bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolated Tympanic Plate Fracture Frequency and Its Relationship to Mandibular Trauma
Authors: Altay Canan , Erdoğan Nezahat , Batkı Ozan , Eren Erdem , Altay Sedat , Karasu Şebnem , Mete Berna , Uluç Engin
Published: August 2014

Purpose

This study evaluated the prevalence of isolated tympanic fractures and their correlation with mandibular fractures by using maxillofacial computed tomography (CT).

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively evaluated the maxillofacial CT of 1590 patients who presented to our emergency department with maxillofacial trauma between December 2010 and December 2012. Maxillofacial CT was used as the criterion standard for evaluating patients with maxillofacial fractures. The CT images were evaluated by using an electronic picture archiving and communications system and interpreted independently by 2 radiologists.

Results

The maxillofacial CT images revealed mandibular fractures in 167 of the patients and isolated tympanic plate fractures in 35 of these 167 patients. Four patients (11%) had a bilateral tympanic plate fracture, and 31 patients (89%) had unilateral tympanic plate fracture. Of all the tympanic plate fractures, 19 (54%) were on the right side and 16 (46%) were on the left side ( P > .05). In our results, a significant correlation between the presence of a right-sided tympanic plate fracture and fracture of the ipsilateral condylar process was found ( P = .036). However, a statistically significant difference between the presence of a tympanic plate fracture and other mandible fractures, additional soft-tissue findings, or the number of fractures was not determined ( P > .05). Sex had no impact on the presence of tympanic plate fracture ( P > .05).

Conclusion

The frequency of isolated tympanic plate fractures in maxillofacial trauma is low, but it is an important anatomic location. Condyle fractures are significantly associated with isolated tympanic plate fractures. The presence of these injuries should raise suspicion of a concomitant isolated tympanic plate fracture.
Effect of almond consumption on the serum fatty acid profile: a dose–response study
Authors: Nishi Stephanie , Kendall Cyril W. C. , Gascoyne Ana-Maria , Bazinet Richard P. , Bashyam Balachandran , Lapsley Karen G. , Augustin Livia S. A. , Sievenpiper John L. , Jenkins David J. A.
Published: August 2014

Consumption of almonds has been shown to be associated with a decreased risk of CHD, which may be related to their fatty acid (FA) composition. However, the effect of almond consumption on the serum FA composition is not known. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether almond consumption would alter the serum FA profile and risk of CHD, as calculated using Framingham's 10-year risk score, in a dose-dependent manner in hyperlipidaemic individuals when compared with a higher-carbohydrate control group using dietary interventions incorporating almonds. A total of twenty-seven hyperlipidaemic individuals consumed three isoenergetic (mean 1770 kJ/d) supplements during three 1-month dietary phases: (1) full-dose almonds (50–100 g/d); (2) half-dose almonds with half-dose muffins; (3) full-dose muffins. Fasting blood samples were obtained at weeks 0 and 4 for the determination of FA concentrations. Almond intake (g/d) was found to be inversely associated with the estimated Framingham 10-year CHD risk score (P= 0·026). In both the half-dose and full-dose almond groups, the proportions of oleic acid (OA) and MUFA in the TAG fraction (half-almond: OAP= 0·003; MUFAP= 0·004; full-almond: OAP< 0·001; MUFAP< 0·001) and in the NEFA fraction (half-almond: OAP= 0·01; MUFAP= 0·04; full-almond: OAP= 0·12; MUFAP= 0·06) increased. The estimated Framingham 10-year CHD risk score was inversely associated with the percentage change of OA (P= 0·011) and MUFA (P= 0·016) content in the TAG fraction. The proportions of MUFA in the TAG and NEFA fractions were positively associated with changes in HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Similarly, the estimated Framingham 10-year CHD risk score was inversely associated with the percentage change of OA (P= 0·069) and MUFA content in the NEFA fraction (P= 0·009). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that almond consumption increases OA and MUFA content in serum TAG and NEFA fractions, which are inversely associated with CHD lipid risk factors and overall estimated 10-year CHD risk.
The expression of the Hangenberg Event (latest Devonian) in a relatively shallow-marine succession (Pomeranian Basin, Poland): the results of a multi-proxy investigation
Authors: MATYJA HANNA , SOBIEŃ KATARZYNA , MARYNOWSKI LESZEK , STEMPIEŃ-SAŁEK MARZENA , MAŁKOWSKI KRZYSZTOF
Published: August 2014

The uppermost Famennian – lowermost Tournaisian interval has been analysed in detail using biostratigraphy, sedimentology, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry in a reference section of the relatively shallow carbonate ramp environment within the Pomeranian Basin. High-resolution biostratigraphic study, based on miospores, allows recognition of the standard western Europeanlepidophyta–nitidus(LN) andverrucosus–incohatus(VI) zones, as well as theConvolutispora majorZone, a local Pomeranian equivalent of the European standardhibernicus–distinctus(HD) Zone. The sedimentary succession and specific phenomena recognized close to the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary, such as fluctuations in water column euxinia, wildfire evidence, relative sea-level changes and perturbations of the carbon cycle reflected by positive carbon excursions, display a pattern partly similar to that observed in many areas in Europe during the Hangenberg Event, although the Hangenberg Black Shale horizon is not developed here. These important microscale environmental perturbations were observed not only within the Famennian LN miospore Zone but in a wide interval between the LN and the lowermost localConvolutispora majormiospore zones ( = lower part of HD standard miospore Zone). It is still uncertain whether the recognized event(s) were connected solely with the Hangenberg Event, which was possibly complex and multi-phased as is sometimes suggested, or whether they represent a succession of regionally limited, post-Hangenberg events. This question needs to be further investigated on broader stratigraphic and geographical scales.
Environmental quality: impact of economic growth
Authors: Bansal Sangeeta
Published: August 2014

