bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Clinical Risk Prediction Tool for Peritonitis-Associated Treatment Failure in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Nochaiwong Surapon , Ruengorn Chidchanok , Koyratkoson Kiatkriangkrai , Thavorn Kednapa , Awiphan Ratanaporn , Chaisai Chayutthaphong , Phatthanasobhon Sirayut , Noppakun Kajohnsak , Suteeka Yuttitham , Panyathong Setthapon , Dandecha Phongsak , Chongruksut Wilaiwan , Nanta Sirisak ,   For the Thai Renal Outcomes Research (THOR) Investigators, Ruanta Yongyuth , Tantraworasin Apichart , Wongsawat Uraiwan , Praseartkul Boontita , Sattaya Kittiya , Busapavanich Suporn
Published: September 2018

A tool to predict peritonitis-associated treatment failure among peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients has not yet been established. We conducted a multicentre, retrospective cohort study among 1,025 PD patients between 2006 and 2016 in Thailand to develop and internally validate such a tool. Treatment failure was defined as either a requirement for catheter removal, a switch to haemodialysis, or peritonitis-associated mortality. Prediction model performances were analysed using discrimination (C-statistics) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test) tests. Predictors were weighted to calculate a risk score. In total, 435 patients with 855 episodes of peritonitis were identified; 215 (25.2%) episodes resulted in treatment failure. A total risk score of 11.5 was developed including, diabetes, systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, and dialysate leukocyte count >1,000/mm3 and >100/mm3 on days 3–4 and day 5, respectively. The discrimination (C-statistic = 0.92; 95%CI, 0.89–0.94) and calibration (P > 0.05) indicated an excellent performance. No significant difference was observed in the internal validation cohort. The rate of treatment failure in the different groups was 3.0% (low-risk, <1.5 points), 54.4% (moderate-risk, 1.5–9 points), and 89.5% (high-risk, >9 points). A simplified risk-scoring scheme to predict treatment failure may be useful for clinical decision making regarding PD patients with peritonitis. External validation studies are needed.
Conscious processing of auditory regularities induces a pupil dilation
Authors: Quirins Marion , Marois Clémence , Valente Mélanie , Seassau Magali , Weiss Nicolas , El Karoui Imen , Hochmann Jean-Rémy , Naccache Lionel
Published: September 2018

Pupil dilation has been reliably identified as a physiological marker of consciously reportable mental effort. This classical finding raises the question of whether or not pupil dilation could be a specific somatic signature of conscious processing. In order to explore this possibility, we engaged healthy volunteers in the ‘local global’ auditory paradigm we previously designed to disentangle conscious from non-conscious processing of novelty. We discovered that consciously reported violations of global (inter-trials) regularity were associated with a pupil dilation effect both in an active counting task and in a passive attentive task. This pupil dilation effect was detectable both at the group-level and at the individual level. In contrast, unreported violations of this global regularity, as well as unreported violations of local (intra-trial) regularity that do not require conscious access, were not associated with a pupil dilation effect. We replicated these findings in a phonemic version of the ‘local global’. Taken together these results strongly suggest that pupil dilation is a somatic marker of conscious access in the auditory modality, and that it could therefore be used to easily probe conscious processing at the individual level without interfering with participant’s stream of consciousness by questioning him/her.
Design, Construction and Validation of an Electrical Impedance Probe with Contact Force and Temperature Sensors Suitable for in-vivo Measurements
Authors: Ruiz-Vargas Albert , Ivorra Antoni , Arkwright John William
Published: September 2018

Bioimpedance spectroscopy measurements can be used for tissue characterization. These measurements can be performed in soft tissues by direct contact of a non-invasive probe consisting of two or four electrodes. The amount of force applied by users can be quite different, and the measurements can vary as a result. To compensate for this, we have built an electrical impedance probe (diameter 3.2 mm) with fibre optic contact-force and temperature sensors built in it. The different sensors of the probe were tested individually. The errors in magnitude and phase angle of the probe are <0.9% and <4°, respectively, for a 0.9% NaCl solution. The linear dynamic range of the force sensor was from 0 to 100 grams. An ex-vivo experiment on a section of proximal colon from a guinea-pig was performed. Twenty bioimpedance measurements were taken in a frequency range of 5 kHz to 1 MHz, while simultaneously recording the force applied. For an increase in contact pressure applied to tissue from 0 to 15.4 kPa, the maximum change in resistivity was 33% at 5 kHz and the minimum was 6.6% at 142 kHz. The probe is small enough to be introduced via the instrument port of an endoscope.
The Long-term Outcome After Resection of Upper Cervical Spinal Cord Tumors: Report of 51 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Wang Xin , Gao Jun , Wang Tianyu , Li Zhimin , Li Yongning
Published: September 2018

