bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bedside to bench in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: insights into leukemogenesis from a rare pediatric leukemia
Authors: Chang Tiffany Y. , Dvorak Christopher C. , Loh Mignon L.
Published: August 2014

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a typically aggressive myeloid neoplasm of childhood that is clinically characterized by overproduction of monocytic cells that can infiltrate organs, including the spleen, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and lung. JMML is categorized as an overlap myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) by the World Health Organization and also shares some clinical and molecular features with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, a similar disease in adults. Although the current standard of care for patients with JMML relies on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, relapse is the most frequent cause of treatment failure. Tremendous progress has been made in defining the genomic landscape of JMML. Insights from cancer predisposition syndromes have led to the discovery of nearly 90% of driver mutations in JMML, all of which thus far converge on the Ras signaling pathway. This has improved our ability to accurately diagnose patients, develop molecular markers to measure disease burden, and choose therapeutic agents to test in clinical trials. This review emphasizes recent advances in the field, including mapping of the genomic and epigenome landscape, insights from new and existing disease models, targeted therapeutics, and future directions.
Synthesis and characterizations of Ni-NiO nanoparticles on PDDA-modified graphene for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Yung Tung-Yuan , Huang Li-Ying , Chan Tzu-Yi , Wang Kuan-Syun , Liu Ting-Yu , Chen Po-Tuan , Chao Chi-Yang , Liu Ling-Kang
Published: August 2014

We are presenting our recent research results about the Ni-NiO nanoparticles on poly-(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-modified graphene sheet (Ni-NiO/PDDA-G) nanocomposites prepared by the hydrothermal method at 90°C for 24 h. The Ni-NiO nanoparticles on PDDA-modified graphene sheets are measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern for exploring the structural evidence to apply in the electrochemical catalysts. The size of Ni-NiO nanoparticles is around 5 nm based on TEM observations. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show the Ni in the (012), (110), (110), (200), and (220) crystalline orientations, respectively. Moreover, the crystalline peaks of NiO are found in (111) and (220). The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) result represents the loading content of the Ni metal which is about 34.82 wt%. The electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA/XPS) reveals the Ni0 to NiII ratio in metal phase. The electrochemical studies with Ni-NiO/PDDA-G in 0.5 M aqueous H2SO4 were studied for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
Ultraviolet/blue light-emitting diodes based on single horizontal ZnO microrod/GaN heterojunction
Authors: Du Chia-Fong , Lee Chen-Hui , Cheng Chao-Tsung , Lin Kai-Hsiang , Sheu Jin-Kong , Hsu Hsu-Cheng
Published: August 2014

We report electroluminescence (EL) from single horizontal ZnO microrod (MR) and p-GaN heterojunction light-emitting diodes under forward and reverse bias. EL spectra were composed of two blue emissions centered at 431 and 490 nm under forward biases, but were dominated by a ultraviolet (UV) emission located at 380 nm from n-ZnO MR under high reverse biases. Light-output-current characteristic of the UV emission reveals that the rate of radiative recombination is faster than that of the nonradiative recombination. Highly efficient ZnO excitonic recombination at reverse bias is caused by electrons tunneling from deep-level states near the n-ZnO/p-GaN interface to the conduction band in n-ZnO.
Prevalence of national treatment algorithm defined smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV positive patients in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
Authors: Linguissi Laure Stella Ghoma , Mayengue Pembe Issamou , Sidibé Anissa , Vouvoungui Jeannhey C , Missontsa Mitawa , Madzou-Laboum Igor Kevin , Essassa Gaston Bango , Oyakhirome Sunny , Frank Matthias , Penlap Veronique , Ntoumi Francine
Published: August 2014

Background

In the Republic in Congo, the national algorithm for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) relies on Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) sputum smear microscopy, chest X-ray radiography (CXR) and clinical symptoms. Microscopy positive pulmonary TB (MPT+) is defined as symptoms of TB and a positive ZN smear. Microscopy negative pulmonary TB (MPT-) is defined as symptoms of TB, a negative ZN smear but CXR changes consistent with TB. The present cross-sectional study was designed to determine the prevalence of positive and negative MPT individuals among HIV positive and HIV negative individuals presenting to an ambulatory TB treatment center (CTA) in Brazzaville.

Methods

All study participants underwent a physical examination, chest radiography and three ZN sputum smear examinations and HIV testing. Viral load and CD4 counts were determined for HIV positive individuals.

Results

775 individuals presented with symptoms of TB. 425 individuals accepted the voluntary HIV test. 133 (31.3%) were HIV positive (HIV+) and 292 (68.7%) were HIV negative (HIV-). Of the 292 HIV- individuals 167 (57%) were classified as positive MPT and 125 (43%) as negative MPT. Of the 133 HIV positive individuals 39 (29%) were classified as MPT + and 94 (71%) as MPT-.

Conclusion

Our study shows that the prevalence of positive MPT individuals is lower among HIV positive individuals compared to HIV negative individuals in agreement to reports from other countries. The data suggest that a substantial number of HIV positive pulmonary TB cases are not detected by the national algorithm and highlight the need for new diagnostic tests in this population.
The successful detection of postpartum unruptured vaginal pseudoaneurysm using ultrasonography: a case report
Authors: Gondo Saki , Urushiyama Daichi , Yoshizato Toshiyuki , Kora Shinichi , Maehara Miyako , Kondo Haruhiko , Miyamoto Shingo
Published: August 2014

Introduction

We report the first case of the successful detection of postpartum unruptured vaginal pseudoaneurysm using power- and pulsed-Doppler ultrasonography after delivery.

