bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient Large Area Organic Solar Cells Processed by Blade‐Coating With Single‐Component Green Solvent
Authors: Zhang Kai , Chen Zhiming , Armin Ardalan , Dong Sheng , Xia Ruoxi , Yip Hin‐Lap , Shoaee Safa , Huang Fei , Cao Yong
Published: December 2017

While the performance of laboratory‐scale organic solar cells (OSCs) continues to grow, development of high efficiency large area OSCs remains a big challenge. Although a few attempts to produce large area organic solar cells (OSCs) have been reported, there are still challenges on the way to realizing efficient module devices, such as the low compatibility of the thickness‐sensitive active layer with large area coating techniques, the frequent need for toxic solvents and tedious optimization processes used during device fabrication. In this work, highly efficient thickness‐insensitive OSCs based on PTB7‐Th:PC71BM that processed with single‐component green solvent 2‐methylanisole are presented, in which both junction thickness limitation and solvent toxicity issues are simultaneously addressed. Careful investigation reveals that this green solvent prevents the evolution of PC71BM into large area clusters resulting in reduced charge carrier recombination, and largely eliminates trapping centers, and thus improves the thickness tolerance of the films. These findings enable us to address the scalability and solvent toxicity issues and to fabricate a 16 cm2 OSC with doctor‐blade coating with a state‐of‐the‐art power conversion efficiency of 7.5% using green solvent.
Surface Martensite Strengthening of Ultra‐fine Porous Iron
Authors: Cui Guodong , Jiang Runjian , Li Ai , Zhang Chengsong , Chen Junying
Published: December 2017

The surface martensite strengthening of ultra‐fine isotropic porous iron has been performed via carburization and quenching treatment at 950 °C for 30 min. This paper is devoted to investigating the evolution of microstructure and related mechanical behavior of porous iron after carburization treatment. Results indicate that an effective carburization thickness (300 µm) contributes to a substantial improvement in compressive ductility (62%) and surface hardness (219 HV0.025) of carburized porous iron. Further, the quenching treatment after carburization produces the porous iron with an ultra‐fine martensite microstructure on surface layer that makes porous iron attain the highest yield strength (256 MPa) and energy absorption capacity (85 KJ kg−1). The major contribution of this present work is a demonstration that an improvement in mechanical properties of ultra‐fine porous iron can be achieved through the carburization and quenching treatment to control the phase structure on surface. Thus, the surface martensite strengthening is considered as a feasible method to prepare more valuable porous iron based alloys, and to provide them with more promising applications on key structural parts.
Building Meaningful Relationships
Authors: Yandle Allison
Published: December 2017

Voices From the Classroom essays share readers' reflections on teaching experiences, advice for new teachers, and perspectives on current issues.
Effectiveness of conservative management of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: A single hospital based prospective study
Authors: Alnaser Mumtaz KH. , Hassan Qays A. , Hindosh Laith N.
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Background:

Acute appendicitis is one of the commonest causes of acute abdomen. There is a wide discussion and controversy on the surgical and nonsurgical treatment of acute uncomplicated appendicitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and outcomes of the conservative management of selected cases of acute appendicitis with an antibiotic first plan.

Patients and methods:

This was a single hospital-based prospective study with a duration of 25 months. Patients with clinical and radiological features of acute appendicitis presenting within 72 h of the beginning of abdominal pain with Alvarado score ≥5 were included. The patients received a therapeutic dose of broad-spectrum antibiotics and symptomatic treatment. The follow-up period was 6 months.

Results:

90 patients were evaluated, 54 (60%) patients were female and 36 (40%) patients were male with mean age 34.4 years. Conservative treatment was successful in 68 (75.6%) patients and failed in 22 (24.4%) patients. No mortality recorded in this study. The main complications which occurred in those patients who failed to respond to conservative treatment were perforated appendicitis (3 patients), appendicular abscess (3 patients) and appendicular mass (4 patients).

Conclusion:

Majority of cases of the first attack of uncomplicated acute appendicitis can be treated successfully by conservative treatment. However, conservative treatment demands precise communication, close monitoring and follow-up to recognize failure which needs to be treated immediately by surgery.

Highlights:
Boosting medical technological innovation through finite element simulation
Authors: Besseghini Eurosia , Turchi Fabrizio
Published: December 2017

Riba Composites, thanks to the experience gained through years of working with and sizing composite material components, was able to support and collaborate with 3Shape in the design of their new CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) scanner.
Distribution of rare-earth elements and yttrium in hydrothermal sedimentary ferromanganese crusts of the Sea of Japan (from phase analysis results)
Authors: Mikhailik P.E. , Mikhailik E.V. , Zarubina N.V. , Blokhin M.G.
Published: December 2017

We have first determined the contents of rare-earth elements and yttrium (REY) in four major mineral fractions of hydrothermal sedimentary ferromanganese crusts of the Sea of Japan. It is shown that REY are sorbed mostly by Fe oxyhydroxides (FeOOH). The REY content in the residual aluminosilicate fraction is the second most important factor determining the crust composition. The manganese fractions, composing more than 80 vol.% of the crusts, plays a subordinate role in REY accumulation. The REY pattern of hydrothermal sedimentary crusts in back-arc basins depicts the sum of the REY contents of the FeOOH fraction (hydrogenous) and residual fractions containing the total REY of the products of bedrock disintegration and endogenous (pyroclastic material) and exogenous (desert dust) components.
Main aspects of kerosene and gaseous fuel ignition in aero-engine
Authors: Antoshkiv O. , Poojitganont Th. , Jehring L. , Berkholz C.
Published: December 2017

