bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in Colonial Morphology of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
After Growth on Media Containing Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: James Ann N. , Wende Reuben D. , Williams Robert P.
Published: December 2020

Stable colonial types 1, 2, 3, and 4 were prepared from eight strains of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
. Four of the strains, termed laboratory strains, had been transferred over 100 times; three strains, termed clinical strains, were transferred only three to five times after isolation from patients, and one stabilized clinical strain was transferred purposefully 30 times after isolation from a patient. Colonial types of the three categories were grown on four media containing the following agents at the level used in diagnostic media: (i) vancomycin, colistin, and nystatin; (ii) these antibiotics plus trimethoprim lactate; (iii) trimethoprim lactate alone; and (iv) a control with no antimicrobial agents. When grown on media containing the antimicrobial agents, colonial types 1, 2, and 3 of all strains showed specific and consistent changes that precluded accurate identification of the types. In general, the colonies were smaller, more dense to transmission of light, and more granular than colonies grown on control medium. More colonies showed these type changes in the clinical strains and on media containing trimethoprim lactate. Colonies of type 4 showed little or no change. The changes in colonial morphology of types 1, 2, and 3 were pronounced enough to make colony typing difficult if the antimicrobial agents, particularly trimethoprim lactate, were present in media.
Mycotoxin-Producing Strains of
Penicillium viridicatum
: Classification into Subgroups
Authors: Ciegler A. , Fennell D. I. , Sansing G. A. , Detroy R. W. , Bennett G. A.
Published: December 2020

Fifty-two isolates of
Penicillium viridicatum
Westling were divided into three groups based on ability to produce ochratoxin and/or citrinin, color, growth rate, type of growth, odor, and isolation source. Members of group I resemble one of the representative strains of
P. viridicatum
described in the literature; those belonging to group II differ from group I strains in several characteristics; group III is a heterogeneous series of highly variable isolates. Although three subgroupings can be recognized, retention of all isolates in the species
P. viridicatum
is deemed most appropriate at this time. Spore macerates of all isolates were examined for virus-like particles but none were detected.
Phosphatase Activity Among
Candida
Species and Other Yeasts Isolated from Clinical Material
Authors: Smith Rodney F. , Blasi Dianna , Dayton Sandra L.
Published: December 2020

A group of 277 yeasts isolated from burned children and 14 reference strains were tested for phosphatase activity by using phenolphthalein phosphate substrates. Phosphatase activity was widely distributed among various species and strains representing seven genera.
Candida albicans
, which was the most common yeast isolated from clinical material, was notably absent in producing the enzyme, whereas
Candida tropicalis
was the most consistent, strong, and rapidly active phosphatase-producing organism. The characteristic enzyme activity of a selected isolate of
C. tropicalis
was demonstrated in the presence of concentrations of inorganic phosphate which inhibited enzyme activity of other species. The greater enzyme activity of
C. tropicalis
was not related to more rapid or greater cell growth or decrease in the pH of culture media. Extracellular constitutive heat-labile acid phosphatase was found in broth filtrates of
C. tropicalis, C. krusei
, and a strain of
Staphylococcus aureus
.
Modification of the Starch Block Electrophoresis Method for the Preparation of Immunoglobulin A from Multiple Myeloma Sera on a Large Scale
Authors: Margarida Raul
Published: December 2020

Separation of immunoglobulin A from a large sample of human serum from patients with multiple myeloma was done by utilizing a large zone electrophoresis apparatus.
Simple Modification to Improve Usefulness of the Bacti-Cinerator
Authors: Gordon Ronald C. , Davenport Charlotte V.
Published: December 2020

A simple inoculating loop support is described which frees both hands for other operations or permits the use of two loops.
Shigella sonnei
Isolated from Well Water
Authors: Lindell Shirley S. , Quinn Patricia
Published: December 2020

A method is described which led to the isolation of
Shigella sonnei
from well water suspected of being the primary foci in a school-associated shigellosis outbreak.
Large-Scale Purification of Ribonucleic Acid Tumor Viruses by Use of Continuous-Flow Density Gradient Centrifugation
Authors: Grandgenett D. P. , Brackmann K. , Green M.
Published: December 2020

This report describes a 200- to 300-fold increase in the quantity of ribonucleic acud tumor virus particles previously isolated at one time by zonal centrifugation.
Bacteriophage Typing of
Salmonella typhimurium
by Use of a Mechanized Technique
Authors: Guinée P. A. M. , Jansen W. H. , Van Schuylenburg A. , Van Leeuwen W. J.
Published: December 2020

A new mechanized technique for the application of drops of phages on agar plates is described. Drops of equal size are delivered by needles with the aid of filtered pressurized air. The part of the device which is in contact with phage is interchangeable as a whole.
Enterovirus Recovery with Vegetable Floc
Authors: Konowalchuk Jack , Speirs Joan I.
Published: December 2020

A lettuce floc was prepared and used for recovering enterovirus from an aqueous suspension. The method is simple, and the adsorption of coxsackievirus B5, echovirus 7, and poliovirus 1 is quantitative. The virus-floc complex may be removed from aqueous suspension by low-speed centrifugation and dissolved at an alkaline pH in a small volume of water; virus is then available for assay on cultured cells. Flocs from some other green vegetables also possess the property of virus adsorption
Characterization of the Dominant Aerobic Microorganism in Cattle Feedlot Waste
Authors: Hrubant G. R.
Published: December 2020

