bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary determinants of macrophyte community structure in 62 marshes across the Great Lakes basin: latitude, land use, and water quality effects
Authors: Lougheed Vanessa L , Crosbie Barb , Chow-Fraser Patricia
Published: April 2011

We collected water quality, land use, and aquatic macrophyte information from 62 coastal and inland wetlands in the Great Lakes basin and found that species richness and community structure of macrophytes were a function of geographic location and water quality. For inland wetlands, the primary source of water quality degradation was inputs of nutrients and sediment associated with altered land use, whereas for coastal wetlands, water quality was also influenced by exposure and mixing with the respective Great Lakes. Wetlands within the subbasins of the less developed, more exposed upper Great Lakes had unique physical and ecological characteristics compared with the more developed, less sheltered wetlands of the lower Great Lakes and those located inland. Turbid, nutrient-rich wetlands were characterized by a fringe of emergent vegetation, with a few sparsely distributed submergent plant species. High-quality wetlands had clearer water and lower nutrient levels and contained a mix of emergent and floating-leaf taxa with a diverse and dense submergent plant community. Certain macrophyte taxa were identified as intolerant of turbid, nutrient-rich conditions (e.g., Pontederia cordata, Najas flaxilis), while others were tolerant of a wide range of conditions (e.g., Typha spp., Potamogeton pectinatus) occurring in both degraded and pristine wetlands.
A paleolimnological assessment of the effects of post-1970 reductions of sulfur deposition in Sweden
Authors: Ek A S , Korsman T
Published: April 2011

Analysis of diatoms in sediment cores from 10 acidic (pH < 6) lakes in southern Sweden shows that eight of the lakes have acidified after 1950, while two lakes have not significantly acidified. However, since the 1970s, sulfur deposition has decreased by 50%, and lake water chemistry monitored since 1983 shows an initial reversal of acidification. However, the diatom data do not indicate that a general recovery in pH has occurred yet. The diatoms show that a small recovery has occurred in only one lake (pH increase from 4.7 to 4.9). The 10 lakes vary in total organic carbon content from 2 to 17 mg·L1. According to the diatoms, the lakes with high total organic carbon (>9 mg·L1) have not acidified as much as the lakes with lower total organic carbon (<7 mg·L1). We ascribe this difference in response to acid deposition to the buffering capacity of organic acids. Knowledge of the role of organic acids when combined with anthropogenic acid deposition is important in predicting responses to decreasing acid deposition and the time scales required for recovery. Paleolimnological methods are shown here to provide valuable information for these purposes as well as to provide a long-term perspective on lake acidity changes needed for the evaluation of recovery.
Within-drainage population genetic structure of the freshwater fish Pseudomugil signifer (Pseudomugilidae) in northern Australia
Authors: McGlashan D J , Hughes J M , Bunn S E
Published: April 2011

Dendritic channel patterns have the potential to isolate populations within drainages, depending on the relative position within the stream hierarchy of the populations. We investigated the extent of genetic subdivision in the Australian freshwater fish Pseudomugil signifer (Kner) (Pseudomugilidae) from two drainages in northern Queensland, Australia, using allozyme techniques. The drainages were adjacent and had similar channel patterns each with two major subcatchments coalesced to an estuarine confluence. Analysis of 30 sites across the two drainages revealed that although there was significant genetic variation among sites in both drainages, this was not between the two subcatchments in either case. This result did not support predictions of the stream hierarchy model (SHM), which would predict higher levels of variation among subcatchments than within them, nor did it suggest that estuarine conditions represent a significant barrier to dispersal in this species. More variation was among sites within each subcatchment. Multidimensional scaling plots revealed that, although most sites within a drainage were similar to one another, outlier sites occurred in each drainage, so correlations between genetic distance and geographic distance were weak. We suggest that the distance between sites and the probability of connectivity between sites may better explain the observed distribution of genetic diversity.
Parentage and grandparentage assignment with known and unknown matings: application to Connecticut River Atlantic salmon restoration
Authors: Letcher Benjamin H , King Tim L
Published: April 2011

Large-scale use of parentage assignment of stocked Connecticut River, U.S.A., Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry to determine stocking tributary of emigrating smolts and returning adults requires both parentage assignment and grandparentage assignment. Using computer simulations, we explored the levels of genetic diversity necessary to provide adequate parentage and grandparentage assignment. When matings were known, as in a hatchery, 95% correct grandparentage assignment typically required at least twofold more alleles per locus than did 95% correct parentage assignment. Parentage assignment with unknown matings (as in the wild when parental genotypes can be assayed) required an intermediate number of alleles per locus and grandparentage assignment with unknown matings required the greatest genetic diversity. Computer simulations using empirical parental genotypes (14 loci) and known P1 matings indicated that the genetic diversity of Connecticut River Atlantic salmon broodstock is sufficient to assign all F1 and 97% of F2 offspring to the correct set of two parents or four grandparents, respectively. Grandparentage assignment with unknown P1 matings was ineffective (assignment success = 20%). These results indicate that the combination of parentage and grandparentage assignment can be used as a non-lethal, permanent, heritable "mark" to identify stocking tributary or other management directed characteristics of stocked fry.
Estimating in-river survival of migrating salmonid smolts using radiotelemetry
Authors: Skalski John R , Lady James , Townsend Richard , Giorgi Albert E , Stevenson John R , Peven Charles M , McDonald Robert D
Published: April 2011

