bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation of two CD50 (ICAM‐3)‐negative Jurkat T‐cell clones and their application for analysis of CD50 function
Authors: Vilardell C. , Juan M. , Miralles A. , Barceló J.J. , Esparza J. , Palou E. , Vilella R. , Places L. , Lozano F. , Alberola‐IIa J. , Gayà A. , Yagúe J.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: The leukocyte differentiation antigen CD50 (intercellular adhesion molecule‐3, ICAM‐3), mediates cell‐cell adhesion through its ligand LFA‐1 and is a transducting receptor molecule during T‐cell activation. Since CD50 homologues in other species have not yet been identified, the role of this molecule can only be analyzed in human cell models. Thus, to better study CD50 function in T cells, we have obtained two CD50‐negative T‐cell clones, named CAMY.l and CAMY.2. These clones were derived from the Jurkat T‐cell variant PPL.l. Data from analysis of protein expression, specific mRNA content and calcium mobilization assays have confirmed the absence of functional CD50 molecules on these two clones. Thus, CAMY.l and CAMY.2 show no CD50 expression by phenotypical and immunoprecipit‐ation analysis. CD50‐sperific mRNA content is undetectable by Northern blot analysis in these clones and, only, when RT‐PCR was performed could specific mRNA be detected. Additionally, CD50 cross‐linking on theses clones shows no increase in intracellular calcium. Transfection of CD50 cDNA on CAMY cells restores not only CD50 surface expression, but its functional ability to induce calcium mobilization, CD69 upregulation and cell morphological changes. The CAMY.l and CAMY.2 clones provide useful model systems to analyze CD50 function in T cells.
Delineation of human cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cell subsets with a unique monoclonal antibody AY19
Authors: Abadie‐Fauconnier L. , Carosella E.D. , Gluckman E. , Mansur I.‐G. , Menier C. , Boumsell L. , Bensussan A.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: AY19, a unique mAb was used to better characterize the umbilical cord blood hematopoietic progenitor subpopulations. This mAb identifies an 85 kDa cell surface glycoprotein. In this present study we showed that AY19 mAb is reactive with 50–60% of the CD34+ cord blood cells. Extensive phenotypical studies revealed that AY19 mAb defines a novel CD34+ subset different from the ones defined by anti‐CD90, anti‐CD38, anti‐CD33, anti‐CD71, anti‐CD19, anti‐CD7 or anti‐HLA‐DR mAbs. We show that AY19 mAb reacts with both primitive and committed progenitors including my‐eloid and lymphoid progenitors. In addition, sorted CD34+high/AY19+ cells contain an increased number of CFU‐GM and a decreased number of BFU‐E compared with sorted CD34+high/AY19— cells. We show that AY19 mAb exhibits agonistic properties by inducing a significant increase in the size of CFU‐GM colonies when added to serum‐free liquid cultures of hematopoietic progenitors. This suggests that AY19 mAb identifies a cell surface receptor which may be involved in the regulation of hematopoietic cell proliferation.
TNF microsatellite alleles a2 and b3 are not primarily associated with celiac disease in the Finnish population
Authors: Polvi A. , Maki M. , Collin P. , Partanen J.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Recently, an independent association between tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene polymorphism and ceiiac disease was observed in the Irish population. We tested this association in Finnish patients with celiac disease. The TNF microsatellite alleles a2 and b3 were strongly associated (Pcorr<0.0001 for both) with celiac disease when the patients were compared to the random population. However, when the comparison was made with the DQ2‐matched controls, no association could be found. We therefore conclude that in Finland the TNFa2 and b3 alleles are associated with DQ2‐positive haplotypes rather than celiac disease.
CTLA‐4 promoter variants in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Authors: Braun J. , Donner H. , Siegmund T. , Walfish P.G. , Usadel K.H. , Badenhoop K.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) are T‐cell mediated organ‐specific autoimmune disorders with a genetic predisposition. The cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA‐4) molecule is the predominant receptor for B7 on activated T cells and represents a negative regulator for T‐cell function. Since the CTLA‐4‐guanine at position 49 of exon 1 is associated with susceptibility to GD as well as to HT and IDDM, we investigated a recently detected cytosine/thymine substitution at position ‐318 within the CTLA‐4 promoter region in patients with GD and HT. 125 patients with GD were significantly more often homozygous for cytosine (86% vs. 73% in controls, P=0.006) and less frequently heterozygous for cytosine and thymine (14% vs. 27%, P=0.008). In 64 patients with HT, the distribution was similar but not significant (81% homozygous for cytosine and 16% heterozygous). When correlating the promoter and the exon 1 polymorphism we found the strongest linkage between thymine (promoter) and adenine (exon 1). In conclusion, a promoter variant of the CTLA‐4 gene represents an additional risk marker for GD and HT, but their predisposition is linked to the exon 1 alleles.
Response to hepatitis B vaccine: multiple HLA genes are involved
Authors: Desombere I. , Willems A. , Leroux‐Roels G.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: The mechanism underlying the impaired immune response to hepatitis B vaccines in up to 10% of healthy subjects is not known. An increased incidence of poor responsiveness in subjects with HLA‐DR3+ or ‐DR7+ haplotypes has been documented, suggesting that HLA‐DR‐linked genes may regulate the human response to hepatitis B surface antigen. However, not all BLA‐DR3+ and/or ‐DR7+ individuals are poor responders, and subjects with identical HLA‐DR haplotypes sometimes display totally divergent antibody responses to vaccination. HLA class II DNA typing was performed in well and poorly responding hepatitis B vaccine recipients and we analyzed the role of the single HLA‐DR, ‐DP, and ‐DQ molecules and of their associated (interaction) haplotypes in the response to hepatitis B vaccination. Statistical analysis revealed that HLA‐DRBl*010*, ‐DR5, ‐DPBl*040*, ‐DQBl*0301, and ‐DQBl*0501 were more abundant in good responders, whereas HLA‐DRB1*07, ‐DPBl*1101, and ‐DQBl*020* were associated with poor response, with DQBl*020* showing the strongest association with poor responsiveness. We further investigated whether there were interactions between the HLA factors contributing to poor responsiveness. We show here that HLA‐DPB1*02 was negatively associated with responsiveness when it occurred in association with haplotype DRBl*0701/ DRB4*0101‐DQBl*020*, and DRB4*0101 was negatively associated with responsiveness when it occurred in association with haplotype DRB1*0301/ DRB3*0101‐DQBl*020*. Our results indicate that the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine is largely determined by HLA‐DR, ‐DP, and ‐DQ genes and that interaction between HLA molecules that are not in linkage disequilibrium contributes to poor responsiveness.
Polymorphism of the 5′‐flanking region of the human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α gene in Japanese
Authors: Higuchi T. , Seki N. , Kamizono S. , Yamada A. , Kimura A. , Kato H. , Itoh K.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Polymorphism of the 5′‐flanking promoter/enhancer region of the TNF‐α gene in Japanese is not well understood. To better understand it, we have determined the 1,358 base pair sequence of the 5′‐flanking region of the TNF‐α gene in nine Japanese, and identified three new polymorphisms at positions ‐1,031 (T to C change, termed as ‐1.031C), ‐863 (C to A, ‐863A), and ‐857 (C to T, ‐857T), with the former two in one allele. The level of TNF‐α production by concanavalin A (Con A)‐activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the five donors possessing at least one new allele was 1.8‐fold higher than that from the remaining four donors with the dominant allele. The transcriptional promoter activity of the — 1.031C/ ‐863A or ‐857T allele in response to Con A stimulation was 2.0 or 1.7‐fold higher than that of the dominant allele, respectively. The allele frequencies of ‐1.031C, ‐863A, ‐857T, ‐308A (G to A), and ‐238A (G to A) (the latter two were previously reported) in 575 healthy Japanese were 16.0, 14.0, 17.7, 1.7 and 2.0%, respectively. The ‐1.031C/‐863A or ‐857T allele was in significant linkage disequilibrium with HLA‐B61, ‐B39 and ‐DRBl*0901, or with HLA‐B54, ‐B35, ‐B59, and ‐DRBl*0405, respectively. The newly identified alleles observed in a relatively large proportion of Japanese may be related to differences in levels of TNF‐α production in immune responses to various stimuli among individuals.
CD66c antigen expression is myeloid restricted in normal bone marrow but is a common feature of CD10+ early‐B‐cell malignancies
Authors: Boccuni P. , Noto R. Di , Pardo C. Lo , Villa M.R. , Ferrara F. , Rotoli B. , Del Vecchio L.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: CD66c is a surface (and intracellular) molecule bound to the membrane by a glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol anchor. While its expression on peripheral granulocytes is well recognized, less is known about its distribution in early steps of normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis. We analyzed by flow cytometry cell surface expression of CD66c on bone marrow cells from 4 healthy subjects and on bone marrow or peripheral blood cells from 127 patients with newly diagnosed hematologic malignancies: 70 de novo acute myeloid leukemias (AML), 6 refractory anemias with excess of blasts in transformation, 3 myeloid and 3 lymphoid blastic phases of chronic mye‐logenous leukemia, 33 B‐lineage and 6 T‐lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B‐ and T‐ALL), and 3 B‐cell and 3 T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas in the leukemic phase. We found that in normal bone marrow CD66c expression was myeloid restricted, reaching its highest level on promyelocytes. As for de novo AML, slight expression of CD66c was found on 6/25 (24%) AML‐M4 and only occasionally in other subgroups. In 9 out of 10 cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia, CD66c was totally absent, but antigen expression was easily detectable following in vitro exposure to all‐trans retinoic add. Among lymphoid malignancies, CD10+ early‐B‐ALL consistently expressed the molecule (20/23 cases, or 87%) whereas both CD10‐ early‐B ALL and Smlg+ B‐ALL completely lacked it. Finally, dual staining with CD66c and CD10 proved to be a suitable tool for distinguishing even low percentages of residual leukemic cells (CD10+/CD66c+) from normal regenerating early‐B cells (CD10+/CD66c‐) in CD10+ early‐B‐ALL induced into remission.
