bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Neuroscience Can Tell about Intuitive Processes in the Context of Perceptual Discovery
Authors: Volz Kirsten G. , von Cramon D. Yves
Published: November 2006

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, intuition is “the ability to understand or know something immediately, without conscious reasoning.” Most people would agree that intuitive responses appear as ideas or feelings that subsequently guide our thoughts and behaviors. It is proposed that people continuously, without conscious attention, recognize patterns in the stream of sensations that impinge upon them. What exactly is being recognized is not clear yet, but we assume that people detect potential content based on only a few aspects of the input (i.e., the gist). The result is a vague perception of coherence which is not explicitly describable but instead embodied in a “gut feeling” or an initial guess, which subsequently biases thought and inquiry. To approach the nature of intuitive processes, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging when participants were working at a modified version of the Waterloo Gestalt Closure Task. Starting from our conceptualization that intuition involves an informed judgment in the context of discovery, we expected activation within the median orbito-frontal cortex (OFC), as this area receives input from all sensory modalities and has been shown to be crucially involved in emotionally driven decisions. Results from a direct contrast between intuitive and nonintuitive judgments, as well as from a parametric analysis, revealed the median OFC, the lateral portion of the amygdala, anterior insula, and ventral occipito-temporal regions to be activated. Based on these findings, we suggest our definition of intuition to be promising and a good starting point for future research on intuitive processes.
A Neurolinguistic Model of Grammatical Construction Processing
Authors: Dominey Peter Ford , Hoen Michel , Inui Toshio
Published: November 2006

One of the functions of everyday human language is to communicate meaning. Thus, when one hears or reads the sentence, “John gave a book to Mary,” some aspect of an event concerning the transfer of possession of a book from John to Mary is (hopefully) transmitted. One theoretical approach to language referred to as construction grammar emphasizes this link between sentence structure and meaning in the form of grammatical constructions. The objective of the current research is to (1) outline a functional description of grammatical construction processing based on principles of psycholinguistics, (2) develop a model of how these functions can be implemented in human neurophysiology, and then (3) demonstrate the feasibility of the resulting model in processing languages of typologically diverse natures, that is, English, French, and Japanese. In this context, particular interest will be directed toward the processing of novel compositional structure of relative phrases. The simulation results are discussed in the context of recent neurophysiological studies of language processing.
Proactive Interference as a Result of Persisting Neural Representations of Previously Learned Motor Skills in Primary Motor Cortex
Authors: Cothros Nicholas , Köhler Stefan , Dickie Erin W. , Mirsattari Seyed M. , Gribble Paul L.
Published: November 2006

Learning to control movements in different dynamic environments is marked by proactive interference; learning a first skill interferes with the subsequent learning of a second one. The neural basis of this effect is poorly understood. We tested the idea that proactive interference results from persisting neural representations of previously learned skills in the primary motor cortex (M1). We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of M1 to disrupt retention of a recently learned motor skill. If interference results from the retention of this skill then its disruption should be associated with reduced interference. Subjects reached to targets while interacting with a robotic arm that applied force fields to the limb. Fifteen minutes of 1-Hz rTMS to M1 impaired the retention of a first force field, and more importantly, reduced proactive interference when subjects learned a second one. Our findings suggest that retention and interference are linked at the level of M1.
space-dis-place: How Sound and Interactivity Can Reconfigure Our Apprehension of Space
Authors: Jones Stuart
Published: November 2006

The author examines the plasticity of the perceptual spaces generated by sound and interactivity and how their dynamic relationships to other perceptual spaces, both mediated and physical, affect our overall perception of the space we are in. He does this by analyzing some of his own work, in the wider context of architecture and time-based art and design, referencing work by other makers.
Geopolitical Obstacles to the DPRK's Development Strategy in a Historical Perspective
Authors: Noumoff S.J.
Published: November 2006

This article will engage in a brief survey of the geopolitical impediments to development in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). One cannot comprehend the present without understanding the thread which runs from the past to the present. Even a perfunctory knowledge of regional geography will highlight that the DPRK lies at the intersection of China–Russia–Japan and US interests. The central issues in the DPRK's developmental strategy are (1) state/regime survival and (2) resource allocation. In its earliest days the administration of Kim Il Sung was bedevilled by two alternative factions within the Workers Party: the Irkutsk faction beholden to the patronage of the USSR, which opted for and lost a leadership struggle in 1955, and the Yan'an faction of Chinese-oriented veterans. Once Kim Il Sung's power was consolidated, the primary adversary was and remains the United States and its ally Japan. Cumulatively both of these historical experiences have resulted in a total distortion of resource allocation; in the first instance because of the need to establish an independent identity, mooting the juche concept as its focus; and in the second, because of military expenditure of Herculean proportions. Reportedly 25 to 30 per cent of the population is either in the Korean People's Army or the Red Militia.
Collaborative Philosophical Enquiry for School Children
Authors: Trickey S. , Topping K. J.
Published: November 2006