Various liquid and gaseous alternative fuels have been proposed to replace the kerosene as aircraft fuel. Furthermore, new combustion technologies were developed to reduce the emissions of aero-engine. A staged fuel injection arrangement for a lean burn combustion system was applied to improve the operability of an aero-engine by achieving high flame stability at reduced combustion emissions. Originally, both circuits (pilot and main) are fuelled by kerosene; moreover, the pilot injector is operating at low power (engine idle and approach) and the pilot flame is anchored in an airflow recirculation zone. In the case of the performed research, the pilot injector was modified to allow the use of gaseous fuels. Thus, the burner model allows a flexible balancing of the mass flows for gaseous and liquid fuel. The present paper describes the investigation of ignitability for the proposed staged combustor model fuelled by gaseous and liquid fuels. A short overview on physical properties of used fuels is given. To investigate atomisation and ignition, different measurements systems were used. The effectiveness of two ignitor types (spark plug and laser ignitor) was analysed. The ignition performance of the combustor operating on various fuels was compared and discussed in detail.
“Technologies of Reflexivity”: Generating Biopolitics and Institutional Risk to Supplement Global Public Health Security
Authors: FLEAR Mark L
Published: December 2017

Critiques of global public health security (GPHS) and proposed solutions tend to overlook the potential of the individuals and groups that are subject to and governed by GPHS – “the governed” – to contribute their “on the ground” knowledge and experience to decision-making in order to improve regulatory responses. This article argues for the development of a more reflexive approach as a way of ensuring the epistemic integration of these knowledges with the scientific-technical knowledges that currently dominate decision-making processes. I identify human rights as the conceptual lens that is most likely to enable reflexivity by the governed and regulators, and understanding and communication between them. The governed can use perceived or actual breaches of human rights to articulate “on the ground” knowledges as institutional risks to reputation and standing and, in turn, threaten the production and legitimation of organisational identity, socio-political orders and projects of rule. The particular sensitivity of regulators to these risks could compel epistemic integration. This more reflexive approach to GPHS promises to improve the knowledge base, efficacy, accountability and legitimacy of decision-making at multiple levels: WHO, EU, national and “on the ground”.
What use is a psychiatric diagnosis?
Authors: Huttunen M. O.
Published: December 2017

Current psychiatric diagnostic practice is usually based on groups of symptoms reported by patients which are compared with symptom clusters in recognized diagnostic classifications, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The number of psychiatric diagnoses has increased in each edition of DSM, which may not be in the best interest of those we treat. Some of the issues with increasing diagnostic categories include potential for overmedicalization, lack of scientific evidence relating to each diagnostic category, and clinician efforts to make a precise diagnosis too early when a more longitudinal assessment is necessary. Clinicians should be mindful of this in their practice and ensure that the unique life experience of each individual is considered in clinical encounters.
The frames of the mind of a psychiatrist
Authors: Huttunen M. O.
Published: December 2017

The structures of our mind may be understood as ‘frames’, which play a key role in our everyday goals, choices and decisions. Understanding these often unconscious processes may help us to understand the complex decisions we make in our clinical practice. Such frames may be many in number, being based, for example, on medical, psychological, social, trauma, or problem-solving models. The ‘frames’ we use in our clinical decisions should be tailored to the needs of our patients, and may need to be adapted at different phases of illness.
Combinations of SNP genotypes from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Study of bipolar patients
Authors: Mellerup Erling , Jørgensen Martin Balslev , Dam Henrik , Møller Gert Lykke
Published: December 2017

Objectives

Combinations of genetic variants are the basis for polygenic disorders. We examined combinations of SNP genotypes taken from the 446 729 SNPs in The Wellcome Trust Case Control Study of bipolar patients.

Methods

Parallel computing by graphics processing units, cloud computing, and data mining tools were used to scan The Wellcome Trust data set for combinations.

Results

Two clusters of combinations were significantly associated with bipolar disorder. One cluster contained 68 combinations, each of which included five SNP genotypes. Of the 1998 patients, 305 had combinations from this cluster in their genome, but none of the 1500 controls had any of these combinations in their genome. The other cluster contained six combinations, each of which included five SNP genotypes. Of the 1998 patients, 515 had combinations from the cluster in their genome, but none of the 1500 controls had any of these combinations in their genome.

