bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Cognitive Complexity with Achievement and Adjustment: A Convergent-Discriminant Study
Authors: Richardson Leroy , Soucar Emil
Published: September 2011

A multitrait-multimethod study was conducted with 50 Ss. Three traits (Cognitive complexity, Achievement and Adjustment) and two methods (True-False and Projective) were employed. The results were: (a) discriminant support for the traits, (b) significant method variance was present for all three traits, and (c) convergent support was found for Adjustment but not for Complexity or Achievement. It was concluded that the two measures of Complexity did not converge upon the same underlying psychological construct.
Anxiety, Neuroticism and Extraversion
Authors: Bull R. H. C. , Strongman K. T.
Published: September 2011

Very high positive correlations ( N = 85) were observed between the Taylor MAS, Cattell's Anxiety Scale Questionnaire and the neuroticism dimension of the EPI. There were no significant correlations between these and the extraversion dimension of the EPI.
Heart-Rate Conditioning in Rats as a Function of Interstimulus Interval
Authors: Fitzgerald Robert D. , Martin Glen K.
Published: September 2011

Classical aversive conditioning of heart rate in rats was studied using a 2 × 6 factorial design involving comparisons of trace and delayed conditioning procedures and six CS-US intervals (.0, .1, .3, .5, 1.0, and 6.0 sec.). Positive evidence of decelerative HR CRs was obtained at the .5, 1.0 and 6.0 ISIs, with maximum conditioning occurring at the 6.0 value. The results supported a modified version of the temporal gradient of reinforcement theory of classical conditioning. Problems relating to the separation of true CRs from nonassociative reactions to the CS were also discussed.
Dogmatism and Classroom Grades: Reappraisal of the Rokeach-Norrell Studies of Academic Performance
Authors: Ehrlich Howard J.
Published: September 2011

Summary —Three hypotheses were tested and confirmed concerning the effect of belief centrality on the prediction of classroom grades from a student's level of closed-mindedness. Reanalyzing the Rokeach-Norrell data, it was observed that major area, sex, and the two combined were determinative of the predictive efficiency of dogmatism scores.
Trust in Children as a Function of Race, Sex, and Socio-Economic Group
Authors: Wubberhorst John , Gradford Samuel , Willis Frank N.
Published: September 2011

Trust was assessed for 880 school children employing a method in which the children might choose to aid or not to aid a young male E who was a stranger to them. Boys were more likely to trust E and blacks were less likely to trust a white E than were white children but even less likely to trust a black E. The results were interpreted in relation to urban crime statistics indicating that the victims of crime are poor and black and that the criminal is likely to be a young man.
Effects of Cranial X-Irradiation upon One-Trial Reversal Learning in White Rats
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng , Chandler Frank
Published: September 2011

36 young adult male rats were subjected to 0, 500, 1000, or 1500 roentgens of cranial (whole head) X-irradiation. 41 days later they began learning a series of 20 successive reversal problems in an enclosed T-maze with water as incentive. While there was no significant difference between the control and 500-r groups or between the 1000-r and 1500-r groups, the control and 500-r groups learned the problems with significantly fewer errors, in fewer days, and with more single-trial reversals than the 1000-r and 1500-r groups. The data contradict those of previous investigators who found X-irradiation had no effect or actually accelerated learning and retention in rats and monkeys. Positive findings in this study are attributed to: X-irradiation of the whole head, sensitive test of higher adaptive behavior, and better control of motivational effects of radiation sickness.
Maintenance of Heart-Rate Responding during Classical Conditioning of the Rabbit
Authors: Yehle Arthur L. , Lai Hsiu-Ying , Shen Hung-Mei
Published: September 2011

20 albino rabbits were trained in a classical discrimination conditioning task measuring heart rate (HR) conditioned responses (CRs). Depending upon an individual S's HR CR the intensity of an electric shock US was adjusted daily to maintain approximately a 9% HR CR. The method of shock adjustment and the mean values of intensity and resultant HR responding are presented.
An Integrated Molar/Molecular Model of the Brain
Authors: Hendrickson Alan Einar
Published: September 2011

A model of the brain is presented at both molecular and molar levels. Communication between neurons is thought to be a kind of telegraph code, with the information being coded as the permutation of four possible interval values between successive action potentials in spike trains. A small species of RNA molecule is thought to be the memory molecule, and the four possible nucleotide bases of RNA correspond to the four possible interval values. The model is shown to account for generalization, speed of retrieval, mass action, long- and short-term memory, forgetting, operant and classical conditioning, intelligence, reaction time, the action of anaesthetic agents, and some aspects of personality. Some evidence from multidisciplinary sources is presented in support of the major features of the model.
Extinction of Inappropriate Sleeping Behavior: Multiple Assessment
Authors: Yen Sherman , Intire Roger W. Mc , Berkowitz Samuel
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of a procedure to eliminate inappropriate sleeping behavior was evaluated by multiple assessment, that is, S and his mother were asked to record the frequency of occurrence of his behavior. S was a 17-yr.-old boy who had had sleeping difficulty for 2 yr. One of the major difficulties, disturbing the mother prior to bedtime, was completely eliminated within 8 wk. Other undesirable behaviors were reduced sharply. The significance of multiple assessment lies in detection of possible side effects of behavior modification.
Training Groups and Professional Training for Mental Health Workers
Authors: Blumberg Richard W. , Lockhart-Mummery Lyn
Published: September 2011

