bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genes
Authors: Okasha Samir
Published: November 2019

There is no satisfactory one-line answer to the question ‘what exactly is a gene?’. The reasons why a precise definition is elusive are particularly interesting, and raise a number of philosophical subtleties. ‘Genes’ delves briefly into the history of genetics in order to understand them. It first looks at the work of Gregor Mendel in the 1860s and then the era of classical genetics in the 1920s and 1930s. It then moves on to molecular genetics, which came to fruition in the 1950s. How does the gene of Mendelian or classical genetics relate to the gene of molecular genetics? This question has long occupied philosophers of biology.
1. Energy systems
Authors: Jenkins Nick
Published: November 2019

‘Energy systems’ explains the difference between energy and power and between energy and electrical energy. It then outlines the sources of primary energy, describing the environmental consequences of burning fossil fuels, and attempts at limiting energy use. It also considers the difficulties of storing electricity in large quantities and cost-effectively. It is impossible to conceive of a modern society without reliable and effective systems to provide energy when and where it is needed. Modern energy systems continue to evolve in response to energy demand and to changing sources of supply. Increasingly environmental considerations and costs determine which energy sources are used and how the energy transmission and distribution networks are constructed and operated.
5. Tidal bores
Authors: Bowers David George , Roberts Emyr Martyn
Published: November 2019

A tidal bore is perhaps the most spectacular tidal phenomenon that can be readily observed. When a large tide enters a shallow, funnel-shaped estuary with a gently sloping bottom, its waveform is distorted and this can lead to an impressive rolling ‘wall of water’, travelling upriver. ‘Tidal bores’ explains that estuary shape and a large tidal range are important for tidal bore formation. Tidal bores can be smooth, non-breaking ‘undular’ waves or a variety of breaking forms of increasing violence. Famous examples are seen along the Qiantang River in China, the Amazon River in Brazil, and the River Severn in the UK. The impact of tidal bores on estuarine processes and ecosystems is also discussed.
Reporting of adverse drug events in the Veterans Health Administration for patients whose treatment with empagliflozin or apixaban was discontinued
Authors: Fina Paul M , Cunningham Francesca E , Zhao Xinhua , Glassman Peter A , Moore Von R , Au Anthony , Aspinall Sherrie L
Published: November 2019

Purpose

To examine the reporting rates of adverse drug events (ADEs) with apixaban and empagliflozin as reports move up to the next level of spontaneous reporting.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of outpatients who discontinued apixaban or empagliflozin within 3 years of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. We enriched the sample using an active surveillance strategy to identify subsets of patients with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes possibly associated with an ADE. Stratified random samples of charts were reviewed to determine if patients discontinued the medication due to an ADE. If so, we ascertained whether these were uploaded into the Veterans Administration (VA) electronic health record reporting system (Adverse Reaction Tracking System [ARTS]), VA national Web-based system (VA Adverse Drug Event Reporting System [VA ADERS]), and FDA MedWatch.

Results

From the cohort of 2,973 patients who discontinued apixaban, 321 patients (10.8%) were randomly sampled for chart review (including 61 patients with relevant ICD codes). During chart review, 88 ADEs were identified, with 40/61 (65.6%) from the subset with ICD codes. Of the total of 88 ADEs, 18.2%, 10.2%, and 6.8% were reported in ARTS, VA ADERS, and MedWatch, respectively. Of the 1,555 patients who discontinued empagliflozin, 179 patients (11.5%) were randomly sampled for chart review (40 patients with relevant ICD codes). During chart review, 78 ADEs were identified, with 19/40 (47.5%) from the subset with ICD codes. Of the 78 ADEs, 28.2%, 19.2%, and 7.7% were reported in ARTS, VA ADERS, and MedWatch, respectively.

Conclusion

We found substantial underreporting of apixaban and empagliflozin ADEs that became worse at each higher level of spontaneous reporting.
Taxation of Temporary Jobs: Good Intentions with Bad Outcomes?
Authors: Cahuc Pierre , Charlot Olivier , Malherbet Franck , Benghalem Helène , Limon Emeline
Published: November 2019

This article analyses the consequences of the taxation of temporary jobs of short duration recently introduced in several European countries to induce firms to create more open-ended contracts and to increase the duration of jobs. The estimation of a job search and matching model on French data shows that the taxation of temporary jobs does not reach its objectives: it reduces the mean duration of jobs and decreases job creation, employment and welfare of unemployed workers.
Catheter-directed therapy for acute pulmonary embolism: navigating gaps in the evidence
Authors: Chopard Romain , Ecarnot Fiona , Meneveau Nicolas
Published: November 2019

