bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The VUT 100/200 General Aviation Aircraft Family: Project and Realization
Authors: Pistek A , Popela R
Published: April 2007

The VUT 100 ‘Cobra’ general aviation aircraft project, as a unique example of functional technology transfer from university research to industrial application and vice versa, is described. New design challenges and their educational impact on the skill level of students and teaching staff at the Institute of Aerospace Engineering are also discussed. Finally, the current state of the project and its future milestones have been mentioned.
Application of Notch Strain Techniques to Elastic-Plastic and Elastic-Plastic-Creep Behaviour of Complex Structures
Authors: Sabesan R , Hyde T H , Leen S B
Published: April 2007

Notch strain techniques have been widely applied to simple notch components and geometries to predict both elastic-plastic and creep strains along with associated stresses. However, the real benefit of such methods ought to be in their application to more complex structures with stress concentration features such as notches under multi-axial stress states. Aero-engine casing structures are a typical example of such a complex component in which optimum design is critical for weight savings and appropriate stiffness behaviour but where notch features may lead to localized plastic strains and hence damage. This article examines the performance of a number of notch strain techniques for the prediction of the elastic-plastic and creep notch stress and strain responses of a complex aero-engine casing structure. In addition, a modelling methodology involving a combination of (a) linear elastic and limit load analyses of a simplified global model and (b) linear elastic analysis of detailed local models is developed to demonstrate how approximate notch predictions of elastic-plastic and elastic-plastic-creep notch stresses and strains in complex structures can be obtained without recourse to the more significant computational expense of global (fine mesh), non-linear (incremental), and time-dependent elastic-plastic-creep analyses.
Technology Development for Lunar Thermal Applications and the Next Generation of Space Exploration
Authors: Silk E A , Creel R
Published: April 2007

In recent years, NASA has shown a renewed interest in Lunar exploration. This renewed interest is expected to spawn a new era of exploration into the solar system, as well as generate new residual technologies for earth application. A review of experiences on the prior Apollo missions shows that there are significant challenges associated with returning to and establishing a base for humans in the harsh Lunar environment. The present article is a high level overview of the effort to return to the Moon, in the context of a larger effort towards human expansion farther into the solar system. Also included is a review of technical challenges associated with returning to the Moon.
Cysteine of sequence motif VI is essential for nucleophilic catalysis by yeast tRNA m5C methyltransferase
Authors: Walbott Hélène , Husson Clotilde , Auxilien Sylvie , Golinelli-Pimpaneau Béatrice
Published: May 2007

Sequence comparison of several RNA m5C methyltransferases identifies two conserved cysteine residues that belong to signature motifs IV and VI of RNA and DNA methyltransferases. While the cysteine of motif IV is used as the nucleophilic catalyst by DNA m5C methyltransferases, this role is fulfilled by the cysteine of motif VI in Escherichia coli 16S rRNA m5C967 methyltransferase, but whether this conclusion applies to other RNA m5C methyltransferases remains to be verified. Yeast tRNA m5C methyltransferase Trm4p is a multisite-specific S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of cytosine at C5 in several positions of tRNA. Here, we confirm that Cys310 of motif VI in Trm4p is essential for nucleophilic catalysis, presumably by forming a covalent link with carbon 6 of cytosine. Indeed, the enzyme is able to form a stable covalent adduct with the 5-fluorocytosine-containing RNA substrate analog, whereas the C310A mutant protein is inactive and unable to form the covalent complex.
Antidepressant-Induced Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus of Adult Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Perera Tarique D. , Coplan Jeremy D. , Lisanby Sarah H. , Lipira Cecilia M. , Arif Mohamed , Carpio Cristina , Spitzer Gila , Santarelli Luca , Scharf Bruce , Hen Rene , Rosoklija Gorazd , Sackeim Harold A. , Dwork Andrew J.
Published: May 2007

New neurons are generated in the adult hippocampus of many species including rodents, monkeys, and humans. Conditions associated with major depression, such as social stress, suppress hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents and primates. In contrast, all classes of antidepressants stimulate neuronal generation, and the behavioral effects of these medications are abolished when neurogenesis is blocked. These findings generated the hypothesis that induction of neurogenesis is a necessary component in the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments. To date, the effects of antidepressants on newborn neurons have been reported only in rodents and tree shrews. This study examines whether neurogenesis is increased in nonhuman primates after antidepressant treatment. Adult monkeys received repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS), which is the animal analog of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the most effective short-term antidepressant. Compared with control conditions, ECS robustly increased precursor cell proliferation in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the monkey hippocampus. A majority of these precursors differentiated into neurons or endothelial cells, while a few matured into glial cells. The ECS-mediated induction of cell proliferation and neurogenesis was accompanied by increased immunoreactivity for the neuroprotective gene product BCL2 (B cell chronic lymphocytic lymphoma 2) in the SGZ. The ECS interventions were not accompanied by increased hippocampal cell death or injury. This study demonstrates that ECS is capable of inducing neurogenesis in the nonhuman primate hippocampus and supports the possibility that antidepressant interventions produce similar alterations in the human brain.
Differential Encoding of Losses and Gains in the Human Striatum
Authors: Seymour Ben , Daw Nathaniel , Dayan Peter , Singer Tania , Dolan Ray
Published: May 2007

