bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subarachnoid block with continuous TAP catheter analgesia produces less chronic pain and better functional outcome after inguinal hernioplasty: a randomized controlled observer-blinded study
Authors: Thiyagarajan Sivashanmugam , Velraj Jaya , Hussain Ahmed M I , Murugesan Ravishankar
Published: February 2019

Background and objectives

The major concern after inguinal hernioplasty is chronic postsurgical pain and impaired quality of life due to central sensitization. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative pre-emptive analgesia using regional techniques may help prevent the development of central sensitization. This study evaluated the effect of regional anesthesia followed by continuous regional analgesia on postoperative pain and functional outcome following inguinal hernioplasty.

Methods

Seventy-two consecutive patients scheduled to undergo open mesh inguinal hernioplasty were randomly allocated to one of three groups: subarachnoid block alone (group SAB), general anesthesia alone (group GA), or subarachnoid block combined with a continuous transverse abdominis plane block (group TAP). Pain and functional outcome was assessed before and 6 months following the surgery using the Core Outcome Measures Index score adapted for patients with hernia (COMI-hernia). During the first 72 hours postoperatively, pain was assessed at rest and during five different activities using the numerical rating scale.

Results

Six months following the surgery, the COMI-hernia score was lower in group TAP than in group GA or group SAB (0.54±0.41 vs 0.88±0.43 and 1.00±0.54, respectively; p<0.02). Pain at rest (p<0.02) and during activities (p<0.001) was lowest in group TAP during the first 72 hours postoperatively.

Conclusions

A subarachnoid block combined with continuous postoperative analgesia via a transverse abdominis plane catheter provided better pain control and functional outcome 6 months following inguinal hernioplasty as well as better postoperative analgesia.

Clinical trial registration

CTRI/2016/09/007238.
Comparison of programmed intermittent bolus infusion and continuous infusion for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia with thoracic paravertebral block catheter: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial
Authors: Chen Lulu , Wu Yiquan , Cai Yaoyao , Ye Yingchao , Li Li , Xia Yun , Papadimos Thomas J , Xu Xuzhong , Wang Quanguang
Published: February 2019

Background and objectives

In this randomized, double-blind, controlled study, we hypothesized that programmed intermittent bolus infusion (PIBI) of local anesthetic for continuous paravertebral block (PVB), combined with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), provided better pain control, better patient satisfaction, and decreased in local anesthetic consumption when compared with a continuous infusion (CI) combined with PCA, after video-assisted thoracoscopic unilateral lung resection surgery.

Methods

Preoperatively, patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic unilateral lung resection surgery received ipsilateral paravertebral catheters inserted at the level of thoracic vertebrae 4 and 5. All the subjects received an initial bolus of 15 mL 0.375% ropivacaine via the catheters. Subjects were randomized to receive 0.2 % ropivacaine 8 mL/h as either PIBI (n=17) or CI (n=17) combined with a PCA pump. The pain scores, frequency of PCA, local anesthetic consumption, patient satisfaction, and the need for rescue analgesia with tramadol were recorded until 48 hours postoperative.

Results

The numeric rating scale scores in the PIBI group were significantly lower than the CI group at 4, 8, 12 hours and 4, 8, 12, 24 hours postoperatively, at rest, and during coughing, respectively. PCA local anesthetic consumption (30 mg (20–60 mg) vs 120 mg (70–155 mg), p=0.000) and frequency of PCA use over 48 hours (3 (2–6) vs 12 (7–15.5), p=0.000) was lower in the PIBI group as compared with the CI group. Additionally, the PIBI group showed greater patient satisfaction. The need for tramadol rescue was similar in the two groups.

Conclusions

In PVBs, local anesthetic administered as a PIBI in conjunction with PCA provided superior postoperative analgesia to a CI combined with PCA in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic unilateral lung resection surgery.

Clinical trial registration

ChiCTR-IOR-17011253.
Twelve-month analgesia and rescue, by cooled radiofrequency ablation treatment of osteoarthritic knee pain: results from a prospective, multicenter, randomized, cross-over trial
Authors: Davis Tim , Loudermilk Eric , DePalma Michael , Hunter Corey , Lindley David A , Patel Nileshkumar , Choi Daniel , Soloman Marc , Gupta Anita , Desai Mehul , Cook Elizabeth , Kapural Leonardo
Published: February 2019

Background and objectives

As a follow-up to the 6-month report,12 this study investigated the analgesic effect of cooled radiofrequency ablation (CRFA) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) 12 months postintervention and its ability to provide pain relief in patients who experienced unsatisfactory effects of intra-articular steroid injection (IAS).

Methods

Seventy-eight per cent (52/67) of patients originally treated with CRFA were evaluated at 12 months, while at 6 months post-IAS, 82% (58/71) of those patients crossed over to CRFA and assessed 6 months later.

