bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mixed and Fluid Film Lubrication Characteristics of Worn Journal Bearings
Authors: Kazama Toshiharu , Narita Yukihito
Published: March 2012

The mixed and fluid film lubrication characteristics of plain journal bearings with shape changed by wear are numerically examined. A mixed lubrication model that employs both of the asperity-contact mechanism proposed by Greenwood and Williamson and the average flow model proposed by Patir and Cheng includes the effects of adsorbed film and elastic deformation is applied. Considering roughness interaction, the effects of the dent depth and operating conditions on the loci of the journal center, the asperity-contact and hydrodynamic fluid pressures, friction, and leakage are discussed. The following conclusions are drawn. In the mixed lubrication regime, the dent of the bearing noticeably influences the contact and fluid pressures. For smaller dents, the contact pressure and frictional coefficient reduce. In mixed and fluid film lubrication regimes, the pressure and coefficient increase for larger dents. Furthermore, as the dent increases and the Sommerfeld number decreases, the flow rate continuously increases.
A Huge Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor of Maxilla
Authors: Shreedhar Balasundari , Ali Iqbal , Agarwal Anshita , Alam Sarwar
Published: March 2012

The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a benign, nonneoplastic (hamartomatous) lesion with a slow progressing growth. It occurs in both intraosseous and peripheral forms. This paper reports the case of a female aged 16 years who presented with a swelling in anterior maxilla; canine was missing, and a supernumerary tooth was present in the mid line. Radiology revealed a well-defined radiolucent area associated with impacted canine and root resorption of adjacent teeth, which was diagnosed histopathologically as AOT. The patient was treated surgically and later rehabilitated with fixed prosthesis.
Analysis and Mitigation of the Narrowband Interference Impact on IR‐UWB Communication Systems
Authors: Shaheen Ehab M. , El-Tanany Mohamed
Published: March 2012

The impact of narrowband interference
signals on impulse radio ultrawideband (UWB)
communication systems has been investigated. A closed form
expression for the bit error rate performance of UWB communication
system in a Log‐normal flat fading channel under such
impact is evaluated. The actual UWB channel model is known
as a multipath fading channel; however flat fading channel
model can be considered with some of the UWB wireless
applications such as UWB wireless sensor networks which are
characterized by size and energy constraints. Thus, a simple
and low‐cost one‐finger Rake receiver can be used with such
wireless systems. It was proven that UWB systems unavoidably
suffer from the interference caused by the coexisting systems
due to the restraint on their transmission power levels. To
this end, we propose an interference canceller scheme which
is capable of suppressing the impact of such interference and
enhancing the performance of UWB communication systems.
The interference canceller scheme performance is also investigated
in various scenarios of operation such as the presence of
multiple narrowband interference signals, symbol timing error,
and a comparison with a notch filter‐based case.
Possibility Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Set
Authors: Bashir Maruah , Salleh Abdul Razak , Alkhazaleh Shawkat
Published: March 2012

Possibility intuitionistic fuzzy soft set and its operations are introduced, and a few of their properties are studied. An application of possibility intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets in decision making is investigated. A similarity measure of two possibility intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets has been discussed. An application of this similarity measure in medical diagnosis has been shown.
Structural Insights into Interaction between Mammalian Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase B1 and Thioredoxin
Authors: Dobrovolska Olena , Rychkov Georgy , Shumilina Elena , Nerinovski Kirill , Schmidt Alexander , Shabalin Konstantin , Yakimov Alexander , Dikiy Alexander
Published: March 2012

Maintenance of the cellular redox balance has vital importance for correcting organism functioning. Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) are among the key members of the cellular antioxidant defence system. To work properly, methionine sulfoxide reductases need to be reduced by their biological partner, thioredoxin (Trx). This process, according to the available kinetic data, represents the slowest step in the Msrs catalytic cycle. In the present paper, we investigated structural aspects of the intermolecular complex formation between mammalian MsrB1 and Trx. NMR spectroscopy and biocomputing were the two mostly used through the research approaches. The formation of NMR detectable MsrB1/Trx complex was monitored and studied in attempt to understand MsrB1 reduction mechanism. Using NMR data, molecular mechanics, protein docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, it was found that intermediate MsrB1/Trx complex is stabilized by interproteinβ-layer. The complex formation accompanied by distortion of disulfide bond within MsrB1 facilitates the reduction of oxidized MsrB1 as it is evidenced by the obtained data.
A New Method for Riccati Differential Equations Based on Reproducing Kernel and Quasilinearization Methods
Authors: Geng F. Z. , Li X. M.
Published: March 2012

