bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employing Polymer and Gel to Fabricate Scaffold-like Cancellous Orthopedic Screw: Polycaprolactone/Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Badami AmirHossein , Esmaeili Javad , Mirtalaie Hasan
Published: January 2025

Using metallic/polymeric orthopedic screws causes cavities in bone trauma after the attachment of broken bones, which prolongs the healing. Yet, it remains unknown how to overcome such a challenge. The main aim of this research was to use both polymers and gels to fabricate and study a new PCL/chitosan/hydroxyapatite scaffold-like orthopedic screw for cancellous bone trauma. This screw, because of its low stiffness and its scaffold-based matrix (due to the gel part), can facilitate bone healing. Different concentrations of PCL (60–95% w/v) and chitosan (0–5% w/v) were blended according to the Response Surface Methodology using the Central Composite Design. The screws were fabricated using the freeze-drying technique. The screws were assessed mechanically, physically, and biologically (cell viability, cell attachment, DAPI, ALP staining, and Alizarin Red staining), and in vivo (a rat subcutaneous implantation model). Based on the results, screws depending on the PCL and gel content depicted different but notable mechanical behavior (10–60 MPa of compressive strength and 100–600 N force). The gel part could affect the physical properties of screws including water uptake (120%), degradation (18% after 21 days), porosities (23%), and mechanical strength (elastic modulus = 59.47 Mpa). The results also demonstrated no cytotoxicity towards MC3T3 cells (>80% cell viability) with good cell attachment, cell concentration, and mineralization (>90%) that was justified by the gel content. The results also showed good in vivo biocompatibility. To sum up, fabricated scaffold-like screws with gel content can be a good candidate for cancellous-bone-based orthopedic purposes. However, more in vitro and in vivo studies are required to optimize the PCL:gel ratio.
Production of Amyloid-β in the Aβ-Protein-Precursor Proteolytic Pathway Is Discontinued or Severely Suppressed in Alzheimer’s Disease-Affected Neurons: Contesting the ‘Obvious’
Authors: Volloch Vladimir , Rits-Volloch Sophia
Published: January 2025

A notion of the continuous production of amyloid-β (Aβ) via the proteolysis of Aβ-protein-precursor (AβPP) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-affected neurons constitutes both a cornerstone and an article of faith in the Alzheimer’s research field. The present Perspective challenges this assumption. It analyses the relevant empirical data and reaches an unexpected conclusion, namely that in AD-afflicted neurons, the production of AβPP-derived Aβ is either discontinued or severely suppressed, a concept that, if proven, would fundamentally change our understanding of the disease. This suppression, effectively self-suppression, occurs in the context of the global inhibition of the cellular cap-dependent protein synthesis as a consequence of the neuronal integrated stress response (ISR) elicited by AβPP-derived intraneuronal Aβ (iAβ; hence self-suppression) upon reaching certain levels. Concurrently with the suppression of the AβPP proteolytic pathway, the neuronal ISR activates in human neurons, but not in mouse neurons, the powerful AD-driving pathway generating the C99 fragment of AβPP independently of AβPP. The present study describes molecular mechanisms potentially involved in these phenomena, propounds novel approaches to generate transgenic animal models of AD, advocates for the utilization of human neuronal cells-based models of the disease, makes verifiable predictions, suggests experiments designed to validate the proposed concept, and considers its potential research and therapeutic implications. Remarkably, it opens up the possibility that the conventional production of AβPP, BACE enzymes, and γ-secretase components is also suppressed under the neuronal ISR conditions in AD-affected neurons, resulting in the dyshomeostasis of AβPP. It follows that whereas conventional AD is triggered by AβPP-derived iAβ accumulated to the ISR-eliciting levels, the disease, in its both conventional and unconventional (triggered by the neuronal ISR-eliciting stressors distinct from iAβ) forms, is driven not (or not only) by iAβ produced in the AβPP-independent pathway, as we proposed previously, but mainly, possibly exclusively, by the C99 fragment generated independently of AβPP and not cleaved at the γ-site due to the neuronal ISR-caused deficiency of γ-secretase (apparently, the AD-driving “substance X” predicted in our previous study), a paradigm consistent with a dictum by George Perry that Aβ is “central but not causative” in AD. The proposed therapeutic strategies would not only deplete the driver of the disease and abrogate the AβPP-independent production of C99 but also reverse the neuronal ISR and ameliorate the AβPP dyshomeostasis, a potentially significant contributor to AD pathology.
Evaluation of Plasma microRNA-222 as a Biomarker for Gastric Cancer
Authors: Wakamatsu Kotaro , Maruyama Atsushi , Okazumi Shinichi
Published: January 2025

