bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simple Models for Powerful Results
Authors: Ludwin William G.
Published: March 2007

The gap between academic literature and a practitioner's desk is often forbidding. Complex, but elegant, methods applied to simple problems widen that gap. When the desk is in an office of a subunit of local government, both academicians and practitioners despair. This study, on the other hand, demonstrates a simple, replicable model with the virtues of conceptual soundness, simplicity, and practitioner confidence. This article reports the development and application of simple difference equation models to the caseload burden of an alcohol treatment program. These system models stimulated the recognition of policy alternatives not considered previously and provided a method for estimating the effects of these alternatives. The simple models produced powerful results with no more complexity than required by high school algebra.
Implementation of Social Policy Revisited
Authors: Hasenfeld Yeheskel , Brock Thomas
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the state of theory development in the study of social policy implementation and offers a political economy framework as a synthesis of current theory and research. The article reviews and classifies the major theoretical and empirical studies of implementation. On the basis of the review, a political economy model of implementation is developed, consisting of the following components: policy-making, policy instruments, critical actors, driving forces, service delivery system, and policy output. The policy output is measured by a correspondence index defined as the correspondence between eligible, processed, and served populations and between identified needs and services delivered. It is argued that policy output is determined by organizational systems which develop as a result of technological specifications, economic considerations, and power relations.
The Motivating Role of Envy
Authors: De Vries Manfred F. R. Kets
Published: March 2007

In reviewing management textbooks, the construct of envy, which plays a major role as motivator, seems to be nonexistent. In this article, the meaning, origin, and function of envy are explored. Particular attention is paid to ways of dealing with envy—patterns of action that combine envy avoidance and envy-inducing components in an intricate way. Among the alternative strategies discussed are idealization, denial, reaction formation, rationalization, withdrawal, devaluation, the drive to excel, and reparation. The article demonstrates how envy turns into a significant motivator when seen in the context of organizational life.
Dilemmas of Legitimacy
Authors: Vinzant Janet C. , Roback Thomas H.
Published: March 2007

The legitimacy of public administration within the constitutional separation of powers has been repeatedly questioned. Attempts to address this challenge have emphasized the public interest as a fundamental concept in defining the administrator's role in governance. In its landmark decisions on political patronage, the Supreme Court explicitly considered this issue. This analysis examines the court's reasoning using three alternative models of the public interest. Judicial perspectives in the patronage cases are found to contrast sharply with contemporary administrative theory. This divergence underscores some of the theoretical dilemmas that confront the field in developing new models of public administration in governance.
Farewell to Norton
Authors: Wamsley Gary L.
Published: March 2007

I hope this feature of Administration & Society will not become routine. The world of academia has lost three of its "greats" in a brief span: Bill Siffin, Aaron Wildavsky, and now Norton Long.
Managing Under Deadly Conditions
Authors: Hajj Marina El , De Vries Manfred F.R. Kets , Miller Danny
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study looks at the behavior of a number of CEOs (mostly owner-managers) who kept their companies running during a situation of great stress. Interviews were conducted with 13 Lebanese CEOs to investigate what kind of impact the Lebanese war had on their behavior and emotional well-being and on the functioning of their organizations. Postulations are made about a number of personal and social factors that could explain the resilience of our respondents and their organizations.
Tipping the Balance
Authors: Dunsire Andrew
Published: March 2007

A modern society, according to autopoietic and other analyses, comprises social systems that show organizational closure and selfrreferentiality, partly explaining widely perceived regulatory failure. This article compares four possible mechanisms for governance or steering of such systems, compatible with their autopoiesis: the use of subsidy, partnership with intermediary bodies, reflexive law, and a technique of government intervention that is ancient and common but not recognized, here named collibration. Some social actors exist mainly to check and balance other actors (e.g., employers' organizations and trade unions, or buyers and sellers in a market) and are self-referential only as a pair system This pair system is then self-policing but can be steered, within limits, by tipping the balance that is being maintained-as exemplified by price-loading taxes, cooling-off periods, and sport handicapping.
Appreciating Cultural Differences
Authors: Dunbar Roger L. M. , Bresser Rudi K. F
Published: March 2007

