bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy distinguishes the characteristics of superficial esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma
Authors: Uedo Noriya , Yoshio Toshiyuki , Yoshinaga Shigetaka , Takeuchi Manabu , Hatta Waku , Yano Tomonori , Tanuma Tokuma , Goto Osamu , Takahashi Akiko , Tong Daniel , Lee Yeong Yeh , Nakayama Yoshiko , Ichihara Shin , Gotoda Takuji
Published: April 2017

Background and Aim

Western studies have suggested two distinct etiologies of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancer: Helicobacter pylori‐associated atrophic gastritis and non‐atrophic gastric mucosa resembling esophageal adenocarcinoma. The present study investigated whether endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy can distinguish between these two types of EGJ adenocarcinoma.

Methods

Data were collected from patients with Siewert type II, T1 EGJ adenocarcinoma who underwent endoscopic or surgical resection at eight Japanese institutions in 2010–2015. Clinicopathological characteristics of EGJ cancers with and without endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy were compared. EGJ was defined as the lower end of the palisade vein and/or the top of the gastric folds.

Results

Of the 229 patients identified, 161 had endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy and 68 did not. The latter group was younger (64 vs 70 years, P = 0.000); had a higher proportion of patients negative for H. pylori (90% vs 47%, P < 0.0001); and had higher rates of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms (43% vs 12%, P = 0.017), mucosal breaks (25% vs 15%, P = 0.009), Barrett's esophagus (BE, 78% vs 42%, P < 0.0001), and tumors above the EGJ (81% vs 19%, P < 0.0001) and on the upper‐right side (74% vs 38%, P < 0.0001) than the former group. Multivariate analysis showed that H. pylori positivity (odds ratio [OR] = 13.0, P < 0.001), long‐segment BE (OR = 0.025, P = 0.033), and longitudinal (OR = 8.6, P = 0.001) and circumferential (OR = 4.7, P = 0.006) tumor locations were independently associated with gastric mucosal atrophy.

Conclusion

Two distinct types of EGJ cancer were identified, with and without endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy. These types were associated with different tumor locations.
Efficacy of hybrid endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) as a rescue treatment in difficult colorectal ESD cases
Authors: Okamoto Koichi , Muguruma Naoki , Kagemoto Kaizo , Mitsui Yasuhiro , Fujimoto Daisaku , Kitamura Shinji , Kimura Tetsuo , Sogabe Masahiro , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Takayama Tetsuji
Published: April 2017

Background and Aim

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), which provides a higher en bloc resection rate than conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), is considered to be a useful treatment option for large colorectal tumors. However, colorectal ESD is not widely used because of its technical difficulty, risk of complications and time required. To overcome these drawbacks, a simpler modified technique, ESD with snaring (hybrid ESD), has been developed. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively compare the safety and efficacy of hybrid ESD and conventional ESD for colorectal tumors.

Methods

Between September 2008 and June 2016, ESD was carried out on 137 lesions and hybrid ESD on 27 lesions. All hybrid ESD cases were carried out as a rescue treatment in difficult ESD cases. We retrospectively investigated procedure time, and the rates of en bloc resection, perforation, bleeding, and local recurrence.

Results

In the hybrid ESD group, procedure time was shorter compared with the ESD group (108 ± 59.5 min vs 122 ± 72.2 min), but the en bloc resection rate was lower (66.7% vs 94.2%). However, there were no significant differences in procedure time, or in rates of en bloc resection, perforation and bleeding between the two groups. Local recurrence did not develop in any of our cases.

Conclusions

Hybrid ESD as a rescue treatment in difficult ESD cases may be less effective for en bloc resection of large colorectal tumors. Indication for hybrid ESD may be limited to scheduled treatment from the outset and emergency cases with patients who present unstable vital signs during ESD.
Shortages and the informal economy in the Soviet republics, 1965–89
Authors: Kim Byung‐Yeon , Shida Yoshisada
Published: April 2017

This study measures the informal economy and shortages of consumer goods in the Soviet republics from 1965 to 1989 to estimate the relationships between these two variables. Using estimation methods, including a fixed‐effect model and the instrumental variable approach, we find that the informal economy and shortages reinforced each other. Results indicate that the Soviet central planning system was difficult to sustain. Substantial heterogeneities across the Soviet republics exist not only in the extent of the informal economy and shortages, but also in the associations between the two variables.
The market turn: from social democracy to market liberalism
Authors: Offer Avner
Published: April 2017

Social democracy and market liberalism provide different solutions to the same problem: how to provide for life‐cycle dependency. Social democracy makes lateral transfers from producers to dependents by means of progressive taxation. Market liberalism uses financial markets to transfer financial entitlement over time. Social democracy came up against the upper limits of public expenditure in the 1970s. The ‘market turn’ from social democracy to market liberalism was enabled by liberalized credit in the 1980s. Much of this was absorbed into homeownership, which attracted majorities of households (and voters) in the developed world. Early movers did well, but eventually easy credit drove house prices beyond the reach of younger cohorts. Debt service diminished effective demand, which instigated financial instability. Both social democracy and market liberalism are currently in crisis.
‘Pain Always Asks for a Cause’: Nietzsche and Explanation
Authors: Bennett Matthew
Published: April 2017