The dominant aerobic microorganism in cattle feedlot waste (FLW) is a corynebacterium. It is ubiquitous to FLW except on sites where antibiotics are a constant part of the animals' diet. The organism requires DL-aspartic acid as its nitrogen source for growth, and individual strains also require or are stimulated by L-tyrosine; acetate serves as the carbon source. Amylolytic activity is weak; protease, lipase, and cellulase activities are nil. Despite the abundance of the organism, it probably does not decompose the waste appreciably.
Fungi That Infect Cottonseeds Before Harvest
Authors: Simpson Marion E. , Marsh Paul B. , Merola George V. , Ferretti Renato J. , Filsinger Elizabeth C.
Published: December 2020

As a part of an investigation of aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in cottonseeds at harvest, samples of seeds collected from the 1971 crop at locations across the U.S. Cotton Belt were examined to determine the kinds of microorganisms causing internal or seed-coat infection in the field.
Aspergillus flavus
infection was absent from all seeds examined from most areas but was present in some samples from Arizona, California, and Texas.
Fusarium
spp.,
Alternaria
sp., and
A. niger
caused internal infection at many locations;
Colletotrichum gossypii
and
Rhizopus stolonifer
were present in seeds from some areas but were generally much less common. Many of the infections with
A. niger
were in the seed coat. Bacterial infections were fairly frequent. In a series of commerical samples from Arizona.
A. flavus
infection was found in 61% of seeds, with fiber showing the bright, greenish-yellow (BGY) fluorescence that is diagnostic for
A. flavus
boll rot. Aflatoxin contamination was also concentration in the same seeds. The above findings agree with previous data showing that aflatoxin contamination of cottonseeds before harvest occurs rarely, if at all, in most parts of the U.S. Cotton Belt and that when such contamination does occur, it tends to be concentrated in seeds with the BGY fluorescence in their fiber and seed fuzz.
Polyvalent Antiserum Agar System for the Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A, B, C, and E
Authors: Fung Daniel Y. C.
Published: December 2020

A polyvalent antiserum agar system in capillary tubes was developed and evaluated for the detection of enterotoxins A, B, C, and/or E present in culture supernatant fluids.
Method for the Selective Enumeration of Blue-Green Bacteria in Water
Authors: McCurdy Howard D. , Hodgson Walter F.
Published: December 2020

A membrane filter method for the selective enumeration of blue-green bacteria has been developed which, on the basis of studies with laboratory cultures and field tests, has proved to be both practical and reproducible. The filters are incubated under specified conditions of temperature and illumination on a mineral salts agar medium supplemented with yeast extract and containing cycloheximide to eliminate eukaryotic contaminants.
Applicability of the Reverse-Flow Filter Technique to Marine Microbial Studies
Authors: Griffiths Robert P. , Hanus F. J. , Morita Richard Y.
Published: December 2020

The use of the reverse-flow filtration technique to quantitatively concentrate marine bacteria was evaluated using both a pure culture and seawater samples. Our data indicate that the cells are altered during the filtration procedure and that a significant and inconsistent number of cells are lost on the membrane filter. The results obtained indicate that data on marine bacteria concentrated in this manner should be interpreted with caution.
Escherichia coli
Serogroups Isolated from Streams in Pennsylvania, 1965 to 1972
Authors: Glantz Paul J.
Published: December 2020

Of 3,200 cultures of
Escherichia coli
isolated from streams in Pennsylvania over a 7-year period, 82.46% or 2,639 were O serogrouped. The largest number of cultures (33.4%) belonged to O groups 1 to 26, and the second highest number (16.8%) belonged to O groups 60 to 88. The individual
E. coli
O groups most frequently isolated were ADO3, 18ac, 2a, 3, 7, 73, 139, and OX13. Practically every known standard
E. coli
O group was found in the streams. It was not possible to identify the K and H antigen of every
E. coli
isolate. Serotypes of
E. coli
O2a:K1:H6, O26:K60:H11, O55:K59:H27, O86:K62:H2, 112ab:K68:H2, 125ab:K70:H21, 128ab:K67:H2, and O138:K81:H14 known to be pathogenic for humans and animals were identified. Cultures having the same K antigen but a different H antigen for enteropathogenic
E. coli
O groups 6, 18ab, 18ac, 111ab, 126, 127a, 139, 141, and 147 were also isolated.
Preparation of a Stable Mycobacterial Tween Hydrolysis Test Substrate
Authors: Kilburn J. O. , O'Donnell K. F. , Silcox V. A. , David H. L.
Published: December 2020

A Tween 80 hydrolysis test substrate was found to be stable at room temperature for at least 6 months.
Improved Thin-Layer Technique for Detection of Arginine Dihydrolase Among the
Pseudomonas
Species
Authors: Zolg W. , Ottow J. C. G.
Published: December 2020

The detection of arginine dihydrolase among
Pseudomonas
spp. by thin-layer chromatography is described. The method is based on the procedure of Williams and co-workers (1971) but was improved in sensitivity by selection of a better solvent system.
Microtechnique for Indirect Immunofluorescence
Authors: McCormick N. Kellett , McCormick K. J. , Trentin J. J.
Published: December 2020

A microtechnique for staining preparations of cells grown in vitro for indirect immunofluorescence tests is described. Smaller amounts of materials, as well as less handling of cover slips, greatly facilitates the process.
Inactivated Rabies Vaccine Produced from the Flury LEP Strain of Virus Grown in BHK-21 Suspension Cells
Authors: Chapman W. G. , Ramshaw I. A. , Crick Joan
Published: December 2020

