bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Jewish War: Some Neglected Regional Factors
Authors: Curran John R
Published: December 2007

This paper argues that new historical perspectives are possible on the Jewish War if some entrenched thinking on the subject is revisited. The controversial life and apologetic tone of the works of Flavius Josephus have understandably detained scholars, but it is suggested that on some issues tracing the evolution of his thinking and biases permits a more independent reading of his text. Among the consequences which follow, two are particularly important: first, that traces of historic regional dynamics shaping both Roman and Jewish activity during the conflict can be reconstructed, and second, that a distinctive Egyptian component can be isolated in the politics of Flavian usurpation.
Kin-Groups in the Homeric Epics
Authors: Donlan Walter
Published: December 2007

Nineteenth-century theories about the progression of primitive societies (including the Greeks) from a "social organization" made up of small kinship units (clans) and tribes to the "political organization" of the city-state were fundamentally disproved by the demonstration, in the 1970s, that the historical subdivisions of the polis were not derived from clans, phratries, and tribes, as anthropologists defined them, but were new groups that served new purposes. Walter Donlan's paper reexamines the reasons why evidence of supra-familial groups is negligible in the Homeric epics, although at the poet's time they must have existed, and what use the epic poet makes of concepts such as genos/geneē and phrētrē.
Performative Patterns in Hemingway's "Soldier's Home"
Authors: De Baerdemaeker Ruben
Published: December 2007

This essay focuses on the idea of "patterns" in what Hemingway called "the best short story I ever wrote." Against a theoretical background informed by the work of Judith Butler, it is argued that the protagonist, Harold Krebs, suffers from not being able to translate his war-time experiences into the patterns of normativity he encounters upon returning to Oklahoma. This leads him to become a social outsider and a tragic hero who is not likely to find a way out of his emotional predicament and back into normal family life.
PEN/Hemingway Prize Keynote Address Delivered At the John F. Kennedy Library 1 April 2007
Authors: Jones Edward P
Published: December 2007

Each year the Ernest Hemingway Foundation and PEN/New England award the PEN/Hemingway prize for the year's best first work of fiction. The award is presented at a gala reception at the John F. Kennedy Library, home of the Hemingway Collection, and a distinguished author delivers the keynote address. This year, we're pleased to present the keynote address of Edward P. Jones, who spoke at the ceremony honoring 2007 PEN/Hemingway award winner Ben Fountain and his short story collection, Brief Encounters with Che Guevara. Jones is introduced by Florence Ladd, Chair of the Board of Trustees of Hampshire College, and author of the novel Sarah's Psalm, winner of the 1997 Best Fiction Award from the American Library Association's Black Caucus.
Papa y El Tirador: Biographical Parallels in Hemingway's "I Guess Everything Reminds You of Something"
Authors: Clark Robert C
Published: December 2007

Hemingway's relationship with his youngest son, Gregory, became increasingly acrimonious in the years following Pauline Hemingway's tragic death in 1951. Father and son blamed one another for her demise, and it does not appear that they ever reconciled. Around 1955, Hemingway wrote a biographically-based short story called "I Guess Everything Re-minds You of Something," possibly as a means to come to terms with what had happened. When considered alongside the biographical events that inspired it, "I Guess" provides insight into the complex emotions that fueled Ernest and Gregory's estrangement.
The Pedagogy of The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Daiker Donald A.
Published: December 2007

Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises demonstrates that teaching can be a powerful source of learning for the teacher. Jake Barnes tries to teach Lady Brett Ashley the significance of bullfighting, especially Pedro Romero's, but Brett fails to understand the "course in bull-fighting" that Jake offers. Yet in teaching Brett, Jake himself becomes the learner. In the novel's closing pages, most clearly in the final Madrid sequence, Jake puts into practice the knowledge he has internalized from teaching Brett, becomes the metaphorical bullfighter, and, saying "I'll finish this," ends forever his mutually destructive romantic relationship with Lady Brett.
"The Plot against Narration: Disavowal in The Spoils of Poynton"
Authors: McBride Christine
Published: December 2007

This article challenges the use of homology as an interpretive key to relations between plot, narration, and style. McBride offers an alternative method–interlevel reading–that analyzes the potential for systemic dissonance between narrative levels and argues that this potential is realized in The Spoils of Poynton, where James's plot of possession operates alongside and in opposition to a parallel struggle for possession in narration. Pointing to the limitations of Freudian repression as a narratological concept, this article proposes disavowal as a theoretical model for ambivalent narratives, like Spoils, which give the lie to their own ostensible repressions.
The "Interminable Dramatic Daisy Miller"
Authors: Wortman William A.
Published: December 2007

Henry James dramatized his story "Daisy Miller" as Daisy Miller: A Comedy (1882), but the play has never been produced. Published (1883), it received mostly negative reviews but did, according to publishers' records, achieve modest sales and royalties over the next thirty years. Reviewers and critics have attributed its flaws mainly to James's infatuation with the French well-made play. Eleven other adaptations of the story for radio, TV, film, and stage, 1934-2005, by Allen, Bogdanovich, Greene, Keller, and others, have fared better critically, but none has supplanted the original. Although essentially literary, James's "Daisy Miller" has proved insistently dramatic.
"Ghostlier Demarcations, Keener Sounds": Scare Quotes in "The Jolly Corner"
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: December 2007

