bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ein Western‐Blot‐Test zur serologischen Diagnose der Infektiösen Anämie der Pferde*
Authors: Rossmanith W. , Horvath E.
Published: May 2010

A Western‐Blot Test for the serodiagnosis of Equine Infectious Anemia

After electrophoretic separation in SDS‐PAGE structural proteins of the virus of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) were easily blotted by the semi‐dry‐blotting method onto nitrocellulose filters. Strips of these filters were used for antibody demonstration, and positive reactions thereof were intensified by a biotin‐avidin‐peroxidase system. Sensitivity of this system was so high as to allow readable interpretation of bands up to the dilution of 1: 6,400 of a strongly positive serum. Frequently this procedure allowed to make a firm diagnostic Western‐Blot diagnosis on far weaker equine sera. Interpretation of results proved, however, difficult with sera, which formed one single band only. This observation, although of weak grade, had to be made in some 5 % of sera stemming from horses with a certainly negative history of EIA. Consequently, we conclude, that a policy followed in the serodiagnostic Western‐Blot of human AIDS should also be adopted for the interpretation of the EIA Western‐Blot, namely to declare as positive merely horse sera which evidence more than one single band, whereof at least one band should represent a viral glycoprotein.

Mit dem einfach durchzuführenden Semi‐dry‐blotting (Filterblotting) wurden Strukturproteine des Virus der Infektiösen Anämie (EIA) der Pferde nach elektrophoretischer Auftrennung in SDS‐PAGE auf Nitrocellulosefilter transferiert. Davon wurden Streifen zum Antikörpernachweis verwendet und positive Reaktionen durch ein Biotin‐Avidin‐Peroxidasesystem verstärkt. Die Empfindlichkeit des Nachweissystems erlaubt ablesbare Reaktionen bis zu Serumverdünnungen von 1: 6400, gemessen an einem stark positiven Serum. Das Verfahren gestattet teilweise auch an weit schwächeren Seren einwandfrei positive Western‐Blot‐Diagnosen. Problematisch stellte sich die Beurteilung, falls eine einzige Bande zu beobachten war, die, wenn auch schwachen Grades, bei etwa 5 % bestimmt EIA‐negativen Seren auftrat. Wie bei der Diagnostik des humanen AIDS (HIV‐Infektion) sollten nur Seren mit mehr als einer Bande, wovon zumindest eine ein virales Glycoprotein darstellt, im EIA‐Western‐Blot positiv befundet werden.
Phagocytosis and Intracellular Killing of Staphylococcus aureus by Bovine Blood Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes after Migration in Vitro
Authors: Niemiałtowski M. , Targowski S. P.
Published: May 2010

Phagocytic activity and intracellular killing of opsonized staphylococci (Smith strain) by bovine blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) was studied after their migration in vitro in blind well chambers. The results indicate that migration of PMNL to RPMI‐1640 medium without chemotactic factor significantly (P<0.01) increased the percentage of rosette‐forming PMNL (from 11 ± 2 to 49 ± 4 %), as well as phagocytic activity mediated through Fc receptors (FcRs) (from 25 ± 3 to 81 ± 4 % phagocytizing PMNL and from 151 ± 22 to 942 ± 54 number of phagocytized staphylococci /100 PMNL), and intracellular killing of bacteria (from 13 ± 2 to 59 ± 7 %). On the other hand, PMNL migration to RPMI‐1640 medium with the chemotactic factor (serum activated with zymosan [AS] or lipopolysaccharide [LPS] or formyl‐L‐methionyl‐L‐leucyl‐L‐phenylalanine [fMLP]) did not significantly (p > 0.05) increase either the FcRs number on the PMNL surface or the phagocytic and bactericidal activity connected with these receptors. The possible mechanisms are discussed.

Bovine polymorphkernige Leukozyten wurden in vitro durch die Wanderung zwischen zwei voneinander getrennten Kammern stimuliert. Anschließend erfolgte die Messung der Phagozytose‐Aktivität und der intrazellulären Abtötungsrate opsonierter Staphylokokken (Smith‐Stamm).

Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Migration von polymorphkernigen Leukozyten (PMNL) zu RPMI‐1640‐Medium ohne chemotaktischen Faktor deutlich sowohl den prozentualen Anteil an rosettenbildenden PMNL (von 11 ± 2 % auf 49 ± 4 %) steigert als auch die durch Fc‐Rezeptoren (FcRs) vermittelte Phagozytose‐Aktivität (von 25 ± 3 % auf 81 ± 4 % phagozytierenden PMNL und von 151 ± 22 auf 942 ± 54 an phagozytierten Staphylokokken / 100 PMNL). Außerdem erhöhte sich die intrazelluläre Abtötungsrate von Bakterien von 13 ± 2 % auf 59 ± 7 %.

Dagegen wird durch RPMI‐1640‐Medium mit chemotaktischem Faktor (Serum aktiviert mit Zymosan [AS] oder Lipopolysacchariden [LPS] oder Formyl‐L‐Methionyl‐L‐Leucyl‐L‐Phenylalanin [FMLP]) weder die PMNL‐Wanderung signifikant (p > 0.05) gesteigert, noch die Anzahl an FcRs an der PMNL‐Oberfläche oder die Phagozytose und bakterizide Aktivität, die mit diesen Rezeptoren verbunden sind. Die möglichen Zusammenhänge werden hier diskutiert.
Experimental Transmission and Electron Microscopic Demonstration of the Virus of Haemorrhagic Disease of Rabbits in Czechoslovakia
Authors: ŠMíd B. , Valíček L. , ŠTěpánek J. , Jurák E. , Rodák L.
Published: May 2010

Intramuscular administration of the filtrate of organ suspensions, prepared from a dead rabbit, killed 62.9 % of inoculated rabbits within 1 to 5 days, while 93.3 % died after intranasal administration of the same inoculum. The virus survived freeze‐drying and was resistant to treatment with 0.4 % formaldehyde when incubated at 37 °C for 1 hour and 4°C for the subsequent 12 hours, but lost its infectivity when the treatment was prolonged to 3 hours at 37 °C and 3 days at room temperature. Its infectivity was also inhibited by reconvalescent serum. The virus could not be detected after 3 passages in primary rabbit kidney cell cultures. Electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations demonstrated icosahedral virus particles with a diameter of 29 to 33 nm without an envelope. Accurate morphological classification has not yet been completed. Incubation with a reconvalescent serum, diluted 1:20 or 1:40, resulted in the formation of immune complexes, detectable by electron microscopy.

