bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between broadly defined bulimia nervosa and drug use disorders: Common genetic and environmental influences
Authors: Baker Jessica H. , Mazzeo Suzanne E. , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: September 2007

Objective:

Previous research has shown an association between bulimia (BN) and drug use disorders (DUD). The purpose of the present study was to investigate possible influences on the comorbidity between BN and DUD.

Method:

Participants included 490 monozygotic and 354 dizygotic female twins and 930 females from opposite sex pairs. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to test shared correlates and mediators. Bivariate twin analyses were used to investigate the contribution of genes and environment to the correlation between BN and DUD.

Results:

Depression, neuroticism, and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) mediated the association between BN and DUD regardless of which disorder was used as the dependent variable. Analyses also indicated genetic and nonshared environmental overlap between BN and DUD.

Conclusion:

The association between BN and DUD is due mostly to overlapping genetic influences with a smaller contribution from nonshared environment. Depression, neuroticism, and CSA are likely important shared correlates. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
IL‐35 is a novel cytokine with therapeutic effects against collagen‐induced arthritis through the expansion of regulatory T cells and suppression of Th17 cells
Authors: Niedbala Wanda , Wei Xiao‐qing , Cai Beilei , Hueber Axel J , Leung Bernard P. , McInnes Iain B. , Liew Foo Y.
Published: September 2007

Epstein‐Barr virus‐induced gene 3 (EBI3) and the p35 subunit of IL‐12 have been reported to form a heterodimeric hematopoietin in human and mouse. We have constructed a heterodimeric protein covalently linking EBI3 and p35, to form a novel cytokine which we now call IL‐35. The Fc fusion protein of IL‐35 induced proliferation of murine CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25– T cells when stimulated with immobilized anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD28 antibodies in vitro. The IL‐35‐expanded CD4+CD25+ T cell population expressed Foxp3 and produced elevated levels of IL‐10, whereas the IL‐35‐induced CD4+CD25– T cells produced IFN‐γ but not IL‐4. The in vitro expanded CD4+CD25+ T cells retained their suppressive functions against CD4+CD25– effector cells. Furthermore, when cultured with soluble anti‐CD3 antibody and antigen‐presenting cells, IL‐35 suppressed the proliferation of CD4+CD25– effector cells. Moreover, IL‐35 inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro. In vivo, IL‐35 effectively attenuated established collagen‐induced arthritis in mice, with concomitant suppression of IL‐17 production but enhanced IFN‐γ synthesis. Thus, IL‐35 is a novel anti‐inflammatory cytokine suppressing the immune response through the expansion of regulatory T cells and suppression of Th17 cell development.
Template‐Controlled Reactivity in the Organic Solid State by Principles of Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly
Authors: Bučar Dejan‐Krešimir , Papaefstathiou Giannis S. , Hamilton Tamara D. , Chu Qianli L. , Georgiev Ivan G. , MacGillivray Leonard R.
Published: September 2007

In this microreview, we show how principles of coordination‐driven self‐assembly can be used to direct chemical reactivity in the organic solid state. We also show how products obtained from the templated solid‐state reactions can be used as organic building units of metal–organic frameworks and coordination capsules. Self‐assembled structures based on dinuclear ZnII and AgI complexes are used to direct stereocontrolled [2+2] photodimerizations of vinylpyridines in the solid state in up to quantitative yield. The products are used as bi‐ and polytopic ligands of self‐assembled coordination capsules and metal–organic frameworks. We also describe emerging metal‐based approaches to conduct mechanochemical reactions in organic solids. In addition to the field of supramolecular coordination chemistry, these observations impact the field of green chemistry.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
(2,2‐Dibromovinyl)ferrocene as a Building Block for the Assembly of Heterodinuclear Complexes – Preparation of an σ‐Alkenylpalladium Complex and Dimetallic Dithioether Complexes
Authors: Clément Sébastien , Guyard Laurent , Knorr Michael , Villafañe Fernando , Strohmann Carsten , Kubicki Marek M.
Published: September 2007

The oxidative addition of (2,2‐dibromovinyl)ferrocene [Br2C=C(H)–Fc] (1) to [Pd(PPh3)4] yields the heterodinuclear σ‐alkenyl complex trans‐[{Pd(Br)(PPh3)2}–C(Br)=C(H)–Fc] (2). Nucleophilic attack of sodium thiolates on 1 unexpectedly affords the vinyl thioether derivatives (Z)‐[(RS)(H)C=C(H)–Fc] (4a: R = Ph; 4b: R = tBu; 4c: R = Et). Complexes 4a and 4c can also be prepared by addition of NaSR across the triple bond of Fc–C≡C–H (3). Addition of an excess of NaSR to 1 affords the dithioether derivatives (Z)‐[(RS)(H)C=C(SR)–Fc] (5a: R = Ph; 5b: R = p‐tolyl; 5c: R = Et). An addition/elimination sequence is suggested to account for this surprising result. The yield of 5c is very low due to a competing formation of ethynylferrocene (3). Reaction of 5b with [Re(thf)(CO)3(μ‐Br)]2 and [PtCl2(PhCN)2] leads to the heterodinuclear chelate complexes [Fc{C(S–p‐tolyl)=C(H)(S–p‐tolyl)}Re(Br)(CO)3] (6) and [Fc{C(S–p‐tolyl)=C(H)(S–p‐tolyl)}PtCl2] (7a), respectively. Metathesis of the fluxional compound 7a in the presence of NaI affords [Fc{C(S–p‐tolyl)=C(H)(S–p‐tolyl)}PtI2] (7b). The electrochemical properties of some of these complexes have been studied by means of cyclic voltammetry, and the molecular structures of 1, 2, 3, 4b, 4c and 6 have been determined by X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
[1,2,5]Selenadiazolo[3,4‐c][1,2,5]thiadiazole and [1,2,5]Selenadiazolo[3,4‐c][1,2,5]thiadiazolidyl – A Synthetic, Structural, and Theoretical Study
Authors: Bagryanskaya Irina Yu. , Gatilov Yuri V. , Gritsan Nina P. , Ikorskii Vladimir N. , Irtegova Irina G. , Lonchakov Anton V. , Lork Enno , Mews Ruediger , Ovcharenko Victor I. , Semenov Nikolay A. , Vasilieva Nadezhda V. , Zibarev Andrey V.
Published: September 2007