Conclusion

Clusters of combinations of genetic variants can be considered general risk factors for polygenic disorders, whereas accumulation of combinations from the clusters in the genome of a patient can be considered a personal risk factor.
Low-protein diet supplemented with ketoacids delays the progression of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting oxidative stress in the KKAy mice model
Authors: Liu Dongmei , Wu Ming , Li Lin , Gao Xiang , Yang Bo , Mei Shuqin , Fu Lili , Mei Changlin
Published: December 2017

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of chronic kidney disease. We aimed to investigate the effect of the low-protein diets (LPD) supplemented with ketoacids (LPD+KA) in KKAy mice, an early type 2 DN model. KKAy mice were treated with normal protein diet (NPD), LPD or LPD+KA from 12 to 24 weeks of age. A period of 12-week treatment with LPD significantly reduced albuminuria as compared with that observed after NPD treatment. Treatment with LPD+KA further reduced albuminuria as compared with that observed with LPD treatment alone. Moreover, LPD treatment reduced mesangial expansion, thickness of glomerular basement membrane and the severity of the podocyte foot process effacement in KKAy mice; these effects were more pronounced in KKAy mice treated with LPD+KA. Both LPD and LPD+KA treatments slightly reduced total body weight, but had no significant effect on kidney weight and blood glucose concentrations when compared with NPD-treated KKAy mice. LPD treatment slightly attenuated oxidative stress in kidneys as compared with that observed in NPD-treated KKAy mice; however, LPD+KA treatment remarkably ameliorated oxidative stress in diabetic kidneys as shown by decreased malondialdehyde concentrations, protein carbonylation, nitrotyrosine expression and increased superoxide dismutase expression. Nutritional therapy using LPD+KA confers additional renal benefits as compared with those of LPD treatment alone in early type 2 DN through inhibition of oxidative stress.
Indonesian borrowing as evidence for Harmonic Grammar
Authors: BATAIS SALEH , WILTSHIRE CAROLINE
Published: December 2017

This study uses data from loanwords in Indonesian to argue for a phonological analysis using Harmonic Grammar (e.g. Smolensky & Legendre 2006, Pater, Bhatt & Potts 2007, Pater 2009). In original data consisting of Arabic and Dutch loanwords containing initial and final consonant clusters produced by 24 native speakers of Indonesian, we find both deletion and epenthesis to resolve word-final clusters, while word-initial clusters sometimes have epenthesis and sometimes are tolerated intact. The adaptations of Arabic and Dutch loanwords reveal the influence of three markedness constraints generally observed in Indonesian (*ComplexCoda, *ComplexOnset, andMinWord), and support a role for phonology in the analysis of borrowing, rather than a purely perceptual approach. When native monosyllables and borrowed monosyllables without clusters are considered, we find evidence that a standard Optimality Theory strict ranking is inadequate to account for the data; these constraints must be allowed to ‘gang up’, as in Harmonic Grammar, to account for the deletions, epenthesis, and non-adaptations found in the data.
Scrape-off-layer current loops and floating potential in limited tokamak plasmas
Authors: Loizu J. , Morales J. A. , Halpern F. D. , Ricci P. , Paruta P.
Published: December 2017

We investigate the question of how plasma currents circulate and close in the scrape-off-layer (SOL) of convection-limited tokamak plasmas. A simplified two-fluid model describes how currents must evacuate charge at the sheaths due to cross-field currents that are not divergence-free. These include turbulence-driven polarization currents and poloidally asymmetric equilibrium diamagnetic currents. The theory provides an estimate for the radial profile of the floating potential, which reveals a dipolar structure like the one observed experimentally. Simulations with a fluid turbulence code provide evidence for the predicted behaviour of currents and floating potential.
Antichagasic effect of crotalicidin, a cathelicidin-like vipericidin, found in Crotalus durissus terrificus rattlesnake's venom gland
Authors: Bandeira Izabel Cristina Justino , Bandeira-Lima Danya , Mello Clarissa Perdigão , Pereira Ticiana Praciano , De Menezes Ramon Róseo Paula Pessoa Bezerra , Sampaio Tiago Lima , Falcão Cláudio Borges , Rádis-Baptista Gandhi , Martins Alice Maria Costa
Published: December 2017

Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides produced by humans and animals in response to various pathogenic microbes. Crotalicidin (Ctn), a cathelicidin-related vipericidin from the South American Crotalus durissus terrificus rattlesnake's venom gland, and its fragments have demonstrated antimicrobial and antifungal activity, similarly to human cathelicidin LL-37. In order to provide templates for the development of modern trypanocidal agents, the present study evaluated the antichagasic effect of these four peptides (Ctn, Ctn[1-14], Ctn[15-34] and LL-37). Herein, Ctn and short derived peptides were tested against the epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain (benznidazole-resistant strain) and cytotoxicity in mammalian cells was evaluated against LLC-MK2 lineage cells. Ctn inhibited all T. cruzi developmental forms, including amastigotes, which is implicated in the burden of infection in the chronic phase of Chagas disease. Moreover, Ctn showed a high selective index against trypomastigote forms (>200). Ctn induced cell death in T. cruzi through necrosis, as determined by flow cytometry analyses with specific molecular probes and morphological alterations, such as loss of membrane integrity and cell shrinkage, as observed through scanning electron microscopy. Overall, Ctn seems to be a promising template for the development of antichagasic agents.
A survey of author name disambiguation techniques: 2010–2016
Authors: Hussain Ijaz , Asghar Sohail
Published: December 2017