A field study to estimate the survival of outmigrating steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) smolts using radiotelemetry methods is illustrated. A paired releaserecapture design was used to estimate pool (i.e., reservoir), dam, and project (i.e., reservoir plus dam) survival at two mid-Columbia River hydroprojects based on maximum likelihood estimation. The release and detection scheme was designed to minimize the possibility of detecting false-positive radio signals from smolts that might have died upstream during the hydroproject passage. Model assumptions and possible violations are discussed. Releases of radio-tagged and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged steelhead smolts were also compared to assess the possible effects of tag type on migration behavior. Survival through the Rocky Reach project (P = 0.86) and Rock Island project (P = 0.41) and bypass diversion probabilities at Rocky Reach Dam (P = 0.39) were found to be similar between tag types. Small but significant differences in arrival patterns (P = 0.02) and travel times (P = 0.01) were observed between radio-tagged and PIT-tagged smolts.
Can fisheries yield be enhanced by large-scale feeding of a predatory fish stock? A case study of the Icelandic cod stock
Authors: Björnsson Björn
Published: April 2011

The concept of large-scale feeding of a predatory fish stock by natural prey species is introduced and evaluated for the Icelandic cod (Gadus morhua L.) stock. The paper addresses the question of whether fisheries yield can be enhanced by relocating food supply in an ecosystem from areas of surplus prey abundance to areas where predator abundance is high and prey abundance low. The benefits of large-scale feeding may be threefold. First, it may increase the growth rate and yield of a predatory fish stock. Second, it may reduce predation on valuable species. Third, it may lower the cost of fishing. For large-scale feeding to be economically feasible it is necessary to have access to large quantities of inexpensive and high-quality feed. In Iceland about 1 000 000 t of capelin, herring, and blue whiting are landed annually for fishmeal production, their price being less than 10% of that of cod. For much of the year these stocks are outside the distributional area of the Icelandic cod stock. The most cost-effective feeding technique must involve purse seiners and pelagic trawlers transporting their catch directly to the feeding locations. Different feeding scenarios, harvesting techniques, and ecological consequences are considered for the Icelandic cod stock.
Change in stable nitrogen isotope ratio in the muscle tissue of a migratory goby, Rhinogobius sp., in a natural setting
Authors: Maruyama Atsushi , Yamada Yoshihiro , Rusuwa Bosco , Yuma Masahide
Published: April 2011

Time lags associated with changes in stable isotope ratios are essential information for quantitatively analyzing shifts of food habits and habitats. To investigate time lags associated with fish growth in a natural setting, we monitored the change in δ15N in the muscle tissue of a fluviallacustrine amphidromous goby, Rhinogobius sp. (the orange form), in the Lake Biwa water system. Because δ15N is distinct between lacustrine and fluvial ecosystems, the δ15N of age-0+ fish drastically decreased after their upstream migration from the lake. About 80% of the change in δ15N was attributed to growth. Nitrogen was replaced at the rate of 520%·month1 by metabolic turnover. The half-change period for δ15N was estimated as being longer than 1 month with the contribution of growth and metabolic turnover in the field. These results from the field show that growth is primarily responsible for isotopic changes in fish muscle and highlight the need to examine the role of metabolic turnover using slow-growing fish.
XVII.: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN LOBSTER.: The Physiology of the Intestine.
Authors: Miller B.A., M.B. F. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
XIX.: THE GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BIOLOGICAL STATION AT DEPARTURE BAY, VANCOUVER ISLAND.
Authors: Burwash M.A. E. M.
Published: April 2011

not available
IV.: LOBSTER SANCTUARIES AND HATCHING PONDS: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LONG BEACH LOBSTER POND, DIGBY COUNTY, NOVA SCOTIA, IN 1914.
Authors: Knight M.A., M.D., F.R. A. P.
Published: April 2011

not available
No. VI: THE PACIFIC HERRING.
Authors: FRASER C. McLEAN
Published: April 2011

not available
No 9: A QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER OF SURVIVORS FROM PLANTING 5,000 TROUT FRY IN EACH OF TWO STREAMS
Authors: WHITE H. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
No. 19: A NOTE ON THE ORGANIC CONSTITUTION OF PACIFIC COAST KELPS
Authors: BERKELEY C.
Published: April 2011

not available
No. 15: A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON TROUT INVESTIGATIONS IN FORBES BROOK IN 1925 AND 1926
Authors: WHITE B.A. H. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LIFE HISTORY AND PROPAGATION OF THE SOCKEYE SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA) AT CULTUS LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA: NO. 2. THE RUN OF 1926
Authors: FOERSTER PH.D. R. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
A PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF CERTAIN PARASITIC SAPROLEGNIACEAE
Authors: DUFF D. C. B.
Published: April 2011

not available
A BARNACLE (SCALPELLUM COLUMBIANUM) FROM DEPARTURE BAY, B.C.
Authors: CORNWALL IRA E.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON DIGESTION IN FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS
Authors: NICHOLLS JOHN V. V.
Published: April 2011

