bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Support for Interdisciplinary Approaches in Emergency Medical Services Education
Authors: Leggio William J , D'Alessandro Kenneth J
Published: May 2015

This article analyzes the need for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) educational programs and academicians to develop interdisciplinary educational and training opportunities with other healthcare disciplines. A literature review was conducted on EMS education and interdisciplinary approaches in healthcare education. In general, support for both didactic and simulated interdisciplinary education in healthcare is supported by positive impacts on student learning and improved patient outcomes. Support for interdisciplinary approaches in EMS education was constructed by applying research on interdisciplinary healthcare education to the identified criticisms of EMS education. A critical analysis of the literature allowed for recommendations to be made on the implementation of and further research for interdisciplinary approaches in EMS education. This article supports EMS students to be educated in a way that is reflective of a profession that must work collaboratively to provide out-of-hospital healthcare. 
Self-Percieved Traits of Servant Leadership in AmeriCorps Volunteers: A Mixed-Method Concurrent Explanatory Study
Authors: Cook Karen Frances
Published: May 2015

Although the tenets of modern servant leadership originated by Greenleaf (1970) have long been applied to service enterprise, no known research has applied the principles to the self-perception of AmeriCorps volunteers who commit to one year of service. The purpose of this mixed-method study was to determine whether volunteers who commit to one year of national service identify with characteristics and behaviors of modern servant leadership in order to operationalize the volunteer leadership experience for both the volunteer and the sponsoring agency, and to provide volunteers with personal awareness of their experiences. The quantitative portion of the study employed the results of 51 self/leader reports of Barbuto and Wheeler’s (2006) Servant Leadership Questionnaire (SLQ) to discover that some significance existed between their original study and this study. The qualitative portion involved gathering information from 10 semi-structured, individual interviews. Analysis revealed two major themes: personal awareness responses and direct action responses. These themes supported favorable responses to the research questions. Empirical and narrative responses allow directors and leaders of AmeriCorps and long-term service programs to consider alternatives by which to discern incoming applications, reinforce candidate self-awareness, and provide a foundation for future research.
Duitse wegen in Den Haag. Johannes Visscher en de "südafrikanische Propaganda" in de Eerste Wereldoorlog
Authors: Zajas P
Published: May 2015

Johannes Visscher, een Nederlandse journalist, politicus en voortrekker van de Nederlandse arbeidersbeweging, redigeerde vanaf 1909 het tijdschrift "Hollandsch Zuid-Afrika", een uitgave van de in 1881 gestichte Nederlandsch Zuid-Afrikaansche Vereniging (NZAV), de oudste op Zuid-Afrika gerichte organisatie in Nederland. Vanaf augustus 1915 tot december 1918 stond Visscher ook in nauw contact met en handelde in opdracht van de Duitse diplomatieke dienst in het kader van het door het Duitse gezantschap in Den Haag en het Berlijnse Reichskolonialamt opgerichte project "südafrikanische Propaganda". Het Persbureau van de NZAV werd door hem geïntegreerd in de semiofficiële "Hilfsstelle" van het Duitse gezantschap met als doel de Zuid-Afrikaanse pers over de situatie in Europa en de Nederlandse pers over Zuid-Afrika "deutschfreundlich" te informeren. Deze bijdrage is gewijd aan dit onbekende hoofdstuk in de geschiedenis van de DuitsNederlands-Zuid-Afrikaanse betrekkingen in de tijd van de Grote Oorlog.
EET en DRINK in Afrikaans - 'n leksikaal-semantiese ondersoek
Authors: Bosman N
Published: May 2015

Die artikel is 'n kognitief semantiese, korpusgebaseerde leksikale ondersoek na die konsepte EET en DRINK in Afrikaans en vorm een onderdeel van 'n groter navorsingsprojek. Die artikel sluit aan by die studie van Taljard en Bosman (2014) wat interkulturele variasie tussen Noord-Sotho en Afrikaanse EET-metafore ondersoek en brei hierop uit deur ook DRINK-metafore te betrek. Die groter polisemiese struktuur van werkwoorde in die eet- en drinkwoordvelde is vervolgens ook by die ontleding betrek. As teoretiese raamwerk is die konseptuele metafoorteorie gebruik. Metafore is geïdentifiseer deur twee groot korpusse, naamlik die Universiteit van Pretoria Afrikaanse Korpus en die Taalkommissiekorpus met soekwoorde wat verband hou met die konsepte EET en DRINK te deursoek. Die motiverende rol wat die volksverstaan van die eet- en drink-prosesse speel in die tussendomeinkarterings is ondersoek en daar is aangetoon dat ons beliggaamde ervaring van die twee prosesse die groot dryfkrag is agter die totstandkoming van die metafore. Vir die bestudering van die interne polisemiese netwerke is daar gesteun op artikels in die WAT. Een afleiding wat gemaak word, is dat figuurlike betekenisuitbreidings, wat op grond van konseptuele metafore met die letterlike, meer basiese betekenisse skakel, volledig geleksikaliseer is in Afrikaans. In die slotparagraaf word aspekte soos die ouderdom en moontlike universele aard van die metafore aangeraak.
Rastreabilidade bovina na região Centro-Sul do estado de Mato Grosso: aspectos econômicos, técnicos e conceituais
Authors: Ferrazza Rodrigo de Andrade , Schüller Mérli Carine , Lopes Marcos Aurélio , Lage Luciana Andrade
Published: May 2015

