bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Heat Equation with Singular Potentials. II: Hypoelliptic Case
Authors: Chatzakou Marianna , Ruzhansky Michael , Tokmagambetov Niyaz
Published: April 2022

In this paper we consider the heat equation with a strongly singular potential and show that it has a very weak solution. Our analysis is devoted to general hypoelliptic operators and is developed in the setting of graded Lie groups. The current work continues and extends the work (Altybay et al. in Appl. Math. Comput. 399:126006, 2021), where the classical heat equation on $\mathbb{R}^{n}$

R
n

was considered.
Genetic variation and population structure analysis of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev from Eurasian steppes using SSR makers
Authors: Ahmed Naseer , Hou Xianyang
Published: April 2022

Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev is an important perennial grass species extensively dispersed in the typical grassland communities of the Eurasian steppe region. It is relished by livestock due to its high quality and being a nutritionally valuable forage crop. L. chinensis has recently gained extensive consideration on its genetic diversity. However, genetic diversity studies on L. chinensis using SSR markers is currently limited. In the present study, we investigate the genetic variation and population structure analysis of L. chinensis from Eurasian steppes using SSR makers. For the genetic diversity, nineteen SSR markers were used and a total of 133 alleles were identified across the 166 L. chinensis plants. Our findings illustrated that the polymorphic rate for all SSR markers was greater than 80%, with the exception of SSR12i and SSR6c, which had polymorphism rates of 50% and 75%, respectively. The gene diversity (H) ranged from 0.0545 for SSR12i to 0.4720 for SSR25v, and the average was 0.3136. Furthermore, genetic diversity analysis indicated that the 166 samples could be grouped into five main population clusters based on their maximum membership coefficients which were assigned as Pop1 to Pop5. Among the five populations, the largest values of allele (total number of detected alleles), Ne (effective number of alleles) and Na (observed mean number of alleles) was found to be higher in Pop1, with values of 61, 1.461, and 1.977, respectively. Additionally, AMOVA showed that 13% of the total genetic variation occurred among the population and 87% genetic variation within the populations of the species. Whereas, the pairwise Fst specified the moderate genetic variation ranging from 0.0336 to 0.0731. Finally, the principal coordinate analysis revealed that the x-axis and y-axis explained 5.72% and 4.86% of the variation in molecular data, respectively. Taken together, these SSR markers provide new insights for a more precise understanding of the genetic diversity of L. chinensis germplasm and could potentially enhance the breeding program of L. chinensis.
The effect of masterbatch pigments on the crystallisation, morphology, and shrinkage behaviour of Isotactic Polypropylene
Authors: Ullah Jawad , Harkin-Jones Eileen , McIlhagger Alistair , Magee Ciaran , Tormey David , Dave Foram , Sherlock Richard , Dixon Dorian
Published: April 2022

Variations in mould shrinkage when using organic and inorganic pigments in semicrystalline polymers is a well-known phenomenon within industry. These differences in mould shrinkage are thought to be caused by the presence of the pigments acting as nucleating agents, altering the crystallisation of semicrystalline polymers. These shrinkage variations can give rise to problems in obtaining the correct interference fit between parts and can cause issues in automated equipment such as filling lines. It has been previously reported that the onset temperature of crystallisation measured via DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) can be used to predict shrinkage when a variety of neat pigments are added to un-nucleated PP (polypropylene). However, the shrinkage and crystallisation behaviour of masterbatch pigments, which are widely used industrially is poorly understood. To better understand the influence of masterbatch pigments on crystallisation and shrinkage behaviour, injection moulded samples were prepared using variety of reds, whites, and purple commercial-masterbatch pigments with PP. The crystallisation kinetics and crystallinity were studied using DSC, LPOM (Linkam hot stage polarising optical microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). The morphology was investigated via LPOM and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). A clear correlation was observed between the crystallisation onset temperature measured using DSC and the recorded shrinkage. A strong relationship was also observed between the percentage crystallinity measured using FTIR and shrinkage. Quinacridone and pyrrole based red and purple pigments were found to act as strong nucleating agents, with the pyrrole based red pigment also acting as β nucleator in PP. The white pigments were found to have less influence on the nucleation behaviour. For the pigments which induced the largest variation in shrinkage, a higher rate of nucleation and proportionally smaller spherulitic diameter was observed by DSC, SEM, and LPOM.
Trust, Science Education and Vaccines
Authors: Reiss Michael J.
Published: April 2022

