bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrodermal activity by DC potential and AC conductance measured simultaneously at the same skin site
Authors: Grimnes Sverre , Jabbari Azar , Martinsen Ørjan G. , Tronstad Christian
Published: August 2010

Background: For a long time, DC conductance has been the most important parameter in electrodermal routine measurements. However, DC current flow polarizes the electrodes, electrolyzes the skin, disturbs the measurement of conductance by possible varying electromotive forces (EMFs) in the circuit, and impedes the registration of the skin endosomatic DC potential.

Methods: We therefore present a measuring system where DC current was replaced by a small AC current in a monopolar system, enabling the DC potential and AC conductance to be measured simultaneously at the same skin site.

Results: We have also found examples of skin potential (SP) response waveforms with diphasic sharp edges not appearing in the conductance waveforms. The potential responses were found to be more robust with respect to movement artifacts, and the instrumentation could discern whether the indifferent electrode actually was on an inactive skin site.

Conclusion: In order to study the generating mechanisms of EDA in detail, the SP must be measured without DC current flow and compared with AC conductance results.
The role of oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and growth factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a case of apoptosis versus proliferation
Authors: Sugerman PB , Joseph BK , Savage NW
Published: August 2010

Mutation, deactivation and disregulated expression of oncogenes and tumour‐suppressor genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Deactivation of the p53 tumour‐suppressor gene allows cell proliferation and blocks apoptosis of malignant oral keratinocytes. Mutation in the ras oncog‐ene results in persistent mitogenic signalling. Upregul‐ated c‐Myc expression, in the presence of growth factors, provides an additional proliferative signal. Loss of retino‐blastoma tumour‐suppressor gene (Rb) function may contribute to oral keratinocyte hyperproliferation and recent evidence suggests that simultaneous deactivation of both p53 and Rb is required for tumourigenesis. Enhanced Bcl‐2 and reduced Fas expression inhibit tumour cell apoptosis and may convey resistance to cyto‐toxic drugs and T cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, respectively. Exogenous mutagens such as tobacco, alcohol and viral oncogenes may cause altered expression of oncogenes and tumour‐suppressor genes in some cases of oral SCC. The impact of these mechanisms on future therapies for oral SCC is highlighted.
Modulation of host matrix metalloproteinases by bacterial virulence factors relevant in human periodontal diseases
Authors: Ding Y , Uitto V‐J , Firth J , Salo T , Haapasalo M , Konttinen YT , Sorsa T
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Bacterial pathogens involved in periodontal diseases exert a part of their destructive effect by triggering and inducing host cells to elevate their secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Pathogen‐secreted phospholipase (PLC) is one bacterial product that may trigger this host response. The roles of exogenous PLC leading to the release, secretion and expression of MMPs by peripheral blood neutrophils (PMNs), cultured epithelial cells of human gingiva and porcine periodontal ligament were investigated. Also the activities of PLC in the diseased and healthy gingival sulcular fluid (crevicular fluid, GCF) and molecular forms of gelatin‐ases present in dental plaque were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS GCF, salivary and dental plaque samples were analyzed for PLC and proteinase activities. The abilities of PLC to induce PMNs and oral epithelial cells to release and express their MMPs were examined by specific functional, immunological and molecular biology means.

RESULTS: PMN‐derived MMPs were found to predominate in periodontitis GCF and plaque, and PLC activities were higher in GCF of adult periodontitis patients than in healthy controls. Purified bacterial PLC (1 mU ml‐I) efficiently induced PMN degranulation. PLC also induced MMP expression in the cultured epithelial cells. The strongest response was seen in MMP‐9 and less in MMP‐2. The induction was dose‐dependent in the range of 0.I‐1.0 U ml‐1 PI‐PLC, and quiescent cultures were more responsive than proliferating ones. PLC induction of MMPs was polar, with increased levels of MMP‐9 in the apical region and increased MMP‐2 levels secreted in the basal direction. Northern analysis showed a strong increase in mRNA levels of MMP‐9 and a smaller increase for MMP‐2 and MMP‐I. In the second part of the study we investigated the molecular forms of the released MMPs during periodontitis. In bacterial plaque of periodontitis patients the MMP‐9 were found to be converted into lower molecular weight forms. Isolated proteinase from Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277) was able to convert human proMMPs to their active forms.

CONCLUSION: Bacterial PLC may induce degranulation of PMN MMPs and increase MMP expression in oral epithelial cells. The released proteases can be converted into active form by the proteases of plaque bacteria. Thereby, the pathogenic oral bacteria may indirectly participate in the destruction of periodontal tissues.
Effect of in vitro aging on Campylobacter rectus lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated PGE2 release from human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Takiguchi H , Yamaguchi M , Mochizuki K , Abiko Y
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: We examined the influence of in vitro aging on Campylobacter rectus (C. rectus) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated prostaglandin (PG) E2 release from human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: LPS was prepared from C. rectus ATCC33238. HGFs were established from healthy gingival tissue removed from three patients (donors A, B and C), aged 10–12 years. Aging of the cells in culture was determined with increasing population doubling. The cells were cultured until confluence, then stimulated with LPS (1.0 μg ml‐1), and the levels of PGE2 in the medium were measured after 24 h by radioimmunoassay.

