bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FLIM FRET Technology for Drug Discovery: Automated Multiwell‐Plate High‐Content Analysis, Multiplexed Readouts and Application in Situ
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Alibhai Dominic , Margineanu Anca , Laine Romain , Kennedy Gordon , McGinty James , Warren Sean , Kelly Douglas , Alexandrov Yuriy , Munro Ian , Talbot Clifford , Stuckey Daniel W. , Kimberly Christopher , Viellerobe Bertrand , Lacombe Francois , Lam Eric W.‐F. , Taylor Harriet , Dallman Margaret J. , Stamp Gordon , Murray Edward J. , Stuhmeier Frank , Sardini Alessandro , Katan Matilda , Elson Daniel S. , Neil Mark A. A. , Dunsby Chris , French Paul M. W.
Published: February 2011

A fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) technology platform intended to read out changes in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency is presented for the study of protein interactions across the drug‐discovery pipeline. FLIM provides a robust, inherently ratiometric imaging modality for drug discovery that could allow the same sensor constructs to be translated from automated cell‐based assays through small transparent organisms such as zebrafish to mammals. To this end, an automated FLIM multiwell‐plate reader is described for high content analysis of fixed and live cells, tomographic FLIM in zebrafish and FLIM FRET of live cells via confocal endomicroscopy. For cell‐based assays, an exemplar application reading out protein aggregation using FLIM FRET is presented, and the potential for multiple simultaneous FLIM (FRET) readouts in microscopy is illustrated.
A stereoscopic video transmission algorithm for an IPTV network based on empirical data
Authors: Lloret Jaime , Garcia Miguel , Canovas Alejandro , Turro Carlos
Published: February 2011

IPTV service is one of the topics where industry and academia are providing more efforts with the purpose of enhancing the systems in existence. One of the potentially biggest advantages of IPTV is the existence of a return channel from the customer to the IPTV service provider, which makes this technology the upcoming TV distribution system. The next big step is to serve stereoscopic video over IP networks. In this paper, we evaluate the stereoscopic video transmission over IP by taking measurements of the bandwidth, delay and jitter. These measurements are useful to test the QoS and QoE of the ITPV service and to demonstrate the need for high‐performance stereoscopic compression codecs. Then, we study the performance of four free codecs in order to propose an algorithm to perform the appropriate decisions to transmit stereoscopic video in the IPTV network properly. The algorithm is based on the empirical data obtained from our test and on some analytical considerations. Finally, we show the impact on the network given by the algorithm, and we compare the QoS parameters when each codec is chosen. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pancreas organogenesis: From bud to plexus to gland
Authors: Pan Fong Cheng , Wright Chris
Published: February 2011

Pancreas oganogenesis comprises a coordinated and highly complex interplay of signaling events and transcriptional networks that guide a step‐wise process of organ development from early bud specification all the way to the final mature organ state. Extensive research on pancreas development over the last few years, largely driven by a translational potential for pancreatic diseases (diabetes, pancreatic cancer, and so on), is markedly advancing our knowledge of these processes. It is a tenable goal that we will one day have a clear, complete picture of the transcriptional and signaling codes that control the entire organogenetic process, allowing us to apply this knowledge in a therapeutic context, by generating replacement cells in vitro, or perhaps one day to the whole organ in vivo. This review summarizes findings in the past 5 years that we feel are amongst the most significant in contributing to the deeper understanding of pancreas development. Rather than try to cover all aspects comprehensively, we have chosen to highlight interesting new concepts, and to discuss provocatively some of the more controversial findings or proposals. At the end of the review, we include a perspective section on how the whole pancreas differentiation process might be able to be unwound in a regulated fashion, or redirected, and suggest linkages to the possible reprogramming of other pancreatic cell‐types in vivo, and to the optimization of the forward‐directed‐differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC), or induced pluripotential cells (iPSC), towards mature β‐cells. Developmental Dynamics 240:530–565, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MESD is essential for apical localization of megalin/LRP2 in the visceral endoderm
Authors: Lighthouse Janet K. , Zhang Liqun , Hsieh Jen‐Chih , Rosenquist Thomas , Holdener Bernadette C.
Published: February 2011

Low‐density lipoprotein receptor family mediated endocytosis in the mouse visceral endoderm. Photo shows a whole mount view of a E7.5 wild‐type embryo that was incubated with 50nM receptor associated protein (RAP) tagged with AlexaFluor 488 to visualize endocytosis in the visceral endoderm. Embryos were then fixed and counterstained with Alexa 594‐Phalloidin to mark cell boundaries (color‐corrected to magenta in Photoshop) and DAPI to mark nuclei (blue). From Lighthouse et al., Developmental Dynamics 240:577–588, 2011.
Treatment of low‐concentration hydrogen by use of proton exchange membrane
Authors: Araki Takuto , Ichihara Keiji , Nagahama Mituyuki , Minamoto Yasuo , Onda Kazuo
Published: February 2011