A new heterocyclic system, namely [1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4‐c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (1), has been prepared in 60 % yield by the 1:1 condensation of 3,4‐diamino‐1,2,5‐thiadiazole (4) with SeCl4 in the presence of pyridine. The structures of 1 and its 1:1 complex with pyridinium chloride (5) have been elucidated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The reversible electrochemical reduction of 1, as well as its chemical reduction with PhS– anion, provide the long‐lived [1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4‐c][1,2,5]thiadiazolidyl radical anion (2), which has been isolated in the form of the thermally stable salt [K(18‐crown‐6)][2] (3) in 75 % yield. The experimental structural and spectral characteristics of 1 and 2 agree fairly well with those obtained from density functional (DFT) calculations. The salt 3 has been characterized by ESR spectroscopy (in the solid state and in solution) and XRD. The radical anion 2 acts as a bridging ligand in crystalline 3. Magnetic measurements on salt 3 reveal weak antiferromagnetic interactions (J = –1.65 cm–1). The magnetic structures of 3 and its disulfur congener 11 have been analyzed in terms of dimeric exchange integrals calculated by spin‐unrestricted broken‐symmetry DFT and post‐HF methods.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Structure and Photochemical Isomerization of the Dinuclear Gold(I) Halide Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethylene Complexes: Correlation Between Quantum Yield and Aurophilicity
Authors: Foley Janet B. , Gay Stanley E. , Vela Michael J. , Foxman Bruce M. , Bruce Alice E. , Bruce Mitchell R. M.
Published: September 2007

The crystal structures for cis‐(Ph2PCH=CHPPh2)(AuI)2 and trans‐(Ph2PCH=CHPPh2)(AuI)2 are reported. The structure of cis‐(Ph2PCH=CHPPh2)(AuI)2 reveals a short intramolecular Au–Au distance of 2.9526(5) Å, while the structure of trans‐(Ph2PCH=CHPPh2)(AuI)2 shows intermolecular Au–Au distances of 3.2292(7) Å. Structural data for the iodide complexes are compared to previously reported crystal structural data for cis‐ and trans‐(Ph2PCH=CHPPh2)(AuCl)2 and dppbz(AuCl)2. The quantum yields for the photochemical isomerization of cis‐(Ph2PCH=CHPPh2)(AuX)2 with 334‐nm light, Φ(cis → trans), are 0.204, 0.269, and 0.363 for X = Cl, Br, and I, respectively. Prior results from ab initio calculations on the model cis‐ and trans‐Au2X2C2H2(PH2)2 complexes aid in the interpretation of the correlation between the quantum yield for isomerization and the calculated aurophilic attraction potential V(Re). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Efficient, Ultrafast, Microwave‐Assisted Syntheses of Cycloplatinated Complexes
Authors: Godbert Nicolas , Pugliese Teresa , Aiello Iolinda , Bellusci Anna , Crispini Alessandra , Ghedini Mauro
Published: September 2007

Cyclometallated chloridoplatinum complexes containing neutral monodentate ligands such as 2‐phenylpyridine (1a), 2‐(2′‐thienyl)pyridine (1c) or 4‐methoxypyridine (1d), as well as the cyclometallated benzo[h]quinoline chlorido complex with 4‐methoxypyridine (2d), can be synthesised in a few minutes by irradiating the reaction mixture with microwaves. The single‐crystal X‐ray molecular structures of the solvato complexes 1·dmso and 2·dmso as well as 1c, 1d and 2d are reported. The availability of this class of complexes in a few minutes offers the possibility of a combinatorial approach for the preparation of libraries of homologous compounds of potential interest for applicative purposes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Photochemical Generation and Reactivity of Naphthyl Cations: cine Substitution
Authors: Slegt Micha , Minne Floor , Zuilhof Han , Overkleeft Hermen S. , Lodder Gerrit
Published: September 2007

The photochemical solvolyses of naphthalen‐1‐yl(phenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate and naphthalen‐2‐yl(phenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate in methanol regiospecifically yield the naphthalen‐1‐ and ‐2‐yl ethers but afford scrambled 1‐ and 2‐phenylnaphthalene Friedel–Crafts products. It is demonstrated that singlet naphthyl cations account for the formation of the naphthyl ethers, but that the cine substitution is most likely to be due to the intermediacy of triplet naphthyl cations. According to the experiments reported here, the singlet naphthyl cations are lower in energy than their triplet isomers. High‐level MO calculations for the cations in methanol support this finding. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
An Expeditious Assembly of 3,4‐Benzannulated 8‐Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Systems by [2+2+2] Alkyne Cyclotrimerisation: Total Synthesis of (–)‐Bruguierol A
Authors: Ramana Chepuri V. , Salian Sumanth R. , Gonnade Rajesh G.
Published: September 2007