The experiments showed that, within limits, the higher the temperature, the greater is the rate of digestion. The results were interpreted according to the Arrhenius formula. Thus, when the log. of the rate is plotted against [Formula: see text], two intersecting straight lines are obtained, having "μ's" of 21,000 and 7,000 respectively.
THE TOXICITY OF FRESH WATER ON PSEUDOPLEURONECTES AMERICANUS (WALBAUM)
Authors: CHAISSON A. F.
Published: April 2011

Experiments performed to determine whether a size-difference exists with respect to resistance to low salinities, showed the resistance to fresh water increasing with size. This is not what might be expected in view of the natural distribution of the sizes, and is the reverse of that found by previous workers for resistance to high temperatures.
THE CESTODA OF CANADIAN FISHES: I. THE PACIFIC COAST REGION
Authors: WARDLE ROBERT ARNOLD
Published: April 2011

The results are given of a survey of the cestode fauna of 1,500 fishes representing 26 species common in the straits of Georgia, British Columbia. The survey yielded only five species of adult and four species of larval cestodes. No cestodes were found in members of the Pleuronectidae and Embiotocidae and—with one exception—the Scorpaenidae, and the rate of infection in other families was singularly low.The cestodarian species in Hydrolagus colliei is regarded as identical with the Atlantic Gyrocotyle urna Gr. et Wag. The common cestode of the Pacific salmon is regarded as Eubothrium oncorhynchi n. sp., closely allied with the European Eubothrium crassum Bloch. Bothriocephalus scorpii Müll. occurred in Leptocottus armatus and Hexagrammos decagrammus, Bothriocephalus occidentalis Linton in Leptocottus armatus and Sebastodes maliger, and Gilquinia tetrabothrius v. Ben. in Squalus sucklii; a redescription is given of the two latter species. The larval forms recorded were two species of Diphyllobothrium in Oncorhynchus, a species of Nybelinia in Ophiodon elongatus, and a species of Phyllobothrium in Oncorhynchus.
THE BIOLOGY OF TRIAENOPHORUS TRICUSPIDATUS, (BLOCH 1779), IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: NEWTON MERLIN V. B.
Published: April 2011

An account is presented of the incidence of infection of Triaenophorus tricuspidatus (Bloch 1779) in Coregonus and Leucichthys species in Manitoba based upon an examination of 7,000 fishes. The survey covers thirty lakes from the southern Manitoba border to mile 200 on the Churchill railway, a few lakes in north eastern Saskatchewan, and includes the larger lakes of Winnipeg, Winnipegosis and Manitoba. The morphology and biology of the larvae and adult stages are described; and an incomplete description of the life cycle is given. The possibilities of economic control are discussed.
THE DISCOLOURATION OF HALIBUT BY MARINE CHROMOGENIC BACTERIA AT 0 °C.
Authors: BEDFORD ROBERT H.
Published: April 2011

When the skin of halibut is seeded with certain marine chromogenic bacteria, that produce pink, orange and yellow pigments in pure culture and that ordinarily occur on the skin of dead halibut, it becomes pink or yellow, as well as sour, in ten days at 0 °C.
BIOLOGICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN HUDSON BAY 9. FISHES FROM THE HUDSON BAY REGION (EXCEPT THE COREGONIDAE)
Authors: VLADYKOV VADIM D.
Published: April 2011

The present study is based on examination of six collections of fishes (about 4000 specimens) from the Hudson bay region made between 1919 and 1930. The material consisted of 45 different forms, belonging to 42 species, 34 genera and 17 families.No endemic species are known from this area. The following subspecies are described as new: Ammodytes dubius hudsonius, Gymnocanthus tricuspis hudsonius and Lycodes reticulatus hacheyi.Sixteen fresh-water and brackish-water forms collected in the Hudson bay area are the same as those that occur in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence regions.Twenty-eight marine species are known from the region under consideration; the majority of them (22) are truly arctic forms.Two species (Gymnocanthus galeatus and Liparis cyclostigma) previously known only from the north Pacific and Bering sea are found in Hudson bay.The most important commercial fishes are principally anadromous and rarely marine.
BIOLOGICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN HUDSON BAY: 10. MARINE ALGAE FROM HUDSON BAY
Authors: BELL HUGH P. , MACFARLANE CONSTANCE
Published: April 2011

Sixty-eight collections of marine algae made during the summers of 1927 to 1930 inclusive gave only one hundred and seventy one identifications, comprising forty species, none peculiar to this region alone. The distribution and appearance of the plants indicate that the algal association of Hudson bay is estuarial and arctic.
CITHARICHTHYS STIGMAEUS AS A POSSIBLE INTERMEDIATE HOST OF GILQUINIA SQUALI (FABRICIUS)
Authors: KUITUNEN-EKBAUM E.
Published: April 2011

Feeding cysts from Citharichthys to Squalus gave tapeworms considered as G. squall.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN SEA-FOODS (HADDOCK, COD, MACKEREL AND LOBSTER) ON GASTRIC SECRETION
Authors: ALLEY ARMINE
Published: April 2011