Using a vertically differentiated product model, the paper aims to investigate the effects of economic growth on market provision of product quality. The quality attribute considered is the environmental friendliness of products. Economic growth is modeled as a shift in income distribution. It shows that the effect of economic growth depends on the form it takes. A growth in income that is uniform across consumers improves the cleanup levels adopted by both firms. However, a growth in income that is accompanied by changes in income inequality may result in the lowering of one of the two qualities. More specifically, if the growth in income is accompanied by increased disparities in income distribution, the quality of the (environmentally) inferior variant is reduced. This has serious implications for the poor consumers if the product has safety or health hazards. The paper suggests a regulatory measure to prevent such deterioration in the quality of the inferior variant.
Building Confidence in Elections: The Case of Electoral Monitors in Kosova
Authors: Brancati Dawn
Published: August 2014

While most research on electoral monitors has focused on the effect of electoral monitors on politicians and their behavior in terms of committing electoral fraud, this study examines the effect of electoral monitors on citizens, and their effect, in particular, on people's perceptions of electoral integrity and behavior in terms of turnout at the polls. To examine this relationship, I conducted a field experiment around the 2009/2010 municipal elections in Kosova, which varied the amount of information people had about the responsibilities of monitors in these elections. In the experiment, people who had more information about the monitors' responsibilities believed that the elections were more free and fair than those who had less information, and also believed that the monitors helped make these elections more free and fair, even though they were not more likely to vote as a result.
Thermoelectric Seebeck effect in oxide-based resistive switching memory
Authors: Wang Ming , Bi Chong , Li Ling , Long Shibing , Liu Qi , Lv Hangbing , Lu Nianduan , Sun Pengxiao , Liu Ming
Published: August 2014

Reversible resistive switching induced by an electric field in oxide-based resistive switching memory shows a promising application in future information storage and processing. It is believed that there are some local conductive filaments formed and ruptured in the resistive switching process. However, as a fundamental question, how electron transports in the formed conductive filament is still under debate due to the difficulty to directly characterize its physical and electrical properties. Here we investigate the intrinsic electronic transport mechanism in such conductive filament by measuring thermoelectric Seebeck effects. We show that the small-polaron hopping model can well describe the electronic transport process for all resistance states, although the corresponding temperature-dependent resistance behaviours are contrary. Moreover, at low resistance states, we observe a clear semiconductor–metal transition around 150 K. These results provide insight in understanding resistive switching process and establish a basic framework for modelling resistive switching behaviour.
Gold Catalysis in the Complete Oxidation or Decomposition of Small Molecule Pollutants
Authors: Ma Chunyan , Hao Zhengping
Published: August 2014

Supported gold catalysts are useful for the elimination of small molecule pollutants at low temperature. Catalytic oxidation and decomposition are ways to eliminate these air pollutants. The complete oxidation of CO, ethylene and formaldehyde to CO2 over supported gold catalysts, which can be achieved at room temperature or lower, has been studied widely and in depth. Some research has focused on the decomposition of ozone, N2O and NO over supported gold catalysts. The mechanism of catalysis by supported gold material has been elucidated for the above mentioned reactions.
Superficial Modification of Semiconductors with Gold Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Carlos Durán-Álvarez Juan , Zanella Rodolfo , OROS-RUÍZ Socorro
Published: August 2014

This chapter reviews the work related to surface modification of semiconductors with gold nanoparticles to cause plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic molecules, water splitting, the removal of air pollutants and the enhancement of the photocatalytic production of fine chemicals. Gold nanoparticles possess the ability to absorb visible light, because of the surface plasmon resonance, and to increase the separation of electron–hole pairs by acting as a sink of electrons thus reducing the possibility of recombination. The two main mechanisms discussed in the literature regarding plasmonic enhancement of photoactivity under visible illumination, charge transfer and local electric field enhancement, are discussed.
Performance metrics based on signal intensity for ion mobility spectrometry – based explosive trace detectors using inkjet printed materials
Authors: Verkouteren J. R. , Lawrence J. , Klouda G. A. , Najarro M. , Grandner J. , Verkouteren R. M. , York S. J.
Published: August 2014

Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) explosive trace detectors (ETDs) have become an integral part of security practices aimed at protecting the public, transportation, and facilities.
Visible-ultraviolet vibronic emission of silica nanoparticles
Authors: Spallino Luisa , Vaccaro Lavinia , Sciortino Luisa , Agnello Simonpietro , Buscarino Gianpiero , Cannas Marco , Gelardi Franco Mario
Published: August 2014

