bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histamine in the Tissues of the Marsupial Setonix brachyurus (the Quokka)
Authors: Lynch N.R. , Turner K.J.
Published: July 2009

Passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reactions in the marsupial Setonix brachyurus (the quokka) were completely inhibited by the histamine antagonist mepyramine maleate, but were unaffected by disodium cromoglycate or the serotonin antagonist, methysergide. Histological examination of quokka skin indicated that mast cell degranulation occurred during the PCA reaction in this marsupial and animals whose skin was relatively deficient in mast cells were poor PCA recipients. In contrast to many eutherian (placental) species, this marsupial was found to lack histamine in blood leukocytes and platelets. Also, while the peritoneal mast cells of rats and mice contain large quantities of histamine, this amine was not detected in quokka peritoneal washings, even after the induction of a peritoneal exudate or the regular intraperitoneal injection of antigen. Immunologic challenge of quokka blood or peritoneal cells did not induce the synthesis of histamine, but histamine release was elicited from sensitized quokka lung by antigenic challenge.
Shared Antigenicity between Chicken Brain and Bursa of Fabricius
Authors: Potworowski E.F. , Forget A.
Published: July 2009

Antisera to chicken brain, thymus and bursa of Fabricius were prepared in rabbits and rendered organ-specific by appropriate absorptions. Brain was shown by immunofluorescence and immune adherence to have common antigenicity with the bursa of Fabricius but not with the thymus.
Quantitation of Escherichia coli·Antibodies by Direct and Indirect Agglutination in Comparison with a Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Ahlstedt S. , Jodal U. , Hanson L.Å. , Holmgren J.
Published: July 2009

Titres of E. coli O6 antibody obtained with the direct bacterial agglutination (DBA) technique, the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) technique and the ammonium sulphate precipitation (ASP) technique were compared using rabbit immune sera and IgG and IgM antibody fractions thereof, untreated as well as reduced with β-mercaptoethanol (ME). Poor rank correlation was obtained between the different assays on sera whether reduced or not. However, statistically significant correlation was obtained for the DBA and IHA titres on the IgM as well as IgG antibody fractions. There was also good correlation between the IHA and ASP titres on IgG antibody fractions. The DBA and IHA techniques both favoured IgM antibodies compared to the ASP method. This effect, however, was most accentuated by the IHA technique. In contrast, the IHA technique underestimated IgG antibodies more than the DBA technique. This could not be explained by influence of different antibody avidities, although the methods previously have been shown variously affected by such antibody properties. The study thus indicates an explanation for discrepancies in E. coli·antibody titres in patients with urinary tract infections obtained by different investigators using direct and indirect agglutination techniques or radioimmunoassay.
Ontogeny of Lymphoid Cell Surface Determinants in the Chicken
Authors: Albini B. , Wick G.
Published: July 2009

Five antigenic lymphoid cell surface determinants (LCSD) were detected in hatched chickens using specific antisera. These LCSD were: thymus-specific surface determinants, bursa-specific non-immunoglobulin determinants, IgM-specific determinants, IgG-specific determinants, and IgA-specific determinants (ASD). Viable cell suspension of embryonic yolk sac, bursa, thymus and spleen were tested by means of indirect or direct immunofluorescent staining procedures for the presence and frequency of LCSD during maturation. Experiments performed with liver cells, brain cells and red blood cells of embryos confirmed the specificities of the antisera used for determinants present on cells of lymphoid tissues. The results showed LCSD to occur on yolk sac cells on the 5th to 7th embryonic day (ED). This suggests the presence of a stem cell pre-committed for the lymphoid cell line already in the yolk sac. Furthermore, findings are reported indicating the presence of distinct lymphoid stem cell populations or maturation stages in the yolk sac, which may be responsible for either populating the thymus or the bursa. The finding of ASD-bearing cells early in ontogenesis of the lymphoid system suggests the presence of two specificities in anti-chicken IgA sera, one of which may be directed against an antigenic site on a rudimentary immunoglobulin molecule, which becomes lost or hidden in later maturation. Studies on the bursa and the thymus show that covering, hiding, or loss of antigenic determinants plays an important role in lymphoid cell differentiation. Furthermore, the spleen is reached by B-determined stem cells as early as the bursa, but these stem cells seem not to proliferate in the former to any considerable extent until hatching. Finally, the sequence of the appearance of immunoglobulin classes as proposed by other authors is confirmed with reservations concerning IgA, and it is suggested that immunoglobulins are detectable earlier on cell surfaces than intracytoplasmatically.
Immune Response in Aged and Young Subjects, following Administration of Large Doses of Tuberculin
Authors: Joris F. , Girard J.-P.
Published: July 2009

Different parameters of the immunologic response have been studied in young and aged subjects before, during and after administration of increasing doses of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD). In both age groups, a considerable increase in skin reaction was observed with the progression of antigen administration. This is particularly striking among old subjects, who before the treatment had either no reaction to tuberculin or a very weak one. Increased production of circulating antibodies to tuberculin was also consistently observed. The treatment resulted, especially in the old patients, in an increase in the lymphocyte sensitivity to phytohemagglutinin. The production of migration inhibitory factors was studied with lymphocytes from 6 treated subjects, in all cases this production was of the same degree as the one obtained from lymphocytes of PPD-positive untreated subjects. Lymphocyte cultures done during the treatment showed an absence of response in the presence of tuberculin, and in young patients only a slight increase in the spontaneous synthesis of desoxyribonucleic acid in the absence of tuberculin. These results demonstrate that in old people the depression of cellular immunity seems to be small. Adequate and prolonged antigenic stimuli are able to reactivate to approximately normal levels many features of this altered function.
Inhibition by Serum of Encephalitogenic Activity of Myelin Basic Protein
Authors: Bernard Claude C. , Lamoureux Gilles
Published: July 2009