RESULTS: The LPS‐stimulated PGE2 production in each old cell (passage 17–20) was significantly increased to about 1.6–2.6 times than that in the corresponding young cells (passage 5–6). The gene expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 mRNA in the old cells was higher than that in the young cells in response to LPS. In the absence of LPS, PGE, production levels in both the young and old cells were very low, and also at the same level. However, there was a higher level of LPS‐stimulated PGE2 production in the young cells from donor C compared to that in the old cells from donor B. The LPS‐stimulated PGE2 production in each young cell from donors A and C was almost equal to that in each old cell from donors B and A, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that aging in HGFs may be one of the factors that take part in the stimulation of C. rectus LPS‐stimulated PGE2 production in old cells.
Oral candidosis in long‐term hospital care: comparison of edentulous and dentate subjects
Authors: Budtz‐Jørgensen E , Mojon P , Banon‐Clément JM , Baehni P
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To obtain information on the oral health status of the elderly living in a medicalized, geriatric institution.

DESIGN: A cross‐sectional clinical investigation with complementary microbiological studies.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 233 elderly in one long‐term care ward; collection of demographic data; clinical examination to determine dental and prosthetic status and health of the oral mucosae; swabs for detection of mucosal and denture colonization by Condido; paraffin stimulated saliva for detection of colonization by mutans streptococci and lactobacilli.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Oral and denture hygiene; oral mucosal health; degree of colonization by Condida, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli.

RESULTS: Mean age of the 233 patients was 85.6 ± 6.9 years; 61% were totally dependent, 62.7% were wearing one or two complete dentures; 19.7% had natural teeth and no denture and 17.6% neither teeth nor denture. Of those wearing dentures 72% had denture stomatitis. Of those with natural teeth 72% were affected by active caries. Yeast counts were significantly correlated with the intensity of the erythema of the palatal mucosa, plaque score of the natural teeth, denture plaque score, and salivary counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli.

CONCLUSIONS: High oral yeast counts and frequent prevalence of oral candidosis in elderly subjects living in institutions are associated with poor oral hygiene and neglect of denture care.
Oral mucosal lesion associated with sickle cell disease
Authors: Evans WW , Pogrel MA , Regezi JA
Published: August 2010

An oral lesion of sickle cell disease resembling a rapidly growing vascular lesion filled with sickled red cells is presented.
Immunohistochemical localization of mast cells and mast cell‐nerve interactions in oral lichen planus
Authors: Zhao ZZ , Savage NW , Pujic Z. , Walsh LJ
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: Mast cell mediators are likely to be involved in at least some aspects of the immunopathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP). The aim of this project was to map mast cell populations in OLP and identify possible sites of mast cell‐nerve interactions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Monoclonal antibodies specific for tryptase and neurofilaments were used to identify mast cells and nerves respectively in an immunohistochemical study of OLP (n= 25) and normal oral buccal mucosa (NOBM) (n= 13) using a double‐labelling protocol. Data analysis used paired t‐test, multiway analysis of variance and Wilcoxon rank testS. RESULTS: Morphometric analyses showed the greatest mast cell density in the most superficial of the three depth layers examined in OLP, an increase of 130% compared with NOBM.Mast cells associated with neurofilaments ranged from 21.9% in OLP to 10.2% in NOBM.Mean epithelial thickness was significantly lower in OLP (P < 0.001) but without a strong correlation with mast cell density.

CONCLUSIONS: Increased mast cell and mast cell‐nerve interactions in OLP suggest both a controlling role over the lesional cell populations and a secondary role to the immune response once this becomes established.
Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and Ki 67 expression in oral hairy leukoplakia
Authors: Cruchley AT , de Souza YG , Williams DM , Greenspan D , Greenspan JS
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: Oral hairy leukoplakia (HL) is an acan‐thotic, hyperparakeratotic lesion characterised by the presence of a replicative Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection in the superficial and adjoining layers of the epithelium. EBV or its gene products are capable of modifying epithelial differentiation. The aim of this study was to establish whether the presence of EBV was associated with an alteration in cell turnover by assessing bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and Ki 67 expression in lesional tissue and control mucosa.

METHODS: Biopsies of HL together with age, site and sex matched controls (n= 7 and 8 respectively) were incubated in 200 μM BrdU in vitro, fixed in methacarn and processed to paraffin wax. Following acid hydrolysis, incorporated BrdU and Ki 67 were identified in serial 5 fim sections using a three‐stage immunoperoxidase technique and cell density expressed as the number of positive cells per mm basement membrane length.

RESULTS: Overall, there was no difference in the number of BrdU positive cells per mm basement membrane length between control and HL tissue. However, within HL alone, the presence'of focal EBV replication was associated with a significant reduction in the number of basal cells incorporating BrdU compared to adjacent EBV free areas (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between Ki 67 positive cells in control and HL tissue and no evidence of a reduction of Ki 67 positive cells in areas associated with EBV replication.

CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that there is no evidence of a generalised alteration of the proliferative capacity of basal cells in HL, although the focal reduction in BrdU incorporation may reflect subtle changes on cell turnover by EBV infection.
Prevalence of oral lichen planus in diabetes mellitus according to the type of diabetes
Authors: Petrou‐Amerikanou C , Markopoulos AK , Belazi M , Karamitsos D , Papanayotou P
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of oral lichen planus (OLP) in a population of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) as compared with a control population. DESIGN: A clinicopathologic study.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and thirty‐nine patients with type I DM, 353 patients with type II DM and 274 controls were examined for clinical evidence of OLP. The clinical evidence of OLP in the diabetic and control patients was confirmed by histopathological examination.

RESULTS: The prevalence of OLP in type I diabetic patients was 5.76%, in type II 2.83%, and 1.82% in the controls. The prevalence of OLP was significantly higher in patients with type I DM and slightly higher in patients with type II DM in comparison to the prevalence in the control sample.

CONCLUSIONS: The above findings and the fact that type I diabetes and OLP are characterized by autoimmune phenomena and T cell immune responses respectively, suggest that the immune system may play a critical role in the appearance of OLP in patients with type I DM.
The porphyromonas gingivalis prtP/kgp homologue exists as two open reading frames in strain 381
Authors: Han N , Lepine G , Whitlock J , Wojciechowski L , Progulske‐Fox A
Published: August 2010

P‐ gingivalis is considered to be a major pathogen of adult periodontitis. Among its cadre of putative virulence factors are hemagglutinins (adhesins) and proteases. We here report the cloning, sequencing and characterization of two genes, designated kgp(381) and hagD. Kgp(381), an open reading frame (ORF) of 1095 bp encoding a 40.1 kda protein, has high homology to the proteolytic domain of cysteine protease/hemagglutinin genes. HagD, an ORF of 4077 bp encoding a 147.1 kda protein, contains one HArep sequence which establishes it as an additional member of the HArep multigene family. Although similar in sequence to kgp and prtP which were identified from strains HG66 and W12, respectively, the kgp(381)‐hagD genes have several characteristics which distinguish them from kgp and prtP. Foremost among these is a single base difference which produces a termination codon and an immediate frame shift resulting in two ORFs in strain 381 as compared to one ORF in strains HG66 and W12. In addition, a 172 amino acid sequence near the C‐terminal end of hagD has very low identity (20.5–27.8%) to the corresponding region of kgp and prtP. These demonstrate that the homologue of kgp and prtP in strain 381 occurs as two separate genes which may genetically separate the adhesive and enzymatic domains of Kgp and PrtP proteins. Reverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis indicates that hagD expression is regulated by hemin concentration.
Alteration of integrin expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Maragou P. , Bazopoulou‐Kyrkanidou E. , Panotopoulou E. , Kakarantza‐Angelopoulou E. , Sklavounou‐Andrikopoulou A. , Kotaridis S.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the intensity of expression of β1, α2, α3, α5, α6 integrin subunits in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) as opposed to normal oral epithelium, and the intensity of expression and distribution pattern of the above subunits in relation to tumour differentiation grade.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cryostat sections of 25 cases of oral SCC and 15 cases of normal oral epithelium were studied by immunohistochemistry (APAAP method).

RESULTS: The intensity of expression of β1, α2 (Pearson χ2P < 0.001) and α6 (Test for Trend P < 0.05) integrin subunits was reduced significantly in SCC compared to normal oral epithelium. All integrin subunits were mainly expressed in the peripheral cell layer of tumour islandS. No correlation was found between the intensity of integrin expression and the degree of differentiation in SCC. The same applied to the distribution pattern of the integrin subunitS. By means of cross examination of all integrins, the loss of intensity of α2β1 integrin expression was found to have the strongest correlation with oral SCC (Ordered Logistic Regression).

CONCLUSIONS: Reduced intensity of expression of all subunits was found in oral SCC compared to normal epithelium. Further investigation is needed to determine whether α2β1 integrin expression can be used as a prognostic evaluator for the behaviour of the disease.
Associations between self‐assessed masticatory ability, nutritional status, prosthetic status and salivary flow rate in hospitalized elders
Authors: Dormenval V. , Mojon P. , Budtz‐Jørgensen E.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To compare the association between self‐assessed masticatory ability and nutritional status with general health status, salivary flow and dental/prosthetic status.

DESIGN: A questionnaire and a cross‐sectional clinical investigation combined with a measurement of salivary flow rates.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 99 elderly, non‐psychiatric patients in a geriatric hospital; clinical examination to determine dental and prosthetic status, oral health and whole unstimulated (USFR) and stimulated (SSFR) salivary flow rates, examination of anthropometric measures, serum albumin level and body mass index (BMI); questionnaire designed to produce yes or no answers related to masticatory function, nutritional status, appetite and prosthesis function; mini mental score examination (MMES).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: USFR, SSFR, BMI, anthropometric measures and serum albumin level; complaints related to appetite and xerostomia. RESULTS: Mean age of the 99 patients was 82.5 ± 4.04 with a MMES of >21; 50% with malnutrition of severe or intermediate degree, and 86% with moderately or severely reduced serum albumin concentration; 55% reported recent loss of appetite and 52% had symptoms of oral drynesS. Recent loss of appetite was associated with reduced serum albumin and complaints of dry mouth and lack of appetite was associated with BMI 21, 10% weight loss during the preceeding 6 months, SSFR ≤0.5 ml min‐1 and wearing dentureS. Complaints on poor retention of the maxillary denture were associated with recent weight loss and SSFR ≤0.5 ml min‐1.

CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition in hospitalized elders is primarily associated with recent loss or lack of appetite whereas complaints related to dentures are associated with poor denture quality.
Identification of two novel mutations in keratin 13 as the cause of white sponge naevus
Authors: Rugg EL , Magee GJ , Wilson NJ , Brandrup F. , Hamburger J. , Lane EB
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: White sponge naevus (WSN) is a rare autosomal dominant condition which is characterised by benign, white spongy plaques (oral leukokeratoses) affecting non‐cornifying, wet mucosa. WSN shares several ultrastructural characteristics (eg, epithelial thickening, acanthosis, keratin filament aggregation) with a number of epithelial disorders caused by mutations in keratin genes and to‐date two mutations, one in each of the mucosal specific keratins, K4 and K13, have been identified as the molecular basis of the disorder.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the molecular basis of WSN in two families with a history of the disease.

RESULTS: Two novel mutations were identified in helix initiation motif of K13.A T‐to‐C transition was found in the affected members of one family which is predicted to change leucine115 to proline. In the second family, a similar T‐to‐C transition was found in codon 108 which is predicted to change methionine to threonine in the protein sequence. These changes were not found in 50 unrelated, unaffected individuals.

CONCLUSIONS: The mutations in the helix initiation motif of K13 are the cause of WSN in these families. These cases confirm mutations in the mucosal specific keratins as a significant cause of the disorder.
Salivary lysozyme and related parameters of a predominantly Chinese, HIV‐infected cohort in Hong Kong
Authors: Tsang CSP , Samaranayake LP
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the salivary lysozyme concentration, flow rate and pH of a predominantly Chinese, HIV‐infected group in Hong Kong, and to compare with an equal number of age and gender‐matched HIV‐free individuals.

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study over a 12–month period of 32 predominantly Chinese, male, HIV‐infected group in a hospital setting in Hong Kong. Whole saliva collection by expectoration, lysozyme evaluation by ‘lysoplate method pH and flow rate evaluation using standard methods and correlation with other clinical parameters using regression analysis.

RESULTS: The flow rate and the pH of saliva were lower compared with HIV‐free, healthy individuals (bothP< 0.0001) and salivary lysozyme concentration of the HIV‐infected group was 23% higher compared with the HIV‐free group (P< 0.001), though there was no significant difference between the lysozyme output (P> 0.05) expressed as μg min‐1. On multiple regression analysis, intravenous drug users had a higher salivary lysozyme concentration compared with the homosexual group (P= 0.0015) though other variables investigated were not significantly related to the salivary lysozyme concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS: The significant changes in the flow rate, pH value and lysozyme concentration of whole saliva of the HIV‐infected individuals as compared with the HIV‐free, healthy individuals, may be due to the disease itself or a combination of factors including the medications used in the disease management.
Paraneoplastic pemphigus: a review of the literature
Authors: Allen CM , Camisa C.
Published: August 2010

Paraneoplastic pemphigus is a relatively rare but highly significant acquired mucocutaneous disorder. The condition typically presents in patients with previously diagnosed lymphoreticular disease, primarily malignancies (non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma; chronic lymphocytic leukemia).Multiple sites of involvement are common, with the skin affected by a polymorphous eruption that includes lichenoid plaques as well as bullae. The oral lesions occur in all cases and present as painful widespread shallow ulcers with hemorrhagic crusting of the lipS. Conjunctival involvement is also seen and may result in scarring. Pulmonary lesions are an ominous sign. Histopathologically, intraepithelial and subepithelial clefting associated with interface dermatitis are seen. A variety of autoantibodies directed against desmoplakins and desmogleins can be identified with immunoprecipit‐ation studies. Treatment with immunosuppressive agents may result in some resolution of the disease, but the prognosis for paraneoplastic pemphigus is considered to be poor.
Immunohistochemical detection of insulin‐like growth factor‐I in the labial salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Markopoulos AK , Poulopoulos AK , Kayavis I , Papanayotou P
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) in the labial salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome and healthy controls and to determine if there are any differences between these two groups.

DESIGN: An immunohistochemical study.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty‐five patients with Sjögren's syndrome, 20 healthy controls and 20 patients with mucoceles of the lip were used in this study. All individuals underwent a systemic evaluation and a lip biopsy. Sections from the lip biopsies were stained with haema‐toxylin and eosin (H&E). Immunohistochemical staining was also performed using a three‐step indirect immunoperoxidase for IGF‐I.

