bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-line-of-sight-imaging using dynamic relay surfaces
Authors: La Manna Marco , Nam Ji-Hyun , Azer Reza Syed , Velten Andreas
Published: January 2020

The non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging problem has attracted a lot of interest in recent years. The objective is to produce images of objects that are hidden around a corner, using the information encoded in the time-of-flight (ToF) of photons that scatter multiple times after incidence at a given relay surface. Most current methods assume a Lambertian, flat and static relay surface, with non-moving targets in the hidden scene. Here we show NLOS reconstructions for a relay surface that is non-planar and rapidly changing during data acquisition. Our NLOS imaging system exploits two different detectors to collect the ToF data; one pertaining to the relay surface and another one regarding the ToF information of the hidden scene. The system is then able to associate where the multiply-scattered photons originated from the relay surface. This step allows us to account for changing relay positions in the reconstruction algorithm. Results show that the reconstructions for a dynamic relay surface are similar to the ones obtained using a traditional non-dynamic relay surface.
Iterative local Fourier transform-based high-accuracy wavelength calibration for Fourier transform imaging spectrometer
Authors: Xu Yixuan , Li Jianxin , Bai Caixun , Wei Ming , Liu Jie , Wang Yubo , Ji Yiqun
Published: January 2020

An iterative local Fourier transform (ILFT)-based high-accuracy wavelength calibration for Fourier transform imaging spectrometer (FTIS) is proposed. The wavelength calibration for FTIS is to determine the relation between the wavelength and the wavenumber position. However, the wavenumber position solved by conventional method is only accurate up to integers restricted by the picket-fence effect of discrete Fourier transform. While the proposed ILFT can increase the accuracy of calculating the wavenumber position by combining the local Fourier transform and a few iterations. In this paper, the method is investigated in theory and then by simulations and experiments. The simulations show that the accuracy of the wavenumber position calculated by the ILFT is increased by 100 times than conventional method with noise, phase error, and non-uniform sampling of optical path difference. And the experimental results indicate that the ILFT decreases the absolute error of wavelength calibration from about 2.03 nm to 0.16 nm. Therefore, the method provides theoretical and technical support for FTIS and promotes the development of superior resolutions therein.
Self-biased tri-state power-multiplexed digital metasurface operating at microwave frequencies
Authors: Kiani Mehdi , Tayarani Majid , Momeni Ali , Rajabalipanah Hamid , Abdolali Ali
Published: January 2020

Exploiting of nonlinearity has opened doors into undiscovered areas to achieve multiplexed performances in recent years. Although efforts have been made to obtain diverse nonlinear architectures at visible frequencies, the room is still free for incorporating non-linearity into the design of microwave metasurfaces. In this paper, a passive dual-band power intensity-dependent metasurface is presented, which is composed of two different linear and nonlinear meta-atoms accommodating a capacitor and a PIN-diode, respectively. The proposed digital metasurface has three operational states: 1) it acts as a normal reflector at low power intensities while providing a dual-band nonlinear response upon illuminating by high-power incidences where 2) it perfectly absorbs the radiations at f1=6.7 GHz and 3) re-distributes the scattered beams by arranging the meta-atoms with a certain coding pattern at f2=9.4 GHz. The performance of the designed coding elements has been characterized by using the scattering parameters captured in the full-wave simulations and the nonlinear analysis performed in ADS software where the accurate model of diodes is involved. The emergence of microwave self-biased metasurfaces with smart re-actions against incident waves with different power levels reveals great opportunities for designing smart windows, smart camouflage coating surfaces, and so on.
Highly responsive tellurium-hyperdoped black silicon photodiode with single-crystalline and uniform surface microstructure
Authors: Jia Zixi , Wu Qiang , Jin Xiaorong , Huang Song , Li Jinze , Yang Ming , Huang Hui , Yao Jianghong , Xu Jingjun
Published: January 2020

Femtosecond laser hyperdoped silicon, also known as the black silicon (BS), has a large number of defects and damages, which results in unstable and undesirable optical and electronic properties in photonics platform and optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs). We propose a novel method that elevates the substrate temperature during the femtosecond laser irradiation and fabricates tellurium (Te) hyperdoped BS photodiodes with high responsivity and low dark current. At 700 K, uniform microstructures with single crystalline were formed in the hyperdoped layer. The velocity of cooling and resolidification is considered as an important role in the formation of a high-quality crystal after irradiation by the femtosecond laser. Because of the high crystallinity and the Te hyperdoping, a photodiode made from BS processed at 700 K has a maximum responsivity of 120.6 A/W at 1120 nm, which is far beyond the previously reported Te-doped silicon photodetectors. In particular, the responsivity of the BS photodiode at 1300 nm and 1550 nm is 43.9 mA/W and 56.8 mA/W with low noise, respectively, which is valuable for optical communication and interconnection. Our result proves that hyperdoping at a high substrate temperature has great potential for femtosecond-laser-induced semiconductor modification, especially for the fabrication of photodetectors in the silicon-based photonic integration circuits.
Thermally switchable bifunctional plasmonic metasurface for perfect absorption and polarization conversion based on VO2
Authors: He Hairong , Shang Xiongjun , Xu Liang , Zhao Jiajia , Cai Wangyang , Wang Jin , Zhao Chujun , Wang Lingling
Published: January 2020

