bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Spatial Eddy Covariance to Investigate Energy Balance Closure over a Heterogeneous Ecosystem
Authors: Butterworth Brian , Desai Ankur , Paleri Sreenath , Metzger Stefan , Durden David , Florian Christopher , Mauder Matthias , Wanner Luise , Sühring Matthias , Xu Ke
Published: March 2020

Land surface heterogeneity influences patterns of sensible and latent heat flux, which in turn affect processes in the atmospheric boundary layer. However, gridded atmospheric models often fail to incorporate the influence of land surface heterogeneity due to differences between the temporal and spatial scales of models compared to the local, sub-grid processes. Improving models requires the scaling of surface flux measurements; a process made difficult by the fact that surface measurements usually find an imbalance in the energy budget.

The Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy-balance Study Enabled by a High-density Extensive Array of Detectors (CHEESEHEAD19) was an observational experiment designed to investigate how the atmospheric boundary layer responds to scales of spatial heterogeneity in surface-atmosphere heat and water exchanges. The campaign was conducted from June – October 2019, measuring surface energy fluxes over a heterogeneous forest ecosystem as fluxes transitioned from latent heat-dominated summer through sensible heat-dominated fall. Observations were made by ground, airborne, and satellite platforms within the 10 x 10 km study region, which was chosen to match the scale of a typical model grid cell. The spatial distribution of energy fluxes was observed by an array of 20 eddy covariance towers and a low-flying aircraft. Mesoscale atmospheric properties were measured by a suite of LiDAR and sounding instruments, measuring winds, water vapor, temperature, and boundary layer development. Plant phenology was measured in-situ and mapped remotely using hyperspectral imaging.

The dense set of multi-scale observations of land-atmosphere exchange collected during the CHEESEHEAD field campaign permits combining the spatial and temporal distribution of energy fluxes with mesoscale surface and atmospheric properties. This provides an unprecedented data foundation to evaluate theoretical explanations of energy balance non-closure, as well as to evaluate methods for scaling surface energy fluxes for improved model-data comparison. Here we show how fluxes calculated using a spatial eddy covariance technique across the 20-tower network compare to those of standard temporal eddy covariance fluxes in order to characterize of the spatial representativeness of single tower eddy covariance measurements. Additionally, we show how spatial EC fluxes can be used to better understand the energy balance over heterogeneous ecosystems.
First seismic constraints on the Martian crust – receiver functions for InSight
Authors: Knapmeyer-Endrun Brigitte , Bissig Felix , Compaire Nicolas , Garcia Raphael , Joshi Rakshit , Khan Amir , Kim Doyeon , Lekic Vedran , Margerin Ludovic , Panning Mark , Schimmel Martin , Schmerr Nicolas , Stutzmann Eleonore , Tauzin Benoit , Tharimena Saikiran , Stähler Simon , Davis Paul , Pinot Baptiste , Scholz John-Robert ,   InSight crustal structure team
Published: March 2020

NASA’s InSight mission arrived on Mars in November 2018 and deployed the first very broad-band seismometer, SEIS, on the planet’s surface. SEIS has been collecting data continuously since early February 2019, by now recording more than 400 events of different types. InSight aims at enhancing our understanding of the internal structure and dynamics of Mars, including better constraints on its crustal thickness. Various models based on topography and gravity observed from the orbit currently vary in average crustal thickness from 30 km to more than 100 km, with important implications for Mars’ thermal evolution, and the partitioning of silicates and heat-producing elements between different layers of Mars.

We present P-to-S and S-to-P receiver functions, which are available for 4 and 3 marsquakes, respectively, up to now. Out of all of the marsquakes recorded to date, these are the only ones with clear enough P- or S-arrivals not dominated by scattering to make them suitable for the analysis. All of the quakes are located at comparatively small epicentral distances, between 25° and 40°. We observe three consistent phases within the first 10 seconds of the P-to-S receiver functions. The S-to-P receiver functions also show a consistent first phase. Later arrivals are harder to pinpoint, which could be due to the comparatively shallow incidence of the S-waves at the considered distances, which prevents the generation of converted waves. Identification of later multiple phases in the P-to-S receiver functions likewise remains inconclusive. To obtain better constraints on velocity, we also calculated apparent velocity curves from the P-to-S receiver functions, but these provide meaningful results for only one event so far, implying a large uncertainty. Due to difficulties in clearly identifying multiples, the receiver functions can currently be explained by either two crustal layers and a thin (25-30 km) crust or three crustal layers and a thicker (40-45 km) crust at the landing site. This model range already improves the present constraints by providing a new maximum value of less than 70 km for the average crustal thickness. Information from noise autocorrelations as a complementary method, identification of P-reverberations and S-precursors in the event recordings, and more extensive modeling, ultimately including 3D-effects, are considered to further our understanding of the waveforms and tighten the constraints on the crust.
Assessing Water Infiltration and Soil Water Repellency in Brazilian Atlantic Forest Soils
Authors: Lozano-Baez Sergio Esteban , Cooper Miguel , Frosini de Barros Ferraz Silvio , Ribeiro Rodrigues Ricardo , Castellini Mirko , Di Prima Simone
Published: March 2020