We report the study of the visible-ultraviolet emission properties and the structural features of silica nanoparticles prepared through a laboratory sol–gel technique.
Poisoning effect of adsorbed CO during CO2 electroreduction on late transition metals
Authors: Akhade Sneha A. , Luo Wenjia , Nie Xiaowa , Bernstein Nicole J. , Asthagiri Aravind , Janik Michael J.
Published: August 2014

DFT calculations demonstrate CO surface poisoning of Pt, Co, Ni, and Fe electrodes during CO2 reduction.
XLPE based Al2O3–clay binary and ternary hybrid nanocomposites: self-assembly of nanoscale hybrid fillers, polymer chain confinement and transport characteristics
Authors: Jose Josmin P. , Thomas Sabu
Published: August 2014

Transport mechanism through binary (A & C) and ternary hybrid (AC) XLPE nanocomposites.
Fungal siderophore metabolism with a focus onAspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Haas Hubertus
Published: August 2014

This Highlight provides an overview of fungal siderophore metabolism and its role in physiology, cellular differentiation, interaction with other organisms, as well as potential clinical applications.
The coumarin–pterocarpan conjugate – a natural product inspired hybrid molecular probe for DNA recognition
Authors: Chattopadhyay Shital K. , Kundu Indranil , Maitra Ratnava
Published: August 2014

Thermally induced cascade sigmatropic rearrangement of a butynyloxycoumarin derivative has led to a quick access to the coumarin–pterocarpan hybrid molecule. Biophysical studies together with molecular modeling show that this nature-inspired hybrid molecule is capable of binding to the minor groove of DNA as a non-conventional entity.
Surface patterning with natural and synthetic polymers via an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction employing microcontact chemistry
Authors: Roling Oliver , Mardyukov Artur , Lamping Sebastian , Vonhören Benjamin , Rinnen Stefan , Arlinghaus Heinrich F. , Studer Armido , Ravoo Bart Jan
Published: August 2014

Bioorthogonal ligation methods are the focus of current research due to their versatile applications in biotechnology and materials science for post-functionalization and immobilization of biomolecules.
Hybrid ternary composites of hyperbranched and linear polyimides with SiO2: a research for low dielectric constant and optimized properties
Authors: Kim Seongku , Wang Xingyuan , Ando Shinji , Wang Xiaogong
Published: August 2014

The hybrid ternary composites with low dielectric constant and high thermal stability were fabricated through composition optimization by introducing suitable amounts of inorganic silica and hyperbranched polyimide into a linear polyimide system.
Supporting the Use of Rudimentary Vocalizations
Authors: Zubow Lauren , Hurtig Richard
Published: August 2014

Children with Rett Syndrome (RS) are reported to use multiple modalities to communicate although their intentionality is often questioned (Bartolotta, Zipp, Simpkins, & Glazewski, 2011; Hetzroni & Rubin, 2006; Sigafoos et al., 2000; Sigafoos, Woodyatt, Tuckeer, Roberts-Pennell, & Pittendreigh, 2000). This paper will present results of a study analyzing the unconventional vocalizations of a child with RS. The primary research question addresses the ability of familiar and unfamiliar listeners to interpret unconventional vocalizations as “yes” or “no” responses. This paper will also address the acoustic analysis and perceptual judgments of these vocalizations. Pre-recorded isolated vocalizations of “yes” and “no” were presented to 5 listeners (mother, father, 1 unfamiliar, and 2 familiar clinicians) and the listeners were asked to rate the vocalizations as either “yes” or “no.” The ratings were compared to the original identification made by the child's mother during the face-to-face interaction from which the samples were drawn. Findings of this study suggest, in this case, the child's vocalizations were intentional and could be interpreted by familiar and unfamiliar listeners as either “yes” or “no” without contextual or visual cues. The results suggest that communication partners should be trained to attend to eye-gaze and vocalizations to ensure the child's intended choice is accurately understood.
Communicate and Collaborate! Strategies for Facilitating AAC Use at Home and School
Authors: DeFelice Heather , Scheer-Cohen Alison R. , Hughes Deanna M.
Published: August 2014

Family and school collaboration is key for successful implementation of augmentative alternative communication (AAC). The importance of this collaboration as well as specific strategies for including families in all aspects of the AAC process is outlined in this paper. Strategies to improve communication throughout the assessment process are discussed as well as specific interventions that can assist in treatment. Finally, efforts to improve generalization and maintenance of AAC abilities are detailed.
2D CPITD method for extracting attenuation constant of longitudinally invariant lossy transmission lines
Authors: Kang Zhen , Ma Xikui , Zhuansun Xu
Published: August 2014