Background: The dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been detected in patients with gastric cancer (GC), which inspired the use of miRNAs as a novel biomarker for GC. In this study, we investigated the previously reported miRNA dysfunction in cancer tissues as a potential plasma biomarker for GC using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Methods: The published miRNA abnormalities were searched in the microRNA Cancer Association Database. Plasma samples were collected from patients with GC (n = 26) and controls (n = 17). The sensitivity and specificity of polyadenylation RT-PCR (PA-RT) and stem-loop RT-PCR (SL-RT) were compared. Statistical comparisons between patients with GC and controls were performed to identify miRNA biomarkers, and correlation analyses between the threshold cycle (Ct) values of miRNAs and various blood biochemical parameters were performed to elucidate the confounding factors. Results: mir-17, mir-21, mir-31, mir-99b, mir-222, and U6 were selected. PA-RT showed greater sensitivity and lower specificity than SL-RT (PA-RT vs. SL-RT, mean Ct: 19.6 vs. 29.2; coefficient of variation: 0.42 vs. 0.10). Adopting SL-RT owing to its higher specificity, only mir-222 was significantly upregulated in patients with GC (GC vs. control, miRNA expression: 15.4 vs. 5.27, p = 0.0098). Regarding the correlation between blood biochemical parameters and cells with miRNA expression, mir-31 and mir-99b were correlated with blood urea nitrogen, mir-17, mir-21, and mir-99b were negatively correlated with platelets, and mir-21 was correlated with neutrophils. No obvious correlations were noted between mir-222 expression and blood parameters. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that mir-222 identified GC patients with a maximum area under the curve (0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.57–0.89). Conclusions: Plasma mir-222 was confirmed to be dysregulated in patients with GC, irrespective of blood biochemical parameters.
How In Vivo Alteration of Hip Replacement Wear Mode Can Cause a Voluminous Inflammatory Reaction and an Excessive Titanium Exposure
Authors: Sutter Luca , Hall Deborah J. , Bischoff Lydia , Dommann-Scherrer Corina , Schläppi Michel , Pourzal Robin , Hallab Nadim , Meier Christoph , Wahl Peter
Published: January 2025

Background: Wear particle reaction is present in every arthroplasty. Sometimes, this reaction may lead to formation of large pseudotumors. As illustrated in this case, the volume of the reaction may be out of proportion to the volume of the wear scar. This case also is the first description of elimination kinetics of systemic titanium exposure caused by wear of a hip arthroplasty. Methods: Case report. Results: A 85-year-old male required revision after total hip arthroplasty due to aseptic loosening of the cup. A massive local adverse reaction to metal and polyethylene debris developed before revision, much larger than the implant damage would intuitively suggest. In this case, in vivo transition in wear mode from edge loading to impingement wear resulted in excessive titanium and polyethylene wear and subsequently a voluminous macrophage reaction and an excessive systemic titanium exposure, with blood concentrations showing a very long elimination half-life of more than two years. Conclusions: The volume of the wear particle reaction is dictated by the volume of the inflammatory cells, not of the wear particles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of elimination kinetics in case of systemic titanium exposure. While the tissue response is caused by a sudden increase of titanium and polyethylene debris, titanium is detectable through whole blood, not serum, analysis and thus be an indicator for risk of failure due to abnormal articulation of the joint replacement. Such measurement may be useful if changes in implant position are detected radiographically. Major elevations of titanium concentrations may require revision, as for any other metal ions.
Sentinel Node Biopsy in Melanoma Remains a Valuable Clinical Tool. Comment on Dixon et al. Primary Cutaneous Melanoma—Management in 2024. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1607
Authors: Pennington Thomas E. , Thompson John F.
Published: January 2025

Management of melanoma in 2024 requires at times complex decision making and a multidisciplinary approach. An article by Dixon and collaborators published in this Journal contained broad-reaching recommendations, some of which are in contradiction of accepted National and International Guidelines. This article seeks to highlight these points of contention and outline widely accepted standards of care that are considered best practice.
Resistant and Apparently Resistant Hypertension in Peritoneally Dialyzed Patients
Authors: Symonides Bartosz , Kwiatkowska-Stawiarczyk Marlena , Lewandowski Jacek , Małyszko Jacek Stanisław , Małyszko Jolanta
Published: January 2025

