bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Effects of Solid Water on the Particle Skeleton of Soil: Mechanism Analysis
Authors: Duan Xiaomeng
Published: June 2021

It is generally accepted that the adsorbed water layer on the surface of the mineral particle has significant effects on the mechanical properties of soils. By defining the concepts of “solid water” and “particle skeleton” after a brief review on adsorbed water, therefore, the mechanical mechanism about how solid water affects the deformation and strength of particle skeleton is theoretically clarified, which could be the physical basis of the reasonability of two assumptive conditions for effective stress equation. Considering solid water as a two-dimensional liquid with appreciable normal strength and lubricity, if soil particles are always wrapped by solid-water layer, the only mechanical effect due to water pressure is to compress particles; while if the interparticle solid water could be extruded undergoing enough force with suitable confinement, the mechanical effects due to increasing water pressure are not only to compress particles more but also to enhance interparticle friction because the indirect interparticle contact could be changed into direct contact to consequently alter the interparticle friction. Because solid water is not likely to be extruded by pressure alone, if the particle compression is negligible relative to the soil-mass compression, two assumptive conditions for effective stress equation are reasonable. Moreover, a simple monitoring test on water content is conducted to certify that the solid-water layer should always exist in soils under ambient conditions, so the ordinarily oven-dried soil samples used in conventional geotechnical tests carried out under ambient conditions could be just “nominally dry” samples with the effects due to solid water.
Sales Associations between Brand Stores Based on Spatial Interaction Effects
Authors: Sui Yuepeng , Li Guoxin , Ge Jiaoju
Published: June 2021

There is a dearth of research concerning location-based service (LBS), including its determinants and antecedents. However, it is still unclear how LBS influences a brand store’s profit with the consideration of surrounding stores. To fill the gap, this study focuses on the influence of surrounding store information on sales of a brand store from the perspective of LBS. By analyzing spatial data, sales data, and shopper flow data of 737 brand stores for a large shopping mall in China with spatial Dubin model, this study identifies several findings: (1) sales and shopper stay times in surrounding stores can negatively influence sales of a brand store; (2) store types can moderate the relationship between the sales of surrounding stores and those of a brand store; (3) shopper flow in surrounding stores can also influence the sales of a brand store depending on the volume of shopper flow at different times in a day. This study has implications for academics and practitioners.
Targeting a Radiosensitizing Antibody–Drug Conjugate to a Radiation-Inducible Antigen
Authors: Lewis Calvin D. , Singh Abhay K. , Hsu Fong-Fu , Thotala Dinesh , Hallahan Dennis E. , Kapoor Vaishali
Published: June 2021

Purpose:

We recently discovered that anti-TIP1 antibody activates endocytosis in cancer cells, which facilitates retention of antibody and dissociation of a conjugated drug. To improve the pharmacokinetics and cancer specificity of radiosensitizing drugs, we utilized antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) that bind specifically to radiation-inducible antigen, TIP1, on non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This approach exploits the long circulation time of antibodies to deliver a radiosensitizing drug to cancer each day during radiotherapy.

Experimental Design:

Antibodies to TIP1 were prioritized based on affinity, cancer-specific binding, and internalization. The lead antibody, 7H5, was conjugated with a cytotoxic drug MMAE because of its ability to radiosensitize cancer. Cytotoxicity, colony formation, and tumor growth studies were performed with 7H5-VcMMAE in combination with radiation.

Results:

7H5 showed a high affinity to recombinant TIP1 protein and radiation-inducible TIP1 on the cancer cell surface. 7H5 undergoes endocytosis in NSCLC cells in vitro. We obtained an average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 4.25 for 7H5-VcMMAE. A 70% reduction in viable cells was observed following 7H5-VcMMAE treatment compared with 7H5 alone in both A549 and H1299 cells. 7H5-VcMMAE sensitized NSCLC cells to radiation, thereby significantly decreasing the surviving fraction. The ADC combined with radiation showed a prolonged delay in tumor growth and improved survival in A549 and H1299 tumor models.

Conclusions:

Targeting radiation-inducible TIP1 with a radiosensitizing ADC is a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of NSCLC. This novel approach of targeting with ADCs to radiation-inducible antigens will lead to clinical trials in lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Microvascular Variations in Pre- and Posttreatment of Retinoblastoma Tumors
Authors: Fernandez Juan P. , Haider Asghar A. , Vajzovic Lejla , Ponugoti Arathi , Kelly Michael P. , Materin Miguel A.
Published: June 2021

