bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le Parti communiste et le cinéma
Authors: Vezyroglou Dimitri
Published: January 2013

L’interdiction, en 1927, de diffuser des films soviétiques en France s’inscrit dans le contexte de la lutte des pouvoirs publics français contre le mouvement communiste. Cette interdiction a aussi des incidences sur la cinéphilie française, qui se voit privée de l’accès à l’une des plus importantes cinématographies du monde. En 1928, le ciné-club Les amis de Spartacus est créé, avec l’aide du Parti communiste, pour contourner cette interdiction en diffusant les films soviétiques dans un cadre associatif. Son succès est immédiat. Mais la conjonction entre l’action des pouvoirs publics, déterminés à faire interdire ces représentations, et celle du Parti communiste, qui voit d’un mauvais œil le mélange des genres entre le militantisme politique et la passion cinéphile, aboutit quelques mois plus tard à la dissolution de l’association. Cette affaire est symptomatique des rapports entre culture et politique dans la France de l’entre-deux-guerres, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la surveillance et la répression du mouvement communiste, et de la place spécifique qu’occupe le cinéma dans ce contexte.
Changement organisationnel et implementation des TIC : pourquoi faire attention aux dimensions economiques de la gestion du savoir dans le cas des ERP ?
Authors: Ruzé Emmanuel
Published: January 2013

Résumé Nous proposons une réinterprétation d’études de cas traitant du couplage usuel entre implémentation des ERP et un genre particulier de changement organisationnel, dit « refonte des processus métiers ou business process reengineering ». Elle est susceptible d’intéresser tout manager confronté à ce problème stratégique en systèmes d’information. Nous faisons appel pour le comprendre aux outils de l’économie cognitive. Nous dégageons d’abord les spécificités de ce couplage et mettons en évidence l’importance cruciale de l’incertitude organisationnelle et de la gestion du savoir. Nous explicitons ensuite que les problématiques de coordination et de fiabilité complexes, observées dans les stratégies des firmes concernées, peuvent non seulement être reproduites adéquatement par l’économie cognitive expérimentale, mais aussi expliquées par un mécanisme économique simple fondé sur la rationalité limitée, et dont la généralité concerne d’ailleurs bien des situations en systèmes d’information.
Reproductive phenology of three species of Gelidiales (Rhodophyta) in two macroalgal communities from Tenerife (Atlantic Ocean, Canary Islands, Spain)
Authors: Polifrone Milena , Gil-Rodríguez María Candelaria , Domínguez Alvárez Susana , Stroobant Mascha , Viera-Rodríguez María Ascensión
Published: January 2013

The reproductive phenology of three species of Gelidiales, Gelidium canariense, Gelidium arbuscula and Pterocladiella capillacea, was analysed seasonally for a period of one year in two localities on the West coast of Tenerife (Atlantic Ocean, Canary Islands, Spain). Considerations are provided on sex ratio, maximum length and branch order of uprights and on the length of the thalli for each sexual and asexual phase of the Canary Islands populations. The three species were characterized by a high percentage of tetrasporophytes, while female and male gametophytes have been observed only in little proportion. Only G. canariense showed gametophytes in all seasons while the occurrence of gametophytes in G. arbuscula and Pterocladiella capillacea demonstrated a clear seasonality.
A new species of Silene sect. Dipterosperma (Caryophyllaceae) from Sicily
Authors: Brullo Cristian , Brullo Salvatore , Giusso del Galdo Gianpietro , Ilardi Vincenzo , Sciandrello Saverio
Published: January 2013

Silene kemoniana, a new species of the section Dipterosperma from NW Sicily, is described and illustrated. It is a therophyte that occurs in mountains near Palermo, where it grows on Mesozoic limestones in xerophilous garigues. Its relationships with S. colorata and allied species are also examined. A key of the species belonging to sect. Dipterosperma is provided.
Case Studies of System Identification Modeling for Flight Control Design
Authors: Ivler Christina M. , Tischler Mark B.
Published: January 2013

Flight control design and analysis requires an accurate flight dynamics model of the bare airframe and its associated uncertainties, as well as the integrated system model (block diagrams), across the frequency range of interest. Frequency response system identification methods have
proven to efficiently fulfill these modeling requirements in recent rotorcraft flight control applications. This paper presents integrated system identification methods for control law design with flight-test examples of the Fire Scout MQ-8B, S-76, and ARH-70A. The paper also looks toward
how system identification could be used in new modeling challenges such as large tilt-rotors and uniquely configured unmanned aircraft.
Dynamics of a Dual-Clutch Gearbox System: Analysis and Experimental Validation
Authors: Lewicki David G. , DeSmidt Hans , Smith Edward C. , Bauman Steven W.
Published: January 2013

Dynamic simulations and experimental validation tests were performed on a two-stage, two-speed gearbox. The gearbox was driven by two electromagnetic motors and had two electromagnetic, multidisk clutches to control output speed. A dynamic model of the system was created, which included
a DC electric motor with proportional–integral–derivative speed control, a two-speed gearbox with dual electromagnetically actuated clutches, and an eddy current dynamometer. A six-degree-of-freedom model of the gearbox accounted for the system torsional dynamics and included gear,
clutch, shaft, and load inertias as well as shaft flexibilities and a dry clutch stick-slip friction model. Experimental validation tests were performed on the gearbox in the NASA Glenn gear noise test facility. Gearbox output speed and torque as well as drive motor speed and current were
compared to those from the analytical predictions. The experiments correlate very well with the predictions, thus validating the dynamic simulation methodologies.
Effects of dietary ruminally degradable starch and ruminally degradable protein levels on urea recycling, microbial protein production, nitrogen balance, and duodenal nutrient flow in beef heifers fed low crude protein diets
Authors: Davies K. L. , McKinnon J. J. , Mutsvangwa T.
Published: January 2013