Studies on human monetary prediction and decision making emphasize the role of the striatum in encoding prediction errors for financial reward. However, less is known about how the brain encodes financial loss. Using Pavlovian conditioning of visual cues to outcomes that simultaneously incorporate the chance of financial reward and loss, we show that striatal activation reflects positively signed prediction errors for both. Furthermore, we show functional segregation within the striatum, with more anterior regions showing relative selectivity for rewards and more posterior regions for losses. These findings mirror the anteroposterior valence-specific gradient reported in rodents and endorse the role of the striatum in aversive motivational learning about financial losses, illustrating functional and anatomical consistencies with primary aversive outcomes such as pain.
Lesions Limited to the Human Thalamic Principal Somatosensory Nucleus (Ventral Caudal) Are Associated with Loss of Cold Sensations and Central Pain
Authors: Kim Jong H. , Greenspan Joel D. , Coghill Robert C. , Ohara Shinji , Lenz Frederick A.
Published: May 2007

Central pain is neuropathic pain resulting from a lesion of the CNS, such as a stroke [poststroke central pain (CPSP)]. Lesions involving the posterior thalamus lead to reduction or loss of sensation and to CPSP, although the responsible nuclei have not been identified. We now examine the hypotheses that thalamic lesions must extend posterior to the ventral caudal nucleus (Vc) and include ventral medial posterior nucleus (VMpo), to result in loss of cold sensibility and CPSP. Patients with small thalamic strokes associated with CPSP were evaluated by atlas-based mapping of magnetic resonance imaging scans, and by somatosensory testing. All lesions involved posterior Vc; two lesions also involved nuclei posterior to Vc, but not VMpo. All patients tested had alterations of cold pain sensation and tactile sensation, as measured by von Frey hairs. Three patients had altered cool sensation, and the patient with the least involvement of Vc had normal cool thresholds, suggesting that a critical volume of Vc must be involved before cool sensation is impaired. Perception of warm was impaired only in lesions involving nuclei posterior to Vc. Heat pain perception was never affected. In a subject with cold allodynia, a single-subject protocol PET study measured the responses to immersion of either hand in a 20°C waterbath. The scan during stimulation of the affected hand was characterized by intense activation of contralateral sensorimotor cortex. Therefore, there are modality-specific subnuclear structures in the posterior thalamus, but lesions of Vc not involving VMpo are sufficient to impair cold sensibility and to produce CPSP.
CatecholO-Methyltransferase val158met Genotype Influences Frontoparietal Activity during Planning in Patients with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Williams-Gray Caroline H. , Hampshire Adam , Robbins Trevor W. , Owen Adrian M. , Barker Roger A.
Published: May 2007

Cognitive dysfunction commonly occurs even in the early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). Impairment on frontostriatally based executive tasks is particularly well described but affects only a proportion of early PD patients. Our previous work suggests that a common functional polymorphism (val158met) within the catecholO-methyltransferase (COMT) gene underlies some of this executive heterogeneity. In particular, an increasing number of methionine alleles, resulting in lower enzyme activity, is associated with impaired performance on the “Tower of London” planning task. The main objective of this study was to investigate the underlying neural basis of this genotype–phenotype effect in PD using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We scanned 31 patients with early PD who were homozygous for either valine (val) (n= 16) or methionine (met) (n= 15) at the COMT val158met polymorphism during performance of an executive task comprising both Tower of London (planning) and simple subtracting (“control”) problems. A cross-group comparison between genetic subgroups revealed that response times for planning problems were significantly longer in met compared with val homozygotes, whereas response times for control problems did not differ. Furthermore, imaging data revealed a significant reduction in blood oxygen level-dependent signal across the frontoparietal network involved in planning in met/met compared with val/val patients. Hence, we have demonstrated that COMT genotype impacts on executive function in PD through directly influencing frontoparietal activation. Furthermore, the directionality of the genotype–phenotype effect observed in this study, when interpreted in the context of the existing literature, adds weight to the hypothesis that the relationship between prefrontal function and dopamine levels follows as an inverted U-shaped curve.
Orbitofrontal Cortex Mediates Outcome Encoding in Pavlovian But Not Instrumental Conditioning
Authors: Ostlund Sean B. , Balleine Bernard W.
Published: May 2007

Previous studies have implicated the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in outcome encoding. However, it remains unknown whether the OFC is selectively involved in pavlovian stimulus–outcome learning or whether it also contributes to instrumental action–outcome learning. In experiment 1, we investigated this issue by assessing the effects of bilateral lesions of the OFC on the sensitivity of instrumental lever press performance to a reduction in the incentive value of the training outcome (a test of action–outcome encoding) and to outcome-specific pavlovian-instrumental transfer (a test of stimulus–outcome encoding). We found that post-training lesions of the OFC did not affect instrumental outcome devaluation, but abolished the transfer effect. Interestingly, lesions made before training had no effect on either task. In experiment 2, we explored the involvement of the OFC in updating stimulus–outcome associations after the underlying contingency, or predictive relationship, between these two events has been degraded. Shams displayed clear contingency learning, withholding conditioned responding to a stimulus that no longer reliably predicted its outcome while continuing to respond to a control stimulus that remained a good predictor of a different outcome. In contrast, OFC-lesioned rats stopped responding to both stimuli, regardless of their predictive status. Together, these findings suggest that the OFC supports outcome encoding in pavlovian, but not instrumental conditioning.
Developmental Differences in Posterior Mesofrontal Cortex Recruitment by Risky Rewards
Authors: Bjork James M. , Smith Ashley R. , Danube Cinnamon L. , Hommer Daniel W.
Published: May 2007

