bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential of full pattern fit methods for the texture analysis of geological materials: implications from texture measurements at the recently upgraded neutron time-of-flight diffractometer SKAT
Authors: Keppler Ruth , Ullemeyer Klaus , Behrmann Jan H. , Stipp Michael
Published: August 2014

The application of Rietveld texture analysis (RTA) to time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffraction data allows complex materials with many diffraction peaks to be investigated, for example, rocks composed of different minerals. At the recently upgraded SKAT texture diffractometer at the JINR in Dubna (Russia), which provides three alternative multidetector systems, resolution and accessible range of latticedspacings can be adapted to sample requirements. In order to infer the optimum experimental setup and the reliability of texture estimates from complicated TOF patterns, the influence of counting statistics and various spectral resolutions on texture deconvolution was investigated. Comparing the results obtained at different resolutions and from different sections of thedpatterns indicates that the textures of a four-phase sample can be determined, but using a section at smalldspacings with a larger number of peak overlaps leads to smoother textures. A complex seven-phase sample shows orientation differences in addition to the smoothing effect. Weak textures and textures of the minor rock constituents are inaccurate owing to multiple peak overlaps. Consequently, good resolution is essential for RTA on such samples. Grid thinning tests confirmed that no more than 150 diffraction spectra are needed to characterize the texture of a monomineralic sample, and approximately 350 spectra are sufficient for a four-phase sample. The irregular grid point arrangement caused by the SKAT geometry has no negative consequences.
Agentic Practice and Privileging Orientations Among Privately Educated Young Women
Authors: Maxwell Claire , Aggleton Peter
Published: August 2014

This paper examines factors driving the agentic practices of young women who are privately educated. The analysis informing this paper comes from a three-year study, in which 91 young women aged 15–19 years were interviewed. Four private schools in one area of middle England participated in the research, and over half of the young women were re-interviewed 12–18 months later. Our starting point is the degree to which particular orientations within families are aligned to those being promoted within the various private schools in our study. The affective experiences of alignment but also of disorientation within and between the family and the school, drive significant forms of internal conversation ( Archer, 2003 ). In this paper we examine two kinds of internal conversations found within our study – one that is assured and optimistic, and another, which is more fractured. These different internal conversations lead to the emergence of differing projects of the self, expressed through practices that by their very nature of being committed to self-directed progress can be understood as being agentic. The consequences of these different projects of the self suggest that the reproduction of class privilege cannot be taken for granted – but is always provisional and contested, even among those who are privately educated.
Impact of a Pharmacy Benefit Change on New Use of Mail Order Pharmacy among Diabetes Patients: The Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE)
Authors: Karter Andrew J. , Parker Melissa M. , Duru O. Kenrik , Schillinger Dean , Adler Nancy E. , Moffet Howard H. , Adams Alyce S. , Chan James , Herman Willam H. , Schmittdiel Julie A.
Published: August 2014

Objective

To assess the impact of a pharmacy benefit change on mail order pharmacy (MOP) uptake.

Data Sources/Study Setting

Race‐stratified, random sample of diabetes patients in an integrated health care delivery system.

Study Design

In this natural experiment, we studied the impact of a pharmacy benefit change that conditionally discounted medications if patients used MOP and prepaid two copayments. We compared MOP uptake among those exposed to the benefit change (n = 2,442) and the reference group with no benefit change (n = 8,148), and estimated differential MOP uptake across social strata using a difference‐in‐differences framework.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

Ascertained MOP uptake (initiation among previous nonusers).

Principal Findings

Thirty percent of patients started using MOP after receiving the benefit change versus 9 percent uptake among the reference group (p < .0001). After adjustment, there was a 26 percentage point greater MOP uptake (benefit change effect). This benefit change effect was significantly smaller among patients with inadequate health literacy (15 percent less), limited English proficiency (14 percent less), and among Latinos and Asians (24 and 16 percent less compared to Caucasians).

Conclusions

Conditionally discounting medications delivered by MOP effectively stimulated MOP uptake overall, but it unintentionally widened previously existing social gaps in MOP use because it stimulated less MOP uptake in vulnerable populations.
Utility of an Australasian registry for children undergoing radiation treatment
Authors: Ahern Verity
Published: August 2014

Introduction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of an Australasian registry (‘the Registry’) for children undergoing radiation treatment (RT).

Methods

Children under the age of 16 years who received a course of radiation between January 1997 and December 2010 and were enrolled on the Registry form the subjects of this study.

Results

A total of 2232 courses of RT were delivered, predominantly with radical intent (87%). Registrations fluctuated over time, but around one‐half of children diagnosed with cancer undergo a course of RT. The most prevalent age range at time of RT was 10–15 years, and the most common diagnoses were central nervous system tumours (34%) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (20%).