Polymorphisms of HLA class II genes in Japanese patients with pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Yamashina Y. , Miyagawa S. , Kawatsu T. , Iida T. , Higashimine I. , Shirai T. , Kaneshige T.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune disease mediated by autoantibodies that bind to a keratinocyte adhesion molecule, desmoglein‐3. The purpose of this study was to identify critical amino acid residues of PV‐associated HLA class II genes. Haplotype and allele distributions, along with molecular polymorphisms, of HLA class II genes were analyzed based on the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism in 17 Japanese PV patients. Each patient had one or two alleles of DRB1*04 (*0403, *0404, *0406) or DRB1*14 (*1401, *1405, *1406) subtypes. All DRBl*04 and DRB1*14 alleles carried by PV patients with different ethnic backgrounds reported to date, including DRB1*0402, which confers strong susceptibility to PV among Jewish populations, have amino acid residues Phe 26, Leu67 or Ile67, and Val86, as well as hydrophilic amino acid residues at positions 70 and 71 of the DRB1 beta chain.
Association of HLA‐B 51 subtypes and Behcet's disease in Spain
Authors: Rodríguez M.R. , Walter K. , Sanchez‐Roman J. , Garcfa‐Lozano J.R. , Núñez‐Roldán A.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: We have studied the distribution of the different HLA‐B51* al‐leles among patients with Behçet's disease (BD) and ethnically matched healthy controls in a Spanish population. The serological B51 specificity was increased in BD patients (37.5% versus 15.5% in controls). Among the B51‐assodated alleles, the frequencies of B*5101 (32%) and 5108 (5.5%) were increased in BD patients with respect to the control frequencies (13% and 1.2% respectively). The fact that different HLA‐B51 subtypes are associated with BD could suggest that common motifs shared by HLA‐B51‐related alleles are involved in the susceptibility to BD or, in the light of recent studies, that a mutation causing the susceptibility to BD occurred in the B*5101 haplotype, close to HLA‐B gene, before the divergence of B*5108 from the B*5101 allele.
Detection of HLA‐A*24 null alleles by DNA typing methods
Authors: Williams F. , Curran M.D , Middleton D.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: A number of cases have been identified (seven unrelated individuals from the Northern Ireland bone marrow donor registry and two family groups) where an HLA‐A*24 allele fails to express the normal HLA‐A24 antigen. Family information has revealed common haplotypes with respect to each non‐expressed allele indicating that the occurrence of these mutations has been a recent event. Two methods for the clinical typing of these alleles have been evaluated ‐ PCR‐SSOP and PCR‐SSCP analysis.
Selective co‐evolution of the D6STNFa microsatellite region with HLA class I and II loci
Authors: Moghaddam Payman Hanifi , de Knijff P. , Schipper R.F. , Moghaddam Pejman Hanifi , Kazemi M. , Lambooij S.L.E. , van der Meer R. , Naipal A. , Pesonen N. , van der Slik A. , Giphart M.J.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: We analyzed the HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐DR and ‐DQ phenotypes and 12 microsatellite locus genotypes within and close to the major histocompatibility complex in a panel of 98 randomly selected, healthy, unrelated Dutch Caucasoid individuals. Allele frequencies and Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were calculated. Also, the linkage disequilibrium patterns between HLA and microsatellite loci were studied. The HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐DR, ‐DQ and six microsatellite loci centromeric of the HLA‐A showed HWE. In contrast, all microsatellites telomeric of the HLA‐A showed deviation from HWE due to excess of homozygosity. Linkage disequilibrium analyses provided strong evidence that among the tested microsatellite loci only the alleles of the D6STNFa locus are in linkage disequilibrium with both HLA‐B and ‐DR. Our results suggest that selection acting on the HLA genes includes the D6STNFa locus and linked genes.
Genetic polymorphism in human platelet glycoprotein GP Ib/IX/V complex is enriched in GP V (CD42d)
Authors: Koskela S. , Kekomäki R. , Partanen J.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Platelet glycoproteins Ibβ (CD42c), IX (CD42a), and V (CD42d), together with GP Ibα (CD42b), form a receptor whose interaction with the von Willebrand factor is essential in the initial stages of haemostasis. Genetic variation in these proteins can cause alloimmunization leading to neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and platelet transfusion refractoriness. Defective mutations cause a rare bleeding disorder, Bernard‐Soulier syndrome. Only two antigenic polymorphisms have thus far been established in these proteins: the HPA‐2 in GP Iba and the rare Iy variant in GP Ibβ. Recently, we reported that only a limited degree of polymorphism can be found in the GP Ibα gene; the level of variation in the other components is not known. We therefore systematically screened polymorphism in the GP Ibβ, GP IX, and GP V genes in 50 unrelated Finnish blood donors. Nine polymorphic sites were found in the GP V gene, of which four changed the amino acid code and five were silent. The gene frequencies for substitutions Asp114Tyr, Met273Ile, Gly341Arg, and Leu397Arg were 1%, 1%, 2%, and 1% respectively. The five silent polymorphisms also had low frequencies, 1–4%. No polymorphism was found in the GP Ibβ gene and only one mutation was found in the 3′ untranslated region of the GP IX gene. Our results indicate that genetic variation in the GP Ib/ IX /V complex is mostly tolerated in the GP V protein ‐ whose function in the complex is not clear ‐whereas the other components have only very limited generic polymorphism.
Contribution of HLA class II genes to susceptibility in achalasia
Authors: De la Concha E.G. , Fernandez‐Arquero M. , Mendoza J.L. , Conejero L. , Figueredo M.A. , de la Sema J. Perez , Diaz‐Rubio M. , de Leon A. Ruiz
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Achalasia is a motor disorder of the esophagus resulting in functional obstruction. The cause of the lesion is unknown although genetic and immunologic factors have been suggested. An association with serological HLA epitopes has been previously reported. In this study, we have further examined this HLA class II association with susceptibility to achalasia by DNA based methods. Achalasia patients (n=40) and healthy controls (n= 275), all Caucasians and unrelated, were included in the analysis. The strongest associations were with HLA‐DQAl*0101 and two HLA‐DQαβ heterodimers having their a chain encoded by this allele. Moreover, relative risk was significantly higher in DQAl*0101 homozygotes as compared to heterozygotes and results suggested that DQB1*02 may have a protective role.
Serological and molecular analysis of HLA class I and II alleles in Thai patients with psoriasis vulgaris
Authors: Vejbaesya S. , Eiermann T.H. , Suthipinititharm P. , Bancha C. , Stephens H.A.F. , Luangtrakool K. , Chandanayingyong D.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: The HLA class I and class II alleles in 67 patients with type I psoriasis vulgaris, 23 patients with type II psoriasis vulgaris and 140 healthy individuals were analyzed. The frequencies of HLA‐A2, ‐B46, ‐B57 and DQB1*0303 were significantly increased in type I psoriasis compared to the controls (Pc<0.05). Molecular analysis of HLA‐A2 alleles showed an increase in HLA‐A*0207 and a decrease in HLA‐A*0203 in type I psoriasis. HLA‐DQBl*0301 was significantly decreased in type I psoriasis compared to the normal controls (Pc<0.05). No association of any alleles with type II psoriasis was observed. This data demonstrated two susceptible haplo‐types: HLA‐A1‐B57‐DRB1*0701‐DQA1*0201‐DQB1*0303 (AH57.1) and HLA‐A2‐B46‐DRB1*0901‐DQA1*0301‐DQB1*0303 (AH46.1) for type I psoriasis in the Thai population. Besides, the haplotype AH46.1 was also associated with type II psoriasis.
Description of a new DRB1*11 allele (DRB1*1132)
Authors: Loiseau P. , Loste M.N. , Lepage V. , Schaeffer V. , Lethielleux P. , Tilanus M. , Van Der Zwan A.W. , Dubel L. , Nigou M. , Johanet C. , Charron D.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: We describe a new DRB1*11 allele which is similar to DRB1*11011 except at codon 74, where a GCG is changed for a GTG leading to an alanine/valine substitution. This new allele was carried by a Caucasian patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and by her healthy daughter. The motif at codon 74 of the new DRB1*11 is not found in any other known DRB alleles, nor among the published DQA1, DQB1, DPA1 or DPB1 alleles, and therefore suggests a mechanism of point mutation.
A single amino acid change makes the peptide specificity of B*3910 unrelated to B*3901 and closer to a group of HLA‐B proteins including the malaria‐protecting allotype HLA‐B53
Authors: Yagüe J. , Vázquez J. , de Castro J.A. López
Published: December 2008

