bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Peer Assessment to Develop Universal Competencies in Teaching a Foreign Language to Undergraduate Students in a Non-Linguistic University
Authors:   Financial University under the Government  of the Russian Federation, Meshcheryakova Olga Vladimirovna
Published: August 2020

With the introduction of the Federal Educational Standards FGOS 3++ higher education institutions have been faced with the necessity to refashion not only syllabi but also methodology of teaching. Criti-cal thinking skills play an important role in the learn-ing process. Having analyzed some publications of foreign and Russian researchers, the author of the paper provides the definition of critical thinking, its characteristics and stages of its development. Peer assessment is considered as an instrument that can facilitate development of critical thinking skills to be used in language teaching at a university. The au-thor analyses and generalizes the teaching experi-ence of using peer assessment in language instruc-tion. Based on the study undertaken, the author makes conclusions and recommendations on bene-fits and drawbacks of peer assessment used as an active learning method and a means of formative and summative control.
The Risks of Digitalization of School Education (Based on Astrakhan Teachers Survey)
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, Grigoryev Alexandr Vladimirovich
Published: August 2020

The paper studies the potential risks that can be caused by the digitalization of school education. To this end, a sociological research was carried out using a qualitative technique (focus group inter-views). The analysis of the obtained data allowed the author to identify seven groups of risks which are as following: social, psychological, health risks, informational, organizational and methodological as well as risks of education quality lowering and ethi-cal-existential risks. Besides, a mind map of the As-trakhan teachers’ opinions was constructed, which visualized information on the existing risks of digi-talization of school education and showed the rela-tionships between them. The data obtained as a result of the research also constitute an information base for hypothesizing and tools constructing for quantitative research on this topic planned further on.
Key Features of Patriotism in a «Pandemic» Society
Authors:   Irkutsk State University, Gritskikh Nadezhda Viktorovna , Anokhina Anna Albertovna ,   Irkutsk State University, Osipov Timur Alekseevich ,   Irkutsk State University, Safonov Sergei Andreevich ,   Irkutsk State University
Published: August 2020

This paper is focused on the analysis of the specif-ics of the transformation of patriotism and patriotic values in a critical situation of a "pandemic" society on the example of the spread of a new virus – COVID-19. The pandemic is presented as a global external factor that has a significant impact on pat-riotic attitudes in the social environment and under-standing of patriotism in general at this stage of society's development. There is a need to consider those aspects of the impact of the epidemic and pandemic that lead to social cohesion, strengthen-ing of social ties or, conversely, to a certain social decomposition. The authors considered the theoret-ical concepts of patriotism and social risks, which resulted in an analysis of possible changes in patri-otic attitudes of persons in pandemic conditions. The history of the development of the category "pat-riotism" is presented, its various forms and types are highlighted. Such types of social reactions as soli-darization, polarization and atomization were con-sidered. Special emphasis is placed on the first type of reaction, external and internal factors that con-tribute to the rise or decline of patriotic sentiment. Seven conditions for the emergence of solidarity, the presence or absence of which determines the vector of development of patriotism, are denoted according to P. Baehr. The authors propounded a hypothesis that a tough state policy of measures to prevent the pandemic, such as the introduction of quarantine and self-isolation, as well as the unstable economic situation in the world, can contribute to the separation of society and reduce the level of social consolidation. It is revealed that the formation of a "postpandemic" society and the transformation of various social phenomena, including patriotism, directly depend on the qualitative indicators of soli-darity and its conditions.
Subject Content of the Needs of Modern Youth
Authors:   Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, Karavaeva Julia Viktorovna , Litvinova Svetlana Viktorovna
Published: August 2020

The study discusses the needs and their impact on the personal activities. The necessity of research and forecasting the needs of youth as the most dy-namic social community in the design and creation of goods and services for socially meaningful filling of the objective content of needs is shown. The re-sults of a study of the needs of students in the city of Lipetsk are presented. It has been revealed that a large share of the youth’s income is spent on the needs associated with providing the material basis of life and restoring energy costs. The significance of the criteria for choosing goods (utility, reliability, aesthetics, multitasking, profitability, product safe-ty) for young people is determined. An analysis of the unmet demand of young people is carried out and the goods for which the accumulation of funds most often occurs are identified.
Axiology of the Province Phenomenon in Russian Mass Media of the Beginning of the 21st Century
Authors: Parshina O. D. , Ivanyan E. P.
Published: August 2020

The article presents the results of a study of value meanings of the province phenomenon in the discursive environment of the Russian mass media at the beginning of the 21st century. The basic semantics of the Russian lexeme provintsiya is described based on the data of the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. The analysis is made of adjectival and verbal combinations selected by a continuous sampling method from the materials of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The categories based on which the value semantics of the province in time and space are identified are defined. In accordance with the established categories, the selected adjectival and predicative combinations were distributed, and their estimation scaling was performed in relation to positive and negative evaluation. It is established that at the beginning of the 21st century the texts of mass media record changes in the value layer of ideas about the province in the language consciousness of modern Russian speakers. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of the axiological component of the lexeme provintsiya, a decrease in negative ratings was recorded with a simultaneous increase in positive ratings since 2006 for adjectival combinations and since 2004 for predicative ones. Dynamic changes in the evaluative meanings accompanying the word provintsiya in the media discourse can be considered as a reflection of the changing role and status of the province in the socio-cultural space of Russia.
Preposition Repetition in Phrases with Homogeneous Parts of a Sentence in Business Texts of the 18th Century
Authors: Ulitova A. S.
Published: August 2020