Basic protein of myelin from bovine brain (B-BPM) in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) is highly encephalitogenic for the guinea pig. However, when B-BPM is mixed with serum from various species it loses its encephalitogenic effect but not its immunogenic properties. When the synthetic tryptophan peptide matching residue 115–126 of human BPM is mixed with normal human serum it loses both its encephalitogenic and immunogenic effects. The time of exposure to serum necessary for complete inhibition of encephalitogenic activity of B-BPM varied: rat, horse, sheep and human sera produced their inhibitory effect immediately after mixing, whereas guinea pig serum required 8 h. The capacity of serum to abrogate the encephalitogenic effects of B-BPM was not due to complete degradation of the molecule by proteinases in serum, because all animals injected with the B-BPM serum mixture gave cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions to B-BPM. The inhibitory effect could be attributed to a factor in serum which is non-dialysable, thermostable at 56°C, for 1 h, and present in high concentration in fetal calf serum. It may be an α2 macroglobulin which can act selectively on the main encephalitogenic determinant, around or within residues 115–126 of the basic protein of myelin.
Interaction of Collagen with Serum Complement: Inhibition of Complement-Mediated Hemolysis
Authors: Takahashi M. , Kawachi-Takahashi S. , Matsuura M.
Published: July 2009

Collagens from various vertebrate tissues were tested for their ability to consume complement (C) activity upon incubation in human serum or with isolated components of complement. 10 of 12 collagens tested had anticomplementary activity. The heat-denatured form of collagen, gelatin, was found weakly anticomplementary, but elastin was found inactive in the interaction with C. Inactivation of C is a reaction which is dependent on the time of incubation and the collagen concentration and partially dependent on the temperature of incubation. Most collagens depleted C from human serum in presence of cation chelators, EDTA and EGTA, whereas the large part of anticomplementary activity of soluble collagens obtained from rat skin was abolished in presence of EDTA. Evidence is presented that two different principles in collagens play a role in inactivation of C. A factor, contained in insoluble collagens and inhibitable by mild oxidation with periodate, inactivates C1 directly even in presence of chelating agents. Another principle, contained in soluble and insoluble collagen and resistant to periodate treatment, depletes C in serum by utilization of C via the alternate pathway (the C3 shunt).
Purified Antibodies to Collagen: An Immunofluorescence Study of Their Reaction with Tissue Collagen
Authors: Wick G. , Furthmayr H. , Timpl R.
Published: July 2009

Antibodies to soluble calf or rat skin collagen were purified by appropriate immunoadsorption and separated into three subfractions directed either to antigenic sites on unfolded α-chains (denatured collagen), to nonhelical sites, or to helical sites exposed on the triple helical molecule. In indirect immunofluorescence tests each of the antibody solutions reacted with collagen of skin and kidney tissue, although the latter two antibody solutions appeared to be more active. Distinct activity was also observed with antibodies to the N-terminal antigenic determinant of rat skin collagen α2-chain, a structure usually involved in cross-linking. Indirect immunofluorescence tests with anti-collagen sera on sections of skin resulted in the staining of the whole dermis, while anti-procollagen sera revealed binding only to the uppermost subepithelial layer of the dermis (stratum papillare). On kidney sections only the interstitial connective tissue reacted with purified anti-collagen or anti-procollagen sera. Both skin and glomerular basement membranes remained unstained with either kind of purified antibodies. However, antisera not subjected to immunoadsorption do react with the glomerular basement membrane. Antibodies to noncollagenous contaminants are considered to be responsible for this finding which emphasizes the necessity to use purified antibodies exclusively for this type of immunofluorescence analysis.
In vitro Lymphocyte Transformation in the Development of Experimental Allergic Thyroiditis
Authors: Hiramine Chiharu , Hojo Kenji
Published: July 2009

In vitro lymphocyte transformation to homologous thyroid antigen has been studied in cultures of lymph node cells obtained from 97 guinea pigs at weekly intervals after a single injection of homologous thyroid extract in complete Freund’s adjuvant, using a method for measurement of 3H-thymidine incorporation. Lymph node cell cultures from animals 1 week after sensitization showed a significant increase in thymidine incorporation after the addition of antigen. Two weeks after sensitization the stimulation was maximal, and then a lower but significant response continued during the next 5 weeks. There was no correlation between lymphocyte transformation and the level of circulating antibodies throughout the post-sensitization period examined. The early lymphocyte transformation contrasted with the later development of macrophage migration inhibitory factor activity.
Mixed IgG-IgA Cryoglobulinemia in Human Serum Sickness
Authors: Moroz L.A. , Comerford T.A. , Guttman R.D.
Published: July 2009