This study presents the results of the soil hydraulic characterization performed under three land covers, namely pasture, 9-year-old restored forest, and remnant forest, in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Two types of infiltration tests were performed, namely tension (Mini-Disk Infiltrometer, MDI) and ponding (Beerkan) tests. MDI and Beerkan tests provided a complementary information, highlighting a clear increase of the hydraulic conductivity, especially at the remnant forest plots, when moving from near-saturated to saturated conditions. In addition, measuring the unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity with different water pressure heads also allowed to estimate the macroscopic capillary length in the field. This approach, in conjunction with Beerkan measurements, allowed to generate better estimates of the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity under challenging field conditions, such as soil water repellency (SWR). This research also reports for the first time evidence of SWR in the Atlantic Forest, which affected the early stage of the infiltration process with more frequency in the remnant forest.
Geosystemics View of Earthquakes
Authors: Cianchini Gianfranco ,   SAFE Team
Published: March 2020

Earthquakes, the most energetic phenomena in the lithosphere, often cause danger and casualties: thus, their study and comprehension are greatly worth doing because of the obvious importance for society. Geosystemics intends to offer a way to study the Earth system by viewing it as a whole, looking at the possible couplings among the different geo-layers, i.e., from the earth’s interior up to the ionosphere through the atmosphere. It uses specific universal tools to integrate different methods that can be applied to multi-parameter data, often taken on different platforms (e.g., ground, marine or satellite observations). Its main aim is to understand the particular phenomenon of interest from a holistic point of view. Central is the use of entropy, together with other physical quantities that are introduced case by case. In this paper, we will deal with earthquakes, as final part of a long-term chain of processes involving, not only the interaction between different components of the Earth’s interior but also the coupling of the solid earth with the above neutral or ionized atmosphere, and finally culminating with the main rupture along the fault of concern. Particular emphasis will be given to some Italian seismic sequences.
Paying attention to the isolated pools phase in temporary rivers. A challenge to the ecological quality assessment of temporary rivers.
Authors: Bonada Núria , Gallart Francesc , Prat Narcís , Bertran Gisela , Cañedo-Argüelles Miguel , Cid Núria , Fortuño Pau , Gomà Joan , Gutiérrez-Cánovas Cayetano , Latron Jérôme , Llorens Pilar , Múrria Cesc , Soria Maria , Verkaik Iraima , Viñoles Dolors
Published: March 2020

Temporary rivers are characterized by shifting habitats between flowing, non-flowing and dry phases. Despite the fact that they are currently receiving significant attention by researchers and managers, the non-flowing (standing pools) phase has been largely disregarded. However, isolated pools in temporary rivers are transitional habitats of major ecological relevance as they can act as refuges for maintaining local and regional freshwater biodiversity. Factors such as pool duration and size, local physicochemical conditions, time since disconnection, distance to other freshwater habitats or presence of predators are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the ecology of these habitats, and compromise to work towards adequate ecological quality assessments and conservation practices in temporary rivers.

Research is ongoing focused on the development of a method for assessing the ecological status of disconnected pools, based on the relationship between the time elapsed after the pool disconnection and the characteristics of the biological communities taking into account the above-mentioned factors. The prevalence of the pool phase is assessed using the TREHS software tool through interviews with citizens as well as aerial and surface photographs examination. The time since disconnection is assessed with the help of low-cost sensors and water stable isotopes, whereas the local environmental characteristics are assessed using regular metrics. Finally, biological communities of the pools are characterized using both taxonomic and functional metrics, with the support of metabarcoding techniques, applied to diatoms, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fishes. This method aims to be used by water managers to improve the monitoring of the ecological status of temporary rivers, which are common around the world, harbor unique biodiversity and provide key ecosystem services.
Analogue laboratory experiments of preferential flow dynamics in porous fractured media: Importance of fracture intersections and porous matrix imbibition processes
Authors: Noffz Torsten , Rüdiger Florian , Dentz Marco , Kordilla Jannes
Published: March 2020

