bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research opportunities in direct marketing
Authors: Blattberg Robert C.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this article is to describe why direct marketing offers academics the opportunity to do research on topics of interest to both direct marketers and the academic marketing community. The areas to be covered are: (1) How Direct Marketing Works, (2) Data Availability, (3) Why Direct Marketing Offers Academics a Potential Area of Research, (4) Areas Needing Research, and (5) How to Work with Direct Marketers.
The advent of upstream direct marketing and the question of customer loyalty
Authors: Tixier Daniel
Published: July 2007

The development of the Minitel system, which utilizes a small computer terminal supplied free of charge to French telephone users, is today putting France close to the dream of a two-way communication society. Professor Tixier of the Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Economiques et Commerciales (ESSEC), a major business school in Paris, analyzed the consequences for direct marketing in two recent conferences in Europe and developed the concept of upstream direct marketing which potentially emerges from such a system. This means that consumers will easily use professional databases to look for suppliers, just as direct marketers have traditionally used them to search for customers. At the same time, the emergence of a postindustrial society with mature consumers raises the question of consumer acceptance of some of the most efficient direct marketing techniques, and of the meaning of customer loyalty in the future. This article is adapted from an address given by Professor Tixier in June 1986 in Deauville, at the Direct Marketing Association International Strategic Forum on Direct Marketing.
Using direct mail to bridge “knowledge gaps” in communication about health
Authors: Finnegan John R. , Loken Barbara , Howard-Pitney Beth
Published: July 2007

A field experiment with a pretest and post-test control group design was used to measure the effects of direct mail messages on awareness and knowledge of health and heart health information. The study was conducted as part of a larger community-wide heart disease risk factor reduction project. The major focus of the research was to analyze the relative effectiveness of direct mail in bridging certain “knowledge gaps” in health information among demographic subgroups.

Generally, direct mail was found to be effective in getting people to read about heart health-specific information in a direct mail letter addressed to them. It also appeared to be effective in narrowing demographic “knowledge gaps” in health information occurring between men and women and between lower- and higher-educated subgroups.
Scholarship program that links education to jobs in the marketplace
Authors: Delay Robert F.
Published: July 2007

Every year since 1966, a scholarship program to place outstanding college seniors into the field of Direct Marketing from the university campus has reaped dramatic dividends. Aptly named the Collegiate Institute, these free, week-long courses have brought together more than 1,500 students giving them a taste of this exciting discipline called Direct Marketing.

Most important, records indicate that nearly 50% of those attendees have entered a career in Direct Marketing. This article seeks to inform more professors and professionals about the opportunities that the program creates. This innovative approach to providing talent to what is truly a “niche market” is sponsored by The Direct Marketing Educational Foundation with support from local DM clubs and companies with a stake in this burgeoning way of doing business.
Selected effects of headline gender and spokesperson gender in direct response advertising
Authors: Holmes John H. , Urban Walter A.
Published: July 2007

This article focuses on selected effects of gender in a direct response advertisement for a non-gendered item targeted towards professionals—both men and women. It assesses whether the specification of gender in the headline, and/or the gender of the message's spokesperson, affects the readers’ attitudes toward the message and their intention to respond. Nine versions of a direct response advertisement for a hypothetical financial services company were constructed. Each differed from the others in terms of the headline— Professional Man, Professional Person, Professional Woman—and the signature of the spokesperson— Mary West, J. West, John West—which appeared at the conclusion of the sales message. A national sample of 363 randomly selected men and women participated in a 3 × 3 × 2 within-subjects experiment. A gendered headline significantly affected males’ attitudes toward the test ad.
Transnational nonstore patronage behavior
Authors: Gehrt Kenneth C.
Published: July 2007

Although business is increasingly conducted on a global basis, the study of international retailing and international shopping behavior contingencies has been largely overlooked. This problem is particularly acute in the area of international nonstore retailing/shopping behavior. This article explores transnational shopping contingencies with a focus on non-store shopping.

The study is based on a comparison of Canadian and American responses to 48 psychographic type statements which are related to store and nonstore shopping. The comparison is timely in light of the recently enacted Canadian-American Free Trade Agreement. The results reveal that although Canadian and American shoppers are similar in many respects, they also exhibit some important differences. The most notable difference is the American shopper's more favorable predisposition to catalog patronage.
Predictors of job satisfaction among telemarketing sales employees
Authors: Brown Herbert E. , Saunders Paula M.
Published: July 2007

