bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of commercial systemic fungicides in conventional (non‐systemic) tests
Authors: Koch W.
Published: November 2006

Biological screens specifically designed to detect systemic fungicides, besides being slow, labour‐intensive, wasteful of chemicals and very expensive, may be expected to bias the results in favour of types of activity already encountered. Evidence is presented to show that simple, non‐systemic tests are efficient in selecting active chemicals with systemic properties.
Transport of the systemic fungicide cela W 524 in barley plants (part I)
Authors: Ost W. , Bruchhausen V. V. , Drandarevski Ch.
Published: November 2006

Doses of 11–20 mg of the title compound in aqueous formulation were added to barley plants in pots. Radioactivity and biological activity against Puccinia coronata on eight different sections of the shoots as well as the inhibition of Cladosporium spore development on thin‐layer chromatograms from methanolic extracts were followed during the first 24 h. Transport velocities, distribution and useful doses are discussed.
Fumigation with methyl bromide I. Apparatus for controlled concentration, continuous flow laboratory procedures
Authors: Kolbezen M. J. , Abu‐el‐haj F. J.
Published: November 2006

Details are given for the construction and operation of apparatus for laboratory fumigations with methyl bromide using controlled concentrations and continuous flow. The apparatus is useful for obtaining accurate dosage response data for soil organisms.
The movement of paraquat as influenced by the partition coefficient of surfactants between water and leaf wax
Authors: Bland P. D. , Brian R. C.
Published: November 2006

“Lissapol” NX and “Lubrol” L, used to improve the uptake of paraquat into plants were found in earlier work to reduce its movement. Several series of surfactants with widely varying solubilities in water were partitioned between cabbage wax and water. A marked correlation was found between the effect of surfactants on the movement of paraquat and the amount of surfactant partitioning into the wax.

It is concluded that although surfactants increase the uptake of paraquat into leaves, this increase is offset by reduced movement following penetration of surfactants into leaf tissue. Surfactant partition into wax reduces the degree of penetration, but there is no evidence how surfactants in leaf tissue reduce movement.
Bioassay evaluation of the systemic properties of carboxin in lemon seedlings
Authors: Solel Z. , Pinkas J.
Published: November 2006

Carboxin was toxic to the fungus Deuterophoma tracheiphila. Uptake and translocation of carboxin (2,3‐dihydro‐6‐methyl‐5‐phenylcarbamoyl‐1,4‐oxathiin) in lemon seedlings were assessed in plant extracts by a bioassay technique. Root uptake and translocation to stem and leaves were demonstrated from both an aqueous solution and drenched soil. Leaf uptake was lower than root uptake, and could be enhanced by removing the epicuticular wax. Chromatographic tests suggested that the compound responsible for fungitoxicity within plant tissues may have been carboxin itself.
Estimation of dieldrin in cured tobacco
Authors: Thimm H. F. , Belcher R. S. , Briner G. P.
Published: November 2006

Estimation of dieldrin in cured tobacco using published methods of clean‐up followed by electron‐capture g.l.c., suffers from serious interferences. Such interference can be eliminated by Storherr sweep codistillation and t.l.c. on alumina. The limit of detection is 0.01 part/million.
Factors affecting the introduction of preservatives into wood
Authors: Banks W. B.
Published: November 2006

The various processes by which preservatives may be introduced into wood are discussed. Important variables affecting rate and depth of preservative penetration are considered. As well as process variables such as applied pressure and treatment time, it is shown how mass flow processes are affected by carrier fluid viscosity and surface properties. Because of anatomical variation, wood permeability varies greatly both within and between species. Hence it is necessary to select species carefully when treatment is required. The mechanism of diffusion treatment is discussed and it is shown that this process can provide an effective treatment method for otherwise refractory species.
Measurements of temperature and degradation of pyrethroids in two thermal fogging machines, the swingfog and TIFA
Authors: Rickett F. E. , Chadwick P. R.
Published: November 2006

The losses of natural pyrethrins, bioallethrin, bioresmethrin and tetramethrin have been measured during thermal fogging using the Swingfog Model SN6 and the Lightweight TIFA. Fogs produced from kerosene solutions of the insecticides containing an internal standard were analysed by gas chromatography. Losses of natural pyrethrins, bioresmethrin and tetramethrin were less than the experimental error showing that these compounds did not degrade in either machine. Losses of bioallethrin were 3.1 and 5.5% in the Swingfog and TIFA respectively but these figures were possibly exaggerated slightly by inefficiencies in the fog sampling technique and it is doubtful if losses of this magnitude would be detected under field conditions.

