bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Submesoscale Dynamics in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Part I: Regional and Seasonal Characterization and the Role of River Outflow
Authors: Barkan Roy , McWilliams James C. , Shchepetkin Alexander F. , Molemaker M. Jeroen , Renault Lionel , Bracco Annalisa , Choi Jun
Published: July 2017

Realistic, submesoscale-resolving numerical simulations are used to characterize the flow’s statistics and the geography of surface submesoscale currents in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This study examines the role of the Mississippi–Atchafalaya River system in driving submesoscale currents during winter and summer, on and off the shelf, by investigating two sets of statistically equilibrated solutions, with and without river forcing. In this paper, the first of three, the authors analyze vorticity ζ, horizontal divergence δ, and available potential energy to eddy kinetic energy conversion and show that river forcing has an important effect on the spatial distribution and magnitudes of submesoscale currents in both seasons. During winter, solutions without river forcing display an increase in seasonal-mean values of ζ, δ and compared to solutions with river forcing, particularly east of the Mississippi River delta and offshore. On the contrary, during summer, seasonal-mean values are larger in solutions with river forcing throughout the entire region. The river effects can be rationalized in terms of scaling arguments that relate submesoscale current magnitudes to the surface boundary layer depth and lateral buoyancy gradients. River outflow enhances submesoscale currents by increasing lateral buoyancy gradients but suppresses them by decreasing the boundary layer depth. A discussion of the submesoscale-generating mechanisms that in each season may determine whether the enhancement effect overcomes the suppression effect or vice versa is presented. Regional comparisons of horizontal velocity spectra, root-mean-square ζ, root-mean-square δ, and root‐mean‐square across different resolutions show no sign of convergence even at 150-m horizontal resolution. This demonstrates the numerical challenge of modeling the full range of submesoscale currents.
Pristine Nocturnal Convective Initiation: A Climatology and Preliminary Examination of Predictability
Authors: Stelten Sean , Gallus William A.
Published: July 2017

The prediction of convective initiation remains a challenge to forecasters in the Great Plains, especially for elevated events at night. This study examines a subset of 287 likely elevated nocturnal convective initiation events that occurred with little or no direct influence from surface boundaries or preexisting convection over a 4-month period of May–August during the summer of 2015. Events were first classified into one of four types based on apparent formation mechanisms and location relative to any low-level jet. A climatology of each of the four types was performed focusing on general spatial tendencies over a large Great Plains domain and initiation timing trends. Simulations from five convection-allowing models available during the Plains Elevated Convection At Night (PECAN) field campaign, along with four versions of a 4-km Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, were used to examine the predictability of these types of convective initiation. A dual-peak pattern for initiation timing was revealed, with one peak near 0400 UTC and another around 0700 UTC. The times and prominence of each peak shifted depending on the region analyzed. Positive thermal advection by the geostrophic wind was present in the majority of events for three types but not for the type occurring without a low-level jet. Models were more deficient with location than timing for the five PECAN models, with the four 4-km WRF Models showing similar location errors and problems with initiating convection at a lower altitude than observed.
Farmer Interest in and Uses of Climate Forecasts for Florida and the Carolinas: Conditional Perspectives of Extension Personnel
Authors: Templeton Scott R. , Hooper Alan A. , Aldridge Heather D. , Breuer Norman
Published: July 2017

In baseline surveys that were conducted in Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina, extension personnel were asked whether, how, and which farmers would use climate forecasts to manage production and other aspects of their agribusinesses. In making such assessments extensionists use their expertise to account for, the authors assume, net benefits to farmers of the forecasts, given any help that they also expect to provide their clients. Models of conditional probabilities are estimated to show how the assessments depend on the expertise and other characteristics of the extensionist and her clientele. For example, if a person has worked at least 7 years in extension, she is more likely to agree or strongly agree that farmers are interested in using climate forecasts. An extensionist who works with field crop producers is more likely than one who does not to think that a farmer can use climate forecasts to improve planting schedules, harvest planning, crop selection, nutrient management, and land allocation. An extensionist is more likely to assess that farmers who produce particular crops can use climate forecasts to be more successful if she works with them. An extensionist whose clientele’s average farm size exceeds 200 acres is more likely to indicate that a farmer can use climate forecasts to improve irrigation management, harvest planning, and crop selection. In addition to serving as references for future work, these conditional assessments almost always provide more nuanced and useful information than unconditional ones about potential farmer interest in and uses of climate forecasts for the three-state region.
Beyond Incarceration: Criminal Justice Contact and Mental Health
Authors: Sugie Naomi F. , Turney Kristin
Published: July 2017