Experimentelle Übertragung und elektronenmikroskopische Darstellung des Virus der hämorrhagischen Krankheit der Kaninchen in der ČSSR

Nach intramuskulärer Verabreichung des Filtrats einer Organsuspension, die von einem toten Kaninchen hergestellt war, starben 62,9 % der infizierten Tiere innerhalb 1 bis 5 Tage, während nach intranasaler Verabreichung desselben Inokulums 93,3 % verendeten. Das Virus überstand Gefriertrocknung und war stabil gegenüber Behandlung mit 0,4%igem Formalin (1 Stunde bei 37 °C mit anschließenden 12 Stunden bei 4°C). Die Infektiosität ging jedoch verloren, wenn die Behandlung auf 3 Stunden bei 37 °C und 3 Tage bei Zimmertemperatur ausgedehnt wurde. Ebenso konnte die Infektiosität durch Rekonvaleszenten‐Serum neutralisiert werden. Das Virus konnte nach drei Passagen in Kaninchennieren‐Zellkulturen nicht nachgewiesen werden. Elektronenmikroskopisch (negativ staining) ließen sich hüllenlose, ikosaedrische Viruspartikel mit einem Durchmesser von 29–33 nm darstellen. Eine exakte morphologische Klassifizierung wurde bislang nicht durchgeführt. Inkubation mit einem Rekonvaleszenten‐Serum (Verdünnung 1:20–1:40) führte zur Bildung von elektronenoptisch sichtbaren Immunkomplexen.
Comparison of Dot Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay (Dot‐ELISA) with other Serological Tests for the Detection ofBrucellaAntibodies in Bovine Sera
Authors: Chand P. , Sadana J. R. , Batra H. V. , Khanna R. N. S.
Published: May 2010

A dot Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay (dot‐ELISA), using whole cellBrucella abortusantigen dotted on the nitrocellulose membrane bound to a plastic strip (dipstick) was employed for the detection ofBrucellaantibodies in bovine sera. The results were compared with that of serum agglutination (SAT), Rose Bengal plate agglutination (RBPT) and Complement Fixation test (CFT). All the four tests gave negative reaction in 127 sera obtained from a brucellosis free herd. Testing of 549 sera from a chronically infected herd revealed 57 positive and 447 negative animals in all the four assays. Of the remaining 45 sera, 34 were positive in dot‐ELISA. Six of these cases were independently detected by dot‐ELISA while 28 showed positive reactions in combination with other tests. When serum samples from 158 aborted cases were subjected to dot‐ELISA, 79 were found positive. Of these dot‐ELISA positive cases, 71 gave positive reaction in SAT, 72 in RBPT and 78 in CFT.B. abortusbiotype 3 was isolated from 34 of the 98 aborted fetuses examined.

Ein Punkt‐enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay (Dot‐ELISA) mit Ganzzell‐Brucella abortus‐Antigen, getüpfelt auf eine Nitrozellulosemembran, die an einen Plastikstreifen (Eintauchstreifen) gebunden ist, wurde zum Nachweis vonBrucella‐Antigen in Rinderseren verwendet.

Die Ergebnisse wurden verglichen mit denen des Serumagglutinationstest (SAT), Rose‐Bengal‐Plattenagglutination (RBPT) und der Komplementbindungsreaktion (KBR). Alle vier Tests ergaben negative Reaktionen mit 127 Seren aus einer brucellosefreien Herde. Die Untersuchung von 549 Seren von einer chronisch infizierten Herde ergab 57 positive und 447 negative Tiere in allen vier Test‐Methoden. Von den restlichen 45 Seren waren 34 positiv mit „Dot‐ELISA”. Sechs von diesen Fällen wurden alleine durch „Dot‐ELISA” entdeckt, während 28 Seren positive Reaktionen in Kombinationen mit anderen Tests zeigten.

Wenn immer Serumproben von 158 Abortfällen dem „Dot‐ELISA” unterworfen wurden, waren 79 Fälle positiv. Von diesen „Dot‐ELISA”‐positiven Fällen gaben 71 positive Reaktionen im SAT, 72 im RBPT und 78 in der KBR.B. abortusBiotyp 3 wurde aus 34 von 98 untersuchten abortierten Feten isoliert.
Untersuchungen mit der indirekten Hämagglutination zumEperythrozoon suis‐Nachweis in experimentell und spontan infizierten Schweinen
Authors: Baljer G. , Heinritzi K. , Wieler L.
Published: May 2010

Demonstration ofEperythrozoon suisantibodies in experimentally and naturally infected pigs with indirect hemagglutination

Ten splenectomized and non‐splenectomized pigs were experimentally infected withE. suisbearing red blood cells in order to determine the antibody response. All animals were monitored for antibody titer by indirect hemagglutination over a period of 80–290 days postinfection.

LatentE. suisinfection only yielded a detectable antibody titer in one pig. Acutely infected pigs had a titer ranging up to 1: 640. Maximum antibody response lasted only 2 months and dropped below the level of detection of our assay within 2 to 3 months. At this time, the clinical symptoms could reappear and antibodies were again detectable. However, no booster effect was observed with this second outbreak.

We also determined the antibody frequency in 138 pigs from 16 herds in Southern Germany. Pigs from only 4 out of 6 clinically positive herds had antibody titer againstE. suis.20 out of 78 pigs of the clinical positive herds demonstrated a detectableE. suisantibody titer. In 10 herds that were asymptomatic and presumed uninfected all 80 pigs were serologically negative forE. suis.