Conclusions

The Registry provides a reflection of the patterns of care of children undergoing RT in Australia and a mechanism for determining the resources necessary to manage children by RT (human, facilities and emerging technologies, such as proton therapy). It lacks the detail to provide information on radiotherapy quality and disease outcomes which should be the subject of separate audit studies. The utility of the Registry has been hampered by its voluntary nature and varying needs for consent. Completion of registry forms is a logical requirement for inclusion in the definition of a subspecialist in paediatric radiation oncology.
Use of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting subclinical synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis and correlation of imaging findings with interleukin‐18 levels
Authors: Chew Li‐Ching , Chandra Mohan P. , Chan Lai Peng , Fong Kok Yong , Thumboo Julian
Published: August 2014

Aim

We studied the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting subclinical inflammation in patients with asymptomatic RA and tested the hypothesis of interleukin (IL)‐18 as a marker of disease activity.

Methods

Thirteen RA patients with Disease Activity Score of 28 joints (DAS28) < 2.6 were evaluated. The patients underwent clinical evaluation, laboratory tests and MRI assessment. Imaging of bilateral hands and wrists was performed using validated acquisition and scoring techniques. Serum IL‐18 levels were concurrently measured.

Results

MRI assessments showed that 92.3% and 76.9% of patients had synovitis and bone marrow edema, respectively, despite being in clinical remission. Eight out of 12 patients (66.7%) had erosions on MRI which were not visualised on plain radiographs. Of all the 182 joints studied for synovitis on MRI, only one had clinical evidence of joint swelling. Comparison of the total sum scores of synovitis between the right and left hand and wrist joints of individual patients showed a significant difference between the two sides. Measurements of IL‐18 indicated that a large proportion (54%) of the patients had undetectable or very low levels of the cytokine.

Conclusion

MRI is more sensitive in detecting erosions compared with X‐rays, and is superior in its ability to detect subclinical inflammation in RA patients. Despite being in clinical remission, a large majority of patients had imaging‐detected synovitis and bone marrow edema. Our study highlights the usefulness of MRI for the accurate evaluation of disease activity. In the utility of MRI, it may be important to assess bilateral hands and wrists, instead of limiting to the dominant side.
Pseudoporphyria following self‐medication with chlorophyll
Authors: Rossi Enrico , Borchard Kate , Cole Judith Mary
Published: August 2014

Two cases of pseudoporphyria are described in which the clinical features of porphyria cutanea tarda occurred in the absence of abnormalities in porphyrin metabolism. Both patients presented with skin fragility and bullae on the dorsal aspect of the hands. The patients consumed a commercial liquid chlorophyll drink in which we detected fluorescent compounds with characteristics typical of previously described chlorophyll derived photosensitisers.
Association of androgen‐deprivation therapy with excess cardiac‐specific mortality in men with prostate cancer
Authors: Ziehr David R. , Chen Ming‐Hui , Zhang Danjie , Braccioforte Michelle H. , Moran Brian J. , Mahal Brandon A. , Hyatt Andrew S. , Basaria Shehzad S. , Beard Clair J. , Beckman Joshua A. , Choueiri Toni K. , D'Amico Anthony V. , Hoffman Karen E. , Hu Jim C. , Martin Neil E. , Sweeney Christopher J. , Trinh Quoc‐Dien , Nguyen Paul L.
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To determine if androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with excess cardiac‐specific mortality (CSM) in men with prostate cancer and no cardiovascular comorbidity, coronary artery disease risk factors, or congestive heart failure (CHF) or past myocardial infarction (MI).

Patients and Methods

In all, 5077 men (median age 69.5 years) withcT1c‐T3N0M0prostate cancer were treated with brachytherapy with or without neoadjuvantADT(median duration 4 months) between 1997 and 2006. Fine and Gray competing risks analysis evaluated the association ofADTwithCSM, adjusting for age, year of brachytherapy, andADTtreatment propensity score among men in groups defined by cardiac comorbidity.

Results

After a median follow‐up of 4.8 years, no association was detected betweenADTandCSMin men with no cardiac risk factors (1.08% at 5 years forADTvs 1.27% at 5 years for noADT, adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.39–1.78;P= 0.64;n= 2653) or in men with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or hypercholesterolaemia (2.09% vs 1.97%,AHR1.33; 95%CI0.70–2.53;P= 0.39;n= 2168). However,ADTwas associated with significantly increasedCSMin men withCHForMI(AHR3.28; 95%CI1.01–10.64;P= 0.048;n= 256). In this subgroup, the 5‐year cumulative incidence ofCSMwas 7.01% (95%CI2.82–13.82%) forADTvs 2.01% (95%CI0.38–6.45%) for noADT.

Conclusion

ADTwas associated with a 5% absolute excess risk ofCSMat 5 years in men withCHFor priorMI, suggesting that administeringADTto 20 men in this potentially vulnerable subgroup could result in one cardiac death.
Foetal exposure to maternal depression predicts cortisol responses in infants: findings from rural South India
Authors: Fernandes M. , Stein A. , Srinivasan K. , Menezes G. , Ramchandani P. G.
Published: August 2014

Background

Maternal depression during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse child outcomes. One potential mechanism is the influence of antenatal depression on the foetal hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. This can be observed as disturbances in baseline cortisol secretion during childhood. The influence of antenatal depression on infant cortisol reactivity to a stressor may provide further insight into this association. In addition, the dose–response relationship between foetal exposure to antenatal depression and infant cortisol reactivity is unclear.

