bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the accuracy of approximate techniques for the evaluation of lightning electromagnetic fields along a mixed propagation path
Authors: Shoory Abdolhamid , Mimouni Abdenabi , Rachidi Farhad , Cooray Vernon , Rubinstein Marcos
Published: March 2011

In this paper we review simplified analytical expressions derived by Wait using the concept of attenuation function for the analysis of the propagation of lightning‐radiated electromagnetic fields over a mixed propagation path (vertically stratified ground). Two different formulations proposed by Wait that depend on the relative values of ground surface impedances are discussed. It is shown that both formulations give nearly the same results for the time domain electric field. However, depending on the values of the normalized surface impedance for each ground section, the use of one of the two formulations is computationally more efficient. The accuracy of the Wait formulations was examined taking as reference full‐wave simulations obtained using the finite difference time domain technique. It is shown that Wait's simplified formulas are able to reproduce the distant field peak and waveshape with a good accuracy.
Nighttime sporadic E measurements on an oblique path along the midlatitude trough
Authors: Stocker A. J. , Warrington E. M.
Published: March 2011

Observations of nighttime sporadic E (Es) made within the HF band on a 1400 km path that lies approximately along the midlatitude trough are presented. Although the probability of occurrence of Es (PEs) is generally below that predicted by the ITU‐R model, a significant increase in PEs is found when Kp ≥ 6. The signal parameters (azimuth, elevation, and Doppler spreads) also increase for high values of Kp. This behavior is consistent with the character of the propagation changing from midlatitude to auroral as the polar cap expands and the trough moves equatorward with increasing Kp.
Magnetic field dependence of the diffusion of single dextran molecules within a hydrogel containing magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: AL-Baradi Ateyyah M. , Mykhaylyk Oleksandr O. , Blythe Harry J. , Geoghegan Mark
Published: March 2011

We consider the effect of applied magnetic fields on the diffusion of single dextran molecules labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate within a ferrogel [a composite of magnetite nanoparticles in a poly(methacrylic acid) hydrogel] using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. We show that the mesh size of the ferrogel is controlled by the applied magnetic field, B, and scales as $\exp ( { - \sqrt[4]{{\xi ^3 B^2 /2\mu _0 k_{\rm B} T}}})$exp(−ξ3B2/2μ0kBT4), where ξ is a correlation length, μ0 the magnetic constant, kB the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. The diffusion coefficient of the dextran can be modeled with a simple Stokes–Einstein law, containing the same scaling behavior with magnetic field as the swelling of the hydrogel. Furthermore, the magnetic field-dependent release of dextran from the hydrogel is also controlled by the same relationship. The samples were characterized by small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and magnetometry experiments. Magnetic hysteresis loops from these ferrogels and zero field cooled/field cooled measurements reveal single domain ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature with a similar coercivity for both as-prepared and fully swollen ferrogels, and for increasing magnetic nanoparticle concentration. SAXS experiments, such as the hysteresis loops, show that magnetite does not aggregate in these gels.
Electric field dependent activation energy of electron transport in fullerene diodes and field effect transistors: Gill’s law
Authors: Pivrikas A. , Ullah Mujeeb , Sitter H. , Sariciftci N. S.
Published: March 2011

The electric field and temperature dependence of the electron mobility is studied comparatively in the bulk of fullerene (C60) diodes and at the interface with dielectric of organic field effect transistors (OFETs). Electron mobility values follow a Poole–Frenkel-type electric field dependence in both types of devices. The activation energy for electron transport is electric field dependent and follows the square root law of field in both devices as predicted by Gill’s law. The same Gill’s energy EGill=34 meV is measured in diodes and OFETs, which corresponds well to Meyer–Neldel energy (EMN=35 meV). It is shown that both the electric field and charge carrier concentration must be accounted for the description of disordered charge transport.
Wake potentials and impedances of charged beams in gradually tapering structures
Authors: Burton D. A. , Christie D. C. , Smith J. D. A. , Tucker R. W.
Published: March 2011

We develop an analytical method for calculating the geometric wakefield and impedances of an ultrarelativistic beam propagating on- and off-axis through an axially symmetric geometry with slowly varying circular cross-section, such as a transition. Unlike previous analytical methods, our approach permits detailed perturbative investigation of geometric wakefields, and detailed perturbative investigation of impedance as a function of frequency. We compare the accuracy of the results of our approach with numerical simulations performed using the code ECHO and determine parameters in which there is good agreement with our asymptotic analysis.
Volumetric plasmonic resonator architecture for thin-film solar cells
Authors: Sefunc Mustafa Akin , Okyay Ali Kemal , Demir Hilmi Volkan
Published: March 2011

