bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criminal law as a means of protecting human rights and freedoms in the modern world
Authors: Haltsova Viktoriia V. , Kharytonov Sergiy O. , Khramtsov Oleksandr M. , Zhytnyi Oleksandr O. , Vasyliev Andrii A.
Published: October 2021

This paper is a comprehensive study of the problems of criminal law as a remedy for human rights and freedoms in the modern world. The relevance of this subject lies in the systematic violations of constitutional human rights and freedoms and the inaction of the criminal law in such cases. Nowadays, the criminal law as a remedy for human rights and freedoms in national and international law is described by imperfection in its adaptation to rapidly changing social relations, which, accordingly, leads to problems in their legal protection. There are various reasons for this in the legal sphere, such as gaps in the legal provisions, conflicts of legal regulation and inconsistency of the rules of legislation with existing public relations in the state. All of the above determines the relevance of the subject matter of this study. Thus, the purpose of this study was a comprehensive analysis of theoretical and applied issues relating to the remedies for human rights and legitimate interests against socially dangerous encroachments, and the formulation of scientifically sound proposals for improving the current legislation of Ukraine and the practice of its application in this area. Ultimately, this study identified the legal characteristics of human rights and freedoms at both the national and international levels. The remedies for rights were demonstrated through the lens of criminal law. In addition, the study analysed the forms of implementation of international practice in the national legislation of Ukraine as a remedy for human rights and freedoms in the modern world. The significance of the results of this study was expressed in the further research of related subjects concerning this issue, namely the history of the development of EU criminal law standards and the historical establishment of the concept of human and citizen rights and legitimate interests. Furthermore, the materials of this study can be used in the preparation of educational materials, methodological recommendations, as well as training in various fields of legal science. This, in turn, will allow properly using the criminal law protection of human rights and freedoms without violations on the part of criminal justice bodies
Human rights and positive obligations of the state
Authors: Kovalchuk Vitaliy B. , Zharovska Iryna M. , Gutiv Bohdan I. , Melnychenko Bogdana B. , Panchuk Iryna O.
Published: October 2021

At present, both the international and the regional levels of human rights protection lack an express definition of the positive obligation of states to protect human rights. Similarly, the doctrine lacks a unified opinion regarding this concept. For quite a long time, human rights were considered as such that give rise to so-called negative obligations of states to refrain from human rights violations. However, with the development of international human rights law, it is increasingly recognised that human rights also give rise to positive obligations of the state to take active measures to ensure these rights. Such obligations usually derive from international human rights treaties or from the interpretation of international judicial bodies that monitor the implementation of corresponding international treaties. Therefore, it is crucial for the doctrine and practice of international law in the field of human rights protection to analyse the positive obligations of the state, which are consolidated in international treaties and the practice of international judicial bodies. The purpose of this study is to analyse human rights and positive obligations of the state in the context of regional mechanisms for the protection of human rights. Among the general scientific methods, the study used the analysis and synthesis, as well as deduction, induction, prediction, modeling, analogy and other general scientific methods. A thorough study of the positive obligations of the state would be impossible even without the use of special methods of study and cognition, which include comparative legal, historical and legal, technical, and structural-functional methods. In particular, one of the leading research methods was the comparative legal method, which was used to study the practice of regional mechanisms for the protection of human rights. The study provides an overview of the modern interpretation of positive obligations of states. Specifically, this study focuses on the practice of the European, Inter-American and African Human Rights Courts in the context of applying the state's positive obligations
The problem of the nation and national values in the ideology of Marxism
Authors: Aralbay Saken , Telebaev Gaziz , Bekezhan Оmirbek , Sagatova Assem , Abdrahmanova Kamchat
Published: October 2021

Analysis of the influence of the ideas of Marxism on the national values of the Kazakh people in the Western and Soviet Union were founded by K. Marx and his ideological partner F. Engels. Although the ideas of Marxism were intended to resolve the economic and social contradictions that occurred in Western countries, they belonged to this view. And the communist ideology, formed on the basis of Marxism, bypassed Western culture and radically changed the national values of the Kazakh state within the Soviet Union, the culture of thinking. Identification of the main mistakes in the ideas of Marxism and the consequences of one-sided scientific concepts took place in further development. In this article the author analyzes the Soviet government on the way of creating a formation of communism with the definition of one-sided scientific factors that took place in the ideology of Marxism and the state of Kazakhstan that was part of Soviet Union and its cultural essence. The author proves that the main mistake in the ideology of Marxism is that the problems of national values remain outside the process of society; ideologists turned a blind eye to this problem and as a result, have lost the existing opportunities
Technique of generalization of results of comparative historical and legal research
Authors: Honcharenko Volodymyr D. , Shyhal Denys A.
Published: October 2021