Davies, K. L., McKinnon, J. J. and Mutsvangwa, T. 2013. Effects of dietary ruminally degradable starch and ruminally degradable protein levels on urea recycling, microbial protein production, nitrogen balance, and duodenal nutrient flow in beef heifers fed low crude protein diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 123–136. The objective was to determine the effects of ruminally degradable starch (RDS; 28.6 and 69.2% of total starch) and ruminally degradable protein [RDP; 48.0 and 55.0% of crude protein (CP)] content on urea recycling, nitrogen (N) balance, duodenal nutrient flow, and microbial protein production in beef heifers fed low CP (10%) diets. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated beef heifers (723±57 kg body weight) were used in a 4×4 Latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments with 23-d periods. Jugular infusions of [15N15N]-urea (220 mg d−1; 98+ atom percent) were conducted for 4 d (days 18–22) to estimate urea kinetics, with total collection of faeces and urine. Proportions of [15N15N]- and [14N15N]-urea in urinary urea, and15N enrichment in faeces were used to calculate urea kinetics. Ruminal microbial N production was estimated using15N as a marker. Ruminal ammonia-N concentration was greater (P=0.01) in heifers fed high RDP as compared with those fed low RDP, and it was also greater (P=0.01) in heifers fed low RDS as compared with those fed high RDS. Microbial N flow to the duodenum increased as RDP level increased on the high RDS diet, but was not affected by RDP level on the low RDS diet (interaction; P=0.04). Urea-N entry rate and urea-N transfer to the gastrointestinal tract were similar (P>0.05) across diets. The amount of recycled urea-N incorporated into microbial N increased as RDP level increased on the high RDS diet, but the opposite was observed on the low RDS diet (interaction; P=0.008). These results indicate that at a low CP level (10%), increasing both RDS and RDP levels can increase microbial N flow to the duodenum and improve the efficiency of use of recycled urea-N for microbial N synthesis.
Measurement of motion corrected wind velocity using an aerostat lofted sonic anemometer
Authors: Stevens W. R. , Squier W. , Mitchell W. , Gullett B. K. , Pressley C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. An aerostat-lofted, sonic anemometer was used to determine instantaneous 3 dimensional wind velocities at altitudes relevant to fire plume dispersion modeling. An integrated GPS, inertial measurement unit, and attitude heading and reference system corrected the wind data for the rotational and translational motion of the anemometer and rotated wind vectors to a global North, West, Up coordinate system. Data were taken at rates of 10 and 20 Hz to adequately correct for motion of the aerostat. The method was applied during a prescribed forest burn. These data were averaged over 15 min intervals and used as inputs for subsequent dispersion modeling. The anemometer's orientation data are demonstrated to be robust for converting the wind vector from the internal anemometer reference system to the global reference system with an average bias between 5 and 7°. Lofted wind data are compared with sonic anemometer data acquired at 10 m on a mast located near the tether point of the aerostat and with local meteorological data.
Assessing the impact of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions on global vegetation and climate
Authors: Brault M.-O. , Mysak L. A. , Matthews H. D. , Simmons C. T.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The end of the Pleistocene marked a turning point for the Earth system as climate gradually emerged from millennia of severe glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere. It is widely acknowledged that the deglacial climate change coincided with an unprecedented decline in many species of large terrestrial mammals, including the near-total eradication of the woolly mammoth. Due to an herbivorous diet that presumably involved large-scale tree grazing, the mammoth expansion would have accelerated the expansion of dwarf deciduous trees in Siberia and Beringia, thus contributing to the changing climate of the period. In this study, we use the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM) to simulate the possible effects of megafaunal extinctions on Pleistocene climate change. We have explored various hypothetical scenarios of forest expansion in the Northern Continents, quantifying the regional and global biogeophysical effects in terms of changes in surface albedo and air temperature. In particular, we focus our attention on a Maximum Impact Scenario (MIS) which simulates the greatest possible post-extinction reforestation in the model. More realistic experiments include sensitivity tests based on the timing of extinction, the fraction of trees grazed by mammoths, and the size of mammoth habitats. We also show the results of a simulation with free (non-prescribed) atmospheric CO2. For the MIS, we obtained a surface albedo increase of 0.006, which resulted in a global warming of 0.175 °C. Less extreme scenarios produced smaller global mean temperature changes, though local warming in some locations exceeded 0.3 °C even in the more realistic extinction scenarios. In the free CO2 simulation, the biogeophysical-induced warming was amplified by a biogeochemical effect whereby the replacement of high-latitude tundra with shrub forest led to a release of soil carbon to the atmosphere and a small atmospheric CO2 increase. Overall, our results suggest the potential for a small, though non-trivial, effect of megafaunal extinctions on Pleistocene climate change.
Yield and Properties of Ethanol Biofuel Produced from Different Whole Cassava Flours
Authors: Ademiluyi F. T. , Mepba H. D.
Published: January 2013

