bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular insights of 2,6‐dichlorobenzoquinone‐induced cytotoxicity in zebrafish embryo: Activation of ROS‐mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis
Authors: Dong Mingyue , Ding Yan , Liu Yingying , Xu Zeqiong , Hong Huachang , Sun Hongjie , Huang Xianfeng , Yu Xinwei , Chen Qiang
Published: December 2022

2,6‐dichloro‐1,4‐benzoquinone (2,6‐DCBQ), as an emerging disinfection by‐product, has been frequently detected in waters, posing potential health risk on public health. Although some studies have pointed out that 2,6‐DCBQ exposure can induce cytotoxicity, limited information is available for underlying mechanism for 2,6‐DCBQ‐induced cytotoxicity. To explore this mechanism, we assessed the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), acridine orange (AO) staining, and the mRNA transcriptions of genes (Chk2, Cdk2, Ccna, Ccnb and Ccne) involved in cell‐cycle and genes (p53, bax, bcl‐2 and caspase 3) involved in apoptosis in zebrafish embryo, after exposed to different concentrations (10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 μg/L) of 2,6‐DCBQ for 72 h. Our results indicated that 2,6‐DCBQ exposure induced ROS generation and cell apoptosis, and disturbed the mRNA transcription of genes related to cell cycle and apoptosis in zebrafish embryo. Moreover, we also found that 30 ~ 60 μg/L 2,6‐DCBQ is the important transition from cell‐cycle arrest to cell apoptosis. These results provided novel insight into 2,6‐DCBQ‐induced cytotoxicity.
Colloidal transport of heavy metals in low‐advective‐velocity environmental systems: Reactive transport model on biogeochemical and hydrodynamic impacts
Authors: Şengör S. Sevinç , Ünlü Kahraman
Published: December 2022

In this study, the impact of colloid facilitated transport of heavy metals on the overall biogeochemical processes is demonstrated in example Lake Coeurd'Alene sediments. Release and transport of heavy metals (Pb and Zn) on initially sorbed colloidal Fe (hydr)oxide minerals are compared with immobile surfaces under various advective flow velocities. The reactive transport model integrates a coupled biotic reaction network with multiple terminal electron acceptors, including multicomponent diffusion and electrostatic double layer (EDL) treatment effects, illustrating the impact of colloidal transport under competing biogeochemical reaction dynamics for the first time to the authors’ knowledge. The model results illustrate the sensitivity of the results under low‐flow‐velocity conditions. Although enhanced Fe reduction prevails with immobile Fe (hydr)oxide mineral surfaces, the desorbed metal ions with aqueous sulfide complexes are rather “washed out” from the system along with advective transport of solutes, whereas the reductive dissolution of colloidal Fe (hydr)oxides from freshly coming colloidal surfaces results in the accumulation of metal and sulfide ions in the system. The results show that when the potential transport of sorbed contaminants with colloidal particles are ignored, the contaminant concentrations might be underestimated under low‐flow‐velocity conditions, especially around 10−8 or 10−9 m s−1, where the underestimation for the worst case scenario at the lowest bound of low‐flow‐velocity conditions may reach around 90% with depth. On the other hand, this impact may be less significant under cases of higher flow velocity, even around higher limits of low‐velocity environments around 10−7 m s−1, as well as in pure diffusive transport cases.
Na7RbTl4 – A New Ternary Zintl Phase Containing [Tl4]8− Tetrahedra
Authors: Schwinghammer Vanessa F. , Janesch Melissa , Korber Nikolaus , Gärtner Stefanie
Published: December 2022

Na7RbTl4 has been prepared by solid state reaction from the elements. Single crystal X‐ray structure analysis suggested the presence of pseudo‐merohedral twinning. The final model could be derived in space group Pbam (a=16.3584(4) Å, b=16.3581(4) Å, c=11.3345(3) Å, V=3033.04(14) Å3, R1/wR2 0.0282/0.0402) and proved the presence of isolated [Tl4]8− anions, which are only known from two other solid state thallide phases so far. The structure of Na7RbTl4 is compared to the long‐known Na2Tl and the similarities and differences in the three‐dimensional arrangement within the crystal structures are reported on. DOS calculations revealed a pseudo‐band gap at EF. Dissolution experiments in the style of the chemistry of group 14 and group 15 Zintl anions in liquid ammonia yielded degradation of the thallides. Subsequent characterization of the reaction products by powder X‐ray diffraction allowed for the determination of alkali metal amide and elemental thallium as products.
Determination of a GNSS-Based Velocity Field of the African Continent
Authors: Usifoh Saturday E. , Männel Benjamin , Sakic Pierre , Dodo Joseph D. , Schuh Harald
Published: December 2022