The authors have briefly delineated the major approaches to training groups which predominate today. Special attention was focused on differing global assumptions, focuses and goals. The unique value of two such approaches was then emphasized vis-a-vis the training of mental health workers.
Relation of a Measure of Vocabulary Skill to the Wais
Authors: Ross Wesley F.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship between a short, self-administered test of vocabulary skill and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The results showed that the self-administered vocabulary scale was significantly related to WAIS Full Scale and Verbal IQs and that it showed satisfactory reliability for addict patients. The scale appears useful as a brief intellectual screening device.
Predictable and Unpredictable Shock: Their Pathological Effects on Restrained and Unrestrained Rats
Authors: Price Kenneth P.
Published: September 2011

The effects on rats of predictable and unpredictable shock were measured under 2 conditions: unrestrained Ss were shocked intermittently for 12/24 hr. on a 6-hr. on, 6-hr. off schedule; restrained Ss were shocked intermittently for 12/24 hr. on a 6-hr. on, 6-hr. off schedule. All Ss were shocked via tail electrode; thus, for the first time, unrestrained rats were completely unable to avoid “unavoidable” shock. Under Condition I, Ss receiving unpredictable shock lost more weight than Ss receiving predictable shock. Under Condition II, more Ss in the unpredictable-shock group developed ulcers than Ss in the predictable-shock group. The findings of Weiss (1968, 1970) were partially confirmed and extended to unrestrained Ss.
Monocular Depth Perception in Rats
Authors: Ashida Sachio
Published: September 2011

64 male hooded rats were tested on a visual depth discrimination task in a modified Lashley Jumping Stand. The monocular Ss ( n = 32) were operated upon to close either the left or right eye and the control Ss ( n = 32) were sham operated. There were no significant differences in jumping performance between the binocular and the monocular Ss although the task was facilitated for both groups when a visual depth was increased. However, the monocular Ss showed significant orienting responses toward the “unoperated” side before they jumped. The results suggest that motion parallax overcomes both monocular and binocular visual weakness in a jumping-stand discrimination situation.
On the Relationship between Self-Esteem, Coping and Optimism
Authors: Crandall Rick
Published: September 2011

In a recent article Levonian (11) concluded that self-esteem is negatively related to coping and optimism. The present note suggests that this is a false conclusion and shows how it may have been reached.
Studies of the Patient Version of the A. I. D.: Internal-External Control, Interactive Style, Self-Disclosure
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R. , Begley Carl E.
Published: September 2011

Cluster analysis of the patient version of the AID (originally an instrument to assess therapist's technique) gave a dimension of involvement (degree to which patient expects therapist to be involved). 3 instruments were used to test hypotheses about the correlates of involvement. In Study I, 142 college students responded to the AID, Rotter's I-E scale, and Edwards' Situation Preference Inventory. In Study II, 190 college students responded to the AID and a self-disclosure inventory. Hypotheses were not confirmed.
Effects of Surveys on Organizational Members
Authors: Wieland George F.
Published: September 2011

The evaluation of a project on organizational change which utilized surveys showed apparent decreases in staff turnover around the time of data collection. Further examination showed that these apparent effects were probably spurious because there had been an increase in turnover among the potential survey respondents about 3 to 6 mo. earlier when the coming surveys were being publicized.
Locus of Control, Political Attitudes, and Voting Behavior in a College-Age Population
Authors: Blanchard Edward B. , Scarboro M. Eugene
Published: September 2011

Rotter's (1966) I-E Scale and Mirels' (1970) Political Activity Factor derived from that scale were shown to have no significant value in predicting the voting behavior or political attitudes of 18- or 19-yr.-old college students voting for the first time or of older students who had been eligible to vote in a previous election Parental voting behavior and political attitudes were not significantly related to those behaviors and attitudes in students.
Abbreviated Forms of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence for a Kindergarten Population
Authors: King John D. , Smith Ralph A.
Published: September 2011