The literature discussing the long-term outcome after resection of upper cervical spinal cord tumors is limited. The purpose of this study was to review the progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and long-term outcomes in a consecutive series of 51 patients with upper cervical spinal cord tumors who underwent surgery at our institution between 2005 and 2010. Patient outcome were evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score (JOA) and the McCormick functional schema. Follow-up data was collected completely and the median follow-up time was 6.1 years. Gross total resection (GTR) was performed in 27 patients (52.94%) and subtotal resection (STR) in 24 patients (47.06%). Progression-free survival and overall survival at 5 years was 88.23% and 92.16%, respectively. Good prognosis was defined as 74.51% based on JOA scoring. The univariate analysis showed that patients over 60y, tumors located higher than C2, tumor size greater than 4 cm as well as malignant tumors and subtotal resection were factors indicating a poor prognosis. However, the multivariate regression analyses showed only the level of tumor and tumor size were independent risk factors for a poor prognosis. The gold standard treatment for intraspinal tumors is gross total resection and follow-up should be focused on patients with a high risk of poor prognosis.
A polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/molecular sieve codoped molecularly imprinted polymer for gastroretentive drug-controlled release in vivo
Authors: Wang Xu , Yang Fang-Fang , Zhang Li-Ping , Huang Yan-Ping , Liu Zhao-Sheng
Published: September 2018

A novel molecularly imprinted polymer co-doped by polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and molecular sieve for gastroretentive drug-controlled release.
A sequence environment modulates the impact of methylation on the torsional rigidity of DNA
Authors: Hörberg Johanna , Reymer Anna
Published: September 2018

We explain, with atomic-level detail, how DNA methylation may contribute to the regulation of biological processes. We show that DNA sequence environment modulates the impact of methylation on the physical properties of the double helix.
Triphos–Fe dinitrogen and dinitrogen–hydride complexes: relevance to catalytic N2reductions
Authors: Cavaillé Anthony , Joyeux Benjamin , Saffon-Merceron Nathalie , Nebra Noel , Fustier-Boutignon Marie , Mézailles Nicolas
Published: September 2018

Mechanistic investigations of the catalyzed reduction of N2with a rare (tridentate phosphine)Fe(0) bis dinitrogen complex.
Non-touching plasma–liquid interaction – where is aqueous nitric oxide generated?
Authors: Jablonowski Helena , Schmidt-Bleker Ansgar , Weltmann Klaus-Dieter , von Woedtke Thomas , Wende Kristian
Published: September 2018

The ˙NO-adduct concentration is determined for different curtain gases after 30 s plasma treatment as a function of the feed gas admixture. By comparison with Ar + ˙NO-gas treatment, the origin was proven to lie in the liquid and a solvation process could play only a minor role.
Marine chemical ecology in benthic environments
Authors: Puglisi Melany P. , Sneed Jennifer M. , Ritson-Williams Raphael , Young Ryan
Published: September 2018

This review highlights the 2013–2015 marine chemical ecology literature for benthic bacteria and cyanobacteria, macroalgae, sponges, cnidarians, molluscs, other benthic invertebrates, and fish.
The study of multivalent carbohydrate–protein interactions by bio-layer interferometry
Authors: Laigre Eugénie , Goyard David , Tiertant Claire , Dejeu Jérôme , Renaudet Olivier
Published: September 2018

Bio-layer interferometry is an excellent method to evaluate multivalent carbohydrate–protein interactions.
Asymmetric fluorination of indanone-2-carboxylates using a polystyrene-supported diphenylamine-linked bis(oxazoline) complex
Authors: Wang Biao , Wang Yifeng , Jiang Yidong , Chu Mingming , Qi Suosuo , Ju Wanzhen , Xu Danqian
Published: September 2018

A novel polystyrene-supported diphenylamine-linked bis(oxazoline) complex was developed for asymmetric fluorination in continuous flow, showing high activity and excellent enantioselectivity with a high turnover number.
Hydrogen-bonded six-component assembly for capsule formation based on tetra(4-pyridyl)cavitand and isophthalic acid linker and its application to photoresponsive capsule
Authors: Togari Yuka , Hirota Shiori , Kitagawa Hitomi , Tsukamoto Yoshimi , Kobayashi Kenji
Published: September 2018

Two molecules of tetra(4-pyridyl)cavitand 1 and four molecules of isophthalic acid derivatives 2 self-assemble into a hydrogen-bonded six-component capsule 12·24.
Organocatalytic enantioselective Mannich-type addition of 5H-thiazol-4-ones to isatin-derived imines: access to 3-substituted 3-amino-2-oxindoles featured by vicinal sulfur-containing tetrasubstituted stereocenters
Authors: Huang Qiuhong , Cheng Yuyu , Yuan Huijun , Chang Xiaoyong , Li Pengfei , Li Wenjun
Published: September 2018

