bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Réformes des polices dans les pays occidentaux
Authors: de Maillard Jacques
Published: May 2010

Résumé Cet article s’attache aux réformes connues depuis une trentaine d’années par les polices dites de sécurité publique, c’est-à-dire celles en charge de la petite et moyenne délinquance et de la surveillance des espaces publics. Il retrace l’introduction dans les polices occidentales de deux séries de réformes, liées au community policing et à la managérialisation des polices. Sur la base d’une approche combinant l’attention aux structures institutionnelles et aux stratégies des acteurs, cet article montre que les objectifs, modes d’adoption et acteurs dominants diffèrent cependant. Des réappropriations sont opérées, les nouvelles normes se combinent avec les conditions institutionnelles propres à chacun des pays.
La politique malgré elles
Authors: Della Sudda Magali
Published: May 2010

Résumé À travers l’étude comparée de deux associations catholiques, la Ligue patriotique des Françaises (LPDF) et l’Union des femmes catholiques d’Italie (Unione fra le donne cattoliche d’Italia : UDCI), cet article met au jour les effets du genre et le rôle de l’Église dans l’apprentissage du jeu démocratique. Aux côtés des hommes catholiques en politique, les ligueuses françaises mettent en place un répertoire féminin conservateur de l’action collective et investissent la compétition électorale. En revanche, le contexte politique et religieux italien ne laisse pas d’espace pour une telle intervention des catholiques italiennes aux côtés de l’Union électorale masculine. Cet article éclaire ainsi les différentes voies de la politique avant le suffrage.
Comment l'Europe vint au droit
Authors: Bailleux Julie
Published: May 2010

Résumé À travers l’analyse du premier Congrès international d’études de la CECA qui s’est tenu en 1957, et des échanges entre acteurs politiques et professeurs de droit auxquels son organisation a donné lieu, l’auteur se propose de revenir, à la fois, sur l’opportunité et l’ensemble des contraintes, qui pèsent sur ce qui s’apparente bien à une entreprise de mobilisation de la science juridique au service de la légitimation d’un projet politique ; et sur la « naturalité » du droit communautaire comme cadre d’appréhension et de légitimation de l’Europe politique. Ce retour aux origines permet ainsi de prendre la mesure des difficultés politiques et cognitives qu’il y a eu à inventer un droit véritablement supranational.
Les 2 150 « églises » réformées de France de 1561-1562
Authors: Fornerod Nicolas , Benedict Philip
Published: May 2010

RÉSUMÉ Un passage fameux de l’ Histoire ecclesiastique des Eglises reformées au royaume de France rapporte comment les réformés ont mené à la demande de Catherine de Médicis une opération qui leur a permis d’affirmer que 2 150 églises existaient au début de l’année 1562. Si cette assertion a été couramment admise pendant plus de quatre siècles, depuis 1980 les spécialistes du sujet ont revu considérablement à la baisse leurs estimations du nombre d’églises ayant existé à cette date. Cet article montre que les réformés ont bien lancé des initiatives à l’échelle nationale afin de déterminer le nombre de leurs églises et d’évaluer leurs forces militaires, mais que ces opérations ne se sont pas exactement déroulées comme le relate l’ Histoire ecclesiastique . Il tente également d’apprécier dans quelle mesure le chiffre de 2 150 comporte une part de plausibilité, d’éclairer la fiabilité et la signification des évaluations récentes du nombre d’églises en 1561-1562, et de suggérer comment le fait même d’avoir établi des estimations de leur nombre et de leurs forces a pu exercer une influence sur les actions des dirigeants protestants à la veille de la première guerre civile.
Quand un écrivain français perd le nord : Drieu la Rochelle et l'esthétisation fasciste
Authors: Bridet Guillaume
Published: May 2010

L’œuvre littéraire de Drieu n’est pas le simple reflet de ses prises de position politiques.C’est tout d’abord par le biais de la fiction et non par celui de l’essai que l’auteur s’efforcedans un premier temps de préciser une représentation du monde fondée sur la guerre desraces. À la logique binaire de la condamnation de la race maudite et de l’exaltation de la racesalvatrice s’ajoute toutefois l’auto-dénigrement de la race française à laquelle il appartient. Lacréation romanesque, sans doute moins contrôlée que le discours idéologique, témoigned’une idéalisation impossible de son identité raciale. Elle demeure en outre aux yeux del’écrivain le fait d’un homme faible et qui ne peut pas atteindre l’idéal auquel il aspire.L’esthétisation idéalisante laisse donc la place à une chronique grinçante et désenchantée dela décadence.
Le menuisier et la blanchisseuse.
Authors: Wolf Nelly
Published: May 2010