Digital libraries content and quality of services are badly affected by the author name ambiguity problem in the citations and it is considered as one of the hardest problems faced by the digital library researchers. Several techniques have been proposed in the literature for the author name ambiguity problem. In this paper, we reviewed some recently presented author name disambiguation techniques and give some challenges and future research directions. We analyze the recent advancements in this field and classify these techniques into supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, graph-based and heuristic-based techniques according to their problem formulation that is mainly used for the author name disambiguation. A few surveys have been conducted to review different techniques for the author name disambiguation. These surveys highlighted only the methodology adopted for author name disambiguation but did not critically review their shortcomings. This survey provides a detailed review of author name disambiguation techniques available in the literature, makes a comparison of these techniques at an abstract level and discusses their limitations.
THE EFFECTS OF PROCESSING INSTRUCTION AND TRADITIONAL INSTRUCTION ON L2 ONLINE PROCESSING OF THE CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION IN FRENCH
Authors: Wong Wynne , Ito Kiwako
Published: December 2017

While previous research has shown that processing instruction (PI) can more effectively facilitate the acquisition of target structures than traditional drill practice, the processing mechanism of PI has not been adequately examined because most assessment tasks have been offline. Using eye-tracking, this two-experiment study compared changes in processing patterns between two types of training: PI and traditional instruction (TI) on intermediate-level L2 learners’ acquisition of the French causative. Both experiments used a pretraining/posttraining design involving a dichotomous scene selection eye-tracking task to measure eye-movement patterns and accuracy in picture selection while participants processed auditory sentences. Neither group received explicit information (EI) in Experiment 1 while both experimental groups in Experiment 2 received EI before processing sentences. Results of Experiment 1 revealed the PI group had significantly higher accuracy scores than the TI group. A change in eye-movement pattern was also observed after training for the PI group but not for the TI group. In Experiment 2, when both groups received EI, PI subjects were again significantly more accurate than TI subjects, but both groups’ accuracy scores were not reliably higher than subjects in the PI and TI groups in Experiment 1 who did not receive EI. Eye-movement patterns in Experiment 2 showed that both TI and PI started to shift their gaze to the correct picture at the same point as PI subjects did in Experiment 1. This suggests that EI helped the TI group start entertaining the correct picture as a possible response sooner but the EI did not help the PI group process the target structure sooner than the TI group.
The Literary Tradition of Moses in Ireland
Authors: Hennig John
Published: December 2017

The only instance in which the present-day Roman liturgy refers to Moses as a saint is the beginning of the entry for September 4th in the Martyrologium, which says: ‘In Monte Nebo terrae Moab sancti Moysis legislatoris et prophetae.’ This entry is found in Baronius' edition of 1586. In the annotated edition, Baronius commented on this entry: ‘Agunt de eodem hoc die non tantum Latini omnes, sed et Graeci in Menologio.’
Anglo-Norman Canonists of the Twelfth Century: An Introductory Study
Authors: Kuttner Stephan , Rathbone Eleanor
Published: December 2017

Among the various aspects of the operation of canon law in medieval England, the history of the Anglo-Norman school of canonists which flourished in the late twelfth and the early thirteenth centuries remains largely unexplored. Modern historians have frequently emphasized, to be sure, the eager interest which English churchmen of the twelfth century took in problems and issues of canon law; and it can now be considered an established fact that the English Church throughout this period was well abreast of the developments which everywhere resulted from the growing centralization of ecclesiastical procedure, from the work of Gratian and his school, and from the ever-increasing number of authoritative responses and appellate decisions rendered by the popes in their decretal letters. The importance of the system of delegate jurisdiction in the cases referred back by Rome to the country of origin has been noted, and so has the conspicuous number of twelfth-century English collections of decretals, which testifies to a particular zeal and tradition, among Anglo-Norman canonists, in supplementing Gratian's work by records of the new papal law. The problem, also, of the influence exercised by Roman and canon law on the early development of the Common Law is being discussed with growing interest among students of English legal and constitutional history.
Das durch den Knecht gespendete Almosen
Authors: Landgraf Artur Michael
Published: December 2017

S. Kuttner hat in seinem grundlegenden Werk über die Kanonistische Schuldlehre von Gratian bis auf die Dekretalen Gregors IX. bereits das vermerkt, was die kanonistische Literatur der Frühzeit über die möglichen äusseren Formen des Anteiles mehrerer an der Deliktsverwirklichung bringt, und festgestellt, dass alle solche Erörterungen auf der Grundauffassung der Teilnahme als einer geistigen Schuldart und nicht — denn der consensus kann der Tat des andern auch nachfolgen — auf der Prüfung der kausalen Bedeutung des Teilnehmens ruhten. Er verweist dabei auch darauf, dass sich mannigfache Einteilungen über consensus negligentiae, cooperationis, defensionis, auxilio, licentia, approbando, auctoritate, praecepto, mandando, consilio, patrocinio finden.

In der Frühscholastik fand sich nun das Problem der fremden Sünde nicht eben häufig berührt. Was sich aber darüber findet, gewährt immerhin einen interessanten Einblick in die Behandlung des Problems ausserhalb der Kanonistik.
Canon Law in Manuscripts from Medieval Sweden
Authors: Schmid Toni
Published: December 2017

This is not an inventory of medieval books shelved and catalogued in modern Swedish libraries. It is something more special, in fact the material dealt with in this note seems to be a phenomenon of Sweden, not found in other countries, at least not to the same extent.