We propose and demonstrate a design concept of volumetric plasmonic resonators that relies on the idea of incorporating coupled layers of plasmonic structures embedded into a solar cell in enhanced optical absorption for surface-normal and off-axis angle configurations, beyond the enhancement limit of individual plasmonic layers. For a proof-of-concept demonstration in a thin-film organic solar cell that uses absorbing materials of copper phthalocyanine/perylene tetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole, we couple two silver grating layers such that the field localization is further extended within the volume of active layers. Our computational results show a maximum optical absorption enhancement level of ∼67% under air mass 1.5 global illumination considering both polarizations.
Generating nanoliter to femtoliter microdroplets with ease
Authors: Grossier R. , Hammadi Z. , Morin R. , Magnaldo A. , Veesler S.
Published: March 2011

In this letter, we present a simply constructed and easy-to-use fluidic device that generates arrayed aqueous phase microdroplets in oil of controlled size with volumes ranging from nanoliter to femtoliter without surfactant. This can be applicable with a range of materials, allowing production and storage of monodisperse microdroplets. We illustrate the potential of our methodology in the field of nanoparticle generation
Threshold optimization of polymeric opal photonic crystal cavity as organic solid-state dye-doped laser
Authors: Shi Lan-Ting , Jin Feng , Zheng Mei-Ling , Dong Xian-Zi , Chen Wei-Qiang , Zhao Zhen-Sheng , Duan Xuan-Ming
Published: March 2011

The authors have demonstrated the optimization of the active layer thickness on the threshold of organic solid-state dye-doped laser (SSDL), which was fabricated by three-dimensional polymeric opal photonic crystal and tert-butyl Rhodamine B (t-Bu-RhB) doped polymer film. Gain media were produced by incorporating t-Bu-RhB into polymer film at 3.0 wt %. The sandwiched laser resonator cavities with different active layer thickness displayed single-mode lasing oscillations in the reflection band gap of the resonator structure. The lasing threshold as low as 1.13 μJ/pulse was achieved. The optimization of active layer would provide an opportunity to accelerate the development of low threshold polymeric SSDLs.
Effect of radial defect lines in the focalization of unitary polarization order light beams
Authors: Ambrosio A. , Maddalena P.
Published: March 2011

In this letter, we analyze the effect of the defect line of a θ-cell polarization converter on the focalization of a Gaussian laser beam by means of a high numerical aperture microscope objective. This liquid crystal device is frequently used to convert a linearly polarized laser beam into either a radially or azimuthally polarized beam. The line singularity, that defines the cell axis and characterizes these devices, leads to a π-shift on the light polarization in moving from one side of the cell to the other, with respect to the cell axis. The shift, although negligible for light filtering and polarization microscopy, can be crucial in applications where a strong longitudinal component of the focused field is needed, such as in aperturless near-field microscopy. In this work, light distribution simulations as well as experimental investigations of the fields at the focal plane are carried out.
Fiber draw synthesis
Authors: Orf Nicholas D. , Shapira Ofer , Sorin Fabien , Danto Sylvain , Baldo Marc A. , Joannopoulos John D. , Fink Yoel
Published: March 2011

The synthesis of a high-melting temperature semiconductor in a low-temperature fiber drawing process is demonstrated, substantially expanding the set of materials that can be incorporated into fibers. Reagents in the solid state are arranged in proximate domains within a fiber preform. The preform is fluidized at elevated temperatures and drawn into fiber, reducing the lateral dimensions and bringing the domains into intimate contact to enable chemical reaction. A polymer preform containing a thin layer of selenium contacted by tin–zinc wires is drawn to yield electrically contacted crystalline ZnSe domains of sub-100-nm scales. The in situ synthesized compound semiconductor becomes the basis for an electronic heterostructure diode of arbitrary length in the fiber. The ability to synthesize materials within fibers while precisely controlling their geometry and electrical connectivity at submicron scales presents new opportunities for increasing the complexity and functionality of fiber structures.
Tell me who you are and I tell you how you feel: Expected emotional reactions to success and failure are influenced by knowledge about a person's personality
Authors: Hareli Shlomo , Sharabi Moshe , Hess Ursula
Published: March 2011

The present research investigated the influence of knowledge about a person's modesty or arrogance on people's expectations regarding that person's emotional reactions to success and failure. Arrogance and modesty reflect the extent to which someone is likely to publicize their ability. Accordingly, we predicted that observers’ expectations regarding a person's tendency to publicize their ability should inform expectations about the person's emotional reactions to success and failure. In two vignette studies, observers predicted the emotional state of a protagonist, as well as the probability that s/he will actually express that emotion and share the experience with others. For success, participants predicted a protagonist's pride, happiness, schadenfreude, and embarrassment if praised for a positive outcome. For failure, participants predicted anger, shame, guilt, sadness, and fear reactions. Across studies, personality information explained more variance than did gender or status. Results showed that the expectations for an arrogant person matched modal expectations for success, whereas for failure the expectations for the modest individual were closest to the modal expectations. Specifically, both modest and arrogant individuals were expected to suppress emotions that do not fit their self‐presentational styles rather than to exaggerate expressions that do. This paper adds to our understanding of the information that people use to predict others’ emotional reactions.
Alcohol Medical Scholars Program—A Mentorship Program for Improving Medical Education regarding Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Neufeld Karin J. , Schuckit Marc A. , Hernandez-Avila Carlos A.
Published: March 2011

