bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
American Idols
Authors: Taussig Doron
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on famous people. It shows that American culture does not take for granted the role of merit in achievement, even in the cases of successful public figures. The chapter asserts that even in instances of extreme achievement — the paragons, the winners, the people whose merit should be most obvious and who have long been understood as symbols of meritocracy — American culture tends to debate or evaluate the role of merit in success rather than accept it. It explores how we argue about whether people like Carly Fiorina deserve to be where they are and ask what our uncertainty about the Big Shots means for the rest of us. The chapter also reveals that American stories do not take meritocracy for granted but rather ask in individual cases whether a person, even an extremely successful person, ended up where he or she deserves to be. It emphasizes that American considerations of star athletes are shot through with uncertainty about deservedness.
Bullets Not Ballots
Authors: Hazelton Jacqueline L.
Published: September 2021

This book challenges the claim that winning “hearts and minds” is critical to successful counterinsurgency campaigns. Good governance, this conventional wisdom holds, gains the besieged government popular support, denies support to the insurgency, and makes military victory possible. The book argues that major counterinsurgent successes since World War II have resulted not through democratic reforms but rather through the use of military force against civilians and the co-optation of rival elites. The book offers new analyses of five historical cases frequently held up as examples of the effectiveness of good governance in ending rebellions — the Malayan Emergency, the Greek Civil War, the Huk Rebellion in the Philippines, the Dhofar rebellion in Oman, and the Salvadoran Civil War — to show that, although unpalatable, it was really brutal repression and bribery that brought each conflict to an end. By showing how compellence works in intrastate conflicts, the book makes clear that whether or not the international community decides these human, moral, and material costs are acceptable, responsible policymaking requires recognizing the actual components of counterinsurgent success — and the limited influence that external powers have over the tactics of counterinsurgent elites.
The Future Conditional
Authors: Henry Eric S.
Published: September 2021

This book offers a nuanced discussion of the globalization of the English language and the widespread effects it has had on Shenyang, the capital and largest city of China's northeast Liaoning Province. Adopting an ethnographic and linguistic perspective, the book considers the personal connotations that English has for Chinese people, beyond its role in the education system. Through research on how English is spoken, taught, and studied in China, the book considers what the language itself means to Chinese speakers. How and why, the book asks, has English become so deeply fascinating in contemporary China, simultaneously existing as a source of desire and anxiety? The answer suggested is that English-speaking Chinese consider themselves distinctly separate from those who do not speak the language, the result of a cultural assumption that speaking English makes a person modern. Seeing language as a study that goes beyond the classroom, the book assesses the emerging viewpoint that, for many citizens, speaking English in China has become a cultural need—and, more immediately, a realization of one's future.
Re-Union
Authors: Madland David
Published: September 2021

This book explores how labor unions are essential to all workers. Yet, union systems are badly flawed and in need of rapid changes for reform. The book's multilayered analysis presents a solution — a model to replace the existing firm-based collective bargaining with a larger, industry-scale bargaining method coupled with powerful incentives for union membership. These changes would represent a remarkable shift from the norm, but would be based on lessons from other countries, US history and current policy in several cities and states. In outlining the shift, the book details how these proposals might mend the broken economic and political systems in the United States. It also uses three examples from Britain, Canada, and Australia to explore what there is yet to learn about this new system in other developed nations. The book's practical advice extends to a proposal for how to implement the changes necessary to shift the current paradigm. This powerful call to action speaks directly to the workers affected by these policies — the very people seeking to have their voices recognized in a system that attempts to silence them.
All Societies Die
Authors: Cohn Samuel
Published: September 2021

The author of this book asks us to prepare for the inevitable. Our society is going to die. What are you going to do about it? But the author also wants us to know that there's still reason for hope. In an immersive and mesmerizing discussion, this book considers what makes societies (throughout history) collapse. It points us to the historical examples of the Byzantine empire, the collapse of Somalia, the rise of Middle Eastern terrorism, the rise of drug cartels in Latin America, and the French Revolution, to explain how societal decline has common features and themes. While unveiling the past, the message to us about the present is searing. Through an assessment of past and current societies, the book offers us a new way of looking at societal growth and decline. With a broad panorama of bloody stories, unexpected historical riches, crime waves, corruption, and disasters, the reader is shown that although our society will, inevitably, die at some point, there's still a lot we can do to make it better and live a little longer. This inventive approach to an “end-of-the-world” scenario should be a warning. We're not there yet. The book concludes with a strategy of preserving and rebuilding so that we don't have to give a eulogy anytime soon.
Saved at the Seawall
Authors: DuLong Jessica , Zuckoff Mitchell
Published: September 2021

This book is the definitive history of the largest ever waterborne evacuation. The book reveals the dramatic story of how the New York Harbor maritime community heroically delivered stranded commuters, residents, and visitors out of harm's way. Even before the US Coast Guard called for “all available boats,” tugs, ferries, dinner boats, and other vessels had sped to the rescue from points all across New York Harbor. In less than nine hours, captains and crews transported nearly half a million people from Manhattan. Anchored in eyewitness accounts, the book weaves together the personal stories of people rescued that day with those of the mariners who saved them. The book describes the inner workings of New York Harbor and reveals the collaborative power of its close-knit community. This chronicle of those crucial hours, when hundreds of thousands of lives were at risk, highlights how resourcefulness and basic human goodness triumphed over turmoil on one of America's darkest days.
Sentiment classification for employees reviews using regression vector- stochastic gradient descent classifier (RV-SGDC)
Authors: Gaye Babacar , Zhang Dezheng , Wulamu Aziguli
Published: September 2021