Case description

A 38-year-old primiparous Japanese woman had a vaginal laceration with pulsatile bleeding after delivering by vacuum extraction. Transvaginal ultrasonography of the repaired vaginal wall showed an 18 × 20 mm hematoma within which a 6 × 7 mm pulsating anechoic mass was detected. Power-Doppler ultrasonography showed blood flow signals in the anechoic mass. Arterial waveforms detected in pulsed-Doppler mode were suggestive of unruptured pseudoaneurysm. Careful monitoring with contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed an increase in the size of the pseudoaneurysm on the fourth postpartum day. On the sixth postpartum day, massive vaginal bleeding occurred. Emergency angiography revealed strong staining with extravasation from the left vaginal artery, confirming the diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm. Embolization for hemostasis was successfully performed.

Discussion and evaluation

As far as we know, our case is the first in which an unruptured vaginal pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed using ultrasonography. The differential diagnoses of pseudoaneurysm are arteriovenous malformations including arteriovenous fistula. This case had the typical ultrasonographic patterns of pseudoaneurysm in which the presence of one or two cystic masses in B-mode and color- and/or power-Doppler flow signals was demonstrated along with high-resistance arterial flow waveforms in pulsed-Doppler mode. Sequential examinations of contrast-enhanced CT showed ongoing development of the pseudoaneurysm. In retrospect, we could have performed angiography for embolization when the unruptured pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed, or at the latest when ongoing development of the pseudo-aneurysm was recognized, irrespective of whether symptoms were present.

Conclusions

Ultrasonography is a non-invasive and clinically useful modality in the differential diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography with or without ultrasonography can be useful for sequential monitoring of the size of unruptured pseudoaneurysms.
Development and current use of parenteral nutrition in critical care – an opinion paper
Authors: Berger Mette M , Pichard Claude
Published: August 2014

Critically ill patients depend on artificial nutrition for the maintenance of their metabolic functions and lean body mass, as well as for limiting underfeeding-related complications. Current guidelines recommend enteral nutrition (EN), possibly within the first 48 hours, as the best way to provide the nutrients and prevent infections. EN may be difficult to realize or may be contraindicated in some patients, such as those presenting anatomic intestinal continuity problems or splanchnic ischemia. A series of contradictory trials regarding the best route and timing for feeding have left the medical community with great uncertainty regarding the place of parenteral nutrition (PN) in critically ill patients. Many of the deleterious effects attributed to PN result from inadequate indications, or from overfeeding. The latter is due firstly to the easier delivery of nutrients by PN compared with EN increasing the risk of overfeeding, and secondly to the use of approximate energy targets, generally based on predictive equations: these equations are static and inaccurate in about 70% of patients. Such high uncertainty about requirements compromises attempts at conducting nutrition trials without indirect calorimetry support because the results cannot be trusted; indeed, both underfeeding and overfeeding are equally deleterious. An individualized therapy is required. A pragmatic approach to feeding is proposed: at first to attempt EN whenever and as early as possible, then to use indirect calorimetry if available, and to monitor delivery and response to feeding, and finally to consider the option of combining EN with PN in case of insufficient EN from day 4 onwards.
Subpopulation-proteomics reveal growth rate, but not cell cycling, as a major impact on protein composition in Pseudomonas putida KT2440
Authors: Lieder Sarah , Jahn Michael , Seifert Jana , von Bergen Martin , Müller Susann , Takors Ralf
Published: August 2014

Population heterogeneity occurring in industrial microbial bioprocesses is regarded as a putative effector causing performance loss in large scale. While the existence of subpopulations is a commonly accepted fact, their appearance and impact on process performance still remains rather unclear. During cell cycling, distinct subpopulations differing in cell division state and DNA content appear which contribute individually to the efficiency of the bioprocess. To identify stressed or impaired subpopulations, we analyzed the interplay of growth rate, cell cycle and phenotypic profile of subpopulations by using flow cytometry and cell sorting in conjunction with mass spectrometry based global proteomics. Adjusting distinct growth rates in chemostats with the model strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440, cells were differentiated by DNA content reflecting different cell cycle stages. The proteome of separated subpopulations at given growth rates was found to be highly similar, while different growth rates caused major changes of the protein inventory with respect to e.g. carbon storage, motility, lipid metabolism and the translational machinery.

In conclusion, cells in various cell cycle stages at the same growth rate were found to have similar to identical proteome profiles showing no significant population heterogeneity on the proteome level. In contrast, the growth rate clearly determines the protein composition and therefore the metabolic strategy of the cells.
1,6-Addition Reaction of 5H-Oxazol-4-ones to Conjugated Dienones Catalyzed by Chiral Guanidines
Authors: Morita Akane , Misaki Tomonori , Sugimura Takashi
Published: August 2014

A chiral guanidine-catalyzed 1,6-addition reaction of 5H-oxazol-4-ones to α,β,γ,δ-diunsaturated ketones is described in this study. The addition reaction proceeded regiospecifically to yield a 1,6-addition product with high enantioselectivity. Obtained adducts of the 1,6-addition could be converted into the corresponding chiral 7-oxo-α-hydroxy acid derivatives or chiral α-homoallylic-hydroxy acid derivatives via 2nd generation Grubbs catalyst-mediated olefin metatheses.
Measuring the Impacts of Teachers I: Evaluating Bias in Teacher Value-Added Estimates
Authors: Chetty Raj , Friedman John N. , Rockoff Jonah E.
Published: August 2014