Bei 10 künstlich mitE. suisinfizierten, splenektomierten oder nicht‐splenektomierten Schweinen und 138 Schweinen aus 16 Zuchtbetrieben Süddeutschlands wurden serologische Untersuchungen aufE. suis‐Antikörper durchgeführt. Die Bestimmung erfolgte mit der indirekten Hämagglutination nach Smithund Rahn(1975). Bei den künstlich infizierten Schweinen wurde der Antikörperverlauf über 80 bis 270 Tage p. inf. verfolgt.

Antikörpertiter über 1: 40 konnten regelmäßig nur nach akuterE. suis‐Erkrankung nachgewiesen werden. Latent infizierte Schweine bildeten nur in Ausnahmefällen (1 von 10 Tieren) Antikörpertiter aus. Die höchsten Antikörpertiter (1: 320 bis 1: 640) persistierten nur wenige Tage und fielen nach 2 bis 3 Monaten unter die Nachweisgrenze. Nach Abfall der Antikörpertiter kam es wieder zum Ausbruch der Erkrankung und zu einem erneuten Antikörperanstieg. Ein Boostereffekt wurde dabei nicht beobachtet.

60 Schweine aus 10 klinisch unverdächtigen Beständen waren serologisch negativ. Bei 4 von 6 klinisch positiven Beständen wurden Schweine mit positivem Antikörpertiter gefunden. Insgesamt wiesen in den 4 positiven Beständen 20 von 78 untersuchten Schweinen Antikörpertiter gegenE. suisauf.
Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae Infections in Swine: Serological Investigations and Vaccination Trials in Combination with Environmental Improvements
Authors: Beskow P. , Söderlind O. , Thafvelin B.
Published: May 2010

The present investigation comprised six integrated herds (100–150 sows each) and one specialized fattening herd. Serologic tests by ELISA were performed on blood samples from piglets and growing pigs during various rearing phases in order to determine the presence of Actinobacillus infection and to estimate the age of the animals at onset of the disease. Using this information, herd‐specific vaccination programs were designed against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2. The weaned piglets in the integrated herds were vaccinated twice before being moved to the fattening unit. In the specialized fattening herd, the pigs were vaccinated on arrival at the growing unit and just before transfer to the finishing unit. The frequencies of chronic pleuritis at slaughter demonstrated that a vaccination program adapted to the herd‐specific problem, in combination with environmental improvements, reduces the prevalence of chronic pleuritis. On the other hand, only a moderate reduction of the prevalence of chronic pleuritis occurred as a result of vaccination if no environmental improvements were made. In two of the herds during the vaccination period, the number of feeding days and food consumption decreased, while growth per day increased. There was also an apparent correlation between higher serum titres and a decreased prevalence of pleuritis at slaughter in three of the herds.

Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae‐Infektionen beim Schwein: Serologische Untersuchungen und Vakzinationsstudien in Verbindung mit Verbesserungen des Stallmilieus

Die vorliegende Untersuchung erstreckte sich auf sechs Bestände mit je 100 bis 150 Sauen und einen Mastbestand. Um sowohl das Vorliegen einer Actinobacillose als auch das Alter der Tiere beim Ausbruch der Erkrankung zu bestimmen, wurden Blutproben von Ferkeln und Tieren aller Altersstufen serologisch mittels ELISA untersucht. Aufgrund dieser Information wurden bestandsspezifische Impfprogramme gegen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae des Serotyps 2 entwickelt. Die Absatzferkel der Sauenbetriebe wurden zweimal vakziniert, bevor sie zur Mast aufgestallt wurden. Im Mastbetrieb wurden die Tiere bei der Einstallung und unmittelbar vor der Endmast vakziniert. Anhand der Befunde zum Schlachtzeitpunkt konnte gezeigt werden, daß ein Impfprogramm, kombiniert mit Verbesserungen des Stallmilieus, das Auftreten von chronischen Pleuritiden reduziert. Ohne gleichzeitige Verbesserung des Stallmilieus konnte nach Vakzinierung allerdings nur ein geringer Rückgang der Anzahl chronischer Pleuritiden beobachtet werden. In zwei Beständen waren während der Impfperiode Fütterungsdauer und Futterverbrauch reduziert und die tägliche Wachstumszunahme erhöht. Zudem wurde in drei Beständen eine Korrelation zwischen höheren Serumtitern und einer geringeren Anzahl von Fällen chronischer Pleuritis zum Schlachtzeitpunkt festgestellt.
Affen‐Aidsviren: Übersicht
Authors: Brack Manfred
Published: May 2010

Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SAIDS): A Review

The review article on Simian AIDS viruses compiles the presently known facts of AIDS‐related simian retroviruses causing immunodeficiencies or lymphomas in nonhuman primates. They are also compared to the situation in man.

Simian acquired immunodeficiencies or lymphoproliferative diseases can be caused by infectious (exogenous) oncoviruses (C‐ or D‐type) or by lentiviruses.

Infectious D‐type oncoviruses of simian origin are:

Mason‐Pfizer Monkey Virus (MPMV)

Simian Retrovirus type 1 (SRV‐1)

Simian Retrovirus type 2 (SRV‐2).

The simian D‐type oncoviruses do not have a counterpart in man.

Infectious C‐type oncovirus of monkeys is STLV, related to, but not identical with HTLV.

Most serious to man might be simian lentivirus‐infections (SIVs) due to the genetic instability of many lentiviruses.

The properties of the different viruses, the clinical symptoms and morphological lesions caused by these agents are outlined and the possible dangers to man discussed. MPMV and the SRVs are considered as genetically stabilized and probably not infectious to man, at least no D‐type virus infections of man are known. STLV should be treated with caution due to the close genetic relationship of man and nonhuman primates and of STLV and HTLV, although even in STLV‐positive colonies no human infections were reported so far. Extreme caution seems advisable regarding the SIVs, not only because of the close phylogenetic and genetic relationships to HIVs. HIVs and SIVs, which are considered to have diverged only comparably recently from common ancestors and from each other possess a marked genetic plasticity (unstability). Therefore working with Old World monkeys, especially of African origin, with tissues of blood obtained from such animals requires certain protective action.

