bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wake of wavy elliptic cylinder at a low Reynolds number: wavelength effect
Authors: Shi Xiaoyu , Bai Honglei , Alam Md. Mahbub , Ji Chunning , Zhu Hongjun
Published: August 2023

Effects of the spanwise wavelength (λ) of a sinusoidal wavy cylinder with elliptic cross-section on wake structures and fluid forces are numerically investigated at a Reynolds number Re = 100. A wide range of the wavelength,

$0.43 \le \lambda /{D_m} \le 8.59$

, is considered with a wave amplitude of a/Dm = 0.048, where Dm is the hydraulic diameter of the wavy cylinder. Based on vortical structures, Strouhal number (St) and wake closure length (Lc), fluid forces, streamline topologies and spatio-temporal evolutions of the near wake, five distinct flow patterns (I–V) are identified depending on λ/Dm. The drag force reaches its minimum in pattern III, the fluctuating lift force is zero in flow patterns III and IV. Distinct from the classical flow where alternate vortex shedding occurs synchronously over the entire cylinder span, flow pattern IV has alternate vortex shedding over a one half-wavelength of the wavy elliptic cylinder, antiphased with that over the other half-wavelength, thus leading to zero fluctuating lift over one complete wavelength. A thorough comparison of the wakes is made between the wavy elliptic cylinder and wavy circular or square cylinder, distinguishing the underlying flow physics behind the salient behaviours observed.
Anisotropy of turbulence at the core of the tip and hub vortices shed by a marine propeller
Authors: Posa Antonio
Published: August 2023

Large-eddy simulation on a grid consisting of 5 billion points was utilized to study the properties of turbulence at the core of the tip and hub vortices shed by a marine propeller across working conditions. Turbulence at the core of the tip vortices was found to be initially isotropic, moving towards a ‘cigar-shaped’ axisymmetric state as instability grows, dominated by turbulent fluctuations of the velocity component directed in the radial direction of the cylindrical reference frame centred at the wake axis. The break-up of the coherence of the tip vortices is instead characterized by turbulence recovering an isotropic state. This process is accelerated by growing load conditions of the propeller. In contrast, during instability of the hub vortex, turbulence at its core develops a ‘pancake-shaped’ axisymmetric state, dominated by the fluctuations of the radial and azimuthal velocities. However, at higher propeller loads turbulence at the core of the hub vortex keeps close to isotropy, thanks to a faster instability. Within both tip and hub vortices the deviations from Boussinesq's hypothesis were found very significant, providing evidence of the unsuitability of conventional turbulence modelling. At the core of the tip vortices they become especially large at their break-up and for increasing load conditions of the propeller, equivalent to more intense structures. In contrast, at the core of the hub vortex they were verified to be decreasing functions of the propeller load.
Instability and transition onset downstream of a laminar separation bubble at Mach 6
Authors: Benitez Elizabeth K. , Borg Matthew P. , Scholten Anton , Paredes Pedro , McDaniel Zachary , Jewell Joseph S.
Published: August 2023

Instability measurements of an axisymmetric, laminar separation bubble were made over a sharp cone-cylinder-flare with a$12^{\circ }$flare angle under hypersonic quiet flow. Two distinct instabilities were identified: Mack's second mode (which peaked between 190 and 290 kHz) and the shear-layer instability in the same frequency band as Mack's first mode (observed between 50 and 150 kHz). Both instabilities were measured with surface pressure sensors and were captured with high-speed schlieren. Linear stability analysis results agreed well with these measured instabilities in terms of both peak frequencies and amplification rates. Lower-frequency fluctuations were also noted in the schlieren data. Bicoherence analysis revealed nonlinear phase-locking between the shear-layer and second-mode instabilities. For the first time in axisymmetric, low-disturbance flow, naturally generated intermittent turbulent spots were observed in the reattached boundary layer. These spots appeared to evolve from shear-layer-instability wave packets convecting downstream. This work presents novel experimental evidence of the hypersonic shear-layer instability contributing directly to transition onset for an axisymmetric model.
Flow past two rotationally oscillating cylinders
Authors: Khan Izhar Hussain , Sunil Puja , Bhattacharyya Soumarup , Yadav Rahul , Poddar Kamal , Kumar Sanjay
Published: August 2023

