bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Several Larvicidal Compounds on Chitin Biosynthesis by Isolated Larval Integuments of the Sheep Blowfly Lucilia cuprina
Authors: Turnbull IF , Howells AJ
Published: July 2016

Isolated whole integuments from L. cuprina larvae rapidly incorporate radioactivity from both N-acetyl[I-'4C]glucosamine and [1-'4C]glucosamine into alkali-insoluble material, a reaction which does not require preincubation of the tissue with /i-ecdysone. The labelled product was degraded to N-acetylglucosamine during digestion with chitinase, establishing that it consists mainly of chitin. Incorporation was inhibited by polyoxin-D (Iso, 6 x 10- 7 M) and diflubenzuron (Iso, 7 x 10- 7M) but was not inhibited to any marked extent by isoprothiolane, Vetrazin or a-methyl-DOPA. The effectiveness of diflubenzuron as an inhibitor of chitin synthesis in this system (Iso, 7 x 10- 7 M) correlates well with its potency as a larvicide (LDso, 2�1 x 10- 6 M), providing additional support for the proposal that this compound kills larvae by interfering with chitin deposition in the cuticle. Polyoxin-D was much more effective as an inhibitor of chitin synthesis (Iso, 6 x 10- 7 M) than as a larvicide (LDso, 2�0x 10- 5 M). It was established that the final intermediate of chitin biosynthesis (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) was formed in the isolated integuments in the presence of diflubenzuron and polyoxin-D. It seems likely therefore that both compounds interfere with the final polymerization step of the chitin biosynthesis pathway.
Role of Glucose and Amino Acids in the Production of Resistant Sporangia by Allomyces macrogynus
Authors: Youatt Jean
Published: July 2016

The selective production of resistant sporangia by A. f1Ulcrogynus required the presence of glucose and a suitable amino acid at the time of transcription of mRNA. Plants suspended in glutamate solution alone made zoosporangia only but the addition of glucose at various times permitted resistant sporangia to develop after 4-5 h, during which time glycogen and trehalose had accumulated to maximum levels. After septation of the resistant sporangium, adequate glucose was still required to complete the acid-resistant wall; otherwise the developing structure reverted to a zoosporangium. Plants suspended in glucose-ammonium citrate solution metabolized glucose without accumulating glycogen or trehalose for 8-9 h and produced only zoosporangia in this time. At and above 12 mM glucose a maximum content of glycogen and trehalose was reached although glucose was still available to the plants.
Epididymal Functions and their Hormonal Regulation
Authors: Brooks DE
Published: July 2016

The epididymis is a complex organ which maintains a specific intraluminal environment thought to be important for effecting sperm maturation in proximal regions and sperm storage in distal regions of the duct. The composition of the internal milieu is achieved both by transport between blood and lumen (and vice versa) and by synthesis and secretion into the lumen. Several low-molecular weight organic molecules achieve high concentration in the epididymal lumen, but their functions in the events of sperm maturation and storage still remain unclear. Metabolic processes occurring within epididymal tissue and the absorptive and secretory activity of the epididymal epithelium are regulated by androgens. The synthesis of some, but not all, secretory proteins is also androgen-dependent. In addition to androgens, other hormones and local testicular factors may influence epididymal function. There is now increasing evidence that epididymal-specific and androgen-dependent secretory proteins play a fundamental role in modifying the surface characteristics of sperm in preparation for the events of fertilization.
Morphological Changes in the Skin and Wool Fibres of Merino Sheep Infused with Mouse Epidermal Growth Factor
Authors: Hollis DE , Chapman RE , Panaretto BA , Moore GPM
Published: July 2016

Intravenous infusion of 4�5-4�7 mg of mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF) into nine castrated male Merino sheep for 26 h resulted in complete casting of the fleeces 6-8 days later. The morphological changes which occurred in the skin were studied in skin samples taken before infusion and at intervals between 1 hand 42 days after the infusion had begun. Wool fibres from the shed fleeces were examined with the scanning electron microscope.
Amino Acids in the Control of Differentiation of Sporangia in Allomyces macrogynus
Authors: Sandars Shelley , Youatt Jean
Published: July 2016

Of 24 amino acids tested all except glutamic and aspartic acids were able to block completely the transcription of mRNA for zoosporangium production of A. macrogynus within 30 min and for a period of at least 5 h at concentrations which were not excessively toxic. After 5 h terminal resistant sporangia developed with seven of the amino acids and zoosporangia with the others. The uptake, utilization and toxicity of amino acids were explored to explain the differences observed. Conditions for the controlled production of resistant sporangia were optimized for the glucose-leucine combination. Some amino acids were also able to inhibit zoosporangium development after mRNA transcription and before deposition of the septum. In the development of resistant sporangia stable mRNA was involved at least until the wall was acid-resistant. Synthesis of new mRNA was required to convert a developing resistant sporangium to a zoosporangium when the supply of glucose was inadequate.
Kinetics of Glucose Metabolism in Sheep
Authors: E Wastney M , Wolff E , Bickerstaffe R , Ramberg F , Berman M
Published: July 2016