This study investigates the technique of organising the information obtained during the comparative historical and legal analysis. The main methods of data systematisation include classification and typologization. Classification is manifested in the division of objects into certain classes and can be based on a variety of criteria. Therewith, each individual classification should be performed based only on one feature. In contrast to the classification, typologization can be performed on a set of essential features and is aimed at understanding the essence of the phenomena under study. Any historical and legal typologization depends on the selected criteria. The result of comparative historical and legal analysis can be the production of entire arrays of information, to organise which it is advisable to use methods of cluster analysis. Cluster analysis constitutes a set of techniques that allow classifying multidimensional observations, and its purpose is to create clusters – groups of similar objects. This study also provides an algorithm for using cluster analysis. All the above methods of information systematisation serve as the basis for further evaluation of the data obtained, the main element of which is an explanation. It is in the process of explanation that the essential aspects and relations of the compared historical and legal objects are covered and the internal causal relationship between the studied state and legal phenomena is established. Evaluation of the results of comparative historical and legal research does not end with a simple explanation, but can also continue in scientific forecasting, the logical basis of which is the method of modelling. The process of modelling at the stage of systematisation and evaluation of the results of comparative historical and legal research takes place in several stages, which are also covered in this study
Legal regulation of liability for violation of transfer pricing requirements
Authors: Hetman Kateryna
Published: October 2021

Problem setting. Given that transfer pricing is a rather complex legal phenomenon, its application is characterized by a number of features, in practice there are often violations of tax legislation on transfer formation.

Analysis of recent research. It is significant that the legal regulation of liability for violations of tax legislation and transfer pricing have been the subject of research by many scholars, in particular, such as: O. Dmytryk, D. Kobylnik, A. Kotenko, M. Kucheryavenko, O. Makukh, M. Mishin, E. Smychok and others. At the same time, the study of legal regulation of liability for violation of transfer pricing requirements was almost not conducted. In view of the above, the purpose of the article is to study the legal regulation of liability for violation of the requirements of transfer education.

Article’s main body. In the article the author analyzes the modern legal regulation of liability for violation of transfer pricing requirements. Emphasis is placed on the need to improve the updated concept of financial responsibility by consolidating negligence as a possible form of guilt in tax offenses, determining the content of the assessment categories.

Conclusions. It is noted that the state regulation of transfer pricing should be aimed not only at resolving issues of replenishment of the state budget by increasing tax revenues by reducing "loopholes" in the form of transfer prices, but also to maintain market relations and improve the efficiency of companies and their divisions.
To the problems of contractual regulation of international mixed cargo transportation
Authors: Postnova Natalia
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the problems of contractual regulation of international mixed cargo transportation. Attention is paid to the lack of unification of international legislation, which would determine the main provisions and specifics of the conclusion, change, implementation and termination of contractual relations of international mixed cargo transportation. The author concludes that concluding the contract, the parties must determine the form of the contract, its terms, the order of interaction, as well as choose the pro forma of the document of mixed transportation of goods.
EU values reflection in ECtHR case law
Authors: Boichuk Dmytro , Torhashova Kateryna
Published: October 2021

The article focuses on the importance of the European Union's values in the development of the legal system of the member states of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and for the functioning of the European Union, further integration processes and their reflection in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The ideological interpretation and practical implementation of these decisions are reflected.
Ensuring the rights of refugees in case of bringing administrative responsibility as a guarantee of realization of their legal status in Ukraine
Authors: Golub Valeriia
Published: October 2021

Problem setting. One of the important factors that play a key role in the observance of human rights and freedoms, including such categories of foreign citizens and stateless persons as refugees in case of administrative prosecution - is the functioning of state institutions to guarantee these rights, the use of all. The decisive place in this problem belongs to the activities of the state of Ukraine, which in connection with the formation of social relations related to the stay of refugees on its territory, protection of this category of persons from political persecution , should ensure the adoption of relevant legal acts aimed primarily at the protection of rights and freedoms. administrative penalty. As a result, there are real risks of violating the rights and freedoms of the person to whom these penalties apply.

Analysis of recent researches and publications. Problems of protection of rights and freedoms of refugees in case of bringing them to administrative responsibility were devoted to the work of such scientists as: V. Averyanov, O. Bandurka, O. Bezpalova, Yu. Bityak, O. Dzhafarova, A. Komzyuk, V. Komzyuk, D. Lukyanets, O. Muzychuk, D. Priymachenko, O.S. Pronevich ect.

The purpose of the article is to investigate and analyze the importance of ensuring the rights of refugees in case of bringing them to administrative responsibility, to consider this issue as one of the guarantees of legal status of refugees in Ukraine.

Article’s main body. The article considers the issue of observance of the rights and freedoms of this category of foreign citizens and stateless persons as refugees in case of committing offenses and bringing them to administrative responsibility. The issue of ensuring both international legal acts approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and legal documents on behalf of the state of Ukraine gives grounds to believe that in case of involvement of this category of persons (if they are in Ukraine legally) to administrative responsibility, they have the same rights as citizens of Ukraine.