Methods

A consecutive sample of 133 pregnant women in their third trimester was recruited from an antenatal clinic in Karnataka, South India. Women were assessed for depression before and after birth on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Kessler 10 Scale. Salivary cortisol response to immunization was measured in 58 infants at 2 months of age. We aimed (i) to investigate the association between antenatal depression and infant cortisol reactivity to immunization and (ii) to explore whether the relationship is dose‐dependent.

Results

Exposure to antenatal depression independently predicted elevated infant cortisol responses to immunization (β = 0.53, P = 0.04). The association was found to be U‐shaped, for antenatal depression measured on the EPDS, with the infants exposed to the highest and lowest levels of maternal antenatal EPDS scores during intra‐uterine life showing elevated cortisol responses to immunization (R2 = 0.20, P = 0.02). Infants exposed to moderate levels of maternal antenatal depression showed the lowest cortisol response to immunization.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the association between antenatal depression and infant cortisol reactivity is dose‐dependent and U‐shaped, implying that infants exposed to both low and high levels of maternal depression showed greater reactivity. The study provides the first evidence of such an association from a low‐income setting.
Experimental evaluation of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss predation on longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae
Authors: Turek Kelly C. , Pegg Mark A. , Pope Kevin L.
Published: August 2014

Laboratory and in‐stream enclosure experiments were used to determine whether rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss influence survival of longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae. In the laboratory, adult rainbow trout preyed on longnose dace in 42% of trials and juvenile rainbow trout did not prey on longnose dace during the first 6 h after rainbow trout introduction. Survival of longnose dace did not differ in the presence of adult rainbow trout previously exposed to active prey and those not previously exposed to active prey ( = 0.28, P = 0.60). In field enclosures, the number of longnose dace decreased at a faster rate in the presence of rainbow trout relative to controls within the first 72 h, but did not differ between moderate and high densities of rainbow trout (F2,258.9 = 3.73, P = 0.03). Additionally, longnose dace were found in 7% of rainbow trout stomachs after 72 h in enclosures. Rainbow trout acclimated to the stream for longer periods had a greater initial influence on the number of longnose dace remaining in enclosures relative to those acclimated for shorter periods regardless of rainbow trout density treatment (F4,148.5 = 2.50, P = 0.04). More research is needed to determine how predation rates will change in natural environments, under differing amounts of habitat and food resources and in the context of whole assemblages. However, if rainbow trout are introduced into the habitat of longnose dace, some predation on longnose dace is expected, even when rainbow trout have no previous experience with active prey.
Haemangiosarcoma in the horse
Authors: Taintor J.
Published: August 2014

Neoplasms arising from vascular endothelial cells include benign haemangioma and malignant haemangiosarcoma, both of which are rare in the horse. Haemangiosarcoma can arise as a solitary mass, typically involving the eye or skin, or as disseminated tumours throughout multiple organs. There is no sex, breed or age predilection but most cases are found in middle aged horses. Clinical presentations of haemangiosarcoma in the horse include the presence of a visible mass or reflect dysfunction of the organ involved, thus making it difficult to differentiate from other neoplasms.Ante mortemdiagnosis through clinicopathological findings, cytological findings of body cavity effusions or fine needle aspirates are often unrewarding. Biopsy or mass submission for histopathological examination may aid in diagnosis of haemangiosarcoma. A majority of cases are diagnosedpost mortem; however, if the mass is poorly differentiated additional diagnostics such as immunohistochemical staining may be needed. Unfortunately, treatment of haemangiosarcoma is often unrewarding and limited based on the location of the mass and the aggressive nature of this neoplasm.
The cross‐sectional area changes in digital flexor tendons and suspensory ligament in foals by ultrasonographic examination
Authors: Korosue K. , Endo Y. , Murase H. , Ishimaru M. , Nambo Y. , Sato F.
Published: August 2014

Reasons for performing study

Flexural deformities are common conditions of growing horses and are suggested to have a relationship with the contraction of musculotendinous units. However, limited studies have documented the changes in each tendon and ligament in the metacarpal region with age.

Objectives

To investigate the changes in the cross‐sectional area (CSA) of each tendon and ligament in the metacarpal region with age by ultrasonographic examination.

Study design

Longitudinal study of foals from Day 1 to age 24 months.

Methods

The CSA of the superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament was measured by ultrasonographic examination at monthly intervals from Day 1 to age 24 months in 7 Thoroughbred foals.

