bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stepped-ness in medium density housing: The stepped dwellings
Authors:   , Batchelor Emily
Published: November 2021

Stepped-ness in Medium Density Housing investigates a new form of design, where the site is organised according to different conditions of public, common, shared and private spaces. Stepped-ness is used as a technique for controlling relations at a range of scales and intimacies —from urban to interior— and as a tool for creating continuity of public to private, inside to outside and building to landscape. As a result, circulation and dwelling become integrated as part of a stepped morphology in which higher density living is able to accommodate both a desire for privacy, and a connection with neighbours.  The typical detached New Zealand house reinforces the nuclear family as unit and precludes the extended family. Local models of medium density housing replicate these conventions and continue to deliver autonomous and identifiably singular buildings defined by lot and footprint size. Challenging these conventions, the architectural hardware of this proposal allows boundaries to be redefined according to the preferred size and configuration of a variety of household types. The identity of ‘home’ is less determined by size, and more by relations – within the household and between dwelling and public realm.  Insistently organisational, mat-building explores relational distances. The stepped-mat is examined in terms of the design of mediatory devices and ancillary spaces as the primary element of space planning. This was inspired by Atelier Bow Wow, who is known for creating, “not an architecture of spaces, but an architecture of relationships,” (Fujimori, 2010, p. 128). Initially concerned with the step as a tool for design, this thesis developed to consider the stepped-mat as a way of both controlling and designing space at a range of scales. How then, could the kinds of interstitial and circulation spaces between dwellings be exploited for incidental meetings between neighbours, to sit outside and read a book, or bring some daylight into a corridor (Barker & Simons, 2012, p.155). Designed to both transport and accommodate us, the stairs’ behaviour in the breakdown of vertical and horizontal space drives this design, and forms new relations between households.
Building a New Zealand Surf Life Saving Club Vernacular
Authors:   , Keown Lief Inia
Published: November 2021

New Zealand’s coastal landscape is a desirable position that holds great significance to our country’s culture. Surf Life Saving Clubs are prominent architectural entities that sit proudly upon New Zealand beaches. Surf Life Saving Clubs have a rich history and are representative of the Kiwi lifestyle. Yet, Surf Life Saving Club buildings, as architecture, have received little serious attention. This thesis investigates characteristic features of Surf Life Saving Clubs in their coastal setting and shows how those qualities can be recognised in future club development.  A review of existing research indicates a gap in scholarship around the understand of Surf Life Saving Club buildings as a facet of coastal development. In this research an extensive range of Surf Life Saving Clubs are surveyed in order to gain a greater understanding of the building type; siting, form, and orientation. This is then followed by detailed case studies of active Surf Life Saving Clubs. The research deduces patterns in site, placement, orientation, form, function layout, structure and materiality that influence the buildings’ character.  Design Guidelines are formulated whilst utilising Critical Regionalism as a lens to reconcile the opposing imperatives that are inherent in creating a building that is both of the vernacular and architecture.  Finally, a Design Case Study allows the Design Guidelines to be developed and tested. Based on these investigations a Design Case Study is produced that models the application of a contemporary Surf Life Saving Club vernacular to a considered work of architecture.
Fingering strategies in the Prelude of J.S. Bach's sixth suite for solo cello
Authors:   , Partridge Alexandra Claire
Published: November 2021

The introduction of this exegesis presents a brief history of Bach’s cello suites, explores the relevance and reliability of the manuscript sources and discusses the intended five-stringed instrument for Suite No. 6. Part One compares and contrasts the fingering patterns within selected extracts from eleven different editions of the Prelude. It examines the varying interpretations and takes into account the fingering choices that have been adopted in the publications. Part Two of this exegesis comprises this author’s version of the Prelude. This incorporates the technically and musically convincing fingering patterns found from the research in prior parts of this study, as well as using the author’s own knowledge of cello pedagogy. The ultimate purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive and informed version in which challenges of playing this movement are largely minimised.
Hear to Care: The role of caregivers in the spiritual care of residents in New Zealand Rest Homes
Authors:   , Hardie Judith
Published: November 2021