The kinetics of glucose cycling in 24 ewes bearing twins were studied 1 month before term by bolus injections of [6-3H]- and [U-14C]glucose, The function representing glucose carbon recycling was determined by deconvolution of the [3H]glucose from the [14C]glucose decay curves in plasma by using the SAAM and CONSAM programs, and a model for kinetics of glucose cycling was developed.
Tissue Metabolism of Methionine in Sheep
Authors: Benevenga NJ , Radcliffe BC , Egan AR
Published: July 2016

The rate of oxidization of the carboxyl and methyl carbons of (I4C]methionine to CO2 by homogenates of liver, kidney cortex, pancreas, muscle and small intestinal mucosa was studied in two breeds of sheep (Merino and Poll Dorset Horn) at three ages (2 weeks, 3 months, 4 years). Sodium a-keto-,),methiolbutyrate (0�4 mM) stimulated production of CO2 from the carboxyl carbon of methionine, but not from the methyl carbon. Sodium pyruvate did not affect the recovery of CO2 from either carboxyl or methyl of methionine. Sodium formate (15 mM) suppressed the conversion of the methyl carbon of methionine to CO2 by liver and kidney homogenates to 4 and 50%, respectively, of control values, but did not affect the percentage of carboxyl carbon of methionine recovered in CO2 with either tissue. With addition of S-methyl-L-cysteine (40 mM) and 3-methylthiopropionate (10 mM) the percentage of methyl and carboxyl carbons recovered in CO2 was reduced to about 20% of control values in homogenates of both tissues.
The Macropodid Oesophagus IV. Observations on the Protozoan Fauna of the Macropodid Stomach and Oesophagus
Authors: Obendorf DL
Published: July 2016

Holotrich ciliates are recorded from the stomach and oesophagus of 10 species of herbivorous macropod (Maeropus agilis, M. dorsalis, M. eugenii, M. fuliginosus, M. giganteus, M. parryi, M. parma, M. rufus, Wallabia bieolor and Thylogale billardierii). No flagellated or entodinomorph protozoa were found. Small amoeboid protozoa are also recorded from the stomach and oesophagus of M. giganteus, M. rufus and W. bieolor. The findings are discussed in relation to the environment of the macropodid stomach.
Ribosomal Gene Reiteration in a Marsupial Species with an X-linked Nucleolar Organizer
Authors: Robins AJ , Hayman DL , Wells JRE
Published: July 2016

The number of ribosomal cistrons in somatic cells of males and females of Macropus eugenii have been estimated using RNA/DNA hybridization in 70% (v/v) formam ide. The male has one X-linked active nucleolar organizer and the female two and while the number of ribosomal cistrons is variable between the four males examined (31-65 copies), it is substantially less than the number present in the three females (94-103 copies). There is, therefore, no evidence of dosage compensation by amplification.
Dieldrin and Diazinon Resistance in Populations of the Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, from Sheep-grazing Areas and Rubbish Tips
Authors: McKenzie JA
Published: July 2016

Populations of L. cuprina collected from adjacent sheep-grazing areas and rubbish tips in Victoria (Mansfield and Warrnambool) and New South Wales (Lismore) were tested for resistance to the insecticides diazinon and dieldrin. Populations from sheep-grazing areas had a significantly higher diazinon Rop-l allele frequency than those from adjacent tips with the Victorian populations being more resistant than those from Lismore. Victorian sheep and tip populations had similar gene frequencies at the dieldrin resistance locus, but the Rdl allele frequency was significantly greater in the population at the tip than in the population from the sheep-grazing area at Lismore. The Rdl allele is at a higher frequency in flies from the Lismore area than in Victorian populations. The results at both loci are explained by a balance of selection and gene flow between sheep and tip populations and by selective differences between geographical areas.
Effects of Ovarian Hormones on Ovarian Capillary Blood Flow in Anoestrous Ewes
Authors: Brown BW , Mattner PE
Published: July 2016

The indicator fractionation technique with [86Rb ]rubidium chloride as the indicator was used to determine the relative blood flow (RBF) as a measure of capillary blood flow in the ovaries of conscious, hormonally treated, anoestrous ewes. Treatment of ewes with either progesterone only or oestradiol only had no effect on ovarian RBF, but treatment with oestradiol subsequent to progesterone caused a significant increase (P< 0.(01).
Amino Acid Sequence of the ß-Chain of the Tetrameric Haemoglobin of the Bivalve Mollusc, Anadara trapezia
Authors: Gilbert AT , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

The amino acid sequence of the iJ-chain of the principal haemoglobin from A. trapezia has been determined. The sequence was deduced from the sequences of tryptic peptides, which were fractionated using highperformance liquid chromatography and peptide mapping. Additional sequence data, particularly for the large tryptic peptides, was obtained from enzyme digests of both cyanogen bromide fragments and large citraconyitryptic peptides.
Ontogeny of Cells Containing Insulin, Glucagon, Pancreatic Polypeptide Hormone and Somatostatin in the Bovine Pancreas
Authors: Reddy SN , Elliott RB
Published: July 2016

