bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Slow-Release Urea in Ruminant Diets: A Review
Authors: Ma Szu-Wei , Faciola Antonio P.
Published: October 2024

The increasing costs of traditional protein sources, such as soybean meal (SBM), have prompted interest in alternative feeds for ruminants. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources, like urea, offer a cost-effective alternative by enabling rumen microorganisms to convert NPN into microbial protein, which is crucial for ruminant nutrition. However, the rapid hydrolysis of urea in the rumen can result in excessive ammonia (NH3) production and potential toxicity. Slow-release urea (SRU) has been developed to mitigate these issues by gradually releasing nitrogen, thereby improving nutrient utilization and reducing NH3 toxicity risks. This review explores SRU’s development, types, mechanisms, and benefits, highlighting its potential to enhance ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and overall feed efficiency. SRU formulations include polymer-coated urea, lipid-coated urea, calcium-urea, starea, and zeolite-impregnated urea, each designed to control nitrogen release and minimize adverse effects. Studies have demonstrated that SRU can improve microbial nitrogen efficiency and reduce nitrogen losses, although results regarding feed intake, digestibility, and milk yield are mixed. These discrepancies indicate that factors such as SRU type, diet formulation, and animal breed may influence outcomes. Continued research is essential to optimize SRU applications, aiming to enhance ruminant production, economic viability, and environmental stewardship.
Technical Efficiency of the Nile Perch Fishing Fleet on Lake Victoria: A Comparative Perspective on the Three Riparian Countries Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda
Authors: Mpomwenda Veronica , Tómasson Tumi , Pétursson Jón Geir , Taabu-Munyaho Anthony , Nyamweya Chrispine Sangara , Kristófersson Daði Mar
Published: October 2024

Lake Victoria, which is shared by Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, faces escalating concerns over sustainable fisheries amidst expanding fishing efforts. This study aims to investigate how technical efficiency (TE) and labor productivity (LP) of the Nile perch fishing fleet vary across the three riparian countries. Using a nine-year dataset spanning from 2005 to 2021 and employing Stochastic Frontier Analysis, this study evaluates the TE of the fleet, where LP is determined as catch per crew hour fished in a day for three vessel types: motorized, paddled, and sailed. Motorized fleets had the highest mean technical efficiency (0.60–0.66), compared to paddled (0.29–0.49), and sailed vessel categories (0.24–0.46). Sailed vessels declined in all countries owing to their low TE. In Kenya, TE and LP increased for paddled vessels, especially in the period from 2015 to 2021, and a slight increase was also indicated for motorized vessels. Conversely, Uganda and Tanzania experienced gradual declines in TE and LP, particularly from 2015 to 2021, a period of rigorous law enforcement that led to declines in the number of paddled vessels by 50% and 7%, respectively, and a contrasting increase in motorized vessels. By 2021, the number of Ugandan motorized vessels had increased greatly but TE had declined compared to Kenya and Tanzania, a sign of overcapacity. The findings underscore the need for region-specific policies that address economic differences, policy implementation impacts, and resource health to promote sustainable transboundary fisheries management on Lake Victoria.
Correction: Sachhin et al. Darcy–Brinkman Model for Ternary Dusty Nanofluid Flow across Stretching/Shrinking Surface with Suction/Injection. Fluids 2024, 9, 94
Authors: Sachhin Sudha Mahanthesh , Mahabaleshwar Ulavathi Shettar , Laroze David , Drikakis Dimitris
Published: October 2024

Figures: In Section 5, we aligned Figures 14–18 by consistently adding all the modelling parameters inside the labels [...]
Revisiting the Evolution of Multi-Scale Structures of Starches with Different Crystalline Structures During Enzymatic Digestion
Authors: Chen Simin , Qiu Zihui , Yang Ying , Wu Jianfeng , Jiao Wenjuan , Chen Ying , Jin Chengzhi
Published: October 2024

Porous starch has been created through hydrolysis by amyloglucosidase and α-amylase. However, little information is known about the precise evolution of multi-scale structures of starch during digestion. In this study, rice starch and potato starch, containing different crystalline structures, were hydrolyzed by amyloglucosidase and α-amylase for 20 and 60 min, respectively, and their resulting structural changes were examined. The digestion process caused significant degradation of the molecular structures of rice and potato starches. In addition, the alterations in the ordered structures varied between the two starches. Rice starch exhibited porous structures, thicker crystalline lamellae as determined by small-angle X-ray scattering, and enhanced thermostability after digestion using differential scanning calorimetry. For rice starch, the extent of crystalline structures was analyzed with an X-ray diffractometer; it was found to first increase after 20 min of digestion and then decrease after 60 min of digestion. In contrast, potato starch did not display porous structures but exhibited thicker crystalline lamellae and a reduction in ordered structures after digestion. These findings suggest that it is possible to intentionally modulate the multi-scale structures of starch by controlling the digestion time, thereby providing valuable insights for the manipulation of starch functionalities.
Visual Cues, Liking, and Emotional Responses: What Combination of Factors Result in the Willingness to Eat Vegetables Among Children with Food Neophobia?
Authors: Tan Xiaoqin , Abdul Shukor Shureen Faris , Soh Kim Geok
Published: October 2024

