bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Courts, Constituencies, and the Enforcement of Fiduciary Duties in the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Mead Joseph , Pollack Michael
Published: March 2016

Directors of nonprofit organizations owe fiduciary duties to their organization, but the content of these duties--and how and when courts should enforce these duties--has long been debated among scholars and courts.  This debate emerges in several areas, including the level of deference to be shown by courts to nonprofit directors (the business judgment rule), who should be allowed to sue to enforce duties (standing), and the type of relief available to prevailing plaintiffs (remedies).  Existing literature debates these legal rules in isolation and in abstraction, generally failing to consider how the rules interact with each other and ignoring the empirical reality of the nonprofit sector. Because for-profit and nonprofit corporations evolved from a common ancestor, courts generally apply the corporation law principles developed in the context of for-profit corporations to nonprofit corporations as well.  But for-profit and nonprofit corporations often differ in key ways, including sources of income, constituencies, and other institutional characteristics. These differences make rote application of corporate law principles to nonprofit corporations a conceptually questionable endeavor.  Rather than setting nonprofit rules through strained analogies to for-profit concepts of ownership and profit-maximization, we propose employing an analysis of institutional features that can operate in a whole range of governance contexts, including the nonprofit sector.  This approach considers opportunities for voice and exit, impact range, homogeneity, and comparative competence between boards and courts, and it does so among different types of nonprofit actors, like directors, members, employees, donors, customers, and beneficiaries.  Using this institutional analysis with for-profit corporation law as the baseline, we compare emerging legal rules in the nonprofit sector against existing empirical literature.  We find that, with one exception, institutional characteristics vis-à-vis nonprofit actors are reasonably comparable to their for-profit counterparts, and we therefore place the applicable legal regime with respect to those actors on a more conceptually sound footing.  However, beneficiaries of a nonprofit organization tend to lack opportunities for exit or voice, face risk of considerable deprivation, and often differ considerably in relevant aspects from the individuals who manage the organization.  We argue that the law should take into account the limited power of beneficiaries in nonprofit governance structures, and we analyze options for reform.
The Dilemma of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS):Is it SARS or just a cold or the flu?
Authors: Al Marri M. , Al Khal A.L.
Published: March 2016

SARS is a term used to describe a serious respiratory illness. Its main symptoms are high fever (>38° C), dry cough, shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing. Changes in chest X-rays indicative of pneumonia also occur. SARS appears to be less infectious than influenza. The incubation period is believed to be short, around three to six days (maximum 10 days). The global death rate for probable SARS cases is 4%. The cause of SARS has now been documented by WHO to be USARS coronavirus” (SARS CoV) a new member of the coronavirus family. Most patients identified up to date have been previously healthy adults aged 25—70 years. Based on currently available evidence, close contact with an infected person poses the highest risk of the infective agent spreading from one person to another. SARS is a new disease which has its origins in Guangdong Province, China. The earliest known cases were identified in mid-November 2002.Since then, probable cases of SARS have been reported in at least 28 countries.
Cryptococcal Meningitis in a Patient with Hepatitis C Cirrhosis Presenting with Acute Demyelinating Polyneuropathy of the Guillian-Barre Type
Authors: Al Ani M. A. , Mubarak A. A. , Al Azawi A. , Al Qahtani A.
Published: March 2016

Cryptococcal meningitis is a rare disease that can affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. A patient presenting with proximal muscle weakness was found to have cryptococcal meningitis. Nerve conduction studies (NCV) confirmed the proximal weakness as acute demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. During treatment the patient developed drug-related acute renal failure. He was then treated successfully with an alternative drug. A discussion of cryptococcal. meningitis and its treatment is presented.
Exploring gender differences in pre-operative emergency room use in an inpatient pacemaker insertion population
Authors: Roy Debosree , Studnicki James
Published: March 2016