Are teachers' impacts on students' test scores (value-added) a good measure of their quality? One reason this question has sparked debate is disagreement about whether value-added (VA) measures provide unbiased estimates of teachers' causal impacts on student achievement. We test for bias in VA using previously unobserved parent characteristics and a quasi-experimental design based on changes in teaching staff. Using school district and tax records for more than one million children, we find that VA models which control for a student's prior test scores provide unbiased forecasts of teachers' impacts on student achievement. (JEL H75, I21, J24, J45)
Valid publication of the name Sarcococca longipetiolata (Buxaceae): Third time lucky
Authors: Yu Wen-Bin , Li De-Zhu
Published: August 2014

“Sarcococca longipetiolata” was not validly published by Cheng (1979) because two gatherings were simultaneously indicated as type, the flowering material using Latin and Chinese and the fruiting material using Chinese alone (contrary to the requirements of Art. 40). “Sarcococca longipetiolata M.Cheng” was not validly published by Li (2009) because the type indicated was a lectotype in conflict with Art. 40.6 (and not correctable; Art. 9.9 Note 6). The name Sarcococca longipetiolata is validated here by indicating a single gathering as the holotype. Given the requirements of Art. 40 of the ICN, researchers and editors need to make sure that type indications made in Latin and a modern language refer to the same gathering.
Lectotypification of the name Umbilicaria nylanderiana (Umbilicariaceae)
Authors: Hestmark Geir
Published: August 2014

The name Umbilicaria nylanderiana is reviewed and lectotypified using a specimen in the Acharius herbarium at H.
The Arthonialean challenge: Restructuring Arthoniaceae
Authors: Frisch Andreas , Thor Göran , Ertz Damien , Grube Martin
Published: August 2014

The Arthoniales is the second–largest group of lichen–forming fungi. A new phylogeny of Arthoniales based on mtSSU, nLSU and RPB2 sequence data is presented, with a focus on crustose representatives. A total of 145 taxa are analyzed including 64 species of Arthoniaceae. We obtained 198 new sequences for 83 specimens representing 71 taxa of Arthoniales. Arthoniaceae is recovered as polyphyletic, demonstrating that previous classifications do not reflect evolutionary patterns. Three phylogenetic lineages are identified: the Arthoniaceae clade, the Bryostigma clade and the Felipes clade. The Bryostigma clade is related to Arthoniaceae, while the Felipes clade shows close affinities to Chrysotrichaceae. Cryptotheciaceae is included as a paraphyletic grouping in Arthoniaceae. Lecanographaceae and the genera Felipes and Melarthonis are described. Bryostigma and Pachnolepia are reinstated for former Arthonia species, and Myriostigma for the Cryptothecia candida complex. Fouragea is reinstated for foliicolous Opegrapha species. Arthonia eos is described and the new combination Alyxoria mougeotii is made. A lectotype is selected for Spiloma fallax. Melaspilea granitophila belongs in Arthoniaceae and Arthonia mediella in Chrysotrichaceae. According to the phylogenetic hypothesis, lichen secondary chemistry, such as pulvinic acid derivates or red pigments, does not characterize monophyletic groups above the genus level. The parasitic life style in Arthoniaceae has evolved more than once. Parasitic species are found in four lineages of the Arthoniaceae clade and in the Bryostigma clade. Arthoniomycetes with chlorococcoid photobionts are restricted to the Bryostigma clade and Chrysotrichaceae, while the only saprophytic Arthonia species in the phylogeny are related to Arthonia radiata and group with lichenized taxa. The phylogenetic data provide a coherent framework for delineating further monophyletic groups in Arthoniaceae in the future.
A phylogeny of the Gochnatieae: Understanding a critically placed tribe in the Compositae
Authors: Funk Vicki A. , Sancho Gisela , Roque Nádia , Kelloff Carol L. , Ventosa-Rodríguez Iralys , Diazgranados Mauricio , Bonifacino J. Mauricio , Chan Raymund
Published: August 2014

Subfamily Gochnatioideae is the sister group of ∼96% of the species in Compositae (Asteraceae). It is of particular interest not only because of its position in the phylogeny, but also because, in recent molecular studies, the node it occupies is not strongly supported making difficult any inferences on the direction of character evolution in the family. The recognition of tribe Gochnatieae was one of the results of a comprehensive molecular analysis of the family that showed the traditional circumscription of the Mutisieae to be non–monophyletic. The four genera of Gochnatieae (Cnicothamnus, Cyclolepis, Gochnatia, Richterago) were defined by the presence of apiculate anther appendages and dorsally smooth style branches. Gochnatia, which contained about 70 species, was the largest and most complex genus and in the last decade some of its sections have been moved (or returned) to the rank of genus. This study includes a large selection of potential outgroups and over 60% of all species in the tribe, including all the genera and all but one of the sections of Gochnatia, to examine evolutionary relationships among the taxa. Both cpDNA and nrDNA were used in a phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian approaches. The results suggest a non–monophyletic Gochnatia that is here resolved by the recognition of segregate genera. Morphological characters support these new genera and allow the adoption of a new classification for the Gochnatieae. A biogeographic analysis shows a possible southern South American/Andean origin followed by movement in three directions: into the Central Andes, into central and northern Brazil, and into Mexico and the Caribbean. The dating analysis gives an age of the split of the core Gochnatieae from the Wunderlichieae–Cyclolepis clade, and hence the age of the tribe, of 36–45 Ma and an age of 23–25 Ma for the first split within the core Gochnatieae (Andean vs. Brazil–Mexico–Caribbean). Cnicothamnus remains in Gochnatieae but Cyclolepis is designated incertae sedis.
Lectotypification of the name Arthrostachya coarctata, basionym of Gaudinia coarctata, an Azorean endemic (Poaceae)
Authors: Galán-de-Mera Antonio , Vicente-Orellana José A.
Published: August 2014