We introduce a new method for solving Riccati differential equations, which is based on reproducing kernel method and quasilinearization technique. The quasilinearization technique is used to reduce the Riccati differential equation to a sequence of linear problems. The resulting sets of differential equations are treated by using reproducing kernel method. The solutions of Riccati differential equations obtained using many existing methods give good approximations only in the neighborhood of the initial position. However, the solutions obtained using the present method give good approximations in a larger interval, rather than a local vicinity of the initial position. Numerical results compared with other methods show that the method is simple and effective.
Fractionation of an Extract ofPluchea odorataSeparates a Property Indicative for the Induction of Cell Plasticity from One That Inhibits a Neoplastic Phenotype
Authors: Seelinger Mareike , Popescu Ruxandra , Seephonkai Prapairat , Singhuber Judith , Giessrigl Benedikt , Unger Christine , Bauer Sabine , Wagner Karl-Heinz , Fritzer-Szekeres Monika , Szekeres Thomas , Diaz Rene , Tut Foster M. , Frisch Richard , Feistel Björn , Kopp Brigitte , Krupitza Georg
Published: March 2012

Introduction. Several studies demonstrated that anti-inflammatory remedies exhibit excellent anti-neoplastic properties. An extract ofPluchea odorata(Asteraceae), which is used for wound healing and against inflammatory conditions, was fractionated and properties correlating to anti-neoplastic and wound healing effects were separated.Methods. Up to six fractionation steps using silica gel, Sephadex columns, and distinct solvent systems were used, and eluted fractions were analysed by thin layer chromatography, apoptosis, and proliferation assays. The expression of oncogenes and proteins regulating cell migration was investigated by immunoblotting after treating HL60 cells with the most active fractions.Results. Sequential fractionations enriched anti-neoplastic activities which suppressed oncogene expression of JunB, c-Jun, c-Myc, and Stat3. Furthermore, a fraction (F4.6.3) inducing or keeping up expression of the mobility markers MYPT, ROCK1, and paxillin could be separated from another fraction (F4.3.7), which inhibited these markers.Conclusions. Wound healing builds up scar or specific tissue, and hence, compounds enhancing cell migration support this process. In contrast, successful anti-neoplastic therapy combats tumour progression, and thus, suppression of cell migration is mandatory.
Discriminant Phase Component for Face Recognition
Authors: Zaeri Naser
Published: March 2012

Numerous face recognition techniques have been developed owing to the growing number of real‐world applications. Most of current algorithms for face recognition involve considerable amount of computations and hence they cannot be used on devices constrained with limited speed and memory. In this paper, we propose a novel solution for efficient face recognition problem for systems that utilize small memory capacities and demand fast performance. The new technique divides the face images into components and finds the discriminant phases of the Fourier transform of these components automatically using the sequential floating forward search method. A thorough study and comprehensive experiments relating time consumption versus system performance are applied to benchmark face image databases. Finally, the proposed technique is compared with other known methods and evaluated through the recognition rate and the computational time, where we achieve a recognition rate of 98.5% with computational time of 6.4 minutes for a database consisting of 2360 images.
A Nonpolar Blueberry Fraction Blunts NADPH Oxidase Activation in Neuronal Cells Exposed to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
Authors: Gustafson Sally J. , Dunlap Kriya L. , McGill Colin M. , Kuhn Thomas B.
Published: March 2012

Inflammation and oxidative stress are key to the progressive neuronal degeneration common to chronic pathologies, traumatic injuries, and aging processes in the CNS. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) orchestrates cellular stress by stimulating the production and release of neurotoxic mediators including reactive oxygen species (ROS). NADPH oxidases (NOX), ubiquitously expressed in all cells, have recently emerged as pivotal ROS sources in aging and disease. We demonstrated the presence of potent NOX inhibitors in wild Alaska bog blueberries partitioning discretely into a nonpolar fraction with minimal antioxidant capacity and largely devoid of polyphenols. Incubation of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells with nonpolar blueberry fractions obstructed the coalescing of lipid rafts into large domains disrupting NOX assembly therein and abolishing ROS production characteristic for TNF-αexposure. These findings illuminate nutrition-derived lipid raft modulation as a novel therapeutic approach to blunt inflammatory and oxidative stress in the aging or diseased CNS.
An Observational Study of the First Experience with Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Patients with Recurrent High-Grade Glioma in Two Belgian University Hospitals
Authors: Huylebrouck M. , Lv S. , Duerinck J. , Van Binst A. , Salmon I. , De Greve J. , De Witte O. , Luce S. , Michotte A. , D'Haens J. , Neyns B.
Published: March 2012

Background. Bevacizumab (BEV), a humanized immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody that inhibits VEGF has demonstrated activity against recurrent high-grade gliomas (HGG) in phase II clinical trials.Patients and Methods. Data were collected from patients with recurrent HGG who initiated treatment with BEV outside a clinical trial protocol at two Belgian university hospitals.Results. 19 patients (11 M/8 F) were administered a total of 138 cycles of BEV (median 4, range 1–31). Tumor response assessment by MRI was available for 15 patients; 2 complete responses and 3 partial responses for an objective response rate of 26% for the intent to treat population were observed on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images; significant regressions on T2/FLAIR were documented in 10 out of 15 patients (67%). A reduced uptake on PET was documented in 3 out of 4 evaluable patients. The six-month progression-free survival was 21% (95% CI 2.7–39.5). Two patients had an ongoing tumor response and remained free from progression after 12 months of BEV treatment.Conclusions. The activity and tolerability of BEV were comparable to results from previous prospective phase II trials. Reduced uptake on PET suggests a metabolic response in addition to an antiangiogenic effect in some cases with favorable clinical outcome.
p120RasGAP-Mediated Activation of c-Src Is Critical for Oncogenic Ras to Induce Tumor Invasion
Authors: Chan Po-Chao , Chen Hong-Chen
Published: March 2012