Es wird ein Überblick über AIDS‐artige Infektionen bei nichthumanen Primaten und die sie verursachenden Retroviren gegeben. Erworbene Immunschwächen, bzw. maligne Lymphome werden bei verschiedenen Affenarten durch exogene D‐Typ‐Viren (Mason‐Pfizer‐Virus, SRV‐1, SRV‐2) oder C‐Typ‐Viren bzw. Lentiviren (STLV, SIV) verursacht. Die Erregereigenschaften, klinischen Symptome und morphologischen Veränderungen werden besprochen und mögliche Gefahrenpotentiale für Menschen erörtert.
Seroepidemiological Survey of Rabies Virus Antibodies in Non Vaccinated Dogs in Nsukka Environs, Nigeria
Authors: Wosu L. O. , Anyanwu H. N. S.
Published: May 2010

Serum samples from 254 non vaccinated and apparently healthy dogs of local breeds in Nsukka environs, Nigeria were examined for the presence of antibodies to rabies virus by haemagglutination‐inhibition technique. The prevalence rates of rabies antibodies in, less than 3 months, 3—6 months, and over 6 months old dogs were 17.5 %, 7.3 % and 22.8 % respectively, and overall 16.1 % in the dog population. This was the first documented report of rabies antibodies in non vaccinated dogs in Eastern Nigeria. The results were discussed with respect to the epidemiology of prototype rabies and rabies‐related viruses. It was suggested that the antibodies were most probably due to the non virulent prototype rabies or rabies‐related virus strains. 83.9 % of susceptible dogs in the population suggested a mandatory regular a vaccination of all dogs in interest of public health and control of the disease. The study highlighted the need for more studies on epidemiology of rabies and rabies‐related viruses in Nigeria.

Seroepidemiologische Untersuchung von Tollwut‐Antikörper‐Titern in nichtgeimpften Hunden in der Gegend von Nsukka, Nigeria

Serumproben von 254 nichtgeimpften und offensichtlich gesunden Hunden aus der Gegen von Nsukka, Nigeria wurden mit dem Hämagglutinationshemmungstest auf den Gehalt von Tollwut‐Antikörpern untersucht. Die Antikörper‐Prävalenzrate war bei Hunden im Alter unter 3 Monaten 17,5 %, von 3–6 Monaten 7,3 %, über 6 Monaten 22,8 % und in der Gesamtpopulation 16,1 %.

Die Arbeit stellt den ersten Bericht über die Verteilung von Tollwut‐Antikörpern bei nichtgeimpften Hunden in Ost‐Nigeria dar.

Die Ergebnisse werden hinsichtlich der Epidemiologie des Tollwutvirus selbst sowie verwandter Viren diskutiert. Man vermutet, daß die Antikörper höchstwahrscheinlich auf nichtvirulente Tollwutstämme oder verwandte Viren zurückzuführen sind. Da 83,9 % der Hundepopulation empfänglich sind, wird im Hinblick auf die Volksgesundheit Impfpflicht und Kontrolle der Seuche empfohlen.

Die Untersuchung beleuchtet die Notwendigkeit weiterer epidemiologischer Studien über Tollwut und tollwut‐verwandte Viren in Nigeria.
Disorders Induced by the Experimental Infection of Pigs with the Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (P. R. C. V.)
Authors: Vannier P.
Published: May 2010

Five colostrum deprived hysterectomy‐derived piglets were inoculated by the intratracheal route with a Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV). The clinical effects and growth performances were compared with those in 5 similar piglets which were inoculated with Minimum Eagle Medium only. A transient hyperthermia, mild to severe dyspnoea, polypnoea and an obvious cessation of growth were recorded on infected pigs only whereas the control group did not show any adverse reaction after inoculation. The reasons for the variability of effects of experimental infection observed in previous trials, are discussed.

Störungen bei Schweinen nach experimenteller Infektion des Atmungstraktes mit einem Coronavirus des Schweines

Nach Geburt durch Hysterektomie wurden fünf Ferkel, denen Kolostrum vorenthalten wurde, mit PRCV intratracheal inokuliert. Fünf ähnliche Ferkel, die nur mit Minimum Eagle Medium inokuliert wurden, dienten als eine Kontrollgruppe. Klinische Erscheinungen sowie Wachstum bei den zwei Gruppen wurden verglichen.

Vorübergehende Hyperthermie, milde bis schwere Dyspnoe, Polypnoe sowie eine auffallende Wachstumshemmung konnten nur bei infizierten Ferkeln beobachtet werden, wobei die Kontrollgruppe keinerlei ungünstige Folgen der Inokulation mit Medium aufwies. Die Gründe für die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse früherer Versuche mit experimenteller Infektion werden diskutiert.
Immunohistochemical Methods for the Visualization ofMycobacterium paratuberculosisin Bovine Tissues
Authors: Massone A. R. , Martín A. A. , Ibargoyen G. S. , Gimeno E. J.
Published: May 2010

The peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP), streptavidin‐biotin (SB), and avidin‐biotin‐complex (ABC) techniques have been evaluated for the visualization ofMycobacterium paratuberculosis(Mp) in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded bovine tissues. The used immunoperoxidase techniques were comparatively better than the Ziehl‐Neelsen stain, specially for the demonstration of small number of mycobacteria in tissue sections.
Erosive Colitis in Experimental Canine Leishmaniasis
Authors: González J.L. , Fermin M. L. , Garcia P. , Rollan E. , Castaño M.
Published: May 2010

