bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Goal for Reform: Make Elections Worth Stealing
Authors: Donovan Todd
Published: October 2007

Election reforms have attracted substantial attention since the troubled elections of 2000. Some address problems in the administration of elections. Others aim to regulate the conduct of elected officials and lobbyists. A third category affects the structure by which elections are conducted. It is not clear whether the same over-arching problem motivates interest in these reforms. One common theme may be that public confidence in representation suffers as a result of actual or perceived deficiencies in the conduct of elections and elected officials. The failure to count votes accurately, the fact that eligible voters find they are unable to vote, the inability of minor parties to access ballots, revelations of scandalous relations between representatives and lobbyists, the power of wealthy donors, the lack of “civility” in political discourse, the uncompetitive nature of many elections, may all somehow act together to erode public trust, and reduce participation and engagement with representative democracy.
Putting Portugal and Spain into the Political Science
Syllabus
Authors: Rush Mark , Royo Sebastián , Hamann Kerstin
Published: October 2007

Several of us gathered in 2003 at the annual meeting of the American
Political Science Association to discuss why, in an association with
groups dedicated to Canadian, French, German, Italian, and
Churchillian studies (to name but a few), there was no organized
group dedicated to the study of politics in Spain and Portugal.
Lessons from the Integration of Spain and Portugal to the
EU
Authors: Royo Sebastián
Published: October 2007

Portugal and Spain have been at the heart of European history and
have played a critical role in European (and world) affairs
throughout the centuries. Yet decades of relative isolation under
authoritarian regimes in the twentieth century left both countries
at the margins of Europe, and they did not take part in the early
stages of the process of European integration in the 1950s–70s.
Fortunately, the success of processes of democratic transition in
both countries in the second half of the 1970s paved the way for
full membership in the European Community (EC). I would like to thank the participants in the
conference “Towards the Completion of Europe” held at the
University of Miami on April 2005, and in particular to Dr.
Joaquín Roy for all his advice and support. This is an updated
version of a paper that I presented at the conference published
in Royo 2006. I would like to thank Jeffrey Kopstein, Ramón de
Miguel, Kalypso Nicolaidis, George Ross, and Francisco Seixas da
Costa for their valuable comments during the last roundtable of
the conference From Isolation to Europe: 15 Years of Spanish and
Portuguese Membership in the European Union at the Minda de
Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University,
November 2–3, 2001. See also Royo 2003.
Corruption in Contemporary Spain
Authors: Heywood Paul M.
Published: October 2007

Interest in the links between corruption and politics has increased
significantly since the early 1990s. Although the public widely sees
corruption as a phenomenon that particularly afflicts the developing
world—as reflected in the growing emphasis placed on anti-corruption
initiatives by such international agencies as the World Bank, IMF,
OECD, and Transparency International—the issue is also attracting
significant attention in established democracies. Politicians, civil
society activists, and media commentators have expressed concerns
about a host of high-profile scandals contributing to a decline of
trust in the political class, whilst a perceived “culture of
corruption” in several of the post-communist countries of
east-central Europe is seen as an obstacle to their full integration
into the European Union. Indeed, corruption has started to become a
powerful policy narrative in many countries, blamed for a host of
shortcomings in democracies and non-democracies alike (Heywood and
Krastev 2006).
Putting the Party Back into Politics: An Experiment
Testing Whether Election Day Festivals Increase Voter
Turnout
Authors: Addonizio Elizabeth M. , Green Donald P. , Glaser James M.
Published: October 2007

A century and a half ago, casting a vote in the United States was an
engaging social experience, as voters at the polls talked with
friends, threw down shots of free whiskey, listened to lively
entertainment, and generally had a good time (McGerr 1986). According to Altschuler and Blumin
(2000, 75) We are grateful to Pam Lamonaca and Nicole Batdorf, who
played a key role in organizing Election Day festivals, and
Timothy Ryan and Marcos Luis, who helped in all phases of this
project. We also thank Dan Winslow, whose ideas about raising
turnout were an impetus for this project, and Dan Bergan and
Beth Weinberger, who commented on earlier drafts. The studies
described here were funded by generous grants from the
Institution for Social and Policy Studies at Yale, the Tufts
Summer Scholars Program, and Working Assets, none of which bear
responsibility for the content of this report.
Social Networks in Political Science: Hiring and
Placement of Ph.D.s, 1960–2002
Authors: Fowler James H. , Grofman Bernard , Masuoka Natalie
Published: October 2007

Social scientists have long been interested in how academic
disciplines are organized (Ben-David and Collins 1966; Kuhn 1970; Lipset 1994; Rojas 2003;
Somit and Tanenhaus 1964; 1967). One important element of this
organization is the network of Ph.D. placements among Ph.D.-granting
institutions. Various authors have linked the structure of
placements to prestige rankings of departments (for sociology
departments see e.g., Hanneman 2001; and
Burris 2004; for political science
departments see Masuoka, Grofman, and Feld 2007c), or have used various features of the structure
of academic exchange networks to examine the shaping of disciplinary
careers and practices (Feld, Bisciglia, and Ynalvez 2003; Masuoka, Grofman, and Feld 2007b). There is also a more general
literature on status and market exchange (see e.g., Podolny 2005). We are
indebted to Clover Behrend-Gethard for bibliographic
assistance.
Ranking Political Science Journals: Reputational and
Citational Approaches
Authors: Giles Micheal W. , Garand James C.
Published: October 2007

