bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic analysis of udder score and milk traits in test day records of Sfakia dairy ewes
Authors: Volanis M. , Kominakis A. , Rogdakis E.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. A total of 4466 monthly test day records of 555 Greek Sfakia dairy ewes were used to estimate heritabilities as well as genetic and phenotypic correlations for udder score (US), average daily milk yield (MY), fat percentage (FC) and protein percentage (PC) of milk. Genetic parameters were estimated with a multitrait animal model with correlated residuals. Heritabilities were between 0.17 and 0.24, 0.41 and 0.47, 0.32 and 0.52 and 0.44 and 0.55, for test day US, MY, FC and PC, respectively. Within traits, genetic correlations between test days were between 0.54 and 0.57, 0.71 and 0.96, 0.79 and 0.99 and 0.85 and 0.99 for US, MY, FC and PC, respectively. Genetic correlations between milk traits and US were negative and of very low magnitude (−0.04 to −0.06). Genetic correlations between MY – FC and MY – PC were negative and of varying magnitude, from −0.37 to −0.52 and from −0.44 to −0.50, in the four test days, respectively. Fat and protein percentages were found to be highly, positively, correlated.
Oestrus detection in dairy cows based on serial measurements using univariate and multivariate analysis
Authors: Firk R. , Stamer E. , Junge W. , Krieter J.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. As visual oestrus detection is difficult to perform in large herds, different technical devices were developed to facilitate oestrus detection. In this investigation the significance of the traits activity, milk yield, milk flow rate and electrical conductivity due to oestrus was analysed. The traits were recorded automatically during each milking on a commercial dairy farm. Oestrus detection was performed for 862 cows on basis of time series consisting of 15 days before oestrus, the day of oestrus and 15 days after oestrus. The day of oestrus was determined by the insemination which caused a calving after 265 to 295 days. The univariate analyses of traits were performed by the time series methods day-to-day comparison, moving average, exponential smoothing and Box-Jenkins three parameter smoothing. For multivariate analyses a fuzzy logic model was developed and modified for the different combinations of traits. The efficiency of the detection models and traits was determined by the parameters sensitivity, specificity and error rate. A moving average was the best suited time series method for oestrus detection by activity data. Sensitivity ranged between 94.2 and 71% and error rate was between 53.2 and 21.5% for threshold values between 40 and 120%. The traits milk yield, milk flow rate and electrical conductivity were not suitable for univariate oestrus detection. Depending on the considered traits multivariate analyses resulted in sensitivities between 87.0 and 87.9%. The error rate varied between 28.2 and 31.0%. Further analyses should include previous information such as time since last oestrus.
Optimierung von Zuchtstrukturen einer Zweilinienkreuzung – Eine Monte-Carlo Studie
Authors: Mielenz N. , Wensch-Dorendorf M. , Schüler L.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Optimization of the population structure for a two-line crossbreeding scheme – a Monte-Carlo study A stochastic simulation was used to optimize the population structure in a two-line crossbreeding system under non-additive gene models. For different fixed test capacities, given number of offspring per dam and varying degrees of dominance the optimum number of selected sires was calculated. As criterions of the optimization the cumulative selection response on generation 10, the corresponding standard error of the response and the development of the inbreeding in the purebreds were used. If the trait was controlled by loci with partial and complete dominance, than the optimal number of selected sires was between 8 and 12 for given test capacities of 2304, 1152 and 1536 animals per generation and per the sire line. In the case of overdominance the number of selected sires increased on 24 to 48. Additionally, the level of the selection response in the three populations was affected by the difference of the allele frequencies in the initial generation and the economic weights of the additive purebred and crossbred effects. Under partial and complete dominance with corresponding purebred-crossbred genetic correlations of high and moderate level only small extra benefits were obtained from including crossbred information over pure line information.
The effect of dietary magnesium oxide supplementation on fatty acid composition, antioxidative capacity and meat quality of heterozygous and normal malignant hyperthermia (MH) pigs
Authors: Lahucky R. , Nürnberg K. , Küchenmeister U. , Bahelka I. , Mojto J. , Nürnberg G. , Ender K.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The objective of this research was to examine the impact of supplementation with magnesium oxide (MgO) on the fatty acid composition, antioxidative capacity and quality parameters, determined on 24 pork longissimus muscles (LD). Crossbred pigs equal for halothane genotypes (12 normal, nonmutant – NON, 12 heterozygous, monomutant – MON) and sex, were fed a diet supplemented with MgO (3.6 g magnesium daily) for 5 days prior to the slaughter. There was a tendency of higher intramuscular fat, a significant higher concentration of C17:0 and C18:2n-6, C22:5n-3 and the total amount of n-3 fatty acids (P < 0.05) in LD of supplemented pigs. A higher resistance to in vitro stimulation of peroxidation in muscle with MgO supplementation was observed. Increasing dietary level of MgO resulted in higher concentration (P < 0.05) of magnesium in plasma. Genotype had significant effects on some quality indicators . Pigs fed the MgO supplemented diet had higher muscle pH compared to pigs fed the control diet. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were received between control heterozygous pigs and MgO normal pigs. The LD of pigs fed diets supplemented with MgO had lower percentage of drip loss compared to pigs fed the control diet. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between heterozygotes control group and the other three groups. In conclusion MgO supplementation could not only improve post mortem pH rate breakdown and water holding capacity but also the antioxidant stability.