Two Wechsler scales and the Stanford-Binet were administered to 24 kindergarten Ss. Combination and split-half short forms were rescored from full WPPSI protocols. Validity of abbreviated forms was checked by correlating them with WPPSI full forms, WISC and SB. Directions for a split-half WPPSI were given. Results indicated that abbreviated forms should be used with caution.
Pattern Discrimination Based on Intermittent Punishment
Authors: Campbell Patrick E. , Crumbaugh Charles M. , Marshall Rycke L. , Sparling Cindy L.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of 10 rats were trained in a runway with consistent reward and intermittent punishment. One group received the shocks according to a single alternation schedule and the second group was trained with an irregular schedule. The animals in the alternating schedule, but not the irregular schedule, learned a pattern discrimination suggesting that punishment produces a unique stimulus aftereffect.
Complex Chi-Squares: Matrix Notation and Calculation
Authors: Gocka Edward F.
Published: September 2011

A matrix formula available for the calculation of complex chi-squares allows several computational variations, each of which requires fewer steps than the standard formula. However, neither the matrix formula nor the associated computational algorithms have been given adequate exposure in statistical texts for the behavioral sciences. This paper reintroduces the formula, expands the notation, and shows how several computational variations can be derived.
Simple Requesting Behavior: Responses toward Stereotypes
Authors: Beebe Brenda , Buback Kenneth , McGlone James , Dinoff Mike
Published: September 2011

This study examined altruistic behavior of persons toward stereotyped individuals. Object persons, dressed to represent stereotypic conservative college students, factory workers, or “hippies,” requested a cigarette from 270 male Ss who were smoking or visibly had cigarettes with them in public, high-traffic areas. Factory workers received the greatest number of affirmative responses (80%), followed by conservative college students (59%), then “hippie” (54%) groups, the over-all difference being significant ( P < .001). There was also a significant difference ( P < .001) in attitudes toward object persons, which were increasingly positive in the same order as fulfilled requests.
Behavioral Effects of Centrally Administered 6-Hydroxydopamine
Authors: Stern Warren C. , Hartmann Ernest L. , Draskoczy Paul R. , Schildkraut Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

The effects of intracisternal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine on three behavioral tasks in the rat were measured 8 to 15 wk. after injection. When animals were sacrificed 21 wk. after injection of 6-hydroxydopamine whole brain norepinephrine levels were reduced to 40% of control values. General activity levels were not altered in rats given 6-hydroxydopamine. However, the behavioral stimulation produced by d-amphetamine was much lower in animals treated with 6-hydroxydopamine than in controls. 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats also exhibited more foot-shock-induced aggression and showed a trend toward slower active avoidance acquisition.
Effects of Event Schedules and External Incentives on Discrimination of Acquisition and Extinction Phases of Learning under State Instructions
Authors: Keller Harold R. , Parker Ronald K.
Published: September 2011

2 probability learning studies were conducted, each employing 64 Ss (one with sixth graders and one with college females) in a 2 × 4 factorial design combining external incentives (noncontingent feedback and monetary incentive for accuracy) and event schedules (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). All Ss were given state instructions which, in effect, required Ss to indicate (via a written “yes” or “no” response) whether they were in an experimental state of acquisition or extinction. While there were no differences in acquisition for the college Ss, there were differences in terminal acquisition among the sixth graders—contrary to prediction. The partial reinforcement effect was supported. The interaction between external incentive, event schedule, and trials was also significant, suggesting that monetary incentive for accuracy, with Ss responding under state instructions, served to elicit more accurate discriminations of the acquisition and extinction phases.
Film-Mediated Facilitation of Self-Disclosure and Attraction to Sensitivity Training
Authors: Macdonald A. P. , Games Richard G. , Mink Oscar G.
Published: September 2011

93 (47 male and 46 female) undergraduate volunteers were employed in a test of the effects of observation of sensitivity-training groups (via videotape) on Ss' willingness to self-disclose. All tapes began showing a T-group going through various trust exercises. Within each tape, attitudes toward self-disclosure were expressed by individual group members. Three tapes were used: disclosure, neutral, and concealment, named for the attitudes expressed. A fourth tape containing only the trust exercises was included to assess the effect of witnessing the trust exercises alone. A no-tape control group was also included. Results indicate no effect on self-disclosure. As predicted, Ss who saw the positive tapes were significantly more attracted to the taped group and to sensitivity training in general. Unexpectedly, the trust-exercise portion of the tapes alone appears to be sufficient to produce this effect.
Choice, Aversive Consequences, and the “Truth-Telling” Potential of the Situation as Integrating Concepts in Forced Compliance
Authors: Collins Barry E. , Hoyt Michael F.
Published: September 2011

Observer- Ss read descriptions of a number of prior forced-compliance experiments in which financial inducement was manipulated. Observer- Ss then rated these cover story-experimental manipulations along such dimensions as whether S's behavior was consistent with his own beliefs, the probability that S's act would deceive someone, the extent to which the observer- S would have experienced guilt as a result of his counter-attitudinal act, the extent to which the situation provided choice, the extent to which the situation tended to evoke truth, responsibility and sincerity, and whether or not the counter-attitudinal act was likely to produce any harm. Although the results are not completely consistent, there is some suggestion that the ratings for harm tracked the attitude-change data previously reported.
Change in Interpersonal Cognitive Complexity as a Function of a Training Group Experience
Authors: Baldwin Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