GNSS-based velocity fields are a key tool to assess the boundaries around major deforming areas, to explain the main patterns of surface motion and deformation, to analytically review existing kinematics models and finally, to study the underlying tectonic activities. Determination of a velocity field for Africa is of great importance in the determination of the African Reference Frame; this is essential for better understanding the African plate tectonics. Therefore, this study focusses on the determination of the African velocity fields using continuously operated GNSS stations. We processed and analyzed 11 years of data obtained from a total number of 145 GNSS site using GFZ’s EPOS.P8 software. The result shows that Africa moves in the North-East direction. The station coordinates derived with PPP show averaged RMS values of 2.9 mm, 9.9 mm and 8.5 mm for the north, east and up components with respect to the estimated trajectory models. Horizontal velocities at sites located on stable Nubia plate fit a single plate model with residual motion below 1 mm/year of RMS. We confirm significant southeast motion in Morocco and Zambia with residual velocities of 1.4 mm/year and 0.9 mm/year, respectively. We estimate the Euler Poles for Nubia and Somalia with 48.59°N, −78.64°E, 0.264°/Myr and 60.38°N, −83.33°E, 0.272°/Myr, respectively. Vertical velocities range from −2 to +2 mm/year, close to their uncertainties, with no distinct geographic pattern. The study also provides continental-wide position and velocity field solution for Africa, and can also be considered as a contribution to the upcoming AFREF, the African Geodetic Reference Frame.
Critical Analysis of the Linguistic Rights Strategies of the Hungarian National Minority Council in Serbia
Authors: Beretka Katinka
Published: December 2022

The Hungarian National Minority Council (HNMC)—the non-territorial autonomy body of Hungarians living in Serbia—has developed its activities since the first democratic elections held in 2010, to include a creative strategic framework in the field of official languages of communication in Hungary. Its first mid-term (five-year) strategy for the development of the linguistic rights of Hungarians was adopted in 2012, its primary goal being to improve the legal background for official communication in minority languages in general in the country, to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the application of the relevant rules by the public authorities and to develop the linguistic awareness of Hungarian national minorities by raising their awareness of language rights. These strategic goals were supported by a range of programmes primarily focused on information, financing, providing law enforcement and assistance, etc.; some of them were copied by other minority councils in Serbia as examples of good practice. The second Linguistic Rights Strategy was adopted in 2021, after a delay of a few years. Besides containing similar provisions as the first document from 2012, with respect to strategic programmes in the field of official communications, its subject matter also covers some other spheres, such as the use of Hungarian in education, information or culture, and it relies much more on the benefits of information technology. Because each strategy is only worth as much as it has accomplished, this paper aims to present and critically analyse the valid Linguistic Rights Strategy of the HNMC in light of its possible practical implications in the future, with special regard to the existing experience gained during the realisation of the previous strategy.
Property Rights and Natural Resource Management in Developing Countries
Authors: Takahashi Ryo
Published: December 2022

As forestland and grazing land grow scarcer and rural poverty persists in developing countries, sustainable natural resource management (NRM) for income generation and poverty reduction is imperative. Although securing property rights on forestlands is fundamental for sustainable resource management, the conditions under which one institution outperforms the others in the efficiency of forest management have not yet reached a consensus. In contrast, forest management under common property regimes (e.g., community forest management) is commonly adopted in developing countries in Asia and Africa. As argued by Ostrom, community forest management is effective in protecting forest resources, but it may fail to provide proper incentives for intensive forest management activities. This paper argues that the community management system performs efficiently for non-timber forests, whereas a mixed management system of private and common ownership is a desirable institution for timber forest management in developing countries. This empirical research conducted a randomized experiment in Ethiopia and confirmed that the mixed management system significantly stimulated intensive forest management activities, such as pruning, guarding, and watering.
Transformation of Rice-Growing Villages in the Philippines
Authors: Estudillo Jonna P.
Published: December 2022

Rice-growing villages that look dormant under the shadow of mango trees have undergone a major transformation in their economies. Such transformation is accompanied by household income growth and poverty reduction. The first objective of this chapter is to describe the drivers of economic transformation in four villages (Kei’s villages) in the Philippines from simple rice-dependent economies to more complex ones characterized by diverse sources of livelihood. The drivers of these economic transformations are population pressure, new rice technology, land reform, investments in human capital, urbanization and commercialization, and infrastructure. The second objective is to explore the strategic processes that accompany such transformation, such as rising productivity of rice farming, production of high-value crops, and rising incidence of nonfarm work within the local economy and migration to local towns, big cities, and overseas, among the younger generation. An important finding is that in the course of transformation, participation in the nonfarm labor market and migration are the main pathways in moving out of poverty for the children of poor landless farmers.
Are the Lessons from the Green Revolution Relevant for Agricultural Growth and Food Security in the Twenty-First Century?
Authors: Pingali Prabhu
Published: December 2022

The Green Revolution had profound positive impacts on human welfare and economic development across the developing world. However, its global reach was limited by agroclimatic, infrastructural, social, and political constraints. Regional disparities in poverty reduction, intra-societal inequities, and gender differences in the distribution of benefits persist even in countries that witnessed positive Green Revolution outcomes. This essay synthesizes the lessons learned and the policy redirections needed for a ‘redux’ version of the Green Revolution that enhances food and nutrition security and economic development while minimizing social, environmental, and health tradeoffs.
Integrating Agricultural and Industrial Development
Authors: Aida Takeshi
Published: December 2022

