bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Performance Improvement of Recompression Brayton Cycle Utilizing CO2-C7H8 Binary Mixture
Authors: SIDDIQUI Muhammad Ehtisham
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the energy and exergy performance analyses of supercritical carbon dioxide recompression Brayton cycle (S-CO2 RBC). This cycle is known to offer maximum efficiency when operating near the critical point of CO2, which is possible in low ambient temperature environment but not in warm or hot ambient conditions. CO2-C7H8 binary mixture is used to improve the thermodynamic performance of the cycle for warmer ambient conditions. The percentage of C7H8 in the mixture is selected according to cycle’s minimum temperature, which is assumed 50oC. When using CO2-C7H8 binary mixture, the analysis shows that the thermal efficiency of the cycle is improved by nearly14.5% and 8% for turbine inlet temperatures of 350oC and 400oC, respectively. Moreover, exergetic performance analysis reveals better performance of RBC with CO2-C7H8 binary mixture.
Relação entre a demanda de energia elétrica e temperatura: metodologia para previsão de carga utilizando simulação numérica de tempo
Authors: Casarin Kauan Vargas , Anabor Vagner , Puhales Franciano Scremin , Piva Everson Dal
Published: June 2021

This work aims to study the relationship between the demand for electricity and the temperature for the concession area of a given electricity distributor, in order to develop a representative load forecast method for this area. For this purpose, a weather numerical simulation is made using the regional meteorological model Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) for the study area and, from that, the average temperature in the distributor's concession area is calculated, considering the number of consumers in each city that makes up that same area, called Average Temperature Weighted by the Number of Consumers (TMPNC). With this, a temperature index is obtained that effectively describes the influence of temperature on the load, since a greater weight is given to temperatures in cities where there are more consumers. Thus, it is observed that the relationship between the load and the TMPNC differs depending on the month, day of the week and time of day, due to different causes related to human activity, socioeconomic factors, weather conditions, etc. However, a load forecast method is developed based on a regression algorithm that uses the load and TMPNC data as input, returning regression functions that describe the load behavior as a function of the TMPNC. The forecasting method developed resulted in load estimates with an mean absolute percentage error of 1.8%.
America's Cup 1974 - An Overview - Design and Construction - The First Race
Authors: Pedrick David R.
Published: June 2021

The design and construction of a Twelve Meter Yacht is achieved through a remarkable combination of talents and efforts. To convert concepts of performance into an actual America's Cup contender is a complex process whose coordination and timing are crucial to its success. This section of the America's Cup Overview will provide some explanation of the general development of a Twelve Meter Yacht in the design and construction stages, including the people involved and the timing of the work. A great deal of credit is due the many participants who put forth tremendously dedicated effort, be it model testing, design work, hull and rig fabrication, sailmaking, or other facet of the project. Every person involved is glad to see his part over, but proud of his share in creating one of man's most magnificent objects of science and art.
America's Cup 1974 - An Overview - Racing for The Cup
Authors: Herreshoff Halsey Chase
Published: June 2021

Racing success on an America's Cup Twelve Meter Yacht depends on the perfection of many factors. We hear speculation about the dominant role of either design, skipper, sails or crew. Such an argument is useless because the various orders of merit unite as the links of a chain toward victory or defeat. In 1974 COURAGEOUS was the fastest Twelve Meter at Newport. Her sails became excellent. Her skipper was uniquely talented. Her crew was trained to a high point. She still could have lost selection, but the other necessary links of the chain were present both for the "sudden death" win over INTREPID on September 2nd and for the Cup Race victories over SOUTHERN CROSS.

Participation in an America's Cup campaign has no composite parallel. The boat is doctored like a missile readying for blast-off. The crew is similar to a football team girding for the ultimate test. The designer functions as scientist, engineer and practical expediter. The skipper is both Father and race driver in the same sense as an automobile racer. The "handlers" from the tender, boatyard and house are as important as the handlers present around a prize fighter.

A frantic three ring circus ensues toward developing perfection which by definition cannot be frantic. There is never enough time, but the calendar turns and the boats race during the period of development. One witnesses parallel contributions of strength, finesse, logic, endurance and some other things generally grouped under the category of "luck."

Technical and human aspects combine to a most absorbing season that is only really good if you win.
Aluminum Construction
Authors: Wyland Gilbert
Published: June 2021

By no means is the complete history of aluminum vessels and yacht development, material, specifications, design, construction and durability, as well as other facets, covered in full. It is proposed to discuss some of the more important development aspects, scantling requirements, construction problems, corrosion control and material problems which we have experienced in design of aluminum yachts and commercial vessels up to something over a hundred feet in length and speeds of over 50 knots, both power and sail.
Principles of Sail Design
Authors: Haarstick Stephen
Published: June 2021

Sail design involves two processes: first to determine the proper sail shapes for a given set of conditions such as sail plan, point of sail, wind range, sea state, and hull characteristics that will produce optimum perform­ance; and second to design the panel curvatures necessary to reproduce these chosen shapes from an elastic material on the boat. This paper discusses the various approaches to these design steps, the problems confronted and various possible solutions by offering specific cases and showing a designer's thought process.
Analyzing a Yacht for Hydrodynamic Characteristics that Effect What Type of Sails and Rigs Will Work Best
Authors: Doyle Robert E.
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this paper is to present a very general overview as to how basic concepts of aerodynamics and hydrodynamics can be utilized in the selection and trim of sails. I have used the term selection to go all the way back to the routes of designing and selecting a rig for a given boat. The paper introduces absolutely no data and, in fact, does not explore any existing data in detail. Its main purpose is to show that almost any decision on rig or sails on a sail boat is always a compromise of varying forces. Sometimes these compromises are conflicting dynamics of the hull and sails, other times the forces are man-made such as rule parameters.