Antibodies to insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide hormone (pPj and somatostatin were used in the immunofluorescence histochemical procedure to study the ontogeny of pancreatic endocrine cells containing the four hormones in the bovine fetus of approximately 100 days gestation to term. Pancreatic sections from the bovine neonate and adult were also examined for the cellular distribution of the four hormones. Immunoreactive cells staining for insulin, glucagon, PP and somatostatin were present in the pancreas of all fetuses studied. Each endocrine cell type displayed a characteristic distribution within the developing pancreas and in the neonate and adult. The presence of the four islet hormones relatively early in bovine fetal life suggests that they may be important in intra- and extra-islet metabolism in the fetus.
Genetic Analysis of Field Trials of Sex-linked Translocation Strains for Genetic Control of the Australian Sheep Blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann)
Authors: Foster GG , Vogt WG , Woodburn TL
Published: July 2016

The results of progeny tests of males and females captured during two field trials of sex-linked translocation strains for genetic control of L. cuprina are presented. Males released as mature larvae survived to adulthood and mated with field females. However, the levels of genetic death introduced into the population were insufficient to suppress the native population. This was due partly to seasonal ineffectiveness of the release method, and partly to poor performance of the released males. On average, the mating competitiveness of the released males was only one-third that of field males, whereas their field-reared, translocation-bearing sons were fully competitive with native males.
Some Effects of Breeding Season and Castration on the Prostate and Epididymis of the Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus vulpecula
Authors: Curlewis JD , Stone GM
Published: July 2016

In an attempt to understand the mechanism(s) responsible for the reported marked seasonal increase in prostatic, but not epididymal, weight in T. vulpecula, a number of parameters were measured in tissues from mature, entire males sampled within and outside of the breeding season and from castrates. Conditions for the measurement of cytosol androgen receptors were also established. The weight of both the prostate and the epididymis was significantly elevated in the breeding season but the relative increase in prostate weight was considerably greater. The increase in prostatic weight was associated with a decrease in DNA: g tissue and an increase in protein: DNA and RNA: DNA ratios, each indicative of cellular hypertrophy and/or accumulation of secretory product. In the epididymis there were no significant seasonal changes in RNA: DNA, protein: DNA or DNA: g tissue ratios. Low-capacity, high-affinity binding was demonstrated in the epididymal and prostatic cytosols and values for the equilibrium association constants and receptor concentrations were within the range reported for androgen receptors in eutherian species. The temperature sensitivity of the binding, steroid specificity and slow dissociation in the cold indicated that in both tissues cystosol receptor and not androgen-binding or serum-binding protein(s) were being measured. In prostatic, but not epididymal, cytosol a low level of progesterone binding was observed and was masked by triamcinolone acetonide. When expressed in terms of tissue DNA, cytosol androgen receptor level in the prostate only was elevated in the breeding season. Prostatic tissue showed a low level of 5a-reductase in vitro which was not influenced by season. However, both tissues showed a high concentration of 5a-dihydrotestosterone and in the prostate, where seasonal effects were measured, the concentration was higher in the breeding season. This indicates that although 5a-dihydrotestosterone is the likely active androgen in the prostate it may be formed elsewhere. Part of the explanation for the increased growth of the prostate in the breeding season appears to be a change in receptor concentration coupled with elevated tissue androgen level.
Metabolism of Glucose by Preimplantation Mouse Embryos in the Presence of Glucagon, Insulin, Epinephrine, cAMP, Theophylline and Caffeine
Authors: Wales RG , Khurana NK , Edirisinghe WR , L Pike I
Published: July 2016

Neither insulin nor epinephrine influenced the incorporation of glucose into the acid-soluble or acid-insoluble glycogen pool of mouse embryos at the morula-early blastocyst stage during 5 h culture in the presence of radiolabelled glucose. During a 5 h chase culture of pulse-labelled embryos at this stage of development, acid-soluble glycogen labelled during the pulse was not utilized by the embryo but acid-insoluble glycogen was reduced. Addition of glucagon, insulin, epinephrine, cAMP, theophylline or caffeine during chase culture had no effect on the turnover of label in the glycogen pools of the embryo. These results indicate that the turnover of embryonic glycogen observed in vivo is not due to the direct effect of the hormones that regulate glycogen metabolism in the mother.
Fluctuating Asymmetry: A Technique for Measuring Developmental Stress Caused by Inbreeding
Authors: Clarke GM , Brand GW , Whitten MJ
Published: July 2016

Fluctuating asymmetry has sometimes been employed to indicate disruption of developmental homeostasis. Such disruption is thought to be a result of increased developmental stress. In this study we examine the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and inbreeding level in two differing breeding systems: the marine harpacticoid copepod Tisbe holothuriae, a typically outbreeding diploid, and the common honeybee Apis melli/era, which is haplo-diploid. Inbreeding has previously been shown to constitute a developmental stress in populations of T. holothuriae, but the same is yet to be conclusively shown in A. melli/era.
Metabolism of Valine and the Exchange of Amino Acids across the Hind-limb Muscles of Fed and Starved Sheep
Authors: Teleni E , Annison EF , B Lindsay D
Published: July 2016