The discovery of original material of Arthrostachya coarctata (≡ Gaudinia coarctata) permits the lectotypification of this name. The illegitimate Avena geminiflora, a later homotypic synonym of G. coarctata, has been misapplied to the species properly known as G. valdesii. Gaudinia coarctata, a threatened endemic restricted to the Azores Islands, is taxonomically close to G. fragilis.
An Exact Algorithm for the Two-Dimensional Orthogonal Packing Problem with Unloading Constraints
Authors: Côté Jean-François , Gendreau Michel , Potvin Jean-Yves
Published: August 2014

This paper describes an exact algorithm for solving a two-dimensional orthogonal packing problem with unloading constraints, which occurs as a subproblem of mixed vehicle routing and loading problems. The packing considered in this work is basically a feasibility problem involving a single bin. The problem is addressed through a decomposition approach wherein a branch-and-cut algorithm is designed for solving a one-dimensional relaxation of the original problem. When an integer solution is found in the branching tree, a subsidiary problem is solved to identify a two-dimensional packing that does not lead to any overlap and satisfies the unloading constraints. Cuts are added when the subsidiary problem proves to be infeasible. Several preprocessing techniques aimed at reducing the size of the solution space and uncovering infeasibility are also described. A numerical comparison with the best known exact method is reported at the end based on benchmark instances.
Reducing infection through the use of suprapubic catheters
Authors: Rew Maggie , Smith Rachael
Published: August 2014

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are one of the most common healthcare-associated infections. Maggie Rew and Rachel Smith consider the alternative of suprapubic catheters
Determination of Phosphate-activated Glutaminase Activity and Its Kinetics in Mouse Tissues using Metabolic Mapping (Quantitative Enzyme Histochemistry)
Authors: Botman Dennis , Tigchelaar Wikky , Van Noorden Cornelis J.F.
Published: August 2014

Phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) converts glutamine to glutamate as part of the glutaminolysis pathway in mitochondria. Two genes, GLS1 and GLS2, which encode for kidney-type PAG and liver-type PAG, respectively, differ in their tissue-specific activities and kinetics. Tissue-specific PAG activity and its kinetics were determined by metabolic mapping using a tetrazolium salt and glutamate dehydrogenase as an auxiliary enzyme in the presence of various glutamine concentrations. In kidney and brain, PAG showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km of 0.6 mM glutamine and a Vmax of 1.1 µmol/mL/min when using 5 mM glutamine. PAG activity was high in the kidney cortex and inner medulla but low in the outer medulla, papillary tip, glomeruli and the lis of Henle. In brain tissue sections, PAG was active in the grey matter and inactive in myelin-rich regions. Liver PAG showed allosteric regulation with a Km of 11.6 mM glutamine and a Vmax of 0.5 µmol/mL/min when using 20 mM glutamine. The specificity of the method was shown after incubation of brain tissue sections with the PAG inhibitor 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine. PAG activity was decreased to 22% in the presence of 2 mM 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine. At low glutamine concentrations, PAG activity was higher in periportal regions, indicating a lower Km for periportal PAG. When compared with liver, kidney and brain, other tissues showed 3-fold to 6-fold less PAG activity. In conclusion, PAG is mainly active in mouse kidney, brain and liver, and shows different kinetics depending on which type of PAG is expressed.
The Adaptor Protein p62 Is Involved in RANKL-induced Autophagy and Osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Li Rui-Fang , Chen Gang , Ren Jian-Gang , Zhang Wei , Wu Zhong-Xing , Liu Bing , Zhao Yi , Zhao Yi-Fang
Published: August 2014

Previous studies have implicated autophagy in osteoclast differentiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of p62, a characterized adaptor protein for autophagy, in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analyses were used to evaluate the expression levels of autophagy-related markers during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Meanwhile, the potential relationship between p62/LC3 localization and F-actin ring formation was tested using double-labeling immunofluorescence. Then, the expression of p62 in RAW264.7 cells was knocked down using small-interfering RNA (siRNA), followed by detecting its influence on RANKL-induced autophagy activation, osteoclast differentiation, and F-actin ring formation. The data showed that several key autophagy-related markers including p62 were significantly altered during RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. In addition, the expression and localization of p62 showed negative correlation with LC3 accumulation and F-actin ring formation, as demonstrated by western blot and immunofluorescence analyses, respectively. Importantly, the knockdown of p62 obviously attenuated RANKL-induced expression of autophagy- and osteoclastogenesis-related genes, formation of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells, accumulation of LC3, as well as formation of F-actin ring. Our study indicates that p62 may play essential roles in RANKL-induced autophagy and osteoclastogenesis, which may help to develop a novel therapeutic strategy against osteoclastogenesis-related diseases.
Freud gegen Kant?
Authors: Vollmann Morris
Published: August 2014