Scare quotes usher in a word's figurative use and distance it from its literal meaning, making their frequent occurrence in "The Jolly Corner" fully appropriate, introducing a ghostly aspect to individual words that corresponds to the story's thematic premise. If Spencer Brydon inaugurates the plot by granting the "ghost" of a chance to Alice Staverton's conceit, the haunting that then occurs reflects this tension in literal and figurative usage. For the supplement invoked by scare quotes corresponds to Brydon's unlived life come alive. Yet even as Brydon generates his double by actualizing a figure of speech, the story reveals an ironic inversion, in the ghost's all but literal defiance of Brydon's weakly figurative existence.
"Conventional Signs and Consecrations": Henry James's Theatrical Forms, from "The Théâtre Français" to The Portrait of a Lady
Authors: Eastham Andrew
Published: December 2007

This essay traces James’s ideas about formal conventions in art and life according to the discourse established in his 1876 essay on “The Théâtre Français.” James celebrated the way in which the conventions of the famed company “have been preserved, transmitted, respected.” This essay argues that this discourse of convention, consecration and tradition became central to James’s fictional accounts of personal self-fashioning, informing his representation of aristocratic form and convention in The American and Aestheticism in The Portrait of a Lady .
Stupid Sensations: Henry James, Good Form, and Reading Middlemarch Without a Brain
Authors: Puckett Kent
Published: December 2007

This essay returns to James's intertwined roles as reader, critic, and writer, analyzing Eliot's Middlemarch with James and within contemporary discussions of sensational reading. The brain is, after all, an organ, as James himself emphasizes in "Is There Life After Death?" And the form of the novel is not ideal or abstract but, as "The Art of Fiction" tells us, that of "a living thing, all one and continuous, like any other organism."
What Does Jamesian Style Want?
Authors: Kurnick David
Published: December 2007

Responding to recent work that seeks the ethical force of James's work in his melodramatic plots, this essay argues that the originality of James's ethical imagination resides in his stylistic extravagance. Specifically, the essay examines the much-remarked but little-analyzed fact that characters in late James all sound like one another (and like their creator), and argues that this stylisic universalism harbors a radically collectivist imagination. Against the moralizing and differentiating energies of his plots, the stylistic uniformity of the Jamesian universe powerfully conveys a vision of cooperative endeavor that Kurnick terms performative universalism.
Breast Cancer among Hispanic and non-Hispanic White Women in Arizona
Authors: Martínez María Elena , Nielson Carrie M , Nagle Ray , Lopez Ana Maria , Kim Christina , Thompson Patricia
Published: December 2007

Background. Breast cancer in Hispanic women is poorly understood and data on tumor hormone receptor status in this population are limited. Methods. Using data from the Arizona Cancer Registry, we assessed differences in tumor characteristics between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White (NHW) women using logistic regression modeling. 25,494 invasive breast cancer cases (23,657 NHWs and 1,837 Hispanics) reported to the cancer registry in 1995 to 2003 were included in the analysis. Results. In age-adjusted models, compared with NHW women, Hispanics were more likely to have high-grade cancers, larger tumors, a greater number of positive lymph nodes, and advanced stage at diagnosis. Hispanic women were less likely to have tumors that are both estrogen and progesterone receptor positive (ER+/PR+), particularly those under age 60. Conclusions. The profile of tumor presentation in Hispanic women in Arizona is consistent with a more aggressive disease pattern and less favorable prognosis than that of NHWs.
Demographic, Behavioral, Psychosocial, and Dietary Correlates of Cancer Screening in African Americans
Authors: Satia Jessie A , Galanko Joseph A
Published: December 2007

Purpose: We examined demographic, behavioral, psychosocial, and dietary correlates of prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer screening in a population-based sample of African Americans in North Carolina (n=405). Methods: Cross-sectional data of African Americans in North Carolina were analyzed using linear regression models. Results: Seventy-eight percent of men had obtained prostate screening (PSA test) and 81% of women had received breast cancer screening (mammogram) during the previous two years. Screening rates for CRC were lower (48% women, 31% men in the previous ten years). Older age, college education, and being married were associated with all screening modalities, as was belief in a diet-cancer relationship with PSA testing and mammography. There were correlations of former smoking, obesity, and healthy eating self-efficacy with PSA testing, and family/personal cancer history with CRC screening. Screening for all cancers was associated with lower fat consumption, and PSA testing with high fruit/vegetable intake (p
Mammography Use in the Southern Community Cohort Study (United States)
Authors: Cui Yong , Peterson Neeraja B , Hargreaves Margaret , Wen Wanqing , Patel Kushal , Drake John , Munro Heather M , Signorello Lisa B , Blot William J
Published: December 2007