Those who have emphasised Nietzsche's naturalism have often claimed that he emulates natural scientific methods by offering causal explanations of psychological, social, and moral phenomena. In order to render Nietzsche's method consistent with his methodology, such readers of Nietzsche have also claimed that his objections to the use of causal explanations are based on a limited scepticism concerning the veracity of causal explanations. My contention is that proponents of this reading are wrong about both Nietzsche's methodology and his method. I argue for this by: first, showing that Nietzsche was suspicious of causal explanations not only on sceptical grounds but also for reasons provided by his psychological analysis of our tendency to look for causes; and second, arguing for a non‐causal interpretation of Nietzsche's approach to psychological explanation.
Camus on Authenticity in Political Violence
Authors: Neiman Paul George
Published: April 2017

Politically motivated attacks against civilians are typically evaluated by focusing on objective factors, such as the loss of innocent life, the justness of a rebel organization's political vision, and whether the attacks are successful in advancing that vision. Albert Camus' philosophy on rebellion provides an alternative approach that focuses on subject experience of the rebel. The rebel experiences a genuine moral dilemma created by the passionate desire to fight injustice and the feeling of universal solidarity that encompasses even those who the rebel believes it is necessary to kill. From this standpoint, any action the rebel takes is immoral. Camus thus makes authenticity the focus of his analysis. Authentic rebels continue to value solidarity, which creates a limit on how violence can be used in rebellion. Drawing from The Rebel and The Just Assassins, this paper develops several criteria for immoral but authentic acts of political violence, which are then applied to suicide bomb attacks directed against civilians.
Quantitative and spectroscopic investigations of the co‐sorption of myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate and cadmium(II) on to haematite
Authors: Wan B. , Yan Y. P. , Zhu M. Q. , Wang X. M. , Liu F. , Tan W. F. , Feng X. H.
Published: April 2017

The interactions between phosphates, both inorganic and organic ones, and heavy metals on mineral surfaces affect their environmental fate and transport. In this research, we investigated the co‐sorption of myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) and cadmium (Cd(II)) on to haematite at various pHs in batch experiments, zeta (ζ) potential measurement and in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy. In the haematite–IHP binary system, IHP formed inner‐sphere complexes on haematite in which some phosphate groups of the IHP molecule bonded with the haematite surface, and other dissociated phosphate groups were ionized. In the haematite–IHP–Cd ternary system, the presence of aqueous Cd(II) increases IHP sorption and the ζ potential of haematite relative to that in the haematite–IHP binary system. The enhancement is more obvious at higher pHs, reversing the initial pH dependence of IHP sorption in the binary system. Similarly, the coexisting IHP promotes the retention of Cd(II) on haematite. The ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy indicates the formation of two structurally distinct ternary surface complexes (the Hm–IHP–Cd surface complex and the Hm–Cd–IHP–Cd surface complex). Our results suggest that simultaneous sorption not only increases the sorption density of IHP and Cd(II), but also changes the surface complex configuration of IHP and Cd(II) on haematite.

Highlights

The interactions between IHP and Cd(II) on haematite were investigated.

The presence of Cd(II) increases IHP sorption and vice versa.

IHP and Cd(II) co‐sorption is enhanced as pH increases.

Two structurally distinct ternary surface complexes form on haematite surfaces.
Managerial Creativity: The Roles of Dynamic Capabilities and Risk Preferences
Authors: Somsing Autcharaporn , Belbaly Nassim Aissa
Published: April 2017

Creativity is considered one of the key skills for managers in making strategic decisions. Although previous studies have thoroughly explored individual creativity, most of them have considered creativity as a static concept. In this paper, we suggest that managers' creative behaviors are dynamic and are influenced by individual and contextual factors. We also suggest that managers' creative behaviors can be explained via the concepts of both risk preferences and dynamic capabilities. Based on these two concepts, we suggest that managers' creative behaviors could be considered as: (1) dynamic abilities that enable them to generate different levels of creativity; and (2) a dynamic process that evolves over time. These propositions enhance and extend the literature on managerial risk taking and dynamic capabilities with respect to managers' creativity. Finally, we propose directions for future research to obtain a more in‐depth understanding of managers' creative behaviors.
Who's Your Daddy?: The Marital Presumption of Legitimacy in the Modern World and its Application to Same‐Sex Couples
Authors: Ruffini Angela
Published: April 2017