Six 4 month‐old beagles were inoculated with Leishmania infantum, three of them intraperitoneally (Group A) and the other three intravenously (Group B). The animals from Group A were killed at 109, 433 and 592 days after inoculation and animals from Group B 109, 171 and 334 days after inoculation. At 350 days (Group A) and 275 days (Group B) after inoculation, dogs started to develop a chronic large bowel diarrhoea. At necropsy a diffuse colonic and rectal wall thickening of gradually increasing severity was observed. Histological examination of the colon showed a diffuse inflammatory infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa by macrophages with amastigotes, lymphocytes, plasma cells and some neutrophils and eosinophils. The surface epithelium developed increasingly extensive degeneration, which caused the development of erosions on the mucosal surface. The crypts of Lieberkühn decreased in number and showed degeneration of the crypt epithelium.
Evidence that the Sheep Associated Form of Malignant Catarrhal Fever is caused by a Herpes Virus
Authors: Schuller W. , Cerny‐Reiterer S. , Silber R.
Published: May 2010

Out of a cow, which was infected with the sheep form of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), blood and spleen samples were inoculated into rabbits. From the spleen cells of an infected rabbit, which were cocultivated with bovine embryonic gingiva cells, a herpesvirus could be isolated. The isolate showed crossreactions with reference sera against the strain WC 11 (wildebeest form) in the SNT. An immunosuppressed heifer, which was infected with the isolate, contracted typical clinical symptoms of MCF. The isolate was named No. 732.
Phagocytosis of Opsonized Fluorescent Microspheres by Equine Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Foerster R. J. , Wolf G.
Published: May 2010

Equine blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were isolated by buffy coat and hypotonic lysis of residual erythrocytes. A highly reproducible method is described for measuring the uptake of opsonized latex microspheres by equine PMN using flowcytometry. The use of cytochalasin D allowed for differentiation of ingested from attached particles. The kinetics of phagocytosis invitrois shown for different experimental conditions. We developed an assay for evaluation of phagocytic capacity of PMN which allows the assessment of drugs for their influence on phagocytosisin vivoas well asin vitro.
On the Importance of Bacterial L‐Forms in Pigeons*
Authors: Kiessling Dagmar , Gerlach Helga , Kösters J.
Published: May 2010

Following a definition of bacterial L‐forms and a literature review on introduction and reversion of bacteria to and from L‐forms, respectively, the results of a study comprising 587 samples (316 pigeons and 271 pigeon eggs) are reported. As a control 25 free living pigeons and 25 eggs of those pigeons were used, because antibiotic treatment of these could be excluded. From 79 samples (75 pigeons and 4 eggs)Salmonella typhimuriumvar. copenhagen (STMC) was isolated (non from the urban pigeons), of them 11 in the L‐form from joints and organs and 3 from eggs. 325 of other bacterial isolates were found as L‐forms (=approx. 40%). Out of 168 serum samples investigated, 33.9% showed antibodies against STMC. Corresponding antibodies could only be demonstrated in 73.4 % of the pigeons with a STMC isolate. The occurrence of L‐forms explains resistance to therapy and the failure of vaccines. The high frequency of L‐forms is probably an indication of an inconsequential use of antibiotics in managing pigeon diseases.
Influence of Estradiol Administration to Lactating Cows on Bacterial Growth in Milk Whey
Authors: Saad A. M. , Kaartinen L.
Published: May 2010

Bacterial growth(E. coli)in whey was studied by turbidometric technique during estradiol benzoate administration (0.02 mg/kg of body weight/day for 12–19 days) to 13 ovariectomized cows at three stages (early, mid and late) of the 1st‐ and 3rd‐lactations. Whey samples from cows at early stage (60–90 days) of 1st‐lactation promote the growth ofE. coliduring the estradiol treatment. This included a significant increase in the maximum turbidity and a decrease in the generation time. Bacterial growth was inhibited in whey from cows at other stages of lactation during the hormone treatment. The degree of inhibition varied at different stages of lactation. No significant alterations in the ability of whey to support bacterial growth were observed in 3 ovariectomized cows treated with the drug vehicle (arachis oil) alone. Majority of the quarters included in the present study were bacteriologically negative throughout the study.
Chlamydienbefunde aus einer größeren Greifvogelhaltung
Authors: Gerbermann H. , Jakoby J. R. , Kösters J.
Published: May 2010

Incidence of Chlamydia in an aviary station of birds of prey

Antigen againstChlamydia psittaciwas detected in 31 % to 41 % of healthy birds of prey (Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, andStrigiformes) by examination of cloacal swabs and faeces out of 119 birds with antigen‐ELISA and cell culture. Chlamydia psittaci‐antibodies could be demonstrated in 34% of birds by CF, in 74% by BELISA, and in 71% by Chlamydia‐Antibody‐ELISA (Chlamydia‐AK‐EIA®).

Changes of govermental regulations are discussed.

In einer geschlossenen Greifvogelstation mit 119 Vögeln konnte je nach Untersuchungsmethode (Zellkulturverfahren, Antigen‐ELISA) bzw. Untersuchungsmaterial (Schmelzprobe, Kloakentupfer) bei 31 % bis 41 % der klinisch unauffälligen Greifvögel (Accipitriformes), Falken (Falconiformes) und Eulen (Strigiformes) Chlamydia psittaci‐Antigen nachgewiesen werden. Mit der KBR konnten bei 34 %, mit dem BELISA bei 74 % und dem Chlamydia‐Antikörper‐ELISA (Chlamydia‐AK‐EIA®) bei 71 % der Tiere Antikörper nachgewiesen werden.