The satisfaction of employees is very important for any organization to make sufficient progress in production and to achieve its goals. Organizations try to keep their employees satisfied by making their policies according to employees’ demands which help to create a good environment for the collective. For this reason, it is beneficial for organizations to perform staff satisfaction surveys to be analyzed, allowing them to gauge the levels of satisfaction among employees. Sentiment analysis is an approach that can assist in this regard as it categorizes sentiments of reviews into positive and negative results. In this study, we perform experiments for the world’s big six companies and classify their employees’ reviews based on their sentiments. For this, we proposed an approach using lexicon-based and machine learning based techniques. Firstly, we extracted the sentiments of employees from text reviews and labeled the dataset as positive and negative using TextBlob. Then we proposed a hybrid/voting model named Regression Vector-Stochastic Gradient Descent Classifier (RV-SGDC) for sentiment classification. RV-SGDC is a combination of logistic regression, support vector machines, and stochastic gradient descent. We combined these models under a majority voting criteria. We also used other machine learning models in the performance comparison of RV-SGDC. Further, three feature extraction techniques: term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words, and global vectors are used to train learning models. We evaluated the performance of all models in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The results revealed that RV-SGDC outperforms with a 0.97 accuracy score using the TF-IDF feature due to its hybrid architecture.
Land use changes in Zhangjiakou from 2005 to 2025 and the importance of ecosystem services
Authors: Xu Kaipeng , Chi Yanyan , Ge Rongfeng , Wang Xiahui , Liu Siyang
Published: September 2021

Changes in local land use affect regional ecological services, development planning, and optimal use of space. We analyzed the effects of changes in land use from 2000 to 2025 on the spatial distribution of ecosystem services using CLUS-S modeling to evaluate ecosystem functions in Zhangjiakou, China. We found that the urban ecosystem area in Zhangjiakou increased and farmland decreased between 2000–2025. Water conservation was relatively high and was concentrated in the nature reserves of southern Zhangjiakou. Soil conservation was mainly distributed in eastern and southern counties. The results of the CLUE-S model showed that the relative operating characteristics of the six land use types were > 0.70, and the logistic regression equation was able to successfully explain the distribution pattern of the different types of land use.
C3 plant isotopic variability in a boreal mixed woodland: implications for bison and other herbivores
Authors: Metcalfe Jessica Z.
Published: September 2021

Plant isotopic baselines are critical for accurately reconstructing ancient diets and environments and for using stable isotopes to monitor ecosystem conservation. This study examines the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions (δ13C, δ15N) of terrestrial C3 plants in Elk Island National Park (EINP), Alberta, Canada, with a focus on plants consumed by grazers. EINP is located in a boreal mixed woodland ecozone close to the transition area between historic wood and plains bison habitats, and is currently home to separate herds of wood and plains bison. For this study, 165 C3 plant samples (grasses, sedges, forbs, shrubs, and horsetail) were collected from three habitat types (open, closed, and wet) during two seasons (summer and fall). There were no statistically significant differences in the δ13C or δ15N values of grasses, sedges, shrubs and forbs. On the other hand, plant δ13C and δ15N values varied among habitats and plant parts, and the values increased from summer to fall. These results have several implications for interpreting herbivore tissue isotopic compositions: (1) consuming different proportions of grasses, sedges, shrubs, and forbs might not result in isotopic niche partitioning, (2) feeding in different microhabitats or selecting different parts of the same types of plants could result in isotopic niche partitioning, and (3) seasonal isotopic changes in herbivore tissues could reflect seasonal isotopic changes in dietary plants rather than (or in addition to) changes in animal diet or physiology. In addition, the positively skewed plant δ15N distributions highlight the need for researchers to carefully evaluate the characteristics of their distributions prior to reporting data (e.g., means, standard deviations) or applying statistical models (e.g., parametric tests that assume normality). Overall, this study reiterates the importance of accessing ecosystem-specific isotopic baselines for addressing research questions in archaeology, paleontology, and ecology.
Parent Involvement in School Based Activities under Mongar and Yadi Cluster Primary Schools of Bhutan
Authors: Mongar Som Bdr.
Published: September 2021

This research aimed to examine how primary schools involve parents in school based activities in urban, semi urban and rural primary schools under the Yadi and Mongar Cluster of Mongar District. It also aimed to find some of the challenges faced by the primary schools on parent involvement [PI] in school based activities. Three principals and twenty teachers of three different settings were selected based on purposive sampling in this qualitative case study employing semi-structured interview, observation and document analysis tools. The findings of this study revealed that the primary schools under study involved more parents in non-academic school based activities than in academic school based activities due to lack of policy on PI in school, level of parents’ education, time constraint, work load, and attitudes of parents, principals and teachers. This study could benefit the stakeholders to enhance PI in meaningful ways and contribute to the success of children and school development.
Effect of Importation Ban on Rice Production in Bade Local Government Area of Yobe State, Nigeria
Authors: Owoade E. O. , Umar M. B. , Abubakar M. , Abdulhakeem A. L. , Lailai I. Y.
Published: September 2021

Aim: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the importation ban on rice production in Bade Local Government Area of Yobe State, Nigeria.