Results

Changes in superficial digital flexor CSA in all regions were larger than those of other structures from 10 months to 15 months. The suspensory ligament CSA was significantly larger than those of other structures on Day 1 in both the region of suspensory origin (RSO) and region of suspensory body (RSBO). This condition continued until 2 months in the RSO and until 5 months in the RSBO. The changes in deep digital flexor CSA were larger than those of other structures from 2 to 5 months in both the RSO and RSBO.

Conclusions

The rate of change in each structure varies with age. Thus, the functional adaptation with age that takes place may differ among structures because the primary function of each structure differs.
A review of fracture toughness transferability with constraint and stress gradient
Authors: Pluvinage G. , Capelle J. , Hadj Méliani M.
Published: August 2014

In this review paper, only constraint and stress gradient approaches to transferability of fracture toughness are examined. The different constraint parameters are defined and discussed, and one example is given in each case. Factors that influence the constraint are studied. Special attention is given to the actual trends to use the plastic constraint in the material failure master curve and the material transition temperature master curve. The paper also deals on the influence of T stress on the crack path and out‐of‐plane constraint and on the influence of thickness on fracture toughness. The uses of plasticity with gradient and the relative stress gradient in local fracture approaches are also examined.
Identification of promoter polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP6AY1 linked with insecticide resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Pang R. , Li Y. , Dong Y. , Liang Z. , Zhang Y. , Zhang W.
Published: August 2014

Imidacloprid resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, is primarily the result of the over‐expression of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Here, a field‐collected strain of N. lugens was shown to be highly resistant to both imidacloprid and buprofezin. Insecticide exposure and quantitative real‐time PCR revealed that its resistance was mainly associated with a cytochrome P450 gene, CYP6AY1. CYP6AY1 is known to metabolize imidacloprid but its effect on buprofezin is unclear. In the 5′‐untranslated region of CYP6AY1, a novel alternative splicing was detected. After a 1990‐bp promoter region was cloned, its basal luciferase activity was assessed. Furthermore, genotyping studies identified 12 variations in the promoter region that discriminated between the field‐collected and control strain. Finally, survival bioassays revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism and an insertion‐deletion polymorphism linked to buprofezin and imidacloprid resistance. Mutagenesis of these sites enhanced the promoter activity of CYP6AY1. These results suggest that promoter polymorphisms may affect P450‐mediated multiple insecticide resistance of pests.
Real Exchange Rate Persistence in US Dollar PPP Systems
Authors: Crowder William J.
Published: August 2014

Persistent deviations of exchange rates from equilibrium values may lead to inefficient resource allocations internationally. Such persistence is well documented and represents a challenge for policy makers. If the source of the persistent deviations is real then effective policy interventions are limited. However, effective policy responses are possible when deviations are caused by nominal or market‐structure shocks. The appropriate policy response depends on the cause of the disequilibrium. In this study I use a structural vector autoregression to identify the shocks responsible for purchasing power parity (PPP) deviations for 12 US dollar exchange rates. I find that aggregate demand shocks are not the primary cause of PPP deviations. Real shocks and foreign exchange shocks are much more important. Foreign exchange shocks dominate exchange rate behaviour. This suggests a policy response with greater focus on the foreign exchange market and the degree to which persistent PPP deviations represent compensation for risk‐bearing or a form of micro‐structure inefficiency.
Transcriptionist saturation: knowing too much about sensitive health and social data
Authors: Wilkes Lesley , Cummings Joanne , Haigh Carol
Published: August 2014

Aim

The paper describes and interprets the experiences of transcriptionists employed to translate recorded auditory research, medical, court data into text and specifically when the research is sensitive and the audio source material may be traumatic to hear.

Background

This study highlights the ongoing need for transcriptionists to be recognized in the ethics process as a potentially vulnerable group who need greater support and debriefing when transcribing sensitive health and social data.

Design

Qualitative research.

Methods

Telephone interviews were conducted with 12 transcriptionists in Australia and New Zealand during 2012, who had transcribed sensitive material and reported issues with transcribing certain topics. Accuracy and confidentiality were paramount in this work.

Findings

Seven participants reported negative emotional and physical effects from transcribing sensitive material On the other hand six participants found the work enjoyable.

Conclusion

The majority of the transcriptionists did not receive any debriefing after transcribing sensitive material. The participants developed their own strategies to deal with the effects of transcribing sensitive materials such as online support groups, relaxation activities and unofficial debriefing with friends and family.
Nurses' choice of clinical field in early career
Authors: Abrahamsen Bente
Published: August 2014

Aim

To investigate how undergraduate nursing students' perceived professional qualifications and job values relate to their choice of clinical field after graduation, particularly about employment in care of older people and psychiatric fields.

Background

In the light of greater demand for highly qualified nurses, it is important to understand how professional qualifications and job values relate to career choices.

Design

A quantitative longitudinal study of 290 undergraduate nursing students based on a questionnaire survey and register data.

Methods

Data were analysed by multinomial logistic regression analyses. The questionnaire was distributed to all undergraduate nursing students during the final semester of study at two university colleges in Norway (N = 411) to collect the students' perceived professional qualifications and job values (2001). Register data on clinical fields after graduation (2002–2006) were merged into the survey data in 2008 (Statistics Norway).