Academic journals play a key role in the dissemination of scholarly
knowledge in the social sciences. Hence, publication in journals is
critical evidence of scholarly performance for both individuals and
the departments that they populate. While in the best of worlds each
scholar's performance would be evaluated based on a close reading of
his/her published journal articles, in the actual practices of
hiring, tenure and promotion review, and departmental evaluations
this ideal is often honored only in the breach. Instead, evaluators
commonly base their judgments of the importance and quality of
published articles, at least in part, on the journals in which they
appear. The higher the status accorded a journal, the greater the
weight attached to publications appearing in it.
Process Tracing and Elite Interviewing: A Case for
Non-probability Sampling
Authors: Tansey Oisín
Published: October 2007

This article explores the relationship between the method of process
tracing and the data collection technique of elite interviewing. The
process tracing method has become an increasingly used and cited
tool in qualitative research, a trend that has recently accelerated
with the publication of Alexander George and Andrew Bennett's text
(2005), Case Studies and
Theory Development in the Social Sciences. That book
outlines and explores the process tracing method in detail,
highlighting its advantages for exploring causal processes and
analyzing complex decision-making. Yet while the book presents a
rigorous and compelling account of the process tracing method and
its critical importance to case study research, the value of the
method itself remains contested in some quarters, and there are
aspects of George and Bennett's treatment of it that require further
exploration.
What do you Tell the President in Three Minutes about
Iraq?
Authors: Rose Richard
Published: October 2007

The call to the White House came out of the blue. It was a
nondescript email captioned “An invitation”; the sender's address
was: nsc.eop.gov. Having worked Pennsylvania Avenue for 35 years, I
knew the initials meant National Security Council, Executive Office
of the President. This article first
appeared in slightly modified form in the London publication
Times Higher Education Supplement on June
29, 2007, under the title “Mr Bush, this is the way I see
it.”
Effective Teaching and Learning in Introductory Political
Theory: It All Starts with Challenging and Engaging Assigned
Readings
Authors: Kassiola Joel
Published: October 2007

The epigraph beginning this article came from a student in my
standard Introduction to Political Theory course at the end of the
fall, 2005 semester. This course was offered at San Francisco State
University (SFSU), a large (30,000 students), public, urban
institution and part of the California State University system. The
size of the class was 45 students, typical for such an introductory
course, consisting mostly of juniors and majors in political science
(since the course is a requirement for graduation for such majors).
The intellectual caliber of the students appeared to be normally
dispersed: there were some excellent students and some weak ones,
especially with regard to the latter group's writing skills—a quite
common occurrence at SFSU. Almost all of the students had completed
at least one other core class (usually Introduction to American
Government or Comparative Politics) and were taking a political
science elective concurrently with the introductory political theory
course.
Connecting Students to Politics through a Multi-Class
Campaign Simulation
Authors: Mariani Mack D.
Published: October 2007

Simulations are an important complement to a traditional political
science education in that they can promote active learning and
enhance student understanding of course material. Simulations can
also provide students with the opportunity to learn and develop
important research, writing, public speaking, and analysis skills.
This essay describes a multi-class campaign simulation of my own
design that was run in two upper-level government courses during the
spring of 2006 at Hamilton College. This simulation is designed to
promote student engagement in political ideas and concepts from the
varied perspectives of candidates, campaign staff, parties, the
media, and voters. At the same time, the simulation also helps
students develop the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in a
political campaign, legislative office, or other professional
political environments. I wish to thank
Sharon Waring Rivera and Brian S. Glenn for providing helpful
comments on earlier versions of this paper.
War and Peace: Simulating Security Decision Making in the
Classroom
Authors: Kanner Michael D.
Published: October 2007

“Simulation is an umbrella term that covers some
interesting active-learning strategies—including role playing,
simulation exercise and games and computer models—that allow
students to practice and apply their learning” (Meyers and Jones
1993, 89; italics in the original). As
this quote indicates, educational exercises, simulations give
students the chance to apply theory, develop critical skills, and
provide a welcome relief from the everyday tasks of reading and
preparing for classes. Students “put on the skin” of another person
and participate in the learning process. For the social sciences,
where there are few absolutes or certainties, students can
investigate the major questions of the discipline experientially.
Comparison, analysis, and evaluation by students are the natural
outcomes of this learning environment (Bain 2004; Meyers and Jones 1993).
Simulations have become increasingly popular in the teaching of
social sciences and, when done properly, they are effective.
Shifting the focus from the teacher to the student provides more
immediate feedback to the student than a lecture and exam some time
in the future. Students immersed in the “game world” must actively
demonstrate their grasp of the subject. As members of teams,
students have increased accountability as well as assistance from
their peers in learning (Bain 2004;
Wheeler 2006). In addition to engaging
students, simulations make complex theories clearer. Active
participation in the knowledge experience, as opposed to being a
passive observer, allows students to experiment and build their own
knowledge base. A number of studies have shown that this approach
increases comprehension, builds critical thinking skills, and
improves retention (Asal 2005; Krain and
Lantis 2006).
The Academic Outreach Program of the Council on Foreign
Relations
Authors: Haass Richard N. , Faskianos Irina A. , Caldwell Dan
Published: October 2007

