bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suture pattern formation in ammonites and the unknown rear mantle structure
Authors: Inoue Shinya , Kondo Shigeru
Published: September 2016

Ammonite shells have complex patterns of suture lines that vary across species. The lines are formed at the intersection of the outer shell wall and the septa. The wavy septa can form if the rear mantle of the ammonite, which functions as the template, has a complex shape. Previous hypotheses assumed that the rear mantle is like a flexible membrane that can be folded by some physical force. The elucidation of the mechanism of septa formation requires that the detailed shape of the septa should be known. We developed a new protocol of X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT) and obtained high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) images of the septa of the Upper Cretaceous ammoniteDamesitescf.damesi. The obtained image suggested that the wavy and branched structures of the rear mantle grew autonomously. We found that some extant sea slugs have branched structures and showed similar shape and growth sequence as those in fossils, suggesting that the mantle of molluscs basically has the potential to form branched projections. Based on the characteristics of the obtained 3D structure, we explain how ammonites might have formed the complex suture patterns.
Ginsenoside Rd attenuates breast cancer metastasis implicating derepressing microRNA-18a-regulated Smad2 expression
Authors: Wang Peiwei , Du Xiaoye , Xiong Minqi , Cui Jingang , Yang Qinbo , Wang Wenjian , Chen Yu , Zhang Teng
Published: September 2016

Metastasis remains a major cause of mortality and poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Anti-metastatic therapies are in great need to achieve optimal clinical outcome in breast cancer patients. Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS) has previously been shown to inhibit breast cancer metastasis in mouse. Here the potential anti-metastatic effect of one of the chemical compounds of PNS, ginsenoside Rd (Rd), was further evaluated in mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1 cells. The results revealed that Rd treatment dose-dependently suppressed cell migration and invasion in cultured 4T1 cells. In 4T1 cell-inoculated mice, Rd treatment led to decreased number of tumor lesions in lungs in both spontaneous and experimental metastasis models. Rd treatment resulted in increased expression of Smad2 in cultured 4T1 cells and in tumors grown from inoculated 4T1 cells. Rd treatment decreased the expression of microRNA (miR)-18a in cultured 4T1 cells and in tumors derived from inoculated 4T1 cells. Smad2 was further verified to be a direct target of miR-18a in 4T1 cells. The significant impact of Rd on counteracting miR-18a-medidated downregulation of Smad2 expression was also demonstrated. Together, the current work shows for the first time that Rd treatment attenuates breast cancer metastasis in part through derepressing miR-18a-mediated Smad2 expression regulation.
Reactive oxygen species do not contribute to ObgE*-mediated programmed cell death
Authors: Dewachter Liselot , Herpels Pauline , Verstraeten Natalie , Fauvart Maarten , Michiels Jan
Published: September 2016

Programmed cell death (PCD) in bacteria is considered an important target for developing novel antimicrobials. Development of PCD-specific therapies requires a deeper understanding of what drives this process. We recently discovered a new mode of PCD in Escherichia coli that is triggered by expression of a mutant isoform of the essential ObgE protein, ObgE*. Our previous findings demonstrate that ObgE*-mediated cell death shares key characteristics with apoptosis in eukaryotic cells. It is well-known that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed during PCD in eukaryotes and play a pivotal role as signaling molecules in the progression of apoptosis. Therefore, we explored a possible role for ROS in bacterial killing by ObgE*. Using fluorescent probes and genetic reporters, we found that expression of ObgE* induces formation of ROS. Neutralizing ROS by chemical scavenging or by overproduction of ROS-neutralizing enzymes did not influence toxicity of ObgE*. Moreover, expression of ObgE* under anaerobic conditions proved to be as detrimental to bacterial viability as expression under aerobic conditions. In conclusion, ROS are byproducts of ObgE* expression that do not play a role in the execution or progression of ObgE*-mediated PCD. Targeted therapies should therefore look to exploit other aspects of ObgE*-mediated PCD.
Creep to inertia dominated stick-slip behavior in sliding friction modulated by tilted non-uniform loading
Authors: Tian Pengyi , Tao Dashuai , Yin Wei , Zhang Xiangjun , Meng Yonggang , Tian Yu
Published: September 2016

Comprehension of stick-slip motion is very important for understanding tribological principles. The transition from creep-dominated to inertia-dominated stick-slip as the increase of sliding velocity has been described by researchers. However, the associated micro-contact behavior during this transition has not been fully disclosed yet. In this study, we investigated the stick-slip behaviors of two polymethyl methacrylate blocks actively modulated from the creep-dominated to inertia-dominated dynamics through a non-uniform loading along the interface by slightly tilting the angle of the two blocks. Increasing the tilt angle increases the critical transition velocity from creep-dominated to inertia-dominated stick-slip behaviors. Results from finite element simulation disclosed that a positive tilt angle led to a higher normal stress and a higher temperature on blocks at the opposite side of the crack initiating edge, which enhanced the creep of asperities during sliding friction. Acoustic emission (AE) during the stick-slip has also been measured, which is closely related to the different rupture modes regulated by the distribution of the ratio of shear to normal stress along the sliding interface. This study provided a more comprehensive understanding of the effect of tilted non-uniform loading on the local stress ratio, the local temperature and the stick-slip behaviors.
Hybrid bright-field and hologram imaging of cell dynamics
Authors: Byeon Hyeokjun , Lee Jaehyun , Doh Junsang , Lee Sang Joon
Published: September 2016

