bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution and Cytoarchitecture of Sympathetic Neurons Innervating the Pineal Gland in Chick: A CTB‐HRP Study
Authors: Jia L. , Wang Z. , Chen Y.
Published: January 2009

The neurons in bilateral superior cervical ganglia (SCG) innervating the chick pineal gland were labelled by using the technique of retrograde axonal labelling with cholera toxin B subunit linked to horseradish peroxidase (CTB‐HRP). To our results, perikarya of these sympathetic neurons distributed from rostral to caudal in the SCG, and mainly localized in the opposite side of the paravertebral trunk. The fibres of these neurons were collected by the cephalic carotid nerve. According to the sizes of somal area and dendritic field, these sympathetic neurons projecting to the pineal gland were classified into four major groups: group I cells (52.4%) with a small somal area (303.5 μm2 on average) and narrow dendritic field (3767.8 μm2 on average), group II cells (39.0%) with a middle‐sized somal area (473.3 μm2) and middle‐sized dendritic field (7522.2 μm2), group III cells (6.4%) with a middle‐sized somal area (473.4 μm2) and wide dendritic field (13 104.4 μm2), and group IV cells (2.2%) with a large somal area (940.7 μm2) and wide dendritic field (14 553.2 μm2). Of these pineal projecting neurons, most took on a lesser dendritic field. The neurons with small or middle‐sized dendritic field from group I and II were about 91.4% of the total neurons labelled with CTB‐HRP, and the neurons with wide dendritic field from group III and IV were less with 8.6%.
Reappraisal of repeated transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion
Authors: Kim Kang Mo , Kim Jong Hoon , Park Ik Soo , Ko Gi‐Young , Yoon Hyun‐Ki , Sung Kyu‐Bo , Lim Young‐Suk , Lee Han Chu , Chung Young Hwa , Lee Yung Sang , Suh Dong Jin
Published: January 2009

Background and Aim:  This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of repeated transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with additional radiation therapy (RT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein (PV) invasion.

Methods:  We performed survival analysis of consecutive HCC patients with PV invasion according to the treatment modalities after stratification by the degree of PV invasion and liver function retrospectively.

Results:  During 2005, 281 patients were newly diagnosed to have HCC with PV invasion at our institution. Repeated TACE or transarterial chemoinfusion (TACI) was performed in 202 (71.9%) patients and additional RT was performed for PV invasion in 43 of them. A total of 281 patients had a median survival of 5.2 months and a 2‐year survival rate (YSR) of 19.2%. Repeated TACE showed significant survival benefits compared with conservative management in patients with PV branch invasion; median survival and 2‐YSR was 10.2 vs 2.3 months and 33.7% vs 0% in Child–Pugh A categorized patients and 5.5 vs 1.3 months and 10.3 vs 0% in Child–Pugh B categorized patients, respectively (P < 0.001). In patients with PV branch invasion, the survival rate was significantly longer with TACE/TACI plus RT than with TACE/TACI alone both in Child–Pugh A categorized patients (1‐YSR: 63.6 vs 35.6%, P = 0.031) and Child–Pugh B categorized patients (1‐YSR: 66.7 vs 7.7%, P = 0.007). Repeated TACE was well tolerated in our patients, with only one dying within one month after TACE.

Conclusion:  Repeated TACE with additional RT can be performed safely and showed a significant survival benefit in HCC patients with PV branch invasion with conserved liver function.
DD genotype of angiotensin‐converting enzyme in type 2 diabetes mellitus with renal disease in Mexican Mestizos
Authors: PALOMO‐PIÑÓN SILVIA , GUTIÉRREZ‐RODRÍGUEZ MARGARITA E , DÍAZ‐FLORES MARGARITA , SÁNCHEZ‐BARRERA REYNA , VALLADARES‐SALGADO ADÁN , UTRERA‐BARILLAS DOLORES , DURÁN‐REYES GENOVEVA , GALVÁN‐DUARTE ROSA E , TRINIDAD‐RAMOS PEDRO , CRUZ MIGUEL
Published: January 2009

Aim: The DD genotype of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) has been suggested as a major contributor of diabetic nephropathy in several populations. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether micro/macroalbuminuria is associated with ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in Mexican Mestizos with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: A total of 435 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, of whom 233 had albuminuria, were characterized for the ACE I/D polymorphism by the polymerase chain reaction method.

Results: Clinical and biochemical characteristics and frequencies according to DD, ID and II genotypes in patients with and without albuminuria showed no significant differences. However, only females with micro/macroalbuminuria showed higher frequency of a DD genotype than those without albuminuria (27.9%, 21.2% and 10.5%, respectively;P ≤ 0.044). In addition, female patients with macroalbuminuria without dialysis showed no significant differences with patients undergoing dialysis.