The issue of trust in science has come to the fore in recent years. I focus on vaccines, first looking at what is known about trust in vaccines and then concentrating on whether what science education teaches about vaccines can be trusted. I present an argument to connect the phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy to the issue of trust and then argue for what an education about vaccines in school science might look like that takes seriously the notion of respect for students, including students who hold views about vaccination with which science teachers might disagree. Trust in others (people and institutions) varies greatly, both between countries and within countries, and depends on the characteristics of both trustor and trustee, and there are great differences in the extent to which people trust vaccines. However, it is a mistake to think that people who do not trust vaccines are simply ill-informed. There are a range of reasons for rejecting what is often an unexamined narrative about vaccines, namely that vaccines are always desirable. Many people come from communities that have sound reasons for being suspicious of what they are told by governments, business and the medical establishment. COVID-19 and earlier reactions to vaccination health scares show how important high-quality education about vaccines is. Much of that education can take place out of school, but the foundations are laid in school. Vaccine rejection and hesitancy have major global public health implications. Good quality vaccine education should help students understand about relevant biology and the nature of science; it should also be respectful of all students, including those who come from families that reject vaccines or are hesitant about them.
Evidence in management science related to psychology: benefits, tools, and an example of a community-augmented meta-analysis
Authors: Burgard Tanja , Steinmetz Holger
Published: April 2022

In the field of evidence-based management, the academic-practice gap is well-known and undermines the transfer of scientific findings to evidence-based decision-making. In this paper, we introduce the practical approach of community augmented meta-analysis (CAMA) that serves to ease cumulative evidence formation and dissemination in psychology. CAMA rests on the conviction that a better and faster knowledge transfer requires an increase in the efficiency and quality of evidence integration, timely publication of results, and a broad and easy accessibility. As a potential solution, we describe the platform PsychOpen CAMA that enables the publication of and access to meta-analytic data. We conclude with an empirical example that describes the implementation and presentation of a meta-analysis on gender differences in the intention to start a business using PsychOpen CAMA. Finally, we discuss benefits and potentials of the publication of meta-analytic data on the platform, as well as current methodological and technical limitations.
Continuous monitoring of the depth of the water-mud interface using distributed acoustic sensing
Authors: Buisman Menno , Martuganova Evgeniia , Kiers Tjeerd , Draganov Deyan , Kirichek Alex
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Current surveying techniques used by port authorities to estimate the nautical depth are limited in depth resolution and temporal resolution. Because of this, certain heavily occupied quay walls cannot be optimised in terms of utilisation. Therefore, a permanent continuous measuring system with a higher depth resolution is needed to optimise the occupation at these quay walls. We show how this could be achieved with distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) using fibre-optical cables.

Materials

We analyse recordings from a dual-frequency echo-sounder source along a standard communication optical fibre coiled vertically around a PVC pipe to represent vertical seismic profiling. This PVC pipe is placed inside a transparent plastic cylindrical tank which is partly filled with water and mud. This allows us to track the water-mud interface visually. We use a Silixa iDAS v2 and a Febus A1 DAS interrogator to convert the optical fibre into a seismic sensor. We use a wave generator to select the source frequency and an amplifier to amplify the output of the wave generator to a SIMRAD 38/200 COMBI C dual-frequency echo-sounder.

Results

We identify standing waves and use them to make accurate depth estimates of the water-mud interface inside the column we measure. Due to the high apparent velocity, the standing waves are easy to identify in the time domain. Due to the constructive interference, standing waves also show the water-mud interface in a power spectral density plot. We demonstrate that these standing waves could be used with an on-demand permanent continuous measuring system using ambient noise sources.

Conclusion

Our laboratory experiment showed that DAS could be used to estimate the water-mud interface. In addition, we showed the potential for on-demand monitoring in ports and waterways using DAS. Furthermore, due to the low cost of optical fibres, and the possibility of utilising ambient noise sources, DAS could be used for continuous depth monitoring purposes in ports and waterways.
The effects of gender and personality of robot assistants on customers’ acceptance of their service
Authors: Forgas-Coll Santiago , Huertas-Garcia Ruben , Andriella Antonio , Alenyà Guillem
Published: April 2022

The Covid-19 pandemic has stimulated the use of social robots in front-office services. However, some initial applications yielded disappointing results, as managers were unaware of the level of development of the robots’ artificial intelligence systems. This study proposes to adapt the Almere model to estimate the technological acceptance of service robots, which express their gender and personality, whilst assisting consumers. A 2 × 2 (two genders vs. two personalities) between-subjects experiment was conducted with 219 participants. Model estimation with Structural Equation Modelling confirmed seven out of eight hypotheses, and all four scenarios were estimated with Ordinary Least Squares, showing that robot gender and personality affected their technological acceptance.
Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Promote Wound Healing Through the WNT/β-catenin Signaling Pathway in Dermal Fibroblasts
Authors: Li Cong , An Yu , Sun Yu , Yang Fan , Xu Quanchen , Wang Zhiguo
Published: April 2022

The differentiation, migration, and proliferation of skin fibroblasts are identified as key factors in cutaneous wound healing. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) and their exosomes (ADMSC-Exos) have been considered as potential therapeutic tools for tissue regeneration; however, the underlying mechanisms on cutaneous wound healing are still not well understood. In this study, we successfully obtained ADMSC-Exos and found ADMSC-Exos significantly promoted the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The expression levels of COL-I and COL-III in fibroblasts treated with ADMSC-Exos were significantly increased, while the expression level of α-SMA was decreased. In addition, the enhanced protein expression of WNT2b and β-catenin confirmed the activation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and the WNT/β-catenin inhibitor (XAV939) reversed the promoting effect of ADMSC-Exos on wound healing and the β-catenin expression. Taken together, our study partially elucidates the mechanism of ADMSC-Exos in wound healing, illustrating the potential of ADMSC-Exos as a new therapeutic approach to promote skin wound healing.