Hypertension in chronic kidney disease patients is very common. The definition of resistant hypertension in the general population is as follows: uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) on three or more hypotensive agents in adequate doses, or when patients are on four or more hypotensive agent categories irrespective of the BP control, with diuretics included in the therapy. However, these resistant hypertension definitions do not apply to the setting of end-stage kidney disease. True resistant hypertension is diagnosed when adherence to treatment and uncontrolled values of BP by ambulatory blood pressure measurement or home blood pressure measurement are confirmed. Due to these limitations, apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (ATRH) is now defined as an uncontrolled blood pressure on three or more antihypertensive medication classes or the introduction and use of four or more medications regardless of blood pressure level. Concerning dialysis patients, data are very limited on hypertension, its epidemiology, and the prevalence of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension in peritoneal dialysis. In this review, therefore, we discuss the hypertension definitions, targets of the therapy in patients on peritoneal dialyses, and their biases and limitations. We present the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of high blood pressure in the peritoneally dialyzed population together with published data on the apparent treatment-resistant hypertension prevalence in this population. Peritoneally dialyzed patients represent a unique population of dialyzed subjects; therefore, studies should be conducted on a larger population with a higher quality of drug adherence and target blood pressure values. The definition of resistant hypertension and apparent resistant hypertension in this group should be redefined, which should also consider residual kidney function in relation to both subclinical and clinical endpoints.
Characteristics, Risks, and Prevention of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in the Contralateral Eye
Authors: Al-Dwairi Rami , Saleh Omar , Mohidat Hasan , Al Beiruti Seren , Alshami Ali , El Taani Leen , Sharayah Abdullah , Al Sharie Ahmed H. , Aleshawi Abdelwahab
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a potentially blinding retinal disorder. RRD in the first eye is a well-recognized risk factor for bilateral RRD since risk factors that predispose to RRD affect both eyes. In this study, we assess the presenting factors that predispose individuals to bilateral RRD and evaluate the role of prophylactic retinopexy in preventing fellow-eye RRD. Methods: Retrospectively, all patients who underwent RRD repair through pars plana vitrectomy were included. A medical database was utilized to extract the data. The primary outcome was to report the development of RRD in the fellow eyes according to the presenting risk factors. Secondary outcomes included the prophylactic effect of laser retinopexy for the fellow eye. Results: In this study, 348 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 46.3 years. Bilateral RRD was developed in 13.7% of the patients. It was found that total RRD in the first eye (p-value = 0.045), the presence of lattice degeneration in the first eye (p-value = 0.036), the presence of high-risk breaks (p-value = 0.0001) or lattice degeneration (p-value = 0.0004) in the fellow eye, the involvement of the inferior-nasal quadrant in the first eye (p-value = 0.043), and the presence of connective tissue diseases (p-value = 0.008) were significantly associated with the development of fellow-eye RRD. Performing prophylactic retinopexy was associated with a reduction in the incidence of fellow-eye RRD (with or without high-risk breaks) (p-value = 0.0001). It was not associated with a reduction in the risk of fellow-eye RRD in cases of lattice degeneration alone. Conclusions: Recognition of certain perioperative risk factors (such as high-risk retinal tears) during the presentation of first-eye RRD is crucial. Prophylactic laser retinopexy may have a critical role in preventing fellow-eye RRD. Patients’ awareness should be raised about the symptoms of RRD.
Tildrakizumab and Quality of Life: Deep Dive into the Impact of Psoriasis and Treatment on Different Domains—Should Psychosocial Life Impairment Be Considered a Comorbidity?
Authors: Licata Gaetano , Di Brizzi Eugenia Veronica , Castelli Franco , Giuffrida Giorgia , Stroppiana Elena , Dattola Annunziata , Richetta Antonio Giovanni , De Col Elena , Peila Rossana , Siliquini Niccolò , Solaroli Carmen , Zanetta Roberta , Cerulli Emilia , Galdo Giovanna , Giordano Domenico , Faure Elisa , Papaianni Valeria , Pertusi Ginevra , Uzzauto Maria Teresa , Loconsole Francesco , Zichichi Leonardo
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that may have a significant impact on patients’ quality of life. Alongside clinical scores, treatment goals include improvements in patients’ quality of life, divided into its social, working and psychosocial life aspects. Indeed, psychological impairment should always be considered in the management of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Tildrakizumab, an anti-IL-23, is approved for the management of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Both clinical trials and real-life studies show its efficacy and safety; however, no studies have evaluated how tildrakizumab may improve different domains of quality of life, including physical, psychological, and social aspects of patients’ quality of life. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of tildrakizumab in the management of moderate-to-severe psoriasis, focusing on the impact on all domains of patients’ quality of life. Methods: A 28-week multicenter, real-life, retrospective study was performed enrolling patients affected by moderate-to-severe psoriasis undergoing treatment with tildrakizumab. PASI and DLQI were evaluated at each follow-up (W16, W28). A sub-analysis of each DLQI question evaluated different domains of quality of life, including physical, psychological, and social aspects of patients’ quality-of-life. Results: A total of 62 patients were enrolled. At week 28, 97.1%, 85.7%, and 54.3% of patients achieved PASI75, PASI90, and PASI100, respectively. DLQI showed a significant reduction from baseline (20.3 ± 5.5) to week 28 (0.9 ± 2.2, p < 0.0001), with up to 82.9% achieving DLQI < 1. Sub-analysis of each question (Q1–Q10) showed a reduction in the value of each answer from baseline to week 28. Conclusions: The results confirm tildrakizumab as an effective and safe treatment in real life, positively affecting all domains of quality of life, with significant impact already appreciable at week 16 of follow-up.
In Silico Simulation of Daphnia magna Immobilization Exposed to Mixtures of TiO2 Nanoparticles with Inorganic Compounds
Authors: Toropova Alla P. , Toropov Andrey A. , Roncaglioni Alessandra , Benfenati Emilio
Published: January 2025