Results

At 12 months, 65% of the original CRFA group had pain reduction ≥50%, and the mean overall drop was 4.3 points (p<0.0001) on the numeric rating scale. Seventy-five per cent reported ‘improved’ effects. The cross-over group demonstrated improvements in pain and functional capacity (p<0.0001). No unanticipated adverse events occurred.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that analgesia following CRFA for OA knee pain could last for at least 12 months and could rescue patients who continue to experience intolerable discomfort following IAS.

Clinical trial registration

The ClinicalTrials.gov registration number for this study isNCT02343003.
Assessment of tobacco imagery and compliance with tobacco-free rules in popular Indian films
Authors: Kulkarni Muralidhar M , Kamath Veena Ganesh , Cranwell Jo , Britton John , Nazar Gaurang P , Arora Monika , Ballal Kirthinath , Kamath Asha
Published: February 2019

Background

Exposure to smoking in films causes smoking uptake among adolescents. Investigation of the extent to which tobacco imagery appears, or tobacco control laws are complied with in Indian films is limited, and especially so for films in regional languages. This study presents an analysis of tobacco content and compliance with tobacco control laws in popular films in several languages from the Karnataka state of India.

Methods

We used 5 min interval coding to measure actual tobacco use, implied tobacco use, tobacco paraphernalia and tobacco branding in the top 10 films identified from national box office ratings and regional distributor reports in Karnataka in 2015 and 2016. We also assessed compliance with tobacco-free film rules in India.

Findings

A total of 47 films, in English, Hindi, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Tulu languages were coded. Any tobacco imagery was observed in 72% of films, and actual tobacco use in 50%. Tobacco imagery was equally prevalent in films classified as suitable for universal viewing (U category) or at age 12 or more (U/A category) films; and significantly more common in films made in regional than national language (Hindi). None of the films were fully compliant with legal requirements on health spots, audiovisual disclaimers and health warnings.

Conclusions

Tobacco content was common in films classified as suitable for viewing by children, more among regional than national languages. Compliance with tobacco control laws was low. Stricter enforcement of tobacco-free film rules will protect children and adolescents from exposure to tobacco use on screen.
Categorising characteristics of counterfeit Marlboro cigarettes: a systematic review of tobacco industry documents
Authors: Kurti Marin K , von Lampe Klaus , He Yi , Khanzada Hiba , Kostara Konstantina , Da Qin , Schroth Kevin R J
Published: February 2019

Background

There is scant research on methods used to identify counterfeit Marlboro cigarettes.

Methods

Systematic analysis of internal tobacco industry documents characteristics of counterfeit Marlboro cigarettes.

Results

In the industry documents we identified as relevant, there were 42 characteristics of counterfeit Marlboro cigarettes. Overall, physical characteristics (88.1%) were the most commonly identified features across all locations, with the pack blank, cardboard shell of the cigarette pack, as the dominant site (30.9%). Some of the physical characteristics included offset lithography printing, incorrect font and colour. Overall, light microscopy was identified as the main method of forensic analysis for detecting counterfeits.

Conclusion

Independent researchers employing litter pack and pack swap surveys are encouraged to use the characteristics identified in the study to gauge the prevalence of counterfeit Marlboro cigarettes and compare against industry estimates.
Adolescent males’ responses to blu’s fake warnings
Authors: Keller-Hamilton Brittney , Roberts Megan E , Slater Michael D , Berman Micah , Ferketich Amy K
Published: February 2019

Objective

Blu’s ‘Something Better’ advertising campaign ran in popular print magazines in 2017. The campaign included advertisements with fake warnings conveying positive messages, which mimicked the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s warning requirements for electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) advertisements that took effect in 2018. We report adolescent males’ recall of these fake warnings and how exposure to fake warnings affected recall of other advertisement components, including the actual warning or health risks, brand and product.

Methods

Ohio males ages 12–19 years (N = 775; 73.8 % white non-Hispanic) were randomly assigned to view an e-cigarette advertisement with or without a fake warning. Afterward, they were asked what they remembered most about the advertisement. Responses were qualitatively coded. Statistical analyses included survey-weighted descriptive statistics and logistic regression.

Results

Of participants who viewed an e-cigarette advertisement with a fake warning, 27.0 % reported the fake warning was what they remembered most, and 18.8 % repeated the fake warning message. Participants viewing advertisements with a fake warning had lower odds of recalling the actual warning or health risks (OR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.77) or brand (OR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.85), compared with participants viewing other e-cigarette advertisements.

Conclusions

Adolescents viewing an advertisement with a fake warning were less likely to recall the advertisement’s actual warning or health risks. Although e-cigarette advertisements now carry large FDA-mandated warnings, this tactic could be used for cigarette advertisements that continue to carry small warnings in the USA. Findings underscore the necessity of tobacco advertisement surveillance and study of advertisements’ effects on adolescents.
Can trauma surgeons keep up? A prospective cohort study comparing outcomes between patients with traumatic brain injury cared for in a trauma versus neuroscience intensive care unit
Authors: Roberts Derek J , Leonard Samuel D , Stein Deborah M , Williams George W , Wade Charles E , Cotton Bryan A
Published: February 2019

Background

Although many patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are admitted to trauma intensive care units (ICUs), some question whether outcomes would improve if their care was provided in neurocritical care units. We sought to compare characteristics and outcomes of patients with TBI admitted to and cared for in a trauma versus neuroscience ICU.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study of adult (≥18 years of age) blunt trauma patients with TBI admitted to a trauma versus neuroscience ICU between May 2015 and December 2016. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate an adjusted odds ratio (OR) comparing 30-day mortality between cohorts.