This article explores the cultural differences that have influenced the German reunification process. It argues that reunification has been interpreted differently depending on whether individuals come from the East or the West. Using Schein `s (1992)framework different and critical aspects of the respective cultures are identified. The impact of these cultural forces is illustrated through a case study describing the development of the Treuhandanstalt and through metaphors that highlight alternative interpretations of reunification. The article concludes by discussing the implications of this process for appreciating cultural differences in Germany.
Judging the Private Lives of Public Officials
Authors: Dobel J. Patrick
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the moral importance of privacy and its place in the lives of public officials. It examines the tension between the legitimate claims of citizens and overseers to scrutinize the private lives of public figures and the rights of officials to privacy. It argues that these legitimate reasons break down in practice almost all barriers to scrutiny due to the weaknesses of the limits and the incentives of American politics and the modern media. The article explores the consequences of a world where public officials possess no private lives. These unsavory consequences exemplify the dangers of denying any boundaries between private and public. The article concludes that citizens need to redefine the boundaries of private and public life and suggests standards by which citizens can judge the private lives of public officials.
African Self-Consciousness and Health-Promoting Behaviors among African American College Students
Authors: Thompson Shawn N. , Chambers John W.
Published: March 2007

Empirical research has not examined the explicit relationship between cultural identity and health-promoting behavior. This study proposed three models of relationships between African self-consciousness (ASC), health consciousness (HC), and health-promoting behaviors (HPB) in a sample of African American college students. One model suggested that the relationship between ASC and HPB would be mediated by HC, whereas a second model hypothesized a moderating effect of HC. A third model denoted that ASC and HC might be orthogonal predictors of HPB. Eighty participants completed measures of ASC, HC, and HPB. Statistical analyses lent support for the third model and indicated that ASC contributes unique variance to HPB beyond that contributed by HC. These results emphasize the need for sound research that examines the role of cultural identity in health promotion among African Americans.
The Bi-Polar Prepubescent Adolescent: A Literature Review and Clinical Case Study of an Eleven-Year-Old Black Female
Authors: Grubb Henry J.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the difficulty of diagnosing Bipolar Disorder in the prepubescent adolescent through a review of the literature on the subject and an actual clinical case study. An eleven-year-old premenarche "'unofficial adoptee" was seen by the author first in a psychiatric emergency room and then an in-patient children's unit of a major urban psychiatric facility in 1985. The progress of her diagnosis from an adjustment disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional disorder to a personality disorder and finally Bi-polar Disorder is discussed in terms of differential diagnosis and the need for certain family, social, cultural, psychological, and biological information. The unique behavioral presentation of adolescent bipolars, in comparison to adults with this disorder, is also presented by example and corroborated by reports in the literature. The difference in cycling patterns and the more common occurrence of mixed features in young bi-polars is another point stressed by this paper. Finally, the need to "get into the world" of the troubled child is discussed and brought into focus through the case example of the development of the patient-therapist relationship between this disturbed bi-racial girl and her clinician. Treatment and outcome are addressed at the end with suggestions for other therapists faced with similar clinical, social, and ethical issues.
African-Centered Theses on Mental Health and a Nosology of Black/African Personality Disorder
Authors: Azibo Daudi Ajani ya
Published: March 2007

Mental health is defined and a diagnostic system of ordered and disordered African (Black) personality functioning is discussed. The discussion first is grounded in the backdrop of briefly stated but fundamental "Advances in Black Personality Theory." Mental health is then shown to be rooted in the original human's biogenetic nature, and, hence, the natural order. Both ordered and disordered personality functioning are considered in this context. The nosology systematizes 18 of the disorders of the African personality (a) with one another and (b) with the nosological system prevalent in Euro-American psychology (DSM-ILI). Two cases (one actual, one contrived) are presented to illustrate practical usage of the nosology.
The African American Acculturation Scale: Development, Reliability, and Validity
Authors: Landrine Hope , Klonoff Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development, reliability, and validity of the African American Acculturation Scale. This 74-item scale has good construct and concurrent validity. The eight subscales, assessing eight dimensions of African American culture, have high internal consistency reliability, and the scale as a whole has high split-half reliability. African Americans'scores on the scale were unrelated to social class, gender, and education. The needfor cross-validation of the scale andfor specific research projects using it are detailed.
Exploding the Myth of Scientific Support for the Theory of Black Intellectual Inferiority
Authors: Crane Jonathan
Published: March 2007

This article is a review of the theoretical and empirical literature on the question of genetic differences in intelligence between races. The belief that Blacks are genetically less intelligent than Whites is surprisingly widespread among academics in relevant specialties. But this articlefinds that there is no valid evidence to support that belief. The evidence that has been amassed to justify the claim of Black intellectual inferiority is fundamentally flawed both theoretically and methodologically. Moreover, there is a substantial body of evidence, from numerous different sources using a variety of methods, that supports an environmental explanation of the race gap in cognitive test scores.
A Preliminary Study of Low-Income African American Fathers' Play Interactions with Their Preschool-Age Children
Authors: Fagan Jay
Published: March 2007

