bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the cardiovascular risk in women of reproductive age depending on the presence of gestational arterial hypertension in the anamnesis
Authors: Sadykova A R , Shamkina A R , Mustafina G R
Published: November 2019

Aim. To assess the cardiovascular risk in women of reproductive age, depending on the presence of gestational arterial hypertension in the anamnesis. Methods. Examined were 25 practically healthy volunteers with normal blood pressure, 33 patients with high normal blood pressure and 77 women with arterial hypertension (Classification of the All-Russian Scientific Society of Cardiologists, 2010) with a history of arterial hypertension of 0.5-24 years. The average age of patients with arterial hypertension was 40.8±4.5 years. All examined individuals were divided into two groups depending on the presence of gestational arterial hypertension. Determined were the group averages and grades (in percent) of the studied factors. Results. Among women of the reproductive age gestational arterial hypertension was significantly more common in patients with arterial hypertension compared to women with normal levels of blood pressure (62.3 vs. 16%, p 0.001 by χ2 criteria). In the group of patients with arterial hypertension who have gestational arterial hypertension, compared with those individuals with normal blood pressure, who have gestational arterial hypertension significantly more ofter (p 0.05, Fisher’s exact test) seen was the abdominal type of obesity (54.1 vs. 0%). In the group of patients with arterial hypertension who have gestational arterial hypertension, compared with individuals with normal blood pressure without gestational arterial hypertension significantly more often (Fisher’s exact test) recorded was a family history of cardiovascular disease (inxcluding arterial hypertension), obesity, especially the abdominal type; revealed were significantly (by the U criteria) higher mean values of waist circumference, waist circumference relationship to hip circumference, body mass index, total cholesterol level. A significantly (p 0.01, Fisher’s exact test) greater proportion of individuals with very high additional risk of developing complications of hypertension in the next 10 years was noted in the group of patients with arterial hypertension and gestational arterial hypertension compared to patients with high normal blood pressure and gestational hypertension (37.5 vs. 0%). Conclusion. In women of reproductive age gestational arterial hypertension is a specific risk factor for subsequent arterial hypertension that is associated with significantly greater frequency of obesity, especially the abdominal type, very high additional risk of complications of arterial hypertension, as well as significantly higher mean values of waist circumference, ratio of waist circumference / hip circumference, and total cholesterol level.
Analysis of the effectiveness of medical and laser treatment of patients with diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Kuzovnikov V V , Nevmerzhitskaya V A , Lazarenko V I
Published: November 2019

Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of traditional medical and laser treatment of nonproliferative and preproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Methods. Examined was a total of 80 eyes of 66 patients with nonproliferative and preproliferative diabetic retinopathy. In accordance with the stage of the disease and the type of treatment, all patients were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 34 individuals (39 eyes) with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy who received medical treatment, the second group - 32 individuals (41 eyes) with preproliferative diabetic retinopathy who received medical and laser treatment. The patients had visual acuity measurement, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, refractometry, perimetry, a study of the central field of vision, and rheoophthalmography performed before surgery, after surgery (at discharge), 10 days, 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Results. The indices of visual functions, the hemodynamic and electrophysiological parameters have the same dynamics in the first and second groups throughout the observation period. In both groups a positive effect of the performed treatment was noted, which is almost entirely offset by 6-month post-treatment, and by one year after treatment a negative dynamic develops, which is associated with the progressive course of the disease. Conclusion. The lack of effectiveness of the standard treatment of nonproliferative and preproliferative diabetic retinopathy is the justification for a search for new treatment methods.
Prevention of complications after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and papillosphincterotomy
Authors: Krasilnikov D M , Safin R Sh , Vasil’ev D Z , Zakharova A V , Mirgasimova D M , Yusupova A F
Published: November 2019