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to describe variations in microvasculature before and after treatment of treatment-naive lesions and during consolidation therapy of retinoblastoma lesions using an investigational portable optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) system. Methods: This study is a single-center, prospective, observational case series. Recruited subjects were either undergoing surveillance for retinoblastoma or had newly detected retinoblastoma. Nine tumors from 7 eyes in 6 patients were included. During exams under anesthesia, the tumors were imaged with an investigational portable OCTA system. OCTA images were analyzed to assess vascular changes before and after treatment. Results: In all 6 presented cases, OCTA imaging revealed distinctive vascular patterns, such as dilated feeder arteries and draining veins, disorganized and complex branching patterns, irregular vessel calibers, and dilation and tortuosity of vessels. After treatment, OCTA imaging revealed decreased intrinsic tumor vascularity and reduced dilation of draining and feeder vessels. Tumor relapse demonstrated prominent vascularity (n = 1) that resolved on repeat OCTA after transpupillary thermotherapy treatment. Type 2 (n = 1), 3 (n = 6), and 4 (n = 1) tumor regression patterns were seen in our patients after treatment, and OCTA findings were consistent with a previously published report. Interestingly, in one of the presented cases, OCTA demonstrated clear feeder, draining, and intrinsic tumor vessels that were not as evident on fluorescein angiography. Conclusions: OCTA may offer a noninvasive and sensitive technique to evaluate the vasculature of both the tumor and the surrounding retina in retinoblastoma. With additional research and development into its use in patients with retinoblastoma, OCTA may one day be useful in assessing treatment response and residual tumor activity.
BAM15, a Mitochondrial Uncoupling Agent, Attenuates Inflammation in the LPS Injection Mouse Model: An Adjunctive Anti-Inflammation on Macrophages and Hepatocytes
Authors: Dang Cong Phi , Issara-Amphorn Jiraphorn , Charoensappakit Awirut , Udompornpitak Kanyarat , Bhunyakarnjanarat Thansita , Saisorn Wilasinee , Sae-Khow Kritsanawan , Leelahavanichkul Asada
Published: June 2021

Controlof immune responses through the immunometabolism interference is interesting for sepsis treatment. Then, expression of immunometabolism-associated genes and BAM15, a mitochondrial uncoupling agent, was explored in a proinflammatory model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Accordingly, the decreased expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins was demonstrated by transcriptomic analysis on metabolism-associated genes in macrophages (RAW246.7) and by polymerase chain reaction in LPS-stimulated RAW246.7 and hepatocytes (Hepa 1–6). Pretreatment with BAM15 at 24 h prior to LPS in macrophages attenuated supernatant inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10), downregulated genes of proinflammatory M1 polarization (iNOS and IL-1β), upregulated anti-inflammatory M2 polarization (Arg1 and FIZZ), and decreased cell energy status (extracellular flux analysis and ATP production). Likewise, BAM15 decreased expression of proinflammatory genes (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and iNOS) and reduced cell energy in hepatocytes. In LPS-administered mice, BAM15 attenuated serum cytokines, organ injury (liver enzymes and serum creatinine), and tissue cytokines (livers and kidneys), in part, through the enhanced phosphorylated αAMPK, a sensor of ATP depletion with anti-inflammatory property, in the liver, and reduced inflammatory monocytes/macrophages (Ly6C +ve, CD11b +ve) in the liver as detected by Western blot and flow cytometry, respectively. In conclusion, a proof of concept for inflammation attenuation of BAM15 through metabolic interference-induced anti-inflammation on macrophages and hepatocytes was demonstrated as a new strategy of anti-inflammation in sepsis.
Transparency in Environmental and Resource Governance: Theories of Change for the EITI
Authors: Le Billon Philippe , Lujala Päivi , Rustad Siri Aas
Published: June 2021

Transparency is now a core principle in environmental and resource governance. Responding to calls for a clearer identification of pathways from transparency to effective change, this article identifies three “Theories of Change” for governance-by-disclosure and applies them to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). Among the best known global transparency initiatives, the EITI has used an inclusive multistakeholder governance model and elaborate compliance standards, disclosing trillions of dollars in natural resource revenues. Yet, after two decades, the EITI is still largely without an explicit and proven theory. This study finds that a Theory of Change for the EITI is possible, valuable, and even necessary as the EITI risks becoming obsolete in some participating countries. The proposed Theories of Change provide valuable templates for environmental and resource governance, yet such models need to reflect national contexts, needs, challenges, and objectives to ensure fit and effective implementation, including measures enforcing accountability.
Mid-frontal Theta during Conflict in a Value-based Decision Task
Authors: Senftleben Ulrike , Scherbaum Stefan
Published: June 2021

Mid-frontal theta is a sensitive marker for cognitive conflict. However, most research focuses on cognitive control paradigms (e.g., the Flanker task). Here, we ask if mid-frontal theta is also sensitive to response conflicts within value-based decision-making. We recorded electroencephalography activity during a value-based binary decision task. In this task, participants collected rewards in a virtual two-dimensional world. In each trial, we presented two reward options that were either quick to collect but were smaller in value, or took longer to collect but were larger in value. The subjective value of each option was driven by the options' value and how quickly it could be reached. We used this task to investigate three types of potential conflicts: choice ambiguity, choice repetitions, and temporal delay. We manipulated choice ambiguity by varying the subjective values of the decision options. For choice repetition, we biased participants toward one option for two trials and then tested how that affected the subsequent decision. We manipulated temporal delay by making one option quick to collect and one longer to collect. The behavioral results showed the expected effects: Decision times were shorter for unambiguous choices, participants showed a tendency to repeat the previous choice and decision times were shorter for repetitions, and decision times were shorter for earlier available choices. Response-locked mid-frontal theta power was increased for choice switches as compared to choice repetitions, and for the later available as compared to the earlier available option, but we found no effect of ambiguity.
Drawn to Distraction: Anxiety Impairs Neural Suppression of Known Distractor Features in Visual Search
Authors: Salahub Christine , Emrich Stephen M.
Published: June 2021