Facile construction of benzene‐fused 8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane systems by employing a cross alkyne cyclotrimerisation reaction was explored. With this procedure, (–)‐bruguierol A was synthesised, and its absolute configuration was established. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Hydrophobically Directed Aldol Reactions: Polystyrene‐Supported L‐Proline as a Recyclable Catalyst for Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in the Presence of Water (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 28/2007)
Authors: Gruttadauria Michelangelo , Giacalone Francesco , Mossuto Marculescu Adriana , Lo Meo Paolo , Riela Serena , Noto Renato
Published: September 2007

The cover picture shows the aldol reaction between ketones and arylaldehydes carried out by using a polystyrene‐supported L‐proline catalyst. This material furnishes aldol products in high yields and stereoselectivities. Screening of solvents showed that these reactions take place only in the presence of water. This solvent effect, coupled with the high stereoselectivities observed, has been explained by the formation of a hydrophobic core in the inner surface of the resin with the hydrophilic proline moiety in the resin/water interface. Such a microenvironment promotes the aldol reaction and increases the stereoselectivity. Recycling investigations have shown that this material can be reused, without loss in conversion and stereoselectivity for, at least, five cycles. This catalyst can be considered a better mimic of natural Class I aldolase enzymes that use an enamine‐mediated mechanism in water. Details are discussed in the article by M. Gruttadauria et al. on p. 4688 ff. This work is dedicated to Professor Domenico Spinelli on the occasion of his 75th birthday.
Computer simulation of different modes of ACE based on the dynamic complexation model
Authors: Fang Ning , Sun Ying , Zheng Jingyan , Chen David D. Y.
Published: September 2007

Several modes of the often used ACE processes are simulated based on the principle of dynamic complexation of interacting species in a capillary column. The model is built on the mass transfer equation, to provide insight into the detailed analyte migration and interaction processes in CE. Normal ACE, Hummel–Dreyer method, vacancy affinity CE, vacancy peak method, and CE frontal analysis are simulated based on typical ACE conditions, and the results are compared with the detector responses of real CE processes using BSA and warfarin as a model system. Remarkable resemblance between the simulated results and the experimental observations was demonstrated for well‐buffered ACE systems.
A novel sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate‐PAGE system suitable for the separation of small peptides
Authors: Lu Xuemei , Yao Yao , Zhang Weican
Published: September 2007

A novel sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate‐PAGE (AOT‐PAGE) system which delivers high resolution and sensitivity for small peptides with molecular masses of 0.8–17 kDa is described. Small peptides migrate more slowly and are less prone to leakage than in conventional SDS‐PAGE, thus allowing for the in‐gel detection with CBB R 250 of 0.5 μg of peptide. The system is also compatible with electroblotting, activity staining in renatured gels, and the peptide analysis by MALDI‐MS. AOT‐PAGE is simpler, more rapid, and cheaper than the generally adopted Tricine‐SDS‐PAGE method.
Use of SDS micelles for improving sensitivity, resolution, and speed in the analysis of β‐lactam antibiotics in environmental waters by SPE and CE
Authors: Serrano Juan Manuel , Silva Manuel
Published: September 2007

This study dealt with the potential of MEKC with LIF detection involving derivatization with sulfoindocyanine succinimidyl ester (Cy5) for the separation and determination of β‐lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephradine, and cephalexin) in environmental water samples. Water samples of 50 mL were enriched by SPE by passage through a weak base‐cation Amberlite® IRA‐93 exchange column. SDS micelles play important roles in the whole analytical process by improving the yield (sensitivity) and the kinetics of the labeling reaction, the elution of the retained antibiotics from the SPE preconcentration system and the electrophoretic resolution of their Cy5‐derivatives. The optimum procedure includes a derivatization step of the antibiotics at 25°C for 10 min and direct injection for MEKC analysis, which is conducted within about 15 min using 15 mM SDS in the running buffer (35 mM sodium borate at pH 9.3). LODs from 30 to 45 ng/L and RSDs (within‐day precision) from 3.5 to 5.9% were obtained for the antibiotics in water samples with average recoveries ranging from 96.4 to 99.4%. These results indicate that the method proposed is a straightforward and sensitive tool for the determination of these antibiotics in environmental water samples providing similar quantitative results to those using more expensive equipment like LC‐electrospray MS/MS.
A new electrochemiluminescent detection system equipped with an electrically heated carbon paste electrode for CE
Authors: Chen Yiting , Lin Zhenyu , Sun Jianjun , Chen Guonan
Published: September 2007

An electrochemiluminescent (ECL) detection system in CE with an electrically heated carbon paste electrode (CPE) was developed. This CPE could be heated by a 100 kHz alternating current (ac) generated from a function generator, and the temperature of the electrode (Te) could be controlled. To evaluate the feasibility and reliability of this system, the electrochemically generated Ru(bpy)33+‐based ECL reaction was used for detection of triethylamine (TEA) and tri‐n‐propylamine (TPrA). Ru(bpy)32+ was added into the separation buffer solution with precolumn mode. Effects of several important factors were investigated to acquire the optimum conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the heated electrode has been shown to provide advantages by the measurement of ECL intensity in CE at elevated Te. Compared with the conventional electrode at the room temperature, using heated CPE could improve peak shape and gain good reproducibility with lower detection limits and wider linearity ranges. Compared with the room temperature, the linear ranges and detection limits (S/N = 3) for TEA and TPrA were improved about one magnitude when the Te was 39°C. In contrast, the RSD was lower than for the electrode at room temperature.
DNA conformation and base number simultaneously determined in a nanopore
Authors: Fologea Daniel , Brandin Eric , Uplinger James , Branton Daniel , Li Jiali
Published: September 2007