The Alcohol Medical Scholars Program (AMSP) is designed to improve medical education related to substance use disorders (SUDs) through mentorship of junior, full-time academic faculty from medical schools across the United States. Scholarship focuses on literature review and synthesis, lecture development and delivery, increasing SUD education in their medical schools, professional development, and networking. Results are reported from an anonymous survey of self-reported changes in educational involvement by 28 of 33 AMSP graduates. Participation was associated with a 4-fold increase in yearly SUD lecture time and topics, increased numbers of medical disciplines taught and trained in clinical rotations, design of new SUD-related electives and journal clubs, and membership on medical education committees. Sixty percent of scholars reported promotion since involvement in AMSP, with the majority endorsing the organization's contribution to professional development. AMSP is a useful mentorship model for junior faculty and is associated with increasing SUD-related medical education.
Prevention of Alcohol Dependence: Strategies for Selective, Indicated, and Universal Prevention
Authors: Manjunatha Narayana , Saddichha Sahoo , Khess Christoday R. J. , Murthy Pratima , Isaac Mohan K.
Published: March 2011

Study of the chronology of criteria of dependence in alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) can enable us to design strategies for the prevention for ADS, which takes into account primary prevention (indicated, selective, and universal prevention) approaches and aims at reducing the occurrence of ADS. The objective of this work is to study the age-wise and order-wise chronologies of International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision Diagnostic Criteria for Research (ICD-10 DCR) dependence criteria in individuals with ADS. Consecutively admitted and consenting inpatients with ICD-10 DCR diagnosis of ADS were evaluated in a structured interview after detoxification using Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA)-II. The total sample size was 81. The mean ages at the first onset of alcohol use, development of the first criterion, and ICD-10 dependence was 18.72 years (SD: 6.84), 24.33 years (SD: 9.21), and 27.51 years (SD: 9.28), respectively. In age-wise chronology, tolerance, loss of control, and craving were present in 97.53%, 80.24%, and 79%, respectively, of our study sample. In order-wise chronology, either craving (16%) or tolerance (71.6%) was present as the first criterion and the presence of craving (16%), tolerance (21%), or loss of control (18.5%) was observed as the first criterion in 55.5% of the subjects. Indicated prevention may be attempted by enquiring about craving, tolerance, and loss of control and use of anticraving medications or behavioral strategies. Selective prevention by using naltrexone for those genetically inclined and universal prevention by use of “clinical” labeling on alcoholic beverages can also be attempted.
Osteonecrosis following Alcohol, Cocaine, and Steroid Use
Authors: Ziraldo Laura , O'Connor Mortimer B. , Blake Simon P. , Phelan Mark J.
Published: March 2011

Alcohol, steroids and cocaine have all been shown to be independent risk factors for osteonecrosis when taken in excess. Here we present a case of a young girl who developed debilitating osteonecrosis secondary to low doses of alcohol, steroids and cocaine. We feel it is important to highlight to those caring for such patients of the potential devastating complication of these three agents.
Net emission coefficients of argon iron plasmas with electron Stark widths scaled to experiments
Authors: Wendt M
Published: March 2011

The net emission coefficient of plasmas containing argon and iron at atmospheric pressure is calculated and analysed for the case of cylindrical geometry. Its values are obtained by integrating the monochromatic net emission coefficient taking into account continuous and line radiation. The width of the spectral lines is determined by Doppler broadening, natural, resonance, van der Waals, electron and ion Stark broadening. As Stark broadening is the most important broadening mechanism in the considered pressure and temperature range, the electron Stark widths are calculated following the semi-empirical Stark broadening theory. Additionally, the electron Stark widths of Ar, Ar+, Fe and Fe+ are multiplied by scaling factors in order to reproduce experimental electron Stark widths. The scaling factor is determined for each species separately. For small plasma radii the net emission coefficient determined here shows good agreement with literature values where spherical geometry is considered while they decrease faster with increasing plasma radius. This behaviour is caused by the increase of the irradiation of the symmetry axis when cylindrical instead of spherical geometry is considered. For radii and temperatures typical of the metal filled core of arcs occurring in gas metal arc welding processes, i.e. radii between 1 and 2 × 10−3 m and temperatures between 5000 and 10 000 K, the scaling of the Stark widths increases the net emission coefficient of iron plasmas by between 2% and 23%. In this parameter range the net emission coefficient of iron plasmas for cylindrical geometry is between 30% and 37% smaller than values calculated for spherical geometry.
Numerical simulation on neutral beam generation mechanism by collision of positive and negative chlorine ions with graphite surface
Authors: Kubota Tomohiro , Watanabe Naoki , Ohtsuka Shingo , Iwasaki Takuya , Ono Kohei , Iriye Yasuroh , Samukawa Seiji
Published: March 2011