A combination of the isotope-dilution and arterio-venous (A V) difference techniques was used to study simultaneously the metabolism of valine in the whole body and in the hind-limb muscles of fed and starved (40 h) sheep. The net exchange of gluconeogenic amino acids across hind-limb muscles was also studied.
Nephrotoxic Activity in Rats Fed Diets Containing DL-3-(N-Phenylethylamino )-Alanine
Authors: Jones GP , T Hooper P , Rivett DE , Tucker DJ , Lambert G , BiIlett A
Published: July 2016

Rats were fed DL-3-(N-phenylethylamino)-alanine which resulted in kidney lesions histologically identical with those produced by the structurally related compound Iysinoalanine. Possible mechanisms for nephrotoxicity are discussed.
Genetic Variation in Mitochondrial DNA from some Aboriginal Australians
Authors: Griziotis George , Hawkins Christopher , G Mackinlay Antony , H Crozier Ross
Published: July 2016

Mitochondrial (mt) DNAs from 17 aboriginal Australians, predominantly from the coastal region of the Northern Territory were isolated and digested with four four-base restriction endonucleases, two of which revealed variation between samples. The observed fragment patterns were used directly in parsimony analyses of phylogenetic relationships between the samples, and were also converted to estimates of the number of substitutions per nucleotide position between samples (0), which estimates were then used in distance analyses of phylogeny. The inferred fragment patterns of the completely sequenced 'Cambridge' human mtDNA were also included in these analyses. No strong evidence of geographic variation was found, consistent with previous findings of Australian aborigines and other humans generally, although the most divergent sample was one of two from Sydney, indicating that further work is desirable. The estimate of mean difference between samples (diversity), 0�0017 � 0�0003 (mean � 95% confidence interval), is significantly lower than that reported previously for humans generally.
Morphometric Estimation of the Numbers of Granulosa Cells in Preovulatory Follicles of the Ewe
Authors: O'Shea JD , Wright PJ , Davis KE
Published: July 2016

Several lines of evidence suggest that follicular granulosa cells give rise to the large luteal cells of the corpus luteum in the sheep. To further investigate this suggestion, numbers of granulosa cells in preovulatory follicles were estimated by morphometric methods for comparison with a previous estimate of numbers of large luteal cells (9.6 � 0.9 x 106). Preovulatory follicles from five Corriedale ewes were obtained after synchronization of the oestrous cycle with the prostaglandin analogue cloprostenol. Morphometry was undertaken using light microscopy of plastic-embedded tissue sectioned at Il-'m. Mitotic index in the membrana granulosa was 0.05 � s.e.m. 0.05"70. Mean follicular diameter was 6.25 � 0.25 mm and there were 7.68 � 0.53 x 106 granulosa cells per follicle. These results demonstrate a similarity between the number of granulosa cells per follicle and the number of large luteal cells per corpus luteum and thus support the hypothesis that large luteal cells are derived from granulosa cells.
Electrophoretic Resolution of Species Boundaries in Australian Microchiroptera. IV. The Molossidae (Chiroptera)
Authors: Adams M , Reardon TR , Baverstock PR , Watts CHS
Published: July 2016

Allozyme electrophoresis of 35 loci in 156 specimens of Australian bats belonging to the Molossidae was used to help elucidate the species-level taxonomy of the group in Australia. The electrophoretic data support the current species-level taxonomy of Tadarida australis and Chaerephon jobensis. However, for specimens currently allocated to the genus Mormopterus, the electrophoretic data fail to support any previous species-level account. On the electrophoretic data, a minimum of five species of the genus Mormopterus occur in Australia. A single specimen of a sixth species, whose generic affinities are undetermined, was also found.
Oestrogen Sulfotransferase: Isolation of a High Specific Activity Species from Bovine Placenta
Authors: S Moore Stephen , Thompson EOP , R Nash Allan
Published: July 2016

During the course of a study of the control of expression of steroid-binding proteins in human mammary cancer oestrogen sulfotransferase was isolated from bovine placenta. By a combination of salt precipitation and ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography two forms of the enzyme were isolated. The forms, which apparently differ only in charge, have specific activities 100-300 times greater than has previously been reported for the enzyme. Partial peptide sequences of these enzymes are presented.
The Heavy-chain Stoichiometry of Smooth Muscle Myosin is a Characteristic of Smooth Muscle Tissues
Authors: A Mohammad Mukhallad , P Sparrow Malcolm
Published: July 2016

The stoichiometry of the two heavy chains of myosin in smooth muscle was determined by electrophoresing extracts of native myosin and of dissociated myosin on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 4%-polyacrylamide gels. The slower migrating heavy chain was 3�6 times more abundant in toad stomach, 2�3 in rabbit myometrium, 2�0 in rat femoral artery, 1�3 in guinea pig ileum, 0�93 in pig trachea and 0�69 in human bronchus, than the more rapidly migrating chain. Both heavy chains were identified as smooth muscle myosin by immunoblotting using antibodies to smooth muscle and nonmuscle myosin. The unequal proportion of heavy chains suggested the possibility of native isoforms of myosin comprised of heavy-chain homodimers. To test this, native myosin extracts were electrophoresed on non-dissociating (pyrophosphate) gels. When each band was individually analysed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel the slowest was found to be filamin and the other bands were myosin in which the relative proportion of the heavy chains was unchanged from that found in the original tissue extracts. Since this is incompatible with either a heterodimeric or a homodimeric arrangement it suggests that pyrophosphate gel electrophoresis is incapable of separating putative isoforms of native myosin.
Complete Nucleotide Sequence of the Bovine ß-casein Gene
Authors: Bonsing John , M Ring Jennifer , Francis Stewart A , G Mackinlay Antony
Published: July 2016