Conclusion: The ACE DD genotype is a risk factor for the development of renal disease in Mexican Mestizo females with type 2 diabetes, indicating a possible DD genotype‐associated sex effect in renal disease.
Synergistic role of curli and cellulose in cell adherence and biofilm formation of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli and identification of Fis as a negative regulator of curli
Authors: Saldaña Zeus , Xicohtencatl‐Cortes Juan , Avelino Fabiola , Phillips Alan D. , Kaper James B. , Puente José L. , Girón Jorge A.
Published: January 2009

Curli are adhesive fimbriae of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Expression of curli (csgA) and cellulose (bcsA) is co‐activated by the transcriptional activator CsgD. In this study, we investigated the contribution of curli and cellulose to the adhesive properties of enterohaemorragic (EHEC) O157:H7 and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) O127:H6. While single mutations in csgA, csgD or bcsA in EPEC and EHEC had no dramatic effect on cell adherence, double csgAbcsA mutants were significantly less adherent than the single mutants or wild‐type strains to human colonic HT‐29 epithelial cells or to cow colon tissue in vitro. Overexpression of csgD (carried on plasmid pCP994) in a csgD mutant, but not in the single csgA or bscA mutants, led to significant increase in adherence and biofilm formation in EPEC and EHEC, suggesting that synchronized over‐production of curli and cellulose enhances bacterial adherence. In line with this finding, csgD transcription was activated significantly in the presence of cultured epithelial cells as compared with growth in tissue culture medium. Analysis of the influence of virulence and global regulators in the production of curli in EPEC identified Fis (factor for inversion stimulation) as a, heretofore unrecognized, negative transcriptional regulator of csgA expression. An EPEC E2348/69Δfis produced abundant amounts of curli whereas a double fis/csgD mutant yielded no detectable curli production. Our data suggest that curli and cellulose act in concert to favour host colonization, biofilm formation and survival in different environments.
A low frequency of lymph node metastasis in clear‐cell renal cell carcinoma is related to low lymphangiogenic activity
Authors: Baldewijns Marcella M. , Roskams Tania , Ballet Vera , Van den Eynden Gert G. , Van Laere Steven J. , Van der Auwera Ilse , Lerut Evelyne , De Bruïne Adriaan P. , Thijssen Victor L. , Vermeulen Peter B. , Van Poppel Hein
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

To assess ongoing lymphangiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by histomorphometry and by quantifying mRNA expression levels of lymphangiogenesis‐related factors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using D2‐40 antibody as a lymphatic marker, lymph vessels were counted in tissue sections of 150 clear‐cell RCCs (ccRCC) and 61 non‐neoplastic controls, using the Chalkley method, which measures the relative lymph vessel area (LVA). Double‐staining with Ki67 and D2‐40 was used to assess active lymphangiogenesis. In a subset of 25 ccRCCs and nine non‐neoplastic controls mRNA expression levels of lymphangiogenic factors were determined by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

LVA was higher in normal renal tissue than in both intra‐ and peri‐tumoral LVA (P < 0.001). LVA in the tumour periphery was higher than in the tumour parenchyma (P < 0.001). Lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation (LECP) was identified in 8.2% of the control sections and was higher than the intratumoral LECP fraction (LECP%, 2.6%; P = 0.02) and the peritumoral LECP% (6.5%; P > 0.05). Compared with controls, ccRCC specimens had higher mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A and VEGF‐C, but lower expression levels of VEGF‐D and Prox‐1 (all P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our results show that there is only limited ongoing lymphangiogenesis in ccRCC. Given that several growth factors stimulate both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, our observation indirectly indicates that haemangiogenesis predominates in ccRCC. This finding might provide better understanding of why ccRCCs prefer haematogenous dissemination to lymphatic spread.
The medical management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: integrating new guidelines and recommendations
Authors: Bellmunt Joaquim , Guix Marta
Published: January 2009

There are now five targeted agents, i.e. sorafenib, sunitinib, temsirolimus, bevacizumab (in combination with interferon) and everolimus, that have been shown to improve the outcome in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Compared with the period when cytokines were the only systemic intervention known to have any activity, decisions on medical management are now complex. Clinicians must seek to adjust therapy to the circumstances of the individual patient, and consider the sequencing of agents. In this context, several expert groups have sought to provide treatment guidelines. As in other diseases, guidelines for mRCC seek to establish evidence‐based recommendations for best clinical practice and to encourage their widespread use. Data from phase III trials (level 1 evidence) are an essential element in this process, and guidelines need continual updating in the light of new findings. However, there are inevitably questions that large RCTs have not directly addressed. This is the case for major subgroups of the mRCC population, e.g. the elderly and those with comorbidities. In these circumstances, less well‐controlled sources of data, and clinical experience, have a role to play. Certain guidelines (although not all) acknowledge the contribution that such sources of evidence can make.
Effects of ageing and streptozotocin‐induced diabetes on connexin43 and P2 purinoceptor expression in the rat corpora cavernosa and urinary bladder
Authors: Suadicani Sylvia O. , Urban‐Maldonado Marcia , Tar Moses T. , Melman Arnold , Spray David C.
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether ageing and diabetes alter the expression of the gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) and of particular purinoceptor (P2R) subtypes in the corpus cavernosum and urinary bladder, and determine whether changes in expression of these proteins correlate with development of erectile and bladder dysfunction in diabetic and ageing rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Erectile and bladder function of streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic, insulin‐treated and age‐matched control Fischer‐344 rats were evaluated 2, 4 and 8 months after diabetes induction by in vivo cystometry and cavernosometry. Corporal and bladder tissue were then isolated at each of these sample times and protein expression levels of Cx43 and of various P2R subtypes were determined by Western blotting.