Childhood nutrition is a cornerstone of long-term health, yet many children exhibit reluctance to consume healthy foods such as vegetables. This aversion can be influenced by various factors, including food neophobia and the sensory and visual appeal of the foods that are being presented. Hence, understanding how visual cues affect children’s willingness to eat can provide insights into effective strategies to enhance their dietary habits. This research explores the influence of visual cues on the dietary behaviors of children aged 9 to 12, their willingness to consume and request healthy foods such as vegetables, within the context of challenges such as food neophobia. This study examines how intrinsic cues (e.g., vegetable characteristics) and extrinsic cues (e.g., the plate’s color and shape) affect children’s liking and emotional responses, impacting their willingness to eat and request purchases from parents. Conducted using a sample of 420 children, this cross-sectional study reveals that attributes such as a plate’s color and shape significantly affect food-related behaviors and emotions. A validated and reliable self-administered questionnaire was employed. Independent t-tests and ANOVA were used to test the differences between gender and food neophobia, while Spearman correlations were used for correlation analysis. Visual cues served as the independent variables, liking and emotional responses as the mediating variables, and willingness behaviors as the dependent variable. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationships among intrinsic cues, extrinsic cues, and the mediating effect of liking and emotional responses. Findings show that boys prefer blue and triangular plates, while girls prefer pink plates, generating more positive emotions. Children with food neophobia initially experience aversion, but this can be reduced by enhancing sensory appeal and emotional engagement. The findings underscore the importance of leveraging visual cues and fostering positive emotional experiences to encourage healthier eating habits and increase children’s acceptance and purchase of nutritious foods.
Inhibition of Biogenic Amines in Fermented Tilapia Surimi by Collaborative Fermentation of Latilactobacillus sakei and Pediococcus acidilactici
Authors: Li Chunsheng , Wang Chunhui , Deng Jianchao , Wang Di , Huang Hui , Zhao Yongqiang , Chen Shengjun
Published: October 2024

Fermentation is an effective method for ameliorating the gelation properties of freshwater fish surimi, but the formation of biogenic amines (BAs) during fermentation should also be controlled. In this study, the BAs in fermented tilapia surimi were inhibited by the collaborative fermentation of Latilactobacillus sakei and Pediococcus acidilactici, followed by the revelation of the BA inhibition mechanism. Most of the BAs, and the total BA, as well as their precusor free amino acids (FAAs), were significantly reduced, while the umami FAAs, including glutamic acid and aspartic acid, were significantly enhanced after cooperative fermentation with starters. The high-throughput sequencing found that the spoilage microorganisms such as Acinetobacter, Micrococcus, and Streptococcus as well as Pediococcus were significantly inhibited, while Latilactobacillus rapidly became the dominant genus after cooperative fermentation, suggesting the better environment adaptability of L. sakei than P. acidilactici. The group-dimension correlation analysis suggested that Lactiplantibacillus had the greatest influence on the decrease in BAss. The quick acidification of starters, especially L. sakei, could inhibit the growth and metabolism of spoilage microorganisms to reduce BAs. L. sakei and P. acidilactici can be developed as the special starters to control the BA production in the fermented tilapia surimi through collaborative fermentation.
Evaluation of Ability of Inactivated Biomasses of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Adsorb Aflatoxin B1 In Vitro
Authors: Pires Rogério Cury , da Costa Calumby Julia , Rosim Roice Eliana , Pires Rogério D’Antonio , Borowsky Aline Moreira , Ali Sher , de Paiva Esther Lima , Silva Ramon , Pimentel Tatiana Colombo , da Cruz Adriano Gomes , de Oliveira Carlos Augusto Fernandes , Corassin Carlos Humberto
Published: October 2024

Biological decontamination strategies using microorganisms to adsorb aflatoxins have shown promising results for reducing the dietary exposure to these contaminants. In this study, the ability of inactivated biomasses of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (LRB) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SCB) incorporated alone or in combination into functional yogurts (FY) at 0.5–4.0% (w/w) to adsorb aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was evaluated in vitro. Higher adsorption percentages (86.9–91.2%) were observed in FY containing 1.0% LR + SC or 2.0% SC (w/w). The survival of mouse embryonic fibroblasts increased after exposure to yogurts containing LC + SC at 1.0–4.0% (w/w). No significant differences were noted in the physicochemical and sensory characteristics between aflatoxin-free FY and control yogurts (no biomass) after 30 days of storage. The incorporation of combined LRB and SCB into yogurts as vehicles for these inactivated biomasses is a promising alternative for reducing the exposure to dietary AFB1. The results of this trial support further studies to develop practical applications aiming at the scalability of using the biomasses evaluated in functional foods to mitigate aflatoxin exposure.
Handling the Imbalanced Problem in Agri-Food Data Analysis
Authors: Adegbenjo Adeyemi O. , Ngadi Michael O.
Published: October 2024