Infiltration processes in fractured consolidated aquifer systems often exhibit complex gravity-driven flow features and hence tend to develop preferential flow paths along fracture network which contribute to rapid mass fluxes. This behavior is often difficult to model with classical methods such as the Richards equation, as a variety of interacting flow modes, ranging from free-surface flows over droplet and and rivulet flows, control the mass partitioning processes at fracture intersections and within fractures. Here we demonstrate with two different types of laboratory experiments how the complexity of such flows affects the discharge behavior: (1) In order to isolate the mass partitioning process at fracture intersections we use custom-made acrylic cubes to establish a set of vertical fractures (free-surface, bounded by one side only) intersected by horizontal fractures. In order to control the prevailing flow mode we use a multichannel dispenser and set flowrates to critical thresholds for each regime. We then calculate normalized horizontal fracture inflow rates and delineate classical Washburn-type behavior in order to obtain an analytical transfer function for the given system and extended fracture cascades. (2) In order to study the effect of a porous matrix adjacent to the fractures we carried out quasi-2D laboratory experiments of infiltration into complex fracture networks using Seeberger sandstone slices. The system allows to study both the onset of preferential fracture flow dynamics as well as the porous matrix imbibition under dynamics conditions. To study the effect of geometry on discharge dynamics we modify fracture apertures as well as fracture offsets, i.e., the geometry of the fracture intersections. Results show that, despite the complex internal flow dynamics, clear scaling patterns can be observed and the geometrical characteristics are imprinted into the outflow behavior.
Partitioning of preferential flows in fracture networks: Smoothed Particle Dynamics simulations and analytical modeling of infiltration dynamics
Authors: Kordilla Jannes , Dentz Marco , Tartakovsky Alexandre
Published: March 2020

Recharge estimation in fractured-porous aquifers is an essential tool for proper water management and assessment of vulnerability. As opposed to diffuse infiltration, often encountered in consolidated and unconsolidated porous media, the infiltration dynamics in the unsaturated zone of fractured-porous media and karst aquifers often exhibit a rapid, gravity-driven flow component along preferential flow paths such as fractures, fracture networks, faults and fault zones. The partitioning into two hydraulically contrasting domains commonly leads to a breakdown of classical volume-effective flow equations employed in many FD or FEM modeling approaches which only consider the capillarity of the medium. Even in the presence of a porous matrix, preferential pathways along fractures have been shown to sustain flow percolation under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. In order to properly capture the flow physics, various components have to be considered such as static and dynamic contact angles, surface tension, free-surface (multi-phase) interface dynamics, dynamic switching of flow modes (between droplets, rivulets, films) and associated formation of singularities in the case of merging or snapping flow. Here we study the process of vertical infiltration and partitioning at a single fracture intersection into a horizontal and vertical flow component. Via parallelized Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics simulations we demonstrate how flow is first channeled into the horizontal fracture and then transitions into a Washburn-type inflow when pressure conditions are met and a connection to the next vertical flow path is established. We further proceed to capture this process with an analytical approach and finally demonstrate how to obtain a process-based transfer function to upscale this process to arbitrary fracture geometries and fracture cascades.
Drainage systems and their relations to the Messinian Salinity Crisis in the Levant Basin
Authors: Moneron Jimmy , Gvirtzman Zohar
Published: March 2020

New high-resolution imaging of recently acquired data in the Levant basin shed light on very dense channel systems. The processes behind their origin, timing and direction - during the different stages of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) - is still unresolved and partly understood. Discoveries of such drainage systems raise questions on a past topography and mechanisms responsible for the channel morphologies, the understanding of these channel patterns is thus essential for a meaningful assessment of such mechanisms involved in the context of the MSC and its aftermath. Our results show that the drainage direction was undergoing extreme changes during short time intervals in the Levant Basin. Indeed, new maps presented here indicate different past drainage orientations, which is in contrast to the current-day turbidite channels - draining the Sinai-Levant continental margin northward towards the Cyprus Arc. We hypothesize from these results that drainage change, from southwest to north, expresses northward tilting of the basin towards the Cyprus subduction zone, however, when exactly did this tilting occur? Deciphering the timing of such events is important in order to get a better understanding of tectonostratigraphic settings, controlling depocenter locations in the Levant basin in the MSC. We also suggest that the unique pattern of channels over the Intra-Messinian Truncation Surface (IMTS), expresses a complex seafloor relief which was mainly controlled by salt tectonics induced thrusts faults.

Keywords: Messinian Salinity Crisis, Channel systems, Evaporites, Seismic Reflection Profiles
Seasonal variability of salt in the western tropical Atlantic
Authors: Alvarez Yaci , Belem Andre Luiz
Published: March 2020

The western boundary regime of the tropical South Atlantic Ocean is the main pathway of an important meridional transfer of warm and cold water masses that balances the global temperature on Earth, known as Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The AMOC is a system that depends on a delicate balance of temperature and salinity effects on density, and is considered one of the main elements of the terrestrial system. The objective of this work was to study the variability of the salinity in the Western Tropical Atlantic Ocean, in order to identify salt transport anomalies in the circulation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation as a result of climate change. Based on 3 decades of hydrographic observations of the Northern Brazilian Current and of the Deep Western Boundary Current, neutral density surfaces, salinity anomalies, geostrophic transport and salt transport were calculated. In general, the results reveal a coherent decadal change in salinity in 5°S and 11°S. In the upper ocean, both water masses, the South Atlantic Central Water and the Antarctic Intermediate Water, presented an increase of the salinity. The Antarctic Intermediate Water shows small trends with a decrease in salinity values in the upper part of the layer and an increase at the border to the North Atlantic Deep Water. In the deep ocean, the North Atlantic Deep Water layers the salinity generally decreases and, as expected for a warmer ocean in the Southern Hemisphere, the Antarctic Bottom Water layer shows an increase in salinity. The geostrophic and salt transports suggest a multidecadal variability and the changes in upper layer salinity are consistent with an increased Agulhas leakage, as described in literature. In the deep ocean, water mass changes seem to be likely related to changes in weather patterns in the North Atlantic as well as in tropical circulation changes.
from the plot to the river basin - agrisatwebgis®: a tool for efficient water management
Authors: Cuesta Andres , Plaza Carmen , Calera María , Bodas Vicente , Osann Anna , Calera Alfonso , Moreno Raúl , Sánchez Javier , Cifuentes David
Published: March 2020