The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) cannot react 100% of fuel, because the cell potential becomes zero if all of the fuel is consumed in the PEMFC. Therefore, a small amount of fuel is always released from the PEMFC. The exhausted H2 should be treated for safety. The VCell–iave characteristics were measured while varying the hydrogen concentration from 99.99% to 1%. In addition the VCell of the constant voltage control was selected with reference to the measured VCell–Iave characteristics. It was found that low‐concentration hydrogen could be treated at VCell = 0.15 to 0.3 V by the hydrogen pump and at VCell = 0.4 to 0.6 V by PEMFC. The exhaust hydrogen concentration was reduced to several tens of ppm. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(3): 51–59, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10292
Formulae for second‐ and third‐order electric field induced by uniform ELF magnetic field in eccentric two‐sphere conductor configuration
Authors: Masutani Keigo , Hamada Shoji , Kobayashi Tetsuo
Published: February 2011

This paper describes analyses of the electric fields induced in two eccentrically arranged spherical conductors by a uniform ELF magnetic field, utilizing the equivalent multipolar‐moment method with re‐expansion (RE‐EMMM). Although an approximation formula has already been derived by Tarao for this situation, it is limited to a first‐order approximation. Here we mathematically derive a general form of the governing linear equations for unknown multipole and local coefficients. We also derive the first‐, second‐, and third‐order electric field formulae by manually solving the linear equations. We confirm that the accuracy of the first‐order formula is almost the same as that of Tarao's. The accuracies of the second‐ and third‐order formulae are confirmed to be more precise. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(3): 20–32, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10304
Synthesis of a Focused Chemical Library Based on Derivatives of Embelin, a Natural Product with Proapoptotic and Anticancer Properties (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 7/2011)
Authors: Viault Guillaume , Grée Danielle , Das Saibal , Yadav Jhillu Singh , Grée René
Published: February 2011

The cover picture shows the design and synthesis of two successive generations of analogues of embelin, a natural product with proapoptotic and anticancer properties. This research was performed in the Indo‐French “Joint Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry at Interfaces&2dquo; between the University of Rennes I/CNRS and the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology/CSIR, Hyderabad. This cooperation is highlighted by the best‐known monuments from both cities (Charminar in Hyderabad and Parliament of Brittany in Rennes). Details of this research are discussed in the article by R. Grée, et al. on p. 1233 ff.
Azure A Mediated Polypyrrole‐Based Amperometric Nitrate Biosensor
Authors: Adeloju Samuel B. , Sohail Manzar
Published: February 2011

The co‐entrapment of Aspergillus niger‐nitrate reductase (NaR) and azure A (AzA), as a redox mediator has been investigated for fabrication of a polypyrrole (PPy)‐based electron mediated amperometric nitrate biosensor. Optimum formation of PPy‐NaR‐AzA film was achieved in a monomer solution which contained 0.3 M Py, 0.1 M KCl, 1U/mL NaR, 50 µM AzA with an applied current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 for 240 s. The optimum applied potential of −0.25 V for amperometric detection of nitrate with PPy‐NaR‐AzA biosensor was 50, 100 and 150 mV more positive than those achieved with the use of safranin O (Saf), methyl viologen (MV) and bromophenol blue (BrB) or red (BrR), respectively, as mediators. Similar optimum applied of −0.25 V was achieved with thionin acetate (ThAc) which was in the same phenothiazine group of mediators as AzA. The electron mediated amperometric detection of nitrate with the PPy‐NaR‐AzA biosensor also gave the best performance with a sensitivity of 40.8 nA µM−1 cm−2, detection limit of 0.5 µM, a response time of 18–20 s and a linear concentration range of 20–500 µM.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of NADH on Functionalized Graphene Modified Graphite Electrode
Authors: Kumar Simson Prasanna , Manjunatha Revanasiddappa , Nethravathi C. , Suresh Gurukar Shivappa , Rajamathi Michael , Venkatesha Thimmappa Venkatarangaiah
Published: February 2011

Graphite electrode modified with functionalized graphene (FG) is a new family of electrocatalysts for the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). A substantial decrease in the over potential of NADH oxidation is observed on functionalized graphene modified graphite electrode (FGGE). The COO− functionalized graphene is characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy techniques and the modified FGGE is characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The modified electrode is found to be stable and reproducible. The FGGE shows rapid and highly sensitive amperometric response to NADH.
Direct and Simple Electrochemical Determination of Morphine at PEDOT Modified Pt Electrode
Authors: Atta Nada F. , Galal Ahmed , Ahmed Rasha A.
Published: February 2011

A simple and rapid method for morphine detection is described based on PEDOT electrode in the presence of SDS. The electrochemistry of morphine is investigated by CV, LSV and SWV. The effect of common interferences on the current response of morphine namely AA and UA is studied. The electrode is applied to the selective determination of morphine in urine samples in the linear ranges 0.3–8 µmol L−1 and 10–60 µmol L−1, with low detection limits of 50 and 68 nmol L−1, respectively and recovery of 96.4 %. The application of PEDOT is realized in determination of morphine in tablets successfully.
Multiway Processing of Data Generated with a Potentiometric Electronic Tongue in a SIA System
Authors: Cartas Raul , Mimendia Aitor , Legin Andrey , del Valle Manel
Published: February 2011