Dans Le Compagnon du Tour de France , de George Sand, la figure idéalisée du menuisiersert de métaphore à celle de l’écrivain. Cette identification implicite permet de projeter dansla trame romanesque les ambivalences de la posture romantique, prise entre la rhétoriqueclassique et les nouveaux protocoles d’écriture démocratique. Quarante ans plus tard, la blanchisseuse de l’ Assommoir (Zola), autre métaphore de l’écrivain, apparente l’écriture naturaliste à un travail de nettoyage. La littérature s’interroge sur sacapacité à représenter le peuple dans une société démocratique où la langue écrite est devenue le partage de tous.
Lettres de Max Jacob à Robert Zunz
Authors: Sustrac Patricia
Published: May 2010

En mai 1939, le mécène Robert Zunz commande à Max Jacob deux albums importantscomposés de gouaches, de dessins et de poèmes. L’artiste a entretenu une correspondanced’affaire avec son client qui évolue rapidement. La déclaration de guerre, l’exode, l’Occupation, l’arrestation de Zunz le 12 décembre 1941, son incarcération au camp de Compiègnevont bouleverser la situation. Le destin croisé de deux hommes permet de saisir le portrait dedeux Juifs français convertis que les persécutions vont plonger, malgré le réconfort et le salutde la Foi, dans l’effondrement. L’article est truffé de nombreux extraits de la correspondanceet présente par ailleurs un choix de lettres significatif.
La Prager Straße à Dresde
Authors: Fischer Joachim
Published: May 2010

La Prager Straße est une large avenue aménagée dans les années 1960 à Dresde, etqui cristallise des opinions souvent négatives depuis 1990, comme symbole del’urbanisme socialiste, aux antipodes d’une identité urbaine « européenne ». L’article retrace le contexte de la genèse, expose la composition urbaine de l’ensemble,et en livre une interprétation sémantique sous l’angle de la sociologie de l’architecture. Il conclut à la modernité socialiste de cet ensemble architectural, situédans la continuité de l’avant-garde moderne des années 1920. Les aménagementsactuels de Dresde délaissent cette architecture, mais peut-être retrouvera-t-elle unsens pour les générations futures.
Faut-il repenser la politique de la concurrence sur les marchés internet ?
Authors: Pénard Thierry
Published: May 2010

L’objectif de cet article est de savoir si les marchés liés à Internet nécessitent un traitement spécifique de la part des autorités de la concurrence. À travers la présentation d’une série de décisions récentes françaises et communautaires, il s’agit de dégager les principaux défis posés par Internet en matière de politique de la concurrence. Le premier défi a trait à l’appréciation des pratiques concertées et des accords qui sont très nombreux sur les marchés Internet. Le deuxième défi est la manière de traiter les situations de position dominante dès lors que les marchés Internet sont propices à la monopolisation. Enfin, le troisième défi concerne l’examen des projets de fusion sur des marchés Internet qui sont le plus souvent émergents et incertains. Face à ces défis, c’est moins le droit de la concurrence qu’il faut changer que la manière d’appliquer ce droit, les marchés Internet exigeant de la part des autorités une plus grande prudence et souplesse que les marchés traditionnels.
International cooperation against terrorist use of the internet
Authors: Sieber Ulrich
Published: May 2010

Le but de la contribution est de déterminer si les conventions internationales existantes et d'autres instruments de coopération internationale sont adéquats pour la contention du cyberterrorisme et tout autre usage de l'Internet pour des fins terroristes ou si les instruments devraient être modifiés. À la lumière de ce but, l'analyse se concentre sur les questions de si les instruments internationaux spécifiques en matière informatique sont applicables en ce qui concerne le terrorisme et si les instruments spécifiques en matière terroriste sont applicables dans l’environnement de la technologie de l’information. En outre, l'article prévoit une première analyse en ce qui concerne la question de si les divers instruments internationaux embrassent adéquatement des crimes liés à l'utilisation de l'Internet pour des fins terroriste ou si les instruments montrent des lacunes ou d'autres problèmes généraux concernant ce genre d'activité criminelle qui devraient être adressé à l'avenir.
Cybercrime, cyberterrorism and cyberwarfare
Authors: Brenner Susan W.
Published: May 2010

La taxonomie est essentielle pour faire face aux défis que posent le crime informatique et les phénomènes relatifs au terrorisme informatique et de la guerre informatique pour les systèmes législatifs, national et international. La taxonomie est essentielle parce qu'à moins que ceux qui sont chargés de rédiger et d'imposer des lois comprennent la nature respective des phénomènes discrets auxquels ils sont confrontés, ils ne peuvent pas répondre efficacement et proportionnellement aux phénomènes. Cette contribution articule une taxonomie de base qui définit et différencie les trois variétés de menaces informatiques. Elle relève également les complications qui peuvent surgir en analysant ces trois types de menaces informatiques.
Le fœticide, une administration impensable de la mort ?
Authors: Weber Jean-Christophe , Memmi Dominique , Rusterholtz Thierry , Allamel-Raffin Catherine
Published: May 2010