Objective: The study is a prospective analysis of the Florida healthcare utilization project database. Records from the state inpatient database (SID) for the year 2010 and the state emergency department database (SEDD) for the years 2009 and 2010 have been used.Methods: There are 1,796 patients undergoing permanent pacemaker implants in the 2010 Florida inpatient discharge database according to our set inclusion criterion of all discharges with a primary procedure for initial pacemaker implant with diagnosis for bradycardia, heart block or both, in any position, in the SID. Three outcomes (emergency room [ER] history, true emergency and scheduled) were created based on the population’s ER experience within an observation period of 365 days. Descriptive statistics were used to describe patient demographics and clinical characteristics in the outcome groups. Binomial logistic regressions have been used to predict risk for inpatient pacemaker in females and our 3 outcome groups. The models have also been replicated using recursive partitioning methods.Results: Forty six percent of patients receiving a primary pacemaker in our data were women. Three hundred and five patients are scheduled, of which almost 41% are women; 697 patients are true emergencies, of which almost 45.5% are women and 769 patients have ER history, of which almost 48% are women. We found that sex does not affect outcomes. However, patient characteristics other than sex do affect outcomes, e.g., patients with Medicare as their primary payer are almost 65% less likely to have the ER history when compared with those having private insurance (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.16-0.74) and likelihood for women to receive pacemakers increases by 64% in patients having 2 comorbidities on their discharge record when compared with those who have 3 or more comorbidities (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.05-2.58).Conclusions: Consistent with previous literature, we did not find any significant differences among the sexes for primary pacemaker implants as well as ER use previous to implant. However subtle differences were observed in discrete patient characteristics like comorbidities, race and primary expected payer in sex-based and ER-utilization based groups. Cardiac events display high gender disparity and have high association with ER use. We have not found any previous study exploring these interactions. Future investigations in this subject should involve a larger sample size in order to carry out non-linear models of exploration along with stochastic analyses in order to increase validity of findings.
Citogenética de aves. III. Cromossomos sexuais e digametia em aves
Authors: Waldrigues Aldo
Published: March 2016

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Revisão bibliográfica que visa apresentar os prováveis mecanismos cromossômicos envolvidos na determinação do sexo na classe Aves. São abordados aspectos relativos à digametia em aves, bem como quanto à forma, tamanho, função e evolução dos cromossomos sexuais Z e W.
Estudo espectroscópico vibracional dos complexos [Co (NH3)5 X] X2 (X = Cl, Br) com substituição isotópica H/D.(l): análise da região de baixa energia
Authors: Diaz-Fleming Guillermo , Tellez Claudio
Published: March 2016

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Os espectros infravermelhos dos complexos [ Co (NH3)5 X ] X2 (X = Cl, Br) com substituição isotópica H/D, têm sido registrados nas regiões de baixa energia. Discute-se a atribuição vibracional dos modos metal-ligante e determinam-se por diferentes procedimentos de cálculo as constantes de força do esqueleto dos complexos.
Análise de pórticos no regime elasto-plástico
Authors: Ballarotti Cesar , Antunes Helena Maria Carmo
Published: March 2016

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Análises elasto-plàsticas de pórticos, constituídos só de vigas e pilares, considerando-se a não linearidade física do material e geométrica da estrutura. Como resultados das análises pode-se ter: os esforços solicitantes nas barras, as relações carga-deslocamentos, a posição e ordem de formação das rótulas plásticas, a carga última e a causa da instabilidade da estrutura. São considerados, na análise, o efeito P-Delta, a redução do momento de plastificação, a alteração da rigidez devida aos esforços axiais e a reversão de rotação de rótulas plásticas.
Resposta de estruturas lineares sujeitas a carregamento dinâmico
Authors: Pereira Vítor Faustino
Published: March 2016

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Demonstração do emprego da Transformada de Fourier no cálculo da resposta de estruturas de comportamento linear sujeitas a carregamento dinâmico. O emprego desta técnica é vantajoso quando a resposta é obtida numericamente graças ao algoritmo de Transformada Rápida de Fourier

 
A minimally invasive approach to transperitoneal perforation of the bladder during bladder tumour resection
Authors: Bishay Mena , Honey R. John D'A.
Published: March 2016

The authors present a case of intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder during transurethral resection of a bladder tumour (TURBT), which was managed conservatively. By passing a urethroscope — which was smaller in diameter than the perforation — through the hole, a small superficial burn was identified on the adjacent bowel and deemed benign, saving this patient with multiple comorbidities from having to undergo an open laparotomy. The bladder was drained with a Foley catheter to allow the perforation to heal and the patient was discharged without incident. By using this approach, a direct view of the neighbouring structures confirmed the integrity of bowel and prevented the need for increased risks associated with a laparotomy.
The effect of abdominal fat parameters on percutaneous nephrolithotomy success
Authors: Cakmak Ozgur , Tarhan Huseyin , Cimen Sertac , Ekin Rahmi Gokhan , Akarken Ilker , Oztekin Ozgur , Can Ertan , Suelozgen Tufan , Ilbey Yusuf Ozlem
Published: March 2016

Introduction: Obesity has been suggested to lower the success of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). However, the relationship between abdominal fat parameters, such as visceral and subcutaneousabdominal adipose tissue, and PCNL success remained unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of abdominal fat parameters on PCNL success.Methods: A total of 150 patients who underwent PCNL were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Group 1 consisted of patients who had no residual stones or residual stone fragments <3 mm in diameter while group 2 included patients with residual stone fragments ≥3 mm. PCNL procedure was defined as successful if all stones were eliminated or if there were residual stone fragments <3 mm in diameter confirmed by non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) performed postoperatively. Preoperative NCCT was used to determine abdominal fat parameters.Results: Group 1 consisted of 117 (78.0%) patients while group 2 included 33 (22.0%) patients. On univariate analysis, stone number, stone surface area (SSA), visceral fat area (VFA), abdominal circumference on computerized tomography (ACCT), and duration of procedure were found to be predictive factors affecting PCNL success. Logistic regression analysis revealed that ACCT and SSAwere independent prognostic factors for PCNL success.Conclusions: PCNL success was not affected by VFA, subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and body mass index (BMI) in our series. However, ACCT and SSA had negative associations with PCNL success. We conclude that both ACCT and SSA can be used as tools for predicting PCNL outcomes.
Physics Essays: The Non-Relativistic Paradox of Physical Clock
Authors: Nikolenko Oleksandr D.
Published: March 2016