Volumetric observation is essential for understanding the details of complex biological phenomena. In this study, a bright-field microscope, which provides information on a specific 2D plane and a holographic microscope, which provides information spread over 3D volumes, are integrated to acquire two complementary images simultaneously. The developed system was successfully applied to capture distinct T-cell adhesion dynamics on inflamed endothelial layers, including capture, rolling, crawling, transendothelial migration and subendothelial migration.
Turning the fate of reprogramming cells from retinal disorder to regeneration by Pax6 in newts
Authors: Casco-Robles Martin Miguel , Islam Md Rafiqul , Inami Wataru , Tanaka Hibiki Vincent , Kunahong Ailidana , Yasumuro Hirofumi , Hanzawa Shiori , Casco-Robles Roman Martin , Toyama Fubito , Maruo Fumiaki , Chiba Chikafumi
Published: September 2016

The newt, a urodele amphibian, has an outstanding ability– even as an adult –to regenerate a functional retina through reprogramming and proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, even though the neural retina is completely removed from the eye by surgery. It remains unknown how the newt invented such a superior mechanism. Here we show that disability of RPE cells to regenerate the retina brings about a symptom of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), even in the newt. When Pax6, a transcription factor that is re-expressed in reprogramming RPE cells, is knocked down in transgenic juvenile newts, these cells proliferate but eventually give rise to cell aggregates that uniformly express alpha smooth muscle actin, Vimentin and N-cadherin, the markers of myofibroblasts which are a major component of the sub-/epi-retinal membranes in PVR. Our current study demonstrates that Pax6 is an essential factor that directs the fate of reprogramming RPE cells toward the retinal regeneration. The newt may have evolved the ability of retinal regeneration by modifying a mechanism that underlies the RPE-mediated retinal disorders.
Thermodynamics and kinetics of carbon deposits on cobalt: a combined density functional theory and kinetic Monte Carlo study
Authors: Jansen Antonius P. J. , Agrawal Ravi , Spanu Leonardo
Published: September 2016

We have studied the thermodynamics and kinetics of carbon deposition on a cobalt surface. Our results clearly show that the competition between fast subsurface diffusion and slower surface diffusion controls the kinetics of carbon deposit formation.
Interfacial charge separation and photovoltaic efficiency in Fe(ii)–carbene sensitized solar cells
Authors: Pastore Mariachiara , Duchanois Thibaut , Liu Li , Monari Antonio , Assfeld Xavier , Haacke Stefan , Gros Philippe C.
Published: September 2016

Unprecedented photovoltaic application of heteroleptic Fe(ii)–carbene complexes and detailed theoretical characterization of the interfacial electron/hole transfers underlying the photovoltaic efficiencies.
Synthesis, characterization, and ligand behaviour of a new ditelluroether (C10H7)Te(CH2)4Te(C10H7) and the concurrently formed ionic [(C10H7)Te(CH2)4]Br
Authors: Poropudas Merja J. , Rautiainen J. Mikko , Oilunkaniemi Raija , Laitinen Risto S.
Published: September 2016

(C10H7)Te(CH2)4Te(C10H7) (1) and [(C10H7)Te(CH2)4]Br (2) are formed from Li[Te(C10H7)] and Br(CH2)4Br. Treatment of1with CuBr affords [Cu2(μ-Br)2{μ-(C10H7)2Te2(CH2)4}2] (3).
Retraction: Vibrational evidence for the “missing link” in structural kinship between kanemite and FSM-16 mesoporous silica
Authors: Serwicka Ewa M. , Bahranowski Krzysztof , Sitarz Maciej , Zimowska Małgorzata , Michalik-Zym Alicja
Published: September 2016

Retraction of ‘Vibrational evidence for the “missing link” in structural kinship between kanemite and FSM-16 mesoporous silica’ by Ewa M. Serwicka, et al., Dalton Trans., 2016, DOI: 10.1039/C6DT01600F.
High n-caprylate productivities and specificities from dilute ethanol and acetate: chain elongation with microbiomes to upgrade products from syngas fermentation
Authors: Kucek Leo A. , Spirito Catherine M. , Angenent Largus T.
Published: September 2016

A bioprocess based on open-culture anaerobic biotechnology to elongate acetate and ethanol (C2) into primarilyn-caprylate (C8).
Lewis acid-catalyzed 2-arylquinazoline formation from N′-arylbenzimidamides and paraformaldehyde
Authors: Cheng Xiufang , Wang Huamin , Xiao Fuhong , Deng Guo-Jun
Published: September 2016

An efficient procedure for the synthesis of 2-arylquinazolines from N′-arylbenzimidamides has been developed under transition-metal-free conditions.
Coated and uncoated cellophane as materials for microplates and open-channel microfluidics devices
Authors: Hamedi Mahiar M. , Ünal Barış , Kerr Emily , Glavan Ana C. , Fernandez-Abedul M. Teresa , Whitesides George M.
Published: September 2016