Perfect absorption and polarization conversion of electromagnetic wave (EM) are of significant importance for numerous optical applications. Vanadium dioxide (VO2), which can be converted from insulating state to metallic state by being exposed to different temperatures, is introduced into a metallic square loop to constitute a switchable bifunctional plasmonic metasurface for perfect absorption and polarization conversion. Combined theoretical analyses and numerical simulations, the results show that at temperature T = 356 K, the metasurface acts as a perfect absorber with nearly 91% absorptance at the wavelength of 1547 nm. When the temperature decreases to T = 292 K, the metasurface expresses as a high efficiency (about 94%) polarization converter with the polarization conversion ratio up to 86% around 1550 nm. The designed bifunctional metasurface has plenty of potential applications such as energy harvesting, optical sensing and imaging. Moreover, it can also provide guidance to research tunable, smart and multifunctional devices.
Searching for an OxChain: Co-designing blockchain applications for charitable giving
Authors: Elsden Chris , Symons Kate , Speed Chris , Vines John , Spaa Anne
Published: January 2020

The OxChain project is investigating the design of blockchain applications in partnership with a large and traditionally trusted institution, Oxfam. We outline some of the potential opportunities that distributed ledger technologies could offer the charity and development sector as a whole, but focus on the challenges of undertaking co-design work in the context of large institutions. We suggest the need to leverage existing trusted relationships and understand the unique value that such institutions offer.
Cloud Euphoria✿: A post-analysis on the networked effects of emotions
Authors: Plessas Angelo
Published: January 2020

Nowadays we live in a maze of perplexity and contradiction, treating feelings as data, like augmenting them, compress them, duplicating them and erasing them. Data like 'happiness' or 'sadness' are becoming abstractions because there is never a single moment when we can explicitly feel one or another. Let us click into these 'files' and explore these techno-cultural forms of communicational imperfection.
Decentralized Autonomous Housing
Authors: Onabolu Tolulope , Margariti Eleni
Published: January 2020

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) offer to disrupt all existing business models from derivatives trading to real estate, public services procurement and housing. This presents a unique opportunity for architects and urban designers to reshape the built environment by collectively engaging with finance generally, but also with alternative financial mechanisms, ahead of developers and investment companies who are less motivated by the quality of the built environment.
Emerging regimes of value in distributed autonomous systems
Authors: Nicolescu Razvan
Published: January 2020

This position article brings together perspectives from social sciences, computer science and economy to interrogate the emerging meanings of value produced by Distributed Autonomous Organizations (DAO). We explore this process in the context of the wider political economy enabled by Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) and Smart Contracts (SC). The article then questions the ways in which the current implementations of DAO reflect the various regimes of value and the emergent possibilities to rethink the social contract.
Trustless education? A blockchain system for university grades1
Authors: Rooksby John , Dimitrov Kristiyan
Published: January 2020

We have implemented a blockchain system based on Ethereum for use by a university to store student grades and to provide a cryptocurrency. Based upon an exploratory, qualitative evaluation we have found several tensions between the concept of a university as an organization and the concept of distributed autonomous organizations (DAOs) in Ethereum. These include tensions in (i) mechanisms of trust, (ii) boundaries of openness and (iii) values in procedures. In this article we outline our implementation and the evaluation process.
El sindicalismo de acción directa italiano en perspectiva transnacional: redes militantes y conexiones políticas y organizativas entre Francia y España
Authors: Masulli Marco
Published: January 2020

A partir de la primera década del siglo XX, el sindicalismo de acción directa operó en un sentido internacional y transnacional. Partiendo de los intentos por crear una estructura de coordinación internacional autónoma, pasando por el difícil período de la represión fascista, y poniendo finalmente a prueba la validez de las tesis anarcosindicalistas en España, las redes militantes fueron las verdaderas protagonistas de la historia del movimiento. El presente trabajo se centra en el caso italiano para seguir su actividad entre la clandestinidad y el exilio durante los años veinte y treinta. Se analiza una experiencia política que fue posible gracias la creación de redes militantes que establecieron un diálogo constante con las organizaciones sindicales de los países de acogida, experimentaron sus contradicciones económicas y, finalmente, participaron en la Guerra Civil española.
Percepção e conhecimento de alunos de graduação e funcionários de uma IES em relação às espécies vegetais e áreas naturais do campus
Authors: Tischer Marina Consuli , Carciragui Alex Fernando , Camargo Andressa Cristina Ricardo , Sala Lorena Laís , Penteado Natália De Souza , Silva Tatiane Aparecida Domingues da , Pereira Giovana De Oliveira , Pupi Jéssica Fernanda , Cardoso Maiara Fernanda , D'Ávilla Sheron G. Dias , Oliveira Gabriele Marcon , Fernandes Maria Júlia N. , Santos Angel Domiciano Santanna
Published: January 2020