Serum sickness followed the administration of anti-lymphocyte globulin to a patient with multiple sclerosis. In addition to other characteristic features of this syndrome, there was hypocomplementemia and transient renal dysfunction similar to that observed in the ‘one-shot’ experimental model of serum sickness. Cryoglobulinemia was transiently demonstrable at the height of the inflammatory response. Analysis of the purified cryoprecipitate revealed the presence of human IgG and IgA, and, in addition, equine IgG. This demonstration of a well-defined exogenous antigen in the cryoprecipitate provides further support for the immune complex nature of mixed cryoglobulins.
Asthma in the Highlands of New Guinea
Authors: Turner K.J. , Baldo B.A. , Anderson H.R.
Published: July 2009

Serum IgE levels in adults from the Highland area of Papua-New Guinea were considerably elevated above those found for Caucasian residents in Australia and most Western countries. The median IgE value for the asthmatic group in New Guinea was significantly (p <0.01 ) elevated above that of control subjects. Identification of IgE antibodies by the radio-allergosorbent test to house dust mite showed an 85-percent correlation with the results of skin reactions to extracts of the mite. 90% of the asthmatic subjects had IgE antibodies to Dermatophagoidespteronyssinus compared with 23% of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and 6% of controls (p <0.0001). No significant difference was found in the incidence of IgE antibodies to Ascaris lumbricoides in asthmatic versus control subjects but the incidence was elevated (p <0.005) in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Apparently hypersensitivity to Ascaris is not a factor of importance in the aetiology of asthma in New Guinea.
Functional Anatomy of Lymph Nodes
Authors: Kelly R.H.
Published: July 2009

Histological alterations in the paracortical zones of rabbit lymph nodes were produced by the intravenous injection of the acridine dye euchrysin. The paracortical parenchyma was reduced to narrow bands of lymphoid tissue which cuffed and outlined the venules against a distended and cell-filled sinus system. These perivenous lymphocyte cuffs, termed the paracortical cords, represented the basic anatomical unit of the thymus-dependent paracortical area. Both the paracortical cords and sinuses are cell traffic pathways, but during stages of antigen-induced lymphocyte trapping the cords retain more cells than do the sinuses. Proliferation of T cells and differentiation of B cells both occur within these cords in a microenvironment conducive to cellular cooperation.
Effect of a Three-Dimensional Chitosan Porous Scaffold on the Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Chondrocytes
Authors: Breyner Natália M. , Hell Rafaela C.R. , Carvalho Luiza R.P. , Machado Carolina B. , Peixoto Filho Inácio N. , Valério Patrícia , Pereira Marivalda M. , Goes Alfredo M.
Published: July 2009

Cartilage tissue has a poor capacity for self-repair, especially in the case of severe cartilage damage due to trauma or age-related degeneration. Cell-based tissue engineering using scaffolds has provided an option for the repair of cartilage tissue. The present work demonstrates that a three-dimensional (3D) chitosan scaffold increases the efficiency of the adhesion and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after the addition of a chondrogenic medium. These culture conditions promoted MSC differentiation into chondrocytes during the first 9 weeks of monolayer or 3D culture in a scaffold composed of chitosan or chitosan/gelatin. The results demonstrated that a chitosan scaffold caused a reduction in alkaline phosphatase production and an increase in the collagen concentration indicating phenotypic changes in the cells. In support of these results, the production of collagen type II by the MSCs cultured in the chitosan scaffold increased after 3 weeks of culture, indicating the beginning of differentiation. However, the addition of gelatin to the chitosan scaffold did not improve on the results obtained with chitosan alone. These results suggest that this 3D chitosan scaffold is a promising candidate for biomaterial implants designed to promote MSC colonization and has applications in regenerative medicine.
Interaction between Estradiol and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Promotes in vitro Survival and Development of Caprine Preantral Follicles
Authors: Lima-Verde I.B. , Matos M.H.T. , Saraiva M.V.A. , Bruno J.B. , Tenório S.B. , Martins F.S. , Rossetto R. , Cunha L.D. , Name K.P.O. , Báo S.N. , Campello C.C. , Figueiredo J.R.
Published: July 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on survival and growth of caprine preantral follicles. Pieces of ovarian tissue were cultured for 1 or 7 days in minimum essential medium (MEM) containing estradiol (1, 5, 10, 20 or 40 pg/ml), FSH (50 ng/ml), or a combination of the two hormones. Cultured and noncultured control ovarian tissues were processed for histological and ultrastructural studies. The results showed that after 7 days of culture, the treatments that yielded the highest percentage of normal follicles relative to MEM alone were those that combined FSH with estradiol at 1, 5 or 20 pg/ml. The addition of FSH to 1-day cultures containing 1 pg/ml estradiol or to 7-day cultures with 1 or 5 pg/ml estradiol increased the percentage of normal follicles compared to estradiol alone at the same concentrations. After 7 days of culture, all treatments generated higher percentages of developing follicles as compared to control and MEM alone. The addition of either FSH or 10 pg/ml of estradiol to the culture media or estradiol (1, 5, 10 or 20 pg/ml) and FSH in combination significantly increased follicular diameter as compared with MEM alone following 7 days of culture. Ultrastructural studies confirmed follicular integrity after 7 days of culture in the presence of 1 pg/ml estradiol plus FSH. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the interaction between estradiol and FSH maintains ultrastructural integrity and stimulates activation and further growth of cultured caprine preantral follicles.
T-Dependence of Human B Lymphocyte Proliferative Response to Mitogens
Authors: Brochier J. , Samarut C. , Gueho J.P. , Revillard J.P.
Published: July 2009