Recently, the definition of marriage has been significantly altered. No longer do we find ourselves exclusively in the midst of “traditional marriage” between one man and one woman. Instead, everywhere we experience different kinds of marriages and diverse, nontraditional families. The United States has finally caught up to many advanced democracies in universally recognizing same‐sex marriage through the Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges. However, the next question remains unanswered: what about families of same‐sex couples? This Note explores the nature of same‐sex couples, their families, and in particular, their children. It addresses the issue of the marital presumption of legitimacy and encourages its application to all legally recognized married couples regardless of sexual orientation and biology. Even though prior to Obergefell some states were unwilling to apply the presumption, since the implementation of marriage equality, the next logical step would be to utilize the presumption to ensure that all parents, regardless of gender, are recognized and families are preserved.
Haemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteases and human ADAMs cleave LRP5/6, which disrupts cell–cell adhesions in vitro and induces haemorrhage in vivo
Authors: Seo Tadahiko , Sakon Taketo , Nakazawa Shiori , Nishioka Asuka , Watanabe Kohei , Matsumoto Kaori , Akasaka Mari , Shioi Narumi , Sawada Hitoshi , Araki Satohiko
Published: April 2017

Snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are members of the a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) family of proteins, as they possess similar domains. SVMPs are known to elicit snake venom‐induced haemorrhage; however, the target proteins and cleavage sites are not known. In this work, we identified a target protein of vascular apoptosis‐inducing protein 1 (VAP1), an SVMP, relevant to its ability to induce haemorrhage. VAP1 disrupted cell–cell adhesions by relocating VE‐cadherin and γ‐catenin from the cell–cell junction to the cytosol, without inducing proteolysis of VE‐cadherin. The Wnt receptors low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) are known to promote catenin relocation, and are rendered constitutively active in Wnt signalling by truncation. Thus, we examined whether VAP1 cleaves LRP5/6 to induce catenin relocation. Indeed, we found that VAP1 cleaved the extracellular region of LRP6 and LRP5. This cleavage removes four inhibitory β‐propeller structures, resulting in activation of LRP5/6. Recombinant human ADAM8 and ADAM12 also cleaved LRP6 at the same site. An antibody against a peptide including the LRP6‐cleavage site inhibited VAP1‐induced VE‐cadherin relocation and disruption of cell–cell adhesions in cultured cells, and blocked haemorrhage in mice in vivo. Intriguingly, animals resistant to the effects of haemorrhagic snake venom express variants of LRP5/6 that lack the VAP1‐cleavage site, or low‐density lipoprotein receptor domain class A domains involved in formation of the constitutively active form. The results validate LRP5/6 as physiological targets of ADAMs. Furthermore, they indicate that SVMP‐induced cleavage of LRP5/6 causes disruption of cell–cell adhesion and haemorrhage, potentially opening new avenues for the treatment of snake bites.
In‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint for single edge notched bending specimen and cruciform specimen under uniaxial and biaxial loading
Authors: Miao X. ‐T. , Zhou C. ‐Y. , He X. –. H.
Published: April 2017

Considering fracture constraint is an efficient way to describe stress–strain field and fracture toughness more accurately, so it is necessary to realise the relationship with in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint for different standard specimens. In this paper, three‐dimensional finite element method is applied to study the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint for both cruciform specimen and single edge notched bending specimen made from commercial pure titanium. Crack length and in‐plane loading as the factors affecting in‐plane constraint, and thickness as the factor affecting the out‐of‐plane constraint are used to study the effect on both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint in this paper. From the results, in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint are both related to specimen geometries and loading styles. And there exist relationships with in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint because of factors for different specimens. Depending on crack length, out‐of‐plane constraint increases with in‐plane constraint. While depending on transverse loading, out‐of‐plane constraint decreases with in‐plane constraint. In addition, when the in‐plane constraint of a specimen is higher, in‐plane constraint increases with out‐of‐plane constraint (thickness). When the in‐plane constraint is lower, in‐plane constraint almost remains unchanged with out‐of‐plane constraint.
Retracted: Fracture investigation of U‐notch made of tungsten–copper functionally graded materials by means of strain energy density
Authors: Mohammadi H. , Salavati H. , Alizadeh Y. , Abdullah A. , Berto F.
Published: April 2017

The averaged strain energy density over a well‐defined control volume was employed to assess the fracture of U‐notched specimens made of tungsten–copper functionally graded materials under prevalent mode II loading. The boundary of control volume was evaluated by using a numerical method. Power law function was employed to describe the mechanical properties (elasticity modulus, Poisson's ratio, fracture toughness and ultimate tensile stress) through the specimen width. The effect of notch tip radius and notch depth on notch stress intensity factors and mode mixity parameter χ were assessed. In addition, a comparison based on fracture load between functionally graded and homogeneous W–Cu was made. Furthermore, in this research, it was shown that the mean value of the strain energy density over the control volume can be accurately determined using coarse meshes for functionally graded materials.
Status and prospects for renewable energy using wood pellets from the southeastern United States
Authors: Dale Virginia H. , Kline Keith L. , Parish Esther S. , Cowie Annette L. , Emory Robert , Malmsheimer Robert W. , Slade Raphael , SMITH Charles Tattersall (Tat) , Wigley Thomas Bently (BEN) , Bentsen Niclas S. , Berndes Göran , Bernier Pierre , Brandão Miguel , Chum Helena L. , Diaz‐Chavez Rocio , Egnell Gustaf , Gustavsson Leif , Schweinle Jörg , Stupak Inge , Trianosky Paul , Walter Arnaldo , Whittaker Carly , Brown Mark , Chescheir George , Dimitriou Ioannis , Donnison Caspar , Goss Eng Alison , Hoyt Kevin P. , Jenkins Jennifer C. , Johnson Kristen , Levesque Charles A. , Lockhart Victoria , Negri Maria Cristina , Nettles Jami E. , Wellisch Maria
Published: April 2017