3-Substituted 3-amino-2-oxindoles featuring both 5H-thiazol-4-one and vicinal sulfur-containing tetrasubstituted stereocenter structural motifs were obtained in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities.
Photoinduced synthesis of (E)-vinyl sulfones through the insertion of sulfur dioxide
Authors: Liu Tong , Ding Yechun , Fan Xiaona , Wu Jie
Published: September 2018

Under visible light irradiation, a three-component reaction of potassium alkyltrifluoroborates, sulfur dioxide and alkynes with the assistance of photocatalysis and in the presence of copper(ii) triflate is described. This transformation affords (E)-vinyl sulfones efficiently with excellent regioselectivity and stereoselectivity under mild conditions.
The CRISPR-Cas9 system: a promising tool for discovering potential approaches to overcome drug resistance in cancer
Authors: Zhang Jiayu , Zhou Wenlong , Wang Xiaoxuan , Wang Lihui
Published: September 2018

The CRISPR-Cas system was identified in bacteria as an immune defense mechanism against threats from the external environment.
Correction: A robust iron catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of substituted (iso)quinolones
Authors: Sahoo Basudev , Kreyenschulte Carsten , Agostini Giovanni , Lund Henrik , Bachmann Stephan , Scalone Michelangelo , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: September 2018

Correction for ‘A robust iron catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of substituted (iso)quinolones’ by Basudev Sahoo et al., Chem. Sci., 2018, DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02744g.
Cellulose solvent-based pretreatment for enhanced second-generation biofuel production: a review
Authors: Satari Behzad , Karimi Keikhosro , Kumar Rajeev
Published: September 2018

Cellulose solvent-based fractionation technologies can prove to be economical to enhance lignocellulosic biomass microbial conversion to fuels and chemicals.
A gene-activating skin substitute comprising PLLA/POSS nanofibers and plasmid DNA encoding ANG and bFGF promotesin vivorevascularization and epidermalization
Authors: Li Wenqiang , Wu Dongwei , Tan Jianwang , Liu Zhibin , Lu Lu , Zhou Changren
Published: September 2018

A gene-activated porous nanofibrous scaffold for effectively promoting vascularization, epidermalization and dermal wound healing by sustained release of dual plasmid DNAs.
Donor–acceptor photoexcitation dynamics in organic blends investigated with a high sensitivity pump–probe system
Authors: Kahmann Simon , Gomulya Widianta , Loi Maria A. , Mura Andrea
Published: September 2018

The excited state dynamics of conjugated polymers are studied at photon fluences relevant for photovoltaic applications.
Regulatory effects of lncRNAs and miRNAs on autophagy in malignant tumorigenesis
Authors: Yin Qingqing , Feng Wei , Shen Xianjuan , Ju Shaoqing
Published: September 2018

Autophagy is an important process in endogenous substrate degradation by lysosomes within cells, with a degree of evolutionary conservation. Like apoptosis and cell senescence, cell autophagy is a very important biological phenomenon involving the development and growth of biological processes. Abnormal autophagy may lead to tumorigenesis. In recent years, increasing studies have demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and miRNAs can regulate cell autophagy by modulating targetting gene expression. In this review, we will provide an overview of lncRNAs and miRNAs in autophagy modulation and new insights into the underlying mechanisms, as well as their potential utilization in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
Adaptive dual fractional‐order variational optical flow model for motion estimation
Authors: Zhu Bin , Tian Lian‐Fang , Du Qi‐Liang , Wu Qiu‐Xia , Sahl Farisi Zeyad , Yeboah Yao
Published: September 2018

Insufficient illumination and illumination variation in image sequences make it challenging for algorithms to obtain clear outlines for objects in motion. This study proposes a high‐performance adaptive dual fractional‐order variational optical flow model which could be used to resolve these issues. The proposed method revitalises the original dual fractional‐order optical flow model and adopts a fractional differential mask in both the data and smoothness terms of the traditional Horn–Schunck model. The main innovation of this work is to fit a flow field regional to a variety of fractional‐order differential masks. The domain of each region is determined adaptively. The order and size of the fractional‐order differential masks for each region are adjusted by image signal to noise ratio while the shape of the fractional‐order differential mask is regulated to prevent interference from surrounding regions. Adjusting the fractional‐order differential mask adaptively enables the proposed method to accurately segment motion objects in poor and variable illumination regions as well. The experimental results show that our algorithm outperforms the current state‐of‐the‐art algorithms on low‐light real scene videos and also achieves competitive results on the Middlebury, KITTI and MPI Sintel public benchmarks.
Parallel solution of transient stability constrained optimal power flow by exact optimality condition decomposition
Authors: Yang Yude , Qin Zhijun , Liu Bin , Liu Hui , Hou Yunhe , Wei Hua
Published: September 2018