Gastric juice from an Armour pouch in a dog was collected after feeding by fistula with haddock, cod, mackerel and lobster. The first three proved to be as strong a stimulus as, and lobster a stronger stimulus than, beef for mucin, pepsin, acid and volume of secretion. All remain as long in the stomach as beef, and mackerel longer. The high fat content of the mackerel seems to decrease the pepsin, diminish the volume in the first hour, and prolong the retention of food.
THE RELATION BETWEEN COIL AREA, TEMPERATURE OF COOLING MEDIUM AND DEHYDRATION IN A COLD STORAGE ROOM
Authors: YOUNG O. C.
Published: April 2011

In studies with a small scale cold storage room of ordinary type a relation was obtained between coil area and temperature of brine for a constant room temperature and given outside conditions. The dehydrating effect in the room was found to decrease as the cooling coil area was increased. As the evaporating area of stored material was increased the dehydration per unit area was found to decrease slightly, and at different temperature levels the dehydration for a constant temperature difference between inside and outside air was found to correspond closely to the capacity of air for holding moisture at the respective temperature levels.
Movements Resulting from Mixing of Stratified Waters
Authors: Hachey H. B.
Published: April 2011

Experiments in mixing steadily at one end of a laboratory tank an upper fresh water with a lower salt water layer demonstrate surface and bottom movements to the mixing area and an intermediate movement of mixed water away from it, which correspond with observations made in an inlet of the sea into which fresh water discharges. If fresh water is merely added at the mixing area to the tank containing salt water, the outward movement is at the surface, and there is no inward surface movement.
Local Differences in the Body Proportions of the Lobster, Homarus americanus
Authors: Templeman W.
Published: April 2011

The claws of males and the width and depth of abdomen of females increase at a higher rate than body length with approaching sexual maturity. Consequently for lobsters over 20 cm. in length males possess claws relatively larger and females an abdomen relatively wider and deeper in an area such as that near Pointe du Chêne where sexual maturity occurs at about 20 cm. than in that near Grand Manan where lobsters only become sexually mature at about 34 cm.
Fish Oils: V. The Effect of Various Treatments on the Rate of Oxidation of Pilchard Oil
Authors: Denstedt O. F. , Brocklesby H. N.
Published: April 2011

Pilchard oil has a shorter inductive period and a greater rate of oxidation than other drying oils. Polymerization by heat prolongs the inductive period and diminishes the rate of oxidation whilst polymerization by ultra-violet radiation shortens the inductive period, increases the rate of oxidation and reduces the total amount of oxygen absorbed. Refining increases the susceptibility of the oil to oxidation. Treatment with dry sulphur dioxide eliminates the inductive period. Oxygen-absorption curves obtained by a manometric method are submitted to show the influence of driers, mineral pigments and anti-oxidants, on the rate of oxidation of the oil.
Local Differences in the Life History of the Lobster (Homarus americanus) on the Coast of the Maritime Provinces of Canada
Authors: Templeman W.
Published: April 2011

The hatching and moulting of the lobster are earlier in waters with a high than in those with a lower summer temperature. Moulting is about one week later for each degree lower summer temperature. In such high temperature areas as Malpeque bay two moultings occur during the year in most lobsters between 14 and 22 cm. in length.

In the whole southern gulf of St. Lawrence area female lobsters as small as 18 to 21 cm. in length may carry eggs, while in the Grand Manan area with a summer temperature 5 to 8 °C. lower, the smallest sexually mature females are about 34 cm. in length.

The growth per moult of the female lobster falls considerably below that of the male when sexual maturity approaches, thus in the southern gulf of St. Lawrence the female growth rate slows down rapidly after 18 to 21 cm. and in southern Nova Scotia at about 30 cm.

In the southern gulf area at small sizes more males than females appear in the commercial catch, at larger sizes more females and at very large sizes nearly all the lobsters caught are males.

Average sizes of lobsters in the commercial catch are considerably smaller in the southern gulf area than in southern Nova Scotia and at Grand Manan.
An Ecological Study of the Sea Mussel (Mytilus edulis Linn.)
Authors: Warren A. Emerson
Published: April 2011

The distribution of the sea mussel beds of the Passamaquoddy bay area is almost exclusively intertidal. The experiments herein reported show that mussels grow most rapidly when constantly submerged. Their general absence below the low tide level, therefore, is attributed to the particular abundance in this region of the predatory fauna.
Dissolved Nitrogenous Materials in the Effluent of Pilchard Reduction Plants
Authors: Beall Desmond
Published: April 2011

Fractional protein analyses of material from plants on the west coast of Vancouver island give the following average percentages of nitrogen: protein, 7.6; proteose, 35.9; peptone, 26.9; and sub-peptone 28.5. "Dissolved protein" precipitated by "methyl hydrate" consists of both protein and proteoses.
Local Feeding of Kingfishers and Mergansers
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

On the Margaree and Apple rivers, N.S., the belted kingfisher feeds upon those fishes most available within its feeding range. In the estuaries many species are taken, but ascending a river the number becomes less until only salmon and trout (Salvelinus), or trout alone, constitute the food.