RESULTS

In the corpora of control rats ageing was accompanied by a significant decrease in Cx43 and P2X1R, and increase in P2X7R expression. There was decreased Cx43 and increased P2Y4R expression in the ageing control rat bladder. There was a significant negative correlation between erectile capacity and P2X1R expression levels, and a positive correlation between bladder spontaneous activity and P2Y4R expression levels. There was already development of erectile dysfunction and bladder overactivity at 2 months after inducing diabetes, the earliest sample measured in the study. The development of these urogenital complications was accompanied by significant decreases in Cx43, P2Y2R, P2X4R and increase in P2X1R expression in the corpora, and by a doubling in Cx43 and P2Y2R, and significant increase in P2Y4R expression in the bladder. Changes in Cx43 and P2R expression were largely prevented by insulin therapy.

CONCLUSION

Ageing and diabetes mellitus markedly altered the expression of the gap junction protein Cx43 and of particular P2R subtypes in the rat penile corpora and urinary bladder. These changes in Cx43 and P2R expression provide the molecular substrate for altered gap junction and purinergic signalling in these tissues, and thus probably contribute to the early development of erectile dysfunction and higher detrusor activity in ageing and in diabetic rats.
Children and adolescents on intensive insulin therapy maintain postprandial glycaemic control without precise carbohydrate counting
Authors: Smart C. E. , Ross K. , Edge J. A. , Collins C. E. , Colyvas K. , King B. R.
Published: January 2009

Aims  Carbohydrate (CHO) quantification is used to adjust pre‐meal insulin in intensive insulin regimens. However, the precision in CHO quantification required to maintain postprandial glycaemic control is unknown. We determined the effect of a ±10‐g variation in CHO amount, with an individually calculated insulin dose for 60 g CHO, on postprandial glycaemic control.

Methods  Thirty‐one children and adolescents (age range 9.5–16.8 years), 17 using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and 14 using multiple daily injections (MDI), participated. Each subject consumed test lunches of equal macronutrient content, differing only in carbohydrate quantity (50, 60, 70 g CHO), in random order on three consecutive days. For each participant, the insulin dose was the same for each meal, based on their usual insulin : CHO ratio for 60 g CHO. Activity was standardized. Continuous glucose monitoring was used.

Results  The CSII and MDI subjects demonstrated no difference in postprandial blood glucose levels (BGLs) for comparable carbohydrate loads (P > 0.05). The 10‐g variations in CHO quantity resulted in no differences in BGLs or area under the glucose curves for 2.5 h (P > 0.05). Hypoglycaemic episodes were not significantly different (P = 0.32). The 70‐g meal produced higher glucose excursions after 2.5 h, with a maximum difference of 1.9 mmol/l at 3 h (P = 0.01), but the BGLs remained within international postprandial targets.

Conclusions  In patients using intensive insulin therapy, an individually calculated insulin dose for 60 g of carbohydrate maintains postprandial BGLs for meals containing between 50 and 70 g of carbohydrate. A single mealtime insulin dose will cover a range in carbohydrate amounts without deterioration in postprandial control.
Optimal Locations of Railroad Wayside Defect Detection Installations
Authors: Ouyang Yanfeng , Li Xiaopeng , Barkan Christopher P. L. , Kawprasert Athaphon , Lai Yung‐Cheng
Published: January 2009

Abstract: Railroads have been using wayside inspection technologies for many years to improve the safety and efficiency of operations. There has been a recent proliferation of new, more sophisticated, but also more costly inspection systems that are capable of detecting a wide range of subtle defects before a problem has actually occurred. This new class of “predictive” wayside detection systems, as compared with the older “reactive” technologies, requires a different deployment strategy. The higher cost of these new technologies means that it is particularly important for railroads to maximize the benefit they derive from the investment. This article presents a network optimization model that selects cost‐effective installation sites for wayside defect detection systems over a railroad network. The objective is to maximize the total inspection benefits possible under any given investment budget. We develop solution techniques based on Lagrangian relaxation to effectively solve the problem. The article also presents case studies with empirical data to illustrate the technique. The computational results show that the problem can be solved efficiently, and that the model has the capability of being applied to full‐scale railroad networks at regional or national levels. There are a variety of ways that railroads can use this model to help them more efficiently invest in wayside inspection technology so as to maximize the safety and economic benefits of these technologies.
Fat and protein contents, acidity and somatic cell counts in bulk milk of Holstein cows in the Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran
Authors: NAJAFI MASOUD NAJAF , MORTAZAVI SEYED ALI , KOOCHEKI ARASH , KHORAMI JAFAR , REKIK BOULBABA
Published: January 2009