We investigated ion neutralization by collision with graphite by numerical simulation based on time-dependent density functional theory. It is known that the neutral beam source developed by Samukawa (2001 Japan. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2
40 L779), where neutral particles are generated by the collision of ions from plasma with a graphite electrode with numerous high-aspect-ratio apertures, can achieve very high neutralization efficiency of over 90% when negative ions (Cl−) are used compared with about 60% when positive ions
are used. To understand the neutralization theoretically, we developed a numerical simulator and calculated the dynamic process of electron transfer between an ion and graphite during the whole collision process. Multiple collisions were considered in the calculation. We found that Cl− had higher neutralization efficiency (more than 90%) than
(about 34%), which is in excellent agreement with the experimental result, so our simulator could successfully simulate the neutralization process. The difference in neutralization efficiency between
and Cl− may be due to the relationship between the ion and graphite orbital energy levels.
Improvement of electron transport in a ZnSe nanowire by in situ strain
Authors: Wang Y G , Zhang Q L , Wang T H , Han W , Zhou S X
Published: March 2011

Strain is introduced in a single ZnSe nanowire by compressive stress in situ applied along the axial direction, which controllably bends the nanowire under transmission electron microscope inspection. Meanwhile, the I–V measurement of a single ZnSe nanowire before and after the strain is carried out in order to investigate the influence of strain on the electrical properties of the individual ZnSe nanowire. A remarkable jump of about 100% in current and a reduction of about 30% in threshold voltage are detected when the stress is applied along the longitudinal direction of the nanowire. The advantage of stress-induced strains is to produce both compression and tension simultaneously in a single nanowire, which enhance the electron and hole mobilities and significantly improve the electron transport as a consequence. Narrowing the band gap due to the tensile strain, confirmed by theoretical calculation, is responsible for the reduction of threshold voltage. The stress-induced strains in the ZnSe nanowire are favourable for optimization of the carrier transport.
Size-dependent thermoelectricity in nanowires
Authors: Farhangfar Shadyar
Published: March 2011

By employing a semiclassical Boltzmann transport equation and using an energy and size-dependent relaxation time (τ) approximation (RTA), we evaluate the thermoelectric figure-of-merit ZT of a quantum wire with rectangular cross-section. The inferred ZT shows abrupt enhancement in comparison with its counterparts in bulk systems. Still, the estimated ZT for the representative Bi2Te3 nanowires and its dependence on wire parameters deviate considerably from those predicted by the existing RTA models with a constant τ. In addition, we address contribution of the higher energy subbands to the transport phenomena, the effect of chemical potential tuning on ZT, and correlation of ZT with quantum size effects (QSEs). Particularly, we show that within each subband, ZT has an optimum value which depends on wire dimensions and chemical potential. The obtained results are of general validity for a wide class of systems and may prove useful in the ongoing development of the modern thermoelectric applications.
Controlling the Expression of Rhizobial Genes During Nodule Development with Elements and An Inducer of the lac Operon
Authors: Box Jodie , Noel K. Dale
Published: March 2011

A simple strategy was tested for imposing artificial regulation of rhizobial genes during nodule development. Isopropyl-β-d-1-thiogalactoside (IPTG) was added to liquid root media to sustain expression of rhizobial genes controlled by Escherichia coli lac promoter/operators and repressor gene lacI. Conversely, a rinsing protocol was devised to remove IPTG sufficiently that genes could be repressed after having been induced. gusA under this control exhibited clearly delineated expression and repression in both the determinate Rhizobium etli–Phaseolus vulgaris and the indeterminate Sinorhizobium meliloti–Medicago sativa symbioses. Apparently, IPTG was taken up in sufficiently undegraded concentrations that gene expression was derepressed even in interior portions of the nodule. Moreover, the rinsing protocol led to obvious repression of gusA. Importantly, no deleterious effects of IPTG on nodule development, infection, or nitrogen fixation were observed. An R. etli CE3 gene required for lipopolysaccharide O antigen and infection on bean was put under this control by means of a two-plasmid construct. When this construct was added to a strain with a null mutation in this gene, infection, nodule development, and nitrogenase activity all depended on the length of time before IPTG was rinsed from the roots after inoculation.
Smoking and Perioperative Outcomes
Authors: Turan Alparslan , Mascha Edward J. , Roberman Dmitry , Turner Patricia L. , You Jing , Kurz Andrea , Sessler Daniel I. , Saager Leif
Published: March 2011

Background

Patients are often concerned about the effects of smoking on perioperative risk. However, effective advice may be limited by the paucity of information about smoking and perioperative risk. Thus, our goal was to determine the effect of smoking on 30-day postoperative outcomes in noncardiac surgical patients.

Methods

We evaluated 635,265 patients from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database; 520,242 patients met our inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 103,795 were current smokers; 82,304 of the current smokers were propensity matched with 82,304 never-smoker controls. Matched current smokers and never-smokers were compared on major and minor composite morbidity outcomes and respective individual outcomes.

