bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulated halocline variability in the Baltic Sea and its impact on hypoxia during 1961–2007
Authors: Väli Germo , Meier H. E. Markus , Elken Jüri
Published: November 2013

Salinity and halocline depth variations in the Baltic Sea during 1961–2007 are studied using a three‐dimensional ocean circulation model. Significant interannual and interdecadal variations in the halocline depth are found, together with distinct periods characterized either by shallow (1970–1975) or deep halocline (1990–1995). The model simulation indicates that the mean top layer salinity in the Baltic Sea is mainly controlled by the accumulated river runoff, while the mean below halocline salinity in the Baltic proper (which comprises Bornholm and Gotland basins) is more dependent on the low‐pass filtered zonal wind stress, with cutoff period of 4 years, henceforth called the mean zonal wind stress. The halocline depth and stratification strength in the Baltic Sea are significantly affected by the mean zonal wind stress, while the impact of runoff is smaller. The ventilation of the halocline from bottom layers is stronger during the shallow and from surface layers during the deep halocline period. Due to changes in ventilation variations in halocline depth systematically affect bottom oxygen concentrations on seasonal and decadal, but not on interannual time scales. For instance, a deeper halocline reduces hypoxic (oxygen concentration in bottom water below 2 mL/L) and anoxic (anoxic conditions in bottom water) areas and increases the bottom oxygen concentrations in the Gulf of Finland but decreases them in the deeper parts of the Baltic proper. Model results suggest that due to undersampling during 1961–2007 mean hypoxic and anoxic areas calculated from observed profiles are underestimated by 41% and 43%, respectively.
Problem‐Solving Strategies
Authors: Nezu Arthur M. , Nezu Christine Maguth
Published: November 2013

Problem‐solving therapy is a cognitive behavioral intervention, based on a biopsychosocial, diathesis–stress model of psychopathology, that involves training individuals in a series of skills geared to enhance their ability to cope effectively with a variety of life stressors thought to engender negative health and mental health outcomes. Problem‐solving therapy incorporates various training exercises, activities, and lessons that help clients overcome the following major obstacles to effective coping: cognitive overload, emotional dysregulation, negative thinking, low motivation, and ineffective problem‐solving strategies. Several meta‐analyses support its efficacy as an evidenced‐based intervention to treat a wide variety of clinical problems and patient populations, particularly depression. Research has also documented its flexibility in terms of differing implementation venues, including individual, couples, and group approaches, as well as over the telephone and Internet.
Attentional Bias Modification
Authors: Amir Nader , Conley Sara
Published: November 2013

Cognitive models of emotional disorders suggest that an information processing bias toward disorder‐relevant information plays a role in the etiology and maintenance of these disorders. For example, these models propose that biased attention toward disorder‐specific material may exacerbate anxiety and depression. More relevant to the goals of cognitive behavioral therapy, recent research suggests that changing attentional bias may result in the reduction of symptoms of emotional disorders. Converging evidence from multiple laboratories using related but distinct methodologies indicates that attention modification procedures may have clinical utility for cognitive behavioral therapists. Although promising, questions remain regarding the basic mechanisms involved in attention training as well as the best method for incorporating attention training into clinical practice.
Habit Reversal
Authors: Twohig Michael P. , Bluett Ellen J. , Morrison Kate L. , Woidneck Michelle R.
Published: November 2013

Habit reversal is a relatively simple behavior modification procedure used to help regulate repetitive behaviors such as oral digital habits, trichotillomania and skin picking, temporomandibular disorders, tic disorders, and stuttering. This chapter reviews the development of habit reversal and the likely mechanisms through which it works, and provides a cursory review of the major studies supporting its effectiveness. A general description of its clinical implementation is provided.
Chronic Pain
Authors: Morley Stephen J. , Vlaeyen Johan W. S.
Published: November 2013

The treatment of chronic pain is a significant problem for all health services. Pain is regarded as chronic when it has persisted for longer than 6 months. In clinical settings patients may have suffered for many years. This chapter outlines the various influences on the current practice of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain. There is evidence that when considered as a class of treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy is effective. However, there is considerable room for the development of more effective treatments. The complexity of chronic pain has led to rather general formulations of the problem of living with pain, and as a result many of the treatments are multicomponent, general, and rather imprecise. By way of illustration this chapter outlines the fear‐avoidance model and its application as a prototype for developing more effective treatments for problems generated by the experience of persistent pain.
Hypochondriasis
Authors: Asmundson Gordon J. G. , Peluso Daniel L. , Thibodeau Michel A. , Taylor Steven
Published: November 2013

Health anxiety—anxiety that occurs when perceived bodily sensations or changes are interpreted as symptoms of a serious disease—is a ubiquitous experience. In cases where health anxiety is characterized by disease conviction and maladaptive coping that impinges on functional ability, a diagnosis of hypochondriasis may be warranted. The purposes of this chapter are (a) to define health anxiety, (b) to outline the classification of hypochondriasis and related diagnoses, (c) to provide details pertaining to epidemiology, course, and prognosis, (d) to describe factors implicated in the etiology and maintenance of hypochondriasis, and (e) to provide an overview of assessment and treatment options and innovations. Issues pertinent to the forthcomingDSM‐5are also considered throughout.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Chalder Trudie
Published: November 2013