The question of dialect differences in the use of homogeneous parts of a sentence and prepositions in business texts of the 18th century is considered. Attention is paid to the factors that influenced the preposition repetition in such groups. The results of comparative analysis of peripheral (in particular, Chelyabinsk) and Moscow business texts of the 18th century are presented. The question is raised whether the syntactic role of words in the group under study affected the preposition repetition. Special attention is paid to the duplication of the preposition in a number of stable expressions typical for the business usage of the 18th century. For the first time, the task is to identify differences in the use of repeated prepositions in business texts that relate to different territories. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that it draws readers’ attention to a new aspect in the history of the formation of Russian language norms. It is proved that in the business texts of the 18th century, which have different origins, territorial affiliation was not a decisive factor. The author points out that along with the place where the document was written, the author’s preferences, the functioning of prepositions in formula expressions, the syntactic role of homogeneous members, and the genre of the document may have influenced the duplication of the preposition.
About Lexical Differences between Old Shtokavian Croatian and New Shtokavian Serbian Dialects
Authors: Yakushkina E. I.
Published: August 2020

The article deals with lexical differences between two Shtokavian Serbo-Croatian dialects: the dialect of the village Siche (Slavonia, Croatia) which belongs to archaic Slavonian dialect, and the dialect of the village of Gospodjinci (Voyvodina, Serbia) belonging to the innovative Shumadia-Voyvodina dialect. The study is actual because there are no dialect atlases of Serbo-Croatian territory and detailed descriptions of lexical features of different Shtokavian dialects.  The study uses the lexical material collected specially on the base of the questionnaire of the Serbian-Croatian dialect Atlas. The article compares the differential vocabulary of questionnaires from two named villages. The analysis shows that the main part of differential lexems in two dialects are loan words, mainly of Turkish origin, which replaced in the Voyvodina dialect the Slavic words preserved in Slavonia. Among the lexical differences there are a number of proto-Slavic synonyms, which presumably contrasted various proto-Serbo-Croatian dialects at the beginning of the second Millennium. The words of later origin based on Slavic roots are not very important in the lexical opposition of the two dialects. From geolingustic point of vew Slavonian and Voyvodina dialects present an opposition of Western and Eastern Shtokavian.
Genre Features and Types of Adyghe Toponymic Legends
Authors: Kudaeva Z. Zh. , Khagozheeva L. S.
Published: August 2020

The article examines the Adyghe toponymic traditions. The relevance of the work is that it addresses one of the complex theoretical problems of modern Russian folklore — the definition of differentiating genre features of works of oral folk prose. The authors proceed from the fact that the identification of genre characteristics of Adyghe toponymic legends should contribute to the creation of a generalizing genre system of Adyghe folk non-fairy prose. The novelty of the research consists in determining the genre features of Adyghe toponymic legends and their classification. In the continuum of Adyghe toponymic traditions, two groups are distinguished: the traditions of the first group are archaic, they tell about the events of the distant past and are known throughout the entire ethnic territory. It is shown that the plot of this type of legend is expanded, complicated and includes a number of additional motives — the history of migration and settlement of the current territories by the people, genealogical excursions. It is noted that another group of toponymic legends is associated with events of the recent past and has a narrow local connectedness. The marker of historical authenticity of the described facts and events is an indication of real historical persons who act as characters in the legend. It is argued that the plot of this type of legend is not developed, they are usually one-episode, and the area of distribution of this group of legends is usually limited to one locality.
Semantic Studies of Organisation and Functioning of Mental Lexicon
Authors: Belov V. A.
Published: August 2020