Power systems are required to achieve an optimally economic operating point while maintaining security and stability in the presence of credible contingencies. Transient stability constrained optimal power flow (TSCOPF) is a tool to bridge steady‐state optimal power flow (OPF) with transient processes under a predefined set of simulated contingencies to guarantee post‐fault rotor angle stability in a simulation time window. A parallel solution of TSCOPF using exact optimality condition (OC) decomposition is proposed, where generator swing equations are utilised recursively by exploring the structure of OCs of TSCOPF from the end of simulation time window to its beginning to derive an exact explicit expression consisting of generator‐dynamics‐related variables in terms of the steady‐state variables. The OCs of the TSCOPF model are then decomposed into the OC of OPF, along with a parallel evaluation of this expression for each contingency. Multi‐core processing units are applied to accelerate the evaluation process. Case studies with up to 1047 buses over 16 contingences demonstrate an 8× improvement in the computation for realistically sized power systems using the proposed decomposition strategy.
Maxwell Garnett theory limitations in the analysis of bi‐anisotropic composites
Authors: Kogan Anton , Shavit Reuven
Published: September 2018

The constitutive parameters of metamaterials composed of asymmetrical inclusions are inaccurate when calculated using Maxwell Garnett theory. In this study, the authors discuss some particular cases of metamaterials composed of asymmetrical inclusions to demonstrate this statement. The unit cell single element dyadic is derived numerically using the induced currents by incident plane waves and is computed by point matching method of moments. The composite effective parameters approximated by Maxwell Garnett model were used to obtain the reflection and transmission coefficients from a bulk slab. The derived results were compared to the simulated numerical results with High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. The scattering parameters from symmetrical and asymmetrical inclusions were compared and a parametric study was conducted. The scattering parameters are in good agreement when the material under consideration is composed of symmetrical inclusions and hold even for higher frequencies than Maxwell Garnett model theory limits. For asymmetrical inclusions the model provides inaccurate scattering parameters results. This discrepancy is especially pronounced when the illuminating field polarisation coincides with the inclusion asymmetry direction. These observations should be considered when Maxwell Garnett model is used for effective parameters analytical approximation.
Chemical analysis of NGC 6528: one of the most metal-rich bulge globular clusters
Authors: Muñoz C. , Geisler D. , Villanova S. , Saviane I. , Cortés C. C. , Dias B. , Cohen R. E. , Mauro F. , Moni Bidin C.
Published: September 2018

Context. The bulge globular clusters (GCs) are key tracers of the bulge, a central and ancient component of our Galaxy. It is essential to understand their formation and evolution to study that of the bulge, as well as their relationship with the other Galactic GC systems (halo and disk GCs). High-resolution spectroscopy is a powerful tool for such studies, allowing us to obtain a detailed chemical characterization and kinematics of the clusters and to compare their chemical patterns with those of their halo and disk counterparts.

Aims. Our main goals are to obtain detailed abundances for a sample of seven red giant members of NGC 6528 in order to characterize their chemical composition and study the relationship of this GC with the bulge, and with other bulge, halo, and disk GCs. Moreover, we analyze this cluster’s behavior associated with the multiple-populations phenomenon.

Methods. We obtained the stellar parameters and chemical abundances of light elements (Na, Al), iron-peak elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu), α-elements (O, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti) and heavy elements (Zr, Ba, Eu) in seven red giant members of NGC 6528 using high-resolution spectroscopy from FLAMES-UVES.

Results. In six stars of our sample we obtained a mean iron content of [Fe/H] = − 0.14 ± 0.03 dex, in good agreement with other studies. We found no significant internal iron spread. We detected one candidate variable star, which was excluded from the mean in iron content, and derived a metallicity in this star of [Fe/H] = − 0.55 ± 0.04 dex. Moreover, we found no extended O-Na anticorrelation but instead only an intrinsic Na spread. In addition, NGC 6528 does not exhibit a Mg-Al anticorrelation, and no significant spread in either Mg or Al. The α and iron-peak elements show good agreement with the bulge field star trend. The heavy elements are slightly dominated by the r-process. The chemical analysis suggests an origin and evolution similar to that of typical old Galactic bulge field stars. Finally, we find remarkable agreement in the chemical patterns of NGC 6528 and another bulge GC, NGC 6553, suggesting a similar origin and evolution.
Spectral analysis of SXP59.0 during its 2017 outburst and properties of the soft excess in X-ray binary pulsars
Authors: La Palombara N. , Esposito P. , Pintore F. , Sidoli L. , Mereghetti S. , Tiengo A.
Published: September 2018