This study examined the play interactions of 33 low-income African American fathers with their preschool-age children. The father's self-esteem was found to be highly correlated with professional raters' observations of paternal responsiveness to the child, developmental appropriateness of his play interactions, and use of positive control strategies.
A Test of the Ability to Recognize Emotion in the Facial Expressions of African American Adults
Authors: Nowicki Stephen , Glanville Denise , Demertzis Alexia
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to introduce a measure for the recognition of emotion in the facial expressions of African American adults. Posed and spontaneousfacial expressions ofAfrican American adults were photographed. A social norming approach was used to select 32 photographs of the following high-and low-intensity emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, and fear All were equally represented by male and female faces. Construct validity evidence from both African American and European American subjects was presented in support of the measure.
Quality and Quantity of Friendship
Authors: Heiman Tali
Published: March 2007

Few studies have examined the quality and the quantity of friendship as reported by students and teachers. In the present report, the author examined 121 adolescent students with mild mental retardation (MR) studying in special education schools, 189 students studying in self-contained classes in mainstreamed schools, and 265 nondisabled students, compared with 50 teacher reports. Results indicated significant differences in the perception of friendship between the groups. Students with MR in special schools have mentioned fewer definitions of a close friend, tended to have fewer friends, and engage in fewer leisure activities or in activities inappropriate to their age group. Some of them felt isolated, rejected or ignored in the classroom or in school, compared with students in the other groups. The teachers estimate that the students with MR in special education schools are more popular at school but lonelier at home. The two sources of information validated one another and add information to the quality of friendships in the groups' studies.
Life Lessons Learned from a Fulbright Scholarship in Latvia
Authors: D'Amato Rik Carl , Singleton Jessica L.
Published: March 2007

In this article, a summary is given of a school psychologist's personal and professional experiences in 1997 as the first Fulbright scholar at the Liepaja Pedagogical Higher School in the former Soviet Republic of Latvia. Topics addressed include the application process for the Fulbright Scholarship, cultural experiences in housing arrangements and daily life in Latvia, professional activities as a Fulbright scholar and reflections on cultural differences in the Latvian higher education system. Encouragement is given to future Fulbright Scholars who are able to assist at the Liepaja Pedagogical University in Liepaja, Latvia in order to increase international understanding.
Association Between Measures of Academic Performance and Psychosocial Adjustment for Asian/Pacific-Islander Adolescents
Authors: Hishinuma Earl S. , Foster Judy E. , Miyamoto Robin H. , Nishimura Stephanie T. , Andrade Naleen N. , Nahulu Linda B. , Goebert Deborah A. , Yuen Noelle Y. C. , Makini George K. , Kim S. Peter , Carlton Barry S.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the association between different measures of academic performance and psychological adjustment for a sample of under-researched Asian/Pacific-Islander adolescents from Hawaii. The participants included Native Hawaiians, Filipinos, Japanese, mixed/non-Hawaiians and Caucasians. The results supported the use of the actual quantification of academic performance (i.e. cumulative grade-point average [GPA] or self-reported 'last-report-card' evaluation) in predicting psychiatric symptoms and school-related behavioural difficulties. As hypothesized, the larger the absolute difference between actual and self-reported performance, the higher were the levels of adjustment difficulties. Students who had a full evaluation grade discrepancy or more between their actual and self-reported evaluations were at higher risk based on the six adjustment outcomes. Implications were discussed from methodological-psychometric and practice-based perspectives. Further research was delineated.
Similarity of Deleterious Effects of Divorce on Chinese and American Children
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Bray Melissa A. , Kehle Thomas J. , Xinc Tao
Published: March 2007

The effects of divorce on Chinese children's adjustment are reviewed and contrasted to American children of divorce. Over the past 20 years there has been a substantial increase in the Chinese divorce rate. The deleterious effects of divorce on children's academic and social functioning appear to be similar to that experienced by American children.
The Four Clients of the School Psychologist
Authors: Benyamini Kalman
Published: March 2007

This is a retrospective sketch of the first years of the Jerusalem Municipal School Psychological Service, built around a series of changes that occurred in the definition of the psychologist's role in the schools. A developmental scheme is presented under the theme of 'Who is the School Psychologist's Client?', and four definitions which consecutively determined service policies are outlined. First the child was defined as the client, then the teacher; next the school as a whole with an accent on problems, and finally with an emphasis upon the resources of the school. This brief description comes to elucidate some of the realities of the school as they present themselves to the psychologist, the opportunities, challenges and constraints posed by this reality to the mental health professional, and the evolving insights concerning the role of psychological services in the educational system.
School Psychology for World Citizens
Authors: Vassaf Gunduz
Published: March 2007