Whilst operating with odourless kerosene, the maximum temperatures recorded within the fogging heads were 120°C in the Swingfog with a flow rate of 351/h and 265°C in the TIFA with a flow rate of 951/h.
The toxicity of formetanate and chlorphenamidine to resistant fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch)
Authors: Cranham J. E.
Published: November 2006

Formetanate was found to be somewhat less effective on three strains of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) resistant to organophosphorus compounds (O.P.'s), and on two others multi‐resistant to O.P.'s and tetradifon, than on susceptible mites; the LC50's in tests on larvae or adult mites were two to three times greater. Chlorphenamidine was as effective on O.P.‐resistant mites as on susceptibles; but on the multi‐resistant strains it was more effective, the ratio of LC50's, R/S, in assays on larvae being ×0.37. However, it has not been shown that resistance to tetradifon confers true (pleiotropic) negative cross‐resistance to chlorphenamidine.
The role of translocation in selectivity of herbicides with reference to MCPA and MCPB
Authors: Kirkwood R. C. , Dalziel J. , Matlib A. , Somerville L.
Published: November 2006

The distribution of 2.5 mM‐[14C]MCPA

MCPA = (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid).

and [14C]MCPB

MCPB = (4‐(2‐methyI‐4‐chlorophenoxy) butyric acid).

formulated as sodium salts with 0.05% tergitol, have been investigated when applied to an isolated leaf/agar block sink system of Vicia faba L. Results are presented which show the effect on absorption and translocation of method of application, age of treatment leaf, treatment period, pretreatment with 5 μM ATP and removal of cuticle wax by chloroform wipe treatment. Significant negative correlations between cuticle wax fixation/translocation and leaf tissue content/translocation were recorded for both compounds, particularly MCPB, suggesting the involvement of both physicochemical and metabolic components in the process of absorption and translocation. The nature of the mechanisms involved was further investigated using isolated cuticle/epidermal systems and tightly‐coupled mitochondria isolated from roots of V. faba L. The results suggest that non‐movement of MCPB in this species is largely due to its enhanced retention within the cuticle and to the fact that it is a more effective uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation than MCPA. The importance of these findings in terms of the relative efficiency of translocation of MCPA and MCPB when applied in vivo is discussed.
The influence of some growth retardants on the growth and mineral composition of plants
Authors: Mohsin M. , Smith M. S.
Published: November 2006

The influence of the growth retardants 3‐chlorobenzyl‐tri‐n‐butylammonium bromide (B3), 4‐chlorobenzyl‐tri‐n‐butylammonium bromide (B4), α‐naphthylmethyl‐tri‐n‐butylammonium bromide (α‐NMB) and the commercial products 2‐chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat chloride) and N‐dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (aminozide) on the growth characteristics and chemical composition of plants growing in soil under glasshouse conditions has been studied. The height, fresh and dry weights and content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese of treated plants were compared with those of control plants. The chlorophyll content of certain leaves was also estimated.

The retardants markedly altered the growth habit of plants and usually led to a decrease in fresh and dry weights. The percentage of plant nutrient elements in the dry matter was increased by treatment.
Determination of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in tomato plants and other commercial crops by microcoulometric gas chromatography
Authors: Munro H. E.
Published: November 2006

A residue method based on microcoulometric gas chromatography is described for 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T in tomato plants and other commercial crops. Intensive cleanup includes extractions with two different buffers and, after conversion of the free acids to the methyl esters, final cleanup is achieved with a Kontes Sweep Co‐distillation Apparatus.

With a sample weight of 100 g of tomato plant, 0.5 μg can be determined with a recovery of 72 to 96% for 2,4‐D and 94 to 100% for 2,4,5‐T.
The analysis of crops and soils for the triazine herbicide cyanazine and some of its degradation products. I. Development of method
Authors: Beynon K. I.
Published: November 2006

Radiochemical techniques have been used to develop efficient procedures for the extraction of residues of cyanazine herbicide [‘BLADEX’,

BLADEX and FORTROL are Shell registered Trade Marks.

a ‘FORTROL’,a 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine] and its metabolites 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐carbamoyl‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine (II), 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐amino‐1,3,5‐triazine (V) and 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐carbamoyl‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐amino‐1,3,5‐triazine (VI) from crops and soils.

Partition and column chromatographic techniques have been established for the purification of the extracts. The full analytical procedure is described and the final determination of all four compounds is by g.l.c. with electron capture detection with blank values for field samples generally 0.02 part/million and with good recoveries.
Residues of some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in milk and milk products after their addition to the feed of cows
Authors: Smart N. A. , Hill A. R. C. , Roughan P. A.
Published: November 2006

Lactating cows fed 0.05 part/million aldrin, 0.2 part/million γ‐BHC and 2.0 parts/million pp'‐DDT in their concentrate ration gave detectable residues of dieldrin, γ‐BHC, pp'‐DDE, pp'‐TDE and pp'‐DDT in the milk and also aldrin in the butter and cheese. The levels found after 28 days of feeding were not significantly greater than those after 14 days. Subsequent increase of the pesticide content of the feed increased the residue content of the milk, butter and cheese. Only a small percentage of pesticide residue was found in the buttermilk, separated milk and the whey.
Fungitoxicity of bromo‐ and iodo‐3,5‐dinitrobenzoates
Authors: Lehtonen K. , Summers L. A. , Carter G. A.
Published: November 2006

Esters of 2‐bromo‐, 4‐bromo‐, 2‐iodo‐ and 4‐iodo‐ 3,5‐dinitrobenzoic acids show considerable antifungal activity in spore germination tests against Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea, Septoria nodorum and Uromyces fabae. They act as protectant fungicides against Erysiphe graminis, Puccinia recondita and Septoria nodorum on wheat and Botrytis fabae on broad bean. The most active compounds are methyl and ethyl 4‐bromo‐3,5‐dinitrobenzoates which give better control of wheat rust than oxycarboxin and methyl 4‐iodo‐3,5‐dinitrobenzoate which is at least as effective as captan against Septoria leaf spot on wheat. Several of the esters are superior to captan in controlling chocolate spot on broad bean.
Fungicidal activity and chemical constitution XIX. The synthesis and activity of substituted cyclohexylphenols
Authors: Clifford D. R. , James Carolyn S. , Woodcock D.
Published: November 2006