Two measures were used to investigate the socioemotional effects of collaborative philosophical enquiry on children aged 11 at pre–test in five experimental and three control primary (elementary) school mainstream classes. Experimental teachers received initial and follow-up professional development. In a pre–post controlled design, experimental pupils used collaborative enquiry for one hour each week over a seven-month inter-test period. Control pupils followed a normal curriculum. On a test of self-esteem as a learner, experimental pupils ( n = 119) gained significantly while controls ( n = 52) did not. There was evidence of significant reduction in dependency and anxiety and of greater self-confidence. Girls tended to gain more than boys. These results were fairly consistent across schools/classes. On a scale for teacher observation of pupil social skills in problematic situations, a random sample of experimental pupils ( n = 25) gained no more than controls ( n = 22) overall. However, these results showed considerable variation across schools/classes. Implications for future research, practice and policy are addressed.
Arsenic-induced toxicity: effect on protein composition in sciatic nerve
Authors: Vahidnia A , Romijn F , Tiller M , van der Voet G B , de Wolff F A
Published: November 2006

Exposure to arsenic compounds may lead to skin and lung cancer and various disorders such as vascular disease and peripheral neuropathy in humans. Peripheral arsenic neurotoxicity has been demonstrated clinically and in electrophysiological studies. Patients intoxicated with arsenic show neurological symptoms in their feet and hands. These patients show significantly lower nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) in their peripheral nerves in comparison with controls. The mechanism of arsenic peripheral nervous system (PNS) toxicity, however, has never been described before. This is the first study to investigate the toxicity of arsenic on the PNS. Male Wistar rats were exposed to arsenite given as a single dose i.v. After sacrifice, sciatic nerves were excised and the protein composition was analysed. Protein analysis of sciatic nerves showed disappearance of neurofilament and fibroblast proteins in rats treated with arsenite doses of 15 and 20 mg/kg in comparison with the control groups. Some fibroblast protein bands had disappeared in the 20-mg/kg dose group. The analysed neurofilament-M and-L proteins decreased dose dependency over time. arsenic affects the composition of proteins in the rat sciatic nerve, especially the neurofilaments. The reduction of signals in Western blot analysis reveals changes in cytoskeletal composition, which may well lead to neurotoxic effects in vivo.
The Dynamic Relationship between Main Investors' Net Long Position and the Trading Volume of KTB Futures Market
Authors: Kim Hee Seong , Park Sang-Bum
Published: November 2006

An analysis on the dynamic relationship between trade volume in the KTB futures market and the net long position of investment companies, foreign investors and banks was carried out to investigate the relationship among major market participants' net long position and changes in trade volume, and then to use the results in order to derive policy alternatives that would make the market bullish for the cases of low trade volume of KTB futures.
A Risk-Sensitive Portfolio Optimisation Problem with Stochastic Interest Rate
Authors: Goel Mayank , K. Suresh Kumar
Published: November 2006

This article discusses a class of risk-sensitive portfolio optimisation problem in the finite horizon. Our market consists of stocks and a saving account with the underlying spot interest rate being governed by an stochastic differential equation (SDE). We prove the existence of optimal investment strategies and also obtain an explicit form for optimal strategies.
Xenitis Group of Companies
Authors: Bagchi Soumendra N.
Published: November 2006

The Xenitis Group of Companies emerged as a significant player in the personal computer (PC) market in the Indian subcontinent after the introduction of its Aamar PC, priced below Rs 10,000. Starting as a trading company and then launching its own desktop, Xenitis had seen its annual turnover grow from Rs 20 million to excess of Rs 1,780 million. Buoyed by its success in the Indian market, Xenitis planned to expand in international markets, targeting an annual turnover of Rs 50,000 million by year 2010. The entry of new players, offering low-priced PCs with similar configurations, in both Indian and international markets posed a serious challenge to Xenitis. The launch of sub-Rs 15,000 PCs with credit facility offered by financing companies also posed a threat to Xenitis, as consumers could now opt for higher-end PCs from better-known manufacturers.
Global Power Company, Pakistan
Authors: Butt Arif Nazir , Hemani Shezeen
Published: November 2006

As of 14 December 2004, Tariq Ali, CEO, Global Power Company, had successfully completed negotiations with his primary customer, Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), and the Federal Government. The negotiation process was almost complete and required the final approval from the newly established regulator, National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). It was on 9 March 2005, that Mr Ali made his first presentation to the regulator and within three months’ time heard the disappointing news of NEPRA's unilateral changes to the terms of agreement. The regulator's verdict had left Mr Ali with two choices; to restart negotiations with NEPRA or to go to court.
The Childhood of Human Rights: The Kodak on the Congo
Authors: Sliwinski Sharon
Published: November 2006