Eine Änderung der staatlichen Bekämpfungsstrategie wird diskutiert.
Postnatal Changes in Lymphocyte Function of Dairy Calves
Authors: Nagahata H. , Kojima N. , Higashitani I. , Ogawa H. , Noda H.
Published: May 2010

Lymphocyte blastogenic response, B‐lymphocyte population and antibody‐producing activity of lymphocytes were determined to evaluate the lymphocyte function in neonatal calves during the first 4 weeks of life. The mean percentage of B‐lymphocytes ranged from 10.2 to 12.5% during the first 14 days of life and from 15.3 to 17.5% in calves from the day 21 to day 28 after birth. The absolute number of B‐lymphocytes increased significantly (P <0.05) from 370/μl at birth to 736/μl on day 28 after birth. The mean stimulation index of blastogenic response, measured by fluorometric assay, ranged from 5.75 to 6.61 with Con A, from 5.29 to 5.98 with PHA and from 1.89 to 2.50 with PWM. The mean (± S. D.) number of plaque forming cells ranged from 22.0 (± 12.0) to 24.7 (± 9.2) in cultured lymphocytes from 5 calves at birth to 14 days after birth and their levels increased markedly from 137.8 (± 88.3) to 162.0 (± 57.8) in lymphocytes from 20 days to 28 days after birth. The present study showed that antibody‐producing activity of lymphocytes is lower in calves within 3 weeks after birth compared to that of calves 3 weeks after birth, indicating that neonatal calf lymphocytes have a low antibody‐producing activity at least up to 1 month after birth.
Experimental OralSalmonella dublinInfection in Calves A Bacteriological and Pathological Study
Authors: Segall T. , Lindberg A. A.
Published: May 2010

Groups of calves (6–7, 12–14 and 24–28 weeks old) were orally infected with different numbers of the virulentSalmonella dublinstrain SVA47. For the 6–7 weeks old calves the LD50‐dose was estimated to be 1 times 107bacteria. A dose of 109bacteria was lethal within 24 hrs with the calves dying from septicemia and an acute necrotizing panenteritis. Calves 12–14 weeks old given 2 times 1010SVA47 bacteria succumbed to a progressive enteritis within one week. The 24–28 weeks old calves were resistant to an infective dose of 1 times 1010SVA47 bacteria. In the 6–7 and 12–14 weeks old calves SVA47 could be recovered from the entire intestinal tract, the liver and the spleen. In the oldest calvesS. dublinSVA47 was recovered only from fecal specimens. However, the immunohistopathological examinations, using anS. dublinO‐antigen‐specific mouse monoclonal antibody and PAP‐staining, showed the presence ofS. dublinSVA47 in all tissues of the intestinal canal from calves of all ages and with a special affinity for the columnar enterocytes of the terminal jejunum and ileum, the follicle‐associated epithelium over the Peyer's patches, and glandular tissues in the duodenum, tonsillar area and the lungs. Surviving calves responded with serum antibody titers against the O‐antigenic lipopolysaccharide which appeared in the order IgM followed by IgA, IgG1 and IgG2.
Pathogenesis of Experimental Combined Infections withIsospora suisand Rotavirus in Conventional and Gnotobiotic Piglets
Authors: Vítovec J. , Koudela B. , Kudweis M. , Štěpánek J. , Šmíd B. , Dvořák R.
Published: May 2010

51 gnotobiotic and 63 conventional, one‐, or two‐days‐old piglets were divided into five groups and infected orally either withIsospora suisor rotavirus alone, or with both agents simultaneously or successively with alternative sequences and various intervals. 15 gnotobiotic and 10 conventional piglets served as controls. The development of small intestinal lesions after infection withI. suiswas biphasic. The dominant alteration resulting from rotavirus infection was villus atrophy, considerably more pronounced and extensive in gnotobiotic than in conventional piglets. Synergistic action ofI. suisand rotavirus was manifested both clinically, and morphologically. This action culminated at the time of the actual, or presumed development of merogony ofI. suis, i. e. on DPI 3 to 5. The action develops only if the intestinal epithelium is damaged functionally and morphologically by a preceding rotavirus infection. It is concluded that the synergistic action is based on a competition of rotavirus andI. suisfor mature, enzymatically active absorptive cells.
Krankheiten und Todesursachen bei einheimischen Wildvögeln*
Authors: Glünder G. , Siegmann O. , Kohler W.
Published: May 2010

Diseases and causes of death in native wild birds ‐ Literature Review ‐

Little attention was dedicated to diseases and causes of death of indigeneous wild birds compared to poultry until recent decades. The interest of veterinary medicine in the spectrum of causes of morbidity and mortality of wild birds increased with the understanding of the importance of these birds as vectors in the epidemiology of zoonoses and as a biological indicator for the occurrence of substances noxious for the environment.

The climate as a natural factor and the influences of civilization as traffic, high voltage lines and oil contamination of the sea lead to a reduction of bird species bv starvation, traumata, intoxication and degenerative or proliferative and inflammatory or non inflammatory processes. Many parasito‐logical, bacteriological, mycotic and viral diseases are wide spread among free living birds and make difficulties in keeping and breeding endangered birds.

Erkrankungen und Todesursachen bei einheimischen Wildvögeln wurde bis vor wenigen Jahrzehnten eine verhältnismäßig geringe Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Das veterinärmedizinische Interesse am Spektrum der bei Wildvögeln verbreiteten Morbiditäts‐ und Mortalitätsursachen wuchs in dem Maße, in dem die epidemiologische Rolle dieser Tiere als Verbreiter von Zoonosen und Zooanthroponosen und ihre Bedeutung als Bioindikatoren für das Vorkommen von umweltbelastenden Substanzen erkannt wurde.

Natürliche Lebensbedingungen wie das Klima und zivilisatorische Veränderungen wie das Verkehrsgeschehen, die zunehmende Verbauung der Landschaft mit Hochspannungsleitungen und die Ölverschmutzung des Meeres, führen zum Rückgang einheimischer Vögel durch Verhungern, Traumata und Intoxikationen sowie durch degenerative oder proliferative, entzündliche oder nicht‐entzündliche Erkrankungen. Zahlreiche, durch Parasiten, Bakterien, Pilze und Viren bedingte Krank‐heiten sind bei freilebenden Vögeln verbreitet und erschweren die Haltung und Nachzucht bedrohter Arten in Gefangenschaft.
ISCOM of BHV‐1 Envelope Glycoproteins Protected Calves Against Both Disease and Infection
Authors: Merza M. , Tibor S. , Kucsera L. , Bognar G. , Morein B.
Published: May 2010