Systemic thrombolysis for acute pulmonary embolism (PE) reduces the risk of death and cardiovascular collapse but is associated with an increased rate of bleeding. The desire to minimize the risk of bleeding events has driven the development of catheter-based strategies for pulmonary reperfusion in PE. These catheter-based strategies utilize lower-dose fibrinolytic regimens or purely mechanical techniques to expedite removal of the embolus. Several devices providing mechanical or suction embolectomy and catheter-directed thrombolysis, with or without facilitation by ultrasound, have been tested. Data are inconsistent regarding the efficacy and safety of mechanical and suction embolectomy. The most comprehensive data on catheter-based techniques stem from trials of ultrasound-facilitated catheter fibrinolysis. Ultrasound-facilitated catheter fibrinolysis relieves right ventricular pressure overload with a lower risk of major bleeding and intracranial haemorrhage than historical rates with systemic fibrinolysis. However, further research is required to determine the optimal application of ultrasound-facilitated catheter fibrinolysis and other catheter-based therapies in patients with acute PE.
Structure and genetics ofEscherichia coliO antigens
Authors: Liu Bin , Furevi Axel , Perepelov Andrei V , Guo Xi , Cao Hengchun , Wang Quan , Reeves Peter R , Knirel Yuriy A , Wang Lei , Widmalm Göran
Published: November 2019

Escherichia coli includes clonal groups of both commensal and pathogenic strains, with some of the latter causing serious infectious diseases. O antigen variation is current standard in defining strains for taxonomy and epidemiology, providing the basis for many serotyping schemes for Gram-negative bacteria. This review covers the diversity in E. coli O antigen structures and gene clusters, and the genetic basis for the structural diversity. Of the 187 formally defined O antigens, six (O31, O47, O67, O72, O94 and O122) have since been removed and three (O34, O89 and O144) strains do not produce any O antigen. Therefore, structures are presented for 176 of the 181 E. coli O antigens, some of which include subgroups. Most (93%) of these O antigens are synthesized via the Wzx/Wzy pathway, 11 via the ABC transporter pathway, with O20, O57 and O60 still uncharacterized due to failure to find their O antigen gene clusters. Biosynthetic pathways are given for 38 of the 49 sugars found in E. coli O antigens, and several pairs or groups of the E. coli antigens that have related structures show close relationships of the O antigen gene clusters within clades, thereby highlighting the genetic basis of the evolution of diversity.
The association of microcephaly protein WDR62 with CPAP/IFT88 is required for cilia formation and neocortical development
Authors: Shohayeb Belal , Ho Uda , Yeap Yvonne Y , Parton Robert G , Millard S Sean , Xu Zhiheng , Piper Michael , Ng Dominic C H
Published: November 2019

WDR62 mutations that result in protein loss, truncation or single amino-acid substitutions are causative for human microcephaly, indicating critical roles in cell expansion required for brain development. WDR62 missense mutations that retain protein expression represent partial loss-of-function mutants that may therefore provide specific insights into radial glial cell processes critical for brain growth. Here we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 approaches to generate three strains of WDR62 mutant mice; WDR62 V66M/V66M and WDR62R439H/R439H mice recapitulate conserved missense mutations found in humans with microcephaly, with the third strain being a null allele (WDR62stop/stop). Each of these mutations resulted in embryonic lethality to varying degrees and gross morphological defects consistent with ciliopathies (dwarfism, anophthalmia and microcephaly). We find that WDR62 mutant proteins (V66M and R439H) localize to the basal body but fail to recruit CPAP. As a consequence, we observe deficient recruitment of IFT88, a protein that is required for cilia formation. This underpins the maintenance of radial glia as WDR62 mutations caused premature differentiation of radial glia resulting in reduced generation of neurons and cortical thinning. These findings highlight the important role of the primary cilium in neocortical expansion and implicate ciliary dysfunction as underlying the pathology of MCPH2 patients.
Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Marginalized Population in the United States
Authors: Sanchez Ninive
Published: November 2019

The National Institutes of Health has identified polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as a major public health problem for women in the United States and recommends establishing multidisciplinary programs to improve the awareness of the public and health care providers regarding management for women with PCOS. This article argues that individuals with PCOS are marginalized due to the syndrome’s misleading name; its underrepresentation in research; lack of culturally and gender-sensitive standards of care; debates about the contraceptive mandate; and stigmatization due to symptoms that do not conform to dominant social constructs of beauty, femininity, and womanhood. The article directs readers to key publications on the assessment and treatment of patients with PCOS, discusses a case study that illustrates the role of a social worker in treating an adolescent with PCOS as part of a multidisciplinary team, and emphasizes the importance of integrating behavioral health in the treatment of patients with PCOS.
Surgical treatment for left ventricular–aortic discontinuity and Gerbode defect with endocarditis
Authors: Uchida Tetsuro , Kuroda Yoshinori , Kobayashi Kimihiro , Sadahiro Mitsuaki
Published: November 2019