The Green Revolution has brought about a significant increase in agricultural productivity, expediting a shift in industrial structure. Although economic theories have been based on the dichotomy of agricultural and industrial sectors, the actual shift is more gradual. In this chapter, we discuss the role of upstream and downstream industries of agriculture in development strategy from the perspective of global value chains. We claim that agricultural processing and retail industries can integrate agricultural and industrial developments. In this regard, the model of cluster-based development is informative, and the role of human capital investment and associations is essential. We also provide an overview of the development of the tapioca industry in Thailand as an illustrative case study. This discussion ultimately aims to redefine agricultural development as a part of long-term economic development.
Cluster-Based Agricultural Development: A Comparison Between China and Africa
Authors: Zhang Xiaobo
Published: December 2022

Clusters for high-value crops are ubiquitous in China and in African countries. Drawing from three case studies (potato cluster in China, medicinal and aromatic cluster in Egypt, and dates cluster in Tunisia), this chapter discusses the major challenges facing cluster development and the roles of different agents (e.g., entrepreneurs, business associations, and local governments). Cluster development involves supply-side or demand-side bottlenecks along the way, which are beyond the capacity of individual enterprises. Whether a cluster can develop to the next stage depends crucially upon whether the bottlenecks can be resolved. Because the bottlenecks are context- and temporal-specific, it would be impossible for a planner or outsider donor to prescribe a one-size-fits-all intervention to overcome all the binding constraints. Instead, local elites, such as business leaders and local officials, can play a greater role in identifying the emerging bottlenecks and figuring out indigenous solutions. In China, because local governments have an embedded interest in promoting local economic development, they are keen to provide local public goods or initiate joint actions to address the successive binding constraints and facilitate cluster development. By comparison, the role of the local government is more muted in Africa, limiting the growth potential of agricultural clusters.
Measuring Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality Through the Lens of Induced Innovation
Authors: Quisumbing Agnes , Meinzen-Dick Ruth , Malapit Hazel
Published: December 2022

Using the lens of the theory of induced innovation, we reflect on the development of metrics for women’s empowerment and gender equality. The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), launched in 2012, was used to monitor women’s inclusion in agricultural sector growth. Demand by WEAI users and the supply of tools and methods from researchers shaped the ongoing evolution of the tool to a shorter version and to another that reflected what agricultural development projects deemed meaningful to judge project success. Eventual modifications reflected user demand: a greater interest in market inclusion and value chains stimulated the development of specialized modules for market inclusion. WEAI-related metrics have demonstrated the importance of women’s empowerment for development outcomes, helping governments and civil society organizations design and implement gender-sensitive agricultural development programs. Finally, the adoption of SDG5 on women’s empowerment and gender equality created a demand for a measure of women’s empowerment for use by national statistical systems. Whether such a metric will be adopted globally will depend on the demand from, and utility to, stakeholders as well as existing capacity, capacity-building efforts, a belief in the intrinsic value of women’s empowerment, and the commitment of resources to attaining this goal.
Diffusion of Submergence-Tolerant Rice in South Asia
Authors: Yamano Takashi
Published: December 2022

Climate change is expected to increase the incidence and magnitudes of extreme weather events. To help farmers mitigate the expected impacts of extreme weather events, abiotic stress-tolerant crop varieties have been developed. The diffusions of the stress-tolerant crop varieties, however, have been limited. This chapter reviews recent studies on the adoption and impacts of the submergence-tolerant rice varieties in South Asia. Studies have identified significant benefits of those rice varieties in South Asia using various survey and analytical methods. However, farmers have problems identifying submergence-tolerant rice varieties in informal seed markets. Using DNA fingerprinting, a study found that many farmers in Bangladesh could not identify varietal names correctly. Effective public interventions are needed to help farmers in flood-prone areas adopt submergence-tolerant rice varieties.
RePEAT: Looking Back on 20 Years of Achievements
Authors: Kijima Yoko , Tabetando Rayner
Published: December 2022

The Research on Poverty, Environment, and Agricultural Technology (RePEAT) project was initiated in 2003 by a small group led by Takashi Yamano, Keijiro Otsuka, and Frank Place. The original focus was to understand how to enhance the income of small farm households in East African countries by increasing crop production combined with improved cattle raising and agroforestry. Until now, the number of contributors and the coverage of this project have been expanding. This chapter summarizes the findings and achievements of the project by reviewing the papers that used RePEAT data. It also discusses the future directions of the project.
Cosmologies inside hyperbolic black holes
Authors: Ross Simon F.
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Models with closed FRW cosmologies on the worldvolume of a constant-tension brane inside a black hole provide an interesting setup for studying cosmology holographically. However, in more than two worldvolume dimensions, there are limitations on such models with flat spatial slices. I show that these limitations can be avoided by considering instead hyperbolic slices. This also naturally makes contact with previous work on Euclidean wormholes.
Twisting of Graded Quantum Groups and Solutions to the Quantum Yang-Baxter Equation
Authors: Huang Hongdi , Nguyen Van C. , Ure Charlotte , Vashaw Kent B. , Veerapen Padmini , Wang Xingting
Published: December 2022

