bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust model predictive control of a micro machine tool for tracking a periodic force signal
Authors: Wang Yuzhang , Geng Yanquan , Yan Yongda , Wang Jiqiang , Fang Zhuo
Published: July 2020

The micro machine tool that can produce nanostructures by force modulation approach plays a significant role in nanotechnology. In this paper, to guarantee fast and high‐precision cutting subject to external disturbances and input saturation, a robust model predictive control (MPC) using a tube‐based method is exploited to develop a controller for the machining system consisting of a piezoelectric tube (PZT) actuator, a force sensor and a cutting tool, which updates the state of the art. In particular, the dynamic model of the machining system, with the voltage fed into PZT being input and the cutting force being output, is identified by incorporating the map between the cutting force and the displacement of PZT. Based on the voltage‐force dynamic model, a tube‐based MPC controller that consists of two optimizers is used to make PZT actuator track a desired periodic force signal. Finally, the effectiveness of the MPC method for force signal tracking under different frequencies is validated and advantages over the conventional proportional integral controller are also shown in the presence of the constraints of saturated input and external disturbances via numerical simulations.
Impact of Si and Al on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Lean Medium Manganese Quenching and Partitioning Steels
Authors: Kaar Simone , Krizan Daniel , Schneider Reinhold , Sommitsch Christof
Published: July 2020

Herein, the investigation of the tensile behavior of lean medium Mn Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) steels containing 0.2 wt% C, 4.5 wt% Mn, and additions of 1.5 wt% Si or 1.3 wt% Al is concentrated upon. By the variation of the quenching temperature (TQ), different volume fractions of primary martensite (α′prim) are adjusted, influencing the subsequent microstructural evolution during Q&P processing. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the final microstructure consisting of tempered martensite (α″), retained austenite (RA), partially bainitic ferrite (αB), and final martensite (α′final) is characterized. Furthermore, interrupted tensile tests at gradually increased strains are conducted to investigate the stability of RA against strain‐induced martensite transformation (SIMT) and overall tensile behavior of lean medium Mn Q&P steels. The investigations manifest the formation of larger amounts of αB and consequently lower RA contents, when Si is substituted by Al. As an aftermath, the tendency to form α′final is significantly lower, compared with the Si‐alloyed composition, reflected in the overall stress–strain behavior. Especially in case of the Si‐alloyed samples containing RA fractions exceeding 15 vol%, an over‐accelerated SIMT is observed, inducing failures occurring prior to necking, whereas for the Al‐alloyed samples, a wider process window is obtained.
Effect of Strain on Strain‐Induced Precipitation Behavior of MnS in 3% Si Steel
Authors: An Feng-Hui , Zhang De-Qin , Feng Peter
Published: July 2020

Hot compression tests of 3% Si steel with a true strain range of 0.02–0.92 at a strain rate of 1 s−1and a temperature of 1173 K, based on the Gleeble‐1500 thermo–mechanical simulator, are conducted. The effect of strain on the strain‐induced precipitation behavior of MnS is investigated via cold field‐emission ultrahigh resolution scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental results obtained indicate that the volume density of MnS precipitates increases, whereas the mean diameter of MnS precipitates decreases with the increase in strain during the transient deformation stage. However, during the steady deformation stage, these parameters remain nearly constant. The precipitation behavior of MnS during the transient deformation stage is attributed to the increase in dislocation density with the increase in strain. More dislocations create a larger number of nucleation sites, which, in turn, increase the nucleation rate. At the same time, a model about static recovery affecting the dislocation density in the matrix after deformation is also proposed to elucidate the mechanism of the evolution of MnS in the aging process.
Critical Assessment of the Applicability of the Foaming Index to the Industrial Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Process
Authors: De Vos Lotte , Cnockaert Vincent , Bellemans Inge , Vercruyssen Carina , Verbeken Kim
Published: July 2020

The goal of this work is to assess the applicability of the concept of a “slag foaming index” on industrial data. For this purpose, process data from the steel plant of ArcelorMittal Ghent are used. An acoustic measurement is used to identify the heats with high levels of slag foaming. A model based on process data is developed to estimate the slag's composition during the converter process. The results of this model, together with industrial data on the slag's end composition, are used as input to calculate the slag's viscosity, density, and surface tension. Subsequently, the calculated foaming indices are compared with the acoustic measurements from industry. No distinct link between the calculated foaming index and the slopping behavior of the industrial slag is observed. Furthermore, it is observed that the slag's viscosity is the dominant parameter in the foaming index for the industrial slags. In conclusion, it seems that the calculated foaming index cannot be used as a tool to identify foamy slags within the considered industrial context.
Quantification of Synthetic Nonmetallic Inclusion Multiphase Mixtures from a CaO–Al2O3–MgO–CaS System Using Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Gyakwaa Francis , Aula Matti , Alatarvas Tuomas , Shu Qifeng , Huttula Marko , Fabritius Timo
Published: July 2020