A growing literature documents deleterious consequences of incarceration for mental health. Although salient, incarceration is only one form of criminal justice contact and, accordingly, focusing on incarceration may mask the extent to which the criminal justice system influences mental health. Using insights from the stress process paradigm, along with nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we examine criminal justice contact—defined as arrest, conviction, and incarceration—and mental health. First, fixed-effects models, which adjust for stable unobserved and time-varying observed characteristics, show that arrest is deleteriously associated with mental health, and arrest accounts for nearly half of the association between incarceration and poor mental health, although certain types of incarceration appear more consequential than others. Second, the associations are similar across race and ethnicity; this, combined with racial/ethnic disparities in contact, indicates that criminal justice interactions exacerbate minority health inequalities. Third, the associations between criminal justice contact, especially arrest and incarceration, and mental health are particularly large among respondents residing in contextually disadvantaged areas during adolescence. Taken together, the results suggest that the consequences of criminal justice contact for mental health have a far greater reach than previously considered.
The Costs of Simplicity: Why Multilevel Models May Benefit from Accounting for Cross-Cluster Differences in the Effects of Controls
Authors: Heisig Jan Paul , Schaeffer Merlin , Giesecke Johannes
Published: July 2017

Context effects, where a characteristic of an upper-level unit or cluster (e.g., a country) affects outcomes and relationships at a lower level (e.g., that of the individual), are a primary object of sociological inquiry. In recent years, sociologists have increasingly analyzed such effects using quantitative multilevel modeling. Our review of multilevel studies in leading sociology journals shows that most assume the effects of lower-level control variables to be invariant across clusters, an assumption that is often implausible. Comparing mixed-effects (random-intercept and slope) models, cluster-robust pooled OLS, and two-step approaches, we find that erroneously assuming invariant coefficients reduces the precision of estimated context effects. Semi-formal reasoning and Monte Carlo simulations indicate that loss of precision is largest when there is pronounced cross-cluster heterogeneity in the magnitude of coefficients, when there are marked compositional differences among clusters, and when the number of clusters is small. Although these findings suggest that practitioners should fit more flexible models, illustrative analyses of European Social Survey data indicate that maximally flexible mixed-effects models do not perform well in real-life settings. We discuss the need to balance parsimony and flexibility, and we demonstrate the encouraging performance of one prominent approach for reducing model complexity.
β-Blockers on Discharge From Acute Atrial Fibrillation Are Associated With Decreased Mortality and Lower Cerebrovascular Accidents in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Abi Khalil Charbel , Zubaid Mohammad , Asaad Nidal , Rashed Wafa A. , Hamad Adel Khalifa , Singh Rajvir , Al Suwaidi Jassim
Published: July 2017

The benefits of β-blockers in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are controversial. The Gulf Survey of Atrial Fibrillation Events was a prospective, multinational, observational registry of consecutive patients with AF recruited from the emergency department (ED). We studied the incidence of 6- and 12-month mortality, hospitalization for HF or AF, and stroke/transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in patients with HFrEF, in relation to β-blockers on discharge from the ED or the subsequent hospital stay. Of the 344 patients with HFrEF and AF in the GULF-SAFE, 177 patients (53%) were discharged on β-blockers. Mortality was lower in those patients compared with the non-β-blockers group at 6 and 12 months (odds ratios [ORs] 0.31, 95% CI [0.16-0.61]; OR 0.30, 95% CI [0.16-0.55]; P = .001 for both, respectively), so was the risk of stroke/TIAs. However, hospitalizations for AF increased in the β-blockers group. Even after adjustment for several risk variables in 2 different models, the beneficial effect of β-blockers on mortality persisted, at the cost of more hospitalization for AF.
Examining Leader–Follower Interactions through the Lens of Chinese Politeness
Authors: Goh Alexis P. I. , Lii Peirchyi
Published: July 2017