This study investigated the relative impact of specific satisfaction variables, supervisory variables, organizational and individual demographic variables on overall job satisfaction, role conflict, and role ambiguity of telemarketing sales employees. The sample included 129 employees working in 10 different telemarketing organizations. The results suggest that supervisory behaviors such as goal setting and work facilitation are significant predictors of role conflict and role ambiguity. Control over work pace, inbound versus outbound operation, and marital status were also significantly realted to role conflict and role ambiguity. Satisfaction with promotion and role conflict were significant predictors of overall job satisfaction. Implications of the findings for management of human resources in telemarketing organizations and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The mail order catalog industry in Britain
Authors: Quigley Behnaz Z. , de Silva Lalith
Published: July 2007

This article focuses on the direct marketing practices of an important U.S. trading partner, Britain, via an interview survey of chief executive officers of British mail order catalog firms. Specifically, we examine the ongoing evolution to a specialized catalog market targeted at a higher income class from a more general one catering to lower-income households. The latter market is based on an agency system and installment credit. The executives within the general market, where catalog sales are still concentrated, see the specialized market as the target of opportunity for future growth.
Integrating direct marketing into financial services
Authors: Topol Martin T. , Gable Myron , Rosenfield James R.
Published: July 2007

More and more members of the financial services industry have begun to use direct marketing. This presentation provides a framework for use in the creation of their direct marketing strategy. In addition to traditional uses and strategies employed by direct marketers, this presentation examines other ways financial service organizations can make effective use of direct marketing.
Customer portfolio analysis for strategy development in direct marketing
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Soni Praveen
Published: July 2007

Segmenting existing customers into distinct groups based on their dollar purchases and the product categories which they buy can reveal which accounts are contributing substantially to net profits and which should receive more or less attention relative to others. Detailed profile analyses may be developed on the demographics, product-related psychographics, and buying behavior of competitors’ products for each customer segment. Insights for refining existing and creating new product-market positioning strategies are likely to result from such profile analyses. In the present article a framework for performing customer portfolio analysis is described and applied, using the customer database for a large, retail-direct marketing firm. The article concludes with recommendations for additional empirical research and strategic use of customer portfolio analysis.
Consumers’ attitudes toward direct marketing and purchase intentions
Authors: Akhter Syed H. , Durvasula Srinivas
Published: July 2007

Researchers have suggested that attitudes toward the three elements of direct marketing such as source, mode, and response channel, play a significant role in influencing consumers’ intentions to purchase directly marketed products. This study (a) examines and provides support for the influence of consumers’ attitudes on purchase intentions, and (b) presents future research directions and managerial implications.
Strategic analysis and choice
Authors: Wang Paul
Published: July 2007

This article is meant to be a “reality check” for the direct marketing industry. It suggests that, in order to succeed in the 1990s, direct marketing firms must avoid “marketing inertia” by becoming more adaptable to both internal and external conditions. Empirically, this study re-analyzes data from a fall 1990 survey of direct marketing industry executives conducted by the Direct Marketing Association, Inc., in cooperation with David Shepard Associates, Inc. It investigates these direct marketers’ perceptions of the internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats that might influence their firms’ strategic decisions and future success in a changing market environment.
Mail survey response rates using a lottery prize giveaway incentive
Authors: Sundar Balakrishnan P.V. , Chawla Sudhir K. , Smith Mary F. , Michalski Brian P.
Published: July 2007

This study investigates a unique lottery-oriented mail survey response mechanism, a single prize give away rather than cash prizes, to measure its impact on a consumer sample in terms of 1) the response rate, 2) cost effectiveness, and 3) biasing effect on their on their responses. A random sample of 6,384 customers from a commercial products sponsor's customer database and 6,384 noncustomers drawn from telephone directories from seven areas of Ohio was selected for this study. The results demonstrate that it is possible for managers to increase response rates using a lottery prize giveaway incentive and reduce the costs per completed survey. Perhaps direct marketing companies could increase their sales and lower their contact costs using a single lottery prize giveaway incentive such as this article describes. Managers using this method also do not have to suffer validity problems.
Why do consumers open direct mail?
Authors: Lincoln James E. , Li Hairong
Published: July 2007

A survey of consumers and direct marketing practitioners was done in order to assess direct mail envelope characteristics which are perceived as critical in getting the envelope opened. Ten such elements were identified through focus group studies with consumers and personal interviews with practitioners. These elements pertained to personalization, teaser copy, and mail volume. The survey revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in their perceptions of the effectiveness of 8 of those 10 elements. Practitioners and consumers were similar only in their perceptions of the effectiveness of two of three personalization tactics—the handwritten envelope and the envelope that looked like a bill.
Social style application to enhance direct mail response
Authors: Taylor Raymond E. , Krajewski Lorraine A. , Darling John R.
Published: July 2007