Any physical process has temporary extent and can be realized only in case there is time reserve, necessary for it (a time resource). Physical clocks are the only type of devices by means of which we can measure and carry out experimental studies of a phenomenon of a current of physical time. Process of measurements of time intervals by means of clocks also demands expenses of the appropriate time resource for their work. The vicious circle leading to paradox results: we measure time by means of time. This paradox forms basic restrictions on experimental studies of the course of time as physical phenomenon.
Tweet against Nazis? Twitter, power, and networked publics in anti-fascist protests
Authors: Neumayer Christina , Valtysson Bjarki
Published: March 2016

In this article we address the question of power in networked publics on Twitter in anti-fascist protests. The study is based on the results of an analysis of tweets, that are part of a data-set of three qualitative case studies about nationalist demonstrations in Germany, accompanied by counter-protests of anti-fascist groups, NGOs, and civil society. The question asked within this framework is how Twitter is used in the power struggles of the anti-fascist counter protests. The article concludes with the identification of tactics, practices, and strategies by activists for contesting power but also the reproduction of power on Twitter in interplay between functionalities of the technology and the political, i.e. socio-cultural, context. This leads us to a discussion about power in and between networked publics as part of a communication spiral in a larger media environment.
The articulation of voices in two film projects about violence: The Act of Killing and Gzim Rewind
Authors: Frølunde Lisbeth , Bjerregaard Mette
Published: March 2016

This paper explores two experimental documentary films that present memories of acts of mass violence: The Act of Killing (Denmark, 2012, director Joshua Oppenheimer) about the Indonesian anti-Communist purge in the 1960s and Gzim Rewind (Sweden, 2011, director Knutte Wester) about the fate of a boy who fled from Kosovo in the 1990s. Using dialogic theory (Bakhtin, 1981; Phillips, 2011), we analyse the voices that are articulated about past violent events in the films. The focus is on how different voices interrelate in the filmic presentation of mass violence, including victims and killers. Primarily, the analysis focuses on The Act of Killing and its reception by an Indonesian audience. The discussion concerns how these kinds of film projects open up very different voices and how this diversity potentially contributes to new understandings of the past, thereby fuelling social and political change.
Online deliberation and beyond? A time-based and comparative study of Danish political debates online
Authors: Jensen Jakob Linaa
Published: March 2016

This article discusses online political debates in Denmark over a time period from 2001 to 2011 and compares three different online debates in 2011. By taking a time-based as well as a comparative perspective, it examines whether online debates have come closer to deliberative ideals of democracy and how online debates differ in form and content. The article particularly addresses the interplay between everyday and political discussions. It is demonstrated that shifts between the two forms of discussion often happen abruptly and that even people who tend not to become involved politically in a formal sense happily discuss politics in more informal, non-political settings. Furthermore, the article expands our understanding of demographic differences in political participation in debates online. All this helps enhance and broaden our concept of democracy in an online setting.
Constituents of a hit parade: Questioning democracy and listener participation in P4 i P1’s Det elektriske barometer
Authors: Abildgaard Mette Simonsen , Jensen Erik Granly
Published: March 2016

Due to their historically inaccessible nature, public service broadcasters’ media archives have lent themselves primarily to internal refl ection while historical contextualisation of the cultural heritage in these archives has been broadcasters’ prerogative. In this study, digitised material from the Danish youth radio programme P4 i P1’s Det elektriske barometer forms the basis for an experiment into how access to digital archives can inform humanities scholarship. We argue that one important implication of the new digital archives is that they enable approaches independent of broadcasters’ own narratives since they off er the possibility for autonomous study of large quantities of material. The character of listener participation in Det elektriske barometer, which had the slogan ‘the listener-determined hit parade’, is approached from a micro-, meso-, and macro-level employing Carpentier’s concept of participation (2011b), to explore how diff erent approaches to digital archives can provide new answers to media’s self-presentation.
Fjernsyndiskursens indkodning og afkodning: Introduktion til en klassiker
Authors: Schrøder Kim Christian
Published: March 2016

