bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The intensity of the transcriptional response varies across infection with distinct viral strains in an insect host
Authors: Ray Allyson M. , Tehel Anja , Rasgon Jason L. , Paxton Robert J. , Grozinger Christina M.
Published: February 2025

Organisms respond to infectious agents through diverse immune strategies, and may need to cater a specific response to distinct pathogen challenges, such as various strains of a virus, to maximize fitness. Deformed wing virus (DWV) is one of the most damaging viruses of honey bees (Apis mellifera) across the globe, with variant DWV-B currently expanding at the expense of variant DWV-A. While previous research has characterized general host transcriptomic responses to viral exposure, host responses to different DWV strains have not been fully explored. Here, we performed experimental infections with the two dominant strains of DWV, A and B, as well as a mixed infection, and conducted transcriptomic analyses to compare differences in host molecular response to infection. We confirmed canonical anti-viral response to DWV infection, including upregulation of Toll pathway genes and the antimicrobial peptides abaecin and hymenoptaecin. Furthermore, our results suggest a potential role of aerobic glycolysis during viral infection in honey bees. DWV-A and mixed infections were associated with differential expression of a much larger number of host genes than infection with DWV-B. That DWV-B potentially elicits a reduced host immune response may provide a mechanistic explanation for its higher virulence and global emergence. Overall, this study provides the first evidence for strain-specific immune responses to DWV infection, and integrates these findings into the broader domain of insect immunity and host-pathogen dynamics.
Reliability assessment of CT enhancement rate and extracellular volume in liver fibrosis prediction
Authors: Salahshour Faeze , Abkhoo Aminreza , Sadeghia Sina , Safaei Masoomeh
Published: February 2025

Background

Reliable, non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis is essential for early disease management. Computed tomography (CT)-based extracellular volume (ECV) fraction and portal venous phase enhancement rate (VP-ER) have shown potential in quantifying mild-to-moderate fibrosis. This study investigates the diagnostic performance of ECV and VP-ER in differentiating non-significant (F0–F1) from significant (F2–F3) fibrosis in biopsy-confirmed patients.

Methods

Ninety-three patients (20–72 years, 56.9% male) undergoing liver biopsy and multiphasic CT scans were retrospectively enrolled. Patients with METAVIR F4 cirrhosis or incomplete imaging/pathological data were excluded. Hematocrit levels were obtained on the day of CT. ECV was calculated from differences in liver and aortic attenuation between delayed and enhanced phases, adjusted for hematocrit. VP-ER was derived as the ratio of liver attenuation in venous to portal venous phases multiplied by 100. Spearman’s correlation, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and DeLong tests evaluated their performance. Multiple logistic regression assessed independent contributions of ECV and VP-ER to fibrosis status.

Results

Fifty-three patients had no significant fibrosis (F0–F1) and 40 had significant fibrosis (F2–F3). ECV demonstrated a moderate correlation with fibrosis grade (r = 0.531, p < 0.0001), while VP-ER showed a weaker yet statistically significant correlation (r = 0.363, p = 0.0003). ROC analyses yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.698 for ECV (cut-off = 38%) and 0.763 for VP-ER (cut-off = 71%), with no significant difference between AUCs (p = 0.358). VP-ER accurately classified 70 patients, while ECV correctly predicted 65. Logistic regression revealed significant associations for both VP-ER (OR = 1.08; p = 0.007) and ECV (OR = 1.025; p = 0.0132), achieving 72.04% classification accuracy and an overall AUC of 0.756 (95% CI: 0.688–0.863).

Conclusion

ECV fraction and VP-ER demonstrated reliable, complementary capabilities for distinguishing non-significant fibrosis from significant fibrosis. Their combined use in routine multiphasic CT protocols may reduce dependence on invasive biopsy while offering robust sensitivity and specificity for early fibrosis assessment. Further studies including cirrhotic populations and larger cohorts are recommended.
Association between hydrocarbon exposure and risk of stroke: a systematic literature review
Authors: Shabil Muhammed , Gaidhane Abhay M. , Vadia Nasir , Menon Soumya V. , Chennakesavulu Kattela , Panigrahi Rajashree , Bushi Ganesh , Jena Diptismita , Rani Anju , Sah Sanjit , Singh Mahendra , Satapathy Prakasini , Goh Khang Wen , Razaqi Nosaibah
Published: February 2025

Background

Hydrocarbon exposure, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), is increasingly linked to vascular dysfunction and stroke, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Common in occupational and environmental contexts, hydrocarbons induce oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, disrupting vascular health. This systematic review examines the association between hydrocarbon exposure and stroke, emphasizing specific metabolites and their cerebrovascular effects.

Methods

A comprehensive search across PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was conducted through December 10 2024, identifying observational studies exploring hydrocarbon exposure and stroke risk. Studies meeting predefined inclusion criteria, excluding those with major methodological flaws, were synthesized narratively. Variations in hydrocarbon types, population demographics, and stroke outcomes were considered.