By rearing a young bird it was determined that the American merganser pursues its prey by sight under water, being able to see a distance of from 10 feet (3 m.) to 2 feet (0.6 m.) or less, depending upon the clearness of the water. The bird consumes daily on the average more than a third of its weight. In nature the broods are reared up stream where young salmon are the dominant fish and constitute the major food item, with trout next. When the supply becomes scarce they shift down stream and in the estuary take the various fishes occurring there. In contrast the young red-breasted mergansers were found feeding over areas not frequented by young salmon, and the adults were confined largely to the estuary. They fed on the species available, which sometimes consisted largely of young salmon.
Habits and Distribution of Larval Lobsters (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Templeman W.
Published: April 2011

In three weeks' towing off Pictou, 319 first stage, 10 second, 2 third and 2 fourth stage lobster larvae were obtained. In the daytime at least, lobster larvae are largely concentrated at the surface and many thousands of crab larvae are captured with each lobster larva. Larvae are driven many kilometres offshore or onshore by the wind. First stage larvae were red in the daytime and blue at night in shallow water, and green in the daytime at the surface in deep water. All second, third and fourth stage larvae obtained were green.
Some Characteristics of the Enzymes of the Pyloric Caeca of Cod and Haddock
Authors: Johnston W. W.
Published: April 2011

Investigation of fish enzymes for leather bates reveals that those of the pyloric caeca show their greatest influence on casein and collagen at hydrogen ion concentrations of approximately pH 8. The protease showed its maximum activity towards casein at a temperature of 45 °C. Ammonium salts at certain concentrations increased the rate of hydrolysis of collagen by about 40 per cent, but had no like stimulating effect on the hydrolysis of casein. A comparison showed that pyloric caeca enzymes were just as satisfactory as commercial leather bates or hog pancreas. When the pyloric caeca are allowed to autolyse at room temperature, the protease activity is constant for the first 24 hours, declines rapidly during the next 80 hours, and slowly thereafter. The most suitable method for preparing a dried preparation was by evaporation under partial vacuum, which, however, is accompanied by some loss of activity.
On Adequate Quantitative Sampling of the Pelagic Net Plankton of a Lake
Authors: Ricker William E.
Published: April 2011

Of the various kinds of error which arise in quantitative plankton investigations, those involved in the process of enumeration of a collection are ordinarily smallest in magnitude, though fractioning may introduce an extra sampling error, particularly when not done volumetrically.More serious are the possibilities of error in the collection of the plankters from the lake. Traps are in general more accurate than nets, but the latter are more convenient, and when made of no. 10 silk are reliable quantitative collectors of the larger organisms. The more usual no. 20 silk is very variable in efficiency. Both nets and traps appear to suffer from the ability of some plankters to see and avoid them, by day. The sampling error of a collection, considered as representing the part of the lake near which it was taken, is such as to make a single collection, containing only a moderate number of individuals, of little value in determining abundance of a species.On Cultus lake, collections taken at a single central station will indicate the average abundance of the pelagic plankton almost as precisely as would the same number of collections taken at various points throughout the whole pelagic region.
The Larval Development of Pandalus stenolepis
Authors: Needler Alfreda Berkeley
Published: April 2011

The paper describes the first and second stage larvae of Pandalus stenolepis hatched and reared in the laboratory and later stages obtained from plankton collections. The first stage is less well developed than that of any other known British Columbian pandalid but more advanced than is normal for Caridea.
Studies on Salt Fish: III. Equilibrium Moisture Coefficients of Salt Fish Muscle
Authors: Cooper D. LeB.
Published: April 2011

Sorption isotherms of salt fish muscle determined by the quartz spiral balance show that the material is isohygrometric between 0.30 and 0.754 activity and 15° to 35 °C. temperature. Above 0.754 the system acts as a saturated solution of sodium chloride.
The Adsorption of Vitamin A from Oils by Soaps formed in situ
Authors: Brocklesby H. N. , Kuchel C. C.
Published: April 2011

Soaps formed in situ removed vitamin A from oils by adsorption, which increased (a) with increase of the water: soap ratio up to 3,000; (b) inversely as the temperature of soap formation; (c) directly with the free fatty acid content of the oil. Percentage adsorption plotted against the original vitamin content of various oils gave a typical adsorption isotherm. Under comparable conditions, a preformed soap adsorbed 7%, a soap formed in situ 39%, of the vitamin. Of various fatty acid soaps investigated, oleates were most effective. The adsorbed vitamin can be recovered quantitatively.
The Food of Mergus serrator on the Margaree River, N.S.
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

Largely reflecting the fish available, the food is chiefly sticklebacks (some young salmon) in the river estuary, and wholly salmonids (nearly all young salmon) far up the river.
Le Poisson Frais: I. Le Role du pH sur la Conservation du Poisson
Authors: Nadeau Aristide
Published: April 2011

not available
Surface Water Temperatures of the Canadian Atlantic Coast
Authors: Hachey H. B.
Published: April 2011

Monthly mean surface water temperatures, based on observations from 1926 to 1935 are used to determine normal monthly mean temperatures for eight points on the Canadian Atlantic coast. Sine curves are found to fit the data for all points, with one exception. The general type of temperature curve determined by daily observations divides the regions of observation into those represented by a smooth curve, those by an erratic type, and those showing sharp but regular changes in temperatures from day to day.
Studies of Fish Spoilage: VIII. Volatile Acid of Cod Muscle Press Juice
Authors: Collins V. K.
Published: April 2011

Acetic acid has been identified as the only volatile acid produced in spoiling cod muscle press juice. Lactic acid present and that formed from some unknown precursor is oxidized to acetic acid and carbon dioxide. The significance of these results is discussed.
The Nutritive Value of Marine Products.: XV. Proximate Analyses of Canned British Columbia Crabs, Shrimps and Clams
Authors: Pugsley L. I.
Published: April 2011