We report the results provided by theXMM-Newtonobservation of the X-ray binary pulsar SXP59.0 during its most recent outburst in April 2017. The source was detected atfX(0.2–12 keV) = 8 × 10−11erg cm−2s−1, one of its highest flux levels reported to date. The measured pulse period wasPspin= 58.949(1) s, very similar to the periods measured in most of the previous observations. The pulsed emission was clearly detected over the whole energy range between 0.2 and 12 keV, but the pulse profile is energy dependent and the pulsed fraction increases as the energy increases. Although the time-averaged EPIC spectrum is dominated by a power-law component (with photon index Γ = 0.76 ± 0.01), the data show an evident soft excess, which can be described with the sum of a black-body and a hot thermal plasma component (with temperatureskTBB= 171+11−14eV andkTAPEC= 1.09+0.16−0.09keV, respectively). Moreover, the EPIC and RGS spectra show narrow emission lines due to N, O, Ne, Mg, and Fe. The phase-resolved spectral analysis of the EPIC data shows that the flux of the black-body component varies with the pulse phase, while the plasma component is almost constant. We show that the black-body component can be attributed to the reprocessing of the primary emission by the optically thick material at the inner edge of the accretion disc, while the hot plasma component is due to a diffuse gas far from the accretion region and the narrow emission lines of the RGS spectrum are most probably due to photoionized matter around the accreting source.
Channel formation in draining suspensions
Authors: Bernard Jeanne , Thorens Louison
Published: September 2018

We analyse how particles adhering to a wall can create tree-like structures (or flat trees) by an erosive flow. We vary the physical and chemical properties of the fluid and highlight their influences on the patterns observed. We analyse the structures created and conclude that the mass concentration in particles have a clear impact. Using the fractal dimension defined by the box-counting process, we prove that the tree-like patterns are fractal objects. An interesting fact is that this fractal dimension remains constant at a fixed height of analysis.
Does Voiding Cystourethrogram Exclude Posterior Urethral Valves in Late Presenting Cases?
Authors: Özen Mehmet , Taşdemir Mehmet , Gündoğdu Gökhan , Bilge Ilmay , Büyükünal Cenk , Eroğlu Egemen
Published: September 2018

Introduction Delayed presentation of posterior urethral valves (PUVs) is a rare condition. Presentation and diagnosis of the patients with late PUVs are challenging. Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) is mainly practiced. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the children with late-presented PUVs, and the reliability of VCUG in this group.

Materials and Methods Between January 2003 and December 2017 records of patients who were diagnosed with late-presented PUVs were analyzed. Delayed presentation of PUV was defined as patients who were diagnosed and treated after infancy. Cases were examined in terms of age at diagnosis, presenting symptoms, urinalysis, urinary ultrasound, urodynamic studies, VCUG, and dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy findings. Postoperative follow-up conditions were also assessed.

Results Seventeen boys were diagnosed with late-presented PUVs (mean age was 7.35 years). The most common symptoms at presentation were frequency (58.8%), day and nighttime incontinence (47%), and febrile urinary infection (41%). PUV was noted by VCUG in 10 patients alone. The classical sign of dilated posterior urethra was detected in 9 patients. The 10th patient had posterior urethral irregularity. Urethra could not be evaluated due to unsuccessful voiding in one patient. Six patients had normally appearing urethra on VCUG. Reflux was detected in nine (52.9%) patients.

Conclusion Late-presented PUVs may be missed on VCUG. Whether a PUV might be present is crucial in boys with a history of recurrent urinary infection, persistent reflux, and repetitive daytime incontinence. Based on our results, we conclude that cystoscopic examination should be preferred for those cases to diagnose PUVs regardless of VCUG results.
The role of chain-stiffness in lattice protein models: A replica-exchange Wang-Landau study
Authors: Farris Alfred C.K. , Shi Guangjie , Wüst Thomas , Landau David P.
Published: September 2018

Using Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate simple, physically motivated extensions to the hydrophobic-polar lattice protein model for the small (46 amino acid) protein Crambin. We use two-dimensional replica-exchange Wang-Landau sampling to study the effects of a bond angle stiffness parameter on the folding and uncover a new step in the collapse process for particular values of this stiffness parameter. A physical interpretation of the folding is developed by analysis of changes in structural quantities, and the free energy landscape is explored. For these special values of stiffness, we find non-degenerate ground states, a property that is consistent with behavior of real proteins, and we use these unique ground states to elucidate the formation of native contacts during the folding process. Through this analysis, we conclude that chain-stiffness is particularly influential in the low energy, low temperature regime of the folding process once the lattice protein has partially collapsed.
Density correlation in liquid surfaces: Bedeaux-Weeks high order terms and non capillary wave background
Authors: Hernández-Muñoz Jose , Chacón Enrique , Tarazona Pedro
Published: September 2018