Results

Six studies, including five cross-sectional and one retrospective cohort, with sample sizes ranging from 5,537 to 283,666 participants, demonstrated significant associations between hydrocarbon exposure and stroke risk. Key findings revealed strong associations for metabolites like 1-hydroxynaphthalene (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.62–2.20) and 2-hydroxyfluorene (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.66–2.26). However, variability in findings was noted, attributed to differences in study design, exposure levels, and populations studied.

Conclusion

This review highlights a complex relationship between hydrocarbon exposure and stroke risk, with some studies indicating significant associations and others reporting inconsistencies. Standardized, large-scale research is essential to clarify this relationship, identify high-risk populations, and guide public health strategies to mitigate exposure and prevent stroke.

Clinical trial number

Not applicable.
“We just have to work with what we’ve got”: a qualitative analysis of contextual challenges in facilities and resources for pupil physical activity in English primary schools
Authors: House Danielle , Walker Robert , Emm-Collison Lydia , Kent-Saisch Simona , Salway Ruth , Porter Alice , de Vocht Frank , Jago Russell
Published: February 2025

Background

State primary schools present an opportunity to support children’s physical activity equitably, however, many school-based physical activity interventions have been unsuccessful. Many interventions have focused on school built environments to increase or measure the physical infrastructure a school has. Yet literature suggests that broader social and institutional factors, such as school policies and staffing, are equally crucial for supporting pupil’s physical activity. The aim of this study is to qualitatively explore and assess primary school staff perspectives on the role of school facilities and resources in supporting pupil physical activity and the factors that impact their use.

Methods

We conducted 33 semi-structured interviews with state primary school staff in the Bristol area, Southwest England, between November 2023 and January 2024. Staff roles included headteacher/principal (n = 5), deputy headteacher/principal (n = 6), class teacher (n = 7), teaching assistant (n = 2), Physical Education (PE) subject lead (n = 8), dedicated PE teachers (n = 4), and Parent Teacher Association chair (n = 1). Staff were recruited from 19 purposively-sampled schools with a range of school sizes, locations, and sociodemographic characteristics. Reflexive thematic analysis was used.

Results

Five themes were generated related to how school facilities and resources impact pupil physical activity: 1) Facilities and resources create potential for pupil physical activity, 2) A social context supportive of physical activity is needed to maximise this potential, 3) Logistical challenges undermine the potential of facilities and resources, 4) The potential of facilities and resources change throughout the school year, and 5) Facilities and resources are not always fit for purpose.

Conclusion

The presence of facilities or resources alone does not determine pupil physical activity at primary school. Factors such as the social context of the school, logistical and timetabling challenges, seasonality, and how fit for purpose facilities are for that school, are important factors in school staff and pupils’ use and management of these facilities, and whether their potential is maximised or undermined. Future research and policy must broaden the focus from the presence of facilities and resources for physical activity, to include a focus on how these are maintained and engaged with in a school’s specific context.
If not us, then who? Ethnographic insights into nurses’ role in redesigning a rural health service to meet changing demands
Authors: Krone-Hjertstrøm Helle , Norbye Bente , Abelsen Birgit , Obstfelder Aud Uhlen
Published: February 2025

Background

The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and an ageing population challenge healthcare delivery, particularly in rural areas. Redesigning health services to meet these changing demands is crucial, esially in rural healthcare where service providers face capacity and expertise limitations. This paper explores how the rural context influences nurses' roles in the clinic and the process of redesigning a rural emergency clinic in Northern Norway to include a Municipal Inpatient Acute Care Service (MipAC).

Methods

The study combines observations (250 h), several in situ interviews with healthcare personnel, and individual in-depth interviews with nurses (n = 8) at the emergency clinic in a rural area in northern Norway. To explore nurses’ role in the clinic and in the redesign process, we were inspired by the theory of social organisation of healthcare work.

Results

The study highlights three prominent aspects of the rural dimension that are crucial for understanding the nurses’ role in the redesign process. First, ‘Absent present PCPs’ highlights how nurses ensure continuity of care during the intermittent absence of primary care physicians (PCPs). Second, ‘Learning without doing’ shows how the nurses utilized their competence, past experiences, and understanding of local conditions to adapt standardised guidelines, develop new work processes, and establish a framework that compensates for the lack of practical experience, enabling the clinic to function effecively under potential challanging circumstances. Third, ‘The local nurse' emphasises how the nurses’ connection to the local community influences how they organize care; they are commited to local adaptation and ensuring that "their" residents have acess to what they consider high-quality services.