Results

Current smokers were 1.38 (95% CI, 1.11-1.72) times more likely to die than never smokers. Current smokers also had significantly greater odds of pneumonia (odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% CI, 1.80-2.43), unplanned intubation (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.58-2.21), and mechanical ventilation (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.31-1.79). Current smokers were significantly more likely to experience a cardiac arrest (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.10-2.25), myocardial infarction (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.11-2.92), and stroke (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.18-2.53). Current smokers also had significantly higher odds of having superficial (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.20-1.42) and deep (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.21-1.68) incisional infections, sepsis (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.15-1.46), organ space infections (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.20-1.60), and septic shock (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.29-1.87).

Conclusion

Our analysis indicates that smoking is associated with a higher likelihood of 30-day mortality and serious postoperative complications. Quantification of increased likelihood of 30-day mortality and a broad range of serious smoking-related complications may enhance the clinician's ability to motivate smoking cessation in surgical patients.
Dissociable Network Properties of Anesthetic State Transitions
Authors: Lee UnCheol , Müller Markus , Noh Gyu-Jeong , Choi ByungMoon , Mashour George A.
Published: March 2011

Background

It is still unknown whether anesthetic state transitions are continuous or binary. Mathematical graph theory is one method by which to assess whether brain networks change gradually or abruptly upon anesthetic induction and emergence.

Methods

Twenty healthy males were anesthetized with an induction dose of propofol, with continuous measurement of 21-channel electroencephalogram at baseline, during anesthesia, and during recovery. From these electroencephalographic data a "genuine network" was reconstructed based on the surrogate data method. The effects of topologic structure and connection strength on information transfer through the network were measured independently across different states.

Results

Loss of consciousness was consistently associated with a disruption of network topology. However, recovery of consciousness was associated with complex patterns of altered connection strength after the initial topologic structure had slowly recovered. In one group of subjects, there was a precipitous increase of connection strength that was associated with reduced variability of emergence time. Analysis of regional effects on brain networks demonstrated that the parietal network was significantly disrupted, whereas the frontal network was minimally affected.

Conclusions

By dissociating the effects of network structure and connection strength, both continuous and discrete elements of anesthetic state transitions were identified. The study also supports a critical role of parietal networks as a target of general anesthetics.
Amycolatopsis thermophila sp. nov. and Amycolatopsis viridis sp. nov., thermophilic actinomycetes isolated from arid soil
Authors: Zucchi Tiago Domingues , Tan Geok Yuan Annie , Goodfellow Michael
Published: March 2011

The taxonomic positions of two thermophilic actinomycetes isolated from an arid Australian soil sample were established based on an investigation using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The organisms had chemical and morphological properties typical of members of the genus Amycolatopsis and formed distinct phyletic lines in the Amycolatopsis methanolica 16S rRNA subclade. The two organisms were distinguished from one another and from the type strains of related species of the genus Amycolatopsis using a range of phenotypic properties. Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic data, it is proposed that the two isolates be classified in the genus Amycolatopsis as Amycolatopsis thermophila sp. nov. (type strain GY088T = NCIMB 14699T = NRRL B-24836T) and Amycolatopsis viridis sp. nov. (type strain GY115T = NCIMB 14700T = NRRL B-24837T).
Aliidiomarina taiwanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from shallow coastal water
Authors: Huang Ssu-Po , Chang Hsiao-Yun , Chen Jwo-Sheng , Jean Wen Dar , Shieh Wung Yang
Published: March 2011

A Gram-negative, heterotrophic, aerobic, marine bacterium, designated AIT1T, was isolated from a seawater sample collected in the shallow coastal region of Bitou Harbour, New Taipei City, Taiwan. Cells grown in broth cultures were straight or slightly curved rods that were motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Strain AIT1T required NaCl for growth, grew optimally at 30–40 °C and with 1.5–5.0 % NaCl, and was incapable of anaerobic growth by fermentation of glucose or other carbohydrates. The isoprenoid quinones consisted of Q-8 (95.2 %) and Q-9 (4.8 %). The major polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The cellular fatty acids were predominantly iso-branched and included iso-C17 : 0 (26.5 %), summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0; 25.9 %) and iso-C15 : 0 (20.5 %). The DNA G+C content was 51.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AIT1T formed a distinct lineage within the class Gammaproteobacteria and was most closely related to members of the genus Idiomarina in the family Idiomarinaceae (91.5–93.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The phylogenetic data, together with chemotaxonomic, physiological and morphological data, revealed that the isolate should be classified as a representative of a novel species in a new genus in the family Idiomarinaceae, for which the name Aliidiomarina taiwanensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AIT1T ( = JCM 16052T = BCRC 80035T = NCCB 100321T).
Inhibitive efficiency of sulphathiazole for aluminum corrosion in trichloroacetic acid
Authors: Desai P.S. , Vashi R.T.
Published: March 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect that different concentrations of the inhibitor sulphathiazole have on the corrosion of aluminum in 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 M trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and to elucidate the mechanisms of inhibition for this system.