RESULTS: The light microscopic examination revealed the presence of a mononuclear infiltration in the labial salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Most of the infiltrates were lymphocytes. Immunohistochemically an intense staining result was apparent in the same group. In contrast sections of labial salivary glands of healthy individuals and of patients with mucoceles revealed very weak staining.

CONCLUSIONS: The above findings and the fact that both lymphocytic infiltration and IGF‐I were predominantely seen in ductal regions, suggest that IGF‐I may be a target of autoimmunity in Sjögren's syndrome.
HPV and other risk factors of oral cavity/oropharyngeal cancer in the Czech Republic
Authors: Tachezy R , Klozar J , Saláková M , Smith E , Turek L , Betka J , Kodet R , Hamšíková E
Published: August 2010

Objective:  An association between high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) infection and a risk of development of a subgroup of head and neck cancers has been proposed recently. The main risk factors of oral and oropharyngal cancer observed in our population are smoking and alcohol consumption. The incidence of oral/oropharyngeal tumours in the Czech Republic is relatively high and there are no data available about the prevalence of HPV DNA presence in these tumours.

Materials and methods:  Eighty patients with a primary oropharyngeal cancer were enrolled. The presence of HPV DNA has been evaluated by polymerase chain reaction in 68 cases from which the tumour tissue and demographical and clinical data were available. The typing of HPV was performed by nucleotide DNA sequencing.

Results:  The HPV DNA was detected in 51.5% of samples tested. Among the HPV DNA positive tumours, 80% contained HPV16. In the analysed group there were 54 men and 14 women. The prevalence of HPV DNA was lower in oral (25%) than in oropharyngeal (57%) tumours, and higher in never smokers (100%) and never drinkers (68.8%). HPV DNA presence was not related to gender, age, number of lifetime sexual partners or practice of oral‐genital sex, size of tumour or presence of regional metastases.

Conclusions:  The difference in the prevalence of HPV DNA positive tumours between cases of oral cavity and oropharyngeal carcinoma exposed and not exposed to tobacco or alcohol support the theory that HPV DNA positive tumours form an aetiologically distinct subgroup of head and neck tumours.
Microarrays: applications in dental research
Authors: Nazmul‐Hossain ANM , Patel KJ , Rhodus NL , Moser KL
Published: August 2010

Revolutionary advances are underway that will dramatically change our understanding of oral diseases. The phenomenal progress being made in biomedical research is in large part fueled by advances in our overall knowledge of the human genome, development of microarray technology that allows comprehensive and unbiased evaluation of global biologic pathways and networks, and expanded computational abilities. Expectations are that nearly all clinical areas in dentistry and oral medicine will be affected by advances in molecular medicine, which in turn, promises to lead to more accurate diagnosis, effective disease monitoring, and development of targeted and specific therapies. This review provides a brief overview of microarray technologies and highlights several key examples from research efforts in dentistry and oral medicine using these powerful new tools.
Interactions between chronic renal disease and periodontal disease
Authors: Craig RG
Published: August 2010

The incidence of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) is increasing and patients receiving renal replacement therapy including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or renal transplantation will comprise an enlarging segment of the dental patient population. Renal replacement therapy can affect periodontal tissues including gingival hyperplasia in immune suppressed renal transplantation patients and increased levels of plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation and possible increased prevalence and severity of destructive periodontal diseases in ESRD patients on dialysis maintenance therapy. Also, the presence of undiagnosed periodontitis may have significant effects on the medical management of the ESRD patient. Periodontitis has been found to contribute to systemic inflammatory burden including the elevation of C‐reactive protein (CRP) in the general population. Atherosclerotic complications including myocardial infarction and stroke are the primary causes of mortality in the ESRD population and, in contrast to that of the general population, the best predictor of all cause and cardiac death in this population is CRP. Consequently, periodontitis may be a covert but treatable source of systemic inflammation in the ESRD population. The objective of this review was to explore the interaction between chronic renal disease, renal replacement therapy and periodontal diseases based upon the results of studies published within the last decade.
ANTIBODIES AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCAL BACTERIOPHAGES IN HUMAN SERA
Authors: HedstrÖm Sven Åke , Kamme Carl
Published: August 2010

Sera from 20 patients with chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis were examined in respect of ASta‐titres and antibody titres against staphylococcal phage antigen during exacerbation and regression of the infection. The antiphage antibodies were determined by indirect haemagglutination (IHA). In 13 of the patients a correlation was found between the IHA‐titre and the clinical course, i.e. a titre rise during exacerbation and a titre fall during regression, while the ASta‐reaction showed the same correlation in 5 cases. In 4 patients no titres could be demonstrated in IHA, while 3 constantly had high titres, irrespective of the clinical course.
Woman and Partner-Perceived Partner Responses Predict Pain and Sexual Satisfaction in Provoked Vestibulodynia (PVD) Couples
Authors: Rosen Natalie O. , Bergeron Sophie , Leclerc Bianca , Lambert Bernard , Steben Marc
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a highly prevalent vulvovaginal pain condition that results in significant sexual dysfunction, psychological distress, and reduced quality of life. Although some intra-individual psychological factors have been associated with PVD, studies to date have neglected the interpersonal context of this condition.