Résumé Résumé : Le fœticide provoque la mort fœtale in utero en cas d'interruption de la grossesse pour motif médical au-delà du seuil de viabilité. Les soignants concernés, interrogés lors d'une enquête, vivent ce geste comme une transgression à la limite du tolérable. Les registres de justification mobilisés apparaissent comme des rationalisations bancales, notamment la figure imposée mais indéfendable d'une euthanasie prénatale. Les analyses contemporaines de la biopolitique ne parviennent pas davantage à lever les contradictions d'un dispositif complexe. L'hypothèse proposée ici est qu'il renvoie à une forme de pouvoir dispersée dans la diffusion anonyme de la norme et à une biopolitique devenue qualitative, qui évolue du faire vivre au faire vivre bien.
Le sociologue chez les architectes ­ matériau pour une sociologie de la sociologie en situation ancillaire
Authors: Chadoin Olivier
Published: May 2010

Résumé Résumé : Pour rendre compte de la diversité de positionnement des sociologues l'opposition entre « sociologie professionnelle » et « sociologie académique » est fréquemment mobilisée. Pourtant, elle voile des formes d'exercice qui, du fait du développement historique de la discipline peuvent être tout à la fois situées en position académique et en situation « ancillaire ». C'est le cas des sociologues conduit à exercer leur métier en dehors des institutions spécifiquement dévolues à la sociologie ; « accueillis » dans des Écoles d'ingénieurs, départements de sciences de l'éducation, ou encore, pour le cas examiné ici, Écoles Nationales Supérieures d'Architecture. À travers ce cas, l'article voudrait montrer qu'on ne peut analyser la division du travail dans le champ de la sociologie sans mobiliser un regard socio-historique sur le développement de la discipline, sauf à réduire la connaissance de la position qu'occupent aujourd'hui ces sociologues à un point nominal construit par des oppositions communes. Aussi, cherchera-t-on à caractériser la diversité des investissements de la position de sociologue en école d'architecture en la rapportant à l'histoire des rapports entre architecture et sociologie.
L'évolution de l'origine sociale des enseignants du primaire sur la longue durée : retour sur une question controversée
Authors: Charles Frédéric , Cibois Philippe
Published: May 2010

Résumé Résumé : Dans cet article, nous comparons deux manières d'aborder la question de l'évolution de l'origine sociale des enseignants du primaire sur une longue période (1964-1997 et 1955-2001). La première méthode, utilisée par L.A. Vallet et A. Degenne (2000), consiste à mobiliser une série d'enquêtes de l'Insee (FQP/Emploi) afin de montrer que l'évolution constatée de l'origine sociale des enseignants au cours de cette période est en phase avec l'évolution de la population active. La seconde méthode, en analysant à travers des enquêtes de terrain, l'évolution de l'origine sociale des accédants au métier d'enseignant du primaire arrive à des conclusions très différentes. Devant ces résultats contradictoires, nous essayons de montrer pourquoi la première méthode ne nous semble pas appropriée pour saisir l'ampleur de l'évolution du recrutement social des enseignants du primaire au cours des dernières décennies et ses effets sur le mode de fonctionnement de l'École, notamment dans la diffusion des savoirs scolaires auprès des enfants des milieux populaires.
La dimension symbolique du capital social : les grandes cercles et Rotary clubs de Milan
Authors: Cousin Bruno , Chauvin Sébastien
Published: May 2010

Résumé Résumé : Les cercles et clubs bourgeois des métropoles européennes ont jusqu'ici surtout fait l'objet de monographies isolées. Le cas milanais permet de passer à une analyse relationnelle : les institutions de gestion collective du capital social des classes dominantes y forment en effet un espace de jeu et de différentiation relativement autonome et cohérent. L'opposition concerne les origines historiques, la composition sociale, les formes de fonctionnement et les modalités d'adhésion, mais elle porte aussi sur les critères particuliers auxquels fait appel chaque institution de sociabilité pour organiser, mobiliser, décrire et légitimer les liens qu'elle tisse entre ses membres, ainsi que pour se distinguer de ses concurrentes. L'analyse met en évidence la manière dont la représentation du capital social contribue à sa réalité : elle fait apparaître qu'une partie de son efficacité découle de la valeur distinctive de la forme sous laquelle il se présente et des catégories symboliques qui accompagnent ses usages. Elle suggère que le débat sociologique sur le capital social doit prendre en compte ces jeux de distinction qui définissent son objet, et dans lesquels il est lui-même pris.
Firm Value Effects of Web Site Redesign
Authors: Benbunan-Fich Raquel , Fich Eliezer M.
Published: May 2010

The redesign of a Web site can be classified as both an information technology (IT) investment and an e-commerce initiative. Although the empirical literature provides evidence that financial markets are sensitive to e-commerce announcements, it is still unknown what types of announcements affect the value of firms. We use the event study methodology on a sample of Web site redesigns from 1995 to 1999 to investigate the types of commercial organizations that announce changes to their Web presence and to study whether such redesign initiatives affect the value of publicly traded firms. Our findings indicate that, on average, refining a Web presence does not produce significant firm valuation adjustments. However, cross-sectional analyses reveal that Web site redesign increases firm value in service companies.
Dynamics of E-Business Infrastructure
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: May 2010