Twenty-five Ss participated in 5-day training programs emphasizing self-awareness, sensitivity to others, and development of basic interviewing skills. Ss were administered the Bieri Cognitive Complexity-Simplicity Scale early on the first day (pretest) and late on the last day (posttest) of training. Results showed significant changes from pre- to posttest on total cognitive complexity scores, as well as on subtotals associated with positive role titles. Changes were in the direction of greater cognitive simplicity. Previous counseling experience was also related to pretest total and positive subtotal cognitive complexity scores but was not related to pre- to posttest change scores. Pretest complexity scores and changes in interpersonal cognitive complexity were discussed as a function of defensive vigilance related to the potential threat of persons associated with positive and negative affect.
Anger and Reciprocal Inhibition Therapy
Authors: Hearn Margaret T. , Evans David R.
Published: September 2011

This research investigated the hypothesis that anger can be modified by reciprocal inhibition therapy. 34 female student nurses from the Foothills Hospital, Calgary, were assigned to either a treatment or a no-treatment group. The groups were matched for mean and distribution of total aggression scores on the Buss-Durkee Inventory. The results supported the hypothesis that, compared to the no-treatment group, the therapy group, following treatment: (i) rated the treated anger-inducing scenes as less anger, tension, and excitement inducing, (ii) rated the 25 treatment-related Reaction Inventory items lower, and (iii) rated the 61 non-treatment-related Reaction Inventory items lower.
Effects of Event Schedules, Event Values, and Instructions on Ability of College Males to Discriminate Acquisition from Extinction
Authors: Parker Ronald K. , Keller Harold R.
Published: September 2011

A probability learning task was used with 60 college males, in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design combining event schedules (50% and 100%), event values (high and low), and instructions (state and trial). Trial instructions required Ss to indicate whether they expected an event to occur on the next trial only while state instructions required Ss to indicate in effect whether they were in an experimental state of acquisition or extinction. The two sets of instructions produced distinctly different behavior in acquisition and extinction. Event value interacted significantly with event schedule in acquisition and with instructions in extinction. The partial reinforcement effect appeared under both instructional conditions. The event value by event schedule interaction was in the predicted direction but was nonsignificant. Utility of state instructions for studying acquisition and extinction phenomena would be enhanced by requiring Ss to respond under both state and trial instructions as here.
A Group, English-Language Vocabulary Knowledge Test Derived from the Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test
Authors: Ramsey C. A. , Wright E. N.
Published: September 2011

The article described the construction of a group vocabulary test derived from the Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test for use in a major study of students in a large school system. The adaption resulted from the need for a vocabulary comprehension test which had a fixed number of items, could be administered by teachers, and had a non-oral mode of responding in order to minimize handicaps faced by students of non-English background. Data on a sample exceeding 5,000 (from Grades 5, 7 and 9) aided in describing and comparing student groups defined by numerous other variables. The usefulness and adaptability of the FRPV for specific study requirements are noted.
Convergence between Own-Categories and Binocular-Rivalry Measures of Attitudinal Direction
Authors: Gumpper David
Published: September 2011

2 quite different indicators of attitudinal orientation were administered to the same set of 211 Ss. Following the suggestions of previous investigators, it was expected that similar attitudinal scores would be obtained from the 2 different types of measures. This expectation held. Significant correlations, in the predicted directions, were found between the two sets of scores.
Error and Reliability in Stochastic Processes and Psychological Measurement
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: September 2011

The concepts of random error and reliability of measurements that are familiar in traditional theories based on the notions of “true values” and “errors” can be represented by a probability model having a simpler formal structure and fewer special assumptions about random sampling and independence of measurements. In this model formulas that relate observable events are derived from probability axioms and from primitive terms that refer to observable events, without an intermediate structure containing variances and correlations of “true” and “error” components of scores. While more economical in language and formalism, the model at the same time is more general than classical theories and applies to stochastic processes in which joint distributions of many dependent random variables are of interest. In addition, it clarifies some long-standing problems concerning “experimental independence” of measurements and the relation of sampling of individuals to sampling of measurements.
A Self-Control Approach to Reducing Smoking
Authors: Harris Mary B. , Rothberg Carole
Published: September 2011

A self-control program for reducing smoking which emphasized the use of record-keeping, positive reinforcement, punishment, stimulus control, breaking up the chain of behaviors, and other behavior modification techniques was developed and tried out with 5 Ss. The flexibility and economy of such a program suggest that more widespread tests of its effectiveness would be worthwhile.
The Medex Medical Occupation Concept in Subjective Medical Occupation-Profession Multidimensional Space
Authors: Stone Le Roy A. , Bassett Gerald R.
Published: September 2011