Whither school psychology? Whither schools? Whither education? This paper will address itself to the place of school psychology in Turkey at the end of the century. In order to have a proper perspective we must look at new directions in education and society in the light of social, economical and political developments in the world and especially in the Middle East. And in considering the future we must first consider the past.
What Happened at Spring Hill?
Authors: Weinberg Richard A. , Ysseldyke James E.
Published: March 2007

The Spring Hill Symposium on the Future of Psychology in the Schools took place in June 1980. The Symposium was the first comprehensive examination of school psychology by US school psychologists since the Thayer Conference in 1954. The latter meeting, like others at Vail and the University of Chicago, focused primarily on guild issues and led to modifications in professional practice and training. It is tempting to think that the Spring Hill Symposium, too, will be considered a historic event and that its influence will be traced in the future applications of psychology to the schools. However, conferences and change may be only correlated; national meetings tend to be called at critical points in time, and the points are critical because change is imminent. School psychology appears to be at such a point.
Implications for Education and Child-Rearing
Authors: Adams Leah D. , Al-Rubaiy Abdul Amir , Lamonte Ruth B.
Published: March 2007

The women's movement of the last two decades achieved considerable progress for women everywhere. However, this progress was neither even across cultures nor free of obstacles. Different cultures created different difficulties for women on their road to even access and equality. For the Middle Eastern woman, the road to equality has exerted similar pressure. Women everywhere had to continue the struggle between career and child-rearing; carefully making the choice between aggressive behaviour and submission and femininity and assertiveness. Since the behaviour of children is often influenced by cultural traditions and authority roles played at the home, understanding the role of the Middle Eastern woman is crucial to educating those children. This is more so with those children who migrate with their families to Western countries. Psychologists and educators can benefit from an understanding of the cultural traits of those children while attempting to educate them and assist them to adjust to their new environment.
Reading Errors
Authors: Meazzini Paolo
Published: March 2007

Reading is a very complex behaviour by means of which printed words are assigned a conventional sound and meaning; if this is stated in behavioural terms, printed words are stimuli controlling vocal and semantic responses (Staats et al, 1964; Staats and Butterfield, 1965).
A Comprehensive Accountability System for School Psychologist Interns and Practitioners
Authors: Fairchild Thomas N.
Published: March 2007

A quality professional field experience is critical to the preparation of school psychologists. On-going supervision by university and field supervisors is necessary if interns are to receive the kinds of experiences considered desirable. In order for this supervision to be meaningful, a system for collecting and utilizing evaluative data needs to be employed. The comprehensive accountability system described in this article is designed to collect evaluative data systematically on interns enrolled in a USA training programme. Factors that need to be considered during the development of the system are discussed and a format for implementing such a system is outlined. An illustrative example shows how procedures, an interactive process and a planning component are employed to collect evaluative data on interns' performance. This system can be easily adapted to suit the needs of practitioners.
A Procedure for Testing an American Test in an Indonesian Context
Authors: Pedersen Paul
Published: March 2007

The subject's perception of self in relation to test-item content affects test performance in ways that are not being measured directly by current testing procedures. In this study, 92 Indonesian students volunteered to evaluate each of the 552 items on the multi-scaled Lutheran Youth Research Inventory according to seven negative and one positive criteria. A review of the literature identified sensitive content areas likely to arouse negative feelings in self-disclosure. The Indonesian student responses are analysed to determine (1) the nature of the most objectionable items, and (2) the rates at which evaluation criteria were being used across all scales. Both procedure of 'testing the test' and the interpretation of Indonesian students' evaluations of test items are discussed as they relate to the accurate interpretation of test data from populations that are not testwise.
Personality Inventory for Children
Authors: Clark Elaine , Kehle Thomas J. , Bullockc Donna S.
Published: March 2007

The scores of 70 learning disabled (LD), 47 emotionally disturbed (ED) and 24 intellectually handicapped (IH) children were compared on the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC). The data were submitted to a series of 2 x 2 x 3 ANOVAs. The results indicated that the IH group was differentiated from the others on PIC scales reflecting cognitive weaknesses (Intellectual Screening and Development) and limited reality testing (Psychosis), and that the ED group was discriminated from the LD group on scales which predict general maladjustment (Adjustment) and from the IH group on scales which predict hyperactive behavior (Hyperactivity). When the protocols were analyzed using actuarial guidelines, the majority of children in all three groups showed significant elevations on scales intended to measure cognitive deficits and general maladaptive behavior (e.g. 100 percent of the IH group had significant scores on the Intellectual Screening and Development scales; a similarly high proportion of ED children had marked elevations on the Adjustment scale). It was actually the degree of scale elevation relative to the remaining profile which defined each group.
Vygotsky and the History of Pedology
Authors: Holowinsky Ivan Z.
Published: March 2007