When dsDNA polymers containing identical number of base pairs were electrophoresed through a nanopore in a voltage biased silicon nitride membrane, the measured time integral of blocked ionic current (the event‐charge‐deficit, ecd, Fologea, D., Gershow, M., Ledden, B., McNabb, D. S. et al.., Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1905–1909) for each translocation event was the same regardless of whether the molecules were in a linear, circular relaxed, or supercoiled form. Conversely, when DNA polymers containing different numbers of base pairs were electrophoresed through a nanopore, the ecd depended strongly on, and predicted the value of, the molecule's number of base pairs. Measurements showed that the magnitude of the current blockages was strongly affected by a molecule's form. The current blockages exhibited characteristic differences that distinguished among single‐stranded linear, double‐stranded linear, circular relaxed, and supercoiled forms. Because the data that establish ecd are usually determined concomitantly with current blockade measurements, our results show that a single nanopore assay can simultaneously determine both DNA conformation and base number.
Selecting activated carbon for water and wastewater treatability studies
Authors: Zhang Wei , Chang Qi‐Gang , Liu Wan‐Dong , Li Bing‐Jing , Jiang Wen‐Xin , Fu Li‐Jun , Ying Wei‐Chi
Published: September 2007

A series of follow‐up investigations were performed to produce data for improving the four‐indicator carbon selection method that we developed to identify high‐potential activated carbons effective for removing specific organic water pollutants. The carbon's pore structure and surface chemistry are dependent on the raw material and the activation process. Coconut carbons have relatively more small pores than large pores; coal and apricot nutshell/walnut shell fruit carbons have the desirable pore structures for removing adsorbates of all sizes. Chemical activation, excessive activation, and/or thermal reactivation enlarge small pores, resulting in reduced phenol number and higher tannic acid number. Activated carbon's phenol, iodine, methylene blue, and tannic acid numbers are convenient indicators of its surface area and pore volume of pore diameters <10, 10–15, 15–28, and >28 Å, respectively. The phenol number of a carbon is also a good indicator of its surface acidity of oxygen‐containing organic functional groups that affect the adsorptive capacity for aromatic and other small polar organics. The tannic acid number is an indicator of carbon's capacity for large, high‐molecular‐weight natural organic precursors of disinfection by‐products in water treatment. The experimental results for removing nitrobenzene, methyl‐tert‐butyl ether, 4,4‐bisphenol, humic acid, and the organic constituents of a biologically treated coking‐plant effluent have demonstrated the effectiveness of this capacity–indicator‐based method of carbon selection. A comprehensive table of iodine, phenol, methylene blue, and tannic numbers of common activated carbons is a useful database to environmental professionals for selecting few high‐potential activated carbons to be evaluated in an efficient water/wastewater treatability study. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2007
Highly convenient one‐pot conversion of aryl acylals or aryl aldehyde bisulfites into dihydropyrimidones using BI(NO3)3⋅5H2O
Authors: Khosropour Ahmad R. , Khodaei Mohammad M. , Beygzadeh Mojtaba
Published: September 2007

A new, facile, and efficient one‐pot deprotection–cyclocondensation method is presented for the Biginelli reaction from aryl acylals or aryl aldehyde bisulfites in the presence of catalytic amounts of Bi(NO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O under solvent‐free conditions. In addition, high levels of chemoselectivity for this synthesis have been achieved. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:684–687, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20352
One‐pot synthesis of novel substituted pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines using dry media
Authors: Kidwai M. , Singhal K. , Kukreja S.
Published: September 2007

A convenient solvent‐free one‐pot synthesis of 1,3,5,7‐tetraaryl‐1,3,4,7‐tetrahydro‐2‐thio‐xopyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐one derivatives using supported reagents under microwave irradiation is described. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:617–621, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20355
Three new vic‐dioxime ligands: Synthesis, characterization, spectroscopy, and redox properties of their mononuclear nickel(II) complexes
Authors: Kilic Ahmet , Tas Esref , Gumgum Bahattin , Yilmaz Ismail
Published: September 2007

Nickel(II) complexes with three new vic‐dioxime reagents, N‐(ethyl‐4‐amino‐1‐piperidine carboxylate)phenylglyoxime (L1H2), N‐(ethyl‐4‐amino‐1‐piperidine carboxylate)glyoxime (L2H2) and N,N′‐bis(ethyl‐4‐amino‐1‐piperidine carboxylate)glyoxime (L3H2), have been prepared. Mononuclear nickel(II) complexes with a metal/ligand ratio of 1:2 were prepared using Ni(II) salt. All these nickel(II) complexes are nonelectrolytes as shown by their molar conductivities (ΛM) in DMF solution at 10−3 M concentration. The ligands are soluble in common solvents such as DMSO, DMF, CHCl3, and C2H5OH. The ligands and their Ni(II) complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, FT‐IR, UV‐visible, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, magnetic susceptibility measurements, cyclic voltammetry, and molar conductivities (ΛM). The cyclic voltammetric measurements show that [Ni(L1H)2] and [Ni(L2H)2] complexes exhibit almost similar electrochemical behavior, with two reduction and two oxidation processes based on either metals or oxime moities, while [Ni(L3H)2⋅2H2O] complex displays irreversible, with one reduction and one oxidation processes based on oxime moity. This main difference could be attributed to the highly polarized [Ni(L3H)2⋅2H2O] complex that has four carboxylate groups attached to piperidine on the oxime moieties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:657–663, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20357
Synthesis and properties of benzo[b]‐1,10‐phenanthrolines and their ruthenium(II) complexes
Authors: Rahman A. F. M. Motiur , Jahng Yurngdong
Published: September 2007