Let H be a Hopf algebra that is $\mathbb Z$
ℤ
-graded as an algebra. We provide sufficient conditions for a 2-cocycle twist of H to be a Zhang twist of H. In particular, we introduce the notion of a twisting pair for H such that the Zhang twist of H by such a pair is a 2-cocycle twist. We use twisting pairs to describe twists of Manin’s universal quantum groups associated with quadratic algebras and provide twisting of solutions to the quantum Yang-Baxter equation via the Faddeev-Reshetikhin-Takhtajan construction.
The ontogeny of elements: distinct ontogenetic patterns in the radular tooth mineralization of gastropods
Authors: Brütt Jan-Ole , Gorb Stanislav N. , Krings Wencke
Published: December 2022

The molluscan phylum is characterized by the radula, used for the gathering and processing of food. This structure can consist of a chitinous membrane with embedded rows of teeth, which show structural, chemical, and biomechanical adaptations to the preferred ingesta. With regard to the chemical composition of teeth, some taxa (Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda) were extensively studied, and high proportions of incorporated iron, calcium, and silicon were previously reported. However, outside these two groups, there is an immense lack of knowledge about the elemental composition of radular teeth. The here presented work aims at shedding some light on the radular composition by performing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) on six non-patelliform gastropod species (Anentome helena,Cornu aspersum,Lavigeria nassa,Littorina littorea,Reymondia horei, andVittina turrita), with the focus on the ontogeny of the elemental composition. Proportions of elements, which are not part of chitin and other purely organic molecules, were documented for overall 1027 individual teeth of all ontogenetic radular stages, i.e., for the building zone, the maturation zone, and the working zone. We detected that the proportions of these elements increased from the building to the maturation zone. However, from the maturation to the working zone, two general trends are visible: either the proportions of the elements increased or decreased. The latter trend could potentially be explained by the acidic pH of the gastropod saliva, which awaits further investigations.
Leistungsfähigkeit der McDonald-Kriterien von 2017
Authors: Konen Franz Felix , Schwenkenbecher Philipp , Wattjes Mike P. , Skripuletz Thomas
Published: December 2022

Hintergrund

Die schnelle und zuverlässige Diagnose einer Multiplen Sklerose (MS) ist entscheidend, um eine angepasste verlaufsmodifizierende Therapie zu beginnen. Die 2017-Revision der McDonald-Kriterien hat das Ziel, eine einfachere und frühzeitigere MS-Diagnose mit hoher diagnostischer Genauigkeit zu ermöglichen.

Ziel der Arbeit/Fragestellung

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die publizierten Arbeiten, die die Anwendung der McDonald-Kriterien von 2017 und 2010 miteinander verglichen haben, ausgewertet und bezüglich der diagnostischen Leistungsfähigkeit analysiert.

Material und Methoden

Mittels Literaturrecherche in der PubMed-Datenbank (Suchbegriff: McDonald criteria 2010 and McDonald criteria 2017) wurden 20 Studien und ein Übersichtsartikel mit insgesamt 3006 auswertbaren Patienten identifiziert.

Ergebnisse

Bei Anwendung der McDonald-Kriterien von 2017 konnte die Diagnose einer MS bei mehr Patienten (2277/3006 Patienten, 76 %) und in einem früheren Stadium (3–10 Monate) verglichen mit der Revision von 2010 (1562/3006 Patienten, 52 %) gestellt werden. Von den zusätzlichen MS-Diagnosen sind 193/715 auf die Anpassung der bildgebenden Kriterien der zeitlichen Dissemination und 536/715 auf die Einführung der oligoklonalen Banden als diagnostisches Kriterium zurückführen.

Diskussion

Die revidierten McDonald-Kriterien von 2017 erlauben die Diagnosestellung einer MS bei einem höheren Anteil an Patienten beim ersten klinischen Ereignis.
Applications of data fusion in optical coordinate metrology: a review
Authors: Zhang Zhongyi Michael , Catalucci Sofia , Thompson Adam , Leach Richard , Piano Samanta
Published: December 2022

Data fusion enables the characterisation of an object using multiple datasets collected by various sensors. To improve optical coordinate measurement using data fusion, researchers have proposed numerous algorithmic solutions and methods. The most popular examples are the Gaussian process (GP) and weighted least-squares (WLS) algorithms, which depend on user-defined mathematical models describing the geometric characteristics of the measured object. Existing research on GP and WLS algorithms indicates that GP algorithms have been widely applied in both academia and industry, despite their use being limited to applications on relatively simple geometries. Research on WLS algorithms is less common than research on GP algorithms, as the mathematical tools used in the WLS cases are too simple to be applied with complex geometries. Machine learning is a new technology that is increasingly being applied to data fusion applications. Research on this technology is relatively scarce, but recent work has highlighted the potential of machine learning methods with significant results. Unlike GP and WLS algorithms, machine learning algorithms can autonomously learn the geometrical features of an object. To understand existing research in-depth and explore a path for future work, a new taxonomy of data fusion algorithms is proposed, covering the mathematical background and existing research surrounding each algorithm type. To conclude, the advantages and limitations of the existing methods are reviewed, highlighting the issues related to data quality and the types of test artefacts.
Genomic and metabolic features of Bacillus cereus, inhibiting the growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by synthesizing secondary metabolites
Authors: Hu Jinghan , Dong Baozhu , Wang Dong , Meng Huanwen , Li Xiaojuan , Zhou Hongyou
Published: December 2022

