bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining Groundwater Potential Using Vertical Electrical Sounding Method In Manggar, Balikpapan City, Indonesia.
Authors: Sastrawan Febrian
Published: January 2021

Clean water requirement in Manggar Urban Village of Balikpapan City is rising along with population growth. The main source of clean water that can be used is ground water in the aquifer layer. The Study of groundwater potential was conducted using vertical electrical sounding (VES) method to determine the presence and types of aquifer layers. The measurements along four measurement points revealed four aquifers buried in depth ranging from 48 to 53 m below the surface. The layer which is potential to be an aquifer is a sand layer with moderate-sized grain. The resistivity values for sand layer at each measurement point vary from 221 to 281Ωm. The estimation of sand to be an aquifer layer was supported by the calculation of formation factors. The calculation was based on the ratio of resistivity values from pore-filling water and resistivity values from water-saturated rocks layer. The aquifer revealed in this study is categorized as unconfined aquifer because the upper layer is restricted by sandy clay. The resistivity values vary from 12.8 to 35.4 Ωm which behaved as an aquitard layer. However, low resistivity values between 9.6 to 20 Ωm are detected under the aquifer layer. The layer is identified as clay which behaved as an impermeable layer or aquiclude.
Electrochemical Characterisations to Elucidate the Pseudocapacitance Mechanisms of a CdS/WOx Nanocomposite Photoanode in Acidic Aqueous Electrolytes
Authors: Jones Daniel , Dunnill Charles W.
Published: January 2021

The electrochemical properties of a cadmium sulphide/tungsten(VI) sub-oxide (CdS/WOx) nanocomposite have been explored using aqueous solutions of acetic acid (pH 2.2) and acidified sodium acetate (pH 5.0), for the purpose of evaluating the origin of pseudocapacitance within the material. Through transient photocurrent response, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance measurements, it was established that cation-intercalation phenomena were principally responsible for charge-accumulation in the composite and that the incorporation of ionic species into interstitial surface sites was more energetically favourable for protons than for sodium ions. The composite displayed promising capacitive performance in the tested electrolytes, exhibiting Coulombic efficiencies of up to 88% under galvanostatic cycling at 1.0 mA cm-2 alongside a peak differential capacitance value of 560 mF cm-2 during the discharge phase. From electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data it was further determined that whilst illumination by white light acted to decrease the series resistance of the photoanode, all other resistive and capacitive components of the impedance characteristics were affected negligibly by the irradiation. In combination, the investigations detailed herein provide an instructive resource for the development of CdS/WOx composites and the optimisation of electrolytes to improve the performance and chemical stability of such materials. Furthermore, the study serves as a potential foundation from which to advance the concept of integrating the conversion and storage of solar energy into a single dual-functional electrode, in turn facilitating a new generation of photo-supercapacitor devices.
Spatially Encoded Transfer of 1H Polarization to 13C for Uniform 1 JCH-Response in HSQC
Authors: Baishya Bikash , Parihar Rashmi , Verma Rajeev
Published: January 2021

Two dimensional (2D) NMR display better resolution than one-dimensional (1D) 1H NMR. However, 2D NMR does not display a straightforward quantitative aspect due to J-dependent polarization/coherence transfer. 1D 1H NMR is versatile for quantification; however, it displays significant spectral overlap in biological or organic complex mixtures, which forbids quantification of a large number of signals in 1D 1H NMR. The significant variations in 1H13C scalar couplings, T1, T2, and pulse imperfections are the main problems. Although T1, T2 can be suitably chosen to minimize their adverse effect on quantification, the large variations in 1H - 13C couplings lead to variations in cross peak intensity, which is more influenced by the amount of polarization transfer rather than the quantity of metabolites or amount of analytes in a complex mixture. In the present work, we show that spatial encoding of the polarization transfer periods can be executed in 1H13C HSQC using sweep frequency pulses in the presence of a magnetic field gradient. As a result, uniform transfer of polarization from 1H to 13C over a range of 1H - 13C couplings can be performed, subsequently improving the quantitative aspect of HSQC or improve the intensity of cross-peaks, which are mistuned in regular HSQC
Toward a Practical, Two-Step Process for Molnupiravir from Cytidine
Authors: Paymode Dinesh J. , Vasudevan Natarajan , Ahmad Saeed , Kadam Appasaheb L. , Cardoso Flavio S. P. , Burns Justina , Cook Daniel W. , Stringham Rodger W. , Snead David
Published: January 2021

A two-step synthesis of molnupiravir (1) is presented. This work focuses on the development of practical reaction and purification conditions toward a manufacturing route. The sequence commences from highly available cytidine (2), and molnupiravir is formed through direct hydroxamination of the cytosine ring and esterification of the sugar’s primary alcohol without use of protecting or activating groups. A highly crystalline hydrate of N-hydroxycytidine (3) resulted in an easily purified intermediate, and a practical, off-the-shelf enzyme was selected for the acylation. The yield was increased through a chemically-promoted, selective ester cleavage which converted a by-product, molnupiravir isobutyryl oxime ester (4), into the final API. Both reactions proceed in >90% assay yield and crystallization procedures are used to afford intermediate and active pharmaceutical ingredient in purities above 99% with an overall yield of 60%. Excellent throughput and sustainability is achieved by limiting the total concentration to 7 volumes of solvent in the course of the two reactions with an overall PMI of 41 including work-up and isolation. Environmentally friendly solvents, water and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, enhance sustainability of the operation.
Steric vs Electronic Effects: A New Look into Stability of Diastereomers, Conformers and Constitutional Isomers
Authors: Datta Sopanant , Limpanuparb Taweetham
Published: January 2021