Percentages of moisture, protein, fat and ash in meat and liquor were determined. Food value of the meat was approximately 100 calories per 100 grams.
Vitamin A and D Potencies of Oil from Body, Liver and Intestines of Pilchard, Herring, Salmon and Tullibee
Authors: Pugsley L. I.
Published: April 2011

In vitamin A (colorimetric) and vitamin D (biological) assays on representative seasonal samples of commercially produced pilchard and herring oil (from the whole fish), the vitamin D potency was found to vary inversely with the yield of oil, and the potencies of these oils with laboratory samples of tullibee oil were found to be within the range quoted for authentic cod liver oil, whereas the vitamin A potency was considerably lower than for most fish liver oils. The vitamin D of pilchard, herring, and salmon offal oil was found equally effective for rats and chickens. Vitamin D was found occluded with the stearine fraction of herring oil and was separated from it by three recrystallizations from acetone. The vitamin D potency of herring oil was found not to be related to the size of the fish.
The Surface Concept in Measurement of Fish Spoilage
Authors: Wood A. J. , Sigurdsson G. J. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

The contact plate method as used for cod muscle has revealed that the major changes rendering fish unfit for human consumption can be attributed almost entirely to surface pollution of the fish with spoilage bacteria. This is confirmed by three chemical tests, trimethylamine, tyrosine, and surface pH. The relative rates of increase in all three are much greater at the surface than in the interior of cod and haddock fillets. The more rapid surface changes are taken as evidence that tests for spoilage in fish products should be based on samples from the surface of the products and not from composite samples.
Rise and Fall of Bacterial Populations in Fish Muscle
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

A direct bacterial count method applicable to fish muscle containing over approximately 1 × 105 bacteria per gram, with a modification employing preliminary incubation for muscle containing fewer bacteria, is described. Direct counts generally yielded similar and somewhat higher results than viable counts. Mixed bacterial populations of fish muscle generally exhibited the growth phases characteristic of a pure bacterial culture. There was absolutely no relation between direct (or viable) counts obtained subsequent to such incubation and the initial viable counts of the samples studied. Bacteria increased much more rapidly in excised fish muscle than in whole fish, and somewhat more rapidly in halibut than in salmon flesh.
Diurnal Fluctuations in the Upstream Migration of Coho and Spring Salmon
Authors: Neave Ferris
Published: April 2011

At Skutz falls, Cowichan river, B.C., fish migrated mainly during daylight hours. No correlation was found between diurnal fluctuations in number of migrants and volume or temperature of the water. Light seemed the determining factor. A moderate amount of artificial light had no effect on night migratory movements.
Magnesium-Ammonium-Phosphate Crystal Formation in Canned Lobster
Authors: Hollett Andrew
Published: April 2011

Analyses of canned lobster for magnesium, ammonia, and inorganic and total phosphorus have indicated that the extent of crystallization of magnesium ammonium phosphate in canned lobster is limited by the concentration of magnesium. This has been confirmed by experimental canning. It has been shown by experimental canning that sea-water, the magnesium concentration of which is approximately five times that of lobster meat, is the major contributing factor in the formation of large quantities of these crystals. Abstention from the use of sea-water in any step of the canning process restricts crystal formation to the point where it escapes the observation of the consumer.
The Relation of Lake Population Density to Size of Young Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Authors: Foerster R. E.
Published: April 2011

For Cultus lake, B.C., data concerning relative numbers of young sockeye inhabiting the lake each year were obtained from the count of seaward migrants. From samples of the latter the sizes of the migrants were determined. For all years, 1927–1937, a statistically significant inverse correlation of −0.815 existed between extent of lake population and size of migrants. Under natural conditions the lake's sockeye productivity seems limited, probably due to limited plankton crop, and the sockeye values obtained in each year are compared to a production level of 6,000–8,000 kg. Experiments in reducing predaceous fish populations indicate appreciable increase in sockeye production.
The Catchability of Lobsters
Authors: Smith G. F. M.
Published: April 2011

From returns of tagging over 6,000 lobsters in the southern part of the gulf of St. Lawrence, it was found that at each of five places the percentage of tagged lobsters recaptured increased proportionally to the size, measured as log length. The differences in average size among places were significant and it was found that the regression coefficient of catchability on length varied inversely as the average size and directly as the population density. The interplay of these factors causes a decrease in average size during a fishing season and a relative increase in the catchability of the small lobsters. It is estimated that there is an economic advantage of at least six to one in favour of catching 24 centimetre rather than 17 centimetre lobsters.
Amines in Fish Muscle: III. Spoilage of Iced Eviscerated Cod
Authors: Dyer W. J. , Dyer F. E. , Snow M.
Published: April 2011

Bacterial counts, trimethylamine and trimethylamine oxide concentrations, and pH in gutted cod stored in melting ice show that spoilage originates in the belly cavity. Bacteria do not penetrate the muscle until spoilage is well advanced, but the substrates, trimethylamine oxide, etc., diffuse outward to the surface and the bacterial products diffuse rapidly into the muscle. Leaching by the ice water lowers the concentration of trimethylamine oxide at the skin. A gradient of high trimethylamine concentration in the belly cavity, decreasing through the muscle to low values at the skin, rapidly develops.
Colorimetric Nitrite Determination
Authors: Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