We investigated the biocontrol mechanism of Bacillus cereus CF4-51 to find powerful microbes that effectively control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. To assess its inhibitory effect on fungal growth, the plant pathogen (S. sclerotiorum) was co-cultured with Bacillus cereus. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the morphology of S. sclerotiorum treated with CF4-51 biofumigant. The expression of sclerotium formation-related genes was analyzed by qRT-PCR. We performed whole genome sequencing of CF4-51 by PacBio Sequel platform. Lipopeptides were extracted from strain CF4-51 according to the method of hydrochloric acid precipitation and methanol dissolution. The volatiles CF4-51 were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We found that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by CF4-51 damaged the S. sclerotiorum hyphae and inhibited the formation of sclerotia. The qRT-PCR data revealed the down-regulated expression of the genes involved in sclerotial formation. Moreover, we analyzed the B. cereus CF4-51 genome and metabolites. The genome consisted of 5.35 Mb, with a GC content of 35.74%. An examination of the genome revealed the presence of several gene clusters for the biosynthesis of antibiotics, siderophores, and various other bioactive compounds, including those belonging to the NRPS-like, LAP, RIPP-like, NRPS, betalactone, CDPS, terpene, ladderane, ranthipeptide, and lanthipeptide (class II) categories. A gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified 45 VOCs produced by strain CF4-51. Among these, technical grade formulations of five were chosen for further study: 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl-,1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, Dibutyl phthalate, Cyclododecane, Heptadecane. the five major constituents play important roles in the antifungal activity of the VOCs CF4-51 on the growth of S. sclerotiorum. The secondary metabolites produced by strain CF4-51are critical for the inhibition of S. sclerotiorum hyphal growth and sclerotial formation.
Geographical Inequalities in Access to Bellwether Procedures in Brazil
Authors: Faleiro Matheus Daniel , Fernandez Miguel Godeiro , Santos Jéssica Moreira , Menezes Catarina Ester Gomes , Lima João Vitor Sabadine , Haddad Júlia Oliveira Dabien , Viana Sofia Wagemaker , Alonso Nivaldo
Published: December 2022

Background

Brazil is a middle‐income country that aims to provide universal health coverage, but its surgical system's efficiency has rarely been analyzed. In an effort to strengthen surgical national systems, the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery proposed bellwether procedures as quality indicators of surgical workforces. This study aims to evaluate regional inequalities in access to bellwether procedures and their associated mortality across the five Brazilian geographical regions.

Methods

Using DATASUS, Brazil's national healthcare database, data were collected on the total amount of performed bellwether procedures—cesarean section, laparotomy, and open fracture management—and their associated mortality, by geographical region. We evaluated the years 2018–2020, both in emergent and elective conditions. Statistical analysis was performed by one‐way ANOVA test and Tukey's multiple comparisons test.

Results

During this period, DATASUS registered 2,687,179 cesarean sections, 1,036,841 laparotomies, and 648,961 open fracture treatments. The access and associated mortality related to these procedures were homogeneous between the regions in elective care. There were significant geographical inequalities in access and associated mortality in emergency care (p < 0.05, 95% CI) for all bellwether procedures. The Southeast, the most economically developed region of the country, was the region with the lowest amount of bellwether procedures per 100,000 inhabitants.

Conclusion

Brazil's public surgical system is competent at promoting elective surgical care, but more effort is needed to fortify emergency care services. Public policies should encourage equity in the geographic allocation of the surgical workforce.
Compressibilities along the magnetite–magnesioferrite solid solution
Authors: Melai C. , Boffa Ballaran T. , Uenver-Thiele L. , Kurnosov A. , Chumakov A. I. , Bessas D. , Frost D. J.
Published: December 2022

To calculate the thermodynamic properties of recently discovered high-pressure mixed valence iron oxides in the system Fe–Mg–O, information on the equation of state of precursor inverse spinel phases along the magnetite–magnesioferrite join is needed. The existing equation of state data, particularly for magnesioferrite, are in poor agreement and no data exist for intermediate compositions. In this study, the compressibility of nearly pure magnesioferrite as well as of an intermediate $${{\mathrm{Mg}}_{0.5}}^{\vphantom{2+}}\mathrm{Fe}_{0.5}^{2+}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}^{3+}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{\vphantom{2+}}$$