A quantum chemical investigation of the stability of compounds with identical formulas was carried out on 23 classes of halogenated compounds made of H, F, Cl, Br, I, C, N, P, O and S atoms. The prevalence of formula in which its Z configuration, gauche conformation and meta isomer are the most stable forms is calculated and discussed. The prevalence data shows that in compounds made of carbon backbones, the electronic effect is weaker than the steric effect. The electronic factor is more important as the backbone atoms are replaced with atoms on the right and upper part of the periodic table.
Prevalence of different reasons for a tooth to undergo root canal retreatment
Authors: Keshaav Krishnaa P  , Iffat Nasim  , Adimulapu Hima Sandeep
Published: January 2021

Dental caries is the most common dental disease which has made non-surgical root canal treatment prevalent. However, a considerable number of cases undergo failure of root canal therapy and report to the dental operatory for retreatment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of different reasons to undergo root canal retreatment. A total of 269 teeth were analyzed for possible reasons for retreatment from dental archives with the study period. The inclusion criteria included that the patient should have been treated in Saveetha Dental College and should have undergone root canal retreatment within the study period. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS by IBM version 20. From the present study, it was evident that the most common reason is incomplete obturation (54.6%) the most common tooth to undergo root canal retreatment is 21 (12.6%) Further studies and programmes are to be carried out to bring about more knowledge and prevent the occurrence of failure of root canal therapy prevalence of different reasons for a tooth to undergo root canal retreatment.
Prevalence of Gingival Black Triangles in Young Adults in Chennai Population - A Retrospective Study
Authors: Gaurav Nitin ketkar  , Karthickraj S M
Published: January 2021

Aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of gingival black triangles (GBT's) and its correlations with the morphology of tooth, labial frenum and probing depth in young adults in the Chennai population. The study was carried out in a university based study setting in Saveetha dental college and hospital among the Chennai population. We have reviewed patient records and analysed the data from 86000 patient records between June 2019 and March 2020. 149 samples were randomly selected for the study (18 – 30 yrs) and photographic analysis from the patient record was carried out to determine the presence of GBT. Prevalence of GBT was found to be 20.8% in the selected population. Within the limits of the study prevalence of GBT was found to be 20.8% there should be more emphasis given on creating awareness about the condition and its possible treatment modalities.
Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders among adult population: A retrospective study
Authors: Meenapriya M  , Deepika Rajendran
Published: January 2021

Oral potentially malignant disorders refer to both the precancerous lesions and precancerous conditions of the oral cavity. They possess the risk of cancer development in the oral cavity. Precancerous lesions and conditions are associated with various causative factors such as smoking, smokeless forms of tobacco etc. Early detection of oral, potentially malignant disorders can reduce the risk of development into oral cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the prevalence of oral, potentially malignant disorders among the adult population. The records were obtained through DIAS. This study included histopathological proven oral, potentially malignant disorder. The age, gender, smoking habits, systemic diseases, clinical sites of the oral potentially malignant disorders were noted. The mean age group of the patients who were involved in this study was 44.37. The prevalence of oral, potentially malignant disorders was higher in males [66.7%] compared to females [33.3%]. When assessed for the habits associated with the patients having oral potentially malignant disorders, the smokeless tobacco forms were higher in prevalence [31.1%]. 51.1% of the patients were found to be without any habits. The most common site involved was buccal mucosa [88.9%]. The systemic diseases were absent in most of the patients [82.2%]. The highest prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorder was found to be as Lichen planus of 33.3%. Within the limits of this study, the most common oral potentially malignant disorders were found to be Lichen planus according to this population studied. However, previous studies report that the prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders differs among different populations.
Prevalence of spacing and crowding in permanent dentition among patients visiting a private dental hospital
Authors: Shamaa Anjum A  , Srirengalakshmi  , Delphine Priscilla Antony S
Published: January 2021

Malocclusion can be defined as an occlusion in which there is a mal relationship between the arches in any of the planes or one in which there are anomalies in tooth position beyond the normal limits. The literal meaning of malocclusion is a bad bite.  People equate good dental appearance with success in many aspects. With the increasing demand for orthodontic treatment, the epidemiological data of malocclusion is essential in assessing the resources for orthodontic services. To assess the prevalence of spacing and crowding in the permanent dentition of patients visiting a private dental hospital. This study was based on data of patients who reported to the Department of Orthodontics, in a private teaching hospital in Chennai, India which was collected by reviewing patients records and analysing the data of 86000 patients. The data consisted of treatment done for spacing and crowding of permanent teeth in both arches in patients of age 12 to 25 years. Prevalence of crowding (64%) was more common than spacing (36%) indicating that crowding is the most common anomaly in both maxilla and mandible. Both maxilla and mandible showed statistical significance for age and gender. This study reveals that crowding is the most common anomaly in both arches.
Association of age and gender distribution in patients having class II caries resulting in root canal treatment in lower premolars and molars
Authors: Lasya Genji  , Subash Sharma  , Raghu Sandhya
Published: January 2021

Caries or cavities is a breakdown of teeth due to acids made by bacteria. Individual tooth surfaces have different susceptibilities to caries which vary over time. Progress of caries towards the pulp leads to damage to the pulp. Caries 2 caries involve proximal surfaces of posterior teeth. The aim of the present study was to identify the association of age and gender distribution in patients having class II caries resulting in root canal treatment in lower premolars and molars. The data was collected from the DIAS - dental information archiving software. All case sheets were reviewed and findings are recorded. The data were tabulated using excel and analysed with the help of SPSS software. In this study, class II caries were common in the age group 60 to 70 years (73.9%). Males (63.8%) were more affected than females (36%). Lower molars (51%) showed a slightly higher incidence of class II caries when compared to premolars (49.4%). Within the limitations of the study, male patients showed a higher incidence of class II caries resulting in root canal treatment compared with female patients. 60 to 70 years was the commonly affected age group.
Analysis on the observational evaluation on impact of patient counseling for enhancing the attitude and knowledge on diabetic patients
Authors: Venkaramana P  , Jyotshna  , Arunachalam P  , Magesh
Published: January 2021