Objetivou-se analisar aspectos econômicos da implantação da rastreabilidade na região Centro-Sul do MT, os métodos de identificação, as reclamações, os entraves e o grau de importância dado pelos pecuaristas. De maio a julho de 2009 foram realizadas entrevistas com 13 proprietários de Estabelecimentos Rurais Aprovados no SISBOV (ERAS) e o levantamento de valores econômicos praticados por três certificadoras e um frigorífico da região. Todas as propriedades entrevistadas utilizavam brinco e botton. As principais dificuldades na implantação da rastreabilidade foram: as mudanças frequentes (46,30%), a compreensão das normativas que regem o Sistema Brasileiro de Identificação e Certificação de Origem Bovina e Bubalina (SISBOV) (30,57%) e a escolha da certificadora (23,13%). Os maiores entraves para a adoção e manutenção do SISBOV foram: (i) a demora excessiva das auditorias oficiais (53,85%); (ii) a instabilidade no valor diferencial (23,10%); (iii) a perda de elementos de identificação (15,39%); e, (iv) a demora quando da solicitação de reimpressão de brincos (7,69%). A importância atribuída à rastreabilidade está relacionada à credibilidade e agregação de valor ao produto brasileiro (84,61%). O valor individual do processo de rastreabilidade foi de R$ 4,34. A diferença do animal rastreado abatido para a União Europeia foi de R$ 10,73/@. No período analisado, a implantação do sistema de rastreabilidade apresentou viabilidade econômica, apesar da variação dos valores pagos pela carne rastreada.
Ocorrência da mastite clínica e fatores ambientais que favorecem sua incidência
Authors: Oliveira Elisa Junqueira , Bignardi Annaiza Braga , Vercessi Filho Anibal Eugênio , Paz Claudia Cristina Paro de , Cardoso Vera Lucia , El Faro Lenira
Published: May 2015

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as frequências de mastite clínica (MC) em vacas Holandesas de alta produção de leite, bem como os fatores ambientais que influenciam sua incidência. A média da produção de leite aos 305 dias de acordo com a classe de mastite foi estimada pelo método de quadrados mínimos. As frequências de MC foram analisadas de acordo com as ordens do parto (1 a 6), ano do parto, estação do ano, fase da lactação, e quarto infectado (anterior direito, anterior esquerdo, posterior direito, posterior esquerdo). A frequência da MC por ordem de parto variou de 11,39% no primeiro parto a 21,18% no terceiro parto. 58,56 % dos casos de mastite ocorreram no período das águas e 41,44% no período da seca. O terço final da lactação foi o período com maior ocorrência de casos de MC (45,33%). Os quartos posteriores apresentaram maior frequência de MC (54,25%). Os animais com maiores níveis de produção de leite aos 305 dias (9.466,42 Kg) foram os que apresentaram maior incidência de mastite clínica. Deve-se encontrar um ponto de equilíbrio entre a produção de leite e a mastite a fim de aumentar a rentabilidade da produção. O estudo dos períodos de maior frequência de ocorrência de mastite clínica é fundamental para a pecuária leiteira, para o direcionamento de um programa de controle dessa doença.
Características fermentativas de silagens de polpa de café com diferentes proporções de casca de café
Authors: Barcelos Adauto Ferreira , Tavares Valdir Botega , Carvalho José Rodolfo Reis de , Gonçalves Clenderson Corradi de Mattos
Published: May 2015