The yield and properties of ethanol biofuel produced from five different whole cassava flours were investigated. Ethanol was produced from five different whole cassava flours. The effect of quantity of yeast on ethanol yield, effect of whole cassava flour to acid and mineralized media ratio on the yield of ethanol produced, and the physical properties of ethanol produced from different cassava were investigated. Physical properties such as distillation range, density, viscosity, and flash point of ethanol produced differ slightly for different cultivars, while the yield of ethanol and electrical conductivity of ethanol from the different cassava cultivars varies significantly. The variation in mineral composition of the different whole cassava flours could also lead to variation in the electrical conductivity of ethanol produced from the different cassava cultivars. The differences in ethanol yield are attributed to differences in starch content, protein content, and dry matter of cassava cultivars. High yield of ethanol from whole cassava flour is best produced from cultivars with high starch content, low protein content, and low fiber.
Health Concerns on Microbiological Quality of Bottled Drinking Water Sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Mwambete Kennedy D. , Sangwa Esther K.
Published: January 2013

Background:Dar es Salaam City has over 10 million habitants, who are constantly circumvented by water-borne diseases. The city experiences humid and hot weather throughout a year, which lead to high consumption of bottled drinking water because of being perceived as safer than tap or well water. Waterborne disease outbreaks still create havoc among the city habitants. This study determines heterotrophic plate count (HPC) values in bottled water and performs antimicrobial resistance tests on isolated microorganisms.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Fifty-four samples of bottled water were randomly purchased from shops, supermarkets and street vendors. HPC values were determined and microbial contaminants identified. The disk diffusion method was employed for testing antimicrobial resistance of microbial contaminants against four widely used antibiotics.
Results: HPC values were variable (4.7 x102 to 7.0 x105 cfu/ml). Majority (86.7%) of analyzed samples revealed high HPC values. Four bacterial species were isolated and identified from 47 samples. Predominant bacterial contaminants were Brevundimonas vesicularis (54.5%), while Pseudomonas thomasii was only isolated from one brand A sample. Brand E samples had the highest HPC values (2.2 x 104 to 2.16 x105 cfu/ml) while F samples were free from microbial contaminants. A total of 21 (46.7%) bacterial isolates were resistant to commonly used antibiotics namely ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol.
Conclusion: Of 54 analyzed bottled water samples, 47 had high HPC values. High rates of antibacterial resistance was exerted against ciprofloxacin (68.2%) and ampicillin (56%). This calls for responsible authorities to impose more stringent measures on in-process quality control among bottled water producers and indefatigably conduct post- production surveillance to avert the endemic water-borne outbreaks resulting from consumption of such products.
Studies on Cisplatin and Etoposide Treated Liver Protein Extract Under SDS-PAGE Gel Separation
Authors: Kamble Pratibha , Bhiwgade Dayanand A.
Published: January 2013

Cytotoxic agents has been widely used for the treatment various human malignancies. Cisplatin and etoposide are chemotheraupeutic agents which are used for treatment of metastatic cancers, solid tumors and neoplasm. The drug is known to exert its toxic effect on hepatic and renal tissue by altering its antioxidant response of these organs. In the present study both the drugs Cisplatin and etoposide were analyzed for its effects on hepatic protein status. Cisplatin has shown to cause consequential alterations in protein levels as compared to etoposide treated hepatic tissue. The protein with molecular weight 44.46, 13.8, 51.2 kd was downregulated and other ranging from 16.98-38.9 kd did not show any expression as compared to controls. In addition etoposide studies revealed overexpression in protein level ranging from molecular weight 14.45-33.11 kd which might suggest significant role in organ protection. Some of protein bands ranging from 25.12 to 51.29 kd showed similar pattern of expression compared to controls. Present studies might provide us clues of important role of these protein in combating free radical induced oxidative stress on the tissue.
Yo Jyo Hen Shi Ko (YHK) Modulates the Expression of Proteins Involved in de novo Lipogenesis and Lipid Exportation in Experimental Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
Authors: Pereira Isabel Veloso Alves , Souza de Oliveira Claudia Pinto Marques , Stefano José Tadeu , Halla Nathalia Cavalheiro , Alves João Avancini Ferreira , Laurindo Francisco Rafael Martins , Carrilho Flair José
Published: January 2013

Previous study by our group showed the protective effect of Yo Jyo Hen Shi Ko (YHK) a natural compound in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether YHK modulates lipid metabolism.NASH was induced in male ob/ob mice by methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 4 weeks. YHK-treated animals (YHK) received YHK solution orally (20 mg/kg/day) by gavage while MCD (n=6) group received only vehicle. The control animals (CTRL; n=6) received standard diet. Liver fragments were collected for mRNA and protein isolation. The analysis of gene expression and protein was performed by RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively.A significant decrease in srebp1c mRNA and protein expression and fasn mRNA expression was observed in MCD+YHK group. A significant increase in MTP protein expression was observed in the MCD+YHK vs MCD group while a decreased expression was observed in the MCD vs CTRL group. The expression of the scd1 in the MCD group was diminished. The Perilipin protein expression was augmented in the MCD group in comparison with MCD+YHK and CTRL groups.YHK modulated genes involved in the synthesis and exportation of hepatic lipids, probably limiting hepatocyte lipid accumulation, reducing lipogenesis and upregulating lipid exportation suggesting that the YHK can be a promising drug for treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Habitat suitability model for red deer (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758): spatial multi-criteria analysis with GIS application
Authors: Carvalho João , Martins Luciano , Silva José P. , Santos João , Torres Rita T. , Fonseca Carlos
Published: January 2013