Chronic fatigue syndrome is characterized by severe fatigue and is associated with profound disability. Cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy are the treatments for which there is most evidence. Results from a large randomized controlled trial found that both cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy were superior to adaptive pacing therapy. About 20% of people recover and it is important clinically to share this optimistic message with patients. Evidence suggests that people's perceptions are important in mediating change in fatigue and physical functioning for both cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy.
Insomnia
Authors: Harvey Allison G. , Asarnow Lauren D.
Published: November 2013

Insomnia is a prevalent public health problem affecting large segments of the population on an occasional, recurrent, or chronic basis. Persistent insomnia is associated with significant impairments in daytime functioning, reduced quality of life, and increased health care costs. This chapter reviews several theories of insomnia and sleep, including Borbely's two process theory, the three‐P model (which emphasizes predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors), the behavioral model, the cognitive model, hyperarousal models, the neurocognitive model, several hybrid models, and the role of environmental factors. Diagnosis, assessment, and case formulation are discussed, with a focus on development (children and teens have a different sleep need relative to adults) and the presence of comorbidity. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is highlighted. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is an effective and well‐accepted treatment for insomnia. The pros and cons of taking a cognitive behavioral therapy approach to the treatment of insomnia are contrasted with a pharmacologic approach to treatment. Finally, a brief overview of other sleep disorders is included; namely, circadian rhythm disorders, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, and periodic limb movement disorder. Exogenous factors such as social rhythms, which may have a powerful impact on sleep, are also highlighted.
Women's Sexual Difficulties
Authors: Brotto Lori A. , Yule Morag A.
Published: November 2013

The treatment of sexual difficulties has traveled down a long and winding road. This chapter briefly examines some of the major approaches used. Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy dominated the field of sex therapy for many decades. There was a rapid pendulum shift with the pioneering work of Masters and Johnson, who presented a new model of the human sexual response cycle and a corresponding theory of sexual dysfunctions. This chapter presents the influential approach of Masters and Johnson, and also modern developments in treating women with sexual difficulties.
The Paraphilias
Authors: Marshall W. L. , Marshall L. E.
Published: November 2013

This chapter outlines the nature of the paraphilias and the problems attendant upon the various diagnoses. These issues are described separately for the offense‐related and nonoffending paraphilias, and an overall evaluation is made of the diagnostic reliability of these disorders. Assessments are described including the strategies for the development of a case formulation and a Therapist Rating Scale is suggested as a way to evaluate treatment progress. Treatment approaches for each of the disorders are described along with reports of meta‐analytic appraisals of treatment outcome. The final main section provides details of a “strength‐based” approach to treatment accompanied by long‐term outcome evaluations of 535 treated men over 5.4‐year and 8.4‐year follow‐ups. Finally, brief conclusions are offered with recommendations for the widespread adoption of strength‐based approaches to treatment.
Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
Authors: Knouse Laura E. , Safren Steven A.
Published: November 2013

Cognitive behavioral therapy for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults is a relatively new therapeutic approach with increasing empirical support in controlled trials. Non‐medication approaches to management of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder are necessary to help adults cope with core symptoms and the functional impairment across domains produced by this chronic condition. Over the past 20 years, several cognitive behavioral treatment packages have been developed and tested with two approaches recently meeting criteria as “probably efficacious treatments.” These treatments emphasize acquisition and maintenance of specific compensatory skills to help patients cope with symptoms, including organization, planning, and time management skills. Promising programs also integrate skills to help patients manage thoughts and emotions that can block skill use and lead to avoidant coping. Although there is some preliminary evidence concerning whether medication status or comorbid symptoms moderate treatment outcome, additional research is needed to examine treatment moderators, mechanisms of action, and methods of dissemination and implementation.
Depression, Bipolar Disorder, and Suicidal Behavior in Children
Authors: Freed Rachel D. , Chan Priscilla T. , Langer David A. , Tompson Martha C.
Published: November 2013

Mood disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder, affect a significant number of youth, increasing youths' risk for suicide. Cognitive behavioral therapy has strong empirical support as an effective treatment for youth mood disorders and for youth suicide attempters. This chapter provides a brief review of the field's understanding of youth mood disorders and summarizes the existing evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for youth mood disorders and suicidality. Specific cognitive behavioral therapy treatment components are described for youth with mood disorders and suicidality, including psychoeducation, behavioral activation, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, communication enhancement, social skills training, relaxation training, safety planning, and medication management. Finally, key treatment considerations when working with a youth population are discussed, and promising future directions for the study and treatment of youth mood disorders and suicidality are noted.
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Chow Candice , Pincus Donna B.
Published: November 2013