Suspension cultures of BHK-21 cells maintained at 32 to 33 C were infected with the Flury LEP strain of rabies virus. By using a cell concentration of 2.0 × 10
6
to 2.5 × 10
6
cells per ml infected at a multiplicity of 0.05, high titers of extracellular virus were reached in 96 to 120 h, and potent inactivated vaccines were prepared from culture fluids harvested between 96 to 168 h. The addition of 1% bovine serum to the maintenance medium resulted in an increase in virus yields and vaccine potency. Estimation of the number of infected cells by immunofluorescent procedures proved a rapid and reliable guide to the virus content of suspension cultures.
Multiplication of Nosocomial Pathogens in Intravenous Feeding Solutions
Authors: Gelbart S. M. , Reinhardt G. F. , Greenlee H. B.
Published: December 2020

A major problem in total parenteral nutrition is sepsis, particularly that caused by
Candida
. Studies of four solutions, a casein hydrolysate, a fibrin hydrolysate, and two crystalline amino acid solutions, show that the protein hydrolysate solutions appear to be highly selective for
Candida
over bacteria, whereas the crystalline amino acid solutions are not. These findings suggest that the crystalline amino acid preparations may offer a partial solution to the infection problem by minimizing the contribution of the solution as a reservoir for organism multiplication, because they retard the growth of both bacteria and
Candida
.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Bacterial Colonies
Authors: Afrikian Evrik G. , Julian Grant St. , Bulla Lee A.
Published: December 2020

A technique is described for observing bacterial colony growth.
Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis
, and
B. cereus
var.
mycoides
were grown on strips of dialysis membrane layered on nutrient agar. Microcolonies of the organisms on strips were fixed in Formalin vapor in situ; the strips then were removed from the agar and secured to scanning microscope specimen stubs without markedly disturbing the cellular arrangement. Scanning electron micrographs clearly depict morphology of individual cells, as well as the spatial orientation of cells within the colony. This technique is reproducible, adaptable, and simple.
Population Changes in Enteric Bacteria and Other Microorganisms During Aerobic Thermophilic Windrow Composting
Authors: Savage Jacob , Chase Theodore , Macmillan James D.
Published: December 2020

Composting of wastes from swine feeding operations was studied. The effects of the frequency of turning the wastes and addition of straw to improve the physical structure were studied to determine the most effective technique to rapidly increase the temperature and, consequently, destroy coliforms and
Salmonella
. Four different treatments were studied; the results showed that, with addition of 5% (wt/wt) straw and mechanical turning of the compost 20 times per week, the temperature reached 60 C within 3 days and enteric bacteria were destroyed within 14 days.
Purification on Renografin Density Gradients of
Chlamydia trachomatis
Grown in the Yolk Sac of Eggs
Authors: Howard Lawrence , Orenstein Neil S. , King Norval W.
Published: December 2020

Chlamydia trachomatis
grown in the yolk sac of embryonated eggs was purified by centrifugation on continuous isopycnic Renografin density gradients. A band of chlamydial particles with a buoyant density of 1.20 contained 70% of the starting particles, and electron microscopy revealed the virtual absence of contaminating egg material. Centrifugation on Renografin gradients caused only a moderate decrease in infectivity. For large-scale purification, infected yolk sac was centrifuged through Renografin solutions, resulting in greater than 60% recovery of starting chlamydial particles, but less than 1% recovery of the dry weight and protein.
Microbial Reduction of Ketopantoyl Lactone to Pantoyl Lactone
Authors: Lanzilotta Raymond P. , Bradley Dorothy G. , McDonald Kerry M.
Published: December 2020

The results of a microbial survey study have shown that the ability to reduce added ketopantoic acid (or ketopantoyl lactone) and accumulate pantoic acid (or pantoyl lactone) in the growth medium is widespread among diverse fungi. The reductions generally proceeded with less than full stereoselectivity. However, specific strains of the ascomycete
Byssochlamys fulva
were found to form D[-]-pantoic acid in unusually high yields and optical purity.
Direct Fluorescent-Antibody Method for the Diagnosis of
Pneumocystis carinii
Pneumonitis from Sputa or Tracheal Aspirates from Humans
Authors: Lim Sook Kyung , Eveland Warren C. , Porter Richard J.
Published: December 2020

A direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) method was applied to sputum or tracheal aspirate from 68 patients with clinical or radiological evidence suggesting
Pneumocystis carinii
pneumonitis, and to 50 control patients.
P. carinii
was detected by DFA in specimens from 33 of the 69 clinical cases and 3 of the 50 controls. Specimens of lung from 11 of 33 DFA-positive cases were examined histologically, and 9 were positive. Four of 35 DFA-negative cases were examined histologically, and all were negative. Sputa or tracheal aspirates from 6 patients who were positive by both DFA and histological examination were examined also by methenamine silver staining; none could be diagnosed conclusively by this method. The results indicate that the DFA method is a sensitive and dependable procedure for the laboratory diagnosis of
P. carinii
pneumonitis in man.
Effect of Amendments on the Microbial Utilization of Oil Applied to Soil
Authors: Jobson A. , McLaughlin M. , Cook F. D. , Westlake D. W. S.
Published: December 2020