This paper briefly discusses the growth and demise of pedology within the context of the early history of child study in Europe, the influence of Vygotsky's writings upon Soviet defectology and the struggle of Soviet psychology for its Marxist-dialectical identity.
Potential Sources of Work-related Stress for the Educational Psychologist in the Republic of South Africa
Authors: Basson C. J.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to identify potential sources of occupational stress for the educational psychologist working in education departments in the Republic of South Africa. An argument will be formulated based on existing research and reviews in the field, and will be linked to aspects of the school psychological services in the Republic based on experience and published papers in the area. A model of work-related stress will provide a framework to describe the potential sources of occupational stress. Finally, suggestions will be made for the empirical validation of these ideas in later research.
Prevention and Early Intervention through Intervention Assistance Programs
Authors: Curtis Michael J. , Curtis Vicki A. , Graden Janet L.
Published: March 2007

Intervention assistance programs are gaining increasing support as an alternative to the special education placement-oriented service delivery model that characterizes school psychology throughout mast of North America. Emphasizing consultative assistance to parents, classroom teachers and other school personnel, intervention assistance provides for an immediate response to student-related concerns. The research literature indicates that consultation, the basis for intervention assistance, is an effective problem-solving methodology. In addition to early problem resolution, studies also support the preventive value of consultation in demonstrating that it can lead to a variety of outcomes, such as increased teacher understanding of student-related problems, and improved teacher-student interactions. Further research regarding the benefits of intervention assistance programs as comprehensive and integrated service delivery systems is still needed. Nevertheless, preliminary results suggest that this approach can result in fewer teacher referrals for determination of special education eligibility, but an increase in the number of children served overall.
Preventing Disruptive Behaviour in Schools
Authors: Nichols Louise , Parffrey Vanessa , Burden Robert
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a consultancy service to whole-school systems that is offered by a small team of educational psychologists employed by a Local Education Authority in the south-west of England. Starting from an approach to service delivery that is essentially systems-orientated, the South Devon Psychological Service team has developed a working model for helping secondary schools to combat disruptive behaviour by students and develop their own effective and caring discipline policies. In developing this essentially preventative model, the team has incorporated its own outside consultant from the local university. The main focus of the paper is on the process involved in moving from clientcentred to systems consultancy work, particularly within the context of the English educational system where educational psychologists rarely work with ratios of less than 1:5000 and where it is expected that they will cover an age range of 0-19.
The Contribution of School Mental Health Services to Community-Wide Emergency Reorganization and Management During the 1991 Gulf War
Authors: Klingman Avigdor
Published: March 2007

The Persian Gulf war subjected the civilian population of Israel to 18 Scud-missile attacks over a period of six weeks. The purpose of this report is to outline the principles guiding community-wide emergency intervention and to examine the preventive proactive measures for children and parents undertaken by the school psychological services. In particular, the reorganization of the services to respond to the situation-specific conditions and the implementation of the intervention principles (outreach, immediacy, proximity, community, expectancy and continuity) are presented.
A Survey of Therapeutic Support for Children with Emotional and Behavioural Disturbance (EBD) in Special Schools in the United Kingdom
Authors: Smith Allan J. , Thomas John B.
Published: March 2007

The article presents a report of the results of a questionnaire survey of therapeutic support in 263 schools and units for EBD children in the UK, examining availability and frequency of services provided. Both quantitative and qualitative data are presented and analysed with reference to previous research. The conclusions indicate difficulties in operational definition and practice, the need to analyse closely the role of the educational psychologist and, above all, highlight the failure of the system to provide any expectation of treatment, in the psychological sense, for children diagnosed as presenting emotional and behavioural disturbance.
Children's Response to the Gulf War
Authors: Klingman Avigdor
Published: March 2007

This study reports on 253 Israeli fifth and sixth grade children at risk from missile attacks during the Persian Gulf War of 1991. During the fifth week of the war the children were asked to write, in their classroom, a short composition about their personal experience since the beginning of the war. The major concern of the study was the feasibility of employing a school-based, easy-to-administer, assessment tool (i.e. a composition) as both research and clinically oriented assessment procedure. The most noted experiences reported were children's active behavior in the sealed room, the role the mass media played and the anxiety, respectively. The results tend to concur with major findings of other studies using conventional measures as well as potentially providing some unique information. Overall, the children's compositions may have considerable practical value for group-based assessment in community disaster situations.
A Survey of Assessment Professionals in the US
Authors: Mardell-Czudnowski Carol
Published: March 2007