Aim. To improving the results of treatment of patients with obstructive jaundice on the basis of analysis of the causes of complications after endoscopic cholangiopancreatography and papillosphincterotomy. Methods. Conducted was an analysis of medical records of 703 patients with obstructive jaundice for the period 2006-2010. Results. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed in 542 patients. In 22 (4.06%) patients the study could not be performed due to anatomical features in the terminal portion of the common bile duct and in the descending section of the duodenum. If cases when it was necessary, cholangiopancreatography was accompanied by papillosphincterotomy. In total this procedure was conducted in 488 patients, including repeated procedures (2 to 4 times) - in 186 patients, and with concomitant lithoextraction - in 265 patients. The overall incidence of complications after endoscopic interventions for obstructive jaundice was 8.5% (46 cases) and the mortality rate was 1.1% (6 cases). Pancreatic necrosis developed in 7 (1.3%) cases, of which 3 (0.5%) with a lethal outcome, bleeding occured in 28 (5.7%) patients from the incision zone during papillosphincterotomy, perforation of the duodenum with a lethal outcome occurred in 1 (0.2%) case, jamming of the Dormia baskets occured in 10 (3.77%) patients, 2 (0.4%) of the cases had a lethal outcome. Adequate preparation for the procedure, adequate and effective premedication, sparing technique of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and interventions on the major duodenal papilla, adequate and rational therapy after the diagnostic procedure and the operation are believed to be effective prevention measures of acute pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic papillosphincterotomy. Prevention of bleeding is mainly attributed to patient preparation: before the intervention it is necessary to examine the coagulation and clotting of blood, haemostatic agents should be administered before the operation and in complex cases papillosphincterotomy should be conducted in several stages with an interval of 3-6 days. For prevention of duodenal perforation the usage of a catheter cannula with an atraumatic distal end, and elimination of rough manipulations are recommended. In order to prevent jamming of the Dormia basket a thorough diagnosis is required, detection of large dense concretions on the background of stenosis of the terminal common bile duct should lead to refusal of conduction of lithoextraction. Conclusion. The use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic papillosphincterotomy with adequate procedure performance in specialized endosurgical departments makes it possible to enhance the quality of diagnosis, reduce the incidence of complications and improve the results of treatment of patients with obstructive jaundice.
Late stomal complications and their surgical correction
Authors: Timerbulatov M V , Ibatullin A A , Gaynutdinov F M , Kulyapin A V , Aitova L R , Kyzylbaeva A I , Abdeev A A , Fatkhullin A S
Published: November 2019

Aim. To conduct a detailed analysis of the causes of development of late stomal complications, to determine the indications for surgical correction, to evaluate the effectiveness of new methods of surgical treatment. Methods. Conducted was an analysis of the causes of late stomal complications in 141 patients with a stoma of the colon. Results. A parastomal hernia was diagnosed in 44 (31.2%), prolapse - in 29 (20.6%), stricture - in 9 (6.4%) patients. Introduced into practice were new methods of surgical correction of complicated stomas. Parastomal hernia was detected in 44 (31.2%) patients - 26 (59.1%) females and 18 (40.9%) males, all patients with this complication were older than 50 years, the age group 71-80 years included 43.5% of patients. Since 2005 performed were 17 reconstructive operations for parastomal hernias (Russian Federation patent №2406454 and №2395238). Stoma prolapse was observed in 29 (20.6%) patients, 10 cases - in patients aged 71 to 80 years. Most often this complication developed in patients with double-barreled transverse stomas - in 10 (76.9%) of 13 patients. 4 patients underwent surgery due to prolapse. Stoma stricture was diagnosed in 9 (6.4%) patients. In 7 patients with a stoma stricture in the early postoperative period registered was festering of the parastomal wound (4 cases), marginal necrosis of the stoma (2 cases), and stoma retraction (1 case). Correction with the use of stents for the prevention of recurrence (Russian Federation patent №2357681) was conducted in all cases. The so-called «lock-stoma» was diagnosed in 16.3% of cases (23 patients). Although this condition does not belong to stomal complications in its pure form, however in most cases it causes the inability to use the incontinence bag, reducing the quality of life. Conclusion. Despite the inevitability of the development of parastomal complications, provided proper surgical techniques can either prevent or delay their appearance; reconstructive operations for complicated stomas, conducted by moving the stoma to a new place with retroperitoneal conduction makes it possible to obtain satisfactory results, significantly improve the quality of life that promotes full social adaptation of stomal patients.
Mathematical modeling of an optimal mini-access for reconstruction of arteries of the aortofemoral segment
Authors: Maksimov A V , Mayanskaya S D , Plotnikov M V , Gaysina E A
Published: November 2019

Aim. To determine the optimal size and location of the mini-laparotomic access for the reconstruction of arteries of the aortofemoral segment. Methods. The method of mathematical modeling was used. The parameters of the mini-access were calculated depending on the sex of the patient, as well as for a variety of clinical situations (operations for occlusive disease, for abdominal aortic aneurysm, including the propagation of the aneurysmal dilatation to the iliac arteries). Topography of the aorta and iliac arteries was determined on the basis of computer tomograms of 155 patients (61 of them with an aneurysm of the infrarenal aorta). Results. It was established that for the purpose of creation of an adequate access an incision of 6.8-7.0 cm in length at the level of the umbilicus and above is sufficient during surgery for occlusive disease. No significant gender differences were found. During aortic aneurysm the required length of the mini-laparotomic access is significantly increased up to 7.6 cm (p=0.003), and in cases of propagation of the aneurysmal dilatation on to the common iliac arteries - up to 8.5 cm (p=0.001). In the latter case its location also changes: approximately half of the length of the access incision is located below the umbilicus. Conclusion. Mathematical modeling of the optimal mini-access makes it possible to optimize the use of mini-laparotomy in various clinical situations.
Dental status of school children with physical development disorders who live in rural areas
Authors: Shaydullin I M , Khamitova N Kh
Published: November 2019