Human peripheral blood and tonsil lymphocytes were fractionated on anti-Ig-coated Sephadex columns or by centrifugation after rosetting with native sheep erythrocytes. Both methods allowed the recovery of B and T-enriched populations the purity of which was checked by fluorescein-labelled anti-Ig serum, E and EAC rosette formation, and heterologous antisera specific for B or T lymphocytes. The proliferative response of T cells to PHA, Con A, PWM, and ALS was not found different from that of unfractionated cells, whereas no response of the B cells could be observed to these mitogens providing that no contaminating T cells were present. Addition of T lymphocytes to these unresponsive B cells allowed them to respond to phytomitogens, but not to ALS. X-irradiated T cells could, to some extent, replace the dividing T lymphocytes; no T-replacing factor could be found in cell-free supernatants from T cells, whether or not they had been activated by mitogens. This model of B-T cooperation appears useful for studying the differentiation and maturation of human B lymphocytes.
Receptors for Antibody-Opsonic Adherence on the Eosinophils of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Butterworth A.E. , Coombs R.R.A. , Gurner B.W. , Wilson Anne B.
Published: July 2009

Eosinophils have recently been implicated in antibody-dependent cell-mediated damage to schistosomula. Because of this, eosinophils of the guinea pig have been examined for surface receptors capable of giving antibody opsonic adherence; a rosetting reaction has been used. The eosinophils were shown to possess Fc receptors for homologous immunoglobulin. No selective difference between IgG1 and IgG2 was observed. In marked contrast to macrophages, guinea pig eosinophils failed to show opsonic adherence to red cells sensitized to a comparable degree with rabbit antibody. With red cell antibodies made in the pig, however, the reciprocal situation held, namely opsonic adherence was stronger with eosinophils than with macrophages.
Characteristics of Guinea Pig IgE
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Kaplan Bruce , Kojima Somei
Published: July 2009

Anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE antibody was produced in guinea pigs (GP) by immunization and repeated boosters with 1 μg DNP-Ascaris extract in Al(OH)3. The isoelectric point was determined to be 6.48 and the molecular weight to be 185,000 daltons. In absorbtion chromatography, rabbit anti-GPIgG1 could not absorb the anaphylactic activity of the IgE. The activity of IgE was destroyed by heating at 56 °C for 1 h. IgE persisted in the skin for at least 3 weeks.
Dissociation of Correlates of Cellular Immunity in Man: Functional Heterogeneity within the Antigen-Reactive Cell Population?
Authors: Holt P.G. , Fimmel P.J. , Bartholomaeus W.N. , Roberts L.M. , Tandon M.K. , Keast D.
Published: July 2009

Cellular immune responsiveness (CMI) to ubiquitous bacterial antigens was assessed in serial peripheral blood samples collected from normal subjects, employing three in vitro correlates of CMI in parallel. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) was also assessed on a number of occasions in these subjects. These experiments showed that the reactivity of peripheral blood leukocytes from normal individuals as measured in each of the in vitro tests fluctuated from day to day, and that the reactivity of cells functioning in each of the tests fluctuated independently of one another. In contrast, DCH reactivity in these individuals was not subject to such fluctuations. The results are discussed in terms of the periodic appearance of functionally distinct subpopulations of T lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation.
Lack of Effect of Azathioprine on Phytohemagglutinin-Induced Lymphocyte Transformation and Established Delayed Cutaneous Hypersensitivity
Authors: Sharbaugh R.J. , Ainsworth S.K. , Fitts C.T.
Published: July 2009

The effect of experimental long-term azathioprine administration on pre-existing in vitro and in vivo manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity was examined. Adult ewes were administered 3 mg/kg/day azathioprine for periods of up to 28 days. Neither phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced nor tuberculin-induced lymphocyte transformation was affected. Similarly, pre-existing skin test positivity to tuberculin showed no observable change following drug therapy. These results agree with the majority of those involving clinical situations and indicate that immunosuppression with azathioprine cannot be effectively monitored by either the lymphocyte transformation response to PHA or by changes in the in vivo or in vitro manifestations of pre-existing delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity.
The Allergenic Structure of Allergen M from Cod
Authors: Elsayed S. , Apold J. , Aas K. , Bennich H.
Published: July 2009

In attempts to locate the allergenic active sites of fragment TM 1 of allergen M from cod, the allergenicity of the tryptic hydrolysis peptides was examined both in vivo and in vitro. A duodecapeptide (residues No. 33–44) was tentatively suggested to incorporate at least one allergenic determinant. All the tryptic peptides were less active than allergen M as shown by the in vivo titration experiments. The activity of the peptides was not due to contamination of intact allergens.
Studies on Immune Responses to Parasite Antigens in Mice
Authors: Mitchell G.F. , Hogarth-Scott R.S. , Edwards R.D. , Lewers H.M. , Cousins G. , Moore T.
Published: July 2009