This article proposes an exploration of language as a cultural voice in the research of leadership, and the conception that the dyadic relationship between leader and follower can be further looked into semiotically within the discourses of language. In particular, this research hopes to bring into view the plausible relationship between Chinese politeness and leader–follower interactions as well as its impact on followers’ career development. The appropriate (non)usage of second-person pronoun nín ( 您) by followers while interacting with superiors is the exemplar vernacular examined in this article. We engaged 32 eMBA students on the usage of this second-person polite pronoun in official organisation settings. Many agreed that Chinese politeness is both expected and required by interlocutors involved, and it is a form of ‘face-giving’ and an acknowledgement of hierarchical differences. In most Chinese organisations, status and hierarchical positions are specified clearly and must be properly acknowledged as linguistic politeness is both expected and required. The authors hope to raise the possibility that the linguistic and cultural influences, particularly politeness, involved in face-to-face verbal interactions within formal Chinese corporate environment may signal a possible discursive variation in leader–follower communication studies.
Recruiting “Talent”: School Choice and Teacher Hiring in New Orleans
Authors: Jabbar Huriya
Published: July 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine school leaders’ preferences and practices in an environment of widespread decentralization, privatization, and school choice. In New Orleans, such reforms have been enacted citywide since Hurricane Katrina, making it an ideal site to examine what happens when policy makers lift restrictions for school leaders—and remove protections for teachers—related to teacher hiring on a large scale. Research Methods/Approach: In this exploratory study, I analyze qualitative data to examine school leaders’ preferences and practices when recruiting teachers in New Orleans. The data for the study come from 94 interviews with principals, district leaders, and charter network leaders. Findings: School leaders had different conceptions of “talent” and “fit,” and used a variety of strategies to recruit teachers. School districts and charter networks both supported and constrained school leaders’ autonomy and recruitment practices by screening applicants or setting guidelines and criteria. Other intermediary organizations also played a role in shaping the teacher labor market. School choice also posed unique challenges for teacher recruitment. Implications: Overall, expansive choice policies in New Orleans appear to foster flexibility and variation in teacher hiring strategies (although not in salary), as expected in a decentralized system. However, these policies and strategies appear also to have other consequences, including greater instability or “churn,” unpredictability, and a bifurcated teaching force.
A Cross-Cultural Approach to Complicated Grief Reactions Among Togo–Western African Immigrants in Europe
Authors: Kokou-Kpolou Kossigan , Mbassa Menick Daniel , Moukouta Charlemagne S. , Baugnet Lucy , Kpelly Dzodzo E.
Published: July 2017

Many researchers have noted that bereavement is a major stress factor associated with the etiopathogeny of psychological disorders among immigrants, but until now, the grief reactions of these ethnic minorities have not been analyzed. This study aims to examine the impact of the migration trajectory (immigration status and duration) as well as the use of ritual support to cope with grief reactions in the context of migration. Fifty-four migrants and 20 refugees ( N = 74) in France and Belgium were surveyed regarding their experience of mourning a family member. The results showed that complicated grief is associated with the status and duration of immigration. A majority of refugees reported a deterioration of their social life when the duration of their immigration exceeded 10 years. Feeling guilty, dazed or stunned, loneliness, bitterness, numbness, and emptiness made up the spectrum of severe and persistent guilt reactions. Those who took part in bereavement rituals suffered less from feelings of guilt and despondency. Eldest siblings presented a very high rate of complicated grief. These findings were discussed using a psycho-cultural approach; they demonstrated that in the context of migration, grief reactions develop around the principle of debt, based on the parent–child relationship inextricably associated with a feeling of belonging to the ethnic group and collective memory.
Africa’s new cities: The contested future of urbanisation
Authors: van Noorloos Femke , Kloosterboer Marjan
Published: July 2017

New private property investments in Africa’s cities are on the rise, and they often take the form of entirely new cities built up from scratch as comprehensively planned self-contained enclaves. As these new city-making trajectories are expanding and empirical research is emerging, there is a need to provide more conceptual clarity. We systematically examine the diversity of new cities in Africa; elicit their financial trajectories; and set an agenda for critically examining their actual and expected implications, by learning transnational lessons from debates on gated communities, peri-urban land governance and displacement, and older waves of new city building. Although most new cities are private-led projects, they are inserted into diverse and dynamic political economies with states ranging from developmentalist to neoliberal to absent. The consumptive and supply-driven character of many projects so far (resembling gated communities for middle and higher classes), their insertion into ‘rurban’ spaces with complex land governance arrangements, and their tendency to implement post-democratic private-sector-driven governance will make them at best unsuitable for solving Africa’s urban problems, and at worst they will increase expulsions and enclosures of the poor, public funding injustice and socio-spatial segregation and fragmentation.
Urban data and definitions in sub-Saharan Africa: Mismatches between the pace of urbanisation and employment and livelihood change
Authors: Potts Deborah
Published: July 2017