Monitoring population trends is essential in wildlife management. In fact, to identify those environmental conditions linked to habitat use and selection is a key task in any conservation plan. Our aim in this work was predict red deer (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758) colonization in the Lombada National Hunting Area (LNHA), one of the largest wild populations in Portugal. The sharply increase in density and range of red deer over the last decades justify the careful monitoring of this population. A multi-criteria model using the Analytical Hierarchic Process (AHP) and GIS weighted spatial analysis with matrix algebra techniques were applied in this approach. This method was developed in three distinct phases: i) setting the objectives, ii) analysing pairs of factors through the application of a comparison matrix and iii) its synthesis with the weight assignment that followed a predetermined numeric range according to the ecological requirements of the study species. The variables used in the red deer habitat suitability model included the hydrographic network, asphalted roads, relief aspects and land use. From October 2010 to March 2011, a total of 129 observations along line transects were recorded and used to validate the final model. By using the AUC method it was obtained a success rate of 72%. Our results suggest that this method would be applied on a larger scale being suitable to predict red deer expansion. To our knowledge, this is the first study performed in Portugal using this methodological approach to assess the red deer-habitat relationships.
Correlation between academic performance and NBCE part I scores at a chiropractic college
Authors: Kenya Amilliah W.M. , Kenya Hope M. , Hart John
Published: January 2013

Objective

This study investigates the association between pre-National Board assessments and National Board Part 1 scores (NBCE) at a chiropractic college.

Methods

A convenience sample of 24 students enrolled in the doctor of chiropractic degree program was recruited for the study. These were 6th and 7th quarter students who had registered to take NBCE in March 2011. Each student's class scores were computed and average numeric means score derived. Subject clusters that make up testable subject categories in NBCE also were computed to obtain a single numeric mean score. Pretests were administered in all areas tested in NBCE. Results were compared to the student's scores in NBCE using correlation and multiple linear regression for 14 predictors and one response variable (NBCE).

Results

Among the 14 correlations for 19 students (due to missing data when running the correlation matrix), six were moderate-to-strong and statistically significant. Two predictors qualified for multiple linear regression (where n = 22): mean anatomy and mean chemistry, both of which revealed similar regression coefficients.

Conclusion

Mean anatomy and mean chemistry scores were shown to be the best predictors of NBCE Part 1 results in this sample.
Using confidence-based marking in a laboratory setting: A tool for student self-assessment and learning
Authors: Barr Deborah A. , Burke Jeanmarie R.
Published: January 2013

Objective

Confidence-based marking (CBM), developed by A. R. Gardner-Medwin et al., has been used for many years in the medical school setting as an assessment tool. Our study evaluates the use of CBM in the neuroanatomy laboratory setting, and its effectiveness as a tool for student self-assessment and learning.

Methods

The subjects were 224 students enrolled in Neuroscience I over a period of four trimesters. Regional neuroanatomy multiple choice question (MCQ) quizzes were administered the week following topic presentation in the laboratory. A total of six quizzes was administered during the trimester and the MCQ was paired with a confidence question, and the paired questions were scored using a three-level CBM scoring scheme.

Results

Spearman's rho correlation coefficients indicated that the number of correct answers was correlated highly with the CBM score (high, medium, low) for each topic. The χ2 analysis within each neuroscience topic detected that the distribution of students into low, medium, and high confidence levels was a function of number of correct answers on the quiz (p < .05). Pairwise comparisons of quiz performance with CBM score as the covariate detected that the student's level of understanding of course content was greatest for information related to spinal cord and medulla, and least for information related to midbrain and cerebrum.

Conclusion

CBM is a reliable strategy for challenging students to think discriminately-based on their knowledge of material. The three-level CBM scoring scheme was a valid tool to assess student learning of core neuroanatomic topics regarding structure and function.
The use of Assistive Technology for people with special needs in the UAE
Authors: Almekhalfi Abdurrahman Ghaleb , Tibi Sana
Published: January 2013

Today, technology has become an essential part of the everyday educational setting. Its use has proven to facilitate learning and communication of many students with and without disabilities. Assuredly, assistive technology (AT) has transformed education and empowered students with disabilities. In spite of the rapid changes taking place in all sectors in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the research studies investigating AT for students with special needs in the (UAE) are limited, if any. Quantitative and qualitative data collection methodology were used to explore the AT tools, services, barriers, and professional development available in the UAE special needs centers. Results showed that different types of AT devices existed in the classrooms which were available for students of different of disabilities. In addition, results revealed different types of barriers hindering the use of AT. Results may shed light on the use of AT in the UAE, teachers' perceptions towards this use and barriers impeding such use. Recommendations and suggestions to improve the use of AT wherever and whenever needed in the UAE are discussed.
Alcohols, Aliphatic
Authors: Falbe Jürgen , Bahrmann Helmut , Lipps Wolfgang , Mayer Dieter , Frey Guido D.
Published: January 2013

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Saturated Alcohols2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.3.1.Synthesis from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen2.3.2.Oxo Synthesis2.3.3.Hydrogenation of Aldehydes, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters2.3.4.Aldol Condensation of Lower Aldehydes and Hydrogenation of the Alkenals2.3.5.Oxidation of Trialkylaluminum Compounds2.3.6.Oxidation of Saturated Hydrocarbons2.3.7.Hydration of Olefins2.3.8.Homologation of Alcohols2.3.9.Reppe Process2.3.10.Hydrocarboxymethylation2.3.11.Fermentation2.3.12.Guerbet Alcohols2.3.13.Other Processes2.4.Individual Alcohols2.4.1.C6Alcohols2.4.2.C7Alcohols2.4.3.C8Alcohols2.4.4.C9Alcohols2.4.5.C10Alcohols2.4.6.Mixtures of Linear C12‐C18Alcohols (Detergent Alcohols)2.4.7.C13‐C18Isoalcohols2.5.Economic Aspects2.6.Quality Specifications2.7.Storage and Transportation3.Unsaturated Alcohols4.Alkoxides4.1.Properties4.2.Preparation4.3.Uses5.Toxicology
Aldehydes, Aliphatic
Authors: Kohlpaintner Christian , Schulte Markus , Falbe Jürgen , Lappe Peter , Weber Jürgen , Frey Guido D.
Published: January 2013

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Saturated Aldehydes

2.1.