Graphical Abstract
Austerity, Short-term Economic Recovery and Public Perception of Immigration in Ireland
Authors: Creighton Mathew , Gusciute Egle , McGinnity Frances
Published: April 2022

The economic crisis of 2007/2008 did not affect all members of the European Union (EU) to the same extent. In the Irish case, the economic crisis and subsequent period of austerity paralleled an erosion in public support for immigration. However, little is known about how public perception changed during a period of short-term economic recovery, like that experienced in Ireland from 2014 to 2018. Using repeated cross-sectional survey data unique to Ireland, this work captures change in attitudes towards immigrants during the pre-crisis and late-austerity periods. Moreover, this research evaluates the importance placed on two immigrant attributes intimately linked to the labour market — education and skills. We provide evidence of an emergence of more moderate views of immigration during the recovery period, but only in the perceived importance of educational qualifications. Perception of skills remains notably unchanged. Of note, both attributes remain more important in the public eye relative to before the economic crisis. In other words, short-term economic recovery does not automatically translate into a more welcoming reception. We confirm that crises and periods of austerity erode public perception of newcomers, particularly when immigration is framed in terms of skill-based economic contribution. However, this work reveals some of the scars of a rapid and deep economic downturn alter the context of reception in a durable way, which remains notably resistant to short-term recovery.
JAXA-ONERA-DLR cooperation: results from rotor optimization in hover
Authors: Wilke Gunther , Bailly Joëlle , Kimura Keita , Tanabe Yasutada
Published: April 2022

A cooperation between JAXA, ONERA and DLR puts the focus on the aerodynamic optimization of helicopter rotors. This paper represents the conclusions from the first phase: optimization of a hovering rotor. The HART-II blade is first investigated with low-fidelity tools and compared against state-of-the art CFD simulations. Afterwards, the chord distribution and twist of the HART-II blade are optimized using the low-fidelity tools as well as CFD. Since the partners observed differences in the outcome of the CFD simulations for the low-fidelity optimized blades, a deeper investigation of the effects of the turbulence modelling approach, elasticity and grid topology is conducted. The findings show that the chosen flight condition is close to the thrust of the maximum Figure of Merit and that the vortex-triggered separation on the outboard sections of the blade has to be modelled correctly. In this study, the blade grids had the most noticeable effect on the results, followed by the turbulence model and elasticity. With respect to the optimization, low-fidelity methods require special care, whereas CFD optimized blades were found to lead to more robust designs, even though they have only been optimized for a single point. This is explained by the more accurate modelling of the stall phenomenon with respect to geometrical changes.
A 1-Day Training Course to Disseminate the BREF Psychoeducational Program to Caregivers and Promote Network Establishment between Psychiatry Departments and Family Associations
Authors: Rey Romain , de Martène Bénédicte , Baltazar Matias , Geoffray Marie-Maude , d’Amato Thierry , Demily Caroline , Bohec Anne-Lise
Published: April 2022

Objective

Although international guidelines state that psychoeducation to caregivers should be provided systematically, it remains insufficiently available in psychiatry. This study reports the development and evaluation of an original training course aimed to provide participants with the knowledge and skills to implement “BREF,” a psychoeducational program for caregivers.

Methods

The BREF program training course, a free, 1-day course incorporating peer role-play was developed. In addition to psychiatrists, nurses, and psychologists, caregivers were involved as preceptors. Participants were mental health professionals and volunteer caregivers. Participants to the first 28 sessions of the course (n=467) completed a post-course questionnaire (n=341) and a cross-sectional questionnaire (n=56). Quantitative data on satisfaction, learning, and behavior changes following the course were collected equating to levels 1, 2, and 3 of Kirkpatrick’s model.

Results

After the course, high levels of satisfaction and commitment were observed with 100% of responders recommending the course and 81% intending to implement the BREF program. Confidence mean score to implement BREF was 7.9/10 (±1.4) with no significant effect of course session. At cross-sectional evaluation, 73% of responders reported improvements in skills related to providing psychoeducation to caregivers, 64% stated that the BREF program was implemented/under implementation, and 66% stated that their department had connected with a family association.