The rigorous management of water in agriculture must be seen from the point of view of all its actors, covering the information and knowledge needs of each one of them: from supporting the farmer in making irrigation decisions at the foot of the plot, until the collection and management of objective information at the basin level, through planning and control at the level of user communities. Today it is not conceived to address this enormous task without resorting to the available technological arsenal, but to speak of complex technologies is to speak of a high degree of specialization that escapes individual capacities. In this context, successful solutions arise from cooperation between entities of different nature. An example of this is the collaboration between the Remote Sensing Section and GIS of the University of Castilla La Mancha and the company AgriSat Iberia SL, which have created a dynamic of continuous innovation work to, firstly, transfer complex knowledge in format to the farmer of simple services of direct application, later, with the information generated at the intraparcel level, to scale to the level required by the entities or authorities involved in water governance, and finally, to redirect efforts and resources in research, development and innovation from of a better knowledge of their perception, degree of adoption and suggestions for improvement in this regard.

The last result of this fruitful collaboration has been the development of an application that integrates information on the state of the crops, from satellite images, to predict reliably and at an intraparcel scale (with a resolution level of 100 m2) your needs water a week seen. This allows quantifying, at any moment of the crop cycle, its accumulated demand for water, and adding it spatially to the exploitation level, of the irrigation community or of the river basin. From the estimation of the relative photosynthetic activity obtained from the images, it is possible to know the evolution of the crops throughout their growth and development cycle, as well as their spatial variability, in a simple and intuitive way.

There are three technologies that jointly facilitate this important leap in water management: remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and information and communication technologies (ICT).

Its online character makes it a service accessible from anywhere with data connection, and in turn makes it a “live” system not only for its capacity for functional expansion but for the possibility of increasing the quantity and quality of the sources of information, allowing access to each new improvement immediately.
Memories of Mining: First Nation of Na-Cho Nyäk Dun Elders’ perspectives
Authors: Gartler Susanna , Saxinger Gertrude
Published: March 2020

This poster addresses the need to understand perspectives of change, both societal and environmental, from indigenous viewpoints in Canada. It is based on six years of collaborative, community-based research in Mayo, including semi-structured and narrative interviews with First Nation of Na-Cho Nyäk Dun Elders. Their accounts tell of over one century of interaction and involvement with the extractive industry. The poster addresses the way First Nation of Na-Cho Nyäk Dun Elders experienced and make sense of several major shifts, from settling at the onset of galena ore extraction, to life in and relocation from ‘Dän Ku’ (Our Home) to the townsite of Mayo, to life and work in Elsa and Keno – the mining hills nearby, which are home today to one of Canada’s largest gold mine. It discusses contemporary concerns with the industry, such as increased access to and thus pressure on wildlife due to mining roads, pollution, economic benefits and local employment. The poster further considers the methodological process which was centered on a community-based participatory approach. It is part of the outreach and science communication activities of the ReSDA (Ressources and Sustainable Development in the Arctic) funded project “LACE – Labour Mobiltiy and Community Participation in the Extractive Industry, Case Study in the Yukon”.

 
Exploring the relationship between the skill of hydrological ensemble predictions and catchment descriptors
Authors: Valdez Emixi , Anctil Francois , Ramos Maria-Helena
Published: March 2020

Skillful hydrological forecasts are essential for decision-making in many areas such as preparedness against natural disasters, water resources management, and hydropower operations. Despite the great technological advances, obtaining skillful predictions from a forecasting system, under a range of conditions and geographic locations, remain a difficult task. It is still unclear why some systems perform better than others at different temporal and spatial scales. Much work has been devoted to investigate the quality of forecasts and the relative contributions of meteorological forcing, catchment’s initial conditions, and hydrological model structure in a streamflow forecasting system. These sources of uncertainty are rarely considered fully and simultaneously in operational systems, and there are still gaps in understanding their relationship with the dominant processes and mechanisms that operate in a given river basin. In this study, we use a multi-model hydrological ensemble prediction system (H-EPS) named HOOPLA (HydrOlOgical Prediction Laboratory), which allows to account separately for these three main sources of uncertainty in hydrological ensemble forecasting. Through the use of EnKF data assimilation, of 20 lumped hydrological models, and of the 50-member ECMWF medium-range weather forecasts, we explore the relationship between the skill of ensemble predictions and the many descriptors (e.g. catchment surface, climatology, morphology, flow threshold and hydrological regime) that influence hydrological predictability. We analyze streamflow forecasts at 50 stations spread across Quebec, France and Colombia, over the period from 2011 to 2015 and for lead times up to 9 days. The forecast performance is assessed using common metrics for forecast quality verification, such as CRPS, Brier skill score, and reliability diagrams. Skill scores are computed using a probabilistic climatology benchmark, which was generated with the hydrological models forced by resampled historical meteorological data. Our results contribute to relevant literature on the topic and bring additional insight into the role of each descriptor in the skill of a hydrometeorological ensemble forecasting chain, serving as a possible guide for potential users to identify the circumstances or conditions in which it is more efficient to implement a given system.