As áreas verdes urbanas são percebidas de diferentes formas pelas pessoas, a depender de fatores culturais, sociais e sensoriais. Uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES) reunindo uma heterogeneidade de classes sociais e descendências étnicas torna-se um local de pesquisa que pode refletir diferentes percepções ambientais. O conhecimento de tal heterogeneidade serve de base para a construção de programas específicos de educação ambiental. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a percepção e conhecimento de alunos de graduação presencial e funcionários da IES em relação às espécies de flora e áreas naturais do campus universitário. O método adotado foi a aplicação de entrevistas estruturadas contando questões abertas e fechadas. Os dados foram analisados quali e quantitativas. Foram 40 participantes, sendo 55% alunos e 45% funcionários. O número de espécies citadas pelos participantes variou entre 1 e 11 (± 2.93). Sobre as áreas naturais do campus a maioria dos entrevistados (73%) a declarou como "regular" segundo sua percepção, sendo alguma forma de utilidade ao homem as mais citadas, ficando as funções ecológicas com menor importância. Baseando-se no conceito da “cegueira botânica” os resultados mostram que os entrevistados apresentam dificuldade em perceber as plantas em seu cotidiano. Tendo a referida IES a divulgação de uma postura sustentável, esperamos que os resultados possam servir de base para o planejamento de projetos de Educação Ambiental envolvendo alunos e funcionários da instituição e comunidade externa em projetos de extensão universitária que contribuam para o alcance de uma comunidade acadêmica que contribua com seu pilar ambiental.
A importância do licenciamento ambiental na Paraíba para extração de areia em leito de rio
Authors: Silva Gerson Ferreira
Published: January 2020

Geologicamente, o termo areia é definido como um material detrítico com variação de tamanho de partículas definidas, composta principalmente por partículas de quartzo, mas outros minerais também podem ser encontrados, tais como: feldspato, mica e turmalina. É notória a importância da atividade de extração de areia para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico do estado da Paraíba, porém, deve-se estar atento ao impacto ambiental que essa atividade proporciona, como: processos erosivos, e alterações na geomorfologia fluvial dos cursos do rio. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa tem como principal objetivo apresentar a importância de desenvolver a exploração desse bem mineral de forma adequada. Sendo assim, são apresentados os impactos ambientais positivos e negativos, e principalmente os procedimentos para realizar o Licenciamento Ambiental de uma área no município de São João do Cariri-PB, já que é comum as empresas trabalharem clandestinamente.
Comissão de meio ambiente e qualidade de vida na escola (Com-Vida): uma investigação em documentos oficiais
Authors: Belasco Gabriela Costa , Damiano Marcelo , Barreto Yara Santucci , Mundo Juceli Aparecida Leme , Bonzanini Taitiâny Kárita
Published: January 2020

Nesse artigo é apresentada uma investigação que enfocou, a partir de uma análise documental, os documentos “Formando COM-VIDA - construindo a Agenda 21 na escola” e “Educação Ambiental: aprendizes de sustentabilidade”. Para a análise foram relacionadas as palavras: COM-VIDA, Políticas públicas, Educação, Educação ambiental, Práticas pedagógicas, Meio ambiente, Ensino, Jovens e Agenda 21, realizando-se contagem de ocorrências em ambos documentos, relacionando ainda discussões sobre a autoria dos documentos, assim como autores, natureza e contexto. Os documentos analisados tratam o tema de forma correspondente, com linguagem objetiva. Notou-se a estreita relação da Com-Vida com as políticas governamentais atuais, bem como a necessidade de novos documentos sobre o assunto com enfoque mais específico sobre estratégias de implantação do programa e que reforcem a necessidade de continuidade e desenvolvimento do projeto “Vamos Cuidar do Brasil com as Escolas” as quais a Com-Vida integra.
Análise da compartimentação estrutural do sistema aquífero embasamento cristalino no município de Bagé (RS) com base no uso de lineamentos (SRTM e magnéticos) e de dados hidrogeológicos
Authors: Dessart Rafael Lima , Reginato Pedro Antonio Roehe , Gomes Cristiane Heredia , Gomes De Lima Jacson Gosman
Published: January 2020

Esse artigo apresenta o estudo de avaliação da compartimentação e do comportamento hidrogeológico do Sistema Aquífero Embasamento Cristalino, no município de Bagé (RS). Para realização desse estudo, foram utilizados dados hidrogeológicos de 174 poços tubulares e dados de lineamentos obtidos de imagens SRTM e de levantamento aerogeofísico. Para realizar a avaliação estrutural da área, foram traçados lineamentos morfoestruturais nas imagens SRTM, em diferentes escalas (1:1.000.000; 1:500.000 e 1:250.000), bem como foram identificadas estruturas por meio da análise e interpretação dos dados aeromagnéticos. Esses dados foram utilizados visando identificar a existência de compartimentos estruturais. Os dados dos poços tubulares foram analisados e utilizados na caracterização hidrogeológica da área de estudo e dos compartimentos estruturais. Os resultados indicaram a ocorrência de cinco estruturas principais, que possuem extensões entre 8,62 e 30km. Com base nessas estruturas, foram definidas cinco zonas (Z1 a Z5) que possuem características distintas. A Zona 1 apresenta os principais trends para N80-90E e N60-70E, capacidade específica de 0,005 m3/h/m e vazão de 0,46 m3/h. Na Zona 2 os principais trends são para N20-30E, N50-60E e N30-40E, a capacidade específica máxima é de 6,93 m3/h/m, com vazão máxima de 16,5 m3/h. Na Zona 3 os trends são N50-60E, N40-50E e N30-40E, com capacidade específica máxima de 3 m3/h/m e vazão máxima de 20,37 m3/h. Na Zona 4 os principais trends são para N70-80E e N20-30E, com capacidade específica máxima de 2,13 m3/h/m e vazão máxima de 12 m3/h. Por fim, na Zona 5 os trends principais são para N70-80E, N20-30E e N00-10W, com capacidade específica máxima de 1,5 m3/h/m e vazão máxima de 30 m3/h. Esses resultados demonstram que a região do município de Bagé se apresenta compartimentada, com zonas apresentando diferentes produtividades e trends estruturais, sendo que a Zona 2 apresenta estruturas que estão associadas a maior produtividade de poços. Assim, a análise de lineamentos magnéticos e morfoestruturais, demonstra ser um estudo que tem importância na avaliação da compartimentação estrutural e hidrogeológica de áreas com ocorrência de aquíferos fraturados.
Levantamento das características hidrodinâmicas dos aquíferos da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Anil, São Luís – MA
Authors: Ribeiro Delony De Queiroz , Cruz Walefe Lopes da , Pereira Edilea Dutra
Published: January 2020