Conclusion

The nurses’, experience, dedication, and orientation towards the local community were crucial for the redesign process. The nurses ensured the continuiety in the clinic, despite the PCP's sporadic presence, adapted the standardized guidelines to a rural context and were crucial in organising patient care in the rural area. The study shows that the nurses organizing work, which often remains invisible, is essential in the redesign process. The study indicates that the scope of practice for nurses is more extensive in rural areas and should receive greater attention. in both research, practice and health policy
Ultra-processed food consumption in the central division of Fiji
Authors: Palu Aliyah , Santos Joseph Alvin , Coyle Daisy , Shahid Maria , Crowther Juliette , Waqa Gade , Bell Colin , Webster Jacqui , McKenzie Briar
Published: February 2025

Background

Processed packaged foods are readily available in Fiji; however, the extent to which ultra-processed foods (UPFs) currently contribute to energy and nutrient intake is unknown. This study aimed to assess the contribution of UPFs to total energy intake and nutrients of concern (sodium, sugar, fat) in a representative sample of adults in the central division of Fiji, identify the main food category sources of UPFs and assess variation by sociodemographic characteristics.

Methods

A random sample of 700 adults was selected from two statistical enumeration areas (one semi-urban, one rural). Participant characteristics were collected, and a three-pass 24-h diet recall was undertaken. Foods consumed were coded based on the level of processing, in alignment with the NOVA categorisation system.

Results

The contribution of UPFs to total energy, fat, sugar, and sodium intake and dietary sources of UPFs (based on the per cent daily energy contribution of UPFs from food groups) were estimated and assessed by sex, age group, ethnicity and location. A total of 534 adults participated (76% response rate, 50% female). UPFs contributed 21.5% (95% CI, 21.4% to 26.6%) of total energy intake, 22.8% (95% CI 20.5% to 25.1%) of total sodium intake, 24.0% (95% CI, 21.4% to 26.6%) of sugar intake and 18.6% (95% CI 16.5% to 20.7%) of total fat intake. Key food group contributors to UPF intake were bread and bakery products 42.9% (38.3% to 47.6%), non-alcoholic beverages 26.8% (22.4% to 31.1%), convenience foods 8.6% (6.3% to 10.8%), and meat, poultry, and meat alternatives 6.9% (4.8% to 8.9%). The contribution of UPFs to sodium, sugar and fat intake was similar for men and women; however, differences were observed by age group, ethnicity and region (semi-urban compared to rural).

Conclusions

This study identified that UPFs appear to be a large contributor to energy, sodium, fat and sugar intake in adults in the Central division of Fiji. A reduction of UPF consumption in Fiji may lead to a reduction of harmful nutrients such as sodium, fat, and sugar, crucial to reducing the diet-related burden of disease.
Assessment of the prevalence of respiratory pathogens and the level of immunity to respiratory viruses in soldiers and civilian military employees in Poland
Authors: Nakonieczna Aleksandra , Kwiatek Magdalena , Abramowicz Karolina , Zawadzka Magdalena , Bany Izabela , Głowacka Patrycja , Skuza Katarzyna , Lepionka Tomasz , Szymański Paweł
Published: February 2025

Background

This study provides a detailed analysis of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and immunity levels against influenza and SARS-CoV-2 among soldiers and military personnel in Poland. Owing to their unique service environments, this occupational group is at high risk. During deployments, they often face adverse physical conditions, close living quarters, and exposure to both local and endemic pathogens. It particularly increases their susceptibility to RTIs, which remain a leading cause of illness worldwide.

Methods

The study cohort included 379 participants aged between 19 and 60 years. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques to detect 34 common respiratory pathogens and analyzed blood serum samples to assess the degree of immunity against the influenza A, B, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. In 78.10% of the participants, at least one respiratory pathogen was detected.

Results

Human rhinovirus (HRV) was the most common (8.71%), followed by SARS-CoV-2 (4.75%) and influenza A (H1N1) sw (2.90%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent bacterial pathogen (18.47%), with significant occurrences of Haemophilus influenzae (14.24%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.76%). Additionally, 52.3% of those with coinfections had combinations of bacterial and viral pathogens, highlighting the complexity of diagnosing and managing these infections. We also assessed immunity levels, which focused on antibodies specific to influenza A/B and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. For all the results obtained, statistical analyses were performed. A weak positive correlation between age and levels of anti-influenza antibodies was observed, suggesting a slight increase in antibody levels with age. A total of 81.53% of the participants had received at least one dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. A significant correlation between the number of vaccine doses and higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was observed, indicating stronger immunity with more vaccinations.

Conclusions

This study underscores the importance of specialized health monitoring and preventive measures such as vaccinations to protect military personnel from RTIs and maintain their operational readiness. The detailed analysis of pathogen prevalence and immunity levels offers valuable insights into this occupational group's health risks and needs.

Clinical trial number: Not applicable.
Impaired microcirculation in the skin and subclinical atherosclerosis in individuals with dysglycaemia in a large population-based cohort
Authors: Cederqvist John , Rådholm Karin , Nystrom Fredrik H. , Engvall Jan , Bergstrand Sara , Fredriksson Ingemar , Strömberg Tomas , Östgren Carl Johan
Published: February 2025

Background and aim

Dysglycaemia is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and microcirculatory dysfunction is associated with an increased cardiovascular disease risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of impaired microcirculation, coronary atherosclerosis, and arterial stiffness in individuals with normo- and dysglycaemia.