When searching for a target, it is possible to suppress the features of a known distractor. This suppression may prevent distractor processing altogether or only after the distractor initially captures attention (i.e., search and destroy). However, suppression may be impaired in individuals with attentional control deficits, such as in high anxiety. In this study (n = 48), we used ERPs to examine the time course of attentional enhancement and suppression when participants were given pretrial information about target or distractor features. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that individuals with higher levels of anxiety had lower neural measures of suppressing the template-matching distractor, instead showing enhanced processing. These findings indicate that individuals with anxiety are more likely to use a search-and-destroy mechanism of negative templates—highlighting the importance of attentional control abilities in distractor-guided search.
Cyclic Expansion in Agree: Maximal Projections as Probes
Authors: Clem Emily
Published: June 2021

When we couple the cyclic expansion of a probe’s domain assumed in Cyclic Agree (Rezac 2003, 2004, Béjar and Rezac 2009) with the lack of formal distinction between heads, intermediate projections, and phrases emphasized in Bare Phrase Structure (Chomsky 1995a,b), an interesting prediction arises. Maximal projections should be able to probe through the same mechanisms that allow intermediate projections to probe in familiar cases of Cyclic Agree. I argue that this prediction is borne out. I analyze agreeing adjunct C in Amahuaca (Panoan; Peru) as a maximal projection that probes its c-command domain in second-cycle Agree. This account derives C’s simultaneous sensitivity to DPs within its own clause and in the clause to which it adjoins. Therefore, I conclude that Amahuaca provides evidence that maximal projections can be probes. The account also yields insight into the syntax of switch-reference in Panoan and beyond.
Taxonomic review of the subfamily Lohmannellinae (Acari: Trombidiformes: Halacaridae) with morphological comparisons among genera
Authors: ABÉ HIROSHI
Published: June 2021

Taxonomic review of the halacarid subfamily Lohmannellinae is carried out with regard to morphology, biology, habitat, geographical distribution, and bibliography. The subfamily is one of 16 subfamilies in the family Halacaridae and consists of five genera, Lohmannella, Porolohmannella, Scaptognathides, Scaptognathus, and Xenohalacarus, which include 38, 1, 11, 31, and 1 known species, respectively. The genera Scaptognathides, Scaptognathus, and Xenohalacarus are marine, Porolohmannella is a freshwater inhabitant, and Lohmannella lives in marine and freshwater. The species in this subfamily are mostly arenicolous and probably carnivorous or omnivorous in feeding habits. As for the geographic distribution, Lohmannella shows almost cosmopolitan distribution; Scaptognathus is also widely distributed except for polar regions. The genus Scaptognathides is distributed more in southern oceans than in the northern circle, and Xenohalacarus is restricted to the Coral Sea. The freshwater genus Porolohmannella has wide inland distribution except for the African, South American, Australian, and Antarctic continents. Based on morphological comparisons among five genera, Scaptognathus is regarded as the most unique taxon and Lohmannella and Porolohmannella as rather conservative taxa in the subfamily.
Monopelopia Fittkau, 1962, a newly recorded genus from Oriental China (Diptera, Chironomidae) with a description of Monopelopia zhengi Lin sp. n.
Authors: DUAN XIN , CHANG TONG , JIAO KE-LONG , WANG XIN-HUA , LIN XIAO-LONG
Published: June 2021

The genus Monopelopia Fittkau, 1962 is newly recorded from Oriental China. Monopelopia zhengi Lin sp. n., is described and illustrated based on an adult male from Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. In addition, an updated key to adult males of Monopelopia is provided.
Effect of Different Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lights on the Behavior and Habits of Scopulasub punctaria Herrichet Schaeffer
Authors: Qiao Li , Guo Shibao , Jin Yinli , Wang Chunsheng , Yin Jian , Geng Shubao
Published: June 2021

To investigate the phototaxis and photophobism behaviors and the gender differences of S. punctaria in response to different light spectra, 18 lights with wavelengths 370–600 nm were used, and effects of green spectrum (520–525 nm) and yellow spectrum (590–595
nm) on the oviposition, hatching rate, eclosion rate and longevity of S. punctaria (indoor fresh leaf-bred for 5 generations) were studied. The results showed that under the light of 370–665 nm, both female and male adults of S. punctaria had the phototropic and photoevasive
behaviors (showed multi peaks), with females tended to orange and violet lights (395–400 nm); males tended to amber and violet light (370–375 nm). After 520–525 nm and 590–595 nm light irradiation at night, the number of oviposition decreased by 55.70% and 44% (significant
difference); and the hatching rate decreased by 13.33% and 9%, respectively. Both the above two lights have effects on the pre-oviposition and average oviposition period, and have significant effect on the longevity of female adults, while no significant effect on male adults; and both the
longevity of female and male adults was prolonged with the increased population density. This study is expected to provide a reference for the research and biocontrol of S. punctaria.
Heating Effect on Protein’s Aggregation in Goat and Bovine Milk Based on One and Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Xue Haiyan , Yi Meixia , He Baoyuan , Liu Xiaofeng , Cheng Ni , Song Hongxin
Published: June 2021