A national survey of assessment professionals in the US was conducted to ascertain who was testing special education students, who were being tested and which tests were being used. Based on 1059 returned surveys, the following statements can be made. Four groups (teachers, specialists, psychologists and speech therapists) generally administer the tests. As an average, three-quarters of these individuals have at least a master's degree; two-thirds are over 35 years of age; they have taken five assessment courses; and assess about 67 children each year. Two out of three children tested are male, regardless of the handicapping category, and almost two out of three are between the ages of 6 and 14 years although there is a trend to test more preschool children. Psychologists and speech therapists use more different tests than teachers and specialists. Some widely used tests are utilized primarily by one of the four groups while others are shared by two or three groups. The most widely used tests are discussed in terms of their technical adequacy and other relevant characteristics.
Job Satisfaction of School Psychologists in the United States
Authors: Brown Michael B. , Hohenshil Thomas H. , Brown Douglas T.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to determine the level of job satisfaction of school psychologists in the United States who are employed in a school setting. It replicates a previous national study (Anderson et al., 1984) that was conducted ten years earlier. Data were collected through mail surveys consisting of a demographic data form and a modified form of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Results revealed that 86 percent of the practicing school psychologists were satisfied or very satisfied with their jobs, while only 14 percent indicated that they were dissatisfied with their jobs. Almost threequarters of school psychologists (73.2 percent) intend to remain in their current position for the next five years. The vast majority (91.9 percent) also intend to remain in the profession of school psychology. Compared to school psychologists in 1982, the present group of school psychologists continues to report high levels of overall job satisfaction. School psychologists are most satisfied with independence, a chance to do important work that fits with one's values, and congenial colleagues with whom to work. The overall level of satisfaction is equal to that of clinical psychologists and previous studies of school psychologists. Specific factors of school system policies and procedures and opportunities for advancement continue to be the source of most dissatisfaction for school psychologists.
A Synthesis of the Relationship of Marijuana Use with Delinquent and Problem Behaviors
Authors: Derzon James H. , Lipsey Mark W.
Published: March 2007

Marijuana use has been identified in both the popular and scientific literatures as a primary factor leading to later delinquent and problem behaviors. In this article we use meta-analytic techniques to summarize the findings from longitudinal research on this relationship and we delineate what these studies tell us about the magnitude of their longitudinal and cross-sectional relationships. Using multiple search strategies we identified 63 reports of 30 independent longitudinal studies from which we coded 511 effect-sizes. The cross-sectional findings measured early in adolescence are the strongest; these findings generally attenuate with age. For longitudinal relationships, stronger mean correlations are observed when delinquent and problem behaviors are measured first. The general strength and pattern of findings suggest that the nature of the relationship is likely to be one of co-morbidity and not cause and effect.
The Influence of Ownership and Organizational Conditions on Employee Participation in Russian Enterprises
Authors: Russell Raymond
Published: March 2007

This article examines the incidence and forms of employee participation in decisions reported in a survey of one manager and one employee from each of 45 Russian enterprises in the fall of 1996. Of these enterprises, eight were state-owned, 10 had 'mixed'ownership, 17 had been fully privatized and 10 were newly created private firms. These four ownership sectors differed greatly in the forms taken by employee participation in decisions, but not in its overall incidence. Participation was reported to be significantly more common in enterprises in which employees had become owners, and in enterprises that had been shedding employees.
Uncertainty, Confifict, and Labor Relations in the Modern Firm II: The War on Labor
Authors: Goldman Paul , Van Houten Donald R.
Published: March 2007

In Part I of this article, it was suggested that American business faces a new and difficult set of organizational uncertainties. Among these are an escalating cost of energy, increased governmental regulation, and an international economy posing new dilemmas. Employers have pointed to the so-called productivity crisis as an additional source of concern. This is, in part, a rhetorical issue: although the annual rate of productivity growth has fallen, productivity itself has not declined. However, there is growing evidence that managers are worried, perhaps because questions of productivity and of labor itself are ones about which management feels it ought to exercise some control.