Social styles represent pervasive and enduring patterns of interpersonal behaviors; they are the way we act and respond to others. Every person has a basic social style in which he or she feels most comfortable. By appealing to a customer's social style, a salesperson is able to interact within that person's comfort zone and has a better chance to develop a lasting relationship. This article suggests that direct mail letters should incorporate social style appeals that will allow direct marketers to interact with customers and prospective buyers within their comfort zones or social styles. By using social style appeals in direct mail letters, direct marketers will increase their chances to improve responses and to develop continuing relationships with customers.
Press coverage and public perception of direct marketing and consumer privacy
Authors: Phelps Joseph , Gonzenbach William , Johnson Edward
Published: July 2007

This study begins to fill a void in the literature by addressing three important but as yet unanswered questions. First, how much have the media covered the consumer privacy issue and how have they focused their coverage of this issue? The research reported here examines five leading newspapers’ coverage of privacy issues relating to direct marketing, from 1984 through 1992. Second, how salient is the privacy issue to the public and has that salience increased over time? The study examines available public opinion, over time, about the issue. And third, is there any evidence to suggest that media salience of the issue is leading to public salience of the issue? The findings suggest that public concern was high even before the increases in media coverage in the mid-1980s, and that the dramatic increases in frequency of coverage have little relationship to public salience. Future research should examine the role of real-world cue measures—such as the frequency of telemarketing calls and direct mail pieces. Finally, this study indicates that the direct marketing management can influence the content of press coverage through a combination of industry action to reduce consumer privacy concerns and promotion of these initiatives.
Design of an ideal direct marketing course from the students’ perspective
Authors: Katzenstein Herbert , Kavll Sreedhar , Mummalaneni Venkat , Dubas Khalid
Published: July 2007

The field of direct marketing has experienced tremendous growth in recent years offering various career options to students graduating from business schools. Although the practice of direct marketing has become more sophisticated in identifying and satisfying customer needs, educators in this field rarely make a systematic effort to measure the needs and preferences of their students and their potential employers. This article uses conjoint analysis to design an “ideal” introductory course in direct marketing based on students’ preferences. For this purpose, students’ preferences, we have obtained various course concepts based on different combinations of the levels of four salient attributes. These are: course content, teaching methods, teaching aids, and real-world experience. The results of conjoint analysis are discussed in the light of improving the teaching of direct marketing in business schools.
CRISP: Customer response based iterative segmentation procedures for response modeling in direct marketing
Authors: DeSarbo Wayne S. , Ramaswamy Venkatram
Published: July 2007

We present a system of empirical segmentation procedures called CRISP (Customer Response-based Iterative Segrnentation Procedures) for simultaneously deriving market segments and estimating models of customer response in each of these segments. While the common practice in response modeling is to estimate a single response model for all customers in the database, we allow for customer heterogeneity by calibrating response models for different (unknown) customer segments. We describe a system of iterative segmentation procedures that simultaneously estimate the number of customer segments, the sizes of each derived segment, the values of segment-level response parameters, and their statistical significance, all in a maximum likelihood framework that can accommodate various types of commonly collected response data. To illustrate the CRISP system, we discuss an empirical application entailing typical binary response data for a large number of households for a mail subscription offer from a major magazine publisher. We describe the specific implementation of CRISP to this particular problem of list segmentation, and discuss its Potential usefulness to direct mail marketers. We conclude by discussing the general uses of the CRISP system for response modeling in other direct marketing contexts besides list segmentation.
Strategies for a european catalog
Authors: Desmet Pierre , Xardel Dominique
Published: July 2007

The economic and legal integration of Europe and the convergence of needs for business-to-business markets as well as for consumer goods suggest that Europe is a common market. Furthermore, for economic reasons, technological factors promote a single catalog for European markets. Conditions are met for a pan-European catalog. However, analysis of six companies’ strategies leads to the conclusion that it is not always the case and that other factors, such as the activities of producers versus distributors or channel confrontation, can explain the choices. Key words in the analysis include catalog, Europe, globalization, and standardization.
The beliefs of marketing professionals regarding consumer privacy
Authors: Taylor Raymond E. , Vassar John A. , Vaught Bobby C.
Published: July 2007

There is growing concern among consumers that several marketing practices are invasions of consumer privacy. Specifically, this study addresses the issues of buying and selling names and addresses of consumers, the role of government in protecting the privacy rights of consumers, and the use of an automatic number identification system. A survey was conducted of 190 marketing professionals from the American Marketing Association, National Association of Purchasing Managers, and Direct Marketing Association to determine their beliefs regarding these issues. The results are compared to an earlier consumer sample to determine differences and agreements. The results are also compared statistically among the three professional associations.
A pause‐in‐speech deletion technique of delay‐allowable communication systems
Authors: Yoshida Takashi , Ueda Jiro
Published: July 2007