Might increased risk taking in adolescence result in part from underdeveloped conflict-monitoring circuitry in the posterior mesofrontal cortex (PMC)? Adults and adolescents underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a monetary game of “chicken.” As subjects watched ostensible winnings increase over time, they decided when to press a button to bank their winnings, knowing that if they did not stop pursuing money reward before a secret varying time limit, they would “bust” and either lose the money accrued on the current trial (low-penalty trials) or forfeit trial winnings plus a portion of previous winnings (high-penalty trials). Reward accrual at risk of low penalty (contrasted with guaranteed reward) activated the PMC in adults but not in adolescents. Across all subjects, this activation (1) correlated positively with age but negatively with risk exposure and (2) was greater when subjects busted on the previous low-penalty trial. Reward accrual at risk of high penalty was terminated sooner and recruited the PMC in both adults and adolescents when contrasted with guaranteed reward. Predecision PMC activation in the high-penalty trials was significantly reduced in trials when subjects busted. These data suggest that (1) under threat of an explicit severe penalty, recruitment of the PMC is similar in adolescents and adults and correlates with error avoidance, and (2) when potential penalties for a rewarding behavior are mild enough to encourage some risk taking, predecision PMC activation by a reward/risk conflict is sensitive to previous error outcomes, predictive of risk-aversive behavior in that trial, and underactive in adolescents.
New Transmembrane AMPA Receptor Regulatory Protein Isoform, γ-7, Differentially Regulates AMPA Receptors
Authors: Kato Akihiko S. , Zhou Wei , Milstein Aaron D. , Knierman Mike D. , Siuda Edward R. , Dotzlaf Joe E. , Yu Hong , Hale John E. , Nisenbaum Eric S. , Nicoll Roger A. , Bredt David S.
Published: May 2007

AMPA-type glutamate receptors (GluRs) mediate most excitatory signaling in the brain and are composed of GluR principal subunits and transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein (TARP) auxiliary subunits. Previous studies identified four mammalian TARPs, γ-2 (or stargazin), γ-3, γ-4, and γ-8, that control AMPA receptor trafficking, gating, and pharmacology. Here, we explore roles for the homologous γ-5 and γ-7 proteins, which were previously suggested not to serve as TARPs. Western blotting reveals high levels of γ-5 and γ-7 in the cerebellum, where γ-7 is enriched in Purkinje neurons in the molecular layer and glomerular synapses in the granule cell layer. Immunoprecipitation proteomics shows that cerebellar γ-7 avidly and selectively binds to AMPA receptor GluR subunits and also binds to the AMPA receptor clustering protein, postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95). Furthermore, γ-7 occurs together with PSD-95 and AMPA receptor subunits in purified postsynaptic densities. In heterologous cells, γ-7 but not γ-5 greatly enhances AMPA receptor glutamate-evoked currents and modulates channel gating. In granule cells from stargazer mice, transfection of γ-7 but not γ-5 increases AMPA receptor-mediated currents. Compared with stargazin, γ-7 differentially modulates AMPA receptor glutamate affinity and kainate efficacy. These studies define γ-7 as a new member of the TARP family that can differentially influence AMPA receptors in cerebellar neurons.
Matricidal Madness in Foucault's Anthropology: The Pierre Rivière Seminar
Authors: Ingham John M.
Published: April 2007

I consider how Michel Foucault avoids trauma and tragedy while emphasizing power and discourse in his study of a 19th‐century matricide in the Normandy countryside. Drawing on Jonathan Lear's discussion of knowingness, I show how Foucault misreads tragic drama as well as psychoanalysis to emphasize power, pleasure, and discourse. While seeming to acknowledge tragedy, his emphasis on will to power, violent madness, and male agonism more closely resembles Homeric epic. The attempts to displace psychoanalysis and refigure tragedy, however, are unconvincing, even self‐defeating. Ironically, Foucault makes an inadvertent argument for psychoanalysis and tragedy and, thus, psychoanalytic anthropology.
Modernism, postmodernism and the historiography of science
Authors: Mcevoy John G.
Published: April 2007

Since its inception in the 18th century, the discipline of the history of science has served a motley collection of extrinsic disciplinary interests, philosophical ideas, and cultural movements. This paper examines the historiographical implications of modernism and postmodernism and shows how they in.uenced positivist, postpositivist, and sociological interpretations of the Chemical Revolution. It also shows how these interpretations served the disciplinary interests of science, phi-losophy, and sociology, respectively, and it points toward a model of the history of science as history.
Historical sources of science-as-social-practice: Michael Polanyi's Berlin
Authors: Jo nye Mary
Published: April 2007