Owing to the fact that the conventional compact two‐dimensional (2D) precise integration time‐domain (CPITD) method ignores the attenuation along the propagation direction for lossy invariant transmission lines, the calculation results are unsatisfactory. To extract the exact attenuation constant, a novel CPITD method that considers the attenuation constant along the propagation direction and describes an iterative process to seek out the attenuation constant is proposed. Compared with previous research related to the compact 2D finite‐difference time‐domain (CFDTD) method, the analytical or approximate analytical solution of the attenuation constant as the initial input value is used followed by the golden division method to find the interval of the exact attenuation constant in the iterative process. Numerical experimentations validate that the results of the novel method are much more accurate than those of the conventional CPITD method. Furthermore, the proposed method is of higher computational efficiency than the CFDTD method.
Induction cage machine supplied with voltage containing subharmonics and interharmonics
Authors: Gnaciński Piotr , Pepliński Marcin
Published: August 2014

This study deals with the influence of voltage subharmonics and interharmonics on an induction cage machine. The windings current subharmonics and interharmonics as well as the magnetising current are studied. The effect of voltage subharmonics and interharmonics on windings temperature rise is analysed. The results of measurements and calculations are compared for various machine models. The appropriate investigations are performed for two low‐power, totally enclosed induction motors of different properties: a machine with a comparatively strongly saturated magnetic circuit, and one with a comparatively weakly saturated magnetic circuit.
Note: Index of refraction measurement using the Fresnel equations
Authors: McClymer J. P.
Published: August 2014

The real part of the refractive index is measured from 1.30 to above 3.00 without the use of index matching fluids. This approach expands upon the Brewster angle technique as both S and P polarized lights are used and the full Fresnel equations fitted to the data to extract the index of refraction using nonlinear curve fitting.
Band tail recombination in polymer:fullerene organic solar cells
Authors: Hawks Steven A. , Li Gang , Yang Yang , Street Robert A.
Published: August 2014

Recombination through band tail localized states is studied analytically and by measurement of the forward-bias dark current as a function of temperature in three different organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells. The Shockley-Read-Hall mechanism is analyzed for the specific case of recombination between mobile carriers and an exponential distribution of localized band tail states. The analysis gives a simple relation between the dark current ideality factor and the band tail slope. Assumptions of the model are verified by numerical drift-diffusion modeling. Diode current-voltage measurements give good agreement with the analytical model, confirming that the band tail recombination mechanism applies to at least some organic solar cells. Deep traps provide a secondary recombination channel in some devices.
Stress-induced light scattering method for the detection of latent flaws on fine polished glass substrates
Authors: Sakata Y. , Sakai K. , Nonaka K.
Published: August 2014

Fine polishing techniques, such as the chemical mechanical polishing treatment, are one of the most important technique to glass substrate manufacturing. Mechanical interaction in the form of friction occurs between the abrasive and the substrate surface during polishing, which may cause formation of latent flaws on the glass substrate surface. Fine polishing-induced latent flaws may become obvious during a subsequent cleaning process if glass surfaces are corroded away by chemical interaction with the cleaning liquid. Latent flaws thus reduce product yield. In general, non-destructive inspection techniques, such as the light-scattering methods, used to detect foreign matters on the glass substrate surface. However, it is difficult to detect latent flaws by these methods because the flaws remain closed. Authors propose a novel inspection technique for fine polishing-induced latent flaws by combining the light scattering method with stress effects, referred to as the stress-induced light scattering method (SILSM). SILSM is able to distinguish between latent flaws and particles on the surface. In this method, samples are deformed by an actuator and stress effects are induced around the tips of latent flaws. Due to the photoelastic effect, the refractive index of the material around the tip of a latent flaw is changed. This changed refractive index is in turn detected by a cooled charge-coupled device camera as variations in light scattering intensity. In this report, surface latent flaws are detected non-destructively by applying SILSM to glass substrates, and the utility of SILSM evaluated as a novel inspection technique.
Equatorial symmetry of Boussinesq convective solutions in a rotating spherical shell allowing rotation of the inner and outer spheres
Authors: Kimura Keiji , Takehiro Shin-ichi , Yamada Michio
Published: August 2014

We investigate properties of convective solutions of the Boussinesq thermal convection in a moderately rotating spherical shell allowing the respective rotation of the inner and outer spheres due to the viscous torque of the fluid. The ratio of the inner and outer radii of the spheres, the Prandtl number, and the Taylor number are fixed to 0.4, 1, and 5002, respectively. The Rayleigh number is varied from 2.6 × 104 to 3.4 × 104. In this parameter range, the behaviours of obtained asymptotic convective solutions are almost similar to those in the system whose inner and outer spheres are restricted to rotate with the same constant angular velocity, although the difference is found in the transition process to chaotic solutions. The convective solution changes from an equatorially symmetric quasi-periodic one to an equatorially symmetric chaotic one, and further to an equatorially asymmetric chaotic one, as the Rayleigh number is increased. This is in contrast to the transition in the system whose inner and outer spheres are assumed to rotate with the same constant angular velocity, where the convective solution changes from an equatorially symmetric quasi-periodic one, to an equatorially asymmetric quasi-periodic one, and to equatorially asymmetric chaotic one. The inner sphere rotates in the retrograde direction on average in the parameter range; however, it sometimes undergoes the prograde rotation when the convective solution becomes chaotic.
Tristate electrochemical metallization memory based in the hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon films
Authors: Yan X. B. , Chen Y. F. , Hao H. , Liu Q. , Zhang E. P. , Shi S. S. , Lou J. Z.
Published: August 2014

The hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) films have been fabricated as resistive switching medium by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technology. The constructed Ag/nc-Si:H/Pt structure exhibits stable three nonvolatile resistance states. Tristate resistive states with large ratio 102 and 105, less variation of resistance, and long retention exceeding 2.3 × 105 s are observed in Ag/nc-Si:H/Pt stack. The temperature dependence of high resistance state (HRS) and intermediate resistance state (IRS) both show semiconductor behavior, and the temperature dependence of low resistance state (LRS) represents metallic property. Fitting results demonstrated that the conduction mechanism of HRS, IRS, and LRS showed space charge limited conduction (SCLC), tunneling, and ohmic characteristics, respectively. The discrete Ag filament with Si nanocrystalline and complete Ag filament is proposed to be responsible for the performance IRS and LRS. We supposed that the Ag+ ions prefer to be reduced to Ag atoms near the Si nanocrystalline location. Si nanocrystalline between Ag nanoparticles contribute to the current transport at IRS.
Increasing nitrogen supply stimulates phosphorus acquisition mechanisms in the fynbos species Aspalathus linearis
Authors: Maistry Pravin M. , Muasya A. Muthama , Valentine Alex J. , Chimphango Samson B. M.
Published: August 2014

We investigated the physiological basis for tolerance of limiting P supply and for enhanced growth with simultaneous addition of N and P in Aspalathus linearis (Burm. f.) R. Dahlgren. It was hypothesised that increasing N supply would stimulate P acquisition mechanisms and enhance plant growth with high P supply. In sand, plants received 100 μM, 300 μM, 500 μM and 700 µM N at a low P level of 10 µM and a high P level of 100 µM. In solution, plants received 200 μM and 500 µM N at a low P level of 5 µM and a high P level of 15 µM. Cluster roots formed only in plants with low P supply. Roots showed greater citrate and malate production and phosphatase activity at 5 µM P than at 15 µM P. At 10 µM P, greater N supply enhanced cluster root formation to 60% of root biomass, and increased the phosphatase activity of noncluster roots and succinate release by both root types. At a high P supply of 15 µM, greater N supply stimulated phosphatase activity of roots by 50%, increasing P uptake and plant growth. With increased resource partitioning towards P acquisition due to greater P demand, A. linearis is tolerant of low P supply and highly responsive to combined addition of N and P.
Experimental basis for a new allosteric model for multisubunit proteins
Authors: Viappiani Cristiano , Abbruzzetti Stefania , Ronda Luca , Bettati Stefano , Henry Eric. R. , Mozzarelli Andrea , Eaton William A.
Published: August 2014

Significance

Although the theoretical model of Monod, Wyman, and Changeux (MWC) is one of the most influential and highly cited theoretical models in bioscience, it fails to explain allosteric effects in hemoglobin, the paradigm of allostery, because their model considers only quaternary preequilibria. By using a new kind of laser photolysis experiment, measurements of ligand rebinding kinetics for transient hemoglobin conformations trapped by encapsulation in silica gels support the simplest possible extension of the MWC allosteric model to include tertiary in addition to quaternary conformational preequilibria. While the MWC model provides a qualitative explanation for allostery in many multisubunit proteins, quantitative analysis will most probably require the extension used here to explain our new results.
Exploring emotional response to gesture in product interaction using Laban’s movement analysis
Authors: Wodehouse Andrew , Sheridan Marion
Published: August 2014

This paper explores the use of Laban’s effort actions from the field of dance and drama as a means to document user responses to physical product interaction. A range of traditional and modern product pairs were identified and reviewed in two workshops, where participants were asked to discuss and complete worksheets on their emotional response. The results provide qualitative feedback on their reactions to the different movements, and form the beginnings of an ‘emotional vocabulary’ that we plan to use in the development of semantic differentials for future studies. Key factors in emotional response to gesture have been identified, including aligning movement to product function, emotional conflicts in movement, and user readiness and framing a sequence of movements. Keywords: Design research; gesture; human factors; interface design
Association of First-Line and Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence
Authors: Ramadhani Habib O. , Bartlett John A. , Thielman Nathan M. , Pence Brian W. , Kimani Stephen M. , Maro Venance P. , Mwako Mtumwa S. , Masaki Lazaro J. , Mmbando Calvin E. , Minja Mary G. , Lirhunde Eileen S. , Miller William C.
Published: August 2014

Background.  Adherence to first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) may be an important indicator of adherence to second-line ART. Evaluating this relationship may be critical to identify patients at high risk for second-line failure, thereby exhausting their treatment options, and to intervene and improve patient outcomes.

Methods.  Adolescents and adults (n = 436) receiving second-line ART were administered standardized questionnaires that captured demographic characteristics and assessed adherence. Optimal and suboptimal cumulative adherence were defined as percentage adherence of ≥90% and <90%, respectively. Bivariable and multivariable binomial regression models were used to assess the prevalence of suboptimal adherence percentage by preswitch adherence status.