This thesis argues that caregivers are exposed to the spiritual needs of rest home residents much more than might have previously been recognised, and that they are a more important part of the matrix of spiritual care than has been understood or acknowledged. By employing a qualitative research methodology, staff, residents and management at two rest homes in the greater Wellington region were interviewed to address the question: to what extent and in what ways is spiritual care a part of the caregiver role in New Zealand rest homes? The research explores current understandings and perceptions of the caregivers' role in attending to the spiritual needs of the residents by addressing a key set of related questions that arise from consideration of the rest home milieu. The research indicates that the move into a rest home is a turning point in the life of the residents. The changes involved in this transition may lead to a spiritual search for meaning, and to questioning that arises from a sense of being in transition from life to death. In the course of daily work, caregivers, as members of the team that provides holistic care, therefore relate to residents who are experiencing various spiritual challenges associated with rest home life and the vulnerability of ageing. Caregivers' confidence to respond to residents' spiritual needs was explored. The thesis suggests that there would be value in extending caregiver training to strengthen their capacity to recognise and respond to spiritual issues when they occur in the course of their work. Such training is seen as important if provision of care in rest homes for the aged population in New Zealand is to be truly holistic.
The Effect of Outside Genres on Techniques and Devices in Modern Jazz Composition (1988-2008)
Authors:   , Botting Thomas
Published: November 2021

This is a study involving research, analysis and performance of music composed by jazz artists in the last twenty years. The focus of this discussion will be on the influence of several outside genres on the music of these jazz composers. In particular it will examine transcriptions of works by composers including Dave Holland, John Scofield, Hiromi Uehara, Nils Wogram, Christian McBride, Bill Frisell, Kenny Garrett and Pat Metheny. The analysis of these transcriptions will examine the devices the composers have used such as counterpoint, harmony, rhythm, instrumentation, melody, time signatures, form et al. and assess how any outside genres may have affected these devices. Furthermore the analysed compositions will be performed in a recital setting, as well as a portfolio of compositions written by myself using the techniques gathered from my analysis.
Possible scenarios for China-U.S. Relations by 2030
Authors:   , Vu Thanh Duy
Published: November 2021

The rise of China and relative decline of the United States have caused a heated debate on a possible power shift in the Asia-Pacific. Whether China and the U.S. will become friends or enemies remains an unanswered question. This necessitates a thorough study on the future of China-U.S. relations and how they will affect the strategic chessboard in the region.  This Thesis examines the possible scenarios of China-U.S. relations by 2030. It argues that while the nature of China-U.S. relations is characterized by strategic competition, increasing interdependence between the two countries requires them to cooperate and co-exist with each other. If current trends continue, by 2030, the most likely scenarios for China-U.S. relations will, in descending order, be a continued China-U.S. strategic competition in peaceful co-existence, a new Cold War, a G-2 style condominium, and a predominance by China over the U.S. in the Asia-Pacific. The Thesis also finds that unlike the past, China-U.S. relations will be increasingly influenced by external factors and unpredictable events or crises. Each of the scenarios in China-U.S. relations will have a different but equally profound impact on the security architecture in the region, especially the ASEAN-led mechanisms for regional security cooperation. These results suggest that at times of power shifts between the U.S. and China, scenario-based planning can be a viable policy option for countries in the Asia-Pacific.
Economic interdependence: A deterrent to Sino-American armed conflict
Authors:   , Nguyen Thi Bich Thuan
Published: November 2021

This thesis is devoted to examine the impact of economic interdependence on the interstate relations between the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China. Specifically, all three propositions emerging from the ongoing controversy over the economics-security nexus inclusive of “economic interdependence increases conflict”, “economic interdependence decreases conflict” and “economic interdependence is irrelevant to conflict” shall be tested in an empirical analysis of Sino-American relationship.  Three significant findings have emerged. Firstly, strong economic ties have actually caused tensions between Washington and Beijing. However, these issues of great disputes are not strong enough to turn into a Sino-American war because both countries have gained tremendous benefits from their strong economic ties and are not willing to destroy the economic ties that lock them together. Secondly, it is undeniable that economic interdependence has greatly promoted peace and stability between Washington and Beijing. However, there are three grounds for skepticism. To begin with, leaders always put security concerns over the prospects for economic loss, especially in times of insecurity and vulnerability. Furthermore, it is not yet certain that the linkages between the two sides in different areas can guarantee peace between the two countries. Also, there is a little historical evidence to believe that economic interdependence alone can bring lasting stability in the international order. Thirdly, the third proposition "economic interdependence is irrelevant to conflict” perfectly fits the Sino-American relationship. To start with, Washington and Beijing have used trade to maximize their national power not to suppress conflict. In addition, we should not limit the future of Sino-American relationship to the discussion of economic factors. Both sides have kept their relationship relatively stable not only because of strong economic ties but also other factors such as: the emergence of non-traditional threats and the mutual possession of nuclear weapons.
Seeing Double: The Process of Script Adaptation between Theatre and Film
Authors:   , McGibbon Gavin Rodney
Published: November 2021

