bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Digital Transformation Promote Service Innovation Performance of Construction Enterprises? The Mediating Role of Dual Innovation
Authors: Zhang Beibei , Mei Yang , Xiong Yuxin , Liu Yan
Published: January 2024

With the ongoing intensification of VUCA environment, enhancing service innovation performance has become a crucial choice for enterprises striving for sustainable development. The emergence of digital transformation offers construction enterprises an opportunity to bolster their service innovation performance. However, effectively leveraging digital transformation for this purpose remains a formidable challenge. Therefore, this study proposes a theoretical model from the perspective of Resource-Based View, named “Digital Transformation-Dual Innovation-Service Innovation Performance”, to explore the impact of digital transformation on the service innovation performance of construction enterprises. This model proposes the impact path of digital transformation on service innovation performance, as well as a mediating role of dual innovation in this relationship. A questionnaire was designed and administered in China for collecting 291 valid responses. An analysis revealed that digital transformation exerts a positive impact on both dual innovation and service innovation performance, with the former proving to be more significant. Furthermore, dual innovation not only significantly enhances service innovation performance but also serves as a partial mediator between digital transformation and service innovation performance. The findings of this research clarify the internal mechanism by which digital transformation empowers service innovation in construction enterprises, offering insights for enhancing service innovation performance and achieving sustainable development.
An Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Intentions in Japan
Authors: Hanni Umm e , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Nakamura Toshiyuki
Published: January 2024

This study focuses on charging-related decisions for fast charging at highway service and parking areas, slow charging at home, fast charging at commercial facilities, and fast and slow charging at workplaces. This research contributes to the existing literature by estimating the charging behavior variables, as well as understanding the role of explanatory variables in influencing charging-related decisions. Responses from the stated preference (SP) survey in Japan in 2021 were analyzed with a mixed logit model (MXL). The results showed that, (1) when the battery level is 75% or higher, users of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are not keen to charge their vehicles, but when the next trip is anticipated to be 50 or more kilometers, they choose to charge their vehicles; (2) individuals are not willing to tolerate any waiting time for their vehicles to be charged at each location; and (3) the recurrence of charging at the target location affects the charging decision of BEV users. We found significant relationships between socioeconomic characteristics and charging decisions. Furthermore, we examined the practical applications of the empirical findings in this study for policymaking and charging infrastructure planning.
Built Environment Renewal Strategies Aimed at Improving Metro Station Vitality via the Interpretable Machine Learning Method: A Case Study of Beijing
Authors: Wang Zhenbao , Li Shihao , Zhang Yushuo , Wang Xiao , Liu Shuyue , Liu Dong
Published: January 2024

Understanding the built environment’s impact on metro ridership is essential for developing targeted strategies for built environment renewal. Taking into consideration the limitations of existing studies, such as not proposing targeted strategies, using unified pedestrian catchment areas (PCA), and not determining the model’s accuracy, Beijing was divided into three zones from inside to outside by the distribution pattern of metro stations. Three PCAs were assumed for each zone and a total of 27 PCA combinations. The study compared the accuracy of the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and several machine learning models under each PCA combination to determine the model to be used in this study and the recommended PCA combination for the three zones. Under the recommended PCA combinations for the three zones, the model with the highest accuracy was used to explore the built environment’s impact on metro ridership. Finally, prioritized stations for renewal were identified based on ridership and the built environment’s impact on metro ridership. The results are as follows: (1) The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model has a higher accuracy and was appropriate for this study. The recommended PCA combination for the three zones in Beijing was 1000 m_1200 m_1800 m. (2) During the morning peak hours, the density of office and apartment facilities greatly influenced the ridership, with a strong threshold effect and spatial heterogeneity. Our research framework also provides a new way for other cities to determine the scope of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and proposes a new decision-making method for improving the vibrancy of metro stations.
The Associations between Exposure to Multiple Heavy Metals and Total Immunoglobulin E in U.S. Adults
Authors: Song Xin , Ding Xiaowen , Niu Piye , Chen Tian , Yan Tenglong
Published: January 2024