As a means of information compression in speech communication, the pause‐in‐speech deletion technique has been applied to digital speech interpolation, etc. This paper examines a pause‐in‐speech technique, which, after detection of a voice segment, goes backward some tens of milliseconds before the voice segment and can turn a voice switch on. Used in a delay‐allowable communication system, this permits efficient compression of the pause in speech while maintaining minimum quality degradation and can be a cost‐effective economization method. the possibility of a backward hangover process with pause deletion and rewriting of voice segments in pause segments in the buffering process using addressing control is discussed. Experimental results reveal that the backward hangover process (hangover time of 32 ∼ 64 ms) permits less voice deletion (especially at word fronts, which are essential to quality reproduction) than the ordinary hangover process. the total cost effectiveness is discussed with respect to a voice storage system and it is shown that the cost of the system can be reduced without speech quality degradation by applying the backward hangover process and addressing control at buffering.
Embedding planar graphs using PQ‐tree algorithms
Authors: Chiba Norishige , Nishizeki Takao , Abe Shigenobu , Ozawa Takao
Published: July 2007

The problems of testing the planarity of a graph and of embedding a planar graph in a plane arise in many applications. This paper presents a simple linear algorithm for the latter problem. the algorithm is based on the “vertex‐addition algorithm” of Lempel, Even and Cederbaum for planarity testing and is a slight modification of Booth and Lueker's implementation of the testing algorithm using a PQ‐tree. Compared with the embedding algorithm known as the “path‐addition” algorithm of Hopcroft and Tarjan, our algorithm is conceptually simple and easy to understand or implement.
A numerical analysis of electromagnetic scattering of perfect conducting cylinders by means of discrete singularity method improved by optimization process
Authors: Nishimura Mampei , Takamatsu Shuji , Shigesawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

As a method of solving the electromagnetic scattering by perfectly conducting cylinders, the discrete singularity method is discussed. For this method, a finite number of singular points is distributed within the scatterer and the wave function composed of a linear combination of solutions (each of which is derived from a Helmholtz equation with each single singularity among the many) is matched with the incident wave function on the boundary. the remaining important problem in this method is how to distribute these singularities in order to obtain the accurate solution with faster convergence and with fewer number of singular points for an arbitrary configuration of the scatterer. the purpose of this paper is to present a reasonable solution to this problem. the essential point of the method is that by making as unknown quantities, not only the unknown amplitude coefficients involved in the linear combination of the solutions, but also the coordinates of the singularities, the scattered wave is matched on the boundary in the sense of the least squares. This problem is linear in the amplitude coefficient but nonlinear in the singularity coordinate. Thus we solve this problem by using the algorithm by Marquardt et al. of a nonlinear optimization process. This paper considers the general description and indicates its effectiveness by showing a few examples of the scattering problem of rectangular cylinders.
A method for solving the three‐dimensional inverse problem in electrocardiography using the finite‐element method
Authors: Kinosada Yasutomi , Sakata Toshibumi , Yamashita Yasuo , Takahashi Takashi
Published: July 2007

The solution of the inverse problem in electrocardiography, if it can be obtained, is clinically significant since information on cardiac excitation can be obtained non‐invasively from the surface electrocardiogram. This paper describes a solution for the three‐dimensional inverse problem in electrocardiography and examines the possibility of clinical application based on a numerical example for the human torso model. In the inverse problem in electrocardiography the potential transfer matrix relating the epicardial potential distribution to the body surface potential distribution is determined, which enables estimation of the former from the latter. Owing to the smoothing effect in the human thorax, however, the potential transfer matrix is modified such that the calculated epicardial potential distribution becomes oscillatory. In our study, this problem is remedied by using the conditional least‐squares filter and applying Tikhonov's regularization. The relation between the number of electrodes, measurement accuracy of the body surface electrocardiograph and the error in estimation of the epicardial potential distribution is discussed. Based on this discussion, it is concluded that estimation of the epicardial potential distribution with practicable accuracy requires at least 180 electrodes and three‐place measurement accuracy for the body surface electrocardiogram.
Noise estimation system for board‐level electrical circuit–calculation of capacitance coefficient of multiconductor system by calcap
Authors: Takagi Haruo , Schibuya Noboru , Ito Kenichi
Published: July 2007