Methodology: A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select 110 respondents. The study used a structured questionnaire and oral interview to collect data from rice farmers on socioeconomic characteristics, change in input utilization, access to factors of production, adoption of new ideas and practices, and change in rice production. Data were analyzed using means, frequency counts, percentages, correlation analysis and z-test. The study was conducted between February and June in the year 2021.

Results: The findings revealed that 36.6% of the respondents were within the age range of 31-40 years while the mean age was 38.62 years. The majority (90.1%) were males and the majority (80.2%) were married. Only 14.9% of the respondents did not acquire formal education. There was a great increase in the utilisation of herbicides (mean=4.47), water pumps (mean=4.58), fertilizers (mean =4.62) and seeds (mean =4.79). Access to credits (mean =1.27), pesticides (mean =1.56), knapsack sprayers (mean =1.71), water pumps (mean =1.76), fertilizers (mean =1.81) and farmlands (mean =1.89) was high but access to subsidies (mean =0.70) and extension services (mean =0.69) was low. There was significant positive correlation between age (r=0.56, p=0.00), income, (r=0.43, p= 0.00), size of farm holding, (r=0.30, p= 0.02), household size (r=0.23, p= 0.02), change in input utilisation (r=0.22, p=0.03) and change in rice production. A significant difference existed between the quantity of rice produced before the ban and after the ban (z=-4.54, p˂0.05).

Conclusion: The importation ban policy of the Federal Government of Nigeria caused a substantial increase in paddy rice production. The study recommended that the government proactive measure on rice importation ban should be sustained to make the country self-sufficient in rice production.
An updated Review on Therapeutic Potential of Entrectinib as a Promising TrK, ROS 1, and ALK Inhibitor in Solid Tumors and Lung Cancer
Authors: Archana M. , Palathingal Mariya , Damodharan K. Athulya , Ashisha P. , Marathakam Nuaman, Akash
Published: September 2021

Entrectinib is a selective inhibitor of tyrosine kinases , tropomyosin receptor kinases that targets oncogenic rearrangements in Neurotropic Tyrosine Receptor kinase, c-ros oncogene 1 and Anaplastic lymphoma kinase used for the treatment of various solid tumors. Entrectinib gained its first worldwide approval in Japan in June 2019 for the treatment of NTRK fusion-positive, advanced or recurring solid tumours in adults and children. In august 15, 2019 drug got FDA approval for the treatment of solid tumors in adult and children aged 12 and above. This article summarizes current status of Entrectinib from ongoing clinical trails and ideal place for drug in therapy.
Antibody Response of Buffalo Calves to Different Levels of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Immunogen
Authors: Akram Qaiser , Farooqi Shahid Hussain , Rizwan Hafiz Muhammad , Zahid Beenish , Naeem Muhammad Ahsan , Ali Qurban , Idrees Asif , Taseer Muhammad Sulman Ali , Farid Muhammad Umar , Iqbal Zeeshan
Published: September 2021

Antibody response of buffalo calves to different levels of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) virus immunogen was investigated. Vaccine containing 106.2 units of immunogen/TCID50 of FMD virus (O, A and Asia-1) serotypes induced log2 (1.3± 0.4) units of anti-FMD O Complement Fixing Geometric Mean antibody (FMD O CFT-CGM) titer, log2 (1.4±0.3) units of anti-FMD A CFT-CGM titer and log2 (2.0±0.7) units of anti-FMD Asia-1 CFT-CGM titer. The vaccine containing 2x106.2 units of immunogen of each of the virus serotypes induced log2 (2.2±0.2) units of anti- FMD O CFT-CGM titer, log2 (2.1±0.25) units of anti- FMD A CFT-CGM titer and log2 (3.4±0.8) units of anti-FMD Asia-1 CFT-CGM titer. The vaccine containing 3x106.2 units of TCID50 of each of the virus serotypes induced log2 (5.3 ± 2.0) units of anti-FMD O CFT-CGM titer, log2 (4.6±1.9) units of anti-FMD A CFT-CGM titer and log2 (5.0±2.2) units of anti- FMD Asia-1 CFT-CGM titer. Moreover, buffalo calves (n=3) which were primed and boosted with 60 days interval using vaccine containing 2x106.2 units of immunogen of each of the virus serotype, showed log25.0 and log26.3 units of anti FMD O CFT-GMT antibody titer, log24.6 and log26.0 units of anti FMD A CFT GMT antibody titer, log25.6 and log26.0 units of anti FMD Asia-1 CFT GMT antibody titer, on 30 and 120 days post boosting.

