bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxes and Agglomeration Economies: How Are They Related to Nonprofit Firm Location?
Authors: Harrison Teresa D.
Published: October 2021

For‐profit studies have investigated the effect of taxes and agglomeration economies on individual firm location, but these factors have been largely overlooked for nonprofit institutions. I use firm‐level data to investigate how corporate income, property, sales, and individual taxes and the presence of existing nonprofits are associated with location decisions. I find some evidence that nonprofits are more likely to locate in high tax states. In particular, nonprofits dependent on mission‐related revenues are more responsive to corporate property taxes. My results also show that nonprofits are more likely to locate in high individual tax states and donation‐based nonprofits are more sensitive to individual tax rates. The results suggest the presence of within industry agglomeration, but the relation is nonlinear. The first‐order effect is positive while the second‐order effect is negative. I also find some evidence that outside industry concentration and nonprofit location are negatively related.
Racial Diversity and Aggregate Productivity in U.S. Industries: 1980–2000
Authors: Sparber Chad
Published: October 2021

This paper employs industry‐level U.S. census data from 1980 to 2000 to assess the aggregate effects of racial diversity. While most international accounts find that diversity reduces productivity, I argue that the U.S. experience is more nuanced. Unqualified statements about the costs and merits of diversity are unwarranted, as racial heterogeneity increases productivity within many, but not all, industries. Sectors employing a large number of workers responsible for creative decision making and customer service experience gains from diversity, while industries characterized by high levels of group effort suffer losses. The results thus reconcile two competing literatures by suggesting that diversity improves decision making and problem solving but also encumbers common action and public goods provision.
The Link between Advanced Placement Experience and Early College Success
Authors: Klopfenstein Kristin , Thomas M. Kathleen
Published: October 2021

The Advanced Placement (AP) Program was originally designed to provide students a means to earn college credit and/or advanced placement for learning college‐level material in high school. Today the program serves an equally important role as a signal in college admissions. This paper examines the extent to which AP course‐taking predicts early college grades and retention. Controlling for a broad range of student, school, and curricular characteristics, we find that AP experience does not reliably predict first semester college grades or retention to the second year. We show that failing to control for the student's non‐AP curricular experience, particularly in math and science, leads to positively biased AP coefficients. Our findings raise questions about recent state policies mandating AP inclusion in all school districts or high schools and the practice of giving preference to students with AP course experience in the university admissions process.
Electrochemical behavior, biocompatibility and mechanical performance of biodegradable iron withPEIcoating
Authors: Gorejová Radka , Oriňaková Renáta , Macko Ján , Oriňak Andrej , Kupková Miriam , Hrubovčáková Monika , Džupon Miroslav , Sopčák Tibor , Ševc Juraj , Maskaľová Iveta , Džunda Róbert
Published: October 2021

Coating of the biodegradable metals represents an effective way of modification of their properties. Insufficient biological, mechanical, or degradation performance of pure metals may be enhanced when the proper type of organic polymer coating is used. In our previous work, the significant effect of the polyethyleneimine (PEI) coating not only on the rate but also on the type of corrosion was discovered. To bring a comprehensive overview of the Fe‐PEI system performance, iron‐based biodegradable scaffolds with polyethyleneimine coating were studied and their cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility, and mechanical properties were evaluated and discussed in this work. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were conducted for further study of material behavior. Biological analyses (MTS assay, fluorescent imaging, hemocompatibility tests) showed better cell proliferation on the surface of Fe‐PEI samples but not sufficient overall cytocompatibility. Good anti‐platelet adhesion properties but higher hemolysis when compared to the pure iron was also observed for the coated samples. Mechanical properties of the prepared Fe‐PEI material were enhanced after coating. These findings suggest that the Fe‐PEI may be an interesting potential biomaterial after further composition optimization resulting in lower cytotoxicity and better hemocompatibility.
Reconfiguration of subspace partitions
Authors: Akman Fusun , Sissokho Papa A.
Published: October 2021

Let be a fixed prime power and let denote a vector space of dimension over the Galois field with elements. A subspace partition (also called “vector space partition”) of is a collection of subspaces of with the property that every nonzero element of appears in exactly one of these subspaces. Given positive integers such that , we say a subspace partition of has type  if it is composed of subspaces of dimension and subspaces of dimension . Let . In this paper, we prove that if divides , then one can (algebraically) construct every possible subspace partition of of type whenever , where and . Our construction allows us to sequentially reconfigure batches of subspaces of dimension into batches of subspaces of dimension . In particular, this accounts for all numerically allowed subspace partition types of under some additional conditions, for example, when .
Small extracellular vesicle‐derived miR‐574‐5p regulates PGE2‐biosynthesis via TLR7/8 in lung cancer
Authors: Donzelli Julia , Proestler Eva , Riedel Anna , Nevermann Sheila , Hertel Brigitte , Guenther Andreas , Gattenlöhner Stefan , Savai Rajkumar , Larsson Karin , Saul Meike J.
Published: October 2021