An extensive infection of the native aortic or prosthetic valve beyond the aortic annulus could be complicated with various types and degrees of tissue destruction. The left ventricular–aortic discontinuity resulting from extensive infective endocarditis often necessitates pericardial reconstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract and subsequent aortic root replacement. Furthermore, if the membranous ventricular septum is involved with infective tissue destruction, communication between the left ventricle and right atrium, known as a Gerbode defect, and complete atrioventricular block could occur. Surgical reconstruction of these complex pathologies is challenging, with high mortality and morbidity. Herein, we present a rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis complicated with both left ventricular–aortic discontinuity and an acquired Gerbode defect. At the time of surgery, left ventricular outflow tract reconstruction and the technically more demanding aortic root replacement were considered inevitable because of extensive tissue destruction. However, we performed circumferential left ventricular outflow tract reconstruction with a xenopericardial patch and supra-annular aortic valve replacement using the Solo Smart bovine pericardial stentless valve as a technically less demanding alternative to aortic root replacement. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient is well 1 year postoperatively, without valvular dysfunction and recurrent infection.
Population Size Estimation Using Multiple Respondent-Driven Sampling Surveys
Authors: Kim Brian J , Handcock Mark S
Published: November 2019

Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is commonly used to study hard-to-reach populations since traditional methods are unable to efficiently survey members due to the typically highly stigmatized nature of the population. The number of people in these populations is of primary global health and demographic interest and is usually hard to estimate. However, due to the nature of RDS, current methods of population size estimation are insufficient. We introduce a new method of estimating population size that uses concepts from capture-recapture methods while modeling RDS as a successive sampling process. We assess its statistical validity using information from the CDC’s National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system in 2009 and 2012.
Dengue pre-vaccination serology screening for the use of Dengvaxia®
Authors: Hunsperger Elizabeth , Peeling Rosanna , Gubler Duane J , Ooi Eng Eong
Published: November 2019

Can pre-vaccination screening for prior dengue infection using commercially available rapid diagnostic tests guide Dengvaxia administration?
How feedback shapes galaxies: an analytic model
Authors: Salcido Jaime , Bower Richard G , Theuns Tom
Published: November 2019

We introduce a simple analytic model of galaxy formation that links the growth of dark matter haloes in a cosmological background to the build-up of stellar mass within them. The model aims to identify the physical processes that drive the galaxy-halo co-evolution through cosmic time. The model restricts the role of baryonic astrophysics to setting the relation between galaxies and their haloes. Using this approach, galaxy properties can be directly predicted from the growth of their host dark matter haloes. We explore models in which the effective star formation efficiency within haloes is a function of mass (or virial temperature) and independent of time. Despite its simplicity, the model reproduces self-consistently the shape and evolution of the cosmic star formation rate density, the specific star formation rate of galaxies, and the galaxy stellar mass function, both at the present time and at high redshifts. By systematically varying the effective star formation efficiency in the model, we explore the emergence of the characteristic shape of the galaxy stellar mass function. The origin of the observed double Schechter function at low redshifts is naturally explained by two efficiency regimes in the stellar to halo mass relation, namely, a stellar feedback regulated stage, and a supermassive black hole regulated stage. By providing a set of analytic differential equations, the model can be easily extended and inverted, allowing the roles and impact of astrophysics and cosmology to be explored and understood.
A3COSMOS: the dust attenuation of star-forming galaxies at z = 2.5–4.0 from the COSMOS-ALMA archive
Authors: Fudamoto Yoshinobu , Oesch P A , Magnelli B , Schinnerer E , Liu D , Lang P , Jiménez-Andrade E F , Groves B , Leslie S , Sargent M T
Published: November 2019

We present an analysis of the dust attenuation of star-forming galaxies at z = 2.5–4.0 through the relationship between the UV spectral slope (β), stellar mass (M*), and the infrared excess (IRX = LIR/LUV) based on far-infrared continuum observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA). Our study exploits the full ALMA archive over the COSMOS field processed by the A3COSMOS team, which includes an unprecedented sample of ∼1500 galaxies at z ∼ 3 as primary or secondary targets in ALMA band 6 or 7 observations with a median continuum sensitivity of 126 $\rm {\mu Jy\, beam}^{-1}$ (1σ). The detection rate is highly mass dependent, decreasing drastically below log (M*/M⊙) = 10.5. The detected galaxies show that the IRX–β relationship of massive (log M*/M⊙ > 10) main-sequence galaxies at z = 2.5–4.0 is consistent with that of local galaxies, while starbursts are generally offset by $\sim 0.5\, {\rm dex}$ to larger IRX values. At the low-mass end, we derive upper limits on the infrared luminosities through stacking of the ALMA data. The combined IRX–M* relation at $\rm {log\, ({\it M}_{\ast }/\mathrm{M}_{\odot })\gt 9}$ exhibits a significantly steeper slope than reported in previous studies at similar redshifts, implying little dust obscuration at log M*/M⊙ < 10. However, our results are consistent with earlier measurements at z ∼ 5.5, indicating a potential redshift evolution between z ∼ 2 and z ∼ 6. Deeper observations targeting low-mass galaxies will be required to confirm this finding.
Neutron star QPOs from oscillating, precessing hot, thick flow
Authors: Fragile P Chris
Published: November 2019