Differing definitions of ‘urban’ settlements can make comparative analysis of trends in urbanisation difficult. Definitions used by many African countries include small settlements which may not exhibit the degree of labour specialisation away from agriculture that economic theories about urbanisation presume. This may mean there is a mismatch if urban data are presumed by decision-makers to be proxies for structural economic transformation. After examining these definitional issues this paper provides five illustrative African case studies based on detailed analysis of census and agricultural employment data. It finds that for Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Mali in situ urbanisation of settlements at the bottom of the urban hierarchy has played a significant part in recent urbanisation processes. In Rwanda complex boundary changes have also contributed to a very significant redefinition of previously rural people as ‘urban’ yet overall the urbanisation level did not increase between 2002 and 2012. Significant employment in agriculture is found within small, and some larger, urban centres in all these countries. It is shown that these issues tend to be disregarded in analyses of urban trends for these countries which often present a more positive narrative of urban economic change than the census data support. These examples are contrasted with Botswana, where in situ urbanisation has also occurred but in this case driven by real occupational change. The paper concludes that the impact of definitions on apparent trends in urbanisation in Africa needs to be understood given the significance attached to these trends by policy makers.
Emerging selective regimes in a fragmented authoritarian environment: The ‘three old redevelopment’ policy in Guangzhou, China from 2009 to 2014
Authors: Li Bin , Liu Chaoqun
Published: July 2017

This paper investigates the urban redevelopment process under the ‘three old redevelopment’ policy in Guangzhou, China from 2009 to 2014. It highlights strongly shared interests between stakeholders’ institutions that match the core mechanism of the urban regime approach. The fragmented authoritarianism model is used to explain the origins of such regimes, using concepts such as institutional obstacles and small opportunities. In addition, comparisons are made between three types of places (the ‘three olds’ of towns, factories and village) that experience specific institutional difficulties. Through the ‘three old redevelopment’ policy, selective regimes are emerging in diverse ways to form new informal coalitions and realise potential land values, depending on the place and context in which it is applied. These selectivities can be explained by the analysis of a bias institutional ensemble which privileges some projects and some actors more than others in the ‘three old redevelopment’.
Knowledge circulation in urban geography/urban studies, 1990–2010: Testing the discourse of Anglo-American hegemony through publication and citation patterns
Authors: Kong Lily , Qian Junxi
Published: July 2017

This article approaches the question of Anglo-American hegemony in urban studies by examining publication and citation patterns. The past one or two decades have witnessed critical arguments about how knowledge production in social sciences is characterised by centre–periphery relations, and risks universalising US–American and European knowledge and epistemology. While not much systematic analysis has been done to address the extent to which urban knowledge has been shaped by Anglo-American centrism, it is not difficult to tell that the field is dominated by the Anglophone world in terms of authorship, institutional affiliation, the cities under scrutiny, and the urban theories arising. This article undertakes systematic analysis by collecting papers published between 1990 and 2010, in journals indexed by the categories ‘Geography’ and ‘Urban Studies’ in the ISI Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) database. We develop a series of analyses by examining the sites of knowledge production, contributors, key research interests, and the circulation/impact of works. We also single out research on urban China to explore questions such as the place of research on non-Anglo-American contexts in international forums. In all, this article argues that the dominant position of the Anglophone world in the production and circulation of urban knowledge is clearly discernible. But the Anglophone dominance does not necessarily mean that other research interests and orientations have not found a footing. Instead, we suggest that the growing but still small niche of urban China research presents tremendous opportunities for generating cross-context dialogues. The potential has not been fully delivered, as yet.
The Modes of Participation: A Revised Frame for Identifying and Analyzing Participatory Budgeting Practices
Authors: Miller Steven A. , Hildreth R. W. , Stewart LaShonda M.
Published: July 2017

Participatory budgeting is a democratic process through which citizens make decisions about budgeting. It has received attention in public administration literature. Many scholars apply “participatory budgeting” too broadly. They conflate nominally participatory practices with those that emanated from the Global South and now expand throughout the United States. This article explores various applications of “participatory budgeting.” It also presents a heuristic framework, developed out of the work of Arnstein and Fung, which assists practitioners and researchers in identification and evaluation of participatory processes, including participatory budgeting. This framework is applied to four cases to illustrate determination of participatory budgeting practices.
Quantized H∞ filtering for discrete-time systems over fading channels
Authors: Chen Wei , Zou Yuanyuan , Xiao Nan , Niu Yugang
Published: July 2017

This paper addresses the problem of quantized [Formula: see text] filtering for multi-output discrete-time systems over independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) fading channels and Markov fading channels, respectively. The measurement outputs are quantized by a logarithmic quantizer, and then transmitted to the filter over fading channels. For the i.i.d. fading channels, the stochastic multiplicative noise form is used to model the unreliable communication environment. For the Markov fading channels, a set of Markov channel state processes is introduced to model time-varying fading channels, which characterizes various configurations of the physical communication environment and/or different channel fading amplitudes. The sufficient condition for stochastic stability with a prescribed [Formula: see text] performance is obtained by using a Lyapunov method and matrix decoupling technique. The corresponding filter design casts into a convex optimization problem. Finally, simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.
Improving the quality of service in network-based control systems
Authors: Esbati M , Khanesar M A , Shahzadi A
Published: July 2017

