bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low prevalence of human papillomavirus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in Chinese patients
Authors: Xu Yanan , Liu Suru , Yi Hongliang , Wang Jiadong , Luo Yanli , Yin Shankai
Published: August 2014

The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence and prognostic value of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry and GenoArray HPV genotyping assays were used to evaluate the HPV infection status of 256 Chinese patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Long‐term survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Immunostaining for p16 was prevalent in 6.6% (17/256) of patients, whereas HPV infection was detected in 9 of 256 (3.5%) patients using the HPV genotyping test. None of the p16‐negative subjects were found to have HPV infection according to the HPV genotyping test. P16 positivity was more common among nonsmokers than smokers (16.3% vs. 4.7%, respectively; P = 0.02). Among nine HPV‐positive cases, seven were infected with HPV‐16, one with HPV‐33, and one with both HPV‐16 and HPV‐11. The 3‐year overall survival rate was 87.5% for p16‐positive/HPV‐positive patients, 75.0% for p16‐positive/HPV‐negative patients, and 76.9% for p16‐negative/HPV‐negative patients (P = 0.30). A very low rate of HPV infection was found among the study patients. HPV infection status may not be a useful prognostic marker for head and neck cancer patients. J. Med. Virol. 87:281–286, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new frequency compensation technique for three stages OTA by differential feedback path
Authors: Hosseini Largani S. Mehdi , Shahsavari Sajjad , Biabanifard Sadegh , Jalali Ali
Published: August 2014

A new single Miller capacitor for frequency compensation of three‐stage amplifier is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, a differential stage in which its negative and positive inputs are connected to the output and input nodes of third stage with a cascade capacitor forms the compensation block of a conventional three‐stage amplifier. Analysis shows that this configuration significantly improves the frequency domain performances of total circuit such as phase margin (PM) and gain‐bandwidth product (GBW) with just a very small amount of compensation capacitor. A three‐stage amplifier has been simulated with and without a differential feedback path in a 0.18 µm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS). The simulated amplifier with a 100 pF capacitive load achieved more than 9 MHz GBW and 83° PM while the compensation is less than 0.2% of load capacitor. An amplifier based on conventional nested Miller compensation can just achieve less than 0.23 MHz GBW with the same load, while using more than 100 pF as compensation capacitor. So this method shows an improvement of a factor of 40 in GBW and reduction of a factor of 550 in the size of compensation capacitor. It is a suitable strategy for ON‐CHIP compensation in comparison to other methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Public Law Perspective on Intellectual Property
Authors: French Robert
Published: August 2014

This paper, delivered as the Annual Francis Gurry Lecture at Melbourne University in 2012, considers intellectual property law as a species of public law serving public purposes. The purposes reflecting the interests of creators, owners and users of intellectual property rights are in tension. That tension affects the normative clarity of intellectual property law and its effective enforcement. It may inform the construction of intellectual property statutes and the application of evaluative criteria of validity under those statutes. In Australia, intellectual property statutes are made under constitutional authority with respect to specified categories of intellectual property, the specific content of which may vary with technological change. Official decisions effecting the creation or discontinuance in intellectual property rights are statutory and subject to constitutionally based judicial review in addition to particular appeal rights conferred by statute. At the heart of the public law aspect of intellectual property rights is a tension between their characterisation as proprietary or instrumental.
Histopathology of balloon‐dilation eustachian tuboplasty
Authors: Kivekäs Ilkka , Chao Wei‐Chieh , Faquin William , Hollowell Monica , Silvola Juha , Rasooly Tali , Poe Dennis
Published: August 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Surgical intervention of the Eustachian tube (ET) has become increasingly common in the past decade, and balloon dilation has shown promising results in recent studies. It is unclear how balloon dilation enhances ET function. Our aim was to evaluate histological changes in the ET's mucosal lumen comparing before balloon dilation, immediately after, and postoperatively.

Study Design

Case series.

Methods

Thirteen patients with bilateral ET dysfunction were enrolled. Biopsies of the ET mucosa were obtained just before balloon dilation; immediately after; and in three cases, 5 to 12 weeks postoperatively. Specimens were retrospectively examined under light microscopy by two pathologists blinded to the clinical information and whether specimens were pre‐ or postballoon dilation.

Results

Preoperative biopsies were characterized by inflammatory changes within the epithelium and submucosal layer. Immediate response to balloon dilation was thinning of the mucosa, shearing of epithelium and crush injury to the submucosa, especially to lymphocytic infiltrates. Postoperative biopsies demonstrated healthy pseudocolumnar epithelium and replacement of lymphocytic infiltrate with a thinner layer of fibrous tissue.