 
Compatible finite element methods and parallel-in-time schemes for numerical weather prediction.
Authors: Shipton Jemma , Cotter Colin , Bendall Tom , Gibson Thomas , Mitchell Lawrence , Ham David , Wingate Beth
Published: March 2020

I will describe Gusto, a dynamical core toolkit built on top of the Fire- drake finite element library; present recent results from a range of test cases and outline our plans for future code development.

Gusto uses compatible finite element methods, a form of mixed finite element methods (meaning that different finite element spaces are used for different fields) that allow the exact representation of the standard vector calculus identities div-curl=0 and curl-grad=0. The popularity of these methods for numerical weather prediction is due to the flexibility to run on non-orthogonal grid, thus avoiding the communication bottleneck at the poles, while retaining the necessary convergence and wave propagation prop- erties required for accuracy.

Although the flexibility of the compatible finite element spatial discreti- sation improves the parallel scalability of the model it does not solve the parallel scalability problem inherent in spatial domain decomposition: we need to find a way to perform parallel calculations in the time domain. Ex- ponential integrators, approximated by a near optimal rational expansion, offer a way to take large timesteps and form the basis for parallel timestep- ping schemes based on wave averaging. I will describe the progress we have made towards implementing these schemes in Gusto.
The role of surface cohesion is wind-driven snow transport
Authors: Comola Francesco , Gaume Johan , Kok Jasper , Lehning Michael
Published: March 2020

The wind-driven saltation of sediments, such as snow and sand, is responsible for a wide range of geophysical processes. Blowing-snow, in particular, affects snow surface properties and drives snow redistribution in alpine terrain. As such, it is of fundamental importance for avalanche mechanics. One of the most important controls on initiation and development of snow saltation is the surface cohesion induced by ice particle sintering. Although inter-particle cohesion is known to limit the number of grains lifted from the surface through aerodynamic entrainment and granular splash, the role of cohesion in the development of saltation from onset to steady state is still poorly understood. Using a numerical model based on the discrete element method, we show that saltation over cohesive beds sustains itself at wind speeds one order of magnitude smaller than those necessary to initiate it, giving rise to hysteresis in which the occurrence of transport depends on the history of the wind. Our results further suggest that saltation over cohesive beds requires much longer distances to saturate, thereby increasing the size of the smallest stable bed forms.
Effects of snow cover on CO 2 production and microbial composition in a thin topsoil layer
Authors: López Dalia , Matus Francisco , Merino Carolina
Published: March 2020

Temperate rain forest soils (>8000 mm yr -1 ) of south of Chile in the East Andes range are
intensively affected by increasing freezing and thawing cycles (FTC) due to increasing
climate variability in the last 20 years. Most of these volcanic forests soils are unpolluted
(pristine) and receive seasonal snow-cover. In spite of pollutant free precipitations, the
snow cover in these ecosystems contains aerosols, nutrients and microorganisms from
circumpolar south west winds. These inputs and FTC generate specific conditions at the
shallow layer at the soil surface for soil microbiology and biochemistry. The objectives of
the study were to compare (micro)biological and chemical properties of topsoil and snow
cover in an pristine forest and after clear-cut. The organic matter mineralization was
monitored in a microcosm experiment to explore the effects of FTC and snow melting on
redox potential and other topsoil parameters. FTC for soil+snow released more CO 2 in
closed forest (81.9 mg CO 2 kg -1 ) than that after clear-cut (20.5 mg CO 2 kg -1 ). Soil texture
and soil organic matter accumulation played a crucial role for organic matter mineralization
and CO 2 fluxes. Gradually increase of temperature after freezing reveled that loamy soils
with certain amount of available C maintain active microbial population that response very
fast to temperature change. Sandy soils with very low C content showed the opposite
results – very slow response of microbial community and CO 2 fluxes. In conclusion,
microbial community structure and functions have distinct transition from snow to the soil
in temperate snow-covered forest ecosystem. FTC showed that different microbial groups

are responsible for organic matter mineralization in soil under forest and clear-cut, because
the pH and redox potential are influenced by snow melting.
Relationship between surface and tropospheric water vapor variation on interannual timescale: A revisit
Authors: Yang Mengmiao , Sun De-Zheng , Zhang Guang J.
Published: March 2020