Methods

The study included 3,300 participants with microcirculatory measurements and information on glycaemic status, aged 50–65 years, from the Linköping site of the Swedish CArdio-Pulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS). Microvascular function was assessed in forearm skin using an arterial occlusion and release protocol determining peak blood oxygen saturation (OxyP). Data on pulse wave velocity (PWV) and the Coronary Artery Calcification Score (CACS) were collected. Participants were categorised into three glycaemic categories: normoglycaemia, prediabetes and diabetes.

Results

OxyP was lower in the prediabetes group − 1.2%-units, 95% CI (-1.8 to -0.6) and in study participants with diabetes − 2.4%-units, 95% CI (-3.1 to -1.6) compared to the normoglycaemic group 84.3%, 95% CI (83.6 to 84.9). PWV and CACS were higher in participants with dysglycaemia. Prevalent impaired function at three vascular levels (lowest quartile of OxyP + PWV ≥ 10 m/s and CACS ≥ 100) were observed in 0.8%, 2.3% and 7.6% in the glycaemic categories respectively. The difference between the normoglycaemic and the diabetes category and the difference between the pre-diabetes and the diabetes category was significant, p = < 0.05.

Conclusions

Patients with prediabetes and diabetes are more likely to have impaired microcirculation in the forearm skin and macrovascular disorders such as arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries compared to normoglycaemic individuals.

Graphical abstract
Genotypes and different clinical variants between children and adults in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis: a state-of-the-art review
Authors: Vitale Giovanni , Sciveres Marco , Mandato Claudia , d’Adamo Adamo Pio , Di Giorgio Angelo
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Progressive Familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) are rare disorders of bile acid (BAs) secretion and transport with a genetic background. PFIC are paediatric manifestations, but the same variants causing PFIC can also cause cholestasis with a later paediatric onset or adult-onset cholestatic disease (AOCD). Pruritus is a symptom of cholestasis that can be so devastating that it requires a liver transplant (LT) in children; some PFIC types have been described as at risk of liver cancer development. Commonly prescribed medications for PFIC symptoms can partially relieve pruritus without changing the natural history of the disease. Recently, a therapy reducing the intestinal resorption of BAs has been approved; it is effective on both pruritus and cholestasis in PFIC, potentially being a disease-modifying intervention.

Areas covered

The clinical and genetic characteristics of different PFIC and AOCD are summarized to provide a common background for geneticists and paediatric and adult hepatologists in diagnosis and management.

Expert opinion

Collaboration between paediatric and adult hepatologists and geneticists will become crucial for cholestatic disease research and patient treatment. Therefore, adult hepatologists will need to learn more about FIC. This might enable the implementation of individualized surveillance in FIC patients and the evaluation of patient family histories.
Structural changes and cellulose ultrastructure mapped with electron microscopy and SAXS after enzymatic hydrolysis of mildly steam pretreated Norway spruce
Authors: Brollo Maria E. F. , Caputo Fabio , Naidjonoka Polina , Olsson Lisbeth , Olsson Eva
Published: February 2025

Background

The efficient use of softwood in biorefineries requires harsh pretreatment conditions to overcome biomass recalcitrance. While this allows the solubilization of hemicellulose, it also leads to the formation of compounds that act inhibitory against microorganisms during the fermentation step. To improve the efficacy of biomass utilization and identify optimal processing conditions, we evaluated the microstructural alterations occurring during pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis in Norway spruce. The biomass was steam pretreated at six different severities defined by two different temperatures (180 °C and 210 °C), with and without the addition of various acids (HAc, H3PO4, H2SO4, SO2). After pretreatment, the materials were enzymatically hydrolysed using a cellulolytic cocktail (Celluclast + Novozym188) supplemented with a hemicellulolytic cocktail (Ultraflo). Scanning electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering were utilized to evaluate the structural changes, of the differently steam pretreated materials, before and after the enzymatic hydrolysis.

Results

Scanning electron microscopy revealed increased surface roughness and pore enlargement in all the materials after enzymatic hydrolysis. The higher the severity of the pretreatment, the more the surface was rough since it was easier for the enzymes to access the binding site. As revealed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), increasing the enzymatic hydrolysis of hemicellulose did not result in further collapse of cellulose. In line with the SAXS result, a qualitative evaluation of the cellulose surface using Congo red showed a larger exposed cellulose surface area after enzymatic hydrolysis.