Genetic variability of the CRC and MYF4 genes in genetic resource, Přeštice Black-Pied pig
Authors: Horák P. , Urban T. , Dvořák J.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The study of molecular genetic variability in genetic resources of farm animals is necessary for optimal conduct of their breeding and for understanding of relations between molecular markers and traits. The determination of variability in the CRC and the MYF4 genes and the evaluation of associations between these genetic markers and the total number born, the number born alive and the number weaned of piglets, weaning weight of piglets and farrowing interval were carried out in population of 102 Přeštice Black-Pied sows. The frequency of the allele CRCn (0.083) was found out to be markedly lower than the frequency of the allele CRCN and there was observed no sow of homozygous recessive genotype in the investigated sample population. In MYF4 locus, the higher frequency of the MYFB allele was detected (0.711). A significant influence of the CRC gene polymorphism on number of piglets alive born in the 1st and the 1st–6th litters was discovered. In the total number of born piglets the significant disparity were ascertained between the MYF4A/MYF4A and MYF4A/MYF4B, MYF4A/MYF4A and MYF4B/MYF4B sows in the 2nd–6th litters and the 1st–6th litters. The obtained data are exploitable in genetic structure mapping, management of breeding and improvement of this breed and comparison with other pig genetic resources.
Zum Einfluss des Tier-Fressplatz-Verhältnisses in der Gruppenhaltung tragender Sauen bei ad libitum Fütterung auf Gesundheit, Verhalten und Leistung
Authors: Sendig S. , Rudovsky A. , Spilke J. , Meyer E. , von Borell E.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Influence of animal/feeder-trough space ratio on health, behaviour and performance of group housed sows fed ad libitum The EU-Directive on the "Minimum requirements for the protection of pigs" prohibits the housing of gestating sows in individual crates. One alternative to individual housing of restricted fed sows is group-housing with ad libitum access to feed. The proposed animal/feeder-trough space ratio of 4:1 in the German legislation was taken from housing systems for growing pigs due to a lack of scientific data on sow to feeder-trough space ratios. The aim of this study was to evaluate practically meaningful animal/feeder-trough space ratios with respect to animal welfare. Therefore, different animal/feeder-trough space ratios between 8:1 and 20:1 were investigated on three farms. The behaviour at the feeder, as well as health (body scoring), weight gain, back fat thickness and fertility were recorded in gestating sows between days 35 and 110 of pregnancy. The frequency of aggressive interactions and displacements at the feeder was progressively reduced in all tests after grouping the sows. Furthermore, the results pointed out that narrowing the animal/feeder-trough space ratio positively influenced both the conditioning of the sows before lactation and birth weights of the piglets. No clear trend between the different animal/feeder-trough space ratios of group-housed sows was found for the total number born, live and dead born piglets. A small number of sows showed minor injuries, which are not unusual for group housing systems. The evaluated animal/feeder-trough space ratios did not show indications of an impaired well-being of the sows. Our data do not support the legal demand for a threshold of 4:1 for the animal/feeder-trough space ratio. However, further studies with varying group sizes, group densities and animal/feeder-trough space ratios are needed in order to provide detailed recommendations on acceptable ratios.
Slaughter value and meat quality of Muscovy ducks, Pekin ducks and their crossbreeds, and evaluation of the heterosis effect
Authors: Wawro K. , Wilkiewicz-Wawro E. , Kleczek K. , Brzozowski W.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The studies were conducted on 200 Muscovy ducks, 100 Pekin ducks of the A-44 strain and 200 their crossbreeds (sex ratio: 1:1). The ducks were fed complete commercial diets, appropriate for respective species. Slaughter and slaughter value estimation were performed at the age of: 7 weeks – for males and females of the A-44 strain, 10 weeks – for Muscovy females, and 12 weeks – for Muscovy males and crossbreeds (♂ and ♀). Analysis of the chemical composition, physicochemical properties and sensory properties of meat was made on breast muscles. The heterosis effect on the slaughter value and meat quality was additionally estimated in hybrids. The highest live body weights were reported for Mucovy drakes (4450 g), and the lowest – for ducks from this genetic group (ca. 2400 g). The crossbreeds were characterized by average body weights (2980 g), but the highest relative meatiness (ca. 54%) and the lowest fatness (ca. 20%) of carcasses. The best sensory properties were reported for muscles of ducks of the A-44 strain. A favorable heterosis effect was observed in crossbreeds: positive in relation to meatiness and negative in relation to fatness, undesirable in the customers’ opinion. No favorable heterosis effect was noted in most meat quality traits.