According to business trade journals (the major source of data for this research), employers currently choose between two strategies in dealing with their workers. First is 'capitalism with a human face'. In ascending order of complexity, its specific tactics include (1) traditional human relations techniques; (2) revamped incentive programs; (3) job enrichment; and (4) workplace democratization. Each one represents a newer model of techniques used over the past three generations. While all four have shown themselves to be effective in some cases, even successes appear to raise new uncertainties and contradictions. For these, and other reasons, many employers have chosen to pursue a second strategy, the war on labor.
Loss of Shareholder Control and the 'Managerial Revolution'?
Authors: Brostrom Anders
Published: March 2007

The debate on economic democracy has to some extent centered around the role of the mandators within the enterprise. It has been an assumption since the work of Berle and Means The Modern Corporation and Private Property - was published, that the separation of ownership and control has meant a loss of control for the mandators. This article discusses that thesis and claims that the company is still in the hands of the owners through delegation and proxy. There is no such thing as a managerial revolution.
The Aftermath of the Welfare State. Comments on Organizational Implications of Cuts in Public-Sector Expenditure in the Netherlands
Authors: Sporre Gaston
Published: March 2007

In the Netherlands, as in many other western countries, the growth of the welfare state has led to a considerable expansion of the public sector. The present economic crisis, however, puts public sector organizations in a problematic situation. The crisis, though, is not only a financial one. Public sector organizations also constantly demonstrate signs of uncontrollability. The public sector seems not only growth-oriented but growth-addicted. The article tries to shed some light on dilemmas encountered in the process of cuts in public sector expenditure in the Netherlands and some suggestions regarding conditions to be considered in this process are being put forward.
Self-Managed Research and Technological Change: Towards Industrial Democracy in an Australian Public Utility
Authors: Callus Ron
Published: March 2007

Australian trade unions have traditionally been reluctant to become involved in management-initiated worker participation schemes. While sceptical of these proposals few unions have attempted to develop alternative, more acceptable models. This paper examines, by way of a case study, how one union has formulated a policy on industrial democracy by involving rank and file members in an extensive research project. This led members of the research team to undertake a major survey of employees' attitudes, and to examine critically the existing decision-making structures within their employing organization. The project highlights the need for policies on industrial democracy to address those issues deemed important and a matter of concern to employees. Technology was found to be one such policy. The paper examines the applicability of conventional consultative arrangements, now common in many organizations, and how more appropriate structures can be devised that will ensure a more participative and effective decision-making process.
Foreign Workers and Workforce Management in West Germany
Authors: Dohse Knuth
Published: March 2007

The present situation of foreign workers in West Germany can only be adequately understood if one takes explicit discrimination in job allocation into account. Foreigners are kept longer than Germans in stressful entry-level jobs and are blocked in their advancement to better positions. As part of the secondary labour market of big industrial firms, they do not only serve as a reservoir of flexibility in transfers; they are also more likely to lose their jobs in a period of redundancies. The thesis is put forward that contrary to many expectations about the rational behaviour of single capital units management discriminates against foreign workers in order to gain the compliance of the majority workforce and to achieve social peace in the plants. Selective personnel policies only work as smoothly as they do because there is also a selective representation of labour interests, which put Germans first and foreigners second. Although successful in sheltering the German core workforce against the threat of job losses to some extent, this selective representation of interests may in the long run imply the danger of an ethnic polarization within the labour movement.
Trade Unions as Intermediary Organizations
Authors: Muiiler-Jentsch Walther
Published: March 2007

In advanced capitalist societies trade unions are under structural constraints to pursue a policy of intermediation between the opposing interests of labour and capital. The article traces the historical lines of the evolution from 'classical' to 'intermediary' unionism, especially in regard to union structure, interest representation at plant and industry level, institutionalization of class conflict and union involvement in economic policy (section I). A typology of unionism is introduced and three variants of intermediary union policies are described (section II). Finally, the internal processes of intermediary unions are analysed in terms of prerequisites of collective actions, selective processes in interest representation, alternative and complementary agencies to unions (section III).
New Technologies and German Co-Determination
Authors: Fricke Werner
Published: March 2007

German co-determination has come to a crisis; this is true especially - although not exclusively - in the case of 'qualified' co-determination (within the mining and iron industry). The main thesis of this article is that, although development and use in enterprises of the new information and communication technology within the frame of computer-supported production, has not by itself caused the weakening of German co-determination, it has nevertheless brought the weaknesses to light and intensified them. The cause of the co-determination crisis in West Germany lies in its institutionalization, the legal regulation of the negotiation system and the latter's rigidifying effect on committee or council work. The system character of the new technology, its universal applicability and its process-like character no longer do justice to the traditional form of co-determination. The author proposes the organization of co-determination as a process, the linking of the traditional forms and institutions of co-determination to the employees' organized union participation, in order to intensify and stimulate German co-determination. Attempts in this direction may be seen during the latter part of the 1970s, e.g. in IG Metall's action programme 'Work and Technology', and in DGB's (German Federation of Trade Unions) co-determination initiatives, as well as in several projects on the humanization of working life.
Profit-Sharing, Job Rotation and Permanent Employment: The Large Japanese Firm as a Producers' Co-op
Authors: Mccormick B. J. , Marshall G. P.
Published: March 2007

