bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An integrative literature review of the implementation of advance care planning in hospital settings
Authors: Cerulus Marie , Bossuyt Inge , Vanderhaeghen Birgit
Published: May 2021

Aims and Objectives

To identify and synthesise existing literature about action research in the implementation of advance care planning in a hospital setting.

Background

Despite the proven added value of advance care planning, there is a lack of wide integration of this concept. There are several obstacles known for the implementation but it remains unclear how these can be overcome. Action research is described in the literature as a plausible way to overcome obstacles to the implementation of quality enhancing projects.

Design

An integrative literature review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) and reported in accordance with the PRISMA statement.

Methods

We searched databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Web of Science to identify executed action research for the implementation of advance care planning programs within a hospital setting, from January 2005 until November 2019. Studies were assessed for comprehensiveness and were supplemented by studies in reference lists of included articles. A quality appraisal and a thematic synthesis were performed on all included studies.

Results

Five studies met inclusion criteria. Interventions focused on both nurses, physicians and hospitalised patients. Interventions targeted three different themes: identifying at‐risk patients, adapting documentation to the local context and using communication improvement tools.

Conclusions

A Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool is proposed to identify patients in need of advance care planning to work more efficiently. Furthermore, adapting documentation and instruments to a specific care context are shown to make advance care planning more effective. Communication challenges can be addressed by promoting communication skills and increase stakeholder self‐confidence.
The protective effect of JZL184 on ovarian ischemia reperfusion injury and ovarian reserve in rats
Authors: Demir Çaltekin Melike , Özkut Mahmud Mustafa , Çaltekin İbrahim , Kaymak Emin , Çakır Murat , Kara Mustafa , Yalvaç Ethem Serdar
Published: May 2021

Aim

Ovarian torsion is a gynecopathology that requires emergency surgery in women. However, ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs after treatment with detorsion. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 on ovarian IRI and ovarian reserve.

Methods

Forty‐eight female Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups. Group 1: Sham, Group 2: Ischemia, Group 3: ischemia/reperfusion (IR), Group 4: IR + JZL184 4 mg/kg, Group 5: IR + JZL184 16 mg/kg, Group 6: IR + vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide). Three hours of ischemia followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Two different doses of JZL184 (4 and 16 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally in Group 4 and 5, 30 min before reperfusion. Ovarian IRI and ovarian reserve were evaluated in serum and tissue by using histopathological and biochemical parameters.

Results

Treatment with JZL184 was associated with a significant increase in ovarian 2‐arachidonoylglycerol and improved serum anti‐Mullerian hormone, İnhibin B, primordial follicle count, and ovarian histopathological damage score (p < 0.05). JZL184 treatment significantly decreased the level of malondialdehyde, and increased superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and glutathione (GSH) levels (p < 0.05). The increased phosphorile nuclear factor‐κB (Phospho‐NF‐κB‐p65), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1), and TUNEL assay immunopositivity scores in ovarian I/R injury were decreased after treatment with JZL184 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

JZL184 showed significant ameliorative effects on ovarian IRI and ovarian reserve caused by IR through acting as an antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptotic agent. Thus, JZL184 may be a novel therapeutic agent for ovarian IRI.
Seropositivity in blood donors and pregnant women during the first year of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission in Stockholm, Sweden
Authors: Castro Dopico X. , Muschiol S. , Christian M. , Hanke L. , Sheward D. J. , Grinberg N. F. , Rorbach J. , Bogdanovic G. , Mcinerney G. M. , Allander T. , Wallace C. , Murrell B. , Albert J. , Karlsson Hedestam G. B.
Published: May 2021

Background

In Sweden, social restrictions to contain SARS‐CoV‐2 have primarily relied upon voluntary adherence to a set of recommendations. Strict lockdowns have not been enforced, potentially affecting viral dissemination. To understand the levels of past SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in the Stockholm population before the start of mass vaccinations, healthy blood donors and pregnant women (n = 5,100) were sampled at random between 14 March 2020 and 28 February 2021.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional prospective study, otherwise‐healthy blood donors (n = 2,600) and pregnant women (n = 2,500) were sampled for consecutive weeks (at four intervals) throughout the study period. Sera from all participants and a cohort of historical (negative) controls (n = 595) were screened for IgG responses against stabilized trimers of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike (S) glycoprotein and the smaller receptor‐binding domain (RBD). As a complement to standard analytical approaches, a probabilistic (cut‐off independent) Bayesian framework that assigns likelihood of past infection was used to analyse data over time.

Setting

Healthy participant samples were randomly selected from their respective pools through Karolinska University Hospital. The study was carried out in accordance with Swedish Ethical Review Authority: registration number 2020–01807.

Participants

No participants were symptomatic at sampling, and blood donors were all over the age of 18. No additional metadata were available from the participants.

Results

Blood donors and pregnant women showed a similar seroprevalence. After a steep rise at the start of the pandemic, the seroprevalence trajectory increased steadily in approach to the winter second wave of infections, approaching 15% of all individuals surveyed by 13 December 2020. By the end of February 2021, 19% of the population tested seropositive. Notably, 96% of seropositive healthy donors screened (n = 56) developed neutralizing antibody responses at titres comparable to or higher than those observed in clinical trials of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike mRNA vaccination, supporting that mild infection engenders a competent B‐cell response.