Members of a MEDEX training staff (N = 13) estimated the similarity of 16 medical occupations-professions (including the MEDEX concept). Evaluative dimensions utilized by these judges to form their judgments of scale similarity were extracted using a recently proposed multidimensional scaling method-model. Five judgmental factor-dimensions were identified (tentative labels: I. Amount of training—degree of responsibility—prestige; II. Therapist; III. Nurse; IV. Technician; and V. Hospital nursing staff authority) which accounted for up to 86% of the variance of the averaged similarity estimates. These factor-dimensions as well as the methodology employed were discussed. Future research was suggested.
Counseling Readiness and Changes in Perception of Spouse during Intensive Group Therapy
Authors: Osborne David , Swenson Wendell M. , Hardman John B.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to relate scores on the counseling readiness scale of the Adjective Checklist to changes in perception of spouse during intensive group psychotherapy. The counseling readiness score was found to be unrelated to changes in the number of favorable adjectives used by S to describe the spouse or used by the spouse to describe S. A significant relationship was found between the counseling readiness score and changes in the number of unfavorable adjectives used to describe the spouse and used by the spouse to describe S. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed.
Effects of Shock and Safe Box Similarity on Escape Training and Extinction
Authors: Kash James S. , Franchina Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

40 rats received escape training and extinction with shock and safe areas either similar or dissimilar to each other. No effects of similarity were demonstrated in acquisition. Resistance to extinction was impaired when either training or extinction occurred with shock and safe areas similar to each other relative to a dissimilar control condition.
Test-Retest Reliability of Parent Ratings of Children's Deviant Behavior
Authors: Miller Lovick C. , Hampe Edward , Barrett Curtis L. , Noble Helen
Published: September 2011

Test-retest reliability for parent ratings of children's deviant behavior in the general population indicated that rank order, central tendency and item variance remain stable over a 3-mo. period.
Performance of Paranoid Schizophrenics and Passive-Aggressives on Two Masculinity-Femininity Tests
Authors: Butler Richard P. , Bieliauskas Vytautas J.
Published: September 2011

The masculinity-femininity (M-F) dimension was assessed for 15 male paranoid schizophrenics and 15 passive-aggressives. It was hypothesized that the paranoid schizophrenics score in a feminine direction, obtain more feminine scores than the passive-aggressives, and that the latter obtain masculine scores on two M-F tests. These hypotheses were derived chiefly from psychoanalytical theory. Results indicated that there were no significant differences between the two groups on either test and that both groups were able to score in the masculine direction. Thus, the passive-aggressives scored in the predicted direction, but the paranoid schizophrenics did not. Alternate explanations which emphasize no disturbance for paranoid schizophrenics in the M-F dimension were proposed. The reality-orienting effects of drugs and heightened sensitivity were also considered.
Conditioned Reinforcement Using Brain Stimulation as a Primary Reinforcement
Authors: Bergquist Ernest H. , Joseph James A.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of this study were to condition a secondary reinforcer using rewarding brain stimulation as a primary reinforcer, and to determine whether the absence of stimulation-induced motivational conditions during testing might be an important factor in making this phenomenon so difficult to obtain. A moderate conditioned-reward effect was obtained, but the importance of stimulation-evoked motivational conditions was not definitely established.
Acquisition of the People Concept in Pigeons
Authors: Malott Richard W. , Siddall James W.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation sought to determine the minimal number of positive and negative examples of a complex concept necessary for criterion mastery. A complex concept was defined as one in which the stimulus properties are not easily specified by physical measurement. Ss were presented with a stimulus display containing pictures of people and pictures where people were absent. Responses to pictures of people were reinforced with food. The results indicated that (1) pigeons rapidly form a complex concept where they are required to meet criterion performance on each discrimination problem, (2) the minimal number of positive and negative examples of the concept required to reach mastery ranged from 3 to 17, and (3) this procedure proved to be a successful and efficient method for studying complex concepts.
Biological and Ecological Influences on Development at 24 and 36 Months of Age
Authors: Jordan Thomas E. , Spaner Steven D.
Published: September 2011

A mutiple linear regression analysis of development at ages 2 and 3 is reported. Ss were drawn from a large birth cohort born in 1966. The study examined the role of maternal traits, environmental factors, race and social class, and biological data from the perinatal period, biological risk status and physical growth, as predictors of physical growth and mental development. The findings, when related to those of a study examining children from the same cohort at age 12 mo., showed that two aggregates of environmental data, one representing the micro-environment of mother and child, the other the macro-environment of society, failed to emerge as significant influences on development in the first 3 yr. of life. In contrast, a biological model based on early developmental data emerged as a comparatively significant influence on physical growth.
Life Experience Patterns and Development of College Leadership Roles
Authors: Boardman William K. , Calhoun Lawrence G. , Schiel John H.
Published: September 2011