Twenty‐two substituted 2‐ and 4‐cyclohexylphenols were synthesised and tested in the glasshouse against the powdery mildews of apple and marrow. Relative differences in fungicidal activity between the two series are discussed in relation to structural variations. High activity is associated with a nitro group in position 4 together with either a halogen or nitro‐group in position 2.
Dichlorvos residues in food arising from the domestic use of dichlorvos PVC strips
Authors: Elgar K. E. , Mathews B. L. , Bosio P.
Published: November 2006

Trials have been carried out with “VAPONA”

“VAPONA” is a Shell trade mark.

Pest Strips under practical conditions in houses in the U.K. and France. The purpose of these trials was to determine the residues of dichlorvos that occur in food prepared in kitchens in which strips were placed. Samples, each of which consisted of the combined food and drink for an adult for a day, were taken at intervals during the trials. The food items were exposed and the meals prepared, including any cooking, in the way normal to the household.

The analyses for dichlorvos were carried out by a g.l.c. method using flame photometric detection. The results show that the residue concentrations from all the individual samples were less than 0.1 part/million. In the U.K. trial, the mean dichlorvos levels in samples taken 7, 42 and 70 days after the strips were hung were 0.03, 0.03 and 0.02 part/million respectively. In the French trial, the mean concentrations were a little lower, being 0.02, 0.02 and less than 0.01 part/million at the same times.

The items of food and the way in which they were processed varied widely from sample to sample and also between the two countries. However, the residue concentration in a sample did not appear to be correlated with the food items or with the manner of processing.

No relationship was observed between the volume of the kitchens used, which varied from 14 to 45 m3, and the level of residues found in the samples.
Biological effects of combining carboxin, organomercury fungicides and insecticides as seed dressings for wheat, and the effect of these combinations on adherence of the pesticides to the seed
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Jeffs K. A. , Scott G. C. , Gair R. , Lester E. , Maskell F. E. , Williams J. H.
Published: November 2006

When seeds of winter wheat were carefully dressed in the laboratory with combinations of fungicides (organomercury alone or organomercury plus the systemic fungicide carboxin) and insecticides (aldrin, carbophenothion or chlorfenvinphos as liquid formulations, or a γ‐BHC powder formulation) so as to ensure that nearly all the recommended amounts of the active ingredients stuck to them, the insecticides gave good insect control, but γ‐BHC with organomercury fungicide decreased the number of plants that germinated, and γ‐BHC with carboxin and organomercury was even more damaging.

Commercially dressed seeds had only about 30 to 60% of the target dose of fungicides, but more than 80% of the target doses of the liquid insecticides aldrin, carbophenothion and chlorfenvinphos. With combinations of powder fungicide and liquid insecticide, greater amounts of pesticide on the seed were obtained if the insecticide was put on first.

Because of unusually late sowings and little fungal infestation, neither laboratory nor commercially treated seeds provided good tests for control of smut.
A kinetic analysis of an interaction model of phloem translocation
Authors: Aikman David P.
Published: November 2006

The kinetics of transport in phloem are discussed. The steady‐state behaviour is examined applying the thermodynamics of irreversible processes to a non‐specific model in which there are interactions between the rates of water flow, of solute flow and of the transduction of metabolic energy. It is predicted that the flow of solute will depend on its concentration gradient, as in apparent diffusion, on the passive driving force on water, as in a Münch system, and on the metabolism of the transport system, as in activated mass flow. The theoretical description of the long‐distance transport process includes the effect of gravity on volume flow and on exchange flow.

A model in which exchange occurs between two streams of solution flowing in opposite directions is examined to explore the transient kinetics. If the flows are not symmetrical, then the observable behaviour of the system, after the decay of the initial wave fronts, may be approximated by a random walk in a moving frame of reference, i.e. apparent diffusion plus mass flow, thus supporting the conclusions of the steady state analysis.

The predictions are discussed in relation to physiological evidence.
Hydrolysis of the triazine herbicide, cyanazine
Authors: Brown N. P. H. , Furmidge C. G. L. , Grayson B. T.
Published: November 2006

The hydrolysis of cyanazine

Cyanazine is the proposed common name for the herbicide sold under the Shell registered trade name BLADEX.

(2‐chloro‐4‐cyanoisopropylamino‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine) has been studied using 14C‐ring labelled compound over a temperature range of 25° to 75 °C and over a range of pH values from 1.5 to 12. The activation energies and the activation entropy changes during hydrolysis showed there was a different mechanism under acid and alkaline conditions. The only product identified after hydrolysis in acid solutions was 2‐hydroxy‐4‐carboxyisopropylamino‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine. In alkaline solution the same hydroxy‐acid was the end‐product, but 2‐chloro‐4‐amidoisopropylamino‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine was isolated as an intermediate.