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of immunoglobulin, and elevated serum total IgE is often present in allergic diseases. Exposure to environmental heavy metals has been markedly linked to allergic diseases, leading to elevated total IgE levels. However, studies concerning the effects of multiple metal exposures on total IgE levels are limited. Therefore, the current study seeks to explore the correlation between heavy-metal co-exposure and total IgE levels based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005–2006). Participants possessed complete data on total IgE levels, 11 urinary metal concentrations and other covariates. The correlations between 11 metals and total IgE levels were analyzed using multiple linear regression, and total IgE levels were a continuous variable. Total IgE levels exceeding 150 kU/L were considered sensitized. Binary logistic regression analyses were employed to assess the correlation between metal exposure and the occurrence of an allergic state. Then, the association between co-exposure to the 11 metals and total IgE levels or the occurrence of sensitization status was further analyzed by Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), a multi-contaminant model. There were 1429 adults with complete data included. Based on the median concentration, molybdenum (Mo) had the highest concentration (46.60 μg/L), followed by cesium (Cs), barium (Ba), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg). And the median (interquartile range) for total IgE levels was 43.7 (17.3, 126.0) kU/L. Multiple linear regression results showed that Pb was significantly and positively associated with total IgE levels (β = 0.165; 95% CI: 0.046, 0.284). Binary logistic regression showed a significant positive correlation between urinary Pb (OR: 1.258; 95% CI: 1.052, 1.510) and tungsten (W) (OR: 1.251; 95% CI: 1.082, 1.447). Importantly, the BKMR model found a positive correlation between combined-metal exposure and total IgE levels and the occurrence of sensitization status. The mixed heavy-metal exposure was associated with increased total IgE levels, and this association may be driven primarily by the exposure of Pb and W. This study provides new insights into the relationship between heavy-metal exposure and allergic diseases. More research is needed to confirm these findings.
Short-Term Effects of Botulinum Toxin-A Injection on the Medial Gastrocnemius Histological Features in Ambulant Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Longitudinal Pilot Study
Authors: Deschrevel Jorieke , Andries Anke , Maes Karen , De Beukelaer Nathalie , Corvelyn Marlies , Staut Lauraine , De Houwer Hannah , Costamagna Domiziana , Desloovere Kaat , Van Campenhout Anja , Gayan-Ramirez Ghislaine
Published: January 2024

Botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) injection is known to exert beneficial effects on muscle tone, joint mobility and gait in children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, recent animal and human studies have raised the concern that BoNT-A might be harmful to muscle integrity. In CP-children, the impact of BoNT-A on muscle structure has been poorly studied, and inconsistent results have been reported. This study was aimed at determining the time course effect of a single BoNT-A administration on medial gastrocnemius (MG) morphology in CP-children. MG microbiopsies from 12 ambulant and BoNT-A-naïve CP-children (age, 3.4 (2.3) years, ranging from 2.5 to 7.8 years; seven boys and five girls; GMFCS I = 5, II = 4 and III = 3) were collected before and 3 and 6 months after BoNT-A treatment to analyze the fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) and proportion; capillarization; and satellite cell (SC) content. Compared with the baseline, the fCSA decreased at 3 months (−14%, NS) and increased at 6 months (+13%, NS). Fiber size variability was significantly higher at 3 months (type I: +56%, p = 0.032; type IIa: +37%, p = 0.032) and 6 months (type I: +69%, p = 0.04; type IIa: +121%, p = 0.032) compared with the baseline. The higher type I proportion seen at 3 months was still present and more pronounced at 6 months (type I: +17%, p = 0.04; type IIx: −65%, p = 0.032). The capillary fiber density was reduced at 3 months (type I: −43%, NS; type II: −44%, p = 0.0320) but normalized at 6 months. There was a non-significant increase in SC/100 fibers at 3 months (+75%, NS) and 6 months (+40%, NS) compared with the baseline. These preliminary data suggest that BoNT-A induced alterations in the MG of children with CP, which were still present 6 months after BoNT-A injection but with signs of muscle recovery.
Multiplicity Dependence of Quarkonium Production
Authors: Conesa del Valle Zaida
Published: January 2024

Recent measurements on heavy-flavour production as a function of charged-particle multiplicity at the LHC are discussed. Focus is given to quarkonium results in small (pp or pPb) collision systems. The measurements of relative yields, i.e., the ratio of the particle yields in given multiplicity intervals to the multiplicity integrated yield are presented and compared to model calculations from Monte Carlo event generators as well as to models considering effects at play in the initial and/or final state of the collision. The absolute inclusive J/ψ yield as a function of the absolute charged-particle multiplicity is evaluated; a smooth behaviour of the absolute yield is observed across collision systems, from pp to pPb and PbPb collisions. Analogous measurements of the excited-to-ground state quarkonium ratios as a function of charged-particle multiplicity are also reviewed. Finally, the study of exotic particle production as a function of charged-particle multiplicity is introduced as a complementary tool to investigate the nature of the χc1(3872) hadron.
On Covariant and Canonical Hamiltonian Formalisms for Gauge Theories
Authors: Corichi Alejandro , Reyes Juan D. , Vukašinac Tatjana
Published: January 2024

The Hamiltonian description of classical gauge theories is a very well studied subject. The two best known approaches, namely the covariant and canonical Hamiltonian formalisms, have received a lot of attention in the literature. However, a full understanding of the relation between them is not available, especially when the gauge theories are defined over regions with boundaries. Here, we consider this issue, by first making it precise what we mean by equivalence between the two formalisms. Then, we explore several first-order gauge theories and assess whether their corresponding descriptions satisfy the notion of equivalence. We shall show that, even when in several cases the two formalisms are indeed equivalent, there are counterexamples that signal that this is not always the case. Thus, non-equivalence is a generic feature of gauge field theories. These results call for a deeper understanding of the subject.
Translational Control of Alphavirus–Host Interactions: Implications in Viral Evolution, Tropism and Antiviral Response
Authors: Ventoso Iván , Berlanga Juan José , Toribio René , Díaz-López Irene
Published: January 2024