The development of models of the physicochemical and biochemical behavior of nanomaterials is useful for improving the evaluation and management of this material. Quasi-SMILES technology makes it possible to quite successfully cope with this kind of modeling task, accounting for various experimental conditions, where the use of other approaches is difficult or even impossible. Here, we describe the results of using quasi-SMILES to model the toxicity of mixtures of titanium nano oxide with various inorganic substances towards Daphnia magna. The approach is based on the stochastic process of the optimization of correlation weights for different codes used in quasi-SMILES. The optimization process was carried out using special statistical criteria for predictive potential. It is shown that models built using quasi-SMILES have the best predictive potential.
SS-YOLO: A Lightweight Deep Learning Model Focused on Side-Scan Sonar Target Detection
Authors: Yang Na , Li Guoyu , Wang Shengli , Wei Zhengrong , Ren Hu , Zhang Xiaobo , Pei Yanliang
Published: January 2025

As seabed exploration activities increase, side-scan sonar (SSS) is being used more widely. However, distortion and noise during the acoustic pulse’s travel through water can blur target details and cause feature loss in images, making target recognition more challenging. In this paper, we improve the YOLO model in two aspects: lightweight design and accuracy enhancement. The lightweight design is essential for reducing computational complexity and resource consumption, allowing the model to be more efficient on edge devices with limited processing power and storage. Thus, meeting our need to deploy SSS target detection algorithms on unmanned surface vessel (USV) for real-time target detection. Firstly, we replace the original complex convolutional method in the C2f module with a combination of partial convolution (PConv) and pointwise convolution (PWConv), reducing redundant computations and memory access while maintaining high accuracy. In addition, we add an adaptive scale spatial fusion (ASSF) module using 3D convolution to combine feature maps of different sizes, maximizing the extraction of invariant features across various scales. Finally, we use an improved multi-head self-attention (MHSA) mechanism in the detection head, replacing the original complex convolution structure, to enhance the model’s ability to focus on important features with low computational load. To validate the detection performance of the model, we conducted experiments on the combined side-scan sonar dataset (SSSD). The results show that our proposed SS-YOLO model achieves average accuracies of 92.4% (mAP 0.5) and 64.7% (mAP 0.5:0.95), outperforming the original YOLOv8 model by 4.4% and 3%, respectively. In terms of model complexity, the improved SS-YOLO model has 2.55 M of parameters and 6.4 G of FLOPs, significantly lower than those of the original YOLOv8 model and similar detection models.
Ophiostomatalean Fungi (Ascomycota, Ophiostomatales) Associated with Three Beetles from Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in Heilongjiang, China
Authors: Wang Zheng , Liu Caixia , Tie Yingjie , Song Xiuyue , Wang Huimin , Lu Quan
Published: January 2025

Globally, forest decline and tree mortality are rising due to climate change. As one of the important afforestation trees in northeast China, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is suffering from forest decline and the accompanying pests. Certain fungi from the ophiostomatalean contribute to forest pest outbreaks and can be pathogenic to pine trees. However, only a limited number of ophiostomatalean fungi associated with beetles infesting Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica have been identified. In this study, 293 ophiostomatalean fungi were isolated from Acanthocinus griseus, Ips chinensis, and Pissodes nitidus infesting Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in Heilongjiang Province, including Graphilbum griseum sp. nov., Gra. nitidum sp. nov., Graphilbum sp., and Ophiostoma ips. Ophiostoma ips was the dominant species, followed by Graphilbum sp., Graphilbum griseum, and Gra. nitidum, which accounted for 73.38, 17.41, 7.17, and 2.05% of the isolated ophiostomatalean fungi, respectively. Fungi associated with different beetles are diverse, even within the same host. This study deepens our understanding of the pest-associated fungi of P. sylvestris var. mongolica and provides a basis for exploring the causes of forest decline.
Design, Development, and Testing of Machine Learning Models to Estimate Properties of Friction Stir Welded Joints
Authors: Arif Sajjad , Samad Abdul , Muaz Muhammed , Khan Anwar Ulla , Khan Mohammad Ehtisham , Ali Wahid , Ahmad Farooque
Published: January 2025

This paper estimates friction stir welded joints’ ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and hardness using six supervised machine learning models (viz., linear regression, support vector regression, decision tree regression, random forest regression, K-nearest neighbour, and artificial neural network). Tool traverse speed, tool rotational speed, pin diameter, shoulder diameter, tool offset, and tool tilt are the six input parameters in the 200 datasets for training and testing the models. Deep learning artificial neural networks (ANN) exhibited the highest accuracy. Therefore, the ANN approach was used successfully to estimate the UTS and the hardness of friction stir welded joints. Additionally, the relationship of pin diameter, tool offset, and tool rotation speed over UTS and hardness were extracted over the collected data points. Furthermore, experimental results, such as UTS and hardness of steel–magnesium-based welded joints and model estimated results, were compared to cross-check model generalization capability. It was noted that ANN estimates and experimental results at desired processing conditions are consistent with sufficiently high accuracy.
Design Optimization of the Mechanics of a Metamaterial-Based Prosthetic Foot
Authors: Mrozek-Czajkowska Agata , Stręk Tomasz
Published: January 2025