Anxiety disorders are one of the most common psychiatric conditions observed in children and adolescents worldwide, and can lead to significant impairments in academic, social, and family functioning. Child anxiety disorders frequently predict the development of other psychiatric disorders in later adolescence and adulthood, including subsequent anxiety disorders, conduct disorder, substance use disorders, and major depressive disorder. This chapter provides an overview of the etiology and clinical characteristics of anxious youth, as well as of evidence‐based cognitive behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Clinical descriptions are provided of separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, specific phobia, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. An outline of the main components of treatment for childhood anxiety disorders is provided. Furthermore, current research on the efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxious youth is reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of innovative adaptations of cognitive behavioral treatments for anxious children and adolescents.
Specific Phobia
Authors: Nowakowski Matilda E. , Rogojanski Jenny , Antony Martin M.
Published: November 2013

Specific phobias are the most prevalent anxiety disorder. Over the past 20 years, exposure‐based treatments have been identified as highly effective treatments for specific phobias. The present chapter provides a brief overview of the phenomenology, etiology, and maintenance of specific phobias, followed by a more thorough discussion of the assessment and treatment of specific phobias. The chapter emphasizes exposure‐based treatments for specific phobias, highlighting the process of developing an exposure hierarchy, the characteristics of successful exposure practices, and strategies for maximizing homework compliance. Other treatment approaches are also reviewed. The chapter concludes with a case example illustrating the assessment and treatment of a patient with a specific phobia of elevators.
Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Abramowitz Jonathan S. , Mahaffey Brittain L.
Published: November 2013

Obsessive‐compulsive disorder is an often debilitating anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted distressing thoughts, ideas, or impulses (i.e., obsessions) and urges to perform rituals to neutralize these thoughts and reduce distress (i.e., compulsions). Once considered a treatment refractory condition, obsessive‐compulsive disorder is now known to respond quite well to particular forms of psychological treatment. This chapter begins with an overview of cognitive behavioral treatment for obsessive‐compulsive disorder, including a description of the interventions and techniques as well as their conceptual underpinnings. The chapter also reviews latest treatment outcome research establishing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive‐compulsive disorder. A case is then presented to illustrate the use of cognitive behavioral techniques for this problem.
Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders
Authors: Capriotti Matthew R. , Espil Flint M. , Woods Douglas W.
Published: November 2013

Tourette syndrome is a childhood‐onset neuropsychiatric condition marked by the chronic presence of motor and vocal tics. Pharmacotherapy has traditionally been the treatment of choice for managing Tourette syndrome, but a growing body of evidence suggests that behavioral interventions may be equally useful. This chapter provides an overview of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders, and a discussion of various cognitive behavioral approaches to treatment. Evidence for each of these approaches is reviewed, and potential mediators and moderators relevant to psychosocial interventions for Tourette syndrome are discussed. Finally, a sample case is presented to illustrate the use of these therapeutic techniques in practice.
Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Moshier Samantha J. , Otto Michael W.
Published: November 2013

Research suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder can be a powerful adjunctive intervention for the treatment of bipolar disorder. This chapter provides a discussion of the empirical status of cognitive behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder, and an overview of intervention strategies and clinical issues unique to this patient group. Important treatment elements described here include psychoeducation, medication adherence strategies, mood monitoring and early intervention for mood episodes, cognitive restructuring, and lifestyle and stress management techniques.
Suicidality
Authors: Ward‐Ciesielski Erin F. , Linehan Marsha M.
Published: November 2013

Suicide is a consistent and considerable public health problem for which effective interventions are needed. This review outlines the weaknesses and shortfalls of the current research literature aimed at developing and evaluating interventions for this population. Randomized controlled trials targeting suicidal behaviors in which cognitive behavioral therapy interventions are compared to control interventions are summarized. Finally, common factors seen across those trials which have found significant differences between their cognitive behavioral therapy intervention and the control conditions are highlighted, and elements that are consistent across the trials that did not yield significant findings are also discussed.
Early detection of thrombin activity in neuroinflammatory disease
Authors: Davalos Dimitrios , Baeten Kim M. , Whitney Michael A. , Mullins Eric S. , Friedman Beth , Olson Emilia S. , Ryu Jae Kyu , Smirnoff Dimitri S. , Petersen Mark A. , Bedard Catherine , Degen Jay L. , Tsien Roger Y. , Akassoglou Katerina
Published: November 2013

Although multiple sclerosis (MS) has been associated with the coagulation system, the temporal and spatial regulation of coagulation activity in neuroinflammatory lesions is unknown. Using a novel molecular probe, we characterized the activity pattern of thrombin, the central protease of the coagulation cascade, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thrombin activity preceded onset of neurological signs, increased at disease peak, and correlated with fibrin deposition, microglial activation, demyelination, axonal damage, and clinical severity. Mice with a genetic deficit in prothrombin confirmed the specificity of the thrombin probe. Thrombin activity might be exploited for developing sensitive probes for preclinical detection and monitoring of neuroinflammation and MS progression. Ann Neurol 2014;75:303–308
Crossing disciplines ‐ A view on two‐dimensional optical spectroscopy
Authors: Brańczyk Agata M. , Turner Daniel B. , Scholes Gregory D.
Published: November 2013