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a composição química e as características fermentativas de silagens da polpa de café com diferentes proporções de casca de café. O material foi ensilado em PVC de 150 mm de diâmetro por 750 mm de altura, segundo os tratamentos: polpa de café (PC), PC + 20% de casca de café (CC), PC + 40% de CC e PC + 60% de CC, segundo delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições. Os silos foram abertos 60 dias após o fechamento, quando foram retiradas amostras para determinação dos teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina, celulose, pH, N-NH3, cafeína, cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P) e digestibilidade in vitro da MS (DIVMS). Determinou-se também a produção de efluentes e de gás. Houve um aumento linear no teor de MS e pH, à medida que foi adicionado casca de café nas silagens, e decréscimo linear nos teores de PB, FDN e FDA, lignina, celulose, cafeína, Ca e P. Esse decréscimo ocorreu pelo fato da casca de café possuir teores inferiores ao da polpa para PB, FDN, FDA, cafeína, Ca e P. Houve também redução linear nos valores de N-NH3, e somente a silagem com maior porcentagem de casca de café obteve valor inferior a 10%, considerado como limite para silagem de boa qualidade. A produção de efluentes foi maior para a silagem de polpa de café sem casca e não se obteve nenhuma produção na silagem com 60% de casca. Não houve diferença significativa na DIVMS entre os tratamentos. A casca de café foi efetiva em aumentar o teor de MS da silagem de PC e em reduzir os teores de FDN, FDA, N-NH3, proporcionando silagem de valor nutritivo satisfatório à alimentação de bovinos, criando, assim, alternativa para aproveitamento desses resíduos. Ao considerar o teor de MS encontrado nas silagens, a melhor quantidade de casca de café a ser acrescentada à polpa de café, para produção de silagem está entre 30% e 35%.
Suplementação energético-proteica-mineral no desenvolvimento corporal e no comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês em pastejo durante a época da seca
Authors: Signoretti Ricardo Dias , Resende Flávio Dutra de , Drub Gabriel Miranda , Souzas Fernando Henrique Menegello de , Oliveira Elisa Marcela de
Published: May 2015

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de dois níveis de suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânico e orgânico, na época da seca, sobre o crescimento e o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês, com idade média de 19,4 ± 1,94 meses e peso corporal médio inicial de 307,75 ± 25,0 kg, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (minerais x níveis) com cinco repetições por tratamento. As novilhas permaneceram em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu, manejadas em sistema intermitente e, como tratamento, utilizou-se suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos e dois níveis de fornecimento (2,5 e 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal). O desenvolvimento corporal das novilhas que receberam suplemento, nos dois níveis, com fontes de minerais inorgânicos não diferiu daquelas que receberam fontes de minerais orgânicos. No entanto, as novilhas suplementadas com 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal apresentaram maior ganho médio diário (0,476 kg/animal) em comparação àquelas suplementadas com 2,5 g/kg do peso corporal (0,368 kg/animal). O desempenho de novilhas leiteiras recriadas a pasto foi semelhante quando suplementadas com fontes minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos.
Degradabilidade da matéria seca e da proteína bruta de grãos secos e de silagens de grãos úmidos de híbridos de milho (Zea mays), submetidos a diferentes processamentos
Authors: Reis Wagner dos , Costa Ciniro , Meirelles Paulo Roberto de Lima , Silva Marina Gabriela Berchiol da , Factori Marco Aurélio , Hadlich Janaína Conte , Oliveira Kátia de , Santana Erikelly Aline Ribeiro de , Pariz Cristiano Magalhães , Silva Josineudson Augusto II de Vasconcelos
Published: May 2015

Este trabalho avaliou o efeito do processamento em dois híbridos de milho secos e ensilados úmidos, sobre a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS) e da proteína bruta (PB). A granulometria apresentou diferença no DGM (Diâmetro Geométrico Médio) dos ingredientes submetidos à moagem. Foram utilizados três ovinos fistulados no rúmen, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, sendo dois híbridos de milho (textura dura e mole), dois métodos de conservação e três processamentos (moído grosso, médio e fino), com cinco tempos de incubação (3, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas). Os valores da fração A na SMM (silagem de milho mole) da MS foram superiores ao GMM (grão de milho mole) em todas as granulometrias. A ensilagem aumentou a solubilidade da MS dos ingredientes, diminuindo a fração B comparada ao grão seco. Os valores das frações DP e DE a 5%/h da proteína foram maiores para SMM e GMM, apresentando maior desaparecimento com avanço do tempo de incubação. Para a MS a ensilagem aumentou a degradabilidade do milho textura mole. A taxa de fermentação foi superior para SMM e GMM. A ensilagem influencia positivamente no desaparecimento da MS e PB comparada com o GMM.
A Self That Can Whistle
Authors: Jordan, Jr. James
Published: May 2015

Dr. Jordan contends that to have validity a psychological construct such as self-concept must account for relatively simple forms of human behavior. Through an analysis of the act of whistling the author, who considers himself an "ordinary whistling analyst," explores the myriad of psychological implications involved in the explanation of this "simple" behavioral act.
Geography and the American Language: AN APPROACH TO LITERACY
Authors: Muinzer Louis
Published: May 2015

The English teachers of America have arisen from their slumbers. They have opened their eyes to new developments in the study of language and literature; they have become responsive to new teaching methods; they have displayed a streak of epic cussedness in the face of ignorance, misunderstanding and indifference. That their campaigns against the verbal ills of the land have not yet been successful should not cause these embattled teachers to despair,for they cannot undo the failures of a century in a decade. They have undertaken a Hundred Years' War against pseudo-literacy.
Underlying and Superficial Linguistic Structure
Authors: Postal Paul
Published: May 2015

The following remarks based on examples from English are a rather informal discussion of some of the kinds of results and implications of linguistic research being done in the conceptual framework which has come to be called'generative grammar.'
Words, Meanings and Concepts
Authors: Carroll John
Published: May 2015