Imbalanced data situations exist in most fields of endeavor. The problem has been identified as a major bottleneck in machine learning/data mining and is becoming a serious issue of concern in food processing applications. Inappropriate analysis of agricultural and food processing data was identified as limiting the robustness of predictive models built from agri-food applications. As a result of rare cases occurring infrequently, classification rules that detect small groups are scarce, so samples belonging to small classes are largely misclassified. Most existing machine learning algorithms including the K-means, decision trees, and support vector machines (SVMs) are not optimal in handling imbalanced data. Consequently, models developed from the analysis of such data are very prone to rejection and non-adoptability in real industrial and commercial settings. This paper showcases the reality of the imbalanced data problem in agri-food applications and therefore proposes some state-of-the-art artificial intelligence algorithm approaches for handling the problem using methods including data resampling, one-class learning, ensemble methods, feature selection, and deep learning techniques. This paper further evaluates existing and newer metrics that are well suited for handling imbalanced data. Rightly analyzing imbalanced data from food processing application research works will improve the accuracy of results and model developments. This will consequently enhance the acceptability and adoptability of innovations/inventions.
LAMOST Spectroscopy and Gaia Photo-Astrometry for an Interstellar Extinction Study
Authors: Malkov Oleg , Avdeeva Aleksandra , Kovaleva Dana
Published: October 2024

The aim of this work is to establish the present accuracy and convergence of available estimates of galactic extinction. We determine the galactic interstellar extinction in selected high-latitude areas of the sky based on Gaia DR3 astrometry and photometry and spectroscopic data from the LAMOST survey. For this purpose, we choose 42 northern high-latitude sky areas surrounding supernovae that allowed establishing the accelerated expansion of the universe. We compare our results with the estimates accepted in that paper and find that they agree well, within observational errors. Simultaneously, the estimates for galactic extinction by other authors along the same sightlines show systematic differences, which can cause the distance to the extragalactic object to change by ±3–5%.
Towards a Modern and Sustainable Sediment Management Plan in Mountain Catchment
Authors: Cislaghi Alessio , Morlotti Emanuele , Sacchetti Vito Giuseppe , Bellingeri Dario , Bischetti Gian Battista
Published: October 2024

Sediment management is fundamental for managing mountain watercourses and their upslope catchment. A multidisciplinary approach—not limited to the discipline of hydraulics—is necessary for investigating the alterations in sediment transport along the watercourse by detecting those reaches dominated by erosion and deposition processes, by quantifying the sediment volume change, by assessing the functionality of the existing torrent control structures, and by delimitating the riparian vegetation patches. To pursue these goals, specific continuous monitoring is essential, despite being extremely rare in mountain catchments. The present study proposed an integrated approach to determine the hydro-morphological–sedimentological–ecological state of a mountain watercourse though field- and desk-based analyses. Such an integral approach includes a rainfall–runoff model, a morphological change analysis and the application of empirical formulations for estimating peak discharge, mobilizable sediment/large wood volume and watercourse hydraulic capacity, at reach and catchment scales. The procedure was tested on the Upper Adda River catchment (North Italy). The results identified where and with what priority maintenance and monitoring activities must be carried out, considering sediment regime, torrent control structures and vegetation. This study is an example of how it is possible to enhance all existing information through successive qualitative and quantitative approximations and to concentrate new resources (human and economic) on specific gaps, for drafting a scientifically robust and practical sediment management plan.
Physical and Mental Health of Informal Carers from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) and Non-CALD Groups in Australia
Authors: Hussain Rafat , Ahmad Danish , Malhotra Rahul , Geronimo Mary Ann
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Empirical evidence shows that many family carers, especially immigrants, experience considerable health disadvantages and poorer quality of life. Australia has a rapidly increasing multicultural population, officially referred to as Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) people. This paper explores similarities and differences in the carer profile and physical and mental health of CALD and non-CALD family carers. Methods: A cross-sectional anonymous survey was conducted of self-reported family carers aged 18 years and older. Identical paper and online survey modes were provided to enable choice. Key variables included demographic and carer profile, diagnosed chronic physical health conditions, and validated scales such as CESD-12 and MOS-SF12, including derivative composite Physical and Mental Component Summary (PCS and MCS, respectively) scores. The sample comprised 649 participants (CALD = 347, non-CALD = 302). The analyses included univariate, bivariate, and multivariable linear regression analyses for three outcome variables: PCS, MCS, and CESD-12. Results: CALD carers were comparatively younger and married, and 54% had university-level education (29% in the gfvnon-CALD group). Women were primary carers in both groups (67.4% versus 72.2%). The weekly care hours were higher for non-CALD carers. Both groups had below population-referenced scores for mean PCS and MCS values. For CESD-12, non-CALD respondents had higher scores (17.5 vs. 11.2, p < 0.022). Regression analyses showed significant differences for demographic, carer, and physical health variables across the three outcome variables. Discussion and Conclusion: Women have a higher domestic workload, which, when combined with high care hours, adversely impacts physical and mental health. The need for improved and culturally aligned care support systems is required.
Tracking Evidence of Seismic Damage by Nonlinear Numerical Simulations for Dating in Archaeological Contexts
Authors: Pecchioli Laura , Pintucchi Barbara , Betti Michele
Published: October 2024