This article examines the Congo reform movement's use of atrocity photographs in their human rights campaign (c. 1904–13) against Belgian King Leopold, colonial ruler of the Congo Free State. This material analysis shows that human rights are conceived by spectators who, with the aid of the photographic apparatus, are compelled to judge that crimes against humanity are occurring to others. The article also tracks how this judgement has been haunted by the potent wish to undo the suffering witnessed.
Movement before Cinematography: The High-Speed Qualities of Sentiment
Authors: Canales Jimena
Published: November 2006

Cinematography, and the philosophical critiques it inspired, has come to represent modernity. The 19th century ended with reduced photographic time exposures. The 20th century began by marking itself on a new cinematographic strip. Yet by examining more carefully these narratives of modernity, it becomes clear that much falls between cinematographic frames, into its framelines. In particular, noncinematographic philosophies of time and movement are erased from view. This article inquires into these philosophies and traces their influence on later critiques of cinematography launched by Henri Bergson and later transformed by Gilles Deleuze. It focuses on debates between the philosopher Félix Ravaisson and the revolutionary art critic Eugène Guillaume with the purpose of rethinking the relationship between philosophy and technologies of movement.
Genetic and Functional Evidence Supporting SUMO4 as a Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility Gene
Authors: WANG CONG‐YI , PODOLSKY ROBERT , SHE JIN‐XIONG
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Genomewide linkage analyses since the early 1990s suggested over 20 genomic intervals that may contain susceptibility genes for type 1 diabetes. However, the identification of the specific genes in these intervals presents a formidable challenge due to a number of difficulties associated with genetic mapping and cloning of genes implicated in complex diseases. One of the difficulties is due to the presence of many weak and different susceptibility genes in different patients and populations, a phenomenon known as genetic heterogeneity. In 2004, we reported the cloning of a novel small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) gene, SUMO4, in the IDDM5 interval on chromosome 6q25, and presented strong genetic and functional evidence suggesting that SUMO4 is a susceptibility gene for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In this article, we will summarize genetic association data suggesting that SUMO4 is consistently associated with T1DM in the Asian populations while the association is more heterogeneous in the Caucasian populations. We will also discuss the possible molecular pathways through which sumoylation may regulate T1DM and autoimmunity.
Overcoming the Challenges Now Limiting Islet Transplantation
Authors: PILEGGI ANTONELLO , COBIANCHI LORENZO , INVERARDI LUCA , RICORDI CAMILLO
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Steady improvements in islet cell processing technology and immunosuppressive protocols have made pancreatic islet transplantation a clinical reality for the treatment of patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Recent trials are showing that improved glycemic metabolic control, prevention of severe hypoglycemia, and better quality of life can be reproducibly achieved after transplantation of allogeneic islets in patients with unstable T1DM. Despite these encouraging results, challenges ahead comprise obtaining adequate islet cells for transplant, enhancing islets engraftment, sustaining β cell mass and function over time, and defining effective immune interventions, among others. In order to overcome the current hurdles to the widespread application of islet transplantation there is a need for implementation of integrated, sequential therapeutic approaches.
Regulation of Ca2+ and Na+ in Normal and Failing Cardiac Myocytes
Authors: BERS DONALD M. , DESPA SANDA , BOSSUYT JULIE
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Ca2+ in cardiac myocytes regulates contractility and relaxation, and Ca2+ and Na +regulation are linked via Na+/Ca2+ exchange (NCX). Heart failure (HF) is accompanied by contractile dysfunction and arrhythmias, both of which may be due to altered cellular Ca2+ handling. Smaller Ca2+ transient and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content cause systolic dysfunction in HF. The reduced SR Ca2+ content is due to: (a) reduced SR Ca2+‐ATPase function (which also contributes to diastolic dysfunction), (b) increased expression and function of NCX (which competes with SR Ca2+‐ATPase during relaxation, but preserves diastolic function), and (c) enhanced diastolic SR Ca2+ leak. Relative contributions of these may vary with HF etiology and stage. Triggered arrhythmias (e.g., delayed afterdepolarizations [DADs]) are prominent in HF. DADs are due to spontaneous SR Ca2+ release and consequent activation of transient inward NCX current, which in HF allows DADs to more readily trigger arrhythmogenic action potentials. Thus NCX and Na+ are critical in systolic and diastolic function and arrhythmias. [Na+]i is elevated in HF, which may limit SR unloading and provide some Ca2+ influx during the HF action potential, thus limiting the depression of systolic function. High [Na+]i in HF is due to enhanced Na+ influx. Cellular Na+/K+‐ATPase (NKA) function appears unaltered, despite reduced NKA expression. This dichotomy led us to test NKA regulation by phospholemman (PLM). We find that PLM regulates NKA in a manner analogous to phospholamban regulation of SR Ca2+‐ATPase (i.e., inhibition that is relieved by PLM phosphorylation). We measured intermolecular FRET between PLM and NKA, which is reduced upon PLM phosphorylation. The lower expression level of more phosphorylated PLM in HF may explain the above dichotomy. Thus, altered Ca2+ and Na+ handling contributes to altered contractile function and arrhythmogenesis in HF.
Effect of lateral impact loads on failure of pressurized pipelines supported by foundation
Authors: Ng C. S. , Shen W. Q.
Published: November 2006

The dynamic inelastic response and failure prediction of pipelines under lateral mass impact at the mid-span position are presented in this article. A total of 52 impact tests were carried out on seamless mild steel pipes with different internal pressure levels and foundation supports. Critical initial impact energies were obtained for each group of pipe specimens with different internal pressure levels and foundation supports.