In this work a potentiometric electronic tongue based on an array of three Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs) as sensor elements and multiway partial least squares (N‐PLS2) regression method as processing tool has been developed for simultaneous quantification of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ in aqueous solution mixtures. The sensor array was formed by two chalcogenide glass sensors selective to Cd2+ and Cu2+ plus one PVC membrane sensor selective to Pb2+. Preparation, measurement and injection of samples in a step profile were performed by an automated SIA system. Concentration range covered was 1.05 µM to 29.8 µM for Cd2+, 0.05 µM to 1.5 µM for Cu2+ and 0.55 µM to 14.7 µM for Pb2+. Potentiometric recordings were arranged into a three‐way array and treated by N‐PLS2 regression method to obtain the calibration model. Prediction ability yielded RMSE values as low as 4.20±0.37 µM, 0.094±0.007 µM and 0.915±0.006 µM, and correlation coefficients from linear regression analysis of 0.82±0.038, 0.97±0.005 and 0.97±0.004 for Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+, respectively.
On the solution of MHD flow over a nonlinear stretching sheet by an efficient semi‐analytical technique
Authors: Motsa S. S. , Sibanda P.
Published: February 2011

The problem of magneto‐hydrodynamic fluid flow past a nonlinear stretching sheet in the presence of a transverse magnetic field is analyzed. The governing equations are transformed into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation that is solved using a novel spectral homotopy analysis method and the Matlab in‐built numerical solverttbvp4c. The new technique removes some known limitations of the homotopy analysis method and offers a more systematic way of selecting initial approximations and the optimal auxiliary parameter ℏ. A comparison with the numerical solution confirms the robustness, the computational efficiency, and the accuracy of the technique. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ca looping technology: current status, developments and future directions
Authors: Anthony E. J. (Ben)
Published: February 2011

Calcium looping technology is a promising new technique for high‐temperature scrubbing of CO2 from flue gas and syngases. Current economic projections suggest it might be able to capture CO2 at costs of ∼$20/ton of avoided CO2. Nonetheless there are questions about the long‐term behavior of natural sorbents in such systems, and there is substantial R&D being done on this technology worldwide to answer questions about whether the performance of natural sorbents can be improved, or whether it would be better to use synthetic ones. The current period is particularly interesting as the first pilot plants and demonstration units capable of operating continuously are now coming on stream, and if successful these will lead to large‐scale industrial demonstrations of the technology in the next 10 to 15 years. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The potential of aquatic biomass for CO2‐enhanced fixation and energy production
Authors: Dibenedetto Angela
Published: February 2011

In this review, the use of micro‐ and macroalgae to fix CO2 and produce energy is discussed. The fixation of CO2 into aquatic biomass is an option which has recently come under intensive investigation as it can be utilized to stimulate the growth of seaweed or microalgae. Aquatic biomass has long been cultivated and used at industrial level as a source of chemicals (agar, alginate, carragenans, and fucerellans) or as food for humans or animal feed. Recent interest in its use as a source of biofuels is due to the need to shift from first‐generation biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol produced from edible biomass) to non‐food sources that may grow without the use of arable land. Aquatic biomass can be grown in salty water or fresh wastewater (municipalities or process water) or else in bioreactors to produce different fuels such as bio‐oil, biodiesel, bioalcohol, biohydrogen. Biogas can be produced from residual biomass after liquid fuel extraction. Microalgae are attracting much attention as they are photosynthetic renewable resources, with high lipid content and faster growth rate than terrestrial plants; they can grow in saline waters which are not suited for agriculture. While the lipid content of microalgae on a dry cellular weight basis usually varies between 20 and 40%, a lipid content as high as 85% has been reported for selected microalgal strains. They can be easily manipulated through physical stress or genetic engineering. They can also produce bioethanol. The barrier to their exploitation is the high cost (up to 5000 US$/t) of growth and processing. Seaweeds produce less biofuel per t‐dry weight, but their growing and processing costs are much lower. In perspective, aquatic biomass can become an interesting and ubiquitous source of energy. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Co‐culture of mesenchymal‐like stromal cells derived from human foreskin permits long term propagation and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Mamidi Murali Krishna , Pal Rajarshi , Mori Nor Azah Binti , Arumugam Greetha , Thrichelvam Saratha Thevi , Noor Puteri J , Abdullah Hj. Mohamad Farouk , Gupta Pawan Kumar , Das Anjan Kumar , Zakaria Zubaidah , Bhonde Ramesh
Published: February 2011