Conclusions. The peculiarities of the relevant provisions of the administrative legislation of Ukraine on the peculiarities of bringing foreign citizens and stateless persons, including refugees to administrative responsibility, are analyzed. The significance of the ratio of observance of the rights and freedoms of refugees in case of bringing to administrative responsibility and necessity of non-alternative fulfillment of requirements of legal norms of the current administrative legislation of Ukraine is determined.
Captain Vivian Hewitt and the fate of his collection of birds’ eggs and specimens
Authors: Clugston David , Fuller Errol
Published: October 2021

Vivian Hewitt was a little-known collector of natural history specimens (mainly birds and their eggs) during the early and middle years of the twentieth century. Although an obscure figure his influence on the museum world of his time – and later – was considerable and his collection of Great Auk material became almost legendary. Some of his story and that of his collection is a matter of published record but many elements remain obscure. In this study, we present previously unpublished details of Hewitt’s extraordinary life.
On the compatibility of data flows of multinational corporations for making decisions (on the example of PJSC Gazprom Neft)
Authors: Судакова Е.В.
Published: October 2021

В статье рассмотрен вопрос о принятии решений на основе данных отечественной и международной отчетности ПАО «Газпром нефть». Проведен анализ отчетности по РСБУ и МФСО. Исследование подтвердило наличие тесной корреляции между прибылью до налогообложения, выручкой, внеоборотными активами, обязательствами и её отсутствие между капиталом, оборотными активами, чистой прибылью. Построена модель связи прибыли до налогообложения, которая соответствует данным между РСБУ и МФСО.

The article deals with the issue of making decisions based on the data of domestic and international reporting of Gazprom Neft PJSC. The analysis of the reporting under RAS and IFRS was carried out. The study confirmed the presence of a close correlation between profit before tax, revenue, fixed assets, liabilities and its absence between capital, current assets, net profit. A model of the connection between profit before taxation has been built, which corresponds to the data between RAS and IFRS.
A FEW QUESTIONS ABOUT THE HONG KONG DEBT MARKET THAT MAKE IT NECESSARY TO REFORM IT
Authors: Шуплецов А.Л.
Published: October 2021

Гонконг является одним из мировых финансовых центров, но только если мы не имеем в виду его долговой рынок. В сравнении с аналогичными рынками США, Европы и даже России, долговой рынок Гонконга можно охарактеризовать как слаборазвитый и неликвидный. В подтверждение этого факта в данной статье рассматриваются такие вопросы, как доля биржевой и внебиржевой торговли облигациями в Гонконге; условия для инвестирования в банковские облигации для инвесторов-физических лиц; вопросы защиты инвесторов при вложении в акции и облигации; сложившийся на долговом рынке инвестиционный гэп; доступ розничного инвестора к информации об эмиссиях, эмитенте и долговом рынке Гонконга. В заключении даются рекомендации автора по реформированию гонконгского рынка облигаций.

Hong Kong is one of the world's financial centers, but only if we do not mean its debt market. In comparison with similar markets in the United States, Europe, and even Russia, Hong Kong's debt market can be described as underdeveloped and illiquid. In support of this fact, this article discusses such issues as the share of exchange-traded and OTC bond trading in Hong Kong; conditions for investing in bank bonds for individual investors; issues of investor protection when investing in stocks and bonds; the investment gap that has developed in the debt market; the retail investor access to information about the share issue, the Issuer and the bond market in Hong Kong. In conclusion, the author's recommendations on the reform of the Hong Kong bond market are given.
METHODICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FORMING AN INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF RUSSIA’S FEDERAL CONSTITUENT ENTITIES ON DIRECTIONS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL PROJECTS
Authors: Алешин Д.В.
Published: October 2021

Статья посвящена формированию методики интегративной оценки социально–экономического потенциала регионов России по направлениям реализации национальных проектов, что обусловливает значимость результатов исследования и возможности практического использования полученных результатов как региональными, так и федеральными органами государственной власти. Исследование базируется на внедрении конкурентно-ориентированного подхода при осуществлении программно-целевого управления и учете доверия населения при реализации государственной политики.

The article is devoted to the formation of an integrative assessment methodology of the socio-economic potential of Russian regions in the areas of implementation of national projects, which determines the significance of the research results and the possibility of practical use of the results obtained by both regional and federal government bodies. The study is based on the introduction of a competitive approach in the implementation of target-oriented management and taking into account public confidence in the implementation of public policy.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE EXTERNAL AUDIT QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM
Authors: Чая В.Т. , Кобозева Н.В.
Published: October 2021

Контроль качества работы аудиторов способствует повышению качества финансовой информации, в связи с чем рост его результативности имеет особое значение не только на уровне отрасли, но и общества и государства в целом. Международный опыт организации контроля в аудите основан на дедуктивном методе, акцентирующем на тестинге системы внутреннего контроля проверяемого объекта. Российская практика внешнего контроля ориентирована на индуктивный подход, предполагающий широкий круг отобранных для проверки заданий, что обуславливает ресурсозатратность и формализацию подхода. Трансформация парадигмы концепции контроля с учетом международного опыта будет способствовать обеспечению перехода от формального подхода к проверкам по существу, а также повышению его результативности и эффективности.