Conclusion

Reduction of inflammatory epithelial changes and submucosal inflammatory infiltrate appeared to be the principal result of balloon dilation. The balloon may shear or crush portions of inflamed epithelium but usually spared the basal layer, allowing for rapid healing. Additionally, it appeared to effectively crush lymphocytes and lymphocytic follicles that may become replaced with thinner fibrous scar. Histopathology of the ET undergoing balloon dilation demonstrated effects that could reduce the overall inflammatory burden and may contribute to clinical improvement in ET function.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:436–441, 2015
Global health‐related publications in otolaryngology are increasing
Authors: Chambers Kyle J. , Creighton Francis , Abdul‐Aziz Dunia , Cheney Mack , Randolph Gregory W.
Published: August 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Determine trends in global health‐related publication in otolaryngology.

Study Design

A review of research databases.

Methods

A search of publications available on PubMed and nine additional databases was undertaken reviewing two time periods 10 years apart for the timeframes 1998 to 2002 (early time period) and 2008 to 2012 (recent time period) using specific search terms to identify global health‐related publications in otolaryngology. Publications were examined for region of origin, subspecialty, type of publication, and evidence of international collaboration. χ and t test analyses were used to identify trends.

Results

In the 1998 to 2002 time period, a total of 26 publications met inclusion criteria for the study, with a mean of 5.2 ± 2.8 publications per year. In the 2008 to 2012 time period, a total of 61 publications met inclusion criteria, with a mean of 12.3 ± 5.6 publications per year. The 235% increase in global health‐related publications identified between the two study periods was statistically significant (P = .02). The absolute number of publications in which collaboration occurred between countries increased from three in the early time period to nine the recent time period.

Conclusions

There has been a significant increase in the volume of global health‐related publications in English language otolaryngology journals over the past decade, providing strong evidence of the increasing trend of global health as an academic pursuit within the field of otolaryngology.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:848–851, 2015
Synthesis of Well‐Defined Polystyrene Rink Amide Soluble Supports and Their Use in Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Amrane Meryem Imane , Chouikhi Dalila , Badi Nezha , Lutz Jean‐François
Published: August 2014

A soluble polystyrene‐based support bearing a cleavable Rink amide moiety is synthesized and utilized for the iterative synthesis of an oligopeptide. This soluble support is obtained in three steps. First, a well‐defined polystyrene segment is prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using a fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)‐protected amino‐functional ATRP initiator. After polymerization, the Fmoc‐protecting group is cleaved and the obtained primary amine is coupled to a commercial Knorr linker (also known as Rink amide linker). The formed Rink amide soluble support is characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. As a proof of concept, this soluble support is used for the synthesis of a model tetrapeptide Glycine‐Lysine‐Serine‐Arginine. This peptide is also prepared on a commercial Rink amide resin, in order to compare the advantages and drawbacks of soluble and solid supports. It is found that the soluble support allows efficient synthesis of the model oligopeptide. Interestingly, it also allows a precise monitoring of the oligomer synthesis by SEC and NMR.

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Basal ganglia network by constrained spherical deconvolution: A possible cortico‐pallidal pathway?
Authors: Milardi Demetrio , Gaeta Michele , Marino Silvia , Arrigo Alessandro , Vaccarino Gianluigi , Mormina Enricomaria , Rizzo Giuseppina , Milazzo Carmelo , Finocchio Giovanni , Baglieri Annalisa , Anastasi Giuseppe , Quartarone Angelo
Published: August 2014

In the recent past, basal ganglia circuitry was simplified as represented by the direct and indirect pathways and by hyperdirect pathways. Based on data from animal studies, we hypothesized a fourth pathway, the cortico‐pallidal, pathway, that complements the hyperdirect pathway to the subthalamus. Ten normal brains were analyzed by using the high angular resolution diffusion imaging—constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD)‐based technique. The study was performed with a 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner (Achieva, Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands); by using a 32‐channel SENSE head coil. We showed that CSD is a powerful technique that allows a fine evaluation of both the long and small tracts between cortex and basal ganglia, including direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathways. In addition, a pathway directly connecting the cortex to the globus pallidus was seen. Our results confirm that the CSD tractography is a valuable technique allowing a reliable reconstruction of small‐ and long‐fiber pathways in brain regions with multiple fiber orientations, such as basal ganglia. This could open a future scenario in which CSD could be used to focally target with deep brain stimulation (DBS) the small bundles within the basal ganglia loops. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Ornithine Aminotransferase versus GABA Aminotransferase: Implications for the Design of New Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Lee Hyunbeom , Juncosa Jose I. , Silverman Richard B.
Published: August 2014

Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) and γ‐aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA‐AT) are classified under the same evolutionary subgroup and share a large portion of structural, functional, and mechanistic features. Therefore, it is not surprising that many molecules that bind to GABA‐AT also bind well to OAT. Unlike GABA‐AT, OAT had not been viewed as a potential therapeutic target until recently; consequently, the number of therapeutically viable molecules that target OAT is very limited. In this review the two enzymes are compared with respect to their active‐site structures, catalytic and inactivation mechanisms, and selective inhibitors. Insight is offered that could aid in the design and development of new selective inhibitors of OAT for the treatment of cancer.
NMR discrimination in nonrigid prochiral solutes dissolved in chiral liquid crystals: symmetry considerations
Authors: Lesot Philippe , Luz Zeev , Aroulanda Christie , Zimmermann Herbert
Published: August 2014

Enantiodiscrimination in the NMR spectra of flexible prochiral solutes dissolved in chiral liquid crystals (CLCs) is reviewed and compared with the analog phenomenon in such rigid solutes. In rigid prochiral solutes, the discrimination is brought about by the cancellation of improper symmetry elements upon dissolving in CLC within the frame of solute‐solvent ordering mechanisms. If this reduction in symmetry renders the ordering of enantiotopic sites dissimilar, spectral discrimination may be observed. Symmetry considerations indicate that this is only possible for improper nonaxial groups lacking inversion symmetry. Nonrigid prochiral solutes consist of rapidly (on the NMR timescale) interconverting enantiomers, in which the racemization is accompanied by exchange of nonequivalent sites. These sites become, on the average, enantiotopically related, and in CLC, they exhibit spectral discrimination. The mechanism of the effect and the symmetry selection rules are different for the two cases. Specifically, the discrimination in flexible prochiral compounds results from the different ordering of the interchanging enantiomers in CLC. Using Altman's definition of average symmetry (Proc. R. Soc. A, 1967, 298, 184), selection rules for the phenomenon are derived. It follows that chiral discrimination in nonrigid prochiral solutes is much more abundant and can occur in all symmetry types except those possessing inversion. In particular, contrary to earlier thoughts, the effect can occur in compounds with axial symmetry. Illustrative examples of such studies with particular emphasis on compounds with average axial symmetry of the type D3h, C3v and C3h are reviewed in this contribution. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing the expression patterns of placental magnesium/phosphorus‐transporting channels between healthy and preeclamptic pregnancies
Authors: Yang Hyun , Kim Tae‐Hee , Lee Geun‐Shik , Hong Eui‐Ju , Jeung Eui‐Bae
Published: August 2014

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy‐specific disorder characterized by de novo development of concurrent hypertension, proteinuria, and placental oxidative stress. During the last trimester of gestation, maternal‐to‐fetal transport of minerals is dramatically increased and becomes tightly mediated by ion channels that are highly permeable to various divalent cations, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+. The regulation of magnesium/inorganic phosphorus ion‐channel transport in the placenta, however, is not incompletely understood. In the present study, we examined the regulation of magnesium/inorganic phosphorus channels (MPCs) in the placenta of pregnant women suffering from preeclampsia as well as in primary human placental cells subjected to oxidative stress. The expression of MPC genes (TRPM6, TRPM7, PiT‐1, and PiT‐2) was down‐regulated in preeclamptic placenta tissues during preterm labor, and generally remained lower at term labor—although TRPM7 expression in the central placenta or PiT‐2 expression in whole placenta was unchanged or up‐regulated. Consistent with this association, expression of MPC genes in the primary placental cells was reduced under hypoxic conditions. TRPM6, TRPM7, and PiT‐1 channels were predominantly detected in the syncytiotrophoblast layers of the placenta. In contrast, PiT‐2 was abundant in the placental intravillous connective tissues. Taken together, our findings indicated that placental MPC expression is down‐regulated in cases of preeclampsia and under hypoxia. This relationship may contribute to a better understanding of the interrelationship between magnesium/inorganic phosphorus imbalances and preeclampsia development during preterm or term labor. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 851–860, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of BaTiO3 as insulative ferroelectric barrier on the broadband dielectric properties of MWCNT/PVDF nanocomposites
Authors: Arjmand Mohammad , Sundararaj Uttandaraman
Published: August 2014