Intercellular communication plays an essential role in lung cancer (LC). One of the major players in cell‐cell‐communication is small extracellular vesicles (sEV). SEV trigger various biological responses by transporting cellular cargo to target cells. One essential sEV component are microRNAs (miRs), whose transport has recently attracted increasing research interest. We report that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a key inflammatory lipid mediator, specifically induces the sorting of miR‐574‐5p in sEV of A549 and 2106T cells. We found that sEV‐derived miR‐574‐5p activates Toll‐like receptors (TLR) 7/8, thereby decreasing PGE2‐levels. In contrast, intracellular miR‐574‐5p induces PGE2‐biosynthesis. Consequently, the combination of intracellular and sEV‐derived miR‐574‐5p controls PGE2‐levels via a feedback loop. This was only observed in adeno‐ but not in squamous cell carcinoma, indicating a cell‐specific response to sEV‐derived miRs, which might be due to unique tetraspanin compositions. Hence, we describe a novel function of miR‐574‐5p unique to adenocarcinoma. Intracellular miR‐574‐5p induces PGE2 and thus the secretion of sEV‐derived miR‐574‐5p, which in turn decreases PGE2‐biosynthesis in recipient cells.
Examining the relationship between farmers' perceived trust and investment preferences
Authors: Ambali Omotuyole Isiaka , Begho Toritseju
Published: October 2021

This paper investigates whether trust influences investment decisions. We analyse the 2015/2016 Nigeria General Household Survey data from 4582 households. We find that trust, risk and time preferences are important determinants of investment choice. A high trust decreases the chance of investing in low risk and low‐profit businesses. That is, more trusting individuals prefer riskier high return investments. In contrast, impatience and risk avoidance increase the chances of investing in low‐risk, low‐return businesses. This paper will be useful in planning an investment instrument that is both suitable for specific individuals and aligns with the expectations of financial institutions and government.
Validation of an innovative analytical method for simultaneous quantification of curcumin and fluconazole using high‐performance liquid chromatography from nanostructured lipid carriers
Authors: Araujo Victor Hugo Sousa , Fernandes Lígia de Souza , dos Reis Leidiana Rocha , Carvalho Gabriela Corrêa , Scarpa Maria Virginia , Chorilli Marlus
Published: October 2021

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a public health problem with a high incidence among female patients. Currently, there is an increase in the identification of Candida spp. resistant to current therapy, making it necessary to search for new therapeutic alternatives. The synergistic potential of curcumin with fluconazole is described in the literature. However, due to its high lipophilicity, it is necessary to use drug‐delivery systems to adequately explore its potential, among which is the nanostructured lipid carrier. However, to date, there is no validated method of high‐performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of fluconazole and curcumin in the literature. Thus, the present work developed a high‐performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of fluconazole and curcumin co‐encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carrier which was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) – Q2 (R1) and the Food and Drug Administration ‐ Guidance for Bioanalytical Method. The method was applied to determine the encapsulation efficiency and drug‐loading of curcumin and fluconazole in nanostructured lipid carriers. The developed method proved to be selective, precise, accurate, and robust for the simultaneous determination of both drugs, enabling the quantification of encapsulation efficiency and drug‐loading of curcumin and fluconazole in nanostructured lipid carriers.
Resilience of human settlements against landslide risk: The case of Kurdistan Province, Iran
Authors: Khezri Saeed , Ahmadi Dehrashid Atefeh , Bijani Masoud , Valizadeh Naser , Nasrollahizadeh Bahram , Izadi Farnaz , Ahmadi Dehrashid Hossein , Azadi Hossein , Scheffran Jürgen
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to identify the problems and challenges facing the resilience of landslide areas using the strategic approach of futures studies (futurology) and its scenarios. Methodologically, this study is novel as it applied the mixed‐method (qualitative‐quantitative) analysis based on the futures studies approach to explore the efficient resilience scenarios of human settlements against landslide risks in the Kurdistan Province, Iran. This study is original and innovative in terms of thematic aspects as it attempted to provide a new and practical approach to identify the degree of resilience and challenges in the framework of strategic planning in the short, medium, and long terms. The findings of the qualitative phase showed that the most efficient scenario for improving the resilience of human settlements is the preparation scenario. The results of the quantitative phase revealed that the identified propellants for this scenario included improving organizational integrity and crisis management, organizational communication, increasing local institutions and community participation, improving insurance coverage, increasing the education and skills of people against landslide risks, zoning and characterizing high‐risk areas, balanced distribution of services at the regional level, and increasing convenient access to transport networks during the crisis. Considering that crisis management before the occurrence of risk is unsuitable for Iran, therefore, identifying the bottlenecks and challenges facing crisis management using a futures studies approach can be an important step to provide affective programmes to solve the problems and predict the impacts of the natural hazards.
Biallelic AOPEP Loss‐of‐Function Variants Cause Progressive Dystonia with Prominent Limb Involvement
Authors: Zech Michael , Kumar Kishore R. , Reining Sophie , Reunert Janine , Tchan Michel , Riley Lisa G. , Drew Alexander P. , Adam Robert J. , Berutti Riccardo , Biskup Saskia , Derive Nicolas , Bakhtiari Somayeh , Jin Sheng Chih , Kruer Michael C. , Bardakjian Tanya , Gonzalez‐Alegre Pedro , Keller Sarmiento Ignacio J. , Mencacci Niccolo E. , Lubbe Steven J. , Kurian Manju A. , Clot Fabienne , Méneret Aurélie , de Sainte Agathe Jean‐Madeleine , Fung Victor S.C. , Vidailhet Marie , Baumann Matthias , Marquardt Thorsten , Winkelmann Juliane , Boesch Sylvia
Published: October 2021

Background

Monogenic causes of isolated dystonia are heterogeneous. Assembling cohorts of affected individuals sufficiently large to establish new gene–disease relationships can be challenging.