The teaching of words, and of the meanings and concepts they designate or convey, is one of the principal tasks of teachers at all levels of education. It is a concern of textbook writers and programmers of self-instructional materials as well. Students must be taught the meanings of unfamiliar words and idioms;they must be helped in recognizing unfamiliar ways in which familiar words may be used; and they must be made generally aware of the possibility of ambiguity in meaning and the role of context in resolving it. Often the task that presents itself to the teacher is not merely to explain a new word in familiar terms, but to shape an entirely new concept in the mind of the student.
Indian Writing in English
Authors: Lal P.
Published: May 2015

"I think we are in rats' alley where the dead men lost their bones. We have no directories, no bibliographies, no authoritative Who's Who; and there is no comprehensive survey of Indo-Anglian literature." So in 1943 quoted Dr. K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar in his preface to the P. E. N. booklet on Indian writing in English.
College Dropouts Who Came Back
Authors: Eckland Bruce
Published: May 2015

An empirical study of college careers provides evidence for this author's assertion that dropout rates have been exaggerated, and that the "normal" time to attain a college degree is more than four years.
Administrator, Advocate, or Therapist?: ALTERNATIVES FOR PROFESSIONALIZATION IN SCHOOL COUNSELING
Authors: Lortie Dan
Published: May 2015

Professor Lortie examines three distinctive roles in which a counselor could function within the bounds of school policy. The effects of each role on the counselor, the student and the school administrator are considered.
Adolescents'Acceptance of Authority: A Methodological Study
Authors: Newmann Fred
Published: May 2015

A clinical study is reported of criteria which appear to underlie acceptance of authority in discussions with adolescents. The author compares these criteria with those suggested in political and sociological concepts of authority justification.
Cicero: Education for Humanitas
Authors: Wellman Robert
Published: May 2015

A synthesis of ideas gleaned from a number of Cicero's writings provides the framework for an examination of Cicero's conception of education for humanitas. The author suggests that previous commentators have failed to construe this conception broadly enough.
Moral Philosophy and the Teaching of Morality
Authors: Montefiore Alan
Published: May 2015

A philosopher discusses two divergent views concerning the basis of morality, and explores the implications of these views for the problem of moral education.
Toward a Modern Theory of Rhetoric: A Tagmemic Contribution
Authors: Young Richard , Becker Alton
Published: May 2015

The authors undertake first to define the subject matter of rhetoric as it has been traditionally understood and then to illustrate how aspects of one linguistic theory,tagmemics, can form the basis for a new approach to rhetorical problems
Psychology and the Evolution of Man
Authors: Roe Anne
Published: May 2015

Asserting that "behavior is as relevant to evolution as evolution is to behavior," the author considers the rise of man as a subtle and unparalled combination of these two factors. Implications of this view for future human conduct are also suggested.
The Teacher in Puritan Culture
Authors: Smith Wilson
Published: May 2015

Tracing the sources of American attitudes towards teachers and teaching, the author discusses the influence of Puritan ideology and the intimate linkage of teaching to the ministry in colonial New England. He analyzes career patterns of Harvard tutors and the role of the University in providing educators for the Province.
Adapting Visual Illustrations for Effective Learning
Authors: Dwyer, Jr. Francis
Published: May 2015

The author reports his study of the effectiveness of visual illustrations. His findings suggest that increasing amounts of detail in illustrations do not necessarily lead to greater learning. The study raises questions about the meaning of "realism" in visual aids.
Halls of Darkness: In the Ghetto Schools
Authors: Kozol Jonathan
Published: May 2015

The author reflects on his experiences teaching in the ghetto schools of a large American city. Although the teachers, administrators, and students he describes are composite characters with no actual counterparts,their traits and attitudes are intended to be representative.
Academic Motivation and Equal Educational Opportunity
Authors: Katz Irwin
Published: May 2015

A striking revelation of the Coleman Report is the close tie between Negro academie achievement and the social environment of the classroom. A theory of racial differences in the early socialization of academic motivation is here advanced to account for some of the favorable effect on Negroes of (a) teachers' and classmates'competence, and (b) attendance at predominantly white schools. Unrealistic self–devaluation and strong anxiety are shown by recent research to be common features of Negro behavior in racially isolated institutions. These facts can be related to the educational values and practices of Negro parents, and to the Coleman data on students' academic attitudes.
Political Socialization in the South American Middle Class
Authors: Stinchcombe Arthur
Published: May 2015

Political socialization may be thought of as having three aspects: the degree to which people interpret the conditions of their milieu in terms of distant political processes, the ideas of social causation with which they interpret such distant processes, and the interpretation of specific political events and structures of their country. This paper attempts to show that the first is determined mainly by men's educational and migration biography, the second mainly by men's occupational experience, and the third mainly by the history and structure of the political system men live under. The data come from a study of the contrasts between industrial bureaucrats and the traditional middle classes in steel cities in three South American countries, Chile, Argentina, and Venezuela.
Listening to Architecture
Authors: Ackerman James
Published: May 2015