This thesis examines the adaptation of stage plays to cinema, and of films to theatre. The creative component of the thesis consists of my full-length play script Hamlet Dies At The End, and the script of its feature film adaptation (Song’s End), plus material from my film script Roy Jiminton and the script of its adaptation to theatre.  The critical component of this thesis examines seven stage-to-film adaptations and four film-to-stage adaptations, in order to illustrate the distinctions between writing for the two different mediums and to suggest principles to aid scriptwriters in adapting material between theatre and film.  The thesis concludes with discussion of the decisions I made when adapting my own scripts.  This thesis argues that to successfully adapt play or film scripts from one medium to the other, the adaptor must be willing to incorporate significant change in order to effectively ‘adapt’. Adaptations that merely transpose from the stage onto the screen, or vice versa, fail to engage with their new medium.  This thesis also proposes a set of adaptation principles for script adaptors.
Two Is Company, Three Is A Crowd: An analysis of the relationships between Herakles, Hera & Zeus in Apollodoros' Bibliotheke
Authors:   , Casbolt Jessica
Published: November 2021

This thesis examines the relationships between Herakles, Hera and Zeus in five mythic episodes in the Bibliotheke: the punishment of Hera; the Gigantomachy; Herakles’ birth and early life; the madness of Herakles; and his death, apotheosis and marriage to Hebe. These episodes display a variety of interactions between the figures across the life of Herakles. From his birth to his death and apotheosis, his relationship with Hera is of a contentious nature. Zeus’ involvement in the life of Herakles is often absent during crucial points. Apollodoros’ Bibliotheke is a survey of myth composed by an author who evidently had considerable literary resources to hand. What this means for the work is that the options available to Apollodoros were vast; thus we must attribute a great deal of choice to him in his compilations of the myths. As a result, when viewing the relationships between the three figures, we can investigate Apollodoros’ adjustments to the myths and attempt to uncover how he wished to portray the figures of Herakles, Hera and Zeus. As well as displaying information in the text, Apollodoros’ strict structuring method also presents us with more information. The genealogical structure forms the backbone of the work; it is in the deliberate placements of certain myths, however, such as the Punishment of Hera (Bib 1.3.5; 2.7.1) and the Gigantomachy (1.6.1; 2.7.1), that we see the effect of his conscious decisions in regard to the structure of the Bibliotheke.
Hegemonic Decline, Globalisation and the United States' Strategic Pivot to Asia: Implications for Vietnam
Authors:   , Nguyen Huyen Phuong
Published: November 2021

The international order has been much in change since the beginning of the 21st century with the domination of power of the United States and the rise of emerging nations pursuing the ambitions of gaining more prosperity or influence. However, the hegemonic power of the United States is on the way down and this gives space for many other actors to come onto the stage. These movements play the role as an impellent force for the United States to build up and implement the so-called Asia pivot, otherwise known as the rebalancing strategy in Asia Pacific. This paper will discuss the impetus of the pivot and what it has done for the United States. It will examine whether the hegemonic stability of the United States will lead to world order and stability and whether the strategy is welcomed by the majority of world players. The influence of the pivot on the security environment of the Asia Pacific region in general and in Vietnam in particular will also be considered in order to draw up a clear picture for Vietnam to plan foreign policy in the coming years.
Impacts of FDI on technology upgrade and employment of Singapore and Malaysia, lesson for Vietnam
Authors:   , Nguyen Minh Trang
Published: November 2021

This thesis evaluates Vietnam's experience with FDI to date and looks at what lessons can be drawn from the experiences of Malaysia and Singapore to help Vietnam deal with emerging problems. The thesis shows that Vietnam's experience with FDI has been successful in the following ways: a significant contribution to growth, constitute 63.1% of exports (2012), some advanced technology are transferred, creation a number of new jobs and improving the quality of domestic products, etc. The main issues for Vietnam, though are limited technological upgrading, disappointing employment performance, fierce competition, crowding out effects and domination of FDI firms in the domestic market, etc. The thesis argues that the Malaysian and Singaporean experiences suggest Vietnam should prioritize tax incentives for pioneer industries, particularly aspects of education; enhancing human capital and technology capacity; improvement of business environment and subsidiaries industry, etc.
George French Angas and the Creation of Colonial Knowledge in New Zealand
Authors:   , Falconer-Gray Catherine
Published: November 2021