Conclusions

These data indicate that in the first year since the start of community transmission, seropositivity levels in metropolitan in Stockholm had reached approximately one in five persons, providing important baseline seroprevalence information prior to the start of vaccination.
Analysing online Twitter discussions of bedwetting via a condition‐specific hashtag (#Bedwetting)
Authors: Balasubramanian Adithya , Dang Melissa , Yu Justin , Gerber Jonathan A , Seth Abhishek
Published: May 2021

Aim

Bedwetting is a common paediatric condition. #Bedwetting has been established as the official hashtag to structure Twitter discussions about the condition. We analysed online Twitter discussions for #Bedwetting.

Methods

Symplur, a Twitter analytics service was employed to aggregate Twitter activity, users and content including #Bedwetting, between October 2013 and November 2018. Activity was analysed via tweet volume and user adoption. Users were assorted using geographic location, occupation and affiliation data. Content in #Bedwetting Tweets was undertaken by retrieving information about retweets, links, frequently used words and hashtags.

Results

A total of 101 412 tweets and 9957 users utilising #Bedwetting were identified. Most tweets were sent with links (93%). The average ± SD number of tweets using #Bedwetting per month increased from 96 ± 87 in 2013 to 2935 ± 1644 in 2015. Tweet volume decreased to 1960 ± 257 in 2016 and subsequently increased to 2901 ± 1110 in 2017. New users increased from 4 in 2013 to 9957 users in 2018. Users tweeted from 69 countries. Advocacy organisations comprised 35% of the top 100 influencers. Common words in #Bedwetting tweets were ‘potty’, ‘best’ and ‘training’. Popular associated hashtags were #Pottytraining, #Solutions and #Moms. Hyperlinks in #Bedwetting tweets included advocacy, academic and commercial websites.

Conclusions

Our analysis of #Bedwetting highlights that Twitter is frequently used to discuss the condition's diagnosis and management. Various stakeholders in health care are utilising the platform to build awareness about bedwetting. We identified that Twitter is being employed to drive web traffic to other internet websites.
Narrative of “Here‐and‐Now”: Cancer Survivors in a Group Psychotherapy Using SCT® (Systems‐Centered Therapy)1,2
Authors: Kamozawa Akane , Oshima Sumiko , Mizukawa Yoshifumi
Published: May 2021

This study focused on “here‐and‐now” narrative and examined the process of group psychotherapy for cancer survivors using systems‐centered therapy (SCT). In contemporary society, cancer survivors have a vital need for psychological support, and group psychotherapy and peer support are used as part of this need. In most of these interventions, participants are encouraged to speak freely and share their experience of cancer. This generally means speaking about “there‐and‐then” experience. It has been argued that one reason that narrative therapy produces a psychological effect is that the meaning of an experience changes when the experience is spoken about. SCT differs significantly from other group interventions in that it requires participants to talk about their here‐and‐now experience through the format of SCT's “functional subgrouping.” Functional subgrouping requires participants to listen, reflect, and build on similarities in their experience. In this study, we qualitatively examined how participants' experiences unfolded in the SCT group by directly addressing the group process. The study findings revealed that even though the participants did not directly share their cancer experiences in the group, they experienced an inexplicable sense of connectedness that had a positive psychological effect on them. They also experienced deep emotions through talking while using the SCT narrative style. In the process, the effects of the SCT narrative were discussed.
The Spill‐over Effect of Formal Bowing Motion on Subjective Facial Attractiveness1
Authors: Osugi Takayuki , Kawahara Jun I.
Published: May 2021

Bowing is an act, commonly used in Japan, involving lowering the head and bending the upper body towards another person as a greeting. Studies have shown that the bowing action increases the subjective attractiveness of the face. Specifically, the attractiveness rating of a bowing 3D computer graphics model was found to be higher than those of the bending‐backward or the standing‐still conditions. However, previous studies did not manipulate the duration of the bowing action. This study examined whether the effect of bowing on the facial impression increases as the duration of bowing actions (the bending motion, the bent posture, and the return motion) was prolonged. In Experiment 1, we compared two durations of the bent posture at the peak point under the bending‐forward condition (0 or 1.5 s). In Experiment 2, we also manipulated the effect of the bowing speed (0.5 or 1 s). The results indicated that the effect of bowing on the rating scores of subjective attractiveness increased as the duration of bowing actions was prolonged. Moreover, an identical pattern of results was obtained in judgments of politeness and submissiveness. These findings suggest that the bowing effect is closely related to the cognitive schema of politeness and submissiveness, and thus the formal bowing action produces a positive evaluation by further activating this schema.
A Multidimensional Model of Religiosity from Adolescence through the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Hayward George M.
Published: May 2021