A água subterrânea é usada desde os primórdios das civilizações, e por razões naturais possui uma boa qualidade, o que se torna um atrativo para o usuário. Ademais, para um conhecimento profundo das condições hidrogeológicas de uma região é necessário conhecer suas propriedades hidrodinâmicas, desta forma, o trabalho teve como objetivo o levantamento das características hidrodinâmicas da bacia do rio Anil, e possuiu como base científica para o seu desenvolvimento a abordagem teórico-metodológica hipotético-dedutiva. A partir dos 30 poços tubulares do banco de dados de poços outorgados pela Secretaria de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais – SEMA foi possível a elaboração dos mapas de isoietas de profundidade, nível estático, dinâmico de água subterrânea, rebaixamento e de vazão da bacia, dentre outras análises dos parâmetros hidrodinâmicos. Os resultados obtidos através da análise dos dados, destaca-se as médias: Profundidade 76,99 m, Nível Estático 16,80 m, Nível Dinâmico 28,52 m, Nível de Água 4,26m, Rebaixamento 11,72 m, Vazão 8,08 m³/h. Recomenda-se a implantação de políticas públicas voltadas para preservação das áreas de recarga de aquíferos na bacia hidrográfica do rio Anil e ressalta-se que a bacia e se encontra intensamente impermeabilizada por vários prédios, principalmente próximos das margens do rio, por conseguinte o controle e gerenciamento desse corpo hídrico é de fundamental importância para manutenção das reservas hídricas de qualidade.
Vulnerabilidade dos Aquíferos do Município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, utilizando o Método GOD
Authors: Marques Jorge Haroldo Souza , Oliveira Iara Brandão de
Published: January 2020

Este trabalho investigou a vulnerabilidade dos aquíferos do município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, um sistema aquífero fissural nos domínios do Complexo Cristalino, e, granular, no domínio das rochas sedimentares. Esse sistema aquífero apresenta-se, em geral, livre e pouco profundo, com superfície piezométrica em torno de 6m, e zona não saturada dominada por materiais argilo-areno-siltosos e, eventualmente, arenosos finos. Utilizou-se a metodologia GOD para cálculo da vulnerabilidade intrínseca do aquífero, através da avaliação numérica dos parâmetros hidrogeológicos do sítio: G (tipo de aquífero), O (tipo de solo), D (profundidade até o aquífero), todos obtidos com base em interpretação das fichas de perfuração de poços tubulares dos bancos de dados da CERB e da CPRM/SIAGAS, e de alguns poços de pesquisa, perfurados até o ano de 2006. A metodologia GOD revelou que a vulnerabilidade natural dos aquíferos da cidade de Salvado é baixa à insignificante nos trechos mais argilosos e elevados; e, alta à extrema, nos trechos mais arenosos que ocorrem nos vales e baixadas. O mapa das classes de vulnerabilidade revelaram os trechos com potencial de água subterrânea não potável, devido a risco de contaminação por atividades antrópicas nelas instaladas.
Inspeção microbiológica da água de um poço artesiano localizado no sítio macacos na zona rural de Areia-PB, Brasil
Authors: Da Silva Aldeni Barbosa , De Brito Janaina Moreira , Da Silva Filho Edmilson Dantas
Published: January 2020

Esse trabalho teve o objetivo de inspecionar a qualidade microbiológica da água de um poço localizado no sítio macacos na zona rural de Areia-PB. O estudo foi desenvolvido com amostras de água coletadas num poço artesiano localizado no sítio macacos em Areia-PB. As amostras de água destinadas para as análises microbiológicas foram coletadas diretamente do poço artesiano, em garrafas de vidro (500 ml) com boca larga, protegidas com papel laminado, previamente esterilizada em autoclave a 121 oC, por 30 minutos, e foram encaminhadas para o Laboratório do Centro de Formação Profissional do Instituto Albano Franco de Tecnologia de Couro e de Calçado (CTCC) em Campina Grande. As amostras ficaram conservadas à temperatura de 4 a 8 oC pelo tempo máximo de quatro horas, até o momento da semeadura. Os parâmetros analisados foram: coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli e bactérias heterotróficas. Os parâmetros microbiológicos das águas foram determinados seguindo-se as metodologias da CETESB. Com base no critério de potabilidade estabelecido pela Portaria de Consolidação Nº 5/2017 do Ministério da Saúde, observou-se que as amostras analisadas apresentaram quantidade de bactérias heterotróficas, totalmente fora dos limites estabelecidos pela portaria vigente (até 500 UFC mL-1). Em relação a coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes, as amostras apresentaram resultados positivos. Não se evidenciou a presença da bactéria E. coli. Conclui-se que todas as amostras estão em desacordo com as recomendações estipuladas pela Portaria vigente, necessitando, portanto, de melhorias significativas no que se refere a proteção da fonte, da disposição dos esgotos domésticos e de tratamento prévio antes de serem fornecidas para consumo humano.
STRATEGI PEMASARAN SYARI’AH PADA BMT AL-AMANAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN MODAL DAN PENYALURAN PEMBIAYAAN
Authors: Subhan Muhamad
Published: January 2020