When Protestantism (of the Lutheran variety) became the creed of the king and the people, books of a different kind were needed in churches and schools. Church services were gradually altered and instead of Latin, the Swedish language was used. The number of monks dwindled, the convents became poor and finally ceased to exist. No longer were the Latin service books used, nor Latin Bibles read. The printers could soon put any amount of new books at the scholar's disposal.
The Origin of Judicial Litigation among the Greeks
Authors: Wolff Hans Julius
Published: December 2017

Students of the history of Greek procedure generally hold that public administration of justice originated in a prehistoric habit of settling disputes between individuals by voluntary waiving self-help and resorting to arbitration. This ancient custom is supposed to have been gradually developed into a system under which the parties were denied the right to seek realization of their claims by private force and compelled to submit their cases to authorities designated and empowered to try the claims and hand down binding judgments. Litigants are believed to have been forced by an ever increasing pressure of public opinion, as well as by the growing power of the rulers, to refrain from armed feud and blood-vengeance, and to seek the decision of the princes who by virtue of their social and personal preponderance were predestined to act as arbitrators. After the consolidation of the state, their jurisdiction, according to the prevailing theory, became a legal institution and passed, after the abolishment of the early monarchy, to the aristocratic city magistrates, and later, in the democracies, to the popular courts. As an intermediate stage, the existence of a system of ‘obligatory arbitration’, indirectly enforced by the public disapproval of those not complying with it, has been suggested for the type of society known from Hesiod'sWorks and Days.
Life of David of Thessalonica
Authors: Vasiliev A.
Published: December 2017

In 1887, on the basis of a Berlin manuscript, a German philologist, Valentin Rose, published the Greek text of the Life of St. David of Thessalonica. Before that date some scholars had conjectured that a Life of this Saint existed; but their expectations were finally realized only in 1887 when Rose's edition came out.
A Romano-Canonical Maxim, ‘quod omnes tangit,’ in Bracton
Authors: Post Gaines
Published: December 2017

Interest in the problem of Roman law in Henry de Bracton's De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae has recently started up with renewed vigor and with increasing emphasis upon the European rather than insular character of his treatise and upon the necessity of studying it ‘within the framework of the European legal (especially legistic and canonistic) literature of his time.’ But among the important elements of Roman law in Bracton the familiar maxim, ‘quod omnes similiter tangit, ab omnibus comprobetur’ (the words of Justinian, C. 5, 59, 5 §2), has been overlooked. In this study I wish to show how Bracton was influenced by the maxim (henceforth referred to simply as q. o. t. — quod omnes tangit), and how his acceptance of it may have some significance for its appearance in royal writs by which communities were summoned to send representatives to Parliament. For towards the end of the thirteenth century and later, the kings of England and France, when they needed extraordinary taxes or national support in quarrels with Pope Boniface VIII and consequently had to obtain the consent of great nobles, prelates and communities of lesser free men, sometimes stated in the preamble to summonses to an assembly that the cause of the convocation was a serious or difficult business (ardua negotia) touching (contingentia or tangentia) both king and kingdom. The presence of tangere or contingere in a context of the kind resulted, although students of representation have not observed it, from the influence of q.o.t. as an equitable principle in legal procedure—this will become apparent after the legal meaning and the terminology current in the thirteenth century are examined.
A Rhenish 'Sammelband’ of the Fifteenth Century Libri impressi cum notis manuscriptis—IV
Authors: Bühler Curt F.
Published: December 2017

Libri impressi cum notis manuscriptis—IV

Under the title ‘A South German “Sammelband” of the Fifteenth Century’ the present writer recently published an analysis of a composite volume of early printed books and manuscript texts in the Pierpont Morgan Library. Another volume of the same sort also found in the Morgan Library (PML 22222) presents a similar problem for investigation; the results of such study seem sufficiently important to justify the publication of the pertinent details. Only one other manuscript of but one of the eleven manuscript texts found in the volume is listed as being in America, thus indicating that these works are not of common occurrence. Neither the incipits nor the titles are noted in the standard works of reference, though the literary contents of the volume are varied in scope and interest.
Cardinalis: The History of a Canonical Concept
Authors: Kuttner Stephan
Published: December 2017

It is commonly known that in the canonical sources of ancient and early medieval times many bishops, priests and deacons throughout the Latin Church were called cardinales, long before that term came to be used exclusively, or even primarily, for a specific group of dignitaries in the Church of Rome. Historians do not agree, however, as to the original meaning of the word in the language of the ancient Church. Nor do they, as a rule, explain with sufficient clearness in what sense it was first applied to those members of the Roman clergy—the priests of the ancient tituli or quasi-parishes; the deacons both of the papal palace and the city's diaconiae; and seven bishops of the metropolitan province—who eventually rose to the unique position of becoming the ‘senators’ and sole electors of the Pope.
Classical and Christian Ideas of World Harmony: Prolegomena to an Interpretation of the Word “Stimmung” (Part II)
Authors: Spitzer Leo
Published: December 2017