This study was devoted to investigating the effects of BaTiO3 incorporation on the broadband dielectric properties of melt‐mixed multi‐walled carbon nanotube/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (MWCNT/PVDF) nanocomposites. BaTiO3, as insulative barrier, was incorporated into the composites with MWCNT loadings close to and above the percolation threshold, where conductive networks were unstable and newly formed. The results showed that BaTiO3 did not create any change in the volume resistivity and percolation curve; nevertheless, it reduced the dissipation factor considerably. For instance, at 100 Hz the dissipation factor of the MWCNT/PVDF nanocomposite was 130, which dropped to 48 and 0.45 by adding 1.0 and 3.0 vol% BaTiO3, respectively. It was also observed that incorporating BaTiO3 muted the descending trends of dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss with frequency, confirming the role of BaTiO3 as insulative barrier. The positive impact of BaTiO3 on the dielectric properties of the MWCNT/PVDF nanocomposites was attributed to deteriorated conductive network. POLYM. COMPOS., 299–304, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of external loads on damage detection of rubber‐toughened nanocomposites using carbon nanotubes sensory network
Authors: Cardoso Shane M. , O'Connell Christopher D. , Pivonka Ryan , Mooney Corey , Chalivendra Vijaya , Shukla Arun , Yang Sze
Published: August 2014

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes of 0.2% weight fraction are used as a sensory network for detecting and characterizing the damage of particulate epoxy composites under shear loading conditions. Three different weight fractions of carboxyl‐terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer rubber [10 parts per hundred of epoxy resin (phr), 20 phr, and 30 phr] are used for toughening a thermoset epoxy composite. The electrical response of the specimens is measured, nearest the central shearing plane, using a four‐circumferential ring probe technique in conjunction with a high‐resolution data acquisition system. A collection of the electromechanical response results are reported with respect to the shear strain. The resistance changes observed under shear loading are related to nonlinear deformation mechanisms, void initiation, and growth around rubber particulate. With increasing rubber content, the strength of the material decreases and a greater drop in resistance is recorded as a result of decreased distance between neighboring carbon nanotubes (CNTs) due to declustering and straightening of molecular chains of host matrix. In the end, a comparison for 30 phr composites under shear loading with that of tensile and compression loading conditions is presented. For initial deformation, there is no change in resistance under shear loading condition; however, the significant resistance change can be noticed under both tension and compression. The specimen under shear loading conditions experiences smaller decrease in resistance when compared with both tension and compression. However, the decrease in resistance is higher for compression due to higher decrease in distance between neighboring CNTs. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:360–369, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of alkali‐resistant glass fiber on polypropylene/polystyrene blends: Modeling and characterization
Authors: Krishnan K. Asha , Anjana R. , George K.E.
Published: August 2014

Alkali‐resistant glass fiber (GF) reinforced polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) blends were prepared by melt mixing in a Thermo Haake Rheochord mixer. Variation in thermal and mechanical properties with the addition of glass fibers into the polypropylene/polystyrene blends was investigated. The characterization of PP/PS/GF composites was done by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The experimentally observed tensile properties of glass fiber reinforced PP/PS blends were compared with various published models. It was found that the experimental results agree well with Hui‐ Shia and series models. DMA tests revealed an increase in storage modulus with fiber loading confirms the greater degree of stress transfer from the matrix to the fiber. TEM micrographs reveal that the glass fibers are located at the interface between the blend components. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:398–406, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 superstrate solar cells: prospects and limitations
Authors: Heinemann Marc Daniel , Efimova Varvara , Klenk Reiner , Hoepfner Britta , Wollgarten Markus , Unold Thomas , Schock Hans‐Werner , Kaufmann Christian A.
Published: August 2014

Superstrate solar cells were prepared by thermal evaporation of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 onto ZnO coated glass substrates. For the first time, photo‐conversion efficiencies above 11% were reached without the necessity of additional light soaking or forward biasing of the solar cell. This was achieved by modifying the deposition process as well as the sodium doping. Limitations of the superstrate device configuration and possible ways to overcome these were investigated by analyzing the hetero‐interface with electron microscopy and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements, combined with capacitance spectroscopy and device simulations. A device model was derived that explains how on the one hand the GaOx, which forms at the CIGSe/ZnO interface, reduces the interface recombination. On the other hand how it limits the efficiency by acting as an electron barrier at the hetero‐interface presumably because of a high density of negatively charged acceptor states like CuGa. The addition of sodium enhances the p‐type doping of the absorber but also increases the net doping within the GaOx. Hence, a trade‐off between these two effects is required. The conversion efficiency was found to decrease over time, which can be explained in our model by field‐induced diffusion of sodium cations out from the GaOx layer. The proposed device model is able to explain various effects frequently observed upon light soaking and forward biasing of superstrate devices. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smart photoluminescent nanohybrids based on CdSe quantum dots capped with multidentate thiolated pH‐responsive and thermoresponsive polymers for nanosensing
Authors: Liras Marta , Peinado Elena , Cañamero Pedro , Quijada‐Garrido Isabel , García Olga
Published: August 2014