In terms of day 7 lung larvae numbers, mice vary markedly in their susceptibility to a first infection with the nematode worms, Ascaris suum, and the highly susceptible strain, C57B1, is resistant to second infection. Time course studies suggested that the period of residence in the liver or migration to, or into, the lungs are stages of the life cycle in which natural or acquired resistance of the host is expressed. The traits, susceptibility and resistance to first infection, were under poly genie control and no linkage of susceptibility to the major histocompatibility complex of C57B1 mice (H-2b) was observed. Acquired resistance (to second infection) has not been dissected because of our inability to show adoptive transfer of resistance to naive recipients. Studies in hypothymic BALB/c. nu/nu mice indicate that natural resistance (to first infection) is not affected by a lack of T cells. The T cell dependence of acquired resistance in C57B1 mice remains in doubt although in the relatively resistant strain BALB/c, hypothymic nu/nu mice after second infection contain as many larvae in their lungs and liver as are present after first infection. An eosinophilia is observed in infected intact mice but not in infected T cell-deficient mice. Partially T cell-dependent serum antibodies and plaque-forming cells to phosphorylcholine (PC) were present in mice infected with A. suum but no evidence was obtained that this anti-PC antibody response was in any way protective for the host. The cell membrane-active properties of PC and related molecules suggest that PC-containing parasite antigens may be tolerogens for certain of the B cells with specificity for parasite antigens. A state of partial tolerance involving high affinity antibody production may be one means whereby parasites survive in natural or unnatural hosts.
Studies on Immune Responses to Parasite Antigens in Mice
Authors: Mitchell G.F. , Hogarth-Scott R.S. , Edwards R.D. , Moore T.
Published: July 2009

Normal mice of several strains reject the nematode worm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the intestine within 14 days (and most often within 10 days) of injection of high numbers of infective third stage larvae (L3). Previously-infected mice are markedly resistant to a second infection. Hypothymic, nu/nu (‘nude’) mice continue to harbor worms long after intact mice have rejected the worm burden and an inoculum of T cells at the time of, or several days after L3 injection, leads to worm elimination within 14 days in nu/nu mice. As yet no evidence is available to indicate whether or not T cells with specificity for parasite antigens are required in a reconstitutive inoculum in nu/nu mice. Pretreatment of normal mice with cyclophosphamide, at doses reported to lead to temporary B cell hypofunction, does not result in delayed rejection of worms but the participation of B cell products (antibodies) cannot be discounted on the basis of this result. The nu/nu mouse – N. brasiliensis system will be useful in the search for, and characterization of, parasite antigens which gain access to the lymphoid organs and circulation of parasitized mice and in the analysis of T cell subtypes (both functional and surface Thy and Ly alloantigenic subtypes) involved in worm elimination.
Immimosuppressive Effect in Mycobacterial Adjuvant Emulsions of Mineral Oils Containing Low Molecular Weight Hydrocarbons
Authors: Stewart-Tull D.E.S. , Shimono T. , Kotani S. , Knights B.A.
Published: July 2009

Bayol F preparations from different commercial sources were incorporated into water-in-oil emulsions containing mycobacterial fractions and a protein antigen. It was found that an adjuvant effect was obtained with some mineral oils and a toxic immunosuppressive effect with others.
A RAST Neutralization Test for Detection of Blocking Antibodies in Serum after Hyposensitization
Authors: Wide Leif
Published: July 2009

The RAST, originally developed for the assay of reaginic IgE antibodies, was applied for the detection of blocking antibodies. Sera taken ante- or post-hyposensitization were incubated with solid phase coupled allergen which neutralized reaginic IgE antibodies in the serum. The remaining activity of the reaginic IgE antibodies was measured by the RAST. When blocking antibodies were present in the serum they competed with the reaginic IgE antibodies and the amount of reaginic antibodies that was neutralized by the solid phase coupled allergen was decreased. The blocking antibodies were found in the IgG fraction of the serum taken post-hyposensitization. Blocking antibodies to various allergens were detected in 25 out of 26 tests on sera taken post-hyposensitization. The results were compared with those of Prausnitz-Küstner neutralization tests and/or patient self-neutralization tests. There was no correlation between semi-quantitative results of these in vivo tests and those of the RAST neutralization tests. However, cases with subjectively a strong improvement had a significantly higher mean value for RAST neutralization index than those with subjectively a weak improvement. The method is suggested as a supplement to clinical tests for evaluation of hyposensitization treatments.
Improved Compatibility of ALG Therapy by Application of Aggregate Free Globulin
Authors: Ring J. , Seifert J. , Seiler F. , Brendel W.
Published: July 2009

Horse anti-human lymphocyte globulin (ALG) solutions contain, like human γ-globulin preparations, a varying amount of IgG aggregates, which increase during longer periods of storage. Aggregate formation does not impair the immunosuppressive potency of ALG, as has been shown by prolongation of skin allograft survival time in primates. Deaggregated ALG, which can be obtained by ultracentrifugation at 100,000 g over 2 h, is less immunogenic than aggregate containing ALG. The clinical compatibility of ALG was significantly improved by ultracentrifugal deaggregation.
Occurrence of Suppressor Cells in Lymph Nodes and Spleen at Later Times after Immunization with the Contact-Sensitizing Agent Picryl Chloride
Authors: Asherson G.L. , Zembala M. , Wood P.J.
Published: July 2009