The Council on Foreign Relations was founded in 1921 as an
independent, national membership organization and a nonpartisan
think tank dedicated to producing and disseminating ideas to foreign
policy practitioners, including Council members, senior government
officials, prominent journalists, and members of Congress and their
staffs. Two years ago, the Council launched its Academic Outreach
Program, designed to connect the academic community to the Council's
research and analysis. The program consists of the following
components.
APSA International Membership
Authors: Rajee Bahram
Published: October 2007

Total international membership in APSA continues to reach new highs
in absolute and relative terms, surpassing December's record number
of 2,031 to reach 2,081 for the first time in August 2007. This
represents 14.1% of APSA total membership, also a record high.
Corrections to “The Political Science
400”
Authors: Masuoka Natalie , Grofman Bernard , Feld Scott L.
Published: October 2007

In our article entitled “The Political Science 400: A 20-Year Update”
(PS, January 2007, 133–45), we presented the
names and total citation counts (1960–2005) of political science
faculty employed (ca. 2002) in U.S. Ph.D.-granting institutions who
were among the 400 most cited in their cohort or subfield. We
recognize the very important nature of our data for individual
scholars and the institutions at which they teach, and we apologize
to those colleagues whose citation counts were misreported,
especially to those few whose counts were off by a very large
amount. Yet, given that nearly 4,000 political scientists are
employed in a Ph.D.-granting institution in the U.S., and given the
numerous data limitations associated with using the Web of Science
search engine (as we explained in the lengthy methodological
appendix to our article), while we worked as hard as we could to
prevent errors, having some errors in our data set was virtually
unavoidable.
Some Things Having Been Considered
Authors: Johnston Patrick
Published: October 2007

Professor Judith Hicks Stiehm asked students and political scientists
to consider some things about our military in her introduction
(453–6) to the July 2007 PS symposium. The
deliberations on my end as a student are over. Here are the
results.
Vote-buying: Is it at Threat to Democratic Policy
Representation?
Authors: Breeding Mary
Published: October 2007

Do “vote-buying” activities of locally elected legislators in
developing countries crowd out the representation of mass policy
preferences? If a legislator can buy a citizen's vote with a
material benefit, does he really have an incentive to represent the
interests of his constituents in legislative decision-making?
Imagine the following setting: A slum neighborhood near Bangalore
city center in Southern India. A group of women in worn-out sari-s,
domestic servants who clean houses for a living, sit chatting
outside their one-room concrete shacks with tin roofs. They have no
bathing or cooking facilities in their shacks. They share the same
water tap with hundreds of neighbors. Their toilet is the nearby
railroad track. A well-dressed man exits a car and approaches.
ON SUNSPOTS, HABITS, AND MONETARY FACTS
Authors: AURAY STÉPHANE , FÈVE PATRICK
Published: October 2007

This paper proposes a sunspot-based mechanism that quantitatively accounts for the main monetary facts. In particular, we propose a cash-in-advance model with habit persistence and local durability in consumption decisions. In this context, when habit persistence is strong enough, there is real indeterminacy. We show that when sunspots positively correlate with money injections, the model generates a persistent response of inflation, a hump-shaped response of output, and the price puzzle. We then apply the model to the U.S data and we show that it performs well in reproducing the monetary transmission mechanism and the price puzzle in the short run.
Integration of post-mastectomy radiation and breast reconstruction
Authors: Wright J. L. , Cordeiro P. G. , McCormick B. L.
Published: October 2007

The following is a brief description of the reconstructive options available to patients undergoing mastectomy, and a review of the data available to guide clinicians who seek to safely integrate postmastectomy radiotherapy and breast reconstruction.
Medium Optimization for the Production of Recombinant Nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Chen Po Ting , Chiang Chung‐Jen , Chao Yun‐Peng
Published: October 2007

Nattokinase is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme with the potential for fighting cardiovascular diseases. Most recently, a new Bacillus subtilis/Escherichia coli (B. subtilis/E. coli) shuttle vector has been developed to achieve stable production of recombinant nattokinase in B. subtilis (Chen; et al. 2007, 23, 808–813). With this developed B. subtilis strain, the design of an optimum but cost‐effective medium for high‐level production of recombinant nattokinase was attempted by using response surface methodology. On the basis of the Plackett‐Burman design, three critical medium components were selected. Subsequently, the optimum combination of selected factors was investigated by the Box‐Behnken design. As a result, it gave the predicted maximum production of recombinant nattokinase with 71 500 CU/mL for shake‐flask cultures when the concentrations of soybean hydrolysate, potassium phosphate, and calcium chloride in medium were at 6.100, 0.415, and 0.015%, respectively. This was further verified by a duplicated experiment. Moreover, the production scheme based on the optimum medium was scaled up in a fermenter. The batch fermentation of 3 L was carried out by controlling the condition at 37 °C and dissolved oxygen reaching 20% of air saturation level while the fermentation pH was initially set at 8.5. Without the need for controlling the broth pH, recombinant nattokinase production with a yield of 77 400 CU/mL (corresponding to 560 mg/L) could be obtained in the culture broth within 24 h. In particular, the recombinant B. subtilis strain was found fully stable at the end of fermentation when grown on the optimum medium. Overall, it indicates the success of this experimental design approach in formulating a simple and cost‐effective medium, which provides the developed strain with sufficient nutrient supplements for stable and high‐level production of recombinant nattokinase in a fermenter.
Laser‐Induced Heating of Dextran‐Coated Mesocapsules Containing Indocyanine Green
Authors: Yaseen Mohammad A. , Yu Jie , Wong Michael S. , Anvari Bahman
Published: October 2007