Historians and sociologists of science often identify the ef.orescence of social stud-ies of science with the work of postwar American intellectuals such as Robert K. Merton and Thomas S. Kuhn. They often also refer to the views of Michael Polanyi (1891–1976) on the roles of tacit knowledge, apprenticeship, social tradition, and intellectual dogmas (or what Kuhn popularized as "paradigms") in the construction of scienti.c knowledge. The roots of Polanyi's views on the social nature of sci-ence and his insistence on the need for scientists' autonomy in managing their own affairs lie speci.cally in his career experiences as a physical chemist from 1920 to 1933 in the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft Institutes in Berlin-Dahlem. Polanyi worked in an institution in which scienti.c research was supported by an array of state, industrial, and philanthropic funds, but in which he and his colleagues enjoyed substantial autonomy in their everyday research. His own successes and failures in the .elds of physical chemistry, x-ray crystallography, and solid-state chemistry led him to re.ect upon the everyday practices of normal science and to stress the role of the ordinary rather than the revolutionary scientist in the production of scienti.c knowledge. Polanyi's views lend insight into the character of German science and the research institutes in Berlin-Dahlem in the late 19th and early 20th century.
Russell McCormmach as a teacher
Authors: Aaserud Finn
Published: April 2007

The author gives a personal tribute of Russell McCormmach as a scholar and a person. From 1972 to 1976, McCormmach's writings, notably his introductions to the HSPS, served as unique inspiration for the author's .rst grapplings with the history of science in far-away Norway. From 1976 to 1984 the author was a student at Johns Hopkins University, with McCormmach as dissertation adviser until he left Hopkins in 1983. Because the doctoral research was carried out for the most part in Scandinavia, McCormmach's advice is to a great extent preserved in personal letters, which are quoted at some length. Ever since, the author and McCormmach have maintained a close, if sporadic, relationship. While his approach is personal, the author hopes to convey a general sense of McCormmach's unique qualities as a writer, editor and teacher, as well as a human being.
The Hunger Strike as a Communicative Act: Intention without Responsibility
Authors: Wee Lionel
Published: May 2007

Judgments of actor responsibility usually depend on attributions of actor intentions. In some circumstances, though, actor intention or even both intention and responsibility may be considered irrelevant. This raises the question of whether it is possible for an intentional actor to not be held responsible for the consequences of his or her act. This article claims that the hunger strike represents just such a possibility, mainly because (i) the actor is presented as having no choice, (ii) the stance of commentators (especially the media) is influential in shaping attributions of intentionality, and (iii) a significant time interval exists between the initiation of the strike and its effects.
Pathomorphological study on gastroduodenal ulceration in horses: Localisation of lesions
Authors: Bezdekova Barbora , Jahn P. , Vyskocil M.
Published: May 2007

Gastroduodenal ulceration is a prevalent disease in foals and adult horses. Decreased performance as well as fatal complications relate to this syndrome. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of gastric ulceration in a mixed population of horses by postmortem examination and to evaluate a possible association between equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) and sex or age of the examined horses, to evaluate the localisation of lesions in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract and to determine the occurrence of gastric parasites. Post-mortem examinations were performed on 71 horses over a period of 24 months. Gastric ulcers were found in 52 horses (73.2%). There was no significant association between age or sex and occurrence of gastric ulcers. In all horses the squamous mucosa lesions were localised near themargo plicatus(100% of the cases), whereas in 23 horses the lesions were near themargo plicatusand lesser curvature and in 7 horses at the greater curvature. In 18 horses the mucosa was affected in the whole extent of themargo plicatusand in 1 horse diffuse lesions of the squamous mucosa were noted. Lesions of the glandular mucosa were localised in 11 horses at the fundic area, in 1 horse they occurred in the pylorus, and in 10 horses diffuse lesions of the glandular mucosa were recorded. A low prevalence ofGasterophilus intestinalisinfection was detected (1 horse, 1.4%). We have confirmed that gastric ulcers are a common problem in horses and duodenal or oesophageal ulceration is rare (not a single case of the latter was found in this study). Lesions in the glandular mucosa of the stomach are more frequent in suckling foals than in older animals. Lesions of the glandular mucosa are also common in adult horses, and a complete gastroscopic examination including examination of the pylorus is advisable to evaluate this syndrome.
Luteinising hormone attenuates the vascular response to norepinephrine
Authors: Skipor Janina , Kowalik A. , Stefańczyk-Krzymowska Stanisława
Published: May 2007

The present study examines the direct effect of luteinising hormone (LH) on the reactivity of the porcine uterine artery to norepinephrine (NE). Three-mm-long arterial segments collected during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle were mounted in an organ bath for isometric tension recording. After 30 min of equilibration in optimal passive tone, one part of the vessels was treated with 10 ng/ml of LH in PBS (experimental), while a second part of the arterial segments was treated with 10 ng/ml of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS (control). After 30 min of equilibration, NE was given to each organ bath in a cumulative concentration manner, ranging between 1 × 10
−8
mol/l to 3 × 10
−4
mol/l. NE caused a dose-dependent contraction of all experimental and control arteries. The addition of LH caused a rightward shift of the dose-response curve to NE. The corresponding EC
50
values were 2.17 (± 0.39) μmol/l in PBS-pretreated vessels and 3.35 (± 0.41) μmol/l in LH-pretreated vessels (P < 0.05). The results of the present study demonstrate that LH attenuates the vascular response to NE in third-order branches of the uterine artery. Therefore, it can be suggested that besides the known effect of LH-hCG on the formation of vasoactive eicosanoids, an additional mechanism is involved in the direct action of LH on blood flow in the uterine arteries in pigs.
Origin and characterisation of preovulatory follicles of hyperstimulated oestrous cycles in goats
Authors: Simões J. , Mascarenhas R.
Published: May 2007