This research is a field research conducted at the Al-Amanah BMT in Jambi City. Data collection techniques in this study use methods of observation, interviews, and documentation. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the marketing strategy carried out by BMT Al-Amanah in increasing capital and financing distribution, the constraints faced and efforts to overcome these obstacles. This study produces three conclusions, namely: (1) the marketing strategy carried out by BMT Al-Amanah Jambi City in increasing capital and financing distribution is by determining the market segmentation of products and services, conducting marketing activities in accordance with the target market, as well as positioning and mixing concepts. marketing; (2) the constraints faced include the lack of human resources who are competent in their fields, the source of funds as limited capital, and the existence of tight competition with other financial institutions. (3) efforts made to overcome obstacles are by improving the quality of human resources, continuing to strive to be able to increase the number of customers, and increase capital and financing distribution through promotion and introducing the BMT financial system to the wider community.
El isomorfismo epistémico como respuesta al argumento por el error
Authors: Laera Rodrigo
Published: January 2020

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en presentar una respuesta al argumento por el error basada en el isomorfismo epistémico, donde la estructura explicativa que constituye nuestras creencias es similar tanto en el caso de que vivamos en el mundo real como en el caso que seamos, por ejemplo, cerebros en un cubeta. En una primera parte se plantean los problemas que suscita el argumento por el error (par., 2-4), mientras que, en una segunda parte (par., 5 y 6), se modifica el argumento de manera que se puedan eludir los problemas anteriores y se expone la respuesta isomórfica. Finalmente, se concluye que, dado el isomorfismo, optar por la posibilidad del mundo real o la posibilidad escéptica no tiene relevancia epistémica.
El conocimiento relacional del singular en Ernst Cassirer
Authors: Esparza Gustavo
Published: January 2020

Este documento profundiza en la propuesta de solución sobre el conocimiento del singular desarrollado por Ernst Cassirer. El problema plantea que la relación entre lo particular y lo general se concibe ya en los primeros estudios del autor hasta cristalizar en su propuesta de intercambiar los conceptos sustantivos por conceptos funcionales. Este intercambio metodológico permitirá al neokantiano fundamentar, eventualmente, (1) la Philosophie der Symbolischen Formen como cosmovisión que concibe a la cultura como criterio universal de sentido de todas las acciones del ser humano y (2) al símbolo como unidad funcional armónica entre el singular y el universal.
Recontextualización de la política de gestión en escuelas indígenas de tiempo completo en Baja California
Authors: Castañeda-Sánchez Cristian Ernesto , Tinajero Villavicencio Guadalupe
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo reporta un estudio sobre el modelo de gestión escolar en cinco escuelas primarias públicas indígenas adscritas al Programa Escuelas de Tiempo Completo (PETC) en el estado de Baja California, México desde la propuesta teórica de los procesos de recontextualización empleada por Stephen Ball. El propósito fue inferir los procesos de interpretación y traducción en la puesta en práctica del modelo de gestión del PETC por parte de diferentes actores educativos (supervisora, directores y docentes). Desde una perspectiva cualitativa, se realizaron observaciones en las escuelas y se recabaron entrevistas semiestructuradas. Para el análisis de éstas, utilizamos el análisis de enunciados en primera persona propuesto por James Paul Gee. La finalidad fue identificar las posturas ante los bienes sociales en el discurso de los interlocutores en cuanto al trabajo escolar cotidiano. En los resultados se destacan las restricciones del contexto bajo las cuales el PETC es puesto en práctica, así como las acciones que los agentes educativos llevan a cabo para cumplir con las demandas del programa, además de las funciones que realizan de forma cotidiana. De este modo, el programa y sus elementos genéricos se recontextualizan en un contexto marcado por una desigualdad y marginación históricas.
State English learner education policy: A conceptual framework to guide comprehensive policy action
Authors: Umansky Ilana M. , Porter Lorna
Published: January 2020

Given the role of the state as the primary governing level tasked with U.S. public education, combined with the rapid rise in the proportion of students who are identified as English learners (ELs), this manuscript puts forth a framework for state EL education policy. The framework is organized around three core principles of understanding students, providing high quality instruction, and supporting effective systems. Drawing on recent decades of policy research, the framework identifies nine key areas for comprehensive state policy action: (1) addressing diversity in EL skills and needs, (2) EL assessment, (3) classification and reclassification, (4) core content access, (5) English language development instruction, (6) bilingual education, (7) EL funding, (8) teacher preparation and skills, and (9) pre-K through postsecondary alignment. Along with synthesizing policy research in each of the nine areas, we present relevant policy implications. We outline how this framework can be used – and adapted – by policymakers and scholars to examine state EL education policy contexts and to guide future research and policymaking.
Dual language programs: Questions of access in the state of Arizona
Authors: Gomez Laura M. , Cisneros Jesus
Published: January 2020