Sodium nitrite is quantitatively extracted from fish tissue by water in the Waring blendor. An accurate colorimetric method for nitrite determination has been developed, using sulphanilamide and N-(1-napthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. The red colour is stable from five minutes to several hours.
L'Iodate de Potassium et le Glucose Comme Agents Inhibiteurs de la Decomposition du Poisson
Authors: Fougère Henri
Published: April 2011

not available
Water Transports and Current Patterns for the Scotian Shelf
Authors: Hachey H. B.
Published: April 2011

Data of twelve seasonal cruises, during 1934–1938, over the Scotian shelf have been used to determine surface currents, volume transports, and current patterns. Surface currents ranged from zero to 37.9 cm./sec. (18.2 nautical mi. da.). Volume transports varied considerably from season to season, and were greatest during winter months. Isentropic analysis of the data indicated a persistent current pattern, defining a water movement parallel to the coast, a large-scale circulatory movement over the central portion of the shelf, and a complicated vortex in the southwesterly portion of the area.
Food of Killifish and White Perch in Relation to Supply
Authors: Smith M. W.
Published: April 2011

Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) in Tedford lake, Nova Scotia, selected bottom microcrustaceans, Hyalella, chironomids and Chaoborus, but not Amnicola commensurately with its abundance. They ignored available pelagic microcrustaceans. White perch (Morone americana) took pelagic microcrustaceans, Hyalella, odonates, chironomids, Chaoborus, insect imagines, and small fish, but avoided mollusks. With increase in length, even within narrow limits, they selected larger organisms. About 70 per cent by count and 10 per cent by dry weight of the macroscopic bottom fauna consisted of species eaten by both fish. About 20 per cent by count of the fish population was available to the perch. Other macroscopic bottom organisms and tadpoles were too large or secretive to be available. Available and acceptable bottom organisms were effectively utilized by both fish. Perch cropped the pelagic microcrustaceans poorly, but the available fish effectively.
Microorganisms From Atlantic Cod
Authors: Dyer Frances E.
Published: April 2011

Five hundred and ninety-five organisms isolated from six cod were members of the genera Micrococcus, Microbacterium, Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Proteus, Alkaligenes, moulds and yeast-like organisms. A new species, Microbacterium piscarium, is described. 98% of the cultures produced acid from carbohydrates, 60% lysed fish muscle, 29% reduced trimethylamine oxide to trimethylamine, and 45% were chromogenic.
Comparative Value of Germicidal Ices for Fish Preservation
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

The results obtained have shown that, in general, a germicidal ice which retards bacterial, spoilage of fish is much more effective when the pH of the flesh is low than when it approaches the neutral point. Of the ices used those containing 0.1% sodium nitrite, 0.01 to 0.02% sulphanilamide, 0.01% sulphathiazole and 0.067% chloramine B plus 0.067% sodium benzoate were quite effective in delaying spoilage. Ices containing chloramine B, chloramine T, No-Bac, Rivanol, penicillin, Roccal and Emulsept retarded spoilage only slightly or not at all.
The Effect of pH on the Enzymatic Reduction of Trimethylamine oxide
Authors: Castell C. H. , Snow J. M.
Published: April 2011

The reduction of trimethylamine oxide by heavy suspensions of washed cells of a number of species was greatly affected by the pH of the substrate, the more acid the reaction the slower was the reduction.
The Influence of Trimethylamine Oxide on the Bacterial Reduction of Redox Indicators
Authors: Castell C. H.
Published: April 2011

In the presence of bacteria capable of reducing it, trimethylamine oxide exerts a poising action on the oxidation-reduction potentials of media. This poising is at an Eh level considerably electropositive to the Eó of the redox indicators commonly used in the "reduction tests" used for determining the bacterial quality of foods.
The Behaviour of Chum, Pink and Coho Salmon in Relation to their Seaward Migration
Authors: Hoar William S.
Published: April 2011

In fresh water, chum and pink salmon fry form schools or mills, are constantly active both day and night, show positive rheotaxis and move into fast water. This activity takes them into the swiftest currents. At night loss of visual and contact stimuli reduces the intensity of the rheotactic response and results in downstream movement. An active swimming downstream occurs only with unusually high temperatures. Coho salmon fry occupy and defend territory, maintain definite positions in relation to particular objects in their environment, show a less marked tendency to move into fast water and are quiet at night. They are thus displaced downstream to a much lesser degree. Coho smolts, in contrast to the fry, demonstrate a lowered threshold for stimulation both day and night, a tendency to aggregate and a lessening in territory behaviour. During the day smolts group in deeper water or under cover. At night they rise to the surface and manifest increased activity which, in swift water, will result in displacement seaward. Pronounced changes in temperature modify these reactions. Sudden elevation of water levels hastens the downstream displacement.
Oceanographic Data of the Western Canadian Arctic Region, 1935–37
Authors: Tully John P.
Published: April 2011