The origin and evolution of preovulatory follicles (POF) in 9 hyperstimulated (polyovulatory) Serrana goats were characterised. After oestrus synchronisation and detection, transrectal ovarian ultrasonography was performed daily during two complete oestrous cycles. Blood samples were taken every 4 h during 24 h after oestrus detection for preovulatory LH peak and twice a week for plasma progesterone determinations. The interovulatory interval of 14 oestrous cycles with double ovulations was 21.1 ± 0.3 days. The onset of ovulatory follicular wave occurred 4 days (−3.9 ± 0.3 days, n = 14) prior to the ovulation day (day 0) with a POF size of 6.9 ± 0.2 mm (n = 28). In goats with ovulations in both ovaries (78.6%), the emergence of the first POF occurred earlier (−4.1 ± 0.3 days) than the second POF (−3.3 ± 0.2 days, n = 11, P < 0.05). No differences in the total number of follicles ≥ 2 mm were found between the day of POF emergence (4.3 ± 0.4) and the day before ovulation (3.5 ± 0.3, P > 0.05). These results showed the existence of a delay between the emergence of first and second POF and suggest a weak dominance effect in goats with double ovulations.
Pacheco’s disease in a Hungarian zoo bird population: A case report
Authors: Bistyák Andrea , Kecskeméti S. , Glávits R. , Tischler I. , Nagy S. , Kardos G. , Kiss I.
Published: May 2007

An epizootic of Pacheco’s disease is reported from a zoo bird population. The infection was introduced by wild-captured Patagonian conures (
Cyanoliseus patagonus
) despite 61 days of quarantine. The disease affected several parrot species and, interestingly, three out of seven bearded barbets (
Lybius dubius
). The mortality rate was 30.93%. Autopsy revealed abdominal hyperaemia with liver haemorrhages and, in less rapid cases, yellowish discoloration and fragility of the liver. Death was caused by the collapse of circulation. Histopathology demonstrated liver cell necrosis, disintegration of the lobular structure, and a few intranuclear inclusion bodies. Icosahedral virions were detected by electron microscopy. The virus was isolated in the allantoic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs as well as in chicken embryo fibroblast cell culture. A 281-bp-long fragment of psittacid herpesvirus DNA was detected by PCR in cell culture material and liver samples of the affected birds. To our knowledge this is the first report of Pacheco’s disease in bearded barbets as well as the first occurrence of Pacheco’s disease in Hungary.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: An autoimmune disorder? Prognostic factors and the current view of pathogenesis
Authors: Pajor László
Published: May 2007

A hosszú évtizedek óta ismert és kutatott krónikus limfoid leukémiáról régóta tudott, hogy klinikai lefolyását tekintve heterogén. A klinikai menedzsment fejlődésének egyik meghatározó gátja az volt, hogy aRai és Binetáltal ugyancsak évtizedek óta kidolgozott, egyszerű és jól használható klinikai stádiumbesorolás az előrehaladottabb betegségben jó korrelációt mutatott a túléléssel, de alacsony stádiumban nem bizonyult prediktívnek a progresszív betegség vonatkozásában – a stabillal szemben. Ez a korai betegségben a „figyelj és várj” szemlélet kialakulását és – talán – a megfelelő időpontban a klinikai intervenció elmulasztását eredményezte. Az utóbbi években a betegség kutatása során nyert génexpressziós, molekuláris biológiai, citogenetikai és fenotipizálási eredmények lehetőséget adnak már alacsony stádiumban is a daganat heterogenitásának feltárására, de nem egyforma súllyal. Ez új kihívást jelent a diagnosztikai oldalon, egyben jelentős szervezési kérdéseket is felvet e téren. A szerző irodalmi áttekintést ad a diagnosztikai módszerek elméletéről és gyakorlati alkalmazhatóságáról, különös tekintettel az immunglobulin nehézlánc génjének mutációs státuszára, a CD38 és ZAP-70 markerek expressziójára, valamint a kariotipizálás és interfázis-citogenetika jelentőségére. A jelen ismeretek fényében patogenezis-modellt vázol fel, melynek kardinális pontja annak felismerése, hogy a heterogén betegség mindegyike egyaránt polireaktív-autoreaktív B-sejt-klónokból fejlődik ki, mely miatt egyre általánosabbá válik az a nézet, miszerint a CLL patogenezisének legalábbis egyik alappillére az autoimmunizáció.
Highly conductive group VI transition metal dichalcogenide films by solution-processed deposition
Authors: Ki Wooseok , Huang Xiaoying , Li Jing , Young David L. , Zhang Yong
Published: April 2007