"Stay away!"
The Enigma of Vast Multiplicity
Authors: Van Eyck Aldo
Published: May 2015

Man's scope lies within unbelievable extremes. The same is true of his tools. Handmaid or Master, technology assists his doings at every level of intention;constructively or destructively-a kind and a malicious companion both.
Cultural Action and Conscientization
Authors: Freire Paulo
Published: May 2015

In the May 1970 issue of the Review, Dr. Freire described the adult literacy process as an act of knowing through which a person is able to analyze critically the culture which has shaped him and to move toward reflection and positive action upon his world. Such education in Freire's view is cultural action for freedom, through authentic dialogue rather than for domestication. In this concluding section, the author proceeds to consider the philosophical basis and the social context of his own thought. With specific reference to Latin America, he discusses the emergence of the masses into the political process in the Third World and analyzes the levels of consciousness which characterize that emergence. Finally he discusses the nature and function of a truly liberating education in this period of historical transition.
Prime Time for Education: Early Childhood or Adolescence?
Authors: Rohwer, Jr. William
Published: May 2015

The author suggests that the present goals of early childhood education programs may be ill-advised. Further investment in such programs should be tempered by two major possibilities: (I) that existing school objectives should be redefined in terms of relevance for extra-school tasks and skill proficiency; and (2) that early childhood may simply be an inefficient period in which to try to teach skills that can be relatively quickly learned in adolescence. The author discusses a variety of research findings in light of these two considerations and advocates further and more intensive study of intellectual development during the late childhood and early adolescent years. The author concludes that current forms of schooling should not be imposed at early ages. Postponing such learning experiences would probably reduce the degree of alienation from schooling which many students experience,while at the same time producing equal or better results in terms of extra-school achievement.
Learning, Teaching, and Television Production for Children: The Experience of Sesame Street
Authors: Lesser Gerald
Published: May 2015

The author discusses how educational goals are translated into the actual television programming of Sesame Street. Dr. Lesser serves as chairman of the National Board of Advisors to the Children's Television Workshop, which produces Sesame Street. He reflects here on the experience of researchers and television producers working together to develop television for children on the basis of knowledge (and hunches) about how children learn.
The Free School Movement
Authors: Graubard Allen
Published: May 2015

The author presents objective data concerning the number, growth, location, staffing patterns, size, and finances of free schools. He then defines four types of free schools: the "classical" free school, the parent-teacher cooperative elementary school, the free high school, and the community elementary school. Distinguishing between pedagogical and political freedom, the author then discusses the varying conceptions of social change associated with each type, with special attention given to socioeconomic factors. The key question framing this analysis is "what role do free schools play—what role can they play—in effecting change in the much larger public school system?"
Development as the Aim of Education
Authors: Kohlberg Lawrence , Mayer Rochelle
Published: May 2015

The authors offer an explanation of the psychological and philosophical positions underlying aspects of educational progressivism. They contrast tenets of progressivism,most clearly identified with the work of John Dewey, with two other educational ideologies, the romantic and the cultural transmission conceptions, which historically have competed in the minds of educators as rationales for the choice of educational goals and practices. Kohlberg and Mayer maintain that only progressivism,with its cognitive-developmental psychology, its interactionist epistemology,and its philosophically examined ethics, provides an adequate basis for our understanding of the process of education.
Citizen Va-r-ooooooom! In Memory of Paul Goodman 1911-1972
Authors: Hentoff Nat
Published: May 2015

Every once in a while, Paul would be on the phone. He had a new anti-war action in mind or a writer was being hassled by his publisher or a local institutional injustice was being visited on someone by personnel in the police department or a city agency.
Social Policy, Power, and Social Science Research
Authors: Clark Kenneth
Published: May 2015

In its historic decision of May 17, 1954 (Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka),the United States Supreme Court ruled that state laws which required or permitted racial segregation in public education violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution. In concluding that "Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal," the Court cited the work of social scientists in its pioneering and controversial footnote eleven. This citation demonstrated dramatically that the theories and research findings of social scientists could influence public policy decisions on educational and other social problems. The use of social science research in the making of such important policy decisions raised the question among social scientists of the propriety of their involvement or the validity of their contribution to the decisions.
Politics and Reasoning: Through the Eyes of Teachers and Children
Authors: Lightfoot Sara Lawrence
Published: May 2015

The question of the "hidden curriculum" in the classroom has been the subject of much research. While this research has sometimes focused on the belief systems and value orientations of teachers it has seldom included evaluation of their political and social ideologies. In addition, the research literature has given inadequate attention to black teachers in black classrooms. In this essay Dr. Lightfoot evaluates the relationship between the levels of political consciousness of black teachers and the social and cognitive development in black children including reasoning, reflection,and elaborative thinking. She concludes that differences in political ideology are reflected in differences in educational philosophy and practice, and that both have a profound impact on the development of children.
Title V of ESEA: The Impact of Discretionary Funds on State Education Bureaucracies
Authors: Murphy Jerome
Published: May 2015

