences between L1 and L2.
Embedding physics into technology: infrared thermography and building inspection as a teaching tool — a new participated strategy approach to the physics of heat transfer and energy saving for professional schools
Authors: Carpineti Marina , Cazzaniga Luigia , Perotti Luca , Giliberti Marco , Cavinato Michela , Ludwig Nicola
Published: February 2019

We describe an inquiry-based path about heat conduction as part of a multidisciplinary project on energy saving in a professional school in a province close to Milan, Italy. The teaching–learning process dealt with heat losses in buildings detected with a thermal camera. Three consecutive activities were implemented: direct detection by the students of heat leakages due to thermal bridges in the school structure; simple standard technology laboratory activities on heat transfer, planned and performed by the students themselves; and finally a series of guided laboratory experiences with a thermal camera, to develop and clarify the previous lab activities on thermal conductivity. Key motivations of the project were creating a link between the study of thermodynamics and its application to the “real” world; increasing students’ motivation by using an Inquiry Based Science Education (IBSE) approach; and studying if and how the “infusion” of a cutting-edge, and therefore science-attracting, technology (thermography) might foster the teaching–learning process, thus becoming a concrete cognitive tool promoting the students’ approach to the scientific methodology.
THE INNOVATION VALUE CANVAS: A GUIDE TO DEFINING VALUE PROPOSITIONS AND TARGET CUSTOMERS FOR COMMERCIALIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
Authors: MAHDAVIMAZDEH HOSSEIN , FALKENBERG LOREN , STACKHOUSE MADELYNN
Published: February 2019

Many innovations result from firms following theories and models of innovation such as disruptive innovation, blue ocean innovation, etc. Yet, there are many other innovations that are not developed through these models and rather stem from technological pushes and research and development efforts. The commercial success of these innovations is contingent upon existence of a good fit between the technological innovation and the accompanying business model. To date, this fit has been mostly sought through trials and errors. In this paper, we develop a framework for analytically choosing and aligning two important components of the business model — value proposition and target market — to fit the technological innovations. We illustrate the framework using case examples of products in the market.
Predictive Factors for Rebleeding after Negative Capsule Endoscopy among Patients with Overt Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: Harada Akira , Torisu Takehiro , Okamoto Yasuharu , Hirano Atsushi , Umeno Junji , Moriyama Tomohiko , Washio Ema , Fuyuno Yuta , Fujioka Shin , Kitazono Takanari , Esaki Motohiro
Published: February 2019

Background: Although capsule endoscopy (CE) is useful to evaluate obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB), CE does not always identify the responsible lesions in patients with overt OGIB. Objectives: To identify factors predictive of rebleeding after negative CE in patients with overt OGIB. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 221 patients who underwent CE for overt OGIB. Among 120 patients with negative CE findings, clinical course of 112 patients after CE was followed-up. Clinical factors associated with rebleeding after negative CE and lesions responsible for rebleeding were investigated. Results: Rebleeding was identified in 37 patients (33.0%) during follow-up after negative CE, and 36 patients (32.1%) developed rebleeding within 24 months after negative CE. Multivariate analyses showed that ongoing overt OGIB (OR 2.67; 95% CI 1.07–5.80; p = 0.036) and severe anemia at the initial CE examination (OR 2.54; 95% CI 1.33–4.96; p = 0.005) were independent factors ­associated with rebleeding. Rebleeding source was detected in 13 patients. Conclusions: Rebleeding is not a rare condition among patients with overt OGIB after negative CE. Patients with ongoing overt OGIB or severe anemia at the initial CE examination seem to have a higher risk of rebleeding.
Apresentação: Direito à cidade
Authors: Pardue Derek , Oliveira Lucas Amaral de
Published: February 2019