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a photosensitive reagent with clinically relevant diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Recently, ICG has been investigated for its utility as an exogenous chromophore during laser‐induced heating. However, ICGapos;s effectiveness remains hindered by its molecular instability, rapid circulation kinetics, and nonspecific systemic distribution. To overcome these limitations, we have encapsulated ICG within dextran‐coated mesocapsules (MCs). Our objective in this study was to explore the ability of MCs to induce thermal damage in response to laser irradiation. To simulate tumorous tissue targeted with MCs, cylindrical phantoms were prepared consisting of gelatin, intralipid emulsion, and various concentrations of MCs. The phantoms were embedded within fresh chicken breast tissue representing surrounding normal tissue. The tissue models were irradiated at λ = 808 nm for 10 min at constant power (P = 4.2 W). Five hypodermic thermocouples were used to record the temperature at various depths below the tissue surface and transverse distances from the laser beam central axis during irradiation. Temperature profiles were processed to remove the baseline temperature and influence of light absorption by the thermocouple and subsequently used to calculate a damage index based on the Arrhenius damage integral. Tissue models containing MCs experienced a maximum temperature change of 18.5 °C. Damage index calculations showed that the heat generation from MCs at these parameters is sufficient to induce thermal damage, while no damage was predicted in the absence of MCs. ICG maintains its heat‐generating capabilities in response to NIR laser irradiation when encapsulated within MCs. Such encapsulation provides a potentially useful methodology for laser‐induced therapeutic strategies.
Wenn Patienten nicht sagen können, was ihnen auf der Seele liegt. Die Unmöglichkeit einer expliziten Kommunikation über das Problem bei Patienten mit Konversionsstörungen
Authors: Karadag
Published: October 2007

Dissoziative Anfälle sind eine meist spät festgestellte Diagnose. Um eine mögliche somatische Ursache für die Anfälle nicht zu übersehen, sollte bevor es diagnostiziert wird, der Patient aus somatischer Sicht sorgfältig abgeklärt werden. Die meisten Patienten reagieren auf die Mitteilung einer solchen Diagnose mit Ablehnung und dem Gefühl, nicht ernst genommen zu werden. Das erschwert selbstverständlich die Bereitschaft des Patienten für eine Psychotherapie. Die Prognose dissoziativer Anfälle ist zweifelhaft, sie variiert je nach dem Ausmaß der Komorbidität, dem Zeitpunkt einer adäquaten Diagnosestellung und der Erkrankungsdauer. Die Ätiologie der dissoziativen Anfälle spielt bei der Auswahl der Psychotherapie eine wesentliche Rolle. Am Beispiel eines türkischen Patienten mit dissoziativen Anfällen wird die besondere Problematik dieser Diagnose in der Gruppe der Migranten präsentiert.
Chronisches Erschöpfungssyndrom – eine funktionelle Störung
Authors: Linde
Published: October 2007

Chronische Erschöpfung lässt sich aufgrund vorliegender Befunde zu konstitutionellen Voraussetzungen, auslösenden und aufrechterhalten Bedingungen als eine funktionelle Störung beschreiben. Im Sinne einer medizinisch-psychiatrischen Interfaceerkrankung kann sie so schlüssig und therapierelevant eingeordnet werden. Subsyndromale kürzer dauernde Episoden chronischer Erschöpfung sind um ein vielfaches häufiger als die mindestens drei bzw. sechs Monate anhaltenden Diagnosekategorien «Neurasthenie» und «Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrom». Diese weisen große Ähnlichkeit miteinander auf und beschreiben offenbar denselben Sachverhalt. Ursprüngliche ätiologische Annahmen haben sich hier als empirisch nicht belegbar erwiesen. Jedoch bestehen bei Betroffenen in somatischer Hinsicht insbesondere Veränderungen neurohumeraler und immunologischer Wechselwirkungen, die auf eine hohe Bedeutung einer für funktionelle Syndrome charakteristisch veränderten HPA-Stressachsenaktivität bzw. deren Wechselwirkung mit anderen Regulationssystemen hinweisen. Auch eine erhöhte Sensitivierung auf neuronaler und neurokognitiver Ebene scheint der Fall zu sein. Eine erhöhte kritische Aufmerksamkeitszuwendung auf körperliche Funktionen und dysfunktionale Bewältigungsweisen sind zumindest aufrechterhaltende chronifizierende Faktoren, wie bei anderen funktionellen Störungen auch. Wobei diese Dysfunktionalität sowohl beim Betroffenen, wie auch beim Behandler bestehen kann. Die eine und spezifische Ursache chronischer Erschöpfungssyndrome gibt es offenbar nicht, jedoch bieten die genannten Gemeinsamkeiten Ansatzpunkte für eine positive therapeutische Beeinflussung. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass sich nur Therapieansätze als wirksam erweisen, die eine aktive Rolle der Betroffenen einfordern. Medikamentöse Behandlung in Form der Gabe von SSRI-Antidepressiva kann augmentativ von Nutzen sein. Passive Therapieansätze zeigen bislang keine nachweisbare Wirkung.
Wenn die Vermittlung von Informationen auf eine Sprach-Barriere trifft – zur Zusammenarbeit mit Übersetzern
Authors: Sleptsova
Published: October 2007