Raman spectroscopy has features such as its relatively easy sample preparation. Therefore, its application plays a role in nonmetallic inclusion studies. Herein, use of Raman spectroscopy to quantify multiphase synthetic inclusion mixtures consisting of C12A7, CA, C3A, CaS, and MgO.Al2O3 is assessed. Partial least squares (PLS) regression is used to obtain a calibration model, and enhancement of the model performance is done using standard normal variate (SNV). From the calibration model, the root mean standard error (RMSE) in cross‐validation (RMSECV) values range between 3.82 and 6.13 wt%, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) is within 2.0–4.04 wt%, and the R2 value is between 0.93 and 0.99 for estimating the phases based on SNV Raman data. The raw Raman spectra data have RMSECV values between 9.83 and 16.46 wt%, the RMSEP ranges between 9.41 and 15.33 wt%, and R2 is estimated within 0.71–0.95. The PLS regression has a satisfactory prediction performance with a high range error ratio (RER) and ratio of prediction‐to‐deviation (RPD) values for SNV Raman data. Herein, the use of Raman spectroscopy and a calibration model to quantify the specific phase in a multiphase synthetic inclusion mixture in CaO–Al2O3–MgO–CaS system are demonstrated.
Functional dosing of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles for the prevention of acute graft-versus-host-disease
Authors: Dal Collo Giada , Adamo Annalisa , Gatti Alessandro , Tamellini Edoardo , Bazzoni Riccardo , Takam Kamga Paul , Tecchio Cristina , Quaglia Francesca Maria , Krampera Mauro
Published: July 2020

Graft-vs-host-disease (GvHD) is currently the main complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Mortality and morbidity rates are particularly high, especially in steroid-refractory acute GvHD (aGvHD). Immune regulatory human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hMB-MSCs) represent a therapeutic approach to address this issue. Unfortunately, their effect is hardly predictable in vivo due to several variables, that is, MSC tissue origin, concentration, dose number, administration route and timing, and inflammatory status of the recipient. Interestingly, human bone marrow MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (hBM-MSC-EVs) display many of the hBM-MSC immunoregulatory properties due to their content in paracrine factors that greatly varies according to the collection method. In this study, we focused on the immunological characterization of hBM-MSC-EVs on their capability of inducing regulatory T-cells (T-regs) both in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model of aGvHD. We correlated these data with the aGvHD incidence and degree following hBM-MSC-EV intravenous administration. Thus, we first quantified the EV immunomodulation in vitro in terms of EV immunomodulatory functional unit (EV-IFU), that is, the lowest concentration of EVs leading in vitro to at least threefold increase of the T-regs compared with controls. Second, we established the EV therapeutic dose in vivo (EV-TD) corresponding to 10-fold the in vitro EV-IFU. According to this approach, we observed a significant improvement of both mouse survival and control of aGvHD onset and progression. This study confirms that EVs may represent an alternative to whole MSCs for aGvHD prevention, once the effective dose is reproducibly identified according to EV-IFU and EV-TD definition.
Left/right entanglement and thermalization of time dependent plane wave Green-Schwarz superstring
Authors: Marchioro Dáfni F.Z. , Nedel Daniel Luiz
Published: July 2020

Abstract

In this work we study new issues involving the type IIB superstring in a time dependent plane wave background with a constant self-dual Ramond-Ramond 5-form and a linear dilaton in the light-like direction. We construct a unitary Bogoliubov generator which relates the asymptotically flat superstring Hilbert space to the finite time Hilbert space. The time dependent vacuum is a superposition of SU(1, 1) × SU(2) coherent states, which has a particular structure of excitation, characterized by a condensation of right and left moving supertring modes. We calculate the time dependent left/right entanglement entropy and carry out the summation over the oscillator modes of the superstring two-point function. We show that, close to the null singularity, the entanglement entropy is well- behaved. In particular, for asymptotically flat observers, the closed superstring vacuum close to the singularity appears as superstring thermal vacuum, which is unitarily inequivalent to the asymptotically flat vacuum. Actually, we show that close to the singularity the superstring thermalizes and the entanglement entropy becomes a thermodynamical entropy for a supersymmetric two-dimensional gas.
Grinding of transformation-toughened mixed oxide ceramic
Authors: Denkena Berend , Krödel Alexander , Wippermann Andi , Wolters Philipp
Published: July 2020

During the manufacturing of ceramic components, grinding is an important manufacturing step. It influences the workpiece quality and the operational reliability. Thermomechanical loads during grinding can influence the lifetime and operational reliability of ceramics by modifying their bending strength and subsurface properties. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the influence of the grinding forces and mechanical loads on the strength of the ceramics in order to design a suitable grinding process. In this investigation, a quick-stop device is used to interrupt the grinding process of the newly developed mixed oxide ceramic SHYTZ (strontium hexaaluminate/yttria-toughened zirconia) and the market-established ceramic ATZ (alumina-toughened zirconia). Subsequently, an analysis of the occurring material removal phenomena, the number of active abrasive grains, and the real thermomechanical loads is carried out. It was found that the number of active grains and the material removal phenomena are influenced by the tool specifications. Besides that, the experimentally determined number of active grains was found to be up to 14 times higher than predicted by an analytical model given in literature. Consequently, the calculated single grain chip thickness was found to be up to 12.1% lower than analytically predicted. The investigation of the process forces and thermal loads showed up to 52% higher loads for ATZ than for SHYTZ. The subsequent analysis of the resulting bending strength of the ceramics revealed a lower influence of the grinding process on the strength of SHYTZ than for ATZ. Furthermore, a correlation between the used tool bonding and the resulting thermomechanical loads, bending strength, and residual stresses could be observed.
Surveillance and habitat diversity affect European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) density in protected breeding areas
Authors: Canova Luca , Gazzola Andrea , Pollini Lorenzo , Balestrieri Alessandro
Published: July 2020