Public schools across the country are increasingly working with children who enter schools speaking a language other than English. Using a case study methodology, the authors examined Dual Language Program (DLP) implementation in Arizona, which by law supports English-only education. Several benefits (bilingualism, bi-literacy, biculturalism, globalization) and challenges (curriculum, teachers, state policy, funding, and lack of access to DLPs for minority language students) are highlighted from stakeholder perspectives. Participants in this study described the paradox of excluding ELLs from dual language programs as inefficient, unnecessary, and wrong. Taking Interest Convergence as a theoretical framework to understand the Arizona context regarding English-only education, this study raises implications for research and practice.
Facilitating student engagement through educational technology in higher education: A systematic review in the field of arts and humanities
Authors: Bedenlier Svenja , Bond Melissa , Buntins Katja , Zawacki-Richter Olaf , Kerres Michael
Published: January 2020

Understanding how educational technology can enhance student engagement is becoming increasingly necessary in higher education, and particularly so in arts and humanities, given the communicative nature of courses. This narrative systematic review synthesises 42 peer-reviewed arts and humanities articles published between 2007-2016, indexed in four international databases. The results indicate that the majority of research has been undertaken in language learning, predominantly in East Asian countries, with limited grounding of research in theory. This review found that educational technology supports student engagement, with behavioural engagement by far the most prevalent dimension. Affective engagement was the lowest observed dimension, with affective disengagement the most prevalent negative dimension. Blogs, mobile learning, and assessment tools were the most effective at promoting engagement. However, caution and education in how to use technology are needed, as any use not underpinned by effective and informed pedagogy can also lead to students feeling overwhelmed and disengaging from learning. Further research is needed on online collaboration, as well as international courses that offer cross-cultural opportunities for language use, and the increased use of qualitative methods is also advised.
Ocena sprawności polskiego powojennego wymiaru sprawiedliwości w osądzaniu zbrodni prawa międzynarodowego na przykładzie prac wykonanych przez Główną Komisję Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce na terenie obozu karno-śledczego w Żabikowie i wykorzystaniu ich w procesie Arthura Greisera
Authors: Mielcarek Tomasz
Published: January 2020

Artykuł stanowi ocenę fragmentu działalności polskiego wymiaru sprawiedliwości, bezpośrednio po II wojnie światowej, związanej z osądzaniem zbrodni prawa międzynarodowego. Celem pracy, jest wykazanie czy nowym polskim władzom, budującym zręby państwa socjalistycznego, udało się stworzyć sprawnie działający system ścigania i sądzenia zbrodniarzy nazistowskich. By odpowiedzieć na tak zakreśloną tezę, w artykule ukazana jest działalność części składowych ukształtowanego systemu, w którego skład weszły: Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce, Wojskowa Misja Badania Zbrodni Wojennych w Europie, a także Najwyższy Trybunał Narodowy, na przykładzie badania zbrodni popełnionych w obozie karno-śledczym w Żabikowie i związany z tym proces Arthura Greisera. Efektem przeprowadzonych badań jest pozytywna ocena funkcjonowania wymiaru sprawiedliwości, w kwestii ścigania i sądzenia zbrodniarzy prawa międzynarodowego. Artykuł podejmuje problematykę, która doczekała się znaczących publikacji jedynie w okresie PRL. Podjęcie tego tematu ze współczesnej perspektywy, wydaje się zasadne i potrzebne. Ponadto udzielenie odpowiedzi na tezę zawartą w temacie, oparte o konkretny przykład zbrodni popełnionych w obozie karno-śledczym w Żabikowie, pozwoliło na ujawnienie niepublikowanych dotąd dokumentów, wytworzonych przez Główną Komisję Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce.
Recepcja myśli Carla Schmitta w USA po 1945 r.
Authors: Engelking Wojciech
Published: January 2020

Wielu badaczy wskazuje na schmittiańskie inspiracje we współczesnej polityce Stanów Zjednoczonych. Jest to o tyle paradoksalne, że sam Carl Schmitt uznawał USA za państwo, którego system polityczny nie jest najlepiej przygotowany na przyjęcie filozofii decyzjonistycznej, pierwsze prace na jej temat w Stanach Zjednoczonych, również nie były zbyt życzliwe. W artykule omówiono, używając teorii wędrujących konceptów autorstwa niderlandzkiej badaczki Mieke Bal, w jaki sposób idee Carla Schmitta trafiły do USA. Wskazano na przeniesienie ich na grunt amerykański przez Hansa Morgenthau (który zastosował teorię Schmitta do stosunków międzynarodowych), Leo Straussa (który dokonał translacji jego politycznej teologii na polityczną filozofię) i myślicieli lewicowych skupionych wokół pisma „Telos”, którzy przeczytali Schmitta wbrew Schmittowi.
„Wielki wstrząs” – nowe media a kapitał społeczny – pomnażanie czy drenaż? Konieczność wzmacniania merytorycznej i personalistycznej edukacji medialnej dla budowania kapitału społecznego
Authors: Miąso Janusz
Published: January 2020

Many eminent experts emphasize the unprecedented scale of current social transformations, which is why such terms as „Great shock” – Fukuyama, „Future shock” – Toffler, „Endangered humanity, anthropological regression” – Szmyd appear. Zbyszko Melosik emphasizes the huge scale of culture transformation, in virtually every dimension of individual and social life. The dynamics of change, however, is primarily new media, which Marshall McLuhan made the force that makes nothing remain unchanged. At the same time, however, man remains a being in great need of genuine closeness, warmth, kindness, all good things and what we call social capital. That is why, however, care for social capital is so important in the climate of great shock, mediation and a huge scale of transformation. Personalist media pedagogy is a concern for man – a person in the space of new media, so that the media can multiply the priceless real social capital.
Reduction of entrepreneurial risk as the purpose of legislative initiatives: research results
Authors: Chmielnicki Paweł , Ingot-Brzęk Elżbieta , Styn Igor
Published: January 2020