Results

In total, 548 patients were included in the study, including 207 (38%) who were admitted to the trauma ICU and 341 (62%) to the neuroscience ICU. When compared with neuroscience ICU admissions, patients admitted to the trauma ICU were more likely to have sustained their injuries from a high-speed mechanism (71% vs. 34%) and had a higher Injury Severity Score (ISS) (median 25 vs. 16) despite a similar head Abbreviated Injury Scale score (3 vs. 3, p=0.47) (all p<0.05). Trauma ICU patients also had a lower initial Glasgow Coma Scale score (5 vs. 15) and systolic blood pressure (128 mm Hg vs. 136 mm Hg) and were more likely to have fixed or unequal pupils at admission (13% vs. 8%) (all p<0.05). After adjusting for age, ISS, a high-speed mechanism of injury, fixed or unequal pupils at admission, and field intubation, the odds of 30-day mortality was 70% lower among patients admitted to the trauma versus neuroscience ICU (adjusted OR=0.30, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.82).

Conclusions

Despite a higher injury burden and worse neurological examination and hemodynamics at presentation, patients admitted to the trauma ICU had a lower adjusted 30-day mortality. This finding may relate to improved care of associated injuries in trauma versus neuroscience ICUs.

Level of evidence

Prospective comparative study, level II.
Nationwide cohort study of independent risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome after trauma
Authors: Tignanelli Christopher J , Hemmila Mark R , Rogers Mary A M , Raghavendran Krishnan
Published: February 2019

Background

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of specific direct and indirect factors that accounted, in trauma patients, for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and mortality in patients with ARDS.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients from the National Trauma Data Bank. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression was used with the development of ARDS as the primary and mortality in patients with ARDS as the secondary outcome measures. We compared trauma patients with versus without thoracic (direct) and extrathoracic (indirect) risk factors, using patient demographics, physiologic, and anatomic injury severity as covariates. Subset analysis was performed for patients with trauma-induced lung contusion (TILC) and for patients with minor (Injury Severity Score [ISS] ≤15) injury.

Results

A total of 2 998 964 patients were studied, of whom 28 597 developed ARDS. From 2011 to 2014, the incidence of ARDS decreased; however, mortality in patients with ARDS has increased. Predictors of ARDS included direct thoracic injury (TILC, multiple rib fractures, and flail chest), as well as indirect factors (increased age, male gender, higher ISS, lower Glasgow Coma Scale motor component score, history of cardiopulmonary or hematologic disease, and history of alcoholism or obesity). Patients with ARDS secondary to direct thoracic injury had a lower risk of mortality compared with patients with ARDS due to other mechanisms.

Discussion

Despite the decreasing incidence of trauma-induced ARDS, mortality in patients with ARDS has increased. Direct thoracic injury was the strongest predictor of ARDS. Knowing specific contributors to trauma-induced ARDS could help identify at-risk patients early in their hospitalization and mitigate the progression to ARDS and thereby mortality.

Level of evidence

Prognostic study, level III.
Anaplastic meningioma in a Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii)
Authors: Elbert Jessica , Peck Sarah , Hayes Dane , Taylor Jim , Smith Jodi
Published: February 2019

A seven‐year‐old male captive Tasmanian devil was euthanased after presenting with hindlimb ataxia and generalised muscle wasting. On necropsy, an irregular, cream‐coloured, firm, 1 cm mass was detected on the dorsal surface of the left olfactory bulb. The mass was composed of pleomorphic neoplastic cells arranged in nests and lobules with occasional pseudorosette formation, and evinced invasion of underlying neural parenchyma. By immunohistochemistry, neoplastic cells were strongly positive for vimentin and cytokeratin AE1/AE3, variably positive for S‐100 and neuron‐specific enolase, and negative for calretinin, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, glial fibrillar acidic protein and neurofilament protein. Periodic acid‐Schiff and Grimelius stains were also negative. Based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, the neoplasm was classified as an anaplastic meningioma.
‘Surprise’ lambs 18 months after sterilisation of a teaser ram
Authors: Morrell Jane M , Wallgren Margareta
Published: February 2019

The owner of a flock of a phenotypically distinct sheep breed purchased a ‘sterilised’ teaser ram to mark oestrus ewes for mating with purebred rams. Lambing in the subsequent year proceeded as planned. The following year, three of 30 ewes marked by the teaser produced lambs that were not phenotypically purebred and DNA analysis revealed with 99 per cent certainty that the teaser ram was the sire. During a postmortem examination of the scrotal contents, the following findings were noted. The testes were adherent to the scrotum and were not freely movable. The cauda epididymis had been removed on both sides; macroscopically there was no connection between the corpus epididymis and the vas deferens on either side. However, a drop of creamy fluid was expressed from the right vas deferens, which contained fully mature spermatozoa. An anastomosis must have formed between the corpus epididymis and vas deferens after the operation.
Haemoabdomen due to suspected anaphylaxis in four dogs
Authors: Birkbeck Rachael , Greensmith Thomas , Humm Karen , Tinson Erica
Published: February 2019