The !'i-casein gene is a member of a small gene family encoding the calcium-sensitive caseins, which are specifically synthesized and secreted by the mammary gland during lactation in response to both peptide and steroid hormones. The caseins are involved in the transport of calcium phosphate in milk, which is important for bone development in the infant mammal. We report here the organization and complete DNA sequence of the 8�5 kb long bovine !'i-casein gene. Comparison with the rat !'i-casein gene reveals that the exons of both genes correspond exactly. The 5' flanking sequences of all Ca-sensitive casein genes are conserved within the proximal 200 bp and contain several elements that probably function as cis-acting regulatory elements, including an octamer-like motif, an SV40-type core enhancer and a sequence that appears to be common to all lactoprotein genes. The latter sequence is flanked on either side by 12 bp direct repeats. These direct repeats are themselves each part of sequences that display two-fold symmetry. The first 30 nucleotides of the 3' flanking regions in the bovine and rat !'i-caseins are well conserved, indicating that they are likely to be involved in the mechanism of 3' end processing of the primary transcript.
The Occurrence of Antibody to Bluetongue Virus in New South Wales. II. Coastal Region and Age Distribution Surveys
Authors: R Littlejohns I , Burton RW
Published: July 2016

Three surveys of cattle for bluetongue (BLU) antibody were conducted over the years 1978-1980 in coastal areas of New South Wales. In each survey the samples were identified by age.
The development of argument structure in the initial L2 mental grammatical system
Authors: Lenzing Anke
Published: July 2016

This chapter investigates the development of argument structure in early L2 acquisition. I view argument structure and its development within the context of the Multiple Constraints Hypothesis (Lenzing 2013) and its core claim that the L2 initial mental grammatical system is constrained at the different levels of linguistic representation. I argue that at the beginning of the L2 acquisition process, argument structure is not fully developed. In particular, I claim that essential syntactic features are missing which are required to align semantic and syntactic information in the L2 speech production process. The constraints on argument structure lead to direct mapping processes from arguments to surface form. I present a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study of beginning learners of L2 English with German as L1 in a formal context. The analysis of the oral speech production data focuses on argument structure and its development in the L2 acquisition process. The results of the analysis support my claims concerning the initial constraints at the level of argument structure.
Processability Theory and language development in children with Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Håkansson Gisela
Published: July 2016

Children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) represent a special group among young monolingual children, since they have problems acquiring their first language. Most research deals with English-speaking children, and points to bound morphology as the problematic area. However, cross-linguistic studies show that SLI characteristics differ between languages, and that it is not always bound morphology that is affected but sometimes other phenomena, for example syntax or function words. The seemingly contradictory findings can be accommodated within Processability Theory (PT) and from the point of view of feature unification at different levels of processability. Focussing on individual performances instead of group means changes the perspective and makes it possible to analyze children with SLI as learners along a developmental continuum.
Testing the Developmentally Moderated Transfer Hypothesis
Authors: Pienemann Manfred , Lenzing Anke , Keßler Jörg-U.
Published: July 2016

This paper focuses on one specific aspect of the Developmentally Moderated Transfer Hypothesis (Pienemann et al. 2005), namely the role of the L2 in L3 acquisition. The research presented in this paper was prompted by the L2 transfer hypothesis put forward by Bohnacker (2006) and Bardel and Falk (2007). According to this hypothesis, learners transfer features from the L2 to the L3, but not from the L1 to the L3. This proposal is partly in conflict with the Developmentally Moderated Transfer Hypothesis which predicts that learners transfer features from the L1 or the L2 to the new language when they are developmentally ready to acquire the features to be transferred, but not before.The articles by Bohnacker (2006) and Bardel and Falk (2007) are attempted rebuttals of Håkansson, et al.’s (2002) work on L1 transfer and aspects of the underlying theory: Processability Theory (Pienemann 1998). The article by Håkansson, et al. presented empirical evidence showing that Swedish learners of L2 German do not transfer V2 at the initial state although both are V2 languages. Bohnacker (2006) and Bardel and Falk (2007) claim that the non-transfer of V2 is due to the influence of the L2. They further claim to have shown in their own study that the initial L3 word order is determined by the L2, irrespective of the structure of the L1 and independently from constraints on processability.In their response to Bohnacker (2006), Pienemann and Håkansson (2007) demonstrated that Bohnacker’s informants had reached an advanced level of acquisition and that this set of data was not suitable to test hypotheses about transfer in the initial state.In this paper we review the study by Bardel and Falk (2007) and present the gist of an extensive replication of this study. We show that Bardel and Falk’s study is based on a very limited database and on theoretical concepts that lack validity, in particular the notion of a “strongest L2” which is crucial to Bardel and Falk’s approach.Our replication study shows that the initial L3 word order and the initial position of negation is neither determined by the L1 nor by the L2 and that it can be predicted on the basis of processability.
The enactment of modality in regulatory texts: a comparative study of tenancy agreements
Authors: Espindola Elaine , Wang Yan
Published: July 2016