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a assorted collection of Metabolic issue described by hyperglycemia. It may be connected with abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, also protein digestion system and might bring about Ceaseless difficulties including microvascular, microvascular and neuropathic issue. Patient Counseling is a key component of Patient Care. Objective: The detached investigation on the patient demographic particulars and evaluate the patient’s Knowledge, Attitude & Practice and Quality of Life amid select Diabetic Patients and to improve them by providing Patient Counseling. Materials & Methods: An Observational study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital in Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu by phase of 6 months. 52 patients were included in the investigation created on presence and segregation criteria. Knowledge, Attitude & Practice and Quality of Life is evaluated using validated Questionnaires and the score thus obtained before counseling was compared with the corresponding score obtained after counseling. Consequences: by conclusion of the learning, there was a important improvement in the Knowledge, Attitude & Practice (KAP) and Quality of Life (QoL) between the patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that Patient counseling is a key part of Diabetic care. Patient Counseling stressing the importance of lifestyle Management, Drug therapy and knowledge of the disease can improve Quality of Life and prevent further Complications.
Transportation of perishable goods by air: handling problems at Russian airports
Authors: Poleshkina I. O.
Published: January 2021

The article deals with the problems of perishable goods handling process at Russian airports on delivery in international supply chains (ISC). The investigation was carried out on the basis of operational analysis. The initial stage of the study, which was performed applying statistical analysis, revealed that the major category of perishable goods which establish air transportation demand into Russia is the fresh exotic fruits. The investigation was performed taking the mango supply chain as an example, due to its non-standard thermal and storage requirements. The second stage resulted in the perishable goods airport handling quality criteria set formation: the number of mandatory cargo while handling operations, the required time for these operations, the amount of paper work, the number of multi-temperature chambers at the airport and their area, ULD temperature storage system availability. The study revealed that about 90% of perishable goods, which are imported to Russia, are handled at the airports of Moscow aviation hub because other airports in Russia lack the temperature storage facilities infrastructure. This restriction raises the price of perishable goods logistics on the territory of the country considerably as well as reduces their quality. Four international airports of strategic importance outside the boarders of the central federal district which have the potential of forming central hubs for perishable goods handling as well as processing of transit and transfer flows were chosen in the context of this study. Among them are the airports of Novosibirsk, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg and Krasnoyarsk. The airports of Moscow aviation hub were offered specialization on the subject of perishable goods export-import flow handling. The materials received from airlines, major cargo terminals at Russian airports, transport companies, specialized international air transport enterprises and logistics associations were exploited as the data for this study. The research registered that the deterrence to the speed of supply chain operation is the time of cargo ground service at Russian airports which considerably exceeds the cargo ground service time in the exporting country. The delays are connected with the poor development of perishable goods handling cargo terminals and also with loads of paper work because the system of electronic workflow and automated checking of markings doesn’t exist. The model of electronic workflow in the International Supply Chain which utilizes pre-flight and pre-loading preliminary information about the cargo was offered. Block Chain system for checking the correct presentation of documents at all stages of the supply chain was introduced which reduces the total time of cargo ground handling process.
Development of advanced voice-supported simulators with the function of automated estimation of air traffic controllers skills
Authors: Borisov V. E. , Borsoev V. A. , Bondarenko A. A.
Published: January 2021

According to the World Health Organization, the number of potential pathogens worldwide is very high, which increases the likelihood of a new pandemic. The impact of the new coronavirus infection (Covid-19) on all spheres of human activity, including the air transport industry, has shown that it is necessary to take into account the possibilities of its functioning under the new conditions. During the research, the possibility of using automated modular training systems for the air traffic controllers training in the remote access mode has been considered. The well-known simulators do not implement a justified instrumental procedure for measuring the acquired skills in air traffic services and the assessment of their development is carried out by the instructor, who reacts to the student’s actions on the basis of his experience. It is difficult for the instructor to control the development of a student’s individual skills and he has to rely on his own experience. To simulate the controller-pilot contour, pseudo-pilots are involved, manually changing the flight parameters of the aircraft and simulating R/T communication. The well-known simulators do not allow independent training. As a result, a conceptual design was formed and a promising simulator with the function of training automation and voice support was developed. The effectiveness of the proposed solutions was tested in comparison with the traditional approach to simulator training. Eventually it was found that after using a special simulator, students' mistakes decreased. Subsequently, the simulator was used for practical training of students providing the distance learning in circumstances of pandemics (Covid-19). The project showed its viability and the ability to conduct remote training of air traffic controllers, after appropriate refinement of the promising simulator.
从抗新冠疫情看国家治理体系的优劣
Authors: 曹 颖 , 吴 春雅 , 谢 元态
Published: January 2021

全球爆发的新冠疫情严重影响了世界公共卫生安全，能否战胜新冠疫情是对不同制度国家治理体系的一次大考。这场抗疫阻击战充分体现了中国特色社会主义的制度优势，同时暴露美国资本主义国家的制度弊端。从组织的严密性看：组织高度严密性是中国特色社会主义制度政治优势的充分体现，组织混乱不堪是美国资本主义“自由世界”抗疫无序的充分暴露；从资源的调配机制看：灵活及时体现出中国特色社会主义市场经济体制优势，市场失灵暴露出权贵资本主义国家自由经济体系劣势；从国民的凝聚力看：强大的民族凝聚力充分体现中国特色社会主义的传统文化优势，“多元化”异化为“自由化” 充分暴露资本主义国家自由主义的文化劣势；从防控与治疗效率看：高效率是中国特色社会主义集中力量办大事的治理体系优势的充分体现，低效率是追求私人利益最大化、经济重于生命的私有制国家制度劣势的充分暴露。
中国证券市场关联交易问题研究
Authors: 赵 炳俊
Published: January 2021