Across black hole (BH) and neutron star (NS) low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), there appears to be some correlation between certain high- and low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). In a previous paper, we showed that for BH LMXBs, this could be explained by the simultaneous oscillation and precession of a hot, thick, torus-like corona. In the current work, we extend this idea to NS LMXBs by associating the horizontal branch oscillations (HBOs) with precession and the upper-kiloHertz (ukHz) QPO with vertical epicyclic motion. For the Atoll source 4U 1608-52, the model can match many distinct, simultaneous observations of the HBO and ukHz QPO by varying the inner and outer radius of the torus, while maintaining fixed values for the mass (MNS) and spin (a*) of the NS. The best-fitting values are MNS = 1.38 ± 0.03 M⊙ and a* = 0.325 ± 0.005. By combining these constraints with the measured spin frequency, we are able to obtain an estimate for the moment of inertia of INS = 1.40 ± 0.02 × 1045 g cm2, which places constraints on the equation of state. The model is unable to fit the lower-kHz QPO, but evidence suggests that QPO may be associated with the boundary layer between the accretion flow and the NS surface, which is not treated in this work.
X-ray properties of z ≳ 6.5 quasars
Authors: Pons E , McMahon R G , Banerji M , Reed S L
Published: November 2019

We present XMM–Newton X-ray observations and analysis of three Dark Energy Survey z > 6.5 quasars (VDES J0020−3653 at z = 6.824, VDES J0244−5008 at z = 6.724, and VDES J0224−4711 at z = 6.526) and six other quasars with 6.438 < z < 6.747 from the XMM–Newton public archive. Two of the nine quasars are detected at a high (>4σ) significance level: VDES J0224−4711(z = 6.53) at 9σ and PSO J159−02 (z = 6.38) at 8σ. They have a photon index of $\Gamma =1.82^{+0.29}_{-0.27}$ and $1.94^{+0.31}_{-0.29}$, respectively, which is consistent with the mean value of ∼1.9 found for quasars at all redshifts. The rest-frame 2–10 keV luminosity of VDES J0224−4711 is $L_{2\!-\!10\, \mathrm{keV}} = (2.92\pm 0.43)\times 10^{45}\,\mathrm{erg\,s^{-1}}$, which makes this quasar one of the most X-ray luminous quasars at z > 5.5 and the most X-ray luminous quasar at z > 6.5, with a luminosity 6 times and 2.5 times larger than ULAS J1120+0641 (z = 7.08) and ULAS J1342+0928 (z = 7.54), respectively. The X-ray-to-optical power-law slopes of the nine quasars are consistent with the previously observed anticorrelation of αox with UV luminosity $L_{2500\, \mathrm{\mathring{\rm A} }}$. We find no evidence for evolution of αox with redshift when the anticorrelation with UV luminosity is taken into account. Similar to previous studies at z ∼ 6, we have found remarkably consistent X-ray spectral properties between low-redshift quasars (z ∼ 1) and high-redshift quasars. Our results add further evidence to the picture that the observable properties of high-luminosity quasars over the UV-to-X-ray spectral region have not evolved significantly from z ∼ 7 to the present day and that quasars comparable to local versions existed 800 Myr after the big bang.
Anatomical Variations in the Location of Veins Draining Into the Anterior Superior Sagittal Sinus: Implications for the Transbasal Approach
Authors: Borghei-Razavi Hamid , Raghavan Alankrita , Eguiluz-Melendez Aldo , Joshi Krishna , Fernandez-Miranda Juan C , Kshettry Varun R , Recinos Pablo F
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND

Many approaches are used for midline anterior cranial fossa meningioma resection. In the subfrontal approach, the anterior superior sagittal sinus (SSS) is commonly ligated to release the anterior falx. The transbasal approach allows access to the origin of the anterior SSS, allowing for maximum venous preservation.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate variations in the first and second veins draining into the SSS.

METHODS

We performed stepwise dissections for a transbasal level 1 approach on 8 anatomic specimens. We visualized the first and second veins draining into the sinus and measured the distance from the foramen cecum to these veins. We also measured the orbital bar height to determine the length of sagittal sinus that could be preserved with orbital bar removal.

RESULTS

The distance between the foramen cecum and the first vein ranged from 4 to 36 mm while the distance to the second vein ranged from 6 to 48 mm. The mean orbital bar height was 26.4 mm. Based on these measurements, with a traditional bicoronal craniotomy without orbital bar removal, 81% of first veins and 58% of second veins would be sacrificed.