We present Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of liquid-vapor surfaces, and their Intrinsic Sampling Method analysis, to get a quantitative test for the theoretical prediction of the capillary wave (CW) effects on density correlation done by Bedeaux and Weeks (BW) in 1985. The results are contrasted with Wertheim’s proposal which is the first term in BW series and are complemented with a (formally defined and computational accessible) proposal for the background of non-CW fluctuations. Our conclusion is that BW theory is both accurate and needed since it may differ significantly from Wertheim’s proposal. We discuss the implications for the analysis of experimental X-ray surface diffraction data and MD simulations.
Versatility of multivalent orientation, inverted meiosis, and rescued fitness in holocentric chromosomal hybrids
Authors: Lukhtanov Vladimir A. , Dincă Vlad , Friberg Magne , Šíchová Jindra , Olofsson Martin , Vila Roger , Marec František , Wiklund Christer
Published: September 2018

Significance

Changes in the number and/or structure of chromosomes (i.e., chromosomal rearrangements) have the potential to drive speciation. However, their accumulation in a population is considered both difficult and unpredictable, because the greatly reduced reproductive fitness of chromosomal hybrids prevents fixation of novel karyotypes. Here, we provide evidence for a mechanism that rescues fertility of chromosomal hybrids in species with holocentric chromosomes. We demonstrate that chromosomal heterozygotes of
Leptidea
Wood White butterflies have a reverse order of main meiotic events in which the first and most critical stage of the chromosome number reduction is replaced by the less risky stage of sister chromatid separation. This may facilitate long-term persistence of chromosomal rearrangements, which is a major prerequisite for chromosomal speciation.
Clash of claims: Nationalizing and democratizing policies during the first parliamentary election in multiethnic Czechoslovak Ruthenia
Authors: Paul Sebastian
Published: September 2018

This paper examines the question of why the countrywide 1920 parliamentary election in Czechoslovakia was postponed in its eastern borderland, Podkarpatská Rus, by putting this event into a context of simultaneous processes of democratization and nationalization, described here as the “double transformation.” The territory in question was inhabited by a Ruthenian majority, who received the support of the government in Prague; a Jewish population without clear preferences regarding their loyalties and aims; a still-influential Hungarian minority; and finally, a Czech-dominated state administration. The aim of the state administration was to let the ethnically mixed population of Ruthenia vote for its parliamentary representatives in the most democratic way possible. However, this intention clashed with the realities in place: old loyalties of the local population toward the Hungarian elites, Hungarian revisionism, a lack of governance, and security issues. Complicating the situation, Romanian troops still occupied the eastern part of Ruthenia as a result of the war among Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania in 1919; Romanians claimed part of the territory for their own nation-state. Faced with these thorny issues, the Czechoslovak state administration felt constrained to postpone the elections until 1924.
Breast Lipofilling Does Not Pose Evidence of Chronic Inflammation in Rats
Authors: Claro Francisco , Morari Joseane , Moreira Luciana R , Sarian Luis O Z , Velloso Licio A
Published: September 2018

Background

Laboratory reports on adipose tissue suggest that fat grafting to the breast may pose an oncologic risk. One possible reason for this is the theoretic chronic inflammation due to adipokynes released by grafted white adipose tissue (WAT).

Objectives

The aim of this study was to analyze inflammatory activity in lipofilled breast through the use of proinflammatory markers.

Methods

Fifty-four paired-breasts of female rats were divided into 4 groups: control, sham, and breasts grafted with either autologous subcutaneous (SC) WAT or autologous omentum (OM). The WAT was prepared through centrifugation, and the grafting was performed with the use of 0.9-mm blunt-tip cannula. The rats were killed 8 weeks postoperatively, and their breasts were harvested for immunohistochemical staining for CD68-expressing macrophages, gene expression (real-time PCR) for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), F4/80, Cox-2, and IL-6.

Results

The weights of the rats that underwent a procedure differed from those of the unmanipulated control group (P < 0.01). The macrophage counts of CD68 differed only between breasts lipofilled with OM and control (P < 0.01). MCP-1, F4/80, and Cox-2 were similarly expressed among the groups (P = 0.422, P = 0.143, and P = 0.209, respectively). The expression of IL-6 differed between breast samples grafted with SC and OM WAT (P = 0.015), but not between samples of control and OM (P = 0.752), and control and SC (P = 0.056).