Quality control of the work of auditors contributes to improving the quality of financial information, and therefore the growth of its effectiveness is of particular importance not only at the level of the industry, but also for society and the state as a whole. The international experience of the organization of control in audit is based on the deductive method, which focuses on testing the internal control system of the audited object. The Russian practice of external control is focused on the inductive approach, which assumes a wide range of tasks that are selected for verification, which causes resource consumption and formalization of the approach. The transformation of the paradigm of the concept of control, taking into account international experience, will help to ensure the transition from a formal approach to substantive checks and increase its effectiveness.
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT BASED ON KNOWLEDGE FLOWS IN DIGITALIZATION
Authors: Бальчик Э.А.
Published: October 2021

Данная статья посвящена исследованию современных практик управления знаниями в процессе осуществления инновационной деятельности организаций и функционирования инновационного развития национальной экономики. В результате исследования выявлены особенности управления знаниями в процессе осуществления инновационной деятельности в рамках модели «пятерной спирали» и проанализированы ресурсы возникновения знаний в отечественной экономике. Обосновано, что основной целью деятельности организаций и формировании инновационной национальной экономики является достижение максимально эффективной организации совокупности процессов создания знаний, группировки знаний, хранения знаний и использования знаний.

This article is devoted to the study of modern knowledge management practices in the process of implementing innovative activities of organizations and the functioning of the innovative development of the national economy. As a result of the study, the features of knowledge management in the process of implementing innovative activities within the framework of the “penta-helix” model were identified and the resources for the emergence of knowledge in the domestic economy were analyzed. It is substantiated that the main goal of the activities of organizations and the formation of an innovative national economy is to achieve the most effective organization of the set of processes for creating knowledge, grouping knowledge, storing knowledge and using knowledge.
Dependence of city socio-economic indicators on its forming enterprise economic results
Authors: Макаров В.М. , Медников М.Д. , Бичевая О.В.
Published: October 2021

В данной работе исследуется тенденция развития монопрофильных городов с изучением влияния на них деятельности градообразующих предприятий, а также анализируется уровень социально-экономического развития моногородов, который в большей степени зависит от эффективности производства и деятельности одного предприятия, оценивается эффективность государственной поддержки моногородов и предлагаются направления совершенствования механизмов такой поддержки в части привлечения долгосрочных источников финансирования инвестиций. В результате статистического анализа сформулированы основные связи экономики моногорода и градообразующего предприятия.

This paper examines the development of single-industry cities and the influence on their development of the activities of city-forming enterprises. The paper also analyzes the level of socio-economic development of single-industry cities, which largely depends on the efficiency of production and the activities of one enterprise, evaluates the effectiveness of state support for single-industry cities and suggests ways to improve mechanisms of such support in terms of attracting long-term sources of investment financing. As a result of the statistical analysis, the main links between the economy of a monotown and a city-forming enterprise have been formulated.
PROBLEMS IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION BANKING SYSTEM IN CONNECTION WITH THE PANDEMIC AND WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION
Authors: Ситникова О. Г. , Посная Е.А. , Казнова М.И. , Заярная К.Г.
Published: October 2021

В статье рассматриваются интересные и актуальные вопросы и проблемы, связанные с функционированием банковских учреждений Российской Федерации в условиях пандемии коронавируса. Выделены основные проблемные направления, которые присутствуют в настоящее время в банковской сфере из-за «коронакризиса», обозначены последствия и предложены пути решения проблемных вопросов. Также проведен анализ финансовой ситуации в банковских учреждениях Российской Федерации. Акцент сделан на таких параметрах как капитал, платежеспособность, ликвидность, профицит. Произведено сравнение основных финансовых показателей деятельности банковских учреждений до пандемии и в настоящее время. Исследована динамика на рынке потребительского кредитования банковскими учреждениями Российской Федерации, выявлены и обоснованы основные тенденции. Проанализированы действующие направления поддержки работы банковского сектора со стороны государства. Сделаны соответствующие выводы и даны рекомендации.