A subunit vaccine in the form of immunostimulating complex (iscom) was prepared to contain the envelope glycoproteins of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV‐1). This iscom preparation was tested in a vaccination experiment on 4‐month‐old calves seronegative to BHV‐1. In this experiment, four groups with three animals per group were used. Two groups were vaccinated with the iscom preparation twice, four weeks apart, one group with 50 μg and the other with 100 μg per calf. The third group received a commercial inactivated whole‐virus vaccine applying the same vaccination program. The fourth group served as control. Two weeks after the second vaccination, all the animals were challenge‐infected intranasally with a virulent BHV‐1 strain and four days later with a virulentPasteurella multocida‐ this in order to mimic hard field conditions. When exposed to challenge infection, all the animals vaccinated with the iscom were fully protected, i. e., no virus could be recovered from their nasal secretions and no clincial symptoms were recorded. In contrast, the animals vaccinated with the commercial vaccine, responded to challenge with moderate fever and loss of appetite, and virus was isolated from the nasal secretions. The animals in the control group developed severe clinical symptoms. In the sera of iscom‐vaccinated animals, the virus neutralization titers reached levels of 1/3500 or higher.
Beitrag zur Biologie des Dipylidium caninum
Authors: Hinaidy H. K.
Published: May 2010

A contribution on the biology of Dipylidium caninum Part II

From 198 cats and 182 dogs in Austria 9,134 fleas were collected. Ctenocephalides felis is the main flea of our cats (98.5%) and dogs (77.5%). Demonstration of cysticercoids of Dipylidium caninum through bleaching of fleas failed. Dissection of fleas gave, however, positive results. Each 44thflea from cats and 61stflea from dogs harbours cysticercoids. Infection intensity rates were 2.3 % for C. felis (cats), 1.2 % for C. felis (dogs), and 3.1 % for C. canis (dogs). Male fleas are more extensively, but less intensively infected than female fleas. Cysticercoids form fleas of feline origin are more infective to cats than those from fleas found on dogs. The longest patency in cats lasted 3 years.

Es wurden 9134 Flohexemplare von befallenen 198 Katzen sowie 182 Hunden gesammelt. Ctenocephalides felis stellt die wichtigste Flohspezies unserer Katzen und Hunde dar. Zum Nachweis der Dipylidium caninum‐Finnen im Floh ist das Bleichen kein geeignetes Verfahren. Erst durch einfaches Sezieren der Flöhe gelang uns das Erkennen der Zystizerkoide in 145 aus 7736 Flöhen. Jeder 44. Floh von Katzen bzw. 61. Floh von Hunden war ein Finnenträger.

Die Befallsextensität betrug bei Ct. felis von Katzen 2,3 %. Die von Hunden gesammelten Flöhe der Spezies Ct.canis waren häufiger befallen als die vom gleichen Wirt stammenden Ct.felis‐Exemplare (3,1 bzw. 1,2%). Im Gesamtmaterial variierte die Stärke des Befalles von 1 bis 162 Zystizerkoide. Für Ct. felis (Katze) bzw. Ct. felis (Hund) und Ct. canis (Hund) ergab sich eine durchschnittliche Intensität von 7,7 bzw. 10,6 und 7,5 Finnen per befallenen Floh. Die männlichen Flöhe waren extensiv häufiger, jedoch geringgradiger befallen als die weiblichen Exemplare. Fast durchwegs verliefen 17 experimentelle Infektionen ohne ausgeprägte Symptome. Künstliche Übertragungen an Katzen gehen mit Zystizerkoiden aus von Katzen stammenden Flöhen leichter an als mit solchen von Hunden. Die längste Patenz betrug 3 Jahre.
Retrospective Study of Myocardial Canine Parvovirus Infection by in situ Hybridization
Authors: Waldvogel A. S. , Hassam S. , Weilenmann R. , Tratschin J. D. , Siegl G. , Hänichen T. , Briner J. , Pospischil A.
Published: May 2010

The diagnosis of myocardial canine parvovirus (CPV) infection used to depend on the presence of pathognomonic intranuclear inclusion bodies. The in situ hybridization technique, however, allowed to detect CPV specific nucleic acid in myocardial tissue where no inclusion bodies were found. Hence, we applied this technique to check formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded myocardial tissue from puppies with heart lesions for the presence of CPV. The tissues had been collected between 1977 and 1989. A biotinylated probe was used for in situ hybridization. This way CPV specific nucleic acid was detected in 3 dogs where CPV myocarditis had not been diagnosed on routinely stained slides because of the lack of intranuclear inclusion bodies. However, in spite of the application of the in situ hybridization technique no further myocardial CPV infection was detected in puppies with heart lesions from after 1979, confirming that the number of puppies with myocardial CPV infection declined after that year.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Wertbemessung von Rotlauf‐Immunseren «Dessau» vom Schwein mittels Mäuseschutz‐Test und ELISA
Authors: Dahms Heike , Hagemann G. , Hlinak A.
Published: May 2010

Different serological methods were used in determining the valence of red murrain immun sera. By using a grow test it is possible to accomplish an immunological differentiation of the immun sera.

The used ELISA was tested in comparison to the conventional mouse protective test (Prigge, 1950) with regard to its valuation of immune sera. Both procedures have been tested on a possible correlation. In almost all cases a correlation between high titres in ELISA and a mouse protective value over 100 I.E. could be proven.

The statistical processing of the test results proved an assumed correlation of both procedures.

But it is necessary to carry out further research in order to be able to recommend this procedure as an alternative for the mouse protection test.

Zur Bestimmung der Wertigkeit von Rotlauf‐Immunseren bzw. zur Einschätzung des Immunstatus der Schweine gelangen verschiedene serologische Methoden zur Anwendung.

Nur durch den Einsatz der Wachstumsprobe ist bisher eine immunologische Differenzierung der Immunseren möglich.

Der vorgestellte ELISA wurde im Vergleich zum herkömmlichen Mäuseschutztest nach Prigge (1950) auf seine Eignung zur Wertbemessung von Immunseren geprüft. Beide Verfahren wurden auf eine eventuelle Korrelation getestet. Im überwiegenden Teil der Fälle konnte ein Zusammenhang zwischen einem hohen Titer im ELISA und einem Mäuseschutzwert über 100 I. E. nachgewiesen werden. Die statistische Verarbeitung der Testergebnisse bestätigte die angenommene Korrelation beider vergleichend eingesetzten Verfahren.