Antibody response of buffalo calves was directly proportional to amount of FMD virus immunogen serotypes in the vaccine.
Hazardous Health Impact of Virtual Education during COVID-19
Authors: Mishra Abhisek , Debata Byomakesh , Patnaik Pooja , Prasad Bag Bhawani , Baitharu Iswar
Published: September 2021

The rapid spread of COVID-19 compelled the infected nations to close down their educational institutions to check the rigor of spread. In such context, to provide uninterrupted education to the students, virtual education through internet was widely adopted. This paper throws a light on how the students engaged in virtual education are exposed to various unexpected health perils due to the use of internet and smartphones. Moreover, this paper suggests taking a holistic approach through the introduction of “Yoga” in the course curriculum to avoid the unexpected health hazards.
IGUALDADE DE GÊNERO NO PODER JUDICIÁRIO: UMA PROPOSTA DE AÇÃO AFIRMATIVA
Authors: Mello Gonçalves Camila de Jesus
Published: September 2021

Trata-se de uma veerificação quanto a questão da igualdade de gênero no âmbito do Poder Judiciário.
FEMINISMO JURÍDICO – ESTE NOSSO (DES)CONHECIDO
Authors: Silva Salete Maria da , Silva Fernanda Victória Meneses da
Published: September 2021

Transcrição da palestra ministrada pela Profa. Salete Maria da Silva para o Grupo de Pesquisa Direito e Sexualidade.
Achieving Efficient Phosphorescence and Mechanoluminescence in Organic Host–Guest System by Energy Transfer
Authors: Yang Jianhui , Wu Xinghui , Shi Jianbing , Tong Bin , Lei Yunxiang , Cai Zhengxu , Dong Yuping
Published: September 2021

Host–guest doping strategy greatly facilitates and expands the scope of construction of organic phosphorescence materials. Herein, triphenylamine with excellent crystallinity is chosen as the host, and four guests with 2–4 triphenylamine repeating units are chosen as the guests. The similarity in molecular structures of the host and guests simplifies the exploration of the luminescence mechanism in the doped system. The doped materials display strong room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) with above 200 ms lifetimes and 30% quantum yields. In addition, the doped system emits blue fluorescence under mechanical stimulation, that is, shows a phenomenon of mechanoluminescence (ML). The experimental results prove that the host plays different roles in different luminescence processes. In the photophosphorescence process, the triplet energy level of the host assists the guest excitons to undergo intersystem crossing. Meanwhile, in the ML process, the energy generated as a result of piezoelectric property of the host crystal is transferred to the guest, causing the guest molecules to emit fluorescence. This work is significant for the construction of doped materials with multiple luminescence properties, including RTP and ML.
Ubiquitination Flow Repressors: Enhancing Wound Healing of Infectious Diabetic Ulcers through Stabilization of Polyubiquitinated Hypoxia‐Inducible Factor‐1α by Theranostic Nitric Oxide Nanogenerators
Authors: Yang Yiqi , Huang Kai , Wang Minqi , Wang Qishan , Chang Haishuang , Liang Yakun , Wang Qing , Zhao Jie , Tang Tingting , Yang Shengbing
Published: September 2021

Current treatments for diabetic ulcers (DUs) remain unsatisfactory due to the risk of bacterial infection and impaired angiogenesis during the healing process. The increased degradation of polyubiquitinated hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) compromises wound healing efficacy. Therefore, the maintenance of HIF‐1α protein stability might help treat DU. Nitric oxide (NO) is an intrinsic biological messenger that functions as a ubiquitination flow repressor and antibacterial agent; however, its clinical application in DU treatment is hindered by the difficulty in controlling NO release. Here, an intelligent near‐infrared (NIR)‐triggered NO nanogenerator (SNP@MOF‐UCNP@ssPDA‐Cy7/IR786s, abbreviated as SNP@UCM) is presented. SNP@UCM represses ubiquitination‐mediated proteasomal degradation of HIF‐1α by inhibiting its interaction with E3 ubiquitin ligases under NIR irradiation. Increased HIF‐1α expression in endothelial cells by SNP@UCM enhances angiogenesis in wound sites, promoting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and cell proliferation and migration. SNP@UCM also enables early detection of wound infections and ROS‐mediated killing of bacteria. The potential clinical utility of SNP@UCM is further demonstrated in infected full‐thickness DU model under NIR irradiation. SNP@UCM is the first reported HIF‐1α‐stabilizing advanced nanomaterial, and further materials engineering might offer a facile, mechanism‐based method for clinical DU management.
Nature‐Inspired Circular‐Economy Recycling for Proteins: Proof of Concept
Authors: Giaveri Simone , Schmitt Adeline Marie , Roset Julià Laura , Scamarcio Vincenzo , Murello Anna , Cheng Shiyu , Menin Laure , Ortiz Daniel , Patiny Luc , Bolisetty Sreenath , Mezzenga Raffaele , Maerkl Sebastian Josef , Stellacci Francesco
Published: September 2021