The Roman town of Ostia offers a unique opportunity to study a wide range of structural damage affecting different types of ancient buildings. In the Piccolo Mercato, potential seismic effects are visible in the masonry walls and in some of the masonry pillars that in ancient times supported an arcade. This paper, with the aim of providing insight into the causes of the observed damage on one of these pillars, reports and discusses some results of an interdisciplinary study. The damaged pillar under consideration, in particular, is today broken with the upper part rotated about 12 degrees counterclockwise from the lower part. Numerical simulations of this pillar have been performed using finite element models, and incremental nonlinear time-history analyses were carried out for quite a large number of seismic input ground motions. From the obtained results, it appears that a rotation, similar to that exhibited by the upper part of the pillar, can be attributed to seismic action with Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values ranging from medium to high.
Rare Earth Elements to Control Bone Diagenesis Processes at Rozafa Castle (Albania)
Authors: Navarro Daniel Román , Gallello Gianni , Recław Janusz , Panzarino Ginevra , Cervera M. Luisa , Pastor Agustín
Published: October 2024

Archaeological bone chemical composition is modified post-mortem by diagenesis processes, and over decades, several authors have proposed different protocols to avoid post-depositional contamination that can carry to misleading interpretations about the lifestyle and origin of ancient populations. In this work, a methodological approach based on rare earth elements analysis was developed to determine diagenetic alterations on femurs, humeri, and skull surfaces, and internal layers from thirteen individuals exhumed during fieldwork in the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Mosque at Rozafa Castle (Shkodër, Albania). Major, minor, and trace elements, including rare earth elements, were measured employing spectrometric techniques, and the obtained data were statistically processed by principal component analysis and one-way ANOVA to select the best preserved bones. The results show that in general, the internal parts of bones, especially skulls, suffered post-depositional chemical contamination. Finally, to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a diet reconstruction employing log(Sr/Ca) and Zn/Ca was tested, obtaining results that are in line with the literature describing a diet based on a mixed economy, mostly agricultural products with low protein intakes.
Advances in Biocultural Approaches to Understanding Stress in Humans
Authors: Bingham Thomas Elizabeth , Edwards Nicolette M. , Haug Jaxson D. , Horsburgh K. Ann
Published: October 2024

This paper outlines advances in biocultural approaches to anthropology by discussing anthropological approaches to understanding stress, how anthropologists have typically measured stress, and why it matters for anthropology and beyond. We discuss the application of common quantification techniques such as the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and biomarkers of psychosocial stress from abnormal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity. We highlight case studies that demonstrate the utility of a biocultural approach to stress across a range of topics—(i) childhood effects, (ii) non-human animals, (iii) depression and anxiety, (iv) migration, and (v) religion—as well as the complexities in the relationship between perceived and biological stress. We conclude by highlighting several areas where we have seen significant advances and point to approaches in other disciplines that anthropology might incorporate to its benefit.
A Technical Study on an Integrated Closed-Loop Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Ammonia Decomposition System for Marine Application
Authors: Wu Shengwei , Miao Bin , Chan Siew Hwa
Published: October 2024

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets for the maritime industry. From a long-term net zero emission perspective, ammonia fuel is expected to play a significant role in the marine decarbonization journey compared to LNG as a transition fuel. Also, in addition to internal combustion engine applications, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have gained more attention in marine propulsion applications due to their high efficiency. This study was performed to investigate the technical feasibility of utilizing a closed-loop SOFC thermal energy release for ammonia decomposition, leading to hydrogen fuel generation and subsequently feed back into SOFCs. The result proves that the integrated system of ammonia cracking SOFCs can maintain a self-balanced condition, ensuring adequate SOFC heat supply for the ammonia cracking process to produce hydrogen while supporting normal SOFC operation and generating heat. This paper concludes that an integrated system represents a novel and feasible solution and emphasizes its potential as an adaptable solution for future marine applications.
Integration of Wind Energy and Geological Hydrogen Storage in the Bakken Formation, North Dakota: Assessing the Potential of Depleted Reservoirs for Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Bade Shree Om , Gyimah Emmanuel , Josephs Rachael , Omojiba Toluwase , Aluah Rockson , Tomomewo Olusegun Stanley
Published: October 2024