Abstract: HLA‐B*3910, which has only been found in African and African American individuals, differs from B*3901 by the single amino acid change of Cys67 to Tyr67. Sequence analysis of the B*3910‐bound peptide pool and of several individual ligands revealed that this subtype has strong preference for peptides with Pro2. This is in contrast with the preference of B*3901 for peptides with basic residues (Arg and His) at this position, and indicates that the single amino acid substitution between B*3910 and B*3901 totally changes the repertoire of bound peptides. This is presumably due to the significant decrease in the size of the B pocket, and to its increased hydrophobicity, since Tyr67 takes part in this pocket. B*3910 is similar to various other class I proteins in its preference for peptides with Pro2 and nonpolar C‐terminal residues, including HLA‐B53, an antigen associated with protection against severe malaria. The role of these two motifs as major peptidic anchors suggests that B*3910 and HLA‐B53 may bind common peptides.
HLA‐B35 frequency variations correlate with malaria infection in Sardinia
Authors: Contu L. , Carcassi C. , Orrù S. , Mulargia M. , Arras M. , Boero R. , Gessa S. , Loizedda A.L. , Lai S. , Floris L.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: The hypothesis of a possible selective role of malaria in HLA allele frequency variations was investigated in Sardinia by typing completely 1,039 individuals for HLA: 536 from six lowland villages exposed to malaria until 1948, and 503 from six highland villages with no history of malaria. Another 1,928 individuals from 136 villages scattered all over the island were studied to establish if the HLA allele frequencies among villages correlated with the malaria incidence and/or altitude above sea level. Only the HLA‐B35 allele yielded significantly higher frequencies in the lowland versus the highland villages (P<1×10‐5). The observed B35 variance was 9.5 times higher than expected in the absence of selection, showing an adaptive origin. The highly significant positive correlation found between HLA‐B35 frequency and malaria in 136 villages suggests that malaria has been the selective factor for HLA‐B35 in Sardinia.
Distribution of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)‐related HLA alleles correlates with the difference in IDDM incidence in four populations of the Eastern Baltic region
Authors: Nejentsev S. , Koskinen S. , Sjöroos M. , Reijonen H. , Schwartz E.I. , Kovalchuk L. , Sochnev A. , Adojaan B. , Podar T. , Knip M. , Simell O. , Koskenvuo M. , Akerblom H.K. , Ilonen J.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: The high incidence of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in Finland contrasts strikingly with the low rates in the neighbouring populations of countries in the Eastern Baltic region: Estonia, Latvia and Russia. To evaluate the possible contribution of genetic factors to these differences, the frequencies of HLA‐DQB1 alleles and relevant DQB1‐DQA1 or DQB1‐DRB1 haplotypes associated with IDDM risk or protection were analysed among IDDM patients and control subjects from these four populations. An increased frequency of HLA‐DQBl*0302, DQB1*02‐DQA1*05 and DQBl*0302‐DRBl*0401 was observed in subjects with IDDM in all studied populations, whereas the prevalence of DQBl*0301 and DQBl*0602 and/or *0603 was decreased among patients. The degree of IDDM risk associated with HLA alleles analysed here did not differ significantly between the populations. Comparisons of the distribution of IDDM‐related HLA alleles and haplotypes in the background populations revealed its consonance with IDDM incidence. The combined frequency of high risk genotypes was significantly higher among Finns than in other populations studied. Our data support the hypothesis that variance in the dispersion of HLA alleles is the genetic basis of variation of IDDM incidence observed in the Eastern Baltic region.
TETRAHYDROAMINOACRIDINE: Clinical Use of a Cholinesterase Inhibitor in Conjunction with Succinylcholine
Authors: Benveniste D. , Dyrberg V.
Published: December 2008