Aim. To determine the dental status of students with physical development disorders in rural schools. Methods. Examined were 360 school students of the Alkeyevsky region of the Republic of Tatarstan aged from 7 to 12 years. The comprehensive assessment of physical development included determination of the biological age, constitutional body type, height and weight. The evaluation was conducted on a scale of regression. Occlusion was assessed according to the classification of L.S. Persin (1989). Determined was the extent of dental caries, the depth of the vestibule of the oral cavity, examined was the condition of the frenulums of the lips and tongue, the shape of the head, the respiratory and swallowing functions. Results. Disorders of physical development were detected in 32.2% of children, with prevalence of excessive weight gain in 58.6% of cases. Pathological bite was found in 296 (82.2%) of the school students: deep premaxillary occlusion - 22.6%, close positioning of the teeth - 52.7%. The index of the extensiveness of caries was 5.6±2.4 in the group of children with excess body weight and 4.8±2.9 in underweight children. Revealed were anomalies in the attachment of soft tissues of the oral cavity: a shallow vestibule - 63.4%, impaired attachment of the frenulums of lips and tongue - 47.3%. Mouth breathing was detected in 26.3% of children with impaired physical development, which in children with excess weight gain was found in 7.1% of students, and in the group of underweight children was noted in 37.5% of students. Infantile type of swallowing was found in 26.3% of examined students. Conclusion. School students who live in rural areas often have physical development disorders and a poor dental status: high frequency of malocclusion, dental caries, disorders of the breathing, chewing and swallowing, as well as anomalies in the attachment of soft tissues and a small vestibule of the oral cavity.
The need for treatment of complicated caries of deciduous teeth in children
Authors: Shiryak T Yu , Saleev R A , Urazova R Z , Anisimova O Yu
Published: November 2019

Aim. To determine the role of complications of caries of deciduous teeth in the structure of pathology of hard dental tissues. Methods. Conducted was a dental examination and treatment of 1016 children aged 1 to 9 years who were treated at the children’s dental clinic. Results. The overall prevalence of caries was 78.64%, the need for treatment was - 73.82%. Complications of dental caries were found in 60.83% of cases. 55.21% of children had temporary tooth pulpitis, 41.24% - had a diagnosis of «periodontitis». Premature removal of deciduous teeth was performed in 12.11% of cases. At an early age (1-3 years) 47.35% of the children were registered as having affected deciduous teeth, almost half of them had teeth with complicated dental caries (20.0%). In children of preschool age (4-6 years) the prevalence of caries disease was 92.17%, and complications of caries were diagnosed in 78.80% of cases. In the group of primary school children (7-9 years) the proportion of children with affected temporary teeth was 98.34%. 86.77% of children had deciduous teeth with complications of caries. Every child who comes to children’s dentist at an early age, already has an average of 2.33 affected teeth, in the preschool age - 4.8 teeth, in the primary school years - 5.02 affected deciduous teeth. In evaluating the intensity of dental caries it was established that each child had on average 1.96 teeth with uncomplicated caries and 2.08 teeth with caries complications. Treatment or retreatment was necessary in 70.69% of cases of affected teeth, of them uncomplicated caries accounted for 35.96%. Conclusion. Revealed was a high prevalence and need for treatment of complicated caries of deciduous teeth starting from an early age.
Measurements of the optical density of the alveolar process bone tissue of the jaws during periodontal diseases with the use of three-dimensional computed tomography
Authors: Bondarenko N N , Balakhontseva E V
Published: November 2019

Aim. To determine the optical density of the alveolar process bone tissue in normal conditions and during various forms of periodontal pathology. Methods. With the use of clinical and radiographic methods examined were 120 patients (with a healthy periodontium, with chronic generalized catarrhal gingivitis of moderate severity, with chronic periodontitis of a mild, moderate and severe degree). On the three-dimensional computer tomograms in each group of patients determined was the optical density of the alveolar process bone tissue from the medial and distal sides of the root of the following teeth 1.6, 1.7, 2.7, 2.6, 3.6, 3.7, 4.7, 4.6, 1.1, 3.1 (the teeth numbers have been recommended by the World Health Organization in order to determine the index of treatment needs of the periodontal disease), and studied were its changes depending on the severity of periodontal disease. Statistical analysis was performed using computer programs «Microsoft Excel», «Biostatistica». Results. In periodontal disease noted was a reduction in the optical density of bone tissue of the alveolar processes of the jaws with a firm relashionship with the severity of disease. In chronic generalized catarrhal gingivitis of moderate severity the optical bone density ranged from 40.445±1.264 to 633.744±5.226 arbitrary units, in mild forms of chronic generalized periodontitis - from -119.664±1.511 to 344.972±4.019, in moderate forms of chronic generalized periodontitis - from -232.589±3.088 to 203.841±1.604, in severe chronic generalized periodontitis - from -464.080±2.398 to -53.991±1.435 arbitrary units. Conclusion. Changes in optical density of bone tissue of the alveolar process of the jaws is an objective criterion for evaluating the status of periodontal tissues, an important diagnostic feature, which also makes it possible to predict the course of the disease and monitor the effectiveness of treatment.
Modern possibilities for correction of disturbances of cellular energetics in ophthalmology
Authors: Gazizova I R
Published: November 2019