关联交易属于上市公司股票市场经济行为当中非常重要的组成部分，其在中国的上市公司当中是非常普遍的，会对股票市场造成严重的影响。从比较积极的方面来看，关联交易可以使交易成本降低，提升集团公司的运营效率以及资本运营能力，使公司的利润最大化。但是，关联方之间存在的关系具备复杂性以及特殊性，因此会时常出现关联方交易滥用的情况。近些年来，关联交易在中国的证券市场健康发展当中属于严重的绊脚石，从某种意义上来讲，它已经成为证券市场上市公司当中欺诈的代名词。因此，为了严格地对上市公司的关联交易进行规范，对其实施具体研究是非常重要的。
“一带一盟”与中俄媒体合作的基础与路径
Authors: 钱 琪瑶
Published: January 2021

目前，中国国际合作、交流范围不断扩大，“一带一盟”背景下中俄媒体之间的合作关系也进一步深化。论文对当前中俄媒体合作发展进行了分析，并探讨了融合发展的有效路径。
企业合并商誉会计核算问题的思考
Authors: 高 丽
Published: January 2021

合并商誉产生于企业合并，是企业合并时购买企业合并成本高于被合并方净资产公允价值的差额，由于商誉本身的复杂性和特殊性，商誉的确认和计量一直是会计界难题，论文着重研究了企业合并商誉会计核算问题。
马克思主义经济学与西方经济学产权理论比较与融合
Authors: 温 水俊 , 林 孝丽 , 谢 元态
Published: January 2021

论文首先对马克思主义经济学与西方经济学产权理论进行比较，指出了两种理论在形成过程及研究目的、研究视角及研究方法、对产权起源及产权本质认识、对产权制度变迁及产权绩效评价的认识、理论价值及实践价值等方面存在差异。然后探讨了两种产权理论在对产权与经济效率关系的认识、对产权具有社会强制性的认识、对产权制度-市场-社会三者关系的认识等方面具有相通之处，以及两种产权理论未来的发展方向具有融合的可能性。
塑造品牌个性获取顾客心智的一些策略探讨
Authors: 李 春波 , 李 润发
Published: January 2021

现代社会，消费者面对众多同质化的产品和海量的营销信息，已开始排斥信息或者无力去关注所有的品牌了，市场战成为客户心智争夺战。品牌个性作为品牌人格化的体现，最能和消费者发生联系，在获取消费者心智及注意力方面有着得天独厚的优势。塑造品牌个性能更好地抢占消费者心智资源，从而让我们赢得竞争、赢得市场。
中国珠三角地区加工贸易转型升级的现状与对策分析
Authors: 甘 荣俊 , 李 润发
Published: January 2021

珠三角地区作为中国重要的产品生产、加工和出口的基地，其对外贸易是推动中国对外贸易持续发展的动力。珠三角地区加工贸易占据了相当大的比例，是该区域企业赚取利润的主要手段以及生存方式。珠三角地区的加工贸易作为推动广东省对外贸易的主动力之一，不仅能推动珠三角地区的经济发展，而且能为中国提供数以万计的就业岗位，解决劳动力的就业问题，还对提高中国加工贸易的技术水平和加工技术的进步起到了重要的推动作用。论文对珠三角地区加工贸易方式的现状进行分析，并分析了其存在的内在问题，并在此基础上提出珠三角地区加工贸易转型升级的对策。
钢材销售中的营销体系构建初探
Authors: 郭 忠平 , 杜 磊 , 马 新星
Published: January 2021

近几年来，随着经济的发展和科技的进步，中国大多数建筑和市政工程对钢材的应用水平在不断提高，对钢材的需求也在不同程度上有所增加，为钢铁企业的发展奠定了坚实的基础。钢铁企业在迎来广阔发展前景的同时，钢铁企业营销中的财务风险也将逐步加大。论文对钢铁行业在发展过程中遇到的一些财务问题进行了分析，并对钢铁企业的可持续发展提出了建议。
东京奥运会推迟对日本经济发展的若干影响
Authors: 韩 冰
Published: January 2021

受疫情影响，东京奥运会不能在预期时间举行，这样就需要解决在准备期间的各类问题。日本也因为受疫情影响，使自身的经济迎来一定挑战。通过对相关研究来了解东京奥运会推迟对于日本经济发展的影响，并根据实际情况来说明具体内容，以此来更好地减少对日本经济的影响。
行政事业单位预算会计的缺陷以及改革方法探讨
Authors: 李 杰
Published: January 2021

在行政事业单位和政府部分中，预算会计主要负责核算、反映、监督国家预算收支执行情况，预算会计是行政事业单位中预算管理的基础。预算会计合理高效的工作能提升预算资金的高效使用，同时也能保证预算资金使用方面透明化，从而使各项工作能有效的完成。但是在预算会计开展工作时，各方面因素一直处于一个不断变化的状态，于是就可能会发生一些问题，加强对这方面的控制管理对提高行政事业单位预算会计工作的效率提升有着重要的意义。
航海高职院贫困生资助政策实施效果研究综述
Authors: 刘 昊
Published: January 2021

贫困生资助政策自颁布实施以来，为家庭经济困难学生提供了很大帮助，也取得了良好的教育效果和社会效益。论文从课题研究的角度试图探讨资助本身和政策，进一步分析航海高职院贫困生资助政策实施效果研究趋向，旨在为教育行政部门、高校和研究者提供一些有益的参考。
论三甲医院内部审计主要问题影响因素及对策
Authors: 李 晓广
Published: January 2021