Recent interest in the role of quantum mechanics in the primary events of photosynthetic energy transfer has led to a convergence of nonlinear optical spectroscopy, condensed matter and quantum physics on the topic of energy‐transfer dynamics in pigment‐protein complexes. The convergence of these communities has unveiled a mismatch between the background and terminology of the respective fields. To make connections, a pedagogical guide to understanding the basics of two‐dimensional spectra is provided aimed at researchers with a background in quantum mechanics and condensed matter.
Synthesis of Highly pH‐Responsive Glucose Poly(orthoester)
Authors: Li Lingyao , Xu Yi , Milligan Ian , Fu Liye , Franckowiak Emily A. , Du Wenjun
Published: November 2013

pH‐Responsive polymers have great potential in biomedical applications, including the selective delivery of preloaded drugs to tissues with low pH values. These polymers usually contain acid‐labile linkages such as esters and acetals/ketals. However, these linkages are only mildly pH‐responsive with relatively long half‐lives (t1/2). Orthoester linkages are more acid‐labile, but current methods suffer from synthetic challenges and are limited to the availability of monomers. To address these limitations, a sugar poly(orthoester) was synthesized as a highly pH‐responsive polymer. The synthesis was achieved by using 2,3,4‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl bromide as a difunctional AB monomer and tetra‐n‐butylammonium iodide (TBAI) as an effective promoter. Under optimal conditions, polymers with molecular weights of 6.9 kDa were synthesized in a polycondensation manner. The synthesized glucose poly(orthoester), wherein all sugar units were connected through orthoester linkages, was highly pH‐responsive with a half‐life of 0.9, 0.6, and 0.2 hours at pH 6, 5, and 4, respectively.
Chemie der Cyborgs – zur Verknüpfung technischer Systeme mit Lebewesen
Authors: Giselbrecht Stefan , Rapp Bastian E. , Niemeyer Christof M.
Published: November 2013

Die Bezeichnung “Cyborg” ist ein Akronym für einen kybernetischen Organismus, der eine Chimäre aus einem lebenden Organismus und einer Maschine beschreibt. Infolge der zahlreichen Anwendungen intrakorporaler medizinischer Systeme sind Cyborgs nicht mehr nur Gegenstand der Science‐Fiction, sondern technisch gesehen tatsächlich bereits ein Teil unserer Gesellschaft. In diesem Aufsatz fassen wir die Entwicklungen bei modernen Prothesen und Schnittstellen zwischen Gehirn und Maschine (brain–machine interface; BMI) zusammen und diskutieren die jüngsten Entwicklungen bei implantierbaren Systemen mit einem Fokus auf integrierter biokompatibler Elektronik und Mikrofluidik, die für die Kommunikation und Kontrolle von Organismen benutzt werden. Wir beschreiben neueste Beispiele von Tier‐Cyborgs und deren Relevanz für die biomedizinische Grundlagen‐ und Anwendungsforschung sowie für die Bioethik in diesem neuen und aufregenden Bereich an der Schnittstelle zwischen Chemie, Biomedizin und den Ingenieurwissenschaften.
Kontinuierliche oxidative Cyanierung primärer und sekundärer Amine mit Singulettsauerstoff
Authors: Ushakov Dmitry B. , Gilmore Kerry , Kopetzki Daniel , McQuade D. Tyler , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: November 2013

Primäre und sekundäre Amine können mit Singulettsauerstoff schnell und quantitativ zu den entsprechenden Iminen oxidiert werden. Ein temperierbarer, LED‐betriebener Durchflussphotoreaktor produziert in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen Tetraphenylporphyrin als Sensibilisator die reaktive Form des Sauerstoffs. α‐Aminonitrile konnten mit Trimethylsilylcyanid als In‐situ‐Abfangreagens in guten bis ausgezeichneten Ausbeuten hergestellt werden. Primäre Amine reagierten bei 25 °C aufgrund oxidativer Kupplung vor der Cyanidaddition zu den sekundären α‐Aminonitrilen. Überraschenderweise konnten erstmals primäre α‐Aminonitrile synthetisiert werden, indem die oxidative Strecker‐Reaktion bei −50 °C durchgeführt wurde. Dieser Prozess kann zur atomökonomischen und schutzgruppenfreien Herstellung racemischer Aminosäuren genutzt werden, was am Beispiel der Synthese von tert‐Leucinhydrochlorid aus Neopentylamin gezeigt wird.
Enantioselective Double Manipulation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines with Terminal Alkynes and Aldehydes under Copper(I) Catalysis
Authors: Lin Weilong , Cao Tao , Fan Wu , Han Yulin , Kuang Jinqiang , Luo Hongwen , Miao Bukeyan , Tang Xinjun , Yu Qiong , Yuan Weiming , Zhang Jiasheng , Zhu Can , Ma Shengming
Published: November 2013

Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids with a C1 stereogenic center are a common unit in many natural and non‐natural compounds of biological importance. Herein we describe a novel CuI‐catalyzed highly chemo‐ and enantioselective synthesis of chiral tetrahydroisoquinoline‐alkaloid derivatives from readily available unsubstituted tetrahydroisoquinolines, aldehydes, and terminal alkynes in the presence of the ligand (R,R)‐N‐pinap. This synthetic operation installs two substituents in the 1‐ and 2‐positions.
“Batch” Kinetics in Flow: Online IR Analysis and Continuous Control
Authors: Moore Jason S. , Jensen Klavs F.
Published: November 2013