Alphaviruses can replicate in arthropods and in many vertebrate species including humankind, but only in vertebrate cells do infections with these viruses result in a strong inhibition of host translation and transcription. Translation shutoff by alphaviruses is a multifactorial process that involves both host- and virus-induced mechanisms, and some of them are not completely understood. Alphavirus genomes contain cis-acting elements (RNA structures and dinucleotide composition) and encode protein activities that promote the translational and transcriptional resistance to type I IFN-induced antiviral effectors. Among them, IFIT1, ZAP and PKR have played a relevant role in alphavirus evolution, since they have promoted the emergence of multiple viral evasion mechanisms at the translational level. In this review, we will discuss how the adaptations of alphaviruses to vertebrate hosts likely involved the acquisition of new features in viral mRNAs and proteins to overcome the effect of type I IFN.
Comprehensive Assessment of Inactivation Methods for Madariaga Virus
Authors: Boytz RuthMabel , Keita Kadiatou , Pawlak Joanna B , Laurent-Rolle Maudry
Published: January 2024

The Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) is an emerging public health threat, with the number of reported cases in the US increasing in recent years. EEEV is a BSL3 pathogen, and the North American strain is a US Federal Select Agent (SA). These restrictions make experiments with EEEV difficult to perform, as high-tech equipment is often unavailable in BSL3 spaces and due to concerns about generating aerosols during manipulations. Therefore, a range of inactivation methods suitable for different downstream analysis methods are essential for advancing research on EEEV. We used heat, chemical, and ultraviolet (UV)-based methods for the inactivation of infected cells and supernatants infected with the non-select agent Madariaga virus (MADV). Although the MADV and EEEV strains are genetically distinct, differing by 8–11% at the amino acid level, they are expected to be similarly susceptible to various inactivation methods. We determined the following to be effective methods of inactivation: heat, TRIzol LS, 4% PFA, 10% formalin, and UV radiation for infected supernatants; TRIzol, 2.5% SDS with BME, 0.2% NP40, 4% PFA, and 10% formalin for infected cells. Our results have the potential to expand the types and complexity of experiments and analyses performed by EEEV researchers.
Genetic and Biological Characteristics of Duck-Origin H4N6 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in China in 2022
Authors: Li Tian , Zhao Chuankuo , Guo Yuxin , Dong Jinze , Du Fanshu , Zhou Yong , Shu Sicheng , Liu Yang , Cheng Yachang , Cao Zhiyong , Cao Qi , Shi Shuiping , Huang Yinhua , Pu Juan , Liu Litao
Published: January 2024

The interaction between migratory birds and domestic waterfowl facilitates viral co-infections, leading to viral reassortment and the emergence of novel viruses. In 2022, samples were collected from duck farms around Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province, China, which is located within the East Asia–Australasia flyway. Three strains of H4N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) were isolated. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that the isolated H4N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) belonged to new genotypes, G23 and G24. All isolated strains demonstrated dual receptor binding properties. Additionally, the isolated strains were able to replicate efficiently not only in avian cells but also in mammalian cells. Furthermore, the H4N6 AIV isolates could infect chickens, with viral replication detected in the lungs and extrapulmonary organs, and could transmit within chicken flocks through contact, with viral shedding detected only in oropharyngeal swabs from chickens in the contact group. Notably, the H4N6 AIV could infect mice without prior adaptation and replicate in the lungs with high viral titers, suggesting that it is a potential threat to humans. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insight into the characteristics of H4N6 strains currently circulating in China.
Immune Evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16 and EG.5.1 in a Cohort of Older Adults after ChAdOx1-S Vaccination and BA.4/5 Bivalent Booster
Authors: Machado Rafael Rahal Guaragna , Candido Érika Donizetti , Aguiar Andressa Simoes , Chalup Vanessa Nascimento , Sanches Patricia Romão , Dorlass Erick Gustavo , Amgarten Deyvid Emanuel , Pinho João Renato Rebello , Durigon Edison Luiz , Oliveira Danielle Bruna Leal
Published: January 2024