CONCLUSION

A supraorbital bar or nasofrontal osteotomy, part of the transbasal skull base approach, is helpful to preserve the first and second veins when ligating the anterior SSS. Based on this study, it may be difficult to preserve these veins without orbital bar removal. Preservation of these veins may be of clinical importance when approaching midline anterior fossa pathologies.
Sources of Successful Societies
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: November 2019

Abstract: The world's twenty or so affluent longstanding-democratic nations have enjoyed rapid economic growth since the middle of the nineteenth century. As countries get richer, their citizens tend to want more public insurance to protect against loss, more policies and rules that boost the capabilities and well-being of the less fortunate, and greater prioritization of personal liberty. Together, affluence, its causes (markets, stable and supportive government, and science), and its consequences (desire for more insurance, fairness, and personal freedom) have produced societies that are not only richer but also more secure, better educated, healthier, fairer, freer, and happier.
Breaking the Binaries in Security Studies
Authors: Harel-Shalev Ayelet , Daphna-Tekoah Shir
Published: November 2019

The book focuses on the study of women combat soldiers in the fields of Security Studies and International Relations. It addresses this issue by bringing the soldiers’ voices and silences to the forefront of research in these domains and by presenting the women soldiers as narrators. The book introduces a theoretical framework in Critical Security Studies for understanding—by binary deconstructions of the terms used in these fields—the integration of women soldiers into combat and combat-support roles and the challenges they face. The book draws on Feminist IR scholarship and introduces an interdisciplinary theoretical perspective that aims to lead scholars to consider why and how women’s experiences should be incorporated into the analysis of violence, state violence, combat trauma, security, and insecurity. The book therefore emphasizes the importance of including, in critical approaches to security, the understudied topic of the voices of women in combat. The book explores the voices and silences of women who served in combat roles in the Israeli Defense Forces. The analysis, however, extends beyond the Israeli case insofar as the book offers important general insights into the larger issues of the links between war and gender, body and gender, trauma and gender, and politics and gender. It also raises methodological considerations about ways of evaluating power relations in conflict situations and patriarchal structures. The binary deconstructions discussed in the book offer a paradigm shift in Security Studies and Conflict Studies.
Women in Combat
Authors: Harel-Shalev Ayelet , Daphna-Tekoah Shir
Published: November 2019

The book focuses on the importance of the study of women combat soldiers and veterans in the fields of Security Studies and International Relations. The chapter addresses this issue by bringing women’s voices and silences to the forefront of research in these domains and by presenting women soldiers as narrators of war and conflict through their alternative and very personal stories. The pivotal motif that runs through the book is the theoretical framework it provides for understanding the process of integration of women soldiers into combat and combat-support roles and the challenges they face. The research seeks to explore narratives of women as violent actors rather than as women struggling for peace. The book prompts scholars to be critical of widely accepted knowledge and binary conceptions in military studies. Chapter 1 outlines the book’s rationale, the research framework, the context of the research, and the contents of the subsequent chapters.
The Politics of Trauma, Gender, and War
Authors: Harel-Shalev Ayelet , Daphna-Tekoah Shir
Published: November 2019

Chapter 4 provides a critical feminist outlook on trauma and presents a deconstruction of binary perceptions about traumatic experiences in armed conflicts. Combat trauma and trauma studies emerged from masculine hierarchic theoretical foundations. Current knowledge about trauma concentrates on men as combatants and women as victims. By focusing on the narratives of women combatants, the chapter’s analysis breaks with the traditional ways in which war-associated trauma has been studied. Hegemonic masculinity has influenced the study of trauma—just as it influences and reinforces everyday practices of gendered identities, particularly gendered identities in a military environment. These overlooked aspects of trauma can be understood through the study of women exposed to combat trauma (as perpetrators or victims or both). By the analysis of the traumatic experiences of women combat soldiers, the chapter challenges disciplinary boundaries by emphasizing the need for a critical and feminist perspective in the study of trauma.
Between What “Was” and What “Is”
Authors: Chiovenda Andrea
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents a briefer profile of four more individuals from Nangarhar province. The common theme among them is their coming of age in a quickly morphing social and cultural environment, and the frictions (both internally and outwardly) that each of them has to go through in order to make sense of contradictory cultural cues in a volatile political space. The author followed these four adolescents into their early adulthood and participated in their struggle to shape a future for themselves, amid war, new opportunities, and the call of tradition.
Conclusion
Authors: Chiovenda Andrea
Published: November 2019

The conclusion to the book pulls together the many conceptual threads that emerged from the ethnographic material presented in the previous chapters. It argues for a human “shared psychic reality” that can only be expressed and operationalized through the meanings given to it by the cultural world in which each individual is immersed and lives. Thus, while psychic mechanisms have to be “primed” by the individual’s cultural and social environment in order to function meaningfully, so also cultural material, in order to be understood, has to be approached by investigating the subjectivities and psychological dynamics of those who utilize it and produce it. This is particularly true in the realm of conflict, in all its connotations, which is a constant presence in the pages of the book. Indeed, power is here considered to be constitutive of all relations of interdependence between individuals, and not simply as something that someone has and others have not, whether when producing harmony or conflict.
Body
Authors: Kozak Mariusz
Published: November 2019