Currently, kinetic data is either collected under steady‐state conditions in flow or by generating time‐series data in batch. Batch experiments are generally considered to be more suitable for the generation of kinetic data because of the ability to collect data from many time points in a single experiment. Now, a method that rapidly generates time‐series reaction data from flow reactors by continuously manipulating the flow rate and reaction temperature has been developed. This approach makes use of inline IR analysis and an automated microreactor system, which allowed for rapid and tight control of the operating conditions. The conversion/residence time profiles at several temperatures were used to fit parameters to a kinetic model. This method requires significantly less time and a smaller amount of starting material compared to one‐at‐a‐time flow experiments, and thus allows for the rapid generation of kinetic data.
Guinness Molecules: Identifying Lowest‐Energy Structures
Authors: Suhm Martin A.
Published: November 2013

“ Which is the most stable molecular structure of the sum formula C6H12O6? Nobody really knows yet, but for sure it is not glucose. The winners—and there is just one for every reasonable sum formula—might be termed ‘Guinness molecules ’ Read more in the Editorial by Martin Suhm.
Mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher‐Collins syndrome) in the fetus: Novel association with pectus carinatum in a molecularly confirmed case and review of the fetal phenotype
Authors: Konstantinidou Anastasia E. , Tasoulas Jason , Kallipolitis Georgios , Gasparatos Spyros , Velissariou Voula , Paraskevakou Helen
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

Treacher Collins syndrome is the most common mandibulofacial dysostosis of autosomal dominant or, rarely, recessive inheritance. Affected fetuses may be identified by prenatal ultrasound or diagnosed at autopsy in case of perinatal death or pregnancy termination.

METHODS

We describe the ultrasonographic, autopsy, and molecular findings in a 25‐week‐gestation affected fetus, and review the clinical, prenatal, and postmortem findings in 15 previously reported fetal and perinatal cases.

RESULTS

A nearly complete spectrum of the typical facial characteristics can be present by the early second trimester of gestation, including subtle defects such as lower eyelid colobomas. Mandibular hypoplasia and bilateral auricle defects were constant findings in the affected fetal population. Downslanting palpebral fissures were the second more common feature, followed by midface hypoplasia, polyhydramnios, and ocular defects. Association with Pierre Robin sequence was common (38%) in the reviewed series. Previously unreported pectus carinatum was noted in our case bearing a heterozygous TCOF1 mutation. Other unique reported findings include salivary gland hyperplasia, single umbilical artery, and tracheo‐esophageal fistula, all in molecularly unconfirmed cases.

CONCLUSION

Treacher Collins syndrome can be prenatally detected by ultrasound and should be included in the wide range of genetic syndromes that can be diagnosed at perinatal autopsy. Affected fetuses tend to have a more severe phenotype than living patients. The reported association of Treacher Collins syndrome type 1 with pectus carinatum expands the phenotype, provides information on genotype–phenotype correlation, and suggests possible pathogenetic interactions between neural crest cell disorders and the formation of the sternum that merit investigation. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 97:774–780, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective turn‐on fluorescence assay of 6–thioguanine by using harmine‐modified silver nanoparticles
Authors: Amjadi Mohammad , Farzampour Leila
Published: November 2013

This article reports on a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system between harmine and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), in which harmine acts as the donor and AgNPs act as the acceptor. As a result of FRET, harmine fluorescence is quenched efficiently with a corresponding Stern–Volmer constant of 3.61 × 1011 L/mol. It was found that upon addition of the anticancer drug, 6–thioguanine (6–TG), the fluorescence was recovered due to the competitive adsorption of this compound onto AgNPs. Based on this effect, a selective turn‐on fluorescence sensor was developed for the determination of 6–TG. Under optimum conditions, the enhanced fluorescence intensity displays a linear relationship with the concentration of 6–TG in the range 1.5 × 10‐8–7.5 × 10‐7 M with a detection limit of 9.7 nM. The developed method was applied to the determination of this drug in a pharmaceutical preparation and human plasma samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomical feasibility of transferring the obturator and genitofemoral nerves to repair lumbosacral plexus nerve root avulsion injuries
Authors: Gang Yin , Wang Tienan , Sheng Jun , Hou Chunlin , Lin Haodong
Published: November 2013

Nerve transfer is a valid surgical procedure for restoring lower‐extremity function after lumbosacral plexus nerve root avulsion. We determined the anatomical feasibility of transferring the obturator and genitofemoral nerves for this purpose. The obturator, genitofemoral and femoral nerves, and the S1 and S2 nerve roots on both sides were exposed in 10 cadaver specimens. We traced all nerves to their origins. The lengths of the obturator and genitofemoral nerves were measured from their origins to their exits from the abdominal cavity. The transverse and longitudinal diameters of all nerves were measured. Specimens were obtained to determine the total number of myelinated fibers in each nerve. The proximal part of the left obturator nerve was anastomosed with the distal part of the right femoral nerve, between the vertebrae and the peritoneum, with an overlap of 2–3 cm. Similarly, the proximal parts of the right obturator and genitofemoral nerves were anastomosed with the ipsilateral S1 and S2 nerve roots, respectively, with an overlap of 2–4 cm. The obturator nerve contained approximately one‐third of the number of fibers (4,300–7,800) presenting in the femoral nerve (13,500–21,000). Similarly, the number of fibers found in the S1 nerve root was in the range 5,200–8,900. The genitofemoral nerve contained approximately half the number of fibers (3,000–4,500) presenting in the S2 nerve root (4,600–8,400). The obturator and genitofemoral nerves could be suitable donor nerves for repairing lumbosacral plexus nerve root avulsion. Clin. Anat. 27:783–788, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can Anisotropic Exchange Be Reliably Calculated Using Density Functional Methods? A Case Study on Trinuclear MnIII‐MIII‐MnIII (M=Fe, Ru, and Os) Cyanometalate Single‐Molecule Magnets
Authors: Singh Saurabh Kumar , Rajaraman Gopalan
Published: November 2013