Conclusions

No inflammation activity was identified in the microenvironment of lipofilled breasts, indicating that chronic inflammation does not seem to be triggered by the breast lipofilling procedure.
Assessing animal individuality: links between personality and laterality in pigs
Authors: Goursot Charlotte , Düpjan Sandra , Kanitz Ellen , Tuchscherer Armin , Puppe Birger , Leliveld Lisette M C
Published: September 2018

Animal individuality is challenging to explain because individual differences are regulated by multiple selective forces that lead to unique combinations of characteristics. For instance, the study of personality, a core aspect of individuality, may benefit from integrating other factors underlying individual differences, such as lateralized cerebral processing. Indeed, the approach-withdrawal hypothesis (the left hemisphere controls approach behavior, the right hemisphere controls withdrawal behavior), may account for differences in boldness or exploration between left and right hemispheric dominant individuals. To analyze the relationships between personality and laterality we tested 80 male piglets with established laterality patterns for 2 motor functions (tail curling direction and the side of the snout used for manipulation) and a combined classification integrating both motor functions using cluster analysis. We analyzed basal salivary testosterone and cortisol along with their behavior in standardized tests as pre-established indicators of different personality traits (Boldness, Exploration, Activity, Sociability, and Coping). We found that the direction of the single motor biases showed significant associations with few personality traits. However, the combined laterality classification showed more, and more robust, significant associations with different personality traits compared with the single motor biases. These results supported the approach-withdrawal hypothesis because right-biased pigs were bolder and more explorative in a context of novelty. Additionally, right-biased pigs were more sociable than left-biased pigs. Therefore, the present study indicates that personality is indeed related to lateralized cerebral processing and provides insight into the multifactorial nature of individuality.
1. Introduction
Authors: Rainey Bernadette
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter begins with an overview of human rights and how ideas about rights have changed over time, from the intellectual enlightenment of the eighteenth century that emphasised the connection between natural rights and dignity, to the rise of consequentialist philosophers in the nineteenth century who challenged natural rights and insisted on the promotion of a common good or welfare. It then considers the historical development of rights and the emergence of international protection of human rights in the twentieth century as a result of war and atrocity, focusing on the war crime trials and the formation of the United Nations after the Second World War. The chapter also looks at the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the creation of treaties as well as regional agreements, before concluding with an assessment of human rights today and categories of rights, along with human rights in the UK.
5. Right to liberty and right to fair trial
Authors: Rainey Bernadette
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on the right to liberty and fair trial, which are not qualified rights but can be derogated from in times of war and emergency, and provides an overview of the European Convention on Human Rights’ (ECHR) Articles 5 and 6, the most commonly argued rights before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Article 5 on the right to liberty and security of person protects individuals from unlawful and arbitrary detention, whereas Article 6 protects the rights to fair trial in both criminal and civil cases (with added protection in criminal cases). The ECtHR has expanded protection of Article 6 through its interpretation of ‘fair’ hearing and ‘civil’ rights and obligations. The chapter examines due process rights as part of UK law, including the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA).
Company Law Concentrate
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Company Law Concentrate helps readers to consolidate knowledge in this area of law. This fifth edition includes coverage of the government’s corporate governance review, proposed updates to the UK Corporate Governance Code and the UK Stewardship Code, developments regarding unlisted companies and corporate governance, and notable case law developments, such as His Royal Highness Okpabi v Royal Dutch Shell plc [2018] and Re Sherlock Holmes International Society Ltd [2016]. Chapters examine business structures, incorporation, the constitution of the company, directors, members, corporate governance, capital and capital maintenance issues, members’ remedies, and corporate rescue and liquidation.
3. The constitution of the company
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the company constitution. A company’s constitution consists primarily of the articles of association and agreements and resolutions affecting the company’s constitution. The constitution forms a statutory contract between the company and its members, and between the members themselves, but only those provisions relating to membership rights will constitute terms of the statutory contract. A company can alter its articles by passing a special resolution, although statute and the common law restrict a company’s ability to alter its articles.
6. Corporate governance
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the UK corporate governance system and some of the key corporate governance topics. It begins by looking at what corporate governance is and how the UK’s corporate governance system has evolved. The chapter then discusses the effectiveness of the ‘comply or explain’ approach. It then discusses a number of key corporate governance mechanisms, namely institutional investors, non-executive directors, and directors’ remuneration.
3. Mens rea
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter reviews the mens rea elements of criminal offence. Mens rea means guilty mind, but the term is better thought of as the fault element of the offence. The role of mens rea is to attribute fault or blameworthiness (also called culpability) to the actus reus. The main types of mens rea are intention, recklessness, and negligence. Issues may arise when the mens rea and actus reus do not coincide in time. The doctrine of transferred malice allows mens rea to be transferred from the intended victim to the unintended victim, in certain situations.