Ras genes are the most common targets for somatic gain-of-function mutations in human cancers. In this study, we found a high incidence of correlation between Ras oncogenic mutations and c-Src activation in human cancer cells. We showed that oncogenic Ras induces c-Src activation mainly on the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, we identified p120RasGAP as an effector for oncogenic Ras to activate c-Src. The recruitment of p120RasGAP to the Golgi complex by oncogenic Ras facilitated its interaction with c-Src, thereby leading to c-Src activation, and this p120RasGAP-mediated activation of c-Src was important for tumor invasion induced by oncogenic Ras. Collectively, our findings unveil a relationship between oncogenic Ras, p120RasGAP, and c-Src, suggesting a critical role for c-Src in cancers evoked by oncogenic mutations in Ras genes. Cancer Res; 72(9); 2405–15. ©2012 AACR.
mTOR as a Molecular Target in HPV-Associated Oral and Cervical Squamous Carcinomas
Authors: Molinolo Alfredo A. , Marsh Christina , El Dinali Mohamed , Gangane Nitin , Jennison Kaitlin , Hewitt Stephen , Patel Vyomesh , Seiwert Tanguy Y. , Gutkind J. Silvio
Published: March 2012

Purpose: The incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has increased over the past decades in the United States. We aimed at examining the global impact of HPV-associated HNSCC and whether the established key role of mTOR activation in HNSCC is also observed in HPV+ HNSCC lesions, thereby providing novel treatment options for HPV-associated HNSCC patients.

Experimental Design: An international HNSCC tissue microarray (TMA) was used to analyze the expression of p16INK4A, a surrogate for HPV infection, and Akt-mTOR pathway activation. Results were confirmed in a large collection of HPV− and HPV+ HNSCC cases and in a cervical cancer (CCSCC) TMA. Observations were validated in HNSCC and CCSCC-derived cell lines, which were xenografted into immunodeficient mice for tumorigenesis assays.

Results: Approximately 20% of all HNSCC lesions could be classified as HPV+, irrespective of their country of origin. mTOR pathway activation was observed in most HPV+ HNSCC and CCSCC lesions and cell lines. The preclinical efficacy of mTOR inhibition by rapamycin and RAD001 was explored in HPV+ HNSCC and CCSCC tumor xenografts. Both mTOR inhibitors effectively decreased mTOR activity in vivo and caused a remarkable decrease in tumor burden. These results emphasize the emerging global impact of HPV-related HNSCCs and indicate that the activation of the mTOR pathway is a widespread event in both HPV− and HPV-associated HNSCC and CCSCC lesions.

Conclusions: The emerging results may provide a rationale for the clinical evaluation of mTOR inhibitors as a molecular targeted approach for the treatment of HPV-associated malignancies. Clin Cancer Res; 18(9); 2558–68. ©2012 AACR.
Immunomodulation of Memory-Impairing Protein Tau in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Zilka Norbert , Stozicka Zuzana , Cente Martin , Kazmerova Zuzana , Kovacech Branislav , Novak Michal
Published: March 2012

Background: Neurodegeneration induced by misfolded tau protein and neuroinflammation represent the major hallmarks of human tauopathies including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While tau driven neurodegeneration significantly correlates with disease progression, inflammation is considered to be an important factor regulating the resistance or susceptibility to AD. The emerging evidence suggests that the genes related to immunity can influence neurodegeneration. Objective: In order to determine the role of MHC class II in the tau neurofibrillary cascade, we generated and used transgenic lines expressing human truncated tau protein in either spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) or Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) genetic background. Methods: Brains of WKY and SHR transgenic rats and their age-matched nontransgenic littermates were examined by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Results: Our results clearly showed that genetic background determined the inflammatory pattern (MHC class II) induced by tau neurodegenerative cascade in the transgenic rats expressing human misfolded truncated tau. Conclusion: Using two transgenic rat lines with different immunogenetic backgrounds, expressing the same transgene, we conclude that genetic background is a potent modifier of the type of the immune response induced by tau neurodegeneration.
Nocturnal Changes in Knee Cartilage Thickness in Young Healthy Adults
Authors: Sitoci K.H. , Hudelmaier M. , Eckstein F.
Published: March 2012