The European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) is an important game species throughout Europe. In Italy, for preventing the introduction of allochthonous strains, the management of brown hare populations has focused on the establishment of small protected areas (ZRCs), appositely managed for disposing of wild-born hares for restocking hunting territories. We investigated the effects of both land cover and surveillance on hare density and habitat preferences in 20 ZRCs, monitored twice per year (pre- and post-breeding periods) between 1997 and 2017. Density, as assessed by spotlight counts, ranged between 2.8 and 47.0 ind/km2 in spring and 5.0 and 68.4 ind/km2 in autumn. Surveillance, percent length of protected boundaries, year of institution and habitat diversity, as assessed by Shannon’s Index, were the main factors affecting hare density. During their foraging activity, hares selected ryegrass, hayfields and lucerne, while avoided maize stubble and ploughed fields and were never recorded in poplar plantations or next to human settlements. While the effects of habitat heterogeneity on hare density have been widely studied, we suggest that the involvement of local stakeholders may be of paramount importance for ensuring effective conservation measures.
Supporting Adults with Intellectual Disabilities with Relationships and Sex: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Research with Staff
Authors: Charitou Maria , Quayle Ethel , Sutherland Alan
Published: July 2020

Staff working with individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) play an important role in enabling them to fulfill their sexual and romantic needs. Given the lack of recent reviews providing a synthesis of qualitative research in this population, the present review explored how staff working with individuals with ID in a variety of capacities (e.g. support workers, service managers, nurses, educators, psychologists, social workers) perceived their role in relation to supporting sexuality and relationships. A systematic search of EMBASE, PsychINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL, ASSIA and SCOPUS was carried out and identified articles were rated against inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as quality criteria. Findings were analyzed using thematic synthesis. The application of criteria resulted in the inclusion of 15 articles. Four themes were identified: (a) “Attitudes towards sexuality and relationships: A right and a challenge”, (b) “Responding to sexuality and relationships: A conflicted discourse”, (c) “Uncertainty and lack of systemic support”, and (d) “Influences on decision-making”. Findings suggest that staff hold ambivalent attitudes and often respond inconsistently to issues relating to service users’ sexuality. Role uncertainty, fear of accountability, lack of training and policy, as well as factors related to employing organizations and family caregivers were identified as barriers. The findings highlight the importance of providing training and supervision for staff in order to address ambivalent attitudes and anxieties, further developing national and local policy in relation to sexuality and relationships, and supporting family caregivers to meaningfully work alongside staff on issues relating to service users’ sexuality.
Critical review of recent development in fiber reinforced adobe bricks for sustainable construction
Authors: Salih Mahgoub M. , Osofero Adelaja I. , Imbabi Mohammed S.
Published: July 2020

This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of research on the utilization of fibers (predominantly derived from waste materials) as reinforcement in adobe brick production. Recycling of these wastes provides sustainable construction materials and helps to protect the environment. Specimen preparation and test procedures are outlined. The effects of addition of these wastes on the physical and mechanical properties of adobe bricks as presented in the literature, are investigated. The main results for each additive are presented and discussed. It is concluded that improved adobe brick properties can be expected with the addition of combination of waste additives. The use of waste materials in the construction industry is generally of interest and useful for engineers and designers seeking sustainable solutions in construction. It is also of interest to researchers actively seeking to develop methodical approaches to quantifying, optimising and testing the performance in use of such waste material additives.
Identifying early stages of reindeer domestication in the archaeological record: a 3D morphological investigation on forelimb bones of modern populations from Fennoscandia
Authors: Pelletier Maxime , Kotiaho Antti , Niinimäki Sirpa , Salmi Anna-Kaisa
Published: July 2020