The variation of the specific rate constants with temperature for hydrolytic catalysis by H+, OH− was determined, thus enabling the hydrolytic half‐life of cyanazine to be calculated at any pH and temperature.
Flight‐tunnel experiments with red‐billed queleas to determine the distribution of a solution sprayed onto birds in flight
Authors: Ward P. , Pope G. G.
Published: November 2006

In an attempt to simulate conditions when Quelea birds are sprayed with avicide at night while they are in flight, captive birds were sprayed with red dye as they flew down a dark tunnel. The distribution of dye on the birds' plumage showed that the spray makes contact with the front of the head, the upper breast, and the flight feathers of the wing; very little reaches any other part of the body. Large droplets (180 to 250 μm) were much more effective than small droplets (30 to 75 μm) at hitting the flying bird, presumably because the latter were carried over the body surfaces by the airstream.
An automatic apparatus for determining the crystallisation temperature of liquid pesticide formulations
Authors: Gückel W. , Hoffmann W. , Synnatschke G. , Rittig F. R.
Published: November 2006

The report describes an automatic apparatus for determining the crystallisation temperature of liquid pesticide formulations. The results obtained correspond to those obtained by the traditional method of WHO.
Determination of carbon tetrachloride in fumigated cereal grains during storage
Authors: Scudamore K. A. , Heuser S. G.
Published: November 2006

Alternative methods for the extraction of unchanged carbon tetrachloride residues from fumigated whole and ground wheat and maize were examined and compared. Amounts of carbon tetrachloride extracted were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography using two separate columns and an electron‐capture detector. A portion of any carbon tetrachloride residue was found to be converted to chloroform by a steam distillation extraction method but not when a cold solvent extraction process was used. In addition, the effectiveness of removal of carbon tetrachloride from wheat and maize during a 3.5 h steam distillation was progressively lessened, in comparison with the cold extraction process, as the length of time that residual fumigant had been associated with the grain increased.

The rate of elimination of carbon tetrachloride from wheat and maize during airing at two temperatures was determined and though partially dependent on the temperature of fumigation, airing was consistently more rapid at 25° than at 10°C. Initial residues of 200 to 400 parts/million in whole grains fell to 1 to 10 parts/million when aired for six months in thin layers at 25°C and to 5 to 50 parts/million at WC. Residues in wheat disappeared more rapidly than those in maize. Grinding initially caused a sharp reduction in carbon tetrachloride content but subsequent airing rates were little faster than those of the whole grains.

It is concluded that complete elimination of trace amounts of carbon tetrachloride from products of treated grain is unlikely even after milling but the toxicological significance of such residues is uncertain.
Detoxication of metal drums from emulsifiable concentrate formulations of parathion
Authors: Archer T. E. , Hsieh D. P. H.
Published: November 2006

Metal drums of various sizes which had contained a parathion emulsifiable concentrate were found to retain significant amounts of residues after the containers were completely drained. The residual pesticide formulation was removed from the emptied containers by washing with water and organic solvents. Efficient removal of the parathion by water followed by washing with a water‐miscible organic solvent has been demonstrated. It is possible that these washings could be disposed of by combining them into the spray mixture. These procedures suggest a simple and economical way of container decontamination.
A technique for applying small drops of insecticide solution to Myzus persicae (sulz.)
Authors: Needham P. H. , Devonshire A. L.
Published: November 2006

A technique is described for applying insecticide solutions accurately and rapidly to aphids. Radiochemical measurements showed that volume of 0.02 to 0.2 μl could be applied accurately and that more than 90% of the dose remained on the aphids when 0.08 μl or less was applied. There was good agreement between the radiochemical calibration land the toxicological results.
Uptake and distribution of thiabendazole by seed potatoes
Authors: Tisdale M. J. , Lord K. A.
Published: November 2006

The uptake of thiabendazole into potato seed tubers (cultivar King Edward) was determined by the method of application, more being taken up from solutions and suspensions than from dusts. Penetration and uptake were greatest with solutions at pH 3, and less at higher or lower pHs. The addition of inorganic salts (KCl, CaCl2) had no effect. Treatment of tubers with weak solutions of mineral acid increased uptake of thiabendazole. There was little movement and no metabolism of the chemical when potatoes were stored for 3 months.
Gel filtration clean‐up for multi‐residues of organophosphorus pesticides in rice
Authors: Masud Z. , Bátora V. , Kovačičová J.
Published: November 2006

Gel filtration on Bio‐Beads S‐X8 and Sephadex LH‐20 columns has been successfully applied to the clean‐up of multiple residues of malathion, fenitrothion and dichlorvos in rice. Recoveries were checked by gas‐liquid chromatography using CsBr‐thermionic detector and ranged from 77 to 104% at 5 mg/kg level. The clean‐up was found to be highly effective. No interference was observed in the gas chromatograms.
A method for determining the volatility of active ingredients used in plant protection
Authors: Gückel W. , Synnatschke G. , Rittig R.
Published: November 2006

The paper describes a gravimetric method of determining the volatility (evaporation rate) of pesticides. The measuring apparatus may be set at any temperature between ∼15 and 80°C; the dry air flowing through the apparatus is regulated by valves between ‐0.2 1/h and 300 1/h.