Relationships between total bulk milk somatic cell score (SCS) and milk fat and protein contents and acidity were investigated in the Khorasan Razavi Province, a region that contributes 6.83% of total milk production in Iran. A total of 1476 samples were analysed. Data were obtained by randomly collecting 123 samples of bulk tank milk from 41 dairy farms during April 2006 to March 2007, every month. Milk was analysed for titratable acidity, protein and fat contents and somatic cell counts (direct microscopic cell count and with Somatos, Russia). Microscopic and Somatos somatic cell counts were comparable. Results showed that the season of raw milk production did not have a significant effect on acidity. Milk fat content increased gradually from spring to winter and there were significant differences (P < 0.05) between spring and other seasons. Higher levels of milk protein fractions were observed during the autumn and winter than in other seasons. The highest total bulk milk somatic cell counts were observed in July. Total bulk milk SCS had significant effects (P < 0.05) on acidity and fat and protein contents. Moreover, the level of acidity and fat in milk decreased with increasing SCS. A significant positive relationship was observed between total bulk milk SCS and the protein content of milk. Elevated SCS were associated with lowered milk quality in Holsteins in the Khorasan Razavi Province.
Characterization of four new Lactococcus lactis bacteriophages isolated from dahi whey
Authors: MASUD TARIQ , LATIF ASIA , HAMEED ABDUL
Published: January 2009

Four lytic phages of Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis isolated from indigenous dahi whey were examined for their stability, growth characteristics and morphology. All these phages were partially inactivated by CHCl3, remained stable at 40°C and were partially inactivated at pH 3. There was a marked difference among these phages with respect to latent period, rise period and burst size. All phages belonged to Bradley's group B.
Changes in microbial populations, kinds of lactic acid bacteria and biochemical characteristics of Greek traditional feta cheese during ripening
Authors: VASSILIADIS A , PSONI L , NIKOLAOU S , ARVANITIS L , TZANETAKIS N , LITOPOULOU–TZANETAKI E
Published: January 2009

Three batches of feta cheese manufactured from raw (R) and thermized (TS) milk with yogurt as a starter were studied. Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms underwent a more accelerated decrease in TS cheese. Nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) were counted at higher levels in R than in TS cheese throughout ripening and predominated over the other microbial groups. The composition of NSLAB in the fresh cheese was similar for both cheese types. Proteolysis products (noncasein nitrogen soluble in 12% trichloroacetic acid, nitrogen soluble in 5% phosphotungstic acid /100 total nitrogen) were higher in R than TS cheese. Degradation of αs‐casein was in R > TS, while a small reduction of β‐casein during storage was recorded only for TS cheese.
Socialization of student nurses – the role of the mentor
Authors: Ousey Karen
Published: January 2009

In this paper, the role of the mentor in supporting student learning and development in clinical practice areas and promoting their socialization into their occupational roles is discussed and explored. Examining the literature relating to the mentor, the essential nature of this role is investigated and related to the socialization process of student nurses; with the importance of maintaining and developing an effective learning environment for the students being examined and considered. The paper concludes that the mentor role is essential in preparing students for their professional role and in ensuring that they reach the competencies required of a registered practitioner.
POST‐MEDIEVAL CRUCIBLE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION: A STUDY OF MATERIALS AND MATERIALITIES*
Authors: MARTINÓN‐TORRES M. , REHREN TH.
Published: January 2009

This paper is concerned with the manufacture and trade of post‐medieval crucibles (14th–19th centuries). The analytical study of crucibles from different contexts in Europe and America employed optical microscopy and SEM–EDS, coupled with archaeological and historical data. We identified two major producers of crucibles, both of them in Central Europe, whose products appear widely distributed internationally. The analytical data allow an explanation of the technical reasons behind their superior reputation, as both crucible types shared comparable material properties, such as thermal, chemical and mechanical stability. Conversely, the two crucible types were radically different in their manufacture and appearance. We argue that, besides technical considerations, sensorial aspects such as texture and colour may have played an important role in the perception and choice of materials.
Benzene Risk Estimation Using Radiation Equivalent Coefficients
Authors: Nakayama Aki , Isono Tomomi , Kikuchi Takuro , Ohnishi Iichiro , Igarashi Junichiro , Yoneda Minoru , Morisawa Shinsuke
Published: January 2009

We estimated benzene risk using a novel framework of risk assessment that employed the measurement of radiation dose equivalents to benzene metabolites and a PBPK model. The highest risks for 1 μg/m3and 3.2 mg/m3life time exposure of benzene estimated with a linear regression were 5.4 × 10−7and 1.3 × 10−3, respectively. Even though these estimates were based onin vitrochromosome aberration test data, they were about one‐sixth to one‐fourteenth that from other studies and represent a fairly good estimate by using radiation equivalent coefficient as an “internal standard.”
Automatic Extraction of ECG Strips from Continuous 12‐lead Holter Recordings for QT Analysis at Prescheduled versus Optimized Time Points
Authors: Badilini Fabio , Vaglio Martino , Sarapa Nenad
Published: January 2009

Background: Continuous 12‐lead ECG monitoring (Holter) in early‐phase pharmaceutical studies is today widely used as an ideal platform to extract discrete ECGs for analysis. The extraction process is typically performed manually by trained readers using commercial Holter processing systems.

Methods: Antares, a novel method for automatic 12‐lead extraction from continuous Holter recordings applying minimal noise criteria and heart‐rate stability conditions is presented. A set of 12‐lead Holter recordings from healthy subjects administered with sotalol is used to compare ECG extractions at fixed time points with ECG extractions generated by Antares optimizing noise and heart rate inside 5 minute windows centered around each expected time point of interest.