The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages, including the BA.2-derived XBB.1.5 (Kraken), XBB.1.16 (Arcturus), and EG.5.1 (Eris), have accumulated several spike mutations that may increase immune escape, affecting vaccine effectiveness. Older adults are an understudied group at significantly increased risk of severe COVID-19. Here we report the neutralizing activities of 177 sera samples from 59 older adults, aged 62–97 years, 1 and 4 months after vaccination with a 4th dose of ChAdOx1-S (Oxford/AstraZeneca) and 3 months after a 5th dose of Comirnaty Bivalent Original/Omicron BA.4/BA.5 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech). The ChAdOx1-S vaccination-induced antibodies neutralized efficiently the ancestral D614G and BA.4/5 variants, but to a much lesser extent the XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, and EG.5.1 variants. The results showed similar neutralization titers between XBB.1.16 and EG.5.1 and were lower compared to XBB.1.5. Sera from the same individuals boosted with the bivalent mRNA vaccine contained higher neutralizing antibody titers, providing a better cross-protection against Omicron XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16 and EG.5.1 variants. Previous history of infection during the epidemiological waves of BA.1/BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5, poorly enhanced neutralization activity of serum samples against XBBs and EG.5.1 variants. Our data highlight the continued immune evasion of recent Omicron subvariants and support the booster administration of BA.4/5 bivalent vaccine, as a continuous strategy of updating future vaccine booster doses to match newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants.
The Association of Vaccination for Common Adult Infectious Diseases and Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccines among 5,006,851 Veterans, 20 December 2020–31 October 2021
Authors: Bennett Brady W. , Phillips Lawrence S. , Gazmararian Julie A.
Published: January 2024

Disparities in vaccination coverage for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States (U.S.) are consistent barriers limiting our ability to control the spread of disease, particularly those by age and race/ethnicity. This study examines the association between previous vaccination for common adult infectious diseases and vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 among a cohort of veterans in the U.S. Sociodemographic and clinical data were utilized from three databases within the Veterans Health Administration included in the electronic health record. We examined the association of previous vaccination for common adult vaccinations through six separate multivariable logistic regression analyses, one for each previous vaccine exposure, adjusting for demographic and clinical variables. We also examined the association of receiving any one of the six common adult vaccinations and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Adjusted models indicate higher odds of vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 among those who received each of the previous vaccinations. Significant differences were also noted by race/ethnicity and age. Veterans who recorded receiving any one of the previous vaccinations for common adult infections had significantly greater odds of receiving any vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Understanding veterans’ previous vaccination status can assist researchers and clinicians in impacting the uptake of novel vaccines, such as vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.
Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) among COVID-19 Patients at the US Department of Veterans Affairs: The Important Role of COVID-19 Vaccinations
Authors: Lukowsky Lilia R. , Der-Martirosian Claudia , Northcraft Heather , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar , Goldfarb David S. , Dobalian Aram
Published: January 2024

Background: There are knowledge gaps about factors associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) among COVID-19 patients. To examine AKI predictors among COVID-19 patients, a retrospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted between January 2020 and December 2022. Logistic regression models were used to examine predictors of AKI, and survival analysis was performed to examine mortality in COVID-19 patients. Results: A total of 742,799 veterans diagnosed with COVID-19 were included and 95,573 were hospitalized within 60 days following COVID-19 diagnosis. A total of 45,754 developed AKI and 28,573 AKI patients were hospitalized. Use of vasopressors (OR = 14.73; 95% CL 13.96–15.53), history of AKI (OR = 2.22; CL 2.15–2.29), male gender (OR = 1.90; CL 1.75–2.05), Black race (OR = 1.62; CL 1.57–1.65), and age 65+ (OR = 1.57; CL 1.50–1.63) were associated with AKI. Patients who were vaccinated twice and boosted were least likely to develop AKI (OR = 0.51; CL 0.49–0.53) compared to unvaccinated COVID-19 patients. Patients receiving two doses (OR = 0.77; CL = 0.72–0.81), or a single dose (OR = 0.88; CL = 0.81–0.95) were also less likely to develop AKI compared to the unvaccinated. AKI patients exhibited four times higher mortality compared to those without AKI (HR = 4.35; CL 4.23–4.50). Vaccinated and boosted patients had the lowest mortality risk compared to the unvaccinated (HR = 0.30; CL 0.28–0.31). Conclusion: Use of vasopressors, being unvaccinated, older age, male gender, and Black race were associated with post COVID-19 AKI. Whether COVID-19 vaccination, including boosters, decreases the risk of developing AKI warrants additional studies.
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Essential Oils, Lysozyme, and Vitamins’ Blend on Layer Hen Performance, Viral Vaccinal Response, and Egg Quality Characteristics
Authors: Mantzios Tilemachos , Stylianaki Ioanna , Savvidou Soumela , Dokou Stella , Papadopoulos Georgios Α. , Panitsidis Ioannis , Patsias Apostolos , Raj Jog , Vasiljević Marko , Pajić Marko , Gomez-Osorio Luis-Miguel , Bošnjak-Neumüller Jasna , Tsiouris Vasilios , Giannenas Ilias
Published: January 2024