The use of data networks in control loops has received much attention recently due to its flexibility and economical advantages. In addition, mutual network usage has raised new challenges such as delay and data loss. This paper aims to reduce undesired effects of network by reducing the required traffic of the network. An estimation framework for network control system is introduced, in which estimations of local Kalman filter is sent to remote estimator based on the logic decided by a novel fuzzy communication logic. In order to do so, there exist two estimators, a remote estimator which estimates the states of the plant and its local copy that gives the same output. The output of the local estimator is compared with the real states of the system, if the states of the system are estimated with small error, there is no need to send data, hence, the probability of sending data is decreased using a fuzzy decision system. In order to optimize this fuzzy system, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used. The proposed method is applied to control a pair of overhead crane systems with non-linear dynamics. Since the two overhead cranes need to work synchronously and their synchronization is performed over a network, the control of this system lies within the scope of the proposed controller. Simulation results show that the communication load is reduced and the purposed fuzzy communication logic is able to control the non-linear dynamical systems over a network with a sufficient performance.
A Net of Friends: Investigating Friendship by Integrating Attachment Theory and Social Network Analysis
Authors: Gillath Omri , Karantzas Gery C. , Selcuk Emre
Published: July 2017

The current article focuses on attachment style—an individual difference widely studied in the field of close relationships—and its application to the study of social networks. Specifically, we investigated whether attachment style predicts perception and management of social networks. In Study 1, we examined the associations of attachment style with perceptions of network tie strength and multiplexity. In Studies 2a and 2b, we investigated the association between attachment style and network management skills (initiating, maintaining, and dissolving ties) and whether network management skills mediated the associations of attachment style with network tie strength and multiplexity. In Study 3, experimentally enhancing attachment security made people more likely to initiate and less likely to dissolve social ties (for the latter, especially among those high on avoidance or anxiety). As for maintenance, security priming also increased maintenance; however, mainly among people high on attachment anxiety or low on attachment avoidance.
“Cycles of Change”: Slaying the Badger, the Tour de France and Contemporary Documentary Film
Authors: Howley Colin Paul
Published: July 2017

From its origins in 1903 as a parochial national cycle race, the Tour de France is today undeniably among the greatest annual sporting spectacles in the world. Since 1954 it has systematically extended its appeal beyond France’s national borders, regularly staging a grand départ from other European cities. The Tour de France also attracts an estimated 12 million spectators lining the route over the race’s 3-week duration every year, is watched by a reputed 1.5 billion global television audience across more than 188 countries and, therefore, is implicitly involved in a complex production of transnational discourses about sport. This article analyzes the 2014 ESPN documentary Slaying the Badger and proposes a reading which situates the representation of Greg LeMond (the first and, to date, only officially recognized American to win the Tour de France) and his turbulent rivalry with teammate and mentor French cyclist Bernard Hinault within wider social contexts. Focusing on the discourse of “Americanization,” the article also critically examines the meanings of socioeconomic forces that began to transform not only the international composition of the peloton but also the cultural significance of the Tour de France from the 1980s onward.
Shadow Banking after the Crisis: The Dutch Case
Authors: Engelen Ewald
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the case of the post-crisis discursive defence of shadow banking in the Netherlands to argue, first, that there is a need to dust off older elite theories and adapt them to post-democratic conditions where there are no widely shared ‘political formulas’ to secure mass support for elite projects. Second, that temporality should be taken more seriously; it is when stories fail that elite storytelling can be observed in practice. As new ‘political formulas’ are minted and become established, elites can again hope to withdraw from the political scene and leave policy-making to the self-evidence of output legitimacy and/or the perpetuum mobile of There-Is-No-Alternative (TINA). This suggests that elite theory should replace an epochal reading of post-democracy with a more conjunctural one.
A glass ceiling in the online age? Explaining the underrepresentation of women in online political news
Authors: Humprecht Edda , Esser Frank
Published: July 2017

In previous decades, women in Western countries have gained more influence in various social realms. The percentage of females in higher education, the workforce, boards at publicly traded companies and national parliaments has increased. However, substantial underrepresentation of women in political news has remained. To explain the reasons behind this gender imbalance in news content, we conducted a content analysis of different types of online news in six Western countries. In our study, we distinguish among three levels of analysis: (1) the story level (frequency and format), (2) the media organization level (popular vs mass and upmarket outlets) and (3) the societal level. The results indicate that female actors are most frequently covered by popular news outlets and are more likely to be depicted in a photograph. Furthermore, strong determinants of continued gender differences in political news were found at the country level. Specifically, coverage increases in countries where gender equality is progressing in major parts of society.
Functional and structural alterations in the migraine cerebellum
Authors: Mehnert Jan , May Arne
Published: July 2017