Conclusions

Training course sessions alone can increase psychoeducational programs for caregivers and network establishment. The BREF program training course demonstrates a high level of participant satisfaction and is a promising method to disseminate psychoeducation to caregivers, thus addressing a major shortage in mental health organization.
An in-depth analysis of programming in the Swedish school curriculum—rationale, knowledge content and teacher guidance
Authors: Vinnervik Peter
Published: April 2022

This paper reports a study of Swedish curriculum documents for compulsory school in order to unfold how novel programming content is communicated to the main policy enactors, that is, the teachers. Specifically, the study focusses on: (1) arguments for why programming is relevant and for what purposes, (2) what programming knowledge that is specified and (3) what guidance the curriculum documents provide to help teachers realise the programming content in their teaching. Text analysis was used as method of analysis. Two conceptual frameworks were used during analysis to identify and classify arguments for computer science in compulsory education, and to identify types of programming knowledge. Results reveal that the curriculum documents are sparse on details about what programming knowledge entails. Instead, programming is mainly presented as an interdisciplinary tool to achieve other learning goals. Guidance is given mainly in the form of cautious suggestions on how the work can be organised and through broad explanations and examples of how programming can be useful. However, some important and difficult strategic decisions are left entirely to the teachers without any clear guidance. The programming message in its entirety is communicated through several texts from different subjects. Altogether, this may complicate teachers’ process of transforming the curriculum into teaching and learning activities. In turn, there is a risk of inequality amongst schools and that the programming experience for the children becomes fragmented, superficial, misses out on key points, or is omitted, in part or in whole.
Parameters and reliability estimation for the weibull distribution based on intuitionistic fuzzy lifetime data
Authors: Roohanizadeh Zahra , Baloui Jamkhaneh Ezzatallah , Deiri Einolah
Published: April 2022

In this paper, the definition of probability, conditional probability and likelihood function are generalized to the intuitionistic fuzzy observations. We focus on different estimation approaches of two-parameter Weibull (TW) distribution based on the intuitionistic fuzzy lifetime data including, maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian estimation methodology. The ML estimation of the parameters and reliability function of TW distribution is provided using the Newton–Raphson (NR) and Expectation–Maximization (EM) algorithms. The Bayesian estimates are provided via Tierney and Kadane’s approximation. In the Bayesian estimation approach, for the shape and scale parameters, the Gamma and inverse-Gamma priors are considered, respectively. Finally, a simulated data set is analyzed for illustrative purposes to show the applicability of the proposed estimation methods. The Monte Carlo simulations are performed to find the more efficient estimator in the intuitionistic fuzzy environment. The performances of the ML and Bayesian estimates of the parameters and reliability function are compared based on the mean biased (MB) and mean squared errors (MSE) criteria.
Stability of inner dump slope under coal pillar support: case study in an open-pit coal mine
Authors: Li Guanghe , Yang Xiaoxu , Wang Dong , Wang Yanting , Yu Xiangyu
Published: April 2022

The stability of an inner dump slope was investigated under the effect of coal pillar support considering the development position of dumping. Based on the instability mechanism and load distribution characteristics of the supporting coal pillar, the three-dimensional mechanical effects of the supporting coal pillar are characterized. Using the two-dimensional equivalent principle and the residual thrust method, the stability of the inner dump slope was analyzed under the effect of pillar support at different dump development positions. The quantitative effects of various factors on the inner dump slope stability were revealed, and the coal pillar shape parameters were optimized through numerical simulations. The results indicate that the slope stability coefficient is linearly related to the top width and height of the coal pillar, slope angle, and base inclination angle, and has an exponential relation with the coal pillar strike length and slope height increment. There are quadratic and absolute value relations with the coal pillar outer and the inner bottom angle, respectively. The top width of the coal pillar in the inner dump of Shengli East No.2 open-pit coal mine should be at a level of + 824 m, and the optimal top width and height are 15 and 36.7 m, respectively. The instability mechanism of the supporting and retaining coal pillar obtained by numerical simulations and the stability of the inner dump are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the design, treatment, and safe implementation of similar open-pit mine slope engineering.
Optically powered gas monitoring system using single-mode fibre for underground coal mines
Authors: Chen Yingge , Silvestri Leonardo , Lei Xinyue , Ladouceur François
Published: April 2022

We present an optically powered, intrinsically safe gas monitoring system to measure four essential environmental gases (CH4, CO2, CO and O2), together with ambient temperature and pressure, for underground mines. The system is based on three key technologies developed at UNSW: (1) power-over-fibre (PoF) at 1550 nm using a single industry-standard, low-cost single-mode fibre (SMF) for both power delivery and information transmission, (2) liquid–crystal-based optical transducers for optical telemetry, and (3) ultra-low power consumption design of all electronics. Together, this approach allows each gas monitoring station to operate with less than 150 mW of optical power, meeting the intrinsic safety requirements specified by the IEC60079-28 standard. A 2-month field trial at BMA’s Broadmeadow underground mine proved the cabling compatibility to the mine’s existing optical network and the stability of the system performance. Compared with conventional electrically powered gas sensors, this technology bypasses the usual roadblocks of underground gas monitoring where electrical power is either unsafe or unavailable. Furthermore, using one fibre for both power delivery and communication enables longer distance coverage, reduces optical cabling and increases multiplexing possibilities and data throughput for better awareness of underground environment.
Advances of nanotechnologies for hydraulic fracturing of coal seam gas reservoirs: potential applications and some limitations in Australia
Authors: Marsden Hannah , Basu Sudeshna , Striolo Alberto , MacGregor Melanie
Published: April 2022