Morris Vollmann interpretiert Freuds Kritik an der Moralphilosophie Kants als produktives Missverständnis und unternimmt eine systematisch-vermittelnde Rekonstruktion beider Ansätze. Die Positionen von Kant und Freud erscheinen dadurch nicht länger als konträr, sondern ergänzen einander als emanzipatorisch-aufklärerische Projekte. Beide wenden sich kritisch gegen metaphysische wie naturalistische Ideologien und erkunden die Bedingungen und Grenzen von Autonomie. Durch den Dialog zwischen philosophischer Ethik und Psychoanalyse erfährt das problematische Verhältnis von Moral und Glück grundlegende Denkanstöße.
Wissenschaft als reflexives Projekt
Authors: Feichtinger Johannes
Published: August 2014

Dieses Buch rückt die Wissenschaftsgeschichte Österreichs in ein neues Licht. Ausgehend vom Spannungsfeld »Wissenschaft versus Politik« stellt es die zentralen Akteure, Strukturen und Diskurse in den Mittelpunkt. Die Analyse eines Jahrhunderts Wissenschaftsgeschichte konzentriert sich auf die Herausbildung eines relativ autonomen Wissenschaftshandelns unter den plurikulturellen Verhältnissen Zentraleuropas sowie auf seine Wegbereiter (Bolzano, Mach und Riegl) und wichtigsten Verfechter (Freud, Wittgenstein, Neurath, Kelsen). Johannes Feichtinger zeigt, wie jenseits von Hetero- und Autonomie und abseits des methodologischen Nationalismus Identitätsmodelle entstanden sind, die noch für das Globaleuropa des 21. Jahrhunderts relevant sein können.
Grenzenlos normal?
Authors: Bronner Kerstin
Published: August 2014

Wie werden kulturelle Annahmen über Gender und Heteronormativität auf der Interaktionsebene verhandelt? Welche Reproduktionen gesellschaftlicher Zuschreibungen, welche Experimente und Überschreitungen finden sich? Wie verschränken sich derartige Erfahrungen mit anderen Erfahrungen sozialer Differenzierung - und welche Bedeutung haben sie schließlich für biografische Prozesse? Anhand der außeralltäglichen Eventkultur »Fastnacht« gelingt es Kerstin Bronner, auf methodisch innovative Weise subjektive Bedeutungen gesellschaftlicher Ungleichheitskategorien herauszuarbeiten und individuelle Aushandlungsspielräume aufzuzeigen.
Ein Leben hier gemacht
Authors: Soom Ammann Eva
Published: August 2014

»Ein Leben hier gemacht« haben viele der ehemaligen italienischen »Gastarbeiterinnen« und »Gastarbeiter« in der Schweiz. Sie haben geheiratet, Kinder großgezogen, sind alt geworden, aus der Erwerbstätigkeit ausgeschieden. Was dieses Altern ausmacht, das wird in diesem Buch aus einer biographisch-rekonstruktiven Perspektive erörtert. Die Fallanalysen von sieben Ehepaaren bieten einen differenzierten Einblick in die unterschiedlichen Ausgestaltungen des Lebens in der Schweizer »Gastarbeit« und deren Bedeutung für das Altern in der Migration. Damit leistet die Studie einen Beitrag zu einem bisher wenig beachteten Bereich der Migrationsforschung.
Geschichtsbilder im medialen Gedächtnis
Authors: Ebbrecht Tobias
Published: August 2014

Aus den vielfältigen Film- und Fernsehproduktionen über die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus und den Holocaust speist sich ein mediales Gedächtnis, das prägend auf unsere Vorstellungen von der Vergangenheit zurückwirkt. Tobias Ebbrecht zeigt, dass neuere Filme über den Holocaust einem Verfahren der Nachbildung von früheren Filmen oder historischen Dokumenten über diese Ereignisse folgen. Dabei bilden sich Erzählmuster und Geschichtsbilder heraus, die vielfach wiederholt werden und sich dabei auch aus dem Kontext des Holocaust ablösen und in filmische Geschichtsfiktionen über den Nationalsozialismus einwandern. Die Analysen des Buches eröffnen neue Perspektiven sowohl für die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung als auch für den Einsatz solcher Filme im Unterricht und in der Bildungsarbeit.
»Heuschrecken« im öffentlichen Raum
Authors: Rügemer Werner
Published: August 2014

Nach der teuren Bankenrettung und neuer Staatsverschuldung drängen Regierungen und Investoren mehr denn je auf das angebliche Heilmittel »Public Private Partnership«. Bei diesem Finanzinstrument übernimmt der Investor nicht nur den Bau etwa einer Entsorgungsanlage, sondern auch Planung, Finanzierung und Betrieb, während die öffentliche Hand im Gegenzug 20 bis 30 Jahre lang Miete zahlt. Dieses Buch, das nun in einer erweiterten zweiten Auflage erscheint, bietet Falldarstellungen über Akteure, Lobbyisten-Netzwerke und Gesetze in Deutschland und legt die Charakteristika von PPP minutiös offen, die den Medien und Politikern üblicherweise vorenthalten bleiben. Auch die betriebs- und volkswirtschaftlichen Folgen auf nationaler sowie auf EU-Ebene werden erstmals zusammenfassend dargelegt.
Kriegsbühnen
Authors: Krivanec Eva
Published: August 2014