Conclusions

The present study reports the microstructural changes caused by pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of Norway spruce. By enzymatically increasing the hemicellulose hydrolysis, the exposed cellulose surface area increases meaning that the cellulose might be easier to access for the enzymes. Structural analysis of biomass after enzymatic hydrolysis can direct the choice of enzymes for improved saccharification efficiency.
Revealing complex mosquito behaviour: a review of current automated video tracking systems suitable for tracking mosquitoes in the field
Authors: Bredt Beatrice H. , Tripet Frédéric , Müller Pie
Published: February 2025

Mosquito-borne pathogens continue to cause tremendous suffering, morbidity and mortality. For many of these diseases, vector control remains the most effective approach. The development and deployment of effective and efficient mosquito control products and strategies require a profound understanding of mosquito behaviour. To study complex mosquito behaviour, automated video tracking of mosquito flight paths has proven to be a comprehensive approach, and several video tracking approaches have emerged in recent years, making the choice for a suitable system challenging. Here, we conducted a literature review by searching PubMed and Google Scholar, and we identified 66 publications focusing on mosquito video tracking, which made use of eight different systems. We then compared and scored those video tracking systems by assessing their performance in the laboratory as well as their potential suitability for tracking mosquito behaviour in a field setting. While all eight systems have produced valuable information on mosquito behaviour, for tracking mosquitoes in the field, ‘Braid’, ‘EthoVision XT’ and ‘Trackit3D’ appear to be the most suitable systems as they need small disk capacity and are well adaptable to different settings. However, the optimal choice will ultimately depend on the specifications required to answer a given research question, the financial resources available and user preferences.

Graphical Abstract
The microRNA landscape and regulatory network in Clonorchis sinensis-infected hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for tumor progression
Authors: Wei Caibiao , Chen Junxian , Huang Taijun , Zhou Lingling , Xu Yulong , Lin Qiumei , Qin Yuling , Tang Zeli , Yang Weilong , Fang Min
Published: February 2025

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality globally, and its progression is associated with various factors, including parasitic infections such as Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis). Although C. sinensis infection has been implicated in HCC, the molecular mechanisms, particularly the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), remain poorly understood. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the miRNA expression profiles in C. sinensis
+ and C. sinensis
− HCC tissues.

Method

We performed miRNA sequencing on HCC tissues from C. sinensis
+ and C. sinensis
− patients, followed by bioinformatics analyses to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and their target genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was conducted to explore relevant biological processes, while a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed to investigate the interactions among miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Additionally, we performed survival analysis using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2) based on the The Cancer Genome Atlas-Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) cohort and assessed the clinical relevance of DEMs. Key miRNAs identified from this analysis were further validated through quantitative real‑time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays to confirm their expression in MHCC97H.

Results

Our research identified significant miRNA dysregulation in C. sinensis
+ HCC tumors compared with C. sinensis
− HCC tumors. Notably, miR-143-3p, miR-10a-5p, and miR-100-5p were upregulated in C. sinensis
+ HCC, contributing to immune responses and tumor progression, while let-7 family members and miR-221-3p were downregulated, affecting metabolic pathways. GO enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of developmental processes, immune system regulation, and metabolic reprogramming in C. sinensis
+ HCC. The construction of a ceRNA network revealed key interactions between miRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs in C. sinensis
+ HCC, suggesting regulatory mechanisms that could be potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, validation through qRT-PCR confirmed these findings, highlighting miRNA dysregulation as a critical factor in C. sinensis
+ HCC progression.

Conclusions

This study provides novel insights into the role of miRNAs in C. sinensis-infected HCC progression. The findings highlight the critical role of miRNA dysregulation in the progression of C. sinensis-associated HCC, emphasizing the potential for therapeutic interventions targeting these molecular alterations in affected patients.

Graphical Abstract
Dynamics of Tunga penetrans infections and severity of associated morbidity among pigs during the dry season in rural Uganda
Authors: Mutebi Francis , von Samson-Himmelstjerna Georg , Feldmeier Hermann , Mencke Norbert , Waiswa Charles , Krücken Jürgen
Published: February 2025

Background

Tungiasis is a neglected tropical disease which is common in impoverished communities. In sub-Saharan Africa, it is caused by female sand fleas, Tunga penetrans, and pigs are amongst the major domestic animal reservoirs. Depending on the environment, tungiasis occurs throughout the year or preferentially in the dry seasons. This study investigated changes in sand flea abundance and associated morbidity in pigs during a dry season.

Methods

Tunga penetrans lesions were counted and staged in 35 pigs amongst 22 households with at least one affected pig. Five weekly examinations were performed per animal during a dry season. Enrolment of pigs into the study lasted 17 days and examination was performed for 43 days. The severity score for acute pig tungiasis (SSAPT) was determined for each visit. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) were fitted on an absolute time scale to understand factors influencing the changes in abundance of sand flea lesions and SSAPT.

Results

The prevalence/abundance of tungiasis-associated lesions increased from 57.1%/median 1 lesion at baseline to 71.4%/median 11 lesions after 4 weeks. In parallel, the median SSAPT increased from zero to six. The GLMM analyses fitting negative binomial models to the lesion numbers revealed that time had a linear and a quadratic effect for the viable stages 2 and 3a, and all viable sand flea stages in general with maximal abundance of sand fleas on days 17–18, 33 and 35 from the beginning of the study, respectively. The model for the total number of sand flea lesions, which included dead and excoriated sand fleas, showed the same trend but the peak was not reached within the study period. The number of stage 3b lesions was unexpectedly low. The SSAPT increased linearly over time and was highly dependent on the initial number of sand fleas at enrolment.