Aim

We examined whether partner responses to women’s pain experience—from the perspective of both the woman and her partner—are associated with pain intensity, sexual function, and sexual satisfaction.

Methods

One hundred ninety-one couples (M age for women = 33.28, standard deviation [SD] = 12.07, M age for men = 35.79, SD = 12.44) in which the woman suffered from PVD completed the spouse response scale of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory, assessing perceptions of partners’ responses to the pain. Women with PVD also completed measures of pain, sexual function, sexual satisfaction, depression, and dyadic adjustment.

Main Outcome Measures

Dependent measures were women’s responses to: (i) a horizontal analog scale assessing the intensity of their pain during intercourse; (ii) the Female Sexual Function Index; and (iii) the Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction Scale.

Results

Controlling for depression, higher solicitous partner responses were associated with higher levels of women’s vulvovaginal pain intensity. This association was significant for partner-perceived responses (β = 0.29, P < 0.001) and for woman-perceived partner responses (β = 0.16, P = 0.04). After controlling for sexual function and dyadic adjustment, woman-perceived greater solicitous partner responses (β = 0.16, P = 0.02) predicted greater sexual satisfaction. Partner-perceived responses did not predict women’s sexual satisfaction. Partner responses were not associated with women’s sexual function.

Conclusions

Findings support the integration of dyadic processes in the conceptualization and treatment of PVD by suggesting that partner responses to pain affect pain intensity and sexual satisfaction in affected women.
Assessing Background Ground Water Chemistry beneath a New Unsewered Subdivision
Authors: Wilcox Jeffrey D. , Bradbury Kenneth R. , Thomas Curtis L. , Bahr Jean M.
Published: August 2010

Previous site‐specific studies designed to assess the impacts of unsewered subdivisions on ground water quality have relied on upgradient monitoring wells or very limited background data to characterize conditions prior to development. In this study, an extensive monitoring program was designed to document ground water conditions prior to construction of a rural subdivision in south‐central Wisconsin. Previous agricultural land use has impacted ground water quality; concentrations of chloride, nitrate‐nitrogen, and atrazine ranged from below the level of detection to 296 mg/L, 36 mg/L, and 0.8 μg/L, respectively, and were highly variable from well to well and through time. Seasonal variations in recharge, surface topography, aquifer heterogeneities, surficial loading patterns, and well casing depth explain observed variations in ground water chemistry. This variability would not have been detected if background conditions were determined from only a few monitoring wells or inferred from wells located upgradient of the subdivision site. This project demonstrates the importance of characterizing both ground water quality and chemical variability prior to land‐use change to detect any changes once homes are constructed.
Computing “Anomalous” Contaminant Transport in Porous Media: The CTRW MATLAB Toolbox
Authors: Cortis Andrea , Berkowitz Brian
Published: August 2010

We describe the continuous time random walk (CTRW) MATLAB toolbox, a collection of MATLAB scripts and functions that compute breakthrough curves (BTCs) and one‐dimensional/two‐dimensional (1D/2D) resident concentration profiles for passive tracer dispersion. The transport model is based on the CTRW theory. CTRW includes as special cases the classical Fickian dispersion based advection‐dispersion equation, multirate and mobile‐immobile models, and the fractional‐in‐time derivative transport equation. Several models for treating the memory effects responsible for the anomalous character of dispersion have been implemented in the CTRW toolbox. In the current version of the toolbox, it is possible to solve explicitly for the forward problem (concentration prediction) in 1D and 2D and for the inverse problem (parameter identification from experimental BTC data) in 1D. Future extensions will include explicit treatment of sorbing tracers, simple subroutines for treating radial flow from wells, introduction of arbitrary initial conditions, treatment of heterogeneous domains by use of the Fokker‐Planck with Memory equation, and treatment of transport in multidimensional systems.
Geochemistry of Extremely Alkaline (pH > 12) Ground Water in Slag‐Fill Aquifers
Authors: Roadcap George S. , Kelly Walton R. , Bethke Craig M.
Published: August 2010

Extremely alkaline ground water has been found underneath many shuttered steel mills and slag dumps and has been an impediment to the cleanup and economic redevelopment of these sites because little is known about the geochemistry. A large number of these sites occur in the Lake Calumet region of Chicago, Illinois, where large‐scale infilling of the wetlands with steel slag has created an aquifer with pH values as high as 12.8. To understand the geochemistry of the alkaline ground water system, we analyzed samples of ground water and the associated slag and weathering products from four sites. We also considered several potential remediation schemes to lower the pH and toxicity of the water. The principal cause of the alkaline conditions is the weathering of calcium silicates within the slag. The resulting ground water at most of the sites is dominated by Ca2+ and OH− in equilibrium with Ca(OH)2. Where the alkaline ground water discharges in springs, atmospheric CO2 dissolves into the water and thick layers of calcite form. Iron, manganese, and other metals in the metallic portion of the slag have corroded to form more stable low‐temperature oxides and sulfides and have not accumulated in large concentrations in the ground water. Calcite precipitated at the springs is rich in a number of heavy metals, suggesting that metals can move through the system as particulate matter. Air sparging appears to be an effective remediation strategy for reducing the toxicity of discharging alkaline water.
Influence of Small‐Scale Heterogeneities on Contaminant Transport in Fractured Crystalline Rock
Authors: Mettier Ralph , Kosakowski Georg , Kolditz Olaf
Published: August 2010