Der Einfluss der Fütterung auf die Mast- und Schlachtleistung bei Jungbullen der Rassen Ungarisches Grauvieh und Holstein Friesian
Authors: Holló G. , Nürnberg K. , Seregi J. , Holló I. , Repa I. , Ender K.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Influence of feeding on fattening performance and carcass quality of young Hungarian Grey and Holstein Friesian bulls The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of nutrition, genotype and nutrition x genotype interaction on growth performance and carcass quality using Hungarian Grey cattle bulls (HG) in comparison to Holstein Friesian bulls (HF) kept under extensive and intensive conditions. In groups extensive and intensive days on feed lasted for 221 and 201, respectively. Higher relative growth rate was recorded in Hungarian Grey than Holstein Friesian in extensively fed group and higher final weights were recorded in intensive groups compared to extensive groups. Differences between genotypes were not different. Carcass weight and length, amount of perinephric and trimmed fat were higher in intensive groups as well. Higher lean meat content in carcass was measured in Hungarian Grey breed. For treatments extensive and intensive means were 71,0 % and 67,5%, respectively. The ratio of bone in carcass varied in line with the four feet percentage and weight. Similarly to the ratio of perinephric and trimmed fat, the amount of fat in carcass was lower in extensively fed groups, which proves the varied effect of different feeding. The tissue composition of carcass can be analysed by Computer-Tomography (CT) - examination of prime rib samples. These results are more representative as the EUROP-classification of evaluation for carcass quality. Findings reveal that considerations on the utilization of the native HG breed on development of novel beef cattle production systems especially on roughage-based diets seems to be justified.
Comparison of physical and qualitative traits of meat of two Polish conservative flocks of ducks
Authors: Kisiel T. , Książkiewicz J. M.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. In two Polish conservative flocks of Miniduck (K2) and Pekin (P33), registered by FAO as domestic genetic resources (World Watch List, 2000) the mean values of physical (tissue components) and qualitative traits of meat (pH15, pH24, colour of meat) were determined. The experimental flocks showed significant variations in body weight at 7 weeks of age (1540 vs 2088 in drakes and 1395 vs 1986 g in ducks), in the proportion of breast and leg muscles and skin with subcutaneous fat in eviscerated carcass. K2 ducks are characterized by outstanding musculature of breast and P33 ducks by that of lower leg and by low fatness. pH15 values of breast and leg muscles in K2 and P33 birds were greater than pH24 of these muscles. In both flocks pH15 values of 6.09 to 6.33 and pH24 values of 5.90 to 6.05 in breast muscles were lower than in leg muscles (6.33 to 6.46 and 6.12 to 6.37, respectively). A significantly lower L* value (darker colour) of breast muscle was characteristic of K2 birds (43.7 in males and 40.5 in females) compared to P33 males and females. Furthermore, breast muscles of K2 drakes and ducks had significantly higher redness (a*) and yellowness values (b*) than P33. In pectoralis superficialis muscle of K2 and P33 females, a significantly lower diameter was found for white muscle fibres (αW) (30.0 to 30.5 μm) and for red muscle fibres (βR) (16.9 to 17.6 μm) than in biceps femoris muscle (αW from 48.3 to 54.2; βR from 36.0 to 37.1 μm). Muscle fibres of K2 compared to P33 ducks were characterized by significantly greater diameters of βR muscle fibre in pectoralis superficialis muscle, and by lower αW and βR fibre diameters in biceps femoris muscle. The experiment showed that meat of ducks from the conservative flocks studied is valuable from the consumer’s point of view.
Effect of Increasing Zinc Concentration in the Diets of Brown Parent Stock Layers on Various Production and Hatchability Traits (Short communication)
Authors: Durmuş I. , Ataşoğlu C. , Mizrak C. , Ertaş S. , Kaya M.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Effect of increasing zinc concentration in the diets of brown parent stock layers on various production and hatchability traits was investigated. After hatching, chicks were allocated to different treatment groups whose diets were formulated to contain graded concentrations 60 (control), 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 mg zinc (Zn) kg−1 throughout 62 weeks. No effect of increasing zinc concentration on egg production, 5% egg production age, livability and hatchability rate was found (P > 0.05). On the other hand, significant differences were obtained with increase in zinc concentration in egg weight, feed conversion rate and hatchability effciency of the fertile eggs (P < 0.05). The results of the present study suggest that the diets of brown parent stock layers should include 180 mg Zn kg−1 for optimal performance and hatchability traits.
Domestication of the horse: results based on microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers
Authors: Aberle K. S. , Distl O.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Many horse populations suffered severe decreases in numbers in the last century; some, such as the Coldblood horse breeds drastically declined in their population size, while others could be saved at the last minute. It is important to evaluate the amount of genetic variability still present in those populations in order to develop conservation programmes. Furthermore, it is essential to construct phylogenetic trees and to establish the relationships among different horse populations in order to deepen our understanding of the evolution and domestication of the horse. In the past ten years microsatellite markers have been widely used to assess genetic variability within and between different horse breeds. Moreover, attempts have been made to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of different horse breeds by comparing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. In this paper we give an overview of the latest major findings in studies based on horse microsatellite data and mitochondrial DNA sequences.