This communication describes the use of uncoated cellophane (regenerated cellulose films) for the fabrication of microplates, and the use of coated cellophane for the fabrication of open-channel microfluidic devices.
Green and practical transition metal-free one-pot conversion of substituted benzoic acids to anilines using tosyl azide
Authors: Ilangovan Andivelu , Sakthivel Palaniappan , Sakthivel Pandaram
Published: September 2016

A simple and efficient method for conversion of 2-iodo/2-nitro benzoic acids and dihydropyranone-fused benzoic acids into corresponding anilines, using tosyl azide, under transition metal-free conditions was developed. Steric and electronic effects play crucial role.
3-Dimensional cuboid structured ZnFe2O4@C nano-whiskers as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries based on the in situ graft polymerization method
Authors: Qu Lina , Hou Xianhua , Mao Junwei , Ru Qiang , Hu Shejun , Liu Xiang , Lam Kwok-ho
Published: September 2016

3-Dimensional cuboid structured ZnFe2O4@C nano-whiskers anode materials have been successfully synthesized via an in situ graft copolymerization method and the subsequent calcination process.
Tuning PbI2layers by n-butanol additive for improving CH3NH3PbI3light harvesters of perovskite solar cells
Authors: Wu Wenyi , Li Hongcui , Liu Shuhan , Zheng Bo , Xue Yebin , Liu Xizhe , Gao Chunxiao
Published: September 2016

Modifying the morphology of PbI2layers withn-butanol additive leads to efficient CH3NH3PbI3layers for perovskite solar cells.
Environmentally sensitive nanohydrogels decorated with a three-strand oligonucleotide helix for controlled loading and prolonged release of intercalators
Authors: Liwinska Wioletta , Symonowicz Michał , Stanislawska Iwona , Lyp Marek , Stojek Zbigniew , Zabost Ewelina
Published: September 2016

Biocompatible nanohydrogels modified with three-segment oligonucleotide hybrids were used for controlled loading and prolonged release of anticancer intercalators in hyperthermia treatment.
Promising biomass-derived activated carbon and gold nanoparticle nanocomposites as a novel electrode material for electrochemical detection of rutin
Authors: Pang Pengfei , Yan Fuqing , Chen Meng , Li Haiyan , Zhang Yanli , Wang Hongbin , Wu Zhan , Yang Wenrong
Published: September 2016

A novel electrochemical sensor for rutin was developed based on peanut shell-derived activated carbon and gold nanoparticles composite modified glassy carbon electrode.
Aqueous self-assembly of short hydrophobic peptides containing norbornene amino acid into supramolecular structures with spherical shape
Authors: Ruffoni Alessandro , Cavanna Maria V. , Argentiere Simona , Locarno Silvia , Pellegrino Sara , Gelmi Maria Luisa , Clerici Francesca
Published: September 2016

The preparation and self-assembly of short hydrophobic peptides containing the non-coded norbornene amino acid is reported. The formation of a supramolecular assembly in water was assessed by TEM and DLS.
Highly stabilized perovskite solar cell prepared using vacuum deposition
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhao Yongle , Yang Dong , Li Can , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: September 2016

With proper optimization, high efficiency solar cells are fabricated with the perovskite layers prepared using a one-step solution process and vacuum deposition methods and the devices prepared by vacuum deposition show significantly better ambient and thermal stability.
Thermal treatment-induced structural changes in graphene nanoribbons obtained from partially unzipped double-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Kim Dukeun , Muramatsu Hiroyuki , Kim Yoong Ahm
Published: September 2016

Graphene nanoribbons were synthesized by chemically unzipping double-walled carbon nanotubes followed by evaluation of their nanostructural changes upon thermal annealing.
A UV-driven superhydrophilic/superoleophobic polyelectrolyte multilayer film on fabric and its application in oil/water separation
Authors: Tang Hua , Fu Yanhui , Yang Chao , Zhu Danning , Yang Jin
Published: September 2016

A novel superhydrophilic/superoleophobic surface for oil/water separation was prepared through UV irradiation of a polyelectrolyte multilayer film with perfluorooctanoate as the counterions on a commercially available cotton fabric.
Programmable mechanical metamaterials: the role of geometry
Authors: Florijn Bastiaan , Coulais Corentin , van Hecke Martin
Published: September 2016

We experimentally and numerically study the role of geometry for the mechanics of biholar metamaterials, which are quasi-2D slabs of rubber patterned by circular holes of two alternating sizes.
A poly(ascorbyl acrylate)-containing nanoplatform with anticancer activity and the sequential combination therapy with its loaded paclitaxel
Authors: Song Yufeng , Xie Yanqi , Yang Junjiao , Li Ruiqiong , Jin Xu , Yang Jing
Published: September 2016

The complex nanocarriers combined with the loaded therapeutic agents to achieve synergistic tumor inhibition.
Insulation condition ranking of transformers through principal component analysis and analytic hierarchy process
Authors: Tee ShengJi , Liu Qiang , Wang Zhongdong
Published: September 2016