In discussing the idea of musical World Harmony we have had occasion to mention the tetrachord and the fourth (interval) in their symbolic or allegoric impact. The number 4 is a constitutive element in Pythagorean cosmology since the speculations on the “well-tempered” state—of the soul, of the body, or of the universe itself—rest on the harmonious combination of four elements.
The Monastic Blessing of the Weekly Reader in Missal W 11 of the Walters Art Gallery
Authors: Strittmatter Anselm
Published: December 2017

The versicles, Salvum fac servum tuum, etc., which are written by another scribe after the Agnus Dei in Missal W 11 (fol. 12r) of the Walters Art Gallery of Baltimore, are a formula—the shorter and, as I believe, the, older of the two formulae still printed in the Monastic Breviary—for the blessing of the weekly reader prescribed in Chapter xxxviii of St. Benedict's —Regula Monasteriorum. Since St. Benedict directs that the reader is to ask for the blessing on Sunday ‘post Missas et Communionem,’ the insertion of the formula at this point, that is, after the Ordinarium Missae, as we call it to-day, is not surprising. It is found similarly placed in at least one other book, the Sacramentarium Fuldense saeculi X, in which it is preceded by a title, Oratio pro ebdomadario refectorii lectore. Besides this Fulda book and our Walters Missal, the text is found in several customaries and ordinals which will be mentioned below, but for its earliest occurrence we must go to the commentary on the Holy Rule composed before 774 by Paul the Deacon in the monastery on Monte Pedale near Civate in the diocese of Milan. Accordingly, it is found also in the commentary ascribed to Hildemar, an amplified recension of the work of the Lombard monk of the preceding century.
Ethics vs. Law: St. Paul, the Fathers of the Church and the “Cheerful Giver” in Roman Law
Authors: Bruck Eberhard F.
Published: December 2017

The present study deals with a segment from the history of the eternal problem, Ethics and Law, and their interrelation. It investigates the origin and evolution of a moral idea—the meaning of goodwill in action, and especially in giving. Some of the greatest and most noble minds of all times have cooperated in this evolution—Aristotle, St. Paul, and St. John Chrysostom. Emperor Justinian undertook later the attempt to anchor this moral claim in law. The attempt failed. The failure unveils the border line between ethics and law.
A Quaestio by Master Udo
Authors: Landgraf Artur
Published: December 2017

Dom O. Lottin has determined, upon a carefully conducted research, the date of the Sententiae by Master Udo as falling between the years 1160 and 1165. He also pointed to the fact that I previously had published from MS Harley 3855 of the British Museum a short piece of Udo's Sententiae which deals with Gilbert de la Porrée and one Master Achardus.
A Coptic Bibliography
Authors: Kammerer Winifred
Published: December 2017

The increasing stream of scholarly and scientific publications pouring steadily from modern presses has created an imperative need for subject bibliographies in practically every field, and to this need the field of Coptic studies is no exception. Indeed the lack of complete bibliographical guidance is here even more keenly felt because Coptic had, until the first issue of the Bulletin of the Société d' Archéologie Copte, in 1935, no proper organ of expression, and articles by Coptic scholars are scattered in periodicals devoted to Egyptian, Greek and the oriental languages, to history, religion, art and many other less likely fields, as well as in the journals of learned societies of many countries. The existing bibliographical guides are incomplete, out of date, or difficult to use for one reason or another, and valuable time and effort often have been spent in bibliographical research by Coptic scholars whose labors might have been saved for more fruitful employment. With the hope of eliminating this duplication of effort, a bibliography of Coptic studies has been compiled at the University of Michigan. At present it is in card form and is housed in the Office of the Curator of MSS. and Papyri. We hope to print it when world conditions again justify such publications, but in the meantime it may be profitable to give a brief account of the project, so that criticisms and suggestions from scholars may make the work more useful to them when it does appear.
Canossa: A Revision
Authors: Morrison Karl F.
Published: December 2017

By their exchange of articles in the Studi Gregoriani, M. Fliche and the Canon Arquillière have reopened the question of what actually happened when Pope Gregory VII received Henry IV at Canossa. Both scholars assume that Henry approached the Pope, excommunicate and stripped of the royal office; but they differ widely in interpreting Gregory's reception of the penitent King. Taking issue with views Arquillière had expressed in his work Saint-Grégoire VII, Fliche maintained that when Gregory released Henry from excommunication he also reinstated him in the royal office. In response, Arquillière reaffirmed his earlier position that only the ban, and not the sentence of deposition, was lifted.
Nicolas of Clairvaux and the Twelfth-Century Sequence with Special Reference to Adam of St. Victor
Authors: Benton John F.
Published: December 2017

The vast number and variety of sequences, those liturgical interpolations which in the middle ages commonly followed the repetition of the Alleluia in the Mass, and the freedom of their development, show that they were an outlet for the creative talents of musicians and poets. A sample of sequences from successive periods allows the literary historian to trace the development of rhyme and accentual meter, and a musicologist has described the sequence ‘as the parent of oratorio and the grandparent of modern drama.’ But while a view which encompasses centuries reveals to us variety and change, the compositions of any given time were largely shaped by inherited traditions. Not the least value of studies on the early history of the sequence is their demonstration of the close connection between various Alleluia melodies and their sequences and the way in which appropriate texts were fitted to melodies for specific feasts.
Richard of Saint Victor and the Anonymous of Bridlington
Authors: Golker Marvin L.
Published: December 2017