Well‐defined thermoresponsive polymers obtained by the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of short oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylates (MEOnMA, n = 2, 3, or 8) with small ratios of a thiolated comonomer, 2‐(acetylthio)ethylmethacrytale, can replace the hydrophobic trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) capping of CdSe quantum dots (QDs). After this facile ligand exchange, the mild hydrolysis of the acetylthiol group into thiol is the key to enhance the QD luminescence. However, the length of the ethylene glycol side chain is critical for the success of the functionalization; it is established that the shortest MEO2MA‐based copolymers result in a compact coating and a highest quantum yield (up to a factor of 6) when compared with that of CdSe@TOPO in dichloromethane. In addition, the amphiphilic character of the copolymer allows the CdSe@P(MEOnMA‐co‐SEMA) nanohybrids to disperse in water. On the other hand, the residual ionizable thiol groups do not get attached to the QD surface, cause that the lower critical solubility temperature of the polymer depends on pH as well. Thus, at acidic pH, an abrupt increase in the luminescence emission accompanies the polymer collapse, which establishes the promise of these hybrids as temperature/pH nanosensors and targeted drug delivery. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3087–3095
Thermo‐responsive gels in the presence of monovalent salt at physiological concentrations: A Monte Carlo simulation study
Authors: Quesada‐Pérez Manuel , Ahualli Silvia , Martín‐Molina Alberto
Published: August 2014

In this work, slightly charged thermo‐responsive gels in the presence of salt at concentrations close to physiological conditions have been simulated within a coarse‐grained model widely used in the last decade. These simulations allow differentiate charge and salt effects, which are antagonist and coupled in many real systems because the degree of ionization might depend on the electrolyte concentration. An analysis in terms of the different contributions to osmotic pressure is also presented, which highlights the role played by excluded volume effects. In addition, our results also permit us to test some predictions based on the ideal Donnan equilibrium, a common assumption made to justify the swelling behavior of gels and microgels in the presence of salt. More specifically, simulations show that, for the slightly charged gels simulated here, such an assumption overestimates the concentration of salt inside collapsed gels and underestimates the excess of osmotic pressure associated to the additional electrolyte. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1403–1411
Atmospheric Plasma Surface Modification of PMMA and PP Micro‐Particles
Authors: Gilliam Mary , Farhat Susan , Zand Ali , Stubbs Barrack , Magyar Michael , Garner Graham
Published: August 2014

Chemical surface modification of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polypropylene (PP) particles was achieved using a continuous atmospheric plasma process, resulting in increased oxidation and hydrophilicity. Contact angles of treated PMMA ranged from 79–117° (125° for untreated). Air plasma produced higher contact angles than pure nitrogen, which is attributed to primary surface degradation from oxygen. Higher energy and flow rate of water resulted in decreased contact angles. Treated PP mixed in water upon agitation, while untreated PP remained at the surface. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed increased CO and CO for treated samples. The addition of 10% hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) to water showed a slight decrease in contact angle, but no difference from pure water in XPS results.
Influence of Particle Mass and Flow Rate on Plasma Polymerized Allylamine Coated Quartz Particles for Humic Acid Removal
Authors: Jarvis Karyn L. , Majewski Peter
Published: August 2014

Plasma polymerized allylamine films were deposited onto quartz particles for the removal of humic acid, a common water contaminant. Allylamine flow rates of 6.6 and 11.5 standard cubic centrimetres per minute (sccm) were used and the mass of particles varied from 50 to 500 g. At an allylamine flow rate of 6.6 sccm, the atomic concentration of carbon and nitrogen decreased with increasing mass of particles. The isoelectric point and number of positively charged amine groups increased as the allylamine flow rate was increased and/or the mass of particles coated was decreased. Greater humic acid removal was achieved by increasing the allylamine flow rate and/or decreasing the mass of particles coated, which will have important implications for its use in water purification.
A computational investigation of the hydrogenation of imines catalyzed by rhodium thiolate complexes
Authors: Zhang Honghong , Zhao Xue , Chen Dezhan
Published: August 2014

The mechanism of imine hydrogenation catalyzed by thiolate complexes of Rh(III) bearing a hydrotris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)borato ligand has been investigated via the density functional theory calculations. The overall catalytic cycle for heterolytic cleavage of H2 and hydrogenation of N‐benzylidenemethylamine by the model catalyst [TpRh(bdt)MeCN)] is presented in detail. The results show that the reaction proceeds via an ionic mechanism through three steps: formation of dihydrogen complex, protonation of imine and the hydride transfer process. Protonation of imine occurs after the formation of Rh(H)‐S(H) moiety. For the whole catalytic cycle, the heterolytic splitting of dihydrogen is the step with the highest free energy barrier. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Survival of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Eggs During Dewatering in a River Subjected to Hydropeaking
Authors: Casas‐Mulet R. , Saltveit S. J. , Alfredsen K.
Published: August 2014

Hydropeaking in regulated rivers is likely to become more frequent with increasing demands for renewable energy. Sudden fluctuations affect surface and subsurface flow regimes and change hydrological interactions occurring in the hyporheic zone. The hyporheic zone plays an important role for salmon embryonic development, and groundwater influx may create refuges for egg survival during low flow in hydropeaking regulated rivers. The links between salmon embryo survival and hyporheic hydrological processes during hydropeaking have hardly been investigated.