Network analysis with equivalent lumped constant circuits is effective for evaluating the noise generated on a circuit board considered as a total electronic circuit system. This paper considers the partial capacitance calculation program (CALCAP) that is used for expressing the pattern wiring in terms of equivalent lumped constant parameters within a loaded design system (NESSY) insensitive to the noise. In the CALCAP, three‐dimensional orientations of multiconductors on a substrate are considered and the formulations have been done with the image method and the integral equations. As a tool in a system, the CALCAP is designed for ease of parameter input and routine work, and for high‐speed execution. To this end, a nonuniform sampling algorithm is used. The capacitance of an isolated equipotential parallel plate has been computed and the dividing methods have been compared. The present method was found to be superior to others. The capacitance of parallel plates and strip lines have been computed using the present method. For the strip lines, appropriate measures have been obtained for: (1) the segmentation method; and (2) the length of the cell. Further, the capacitance has been measured and the cross‐talk experiment has been performed for a simple model of strip lines. The results of the capacitance calculation and those of the circuit simulation have been compared and found to be in good agreement.
Considerations on feed expressions for the numerical analysis of antennas
Authors: Sakitani Akihlde , Egashira Shigeru
Published: July 2007

Antennas having highly complicated configuration can be analyzed numerically by the recently proposed moment method and/or remarkably improved computer system, and many analyzed results have also been reported. However, on the other hand, some problems, such as convergence in the moment method, numerical solution of a current distribution feed point, and nonphysical oscillations at an edge, have been pointed out. Although in the analysis of wire antennas, assumptions of slice generator, finite gap generator, or annular ring of magnetic current are used adequately as a feed, it is necessary to know how different is the numerical calculation between them. This paper considers an integral equation obtained with a boundary condition at antenna surface and axis, and an integral equation obtained using an axis current approximation. These integral equations were calculated numerically for a linear dipole antenna applying the moment method. As a result, the difference of numerical solution by a difference of feed formula was clarified.
Performance comparison of partial response systems in digital VTR
Authors: Osawa Hisashi , Okamoto Yoshihiro , Tazaki Saburo
Published: July 2007

To study the performance of Partial Response (PR) systems used in digital VTR where high density recording is required, the conventional analysis on the error probability only for random noise is not sufficient, and it is important to analyze the performance taking into account the influence of increase in tape‐to‐head spacing. In this paper, first, the error probability is derived for PR(1, 0m‐1, ‐1), PR(1, Om‐1, 1), and PR(1) systems (m = 1, 2, …) in NRZ recording, taking into account the increase in tape‐to‐head spacing. Then the relationship between the increase in tape‐to‐head spacing and SNR at the reading point required to achieve the prescribed error probability is obtained. The results show that, PR(1, 0, ‐1) out of PR(1, 0m‐l, ‐1) and PR(1, 1) out of PR(1, 0m‐1, 1) exhibit excellent performance. Also, it was clarified that the PR(1, 1) system has good performance provided the increase in tape‐to‐head spacing is small and the PR(1, 0, ‐1) system is better for a large increase in spacing. Moreover, the relationship between timing jitter and required SNR is discussed.
A pair of yagi antennas for controlling polarization
Authors: Okubo Shigeru , Tokumaru Shinobu
Published: July 2007

The multipath fading in maritime satellite communications is a serious problem in any future system using the INMARSAT for small vessels. In this paper, a polarization controlling antenna consisting of a pair of Yagi arrays with a reflector is used. By adjustment of the antenna source, the polarization of the direction of incidence of the sea return wave (reserved direction) is synthesized so that the axial ratio is identical to that of the sea return wave but is in the opposite sense and the major axes are orthogonal to each other. Thus fading is reduced. In the present structure, the axial ratio remains desirable in the direction of the satellite even if it becomes large in the reserved direction due to polarization control. Hence polarization loss is small. Further, the mechanical attitude control system can be simplified since the antenna movement is controlled electronically. In the antenna design, the reflector can be treated as an infinite ground plane as long as it is larger than two wavelength square. First, the antenna dimensions are determined. Next, the source for the specified polarization, the axial ratio in the satellite direction and the radiation patterns are calculated for an antenna attitude. The model experiment has been performed for confirmation of the calculated results. The effect of the finite reflector on the electrical characteristics of the antenna is theoretically studied.
An lnterframe coding system using motion‐compensation prediction and uncovered background prediction
Authors: Kuroda Hideo , Hashimoto Hideo , Hashimoto Hideo
Published: July 2007

In order to expand the applications of domestic and international teleconference service, it is necessary to develop a video coder with high quality and low cost. This paper discusses an interframe coding system which can realize high quality. The interframe coding system realizes coded transmission with high efficiency by adaptively switching the prediction scheme as follows. The image in teleconferencing can be divided into a still area, a moving object and the background left after movement of the object. For the still area, the previous‐frame prediction is used. For the moving object, the motion‐compensation prediction is used. For the background left after the movement of the object, the uncovered background prediction is used. In the first part of the paper, the interframe coding system is described. Then, a coding experiment is performed, confirming the usefulness of information suppression when motion‐compensation prediction and uncovered background prediction are used. An experiment for image quaiity evaluation is performed and the experimental device is applied to ITS. As a result, it is demonstrated that the television conference signal is transmitted at a rate of 1.5 Mb/s with satisfactory image quality.
Electromagnetic‐field analysis of planar gratings with periodic distribution of dielectric constant
Authors: Yamasaki Tsuneki , Hinata Takashi , Hosono Toshio
Published: July 2007