Physical Properties

2.2.

Chemical Properties

2.3.

Production

2.4.

Individual Saturated C
5
–C
13
Aldehydes

2.4.1.

C
5
Aldehydes

2.4.2.

C
6
Aldehydes

2.4.3.

C
7
Aldehydes

2.4.4.

C
8
Aldehydes

2.4.5.

C
9
Aldehydes

2.4.6.

C
10
Aldehydes

2.4.7.

C
11
Aldehydes

2.4.8.

C
12
Aldehydes

2.4.9.

C
13
Aldehydes

3.

Unsaturated Aldehydes

3.1.

Physical Properties

3.2.

Chemical Properties

3.3.

Production

3.4.

Individual Unsaturated C
5
–C
11
Aldehydes

3.4.1.

C
5
Alkenals

3.4.2.

C
6
Alkenals

3.4.3.

C
8
Alkenals

3.4.4.

C
10
Alkenals

3.4.5.

C
11
Alkenals

4.

Hydroxyaldehydes

4.1.

Properties

4.2.

Production

4.3.

Individual Hydroxyaldehydes

4.3.1.

3‐Hydroxypropanal

4.3.2.

3‐Hydroxybutanal (Acetaldol)

4.3.3.

4‐Hydroxybutanal

4.3.4.

2,2‐Dimethyl‐3‐hydroxypropanal (Hydroxypivaldehyde)

4.3.5.

2‐Ethyl‐3‐hydroxyhexanal (Butyraldol)

4.3.6.

3,7‐Dimethyl‐7‐hydroxyoctanal (Hydroxycitronellal)

5.

Dialdehydes

5.1.

Properties

5.2.

Production

5.3.

Individual Dialdehydes

5.3.1.

Succinaldehyde (1,4‐Butanedial)

5.3.2.

Glutardialdehyde (1,5‐Pentanedial)

5.3.3.

TCD Dialdehyde

6.

Acetals

6.1.

Properties

6.2.

Production

6.3.

Uses

7.

Quality Control

8.

Analysis

9.

Storage, Transportation, and Environmental Regulations

10.

Economic Aspects
Butanals
Authors: Raff Donald K.
Published: January 2013

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical and Chemical Properties

3.

Production

4.

Uses

5.

Quality Specifications and Analysis

6.

Storage and Transportation

7.

Economic Aspects

8.

Toxicology and Occupational Health

Butanals are large‐volume commodity aldehydes with global consumption >7×10
6
 t/a. They are synthesized by reaction of propene with synthesis gas in the oxo process (hydroformylation). A mixture of
n
‐butyraldehyde and isobutyraldehyde is produced. The four general variants of the oxo process for butanals in use today are all catalyzed by rhodium but use different ligand systems. Three of them are homogeneous and the fourth is two‐phase water–organic. Each variant produces its own
n
/iso ratio ranging from 1.6/1 to 30/1. Earlier, now‐obsolete, catalyst systems could produce a 1/1 ratio. Butanals are highly reactive and undergo a wide variety of reactions including reduction (hydrogenation), oxidation, aldol condensation, Tishchenko condensation, acetal formation, and amination. Butanals are key building blocks for industrially important downstream products like
n
‐ and isobutanol,
n
‐ and isobutyric acid, 2‐ethylhexanol, 2‐ethylhexanoic acid, trimethylolpropane, and neopentyl glycol. These products and their downstream derivatives such as
n
‐ and isobutyl acetate,
n
‐butyl acrylate, and butyl glycol ethers are used in resin production, as solvents for paints and coatings, synthetic lubricants, cleaning products, plasticizers, fuel additives, safety glass, and so on.
Oxo Synthesis
Authors: Bahrmann Helmut , Bach Hanswilhelm , Frey Guido D.
Published: January 2013

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Theory3.Industrial Applications3.1.Rhodium Processes3.2.Cobalt Processes
Hormones, 2. Peptides and Proteins: Hypothalamic–Pituitary and Calcitropic Hormones
Authors: Sandow Jürgen
Published: January 2013

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones2.1.The Hypothalamic–Pituitary System2.2.Pituitary Hormone Preparations2.2.1.Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone (TRH)2.2.2.Thyrotropin (TSH)2.2.3.Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH, GnRH)2.2.4.Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follitropin (FSH), Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)2.3.Growth Hormone and Prolactin Regulation2.3.1.Growth‐Hormone‐Releasing Hormone2.3.2.Somatostatin2.3.3.Growth Hormone2.3.4.Prolactin and Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)2.4.The Melanocortin System2.4.1.Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone (CRH)2.4.2.Corticotropin (ACTH)2.4.3.Melanocyte‐Stimulating Hormone (MSH)2.4.4.Melanocortins2.4.5.Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) Processing2.5.New Hypothalamic–Pituitary Peptides2.6.Neurohypophyseal Peptides2.6.1.Vasopressin2.6.2.Oxytocin3.Calcium‐Regulating Hormones3.1.Calcitonin3.2.Parathormone
Polymethacrylates
Authors: Albrecht Klaus , Stickler Manfred , Rhein Thomas
Published: January 2013