Results: Global, low‐ and high‐frequency noise content of extracted ECGs was significantly reduced via optimized approach by Antares. Heart rate was also slightly reduced (from 69 ± 13 to 64 ± 13 bpm, P < 0.05). Similarly, the corrected QT interval from optimized extractions was significantly reduced (QTcB from 414 ± 32 to 402 ± 30 ms, P < 0.05). Using only baseline data, and after adjusting for intersubject variability, the standard deviation (SD) of QT intervals was highly reduced with optimized extraction (SD of QTcF from 11 ± 8 to 7 ± 2 ms, P < 0.05).

Conclusions: Extraction of discrete 12‐lead ECG strips from continuous Holter generates less noisy and more stable ECGs leading to more robust QTc data, thereby potentially facilitating the assessment of ECG effects on clinical trials.
TNF‐α induces TGF‐β1 expression in lung fibroblasts at the transcriptional level via AP‐1 activation
Authors: Sullivan Deborah E. , Ferris MaryBeth , Nguyen Hong , Abboud Elizabeth , Brody Arnold R.
Published: January 2009

Tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) are peptides with multiple biological activities that influence neoplastic, immunologic and fibroproliferative diseases. There are clear interrelationships and overlap between the actions of TNF‐α and TGF‐β1 in lung fibrosis; therefore, we postulated that TNF‐α may play a significant role in regulating TGF‐β1 expression in lungs. We recently reported that TNF‐α activates the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)‐specific pathway in fibroblasts resulting in stabilization of TGF‐β1 mRNA and increased expression of TGF‐β1. In the current study, we further investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in TNF‐α regulation of TGF‐β1 expression. Nuclear run‐on assays showed that treatment of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts with TNF‐α increased transcription of the TGF‐β1 gene in an ERK independent manner. Pre‐treatment with the activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) inhibitor curcumin attenuated TNF‐α induced transcription of the TGF‐β1 gene. TNF‐α induced increased levels of c‐Jun and C‐Fos in the nucleus accompanied by phosphorylation of c‐Jun. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, AP‐1 binding to an AP‐1 binding site found within the TGF‐β1 promoter was increased in nuclear extracts from Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts treated with TNF‐α. Together, these results suggest that TNF‐α induces expression and DNA binding of AP‐1 resulting in increased transcription of the TGF‐β1 gene. It is essential to know which transcription pathways are activated because of the wide distribution of TNF‐α and TGF‐β1, the general lack of effective treatments for fibroproliferative disease and the possibility that targeting the correct transcription factors could be palliative.
Endogenous n‐3 fatty acids protect ovariectomy induced bone loss by attenuating osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Rahman Md Mizanur , Bhattacharya Arunabh , Banu Jameela , Kang Jing X. , Fernandes Gabriel
Published: January 2009

Beneficial effects of n‐3 fatty acids (FA) on bone mineral density (BMD) have been reported in mice, rats and human beings, but the precise mechanisms involved have not been described. This study used the Fat‐1 mouse, a transgenic model that synthesizes n‐3 FA from n‐6 FA to directly determine if outcome of bone health were correlated with n‐3 FA. Ovariectomized (Ovx) and sham operated wild‐type (WT) and Fat‐1 mice were fed an AIN‐93M diet containing 10% corn oil for 24 weeks. BMD was analysed by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Fat‐1 Ovx mice exhibited significantly lower level of osteotropic factors like receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)5b in serum and higher BMD in distal femoral metaphysis, proximal tibial metaphysis, femoral diaphysis and lumbar vertebra as compared to WT Ovx mice. LPS‐stimulated bone marrow (BM) cells from Fat‐1 Ovx mice produced significantly lower level of pro‐inflammatory cytokines like tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1‐β, IL‐6 and higher level of anti‐inflammatory cytokines like IL‐10, IFN‐γ and higher level of nitric oxide as compared to BM cells from WT Ovx mice. LPS‐stimulated COX‐II activity as well as NF‐κB activation in BM cells from Fat‐1 Ovx mice was significantly less as compared to BM cells from WT Ovx mice. Furthermore, Fat‐1 BM cells generated significantly less number of TRAP osteoclast‐like cells as compared to WT BM cells. In conclusion, we offer further insight into the mechanisms involved in preventing the BMD loss in Ovx mice by n‐3 FA using a Fat‐1 transgenic mouse model.
Detection of the cemento‐enamel junction with three different probes: an “in vitro” model
Authors: Barendregt Dick S. , Van Der Velden Ubele , Timmerman Mark F. , Bulthuis Hankie M. , Van Der Weijden Fridus
Published: January 2009

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to test the accuracy and precision with which the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) can be assessed using three commercially available periodontal probes with different tip endings in both deciduous and permanent teeth.

Material and Methods: An “in vitro” model was developed, consisting of 70 extracted permanent and 30 deciduous human teeth mounted in plaster with an artificial gingiva made of silicone rubber. The probes tested were the Merritt‐B probe, the ball‐ended CPITN probe and the Vivacare TPS beveled‐ball probe. With each probe, duplicate CEJ assessments were carried out at six sites per tooth by four examiners. Upon completion, the distance between the CEJ and the artificial gingival margin was determined using a stereomicroscope.