Mg

0.5

Fe

0.5

2
+

Fe

2

3
+

O

4

sample have been investigated for the first time up to approximately 19 and 13 GPa, respectively, using single-crystal X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell. Samples were produced in high-pressure synthesis experiments to promote a high level of cation ordering, with the obtained inversion parameters larger than 0.83. The room pressure unit cell volumes, V0, and bulk moduli, KT0, could be adequately constrained using a second-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state, which yields V0 = 588.97 (8) Å3 and KT0 = 178.4 (5) GPa for magnesioferrite and V0 = 590.21 (5) Å3 and KT0 = 188.0 (6) GPa for the intermediate composition. As magnetite has KT0 = 180 (1) GPa (Gatta et al. in Phys Chem Min 34:627–635, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-007-0177-3), this means the variation in KT0 across the magnetite–magnesioferrite solid solution is significantly non-linear, in contrast to several other Fe–Mg spinels. The larger incompressibility of the intermediate composition compared to the two end-members may be a peculiarity of the magnetite–magnesioferrite solid solution caused by an interruption of Fe2+–Fe3+ electron hopping by Mg cations substituting in the octahedral site.
Erfüllte Gegenwart und Rhythmus des Lebens
Authors: Kipke Roland
Published: December 2022

Der Zusammenhang von Zeit und gutem Leben wurde bereits für eine Reihe medizinischer Disziplinen und Praktiken herausgearbeitet. Doch welche Rolle spielt die Zeitlichkeit des guten Lebens für die Medizin insgesamt? Das ist die leitende Frage dieses Artikels. Dabei wird das gute Leben als sinnvolles Leben verstanden. In diesem Sinne wird für eine zweifache medizinische Relevanz der Zeitlichkeit des guten Lebens argumentiert: Erstens besteht der Sinn medizinischer Behandlungen in der Ermöglichung erfüllter Gegenwart. Zweitens kann und sollte ebendies u. a. durch die Wahrung und Wiederherstellung der chronobiologischen Rhythmen geschehen.
Tofacitinib in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
Authors: Kutschera Maximilian , Novacek Gottfried , Reinisch Walter , Högenauer Christoph , Petritsch Wolfgang , Haas Thomas , Moschen Alexander , Dejaco Clemens
Published: December 2022

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite the widening range of drug treatment options, primary nonresponse, secondary loss of response as well as adverse events call for additional treatment alternatives.

Tofacitinib is an oral small-molecule drug of the class of Janus kinase inhibitors which, in the European Union, was approved for the treatment of moderate to severe active UC in August 2018. This position paper, drawn up by the IBD Working Group of the Austrian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, summarizes the mechanism of action, clinical development, marketing authorization status, efficacy and safety of tofacitinib. Also, by providing a synopsis of available data from both pivotal and post-marketing studies, clinical aspects of specific interest are highlighted and discussed.

The available body of evidence indicates that tofacitinib is an additional effective medication for the treatment of UC that exhibits a good safety profile. This position paper aims at optimizing the safe and effective use of tofacitinib in daily clinical practice.
Clinical implementation of axial angulation of incisors in the course of routine fixed appliance treatment — a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Pour Ramtin Davoudi , Papageorgiou Spyridon N. , Safi Sema , Eble Oliver-Steffen , Jäger Andreas , Gölz Lina
Published: December 2022

Purpose

To identify clinically relevant factors for changes in axial angulation of incisors during routine fixed appliance orthodontic treatment.

Methods

A total of 106 patients (grades 1–2 of IOTN, 64 females, 42 males; mean age: 15.5 years) from a private practice and treated with metal or ceramic brackets were included in this retrospective cohort study. The axial angulation of the upper and lower incisors was measured on lateral cephalograms before insertion of the first rectangular 0.016 × 0.022-in NiTi archwire (T0) and at the end of treatment about 8 weeks after insertion of the working 0.019 × 0.025-in stainless steel archwire (T1). Treatment-related changes according to bracket type, initial situation, premolar extraction, angle class, and skeletal vertical configuration were analyzed.

Results

Although statistically significant treatment-related changes were seen for both the upper incisors (+ 1.3°) and the lower incisors (− 5.2°), only in ten patients (9.4%) was the prescribed torque value of 17° for the upper incisors and in no patient for the lower incisors achieved. A negative association between the induced change of axial angulation of incisors and the initial values was detected for the upper incisors as well as for the lower incisors. A comparison of the angle classes revealed significant differences in incisor changes. At the end of therapy, only a slight change for the upper central incisors in patients in angle class I cases and a significantly greater change in patients with angle class II/2 was observed. Cases with premolar extraction ended with lower axial angulation of the incisor than cases without extraction. The individual analysis of possible influencing factors also revealed an association with the vertical skeletal configuration.