In this paper, a new method and its validity are described for the grating with a periodic distribution of dielectric constant. The method is a kind of Fourier series expansion method consisting of two steps: (1) the periodically inhomogeneous permittivity and the electromagnetic fields are expanded in terms of a Fourier series. The propagation constants and the modal functions in the dielectric grating are obtained by solving the eigenvalue equation; (2) the transmitted and reflected waves are obtained from the boundary conditions at the surfaces of the grating. When there are discontinuities in the permittivity distribution ϵ (x), the analysis is difficult with the conventional space harmonic expansion technique. It is shown that the following two cases can be analyzed by the present method: (1) the electric field is parallel to the grating surface (TE wave), and the Fourier series expansion coefficients ϵn of ϵ(x) are such that ∥n * ϵm∥ < (constant) and ϵ n is a convergent series; (2) the n=‐ magnetic field is parallel to the grating surface (TM wave), and ϵ(X) is approximated by a trigonometric rational function of the order less than ϵN and the number N of the field expansion terms is N 2Nf. In this paper, the permittivity distributions of the type ϵ(X)/1 = q(x)/r(x) are assumed. As a result, if we take appropriate trigonometric polynomials for q(x) and p(x), we can approximate a wide range of permittivity distributions, for which the numerical integration is not required even when Fourier series coefficients of (X) cannot be obtained analytically. Hence, the application range of our method has been expanded significantly. The validity of this method has also been confirmed by checking the increase of accuracy of the numerical solution with the number of expansion terms and by comparing the results with the results of other authors.
Location of mobile subscriber station on land mobile radio with MSSC
Authors: Murase Atsushi , Imamura Kenji
Published: July 2007

As for radio channel control of a cellular mobile communication system, location measurement is an important technique for determining the base station to be Connected with the mobile station. This paper describes the radio zone selection characteristic when a part of the control channel is time‐shared by base stations and the reception level of each base station is measured at mobile stations. MSSC (Multitransmitter Simul/Sequential Casting) of control channels is proposed, which improves the location measurement and is suitable for a high‐capacity system. The MSSC channel consists of simul‐cast parts and sequential‐cast parts. Its speech connection control sequence when applied to the cellular mobile communication system is shown. Next, the relation between the reception level variation characteristic in land mobile communication and the average reception level measurement accuracy when burst signals are received several times is studied. Both analytical results and laboratory experimental simulation results are shown. Finally, the zone selecting rate of a mobile station is calculated and the effect of the proposed control channel configuration is clarified.
Dielectric measurements by H‐plane dielectric loaded cavity with three layers
Authors: Yamanaka Hideo
Published: July 2007

This paper describes a method for measuring the complex dielectric constant of a dielectric, by using a resonance of a rectangular cavity (section 3.48 × 1.58 cm2, length 8.30 cm) filled with three layers. The top layer is air; the second layer is a low‐loss dielectric whose dielectric constant is known; and the third layer is the dielectric under measurement. Four plastic screws are used for pressing the dielectrics. It has been confirmed that this method works efficiently, although a specimen under measurement must have a uniform thickness and must be flattened by pressing. The measurements were carried out in a 7‐GHz band.
Measurement of cochannel interference for mobile communication systems
Authors: Kozono Shigeru , Sakamoto Masayuki
Published: July 2007

In mobile communication the radius of each radio chosen is small and the same frequency channel is repeatedly used at a near distance to improve the frequency utilization. For further improvement of frequency utilization, a technique of repeated use must be established. An effective method of measuring co‐channel interference with good accuracy has not been found to date. By using the beat phenomenon which occurs at carrier envelope under the effect of interference, a new method to measure co‐channel interference is proposed. In this method, the carrier envelope is sampled, and desired carrier to undesired carrier level (D/U) ratio is calculated by signal processing. Circuits for measurement are composed of envelope detector, analog‐to‐digital (A/D) converter, and microcomputer. Theoretical and experimental evaluations of measurement errors are examined, and this method is proved promising. Using this method, reception dynamic range of 70 dB is quantized by 8‐bit A/D converter, and D/U ratio up to 20 dB is measured within 2 dB error for less than 80 Hz fading frequency.
Analysis of polarization‐maintaining optical fibers with crescentlike hollow pits around a circular core
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi , Hinata Takashi , Hosono Toshio , Takano Sadao
Published: July 2007