Haemoabdomen was diagnosed in four canine patients treated for suspected anaphylaxis. The diagnosis of anaphylaxis was based on a peracute history, compatible clinical signs, good response to supportive treatment and exclusion of other causes. The haemorrhagic peritoneal effusions occurred in the absence of an initiating coagulopathic disorder and without an alternative explanation for abdominal haemorrhage. In all patients, the haemoabdomen resolved with medical management alone. Anaphylaxis should be considered a potential differential diagnosis for spontaneous haemoabdomen in dogs.
Alanyl-glutamine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and barrier function injury in bovine jejunum epithelial cells
Authors: Zhang Xianglun , Tan Xiuwen , Liu Yifan , You Wei , Liu Guifen , Liu Xiaomu , Jin Qing , Wei Chen , Wan Fachun , Zhao Hongbo
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) on the regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and barrier function in bovine jejunum epithelial cells (BJECs). BJECs were exposed (or not) to 1 μg/mL LPS for 24 h to generate a pro-inflammatory model. The cells were then treated with different concentrations of Ala-Gln (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mmol/L) to detect any regulatory effects on the inflammation and barrier function of BJECs. LPS decreased cell viability and enhanced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. LPS induced inflammation and damaged the barrier function of BJECs, as evidenced by up-regulated mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory factors and down-regulated expression of tight junction proteins. Conversely, Ala-Gln rescued the decrease in cell viability and prevented the accumulation of ILs after LPS exposure by reducing the mRNA and protein expression levels of inflammatory factors. In addition, Ala-Gln induced the mRNA and protein expression of multiple tight junction proteins, and thus reconstituted the barrier function of BJECs. In conclusion, Ala-Gln attenuates injury from inflammation and repairs damaged intestinal barrier induced with LPS, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent against intestinal inflammation in mammals.
Transcription Factor EB Activation Rescues Advanced αB‐Crystallin Mutation‐Induced Cardiomyopathy by Normalizing Desmin Localization
Authors: Ma Xiucui , Mani Kartik , Liu Haiyan , Kovacs Attila , Murphy John T. , Foroughi Layla , French Brent A. , Weinheimer Carla J. , Kraja Aldi , Benjamin Ivor J. , Hill Joseph A. , Javaheri Ali , Diwan Abhinav
Published: February 2019

Background

Mutations in αB‐crystallin result in proteotoxic cardiomyopathy with desmin mislocalization to protein aggregates. Intermittent fasting (
IF
) is a novel approach to activate transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of the autophagy‐lysosomal pathway, in the myocardium. We tested whether
TFEB
activation can be harnessed to treat advanced proteotoxic cardiomyopathy.

Methods and Results

Mice overexpressing the R120G mutant of αB‐crystallin in cardiomyocytes (
Myh6
‐Cry
ABR
120G) were subjected to
IF
or ad‐lib feeding, or transduced with adeno‐associated virus–
TFEB
or adeno‐associated virus—green fluorescent protein after development of advanced proteotoxic cardiomyopathy. Adeno‐associated virus–short hairpin RNA–mediated knockdown of
TFEB
and
HSPB
8 was performed simultaneously with
IF
.
Myh6
‐Cry
ABR
120G mice demonstrated impaired autophagic flux, reduced lysosome abundance, and mammalian target of rapamycin activation in the myocardium.
IF
resulted in mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition and nuclear translocation of
TFEB
with restored lysosome abundance and autophagic flux; and reduced aggregates with normalized desmin localization.
IF
also attenuated left ventricular dilation and myocardial hypertrophy, increased percentage fractional shortening, and increased survival. Adeno‐associated virus–
TFEB
transduction was sufficient to rescue cardiomyopathic manifestations, and resulted in reduced aggregates and normalized desmin localization in
Myh6
‐Cry
ABR
120G mice. Cry
ABR
120G‐expressing hearts demonstrated increased interaction of desmin with αB‐crystallin and reduced interaction with chaperone protein,
HSPB
8, compared with wild type, which was reversed by both
IF
and
TFEB
transduction.
TFEB
stimulated autophagic flux to remove protein aggregates and transcriptionally upregulated
HSPB
8, to restore normal desmin localization in Cry
ABR
120G‐expressing cardiomyocytes. Short hairpin RNA–mediated knockdown of
TFEB
and
HSPB
8 abrogated
IF
effects, in vivo.