Design/methodology/approach

Gravimetric measurements and galvanostatic polarization were used to investigate the effect of sulphathiazole on the corrosion of aluminum in TCA solution. The findings were used to determine the corrosion rates and efficiencies of the inhibitor at different concentrations.

Findings

The corrosion rate of aluminum decreased with increasing inhibitor concentrations and the efficiency of inhibition increased with increasing concentration of inhibitor up to almost 89 percent in 0.01 M TCA and up to 65.87 percent in 0.10 M TCA. The concentrations of inhibitor were in the range of 5‐20 mM. Absorption of the inhibitor was onto the aluminum surface and consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. A plot of log (θ/1−θ) versus log C gave a straight line, which suggests that the inhibitor covers both the anodic and cathodic regions. From the plot of the isotherm, it was observed that one inhibitor molecule occupies more than one active site. The mean ΔGads0 values were negative almost in all cases, indicating that the adsorption was spontaneous and that the mechanism of adsorption was physical – i.e. electrostatic attraction. Polarization data revealed that the inhibitor functions as a mixed inhibitor.

Originality/value

The paper deals with the inhibition of corrosion of 2S commercially pure aluminum in 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 M solutions of TCA. To date, not much detailed information has been generated about this problem.
Corrosion behavior of concrete modified with waste tire
Authors: Khalilitabas A.A. , Dehghanian C. , Aliofkhazraei M.
Published: March 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of rubber on the durability and corrosion resistance of steel‐reinforced concrete by measuring the permeability, water absorption, corrosion potential, linear polarization resistance and AC impedance during 150 days immersion in NaCl solution.

Design/methodology/approach

Permeability, water absorption, corrosion potential, linear polarization resistance and AC impedance during 150 days immersion in NaCl solution have been measured. It was observed that the water permeability of rubberized concrete decreased with the addition of rubber. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs were used to study the bulk of rubberized concrete and it was shown that the interfacial zones of cement/rubber had an important effect on water permeability. The corrosion behavior of this concrete was investigated in the chloride solution.

Findings

It was observed that optimum corrosion resistance was obtained with low rubber contents.

Practical implications

The research results can be used for the fabrication of concrete modified with waste tire material.

Originality/value

The paper describes a method suitable for fabrication of concrete modified with tire waste, especially from an economic standpoint.
The effects of temperature, dissolved oxygen and the velocity of seawater, on the corrosion behavior of condenser alloys
Authors: Rezakhani Davar
Published: March 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and velocity of seawater on corrosion behavior of three copper‐based alloys (admiralty brass, aluminum brass and Cu‐5Ni alloy used in condenser tubes).

Design/methodology/approach

A series of electrochemical tests were carried out in seawater at different temperatures and DO contents using both stationary and rotating‐disc electrodes in order to investigate the corrosion behavior of alloys under these conditions.

Findings

It was found that admiralty brass exhibited a significantly higher corrosion rate and Cu‐5Ni alloy was more resistant to corrosion than were the brasses. With increasing temperature, the corrosion rates of the brasses increased. Selective zinc dissolution took place over the whole temperature range. Increasing temperature decreased the corrosion rate of Cu‐5Ni alloy in seawater due to formation of a passive film. The passivation of the alloy could be explained by the presence of greater proportion of nickel at the metal surface. Brasses, especially admiralty brass, exhibited higher corrosion rates in high concentrations of DO, whereas the Cu‐5Ni alloy was virtually immune to corrosion under such conditions. Increasing the water velocity increased the corrosion rate of admiralty brass but velocity had no effect on the corrosion rate of aluminum brass and Cu‐Ni alloy.

Originality/value

This paper provides information about corrosion behavior of three copper alloys used for common condenser tubes. The study fulfilled the objective of the investigation and contributes to research on corrosion behaviors of copper alloys in seawater.
Six Sigma: insights from organizational innovativeness and market orientation
Authors: Eng Teck‐Yong
Published: March 2011

Purpose

Despite the implicit link of Six Sigma's focus on continuous innovation and customer satisfaction to concepts of organizational innovativeness and market orientation, there are limited theoretical analysis and conceptual development to guide and inform the theory of Six Sigma. This conceptual paper seeks to examine theoretical contributions of market orientation and organizational innovativeness to Six Sigma.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper examines how organizational innovativeness and market orientation reinforce Six Sigma by analyzing their relevance in terms of internal consistency and theoretical predications.

Findings

While market orientation enhances customer focus and promotes responsiveness through continuous innovation, Six Sigma's customer orientation can lead to over‐emphasis on incremental innovation compromising capabilities for ground‐breaking innovations. Six Sigma can redress this imbalance by integrating long‐term goals and resource capability development.