Disturbances in the mitochondrial functions that are responsible for energy metabolism of the cell, plays an important role in the development of many diseases of the eye. Among diseases of the vision organ the one with sufficient evidence of mitochondrial pathology is Leber’s release, which is associated with mutations of the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid. This article provides an overview of the published literature on the research investigations of modern methods and means of correction of mitochondrial dysfunction during inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases of the eye. Describe were the potential methods of replacement therapy and protection of mitochondria from the aggressive effects of free radicals. With the help of gene technology an increase in the number of antioxidant enzymes in the cells of the retina can be achieved. Recent authors have focused on the possibility of using mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. The possibility of controlling the main links of the apoptotic cascade and reducing the loss of retinal ganglion cells using gene therapy has been investigated in an experiment. Restoration of the balance of calcium and mitochondrial membrane potential in the phenomenon of excitotoxicity has been shown by using calcium channel blockers. We believe that gene therapy of mitochondrial dysfunction is the most promising trend for the correction of cellular energetic disturbances in ophthalmology.
Regarding the issue of abdominal drainage
Authors: Salakhov E K
Published: November 2019

The article discusses with main questions regarding drainage of the abdominal cavity, the types of drains and drainage devices. The outcome of surgery on the abdominal organs is largely dependent on effective drainage. There is still debate regarding the drainage techniques, shape and drainage material, indications and frequency of use. In deciding whether abdominal drainage is needed it is necesary to determine the most optimal method, its effectiveness and possible complications. Abdominal drainage is a necessary and important final stage of many operations, and sometimes the primary method of surgical intervention. At the same time, at the time of draining the abdominal cavity it is essential to know about the negative sides of the drainage and complications. There are certain difficulties in assessing the impact of abdominal drainage.
Analysis of population appealability for emergent medical care for cardiac reasons
Authors: Paikov V L , Ishmetov R P
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study the structure of appealability of the population for emergency medical care for cardiac reasons, and the conformity between the cardiac cause and diagnosis. Methods. Analyzed was the statistical data of appealability of the population for emergency medical care for cardiac reasons in a large industrial center of the Republic of Tatarstan, city of Kazan. Register cards of ambulance calls for the year 2010 served as materials for the study. Results. It was established that cardiac reasons account for 30% of all adult requests for emergency medical care. The main flow (96.4%) was formed by the primary appeals to the ambulance station, and much less frequently (3.6%) by primarily detectable visits to health institutions for acute forms of ischemic heart disease and arrhythmias. Analyzing the structure of cardiac reasons in nature of the requests for care it was revealed that the proportion of disease with a sudden cardiac profile is 37.1%, with acute care of different profiles - 44.5%, sudden illness of other profiles - 16.5%, other - 1.9%. The proportion of disease with a sudden cardiac profile in the structure of other reasons for seaking medical care is 5.5%. During primary referral to the ambulance station the frequency of diseases with a sudden cardiac profile varies depending on the reason and ranges from 24 to 38.9%. Conclusion. These established features of the analysis of appealability of the population for emergent medical care for cardiac reasons provides the basis for the establishment and improvement of the algorithm of questions to ask the caller of an ambulance and its introduction into the work of the dispatching service, which will increase the frequency of conformity of the cause and diagnosis.
Limitations of automated computer electrocardiogram analysis
Authors: Oslopov V N , Sadykova A R , Fedoseeva T S
Published: November 2019

Aim. To draw the attention of physicians to the need for careful analysis of electrocardiograms, especially those obtained by using an automatic analyzer, with the obligatory account of the clinical picture of the disease. Methods. Normal electrocardiography, electrocardiography with the usage of a diagnostic system «Valenta», echocardiography, clinical examination of a patient with fibrosing alveolitis. Results. In the patient with fibrosing alveolitis the automatic analyzer of electrocardiograms «Valenta» misinterpreted the 3S-type of the electrocardiogram as a left anterior fascicular bundle branch block, and the doctor-functionalist did not notice the error. Taking into account the clinical picture of disease and monitoring of the dynamics of electrocardiogram the misinterpretation error was corrected. Presented were the arguments for understanding the pathogenesis of changes in the electrocardiogram in a patient with progressive Hamman-Rich disease. Conclusion. Diagnostic algorithms for automated interpretation of the electrocardiogram have limitations in terms of universal recognition of heart disease; the electrocardiogram report, even in the presence of the auto-interpretation, must be a formulated by a physician taking into account both the clinical picture of the disease as well as other diagnostic methods of patient examination.
Compilation of medical data in the MS Excel program using the procedure of multifactorial «intermediate outcomes»
Authors: Grigor’ev R A , Akhmetzyanov F Sh
Published: November 2019