Results.  A total of 134 of 436 (30.7%) participants reported suboptimal adherence to second-line ART. Among 322 participants who had suboptimal adherence to first-line ART, 117 (36.3%) had suboptimal adherence to second-line ART compared with 17 of 114 (14.9%) who had optimal adherence to first-line ART. Participants who had suboptimal adherence to first-line ART were more likely to have suboptimal adherence to second-line ART (adjusted prevalence ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–3.9).

Conclusions.  Adherence to first-line ART is an important predictor of adherence to second-line ART. Targeted interventions should be evaluated in patients with suboptimal adherence before switching into second-line therapy to improve their outcomes.
Seroincidence of Influenza Among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Men During the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic, Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Garg Shikha , Olsen Sonja J. , Fernandez Stefan , Muangchana Charung , Rungrojcharoenkit Kamonthip , Prapasiri Prabda , Katz Jacqueline M. , Curlin Marcel E. , Gibbons Robert V. , Holtz Timothy H. , Chitwarakorn Anupong , Dawood Fatimah S.
Published: August 2014

Among 368 Thai men who have sex with men with paired serum samples collected before and during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, we determined influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 seroconversion rates (≥4-fold rise in antibody titers by hemagglutination inhibition or microneutralization assays). Overall, 66 of 232 (28%) participants seroconverted after the first year of A(H1N1)pdm09 activity, and 83 of 234 (35%) participants seroconverted after the second year. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 seroconversion did not differ between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected (55 of 2157 [35%]) and HIV-uninfected (71 of 2211 [34%]) participants (P = .78). Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 seroconversion occurred in approximately one third of our Thai study population and was similar among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected participants.
Near‐Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging of Fusarium‐Damaged Oats (Avena sativa L.)
Authors: Tekle Selamawit , Måge Ingrid , Segtnan Vegard H. , Bj⊘rnstad Åsmund
Published: August 2014

The feasibility of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) to detect deoxynivalenol (DON) content and Fusarium damage in single oat kernels was investigated. Hyperspectral images of oat kernels from a Fusarium‐inoculated nursery were used after visual classification as asymptomatic, mildly damaged, and severely damaged. Uninoculated kernels were included as controls. The average spectrum from each kernel was paired with the reference DON value for the same kernel, and a calibration model was fitted by partial least squares regression (PLSR). To correct for the skewed distribution of DON values and avoid nonlinearities in the model, the DON values were transformed as DON* = [log(DON)]3. The model was optimized by cross‐validation, and its prediction performance was validated by predicting DON* values for a separate set of validation kernels. The PLSR model and linear discriminant analysis classification were further used on single‐pixel spectra to investigate the spatial distribution of infection in the kernels. There were clear differences between the kernel classes. The first component separated the uninoculated and asymptomatic from the severely damaged kernels. Infected kernels showed higher intensities at 1,925, 2,070, and 2,140 nm, whereas noninfected kernels were dominated by signals at 1,400, 1,626, and 1,850 nm. The DON* values of the validation kernels were estimated by using their average spectra, and the correlation (R) between predicted and measured DON* was 0.8. Our results show that HSI has great potential in detecting Fusarium damage and predicting DON in oats, but it needs more work to develop a model for routine application.
First Report of Rust Caused by Puccinia psidii on Eucalyptus dunnii in Uruguay
Authors: Pérez C. A. , Reyna R. , Montanari L. , Torres-Dini D. , Nikichuk N. , Simeto S.
Published: August 2014

Eucalypt rust caused by Puccinia psidii Winter represents a major disease affecting eucalypt production in South America, and is threatening myrtaceous hosts worldwide. In Uruguay, it was first detected infecting Eucalyptus globulus in 2001 (4) and later on E. grandis, Myrrhinium atropurpureum, and Myrcianthes pungens, two myrtaceae hosts native to Uruguay (3). Over the summer 2013, bright orange-yellowish pustules were detected on stock plants of E. dunnii in a nursery located in western Uruguay, province of Paysandú. A severe and explosive epidemic was readily observed. Affected leaves were taken to the laboratory and examined under the microscope. Uredinia and urediniospores were similar with those described previously in Uruguay on other hosts (3,4). Uredioniospores were 18 to 25 × 15 to 21 μm, yellow, unicellular, spherical to elliptical, base truncate, finely and uniformly echinulate with spines up to 1 μm long, with an evident bald patch without spines. To confirm identity of this fungus, genomic DNA was extracted from single-pustule urediniospores, and ITS region was amplified using primers PR1 and PR2 (1) with PCR conditions previously described (3). Forward and reverse sequences from three single pustules were obtained, assembled, and compared with those available in GenBank using BLAST searches. Obtained sequences showed to be identical to those analyzed by Pérez et al. (2011) collected from E. grandis and E. globulus, with no variation found in the analyzed region. A 100% identity was found with isolates UY1374 and UY1375 obtained from E. globulus, and with isolate UY1731 obtained from E. grandis (FJ710805, FJ710806, and FJ710807, respectively). Sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers KM083129, KM083130, and KM083131. Even though this pathogen is known to occur in a wide variety of myrtaceous species, to our knowledge, this is the first natural infection record of P. psidii on E. dunnii in Uruguay and worldwide. This report confirms previous studies that indicated the susceptibility of E. dunnii when inoculated under controlled conditions (2,5). E. dunnii is being widely planted in Uruguay, eastern Argentina, and southern Brazil, with increasing significance to the pulp industry. Although the consequences of this finding have yet to be realized, scouting plantations is essential to estimate the real impact of this pathogen on this tree species. Our study contributes to expand the host range known for this globally important pathogen.