Conclusions

There were increasing intensities of sand fleas and SSAPT in domestic pigs during the dry season. The ensuing environmental contamination by off-host stages of T. penetrans increases the risk of transmission to other susceptible hosts, including humans.

Graphical Abstract
On the Role of Core Exercises in Alleviating Muscular Fatigue Induced by Prolonged Sitting: A Scoping Review
Authors: Amiri Banafsheh , Behm David G. , Zemková Erika
Published: February 2025

Background

Prolonged sitting induces fatigue in deep trunk muscles, thereby decreasing spinal support and increasing stress on the spine. Core exercises effectively facilitate recovery from trunk muscle fatigue based on evidence from subjective outcomes; however, there is a lack of systematic investigation into localized muscle activity specifically related to prolonged sitting. Therefore, this scoping review summarizes the evidence on the effects of core exercises in alleviating trunk muscular fatigue induced by prolonged sitting, focusing on objective outcomes such as electromyography (EMG) and tensiomyography.

Methods

Articles published between January 2010 and February 2024 were sought in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library, as well as Elsevier, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. The findings were reported following the guidelines provided by the PRISMA-ScR checklist.

Results

Out of 106 papers initially identified, eight met the inclusion criteria. During core exercises, fatigued trunk muscles exhibit an increase in EMG root mean square (RMS) values. In the post-intervention (from 9 days to 8 weeks), tensiomyography outcomes of the erector spinae muscles significantly improved, whilst EMG results were insignificant. The contraction times of both the left and right erector spinae balanced out, indicating a harmonizing effect of the exercise. Regarding the recovery of other trunk muscles, only the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles exhibited a significant increase in the EMG median frequency that decreased over prolonged sitting.

Conclusions

Core exercises are effective in alleviating muscular fatigue caused by prolonged sitting. This can be observed from significant changes in EMG and tensiomyography parameters during exercise and after the training protocol. Intervention studies have primarily targeted the recovery of the erector spinae muscles, with less attention on other trunk muscles. Although significant improvements in tensiomyography results for the erector spinae can be observed after core exercise intervention, the impact on EMG remains uncertain.

Key Points

Core exercises have an acute effect on reducing muscle fatigue caused by prolonged sitting.

Core exercise intervention studies, primarily targeting the erector spinae muscles, significantly improve tensiomyography outcomes, but evidence for electromyography outcomes is lacking. In addition, few studies have analyzed the electromyography mean frequency and root mean square values, which are crucial in assessing muscle fatigue and recovery.

Only a few studies have investigated the effectiveness of core exercises in restoring other trunk muscles, such as the transversus abdominis and multifidus, following prolonged sitting fatigue.
Urinary Catecholamines Predict Relapse During Complete Remission in High-Risk Neuroblastoma
Authors: Matser Yvette A.H. , Samim Atia , Fiocco Marta , van de Mheen Marieke , van der Ham Maria , de Sain-van der Velden Monique G.M. , Verhoeven-Duif Nanda M. , van Grotel Martine , Kraal Kathelijne C.J.M. , Dierselhuis Miranda P. , van Eijkelenburg Natasha K.A. , Langenberg Karin P.S. , van Noesel Max M. , van Kuilenburg André B.P. , Tytgat Godelieve A.M.
Published: February 2025

PURPOSE

Urinary catecholamine metabolites are well-known biomarkers for the diagnosis (Dx) of neuroblastoma, but their clinical significance in determining therapy response during treatment is not well established. Therefore, catecholamines are not included in criteria for assessing response and complete remission (CR). This study investigated the use of urinary catecholamines in response monitoring and predicting survival outcomes.

METHODS

From 2005 to 2021, a panel of eight urinary catecholamines were measured in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma at Dx and at standard evaluation moments during treatment. At the same time points, response and CR were assessed according to the revised International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria.

RESULTS

The total cohort consists of 153 high-risk patients, and at least one of the eight metabolites was elevated (ie, catecholamine status positive) in 141 of 146 (97%), 104 of 128 (81%), and 39 of 69 (57%) patients at Dx, postinduction, and at CR, respectively. Primary tumor resection significantly reduced catecholamine levels (
P
< .01). A positive catecholamine status at Dx, during treatment, and at the end of treatment was not significantly associated with event-free survival (EFS) or overall survival (OS). However, in patients who achieved CR, those with a positive catecholamine status had poor EFS (38%
v
80%, respectively;
P
< .01) and OS (52%
v
86%, respectively;
P
= .01) compared with those with a negative catecholamine status. Notably, 3-methoxytyramine levels at CR seem to be a prognostic marker for poor OS (hazard ratio, 7.5 [95% CI, 2.0 to 28.6]).