The billion tons of synthetic‐polymer‐based materials (i.e. plastics) produced yearly are a great challenge for humanity. Nature produces even more natural polymers, yet they are sustainable. Proteins are sequence‐defined natural polymers that are constantly recycled when living systems feed. Digestion is the protein depolymerization into amino acids (the monomers) followed by their re‐assembly into new proteins of arbitrarily different sequence and function. This breaks a common recycling paradigm where a material is recycled into itself. Organisms feed off of random protein mixtures that are “recycled” into new proteins whose identity depends on the cell's specific needs. In this study, mixtures of several peptides and/or proteins are depolymerized into their amino acid constituents, and these amino acids are used to synthesize new fluorescent, and bioactive proteins extracellularly by using an amino‐acid‐free, cell‐free transcription–translation (TX–TL) system. Specifically, three peptides (magainin II, glucagon, and somatostatin 28) are digested using thermolysin first and then using leucine aminopeptidase. The amino acids so produced are added to a commercial TX–TL system to produce fluorescent proteins. Furthermore, proteins with high relevance in materials engineering (β‐lactoglobulin films, used for water filtration, or silk fibroin solutions) are successfully recycled into biotechnologically relevant proteins (fluorescent proteins, catechol 2,3‐dioxygenase).
Tailoring Plasmonics of Au@Ag Nanoparticles by Silica Encapsulation
Authors: Schultz Johannes , Kirner Felizitas , Potapov Pavel , Büchner Bernd , Lubk Axel , Sturm Elena V.
Published: September 2021

Hybrid metallic nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in oxide shells are currently intensely studied for plasmonic applications in sensing, medicine, catalysis, and photovoltaics. Here, a method for the synthesis of Au@Ag@SiO2 cubes with a uniform silica shell of variable and adjustable thickness in the nanometer range is introduced and their excellent, highly reproducible, and tunable optical response is demonstrated. Varying the silica shell thickness, the excitation energies of the single NP plasmon modes can be tuned in a broad spectral range between 2.55 and 3.25 eV. Most importantly, a strong coherent coupling of the surface plasmons is revealed at the silver–silica interface with Mie resonances at the silica–vacuum interface leading to a significant field enhancement at the encapsulated NP surface in the range of 100% at shell thicknesses t ≃ 20 nm. Consequently, the synthesis method and the field enhancement open pathways to a widespread use of silver NPs in plasmonic applications including photonic crystals and may be transferred to other non‐precious metals.
Molecular Crowding Effect in Aqueous Electrolytes to Suppress Hydrogen Reduction Reaction and Enhance Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction
Authors: Guo Ying , Gu Jinxing , Zhang Rong , Zhang Shaoce , Li Zhen , Zhao Yuwei , Huang Zhaodong , Fan Jun , Chen Zhongfang , Zhi Chunyi
Published: September 2021

The H2 evolution reaction (HER), one of the most intractable issues for the electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR), seriously hinders NH3 production selectivity and yield rate. Considering that hydrogenation reactions are essential to the aqueous NRR process, acidic electrolytes would be an optimum choice for NRR as long as the proton content and the HER kinetics can be well balanced. However, there is a striking lack of strategies available for electrolyte optimization, i.e., rationally regulating electrolytes to suppress HER and promote NRR, to achieve impressive NRR activity. Herein, a HER‐suppressing electrolytes are developed using hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the electrolyte additive by taking advantage of its molecular crowding effect, which promotes the NRR by retarding HER kinetics. On a TiO2 nanoarray electrode, a significantly improved NRR activity with NH3 Faraday efficiency (FE) of 32.13% and yield of 1.07 µmol·cm−2·h−1 is achieved in the PEG‐containing acidic electrolytes, 9.4‐times and 3.5‐times higher than those delivered in the pure acidic electrolytes. Similar enhancements are achieved with Pd/C and Ru/C catalysts, as well as in an alkaline electrolyte, demonstrating a universally positive effect of molecular crowding in the NRR. This work casts new light on aqueous electrolyte design in retarding HER kinetics and expediting the NRR.
Revealing the dependence of CO2 activation on hydrogen dissociation ability over supported nickel catalysts
Authors: Pu Tiancheng , Shen Liang , Xu Jing , Peng Chong , Zhu Minghui
Published: September 2021

In the present work, we demonstrate that the mechanism and kinetics of CO2 activation, as the first step of its hydrogenation, over supported nickel catalysts is particle size sensitive owing to the distinct H2 dissociation ability over nickel particles with various sizes. Large nickel nanoparticles facilitate H2 dissociation, enabling CO2 activation via a kinetically favored redox mechanism compared to small nickel nanoparticles that activate CO2 via the formate mechanism. The elucidation of the dependency of the catalytic reaction pathway on particle size will guide the rational design of supported nickel catalysts for selective CO2 hydrogenation. This work demonstrated in the CO2 hydrogenation reaction, CO2 is activated through different mechanisms due to different H2 dissociation capabilities over supported Ni catalysts with different particle sizes, which provides a convincing experimental explanation for the structural sensitivity of nickel‐based catalysts.
Effect of sucrose esters on polymorphic behavior and crystallization kinetics of cupuassu fat and its fractions
Authors: Rodríguez‐Negrette Ana Carolina , Rodríguez‐Batiller María José , García‐Londoño Victor Alonso , Borroni Virginia , Candal Roberto Jorge , Herrera María Lidia
Published: September 2021