Some of the most promising potential applications of nanotechnology to hydraulic fracturing of coal seam gas (CSG) are reviewed with a focus on Australian CSG wells. Three propitious applications were identified: (1) Nanoparticle enhanced viscoelastic surfactants (VES) fracturing fluids to prevent fluid loss by up to 30%, made possible by the formation of pseudo-filter cakes and reducing the viscosity of the VES fluids. Besides, there is no requirement of clay control additives or biocides. (2) Nano-proppants to extend fracture networks and reduce proppant embedment by introducing them prior to the emplacement of larger proppants. Fly Ash nanoparticles can be particularly effective because of their high sphericity and mechanical strength. (3) Nanoparticle-coated proppants, to mitigate the migration of particle fines by restricting them close to their source by adsorption, with MgO being the most effective. The use of nanotechnology in hydraulic fracturing applications is currently hindered due to a discordant regulatory environment compounded by the cost of the nanoparticles themselves, as well as, a lack of field data to validate the technology under real downhole conditions. Although the necessary field tests are unlikely to be conducted for as long as abundant natural gas is available, exploratory studies could pave the way for future applications.

Graphical abstract
Origin and potential for overwintering of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) captured in an official survey in Germany
Authors: König Stephan , Steinmöller Silke , Baufeld Peter
Published: April 2022

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) is a polyphagous plant pest organism causing serious damage on more than 300 fruit types. Although the medfly is present in Europe, it is so far not established in Germany. In the years 2015–2017, an official survey was conducted by the German Federal Plant Protection Organisations to elucidate the current occurrence of this organism in Germany. While in 2015 only small numbers of flies were captured in traps situated in all German Federal States, a peak of 188 specimens could be trapped in 2016 with a decline to 29 specimens in 2017. Highest abundance of the fruit fly was detected in Southern Germany and at a single spot east of Berlin. The present study aimed to identify the origin of the trapped fruit flies and to assess the general potential of the species for overwintering in Germany. Using two approaches with cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), Sanger barcoding sequencing first and subsequent analysis of ten small simple repeat microsatellite loci from literature, the worldwide spread of C. capitata describing three phases could be retraced by analysing samples from Germany and 11 other countries. German and French populations were found to build the most recent stage of this species distribution. Specimens trapped in Germany obviously resulted from different introduction events. They most strongly resembled populations from France and Croatia but were not identical to these populations. We found strong evidence that specimens captured between 2016 and 2017 could not overwinter in Germany.
Scanning and Splicing Atom Lithography for Self-traceable Nanograting Fabrication
Authors: Deng Xiao , Tan Wen , Tang Zhaohui , Lin Zichao , Cheng Xinbin , Li Tongbao
Published: April 2022

Atom lithography is a unique method to fabricate self-traceable pitch standards and angle standards, but extending its structure area to millimeter-level for application is challenging. In this paper, on the one hand, we put forward a new approach to fabricate a full-covered self-traceable Cr nanograting by inserting and scanning a Dove prism in the Gaussian beam direction of atom lithography. On the other hand, we extend the structure area along the standing-wave direction by splicing two-step atom deposition. Both nanostructures manufactured via scanning atom lithography and splicing atom lithography demonstrate good pitch accuracy, parallelism, continuity, and homogeneity, which opens a new way to fabricate centimeter-level full-covered self-traceable nanograting and lays the basis for the application of square ruler and optical encoders at the nanoscale.
Novel Asymptotic Solutions for the Planar Dynamical Motion of a Double-Rigid-Body Pendulum System Near Resonance
Authors: El-Sabaa F. M. , Amer T. S. , Gad H. M. , Bek M. A.
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The planar dynamical motion of a double-rigid-body pendulum with two degrees-of-freedom close to resonance, in which its pivot point moves in a Lissajous curve has been addressed. In light of the generalized coordinates, equations of Lagrange have been used to construct the controlling equations of motion.

Methods

New innovative analytic approximate solutions of the governing equations have been accomplished up to higher order of approximation utilizing the multiple scales method. Resonance cases have been classified and the solvability conditions of the steady-state solutions have been obtained. The fourth-order Runge–Kutta method has been utilized to gain the numerical solutions for the equations of the governing system.