In 1844, George French Angas, the English traveller, artist, natural historian and ethnographer spent four months travelling in New Zealand. He sought out and met many of the most influential Maori leaders of the time, sketching and recording his observations as he went. His stated intention was to provide a ‘more correct idea’ of New Zealand and the New Zealanders. In Australia and then Britain he held exhibitions of his work and in 1847 he published two works based on this time in New Zealand: a large volume of full-colour lithographs, The New Zealanders Illustrated and a travel narrative based on his journal, Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand. These exhibitions and publications comprised the nineteenth century’s largest collection of works about Maori and Maori culture. This thesis is a study of the ‘more correct idea’ that Angas sought to provide: his creation of colonial knowledge about Maori. Angas is most commonly described in New Zealand as being an unremarkable artist but as providing a window onto New Zealand in the 1840s. This thesis opens the window wider by looking at Angas’s works as a record of a cultural encounter and the formation of a colonial identity. The works were shaped by numerous ideological and intellectual currents from Britain and the empire, including humanitarianism and the aesthetic of the picturesque. Ideas about gender and the body form a central part of the colonial knowledge created in Angas’s work. Particularly notable is what this thesis terms ‘sartorial colonisation’ – a process of colonisation through discourse and expectations around clothes. Angas also travelled and worked in a dynamic middle ground in New Zealand and Maori played a vital role in the creation of his works. Angas represented Maori in a sympathetic light in many ways. Ultimately however, he believed in the superiority of the British culture, to the detriment of creating colonial knowledge that placed Maori as equal partners in the recently signed Treaty of Waitangi. This thesis also examines the ways in which Angas’s body of work has been engaged with by the New Zealand public through to the present. As a study of the products of a British traveller who spent time in other parts of the empire as well as in New Zealand, this thesis contributes to histories of New Zealand, and British imperial and transcolonial history.
Vietnam's ASEAN Chairmanship in Dispute Management of the South China Sea in 2010
Authors:   , Vu Thi Minh Hang
Published: November 2021

This thesis examines the attempts of Vietnamese policy makers to manage the dispute with China on the South China Sea within the context of Vietnam’s ASEAN Chairmanship in 2010. In particular, it examines the actions of Vietnamese policymakers in the preparing and conducting the 2010 ASEAN Defence Minister Meeting Plus and ASEAN Regional Forum. It asks whether and how Vietnamese policymakers have utilized the ASEAN chairmanship and its agenda-setting powers to put the South China Sea issue and the Chinese in the spotlight at these meetings. It argues that Vietnamese policymakers sought to constrain Chinese actions in the South China Sea by raising international publicity on the issue. The thesis considers the strategic measures taken by Vietnamese policy makers in managing the South China Sea conflict from the perspective of two schools of thought in international relations: realism and constructivism. While realists and neo-realists suggest that the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must, constructivists argue that policy makers are social actors, who are concerned with the respect of others. Constructivist approaches offer a more convincing way to explain how and why Vietnam, a weaker state might try to constrain China, a much stronger state, on issues of sovereignty in the South China Sea. Finally, the thesis concludes that, despite several failures, Vietnamese policy makers were able to make progress in managing this conflict by using international publicity to constrain the Chinese from acting unilaterally.
Japan's Public Diplomacy as an Effective Tool in Enhancing its Soft Power in Vietnam: A case-study of the Ship for Southeast Asian Youth Exchange Program
Authors:   , Duong Thi Thu
Published: November 2021

Soft power is a term defined by Nye as the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. Public diplomacy is an instrument that government uses to mobilize resources of soft power to attract the public of other countries, rather than merely their governments. Both soft power and public diplomacy have been widely used in both academic works and the media. However, in Northeast Asia, while much has been talked about soft power of a rising China, there is little empirical work on Japan’s soft power with a particular case study. Vietnam is a part of Southeast Asia, a strategic location in which Japan has a special interest. The research is an attempt to explore dimensions of Japan’s soft power and to examine whether public diplomacy is an efficient tool to enhance Japan’s soft power in Vietnam. A case study of the Ship for Southeast Asian Youth Exchange Program will be used to examine if it can help Japan project its soft power in Vietnam. Two separate surveys aiming at the participants of the program and the non-participants are conducted simultaneously. The outcomes of the two surveys will reveal whether the participants have more positive views about Japan than the non-participants. Moreover, these positive views should be correspondent with the foreign policy goals of Japan in its relations with Vietnam. Therefore, the surveys can help conclude whether the Ship for Southeast Asian Youth Exchange program contributes to the enhancement of Japan’s soft power in Vietnam.
What is the I that I am? An Enquiry into the Self
Authors:   , Gosnell Jennifer Leigh
Published: November 2021