Aim. To optimize the compilation of statistical data on oncology patients according to survival and mortality. Methods. Compilation of statistical data by using the multifactorial «intermediate outcomes». Results. A program code has been used from 1990 to the present time to compile statistical data on survival and mortality of patients with gastric cancer operated on at the Kazan City Oncology Dispensary. This code makes it possible to evaluate the sensitivity of selected statistical indicators to the factors specified by the researcher, which makes it possible to regard it as a universal method for analysis of the databases in cases where the number of combinations of factors is large. The method has a high processing speed and reduces the total amount of operator commands. The universality of the program intends the use of its functions to compile the results of iterative calculations. The procedure of multifactor intermediate outcomes was implemented on the basis of MS Excel by means of Visual Basic for Applications. The proposed program of three-factor «intermediate outcomes» serves as a convenient and fast tool for finding relevant factors. Reliability of the analysis of the effectiveness of the treatment strategy for oncology patients increases significantly during application of the proposed program. Conclusion. Testing of the algorithm for analysis of the database of results in medicine and summarizing the results of iterative calculations (for example, a recursive method and the moving window method) and the equations with different combinations of time series in econometrics may indicate the viability of the algorithm as an extremely powerful tool of analysis and generalization of databases.
The role of faculty of the Imperial Kazan university in the establishment of the Imperial Tomsk university
Authors: Kiyasova E V , Sozinov A S
Published: November 2019

In 1888 the first in Siberia Tomsk University was established. The decision regarding its establishment was taken in 1878 by the Russian Emperor Alexander II, but was implemented 10 years later by the Emperor Alexander III. The difficulty in founding the Siberian University was, above all, the hard task of forming the teaching faculty group to work at a distance from the European part of Russia. The crucial role in the establishment of Tomsk University was played the staff members of the Imperial Kazan University. Since Tomsk University was originally established only within the Medical Faculty, the staff members of the Medical Faculty of Kazan University were of the highest demand. The staff members of the Imperial Kazan University played a crucial role in the formation of scientific schools, the educational process and university traditions in Tomsk.
Assessing the impact of isosorbide mononitrate on sinoatrial node pacemaker activity in patients with III and IV functional class of stable angina
Authors: Safronova E A , Shadrina I M
Published: November 2019

Aim. To evaluate the peripheral autonomic effects of isosorbide mononitrate on sinoatrial node pacemaker activity using wave structure analysis by rhythmocardiography. Methods. The study included 162 patients with III and IV functional classes of stable angina, among them 122 - with hypertension. The control group consisted of 42 healthy volunteers. In addition to standard techniques (electrocardiography, echocardiography, bicycle ergometry, electrocardiogram daily monitoring), high-resolution rhythmocardiography using a KAP-RK-01-«Mikor» diagnostic complex with time and spectral analysis of the sinus rhythm wave structure was performed. The method is based on the evaluation of peripheral autonomic regulation in the sinoatrial pacemaker and influence of humoral and metabolic environment on it. Results. In all patients with III and IV functional classes of stable angina regardless of the concomitant arterial hypertension heart rate variability, as well as Valsalva maneuver response increased in a number of patients taking isosorbide mononitrate. Negative events related to isosorbide mononitrate intake were reduced parasympathetic fluctuations in a number of cases, humoral-metabolic regulation growth, and increase of sympathetic regulation role in patients with concomitant arterial hypertension. Rhythmocardiography allowed to access the influence of isosorbide mononitrate on heart rate variability in patients with ischemic heart disease. Conclusion. Both positive (increased heart rate variability) and negative (spectral features redistribution with humoral, metabolic and sympathetic components increase and parasympathetic component decrease) effects were associated with isosorbide mononitrate intake with lesser sinoatrial node dysregulation in patients with concomitant arterial hypertension.
Change of the main parameters of 24-hour ekg monitoring in patients with myocardial infarction associated with ventricular arrhythmias
Authors: Logacheva I V , Barantseva N G
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study the change of the main parameters of 24-hour EKG monitoring over time in patients with myocardial infarction associated with ventricular arrhythmias of different grades. Methods. The change of the echocardiography parameters, heart rhythm variability, corrected QT interval duration and dispersion, late ventricular potentials, heart rhythm turbulence were examined in 70 adult men (mean age 52.6±1.3 years) with primary Q-wave myocardial infarction on 10-14th day of the disease and after 6 months. Patients were assigned into 3 groups depending on ventricular arrhythmias severity (according to Lown classification modified by Ryan): А1 (n=29) - grade 1-2, А2 (n=23) - grade 3-4, А3 (n=18) - patients with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. Results. Presence of late ventricular potentials and pathologic heart rhythm turbulence in patients in acute period of myocardial infarction suggested high grade of ventricular arrhythmia. Ventricular arrhythmias were associated with severe sympathicotonia, prolongation of corrected QT interval and QT dispersion. 6 months after Q-wave myocardial infarction an autonomic imbalance increased and no positive changes of myocardial homogenicity parameters, late ventricular potentials and pathologic heart rhythm turbulence were observed with increasing ventricular arrhythmia grading and heart rate frequency. A relationship between left ventricle ejection fraction, myocardium mass and myocardial electric non-stability values was revealed. In patients with Q-wave myocardial infarction ventricular arrhythmias are mediated by several mechanisms: systolic and autonomic disorder, repolarization abnormalities, late ventricular potentials pathologic heart rhythm turbulence. The severity of abnormalities is marked by the ventricular arrhythmias grade. Conclusion. 6 months after myocardial infarction (in healing stage) the significant positive changes are found only in patients with 1-2 grades ventricular arrhythmias. The significant non-homogeneity of myocardial electrophysiological features still persists in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
Pharmacological correction of endothelium functional state in patients with atherosclerotic peripheral artery occlusive disease
Authors: Kalinin R E , Suchkov I A , Pshennikov A S , Nikiforov A A
Published: November 2019