Polymorphism of natural fats is very important in the food industry since it is related to macroscopic properties of final products, including texture, color and appearance. The effect of addition of sucrose esters on crystallization kinetics and polymorphic behavior of cupuassu fat (CF) and its stearin fractions obtained by dry fractionation at 29°C (S‐29), 26 (S‐26), and 24 (S‐24) was studied by polarized light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and small and wide angle X‐ray scattering. In situ experiments were performed in real‐time using synchrotron radiation as the light source. Sucrose esters S‐170 and P‐170 shortened induction times of crystallization, acting as a seed even at low supercooling. In addition to the kinetic effects, S‐170 modified polymorphic behavior. Depending on processing conditions used (under thermal cycles or isothermal storage), it promoted crystallization in a specific polymorphic form: β′2 (CF and its stearins) or β2 (S‐29). Crystallization in a stable and unique β′‐form makes CF and its stearins a good alternative to trans‐fats. With the addition of sucrose ester S‐170, S‐29's increased tendency to crystallize in β2‐form extends its applications in chocolate and coatings.
Investigating the disentanglement of long chain branched polypropylene under different shear fields
Authors: Liu Mingjin , Chen Jin , Luo Jiaxu , Min Jie , Fu Qiang , Zhang Jie
Published: September 2021

Many experimental results have revealed that entanglement networks of molecular chain would undergo the orientation, deformation, and breakdown under the condition with shear field, forming a new conformation with much reduced entanglement interactions with the surrounding medium. In this work, the role of shear mode on the disentanglement of chains was investigated to give us some guidance for designing a new polymer melts disentanglement machine to optimize the processability of polymers by reducing viscosity. Results showed that the intensity of the generated shear modification depends on shear procedure during treatment, ramping‐up shear has the most efficient influence on molecular chains disentanglement due to the absence of shear banding, resulting in a higher molecular weight between entanglements Me and much lower entanglement density. Besides, the reduced entanglement density enabled the higher chain mobility, which greatly enhanced crystallization kinetics during non‐isothermal and isothermal crystallization.
Unexpected bite‐force conservatism as a stable performance foundation across mesoeucrocodylian historical diversity
Authors: Gignac Paul M. , Smaers Jeroen B. , O'Brien Haley D.
Published: September 2021

Effective interpretation of historical selective regimes requires comprehensive in vivo performance evaluations and well‐constrained ecomorphological proxies. The feeding apparatus is a frequent target of such evolutionary studies due to a direct relationship between feeding and survivorship, and the durability of craniodental elements in the fossil record. Among vertebrates, behaviors such as bite force have been central to evaluation of clade dynamics; yet, in the absence of detailed performance studies, such evaluations can misidentify potential selective factors and their roles. Here, we combine the results of a total‐clade performance study with fossil‐inclusive, phylogenetically informed methods to assess bite‐force proxies throughout mesoeucrocodylian evolution. Although bite‐force shifts were previously thought to respond to changing rostrodental selective regimes, we find body‐size dependent conservation of performance proxies throughout the history of the clade, indicating stabilizing selection for bite‐force potential. Such stasis reveals that mesoeucrocodylians with dietary ecologies as disparate as herbivory and hypercarnivory maintain similar bite‐force‐to‐body‐size relationships, a pattern which contrasts the precept that vertebrate bite forces should vary most strongly by diet. Furthermore, it may signal that bite‐force conservation supported mesoeucrocodylian craniodental disparity by providing a stable performance foundation for the exploration of novel ecomorphospace.
Comprehensive ability evaluation and trend analysis of patients with malignant intracranial tumors in the perisurgery period
Authors: Wang Yaning , Chen Wenlin , Yang Tianrui , Zhao Binghao , Zhou Lizhou , Kong Ziren , Wang Yuekun , Dai Congxin , Wang Yu , Ma Wenbin
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Prognostic situations differ in patients with malignant intracranial tumors. We focused on the quality of life, ability of daily living, and cognitive function of patients in the perisurgery period and investigated the correlation between them and the prognosis of patients.

Materials and Methods

Patients with malignant intracranial tumors admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital from May 2018 to August 2020 for surgery were included. The evaluations were performed 6 times in the perisurgery period. The questionnaires for assessment included QLQ‐C30, ADL, and so forth.

Results

A total of 165 patients were included (115 glioma and 50 brain metastases). Patients had their worst performance at the 7‐day postsurgical assessment (EORTC QLQ‐C30, ADL, HAD‐D, Frail Scale, MMSE, MoCA, CSHA‐FI, and NANO) and recovered at the 1‐month postsurgical assessment (p < .05). Patients with left‐sided tumors had signiﬁcantly worse cognitive function than patients with right‐sided tumors before surgery and at 7 days, 1 month, and 6 months after surgery (p < .05). The scores of QLQ‐C30 and QLQ‐BN20 at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery were used to reflect the prognosis, and the preoperative MoCA, NANO, CCI, CSHA‐FI, and HAD score might predict the quality of life and nutrition status after operation.

Conclusion

The quality of life and daily living ability of patients with malignant intracranial tumors decreased significantly 7 days after the surgery but recovered 1 month after the surgery. Patients with left hemisphere lesions had a worse cognitive function, while the ADL is associated with short‐term prognosis. The comprehensive evaluation of the perisurgical period can indicate the prognosis of patients and further guide clinical decision‐making.
Psychometric investigation of the Chinese version of the Habit, Reward and Fear Scale (HRFS)
Authors: Hong Tu , He Chuan , Gu Zhong‐ke , Xie Jun‐jie , Lu Qian , Li Yong‐Qiang , Xu Xing‐Jun , Shen Ying , Wang Yun‐Qiang , Zheng Hui
Published: September 2021

Background

Tobacco use is one of the most important risk factors for health, and China is the largest producer and consumer of tobacco in the world. Monitoring and controlling the tobacco epidemic is an important issue. However, the motivation underlying smoking behavior is complex and specific to the individual. The Habit, Reward and Fear Scale (HRFS) is a feasible tool to evaluate this complex motivation.