Was bedeutete der Eintritt des Ersten Weltkriegs für die Theater der europäischen Metropolen? In welchem Maße wurden die Theaterbühnen für Kriegspropaganda instrumentalisiert? Wie veränderten sich die Spielpläne der literarischen, kommerziellen und alternativen Bühnen im Laufe der Kriegsjahre? Eva Krivanec erforscht erstmals systematisch die Theatergeschichte während des Ersten Weltkriegs in vier europäischen Hauptstädten aus kulturwissenschaftlicher und vergleichender Perspektive. Es entsteht ein internationales Panorama einer politisch hoch aufgeladenen, aber auch kommerziell erfolgreichen und zum Teil ästhetisch innovativen Theaterproduktion.
Die Idee der Landschaft
Authors: Trepl (verst.) Ludwig
Published: August 2014

Landschaft ist selbst eine Idee: Den Begriff der Landschaft gibt es nicht ohne den der Ideallandschaft - als komplexe Vorstellung, die mit dem Gedanken verbunden ist, man solle ihre Verwirklichung anstreben. Zugleich ist Landschaft auch mit Ideen, vor allem politischen Utopien, verbunden. Ludwig Trepl zeichnet in diesem Band die Idee der Landschaft in ihrer historischen Entwicklung nach - von den Landschaftsvorstellungen der Aufklärung und der Romantik über jene des klassischen Konservativismus und der Blut-und-Boden-Ideologie bis hin zur »Ökologisierung« von Landschaft im Zuge der Umweltbewegung - und untersucht die verschiedenen Vorstellungen hinsichtlich ihrer jeweiligen inneren Struktur und der Logik ihres Gegen- und Ineinanders.
Intelligenz und Rasse
Authors: Geisthövel Alexa
Published: August 2014

Die testpsychologischen Arbeiten des deutsch-amerikanischen Anthropologen Franz Boas und seiner Schule werden in diesem Buch erstmals grundlegend untersucht. Alexa Geisthövel zeichnet die Forschungsstrategien der Boasianer nach und stellt diese denen von US-Psychologen gegenüber, die in den 1920er Jahren rassische Unterschiede der Intelligenz objektiv nachweisen wollten. Zudem geht sie den Beziehungen zwischen dem jüdischen Antirassisten Boas und den deutschen Intelligenzpsychologen und Rasseforschern auf den Grund, um die unterschiedlichen Stile des wissenschaftlichen Rassismus in den USA und Deutschland sowie die Verflechtungen von Rassismus und Antirassismus in der Zwischenkriegszeit sichtbar werden zu lassen.
Objekt-Subjekt
Authors: Mayer Matthias
Published: August 2014

Die wichtigste Voraussetzung zur Aufhebung entfremdeter Produktions- und Lebensverhältnisse ist das Bewußtsein von der Einheit von Leib und Seele, von Gefühl und Begriff. Matthias Mayers Studie erinnert nicht nur an die Relevanz von Schellings Naturphilosophie für die neomarxistische Theoriebildung, insbesondere bei Ernst Bloch, sondern exponiert darüber hinaus auch deren kritisches Potential zur Analyse und Solution reifikatorischer Prozesse der Gegenwart, das heißt der Krise des Kapitalismus in seinem postmodernen Stadium: Das »Unbedingte« der Frühromantik wird zum Gegenbegriff der »Verdinglichung«.
Formelkino
Authors: Scheinpflug Peter
Published: August 2014

Genre-Labels determinieren Genre-Korpora und -Geschichten, sie lenken die Text-Lektüre. Ausgehend von dieser Prämisse fragt Peter Scheinpflug nach den Diskursen und Praktiken der kulturellen Aneignung von Genres. Hierzu erweitert er die filmwissenschaftliche Genre-Theorie um eine medienkulturwissenschaftliche Perspektive: Anhand von Filmen, die im Kino als Krimis, auf VHS als Horror/Slasher und auf DVD als Giallo klassifiziert sind, werden die Interdependenzen von Texten, Medien, ihrer Rezeption und ihrer Diskursivierung fokussiert. Die so erzielte Genre-Theorie lässt sich auf Genres in allen Medien und auf alle Disziplinen übertragen.
The Use of Online Strategies and Social Media for Research Dissemination in Education
Authors: Cooper Amanda
Published: August 2014

Alongside a growing interest in knowledge mobilization (trying to increase the connection between research, policy and practice) there has been a transformation of how knowledge is produced, accessed and disseminated in light of the internet and social media strategies. Few studies have explored the use of social media for research dissemination. This paper explores the online strategies used by 44 research brokering organizations (RBOs) in education across Canada. It is organized in four parts. The first provides a literature review of the terminology associated with Web 2.0 and social media as well as outlines the sparse empirical work that exists. The second presents empirical findings of online practices of 44 RBOs. The third section reports on the frequency of social media activity of RBOs as well as the nature of posts in order to ascertain whether or not research is actually being disseminated through these mechanisms. The final section discusses the implications of social media for research dissemination. Overall, use of additional online strategies by RBOs (other than websites) remains modest. Many of the strategies used are passive and do not allow two-way communication. Thirty percent of RBOs use social media; however, this usage in not pervasive and Facebook and Twitter networks are small. Other mechanisms to encourage active participation will be required alongside Web 2.0 and social media tools, if these strategies are to become robust avenues for knowledge mobilization and research dissemination.
Bertrand Oligopoly with Boundedly Rational Consumers
Authors: Basov Suren , Danilkina Svetlana
Published: August 2014