Purpose: This paper examines the rates of recent mammography use among African American and White women, the influence of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, health insurance coverage, and breast cancer risk factors on recent mammography use and reasons for not having a mammogram. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the Southern Community Cohort Study were used to analyze mammography use among African American and White women. Results: Among 27,123 mostly low-income women age 42–79 in the Southern Community Cohort Study, the rate of recent (within the past 2 years) mammography use was 73% among African Americans and 68% among Whites. Health insurance coverage, age, household income, education, family history of breast cancer, hormone replacement therapy use, and post-menopausal status were positively associated with recent mammography, whereas consumption of 2 or more alcoholic drinks/day was negatively associated. These associations were observed in both African American and White women who never had received a mammogram (non-users) although some variation existed. Differential effects of these factors on recent mammography were also examined in non-users and past users. Doctor has not recommended this test and cost were the two most commonly self-reported reasons for non-use. Conclusions: Characteristics of non-users and past users identified may provide valuable information for maintaining the progress made and for further improving adherence to the screening guidelines.
Employment Characteristics and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Disparities in Smoking Abstinence and Former Smoking Among U.S. Workers
Authors: Fagan Pebbles , Shavers Vickie L , Lawrence Deirdre , Gibson James Todd , O'Connell Mary E
Published: December 2007

Purpose. This study examines the associations among employment and socioeconomic factors and the outcomes, current smoking, cigarette abstinence and former smoking among adult U.S. workers ages 18–64 (n###5###288,813). Methods. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the associations among the variables using cross-sectional data from the 1998–1999 and 2001–2002 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey. Results. Lower odds of current smoking was observed among part-time workers compared to those working variable hours and multiple job holders compared to persons holding one job. The self-employed, part-time workers and multiple job holders had higher odds of former smoking than comparison groups. Employment factors were not associated with short-term abstinence or 12-month abstinence from smoking, but income, education, marital status, and duration of smoking were associated with 12-month abstinence. Conclusions. These data suggest that while employment factors are associated with current and former smoking, socioeconomic factors are associated with long-term quitting.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Pain Management in U.S. - and Foreign-Born Chinese Women with Breast Cancer
Authors: Wong-Kim Evaon , Merighi Joseph R
Published: December 2007

This study explores beliefs about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use for pain management among 15 U.S.-born and 15 foreign-born Chinese women with breast cancer. For this investigation, trilingual interviewers conducted individual, face-to-face, qualitative interviews in Cantonese, Mandarin, or English. All study participants lived in San Francisco, and the foreign-born women had resided in the U.S. for 15 years or fewer. Findings indicate that many participants consider CAM a viable method of pain management. However, concerns about affordability and quality of treatment prevent some women from using CAM on a regular basis. Many participants indicated that Western health care providers are poorly equipped to provide CAM to manage the pain resulting from breast cancer treatment. Future research should explore how access to CAM can be improved for poor and uninsured patients with cancer and how alternative approaches to pain management can be integrated more broadly in the U.S. health care system.
Contested Communion: The Limits of White Solidarity in Nat Turner's Virginia
Authors: Breen Patrick H
Published: December 2007

David Barrow, one of the most vocal antislavery activists of the revolutionary era, played a central role in establishing several Baptist churches in southern Virginia. Barrow's strong antislavery position created significant tensions within these churches. Those who sought to uphold Barrow's antislavery teachings faced stiff resistance from others who accepted and defended chattel slavery. This conflict hindered communion on several occasions between the 1790s and the 1830s as David Barrow's churches debated the possibility of fellowship in the churches so deeply divided on the question of slavery. This paper examines these debates over time and finds that Barrow's former churches clearly distanced themselves from Barrow's antislavery position even as they confirmed a commitment to a non-egalitarian interracial fellowship. During David Barrow's ministry, conflict erupted in the 1790s as Sarah Barrow, David Barrow's wife, and others, tried to exclude slaveholders from communion at Black Creek Baptist Church. These efforts failed. Decades later, another minister at Black Creek Baptist Church, Jonathan Lankford, renewed the debate when he announced that he would withhold communion from the church's slaveholders. This effort to remove slaveholders from communion failed, and Lankford was removed as minister and excommunicated from the church. After Nat Turner's revolt, all of Barrow's former churches suspended their black members. As the fear of another revolt declined, whites debated the wisdom and propriety of resuming interracial fellowship. Despite the intense racial tensions following the revolt, each of Barrow's former churches ultimately determined to bring blacks back into communion.
Communities in Revolt: An Introduction
Authors: Crofts Daniel W
Published: December 2007

Southampton County, Virginia, was the locale for the 9/11 of the Old South's slave system. Randolph Scully, Patrick Breen, and Anthony Kaye show that any effort to understand Nat Turner's extraordinary rampage must build on our understanding of the ordinary and familiar. Churches and evangelical communities stood at the center of the Old South's social order, as did attachments to neighborhoods. Scully and Breen provide fresh readings of Baptist church records. Although the "shocking, exceptional nature of the Turner rebellion" (16) defies easy analysis, Scully notes that Turner was "a frustrated black spiritual virtuosi" (16). Breen studies the months after the Turner rebellion, when evangelical congregations attempted to rebuild communities of trust. Kaye sees the Turner rebellion as a neighborhood undertaking. Too much that is polemical or speculative has been written about Nat Turner. These essays, by contrast, exercise admirable restraint. None claim to find some kind of silver bullet that explains the Turner insurrection. None credit after-the-fact reports of vast conspiracies known to many slaves within a fifty or hundred mile radius. None wish away the obstacles that were sure to crush any slave insurrection in antebellum America. Breen notes that Turner, a young black man who realized that he had far more God-given ability than his white enslavers, grew up in a locale where some local whites didn't approve of slavery, and where some shared with blacks a belief that it was contrary to Christian teaching.
Communities in Revolt: A Comment
Authors: Kolchin Peter
Published: December 2007