Emerging business models, value configurations, and information technologies interact over time to create competitive advantage. Modern information technology has to be studied, understood, and applied along the time dimension of months and years, where changes are the rule. Such changes created by interactions between business elements and resources are very well suited for system dynamics modeling. System dynamics models represent a frame-work for understanding both successful and unsuccessful IT management over time. Systems dynamics simulations provide insights into the important interactions between IT investments and firm performance over time.
Dynamics of Outsourcing Relationships
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: May 2010

Emerging business models, value configurations, and information technologies interact over time to create competitive advantage. Modern information technology has to be studied, understood, and applied along the time dimension of months and years, where changes are the rule. Such changes created by interactions between business elements and resources are very well suited for system dynamics modeling. System dynamics models represent a frame-work for understanding both successful and unsuccessful IT management over time. Systems dynamics simulations provide insights into the important interactions between IT investments and firm performance over time.
Knowledge Business Examples
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: May 2010

Emerging business models, value configurations, and information technologies interact over time to create competitive advantage. Modern information technology has to be studied, understood, and applied along the time dimension of months and years, where changes are the rule. Such changes created by interactions between business elements and resources are very well suited for system dynamics modeling. System dynamics models represent a frame-work for understanding both successful and unsuccessful IT management over time. Systems dynamics simulations provide insights into the important interactions between IT investments and firm performance over time.
Web-Based Decision Support System
Authors: Goswami Rajib , Barua Pankaj
Published: May 2010

This chapter elaborates the basic concepts underlying the development of Web-based decision support systems (DSS) with a discussion on the key concepts and technical issues. The utility of Web-based decision support system in enhancing communication and decision-making capability in a distributed environment or a multiple stakeholder process (MSP) has been explained through examples with diverse application from the real world. Further, the chapter introduces a Web-based decision support system developed by the authors for water resources management on basin scale and also some evolving concepts like mobile agent technology to meet the challenges and problems associated with traditional Web-based DSS. The authors hope that better understanding of the key issues and concepts can bring together analysts, modelers, and the end users to build Web-based DSS that are understandable, accessible and acceptable to all, be it corporate or business houses, environmental agencies or government organizations.
A Conceptual Framework for Business Process Modeling in Virtual Organizations
Authors: Folinas Dimitris , Pavlou Tania , Karakostas Bill , Manthou Vicky
Published: May 2010

Among different approaches in business processes modelling procedure are those in virtual and dynamic organizational environments. In this paper, a conceptual framework for modelling business processes in Virtual Organizations is suggested, by introducing Web Services technology. Web Services can be the business enabler for the new organizational form, which is particularly well suited to meet the demands arising from today’s turbulent changes in the firms’ environment. The proposed framework consists of several steps in a bottom-up approach, aiming to support the modelling and coordination of the complex and shared business processes in the examined environment.
The Importance of Data Within Contemporary CRM
Authors: Luck Diana
Published: May 2010

In recent times, customer relationship management (CRM) has been defined as relating to sales, marketing, and even services automation. Additionally, the concept is increasingly associated with cost savings and streamline processes as well as with the engendering, nurturing and tracking of relationships with customers. Much less associations appear to be attributed to the creation, storage and mining of data. Although successful CRM is in evidence based on a triad combination of technology, people and processes, the importance of data is unquestionable. Accordingly, this chapter seeks to illustrate how, although the product and service elements as well as organizational structure and strategies are central to CRM, data is the pivotal dimension around which the concept revolves in contemporary terms. Consequently, this chapter seeks to illustrate how the processes associated with data management, namely: data collection, data collation, data storage and data mining, are essential components of CRM in both theoretical and practical terms.
Developing a Community of Practice in an Online Research Lab
Authors: Cawthon Stephanie , Harris Alycia
Published: May 2010

The goal of this chapter is to present instructor and student perspectives on the development of a Community of Practice within an online research laboratory for graduate students in psychology. A computer-facilitated learning environment was set up meet two goals: (1) to encourage individuals to work as a team on a live research project, and (2) to give students research skills needed to further their development as scholar-practitioners. The objective of this chapter is to identify, from the perspectives of the students and the instructor, how social factors influenced learning outcomes and how the group formed into a research team. This chapter begins with a brief overview of the Community of Practice literature and the context of the Online Research Lab in the School of Psychology at Walden University. The second section addresses strategies the instructor used to facilitate the sense of community in the Online Research Lab. The chapter concludes with a summary of challenges in developing a Community of Practice, as well as strategies instructors can use to overcome these obstacles.
Development of Online Distributed Training
Authors: Entin Eileen B. , Sidman Jason , Neal Lisa
Published: May 2010