This paper is dedicated to the analysis of a foot prosthesis optimization process, with a particular focus on the application of optimization algorithms and unconventional materials, such as auxetic materials. The study aims to enhance prosthesis performance by minimizing the difference between the ground reaction force generated by the prosthetic foot and that of a natural limb. In the initial part of the study, the basic topics concerning the parameterization of the foot prosthesis geometry and the preparation of a finite element model for human gait are discussed. In the subsequent part of the study, the focus is on the optimization process, in which algorithms were applied to adjust the prosthesis structure to the patient’s individual needs. The optimization process utilized a finite element method gait model. After validating the FEM, an algorithm generating the prosthesis geometry based on the given parameters was developed. These parameters were optimized using the VOA, comparing FEM gait model data on vertical ground reaction force with experimental results. The results of the foot prosthesis optimization are presented through a comparison of different structural models. The study also demonstrates the application of auxetic materials, which, due to their unique mechanical properties, can enhance foot prosthesis efficiency. Simulations were performed using multi-material topology optimization. The results obtained for different gait phases were compared.
3D Scanning of Wood–Plastic Composite Decking After Cyclic Thermal Action
Authors: Piekarczuk Artur , Szewczak Ewa , Kozikowska Ewelina , Gołębiowski Łukasz
Published: January 2025

Wood–plastic composites (WPC) combine the properties of polymers and wood, providing an attractive alternative to traditional materials, particularly for terrace flooring. When exposed to various environmental conditions, WPCs are affected by factors, such as water and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Although most test methods for assessing the durability of these products have focused on changes in mechanical properties and linear dimensions, out-of-plane deformations (concavity and convexity) are often overlooked. This study focusses on evaluating the usefulness of the test method that allows for precise determination of these deformations after ageing. The test procedure involves exposure to classic weathering for decking boards, including moisture, UV radiation, and water spray, followed by three-dimensional (3D) scanning to track deformation after different exposure times. Analysis of variance was used to assess whether the sensitivity of this method is sufficient to detect minor deformations. Additionally, scanning electron microstructural images of the aged samples were examined to determine whether there was a relationship between the deformation and the microstructural changes. This study demonstrated the potential to use scanning methods for assessing the aspects of ageing resistance of this type of composite product in the context of deformation.
Feature Selection and Machine Learning Approaches for Detecting Sarcopenia Through Predictive Modeling
Authors: Tukhtaev Akhrorbek , Turimov Dilmurod , Kim Jiyoun , Kim Wooseong
Published: January 2025

Sarcopenia is an age-associated condition characterized by a muscle mass and function decline. This condition poses significant health risks for the elderly. This study developed a machine-learning model to predict sarcopenia using data from 664 participants. Key features were identified using the Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) method. This enhanced model interpretability. Additionally, the CatBoost algorithm was used for training, and SMOTE-Tomek addressed dataset imbalance. Notably, the reduced-feature model outperformed the full-feature model, achieving an accuracy of 0.89 and an AUC of 0.94. The results highlight the importance of feature selection for improving model efficiency and interpretability in clinical applications. This approach provides valuable insights into the early identification and management of sarcopenia, contributing to better patient outcomes.
Meropenem Continuous Infusion in a Septic Patient with Periprosthetic Infection and End-Stage Renal Disease Undergoing Prolonged Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Kadralinova Assiya , Konkayeva Maiya , Dzhandayev Serik , Konkayev Aidos
Published: January 2025

This case report highlights the use of continuous infusion of meropenem in a 42-year-old septic female patient with periprosthetic infection and end-stage renal disease receiving prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy (PIRRT). Antibiotic infusion in patients receiving renal replacement therapy has its own peculiarities. There are many studies on the optimal dosing regimen for meropenem in renal dysfunction, but studies on the optimal infusion duration in these patients are limited. The patient was admitted with complaints of wounds, necrosis zones of the right upper limb, restriction of joint movements, and temperature increase up to 38 °C. The patient was treated with a continuous infusion of meropenem 2 g per day receiving renal replacement therapy three times a week (12 h). Also during hospitalization, the patient underwent hip disarticulation and excision of necrotic tissues. The patient was further transferred to a specialized nephrology department for further treatment. We believe that in this clinical case, the use of continuous infusion of meropenem in the complex therapy of sepsis in a patient with CKD undergoing PIRRT sessions helped to lead to clinical improvement in the patient. Further studies are needed.
Inhibitory Effects of Natural Products on Germination, Outgrowth, and Vegetative Growth of Clostridium perfringens Spores in Laboratory Medium and Chicken Meat
Authors: Alfattani Safa Q. , Banawas Saeed S. , Sarker Mahfuzur R.
Published: January 2025