This essay comments on three articles appearing in the same issue of the Journal of the Early Republic: Randolph Ferguson Scully, "'I come here before you did and I shall not go away': Race, Gender, and Evangelical Community on the Eve of the Nat Turner Insurrection"; Patrick H. Breen, "Contested Communion: The Limits of White Solidarity in Nat Turner's Virginia"; and Anthony E. Kaye, "Neighborhoods and Nat Turner: The Making of a Slave Rebel and the Unmaking of a Slave Rebellion." Both the comment and the papers originated in a panel session at the 2005 annual convention of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic. The comment suggests that the three articles fit together exceptionally well and demonstrate how local history can provide an ideal setting for raising questions of far more than local interest. Scully and Breen provide book-ends to the Nat Turner insurrection, examining religious tensions in southeastern Virginia on the eve of and immediately following the rebellion. Together, their articles reveal a basic continuity in the dominant pattern of black-white interaction within the Baptist churches of Southampton County, Virginia, a pattern in which segregation and subordination coexisted with a significant degree of black religious autonomy. Kaye focuses on Nat Turner and the revolt that he led, arguing that its most salient characteristic was its local orientation; the revolt "arose from the solidarity of neighborhoods, and it broke apart on the shoals between them." Although these articles have a local focus, they raise big questions, touching on black-white religious interaction, disagreements among whites over the place of blacks in Protestant churches, the sources and limitations of slave rebellion, and the overall impact of the Turner insurrection. Together, they give readers a lot to think about.
''I Come Here Before You Did and I Shall Not Go Away'': Race, Gender, and Evangelical Community on the Eve of the Nat Turner Rebellion
Authors: Scully Randolph Ferguson
Published: December 2007

This article provides an expanded perspective on the Nat Turner rebellion by tracing the developing tensions between black and white visions of evangelicalism in southeastern Virginia in the early nineteenth century. As growing black membership prompted white-controlled churches to segregate and marginalize blacks, blacks took advantage of this segregation to exercise an increasing degree of independent action and judgment about fundamental aspects of evangelical faith. Many of the tensions produced by these developments revolved around the gendered issues of black men's access to religious authority and black congregants' willingness to accept the authority of white male church officials. Unlicensed preaching by black men became a particularly contested issue as black men sought sources of evangelical authority outside of the region's increasingly hostile white-controlled churches. This evolving religious dynamic profoundly affected the Turner rebellion's meanings for black and white Virginians. Nat Turner himself drew on independent black practices of preaching and evangelical authority to shape his leadership and recruit followers, and a variety of both black and white observers suggested that religious resentments helped spur the revolt. The uprising prompted a religious crisis in southeastern Virginia, as both blacks and whites came to distrust the patterns of interaction that had tentatively united them in evangelical fellowship in earlier decades. Understanding the Turner rebellion as an episode in a longer history of religious development and conflict helps us understand these dimensions more completely and better integrates the rebellion itself into the history of social and cultural change in early national Virginia.
Neighborhoods and Nat Turner: The Making of a Slave Rebel and the Unmaking of a Slave Rebellion
Authors: E. Kaye Anthony
Published: December 2007

This article reinterprets Nat Turner's rebellion based on a rereading of The Confessions of Nat Turner elaborating its pervasive theme of neighborhood. A comparison of The Confessions with contemporary newspaper accounts suggests Turner's talk of neighborhood throughout the document is authentic. According to Turner, an ongoing, often contentious negotiation with other slaves gave him a unique place in their neighborhood. He stood out for his precocious intellectual abilities yet reluctantly agreed with neighbors these gifts were God-given. Neighbors scorned Turner after he absconded, only to return a seemingly repentant runaway, yet his initial recruits to the rebellion were all from his neighborhood. The progress of the rebellion itself turned sharply on neighborhood lines. While the rebels remained in their neighborhood, they proceeded swiftly and drew new recruits. Turner marked their entry into a new neighborhood in instructions to one detachment and in a change of tactics. Outside his neighborhood, new divisions surfaced among the rebels. They met the first onslaught of county militia at the gates to Parker's farm, where Turner waited while others went recruiting among slaves who were strangers to him. Turner decided to return to his neighborhood after the rebels met resistance from militia forces again, and he remained in his neighborhood throughout the several weeks he was at large. The neighborhood thesis does not preclude the possibility the revolt extended over a broader terrain, but it underscores the difficulties of uniting such a force and illuminates several puzzling aspects of the rebellion.
Leopold Kompert and the Work of Nostalgia: The Cultural Capital of German Jewish Ghetto Fiction
Authors: Hess Jonathan M.
Published: December 2007