This paper explores, from a Systemic Functional Linguistics perspective, a set of three comparable regulatory texts in English, Chinese and Portuguese. In regulatory texts, different semantic strategies are used to regulate and control addresse’s behaviour. One key strategy for doing so is the use of the system of modality, more specifically the resources for assigning obligations to the addressee, thereby regulating his or her behaviour. Here we will analyze three tenancy agreements in terms of modality, that is, a bilingual parallel text in Chinese and English and its comparable version in Brazilian Portuguese. Our main objective was to bring out similarities and differences in the deployment of the resources of modality in order to propose that a functional perspective on legal translation may aid translators/interpreters and also translation/interpreting students to construct systematic understandings of the function of the text in a given situation type. In other words, it is possible to build a relationship between the context and the register in order to identify correlations between contextual features and linguistic ones.
Assessing the sustainable development goals from a human rights perspective
Authors: Pogge Thomas , Sengupta Mitu
Published: July 2016

Though they improve upon the millennium development goals (MDGs), the new sustainable development goals (SDGs) have important draw-backs. First, in assessing present deprivations, they draw our attention to historical comparisons. Yet, that things were even worse before is morally irrelevant; what matters is how much better things could be now. Second, like the MDGs, the SDGs fail to specify any division of labor to ensure success. Therefore, should progress stall, we won't know who is responsible to get us back on track. We won't “end poverty in all its forms everywhere” without an agreement on who is to do what. Third, although the SDGs contain a goal calling for inequality reduction, this goal is specified so that the reduction need not start till 2029. Such delay would cause enormous death and suffering among the poor and enable the rich to shape national and supranational design in their own favor.
Quantum states of dark solitons in the 1D Bose gas
Authors: Sato Jun , Kanamoto Rina , Kaminishi Eriko , Deguchi Tetsuo
Published: July 2016

We present a series of quantum states that are characterized by dark solitons of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (i.e. the Gross–Pitaevskii equation) for the one-dimensional Bose gas interacting through the repulsive delta-function potentials. The classical solutions satisfy the periodic boundary conditions and we simply call them classical dark solitons. Through exact solutions we show corresponding aspects between the states and the solitons in the weak coupling case: the quantum and classical density profiles completely overlap with each other not only at an initial time but also at later times over a long period of time, and they move together with the same speed in time; the matrix element of the bosonic field operator between the quantum states has exactly the same profiles of the square amplitude and the phase as the classical complex scalar field of a classical dark soliton not only at the initial time but also at later times, and the corresponding profiles move together for a long period of time. We suggest that the corresponding properties hold rigorously in the weak coupling limit. Furthermore, we argue that the lifetime of the dark soliton-like density profile in the quantum state becomes infinitely long as the coupling constant approaches zero, by comparing it with the quantum speed limit time. Thus, we call the quantum states quantum dark soliton states.
Fine structures at pore boundary
Authors: Bharti L. , Quintero Noda C. , Joshi C. , Rakesh S. , Pandya A.
Published: July 2016

We present high resolution observations of fine structures at pore boundaries. The inner part of granules towards umbra show dark striations which evolve into a filamentary structure with dark core and ‘Y’ shape at the head of the filaments. These filaments migrate into the umbra similar to penumbral filaments. These filaments show higher temperature, lower magnetic field strength and more inclined field compared to the background umbra. The optical depth stratification of physical quantities suggests their similarity with penumbral filaments. However, line-of-sight velocity pattern is different from penumbral filaments where they show downflows in the deeper layers of the atmosphere while the higher layers show upflows. These observations show filamentation in a simple magnetic configuration.
Decoding the Infant Mind: Multichannel Pattern Analysis (MCPA) using fNIRS
Authors: Emberson Lauren L. , Zinszer Benjamin D. , Raizada Rajeev D. S. , Aslin Richard N.
Published: July 2016

Abstracts

The MRI environment restricts the types of populations and tasks that can be studied by cognitive neuroscientists (e.g., young infants, face-to-face communication). FNIRS is a neuroimaging modality that records the same physiological signal as fMRI but without the constraints of MRI, and with better spatial localization than EEG. However, research in the fNIRS community largely lacks the analytic sophistication of analogous fMRI work, restricting the application of this imaging technology. The current paper presents a method of multivariate pattern analysis for fNIRS that allows the authors to decode the infant mind (a key fNIRS population). Specifically, multi-channel pattern analysis (MCPA) employs a correlation-based decoding method where a group model is constructed for all infants except one; both average patterns (i.e., infant-level) and single trial patterns (i.e., trial-level) of activation are decoded. Between subjects decoding is a particularly difficult task, because each infant has their own somewhat idiosyncratic patterns of neural activation. The fact that our method succeeds at across-subject decoding demonstrates the presence of group-level multi-channel regularities across infants. The code for implementing these analyses has been made readily available online to facilitate the quick adoption of this method to advance the methodological tools available to the fNIRS researcher.
Kilosort: realtime spike-sorting for extracellular electrophysiology with hundreds of channels
Authors: Pachitariu Marius , Steinmetz Nicholas , Kadir Shabnam , Carandini Matteo , Kenneth D. Harris
Published: July 2016