随着经济的发展与社会的进步，中国医疗行业在不断的发展。中国共产党第十八大以来，在习近平总书记领导下，中国进入了全面实现中华民族伟大复兴的新时代。各级政府和各个部门都在积极进行改革，三甲医院内部审计也在不断的发展。三甲医院的内部审计，可以有效维护医院的经济运行秩序，保障医院的管理和改革。但是在实际工作过程中由于种种原因，内部审计职能尚未能充分发挥。论文首先介绍了三甲医院内部审计的主要作用，然后就中国三甲医院内部审计存在的问题进行了分析，最后提出了相应的合理化建议，希望对业内同仁有所裨益。
以幼兔短的个体化Roux肝支空肠探索小儿胆肠吻合术后胃肠运动功能变化的综述
Authors: 李 彬 , 李 胜利
Published: January 2021

小儿胆肠吻合术是一种治疗先天性胆道畸形的重要方法。很多研究发现幼兔的肝外胆道构造基本与小儿类相似，十分利于观察不同手术模型对胃肠运动功能的影响。短的个体化的Roux空肠肝支术后重建的胃肠运动生长发育是以小儿营养物质消化吸收的物质基础，对小儿的生长发育极为关键。因此，以幼兔短的个体化Roux肝支空肠探索小儿胆肠吻合术后胃肠运动功能变化具有重要的理论价值和临床实用意义。
基于Crisper cas9基因编辑技术的发展及前景
Authors: 秦 丽丽
Published: January 2021

自2013年以来，一种新的基因编辑技术——规律成簇的间隔短回文重复序列（Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats，CRISPR）/cas9，受到人们的高度重视，成为目前最热的基因编辑系统。它的出现推动了基因编辑技术的发展，展现出了令人期待的广阔应用前景。随着基于 CRISPR/Cas 系统新的、改良的基因编辑技术不断涌现，可以在不切割DNA 的前提下，轻易地对基因进行重组或者对单碱基进行自由替换、删除。与CRISPR/Cas 系统相比而言，这些改良后的替代技术显得更加灵活，为基因工程和治疗提供了全新的方案，也为基因的全面研究提供了强大的技术支撑。目前，该技术已经在胚胎干细胞、细菌、斑马鱼、小鼠的基因组进行了精确的基因修饰。因此，它已经成为各种基因组编辑目的（包括基因治疗研究）的一种成本有效且方便的工具。我们相信，基于 CRISPR/Cas 系统不断革新的基因编辑技术会在未来的生物研究领域发挥更加重要的作用。在此，论文系统地介绍CRISPR/cas9基因编辑技术，以便对基因编辑技术有更深入地理解。
Growth rates of accessory human enamel: a histological case study of a modern-day incisor from Northern England
Authors: Aris Christopher , Street Emma
Published: January 2021

This study investigates enamel growth of a modern-day human upper first incisor (S197) possessing an accessory cusp. Growth rates collected from the accessory enamel are compared to data collected from the primary cusp and healthy incisors from the same population. Upper first incisors (n=12) and S197 were analysed using histological methods. Daily secretion rates (DSRs) were calculated for inner, mid, and outer regions of cuspal and lateral sites. Additional DSRs were calculated for equivalent regions of S197’s accessory cusp. S197’s primary cusp DSRs were significantly faster than the accessory cusp for all lateral regions, but significantly slower in the inner and mid cuspal regions. S197’s primary cusp DSRs were also significantly faster than the healthy incisor sample for all lateral regions, but significantly slower in the inner and mid cuspal regions. The DSRs of the healthy sample were significantly faster than those of S197’s accessory cusp for all lateral regions, but significantly slower in the inner cuspal region. This case study displays that human teeth possessing accessory cusps can present varying DSRs to healthy teeth of the same population, and that accessory enamel growth may not follow the same pattern of increasing DSRs along the length of enamel prisms.
The impact of hybridization on upper first molar shape in robust capuchins (Sapajus nigritus x S. libidinosus)
Authors: Kozitzky Emma
Published: January 2021

To better understand the impact of hybridization on development and morphology, I analyze an understudied phenotype in hybrid morphology research: tooth shape. I apply a 2D geometric morphometric approach to compare variation in first upper molar cusp tip positions and crown outline shape among 31 crested capuchins (Sapajus nigritus), 37 bearded capuchins (S. libidinosus), and 44 hybrids (S. nigritus x S. libidinosus). A principal components analysis shows that group membership accounts for a significantly greater proportion of variance along the first major axis of M1 shape variation than does allometry. While most hybrids have S. nigritus-like M1s, several possess a transgressive M1 shape not observed in either parental species. Procrustes distances are greater in hybrids compared to the parental capuchins, and two-block partial least squares analyses show that hybrids exhibit weaker integration between cusp tip positions and crown outline shape. These results demonstrate that hybridization generates novel M1 shapes and support the hypothesis that destabilized development results in elevated phenotypic variance in hybrids. Further studies of dental shape in hybrid primates will generate important data for on-going efforts to detect potential hybrids in the hominin fossil record and to understand the evolutionary outcomes of anthropogenic hybridization.
Are you mentoring or coaching? Definitions matter
Authors: Hussey L , Campbell-Meier Jennifer
Published: January 2021

© The Author(s) 2020. New library and information science professionals, without previous experience in information organizations, are often left adrift, unsure how to apply theory or best practice to a new work environment. To bridge this gap, mentoring and coaching opportunities are often employed (or mandated) to provide new practitioners with required skills, knowledge, or networking. There are opportunities to harness implicit and explicit learning through experiences and interactions through mentoring and coaching. Definitions of mentoring and coaching in the profession are often used interchangeably when discussing the growth and development of an individual. This leads to the following questions: How do librarians define both mentoring and coaching? How do mentoring and coaching relate to professional development? To address the research question, 47 semi-structured interviews were conducted with librarians in Canada, New Zealand, and the United States between 2015 and 2016. Participants were asked about their mentoring and coaching experiences. During the interviews, participants were asked questions about their experiences as a mentor or mentee. In addition, participants were asked to define both “mentoring” and “coaching.” The authors used an inductive approach to data analysis, and interviews were coded by category.
ONLINE TESTING OF THE COMPETENCES IN SCIENCE IN THE CASE OF STUDENTS IN THE COMPULSORY SCHOOL
Authors: Catană Luminița , Angelușiu Mădălina-Veronica
Published: January 2021