Conclusions

IF and
TFEB
activation are clinically relevant therapeutic strategies to rescue advanced R120G αB‐crystallin mutant‐induced cardiomyopathy by normalizing desmin localization via autophagy‐dependent and autophagy‐independent mechanisms.
Cognitive Decline in Older Patients With Non‐ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Gu Sophie Z. , Beska Benjamin , Chan Danny , Neely Dermot , Batty Jonathan A. , Adams‐Hall Jennifer , Mossop Helen , Qiu Weiliang , Kunadian Vijay
Published: February 2019

Background

Dementia is a growing health burden of an aging population. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of cognitive impairment and the predictors of cognitive decline at 1 year in older patients with non‐ST–elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing invasive care.

Methods and Results

Older patients with non‐ST–elevation acute coronary syndrome were recruited into the ICON1 study. Cognition was evaluated using Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The composite major adverse cardiovascular events comprised death, myocardial infarction, unplanned revascularization, stroke, and significant bleeding at 1 year. Of 298 patients, 271 had cognitive assessment at baseline, and 211 (78%) had follow‐up Montreal Cognitive Assessment at 1 year. Mean age was 80.5±4.8 years. There was a high prevalence (n=130, 48.0%) of undiagnosed cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score <26) at baseline. Cognitive impairment patients were more likely to reach major adverse cardiovascular events by Kaplan–Meier analysis (
P
=0.047). Seventy‐four patients (35.1%) experienced cognitive decline (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score drop by ≥2 points) at 1 year. Recurrent myocardial infarction was independently associated with cognitive decline at 1 year (odds ratio 3.19, 95% confidence interval 1.18–8.63,
P
=0.02) after adjustment for age and sex.

Conclusions

In older patients undergoing invasive management of non‐ST–elevation acute coronary syndrome, there is a high prevalence of undiagnosed cognitive impairment at baseline. Recurrent myocardial infarction is independently associated with cognitive decline at 1 year.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01933581.
Intermittent Fasting Reverses an Advanced Form of Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Mukai Risa , Zablocki Daniela , Sadoshima Junichi
Published: February 2019

See Article by
Ma et al
Rethinking Cognitive Impairment in the Management of Older Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Lowenstern Angela , Wang Tracy Y.
Published: February 2019

See Article by
Gu et al
India's Counterforce Temptations: Strategic Dilemmas, Doctrine, and Capabilities
Authors: Clary Christopher , Narang Vipin
Published: February 2019

Is India shifting to a nuclear counterforce strategy? Continued aggression by Pakistan against India, enabled by Islamabad's nuclear strategy and India's inability to counter it, has prompted the leadership in Delhi to explore more flexible preemptive counterforce options in an attempt to reestablish deterrence. Increasingly, Indian officials are advancing the logic of counterforce targeting, and they have begun to lay out exceptions to India's long-standing no-first-use policy to potentially allow for the preemptive use of nuclear weapons. Simultaneously, India has been acquiring the components that its military would need to launch counterforce strikes. These include a growing number of accurate and responsive nuclear delivery systems, an array of surveillance platforms, and sophisticated missile defenses. Executing a counterforce strike against Pakistan, however, would be exceptionally difficult. Moreover, Pakistan's response to the mere fear that India might be pursuing a counterforce option could generate a dangerous regional arms race and crisis instability. A cycle of escalation would have significant implications not only for South Asia, but also for the broader nuclear landscape if other regional powers were similarly seduced by the temptations of nuclear counterforce.
Demographics and Risk Factors for Non-Accidental Orthopedic Trauma
Authors: Sivasundaram Lakshmanan , Trivedi Nikunj N. , Gatta Julian , Ning Anne Y. , Kim Chang-Yeon , Mistovich R. Justin
Published: February 2019

Childhood non-accidental trauma (NAT) is the second most common cause of death in children. Despite its prevalence, NAT is frequently unreported due to provider misdiagnosis or unawareness. The purpose of this study was to determine current risk factors and injury patterns associated with NAT. A retrospective review of the Kids’ Inpatient Database was performed for the years 2009 and 2012. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the statistically significant risk factors for NAT. In 2009 and 2012, 174 442 children were hospitalized for fractures. Of these, 2.07% (3614) were due to NAT. Lower extremity (femur, tibia/fibula, foot), hand/carpus, clavicle, pelvis, and spine fractures were more likely to result from NAT; tibia/fibula fractures were most predictive of NAT. Children with anxiety, attention-deficit, conduct, developmental, and mood disorders were more likely to experience NAT. Those with cerebral palsy and autism were not at an increased risk for NAT.
Cooperating with evil? Accountability in peace operations and the evolution of the United Nations Human Rights Due Diligence Policy
Authors: Hirschmann Gisela
Published: February 2019

International organizations (IOs) usually cooperate with national actors in order to implement global decisions and policies. This cooperation has become problematic as implementing partners have increasingly been accused of serious human rights violations. This article analyzes how implementing partners from the host state of a United Nations (UN) peace operation are held accountable. I argue that the complexity of contemporary peacekeeping limits the availability of traditional accountability mechanisms. I develop a conceptual model to demonstrate how, instead, different accountability forms interact and complement each other. I illustrate this interplay of accountability with a case study on the emergence of the UN Human Rights Due Diligence Policy (HRDDP). The accountability framework enacted by the Joint Human Rights Unit, the Special Procedures of the UN Human Rights Council and the International Criminal Court in the context of the UN peace operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo threatened the legitimacy of UN peacekeeping. As a consequence, the UN adopted the HRDDP as a new, UN-based accountability mechanism to hold implementing partners from the host state of peace operations accountable.
Racial Disparities in Federal Sentencing Outcomes: Clarifying the Role of Criminal History
Authors: Franklin Travis W. , Henry Tri Keah S.
Published: February 2019