Nineteenth-century intellectuals often decried nostalgia as a widespread social and cultural malaise, issuing harsh indictments of contemporaries who expressed their discomforts over the rapid pace of modernization and urbanization by fixating on an idealized past. Yet as this article emphasizes in its discussion of the fiction of Leopold Kompert, nostalgic longings for the past were not always a symptom of dislocation in the present. Kompert, one of the earliest and most popular producers of ghetto literature in nineteenth-century Europe, geared his nostalgic tales of traditional Jewish life in his native Bohemia at an upwardly mobile Jewish community increasingly identified with German culture as well as at the general reading public. Through an analysis of his works and a study of their reception, this article explores the ways in which fiction helped promote a vision of the ghetto as a usable past. By memorializing traditional forms of Jewish life in respectable aesthetic forms, Kompert's tales claimed cultural respectability for the immediate Jewish past. Ghetto literature sought in this way to secure Jews a form of bourgeois cultural respectability that might serve as a marker of their newly-found—or yet-to-be achieved—middle-class status. An investigation of ghetto fiction and its reception illuminates thus both the dynamic role of German-Jewish literature in reinventing tradition and the ways in which this process of acculturation was inextricable from the quest to produce Jewish literature that might claim to be secular culture of the highest possible order.
From Pork to Kapores : Transformations in Religious Practice among the Jews of Late Imperial Kiev
Authors: Meir Natan
Published: December 2007

Until recently, studies of Jewish religious practices in Imperial Russia have focused on major movements such as Hasidism and mitnagdism as well as the challenges that Haskalah presented to traditional Judaism. Few scholars have scrutinized transformations in everyday religious practices such as the observance of Sabbath and other holidays, synagogue attendance, and liturgical practices. However, new political, social, and economic realities had generated subtle changes in religious practices even in earlier periods and it comes as no surprise, therefore, that religious practices among Jews during the tsarist period, especially in Kiev, were neither monolithic nor static. This article provides a new perspective on this topic by analyzing patterns of religious practice among Jews in one city – examining personal observance, communal practice, synagogue rites and attendance, and religious education – while providing a broader context of reform in Russia. In large urban centers like Kiev, the pressures and temptations of modern life, big-city anonymity, and the vitality and diversity of Jewish community often led to a transformation of prior belief and behavior among new arrivals. The author concludes that despite the absence of a movement for religious reform in the Russian Empire, we can nonetheless observe innovations and changes in religious life emerging out of the attempt to make observance compatible with modern urban life and a nascent Russian-Jewish identity.
The Relationship Between Moral Philosophy and Medical Ethics Reconsidered
Authors: Baker Robert , McCullough Laurence B
Published: December 2007

Medical ethics often is treated as applied ethics, that is, the application of moral philosophy to ethical issues in medicine. In an earlier paper, we examined instances of moral philosophy's influence on medical ethics. We found the applied ethics model inadequate and sketched an alternative model. On this model, practitioners seeking to change morality "appropriate" concepts and theory fragments from moral philosophy to valorize and justify their innovations. Goldilocks-like, five commentators tasted our offerings. Some found them too cold, since they had already abandoned applied ethics; others too hot, since they still find the applied ethics model to their taste. We reply that the appropriation model offers an empirically testable account of the historical relationship between moral philosophy and medical ethics that explains why practitioners appropriate concepts and fragments from moral philosophy. In contrast, the now fashionable common morality theory neither explains moral change nor why practitioners turn to moral philosophy.
Confessions of a Bedside Rationer: Commentary on Hurst and Danis
Authors: Ubel Peter A
Published: December 2007

Samia Hurst and Marion Danis provide a thoughtful framework for how to judge the morality of bedside rationing decisions. In this commentary, I applaud Hurst and Danis for advancing the level of debate about bedside rationing. But when I attempt to apply the framework to my own clinical practice, I conclude that the framework comes up short.
Pulling the Plug on Clinical Equipoise: A Critique of Miller and Weijer
Authors: Gifford Fred
Published: December 2007

As clinicians, researchers, bioethicists, and members of society, we face a number of moral dilemmas concerning randomized clinical trials. How we manage the starting and stopping of such trials—how we conceptualize what evidence is sufficient for these decisions—has implications for both our obligations to trial participants and for the nature and security of the resultant medical knowledge. One view of how this is to be done, "clinical equipoise," recently has been given an extended defense by Paul Miller and Charles Weijer in their article "Rehabilitating Equipoise." The present paper critiques this position and Miller and Weijer's defense of it. I argue that their attempted rehabilitation fails. Their analysis suffers from a number of confusions, as well as a failure to make crucial distinctions, adequately to clarify key concepts, or to think through exactly what needs to be established to justify their claim. We are left with little reason to uphold the clinical equipoise criterion.
A Framework for Rationing by Clinical Judgment
Authors: Hurst Samia A , Danis Marion
Published: December 2007

Although rationing by clinical judgment is controversial, its acceptability partly depends on how it is practiced. In this paper, rationing by clinical judgment is defined in three different circumstances that represent increasingly wider circles of resource pools in which the rationing decision takes place: triage during acute shortage, comparison to other potential patients in a context of limited but not immediately strained resources, and determination of whether expected benefit of an intervention is deemed sufficient to warrant its cost by reference to published population based thresholds. Notions of procedural justice are applied along with an analytical framework of six minimal requisites in order to facilitate fair bedside rationing: (1) a closed system that offers reciprocity, (2) attention to general concerns of justice, (3) respect for individual variations, (4) application of a consistent process, (5) explicitness, and (6) review of decisions. The process could be monitored for its applicability and appropriateness.
Flushing out the Basements: The Status of Contingent Composition Faculty in Post-Katrina New Orleans—And What We Can Learn from It
Authors: Greene Nicole Pepinster
Published: December 2007