Interpretation of oil test data for transformer insulation condition is essential towards justifying asset management practices. Traditionally, an empirical formula (EF) is used by asset managers. This study introduces principal component analysis (PCA) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as two alternatives. Through the use of an oil test dataset consisting of 39 in‐service UK transmission transformers measured for multiple ageing related parameters, PCA demonstrated its potential in working directly with data to explore parameter relations as well as ranking transformers according to their conditions. AHP on the other hand presented a way to coherently aggregate criteria in a flexible hierarchical setup for identifying the weightages of the oil test parameters before interpretation of measurements. The interpreted conditions based on PCA and AHP, along with a track‐record proven EF are similar, particularly for transformers at extreme ends of the insulation condition.
Using SCADA data for wind turbine condition monitoring – a review
Authors: Tautz‐Weinert Jannis , Watson Simon J.
Published: September 2016

The ever increasing size of wind turbines and the move to build them offshore have accelerated the need for optimised maintenance strategies in order to reduce operating costs. Predictive maintenance requires detailed information on the condition of turbines. Due to the high costs of dedicated condition monitoring systems based on mainly vibration measurements, the use of data from the turbine supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system is appealing. This review discusses recent research using SCADA data for failure detection and condition monitoring (CM), focussing on approaches which have already proved their ability to detect anomalies in data from real turbines. Approaches are categorised as (i) trending, (ii) clustering, (iii) normal behaviour modelling, (iv) damage modelling and (v) assessment of alarms and expert systems. Potential for future research on the use of SCADA data for advanced turbine CM is discussed.
Nutzenbewertung und Preisverhandlung unter AMNOG: Berechenbares Verfahren oder unfaire Pokerpartie?
Authors: Radic D. , Haugk S. , Radic M.
Published: September 2016

Die Nutzenbewertung und Preisverhandlung unter dem Arzneimittelmarktneuordnungsgesetz wird seit seiner Einführung kontrovers diskutiert. Während der Gemeinsame Bundesausschuss die Meinung vertritt, dass das Verfahren transparent und nach klaren evidenzbasierten Kriterien abläuft, wird von Vertretern von Pharmaunternehmen insbesondere die Tatsache kritisiert, dass mit dem Spitzenverband der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherungen eine Partei sowohl bei der Feststellung des Zusatznutzens als auch bei der anschließenden Preisverhandlung involviert ist. In der Arbeit wollen wir diese beiden sich widersprechenden Einschätzungen empirisch überprüfen. Dazu modellieren wir die Nutzenbewertungs- und Preisverhandlungsprozesse unter AMNOG und analysieren deren Zusammenhang. Wir können zeigen, dass die Anzahl an Patienten in der Zielpopulation und die Jahrestherapiekosten für die zweckmäßige Vergleichstherapie einen negativen Einfluss auf die Feststellung des Zusatznutzens der neuen Therapie haben. Der Zusatznutzen selbst hat einen positiven (negativen) Einfluss auf den Zuschlag zur zweckmäßigen Vergleichstherapie (Rabatt auf Ausgabepreis), während die Jahrestherapiekosten der neuen Therapie (der zweckmäßigen Vergleichstherapie) einen positiven (negativen) Einfluss haben. Wir finden Hinweise, aber keine signifikante Evidenz für die These, dass die Beschlüsse über den Zusatznutzen von neuen Medikamenten und die anschließenden Preisverhandlungen interdependent ablaufen.
All-solid-state electrochromic device integrated with near-IR blocking layer for image sensor and energy-saving glass application
Authors: Wang Min-Chuan , Hsieh Ming-Hao , Chen Yung-Chih , Wang Jen-Yuan
Published: September 2016

The all-solid-state electrochromic device (ECD) integrated with near-IR (NIR) blocking layer fabricated by reactive DC magnetron sputtering technique has been developed for image sensor and energy-saving glass applications. The all-solid-state ECD with the single-substrate structure of glass/NIR-blocking transparent conductive oxide (TCO)/NiO/Ta2O5/WO3/ITO could potentially modulate the optical transmittance between 81.9% and 17.5% at 550 nm in the visible region and between 38.0% and 9.5% at the NIR wavelength larger than 1100 nm. The better energy-saving and light blocking performance, including the larger optical density difference (ΔOD) and lower solar heat-gain coefficient (SHGC) could be achieved in the NIR-blocking ECD structure, even with the general criteria SHGC(bleach)/SHGC(colored) < 3. With the application of ECDs, it is possible to directly apply the device onto an image sensor and energy-saving glass with the NIR rejection function even in the bleached state. Furthermore, the NIR-blocking TCO with the low sheet resistance and high transparency characteristics also provides the lower power consumption in the switching cycle at voltages as low as 5 V, and makes ECDs the ideal components for applications of large area and battery powered devices.
Enhanced quantum interference transport in gold films with random antidot arrays
Authors: Li Zhaoguo , Zeng Yong , Luo Yuechuan , Zhan Zhiqiang , Meng Lingbiao , Zhou Minjie , Wu Weidong , Zhang Jicheng
Published: September 2016

We report on the quantum interference transport of randomly distributed antidot arrays, which were prepared on gold films via the focused ion beam direct writing method. The temperature dependence of the gold films’ resistances with and without random antidot arrays were described via electron–phonon interaction theory. Compared with the pristine gold films, we observed an unexpected enhancement of the weak localization signature in the random antidot array films. The physical mechanism behind this enhancement may originate from the enhancement of electron–electron interactions or the suppression of electron–phonon interactions; further evidence is required to determine the exact mechanism.
Penetrating power of resonant electromagnetic induction imaging
Authors: Guilizzoni Roberta , Watson Joseph C. , Bartlett Paul , Renzoni Ferruccio
Published: September 2016