Figures available for vapour pressure reveal a mathematical relation between vapour pressure and evaporation rate. This can be used as a simple method of determining the vapour pressure of any substance at 20°C by determining the evaporation rate when the air current is flowing at 50 l/h. The effects of the temperature and the air flow rate on the evaporation rate are also analysed.
Interactions of carotenoids with some organophosphorus insecticides
Authors: Seifert J. , Davídek J.
Published: November 2006

The interactions of some organophosphorus insecticides (OPI) with carotenoids from oranges were studied in vitro. In the initial step, 5,6‐epoxy (di‐epoxy) xanthophylls are isomerised to 5,8‐furano (di‐furano) xanthophylls. This reaction can also be brought about by hydrogen ions. Degradation products of OPI or impurities present in commercial samples may be acidic. Subsequent reactions lead to complete loss of the long wavelength chromophore.
Assay of hypocholesterolaemic agents for antifungal activity
Authors: Matolcsy G. , Hamrán M. , Bordás B.
Published: November 2006

The presence of steroids, mainly of ergosterol, in the protoplasmic membrane of fungi provides a potential target for selective antifungal action. Several nonsteroidal hypocholesterolaemic agents used in human chemotherapy were tested for fungitoxicity. Most of the compounds, especially those of the phenyl‐ and phenoxyalkanecarboxylic acid type (I‐V) as well as the bis‐aminomethyl‐cyclohexane derivative (VII) revealed a moderate antifungal activity, encouraging further studies on this line.
Residual effects of fungicidal spray programmes on apple trees
Authors: Byrde Robert J. W. , Harper Christopher W. , Holgate Margaret E. , Hunter Thomas
Published: November 2006

Spraying programmes for apple scab and mildew control sometimes had residual effects for one or even two years. Thus, benomyl (0.025% a.i.) and pyridinitril (0.035% a.i.) drastically reduced the subsequent incidence of cankers caused by Nectria galligena on young wood. Apple scab fruit infection, caused by Venturia inaequalis, was also less on trees on which benomyl had been used in the previous season. In the bark of such trees, toxic residues equivalent to 1 to 4 μg benomyl/g fresh wt. were detected by bioassay 7 months after spraying.
Photochemical transformation of thiophanate‐methyl and thiophanate to alkyl benzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamates
Authors: Buchenauer Heinrich , Edgington Lloyd V. , Grossmann Friedrich
Published: November 2006

The systemic fungicides thiophanate‐methyl (TPM) and thiophanate (TPE) were transformed in aqueous solutions on glass by irradiation with u.v. and sunlight to the more effective fungitoxic substances methyl benzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamate (MBC) and ethyl benzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamate (EBC), respectively.

The thiophanate fungicides were not converted when incubated in the dark. The photochemical transformation of TPM and TPE to the corresponding alkyl benzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamates increased with the exposure time of u.v. irradiation.

However, no light catalysed reactions occurred when both fungicides were irradiated with u.v. light in the solid state. The residue of TPM and TPE on leaves of cotton plants following spray application were transformed by the energy of sunlight to the more fungitoxic MBC and EBC.
Metabolism of choline in the rhizosphere and its possible influence on plant growth
Authors: Jones R. Gareth Wyn , Rippin Anthony J. , Storey Richard
Published: November 2006

The addition of choline chloride (1 mM) to the rooting medium of Zea mays seedlings as well as enhancing salt tolerance, caused the pH of the medium to drop rapidly by 1.5 to 2.0 pH units in 24 h. This compares with a drop of 0.2 to 0.3 pH units in the presence of NH4+ under equivalent conditions. In pot experiments choline treatment promoted the growth of maize and other species under alkaline conditions more effectively than NH4+. The acidification of the root medium was due to choline catabolism by bacteria, characterised as a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens, introduced into the medium by the seedling roots. Choline is probably metabolised by the organism via betaine aldehyde and betaine to sarcosine. The acidification step is associated with the oxidation of betaine aldehyde to betaine. The possible role of rhizosphere pH changes and the modification of plant metabolism by chemicals found in the soil are discussed in relation to plant growth under natural conditions.
Mercury and organochlorine residue analysis of fish and aquatic mammals
Authors: Holden Alan V.
Published: November 2006

Analyses of fish for mercury, as both methylmercury and total mercury, have been necessary in view of the relatively high concentrations found as compared with most foodstuffs. Gas chromatography and flameless atomic absorption spectro‐photometry are the most commonly‐used techniques, and versions of these methods are described. Organochlorine residues, of both pesticide and industrial origin, are of considerable ecological interest as the result of food‐chain magnification, and the techniques for their analysis in aquatic species, and problems arising from other contaminants are discussed.
Organophosphorus and carbamate detection system
Authors: Ruzicka Joseph H. A.
Published: November 2006

Recent progress on the separation and identification of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides is reviewed. Emphasis has been placed on t.l.c. and g.l.c. methods. Newer techniques, including high pressure liquid chromatography and the use of microwave‐excited plasmas as detectors for gas chromatography, are discussed.
The isolation and possible significance of some toxic mammalian metabolites of diazinon
Authors: Machin Antony F.
Published: November 2006

The recognition and isolation of toxic metabolites of diazinon by gas, thin‐layer, column and high‐pressure liquid chromatography is discussed. The possible toxicological significance of these compounds is considered and some preliminary attempts to assess their importance by experiments with microsomal preparations are mentioned.
Residues of the carbamate acaricide, 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenyl‐N(n‐butanoyl)‐N‐methylcarbamate (promacyl) and two metabolites in the tissues and milk of cattle
Authors: Clegg Donald E. , Martin Peter R.
Published: November 2006

In order to assess some of the residue characteristics of the experimental carbamate acaricide, 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenyl‐N‐(n‐butanoyl‐)‐N‐methylcarbamate (promacyl) a 0.2 % aqueous emulsion was applied to cattle in a series of five trials and in a sixth, the technical product was added to the feed of stalled cattle.