Under the pressure of the Covid-19 pandemic, the school activities have moved from the classroom to the online environment. Considering these circumstances, the teachers have made serious efforts to adapt their teaching and assessment methods to the possibilities offered by the virtual space. They have used various educational platforms and digital resources, trying to be in contact with their students, learning “on the go” to make the most efficient use of them in the teaching process. Being an important topic in education in the current period, we present, in this paper, the results of the online testing for Physics and Chemistry of some middleschool students, realized through the Kahoot educational platform. These results support the opinion that face-to-face school or even blended-learning are, in general, more efficient than online school. Some advantages of the online assessment were also highlighted, most of them attitudinal; for example, most of the students were excited about the opportunity to participate in this assessment, and some of them returned to the platform and solved some tests twice, so using them for learning. The results of the online assessment have also underlined some components of the school curricula that are harder to be transformed into student’s acquisitions, and for which more time and explanations are needed.
LEARNING FROM PISA EXPERIENCES: READING TASKS TO EXPLORE BIASED INFORMATION
Authors: Mihăilescu Angelica , Sarivan Ligia
Published: January 2021

The paper presents the results from a study involving 70 students in grade 9, from two technological highschools situated in a large town in Romania. In September 2020, the 15 year olds read and answered the questions from one of the released units after PISA 2018, and then reflected on their reading experience in a self assessment sheet. The results show good results in working with information from one article and poor ability in corroborating conflicting information from two sources that focus on a same topic. The students display little familiarity with biased information even if the majority enjoyed the reading challenge of two divergent points of view. The results are consistent with the PISA reading trend for Romania. In order to improve reading comprehension, teachers should renovate the reading practices by challenging students with work on multiple texts and tasks that focus on evaluation and reflection and on the sources credibility.
DIGITAL MEDIA: FRIEND OR FOE? PRESCHOOL TEACHERS’ EXPERIENCES ON LEARNING AND TEACHING ONLINE
Authors: Miulescu Miruna Luana
Published: January 2021

Teaching using a synchronous and an asynchronous online environment has become increasingly widespread across the education sector and now this process has been accelerated, temporarily or permanently, due to the Corona Virus (SARSCoV- 2) pandemic. The mass closure of nurseries, kindergartens, schools, high schools and universities has prompted the rethinking of the teaching and learning processes. Educators were forced to shift to an online mode of teaching overnight even if they did not properly feel capable to do so. Our study seeks to explore the experiences on teaching and learning online encountered by preschool teachers during their work in the context of COVID-19 physical school closure and explore the meaning of such practices in shaping in-service kindergarten educators’ perceptions of digital media and online delivery. The participants of the present study are kindergarten teachers (n=21) with a minimum of three years and a maximum of 10 years of teaching experience. They work with the same age group (three- to sixyear- old children), from 9 public inner-city kindergartens. By making use of a phenomenological qualitative inquiry, data was collected through participating at semi-structured interviews via ZOOM videotelephony software program in June 2020. After the data was recorded and transcribed, three main themes were distinguished. The key findings indicate that all the teachers experienced challenging moments while delivering online, but they were also able to identify advantages in such a stressful context. The results of the study show the need of a modernized approach to pedagogies on educational technologies and media that is driven by research informed analysis.
AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO ASSESSMENT DURING EARLY EDUCATION
Authors: Florescu Daniela-Mihaela
Published: January 2021

IDELA (International Development and Early Assessment of Learning) is an assessment tool developed following a three-year activity by Ivelina Borisova, from Save the Children, with the help of Vidur Chopra. It allows to evaluate the development and early education of young children (3.5-6.5 years). The assessment tool resulted after three years of verifying and modifying the instrument, in several locations in 12 different countries. The tool includes 24 items, is easy to translate and manage and presents levels of high fidelity and validity. When applied in different countries, the instrument has been adapted taking into account the feasibility of administration, the relevance of the instrument and policy at country level, as well as its applicability at international level. In Romania, the application of the instrument was made face to face during the initial evaluation of 300 children aged 3 -6 at the Kindergarten “Căsuţa Bucuriei” no. 11 from Braşov. The innovative dimension of the application was the final assessment: it was conducted in a “virtual classroom” with 230 children, but adapted to the pandemic context in which the learning took place, either in a hybrid scenario or exclusively online.
A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF CLASS INTERACTIONS
Authors: Ungureanu Elena
Published: January 2021

In this article I analyse the discursive context of two classes of students bringing into discussion the concepts of educational knowledge and the organization of teaching-learning activities. Although there is much research that provides nuanced insights into how teachers and students are involved in the social construction of classroom discourses about knowledge, in Romanian literature the issue of classroom interactions has been approached from the perspective of teachers ‘ and students’ perceptions, while school knowledge has been studied only incidentally Therefore, I present a qualitative study, based on a critical discourse analysis that highlights how different versions of knowledge are socially constructed in the discursive space of the classroom, in order to point out ways in which the classroom and school can become spaces in which interactions no longer revolve around knowledge defined only by reference to disciplinary content. Bimonthly observations and audio-video recordings were made in the 2017-2018 school year during language and communication activities, in two classes, from two different schools. The results show that classroom interactions and participation structures differ depending on the purpose of the activities, and student participation is not only based on generally accepted communication rules, but varies depending on the implicit or explicit purpose of the activities.
English Language Teachers in Diaspora: A Heideggerian Phenomenology
Authors: Sumalinog Gino G
Published: January 2021