CONCLUSION

Catecholamine measurements contribute to the assessment of CR and identifies patients with high-risk neuroblastoma with an increased risk of relapse and death.
Augmentation of Ipsilateral Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization After Unilateral Chronic Subdural Hematoma Evacuation Using a Contralateral Approach: A Case Series of 26 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Campos Jessica K. , Meyer Benjamen M. , Laghari Fahad J. , Zarrin David A. , Khan M. Waqas , Collard de Beaufort Jonathan , Amin Gizal , Ramesh Ashish , Beaty Narlin B. , Suzuki Shuichi , Bender Matthew T. , Colby Geoffrey P. , Coon Alexander L.
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

After surgical drainage of a chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH), middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization aids in preventing the revascularization of the cSDH membranes at the capillary level and, in turn, reaccumulation. With the MMA circulation ipsilateral to the surgical side often being disrupted, there is recruitment of collaterals from the contralateral MMA tree to the ipsilateral cSDH membranes. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the ability of additive contralateral liquid embolic (LE) injection after ipsilateral surgery to augment MMA embolization. We hypothesized that contralateral LE injection may provide additional MMA embolization to the affected ipsilateral side and increase response to treatment.

METHODS:

Consecutive cases of unilateral cSDH surgery with ipsilateral MMA embolization and additive contralateral LE injection were retrospectively identified from a prospectively maintained database of the senior authors.

RESULTS:

Over the study period, 26 consecutive cases of recurrent cSDH after unilateral surgery were identified. There was an average age of 73 ± 2.7 years (range 27-90 years), and 14 patients (54%) were female. All 26 patients (100%) had previous burr holes or a craniotomy. The average cSDH thickness after surgery and before embolization was 10 ± 0.3 mm, and the average midline shift was 3.5 ± 0.7 mm. Of the 26 patients who underwent bilateral MMA embolization, 96% had over-the-top contralateral-to-ipsilateral LE injection and penetration, providing additional embolization to membranes of the index ipsilateral cSDH. The average cSDH thickness on follow-up was 4 ± 5 mm and midline shift of 0.2 ± 0.7 mm. Complete cSDH resolution was achieved in 7 patients (39%). Two patients had cSDH recurrence, one of which required reoperation. There were no LE or catheter-related complications.

CONCLUSION:

Contralateral MMA embolization in patients who have undergone ipsilateral cSDH evacuation and traditional ipsilateral MMA embolization allows for over-the-top LE penetration of cSDH membranes, thereby further augmenting the desired ipsilateral MMA embolization.
Off-line Estimation of Controlled Markov Chains: Minimaxity and Sample Complexity
Authors: Banerjee Imon , Honnappa Harsha , Rao Vinayak
Published: February 2025

New Insights into Off-line Estimation for Controlled Markov Chains Unveiled

A team of researchers from Purdue and Northwestern Universities have unveiled new findings in off-line estimation for controlled Markov chains, addressing challenges in analyzing complex data generated under arbitrary dynamics. The study introduces a nonparametric estimator for transition probabilities, showcasing its robustness even in nonstationary, non-Markovian environments.

The team developed precise sample complexity bounds, revealing a delicate interplay between mixing properties of the logging policy and data set size. Their analysis highlights how achieving optimal statistical risk depends on this trade-off, broadening the scope of off-line estimation under diverse conditions. Examples include ergodic and weakly ergodic chains as well as controlled chains with episodic or greedy controls.

Significantly, this research confirms that the widely used estimator, which calculates state–action transition ratios, is minimax optimal, ensuring its reliability in general scenarios. This advancement paves the way for improved evaluation of stationary Markov control policies, marking a breakthrough in understanding complex off-line systems.
Finger Ridge-Count Variation among African Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers: Implications for Origins and Diversification
Authors: Jantz Richard L.
Published: February 2025

Dermatoglyphic studies of traditional rainforest hunter-gatherers (RHG) have a long history, but as yet no one has synthesized the available data to develop a coherent picture of RHG relationships to one another and to their agricultural (AGR) neighbors. This has been due in part to absence of comparable data, which has now been remedied by the late H. Brehme of Freiburg University, who counted ridges and classified patterns on existing prints, mostly collected in the early 20th century. Thus, analyses of dermatoglyphic prints from most African RHG groups, done in the same way by the same observer, now exist. The present analysis uses finger ridge counts to examine the structure of RHG and AGR populations. Eastern RHG and some AGR samples come from the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, some eastern AGR samples are from Kenya, and western RHG and AGR samples come from Cameroon and adjacent countries. Statistical procedures include analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), analysis of covariance, and canonical variates obtained from the discriminant procedure. The relationship of ridge counts to adult stature was also examined. Eastern and western RHG are clearly differentiated on ridge counts. Eastern RHG are differentiated from their AGR neighbors by virtue of very low ridge counts, but western RHG have higher ridge counts, more in line with their AGR neighbors. MANOVA results reveal significant variation among groups and sexes, as well as variation among groups in sex dimorphism. Beyond the marked differences between eastern and western RHG, the western AGR show a certain cohesion, but eastern AGR are highly dispersed. Variation in sex dimorphism involves primarily eastern and western AGR groups. Ridge counts also correlate with stature, suggesting that short stature has prenatal origins. The general conclusion is that ridge-count variation supports a difference between eastern and western RHG seen in cranial morphology and genetics. The unanswered question is why eastern RHG, with the lowest ridge counts in the world, are so differentiated. Variation in sex dimorphism, especially among the AGR neighbors, implies different responses to prenatal hormones. Ridge counts demonstrate variation in prenatal development, which is still poorly understood. Genes influencing limb and digit development have been identified, which along with postnatal anthropometric and disease associations provide a basis for future development and testing of hypotheses.
Words and Places: Serbian Toponyms in the Australian Namescape
Authors: Mandreš Marinel
Published: February 2025