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Raw Materials4.Production Processes4.1.Bulk Polymerization4.1.1.Casting of Acrylic Glass4.1.2.Continuous Production of Cast Acrylic Glass4.1.3.Tube Polymerization4.2.Suspension Polymerization4.3.Continuous Polymerization of Molding Compounds4.4.Batchwise Solution Polymerization4.5.Emulsion Polymerization5.Uses5.1.Molding Compounds5.1.1.Standard Molding Compounds5.1.2.Heat‐Resistant Molding Compounds5.1.3.Impact‐Resistant Molding Compounds5.1.4.Molding Compounds for Special Optical Uses5.2.Semifinished Products5.2.1.Extruded Acrylic Glass5.2.2.Cast Acrylic Glass5.3.Binders and Paints5.4.Additives for the Petroleum Industry5.5.Miscellaneous Uses6.Toxicology7.Environmental Aspects
Visualization Techniques in Process Engineering
Authors: Mewes Dieter
Published: January 2013

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Optical Visualization Techniques3.Tomographic Visualization Techniques3.1.Tomographic Measurements and Data Analysis3.2.Conductive Tomography3.3.Capacitance Tomography3.4.Optical Tomography3.5.X‐Ray Tomography3.6.Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)4.Applications of Tomography5.Future Perspectives
Thin‐Film Reactors
Authors: Rößler Harald , Wiesenhöfer Wolfgang , Glasmacher‐Remberg Christiane , Breucker Christoph
Published: January 2013

The article contains sections titled:1.Design of Thin‐Film Reactors1.1.Gas–Liquid Interface1.2.Fluid Dynamics1.3.Heat Transfer1.4.Mass Transfer1.5.Models2.Applications of Thin‐Film Reactors3.Designs and Operating Modes of Thin‐Film Reactors4.Thin‐Film Reactors for Industrial Sulfonation
Aldehydes, Araliphatic
Authors: Kohlpaintner Christian , Schulte Markus , Falbe Jürgen , Lappe Peter , Weber Jürgen , Frey Guido D.
Published: January 2013

The article contains sections titled:1.Properties2.Production3.Individual Araliphatic Aldehydes3.1.Phenylacetaldehyde3.2.4‐Methylphenylacetaldehyde3.3.2‐Phenylpropanal(Hydratropaldehyde)3.4.3‐Phenylpropanal (Dihydrocinnamaldehyde)3.5.2‐(4‐Isobutylphenyl)propanal3.6.3‐(4‐Isopropylphenyl)‐2‐methylpropanal (Cyclamenaldehyde)3.7.3‐(4‐tert‐Butylphenyl)‐2‐methylpropanal (Lilial)3.8.Cinnamaldehyde (3‐Phenyl‐2‐propenal)3.9.α‐Alkylcinnamaldehydes (2‐Alkyl‐3‐phenyl‐2‐propenals)
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Jeschke Gunnar
Published: January 2013

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Principles of EPR2.1.Electron and Nuclear Spins2.2.High‐Field Approximation and Forbidden Transitions2.3.Relaxation and Linewidths3.The EPR Experiment3.1.Continuous‐Wave EPR3.1.1.Continuous‐Wave ENDOR and Triple Resonance3.1.2.Progressive Saturation3.1.3.Saturation‐Transfer EPR3.2.Pulse EPR3.2.1.Fourier‐Transform EPR3.2.2.Echo‐Detected EPR3.2.3.Relaxation Measurements3.2.4.ESEEM and HYSCORE3.2.5.Pulse ENDOR3.2.6.Pulse ELDOR and Double‐Quantum EPR3.3.EPR Imaging4.Spectral Parameters4.1.g‐Factor4.2.Hyperfine Interaction4.3.Zero‐Field Splitting4.4.Exchange Interaction4.5.Dipole–Dipole Interaction4.6.Spin Concentration5.EPR in the Liquid State and in Soft Matter5.1.Slow Molecular Tumbling and Local Order5.2.Heisenberg Spin Exchange6.Computation of Parameters and Spectra6.1.Parameter Prediction6.2.Data Analysis and Spectrum Simulation7.Specialist Techniques7.1.Spin Trapping7.2.Spin Probing and Labeling7.3.EPR Oxymetry7.4.EPR Dosimetry and Dating
Thermal Conductivity of ZrB2SiCB4C from 25 to 2000 °C
Authors: Peng Fei , Erdman Rebecca , Van Laningham Gregg , Speyer Robert F. , Campbell Robert
Published: January 2013

The thermal diffusivities of ZrB2–SiC (10.7, 21.9, or 48.7 vol% SiC) with B4C sintering aid were measured over 25–2000 °C using laser flash. The composition with the highest SiC showed the highest thermal conductivity (k) at 25 °C, but the lowest above ≈400 °C, because of the greater k temperature sensitivity of the SiC phase. Finite difference calculations of k, using selected literature data for the individual phases, and the concentration of phases from microstructures, correctly predicted temperature and phase concentration dependencies, but were lower than experimental results. The k of pure ZrB2 and SiC as a function of temperature were back‐calculated from the experimental results for the multi‐phase materials; they were in good agreement with specific literature values.
Sea cucumbers in the Seychelles: effects of marine protected areas on high‐value species
Authors: Cariglia Nicoletta , Wilson Shaun K. , Graham Nicholas A. J. , Fisher Rebecca , Robinson Jan , Aumeeruddy Riaz , Quatre Rodney , Polunin Nicholas V. C.
Published: January 2013

In tropical regions all over the world, holothurian (sea cucumber) fisheries are an important source of income for local communities.