Density functional studies have been performed on a set of trinuclear single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) of general formula [{Mn2(5‐Br salen)2(MeOH)2}M(CN)6](NEt4) (M=FeIII (1), RuIII (2) and OsIII (3); 5‐Brsalen=N,N′‐ethylenebis(5‐bromosalicylidene)iminato anion). We have computed the orbital‐dependent exchange interaction for all three complexes for the first time using DFT and complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) methods. DFT calculations yield the anisotropic exchange as Jξξ=3.5 cm−1 for 1; Jξξ=12.1 cm−1, Jζζ=−6.9 cm−1 and Jηη=−14 cm−1 for 2; and Jξξ=23.7 cm−1 and Jζζ=−11.1 cm−1 for 3. The computed values are in agreement with the experimental report, and this suggests that the established methodology can be used to compute the anisotropic exchange in larger clusters. Our calculations reiterate the fact that the exchange is described by a three‐axis anisotropic exchange for complexes 2 and 3 as evidenced by the experiments. A stronger exchange coupling as we move down the periodic table from 3d to 5d is reproduced by our calculations, and the origin of this enhancement in the exchange interaction has been probed by using molecular orbital analysis. The electronic origin of different types of exchange observed in this series is found to be related to the energy difference between possible degenerate pairs and the nature of orbital interactions. By computing the exchange interaction, the single‐ion anisotropy of MnIII and zero‐field splitting of the S=9/2 ground state of complexes 1–3 using CASSCF and/or DFT methods, we have attempted to shed light on the issue of anisotropic exchange and the barrier height for the magnetisation reversal in SMMs. Comprehensive magneto–structural correlations have been developed to offer clues on how to further enhance the barrier height in this class of SMMs.
Comparative Study of Biosorption of Copper(II) by Lipid Extracted and Non‐Extracted Chlorella sorokiniana
Authors: Jones Lisa A. , Ogden Kimberly L. , Jia Fei
Published: November 2013

Algal biomass is currently being pursued as a source for conversion to jet fuel because of its renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel properties. To reduce fresh water consumption used in the production of biomass, research has shifted to growing algae on wastewater. Algal biomass grown on wastewater is noncompetitive to feed sources. In this research, the lipid extracted algal biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana is repurposed as a biosorbent to remove copper(II) from wastewater. A comparative recovery study of Cu(II) is presented with whole algal biomass and lipid extracted algae (LEA). The Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy results demonstrate the binding types of ion exchange electrostatic interaction with various surface sites of carboxyl, hydroxyl, and metal groups. The Cu capture maximum for the whole biomass and LEA is capable of removing similar quantities of Cu(II) with a sorption–desorption life of six cycles. Hence, the LEA is a viable substitute for whole algae as a means to remove Cu from wastewater while preserving the lipid for conversion into biodiesel, jet fuel, or the like. Extrapolation of these results could provide justification for using LEA as a pretreatment for heavy metal removal from wastewater, whether generated from industrial or municipal processes.
DCX‐expressing cells in the vicinity of the hypothalamic neurogenic niche: A comparative study between mouse, sheep, and human tissues
Authors: Batailler Martine , Droguerre Marine , Baroncini Marc , Fontaine Christian , Prevot Vincent , Migaud Martine
Published: November 2013

Neural stem and precursor cells persist postnatally throughout adulthood and are capable of responding to numerous endogenous and exogenous signals by modifying their proliferation and differentiation. Whereas adult neurogenesis has been extensively studied in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation and in the subventricular zone adjacent to the wall of the lateral ventricles, we and others have recently reported constitutive adult neurogenesis in other brain structures, including the hypothalamus. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to study the expression of the neuroblast marker doublecortin (DCX), and compared its expression pattern in adult ovine, mouse, and human hypothalamic tissues. Our results indicate that DCX‐positive cells resembling immature and developing neurons occur in a wide range of hypothalamic nuclei in all three species, although with different distribution patterns. In addition, the morphology of DCX‐positive cells varied depending on their location. DCX‐positive cells near the third ventricle had the morphology of very immature neuroblasts, a round shape with no processes, whereas those located deeper in the parenchyma such as in the ventromedial nucleus were fusiform and showed a bipolar morphology. Extending this observation, we showed that among the cohort of immature neurons entering the ventromedial nucleus, some appeared to undergo maturation, as revealed by the partial colocalization of DCX with markers of more mature neurons, e.g., human neuronal protein C and D (HuC/D). This study provides further confirmation of the existence of an adult hypothalamic neurogenic niche and argues for the potential existence of a migratory path within the hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1966–1985, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design of a Nitrogen‐Doped, Carbon‐Coated Li4Ti5O12 Nanocomposite with a Core–Shell Structure and Its Application for High‐Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Hongsen , Shen Laifa , Wang Jie , Ding Bing , Nie Ping , Xu Guiyin , Wang Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaogang
Published: November 2013