Tetrahydroaminoacridine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, has been used to extend the neuromuscular blockade produced by succinylcholine in anaesthesia for 23 cases of abdominal hysterectomy. The study was designed to provide means for comparison with a previously established control series. 25 mg of tetrahydroaminoacridine, given immediately before induction of the anaesthesia, was found capable of reducing the necessary amount of succinylcholine during anaesthesia to 24% of that used in the control series. The possible clinical usefulness of such an effect is briefly discussed.

Tetrahydroaminoacridin, ein Cholinesterasehemmer, wurde bei der Narkose für 23 abdominale Hysterectomien verwendet um die durch Succinylcholin erzeugte neuromuskuläre Blockade zu verlängern. Die Untersuchung wurde so durchgeführt, dass sie mit einer früheren Kontrollserie vergleichen werden konnte. 25 mg Tetrahydroaminoacridin, unmittelbar vor der Einleitung der Narkose verabreicht, war imstande, die während der Narkose notwendige Menge von Succinylcholin auf 24% der in der Kontrollserie benötigten Dosis zu reduzieren. Die mögliche klinische Nutzanwendung dieser Wirkung wird kurz diskutiert.
CARBON DIOXIDE TENSIONS IN NON‐ARTERIALISED CAPILLARY AND ARTERIAL BLOOD DURING ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Knudsen E. J. , Hansen P.
Published: December 2008

In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden die Werte der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration und der Kohlensäurespannung von 31 Kapillarblutproben aus den Ohrläppchen und 21 Proben aus den Fingerkuppen mit den Werten verglichen, die aus arteriellen Blutproben bei den gleichen Patienten stammten. Alle Proben wurden während der Narkose von chirurgischen Patienten abgenommen. Die Messungen wurden in der Hauptsache nach der Methode von P. Astrup (1959)1 und O. Siggaard Andersen et al. (1960)4,5 vorgenommen.

Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass die pH‐ und PCO2‐Werte aus den Ohrläppchenproben für praktische Zwecke ausreichend mit denen übereinstimmten, die in gleichzeitig abgenommenem arteriellem Blut gefunden wurden. Dies war auch dann der Fall, wenn eine ausgesprochene respiratorische Alkalose vorlag und auch wenn keine Massnahmen getroffen wurden, das Kapillarblut des Ohrläppchens vor der Abnahme zu arterialisieren.

Zwischen dem arteriellen Blut und dem nicht‐arterialisierten Kapillarblut, das aus der Fingerbeere entnommen wurde, fand sich eine geringere Übereinstimmung.
A NEW METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF RESPIRATORY WORK BY MEASUREMENTS OF THE ACTUAL POWER AS A FUNCTION OF GAS FLOW, PRESSURE AND TIME: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Engström C. G. , Norlander O. P.
Published: December 2008

A method is presented by which it is possible to analyse the respiratory work by measurements of the actual power as a function of gas flow, pressure and time.

The power is the product of gas flow and the pressure gradients due to the various components of resistance of the lungs, airway and thorax.

The power can be directly measured through the use of an electronic computer connected with the amplifiers for gas flow and differential pressure receptors.

Examples of power curves from spontaneous and mechanically controlled ventilation are presented.

Eine Methode, die es ermöglicht, die Atmungsarbeit durch Messung der wirksamen Kraft als eine Funktion von Gasstrom, Druck und Zeit zu analysieren, wird beschrieben.

Die Kraft ist das Produkt aus Gasstrom und den Druckgradienten, die sich aus den verschiedenen Widerstandskomponenten in den Lungen, Luft‐wegen und dem Thorax ergeben.

Die Kraft kann durch Anwendung eines elektronischen Zahlers, der mit den Verstörkern für die Messung des Gasstromes und der Drücke gekoppelt ist, direkt gemessen werden.

Es werden Beispiele von Kraftverlaufskurven bei Spontanatmung und mechanischer Beatmung gegeben.
EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL EXPERIENCES WITH A NEW MUSCLE RELAXANT Ro 4–3816, DIALLYL‐NOR‐TOXIFERINE
Authors: Lund Ivar , Stovner Jacob
Published: December 2008

Ro 4–3816 (Diallyl‐nor‐toxiferin) ist ein neues nicht depolarisierendes Muskelerschlaffungsmittel. Dieses Derivat des Alkaloids Toxiferin C wurde experimentell und klinisch geprüft und mit d‐Tubocurarin verglichen. Es wurde bei insgesamt 400 Patienten erprobt.

Bei der Prüfung der Greifkraft an unbetäubten Freiwilligen sowie des Ruhe‐Minutenvolumens an narkotisierten Patienten, erwies sich das neue Relaxans ungefähr 1,5 mal stärker als d‐Tubocurarine. Auch bei der klinischen Anwendung von Ro 4–3816 zur Erleichterung der endotrachealen Intubation und zur Erzeugung von Muskelerschlaffung während Laparotomien zeigte sich das gleiche Dosisverhältnis. Der Wirkungseintritt und die Wirkungsdauer dieses Mittels waren bei gleichwirksamen Dosen denen des d‐Tubocurarin ahnlich.

Als Ergänzungsdosen von Ro 4–3816 während der 2. und 3. Stunden der Narkose waren nur ein Sechstel bis ein Neuntel der in der 1. Stunde gebrauchten Menge erforderlich. Das gleiche wurde für d‐Tubocurarin gefunden. Ein Unterschied in der kumulativen Wirkung der beiden Mittel konnte nicht gezeigt werden.

0,5–1 mg Prostigmin oder 10 mg Tensilon führte immer zu rascher und vollständiger Wirkungsumkehr nach Ro 4–3816, wahrend fiir d‐Tubocurarin 1–2 mg Prostigmin benötigt wurden.

Puls und Blutdruck blieben unter Ro 4–3816 unbeeinflusst. Bei 10 Patienten wurde das EKG kontrolliert und dabei keine Veränderungen gesehen. Desgleichen wurden weder Zeichen von Histaminfreisetzung noch andere unerwünschte Effekte beobachtet.
THE LOCALISATION OF THE EFFECT OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE IN THE NERVE APPARATUS OF THE DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Björk A. , Persson A. , Wåhlin Å.
Published: December 2008

The activity in the phrenic nerve and in the diaphragm of the anaesthetised cat was studied both before and after injection of succinylcholine.

This was done with a view to ascertaining whether the impulse flow in the phrenic nerve continued after the motor‐unit activity in the diaphragm had ceased after injection of succinylcholine.

It appeared from the investigations that the activity in the nerve did not seem to undergo any changes during the apnoeic period produced by succinylcholine and the simultaneous disappearance of activity in the diaphragm.

The investigations showed that the impulse flow in the nerve apparently continues unchanged during the full effect of the agent, and this is regarded as evidence in support the assumption that succinylcholine has no influence on the central nervous system.

Die Aktivität des Nervus phrenicus und des Zwerchfels der narkotisierten Katze wurde vor und nach Injektionen von Succinylcholin studiert.

Dies geschah um festzustellen, ob der Impulsstrom im Nervus phrenicus noch andauerte, nachdem die motorische Aktivität im Zwerchfell auf Grund der Injektion von Succinylcholin aufgehört hatte.

Die Untersuchungen schienen zu bestätigen, dass die Nervaktivität während der durch Succinylcholin hervorgerufenen Periode der Apnoe und des gleichzeitigen Verschwinden der Aktivität im Zwerchfell keinerlei Veränderungen erfuhr.

Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass der Impulsstrom im Nerven offenbar während der vollen Wirkung des Mittels unverändert anhielt. Dies wird als Beweis für die Annahme angesehen, dass Succinylcholin keinen Einfluss auf das zentrale Nervensystem hat.
POTENCY AND REVERSIBILITY BY PROSTIGMINE OF Ro 4–3816 AND d‐TUBOCURARINE: A “Blind” Study
Authors: Lund Ivar , Stovner Jacob
Published: December 2008

Using a blind technique, the muscular relaxation produced by diallyl‐nortoxiferine (Ro 4–3816) during tracheal intubation and in abdominal operations have been compared with that of d‐tubocurarine.

The potency of Ro 4–3816 in relation to d‐tubocurarine was found to be 1.7.

The cumulative effect was the same for equipotent doses of the two relaxants. No difference could be demonstrated in the ability of prostigmine to reverse residual curarisation after Ro 4–3816 and d‐tubocurarine.

Die Muskelerschlaffung durch Diallyl‐nor‐toxiferine (Ro 4–3816) während der endotrachealen Intubation und bei Bauchoperationen wurde unter Verwendung der “Blindtechnik” mit der durch d‐Tubocurarin hervorgerufenen verglichen.

Im Vergleich zu d‐Tubocurarin wurde fur Ro 4–3816 eine Wirkungsstarke von 1,7 ermittelt.

Die kumulative Wirkung gleichstarker Dosen der beiden Relaxantien war die Gleiche. Es konnte kein Unterschied bezüglich der Aufhebung einer Restcurarisation durch Prostigmin nach Ro 4–3816, bezw. d‐Tubocurarin gezeigt werden.
THE TEACHING OF MEDICAL ELECTRONICS
Authors: Hill D. W.
Published: December 2008

A brief description is given of courses on ‘Measurement in Anaesthesia’ and ‘Practical Medical Electronics’ which have been organised at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. The courses are designed to allow students with little time to spare to be able to attend. Emphasis is placed on practical work and the use of equipment by the students.
EXPERIENCES WITH HALOPERIDOL (HALDOL®) AS A PREMEDICANT
Authors: Saarne A.
Published: December 2008

A total of 1163 patients were premedicated with haloperidol. In 94% of the patients, 5 mg haloperidol given intramuscularly produced excellent results. This consisted of a vegetative stability and a condition of psychic indifference and removal from emotional and sensory stimuli. This condition, advantageous for the patient, could be extended to last throughout the entire day of operation thanks to the prolonged effect of the drug.

The need for analgesics postoperatively was significantly decreased.

Haloperidol has a very powerful antiemetic effect. Only 10 patients out of the entire series vomited and only three experienced nausea.

The “inner anxiety” appearing in 4% of the patients probably depends on the patients' psychomotory basic attitude, expressing itself in a depressed and tense mood. Such patients should not be premedicated with haloperidol. In patients with increased muscle tonus and organic disorders of the central nervous system, haloperidol is contra‐indicated.

The unforeseen development of extrapyramidal symptoms in two patients is the only disadvantage that has appeared in our investigation on the use of haloperidol as a premedicant.

1163 Patienten sind mit Haloperidol (Haldol®) prämediziert worden. 5 mg Haloperidol, i.m. verabreicht, hatte in 94% der Fälle einen befriedigenden Erfolg, der sich in einer vegetativen Stabilität und in einem von psychischer Indifferenz und einer Distanz einem emotionellen und sensorischen Stimulus gegenüber, manifestiert. Dieser für den Patienten günstige Zustand konnte, infolge des langen Effektes des Haloperidols, auf den ganzen Operationstag erstreckt werden. Der postoperative Analgeticabedarf ist deutlich herabgesetzt. Haloperidol ist antiemetisch sehr wirksam. Insgesamt haben nur 10 Patienten erbrochen und 3 an Übelkeit gelitten.

Die in 4% der Fälle entstandene “innere Unruhe” beruht wahrscheinlich auf der psychomotorischen Grundkonstellation der Patienten, die sich in einer deprimierten und gespannten Stimmung zeigt. Deshalb sollten solche Patienten mit Haloperidol nicht prämediziert werden. Bei Patienten mit gesteigertem Muskeltonus und organischen Krankheiten des ZNS ist Haloperidol kontra‐indiziert. Die Entstehung von extrapyramidalen Symptomen in zwei Fallen ist die einzige von uns beobachtete unangenehme Erscheinung.
LOCAL EFFECTS OF ADRENALINE AND PHENYLALANYL‐LYSYL‐VASOPRESSIN IN LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Klingenström P. , Westermark L.
Published: December 2008

A study was performed on the colour reactions of the skin following adrenaline and Octapressin as vasoconstrictors in a local anaesthetic injected subcutaneously on the forearms of 15 healthy subjects. A comparison was also made with regard to the duration of anaesthesia and to the spread of skin pallor.

Together with the pallor caused by vasoconstriction cyanosis was noted following adrenaline. This cyanosis is considered to be a sign of tissue hypoxia leading to increased tissue acidity and dilatation of capillaries and venules. Thus, tissue damage, an increased tendency to postoperative haemorrhage and oedema, and bad conditions for wound healing may arise.

Following Octapressin no cyanosis could be seen and therefore this agent is believed to be more harmless to the tissues, less apt to cause postoperative haemorrhage and oedema, and less interfering with wound healing.

The anaesthesia was prolonged to about the same extent by the two agents. Mostly the spread of skin pallor was wider after Octapressin.

Bei 15 gesunden Versuchstieren wurde die Farbreaktion der Haut des Vorderarmes nach subcutaner Injektion eines Lokalanaesthetikums, dem Adrenalin bzw. Octapressin zugesetzt war, untersucht. Ferner wurde die Anaesthesiedauer und die Ausbreitung der Hautblässe verglichen.

Nach Adrenalin wurde neben der durch Vasokonstriktion verursachten Blässe auch eine Cyanose bemerkt. Diese Cyanose wird als ein Zeichen von Gewebshypoxie angesehen, die zu vermehrter Gewebsacidität und Erweiterung der Kapillaren und Venolen führt. Daraus kann Gewebsschädigung, eine erhöhte Neigung zu postoperativer Blutung und Ödembildung, sowie verzögerte Wundheilung resultieren.