Numerical simulations of the experimental tests were carried out using three-dimensional dynamic non-linear finite element analysis, where both geometrical and material non-linearities were considered. Good agreements were achieved between the impact tests results and the numerical predictions.

It has been found that the influences of the internal pressure and the foundation on the critical initial impact energy are significant. The critical initial impact energy is much less sensitive to internal pressure for the pipes with a foundation than those without a foundation.
A numeric far field model for support interference studies in a slotted wall wind tunnel (European Transonic Windtunnel)
Authors: Heidebrecht A
Published: November 2006

This article presents a simplified computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the European Transonic Windtunnel test section that represents the model support in a far field and is specifically designed for the investigation of model support effects in the transonic regime. Two parametric studies were carried out in order to determine geometric parameters of the adapted support geometry and in order to enable the simulation of actual wind tunnel experiments, by correlating the wind tunnel reference Mach number with that at the far field in the CFD computation and the effective Mach number at the model location. A comparison was done using measured calibration data from the wind tunnel.
Performance of the piezo-poppet valve. Part 2
Authors: Wong A. P. , Bullough W. A. , Chin S. B.
Published: November 2006

In a companion paper the piezo-poppet (PZP) valve was examined for its operational flexibility principally in the steady outflow (flow-to-open) and to a lesser extent inflow (flow-to-close) conical head 90° seat configurations. Outflow form experimental results were used partially to verify a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the situation and to substantiate a basis for a simple sizing technique. The present paper goes on from that juncture by using CFD to investigate the tolerancing problems on the low-lift PZP valve in respect of deviations of the centre-line of the poppet from that of its inlet port and of the modification of the seat itself - by chamfering. Finally, the unsteady performance of the arrangement is computed, for standardized conditions, to give an assessment of control performance when the poppet is (a) theoretically adjusted quickly at the same pressure drop or (b) hypothetically experiences a pressure surge. In (a) the CFD is verified by experiment. From these tasks arise the prospect of innovative non-isothermal, unsteady flow modelling of hydraulic devices employing moving orthogonal boundaries, and three-dimensional CFD analysis. All of these tasks were performed on the outflow valve.
Optimal complementary filters and their application in motion measurement
Authors: Plummer A. R.
Published: November 2006

A variety of sensor types are normally available for measuring the same physical quantity, and each type exhibits its own error characteristics. Thus the best measurement can sometimes be obtained by combining information from two (or more) sensors. This paper proposes an optimal H∞ method to design complementary filters for combining two sensor signals. The method relies on selecting weighting functions which represent the measurement noise or other error characteristics of the sensors. Two detailed industrial examples are described, concerning the measurement of position and velocity for high-performance testing machines. Experimental results are presented, and the advantage of the proposed design method compared with heuristic approaches is demonstrated.
Preparation of tert-Alkyl Azides from Tertiary Alcohols by Way of Benzoquinone-mediated Oxidation–Reduction Condensation
Authors: Kuroda Kiichi , Kaneko Nobuya , Hayashi Yujiro , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: November 2006

A novel method for the preparation of alkyl azides from alcohols by way of oxidation–reduction condensation is described. According to this reaction, the sterically hindered tert-alkyl phosphinites that are prepared from the corresponding alcohols are converted into tert-alkyl azides with almost complete inversions of their stereochemistries. On treatment with LiAlH4 the obtained alkyl azides are then successfully reduced to afford the corresponding amines in good yields, thus, a versatile method for the preparation of chiral amines from the corresponding chiral alcohols was established.
Pericellular Matrilins Regulate Activation of Chondrocytes by Cyclic Load-Induced Matrix Deformation
Authors: Kanbe Katsuaki , Yang Xu , Wei Lei , Sun Changqi , Chen Qian
Published: November 2006

Pericellular matrix is at the ideal location to be involved in transmitting mechanical signals from the microenvironment to a cell. We found that changes of the content of matrilins that link various pericellular molecules surrounding chondrocytes affect mechanical stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation and gene expression. Thus, pericellular matrilins may play a role in chondrocyte mechanotransduction.

Introduction: Chondrocytes reside in a capsule of pericellular matrix (chondron), which has been hypothesized to play a critical role in transducing mechanical signals to the cell. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the levels of matrilin (MATN)-1 and -3, major components of the chondrocyte pericellular matrix network, regulate activation of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation by cyclic load–induced matrix deformation.