The review article discusses the key problems of semantic organization of the mental lexicon. It is understood as a dynamic, cognitively organized semantic network of lexical units. The paper presents the characteristics of the main models of semantic organization of mental vocabulary, highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. It is noted that currently connectionist models are developing most actively. Among them there are the following: the small world network, which considers a certain fragment of the lexicon; thesaurus models that combine all units of the lexicon; computational and distributive models that build relationships between a large number of units based on corpus data about shared usage. The author analyses the sources of information about the organization of the mental lexicon, among which the leading position is occupied by the results of associative experiments and priming. It is revealed that research is also carried out on the subjects’ intuitive assessments of word similarity, analysis of unintentional speech errors. Neuropsychological technologies are used to study the mental lexicon. The problem of semantic relations in the mental lexicon, which are described using a “spatial” metaphor, is discussed separately: semantic proximity is considered as a distance or a vector.
Red Guard Movement in the First Years of “Cultural Revolution” in China (1966—1967): View of Domestic and Foreign Researchers
Authors: Bondareva V. V.
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the first years of “the cultural revolution” in China (1966—1967), characterized by high revolutionary activity of students and school youth, organized into groups of “red guards”, who were distinguished in their actions by extreme cruelty and fanaticism. From this point of view, the destructive actions of the red guards, which were of a terrorist and mass nature, highlight the main direction of their revolutionary strike, which was inflicted on the party and state apparatus of China. Mao Zedong is presented as the initiator of a mass movement of red guards who used monstrous terrorist methods to fight his opposition and all, from their point of view, not enough politically conscious elements. The hongweibing movement, considered as an instrument of Mao Zedong’s struggle with the opposition, allows to reveal in the course of research the personal qualities of a leader who, in the name of establishing his own cult, was not afraid to deliberately plunge the entire country into mass and deeply disorderly turmoil. The detailed description of Mao Zedong’s personal attitude to what is happening, based on documentary sources, reveals the deeply dictatorial and anti-democratic nature of his power, which was asserted in the first years of “the cultural revolution” with the help of the red guards movement.
Media Representation of the Pandemic: a Metaphorical Image of War (based on American Newspapers)
Authors: Dankova N. S. , Krekhtunova E. V.
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the media representation features of the situation of coronavirus infection spread. The material was articles published in American newspapers. It is shown that the metaphorical model "War" is widely used in media coverage of the pandemic. The relevance of the work is due to the ability of the media to influence the mass consciousness. The methodological basis of the research is formed by critical discourse analysis, which establishes the connection between language and social reality. The article provides an overview of works devoted to the study of metaphor. The theoretical foundations for the study of metaphorical modeling are given. In the course of the analysis, the linguistic means of updating the metaphorical model "War" were revealed. The authors note that this metaphorical model is represented by such frames as “War and its characteristics”, “Participants in military action”, “War zone”, “Enemy actions”, “Confronting the enemy”. It is shown that modern reality is presented in the media as martial law, the coronavirus is positioned in the media as a cruel and merciless enemy seeking to take over the world, the treatment of the disease is represented as a fight against the enemy. It is concluded that the use of the metaphorical model "War" is one of the ways to conceptualize the spread of coronavirus.
Tips for Transplanting Tissue Cultured Plants1,2
Authors: Brainerd Kim E. , Fuchigami Les H.
Published: August 2020

Our previous studies observed that a lack of closure of in vitro stomata causes water stress in low humidity environments, and that the stomatal closure mechanism develops during acclimatization. The objectives of this study were to determine if a structural or physiological difference prevented in vitro stomatal closure, and whether the duration for acclimatization depends on humidity, foliar application of ABA, darkness, or a high CO2 atmosphere.

Stomatal anatomy of in vitro and greenhouse acclimatized leaves were examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. No structural differences which could prevent closure of in vitro stomata were observed. At 30 to 40% relative humidity (RH), 4 to 5 days were necessary for acclimatization, i.e., ability for stomata to close; at 65% RH, 2 days were needed. Stomata in the culture environment did not acclimatize.

Results of these studies should aid nurserymen by improving the last stage of culture to minimize the time needed to acclimatize in vitro plants.
A Nondestructive Method for Measuring the Volume of Container-Grown Conifers
Authors: Johnson A. Gail
Published: August 2020

A nondestructive method of determining plant volume involving measurement of water displaced from a cylinder fitted with an overflow drain tube is described. The technique is reliable and is particularly suited to conifers grown in containers. Volumes of plant tops correlated very closely with plant fresh weight.
Height Growth and Tissue Sulfur Content of Field-Grown Tree Seedlings from Different Sulfur Dioxide Environments
Authors: Roberts Bruce R. , Schnipke Virginia M.
Published: August 2020

A comparison of height growth and tissue sulfur content was made for two-yr-old containerized seedlings of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), flowering crabapple (Malus coronaria (L) Mill.), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.) growing in the field under different ambient sulfur dioxide (SO2) conditions. Total height and rate of height growth for crabapple, sugar maple and white pine were significantly less in the high-ambient SO2 environment compared to similar plants at the low-ambient SO2 location. Two patterns of growth were observed for seedlings at the high-ambient SO2 site. One was a delay in the period of maximum growth (crabapple and dogwood); the other a flush of growth late in the season (sugar maple, white pine and Fraser fir). The sulfur content of plants from the high-ambient SO2 site suggests that all species tested were capable of filtering some SO2 from the atmosphere, with the foliage being the most effective sorptive tissue.
Effects of Media PH and Acid/Base Pretreatments on the Rooting of Gypsophila Paniculata Cuttings
Authors: Locklear James H. , Preece John E. , Coorts Gerald D.
Published: August 2020

The greatest rooting of Gypsophila paniculata occurred in various propagation media with a pH near, or slightly above, neutrality and poorest rooting in acidic media. Addition of ground limestone to acidic media significantly (P ≥ 5%) improved rooting. Basal dipping of cuttings in H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), NaOH (sodium hydroxide), and KOH (potassium hydroxide) resulted in improved rooting over nontreated cuttings. Lignin specific phloroglucinol staining of freehand sections revealed the presence of a band of sclerenchyma tissue, external to the vascular region of the stem, that may impede the emergence of newly formed roots.
Influence of Herbicides on Shipping Quality of Landscape Plants
Authors: Hubbard Joanna , Whitwell Ted , Kelly John
Published: August 2020