Artykuł dotyczy problemu długookresowych tendencji zachodzących w procesie stanowienia prawa w Polsce. Teoretycznym uzasadnieniem występowania takich tendencji jest założenie, że człowiek zwykle działa zgodnie z gotowymi schematami, zaakceptowanymi przez zbiorowość, które obejmują normy (reguły) należące do trzech podstawowych kategorii: (1) reguły dotyczące zdobywania dóbr za pomocą wymiany towarowo-pieniężnej, (2) reguły odnoszące się do pozyskiwania dóbr poprzez powołanie się na uprawnienia wynikające z przynależności do zbiorowości oraz (3) normy prawne, których rolą jest ochrona i upowszechnienie reguł należących do dwóch pierwszych kategorii. W rezultacie popyt na sposoby zaspokajania potrzeb determinowany określonymi regułami zwiększa podaż norm prawnych związanych z określonym zagadnieniem społeczno-gospodarczym. Skutkuje to pojawianiem się tendencji długookresowych w tworzeniu źródeł prawa, które można badać metodami empirycznymi, przedstawionymi w niniejszym artykule. W opracowaniu prezentowane są wyniki analiz dotyczących jednego z pytań badawczych, odnoszącego się do ważnego problemu społeczeństwa i gospodarki, jakim jest kwestia, czy regulacja ułatwia ocenę szans na osiągnięcie zakładanego celu gospodarczego, czy służy wzmacnianiu poczucia pewności obrotu gospodarczego, zmniejszeniu ryzyka niepowodzenia w działalności gospodarczej. We wnioskach zawarta jest teza, że zmniejszanie ryzyka przedsiębiorcy (przez regulacje bezpośrednie) jako trend w prawodawstwie systematycznie się umacnia. Analiza danych z badań pozwala zauważyć delikatny długoterminowy trend wzrostowy w ustawo-dawstwie, jeśli chodzi o zmniejszanie ryzyka gospodarowania przez przedsiębiorcę (w postaci regulacji bezpośrednio dotyczących tej tematyki). Można zauważyć, iż polski ustawodawca – w ujęciu długookresowym – kładzie duży, rosnący nacisk na tworzenie warunków do zmniejszania ryzyka obrotu gospodarczego.
Academic degrees in the Polish People’s Republic. Part 1. Lower academic degrees
Authors: Wojtczak Krystyna
Published: January 2020

In the period researched in this article (1947–1990) the principles of awarding academic degrees were far from stable (or uniform). What is more, difference between individual degrees were of multiple character. In the initial years shortly after the Polish People’s Republic was formed, a lower academic degree was award ed to every higher school graduate. From 1951on this term referred to degrees awarded to science candidates, and as of 1958 to a degree of a doctor. Secondly, the requirements needed to be satisﬁed in order to qualify for individual degrees differed and were changing. Thirdly, on and off there were instances where ex emptions were made from the generally binding principles governing awarding of academic degrees, especially in the case of a science candidate and a doctor. Those exemptions, or exceptional treatment, was justiﬁed by a reference to an exceptional case. Fourthly, lower academic degrees could not always be obtained in every discipline, and the list of the discipline that qualiﬁed candidates for a degree was neither closed nor stable. Fifthly, the rights granted to scientiﬁc councils of institutions of higher education, and later to scientiﬁc councils of units operating within the Polish Academy of Sciences as well, were also changing, mostly to meet the conditions and requirements which those unites were obliged to fulﬁl. Sixthly, depending on the role and position of other bodies or organs involved in the process (the minister competent for schools of higher education, the Main Council of Higher Education, or the Central Qualiﬁcations Committee) their say and role was also changing. For the sake of a certain simpliﬁcation, it may be stated that solutions adopted as a result of the reforms of 1947 and 1951were comparable, while those implemented in subsequent years, particularly by acts on higher education of 1958, 1982 and 1985 and the act of 1965 on academic degrees and scientiﬁc titles as later amended, differed considerably from earlier solutions. The assessment, from a legal point of view, of the conditions of awarding lower academic degrees in the period researched would, however, have been incom- plete if the organisation of doctoral studies as well as the manner of their delivery leading to the preparation and submission of a doctoral dissertation by a degree candidate, had been examined as well. This issue will be the subject of the second part of this article.
Elektroniczne budżety obywatelskie w największych miastach Polski
Authors: Matusiak Justyna
Published: January 2020

Electronic participatory budgeting is becoming an important element of social consultations. The legal ground for its operation at the municipal level is provided in Article 5a of the Act of municipal self-government. The organisation of participatory budgeting is a manifestation of direct democracy that allows citizens to express their approval or disapproval of the actions taken by local authorities. It also reﬂects the level of citizen e-participation in public life. In Poland e-participation is still at a developing stage and therefore needs to be further researched in comparative studies. This article is an attempt to determine whether in the largest cities in Poland e-participation is used in voting on city budgets and if the answer if in the affirmative, which e-tools are available and used, and to what extent. By analysing relevant and applicable legislation, the possibility of electronic ﬁling of projects as well as the number of e-voters have been researched. All budgeting processes taking place in Warszawa, Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław and Poznań since 2015, when the project started, have been examined. Citizen participatory budgeting as such started in Poland in 2011. However, the largest cities continue to encounter difficulties in their proper implementation. Resorting to electronic tools has not helped much, what is more, some municipal bodies, for the sake of least complexity, sometimes resign even from the use of electronic signature. If this is the case, a question may be asked about the reason for such poor e-participation of Polish citizens in this one of the few anyway, forms of e-participation available in Poland.
O stopniach naukowych w Polsce Ludowej. Część 2. Organizacja aspirantury naukowej i studiów doktoranckich
Authors: Wojtczak Krystyna
Published: January 2020