While many multidimensional models of religiosity have been proposed over the years across a range of samples, nearly all are cross‐sectional; this prohibits the assessment of model change or stability over time, particularly with regard to developmental changes at critical junctures in the life course. Recently, a longitudinal, five‐dimensional model of religiosity during adolescence was proposed and validated, making significant progress in this regard. This research note now attempts to replicate this model on the young adult sample from the same study. Using data from the National Study of Youth and Religion, results show support for a modified version of this typology over time––one that combines the two dimensions of religious practice and incorporates a number of cross‐loadings between dimensions. Importantly, this model fits well across both adolescence and young adulthood, lending strong support for these four dimensions of religiosity, their indicators, and their persistence as valid measures across a decade of developmental change.
First data on aquaculture of the Tripletail, Lobotes surinamensis, a promising candidate species for U.S. marine aquaculture
Authors: Saillant Eric , Adams Nicholas , Lemus Jason T. , Franks James S. , Zohar Yonathan , Stubblefield John , Manley Christopher
Published: May 2021

The Tripletail, Lobotes surinamensis, is a warm‐water pelagic fish that is increasingly targeted by U.S. anglers. The superior quality of Tripletail flesh coupled with the lack of domestic commercial fisheries stimulated interests to develop aquaculture of this species. In this work, photo‐thermal conditioning of captive‐held broodstocks promoted maturation in females, but spontaneous spawning was not observed. GnRHa slow‐release implants induced ovulation in late vitellogenic females but fertility remained below 10% when GnRHa was administered alone. However, spawns with high fertility (up to 85%) were obtained when a dopamine antagonist was administered in conjunction with GnRHa implants indicating dopamine inhibition impaired final gamete maturation, in particular sperm production in males, in aquaculture conditions. Tripletail larvae successfully initiated exogenous feeding on enriched rotifers followed by Artemia nauplii and were weaned to prepared feeds at 25 days post hatch, yet with low survival through the late phases of larval culture. Pilot grow‐out trials at low density in recirculating systems revealed impressive growth rates averaging over 170 g/month through a market size above 1 kg. While protocols for hatchery culture and grow‐out still need to be optimized, current data suggest that Tripletail could become a successful species for U.S. marine aquaculture.
The influence of hemorrhagic shock on ocular microcirculation by obtained by laser speckle flowgraphy in a white rabbit model
Authors: Watanabe Kento , Shiba Tomoaki , Komatsu Tetsuya , Sakuma Kiyoshi , Aimoto Megumi , Nagasawa Yoshinobu , Takahara Akira , Hori Yuichi
Published: May 2021

Purpose

To clarify the continuous changes in the retinal vessels’ and choroid's microcirculation during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in a rabbit model.

Methods

Hemorrhagic shock by the removal of blood (30 mL) and resuscitation by a blood‐return technique was induced in anesthetized male New Zealand White rabbits (n = 10). We evaluated the retinal vessel blood flow (relative flow volume: RFV) and choroidal blood flow (mean blur rate in the choroid area: MBR‐CH) by laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG), with simultaneous measurements of systemic hemodynamics and laboratory parameters.

Results

RFV and MBR‐CH showed significant decreases immediately after the initiation of blood removal and recovered by blood return. The lactate concentration tended to increase from baseline by the blood‐removal operation, and it was significantly higher at the end of observation period. The %RFV and %MBR‐CH each showed a significant positive correlation with mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, carotid blood flow, and central venous pressure. %RFV showed a significant positive correlation with %central venous oxygen saturation and negatively correlated with %lactate. The %hemoglobin did not show a significant correlation with %RFV or %MBR‐CH.

Conclusion

This rabbit hemorrhagic shock model confirmed that ocular microcirculation measurements by LSFG feasibly reflect variations in systemic hemodynamics during hemorrhagic shock and recovery.
Axillary Digital Thermometers uplifted a multidrug‐susceptible Candidaauris outbreak among COVID‐19 patients in Brazil
Authors: Nobrega de Almeida João , Brandão Igor B. , Francisco Elaine C. , de Almeida Silvio Luis R. , de Oliveira Dias Patrícia , Pereira Felicidade M. , Santos Ferreira Fábio , de Andrade Thaisse Souza , de Miranda Costa Magda M. , de Souza Jordão Regiane T. , Meis Jacques F. , Colombo Arnaldo L. ,   The Candida auris Brazilian Study Group
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To describe the first outbreak of Candida auris in Brazil, including epidemiological, clinical and microbiological data.

Methods

After the first Candida auris‐colonised patient was diagnosed in a COVID‐19 ICU at a hospital in Salvador, Brazil, a multidisciplinary team conducted a local C. auris prevalence investigation. Screening cultures for C. auris were collected from patients, healthcare workers and inanimate surfaces. Risk factors for C. auris colonisation were evaluated, and the fungemia episodes that occurred after the investigation were also analysed and described. Antifungal susceptibility of the C. auris isolates was determined, and they were genotyped with microsatellite analysis.