Among the different parameters governing the successful derivation and expansion of human embryonic stem cells (hESC), feeder layers play the most important role. Human feeders in form of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) lay the foundation for eradication of animal‐derived hESC culture system. In this study we explored the potential of human foreskin derived mesenchymal like stromal cells (HF‐MSCs) to support self renewal and pluripotency of hESC. The MSCs isolated from human foreskin were found to be resistant to standard concentrations and duration of mitomycin‐C treatment. Growth pattern, gene profiling (Oct‐4, Nanog, Sox‐2, Rex‐1), cytoskeletal protein expression (vimentin, nestin) and tri‐lineage differentiation potential into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes confirmed their mesenchymal stromal cell status. Further, the HF‐MSCs were positive for CD105, CD166, CD73, CD44, CD90, SSEA‐4, and negative for CD34, CD45, HLA‐DR cell‐surface markers and were found to exhibit BM‐MSC‐like characteristics. hESC lines co‐cultured with HF‐MSC feeders showed expression of expected pluripotent transcription factors Oct‐4, Nanog, Sox‐2, GDF‐3, Rex‐1, STELLAR, ABCG2, Dppa5, hTERT; surface markers SSEA‐4, TRA‐1‐81 and maintained their cytogenetic stability during long term passaging. These novel feeders also improved the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from hESC which produced cell types representing three germ layers. This culture system has the potential to aid the development of clinical‐grade hESCs for regenerative medicine and drug screening. Further, we envisage foreskin can serve as a valuable source of alternative MSCs for specific therapeutic applications. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1353–1363, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Indirubin‐3'‐monoxime, a derivative of a chinese antileukemia medicine, inhibits angiogenesis
Authors: Kim Jin‐Kyung , Shin Eun Kyung , Kang Young‐Hee , Park Jung Han Yoon
Published: February 2011

Although the antiangiogenic activity of indirubin‐3‐monoxime (I3M), a derivative of a Chinese anti‐leukemia medicine, has been demonstrated using transgenic zebrafish, the detail molecular mechanism has not been elicited. To further establish its role in antiangiogenic activity, we tested its potential against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the in vivo Matrigel plug model was applied to evaluate new vessel formation. We also investigated the molecular mechanisms of I3M‐induced antiangiogenic effects in HUVECs. We found that I3M significantly inhibited HUVEC proliferation (2.5–20 µM), migration (2.5–20 µM), and tube formation (10–20 µM) in HUVECs. The number of microvessels growing from the aortic rings was suppressed by I3M treatment. Moreover, I3M suppressed neovascularization in Matrigel plugs in mice. The underlying antiangiogenic mechanism of I3M was correlated with down‐regulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 activation, at least a part. These findings emphasize the potential use of I3M in pathological situations involving stimulated angiogenesis, such as tumor development. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1384–1391, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Weak interactions: Potency for stabilization of molecule in solid state
Authors: Dubey Rashmi , Tewari Ashish Kumar , Ravikumar K. , Sridhar B.
Published: February 2011

Weak interactions usually show a versatile property to stabilize the molecular conformation and crystal packing in solid state. Crystal packing and conformational property of the synthesized compound 1(3‐cyano‐4,6‐dimethyl nicotinonitril‐1‐yl)‐3‐(phalimido‐1‐yl)‐1‐thioxyethane (2) is stabilized by CH···O, CH···N, and CH···π interactions. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 00, 00 (2011).
Syntheses of meta‐[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde and meta‐[18F]fluorobenzylbromide from phenyl(3‐Formylphenyl) iodonium salt precursors
Authors: Basuli Falguni , Wu Haitao , Griffiths Gary L.
Published: February 2011

18F‐labeled fluorobenzaldehydes and fluorobenzylbromides are useful synthons for the preparation of positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals. Although ortho‐ and para‐[18F]fluorobenzaldehydes can easily be prepared with high yields, the corresponding meta‐derivatives are more problematic. In order to improve the yield of meta‐[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde, we used the corresponding diaryliodonium salt precursors, since diaryliodonium salts had already been used as precursors in the preparations of 18F‐labeled electron‐rich, as well as electron‐deficient, aromatic rings. Diaryliodonium salts with different counter ions [PhIPhCHO]X (X = Cl, Br, OTs, OTf) were synthesized. 18F radiolabeling was performed using different bases at different temperatures in the presence of a radical scavenger, 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl (TEMPO). The best conversion (∼80%) to meta‐[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde was obtained using CsHCO3 base at a reaction temperature of 110°C. To study iodonium salt counter ion effects on radiofluorination, each precursor was separately treated with Cs[18F]F/CsHCO3 in DMF at 110°C for 5 min in the presence of TEMPO. Our observed reactivity order was OTs<Cl<OTf<Br. Meta‐[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde thus obtained was reduced to the corresponding alcohol with aqueous NaBH4 at room temperature and then converted to meta‐[18F]fluorobenzylbromide using triphenylphosphine dibromide. Formation of meta‐[18F]fluorobenzylbromide was confirmed using high‐performance liquid chromatography and the desired product was purified on a silica Sep‐Pak® plus cartridge. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directing dopaminergic fiber growth along a preformed molecular pathway from embryonic ventral mesencephalon transplants in the rat brain
Authors: Jin Y. , Zhang C. , Ziemba K.S. , Goldstein G.A. , Sullivan P.G. , Smith G.M.
Published: February 2011