Japanese barberry ‘Crimson Pygmy’, Crape myrtle ‘Byers Hardy Lavender’ and azalea ‘Girard Scarlet’ were treated with either Southern weedgrass control (pendimethalin) at 3.4 kg a.i./ha (3.3 a.i.lb/A) or Ornamental Herbicide-2 (oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin) at 3.4 kg a.i./ha (3.3 lb a.i./A) or 6.7 kg a.i./ha (6.6 lb a.i./A) prior to simulated shipping in an enclosed environment. No injury was observed on any plants as a result of herbicide treatments.
Structure and Market Organization of Florida's Landscape Plant Industry
Authors: Hodges Alan , Haydu John
Published: August 2020

A comprehensive survey of the Florida landscape plant nursery industry was conducted in 1989 in order to document its characteristics. Responses to a mailed-out questionnaire were received from 104 firms. Questions addressed in the survey included product sales, marketing practices, distribution areas, pricing and exchange arrangements. Sales reported by responding firms totaled $125 million, representing an estimated 59% of total industry sales. Current problems of the industry are discussed in relation to its structural characteristics: larger firms as compared to smaller firms had higher labor productivity, more seasonal sales, greater emphasis on container production rather than field production, more deciduous products, more distant and indirect market outlets, and more negotiable sales arrangements with a higher percentage of repeat customers. Also, within the past decade, an increasing proportion of Florida's landscape plants have been marketed within the state, while the share of sales to other states has been decreasing. At the same time, exports to other countries have increased substantially.
Growth and Visual Responses of Three Southwestern Acer Taxa to High-Salt Irrigation Water
Authors: Hatter Marvin D. , Morgan David L.
Published: August 2020

The effects of irrigation water high in soluble salts on the establishment of three species of maple trees in a Southwestern landscape were determined. Thirty Drummond red maple, Caddo sugar maple and bigtooth maple trees were irrigated during a 15-month period with either municipal water (pH 7.9, EC=952–1197 mg/l) or rainwater (pH 6.0, EC = 8.4 mg/l) after planting in containers of sandy clay loam soil. Trees of all species irrigated with rainwater had greater height and caliper increases, and better visual appearances than did those watered with municipal water. The Caddo and bigtooth maples were visually superior to the Drummond red maples. Frequency of irrigation had no effect on any measured plant responses, and no differences in leaf areas due to irrigation source or frequency were found.
Landscape Architects as Related to the Landscape/Nursery Industry: III. Sources of Plant Material Information
Authors: Garber M.P. , Bondari K.
Published: August 2020

The top five sources of information that Georgia landscape architects use to determine which plants to specify are botanical and public gardens (86.9%), landscape architects (81.6%), grower exhibits at professional meetings (69.0%), producer trade shows (68.3%), and university personnel (67.8%). The sources of information vary by size of firm with large firms having a strong preference for botanical and public gardens (58.3%) followed by producer sponsored trade journals (36.4%), producer trade shows (33.3%), and other landscape architects (25.0%). Medium sized firms have a preference for landscape architects (63.2%) and botanical and public gardens (60.0%) followed by producer trade shows (26.3%), whereas small firms are more evenly divided among information sources. The top four journals or books that landscape architects use as a source of information concerning plants vary by size of firm. The larger firms prefer two journals: (a) American Nurseryman (16.7%) and (b) Horticulture—The Magazine of American Gardening (13.3%) and two texts, Know-It Grow-It (13.3%) and Landscape Plants of the Southeast (13.3%). Medium firms prefer three texts, Landscape Plants of the Southeast (19.6%), Wyman's texts (13.1%), Know-It Grow-It (11.8%) and wholesale nursery catalogs (7.8%) as reference sources. Smaller firms have a strong preference for the Manual of Woody Landscape Plants (20.7%), followed by Extension Service publications (15.5%), Landscape Plants of the Southeast (12.1%), and trade magazines/garden catalogs (10.3%) as information sources. The preferred information sources vary by size of firm and provide valuable insight for growers developing marketing plans for landscape architects.
Chemical Promotion of Axillary Shoot Development of Geranium Stock Plants
Authors: Foley James T. , Keever Gary J.
Published: August 2020

Foliar applications of Promalin (BA + GA4 + 7), Pro-Shear (BA), Accel (PBA) or Florel (ethephon) were evaluated for their capacity to increase cutting production of geranium stock plants. After a first harvest of cuttings, the number of terminal cuttings was increased 19% by a single application of Promalin (BA + GA4 + 7) or Accel (PBA) and 93% with Florel (ethephon) application when compared to an untreated control. However, after a second harvest of cuttings following a second application of the foliar spray treatments, numbers of terminal cuttings did not differ among chemical treatments and single-node cuttings increased 60–73% with the application of Promalin (BA + GA4 + 7) when compared to the control.
Consequences of Water and Nitrogen Management on Growth and Aesthetic Quality of Drought-Tolerant Woody Landscape Plants
Authors: Paine T.D. , Hanlon C.C. , Pittenger D.R. , Ferrin D.M. , Malinoski M.K.
Published: August 2020