Abstract: Australia's geographic nomenclature includes nearly ive million toponyms (placenames). Among them are a relatively limited number with an intriguing Serbian connection. The origin of existing toponyms is examined to determine when, why, and by whom the names were given. Toponyms appearing to be of Serbian origin are identiied and assessed in an effort to avoid misunderstanding and misappropriating their etymologies. Potential toponyms associated with a miner's homestead, a residential subdivision, a proposed settlement, and a colloquial designation are discussed. The inluence of Serbian immigrants upon the naming process is evaluated in terms of migratory waves, settlement patterns, and toponym type.
Charles Simić and Vasko Popa: Poetic Encounters
Authors: Jovanović Aleksandra V.
Published: February 2025

Abstract: From their irst encounter in 1970 Vasko Popa and Charles Simić became close associates and friends. Since then Charles Simić has translated more than eighty of Popa's poems. Simić has also written extensively on Popa's poetry placing his early work in a wider context of Surrealism. In his analysis, he focuses on the free play of images and the way Popa unlocks the extraordinary meanings of ordinary things. Besides, he traces the origins of Popa's poetry to myth and folklore. Simić holds that Popa draws heavily on Serbian folklore as a source of his mythical as well as Surreal imagination. Simić holds that by making use of the famous Surrealistic displacement in the description of chairs, pebbles, or hatstands, for instance, Popa gradually deconstructs our perception of the familiar objects and uncovers their hidden mythical potential. In the same vein, Simić explores Popa's understanding of language, and his exquisite mythography based on the expressive possibilities of words. Simić's observations of Popa's language call to mind Simić's own poetic method which, like Popa's, draws on myths, riddles, and the exploration of silence within the discourse of the poem. In this paper, I propose to analyze Simić's work on Popa's poetry in a broader context of cultural and lingual crisscrossing as well as Simić's own poetic endevour.
Perceptions and predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among healthcare providers across five countries in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Madzorera Isabel , Abokyi Livesy Naafoe , Apraku Edward , Azemraw Temesgen , Boudo Valentin , James Christabel , Wang Dongqing , Mapendo Frank , Millogo Ourohiré , Assefa Nega , Chukwu Angela , Workneh Firehiwot , Lankoande Bruno , Hemler Elena C. , Ismail Abbas , Abubakari Sulemana , Asante Kwaku Poku , Berhane Yemane , Killewo Japhet , Oduola Ayoade , Sie Ali , Soura Abdramane , Mwanyika-Sando Mary , Vuai Said , Smith Emily , Baernighausen Till , Tajudeen Raji , Fawzi Wafaie W.
Published: February 2025

The African continent has some of the world’s lowest COVID-19 vaccination rates. While the limited availability of vaccines is a contributing factor, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among healthcare providers (HCP) is another factor that could adversely affect efforts to control infections on the continent. We sought to understand the extent of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among HCP, and its contributing factors in Africa. We evaluated COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among 1,499 HCP enrolled in a cross-sectional study conducted as a telephone survey in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Ghana between July to December of 2021. We defined COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among HCP as self-reported responses of definitely not, maybe, unsure, or undecided on whether to get the COVID-19 vaccine, compared to definitely getting the vaccine. We used log-binomial or modified Poisson regression models to evaluate factors influencing vaccine hesitancy among HCP. Approximately 65.6% of the HCP interviewed were nurses and the mean age (±SD) of participants was 35.8 (±9.7) years. At least 67% of the HCP reported being vaccinated. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy affected 45.7% of the HCP in Burkina Faso, 25.7% in Tanzania, 9.8% in Ethiopia, 9% in Ghana and 8.1% in Nigeria. Among unvaccinated HCP reasons for low vaccine uptake included concern about vaccine effectiveness, side effects, and fear of receiving experimental and unsafe vaccines. HCP reporting that COVID-19 vaccines are very effective (RR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.55), and older HCP (45 or older vs.20–29 years, RR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.95) were less likely to be vaccine-hesitant. Nurses were more likely to be vaccine-hesitant (RR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.89) than doctors. Information asymmetry among HCP, beliefs about vaccine effectiveness, and the endorsement of vaccines by public health institutions may be important. Efforts to address hesitancy should consider information and knowledge gaps among different cadres of HCP alongside efforts to increase vaccine supply.