The ongoing debate about costs and benefits of wood‐pellet based bioenergy production in the southeastern United States (SE USA) requires an understanding of the science and context influencing market decisions associated with its sustainability. Production of pellets has garnered much attention asUSexports have grown from negligible amounts in the early 2000s to 4.6 million metric tonnes in 2015. Currently, 98% of these pellet exports are shipped to Europe to displace coal in power plants. We ask, ‘How is the production of wood pellets in theSE USAaffecting forest systems and the ecosystem services they provide?’ To address this question, we review current forest conditions and the status of the wood products industry, how pellet production affects ecosystem services and biodiversity, and what methods are in place to monitor changes and protect vulnerable systems. Scientific studies provide evidence that wood pellets in theSE USAare a fraction of total forestry operations and can be produced while maintaining or improving forest ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are protected by the requirement to utilize loggers trained to apply scientifically based best management practices in planning and implementing harvest for the export market. Bioenergy markets supplement incomes to private rural landholders and provide an incentive for forest management practices that simultaneously benefit water quality and wildlife and reduce risk of fire and insect outbreaks. Bioenergy also increases the value of forest land to landowners, thereby decreasing likelihood of conversion to nonforest uses. Monitoring and evaluation are essential to verify that regulations and good practices are achieving goals and to enable timely responses if problems arise. Conducting rigorous research to understand how conditions change in response to management choices requires baseline data, monitoring, and appropriate reference scenarios. Long‐term monitoring data on forest conditions should be publicly accessible and utilized to inform adaptive management.
Inactivation of ferric uptake regulator (Fur) attenuates Helicobacter pylori J99 motility by disturbing the flagellar motor switch and autoinducer‐2 production
Authors: Lee Ai‐Yun , Kao Cheng‐Yen , Wang Yao‐Kuan , Lin Ssu‐Yuan , Lai Tze‐Ying , Sheu Bor‐Shyang , Lo Chien‐Jung , Wu Jiunn‐Jong
Published: April 2017

Background

Flagellar motility of Helicobacter pylori has been shown to be important for the bacteria to establish initial colonization. The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is a global regulator that has been identified in H. pylori which is involved in the processes of iron uptake and establishing colonization. However, the role of Fur in H. pylori motility is still unclear.

Materials and Methods

Motility of the wild‐type, fur mutant, and fur revertant J99 were determined by a soft‐agar motility assay and direct video observation. The bacterial shape and flagellar structure were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Single bacterial motility and flagellar switching were observed by phase‐contrast microscopy. Autoinducer‐2 (AI‐2) production in bacterial culture supernatant was analyzed by a bioluminescence assay.

Results

The fur mutant showed impaired motility in the soft‐agar assay compared with the wild‐type J99 and fur revertant. The numbers and lengths of flagellar filaments on the fur mutant cells were similar to those of the wild‐type and revertant cells. Phenotypic characterization showed similar swimming speed but reduction in switching rate in the fur mutant. The AI‐2 production of the fur mutant was dramatically reduced compared with wild‐type J99 in log‐phase culture medium.

Conclusions

These results indicate that Fur positively modulates H. pylori J99 motility through interfering with bacterial flagellar switching.
An audit of patients with mature T‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma by transplant status in Tasmania
Authors: Conduit Ciara , Harrup Rosemary , Ragg Scott , Johnston Anna
Published: April 2017

This retrospective audit of patients diagnosed with mature T‐cell lymphoma across a 10‐year period provides contemporary information on the outcomes and treatment patterns of an Australian cohort. Forty‐two patients diagnosed with mature T‐cell lymphoma were identified from the Tasmanian Cancer Registry and analysed using medical records and simple statistical analysis. The demographics and outcomes of patients in this cohort were comparable to large international studies with treatment patterns in line with the best available evidence.
Guideline‐based intervention to reduce telemetry rates in a large tertiary centre
Authors: Ramkumar Satish , Tsoi Edward H. , Raghunath Ajay , Dias Floyd F. , Li Wai Suen Christopher , Tsoi Andrew H. , Mansfield Darren R.
Published: April 2017

Background

Inappropriate cardiac telemetry use is associated with reduced patient flow and increased healthcare costs.

Aim

To evaluate the outcomes of guideline‐based application of cardiac telemetry.

Methods

Phase I involved a prospective audit (March to August 2011) of telemetry use at a tertiary hospital. Data were collected on indication for telemetry and clinical outcomes. Phase II prospectively included patients more than 18 years under general medicine requiring ward‐based telemetry. As phase II occurred at a time remotely from phase I, an audit similar to phase I (phase II – baseline) was completed prior to a 3‐month intervention (May to August 2015). The intervention consisted of a daily telemetry ward round and an admission form based on the American Heart Association guidelines (class I, telemetry indicated; class II, telemetry maybe indicated; class III, telemetry not indicated). Patient demographics, telemetry data, and clinical outcomes were studied. Primary endpoint was the percentage reduction of class III indications, while secondary endpoint included telemetry duration.