A new soluble synthetic route was developed to fabricate thin films of layered structure transition metal dichalcogendies, MoS2 and WS2. High-quality thin films of the dichalcogenides were prepared using new soluble precursors, (CH3NH3)2MS4 (M = Mo, W). The precursors were dissolved in organic solvents and spun onto substrates via both single- and multistep spin coating procedures. The thin films were formed by the thermal decomposition of the coatings under inert atmosphere. Structural, electrical, optical absorption, thermal, and transport properties of the thin films were characterized. Surface morphology of the films was analyzed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Highly conductive and textured n-type MoS2 films were obtained. The measured room temperature conductivity ∼50 Ω−1 cm−1 is substantially higher than the previously reported values. The n-type WS2 films were prepared for the first time using solution-processed deposition. WS2 displays a conductivity of ∼6.7 Ω−1 cm−1 at room temperature.
Effects of Telemetry Transmitter Placement on Egg Retention in Naturally Spawning, Captively Reared Steelhead
Authors: Berejikian Barry A. , Brown Richard S. , Tatara Christopher P. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: May 2007

Maturing female anadromous salmonids receiving intraperitoneally implanted telemetry transmitters (tags) may experience difficulty depositing eggs during natural spawning. We allocated maturing adult female steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss to three treatment groups: (1) fish whose tags were surgically implanted in the body cavity (internal), (2) fish whose tags were implanted between the skin and muscle tissue (subdermal), and (3) nontagged fish. The steelhead were then allowed to spawn in an experimental channel. Internally tagged females retained significantly more eggs than did the subdermally tagged and nontagged control groups; subdermally tagged and nontagged control fish did not differ significantly. Females in the internally tagged, subdermally tagged, and nontagged groups retained an average of 49, 11, and 2% of their eggs, respectively. The onset of sexual activity did not differ significantly among treatments. Postspawning mortality was 70% for internally and subdermally tagged females and 0% for nontagged females. Each research or monitoring program should weigh the costs associated with transmitter use (where they are known) against the value of information obtained and should carefully evaluate assumptions about transmitter effects. For these reasons, the use of electromyogram electrodes and other telemetry transmitters for monitoring imperiled fish populations should be employed with caution. We suggest that subdermal implantation techniques be considered in future studies during the reproductive period to reduce egg retention caused by internally implanted transmitters.
Disease Progression Following Imatinib Failure in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Role of Surgical Therapy
Authors: Jamali Faek R. , Darwiche Sophie S. , El-Kinge Nizar , Tawil Ayman , Soweid Assaad M.
Published: April 2007

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) represent the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the GI tract. The optimal management of GISTs has been evolving rapidly over the past 5 years and depends on proper histopathologic and radiologic diagnosis as well as appropriate multidisciplinary medical and surgical treatments. Complete surgical resection of primary localized GIST with negative margins remains the best therapeutic option today. In the setting of locally advanced or metastatic disease, imatinib mesylate has emerged as the initial treatment of choice, administered either as cytoreductive or as definitive treatment. Surgery or ablative modalities in this setting are becoming increasingly employed, particularly when all disease becomes amenable to gross resection or destruction, or to manage complications arising from the disease following imatinib failure.

We report on the surgical management of an unusual and clinically significant complication following progression of disease secondary to imatinib resistance. The role of surgical therapy in the management of GIST complications following resistance to imatinib and the integration of surgical and molecular therapy of locally advanced or metastatic GISTs are discussed.
Exploration of the Oxynoticeratidae ornamental morphospace using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) to analyze rib patterns
Authors: Dommergues Jean-Louis , Dommergues Cyril H. , Meister Christian
Published: May 2007

The discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a Fourier-related transform widely used in signal processing and well suited to analyzing open outlines such as ammonite ribs. The method is applied here to depict and decipher the ribbing morphospace of a large group of Lower Jurassic ammonites composed of the Oxynoticeratidae and their close ancestors. Because they are clearly associated with buoyancy and/or swimming ability, the usually clearly involute, comparatively smooth and compressed shells of these ammonites may well be misleading taxonomic markers. In this context, quantitative analysis of the ribbing pattern using the DCT may significantly improve our perception of the ornamental patterns expressed within the group. A set of 251 specimens illustrating the worldwide fauna and selected from more than 80 publications is analyzed. Big differences are found in the evolutionary patterns of the two main lineages of Oxynoticeratidae currently accepted in the literature. A previously unsuspected Mediterranean group comprising principally the genusParasterocerasis identified from its distinctive ornamentation. The northwest European and Mediterranean generaEparietites, Oxynoticeras, andParasterocerasdo not feature among the American (East Pacific) faunas. This finding calls into question some generally accepted correlations between European and American stratigraphic frameworks. The study shows that the DCT is a valuable tool for discriminating between species within the huge and often puzzling range of ornamental variation of the main genera (e.g.,GlevicerasandRadstockiceras).
Effects of glucose and insulin on glucokinase activity in rat hypothalamus
Authors: Sanz Carmen , Roncero Isabel , Vázquez Patricia , Navas M Angeles , Blázquez Enrique
Published: April 2007