Advances in silicon probe technology mean that in vivo electrophysiological recordings from hundreds of channels will soon become commonplace. To interpret these recordings we need fast, scalable and accurate methods for spike sorting, whose output requires minimal time for manual curation. Here we introduce Kilosort, a spike sorting framework that meets these criteria, and show that it allows rapid and accurate sorting of large-scale in vivo data. Kilosort models the recorded voltage as a sum of template waveforms triggered on the spike times, allowing overlapping spikes to be identified and resolved. Rapid processing is achieved thanks to a novel low-dimensional approximation for the spatiotemporal distribution of each template, and to batch-based optimization on GPUs. A novel post-clustering merging step based on the continuity of the templates substantially reduces the requirement for subsequent manual curation operations. We compare Kilosort to an established algorithm on data obtained from 384-channel electrodes, and show superior performance, at much reduced processing times. Data from 384-channel electrode arrays can be processed in approximately realtime. Kilosort is an important step towards fully automated spike sorting of multichannel electrode recordings, and is freely available (github.com/cortex-lab/Kilosort).
Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation to Isolate Endogenous Protein Complexes after Affinity Capture
Authors: Fernandez-Martinez Javier , LaCava John , Rout Michael P.
Published: July 2016

This protocol describes the isolation of native protein complexes by density gradient ultracentrifugation. The outcome of an affinity capture and native elution experiment is generally a mixture of (1) the complex(es) associated with the protein of interest under the specific conditions of capture, (2) fragments of the complex generated by degradation or disassembly during the purification procedure, and (3) the protease or reagent used to natively elute the sample. To separate these components and isolate a homogeneous complex, an additional step of purification is required. Rate-zonal density gradient ultracentrifugation is a reliable and powerful technique for separating particles based on their hydrodynamic volume. The density gradient is generated by mixing low- and high-density solutions of a suitable low-molecular-weight inert solute (e.g., sucrose or glycerol). The gradient is formed in a solvent that could be any of the solvents used for the affinity capture and native elution and should help to preserve the structure and activity of the assembly.
Historical Evolution of Laboratory Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Louis Edward J.
Published: July 2016

Budding yeast strains used in the laboratory have had a checkered past. Historically, the choice of strain for any particular experiment depended on the suitability of the strain for the topic of study (e.g., cell cycle vs. meiosis). Many laboratory strains had poor fermentation properties and were not representative of the robust strains used for domestic purposes. Most strains were related to each other, but investigators usually had only vague notions about the extent of their relationships. Isogenicity was difficult to confirm before the advent of molecular genetic techniques. However, their ease of growth and manipulation in laboratory conditions made them “the model” model organism, and they still provided a great deal of fundamental knowledge. Indeed, more than one Nobel Prize has been won using them. Most of these strains continue to be powerful tools, and isogenic derivatives of many of them—including entire collections of deletions, overexpression constructs, and tagged gene products—are now available. Furthermore, many of these strains are now sequenced, providing intimate knowledge of their relationships. Recent collections, new isolates, and the creation of genetically tractable derivatives have expanded the available strains for experiments. But even still, these laboratory strains represent a small fraction of the diversity of yeast. The continued development of new laboratory strains will broaden the potential questions that can be posed. We are now poised to take advantage of this diversity, rather than viewing it as a detriment to controlled experiments.
Learning as an apprentice in Sweden
Authors: Fjellström Magnus , Kristmansson Per
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to compare, and identify both similarities and differences in, affordances for vocational learning in two contrasting education systems, for construction worker and shop salesperson apprentices, in Swedish contexts.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data were collected through interviews and observations in two research projects, each addressing relevant aspects of one of the focal educational systems. A framework consisting of identified goals, activities and guidance was applied in the analysis.

Findings

– The results show that the affordances for learning in the examined educational systems are dependent on the learners’ access to, and participation in, workplace activities. A conclusion is that workplace demands override educational goals in both cases. Thus, the affordances for learning related to both individual and educational goals are dependent on the access to guidance during workplace activities.

Originality/value

– The study highlights constraints between educational goals and workplace affordances in both apprenticeship systems, which largely develop vocational competencies related to specific workplace demands and activities. A presented model regards apprenticeships as vocational and educational training in workplaces is outlined that enable a deeper understanding of the correspondence between individual, educational and workplace goals that forms the type of activity which leads to a learning outcome.
Can new disruption research suggest defenses against threats and opportunities for innovators?
Authors: Denning Stephen
Published: July 2016

Purpose

Under the co-direction of John Hagel, Deloitte’s Center for the Edge has been publishing important new studies of disruption with an ‘outcome-based approach to disruption.’ This research is discovering patterns that may help leaders institute defenses against threats and identify opportunities for innovators

Design/methodology/approach

Deloitte research is focusing on patterns of disruption that hit more than one market, but not all markets. It is examining: what are the characteristics of markets that would make them vulnerable to a particular pattern?