Results

Among body swabs collected from 47 patients, eight (n = 8/47, 17%) samples from the axillae were positive for C. auris. Among samples collected from inanimate surfaces, digital thermometers had the highest rate of positive cultures (n = 8/47, 17%). Antifungal susceptibility testing showed MICs of 0.5 to 1 mg/L for AMB, 0.03 to 0.06 mg/L for voriconazole, 2 to 4 mg/L for fluconazole and 0.03 to 0.06 mg/L for anidulafungin. Microsatellite analysis revealed that all C. auris isolates belong to the South Asian clade (Clade I) and had different genotypes. In multivariate analysis, having a colonised digital thermometer was the only independent risk factor associated with C. auris colonisation. Three episodes of C. auris fungemia occurred after the investigation, with 30‐day attributable mortality of 33.3%.

Conclusions

Emergence of C. auris in Salvador, Brazil, may be related to local C. auris clade I closely related genotypes. Contaminated axillary monitoring thermometers may facilitate the dissemination of C. auris reinforcing the concept that these reusable devices should be carefully cleaned with an effective disinfectant or replaced by other temperature monitoring methods.
Canopy and understory nitrogen addition have different effects on fine root dynamics in a temperate forest: implications for soil carbon storage
Authors: Li Xiaowei , Zhang Chenlu , Zhang Beibei , Wu Di , Shi Yifei , Zhang Wei , Ye Qing , Yan Junhua , Fu Juemin , Fang Chengliang , Ha Denglong , Fu Shenglei
Published: May 2021

Elucidating the effects of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on fine root dynamics and the potential underlying mechanisms is required to understand the changes in belowground and aboveground carbon storage. However, research on these effects in forests has mostly involved direct understory addition of N and has ignored canopy interception and processing of N.

Here, we conducted a field experiment comparing the effects of canopy addition of N (CAN) with those of understory addition of N (UAN) at three N‐addition rates (0, 25 and 50 kg N ha–1 yr–1) on fine root dynamics in a temperate deciduous forest.

Fine root production and biomass were significantly higher with CAN than with UAN. At the same N‐addition rate, increases in fine root production with CAN were at least two‐fold greater than with UAN. At the high N‐addition rate and relative to the control, fine root biomass was significantly increased by CAN (by 23.5%) but was significantly decreased by UAN (by 12.2%).

Our results indicate that traditional UAN may underestimate the responses of fine root dynamics to atmospheric N deposition in forest ecosystems. Canopy N processes should be considered for more realistic assessments of the effects of atmospheric N deposition in forests.
Human and Animal Well‐Being
Authors: Bruckner Donald W.
Published: May 2021

There is almost no theoretical discussion of non‐human animal well‐being in the philosophical literature on well‐being. To begin to rectify this, I develop a desire satisfaction theory of well‐being for animals. I contrast this theory with my desire theory of well‐being for humans, according to which a human benefits from satisfying desires for which she can offer reasons. I consider objections. The most important are (1) Eden Lin's claim that the correct theory of well‐being cannot vary across different welfare subjects and (2) his objection against theories of human well‐being that require exercising a sophisticated capacity such as reason giving.
Intra‐specific kin recognition contributes to inter‐specific allelopathy: A case study of allelopathic rice interference with paddy weeds
Authors: Xu You , Cheng Hui‐Fang , Kong Chui‐Hua , Meiners Scott J.
Published: May 2021

Species interactions and mechanisms affect plant coexistence and community assembly. Despite increasing knowledge of kin recognition and allelopathy in regulating inter‐specific and intra‐specific interactions among plants, little is known about whether kin recognition mediates allelopathic interference. We used allelopathic rice cultivars with the ability for kin recognition grown in kin versus non‐kin mixtures to determine their impacts on paddy weeds in field trials and a series of controlled experiments. We experimentally tested potential mechanisms of the interaction via altered root behaviour, allelochemical production and resource partitioning in the dominant weed competitor, as well as soil microbial communities. We consistently found that the establishment and growth of paddy weeds were more inhibited by kin mixtures compared to non‐kin mixtures. The effect was driven by kin recognition that induced changes in root placement, altered weed carbon and nitrogen partitioning, but was associated with similar soil microbial communities. Importantly, genetic relatedness enhanced the production of intrusive roots towards weeds and reduced the production of rice allelochemicals. These findings suggest that relatedness allows allelopathic plants to discriminate their neighbouring collaborators (kin) or competitors and adjust their growth, competitiveness and chemical defense accordingly.
When the heat is on: High temperature resistance of buds from European tree species
Authors: Bär Andreas , Schröter Dennis Marko , Mayr Stefan
Published: May 2021

The heat resistance of meristematic tissues is crucial for the survival of plants exposed to high temperatures, as experienced during a forest fire. Although the risk and frequency of forest fires are increasing due to climate change, knowledge about the heat susceptibility of buds, which enclose apical meristems and thus enable resprouting and apical growth, is scarce. In this study, the heat resistance of buds in two different phenological stages was experimentally assessed for 10 European tree species. Cellular heat tolerance of buds was analyzed by determining the electrolyte leakage following heat exposure. Further, the heat insulation capability was tested by measuring the time required to reach lethal internal temperatures linked to bud traits. Our results highlighted differences in cellular heat tolerance and insulation capability among the study species. The phenological stage was found to affect both the thermal stability of cells and the buds' insulation. Further, a good relationship between size‐related bud traits and insulation capability was established. Species‐specific data on the heat resistance of buds give a more accurate picture of the fire susceptibility of European tree species and provide useful information for estimating tree post‐fire responses more precisely.
Being resilient for society: evidence from companies that leveraged their resources and capabilities to fight the COVID‐19 crisis
Authors: Bergami Massimo , Corsino Marco , Daood Antonio , Giuri Paola
Published: May 2021