The cerebellum plays an important role in pain processing but its function in headache and specifically in migraine is not known. We therefore compared 54 migraineurs with pairwise matched healthy controls in a magnetic resonance imaging study on neuronal cerebellar activity in response to nociceptive trigeminal sensation and also investigated possible structural alterations. Headache frequency, disease duration, and the proximity to a migraine attack were used as co-factors. Migraine patients showed functional and structural alterations in the posterior part of the cerebellum, namely crus I and crus II. Gray matter volume changes were seen on the right side whereas functional changes were ipsilateral to the stimulation, on the left side. Neuronal activity in the crus in response to trigeminal pain was modulated by migraine severity and the migraine phase. As the crus is strongly interconnected to higher cognitive areas in the temporal, frontal, and parietal part of the cortex our results suggest an specific cerebellar involvement in migraine. This is further supported by our finding of decreased connectivity from the crus to the thalamus and higher cortical areas in the patients. We therefore suggest an abnormally decreased inhibitory involvement of the migraine cerebellum on gating and nociceptive evaluation.
The Femininity–Money Incongruity Hypothesis
Authors: Allen Jill , Gervais Sarah J.
Published: July 2017

Women are often stereotyped as poorly equipped to deal with money matters, compared to men, yet very little research has examined the underpinnings and consequences of such gender stereotypes. Drawing on descriptive and prescriptive elements of women’s social roles, we empirically examined the gendered nature of money stereotypes. Specifically in the current work, we introduced and investigated the femininity–money incongruity hypothesis, which suggests that when the concepts of femininity and money are both cognitively activated, money will become a liability for women, causing decrements in cognitive functioning. We first probed the role of gender identity and benevolent sexism beliefs in women’s endorsement of money–gender stereotypes. In two subsequent experiments, we tested the hypothesis that simultaneously activating money and femininity would lead to decrements in cognitive functioning. Converging results across studies suggest that money is incompatible with the stereotypic female gender identity, and this incongruity has detrimental cognitive costs for women as they navigate gender roles. Implications of societal challenges imposed on women by gender stereotypes regarding money matters at work and in relationship contexts and proposed interventions are discussed. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684317718505
Contact Forces Acting on Large Femoral Osteochondral Allografts During Forced Knee Extension
Authors: Du Peter Z. , Markolf Keith L. , Lama Christopher J. , McAllister David R. , Jones Kristofer J.
Published: July 2017

Background:

A single cylindrical graft plug is commonly used for large focal femoral defects during osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation. Excessive contact force (CF) on a proud plug could compromise initial healing. CFs during forced knee extension are of particular interest because this maneuver is used by therapists to restore early postoperative range of motion.

Hypothesis:

A proud OCA plug will significantly increase the CF and significantly decrease the knee extension angle (KEA).

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Eleven human knee specimens had miniature load cells installed in both femoral condyles at standardized locations representative of clinical defects. Each load cell had a 20-mm–diameter cylinder of native bone/cartilage attached at its precise anatomic location. Four spacers, 0.5 mm in thickness, were inserted sequentially between each load cell and its mounting bracket to create proud plug conditions of 0.5 to 2 mm. Measurements of the CF and KEA were recorded at extension moment levels up to 8 N·m.

Results:

At 8 N·m, the mean CFs for flush plugs were 149 ± 18 N (lateral) and 34 ± 13 N (medial). The mean increases in the medial CF (compared with flush) for 0.5-mm, 1-mm, 1.5-mm, and 2-mm proud conditions were 31 N (+91%), 64 N (+188%), 111 N (+325%), and 154 N (+451%), respectively. Corresponding increases for lateral proud plugs were 55 N (+37%), 120 N (+81%), 162 N (+109%), and 210 N (+141%), respectively. The CFs (and CF increases) for lateral grafts were significantly ( P < .05) higher than corresponding values for medial grafts at each proudness condition. Medial plug proudness had no consistent effect on the KEA. A 1-mm proud lateral plug significantly reduced the KEA by −1.6° (0 N·m) and −0.9° (2 N·m).

Conclusion:

Graft proudness of only 0.5 mm significantly increased CFs during forced knee extension, emphasizing the surgical precision necessary to achieve normal CF levels.