Results

The tendency among undergraduate nursing students to choose care of older people rather than general hospital care after graduation increases as their score on altruism decreases, but is not correlated with their score on theoretical knowledge. The tendency to choose psychiatric fields rather than general hospital care increases with an increasing score on perceived practical skills and decreases with an increasing score on perceived theoretical knowledge.

Conclusion

The choice of clinical field after graduation correlates with undergraduate nursing students' perceived professional qualifications and job values.
Does amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram background pattern correlate with cerebral injury in neonates with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy?
Authors: Padden Beth , Scheer Ianina , Brotschi Barbara , Wohlrab Gabriele , Latal Beatrice , Bernet Vera
Published: August 2014

Aims

To determine the correlation between amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) background pattern and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in infants with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and to examine whether the correlation changes with therapeutic hypothermia.

Methods

We included 38 term‐born infants with HIE of whom 17 were cooled. All were continuously monitored with aEEG. Background pattern was scored at the beginning and the end of the recording. Cerebral MRI was obtained on median day 5 (2–11 days). Abnormalities were classified using a predefined scoring system for basal ganglia, watershed and overall injury, and then grouped into mild‐moderate and severe.

Results

Abnormal aEEG background pattern correlated with more severe cerebral injury on MRI in the non‐cooled infants (P < 0.01). In addition, cooled infants had less severe cerebral injury than non‐cooled infants, in particular on T2‐weighted images (watershed P = 0.04 and total injury score = 0.07).

Conclusions

Abnormal aEEG background pattern is predictive of abnormal MRI, but therapeutic hypothermia seems to reduce this association. Thus, when cooling is applied in a clinical setting, the predictive value of aEEG may be limited.
Compression force on the upper jaw during neonatal intubation: Mannequin study
Authors: Doreswamy Srinivasa Murthy , Almannaei Khaled , Fusch Chris , Shivananda Sandesh
Published: August 2014

Aim

Neonatal intubation is a technically challenging procedure, and pressure‐related injuries to surrounding structures have been reported. The primary objective of this study was to determine the pressure exerted on the upper jaw during tracheal intubation using a neonatal mannequin.

Method

Multidisciplinary care providers working at a neonatal intensive care unit were requested to intubate a neonatal mannequin using the standard laryngoscope and 3.0‐mm (internal diameter) endotracheal tube. Compression force exerted was measured by using pressure‐sensitive film taped on the upper jaw before every intubation attempt. Pressure, area under pressure and time taken to intubate were compared between the different types of health‐care professionals.

Results

Thirty care providers intubated the mannequin three times each. Pressure impressions were observed on the developer film after every intubation attempt (n = 90). The mean pressure exerted during intubation across all health‐care providers was 568 kPa (SD 78). The mean area placed under pressure was 142 mm2 (SD 45), and the mean time taken for intubation was 14.7 s (SD 4.3). There was no difference in pressure exerted on the upper jaw between frequent and less frequent intubators. It was found that pressure greater than 400 kPa was inadvertently applied on the upper jaw during neonatal intubation, far exceeding the 250 kPa shown to cause tissue injury in animal models.

Conclusion

The upper jaw is exposed to a significant compression force during intubation. Although such exposure is brief, it has the potential to cause tissue injury. Contact of the laryngoscope blade with the upper jaw occurred in all intubation attempts with the currently used design of laryngoscope.
Next of kin next door – philopatry and socio‐genetic population structure in wild boar
Authors: Podgórski T. , Scandura M. , Jędrzejewska B.
Published: August 2014

Dispersal patterns can have vital consequences for the transfer of genes in a population, thus shaping its genetic make‐up and structure. Genetic relationships between individuals can, in turn, affect their social behaviour and the emergent social organization of the population. Using combination of behavioural and genetic data from the wild boarSus scrofapopulation inBiałowieżaPrimevalForest (easternPoland), we evaluated the socio‐genetic structure of wild boar groups, the spatial genetic structure of the population and dispersal patterns. We found that wild boar post‐weaning movements were largely spatially limited to the vicinity of maternal range, with female boars showing a tendency to settle in the direct neighbourhood of the kin and male boars dispersing further away from the natal area. Consequently, such dispersal patterns were reflected in the kin‐based social organization and the spatial genetic structure of the population, which was manifested at a spatial scale corresponding to the size of a few home ranges (<5 km). A negative relationship between geographic distance and genetic relatedness, which was particularly strong in female boars, indicated a presence of local kin clusters dominated by female boars and the importance of female philopatry in shaping the structure of wild boar population. This was confirmed by the genetic profile and composition of social groups. This study showed the role dispersal decisions can play in the emergence of the kin‐based and matrilineal social system of wild boars.
The relation between FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and fungal density in oral paracoccidioidomycosis: a preliminary study
Authors: Cardoso Rhanderson Miller Nascimento , Jham Bruno Correia , do Carmo Gabriela Mota , Batista Aline Carvalho , de Oliveira Flávia Aparecida , de Paula Élbio Candido , Mesquita Ricardo Alves , da Silva Tarcília Aparecida , Duarte Eliza Carla Barroso
Published: August 2014