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows one to analyze cartilage physiology in vivo. Cartilage deforms during loading, but little is known about its recovery after deformation. Here we study ‘nocturnal’ changes in knee cartilage thickness and whether postexercise deformation differs between morning and evening. Axial magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired in the right knees of 17 healthy volunteers (age 23.5 ± 3.0 years) after a normal day, and then after 30 deep knee bends. Coronal images were additionally acquired in 8 of these volunteers after a normal day and then after 2 min of static loading of the leg with 150% body weight. The volunteers then remained unloaded overnight and the same protocol was repeated in the morning. A significant increase (p < 0.01) in cartilage thickness was observed between evening (preexercise) and morning (preexercise): +2.4% in the patella, +8.4% in the medial tibia and +6.2% in the lateral tibia. Deformation in the morning (–6.8/ –4.6/–5.1%) was generally greater than that in the evening (–5.4/–3.2/–3.7%), but this difference did not reach statistical significance. No significant difference in the nocturnal thickness increase (or postexercise deformation) was observed between men and women. We conclude that knee cartilage (thickness) recovers overnight by approximately 2–8%, independent of sex. Given the lack of ‘predeformation’ after nocturnal periods of unloading, morning postexercise deformation of the cartilage may have a greater magnitude than evening postexercise deformation.
Molecular Characterization of Amelogenesis Imperfecta in Chinese Patients
Authors: Song Y.L. , Wang C.N. , Zhang C.Z. , Yang K. , Bian Z.
Published: March 2012

Background: Mutations in 6 genes have been identified as being part of the etiology of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) with various phenotypes in an isolated condition. Among them the FAM83H gene is the major contributor to the etiology of AI with unknown function. Objective: This study aims to determine the phenotypic and molecular characterization of Chinese AI patients and to analyze the structure and function of the FAM83H protein. Methods: We enrolled 6 hypocalcified AI and 3 hypoplastic AI families from the Chinese population. Mutation analysis was performed by amplifying and sequencing all exons including intron-exon borders for FAM83H and ENAM genes. Structural modeling and function analysis on the FAM83H protein were carried out by bioinformatic processing. Results: No obvious anterior open bite was observed in all the investigated individuals. Five mutations (c.906T>G, c.924dupT, c.973C>T, c.1354C>T and c.2029C>T) in the C-terminal of the FAM83H gene were revealed, respectively, in 5 out of 6 hypocalcified AI families, and a splicing mutation c.534 + 1G>A in the ENAM gene was identified in 1 out of 3 hypoplastic AI families. Structural models of the N- and C-terminal regions of FAM83H were generated by homology modeling. The predicted structure of the FAM83H N-terminal shows resemblance to that of glycosyltransferases with GT-A folds, and the predicted structure of the FAM83H C-terminal possesses similarity to type I collagen protein. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of AI with specific molecular variations in families of Chinese descent. Our study provides new insights into the structure and function of the FAM83H protein.
Preclinical Evaluation of Ice-Free Cryopreserved Arteries: Structural Integrity and Hemocompatibility
Authors: Huber Agnes J.T. , Brockbank Kelvin G.M. , Riemann Iris , Schleicher Martina , Schenke-Layland Katja , Fritze Olaf , Wendel Hans-Peter , Stock Ulrich A.
Published: March 2012

Objective: Arterial allografts are routinely employed for reconstruction of infected prosthetic grafts. Usually, banked cryopreserved arteries are used; however, existing conventional freezing cryopreservation techniques applied to arteries are expensive. In contrast, a new ice-free cryopreservation technique results in processing, storage and shipping methods that are technically simpler and potentially less costly. The objective of this study was to determine whether or not ice-free cryopreservation causes tissue changes that might preclude clinical use. Methods: Conventionally frozen cryopreserved porcine arteries were compared with ice-free cryopreserved arteries and untreated fresh controls using morphological (light, scanning electron and laser scanning microscopy), viability (alamarBlue assay) and hemocompatibility methods (blood cell adhesion, thrombin/antithrombin-III-complex, polymorphonuclear neutrophil-elastase, β-thromboglobulin and terminal complement complex SC5b-9). Results: No statistically significant structural or hemocompatibility differences between ice-free cryopreserved and frozen tissues were detectable. There were no quantitative differences observed for either autofluorescence (elastin) or second harmonic generation (collagen) measured by laser scanning microscopy. Cell viability in ice-free cryopreserved arteries was significantly reduced compared to fresh and frozen tissues (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The formation of ice in aortic artery preservation did not make a difference in histology, structure or thrombogenicity, but significantly increased viability compared with a preservation method that precludes ice formation. Reduced cell viability should not reduce in vivo performance. Therefore, ice-free cryopreservation is a potentially safe and cost-effective technique for the cryopreservation of blood vessel allografts.
Modulation of Recombinant GABAA Receptors by Neurosteroid Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
Authors: Švob Štrac Dubravka , Jazvinšćak Jembrek Maja , Erhardt Julija , Mirković Kos Kety , Peričić Danka
Published: March 2012