References: (1) S. R. H. Langrell et al. Plant Pathol. 57:687, 2008. (2) L. Morin et al. PLoS ONE 7:e35434, 2012. (3) C. A. Pérez et al. Mycol. Progress 10:273, 2011. (4) N. Telechea et al. Plant Pathol. 52:427, 2003. (5) E. A. V. Zauza et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 39:406, 2010.
Mixtures as a Fungicide Resistance Management Tactic
Authors: van den Bosch Frank , Paveley Neil , van den Berg Femke , Hobbelen Peter , Oliver Richard
Published: August 2014

We have reviewed the experimental and modeling evidence on the use of mixtures of fungicides of differing modes of action as a resistance management tactic. The evidence supports the following conclusions.

1. Adding a mixing partner to a fungicide that is at-risk of resistance (without lowering the dose of the at-risk fungicide) reduces the rate of selection for fungicide resistance. This holds for the use of mixing partner fungicides that have either multi-site or single-site modes of action. The resulting predicted increase in the effective life of the at-risk fungicide can be large enough to be of practical relevance. The more effective the mixing partner (due to inherent activity and/or dose), the larger the reduction in selection and the larger the increase in effective life of the at-risk fungicide.

2. Adding a mixing partner while lowering the dose of the at-risk fungicide reduces the selection for fungicide resistance, without compromising effective disease control. The very few studies existing suggest that the reduction in selection is more sensitive to lowering the dose of the at-risk fungicide than to increasing the dose of the mixing partner.

3. Although there are very few studies, the existing evidence suggests that mixing two at-risk fungicides is also a useful resistance management tactic.

The aspects that have received too little attention to draw generic conclusions about the effectiveness of fungicide mixtures as resistance management strategies are as follows: (i) the relative effect of the dose of the two mixing partners on selection for fungicide resistance, (ii) the effect of mixing on the effective life of a fungicide (the time from introduction of the fungicide mode of action to the time point where the fungicide can no longer maintain effective disease control), (iii) polygenically determined resistance, (iv) mixtures of two at-risk fungicides, (v) the emergence phase of resistance evolution and the effects of mixtures during this phase, and (vi) monocyclic diseases and nonfoliar diseases. The lack of studies on these aspects of mixture use of fungicides should be a warning against overinterpreting the findings in this review.
A mathematical model of collagen lattice contraction
Authors: Dallon J. C. , Evans E. J. , Ehrlich H. Paul
Published: August 2014

Two mathematical models for fibroblast–collagen interaction are proposed which reproduce qualitative features of fibroblast-populated collagen lattice contraction. Both models are force based and model the cells as individual entities with discrete attachment sites; however, the collagen lattice is modelled differently in each model. In the collagen lattice model, the lattice is more interconnected and formed by triangulating nodes to form the fibrous structure. In the collagen fibre model, the nodes are not triangulated, are less interconnected, and the collagen fibres are modelled as a string of nodes. Both models suggest that the overall increase in stress of the lattice as it contracts is not the cause of the reduced rate of contraction, but that the reduced rate of contraction is due to inactivation of the fibroblasts.
John Dalton and the London atomists: William and Bryan Higgins, William Austin, and new Daltonian doubts about the origin of the atomic theory
Authors: Grossman Mark I.
Published: August 2014

Most historians have ruled out the possibility that John Dalton was influenced by the theories of atomists William and Bryan Higgins, as well as William Austin, in developing his first table of atomic weights on 6 September 1803. I review and evaluate the case to be made for the influence of each scientist on Dalton. Contrary to prevailing views, I raise new Daltonian doubts, especially for Bryan Higgins.
Towards a synthesis of frameworks in nutritional ecology: interacting effects of protein, carbohydrate and phosphorus on field cricket fitness
Authors: Harrison Sarah J. , Raubenheimer David , Simpson Stephen J. , Godin Jean-Guy J. , Bertram Susan M.
Published: August 2014

Phosphorus has been identified as an important determinant of nutrition-related biological variation. The macronutrients protein (P) and carbohydrates (C), both alone and interactively, are known to affect animal performance. No study, however, has investigated the importance of phosphorus relative to dietary protein or carbohydrates, or the interactive effects of phosphorus with these macronutrients, on fitness-related traits in animals. We used a nutritional geometry framework to address this question in adult field crickets (Gryllus veletis). Our results showed that lifespan, weight gain, acoustic mate signalling and egg production were maximized on diets with different P : C ratios, that phosphorus did not positively affect any of these fitness traits, and that males and females had different optimal macronutrient intake ratios for reproductive performance. When given a choice, crickets selected diets that maximized both lifespan and reproductive performance by preferentially eating diets with low P : C ratios, and females selected diets with a higher P : C ratio than males. Conversely, phosphorus intake was not regulated. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of disentangling the influences of different nutrients, and of quantifying both their individual and interactive effects, on animal fitness traits, so as to gain a more integrative understanding of their nutritional ecology.
The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction
Authors: Apesteguía Sebastián , Gómez Raúl O. , Rougier Guillermo W.
Published: August 2014