A method of analysis involving the formation of a derivative suitable for gas chromatographic analysis on electron capture detection mode was developed.

Separate estimations of levels of the parent compound and the metabolites, 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenyl ‐N‐methylcarbamate and 3‐methyl‐5‐ isopropylphenol, were carried out on fatty tissues and butterfat but for non‐fatty tissues “total” levels, which were a combined estimate of 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenol itself and all substances hydrolysable to it, were estimated and quoted as Promacyl.

The highest group average level of the parent compound was 0.9 part/million in fatty tissues 24 h after the last of 8 applications at 3 day intervals. In a single spray trial the maximum group average of 0.7 part/million in fatty tissues 24 h after treatment fell to 0.2 part/million after 5 days.

Residues in butterfat, 7 h after a single dermal application showed a maximum level of 1.2 parts/million and this declined to 0.1 part/million on the seventh day after treatment.

“Total” residues in non‐fatty tissues were of the order of 1/10 those found in fatty tissues.
Simazine dealkylation in conjunction with citrus roots
Authors: Jordan Lowell S. , Jolliffe Virgil A.
Published: November 2006

Simazine (2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis(ethylamino)‐s‐triazine) was metabolised by dealkylation in the presence of citrus tree roots growing in nutrient solution. Dehalogenation to hydroxysimazine was not observed. Removal of citrus roots from the solution caused dealkylation to cease. Dealkylation did not occur in the nutrient solution in the absence of roots.
Fungicidal activity and chemical constitution XXT. The fungitoxicity of aliphatic polyamines
Authors: Brown David , Woodcock David
Published: November 2006

Fifteen polyamines have been prepared and shown to inhibit spore germination of Penicillium expansum and Neurospora crassa in vitro, but not Erysiphe graminis, Sphaerotheca fuliginea or Podosphaera leucotricha; no activity was shown against S. fuliginea on marrow seedlings or P. leucotricha on apple seedlings. Spermine homologues were considerably more active than spermidine homologues, but greatest activity was shown by the two naturally occurring compounds.
Recent advances in the study of the genetics of resistance in the housefly, Musca domestica
Authors: Sawicki Roman M.
Published: November 2006

The genetics of resistance of the housefly, Musca domestica L., to organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides, and interactions between mechanisms of resistance are reviewed and discussed.
The biochemical mechanisms of resistance to insecticides with especial reference to the housefly, Musca domestica and aphid, Myzus persicae
Authors: Devonshire Alan L.
Published: November 2006

The mechanisms by which insects chemically modify and thereby resist insecticides, and the techniques used to study this metabolism arc described. The enzymes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell (the microsomal enzymes) play a major and ubiquitous role in this metabolism which can produce molecules either more or less toxic than the insecticide applied. “Soluble” enzymes in the cytoplasm of the cell also metabolise insecticides, and it is the balance between these types of metabolism and such factors as the rate of penetration of the insecticide and the susceptibility of the target which determines the tolerance of an insect to a particular insecticide. A very small change in one of these factors can cause a large change in the dose of insecticide required to kill an insect.
Distribution and persistence of Chlormequat in potato plants
Authors: Dekhuijzen H. M. , Bodlaender K. B. A.
Published: November 2006

The distribution and persistence of chlormequat was determined chemically in chlormequat treated potato plants and in the progeny from their tubers.

Chlormequat penetrated into the leaves, was translocated to the tubers and accumulated in the underground parts. Potato tubers harvested from chlormequattreated plants produced temporarily dwarfed plants.

In the progeny of tubers, the compound was translocated to all parts of the plant, the highest amounts being found in the underground parts. A loss of only 18 ± 2% occurred between planting the seed tubers and harvesting the potato plants 2 months later.
Determination of dimetridazole in pig tissue II. Residues after administration in the feed or drinking water
Authors: Parnell Michael J.
Published: November 2006

Residues of dimetridazole (1,2‐dimethyl‐5‐nitroimidazole) in the tissues of pigs after administration of the drug are reported. Three dosing regimes were examined, administration of 0.05% dimetridazole in the feed for a period of 1 month, administration of 0.05% dimetridazole in the feed for a period of 2 months, and administration of 0.05% dimetridazole in the drinking water for a period of 1 week. The maximum drug level found was 6.9 μg/ml in the plasma of a pig after one week's medication with dimetridazole in the drinking water. Depletion of the drug was rapid and 48 h after the withdrawal of medication tissue levels of the drug were invariably less than 0.1 μg/g.
Procedures for Analysis of Surface Spray Deposits of Captafol on Coffee Trees, Captan on Apple Trees and Endosulfan on Hops by Gas‐Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Cooke Barry K.
Published: November 2006

The procedures involve the removal of captafol, captan or endosulfan spray deposits from the plant surfaces with solvent and their measurement by g.l.c. In contrast to residue analysis, clean‐up procedures are avoided and the speed of the methods enable large numbers of samples to be processed in the monitoring of initial spray deposits and the subsequent redistribution or loss in relation to the efficiency of spray application techniques. Recoveries of captafol and captan suspension deposits from glass were greater than 96%: recoveries of emulsion deposits from plant surfaces were greater than 95% for captafol, 93% for captan and 96% for endosulfan.
Organic pesticides. XV. Synthesis and insecticidal activity of some compounds containing phosphorus and fluorine
Authors: Joshi Krishna C. , Tholia Mani Kant
Published: November 2006