A facile solution‐based synthesis and characterization of a nitrogen‐doped, carbon‐coated Li4Ti5O12 (NC‐LTO) nanocomposite is reported. The mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles (NPTiO2) are first prepared by using nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) as a template and subsequently transform in situ into an NC‐LTO nanocomposite with a core–shell structure by using the ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimdazolium tricyanomethanide as the carbon source. Various state‐of‐the‐art techniques, including field‐emission SEM, TEM, scanning transmission electron microscopy, XRD, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, were performed to characterize the morphologies, structures, and compositions. Such NC‐LTO nanocomposites have a well‐defined LTO core and thin uniform carbon shell with a thickness of 1–2 nm. Electrochemical tests reveal that the NC‐LTO nanocomposite delivers a reversible capacity of 171.5 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, and shows remarkable rate capability by maintaining 63 % of the capacity at 60 C (vs. 0.2 C), as well as excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 95 % after 300 cycles at a rate of 10 C. The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed exclusively to the well‐defined core–shell nanostructure and high electric conductivity. The nanosized LTO core can significantly shorten the transport lengths of lithium ions and the admirable electric conductivity of the nitrogen‐doped carbon shell can act as an “expressway” for electrons and lithium ions to transport them between the anode material core and the electrolytes.
Anterior‐posterior regionalized gene expression in the Ciona notochord
Authors: Reeves Wendy , Thayer Rachel , Veeman Michael
Published: November 2013

Background: In the simple ascidian chordate Ciona, the signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks giving rise to initial notochord induction are largely understood and the mechanisms of notochord morphogenesis are being systematically elucidated. The notochord has generally been thought of as a non‐compartmentalized or regionalized organ that is not finely patterned at the level of gene expression. Quantitative imaging methods have recently shown, however, that notochord cell size, shape, and behavior vary consistently along the anterior‐posterior (AP) axis. Results: Here we screen candidate genes by whole mount in situ hybridization for potential AP asymmetry. We identify 4 genes that show non‐uniform expression in the notochord. Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) is expressed more strongly in the secondary notochord lineage than the primary. CTGF is expressed stochastically in a subset of notochord cells. A novel calmodulin‐like gene (BCamL) is expressed more strongly at both the anterior and posterior tips of the notochord. A TGF‐β ortholog is expressed in a gradient from posterior to anterior. The asymmetries in ERM, BCamL, and TGF‐β expression are evident even before the notochord cells have intercalated into a single‐file column. Conclusions: We conclude that the Ciona notochord is not a homogeneous tissue but instead shows distinct patterns of regionalized gene expression. Developmental Dynamics 243:612–620, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiovascular ATIP (Angiotensin receptor type 2 interacting protein) expression in mouse development
Authors: Bundschu Karin , Schuh Kai
Published: November 2013

Background: ATIPs (Angiotensin receptor type 2 [AT2] interacting proteins) are described as AT2 interacting protein variants, whereas their expression and functions during development are not known yet. Results: Here, we provide a detailed expression pattern of ATIP variants during mouse development by visualizing Mtus1 promotor activity, Mtus1 RNA, and subsequent ATIP protein expression. ATIPs are strongly expressed in the developing cardiovascular system, including the vascular plexus of the yolk sac and the fetal vascular part of the placenta. Moreover, ATIP is expressed spatially distinct during eye and limb bud development, and in later stages in lung and nervous system. The three murine ATIP isoforms are expressed in a distinct manner, whereupon isoform 1 and 4 are correlated to cardiovascular, lung, and limb bud development and isoform 3 is restricted to brain and eye development. Interestingly, Mtus1 expression is not necessarily correlated to Agtr2 expression, suggesting novel but yet unknown functions for ATIP, independent of AT2 signaling. Conclusions: ATIPs seem to be mainly involved in the developmental regulation of the cardiovascular system and may act in different AT2‐dependent and ‐independent manners. Hence, these results deliver valuable information to further elucidate the different functions of ATIPs in the processes of mammalian development. Developmental Dynamics 243:699–711, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Injectivity of carbon dioxide in the St. Lawrence Platform, Quebec (Canada): A sensitivity study
Authors: Tran Ngoc T. D. , Doughty Christine , Lefebvre René , Malo Michel
Published: November 2013