This dissertation is an elucidation of the nature of the self. It consists of two major parts. The first part is an investigation of the necessary and sufficient conditions of the self, appealing to four theses: the Conceivability Thesis, the Equilibrium Thesis, Panpsychism and the Multiple Selves Doctrine and the Locus Thesis. Proponents of these views are examined in detail, including Descartes, Avicenna, Strawson, Parfit and Dennett. The conditions of selfhood are established through an examination of the individual’s perception and how they arrange their perceptions. The second part of the dissertation discusses the influences of the outside or others’ perception of a self, and how this can influence an individual’s own impression of the self. This is considered using as examples the psychological disorders of autism and schizophrenia. The primary aim of this dissertation is to establish criteria for the presence of the self in the individual and to examine some of the ways in which the self can be expressed. Furthermore, this dissertation begins to clarify the importance of the contribution the self makes towards a person’s successful functioning within his/her selected community.
Staging the Past: The Period Room in New Zealand
Authors:   , Stephenson Kimberley Jane
Published: November 2021

Before 1940, few of the nation’s museums actively collected or displayed artefacts associated with the history of European settlement in New Zealand. Over the following three decades, an interest in ‘colonial history’ blossomed and collections grew rapidly. Faced with the challenge of displaying material associated with the homes of early settlers, museums adopted the period room as a strategy of display. The period room subsequently remained popular with museum professionals until the 1980s, when the type of history that it had traditionally been used to represent was increasingly brought into question. Filling a gap in the literature that surrounds museums and their practices in New Zealand, this thesis attempts to chart the meteoric rise and fall of the period room in New Zealand. Taking the two period rooms that were created for the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition in 1939 as its starting point, the thesis begins by considering the role that the centennials, jubilees and other milestones celebrated around New Zealand in the 1940s and 1950s played in the development of period rooms in this country, unpacking the factors that fuelled the popularity of this display mode among exhibition organisers and museum professionals. The thesis then charts the history of the period room in the context of three metropolitan museums – the Otago Early Settlers Museum, the Canterbury Museum, and the Dominion Museum – looking at the physical changes that were made to these displays over time, the attitudes that informed these changes, and the role that period rooms play in these institutions today.
The Increased US-Vietnamese economic trade relations improved the diplomatic and political relations between the two countries since the diplomatic normalization in 1995
Authors:   , Le Minh Thi Thanh
Published: November 2021

Interdependence theory of liberalism with the core meaning that economic interdependence can foster peace had explained many case studies in the world. The purpose of this thesis is to prove that interdependence theory also explains best the Vietnam-US economic trade relations after the two countries normalized their diplomatic relations in 1995 with the meaning that the US-Vietnam's increased economic trade relations improve their political and diplomatic relation. After the Vietnam War ended, Vietnam-US relations were completely frozen. By 1995, the two countries normalized their diplomatic relations and they started to trade with each other. Up until now, the two countries achieved great trade development through both bilateral economic relations and international organizations. The strong development of US-Vietnam trade economic relations has improved their political and diplomatic relations. Based on interdependence theory of liberalism, this argument is proved by five main points: First, since 1995 the economic trade relations provided more valuable benefits than the wartime so that the two countries want to trade with each other and avoid conflicts. Second, the development and expansion of trade and economic relations have positive effects which spillover to other sectors, creating a favorable environment to promote military and diplomacy relations between the two countries. Third, increases in the trade and economic relations lead to enhance communication, cooperation, trust, dependency between the two countries thus reduce misunderstanding and the likelihood of conflicts. Then, when trade relations increase, common economic interests between the US and Vietnam also enhance, making the two countries closer to each other and likely to use negotiations and diplomacy to solve problems that do arise between the relations of the two countries. Finally, the economic trade relations of the two countries through international organizations provides forums for the US and Vietnam to communicate and solve problems that do arise between them. In future, it is predicted that the economic dependence between the two countries will develop further. Therefore, the US-Vietnamese political and diplomatic relations continue to be strengthened in the future.
Advanced Materials for Radiation Dosimetry
Authors:   , Gädtke Christin
Published: November 2021