To identify guidance molecules to promote long‐distance growth of dopaminergic axons from transplanted embryonic ventral mesencephalon (VM) tissue, three pathways were created by expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), or a combination of GDNF/GDNF receptor α1 (GFRα1) along the corpus callosum. To generate the guidance pathway, adenovirus encoding these transcripts was injected at four positions along the corpus callosum. In all groups, GDNF adenovirus was also injected on the right side 2.5 mm from the midline at the desired transplant site. Four days later, a piece of VM tissue from embryonic day 14 rats was injected at the transplant site. All rats also received daily subcutaneous injections of N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteinamide (NACA; 100 μg per rat) as well as chondroitinase ABC at transplant site (10 U/ml, 2 μl). Two weeks after transplantation, the rats were perfused and the brains dissected out. Coronal sections were cut and immunostained with antibody to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to identify and count dopaminergic fibers in the corpus callosum. In GFP‐expressing pathways, TH+ fibers grew out of the transplants for a short distance in the corpus callosum. Very few TH+ fibers grew across the midline. However, pathways expressing GDNF supported more TH+ fiber growth across the midline into the contralateral hemisphere. Significantly greater numbers of TH+ fibers grew across the midline in animals expressing a combination of GDNF and GFRα1 in the corpus callosum. These data suggest that expression of GDNF or a combination of GDNF and GFRα1 can support the long‐distance dopaminergic fiber growth from a VM transplant, with the combination having a superior effect. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial XBP1 knockdown does not affect viability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells exposed to new models of hypoxia and ischemia in vitro
Authors: Kraskiewicz Honorata , FitzGerald Una
Published: February 2011

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling pathway has been implicated in tissue injury in several rodent models of brain ischemia. To understand better the effects of ischemia on white matter in particular, we developed several in vitro models of hypoxia and ischemia in oligodendrocyte precursors. For the first time, we present data showing that exposure of rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to cobalt chloride (CoCl2), antimycin A (AA), or oxygen, glucose and nutrient deprivation (OGND) causes up‐regulation of glucose‐regulated protein 78/B‐cell immunoglobulin‐binding protein (Grp78/BiP), C/EBP homologous binding protein (CHOP), and spliced X‐box‐binding protein 1 (XBP1). To mimic the effects of ischemia, OPCs supplemented with 5% normal growth medium and 95% Hank's balanced salt solution were incubated in a hypoxia chamber set at 0.1% oxygen. Because the toxic effects of AA on OPCs more closely resembled those seen when OPCs were subjected to OGND, we found AA treatment preferable to CoCl2 as an in vitro model. To investigate the role of XBP1 in survival following an ischemic insult, we generated a stable XBP1 knockdown OPC cell line and subjected it to simulated hypoxia or ischemia. Surprisingly, 65% XBP1 knockdown had no effect on viability following chemical treatment or OGND. These data strengthen the case for targeting the ER stress signalling pathway in an effort to develop new early treatments for ischemic stroke patients but at the same time demonstrate that partial knockdown of XBP1 is not sufficient to protect precursor oligodendrocytes from ischemic damage. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased expression of the close homolog of the adhesion molecule l1 in different cell types over time after rat spinal cord contusion
Authors: Wu Junfang , Leung Philberta Y. , Sharp April , Joon Lee Hyun , Wrathall Jean R.
Published: February 2011

The close homolog of the adhesion molecule L1 (CHL1) is important during CNS development, but a study with CHL1 knockout mice showed greater functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) in its absence. We investigated CHL1 expression from 1 to 28 days after clinically relevant contusive SCI in Sprague‐Dawley rats. Western blot analysis showed that CHL1 expression was significantly up‐regulated at day 1 and further increased over 4 weeks after SCI. Immunohistochemistry of tissue sections showed that CHL1 in the intact spinal cord was expressed at low levels. By 1 day and through 4 weeks after SCI, CHL1 became highly expressed in NG2+ cells. Hypertrophic GFAP+ astrocytes also expressed CHL1 by 1 week after injury. The increase in CHL1 protein paralleled that of NG2 in the first week and GFAP between 1 and 4 weeks after injury. At 4 weeks, NG2+/CHL1+ cells and GFAP+/CHL1+ astrocytes were concentrated at the boundary between residual spinal cord tissue and the central lesion. NF200+ spinal cord axons approached but did not penetrate this boundary. In contrast, CHL1+ cells in the central lesion at 1 week and later colabeled with p75 and NG2 and were chronically associated with many NF200+ axons, presumably axons that had sprouted in association with CHL1+ Schwann cells infiltrating the cord after contusion. Thus, our study demonstrates up‐regulation of CHL1 in multiple cell types and locations in a rat model of contusion injury and suggests that this molecule may be involved both in inhibition of axonal regeneration and in recovery processes after SCI. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Authors: Winer Joshua H. , Raut Chandrajit P.
Published: February 2011

Recurrence after resection of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is an unfortunately all‐too‐common phenomenon. The principal treatment for recurrent GIST is the first‐line tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib mesylate. Those who progress on, or are intolerant of imatinib, are treated with second‐line TKI sunitinib malate. Cytoreductive surgery may be considered as an “adjuvant” therapy for patients with disease stabilized on imatinib, and, on an individual basis, sunitinib. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:915–920. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent developments in the HPLC separation of phenolic compounds
Authors: Kalili Kathithileni M. , de Villiers André
Published: February 2011