This article advances the claims of Japanese firms to be considered as a form of workers' co-operative which overcomes the disadvantages of those normally encountered in the West. It proceeds by examining the nature of contracts for various groups involved in large firms and then goes on to consider the problem of exploitation and the part played by small firms in economic activity. Finally, the importance of cultural differences is emphasized.
Worker Buyouts in Canada: A Social Networking Analysis
Authors: Quarter Jack , Brown Judith
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a four-step theory for predicting the occurrence of worker buyouts. The theory is developed from an analysis of thirty-nine worker buyouts in Canada and from a review of studies of worker buyouts in Western Europe and the US. The theory is based upon a sequence, the key component of which is the presence of a facilitative social network. Therefore, we refer to our approach as social networking theory. The steps in the sequence are as follows. (1) Enabling conditions: It is proposed that the economic and social conditions, cultural traditions and the inclinations of key leaders lead to the creation of a social network to support worker buyouts. (2) Social networks: Worker buyouts in Canada are clustered in regions, and the strength of a social network within a region is the critical factor in determining whether worker buyouts will occur. Social networks are conceived of as offering varying degrees of support for worker buyouts. Networks may also be oppositional. The support for worker buyouts, therefore, may be conceived of as the strength of facilitative networks relative to oppositional networks. (3) The particular case: Although the net strength of a social network is the critical component in predicting whether worker buyouts will occur in a context, the circumstances in any one case are of importance in predicting any particular buyout. In other words, without a supportive network, it is unlikely that worker buyouts will occur. But supportive networks are only a general prerequisite which interacts with the circumstances surrounding a particular plant. (4) Social efficacy: The success of worker buyouts affects the strength of supportive networks and inclinations of workers in a particular plant.
Plywood Co-operatives in the United States: An Endangered Species
Authors: Gunn Christopher
Published: March 2007

In addition to the familiar challenge of a highly volatile product market, the plywood co-operatives of the Pacific Northwest face a rapidly shrinking supply of timber. Their survival depends on their ability to concentrate on high-quality, high value-added segments of the market and on renewed investment. Investment has been difficult to sustain while owner-members' real incomes have been in decline. Industry and resource supply conditions and environmental regulation provide an increasingly difficult environment for this cluster of co-ops.
Populism, Liberalization and Popular Participation: Industrial Democracy in Egypt
Authors: Bayat Assef
Published: March 2007

While the mobilizing character of the populist movements and regimes in the Third World countries offers a great potential for the practice of grassroots democracy, the populist ideology and development strategy, at the same time, set certain serious constraints against genuine democratic practices. This theory is illustrated by a historical analysis of the experience of industrial democracy in Egypt under President Nasser and the subsequent regimes. Industrial democracy was designed to serve as a part of the populist strategy of mobilizing the working class in the post-revolutionary Egypt.
Assessing SAP's Economic Policy in the 1980s: The 'Third Way', the Swedish Model and the Transition from Fordism to Post-Fordism
Authors: Ryner Magnus
Published: March 2007

This paper applies a historical structural, regulation-theoretical approach to interpret Swedish economic policy in the 1980s. It is argued that the market-oriented long-term assumptions of the 'third way' were flawed, and constituted an inadequate response to the crisis of the Swedish (Rehn-Meidner) Model. It violated the already increasingly brittle terms of legitimation of the 'moral economy' of solidaristic wage policy. Although such a violation was reasonable, necessary (and accepted by the trade unions) in the short run, the failure of the policy to achieve a progressive trajectory in the transformation from Fordism to post-Fordism made it impossible to reproduce the conditions of the 'moral economy'. The paper is especially critical of the use of a 'norms-based' monetary policy, and the marginalization of collective capital formation policy and active industrial policy.
Lean Production, Conditions of Work and Worker Commitment
Authors: Skorstad Egil
Published: March 2007

In the search of remedies to the industrial crisis of the Western world, lean production has been promoted as the proper answer to productivity problems. Furthermore, this mode of production is claimed to offer challenging and rewarding work at the level of production, thus fostering the reinvolvement of the rank and file. The arguments put forward in this article speak in favour of the opposite conclusion. This is done by discussing the economic logic behind lean production as well as the technology materializing from this logic that is, the characteristics of the production paradigm itself. According to the conclusion coming from this discussion, lean production will mean loss of autonomy and further intensification of work. Within such a context resistance will appear as a more probable reaction than creative involvement.