Aim: To investigate whether long-term exposure to the neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) induces adaptive changes of GABAA receptors related to the development of tolerance and dependence. Methods: We compared the parameters of [3H]DHEAS binding and the effects of DHEAS on [3H]flunitrazepam binding in the membranes of HEK 293 cells, nontransfected or stably transfected with recombinant α1β2γ2S GABAA receptors. In HEK 293 cells expressing α1β2γ2S GABAA receptors, we investigated the effects of long-term DHEAS treatment on the [3H]flunitrazepam and [3H]t-butylbicycloorthobenzoate ([3H]TBOB) binding and on their modulation with GABA. Results: DHEAS behaves as an allosteric antagonist of the recombinant α1β2γ2S GABAA receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells. Exposure of cells to 100 µmol/l DHEAS for 48 h did not change the number or affinity of benzodiazepine and convulsive binding sites. Long-term DHEAS treatment failed to affect functional allosteric interactions between GABAA receptor binding sites, as evidenced by an unchanged ability of GABA to stimulate or to inhibit [3H]flunitrazepam and [3H]TBOB binding, respectively. Conclusion: The findings that prolonged DHEAS treatment does not produce changes in GABAA receptor expression and functional coupling, assumed to underlie the development of tolerance and dependence, might have importance in the long-term therapy necessary for the observed beneficial effects of DHEAS.
Quality of Clinical Trials in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours
Authors: Walter Thomas , Krzyzanowska Monika K.
Published: March 2012

Background: The heterogeneity of neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) makes interpretation of clinical trials in this disease challenging. Our aim was to review the quality of treatment trials in NETs in order to inform the design and reporting of future studies. Methods: We identified studies by searching MEDLINE. We considered all phase II and III trials of systemic antineoplastic treatments published between 2000 and 2011. Information on trial design, study population, end points, statistical considerations and results was abstracted from each article using a standardized form. Results: Seven phase III and 39 phase II trials were identified. The make-up of the study population was variable: only 24% of trials included patients with one type of tumour (pancreatic NET or carcinoid tumour), 41% included patients with both tumour types, and 35% of trials included other endocrine cancers. Disease progression at baseline was often not reported and was documented for all patients in 22% of the trials. The functional status of the tumour, tumour differentiation, and Ki67 index were reported in 35, 43, and 15% of trials, respectively. The primary end point was clearly defined in 72% of trials. Identifiable statistical design, and predefined sample size were reported in 74 and 61% of trials, respectively. Conflicts of interest and study sponsorship were reported in 46 and 85% of trials. Conclusions: The quality of the design and reporting of phase II/III NET trials, as described in other cancers, is poor. Future trials should include more homogenous patient populations while adhering to rigorous selection, reporting and interpretation of population and trial parameters.
Androgen Receptors, Sex Behavior, and Aggression
Authors: Cunningham Rebecca L. , Lumia Augustus R. , McGinnis Marilyn Y.
Published: March 2012

Androgens are intricately involved in reproductive and aggressive behaviors, but the role of the androgen receptor in mediating these behaviors is less defined. Further, activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis can influence each other at the level of the androgen receptor. Knowledge of the mechanisms for androgens’ effects on behaviors through the androgen receptor will guide future studies in elucidating male reproductive and aggressive behavior repertoires.
Altered Functioning of Both Renal Dopamine D1 and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors Causes Hypertension in Old Rats
Authors: Chugh Gaurav , Lokhandwala Mustafa F. , Asghar Mohammad
Published: March 2012

Activation of renal dopamine D1 (D1R) and angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT
1
Rs) influences the activity of proximal tubular sodium transporter Na,K-ATPase and maintains sodium homeostasis and blood pressure. We reported recently that diminished D1R and exaggerated AT
1
R functions are associated with hypertension in old Fischer 344 × Brown Norway F1 (FBN) rats, and oxidative stress plays a central role in this phenomenon. Here we studied the mechanisms of age-associated increase in oxidative stress on diminished D1R and exaggerated AT
1
R functions in the renal proximal tubules of control and antioxidant Tempol-treated adult and old FBN rats. Although D1R numbers and D1R agonist SKF38393-mediated stimulation of [
35
S]-GTPγS binding (index of D1R activation) were lower, G protein–coupled receptor kinase 4 (kinase that uncouples D1R) levels were higher in old FBN rats. Tempol treatment restored D1R numbers and G protein coupling and reduced G protein–coupled receptor kinase 4 levels in old FBN rats. Angiotensin II–mediated stimulation of [
35
S]-GTPγS binding and Na,K-ATPase activity were higher in old FBN rats, which were also restored with Tempol treatment. We also measured renal AT
1
R function in adult and old Fischer 344 (F344) rats, which, despite exhibiting an age-related increase in oxidative stress and diminished renal D1R function, are normotensive. We found that diuretic and natriuretic responses to candesartan (indices of AT
1
R function) were similar in F344 rats, a likely explanation for the absence of age-associated hypertension in these rats. Perhaps, alterations in both D1R (diminished) and AT
1
R (exaggerated) functions are necessary for the development of age-associated hypertension, as seen in old FBN rats.
Being important matters: The impact of work and family centralities on the family-to-work conflict–satisfaction relationship
Authors: Bagger Jessica , Li Andrew
Published: March 2012

We examined whether and how work centrality and family centrality interact to moderate the relationships between family-to-work conflict and family and job satisfaction. In a field sample from Sweden, we found a three-way interaction between work centrality, family centrality, and family-to-work conflict on job and family satisfaction. Specifically, when work centrality was high, family-to-work conflict was related to job and family satisfaction regardless of the level of family centrality. However, when work centrality was low, the relationships between family-to-work conflict and job and family satisfaction were moderated by family centrality. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Preaching Joshua
Authors: Farris Stephen
Published: March 2012