Only since 1932 has the existence been known of the Bridlington Dialogue — or, more properly, Colloquium magistri et discipuli in regulam beati Au- gustini de uita clericorum — a conversation between master and student on the Augustinian Rule. In that year the Bodleian Library of Oxford acquired from the bookdealer E. P. Goldschmidt what is now Bodleian MS. Lat. th. d. 17, a codex which was executed about 1200 and contains the Dialogue on folios 1 to 97v. Nearly twenty years later J. C. Dickinson published some excerpts from the work and discussed it in his The Origins of the Austin Canons and their Introduction into England. Later, Sister Penelope, C.S.M.V., under-took to edit the complete Dialogue. Her edition was well advanced when, in 1955, she learned from Winfrid Hümpfner, Ο.S.A., of another medieval manuscript of the text: Durham College Library MS. Β III 8, folios 222v to 253v, written about 1300. In 1960, she published an edition based upon a study of both manuscripts.
The Letters of Innocent III to Ireland
Authors: Dunning Patrick J.
Published: December 2017

It would be impossible to give the exact number of letters sent by Innocent III to Ireland. All that can be done is to study the ways in which these letters could have survived, and in so doing to establish a calendar of the extant letters. These letters could have been transmitted in two main ways: through originals, or through copies. Copies of the letters, however, could have survived in a variety of ways, through monastic or episcopal cartularies, through the rolls of the royal chancery, through the collections of canon law, but mainly through the official papal register.
Der Zeugenzwang in Den Päpstlichen Delegationsreskripten Des Mittelalters
Authors: Herde Peter
Published: December 2017

Im kanonischen Prozessrecht spielt der Zeugenzwang eine bedeutende Rolle. Er muss vielfach angewendet werden, um die ordnungsgemässe und gerechte Durchführung eines Prozesses zu gewährleisten; denn oft ist dem geistlichen Richter die Wahrheitsfindung nur dann möglich, wenn er Zeugen, die sich aus Hass oder Gunst gegenüber dem Kläger oder Beklagten oder aus Furcht vor Repressalien der Aussage zu entziehen suchen, zum Erscheinen vor Gericht und zur Zeugnisleistung durch Androhung oder Anwendung geistlicher Zensuren zwingen kann. Die folgenden Ausführungen befassen sich mit den Anfängen eines geordneten Zeugenzwanges im kanonischen Prozess des - Mittelalters, und zwar besonders mit der Handhabung des Zeugenzwanges in den päpstlichen Justizbriefen, in denen, aufgrund einer an der päpstlichen Kurie eingereichten Petition, vom Papste delegierten Richtern der Auftrag gegeben wurde, einen Prozess durchzuführen oder bestimmte, vom Papst angeordnete Massnahmen durchzusetzen. Die Untersuchung hat dabei eine doppelte Aufgabe: einmal gilt es, durch Untersuchung der nachher noch im einzelnen zu erörternden Testes-Klausel einen Beitrag zum Formelwesen der päpstlichen Justizbriefe und damit zur Diplomatik der Papsturkunden zu liefern, zum anderen aber durch Auswertung der dabei gewonnenen Ergebnisse unsere Kenntnis der Geschichte des kanonischen Prozesses zu erweitern.
The ‘Vita Aurelii Augustini Hipponensis Episcopi’ in COD. Laurent. PLUT. 90 SUP. 48
Authors: Arbesmann Rudolph
Published: December 2017

In 1955, Professor Eric Colledge of the University of Liverpool called our attention to hagiographical and historical material relating to the Order of the Augustinian Hermits, found in Cod. Plut. 90 sup. 48 of the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence. The hagiographical section is headed by an anonymous Life of St. Augustine which, for its structure and the methods of its composition, offers a striking example of the genre of medieval hagio- graphy. We shall first give a general analysis of the MS and its contents, and then discuss the Vita Aurelii Augustini Hipponensis episcopi in detail.
Florentine ‘Libertas’: Political Independents and ‘Novi Cives,’ 1372–1378
Authors: Becker Marvin B.
Published: December 2017

One of the more difficult tasks of a historian who treats Italian communal history in the fourteenth century concerns the problem of delineating the thoughts and actions of those citizens who were not allied with any of the several political factions that inevitably vied for office in the turbulent environment of the towns. With the men who were adherents of rival clans, politics was in the main a struggle for power. Their day-by-day activities are frequently the stuff of dreary, repititious Italian chronicles punctuated with blood feuds, vendettas, street fights, judicial persecutions and petty harassments. The persistent theme of cruelty and counter-cruelty heightens the monotony of this historical requiem which continues over that century during which the overwhelming majority of republican communes suffered their protracted death agonies. The historian feels rather like the spectator at an Italian opera in which the heroine's death has been antitipated since the beginning of the first act. Despite his sympathies, the historian is forced to admit that he is indeed pleased to hear the last republican aria and to see the Visconti come on stage to deliver the commune's oratorio. One is tempted to suggest not only that the death of the republic lacked dignity, but also that the various voices raised for and against her were indeed all bass. After all, what is the difference between the songs sung by the Monaldeschi and the Filippeschi of Orvieto or the tunes hummed by the feuding families of Genoa ? Were they not all in the same key? What convictions or ideologies distinguished the chorus which sang on behalf of the Malatesta of Rimini from the one which chanted for its archrival? In truth, the contending factions appear to have stood for little beyond the struggle for office, the urge to punish their enemies, and the desire to enjoy the fruits of their political victories. One is tempted to paraphrase Butterfield's observation and to say: Their successes, like Namier's researches, washed the ideas out of history.
Exempla in the Decline
Authors: Tubach Frederic C.
Published: December 2017