The lymph node and spleen cells of mice painted on the skin with the contact-sensitizing agent, picryl chloride, transfer contact sensitivity. Their ability to transfer reaches a peak 4 days after immunization and is absent by day 6 providing the recipient mice are challenged shortly after transfer (Chase type transfer). In contrast, when challenge of the recipients is delayed for 6 days (adoptive transfer), lymph node and spleen cells show the greatest ability to transfer 8–12 days after immunization. When cells taken 4 days after immunization (which transfer contact sensitivity) are mixed with cells taken at 6–11 days (which fail to transfer), the mixture shows little ability to transfer. This provides evidence for the occurrence of suppressor cells. Lymph node and spleen, and thymus cells show suppressor activity. The suppression is specific and cells from donors immunized with the contact-sensitizing agent oxazolone will not suppress passive transfer of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride. The occurrence of suppressor cells is the main cause of the loss of ability of lymph node and spleen cells in transfer later than day 6 after immunization. Experiments on the loss of radioactivity from lymph nodes labelled with 125I-iododeoxyuridine (IUDR) suggest that loss of cells from the lymph nodes may be a contributory factor.
Effect of Vinblastine on the Early Events in the Humoral Immune Response of Mice to SRBC
Authors: Moav Neomi , Steinberg Lotti , Frensdorff A.
Published: July 2009

The effect of vinblastine (VLB), a mitotic blocking agent, on the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) and on the metabolic activities of spleen cells of mice reimmunized with SRBC was studied. When VLB (75 μg/mouse) and antigen were administered simultaneously, the number of PFC, on the 4th day after immunization, was reduced to 40% of control levels. However, when the same amount of VLB was administered to mice 24 h after immunization, it reduced the number of PFC to 10% of control levels. The possibility that VLB exerts a specific cytotoxic effect on preformed PFC either in vivo or in vintro was ruled out. A direct profound effect of VLB on antigen-stimulated cells was observed when VLB was injected 24 h after reimmunization, and the incorporation rates of radioactive precursors into macromolecules by spleen cells were measured at 4-hour intervals. VLB suppressed completely the antigen-induced peak of 3H-thymidine incorporation, while it had no effect on the incorporation rate of 3H-uridine and only a slight effect on the incorporation rate of 3H-amino-acids by the same cells. The results suggest that the decrease in number of PFC caused by injection of VLB 24 h after immunization is due to prevention by VLB, of precursor cells from going through a critical cell division, which takes place later than 24 h after immunization. Thus, at least one cell division is required for an immune response in vivo.
Enhancement of Humoral Immune Responses
Authors: Muscoplat Charles C. , Setcavage Thomas M. , Thoen Charles O. , Kim Yoon Berm
Published: July 2009

Addition of purified protein derivate (PPD) to suspension cultures of spleen cells from swine sensitized to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium resulted in marked enhancement of antisheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cells after stimulation with sheep erythrocytes. The enhancing effect appeared early in the response and was specific for the sensitizing antigen. The enhancing effect was dependent upon the presence of both sheep erythrocytes and PPD in the culture system. PPD had no effect in the absence of sheep erythrocytes. Addition of PPD to cells from nonsensitized animals did not produce any enhancing effect.
Histamine-Containing Cells in Bronchial Lavage Fluid
Authors: Ts’ao Chung-hsin , Metzger James , Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M.
Published: July 2009

We have studied the ultrastructure of histamine-containing cells in the bronchial lavage of normal rhesus monkeys. These cells were recognized by the similarities of their specific cytoplasmic granules to those in tissue mast cells and basophilic leukocytes of other species. According to cell shape, two forms of bronchial lavage histamine-containing cells (BL-HCC) were observed. One was round and small, and the other pleomorphic and large. However, the subcellular structures, especially the specific cytoplasmic granules, were identical for both forms of HCC. With available evidence, we now consider both types of BL-HCC to be one cell species. The difference in cell shape may be an inherent variation within this cell population, or a reflection of the maturity of individual cells. Most BL-HCC had long slender pseudopods, and the majority of them were mononucleated. Some HCC appeared binucleated; multinucleated cells were not encountered. The ultrastructure of mast cells, in tissue fragments biopsied from three sites, was in many ways similar to that of BL-HCC, but there were clear morphological dissimilarities between these two cell groups. It is unlikely that tissue mast cells are the direct precursors of BL-HCC. Attempts to compare BL-HCC with blood basophilic leukocytes were unsuccessful due to the failure to detect the latter in monkey peripheral blood with electron microscopy in the present study. The possible origin of BL-HCC is discussed.
Production of Migration Inhibitory Factor in Inbred Rats
Authors: Ruscetti Sandra K. , Gill, III Thomas J. , Salvin Samuel B. , Herrman Joanne , Bailie Catherine W.
Published: July 2009

Strains of genetically inbred rats representative of the known Ag-B groups produced migration inhibitory factor in response to immunization with live bacillus Calmette-Guerin bacilli and intracardiac challenge with old tuberculin; the assays were performed by both in vitro and in vivo methods. None of the strains immunized in this fashion developed delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to purified protein derivative.
Carrageenan and Dextran in Rats
Authors: Anderson R.E. , Warne P.J. , West G.B.
Published: July 2009

Carrageenan injected subcutaneously into one hindpaw of the rat produces an anaphylactoid reaction which prevents the same paw responding to a second dose 14 days later but does not alter the response to dextran. However, dextran does not modify the response of the hindpaw to a subsequent dose of either dextran or carrageenan 14 days later. When using these models of inflammation for testing the anti-inflammatory activity of drugs, valuable extra information may be gained by adopting the cross-over technique and using both paws of each animal.
Socioeconomic Influences on the Effects of a Genetic Testing Direct-to-Consumer Marketing Campaign
Authors: Bowen D.J. , Harris J. , Jorgensen C.M. , Myers M.F. , Kuniyuki A.
Published: July 2009