Racial and ethnic sentencing disparities are frequently conditioned by offender and case characteristics (e.g., gender, crime type). Offenders’ criminal history is a potentially important conditioning factor, yet this issue has only been addressed by a small body of research. Moreover, no study has examined this potential conditioning effect among Asian or Native American offenders, and prior research has typically adopted a limited theoretical approach for explaining why criminal history might condition racial disparities. The present study addresses these shortcomings in an analysis of United States Sentencing Commission data for fiscal years 2010-2012. Results indicate that race and ethnicity effects are conditioned by criminal history in important ways. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
The trial in John Webster’s The White Devil: Italy in the reenactment of a Renaissance English drama
Authors: Carpi Daniela
Published: February 2019

English playwrights were fascinated by Italy both in a positive and a negative way: they were drawn to Italy as a symbol of culture and refinement, but also as a nest of corruption and bloody conspiracies. Italy had the function of offering a foreign background in which dramatists could safely address their hostility against the English court. This article highlights this fascination with the darker side of Italy in the revision of the trial of Vittoria Accoramboni in John Webster’s The White Devil (1612). The story of Vittoria Accoramboni was so famous that many writers appropriated it and re-wrote it centuries after the fact: Stendhal, among others, reproduced the records of the time to offer a historical narration of the events in his Chroniques Italiennes – Vittoria Accoramboni, une oeuvre du domain public (1855). In his turn Webster seized the story, changing some elements such as the setting (he replaced Gubbio with Venice, probably because this town was better known to the audience), fictionalizing the love relationship between Victoria and Duke Brachiano, emphasizing the pandering influence of her brother Flamineo and especially adding his own view of the trial and how it was conducted.
The making and unmaking of teams
Authors: Einola Katja , Alvesson Mats
Published: February 2019

Contemporary expert organizations rely heavily on cross-border, often temporary teams typically working through virtual means of communication. While static aspects of teams are well researched, there have been considerably fewer studies on team dynamics and team processes. Existing process studies tend to take a cautious, entity-based approach, emphasizing team structure as much as (or even more than) processual aspects. This article represents a shift from studying teams as entities and structures changing over time to studying teams as an on-going process. Participants engage in teaming and thus in the continued making and sometimes unmaking of teams. We report on a study of three anatomically similar, self-managed teams performing the same set of complex tasks with radically different teaming processes. With more or less successful shared sensemaking, the team members collectively create (or fail to create) not only team task outputs but also the team itself.
Boundary role transitions: A day-to-day approach to explain the effects of home-based telework on work-to-home conflict and home-to-work conflict
Authors: Delanoeije Joni , Verbruggen Marijke , Germeys Lynn
Published: February 2019

Does working from home on a given day complicate or rather facilitate combining work and home roles that day, why and for whom? To answer these questions, we examined how a teleworking day affects daily work-to-home conflict and daily home-to-work conflict. Based on boundary theory, we expected these relationships to be mediated by daily role transitions and moderated by employees’ preferences to protect their home(/work) domain from work(/home) interruptions. Hypotheses were tested through multilevel moderated mediation modeling using diary data collected during 14 consecutive workdays with 81 employees ( N = 678 data points). In line with our expectations, employees were found to make more work-to-home transitions (i.e. interruptions of work activities to deal with home demands during work hours) on teleworking days, which was related to lower work-to-home conflict but higher home-to-work conflict on these days. They also made more home-to-work transitions (i.e. interruptions of home activities to deal with work demands after hours) on teleworking days, which was related to more work-to-home conflict on these days. The latter effect was stronger for employees with a home protection preference. There was no moderating impact of work protection preference. Overall, employees experienced less work-to-home conflict but more home-to-work conflict on teleworking days compared to non-teleworking days.
Visual Scanning Behavior and Attention Strategies for Shooting Among Expert Versus Collegiate Korean Archers
Authors: Kim Youngsook , Chang Taiseok , Park Inchon
Published: February 2019

This study analyzed differences in visual scanning behavior and resistance to distractions between Olympic and collegiate archers. The experiment required the participants to watch a test film comprising six stages corresponding to the phases of an archery performance. The recording emulated the archer's point of view. During initial phases of shooting, Olympic archers demonstrated more frequent and longer fixations than did their collegiate counterparts, whereas during the later phases of shooting, the groups' visual scanning patterns did not differ significantly. In a second experiment within this study, auditory and visual distractors led Olympic archers to exhibit fewer fixations of longer duration and less eye movement, regardless of the type of distraction. Thus, in each experiment, Korean national-team archers modified their attentional strategies more efficiently than collegiate archers, expanding and narrowing their focused attention based on task demands. These findings provide fundamental information on the nature of expert shooters' visual scanning patterns and have implications for developing training protocols for aspiring athletes.
Disoriented Liberalism: Ortega y Gasset in the Ruins of Empire
Authors: Dinnin Alec
Published: February 2019