Materials and Methods: Functional matrilins were decreased by expressing a dominant negative mini-MATN in primary chondrocytes or by using MATN1-null chondrocytes. The abundance of matrilins was also increased by expressing a wildtype MATN1 or MATN3 in chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were cultured in a 3D sponge subjected to cyclic deformation at 1 Hz. Chondrocyte gene expression was quantified by real-time RT-PCR and by Western blot analysis. Matrilin pericellular matrix assembly was examined by immunocytochemistry.

Results: Elimination of functional matrilins from pericellular matrix abrogated mechanical activation of Indian hedgehog signaling and abolished mechanical stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Excessive or reduced matrilin content decreased mechanical response of chondrocytes.

Conclusions: Normal content of matrilins is essential to optimal activation of chondrocytes by mechanical signals. Our data suggest that the sensitivity of chondrocytes to the changes in the microenvironment can be adjusted by altering the content of matrilins in pericellular matrix. This finding supports a critical role of pericellular matrix in chondrocyte mechano-transduction and has important implications in cartilage tissue engineering and mechanical adaptation.
Hyperostosis–Hyperphosphatemia Syndrome: A Congenital Disorder of O-Glycosylation Associated With Augmented Processing of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23
Authors: Frishberg Yaacov , Ito Nobuaki , Rinat Choni , Yamazaki Yuji , Feinstein Sofia , Urakawa Itaru , Navon-Elkan Paulina , Becker-Cohen Rachel , Yamashita Takeyoshi , Araya Kaori , Igarashi Takashi , Fujita Toshiro , Fukumoto Seiji
Published: November 2006

Two hyperphosphatemic patients with mutations in GALNT3 showed low intact FGF23 levels with marked increase of processed C-terminal fragments. FGF23 protein has three O-linked glycans and FGF23 with incomplete glycosylation is susceptible to processing. Silencing GALNT3 resulted in enhanced processing of FGF23. Decreased function of FGF23 by enhanced processing is the cause of hyperphosphatemia in patients with GALNT3 mutation.

Introduction: Hyperostosis–hyperphosphatemia syndrome (HHS) is an autosomal recessive entity manifesting as severe hyperphosphatemia associated with episodic bone pain and radiological findings of cortical hyperostosis and periosteal reaction. Persistent hyperphosphatemia is not counterbalanced by PTH or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, posing a mirror image of hypophosphatemic states attributed to increased fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 activity.

Materials and Methods: We describe two children with HHS who were found to be homozygous for a mutation in GALNT3 encoding a peptide involved in mucin-type O-glycosylation (ppGaNTase-T3). FGF23 levels were evaluated by two ELISAs and Western blotting. FGF23 protein was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Effect of silencing GALNT3 was evaluated using siRNA in cells transfected with expression vector for FGF23.

Results: Both patients had low levels of the full-length FGF23 with markedly augmented amounts of the inactive fragments. Biologically active FGF23 has three O-linked glycans. FGF23 with only one or two O-linked glycans is processed into inactive fragments. Decreasing the expression of the GALNT3 gene by RNA interference resulted in enhanced processing of FGF23.

Conclusions: The primary defect in HHS is impairment of glycosylation of FGF23 resulting from mutations in GALNT3 and leading to augmented processing of FGF23. These changes in FGF23 abolish its phosphaturic effect and lead to severe persistent hyperphosphatemia. This study provides the pathogenetic mechanism of the first mucin-type O-glycosylation defect identified.
Exercise When Young Provides Lifelong Benefits to Bone Structure and Strength
Authors: Warden Stuart J , Fuchs Robyn K , Castillo Alesha B , Nelson Ian R , Turner Charles H
Published: November 2006

Short-term exercise in growing rodents provided lifelong benefits to bone structure, strength, and fatigue resistance. Consequently, exercise when young may reduce the risk for fractures later in life, and the old exercise adage of “use it or lose it” may not be entirely applicable to the skeleton.

Introduction: The growing skeleton is most responsive to exercise, but low-trauma fractures predominantly occur in adults. This disparity has raised the question of whether exercised-induced skeletal changes during growth persist into adulthood where they may have antifracture benefits. This study investigated whether brief exercise during growth results in lifelong changes in bone quantity, structure, quality, and mechanical properties.

Materials and Methods: Right forearms of 5-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were exercised 3 days/week for 7 weeks using the forearm axial compression loading model. Left forearms were internal controls and not exercised. Bone quantity (mineral content and areal density) and structure (cortical area and minimum second moment of area [IMIN]) were assessed before and after exercise and during detraining (restriction to home cage activity). Ulnas were removed after 92 weeks of detraining (at 2 years of age) and assessed for bone quality (mineralization) and mechanical properties (ultimate force and fatigue life).