This chapter takes a closer look at listeners’ bodily capabilities. The author first draws on his own and others’ observational studies to show how, in response to music, listeners’ capacities for movement unfold in two distinct ways: (1) by synchronizing with a pulse, and (2) by coordinating their movements with events separated by longer, or uneven, spans of time. He then argues that these two categories of movement constitute a kinesthetic knowledge of music’s temporal processes—of “how music goes.” He develops a comprehensive account of this knowledge as a contextual enactment, through bodily engagement with the world, of the dynamics, affectivity, and intercorporeality of our involvement with the world—as a dynamic feel of living as an animate and environmentally embedded being engaged in some task.
Education
Authors: Hershkoff Helen , Loffredo Stephen
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses state and federal laws that affect educational opportunity for poor and low-income children and adults. The federal Constitution does not guarantee a right to education. Instead, the provision of public schooling is a state responsibility, and the quality of public education varies considerably based on the wealth of the community in which a public school is located. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that the Equal Protection Clause does not require states to provide equal educational opportunities to students from low-wealth communities that on a par with those in schools with greater resources. The result is an educational system characterized by disparities and inequalities—rather than driving children forward, public schools in some disadvantaged neighborhoods serve as a conduit in a school-to-prison pipeline, with highly racialized impacts. The chapter discusses how the education of poor and low-income children is affected by residency requirements, truancy laws, punitive disciplinary policies, school fees, and the absence of state-funded programs for toddlers too young to attend kindergarten. Congress has enacted programs designed to supplement educational opportunities for students who are poor or from low-income households, and the chapter discusses some of them, starting with preschool through to vocational training opportunities and federal loans and grants to attend college. These programs, although important, are largely indifferent to the democratic benefits of racially integrated schools and do not go far enough in ensuring every child a free, quality education as a strong foundation for development and growth. The chapter also discusses how student debt has become a barrier to social mobility, and some of the protections available for students unable to pay their college loans.
Rights in Public Spaces
Authors: Hershkoff Helen , Loffredo Stephen
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the rights of low-income persons, including those who “look poor” or homeless, to travel, to become members of a community, and to use public spaces, such as streets, parks, libraries, and post offices. Many localities have adopted “quality of life” regulations that restrict and even criminalize acts that are innocent when done in the privacy of one’s home, such as sleeping or eating, but become illegal when done in public. The chapter sets out the constitutional right to travel from state to state and within a state, and describes the practical and legal barriers that exist to the actualization of that right, such as the absence of public transportation or not having money to buy a car. Attention is given to the constitutional status of residency requirements and how they impact efforts to obtain better housing and schooling. It explores permissible limits on rights to use public spaces, and protections that may be invoked in many typical encounters with the police, such as demands for identification cards or the seizure of possessions temporarily left in a park. Practical advice is given about library services and mail delivery, as well as how to get licenses for commercial activities that make use of public spaces, including street vending.
Pressure Builds for Reform
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M.
Published: November 2019

Horrific medical accidents widely circulated in the media: Betsy Lehman, Boston Globe health reporter died from a chemotherapy overdose; in Florida, Willie King had the wrong leg amputated. These scandalous stories killed organized medicine’s efforts at tort reform because no one could reasonably support it after such injuries. In the aftermath, the first Annenberg Conference on error in medicine was proposed to help medicine “get on the right side of the issue.” Lucian Leape and James Reason provided keynote addresses, symbolizing a partnership between medicine and cognitive psychology. The Ben Kolb case presented at Annenberg spurred organized medicine to begin serious safety efforts, and the National Patient Safety Foundation was started by the American Medical Association. A second, even larger Annenberg Conference was held with substantial input from nonclinical safety scientists.
Nachtmusiken
Authors: Stoll Knecht Anna
Published: November 2019

The name pairing of the Seventh’s second and fourth movements calls for a comparison of their characteristics and functions within the symphony. Like the Finale, both Nachtmusiken play with discontinuity and interruption. The first piece takes us into a pastoral world disturbed by military sounds; the second offers the vision of a serenade constantly interrupted by interjections and changes of perspectives. Besides their common features, these two movements each behave differently and are not particularly close in terms of musical language. Qualifying them with the same term may have allowed Mahler to show how the same idea—the idea of a “nightmusic”—can be musically embodied in different ways. This chapter first discusses the music in its finished form, outlining the most salient features of each movement, before turning to the extant compositional materials.
Keeping DNA Out, Letting It In
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R.
Published: November 2019

All three meningitis bacteria (meningococci, Haemophilus influenzae, and pneumococci) are able to soak up DNA from their environments; thus, they all exhibit substantial genetic diversity. Those whose cell walls stain Gram negative (meningococci and H. influenzae) use DNA uptake signal sequences to take up the DNA, while pneumococci, which stain Gram positive and thus possess a different kind of cell wall, use a unique and less well understood mechanism. Although these interesting and important scientific discoveries have little to do with the clinical management of meningitis, they reveal a lot about the basic biology of H. influenzae and other meningitis-causing bacteria. By using the molecular tools that permit bacteria to acquire new DNA from their environments, H. influenzae bacteria are able to refashion themselves. In this way, at least a few of the bacteria in the enormous population of bacteria that live in humans are able to cope with whatever challenging environment they happen to fall into, including their transit from the throat, where they normally live, to the blood and meninges, where they cause meningitis.
Hitch a Sugar to a Protein
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R.
Published: November 2019