This study adopts a resilience perspective to explain how companies managed to contribute innovative solutions to fight the COVID‐19 crisis. We studied how five companies operating in different industries (three in automotive, one in printing, and one in rubber and plastic products manufacturing) managed to reorganize activities and employ their R&D and innovation capabilities to enhance their resilience. Simultaneously, they increased the health system’s capacity to cope with the outbreak. Through a qualitative inductive study, based on interviews with company managers, we found that the firms mobilized their resources and capabilities to expand their ability to adapt and cope with adversity at the organizational level. In addition, moved by the sensitivity to the extreme context and a perceived sense of urgency, the firms deployed the same endowments to strengthen the community’s response to a crisis. Our study shows that an organization can directly and positively foster the broader social system’s resilience. This study contributes to the innovation literature by identifying innovation capabilities as fundamental antecedents of resilience building for organizational response, paving the way for strengthening the link between resilience and innovation.
Mechanisms by which mastitis affects reproduction in dairy cow: A review
Authors: Wang Nan , Zhou Changhai , Basang Wangdui , Zhu Yanbin , Wang Xin , Li Chunjin , Chen Lu , Zhou Xu
Published: May 2021

Reproductive performance is a key factor in determining the profitability of dairy farm, which is affected by many factors such as environment and diseases. Mastitis is a common and important disease, which has caused huge economic losses to the dairy industries worldwide. Mammary gland infection causes immune responses, resulting in the abnormal secretion of cytokines and hormones and abnormal function of the reproductive system such as the ovary, corpus luteum, uterus and embryo. Cows with mastitis have delayed oestrus, decreased pregnancy rate and increased risk of abortion. The adverse effects of mastitis on reproductive performance are affected by many factors, such as occurrence time, pathogen and cow factors. This paper primarily reviews the progress in the effects and mechanisms of mastitis on reproductive performance, with emphasis on maternal transcriptome, genomic analysis, epigenetic modification, microbiota, inflammatory regulation and immune evasion mechanism of mastitis, aiming to provide directions for the prevention and control of mastitis in the future.
Transnational literary exchange in the early modern Low Countries
Authors: Bloemendal Jan , Parente James A. , Smith Nigel
Published: May 2021

Dutch culture in the Golden Age has long attracted the attention of scholars working in early modern European history, and the centrality of the urban culture of the Dutch Republic, especially in Holland, in European and global affairs has been frequently noted. Despite the role that the emerging global city of Amsterdam played as the site of economic and social transactions from across all known continents, the position of early modern Dutch intellectual life within this context of transnational exchange has been surprisingly underexplored. With some exceptions, Dutch art, literature, philosophy, religion and science have primarily been investigated within the boundaries of the Dutch Golden Age, and until the last decade, there has been little research on the complex networks of Dutch scholars, writers, diplomats, artists, publishers, and performers who participated in the international exchange of ideas within Europe, the transmission of Dutch language and culture abroad, and the reception and dissemination of European thought within, through, and beyond the Low Countries.
How many more? Under‐reporting of the COVID‐19 deaths in Brazil in 2020
Authors: Kupek Emil
Published: May 2021

Objective

To evaluate the magnitude of under‐reporting the number of deaths due to COVID‐19 in Brazil in 2020, previously shown to occur due to low rate of laboratory testing for SARS‐CoV‐2, reporting delay, inadequate access to medical care, and its poor quality, leading to the low sensitivity of epidemiological surveillance and poor outcomes, often without laboratory confirmation of the cause of death.

Methods

Excess mortality due to COVID‐19 was estimated directly based on various data sources, and indirectly, based on the difference between the observed and expected number of deaths from serious acute respiratory infection (SARI) and all‐natural causes in 2020 had there been no COVID‐19. The absence of laboratory testing for SARS‐CoV‐2 was adjusted based on the proportion of those who tested positive among the tested individuals whose death was attributed to COVID‐19. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) were used to improve prediction of likely mortality without COVID‐19 in 2020.

Results

Under‐reporting of COVID‐19 deaths was 22.62%, with a corresponding mortality rate per 100 000 inhabitants of 115 by the direct method, 71–76 by the indirect methods based on the excess SARI mortality and 95–104 by excess mortality due to natural causes. COVID‐19 was the third cause of mortality that contributed directly with 18%, and indirectly with additional 10–11% to all deaths in Brazil in 2020.