Reindeer herding probably developed during the Late Iron Age onwards and is still an important part of the subsistence and culture of many peoples in northern Eurasia. However, despite the importance of this husbandry in the history of these Arctic people, the period and place of the origin as well as the spread of domestic reindeer is still highly debated. Besides the existence of different breeding methods in these territories, identifying domesticated individuals in the archaeological record is complicated because reindeers are considered to still be in the early phases of the domestication process. Indeed, the traditional morphological markers used in zooarchaeology to decipher the domestication syndrome are hardly perceptible in these early stages. In this work, we propose solutions for identifying domestic reindeer bones using 3D geometric morphometrics on isolated elements from the long bones of the forelimb (i.e. humerus, radio-ulna and metacarpal). These bones are important to understand both the feeding behaviour and the mobility of reindeer, and the potential effect of load-carrying or draught in the case of domestic reindeer. We analysed 123 modern specimens from Fennoscandia, including the two interbreeding subspecies currently present in these territories: mountain reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and forest reindeer (R.t. fennicus); and where the sex and the lifestyle were known (i.e. free-ranging, racing or draught and captive individuals). A good level of discrimination between the size and shape variables of the bones of the forelimb was found among both subspecies and sexes. Moreover, individuals bred in captivity had smaller bone elements and a thinner and more slender morphology than free-ranging individuals. This demonstrates that the long bones of the forelimb can provide information on changes in feeding and locomotor behaviour prompted by the domestication process, like control and/or reduction of mobility and food of individual reindeer by humans. This also demonstrates that analysis in 3D geometric morphometrics is useful in detecting reindeer incipient domestication markers. Our results can be used by archaeologists to trace the early stages of domestication from fossil reindeer remains, and aid in reconstructing the socio-economic changes of past Arctic populations over time.
Acceptance Towards LGB Persons Is an Independent Protective Factor Against Suicide on a Country Level
Authors: Stuke Heiner , Heinz Andreas , Bermpohl Felix
Published: July 2020

Background

Sexual minorities such as lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people have an increased risk for suicide, whose reasons are not sufficiently understood. We aimed to test if differences in LGB acceptance explain variations in general suicide rates on a country level.

Methods

We used linear regression models to explain the variation in age-standardized suicide rates in 34 OECD countries based on LGB acceptance, which was recently assessed in large international surveys polling the general population about their attitude towards homosexuality. We included economic and sociological variables, which have been shown to be related to suicide rates in previous work, as covariates. We then used backward elimination, leave-one-out cross-validation, and the Bayesian information criterion to identify best-fitting models (i.e., to select relevant predictors).

Results

All employed model selection methods favored a 4-predictor model, where higher LGB acceptance, fertility rate, religiosity, and unemployment rate were significantly related to lower suicide rates. Suicide rates were well explained by this sparse model (R2 adjusted = 0.442). In the full model with all predictors, as well as in the selected four-predictor model, higher LGB acceptance was significantly related to lower suicide rates.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that low LGB acceptance, as measured by international surveys, might be a risk factor for suicide.
Writing for Local Government Schools: Authors and Themes in Song-dynasty School Inscriptions
Authors: Chen Song
Published: July 2020

A hallmark of the Song dynasty's achievements was the creation of a national network of state-sponsored local schools. This engendered an exponential growth of commemorative inscriptions dedicated to local government schools. Many authors used these inscriptions as an avenue to expound and disseminate their visions of schools and education. Using the methods of network analysis and document clustering, this article analyzes all the inscriptions extant from Song times for local government schools. It reveals a structural schism in the diffusion of ideas between the Upper Yangzi and other regions of the Song. It also demonstrates the growing intellectual influence of Neo-Confucian ideologues that gradually overtook that of renowned prose-writers. Methodologically, this article provides an example of how diverse digital methods enable us to handle a large body of texts from multiple perspectives and invite us to explore connections we might not have otherwise thought of.
The GLEAMing of the first supermassive black holes
Authors: Drouart Guillaume , Seymour Nick , Galvin Tim J. , Afonso Jose , Callingham Joseph R. , De Breuck Carlos , Johnston-Hollitt Melanie , Kapińska Anna D. , Lehnert Matthew D. , Vernet Joël
Published: July 2020

We present the results of a new selection technique to identify powerful ($L_{\rm 500\,MHz} \gt 10^{27}\,\text{WHz}^{-1}$) radio galaxies towards the end of the Epoch of Reionisation. Our method is based on the selection of bright radio sources showing radio spectral curvature at the lowest frequency (${\sim}100\,\text{MHz}$) combined with the traditional faintness inK-band for high-redshift galaxies. This technique is only possible, thanks to the Galactic and Extra-galactic All-sky Murchison Wide-field Array survey which provides us with 20 flux measurements across the 70–$230\,\text{MHz}$range. For this pilot project, we focus on the GAMA 09 field to demonstrate our technique. We present the results of our follow-up campaign with the Very Large Telescope, Australian Telescope Compact Array, and the Atacama Large Millimetre Array to locate the host galaxy and to determine its redshift. Of our four candidate high-redshift sources, we find two powerful radio galaxies in the$1<z<3$range, confirm one at$z=5.55$, and present a very tentative$z=10.15$candidate. Their near-infrared and radio properties show that we are preferentially selecting some of the most radio luminous objects, hosted by massive galaxies very similar to powerful radio galaxies at$1<z<5$. Our new selection and follow-up technique for finding powerful radio galaxies at$z>5.5$has a high 25–50% success rate.
Predictors of suicide attempt in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory study with machine learning analysis
Authors: Agne Neusa Aita , Tisott Caroline Gewehr , Ballester Pedro , Passos Ives Cavalcante , Ferrão Ygor Arzeno
Published: July 2020

Background

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are at increased risk for suicide attempt (SA) compared to the general population. However, the significant risk factors for SA in this population remains unclear – whether these factors are associated with the disorder itself or related to extrinsic factors, such as comorbidities and sociodemographic variables. This study aimed to identify predictors of SA in OCD patients using a machine learning algorithm.