Clostridium perfringens type F is a spore-forming bacterium that causes human illnesses, including food poisoning (FP) and non-foodborne gastrointestinal diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activities of 15 natural products against C. perfringens spore growth. Among them, garlic, onion juice, and undiluted essential oil constituents (EOCs) of clove, rosemary, and peppermint showed the strongest activity. Therefore, we examined the inhibitory effects of these products on each stage of the life cycle of C. perfringens FP strains, including spore germination, spore outgrowth, and vegetative growth, in laboratory media and chicken meat. Both clove and peppermint oils (at 0.5%; v/v) inactivated C. perfringens spore germination in nutrient-rich trypticase–glucose–yeast extract (TGY) medium. Furthermore, EOCs at (0.1–0.5%) arrested the spore outgrowth of C. perfringens in TGY medium. Interestingly, EOCs at 0.5% completely inhibited the vegetative growth of FP isolates during a 6 h incubation in TGY medium. However, even at 4-fold higher concentrations (2%), EOCs were unable to inactivate C. perfringens spore growth in contaminated chicken meat stored under abusive conditions. Although some of the natural products inhibited C. perfringens spore germination, outgrowth, and vegetative growth in TGY medium, no such inhibitory activity was observed when these products were applied to C. perfringens spore-inoculated chicken meat.
The Adsorption Characteristics of Calcium Ions on Spodumene with Different Colors and Their Associated Activation Mechanism
Authors: Zhu Guangli , Wang Ruping , Zheng Yan , Zhang Xu , Zhang Yuzhe , Li Chao , Li Guosheng , Cao Yijun
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the activation behavior and mechanism of calcium ions on the flotation of spodumene with different colors. Using NaOL as a collector, in descending order of flotation recoveries were purple, pink, and white spodumene, while in the presence of CaCl2, the flotation recoveries were increased and the order was pink, white, and purple spodumene. The zeta potential, adsorption amount, contact angle, and AFM measurements demonstrated that calcium ions adsorbed on the spodumene surface and promoted NaOL adsorption in alkaline conditions. Species distribution analysis showed that Ca2+, Ca(OH)+, and Ca(OH)2 were essential components that play an activation role at pH = 12. The adsorption capacity and XPS results illustrated that CaCl2 activated spodumene flotation in two ways. One possibility involves calcium ions and their hydroxyl compounds being adsorbed on the spodumene surface, where Ca and Al sites favored OL− adsorption. The other possible way involves calcium ions and their hydroxyl compounds forming complexes with NaOL firstly in solution and then co-adsorbing on the spodumene surface. Quantum chemical calculations showed that the adsorption affinity on the spodumene surface in descending order was Ca2+, Ca(OH)2, and Ca(OH)+, and the pink spodumene was most preferably adsorbed, followed by the white spodumene, also consistent the flotation results.
Review of Cathepsin K Inhibitor Development and the Potential Role of Phytochemicals
Authors: Moon Dong Oh
Published: January 2025

Cathepsin K plays a pivotal role in bone resorption and has emerged as a prominent therapeutic target for treating bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis. Despite significant advances in synthetic inhibitor development, none have achieved FDA approval due to safety and efficacy challenges. This review highlights the potential of phytochemicals as alternative inhibitors, emphasizing their natural origin, structural diversity, and minimal adverse effects. Key phytochemicals, including AC-5-1, Cycloaltilisin 6, Cycloaltilisin 7, Nicolaioidesin C, and Panduratin A, were examined for their inhibitory activities against cathepsin K. While these compounds exhibit varying IC50 values, their docking studies revealed significant interactions within Cathepsin K’s active site, particularly involving critical residues such as Cys25 and His162. However, challenges such as lower potency compared to synthetic inhibitors and limited in vivo studies underscore the need for structural optimization and comprehensive preclinical evaluations. This review discusses biological insights, current limitations, and future strategies for advancing phytochemical-based inhibitors toward clinical applications in managing Cathepsin K-associated diseases.
Tin(IV)Porphyrin-Based Porous Coordination Polymers as Efficient Visible Light Photocatalyst for Wastewater Remediation
Authors: Shee Nirmal Kumar , Kim Hee-Joon
Published: January 2025

Two porphyrin-based polymeric frameworks, SnP-BTC and SnP-BTB, as visible light photocatalysts for wastewater remediation were prepared by the solvothermal reaction of trans-dihydroxo-[5,15,10,20-tetrakis(phenyl)porphyrinato]tin(IV) (SnP) with 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H3BTC) and 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (H3BTB), respectively. The strong bond between the carboxylic acid group of H3BTC and H3BTB with the axial hydroxyl moiety of SnP leads to the formation of highly stable polymeric architectures. Incorporating the carboxylic acid group onto the surface of SnP changes the conformational frameworks as well as produces rigid structural transformation that includes permanent porosity, good thermodynamic stability, interesting morphology, and excellent photocatalytic degradation activity against AM dye and TC antibiotic under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation activities of AM dye were found to be 95% by SnP-BTB and 87% by SnP-BTC within 80 min. Within 60 min of visible light exposure, the photocatalytic degradation activities of TC antibiotic were found to be 70% by SnP-BTB and 60% by SnP-BTC. The enhanced catalytic photodegradation performances of SnP-BTB and SnP-BTC were attributed to the synergistic effect between SnP and carboxylic acid groups. The carboxylic acid connectors strongly resist the separation of SnP from the surface of SnP-BTB and SnP-BTC during the photodegradation experiments. Therefore, the high degradation rate and low catalyst loading make SnP-BTB or SnP-BTC more efficient than other reported catalysts. Thus, the present investigations on the porphyrin-based photocatalysts hold great promise in tackling the treatment of dyeing wastewater.
Recent Updates and Advances in the Association Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Thrombotic Disease
Authors: Ojaroodi Amirhossein Faghih , Jafarnezhad Fatemeh , Eskandari Zahra , Keramat Shayan , Stanek Agata
Published: January 2025