In this paper we consider a model of Bertrand oligopoly when consumers are boundedly rational and make their purchase decisions probabilistically, according to the Luce model. We consider three different cases: first, we characterize equilibrium when firms face boundedly rational consumers with the fixed irrationality parameter
Towards a Political Theory of the Market Economy
Authors: Nullmeier Frank
Published: August 2014

Some authors make the dominance of markets responsible for the current crisis of Western democracies. In order to prevent a further development in a post-democratic direction political science has to scrutinize all strategies that aim to establish a predominance of politics including strategies beyond a better market regulation and a further expansion of the welfare state. The paper examines selected contributions to normative political theory in search for models of (1) the democratization of the market economy, (2) the creation of a just economy and (3) the moralization of market economies. Are justifiable models for a democratized economy, a just economy or a moralized market presented in the literature? The distinction between organizations and transactions proves to be important in order to answer the question of how a reconfiguration of the market economy dominated by standards of justice and political equality could look like. Models of internal democratization and self-management have been developed for companies as the organizational part of market economies. In contrast, there is no way to democratize market transactions themselves. With reference to John Rawls and his conception of a property-owning democracy the article analyses the inherent tendency of market transactions to contribute to an accumulation of inequality and the institutional models to limit or to compensate for these side effects of markets.
Self-Management Interventions in Patients with Long-Term Conditions: A Structured Review of Approaches to Reporting Inclusion, Assessment, and Outcomes in Multimorbidity
Authors: Kenning Cassandra , Coventry Peter A. , Bower Peter
Published: August 2014

Background

Multimorbidity has many potential implications for healthcare delivery, but a particularly important impact concerns the validity of trial evidence underpinning clinical guidelines for individual conditions.

Objective

To review how authors of published trials of self-management interventions reported inclusion criteria, sample descriptions, and consideration of the impact of multimorbidity on trial outcomes.

Methods

We restricted our analysis to a small number of exemplar long-term conditions: type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We focussed our search on published Cochrane reviews. Data were extracted from the trials on inclusion/exclusion, sample description, and impact on outcomes.

Results

Eleven reviews consisting of 164 unique trials were identified. Sixty percent of trials reported excluding patients with forms of multimorbidity. Reasons for exclusion were poorly described or defined. Reporting of multimorbidity within the trials was poor, with only 35% of trials reporting on multimorbidity in their patient samples. Secondary analyses, exploring the impact of multimorbidity, were very rare.

Conclusions

The importance of multimorbidity in trials is only going to become more important over time, but trials often exclude patients with multimorbidity, and reporting of multimorbidity in trials including such patients is generally poor. This limits judgements about the external validity of the results for clinical populations. A consistent approach to the conduct and reporting of secondary analyses of the effects of multimorbidity on outcomes, using current best-practice guidance, could lead to a rapid development of the evidence base.
mTOR activation in medullary thyroid carcinoma with RAS mutation
Authors: Lyra Joana , Vinagre João , Batista Rui , Pinto Vasco , Prazeres Hugo , Rodrigues Fernando , Eloy Catarina , Sobrinho-Simões Manuel , Soares Paula
Published: August 2014

Objective

Rearranged during transfection (RET) mutations are well-known genetic events in sporadic and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC). The presence ofRASmutations in sporadic cases, challenging theRETparadigm in these tumors, has been recently reported. We intend to evaluate mTOR pathway activation inRET- andRAS-mutated MTC.

Materials and methods

In this study, we analysed the presence ofRET, H-RAS, andK-RASmutations in a series of 87 MTCs (82 apparently sporadic and five FMTCs; five apparently sporadic MTCs were eventually found to be familial). We also evaluated mTOR activation – using the expression of its downstream effector phospho-S6 ribosomal protein (p-S6) and the expression of the mTOR inhibitor, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) – by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Our results revealed thatRETmutations were present in 52.9% of the cases (46/87) andRASmutations in 12.6% (11/87) of the whole series of MTCs and 14.3% of the 77 sporadic MTCs. The presence ofRETandRASmutations was mutually exclusive.RASmutations were significantly associated with higher intensity of p-S6 expression (P=0.007), suggesting that the mTOR pathway is activated in such MTCs. We observed also an increased expression of p-S6 in invasive tumors (P=0.042) and in MTCs with lymph node metastases (P=0.046). CytoplasmicPTENexpression was detected in 58.8% of the cases; cases WT forRASshowed a significantly lower expression ofPTEN(P=0.045).

Conclusions

We confirmed the presence ofRASmutation in 14.3% of sporadic MTCs and report, for the first time, an association between such mutations and the activation of the mTOR pathway. The evaluation of the mTOR activation by pS6 expression may serve as an indicator of invasive MTC.
The relationship between glucocorticoid replacement and quality of life in 2737 hypopituitary patients
Authors: Ragnarsson Oskar , Mattsson Anders F , Monson John P , Filipsson Nyström Helena , Åkerblad Ann-Charlotte , Kołtowska-Häggström Maria , Johannsson Gudmundur
Published: August 2014

Objective

Quality of life (QoL) is impaired in hypopituitary patients and patients with primary adrenal insufficiency. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of glucocorticoid (GC) replacement on QoL. The main hypothesis was that ACTH-insufficient patients experience a dose-dependent deterioration in QoL.