An 80% sample of the 1968 freshman class of the University of Georgia were administered a biographical questionnaire and were grouped according to similarity of factor score profiles. Grouped and non-grouped Ss were compared in their junior year in terms of incidence of office holders in campus organizations. 5 of the 23 male groups contained 59% of the grouped male leaders. Pre-college experiences may allow early identification of male groups with high college leadership potential.
Motoric, Ideational and Sensory Expressive Styles: Further Validation of the Stein and Lenrow Types
Authors: Stein Kenneth B. , Korchin Sheldon J. , Cooper Lowell
Published: September 2011

The study sought to reproduce the Stein and Lenrow 8 expressive styles on a new sample and to extend their definitional characteristics through additional validity studies. Computer programs for empirical type derivation and prediction were used to analyze data from 24 college male and 24 female Ss (self-report, behavioral and experimental tests). Five styles were reproduced closely, 3 were divergent on 1 or 2 dimensional scores and were not studied. Results (based on small ns) generally confirmed and elaborated original five styles, tentatively characterized as Inhibited Type, He Man, Sensuous Female, Emotionally Distant Type, and Independent Sensory Type.
Conditioned Reinstatement in Rats: Effects of Exposure Distribution and Type of Cue
Authors: Greenfield Heywood , Riccio David C.
Published: September 2011

2 experiments examined the influence of interpolated exposure to conditioned cues upon retention in immature rats. In Exp. 1, distributed exposures or a massed exposure shortly before the retention test significantly improved memory relative to an untreated retention control group. In Exp. 2, brief exposures to distinctive apparatus stimuli previously paired with shock were effective in preventing retention loss while exposures to the compartment never associated with shock did not result in a reliable difference from the retention controls.
Death Anxiety in Religiously Very Involved Persons
Authors: Templer Donald I.
Published: September 2011

Those religiously involved persons who have stronger religious convictions and attachment, attend religious functions more frequently, are certain of a life after death, and interpret the Bible literally have lower death anxiety.
Pattern and Quality of Reinforcement in Extinction in Albino Rats
Authors: Boyer William N. , Cross Henry A. , Russin Raymond
Published: September 2011

This experiment examined the effects of successive (3 or 1) nonrewards prior to a sucrose reward and the effects of successive (3 or 1) alfalfa rewards prior to a sucrose reward on resistance to extinction. Long runs of nonrewards or long runs of alfalfa rewards led to greater resistance to extinction than did short runs. Ss who experienced nonrewards and those who experienced alfalfa rewards were not substantially different from each other. The findings were discussed within Capaldi's sequential theory.
Shock Facilitation and Suppression of Alcohol- and Coke-Maintained Behavior
Authors: Davidson Robert S. , Wallach Edward S.
Published: September 2011

3 long-term alcoholic patients were introduced to concurrent FR30coke FR30alcohol (30 responses on one manipulandum followed by coke reinforcement, 30 on the other followed by liquor), allowed to stabilize in responding for their preferred reinforcer, then exposed to shock of low intensity contingent on each reinforced response. The shock schedule was accompanied by a distinctive SD (response-contingent red light flash). Shock intensity was increased after every one or two sessions until the subject switched to the other available manipulandum (and reinforcer). Two of three subjects showed increasing rates of response (conditioned reinforcement) correlated with increasing shock intensities, followed by the reverse (suppression) prior to a switch to the other manipulandum. One subject showed only shock suppression over a narrow range of intensities. Later introduction of the SD for shock (red light) was sufficient on most occasions to facilitate a switch prior to shock. Four such reversals were accomplished in each subject.
Selective Exposure in a Field Setting
Authors: Lavoie Allan L. , Thompson Spencer K.
Published: September 2011

2 field studies of the selective exposure hypotheses were conducted in 2 settings. Using ad lib. techniques with unobtrusive Es, the results failed to consistently support the hypotheses. Ss classified as Hawks demonstrated selectiveness, Doves did not.
Assessment of Attrition-Risk Populations in Nursing Education
Authors: Rubin Howard S. , O'Mahoney Michael T.
Published: September 2011

42 freshman nursing students enrolled in a 3-yr. diploma program were tested on a battery of achievement/aptitude, demographic and personality measures. Product-moment correlations and multiple linear regression were utilized to assess relationships between criterion measures of success, academic failure and non-academic withdrawal with personal measures. Results may be used to develop an epidemiology of student attrition.
Note on the Generation Gap
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Weinstock Anne
Published: September 2011

Studies assessing the attitudes of adolescents and adults toward contemporary issues are evaluated in terms of providing evidence for the absence or presence of the “Generation Gap.” Issues are noted which need to be addressed by future research before a final determination about the existence of this “phenomenon” can be made.
Attitudes of Liberal and Conservative Students toward Ingroups and Outgroups
Authors: Wilson Warner , Wadsworth Allen P.
Published: September 2011