Results: Exercise induced consistent bone quantity and structural adaptation. The largest effect was on IMIN, which was 25.4% (95% CI, 15.6–35.3%) greater in exercised ulnas compared with nonexercised ulnas. Bone quantity differences did not persist with detraining, whereas all of the absolute difference in bone structure between exercised and nonexercised ulnas was maintained. After detraining, exercised ulnas had 23.7% (95% CI, 13.0–34.3%) greater ultimate force, indicating enhanced bone strength. However, exercised ulnas also had lower postyield displacement (−26.4%; 95% CI, −43.6% to −9.1%), indicating increased brittleness. This resulted from greater mineralization (0.56%; 95% CI, 0.12–1.00%), but did not influence fatigue life, which was 10-fold greater in exercised ulnas.

Conclusions: These data indicate that exercise when young can have lifelong benefits on bone structure and strength, and potentially, fracture risk. They suggest that the old exercise adage of “use it or lose it” may not be entirely applicable to the skeleton and that individuals undergoing skeletal growth should be encouraged to perform impact exercise.
Differential Gene Expression in Cultured Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells From Patients With Paget's Disease of Bone
Authors: Naot Dorit , Bava Usha , Matthews Brya , Callon Karen E , Gamble Gregory D , Black Michael , Song Sarah , Pitto Rocco P , Cundy Tim , Cornish Jill , Reid Ian R
Published: November 2006

Paget's disease is a focal condition of bone. To study changes in cells within pagetic lesions, we cultured osteoblasts and stromal cells from 22 patients and compared gene expression in these cells to cells from healthy bone. We identified several differentially regulated genes, and we suggest that these changes could lead to the formation of the lesions.

Introduction: Paget's disease is a focal condition of bone of unknown cause. Although it is regarded as primarily an osteoclast disorder, the tight coupling of the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts suggests that the osteoblast could play a key role in its pathogenesis. The aim of the study was to identify possible changes in pagetic osteoblasts and stromal cells that might contribute to the development of pagetic lesions.

Materials and Methods: Candidate genes were identified based on known bone cell regulators, supplemented with microarray analysis. Gene expression was determined by real-time PCR in primary cultures of osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells from pagetic patients and control subjects. Concentrations of secreted proteins were determined by ELISA.

Results: Dickkopf1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in both pagetic osteoblast and stromal cell cultures, and interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 were overexpressed in pagetic osteoblasts. These changes parallel recent findings in myeloma bone disease, which shares some clinical similarities with Paget's disease. Alkaline phosphatase was overexpressed, and bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin were underexpressed in pagetic osteoblasts, consistent with their circulating levels in pagetic patients. It is hypothesized that overexpression of Dickkopf1, IL-1, and IL-6 would result in stimulation of osteoclast proliferation and inhibition of osteoblast growth, leading to the development of the characteristic lytic bone lesions. By stimulating osteoblast differentiation, Dickkopf1 and IL-6 may also promote mineralization, leading to the conversion of lytic lesions to sclerotic.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that dysregulated gene expression in pagetic osteoblasts could cause the changes in bone cell number and function characteristic of Paget's disease.
Changes in Biochemical Markers after Lower Limb Fractures
Authors: Stoffel Karl , Engler Hanna , Kuster Markus , Riesen Walter
Published: November 2006

Background: The bone remodeling sequence after bone fracture changes the concentrations of biochemical bone markers, but the relationships of fracture size and of healing time to changes in biomarkers are unclear. The present pilot study was undertaken to determine the changes found in serum bone markers after plate osteosynthesis of closed distal tibial and malleolar fractures during a study period of 24 weeks.

Methods: We measured tatrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP 5b), collagen type I C-terminal telopeptide (ICTP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP), osteocalcin (OC), procollagen type I C-terminal propeptide (PICP), procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide (PIIINP), and human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (YKL-40) in 20 patients with lower limb fractures (10 malleolar, 10 tibia). A physical examination and radiographs were completed to assess evidence of union.

Results: All malleolar fractures healed within 6 weeks, whereas 2 tibial fractures did not show complete bone healing after 24 weeks. Changes were comparable but more pronounced in the tibia group, and marker concentrations remained increased at the end of study (bone ALP, 86 vs 74 U/L; OC, 14.9 vs 7.7 μg/L; ICTP: 5.6 vs 3.3 μg/L at day 84 after osteosynthesis, P <0.05 in tibia; 80 vs 70 U/L, 8 vs 5.2 μg/L, and 3.5 vs 3.2 μg/L, respectively, in the malleolar fracture group).

Conclusions: In normal bone healing, changes in bone turnover markers were primarily dependent on the fracture size. Delayed tibia fracture healing may involve a disturbance in bone remodeling.
Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis for Point-of-Care Analysis of Lithium
Authors: Vrouwe Elwin X , Luttge Regina , Vermes Istvan , van den Berg Albert
Published: November 2006

Background: Microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a promising method for chemical analysis of complex samples such as whole blood. We evaluated the method for point-of-care testing of lithium.