Einfluss eines 11-monatigen Trainings auf die Ergebnisse des "Ängstlichkeitstests" von jungen Halbblut-Hengsten
Authors: Janiszewska J. , Ignor J. , Cieśla A.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Modifying influence of 11-months training on results of ‘timidity’ test of young half bred stallions 78 three-year-old stallions of warm blooded Polish breeds and foreign breeds, kept at the training Centres, were investigated during the period 1998–2001. Stallions had to qualify for a 100-days training, after they passed it, they had to perform an 8-month training program in a central station. To estimate the degree of nervous balance of horses "timidity" a (optical) test was used. Stallions were putt to the tests three times: after qualifying to Training Centre, after completion 100-days training, after completion 8-month training. Stereotypes of stallions maintenance were graded from points 1 to 10. Stallions were divided onto three groups: hyper excitable (1.0–4.0 p), medium excitable (4.1–6.0 p), calm (6.1–10.0 p). Applied "timidity" test showed considerable usefulness to fast and evident opinion of equilibration of nervous system. Rising score in "timidity" test after 100-days as well as 8-months shows the training process had a modifying influence on stallions’ nervous excitability in this period. Largest nervous equilibration was observed at the offspring's of Holstein breed sires’, most excitable after the whole training period were offspring's of noble half bred sires. The highest score of nervous balance after 8-month training was observed at offspring of English thoroughbred sires.
Association of genetic variants of bovine prolactin with milk production traits of Black-and-White and Jersey cattle
Authors: Dybus A. , Grzesiak W. , Kamieniecki H. , Szatkowska I. , Sobek Z. , Błaszczyk P. , Czerniawska-Piątkowska E. , Zych S. , Muszyńska M.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Associations between polymorphism localised in the third exon of the prolactin gene (PRL-RsaI) and milk xproduction traits of Black-and-White and Jersey cattle were analysed. A total of 427 cows were included in the study. PCR-RFLP method was used. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles were as follows: 0.7107 – AA, 0.2851 – AB, 0.0042 – BB; 0.8533 – PRLA and 0.1467 – PRLB for Black-and-White cattle and 0.0919 – AA, 0.4324 – AB, 0.4757 – BB; 0.3081 – PRLA and 0.6919 – PRLB for Jersey cattle. Statistically significant differences between the breeds were observed in the frequencies of genotypes and alleles. Associations between PRL-RsaI polymorphism and milk production traits of Jersey cows and lack of associations with these traits in Black-and-White cows were observed.
On correlating penetrometry with photometry in beef roasts (short communication)
Authors: Swatland H. J.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. A fibre-optic probe mounted on the strain gauge of a compression tester was pushed into beef roasts. Reflectance decreased through the subcutaneous adipose tissue and was inversely correlated with resistance to penetration (r = −0.82 at 450 nm and r = −0.84 at 700 nm, P < 0.01). Resistance peaked in the connective tissue of spinales dorsi. Despite illuminating several cubic centimetres of meat, the fibre-optic probe responded mainly to tissues in the near field. The length of the light-path through the meat was minimal (≤ 1 mm).
Untersuchungen zur Mortalität von Legehennen gehalten in Einzel- und Gruppenkäfigen
Authors: Mielenz N. , Schmutz M. , Schüler L.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Mortality of laying hens housed in single and group cages This study provides genetic parameters for mortality of laying hens estimated with linear and threshold models. Records of one line from a commercial breeding programme of White Leghorns from three generations were available. Data included observations of 8636 hens from single and from 6908 hens of group cages. Mortality was defined as death in the first six months of lay with dead=1 and alive=0. The average mortality was 3.3% in single and 6.3% in group cages. The binary traits were analysed separately by linear animal (LAM), by threshold animal (TAM) and by threshold sire models. Further the two mortalities were analysed together by a linear-linear animal (LLAM) and threshold-threshold animal model (TTAM). The LLAM estimates of heritability were 1.5% for single and 3.2% for group cages. The heritability estimates of TTAM ranged from 9.6% to 9.9%. The rank correlations between breeding values of LAM and TAM were for all sires, the 10% best and the 5% best sires in the range 0.96 to 1.00. The analysis of rank correlations of the linear and threshold models showed: The LLAM provides a good (but only suboptimal) alternative for breeding value estimation of mortality in the investigated laying hen population.