Conclusions

Underestimation of COVID‐19 mortality between 1:5 and 1:4 is likely its lower bound. Timely and accurate surveillance of death causes is of the essence to evaluate the COVID‐19 burden.
Tissue‐specific expression of GhnsLTPs identified via GWAS sophisticatedly coordinates disease and insect resistance by regulating metabolic flux redirection in cotton
Authors: Chen Bin , Zhang Yan , Sun Zhengwen , Liu Zhengwen , Zhang Dongmei , Yang Jun , Wang Guoning , Wu Jinhua , Ke Huifeng , Meng Chengsheng , Wu Lizhu , Yan Yuanyuan , Cui Yanru , Li Zhikun , Wu Liqiang , Zhang Guiyin , Wang Xingfen , Ma Zhiying
Published: May 2021

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is constantly attacked by pathogens and insects. The most efficient control strategy is to develop resistant varieties using broad‐spectrum gene resources. Several resistance loci harboured by superior varieties have been identified through genome‐wide association studies. However, the key genes and/or loci have not been functionally identified. In this study, we identified a locus significantly associated with Verticillium wilt (VW) resistance, and within a 145.5‐kb linkage disequilibrium, two non‐specific lipid transfer protein genes (named GhnsLTPsA10) were highly expressed under Verticillium pathogen stress. The expression of GhnsLTPsA10 significantly increased in roots upon Verticillium dahliae stress but significantly decreased in leaves under insect attack. Furthermore, GhnsLTPsA10 played antagonistic roles in positively regulating VW and Fusarium wilt resistance and negatively mediating aphid and bollworm resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis and silenced cotton. By combining transcriptomic, histological and physiological analyses, we determined that GhnsLTPsA10‐mediated phenylpropanoid metabolism further affected the balance of the downstream metabolic flux of flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis. The divergent expression of GhnsLTPsA10 in roots and leaves coordinated resistance of cotton against fungal pathogens and insects via the redirection of metabolic flux. In addition, GhnsLTPsA10 contributed to reactive oxygen species accumulation. Therefore, in this study, we elucidated the novel function of GhnsLTP and the molecular association between disease resistance and insect resistance, balanced by GhnsLTPsA10. This broadens our knowledge of the biological function of GhnsLTPsA10 in crops and provides a useful locus for genetic improvement of cotton.
Unspectacular spaces of slow wounding in Palestine
Authors: Joronen Mikko
Published: May 2021

This paper is an attempt to develop a notion of violence based on the ability to wound slowly. It starts by exploring everyday events in a strangulated West Bank site struggling with Israel's colonisation and settlement policies, thus painting a nuanced picture on how slowness and slow proceedings wound through unspectacular events and mundane spatialisations. The spatially manifold picture of “slow wounding” is thus offered, one that not only helps in showing how ordinary spaces and unspectacular events can wound, but that also forces us to ask how wounding through slowness becomes possible in the first place. In the latter regard, it is shown how the power of slowness remains embedded in what consists of our fundamental exposure to a wound of living. Such exposure doesn't merely name the woundedness of life to power, but also the woundedness of power itself. On the one hand, slow wounding is enabled by the woundedness, while on the other hand it is fundamentally limited by it. While this ambiguity is shown to unfold in the inherent incapacity of power to ever fully force Palestinian lives under the established orders of governing, most notably it unearths the way in which particular ways of wounding are complexly entwined around life's incurable proneness to a wound – to a wound of being a living being.
Outcome and postoperative complications in 73 dogs with thyroid carcinoma with gross vascular invasion managed with thyroidectomy
Authors: Latifi Max , Skinner Owen T. , Spoldi Elisa , Ackerman Leah , Souza Carlos H. De M. , Yoon Jin , Vinayak Arathi , Tuohy Joanne L. , Wallace Mandy L. , Dornbusch Josephine A. , Selmic Laura E. , Menard Jenna , Sumner Julia P. , Schrock Kelly C. , Wustefeld‐Janssens Brandan G. , Matz Brad M. , Daniel Todd E. , Mickelson Megan A.
Published: May 2021

Excellent outcomes have been reported following thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma in dogs, but outcomes for thyroid carcinomas with gross vascular invasion are poorly described. This study describes the clinical outcomes and complications in dogs with thyroid carcinomas with gross vascular invasion undergoing thyroidectomy. Medical records of dogs that underwent thyroidectomy between January 1st 2010 and December 31st 2019 were reviewed at 10 hospitals. Signalment, diagnostic data, primary and adjuvant treatments performed, and outcome were abstracted. Survival was calculated using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with disease‐specific survival. Seventy‐three dogs were included, of which 58 underwent unilateral thyroidectomy and 15 underwent bilateral thyroidectomy. Complications were reported in five dogs (three major, two minor; 6.8%) intraoperatively and 12 dogs (two major leading to death, 10 minor; 16.4%) postoperatively. Seven (9.6%) dogs developed locoregional recurrence at a median of 238 days postoperatively (range: 15–730 days). Distant metastasis was suspected or confirmed in nine dogs (12.3%) at a median of 375 days postoperatively (range: 50–890 days). Twenty‐seven dogs (37%) received adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy:n = 21; radiotherapy:n = 6). Thirty‐nine dogs were euthanized or died, with 20 deaths related to disease (n = 10) or of unknown cause (n = 10), 19 due to unrelated causes, and nine lost to follow‐up. Median overall and disease‐specific survival were 621 days and not reached respectively. One‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 82.5%. No variables were associated with disease‐specific survival in our dataset. Surgery may be considered for loco‐regional therapy in dogs with thyroid carcinoma with gross vascular invasion.
An Anthropometrically Parameterized Assistive Lower Limb Exoskeleton
Authors: Laubscher Curt A. , Farris Ryan J. , van den Bogert Antonie J. , Sawicki Jerzy T.
Published: May 2021