This chapter discusses considerations and tradeoffs in designing and developing an online teamwork skills training program for geographically distributed instructors and students. The training program is grounded in principles of scenario-based learning, in which operationally realistic scenarios are used to engage students in actively forming links between classroom and real-world applications of key concepts. The chapter focuses on supporting active engagement of learners, and meaningful and thoughtful learner-learner interactions appropriate to the subject matter (Neal & Miller, 2006). We describe lessons learned in the development of a distributed training program that interleaves asynchronous and synchronous training modules (Neal & Miller, 2005) to leverage the advantages of both self-paced and group learning, provide opportunities to practice the teamwork concepts being trained, create social presence, and promote interaction and reflection among the course members.
Evaluating QoS in a Multi-Access Wireless Network
Authors: Skehill Ronan , Kent William , Picovici Dorel , Barry Michael , McGrath Sean
Published: May 2010

This chapter introduces quality of service in multi-access wireless networks. Specifically it demonstrates how QoS is implemented in IEEE 802.11 and UMTS. The chapter explains how these complementary technologies, when coupled together, provide a network that is greater than its individual parts. Combining these networks brings new network management challenges. To this end, the impact of joint admission control strategies on quality of service is evaluated. The evaluation is performed on an advanced test platform that replicates an integrated Release 4 UMTS network and standard IEEE 802.11b network. The results show that when UMTS and WLAN are tightly coupled, the end user enjoys a higher level of quality of service.
Radio Resource Management Strategies for HSDPA-Enhanced UMTS Networks
Authors: Staehle Dirk , Mäder Andreas
Published: May 2010

This chapter gives an overview of the background and functionality of the high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), and provides insights into the radio resource management of integrated UMTS/HSDPA networks. The high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) is part of the evolution of the universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS). It is often referred to as 3.5G system, in contrast to UMTS, which is a third generation system. The authors introduce aspects of radio resource management specific to the HSDPA like channel-aware scheduling and radio resource sharing strategies. Furthermore, the impact of radio resource management on the quality of service is analyzed and it is shown that the selection of an RRM strategy is an integral part of the network planning and deployment process
Adaptive Codec Selection for VoIP in Multi-Rate WLANs
Authors: Sfairopoulou Anna , Macián Carlos , Bellalta Boris
Published: May 2010

Network Technologies and Strategies (NeTS) Research Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, SpainThis chapter introduces the problems caused to voice over IP calls on 802.11 networks due to the link adaptation mechanism of them. It provides an overview of all the components participating in this study with special emphasis on the multi-rate anomaly. Furthermore, it reviews the literature on recent works on the specific area of link adaptation and codec selection. The authors finally propose as a solution to the multi-rate problem a codec selection mechanism, which, by changing codec of some of the calls at the moment of the rate change, has as an objective to maintain delay and packet loss values in acceptable levels and provide the desired QoS for the voice flows.
Buffer Control Techniques for QoS Provisioning in Wireless Networks
Authors: Markou Michael M. , Panayiotou Christos G.
Published: May 2010

This chapter introduces the network buffer control techniques as a mean to provide QoS. This problem has been extensively studied in the context of wirelined networks; however, the proliferation of wireless networks and the introduction of multimedia applications has significantly changed the characteristics of the traffic mix that flows on the network. The objective of this chapter is to create a new methodology for automatically adapting the various buffer thresholds such that the network exhibits optimal or near optimal performance even as network conditions change. The behavior of the network (generally a discrete event system—DES) is approximated by that of a stochastic fluid model (SFM); then using infinitesimal perturbation analysis (IPA) we obtain sensitivity estimators of the performance measure(s) of interest with respect to the control parameter. These estimators are easy to compute using data observed from the DES’s sample path. Finally, the computed estimators are used in stochastic approximation algorithms to adjust the thresholds.
Quality of Experience for Video Services
Authors: Nieblas Zapater Marcio , Bressan Graça
Published: May 2010

This chapter discusses the quality assurance of multimedia services over IP networks from the end user standpoint and introduces the concept of quality of experience (QoE). The discussion of quality assurance includes aspects that range from the network and application layers to the end user perspective. The focus of the discussion presented in this chapter is oriented to the video services delivery that can be considered a significant evolution of services providers’ portfolio. This chapter presents quality requirements for video and TV services and performance measures that focuses on the quality perceived by the end user. This approach is broader than that oriented to quality of service (QoS), which focuses on the performance measures from the network perspective. QoE takes into account how well a service meet customers goals and expectations rather than focusing only on the network performance.
Perceptual Voice Quality Measurements for Wireless Networks
Authors: Picovici Dorel , Nelson John
Published: May 2010

Perceptual voice quality measurement can be defined as an objective quantification of an overall impression of the perceived stimulus. An alternative to laborious subjective testing is objective predictive modelling, which employs a perceptual model of the human auditory and cognitive system to predict the human response to a voice signal in terms of its quality. This chapter describes subjective and automated objective testing methods, and provides a test case scenario for measuring voice quality.
Scheduling and Access Control for Wireless Connections with Throughput Guarantees
Authors: Zhang Peifang , Jordan Scott
Published: May 2010