Results

In phase I (n = 200), 38% were admitted with a class III indication resulting in no change in clinical management. A total of 74 patients was included in phase II baseline (mean ± standard deviation (SD) age 73 years ± 14.9, 57% male), whilst 65 patients were included in the intervention (mean ± SD age 71 years ± 18.4, 35% male). Both groups had similar baseline characteristics. There was a reduction in class III admissions post‐intervention from 38% to 11%, P < 0.001. Intervention was associated with a reduction in median telemetry duration (1.8 ± 1.8 vs 2.4 ± 2.5 days, P = 0.047); however, length of stay was similar in both groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Guideline‐based telemetry admissions and a regular telemetry ward round are associated with a reduction in inappropriate telemetry use.
Application of ischemic postconditioning's algorithms in tissues protection: response to methodological gaps in preclinical and clinical studies
Authors: Feyzizadeh Saeid , Badalzadeh Reza
Published: April 2017

Ischaemic postconditioning (IPostC) was introduced for the first time by Zhao et al. as a feasible method for reduction of myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. The cardioprotection by this protocol has been extensively evaluated in various species. Then, further research revealed that IPostC is a safe and convenient approach in limiting IR injury of non‐myocardial tissues such as lung, liver, kidney, intestine, skeletal muscle, brain and spinal cord. IPostC has been conducted with different algorithms, resulting in diverse effects. The possible important factors leading to these differences are the difference in activation levels of signalling pathways and protective mediators by any algorithm, presence or absence of IPostC effectors in each tissue, or intrinsic characteristics of the tissues as well as the methodological biases. Also, the conflicting results have been shown with the application of the same algorithm of IPostC in certain tissues or animal species. The effectiveness of IPostC may depend upon various parameters including the species and the tissues characteristics. For example, different heart rates and metabolic rates of the species and unequal amounts of perfusion and blood flow of the tissues should be considered as the important determinants of IPostC effectiveness and should be thought about in designing IPostC algorithms for future studies. Due to these discrepancies, there is still no optimal single IPostC algorithm applicable to any tissue or any species. This issue is the main topic of the present article.
X chromosome drive in a widespread Palearctic woodland fly, Drosophila testacea
Authors: Keais G. L. , Hanson M. A. , Gowen B. E. , Perlman S. J.
Published: April 2017

Selfish genes that bias their own transmission during meiosis can spread rapidly in populations, even if they contribute negatively to the fitness of their host. Driving X chromosomes provide a clear example of this type of selfish propagation. These chromosomes have important evolutionary and ecological consequences, and can be found in a broad range of taxa including plants, mammals and insects. Here, we report a new case of X chromosome drive (X drive) in a widespread woodland fly, Drosophila testacea. We show that males carrying the driving X (SR males) sire 80–100% female offspring and possess a diagnostic X chromosome haplotype that is perfectly associated with the sex ratio distortion phenotype. We find that the majority of sons produced by SR males are sterile and appear to lack a Y chromosome, suggesting that meiotic defects involving the Y chromosome may underlie X drive in this species. Abnormalities in sperm cysts of SR males reflect that some spermatids are failing to develop properly, confirming that drive is acting during gametogenesis. By screening wild‐caught flies using progeny sex ratios and a diagnostic marker, we demonstrate that the driving X is present in wild populations at a frequency of ~ 10% and that suppressors of drive are segregating in the same population. The testacea species group appears to be a hot spot for X drive, and D. testacea is a promising model to compare driving X chromosomes in closely related species, some of which may even be younger than the chromosomes themselves.
Psychodynamic Couple Therapy: A Practical Synthesis
Authors: Nielsen Arthur C.
Published: April 2017

This essay reviews the most significant contributions of psychodynamic thought to the field of couple therapy. It distills the work of numerous clinicians and researchers who, though writing from diverse perspectives, share fundamental assumptions and concerns. Rather than emphasizing differences between schools of thought, this paper mines their best contributions in a discussion of five central therapeutic targets: underlying issues, divergent subjective experiences, transferences, projective identification, and acceptance. Two detailed cases illustrate the benefits and techniques for targeting these five therapeutic domains.

Video Abstract is found in the online version of the article.
Development, validation and testing of a nursing home to emergency room transfer checklist
Authors: Tsai Hsiu‐Hsin , Tsai Yun‐Fang
Published: April 2017

Aims and objectives

To develop and test the feasibility of an instrument to support patients’ nursing home to emergency room transfer.

Background

Transfers from a nursing home care facility to an acute care facility such as a hospital emergency room are common. However, the prevalence of an information gap for transferring residents’ health data to acute care facility is high. An evidence‐based transfer instrument, which could fill this gap, is lacking.

Design

Development of a nursing home to emergency room transfer checklist, validation of items using the Delphi method and testing the feasibility and benefits of using the nursing home to emergency room transfer checklist.