Ohne die Hilfe von Dolmetschern ist die Kommunikation zwischen ausländischen Patienten und Vertretern des Gesundheitssystems nicht möglich. Ihre Anwesenheit im Gespräch kann allerdings unterschiedliche, positive wie negative Auswirkungen haben. Unprofessionelle Übersetzer (Familienmitglieder, Mitarbeiter auf Stationen im Spital) können die medizinische Behandlung durch fehlerhafte Übersetzung negativ beeinflussen, indem sie z.B. ihre eigenen Interpretationen einfliessen lassen, wenn sie das Gesagte in die jeweils andere Sprache übertragen. Die Arbeit mit professionellen Übersetzern wird demnach deutlich vorgezogen. Andere Studien zeigen, dass professionelle Übersetzung die Qualität der Behandlung und die Zufriedenheit des Patienten mit der Behandlung positiv verändert. Eine eigentliche Professionalisierung ist eine relativ neue Entwicklung in der Geschichte medizinischer Übersetzer. Es gibt verschiedene Rollen, die der Dolmetscher übernehmen kann. Die Funktion des kulturellen Übermittlers oder Mediators geht davon aus, dass Übersetzer zwischen zwei verschiedenen Kulturen vermitteln, die in einem Gespräch aufeinander prallen. In unserer Erfahrung stehen allerdings türkisch-sprachige Dolmetscher auf Grund ihrer sozio-demographischen Charakteristika näher bei den Therapeuten als bei den Patienten. Deshalb wird diese Annahme von uns kritisch hinterfragt. Wir erläutern anhand konkreter Fallbeispiele, warum wir für die wortwörtliche Übersetzung plädieren und auf die «transkulturelle Mediation»  durch Dolmetscher verzichten.
Anhaltende somatoforme Schmerzstörung bei Migranten und Migrantinnen aus der Türkei. Betreute Selbsthilfegruppen: Therapie-Erfolg langfristig sichern, soziokulturelle Integration nachhaltig fördern
Authors: Fink
Published: October 2007

Sprachliche, kulturelle und wirtschaftliche Barrieren erschweren MigrantInnen aus der Türkei einen gleichberechtigten Zugang zur gesundheitlichen Betreuung. Aus dem Forschungsbericht des Bundesamtes für Gesundheit «Migration und Gesundheit» geht hervor, dass die bisherigen Formen von Therapie nicht den Bedürfnissen dieser Patientenpopulation entsprechen. Ambulante und stationäre Angebote für chronische SchmerzpatientInnen beziehen sich auf akute Phasen des Leidens und finden nicht im Alltagsleben statt. In der post-akut Phase stehen die PatientInnen vor der Herausforderung, sich im alltäglichen Leben wieder zurecht zu finden. Es braucht daher Angebote, welche genau diese Lücke zwischen der engmaschigen Betreuung in Kliniken und dem «normalen» Leben schließen können. In Basel wurde ein integratives post-akut Modell für MigrantInnen aus der Türkei entwickelt, bei dem PatientInnen an fachlich begleiteten Selbsthilfegruppen teilnehmen können.
Multimodale Behandlung bei chronischen Schmerzen – Chance und Herausforderung für die Zusammenarbeit von Psychosomatik und Physiotherapie
Authors: Wössmer  , Loosli  , Hochstrasser
Published: October 2007

Chronische Schmerzen gehen oft mit erfolglosen Behandlungsversuchen und erheblichen Beeinträchtigungen des Lebensvollzugs für die betroffenen Patienten einher. Die Behandlung der chronischen Schmerzpatienten hat sich für alle Fachdisziplinen als eine große Herausforderung erwiesen und keine kann für sich wirklich durchschlagende Erfolge in Sachen einer Schmerzfreiheit als Behandlungserfolg verbuchen. Die multimodale Schmerztherapie zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass Fachpersonen aus der Somatik, Physiotherapie und der Psychologie/Psychotherapie zusammen ein gemeinsames Diagnose- und Therapiekonzept entwickeln und danach arbeiten. Es wird mit einem verhaltenstherapeutisch-kognitiven Trainingsprogramm und einem physiotherapeutischen Trainingskonzept gearbeitet. Da die körperliche Aktivität und die Wahrnehmung des Körpers, bzw. deren Fehlinterpretation eine wichtige Rolle spielen, ist der Einbezug der Physiotherapie wesentlich. Die enge fachliche Zusammenarbeit von Fachpersonen aus verschiedenen Gebieten und Abteilungen, wie der Physiotherapie und der Psychologie/Psychosomatik, stellt Erwartungen an die eigene Bereitschaft zur Öffnung gegenüber anderen Konzepten, einer anderen Sprache und Kultur und zur Reflektion des eigenen Handelns; sie ist auf der anderen Seite eine Bereicherung, Entlastung und wirkt motivationserhaltend, auch für die Patienten.
Reduziert die perikonzeptionelle Gabe von Folsäure auch das Risiko von Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalten?
Authors: Eichholzer
Published: October 2007