An association between genotypes at the porcine loci MSTN (GDF8) and CAST and microstructural characteristics of m. longissimus lumborum: a preliminary study
Authors: Kłosowska D. , Kurył J. , Elminowska-Wenda G. , Kapelański W. , Walasik K. , Pierzchała M. , Cieślak D. , Bogucka J.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between the microstructure characteristics of longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle and the genotype at porcine loci MSTN and CAST. The study was carried out on 132 unrelated pigs – 93 crosses of Pietrain and (Polish Large White x Polish Landrace) and 39 Stamboek castrated males. Crosses Pi x (PLW x PL), with an equal proportion of castrated males (n=46) and females (n=47), were of genotype CC or CT at the locus RYR1, whereas Stamboek pigs were of genotype CC at this locus. The diameters of slow-twitch oxidative (STO), fast-twitch oxidative (FTO) and fast-twitch glycolytic (FTG) fibers, their per cent share in a bundle and number of fibers per 1 mm2 were determined. Moreover, the analyses covered the frequency of occurrence of pathological fibers, including giant and angular fibers. The parameters examined, characterising the microstructure of LL muscle, were not found to be related to the presence of the C→T polymorphism in exon 3 of the MSTN gene, identified by enzyme TaqI. However, it was shown that the diameters of the STO, FTO and FTG fibres in the LL muscle were significantly smallest in the Stamboek pigs with genotype FF at locus CAST compared to both the remaining genotypes. Among the crosses Pi x (PLW x PL) this genotype was not observed. The content of FTG fibres in a bundle proved to be related to the CAST genotype in Stamboek pigs. The frequency of pathological fibres in the LL muscle was the lowest in pigs with genotype EE at the locus CAST, but only in the case of the crosses Pi x (PLW x PL) was this relation statistically significant. The studies should be continued to determine whether such relations occur in other pig breeds. The frequency of pathological fibres affects meat quality and thus the polymorphism of the CAST gene could be of importance in selection.
Effects of storage period and egg weight of Japanese quail eggs on hatching results (short communication)
Authors: Seker I. , Kul S. , Bayraktar M.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of storage period and egg weight of hatching eggs of Japanese quails on fertility, hatchability results. Eggs were obtained 150 females quails, all at 15 weeks of age. A total of 1942 hatching eggs were separated into 3 groups as light-weight (9.50-10.50 g), medium-weight (10.51-11.50 g), and heavy-weight (11.51-12.50 g). Based on storage period, eggs were divided into 5 groups as group 1 (0-3 days), group 2 (4-6 days), group 3 (7-9 days), group 4 (10-12 days), and group 5 (13-15 days). The influence of storage period on hatchability of fertile eggs and early, middle, and late period embryonic mortality rates was found significant (P<0.01). The effect of egg weight on fertility rate, hatchability of fertile eggs and early embryonic mortality was significant (P<0.05, P<0.01). The significant differences between storage period groups were observed in hatchability of fertile eggs. The differences between egg weight groups for fertility rate, hatchability of fertile eggs and early embryonic mortality was significantly higher in light weight group than the other egg weight groups. Results of this study concluded that a 12 day pre-incubation storage of hatching eggs of Japanese quails did not appreciably affect hatching parameters. Use of medium or heavy weight eggs for hatching may reduce early embryonic mortality rate.
Divergent selection for ω3:ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio in quail eggs
Authors: Mennicken L. , Ponsuksili S. , Tholen E. , Khang N. T. K. , Steiner K. , Petersen J. , Schellander K. , Wimmers K.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. It is well known, that the ω6:ω3 PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) ratio of the egg yolk can be changed by modifying the hen's diet. Information on genetic effects on PUFA in egg yolks is limited. Therefore four generations of divergent selection of high and low ω6:ω3 PUFA ratio were performed with quails as model animals to estimate genetic effects on the fatty acid profile of eggs. Heritability and correlated response to selection were analysed. Generation 4 consisted of 125 hens in the HIGH and 114 hens in the LOW line and 40 sires per line. Fatty acid profiles of the eggs were measured on pools of 3 yolks per hen, two times per hen. After four generations of selection ω6:ω3 PUFA ratio was significantly different in the LOW (12.4) and HIGH line (14.9), i.e. a difference of 1.6 phenotypic standard units. Heritability for ω6:ω3 PUFA ratio was estimated at 0.45 (SE 0.05). Selection tended to be asymmetric in the way that response to selection in the LOW line was higher. Fertility and hatchability of fertile, age at first egg, laying intensity, egg weight and fat percentage were not significantly different between selected lines, but yolk weight, yolk proportion and fat content were significantly higher in the Low line. Moderate heritability of ω6:ω3 PUFA ratio in egg yolks and lack of correlated responses to selection in major production and reproduction traits indicate that breeding for a lower ω6:ω3 PUFA ratio in eggs is promising.
Effect of Probiotic Supplementation Shortly Before and After Weaning on Growth of Turkish Saanen Kids
Authors: Ayişiği K. , Ataşoğlu C. , Yaman Yurtman I. , Mendeş M. , Pala A.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Sixteen kids were assigned at an average of 6 weeks of age to two treatments: control with no supplementation and 5 g/kid of probiotic supplementation daily. The probiotic was resuspended in distilled water and given orally every day in the morning throughout a 42 d study. Grower concentrate, vetch hay and water were offered ad libitum throughout the study. Kids were abruptly weaned 14 days after the initiation of the study and received only grower concentrate, vetch hay and water ad libitum from d 15 to 42. The supplementation of probiotic did not result in any significant differences in weight gain, nutrient intake, feed efficiency and diarrhea score in kids. However a positive trend toward improved weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency in kids supplemented with probiotic suggested that probiotic might improve growth and performance of kids and are worth further investigation.