In an attempt to study the role of glucokinase (GK) and the effects of glucose and peptides on GK gene expression and on the activity of this enzyme in the hypothalamus, we used two kinds of biological models: hypothalamic GT1-7 cells and rat hypothalamic slices. The expression of the GK gene in GT1-7 cells was reduced by insulin (INS) and was not modified by different glucose concentrations, while GK enzyme activities were significantly reduced by the different peptides. Interestingly, a distinctive pattern of GK activities between the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) were found, with higher enzyme activities in the VMH as the glucose concentrations rose, while LH enzyme activities decreased at 2.8 and 20 mM glucose, the latter effect being prevented by incubation with INS. These effects were produced only by d-glucose and the modifications found were due to GK, but not to other hexokinases. In addition, GK activities in the VMH and the LH were reduced by glucagon-like peptide 1, leptin, orexin B, INS, and neuropeptide Y (NPY), but this effect was only statistically significant for NPY in LH. Our results indicate that the effects of both glucose and peptides occur on GK enzyme activities rather than on GK gene transcription. Moreover, the effects of glucose and INS on GK activity suggest that in the brain GK behaves in a manner opposite to that in the liver, which might facilitate its role in glucose sensing. Finally, hypothalamic slices seem to offer a good physiological model to discriminate the effects between different areas.
A Histologic and Histomorphometric Evaluation of Anorganic Bovine Bone Retrieved 9 Years After a Sinus Augmentation Procedure
Authors: Traini Tonino , Valentini Pascal , Iezzi Giovanna , Piattelli Adriano
Published: April 2007

Background: Anorganic bovine bone (ABB) has been shown to have osteoconductive properties and no inflammatory or adverse responses as grafting materials used in sinus augmentation procedures. Despite these successful results, histologic data in humans over the long‐term period are scarce. The purpose of this study was to analyze the histomorphometric data 9 years after surgery in a case of maxillary sinus augmentation using ABB.

Methods: The histologic evaluation was performed in five different thin sections of the specimen, comparing histomorphometric measures for newly formed bone, marrow spaces, biomaterial particles remnants, and number of osteocytes embedded in both trabecular bone and bone tissue near the ABB. The investigation was carried out by means of scanning electron microscopy and brightfield and circularly polarized light microscopy.

Results: We observed a mean amount of newly formed bone of 46.0% ± 4.67%, ABB remnants of 16.0% ± 5.89%, and marrow spaces of 38.0% ± 8.93%. The osteocyte index was 4.43 for bone around ABB and 3.27 in the trabecular bone at a distance from the particles.

Conclusions: After 9 years, the tissue pattern appeared composed by residual ABB particles in close contact to the newly formed bone. The bone mineralized matrix around the ABB had collagen fibers randomly oriented and more osteocytes embedded. The results demonstrate both a high level of osteoconductivity and a “biomimetic” behavior over the long term.
Who Rides the Storm? Political Institutions and Trade Adjustment
Authors: Kono Daniel Y. , Love Greg
Published: May 2007

Both policymakers and scholars have expressed concern that trade has increased inequality in advanced industrialized countries (AICs). We argue that the impact of trade on inequality depends on the availability of public goods, such as educational opportunities, that allow displaced workers to upgrade their skills and adjust to trade. The provision of public goods, in turn, depends on political institutions: institutions that unify budgetary powers promote public-good spending while institutions that separate budgetary powers discourage it. Trade should thus increase inequality more (reduce inequality less) in countries with a high separation of budgetary powers. We test and find support for these hypotheses with a cross-sectional time-series analysis of fourteen AICs. Our results imply that trade can improve aggregate welfare without worsening economic inequities, but only if governments adopt complementary policies that facilitate human capital formation and labor-market adjustment.
Ownership Biases and FDI in China: Evidence from Two Provinces
Authors: Huang Yasheng
Published: May 2007

Jiangsu and Zhejiang are of two of China's most prosperous and dynamic provinces. This paper first presents a factual account of two empirical phenomena: 1) FDI has played a more substantial role in the economic development of Jiangsu than in Zhejiang, and 2) ownership biases against domestic private firms in Jiangsu were more substantial than in Zhejiang. The paper hypothesizes that there is a connection between these two empirical phenomena. Specifically, ownership biases against domestic private firms increase preferences for FDI because FDI provides a measure of relative property rights security. Thus a biased domestic private firm has an incentive to move its assets and/or future growth opportunities to the foreign sector. The paper uses two private-sector surveys—one conducted in 1993 and the other in 2002—to provide an empirical test of this hypothesis. Our analysis shows, controlling for a variety of firm-level attributes and industry and regional characteristics, those private firms which perceive ownership biases to be more severe are more likely to form joint ventures with foreign firms.
Got Organic Milk? Consumer Valuations of Milk Labels after the Implementation of the USDA Organic Seal
Authors: Kiesel Kristin , Villas-Boas Sofia B
Published: May 2007