Results

The history timeline of the acquired solutions as well as the resonance curves have been graphically displayed to demonstrate the positive impact of the various parameters on the motion. The comparison between the analytical and numerical solutions revealed great consistency, which confirms and reinforces the accuracy of the achieved analytic solutions.

Conclusions

The non-linear stability analysis of these solutions have been examined and discussed, in which the stability and instability areas have been portrayed. All resonance cases and a combination of them have been examined. The archived results are considered as generalization of some previous works that are related to one rigid body and for fixed pendulum’s pivot point.
Revolutionen in der Weltgeschichte – Weltgeschichte der Revolutionen
Authors: Lundgreen Christoph
Published: April 2022

Saïd Amir Arjomands Buch „Revolution“ ist ebenso interessant wie eigenwillig. Der Autor entwirft eine neue Typologie der Revolutionen und entwickelt dafür den Typus der sogenannten „integrativen Revolutionen“, welche, anders als klassische Typen, nicht von zentralisierten Staatswesen ausgehen, sondern ihrerseits erst dazu führen – und solcherart auch für die Vormoderne Anwendung finden können. Durchgespielt wird dies an einem groß angelegten Durchgang von Beispielen, die von Sargon von Akkad im 3. Jahrtausend v. Chr. bis zu den Mongolen im 13. Jahrhundert n. Chr. reichen. Dass ein solches Vorhaben ebenso viele Widersprüche herausfordert wie Erkenntnisse erbringt, kann nicht überraschen; ersteres bezieht sich auf Kritik an historischen Details und Fragen der Methode, letzteres vor allem auf die immer wieder durchscheinende und mit herkömmlichen Narrationslinien vielfach verwobene Geschichte Persiens/Irans.
False Negative ECG Device Results May Increase the Risk of Adverse Events in Clinical Oncology Trials
Authors: Dekie Luc , Kleiman Robert B.
Published: April 2022

Background

Sites participating in clinical trials may not have the expertise and infrastructure to accurately measure cardiac intervals on 12-lead ECGs and rely heavily on the automated ECG device generated results for clinical decision-making.

Methods

Using a dataset of over 260,000 ECGs collected in clinical oncology studies, we investigated the mean difference and the rate of false negative results between the digital ECG machine QTc and QRS measurements compared to those obtained by a centralized ECG core lab.

Results

The mean differences between the core lab and the automated algorithm QTcF and QRS measurements were + 1.8 ± 16.0 ms and − 1.0 ± 8.8 ms, respectively. Among the ECGs with a centralized QTcF value > 450 or > 470 ms, 39.5% and 47.8% respectively had a device reported QTcF value ≤ 450 ms or ≤ 470 ms. Among the ECGs with a centrally measured QTcF > 500 ms, 55.8% had a device reported value ≤ 500 ms. Automated QTcF measurements failed to detect a QTcF increase > 60 ms for 53.9% of the ECGs identified by the core lab. Automated measurements also failed to detect QRS prolongation, though to a lesser extent than failures to detect QTc prolongation. Among the ECGs with a centrally measured QRS > 110 or 120 ms, 7.9% and 7.3% respectively had a device reported QRS value ≤ 110 ms or ≤ 120 ms.

Conclusion

Relying on automated measurements from ECG devices for patient inclusion and treatment (dis)continuation decisions poses a potential risk to patients participating in oncology studies.
A Composite Endpoint for Acceptability Evaluation of Oral Drug Formulations in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Wargenau Manfred , Reidemeister Sibylle , Klingmann Ingrid , Klingmann Viviane
Published: April 2022

Introduction

A medicine’s acceptability is likely to have significant impact on pediatric adherence. The importance is underlined in EMA and FDA guidance on this topic where investigation of acceptability is stated as a regulatory expectation. Demonstrating acceptability can be challenging given there is no globally recognized definition and no standardized testing methodology or assessment criteria. Palatability and swallowability are generally recognized as important elements of acceptability, and this work proposes a definition of acceptability using these elements to give a composite endpoint for acceptability for pediatric subjects across all age ranges.

Methods

This composite acceptability endpoint is based on validated assessment methods for swallowability and palatability in children of different age groups using different galenic placebo formulations, in line with criteria proposed by EMA for assessing acceptability in children from newborn to 18 years of age. Data from two studies investigating mini-tablets, oblong tablets, orodispersible films, and syrup were analyzed to establish the validity, expediency, and applicability of the suggested composite acceptability assessment tool.

Results

The new composite endpoint is an efficient and suitable way to distinguish preferences of oral formulations: Mini-tablets and oblong tablets had significantly better acceptability than syrups and orodispersible films.