Two drought-tolerant California native plant species (a nonselected form of Ceanothus griseus var. horizontalis, C. griseus var. horizontalis ‘Santa Ana’, a nonselected form of Rhamnus californica, and R. californica ‘Eve Case’) and a widely planted non-native landscape species (Photinia fraseri) received the same total volume of water (63.8% ET0) over a 14 week period in one of four irrigation treatments (water applied daily, every three days, every five days, or every seven days). Each irrigation treatment also received one of three rates of nitrogen application (0, 20 g N/m2, and 40 g N/m2 [0, 180, and 360 lb. N/A]). The irrigation frequencies or fertilization rates had few significant effects on plant growth and survival. Selection of a cultivar of R. californica has resulted in increased growth rates and aesthetic quality, but has also increased susceptibility to root pathogenic fungi.
Root and Shoot Growth of ‘Coral Beauty’ Cotoneaster and Leyland Cypress Produced in Porous and Nonporous Containers
Authors: Privett Diane W , Hummel Rita L
Published: August 2020

‘Coral Beauty’ cotoneaster and Leyland cypress rooted cuttings were grown in media of all fir bark or fir bark:peat moss (1:1 by vol) and plastic containers with varying wall designs (nonporous smooth-walls, nonporous ridge-walls, or porous walls). Results Indicated no effect of the growing media shoot or root growth of either species. Shoot growth of Leyland cypress was not affected by container design. ‘Coral Beauty’ cotoneaster shoot growth was greater in the porous container than in the nonporous smooth-walled container. Root Circling of both species was greatest in the nonporous smooth-walled containers. Ridges in the nonporous ridge-wall containers generally directed roots to grow downward where some circling at the bottom of the root ball occurred. When roots in the porous walled containers reached the periphery of the root ball they stopped growing, resulting in a fine, fibrous root mass at the periphery of the rootball.
Quantification of Weed Seed Contamination and Weed Development in Container Nurseries
Authors: Cross Gene B. , Skroch Walter A.
Published: August 2020

An investigation was conducted at seven North Carolina nurseries to evaluate the possibility that container substrates serve as weed infestation sources. Container substrate treatments consisted of sand/pasteurized bark, bark/pasteurized sand, pasteurized bark/pasteurized sand, and bark/sand. No differences were observed between numbers of weed seedlings found in the four substrate combinations. Differences were observed across nursery sites and the nursery by date interactions. Five weed species most frequently observed were yellow woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta L.), hairy bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta L.), common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata L.), and mouseear chickweed (Cerastium vulgatum L.).
Leachate Nutrient Content and Growth of Two Hollies As Influenced by Controlled Release Fertilizers
Authors: Ruter John M.
Published: August 2020

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of fertilizer source, rate of application, and method of application on the release of nutrients over time using the pour-through method and to determine the growth response of Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxt. ‘Burfordii’ and Ilex × ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ holly to different multicoated controlled release fertilizers (CRF). Depending on the rate of application used, the three CRFs used in this study [Osmocote 17N-3P-9.9K (17-7-12), Sierrablen 17N-3P-8.3K (17-7-10), and High-N 24N-1.7P-5.8K (24-4-7)] provided adequate concentrations of nutrients for a minimum of 90 days after treatment. Fertilizer source had no effect on the growth of either holly used in this study. Good growth of ‘Burfordii’ and ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ holly was obtained at the rate of 1. 5 kg N/m3 (2. 5 lb N/yd3). Linear relationships between NO3-N and electrical conductivity using the pour-through method were established for ‘Burfordii’((NO3-N = 414 (electrical conductivity)) and ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ ((NO3−N =−11.4 + 425 (electrical conductivity)). Results of this study indicate that the nutrient sufficiency values for liquid fertilization programs with the pour-through method need to be adjusted for use with multicoated CRFs.
Effect of Leachate Fraction on Nitrate Loading to the Soil Profile Underlying a Greenhouse Crop
Authors: McAvoy R.J. , Brand M.H. , Corbett E.G. , Bartok J.W. , Botacchi A.
Published: August 2020

Poinsettia stock plants were grown in a greenhouse and irrigated with a 20 mM (280 ppm) N solution to produce a low (10%) or high (50%) leaching fraction (LF). At two week intervals, core samples were removed from the soil underlying the crop at 15 cm (6 in) increments to a depth of 90 cm (36 in). Leachate was collected from pots following each irrigation, and plant tissue and potting medium samples were collected. All samples (soil, leachate, plant tissue and potting medium) were analyzed for nitrate-N (NO3−N) content. The rate of NO3−N accumulation and the depth to which nitrate accumulated in the soil profile were significantly affected by leaching fraction. Under high LF treated plants, nitrate moved deeper into the soil profile and accumulated at higher concentrations than under low LF treated plants. Each irrigation event in the high LF treatment resulted in an average deposition of 243 ml (8.2 fl. ounces) of effluent containing 100 mg (3.53 × 10−3 oz) of NO3−N. The average low LF irrigation event deposited an average of 65.7 ml (2.2 fl. ounces) of effluent containing 33.5 mg (1.18 × 10−3 oz) NO3−N. Poinsettia cutting production and tissue nitrogen levels did not significantly differ between treatment groups.
Feeding Preference of Japanese Beetles for Taxa of Birch, Cherry and Crabapple
Authors: Ranney Thomas G. , Walgenbach James F.
Published: August 2020