The possibility of revealing the presence and identifying the nature of conductive targets is of central interest in many fields, including security, medicine, industry, archaeology and geophysics. In many applications, these targets are shielded by external materials and thus cannot be directly accessed. Hence, interrogation techniques are required that allow penetration through the shielding materials, in order for the target to be identified. Electromagnetic interrogation techniques represent a powerful solution to this challenge, as they enable penetration through conductive shields. In this work, we demonstrate the power of resonant electromagnetic induction imaging to penetrate through metallic shields (1.5-mm-thick) and image targets (having conductivities σ ranging from 0.54 to 59.77 MSm−1) concealed behind them.
Interactions between water and nitrogen in Australian cropping systems: physiological, agronomic, economic, breeding and modelling perspectives
Authors: Sadras V. O. , Hayman P. T. , Rodriguez D. , Monjardino M. , Bielich M. , Unkovich M. , Mudge B. , Wang E.
Published: September 2016

This paper reviews the interactions between water and nitrogen from physiological, agronomic, economic, breeding and modelling perspectives. Our primary focus is wheat; we consider forage crops, sorghum and legumes where relevant aspects of water–nitrogen interactions have been advanced.
From a physiological perspective, we ask: How does nitrogen deficit influence the water economy of the crop? How does water deficit influence the nitrogen economy of the crop? How do combined water and nitrogen deficit affect crop growth and yield? We emphasise synergies, and the nitrogen-driven trade-off between the efficiency in the use of water and nitrogen. The concept of nitrogen–water co-limitation is discussed briefly.
From agronomic and economic perspectives, the need to match supply of nitrogen and water is recognised, but this remains a challenge in dryland systems with uncertain rainfall. Under-fertilisation commonly causes gaps between actual and water-limited potential yield. We discuss risk aversion and the role of seasonal rainfall forecasts to manage risk.
From a breeding perspective, we ask how selection for yield has changed crop traits relating to water and nitrogen. Changes in nitrogen traits are more common and profound than changes in water-related traits. Comparison of shifts in the wheat phenotype in Australia, UK, Argentina and Italy suggests that improving yield per unit nitrogen uptake is straightforward; it requires selection for yield and allowing grain protein concentration to drift unchecked. A more interesting proposition is to increase nitrogen uptake to match yield gains and conserve protein in grain. Increased stomatal conductance is a conspicuous response to selection for yield which partially conflicts with the perception that reduced conductance at high vapour pressure deficit is required to increase water- use efficiency; but high stomatal conductance at high vapour pressure deficit may be adaptive for thermal stress.
From a modelling perspective, water and nitrogen are linked in multiple ways. In crops where water limits growth, reduced biomass reduces nitrogen demand. Reciprocally, nitrogen limitation during crop expansion reduces leaf area index and increases the soil evaporation : transpiration ratio. Water–nitrogen interactions are also captured in the water-driven uptake of nitrogen by mass flow and diffusion and in the water-driven processes of nitrogen in soil (e.g. mineralisation).
The paper concludes with suggestions for future research on water-nitrogen interactions.
Effects of vegetation cover on sediment particle size distribution and transport processes in natural rainfall conditions on post-fire hillslope plots in South Korea
Authors: Ewane Ewane Basil , Lee Heon-Ho
Published: September 2016

Sediments were collected from four slow vegetation recovery plots, six fast vegetation recovery plots and five unburned plots at a post-fire site on a rainfall event basis and sorted for size distribution. The aim was to evaluate the effects of vegetation cover, soil aggregate stability, slope and rainfall intensity on sediment size distribution, transport selectivity and erosion processes between the burned and unburned treatment plots. Sediment detachment and transport mechanisms and the particle size transport selectivity of the eroded sediment were assessed based on enrichment ratios (ER) and mean weighted diameter (MWD) methods. The most eroded particle size class in all treatment plots was the 125–250μm class and, generally, the percentage of eroded particle sizes did not increase with slope and rainfall intensity. Higher MWD of the eroded sediment was related to a higher percentage of bare soil exposed and gravel content associated with high soil burn severity and soil disaggregation in the slow vegetation recovery plots. The enrichment of finer clay silt particle sizes increased with varying maximum 30-min rainfall intensity (I30) in the slow vegetation recovery plots, and reflected increased aggregate breakdown and transport selectivity, whereas no good relationship was found in the fast vegetation recovery and unburned plots with varying I30. A minimum I30 of <3.56mmh–1 and a maximum of 10.9mmh–1 were found to be the threshold rainfall intensity values necessary for aggregate breakdown and transport of finer particles by both rainsplash and rainflow in the slow vegetation recovery plots, whereas the response was weak in the fast vegetation recovery and unburned plots following varying I30 dominated only by rainsplash transport closer to the plot sediment collector. The results show that higher vegetation cover in the fast vegetation recovery and unburned plots reduces erosive rainfall energy by 5.6- and 17.7-fold respectively, and runoff energy by 6.3- and 21.3-fold respectively, limiting aggregate breakdown and transport selectivity of finer particles compared with the slow vegetation recovery plots.
How elastica littlecan be and how mucha littlecan do in Chinese
Authors: Zhang Grace
Published: September 2016