Kürzlich wurde über eine Abnahme der Häufigkeit von Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalten (LKG-Spalten) in den USA berichtet, die Folge der obligatorischen Anreicherung von Getreidemehl mit Folsäure sein soll. Auch in mehreren Fall-Kontroll- und einer prospektiven Studie war die Einnahme von Folsäure und/oder Multivitaminen mit einem reduzierten Risiko für LKG-Spalten verbunden. Die Kausalität dieses Zusammenhangs kann aus ethischen Gründen (Prävention von Neuralrohrdefekten durch Folsäure) nicht in Interventionsstudien überprüft werden. Bis die Resultate sorgfältig durchgeführter Kohortenstudien vorliegen soll jede Frau ohne sicheren Konzeptionsschutz zusätzlich zu einer folsäurereichen Ernährung täglich mindestens 0.4 (eher 0.8) mg Folsäure, am besten in Form eines Multivitaminpräparates zu sich nehmen, und zwar bis zwölf Wochen nach Schwangerschaftsbeginn. Mit diesen Empfehlungen zur Verhütung von Neuralrohrdefekten lässt sich möglicherweise auch das Risiko von LKG-Spalten reduzieren.
Status febrilis, pneumonisches Infiltrat und Eosinophilie
Authors: Berger  , Pichler  , Savic  , Schoenenberger  , Borer
Published: October 2007

Wir beschreiben den Fall einer akuten eosinophilen Pneumonie bei einem 71-jährigen Mann. Durch einen positiven Lymphozytentransformationstest und nach Ausschluss anderer Ätiologien konnten wir das Medikament Mefenaminsäure als möglichen Auslöser dieser potentiell lebensbedrohlichen Lungenerkrankung identifizieren. Die Klinik, das diagnostische Vorgehen und die Therapie der akuten eosinophilen Pneumonie als pulmonale Manifestation einer Medikamentenallergie werden diskutiert.
Modeling sediment transport patterns during an upwelling event
Authors: Huhn K. , Paul A. , Seyferth M.
Published: October 2007

Being one of the most outstanding hydrodynamic processes at ocean margins, upwelling is not only a key factor controlling bioproduction but also acts as a driving mechanism for sediment transport. In order to quantify its capability to erode and transport sedimentary particles without being masked by other oceanographic processes, we present a numerical model only forced by surface wind drag. Thereby, transport of particles is not only controlled by upwelling circulation, but also by their physical properties as well as time and location of release into the water column. The study combines a hydrodynamic finite difference model and Lagrangian particle tracing technique. Model geometry mimics a two‐dimensional profile from the passive margin offshore Walvis Bay, Namibia. Model runs describe a 5‐day wind‐forcing event and a subsequent 20‐day period of relaxation. As our work is also motivated by paleoceanographic questions, a lowered sea level geometry is used simulating Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) conditions. Results suggest the establishment of a long‐lasting circulation comprising an offshore‐directed surface layer and an onshore‐directed bottom current. Shelf currents are vigorous but short‐lasting, allowing transport of particles up to sand size. In contrast, transport at the upper slope is more persistent but restricted to smaller grain sizes. Sea level changes cause a shift of upwelling front in cross‐shelf direction and of sedimentary deposition centers along the slope. Transport paths of surface source tracers show systematic variations, which can be evaluated in terms of grain‐size fractionation as well as temporal and spatial clusters.
Modeling the photochemical origins of the extreme deuterium enrichment in stratospheric H2
Authors: Mar Kathleen A. , McCarthy Michael C. , Connell Peter , Boering Kristie A.
Published: October 2007

The isotopic composition of H2 produced by methane oxidation (“δDhν”) is an important yet poorly constrained term in the global H2 isotope budget. Box model analyses of the extreme deuterium enrichment in stratospheric H2 demonstrated empirically that δDhν is much larger than the initial δD of CH4, a conclusion that qualitatively resolved major discrepancies between the global H2 concentration and isotope budgets. However, the box model studies necessarily assumed that the isotopic fractionation factor for the conversion of CH4 to H2 remains constant throughout the stratosphere and that δDhν for the troposphere is equal to, or can be easily extrapolated from, the stratospheric value. Here, we use a 2‐D chemical‐radiative‐transport model to investigate these assumptions by determining the sensitivity of the isotopic composition of H2 (δD‐H2) and δDhν to known and unknown isotope effects in the elementary steps of the photochemical production and destruction of H2. Our results show that four categories of isotopic fractionation, (1) kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for CH4 and H2 oxidation, (2) H versus D abstraction for CH3D oxidation to H2 or HD, (3) KIEs for CH2O oxidation, and (4) isotope effects for CH2O photolysis, all play significant but varying roles in determining δD‐H2 and δDhν in the stratosphere and troposphere. Furthermore, we show that calculated δDhν values vary significantly with latitude and altitude, leading to larger uncertainties in δDhν than previously estimated. Using these sensitivities, we also identify the laboratory experiments, theoretical calculations, and observations most needed to reduce uncertainties in the magnitude of δDhν and, hence, the global H2 isotope budget.
Influence of atmospheric circulation on regional 14CO2 differences
Authors: Hua Quan , Barbetti Mike
Published: October 2007

Detailed analyses of published 14C data from tree rings and atmospheric CO2 samples for the northern tropics in Asia (India, Thailand, and Vietnam) and Africa (Ethiopia) have been performed for the heavily bomb‐influenced period 1963–1967 A.D. The results show that the Asian summer monsoon and Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) position influenced atmospheric 14CO2 over the study area. Similar analyses of atmospheric records for northern and western Europe, northwestern Africa, and the northeastern United States and tree ring data for east Asia show that the Northern Hemisphere distribution of bomb 14C for 1963–1967 depended on atmospheric circulation controlled by the seasonal positions of Hadley cell boundaries and the ITCZ. The distribution of 14C did not have a simple latitudinal dependence. This work shows that the seasonal atmospheric circulation patterns are crucial for the description of atmospheric 14C gradients during the bomb peak period. These principles can be applied to the interpretation of the small intrahemispheric 14C offsets of the remote past.
Terrestrial analogs for interpretation of infrared spectra from the Martian surface and subsurface: Sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, and phyllosilicate‐bearing Atacama Desert soils
Authors: Sutter B. , Dalton J. B. , Ewing S. A. , Amundson R. , McKay C. P.
Published: October 2007