Some egg and hatching traits of local ducks, Turkish Pekins and Muscovy ducks in Isparta/Turkey (short communication)
Authors: Isguzar E.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The purpose of the research was to study some egg and hatching traits of Boz, Yeşilbaş, Kara ducks (as the local names) in comparison with Turkish Pekin and Muscovy ducks in intensive conditions in Isparta province of Turkey. Average egg weights of Boz, Yeşilbaş, Kara, Turkish Pekin, Black Muscovy, Black-white Muscovy, White Muscovy ducks were 68.6, 71.5, 71.0, 71.5, 73.3, 76.3, 75.5g; average percentages of fertility were 70.2, 73.0, 54.2, 78.5, 63.4, 33.5, 64.5 %, respectively. Black-white Muscovy ducks had the highest egg weight. Minor differences were found in the values of egg shape index and values of fertility. The percentage of hatchability of fertile eggs and embryo mortality did not differ among genotypes. The weight of day-old bird there were significant differences between the genotypes. A high weight reached Black-White Muscovy ducks with 46.2 g and the lowest weight were found in Boz genotype with 41.7 g. The results were discussed.
Associations between polymorphism of the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21) and litter size of Polish Large White × Polish Landrace sows* (short communication)
Authors: Ziemak J. , Grzesiak W.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. research because of the large economic impact these discoveries could have on the swine industry. The steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21) gene is located on chromosome 7 in the middle of the swine leukocyte antigen class (SLA) is regarded as a "candidate – gene" reproduction traits. Associations between polymorphism of the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21) and litter size of Polish Large White × Polish Landrace sows were analysed. The 21-hydroxylase genotypes of all 286 animals were determined using a PCR-RFLP procedure. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles of CYP21/NciI and CYP21/HaeIII were follows: 0.077 – AA, 0.308 – AB, 0.615 – BB and 0.231 for CYP21/NciIA, 0.769 for CYP21/NciIB; 0.010 – AA, 0.420 – AB, 0.570 – BB and 0.221 for CYP21/HaeIIIA and 0.779 for CYP21/HaeIIIB. The CYP21/NciI genotype was significantly associated with the total number of piglets born, born alive and alive at weaning in the 5th – 10th parities. The sows with BB genotype had significantly (P≤0.01) higher level of traits than the animals with AB genotype. Analysis of reproductive traits in dependence on CYP21/NciI genotypes showed the statistically significant differences (P≤0.05) in number of piglets died before the day of weaned in 2-4 parities. The lowest value of this trait was found for the sows with the AB genotype (2.05%), while the highest – for the pigs with BB genotype (3.54%). Associations between CYP21/HaeIII and reproduction traits were not observed.
Schlachtkörperzusammensetzung und Gewebebeschaffenheit von schweren Schweinen – II. Mitteilung: Merkmale der Fleisch- und Fettqualität
Authors: Fischer K. , Lindner J. P. , Judas M. , Höreth R.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Carcass and meat quality of heavy pigs. II. Characteristics of meat and fat quality The aim of the 2nd part of the study was to present the shifts concerning the meat quality in various important muscles and the fatty acid profile in the backfat associated with a prolonged fattening. In total, 63 male castrates and 60 females (Piétrain-NN*German Landrace) were randomized to three groups with different live weights at slaughter (110, 135, 160 kg). The pH values, measured at different points in time, were not influenced by the live weight class. However, electrical conductivity as well as drip loss traits of the M. longissimus dorsi increased slightly in the upper weight class, whereas the cooking loss declined marginally. With increasing live weight there was in general a small tendency to a darker meat and a clear enhancement of the a* values, based upon higher pigment concentrations. Moreover, the water content diminished slightly, whereas the intramuscular fat content did not rise significantly within the same sex. Compared with 110 kg live weight, the collagen content and the percentage of soluble collagen decreased at 160 kg live weight whereas shear force values remained unaffected. In the sensory evaluation, pork chops of the 135 kg class received numerically the best and those of the 160 kg the worst ratings, but the differences were small and only exceptionally significant. Considering the fatty acid profile in the course of a prolonged fattening, there is a shift to smaller proportion of polyenic fatty acids in favour of oleic and palmitic acid.
Estimation of Additive and Non-Additive Genetic Variances of Body Weight, Egg Weight and Egg Production for Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with an Animal Model Analysis
Authors: Mielenz N. , Noor R. R. , Schüler L.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. This study estimates the additive and non-additive variances for egg production and body weight traits of two lines of quails from a long-term selection with the help of the REML method. For the body weight of 42-day-old females (BW42f) and males (BW42m), a total of 7,934 records for line 1 and 7,214 records for line 2 from 21 generations were used in our analyses. Additionally, 1,717 records of females from line 1 and 1,671 records of females from line 2 contained information on their egg production at an age of 42 to 200 days (EN200), on the average egg weight for the first 11 weeks of their laying season (EW1), on the average egg weight from weeks 12 to 23 (EW2), and on their body weight at an age of 200 days (BW200f). A multivariate additive animal model and one-trait dominance models, which include the inbreeding coefficients as covariates, were fitted to the data. The estimates of the heritability gained from our dominance models were smaller than those from the additive model. For line 1, the heritability values decreased for EN200 from 0.35 to 0.32, for EW1 from 0.66 to 0.56, for BW200f from 0.42 to 0.38, and for BW200m from 0.51 to 0.49, respectively. For the first line, the respective ratio (d2) of the dominance variance to the phenotypic variance for EN200, EW1, BW200f and BW200m was 0.08, 0.22, 0.09 and 0.21, and the values for the second line were 0.12, 0.06, 0.001 and 0.23.