Perhaps I could have done a more scien­tific job by choosing just one set of parameters that are in conflict and explored these in great detail showing how a conclusion can be reached from all the varying inputs into one particular problem involving rig, sails or hull. This type of thorough analysis, which would obviously require more exacting research to prove the hypothesis once defined, is not my strength. Therefore, it would be inappropriate for me to do such an analysis. My strength is in actually applying a large range of sail­ing theory to actual on-the-water sailing conditions.

What I hope to accomplish by this paper is to let sailors realize that when making a decision on a rig, a particu­lar sail, or how to trim a particular sail, they first must decide what they want to accomplish with the rig, sail or sail trim. They must think about it in general terms as to what direction they should take aerodynamically or hydrodynamically to get the forces they want to achieve. Then they must go about the task with the full realization that there is no preset answer and that they must be willing to experiment in order to hone in on the optimum. The input variables of the hydrodynamics of a pitching yacht going to weather in a moderate breeze that is constantly receding and increasing in velocity as well as direction defies simple solu­tions. Thus, the best compromise is usually the best solution.
A guide to United States electrical and electronic equipment compliance requirements
Authors: Benson Lisa M , Reczek Karen K
Published: June 2021

This guide addresses electrical and electronic consumer products, including those that will come into contact with food. In addition, it includes electrical and electronic products used in the workplace as well as electrical and electronic medical devices. The scope does not include vehicles or components of vehicles, electric or electronic toys, or recycling requirements.
Information on the investor relations websites – How to study its usefulness? A research proposal
Authors: Sabelfeld Svetlana
Published: June 2021

This paper can be seen as a preliminary research proposal to my continued PhD project. My expectation is therefore to receive your feedback concerning the whole proposal, and, specifically, I would appreciate if you could suggest how to conceptually frame this project; and also if you could provide me with your feedback concerning methodology.
The rise of the balanced scorecard! – Relevance regained?
Authors: Nørreklit Hanne , Nørreklit Lennart , Mitchell Falconer , Bjørnenak Trond
Published: June 2021

This paper investigates whether the balanced score card has contributed to regaining practice relevance of management accounting research. The paper subscribes to Kaplan’s claim that accounting research should increase its relevance by directing more attention to accounting in contemporary business practice and strive to develop improvements for this practice. We also believe that Kaplan is fundamentally right when he states that even though efforts have been made to overcome the problem, the issue remains important for management accounting research. However, the paper is wondering why was the relevance gap not somehow covered by the widespread interest in and use of BSC?The increased demand for research that is relevant to managerial practice can be seen as an example of the traditional change of a profession from being a craft to becoming a scientific practice; a transition that has characterized all professions in modern society. Accordingly, the problem of relevance is not considered to be a limited technical problem, but it is seen as a general problem of incompatibility between the speech genres of managerial practice and scientific research. Therefore, we address the speech genre in use in the major works on BSC.Our analysis uncovers that the BSC is defined in a way that can provide management with some kind of generally overarching model, but the model lacks realistic scientific characteristics and favors some strong characteristics of myth. The extreme focus on cause-and-effect statements in BSC that makes everybody involved draw arrows in all directions seems especially arbitrary or mythical. The mythical nature of the BSC speech genre, on the one hand, may be handy to use in practice because it generates hypothetical managerial imperatives, but on the other hand it is incompatible with research and thereby it actually increases the relevance gap. Our analysis consequently points towards methodological issues that are to be solved especially with respect to the usage of cause-and-effect statements if research is to become more relevant and replace the use of somewhat unrealistic myth. To overcome this problem and regain research relevance the article recommends a more scholarly speech genre that pays more attention to various usages of inferential statements and specifically a pragmatic constructivist perspective for analyzing construct causalities.
Academic-based new product development research project and management accounting practice: a pragmatic constructivist approach
Authors: Giannetti Riccardo , Magnacca Fabio , Mariani Giovanna
Published: June 2021

No abstract
Relationship between age, category and experience with the soccer referee’s self-efficacy
Authors: López Aguilar José , Castillo-Rodriguez Alfonso , Chinchilla-Minguet José L. , Onetti-Onetti Wanesa
Published: June 2021