Regulatory T (Treg) cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), but data on the role of Treg cells in the context of oral PCM are still scarce. The objectives of this study were to investigate the density of FoxP3+ T regulatory cells in oral PCM and to correlate the results with the density of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the lesions. Cases of chronic oral PCM seen between 2000 and 2008 were included in this study. The diagnosis of all lesions was confirmed with histopathological examination and Grocott‐Gomori staining. The quantitative analysis of the viable fungi was conducted in all cases with Grocott‐stained slides. Treg cells were identified using antibodies against FoxP3. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the correlation between the density of fungi and Treg cells. Results were considered significant when P < 0.05. A total of 11 cases of oral PCM were obtained. There was a positive correlation between fungal density and FoxP3+ Treg cells density in oral lesions, however, without statistical significance. A positive relation between Treg cells and fungal density was seen in oral PCM. Further studies are required to further elucidate the role of these cells in the pathogenesis of oral PCM, as well the clinical significance of these findings.
Optimizing Rubisco and its regulation for greater resource use efficiency
Authors: CARMO‐SILVA ELIZABETE , SCALES JOANNA C. , MADGWICK PIPPA J. , PARRY MARTIN A. J.
Published: August 2014

Rubisco catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate (RuBP), enabling net CO2 assimilation in photosynthesis. The properties and regulation of Rubisco are not optimal for biomass production in current and projected future environments. Rubisco is relatively inefficient, and large amounts of the enzyme are needed to support photosynthesis, requiring large investments in nitrogen. The competing oxygenation of RuBP by Rubisco decreases photosynthetic efficiency. Additionally, Rubisco is inhibited by some sugar phosphates and depends upon interaction with Rubisco activase (Rca) to be reactivated. Rca activity is modulated by the chloroplast redox status and ADP/ATP ratios, thereby mediating Rubisco activation and photosynthetic induction in response to irradiance. The extreme thermal sensitivity of Rca compromises net CO2 assimilation at moderately high temperatures. Given its central role in carbon assimilation, the improvement of Rubisco function and regulation is tightly linked with irradiance, nitrogen and water use efficiencies. Although past attempts have had limited success, novel technologies and an expanding knowledge base make the challenge of improving Rubisco activity in crops an achievable goal. Strategies to optimize Rubisco and its regulation are addressed in relation to their potential to improve crop resource use efficiency and climate resilience of photosynthesis.
Physiological and proteomic analyses of salt stress response in the halophyte Halogeton glomeratus
Authors: WANG JUNCHENG , MENG YAXIONG , LI BAOCHUN , MA XIAOLE , LAI YONG , SI ERJING , YANG KE , XU XIANLIANG , SHANG XUNWU , WANG HUAJUN , WANG DI
Published: August 2014

Very little is known about the adaptation mechanism of Chenopodiaceae Halogeton glomeratus, a succulent annual halophyte, under saline conditions. In this study, we investigated the morphological and physiological adaptation mechanisms of seedlings exposed to different concentrations of NaCl treatment for 21 d. Our results revealed that H. glomeratus has a robust ability to tolerate salt; its optimal growth occurs under approximately 100 mm NaCl conditions. Salt crystals were deposited in water‐storage tissue under saline conditions. We speculate that osmotic adjustment may be the primary mechanism of salt tolerance in H. glomeratus, which transports toxic ions such as sodium into specific salt‐storage cells and compartmentalizes them in large vacuoles to maintain the water content of tissues and the succulence of the leaves. To investigate the molecular response mechanisms to salt stress in H. glomeratus, we conducted a comparative proteomic analysis of seedling leaves that had been exposed to 200 mm NaCl for 24 h, 72 h and 7 d. Forty‐nine protein spots, exhibiting significant changes in abundance after stress, were identified using matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS/MS) and similarity searches across EST database of H. glomeratus. These stress‐responsive proteins were categorized into nine functional groups, such as photosynthesis, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and stress and defence response.
Economic Growth in Canada and the United States: Supply‐Push or Demand‐Pull?
Authors: Tang Jianmin , Wang Weimin
Published: August 2014

Understanding the nature of structural change and the sources of economic growth of an economy, especially the relative importance of different industries, is essential for policy‐making. This paper estimates industry contribution to economic growth in both Canada and the United States. It argues that industry contribution should be evaluated on the basis of the performance of an industry in terms of creating economic value relative to other industries. In particular, it calls for the quantity and the price effects, which is consistent with real GDP in the chained‐Fisher index that values the industry more when its price rises and less when its price declines. This is an important departure from the traditional methodologies that consider only quantity effect. This paper shows that the contribution from demand‐driven industries is significantly more than the finding based on traditional thinking.
Impact of platelet transfusion on toxicity and mortality after hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation
Authors: Christou Grace , Kekre Natasha , Petrcich William , Tokessy Melanie , Neurath Doris , Giulivi Antonio , Saidenberg Elianna , McDiarmid Sheryl , Atkins Harold , Bence‐Bruckler Isabelle , Bredeson Christopher , Huebsch Lothar , Sabloff Mitchell , Sheppard Dawn , Tay Jason , Tinmouth Alan , Allan David S.
Published: August 2014