Hyperarid (<2 mm y−1) Atacama Desert soils of northern Chile are known for nitrate, sulfate, and chloride accumulations. Atacama and Mars soils have similar sulfate concentrations; possess phyllosilicates (e.g., smectite) and minor carbonate. Nitrate has not been detected on Mars, but its presence has been proposed. The similar compositions of Atacama and Mars soils have prompted the visible‐infrared (0.35–25 μm) investigation of Atacama soils as Mars analogs. Results from this work determined the best infrared features for detecting sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, and phyllosilicate on Mars. The fundamental region (>6.5 μm) was not suited for salt and phyllosilicate detection because of overlapping spectra from primary silicates (e.g., feldspar), water and carbon dioxide. The visible near‐infrared (0.35–2.5 μm) region was suited for detecting carbonate, nitrate, gypsum water of hydration, and phyllosilicate hydroxyls without interference from primary silicates. However, gypsum water of hydration features can obscure phyllosilicate hydroxyl, carbonate and nitrate, features if gypsum levels are high. Overtone/combination absorption features in the midinfrared were determined to be the best indicators of sulfate (4.48–4.70 μm), nitrate (4.12 μm), and carbonate (3.98 μm) because interferences from overlapping primary silicate and water features are not present in this region. Interferences from CO2 and thermal emission effects in the overtone/combination region are possible but may be minimized by corrective techniques. Infrared analysis of Atacama Desert soils can provide insight into the spectral search of sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, and phyllosilicate containing soils on Mars.
Late Quaternary and present‐day rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault, northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Pei‐Zhen , Molnar Peter , Xu Xiwei
Published: October 2007

Both Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements and studies of Late Quaternary faulting are consistent with a slip rate of ∼10 mm/yr along the central segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault and a systematic decrease in that rate toward the eastern end of the fault. Dates of terraces above and below laterally offset terrace risers yield bounds on Quaternary slip rates that range from those that agree with GPS measurements to values as much as three times faster. We argue that offset terrace risers that are protected by topography upstream of them are more closely dated by the age of the upper terrace than by that of the lower terrace. In some cases, valleys upstream of the fault have been incised into bedrock, and few if any terrace risers can be seen within the valleys. Such streams debouch onto alluviated floodplains or fans that become incised, presumably during climate changes, to create terrace risers. The terrace risers are then displaced so that they lie downslope from bedrock ridges on the upstream side of the fault, and thus the risers become protected from further incision. In such cases, dates of upper terraces should more closely approximate the ages of the risers than those of lower terraces. Such dates yield slip rates of ∼10 mm/yr in the central segment of the fault and decreasing rates eastward. Although we cannot with certainty rule out the higher slip rates along the Altyn Tagh Fault, our analysis does show that viable interpretations consistent with GPS measurements are more likely, at least along some segments of the fault. Not only do these rates support the view that the Tibetan Plateau deforms internally by slip on a distributed network of faults in the shallow brittle crust, and hence behaves as a continuum at depth, but the gradual decrease toward the east also shows that the Altyn Tagh Fault does not separate two effectively rigid lithospheric plates. Correspondingly, the relatively low slip rate and the eastward decrease in slip rate suggest that the Altyn Tagh Fault does not transfer a significant portion of the convergence between India and Asia into northeastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau. Thus, large‐scale extrusion of crustal material in India's path into Eurasia seems to be limited largely to the confines of the Tibetan Plateau.
Faults and damage zones in fast‐spread crust exposed on the north wall of the Hess Deep Rift: Conduits and seals in seafloor hydrothermal systems
Authors: Hayman Nicholas W. , Karson Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2007

The northern escarpments of the Hess Deep Rift provide cross‐sectional views of in situ, ∼1‐Ma‐old, upper oceanic crust that underwent extensive, spreading‐related brittle deformation. Most of the deformation and associated alteration occurred within the locus of magmatic construction of the East Pacific Rise, in the presence of high‐temperature hydrothermal fluids. Passing laterally from undeformed host rocks, brittle deformation zones are classified as (1) damage zones where densely spaced fractures overprint the primary structure of dikes and lavas, (2) cataclastic zones where interconnected fractures, comminuted grains, and matrix minerals define deformational fabrics, and (3) very fine‐grained, gouge‐filled fault cores. Relative to the host rock, damage and cataclastic zones are rich in veins of chlorite and/or actinolite, and lesser amounts of titanite, epidote, and quartz. These phases mark relict hydrothermal fluid pathways. Trace and major element compositions of representative samples also indicate fault‐localized hydrothermal alteration, including an increase in MgO by several weight percent within cataclastic and damage zones. In contrast, the fault cores are composed of very finely comminuted basaltic material and have MgO concentrations similar to the damage zones. Integrated compositional, textural, and outcrop‐scale structural data inform an evolutionary model for fault growth from the early, widespread dilational phases of damage‐zone development to more restricted noncoaxial strain in the cataclastic zones. With continued fault development, gouge develops and seals the fault cores. While the fault cores are sealed by gouge, surrounding zones remain conduits to hydrothermal fluid flow, except where sealed by secondary minerals. Sealed faults can later be reactivated as conduits with additional increments of fault slip. The dual behavior of faults as conduits and seals inevitably leads to compartmentalization of the flow regime in subaxial and ridge‐flank areas.
Larsen B Ice Shelf rheology preceding its disintegration inferred by a control method
Authors: Khazendar A. , Rignot E. , Larour E.
Published: October 2007