Stuart Halls artikel ”Fjernsynsdiskursens indkodning og afkodning” (1973) er for længst blevet optaget i den internationale kommunikationsforsknings Hall of Fame. Det skete officielt i 2003, da den var én af de historiske publikationer, der blev gjort til genstand for kanonisering i bogen Canonic Texts in Media Research. Are There Any? Should There Be? How About These? af Elihu Katz og en gruppe kolleger. Halls artikel er her i fint – og fortjent – selskab med bl.a. Theodor W. Adorno & Max Horkheimers essay om kulturindustrien og Marshall McLuhans Understanding Media. Optagelsen blev motiveret af Michael Gurevitch og Paddy Scannell, der udnævnte den til at være ”den genfødte modtagerforsknings urtekst” (Gurevitch & Scannell, 2003, p. 241).
Les immigrants sur le marché du travail canadien : double peine pour les non-Occidentaux ?
Authors: Batisse Cécile , Zhu Nong
Published: March 2016

En s’appuyant sur les microdonnées du recensement canadien, cet article analyse les inégalités de revenus entre Canadiens de naissance et immigrants en provenance des pays en développement ainsi que la situation des immigrants sur le marché du travail. Nos résultats montrent clairement qu’il existe une disparité de revenus entre natifs, immigrants occidentaux et non occidentaux, et que cette disparité résulte des caractéristiques qui diffèrent entre ces trois groupes ainsi que de facteurs non observables tels que la discrimination. L’éducation n’a pas le même rendement pour tous les immigrants. La déqualification des immigrants est inégalement distribuée selon leur origine.
Economic and financial impact of corporate sustainability on sustainable competitive advantage
Authors: Pimenta Daiana Paula , Ferreira da Cruz Alethéia , Barreiros Porto Rafael
Published: March 2016

The balance between environmentally sustainable, socially ethical and economic growth has been investigated in the literature of business strategy. However, studies do not show whether or not a for-profit organization can gain sustainable competitive advantage. Some limitations refer to nonexperimental studies that do not control spurious effect of confounding variables, as well as not using variables that capture the intangible aspects of sustainable practices. To overcome these limitations, this study examined whether adherence to corporate sustainability practices – the company's presence in the Corporate Sustainability Index (CSI) - is itself a source of sustainable competitive advantage, controlling spurious effects. By means of experimental design using control group, we used Generalized Estimation Equations with dependent variables Tobin's Q, Return on Assets and Financial Leverage and, as control, firm size, industry, and year of data collection. The results indicate that participation in the CSI does not affect the degree of leverage of firms, but positively influences the return on assets and the market value above the average of other companies in the same industry throughout the years. Thus, sustainable practices bring financial benefits above the average of other companies in the same industry throughout the years, making them a sustainable competitive advantage.
Strategy, knowledge and change in an institution of higher education: points of intersection
Authors: Colares Palácios Fenando Antônio
Published: March 2016

The paper aims to understand the experience in preparing a training strategy linked to knowledge management, learning and organizational change done at a private institution of higher education. More specifically, it seeks to detail the stages of development, analyzing the difficulties faced and provide indicators of change throughout the process. A feature of the strategic process in the researched organization led the search for a theoretical discussion could involve strategy, knowledge and change. This association was fully viable when considering events that are mobilized by people interacting in a defined context. It uses a methodology of action research in which the investigative process includes a cycle of planning, action, observation and reflection. As a result, we defined four general indicators of the actions and influencers nine indicators of knowledge management should be promoted in the strategic process.
Analysis of publications about strategy as practice: a mapping of the field by means of bibliometric and sociometric studies
Authors: Janzkovski Cardoso André Luís
Published: March 2016

The objective of this study is to present a comparative board of the evolution of the strategy as practice approach by means of sociometric and bibliometric analyzes combined with statistical techniques applied to the set of papers available on the Web Isi of Knowledge. The analyzes of periods before and after 2007 indicates evolution on the main group of authors of the strategy as practice approach, but yet with a high amount of peripheral authors. Results indicated a relationship between bibliometric and sociometric data and evidenced that network analysis is a relevant tool for treating data allowing the comprehension of the intellectual structure of a discipline, the identification of significant differences between periods in terms of productivity of authors and the inference about possible evolutionary patterns.
Transaction Cost Economics and Recource Based View: complementary aspects in the treatment of governance structures
Authors: Albuquerque Augusto Cleiciele , De Souza José Paulo
Published: March 2016