101 students attending a class on marriage and the family filled out a questionnaire to indicate how they felt about a number of different groups. The study was designed to test the hypothesis that those who have relatively positive attitudes toward outgroups will have relatively negative attitudes toward ingroups and vice versa. The prediction was supported in that attitudes toward presumed ingroups (e.g., parents, police, the Nixon administration, etc.) correlated –.48 with attitudes toward presumed outgroups (e.g., campus militants and Black Panthers).
Risk Taking as a Function of an Individual's Impression of the Power Situation
Authors: Mindock Richard
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to test the validity of a game board designed to measure risk-taking behavior. 18 college students were placed in weak, moderate and strong power conditions with the hypothesis that the number of risks taken would be inversely related to the degree of power. The results supported the hypothesis, suggesting that the use of this game board is worthwhile in the study of risk-taking behavior. No sex differences were found.
Within-Subject Partial Reward in Rats: Alternating vs Irregular Schedules
Authors: Campbell Patrick E. , Prestwood J. Stephen , Walters Shari H. , Batsche George M.
Published: September 2011

16 albino rats were trained in a runway on an alternating partial reward schedule and in another runway on an irregular partial reward schedule. The rats learned to pattern their responses in the alternating setting, running faster on rewarded trials than on nonrewarded trials, but such patterning did not occur in the irregular setting. Extinction proved to be faster in the alternating setting than in the irregular setting replicating previous between-subject experiments.
Difficulty Falling Asleep
Authors: Gering Ronald C. , Mahrer Alvin R.
Published: September 2011

180 hospitalized patients with expressed difficulties falling asleep were compared with 131 control patients on a psychological problem inventory to investigate the heightened anxiety view of insomnia. Cross-validated results indicated that (a) groups were not differentiated on the basis of anxiety, and (b) groups were differentiated on 44 of 149 items occurring in four factors: somatization, depression, dependent rejection, and decreased control.
Human Ethology: The Snack-Bar Security Syndrome
Authors: Barash David P.
Published: September 2011

I studied the behavior of Homo sapiens in an eating-place and found indications of security-seeking behavior, perhaps suggesting an unconscious, species-preserving fear of predators. Solitary individuals showed a significant preference for wall tables over center tables while grouped individuals showed no such preference. “Looking-up” frequency was higher among solitary than grouped individuals and higher among patrons at center tables than at wall tables.
Effect of Contingent Reinforcement on Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Performance
Authors: Zontine Patricia L. , Richards Herbert C. , Strang Harold R.
Published: September 2011

72 8-yr.-old indigent children, equally divided according to race and sex, were administered Form A of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test via tape recorder, then randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. Treatment 1 Ss received alternate Form B of the Peabody according to standard testing instructions. Treatment 2 children also received the alternative form, except each S was provided with immediate knowledge as to his accuracy on each test item. Treatment 3 was similar to that of Treatment 2, except the correct responses of children in this group were extrinsically rewarded according to a fixed ratio schedule. Analysis of variance of the difference scores yielded a significant effect for race but not for treatment.
Over-All List Facilitation and the von Restorff Effect with Nonnoxious Isolation Stimuli
Authors: Simon Eleanor B.
Published: September 2011

To demonstrate list facilitation with nonnoxious stimuli, this study used 5 unique nonnoxious stimuli as isolates randomly distributed in a paired-associate list. Lists of 20 identical low-association word-pairs were presented in 3 groups: (1) Control—all 20 pairs in standard format, (2) Control—all 20 in changed format, and (3) Experimental—5 pairs in changed format randomly distributed among 20. 18 male college students (6 per group) received 4 standard PA acquisition trials. Statistically significant findings were: (1) experimental exceeded controls in total list performance, (2) format-changed items (isolates) exceeded control counterparts, (3) standard stimuli in experimental lists exceeded control counterparts, and (4) items immediately preceding and following isolates exceeded others (spread-of-isolation effect). The results were interpreted in terms of OR theory.
Relationships between Admission Variables and MMPI Scale Scores of Hospitalized Alcoholics
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Jansen David G. , Wefring Larry R.
Published: September 2011

286 alcoholic Ss were divided into subcategories on the basis of seven admission variables. The mean MMPI scale scores of the subcategories were compared Education, age, population of area of residence, marital status, and admission status emerged as the variables most clearly associated with differential MMPI responses. On the other hand, surprisingly few differences were associated with the number of admissions for treatment of alcoholism or religious preference.
Sex Differences in Group Belongingness as Influenced by Instructor's Sex
Authors: Joesting Joan , Joesting Robert
Published: September 2011

4 open-ended questions were administered to 113 Ss taught by 2 male instructors (71 male Ss; 42 female Ss) and to 48 Ss taught by a female instructor (27 male Ss; 21 female Ss). All Ss were undergraduate students at a southern state university. Ten percent of the male Ss and 26% of the females in the male instructors' classes thought there was nothing good about being a woman. Only 5% of the female instructor's female students thought there was nothing good about being a woman. This research suggests a qualified female instructor can enhance self-image of women students.
A Reference Guide for Psychological Measures
Authors: Backer Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