Soccer referees (SRs) encounter stressful situations during competitions and sometimes even outside them, which may affect their decision making. Therefore, it is important that they possess or acquire optimal levels of self-efficacy, since it is related to less stress during competition, also guaranteeing sports performance and prevent sports abandonment. The objectives of this study were to characterize the profile, in terms of self-efficacy, of SRs depending on their category, age, and experience and to determine the relationship of these factors on SR self-efficacy. Two-hundred fifty-six Spanish referees participated in this study and Referee Self-Efficacy Scale was administered and completed. The results indicated that the SRs older than 25 years, of national category, and with experience greater than or equal to 8 years, have higher levels of self-efficacy than those with the least (p < .01). Likewise, moderate positive correlations were also observed between global self-efficacy and the category, age, and experience of the SRs. In conclusion, age, category and experience factors relate the self-efficacy of the SR, which can explain up to 17% of the variance, affecting decision-making and other decisive behaviors in the competition. These findings are of interest to delegations and referee committees seeking to implement psychological intervention programs to prevent burnout and abandonment of sports practice due to the consequences of low self-efficacy.
Speaking with the Learning of Odes
Authors: Gu Yixin
Published: June 2021

This paper investigates the representation of the Shijing 詩經 and its hermeneutic traditions in Cao Zhi’s 曹植 (192–232 CE) poetic writings with regard to the reception and utilization of the Shijing at different stages, especially the early third century CE. Cao Zhi not merely appropriated poetic utterances and literary patterns from particular odes but also presented a variety of Shijing-related interpretations, which show correspondences with different hermeneutic traditions that transcended the boundaries of the four main Shijing schools. This case represents a syncretic mode of the reception and utilization of the Shijing within larger intellectual and cultural contexts. The Cao regime, as the new ruling authority in Northern China around the early third century CE, engaged in gathering dispersed literary scholars and cultural legacies, in which the Shijing-related materials and sources played significant roles. Taking Cao Zhi’s syncretic representation of the Shijing and its hermeneutic traditions as an instantiation of these factors, this paper also aims to invite methodological reflections on the traditional and modern studies of the reception of the Shijing, considering its status with both literal significance and hermeneutic diversity in early and medieval China.
Clinical Outcomes of Ventral Hernia Repair with Ventralex Patch- A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Victor Coelho , Titus DK , Roopavathana Beulah , Nadarajan Abinaya R , Chase Suchita , Nayak Sukria
Published: June 2021

Introduction: There are several described techniques for ventral hernia mesh repair in both laparoscopic and open approach. Both approaches have their own pros and cons. Ventralex patch repair is an open technique using dual mesh in the intraperitoneal plane for ventral hernia repair. Aim: To describe an open technique with the use of ventalex patch in the repair of selected ventral hernias and to compare the open technique in terms of cost, operating time, complications and duration of hospital stay with the similar studies using Ventral patch and available literature for open and laparoscopic repair. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 248 patients over a period of seven years who underwent open ventral hernia repair with the Ventralex Patch, at a tertiary care hospital. A retrospective chart review and telephonic interview was conducted postoperatively and at the end of at least 24 months to assess for outcomes, particularly recurrence. Descriptive statistics reported using frequency and percentage for categorical variables. Continuous variables were reported using mean±Standard Deviation (SD). Results: A total of 248 patients underwent hernioplasty with ventralex patch. The mean age was 50.57 years and mean BMI was 28.37 kg/m2. The average duration of operation was 27.5 minutes and hospital stay was 2.275 days. The most common defect size was 2 cm (47.2%). The cost analysis of this technique revealed an average cost of INR 35,142 as opposed to an average cost of INR 88,601 for laparoscopic repair (including disposables) and INR 30,174 for open traditional sub-lay repair. Twenty-one patients developed surgical site infection (8.5%), and 27 patients (10.9%) developed seroma formation. A total of six patients developed superficial skin necrosis. The cumulative hernia recurrence rate at the end of 24 months was 6.5% (16/248). Conclusion: Ventralex patch repair is very efficient and effective in the treatment of selective umbilical, periumbilical, epigastric and incisional hernias with a comparable complication profile in terms of short term complications and recurrence rate compared to available literature.
Zimmer Natural Nails in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Kumar C Yashavanth , Kumar P Ashok , Rahul P , Shah Harshad M , Patil Sandesh , Gawalkar Rahul V
Published: June 2021