Forty new organofluorine compounds, containing phosphorus, have been synthesised as potential pesticides. The compounds include esters of O,O‐dialkyl phosphoramidic acids of the type (RO)2P(O)NHAr; thioesters of O,O‐dialkyl thiophosphoramidic acids of the type (RO)2P(S)NHAr; esters of O,O‐dialkyl phosphonic acid of the type (RO)2P(O)Ar and esters of O,O‐dialkyl thiophosphonic acid (RO)2P(S)OAr. All the compounds have been screened for their insecticidal activity against adult cockroaches (Periplanata americana) and a few show appreciable activity.
Hydrolysis rate and In vitro anticholinesterase activity of fenitrothion and S‐methyl fenitrothion
Authors: Kovačičová J. , Bátora V. , Truchlik Š
Published: November 2006

Anticholinesterase activity in vitro of pure fenitrothion, S‐methyl fenitrothion (SMF) and mixtures of both was studied using different sources of cholinesterase. SMF was two to three orders as active an inhibitor as fenitrothion. In the mixtures, 1 and 5% SMF significantly influenced the I50 value of fenitrothion. The hydrolysis rates of both compounds are given. A method for the synthesis of pure SMF is also described.
Transport of the systemic fungicide cela W 524 (triforine) in barley plants. II. Uptake and metabolism
Authors: Bruchhausen V. V. , Stiasni M.
Published: November 2006

After soil drench application of triforine (5 mg) to 35 barley plants in pots, a maximum of 7.5 μg a.i./g shoots (fresh weight) was found on the second day. The biological (effective) half‐life was 9 to 10 days. Doses of 50 mg resulted in impaired absorption rather than increased foliar concentration.

On day 8 piperazine comprised 20% of the radioactivity of the four metabolites found in the shoots. An additional metabolite appears solely in the soil.
Rational herbicide design by synthesis of inhibitors for the peroxidase catalysed oxidation of indolyl‐3‐acetic acid
Authors: Wright Brian J. , Dowsett John R. , Rubery Philip H. , Baillie Alister C. , Corbett John R.
Published: November 2006

An attempt has been made to design a herbicide by synthesising active site directed irreversible inhibitors for the peroxidase‐catalysed oxidation of indolyl‐3‐acetic acid (IAA). A variety of substituted indoles were prepared and found to bind reversibly to the enzyme, but none produced any progressive inhibition, nor showed any herbicidal activity. This may be related to the fact that the inhibitors can be degraded by peroxidase in vitro since, if this occurred in the plant, the compounds could not then interfere with IAA oxidation.
Studies in phytotoxicitya. II. Changes in the concentrations of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates associated with phytotoxic effects on leaves
Authors: Milward Anthony. F. , Deas Adrian H. B. , Skerrett E. John
Published: November 2006

Leaves of dwarf bean and blackcurrant were analysed for their content of some of the acids of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle after treatment with lime sulphur in order to correlate any changes with the increase in respiration previously reported.

In the dwarf bean, a rapid initial decrease in succinic acid was followed by a large increase. This suggested that there was some blocking of the succinic dehydrogenase by the toxic agent. However it is probably important to consider the contribution of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt in the increased respiration and associated metabolic changes as it has been shown that many disruptive agents, both chemical and biological, favour respiration by the HMP rather than the TCA route in plants.
Metabolism of [14C]parathion and [14C]paraoxon in isolated, perfused rat livers
Authors: Fuhremann Thomas W. , Lichtensteina E. Paul , Zahlten Rainer N. , Stratman Frederick W. , Schnoes Heinrich K.
Published: November 2006

Perfusion of 14C‐(ring)‐parathion or 14C‐(ring)‐paraoxon with blood through isolated, intact rat livers resulted in the rapid degradation of these insecticides. Degradation was negligible in the absence of rat liver (controls), thus demonstrating the capacity of the liver per se to effectively degrade these compounds. Of the total radiocarbon recovered after liver perfusion with [14C]parathion, 33 % could be attributed to unchanged [14C]parathion (similarly distributed between the liver and the blood) while 67.9 % was degraded to water soluble compounds and 2.5% was converted to organic soluble paraoxon and traces of p‐nitrophenol. Nearly all of the [14C]paraoxon, however, was degraded by the intact rat liver, resulting in water soluble products that amounted to 98.5% of the total radiocarbon recovered. Unexplained losses of radiocarbon with the perfusion apparatus used were lower in the presence of rat liver which degraded the insecticides to more water soluble compounds. The water soluble degradation products produced from [14C]parathion and [14C]paraoxon were non‐toxic to mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti L.). These ring‐labelled products were found to be conjugated p‐nito‐phenol. Nearly all of the water soluble radiocarbon was located in the perfused blood, while only small amounts (1.8 to 3.0% of recovered) were excreted via the bile or were associated with the liver tissue (1.3 to 1.8 % of recovered).
An assessment of the value of plant growth regulators and herbicides for crops grown for the processed food industries
Authors: Thomas Tudor H.
Published: November 2006