Methods

A total of 959 outpatients with OCD were included. An elastic net model was performed to recognize the predictors of SA among OCD patients, using clinical and sociodemographic variables.

Results

The prevalence of SA in our sample was 10.8%. Relevant predictors of SA founded by the elastic net algorithm were the following: previous suicide planning, previous suicide thoughts, lifetime depressive episode, and intermittent explosive disorder. Our elastic net model had a good performance and found an area under the curve of 0.95.

Conclusions

This is the first study to evaluate risk factors for SA among OCD patients using machine learning algorithms. Our results demonstrate an accurate risk algorithm can be created using clinical and sociodemographic variables. All aspects of suicidal phenomena need to be carefully investigated by clinicians in every evaluation of OCD patients. Particular attention should be given to comorbidity with depressive symptoms.
Religiosity and health among Chinese older adults: a meta-analytic review
Authors: Li Jia , Wang Qi
Published: July 2020

The ageing population has been rapidly growing over recent years. Theoretically, religion seemingly plays an important role in improving older people's health. This study examines whether believing in religion is related to better health conditions among Chinese older adults through a meta-analysis. Two researchers independently extracted the studies from a comprehensive database and grey literature search and evaluated their scientific quality. From the 3,777 potentially eligible papers, just 76 were selected. The pooled effect size detected no significant difference between Chinese religious and non-religious older adults’ overall health and wellbeing. Dividing the outcomes into different categories, religious older adults reported both a higher level of anxiety (Hedge'sg= −0.392, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.494, −0.290;p= 0.004) and yet a higher level of happiness (Hedge'sg= 0.342, 95% CI = 0.074, 0.610;p= 0.018). Having a higher proportion of females in the sample is related to a smaller effect size in overall health outcomes (β = −2.205, 95% CI = −3.800, −0.613;p= 0.007) and social support specifically (β = −4.660, 95% CI = −6.261, −3.058;p< 0.0001). This study is among the first to synthesise the quantitative evidence regarding health differences between older religion believers and non-believers in China. It calls for future studies investigating the pathways underlying the religion–health relationship.
Meeting nutritional targets of critically ill patients by combined enteral and parenteral nutrition: review and rationale for the EFFORTcombo trial
Authors: Hill Aileen , Heyland Daren K. , Elke Gunnar , Schaller Stefan J. , Stocker Reto , Haberthür Christoph , von Loeffelholz Christian , Suchner Ulrich , Puthucheary Zudin A. , Bear Danielle E. , Ney Julia , Clasen Kai C. , Meybohm Patrick , Lindau Simone , Laurentius Thea , Stoppe Christian
Published: July 2020

While medical nutrition therapy is an essential part of the care for critically ill patients, uncertainty exists about the right form, dosage, timing and route in relation to the phases of critical illness. As enteral nutrition (EN) is often withheld or interrupted during the intensive care unit (ICU) stay, combined EN and parenteral nutrition (PN) may represent an effective and safe option to achieve energy and protein goals as recommended by international guidelines. We hypothesise that critically ill patients at high nutritional risk may benefit from such a combined approach during their stay on the ICU. Therefore, we aim to test if an early combination of EN and high-protein PN (EN+PN) is effective in reaching energy and protein goals in patients at high nutritional risk, while avoiding overfeeding. This approach will be tested in the here-presented EFFORTcombo trial. Nutritionally high-risk ICU patients will be randomised to either high (≥2·2 g/kg per d) or low protein (≤1·2 g/kg per d). In the high protein group, the patients will receive EN+PN; in the low protein group, patients will be given EN alone. EN will be started in accordance with international guidelines in both groups. Efforts will be made to reach nutrition goals within 48–96 h. The efficacy of the proposed nutritional strategy will be tested as an innovative approach by functional outcomes at ICU and hospital discharge, as well as at a 6-month follow-up.
Konzeptualisierung und Förderung von Resilienz, Wohlbefinden und psychischer Gesundheit im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Schmidt Stefanie J. , Schultze-Lutter Frauke
Published: July 2020

Zusammenfassung. Resilienz, psychische Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden sind als Begriffe aktuell in der Positiven Psychologie und Psychiatrie allgegenwärtig. Dennoch sind immer noch viele Fragen zu ihrer Definition, Erfassung und Förderung ungeklärt. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden daher Studienergebnisse zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen zusammengetragen. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass es sich bei der Resilienz um einen dynamischen Anpassungsprozess an chronische Stressoren oder potenziell traumatische Erlebnisse handelt, dessen Ausgang von den Schutz- und Risikofaktoren einer Person abhängig ist. Dabei ist Resilienz als mehrdimensionales Konstrukt zu verstehen, das über das Leben hinweg und je nach Lebensbereich und Stressor unterschiedliche Ausprägungen annehmen kann. Erste Interventionen zur Förderung der Resilienz bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zielen auf eine Verbesserung ausgewählter persönlicher (Assets) und umweltbezogener Schutzfaktoren (Ressourcen) ab und erbrachten unmittelbar nach der Intervention positive Effekte auf die psychische Symptomatik. Das Konzept des Wohlbefindens wird wegen der deutlichen Überlappung beider Konstrukte häufig als Indikator oder Teil der Resilienz angesehen, wobei eine allgemeingültige Definition auch hierfür fehlt. Künftige Quer- und Längsschnittstudien sollten sich daher der Frage widmen, was die Kernkomponenten und die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen beider Konstrukte sind und worin sie sich unterscheiden. Zudem sollten Studien vermehrt auf mögliche Alterseffekte und kulturelle Besonderheiten bezüglich der Dimensionen von Resilienz und Wohlbefinden fokussieren, um die gegenwärtige Konzeptualisierungen besser auszudifferenzieren.
Geologic Map of Aphrodite Map Area (AMA; I‐2476), Venus
Authors: Hansen V. L. , López I.
Published: July 2020