A field experiment was undertaken in a 5 × 20 m side gravel bar subject to dewatering due to hydropeaking. Eleven cylindrical boxes composed of eight compartments were placed in the permanently wet area and the ramping zone. Sixty eggs were placed in two compartments (at 10 and 30 cm depth) in each box. Surface and interstitial water levels and temperatures were monitored at 2 min resolution. Data were collected for a period of 3 months, coinciding with early stages of salmonid egg development in this catchment. Egg compartments were checked on six occasions for survival after different hydropeaking events. Dead eggs were counted and removed. Survival rates were lower in the top compartments in the ramping zone (78%) compared with the boxes in the permanently wet area and the lowermost compartments in the ramping (survival rates >99%). With no water quality issues in the catchment and very low inputs of fine sediments in the egg compartments, exposure to dry conditions and subzero temperatures were the main factors explaining egg mortality in the top compartments of the ramping zone. The rate of survival will thus depend on the surface water and groundwater interactions. Site‐specific hydrological interactions occurring in the hyporheic zone should be actively considered when managing fish populations in rivers with hydropeaking. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity analysis of graphical functions
Authors: Eker Sibel , Slinger Jill , van Daalen Els , Yücel Gönenç
Published: August 2014

Despite high degrees of uncertainty associated with graphical functions, sensitivity analysis of these functions has received less attention than parametric sensitivity analysis. Recently, a promising method was proposed in the literature to generate alternative functional forms, reducing the problem to that of parametric sensitivity. Yet the usability of the method for graphical functions in system dynamics has not been investigated. We apply this function distortion method to a sample model and identify a number of shortcomings, such as a limited variety of alternative forms. We then propose extensions to the method to address the shortcomings, and subsequently test the extensions. We find the (extended) method of function distortion to be readily applicable and efficient in testing the sensitivity of model outputs to variations in the form of graphical functions. The proposed extensions increase the variety of possible distortions, but further research can be conducted on the control of the distortions. Copyright © 2014 System Dynamics Society
Efficient self‐healing group key management with dynamic revocation and collusion resistance for SCADA in smart grid
Authors: Jiang Rong , Lu Rongxing , Luo Jun , Lai Chengzhe , Shen Xuemin (Sherman)
Published: August 2014

In this paper, in order to simultaneously resolve the transmission security and availability in Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) group communications, we propose a robust and efficient group key management scheme, called LiSH+, which is characterized by developing a secure self‐healing mechanism with t‐revocation and collusion resistance capability. A dual direction hash chain is utilized to guarantee the backward secrecy and forward secrecy of group key. A novel self‐healing mechanism is constructed to ensure availability of the group member in case of devices failure and prevent the collusive users from exploiting the group key in the proposed scheme. In addition, the compromised users can be revoked from the group dynamically by broadcasting message. Detailed security analysis shows that the proposed LiSH+ scheme meets the requirements of group communication and is secure in terms of t user collusion‐free. Performance evaluation also demonstrates its efficiency in terms of low storage requirement and communication overheads. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Encapsulation of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles into Genetically Engineered Hepatitis B Core Virus‐Like Particles Through a Specific Interaction for Potential Bioapplications
Authors: Shen Lihua , Zhou Jun , Wang Yixiao , Kang Ning , Ke Xuebin , Bi Shengli , Ren Lei
Published: August 2014

Self‐assembly of viral coating proteins encapsulating functional nanoparticles provides a new class of biomaterials with robust chemical and physical properties for potential applications in functional imaging, and therapeutic or diagnostic agent delivery. Herein, a straightforward method is demonstrated for efficient encapsidation of magnetic nanoparticles into the engineered virus‐like particle (VLP) through the affinity of histidine tags for the nickel‐ nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) chelate. Monodispersed, uniformly sized, magnetic core‐containing VLPs are obtained at high efficiency (>85%) and used as the cellular T2 contrast agents for MR imaging applications thanks to their biocompatibility, higher cellular uptake, as well as higher r2 values.
An industrial assessment for a multimodel framework
Authors: Larrucea Xabier , Santamaria Izaskun
Published: August 2014