Design, patients and methods

This was a retrospective analysis of data from KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database). Data from 2737 adult GH-deficient (GHD) hypopituitary patients were eligible for analysis. Thirty-six per cent were ACTH sufficient and 64% ACTH insufficient receiving a mean±s.d. hydrocortisone equivalent (HCeq) dose of 22.3±8.7 mg (median 20.0). QoL at baseline and 1 year after commencement of GH replacement was assessed by the QoL-assessment of GHD in adults.

Results

At baseline, no significant difference in QoL was observed between ACTH-sufficient and -insufficient patients. Increasing HCeq dose was associated with worse QoL. Patients on HCeq ≤10 mg had the best and patients receiving ≥25 mg demonstrated the poorest QoL. At 1 year of GH replacement, the improvement in QoL did not differ between ACTH-sufficient and -insufficient patients, and no association was observed between HCeq dose and QoL improvement.

Conclusion

Adult hypopituitary patients with untreated GHD receiving GC replacement have similar QoL as ACTH-sufficient patients. Among ACTH-insufficient patients, there is a dose-dependent association between increasing dose and impaired QoL. This association may be explained by supraphysiological GC exposure although it remains plausible that clinicians may have increased GC doses in order to address otherwise unexplained QoL deficits.
PROGRESS IN PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and management of primary aldosteronism in pregnancy
Authors: Riester Anna , Reincke Martin
Published: August 2014

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. In this review, we discuss the diagnosis and management of PA during pregnancy based on the literature. As aldosterone and renin are physiologically increased during pregnancy and confirmation tests are not recommended, the diagnosis of PA during pregnancy relies on a repeatedly suppressed plasma renin level. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) are the most effective drugs to treat hypertension and hypokalemia in patients with PA. However, spironolactone (FDA pregnancy category C) might lead to undervirilization of male infants due to the anti-androgenic effects. Although data in the literature are very limited, treatment with spironolactone is not recommended. Eplerenone (FDA pregnancy category B) is a selective MRA without anti-androgenic potential. If MRA treatment is required in pregnancy, eplerenone appears to be a safe and effective alternative, although symptomatic treatment with approved antihypertensive drugs and supplementation with potassium is the first choice. In case of aldosterone-producing adenoma, laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a therapeutic option in the second trimester of pregnancy.
PPAR ligands improve impaired metabolic pathways in fetal hearts of diabetic rats
Authors: Kurtz Melisa , Capobianco Evangelina , Martinez Nora , Roberti Sabrina Lorena , Arany Edith , Jawerbaum Alicia
Published: August 2014

In maternal diabetes, the fetal heart can be structurally and functionally affected. Maternal diets enriched in certain unsaturated fatty acids can activate the nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and regulate metabolic and anti-inflammatory pathways during development. Our aim was to investigate whether PPARα expression, lipid metabolism, lipoperoxidation, and nitric oxide (NO) production are altered in the fetal hearts of diabetic rats, and to analyze the putative effects ofin vivoPPAR activation on these parameters. We found decreased PPARα expression in the hearts of male but not female fetuses of diabetic rats when compared with controls. Fetal treatments with the PPARα ligand leukotriene B4upregulated the expression of PPARα and target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in the fetal hearts. Increased concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids were found in the hearts of fetuses of diabetic rats. Maternal treatments with diets supplemented with 6% olive oil or 6% safflower oil, enriched in unsaturated fatty acids that can activate PPARs, led to few changes in lipid concentrations, but up-regulated PPARα expression in fetal hearts. NO production, which was increased in the hearts of male and female fetuses in the diabetic group, and lipoperoxidation, which was increased in the hearts of male fetuses in the diabetic group, was reduced by the maternal treatments supplemented with safflower oil. In conclusion, impaired PPARα expression, altered lipid metabolism, and increased oxidative and nitridergic pathways were evidenced in hearts of fetuses of diabetic rats and were regulated in a gender-dependent manner by treatments enriched with PPAR ligands.
PTEN regulates plasma membrane expression of glucose transporter 1 and glucose uptake in thyroid cancer cells
Authors: Morani Federica , Phadngam Suratchanee , Follo Carlo , Titone Rossella , Aimaretti Gianluca , Galetto Alessandra , Alabiso Oscar , Isidoro Ciro
Published: August 2014

Glucose represents an important source of energy for the cells. Proliferating cancer cells consume elevated quantity of glucose, which is converted into lactate regardless of the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon, known as the Warburg effect, has been proven to be useful for imaging metabolically active tumours in cancer patients by18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG–PET). Glucose is internalised in the cells by glucose transporters (GLUTs) belonging to the GLUT family. GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is the most prevalent isoform in more aggressive and less differentiated thyroid cancer histotypes. In a previous work, we found that loss of expression of PTEN was associated with increased expression of GLUT1 on the plasma membrane (PM) and probability of detecting thyroid incidentalomas by FDG–PET. Herein, we investigated the molecular pathways that govern the expression of GLUT1 on the PM and the glucose uptake in WRO (expressing WTPTEN) and FTC133 (PTENnull) follicular thyroid cancer cells cultured under glucose-depleted conditions. The membrane expression of GLUT1 was enhanced in glucose-deprived cells. Through genetic manipulations of PTEN expression, we could demonstrate that the lack of this oncosuppressor has a dominant effect on the membrane expression of GLUT1 and glucose uptake. We conclude that loss of function of PTEN increases the probability of cancer detection by FDG–PET or other glucose-based imaging diagnosis.