Preference of adult Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) for different species, varieties, and cultivars was compared among 33 crabapple (Malus Mill.), nine cherry (Prunus L.), and nine birch (Betula L.) taxa. Field-grown crabapples and cherries and container-grown birches were visually rated based on the percentage of total leaf area skeletonized by natural populations of this beetle. The largest variation in the preference of Japanese beetles was found among the crabapples, with injury ranging from 0 to 83%. Eighteen of the crabapple taxa had no significant injury. All of the cherry taxa were skeletonized in excess of 46%, suggesting little natural resistance among these plants. Eight of the birch taxa had no significant injury, while one species, B. jacquemontii, had an average injury of 16%. An additional study was conducted to evaluate the degree of resistance of selected crabapple taxa by caging beetles on branches of individual trees in no choice tests. Although beetles continued to feed on one resistant species, M. hupehensis (a species without injury under natural conditions), beetles would not feed on leaves of another resistant cultivar, M. baccata ‘Jackii’, when caged on those trees. These results indicate there is considerable potential for using resistance to adult Japanese beetle feeding as one selection criterion when choosing taxa of crabapple and birch for use in the landscape. Results also suggest that the mechanism(s) of resistance can vary and may include aspects of avoidance (low attraction of beetles) as well as antixenosis.
Response of Selected Old Garden Roses to Seven Isolates of Marssonina rosae in Mississippi
Authors: Spencer James A. , Wood Opal W.
Published: August 2020

Seven isolates of Marssonina rosae (imperfect stage of Diplocarpon rosae) elicited different blackspot disease expression among 39 Old Garden Roses in laboratory tests. ‘Felicite Parmentier’ (Alba), ‘Mme. Hardy’ (Damask), ‘The Bishop’ (Centifolia) and ‘Rosa Mundi’ (Gallica) showed no symptoms. ‘Cardinal de Richelieu’ (Gallica), ‘Hermosa’ (China) and ‘Leda’ (Damask) were the most. susceptible showing a cultivar ratings mean of 2.86 or more. The Wayne variant was the least virulent, causing susceptible reactions on only 46.1% of the roses. The Hinds variant was the most virulent and caused symptoms of 89.7% of the rose plants tested. The remaining five variants caused disease on 69.1% to 79.5%of the plants.
Growth Response of Newly Planted Valley Oak Trees to Supplemental Fertilizers
Authors: Perry Ed , Hickman Gary W.
Published: August 2020

Growth of Valley Oak (Quercus lobata Neé) trees was not improved by slow-release or soluble fertilizers applied at planting time, nor by a single application of soluble fertilizer one year after planting. The native soil, with nutrient levels typical of newly developed residential and park areas in the region, provided adequate nutrition for good tree growth over the term of the 3-year study.
Susceptibility of Schlumbergera truncata Cultivars to Four Plant Pathogens
Authors: Chase A.R. , Yuen Jeanne M.F.
Published: August 2020

Susceptibility of 20 cultivars of holiday cacti (Schlumbergera truncata) to three fungal pathogens (Drechslera cactivora, Fusarium oxysporum, and Phytophthora parasitica) and one bacterial pathogen (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) was evaluated. Significant differences in disease severity among cultivars occurred in 11 of the 12 tests with some cultivars responding consistently to one or more pathogens. ‘Gold Charm’ was highly susceptible to all four pathogens tested. ‘White Christmas’ developed low levels of disease when inoculated with either D. cactivora or E. carotovora subsp. carotovora but intermediate levels when inoculated with F. oxysporum or P. parasitica. ‘Peach Parfait’ showed one of the lowest levels of resistance to D. cactivora but one of the highest levels of resistance to F. oxysporum. Other cultivars showed intermediate disease responses; however, results were not consistent.
Acclimatization and Growth of Dwarf Pampas Grass in Response to Fertilizer Application Following In Vitro Culture
Authors: Robacker C.D.
Published: August 2020

Dwarf pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana Schult. ‘Pumila’) plantlets produced in vitro were subjected to one of seven fertilization treatments during acclimatization to greenhouse conditions. Though all plantlets survived acclimatization, level of fertilizer significantly affected growth rate. Increase in fresh weight, leaf number and tillering during the first 6 weeks of acclimatization was greater when Osmocote micro-fertilizer at 2 kg/m3 (oz/ft3) was incorporated into the growing mix (Pro-Gro 200 with starter nutrients) as compared to 4 kg/m3 (oz/ft3) of Osmocote or addition of liquid fertilizer. The slowest growth was obtained from plants growing without Osmocote or liquid fertilizer. Once adapted to the greenhouse, plants fertilized with 400 mg/1 (ppm) N from 17N-4P-11K (17-9-13) soluble fertilizer twice per week had the most rapid growth.
Effect of Cover Crops on Soil Erosion in Nursery Aisles
Authors: Cripps Reed W. , Bates Herbert K.
Published: August 2020