Results: The mean difference between the microscopic assessment and the mean clinical probe measurements in permanent teeth was −0.05 mm with the Merritt‐B, 0.11 mm for the CPITN and 0.19 mm with the TPS probe. In deciduous teeth, the differences were −0.02, 0.35 and 0.63 mm, respectively. In both permanent and deciduous teeth, only the Merritt‐B did not differ from the microscopic assessment.

Conclusions: Results showed that the use of the Meritt‐B probe offered the most accurate location of the CEJ in both permanent and deciduous teeth.
A cell preparation of Enterococcus faecalis strain EC‐12 stimulates the luminal immunoglobulin A secretion in juvenile calves
Authors: TSURUTA Takeshi , INOUE Ryo , TSUKAHARA Takamitsu , MATSUBARA Noritaka , HAMASAKI Masayuki , USHIDA Kazunari
Published: January 2009

The immune system in juvenile calves is immature, so calves are susceptible to several diarrheal and respiratory diseases. Oral administration of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is known to improve the growth performance and prevent diarrheal and respiratory diseases by stimulating the immune system in juvenile calves. Most of the immunostimulation by LAB is achieved by their cell wall components, and therefore we evaluated the immunostimulation of the cell preparation of Enterococcus faecalis strain EC‐12 (EC‐12) in juvenile calves in a clinical field. Twenty‐nine 1‐week old calves were used. Fourteen calves were administered 0.2% (w/w) of an EC‐12 preparation that supplemented a milk replacer, and other calves were not supplemented. Feces and serum was collected at day 0, 7 and 49 after the administration to measure the IgA and IgG concentration. The fecal IgA concentration was increased by EC‐12 administration at day 49, and the serum IgA concentration was also increased at day 7. These results suggested that oral administration of EC‐12 in juvenile calves might have an immunostimulatory effect and provide earlier recovery of IgA levels in mucosal immunity.
The Administrative Presidency, Unilateral Power, and the Unitary Executive Theory
Authors: WATERMAN RICHARD W.
Published: January 2009

This essay examines a major change that has occurred in recent years with regard to the relationship between the president and the bureaucracy. It is a change that relies on a greater use of the president's unilateral powers to influence the bureaucracy. It is based on a theory of presidential power that is striking in its scope and implications: the unitary executive theory. In many respects, the theory fundamentally changes the nature of presidential–bureaucratic relations, yet it has received scant attention in scholarly journals. Examination of its potential impact is long overdue.
The Contemporary Presidency: Constitutional Reform and the Presidency: The Recent Effort to Repeal the Natural‐Born Citizen Requirement
Authors: TAGER MICHAEL
Published: January 2009

As a result of the sudden political emergence of Arnold Schwarzenegger, high levels of immigration, and increased international adoptions, interest grew during the early twenty‐first century in repealing the Constitution's restriction on presidential eligibility to natural‐born citizens. A combination of academics, media outlets, a grassroots lobbying organization, and finally several members of Congress combined to push forward this constitutional revision to the presidency. This effort peaked along with Schwarzenegger's approval ratings in 2004 but has since lost momentum. The enormous difficulty of amending the Constitution rendered this sensible proposal an exercise largely in symbolic politics.
Optimizing Net‐Shape Ceramics for Green Machining
Authors: Pfrengle Andreas , Binder Joachim R. , Ritzhaupt‐Kleissl Hans‐Joachim , Hausselt Jürgen , Müller Claas , Gietzelt Thomas
Published: January 2009

Based on previous work, the material properties of zirconium disilicide containing net‐shape ceramic compositions are adjusted to minimize the edge flaking that occurs during micromilling of the green bodies. The material compositions (besides ZrSi2, also containing ZrO2, Al2O3, MgO, SiO2, and a polysorbate) are granulated and axially dry pressed to pellets, which are wet milled with a 0.5‐mm‐diameter tool. The structure's edge flaking is quantitatively determined and compared with previous results. The mechanical properties of the green and sintered bodies are also characterized. The strengths of the green bodies depend on their composition and treatment. Additionally, a correlation between the Weibull moduli of the green compacts and the moduli of the sintered parts is shown. For the sintered ceramics, Weibull strengths of up to 344 MPa can be achieved. It is also shown that the dimensional accuracy of the net‐shape material is maintained.
The effect of gas physics on the halo mass function
Authors: Stanek R. , Rudd D. , Evrard A. E.
Published: January 2009

Cosmological tests based on cluster counts require accurate calibration of the space density of massive haloes, but most calibrations to date have ignored complex gas physics associated with halo baryons. We explore the sensitivity of the halo mass function to baryon physics using two pairs of gas-dynamic simulations that are likely to bracket the true behaviour. Each pair consists of a baseline model involving only gravity and shock heating, and a refined physics model aimed at reproducing the observed scaling of the hot, intracluster gas phase. One pair consists of billion-particle resimulations of the original 500 h-1 Mpc Millennium Simulation of Springel et al., run with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code gadget-2 and using a refined physics treatment approximated by pre-heating (PH) at high redshift. The other pair are high-resolution simulations from the adaptive-mesh refinement code art, for which the refined treatment includes cooling, star formation and supernova feedback (CSF). We find that, although the mass functions of the gravity-only (GO) treatments are consistent with the recent calibration of Tinker et al. (2008), both pairs of simulations with refined baryon physics show significant deviations. Relative to the GO case, the masses of ∼1014h-1 M⊙ haloes in the PH and CSF treatments are shifted by the averages of -15 ± 1 and +16 ± 2 per cent, respectively. These mass shifts cause ∼30 per cent deviations in number density relative to the Tinker function, significantly larger than the 5 per cent statistical uncertainty of that calibration.
A model of the TeV flare of Cygnus X-1: electron acceleration and extended pair cascades
Authors: Zdziarski Andrzej A. , Malzac Julien , Bednarek W.
Published: January 2009