Maintaining respiratory tract health is crucial for layers, impacting gut health, laying performance, and egg quality. Viral diseases and standard vaccinations can compromise tracheal epithelium function, leading to oxidative stress. This study assessed the impact of a blend of feed additives, predominantly lysozyme (L), essential oils (EO), and vitamins (VIT) (referred to as L + EO + VIT), on young layers during an oral vaccination schedule. The supplementation significantly enhanced antibody titers for Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) after vaccination, trachea functionality and intestinal health in the jejunum, increased egg production, and exhibited a trend toward higher egg weight. Although feed intake showed no significant difference, egg quality remained consistent across experimental groups. Moreover, L + EO + VIT supplementation elevated total phenolic content in eggs, improving oxidative stability in both fresh and stored eggs, particularly under iron-induced oxidation. Notably, it substantially reduced yolk lipid peroxidation and albumen protein carbonyls. In conclusion, water supplementation with L + EO + VIT may enhance humoral immune response to IBV and NDV, positively impacting hen productivity. These findings indicate improved tracheal function and enhanced oxidative stability, emphasizing the potential of this blend in promoting overall health and performance in layers.
Effects of Dredging on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Storage Patterns and Retention Mechanisms in Column Core Sediments in the Caohai Region of Dianchi Lake
Authors: Liu Mingyan , Yang Yan , Shao Zhi , Liu Yaping , Wang Ziqi , Chen Zhengqing , Chen Mingang , Jiao Lixin , Song Di , Li Jingyu , Wang Jing
Published: January 2024

Dredging is a common technique for managing eutrophication problems in waters, reducing the accumulation of pollutants by removing sediments from the bottom of water bodies. However, dredging can have complex impacts on lake ecosystems, and it is crucial to understand its benefits and mechanisms for the environment. In this paper, the dredged and undredged areas in the Caohai portion of Dianchi Lake were studied to analyze the effects of dredging on nitrogen–phosphorus transport and conversion and changes in nitrogen–phosphorus morphology content and its mechanisms by comparing the nitrogen–phosphorus morphology content and percentage, the nitrogen–phosphorus ratio, and the release contribution of the two areas. It was found that the ratio of stabilized nitrogen (SN) to stabilized phosphorus (SP) in the dredged area was lower than that in the undredged area and the BD-P and TOC content had a large turnaround at the 16–20 cm position of the sediment in the dredged area. The main conclusions were that the dredging would disrupt the internal equilibrium of the lake system for many years, with the greatest effect on the balance of the BD-P in the phosphorus forms of the sediment, and that the column cores of the dredged area at 0 to 16 cm might be newly accumulated sediments after the dredging project. However, with time, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus forms in the newly accumulated sediments will gradually reach a new equilibrium. In addition, dredging will also cause significant changes in the retention efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediment, and the stable nitrogen and phosphorus forms will be released and transformed into unstable nitrogen and phosphorus forms.
Fault Diagnosis in Hydroelectric Units in Small-Sample State Based on Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network
Authors: Sun Wenhao , Zou Yidong , Wang Yunhe , Xiao Boyi , Zhang Haichuan , Xiao Zhihuai
Published: January 2024

In the practical production environment, the complexity and variability of hydroelectric units often result in a need for more fault data, leading to inadequate accuracy in fault identification for data-driven intelligent diagnostic models. To address this issue, this paper introduces a novel fault diagnosis method tailored for unbalanced small-sample states in hydroelectric units based on the Wasserstein generative adversarial network (W-GAN). Firstly, the fast Fourier transform is used to convert the signal from the time domain to the frequency domain to obtain the spectral data, and the W-GAN is trained to generate false spectral data with the same probability distribution as the real fault data, which are combined with the actual data and inputted into the 1D-CNN for feature extraction and fault diagnosis. In order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed model, a case study was conducted using actual data from a domestic hydropower plant, and the experimental results show that the sample features can be effectively enriched via data enhancement performed on small-sample data to improve the accuracy of fault diagnosis, which verifies the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.
World Electric Vehicle Journal—Aims and Scope Update
Authors: Van Mierlo Joeri
Published: January 2024

The World Electric Vehicle Journal was started in 2007 with the aim of providing a platform for scientific communications within the field of electric vehicles [...]
Le développement des missions
Authors: Roussel Rodolphe
Published: January 2024

El desarrollo de las misiones

En la Región de Provence-Alpes-Costa Azul, se utilizan numerosas formas de misiones : la misión regional y la OREAM pueden ser consideradas como substitutos de servicios regionales que no han sido previstos por la ley. Otros organismos constituyen ya sea las misiones puramente consultativas cuya función puede compararse al de las comisiones administrativas, o bien una adaptación de los servicios de la administración tradicional según las circunstancias. Aunque frecuentemente, las misiones son vistas con desconfianza, parece que en esta región los principales peligros han sido evitados. A parte de la misión regional, las misiones no han sido utilizadas más que para resolver problemas globales en circunstancias excepcionales, quedando enteramente salvaguardados los principios de la reforma de 1964.
Les dirigeants des entreprises publiques
Authors: Jarnevic Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2024

Leaders of public enterprise

This study underlines a twin feature characterizing them. By their social and university background, as well as by their function, they belong to an elite. But they do not make up concomitantly a specific elite. Though their former career and the process of appointment assimilates them with high-rank civil servants, the idea they have of their role and their responsibilities are very close to those of private managers. The inexistence of any specifie feature common to all of them confirms the non-specificity of the group.
Expériences de méthodes modernes de gestion dans l’administration
Authors: Lacarrière Philippe
Published: January 2024