Clinical Relevance:

It is believed that some amount of CF is beneficial in the early stages of graft healing, and our findings suggest that forced knee extension may be well suited for this purpose. However, the surgeon should be aware that large extension moments can also generate relatively high CFs, especially if the plug is proud.
College Students and Online Political Expression During the 2016 Election
Authors: Moffett Kenneth W. , Rice Laurie L.
Published: July 2017

While college students traditionally exhibit low levels of political participation and interest in politics, they are more likely to engage in some forms of political expression than their elders. Their greater familiarity with online forms of political expression and engagement potentially lowers their barriers for political involvement. In turn, this potentially draws more young adults into the political process. The authors compare the precursors of expressive forms of online political engagement to those of talking to someone off-line and trying to persuade them to vote for or against a candidate or party among college students. They find that both activities are positively connected with politically oriented activity on social media as well as the frequency with which one reads blogs. They also discover that the mechanisms that explain online political expression are both similar to and different from those that explain off-line attempts at persuasion in several key ways.
Improving Career Decision Self-Efficacy and STEM Self-Efficacy in High School Girls: Evaluation of an Intervention
Authors: Falco Lia D. , Summers Jessica J.
Published: July 2017

This study evaluated whether a career group intervention that incorporates the four sources of self-efficacy and addresses perceived career barriers is effective at improving the career decision self-efficacy and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) self-efficacy for adolescent girls. Of the 88 girls in our study, 42 students were Latina and 46 were White, 40 were freshman, and 48 were sophomores attending the same high school. From this sample, 44 of these girls participated in a 9-week treatment group. Using repeated measures analysis of covariance with ethnicity and grade as covariates, results indicated that, compared with the control group ( n = 44), participants in the treatment group improved significantly on variables of career decision self-efficacy and STEM self-efficacy and increased those gains at 3-month follow-up. The discussion focuses on implications for career counseling, limitations of the study, and future research.
Instrumented Assessment of Physical Activity Is Associated With Muscle Function but Not With Muscle Mass in a General Population
Authors: Rojer Anna G. M. , Reijnierse Esmee M. , Trappenburg Marijke C. , van Lummel Rob C. , Niessen Martijn , van Schooten Kim S. , Pijnappels Mirjam , Meskers Carel G. M. , Maier Andrea B.
Published: July 2017

Objectives: Self-reported physical activity has shown to affect muscle-related parameters. As self-report is likely biased, this study aimed to assess the association between instrumented assessment of physical activity (I-PA) and muscle-related parameters in a general population. Method: Included were 156 young-to-middle-aged and 80 older community-dwelling adults. Seven days of trunk accelerometry (DynaPort MoveMonitor, McRoberts B.V.) quantified daily physical activity (i.e., active/inactive duration, number and mean duration of active/inactive periods, and number of steps per day). Muscle-related parameters included muscle mass, handgrip strength, and gait speed. Results: I-PA was associated with handgrip strength in young-to-middle-aged adults and with gait speed in older adults. I-PA was not associated with muscle mass in either age group. Discussion: The association between I-PA and muscle-related parameters was age dependent. The lack of an association between I-PA and muscle mass indicates the relevance of muscle function rather than muscle mass.
A combination application of tandem blade and endwall boundary layer suction in a highly loaded aspirated compressor outlet vane
Authors: Zhang Longxin , Wang Songtao
Published: July 2017

Aspirated compressor is a promising design concept to enhance the power density of the compression system; however, with regard to the rear stages of multistage aspirated compressor, the blade is fairly thin. Limited by the mechanical constraints, it seems impractical to implement the boundary layer suction on the blade suction surface. So the question arising is can we replace the blade suction surface with other feasible flow control methods without implementing extra device on the blade? To address this issue, a compound flow control method, composed of the endwall boundary layer suction and tandem blade, is proposed. The design philosophy is to utilize the EBLS to suppress the three-dimensional corner stall while to use the tandem blade to control the two-dimensional airfoil flow separation. The endwall boundary layer suction is barely implemented in the forward blade, whereas the corner flow in the rear blade is restrained by the flow through the gap between the forward and rear blades. The preliminary implement strategy of the compound flow control was presented and then applied in the design of a highly loaded aspirated compressor outlet vane. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were carried out to validate its effectiveness with different inlet boundary layer distributions. Both flow fields in the outlet vane and its loss characteristics were analyzed. The results show that, by applying the compound flow control, the outlet vane could not only achieve an aggressive loading without incurring large-scale separation at the design point but also have a considerable available incidence range. Due to the implement of the endwall boundary layer suction, the tandem blade can bring out its full potential in the two-dimensional flow control. Moreover, owing to the flow through the gap of the forward and rear blades, the aspiration flow rate required for the suppression of the three-dimensional corner stall can be reduced.
Contactless multi-touch interactive technology based on adaptive filtering algorithm
Authors: Yu Lei , Dai Guangjun , Fei Shumin
Published: July 2017