Aim. To evaluate the effects of medications of different pharmacological groups on endothelial cells in patients with atherosclerotic peripheral artery occlusive disease. Methods. The study included 116 patients with atherosclerotic peripheral artery occlusive disease. Patients were divided into 4 groups depending on the taken drug (first group - 29 patients receiving L-arginine; second group - 30 patients, perindopril; third group - 28 patients, losartan; fourth group - 29 patients, nebivolol). Levels of the main biochemical markers reflecting the endothelium functional state were evaluated in all patients on admission to the hospital and 1, 3, and 6 months after the beginning of treatment. Results. All studied drugs stimulated nitric oxide (II) release (р 0.05). The highest increase of nitric oxide (II) level was found in patients receiving nebivolol and losartan. Levels of endothelin-1 tended to decrease in all patients. Superoxide dismutase level change was different both by number and trend in different groups; however, by the 6th month its level has lined up in all of the study groups. Lipid peroxidation parameters variation showed the same tendency as superoxide dismutase level variation. No significant changes in ankle-brachial index were found (р 0.05). Treadmill test showed a statistically significant improvement of pain-free walking distance by approximately 25-30% by the 3rd month of treatment (р 0.05). Conclusion. The studied medications influence endothelial cells and correct the endothelial cells functional state, reflected by change of all biochemical markers levels.
Motor disorders and hip joint dysplasia in newborns and infants
Authors: Zharova E Y
Published: November 2019

Aim. To detect the neurogenic motor disorders in children with hip joint dysplasia. Methods. Clinical analysis of hip joint dysplasia and neurogenic motor disorders symptoms in newborns and infants was performed. Children were distributed into two groups: the first group included children with hypertonic muscles of the lower extremities and restrictions of hip abduction, the second group included children with diffuse hypotonia and hip and knee bent in a specific position («frog» symptom). Results. Analysis of perinatal life of children included in the study showed that in 100% of cases diseases of mother and fetus were observed in these children. All children with hip dysplasia were also present with clinical features of nervous system disorders. Patients with central motor lesions have symptoms of pyramidal insufficiency such as hip adductors hypertonia, often treated as restrictions of hip abduction by orthopedists. Patients with the segmental motor lesions presented with flaccid paresis accompanied by hip joint hypermobility, which leads to excessive external rotation of the hip. A similar clinical picture is observed in diffuse muscle weakness caused by neonatal posterior cerebral circulation vascular accidents. In both cases soft tissues and pelvic bone nutrition is impaired. Conclusion. The common pathogenesis of hip joint dysplasia and motor disorders implies that children with these diseases should be treated jointly by neurologist and orthopedist.
Prevalence and clinical variety of periodontitis in patients attending dental policlinics in Kazan, Russia
Authors: Berezin K A
Published: November 2019