This paper presents an innovative design methodology for development of lower limb exoskeletons with the fabrication and experimental evaluation of prototype hardware. The proposed design approach is specifically conceived to be suitable for the pediatric population and uses additive manufacturing and a model parameterized in terms of subject anthropometrics to give a person-specific custom fit. The methodology is applied to create computer-aided design models using average anthropometrics of children 6–11 years old and using anthropometrics of an individual measured by the researchers. This demonstrates that the approach can scale to subject weight and height. A prototype exoskeleton is fabricated, which can actuate the hip and knee joints without restricting hip abduction-adduction motion. In order to test usability of the device and evaluate walking assistance, user effort is quantified in an assisted condition where the subject walks on a level treadmill with the exoskeleton powered. This is compared to an unassisted condition with the exoskeleton unpowered and a baseline condition with the subject not wearing the exoskeleton. Comparing assisted to baseline conditions, torque magnitudes increased at the hip and knee, mechanical energy generated increased at the hip but decreased at the knee, and muscle activations increased in the Vastus Lateralis but decreased in the Biceps Femoris. While the preliminary evidence for walking assistance is not entirely convincing for the tested conditions, the presented design methodology itself is promising as it has been successfully validated through the creation of computer-aided design models for children and fabrication of a serviceable exoskeleton prototype.
Thermodynamic Effects on Pressure Fluctuations of a Liquid Oxygen Turbopump
Authors: Li Deyou , Ren Zhipeng , Li Yu , Miao Boxuan , Gong Ruzhi , Wang Hongjie
Published: May 2021

Liquid oxygen turbopumps are an important component of rocket engines. The instability induced by cavitation flow in turbopumps has received considerable attention because of thermodynamic effects. In this study, unsteady numerical simulations of a turbopump with thermodynamic effects were performed. The frequency composition and source of pressure fluctuations in a turbopump were analyzed, and the difference in pressure fluctuations with/without thermodynamic effects was revealed. The results showed that the pressure fluctuations were mainly caused by the interaction between the impeller and diffuser, and the thermodynamic effects slightly increased the amplitudes of the characteristic frequencies. In addition, in the inducer and impeller, three characteristic frequencies (4.089fn, 2.519fn, and 3.238fn, where fn is the rotational frequency) were confirmed. Analyses revealed that the 4.089fn was due to the periodic shedding of cavitation structures on the suction surfaces at the inducer outlet, 2.519fn was induced by the periodic occurrence and collapse of cavitation on the suction surfaces at the impeller inlet; and 3.238fn was from the periodic shedding of cavitation structures on the suction surfaces at the impeller middle blades. The existence of thermodynamic effects decreased the frequency of cavitation shedding and increased the frequency of the periodic occurrence and collapse of cavitation.
Analysis of Gas–Liquid–Solid Three-Phase Flows in Hydrocyclones Through a Coupled Method of Volume of Fluid and Discrete Element Model
Authors: Yu Jiachuan , Luo Xiaotong , Wang Bo , Wu Songhai , Wang Jingtao
Published: May 2021

Liquid–gas–solid three-phase flows in hydrocyclones are studied numerically in this paper by employing a coupled method of the volume of fluid (VOF) and discrete element model (DEM) with Reynolds stress model (RSM) turbulence model. The numerical method is validated by comparing the calculated results to those of experiments published in the literature about the separation of particle flows in hydrocyclones. Since VOF-DEM model could capture the gas–liquid interface of particle flows, the three-dimensional formation process of the air-core together with the formation of the spiral trajectory of particles are depicted for the first time. In addition, the effects of the particle concentration ω (less than 12%) on the air-core formation time Tf and diameter Da are studied systematically, which has not been reported in the literature. The increase of ω has both positive and negative actions on the change of Tf and Da, and the compromises of two kinds of actions generate the valley or peak of the curves of Tf versus ω and Da versus ω, respectively. Moreover, the results for three hydrocyclones with different cone angles are also compared to study the effects of the cylindrical and conical section on the air-core formation and the separation performance of the hydrocyclones. By analyzing the flow fields and the pressure changes inside the hydrocyclones, qualitative explanations of the relevant discoveries are given in this paper. The results will be helpful in the investigation of the multiphase flow behaviors in the hydrocyclone and in the selection of the appropriate hydrocyclone.
The Influence of Gait Stance and Vehicle Type on Pedestrian Kinematics and Injury Risk
Authors: Pak Wansoo , Grindle Daniel , Untaroiu Costin
Published: May 2021