The success of the conjugate Hib vaccines has been spectacular. Prior to their introduction, an estimated 10,000 cases of Hib meningitis occurred annually in the United States, which was approximately 1 in 300 children. It was even higher among native Alaskan and American Indian children. Since the widespread use of the vaccine, the disease has nearly disappeared in the United States, with only 40 cases in children under age 5 years reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2014. Thus, bacterial meningitis, once a scourge that killed and damaged too many American children is, for the most part, now a bad memory.
A Scientist and a Scientist Walk into a Bar
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R.
Published: November 2019

Since Richard Pfeiffer first spotted his influenza bacilli in the respiratory secretions of patients suffering from influenza during the Russian pandemic, scientists of all stripes have built, one discovery at a time, a monument to understanding how Haemophilus influenzae, as well as pneumococci and meningococci, cause bacterial meningitis. The culmination of these many, diverse efforts is the near disappearance of this dreadful infection, at least in countries that provide vaccines to their young citizens. Earlier, smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, measles, and polio became almost nonexistent in America because of a tower of scientific knowledge and the use of vaccines that emerged from that knowledge. Now, meningitis is almost there.
Israel Has a Jewish Problem
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce
Published: November 2019

This book examines the struggles over Jewishness in Israel. Although the state was founded to liberate the Jews, some Israelis must leave the country to get married, while others are denigrated for trying to live the Torah life. The Kafkaesque nature of such struggles illustrates how modern democratic nation-states, meant to liberate citizens through rule by “the people” and for “the people,” instead create “a people” for the state and its projects. The book argues that self-determination becomes a form of self-elimination as it produces the ethnos for the nation, inevitably narrowing the possible forms of personal and cultural identity.
On Goat Surveillance
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce
Published: November 2019

Building on Hannah Arendt’s theorizing about citizenship and rights, this chapter shows some of the outcomes of the transformation of the Jewish Question for “the people” who must be produced and maintained as sovereign citizens in their own state. The chapter includes a number of ethnographic vignettes describing situations that arise when Israelis struggle over Jewishness in order to make a living, sell their produce, or immigrate to the country. This chapter lays the foundation for the broader argument about how ethno-national models of political liberation produce their “people,” arguing that although such production causes the most harm to those it excludes, the processes of producing inclusion also threaten human liberation. This chapter is framed by Kafka’s “Little Fable,” which serves as a metaphor for the myriad ways Jews struggle to be Jewish in Israel, which seems like a narrowing maze with no exit.
Is Israel a Christian State?
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce
Published: November 2019

This chapter opens with an ethnographic vignette in which an ultra-Orthodox man explains the dangers of Zionism. He says the founding father of political Zionism, Theodor Herzl, “actually wanted to convert all the Jews to Christianity.” This opens a discussion about the character of the Jewish state, building on the previous chapter about assimilation. It focuses on government efforts to change the ultra-Orthodox and to integrate them into Israeli society. It deals with conflicts over “freedom,” which has often come to mean self-realization and individual autonomy, but should not be limited to this Western liberal definition. While anthropologists have long argued that such normative terms like freedom do not have a universal definition, in this case, we find that the secular state interprets freedom in a way that does not coincide with the understanding of at least some of those it intends to make free.
How Envy Can Incite Anti-Semitism and Genocide
Authors: Smith Richard H. , Hoogland Charles E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the role of envy in anti-Semitism and genocide. After making the case for why Jews might be envied in the first place, it suggests reasons why envy, together with other factors, should help explain the specific ways in which Jews have been the targets of prejudice and extreme aggression. Jews, because they are envied due to their perceived competence and because they are believed to have intentions to use their competence to undercut the majority culture, are often seen as powerful threats to the majority culture and blamed for societal troubles. The analysis emphasizes the propensity of envy to transmute itself into more palatable emotions that succeed in justifying hatred and making genocide more likely.
Introduction
Authors: Han Enze
Published: November 2019

The first chapter introduces the issue topic and presents a set of research questions for the study. It then discusses briefly the argument of the book, its methodology, as well as the structure of the book. Specifically, it points out that this book is a comparative historical account of the state and nation-building process in an “organic” upland area that shares lots of similarities in terms of geography and ethnic diversity, yet has become increasingly incorporated into a set of neighboring modern states. Departing from existing approaches that look at such processes mainly from the angle of singular, bounded territorial states, the book argues that a more fruitful approach is to see how state and nation building in one country can influence, and be influenced by, the same processes across borders.
Spillover of the Chinese Civil War and Militarization of the Borderland
Authors: Han Enze
Published: November 2019