Injectivity of CO2 in the Bécancour deep saline aquifers, St. Lawrence Platform (Québec), was investigated using 2D radial numerical simulations with TOUGH2/ECO2N. In order to have an appropriate choice for the CO2 injection rate and the duration of injection, sensitivity analyses were carried out, considering different values of hydrodynamic, chemical‐petrophysical, and geometric parameters affecting CO2 injection in a brine reservoir. The parameterization analysis for capillary pressure and relative permeability models indicated large uncertainty for this case study. Simulations took into account Bécancour reservoir conditions in which the maximum pressure was limited to the fracturing pressure. The sensitivity analysis provides guidance on potential injection scenarios. To remain below fracturing pressure, intermittent 5‐year injection periods can be used, with a mass injection rate up to ∼ 20 kg/s, alternating with half‐year periods without injection. This scenario could give maximum CO2 storage in the aquifer. CO2 storage capacities in different phases were calculated versus time. This study shows that the northeastern reservoir block of the Bécancour area could host about 10 Mt CO2, which represents 15% to 50% of regional yearly CO2 emissions during about 60 and 20 years for the case of the injection formation permeability of 0.89 × 10−15 m2 and 4.17 × 10−15 m2, respectively. Finally, this modeling study will also be the basis for the design of a pilot CO2 injection test at the study site. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The Effect of miRNA‐122 in Regulating Fat Deposition in a Cell Line Model
Authors: Nie Yu‐Qiang , Cao Jie , Zhou Yong‐Jian , Liang Xia , Du Yan‐Lei , Wan Yu‐Jui Yvonne , Li Yu‐Yuan
Published: November 2013

Accumulating evidence supports the role of miR‐122 in fatty liver disease. We investigated miR‐122 expression in a steatotic hepatocyte model, the effect of miR‐122 over‐expression and inhibition in the pathogenesis. Human hepatic cell line L02 was induced with oleic acid to establish the steatotic hepatocyte model. Intracellular lipid content was observed with laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), and triglyceride content was determined with kits. Total RNA was extracted and reversely transcribed into cDNA. miR‐122 expression was measured using qRT‐PCR. Subsequently, miR‐122 mimic and miR‐122 inhibitor were transfected into steatotic hepatocytes to observe their effect on intracellular lipid content. The lipid fluorescence intensity and triglyceride content within the steatotic hepatocytes were significantly higher than those in normal control (860.01 ± 26.52 vs. 257.77 ± 29.69 and 3.47 ± 0.12 vs. 1.85 ± 0.02 at 24 h) (P < 0.01). miR‐122 expression in steatotic hepatocytes was down‐regulated compared with that in control ( value: 0.0286 ± 0.0078 vs. 0.0075 ± 0.0012) (P ≪ 0.01). After transfection, miR‐122 expression ( value) in the miR‐122 mimic group increased 2.96‐fold compared with that in control, and its lipid fluorescence intensity was significantly lower than that in control (790.92 ± 46.72 vs. 1,022.16 ± 49.66) (P < 0.01). Nevertheless, miR‐122 expression decreased 3.45‐fold in the miR‐122 inhibitor group compared with that in control, and its fluorescence intensity was significantly higher than that in control (1,386.49 ± 40.34 vs 1,022.16 ± 49.66)(P ≪ 0.01). We concluded that miR‐122 was down‐regulated in steatotic hepatocytes model. The pathogenesis of hepatocyte steatosis was enhanced by miR‐122 mimic and reduced with miR‐122 inhibitor. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 839–846, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CCN2 as a Novel Molecule Supporting Energy Metabolism of Chondrocytes
Authors: Maeda‐Uematsu Aya , Kubota Satoshi , Kawaki Harumi , Kawata Kazumi , Miyake Yoshiaki , Hattori Takako , Nishida Takashi , Moritani Norifumi , Lyons Karen M. , Iida Seiji , Takigawa Masaharu
Published: November 2013

CCN2/connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a unique molecule that promotes both chondrocytic differentiation and proliferation through its matricellular interaction with a number of extracellular biomolecules. This apparently contradictory functional property of CCN2 suggests its certain role in basic cellular activities such as energy metabolism, which is required for both proliferation and differentiation. Comparative metabolomic analysis of costal chondrocytes isolated from wild‐type and Ccn2‐null mice revealed overall impaired metabolism in the latter. Among the numerous metabolites analyzed, stable reduction in the intracellular level of ATP, GTP, CTP, or UTP was observed, indicating a profound role of CCN2 in energy metabolism. Particularly, the cellular level of ATP was decreased by more than 50% in the Ccn2‐null chondrocytes. The addition of recombinant CCN2 (rCCN2) to cultured Ccn2‐null chondrocytes partly redeemed the cellular ATP level attenuated by Ccn2 deletion. Next, in order to investigate the mechanistic background that mediates the reduction in ATP level in these Ccn2‐null chondrocytes, we performed transcriptome analysis. As a result, several metabolism‐associated genes were found to have been up‐regulated or down‐regulated in the mutant mice. Up‐regulation of a number of ribosomal protein genes was observed upon Ccn2 deletion, whereas a few genes required for aerobic and anaerobic ATP production were down‐regulated in the Ccn2‐null chondrocytes. Among such genes, reduction in the expression of the enolase 1 gene was of particular note. These findings uncover a novel functional role of CCN2 as a metabolic supporter in the growth‐plate chondrocytes, which is required for skeletogenesis in mammals. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 854–865, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.