Objective

We sought to expand the catalogue of monogenic etiologies for isolated dystonia.

Methods

After the discovery of a candidate variant in a multicenter exome‐sequenced cohort of affected individuals with dystonia, we queried online platforms and genomic data repositories worldwide to identify subjects with matching genotypic profiles.

Results

Seven different biallelic loss‐of‐function variants in AOPEP were detected in five probands from four unrelated families with strongly overlapping phenotypes. In one proband, we observed a homozygous nonsense variant (c.1477C>T [p.Arg493*]). A second proband harbored compound heterozygous nonsense variants (c.763C>T [p.Arg255*]; c.777G>A [p.Trp259*]), whereas a third proband possessed a frameshift variant (c.696_697delAG [p.Ala234Serfs*5]) in trans with a splice‐disrupting alteration (c.2041‐1G>A). Two probands (siblings) from a fourth family shared compound heterozygous frameshift alleles (c.1215delT [p.Val406Cysfs*14]; c.1744delA [p.Met582Cysfs*6]). All variants were rare and expected to result in truncated proteins devoid of functionally important amino acid sequence. AOPEP, widely expressed in developing and adult human brain, encodes a zinc‐dependent aminopeptidase, a member of a class of proteolytic enzymes implicated in synaptogenesis and neural maintenance. The probands presented with disabling progressive dystonia predominantly affecting upper and lower extremities, with variable involvement of craniocervical muscles. Dystonia was unaccompanied by any additional symptoms in three families, whereas the fourth family presented co‐occurring late‐onset parkinsonism.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest a likely causative role of predicted inactivating biallelic AOPEP variants in cases of autosomal recessive dystonia. Additional studies are warranted to understand the pathophysiology associated with loss‐of‐function variation in AOPEP. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Not only manganese, but fruit component effects dictate the efficiency of fruit juice as an oral magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent
Authors: Licciardi Giulia , Rizzo Domenico , Ravera Enrico , Fragai Marco , Parigi Giacomo , Luchinat Claudio
Published: October 2021

Several fruit juices are used as oral contrast agents to improve the quality of images in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. They are often preferred to conventional synthetic contrast agents because of their very low cost, natural origin, intrinsic safety, and comparable image qualities. Pineapple and blueberry juices are the most employed in clinical practice due to their higher content of manganese(II) ions. The interest of pharmaceutical companies in these products is testified by the appearance in the market of fruit juice derivatives with improved contrast efficacy. Here, we investigate the origin of the contrast of blueberry juice, analyze the parameters that can effect it, and elucidate the differences with pineapple juice and manganese(II) solutions. It appears that, although manganese(II) is the paramagnetic ion responsible for the contrast, it is the interaction of manganese(II) with other juice components that modulates the efficiency of the juice as a magnetic resonance contrast agent. On these grounds, we conclude that blueberry juice concentrated to the same manganese concentration of pineapple juice would prove a more efficient contrast agent than pineapple juice.
Synthesis and Antiprotozoal Profile of 3,4,5‐Trisubstituted Isoxazoles
Authors: Rosa Fernanda Andreia , Mendes de Souza Melo Samara , Pianoski Karlos Eduardo , Poletto Julia , dos Santos Mariellen Guilherme , da Silva Michael Jackson Vieira , Lazarin‐Bidóia Danielle , Volpato Hélito , Moura Sidnei , Nakamura Celso Vataru
Published: October 2021

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Prof. Fernanda Andreia Rosa at the State University of Maringá (Brazil). The cover picture shows the contribution of the SINTHET research group to the synthesis and discovery of new antiprotozoal compounds. The synthetic methodology allowed the construction of 60 new isoxazole derivatives with structural variations on the 3‐, 4‐, and 5‐positions. The authors acknowledge Ms. Jeniffer do Nascimento Ascencio Camargo and Ms. Julia Caroline Manzano Willig for the Cover picture creation. Read the full text of their Full Paper at 10.1002/open.202100141.
Speech‐language pathology approaches to neurorehabilitation in acute care during COVID‐19: Capitalizing on neuroplasticity
Authors: Langton‐Frost Nicole , Brodsky Martin B.
Published: October 2021