Chapter 4 analyzes the legacy of the KMT in the borderland area, after its defeat in the Chinese Civil War, in terms of its impact on state building in the three countries. It analyzes how the KMT incursion in Burma played a sizable role in the fragmentation of Burma in the peripheries and also indirectly set in motion the militarized confrontation between the Burmese army and many of the estranged ethnic groups. In Thailand’s case, KMT remnant troops proved instrumental in Thai counter-insurgency campaigns within the context of its broader security relations with the United States during the Cold War. For China, the communist government carried out ruthless counterinsurgencies against the KMT remnants as well as other ethnic and local rebellions in mountainous areas that resisted the communist regime’s consolidation of power. Campaigns were also carried out to subdue the population in the name of suppressing counter-revolutionaries.
Comparative Nation Building across the Borderland Area
Authors: Han Enze
Published: November 2019

Chapter 7 analyzes how the different nationalist ideologies in these three countries have affected the politics of national identity among various ethnic minority groups living along the borders. It examines nation-building ideologies and policies in China, Myanmar, and Thailand, then examines how close ethnic linkages between the Shan and Thai manifest in Thailand’s interest in supporting Shan nationalist movements as part of its pan-Tai sentiment. The chapter then compares the implications of different nationalist ideologies and practices on common cross-border ethnic minorities between China and Myanmar. For many ethnic minority groups across the border, China is often perceived as a place where ethnic minorities are treated better than in Myanmar. Relative depravation in Myanmar explains this perception very well.
Introduction
Authors: Cameron Maxwell A.
Published: November 2019

Institutions are powerful forces in our lives because they exert an influence over our choices and actions, giving them meaning and significance. Whereas much of the contemporary literature on institutions stresses the importance of interests and rights, less attention has been given to the goods that institutions deliver. This chapter defines what we mean by institutions, and introduces the idea of practical wisdom from the tradition of virtue ethics. Linking institutional analysis to virtue ethics helps us to better appreciate the need for wise practitioners and to understand why the aims (or goods) of institutions cannot be achieved without them.
Sound Design is the New Score
Authors: Kulezic-Wilson Danijela
Published: November 2019

Sound Design Is the New Score explores film soundtrack practice that blurs the boundary between scoring and sound design, subverting long-established hierarchical relationships between dialogue, music, and sound effects. The new methods associated with this practice rely on the language and techniques of contemporary popular and art music rather than traditional Hollywood scoring and mixing practices, producing soundtracks in which it is difficult to tell the difference between score and ambient sound, where pieces of pre-existing musique concrète or electroacoustic music are merged with diegetic sound, sound effects are absorbed into the score or treated as music, and diegetic sound is treated as musique concrète. The book argues that the underlying principle that binds together all the different manifestations of this practice is a musical approach to soundtrack conceived as an integrated whole. The aesthetic concerns of this practice, demonstrated in a resistance to the familiar tropes of classical narrative and scoring, are illuminated through the concept of the aesthetics of reticence, which encourages an intellectual, affective, and sensuous engagement with film. The sensuous aspect of this practice is theorized using the concept of the erotics of art, arguing that the sensuousness of film form—its sonic and visual textures, composition, rhythm, movement, and flow—is much more complex and sophisticated than simply being an emphasis on excessive sensory stimulation facilitated by the use of digital technology or the aesthetics inspired by it.
Coptic
Authors: van der Vliet Jacques
Published: November 2019

Going beyond an inventory of “Old Testament apocrypha” transmitted in Coptic, this chapter focuses on the conceptual problems inherent in the study of Coptic literature, and of Coptic apocrypha in particular. First, the complicated linguistic situation of late antique and early medieval Egypt is sketched, which as far as Coptic sources are concerned resulted in a fragmentary and discontinuous record. Secondly, the Coptic sources are considered in their social setting, which is primarily the liturgical life of Christian, predominantly monastic communities between the fourth and the twelfth centuries. It is argued that terminology such as “Old Testament apocrypha” is not only descriptively inadequate but bars a proper understanding of the texts as embedded in local Christian genres and practices.
Armenian
Authors: Stone Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents the Jewish Old Testament apocryphal tradition that was transmitted in Armenian and other such works, created in Armenian drawing on biblical and apocryphal tradition. The Jewish works were translated from Greek and Syriac, and the question of Armenian knowledge of Hebrew is discussed. The works attributed to “Books” and “Secret Books of the Jews” are discussed, as well as Canon Lists. Well-known pseudepigrapha are presented, including Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Joseph and Asenath, 4 Ezra, Life of Adam and Eve, Vitae Prophetarum and other such writings. Embroidered Bible writings, typical of the Armenian tradition, are considered, and the scholarly elaborations on lists of questions, genealogy, and objects or events are examined.
Germanic
Authors: Murdoch Brian
Published: November 2019

There are only limited and indirect reflections of Jewish apocrypha and pseudepigrapha in Old and Middle High German, Anglo-Saxon, and Middle English. The story of Judith was well-known, as were extrabiblical tales associated with Joseph, but the best attested pseudepigraphic material is that linked with (Christian versions of) the legends of Adam and Eve after the Fall, of which there are very many examples in Middle English and Middle High German, as well as in other European languages. Elements of the Enoch-apocrypha are reflected in one Old High German text, and the figures of Jannes and Jambre appear in one text in Anglo-Saxon.