Rhynchocephalian lepidosaurs, though once widespread worldwide, are represented today only by the tuatara (
Sphenodon
) of New Zealand. After their apparent early Cretaceous extinction in Laurasia, they survived in southern continents. In South America, they are represented by different lineages of Late Cretaceous eupropalinal forms until their disappearance by the Cretaceous/Palaeogene (K/Pg) boundary. We describe here the only unambiguous Palaeogene rhynchocephalian from South America; this new taxon is a younger species of the otherwise Late Cretaceous genus
Kawasphenodon
. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the allocation of the genus to the clade Opisthodontia. The new form from the Palaeogene of Central Patagonia is much smaller than
Kawasphenodon expectatus
from the Late Cretaceous of Northern Patagonia. The new species shows that at least one group of rhynchocephalians not related to the extant
Sphenodon
survived in South America beyond the K/Pg extinction event. Furthermore, it adds to other trans-K/Pg ectotherm tetrapod taxa, suggesting that the end-Cretaceous extinction affected Patagonia more benignly than the Laurasian landmasses.
Time flies: time of day and social environment affect cuticular hydrocarbon sexual displays in
Drosophila serrata
Authors: Gershman Susan N. , Toumishey Ethan , Rundle Howard D.
Published: August 2014

Recent work on
Drosophila
cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) challenges a historical assumption that CHCs in flies are largely invariant. Here, we examine the effect of time of day and social environment on a suite of sexually selected CHCs in
Drosophila serrata
. We demonstrate that males become more attractive to females during the time of day that flies are most active and when most matings occur, but females become less attractive to males during the same time of day. These opposing temporal changes may reflect differences in selection among the sexes. To evaluate the effect of social environment on male CHC attractiveness, we manipulated male opportunity for mating: male flies were housed either alone, with five females, with five males or with five males and five females. We found that males had the most attractive CHCs when with females, and less attractive CHCs when with competitor males. Social environment mediated how male CHC attractiveness cycled: males housed with females and/or other males showed temporal changes in CHC attractiveness, whereas males housed alone did not. In total, our results demonstrate temporal patterning of male CHCs that is dependent on social environment, and suggest that such changes may be beneficial to males.
The roles of demography and genetics in the early stages of colonization
Authors: Szűcs Marianna , Melbourne Brett A. , Tuff Ty , Hufbauer Ruth A.
Published: August 2014

Colonization success increases with the size of the founding group. Both demographic and genetic factors underlie this relationship, yet because genetic diversity normally increases with numbers of individuals, their relative importance remains unclear. Furthermore, their influence may depend on the environment and may change as colonization progresses from establishment through population growth and then dispersal. We tested the roles of genetics, demography and environment in the founding ofTribolium castaneumpopulations. Using three genetic backgrounds (inbred to outbred), we released individuals of four founding sizes (2–32) into two environments (natal and novel), and measured establishment success, initial population growth and dispersal. Establishment increased with founding size, whereas population growth was shaped by founding size, genetic background and environment. Population growth was depressed by inbreeding at small founding sizes, but growth rates were similar across genetic backgrounds at large founding size, an interaction indicating that the magnitude of the genetic effects depends upon founding population size. Dispersal rates increased with genetic diversity. These results suggest that numbers of individuals may drive initial establishment, but that subsequent population growth and spread, even in the first generation of colonization, can be driven by genetic processes, including both reduced growth owing to inbreeding depression, and increased dispersal with increased genetic diversity.
Thermal adaptation and clinal mitochondrial DNA variation of European anchovy
Authors: Silva Gonçalo , Lima Fernando P. , Martel Paulo , Castilho Rita
Published: August 2014

Natural populations of widely distributed organisms often exhibit genetic clinal variation over their geographical ranges. The European anchovy,Engraulis encrasicolus, illustrates this by displaying a two-clade mitochondrial structure clinally arranged along the eastern Atlantic. One clade has low frequencies at higher latitudes, whereas the other has an anti-tropical distribution, with frequencies decreasing towards the tropics. The distribution pattern of these clades has been explained as a consequence of secondary contact after an ancient geographical isolation. However, it is not unlikely that selection acts on mitochondria whose genes are involved in relevant oxidative phosphorylation processes. In this study, we performed selection tests on a fragment of 1044 bp of the mitochondrial cytochromebgene using 455 individuals from 18 locations. We also tested correlations of six environmental features: temperature, salinity, apparent oxygen utilization and nutrient concentrations of phosphate, nitrate and silicate, on a compilation of mitochondrial clade frequencies from 66 sampling sites comprising 2776 specimens from previously published studies. Positive selection in a single codon was detected predominantly (99%) in the anti-tropical clade and temperature was the most relevant environmental predictor, contributing with 59% of the variance in the geographical distribution of clade frequencies. These findings strongly suggest that temperature is shaping the contemporary distribution of mitochondrial DNA clade frequencies in the European anchovy.