In recent decades English Departments and the Humanities generally have increasingly relied on part-time, non-tenure track faculty hired semester by semester to teach multiple sections of first-year composition with low pay, few benefits. Administrators have rationalized this practice by arguing that institutions need contingent faculty to protect tenure-track faculty in times of financial difficulty and to manage fluctuating enrollments. When Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and forced universities and community colleges to declare financial exigency or force majeur, contingent faculty were, as expected, the first to be let go. However, their dismissal did not protect tenured and tenure-track faculty from also being laid off. Moreover, without the support of contingent faculty, the English Department at Xavier University successfully managed to staff the teaching of composition in the first semesters following Katrina, a period of great uncertainty and fluctuating enrollments. This success shows that the employment of large numbers of part-time faculty can no longer be endorsed. Furthermore, faculty should strive to fully integrate their part-time colleagues into the academic community, and departmental administrators should follow the example of those departments who have been successful in turning part-time positions into full-time, tenure-track appointments.
Facing the Flood: The English Department as a High Axle Vehicle
Authors: Bonner Thomas
Published: December 2007

What happens to an English department when external forces completely overwhelm internal ones? On August 29, 2005, the flood in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina laid waste to several university campuses in New Orleans, disproportionately affecting those of historically Black universities. This essay establishes a context for the destruction and chronicles the Department of English at Xavier University in its attempt to survive the event and recover. Department chair and university administrators worked over long distance and from widely separated geographical positions to locate and establish communication with faculty, staff, and students who had evacuated to places as far as the West and East coasts. In parallel to this operation was the establishment of a plan to resume the semester in some way, address faculty and staff reductions necessitated by loss of revenue and students, and assist in the temporary and permanent placement of displaced and discharged faculty members. The essay offers a brief historical and current view of historically Black universities in New Orleans, their urban environments, and recovery. Emphasis, however, is on Xavier University with its recovery and efforts to reach out to the community. Furthermore, the essay offers a narrative of the specific steps taken by the chair of the English Department to restore organization and carry on despite having no access to a campus and its usual resources. The core problem was a lack of systematic communication. The dilemma was difficult, but if this had happened twenty years before, there would have been no cell phones and no e-mail. Correspondence was limited to e-mail during and after the crisis, as letters of recommendation for faculty and counseling of students temporarily on at other universities took this form for nearly five months. Even on return to campus, phones were not in service for another month, and local area codes for cell phones continued to be disrupted. In response to our experiences during this disaster, the English Department and subsequently the university adopted an emergency plan emphasizing alternative forms of communication and places for faculty to convene. The images of military humvees with their high axles in the city after Katrina suggested the image for an English department, the high axle of which is the demonstrated ability to speak and write—even in high water.
When Life Gives You Lemons: Katrina as Subject
Authors: Noonan Bonnie
Published: December 2007

The writing I received in my first-semester composition class at Xavier University in New Orleans, Louisiana, the semester immediately following Hurricane Katrina was stunning with respect to both student commitment and narrative sophistication. In this essay, I analyze a representative example of this writing entitled "Life During Katrina" by a student I have called "K." The student's essay developed a thesis, documented a chronology, increasingly included detail, naturally included dialogue, and reached a sensitive and sincerely reflective conclusion. Moreover, the student (as were my other students) was extraordinarily committed to revision, working diligently on issues of both grammar and clarity. My own conclusion to the remarkable post-Katrina student writing I experienced is that our teaching of Freshman Composition can be much more artificial than we really desire it to be. How to make first-year writing courses more meaningful to students is an imperative that I believe we must continue to explore.
Lewis in Contention: Identity, Anxiety, and the London Vortex
Authors: Tilghman Carolyn Marie
Published: December 2007

This essay argues that Wyndham Lewis' attempts to consolidate an identity for Vorticism against other contemporary avant-garde movements were riddled with anxiety and conflict. That anxiety and conflict pervade its creation suggests the tenuous nature of Vorticism beneath its facade of brash, satiric polemic, and they trouble the movement's self-definition as autonomous, authoritative and startlingly innovative. They also reveal that Lewis' Vorticist endeavors were more reactive than groundbreaking. At a fundamental level, the visual and textual innovations brought into play by Vorticism were exclusionary and too indebted to other avant-garde movements, on both national and international levels, to permit its solidification into an independent entity or its establishment of a preeminently English avant-garde as part of the cultural landscape. Notably, the revolutionary agendas of Italian Futurism, Bloomsbury formalism, French-based Cubism, and the British women's suffrage movement were more successfully publicized and longer lasting than Vorticism. Lewis' angst-ridden combativeness when confronted with competition can be traced in his interactions with contemporaries and in his work. It surfaces in his contributions to the two issues of his journal, Blast, his manifesto "The Code of a Herdsman," and in the 1918 version of his Vorticist novel, Tarr. In effect, Lewis' authorship of Vorticism can be read as an artistic experiment marked by a fear of assimilation, paradox and the compulsion to beat the competition.
Amores perros and racialised masculinities in contemporary Mexico
Authors: Amaya Hector
Published: December 2007