Este ensaio abre o dossiê Teoria Social Urbana e Direito à Cidade: um debate interdisciplinar. O texto está dividido em duas partes. Na parte inicial, revisamos a literatura que informa, de modo mais direto, a ideia de “cidade” como dinâmica socioespacial e política, produção contínua de sujeitos sociais. Para tanto, discutimos abordagens das ciências sociais contemporâneas que, a partir de Henri Lefebvre, pensaram o “direito à cidade” como um campo de disputas e negociações. Por fim, introduzimos as contribuições que integram esta edição, apresentando os resumos articulados dos textos em relação à proposta epistemológica do dossiê.
Entre clarões e lampejos
Authors: Santos Hannah Serrat de Souza
Published: February 2019

este artigo investiga como o cinema acolhe politicamente os rostos, corpos e vozes daqueles que habitam as periferias urbanas no Brasil. Se “os povos estão expostos”, como nos diz Georges Didi-Huberman, buscamos compreender quais formas de exposição são produzidas e convocadas pelo cinema brasileiro em diferentes épocas e contextos. Para isso, analisamos algumas cenas de filmes realizados no Brasil entre os anos 1970 e 2010. Diante da chegada do cinema nas comunidades periféricas, refletimos sobre a constituição das imagens e dos imaginários dos povos quando estes passam a ser sujeitos de sua própria aparição.
Movimento Feminino pela Anistia em reportagens da Rede Globo Minas
Authors: Furtado Marcella
Published: February 2019

Este artigo visa analisar como o Movimento Feminino pela Anistia é abordado em cinco reportagens feitas pela Rede Globo Minas em Belo Horizonte (BH) entre os anos de 1977 e 1979. A análise será feita a partir do acervo da emissora presente no Museu da Imagem e do Som de BH. Essa abordagem é um recorte da pesquisa BH em movimento – Registros audiovisuais do período da ditadura na capital de Minas, que busca localizar e analisar reportagens televisivas realizadas entre 1968 e 1983 em BH que façam referência a pessoas e/ou eventos ligados ao período militar. Localizar esses registros revela-se tão importante quanto entender de que forma eles se inserem na memória audiovisual do período.
Optimal Hemodynamics During Left Ventricular Assist Device Support Are Associated With Reduced Readmission Rates
Authors: Imamura Teruhiko , Jeevanandam Valluvan , Kim Gene , Raikhelkar Jayant , Sarswat Nitasha , Kalantari Sara , Smith Bryan , Rodgers Daniel , Besser Stephanie , Chung Ben , Nguyen Ann , Narang Nikhil , Ota Takeyoshi , Song Tae , Juricek Colleen , Mehra Mandeep , Costanzo Maria Rosa , Jorde Ulrich P. , Burkhoff Daniel , Sayer Gabriel , Uriel Nir
Published: February 2019

Background:

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy improves the hemodynamics of advanced heart failure patients. However, it is unknown whether hemodynamic optimization improves clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hemodynamic optimization reduces hospital readmission rate in LVAD patients.

Methods and Results:

LVAD patients undergoing an invasive hemodynamic ramp test were prospectively enrolled and followed for 1 year. LVAD speed was optimized using a ramp test, targeting the following goals: central venous pressure <12 mm Hg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure <18 mm Hg, and cardiac index >2.2 L/(min·m
2
). The frequency and cause of hospital readmissions were compared between patients who achieved (optimized group) or did not achieve (nonoptimized group) these goals. Eighty-eight outpatients (median 61 years old, 53 male) underwent ramp testing 236 days after LVAD implantation, and 54 (61%) had optimized hemodynamics after LVAD speed adjustment. One-year survival after the ramp study was comparable in both groups (89% versus 88%). The total hospital readmission rate was lower in the optimized group compared with the nonoptimized group (1.15 versus 2.86 events/y,
P
<0.001). This result was predominantly because of a reduction in the heart failure readmission rate in the optimized group (0.08 versus 0.71 events/y,
P
=0.016).