Goat milk has been considered as a possible alternative of bovine milk because of hypoallergenic. The milk protein is the major allergenic substances, however, the differences of proteins have been few demonstrated in processing between goat and bovine milk. To explore the influence
of three heat treatment and ultrahigh pressure (UHP, at 500 MPa and 17 °C) on milk, we investigated the differences of proteins in the two types of milk by one and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D and 2D PAGE) methods. β-lactoglobulin (β-LG)
from goat milk showed one big band and migrated slower than α-lactalbumin (α-LA) on the native gel; while bovine milk showed two β-LG bands that had higher mobility ratio than other protein bands. The pasteurizing (63 °C, 30 min) and UHT (143 °C,
15 s) led to no obvious missing of protein bands, but the boiling treatment (100 °C, 3 min) caused binding of whey protein with κ-CN and αs2-CN in both types of milk. UHP treatment of milk also causes β-LG aggregates with casein by forming disulfide-bonded.
All of the treatments indicated that goat milk was more sensitive to heat and pressure than bovine milk to form the aggregates and heat processing had the greatest effect on β-LG. This study could be helpful in understanding the difference in technological-functional properties
of the two types of milk.
Optimization of Soluble Dietary Fiber from Ultrafine Bamboo Powder by Ball Milling and Adsorption Capacity of Heavy Metals
Authors: Ge Qing , Li Peng , Li Chen , Wu Peng-Tao , Li Hang-Qing , Xiao Zhu-Qian , Mao Jian-Wei
Published: June 2021

Ball milling was investigated to increase the yield of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from bamboo powder. The extraction of SDF from bamboo powder was studied by response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions were: pulverization time 4.64 h, temperature 23.3 °C and
ball-to-material ratio of 11.31:1 (g/g). Under optimal extraction conditions, the SDF yield was up to 6.03%. In addition, the dietary fiber prepared with superfine pulverizing showed the higher water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, swelling capacity and binding ability of two toxic
cations (Pb and Cu) than that of untreated sample. SEM displayed the surface of bamboo powder pretreated by superfine pulverizing was rough and collapsed. Our results confirmed that SDF from bamboo by ball milling had high application potential and could be used as functional components of
feed products.
Evaluation of “Genotype x Environment” Interaction for Performance in the Potential Energy PlantXanthoceras sorbifoliumUnder Multi-Environment
Authors: Ma Yunxia , Wu Jian , Tao Yonghua , Bi Quanxin , Li Zhiqiang , Cheng Boya , Du Sha , Li Haonan , Zhang Yue , Guo Xinyu , Li Gangtie , Wang Libing
Published: June 2021

Xanthoceras sorbifoliumBunge has attracted the attention of the world because of its potential to produce biodiesel. We tested the traits of the seedlings ofX. sorbifoliumfrom 26 natural provenances cultivated in three locations of Zhangwu (ZW), Jingbian (JB) and Anqiu (AQ), and analyzed the genotype x environment interaction by BLUP-GGE method. The results showed that the genotype effect, environmental main effect and genotype-environment interaction effect have significant influence onX. sorbifoliumgrowth in the early growth stage, and the variation of ground diameter is greater than that of tree height. The genotypes G25 with the highest yield at the early growth stage, G15 with the highest stable yield, and G9, G12 and G10 with good yield and stable yield were selected. Among them, G12 is a specific high quality genotype for ZW, G10 has the best tree height in JB and AQ, and G9 has the best ground diameter in AQ. This information can evaluate each experimental site and high-quality genotypes, and provide scientific guidance and basis for subsequent biodiesel production ofX. sorbifolium.
Comparative Investigation of AlGaN/AlN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors with Pd/GaN and Pd/Al2O3/GaN Gate Structures
Authors: Tsai Jung-Hui , Niu Jing-Shiuan , Huang Xin-Yi , Liu Wen-Chau
Published: June 2021

In this article, the electrical characteristics of Al0.28Ga0.72 N/AlN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor high electron mobility transistor (MOS-HEMT) with a 20-nm-thick Al2O3 layer by using radio-frequency sputtering as the gate dielectric layer
are compared to the conventional metal-semiconductor HEMT (MS-HEMT) with Pd/GaN gate structure. For the insertion of the Al2O3 layer, the energy band near the AlN/GaN heterojunction is lifted slightly up and the 2DEG at the heterojunction is reduced to shift the threshold
voltage to the right side. Experimental results exhibits that though the maximum drain current decreases about 6.5%, the maximum transconductance increases of 9%, and the gate leakage current significantly reduces about five orders of magnitude for the MOS-HEMT than the MS-HEMT.
Comparison of Volumetric Dimensional Changes of Calcium Aluminate, Resin Modified Glass Ionomers and Resin Luting Cements Among Different Storage Conditions
Authors: Alobaidi Eassa , Labban Nawaf , Haug Steven , Levon John A. , Brown David T. , Bottino Marco C. , Platt Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2021