Friedländer reactions of 4‐aminoacridine‐3‐carbaldehyde with 1,3‐, 1,4‐di‐, and 1,3,5‐triacetylbenzenes afforded a series of corresponding (benzo[b]‐1,10‐phenanthrolin‐2‐yl)benzenes as new N,N,C‐polydentates. Reaction with 1,2‐diacetylbenzene afforded 1,2‐di(benzo[b]‐1,10‐phenanthrol‐2‐yl)benzene with unexpected benzo[b]‐1,10‐phenanthroline and 3‐oxoindeno[1,2‐b]benzo[j]‐1,10‐phenanthroline in a ratio of 1:1.2:1. Metal complex formation of the ligands was examined to provide two isomeric Ru complexes, a pentaaza‐coordinated (N5Cl) complex [Ru(tpy)(3aH)Cl](PF6) and a hexacoordinated (N5C) complex [Ru(tpy)(3a)](PF6) in a ratio of 1:4 with 71% overall yield, whereas 3b‐eH afforded complex mixtures upon reactions with Ru(tpy)Cl3. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:650–656, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20358
Synthesis and insecticidal evaluation of N‐tert‐butyl‐N′‐thio[O‐(1‐methylthioethylimino)‐N″‐methylcarbamate]‐N,N′‐diacylhydrazines
Authors: Shang Jian , Liu Yuxiu , Huang Runqiu , Bi Fuchun , Wang Qingmin
Published: September 2007

A series of novel N‐tert‐butyl‐N′‐thio[O‐(1‐methylthioethylimino)‐N″‐methylcarbamate]‐N,N′‐diacylhydrazines were synthesized by the reaction of chlorosulfenyl[O‐(1‐methylthioethylimino)‐N‐methylcarbamate] with N‐tert‐butyl‐N,N′‐diacylhydrazine in the presence of sodium hydride. The reaction of sulfur dichloride with O‐(1‐methylthioethylimino)‐N‐methylcarbamate (Methomyl) in the presence of pyridine to yield chlorosulfenyl[O‐(1‐methylthioethylimino)‐N‐methylcarbamate] was reported for the first time. X‐ray single crystal diffraction of N‐tert‐butyl‐N′‐thio[O‐(1‐methylthioethylimino)‐N″‐methylcarbamate]‐N,N′‐dibenzoylhydrazine demonstrated that the parent compounds N‐tert‐butyl‐N,N′‐dibenzoylhydrazine and O‐(1‐methylthioethylimino)‐N‐methylcarbamate were combined by NSN band to give the product. Their larvicidal activities against Oriental armyworm and Aphis laburni were evaluated. All of them exhibited excellent larvicidal activities against Oriental armyworm, with some of them showing higher larvicidal activities than the parent diacylhydrazines. Toxicity assays indicated that the products show knockdown activity for O‐(1‐methylthioethylimino)‐N‐methylcarbamate at higher concentration and insect growth regulators' activities of diacylhydrazines at lower concentrations. At the same time, the products possess insecticidal activities against the aphids. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:631–636, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20360
New bis(diphenylphosphino)aniline derivatives: Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization
Authors: Biricik Nermin , Durap Feyyaz , Kayan Cezmi , Gümgüm Bahattin
Published: September 2007

Six new multidentate bis(diphenyl‐phosphino)amine [R–N(PPh2)2] ligands have been prepared from the reaction of aniline derivatives, R–NH2, with Ph2PCl in the presence of triethylamine. All of the compounds were obtained in good yields and were characterized by NMR, IR, and microanalysis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:613–616, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20362
Synthesis of novel oxazolines and application in cyanosilylation of prochiral ketones
Authors: Mei Luo , Xuan Li Xiao , Ping Ke Yu , Hao Yin , Liang Hu Ke , Hai Zhang Jia , Ying Jiang
Published: September 2007

A new family of oxazolines was synthesized in high yields and was characterized by NMR, IR, and MS. Oxazoline–lanthanide complexes, as the novel Lewis acid catalysts, were applied to the asymmetric cyanosilylation of ketones that gave the corresponding cyanohydrin trimethylsilyl ethers in moderate yields and enantioselectivities under mild conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:679–683, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20374
Synthesis of novel N‐alkyl/aryl‐N′‐(4‐arylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐N″‐xylosyl guanidines
Authors: Li Gen , Wu Peng , Hua Cao Ling
Published: September 2007

The reaction of 2,3,4‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl isothiocyanate (1) and 2‐amino‐4‐arylthiazoles (2) gave xylosylthioureas 3. These thiourea derivatives reacted with alkyl/aryl amine in the presence of HgCl2 to give a new series of N‐alkyl/aryl‐N″‐(4‐arylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐N″‐xylosyl guanidines 4. Some of the synthesized guanidines were screened for their biological activity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:688–694, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20379
Synthesis of stannic(IV) complexes: Their structural elucidation in solid and solution state and antimicrobial activity
Authors: Shahzadi Saira , Ali Saqib , Wurst Klaus , Najam‐ul‐Haq Muhammad
Published: September 2007