The motivation for this work was to find materials that have the following characteristics: good optical transparency, rapid read-out, automation of read-out, good fading characteristic, promise high sensitivity to ionising radiation, and tissue equivalence for use in medical applications. For example, there are medical applications in brachytherapy and high-energy photon therapy for the treatment of cancer. These applications benefit small dosimeters for monitoring radiation during radiotherapy or for dose verification and validation. This thesis studies fluoroperovskite materials that were manufactured as bulk materials or nanoparticles. The techniques of photoluminescence (PL), radioluminescence (RL), thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) were employed in order to get a deeper understanding of the defect distribution in these materials. A detailed model of the trap distribution was developed from the results of these measurements. It was observed that compared to the bulk materials, the nanoparticles show a lower PL lifetime and less dependence on the dose of the RL intensity, which is due to the different defect distribution. The nanoparticles also demonstrate more low temperature peaks in the TL glow curves. PL and RL measurements of Eu3+ doped samples show that the crystal environment of the Eu3+ in the bulk material is more distorted than for the nanoparticles. For the bulk materials, the thermal coefficient of the RL is <0.4 %/K, which is a desirable property of real -time dosimeters. The thermal coefficient of the RL in the nanoparticles has a high uncertainty ( 7 %/K) compared to the bulk materials ( 0.4 %/K). For the fluoride nanoparticles, it was observed that the PL lifetimes for the LaF3 decreases with increasing rare earth concentrations. This can be attributed to energy transfer from luminescence ions in the core to luminescence ions near the surface followed by non-radiative decay. In comparison, the decrease of the PL lifetimes of RbMgF3 and NaMgF3 is predominantly due to non-radiative recombination centres inside the crystal.
Matroids in which every pair of elements belongs to both a 4-circuit and a 4-cocircuit
Authors:   , Miller Joel
Published: November 2021

In this thesis, we analyse the matroids which have the property that every pair of elements belongs to both a 4-circuit and a 4-cocircuit. In particular, we show that if a matroid with this property has at least 13 elements, then it is a spike. We also study the matroids with fewer than 13 element that have this property.
The prevalence and treatment of metformin associated Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in New Zealand
Authors:   , Haeusler Sylvan
Published: November 2021

With an ever increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes in the New Zealand population, continual assessment must be made to ensure the ongoing evaluation of treatment options to ensure patient care is not compromised. Previous research has shown higher prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus who have had long term metformin treatment. An investigation into patients attending secondary care clinics at the Diabetes Clinic at Wellington Regional Hospital as well as primary health care patients has explored the prevalence of this interaction in the New Zealand population as well as assessed the factors that may contributed to such an effect. It was found that there is a high prevalence of decreased serum Vitamin B12 level in patients with type 2 Diabetes exposed to metformin treatment. Factors such as age and ethnicity were seen to be key predictors of this interaction and have shown a unique view of how the population of New Zealand may be affected. Treatment of decreased serum Vitamin B12 levels was seen to be effective through both sublingual and intramuscular methods with variations in both short and long term effects. The use of sublingual treatment administration of Vitamin B12 supplementation is unique in the scope of metformin induced Vitamin B12 deficiency and has shown potential to be a therapeutic route for patients affected by such an interactions. Current views on the interaction between metformin and serum Vitamin B12 levels are currently under debate in regards to physiological relevance and clinical outcomes. This paper provides a first look at the effect of this interaction in a New Zealand population and evaluates treatment options for such. Furthermore a proposal is made for an alternate mechanism of metformin action on Vitamin B12 levels which may aid understanding of observations made in both in this paper and previous studies.
Urban Trauma: The contemporary square and the New Urbanist city - Reintegrating Christchurch Cathedral Square
Authors:   , Chalmers Benjamin J.
Published: November 2021

This topic was chosen in response to the devastation caused to Cathedral Square, Christchurch, New Zealand following earthquakes in 2010 and 2011. Working amongst the demolition bought to attention questions about how to re-conceive the square within the rebuilt city. In particular, it raised questions as to how a central square could be better integrated and experienced as a contemporary addition to Christchurch city. This thesis seeks to investigate the ways in which central squares can be better integrated with the contemporary city and how New Urbanist design principles can contribute toward this union. The research principally focuses on the physical and spatial integration of the square with the contemporary city. A drawing-based analysis of select precedent case studies helped to determine early on that overall integration of the contemporary square could be attributed to several interdependent criteria. The detailed studies are supplemented further with literature-based research that narrowed the criteria to five integrative properties. These are: identity, scale and proportion, use, connectivity and natural landscape. These were synthesised, in part, from the integrative New Urbanist movement and the emerging integrative side of the more contemporary Post Urbanist movement. The literature-based research revealed that a more inclusive approach toward New Urbanist and Post Urbanist design methodologies may also produce a more integrated and contemporary square. Three design case studies, using the redesign of Cathedral Square, were undertaken to test this hypothesis. The case studies found that overall, integration was reliant on a harmonious balance between the five integrative properties, concluding that squares can be better integrated with the contemporary city. Further testing of the third concept, which embraced an allied New Urbanist / Post Urbanist approach to design, found that New Urbanism was limited in its contribution toward the integration of the square.
Linking adverbials in English
Authors:   , Yin Zihan
Published: November 2021