Preaching from the Book of Joshua can often be “trouble” because of the book’s content. To avoid trouble in a sermon is to rob the text of its potential healing power. In our contemporary world, preaching from this difficult book may prove necessary. This essay explores several homiletical approaches.
Stress Prophylaxis in Intensive Care Unit Patients and the Role of Enteral Nutrition
Authors: Hurt Ryan T. , Frazier Thomas H. , McClave Stephen A. , Crittenden Neil E. , Kulisek Christopher , Saad Mohamed , Franklin Glen A.
Published: March 2012

Use of acid‐suppressive therapy (AST) to prevent stress gastropathy in the intensive care unit has grown rapidly over the past 20 years. The primary indications for such use of AST include need for mechanical ventilation, overt gastrointestinal bleeding, severe burn, and head trauma. Despite this limited list of indications, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) often are overprescribed for purposes of stress prophylaxis. Decreased mucosal blood flow with subsequent tissue ischemia is thought to be the mechanism responsible for stress‐induced gastropathy. Subsequent activation of inflammatory and vasoconstrictive mediators determines the severity of the gastropathy. Numerous basic science studies suggest that enteral nutrition (EN) can improve mucosal blood flow and reverse the generation of these inflammatory mediators. Clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of EN vs acid‐suppressive medications, however, have shown variable results (and there are no randomized controlled trials to date). In hypersecretory states (such as head trauma and burns), AST should be given, even in patients who are tolerating EN. In the absence of a hypersecretory state, pharmacologic AST may be avoided or discontinued in patients who are tolerating EN. Stress prophylaxis medications also should be discontinued in patients who do not have a clear indication for their use. Overt bleeding in a patient receiving EN for stress prophylaxis should prompt the initiation of a PPI. Randomized controlled studies investigating the efficacy of EN for stress ulcer prophylaxis are needed. Protocols should be developed to alert healthcare teams to consider discontinuation of AST, especially when tolerance of EN is achieved.
Tracheotomy Timing and Outcomes in the Critically Ill
Authors: Tong Charles C. L. , Kleinberger Andrew J. , Paolino Jacqueline , Altman Kenneth W.
Published: March 2012

Objective

To examine the impact of early tracheotomy in nontrauma patients on duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and overall hospital stay.

Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care medical center.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed for patients undergoing tracheotomy from 2005 to 2010. Demographics; survival; duration of endotracheal intubation, MV, ICU, and overall hospital stay; and incidence of ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) were assessed. Tracheotomy was considered early if it was performed by day 7 of MV and late thereafter. Nonparametric statistics were used to compare results from each group.

Results

Of the 592 patients included in the analysis, 128 received tracheotomy early and 464 late. Differences between age, sex, and overall survival were not statistically significant. Duration of MV was 45% less (mean ± standard error: 21.47 ± 1.86 days vs 39.33 ± 1.33 days; P <. 001), total ICU stay was shortened by 33% (17.52 ± 1.38 days vs 26.27 ± 0.73 days; P <. 001), and length of overall hospital course was reduced by 34% (35.85 ± 2.57 days vs 54.28 ± 1.60 days; P <. 001) in the early tracheotomy group. Three patients (2.3%) from the early tracheotomy group developed VAP as compared with 15 (3.2%) from the late group. Duration from tracheotomy to ICU transfer and 30% overall mortality did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusion

Early tracheotomy in ICU patients is associated with earlier ICU discharge, shorter duration of mechanical ventilation, and decreased length of overall hospital stay without affecting mortality.
Disparate Molecular, Histopathology, and Clinical Factors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Racial Groups
Authors: Worsham Maria J. , Stephen Josena K. , Lu Mei , Chen Kang Mei , Havard Shaleta , Shah Veena , Schweitzer Vanessa P.
Published: March 2012

Objective

There is a lack of consensus regarding the causes of the differences in the higher incidence of and the mortality from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in African Americans (AA) versus Caucasian Americans (CA). We examined a comprehensive array of risk factors influencing health and disease in an access‐to‐care, racially diverse, primary HNSCC cohort.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Primary care academic health care system.

Subjects and Methods

The cohort of 673 patients comprised 391 CA and 282 AA (42%). Risk variables included demographic, histopathology, and clinical/epidemiologic factors. Tumor DNA was interrogated for loss and gain of 113 genes with known involvement in HNSCC/cancer. Logistic regression for univariate analysis was followed by multivariate modeling with determination of model predictability (c‐index).

Results

Of the 39 univariate differences between AA and CA, multivariate modeling (c‐index = 0.81) retained 7 differences (P <. 05). AA were less likely to be married and more likely to have tumor lymphocytic response, undergo radiation treatment, and smoke. Insurance type was a significant predictor of race. AA were more likely to have Medicaid, Medicare, and other HMO types. AA tumors were more likely to have loss of CDKN2A and gain of SCYA3 versus CA.