The use of growth regulators to induce specific modifications in the growth of crops produced for processing is discussed. Increases in yield may be obtained by some treatments but more important effects on uniformity, quality, ease of harvesting and short‐term storage may also be achieved. The results of experiments on stem extension of calabrese, chemical stopping and defoliation of Brussels sprouts, root/shoot ratio modification of root crops and short‐term storage of green vegetables are presented. It is concluded that although so far, few commercial applications have been discovered, the requirements for growth regulation justify the search for new, more reliable synthetic growth regulators by improving screening tests and more efficient field trials. The use of herbicides on crops grown for processing is also discussed briefly and it is concluded that the prime requirement is for more efficient post‐emergence herbicides.
Problems associated with the use of pesticides: Taints
Authors: Arthey V. D.
Published: November 2006

Food is a highly complex substance and its qualities are measured in many ways. One of the most important quality attributes is flavour, and this is a complicated characteristic probably because of the subtle nature of the many chemical substances involved in producing it. The care which is taken by food manufacturers in the United Kingdom ensures that, in general, products are of good flavour quality but very occasionally, taints do arise and pesticides are sometimes blamed for the off‐flavours produced. Although the whole field of taint experimentation is not an easy one to investigate, the work at Chipping Campden on this subject began nearly thirty years ago and is now well established and recognised. A number of pesticides are now known to have tainting characteristics.
The growth regulating activity of some thiazole‐, thiazoline‐and thiazolidire‐acetic acids
Authors: Garraway J. L.
Published: November 2006

The synthesis of some thiazole‐, thiazoline‐ and thiazolidine‐5‐acetic acids is described. In contrast to 2‐chlorothiazole‐4‐ and 4‐oxo‐2‐thiothiazolidine‐3‐ace‐tic acids described in an earlier paper, none of the compounds showed growth regulating activity. The relationship of these compounds to the phenylacetic acids and other compounds with growth regulating activity is discussed.
Distribution of methyl bromide in soils treated for nematode control in replant vineyards
Authors: Abdalla Nabil , Raski Dewey J. , Lear Bert , Schmitt Richard V.
Published: November 2006

Methyl bromide was applied with and without polyethylene covers at rates of 337, 449, 673 and 898 kg/ha to replant vineyard soils to control plant parasitic nematodes. Distribution of the gas in the soil atmosphere at different depths was measured by gas chromatography. Higher doses, low soil moisture and deeper placement of methyl bromide resulted in more rapid soil penetration and higher concentrations of the gas at the deeper soil levels. Placement of methyl bromide in the soil at 0.76‐0.81 m without polyethylene cover resulted in gas distribution at concentrations sufficient for nematode kill as deep as 2.44 m.
The application of computer‐based techniques in the evaluation of pesticide products
Authors: Wickham John C. , Bone Alan J. , Stewart Duncan C.
Published: November 2006

Computer based techniques that have been developed to assist the evaluation of pesticides against veterinary parasites and for the control of public health and stored products pests, are considered. Emphasis is placed on probit regression analysis, tracing the development from a single line assay through various stages to the routine use of multiple assays arranged in a block pattern to give relative potencies of a series of compounds and on the use of Standard Population Base (SPB). SPB involves the generation of sufficient data to build a mathematical model of the interactions between the knockdown component, the kill component and the synergist needed for flykiller aerosols. The model may be interrogated on‐line to give comparisons of performance.
Degradation of the herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl in soil
Authors: Beynon Kenneth I. , Roberts Terry R. , Wright A. Neill
Published: November 2006

The degradation of [14C] benzoyl prop ethyl (SUFFIX,a ethyl N‐benzoyl‐N‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐2‐aminopropionate) in four soils has been studied under laboratory conditions.

The major degradation product of benzoylprop ethyl at up to 4 months after treatment was its corresponding carboxylic acid (II). On further storage this compound became firmly bound to soil before it underwent a slow debenzoylation process which led to the formation of a number of products including N‐3,4‐dichlorophenylalanine (IV), benzoic acid, 3,4‐dichloroaniline (DCA), which was mainly present complexed with humic acids, and other polar products. Although these polar products were not identified, they were probably degradation products of DCA, since they were also formed when DCA was added to soil. No 3,3′,4,4′‐tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) was detected in any of the soils at limits of detectability ranging from 0.01‐0.001 parts/million.

Since N‐3,4‐dichlorophenylalanine (IV) and 3,4‐dichloroaniline were transient degradation products of benzoylprop ethyl, the metabolism in soil of radiolabelled samples of these compounds was also studied.

In these laboratory experiments the persistence of the herbicide increased as the organic matter content of the soil increased and the time for depletion of half of the applied benzoylprop ethyl varied from 1 week in sandy loam and clay loam soils to 12 weeks in a peat soil.
Analytical methods for the detection and determination of residues of systemic fungicides
Authors: Baker Peter B. , Hoodless Richard A.
Published: November 2006

A review of the analytical methods for the detection and determination of residues of systemic fungicides in foodstuffs is presented.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds. VI. Methyl‐, alkenyl‐, and Benzyl‐furfuryl and −3‐furylmethyl chrysanthemates
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Needham Paul H.
Published: November 2006

The influence of the nature, number and relative dispositions of substituents on the furan ring of furfuryl and 3‐furylmethy chrysanthemates on insecticidal activity to two insect species is described. 5‐Benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl chrysanthemate was the most active compound developed in the investigation.