Software process improvement (SPI) initiatives are facing complex environments where stakeholders need to integrate different reference models in their organizations. There are several approaches to multimodel environments defining some steps or activities that should be carried out for implementing it efficiently inside organizations. This paper presents a report on the use of a multimodel framework integrating three quality reference models in 47 SPI initiatives. Basically, this report is based on statistical data extracted from industrial assessments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐carbon Reconstruction: A Meta‐Synthesis Approach for the Sustainable Development of a Post‐Disaster Community
Authors: Lu Yi , Xu Jiuping
Published: August 2014

Achieving sustainable development is a major challenge for a post‐disaster community. This paper studies development issues in a post‐disaster community from a systemic perspective and discusses the reconstruction requirements for a sustainable, resilient, low‐carbon community. A meta‐synthesis approach to low‐carbon reconstruction is proposed, which has three integrated components; systems thinking, a systemic framework and intervention strategies. Using this approach, the community capital decreased in the disaster is able to achieve sustainable development leading to the development of a low‐carbon, well organized community. Empirical research from the Guangyuan case study in post‐Wenchuan earthquake is presented. The results from this research verify the effectiveness of a low‐carbon reconstruction approach for post‐disaster communities in an under‐developed region. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the concept of systems analysis
Authors: Koprinkov Christo
Published: August 2014

The methodology of Systems Analysis needs tools for avoiding misunderstanding within an interdisciplinary group of experts and decision‐makers. A possible solution of the problem is to introduce a common tool for communication which could be perceived/cognized by everyone involved in such a group. Trying to apply Systems Analysis to the notion of Systems Analysis itself, essentially by treating the triplet reality‐model‐researcher, the paper concentrates on those aspects of the perceptual organization of the researcher that allows him to see and conceptualize a given reality as a system. That is an attempt to build a proper Verbal Model which may appear to contain the possible solution of the problem. “Any system is a logical configuration of the significant elements in a selected problem area” (Adrian M. McDonough [7]).
A note on progress: Postmodern transformation in the systems age
Authors: Nodoushani Omid
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the relationship between contemporary conception of Systems research and the idea of Progress. Consequently this paper is written in five parts. (1) Prologue: why systems thinkers and systems researchers must deal with the idea of Progress. (2) On defining the concept of Progress. (3) Historical background of the concept. (4) Progress and its relation to systems theoretical works and particularly to Social Systems Sciences called S3. (5) Progress and the nature of contentment. That is, the idea of contentment necessitates a place for redefining our conception of Progress.
Applicability of Top Gas Recycle Blast Furnace with Downstream Integration and Sequestration in an Integrated Steel Plant
Authors: Sahu Rajeev Kumar , Roy Sanat Kumar , Sen Prodip Kumar
Published: August 2014

The worldwide problem of global warming and climate change has led to consideration of the top gas recycle (TGR) blast furnace with significant potential to reduce CO2 emissions and replace conventional blast furnace operations. However, when the objective is to replace conventional blast furnace in an integrated steel plant, choice of a TGR blast furnace may require careful consideration with respect to input burden quality, availability of downstream energy and the quantity of CO2 to be sequestered. A simple spreadsheet based TGR system model using a two‐zone furnace model and a vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) system has been developed to simulate the behavior of TGR blast furnace under different operating conditions. The choice of TGR blast furnace with no pulverized coal injection (PCI) and low oxygen enrichment has been considered to be inappropriate even with a relatively rich grade burden, since no significant reduction of carbon rate could be achieved. On the other hand, for leaner grade burden with PCI and higher blast oxygen enrichment, the total carbon requirements are estimated to be brought down from 420–440 to 323–342 kg thm−1 under optimal conditions. However, there is a substantial reduction in available downstream energy. To meet the energy demand of an integrated steel plant, additional energy supply with its associated emissions for energy needs to be foreseen while net carbon emissions of a TGR blast furnace based integrated steel plant requires re‐estimation.
Weighted Gibbs sampling for mixture modelling of massive datasets via coresets
Authors: McGrory Clare Anne , Ahfock Daniel C. , Horsley Joshua A. , Alston Clair L.
Published: August 2014

Massive datasets are increasingly encountered in modern research applications, and this presents tremendous new challenges for statisticians. In settings where the aim is to classify or cluster data via finite mixture modelling, such as in satellite image analysis, the large number data points to be analysed can make fitting such models either infeasible, or simply too time‐consuming to be of practical use. It has been shown that using a representative weighted subsample of the complete dataset to estimate mixture model parameters can lead to much more time‐efficient and yet still reasonable inference. These representative subsamples are called coresets. Naturally, these coresets have to be constructed carefully as the naive approach of performing simple uniform sampling from the dataset could lead to smaller clusters of points within the dataset being severely undersampled, and this would in turn result in very unreliable inference. It has previously been shown that an adaptive sampling approach can be used to obtain a representative coreset of data points together with a corresponding set of coreset weights. In this article, we explore how this idea can be incorporated into a Gibbs sampling algorithm for mixture modelling of image data via coresets within a Bayesian framework. We call the resulting algorithm a Weighted Gibbs Sampler. We will illustrate this proposed approach through an application to remote sensing of land use from satellite imagery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seeing, Believing, and Learning to Be Skeptical: Supporting Language Learning Through Advertising Analysis Activities
Authors: Hobbs Renee , He Haixia , Robbgrieco Michael
Published: August 2014