Phenolic compounds represent a class of highly complex naturally occurring molecules that possess a range of beneficial health properties. As a result, considerable attention has been devoted to the analysis of phenolics in a variety of samples. HPLC is the workhorse method for phenolic separation. However, conventional HPLC methods provide insufficient resolving power when faced with the complexity of real‐world phenolic fractions. This limitation has been traditionally circumvented by extensive sample fractionation, multiple analysis methods and/or selective detection strategies. On the other hand, there is an increasing demand for improved throughput and resolving power from the chromatographic methods used for phenolic analyses. Fortunately, during the last decade, a number of important technological advances in LC have demonstrated significant gains in terms of both speed and resolution. These include ultra high‐pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC), high‐temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC), multi‐dimensional separations as well as various new stationary phase chemistries and morphologies. In recent years, these technologies have also found increasing application for phenolic analysis. This review seeks to provide an updated overview of the application of recent advances in HPLC to phenolic separation, with the emphasis on how these methodologies can contribute to improve performance in HPLC analysis of phenolics.
Surface Modification to Control Protein/Surface Interactions
Authors: Yuan Lin , Yu Qian , Li Dan , Chen Hong
Published: February 2011

Protein/surface interactions are well known to play an important role in various biological phenomena and to determine the ultimate biofunctionality of a given material once it is in contact with a biological environment. Control over the interactions between proteins and material surfaces are not only of great theoretical interest but also of crucial importance for many biomedical applications. In this Feature Article, we summarize various successful approaches used in our laboratory and other groups for controlling protein adsorption through chemical modification of the surface and/or the introduction of specific topographic features. Some perspectives on future research in these areas are also presented.

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Engineering geo‐engineering
Authors: Fox Timothy A. , Chapman Lee
Published: February 2011

This paper reviews the geo‐engineering approach to tackling climate change. The failure of the 15th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP15) to obtain a legally binding emissions reduction agreement makes the deployment of geo‐engineering solutions an increasingly attractive proposition. This review looks at a variety of global and local approaches to geo‐engineering covering solar radiation management and carbon cycle engineering and attempts to assess the feasibility of the technologies from an engineering perspective. However, despite the plethora of ideas generated by the science community, it still appears that much work remains to be done in the initial engineering assessment of these techniques and this is a major hurdle to overcome before any geo‐engineering scheme can be fully considered. Hence, the paper concludes by calling for the instigation of national and international programmes of research at the feasibility level, to inform discussions regarding future possible deployment of small scale, local geo‐engineering and adaptation measures. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
In‐Line Monitoring of Particle Size during Emulsion Polymerization under Different Operational Conditions using NIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Chicoma Dennis L. , Sayer Claudia , Giudici Reinaldo
Published: February 2011

In the present work, the sensitivity of NIR spectroscopy toward the evolution of particle size was studied during emulsion homopolymerization of styrene (Sty) and emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate–butyl acrylate conducted in a semibatch stirred tank and a tubular pulsed sieve plate reactor, respectively. All NIR spectra were collected online with a transflectance probe immersed into the reaction medium. The spectral range used for the NIR monitoring was from 9 500 to 13 000 cm−1, where the absorbance of the chemical components present is minimal and the changes in the NIR spectrum can be ascribed to the effects of light scattering by the polymer particles. Off‐line measurements of the average diameter of the polymer particles by DLS were used as reference values for the development of the multivariate NIR calibration models based on partial least squares. Results indicated that, in the spectral range studied, it is possible to monitor the evolution of the average size of the polymer particles during emulsion polymerization reactions. The inclusion of an additional spectral range, from 5 701 to 6 447 cm−1, containing information on absorbances (“chemical information”) in the calibration models was also evaluated.

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Optimization of pulse train presaturation for CEST imaging in clinical scanners
Authors: Schmitt Benjamin , Zaiß Moritz , Zhou Jinyuan , Bachert Peter
Published: February 2011

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging depends on the performance of radiofrequency saturation during the experiment. Scanner specifications, in particular limited pulse width and duty‐cycle, and specific absorption rate guidelines restrict the full exploitation of CEST effects in clinical MR systems. The purpose of this study was to optimize techniques for effective pulse train presaturation for CEST imaging in a whole‐body MR scanner. Theoretical analysis and simulations of the spectral properties of radiofrequency pulse trains demonstrated the significance of pulse width τP and interpulse delay τD for effective and selective labeling of a chemically exchanging proton pool. CEST experiments with model solutions, e.g., creatine dissolved in water, showed best performance of pulse trains with τP = τD = 100 msec, regarding minimum direct water saturation in z‐spectra and distinct magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry that can be determined quantitatively. Saturation efficiency of trains of Gaussian‐shaped radiofrequency pulses using this timing was evaluated in MR imagers with field strengths of 1.5, 3, and 7 T. The proposed saturation pulse train does not require hardware modifications, offers low specific absorption rate, and can be used in a standard clinical setup. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Liver stiffness assessment by tagged MRI of cardiac‐induced liver motion
Authors: Chung Sohae , Breton Elodie , Mannelli Lorenzo , Axel Leon
Published: February 2011