We propose polarization‐maintaining optical fibers with one crescentlike hollow pit (SCF) and two crescentlike hollow pits (DCF) around the circular core. Their propagation characteristics are numerically analyzed using the improved point matching method. The results obtained about the modal birefringence B Δ∥βe ‐ β0∥/ko (where βe and βO are the even mode and odd mode propagation constants for HE11 model respectively, kg is the wave number in free space) of SCF and DCF are as follows.
A minimum channel spacing of optical wavelength‐division‐multiplexing transsion for subscriber loop systems
Authors: Sano Koichi , Watanabe Ryuichi
Published: July 2007

This paper describes standardization of wavelengths in wavelength‐division‐multiplexing transmission for optical subscriber loop systems. First we estimate the minimum channel spacing for both the short and long wavelength regions considering such system requirements as transmission distance, transmission signals and future trend of optical components (e.g., optical source, optical multi/demultiplexer, optical connector and optical fiber) and select eight wavelengths in the short wavelength region (0.75, 0.77, 0.79, 0.81, 0.83, 0.85, 0.87 and 0.89 μm) and eight wavelengths in the long wavelength region (1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40 and 1.45 μm). Then, considering presently required transmission signals and the present state of the art of optical sources and optical components, it is concluded that the use of two wavelengths in the short wavelength region (0.81 and 0.89 μm) and two in the long wavelength region (1.2 and 1.3 μm) will suffice for the time being, and that with the required technological advances, necessary wavelengths will be developed and used from among the 16 wavelengths.
Remote control signal for submarine optical repeater fault location systems
Authors: Hayashi Yoshihiro , Miyawaki Youhou , Aiki Mamoru
Published: July 2007

This paper studies the remote control signal for submarine digital optical repeater fault location systems. The conditions to be satisfied by a submarine optical repeater fault location system are shown first and then a practical fault location system is proposed. The remote control signal is composed of a mark density modulated pulse stream whose on‐off is controlled by pulse width modulated command codes. This signal achieves performance improvement even when there are main transmission line errors, code identification of repeater, and simplification of supervisory control circuit. This remote control signal is validated through a transmission experiment using 445 Mb/s submarine optical repeater, and the robustness against main transmission errors and the error detection ability of transmission line errors are clarified.
Accurate numerical analysis of an elliptically cored optical fiber for polarization preservation, using mode‐matching method
Authors: Miyamoto Tokuo , Yasuura Kamenosuke
Published: July 2007

The Mode‐Matching Method has been known as an accurate and reliable method for numerical analysis not only on the diffraction problem in the electromagnetic field, but also on the elastic waveguide and the optical thin‐film waveguide. This method is applied for the rigorous analysis of an elliptically‐cored optical fiber with large ellipticity whose accurate analysis in the wide range of frequency including the cutoff has so far been difficult. Moreover, a very high degree of accuracy of five figures is achieved for the normalized propagation constant. Both the dispersion relation and the field distribution in the hybrid modes are clarified and it is also confirmed that the hybrid mode analysis is not always necessary in the case of larger ellipticity. The properties of the higher‐order mode cutoff and the polarization preservation whose rigorous discussion has not been always sufficient, are analyzed more accurately. The results are compared with the results obtained by other methods, and more exact design data for the single mode, polarization‐preserved optical fiber with elliptical core are presented. Through these analyses, it is also confirmed that the Mode‐Matching Method is still a useful and reliable method for rigorous analysis of the rod‐type dielectric waveguide with arbitrarily shaped cross section.
Variational analysis of GT‐Cut quartz crystal resonators with the supporting portions at the ends
Authors: Kawashima Hirofumi
Published: July 2007

It is well known that a GT cut quartz crystal resonator coupled between two extensional mode vibrations has a cubic curve in frequency‐temperature characteristics as well as an AT cut quartz crystal resonator. This paper studies frequency‐temperature characteristics and electrical characteristics of the GT cut quartz crystal resonator with the supporting portions at both ends of the vibrational portion.