Aim. To determine different periodontal diseases prevalence and distribution in patients attending dental policlinics in Kazan, Russia. Methods. Clinical screening, computed statistical analysis were used as a study methods. 517 medical charts of dental patients (form 043/A) were randomly selected. Different forms of periodontitis were classified according to ICD-10. Results. A high prevalence of periodontal diseases reaching 100% was found among the examined patients who had attended dental policlinics in Kazan, Russia. Chronic (34-89%) and acute (11-44%) apical periodontitis were the most prevalent types of periodontitis in all age groups of patients who had attended dental policlinics. In patients aged 18-39 years acute apical periodontitis was the most common type of periodontitis (11-44%). Conclusion. A high prevalence of periodontal diseases in patients who had attended dental policlinics in Kazan, Russia, was found, with a tendency of chronic periodontitis prevalence to grow, reaching highest levels in elderly patients. Thus, measures for periodontitis prevention and early treatment are vital.
Clinical and epidemiological features of acute intestinal infections with hemorragic colitis in children
Authors: Khaertynov H S , Semenova D S , Sushnikov K V
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study the clinical and epidemiological features of acute intestinal infections associated with hemorrhagic colitis in children. Methods. The clinical and epidemiological features of hemorrhagic colitis were studied in 70 children with acute intestinal infections aged from 1 month to 14 years who were admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kazan, Russia. The following stool tests were performed: single bacteriology test for pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microbiota, rotavirus antigen detection by latex agglutination, campylobacter DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction and microscopy to detect protozoa. Results. Hemorrhagic colitis was present mainly in infants (56 children, 80%), the main reasons for hemorrhagic colitis were: Salmonella enteritidis - 12 (17.1%) children, Campylobacter - 6 (8.6%) children, Klebsiella pneumoniae - 6 (8.6%) children. There were single cases of hemorrhagic colitis associated with Shigella, Enterobacter, S. aureus, Ps. aeruguinosa and E. hystolitica. The diagnosis of Campylobacter infection was based on the detection of the DNA but not the bacteria itself like in other acute intestinal infections. The majority of hemorrhagic colitis cases (52 children, 74.3%) were registered in spring and summertime. Hemorrhagic colitis was moderately severe and manifested as traces of blood and mucus in stool. Hemorrhagic colitis usually lasted up to 3 days in majority of children. Conclusion. The main reasons for acute intestinal infections associated with hemorrhagic colitis were: Salmonella enteritidis, Campilobacter and Klebsiella pneumonia, hemorrhagic colitis was most common in infants in spring and summertime.
Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis mixed infections in Krasnoyarsk kray
Authors: Minoranskaya N S , Minoranskaya E I
Published: November 2019

Aim. To reveal clinical features of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis mixed infections in Krasnoyarsk Kray. Methods. The main group consisted of 226 patients with mixed infection of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis (males - 57.1%, females- 42.9%, mean age 43.7±1.0 years), who were examined and compared to the control group of 88 patients with tick-borne encephalitis alone (males - 56.8%, females - 43.2%, mean age 43.9±1.8 years). Results. About 40% of acute Lyme borreliosis cases in Krasnoyarsk Kray are a mixed infection of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis, that is closely related to a large population of Ixodidae infected by both agents. There is no characteristic epidemiologic background in more than a half of all cases. Typical clinical features for mixed infection of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis are severe onset with toxic constant hyperthermia or hyperpyrexia, and joint pain (18.6% of cases). Erythema migrans was present in 22.6% of cases, involvement of central nervous system (35.4%) was mostly often associated with meningitis and meningoencephalitis (29.2%). Bannwarth syndrome (3.1%) is a clinical type of Lyme borreliosis not associated with erythema in mixed infection. Cardiovascular system damage is transient and associated with intoxication. In 57.1% of cases the diagnosis of mixed infection was confirmed at dispensary follow-up 1.5, 3, 6 months after the clinical manifestations of the disease. Conclusion. The most common clinical form of mixed infection is the non-erithemic form of Lyme borreliosis and febrile form of tick-borne encephalitis, late Lyme borreliosis after the suffered mixed infection was registered in 30.1% of cases.
Unethical drug promotion by pharmaceutical industry as the main barrier to the rational use of medicines
Authors: Ziganshina L E , Niyazov R R
Published: November 2019

The review surveys the problems of pharmaceutical promotion and public health. Global and domestic realities of pharmaceutical marketing are discussed. Various promotional activities of pharmaceutical industry are described with special emphasis on journal advertisements. Examples of unethical marketing practices of the global pharmaceutical companies are presented with details of the fines paid by the companies for unethical promotion of their products for «off-label» use or for long-term concealing of adverse drug reactions known by the companies long before they become freely available for the society. The review presents definition of «disease selling» as a technique extensively used by pharmaceutical industry to promote their products and increase income. Evidence of pharmaceutical promotion detrimental effects on physicians’ prescribing practices is presented in line with the evidence of funding distribution distortion: the global pharmaceutical expenditures for drug promotion are far exceeding research and development funding. The review describes, with few exceptions, the medical journal editors general lack of awareness of journal advertisements influence on prescribers’ knowledge, attitudes and medicine use. The review reveals promotional nature of advertisements as opposed to information delivery. It describes unethical marketing techniques including journal advertising used as an instrument of promotional idea delivery to physicians and the problem of promotional influence on prescribing. The review emphasizes that pharmaceutical industry self-regulation as well as medical journals peer reviewing process do not protect from misleading advertising. It concludes that pharmaceutical advertising, and advertising in medical journals as an example is not informative and threatens public health, requiring detailed regulation.
The method of assessment of salivary glands secretory function
Authors: Komarova K V , Ratkina N N , Polenichkin V K
Published: November 2019