Objectives

To validate the psychometric properties of the HRFS Chinese version (HRFS‐C) and to assess the relationship between motivation and smoking behavior.

Method

We recruited 967 participants through social media and assessed their smoking behavior with three instruments: the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence‐Chinese version (FTND‐C), the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges‐Brief Scale‐Chinese version (QSU‐brief‐C), and the HRFS‐C. Ultimately, we retained 700 valid data points. Cronbach's α and split‐half tests were used to evaluate the reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson's r and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to evaluate the validity. In addition, linear regression was used to explore the relationship among the three instruments. The HRFS‐C showed good homogeneity (α = 0.965), concurrent validity, and discriminant validity. A significant linear relationship was observed among the FTND‐C, QSU‐brief‐C, and HRFS‐C (p < .001).

Conclusion

The motivation measured by the HRFS‐C can significantly predict nicotine dependence and craving in the smoking population. The HRFS‐C can be used to carry out targeted interventions for addicted patients (e.g., motivational enhancement therapy).
Vertical Ridge Augmentation Around Dental Implants With the Use of a Dense PTFE Membrane to Correct Previously Failed Augmentations
Authors: Soldatos Nikolaos , Garcia Marcos , Umoh Edidiong , Irizarry Andres , Weltman Robin
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Vertical ridge augmentation (VRA) is one of the most challenging procedures.

This is the first case report to show 2–5 mm VRA after two unsuccessful GBRs around previously placed dental implants, with the use of an exposed d‐PTFE membrane.

Case Presentation

A 79‐year‐old ASA II Caucasian male presented after two previous GBR procedures on the LLQ. The second attempt left the site with two exposed implants, scar tissue, no keratinized tissue and lack of vestibular depth. VRA was attempted with the use of cortical perforations, tenting screws, dense PTFE membrane and a 50:50 mixture of anorganic bovine bone matrix and mineralized allograft. The site was left to heal in a secondary intention, leaving the d‐PTFE membrane exposed. The membrane was removed 4 weeks postoperatively. The healing abutments were placed, the tenting screws were removed, and the site was allowed to heal for more than seven months. Radiographically, VRA was achieved ranging from 2 to 5 mm. A vestibuloplasty was performed using a diode laser and subsequent flap dissection. Four months after the vestibuloplasty, the tissue surrounding the implants showed adequate keratinization, and an elongated vestibular depth. In addition, in both implants, the emergence profile buccal and lingual was more than 3 mm and the patient was referred to his prosthodontist for the fabrication of the final restorations.

Conclusions

VRA around dental implants was achieved with the use of a nonresorbable dense PTFE membrane, which was left exposed to heal in a secondary intention, tenting screws and a combination grafting technique to correct two previously failed GBRs.
Survival and abundance of polar bears in Alaska’s Beaufort Sea, 2001–2016
Authors: Bromaghin Jeffrey F. , Douglas David C. , Durner George M. , Simac Kristin S. , Atwood Todd C.
Published: September 2021

The Arctic Ocean is undergoing rapid transformation toward a seasonally ice‐free ecosystem. As ice‐adapted apex predators, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are challenged to cope with ongoing habitat degradation and changes in their prey base driven by food‐web response to climate warming. Knowledge of polar bear response to environmental change is necessary to understand ecosystem dynamics and inform conservation decisions. In the southern Beaufort Sea (SBS) of Alaska and western Canada, sea ice extent has declined since satellite observations began in 1979 and available evidence suggests that the carrying capacity of the SBS for polar bears has trended lower for nearly two decades. In this study, we investigated the population dynamics of polar bears in Alaska's SBS from 2001 to 2016 using a multistate Cormack–Jolly–Seber mark–recapture model. States were defined as geographic regions, and we used location data from mark–recapture observations and satellite‐telemetered bears to model transitions between states and thereby explain heterogeneity in recapture probabilities. Our results corroborate prior findings that the SBS subpopulation experienced low survival from 2003 to 2006. Survival improved modestly from 2006 to 2008 and afterward rebounded to comparatively high levels for the remainder of the study, except in 2012. Abundance moved in concert with survival throughout the study period, declining substantially from 2003 and 2006 and afterward fluctuating with lower variation around an average of 565 bears (95% Bayesian credible interval [340, 920]) through 2015. Even though abundance was comparatively stable and without sustained trend from 2006 to 2015, polar bears in the Alaska SBS were less abundant over that period than at any time since passage of the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act. The potential for recovery is likely limited by the degree of habitat degradation the subpopulation has experienced, and future reductions in carrying capacity are expected given current projections for continued climate warming.
Heat and mass transfer for Soret and Dufour's consequences on unsteady MHD free convection flow over a porous media with heat absorption
Authors: Appidi Lakshmi , Malga Bala Siddulu , Matta Sweta , Kumar P. Pramod
Published: September 2021