Conclusion

Since the suggested acceptability criteria takes both swallowability and palatability into account as composite endpoint, it is highly sensitive to detect acceptability differences between oral formulations. It is a well-defined valid approach, which meets regulatory requirements in an appropriate and comprehensive manner and may in future serve as a pragmatic, standardized method to assess and compare acceptability of pediatric formulations with active substances.
Evidence of the ionization instability and ion acoustic turbulence correlation in sub-ampere hollow cathodes
Authors: Potrivitu George-Cristian , Xu Shuyan
Published: April 2022

Plasma instabilities in the plume of hollow cathodes have been extensively researched in particular for high-current operation. The rise of plume mode ionization-like instability leads to a degradation of cathode’s performance along with the emergence of highly energetic ions that can produce sputtering of various cathode’s surfaces. Numerical simulations using 2D fluid or hybrid codes brought forward an interesting correlation between the evolution of ion acoustic turbulence (IAT) and emergence of plume mode oscillations. Such numerical findings were proven to be true by experimental measurements of wave dispersion and plume mode-IAT correlation in the plume of cathodes emitting currents >10 A. This study brings forward evidence of the correlation between plume mode oscillations and IAT in the plume of low-current cathodes operating with Kr at sub-ampere current levels. It is shown that at <1 A the plume mode instability is highly correlated with the IAT and the anomalous electron collision drives the electron transport in the cathode plume. The fluctuations in IAT wave energy lead to large temperature oscillations which then drive fluctuations in the density via ionization.
Medium-term clinical efficacy and safety of single incision and modified trans-obturator mid-urethral slings for female stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Melon Jerome , Karjalainen Päivi K. , McGannon Claire , Lee Joseph K. , Rosamilia Anna
Published: April 2022

Aims

To evaluate the medium term efficacy and safety of Altis and Solyx single incision slings (SIS) compared with tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) Abbrevo trans-obturator sling. We hypothesize that both SIS show little difference in efficacy and safety and perform similarly to TVT Abbrevo.

Methods

We conducted an ambispective comparative cohort study of women with stress urinary incontinence who received a SIS in comparison to matched TVT Abbrevo subjects from a concurrent randomized controlled trial (RCT). Subjects were identified retrospectively, and prospectively invited for examination and questionnaires>12 months post-operatively. Exclusions included intrinsic sphincter deficiency, previous sling surgery, and others. Primary outcome was subjective cure [negative response to International Consultation Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) question 6, leakage during coughing/activity]. Secondary outcomes include objective cure (negative cough stress test), functional outcomes, and adverse events.

Results

Between 2012 and 2018, a total of 113 women received one of two SIS surgeries; Solyx (n ​= ​50) followed by the Altis (n ​= ​63); 104 were available for final efficacy analysis. Mean follow-up was 21.7 (Altis), 46.0 (Solyx), and 29.0 (Abbrevo) months. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the groups. There was no significant differences in the subjective or objective cure rates between the groups, and no differences in functional outcomes such as patient global impression of improvement, and post-operative ICIQ-UI SF score. There was a low rate of mesh related complications and no differences seen between the groups.

Conclusions

Despite being an underpowered study, Altis and Solyx SIS have favourable efficacy and safety profiles which are comparable to an established trans-obturator mid-urethral slings (MUS).
8 Finasteride-Associated Suicide and Depression in Men Treated for Hypogonadism and Impotence
Authors: Campbell K , Velazquez O , Sullivan J , Lipshultz L
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Recent studies have investigated the use of finasteride in the management of alopecia and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Finding suggest significant increased reporting odds ratios (ROR) of suicidality and psychological adverse events in patients younger than 45. As alopecia and BPH are side effects of testosterone therapy, we sought to evaluate the ratio of adverse events in patients who were medically treated for hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ratio of adverse events in patients on finasteride who were also medically treated for hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction.

Methods

We surveyed VigiBase, the World Health Organization's global database of individual case safety reports to detect adverse reactions of interest reported with finasteride. These findings were stratified by patients also treated with testosterone, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i), and a combination of the two. Reported adverse events were reported as anxiety disorder and symptoms, depressed mood disorders and disturbance, and suicidal and self injurious behaviors. The strength of association between these events and medications were demonstrated by ROR. Patients stratified by indication (BPH and alopecia) and age (<45 and >45 years). Case data were obtained in June of 2021 and analyzed from reporting year, age, sex, and indication.

Results

The VigiBase contained 611 reports of suicidality, 2352 reports of anxiety disorders and symptoms, and 2392 reports of depressed mood disorders and disturbances in finasteride users 3994 male [96.9%]; 844 of 3426 [24.6%] with data available aged 18-44 years. A significant disproportionality signal towards suicidality was increased in finasteride alone (ROR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.74-2.04). This signal was decreased when evaluated for the combination of finasteride and PDE5i (ROR, 0.22; 95% CI 0.12-0.39) and finasteride and testosterone (ROR 0.80; 95% CI 0.35-1.78). Combination finasteride with PDE5i demonstrated a decreased ROR in anxiety disorders (ROR 0.21; 95% CI 0.16-0.27) and in depressed mood disorders (ROR 0.25; 95% CI 0.19-0.33). Combination finasteride with testosterone also demonstrated a decreased ROR in anxiety disorders (ROR 1.25; 95% CI 0.89-1.76) and in depressed mood disorders (ROR 1.23; 95% CI 0.88-1.72).