The transaction cost economics (TCE), in the field of New Institutional Economics, have been shown as one of the most elaborate theoretical and explanatory constructs of arrangements existing in organizational reality. However, recent studies have sought on the Resource Based View (RBV) approach the theoretical foundations about setting these arrangements, in addition to highlighting a required complementarity between TCE and the RVB in understanding how they are formed. In this sense, the objective in this article was to understand how the complementarity theory TCE and RBV explain the configuration of the governance structures in the context of New Institutional Economics. The discussion presented in the form of essay, demonstrated that resources and differentiated capabilities could provide the basis for the proper choice of governance structures. These structures, in turn, are chosen in order to protect and achieve sustainable competitive advantages from these resources. Thus, that the complementary view of TCE with RBV is able to encompass more fully the aspects related to the choice of firm boundaries, minimizing the individual limitations of these approaches in terms of strategic analysis.
Sustainable competitive advantage in Construction: Study of Central Region of Parana
Authors: Brunetti Mário Luis , Teixeira Gylmar , De Castro Marcos , Lara Luiz Fernando
Published: March 2016

In the fierce market competition, the companies need different strategies that give them a competitive advantage that may result from resources controlled by organization. In this way, search linked to the resource based view (RBV), well founded by Penrose (1959), Wernerfelt (1984) and Barney (1991), allow identifying those resources able to generate competitive advantage. This article seeks to identify the sources of sustainable competitive advantage in the constructing companies in the center-western region of Parana State, through a qualitative research approach we investigated three companies in this sector which are located in the central region of Parana State. For data analysis, we used the VRIO model developed by Barney (2007). In this model, some resources stand out as potential generators of competitive advantages when they are valuable, rare, inimitable and organizational within the context in which they are introduced. The results have shown that companies which operate in this line of business are dependent primarily of ten essential resources and two are introduced as potential sources of sustainable competitive advantage: 1) Experience and track record in the market; 2) Structure, organization and planning.
Strategy change and adaptation in a Family business: the case of the Laboratory Clinisul
Authors: Sausen Jorge Oneide , Forgiarini Lizandra , Machado Pozza Fucks Tais
Published: March 2016

The main purpose of this study is to establish a dialogue between strategic fit and experience in Clinisul Laboratory, clinical analysis, located in San Ângelo/RS, identifying and analyzing the strategies involved in organizational change, in light of actions taken by the managing partners order to identify the types of strategies that the laboratory used in each process of change according to content analysis, context and process them. The research is characterized as a case study of qualitative nature. The company stands out in your community through innovation, credibility and solid growth. For this research we used interviews and literature searches. The construction work was performed through a case study is a descriptive, historical and interpretive. Through a vision of schools of strategy, it became possible to relate the strategies adopted by the owners with the theory of the book Strategy Safari, as the school of learning, entrepreneurial, environmental, and cultural power.
Massive cortical reorganization in sighted Braille readers
Authors: Siuda-Krzywicka Katarzyna , Bola Łukasz , Paplińska Małgorzata , Sumera Ewa , Jednoróg Katarzyna , Marchewka Artur , Śliwińska Magdalena W , Amedi Amir , Szwed Marcin
Published: March 2016

The brain is capable of large-scale reorganization in blindness or after massive injury. Such reorganization crosses the division into separate sensory cortices (visual, somatosensory...). As its result, the visual cortex of the blind becomes active during tactile Braille reading. Although the possibility of such reorganization in the normal, adult brain has been raised, definitive evidence has been lacking. Here, we demonstrate such extensive reorganization in normal, sighted adults who learned Braille while their brain activity was investigated with fMRI and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Subjects showed enhanced activity for tactile reading in the visual cortex, including the visual word form area (VWFA) that was modulated by their Braille reading speed and strengthened resting-state connectivity between visual and somatosensory cortices. Moreover, TMS disruption of VWFA activity decreased their tactile reading accuracy. Our results indicate that large-scale reorganization is a viable mechanism recruited when learning complex skills.
Rhodopsin targeted transcriptional silencing by DNA-binding
Authors: Botta Salvatore , Marrocco Elena , de Prisco Nicola , Curion Fabiola , Renda Mario , Sofia Martina , Lupo Mariangela , Carissimo Annamaria , Bacci Maria Laura , Gesualdo Carlo , Rossi Settimio , Simonelli Francesca , Surace Enrico Maria
Published: March 2016

Transcription factors (TFs) operate by the combined activity of their DNA-binding domains (DBDs) and effector domains (EDs) enabling the coordination of gene expression on a genomic scale. Here we show that in vivo delivery of an engineered DNA-binding protein uncoupled from the repressor domain can produce efficient and gene-specific transcriptional silencing. To interfere with RHODOPSIN (RHO) gain-of-function mutations we engineered the ZF6-DNA-binding protein (ZF6-DB) that targets 20 base pairs (bp) of a RHOcis-regulatory element (CRE) and demonstrate Rho specific transcriptional silencing upon adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated expression in photoreceptors. The data show that the 20 bp-long genomic DNA sequence is necessary for RHO expression and that photoreceptor delivery of the corresponding cognate synthetic trans-acting factor ZF6-DB without the intrinsic transcriptional repression properties of the canonical ED blocks Rho expression with negligible genome-wide transcript perturbations. The data support DNA-binding-mediated silencing as a novel mode to treat gain-of-function mutations.
Mixed-mode oscillations and population bursting in the pre-Bötzinger complex
Authors: Bacak Bartholomew J , Kim Taegyo , Smith Jeffrey C , Rubin Jonathan E , Rybak Ilya A
Published: March 2016