We present a sequence of purely advective transport models that demonstrate the influence of small‐scale geometric inhomogeneities on contaminant transport in fractured crystalline rock. Special weight is placed on the role of statistically generated variable fracture apertures. The fracture network geometry and the aperture distribution are based on information from an in situ radionuclide retardation experiment performed at Grimsel test site (Swiss Alps). The obtained breakthrough curves are fitted with the advection dispersion equation and continuous‐time random walks (CTRW). CTRW is found to provide superior fits to the late‐arrival tailing and is also found to show a good correlation with the velocity distributions obtained from the hydraulic models. The impact of small‐scale heterogeneities, both in fracture geometry and aperture, on transport is shown to be considerable.
Calculating Ground Water Transit Time of Horizontal Flow through Leaky Aquifers
Authors: Braunsfurth Angelika C. , Schneider Wilfried
Published: August 2010

The calculation of ground water transit times is one important factor in ground water protection. In this paper, we present an analytical solution for the transit time for a Dupuit‐type flow system applicable to saturated flow through a horizontal leaky aquifer discharging to a downgradient fixed‐head boundary under steady‐state conditions. We investigate the influence of leakage when comparing the resulting travel times of our model based on head‐dependent leakage with the commonly used model with no leakage and a simplified model with constant leakage. The results show significant differences in the position of the water divide and transit time, suggesting that leakage cannot be ignored.
A Survey of Radon‐222 in Ground Water from the Sherwood Sandstone Aquifer: Belfast and Newtownards, Northern Ireland
Authors: Gibbons Deirdre , Kalin Robert
Published: August 2010

A study of radon‐222 in ground water in Northern Ireland has revealed a range of concentrations from 5.8Bql−1 to 36.6Bql−1 (158pCil−1 (158pCil−1 to 989 pCil−1). Radon‐222 was measured using a portable degassing system with scintillation cells and a portable radiation detector. Twenty‐six samples were taken within the Sherwood Sandstone Aquifer underlying Belfast and Newtownards, County Down.; All samples collected were below the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) suggested limit of 100Bql−1. Several hypotheses were considered for the distribution pattern in the sandstone, the most probable being the presence of faults and lithological differences.
Relationship Between Contaminated Ground Water Concentration Levels and Explosion Potentials in Sewer Systems
Authors: Peterson William J.
Published: August 2010

This paper establishes methods to estimate ground water cleanup levels based on the potential for vapors to accumulate in sewer systems from infiltrating ground water containing dissolved contaminants. The analysis assumes that no free product phase is present and thai the sewer system has a circular cross section. The methods presented can be applied to any volatile chemical contaminant which may he released into the subsurface environment. Simplifying assumptions are made to establish relationships between the target ground water cleanup levels Cgw, the hydrocarbon vapor concentration in the sewer Cv, and the depth of the waler level d, in the sewer. The paper presents sample calculations of target ground water cleanup levels for the release of fresh and weathered gasoline into the subsurface environment.
Multivariate Analyses to Improve Understanding of NAPL Pollutant Sources
Authors: Powers Susan E. , Villaume James F. , Ripp John A.
Published: August 2010

Current site assessment techniques do not always generate adequate information regarding the presence, type, or distribution of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) at sites with ground water contamination. Without this information, however, the design of remediation methods is uncertain, often resulting in costly and/or failed attempts to minimize risks associated with the contamination. In this work, it is proposed that a thorough multivariate analysis of data from ground water sampling efforts could improve our overall understanding of these sites. Multivariate analyses can provide considerable insight into the contaminant source characteristics by elucidating correlations in ground water concentrations that identify recurring chemical patterns or “signatures.” These correlations are related to the type of NAPL and proximity to the contaminant source.

Multivariate plots and a principal components analysis (PCA) are used to interpret ground water data from a manufactured gas plant site in Iowa contaminated with both gasoline and coal tar. Conclusions from these analyses regarding the distribution of NAPL contaminants were generally consistent with those derived from direct physical evidence of the NAPL sources. The multivariate analyses, however, provide an additional level of interpretation regarding the distribution of coal tar in the subsurface that was not possible with the standard evaluation techniques used during the remedial investigation (RI). Comparison of chemical signatures of ground water samples among wells identified two distinct regions of coal tar contamination, and suggests which wells are impacted by each source providing greater confidence in the location of the DNAPL sources.
Moderate Bioclogging Leading to Preferential Flow Paths in Biobarriers
Authors: Seki Katsutoshi , Thullner Martin , Hanada Junya , Miyazaki Tsuyoshi
Published: August 2010

Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are an alternative technique for the biological in situ remediation of ground water contaminants. Nutrient supply via injection well galleries is supposed to support a high microbial activity in these barriers but can ultimately lead to changes in the hydraulic conductivity of the biobarrier due to the accumulation of biomass in the aquifer. This effect, called bioclogging, would limit the remediation efficiency of the biobarrier. To evaluate the effects bioclogging can have on the flow field of a PRB, flow cell experiments were carried out in the laboratory using glass beads as a porous medium. Two types of flow cells were used: a 20‐ × 1‐ × 1‐cm cell simulating a single injection well in a one‐dimensional flow field and a 20‐ × 10‐ × 1‐cm cell simulating an injection well gallery in a two‐dimensional flow field. A mineral medium was injected to promote microbial growth. Results of 9 d of continuous operation showed that conditions, which led to a moderate (50%) reduction of the hydraulic conductivity of the one‐dimensional cell, led to a preferential flow pattern within the simulated barrier in the two‐dimensional flow field (visualized by a tracer dye). The bioclogging leading to this preferential flow pattern did not change the hydraulic conductivity of the biobarrier as a whole but resulted in a reduced residence time of water within barrier. The biomass distribution measured after 9 d was consistent with the observed clogging effects showing step spatial gradients between clogged and unclogged regions.
Chromate Transport through Surfactant‐Modified Zeolite Columns
Authors: Li Zhaohui
Published: August 2010

Remediation of ground water containing anionic contaminants presents a great challenge. Because of its low cost, surfactant‐modified zeolite (SMZ) has been studied for >10 years for potential uses as permeable barrier materials to remove anionic contaminants from water. In this study, zeolite aggregates with particle size of 3.4 to 4.8 mm were modified by hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) bromide, a cationic surfactant, to a surfactant loading level of 80 mmol/kg and a concurrent counterion bromide loading level of 34 mmol/kg. While no retardation of chromate transport was observed for unmodified columns, a retardation factor of 60 was found for chromate transport through the SMZ columns. Slow but persistent desorption of HDTMA occurred throughout the chromate transport experiment. Accompanying HDTMA desorption, slow release of counterion bromide and chromate also occurred. After the sorbed chromate was fully released when the columns were flushed with 400 pore volumes of water, a second pulse of chromate input was initiated. However, the chromate retardation factor was reduced to 5, indicating a loss of 90% of its functionality for chromate retardation, which is attributed to a change in the surfactant surface configuration from an admicelle formation to a monolayer. The results indicate that caution should be exercised when using SMZ as permeable barrier materials for remediating anion‐contaminated ground water.
COVENANT, KINGDOM, CULTURE AND CONSTITUTION: AN ANALYSIS OF COMPARATIVE INFLUENCE
Authors: Scott Gregory M.
Published: August 2010

The discussion of the influence of the Bible upon the content of the Constitution of the United States is confined, by religious leaders and scholars alike, to a single analytical approach that deduces from the cultural context of the Constitution a predisposition (either positive or negative, depending upon the commentator) to Christianity, which is then attributed to the Constitution. The present article presents a new analytical approach which compares the content of the Bible to that of the Constitution and finds them to contain different perspectives of three major political concepts: covenant (contract), kingdom (governance) and political culture (behavior). The conclusion of this analysis is that the genius of the Constitution is that it requires no longing for covenant, no quest for holiness (kingdom), and no anticipation of Christian charity (culture), but that it provides instead a legal environment in which people may express and promote biblical values.
Interest or Right?
Authors: Ayyar R.V. Vaidyanatha
Published: August 2010

“In acquiring new forces of production men change their mode of production; in changing their way of earning their living, they change all their social relations. The hand‐mill willgive you a society with the feudal lord; the steam‐mill, a society with the industrial capitalist.”

Karl Marx1
Rhetoric, Realism and Benefit‐Sharing
Authors: Wynberg Rachel
Published: August 2010

“This is the real ghaap of the natives, who use it as a substitute for food and water. The sweet sap reminds one of licorice and when on one occasion thirst compelled me to follow the example of my Hottentot guide, it saved further suffering and removed the pangs of hunger so efficiently that I could not eat anything for a day after having reached the camp.”

Marloth (1855–1931)
Atlas Of Replantation And Transplantation Of Teeth
Authors: Feiglin Barry
Published: August 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Author: Jens O. Andreasen; Available from: W.B.
External Root Resorption — Part I
Authors: Heithersay Geoffrey S.
Published: August 2010

Root resorption is a pathological process initiated by specific clastic cells which remove the organic and mineral components of dental hard tissues. Clastic cell activity in teeth is associated with a number of factors which include biomechanical forces, mechanical, surgical and chemical trauma, endodontic microorganisms and their toxins, developmental defects, neoplasia, and hormonal disturbances. The therapeutic measures which can regulate clastic activity include endodontic treatment, the use of specific anticlastic agents such as Ledermix paste, non‐specific necrobiotic agents such as calcium hydroxide and trichloracetic acid, surgery or root surface conditioners.

Accurate diagnosis is essential to the correct application of therapy. While some resorptions are self‐limiting, others such as inflammatory root resorption require active and prompt endodontic preparation and medication to allow the control of clastic activity. One treatment regimen of invasive cervical and related conditions involves careful and accurate application of a chemical cauterising agent, trichloracetic acid, followed by curettage and restoration.