Background

Thrombocytopenia occurs commonly after hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation (HPCT) and is associated with potential morbidity and mortality. Few studies have examined the impact of platelet (PLT) transfusion on clinical outcomes in HPCT while optimal PLT transfusion strategies after HSCT remain uncertain.

Study Design and Methods

A retrospective single‐center cohort study was conducted on 522 patients undergoing HPCT between January 2002 and December 2007. Associations between PLT transfusion events and clinical characteristics with transplant‐related outcomes were assessed using univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

Mean number of PLT transfusion events before Day +60 posttransplant was 7.5 (95% confidence interval, 6.7‐8.4) with greater number of events after allogeneic compared with autologous HPCT (p < 0.01). Univariate and multivariate analysis confirmed that the number of PLT transfusion events was associated with increased 100‐day nonrelapse mortality (p < 0.01), posttransplant length of hospital stay (p < 0.01), need for intensive care unit admission (p < 0.01), and number of organs affected by severe toxicity (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

HPCT‐related toxicity and mortality are associated with increased PLT transfusion events. Alternative strategies to reduce PLT transfusions after HPCT may warrant future study.
Comparison of three noninvasive methods for hemoglobin screening of blood donors
Authors: Ardin Sergey , Störmer Melanie , Radojska Stela , Oustianskaia Larissa , Hahn Moritz , Gathof Birgit S.
Published: August 2014

Background

To prevent phlebotomy of anemic individuals and to ensure hemoglobin (Hb) content of the blood units, Hb screening of blood donors before donation is essential. Hb values are mostly evaluated by measurement of capillary blood obtained from fingerstick. Rapid noninvasive methods have recently become available and may be preferred by donors and staff. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time all different noninvasive methods for Hb screening.

Study Design and Methods

Blood donors were screened for Hb levels in three different trials using three different noninvasive methods (Haemospect [MBR Optical Systems GmbH & Co. KG], NBM 200 [LMB Technology GmbH], Pronto‐7 [Masimo Europe Ltd]) in comparison to the established fingerstick method (CompoLab Hb [Fresenius Kabi GmbH]) and to levels obtained from venous samples on a cell counter (Sysmex [Sysmex Europe GmbH]) as reference. The usability of the noninvasive methods was assessed with an especially developed survey.

Results

Technical failures occurred by using the Pronto‐7 due to nail polish, skin color, or ambient light. The NBM 200 also showed a high sensitivity to ambient light and noticeably lower Hb levels for women than obtained from the Sysmex. The statistical analysis showed the following bias and standard deviation of differences of all methods in comparison to the venous results: Haemospect, −0.22 ± 1.24; NBM, 200 −0.12 ± 1.14; Pronto‐7, −0.50 ± 0.99; and CompoLab Hb, −0.53 ± 0.81.

Conclusion

Noninvasive Hb tests represent an attractive alternative by eliminating pain and reducing risks of blood contamination. The main problem for generating reliable results seems to be preanalytical variability in sampling. Despite the sensitivity to environmental stress, all methods are suitable for Hb measurement.
Equine dermatology – past, present and future
Authors: White Stephen D.
Published: August 2014

This editorial links to: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00545.x
Tactics for Teaching Evidence‐Based Practice: Improving Self‐Efficacy in Finding and Appraising Evidence in a Master's Evidence‐Based Practice Unit
Authors: Chang Anne , Levin Rona F.
Published: August 2014

This column shares the best evidence‐based strategies and innovative ideas on how to facilitate the learning of EBP principles and processes by clinicians as well as nursing and interprofessional students. Guidelines for submission are available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1741‐6787
Effect of Interparticle Interaction on Particle Deposition in a Crossflow Microfilter
Authors: Jubery Talukder Z. , Kapoor Shiv G. , Wentz John E.
Published: August 2014

Recent studies show that interparticle interaction can affect particle trajectories and particle deposition causing fouling in the microfilters used for metal working fluids (MWFs). Interparticle interaction depends on various factors: particle geometry and surface properties, membrane pore geometry and surface properties, MWF's properties and system operating conditions, etc. A mathematical model with a Langevin equation for particle trajectory and a hard-sphere model for particle deposition has been used to study the effect of particle's size, particle's surface zeta potential, interparticle distance, and shape of membrane pore wall surface on particle trajectory and its deposition on membrane pore wall. The study reveals the microlevel force phenomena behind bigger particles having a lesser tendency to be deposited on membrane pore walls than smaller particles. Deposition of particles on pore walls with asperities such as previously deposited particles is also examined and it is found that such cases can reduce repulsive electrostatic forces and lead to a higher probability of particle capture.
Non-Conformal Contact Mechanics of Knee Prosthetic Implant: Contact Damping and Natural Frequency
Authors: Hodaei Mohammad , Farhang Kambiz
Published: August 2014