Conclusions

RORs of suicidality and psychological adverse events were not elevated in patients with concomitant use of finasteride with testosterone. Moreover, RORs were decreased in patients with use of finasteride and PDE5i. This analysis suggests that treatment of a patient's underlying hypogonadism or sexual dysfunction may be protective in the use of finasteride for alopecia or BPH.

Disclosure

Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Abbie, American Medical Systems, Augmenta LLC, Clarus Therapeutics, Endo Pharmaceuticals, Lipocine, Vault Health
10 Creatinine: An Inaccurate Measure of Renal Function in Men with Testosterone-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy
Authors: Campbell K , Brunner B , Sullivan J , Velazquez O , Lipshultz L
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Renal function is often estimated using validated study equations and serum creatinine (Cr) as a filtration marker. Contemporary studies suggest that cystatin C may be used as a more accurate alternative to Cr, as it avoids limitations related to diet and muscle mass that affect Cr and predispose to an overdiagnosis of chronic kidney disease. Elite athletes are often noted to have an elevated body mass index (BMI) despite maintaining an overall favorable level of percent body fat (PBF) and fitness. This is due to an increase level of body muscle.

Objective

This study evaluates the relationship between Cr, cystatin C, BMI, and PBF in fitness and elite athlete populations.

Methods

Elite athletes presenting to a men's health tertiary referral center with muscle-induced hypertrophy were evaluated for renal function through serum levels of Cr and cystatin C. BMI and PBF were obtained through bioimpedance testing at the time of serum level determinations. Elite athletes were those identified as pursuing competition in professional or amateur sporting events. Cr and cystatin c were plotted for correlation in best fit models for percentage increments of BMI (“normal”, “overweight”, and “obese”) and PBF.

Results

A total of 228 elite athletes were identified and stratified by BMI and PBF (Figures 1,2). The majority of athletes were classified as “overweight” (n = 88) or “obese” (n = 129) per BMI. None of the BMI groups demonstrated a significant correlation between Cr and cystatin C levels (Figure 1). The obese cohort demonstrated increased levels of cystatin C (mean = 1.00337, P<0.0001) compared with the overweight cohort (mean = 1.474462, p P<0.0001). The majority of athletes maintained a PBF of 10-20% (n = 87). PBF did not demonstrate a significant correlation between Cr and cystatin C levels, with the PBF 20-30% cohort approaching moderate correlation (R2 = 0.49, p =<0.0001).

Conclusions

Our study affirms that elite athletes maintain an increased BMI and low PBF. Hence, cystatin C may demonstrate a more accurate reflection of renal function in these patients, as Cr may be inaccurately elevated.

Disclosure

Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Abbie, American Medical Systems, Augmenta LLC, Clarus Therapeutics, Endo Pharmaceuticals, Lipocine, Vault Health
14 Erythrocytosis in Subcutaneous Testosterone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Williamson T , Trussler J , McCullough A
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Intramuscular (IM) testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is commonly administered to treat symptomatic male hypogonadism and can result in improved libido, muscle strength, and bone density. However, as many as 40-66% of men receiving IM testosterone replacement therapy may develop erythrocytosis (hematocrit ≥53%), which can result in an increased risk of vascular complications including venous thromboembolic disease. In transgender men, subcutaneous (SC) injections of testosterone have been used with improvement in patient satisfaction while maintaining a similar testosterone exposure to IM injections. Additionally, SC testosterone has been shown to be more tolerable, with less pain during injection and increased potential for self-administration.

Objective

To evaluate the rate of erythrocytosis observed in cisgender male patients undergoing SC injection of testosterone cypionate in comparison to published rates in the literature with IM testosterone cypionate.

Methods

A retrospective review of cisgender male patients receiving SC testosterone replacement therapy between January 2021 and June 2021 was conducted. Patient charts were reviewed for testosterone dose, baseline hematocrit, baseline testosterone level, sex hormone binding globulin level prior to starting therapy, and the most recent hematocrit and testosterone levels. The rate of erythrocytosis was determined as well as the change in hematocrit from baseline.

Results

94 men were included in the cohort. 32% of men developed new-onset erythrocytosis while receiving SC testosterone cypionate. The average weekly dose of testosterone was similar between those receiving weekly and biweekly injections (100.76mg vs 111.2mg, p=0.27).

Conclusions

The SC administration of testosterone cypionate in men with symptomatic hypogonadism appears to result in a reduced rate of erythrocytosis compared with rates published in the literature for IM injection therapy. This may aid to decrease the risk of erythrocytosis and associated complications. Further study is warranted to confirm these findings in a prospective cohort.

Disclosure

No