Conclusions

Multivariate modeling indicated significant differences between AA and CA HNSCC for histopathology, treatment, smoking, marital status, type of insurance, and tumor gene copy number alterations. Our data reiterate that for HNSCC, as in the case of other complex diseases, tumor genetics or biology is only one of many potential contributors to differences among racial groups.
Clinical Course and Pathology in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) After Experimental Cowpox Virus Infection by Percutaneous and Intranasal Application
Authors: Breithaupt A. , Kalthoff D. , Deutskens F. , König P. , Hoffmann B. , Beer M. , Meyer H. , Teifke J. P.
Published: March 2012

Recently, several cases of human cowpox virus (CPXV) infections were reported in France and Germany, which had been acquired through close contact with infected pet rats. The animals exhibited respiratory signs or skin lesions and died shortly after purchase. After natural infection of white rats with CPXV in the USSR in 1978, a peracute pulmonary form, a milder dermal form, and a mixed form exhibiting features of both have been described. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, 3 experimental cowpox virus infection studies using rats have been performed to date; however, neither results of histomorphological examinations nor immunohistochemical analyses have yet been reported in rats after experimental infections. To investigate the impact of the infection route on the clinical course, the development of lesions, and tropism, rats were infected intradermally, intranasally, or by a combination of both routes. The authors found a correlation between clinical manifestation, pathology, and infection routes. Intradermal and contact exposure yielded a mild dermal form, characterized by the development of vesiculopustular dermatitis. In contrast, intranasally infected animals died peracutely, showing severe dyspnea. Occasionally, a combination of the dermal and the respiratory form occurred after intranasal infection. Immunohistochemically, CPXV antigen was detected in the epithelial and mesenchymal cells of the upper respiratory tract and affected skin lesions and rarely in mesenchymal cells of lymph nodes. This is the first histomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis of CPXV in rats after experimental infection.
Credibility battles in the autism litigation
Authors: Kirkland Anna
Published: March 2012

That vaccines do not cause autism is now a widely accepted proposition, though a few dissenters remain. An 8-year court process in the US federal vaccine injury compensation court ended in 2010 with rulings that autism was not an adverse reaction to vaccination. There were two sets of trials: one against the measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine and one against the mercury-based preservative thimerosal. The MMR story is more widely known because of publicity surrounding the main proponent of an MMR–autism link, British doctor Andrew Wakefield, but the story of thimerosal in court is largely untold. This study examines the credibility battles and boundary work in the two cases, illuminating the sustaining world of alternative science that supported the parents, lawyers, researchers, and expert witnesses against vaccines. After the loss in court, the families and their advocates transformed their scientific arguments into an indictment of procedural injustice in the vaccine court. I argue that the very efforts designed to produce legitimacy in this type of lopsided dispute will be counter-mobilized as evidence of injustice, helping us understand why settling a scientific controversy in court does not necessarily mean changing anyone’s mind.
Financial Performance Evaluation
Authors: Chaudhuri Kausik , Chowdhury Tirthankar
Published: March 2012

We propose a different methodology to assess the financial performance of banks: Multiple Indicator, Multiple Cause (MIMIC) Variable model. We also consider other existing methodologies in the literature for estimation of bank performance. The result shows that the influence of funds in affecting the performance of banks, which have been considered a latent construct here, has been increasing over the years. The latent performance score of the public-sector banks is always higher than the private-sector banks. The same is obtained even if we use the semi-parametric stochastic frontier model: The public-sector (nationalised) banks perform better than the Indian private banks (domestic) in terms of advancing loans only. We justify the use of MIMIC model as an alternative by comparing rank correlation between the MIMIC and semi-parametric stochastic frontier model. Our results demonstrate that financial market development through deregulation creates a competitive and efficient banking sector.

JEL Classification: C58, G21, G28
Stock Market in Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Javed
Published: March 2012

This article provides an overview of the main indicators of Pakistan’s stock market development and their possible relevance for real economic activity focusing on the post-liberalisation period. The aspects of the market investigated include liberalisation of the market, integration of the market with the global markets, microstructure issues of trading and settlement mechanism and corporate governance issues. A comparison with a selected set of emerging and developed markets reveals that the Pakistani stock market is small in size and a relatively insignificant source of capital mobilisation. These factors limit the role of the stock market in boosting economic activity. Also, the market seems to be excessively volatile owing to noise traders and speculators. On a positive note, the market seems to yield enormous gains to investors which compensate for higher market volatility. Also, the relative segmentation of the market makes it a potential venue for international diversification.