Almost all fisheries targeting holothurians are considered fully exploited or in decline, and several fisheries have collapsed.

This study examined the differences in abundance of commercially exploited and ecologically important coral reef holothurian species between long established marine protected areas (MPAs) and unprotected areas in the inner islands of the Seychelles.

Over a period of 1 month, 21 sites across the inner islands of the Seychelles were surveyed, nine of which were within MPAs.

The probability of observing holothurians in areas protected from fishing (~80%) was twice that in areas subjected to fishing.

The probability of observing holothurians of high or medium commercial value in counts was 10‐fold greater inside rather than outside MPAs.

Habitat was an important determinant of holothurian presence: occurrence of high and medium value holothurians was associated with rock and coral habitats.

MPAs may help conserve high densities of holothurians of economic importance.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pro‐Diversity Beliefs and Everyday Ethnic Discrimination on Grounds of Foreign Names
Authors: Kauff Mathias , Issmer Christian , Nau Johannes
Published: January 2013

The paper examined the effect of positive beliefs about the value of ethnic diversity (i.e. diversity beliefs) on discrimination due to foreign sounding names. It was hypothesized that pro‐diversity beliefs reduce discrimination. Results from two studies (N = 29 and N = 104) confirmed this hypothesis. Practical implications of our results are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zr‐Containing Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Mesoporous Materials: Hydrophobic Acid Catalysts for Biodiesel Production.
Authors: Sánchez‐Vázquez Rebeca , Pirez Cyril , Iglesias Jose , Wilson Karen , Lee Adam F. , Melero Juan A.
Published: January 2013

Zirconium‐containing periodic mesoporous organosilicas (Zr‐PMOs) with varying framework organic content have been synthesized through a direct synthesis method. These materials display the excellent textural properties of the analogous inorganic solid acid Zr‐SBA‐15 material. However, the substitution of silica by organosilicon species provides a strong hydrophobic character. This substitution leads to meaningful differences in the environment surrounding the zirconium metal sites, leading the modification of the catalytic properties of these materials. Although lower metal incorporation is accomplished in the final materials, leading to a lower population of metal sites, hydrophobisation leads to an impressive beneficial effect on the intrinsic catalytic activity of the zirconium sites in biodiesel production by esterification/transesterification of free fatty acid ‐containing feedstock. Moreover, the catalytic activity of the highly hybridised materials is hardly affected in presence of large amounts of water, confirming their very good water‐tolerance. This makes Zr‐PMO materials interesting catalysts for biodiesel production from highly acidic water‐containing feedstock.
Women at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Lack Knowledge of Heart Attack Symptoms
Authors: Flink Laura E. , Sciacca Robert R. , Bier Michael L. , Rodriguez Juviza , Giardina Elsa‐Grace V.
Published: January 2013

Background:

It is not known whether cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk level is related to knowledge of the leading cause of death of women or heart attack symptoms.

Hypothesis:

Women with higher CVD risk estimated by Framingham Risk Score (FRS) or metabolic syndrome (MS) have lower CVD knowledge.

Methods:

Women visiting primary care clinics completed a standardized behavioral risk questionnaire. Blood pressure, weight, height, waist size, fasting glucose, and lipid profile were assessed. Women were queried regarding CVD knowledge.

Results:

Participants (N = 823) were Hispanic women (46%), non‐Hispanic white (37%), and non‐Hispanic black (8%). FRS was determined in 278: low (63%), moderate (29%), and high (8%); 24% had ≥3 components of MS. The leading cause of death was answered correctly by 54%, heart attack symptoms by 67%. Knowledge was lowest among racial/ethnic minorities and those with less education (both P< 0.001). Increasing FRS was inversely associated with knowing the leading cause of death (low 72%, moderate 68%, high 45%, P = 0.045). After multivariable adjustment, moderate/high FRS was inversely associated with knowing symptoms (moderate odds ratio [OR] 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28‐0.98; high OR 0.29, 95% CI: 0.11–0.81), but not the leading cause of death. MS was inversely associated with knowing the leading cause of death (P< 0.001) or heart attack symptoms (P = 0.018), but not after multivariable adjustment.

Conclusions:

Women with higher FRS were less likely to know heart attack symptoms. Efforts to target those at higher CVD risk must persist, or the most vulnerable may suffer disproportionately, not only because of risk factors but also inadequate knowledge. Clin. Cardiol. 2011 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22092

This work was supported in part by the US Department of Health and Human Services (1HHCWH05003‐01‐11); Arlene and Joseph Taub Foundation, Paterson, New Jersey; Edwina and Charles Adler Foundation; and by Columbia University's CTSA grant, UL1‐RR024156 from the NCRR/NIH.