Linking adverbials play an important role in textual cohesion. Applied linguistic studies (e.g. Altenberg & Tapper, 1998; Bolton, Nelson, & Hung, 2002; Chen, 2006) have shown that second language learners have difficulty in using linking adverbials appropriately. Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, and Finegan (1999) is to date the only corpus-based reference grammar book which covers all three aspects of usage patterns of linking adverbials, i.e., form, meaning and position. But as the book provides a very comprehensive grammar, there is not room for a detailed account of all three aspects of usage patterns of a small grammar category such as linking adverbials. Also, the previous literature does not agree upon the terms used to refer to linking adverbials and the linguistic elements referred to by linking adverbials and other related terms. This two-stage study examined research questions of what linking adverbials are and how they are used in different registers using both a qualitative and quantitative approach. In Stage I, a random sample of 67 texts of a total of over 100,000 words from the Wellington Corpora of Written and Spoken New Zealand English (WWC and WSC) were manually analysed, which provided coverage of the target five registers of written academic prose, academic lectures, conversation, written news and broadcast news. In Stage II, the most frequent linking adverbials identified in written registers in Stage I were automatically searched in larger corpora, i.e., the whole WWC, BNC and COCA. The intonation unit was adopted as the analysis unit for spoken data and sound files were needed in deciding intonation units. Thus, automatic search for patterns in spoken data was not viable in Stage II. This study suggests a new definition of linking adverbials and explains the difference between linking adverbials and conjunctions. This study then provides a detailed account of usage patterns of not only the form, meaning and position of linking adverbials but also patterns of types of each form, meaning and position in five registers. Such usage patterns are compared and explained among different written and spoken registers and in different social settings. It is worth noting that a register-specific meaning categorization system and a semantic-pragmatic continuum are suggested in this study. The aforementioned findings contribute to theories of the nature of linking adverbials, and have implications for second language learning and teaching in EAP and ESP contexts and future corpus-based pedagogical grammar studies.
Is adolescents’ progress in reading comprehension served by particular attributional views in addition to learning the reading comprehension strategies of reciprocal teaching? A mixed-methods intervention study
Authors:   , Titter Anita
Published: November 2021

A mixed-methods quasi-experimental design was used to identify relationships between adolescent students’ attributions for their reading performance and their reading achievement by gathering baseline data from year 9 and 10 students (n = 175) and then investigating the effects of two stages of intervention on a treatment group (n = 22) and a comparison group (n = 16). The first stage of intervention used the instructional activity of reciprocal teaching to teach students cognitive strategies to improve reading comprehension. The second stage of the intervention combined on-going reciprocal teaching with attributional-retraining, aimed at to developing internal attributions for reading performance; specifically effort-related attributions rather than attributions focussing on ability. A baseline sample (which included the treatment and comparison samples as well as students from the wider year 9 and 10 cohort) completed a questionnaire about their attributions for their reading performance. There was no evidence of the hypothesised correlation between a measure of students’ incremental mindset (internal, unstable and controllable attribution) and standardised measures of reading comprehension. Analysis of the attribution data for the baseline sample showed evidence that internal and external attributions are not, as theorised, two ends of the same continuum, rather they are separate constructs, albeit negatively correlated. The treatment and comparison groups completed a standardised reading comprehension test and the attribution questionnaire at four time points: pre-intervention; between the two stages of intervention; post-intervention; and delayed post-intervention. A sub-sample of six students, representing a spectrum of reading achievement was interviewed to develop a better understanding of the responses provided in the questionnaire. The combined interventions had no significant effect on students’ attributions for their reading performance or on their reading comprehension achievement. Conversely, the first stage of the intervention, reciprocal teaching, did have a significant effect on the treatment group’s reading comprehension achievement immediately following the intervention and the group were observed eagerly participating in the activity with significantly increased engagement. The combined qualitative and quantitative data from the interventions provided evidence about the complexity of adolescents’ attributional beliefs. Students responded with a wide variety of beliefs that did not conform to the theorised pattern of attributional beliefs. The findings raise questions about how students form attributions for their successes and failures, in particular the direction of the causal relationship between achievement and attributional beliefs.
A Comparison of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X in the Black and Mainstream Press, 1955-2011
Authors:   , Cruden Daniel
Published: November 2021