It is an old question whether tropospheric water vapor at different levels changes consistently in response to the enhanced greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Earlier studies using older versions of climate models and available data revealed a significant difference between models and observations. Water vapor changes in the interior of the tropical troposphere have been found to be more strongly coupled to changes at the surface in climate models than in observations. We reexamine this issue using four leading CMIP5 models (CCSM4, HadGEM2-A, GFDL-CM3 and MPI-ESM-MR) and more updated observational datasets (ERA-Interim and NCEP reanalysis). Focusing on the Tropics, we have calculated the correlations between interannual variation of specific humidity in all levels of the troposphere with that at the surface. It is found that the previously noted biases in the strength of the coupling between water vapor changes in the interior of the troposphere and those at the surface still exist in the updated models—the change in the tropical averaged tropospheric water vapor is more strongly correlated with the change in the surface, especially in the middle troposphere. It is argued that the vertical profile of water vapor correlations in observations is more consistent with the “hot tower” concept for tropical convections. Zonal mean correlation results and those from the moisture regime sorting method are consistent with each other, both of which indicate the role of deep convection as a mechanism to couple the middle tropospheric water vapor and that in the surface and that an inaccurate representation of deep convection as a possible cause for the discrepancies between models and observations in the coupling between middle tropospheric water vapor and those at the surface.
EXPLUME v1.0: a model for personal exposure to ambient O3 and PM2.5
Authors: Valari Myrto , Markakis Konstandinos , Powaga Emilie , Collignan Bernard , Perrussel Olivier
Published: March 2020