While much has been written about the failure of federal efforts to secure educational reform, little systematic attention has been paid to the organizational constraints impeding the implementation of federal educational policy. In this article,the author focuses on some of these constraints while exploring the impact of federal discretionary funds on state education agencies. In this process, he challenges many current ideas about how properly-functioning education bureaucracies work,and how they should be reformed and evaluated.
Children Under the Law
Authors: Rodham Hillary
Published: May 2015

The author examines the changing status of children under the law. Traditionally,the law has reflected a social consensus that children's best interests are synonymous with those of their parents, except under the few circumstances where the state is authorized to intervene in family life under the. doctrine of parens patriae. Little consideration has been given to the substantive and procedural rights of children as a discrete interest group. At present, law reform is moving to change children's legal status in two ways: by extending more adult rights to children and by recognizing certain unique needs and interests of children as legally enforceable rights. Ms. Rodham summarizes recent Supreme Court decisions which will influence changes of both kinds, and suggests specific directions reform might take.
Student Classification, Public Policy, and the Courts
Authors: Kirp David
Published: May 2015

During the past two decades, courts have sought to define with particularity the meaning or, better, meanings of equal educational opportunity. Only recently,however, have courts examined within-school practices—ability grouping, special education placement, exclusion of "ineducable" children—which classify students on the basis of academic performance or potential. In this article, the author examines classification practices in constitutional terms; he assesses both the plausibility of treating student classification issues in equal protection and due process terms, and the policy consequences of such treatment.
Radical Correctional Reform: A Case Study of the Massachusetts Youth Correctional System
Authors: Ohlin Lloyd , Coates Robert , Miller Alden
Published: May 2015

The authors raise three principal questions. First, what part should traditional training schools play in providing treatment for youthful offenders? Second, what is the relative effectiveness of community based in comparison to institutional treatment services for juvenile delinquents? Third, what problems arise in undertaking a radical change in policy and program from institution to community based services? To answer these questions, the Center for Criminal Justice at the Harvard Law School is evaluating the reforms undertaken by the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services since 1969. This article offers a preliminary report and description of the problems and progress of these reforms through three phases: the emergence of a mandate for reform, the reform of institutional treatment,and the move from institutions to community corrections. Interviews with staff and youth so far indicate a positive response of youth to the new programs.
Hostos: Report from a Ghetto College
Authors: Castro Barry
Published: May 2015

The difficulties encountered by a community college in its first years of operation can be considerable. When that college is initiated in an ethnically diverse community marked historically by inadequate educational and social services, new educational offerings and organizational arrangements at first can prove ineffective. Such a scenario is presented from the author's experiences as a faculty member at Eugenio Maria de Hostos Community College, in the South Bronx. The author analyzes social and educational problems which arose during the first two years at Hostos, concluding with a number of recommendations for similar community colleges. Although the article does not describe developments at Hostos beyond the first two years, it is worth noting that the college has survived its early instability and is currently serving the South Bronx community.
Sex-Role Culture and Educational Practice
Authors: Lee Patrick , Gropper Nancy
Published: May 2015

How can schools as they currently exist serve the needs of the sexes during an era of changing sex-role sensibility? Addressing this question, the authors propose that the construct of sex role is better conceptualized in cultural than in psychosocial terms. This allows for a more coherent analysis of the interactions of three cultural phenomena: formal schooling, femininity, and masculinity. The concept of sex-role culture is rotated through three models of cultural interaction:Genetic Differences, Cultural Differences, and Biculturalism. Each model contributes to an understanding of the systemic relationship between sex-role culture and educational practice. The authors argue first, that from an educational perspective, sex-linked genetic differences are largely irrelevant, second, that sex-linked cultural differences are real, but unstable and situational, and finally, that bicultural blendings are beneficial and increasingly prevalent. The school's task is to provide children with equal access to traditionally sex-typed educational and cultural resources. Increasing biculturalism can occur only through intervention into the hidden curriculum which includes teacher pupil-role expectations,teacher modeling and the distribution of classroom space and materials.
Can a Student Sue the Schools for Educational Malpractice
Authors: Abel David
Published: May 2015

Legal intervention into the educational process has been limited largely to questions of equality of opportunity and resource distribution. A unique case, Peter Doe v. San Francisco Unified School District, now asks the court to help citizens hold schools responsible for the professional provision of their services. Peter Doe, a youth who could read only at fifth-grade level when he graduated from high school, claims that his low reading ability is the direct result of the negligence of San Francisco school personnel, and he is asking for monetary compensation for the injuries they have caused him. In this article, the author first treats the legal hurdles the Doe case must overcome simply to win a hearing before a jury. He then describes the issues likely to arise in arguing the case, and examines the repercussions, legal and educational, which Doe's negligence theory may provoke.
Nonformal Education and Occupational Stratification: Implications for Latin America
Authors: La Belle Thomas , Verhine Robert
Published: May 2015