The effectiveness of soil erosion control of various vegetative aisle covers was evaluated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) type plots. ‘Appalow’ sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don ‘Appalow’), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) aisle treatments and a clean till plot were established on a 5% slope Typic Paleudult soil. Previously established ‘Indian Magic’ crabapple (Malus ‘indian magic’) and silver maple (Acer saccharium L.) were grown parallel to the slope in the center of each plot. Runoff from the clean till aisle resulted in the greatest sediment concentration, runoff volume, and sediment runoff. Crimson clover and perennial ryegrass runoff was similar. The ‘Appalow’ lespedeza aisle cover had the highest runoff volume of any vegetative aisle cover. However, runoff sediment concentration and sediment runoff were least from ‘Appalow’ lespedeza covered aisles.
Evaluation of Structureless Overwintering Systems for Container-Grown Herbaceous Perennials
Authors: Iles Jeffery K. , Agnew Nancy H. , Taber Henry G. , Christians Nick E.
Published: August 2020

Five structureless overwintering systems were evaluated for temperature moderation and protection of 18 container-grown herbaceous perennials from low-temperature injury. Two light-excluding treatments; 30 cm (1 ft) of straw between two layers of 4-mil white polyethylene and 18 cm (7 in) deep, in-ground beds protected with one layer of 4-mil white polyethylene and 30 cm (1 ft) of woodchips, provided the greatest moderation of winter low and early spring high temperatures, but also resulted in severe etiolation. A bonded white polyethylene/microfoam overwintering blanket (thermoblanket) with translucent properties provided comparable plant survival percentages despite dramatic temperature extremes recorded beneath this cover and, in late winter, created an environment conducive to moderate plant growth without formation of etiolated tissue.
Variation Among Full-Sib Progenies of Red Maple in Growth, Autumn Leaf Color, and Leafhopper Injury
Authors: Townsend A.M. , McIntosh M.S.
Published: August 2020

Controlled pollinations made between selected parents of red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and seedling progenies were planted in a randomized block design along with trees of the cultivars ‘October Glory,’ ‘Autumn Flame,’ and ‘Red Sunset’. Tree height, autumn color, and leafhopper (Empoasca fabae (Harris)) injury were evaluated over an eight-year period. Differences among progenies and cultivars in leafhopper injury and in the time and quality of peak autumn leaf color were statistically significant for all years. These traits were significantly influenced by the female and/or male parent used to create the progeny. The timing of peak color was also influenced by a significant interaction between male and female parents. Growth rate and color intensity of the same progenies were generally consistent across years, whereas correlation for leafhopper damage was weak between years. Clonal selections from the best progenies have been made and are being evaluated for possible release to the nursery industry.
Composted Turkey Litter: II. Effect on Plant Growth
Authors: Tyler Helen H. , Warren Stuart L. , Bilderback Ted E. , Perry Katharine B.
Published: August 2020

Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ and Hemerocallis sp. ‘Red Magic’ plants were potted into a pine bark substrate amended with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16% (by vol) composted turkey litter and were grown under 1-, 2-, or 3-day irrigation frequencies. Root dry weight of ‘Red Magic’ daylily plants decreased with increasing compost rate while leaf dry weight was not affected by compost addition. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of daylily plants were enhanced when compost was added to the substrate but were decreased by the water stress associated with the reduced irrigation frequencies. Leaf, stem, and root dry weights of ‘Skogholm’ cotoneaster plants decreased with decreasing irrigation frequency. Even though compost increased container capacity and available water, there was not sufficient water in the container to maintain optimal growth under reduced irrigation frequencies. ‘Skogholm’ cotoneaster leaf and stem dry weights increased with increasing compost rate while root dry weight decreased with increasing compost rate. Decreasing irrigation frequency increased foliar N, P, K, Cu, and Zn concentrations but decreased foliar P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B contents. Increasing compost rate increased foliar N, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B concentrations and foliar N, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B contents. Based on foliar nutrient response and plant growth, it appeared that compost adequately replaced the dolomitic limestone, micronutrients, and macronutrients added to the commercial substrate.
Evaluation of Selected Crabapple Cultivars for Insect Resistance
Authors: Smitley D.R. , Peterson N.C.
Published: August 2020

Twenty-four cultivars of Malus spp. were evaluated for resistance to naturally occurring insect pests at replicated plantings in Detroit, Lansing, and Cadillac, Michigan. ‘Adams,’ ‘Candied Apple,’ and ‘Sugar Tyme’ crabapples were the most resistant to defoliation by gypsy moth, fall cankerworm, and eastern tent caterpillar. ‘Sugar Tyme,’ in particular, was almost untouched by gypsy moth or fall cankerworm (less than 1.3% defoliation). These data must be interpreted cautiously, because previous research has shown that gypsy moth larvae are attracted to the largest Malus trees in a planting, regardless of cultivar.