Experiencias de métodos modernos de gestión en la administración. La evaluación del coste y de la eficacia lograda constituye una condición previa a todo esfuerzo de racionalización. Dos experiencias han sido tentadas últimamente : «Los presupuestos de gestión aplicados en algunos servicios del ministerio de la Defensa, y los presupuestos de programa experimentados en varias administraciones. Otro método para mejorar el rendimiento de la administración consiste en la determinación de objetivos relativamente precisos y en orientar mejor la decisión de los medios para lograrlos (por ejemplo el sistema de programación militar o ciertas formas de dirección participatoria por objetos). Asimismo, algunos contratos de empresa celebrados dentro de las empresas nacionales denotan el interés para una programación de la acción del Estado apoyándose en una concertación más amplia de los interesados.
Le système d’information dans la planification budgétaire et financière dans l’exécution du budget en République Fédérale d’Allemagne
Authors: Roth Winfried
Published: January 2024

The information system in budgetary and financial planning and budget implementation in the federal republic of Germany

The author analyses the information system which is operative in financial planning and budget implémentation to demonstrate that despite some analogies, there are substantial différences in organization and procedure as regards the information process applicable during both stages. Thus, even though the targets are identical, viz. provide the decision-makers with the necessary data, actual procedures vary according to the individual needs of each process.
L’Université : problèmes manifestes, problèmes latents
Authors: Lesage Michel
Published: January 2024

La universidad - problemas evidentes y latentes.

La universidad establecida desde 1.968 ha aumentado la participación de los diferentes interesados en la toma de decisión. Al mismo tiempo, la nueva organización ha multiplicado los conflictos y debe confrontarse con toda una serie de probemas no previstos. Recientes reformas (tales como el estatuto del personal de enseñanza, la organización de la investigación) contribuyeron sin duda a arreglar un poco la situación, mas los más complejos problemas fundamentales se han quedado.
La gestion des universités vue par la Cour des comptes
Authors: Ducher Gérard
Published: January 2024

La gestion universitaria vista por la Auditoria del Estado.

La Ley de Orientación de la educación superior del 12 de noviembre de 1968 tenía por objeto de facilitar a las universidades creadas asimismo una extensa autonomía no sólo en el campo pedagógico sino también en el de la gestión administrativa y financiera. Parece sin embargo a primera vista que esta autonomía está muy limitada por una serie de factores que el autor analiza por medio de las relaciones de la Auditoría estatal relativas a la gestión universitaria desde 1.971.
L’administration de la recherche au Japon
Authors: Dupuis Marc
Published: January 2024

Research administration in Japan.

A detailed description of the various Japanese policy-making bodies is followed by a discussion of how scientific policies are arrived at. Although the general scientific policy and targets are pre-eminently defined by the Council of Science and Techniques, there is no controlling body having its say over the allocation of crédits, the coordination of programmes, and the evaluation of results. Taking the French System as a yardstick, the author concludes that in Japan there is no institution with powers over how research funds are spent.
Les moyens d’évaluation de l’efficacité des entreprises publiques
Authors: Delion André Georges
Published: January 2024

Efficiency yardsticks for public enterprise.

Efficiency measurement of public enterprise is based upon a series of yardsticks which combine private sector and public administration criteria. After analysing both, the author underlines their prerequisites of usage, viz. Steadiness of application, common sense, objectivity, and institutions and procedures for the collection of data, their weighting, and link-up with the overall action of the people in charge.
Équilibres et mutations au sein du fédéralisme américain : l’exemple du système scolaire dans l’État de New York
Authors: Mény Yves
Published: January 2024

Equilibrios y mutaciones dentro del federalismo americano : ejemplo del sistema educativo en el estado de Nueva York.

El sistema educativo de un Estado americano permite poner de relieve algunas características fundamentales de equilibrio y mutaciones del sistema federativo. La mayor resulta de la diversidad organizacional de los Estados Unidos marcados por el progreso en la centralización económica, jurídica y política ; la secunda resulta de la estructura vertical del poder, la tendencia hacia la accentuación del poder federal cambiándose en una tendencia hacia el contrario ; enfin, hay que poner de relieve la importancia de la Corte suprema, único órgano del gobierno federal podiendo decidir de la competencia local por un asunto determinado.
Le temps et l’administration : vers une chrono-administration
Authors: Debbasch Charles
Published: January 2024

The time of administration, towards a chrono-administration ?

The author presents a series of reflexions which might be preliminary to what could and or should be a new chapter of administrative science : chrono-administration, dedicated to the study of relations between administration and time. The current image of administration is that it is always behind time. By showing how administration is also linked up with its present time, if it does not anticipate on its time, the author stresses the fact that this current image has to admit of shades of meaning. Striking an analogy with human beings, the author shows that administration is rooted in the past, while acting in the present and looking forward to the future. Like human beings, administrative Systems are multifold and variant. Each System has its own clock and its own pace.
Productivité et évaluation de programme aux États-Unis
Authors: Wise Charles R. , Recascino-Wise Lois
Published: January 2024

Productivity and program evaluation in the United-States.