La Belle and Verhine trace the development of nonformal education and question whether it can bring significant income and status benefits to the economically disadvantaged in developing countries. They review research on the relationship between education and occupation and examine two theories which purport to explain this relationship. The authors conclude that as long as the credentials of formal schools continue to be the most salient factor in the job market, nonformal education—education without traditional credentials—will do little to increase social and economic equality.
The Old Man and the Census
Authors: Achebe Chinua
Published: May 2015

I will not mourn with you your lost populations, the silent columns of your ancient fief erased from the king's book of numbers
A Lesson from China: Percy Bysshe Shelley and the Cultural Revolution at Wuhan University
Authors: Tien Joseleyne Slade
Published: May 2015

Education in China has undergone a dramatic transformation since the Cultural Revolution. The university has become a means for bringing together theory and practice, the intellectual and the worker. In this article the author not only describes recent changes in Chinese higher education but also gives a personal account of a visit to an English class at Wuhan University.
School Desegregation in Large Cities: A Critique of the Coleman "White Flight" Thesis
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas , Green Robert
Published: May 2015

In this article, Thomas Pettigrew and Robert Green closely examine sociologist James S. Coleman's research and public statements on the relationship between school desegregation and white school enrollment. Describing their own study and other studies whose findings diverge from Coleman's, they contend that Coleman's research is methodologically and conceptually faulty and that it provides no basis for his highly publicized conclusion that urban school desegregation leads to massive"white flight." Rather, they argue, his and others' research tends to support metropolitan solutions to school segregation. The authors criticize Coleman for failing to distinguish between his scientific findings and his personal beliefs and go on to comment more generally on the delicate relationship between social science and the mass media.
Race, Politics, and the Courts: School Desegregation in San Francisco
Authors: Kirp David
Published: May 2015

In September, 1971, San Francisco's elementary-school students were bused to schools newly desegregated by order of the federal district court. In this study of San Francisco's experience with desegregation, David L. Kirp examines the political background that led to recourse to the court, the constitutional context within which the case was decided, and the implementation of the decision. The events in San Francisco illustrate not only the tensions that typically surround desegregation but, equally importantly, the idiosyncratic circumstances that make one city's experience with the issue unique. The author concludes that it is inappropriate to address the problem of racial imbalance with a standard desegregation policy which ignores the diversity among cities. He also points out the problems in integrating as well as desegregating and the tension between shifting political perceptions and the role of the courts.
Social Relations as Contexts for Learning in School
Authors: McDermott R.
Published: May 2015

Questions concerning what works in classrooms have been asked many times. The answers so far have not resulted in any substantial educational changes, and our school systems continue to be in considerable disarray. In this article, R. P. Mc-Dermott emphasizes the importance of understanding the way relations between teachers and children affect the development of learning environments and examines how classroom interaction may promote or retard learning. He describes how teaching styles depend on cultural contexts and examines successful and unsuccessful classrooms with examples from a variety of school systems, including Amish and inner-city American. McDermott suggests that the ethnographic study of classrooms will allow us to look carefully at learning in terms of how teachers and students "make sense" of each other and hold each other accountable, given the resources and limits of their community.
Law, Politics, and Equal Educational Opportunity: The Limits of Judicial Involvement
Authors: Kirp David
Published: May 2015

The influence of courts upon educational policy increased markedly in the years following the Brown decision. Recently, however, the judicial role has changed. As policy attention has focused on increasingly subtle questions of distributive justice and some aggrieved groups have obtained through legislation what they sought through litigation, courts in the 1970s have been more restrained than those of the previous decade. David Kirp analyzes how major educational questions are now being addressed by courts and legislatures; he focuses more on institutional dynamics than doctrinal developments. Noting the different procedures and standards of each branch of government, Kirp examines the interplay between these branches and suggests how questions of equal opportunity are best fit for joint resolution.
Understanding the Equity Consequences of School-Finance Reform
Authors: Friedman Lee , Wiseman Michael
Published: May 2015

In this essay, Lee S. Friedman and Michael Wiseman discuss the economic, legal,and logical implications of school-financing methods now practiced in several states, including Illinois, New York, and California. Examining the Serrano case in California, the authors contend that an important inconsistency in the court requirements resulted from the apparent failure of both the courts and the legislatures to specify the logical relationships between several competing concepts of equality. To this end, Friedman and Wiseman provide a logical analysis of several concepts needed to measure the fair distribution of school revenues and resources. Using Illinois as a case study, they then construct empirical tests for each of those concepts both before and after the Hoffman-Fawell reform in school financing. Those data, finally, are used to suggest an analytic framework that can be employed for evaluating and perhaps predicting the impact of school-finance reforms on a wide range of state systems.
The Worth of the Follow Through Experience
Authors: Hodges Walter
Published: May 2015