A series of organotin(IV) thiocarboxylates have been synthesized with the general formula R2SnL2 and R3SnL (R = Ph2(I), Me3(II), n‐Bu3(III), Ph3(IV), Cy3(V), Me2(VI), n‐Bu2(VII), and L = piperidine‐1‐thiocarboxylic acid) in anhydrous toluene under the reflux conditions. The complexes were characterized by microanalysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectrometry, and XRD. NMR data revealed that thiocarboxylic acid acts as bidentate, and complexes exhibit the four‐coordinated geometry in solution state. In solid state, diorganotin complexes exhibit the hexa‐coordinated geometry whereas the triorganotin(IV) compounds show the five‐coordinated geometry. These complexes were also tested for their antimicrobial activity along with the ligand against different animals, plant pathogens, and Artemia salina. All complexes with few exceptions show high activity as compared to the ligand. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:664–674, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20380
What determines transaction costs in foreign exchange markets?
Authors: Ramadorai Tarun
Published: September 2007

Using detailed data on the currency transactions of institutional fund managers, this paper shows that funds that experience high returns on their currency holdings also incur lower transaction costs on their currency trades. This finding holds both in the cross section, i.e. funds that perform better on average incur lower average transaction costs, as well as in time series, i.e. funds that do better over the past two months incur lower transaction costs on subsequent transactions. The results are consistent with foreign exchange dealers bidding for information from successful traders. They are also consistent with foreign exchange dealers exploiting price inelastic demand for foreign currency trades, or funds acting as secondary liquidity providers in foreign exchange markets. The paper also investigates the role of fund size, transaction frequency and return volatility on transactions costs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclin degradation for cancer therapy and chemoprevention
Authors: Freemantle Sarah J. , Liu Xi , Feng Qing , Galimberti Fabrizio , Blumen Steven , Sekula David , Kitareewan Sutisak , Dragnev Konstantin H. , Dmitrovsky Ethan
Published: September 2007

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell division resulting from multiple mutagenic events. Cancer chemoprevention strategies aim to inhibit or reverse these events using natural or synthetic pharmacologic agents. Ideally, this restores normal growth control mechanisms. Diverse classes of compounds have been identified with chemopreventive activity. What unites many of them is an ability to inhibit the cell cycle by specifically modulating key components. This delays division long enough for cells to respond to mutagenic damage. In some cases, damage is repaired and in others cellular damage is sufficient to trigger apoptosis. It is now known that pathways responsible for targeting G1 cyclins for proteasomal degradation can be engaged pharmacologically. Emergence of induced cyclin degradation as a target for cancer therapy and chemoprevention in pre‐clinical models is discussed in this article. Evidence for cyclin D1 as a molecular pharmacologic target and biological marker for clinical response is based on experience of proof of principle trials. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 869–877, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Super‐simple holey Steiner pentagon systems and related designs
Authors: Abel R. Julian R. , Bennett Frank E. , Ge Gennian
Published: September 2007

A Steiner pentagon system of order v (SPS(v)) is said to be super‐simple if its underlying (v, 5, 2)‐BIBD is super‐simple; that is, any two blocks of the BIBD intersect in at most two points. It is well known that the existence of a holey Steiner pentagon system (HSPS) of type T implies the existence of a (5, 2)‐GDD of type T. We shall call an HSPS of type T super‐simple if its underlying (5, 2)‐GDD of type T is super‐simple; that is, any two blocks of the GDD intersect in at most two points. The existence of HSPSs of uniform type hn has previously been investigated by the authors and others. In this article, we focus our attention on the existence of super‐simple HSPSs of uniform type hn. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 16: 301–328, 2008
A life cycle inventory of carbon dioxide as a solvent and additive for industry and in products
Authors: Overcash Michael , Li Yong , Griffing Evan , Rice Gareth
Published: September 2007

Life cycle inventories of four industrial carbon dioxide production processes are reported. The inventory data were calculated using design‐based methodology. Energy consumptions and critical emissions of the four processes are compared. Quasi‐microscopic allocation was applied to processes with multiple products. The inventory data of this study are transparent and can be used in other life cycle studies. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Bubble size in a forced circulation loop reactor
Authors: Fadavi Ali , Chisti Yusuf , Chriaštel Ladislav
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND:

The bubble size distribution in gas‐liquid reactors influences gas holdup, residence time distribution, and gas‐liquid interfacial area for mass transfer. This work reports on the effects of independently varied gas and liquid flow rates on steady‐state bubble size distributions in a new design of forced circulation loop reactor operated with an air–water system. The reactor consisted of a cylindrical vessel (∼26 L nominal volume, gas‐free aspect ratio ≈ 6, downcomer‐to‐riser cross‐sectional area ratio of 0.493) with a concentric draft tube and an annular riser zone. Both gas and liquid were in forced flow through a sparger that had been designed for minimizing the bubble size.