Replicate field plots comprising a control, plus oil, plus oil and bacteria, plus oil and fertilizer (urea-phosphate; 27:27:0), and plus oil, bacteria, and fertilizer were monitored over a 308-day period for changes in bacterial and mold numbers. Changes in the chemical composition of the oil applied to the plots was followed by using chromatographic techniques. Application of fertilizer resulted in a stimulation of bacterial numbers and in the rate of utilization of
n
-alkane components of the saturate fraction. The application of oil-utilizing bacteria, however, resulted in only a slightly accelerated rate of utilization of
n
-alkane components of chain lengths C20 to C25. The isoprenoids, phytane and pristane, were still present in gas-liquid chromatography profiles after digestion of the
n
-alkane components of the saturate fraction. Those plots which received fertilizer showed an accelerated rate of recovery of native vegetation.
Inhibition of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
by a Factor Produced by
Candida albicans
Authors: Hipp Sally S. , Lawton William D. , Chen Norman C. , Gaafar Hassan A.
Published: December 2020

When
Candida albicans
is present on Transgrow specimens,
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
is detected less frequently or else can be seen in Gram stains but cannot be readily cultured. When
C. albicans
and
N. gonorrhoeae
are grown together on Transgrow, the gonococcal cells die off much more readily than
N. gonorrhoeae
grown on Transgrow alone. By use of a cross-streaking technique on agar plates, it has been demonstrated that
C. albicans
produces a soluble substance inhibitory to
N. gonorrhoeae
, although not to other microorganisms tested. Preliminary results indicate that this inhibitory factor can be extracted by the use of tertiary butanol. Since approximately one-third of the Transgrow specimens with growth contains yeasts, of which
C. albicans
is by far the most frequent, this factor presents an important complication in the diagnosis of gonorrhea in women.
L-Asparaginase Production by the Rumen Anaerobe
Vibrio succinogenes
Authors: Kafkewitz David , Goodman David
Published: December 2020

The rumen anaerobe
Vibrio succinogenes
possesses a constitutive L-asparaginase. The amount of enzyme produced is affected by the compound supplied to the organism to generate the fumaric acid it requires as a terminal electron acceptor. When nitrate is provided as the terminal electron acceptor, the amount of enzyme produced is affected by the compound provided to satisfy the nutritional requirement of the organism for succinic acid. Specific activities of up to 8.4 IU/mg of protein in cell-free extracts have been obtained. This specific activity is higher than has been previously reported for any organism. The enzyme has an apparent

K
m

of 1.7 × 10
-5
M and low activity towards L-glutamine when assayed at pH 8.5.
Microtiter Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test for the Detection of Encephalomyocarditis Virus Antibodies
Authors: Gard G. P. , Batty E. M. , Saba Helen M.
Published: December 2020

Several variables were found to affect the agglutination of sheep erythrocytes by encephalomyocarditis virus. A satisfactory and reliable microtiter hemagglutination-inhibition test is described.
Mercury-Resistant Bacteria and Petroleum Degradation
Authors: Walker J. D. , Colwell R. R.
Published: December 2020

The concentration of mercury in water and sediment and in the oil extracted from water and sediment was determined for samples collected in Colgate Creek, located in Baltimore Harbor of the Chesapeake Bay. The concentration of mercury in the oil was 4,000 times higher than in sediment and 300,000 times higher than in water samples. The mercury-resistant bacterial populations of the samples studied have been shown to degrade oil, suggesting these bacteria to be a significant factor in the degradation of oil in Colgate Creek.
Comparison of Methods for Enumerating Fluorescent Bacteria
Authors: McTernan W. F. , Adams J. C. , Rechard P. A.
Published: December 2020

Comparable numbers of fluorescent bacteria may be obtained by either the most-probable-number procedure or by preparing spread plates on modified Henrici agar.
Conversion of Dexon (
p
-Dimethylaminobenzenediazo Sodium Sulfonate) to
N,N
-Dimethyl-
p
-Phenylenediamine by
Pseudomonas fragi
Bk9
Authors: Karanth N. G. K. , Bhat S. G. , Vaidyanathan C. S. , Vasantharajan V. N.
Published: December 2020

The metabolism of the fungicide Dexon (
p
-dimethylaminobenzenediazo sodium sulfonate) by a soil bacterium is reported for the first time. The organism which is capable of using Dexon only by a co-metabolic process was obtained by enrichment culture and was identified as
Pseudomonas fragi
. The first metabolic product of Dexon was identified as
N,N
-dimethyl-
p
-phenylenediamine. The presence of an enzyme,
p
-dimethylaminobenzenediazo sodium sulfonate reductase, capable of reducing Dexon to
N,N
-dimethyl-
p
-phenylenediamine has been demonstrated in the cell-free extracts of the organism. The enzyme is found to be in the soluble fraction and requires dithiothreitol as a reductant.
Biochemical and Serological Characterization of Hydrogen Sulfide-Positive Variants of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Darland Gary , Davis Betty R.
Published: December 2020

Over 200 H
2
S-positive, gram-negative rods have been characterized by standard biochemical and serological techniques. The results indicate that the isolates are H
2
S-positive variants of
Escherichia coli
. Comparison of the variants with biochemically typical
E. coli
suggests that they represent a rather limited subgroup within the species. The H
2
S-positive strains were more resistant to antibiotics than the typical strains; 54% of the H
2
S-positive isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotics compared with only 25% of the typical strains. Similar differences were also seen in the distribution of O and H antigens and in the results of certain biochemical tests.
Base Ratio and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Studies of Six
Staphylococcus aureus
Typing Bacteriophages
Authors: Pariza Michael W. , Landolo John J.
Published: December 2020