Direct-to-consumer marketing of genetic tests is beginning to appear in select markets, and little independent evaluation has been conducted on the effects of this marketing on consumer attitudes or behavior. The purpose of this paper is to identify the effects of socioeconomic status on women’s reactions to such a campaign, including knowledge of the test, perceptions of personal risk, communications with others about the test, and interest in pursuing the test. The only United States provider of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility (BRCA1/2 testing) conducted a pilot marketing campaign that targeted women aged 25–54 and their health care providers in 2 cities, Atlanta, Ga., and Denver, Colo. The design for the evaluation was a post campaign consumer survey, based on a cross-sectional stratified random sample of women in the 2 intervention sites and 2 comparison sites. The campaign had no differential impact by socioeconomic status. However, there was a consistent relationship between socioeconomic status and several outcome variables, including knowledge of the test, beliefs about the test, and desire to know about genetic risk. These data indicate that socioeconomic status may play a role in uptake of genetic services, regardless of response to a media campaign.
Adjuvant Effect of Amorphous Silica on the Immune Response to Various Antigens in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Mancino D. , Bevilacqua N.
Published: July 2009

The adjuvant effect of a subcutaneously injected amorphous silica (Aerosil) to various antigens was studied in guinea pigs. It was demonstrated that silica is able to enhance the humoral immune response to particulate and soluble antigens widely differing in molecular weight and that, in the system employed, adsorption of antigen on silica particles is not absolutely required for its adjuvanticity.
Depletion of IgG in Rabbit Sera by Absorption with some Group A Streptococci
Authors: Christensen Poul , Holm Stig E. , Henrichsen Jørgen
Published: July 2009

Streptococci group A, type M 1 or M 56 were capable to deplete IgG in normal rabbit sera during absorption by means of a surface Fc receptor. One absorption with 8.0 mg (dry weight) M 1 streptococci or two absorptions with 71 mg M 56 streptococci removed all IgG in 0.2 ml rabbit serum diluted 1:10 (containing 1.5 mg IgG/ml). Antibodies to egg albumin and antibodies to sheep red cells were not demonstrable after absorption of 0.2 ml serum diluted 1:10 with 16.0 mg M 1 streptococci. These results are discussed in relation to some reports on immunologic cross-reactions between streptococci and mammalian tissues.
Bovine Reaginic Antibody
Authors: Nielsen K.H. , Wilkie B.N.
Published: July 2009

A method of preparing an antiserum to bovine reaginic immunoglobulins is described. This procedure which relies on the ability of bovine reaginic immunoglobulin to attach to rat mast cells, results in an antiserum which upon absorption with rat and bovine materials did not react with rat serum or with bovine IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA. The antiserum did, however, react in a gel diffusion assay with PCA positive bovine globulin and a reaginic immunoglobulin-rich fraction of bovine serum. Further, anti-reaginic immunoglobulin activity was shown by binding to and degranulation of rat mast cells previously incubated with PCA positive bovine globulin. The antiserum prevented sensitization of calf skin in a PCA reaction while anti-human IgE did not.
Recovery of the Bursa of Fabricius in Chickens After Cyclophosphamide Treatment
Authors: Hoffmann-Fezer G. , Hoffmann R. , Fiedler H. , Lösch U.
Published: July 2009

Chickens were injected posthatching with cyclophosphamide in three different doses (total 8, 10, 11 mg). Histomorphological analysis of bursal tissue was performed up to 11 weeks of age. A probable biphasic recovery was observed in the majority of the chickens. The first phase of recovery is characterized by the appearance of solitary thioninophilic cells in reticuloepithelial follicles, followed in a few follicles by a redevelopment similar to embryonal follicular genesis. The late phase of recovery starts from week 7 on by infiltration of reticuloepithelial follicles with mature plasma cells in the manner of a peripheral lymphoid organ followed by thioninophilic lymphoid cells. The latter cells populate the follicles successively. Different transitions to normal follicles then take place. These investigations confirm observations of a reconstitution of bursal compartments starting some weeks later than the recovery of thymus, which takes place 2 weeks after cyclophosphamide treatment.
Effect of Thymic Factor on Human Lymphoid Cells of Umbilical Cord Blood and of Children with T Cell Deficiency
Authors: Fiorilli M. , Aiuti F. , Ammirati P. , Luzi G. , Schirrmacher V.
Published: July 2009

We report on the in vitro effect of a thymic factor (TF) extracted from pig thymuses, on human lymphoid cells from umbilical cord blood and from peripheral blood of 8 T cell-deficient patients. E rosette formation was not affected by TF when tested on cells from peripheral blood of normal adults. With cells from umbilical cord blood of 13 healthy, full-therm newborn babies, the difference between the percent (mean) of ERFCs before (16.31 ± 11.13) and after (28.85 ± 17.10) incubation with TF was statistically significant (p <0.05). In most samples, TF transformed about 10–20% of the cells. In the T cell-deficient group the increase in ERFCs of the peripheral blood lymphocytes, though consistent, was variable in degree from case to case. Our data indicate that precursor cells in some individuals with T cell deficiency are very sensitive to TF. Patients with highly responsive precursors appear to be the best candidates for a therapeutic approach with TF when thymus transplant is not possible.
Immunological Properties of Ampicillin Polymers
Authors: Ahlstedt S. , Kristofferson A. , Svärd P.O. , Strannegård Ö.
Published: July 2009