Geological hydrogen storage, seen as a viable solution for addressing energy demands and mitigating the intermittency of wind power, is gaining recognition. At present, there are no specific studies that estimate hydrogen storage capacity and the potential for wind integration in North Dakota despite the state’s enormous energy resources and capabilities. The study’s key innovation lies in repurposing a region historically associated with oil and gas for sustainable energy storage, thereby addressing the intermittency of wind sources. Moreover, the innovative aspect of this study involves field selection, site screening, characterization, and mathematical modeling to simulate a wind–hydrogen production and geological storage system. A 15 MW wind farm, using real-world data from General Electric wind turbines, is employed to assess storage capacities within the Middle Bakken formation. The study reveals substantial storage potentials in wells W24814, W19693, and W26990, with capacities of 54,000, 33,000, and 22,000 tons, respectively. These capacities translate to energy storage capabilities of 1080, 660, and 440 GWh, with minimum storage durations of 140, 80, and 57 days, respectively, under a 60% system efficiency. By pioneering the integration of wind energy with geological hydrogen storage in a region traditionally dominated by fossil fuel extraction, this research could play a crucial role in advancing North Dakota’s energy transition, providing a blueprint for similar initiatives globally.
A Semantically Enhanced Label Prediction Method for Imbalanced POI Data Category Distribution
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Du Qingyun , Zhang Shuai , Yang Renfei
Published: October 2024

POI data play an important role in various location-based services, including navigation, positioning, and local search applications. However, as cities rapidly develop, a substantial amount of new POI data are generated daily, often accompanied by issues with the quality of their labels. Therefore, there is an urgent need to implement intelligent inference and enhancement processing for POI data labels. Conventional neural network models primarily target balanced data distribution, but they fail to address the issue of imbalanced distribution of POI data labels in terms of quantity. Furthermore, most neural network classification models implicitly learn the semantic knowledge of different categories from training datasets, neglecting the explicit semantic information offered by natural language labels. Considering the above problems, several negative samples are introduced for each input to a positive class, thereby transforming the multi-classification task into a binary classification problem. Simultaneously, POI data labels are introduced to provide explicit semantic information, and the semantic relationship between POI data labels and their names is determined using cross-coding. Experiments demonstrate that the macro − F1 score for the test dataset, which contains 75 different categories of POI data, reaches 0.84. This result surpasses the performance of traditional methods, highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Nonlinear and Threshold Effects on Station-Level Ridership: Insights from Disproportionate Weekday-to-Weekend Impacts
Authors: Gu Yanyan , Dou Mingxuan
Published: October 2024

Station-level ridership is an important indicator for understanding the relationship between land use and rail transit, which is crucial for building more sustainable urban mobility systems. However, the nonlinear effects of the built environment on metro ridership, particularly concerning temporal heterogeneity, have not been adequately explained. To address this gap, this study proposes a versatile methodology that employs the eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) tree to analyze the effects of factors on station-level ridership variations and compares these results with those of a multiple regression model. In contrast to conventional feature interpretation methods, this study utilized Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) to detail the nonlinear effects of each factor on station-level ridership across temporal dimensions (weekdays and weekends). Using Shanghai as a case study, the findings confirmed the presence of complex nonlinear and threshold effects of land-use, transportation, and station-type factors on station-level ridership in the association. The factor “Commercial POI” represents the most significant influence on ridership changes in both the weekday and weekend models; “Public Facility Station” plays a role in increasing passenger flow in the weekend model, but it shows the opposite effect on the change in ridership in the weekday model. This study highlights the importance of explainable machine learning methods for comprehending the nonlinear influences of various factors on station-level ridership.
Biological Activity Evaluation of Phenolic Isatin-3-Hydrazones Containing a Quaternary Ammonium Center of Various Structures
Authors: Neganova Margarita , Aleksandrova Yulia , Voloshina Alexandra , Lyubina Anna , Appazov Nurbol , Yespenbetova Sholpan , Valiullina Zulfiia , Samorodov Aleksandr , Bukharov Sergey , Gibadullina Elmira , Tapalova Anipa , Bogdanov Andrei
Published: October 2024

A series of new isatin-3-hydrazones bearing different ammonium fragments was synthesized by a simple and easy work-up reaction of Girard’s reagents analogs with 1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isatin. All derivatives have been shown to have antioxidant properties. In terms of bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, the best compounds are 3a, 3e, and 3m, bearing octyl, acetal, and brucine ammonium centers, respectively. In addition, brucine and quinine derivatives 3l, and 3j exhibit platelet antiaggregation activity at the level of acetylsalicylic acid, and this series of isatin derivatives does not adversely affect the hemostasis system as a whole. Thus, all the obtained results can lay the groundwork for future pharmaceutical developments for the creation of effective antibacterial drugs with reduced systemic toxicity due to the presence of antioxidant properties.
Bioprinted High-Cell-Density Laminar Scaffolds Stimulate Extracellular Matrix Production in Osteochondral Co-Cultures
Authors: Bowes Aidan , Collins Amy , Oakley Fiona , Gentile Piergiorgio , Ferreira Ana Marina , Dalgarno Kenny
Published: October 2024