Originality/value

This paper advances seven theoretical propositions highlighting key concepts of organizational innovativeness and market orientation as contributions to Six Sigma and avenues for further research.
A new approach to monitor the process dispersion
Authors: Prajapati D.R.
Published: March 2011

Purpose

The concept of the proposed R chart is based on the sum of chi squares (χ2). The average run lengths (ARLs) of the proposed R chart are computed and compared with the ARLs of a standard R chart, Shewhart variance chart proposed by Chang and Gan, a CUSUM range chart (with and without FIR feature) proposed by Chang and Gan and also with an EWMA range chart proposed by Crowder and Hamilton for various chart parameters. This paper aims to show that only FIR CUSUM schemes perform better than the proposed R chart but other CUSUM and EWMA schemes are less efficient than the proposed R chart.

Design/methodology/approach

The concept of the proposed R chart is based on the sum of chi squares (χ2). The proposed R chart divides the plot area into three regions, namely: outright rejection region; outright acceptance region; and transition region. The NULL hypothesis is rejected if a point falls beyond the control limit, and accepted if it falls below the warning limit. However, when a point falls beyond the warning limit, but not beyond the control limit, the decision is taken on the basis of individual observations of the previous H samples, which are considered to evaluate statistic U, that is the sum of chi squares. The NULL hypothesis is rejected if U exceeds a predefined value (U*) and accepted otherwise.

Findings

The comparisons also show that the CUSUM, EWMA and proposed R charts outperform the Shewhart R chart by a substantial amount. It is concluded that only FIR CUSUM schemes perform better than the proposed R chart, as it is second in ranking. The other CUSUM and EWMA schemes are less efficient than the proposed R chart.

Research limitations/implications

CUSUM and EWMA charts can catch a small shift in the process average but they are not efficient to catch a large shift. Many researchers have also pointed out that these charts' applicability is limited to the chemical industries. Another limitation of CUSUM and EWMA charts is that they can catch the shift only when there is a single and sustained shift in the process average. If the shift is not sustained, then they will not be effective.

Practical implications

Many difficulties related to the operation and design of CUSUM and EWMA control charts are greatly reduced by providing a simple and accurate proposed scheme. The performance characteristics (ARLs) of the proposed charts described in this paper are very much comparable with FIR CUSUM, CUSUM, EWMA and other charts. It can be concluded that, instead of considering many chart parameters used in CUSUM and EWMA charts, it is better to consider a simple and more effective scheme, because a control chart loses its simplicity with multiple parameters. Moreover, practitioners may also experience difficulty in using these charts in production processes.

Originality/value

It is a modification of the Shewhart Range Chart but it is more effective than the Shewhart Range chart, as shown in the research paper.
Effect of emulsion polymerisation conditions on electrical performance of polyaniline
Authors: Zhao D. , Liu X. , Li Z. , Bai X.
Published: March 2011

Purpose

The aim of the paper is to develop a method of synthesising polyaniline (PANI) with excellent electrical conductivity.

Design/methodology/approach

The preparation of PANI was carried out by vibration of emulsifier (SDBS), oxidant (APS) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution concentration. The changes of temperature and time of reaction had also been observed and researched.

Findings

Changing of reaction conditions was found to have a great influence on polyaniline's conductivity. The optimum condition for preparing polyaniline salt is as follows: the molar ratio of n(An)/n(SDBS)/n(APS) is 10/10/9, the concentration of HCl is 0.9 M, stirred constantly at 0°C for a period of 3 h. By using this emulsion polymerisation pathway the maximum of conductivity of polyaniline is 4.35 s/cm.

Practical implications

The method can be widely applicable to coatings, preparation of exfoliated clay composites and solution blending with other commodity polymers.

Originality/value

The method could be adapted for use on an industrial scale.
Anticorrosive performance of ion‐exchange zeolites in alkyd‐based paints
Authors: Ahmed Nivin M. , Emira Hassan S. , Selim Mohamed M.
Published: March 2011

Purpose

Organic coatings remain the most widely used way of protecting steel structures from corrosion. Traditional anticorrosive paints contain lead or hexavalent chromium compounds as active pigments. The use of these classical chromates is nowadays restricted by increasing environmental awareness and stringent national and international regulations. An alternative is the use of ion‐exchangeable pigments. The purpose of this paper is to show that cation‐exchanged zeolites can be considered as a safe and efficient alternative to traditional hazardous pigments in protecting steel surfaces.

Design/methodology/approach

The new pigments were characterised using different analytical and spectro‐photometric techniques. Characterisation of these pigments using X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were done. X‐ray fluorescence was employed to elucidate the concentration of different elements in the prepared pigments. Evaluation of the ion‐exchanged and initial zeolite pigments using international standard testing methods (ASTM) was estimated. Testing the anticorrosive protection of cation‐exchanged zeolites in alkyd paints formulated based on their pigment volume concentration/critical pigment volume concentration was studied, and then these new pigments were applied on cold‐rolled steel panels. The physico‐mechanical properties of dry films and their corrosion properties using accelerated laboratory test in 3.5 per cent NaCl for 28 days were tested.