Neurologic manifestations associated with a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) diagnosis are common and often occur in severe and critically ill patients. In these patients, the neurologic symptoms are confounded by critical care conditions, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Patients with dual diagnoses of COVID‐19 and neurologic changes such as myopathy, polyneuropathy, and stroke are likely at a higher risk of experiencing deficits with swallowing, communication, and/or cognition. Speech‐language pathologists are an integral part of both the critical care and neurologic disorders multi‐disciplinary teams, offering valuable contributions in the evaluation, treatment, and management of these areas. Patients in intensive care units (ICUs) who require mechanical ventilation often experience difficulty with communication and benefit from early speech‐language pathology intervention to identify the most efficient communication methods with the medical team and caregivers. Moreover, patients with neurologic manifestations may present with cognitive‐linguistic impairments such as aphasia, thereby increasing the need for communication‐based interventions. Difficulties with voice and swallowing after extubation are common, often requiring frequent treatment sessions, possibly persisting beyond ICU discharge. After leaving the ICU, patients with COVID‐19 often experience physical, cognitive, and mental health impairments collectively called post‐intensive care syndrome. This is often a lengthy road as they progress toward full recovery, requiring continued speech‐language pathology treatment after hospital discharge, capitalizing on the principles of neuroplasticity.
In‐hospital respiratory viral infections for patients with established BPD in the SARS‐CoV‐2 era
Authors: Kielt Matthew J. , Murphy Angela , Smathers Jodi , Bates MaLeah , Nelin Leif D. , Shepherd Edward G.
Published: October 2021

Objective

Our objective was to test the hypothesis that in‐hospital respiratory viral infections (RVI) would be significantly lower in a cohort of patients with established bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) exposed to a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection prevention protocol when compared to historical controls.

Study Design

On April 1, 2020, we implemented a universal infection prevention protocol to minimize the risk of nosocomial SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission in a dedicated BPD intensive care unit. We performed a retrospective cohort study and included patients with established BPD, as defined by the 2019 Neonatal Research Network criteria, admitted to our center who underwent real‐time polymerase‐chain‐reaction RVI testing between January 1, 2015 and March 31, 2021. We excluded patients readmitted from home. We compared the proportion of positive tests to the number of tests performed and the distribution of viral respiratory pathogens in the pre‐ and post‐SARS‐CoV‐2 eras.

Results

Among 176 patients included in the study, 663 RVI tests were performed and 172 (26%) tests were positive. The median number of tests performed, measured in tests per patient per month, in the SARS‐CoV‐2 era was not significantly different compared to the pre‐SARS‐CoV‐2 era (0.45 vs. 0.34 tests per patient per month, p = .07). The proportion of positive RVI tests was significantly lower in the SARS‐CoV‐2 era when compared to the pre‐SARS‐CoV‐2 era (0.06 vs. 0.30, p < .0001). No patients tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 in the SARS‐CoV‐2 era.

Conclusions

Infection prevention measures developed in response to the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic may reduce the risk of RVIs in hospitalized patients with established BPD.
Two ferritins from Dermanyssus gallinae: characterization and in vivo assessment as protective antigens
Authors: Xu Xiaolin , Wang Chuanwen , Liu Qi , Huang Yu , Sun Weiwei , Pan Baoliang
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae is recognized worldwide as the most important bloodsucking ectoparasite in layer and breeder flocks. In bloodsucking ectoparasites, ferritins (FERs), the iron‐storage proteins, play a pivotal role in dealing with the challenge of large amounts of released iron during the digestion of blood meal. However, no information is available concerning FERs of D. gallinae. The aim of the present study was to investigate the characteristics, functions and the vaccine efficacy of FERs in D. gallinae.

RESULTS

Two heavy‐chain FERs of D. gallinae were identified and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Dg‐FER1 may be a secretory FER and Dg‐FER2 an intracellular one. RNAi results demonstrated that Dg‐fers play key roles in mite survival, successful reproduction and blood digestion. Immunization with rDg‐FER1 or rDg‐FER2 successfully induced chickens to produce high levels of antigen‐specific IgY, resulting in a significant increase in mite mortality (by 58.67% on Day 5) and decreases in oviposition (by 42.15%) and fecundity (by 68.97%) in the rDg‐FER1 group, and a 13.73% increase in mite mortality and a 20.89% decrease in fecundity in the rDg‐FER1 group. The overall immunization efficacy of rDg‐FER1 was 93.51%.

CONCLUSION

Two Dg‐FERs are crucial to the survival, reproduction and blood digestion of D. gallinae. This study has provided preliminary evidence demonstrating the potential of rDg‐FER1 as a vaccine antigen for D. gallinae. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of the insecticide detoxification carboxylesterase Boest1 from Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae)
Authors: Ding Qian , Xu Xiao , Sang Zitong , Wang Ruijie , Ullah Farman , Gao Xiwu , Song Dunlun
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

In insects, carboxylesterases (CarEs) are enzymes involved in the detoxification of insecticides. However, the molecular mechanism of CarE‐mediated insecticide metabolism in Bradysia odoriphaga, a serious agricultural pest, remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the detoxification process of malathion, bifenthrin, and imidacloprid by B. odoriphaga carboxylesterase (Boest1).