Methods

Items were developed based on qualitative data from previous research. Delphi validation, retrospective chart review (baseline data) and a 6‐month prospective study design were applied to test the feasibility of using the checklist. Variables for testing the feasibility of the checklist included residents’ 30‐day readmission rate and length of hospital stay.

Results

Development of the nursing home to emergency room transfer checklist resulted in four main parts: (i) demographic data of the nursing home resident; (ii) critical data for nursing home to emergency room transfer; (iii) contact information and (iv) critical data for emergency room to nursing home transfer. Two rounds of Delphi validation resulted in a mean score (standard deviation) ranging from 4.39 (1.13)–4.98 (.15). Time required to complete the checklist was 3–5 min. Use of the nursing home to emergency room transfer checklist resulted in a 30‐day readmission rate of 13.4%, which was lower than the baseline rate of 15.9%.

Conclusions

The nursing home to emergency room transfer checklist was developed for transferring nursing home residents to an emergency room. The instrument was found to be an effective tool for this process.

Relevance to clinical practice

Use of the nursing home to emergency room transfer checklist for nursing home transfers could fill the information gap that exists when transferring older adults between facilities such as nursing homes and hospitals.
Spinal Arachnoid Diverticula: Outcome in 96 Medically or Surgically Treated Dogs
Authors: Mauler D.A. , De Decker S. , De Risio L. , Volk H.A. , Dennis R. , Gielen I. , Van der Vekens E. , Goethals K. , Van Ham L.
Published: April 2017

Background

Little is reported about the role of medical management in the treatment of spinal arachnoid diverticula (SAD) in dogs.

Objectives

To describe the outcome of 96 dogs treated medically or surgically for SAD.

Animals

Ninety‐six dogs with SAD.

Methods

Retrospective case series. Medical records were searched for spinal arachnoid diverticula and all dogs with information on treatment were included. Outcome was assessed with a standardized questionnaire.

Results

Fifty dogs were managed medically and 46 dogs were treated surgically. Dogs that underwent surgery were significantly younger than dogs that received medical management. No other variables, related to clinical presentation, were significantly different between both groups of dogs. The median follow‐up time was 16 months (1–90 months) in the medically treated and 23 months (1–94 months) in the surgically treated group. Of the 38 dogs treated surgically with available long‐term follow‐up, 82% (n = 31) improved, 3% (n = 1) remained stable and 16% (n = 6) deteriorated after surgery. Of the 37 dogs treated medically with available long‐term follow‐up, 30% (n = 11) improved, 30% (n = 11) remained stable, and 40% (n = 15) deteriorated. Surgical treatment was more often associated with clinical improvement compared to medical management (P = .0002).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The results of this study suggest that surgical treatment might be superior to medical treatment in the management of SAD in dogs. Further studies with standardized patient care are warranted.
Equity and career‐life balance in marine mammal science?
Authors: Hooker Sascha K. , Simmons Samantha E. , Stimpert Alison K. , McDonald Birgitte I.
Published: April 2017

It is widely acknowledged that family and care‐giving responsibilities are driving women away from Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields. Marine mammal science often incurs heavy fieldwork and travel obligations, which make it a challenging career in which to find work‐life balance. This opinion piece explores gender equality, equity (the principles of fairness that lead to equality), and work‐life balance in science generally and in this field in particular. We aim to (1) raise awareness of these issues among members of the Society for Marine Mammalogy; (2) explore members’ attitudes and viewpoints collected from an online survey and further discussion at a biennial conference workshop in 2015; and (3) make suggestions for members to consider for action, or for the Board of Governors to consider in terms of changes to policy or procedures. Leaks in our pipeline—the attrition of women, and others with additional caring responsibilities—represent an intellectual and economic loss. By striving for equity and promoting work‐life balance, we will help to ensure a healthy and productive Society better able to succeed in its aims promoting education, high quality research, conservation, and management of marine mammals.
A new method for the production of sterile colonies of Lucilia sericata
Authors: GASZ N. E. , HARVEY M. L.
Published: April 2017

Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) refers to the use of blowfly larvae to clean or debride an infected wound. Most commonly, larvae of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are used, and are sterilized prior to use to ensure no further bacterial infections are introduced during treatment. Current methods sterilize eggs from laboratory‐reared blowfly colonies, after which sterile early second instar maggots can be provided to hospitals for use in treatment. Maggots not required for treatment are used for colony regeneration, in which sterility is not maintained. The ability to maintain sterility beyond this would allow further research into fly–bacteria interactions and the effects of different bacteria on the blowfly lifecycle. This study aimed to produce a colony of sterile adults, using current egg sterilization practice, but maintaining sterility through to pupation and emergence. The production of a sterile colony allows further research into the impact of bacteria on fly development and survival. Eggs were placed on a sterile food source within autoclaved plant tissue culture containers to allow growth under sterile conditions. Nutrient agar plating of sterilized and non‐sterilized eggs, larvae and adults (post‐emergence), as well as the pupation medium and feed source in nutrient broth confirmed the aerobic sterility of all samples involved. The lifecycle of L. sericata was successfully completed through pupation to emergence with no effects on lifespan or oviposition by the newly emerged, sterile adult colony.
Hypocellular acute myeloid leukemia treated with bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Keino Dai , Kondoh Kensuke , Ohyama Ryo , Morimoto Mizuho , Mori Tetsuya , Ito Masafumi , Kinoshita Akitoshi
Published: April 2017