Methods: Chemical separation was performed on standard glass microchip CE devices with a conductivity detector as described in previous work. Here we demonstrate a new sample-to-chip interface. Initially, we took a glass capillary as a sample collector for whole blood from a finger stick. In addition, we designed a novel disposable sample collector and tested it against the clinical standard at the hospital (Medisch Spectrum Twente). Both types of collectors require <10 μL of test fluid. The collectors contain an integrated filter membrane, which prevents the transfer of blood cells into the microchip. The combination of such a sample collector with microchip CE allows point-of-care measurements without the need for off-chip sample treatment. This new on-chip protocol was verified against routine lithium testing of 5 patients in the hospital.

Results: Sodium, lithium, magnesium, and calcium were separated in <20 s. The detection limit for lithium was 0.15 mmol/L.

Conclusions: The new microchip CE system provides a convenient and rapid method for point-of-care testing of electrolytes in serum and whole blood.
Emotional gratifications during media use – An integrative approach
Authors: Bartsch Anne , Mangold Roland , Viehoff Reinhold , Vorderer Peter
Published: November 2006

The desire to experience emotions is widely considered to be a key motivation for media use, especially for the use of media entertainment. But what exactly do people seek when they seek emotions? What kinds of gratifications do they obtain from the experience of emotions during media use? An overview of research on emotional gratifications shows that emotions can be gratifying in multiple ways – ranging from simple hedonistic gratifications to more complex gratifications such as feeling competent or morally good. An integrative framework is outlined that aims at a more systematic understanding of emotional gratifications and their influence on selective media use. We suggest that different aspects of an emotion's gratification potential are appraised simultaneously, and integrated into a holistic appraisal outcome that can be conceptualized as ‘meta-emotion’. Meta-emotions guide the recipient's intuitive decision to accept, or reject a media offer's invitation to experience emotions.
Using ‘new’ data sources for ‘old’ newspaper research: Developing guidelines for data collection
Authors: Schafraad Pytrik , Wester Fred , Scheepers Peer
Published: November 2006

This article discusses the benefits and limitations of collecting electronic data for large-scale thematic content analysis. We will discuss a number of methodological and technical issues. The first one is the construction of a list of relevant keywords that serves as the primary data collecting device. This is not only a technical necessity, but also secures a theoretically and empirically valid collection of data. The second concern is the quality of electronic archive information. Finally, source-specific data characteristics and coding difficulties are dealt with. In conclusion, seven guidelines for electronic data collecting are proposed.
Cationic-based Crop Oil Concentrates
Authors: Stridde HM , Elsik CM , Tann RS
Published: November 2006

For most of six decades, crop oil concentrates (COCs) have been used as important tank mix adjuvants for increased pesticidal penetration. For the past 30 years, cationic surfactants have been known to enhance the bio-efficacy of numerous acid-based herbicides, especially glyphosate. With the advent of glyphosate-tolerant crops, glyphosate has become almost universal in its use. This has led to some issues with weeds hard to control with glyphosate alone. Recently a practice has developed where other herbicides and COC formulations are mixed with glyphosate to address problems with glyphosate-tolerant plants. A field study was conducted to develop a COC containing cationic surfactants that would deliver excellent, stable emulsification of the oil phase and boost the herbicidal activity of both glyphosate and the admixed herbicide. This COC worked very efficiently in a broad range of waters as well as ultra-high electrolyte environments such as ammonium sulfate solutions common to glyphosate applications.
Evolution of gonadotropin deficiency in a patient with type II autosomal dominant GH deficiency
Authors: Turton James P G , Buchanan Charles R , Robinson Iain C A F , Aylwin Simon J B , Dattani Mehul T
Published: November 2006

Background: Type II isolated GH deficiency (IGHD type II) is caused by dominant negative splicing or point mutations of theGH-1gene. Studies have suggested that dominant mutant GH forms prevent the secretion of wild-type GH, resulting in eventual cell death; surprisingly, some patients with these GH mutations develop other hormonal deficiencies (ACTH, TSH).

Subjects: The proband presented at the age of 2.3 years with IGHD. His father, also known to have been treated for IGHD as a child, had subsequently been lost to follow-up, having remained without treatment during this time. At re-evaluation at the age of 38 years, he complained of lack of stamina and poor libido. Clinical and biochemical assessment confirmed severe GHD, borderline ACTH insufficiency, suboptimal basal and stimulated gonadotropins, and a poor prolactin response to provocation. The basal testosterone concentration was low, and he complained of secondary infertility. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed anterior pituitary hypoplasia in both patients. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous splicing mutation inGH-1(intervening sequence-3 + 1G>A) in both patients, known to cause IGHD type II.

Interventions: The proband showed an excellent growth response to recombinant human GH (rhGH). His father, also treated with rhGH, showed improved quality of life on rhGH, but testosterone concentrations continued to decline, necessitating treatment with testosterone with symptomatic benefit but no improvement in semen quality.