Introduction:Cephalomedullary nails are preferred over intramedullary nails for internal fixation of unstable intertrochanteric fractures; however, they are associated with complications as they do not match the anatomy of the proximal femur to a great extent. Aim: To investigate functional and radiological results of Zimmer natural nails in the management of unstable intertrochanteric fractures. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal prospective study of 99 patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures was carried out. All patients underwent closed reduction and internal fixation with 180 mm short Zimmer natural nails. Follow-up visits were scheduled for six weeks, three months, and six months for radiological healing and mobility measurements using RUSH and Parker scores, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and ANOVA. Results: Mean age of patients was 69.77±11.47 years with a male to female ratio of 1:1. A majority of patients had co-morbidities like diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Average duration of surgery was 58.38 minutes with no statistically significant difference among the different categories of unstable intertrochanteric fractures. Fixation of fractures with Zimmer natural nails increased Parker score and RUSH score consistently with each follow-up visit (p<0.05). There were no postoperative complications in 93.94% cases. Conclusion: This study emphasised good functional and radiological results of Zimmer natural nails in the treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures.
A Prospective Longitudinal Study onthe Predictability of Quadruple-D Score in the Success Rate of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Renal Stones 1-2cm in Diameter
Authors: Sengupta Soumish , Basu Supriya , Ghosh Kadambari
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Quadruple-D, based on Computed Tomography (CT) derived metrics, is a scoring system that helps urologists to predict the Stone Free Rate (SFR) following Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) in renal stones. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Quadruple-D scoring system to assess the SFR in individuals with renal stones measuring 1-2 cm in diameter after giving ESWL. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 120 patients. Systemic random sampling technique was applied with a sampling interval of two. Quadruple-D scoring, comprising of four Computed Tomography (CT) based metrics that is stonedimension, stone density, Hounsfield units (HU), Skin-to-Stone Distance (SSD) and stone location, was done prior to ESWL. The scores ranged from zero (worst) to four (best) points. Plain abdominal radiography was done three weeks after ESWL to assess SFR. Complete clearance was considered the stone free status. Patients were divided into group A with complete stone clearance and group B with residual stone. All the statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS 26.0. Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare continuous variables. Fisher’s-exact test and Chi-square test were used to analyse the cross charts between two categories. Results:The mean ellipsoid Stone Volume (SV) was 396.44±163.23 mm3 and 395.81±227.52 mm3 in group A and B, respectively. The stone density was 724.28±210.90 in group A and 814.56±190.63 in group B. In group A, 9.20% and in group B, 34.09% of the patients had stones in lower calyx. The difference between the groups based on the above parameters were statistically significant. The Quadruple-D score was 2.09±0.65 and 1.54±0.79 in group A and B, respectively. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of Quadruple-D scoring system was 0.674. The age, sex, BMI, laterality of the stone and SSD did not predict stone-free status in this study. Conclusion: Quadruple-D scoring system has been successfully validated as the SFR showed a parallel increase with every positive component. Quadruple-D is an easy to use clinical tool to predict the success rate of ESWL.
Critical Level of Alanine Transaminase to Predict Foetomaternal Outcome in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: A Case-control Study
Authors: Ahuja Nidhi , Dabral Anjali , Marwah Sheeba , Bharti Rekha , Pachauri Deepti , Suri Jyotsna
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (IHCP) is a disorder of the second and third trimester causing pruritis without a rash in the women. To avoid the adversities, early delivery is indicated before serum bile acids levels of >40 μmol/L is reached. In the settingswhere bile acid testing is not available, serum transaminases can be used for diagnosis and management of IHCP. Aim: To find out value of Alanine Transaminase (ALT) for the prediction of adverse outcomes. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was carried out from October 2018 to March 2020, enrolled 75 singleton women with IHCP and 75 controls in their third trimester. The diagnosis was based on the presence of pruritis without an identifiable dermatological cause along with raised serum transaminases. Serum ALT levels and the foetomaternal outcomes were noted. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare all variables. The p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of women in the IHCP and control groups was 24.81±4.2 and 25.95±5.13 years, respectively and the mean gestational age of women was 34±2.89 weeks. Women with IHCP had increased incidence of induction of labour (p=0.0003) and meconium staining of liquor (p=0.002) as compared to controls. Serum ALT levels showed a significant positive association with meconium staining of liquor (p=0.041), Intrauterine Death (p=0.01), and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission (p=0.006) in women with IHCP. An ALT value of 133 U/L was found to be predictive of adverse foetal outcomes with sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio of 65.7%, 82.5% and 3.76, respectively. Conclusion: IHCP leads to adverse foetal outcomes. But pruritis is the only maternal distress. ALT >133 U/L is predictive of adverse foetal outcome, therefore, termination of pregnancy can be advocated above this level.
Comparative Elimination of Begomoviruses in Cassava Meristems and Axillary Buds
Authors: Zango Adonise F. Valam , Zinga Innocent , Soupké Régis Dimitri Longué , Yandia Simplice Prosper , Marabana Brice Toko , Kassa Nicole Gado Yamba , Otabo Françoise R. , Mebourou Emmanuel Kamba , Ephrem Kosh Komba , M’Villa Armand , Ankogui Guy Florent , Silla Semballa , Mabanza Joseph
Published: June 2021

Aim: The production of healthy cuttings from a local cassava cultivar for cassava mosaic control.

Study design: The study was carried out at the In Vitro Culture Laboratory using the techniques of thermotherapy and culture of tissues and explants in a specific medium.

Place and duration: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Biological and Agronomic Sciences for Development at the University of Bangui, Central African Republic from December 2017 to June 2018.

Methodology: A variety of cassava called six-month very susceptible to mosaic was used for this work. The cuttings used were infected by Cassava Mosaic Begomoviruses (CMBs) with high severity. It were subcultured in a room under the heat of 37 ° C to 40 ° C for two weeks. Explants and meristems were taken from the stems and the apices, respectively. These collected materials were treated and seeded on appropriate culture media. After the plants produced in vitro were acclimatized and the leaves were removed to check their phytosanitary state by the PCR technique.