Between 1952–1990 a lower academic degree could be earned in a number of ways, two of which were post graduate studies (aspirantura) and doctoral studies. The organisation of post graduate studies followed the Soviet solution available from 1951. Participants obtained a title of a science candidate. Doctoral studies, implemented in 1958, allowed participants to earn a title of a doctor. The two ways discussed in the paper differed signiﬁcantly but shared a common feature: the solu tions which they implemented served ﬁrstly, to recruit candidates ready to engage in research and academic teaching; secondly, to ensure the social and economic society availability of professionals with qualiﬁcations exceeding the knowledge gained at an institution of higher education; thirdly, to provide institutional scientiﬁc guardianship to doctoral students working on their dissertations; fourthly, to realise the educational programme prepared for doctoral students who were adequately prepared for post graduate studies; and ﬁfthly, to precisely deﬁne the status of scientiﬁc researchers working on scientiﬁc dissertations and to establish the principles upon which they received ﬁnancial and social assistance. In both cases, education leading to a scientiﬁc degree differed in stability. While those regarding aspirantura were largely constant and durable, doctoral studies lacked this durability. The elements which were taken into consideration when examining the latter form of PhD studies included in particular: determination of the purpose of offering doctoral studies, forms in which doctoral studies were conducted (both for employed and non-employed candidates), recruitment and admission requirements, and the conditions in which the course was conducted. The whole process was also found to be subject to the changing scope of rights and duties of doctoral students, their tutors as well as supervisory bodies responsible for doctoral studies.
Charakter prawny wyroków wydawanych przez Krajową Izbę Odwoławczą
Authors: Różowicz Konrad
Published: January 2020

The regulation of the legal nature of an appeal proceeding or a judgment crowning the proceeding is ambiguous and unclear. The National Appeals Chamber which issues a judgment decides upon the validity of a contract, the obligations of the contracting authority, ﬁnancial penalties, and, indirectly, the actions taken by contractors. The inﬂuence of such decisions is of theoretical and practical signiﬁcance and justiﬁes an analysis presented in the paper. Thus the constitutive features of judgments handed down by a public administration body have been analysed and compared with typical forms of law enforcement (judicial decisions of the common courts, decisions issued by arbitration courts and individual administrative decisions). The latter have been given particular attention. The deliberations were based on the position of the doctrine of the law on public procurements, provisions of civil law and administrative law, as well as judicial decisions and judgments issued by the National Appeals Chamber. These were then analysed in the light of normative regulations of the Act on Public Procurements. The analysis revealed a multitude of problems resulting from the adoption by the legislature of atypical forms of action by the National Board of Appeal. The analysis provides the basis for further research aimed to create a coherent system regulating public procurements to ensure its proper functioning and to reduce the possibility of further interpretative problems.
Futsum Abbay, An Evaluation of Disability Human Rights Under the African Re-gional Human Rights System (Ocena przestrzegania praw człowieka względem osób niepełnosprawnych w ramach afrykańskiego systemu ochrony praw człowieka), „African Journal of International and Comparative Law” 2015, vol. 23, iss. 3
Authors: Staniszewska Lucyna
Published: January 2020

Futsum Abbay, An Evaluation of Disability Human Rights Under the African Re-gional Human Rights System (Ocena przestrzegania praw człowieka względem osób niepełnosprawnych w ramach afrykańskiego systemu ochrony praw człowieka), „African Journal of International and Comparative Law” 2015, vol. 23, iss. 3
ŞİRKET BİRLEŞMELERİNDE İNSAN KAYNAKLARI YÖNETİMİNİN ÖNEMİ ve BİR UYGULAMA ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: DENİZ Nevin , BAL TAŞTAN Seçil
Published: January 2020

Temelde sinerji yaratmak ve stratejik etkinlik sağlamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilen şirket birleşmelerinde, finansal ve hukuki konular yanında ağırlıklı olarak, iletişim, kültür, verim düşüklüğü, güvensizlik gibi insan kaynakları ile ilgili sorunların da yaşandığı gözlenmektedir. Dolayısıyla, finansal ve hukuki konular yanında, denklemin insan yönünün, birleşmelerde başarıyı ve başarısızlığı getirebilen anahtar bir unsur olduğu ve insan kaynakları yönetiminin, birleşmelerde kritik bir role sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Şirket birleşmelerinde insan kaynakları yönetiminin önemi ve bir uygulama örneği konulu bu makale çalışması, şirket birleşmelerinin amaçlarının ve birleşmelerde insan kaynakları yönetiminin öneminin belirlenmesine yönelik olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, şirket birleşmelerinde ortaya çıkan insan kaynakları sorunlarını, insan kaynakları yönetiminin bu sorunların çözümündeki rollerini ve önemini araştırmak üzere uygulama örneğini olarak seçilen firmaya, araştırma soruları yöneltilmiş ve elde edilen veriler çalışmanın temel varsayımları çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.