We present a 1:10‐M‐scale geologic map of the Aphrodite Map Area (AMA) of Venus (0°N–57°S/60–80°E). Geologic mapping employed NASA Magellan synthetic aperture radar and altimetry data. The AMA geologic map, with detailed structural elements and geologic units covering over one eighth of Venus' surface, affords an important and unique perspective to test models of global‐scale geologic processes through time. Geologic relations record a history inconsistent with global catastrophic resurfacing. The AMA displays a regional coherence of preserved geologic patterns that record three sequential geologic eras: the ancient era, the Artemis superstructure era, and the youngest fracture zone era. The ancient era and Artemis superstructure, with a footprint covering more than 25% of the surface, are recorded in the Niobe Map Area to the north. The latter two eras likely overlap in time. The fracture zone domain, part of a globally extensive province, marks the most spatially focused tectonomagmatic domain within the AMA. Impact craters are both cut by and overprint fracture zone structures. Twelve percent of AMA impact craters that occur within the fracture zone domain predate or formed during fracture zone development. This observation indicates the relative youth of the fracture zone era and is consistent with the possibility that this domain remains geologically active. The AMA records a rich geologic history of large tract of the surface of Venus and provides an important framework to formulate new working hypotheses of Venus evolution and contribute to planning future studies of the surface of planets.
Glacial Contributions to 21st Century Sea Level Rise
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: July 2020

Researchers identify the main sources of uncertainty in projections of global glacier mass change, which is expected to add about 8–16 centimeters to sea level, through this century.
More Warming Means Worse Impacts from Runoff and Drought
Authors: Shultz David
Published: July 2020

New research highlights differences in drought and flood hazards globally under 1.5�C versus 2�C temperature increases and estimates associated human and economic effects.
Exploring the impact of trauma type and extent of exposure on posttraumatic alterations in 5-HT1A expression
Authors: Lewis Michael W. , Jones Russell T. , Davis Margaret T.
Published: July 2020

The long-term behavioral, psychological, and neurobiological effects of exposure to potentially traumatic events vary within the human population. Studies conducted on trauma-exposed human subjects suggest that differences in trauma type and extent of exposure combine to affect development, maintenance, and treatment of a variety of psychiatric syndromes. The serotonin 1-A receptor (5-HT1A) is an inhibitory G protein-coupled serotonin receptor encoded by theHTR1Agene that plays a role in regulating serotonin release, physiological stress responding, and emotional behavior. Studies from the preclinical and human literature suggest that dysfunctional expression of 5-HT1A is associated with a multitude of psychiatric symptoms commonly seen in trauma-exposed individuals. Here, we synthesize the literature, including numerous preclinical studies, examining differences in alterations in 5-HT1A expression following trauma exposure. Collectively, these findings suggest that the impact of trauma exposure on 5-HT1A expression is dependent, in part, on trauma type and extent of exposure. Furthermore, preclinical and human studies suggest that this observation likely applies to additional molecular targets and may help explain variation in trauma-induced changes in behavior and treatment responsivity. In order to understand the neurobiological impact of trauma, including the impact on 5-HT1A expression, it is crucial to consider both trauma type and extent of exposure.
The Bartonella autotransporter BafA activates the host VEGF pathway to drive angiogenesis
Authors: Tsukamoto Kentaro , Shinzawa Naoaki , Kawai Akito , Suzuki Masahiro , Kidoya Hiroyasu , Takakura Nobuyuki , Yamaguchi Hisateru , Kameyama Toshiki , Inagaki Hidehito , Kurahashi Hiroki , Horiguchi Yasuhiko , Doi Yohei
Published: July 2020

Pathogenic bacteria of the genus Bartonella can induce vasoproliferative lesions during infection. The underlying mechanisms are unclear, but involve secretion of an unidentified mitogenic factor. Here, we use functional transposon-mutant screening in Bartonella henselae to identify such factor as a pro-angiogenic autotransporter, called BafA. The passenger domain of BafA induces cell proliferation, tube formation and sprouting of microvessels, and drives angiogenesis in mice. BafA interacts with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 and activates the downstream signaling pathway, suggesting that BafA functions as a VEGF analog. A BafA homolog from a related pathogen, Bartonella quintana, is also functional. Our work unveils the mechanistic basis of vasoproliferative lesions observed in bartonellosis, and we propose BafA as a key pathogenic factor contributing to bacterial spread and host adaptation.
Therapeutic vaccination of koalas harbouring endogenous koala retrovirus (KoRV) improves antibody responses and reduces circulating viral load
Authors: Olagoke Olusola , Quigley Bonnie L. , Hemmatzadeh Farhid , Tzipori Galit , Timms Peter
Published: July 2020