Results: The rate of emergence of the acclimatized plants and the expression of the disease on the microplants were evaluated. The results show that 75% of the weaned vitro plants recovered under acclimatization. In addition, the acclimatized plants left growing in the greenhouse for four months remained asymptomatic. Molecular analysis by PCR showed that begomoviruses were not detected on meristem samples unlike samples from stem fragments.

Conclusion: The combination of thermotherapy technique associated with the culture of meristems constitutes an effective means useful for the sanitation of infected plant material.
A Manganese Phosphate Nanocluster Activates the cGAS‐STING Pathway for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Gao Min , Xie Yu‐Qing , Lei Kewen , Zhao Yu , Kurum Armand , Van Herck Simon , Guo Yugang , Hu Xiaomeng , Tang Li
Published: June 2021

Targeting the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway with cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), the natural STING agonists, is a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer. However, the clinical application of natural CDNs as therapeutics is greatly hindered by their intrinsic properties including negative charges, small molecular weight, and high susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Mn2+ ions have been recently discovered to directly activate the cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) and augment cGAMP‐STING binding affinity. Here, a PEGylated manganese(II) phosphate (MnP‐PEG) nanocluster is developed with high biocompatibility and potent capacity to stimulate the cGAS‐STING pathway. MnP‐PEG nanoclusters activate the immature bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) leading to 57.3‐ and 13.3‐fold higher production of interferon β and interleukin‐6 than free cGAMP, respectively. The potent STING activation capacity is likely due to the efficient cellular internalization of MnP‐PEG nanoclusters by DCs and acid‐triggered release of Mn2+ ions in the endolysosomes. Intratumoral administration of MnP‐PEG nanoclusters markedly enhances tumor infiltration as well as maturation of DCs and macrophages, and promotes activation and cytotoxicity of T cells and natural killer cells in the tumor. MnP‐PEG nanocluster in combination with a checkpoint inhibitor leads to significant tumor regression in the B16F10 murine melanoma model without any overt toxicities.
1,3‐Diketone‐Modified Nucleotides and DNA for Cross‐Linking with Arginine‐Containing Peptides and Proteins
Authors: Leone Denise‐Liu' , Hubálek Martin , Pohl Radek , Sýkorová Veronika , Hocek Michal
Published: June 2021

Linear or branched 1,3‐diketone‐linked thymidine 5′‐O‐mono‐ and triphosphate were synthesized through CuAAC click reaction of diketone‐alkynes with 5‐azidomethyl‐dUMP or ‐dUTP. The triphosphates were good substrates for KOD XL DNA polymerase in primer extension synthesis of modified DNA. The nucleotide bearing linear 3,5‐dioxohexyl group (HDO) efficiently reacted with arginine‐containing peptides to form stable pyrimidine‐linked conjugates, whereas the branched 2‐acetyl‐3‐oxo‐butyl (PDO) group was not reactive. Reaction with Lys or a terminal amino group formed enamine adducts that were prone to hydrolysis. This reactive HDO modification in DNA was used for bioconjugations and cross‐linking with Arg‐containing peptides or proteins (e.g. histones).
Aluminium‐Catalyzed C(sp)−H Borylation of Alkynes
Authors: Willcox Dominic R. , De Rosa Daniel M. , Howley Jack , Levy Abigail , Steven Alan , Nichol Gary S. , Morrison Carole A. , Cowley Michael J. , Thomas Stephen P.
Published: June 2021

Historically used in stoichiometric hydroalumination chemistry, recent advances have transformed aluminium hydrides into versatile catalysts for the hydroboration of unsaturated multiple bonds. This catalytic ability is founded on the defining reactivity of aluminium hydrides with alkynes and alkenes: 1,2‐hydroalumination of the unsaturated π‐system. This manuscript reports the aluminium hydride catalyzed dehydroborylation of terminal alkynes. A tethered intramolecular amine ligand controls reactivity at the aluminium hydride centre, switching off hydroalumination and instead enabling selective reactions at the alkyne C−H σ‐bond. Chemoselective C−H borylation was observed across a series of aryl‐ and alkyl‐substituted alkynes (21 examples). On the basis of kinetic and density functional theory studies, a mechanism in which C−H borylation proceeds by σ‐bond metathesis between pinacolborane (HBpin) and alkynyl aluminium intermediates is proposed.
Au/Pt‐Egg‐in‐Nest Nanomotor for Glucose‐Powered Catalytic Motion and Enhanced Molecular Transport to Living Cells
Authors: Kwon Taewan , Kumari Nitee , Kumar Amit , Lim Jongwon , Son Chang Yun , Lee In Su
Published: June 2021