This article explores the textualisation of masculinity and race in the Mexican filmAmores perros. The central argument is that the film displays Mexican masculinities in both a transgressive and conventional fashion. Transgression is articulated with narratives about life in Mexico City that challenge traditional Mexican masculinities, particularly as these relate to brown masculinities. These traditional masculinities are proven obsolete and futureless. Masculinities that are more progressive are textualised through reference to symbolic elements of manliness codified through whiteness and wealth. These are deemed promising, capable of development and oriented toward the future. However, in representing brownness as obsolete and whiteness as progressive, the film reproduces conventional ideas about masculinities, which are often given value through class and race. The film lays bare race, class and gender tensions in the modern Mexican state, exposing the ways in which ideas of progress and modernity can too easily reconstitute racial and class disenfranchisement.
Good intentions, high hopes and low budgets: Contemporary social realist film-making in Britain
Authors: Lay Samantha
Published: December 2007

While not an unbroken tradition (Hill), there has been an enduring relationship between British film culture and social realism as a mode of expression. This enduring relationship can be evidenced across a diverse range of texts from the documentary movement of the thirties, to the
social problem films of the fifties and the kitchen sink social realism of the 1960s, through to the socially purposeful art cinema of the 1980s and the so-called Brit-Grit of the 1990s. But how is British social realism doing in the first years of the twenty-first century? Writing in The
Observer in 2005, Vanessa Thorpe announced the death of social realist miserabalism. This report seeks to provide evidence that British social realist film-making is not dead. Indeed, it is still an important part of British film culture. The report also explores the status of these films
in the British film industry, their conditions of production and exhibition and their contemporary thematic concerns.
Dieter Burdorf, Poetik der Form. Eine Begriffs- und Problemgeschichte. 2001
Authors: Oellers Norbert
Published: December 2007

Die vorliegende Arbeit, mit der sich der Verfasser im Jahr 2000 in Jena habilitiert hat, ist in doppeltem Sinn gewichtig: von beträchtlichem Umfang und von großem wissenschaftlichen Wert. Es behandelt ein Thema im Zusammenhang, das bisher nur in einzelnen Aspekten, das heißt bezogen auf einzelne Autoren und ihr Formverständnis untersucht worden ist, weil die zu sichtende und zu analysierende (und zu beurteilende) Materialfülle nicht nur viel Geduld, sondern auch ein sicheres Urteil über ganz verschiedene Texte aus fernen und nahen Zeiten erfordert. Der Verfasser hat die selbstgestellte Aufgabe vorzüglich gelöst und damit der Literaturwissenschaft einen großen Dienst erwiesen. Daß dem Kritiker allgemeine Monita und besondere Desiderata einfallen, ist ebenso selbstverständlich wie, aufs Ganze gesehen, von keinem erheblichen Belang.
Andreas Kraß, Stabat mater dolorosa. Lateinische Überlieferung und volkssprachliche Übertragungen im deutschen Mittelalter. 1998
Authors: Suerbaum Almut
Published: December 2007

Die Münchener Dissertation setzt es sich zum Ziel, erstmals umfassend sowohl Text- und Überlieferungsgeschichte der deutschen Versionen dieser wohl bekanntesten Mariensequenz zu dokumentieren als auch deren Rang in der Literatur- und Frömmigkeitsgeschichte zu untersuchen. Der Edition und Untersuchung der deutschsprachigen Versionen vorangestellt ist dabei ein erster Teil, der Überlieferung, Poetik und Frömmigkeitsgeschichte des lateinischen Textes vorstellt.
Christine Wand-Wittkowski, Briefe im Mittelalter. Der deutschsprachige Brief als weltliche und religiöse Literatur. 2000
Authors: Achnitz Wolfgang
Published: December 2007

Als Textsorte des Gegenwartsschrifttums läßt sich der Brief vergleichsweise problemlos als eine durch bestimmte formale Merkmale charakterisierte schriftliche Mitteilung nichtfiktionalen Inhalts an einen abwesenden Empfänger definieren. Im Unterschied zu direkter mündlicher Kommunikation ist er in der Regel Element eines komplexen Vorgangs, zu dem neben dem Schreiben auch die Übermittlung gehört. Der Brief ist keineswegs stets Beginn oder Bestandteil eines Dialoges, und gelegentlich liegt ihm sogar eine monologische Form zugrunde, die keiner Antwort bedarf. Auch gewährleistet ein Brief nicht, daß den Empfänger die Mitteilung unverfälscht erreicht, denn diese muß verstanden und interpretiert, gegebenenfalls sogar vorgelesen und/oder übersetzt werden. Der Verständnissicherung dient daher der hohe Grad an Formalisierung in Phraseologie und Aufbau, wie er sich von der Antike bis in die Gegenwartskorrespondenz findet. Nach der ars dictaminis sind dies: salutatio (Adresse, Gruß); captatio benevolentiae (Eingangsformel, Einstimmung auf den Gegenstand, Bemühen um die Gunst des Adressaten); narratio (eigentliches Anliegen); petitio (fakultativ); conclusio (Zusammenfassung, Schluß, Segenswunsch). Einzelne Teile können umgestellt werden oder ganz entfallen.
Gert Hübner, Lobblumen. Studien zur Genese und Funktion der „Geblümten Rede“. 2000
Authors: Pfeiffer Jens
Published: December 2007