The contact mechanics of Knee prosthetic implant is considered in which the surface roughness of the implant is included. The study involves a contact mechanics model of the rough surfaces. Free and forced vibration of the prosthetic components are considered when subject to a constant compressive force. The finding shows that both contact damping and contact natural frequency relate to the nominal geometrical properties as well as micron scale surface roughness of the prosthetic component. The micron scale surface roughness parameters are defined based on three statistical parameters of the surface which include standard deviation of asperity height distribution, average asperity summit curvature and area density of asperities.
Spreading Kinetics of Lubricant Droplets on Magnetic Recording Disks
Authors: Mate C. Mathew
Published: August 2014

Quantifying the mobility of lubricants on disk surfaces can be critical to designing reliable head-disk interfaces for disk drives. To achieve good reliability, the designer needs to optimize the tradeoff between lubricant mobility and bonding, as increased mobility is beneficial for reducing wear and increased bonding (which reduces mobility) is beneficial for decreasing lubricant loss due to spinoff and evaporation and for decreasing lubricant pickup on slider surfaces.
Fluorescence Detection of a Minute Particle Using Resin-Based Optical Total Analysis Systems Having a High Aspect Ratio Light Waveguide Core
Authors: Ohkubo Toshifumi , Terada Nobuyuki , Yoshida Yoshikazu
Published: August 2014

A precise light waveguide combined total analysis system (TAS)[1] is thought to be one of the most powerful functional elements needed to realize a “ubiquitous healthcare” system. In accordance with this concept, we have proposed a fundamental structure of detecting forward and side scattered light from small particles illuminating laser power through light waveguide formed in a thin resin layer. Based on this concept, we demonstrated its effectiveness of detecting both forward and side scattered light in in-plane direction[2] (Fig.1) by using a trial-manufactured TAS chip. Acquiring further various physiological properties, it is necessary to illuminate them with smaller cross section size of cores of light waveguide, and furthermore, to construct fluorescence detecting systems.
Vibration Reduction for Image Transfer Belt System With H∞ Optimal Control Configuration
Authors: Yu Jie , Yamaura Hiroshi
Published: August 2014

An optimal control architecture based on H∞ norm is presented for the rejection of loading disturbance in a class of image transfer belt modeled as a four-rollers-belt system. The proposed H∞ controller acts on the actuating torque provided by a direct-current motor and optimizes all variables concerning quality of the original image formation. Simulation results responding to a periodic loading disturbance with comparison of the insufficiency and performance limitation in conventional speed control ascertain its effectiveness. It is shown that the image transfer belt system is successfully maintained in the satisfying condition under the proposed control architecture when loading disturbance enters.
Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon With Ultratrace Hydrogen
Authors: Inaba Hiroshi , Matsumura Toru , Saito Yoko , Matsumoto Hiroyuki
Published: August 2014

In heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) where near-field light from a head heats up a disk, disk overcoat needs to be heat-resistive and transparent. ta-C (tetrahedral amorphous carbon) films have been considered to be promising for HAMR disk overcoat, because they are denser and harder than diamond-like carbon (DLC) films that have been used as disk overcoat. In the previous study, ta-C did not show any change in the film thickness by heating up to 450 degrees Celsius, approving a heat-resistant high protective film [1]. The purpose of this study is to investigate enhanced ta-C, which is harder, denser and higher-thermostability than those of conventional ta-C in reference to that nanometer-sized diamonds were more stable than graphite by adding the small amount of hydrogen [2]. In this report, ultratrace hydrogenerated ta-C, amorphous films, was investigated to expect similar effect as was observed in the crystalline films.
Effect of Vapor Lubrication on Head–Disk Clearance and Slider Wear in Inert Gas Environments
Authors: Tani Hiroshi , Tomita Jun , Koganezawa Shinji , Tagawa N.
Published: August 2014

The application of dynamic flying height (DFH) control technology to hard disk drives (HDDs) reduces the clearance of the magnetic heads above the disk surface to a few nanometers. Further, such a small clearance distance sometimes causes wear of the diamond like carbon (DLC) overcoat on the slider surface at the head–disk interface (HDI) owing to contact with the disk surface. The wear mechanisms of the DLC overcoat are considered to be either mechanical wear or tribochemical wear (oxidation of carbon) [1]. Recently, a helium-filled HDD was developed to improve the storage capacity and power consumption of HDDs. In the helium-filled HDD, tribochemical wear does not occur because there is no oxygen in the HDD. In addition, there is no humidity (water vapor), which was found to affect wear at the HDI [2]. Therefore, it is important to understand the effect of humidity and an oxygen-free inert gas environment on slider wear.