RESULTS

An alpha class CarE gene Boest1 was cloned from B. odoriphaga. The results of real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that Boest1 is up‐regulated with age during the larval stage, and the level of transcription of Boest1 is higher in the midgut and Malpighian tubule than in other tissues. The expression level of Boest1 was significantly increased after exposure to malathion and bifenthrin. Recombinant BoEST1 expressed in vitro showed high catalytic activity toward α‐naphthyl acetate, which was substantially inhibited by malathion and triphenyl phosphate. The in vitro metabolism assays showed that BoEST1 demonstrates hydrolytic capacity toward malathion and bifenthrin but not imidacloprid. The binding free energy analysis indicates that BoEST1 has a higher affinity for malathion and bifenthrin than imidacloprid.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that BoEST1 plays a role in the breakdown of insecticides and may be involved in the development of resistance in the Chinese chive pest B. odoriphaga; our findings also provide data for better pest management and perspectives for new pesticides development. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Atomic Fingerprinting of Heteroatoms Using Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Fan Dingxin , Chelikowsky James R.
Published: October 2021

Immense strides have been made in increasing the resolution of scanning probe microscopy. Noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc‐AFM) now offers one the ability to characterize and visualize single molecules with subatomic resolution. Specifically, nc‐AFM with a carbon monoxide (CO) functionalized tip has the ability to discriminate functional groups (–CC–, –CH2, –CO, …), although discriminating atomic species often remains as an ongoing challenge. Here, real‐space pseudopotentials constructed within density functional theory are employed to accurately simulate nc‐AFM images of molecules containing heteroatoms (S, I, and N) within dibenzothiophene (DBT), 2‐iodotriphenylene (ITP), acridine (ACR) and ferrous phthalocyanine (FePc). It is found that S and I atoms can be easily identified from C based on their unique features. For N atoms, a use of tip functionalization is proposed to effectively discriminate them from C atoms.
Experimental investigations on the shear bearing behavior of prestressed ultra‐high performance fiber‐reinforced concrete beams with compact cross‐section
Authors: Metje Kevin , Leutbecher Torsten
Published: October 2021

For ultra‐high performance fiber‐reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) beams subjected to shear the bearing mechanisms differ significantly depending on the type of cross‐section. For I‐shaped cross‐section, existing models superimposing the contribution of concrete, prestressing, stirrups, and fibers were found to predict the shear bearing capacity appropriately. These models may, however, not be generally applicable. The aim of the present study is to investigate the shear bearing mechanisms for UHPFRC beams with compact cross‐section and, in particular, the influences of fiber volume fraction and prestressing on the development of the critical shear crack and the shear bearing capacity. This paper presents the experimental results of 22 three‐point test on 11 beams with varying fiber volume fraction and prestressing. It was found that increasing the fiber volume fraction increases the shear bearing capacity, but however, the benefit was less than proportional to the residual flexural tensile strength of UHPFRC. As expected, prestressing also affects the bearing capacity favorably.
Re: ASPRE trial: risk factors for development of preterm pre‐eclampsia despite aspirin prophylaxis
Authors: Giorgione V. , Di Fabrizio C. , Thilaganathan B.
Published: October 2021

Linked article: This Correspondence comments on Shen et al. Click here to view the article.
Materials in constructed wetlands for wastewater remediation: A review
Authors: Patyal Vandana , Jaspal Dipika , Khare Kanchan
Published: October 2021

The wastewater treatment industry is constantly evolving to abate emerging contaminants and to meet stringent legislative requirements. The existing technologies need to be modified, or new innovative treatment techniques need to be developed to ensure environmental protection and secure sustainability in the future. Emphasis is mainly on nutrient recovery, energy‐efficient systems, zero waste generation, and environmentally friendly techniques. Constructed wetlands (CWs) have evolved as natural, eco‐friendly, economical, and low‐maintenance alternatives for wastewater remediation. These wetlands employ several materials as adsorbents for the treatment, commonly known as media/substrate. This review paper presents an assessment of various materials that can be used as substrates in CWs for the efficient removal of organic and non‐biodegradable pollutants in different types of wastewaters. The effect of pH, mineral composition, specific surface area, and porosity of various natural materials and agricultural and industrial wastes used as media in CWs for wastewater remediation was discussed. The study showed that different substrates like alum sludge, limestone, coal slags, rice husk, and sand had removal efficiency for chemical oxygen demand (COD): 71.8%–82%, total phosphorous (TP): 77%–80%, and total nitrogen (TN): 52%–82% for different types of wastewaters. It also highlights the challenges related to the long‐term sustainability of these materials.