Emerging wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) data services will likely require resource allocation to ensure that throughput targets are met. Scheduling and access control can both be key components in this task. In this chapter, we introduce a two-layer scheduler and connection access controller that attempts to balance efficiency with fairness. We first propose a scheduler that takes advantage of variations in the wireless channel—both channel fluctuations in time for each user, and channel variations among multiple users at a particular time. By mixing a max-min policy with a policy of serving users with relatively good channels, the scheduler can achieve individual average throughput targets in a manner that encourages system efficiency. We then propose a two-layer algorithm that offers targeted throughput for interactive nomadic data streams, such as video or music streaming. The design purpose is to provide users with service differentiation, which lays the groundwork for network optimization in terms of capacity or utility, and can be easily extended to revenue maximization. Upon the request of a data stream connection, a target throughput is negotiated between the user and the network/base station. The network attempts to achieve the throughput targets over the duration of each individual connection by maximizing a system objective based on users’ satisfaction that is represented by a utility function. We assume that a users’ utility function depends not only on the throughput target but also on final achieved throughput. The algorithm integrates connection access control and resource allocation per connection request with rate scheduling on a per frame basis adaptive to slow fading. Through numerical analysis, the proposed joint scheduler and connection access controller is shown to achieve the design goals.
End-to-End Support for Multimedia QoS in the Internet
Authors: Papadimitriou Panagiotis , Tsaoussidis Vassilis
Published: May 2010

An increasing demand for multimedia data delivery coupled with reliance in best-effort networks, such as the Internet, has spurred interest on effective quality of service (QoS) management for multimedia streams. Since today’s multimedia applications are expected to run in physically heterogeneous environments composed of both wired and wireless components, we assess the efficiency of transport-layer solutions for multimedia traffic in heterogeneous networks. In order to quantify the performance on media delivery, we investigate the multimedia application requirements vs. the QoS provided by the underlying network. The chapter also provides means for the perceptual QoS assessment of voice and video streams. In the sequel, we describe some representative end-to-end congestion control schemes, identifying the mechanisms that are most suitable for multimedia traffic. Our analysis is complemented with conclusive performance studies which quantify video delivery, within the context of transport protocol support and efficiency.
Cross-Layer Radio Resource Management Protocols for QoS Provisioning in Multimedia Wireless Networks
Authors: Bejaoui Tarek , Nasser Nidal
Published: May 2010

This chapter introduces the cross layer design for resource allocation over multimedia wireless networks. Conventional layered packet scheduling and call admission control schemes are presented and a number of cross-layered protocols that are recently proposed are investigated. The chapter highlights the QoS improvement and the performance gain obtained while considering the interlayer dependencies concept for various real-time and non-real-time applications. The authors hope that this chapter will assist in the understanding of the cross layering and its enhancement of the layered design for QoS provisioning in future multimedia wireless networks.
Ineffective Decision Making in Adopting an Agile Software Development Methodology
Authors: McAvoy John , Butler Tom
Published: May 2010

Agile software development (ASD) is now widely used in the software development industry; accordingly, it has been the focus of research with studies featuring in a variety of journals—notable examples are special issues of IEEE Computer (Volume 36, Issue 6) and IEEE Software (Volume 20, Issue 3). The decision by organisations and project teams to adopt an agile methodology is of particular interest to researchers, with the main aim of such studies being to produce a tool or system to assist in that decision. Examples of this research stream are to be found in research by Boehm and Turner (2003, 2004), McAvoy and Sammon (2006), and Pikkarainen and Passoja (2005). Decision making in these treats it as occurring over a short time frame, ending with a specific decision. In Mintzberg, Raisinghani, and Théorêt (1976), decision making is seen to be bounded by the identification of a need for action and ends with a commitment to take specific action. Despite Mintzberg et al.’s (1976) bounding of decision making, commitment to a particular decision can not be assumed to last. The implementation of a decision is longitudinal— that is, its lifecycle is from the commitment to action through to the completion of the action or actions. Throughout the implementation of a decision, many more related decisions are made: for example, decisions based on such considerations as: Do we continue to adopt? Do we need to alter the original decision? Do we need to reassess the actions decided upon? The decision to adopt a software development methodology aligns more with a longitudinal view of decision making than with conceptualizations of decision making as a once off phenomenon. Robin and Finley (1998) argue that the operationalisation of a decision is more significant than the method adopted to arrive at the initial decision. Thus, it may be deduced that in investigating the adoption of an ASD, there needs be a consideration of decision making beyond that of a single meeting or decision point, and the focus broadened to include the impact of time on how decisions are made and actions taken. It is clear from the studies quoted that over the lifecycle of a decision various factors can impact on outcomes associated with decision taking. For example, the group that makes or applies the decision can have a major impact on resulting outcomes, which can be negative—McGrath (1984) for example, discusses many of the decision-related factors that group interaction can influence.
A Support System for the Strategic Scenario Process
Authors: Kivijärvi Hannu , Tuominen Markku , Elfvengren Kalle , Piirainen Kalle , Kortelainen Samuli
Published: May 2010