A growing need has made itself felt over the past years within US administration for accounting for administrative action, leading to a ‘productionist movement’, based upon two main ideas : the development of a precise and usable evaluation of the output and productivity of organizations and that of a method by which it would be possible to translate evaluation findings into reliable and adequate data on current programs with a view to spelling out organizational objectives and achieving relevant results.
Quels cadres pour l’administration des affaires sanitaires et sociales ?
Authors: Rollet Christian
Published: January 2024

What are senior personnel needs for public health and social services administration ?

Why do public health and social services have a poor reputation ? Where do their weaknesses lie ? This falling prestige concerns neither the competence nor the dedication of civil servants, but the weak appeal of civil servant status and the limited degree of independence that departments enjoy vis-à-vis Prefects. These weaknesses stem from ministerial and institutional organizational structures whose history has been affected by mutual societies, business associations and individual initiative. The State, as tutor and guardian of law, has been intervening with limited means only since recently through disjointed external structures and centralized structures with changing duties. Specialized schooling was instituted only recently and Public Health physicians have not set up new career paths. The tradition of volunteer work has inhibited unionization and modernized management.

The image of public health and social services could be improved by (1) strengthening decision-making mechanisms, (2) enhancing senior personnel training and (3) improving working conditions through greater decompartmentalization, job and geographical mobility. Although job mobility depends on standardized statutes of service, the difficulties facing the Ministry of Social Affairs include its current teething problems. Its recent creation, lack of tradition and statutes may prove to be strong points in facing the challenges of growth and modernization.
L’hôpital
Authors: Maillard Christian
Published: January 2024

Hospitals.

However great the efforts of the past 40 years to improve the management and control of the hospital System, dissatisfaction is obvious among users, health care personnel, the administration, social security and private enterprise. Hospitals served as locally-administered lodgings until the 19th Century. They have gradually evolved into complex centres of differentiated production that compete with other partners of the health care System and are increasingly dependent on socio-economic developments. Thus the hospital has become a matter for national government without really losing its local connections and has become a meeting ground for many partners. The time is ripe for long-term decisions that are needed for a coherent, viable System, i.e. socially — concerted effort for a new definition of national health, the role and functions of hospitals ; a streamlining of State intervention with its many contradictions ; making citizens play an active role in hospital System, optimizing complementarity between different role players ; giving hospitals appropriate tools to evaluate costs and production ; and the adoption of fixed-term contracts with means and objectives between hospitals, Social Security, the State and other public bodies so as to give hospitals a solid framework and better control over their future, and make them responsible entreprises.
Les enjeux politiques : Dix questions à M. Bertrand Cousin
Authors: Cousin Bertrand
Published: January 2024

The Political Challenge — 10 Questions to Bertrand Cousin

Parliamentary Député and member of the current government majority, Bertrand Cousin answers the same questions as Mr. Jack Lang. His answers differ radically and he favours government disengagement from broadcasting. The public sector should strive for higher quality, receiver license fees should be the sole source of revenue with advertising resources being reserved for the private sector. Above all, France needs major multimedia corporations free of overly restrictive anti-trust legislation in order to capture a major portion of the communications market.
L’enjeu des concentrations : Le difficile avènement d’une loi
Authors: Boudet Daniel
Published: January 2024

The Difficult Passing of Anti-Trust Legislation

The question of radio and TV anti-trust legislation has been discussed since the abolition of the state broadcasting monopoly. Current legislation basically covers radio, TV and the press and results from principles laid down by the Conseil Constitutionnel in July and September 1986. This body considered that existing safeguards to ensure pluralism, as required by the Constitution, were inadequate. The author criticises the judge’s stance and regrets that the legislation passed should be so complex. This legislation puts a ceiling on share-holding in any one media corporation and any sector or group of medias. However, legislation has reinforced both the position of nationwide TV broadcasting and leeway for the creation of large multi-media groups.
L’administration française face à la règle communautaire
Authors: Carnelutti Alexandre
Published: January 2024

EEC Law and the French Government.

The extension of EEC authority and norms confronts the French Government with a new situation. It is becoming increasingly involved in shaping the new norms, and having to revamp its administrative procedures for maximum impact upstream in the EEC decision-making processes. More French experts are spending more time in Brussels. Domestic application of EEC law présupposés substantial commitments to publication and transposition into domestic legal terms - France is ail too frequently faulted for applying EEC law incompletely or not at ail. The French Government should learn to adopt an EEC frame of mind when formulating national policy in future.
La Communauté et les fonctions publiques nationales (l’article 48, § 4 du traité CEE)
Authors: Currall Julian
Published: January 2024

National Public Administrations and Article 48 (4) EEC Treaty.