5. Non-fatal offences against the person
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter examines the five principal non-fatal offences against the person: assault and battery (the common assaults) and the offences under ss 47, 20, and 18 Offences Against the Person Act 1861 (OAPA). The victim’s consent may negate the offence, but whether or not it does depends to a great extent on the type of crime, what the victim knows, the extent of the harm which is caused, and matters of public policy. Stalking and harassment may amount to a crime in certain circumstances. Four of the principal assaults are aggravated if the crime committed is motivated by religious or racial hatred.
9. Inchoate offences
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses inchoate offences. Inchoate offences are where the full offence is not completed. The reason that the law fixes liability on defendants who have not fulfilled the full offence is to punish those who are willing to be involved in criminality even where the full offence is not, for one reason or another, completed. The law governing all inchoate offences is in a state of flux; the common law offence of incitement was replaced with new offences under the Serious Crime Act 2007. The law governing conspiracy and attempts was the subject of a Law Commission Report in December 2009.
10. Participation
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the liability of parties who participate in the criminal acts of others. Liability can be split into four parts: those who are accessories, those who are joint perpetrators, those who are vicariously liable, and those who are corporations. Accessories are those who aid, abet, counsel, or procure the commission of the principal offence. Participants who enter a joint venture (also known as a joint unlawful enterprise) are liable for the crimes committed as part of that venture, unless one of the parties deliberately departs from the agreed plan. The doctrine of vicarious liability has a (limited) role in the criminal law. A corporation is a legal person, so criminal liability can be imposed on a corporation for many (although not all) crimes.
1. Employment status
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the concept of employment status. Topics covered include the reasons for distinguishing employees from other types of worker; statutory definitions of employee and worker; and the courts’ and tribunals’ approach to identifying employees. The tests for employment status are stated concentrating on mutuality of obligations and personal service. Discussion centres on zero hours contracts, agency workers, and the gig economy.
4. Discrimination: the protected characteristics
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on ss 4–12 Equality Act 2010. The Act protects people from discrimination in relation to nine protected characteristics: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation. It also protects people from discrimination by association with someone who has one of the protected characteristics and from discrimination by perception (eg discrimination because of sexual orientation includes discrimination against those one perceives to be gay even if they are not).
12. Trade unions: recognition, collective bargaining, and industrial action
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. The chapter discusses the law on trade unions. Topics covered include independence and recognition; the legal enforceability of collective agreements; disclosure of information for collective bargaining; protection for trade unionists; statutory immunity in tort for various types of industrial action. Strikes are always in breach of the contract of employment (unless, as rarely happens, the contract provides for its suspension during industrial action). Therefore, protection given to unions and members in relation to strikes and other forms of industrial action is really important: without it, striking—a fundamental human right—would be illegal in all circumstances.
3. The three certainties
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the certainties that must be satisfied by trusts: intention, subject matter, and objects. Trustees must know what their obligations are under the trust, and satisfying these certainties ensures that, if necessary, the court itself will be able to administer the trust. Certainty of intention is a question of fact and the courts will consider the whole context of the case. Certainty of subject matter requires certainty as to what property is held on trust and the beneficial interests involved. Certainty of objects relates to who are the beneficiaries of a trust. Every trust—with the exception of charitable trusts—must satisfy the certainty of objects requirement.
12. Remedies for breach of trust
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. When property is held on trust, arising expressly or implied by law, any breach of the trustee/fiduciary obligation will lead to a remedy. This chapter explains the personal and proprietary remedies available to the claimant. A personal claim is one made against the trustee/fiduciary personally; it is not based upon the recipient having the property in their possession. A proprietary claim is based upon the defendant having the property or its replacement in their possession and being required to return it, or its substitute, to the claimant. The claimant, after identifying the breach, will often have the choice of which claim to make and there may be more than one possible remedy.
7. EU competition law: introduction and Article 101 TFEU
Authors: Homewood Matthew J.
Published: September 2018

Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) prohibit anti-competitive business practices. The European Commission, national competition authorities, and national courts enforce Articles 101 and 102 under powers conferred by Regulation 1/2003. From time to time, the European Commission issues non-binding notices providing clarification of the competition rules. This chapter focuses on Article 101, but begins with an outline of Articles 101 and 102 and the rules on enforcement. In broad terms, Article 101 prohibits business agreements or arrangements which prevent, restrict, or distort competition within the internal market and affect trade between Member States.