Genetic relatedness among
Staphylococcus aureus
typing bacteriophages 80, 47, 81, 71, 77, and 187 was investigated by using base ratio determinations and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization. Guanine/cytosine (G/C) content, as determined by thermal denaturation and chromatographic analysis of the purines released by acid hydrolysis of the DNA, was between 31 and 36%. No pattern correlating G/C content with serological or lytic group was discernible. DNA-DNA hybridization studies indicated high degrees of homology (43% or more) among the genomes of phages in the same serological group. Less homology (29% or less) was observed between the genomes of phages belonging to different serological groups. These findings implied a positive correlation between serological and genetic relatedness.
Comparison of Fluorescent-Antibody Methods and Enrichment Serology for the Detection of
Salmonella
Authors: Mohr H. K. , Trenk H. L. , Yeterian M.
Published: December 2020

Four rapid methods for detection of
Salmonella
, (i) the conventional fluorescent-antibody (FA) technique, (ii) a rapid direct FA technique, (iii) microcolony FA, and (iv) enrichment serology (ES), were compared with conventional cultural procedures. A total of 347 subsamples representing 16 different food prototypes, alleged to be naturally contaminated with
Salmonella
, were analyzed. From these samples, 52 were found to contain
Salmonella
by cultural methods. Conventional FA identified all 52 culturally positive samples, ES identified 51, microcolony FA identified 48, and the rapid FA method identified 34. The number of false-positive samples for each procedure was: ES-selenite, 7; tetrathionate, 8; rapid FA, 26; microcolony FA, 33; conventional FA-selenite, 27; tetrathionate, 26. Tetrathionate enrichment was found to be superior to selenite for
Salmonella
recovery from most foods, but the concurrent use of both media allowed maximum recovery.
Comparative Analysis of Modeling Techniques for Coliform Organisms in Streams
Authors: Mahloch Jerome L.
Published: December 2020

The use of models for predicting changes in water quality parameters is currently considered an integral part of river basin management. The application of modeling techniques to coliform organisms is in its infancy due to the complexities involved and the lack of definitive information on coliform populations in natural environments. The purpose of this study was to make a comparative analysis of the available models for coliform organisms in order to improve on the state of the art of this subject. The available coliform models may be classified into deterministic or statistical types. In this study, six different models, three of each type, were selected for analysis and were applied to coliform data available on the Leaf River. Results of comparing the models indicated that a deterministic model was best suited for total coliform and a statistical model was best suited for fecal coliform. Ultimate selection of a model for coliform organisms is dependent not only on the accuracy of the model but on ease of implementation. Current technology would probably dictate the use of a deterministic model because of the lack of a complete data base on which to base statistical models.
Oxygenation of 4-Alkoxyl Groups in Alkoxybenzoic Acids by
Polyporus dichrous
Authors: Kirk T. Kent , Lorenz L. F.
Published: December 2020

The degradation of several alkyl ethers of vanillic acid, of 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and of syringic acid, by the lignin-decomposing fungus
Polyporus dichrous
included (i) 4-dealkylation (e.g., 3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxybenzoic acid was in part dealkylated to 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid), (ii) hydroxylation of the 4-alkoxyl groups (e.g., 3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxybenzoic acid was oxidized in part to 2-[4-carboxy-2-ethoxyphenoxy]-propane-1-ol), and (iii) reduction of carboxyl groups (older cultures) (e.g., 3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxybenzoic acid was reduced to 3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxybenzaldehyde and 3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxybenzyl alcohol). Some ethers (e.g., tri-
O
-methyl gallic acid and glycerol-β-[4-carboxy-2-ethoxyphenyl]-ether) were not affected. The dealkylations and hydroxylations indicate that the fungus has a relatively nonspecific mechanism for oxygenating various 4-alkoxyl groups of alkoxybenzoic acids; no evidence for oxygenation of 3-alkoxyl groups was obtained. Hydroxylation products were generally degraded further, probably via dealkylation. The vanillic acid and 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid formed by dealkylations were readily metabolized. Although the isopropyl ether of syringic acid was hydroxylated to 2-(4-carboxy-2, 6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-propane-1-ol, neither this compound nor the parent isopropyl ether was dealkylated; syringic acid itself was only slowly and incompletely metabolized. The relationship of these results to lignin degradation is discussed.
Pyocin Typing of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
: a Simplified Method
Authors: Jones Lois Faye , Zakanycz J. P. , Thomas Evan T. , Farmer J. J.
Published: December 2020

A simplified method has been devised for typing
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
by pyocin production. Pyocins are produced as strains grow overnight in Trypticase soy broth (without glucose) plus 1% potassium nitrate. Because
P. aeruginosa
can use nitrate instead of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, mechanical shaking is not necessary, nor is induction by mitomycin C. Pyocins can now be produced in screw-cap tubes in a water bath or incubator. A total of 250 strains were tested as possible pyocin indicators, which included 60 strains already used in pyocin-typing systems. The final set contained 18 indicators which were chosen because (i) they had clear positive or clear negative reactions, thus eliminating reactions difficult to read, (ii) they had few zones due to bacteriophage lysis, and (iii) they were most sensitive in differentiating clinical isolates of
P. aeruginosa
. The final typing method was tested in several studies and the results were clear; thus definitive epidemiological conclusions could be made. Because it is simple to perform and easily automated, the new method should have application in many hospitals; however, it should be used only in carefully planned epidemiological studies. The method and its application are described in detail, and some pitfalls are discussed.
Morphology of the Bacteriophages of Lactic Streptococci
Authors: Keogh Barbara P. , Shimmin P. D.
Published: December 2020