Pedestrians are one of the most vulnerable road users. In 2019, the USA reported the highest number of pedestrian fatalities number in nearly three decades. To better protect pedestrians in car-to-pedestrian collisions (CPC), pedestrian biomechanics must be better investigated. The pre-impact conditions of CPCs vary significantly in terms of the characteristics of vehicles (e.g., front-end geometry, stiffness, etc.) and pedestrians (e.g., anthropometry, posture, etc.). The influence of pedestrian gait posture has not been well analyzed. The purpose of this study was to numerically investigate the changes in pedestrian kinematics and injuries across various gait postures in two different vehicle impacts. Five finite element (FE) human body models, that represent the 50th percentile male in gait cycle, were developed and used to perform CPC simulations with two generic vehicle FE models representing a low-profile vehicle and a high-profile vehicle. In the impacts with the high-profile vehicle, a sport utility vehicle, the pedestrian models usually slide above the bonnet leading edge and report shorter wrap around distances than in the impacts with a low-profile vehicle, a family car/sedan (FCR). The pedestrian postures influenced the postimpact rotation of the pedestrian and consequently, the impacted head region. Pedestrian posture also influenced the risk of injuries in the lower and upper extremities. Higher bone bending moments were observed in the stance phase posture compared to the swing phase. The findings of this study should be taken into consideration when examining pedestrian protection protocols. In addition, the results of this study can be used to improve the design of active safety systems used to protect pedestrians in collisions.
Tribological Investigation of Composite MoS2-TiO2-ZrO2 Coating Material by Response Surface Methodology Approach
Authors: Borgaonkar Avinash , Syed Ismail
Published: May 2021

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is popularly used in tribological applications because of its excellent lubricating properties. However, its performance needs to be further improved. In the present study, an attempt has been made to improve the wear resistance of pure MoS2 coating by incorporating TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles as a reinforcement material into the MoS2 base matrix. The composite MoS2-TiO2-ZrO2 coating was applied onto substrate surface by the bonding technique. The tribological performance of the coated specimens was evaluated by employing various operating conditions (such as wt% of compounding elements, contact pressure, and sliding speed) using pin-on-disc friction and wear test rig. A statistical model was developed to identify the significant factors affecting the friction coefficient (COF) and wear-rate of the composite coating material. The design of experiment (DOE) was formulated by response surface methodology (RSM) approach to cut down the number of experiments and to develop a mathematical model between the key process parameters such as wt% of compounding elements, contact pressures, and sliding speeds. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was executed for checking the adequacy of the empirical models developed. It was discovered that the COF and wear-rate of composite MoS2-TiO2-ZrO2 coating significantly affected by the wt% addition of ZrO2. The SEM and optical microscopy analyses of the worn surfaces and transfer films indicated that the tribological properties of composite MoS2-TiO2-ZrO2 coating were significantly improved compared to pure MoS2 coating.
A MICROSTRUCTURE-BASED MECHANISTIC MODEL FOR BONE SAWING: PART 2 - ACOUSTIC ENERGY RATE PREDICTIONS
Authors: Mishra Roshan , Conward Michael , Samuel Johnson
Published: May 2021

Part-2 of this paper is focused on modeling the acoustic emission (AE) energy rate as a function of the specific cortical bone microstructures (viz., osteon, interstitial matrix, lamellar bone, and woven bone) and the depth-of-cut encountered by the bone sawtooth. First, the AE signal characteristics from the sawing experiments (in Part-1) are related to the pure haversian and pure plexiform regions of the cut. Using the cutting force predictions from Part-1 as input, the AE energy rate is then modeled in terms of the energies dissipated in the shearing and ploughing zones encountered by the rounded cutting edge. For this calculation, the rounded edge geometry of the sawtooth is modeled as a combination of (i) shear-based cutting from a negative rake cutting tool; and (ii) ploughing deformation from a round-nose indenter. The spread seen in the AE energy rate is captured by modeling the variations in sawed surface height profile, tool cutting edge geometry, and porosity of the bone. The model calibration and validation protocols are similar to those used in Part-1. The validated AE model is useful for process planning both in terms of its ability to predict AE energy rate trends and cutting force variations, based on the differences in the underlying bone microstructures.
Gender- and Age-Group Differences in the Effect of Perceived Nonverbal Communication on Communication Ability and Coaching Evaluation in Japanese Student Athletes
Authors: Shimazaki Takashi , Taniguchi Hiroaki , Kikkawa Masao
Published: May 2021

A coach’s nonverbal communication (NC) plays a central role in the construction of the coach–athlete relationship. Moreover, perceived NC and its effect on communication ability and coaching evaluation may differ according to the athletes’ demographics. This study explored the impact of perceived NC on coaching evaluation and overall communication among different genders and age groups. The study recruited 233 athletes from five high schools and seven university teams in Japan. The coaches’ NC, communication ability, and coaching evaluations were assessed. Negative and positive NC directly influenced coaching evaluation in female athletes. Specifically, negative NC directly impacted coaching evaluation in high school athletes, whereas positive NC directly influenced coaching evaluation in university athletes. Positive NC consistently influenced communication ability regardless of demographics. The findings promote talent development and team management in the coaching context.