The article examines interesting and topical issues and problems related to the functioning of banking institutions of the Russian Federation in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. The main problem areas that are currently present in the banking sector due to the "coronacrisis" are highlighted, the consequences are indicated and ways of solving problematic issues are proposed. The analysis of the financial situation in banking institutions of the Russian Federation was also carried out. The emphasis is on such parameters as capital, solvency, liquidity, surplus. Comparison of the main financial indicators of banking institutions' activities before the pandemic and at present is made. The dynamics of the consumer lending market by banking institutions of the Russian Federation is investigated, the main trends are identified and substantiated. The current directions of government support for the banking sector are analyzed. The corresponding conclusions are made and recommendations are given.
Accounting and analytical transformations in the formation and use of stocks at enterprises
Authors: Лейберт Т.Б. , Халикова Э.А. , Кадесникова О.В.
Published: October 2021

Важным аспектом в современной системе управления запасами в компании является информационно-аналитическое обеспечение как базовая информационная основа, которая формируется в корпоративной учетной системе, обрабатывается, интегрируется в формате управленческих отчетов, на основе которых принимаются оперативные и стратегические управленческие решения.
Научная статья посвящена проблеме учетно-аналитического обеспечения формировании и использовании запасов на предприятиях в условиях меняющегося законодательства. Основой эффективного управления запасами является информационно-аналитическое обеспечение, которое основано на грамотной классификации запасов и их оценке.
Авторами статьи предложена группировка запасов материально-технических ресурсов в зависимости от их категории. Разработана схема управления запасами материально-технических ресурсов в зависимости от потребности в материально-технических ресурсах на планируемый год. Проанализирован порядок формирования себестоимости запасов в зависимости от способов их поступления с учетом изменений учетного законодательства, внесенных ФСБУ 5/2019 «Запасы» и оценено влияние на качество учетно-аналитического обеспечения.

An important aspect in the modern inventory management system in the company is information and analytical support as the basic information basis, which is formed in the corporate accounting system, processed, integrated in the format of management reports, on the basis of which operational and strategic management decisions are made.
The scientific article is devoted to the problem of accounting and analytical support for the formation and use of reserves at enterprises in the context of changing legislation. The basis for effective inventory management is information and analytical support, which is based on a competent classification of reserves and their assessment.
The authors of the article proposed a grouping of stocks of material and technical resources depending on their category. A scheme for managing stocks of material and technical resources has been developed, depending on the need for material and technical resources for the planned year. The procedure for the formation of the cost of inventories was analyzed, depending on the methods of their receipt, taking into account changes in accounting legislation introduced by FSBU 5/2019 "Inventories" and the impact on the quality of accounting and analytical support was assessed.
Modern opportunities and threats of the banking sector of the Russian Federation
Authors: Диденко В.Ю.
Published: October 2021

В статье приводятся возможности, позволяющие отечественному банковскому сектору предлагать клиентам конкурентные услуги на уровне кредитных институтов Центральной и Восточной Европы. Развитие филиальных сетей дает возможность максимизировать охват населения банковскими услугами с перекрестными продажами других финансовых и нефинансовых услуг. Сформулированы основные проблемы, составляющие угрозу банковскому сектору, среди которых – мошеннические операции. В связи с этим предлагается сосредоточить внимание банков на системах идентификации клиентов для локализации операционного риска.

The article describes the opportunities that allow the domestic banking sector to offer customers competitive services at the level of credit institutions in Central and Eastern Europe. The development of branch networks makes it possible to maximize the coverage of the population with banking services with cross-selling of other financial and non-financial services. The main problems constituting a threat to the banking sector are formulated, including fraudulent transactions. In this regard, it is proposed to focus the attention of banks on customer identification systems to localize operational risk.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN WORLD ECONOMY, INVESTMENT POLICY AND PANDEMIC
Authors: Лучко М.Л.
Published: October 2021

Статья посвящена анализу современных трендов прямых иностранных инвестиций (ПИИ) в мировой экономики. Автор рассматривает объем, динамику и структуру ПИИ в последние годы, кроме того, анализируются процессы транснационализации, главную роль в которых играют транснациональные корпорации (ТНК), в том числе, на основе Индекса транснациональности. Выявляются топ-10 нефинансовых ТНК мира, а также топ-10 нефинансовых ТНК из развивающихся стран и стран с переходной экономикой, а также направления инвестиционной политики в современных условиях. В статье анализируется влияние пандемии на объем мировых ПИИ в 2020 г. и на инвестиционную политику государств, которые борются с пандемией.

This article is dedicated to the analysis of modern trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world economy. The author examines the volume, dynamics and structure of FDI in recent years, besides that, analyzes the processes of transnationalization where transnational corporations (TNCs) are playing the main role, in particular, based on the core of Transnationality Index.
The top 10 non-financial TNCs in the world, as well as the top 10 non-financial TNCs from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, as well as the directions of investment policy in modern conditions are identified. The impact of the pandemic on the volume of global FDI in 2020 and on the investment policies of states that are struggling with the pandemic is analyzed in the article
Social inequality is the engine of the economy
Authors: Буздалина О.Б.
Published: October 2021

Проблема неравенства является одной из ключевых проблем развития человечества, накладывающих отпечаток не только на экономику, но и на социальную, политическую, а также духовную сферу жизни общества. Появившись практически одновременно с зарождением человека как вида, она на протяжении нескольких тысячелетий волнует умы философов, так как напрямую сопряжена с такими вопросами, как поиск общественной справедливости и путей её достижения, оценка форм правления, построение идеального государства, обеспечение становления процветающего общества и многими другими.