Abstract. This paper presents the first version of the regional-scale personal exposure model EXPLUME (EXposure to atmospheric PolLUtion ModEling). The model uses simulated gridded data of outdoor O3 and PM2.5 concentrations and several population and building-related datasets to simulate (1) space–time activity event sequences, (2) the infiltration of atmospheric contaminants indoors, and (3) daily aggregated personal exposure. The model is applied over the greater Paris region at 2 km×2 km resolution for the entire year of 2017. Annual averaged population exposure is discussed. We show that population mobility within the region, disregarding pollutant concentrations indoors, has only a small effect on average daily exposure. By contrast, considering the infiltration of PM2.5 in buildings decreases annual average exposure by 11 % (population average). Moreover, accounting for PM2.5 exposure during transportation (in vehicle, while waiting on subway platforms, and while crossing on-road tunnels) increases average population exposure by 5 %. We show that the spatial distribution of PM2.5 and O3 exposure is similar to the concentration maps over the region, but the exposure scale is very different when accounting for indoor exposure. We model large intra-population variability in PM2.5 exposure as a function of the transportation mode, especially for the upper percentiles of the distribution. Overall, 20 % of the population using bicycles or motorcycles is exposed to annual average PM2.5 concentrations above the EU target value (25 µg m−3), compared to 0 % for people travelling by car. Finally, we develop a 2050 horizon projection of the building stock to study how changes in the buildings' characteristics to comply with the thermal regulations will affect personal exposure. We show that exposure to ozone will decrease by as much as 14 % as a result of this projection, whereas there is no significant impact on exposure to PM2.5.
Multi-hazard risk assessment for roads: Probabilistic versus
deterministic approaches
Authors: Oberndorfer Stefan , Sander Philip , Fuchs Sven
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Mountain hazard risk analysis for transport infrastructure is regularly based on deterministic approaches. Due to a variety of variables and data needed for risk computation, a considerable degree of epistemic uncertainty results. Consequently, input data needed for risk assessment is normally processed as mean values with or without scatter, or as an individual deterministic value from expert judgement if no statistical data is available. To overcome this gap, we used a probabilistic approach to express the potential bandwidth of input data with two different distribution functions, taking a mountain road in the Eastern European Alps as case study. The risk assessment included the damage potential of road infrastructure and traffic exposed to a multi-hazard environment (torrent processes, snow avalanches, rock fall). Reliable quantiles of the calculated probability density distributions attributed to the aggregated road risk due to the impact of multiple-mountain hazards were compared to the deterministic results from the standard guidelines on road safety. The results clearly show that with common deterministic approaches risk is significantly underestimated in comparison to a probabilistic risk modelling setup, mainly due to epistemic uncertainties of the input data. The study provides added value to further develop standardized road safety guidelines and may therefore be of particular importance for road authorities and political decision-makers.
Modelling mussel (Mytilus spp.) microplastic accumulation
Authors: Stamataki Natalia , Hatzonikolakis Yannis , Tsiaras Kostas , Tsangaris Catherine , Petihakis George , Sofianos Sarantis , Triantafyllou George
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Microplastics (MPs) are a contaminant of growing concern due to their widespread distribution and interactions with marine species, such as filter feeders. To investigate the MPs accumulation by wild and cultured mussels, a Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model was developed and validated with the available field data of Mytilus edulis (wild) from the North Sea and Mytilus galloprovincialis (cultured) from the North Ionian Sea. Towards a generic DEB model, the site-specific model parameter, half saturation coefficient (Xk) was applied as a power function of food density for the cultured mussel, while for the wild it was calibrated to a constant value. The DEB-accumulation model simulated the uptake and excretion rate of MPs, taking into account environmental characteristics (temperature and chlorophyll-a). An accumulation of MPs equal to 0.64 particles individual−1 (fresh tissue mass 1.9 g) and 0.91 particles individual−1 (fresh tissue mass 3.4 g) was found for the wild and cultured mussel respectively, in agreement with the field data. The inverse experiments investigating the depuration time of the wild and cultured mussel in a clean from MPs environment showed a 90 % removal of MPs load after 3 and 14 days, respectively. Furthermore, sensitivity tests on model parameters and forcing functions highlighted that besides MPs concentration, the accumulation is highly depended on temperature and chlorophyll-a of the surrounding environment. For this reason, an empirical equation was found relating directly the concentration of MPs in seawater, with MPs accumulation in mussel’s soft tissue, temperature and chlorophyll-a.
Tracing fluid transfers in subduction zones: an integrated thermodynamic and δ18O fractionation modelling approach
Authors: Vho Alice , Lanari Pierre , Rubatto Daniela , Hermann Jörg
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Oxygen isotope geochemistry is a powerful tool for
investigating rocks that interacted with fluids, to assess fluid sources and
quantify the conditions of fluid–rock interaction. We present an integrated
modelling approach and the computer program PTLoop that combine
thermodynamic and oxygen isotope fractionation modelling for multi-rock open
systems. The strategy involves a robust petrological model performing
on-the-fly Gibbs energy minimizations coupled to an oxygen fractionation
model for a given chemical and isotopic bulk rock composition; both models
are based on internally consistent databases. This approach is applied to
subduction zone metamorphism to predict the possible range of δ18O values for stable phases and aqueous fluids at various pressure
(P) and temperature (T) conditions in the subducting slab. The modelled system
is composed of a mafic oceanic crust with a sedimentary cover of known
initial chemical composition and bulk δ18O. The evolution of
mineral assemblages and δ18O values of each phase is calculated
along a defined P–T path for two typical compositions of basalts and sediments.
In a closed system, the dehydration reactions, fluid loss and mineral
fractionation produce minor to negligible variations (i.e. within 1 ‰) in the bulk δ18O values of the rocks, which
are likely to remain representative of the protolith composition. In an open
system, fluid–rock interaction may occur (1) in the metasediment, as
a consequence of infiltration of the fluid liberated by dehydration reactions
occurring in the metamorphosed mafic oceanic crust, and (2) in the
metabasalt, as a consequence of infiltration of an external fluid originated
by dehydration of underlying serpentinites. In each rock type, the
interaction with external fluids may lead to shifts in δ18O up to 1 order of magnitude larger than those calculated for closed systems. Such
variations can be detected by analysing in situ oxygen isotopes in key
metamorphic minerals such as garnet, white mica and quartz. The simulations
show that when the water released by the slab infiltrates the forearc mantle
wedge, it can cause extensive serpentinization within fractions of 1 Myr and
significant oxygen isotope variation at the interface. The approach
presented here opens new perspectives for tracking fluid pathways in
subduction zones, to distinguish porous from channelled fluid flows, and to
determine the P–T conditions and the extent of fluid–rock interaction.
Future Economic Perspective and Potential Revenue of Non-Subsidized Wind Turbines in Germany
Authors: Blickwedel Lucas , Harzendorf Freia , Schelenz Ralf , Jacobs Georg
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Thanks to the German Renewable Energy Act todays wind turbine operator are dealing with low risk on the revenue side in Germany. Fixed feed-in compensation ensures planning security and high system utilisation. Anyhow, the level of financial support is being reduced consecutively. Therefore, tomorrow’s plant operators have to trade self-sufficiently on European electricity markets hence generate revenue only by marketing electricity. Against the background of uncertain future market developments as well as stagnation in the expansion of renewable energies in Germany, it is of interest to estimate future revenue potentials of those non-subsidized wind turbines. This way investment risks can be reduced and development goals for tomorrow’s wind turbine technology can be deduced. To address this topic, a model has been developed using a modified merit-order approach to forecast long-term day-ahead prices on European electricity markets at an hourly resolution. The model is solely based on open access data. The results show how changes in the German power generation landscape like dismantling of coal and nuclear power plants as well as different emission prices impact the wind turbines potential revenue. A scenario analysis highlights that most of today’s wind turbines are not able to yield financial profit over their lifetime without guaranteed subsidies in Germany. This underlines an urgent need for technical development and new business models. Possible business models could be Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) for which the model results can be used for setting and negotiating appropriate terms, such as an energy price schedule or penalties. Moreover, the results can be used as input for investment calculation and analysis. Hence, the given forecasting model can help to reduce risks on revenue side for plant operators and finally support the expansion of wind energy as a whole.
An Experimental Study of the Solubility and Speciation of MoO3(s) in Hydrothermal Fluids at Temperatures up to 350°C
Authors: Shang Linbo , Williams-Jones A. E. , Wang Xinsong , Timofeev A. , Hu Ruizhong , Bi Xianwu
Published: March 2020