Hypocellular acute myeloid leukemia (AML) mainly occurs in elderly patients, and is extremely rare in childhood. There is still no established treatment for hypocellular AML. We report the case of an 11‐year‐old boy with hypocellular AML who was treated successfully with allogenic bone marrow transplantation (allo‐BMT). He presented with fever, pallor and pancytopenia. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of hypocellular AML. Although low‐dose cytarabine induced reduction of blasts, it did not lead to complete remission. He subsequently received myeloablative conditioning and allo‐BMT. Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis included short‐course methotrexate and cyclosporine. Neutrophil engraftment (>5 × 108/L) and platelet recovery (>10 × 1010/L) were achieved on days 13 and 27, respectively. He developed acute GVHD of the skin (grade 2), which responded well to treatment with prednisolone. He has remained in complete remission for 5 years since allo‐BMT. We consider allo‐BMT to be feasible for children with hypocellular AML.
Compassionate Deterrence: A Howard Government Legacy
Authors: McKay Fiona H. , Hall Lucy , Lippi Kehla
Published: April 2017

Recent decades have seen issues of asylum seeking and border security feature heavily in Australian federal elections, with significant campaign time and money dedicated to the promotion of border security policies that seek to limit the number of boats carrying asylum seekers. In this article, we investigate the language of threat and the construction of asylum seekers as a “threat to national security,” we suggest that this language can be traced to the 2001 “Tampa crisis,” and that while there have been brief phases where a “humane” approach to the arrival of asylum seekers was present, the asylum seeker “issue” overall has been exploited by major political parties to generate positive election outcomes at the expense of Australia's humanitarian obligations. We argue that the current perception of Australia's border protection laws are a form of “compassionate deterrence,” where inhumane treatment of asylum seekers is justified on the basis of “saving lives.”

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Byrne, Jennifer. 2016. “.” Politics & Policy 44 (): 751‐782. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12169/full

Green, David, and
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Silverman, Stephanie J. 2012. “‘.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 1131‐1157. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00393.x/full
Informal care: choice or constraint?
Authors: Al‐Janabi Hareth , Carmichael Fiona , Oyebode Jan
Published: April 2017

Background

‘Choice’ is increasingly pursued as a goal of social policy. However, the degree to which choice is exercised when entering an informal caring role is open to debate.

Aim

In this study, we examined the degree of choice and constraint in entering a caring role, and the relationship between choice and carers’ well‐being.

Methods

Data were derived from 1100 responses to a postal survey conducted in a British city. Statistical tests of association and multivariable regression modelling were applied to study the factors associated with choice in entering a caring role and the association that choice in entering a caring role had with carers’ well‐being.

Results

We found that informal care was generally perceived to be a free choice, albeit in most cases, a choice was also constrained by duty, financial or social resources. Having a sense of free choice in entering care was strongly and positively associated with the carer's well‐being.

Conclusion

The study findings are consistent with a view that enabling individuals to have more choice in their caring roles may be beneficial.
Defining ‘Success’ of Local Citizens’ Initiatives in Maintaining Public Services in Rural Areas: A Professional's Perspective
Authors: de Haan Erzsi , Meier Sabine , Haartsen Tialda , Strijker Dirk
Published: April 2017

In the shift towards the Big Society, it is widely proclaimed that citizen participation and citizens’ initiatives are indispensable to maintaining services that used to be run by local or regional governments. Despite the increased interest in citizens’ initiatives, research has scarcely debated what actually defines the success of such initiatives. Using focus group discussions, this study examined the meanings and norms collectively constructed by government officials and professionals regarding the success and failure of citizens’ initiatives in rural areas. Remarkably, we found that the professional perspective of successful citizens’ initiatives was not dominated by the achievement of actual policy targets or project goals, such as maintaining public services. Rather, an initiative was perceived as successful as long as citizens are continuously active and in charge. Arguably, this somewhat paternalistic professional view of successful citizens’ initiatives could be challenged by the volunteers in those initiatives.
Embodied learning: Teaching sexuality and religion to a changing student body
Authors: Ott Kate , Stephens Darryl W.
Published: April 2017

Sexuality, more so than other subject areas, magnifies the embodied nature of teaching and learning as well as conspicuously silences open dialogue given its taboo status in many religious and theological contexts. Yet, student learning about sexuality that incorporates knowledge of and about religion, in particular, may greatly improve the public discourse about sexuality through our students as responsible citizens and as leaders in their chosen professions. To bridge this gap, through a year‐long collaboration, a group of professors and instructors with expertise and experience teaching sexuality and religion in a variety of disciplines and diverse institutional and religious contexts developed, tested, and refined classroom teaching strategies to shift from a content‐based “subject matter” to an embodied learning experience, resulting in perspective transformation as a primary student‐learning outcome. Findings in the form of “guiding questions,” encourage instructors to attend to contextual, experiential, and performative aspects of the classroom environment.
Fatal case of cutaneous‐sparing orolaryngeal zoster in a renal transplant recipient
Authors: Helou Elie , Grant Matthew , Landry Marie , Wu Xinyu , Morrow Jon S. , Malinis Maricar F.
Published: April 2017