Working abroad has been a job that many Filipino teachers embarked on due to the benefits it offers. This paper explores the lived experiences of the ten (10) Filipino ESL and EFL teachers working in Mozambique, Cambodia, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Cambodia, Japan, Laos, Singapore, Vietnam, and Thailand. These teachers have been in service for three (3) years and more. The study employed a qualitative phenomenological research design. It used Heideggerian’s Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) with illustrated steps. The researcher uses a semi-structured interview to identify the lived experiences these participants have come across. The virtual data are gathered by means of Skype and Facebook Messenger. After an intensive analysis of the data, five themes emerged: (a) the driving force of the participants; (b) boons of the sojourn; (c) life learning encounters with students, and (d) scaffolds for the success of the sojourn. The findings reveal that the sojourn of the teachers in a foreign land had produced positive results and meaningful life experiences that had developed them economically, personally, and professionally. For future directions, researchers may delve deeply into the informants’ cultural encounters with their students and colleagues.
El derecho a la educación superior en tiempos de pandemia en un Estado constitucional de derechos.
Authors: Villacís Farid , Paredes Sandoval José
Published: January 2021

El derecho a la educación forma parte del núcleo duro de los Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (DESC), ya que es un medio intrínseco e indispensable para alcanzar una vida digna. El Estado tiene la obligación de garantizar este derecho, permitir el acceso sin discriminación y la continuidad del estudiante en el sistema educativo, el cual debe adaptarse a las condiciones sociales y culturales. En una circunstancia compleja como es una pandemia a causa del COVID-19, las actuaciones estatales y decisiones jurisprudenciales de la Corte Constitucional del Ecuador, trazan el camino y marcan precedentes para el goce efectivo de este derecho, pues la educación superior posibilita el desarrollo de un país y su sociedad. En tal virtud, el Estado debe respaldar este derecho por medio de sus actuaciones estatales: regulación normativa amparada en garantizar derechos y respetar principios; políticas públicas que tracen actuaciones en estricto apego al ordenamiento jurídico y, en el supuesto que no ocurra, la Corte Constitucional será el órgano jurisdiccional encargado de velar por la garantía y respeto a la educación superior.
Protección y Mejoramiento Biotecnológico en el Ecuador
Authors: Orellana Sánchez Diego
Published: January 2021

El presente artículo contrasta el mejoramiento y la protección de la Propiedad Intelectual en cuanto a  los cambios en el sector productivo, económico y político en el Ecuador con una rama especifica de la materia antes mencionada denominada como “Obtenciones Vegetales”. Para lograr encaminar el objeto de la presente investigación, el artículo se centrará en el análisis de conceptos fundamentales, el reconocimiento de la normativa aplicable y además los órganos competentes, en el caso concreto se analizará la SENADI, la cual entre sus funciones está garantizar la adquisición y ejercicio de los derechos de PI de conformidad con el Código Orgánico de la Economía Social de los Conocimientos, Creatividad e Innovación. Como aporte a su efectividad también es importante recalcar el énfasis del artículo con el Análisis Económico del Derecho con respecto a los derechos reconocidos y con la importancia de su aplicabilidad, esto con el objetivo de lograr establecer un camino para el fortalecimiento de los derechos y así generar un impacto económico positivo en la sociedad ecuatoriana.
¿Al fin una Corte Constitucional?: Breve revisión del desarrollo de los derechos y el control constitucional en la jurisprudencia reciente (2019-2020)
Authors: Valdivieso Kastner Pablo , Castro Montero José Luis
Published: January 2021

Este trabajo contiene una revisión de las principales sentencias emitidas por la Corte Constitucional del Ecuador en su primer año de funciones. El organismo se caracteriza por ser un Tribunal de cierre con prerrogativas de control de constitucionalidad fuerte. Dentro de este contexto, las decisiones tomadas han desarrollado el contenido de derechos fundamentales al tiempo que han revertido varios precedentes jurisprudenciales. La primera parte presenta aquellas sentencias que avanzan los derechos a la igualdad, a la libertad de expresión y a la libertad ambulatoria, los derechos de participación, de las comunidades y pueblos indígenas, a la salud y a la seguridad social. La segunda parte incluye sentencias que se encargan del control de constitucionalidad de propuestas de reforma constitucional, consultas populares, leyes y tratados internacionales. Finalmente, apuntamos algunos retos que mantiene esta Corte de cara a lograr uniformidad en la interpretación y afianzar su independencia e institucionalidad.
Buena Administración y procedimiento administrativo en el Ecuador
Authors: Cuenca Sheyla
Published: January 2021

La buena administración hace referencia a aquella institucionalidad que cumple las disposiciones establecidas en el ordenamiento normativo, justifica sus decisiones y se orienta a la consecución del interés público y protección de derechos de las personas.  Como derecho, principio u obligación ha sido incorporada de forma paulatina a los diferentes ordenamientos jurídicos.  En el Ecuador, únicamente el Código Orgánico Administrativo tiene una norma que reconoce este derecho, sin otorgarle contenido.  Es preciso articular medidas que garanticen el efectivo cumplimiento de este derecho en el procedimiento administrativo.
La necesidad de una Convención Interamericana para Prevenir, Castigar y Erradicar la violencia contra Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes.
Authors: Cordero David , Guerrero Efrén , Navas Ana Cecilia
Published: January 2021

Este artículo analiza la necesidad de incrementar la atención de los países de la región en alcanzar la meta de erradicar conjuntamente el maltrato infantil. Por lo tanto, defiende la obligación de introducir un instrumento práctico de protección de derechos, efectivo y capaz de ser enmarcado en las diferentes estructuras de políticas públicas de la región.
Desafíos de la Propiedad Intelectual frente al rol del influencer en la industria de la moda
Authors: Cañas Julia
Published: January 2021