The problem of inequality is one of the key problems of human development, which affects not only the economy, but also the social, political, and spiritual spheres of society. Having appeared almost simultaneously with the birth of man as a species, it has been exciting the minds of philosophers for several millennia, as it is directly connected with such issues as the search for social justice and ways to achieve it, the assessment of forms of government, the construction of an ideal state, ensuring the formation of a prosperous society, and many others.
BASIC APPROACHES TO DETERMINING EFFECTIVE DIRECTIONS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF AN ORTHODOX MONASTERY
Authors: Смулов А.М. , Рудяк Д.С.
Published: October 2021

В статье на исторических и современных примерах, документах РПЦ, рассматривается вопрос о целях, задачах и целесообразности ведения церковными учреждениями хозяйственной деятельности. В качестве характерного исторического примера рассматривается производственная и сельскохозяйственная деятельность Соловецкого монастыря. На основе современных нормативных документов Церкви и государства предлагаются базовые подходы к определению эффективных направлений организации производственной деятельности монастыря.

Based on historical and modern examples, documents of the ROC, the question of the goals, tasks and expediency of conducting economic activities by Church institutions is considered. The production and agricultural activities of the Solovetsky monastery are considered as a typical historical example. On the basis of modern normative documents of the Church and the state, basic approaches to determining effective directions for organizing the monastery's production activities are proposed.
FINANCIAL CYCLES IN THE ECONOMY AND IN ECONOMIC RESEARCH: A CASE STUDY IN CHINA
Authors: Qin Yong , Xu Zeshui , Wang Xinxin , Škare Marinko , Porada-Rochoń Małgorzata
Published: October 2021

This work explores the relationship between financial cycles in the economy and in economic research. To this aim, we take China as an empirical example, and an intuitive bibliometric analysis of selected terms concerning financial cycles in economic research is performed first. Both in the economy and in economic research, we then conduct singular spectrum analysis to further isolate and describe the specific length and amplitude of financial cycles for China based on quarterly time-series data. Finally, according to the estimated cycles that detrended by Hodrick-Prescott filter for financial and bibliometric variables, the Granger causality test scrutinizes the results of the first two steps. Moreover, a time-varying parameter vector autoregression model is estimated to quantitatively investigate the time-varying interaction between financial and bibliometric variables. Our study shows that financial cycles have a strong effect on the developments in the financial-related literature. In particular, the 2008 global financial crisis’s impulse intensity is significantly higher than in other periods. Surprisingly, discussions on financial cycles in the literature also have an impact on financial activities in real life. These findings contribute to nascent work on the patterns in financial cycles, thus providing a new and effective insight on the interpretation of financial activities.
Hypercubes of AGN Tori (HYPERCAT). I. Models and Image Morphology
Authors: Nikutta Robert , Lopez-Rodriguez Enrique , Ichikawa Kohei , Levenson N. A. , Packham Christopher , Hönig Sebastian F. , Alonso-Herrero Almudena
Published: October 2021

Near- and mid-infrared interferometers have resolved the dusty parsec-scale obscurer (torus) around nearby active galactic nuclei (AGNs). With the arrival of extremely large single-aperture telescopes, the emission morphology will soon be resolvable unambiguously, without modeling directly the underlying brightness distribution probed by interferometers today. Simulations must instead deliver the projected 2D brightness distribution as a result of radiative transfer through a 3D distribution of dusty matter around the AGN. We employ such physically motivated 3D dust distributions in tori around AGNs to compute 2D images of the emergent thermal emission, using Clumpy, a dust radiative transfer code for clumpy media. We demonstrate that Clumpy models can exhibit morphologies with significant polar elongation in the mid-infrared (i.e., the emission extends perpendicular to the dust distribution) on scales of several parsecs, in line with observations in several nearby AGNs. We characterize the emission and cloud distribution morphologies. The observed emission from near- to mid-infrared wavelengths generally does not trace the bulk of the cloud distribution. The elongation of the emission is sensitive to the torus opening angle or scale height. For cloud distributions with a flat radial profile, polar extended emission is realized only at wavelengths shorter than ∼18 μm, and shorter than ∼5 μm for steep profiles. We make the full results available through Hypercat, a large hypercube of resolved AGN torus brightness maps computed with Clumpy. Hypercat also comprises software to process and analyze such large data cubes and provides tools to simulate observations with various current and future telescopes.
Modeling the 2012 May 17 Solar Energetic Particle Event Using the AWSoM and iPATH Models
Authors: Li Gang , Jin Meng , Ding Zheyi , Bruno A. , de Nolfo G. A. , Randol B. M. , Mays L. , Ryan J. , Lario D.
Published: October 2021