The immunologic effects of ampicillin polymers were studied in mice and rabbits. Polymerized ampicillin – in contrast to monomers – had a supressive effect on the antibody response to penicilloylated proteins. Unfractionated ampicillin polymer, and high molecular weight fractions were found to have an immunogenic effect in mice, when tested by a haemolytic plaque assay. The immunogenic effect of variously sized polymers did not correspond to their antigenic activity as reflected by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis experiments.
Optimal Antibody-Receptor Ratio in Anaphylactic-Sensitization
Authors: Okazaki Tadao , Fujita Yosuke , Okazaki Atsuko , llea Viorel S. , Arbesman Carl E.
Published: July 2009

The antigen-induced release of histamine from guinea pig and monkey lung fragments sensitized in vitro with hyperimmune rabbit antibody and human reaginic serum, respectively, was studied. When the amounts of whole antiserum, γ-globulin fraction, or purified antibody were increased over the optimum in passive anaphylactic sensitization, the subsequent histamine release was reduced in spite of the fact that proportionately greater amounts of antigen were added to the system. The observed inhibition by higher antibody concentrations might be due to a reduction in cell-stimulating capacity of the antigen-antibody-receptor complex caused by inappropriate ratios among any of these three components.
Quantitation of β 1c/1A Globulin (C3) in Inbred Mice: Variation Dependent upon Strain, Age, Sex and Environment
Authors: Natsuume-Sakai Shunnosuke , Motonishi Kiyoko , Takahashi Morinobu
Published: July 2009

The effect of age, sex, genetic backgrounds and environmental factors on mouse C3 level was studied. In general, C3 level increased as a mouse became older. Little difference in C3 level was observed between male and female of all ages. C3 level was found in a great variation from strain to strain, but we could not demonstrate any major role of H-2 in determining serum C3 level. Serum C3 level is not shown to be linked to the serum level of H-2 linked serum protein Ss (C4). On the other hand a close correlation between C3 level and C5 level was demonstrated. Serum C3 markedly increased, along with C5, when mice were injected with turpentine oil, suggesting both components are acute phase reactants. The degree of increase in C3 level in response to turpentine oil injection appeared to be controlled by a single or a very few genes probably not linked to H-2.
C3- and C5-Cleaving Properdin Enzymes Formed on Zymosan Incubated with Human Serum: the Decay and the Regeneration of the Enzymes
Authors: Fujita Teizo , Takiuchi Mieko , Matsumoto Misako , Nagaki Kazuyoshi , Inai Shinya
Published: July 2009

Incubation of zymosan (Z) with normal human serum led to the formation of ZXhu, which had the abilities to cleave C3 and C5. Kinetic studies on ZXhu formation revealed that the amount of inactivated C5 by ZXhu, when expressed in site-forming unit (SFU), was much greater than that of inactivated C3. When ZXhu having limited C3- and C5-cleaving activities was incubated at 37°C, it decayed with a first-order reaction and completely in 120 min. At any stage of decay of ZXhu, the activities could be restored by the addition of both B and D, but not by the addition of B or D alone. Not D but B could be bound to the completely decayed ZXhu, and activation of bound B by D led to the regeneration of ZXhu.
Arthritogenicity of Wax D from Various Mycobacteria Related to Oil Vehicle Composition and to the Combination with Poly I:C, Cord Factor and Acetylated Wax D
Authors: Kohashi O. , Pearson C.M. , Koga T.
Published: July 2009

Most of wax D (peptidoglycolipid) used here appeared to be ineffective for production of arthritis when given in a water-in-oil emulsion, while the same wax D in squalane was very effective for production of arthritis. Arlacel A as an emulsifier appeared to suppress the arthritogenicity of wax D in squalane, probably through some interaction with the arthritogenic portion of wax D. Poly 1:C seemed to remarkably enhance the arthritogenicity of wax D, even in water-in-oil emulsion. Acetylated wax D and cord factor (trehalose-dimycolate) were much less effective than poly 1:C. Delayed skin hypersensitivity to PPD, peptidoglycan and poly 1:C was also markedly affected by oil composition. However, there was no correlation between these delayed hypersensitivities and development of arthritis.
Experimental Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Reduced Severity of Clinical Response Following Repeated Injections of Micropolyspora faeni Antigen
Authors: Wilkie B.N.
Published: July 2009

Subcutaneous injection of soluble M. faeni antigen administered during a series of aerosol provocations to previously sensitized calves was found to diminish severity of clinical response. The mechanism by which response was reduced was not apparent.
Three Immunoglobulin Classes in the Pigeon (Columbia livia)
Authors: Goudswaard Jan , Vaerman Jean-Pierre , Heremans Joseph F.
Published: July 2009

Three classes of immunoglobulins have been identified in the pigeon. IgG and IgM were purified from pigeon serum whereas IgA was isolated from pigeon hepatic bile. Pigeon IgG and IgM had the same properties and immunohistological distribution as their chicken homologues. Pigeon IgA was identified on the following grounds: (1) it contains the same light chains as pigeon IgM and IgG; (2) it is relatively abundant in exocrine secretions such as bile, egg white, cropmilk and intestinal fluid, whereas it is present only in small amounts in serum; (3) it occurs in the cytoplasm of the majority of the immunocytes from the intestinal mucosa; (4) its electrophoretic mobility and molecular size are similar to those of chicken IgA. Surprisingly, no immunoglobulin-containing cells could be detected in sections of the wall of the cropmilk gland, despite the high IgA content of the cropmilk.