An inventory of people, publications and projects which might serve as resources for locating psychological tests or information about them is presented. This compendium is designed to serve as a ready reference guide for instrument information seekers in the behavioral sciences and includes (where available) addresses, quoted prices, and other information pertinent to fuller use of these resources, as well as summaries of their features. Most of the identified resources can be tapped through correspondence or through use of an institutional library. By using these resources, duplication of effort and time spent locating instruments could be significantly reduced.
Role of Vindication Motivation in the Attitude Similarity-Attraction Relationship
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesized interactive effect of need for vindication in the relationship between attitude similarity and attraction was confirmed ( p < .05) for 133 male but not for 129 female undergraduates tested.
Effects of Dimensionality, Pacing, and Sex on Oddity Problem Performance of Kindergarten Students
Authors: Balcerzak Wallace , Friedrich Douglas , Rodewald H. Keith
Published: September 2011

32 Ss were randomly selected from classes of kindergarten students in a small community elementary school. Ss filled a 2 × 2 × 2 randomized factorial design based on sex, time stress, and number of irrelevant dimensions. Dimensions were not irrelevant and one irrelevant; there were self-timed trials and 2-sec. response-limit trials. Proportion correct responses were recorded. Only time was significant: Ss in the self-timed condition performed significantly better than Ss in the 2-sec. hold-down condition.
Hippies and College Students: Are They Really Different?
Authors: Southern Mara L. , Fry Virginia F.
Published: September 2011

CPI and Dogmatism scores for 150 each 1960 and 1970 junior college Ss were compared with those for 105 hippies living in a forest setting. Separate analyses were performed for the males ( ns = 75, 75, and 79) and females ( ns = 75, 75, and 26). The 1970 college Ss' and hippies' scores were more similar to one another than the scores of either group were to those of the 1960 college Ss. The CPI Responsibility scale strongly differentiated the 3 groups; about 30% of the score variance was associated with group membership. On the whole, the hippie sample's scores were interpreted as indicating exaggerated personality characteristics common to today's college youth.
Examination of Social Context Effects upon Affective Responses to “Hot” and “Cool” Communications Media
Authors: Balance William D. G. , Coughlin Daniel , Bringmann Wolfgang G.
Published: September 2011

60 male Grade 9 students were exposed to a motion picture, a television program, or a radio play alone and in small groups. Thus, there were six experimental conditions, (i.e., TV alone vs group; movies alone vs group; radio alone vs group). The contents were designed specifically for each medium and were selected to produce positive affective changes. The Mood Adjective Check List (MACL) was administered 1 wk. before and immediately after exposure to each medium condition. (1) Over-all changes were in the predicted direction and significant, and (2) statistical examination of mean changes for each group yielded significant changes only for the radio and TV alone groups. The present results lend support to Boulding's (1967) view that the “social context” in which one is exposed to a medium is perhaps more important than the “actual form of the medium itself.”
Psychological Test Scores for a Group of Medex Trainees
Authors: Stone Leroy A. , Bassett Gerald R. , Brosseau James D. , Demers Judy , Stiening John A.
Published: September 2011

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, General Aptitude Test Battery and Strong Vocational Interest Blank were administered to a group ( N = 19) of young men who subsequently graduated from a 15-mo. MEDEX (physician's extension) program. Their scores on these scales are presented and discussed.
Relationships of Extraversion-Introversion to Verbal Operant Conditioning for Aware and Unaware Subjects
Authors: Miller Adam , Minten Florence
Published: September 2011

Extraversion-Introversion was compared to verbal operant conditioning, separately for Ss aware of the response-reinforcement contingency and for Ss unaware. It was proposed that Eysenck's hypothesis which states that introverts condition more effectively than extraverts would hold only for unaware Ss. Both aware and unaware Ss conditioned. But there were no significant relationships between extraversion-introversion and conditioning, either for all Ss or for aware Ss or for unaware Ss. The hypothesis was not supported.
MMPI Personality Factors as Predictors of Vocational Needs Assessed by Minnesota Importance Questionnaire
Authors: Lawlis G. Frank , Anderson Robert P.
Published: September 2011

The MMPI and Minnesota Importance Questionnaire were administered to 56 rehabilitation clients to determine what personality factors related to vocational needs. Pd scores were negatively correlated with high supervision and strict rules, and high Ma scores with high activity needs. The second order MMPI factors of anxiety and internalization scores were computed with a regressional analysis of vocational needs. The anxiety factor was predicted by avoidance of decision-making situations. Internalization dynamics were predicted by intrinsic motivation factors. Three personality types were determined as psychotic, neurotic, and character disorder and were discriminated significantly by the Minnesota scales. Significantly different predictions of job satisfaction were related to each personality type and implications for vocational counselors were discussed.