Carcass- and meat quality of pasture vs concentrate fed German Simmental and German Holstein bulls
Authors: Dannenberger D. , Nuernberg K. , Nuernberg G. , Ender K.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Many factors affect ruminant carcass and meat quality, and among the genetic and environmental factors, feeding plays an important role in the determination of quality. In a large study, sixty-four German Holstein and German Simmental bulls were randomly allocated to either an indoor concentrate feeding system or periods of pasture feeding following by a finishing period. During this period the animals got a concentrate containing linseed to improve the meat quality for the consumer and enhance the contents of beneficial fatty acids in beef. German Simmental bulls grew faster in both feeding groups (concentrate and grass-based) compared to German Holstein bulls. Because of that significantly more days of fattening were necessary to reach the slaughter weight of 620 kg. The feeding system did not affect the carcass weights of both breeds. The results of cutting according to the regulations of the Deutsche Landwirtschaftsgesellschaft (DLG-Schnittführung für die Zerlegung der Schlachtkörper von Rind, Kalb, Schwein und Schaf) showed diet effects for different cuts. Pasture feeding significantly decreased the weights of flank, flat ribs and brisket of both breeds. The intramuscular fat content of longissimus muscle was affected by the diet in the case of German Simmental bulls, only. The intramuscular fat content of longissimus muscle of pasture-fed German Simmental bulls was decreased to 1.5 % compared with concentrate-fed bulls (2.6 %). No diet effect was found in the intramuscular fat content of longissimus muscle of German Holstein bulls. The colour investigations of both muscles (longissimus and semitendinosus) showed that the beef produced by pasture feeding is darker. The Warner- Bratzler shear force values (WBSF) of pasture fed bulls were significantly higher compared to the concentrate fed bulls. Pasture feeding resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of n-3 fatty acids up to a factor of 2.8 in longissimus muscle of bulls compared with the concentrate feeding system.
SNP analysis of Molting related genes in Penaeus monodon and Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp (Brief report)
Authors: Yu M. , Cheng Y. , Rothschild M. F.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Molting is a very important growth period in shrimp. During the intermolt cycle, the accumulations of carbohydrate protein provide steady growth. The molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) and the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) belong to a large neuropeptide family, which are involved in the regulation of the length of the intermolt period, keeping shrimp in the intermolt stage (GU et al., 2000; YODMUANG et al., 2004). There are two kinds of MIH (MIH1 and MIH2) and one CHH. Therefore, the MIH1, MIH2 and CHH genes are candidate genes for detecting polymorphisms associated with the molting pathway and growth
Analyse der Populationsstruktur des Bunten Bentheimer Schweins
Authors: Kolk gen. Sundag C. , Wrede J. , Distl O.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Analysis of the population structure of the Black and White Bentheim pig The assessment of the present state of the Black-and-White Bentheim pig (Buntes Bentheimer Schwein) is based on an analysis of the inbreeding and coancestry coefficients of 112 breeding animals registered in the year 2003. Pedigree data included 575 individuals from five generations. Pedigrees reached a completeness of about 76%. The average inbreeding coefficient in the actual population was 8.01%. The mean coancestry coefficient was 14.54%. The mean coancestry coefficient within boar and sow lines was higher.
Composition and properties of meat of Pomeranian purebred lambs and their crossbreeds with Berrichon du Cher and Charolaise
Authors: Brzostowski H. , Niżnikowski R. , Milewski S.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The quality characteristics of meat from 50-day-old Pomeranian lambs (PP) and crossbreeds by Berrichon du Cher (PB) and Charolaise (PCH) rams were determined in the study. Samples of the quadriceps muscle of the tight (m. quadriceps femoris) were taken to determine the chemical composition, physicochemical and healthful properties of meat, such as energy value, concentrations of cholesterol and collagen and the fatty acid profile in intramuscular fat. A sensory evaluation of lamb and texture measurement were also performed. It was found that both sire breeds had a significant effect on meat quality. Meat from crossbreds contained more dry matter and protein, and was characterized by a more desirable W/P ratio, a lower calorific value, a lower collagen content and better texture parameters. Crossing had no considerable influence on the fatty acid composition in intramuscular fat, but caused changes in the cholesterol content of meat, which decreased in PB lambs and increased in PCH lambs. Taking into account the health benefits and culinary values of lamb, Berrichon du Cher is a preferred sire breed.