RESULTS:

Photographically measured bubble size distributions in the riser zone could be approximated as normal distributions for the combinations of gas and liquid flow rates used. This contrasted with other kinds of size distributions (e.g. bimodal, Gaussian) that have been reported for other types of gas‐liquid reactors. Most of the bubbles were in the 3 to 5 mm diameter range. At any fixed low value of aeration rate (≤1.8 × 10−4 m3s−1), increase in the liquid flow rate caused earlier detachment of bubbles from the sparger holes to reduce the Sauter mean bubble size in the riser region.

CONCLUSION:

Unlike in conventional bubble columns where bimodal and Gaussian bubble size distributions have been reported, a normal bubble size distribution is attained in forced circulation loop reactors with an air–water system over the entire range of operation. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of lipase production by Penicillium simplicissimum in soybean meal
Authors: Vargas Gean D. L. P. , Treichel Helen , de Oliveira Debora , Beneti Stéphani C. , Freire Denise M. G. , Di Luccio Marco
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND: Lipase production by Penicillium simplicissimum using soybean meal as substrate has been investigated. A factorial design technique was used to evaluate the effects of incubation temperature, initial moisture of the meal and substrate supplementation with low cost supplements, on lipase production. Soybean oil and wastewater from a slaughterhouse, which is rich on oil and fat, corn steep liquor and yeast hydrolysate, were tested as supplementary carbon and nitrogen sources.

RESULTS Cultivation conditions were optimized for the production of lipase by factorial design and response surface methodology. Results show that the microorganism produces very low protease activity (0.21 U gds−1 dry substrate), which helps to maximize lipase production. Soybean meal without supplements appears to be the best medium of those tested for lipase production by P. simplicissimum.

CONCLUSION: This work showed that temperature and moisture are the factors that most strongly influence lipase production by P. simplicissimum using soybean meal as substrate. The growth conditions that optimize lipase production are 27.5 °C using substrate with 550 g kg−1 of initial moisture. In optimum conditions lipase activity of 30 U gds−1 dry substrate was obtained. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Study of the spinal cords of the sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii, gar Lepisosteus oculatus, and goldfish Carassius auratus by morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical approaches
Authors: Wai Maria Sen Mun , Lorke Dietrich Ernst , Zhang Aiqun , Kung Hsiang‐Fu , Yew David T.
Published: September 2007

Little is known about the spinal cords of phylogenetically ancient actinopterygeans. The spinal cords of the chondrostean Acipenser schrenckii (Amur sturgeon), holostean Lepisosteus oculatus (spotted gar), and teleost Carassius auratus (goldfish) were, therefore, analyzed by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. Morphology showed numerous similarities between sturgeons and gars. In both, a dorsal column between the two dorsal horns was lacking, giving the grey matter an inverted Y‐shape. In goldfish, a small dorsal column was seen, the grey matter occupied a larger area, neuronal density was much higher, and a ventral commissure was apparent, which was absent in sturgeons and gars. In the white matter of sturgeons and gars, small caliber axons predominated, whereas larger axons were frequent in goldfish. Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive neurons were prevalent in the ventral horns of all three fish, mainly in motoneurons, but stained fibers were only found in sturgeons and gars. γ‐aminobutyric acid positive cells were seen in both the ventral and the dorsal horns of all three fish. Distribution of serotonin (5‐HT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreaction was similar in sturgeons and gars, being located in both the ventral and the dorsal horns. In goldfish, 5‐HT label was confined to the ventral horn and TH label was mainly observed in a cell group located ventromedially. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis showed a gradual increase in protein number from sturgeons to gars to goldfish. In conclusion, the spinal cords of sturgeons and gars share many morphological and chemical features, distinguishing them from the goldfish spinal cord. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel method for three‐dimensional observation of the vascular networks in the whole mouse brain
Authors: Hashimoto Hisashi , Kusakabe Moriaki , Ishikawa Hiroshi
Published: September 2007

A novel method for acquiring serial images suitable for three‐dimensional reconstruction of vascular networks in the whole brain of mouse was developed. The brain infused with a White India ink‐gelatin solution was fixed and embedded in paraffin containing Sudan Black B through xylene also containing Sudan Black B. Each sliced surface of the paraffin block was coated with liquid paraffin and its image was serially acquired. Coating with liquid paraffin extremely improved the quality of the image. The series of serial images was free of distortion and a three‐dimensional image was reconstructed without the problem of the alignment and registration of adjacent images. The volume‐rendered image indicated three‐dimensional distribution of blood vessels in a whole brain. No ghost or shadow was observed on a volume‐rendered image of the White India ink‐gelatin infused brain. The z‐axial resolution examined on the orthogonal sections reconstituted from serial images obtained at an interval of 5 μm showed no cross talk, indicating that the z‐axial resolution was no larger than 5 μm. A proper understanding of the vascular system in a whole brain is indispensable to reveal the development of the vascular system in the brain of normal and genetically manipulated mouse and vascular alterations in pathological situation, such as stroke and neurodegenerative disease. Although simple and inexpensive, this method will provide fundamental information on the vascular system in a whole brain. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coefficients of friction, lubricin, and cartilage damage in the anterior cruciate ligament‐deficient guinea pig knee
Authors: Teeple Erin , Elsaid Khaled A. , Fleming Braden C. , Jay Gregory D. , Aslani Koosha , Crisco Joseph J. , Mechrefe Anthony P.
Published: September 2007