Practitioner points

Physicochemical characteristics influence the removal efficiency of the materials

Life of media is also important along with removal efficiency and cost

The sustainability of materials is very crucial for the overall performance of the system
Probing the Water Vapor Adsorption Properties of MIL‐101 Doped with Manganese
Authors: Liu Shang , Wu Ping , Zhang Shiping , Fu Guodong , Yan Dan , Han Xiaoli , Huai Xiulan , Xu Min
Published: October 2021

The chemical heat pump system is a heat management system based on the steam cycle. Combining the heat pump material and porous material into a frame can improve the heat storage capacity of the system. Metal‐OrganicFrameworks (MOF) is a kind of porous material with high porosity and specific surface area. We selected MIL‐101 (Cr) and studied whether doping can improve its water vapor adsorption capacity. In the hydrothermal synthesis process, we added manganese nitrate and chromium nitrate with different molar ratios to prepare four kinds of doped samples with diverse manganese contents, which were characterized by SEM, nitrogen adsorption test, XRD, FTIR, Raman test, TG, and water vapor adsorption test. Compared with the undoped sample, the particle diameter of the doped sample was doubled, and the water vapor adsorption increased by 30 %. Our experiments show that doping manganese ions is an effective way to adjust particle size and increase adsorption capacity.
What Is ‘the Breath of Our Nostrils’? Ruach and Neshamah in John Donne’s 1622 Gunpowder Day Sermon
Authors: Gray Patrick
Published: October 2021

As King James I moved to censor Puritan opponents, he called upon John Donne to defend his policies from the pulpit. As text‚ then‚ for a sermon at St Paul’s, Donne chose Lamentations 4:20, a notorious crux. The Geneva Bible glosses ‘the anointed’ in this verse as a good king, Josiah; Calvin in his Institutes as a bad king, Zedekiah. The phrase ‘the breath of our nostrils’, an allusion to Genesis 2:7, introduces further complications. Is ‘breath’ here neshamah, nepesh, or ruach? pnoē, psychē, or pneuma? Drawing on fine distinctions between ‘breath,’ ‘soul’, and ‘spirit’ in the languages of Scripture, Donne crafts a defence of James’s ‘Directions concerning Preachers’ that is erudite, ingenious, equivocal, and disconcerting: an argument against such arguments as ‘things indifferent’ (adiaphora).
Syllabic Gasps: M. NourbeSe Philip and Charles Olson’s Poetic Conspiration
Authors: Heine Stefanie
Published: October 2021

In her essay ‘The Ga(s)p’, M. NourbeSe Philip sketches a respirational poetics that embeds the precarity of African American breath in a natal scene of conspiration. In a gesture of ‘radical hospitality’, every mother breathes for the unborn baby. Her book Zong!, consisting of words torn from a legal document about a massacre on a slave ship, is described as a ‘series of ga(s)ps for air with syllabic sounds attached or overlaid’. In the moment when Philip’s reflections turn to syllables, a striking resonance with Charles Olson’s poetics of breathing from the 1950s can be observed. Both Olson and Philip develop their thoughts on breath and syllables around the act of taking over word-material from a problematic ‘mother-text’. The essay investigates the tensions between the ethical act of ‘breathing with’ as Philip outlines it and the more common sense of ‘conspiration’ (conspiring, conspiracy).
Breath—As Subject, in Form, in Performance: An Interview with Michael Symmons Roberts
Authors: Roberts Michael Symmons ,   with David Fuller
Published: October 2021

Michael Symmons Roberts discusses breath and breathlessness as a theme running through his work, beginning with his novel, Breath (2006). He also discusses breath as a subject in his poetry, the place of breathing in the sound and expressivity of voice, and the idea of poetry as ‘alive in the heart and on the tongue’. He considers how the reader can realise the printed poem as an aural structure; and how living engagement with a poem, signified in reading partly by structures of breathing, is heard in the interplay between all of a poem’s formal features. Given that a poem is likely to say more than its author knows, he discusses the implications of hearing poets read their own work; and finally considers all the elements that affect how the voice (actual or imagined) gives aural shape to a poem.
Afterword: Breath-Taking—Ethical Impulses for Breath Studies
Authors: Adey Peter
Published: October 2021

This essay explores various interconnecting and cross-cutting threads that run through this volume. Alighting on ‘conspiration’ and other common themes that dominate the book, this afterword considers the contribution of the essays in their vast historical, cultural, and thematic milieux, and sees them as potential building blocks for a ‘breath studies’. And yet, by placing the book within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we might worry whether conspiration may be at threat. It considers whether the strict government regulations which have sought to constrain the spread of the disease by suppressing social interactions and togetherness may be eroding our political and ethical capacities to share air.
From Romance to Vision: The Life of Breath in Medieval Literary Texts
Authors: Saunders Corinne
Published: October 2021

Breath and breathlessness are flashpoints in medieval literary texts. Medieval medical theories, rooted in classical thought, emphasise the bodily spirits and in particular, the ways that motions of the ‘vital spirit’—closely connected with breath—cause powerful physical responses that write emotions on the body in sighs, swoons, and even death. Physiological theory was complemented by theological notions of pneuma, the Spirit of divinity and life. The movement of breath plays a key role in depictions of emotion from love to grief, and in visionary or mystical experience. This essay explores breath and breathlessness in a range of English secular and devotional literary texts: popular romance writing, the medically alert fictions of Chaucer, and visionary works including the Revelations of Divine Love of Julian of Norwich and the spiritual autobiography of Margery Kempe. In all these works, concepts of the vital spirits and the role of breath in emotion are central. The play of breath underpins and shapes depictions of romantic love, explorations of the boundary between life and death, and ideas of spiritual revelation, creating narratives of profoundly embodied, affective experience.
A Breath of Fresh Air: Approaches to Environmental Health in Late Medieval Urban Communities
Authors: Rawcliffe Carole
Published: October 2021