First, a secular equation is derived from a vibration analysis of the resonator consisting of the vibrational portion and the supporting portions, by applying the energy method. From this secular equation, a relationship of resonant frequency, frequency temperature coefficients vs. a cut angle, a dimensional ratio and a mass ratio for the GT cut quartz crystal resonator is clarified theoretically. At the same time, from comparison of the calculated values with the experimental values, it is confirmed that they agree very well. Next, electrical characteristics of the quartz crystal resonators manufactured for trial experiments are measured. As a result, it is confirmed that a GT cut quartz crystal resonator with excellent frequency temperature characteristics, low crystal impedance and a high quality factor is realized.
Traffic analysis of mail‐box storage file in voice message switching system
Authors: Hattori Shimmi , Abe Shunji , Noguchi Shoichi
Published: July 2007

The introduction of a storage function for subscribers' messages into switching systems improves serviceability, thereby enabling nonrealtime and called party oriented communication. However, the analysis method and the traffic performance of this voice message switching system, for example, the mail‐box storage system, has not been clarified yet. This paper presents the traffic design principle of the voice message switching system. The traffic analysis model of this system is proposed as a threestage serial model consisting of message writing, storing, and reading for the mailbox storage file. Next, this model is approximated to the separate model of M/H2/S(0) loss systems and its validity is evaluated by using a simulation method, etc. Finally, some traffic characteristics of the mailbox storage file are studied by theoretical analysis and simulation methods.
Selection method for both‐way circuit groups between multiunit offices
Authors: Toda Akira , Imai Mitsuru
Published: July 2007

Introduction of common channel signaling system makes the both‐way circuit operation easy and therefore efficient operation of communication network is expected. An effective selection method is required for the circuit groups with both‐way circuit operation between multiunit offices in order to avoid service degradation in traffic between the offices caused by improper selection method at one side. In this paper, we propose new selection methods which make use of the number of idle circuits and the idle probability of circuit groups. We also clarify the effectiveness of these methods by a comparison with existing methods, e.g., the method of selecting a circuit group in proportion to the number of idle circuits in each group, etc., that had been used in oneway circuit operation, from the viewpoint of traffic characteristics.
Dynamic measurement of temperature dependence of complex permittivities at microwave frequency
Authors: Tashiro Shinjiro , Okada Fumiaki
Published: July 2007

A method is presented for measuring relatively easily the temperature dependence, particularly at high temperature, of the complex permittivity at microwave frequencies. In this method, a sample is inserted into a cavity resonator and is heated with a micowave source. The change of input admittance of the cavity is measured while heated, and the temperature dependence of complex permittivity of the sample is calculated by a perturbation method. Since the microwave power for heating and the microwave signal for measurement is performed, configurations of the measurement apparatus is simmple and the temperature dependence over a broad range can be measured in a short period of time.

A TE103 rectangular cavity at 2.45 GHz has been used for a mullite (3A12O3 · 2SiO2) protective tube. The results indicate that the method is effective for temperature range from room temperature to about 1000°C.
Analysis of piezoelectric ceramic length‐expansion‐mode resonators using interdigital electrodes for both poling treatment and ac excitation
Authors: Hirose Seiji , Nakamura Hisashi , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

When interdigital electrodes set on the surface of a rectangular piezoelectric plate are used for poling and ac excitation, a length‐expansion‐mode resonance in the Lamé‐mode system alone is emphasized. However, this does not occur easily in conventional length‐expansion‐mode resonators having a uniform poling across the thickness and electrodes on the entire surface. The proposed method offers a resonator with very little spurious oscillation in this mode. To obtain a guideline for designing interdigital electrodes, the relationships between the width of electrodes, the period of electrodes and the capacitance ratios were analyzed theoretically in detail by using conformal mapping. The strength and direction of the dc electric field of this type of resonator at a poling state vary with positions, since the poling treatment is also carried out with interdigital electrodes, i.e., its dielectric constant, piezoelectric constant, and elastic constant vary significantly with positions. In this analysis, the distributions of these constants in various positions were considered by using the dependence of the poling electric field obtained experimentally, and they are not averaged. The results of the analysis agree well with the experimental values. The characteristics of two configurations were compared: a piezoelectric longitudinal coupling with electrodes set rectangularly to the direction of vibrations; and piezoelectric transverse coupling with electrodes set in parallel to it.
Two‐dimensional interpolative DPCM
Authors: Handa Shiro , Tanaka Hatsukazu
Published: July 2007

Differential PCM (DPCM) has often been used for encoding of images, but its efficiency is very poor at low transmission rates. Discussion of DPCM is based on an autoregressive (AR) model which is causal in the case of raster scan sampling. However, originally, images do not satisfy causality in this sense, and a better description of the two‐dimensional image information can be obtained by an interpolative model representing the relations between neighboring pixels. This paper proposes a two‐dimensional interpolative DPCM which is based on such a model. This method has the following special feature: if the output samples of a DPCM process based on a causal AR model are regarded as intermediate decoded values, then the final decoded values are yielded by a filtering process based on an interpolative model. The results of simulation using actual images demonstrate SN ratio improvement at a low bit rate (1 bit/pel) and also the stability of encoding characteristics in the case of quantitative step‐size variations. It is shown that fixing of the prediction and interpolation coefficients results only in slight deterioration.