Aim. To develop a method for the assessment of the secretory function of salivary glands. Methods. BK-300.1 («MASSA-K», Russia) weighting machine (presicion ±0,01 g), two standard cotton swabs and two absorbent dental pads «Dry Tips» («Mölnlycke Health Care», Sweden) were used for the assessment of the secretory function of salivary glands. Each absorbent pad and cotton swabs were weighted before the procedure. The examination was performed at morning hours on a fasting patient seated on a dentist’s chair without salivation stimulation. Absorbent pads were placed on the buccal mucosa with parotid orifice at the centre of the pad. Absorbent pads and cotton swabs soaked with saliva were re-weighted after 5 minutes. The examination was repeated thrice at different visits, the mean weight of saliva from major salivary glands was calculated. Salivary function of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands was also assessed. Saliva weight was assessed for each parotid gland separately. Results. The advantages of the offered method are: ease of use, opportunity to assess each parotid, submandibular and sublingual gland separately, express evaluation, good tolerance. Conclusion. The developed method allows to get the precise result and to assess the secretory function of salivary glands accurately.
First experience of a single-stage simultaneous single access endoscopic surgery in a child with a disorder of sex development
Authors: Akramov N R , Zakirov A K
Published: November 2019

A clinical case and treatment of a disorder of sex development (46XX, ovotesticular type) who underwent a simultaneous surgery including diagnostic laparoscopy using the single access endoscopic surgery followed by gonadectomy and the single-stage feminizing genitoplasty, is described. Endocrinology service needs for determination of treatment approach in children with disorders of sex development are closely entwined with capabilities of endoscopic surgery, particularly laparoscopy. It’s necessary to quickly determine the gonadal structure due to the high risk of malignancies while examining these patients. The most useful method is the direct visualization of the gonads in the abdominal cavity by laparoscopy. In these cases the single access endoscopic surgery technique reduces the trauma and is welcomed in pediatrics. From our point of view, the preference for the patients with disorders of sex development management with expected gonadal dysgenesis must be given to a single access endoscopic surgery.
Economic efficiency of semi-conductor surgical laser device use in anorectal surgery
Authors: Shakhrai S V , Gain Y M , Gain M Y , Sokolov A Y
Published: November 2019

Aim. To estimate the economic efficiency of laser technology use in complex treatment of patients with benign anorectal diseases in a day ward or as an out-patients. Methods. «Mediola-Compact» semiconductor laser (manufactured by «Fotek» ldt, Belarus) was used to treat chronic hemorrhoids and chronic anal fissures. Interstitial submucosal tissue destruction device developed by authors (Republic of Belarus Patent for effective prototype №8755) was used, allowing to cause extensional destruction while inserted into the tissue. 297 surgical interventions were performed during 3 years, among them 157 patients underwent surgery while in a day ward, 140 - as an out-patients. Prevented indirect expenses like prevented admission fees, medical certificate compensations, prevented Gross Domestic Product reduction as a result of an average hospital stay reduction were assessed for economic efficiency calculation. Results. Total economic benefit of low-invasive interventions (as a reduction of expenses on admission fees and medical certificate compensations) for 3 years term in patients with anorectal diseases treated using the examined management and laser treatment methods was assessed as 140 250 US dollars. The overall economic efficiency on low-invasive laser technology is described with cost-effectiveness coefficient of 2.36, or 236%, compared to the conventional surgical treatment. Conclusion. Laser technology use in patients with benign anorectal diseases allows to significantly decrease the hospital stay using the day ward model, economic efficiency of the low-invasive laser technology as a complex treatment component in patients with chronic hemorrhoids and chronic anal fissures allows to cover the expenses for its introduction within 1 year.
Higher pharmaceutical education in the Republic of Tatarstan: sources of formation of educational basis, it’s development, improvement, results and achievements
Authors: Potseluyeva L A
Published: November 2019

The analysis of historical and bibliographic data of pharmaceutical education foundation in the Republic of Tatarstan is presented. Over than 200-year history of higher education in Kazan, started in 1804, determined the development of not only medical, but also pharmaceutical sciences. In Kazan Emperor’s University 4 faculties were founded, including the Faculty of Medical Sciences, that included the combined Department of chemistry, technology and pharmacy (pharmaceutics), which actually consisted of several departments. The Pharmaceutical Faculty was established in Kazan Medical Institute in 1975. Departments of Pharmaceutical, analytical and toxicological chemistry, Pharmaceutical technologies, Pharmacognosy and botany, Organization and economics of pharmacy were created. First pharmacists were graduated at 1980. By June 2012, 2472 full-time students were granted the diplomas of pharmacists, 2418 were Russian citizens, 54 - foreigners. In 1998, Department of part-time education was established at Pharmaceutical Faculty, which has already graduated 606 pharmacists. Alumni of Pharmaceutical Faculty of Kazan State Medical University occupy the highest supervising posts at pharmacy network and pharmaceutical industry, which is the clear evidence of the highest quality of education they have received at the University.