Vitamin D (VD) is a vital lipophilic secosteroid hormone known for its essential role in maintaining skeletal health and regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism. Recent evidence has begun to illuminate its significance beyond bone health, particularly in relation to thrombosis—a condition characterized by blood clot formation within the vascular system that can lead to serious cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. VD deficiency, defined as a plasma 25-hydroxyVD level below 25 nmol/L, affects a substantial portion of the global population, with prevalence rates ranging from 8% to 18%. This study systematically explores the relationships between VD levels and the risk of thrombosis, investigating the underlying mechanisms including VD’s anticoagulant properties, influence on inflammatory pathways, and interactions with endothelial cells. Epidemiological data suggest that low serum levels of VD correlate with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), although the reported findings remain inconsistent. Mechanisms that potentially link VD to thrombotic risk include modulation of thrombomodulin and tissue factor expression, as well as enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Given the prevalence of VD insufficiency, particularly among populations with limited exposure to sunlight, this research highlights the urgent need for strategies to increase VD levels through dietary modifications and supplementation in order to prevent thrombotic events.
Role of Simulated Nannochloropsis gaditana Digests in Shaping Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels
Authors: Paterson Samuel , Majchrzak Marta , Gómez-Garre Dulcenombre , Ortega-Hernández Adriana , Sánchez-González Silvia , de la Fuente Miguel Ángel , Gómez-Cortés Pilar , Hernández-Ledesma Blanca
Published: January 2025

The connection between gut microbiota and factors like diet is crucial for maintaining intestinal balance, which in turn impacts the host’s overall health. Nannochloropsis gaditana microalgae is a sustainable source of bioactive compounds, mainly known for its used in aquaculture and extraction of bioactive lipids, with potential health benefits whose effects on human gut microbiota are still unknown. Therefore, the goal of this work was to assess the impact of N. gaditana on human gut microbiota composition and derived metabolites by combining the INFOGEST protocol and in vitro colonic fermentation process to evaluate potential effects on human gut microbiota conformation through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and its metabolic functionality. The results have demonstrated the ability of the digests from N. gaditana to significantly modify gut microbiota composition, promoting an increase in beneficial bacterial genera such as Akkermansia, Butyricicoccus, Eisenbergiella, Lachnoclostridium, and Marvinbryantia, in contrast to inulin, after 48 h of colonic fermentation. Additionally, the digests increased the levels of both major and minor short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly butyric and valeric acids, considered as intestinal biomarkers, and increased ammonium production. This research has demonstrated, for the first time, the potential of N. gaditana microalgae as a sustainable agent for influencing the composition and functionality of human gut microbiota.
Investigating the Allelopathic and Bioherbicidal Potential of Solidago altissima with a Focus on Chemical Signaling in Trifolium repens
Authors: Gam Ho-Jun , Adhikari Arjun , Kang Yosep , Injamum-Ul-Hoque Md. , Shaffique Shifa , Woo Ji-In , Jeon Jin Ryeol , An Byeong-Kwan , Back Min Young , Kim Ki-Yong , Kang Sang-Mo , Lee In-Jung
Published: January 2025

Invasive weed species exhibit both advantages, such as the potential for allelochemicals in bioherbicide development, and risks, including their threat to crop production. Therefore, this study aims to identify an allelochemical from Solidago altissima, an invasive weed species. The dose-dependent effects of S. altissima shoot and root extracts (SSE, SRE) on the signaling in the forage crop Trifolium repens and germination in various weed species (Echinochloa oryzicola, Cyperus microiria, Alopecurus aequalis, Portulaca oleracea, and Amaranthus retroflexus) were evaluated. The results showed that the T. repens seedlings treated with root extracts exhibited a significant decrease in plant height, dry weight, and chlorophyll content, along with an increase in H2O2 levels. Additionally, antioxidant activities, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase enzyme activities, were significantly elevated in T. repens treated with SRE. Moreover, SRE treatment significantly inhibited the seed germination of all tested weed species in a concentration-dependent manner. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of S. altissima root extract identified a high concentration of methyl kolavenate, a clerodane diterpene predicted to act as a phytotoxic agent. These findings highlight the potential of S. altissima for the development of crop-protective agents while emphasizing its potential risks in agriculture.
Effects of Different Stand Densities on the Composition and Diversity of Soil Microbiota in a Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantation
Authors: Xu Zuyuan , Fan Fei , Lin Qinmin , Guo Shengzhou , Li Shumao , Zhang Yunpeng , Feng Zhiyi , Wang Xingxing , Rensing Christopher , Cao Guangqiu , Wu Linkun , Cao Shijiang
Published: January 2025