Cirrhosis is an important and growing public health problem, affecting millions of Americans and many more people internationally. A pathological hallmark of the progression to cirrhosis is the development of liver fibrosis, so that monitoring the appearance and progression of liver fibrosis can be used to guide therapy. Here, we report a method to use magnetization‐tagged magnetic resonance imaging to measure the cardiac‐induced motion and deformation in the liver, as a means for noninvasively assessing liver stiffness, which is related to fibrosis. The initial results show statistically significant differences between healthy and cirrhotic subjects in the direct comparisons of the maximum displacement (mm), and the maximum (P1) and minimum (P2) two‐dimensional strains, through the cardiac cycle (3.514 ± 0.793, 2.184 ± 0.611; 0.116 ± 0.043, 0.048 ± 0.011; −0.094 ± 0.020, −0.041 ± 0.015; healthy, cirrhosis, respectively; P < 0.005 for all). There are also significant differences in the displacement‐normalized P1 and P2 strains (mm−1) (0.030 ± 0.008, 0.017 ± 0.007; −0.024 ± 0.006, −0.013 ± 0.004; healthy, cirrhosis, respectively; P < 0.005 for all). Therefore, this noninvasive imaging‐based method is a promising means to assess liver stiffness using clinically available imaging tools. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time resolved contrast enhanced intracranial MRA using a single dose delivered as sequential injections and highly constrained projection reconstruction (HYPR CE)
Authors: Wu Yijing , Johnson Kevin , Kecskemeti Steven R. , Wang Kang , Wieben Oliver , Aagaard‐Kienitz Beverly L. , Rowley Howard , Korosec Frank R. , Mistretta Charles , Turski Patrick
Published: February 2011

Time‐resolved contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the brain is challenging due to the need for rapid imaging and high spatial resolution. Moreover, the significant dispersion of the intravenous contrast bolus as it passes through the heart and lungs increases the overlap between arterial and venous structures, regardless of the acquisition speed and reconstruction window. An innovative technique is presented that divides a single dose contrast into two injections. Initially a small volume of contrast material (2–3 mL) is used to acquiring time‐resolved weighting images with a high frame rate (2 frames/s) during the first pass of the contrast agent. The remaining contrast material is used to obtain a high resolution whole brain contrast‐enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance angiography (0.57 × 0.57 × 1 mm3) that is used as the spatial constraint for Local Highly Constrained Projection Reconstruction (HYPR LR) reconstruction. After HYPR reconstruction, the final dynamic images (HYPR CE) have both high temporal and spatial resolution. Furthermore, studies of contrast kinetics demonstrate that the shorter bolus length from the reduced contrast volume used for the first injection significantly improves the arterial and venous separation. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal filtering effects in dynamic parallel MRI
Authors: Blaimer Martin , Ponce Irene P. , Breuer Felix A. , Jakob Peter M. , Griswold Mark A. , Kellman Peter
Published: February 2011

Autocalibrated parallel MRI methods such as TSENSE or k‐t SENSE have been presented for dynamic imaging studies as they are able to provide images with high temporal resolution. One key element of these techniques is the temporal averaging of the undersampled raw data to obtain an unaliased image. This image represents the temporal average (also known as direct current, DC) and is used to derive the reconstruction parameters. In this work, we show that aliasing artifacts can be introduced in the DC signal obtained from the undersampled raw data. These artifacts lead to undesired temporal filtering effects when the DC signal is used for coil sensitivity calibration or when the DC signal is subtracted from the raw data. It is demonstrated that the temporal filtering effects can be reduced significantly by filtering the DC signal. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of tumor glutamate metabolism in vivo using 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy and hyperpolarized [1‐13C]glutamate
Authors: Gallagher Ferdia A. , Kettunen Mikko I. , Day Sam E. , Hu De‐en , Karlsson Magnus , Gisselsson Anna , Lerche Mathilde H. , Brindle Kevin M.
Published: February 2011

Dynamic nuclear polarization can be used to increase the sensitivity of solution state 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy by four orders of magnitude. We show here that [1‐13C]glutamate can be polarized to 28%, representing a 35,000‐fold increase in its sensitivity to detection at 9.4 T and 37°C. The metabolism of hyperpolarized glutamate to α‐ketoglutarate, catalyzed by the enzyme alanine transaminase, was detected in vitro in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). Incubation of the cells with sodium pyruvate increased the level of the hyperpolarized label in the α‐ketoglutarate pool, with an associated increase in the apparent rate constant describing flux of hyperpolarized 13C label between glutamate and α‐ketoglutarate. The metabolism of hyperpolarized glutamate was observed in vivo following coadministration of pyruvate in a murine lymphoma model. This represents a new method to probe glutamate metabolism and citric acid cycle activity in vivo; as glutamate is an endogenous molecule, it has the potential to be used in the clinic. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative tracking of edema, hemorrhage, and microvascular obstruction in subacute myocardial infarction in a porcine model by MRI
Authors: Ghugre Nilesh R. , Ramanan Venkat , Pop Mihaela , Yang Yuesong , Barry Jennifer , Qiang Beiping , Connelly Kim A. , Dick Alexander J. , Wright Graham A.
Published: February 2011