The significance of this article lies in explaining the influence of Soret and Dufour numbers on an unsteady MHD free convection of flow of heat and mass transfer through porous media. The substances and radiation along the viscous, incompressible, and conductive compounds respond to the unstable convection of the liquid. Using physical quantities, the dimensional governing equations are converted to non‐dimensional equations. Finite element Galerkin method is applied to numerically solve the resulting partial differential equations. Flow parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration are studied and explained graphically to reflect their effects. Similarly, the skin friction number and Nusselt number are also observed and recorded in tables.
Directors' duties to prevent insolvent trading in a crisis: Responses to COVID‐19 in Australia and lessons from Germany
Authors: Steele Stacey
Published: September 2021

This article considers relief from directors' duties to avoid trading whilst insolvent during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Australia and Germany. Comparative insolvency law literature traditionally compares Australia to jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand. However, Germany has a track record of using insolvency law to manage social and economic crises. The German approach suggests solutions to critical issues not dealt with in the Australian safe harbour legislation, such as the failure to suspend other statutory duties to provide clear guidance to directors on the balancing of various interests, and the treatment of potential voidable transactions and new monies (i.e., new funding or credit). The responses in both jurisdictions suggest a change in priorities away from creditor protection, a key raison d'être for these types of duties, during a crisis. Similar to the German approach of turning the obligation to file for formal insolvency proceedings off and on, the further safe harbour adopted in Australia as part of a new restructuring procedure for small businesses, which commenced on January 1, 2021, suggests that the use of safe harbours could become a permanent crisis‐management tool in Australia too, with potential consequences for the balance between debtor and creditor interests.
Describing the application and barriers of pharmacist‐led professional continuous glucose monitoring in the ambulatory care setting
Authors: Nimer Sara , Schumacher Christine , Bolch Charlotte
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Advances in technology for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) contribute to the care of persons with diabetes and CGM systems are recommended in multiple guidelines. There are limited studies describing CGM use by clinical pharmacists in the ambulatory care setting.

Objectives

The primary objective of this study is to identify and describe the current use, application, and barriers of CGM by clinical pharmacists in the ambulatory care setting. Secondary objectives include identifying the prevalence of professional CGM use by clinical pharmacists, recognizing specific barriers faced by pharmacists when implementing professional CGM into clinical practice, and determining interest in professional CGM implementation by ambulatory care pharmacists as an alternative for patients unable to afford personal CGM.

Methods

This was a self‐administered, voluntary, web‐based questionnaire distributed to 2207 ambulatory care pharmacists. Questions were stratified to identify the clinical use and barriers for those who do and do not use professional CGM, respectively. The survey was active for 9 weeks and results from the survey were analyzed based on question type.

Results

One hundred and eighty five survey responses were included in the study results. Most participants (70.8%) indicated currently working in a primary care clinic, and 8.1% indicated working in an endocrinology office. Results identified that 18.9% of participants use personal CGM and 35.1% use professional CGM to facilitate the management of persons with diabetes. The most common barriers to professional CGM implementation include lack of funding for startup costs (65.9%), lack of time for device placement and result interpretation (45.8%), and unpredictable patient follow‐up (48.3%).

Conclusion

Study participants indicated that the majority of patients they manage have diabetes; however, lack of education and training on device use, data interpretation, and reimbursement opportunities were commonly cited barriers to CGM use. Additional training opportunities should be considered to facilitate the implementation of CGM by ambulatory care pharmacists into clinical practice.
Fluorescein dye derivative: Synthesis, characterization, quantum chemical and promising antimicrobial activity studies
Authors: Sandhu Navjot , Pandey Satish Kumar , Tittal Ram Kumar , Kumar Kamlesh , Singh Ashish Pratap , Yadav Rajesh K. , Shrivastava Rahul , Singh Atul Pratap
Published: September 2021

The dimethyl sulfite as an alkylating as well as alkoxylating reagent is well known in synthetic organic as well as organometallic chemistry for a long time. Herein, we have utilized dimethyl sulfite as an alkylating reagent and reacted with fluorescein derivative, N‐fluorescein‐lactam‐hydrazine (B). This reaction leads to the generation of tetramethylated fluorescein lactam hydrazine (A). The newly designed and synthesized molecule (A) has been characterized by 1H, 13C NMR and HRMS data. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized alkylated fluorescein derivative has been tested against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and S. aureus microbial agents. Time‐kill assay results also confirmed that fluorescein derivative is a potent antimicrobial agent and revealed that the time‐kill assay of fluorescein derivative is value‐added than the well‐known antibiotic. In addition, quantum chemical study was used to analyze its activity trend and correlated with the experimental data. The computed results of DFT revealed that the lipophilicity as well as the LUMO‐HOMO band gap (ΔELUMO‐HOMO = 4.75 eV) of compound A make it more suitable as an antimicrobial agent to match with in vitro antimicrobial experimental results. The MIC and MBC values of compound A were observed to be lower in contrast to fluorescein and ampicillin for all the tested bacterial strains, which were approximately 3‐ to 4‐fold lower than MIC and MBC values of the later. Results obtained from the study clearly indicate that compound A has better antimicrobial and bactericidal activity in comparison to ampicillin and fluorescein. Synthesized compound can be a better substitute of traditionally used antibiotics, Ampicillin.