Trotz der zahlreichen Bemühungen um seine nähere Bestimmung ist der Begriff des blüemens in seiner poetologischen Relevanz für mittelalterliche Texte unscharf und vage geblieben. Allzuvieles, vor allem zu viel Heterogenes ist unter diesem Terminus subsumiert worden; auch die bisweilen versuchte Gleichsetzung mit dem nicht minder schillernden Begriff des ‚Manierismus‘ hat eine mögliche Klärung eher behindert als gefördert. „Das Problem“, schreibt Hübner denn auch als Resümee in seinem das zweite Kapitel des Buches einnehmenden „Forschungsbericht zum ‚geblümten Stil‘“, „wurde in einer hundertjährigen Forschungsgeschichte weder konsensfähig gelöst noch erfolgreich aus der Welt geschafft; jede Verwendung des Terminus spiegelt eine unbegründete Sicherheit vor“ (S. 31).
Bernhard Budde, Aufklärung als Dialog. Wielands antithetische Prosa. 2000
Authors: Pott Sandra
Published: December 2007

Die Wieland-Forschung bewegt sich rasant voran, allerdings in ganz unterschiedliche Richtungen. Nach Walter Erharts Studie über das „Agathon“-Projekt (1991), nach den – durchaus auch als ‚Summen‘ der Forschung gedachten – Studienbüchern (Sven-Aage Jørgensen / Herbert Jaumann / John McCarthy / Horst Thomé 1994; Klaus Schaefer 1996) widmen sich Untersuchungen zu Wieland in den letzten fünf Jahren vor allem drei Beschreibungsinteressen: (1) Im Vordergrund steht erstens das Wissensgebiet der Anthropologie, das eine innovative, quellenkundige und über den engen Bereich der ‚Belletristik‘ hinausgehende Literaturwissenschaft aus der Rezeption des Naturrechts entwickelt. Untersuchungen wie diese konzentrieren sich auf den frühen und mittleren Wieland – bis hin zu dem Essay Das Geheimnis des Kosmopolitenordens (1788). Die späten Romane kommen dabei nur am Rande in den Blick, obwohl jene Fragen, die der junge Wieland aus seiner Wahrnehmung des Naturrechts und aus der Rousseau-Kritik entwickelt, noch die späten Texte prägen. (2) Hier findet aber vor allem die zweite Tendenz der Wieland-Forschung ihr Tätigkeitsgebiet, nämlich die Wiedererweckung des ‚Altertumswissenschaftlers‘ Wieland. (3) Ein drittes Beschreibungsinteresse entfaltet Bernhard Budde in seiner voluminösen Stuttgarter Habilitationsschrift (1997). Es geht ihm um Wielands Prosa überhaupt, um eine Gesamtdarstellung derselben im Blick auf ein ihr zugrunde liegendes ‚antithetisches‘ oder dialogisches Prinzip.
Johann Gottfried Herder, Briefe. Gesamtausgabe 1763–1803. Hg. von der Stiftung Weimarer Klassik (Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv). Bd. 11: Kommentar zu den Bänden 1–3. Bearbeitet von Günter Arnold. 2001
Authors: Hettche Walter
Published: December 2007

Die Gesamtausgabe der Briefe Johann Gottfried Herders ist eines der editorischen Langzeitprojekte, die in der DDR begonnen wurden und erfolgreich über die ‚Wende‘ und die damit verbundenen institutionellen Umstrukturierungen gerettet werden konnten. Der erste Band, 1977 erschienen, wurde noch „im Auftrag der Nationalen Forschungs- und Gedenkstätten der klassischen deutschen Literatur in Weimar (Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv)“ unter der Leitung von Karl-Heinz Hahn herausgegeben; das 1996 publizierte Gesamtregister (Band 10) ist der erste von der „Stiftung Weimarer Klassik“ verantwortete Band. Die jahrzehntelange Kontinuität der Arbeit an diesem Unternehmen ist vor allem das Verdienst des Redaktors und Bandherausgebers Günter Arnold, der seit den Anfängen an dieser Ausgabe maßgeblich beteiligt ist. Der von ihm bearbeitete Registerband ist mittlerweile als biographisches Nachschlagewerk für die Goethezeit etabliert, das man auch mit Gewinn benutzen kann, wenn man sich für Herders Briefe gar nicht interessiert. Die Wertschätzung, die man diesem Buch in der Fachwelt über die Grenzen der engeren Herder-Forschung hinaus entgegenbringt, hat dazu geführt, daß im Jahre 2001 eine zweite, revidierte Auflage dieses Registers erschienen ist; ein seltener Fall im germanistischen Editionswesen. Nun hat Günter Arnold den ersten Kommentarband vorgelegt, der die Textbände 1–3 abdeckt, also die Briefe der Jahre 1763–1776 erschließt.