The long-term survival of the koala is under serious threat from multiple factors, including infectious disease agents such as Chlamydia and koala retrovirus (KoRV). KoRV is present in both exogenous and endogenous forms, depending on the geographical location of the population. In the northern half of Australia, it is present as an endogenous infection in all koalas, making a case for an urgent need to develop a therapeutic vaccine that might prevent KoRV-associated pathologies in these koalas. To this end, we determined the therapeutic effects of vaccinating koalas harbouring endogenous KoRV with a recombinant KoRV Env protein combined with a Tri-adjuvant. We found that vaccination led to a significant increase in circulating anti-KoRV IgG levels, as well as increase in neutralising antibodies. Our study also showed that post-vaccination antibodies were able to recognize epitopes on the Env protein that were unrecognised pre-vaccination, as well as resulting in an increase in the recognition of the previously recognised epitopes. The vaccine also induced antibodies that were cross-reactive against multiple KoRV-subtypes. Finally, we found a complete clearance of KoRV-A in plasma from koalas that had detectable levels of KoRV-A pre-vaccination. Similarly, there was a significant reduction in the expression of KoRV-B viral RNA levels post-vaccination. Collectively, this study showed that koalas harbouring endogenous KoRV can benefit from prophylactic vaccination against KoRV using a recombinant KoRV-A Env protein and that the mechanism of this protection might be through the boosting of natural anti-KoRV antibodies and expanding the breadth of the recognised epitopes.
Author Correction: Adiponectin promotes muscle regeneration through binding to T-cadherin
Authors: Tanaka Yoshimitsu , Kita Shunbun , Nishizawa Hitoshi , Fukuda Shiro , Fujishima Yuya , Obata Yoshinari , Nagao Hirofumi , Masuda Shigeki , Nakamura Yuto , Shimizu Yuri , Mineo Ryohei , Natsukawa Tomoaki , Funahashi Tohru , Ranscht Barbara , Fukada So-ichiro , Maeda Norikazu , Shimomura Iichiro
Published: July 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Effects of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines: a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical trials
Authors: Ebrahimpour-Koujan Soraiya , Milajerdi Alireza , Larijani Bagher , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad
Published: July 2020

Findings on the effects of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines have been conflicting. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical trials that examined the effects of oral intake and local administration of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines in adults. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar up to April 2020 for all relevant published papers assessing probiotic intakes and salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines. We included all randomized clinical trials that investigated the effect of oral probiotic supplementation or lozenges tablets on inflammatory biomarkers in adults. Studies that reported their effect sizes as mean ± SD or mean ± SEM were included. After excluding non-relevant papers, 8 studies remained in this review. Combining findings from 3 studies with 4 effect sizes, we found no significant reduction in salivary IgA concentrations after oral probiotic supplementation [weighted mean difference (WMD): −0.26; 95% CI: (−0.86, 0.35)]. A significant increase in salivary IL-1β concentrations reached after local probiotic supplementation (WMD: 28.21; 95% CI: 18.42, 38.01); however, no significant changes in salivary IL-6 concentrations after local probiotic supplementation was found (WMD: 0.36; 95% CI: −0.85, 1.56). We observed a significant increase in salivary IL-8 concentrations after local probiotic supplementation (WMD: 31.82; 95% CI: 27.56, 36.08). In case of salivary IL-10 concentrations after local probiotic administration, no significant reduction was seen (WMD: −0.02; 95% CI: −0.10, 0.06). we found that oral and local administrations of probiotics might influence some of salivary cytokines. However, additional clinical trials are required to examine these effects on further pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulines.
Clinical efficacy of eyelid hygiene in blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction after cataract surgery: a randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: Eom Youngsub , Na Kyung Sun , Hwang Ho Sik , Cho Kyong Jin , Chung Tae-Young , Jun Roo Min , Ko Byung Yi , Chun Yeoun Sook , Kim Hyun Seung , Song Jong Suk
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this randomized clinical trial is to evaluate the effect of eyelid hygiene on subjective symptoms, anterior blepharitis, and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) after cataract surgery. Subjects with obstructive MGD who underwent cataract surgery were randomly divided into two groups. In the eyelid hygiene group, eyelid hygiene was performed twice a day for 10 days from 3 days before to 1 week after cataract surgery. The control group did not perform eyelid hygiene. A subjective symptom questionnaire of SPEED, anterior blepharitis grade, and meibum quality and quantity was evaluated at baseline and at postoperative 1 and 4 weeks. The eyelid hygiene group (n = 36) showed decreased SPEED score after cataract surgery and the control group (n = 33) did not. Anterior blepharitis grade was worse 1 week after surgery in the control group but not in the eyelid hygiene group. The control group had significantly decreased meibum quality and quantity in both the upper and lower eyelids after cataract surgery, but the eyelid hygiene group did not. Eyelid hygiene before/after cataract surgery improved postoperative subjective symptoms and prevented postoperative exacerbation of anterior blepharitis and MGD. Thus, perioperative eyelid hygiene is recommended for patients with obstructive MGD who undergo cataract surgery.
Predation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of Xenopus tadpoles
Authors: Mori Tsukasa , Kitani Yoichiro , Hatakeyama Den , Machida Kazumasa , Goto-Inoue Naoko , Hayakawa Satoshi , Yamamoto Naoyuki , Kashiwagi Keiko , Kashiwagi Akihiko
Published: July 2020