Two cultivars, ‘Robinson’ and ‘Red Jewel,’ were highly resistant to rose chafer and apple-and-thom skeletonizer damage. The fact that neither of these were particularly resistant to gypsy moth or cankerworm suggests a different mechanism of resistance for defoliators and skeletonizers.
Susceptibility of Honeylocust Cultivars to Thyronectria austro-americana and Response of Agrilus Borers and Bagworms to Infected and Non-infected Trees
Authors: Potter Daniel A. , Hartman John R.
Published: August 2020

Six cultivars of honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos L., were inoculated with the canker fungus Thyronectria austro-americana to test the hypothesis that trees stressed by Thyronectria are rendered more attractive to wood borers, or more suitable as hosts for the bag worm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Relative susceptibility of cultivars to the fungus, and seasonal flight activity of associated borers were also monitored. Cultivars ‘Sunburst,’ ‘Shademaster,’ and ‘Rubylace’ developed the largest cankers; ‘Imperial’ was variable, and ‘Skyline’ and ‘Trueshade’ were somewhat less susceptible. Adults of four species of Agrilus borers (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) were abundant on honeylocust. Beetles were active from late May until August. Adult borers were attracted equally to infected and non-infected trees, but borers apparently failed to colonize trees of either type. Levels of soluble protein were higher in foliage of diseased trees, but growth and survival of bagworms were similar for both treatments. This study did not support a close relationship between Thyronectria canker disease of honeylocust and predisposition to wood borers, at least on relatively vigorous hosts.
Cold Hardiness Estimates of Acer L. Taxa
Authors: Dirr Michael A. , Lindstrom Orville M.
Published: August 2020

The cold hardiness of eleven Acer taxa was determined by laboratory techniques. The red leaf cultivars of A. platanoides were less cold hardy than the green leaf ‘Emerald Queen.’ ‘Crimson Sentry,’ a branch sport of ‘Crimson King,’ exhibited similar cold hardiness to that of its parent. Among A. saccharum cultivars, ‘Legacy’ was the most cold hardy followed by ‘Green Mountain,’ ‘Commemoration’ and ‘Bonfire.’ ‘Green Column,’ a selection of black maple from a native Iowa population, developed −30°C (−22°F) midwinter cold hardiness but lost all cold hardiness [killed at −3°C (27°F)] by March. All sugar maple cultivars survived at least −9°C (16°F) on the March date. Of the hybrids of Acer platanoides and A. truncatum, Pacific Sunset™ was significantly more cold hardy than Norwegian Sunset™ and should be rated USDA Zone 4 and 5, respectively.
Six State Survey of Container Nursery Nitrate Nitrogen Runoff
Authors: Yeager T. , Wright R. , Fare D. , Gilliam C. , Johnson J. , Bilderback T. , Zondag R.
Published: August 2020

Container nursery bed runoff, reservoirs or ponds that contained runoff, wells, and surface water discharged from the property or at the property border were sampled at approximately 6-week intervals during April–October 1990 in Alabama, Florida, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, and Virginia. Runoff from container beds averaged 8 and 20 ppm NO3-N, respectively, for nurseries using controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) and controlled-release fertilizers supplemented with solution fertilizers (CRFSS). Average NO3-N levels for runoff collection ponds, property borders, and wells were each less than 10 ppm, the drinking water limit, regardless of fertilizers used. However, ppm NO3-N for some samples exceeded the drinking water standard. In general, these data indicate reason for concern and nursery operators need to implement best management practices.
BA-Induced Offset Formation in Hosta
Authors: Keever Gary J.
Published: August 2020

Axillary and rhizomic budbreak and offset formation in Hosta sieboldiana were promoted by a single foliar application of BA at 125–4000 ppm or drench application at 5–120 mg a.i./0.8 1 (5 in) pot, compared to an untreated control. Based on offset counts following various periods of dormancy, optimal foliar rates ranged from 2000–3000 ppm and drench rates from 20–40 mg a.i./0.8 1 (5 in) pot. Foliar application of 3000 or 4000 ppm BA or drench application at 80, 100, or 120 mg a.i./pot induced marginal necrosis within 2 weeks after treatment; however, growth following dormancy appeared normal. Generally, growth indices were not affected by foliar application of BA, but decreased with increasing rates of drench-applied BA.
Interrelationship of Nitrogen and Light on Episodic Growth of Ligustrum japonicum
Authors: Kuehny Jeff S. , Decoteau Dennis R.
Published: August 2020

Exclusion of nitrogen and light from existing leaves at initiation of an episode of shoot growth decreased shoot and root relative growth rate. The combination of both nitrogen and light exclusion synergistically impacted relative growth rate for shoot (RGRs) and relative growth rate for root (RGRr). The next episode of shoot growth provided sufficient leaf area for carbohydrate assimilation and maintaining shoot and root growth rates when light was excluded from mature leaves. A better understanding of the developmental and biochemical changes of this episodic species provided useful information for timing of fertilizer application and transplanting of Ligustrum and other episodic species.