We consider theoretical models of emission of TeV photons by Cyg X-1 during a flare discovered by the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov Telescope (MAGIC) detector. We study acceleration of electrons to energies sufficient for TeV emission, and find the emission site is allowed to be close to the black hole. We then consider pair absorption in the photon field of the central X-ray source and a surrounding accretion disc, and find its optical depth is ≲1, allowing emission close to the black hole. On the other hand, the optical depth in the stellar field is ∼10 at ∼1 TeV. However, the optical depth drops with increasing energy, allowing a model with the initial energy of ≳3 TeV, in which photons travel far away from the star, initiating a spatially extended pair cascade. This qualitatively explains the observed TeV spectrum, though still not its exact shape.
The use of oseltamivir during an influenza B outbreak in a chronic care hospital
Authors: Seale Holly , Weston Kathryn M. , Dwyer Dominic E. , Zhu Mengzhi , Allchin Lisa , Booy Robert , Raina MacIntyre C.
Published: January 2009

Background  Residents of nursing homes and long‐term care facilities are at a higher risk of outbreaks of influenza and of serious complications of influenza than those in the community. In late July 2005, a 90‐bed chronic care psycho‐geriatric hospital in Sydney, Australia, reported cases of influenza‐like illness (ILI) occurring amongst its residents.

Methods  An investigation to confirm the outbreak, and its cause, was undertaken. Influenza vaccination levels amongst residents, and the effects of antiviral drugs used for prevention and treatment, were assessed. Oseltamivir was only given to the residents, in the form of both treatment and prophylaxis.

Results  A total of 22 out of 89 residents met the clinical case definition of ILI with onset on or after 27 July 2005. This represents an attack rate of 25%. Oseltamivir was commenced on day 9 of the outbreak. Influenza B was identified in six residents as the causative agent of the outbreak. No deaths or acute hospitalization were recorded for this outbreak and there were no further reported cases after the introduction of oseltamivir. Vaccine effectiveness was 75% and the strain of influenza B isolated was well matched to that year’s vaccine.

Conclusions  There are few data on the use of oseltamivir in influenza B outbreaks. Early antiviral intervention appeared to curtail this outbreak of influenza B in a chronic care facility. We found high vaccine effectiveness in this frail, institutionalized population, highlighting the importance of influenza vaccination for residents of chronic care facilities.
Diagnostic role of BAL fluid CD4/CD8 ratio in different radiographic and clinical forms of pulmonary sarcoidosis
Authors: Danila Edvardas , Norkūnienė Jolita , Jurgauskienė Laimutė , Malickaitė Radvilė
Published: January 2009

Introduction: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as a method of sampling cells is useful in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis. However, CD4/CD8 ratio in BAL fluid (BALF) is highly variable and it generates continuous discussions about its diagnostic role.

Objective: To prospectively evaluate diagnostic role of BALF CD4/CD8 ratio in pulmonary sarcoidosis manifested in different radiographic and clinical forms in the real clinical practice.

Material and methods: The study population consisted of 318 sarcoid patients with a newly diagnosed disease. Comparator groups consisted of 55 healthy subjects and 130 patients with other disorders who underwent BAL and examination of CD4/CD8 ratio in BALF as a step of diagnostic pathway. Diagnostic accuracy of CD4/CD8 ratio in BALF using receiver‐operating characteristic analysis has been calculated.

Results: The percentage of BALF lymphocytes in sarcoid patients was significantly different from comparator groups. Normal BALF cell counts were found in 7% of sarcoid patients. However, typical sarcoid BALF cellular pattern was found in 6.2% of all control subjects. We have found that optimal cutoff points for CD4/CD8 ratio are 3.5 and 4.0 for asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, respectively. Sensitivity of the optimal cutoff points of CD4/CD8 ratio was lower in asymptomatic patients compared with symptomatic patients. Sensitivity of the optimal cutoff points decreased with the increased stage of sarcoidosis.

Conclusions: BAL is a valuable method in diagnostic pathway of pulmonary sarcoidosis. However, results of BALF examination must be interpreted considering a specific clinical case. BALF CD4/CD8 ratio depends on clinical and radiographic manifestation.