Nationals of one Community member State have access to ail jobs in every other, except those in the “public administration” : Article 48 (4) EEC Treaty. Community case-law defines this exception narrowly : it only covers jobs involving exercise of public authority and protection of essential national interests. The Commission of the European Communities therefore considers that among the public sector jobs open to ail Community nationals are : teaching in State schools, most jobs in public hospitals and jobs in public commercial organisations. The article examines the case-law, explains the Commission’s view and deals with some unjustified fears which have been aroused in the Member States.
1988, Année «Marchés publics» ?
Authors: Bréchon-Moulènes Christine
Published: January 2024

1988 : Government Contracting Year.

The EEC Commission declared government contracting a priority issue for 1988. Its motives were the alarming cost of ‘Non-Europe’ cited in one survey, and the symbolic value of government procurement as an indicator of the common will to make a success of 1992. This article covers the three types of directives being drafted. The former Capital Schemes and General Supplies Directive involves a straightfor-ward rewrite of the General Supplies text and a true overhaul for ‘Special Capital Schemes’. The second type of directives cover new domaines (water, energy, public transport and telecommunications) with vast economie interests at stake. Under-standably, the Commission is busy building Europe with one eye on the USA and the other on Japan. Lastly, the Recourse Directive opens a Pandora’s box due do the sensitivity of member governments about national sovereignty and to fundamental differences in existing national legal Systems.
L’expérience du ministère de l’équipement : une réforme de la notation des cadres au service d’une politique de modernisation
Authors: Vallemont Serge
Published: January 2024

The Experience of the Ministry of Works : Reform of the Periodic Staff Report System as Part of a Policy of Modernization.

As part of its modernization programme, wich includes a full-fledged corporate plan, the Works Department is developing a policy for the modernization of its human resources management. Since the success of this programme hinges on the allocation of much greater responsibility to officiais, the Ministry of Works has set to overhaul its periodic staff report System for Grade A officials with a view to making it into a management tool at the service of a policy of modernization and optimization of human resources. The new System is based on the assessment interview and enables the results achieved to be appraised each year against the yardstick of fixed objectives.
L’aide suédoise au développement administratif
Authors: Örtendahl Claes
Published: January 2024

Swedish Aid for Administrative Development

Since 1982, administrative assistance has been a special sector coming under the responsibility of the Swedish Agency for International Development Aid, which acts through various public bodies, consultancy firms, and foreign and international organizations. The purpose of this assistance is to make the public services of the recipient countries both more efficient and more démocratic and sensitive to the needs of the people. The accent is mainly on training officials, tackling the problems of financial management, supporting decentralization and developing alternatives to computerization.
La formation des fonctionnaires au droit en Algérie
Authors: Taïb Essaïd
Published: January 2024

Legal training of Civil Servants : the Algerian example.

In the Algerian System, the State is the main source of initiative. Civil servant training sets great store by the descriptive study of institutions and emphasizes the guiding role of the State. The civil servant is trained more to worship the letter of the law than to become skilled in its interpretation and application; to serve more as an instrument of authority than as a manager. And since this training hardly ever changes, and fails to assimilate the changes occuring within the Civil Service itself, it acts as a brake on, rather than a stimulus to, economic activity in particular. The training received by Algerian civil servants does not teach them to rationalize administrative methods, when in fact the Algerian Civil Service should be looking for more effective ways of satisfying social demands.
La formation des fonctionnaires à l’économie publique : pour un nouvel agenda
Authors: Greffe Xavier
Published: January 2024

Training Civil Servants in Public Economics : Towards a new Agenda.

Although in-service training programmes have included economics, civil servants training in public economics remains unsatisfactory. This situation is partly due to the current state of development of public economics as a discipline in its own right. Still in its inception, public economics lacks an objet and a method. The topics for study are as varied as the methods of analysis (simple, but unsatisfactory, like cost-benefit analysis; interesting, though tricky to handle, like social experimentation).
À propos de la formation des fonctionnaires
Authors: Barret-Kriegel Blandine
Published: January 2024

Concerning the Training of Civil Servants.

The initial training of Civil Servants performed in the relevant administrative schools does not allow sufficient room in the program for such basic studies as law, history, economics,... resulting in the inability of civil servants to carry out their ever-varying assignments or to demonstrate inventiveness. The article further criticizes the way the administration is organised into distinct bodies (“corps”) ; this presents two major shortcomings : early recruitment and the closed system denying access to the administration, to talented individuals from Academia, the Armed Forces or the private business sector. Consequently transfer's occur only in one direction.
Vers une nouvelle réglementation européenne des télécommunications
Authors: Amory Bernard
Published: January 2024

Towards New European Législation on Télécommunications Bernard Amory

A vast programme aimed at introducing a new set of telecommunications regulation in the European Community is under way. The new regulatory framework has been designed by the European Commission in collaboration with interested parties (telecommunications authorities, the computer and telecommunications equipment industry, users and trade unions). The new regulations cover infrastructure, which would remain a monopoly under certain conditions, the terminal market, which will be open to competition (but with marketing being subject to approval), and the services to be liberalized (voice telephony and, for the time being, data transmission).