Nanostructures converting chemical energy to mechanical work by using benign metabolic fuels, have huge implications in biomedical science. Here, we introduce Au/Pt‐based Janus nanostructures, resembling to “egg‐in‐nest” morphology (Au/Pt‐ENs), showing enhanced motion as a result of dual enzyme‐relay‐like catalytic cascade in physiological biomedia, and in turn showing molecular‐laden transport to living cells. We developed dynamic‐casting approach using silica yolk‐shell nanoreactors: first, to install a large Au‐seed fixing the silica‐yolk aside while providing the anisotropically confined concave hollow nanospace to grow curved Pt‐dendritic networks. Owing to the intimately interfaced Au and Pt catalytic sites integrated in a unique anisotropic nest‐like morphology, Au/Pt‐ENs exhibited high diffusion rates and displacements as the result of glucose‐converted oxygen concentration gradient. High diffusiophoresis in cell culture media increased the nanomotor‐membrane interaction events, in turn facilitated the cell internalization. In addition, the porous network of Au/Pt‐ENs facilitated the drug‐molecule cargo loading and delivery to the living cells.
Multienzyme One‐Pot Cascades Incorporating Methyltransferases for the Strategic Diversification of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids
Authors: Subrizi Fabiana , Wang Yu , Thair Benjamin , Méndez‐Sánchez Daniel , Roddan Rebecca , Cárdenas‐Fernández Max , Siegrist Jutta , Richter Michael , Andexer Jennifer N. , Ward John M. , Hailes Helen C.
Published: June 2021

The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) ring system is present in a large variety of structurally diverse natural products exhibiting a wide range of biological activities. Routes to mimic the biosynthetic pathways to such alkaloids, by building cascade reactions in vitro, represents a successful strategy and can offer better stereoselectivities than traditional synthetic methods. S‐Adenosylmethionine (SAM)‐dependent methyltransferases are crucial in the biosynthesis and diversification of THIQs; however, their application is often limited in vitro by the high cost of SAM and low substrate scope. In this study, we describe the use of methyltransferases in vitro in multi‐enzyme cascades, including for the generation of SAM in situ. Up to seven enzymes were used for the regioselective diversification of natural and non‐natural THIQs on an enzymatic preparative scale. Regioselectivites of the methyltransferases were dependent on the group at C‐1 and presence of fluorine in the THIQs. An interesting dual activity was also discovered for the catechol methyltransferases used, which were found to be able to regioselectively methylate two different catechols in a single molecule.
Monocyclic and Dicyclic Dehydro[20]annulenes Integrated with Perylene Diimide
Authors: Zeng Cheng , Liu Yujian , Xue Ning , Jiang Wei , Yan Shouke , Wang Zhaohui
Published: June 2021

A novel kind of monocyclic and dicyclic dehydro[20]annulenes exhibiting specific sizes and topologies from regioselective unilateral ortho‐diethynyl PDI, is developed by Cu‐catalyzed Glaser–Hay homo‐coupling and cross‐coupling. Through the integration of electron‐deficient PDI chromophores into the dehydroannulene scaffolding, these macrocycles exhibit intense and characteristic absorption properties and the degenerated LUMO levels. The single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis unambiguously revealed unique porous supramolecular structures, which display micropore characteristics with surface area of 120.74 m2 g−1. A moderate electron mobility of 0.05 cm2 V−1 s−1 for chlorine‐free dehydro[20]annulene based on micrometer‐sized single‐crystalline transistors was witnessed. The porous and yet semiconducting features signify the prospects of PDI‐integrated dehydroannulenes in organic optoelectronics.
Novel water‐soluble polymer coatings controlNPKrelease rate, improve soil quality and maize productivity
Authors: Akhter Mohsan , Shah Ghulam Abbas , Niazi Muhammad Bilal Khan , Mir Saad , Jahan Zaib , Rashid Muhammad Imtiaz
Published: June 2021

We investigated different combinations of polymers (5% each) (i) starch, gelatin (polymer coating; PC‐1), (ii) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), gum Arabica (PC‐2), (iii) PVA, gelatin (PC‐3), (iv) starch, gum Arabica (PC‐4), (v) gelatin, gum Arabica (PC‐5), (vi) starch, PVA (PC‐6), for coating NPK (17, 17:17) in a fluidized bed granulator. Morphological characterization indicated a uniform coating of all formulations on NPK granules. A slow release of N (PC‐3), P (PC‐6), and K (PC‐3) was observed in water. In soil, high mineral N (63%), plant‐available P (72%), and K (24%) were observed in PC‐3, PC‐5, and PC‐6, respectively than uncoated fertilizer. Microbial biomass NPK was also higher in these treatment. This resulted in higher maize yield (66%), N (114%), P (164%), and K (137%) uptakes and apparent N (267%), P (196%), and K (358%) recoveries from applied fertilizer in these treatments. Among these, PC‐3 resulted in an increase of 115% shoot N, 169% P and 138% K uptakes and 268% apparent N, 206% P and 361% K recoveries than uncoated fertilizer. Hence, coating of NPK with this biodegradable polymer combination controlled N, P, and K release and synchronized these nutrients availabilities with maize nutrients demand therefore resulted in higher maize crop yield and nutrient utilization efficiencies.
Improved Disease Course Associated With Early Initiation of Biologics in Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Trajectory Analysis of a Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Consensus Treatment Plans Study
Authors: Ong Mei Sing , Ringold Sarah , Kimura Yukiko , Schanberg Laura E. , Tomlinson George A. , Natter Marc D. ,   the CARRA Registry Investigators
Published: June 2021

Objective

To investigate the effects of early introduction of biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) on the disease course in untreated polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods

We analyzed data on patients with polyarticular JIA participating in the Start Time Optimization of Biologics in Polyarticular JIA (STOP‐JIA) study (n = 400) and a comparator cohort (n = 248) from the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry. Latent class trajectory modeling (LCTM) was applied to identify subgroups of patients with distinct disease courses based on disease activity (clinical Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score in 10 joints) over 12 months from baseline.