This study documents how a high school ESL teacher working with new immigrants ages 14–20 supported the development of their critical thinking and English language skills by using advertising analysis activities. The article examines the use of key critical questions for analyzing media messages and documents instructional activities designed to strengthen students' vocabulary, reading, and discussion skills to build inferential thinking and critical analysis skills. The researchers focus on four instructional practices used by the participating teacher, which rely on strategies for applying critical questions to analyze advertising: the cloze technique, the question generation approach, practice in analyzing ads using critical questions in class discussion, and a collaborative online writing activity resulting in the creation of a multiparagraph multimedia document. These activities provided a meaningful opportunity for students to practice speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills in English while supporting the development of abstract thinking, balancing the learning of new academic language and cultural knowledge, and connecting with students' prior knowledge, home cultures, and everyday experience.
An Australian Perspective on Standards‐Based Education, Teacher Knowledge, and Students of English as an Additional Language
Authors: Hammond Jennifer
Published: August 2014

This article presents an Australian perspective on the issue of standards‐based education and the place of students of English as an additional language (EAL) who are working within mainstream schools. Beginning with an overview of the various standards documents that impact the lives of teachers and their students in mainstream Australian schools, the discussion turns to the kind of knowledge required of teachers in their work with EAL students. The author draws on prior research completed over an extended period of time to address questions about teacher knowledge and specifically to address the domains of knowledge required for the effective design and implementation of programs with EAL students. She argues that, while standards can and do play an important role in legitimising knowledge, in themselves they cannot provide the depth of theoretical and professional knowledge that is required of teachers in the planning and implementation of effective teaching practices that both challenge and support their students, including their EAL students.
A Sociocognitive Perspective on Assessing EL Students in the Age of Common Core and Next Generation Science Standards
Authors: Mislevy Robert J. , Durán Richard P.
Published: August 2014

Subject‐area standards such as Common Core State Standards for Language Arts and Mathematics and Next Generation Science Standards offer deeper, richer views of subject‐area proficiency. In science, they underscore doing things with facts and concepts, such as explaining, planning, and investigating—activities that are intertwined with language, with specialized structures and functions of academic English. This article explores the implications of a sociocognitive view of learning for assessment based on these standards, focusing on English learners (ELs). The authors describe how ELs and native English speakers alike develop subject‐area and language resources jointly through activities, and how teachers use local knowledge to scaffold this development for students from diverse cultures and varying English experience. They then describe concomitant assessment strategies. The grounding of the standards in learning progressions enables the design of tasks which, while complex, challenge particular aspects of capability at targeted levels. A strategy can be used to craft tasks that are at once consistent with the standards but targeted to students with differing profiles of capabilities. This design strategy is well suited to contextualized formative assessment in local contexts such as classrooms. It supports design for large‐scale assessment as well, although rich and complex tasks that are not matched to students' language and subject‐area profiles face the low generalizability that plagued performance assessments in the 1980s. We consider ways that assessment design and tailored adaption can ameliorate some of the difficulties.
Dynamic Bilingualism as the Norm: Envisioning a Heteroglossic Approach to Standards‐Based Reform
Authors: Flores Nelson , Schissel Jamie L.
Published: August 2014

Standards‐based reforms in many Anglophone nations have been informed by monoglossic language ideologies that marginalize the dynamic bilingualism of emergent bilinguals. Recent developments in applied linguistics that advocate for heteroglossic language ideologies offer an alternative for standards‐based reform. This article argues that standards‐based reform initiatives will not be able to address the needs of emergent bilingual students unless they create ideological spaces that move away from monoglossic language ideologies toward heteroglossic language ideologies and implementational spaces that provide concrete tools for enacting this vision in the classroom. With a particular focus on the Common Core State Standards in the U.S. context, the article develops a vision for standards‐based reform that begins to affirm and build on the dynamic bilingualism of emergent bilingual students. Specifically, the article explores two classrooms and the New York State Bilingual Common Core Initiative as starting points for theorizing how to develop ideological and implementational spaces that infuse heteroglossic language ideologies into standards‐based reform initiatives while also emphasizing the role of monoglossic approaches to assessments in ultimately undermining the attempts that are currently being made.