Hydrographic observations made incidental to summer patrol duties of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police vessel St. Roche showed a relatively warm (6.5–8 °C.) saline (31.6‰) area in the Chukchi Sea, a cold (0.2–5.5 °C.) brackish (3–9‰) area from Point Barrow to Banks Island, and a cold (6.5–7.0 °C.) moderately saline (11.8–30.7‰) region from Banks Island through the channels to Coronation Gulf and Cambridge Bay.
Currents and Net Transport in Loudoun Channel, April 1950
Authors: Doe L. A. E.
Published: April 2011

An investigation of the Loudoun Channel area of Barkley Sound was carried out in April 1950 to determine the currents, net transports, and oceanographic conditions in the vicinity of the herring spawning grounds. Currents were measured at anchor stations by means of captive floats. Serial observations of salinity and temperature were made both at the anchor stations and in synoptic surveys of the region. Evidence was found that a significant change in the pattern of flow occurred between the earlier and later parts of the month which appeared to be associated with a sudden increase in the rate of discharge of the Somas River in nearby Alberni Inlet.
The Agonid Fish Pallasina barbata aix (Starks), from British Columbia
Authors: Barraclough W. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Benthos of Cultus Lake
Authors: Ricker W. E.
Published: April 2011

The bottom fauna of the deep water of Cultus Lake averages about 530 grams per square meter, dry weight, during the period January-May, and 720 in June-September. This is divided almost equally between Chironomidae and Oligochaeta, other organisms being negligible. The midges are extensively used as food by trout and other fishes during their season of emergence in winter and spring. The spatial distribution of the organisms is usually close to random as between samples 500 square centimeters in area, the only exception being that the oligochaetes were strongly bunched in winter.
The Vitamin B12 Content of Certain Fishery Materials
Authors: Southcott B. A. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Irregularities occurring in the microbiological assay of herring (Clupea pallasi) materials for vitamin B12 (cobalamin) are described and the probable reasons for the differences discussed. With the employment of a Lactobacillus leichmannii assay procedure and conditions under which vitamin B12 (cyano-cobalamin) and vitamin B13a (hydroxo-cobalamin) caused identical growth response, it was found that normal commercial flame-dried herring meals had about the same total cobalamin content as specially prepared meals dried at 38° to 43.5 °C. Chromatographic separation, elution and assay of the cobalamins in herring-meal samples indicated that substantially all of the activity found by direct assays of the meals was due to the vitamin itself. Hexane extraction had little effect on the cobalamin content, but heating the meals reduced it.
The Action of Hydroxylamine on Bacteria
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

When hydroxylamine was incorporated into muscle of halibut, lingcod and coho salmon in concentrations varying from 24 to 240 μg. per gm. (24 to 240 parts per million) it caused a much more marked delay in the rate of bacterial spoilage of samples stored at. 0 °C., and in one instance at 25 °C., than did 200 μg. per gm. of sodium nitrite. From 5 to 50 μg. of hydroxylamine per ml. of nutrient broth either partially or entirely inhibited the growth of ten species of fish spoilage bacteria at 25 °C. and pH 5.9 to 7.5. Somewhat similar results were obtained with a culture of a food poisoning strain of Staphylococcus aureus and the strict anaerobe Clostridium botulinum, except that these organisms were in general less sensitive and that most effective inhibition was obtained at pH 5.9.
The Standing Crop of Net Plankton in Lakes
Authors: Rawson D. S.
Published: April 2011

Plankton sampling has been a part of the program in a number of investigations of lakes in western Canada during the past 20 years. The techniques chosen for this work are discussed and criticized. The resulting data on average standing crop of net plankton are summarized and considered in relation to the kinds of lakes represented. The standing crop in 20 lakes shows an inverse relation to mean depth which is interpreted as indicating that, in most of these lakes, the trophic condition is greatly influenced by morphometry. Deviations from this relation appear to be explained by the secondary effects of climate and edaphic situation.The difference in quantity between the standing crops of net plankton in oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes is not large, and, of course, these lake types intergrade. This lack of sharp differentiation is further obscured by rapid and extensive seasonal fluctuation in amounts of plankton and by the difficulties inherent in present methods of sampling. These circumstances render measurements of standing crop difficult and of only moderate utility in suggesting the trophic type or the possible productivity of a lake.
The Coho Salmon of Cultus Lake and Sweltzer Creek
Authors: Foerster R. E. , Ricker W. E.
Published: April 2011

A few hundred to one or two thousand cohoes enter Cultus Lake each year, while the Sweltzer Creek population below it is several times as large. "Jack" (age II) fish usually predominate over older male cohoes at the lake. Spawning in the lake or in tributary streams above yields downstream migrations of some hundreds of fry and, a year later, up to a few thousand yearling smolts. These, on the average, amount to 0.13 per cent of eggs in spawners, or only 3 smolts per female. This does not suffice to maintain the coho run into the lake, which is, therefore, heavily recruited from creek-bred fish each year. There are also a very few age-II seaward migrants, which largely return from the sea the same year. Of yearling smolts marked in 1927, 8 per cent returned to the lake after one and a half year's absence.A large fraction, probably the majority, of yearlings produced in the lake fail to migrate from it and live there into their second or third year of life. They are readily taken by trolling or netting in the autumn of their second year and in the winter and spring of their third. Maturing fish of ages II (males) and III (both sexes) have been taken but they are scarce. For this or other reasons production of young by lake-resident cohoes is negligible, or perhaps altogether lacking.