The threat of predation is a driving force in the evolution of animals. We have previously reported that Xenopus laevis enhanced their tail muscles and increased their swimming speeds in the presence of Japanese larval salamander predators. Herein, we investigated the induced gene expression changes in the brains of tadpoles under the threat of predation using 3′-tag digital gene expression profiling. We found that many muscle genes were expressed after 24 h of exposure to predation. Ingenuity pathway analysis further showed that after 24 h of a predation threat, various signal transduction genes were stimulated, such as those affecting the actin cytoskeleton and CREB pathways, and that these might increase microtubule dynamics, axonogenesis, cognition, and memory. To verify the increase in microtubule dynamics, DiI was inserted through the tadpole nostrils. Extension of the axons was clearly observed from the nostril to the diencephalon and was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.0001) after 24 h of exposure to predation, compared with that of the control. The dynamic changes in the signal transductions appeared to bring about new connections in the neural networks, as suggested by the microtubule dynamics. These connections may result in improved memory and cognition abilities, and subsequently increase survivability.
Advanced thermal metamaterial design for temperature control at the cloaked region
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Zhang Liangchi , Gain Asit Kumar
Published: July 2020

The present study focuses on maintaining the temperature magnitude around heat-sensitive components (cloaked region) in advanced electronic devices by introducing convective elements using extended surface fins. A finite element analysis confirmed that with the aid of the convection component to thermal cloaking, heat flux can be redirected around the cloaked region as well as control the temperature. The simulation results were verified by experiment under natural convection corresponding to the simulation assumptions. It was found that when the heat source maintains its temperature at 100 °C and the heat sink remains at 0 °C, the temperature within the cloaked region can reduce by up to 15 °C, from ~ 50 °C with conventional cloaking to 35 °C with a well-designed array of surface fins. It is worth noting that experimental results are consistent with the simulation results.
Attentional bias towards negative stimuli in healthy individuals and the effects of trait anxiety
Authors: Veerapa Emilie , Grandgenevre Pierre , El Fayoumi Mohamed , Vinnac Benjamin , Haelewyn Océanne , Szaffarczyk Sébastien , Vaiva Guillaume , D’Hondt Fabien
Published: July 2020

This study aimed to investigate the time course of attentional bias for negative information in healthy individuals and to assess the associated influence of trait anxiety. Thirty-eight healthy volunteers performed an emotional dot-probe task with pairs of negative and neutral scenes, presented for either 1 or 2 s and followed by a target placed at the previous location of either negative or neutral stimulus. Analyses included eye movements during the presentation of the scenes and response times associated with target localization. In a second step, analyses focused on the influence of trait anxiety. While there was no significant difference at the behavioral level, the eye-tracking data revealed that negative information held longer attention than neutral stimuli once fixated. This initial maintenance bias towards negative pictures then increased with increasing trait anxiety. However, at later processing stages, only individuals with the highest trait anxiety appeared to fixate longer on negative pictures than neutral pictures, individuals with low trait anxiety showing the opposite pattern. This study provides novel evidence that healthy individuals display an attentional maintenance bias towards negative stimuli, which is associated with trait anxiety.
Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) on primate complement-dependent cytotoxicity of genetically engineered pig cells: relevance to clinical xenotransplantation
Authors: Yamamoto Takayuki , Cui Yehua , Patel Diyan , Jagdale Abhijit , Iwase Hayato , Ayares David , Cooper David K. C. , Hara Hidetaka
Published: July 2020

Triple-knockout (TKO) pigs may be ideal sources of organs for clinical xenotransplantation because many humans have no preformed antibody to TKO pig cells. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is widely used for severe infection or the treatment/prevention of antibody-mediated rejection in allotransplantation. Anti-pig antibodies in IVIg could be harmful in clinical xenotransplantation. It is unknown whether anti-TKO pig antibodies are present in IVIg. The main aim of this study was to investigate in vitro whether IVIg contains anti-TKO pig antibodies with cytotoxic effect to pig cells. Undiluted pooled human serum (HS) and five different commercial preparations of IVIg were tested for IgM and IgG binding to red blood cells (RBCs) from wild-type (WT), α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO), and TKO pigs by flow cytometry. Complement-dependent lysis of IVIg against these pig pRBCs was measured by hemolytic assay. Pooled HS and 4 of 5 IVIg commercial preparations contained anti-pig IgG that bound to WT and GTKO pRBCs, but not to TKO pRBCs. One preparation of IVIg contained antibodies that bound to TKO pRBCs, but there was no cytotoxicity of IVIg to TKO pRBCs. The results suggest that IVIg administration to human recipients of TKO pig grafts would be safe. However, the specific preparation of IVIg would need to be screened before its administration.