Most historians of the black protest movement claim that the mainstream media misrepresented Martin Luther King and Malcolm X as opposing figures, without detailing how the media achieved this, how these representations influenced King and Malcolm X’s posthumous media images, or how African-American media representations of the pair differed from mainstream representations. In order to understand how this misrepresentation came to be, and what its implications were for memory of the two after their deaths, this thesis examines the representation of King and Malcolm X in mainstream and African-American newspapers from the beginnings of their public careers until 2011. Newspapers drew on their pre-existing views of American race relations to evaluate the importance of King and Malcolm X. During their lifetimes newspapers selectively conveyed the ideologies of both men, embracing King’s leadership while distrusting Malcolm X. After their deaths, newspapers sanctified King and discussed him extensively, often confining his significance to the battle against legal segregation in the South. Newspapers gave Malcolm X less attention at first, but rehabilitated him later, beginning with African-American newspapers. The failure of the black protest movement to end racial disparities in standards of living, combined with King’s appropriation by the mainstream media, paved the way for much greater attention to Malcolm X by the late 1980s. By this time, newspapers represented King and Malcolm X as politically compatible, but continued to give them distinct personas that still affect public images of African-American leaders, such as Barack Obama, to this day.
Formative assessment and feedback in the primary classroom: An interplay between teachers' beliefs and practices
Authors:   , Perumanathan Prema Shoba
Published: November 2021

This study explores the interplay between teachers’ beliefs and practices in understanding and implementing formative assessment and feedback to enhance student learning. Particularly, it explores teachers’ conceptions of effective formative feedback strategies, and the role they should play in their classroom practice. The context for this investigation was writing lessons in three primary classrooms, and included examination of three cases of primary teachers in the greater Wellington Region, New Zealand. Sadler’s (1989) theory of effective formative assessment and feedback provided the theoretical framework informing both data collection method and the analysis of data. Analysis of classroom observations, teaching documents and field notes revealed that teachers have adopted many strategies associated with good feedback practice. It was revealed, however, that the influence of teachers’ beliefs in the implementation and enactment of formative feedback and the interplay of their beliefs and practices affected their practices. These teachers’ conception and beliefs on how formative feedback should be practiced varied, as did their assumptions about their students’ abilities. These inconsistencies were further influenced by a range of contextual factors, including the diversity of students’ needs, differing collegial support, the structure of school writing programmes, teachers’ limited professional development and/or learning about formative assessment and feedback, and teachers’ learning having been undertaken in an era that favoured behaviourist practices. This research revealed the need for the provision of ongoing professional learning and development in writing instructions and formative assessment and feedback strategies. This would address the apparent inconsistencies between teachers’ conceptions and beliefs regarding effective formative assessment and feedback and their practices. As a result, this would help to promote Sadler’s (1989) formative assessment and feedback strategies to achieve more effective classroom teaching and learning practice. Implications for teachers, schools and professional learning and development are outlined and suggestions for further research included.
The ice thickness distribution of a debris-covered glacier: Tasman Glacier, New Zealand
Authors:   , Hart Rory
Published: November 2021

The ice thickness distribution of mountain valley glaciers is an important physical constraint for modelling their flow. Ice thickness measurements are used to calculate the geometry and ultimately the driving stress of a glacier. This information is all required if realistic models are to forecast the response of glaciers to climate forcings. For New Zealand's Tasman Glacier, two factors complicate its response to climate: 1) A layer of insulative rocky debris covers the lower half of the glacier, retarding surface melt, and 2) the glacier has recently entered a period of iceberg calving into a proglacial lake, introducing complex mechanical processes. These complications, along with the uncertainty of the current bed topography of the Tasman Glacier, make future predictions of its retreat behaviour difficult. The bed of the Tasman Glacier has not been fully imaged but ice thickness measurements obtained through seismic and gravity surveys have provided constraints for parts of the glacier. This study applies a range of geophysical methods (gravity and refraction seismics) to measure and model the ice thickness distribution of the lower Tasman Glacier. We surveyed orthogonal to glacier flow to obtain 12 transects within the lower 5 km of the glacier. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional gravity models generally indicate a U-shaped valley with ice thicknesses of 92-722 m from the present day terminus to the most upstream transect respectively. These results were used as input data to a simple mass flux model to assess its performance in estimating ice thickness and volume for the Tasman Glacier. The mass-flux model estimated a volume of 14.96 km3 for the Tasman Glacier, but generally underestimated ice thickness with an RMSE of 148 m between the modelled and the gravity-derived ice thickness. This discrepancy could be reduced by constraining ice thickness for a larger area of the glacier and providing a more recent DEM to the mass flux model. Studies such as this highlight the importance of constraining ice thickness in order to improve glacio-dynamic models and global volume estimates.