This study focuses on computational and theoretical investigations of neuronal activity arising in the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC), a medullary region generating the inspiratory phase of breathing in mammals. A progressive increase of neuronal excitability in medullary slices containing the pre-BötC produces mixed-mode oscillations (MMOs) characterized by large amplitude population bursts alternating with a series of small amplitude bursts. Using two different computational models, we demonstrate that MMOs emerge within a heterogeneous excitatory neural network because of progressive neuronal recruitment and synchronization. The MMO pattern depends on the distributed neuronal excitability, the density and weights of network interconnections, and the cellular properties underlying endogenous bursting. Critically, the latter should provide a reduction of spiking frequency within neuronal bursts with increasing burst frequency and a dependence of the after-burst recovery period on burst amplitude. Our study highlights a novel mechanism by which heterogeneity naturally leads to complex dynamics in rhythmic neuronal populations.
"Levende studie – og læringssentra?" Rapport nr. 4: Varsel om en mulig krise
Authors: Grepperud Gunnar , Danielsen Ådne , Roos Gunilla
Published: March 2016

Dette er en rapport som viser hovedresultatene fra en kompetansekartlegging innen helse- og omsorgssektoren i Nord-Troms kommunene Kvænangen, Kåfjord, Nordreisa, Skjervøy, Storfjord og Lyngen. Disse kommunene samarbeider gjennom Nord-Troms regionråd.I januar 2014 vedtok Regionrådet i Nord-Troms en ny strategi for Nord-Troms Studiesenter (NTSS) for perioden 2014-2018. Grunnlaget for strategien ble lagt gjennom en dialog mellom studiesenterets ledelse, studiesenterets styringsgruppe og Nord-Troms regionråd. Det overordnede fokuset var studiesenterets arbeid med strategisk kompetanseutvikling i kommunal sektor og i lokalt- og regionalt næringsliv. Arbeidet med strategisk kompetanseutvikling ble tydeliggjort gjennom at NTSS formulerte følgende mål:Inngå i et tettere og mer strategisk samarbeid med kommunene for å møte utfordringene kommuneorganisasjonene står overfor, hva angår rekruttering og tilpasset kompetanse for framtidige behov. Dette betyr blant annet en satsning på profesjonsstudier. Etter - og videreutdanninger innenfor velferdsstatens yrker vil fortsatt være et prioritert område for studiesenterets virksomhet.Inngå i et tettere og mer strategisk samarbeid med det private næringslivet og næringskonsulenter (i nettverk) med fokus på tre bransjer:Reiseliv,HavbrukMatvareproduksjonKompetansekartleggingen er knyttet til den første målsettingen, nemlig ønsket om at NTSS inngikk i et nærmere samarbeid med kommuneorganisasjonene for å bistå i arbeidet med å kvalifisering og rekruttering av ansatte. Strategien for dette ble utformet av studiesenterets daglige leder, Lisbeth Holm, i nær dialog med regionrådets rådmannsutvalg. Det ble vedtatt at man skulle prioritere helse- og omsorgssektoren og at hensikten med arbeidet skulle være å få et klarere bilde av dagens kompetansebeholdning i samtlige av regionens seks kommuner. Gjennom dette skulle man så sette inn tiltak både på kort og lang sikt og med utgangspunkt i nåværende og fremtidige utfordringer.I november 2014 var kartleggingen gjennomført og resultatene analysert og i løpet av våren 2015 ble dette presentert for regionrådet samlet, for regionrådets rådmannsutvalg og for fem av kommunestyrene. Resultatene har også vært presentert for Fylkesmannen i Troms og KS Troms.I denne rapporten gis en todelt presentasjon av resultatene. I kapittel 2,3,4 og 5 presenteres og drøftes resultatene for de 6 kommunene samlet. I del to angis tallene for hver enkelt kommune, slik at de som ønsker dette kan gå nærere inn på disse. Som det vil framgå av tabellene er tendensene både klare og utfordrende. Slik sett bereder det statistiske materialet grunnen for prosjektets fase 3.
Microwave plasma doping: Arsenic activation and transport in germanium and silicon
Authors: Miyoshi Hidenori , Oka Masahiro , Ueda Hirokazu , Ventzek Peter L. G. , Sugimoto Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Yuuki , Nakamura Genji , Hirota Yoshihiro , Kaitsuka Takanobu , Kawakami Satoru
Published: March 2016