Pathophysiological responses after acute myocardial infarction include edema, hemorrhage, and microvascular obstruction along with cellular damage. The in vivo evolution of these processes simultaneously throughout infarct healing has not been well characterized. The purpose of our study was to quantitatively monitor the time course of these mechanisms by MRI in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. Ten pigs underwent MRI before coronary occlusion with subgroups studied at day 2 and weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6 post‐infarction. Tissue characterization was performed using quantitative T2 and T2* maps to identify edema and hemorrhage, respectively. Contrast‐enhanced MRI was used for infarct/ microvascular obstruction delineation. Inflammation was reflected by T2 fluctuations, however at day 2, edema and hemorrhage had counter‐acting effects on T2. Hemorrhage (all forms) and mineralization (calcium) could be identified by T2* in the presence of edema. Simultaneous resolution of microvascular obstruction and T2* abnormality suggested that the two phenomenon were closely associated during the healing process. Our study demonstrates that quantitative T2 and T2* mapping techniques allow regional, longitudinal, and cross‐subject comparisons and give insights into histological and tissue remodeling processes. Such in vivo characterization will be important in grading severity and evaluating treatment strategies for myocardial infarction, potentially improving clinical outcomes. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Naivety and relationship marketing in nonprofit organisations
Authors: Catherine  , O'Sullivan Terry
Published: February 2011

The widespread adoption of the language and concepts of marketing as a series of exchanges with customers continues to present problems to nonprofit organisations. Measured against marketing orthodoxy their approach to marketing might appear naive, but it is often effective. This paper discusses five differences between ‘orthodox’ and ‘naive’ marketing (nature of the exchange, focus of the encounter, attitude to technology, attitude to product and plans for the customer) to explore the nature of naive marketing. The role and importance of product or service in nonprofits is emphasised as a crucial difference. Finally, the emerging discipline of relationship marketing is argued to be a framework which vindicates many of the positions of naive marketers and to offer a valuable source of theory for nonprofit marketing.
Strategies for competitive advantage in nonprofit organisations
Authors: Saxton Joe
Published: February 2011

In the commercial sector, a range of strategies has been proposed for competitive advantage. Many of these strategies are inappropriate for nonprofit organisations. (The terms ‘nonprofit’, ‘not‐for‐profit’ and ‘charity’ are used interchangeably in this paper.) This paper proposes four generic strategies for competitive advantage in nonprofit organisations: externally driven, niche, differentiation and awareness. The niche strategy has two sub‐strategies: the issue or emotional niche and the geographical niche. Differentiation has three sub‐strategies; differentiation by audience, differentiation by product and differentiation by belief. These four strategies are not mutually exclusive and many nonprofit organisations move from one strategy to another. A development model for these transitions is proposed.
Is there a crisis in arts sponsorship?
Authors: Tweedy Colin
Published: February 2011

What is the connection between Heinz Baked Beans, the Notting Hill Carnival and Windows 95? This paper examines present trends in arts sponsorship. Sponsorship by brands is developing rapidly, while traditional arts sponsorship as part of the corporate promotional budget is under threat. Examples of trend setting sponsorships from companies as diverse as Ernst & Young, Lilt and Beck's Bier, show that arts sponsorship is in transition. Arts organisations are having to adjust rapidly to the new environment if they are to fulfil their targets.
Can you sell philanthropy?
Authors: Mollenhauer Linda
Published: February 2011

This paper provides a case study of a social marketing campaign developed in Canada to promote philanthropy — the giving of time and money. It reviews the basic elements of the campaign and outlines the key lessons learned throughout its development. It explores some of the barriers and opportunities to increased generosity and describes how a communication programme attempted to overcome the barriers and capitalise on the opportunities.
The role of market research for charities: Identifying target groups and developing successful relationships
Authors: Carter Jill
Published: February 2011

No one can find friends by sitting at home, and no relationship can develop without plenty of interaction between the people involved. However, charities with large numbers of donors and volunteers cannot be expected to have day‐to‐day contact with more than a handful of their key supporters. This paper illustrates how market research can be used by charities as the conduit between charities and their supporters — not only to show how the relationship between the two sides can be developed to best effect, but also to identify the most appropriate target groups to find new support.
Fundraising in civil society
Authors: Mullin Redmond
Published: February 2011

The objects of this paper are to enrich understanding of fundraising and consequently to increase funds raised by looking at the roles of funders and fundraisers in civil society. The idea of civil society includes charities but has broader scope, including all forms of independent association and combinations of people within the state, working for a common good, outside the government and economic spheres. The existence of such thriving associations necessarily entails voluntary funding. This gives a special role to funders and gives value to fundraising. Funders should be enabled to share the ideals of the causes they support and even to contribute to their activity, as partners in voluntary enterprise. Civil society is part of an Anglo‐Saxon US and UK tradition. A different tradition dominant in the European Union could threaten the governance, independence and fiscal treatment of NGO's in the UK.
Charities working together: Cooperation or competition?
Authors: Maple Peter
Published: February 2011

In the voluntary sector groupings of charities come together for a wide variety of reasons. This paper looks at some examples, in which the author has particular knowledge or interest, in the particular field of fundraising ventures, and suggests other familiar areas where greater cooperation might produce substantially greater rewards. It seeks to show where common interests can outweigh any competitive fears and where subordinated individual priorities generate incrementally better results.