The solubility of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3(s)) in aqueous solutions has been investigated experimentally at 250°, 300°, and 350°C and saturated water vapor pressure, and total Na concentrations ranging from 0 to 3 molal (m). Results of these experiments show that the solubility of MoO3(s) increases with increasing temperature and at 350°C can reach several thousand parts per million at high salinity (>1 m NaCl). At low Na+ activity, MoO3(s) dissolves dominantly as HMoO4,− whereas at high Na+ activity, the dominant species is NaHMoO40. The two dissolution reactions are MoO3(s)+H2O=HMoO4−+H+(1)

and MoO3(s)+H2O+Na+=NaHMoO40+H+.(2)

The values of the logarithms of the equilibrium constants for reaction (1) are –5.20 ± 0.12, –5.31 ± 0.17, and –5.50 ± 0.09 at 250°, 300°, and 350°C, respectively, and for reaction (2) the values are –3.40 ± 0.11, –3.25 ± 0.19, and –2.97 ± 0.09 for the same temperatures. In combination, these equilibrium constants yield equilibrium constants for the reaction relating the two aqueous species: Na++HMoO4−=NaHMoO40.(3)

The values of the logarithms of the equilibrium constants for reaction (3) are 1.80 ± 0.16, 2.06 ± 0.25, and 2.53 ± 0.13 at 250°, 300°, and 350°C, respectively. Calculations, based on the results of this study and thermodynamic data available for other species, suggest strongly that in ore-forming hydrothermal systems, molybdenum is transported mainly as NaHMoO40 and deposits as molybdenite in response to cooling and possibly a reduction in fO2.
Tradução e adaptação do learning and study strategies inventory - lassi 3ª edição para uso no brasil: considerações metodológicas
Authors: Boruchovitch Evely , Góes Natália Moraes , Felicori Carolina Moreira , Acee Taylor W.
Published: March 2020

A autorregulação envolve controle dos processos cognitivos e metacognitivos da motivação, das emoções e do comportamento. Embora o tema da aprendizagem autorregulada tenha atraído o interesse de pesquisadores brasileiros, a produção do conhecimento e sua necessária aplicação no contexto educativo ainda é incipiente. É mais recente também a preocupação com o desenvolvimento e o emprego de instrumentos mais válidos e confiáveis para medida integrada das variáveis associadas à aprendizagem autorregulada. Assim, o presente estudo é parte de uma pesquisa maior, em intercâmbio interinstitucional, financiada pelo Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Tecnologia (CNPq), que visa compreender os fatores cognitivos, metacognitivos, afetivos, motivacionais associados ao sucesso acadêmico no Ensino Superior. Seu objetivo é relatar os procedimentos metodológicos relacionados à tradução e adaptação do Learning and Study Strategies Inventory – LASSI (Inventário de Estratégias de Estudo e Aprendizagem), versões para o Ensino Superior (3ª edição) desenvolvido por Weinstein, Palmer e Acee (2016), como passo inicial para os estudos futuros de validação para o seu uso no contexto brasileiro. Tem-se em vista contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento acerca da mensuração de variáveis psicológicas associadas à aprendizagem e ao sucesso acadêmico de forma mais integrada, válida e confiável.
Double or Nothing: Old Chest X-ray as a Clue to Lung Mass
Authors: Sabang Ralph Llewel , Keshishyan Sevak , Salib Christia , Ye Qiqi , Han Liying , Rozenshtein Anna , Epelbaum Oleg
Published: March 2020

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is ayoung person’s lung cancer with no apparent causal connection to smoking. It exhibits slow growth, which can make it challenging to detect changes in size on serial chest imaging. Another way of describing its growth pattern is that mucoepidermoid carcinoma has an unusually long volume doubling time. We describe acase of an incidental lung nodule diagnosed as mucoepidermoid carcinoma in which aprior chest radiograph provided aclue to the indolent nature of the abnormality and therefore argued against typical lung cancer. In the same context, we underscore the value of volumetric analy-sis in improving the accuracy of nodule growth determinations, which further strengthens the argument that the importance of locating prior imaging has not diminished in contemporary pulmonary practice.
The Vocational Regime in Art: On Myths and Performativity
Authors: Legret Mathilde
Published: March 2020

A student essay for the Special Student Issue of the Journal of Extreme Anthropology accompanying the art exhibition 'Artist's Waste, Wasted Artists', which opened in Vienna on the 19th of September 2017 and was curated by the students of social anthropology at the University of Vienna. This essay analyzes the development and mythology behind the notion of 'vocation' within the art world, while using the case of the Viennese artist Ursula Hübner. It argues that it is not only art institutions and the society, but also artists themselves who are complicit in the reproduction and valorization of the myth of vocation in art.