Conclusions

For the first time, the presented data show clinically relevant influencing factors for incisor axial angulation changes of the upper and lower incisors in relation to the torque value of the applied brackets in the course of routine clinical practice. For the orthodontist, it remains mandatory to decide whether a customized system must be individualized in order to achieve individual therapy goals.
Leaching of rare earths from Abu Tartur (Egypt) phosphate rock with phosphoric acid
Authors: Roshdy O. E. , Haggag E. A. , Masoud A. M. , Bertau M. , Haneklaus N. , Pavón S. , Hussein A. E. M. , Khawassek Y. M. , Taha M. H.
Published: December 2022

The leaching of rare earth elements (REEs) from Egyptian Abu Tartur phosphate rock using phosphoric acid has been examined and was subsequently optimized to better understand if such an approach could be industrially feasible. Preliminary experiments were performed to properly define the design of experiments. Afterward, 24 full factorial design was implemented to optimize the leaching process. Optimum REEs leaching efficiency (96.7 ± 0.9%) was reached with the following conditions: phosphoric acid concentration of 30 wt.-% P2O5, liquid/solid ratio, mL/g, of 5:1, at 20 °C, and 120 min of leaching time. The apparent activation energy of the dissolution of REEs from phosphate rock using the phosphoric acid solution was -19.6 kJ/mol. D2EHPA was subsequently applied as an organic solvent for REEs separation from the acquired leach liquor. REEs stripping and precipitation were conducted, and finally, rare earth oxides with a purity of 88.4% were obtained. The leach liquor was further treated with concentrated sulfuric acid to recover the used phosphoric acid and produce gypsum with a purity of >95% at the same time. A flow diagram for this innovative cleaner production process was developed, and larger-scale experiments are proposed to further understand this promising approach to comprehensive phosphate rock processing.
On the Computation of Geometric Features of Spectra of Linear Operators on Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Colbrook Matthew J.
Published: December 2022

Computing spectra is a central problem in computational mathematics with an abundance of applications throughout the sciences. However, in many applications gaining an approximation of the spectrum is not enough. Often it is vital to determine geometric features of spectra such as Lebesgue measure, capacity or fractal dimensions, different types of spectral radii and numerical ranges, or to detect gaps in essential spectra and the corresponding failure of the finite section method. Despite new results on computing spectra and the substantial interest in these geometric problems, there remain no general methods able to compute such geometric features of spectra of infinite-dimensional operators. We provide the first algorithms for the computation of many of these long-standing problems (including the above). As demonstrated with computational examples, the new algorithms yield a library of new methods. Recent progress in computational spectral problems in infinite dimensions has led to the solvability complexity index (SCI) hierarchy, which classifies the difficulty of computational problems. These results reveal that infinite-dimensional spectral problems yield an intricate infinite classification theory determining which spectral problems can be solved and with which type of algorithm. This is very much related to S. Smale’s comprehensive program on the foundations of computational mathematics initiated in the 1980s. We classify the computation of geometric features of spectra in the SCI hierarchy, allowing us to precisely determine the boundaries of what computers can achieve (in any model of computation) and prove that our algorithms are optimal. We also provide a new universal technique for establishing lower bounds in the SCI hierarchy, which both greatly simplifies previous SCI arguments and allows new, formerly unattainable, classifications.
On the Severi problem in arbitrary characteristic
Authors: Christ Karl , He Xiang , Tyomkin Ilya
Published: December 2022

In this paper, we show that Severi varieties parameterizing irreducible reduced planar curves of a given degree and geometric genus are either empty or irreducible in any characteristic. Following Severi’s original idea, this gives a new proof of the irreducibility of the moduli space of smooth projective curves of a given genus in positive characteristic. It is the first proof that involves no reduction to the characteristic zero case. As a further consequence, we generalize Zariski’s theorem to positive characteristic and show that a general reduced planar curve of a given geometric genus is nodal.
An effective zero-shot learning approach for intelligent fault detection using 1D CNN
Authors: Zhang Siyu , Wei Hua-Liang , Ding Jinliang
Published: December 2022

Data-driven fault detection techniques have attracted extensive attention in engineering, industry and many other areas in recent years. In many real applications, the following situation often occurs: data for certain types of faults (unseen faults) are not available to train models that are used for fault detection. Such a scenario can occur when data collection becomes highly time-consuming or destructive. To address this challenging problem, a novel fault detection method using zero-shot learning (ZSL) is proposed in this paper, which contains three phases: feature extraction, label embedding, and feature embedding. The method first extracts features from raw signals by applying a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN), then builds semantic descriptions (human-defined) as fault attributes shared between seen faults and unseen faults, and finally uses a bi-linear compatibility function to find the highest-ranking fault type. The proposed semantic space based zero-shot learning with 1D CNN is called SSB-ZSL-1DCNN. The cosine distance is used to measure the similarity between feature embeddings and fault attributes. An important characteristic of SSB-ZSL-1DCNN is that the model, trained using only samples of seen faults, can be used to detect unseen defects. To evaluate the proposed method, two case studies are designed based on two well-known benchmarks (the Tennessee-Eastman chemical control process and the rolling bearing experiments at the Case Western Reserve University, respectively). The results demonstrate that the proposed method shows remarkable performance in detecting unseen faults.
Development and Validation of the Sexual Minority Adolescent Rejection Sensitivity Scale
Authors: Kiekens Wouter J. , Baams Laura , Feinstein Brian A. , Veenstra René
Published: December 2022