Yidian(一点, a little) in Chinese is commonly considered an indefinite and under-specific quantifier. This study provides some rethinking ofyidianthrough the lens of elasticity theory, based on real-life data from TV discussions. Elasticity theory offers new insights on the study ofyidian,arguing thatyidianis both an elastic quantifier and a qualifier. The findings show that whileyidianindicates a small quantity and lesser degree, it is elastic and functions multi-dimensionally from mitigating to boosting. The frequency distributions of three pragmatic functions (just-right which is unmarked, mitigating and boosting which are marked) suggest thatyidianis used more for informational than interpersonal and political purposes. In a positive utteranceyidiantends to be a mitigator, but in negation it is a booster. The manifestation of elasticity is inyidian’s fluidity, stretchability and strategy, enabling it to stretch to suit various contexts and making it a powerful ‘little’ word that performs a ‘big’ role in communication.
Accounting for ELF
Authors: Osimk-Teasdale Ruth , Dorn Nora
Published: September 2016

This paper reports on some issues encountered when using various ‘external points of reference’ in the development of POS-tagging guidelines for the Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English (VOICE). VOICE is a corpus of spoken English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) containing naturally occurring, plurilingual data. As in all kinds of natural language use, speakers recorded in VOICE exploit available linguistic resources, often resulting in non-codified language use and language which is difficult to classify unambiguously. However, detailed tagging solutions for such phenomena are rarely reported. We discuss usefulness and limitations of external points of reference with regard to their suitability for POS-tagging VOICE and address methodological as well as practical issues, especially the handling of non-codified language use and different types of ambiguities. We suggest that the solutions found, and the theoretical approach adopted, could be relevant for the tagging of other spoken corpora.
Object Clitic production in monolingual and bilingual children with Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Tsimpli Ianthi Maria , Peristeri Eleni , Andreou Maria
Published: September 2016

Pronominal clitics are sensitive to both morphosyntax and discourse. Problems in clitic use could therefore stem from morphosyntactic or discourse management problems in children with SLI. Previous studies focused on 3rd person clitic use identifying morphosyntactic problems. We compare 1st with 3rd person clitic elicitation by monolingual and bilingual children with SLI to examine whether perspective-switching in the same task would affect performance. Elicited 3rd person clitics were further compared with clitic use in narratives to investigate the role of richer discourse context in clitic production. Perspective-taking was independently examined with first- and second-order Theory of Mind tasks. Bilingual were more accurate than monolingual children with SLI in 1st person clitics, in the use of unambiguous clitics in narratives and in second-order ToM reasoning. We conclude that bilingualism seems to enhance SLI children’s discourse use and perspective-taking strategies which, in turn, improve their use of clitics in context-sensitive conditions.
Shaping the glo/cal in Greek–English tourism advertising
Authors: Kefala Stavroula , Sidiropoulou Maria
Published: September 2016

The study explores mediated identity construction on the local and global stage, in Greek-English tourism material. It examines sample data, drawing on the Greek National Tourism Organization website, to identify shifts in the Greek and English versions of the data using Swain’s (2009) model of critical cosmopolitan orientations. The critical cosmopolitan framework is shown to be instrumental in revealing identity construction tendencies in the two versions, which shape the interaction of host and visitor, the destination and the travel experience. Findings raise awareness of how identities are perceived and constructed in the tourism business and of the formative potential of these practices on discourses. They also have consequences for training practices in tourism advertising, the translation of identities and self-representation practices. Results are expected to carve a path towards raising awareness of the complexities involved in cultural communication and the construction of messages.
The framing of the linguistic landscapes of Persian shop signs in Sydney
Authors: Izadi Dariush , Parvaresh Vahid
Published: September 2016

This study provides an interpretive perspective on the linguistic landscape (LL) of ethnic Persian shops in the city of Sydney, Australia. Photographic data and ethnographic observations demonstrate how linguistic and cultural displays on ethnic Persian shops are organized in different frames which are driven by local symbolic markets. These frames are investigated through an analysis of linguistic and semiotic resources drawn on these ethnic premises. The study also illustrates that the trajectory of the Persian language and its semiotic resources as mediational tools frame the collective identity of the sign producers (social actors) and symbolic and cultural means that are activated in the LL of such ethnic shops. These framing devices promote minority languages, Persian in specific, as valuable resources and commodities in the multicultural context of Sydney, and point to the possible impact of those resources on the local political economy of language. In addition, the findings reinforce the view that patterns of multilingualism are not static and are influenced by a number of factors such as cultural, economic and linguistic resources which individuals and officials use in the public space.
Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum)‐Based Products
Authors: McSweeney Matthew B. , Seetharaman Koushik , Dan Ramdath D. , Duizer Lisa M.
Published: September 2016