Results

In the STOP‐JIA study, 198 subjects (49.5%) received bDMARDs within 3 months of baseline assessment. LCTM analyses generated 3 latent classes representing 3 distinct disease trajectories, characterized by slow, moderate, or rapid disease activity improvement over time. Subjects in the rapid improvement trajectory attained inactive disease within 6 months from baseline. Odds of being in the rapid improvement trajectory versus the slow improvement trajectory were 3.6 times as high (95% confidence interval 1.32–10.0; P = 0.013) for those treated with bDMARDs ≤3 months from baseline compared with subjects who started bDMARDs >3 months after baseline, after adjusting for demographic characteristics, clinical attributes, and baseline disease activity. Shorter disease duration at first rheumatology visit approached statistical significance as a predictor of favorable trajectory without bDMARD treatment.

Conclusion

Starting bDMARDs within 3 months of baseline assessment is associated with more rapid achievement of inactive disease in subjects with untreated polyarticular JIA. These results demonstrate the utility of trajectory analysis of disease course as a method for determining treatment efficacy.
The art of molecular computing: Whence and whither
Authors: Gangadharan Sahana , Raman Karthik
Published: June 2021

An astonishingly diverse biomolecular circuitry orchestrates the functioning machinery underlying every living cell. These biomolecules and their circuits have been engineered not only for various industrial applications but also to perform other atypical functions that they were not evolved for—including computation. Various kinds of computational challenges, such as solving NP‐complete problems with many variables, logical computation, neural network operations, and cryptography, have all been attempted through this unconventional computing paradigm. In this review, we highlight key experiments across three different ‘‘eras’’ of molecular computation, beginning with molecular solutions, transitioning to logic circuits and ultimately, more complex molecular networks. We also discuss a variety of applications of molecular computation, from solving NP‐hard problems to self‐assembled nanostructures for delivering molecules, and provide a glimpse into the exciting potential that molecular computing holds for the future. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/9Mw0K0vCSQw
Effects of seizure burden on structural global brain networks in patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis
Authors: Corrêa Diogo Goulart , Tijms Betty M. , Dicks Ellen , Rêgo Cláudia , Alves‐Leon Soniza Vieira , Marcondes Jorge , Gasparetto Emerson Leandro , van Duinkerken Eelco
Published: June 2021

Background and purpose

Temporal lobe epilepsy secondary to hippocampal sclerosis is related to epileptogenic networks rather than a focal epileptogenic source. Graph‐theoretical gray and white matter networks may help to identify alterations within these epileptogenic networks.

Methods

Twenty‐seven patients with hippocampal sclerosis and 14 controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging, including 3D‐T1, fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery, and diffusion tensor imaging. Subject‐specific structural gray and white matter network properties (normalized path length, clustering, and small‐worldness) were reconstructed. Group differences and differences between those with higher and lower seizure burden (<4 vs. ≥4 average monthly seizures in the last year) in network parameters were evaluated. Additionally, correlations between network properties and disease‐related variables were calculated.

Results

All patients with hippocampal sclerosis as one group did not have altered gray or white matter network properties (all p > .05). Patients with lower seizure burden had significantly lower gray matter small‐worldness and normalized clustering compared to controls and those with higher seizure burden (all p < .04). A higher number of monthly seizures was significantly associated with increased gray and white matter small‐worldness, indicating a more rigid network.

Conclusion

Overall, there were no differences in network properties in this group of patients with hippocampal sclerosis. However, patients with lower seizure burden had significantly lower gray matter network indices, indicating a more random organization. The correlation between higher monthly seizures and a more rigid network is driven by those with higher seizure burden, who presented a more rigid network compared to those with a lower seizure burden.
Magnetic resonance imaging patterns of tumor response to chemotherapy in desmoid‐type fibromatosis
Authors: Zanchetta Edoardo , Ciniselli Chiara Maura , Bardelli Annalisa , Colombo Chiara , Stacchiotti Silvia , Baldi Giacomo Giulio , Provenzano Salvatore , Bertulli Rossella , Bini Federica , Casale Alessandra , Greco Francesca Gabriella , Ferrari Andrea , Verderio Paolo , Fiore Marco , Gronchi Alessandro , Casali Paolo Giovanni , Morosi Carlo , Palassini Elena
Published: June 2021

Background

We aimed to investigate changes in volume and MRI T2‐weighted intensity in desmoid‐type fibromatosis (DF) receiving methotrexate plus vinca‐alkaloids (MTX‐VA) at Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan.

Methods

All cases of sporadic DF treated with MTX‐VA from 1999 to 2019 were reviewed. MRIs at baseline, 6 and 12 months of chemotherapy and at treatment withdrawal were retrospectively reviewed, contouring the tumor lesion and measuring diameters, volume, and mean T2‐signal intensity (normalized to muscle) changes. These parameters were also evaluated according to clinical variables.