A new, complete velocity field from satellite remote sensing is combined with numerical modeling to infer the rheology of the Larsen B Ice Shelf before its disintegration. The resulting spatial distribution of the flow parameter exhibits large variability, which reflects very well observed ice shelf features. This variability is explained by factors including advection of colder ice from tributary glaciers, bottom melting, and the presence of zones of strong shear and fracture. The inferred distribution is applied to simulate numerically the flow regime of the ice shelf and to examine its modification by the presence of open rifts and by the retreat of ice shelf front between 1996 and 2000. Results demonstrate that variable rheology is essential to understanding ice shelf evolution, especially the close relationship among frontal retreat, fracture, ice flow acceleration, and the destabilization of ice shelves.
Burma plate motion
Authors: Gahalaut Vineet K. , Gahalaut Kalpna
Published: October 2007

Plate motion in the Indo‐Burmese Arc‐Andaman‐Sumatra region of Burma plate is poorly resolved. This is mainly due to lack of relevant data and complex tectonics of the region. We analyze (1) azimuths of coseismic displacements due to the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman and 2005 Nias earthquakes; (2) estimates of interseismic deformation in the Indo‐Burmese Arc, Andaman, Sumatra, and Sagaing Fault regions (all based on GPS measurements); (3) long‐term plate motion rates across Sumatra Fault System, Sagaing Fault, and Andaman Sea from geomorphological and other geophysical studies, and (4) the earthquake focal mechanisms in the region. We suggest that the SSW motion of Sunda plate with respect to Indian plate may be partitioned into the dextral strike‐slip motion across the Sagaing Fault in the north and Sumatra Fault System in south in the back‐arc region, and the arc‐normal motion across the Sumatra subduction zone, which becomes oblique in Andaman and southern Indo‐Burmese Arc region and dextral in the northern Indo‐Burmese Arc region of the fore arc. Under the rigid plate approximation, we estimate a pole for India‐Burma plate pair at 27 ± 1°N, 82 ± 1.1°E with an angular velocity of 0.845 ± 0.12°/Ma and for Burma‐Sunda at 22.3 ± 1.1°N, 109.3 ± 2.5°E with an angular velocity of 0.67 ± 0.12°/Ma. Thus the plate motion in the northern and southern regions of Burma plate, namely, the Indo‐Burmese Arc and Andaman‐Sumatra Arc, may be explained by a single pole and does not require a boundary between the two.
Bridging the Annular Mode and North Atlantic Oscillation paradigms
Authors: Castanheira J. M. , Liberato M. L. R. , Marques C. A. F. , Graf H.‐F.
Published: October 2007

The annular nature of the leading patterns of the Northern Hemisphere winter extratropical circulation variability is revisited. The analysis relies on principal component analysis (PCA) of tropospheric geopotential height fields and lagged correlations with the stratospheric polar vortex strength and with a proxy of midlatitude tropospheric zonal mean zonal momentum anomalies. Results suggest that two processes, occurring at different times, contribute to the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) spatial structure. Polar vortex anomalies appear to be associated with midlatitude tropospheric zonal mean zonal wind anomalies occurring before the stratospheric anomalies. After the polar vortex anomalies, zonal mean zonal wind anomalies of the same sign are observed in the troposphere at high latitudes. The timescale separation between the two signals is about 2 weeks. It is suggested that the leading tropospheric variability patterns found in the literature represent variability associated with both processes. The tropospheric variability patterns which appear to respond to the polar vortex variability have a hemispheric scale but show a dipolar structure only over the Atlantic basin. The dipole resembles the North Atlantic Oscillation pattern (NAO), but with the node line shifted northward.
Antimicrobial activity of skin secretions isolated from Indian toad, Bufo melanostictus Schneider 1799
Authors: Garg Abhishek Dinkarnath , Kanitkar Dattatrey V. , Hippargi Rajshekhar V. , Gandhare Amit N.
Published: October 2007

Amphibians like toads have been known to secrete antimicrobial secretions outside their body into their environments, through skin pores and parotid glands. Toad skin-secretions contain four types of compounds namely, biogenic amines, bufadienolides, alkaloids & steroids and peptides & proteins. Bulk of research relating to amphibian antimicrobial secretions has been done on frogs. In toads, such research has only been done in South America, Europe and China. Antimicrobial secretions vary considerably from specie-to-specie and drastically across various biomes. This prompted us to examine and confirm presence of antimicrobial activity (if any) in Indian Common Toad (Bufo melanostictus Schneider 1799) skin secretions since; no such analysis had been previously done on this toad which is found all across the South-east Asia. The antibacterial potency of toad skin secretions was tested against the bacteria, Escherichia coli. After running preliminary antibacterial analysis assays, we found that these cutaneous secretions retrieved from Indian Common Toad possessed potential bactericidal activity. The results that we got confirmed that some unexplored bactericidal components were present in skin secretions of these toads. These conclusions call for further research into biochemistry and molecular characterization of these components.