Many tissues have a laminar structure, but there are limited technologies for establishing laminar co-cultures for in vitro testing. Here, we demonstrate that collagen–alginate–fibrin (CAF) hydrogel scaffolds produced using the reactive jet impingement bioprinting technique can produce osteochondral laminar co-cultures with well-defined interfaces between cell types and high cell densities to support cell–cell interaction across the interfaces. The influence of cell density and the presence of the two cell types on the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the emergent mechanical properties of gels is investigated using IHC, ELISA, gel mass, and the compression modulus. The results indicate that high-cell-density cultures and co-cultures with these specific cell types produce greater levels of ECM and a more biomimetic in vitro culture than low-cell-density cultures. In laminar scaffolds produced using TC28a2 chondrocytes and SaoS-2 osteoblasts, both cell density and the presence of the two cell types enhance ECM production and the mechanical properties of the cultures, presenting a promising approach for the production of more biomimetic in vitro models.
Light Regulated CoWRKY15 Acts on CoSQS Promoter to Promote Squalene Synthesis in Camellia oleifera Seeds
Authors: Li Aori , Du Qinhui , Zeng Yanling , Yang Rui , Ge Luyao , Zhu Ziyan , Li Chenyan , Tan Xiaofeng
Published: October 2024

Squalene synthase (SQS) is the most direct key enzyme regulating squalene synthesis. To better understand the regulatory mechanisms of squalene biosynthesis, a 1423-bp long promoter region of the CoSQS gene was isolated from Camellia oleifera. Plant CARE and PLACE analysis affirmed the existence of the core promoter elements such as TATA and CAAT boxes and transcription factor binding sites like W-box and MYB in the isolated sequence. Exogenous factors regulating the CoSQS promoter were obtained by using Yeast one-hybrid screening, and the key transcription factor CoWRKY15 was found. AOS (Antibody Optimization System) analysis showed that CoWRKY15 had the highest interactions with a confidence level of 0.9026. Bioinformatics analysis showed that CoWRKY15 belonged to class 2 of the WRKY gene family. The results of subcellular localization showed that CoWRKY15 functioned in the nucleus. The results of CoWRKY15 promoter analysis showed that 8 out of 14 cis-elements with annotatable functions were related to the light response. The region of the CoSQS promoter that interacts with CoWRKY15 is −186 bp~−536 bp. The histochemical assay and squalene content suggested that the CoSQS promoter could drive the expression of GUS gene and specific promotion of CoSQS expression. It was found that CoWRKY15 could act on the −186 bp~−536 bp CoSQS promoter to regulate the expression of CoSQS and the content of squalene in C. oleifera seed kernels.
Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Provides Insights into Flavonoid Biosynthesis of Blueberry Leaves in Response to Drought Stress
Authors: Feng Xinghua , Bai Sining , Zhou Lianxia , Song Yan , Jia Sijin , Guo Qingxun , Zhang Chunyu
Published: October 2024

Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) are extremely sensitive to drought stress. Flavonoids are crucial secondary metabolites that possess the ability to withstand drought stress. Therefore, improving the drought resistance of blueberries by increasing the flavonoid content is crucial for the development of the blueberry industry. To explore the underlying molecular mechanism of blueberry in adaptation to drought stress, we performed an integrated analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome of blueberry leaves under drought stress. We found that the most enriched drought-responsive genes are mainly involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction pathways based on transcriptome data and the main drought-responsive metabolites come from the flavonoid class based on metabolome data. The UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl transferase (UFGT), flavonol synthase (FLS), and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR-2) genes may be the key genes for the accumulation of anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavans in response to drought stress in blueberry leaves, respectively. Delphinidin 3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside chloride may be the most important drought-responsive flavonoid metabolites. VcMYB1, VcMYBPA1, MYBPA1.2, and MYBPA2.1 might be responsible for drought-induced flavonoid biosynthesis and VcMYB14, MYB14, MYB102, and MYB108 may be responsible for blueberry leaf drought tolerance. ABA responsive elements binding factor (ABF) genes, MYB genes, bHLH genes, and flavonoid biosynthetic genes might form a regulatory network to regulate drought-induced accumulation of flavonoid metabolites in blueberry leaves. Our study provides a useful reference for breeding drought-resistant blueberry varieties.
Influence of Common Gene Variants on Lipid Levels and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Afro-Caribbeans
Authors: Larifla Laurent , Bassien-Capsa Valerie , Velayoudom Fritz-Line , Chingan-Martino Vaneva , Afassinou Yaovi , Ancedy Yann , Galantine Olivier , Galantine Valérie , Nicolas Livy , Martino Frédérique , Numeric Patrick , Foucan Lydia , Humphries Steve E.
Published: October 2024