We model the 2012 May 17 solar energetic particle event by combining the AWSoM and iPATH codes. Using this combined approach, we investigate particle acceleration when the parent coronal mass ejection (CME) is still close to the Sun. We have obtained reasonable agreements between our simulation and observations made by multiple spacecraft. We follow the three-dimensional CME and the CME-driven shock from their initiation using the AWSoM code for a period of 3 hours when the shock is below ∼20 R

s
. Above 20 R

s
, iPATH2D is used to follow the CME-driven shock. The plasma properties from the AWSoM code are fed into the iPATH model, where particle acceleration at the shock front is modelled and the instantaneous energetic particle spectra are obtained. The subsequent transport of these energetic particles in the solar wind is followed using the iPATH model. We obtain both the instantaneous particle spectra and particle fluence at 1 au, and we then compare them with observations. To account for uncertainties of magnetic field connectivity from 1 au to the shock, as well as uncertainties of the shock profiles, our model’s results are obtained as an ensemble average where, instead of considering Earth as a single point location, we consider multiple locations within 10 degrees in longitude and latitude from Earth. The effect of this model uncertainty mimics that of the field line meandering, as suggested by Bian & Li, but is of different origin. We suggest that a trustworthy solar energetic particle forecast should be made in an ensemble average approach.
Prospects of Gravitational Wave Detections from Common Envelope Evolution with LISA
Authors: Renzo M. , Callister T. , Chatziioannou K. , van Son L. A. C. , Mingarelli C. M. F. , Cantiello M. , Ford K. E. S. , McKernan B. , Ashton G.
Published: October 2021

Understanding common envelope (CE) evolution is an outstanding problem in binary evolution. Although the CE phase is not driven by gravitational wave (GW) emission, the inspiraling binary emits GWs that passively trace CE dynamics. Detecting this GW signal would provide direct insight into gas-driven physics. Even a non-detection might offer invaluable constraints. We investigate the prospects of detection of a Galactic CE by LISA. While the dynamical phase of the CE is likely sufficiently loud for detection, it is short and thus rare. We focus instead on the self-regulated phase that proceeds on a thermal timescale. Based on population-synthesis calculations and the (unknown) signal duration in the LISA band, we expect ∼0.1–100 sources in the Galaxy during the mission duration. We map the GW observable parameter space of frequency f
GW and its derivative

f

̇

GW

, remaining agnostic on the specifics of the inspiral and find that signals with signal-to-noise ratios > 10 are possible if the CE stalls at separations such that f
GW ≳ 2 × 10−3 Hz. We investigate the possibility of misidentifying the signal with other known sources. If the second derivative

f

̈

GW

can also be measured, the signal can be distinguished from other sources using a GW braking index. Alternatively, coupling LISA with electromagnetic observations of peculiar red giant stars and/or infrared and optical transients, might allow for the disentangling of a Galactic CE from other Galactic and extragalactic GW sources.
Lower-luminosity Obscured AGN Host Galaxies Are Not Predominantly in Major-merging Systems at Cosmic Noon
Authors: Lambrides Erini L. , Chiaberge Marco , Heckman Timothy , Kirkpatrick Allison , Meyer Eileen T. , Petric Andreea , Hall Kirsten , Long Arianna , Watts Duncan J. , Gilli Roberto , Simons Raymond , Tchernyshyov Kirill , Rodriguez-Gomez Vicente , Vito Fabio , de la Vega Alexander , Davis Jeffrey R. , Kocevski Dale D , Norman Colin
Published: October 2021

For over 60 yr, the scientific community has studied actively growing central supermassive black holes (active galactic nuclei, AGNs), but fundamental questions on their genesis remain unanswered. Numerical simulations and theoretical arguments show that black hole growth occurs during short-lived periods (∼107–108 yr) of powerful accretion. Major mergers are commonly invoked as the most likely dissipative process to trigger the rapid fueling of AGNs. If the AGN–merger paradigm is true, we expect galaxy mergers to coincide with black hole accretion during a heavily obscured AGN phase (N
H > 1023 cm−2). Starting from one of the largest samples of obscured AGNs at 0.5 < z < 3.1, we select 40 nonstarbursting lower-luminosity obscured AGNs. We then construct a one-to-one matched redshift and near-IR magnitude-matched nonstarbursting inactive galaxy control sample. Combining deep color Hubble Space Telescope imaging and a novel method of human classification, we test the merger–AGN paradigm prediction that heavily obscured AGNs are strongly associated with galaxies undergoing a major merger. On the total sample of 80 galaxies, we estimate each individual classifier’s accuracy at identifying merging galaxies/postmerging systems and isolated galaxies. We calculate the probability of each galaxy being in either a major merger or an isolated system, given the accuracy of the human classifiers and the individual classifications of each galaxy. We do not find statistically significant evidence that obscured AGNs at cosmic noon are predominantly found in systems with evidence of significant merging/postmerging features.
Resonant Dynamical Friction in Nuclear Star Clusters: Rapid Alignment of an Intermediate-mass Black Hole with a Stellar Disk
Authors: Szölgyén Ákos , Máthé Gergely , Kocsis Bence
Published: October 2021