In modern day business, management of uncertainty in the environment has become a vital part in building success. The increasing speed of changes in the field of business and shortening product lifecycles are being discussed right up to the point where these concepts are becoming clichés (e.g., Teece, Pisano, & Shuen, 1997; Wiggins & Ruefli, 2005). The problem of uncertain conditions boils down to the question: how can a business develop reasonable strategies for steering the company in the long run (Mintzberg, 1994)? Strategic planning and decision making in some form or another is seen as an important part of modern corporate management. Traditional techniques and tools have been criticized for being too rigid from the perspective of managing the environment (Mintzberg, 1994; Schoemaker, 1995). In many instances, the analysis that fuels the development of corporate strategies is a snapshot of the surrounding world and does not perceive possible anomalies in the development of situations. In the traditional sense, management is all about knowing the relevant decision parameters and forecasting the result of each decision. In contrast, scenario planning has gained attention as a structured method for interfacing strategic planning with the evolving operating conditions (e.g., Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, & Lampel, 1998; Walsh, 2005). Scenarios are not a single point prediction of a defined time-space in some point of future, and multiple scenarios have conventionally been used to map the borders of plausible futures (Schwartz, 1996; Schoemaker, 1995; van der Heijden, Bradfield, George, Cairns, & Wright, 2002), which aims at avoiding problems that arise if carefully conducted forecast of future business proves to be faulty.
‘Stream of Training' Approach in Project Management Training
Authors: Vequist IV David G. , Teachout Mark S.
Published: May 2010

This article describes a training innovation that combines research on advances in information communication technologies (ICTs) and leading-edge training techniques. It also extends an evolution of traditional organizational change management (OCM) approaches and integrates technology more fully than current traditional change management practices. This new approach to training is based on concepts that have been utilized in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. This approach merges traditional project communication and project training together to form a continuous ‘stream of training’ throughout the life cycle of the project. This technique is an advanced combination of both training and communication. Rather than utilizing a traditional linear training model, in this technique, training becomes a stream of learning incorporating pretraining communication (screen prints of new applications), ‘push’ training that can be electronically distributed through really simple syndication (RSS, also referred to as resource description framework, site summary, or rich site summary) to key stakeholders just-in-time (JIT) and electronic performance support systems (EPSS) that reinforce new process/technology changes. Some of the potential advantages of this approach are that it is less costly than providing separate communication and training functions and that utilizing an integrated or streaming approach to communication and training may lead to less conflict and confusion among key stakeholders about the current status of the project team. A discussion of the background and the benefits achieved by this approach are described in the following sections.
Structural Changes and Regulatory Challenges in Japanese Telecommunications
Authors: Fuke Hidenori
Published: May 2010

The structure of the telecommunications industry in Japan has been changing revolutionarily. The changes are observed in five phases: (1) development of competition into the local call market, (2) diffusion of broadband Internet and development of inter-platform competition, (3) rapid growth of cellular services and Internet access via cellular, (4) decline of POTS (plain old telephone service), and (5) structural changes from vertical integration to layered structure and development of media convergence. These changes require total review of the regulatory framework that was formed in the POTS era. In this chapter, I propose to review: (a) essential facilities regulation, (b) a universal service system, and (c) a flat-rate pricing system of the Internet to solve problems that are likely to distort the new industry structure and would stress the importance of a regulatory system that is competition, technology, and content neutral.
A Strategy for Enterprise VoIP Security
Authors: Stevens Dwayne , Green David T.
Published: May 2010

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) networks signal an evolution in telecommunications that is accelerating the convergence of the Internet and the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Offering decreased costs and other benefits, VoIP is poised to transform telecommunications and the organizations that use them. However, some consider VoIP a security nightmare, combining the worst vulnerabilities of IP networks and voice networks. DOS attacks, crash attacks, packet spoofing, buffer overflow attacks, spam over Internet telephony (SPIT), and word injection all pose threats to commercial enterprise networks and the mission critical operations that they support.
Developing an Innovative Curriculum to Prepare Networking Professionals for the Global Marketplace
Authors: Jeffries Michael , Papp Raymond
Published: May 2010

The need for business managers with strong information technology (IT) skills in general, and data communication and networking skills in particular, is now high and will be even greater in the years to come. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2007), occupations in the area of network systems and data communications analysis are projected to increase 55% by 2014. Given the trend in business to leverage information technology to decrease costs and increase efficiency in all functional areas, this demand is understandable. What is more difficult to understand is the lack of response to this demand by university IT departments as reflected in their curriculums (Hawk, 2005.) In this article we describe how one information and technology management department has attempted to meet the challenge of integrating networking skills in a coordinated fashion over a wide variety of courses to, at least in part, better prepare their students for the demands they are certain to face when they graduate.
Business Process Modification Management
Authors: Urh Benjamin , Kern Tomaz , Roblek Matjaz
Published: May 2010