Differences in the amino acid composition of muscles from pheasant and broiler chickens
Authors: Straková E. , Suchý P. , Vitula F. , Večerek V.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The present paper explores amino acid composition of breast and thigh muscles of common pheasant and compares it with that in broiler chickens. The experimental feeding of both pheasant and broiler chickens proceeded for a period of 42 days at the identical conditions employing the same diet and rearing technology. Muscles were analysed for the content of following amino acids: Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Pro, Gly, Ala, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, His, Lys, and Arg. The results show that the levels of most amino acids in thigh and breast muscles of pheasants (related to dry matter content) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) than those in broiler chickens. In 42-day-old birds, the levels of individual amino acids in breast muscles (related to 100% of dry matter content) ranged from 8.02 to 127.32 g . kg-1 in pheasant chickens and from 19.77 to 110.33 g . kg-1 in broiler chickens while the corresponding average values in thigh muscles ranged from 14.77 g . kg-1 to 132.77 g . kg-1 in pheasant chickens and from 14.02 g . kg-1 to 93.53 g . kg-1 in broiler chickens. One interesting finding is that in the case of broiler chickens the levels of most amino acids in breast muscles were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) than those in thigh muscles. In the case of pheasant chickens, the difference between breast and thigh muscles was not confirmed which indicates that both muscles have high nutritive value. The results of amino acid composition of pheasant and broiler meat have proven a high nutritive value of pheasant meat in respect to human nutrition.
Early warning system for loss of diversity in European livestock breeds
Authors: Duchev Z. , Distl O. , Groeneveld E.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Towards the end of the previous century the increasing erosion of biological diversity in livestock was recognized by the animal breeders as an area which needs monitoring and conservation measures. For that purpose various national, regional and global infrastructures was put in place by governmental and non-governmental organizations like European Association for Animal Production (EAAP), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and Rare Breeds International, etc. These organizations have developed a number of methods for estimation the risk status of the breed. However, the different systems use different parameters and thresholds and are hard to compare. Several attempts for uniform European criterion have been made, but still no consensus has been reached. In this study we continue the work of the Animal Genetic Resources group of EAAP towards the uniform criterion based on the effective population size, the expected number of breeding females and the global population. Our main contribution is the novel approach in handling the parameter global population, allowing its external parameterization. The criterion was applied to 21 pig breeds from 8 European countries and the results show clear not at risk status of the big international breeds.
Some reproductive and growth traits of crossbred genotypes produced by crossing local sheep breeds of Kivircik x White Karaman and Chios x White Karaman in steppe conditions
Authors: Unal N. , Akcapinar H. , Atasoy F. , Aytac M.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate some production traits of crossbred genotypes produced for lamb production by crossing local sheep breeds of Kivircik (K) x White Karaman (W) and Chios (C) x White Karaman in steppe conditions. W breed is raised in steppe conditions while K and C breeds are raised in Mediterranean climate conditions in Turkey. A total of 340 ewes was used through 3 years. The litter size for W, KWF1 and CWF1 ewes were 1.26, 1.19 and 1.52 (P<0.05), respectively. The least squares means of W, KW F2, KW B1, CW F2 and CW B1 lambs were 91.2, 95.7, 95.6, 87.3 and 94.2 % for survival rate at weaning (90 days); 4.4, 4.3, 4.1, 4.2 and 4.1 kg for birth weight; 21.1, 20.3, 19.6, 20.3 and 19.9 kg for weaning weight; 31.9, 29.4, 30.3, 30.5 and 30.1 kg for 180 day weight, respectively. The differences among genotypes for survival rates and growth performance of lambs were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results indicated that Chios crossbred ewes had the highest reproductive performance while all genotypes had similar performance in terms of survival and growth of lambs in steppe conditions.
Evaluierung von Kleingruppenhaltungssystemen und ausgestalteten Käfigen hinsichtlich Brustbeindeformationen, Gefiederstatus, Krallenlänge und Körpermasse bei den Legelinien Lohmann Selected Leghorn und Lohmann Brown
Authors: Weitzenbürger D. , Vits A. , Hamann H. , Distl O.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Evaluation of small group housing systems and furnished cages concerning keel bone deformities, plumage condition, claw length und body weight in layer strains Lohmann Selected Leghorn and Lohmann Brown Small group housing systems (Eurovent 625+a-EU) and furnished cages (Aviplus und Eurovent 625A-EU) were evaluated for the occurrence of keel bone deformities, plumage condition, claw length and body weight. The examinations were performed in two layer strains, Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) and Lohmann Brown (LB), over two laying periods. In addition, the effects of layer strain, month of laying period, rearing method, group- size and body weight on these traits were tested. The assessments based on a scoring system comprising the scores 1 (very severely defective part of the body) to 4 (intact part of the body) were performed every three months during the laying period. Examinations of keel bone condition and measurements of body weight were performed in a total of 864 hens, claw length and plumage condition were examined in a total of 720 hens. Housing system showed a significant effect on the incidence of keel bone deformities and claw length. Plumage condition was significantly affected by group size, whereas plumage condition was worst in groups of 20 hens in Aviplus and in groups of 10 hens in Eurovent 625A-EU. Concerning claw length there were significant differences between diverse claw abrasives. The strongest abrasion was found in groups with two abrasive blocks, whereas perforated metal plates led to the least abrasion. Month of laying period showed a significant effect on each examined trait with a decrease in keel bone and plumage condition and an increase in claw length and body weight during the laying period.