Objective: The aim was to evaluate the volumetric dimensional changes of calcium aluminate glass-ionomer luting agent to resin modified-Glass ionomer cement (RM-GIC), self-etch and conventional resin based cement (RBC) among different storage conditions. Methods: Twenty
cylindrical specimens (7 mm × 2 mm) for four cements [Calcium aluminate (Ceramir-CM), RM-GIC (Fuji Plus-FP), RBC (Rely X Ultimate-RA) and RBC-self-etch (Rely X Unicem-RU)] were fabricated and polished. Five specimens from each material were randomly assigned to the four test conditions.
These conditions were silicone oil at 22 °C and 37 °C and distilled water at 22 °C and 37 °C respectively. A resolution balance was used to measure the weight of each specimen at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Archimedes’ principle equations were used to measure volumetric dimensional
changes. Ion release analysis for Ca+ and OH- of the storage medium solution of calcium aluminate cement was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy and pH measurement respectively at 1, 2, 3 and 7 weeks. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. Results:
A significant difference in volumetric changes (ρ < 0.05) was observed for different cements. Calcium aluminate (CM) showed maximum volumetric changes followed by FP. However, resin cements (RA and RU) showed significantly lower volumetric changes. Oil immersion exhibited shrinkage
and water immersion showed volumetric expansion in all materials. Increase in duration of immersion, increased the dimensional changes (shrinkage or expansion) among all cement groups (ρ < 0.05). Both temperature and duration showed significant influence on Ca+ ion
release. Conclusions: Calcium aluminate cement had the highest level of dimensional changes (17.28% and 20.52%) while both resin luting agents show least expansion without a significant difference between them. Ceramir luting agent expands significantly in water and continues to release
Ca2+ ions with time and higher temperature. The clinical use of calcium aluminate cements based on the high dimensional changes observed in the study is debatable.
Numerical Determination of Critical Configuration for Mechanical Properties of Metallic Glasses with Notches
Authors: Yan J. F. , Meng W. J. , Chen Z. , Guo H. , Yan X. G.
Published: June 2021

A numerical study based on a revised free-volume theory was carried out to determine the critical configuration for mechanical properties in metallic glass with notches. Firstly, parameters being used in constitutive laws were developed and validated to quantitatively describe the asymmetry
of tension and compression. Then, systematical simulations under compressive loadings were performed on samples where different horizontal width and vertical distance of two adjacent notches were designed. Engineering stress-strain curves, global strength and uniform elongation were plotted
against individual geometrical configuration. Analyses were carried out to reveal the shear banding process of different samples by means of free-volume distribution obtained by simulations. Conclusive illustration recommended a geometrical configuration by which notched samples could display
a remarkable plasticity and high strength. It is helpful to material fabrication for metallic glass based porous materials.
Influence of atmospheric circulation on glacier mass balance in western Tibet: an analysis based on observations and modeling
Authors: Zhu Meilin , Thompson Lonnie G. , Zhao Huabiao , Yao Tandong , Yang Wei , Jin Shengqiang
Published: June 2021

Glacier changes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have been spatially heterogeneous in recent decades. The understanding of glacier mass changes in western Tibet, a transitional area between the monsoon-dominated region and the westerlies-dominated region, is still incomplete. For this study, we used an energy-mass balance model to reconstruct annual mass balances from October 1967 to September 2019 to explore the effects of local climate and large-scale atmospheric circulation on glacier mass changes in western Tibet. The results showed Xiao Anglong Glacier is close to a balanced condition, with an average value of -53±185 mm w.e. a-1for 1968-2019. The interannual mass balance variability during 1968-2019 was primary driven by ablation-season precipitation, which determined changes in the snow accumulation and strongly influenced melt processes. The interannual mass balance variability during 1968-2019 was less affected by ablation-season air temperature, which only weakly affected snowfall and melt energy. Further analysis suggests that the southward (or northward) shift of the westerlies caused low (or high) ablation-season precipitation, and therefore low (or high) annual mass balance for glaciers in western Tibet. In addition, the average mass balance for Xiao Anglong Glacier was 83±185, -210±185, and -10±185 mm w.e. a-1for 1968-1990, 1991-2012, and 2013-2019, respectively. These mass changes were associated with the variations in precipitation and air temperature during the ablation season on interdecadal time scales.
Appendectomy on Board a Submarine by a Pharmacist’s Mate Under the South China Sea During World War II
Authors: Hansen Dwayne M. , Aaland Mary
Published: June 2021

A historical review and case report of the first appendectomy ever performed on a submarine 120 feet below sea level and far behind enemy lines during World War II. This case history will be told uniquely from the perspective of a modern-day rural surgeon with an emphasis on the extraordinary leadership, teamwork, and heroism of the endeavor. All health care providers and administrators are in desperate need of these qualities to successfully unite, navigate, and conquer the attacks on today’s health care system.
“Uneasy Lies the Head that Wears a Crown”: A Critical Race Analysis of the CROWN Act
Authors: Pitts Britney
Published: June 2021