As sustainable forest management gains increasing attention, comprehending the impact of stand density on soil properties and microbial communities is crucial for optimizing forest ecosystem functions. This study employed high-throughput sequencing in conjunction with soil physicochemical analysis to assess the effects of stand density on soil physicochemical properties and microbial community characteristics in Chinese fir plantations, aiming to elucidate the influence of density regulation on ecosystem services. Our results suggested that changes in soil physicochemical properties and microenvironmental conditions were key drivers of soil microbial diversity. Total carbon (TC), soluble nitrogen (SN), and light fraction organic matter decreased with increasing stand density, while total potassium (TK) and available phosphorus (AP) concentrations increased. The plot with a density of 900 trees ha−1 exhibited the highest bacterial diversity, in contrast to the plot with 1500 trees ha−1, which showed the lowest. The dominant microbial taxa were similar across different stand retention densities, with Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi being the predominant bacterial phyla and Ascomycota and Basidiomycota being the main fungal groups. Significant positive correlations were observed between soil microbial community structures and environmental factors, particularly with respect to soil phosphorus and nitrogen content. The present study demonstrated that reduced stand densities modulated soil nutrient content and enhanced bacterial diversity, thereby contributing to a more complex and stable soil ecosystem structure. These insights provide a scientific foundation for optimizing the management of Chinese fir plantations, thereby supporting the sustainable development of forest ecosystems.
Enhanced Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Copper-Modified Basalt-Reinforced Epoxy Composites
Authors: Birleanu Corina , Cioaza Mircea , Udroiu Razvan , Pustan Marius , Bere Paul , Lazarescu Lucian
Published: January 2025

The increasing demand for high-performance materials in industrial applications highlights the need for composites with enhanced mechanical and tribological properties. Basalt fiber-reinforced polymers (BFRP) are promising materials due to their superior strength-to-weight ratio and environmental benefits, yet their wear resistance and tensile performance often require further optimization. This study examines how adding copper (Cu) powder to epoxy resin influences the mechanical and tribological properties of BFRP composites. Epoxy matrices, modified with 5%, 10%, and 15% weight fractions (wf.%) of copper powder, were reinforced with BFRP-type fabric, using a vacuum bag manufacturing method. Mechanical tests, including bending and tensile tests, showed notable improvements in tensile strength and flexural modulus due to copper addition, with higher copper (Cu) content enhancing ductility. Tribological tests using a pin-on-disk tribometer revealed reduced wear rates and an optimized coefficient of friction. Statistical analysis and 3D microscopy identified wear mechanisms such as delamination and protective copper film formation. The results highlight the significant potential of copper-modified BFRP composites for applications demanding superior mechanical and tribological performance.
A Sustainable and Flexible Carbon Paper-Based Multifunctional Human–Machine Interface (HMI) Sensor
Authors: Rehman Muhammad Muqeet , Khan Maryam , Mutee ur Rehman Hafiz Mohammad , Saqib Muhammad , Iqbal Shahzad , Lim Sang Seop , Park Kun Hyun , Kim Woo Young
Published: January 2025

We have executed a cost-effective approach to produce a high-performance multifunctional human–machine interface (HMI) humidity sensor. The designed sensors were ecofriendly, flexible, and highly sensitive to variability in relative humidity (%RH) in the surroundings. In this study, we have introduced a humidity sensor by using carbon paper (as both a substrate and sensing material) and a silver (Ag) conductive ink pen. The carbon paper-based humidity sensor was developed by using a simple handwriting approach and the resulting devices exhibited excellent results including fast response/recovery times (12/24 s), a wide sensing range (30 to 85%), small hysteresis (1.1%), high stability (1 month), and repeatability. This high-performance humidity response could be attributed to the highly porous, hydrophilic, and permeable nature of carbon paper. Besides these features, the sensor offered high flexibility (100 bending cycles across different radii) and adaptability for uses like breath monitoring (through mouth and nose), proximity sensing (from multiple distances ranging from 1 to 10 cm), and depicting Morse code. This research work is a significant step forward in humidity sensing technology and the sustainable future of electronic devices by using a cost-effective, fast, and simple fabrication technique.
Leveraging Microneedles for Raised Scar Management
Authors: Jin Zhengyun , Kim Young-Seong , Lim Joong Yeon
Published: January 2025

Disruption of the molecular pathways during physiological wound healing can lead to raised scar formation, characterized by rigid, thick scar tissue with associated symptoms of pain and pruritus. A key mechanical factor in raised scar development is excessive tension at the wound site. Recently, microneedles (MNs) have emerged as promising tools for scar management as they engage with scar tissue and provide them with mechanical off-loading from both internal and external sources. This review explores the mechanisms by which physical intervention of drug-free MNs alleviates mechanical tension on fibroblasts within scar tissue, thereby promoting tissue remodeling and reducing scar severity. Additionally, the role of MNs as an efficient cargo delivery system for the controlled and sustained release of a wide range of therapeutic agents into scar tissue is highlighted. By penetrating scar tissue, MNs facilitate controlled and sustained localized drug administration to modulate inflammation and fibroblastic cell growth. Finally, the remaining challenges and the future perspective of the field have been highlighted.