Nach Octapressin wurde keine Cyanose beobachtet und es wird daher angenommen, dass dieses Mittel harmloser für die Gewebe ist, weniger leicht zu postoperativer Blutung und Ödembildung führt und auch die Wundheilung weniger beeinträchtigt.

Die Verlängerung der Anaesthesiedauer war bei beiden Mitteln etwa die gleiche. Die Ausbreitung der Hautblässe war nach Octapressin grösser.
THE EFFECT OF ENDOTRACHEAL MANIPULATIONS IN ANAESTHETIZED SUBJECTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE VASCULAR RESISTANCE IN FOREARM AND HAND
Authors: Graf K. , Wåhlin A.
Published: December 2008

Measurements of the arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flows in the skin and musculature of the forearm and hand were performed in patients before and during the induction of barbiturate anaesthesia, succinylcholine injection and endotracheal manipulations, such as intubation or suction.

The initial barbiturate anaesthesia and the succinylcholine reduced the vascular resistance in the forearm and hand by 30–70 per cent, as compared with the control values.

Endotracheal manipulations caused tachycardia and an increase in arterial blood pressure together with an increase in the blood flows and vascular resistances in the muscle and skin of the forearm and hand. The changes reached a maximum within 1–2 minutes after intubation. If further movements of the tube were subsequently avoided, the values gradually decreased again.

The increase in vascular resistance was greater in the skin than in the skeletal musculature.

The conclusions are drawn that the marked rise of the arterial blood pressure during endotracheal manipulations is at least partially due to an increased vascular resistance in the systemic circulation, and that this is caused by reflex activation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity.

An Patienten wurden der arterielle Blutdruck, die Herzfrequenz und die Durchblutung in Haut und Skeletmuskulatur von Unterarm und Hand gemessen und zwar vor und nach Beginn der einleitenden Barbituratanästhesie, nach Muskelrelaxation durch Succinylcholin, und während endotrachealer Manipulationen wie Intubation oder Absaugung.

Barbituratnarkose und Succinylcholin verminderten den arteriellen Strömungswiderstand in Unterarm und Hand gegenüber den Ausgangswerten um 30–70%.

Endotracheale Manipulationen wie Intubation oder Absaugung bewirkten Anstiege des arteriellen Druckes, der Herzfrequenz, sowie der Durchblutung und des arteriellen Strömungswiderstandes in Skeletmuskulatur und Haut von Unterarm und Hand. Diese Kreislaufreaktionen erreichten 1–2 min. nach Beginn der endotrachealen Intubation ein Maximum und gingen anschliessend ‐ bei ruhig liegendem Tubus ‐ wieder allmählich zurück.

Die Anstiege des arteriellen Strömungswiderstandes waren grösser in der Haut als in der Skeletmuskulatur.

Die arterielle Drucksteigerung bei endotrachealen Manipulationen ist zumindest teilweise durch eine Zunahme des arteriellen Strömungswiderstandes im grossen Kreislauf bedingt, und zwar vermutlich als Folge einer reflektorischen Erhöhung des sympathischen Vasokonstriktortonus.
Studies in Hypothermia
Authors: Svanes K.
Published: December 2008

Acute inflammation was produced by local application of turpentine to the skin.

The capillary permeability and the formation of fluid exudate were estimated by extraction and spectrophotometric determination of the protein‐bound trypan blue accumulated in the inflamed area some time after intravenous injection of the dye.

Under hypothermia the formation of fluid exudate was considerably reduced, but great individual variations occurred. Some mice showed no signs of increased capillary permeability on turpentine irritation. In other cases, the capillary permeability was increased with a considerable formation of fluid exudate.

After rewarming from hypothermia a normal response to turpentine irritation was found.

Barbiturate anaesthesia did not significantly alter the formation of fluid exudate at normal body temperature.

Durch lokale Anwendung von Terpentin wurde akute Entzündung erzeugt.

Die Kapillardurchlässigkeit und die Exsudatbildung wurden durch Extraktion und Spektrophotometrie des proteingebundenen Trypanblau bestimmt, das sich im entzündlichen Areal einige Zeit nach der i.v. Injektion der Farbe angesammelt hatte.

Während der Unterkühlung war die Exsudatbildung beträchtlich reduziert, allerdings wurden grosse individuelle Schwankungen beobachtet. Einige Mäuse zeigten kein Zeichen von erhöhter Kapillarpermeabilität auf die Terpentinreizung. In anderen Fällen war die Kapillardurchlässigkeit erhöht bei beträchtlicher oder sogar normaler Bildung von flüssigem Exsudat.

Nach der Wiedererwärmung wurde eine normale Reaktion auf die Terpentinreizung festgestellt. Barbituratnarkose hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Exsudatbildung bei normaler Körpertemperatur.
THE CHEMISTRY OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Kitz Richard J.
Published: December 2008

The molecular level chemistry of the acetylcholine‐acetylcholinesterase system has been examined in some detail. The mechanisms of normal substrate hydrolysis and anticholinesterase activity were stressed.

It is quite possible that similar forces and mechanisms are inherent in other alterations in physiology for which the anesthesiologist is responsible. The acetylcholine‐acetylcholinesterase system is but one example of this relationship between small and large molecules.

The paucity of knowledge concerning the molecular level aspects of what we do can only lead to the conclusion that much progress must be made in these areas if we are to understand the extraordinary complex changes induced in the many biologic systems of the body by anesthesia and anesthetics.

Die Chemie des Azetylcholin‐Cholinesterasesystems wurde auf Molekular‐niveau im Detail untersucht. Dabei wurden die Mechanismen der normalen Substrathydrolyse und der Anticholinesteraseaktivität herausgestell.

Es ist absolut möglich, dass ähnliche Kräfte und Mechanismen auch anderen physiologischen Veränderungen innewohnen, für die der Anaesthesist verant‐wortlich ist. Das Azetylcholin‐Cholinesterasesystem ist aber ein Beispiel dieser Beziehung zwischen kleinen und grossen Molekülen.