Black hair in the United States remains misunderstood and othered against Eurocentric standards of beauty and professionalism as evidenced by the ongoing policing of Black hair in schools and workplaces. The CROWN Act of 2019 was passed in several states to protect Black adults and children from hair-biased discrimination, and was introduced to the United States Congress in December 2019. In September 2020, the CROWN Act passed in the US House of Representatives, however, it has not been passed in the Senate, yet. In this paper, I provide a critical race analysis of hair policies and challenges collected from news articles, the CROWN Research Study, and testimonies in support of the CROWN Act to demonstrate the importance of this bill’s passing at the federal level.
Usability Evaluation of a Cognitive-Behavioral App-Based Intervention for Binge Eating and Related Psychopathology: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Linardon Jake , King Teagan , Shatte Adrian , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew
Published: June 2021

Despite their promise as a scalable intervention modality for binge eating and related problems, reviews show that engagement of app-based interventions is variable. Issues with usability may account for this. App developers should undertake usability testing so that any problems can be identified and fixed prior to dissemination. We conducted a qualitative usability evaluation of a newly-developed app for binge eating in 14 individuals with a diagnostic- or subthreshold-level binge eating symptoms. Participants completed a semi-structured interview and self-report measures. Qualitative data were organized into six themes: usability, visual design, user engagement, content, therapeutic persuasiveness, and therapeutic alliance. Qualitative and quantitative results indicated that the app demonstrated good usability. Key advantages reported were its flexible content-delivery formats, level of interactivity, easy-to-understand information, and ability to track progress. Concerns with visual aesthetics and lack of professional feedback were raised. Findings will inform the optimal design of app-based interventions for eating disorder symptoms.
Surgical Techniques for Tonsillectomy and Perioperative Respiratory Complications in Children
Authors: Baijal Rahul G. , Wyatt Karla E. , Shittu Teniola , Chen Eugenia Y. , Wei Eric Z. , Tan Christine J. , Lee Maxwell , Mehta Deepak K.
Published: June 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of perioperative respiratory complications in children following tonsillectomy with cold and hot dissection surgical techniques.

Study Design

The study was a retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Retrospective chart review was performed for all children presenting for a tonsillectomy at Texas Children’s Hospital from November 2015 to December 2017.

Methods

Pre‐ and intraoperative patient factors, including surgical technique with cold or hot dissection (electrocautery or radiofrequency ablation), and perioperative anesthetic factors were collected to determine the incidence of perioperative respiratory complications.

Results

A total of 2437 patients underwent a tonsillectomy at Texas Children’s Hospital from November 2015 to December 2017. The incidence of perioperative respiratory complications was 20.0% (n = 487). Sickle cell disease, cardiac disease, reactive airway disease, pulmonary disease, age >2 and <3 years, and obesity, defined as a body mass index >95th percentile for age, were significant for overall perioperative respiratory complications. There was no difference in the incidence of perioperative respiratory complications in children undergoing tonsillectomy by cold or hot dissection.

Conclusion

Perioperative respiratory complications following tonsillectomy are more affected by patient factors than surgical technique.
Clearance of severely elevated plasma free hemoglobin with total plasma exchange in a pediatric ECMO patient
Authors: Houston Stephaine , Patel Shruti , Badheka Aditya , Lee-Son Kathy
Published: June 2021

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-related hemolysis is common with reported incidence of 5%–18%. Plasma free hemoglobin (PFH) levels are used as a marker for hemolysis and elevated PFH is associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). Limited literature exists regarding treatment of severe hemolysis and clearance of PFH. We report 8-year-old male child on VA ECMO with severe hemolysis (PFH 895 mg/dL) and worsening AKI showing significant improvement in PFH after single volume exchange plasmapheresis with Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) performed in tandem via ECMO circuit.
HIV-negative case of Talaromyces marneffei pulmonary infection with a TSC2 mutation
Authors: Shen Qian , Sheng Lingyan , Zhou Jianying
Published: June 2021

Talaromyces marneffei is a rare dimorphic pathogenic fungus that can induce severe infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. However, such infections have also been reported in non-HIV hosts. This current case report describes a very rare case of a T. marneffei pulmonary infection in an HIV-negative patient with a mutation in the tuberous sclerosis complex subunit 2 ( TSC2) gene. A 24-year-old male patient presented with cough and expectoration for 6 months. Computed tomography showed multiple ground-glass opacities and cystic and cavitated lesions in both lungs. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was performed to confirm T. marneffei pulmonary infection. The results were further verified using bronchoscopy specimen cultures. This was an HIV-negative patient without a travel history to endemic zones and his blood exon sequencing results showed a mutation in the TSC2 gene. To date, he has recovered well with voriconazole therapy. In summary, patients with TSC2 mutations that induce bronchopulmonary dysplasia may be potential hosts for T. marneffei. Early and timely diagnosis is important for improving prognosis. NGS plays a critical role in the diagnosis of T. marneffei pulmonary infection.
Development of a myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm-unclassifiable in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia: a case report and literature review
Authors: Zhao Meifang , Sun Jingnan , Liu Shanshan , Fan Hongqiong , Fu Yu , Tan Yehui , Gao Sujun
Published: June 2021

Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPNs) are a heterogeneous group of hematologic malignancies characterized by dysplastic and myeloproliferative overlapping features in the bone marrow and blood. The occurrence of the disease is related to age, prior history of MPN or MDS, and recent cytotoxic or growth factor therapy, but it rarely develops after acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We report a rare case of a patient diagnosed with AML with t(8; 21)(q22; q22) who received systematic chemotherapy. After 4 years of follow-up, MDS/MPN-unclassifiable occurred without signs of primary AML recurrence.
Microtransit Has the Potential to Flip Transit on Its Head
Authors: Mayaud Jerome , Ward Francesca , Andrews Josh
Published: June 2021

Fixed-route transit in the U.S.A. is facing stiff competition from more convenient mobility options. Microtransit—shared transportation that offers dynamic routing and scheduling to efficiently match demand—is emerging as an ally to fixed-route services. However, its positive impacts are too often constrained by the politics and economics imposed by existing transit infrastructure. This paper proposes a solution that “flips transit on its head.” By rapidly prototyping microtransit services across cities and analyzing supply-demand mismatches, it is possible to launch truly data-driven transit services. To illustrate the framework, a unique dataset generated from a year of Dallas Area Rapid Transit’s GoLink service, one of the largest on-demand microtransit services in North America, is used. Mapping and machine learning are combined to empower planners to “join the dots” when (re)designing fixed-route transit lines. It is shown that microtransit should not simply fill in the gaps left by inefficiently scheduled bus routes: by incorporating it fully into their planning processes, cities and transit agencies could dramatically reverse the fortunes of public transit.
Maternal Characteristics Mediating the Impact of Household Poverty on the Nutritional Status of Children Under 5 Years of Age in Bangladesh
Authors: Ghosh Probir Kumar , Das Pritimoy , Goswam Doli Rani , Islam Ausraful , Chowdhury Sukanta , Mollah Mohammad Manir , Harun Golam Dostogir , Akhtar Zubair , Chowdhury Fahmida
Published: June 2021

Objectives:

We explored the maternal characteristics that mediate the effect of household poverty on childhood undernutrition.

Methods:

We used the population-based Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey data from 2014 for demographic characteristics, child and maternal factors.

Results:

Of the 7173 under-5 children, 3456 (48.2%) had undernutrition. The prevalence of undernutrition was less common in wealthy households (poorest vs richest: adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.37), mothers having history of antenatal care (ANC) visits (no visit vs ≥ 4 visits: aPR = 1.22), maternal higher education (no education vs higher education: aPR = 1.54), and mothers with good nutritional status (underweight vs healthy: aPR = 1.13). The risk of undernutrition (37.1%) was attributed to household wealth, mediated 55% by maternal factors; of which 20% by maternal education, 21% by ANC visits, and 14% by maternal nutritional status.

Conclusions:

Our study findings outlined higher maternal education, ≥ 4 ANC visits and good maternal nutritional status in mediating the impact of household wealth on childhood nutrition.
Conservative management of grade 4 and 5 renal injuries: A high-volume trauma center experience
Authors: Glykas Ioannis , Fragkoulis Charalampos , Paizis Theodoros , Papadopoulos Georgios , Stathouros Georgios , Ntoumas Konstantinos
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

Traumatic renal injuries represent a major public health issue concerning mostly young men. Over the last decades there is growing debate regarding the management of high-grade renal injuries due to the emerging role of conservative treatment. The aim of this study is to present our experience in the conservative management of patients presenting with grade 4 or grade 5 renal injuries in our department.

Material and methods:

In this retrospective, single center study we evaluated data from a total of 57 hemodynamically stable patients who were managed conservatively for grade 4 or grade 5 renal injuries from 2015 to 2019 in our high-volume trauma center. Grading was based on contrast enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans. Patients managed with immediate nephrectomy due to hemodynamic instability and patients who underwent immediate laparotomy due to concomitant injuries or penetrating wounds were excluded from the study.

Results:

A total of 54 patients diagnosed either with grade 4 or grade 5 renal trauma were finally successfully managed conservatively and included in the study. Median age was 34 years. Most patients presented with grade 4 renal trauma while five patients presented with grade 5 renal injury. Concomitant injuries not requiring surgical intervention were present in 48 patients. Continuous renal bleeding was detected in 15 patients (27.8%) and subsequent arterial embolization was performed with no further intervention required. Urine leak was diagnosed in 12 patients treated either by double j stent or by nephrostomy tube.

Conclusions:

Grade 4 and selected cases of grade 5 renal trauma can be treated conservatively with close monitoring and CT scan protocols in hemodynamic stable patients. In cases of continuous bleeding, arterial embolization can be performed. In cases of severe urine leak conservative management is also feasible either by inserting a double j stent or a nephrostomy tube.
A Guide to Using the Synthetic Control Method to Quantify the Effects of Shocks, Policies, and Shocking Policies
Authors: Adhikari Bibek
Published: June 2021

Governments introduce various policies intending to improve the overall economy or to influence individual behavior. However, estimating the causal impact of these policies is challenging. I describe how the Synthetic Control Method (SCM) can be used in undergraduate econometrics or capstone courses to estimate the impact of economic policies. The SCM is a data-driven design that provides a systematic way of constructing a comparison group that looks very similar to the group implementing the policy. Thus, it allows us to estimate the policy’s impact by comparing the outcome variable’s post-policy path between the policy group and the comparison group. I review a broad range of policies and events that are analyzed using this method, briefly describe the theory behind the method, discuss various best practices, and provide a step-by-step implementation guide using the adoption of a value-added tax (VAT) by France as an example.