A lower mortality rate from coronary artery disease (CAD) and a more favourable lipid profile have been reported in Afro-Caribbeans compared with people of European ancestry. The aim of this study was to determine whether common lipid variants identified in other populations are associated with lipid levels and CAD in Afro-Caribbeans. We studied 705 Afro-Caribbeans (192 with CAD) who were genotyped for 13 lipid-associated variants. We calculated three polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for elevated LDL (LDL-PRS), decreased HDL (HDL-PRS), and elevated triglycerides (TG-PRS). LDL-PRS, HDL-PRS, and TG-PRS were associated with LDL, HDL, and TG levels, respectively. The LDL-PRS was positively associated with LDL > 2.6 mmol/L and with LDL > 3.0 mmol/L with ORs (odds ratios) of 1.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14–1.56) and 1.40 (CI = 1.21–1.62), respectively. The HDL-PRS was associated with a low HDL category (HDL < 1.03 mmol/L) with an OR of 1.3 (CI = 1.04–1.63) and inversely associated with a high HDL category (HDL > 1.55 mmol/L) with an OR of 0.79 (CI = 0.65–0.96). The LDL-PRS was positively associated with CAD after adjustment for age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking with an OR of 1.27 (CI = 1.06–1.51) but not the HDL-PRS nor the TG-PRS. Results of the present study indicate that common lipid variants are associated with lipid levels and prevalent CAD in Afro-Caribbeans.
Establishment and Verification of a Novel Gene Signature Connecting Hypoxia and Lactylation for Predicting Prognosis and Immunotherapy of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients by Integrating Multi-Machine Learning and Single-Cell Analysis
Authors: Zheng Ying , Yang Yang , Xiong Qunli , Ma Yifei , Zhu Qing
Published: October 2024

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has earned a notorious reputation as one of the most formidable and deadliest malignant tumors. Within the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells have acquired the capability to maintain incessant expansion and increased proliferation in response to hypoxia via metabolic reconfiguration, leading to elevated levels of lactate within the tumor surroundings. However, there have been limited studies specifically investigating the association between hypoxia and lactic acid metabolism-related lactylation in PDAC. In this study, multiple machine learning approaches, including LASSO regression analysis, XGBoost, and Random Forest, were employed to identify hub genes and construct a prognostic risk signature. The implementation of the CERES score and single-cell analysis was used to discern a prospective therapeutic target for the management of PDAC. CCK8 assay, colony formation assays, transwell, and wound-healing assays were used to explore both the proliferation and migration of PDAC cells affected by CENPA. In conclusion, we discovered two distinct subtypes characterized by their unique hypoxia and lactylation profiles and developed a risk score to evaluate prognosis, as well as response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy, in PDAC patients. Furthermore, we indicated that CENPA may serve as a promising therapeutic target for PDAC.
Stress Response of Aphid Population Under Combined Stress of Cadmium and Lead and Its Effects on Development of Harmonia axyridis
Authors: Wang Shasha , Li Qimei , Li Yan , Wan Sijing , Yin Zhenjuan , Zhao Shan , Dai Xiaoyan , Wang Ruijuan , Wang Shigui , Zhai Yifan , Tan Xiaoling , Tang Bin
Published: October 2024

Heavy metal pollution is a serious global environmental issue. It threatens human and ecological health. Heavy metals can accumulate in the soil over extended periods and inevitably transfer through the food chain to herbivorous insects and their natural enemies, leading to various adverse effects. This study aimed to investigate the stress responses and biochemical metabolic changes of aphids and one of aphids’ predators, ladybugs, under cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) stress by constructing a food chain of Vicia faba L., Megoura crassicauda, and Harmonia axyridis. The results showed that aphids and ladybugs had a notable accumulation of Cd2+ and Pb2+. Insects can adapt to heavy metal stress by regulating their energy metabolism pathways. Glycogen content in the first filial generation (F1) aphids decreased significantly, glucose content in the second filial generation (F2) to the fourth filial generation (F4) adult aphids significantly increased, and trehalose content in the F1 adult aphids increased significantly. Moreover, the relative expression levels of trehalase (TRE) and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) in the F1 adult aphids were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the expression levels of TPS genes in the second filial generation to the fifth filial generation (F2 to F5) aphids decreased, suggesting that insects can resist heavy metal stress by regulating trehalose metabolism. The fertility of female aphids in all treatment groups was reduced compared to the control group. Additionally, the relative expression level of vitellogenin (Vg) was down-regulated in all aphid generations except the F1 aphids. There was interaction between heavy metal concentration and aphid generation, and it significantly affected the number of aphids’ offspring and the expression of the aphid Vg gene. The developmental duration of the ladybugs from the second to fourth instars was prolonged, and the weight decreased significantly from the prepupa to the adult stages. These results contribute to understanding the effects of Cd2+–Pb2+ accumulation on phytophagous insects and higher trophic levels’ natural enemies, laying the foundation for protecting natural enemies and maintaining ecosystem stability.
Identification and Characterization of the DOF Gene Family in Phoebe bournei and Its Role in Abiotic Stress—Drought, Heat and Light Stress
Authors: Zheng Kehui , Lv Mengmeng , Qian Jiaying , Lian Yiran , Liu Ronglin , Huo Shuhao , Rehman Obaid Ur , Lin Qinmin , Zhou Zhongyang , Liu Xiaomin , Cao Shijiang
Published: October 2024