Electron microscope studies have been made of a number of phages of lactic streptococci, seven of which were phages of
Streptococcus lactis
C10. Two of the phages are thought to be identical; five have been classified by the method of Tikhonenko as belonging to group IV (phages with noncontractile tails) with type III tail plates; one belongs to group V (phages with tails possessing a contractile sheath). Both prolate polyhedral heads and isometric polyhedral heads are represented among the group IV phages. The phage drc3 of
S. diacetilactis
DRC3 has been shown to have similar structure to the group IV phages of
S. lactis
C10 with prolate polyhedral heads. The phages ml1, hp, c11, and z8 of the
S. cremoris
strains ML1, HP, C11, and Z8, respectively, were shown to belong to the group IV phages with type III tail plates by the method of Tikhonenko. All had octahedral heads and tended to be larger than most of the other phages studied.
In Vitro Metabolism of T-2 Toxin
Authors: Ellison Robert A. , Kotsonis Frank N.
Published: December 2020

Incubation of T-2 toxin with the 9,000 ×
g
supernatant fluid of both human and bovine liver homogenate resulted in conversion to a single, deacetylated product identified as HT-2 toxin. Metabolism is more rapid in human liver. HT-2 toxin was not produced when human plasma was the incubating medium nor was it produced by treatment of T-2 toxin with simulated gastric juice. T-2 toxin was stable in gastric juice for at least 1 h.
Comparison of Six Methods for Isolating Mycobacteria from Swine Lymph Nodes
Authors: Thoen Charles O. , Richards William D. , Jarnagin Jerald L.
Published: December 2020

Six laboratory methods were compared for isolating acid-fast bacteria. Tuberculous lymph nodes from each of 48 swine as identified by federal meat inspectors were processed by each of the methods. Treated tissue suspensions were inoculated onto each of eight media which were observed at 7-day intervals for 9 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences between the number of
Mycobacterium avium
complex bacteria isolated by each of the six methods. Rapid tissue preparation methods involving treatment with 2% sodium hydroxide or treatment with 0.2% zephiran required only one-third to one-fourth the processing time as a standard method. There were small differences in the amount of contamination among the six methods, but no detectable differences in the time of first appearance of
M. avium
complex colonies.
Comparative Study of Media for Determination of Lysine Decarboxylase Activity
Authors: Bonev Stefan I. , Zakhariev Zakhari , Gentchev Peter
Published: December 2020

Three lysine decarboxylase media were studied with 2,764
Enterobacteriaceae
. This comparison was made with Möller, Falkow, and Taylor decarboxylase broths. Taylor broth proved to be the most suitable for routine diagnostic work.
Analysis of
Corynebacterium vaginale
by an Immunodiffusion Technique
Authors: Smaron Mary F. , Vice John L.
Published: December 2020

An immunodiffusion technique was employed to study the antigenic relationship of
Corynebacterium vaginale
isolates, vaginal diphtheroids, and members of the genera
Corynebacterium
and
Lactobacillus
. Antisera were prepared against
C. vaginale
ATCC strain 14018 grown diphasically and on blood agar plates and were tested against extracts of organisms prepared by sonication. Ouchterlony analysis demonstrated that all of the isolates of
C. vaginale
examined possess a common antigenic determinant. No antigenic relationship was detected between
C. vaginale
and members of the genera
Corynebacterium
or
Lactobacillus
. This study also demonstrated that alterations in the cultural conditions can cause variations in the antigenic composition of
C. vaginale
.
Antigenic Relationship Between American and African Isolates of
Blastomyces dermatitidis
as Determined by Immunofluorescence
Authors: Sudman M. S. , Kaplan W.
Published: December 2020

The antigenic relationship between American and African isolates of
Blastomyces dermatitidis
was investigated through the use of the fluorescent antibody technique. Preliminary results suggest that the American and African isolates studies are not antigenically identical. The American isolates share antigens with the African ones; however, it appears that they also possess distinct antigens. Additional studies are necessary to confirm these findings and to draw any conclusion whether the African isolates represent a serotype(s) of
B. dermatitidis
or a distinct species.
Paper Chromatography as an Adjunct in the Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria
Authors: Slifkin M. , Hercher H. J.
Published: December 2020

Modified paper chromatography procedures for the analysis of fatty acids produced by anaerobic bacteria are described. Both ethylamine and hydroxylamine derivatives of fatty acids were prepared from inoculated anaerobic culture broth. The derivatives were spotted on chromatography paper and developed with appropriate solvents. Paper chromatography is a valuable alternative to gas liquid chromatography as an ancillary procedure in the identification of anaerobic bacteria in the clinical bacteriology laboratory.
Production of Flavine-Adenine Dinucleotide from Riboflavine by a Mutant of
Sarcina lutea
Authors: Watanabe Taizo , Uchida Tomofumi , Kato Jyoji , Chibata Ichiro
Published: December 2020

A study was made to develop a new method for the production of flavine-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) from riboflavine and adenine by a mutant of
Sarcina lutea
deficient in the enzyme adenosine deaminase. It was found that this strain could convert exogenously supplemented riboflavine to extracellular FAD. The yields of FAD were increased by addition of D-cycloserine in the culture medium. The culture conditions for FAD production were investigated under the addition of D-cycloserine, and increased production of FAD was observed with the addition of an appropriate amount of thiamine, acetate, and sodium ion. The yield of 0.7 g/liter was obtained in the optimal culture in 5 days. Accumulated FAD was readily isolated by adsorption chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography in a 70% yield.
Sodium, an Obligate Growth Requirement for Predominant Rumen Bacteria
Authors: Caldwell Daniel R. , Hudson Richard F.
Published: December 2020