Because no measure for sexual orientation-related rejection sensitivity (RS) for adolescents exists, we aimed to develop and validate the Sexual Minority Adolescent Rejection Sensitivity Scale (SMA-RSS). In Study 1, interviews with 22 sexual minority youth were conducted (M age = 18.86, SD = 3.03). Based on these interviews, 29 scenarios were developed as potential items for the SMA-RSS. In Study 2, exploratory factor analyses were conducted on these 29 scenarios in a sample of 397 sexual minority adolescents (M age = 16.63, SD = 1.07). The 14 best performing items were selected and a two-factor structure best fit the data. In Study 3, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and the test–retest reliability, criterion validity, convergent validity, and incremental validity of the SMA-RSS were assessed in a sample of 499 sexual minority adolescents (M age = 16.61, SD = 1.34). A bifactor model best fit the data and evidence was provided for a strong enough general factor to justify unidimensionality. For criterion validity, the SMA-RSS evidenced small to moderate correlations with minority stressors and mental health indicators. For convergent validity, we found a moderate correlation with general RS. For incremental validity, the SMA-RSS was associated with mental health indicators over and above minority stressors and general RS. Participants were moderately stable in their scores on the SMA-RSS over a one-month period. Taken together, the SMA-RSS captured unique situations in which sexual minority adolescents anxiously expect rejection and can aid in better understanding health disparities among sexual minority adolescents.
Gender wage gap, quality of earnings and gender digital divide in the European context
Authors: Picatoste Xose , Mesquita Anabela , González-Laxe Fernando
Published: December 2022

One of the leading national and international objectives is to achieve more egalitarian societies. Avoiding gender or digital gaps are priorities generally assumed as concerns of governments and international organizations. This paper evaluates the digital gender divide in its three stages: access, use and results, relating it to gender and salary gaps in the context of the European Union. Cluster analysis was conducted to classify the countries according to their gender digital divide. The influence of age and studies level of males and females was revised. Based on the OECD and EUROSTAT data, an empirical analysis was conducted. By comparison of means, the significant variables influencing the gender digital divide were identified, probing that the educational level significantly influences it, especially in what refers to the third stage. Finally, through a regression analysis, it was proved that the influence of the insecurity and the gender wage gap goes beyond the women and affects society.
Transferring makerspace activities to the classroom: a tension between two learning cultures
Authors: Walan Susanne , Gericke Niklas
Published: December 2022

This case study aimed to investigate teachers’ reflections on the transfer of makerspace activities into classrooms. Primary and secondary STEM teachers participated in a Continuous Professional Development programme about makerspaces. Data were collected in the form of written reflections and semi-structured interviews after the teachers conducted makerspace activities in their classes. A thematic approach was used for data analysis. The results showed that teachers identified possibilities: Connections to learning objectives in STEM subjects; Motivating and engaging students; Stimulating collaboration; Stimulating creativity; and challenges: Problem of assessment; Lack of digital competence; Lack of high-tech equipment. However, the teachers did not reflect upon the cultural, ontological, and epistemological differences between makerspaces and formal schooling. Thus, we argue that it is difficult ‘to eat the cake and have it too’, i.e. to fully reconcile both the maker-culture and demands of formal schooling. Rather, we suggest three ways to connect makerspace culture with formal education.
Tools for supporting teacher noticing about classroom video in online professional development
Authors: Larison Sarah , Richards Jennifer , Sherin Miriam Gamoran
Published: December 2022

Teachers’ noticing of students’ mathematical thinking plays an important role in supporting student learning. Yet little is known about how online professional development (PD)—a growing setting for PD in the USA—can cultivate this noticing. Here, we explore the potential of using two online tools for engaging video to support K-2 teachers’ noticing of students’ mathematical thinking in the context of a six-week online video-based PD program. While participating in the program, teachers used a commenting tool that allowed them to view video in its entirety and write a summary note, as well as a tagging tool that allowed them to mark moments of video while viewing and associate notes with those moments. We found that teachers’ regular use of the tagging tool promoted their increased noticing of students’ mathematical thinking in video. Further, the tagging tool and commenting tool appeared to function in complementary ways to support teachers’ noticing. These findings contribute to the field’s growing understanding of how technological advances can support the development and study of mathematics teacher noticing, with implications for the design of online teacher learning environments.
Classification of Located Acoustic Emission Events Using Neural Network
Authors: Manthei Gerd , Guckert Michael
Published: December 2022

Location of acoustic emission (AE) events is one of the main evaluation tools in AE analysis. Reliable location of AE sources enables accurate investigation of the mechanisms that led to a crack in the material. It is known that the location errors are influenced by several factors, including the accuracy of the elastic wave arrival time reading, the geometric distribution of the AE sensors, and most importantly, by the physical properties of the propagation medium. The aim of this study is the application of a neural network to classify clustered AE events, which were detected during six hydraulic fracturing tests in massive salt rock. A fully connected feed forward network was used for pattern recognition and classification of the input events according to target classes. For input data the signal arrival time profiles of the longitudinal (L) and transversal (T) elastic waves were used to train, to test, and to validate the neural network. In total 765 AE events were classified in various target classes. Receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC) was applied for analyzing the result of the neural network approach. The neural network classified clustered events correctly, while few spatially scattered events outside the region of a cluster could not be matched to any cluster. Bootstrap analysis showed that the results are robust and demonstrates the high potential of Deep Learning (DL) methods in the location of AE events.