This essay explores the medieval belief that disease was spread by the foul odours arising from such common nuisances as butchers’ waste, dung heaps, stagnant water, and tanneries, as a result of which great importance was placed upon fresh, clean air in medieval cities, especially in times of pestilence. It examines the medical rationale behind these ideas, which derived from Classical Greece and reflect sophisticated assumptions about human physiology. It also considers the numerous sanitary measures that were introduced at both a national and local level in pursuit of a hygienic urban environment, and the extent to which ordinary citizens recognised the vital role played by the air that they breathed in preserving or endangering communal health.
‘Let Lovers Sigh Out the Rest’: Witnessing the Breath in the Early Modern Emotional Body
Authors: Tsentourou Naya
Published: October 2021

This essay examines how breath is observed, recorded, and accounted for in cases of love melancholy in early modern literary and medical texts. It draws on the poetry of George Herbert and the works of Robert Burton and Jacques Ferrand on lovesickness to argue that writing on the respiration of the melancholic lover in the Renaissance involves a process of performative displacement as well as entanglement, most visible in the practice of intertextuality. As Tsentourou shows, intertextual references to emotional breathing blur the binary between patient and physician, casting bodies and texts as spaces where the detached witness conspires with the lovesick subject, and, in turn, with the reader.
Ecological Indicators for Surface Water Quality - Methodological Approaches to Fish Community Assessments in China and Germany
Authors: Beggel Sebastian , Pander Joachim , Geist Jürgen
Published: October 2021

Assessments of aquatic ecosystem health rely increasingly on biological indicators such as fish community structure, but national approaches differ. To use bioindicators efficiently and to allow cross-country comparisons, standardized tools and methods are required. Within this study, currently applied procedures for stream ecosystem assessment in China and Germany are summarized and active and passive fish sampling methodologies used in both countries are investigated. The methodological comparison was based on the results of a joint Chinese German workshops within the SINOWATER project in 2016. A joint sampling campaign was then conducted in 2017 at 6 representative sites within 70 km of the Fan River, a tributary to the Liao River System in Liaoning province, China. Active methods comprised single-pass electrofishing methods as typically applied in Germany and China as well as seining. As passive methods, common minnow traps, gill-netting and longline-fishing were used. To allow the comparability between methods, a standardized sampling design comprising several replicates at each site was chosen, covering a range of different ecological stream conditions. By comparison of the different fishing methodologies, electrofishing yielded the best overall results to assess fish biodiversity in terms of species abundance, richness and catch per unit effort. Differences in the effectiveness of the different electrofishing approaches mostly depended on the power source used. To cover the full spectrum of the fish community and to detect very rare species, a combination of different active and passive methods was most useful. If electrofishing is the method of choice, it is very important to adjust the gear power to river specific conditions such as flow, size and depth. The results of this joint Chinese-German study may aid in the selection of suitable sampling methods for fish community assessments in the future.
Dianchi Shallow Lake Management
Authors: Rankenhohn Florian , Strauß Tido , Wermter Paul
Published: October 2021

Lake Dianchi in the Chinese province Yunnan is a shallow lake suffering from algae blooms for years due to high pollution. We conducted a thorough survey of the water quality of the northern part of the lake called Caohai. This study was intended as the basis for the system understanding of the shallow lake of Caohai. The study consisted of two steps. First we collected available environmental, hydrological and pollution data from Kunming authorities and other sources. It was possible to parameterise a lake model model based on the preliminary data set. It supported first estimations of management scenarios. But the first and quick answers came with a relevant vagueness. Relevant monitoring data was still missing like P release from lake-internal sediment.

Because data uncertainty causes model uncertainty and model uncertainty causes planning and management uncertainties, we recommended and conducted a thorough sediment and river pollution monitoring campaign in 2017. Examination of the sediment phosphorus release and additional measurements of N and P was crucial for the improvement of the shallow lake model of Caohai. In May 2018 we presented and discussed the results of StoLaM shallow lake model of Caohai and the outcomes of a set of management scenarios.

The StoLaM shallow lake model for Caohai used in SINOWATER indicates that sediment dredging could contribute to the control of algae by limitation of phosphorus, but sediment management can only produce sustainable effects when the overall nutrient input and especially the phosphorus input from the inflows will be reduced significantly.
Introduction
Authors: Zhang Yan
Published: October 2021

This chapter first introduces the fundamental concepts of mobile cloud computing. The differences between mobile edge computing and mobile cloud computing are then discussed in detail. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute’s concept of mobile edge computing is introduced with respect to mobile edge computing’s definition, architecture, advantages, and potential applications.
Mobile Edge Computing for the Internet of Vehicles
Authors: Zhang Yan
Published: October 2021