Upon entering a cathedral, our eyes are drawn to the soaring pillars, the sweep of the ceiling, and the richly adorned windows. Yet we overlook many details which play an essential part in determining the finished product, for instance, the composition of the stone and the structure of the foundation. Likewise, as we turn to the era from which grew Augustine's Contessiones, Boethius' De consolatione philosophiae, and Wolfram's Parzival, we may easily overlook a humble type of illustrative story, which was a vital expression of the Christian faith, namely, the medieval exemplum. Accordingly, this paper proposes to indicate in briefest outline the fortunes of the exemplum, which, bound up as they are with the history of their time, clearly reflect significant developments in medieval religion.
Physiognomy and Chaucer's Summoner and Alisoun
Authors: Pace George B.
Published: December 2017

Chaucer's character descriptions contain details from the medieval science of physiognomy which create a stratum of meaning hidden to the modern reader. Curry and others have pointed out a number of these details; for instance, the significance of the physical traits ascribed to the Pardoner; the very different implication of those assigned to the Miller; the Wife of Bath's ‘gat-tothedness.’ in knowledge of physiognomy was widespread in the Middle Ages, Chaucer's contemporaries presumably recognized not only the details which modern scholars have identified but quite possibly many more also.
Performances of statistical methods for the detection of seasonal influenza epidemics using a consensus-based gold standard
Authors: SOUTY C. , JREICH R. , LE STRAT Y. , PELAT C. , BOËLLE P. Y. , GUERRISI C. , MASSE S. , BLANCHON T. , HANSLIK T. , TURBELIN C.
Published: December 2017

Influenza epidemics are monitored using influenza-like illness (ILI) data reported by health-care professionals. Timely detection of the onset of epidemics is often performed by applying a statistical method on weekly ILI incidence estimates with a large range of methods used worldwide. However, performance evaluation and comparison of these algorithms is hindered by: (1) the absence of a gold standard regarding influenza epidemic periods and (2) the absence of consensual evaluation criteria. As of now, performance evaluations metrics are based only on sensitivity, specificity and timeliness of detection, since definitions are not clear for time-repeated measurements such as weekly epidemic detection. We aimed to evaluate several epidemic detection methods by comparing their alerts to a gold standard determined by international expert consensus. We introduced new performance metrics that meet important objective of influenza surveillance in temperate countries: to detect accurately the start of the single epidemic period each year. Evaluations are presented using ILI incidence in France between 1995 and 2011. We found that the two performance metrics defined allowed discrimination between epidemic detection methods. In the context of performance detection evaluation, other metrics used commonly than the standard could better achieve the needs of real-time influenza surveillance.
Paths, tree homomorphisms and disequalities for -clauses
Authors: REUß ANDREAS , SEIDL HELMUT
Published: December 2017

It is well known that satisfiability is decidable for Horn clauses of the class . Since arbitrary Horn clauses can naturally be approximated by -clauses, can be used for realizing any program analysis which can be specified by means of Horn clauses. Recently, we have shown that decidability for Horn clauses from is retained if the clauses are either extended with tests for disequality between subterms identified by paths or for disequality between homomorphic images of terms. These two results refer to orthogonal extensions of -clauses. Here, we provide a generalization of both results. For that, we introduce hom-path disequalities and show that for each finite set of -clauses extended with such tests an equivalent tree automaton with hom-path disequalities can be constructed. Since emptiness for that class of automata has been shown decidable by Godoy et al. in 2010, we conclude that satisfiability is decidable for -clauses with hom-path disequalities.
The Meat City: urban space and provision in industrial Copenhagen, 1880–1914
Authors: THELLE MIKKEL
Published: December 2017

This article investigates the emergence of the Copenhagen slaughterhouse, called the Meat City, during the late nineteenth century. This slaughterhouse was a product of a number of heterogeneous components: industrialization and new infrastructures were important, but hygiene and the significance of Danish bacon exports also played a key role. In the Meat City, this created a distinction between rising production and consumption on the one hand, and the isolation and closure of the slaughtering facility on the other. This friction mirrored an ambivalent attitude towards meat in the urban space: one where consumers demanded more meat than ever before, while animals were being removed from the public eye. These contradictions, it is argued, illustrate and underline the change of the city towards a ‘post-domestic’ culture. The article employs a variety of sources, but primarily the Copenhagen Municipal Archives for regulation of meat provision.