We investigate the dynamical evolution of an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) in a nuclear star cluster hosting a supermassive black hole (SMBH) and both a spherical and a flattened disk-like distribution of stellar-mass objects. We use a direct N-body (φ
GPU) and an orbit-averaged (N-ring) numerical integrator to simulate the orbital evolution of stars and the IMBH. We find that the IMBH’s orbit gradually aligns with the stellar disk if their mutual initial inclination is less than 90°. If it is larger than 90°, i.e., counter-rotating, the IMBH does not align. Initially, the rate of orbital reorientation increases linearly with the ratio of the mass of the IMBH over the SMBH mass, and it is orders of magnitude faster than ordinary (i.e., Chandrasekhar) dynamical friction, particularly for high SMBH masses. The semimajor axes of the IMBH and the stars are approximately conserved. This suggests that the alignment is predominantly driven by orbit-averaged gravitational torques of the stars, a process that may be called resonant dynamical friction. The stellar disk is warped by the IMBH, and ultimately increases its thickness. This process may offer a test for the viability of IMBH candidates in the Galactic Center. Resonant dynamical friction is not limited to IMBHs; any object much more massive than disk particles may ultimately align with the disk. This may have implications for the formation and evolution of black hole disks in dense stellar systems and gravitational wave source populations for LIGO, VIRGO, KAGRA, and LISA.
A Grid of Synthetic Spectra for Subdwarfs: Non-LTE Line-blanketed Atmosphere Models
Authors: Pacheco Thayse A. , Diaz Marcos P. , Levenhagen Ronaldo S. , Coelho Paula R. T.
Published: October 2021

A new grid of detailed atmosphere model spectra for hot and moderately cool subdwarf stars is presented. High-resolution spectra and synthetic photometry are calculated in the range from 1000–10,000 Å using non-LTE fully line-blanketed atmosphere structures. Our grid covers eight temperatures within 10,000 ≤ T
eff [K] ≤ 65,000, three surface gravities in the range 4.5 ≤ log g [cgs] ≤ 6.5, two helium abundances matching two extreme helium-rich and helium-poor scenarios, and two limiting metallicity boundaries regarding both solar ([Fe/H] = 0) and Galactic halos ([Fe/H] = −1.5 and [α/Fe] = +0.4). Besides its application in the determination of fundamental parameters of subdwarfs in isolation and in binaries, the resulting database is also of interest for population synthesis procedures in a wide variety of stellar systems.
A Coscaling Grid for Athena++
Authors: Habegger Roark , Heitsch Fabian
Published: October 2021

We present a coscaling-grid formalism and its implementation in the magnetohydrodynamics code Athena++. The formalism relies on flow symmetries in astrophysical problems involving expansion, contraction, and center-of-mass motion. The grid is evolved at the same time order as the fluid variables. The user specifies grid evolution laws, which can be independent of the fluid motion. Applying our implementation to standard hydrodynamic test cases leads to improved results and higher efficiency, compared to the fixed-grid solutions.
Evolution of Switchbacks in the Inner Heliosphere
Authors: Tenerani Anna , Sioulas Nikos , Matteini Lorenzo , Panasenco Olga , Shi Chen , Velli Marco
Published: October 2021

We analyze magnetic field data from the first six encounters of Parker Solar Probe, three Helios fast streams and two Ulysses south polar passes covering heliocentric distances 0.1 ≲ R ≲ 3 au. We use this data set to statistically determine the evolution of switchbacks of different periods and amplitudes with distance from the Sun. We compare the radial evolution of magnetic field variances with that of the mean square amplitudes of switchbacks, and quantify the radial evolution of the cumulative counts of switchbacks per kilometer. We find that the amplitudes of switchbacks decrease faster than the overall turbulent fluctuations, in a way consistent with the radial decrease of the mean magnetic field. This could be the result of a saturation of amplitudes and may be a signature of decay processes of large amplitude Alfvénic fluctuations in the solar wind. We find that the evolution of switchback occurrence in the solar wind is scale dependent: the fraction of longer-duration switchbacks increases with radial distance, whereas it decreases for shorter switchbacks. This implies that switchback dynamics is a complex process involving both decay and in situ generation in the inner heliosphere. We confirm that switchbacks can be generated by the expansion, although other types of switchbacks generated closer to the Sun cannot be ruled out.