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo plasmar los desafíos de la propiedad intelectual en la actualidad, enfocado principalmente en el marketingrealizado por influencersque cada día toman más cabida en la industria de la moda y es considerado como una alternativa al pensamiento de publicidad clásica. Desde una perspectiva jurídica, se consideran los efectos y las posibles alternativas que debería tomar el Ecuador para regular este nuevo marketing, que en nuestro país, está tomando gran importancia.
Pengembangan Algoritma Ant Colony System Pada Heterogeneous Vehicle Routing Problem with Soft Time Window
Authors: Kristina Sonna , Sianturi Ricky , Wijaya Valian Janelven
Published: January 2021

Setiap perusahaan umumnya memiliki sistem distribusi dan transportasi dalam menunjang pengiriman barang kepada customer. Diperlukan sistem distribusi yang efektif dan efisien sehingga biaya dari transportasi dalam perusahaan dapat diminimasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan algoritma Ant Colony System (ACS) untuk model matematis Heterogeneous VehicleRouting Problem with Soft Time Window (HVRPSTW) pada penentuan rute transportasi yang dapat meminimasi biaya pada perusahaan PT XYZ. HVRPSTW merupakan VRP yang mempertimbangkan kendaraan yang beragam dan jendela waktu dengan adanya biaya penalti yang dibebankan apabila kendaraan tiba di luar waktu yang telah ditentukan. Salah satu cara yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan VRP adalah metode metaheuristic ACS. Metode ACS diimplementasikan untuk menemukan rute kendaraan terbaik sesuai dengan kendala-kendala yang sudah ditentukan. Tahapan awal adalah mencari solusi awal menggunakan metode Nearest Neighbour yang akan digunakan sebagai pheromone awal. Proses pencarian rute pada ACS menggunakan tahapan tour construction lalu dilakukan update pheromone. Pemecahan masalah akan dilakukan dengan bantuan aplikasi Python. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dihasilkan total jarak sebesar 1448,98 km dan total cost sebesar Rp. 3.582.367,86, di mana terjadi selisih jarak dengan penelitian sebelumnya menggunakan metode eksak sebesar 6,48 km (0,45%) dan selisih total biaya sebesar Rp. 42.248,86 (1,19%).

Kata kunci: ant colony optimization, vehicle routing problem, kapasitas kendaraan yang beragam, jendela waktu, biaya transportasi.
Perbaikan Tata Letak Gudang dengan Association Rule Mining dan Dedicated Storage Policy di PT Andika-Indramayu
Authors: Angelia Fani , Santoso Santoso , Suhada Kartika
Published: January 2021

PD Andika adalah perusahaan yang menjual berbagai macam produk jadi, seperti alat tulis kantor, bahan pokok, kosmetik, makanan, minuman,obat, rokok, dan kebutuhan sehari-hari lainnya. Perusahaan ini memiliki gudang penyimpanan produk yang cukup luas dan terdiri dari 2 lantai. Akan tetapi, produk-produk yang ada di dalamnya tampak kurang tertata dengan rapi, dimana area gang ditempati oleh beberapa produk sehingga tidak dapat dilalui oleh trolley dan kategori produk yang sering dibeli oleh konsumen secara bersamaan diletakkan berjauhan. Hal tersebut dikarenakan penempatan produk dilakukan secara random, sehingga menyebabkan jarak pengambilan produk lebih jauh dan total waktu yang dibutuhkan menjadi lebih lama. Di samping itu juga terjadi masalah rusaknya dus kemasan produk akibat dimakan rayap, karena dus langsung diletakkan di atas lantai tanpa alas sehingga menyebabkan lembab.

Metode yang diusulkan untuk memperbaiki tata letak saat ini adalah Dedicated Storage, dimana produk diletakkan pada tempat penyimpanan yangpasti dan tidak bercampur dengan barang lainnya. Metode ini juga dikaitkan dengan association rule mining untuk mencari korelasi antar kategori produk dan mengetahui kategori produk yang sering dibeli bersamaan oleh pelanggan.

Manfaat penerapan tata letak usulan dari sisi kuantitatif adalah total jarak perpindahan produk yang semula sebesar 5.436,671 m per 6 bulan berkurang menjadi 1.231,788 m atau terjadi penghematan sebesar 4.204,883m atau 77,34 %. Dari sisi kualitatif, pengambilan produk menjadi lebih mudah karena digunakannya alat material handling berupa trolley barang serta produk sudah memiliki tempat penyimpanan yang pasti sehingga memudahkan dalam penyimpanan dan pengambilan produk-produk yang dibutuhkan. Dalam upaya menghindari gangguan rayap akibatlembabnya kardus kemasan produk, diusulkan penggunaan alas berupa kardus berukuran 90 x 90 cm dengan ketebalan 2 cm yang dimilikiperusahaan.

Kata Kunci : association rule mining, dedicated storage policy, jarak perpindahan, tata letak
Usefulness of Castor Oil and Elobixibat and Lactulose and ascorbic Aid for Bowel Preparation for Colon Capsule Endoscopy-Initial examination
Authors:   Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Masuko Memorial Hospital, Aichi, Japan.
Published: January 2021

Colon capsule endoscopy was approved for reimbursement under the national health insurance system of Japan in 2014. However, the capsule excretion rate after recommended bowel preparation reportedly ranges from 70% to 90%, and administration of boosters is also necessary. The caster oil-based booster had an emission rate of 97%, but required a total water content of 3L. Considering whether it is possible to popularize colon capsule endoscopy by reducing the amount of water, including dialysis patients with water restrictions, we will consider whether the capsule discharge rate can be improved by combining new laxatives.