Please cite this paper as: Danila E, Norkūnienė J, Jurgauskienė L and Malickaitė R. Diagnostic role of BAL fluid CD4/CD8 ratio in different radiographic and clinical forms of pulmonary sarcoidosis.The Clinical Respiratory Journal2009; 3: 214–221.
Sources of Dietary Fluoride Intake in 6–7‐Year‐Old English Children Receiving Optimally, Sub‐optimally, and Non‐fluoridated water
Authors: Zohouri Fatemeh V. , Maguire Anne , Moynihan Paula J.
Published: January 2009

Objectives:Due to increased consumption of pre‐packaged drinks, tap water may no longer be the principal source of water intake and consequently fluoride intake. Little is known about the importance of solid foods as fluoride sources and how the relative contribution of foods/drinks to fluoride intake is affected by residing in fluoridated or non‐fluoridated areas. This study investigated the relative contributions of different dietary sources to dietary fluoride intake and compared this in children residing in optimally artificially fluoridated, sub‐optimally artificially fluoridated, and non‐fluoridated areas. Methods:Thirty‐three healthy children aged 6 years were recruited from fluoridated and non‐fluoridated communities and categorised into three groups based on fluoride content of home tap water: optimally fluoridated (<0.7 mgF/L), sub‐optimally fluoridated (>0.3 to <0.7 mgF/L) and non‐fluoridated (<0.3 mgF/L) drinking water. A 3‐day dietary diary collected dietary information. Samples of foods/drinks consumed were collected and analyzed for fluoride content. Results:Drinks provided 59%, 55% and 32% of dietary fluoride intake in optimally, sub‐optimally and non‐fluoridated areas respectively. Tap water, fruit squashes and cordials (extremely sweet non‐alcoholic fruit flavoured drink concentrates) prepared with tap water, as well as cooked rice, pasta and vegetables were important sources of fluoride in optimally and sub‐optimally fluoridated areas. Carbonated soft drinks and bread were the most important contributors to dietary fluoride intake in the non‐fluoridated area. Conclusion:The main contributory sources to dietary fluoride differ between fluoridated and non‐fluoridated areas. Estimating total fluoride intake from levels of fluoride in tap water alone is unlikely to provide a reliable quantitative measure of intake. Studies monitoring dietary fluoride exposure should consider intake from all foods and drinks.
Oral Health Status of San Francisco Public School Kindergarteners 2000–2005
Authors: Chung Lisa H. , Shain Sara G. , Stephen Samantha M. , Weintraub Jane A.
Published: January 2009

Objectives:To determine the prevalence of dental caries and oral health disparities in San Francisco kindergarten public school children from 2000–2005. Methods:The San Francisco Department of Public Health in partnership with the San Francisco Dental Society and assistance from the National Dental Association, has been conducting annual dental screenings of kindergarten children enrolled in the San Francisco Unified School District since 2000. Outcomes assessed from this series of cross‐sectional screenings included prevalence of caries experience, untreated caries, treatment needs, and caries severity by child's sex, race/ethnicity, residential zip code, and a proxy for socioeconomic status. Results:Of 76 eligible schools, 62–72 participated, and 86–92% of enrolled children (n=3,354‐3,527) were screened yearly. Although there was a small, significant decrease over the time period, in 2005, 50.1% of children had caries experience; 28.8% had untreated caries and 7.6% had urgent treatment needs. Each year caries prevalence was greatest for Asian children, those attending schools with > 50% children eligible for the free or reduced‐price meal program, and children living in zip codes in and around Chinatown and San Francisco's southern border. Conclusions:Despite signs of improvement, caries remains a public health problem especially in Asian and Hispanic children, and children living in certain sections of San Francisco.
Dental Health Differences by Social Class in Home‐Dwelling Seniors of Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Pizarro Vladimir , Ferrer Montserrat , Domingo‐Salvany Antonia , Benach Joan , Borrell Carme , Puigvert Josep , Alonso Jordi
Published: January 2009

Background:The aim of this study was to assess dental health differences by social class in home‐dwelling seniors in Spain. Methods:A cross‐sectional household survey of a cohort of senior residents in Barcelona (Spain) was undertaken. Of 891 survivors (72 years or older), 561 (62.9%) oral examinations were completed according to the DMF Index (Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth). Results:42% of participants were edentate. The individuals of social class IV‐V were more likely to be edentate, and to have fewer than 15 teeth compared to those in social class I‐II. The DMF Index in dentate individuals (Adjusted mean=16.4) also showed significantly worse dental health for lower social classes (p = 0.001). Conclusions:The results of this study indicate a different level of utilization of dental health services and dental health by social class in home‐dwelling seniors. Further research is needed to understand the barriers of access and social inequality.
Periodontal Status as Predictor of Prematurity and Low Birth Weight
Authors: Gomes‐Filho Isaac S. , da Cruz Simone S. , Rezende Edson J. C. , da Silveira Bruno B.de B , Trindade Soraya C. , Passos Johelle S. , de Freitas Camila O. T. , Cerqueira Eneida M. M. , Santos Carlos Antonio de Souza Teles
Published: January 2009

Objective:The objective was to verify the relation between periodontal status and prematurity/low birth weight. Methods:a case control study of 211 women, 44 being mothers of children born with weight below 2.500g or gestational age of less than 37 weeks (case group) and 177 mothers of children born with weight of over 2.500g or more and gestational age of 37 weeks or more (control group). The women were invited to reply to a questionnaire during the interview. A single dentist performed a complete periodontal exam in the oral cavity of each participant, including: probing depth, recession, plaque index, bleeding on probing, and clinical attachment loss measurements. Descriptive analysis of the study variables was performed and the statistical significance was calculated at 5%, using the chi‐squared test. Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical parameters between the groups. Conclusions:The findings showed no association between periodontal status and prematurity/low birth weight.