The fraught ideological relationship between liberalism and imperialism has been theorized primarily through the British, French, and American empires. This article moves beyond the experiences of these “great powers” by turning to Spain and its preeminent twentieth-century liberal thinker, José Ortega y Gasset. Unlike his British, French, and American counterparts, Ortega articulated liberalism not to promote or defend the forging of empire but rather to cope with the disorienting effects of its unequivocal loss in the wake of the Spanish–American War. The experience of imperial loss, I argue, informed Ortega’s call for a “new liberalism” that could enable Spain’s national and cultural renewal. Reading Ortega’s thought in this context thus reveals the lasting impact that imperial dispossession can have upon certain strands of liberalism. It also suggests that, in order to fully capture the relationship between liberalism and empire, it is necessary to incorporate a wider range of historical sources and imperial trajectories.
Mission Congruence: To Agree or Not to Agree, and Its Implications for Public Employee Turnover
Authors: Hayes Michael S. , Stazyk Edmund C.
Published: February 2019

Previous studies within and outside of the field of public administration consistently find positive organizational outcomes when there is high compatibility or fit between employees and organizations—a concept now widely known as person–organization fit. Previous public administration scholars have established the link between employees’ person–organization fit perceptions and employee turnover intention. However, no previous study has examined whether there is a link with actual turnover. This study addresses this gap in the literature on public sector employee fit by examining the relationship between one particular type of fit—mission congruence—and public employee turnover. Using nationally representative data on public school teachers, we find that teachers in U.S. schools who perceive themselves to be compatible with their organizations’ central mission are at least 11% more likely to remain at their current school. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for research and practice.
Outcasts among Undesirables: Palestinian Refugees in Brazil between Humanitarianism and Nationalism
Authors: Schiocchet Leonardo
Published: February 2019

The plan for the resettlement of 117 Palestinian refugees from Iraq in Brazil in 2007 involved the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the Brazilian government, and so-called civil society, including international nongovernmental organizations. These refugees had already developed a reputation in the Rwayshed refugee camp for being “undesirable” in comparison with other local refugees and unfit for refuge elsewhere. Examination of the principles of integration and tutelage in the light of this double rejection places in perspective the supposed apolitical character of humanitarianism and shows how mythical-ideological notions of Brazilianness helped to reinforce and reproduce stereotypes associated with Palestinians.

El plan para el reasentamiento de 117 refugiados palestinos de Irak en Brasil involucró al Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados, el gobierno brasileño y la llamada sociedad civil, incluidas las organizaciones internacionales no gubernamentales. Estos refugiados ya habían adquirido una reputación en el campo de refugiados de Rwayshed por ser “indeseables” en comparación con otros refugiados locales y no aptos para refugiarse en otros lugares. El examen de los principios de integración y tutela a la luz de este doble rechazo pone en perspectiva el supuesto carácter apolítico del humanitarismo y muestra cómo las nociones mítico-ideológicas de lo brasileño ayudaron a reforzar y reproducir los estereotipos asociados con los palestinos.
Fauda television series and the turning of asymmetrical conflict into television entertainment
Authors: Ribke Nahuel
Published: February 2019

Since its release in February 2015, television drama/action series Fauda has attracted enormous public attention and debate, first in Israel and then abroad, following its global release on Netflix. The story of an Israeli undercover unit chasing an infamous Palestinian terrorist, the series was praised for its ‘realistic’ depiction of the conflict and empathetic portrayal of the opposing sides, as well as for the frenetic rhythm and suspense of the plot. On the other hand, the series has faced criticism for downplaying and obscuring the realities of the Israeli occupation, focusing on a cat and mouse thriller rather than the hardships incurred by a civilian population under military control. Based on a qualitative analysis of media coverage in Israel and abroad, this article analyzes the complex relationship between an ongoing asymmetrical conflict and its representation in fictional television entertainment.
Studying the Nordic Resistance Movement: three urgent questions for researchers of contemporary neo-Nazis and their media practices
Authors: Askanius Tina
Published: February 2019

This commentary provides critical reflections on a number of challenges related to research methodology and ethics when studying organized racism in online environments. Based on ongoing fieldwork of the Nordic Resistance Movement (NMR) in Sweden, I ask three critical questions about researching the neo-Nazi organization and organized racism more generally: (1) How do we produce valid knowledge of these ‘closed’ groups in their ‘open’ online spaces? What are the limitations of our research on hidden social life when we only have access to what they want us to know? (2) Why and for whom are we producing research on these groups? Or, put another way, what ethical considerations and problems related to intent and research agendas arise in studies of neo-Nazism and other forms of organized racism? (3) What is the emotional labour involved in studying these groups for the researcher and how might it be used in a productive manner?
The ‘authoritarian determinism’ and reductionisms in China-focused political communication studies
Authors: Guan Tianru
Published: February 2019