The pace of development of products and services has rapidly increased in the last two decades. Enterprises are expected to respond to new market requirements with their products and services in the shortest possible time. Expanding globalized markets makes response to the changing demand for products and services even more imperative for enterprises. Executives in companies have become aware that the saying, “Fail to keep pace with time and time will pass you by,” applies more than ever. This situation has become a factor to be reckoned with by all enterprises, causing a lot of headache to executives.
Designing Contracts for Business Networks
Authors: Rittgen Peter
Published: May 2010

Economic activities within and between networked organizations can be coordinated via hierarchies (internal coordination) or markets (external coordination). There are theories that explain both agency theory (Jensen & Meckling, 1976) and transaction cost economics (Williamson, 1985). It is assumed that networked organizations design their organization and network of trading partners such that the sum of internal and external coordination costs is minimized. The impact of information technology (IT) has been assessed in different ways. Malone, Yates, and Benjamin (1987) expected that IT will lower transaction costs and lead to increased market coordination. Clemons, Reddi, and Row (1993, p. 9) posited that organizations will “move to the middle”, that is, to “more outsourcing, but from a reduced set of stable partnerships” if non-contractible issues such as quality and trust play an important role. Empirical evidence (Holland & Lockett, 1997) shows that companies often mix aspects from both markets and hierarchies.
Development of a University Networking Project
Authors: Mínguez Almudena Moreno , Ballesteros Enrique Crespo
Published: May 2010

A communications channel has an important dependence for the channel capacity (C, in bps) to channel bandwidth (W, in Hz) ratio; this is capacity per unit bandwidth on signal to noise ratio (S/N, power of the signal over power of noise). Shannon’s formula gives an upper limit for this dependence (Shannon & Weaver, 1949), C/W=log2 (1+S/N), which represents channel efficiency. Phase lock loops for waves and data symbols in the presence of noise have been given (Reis, Rocha, Gameira, & Carvalho, 2005).
E-Learning Tool for Regional Development
Authors: de Noronha Vaz Maria Teresa , Fernandes Sílvia Brito , de Noronha Vaz Eric
Published: May 2010

As opposed to the computer-based training of the 1980s, the term e-learning is most frequently used to refer to computer-based training which incorporates technologies that support interactivity beyond what would be provided by a single personal computer. E-learning, therefore, is an approach to facilitate and enhance learning through both computer and communication technologies. Such devices can include personal computers, CD-ROM, digital television, PDA, and mobile phones. Communication technologies enable the use of the Internet, e-mail, discussion forums, collaborative software, classroom management software, and team learning systems.
E-Portfolio and Pedagogical Change for Virtual Universities
Authors: Vat Kam Hou
Published: May 2010

With the rapid advances in networking technologies and the commercialization of the Internet today, many organizations are actively reflecting on their organizational design and operating philosophy to transform their bricks-and-mortar entity into its clicks-and-mortar counterpart. We call such a transition effort the electronic transformation of the organization, or simply the e-Transformation effort (Henderson & Venkatraman, 1993; Hoque, 2000). Obviously, such an effort requires an objective methodology (Vat, 2000b; 2002b), which must be instrumental to creating an efficient electronic organization (e-Organization) model that could enable the organization (Vat, 2001a; 2002c) to launch and learn based on some innovative initiative, and then incorporate the lessons learned and launch again. Consequently, organizational transformation could be considered as the essence of a learning organization (Senge, 1990; Garvin, 1993; Vat, 2001b), implying its constant efforts to better itself for any coming challenges. An example of such transformation is to consider the challenge of managing a learning university (Duke, 2002) and putting the university online (Cornford & Pollock, 2003). A university comprises valuable assets coming from its teams of knowledge workers, who have a strong formal education, have learned how to learn, and have a habit of continuing to learn throughout their lifetime. Nevertheless, human capitals as an organization’s intellectual assets could be made more visible only through their application and reuse (Conklin, 1996; Stewart, 1997). These then are good reasons to stewarding people’s intellectual knowledge, however implicit it may be, and making it available within and without the organization whose competitive edge comes from having and effectively using such knowledge. The idea of electronic portfolio systems (e-Portfolio) (Aalderink & Veugelers, 2006; Dalziel, Challan, & Sutherland, 2006), as part of a university initiative to improve teaching and learning, fits timely to advance this goal in higher education. However, this vision requires e-Transformation efforts on the part of the conventional university, to take advantage of not only the new technological, but also the renewed pedagogical opportunities. The result could eventually be an essential constituent of a virtual university (VU) (Hamalainen, Whinston, & Vishik, 1996; Chellappa, Barua, & Whinston, 1997; Vat, 2001a; 2004), which is an electronic form of the original university renewed based on the working model of a virtual organization (Davidow, & Malone, 1992; Cheng, 1996; Hedberg, Dahlgren, Hansson, & Olve, 1997), to enable a re-engineered vision of the university’s education process.