JEL Classifications: C01, A1, A2
Cross-National Comparison of Breastfeeding, Malnutrition and Associated Risk Factors among Mexican-Origin Children Living in Mexico and the US
Authors: Campos Ana Paola , Vilar-Compte Mireya , Hawkins Summer Sherburne
Published: June 2021

To examine breastfeeding, individual and household risk factors for malnutrition (i.e., overweight and stunting) among Mexican-origin children aged 6 to 35 months living in Mexico and the US. We ran logistic regression models using subsamples of the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey, and four waves (2007-2014) of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We found evidence for a protective effect of any breastfeeding on stunting in Mexico. Risk factors for overweight and stunting across countries were high- and low-birthweight, correspondingly. An additional risk factor for overweight was introducing complementary foods before 6 months; while being male, living in Mexico and moderate-severe household food insecurity were additional risk factors for stunting. To prevent malnutrition among Mexican-origin children, pre- and post-natal culturally-sensitive policies and interventions in both countries should be aimed toward preventing high- and low-birthweight, and promoting positive maternal health behaviors such as appropriate child feeding practices.
Ruxolitinib is an alternative to etoposide for patient with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis complicated by acute renal injury: A case report
Authors: Yan Wei-Ling , Yang Shi-Long , Zhao Fen-Ying , Xu Xiao-Jun
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening syndrome characterized by excessive production of inflammatory cytokines and multiple organs injury. Ruxolitinib, an oral selective JAK1/2 inhibitor, has recently shown efficacy and safety in the treatment of secondary HLH, which may be an alternative to intensive chemotherapy.

Case report

We report a case of a 2-year-old boy who presented to our institution with recurrent fever and acute renal failure. We made the diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus related HLH based on the HLH-2004 protocol, and gave the treatment of ruxolitinib instead of etoposide.

Management and outcome

The patient received dexamethasone and continuous renal replacement therapy due to renal failure, but he still had fever and anuria. Given that the use of etoposide may deteriorate renal function, ruxolitinib was administered instead of etoposide. After 5 days of ruxolitinib treatment, the patient’s fever was resolved and renal function also gradually recovered 14 days later.

Discussion

Currently, dexamethasone, etoposide and cyclosporine A are the main drugs in HLH treatment. However, cytotoxic chemotherapy can temporally deteriorate organ damage and induce serious myelosuppression, which makes clinicians hesitate to implement these regimens. Ruxolitinib has shown efficacy in treating HLH without much toxicity in clinical trials. Thus, we suggest that ruxolitinib constitutes a treatment option for secondary HLH complicated by severe renal damage which may reduce toxic effects compared with intense chemotherapy.
Orbital anatomy magnetic resonance imaging in diplopic versus non-diplopic patients after glaucoma drainage device placement
Authors: Shah Saumya M , Kilgore Khin P , Bothun Erick D , Hunt Christopher H , Khanna Cheryl L
Published: June 2021

Purpose:

New-onset persistent diplopia has become a common complication after glaucoma drainage device (GDD) placement. Understanding the orbital anatomy of such patients may provide information regarding risk of diplopia, GDD selection, and post-operative management. The purpose of this study was to examine the orbital anatomic differences in diplopic and non-diplopic patients after GDD implantation using high-resolution MRI.

Methods:

Seven eyes ( N = 4 with diplopia and N = 3 without diplopia after GDD placement) of seven patients that had undergone placement of Baerveldt 250 (B250), Baerveldt 350 (B350), or Ahmed FP7 (FP7) GDD were prospectively enrolled at a single institution. All patients underwent a 3.0T orbital MRI with 3D volumetric T1 and T2 weighted sequence. Images were analyzed for orbital volume, axial length, orbital distances, presence of superior rectus-lateral rectus (SR-LR) band, position of GDD, and SR-LR angles.

Results:

Patients with diplopia had smaller mean ± SD orbital axial (911.5 ± 111.8 mm3 vs 931.7 ± 79.7 mm3) and coronal volumes (1162.5 ± 145.5 mm3 vs 1180 ± 34.6 mm3) compared to non-diplopic patients. Average orbital rim distances were larger for the diplopic group. The SR-LR displacement angle for diplopic patients was larger (101.6° ± 8.1 vs 94.7° ± 17.6) while the SR-LR quadrantic angle (86.6° ± 4.2 vs 89.1° ± 4.3) was smaller. SR-LR band was present and intact in all patients. GDD malpositioning was not evident in any patient.

Conclusion:

The decreased orbital axial and coronal volumes as well as increased orbital rim distances in diplopic patients suggests the need for further studies to understand the role of orbital anatomy in occurrence of diplopia. Dynamic MRI imaging may be helpful in identifying differences in extraocular muscle function that reveal an etiology of diplopia in patients with GDD implantation.