Findings

After six months of research, Deloitte has identified nine patterns that meet its outcome-based criteria. A number of the patterns are based on creating network effects that grow so quickly they become hard to compete with if the rival firm does not already have an established market position. Another set of the patterns identifies ways to fundamentally transform the value-cost equation, but without network effects.

Research limitations/implications

More patterns may be discerned as the research proceeds.

Practical implications

For example, if incumbents and innovators just think about driverless cars as the auto industry, they are never going to fully see the disruption that is coming. By contrast, by thinking about it as a mobility ecosystem, then many other key players, risks and opportunities become apparent

Originality/value

The patterns identified by Deloitte research may provide leaders with insights into how to defend against specific disruptions and also offer innovators inspiration for new opportunities in established markets and Blue Ocean ventures.
Revisiting the diagnostic criteria of clinical chorioamnionitis in preterm birth
Authors: Sung J‐H , Choi S‐J , Oh S‐y , Roh C‐R , Kim J‐H
Published: July 2016

Objective

To re‐evaluate the utility of the conventional criteria for clinical chorioamnionitis in the prediction of early‐onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) in preterm birth.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Sample

A total of 1468 singleton births between 24 and 34 weeks due to preterm labour (n = 713) or preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (n = 755).

Method

We evaluated three diagnostic categories of clinical chorioamnionitis: Criteria 1, conventional criteria; Criteria 2, combination of any three conventional parameters without prerequisite fever; Criteria 3, Criteria 1 plus positive maternal C‐reactive protein and neutrophil left‐shift into minor criteria. EONS included proven or suspected sepsis within 7 days following birth. Neonatal morbidity and mortality of EONS were also reviewed.

Main outcome measures

Diagnostic performance of three combinations.

Results

The prevalence of EONS was 13.8%. Among 203 cases of EONS, maternal manifestation of clinical chorioamnionitis by criteria 1 was evident in only one out of seven, indicating 15.3% sensitivity for EONS prediction. However, with application of criteria 2, sensitivity significantly increased to 34.0%, while compromising specificity from 92.3% to 78.7%. Criteria 3 showed similar diagnostic performance compared with criteria 1 (sensitivity 16.7%, specificity 91.6%). Overall, neonatal mortality and neonatal composite morbidity in EONS were 14.9% and 67.8%, respectively, and there was no difference in neonatal morbidity and mortality between neonates whose mothers showed fever as a sign of clinical chorioamnionitis and those whose mothers did not.

Conclusion

The renouncement of fever as a prerequisite for the criteria of clinical chorioamnionitis could increase sensitivity for the identification of EONS, a serious outcome of preterm birth.

Tweetable abstract

The renouncement of fever as an essential can increase sensitivity for prediction of neonatal sepsis.
Joint Modeling of Survival and Longitudinal Ordered Data Using a Semiparametric Approach
Authors: Preedalikit Kemmawadee , Liu Ivy , Hirose Yuichi , Sibanda Nokuthaba , Fernández Daniel
Published: July 2016

Medical research frequently focuses on the relationship between quality of life (QoL) and survival time of subjects. QoL may be one of the most important factors that could be used to predict survival, making it worth identifying factors that jointly affect survival and QoL. We propose a semiparametric joint model that consists of item response and survival components, where these two components are linked through latent variables. Several popular ordinal models are considered and compared in the item response component, while the Cox proportional hazards model is used in the survival component. We estimate the baseline hazard function and model parameters simultaneously, through a profile likelihood approach. We illustrate the method using an example from a clinical study.
Ethnic differences in incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in a real‐life multicenter clinical cohort of 4737 patients with chronic hepatitis B infection
Authors: Nguyen L. H. , Hoang J. , Nguyen N. H. , Vu V. D. , Wang C. , Trinh H. N. , Li J. , Zhang J. Q. , Nguyen M. H.
Published: July 2016

Background

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity is associated with increased risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBsAg seroclearance is thought to be rare in general, but cohort data from US patients are limited.

Aim

To determine the incidence of HBsAg seroclearance in a real‐life US cohort.

Methods

In total, 4737 patients with chronic hepatitis B from five primary care, gastroenterology and multispecialty centres, and a university medical centre were retrospectively enrolled between 2001 and 2014 with data obtained by manual review of individual patient medical records. Seroclearance was determined by loss of HBsAg seropositivity. Persistent HBsAg was confirmed by direct serology or by proxy with positive hepatitis B e‐antigen (HBeAg) or HBV DNA levels.

Results

HBsAg seroclearance occurred in 52 patients over 16 844 person‐years (0.31% annually, 1.2% overall). Median follow‐up was 32 months, and mean age 45 ± 14 years. Incidence of HBsAg seroclearance was higher in non‐Asians, age >45, males, and those with baseline HBV DNA ≤10 000 IU/mL. On multivariate Cox proportional modelling, non‐Asian ethnicity (HR 2.8), male sex (HR 2.1), baseline HBVDNA ≤10 000 (HR 2.0) and age >45 (HR 1.8) were significant independent predictors of seroclearance.

Conclusion

HBsAg seroclearance rates were lower than previously described in this real‐life cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis B, especially among Asian, female and younger patients.