Herpesvirus infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. We report a case of herpes zoster (HZ) in a kidney transplant recipient while receiving belatacept, a CTLA‐4 inhibitor that prevents acute rejection. The patient presented with oropharyngolaryngeal mucosal lesions that subsequently disseminated resulting in pneumonitis and meningo‐encephalitis. Very late‐onset HZ can occur and can present atypically in SOT recipients. Delayed recognition and treatment may result in poor outcomes, as illustrated by this case.
Acute encephalopathy in a 2‐year‐old pot‐bellied pig following accidental intoxication with clonazepam
Authors: Setlakwe Emilie L. , Johnson Amy L.
Published: April 2017

Objective

To describe a case of successful management of clonazepam toxicity causing encephalopathy in a pot‐bellied pig.

Case Summary

A 2‐year‐old female pot‐bellied pig weighing 13.5 kg was presented for evaluation of clinical signs of acute encephalopathy. Based on the animal's history and clinical signs, a tentative diagnosis of benzodiazepine (BZP) intoxication was made. The results of a urinary drug screening test designed to detect illicit substances in human urine indicated benzodiazepine exposure. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis later confirmed clonazepam (urinary concentration 496 ng/mL) as the intoxicating substance. The pig responded favorably to treatment which included administration of flumazenil, decontamination with enteral activated charcoal, and intravenous isotonic crystalloid administration. The pig had a rapid improvement in mentation 10 minutes following IV flumazenil administration and was considered mentally appropriate following 24 hours of hospitalization. The pig was discharged from the hospital after 48 hours of care, and was reported to be doing well 6 months later.

New Information Provided

Intoxication with prescription benzodiazepines can occur in companion animals and result in clinical signs of acute encephalopathy. Urinary drug screening tests designed for human use may provide rapid results to indicate drug intoxication and guide therapeutic intervention in veterinary species. Administration of flumazenil resulted in a rapid improvement in mentation following clonazepam intoxication in a pot‐bellied pig.
Response and effect traits of arable weeds in agro‐ecosystems: a review of current knowledge
Authors: Gaba S , Perronne R , Fried G , Gardarin A , Bretagnolle F , Biju‐Duval L , Colbach N , Cordeau S , Fernández‐Aparicio M , Gauvrit C , Gibot‐Leclerc S , Guillemin J‐P , Moreau D , Munier‐Jolain N , Strbik F , Reboud X
Published: April 2017

Integrating principles of ecological intensification into weed management strategies requires an understanding of the many relationships among weeds, crops and other organisms of agro‐ecosystems in a changing context. Extensively used during the last two decades in weed science, trait‐based approaches have provided general insights into weed community response to agricultural practices, and recently to understanding the effect of weeds on agro‐ecosystem functioning. In this review, we provide a holistic synthesis of the current knowledge on weed response and effect functional traits. Based on the literature and recent advances in weed science, we review current knowledge on (i) weed functional groups and ecological strategies, (ii) weed functional response traits to cropping systems and (iii) weed functional effect traits affecting agro‐ecosystem functioning. For each functional trait, we explicitly present the assumptions and evidence on the linkage between trait values and ecological functions, in response to either management practices, for example tillage, sowing and herbicides, or biotic interactions, for example crop–weed competition and pollination. Finally, we address and discuss major research avenues that may significantly improve the use of traits and the knowledge of functional diversity in weed science for the future, especially to design and implement more environmentally sustainable weed management strategies.
Vasopressin casts light on the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Authors: Tsuji Takahiro , Allchorne Andrew J. , Zhang Meng , Tsuji Chiharu , Tobin Vicky A. , Pineda Rafael , Raftogianni Androniki , Stern Javier E. , Grinevich Valery , Leng Gareth , Ludwig Mike
Published: April 2017

Key points

A subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells expresses the neuropeptide vasopressin.

These retinal ganglion cells project predominately to our biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).

Light‐induced vasopressin release enhances the responses of SCN neurons to light.

It also enhances expression of genes involved in photo‐entrainment of biological rhythms.

In all animals, the transition between night and day engages a host of physiological and behavioural rhythms. These rhythms depend not on the rods and cones of the retina, but on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that detect the ambient light level in the environment. These project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus to entrain circadian rhythms that are generated within the SCN. The neuropeptide vasopressin has an important role in this entrainment. Many SCN neurons express vasopressin, and it has been assumed that the role of vasopressin in the SCN reflects the activity of these cells. Here we show that vasopressin is also expressed in many retinal cells that project to the SCN. Light‐evoked vasopressin release contributes to the responses of SCN neurons to light, and enhances expression of the immediate early gene c‐fos in the SCN, which is involved in photic entrainment of circadian rhythms.