Celiac disease and gluten sensitivities, as well as obesity and overweight‐related disorders, have led to the investigation of gluten‐free grains and development of new food products. To address this, refined proso millet and refined corn (control), both gluten‐free grains, were used to produce four different product types (muffin, couscous, extruded snack, and porridge). The products contained four different grain combinations (100% proso millet, 75% proso millet/25% corn, 25% proso millet/75% corn, and 100% corn). All products were evaluated for their nutritional composition, in vitro starch digestibility, and expected glycemic index (eGI). Products made with refined proso millet had increased protein (7.6–11.3%), lipid (1.2–6.1%), fiber (7.0–8.8%), and phenolic content (323.5–425 μg/g) compared with those incorporating corn flour (2.5–9.0%, 0.8–4.0%, 2.1–4.1%, and 213–315 μg/g, respectively). As the proso millet content increased, the eGI decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Products made from refined proso millet appear to be good candidates for producing low‐GI, gluten‐free foods.
Genomics-Based Marker Discovery and Diagnostic Assay Development for Wheat Blast
Authors: Pieck Michael L. , Ruck Amy , Farman Mark L. , Peterson Gary L. , Stack James P. , Valent Barbara , Pedley Kerry F.
Published: September 2016

Wheat blast has emerged as a major threat to wheat production in South America. Although originally restricted to Brazil, the disease has since been observed in the neighboring countries of Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay and recently the pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum pathotype, was isolated from infected wheat in Bangladesh. There is growing concern that the pathogen may continue to spread to other parts of the world, including the United States, where several M. oryzae pathotypes are endemic. M. oryzae pathotypes are morphologically indistinguishable and, therefore, must be characterized genotypically. Symptoms of wheat blast include bleaching of the head, which closely resembles the symptoms of Fusarium head blight, further complicating efforts to monitor for the presence of the pathogen in the field. We used a genomics-based approach to identify molecular markers unique to the Triticum pathotype of M. oryzae. One of these markers, MoT3, was selected for the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assay that was evaluated for specificity using DNA from 284 M. oryzae isolates collected from a diverse array of host species. Conventional PCR primers were designed to amplify a 361-bp product, and the protocol consistently amplified from as little as 0.1 ng of purified DNA. The specificity of the MoT3-based assay was also evaluated using Fusarium spp. DNA, from which no amplicons were detected.
Lactic Acid Bacteria Cause a Leaf Blight and Bulb Decay of Onion (Allium cepa)
Authors: Bonasera Jean M. , Asselin Jo Ann E. , Beer Steven V.
Published: September 2016

Several members of the lactic acid bacteria group were isolated from diseased onion plants and bulbs. Based on growth characteristics and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and rpoA genes, the strains were identified as Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and three species of Leuconostoc, i.e., citreum, mesenteroides, and pseudomesenteroides. Pathogenic potential to onion leaves and mature onion bulbs was assessed. L. plantarum and all three Leuconostoc species caused symptoms in both leaves and bulbs. L. lactis caused scale discoloration in bulbs but failed to cause lesions on leaves. Leuconostoc citreum caused bulb decay in 7 days at 18°C as well as 37°C. This is the first report of a group of gram-positive bacteria able to cause disease in onion leaves.
Development and Evaluation of ELISA and qRT-PCR for Identification of Squash vein yellowing virus in Cucurbits
Authors: Webster Craig G. , Turechek William W. , Li Weimin , Kousik Chandrasekar S. , Adkins Scott
Published: September 2016

Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) causes viral watermelon vine decline. To facilitate detection of SqVYV, enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) diagnostic methods were developed. Both methods were capable of detecting SqVYV in a wide range of cucurbit hosts. ELISA was able to detect virus in infected host tissue diluted to at least 1:2,560, which was sufficient for detection in symptomatic squash and watermelon plants. The qRT-PCR method was capable of reliably detecting as few as 3.4 copies of a cloned fragment of SqVYV genomic RNA with an average cycle threshold (Ct) value of 36.4. The sensitivities and specificities for each detection method were estimated by latent class analysis for a set of inoculated squash and watermelon plants at two sampling scales. The scales were hierarchical, with individual plants representing the upper scale and samples from the plant representing the lower scale. The number of samples per plant varied from 1 to 8, and a plant was diagnosed positive if any of its samples tested positive. For all analyses, a cutoff Ct of 35 was chosen for qRT-PCR, which is approximately 2.5 cycles lower than the lowest Ct value achieved for mock-inoculated plants (presumed to be a false positive). qRT-PCR showed high sensitivities (≥0.99) at both sampling scales for squash and watermelon, whereas the sensitivities for ELISA ranged from 0.58 to 0.76. The specificities for both tests were very similar (≥0.94), with ELISA sometimes outperforming qRT-PCR. These diagnostic methods provide additional tools for the identification of SqVYV and management of SqVYV-induced watermelon vine decline.
PCR Multiplexes DiscriminateFusariumSymbionts of InvasiveEuwallaceaAmbrosia Beetles that Inflict Damage on Numerous Tree Species Throughout the United States
Authors: Short Dylan P. G. , O’Donnell Kerry , Stajich Jason E. , Hulcr Jiri , Kijimoto Teiya , Berger Matthew C. , Macias Angie M. , Spahr Ellie J. , Bateman Craig C. , Eskalen Akif , Lynch Shannon C. , Cognato Anthony I. , Cooperband Miriam F. , Kasson Matthew T.
Published: September 2016