Conclusions: This case supports recent experimental and clinical observations suggesting that the cytotoxicity associated with accumulation of dominant negative mutant 17.5 kDa GH causes a form of GHD that can evolve into multiple hormone deficiencies. Hence, patients diagnosed initially with IGHD type II require continued long-term clinical follow-up.
Non-functioning pituitary adenoma database: a useful resource to improve the clinical management of pituitary tumors
Authors: Ferrante Emanuele , Ferraroni Monica , Castrignanò Tristana , Menicatti Laura , Anagni Mascia , Reimondo Giuseppe , Del Monte Patrizia , Bernasconi Donatella , Loli Paola , Faustini-Fustini Marco , Borretta Giorgio , Terzolo Massimo , Losa Marco , Morabito Alberto , Spada Anna , Beck-Peccoz Paolo , Lania Andrea G
Published: November 2006

Objective: The long-term outcome of non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) patients is not clearly established, probably due to the low annual incidence and prolonged natural history of these rare tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical data at presentation and long-term post-surgery and radiotherapy outcome in a cohort of patients with NFPA.

Design and methods: A computerized database was developed using Access 2000 software (Microsoft Corporation, 1999). Retrospective registration of 295 NFPA patients was performed in seven Endocrinological Centers of North West Italy. Data were analyzed by STATA software.

Results: The main presenting symptoms were visual defects (67.8%) and headache (41.4%) and the most frequent pituitary deficit was hypogonadism (43.3%), since almost all tumors were macroadenomas (96.5%). Surgery was the first choice treatment (98% of patients) and total debulking was achieved in 35.5%. Radiotherapy was performed as adjuvant therapy after surgery in 41% of patients. At the follow-up, recurrence occurred in 19.2% of patients without post-surgical residual tumor after 7.5 ± 2.6 years, regrowth in 58.4% of patients with post-surgical remnant after 5.3 ± 4.0 years and residue enlargement in 18.4% of patients post-surgically treated with radiotherapy after 8.1 ± 7.3 years.

Conclusions: Our database indicates that the goal of a definitive surgical cure has been achieved during the last decade in a low percentage of patients with NFPA. This tumor database may help to reduce the delay between symptom onset and diagnosis, to assess prognostic parameters for the follow-up of patients with different risk of recurrence and to define the efficacy and safety of different treatments and their association with mortality/morbidity.
The Digital Balance between Industrialised and Developing Countries: Futures Studies for Development
Authors: Hietanen Olli
Published: November 2006

The purpose of researching the digital balance between industrialised and developing countries was to discover how information and communication technology (ICT), content and e-services developed in Finland will work on the African continent, and vice versa. Globalisation and the associated new international division of labour and well-being require a continuous renewal of Finland's national economy and production structures. This increasingly fast process of change is shaping the new economy, in the context of the information society, into a phenomenon characterised by cultural know-how and creativity. During the first phase of the information society the Finnish national economy made money with technology (with mobile phones, electronic machines, etc.) During the second phase, it is making money by using the technology (by content and services). During the third phase, the weight of development is moving away from the physical infrastructure towards social infrastructure. The products of the third phase include the concepts and formats of culture and well-being — education, innovation and health care systems and their management. The research identified two practical tools for developing this kind of social infrastructure for globally sustainable development: 1. networking African and Finnish futures studies experts, and 2. developing multidisciplinary development research clusters between Finland and Africa. Should such initiatives be taken they will eventually contribute to the diminishing of the current digital divide between Africa and the rest of the world.
Freedom and Sharing in the Global Network Society
Authors: Lankshear Colin
Published: November 2006

This article focuses on some ideas from social and political philosophy concerning the ideal of freedom that may be useful for thinking about issues associated with the rise of network societies. The tendency for ‘freedom’ to mean very different things to different people has carried over to the context of thinking about issues associated with new technologies and network societies. This elasticity needs to be managed if ‘freedom’ is to do useful work in substantive debate about the issues that arise. This article considers three analytic tools that seem applicable to issues arising under the contemporary condition of network societies. They are, respectively, the ‘opportunity—exercise’ analysis of ‘freedom’, the ‘positive—negative freedom’ distinction, and the ‘triadic relation’ analysis of freedom. Each is discussed by reference to familiar current issues.
Memes and Affinity Spaces: Some Implications for Policy and Digital Divides in Education
Authors: Knobel Michele
Published: November 2006

This article focuses on the social practices of propagating and circulating memes within Internet environments as a significant dimension of cultural production and transmission. Memes (pronounced ‘meems’) are contagious patterns of cultural information that are passed from mind to mind and which directly shape and transmit key actions and mindsets of a social group. Memes include popular tunes, catchphrases, clothing fashions, architectural styles, ways of doing things, and so on. The chief purpose of this article is to contribute to the empirical study of online memes as new literacy practices by examining the key elements of successful memes. The article begins by developing a succinct definition of ‘meme’ and identifies key characteristics of successful memes in general. This set of characteristics is illustrated by way of two examples of successful Internet-mediated memes. The article concludes with a brief discussion of some of the implications memes and memeing have for contemporary approaches to literacy instruction and new digital technology use in schools.