Microwave RLSA™ plasma doping technology has enabled conformal doping of non-planar semiconductor device structures. An important attribute of RLSA™ plasma doping is that it does not impart physical damage during processing. In this work, carrier activation measurements for AsH3 based plasma doping into silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) using rapid thermal annealing are presented. The highest carrier concentrations are 3.6 × 1020 and 4.3 × 1018 cm−3 for Si and Ge, respectively. Secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiles of arsenic in Ge show that intrinsic dopant diffusion for plasma doping followed by post activation anneal is much slower than for conventional ion implantation. This is indicative of an absence of defects. The comparison is based on a comparison of diffusion times at identical annealing temperatures. The absence of defects, like those generated in conventional ion implantation, in RLSA™ based doping processes makes RLSA™ doping technology useful for damage free conformal doping of topographic structures.
Scientific publications in nursing journals from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong: a 10-year survey of the literature
Authors: Zhang Di , Wang Xiaming , Yuan Xueru , Yang Li , Xue Yu , Xie Qian
Published: March 2016

Background:China has witnessed remarkable progress in scientific performance in recent years. However, the quantity and quality of nursing publications from three major regions (Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong) have not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of scientific research productivity from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong in the field of nursing.Methods:Articles published in the 110 nursing journals originating from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong between 2005 and 2014 were retrieved from the Web of Science. The total number of articles published, the impact factor, and the citation count were analyzed.Results:There were 2,439 publications between 2005 and 2014 from China, including 438 from Mainland China, 1,506 from Taiwan, and 495 from Hong Kong. There was a significant increase in publications for these three regions (p < 0.05), especially for Mainland China, with a 59.50-fold increase experienced. From 2011, the number of publications from Mainland China exceeded that from Hong Kong. Taiwan had the highest total journal impact factor (2,142.81), followed by Hong Kong (720.39) and Mainland China (583.94). The mean journal impact factor from Hong Kong (1.46) was higher than that from Taiwan (1.42) and Mainland China (1.33). Taiwan had the highest total citation count (8,392), followed by Hong Kong (3,785) and Mainland China (1,493). The mean citation count from Hong Kong (7.65) was higher than that from Taiwan (5.57) and Mainland China (3.41). The Journal of Clinical Nursing was the most popular journal in the three regions.Discussion:Chinese contributions to the field of nursing have significantly increased in the past ten years, particularly from Mainland China. Taiwan is the most productive region in China. Hong Kong had the highest-quality research output, according to mean journal impact factor and mean citation count.
The role of sex and age in the architecture of intrapopulation howler monkey-plant networks in continuous and fragmented rain forests
Authors: Benitez-Malvido Julieta , Martínez-Falcón Ana Paola , Dattilo Wesley , González-DiPierro Ana María , Lombera Estrada Rafael , Traveset Anna
Published: March 2016

We evaluated the structure of intrapopulation howler monkey-plant interactions by focusing on the plant species consumed by different sex and age classes in continuous and fragmented forests in southern Mexico. For this we used network analysis to evaluate the impact of fragmentation on howler population traits and on resource availability and food choice. A total of 37 tree and liana species and seven plant items (bark, immature fruits, flowers, mature fruits, immature leaves, mature leaves and petioles) were consumed, but their relative consumption varied according to sex and age classes and habitat type. Overall, adult females consumed the greatest number of plant species and items while infants and juveniles the lowest. For both continuous and fragmented forests, we found a nested diet for howler monkey-plant networks: diets of more selective monkeys represent subsets of the diets of other individuals. Nestedness was likely due to the high selectivity of early life stages in specific food plants and items, which contrasts with the generalized foraging behaviour of adults. Information on the extent to which different plant species and primate populations depend on such interactions in different habitats will help to make accurate predictions about the potential impact of disturbances on plant-animal interaction networks.
Use of ADCPs for suspended sediment transport monitoring: An empirical approach
Authors: Venditti J. G. , Church M. , Attard M. E. , Haught D.
Published: March 2016

A horizontally mounted 300 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler was deployed in Fraser River at Mission, British Columbia, to test its capability to detect size‐classified concentration of suspended sediment. Bottle samples in‐beam provide a direct calibration of the hADCP signals. We also deployed a 600 kHz vertically mounted ADCP from a boat in combination with bottle samples. Fraser River at Mission is 525 m wide with moderate suspended sediment concentration (up to 350 mg L−1 in our measurements, mostly silt), and a modest sand load only at high flows. We use an entirely empirical approach to calculate the sediment load using ADCPs to test the reliability of acoustic methods when assumptions embedded in the sonar equation about the relation between suspended sediment size and concentration, and acoustic signals are violated. vADCP calibration using matched individual bottle samples and acoustic backscatter departed from the expected theoretical relation. Calibration using depth‐averaged sediment concentration and acoustic backscatter more closely matched theoretical expectations, but varied through the season. hADCP calibrations conformed with theoretical expectations and did not exhibit seasonal variation. Silt and sand were successfully discriminated; however, silt dominates the correlations. We found no coherent relation between acoustic attenuation and silt concentration. In‐beam results are extended by correlation to estimate mean sediment concentration and total suspended flux in the entire channel: this auxiliary correlation cancels any calibration bias and permits monitoring of size‐classified suspended sediment in absence of detailed information of sediment grain‐size distribution.
Tracking multiple sediment cascades at the river network scale identifies controls and emerging patterns of sediment connectivity
Authors: Schmitt Rafael J. P. , Bizzi Simone , Castelletti Andrea
Published: March 2016