This commentary article posits the term ‘authoritarian determinism’ to describe a persistent and general problem with the current trend of China-focused political and communication theory, which emphasizes the centrality of the ‘repression-resistance’ axis in the formation of China’s political communication sphere, and identifies three related forms of reductionism (‘event-based’, ‘conflict-focused’, and ‘internally homogeneous’ perspectives) that characterize contemporary Chinese political communication studies. Based on this framework, this study examines how we might move beyond the abovementioned perspectives and rethink the relationships between the party state, various media actors’ representations of political issues, and individuals’ everyday civic discussions and engagements in contemporary China.
Roadblock politics in Central Africa
Authors: Schouten Peer
Published: February 2019

A frequent sight along many roads, roadblocks form a banal yet persistent element across the margins of contemporary global logistical landscapes. How, this article asks, can we come to terms with roadblocks as a logistical form of power? Based on an ongoing mapping of roadblocks in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic, it sketches a political geography of “roadblock politics”: a spatial pattern of control concentrated around trade routes, where the capacity to disrupt logistical aspirations is translated into other forms of power, financial and political. While today’s roadblocks are tied up with the ongoing conflict in both countries, the article shows, roadblock politics has a much deeper history. Before colonization, African rulers manufactured powerful polities out of control over points of passage along long-distance trade routes crisscrossing the continent. The article traces how since precolonial times control over long-distance trade routes was turned into a source of political power, how these routes were forcefully appropriated through colonial occupation, how after the crumbling of the colonial order new connections were engineered between political power and the circulation of goods in Central Africa, and how control over these flows ultimately became a key stake in ongoing civil wars in the region.
Investments in managerial human capital: Explanations from prospect and regulatory focus theories
Authors: Zhao Yuxi , Thompson Piers
Published: February 2019

It is recognised that small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have relatively low levels of management and employee training. In part, this reflects training being a risky investment, with opportunity costs. This article utilises prospect and regulatory focus theory to provide greater insight into which business owners/managers are more likely to make investments in managerial human capital. The study utilises the Longitudinal Small Business Survey (LSBS) and explores how regulatory focus affects training choices and whether experiencing a gain or loss plays a role. We find that those with a promotion focus and experiencing a gain are more likely to invest in managerial training. There is some evidence of prevention-focused business owners/managers being more likely to invest when a loss has been suffered. The results are of interest to policymakers seeking to increase investment in training and for those providing such initiatives in that developing a promotion focus should encourage greater engagement.
Are there differences in practice depending on the instrument played?
Authors: Hallam Susan , Creech Andrea , Varvarigou Maria , Papageorgi Ioulia
Published: February 2019

There has been little research on instrument differences in the length and nature of instrumental practice or how these may interact with level of expertise. This paper aimed to address this issue. A total of 3,325 young people ranging in level of expertise from beginner to the level required for entry to higher education conservatoire completed a questionnaire which consisted of a number of statements relating to time spent practicing, practicing strategies, organization of practice, and motivation to practice with a seven-point rating scale. Data were analyzed in relation to nine levels of expertise. Factor analysis revealed seven factors which were used to make comparisons between those playing different classical instruments. The findings showed that those playing keyboard instruments practiced the most, followed by strings, brass, and woodwind. There were relatively few statistically significant instrument differences in practice strategies. Where there were differences it was the woodwind players who tended to adopt less effective strategies. There were some interactions between level of expertise and practice which generally showed no clear patterns suggesting complexity in the development of musical expertise in relation to different instruments. The findings are discussed in terms of possible reasons for these differences.
Evaluation of Interstate Work Zone Mobility using Probe Vehicle Data and Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Kamyab Mohsen , Remias Stephen , Najmi Erfan , Hood Kerrick , Al-Akshar Mustafa , Ustun Ilyas
Published: February 2019

According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), US work zones on freeways account for nearly 24% of nonrecurring freeway delays and 10% of overall congestion. Historically, there have been limited scalable datasets to investigate the specific causes of congestion due to work zones or to improve work zone planning processes to characterize the impact of work zone congestion. In recent years, third-party data vendors have provided scalable speed data from Global Positioning System (GPS) devices and cell phones which can be used to characterize mobility on all roadways. Each work zone has unique characteristics and varying mobility impacts which are predicted during the planning and design phases, but can realistically be quite different from what is ultimately experienced by the traveling public. This paper uses these datasets to introduce a scalable Work Zone Mobility Audit (WZMA) template. Additionally, the paper uses metrics developed for individual work zones to characterize the impact of more than 250 work zones varying in length and duration from Southeast Michigan. The authors make recommendations to work zone engineers on useful data to collect for improving the WZMA. As more systematic work zone data are collected, improved analytical assessment techniques, such as machine learning processes, can be used to identify the factors that will predict future work zone impacts. The paper concludes by demonstrating two machine learning algorithms, Random Forest and XGBoost, which show historical speed variation is a critical component when predicting the mobility impact of work zones.