Results

Thirty‐two DF patients were identified. Best RECIST response was: 25% partial response, 69% stable disease, 6% progression. A ≥65% tumor volume reduction was observed in 38%, <65% reduction in 53%, an increase in 9%. 22% had RECIST stable disease with a ≥65% tumor volume reduction. T2‐signal intensity decreased by ≥50% in 47%, <50% in 41% and increased in 12%. In patients with symptomatic improvement while on therapy and in patients maintaining symptomatic improvement during follow‐up, median T2‐signal intensity showed a reduction along the time points (3.0, 1.9, 1.2, 1.1; 2.9, 2.0, 1.2, 1.2, respectively); in patients without symptomatic improvement and in those clinically progressing during follow‐up, a reduction was not observed. High T2‐signal intensity at baseline was observed in patients showing RECIST progression during follow‐up.

Conclusions

In this series, RECIST detected a lower proportion of responses as compared to volumetric and T2‐signal changes. T2‐signal reduction seemed to better reflect symptomatic improvement. High T2‐signal intensity at baseline was related to a higher proportion of further progression.
The prognostic value of sarcopenia combined with preoperative fibrinogen–albumin ratio in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after surgery: A multicenter, prospective study
Authors: Yu Haitao , Wang Mingxun , Wang Yi , Yang Jinhuan , Deng Liming , Bao Wenming , He Bangjie , Lin Zixia , Chen Ziyan , Chen Kaiyu , Zhang Baofu , Liu Fangting , Yu Zhengping , Ye Longyun , Jin Bin , Chen Gang
Published: June 2021

Background

To explore the prognostic value of the fibrinogen–albumin ratio (FAR) combined with sarcopenia in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients after surgery and to develop a nomogram for predicting the survival of ICC patients.

Materials and Methods

In this prospective cohort study, 116 ICC patients who underwent radical surgery were enrolled as the discovery cohort and another independent cohort of 68 ICC patients was used as the validation cohort. Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze prognosis. The independent predictor of overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) was evaluated by univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses, then developing nomograms. The performance of nomograms was evaluated by concordance index (C‐index), calibration curve, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (ROC), and decision curve analysis (DCA).

Results

Patients with high FAR had lower OS and RFS. FAR and sarcopenia were effective predictors of OS and RFS. Patients with high FAR and sarcopenia had a poorer prognosis than other patients. OS nomogram was constructed based on age, FAR, and sarcopenia. RFS nomogram was constructed based on FAR and sarcopenia. C‐index for the nomograms of OS and RFS was 0.713 and 0.686. Calibration curves revealed great consistency between actual survival and nomogram prediction. The area under ROC curve (AUC) for the nomograms of OS and RFS was 0.796 and 0.791 in the discovery cohort, 0.823 and 0.726 in the validation cohort. The clinical value of nomograms was confirmed by the DCA.

Conclusions

ICC patients with high FAR and sarcopenia had a poor prognosis, the nomograms developed based on these two factors were accurate and clinically useful in ICC patients who underwent radical resection.
Global, regional and national incidence, mortality and disability‐adjusted life‐years of skin cancers and trend analysis from 1990 to 2019: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zeng Wen , Jiang Aofei , He Zhi , Shen Xiaoping , Dong Xian , Feng Jianglong , Lu Hongguang
Published: June 2021

Background

Information about global and local epidemiology and trends of skin cancers is limited, which increases the difficulty of cutaneous cancer control.

Methods

To estimate the global spatial patterns and temporal trends of skin cancer burden. Based on the GBD 2019, we collected and analyzed numbers and age‐standardized rates (ASR) of skin cancer incidence, disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) and mortality (ASIR, ASDR, and ASMR) in 204 countries from 1990 through 2019 were estimated by age, sex, subtype (malignant skin melanoma [MSM], squamous‐cell carcinoma [SCC], and basal‐cell carcinoma [BCC]), Socio‐demographic Index (SDI), region, and country. Temporal trends in ASR were also analyzed using estimated annual percentage change.

Results

Globally, in 2019, there were 4.0 million BCC, 2.4 million SCC, and 0.3 million MSM. There were approximately 62.8 thousand deaths and 1.7 million DALYs due to MSM, and 56.1 thousand deaths and 1.2 million DALYs were attributed to SCC, respectively. The men had higher ASR of skin cancer burden than women. The age‐specific rates of global skin cancer burden were higher in the older adults, increasing trends observed from 55 years old. Geographically, the numbers and ASR of skin cancers varied greatly across countries, with the largest burden of ASIR in high SDI regions. However, an unexpected increase was observed in some regions from 1990 to 2019, such as East Asia, and Sub‐Saharan Africa. Although there was a slight decrease of the ASMR and ASDR, the global ASIR of MSM dramatically increased, 1990–2019. Also, there was a remarkable increase in ASR of BCC and SCC burden.

Conclusions

Skin cancer remains a major global public health threat. Reducing morbidity and mortality strategies such as primary and secondary prevention should be reconsidered, especially in the most prevalent and unexpected increased regions, especially for those areas with the greatest proportions of their population over age 55.