Sediment connectivity in fluvial networks results from the transfer of sediment between multiple sources and sinks. Connectivity scales differently between all sources and sinks as a function of distance, source grain size and sediment supply, network topology and topography, and hydrologic forcing. In this paper, we address the challenge of quantifying sediment connectivity and its controls at the network scale. We expand the concept of a single, catchment‐scale sediment cascade toward representing sediment transport from each source as a suite of individual cascading processes. We implement this approach in the herein presented CAtchment Sediment Connectivity And DElivery (CASCADE) modeling framework. In CASCADE, each sediment cascade establishes connectivity between a specific source and its multiple sinks. From a source perspective, the fate of sediment is controlled by its detachment and downstream transport capacity, resulting in a specific trajectory of transfer and deposition. From a sink perspective, the assemblage of incoming cascades defines provenance, sorting, and magnitude of sediment deliveries. At the network scale, this information reveals emerging patterns of connectivity and the location of bottlenecks, where disconnectivity occurs. In this paper, we apply CASCADE to quantitatively analyze the sediment connectivity of a major river system in SE Asia. The approach provides a screening model that can support analyses of large, poorly monitored river systems. We test the sensitivity of CASCADE to various parameters and identify the distribution of energy between the multiple, simultaneously active sediment cascades as key control behind network sediment connectivity. To conclude, CASCADE enables a quantitative, spatially explicit analysis of network sediment connectivity with potential applications in both river science and management.
Evaluating the relative air permeability of porous media from their water retention curves
Authors: Assouline S. , Tuli A. , Hopmans J. W.
Published: March 2016

Accurate modeling of water and air flow in porous media requires the definition of the relevant hydraulic properties, namely, the water retention curve (WRC) and the relative hydraulic conductivity function (RHC), as well as the definition of the relative air permeability function (RAP). Capitalizing on the approach developed previously to represent the RHC, a new model allowing the prediction of RAP based on information resulting from the WRC is proposed. The power value ηa in the model is a decreasing exponential function of the coefficient of variation, ɛ, characterizing the pore size distribution of the porous medium, and derived from its WRC. The model was calibrated using data from 22 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples and was validated using data from eight soil types ranging from quartz sand to silty clay loam. The proposed model provided accurate prediction of the soil RAP and performed in some cases (sandy loam and silty clay loam soils) better than available alternative models.
Nonlinearities in patterns of long‐term ocean warming
Authors: Rugenstein Maria A. A. , Sedláček Jan , Knutti Reto
Published: March 2016

The ocean dominates the planetary heat budget and takes thousands of years to equilibrate to perturbed surface conditions, yet those long time scales are poorly understood. Here we analyze the ocean response over a range of forcing levels and time scales in a climate model of intermediate complexity and in the CMIP5 model suite. We show that on century to millennia time scales the response time scales, regions of anomalous ocean heat storage, and global thermal expansion depend nonlinearly on the forcing level and surface warming. As a consequence, it is problematic to deduce long‐term from short‐term heat uptake or scale the heat uptake patterns between scenarios. These results also question simple methods to estimate long‐term sea level rise from surface temperatures, and the use of deep sea proxies to represent surface temperature changes in past climate.
A new characterization of the turbulent diapycnal diffusivities of mass and momentum in the ocean
Authors: Salehipour H. , Peltier W. R. , Whalen C. B. , MacKinnon J. A.
Published: March 2016

The diapycnal diffusivity of mass supported by turbulent events in the ocean interior plays a fundamental role in controlling the global overturning circulation. The conventional representation of this diffusivity, due to Osborn (1980), assumes a constant mixing efficiency. We replace this methodology by a generalized‐Osborn formula which involves a mixing efficiency that varies nonmonotonically with at least two nondimensional variables. Using these two variables, we propose dynamic parameterizations for mixing efficiency and turbulent Prandtl number (the latter quantifies the ratio of momentum to mass diapycnal diffusivities) based on the first synthesis of an extensive direct numerical simulation of inhomogeneously stratified shear‐induced turbulence. Data from Argo floats are employed to demonstrate the extent of the spatial and statistical variability to be expected in both the diapycnal diffusivities of mass and momentum. We therefore suggest that previous estimates of these important characteristics of the global ocean require reconsideration.