Findings

The results of this work revealed that paint films containing initial Na‐zeolite performed the least protection behaviour, while films including Zn, Ca and Mg‐zeolites were better in their corrosion protection performance, and they can be arranged as Zn‐zeolite>Ca‐zeolite>Mg‐zeolite.

Practical implications

These pigments can be applied in other polymer composites, e.g. rubber and plastics as reinforcing agent and fillers.

Originality/value

The paper shows that these prepared pigments are environmentally friendly pigments which impart high anticorrosive behaviour to paint films with great economic savings.
Self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes containing multi‐cationic groups as resin to improve fastness properties of dyed cellulose fabrics
Authors: Xie Kongliang , Hou Aiqin , Xu Lei
Published: March 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes containing multi‐cationic groups as resin on fastness properties of dyed cellulose fabrics.

Design/methodology/approach

Cellulose fabrics were dyed with three reactive dyes. Then, the self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes containing multi‐cationic groups as resin were applied to the dyed cellulose fabrics. The fastness properties were investigated.

Findings

The results show that the wet rubbing fastness, washing fastness and perspiration fastness of three dyed samples treated with novel self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes are higher than those of the dyed samples without the polymer treatment. The complexes of cellulose with the polysiloxanes having multi‐cationic groups are formed. With the increase of the quantity of cationic groups in the polymer macromolecules, the wet rubbing and washing fastness further increase. The self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes can affect the colour yields (K/S) of the dyed fabrics.

Originality/value

The self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes containing multi‐cationic groups are novel functional materials. They are easily self‐emulsifying in water, without the need of disperse agents, and form a transparent macromolecule colloid solution. Self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes as resins can change material properties to improve their wet fastness and gloss. They have potential application as resins in the coloration industry. This paper is an original research report and has not been published previously.
Innovation management of logistics service providers
Authors: Busse Christian , Marcus Wallenburg Carl
Published: March 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a sound basis to facilitate further research on innovation management at logistics service providers (LSPs).

Design/methodology/approach

Content analysis of extant literature was undertaken and supplemented by conceptual deliberations.

Findings

Future LSP‐specific innovation research should be undertaken. While comparatively much knowledge on innovation management by LSPs does already exist, it is hardly integrated. More comprehensive studies of LSPs' innovation processes and systems are required.

Research limitations/implications

The review is limited to articles written in English and published in academic journals from 1999 to mid‐2009. This research should be supplemented by empirical research, in particular case studies.

Practical implications

LSPs can compare their own innovation management concepts to the body of scientific knowledge presented here. As long as research does not take their specific context into account, LSPs are required to adapt more general concepts to their needs.

Originality/value

This paper outlines theoretical features of a research stream on innovation management at LSPs. It integrates previous findings on LSPs' innovation management in a suitable framework, and it proposes an agenda for future research.
Numerical simulation of the unsteady stator‐rotor interaction in a low‐speed axial fan including experimental validation
Authors: Fernández Oro J.M. , Argüelles Diaz K.M. , Santolaria Morros C. , Galdo Vega M.
Published: March 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the analysis of the dynamic and periodic interaction between both fixed and rotating blade rows in a single‐stage turbomachine.

Design/methodology/approach

A numerical three‐dimensional (3D) simulation of the complete stage is carried out, using a commercial code, FLUENT, that resolves the 3D, unsteady turbulent flow inside the passages of a low‐speed axial flow fan. For the closure of turbulence, both Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes modeling and large eddy simulation (LES) techniques are used and compared. LES schemes are shown to be more accurate due to their good description of the largest eddy structures of the flow, but require careful near‐wall treatment.

Findings

The main goal is placed on the characterization of the unsteady flow structures involved in an axial flow blower of high reaction degree, relating them to working point variations and axial gap modifications.

Research limitations/implications

Complementarily, an experimental facility was developed to obtain a physical description of the flow inside the machine. Both static and dynamic measurements were used in order to describe the interaction phenomena. A five‐hole probe was employed for the static characterization, and hot wire anemometry techniques were used for the instantaneous response of the interaction.

Originality/value

The paper describes development of a methodology to understand the flow mechanisms related to the blade‐passing frequency in a single rotor‐stator interaction.
Numerical analysis of flow and heat transfer of a viscoelastic fluid over a stretching sheet
Authors: Momeni Maryam , Jamshidi Naghmeh , Barari Amin , Domairry Ganji
Published: March 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second‐grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel and employ the homotopy analysis method (HAM) to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, a study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second‐grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel is presented and the HAM is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. It has been attempted to show the capabilities and wide‐range applications of the HAM in comparison with the numerical method in solving this problem.

Findings

The obtained solutions, in comparison with the exact solutions admit a remarkable accuracy.

Originality/value

In this paper, a study of the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible homogeneous second‐grade fluid past a stretching sheet channel is presented and the HAM is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the system of nonlinear differential equations governing on the problem. The paper shows the capabilities and wide‐range applications of the HAM in comparison with the numerical method in solving this problem. The obtained solutions, in comparison with the exact solutions admit a remarkable accuracy.