In this article, a contactless multi-touch interactive system based on adaptive filtering algorithm has been presented, which uses advanced computer vision technology, combined with an interactive experience technology design. Also, the adaptive filtering method from a series of incomplete noise and the measurement data is utilized to solve the effects on the multimedia presentation system of interference noise generated by the motor running. Based on the horizontal filter and vertical filter combination method together, the accurate positioning coordinates with the positional relationship is established by scanning the data with the laser sensor. The contactless multi-touch interactive system can achieve human natural contactless interaction and make a variety of information dissemination element integrated into a complete contactless type of interactive system. It can pass a new interactive feeling and a new experience in an intuitive, three-dimensional, real-time multiplayer interactive way. Verified by experimental data, the interactive system proposed in this article has the properties of real time and accuracy, which has more precise positioning and smooth interaction and is able to achieve a good multiplayer real-time interaction effect. Therefore, the contactless multi-touch interactive system has a wide range of promotion and economic sense.
Modern pollen–climate relationships in north Xinjiang, northwestern China: Implications for pollen-based reconstruction of Holocene climate
Authors: Li Furong , Zhao Yan , Gaillard Marie-José , Li Huan , Sun Jinghui , Xu Qinghai
Published: July 2017

Fossil pollen records are widely used to reconstruct past climate. Such reconstructions require that the relationships between pollen assemblages, vegetation, and climate are well understood. These can be studied in present circumstances given we assume that modern vegetation and climate are analogous to past ones. In this study, we analyze pollen–vegetation–climate relationships in the Jungar desert and Altay Mountains, northwestern China, a region for which careful reconstruction of past climate is needed to answer unsolved questions on past climate in an area located at the boundary between two different climate regimes (westerlies and monsoon). We use a dataset of 66 surface pollen samples from forest, meadow, steppe, and desert vegetation and six related climate variables, Tann, TJan, TJul, Pann, PJan, and PJul. Principal components analysis, redundancy analysis, Monte Carlo permutation tests, and variation partitioning are applied to quantify these relationships. We also assess pollen ratios as indices of aridity. We find that (1) Pann is the major climatic factor influencing pollen assemblages, followed by PJul, (2) the two variables are not correlated, and (3) the shared effect of (1) PJan and PJul, (2) PJan and Pann, (3) PJul and Tann, and (4) Tann, TJan, and TJul explains a larger portion of the variation in pollen data than the individual effect of each variable. Therefore, robust pollen–climate transfer functions can be developed for Pann and PJul, and several climate variables treated in combination. Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae is a strong index of aridity and Artemisia/Gramineae might be a useful index of Pann and PJul.
Public Retreat and Changing Access to Inpatient Hospital Care in West Bengal
Authors: Mojumdar Sujoy Kumar
Published: July 2017

The post-1991 period in India experienced the implementation of various measures of reform including the social sectors and its effect on both the supply and demand side of the economy. Budgetary allocation in health sector has been reduced. Consequently, it has further reduced the consumers’ purchasing powers of health services and raised the problem of health sector inequity. The present study focuses on the pattern of changes in health care access and how the particular type of population is being adversely affected. The study also examines the distribution of changes in various indicators of access to health care across the various socio-economic groups and the regions over the period from 1986–1987 to 2004–2005. The study revealed that the developed states have recorded higher incidences of hospitalization compared to the poorer states. All kinds of free service facilities have decreased in public hospitals drastically over the period from 1986–1987 to 2004–2005. The high-income states have reported faster decline in access to free medicines and free ward facilities. On the other hand, poorer states have also reported drastic declines in access to free medicine in public hospitals. The demand for public hospital has declined significantly over the period, but the rate of decline is much higher in developed states compared to middle- and low-income states. As far as the figures in West Bengal are concerned, it is noted that the demand for hospitalization has increased among the poor in both the urban and rural areas, whereas it has decreased among the richer section. Access to various free service facilities such as diagnostic test services, X-ray, ECG facilities, free medicine and hospital wards facilities in public hospitals have been reduced drastically across the socio-economic groups in West Bengal. Poor, backward and illiterate households are grossly affected due to the withdrawal of public subsidies. However, access to free surgical operation facilities was less affected compared to other services. On the other hand, the larger towns experience faster exit of public facilities compared to smaller and medium-sized towns. The study also reveals that the households of rural areas are less likely to use private health facilities, but the rate of decline in the use of public facilities seems to be faster in the rural areas compared to medium and larger towns in West Bengal. The study has been organized through both the correlation and cross-tabulation methods using the three rounds of the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) unit record data.