Sodium is an obligate growth requirement for most currently recognized predominant species of rumen bacteria. The isoosmotic deletion of Na
+
from a nutritionally adequate defined medium completely eliminated growth of most species. Growth yields and rates were both a function of Na
+
concentration for Na
+
-requiring species, and Na
+
could not be replaced by Rb
+
, Li
+
, or Cs
+
when these ions were substituted for Na
+
at a concentration equivalent to an Na
+
concentration that supported abundant growth. Li
+
, Cs
+
, or Rb
+
was toxic at an Na
+
-replacing concentration (15 mM) but not at a K
+
-replacing concentration (0.65 mM). K
+
was also an obligate growth requirement for rumen bacteria in media containing Na
+
and K
+
as major monovalent cations, but K
+
could be replaced, for most species, by Rb
+
. The quantities of Na
+
that support rapid and abundant growth of Na
+
-requiring rumen bacteria show that these organisms are slight halophiles. A growth requirement for Na
+
appears more frequent among nonmarine bacteria than has been previously believed.
r/b Expanders: Their Use in Identifying Routinely and Unusually Reacting Members of
Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Isenberg Henry D. , Smith P. B. , Balows A. , Painter Barbara G. , Rhoden D. L. , Tomfohrde Karla
Published: December 2020

This cooperative study between a large clinical laboratory and a reference laboratory evaluated the performance of the expanded r/b system for identifying
Enterobacteriaceae
. The 2,200 cultures isolated in the normal hospital routine presented no problem of identification to the r/b system. About 250 “atypical” cultures which were exchanged between the collaborating laboratories were also identified accurately. The expanded r/b system was found to perform as well as most biochemical-physiological identification systems, and when used appropriately was highly satisfactory as a system for identification of
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Effect of Sodium Ascorbate and Sodium Nitrite on Toxin Formation of
Clostridium botulinum
in Wieners
Authors: Bowen V. G. , Cerveny John G. , Deibel R. H.
Published: December 2020

Toxin production by
Clostridium botulinum
was inhibited by sodium nitrite levels above 50 μg/g of wiener. Sodium ascorbate at levels of 105 and 655 μg/g of product did not decrease the effectiveness of the sodium nitrite inhibition, nor did sodium ascorbate potentiate it. The results indicate that the use of sodium ascorbate in vacuum-packaged wieners does not appreciably alter the inhibition of
C. botulinum
toxin formation by sodium nitrite.
Cell-Bound Lipase and Esterase of
Brevibacterium linens
Authors: Sørhaug Terje , Ordal Z. John
Published: December 2020

The activities of glycerol ester hydrolase, lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) and carboxylesterase, and esterase (EC 3.1.1.1) were determined for whole cell preparations of
Brevibacterium linens
by using the pH-stat assay. The culture growth liquors were inactive against the three substrates, tributyrin emulsion, triacetin, and methyl butyrate. Cells washed in water had less activity than cells washed in 5% NaCl; the ratio of activities was close to 1:2 for all strains using tributyrin emulsion as the substrate. For the esterase substrates, this relationship varied widely and was strain dependent. The ability to hydrolyze the two esterase substrates varied independently of the level of lipase activity.
Use of Plastic Bags to Maintain a Humidified Atmosphere for Animal Cell Cultures
Authors: Vogt Peter K. , Harris Philip
Published: December 2020

A technique is described which allows incubation of petri dish tissue cultures in a dry incubator.
Simple Method for Introducing Elemental Mercury into Biological Growth Systems
Authors: Holm Harvey W. , Cox Marilyn F.
Published: December 2020

Elemental mercury can be introduced into closed aqueous growth environments and sampled therefrom without loss of elemental mercury to the atmosphere.
Evaluation of Media, Time and Temperature of Incubation, and Method of Enumeration of Several Strains of
Clostridium perfringens
Spores
Authors: Clifford Walter J. , Anellis Abe , Ross E. W.
Published: December 2020

Two basal media, containing the ingredients found in common in both SPS (BBL) and TSN (BBL) media and in the previously described media of Schaedler et al. (1965) and Starr et al (1971), but minus antibiotics, were selected as the most suitable for the enumeration of
Clostridium perfringens
spores in a model system. These media were also used to study the influence of the presence of glucose, xylose, or ribose in various concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0%) on colony morphology and spore recovery. As the sugar concentration in the basal agar medium increased, the colonies of all the test organisms also increased in size, and more of the black colonies became white in color. At the 1.0% sugar level, glucose permitted only white colony development, whereas the pentoses were completely inhibitory. Both pour plates and most-probable-number tubes were inoculated with the spores of several strains of
C. perfringens
and incubated at 20, 30, 37, and 45 C for 24, 48, and 72 h. Statistical analyses of the enumeration data indicated, at the 99% confidence level, that a Trypticase(BBL)-yeast extract-glucose-sulfite-iron agar gave maximal population estimates at 37 C in 72 h.
Reduction of Mercury to the Elemental State by a Yeast
Authors: Brunker Richard L. , Bott Thomas L.
Published: December 2020