Um den ELISA als Alternative zum Mäuseschutztest empfehlen zu können, bedarf es weiterer Optimierungsarbeiten.
Renal Lesions in Rats Infected with Rattus Serotype Hantavirus (SR‐11 strain)
Authors: Kobayashi K. , Itakura C. , Arikawa J. , Hashimoto N.
Published: May 2010

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) virus, strain SR‐11 (SR) was inoculated intraperitoneally into specific‐pathogen‐free (SPF) newborn rats, from which the kidney lesions were examined pathologically. The infected rats revealed proteinuria on and after 16 days postinoculation (PI). Histologically, the epithelial cells of the renal tubules showed mild vacuolar and granular degeneration with cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (CIB) on and after 16 days PI. Ultrastructurally, a decrease in number of mitochondria and endocytic vesicles was recognized in the epithelial cells of the proximal renal tubules. Occasionally, both the proximal and distal renal tubular cells had CIB near well‐developed Golgi apparatus on and after 13 days PI. Immunohistochemically, CIB were positive for anti‐SR nucleocapsid antibody, but negative for anti‐SR envelope protein antibody. From the results obtained here, it was concluded that the proteinuria in rats infected with HFRS virus resulted from an insufficiency of reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules, and that CIB consisted of the viral nucleocapsid protein.
Diagnosis of Avian Chlamydiosis: Specificity of the Modified Giménez Staining on Smears and Comparison of the Sensitivity of Isolation in Eggs and Three Different Cell Cultures
Authors: Vanrompay D. , Ducatelle R. , Haesebrouck F.
Published: May 2010

For the diagnosis of chlamydiosis in dead and live birds different methods were compared for their sensitivity and specificity. The specificity of the modified Giménez staining and the direct immunofluorescence (DIF) test for direct demonstration ofChlamydia psittaciin organ, cloacal and/ or conjunctival smears was examined. The sensitivity of the isolation ofChlamydia psittaciin 6 days embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs, Buffalo Green Monkey (BGM) cell line, McCoy cell line and Vero cell line was compared.

On smears, the direct immunofluorescence test was more specific than the modified Giménez staining. The concordance between the results of both detection methods was 80%. The BGM cell culture was the most sensitive artificial host for isolation ofChlamydia psittaci, followed by the embryonated eggs, the Vero cell line and the McCoy cell line. The concordance between the results of isolation in BGM cell culture and eggs was 96.5 %, while it was 86 % between the results of isolation in BGM cell culture and Vero cell culture and only 65.5 % between the results of isolation in BGM cell culture and McCoy cell culture.

For dead bird species, chlamydiosis could be diagnosed more often using DIF on smears than with isolation. The concordance between the results of the DIF on smears and isolation followed by DIF was 91%.
Influenza A Viruses: Epidemiologic Study in Fatteners in Spain (1987–89)
Authors: Yus E. , Sanjuan M. L. , Garcia F. , Castro J. M. , Simarro I.
Published: May 2010

2,979 sera were collected from slaughtered swine in two geographic areas of Spain from 1987 to 1989. They were tested for antibodies against an H1N1‐ and H3N2‐influenza virus by haemagglutination‐inhibition tests (HI).

The percentage of positive sera was higher in area I (78 %‐69.2 %) than in area II (63.1 % ‐60.4%) for both viruses respectively.

The coexistence of high titres to both H1N1‐ and H3N2‐influenza virus became apparent in cold months simultaneously in each area, although influenza viruses circulated in the Spanish swine population for two years.

Also this study suggests the possible circulation of A/Texas/1/77‐like strains in Spain, results which have not been reported before.

Se recogieron en matadero 2979 sueros a partir de porcino de cebo procedente de dos áreas geográficas de España desde 1987 a 1989. Los sueros fueron enfrentados a un virus influenza H1N1 y a otro H3N2 mediante la técnica de inhibición de la hemoaglutinación.

Los porcentajes de sueros positivos fué más elevado en el área I (78 % ‐69,2 %) que en el área II (63,1 %‐60,4 %) para ambos virus, respectivamente.

La coexistencia de cifras elevadas de anticuerpos frente a ambos virus se evidenció durante los meses fríos y de forma paralela en las dos áreas, aunque virus influenza circularon entre la población porcina española a lo largo de los dos años.

Además en este estudio se sugiere la posible circulación de virus análogos a la cepa A/Texas/1/77 en España, extremo no comunicado antes.
Microbiological Study of Foot‐Rot in Lambs: Isolation, Elastolytic Activity and Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Authors: Píriz S. , Valle J. , de la Fuente R. , Angulo M.J. , Vadillo S.
Published: May 2010

A microbiological study was made of an outbreak of foot‐rot in lambs. Elastolytic activity was detected in all 10Bacteroides nodosusstrains isolated from the hooves of 9 affected animals. Among 14 other isolated strictly anaerobic microorganisms belonging to different species or genera only 4 strains showed a low degree of elastolysis. The 14 antimicrobial agents studied effectively inhibited “in vitro” growth ofB. nodosus.
Detection of Rabies antibody by ELISA and RFFIT in Unvaccinated Dogs and in the Endangered Simien jackal (Canis simensis) of Ethiopia
Authors: Mebatsion T. , Sillero‐Zubiri C. , Gottelli D. , Cox J. H.
Published: May 2010

Varying levels of rabies antibody have been detected both by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT) in the sera collected from wild and domestic canids in the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) of Southern Ethiopia. Rabies antibody was detected in 80% (8 out of 10) of domestic dog samples, 13.3% (2 out of 15) of Simien jackal samples and in one common jackal. Rabies virus was isolated from one dog in an area where contact with the Simien jackal could possibly occur. All samples examined from wild rodents as possible reservoir hosts for rabies were found negative. The presence of large proportion of susceptible Simien jackals in the population should be a cause of great concern in saving this endangered species from the ravages of rabies.