A rather common belief these days is that compensatory-education programs have produced few, if any, positive effects. In this view the evaluation of Follow Through is seen as merely the most recent confirmation of this belief. The results are thought to be meager, the only major finding being that different models of education work differently in different communities (House, Glass, McLean, & Walker,1978). Other analysts of the Follow Through evaluation (Kennedy in press; Stallings,1975; Stebbins, St. Pierre, Anderson, Proper, & Cerva, 1977) argue that the data Support only highly structured educational approaches as effective in teaching basic academic skills, and infer that models that do not focus on these skills appear to be ineffective as judged by the criteria used in the national evaluation. Presumably on the basic of conclusions like these the secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare is reported to have told the President of the United States that the results "are not positive enough to justify continued preferential treatment"(Report on Preschool Education, 1978, p. 2).
Reforming School Politics
Authors: Cohen David
Published: May 2015

In this essay David Cohen explores the effects of a growing belief that the key to school reform is political and procedural change, rather than substantive improvement. He argues that the recent interest in "accountability" arises from disappointment with the reform efforts of the 1930s and 1960s and examines reforms based on the view that substantive improvements will not work unless the power of professionals is reduced and the power and participation of families and communities increased. Suggesting that there are serious social and economic barriers to the success of such participatory reforms, he argues that the political power of private and politically unaccountable agencies is at least as serious an obstacle to democratic control as the power of school professionals and bureaucrats who are formally accountable. He examines the barriers to participatory reforms and the problems of private government and assesses the prospects for alternative approaches to reforming school politics.
Introduction: The First Decade of Women's Studies
Authors: Howe Florence
Published: May 2015

The scholarship in this special double issue, Women and Education, illuminates the vitality of women's studies a decade after its beginnings. We could not have had this issue until quite recently, at least in part because schools of education have been among the most resistant to the impact of the women's movement, which first touched the campus a decade ago. As the academic arm of the women's movement, women's studies has developed an area of research and curriculum focused on women as a distinguishable group to be studied from their own perspective and on gender as a significant issue in a democratic society founded and administered as a patriarchy. Like most educational movements of the past, this one has a political goal: to establish equity for women, which, as John Stuart Mill said more than a hundred years ago,would be as healthy for men as it was essential for women. Unlike most educational movements, this one has moved very rapidly, at least in higher education, to develop a body of knowledge and many of the elements of academic consequence, including degree-granting programs, professional associations, research institutes, journals, and special issues of journals like this one.
The Scholastic Aptitude Test: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Slack Warner
Published: May 2015

Evidence presented by Warner Slack and Douglas Porter indicates that training for the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) can effectively help students to raise their scores,and that the test adds little to a student's high school record in predicting college performance. Their findings are contrary to pronouncements by Educational Testing Service and the College Board. The authors argue that students who believed they did not have to prepare for the SAT, as well as those who have had limited opportunities for preparation, may have been needlessly deprived of admission to the college of their choice. More importantly, Slack and Porter contend that students who accept the SAT as a measure of aptitude may suffer a loss of self-esteem by interpreting low scores as an indication of their own deficiencies. They conclude that their findings raise serious doubts about the fairness of the test, its validity as a measure of academic potential,and its use as a prerequisite for admission to college.
Sophie and Emile: A Case Study of Sex Bias in the History of Educational Thought
Authors: Martin Jane Roland
Published: May 2015

While the sex bias in Rousseau's educational and political philosophy is revealed in this essay, the focus is the bias exhibited by the discipline of the history of educational thought in its treatment of Rousseau's masterpiece, Emile.Jane Roland Martin argues that the accepted interpretation of Rousseau's philosophy of education is fundamentally mistaken and traces its inadequacy to its failure to acknowledge Rousseau's discussion of the education of girls in Emile V. In place of the growth model of education attributed to Rousseau she proposes a production model which does justice to his account of the education of both sexes.
The Issue Is Still Equality of Educational Opportunity
Authors: Braddock II Jomills Henry
Published: May 2015

Education in the United States has traditionally been viewed as a primary stepping stone to upward social mobility. This has been especially true for the disadvantaged and minority group members. Conventional wisdom suggests that it is our free public school system that guarantees an open society in which children of all social classes and ethnic backgrounds have an equal chance to develop their talents and achieve adult success commensurate with their individual abilities. While a number of observers argue strongly that the U.S. educational system perpetuates and reinforces existing social inequities(Bowles, 1972; Rothbart, 1970), it is still the case that educational attainment is the single best predictor of adult occupational success (Sewell & Hauser, 1975).
Opening Remarks
Authors: Ylvisaker Paul
Published: May 2015

Formal education today is under siege from four directions. Demographic trends have made the learning needs of those beyond the age of conventional schooling competitive with our traditional clientele. The revolution in communications is transforming our mode and concepts of teaching and learning. Affluence has given way to scarcity; retrenchment has become the inevitable order of the day as an expanding world population with an expanding claim to equal rights and equal privileges comes up against a finite rate of economic growth.