The advancement of cyber physical information has led to the pervasive use of smart vehicles while enabling various types of powerful mobile applications, which usually require high-intensity processing under strict delay constraints. Given their limited on-board computing capabilities, smart vehicles can offload these processing tasks to edge servers for execution. However, a highly dynamic topology, a complex vehicular communication environment, and edge node heterogeneity pose significant challenges in vehicular edge computing management. To address these challenges, in this chapter we investigate the characteristics of edge computing from both the application and service perspectives and introduce a hierarchical edge computing framework. Moreover, we leverage artificial intelligence technology to propose efficient task offloading and resource scheduling schemes.
Mobile Edge Computing for UAVs
Authors: Zhang Yan
Published: October 2021

This chapter studies mobile edge computing (MEC) networks assisted by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). According to the application scenarios, we consider three roles for UAVs in MEC networks: exploiting MEC computing capabilities, serving as a computing server, and serving as a relay for computation offloading. Furthermore, the details for resource allocation and optimization are presented in the three scenarios of UAV-assisted MEC networks. In addition, we focus on the situation in which a UAV not only functions as an MEC server to inspect turbines on a wind farm, but also performs task computation. To facilitate wide applications of UAV-assisted MEC in practice, this chapter highlights the main implementation issues of UAV-assisted MEC, including optimal UAV deployment, wind models, and joint trajectory–computation performance optimization.
The importance of kinematic twists and genuine saturation effects in dijet production at the Electron-Ion Collider
Authors: Boussarie Renaud , Mäntysaari Heikki , Salazar Farid , Schenke Björn
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We compute the differential yield for quark anti-quark dijet production in high-energy electron-proton and electron-nucleus collisions at small x as a function of the relative momentum P⊥ and momentum imbalance k⊥ of the dijet system for different photon virtualities Q2, and study the elliptic and quadrangular anisotropies in the relative angle between P⊥ and k⊥. We review and extend the analysis in [1], which compared the results of the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) with those obtained using the transverse momentum dependent (TMD) framework. In particular, we include in our comparison the improved TMD (ITMD) framework, which resums kinematic power corrections of the ratio k⊥ over the hard scale Q⊥. By comparing ITMD and CGC results we are able to isolate genuine higher saturation contributions in the ratio Qs/Q⊥ which are resummed only in the CGC. These saturation contributions are in addition to those in the Weizsäcker-Williams gluon TMD that appear in powers of Qs/k⊥. We provide numerical estimates of these contributions for inclusive dijet production at the future Electron-Ion Collider, and identify kinematic windows where they can become relevant in the measurement of dijet and dihadron azimuthal correlations. We argue that such measurements will allow the detailed experimental study of both kinematic power corrections and genuine gluon saturation effects.
Semidual Kitaev lattice model and tensor network representation
Authors: Girelli Florian , Osei Prince K. , Osumanu Abdulmajid
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Kitaev’s lattice models are usually defined as representations of the Drinfeld quantum double D(H) = H ⋈ H*op, as an example of a double cross product quantum group. We propose a new version based instead on M(H) = Hcop ⧑ H as an example of Majid’s bicrossproduct quantum group, related by semidualisation or ‘quantum Born reciprocity’ to D(H). Given a finite-dimensional Hopf algebra H, we show that a quadrangulated oriented surface defines a representation of the bicrossproduct quantum group Hcop ⧑ H. Even though the bicrossproduct has a more complicated and entangled coproduct, the construction of this new model is relatively natural as it relies on the use of the covariant Hopf algebra actions. Working locally, we obtain an exactly solvable Hamiltonian for the model and provide a definition of the ground state in terms of a tensor network representation.
Monitoring process-related impurities in biologics–host cell protein analysis
Authors: Pilely Katrine , Johansen Martin Rask , Lund Rikke Raaen , Kofoed Thomas , Jørgensen Thomas Kjærsgaard , Skriver Lars , Mørtz Ejvind
Published: October 2021

During biologics development, manufacturers must demonstrate clearance of host cell impurities and contaminants to ensure drug purity, manufacturing process consistency, and patient safety. Host cell proteins (HCPs) are a major class of process-related impurities and require monitoring and documentation of their presence through development and manufacturing. Even in residual amounts, they are known to affect product quality and efficacy as well as patient safety. HCP analysis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (HCP-ELISA) is the standard technique, due to its simple handling, short analysis time, and high sensitivity for protein impurities. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) is an orthogonal method for HCP analysis and is increasingly included in regulatory documentation. LC–MS offers advantages where HCP-ELISA has drawbacks, e.g., the ability to identify and quantify individual HCPs. This article summarizes the available knowledge about monitoring HCPs in biologics and presents the newest trends in HCP analysis with current state-of-the-art HCP measurement tools. Through case studies, we present examples of HCP control strategies that have been used in regulatory license applications, using an MS-based coverage analysis and HCP-ELISA and LC–MS for HCP quantification. This provides novel insight into the rapid evolving strategy of HCP analysis. Improvements in technologies to evaluate HCP-ELISA suitability and the implementation of orthogonal LC–MS methods for HCP analysis are important to rationally manipulate, engineer, and select suitable cell lines and downstream processing steps to limit problematic HCPs.