JEL Classification: G10, G15
Putting Typologies to Work
Authors: Collier David , LaPorte Jody , Seawright Jason
Published: March 2012

Typologies are well-established analytic tools in the social sciences. They can be “put to work” in forming concepts, refining measurement, exploring dimensionality, and organizing explanatory claims. Yet some critics, basing their arguments on what they believe are relevant norms of quantitative measurement, consider typologies old-fashioned and unsophisticated. This critique is methodologically unsound, and research based on typologies can and should proceed according to high standards of rigor and careful measurement. These standards are summarized in guidelines for careful work with typologies, and an illustrative inventory of typologies, as well as a brief glossary, are included online.
Use of Conjugated Estrogens in Life-Threatening Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Hemodialysis Patients—A Review
Authors: Lamba Gurpreet , Kaur Harneet , Adapa Sreedhar , Shah Dhaval , Malhotra Bharat Kumar , Rafiyath Shamudheen Mohammed , Thakar Keyur , Fernandez Ana Cuesta
Published: March 2012

Hormonal agents (estrogen and progesterone) are being studied for their use in bleeding. This observance was initially explored in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) with epistaxis had variation in bleeding depending on her menstrual cycles.1 Thus, hormonal therapy was initially used in patients with HHT to control episodes of epistaxis.2 The literature on hormonal therapy in patients with life-threatening bleeding from gastrointestinal (GI) lesions is very limited. There are a few clinical trials in patients with chronic bleeds. However, no definite guidelines exist on their use in life-threatening GI bleeding in patients with uremia. Here, we describe a case with a life-threatening GI bleeding requiring multiple endoscopies and intensive care unit stay that responded to conjugated estrogens. We have done extensive research on English medical literature on PubMed and Google Scholar on the use of hormonal therapy for GI bleeding in patients with renal failure, and here we present the data as a review.
Effect of Prothrombotic Mutations on Factor Consumption in Children With Hemophilia
Authors: Tüten Hamit , Çam Halit , Özdemir Nihal , Bezgal Fikret , Buyru Nur , Zülfikar Bülent , Celkan Tiraje
Published: March 2012

Introduction:

In hemophilia A, factor activity usually correlates with clinical severity; however, there are patients with severe hemophilia who have bleeding less than expected.

Aim:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of prothrombotic mutations on annual factor consumption in children with hemophilia.

Methods:

Factor V Leiden (FVL) G1691A, Prothrombin (PT) G20210A and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A128C mutations were evaluated in children with moderate–severe hemophilia A (n = 51) and controls (n = 25).

Results:

None of the cases and controls carried the FVL and PT G20210A in homozygous state. There was no difference in factor consumption between carriers of FVL, PT mutations, and noncarriers. Patients who were homozygous for MTHFR C677T were found to have increased factor consumption compared to noncarriers, and this was a negative association. No decrease in factor consumption was noted in patients with hemophilia having MTHFR A1298C mutation.

Conclusion:

We could not demonstrate a significant decrease in factor concentrate consumption in children with hemophilia having prothrombotic mutations.
Multi-objective optimization for actuator and sensor layouts of actively controlled 3D buildings
Authors: Cha Young-Jin , Kim Yeesock , Raich Anne M , Agrawal Anil K
Published: March 2012

This paper investigates the multi-objective optimization of active control systems for vibration control of three-dimensional (3D) high-rise buildings under a variety of earthquake excitations. To this end, a novel multi-objective genetic algorithm is developed through the integration of the best features of a non-dominated sorting II (NS2) genetic algorithm (GA) and an implicit redundant representation (IRR) GA. The proposed NS2-IRR GA finds not only minimum distributions of both actuators and sensors within structures, but also minimum dynamic responses of 3D structures. Linear quadratic Gaussian controllers, hydraulic actuators and accelerometers are used for implementation of active control systems within the 3D buildings. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed NS2-IRR GA, two 3D building models are investigated using finite element methods, including low- and high-rise buildings. It is shown that the proposed NS2-IRR GA is effective in finding not only optimal locations and numbers of both actuators and sensors in 3D buildings, but also minimum responses of the 3D buildings. The simulation also shows that the control performances of the proposed approach significantly enhance those of the engineering judgment oriented benchmark layout, which is validated by comparisons of each performance using the same number of actuators.
Developing Patient-Centered Treatment Protocols in Brain Stimulation
Authors: Rosedale Mary , Malaspina Dolores , Malamud Daniel , Strauss Shiela M. , Horne Jaclyn D. , Abouzied Salman , Cruciani Ricardo A. , Knotkova Helena
Published: March 2012

This article reports and discusses how quantitative (physiological and behavioral) and qualitative methods are being combined in an open-label pilot feasibility study. The study evaluates safety, tolerability, and acceptability of a protocol to treat depression in HIV-infected individuals, using a 2-week block of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the second most prevalent psychiatric disorder after substance abuse among HIV-positive adults, and novel antidepressant treatments are needed for this vulnerable population. The authors describe the challenges and contributions derived from different research perspectives and methodological approaches and provide a philosophical framework for combining quantitative and qualitative measurements for a fuller examination of the disorder. Four methodological points are presented: (1) the value of combining quantitative and qualitative approaches; (2) the need for context-specific measures when studying patients with medical and psychiatric comorbidities; (3) the importance of research designs that integrate physiological, behavioral, and qualitative approaches when evaluating novel treatments; and (4) the need to explore the relationships between biomarkers, clinical symptom assessments, patient self-evaluations, and patient experiences when developing new, patient-centered protocols. The authors conclude that the complexity of studying novel treatments in complex and new patient populations requires complex research designs to capture the richness of data that inform translational research.