A yeast of the genus
Cryptococcus
has been isolated from a stream and was shown to be capable of reducing mercury to the elemental state. The organism grows in Wickerham broth supplemented with high concentrations of mercury (II) chloride (180 mg of mercury per liter) and will metabolize [
14
C]glucose in this medium as do cells in the absence of mercury. Mercury was associated with the cell wall and membrane, and in vacuoles within the cytoplasm.
Plate Hemolysin Test for the Rapid Screening of Toxoplasma Antibodies
Authors: Jackson W. Bruce , O'Connor G. Richard , Hall Joan M.
Published: December 2020

A plate hemolysin test was developed to screen serum specimens for the presence of toxoplasma antibodies. When we tested 130 sera by both this test and the standard toxoplasma dye test, we found the plate hemolysin test to be a rapid, sensitive, and economical method for detecting toxoplasma antibodies. In all but one instance it paralleled the dye test. A comparison of the results of testing six sera by the hemolysin, hemagglutination, and dye-test techniques suggested that the hemolytic antibodies were more closely related to hemagglutinating antibodies than to dye-test antibodies. We could not store sheep erythrocytes sensitized with toxoplasma lysate for more than 3 days without altering the sensitivity of the test. Concanavalin A proved to be an effective coupling agent for binding toxoplasma antigens to red-cell membranes, a quality attributed to its affinity for specific polysaccharide-combining sites.
Membrane Filter Method for the Isolation and Enumeration of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
from Swimming Pools
Authors: Brodsky M. H. , Nixon M. C.
Published: December 2020

A membrane filter technique using black membrane filters, MacConkey agar and fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) light was investigated for the quantitative isolation of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
from swimming pools. Three thousand four hundred forty-five samples were collected from public swimming pools and enumerated by this method over a 6-month period. Fluorescent cultures were isolated from 222 specimens. Seventy-seven of these fluorescent cultures were selected for biochemical screening, with 75 (97%) being verified as
P. aeruginosa
. To further assess the specificity and sensitivity of this UV screening technique, a comparative study was made of some morphological and biochemical characteristics of fluorescent pseudomonads obtained from different sources. The sensitivity of the method was unimpaired by either colony types or biochemical variations of
P. aeruginosa
. The failure of the other two fluorescent species,
P. fluorescens
and
P. putida
, to grow and/or fluoresce on MacConkey agar at 37 C illustrates the specificity of this technique. Further studies are needed to compare the viability of
P. aeruginosa
on MacConkey agar to that of efficacious nonselective media.
Human Fecal Flora: The Normal Flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians
Authors: Moore W. E. C. , Holdeman Lillian V.
Published: December 2020

Quantitative and qualitative examination of the fecal flora of 20 clinically healthy Japanese-Hawaiian males was carried out by using anaerobic tube culture techniques. Cultural counts were 93% of the microscopic clump counts. Isolated colonies were selected in a randomized manner to give an unbiased sampling of the viable bacterial types. Each isolate was characterized for species identification. From a total of 1,147 isolates, 113 distinct types of organisms were observed. Statistical estimates indicate that these types account for 94% of the viable cells in the feces. The quantitative composition of the flora of this group of people, together with differential characteristics of previously unreported species, is presented for those kinds of bacteria which each represented at least 0.05% of the flora.
Radiometric Detection of Bacteremia in Neonates
Authors: Bannatyne Robert M. , Harnett Norma
Published: December 2020

The predicted prevalence of false positive blood cultures due to hyperactive neonatal blood cells in a radiometric detection system was confirmed. Suppression of this blood background radioactivity in the system was achieved by using a hypertonic medium containing 10% sucrose. The radiometric system produced accurate results as fast as the conventional blood culturing method, saved labor and minimized the recovery of extraneous contaminants.
Retention of
14
C-Labeled Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative in the Skin of Sensitized and Nonsensitized Animals
Authors: Landi Silvio , Tseng Men C. , Held Hans R.
Published: December 2020

Tuberculin purified protein derivative labeled with
14
C ([
14
C]PPD) with a biological potency equivalent to the International Standard for tuberculin PPD was used to study the retention of tuberculin PPD in the skin of sensitized and nonsensitized animals. We found that [
14
C]PPD was almost entirely cleared from the skin test site during the first 18 to 24 h after injection and that when approximately 5% of the initial concentration of [
14
C]PPD was present in the skin test site, the size of the tuberculin skin reaction in sensitized guinea pigs was at its maximum. Furthermore, the addition of 5 or 50 μg of Tween 80 per ml to a solution of PPD did not change either the rate of clearance of PPD from the skin test sites of sensitized guinea pigs or the size of the tuberculin skin reactions. There was no difference in the rate of clearance of [
14
C]PPD from the skin test sites between sensitized and nonsensitized guinea pigs and between guinea pigs of different age. However, there was a significant difference in the rate of clearance of [
14
C]PPD between the guinea pig and the mouse. Finally, the percentage of [
14
C]PPD retained in the site of injection at 24 h was in the neighborhood of 5% of the initial concentration of the solution of PPD injected. The significance of these phenomena is discussed.
Analysis of Mercurial Preservatives in Bacterins, Vaccines, and Antisera by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: Woodward Paul W. , Pemberton John R.
Published: December 2020

A flameless atomic absorption method was developed for the determination of mercurial preservatives in biologicals. The assay was based on a quantitative determination of the mercury content of these preservatives. This method was used to analyze a variety of samples and yielded reproducible results with satisfactory recoveries. The procedure is presented in a simplified block diagram and described in detail relating its suitability for routine assay of large numbers of samples.