Phoebe bournei is a second-class endangered and protected species unique to China, and it holds significant ecological and economic value. DNA binding one zinc finger (Dof) transcription factors are plant-specific regulators. Numerous studies have demonstrated that Dof genes are involved in plant growth, development and responses to abiotic stress. In this study, we identified and analyzed 34 PbDof gene members at the whole-genome level. The results indicated that the 34 PbDof genes were unevenly distributed across 12 chromosomes. We utilized the Dof genes from Arabidopsis thaliana and P. bournei to construct a phylogenetic tree and categorized these genes into eight subgroups. In the collinearity analysis, there were 16 homologous gene pairs between AtDof and PbDof and nine homologous gene pairs between ZmDof and PbDof. We conducted a cis-acting element analysis and found that cis-acting elements involved in light response were the most abundant in PbDof genes. Through SSR site prediction, we analyzed that the evolution level of Dof genes is low. Additionally, we assessed the expression profiles of eight PbDof genes under high temperature, drought, and light stress using qRT-PCR. In particular, PbDof08 and PbDof16 are significantly upregulated under the three stresses. This study provides foundational information for PbDof genes and offers new insights for further research on the mechanism of Dof transcription factors responding to stress, as well as the adaptation of P. bournei to environmental changes.
T-Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain 3 (TIM-3) Gene Expression as a Negative Biomarker of B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Basingab Fatemah S. , Bashanfer Manar , Alrofaidi Aisha A. , Barefah Ahmed S. , Hammad Rawan , Alahdal Hadil M. , Alrahimi Jehan S. , Zaher Kawther A. , Hassan Sabah , Algiraigri Ali H. , El-Daly Mai M. , Alkarim Saleh A. , Aldahlawi Alia M.
Published: October 2024

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) accounts for 85% of all childhood ALL. Malignancies exhaust T and B cells, resulting in an increased expression of immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs), such as T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3). TIM-3 has been found to be dysregulated in different types of cancer. However, there is a lack of rigorous studies on the TIM-3 expression in B-ALL. The current study aimed to measure the expression of TIM-3 at the gene and protein levels and evaluate the potential of TIM-3 as a biomarker in B-ALL. A total of 28 subjects were recruited between 2021 and 2023, comprising 18 subjects diagnosed with B-ALL and 10 non-malignant healthy controls. The B-ALL patients were divided into three groups: newly diagnosed (four patients), in remission (nine patients), and relapse/refractory (five patients). The expression levels of TIM-3 were evaluated using the real-time qPCR and ELISA techniques. The results revealed that the TIM-3 expression was significantly downregulated in the malignant B-ALL patients compared to the non-malignant healthy controls in the mRNA (FC = −1.058 ± 0.3548, p = 0.0061) and protein blood serum (p = 0.0498) levels. A significant TIM-3 gene reduction was observed in the relapse/refractory cases (FC = −1.355 ± 0.4686, p = 0.0327). TIM-3 gene expression allowed for significant differentiation between patients with malignant B-ALL and non-malignant healthy controls, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.706. The current study addressed the potential of reduced levels of TIM-3 as a negative biomarker for B-ALL patients.
Computational Strategies for Assessing Adverse Outcome Pathways: Hepatic Steatosis as a Case Study
Authors: Ortega-Vallbona Rita , Palomino-Schätzlein Martina , Tolosa Laia , Benfenati Emilio , Ecker Gerhard F. , Gozalbes Rafael , Serrano-Candelas Eva
Published: October 2024

The evolving landscape of chemical risk assessment is increasingly focused on developing tiered, mechanistically driven approaches that avoid the use of animal experiments. In this context, adverse outcome pathways have gained importance for evaluating various types of chemical-induced toxicity. Using hepatic steatosis as a case study, this review explores the use of diverse computational techniques, such as structure–activity relationship models, quantitative structure–activity relationship models, read-across methods, omics data analysis, and structure-based approaches to fill data gaps within adverse outcome pathway networks. Emphasizing the regulatory acceptance of each technique, we examine how these methodologies can be integrated to provide a comprehensive understanding of chemical toxicity. This review highlights the transformative impact of in silico techniques in toxicology, proposing guidelines for their application in evidence gathering for developing and filling data gaps in adverse outcome pathway networks. These guidelines can be applied to other cases, advancing the field of toxicological risk assessment.
Bio-Inspired Thermal Conductive Fibers by Boron Nitride Nanosheet/Boron Nitride Hybrid
Authors: Zhang Jiajing , Zhang Pingyuan , Zhang Chunhua , Xu Jiahao , Zhang Leyan , Xia Liangjun
Published: October 2024

With the innovation of modern electronics, heat dissipation in the devices faces several problems. In our work, boron nitride (BN) with good thermal conductivity (TC) was successfully fabricated by constructing the BN along the axial direction and the surface-grafted BN hybrid composite fibers via the wet-spinning and hot-pressing method. The unique inter-outer and inter-interconnected hybrid structure of composite fibers exhibited 176.47% thermal conductivity enhancement (TCE), which exhibits good TC, mechanical resistance, and chemical resistance. In addition, depending on the special structure of the composite fibers, it provides a new strategy for fabricating thermal interface materials in the electronic device.