The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
The role of inner and internal radiation on the melt growth of sapphire crystal
Authors: Tavakoli Mohammad Hossein , Abasi Talaye Arjmand , Omid Shirin , Mohammadi‐Manesh Ebrahim
Published: January 2013

In this paper, for an inductively heated Czochralski furnace used to grow sapphire single crystal, influence of the inner (wall‐to‐wall) and crystal internal (bulk) radiation on the characteristics of the growth process such as temperature and flow fields, structure of heat transfer and crystal‐melt interface has been studied numerically using the 2D quasi‐steady state finite element method. The obtained results of global analysis demonstrate a strong dependence of thermal field, heat transport structure and crystal‐melt interface on both types of radiative heat transfer within the growth furnace.
Reference ranges for the urinary steroid profile in a Latin‐American population
Authors: Martínez‐Brito D. , Correa Vidal M. T. , de la Torre X. , García‐Mir V. , Ledea Lozano O. , Granda Fraga M.
Published: January 2013

The urinary steroid profile has been used in clinical endocrinology for the early detection of enzyme deficiencies. In the field of doping, its evaluation in urine samples is used to diagnose the abuse of substances prohibited in sport. This profile is influenced by sex, age, exercise, diet, and ethnicity, among others; laboratories own reference ranges might compensate for ethnic differences among population and inter‐laboratory biases. This paper shows the reference ranges obtained in the Antidoping Laboratory of Havana for the following steroid profile parameters: ten androgens (testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5α‐androstan‐3α,17β‐diol, 5β‐androstan‐3α,17β‐diol, dehydroepiandrosterone, epiandrosterone, 11β‐hydroxyandrosterone and 11β‐hydroxyetiocholanolone), three estrogens (estradiol, estriol and estrone), two pregnanes (pregnanediol and pregnanetriol) and two corticosteroids (cortisol and tetrahydrocortisol). The urine samples (male: n = 2454 and female: n = 1181) and data obtained are representative of population from Latin‐American countries like Cuba, Venezuela, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Guatemala and Chile. Urine samples were prepared by solid‐phase extraction followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid‐liquid extraction with an organic solvent in basic conditions. Trimethylsilyl derivatives were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Reference ranges were established for each sex, allowing the determination of abnormal profiles as a first diagnostic tool for the detection of the abuse of androgenic anabolic steroids. The comparison with the Caucasian population confirms that the urinary steroid profile is influenced by ethnicity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring drug residues in donor blood/plasma samples using LC‐(MS)/MS – a pilot study
Authors: Thevis Mario , Krug Oliver , Geyer Hans , Wenzel Folker , Bux Jürgen , Stahl Linda , Hollmann Wildor , Thom Andreas , Schänzer Wilhelm
Published: January 2013

Quality assurance of pharmaceutical products is of particular importance and thoroughly controlled. Among these, the preparation of human plasma follows strict guidelines from the point of donor selection to product processing. While various precautions particularly concerning antiviral treatment as well as quality assessment are standard procedure, tests for drug residues are rarely, if at all, conducted with fresh frozen plasma products. With the constantly increasing sensitivity and specificity of modern analytical instruments, the detection of trace amounts of therapeutics in plasma is feasible and can be applied to blood products where considered appropriate. To estimate the prevalence of a selection of commonly prescribed and over‐the‐counter drugs (including diuretics, beta‐receptor blocking agents, contraceptives, β2‐agonists, antibiotics, antidepressants, analgesics, opioids, glucocorticosteroids, benzodiazepines, stimulants, and oral anti‐diabetics) as well as cannabinoids in human donor plasma, a total of 100 specimens (61 female, 39 male) collected at the German Red Cross Organization in 2012 was subjected to an established analytical approach. The methodology was based on protein precipitation followed by liquid chromatographic‐high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometric analysis. Following initial test results, confirmatory analyses were conducted with respective reference substances employing a conventional liquid chromatography‐triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC‐MS/MS) apparatus. Out of one hundred samples, five were found to contain diuretics (four hydrochlorothiazide and one torasemide), five contained beta‐receptor blocking agents (four bisoprolol and one metoprolol), one was found with residues of pseudoephedrine (stimulant) and one with drosperinone (contraceptive). Overall, 12% of samples yielded detectable amounts of drug residues at concentrations estimated to levels common to individuals under therapeutic treatment. In addition, six aliquots of different lots of commercially available plasma preparations with solvent‐detergent processing were tested. Here, no drug residues of the targeted therapeutics were detected. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential sperm expenditure reveals a possible role for post‐copulatory sexual selection in a lekking moth
Authors: Cordes Nils , Yiğit Arzu , Engqvist Leif , Schmoll Tim
Published: January 2013

Male reproductive success in the lesser wax moth Achroia grisella is strongly determined by pre‐copulatory mate choice, during which females choose among males aggregated in small leks based on the attractiveness of ultrasonic songs. Nothing is known about the potential of post‐copulatory mechanisms to affect male reproductive success. However, there is evidence that females at least occasionally remate with a second male and that males are unable to produce ejaculates quickly after a previous copulation. Here we investigated the effects of mating history on ejaculate size and demonstrate that the number of transferred sperm significantly decreased from first (i.e., virgin) to second (i.e., nonvirgin) copulation within individual males. For males of identical age, the number of sperm transferred was higher in virgin than in nonvirgin copulations, too, demonstrating that mating history, is responsible for the decrease in sperm numbers transferred and not the concomitant age difference. Furthermore, the number of transferred sperm was significantly repeatable within males. The demonstrated variation in ejaculate size both between subsequent copulations as well as among individuals suggests that there is allocation of a possibly limited amount of sperm. Because female fecundity is not limited by sperm availability in this system, post‐copulatory mechanisms, in particular sperm competition, may play a previously underappreciated role in the lesser wax moth mating system.