Die geringen Erfahrungen betreffend die Aspekte auf molkekularem Niveau von den Dingen, die wir machen, kann nur zu dem Schluss führen, dass auf diesen Gebieten noch viel Fortschritte gemacht werden müssten, um die ausserordentlich komplexen Veränderungen zu verstehen, die in den vielen biologischen Systemen des Körpers durch die Narkose und Anaesthetika hervorgerufen werden.
TREATMENT OF VENTILATORY INSUFFICIENCY WITH THREE TYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Authors: Dottori O. , Malmberg R. , Berglund E. , Bergh N. P.
Published: December 2008

During 1954–1963, three‐types of respirators were used at this unit, viz. the Engström, Gothia and Lundia respirators. These were used in 54 postoperative and 15 medical cases. An attempt was made to relate the rates of ventilatory deaths to pre‐treatment ventilatory capacity and to the type of respirator. For the surgical cases with obstructive‐type ventilatory impairment, the ventilatory death rate was lower with the Engström respirator (0/8) than with the other respirators (4/6).—As regards effect on blood gases, the respirators differed only in the obstructive cases; here, too, the Engström respirator was superior.

Respiratory depressant drugs and/or muscle relaxants were given in larger amounts to patients treated with the Gothia and Lundia respirators than to those treated with the Engström respirator. This difference was very great in the obstructive group of patients. In patients without airway obstruction, the three respirators were equivalent with regard to effect on ventilatory death rate and blood gases, and nearly equivalent in the ease of management and requirement of respiratory depressant drugs. In the obstructive patients, the Engström respirator was superior in all these respects.

Während der Jahre 1954 bis 1963 wurden an der Abteilung drei verschiedene Typen von Respiratoren angewandt, nämlich der Engström, der Lundia und der Gothiarespirator. Die Apparate wurden bei 54 postoperativen und 15 medizinischen Fällen eingesetzt. Es wurde der Versuch gemacht, die Anzahl der Ventilationstodesfälle in Relation zur Vorbehandlung, zur Atemkapazität und zur Respiratortype zu setzen. Die Anzahl der Ventilationstodesfälle bei chirurgischen Patienten mit Ventilationshindernissen obstruktiver Art war bei Anwendung des Engströmrespirators niedriger (0/8) als bei anderen Respiratoren (4/6). Was die Wirkung auf die Blutgaswerte betrifft, unterschieden sich die Respiratoren nur in den Fällen mit Obstruktionen. Auch hier war der Engström respirator überlegen.

Sowohl respirationsdepremierende Medicamente als auch Muskelrelaxantia wurden in grösseren Mengen an diejenigen Patienten verabreicht, die mit oder Gothiarespiratoren als an solche, die mit dem Engströmrespirator behandelt wurden.

Der Unterschied war bei der obstruktiven Gruppe sehr erheblich. Bei Patienten ohne Luftwegsobstruktionen waren die Respiratoren gleichwertig in Bezug auf die Anzahl der Ventilationstodesfälle und die Blutgaswerte und nahezu gleichwertig in Bezug auf die Einfachheit der Bedienung und die Notwendigkeit der Verabreichung respirationsdeprimierender Stoffe. Bei den Patienten mit Obstruktionen war der Engstromrespirator in diesen Beziehungen überlegen.
THE INFLUENCE OF RESERPINE AND PHENIPRAZINE ON THE TOXICITY OF SOME LOCAL ANAESTHETICS IN MICE
Authors: Heinonen V. J. , Paasonen M. K.
Published: December 2008

Reserpine pre‐treatment increased the LD50of procaine, tetracaine and mepivacaine especially when the local anaesthetics were given intravenously. This effect was only partially due to hypothermia produced by reserpine. Monoamine oxidase inhibitor pheniprazine decreased the LD50of procaine, particularly when given subcutaneously, but it did not clearly influence the toxicity of mepivacaine.

Reserpinvorbehandlung erhöht die LD50von Procain, Tetracain und Mepivacain, besonders wenn die Lokalanaesthetika intravenös verabreicht wurden. Dieser Effekt ist nur zum Teil auf die temperatursenkende Wirkung von Reserpin zuriickzuführen. Der Monoaminoxydasehemmer Pheniprazin setzte die LD50von Procain, besonders bei subcutaner Verabreichung herab. Die Toxizität von Mepivacain wurde nicht mit Sicherheit beeinflusst.
The Head‐Lift Test After Administration of D‐Tubocurarine
Authors: Nielsen Erik , Bennike Knud‐Åge
Published: December 2008

An account is given of the head‐lift test after the administration of curare. An average dose of 0.18 mg d‐tubocurarine per kg body weight was necessary to reach the point at which the patient was no longer able to lift the head. By measuring the arterial oxygen saturation and pC02 at this point as well as at the point when the patient was again able to do so, no changes were found in oxygen saturation, while a slight drop in pC02 was observed in a few patients. No increase ki pC02 was found.

It is concluded that the test must be regarded as a minimum requirement of control in assessing residual curarisation after anaesthesia.

Es wird eine Übersicht über Erfahrungen mit dem “Kopfhebe‐Test” nach Anwendung von Curare gegeben. Die Durchschnittsdosis bis zum Erreichen des Stadiums, wo der Patient nicht mehr imstande ist, den Kopf zu heben, betrug 0,18 mg d‐Tubocurarin/kg Körpergewicht. Die Messung der arteriellen Sauerstoffsättigung und des pC02 zu diesem Zeitpunkt, sowie bei Wiedererlangen der Fähigkeit, den Kopf zu heben, ergab keine Änderung der Sauerstoffsättigung, jedoch einen leichten Abfall von pC02 bei einigen Patienten. Ein Anstieg des pCO2 trat nicht auf.

Der Test muss als Minimalkontrolle fur die Beurteilung ausklingender Curarisation nach der Anaesdiesie angesehen werden.