Asian Euwallacea ambrosia beetles vector Fusarium mutualists. The ambrosial fusaria are all members of the ambrosia Fusarium clade (AFC) within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). Several Euwallacea–Fusarium mutualists have been introduced into nonnative regions and have caused varying degrees of damage to orchard, landscape, and forest trees. Knowledge of symbiont fidelity is limited by current identification methods, which typically requires analysis of DNA sequence data from beetles and the symbionts cultured from their oral mycangia. Here, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic tools were developed to identify the six Fusarium symbionts of exotic Euwallacea spp. currently known within the United States. Whole-genome sequences were generated for representatives of six AFC species plus F. ambrosium and aligned to the annotated genome of F. euwallaceae. Taxon-specific primer-annealing sites were identified that rapidly distinguish the AFC species currently within the United States. PCR specificity, reliability, and sensitivity were validated using a panel of 72 Fusarium isolates, including 47 reference cultures. Culture-independent multiplex assays accurately identified two AFC fusaria using DNA isolated from heads of their respective beetle partners. The PCR assays were used to show that Euwallacea validus is exclusively associated with AF-4 throughout its sampled range within eastern North America. The rapid assay supports federal and state agency efforts to monitor spread of these invasive pests and mitigate further introductions.
Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Qualitative and Quantitative Resistance to the Dicarboximide Fungicide Iprodione in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Field Isolates
Authors: Sang Hyunkyu , Popko James T. , Chang Taehyun , Jung Geunhwa
Published: September 2016

The dicarboximide fungicide class is commonly used to control Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the causal agent of dollar spot on turfgrass. Despite frequent occurrences of S. homoeocarpa field resistance to iprodione (dicarboximide active ingredient), the genetic mechanisms of iprodione resistance have not been elucidated. In this study, 15 field isolates (seven suspected dicarboximide resistant, three multidrug resistance (MDR)-like, and five dicarboximide sensitive) were used for sequence comparison of a histidine kinase gene, Shos1, of S. homoeocarpa. The suspected dicarboximide-resistant isolates displayed nonsynonymous polymorphisms in codon 366 (isoleucine to asparagine) in Shos1, while the MDR-like and sensitive isolates did not. Further elucidation of the Shos1 function, using polyethylene glycol–mediated protoplast transformation indicated that S. homoeocarpa mutants (Shos1I366N) from a sensitive isolate gained resistance to dicarboximides but not phenylpyrrole and polyols. The deletion of Shos1 resulted in higher resistance to dicarboximide and phenylpyrrole and higher sensitivity to polyols than Shos1I366N. Levels of dicarboximide sensitivity in the sensitive isolate, Shos1I366N, and Shos1 deletion mutants were negatively correlated to values of iprodione-induced expression of ShHog1, the last kinase in the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway. Increased constitutive and induced expression of the ATP-binding cassette multidrug efflux transporter ShPDR1 was observed in six of seven dicarboximide-resistant isolates. In conclusion, S. homoeocarpa field isolates gained dicarboximide resistance through the polymorphism in Shos1 and the overexpression of ShPDR1.
Radiographic and Respiratory Effects of Growing Rods in Children With Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Lenhart Rachel L. , Youlo Sylvester , Schroth Mary K. , Noonan Kenneth J. , McCarthy James , Mann David , Hetzel Scott , Sund Sarah A. , Halanski Matthew A.
Published: September 2016

Background:

Respiratory weakness and spinal deformity are common in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Posterior (distraction type) growing rods have recently gained favor as a treatment option in this population, due to their ability to prevent spinal deformity progression and their potential to allow lung volumes to increase over time. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of posterior growing rods on the spinal alignment and respiratory function in children with SMA with intermediate term follow-up.

Methods:

A single center, retrospective review was performed on SMA patients treated with growing rods, inserted between 2004 and 2010, with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. SMA type, changes in the route of bi-level positive airway pressure respiratory support and the amount of time receiving respiratory support are reported. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and radiographs were reviewed and data evaluated preinsertion, postinsertion, and at latest follow-up.

Results:

Sixteen children with SMA (5 type I, 11 type II) met inclusion criteria. The average age of insertion was 5.8 (±1.5) years, the median number of lengthenings was 4 (range, 3 to 5), and the median time between insertion and last clinical review was 4.7 (range, 2.7 to 9.5) years. Radiographic review demonstrated significant (P<0.05) improvements in the following: Spinal curve magnitude, pelvic obliquity, space available for the lung, rib vertebral angle difference, and thoracic kyphosis following growing rod implantation. Thoracic and lumbar height and chest width and depth increased significantly (P<0.05) over the lengthening process. None of the patients initially required more than noninvasive positive pressure ventilation support. Fifteen of the 16 experienced no changes in their noninvasive positive pressure ventilation support needs throughout the study duration, requiring support only at night and naps. Serial PFTs were available for 6 children with SMA type II. PFTs demonstrated significant improvements in absolute forced vital capacity (FVC), minimal changes in the maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and a gradual worsening of percent predicted FVC.

Conclusions:

Clinical respiratory support requirements appear to stabilize following the insertion and lengthening of posterior based growing rods in the SMA population. Similar to previous studies, increased spinal height and thoracic cavity size were noted throughout the process. Despite an increasing absolute FVC, the percent predicted FVC diminished over time.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV—therapeutic.