Conclusions:

LVAD patients, in whom hemodynamics were optimized, had a significantly lower rate of hospital readmissions, primarily because of fewer heart failure admissions. These findings highlight the importance of achieving hemodynamic optimization in LVAD patients.
Turbinicarpus boedekerianus sp. nov. (Cactaceae), a new species from Nuevo León, Mexico
Authors: GARCÍA-MORALES LECCINUM JESÚS , GONZÁLEZ-BOTELLO MIGUEL ÁNGEL , MATUSZEWSKII GRZEGORZ , NITZSCHKE STEFAN , IAMONICO DUILIO
Published: February 2019

A new species of Turbinicarpus—Turbinicarpus boedekerianus—from Mexico (Nuevo León, Municipality of Aramberri) is described and compared to the related species Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus. The new species is morphologically characterized by ocher conic-pyramidal tubercles with an ochraceous waxy layer, a single almost straight and grooved spine, and the white to pale pink to magenta tinged flowers. Ecological data and distribution area in Mexico, as well as the conservation status are provided.
Compulsory Development: An Ideal Type of Land Acquisition in India and China, 1980–2014
Authors: Huang Yinghong
Published: February 2019

In this article, land acquisition (LA) in India and China since the 1980s has been theorised as an ‘ideal’ model, namely, compulsory development, which highlights the extremely active role of the state and the compulsory measures it takes for LA in both countries in order to achieve its development goals. In both countries, the state acts as the land use planner, regulation maker in the land administration, as well as a major land developer and most influential player in the land market. At the same time, it extracts a high proportion of the benefits from land development projects, which is realised through compulsory LA despite the numerous flaws in the LA institutions. Compulsory development, as we term it, is a key feature in the political economy of LA in both countries. It provides an ideal model to understand and compare the phenomenon of LA in these two largest developing societies and to develop a systematic analysis of LA, and more broadly, of development in both countries. As the initial product in a larger research project, in this article we focus mainly on the theoretical model of this compulsory development, including its definition, characteristics and variations.
Gender Dimensions of Poverty and Food Security: A Case Study of Palamu District of Jharkhand
Authors: Sharma Kiran
Published: February 2019

A wide regional and inter-district disparity exists in the state of Jharkhand. The rankings of its districts on indicators of development reveal that those located in the north-western parts of Jharkhand including Palamu and its north-eastern parts are less developed compared to the ones falling in the central and western parts of the state (Planning-cum-Finance Department, 2017, Jharkhand Economic Survey 2016–17, Ranchi: Government of Jharkhand). Jharkhand is one of the most poverty-stricken states of India with a sharp contrast between rural and urban poverty. Studies often show that the process of liberalisation and economic reforms in India has a mixed impact on a mineral rich state like Jharkhand. The well-known phenomenon of ‘resource curse’ is particularly observed in the case of Jharkhand where manufacturing sector growth is increasing but the state is lagging behind in terms of human development indicators. The political instability and unplanned exploitation of its mineral wealth without benefiting the tribal population clearly indicate that the state suffers from the deficit of governance and development. It is in this context that this article analyses the patterns of poverty and food security among tribals and other social groups in seven villages of Manatu block under Palamu district of Jharkhand from a gender perspective. The article also explores the factors influencing the dynamics of household food security in Palamu district through empirical findings. It examines how the poor rural/tribal communities cope with food insecurity through case studies. Finally, the article critically analyses the implementation of social policies in addressing food security problem of Jharkhand.
Fatigue of fibre-reinforced plastics due to cryogenic thermal cycling
Authors: Lüders Caroline , Sinapius Michael
Published: February 2019

Due to the different thermal expansion of the constituent materials, cyclic thermal loading of fibre reinforced plastics induces alternating stresses in the material at two scales: (1) at the microscale (level of fibre–matrix-interaction) and (2) at the macroscale (level of the multidirectional laminate). Especially the effect of the thermal-induced stresses at the microscale is not comprehensively investigated yet. In the present paper, the effects of both scales are analysed. For the investigation of the microscale effect, unidirectional laminates are thermally cycled between 293 K and 90 K up to 1000 times. Afterwards, by mechanical tests at room temperature, the elasticity and strength properties in the different material directions are determined as function of the number of thermal cycles. Additionally, thermally cycled specimens are microscopically investigated in order to observe the matrix crack forming process at thermal fatigue loading. Contrary to the expectations, no significant matrix cracking and therefore no significant reduction of the elasticity and strength properties due to the thermal cycling are observed. In order to analyse the effect of the superposition of the thermal-induced stresses on micro- and macroscale, cross-ply laminates are investigated in the same manner. In these laminates matrix cracks are detected after 1000 cycles, which, however, do not reduce the stiffness and strength of the cross-ply laminates.