The coefficient of friction (COF) of articular cartilage is thought to increase with osteoarthritis (OA) progression, and this increase may occur due to a decrease in lubricin concentration. The objectives of this study were to measure the COF of guinea pig tibiofemoral joints with different stages of OA and to establish relationships between COF, lubricin concentrations in synovial fluid, and degradation status using the Hartley guinea pig model. Both hind limbs from 24 animals were harvested: seven 3‐month‐old (no OA), seven 12‐month‐old (mild OA), and 10 that were euthanized at 12 months of age after undergoing unilateral ACL transection at 3 months of age (moderate OA). Contralateral knees served as age‐matched controls. COFs of the tibiofemoral joints were measured using a pendulum apparatus. Synovial fluid lavages were analyzed to determine the concentration and integrity of lubricin using ELISA and Western blot, and the overall articular cartilage status was evaluated by histology. The results showed that the mean COF in the ACL‐deficient knees was significantly greater than that of the no OA (p < 0.01) and mild OA knees (p < 0.01). Lubricin concentrations in the ACL‐deficient knees were significantly lower than that in both of the other groups (p < 0.01). No significant differences in COF or lubricin concentration were found between the no OA and mild OA knees. Histology verified the extent of cartilage damage in each group. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:231–237, 2008
Introduction of a new interlocked intramedullary nailing device for stabilization of critically sized femoral defects in the rat: A combined biomechanical and animal experimental study
Authors: Schoen Matthias , Rotter Robert , Schattner Simone , Mittlmeier Thomas , Claes Lutz , Vollmar Brigitte , Gradl Georg
Published: September 2007

The goals of this study were to develop a new intramedullary, rotation‐stable locking device and evaluate it biomechanically and in vivo for maintenance of a critical size osteotomy gap in a model of conscious pseudarthrosis. In standardized osteotomized rat femora (5 mm osteotomy gap) two different rotation‐ and axial‐stable locking devices (group pS + cS) were tested in vitro with respect to biomechanics and compared to a control group without an additional locking device (K; n = 6 for each group). For in vivo studies, 27 male Sprague Dawley rats (250–300 g) underwent a femoral defect osteotomy of critical size and were stabilized by one of the three methods (n = 9 for each group). All groups were examined radiologically postoperatively, after 14 days, and after 12 weeks. In vitro testing revealed higher compression and torsional rigidities for the two locking devices (p < 0.05) compared to the control group (compression rigidity: pS = 103.6 ± 13.2; cS = 91.3 ± 10.9; K = 52.8 ± 8.4 N/mm; torsional rigidity: pS = 5.9 ± 0.9; cS = 4.3 ± 1.4; K = 0.4 ± 0.1 Nmm/°). In vivo, group K and pS exhibited up to two thirds wire dislocation and reduction of the osteotomy gap, while dislocation was less frequent in the cS group. Thus, the locking device with compression of the wire showed advantages in rotational and axial stability for a critically sized defect, though the osteotomy gap could not be maintained in all cases over the 12‐week period. Nevertheless, our data corroborate the necessity of an internal fixation device with sufficient axial and rotational stability. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:184–189, 2008
The importance of nutrient balance, cropping strategy and quality of dairy cow diets in sustainable organic systems
Authors: Weller Richard F , Bowling Peter J
Published: September 2007

This paper reviews some of the key factors that influence the sustainability and performance of organic dairy farms. These include the efficient utilisation of on‐farm nutrients to maintain soil fertility and optimal crop production, minimising the importation of nutrients via purchased feeds and organic fertilisers, and the production of high‐quality milk products. The system requires the growing of a range of crops to produce diets with a minimum content of 60% forage and an adequate feed energy concentration, with the growing of high‐energy forages being limited on some farms by local climatic conditions. The compatibility between the genetic merit of the cow and the type of organic system depends on the quality of the forages produced on the farm and the level of concentrates fed annually. A failure to feed diets with sufficient energy, particularly during the early lactation period, leads to lower production, an increased risk of metabolic disorders and reduced reproductive efficiency. While purchasing concentrate feeds increases the stocking density, milk output and income per unit area of land, and also increases the flexibility to meet the annual feed requirements, the sustainability of the system is markedly reduced. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Adhesion molecules as prognostic markers in pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Torer Nurkan , Kayaselcuk Fazilet , Nursal Tarik Zafer , Yildirim Sedat , Tarim Akin , Noyan Turgut , KarakayalI Hamdi
Published: September 2007

Background and Objectives

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive cancer with high metastatic potential and therefore, a high mortality rate. Ezrin, radixin, moesin, and E‐cadherin are transmembrane glycoproteins that regulate cell motility, migration, and metastasis. In this study, we investigated the relationship of ezrin, moesin, and E‐cadherin expression with the clinicopathological features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Methods

Data including demographic features, size and grade of tumor, presence of perineural and lymphovascular invasion, and survival were obtained retrospectively from 46 patient records.

Results

No significant correlation was found among ezrin, moesin, and E‐cadherin. Significant correlations were found between ezrin and the tomographic size of the tumor (P = 0.034) and resectability (P = 0.052). Moesin‐stained tumors were found to have high lymphovascular (P = 0.030) and perineural (P = 0.036) invasion rates and a high histopathologic grade (P = 0.053). E‐cadherin staining was correlated with perineural invasion (P = 0.003) but not with lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.334). Only moesin was correlated with survival in resected pancreatic adenocarcinomas and moesin‐negative patients had longer survivals compared with moesin‐positive patients (P = 0.021).

Conclusions

We could not demonstrate a relation between ezrin and E‐cadherin staining with survival. However, we found ezrin to be related to local tumor behavior, and moesin to be a potential prognostic molecule. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:419–423. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.