This paper investigates consumer reactions to changes in information provision regarding organic production. Quantitative analyses focus on the actual implementation of mandatory labeling guidelines under the National Organic Program. The unique nature of the fluid milk market in combination with these regulatory changes allows us to place a value on information sets under different labeling regimes. Hedonic price functions provide an initial reference point for analyses of individual responses. A random utility discrete choice model serves as the primary econometric specification and allows consideration of consumer preference heterogeneity along observable household demographics. Our results indicate that the USDA organic seal increases the probability of purchasing organic milk. An initial hedonic price function approach, as well as simulations within the discrete choice framework, suggests that consumers value the change in labeling regulations with regard to organic production. Our results further suggest that consumers substitute away from milk carrying the rBGH-free label. This may indicate that consumers pay less attention to these labels in the time period investigated compared to results found in studies that use earlier time periods.
A Bayesian Model of AFLP Marker Evolution and Phylogenetic Inference
Authors: Luo Ruiyan , Hipp Andrew L , Larget Bret
Published: May 2007

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers are formed by selective amplification of DNA fragments from digested total genomic DNA. The technique is popular because it is a relatively inexpensive way to produce large numbers of reproducible genetic markers. In this paper, we describe a Bayesian approach to modeling AFLP marker evolution by nucleotide substitution and an MCMC approach to estimate phylogeny from AFLP marker data. We demonstrate the method on species in Carex section Ovales, a group of sedges common in North America. We compare the results of our analysis with a clustering method based on Nei and Li's restriction-site distance and a two-state Bayesian analysis using MrBayes.
Case-Control Inference of Interaction between Genetic and Nongenetic Risk Factors under Assumptions on Their Distribution
Authors: Shin Ji-Hyung , McNeney Brad , Graham Jinko
Published: May 2007

In genetic association studies, there is increasing interest in understanding the joint effects of genetic and nongenetic factors. For rare diseases, the case-control study is a practical design, and logistic regression is the standard method of inference. However, the power to detect statistical interaction is a concern, even with relatively large samples. Under independence of genetic and nongenetic covariates, improved precision of interaction estimators is possible, but logistic regression does not make use of this assumption and consequently is not statistically efficient. In recent work to improve efficiency, profile likelihood methods have been used to develop semi-parametric inference that incorporates the independence assumption. We describe an alternate derivation of these estimators for rare diseases that is based on classic arguments from case-control inference. These arguments lead to a simplification in the variance estimator. We also describe a strategy for relaxing the independence assumption. Under either independence or the proposed dependence model, inference for association parameters is conveniently obtained by fitting a conditional logistic regression. The statistical properties of the proposed methodology are investigated by simulation.
Fuzzy Rule Based Systems in Classification of Terminalia Chebula Fruits of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Authors: Kumar K.Jayaram , Bhatnagar S.P.
Published: May 2007

Traditional medicine and complementary medicine are widely used in the health care system. The quantity and quality of the standardization, safety and efficacy data are far from sufficient to meet the criteria needed to support their use worldwide. Traditional methods have to be coupled with intelligent techniques so that comprehensive evaluation is done. A traditional drug, Terminalia chebula fruit, is classified by using modern analytical tools and fuzzy logic coupling. Analysis of the samples of the fruits of Terminalia chebula collected from sixty-four places in India and Nepal was done for %w/w of Tannic acid, Gallic acid, Ethyl gallate, Betulinic acid, Betulinaldehyde, 3,hydroxyfriedel-3-en-2-one, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Ascorbic acid, Citric acid, Chebuloside-I, Chebuloside-II, Chebulinic acid, Combreglucoside and Arjunglucoside. The %w/w of the phytoconstituents mentioned above were analyzed by fuzzy inference system which resulted in the classification of these fruits into five varieties. Results indicate that fuzzy logic and modern analytical tool coupling can accurately categorize the output and can support machinery decision making for automated quality control.
Sensory Evaluation and Rheological Behavior of Commercial Mayonnaise
Authors: Izidoro Dayane , Sierakowski Maria-Rita , Waszczynskyj Nina , Haminiuk Charles W. I. , Scheer Agnes de Paula
Published: May 2007

The effects of ingredients on the sensory evaluation and rheological behavior of two brands of mayonnaise were examined in this work. Mayonnaise samples were examined by Analytical Descriptive Test and Ranking Test of Preference. The rheological parameters were determined at 25°C using a concentric cylinder Brookfield rheometer with a spindle SC4-34. The results showed that standard mayonnaise as opposed to low-fat mayonnaise gained higher grades for most sensory attributes. All samples were found to exhibit non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior described by HerschelBulkley model. A decrease in the yield stress, viscosity and shear stress with the decrease in oil content was observed in all products, which confirm that the rheological characterization is capable of distinguishing rather well between mayonnaises made with different formulation.
Is Managed Care Still an Effective Cost Containment Device?
Authors: Shen Yu-Chu , Melnick Glenn
Published: May 2007

In this paper we take a historical perspective to examine the effects of managed care and hospital competition on hospital cost and revenue growth during managed cares boom period (1990-1994), mature period (1995-1999), and backlash period (2000-2003). We find that while higher managed care presence, in particular, HMOs, was effective in slowing down hospital cost and revenue growth during the boom and the mature periods, its cost containment effect diminished during the backlash period. This result is stable under different specifications and sensitivity analyses. Hospital competition effects, however, remain strong throughout the three periods. It appears that hospital competition effects were initially the result of aggressive selective contracting in the high managed care markets, but were later fueled by the less saturated, but growing managed care markets that seemed to catch up with the more developed markets.