Wake interaction of two rotationally oscillating cylinders in side-by-side configuration is studied experimentally at a Reynolds number of 150. Five spacing ratios,

$T/D$

(ratio of centre-to-centre spacing to cylinder diameter), are considered, namely, 1.4, 1.8, 2.5, 4.0 and 7.5. Both in-phase and antiphase forcing are investigated. Oscillation amplitude is varied from

${\rm \pi} /8$

to

${\rm \pi}$

, and forcing frequency,

$FR$

(ratio of the oscillation frequency to the vortex-shedding frequency of a stationary cylinder) is varied from 0 to 5. The experimental investigation is done using laser-induced fluorescence, hot film anemometry and particle-image velocimetry (PIV). The interaction between the two cylinders under forcing results in new wake modes and vortex structures and a comprehensive study from the wake visualisations is conducted. Quantitative results are presented in terms of streamwise and cross-stream mean velocity profiles, centreline velocity recovery, peak velocity deficit, wake width, fluctuation intensity, circulation, vorticity contours and drag coefficient. The magnitude of streamwise velocity deficit and cross-stream velocity variation is strongly affected by the presence of second cylinder. The recirculation region behind the cylinders is found to extend further downstream with increase in the forcing. Scaling analysis is carried out to express the peak velocity deficit variation with forcing. It is observed that the relative strength of the vortices shed from inner and outer shear layers depends on the phase of oscillation. An experimental set-up for direct force measurement is designed and the drag force acting on the oscillating cylinders assembly is directly measured and the effect of forcing on the variation of

${C}_{d}$

is studied. An estimate for drag coefficient is also made from the PIV data following a detailed control volume analysis. It is observed that the set of forcing parameters that correspond to maximum and minimum drag also yield extrema in the values of circulation and fluctuation intensity.
Spatio-temporal fluctuations of interscale and interspace energy transfer dynamics in homogeneous turbulence
Authors: Larssen H.S. , Vassilicos J.C.
Published: August 2023

We study fluctuations of all co-existing energy exchange/transfer/transport processes in stationary periodic turbulence including those that average to zero and are not present in average cascade theories. We use a Helmholtz decomposition of accelerations that leads to a decomposition of all terms in the Kármán–Howarth–Monin–Hill (KHMH) equation (scale-by-scale two-point energy balance) causing it to break into two energy balances, one resulting from the integrated two-point vorticity equation and the other from the integrated two-point pressure equation. The various two-point acceleration terms in the Navier–Stokes difference (NSD) equation for the dynamics of two-point velocity differences have similar alignment tendencies with the two-point velocity difference, implying similar characteristics for the NSD and KHMH equations. We introduce the two-point sweeping concept and show how it articulates with the fluctuating interscale energy transfer as the solenoidal part of the interscale transfer rate does not fluctuate with turbulence dissipation at any scale above the Taylor length but with the sum of the time derivative and the solenoidal interspace transport rate terms. The pressure fluctuations play an important role in the interscale and interspace turbulence transfer/transport dynamics as the irrotational part of the interscale transfer rate is equal to the irrotational part of the interspace transfer rate and is balanced by two-point fluctuating pressure work. We also study the homogeneous/inhomogeneous decomposition of interscale transfer. The statistics of the latter are skewed towards forward cascade events whereas the statistics of the former are not. We also report statistics conditioned on intense forward/backward interscale transfer events.
Attenuation of perturbation growth of single-mode SF6–air interface through reflected rarefaction waves
Authors: Chen Chenren , Wang He , Zhai Zhigang , Luo Xisheng
Published: August 2023

Attenuation and even freeze-out (amplitude growth stagnation) of the perturbation amplitude growth of a shocked SF

$_6$

–air interface are first realized in shock-tube experiments through reflected rarefaction waves, which produce reverse baroclinic vorticity offsetting the vorticity deposited by the shock. A theoretical model is constructed to predict the perturbation growth after the impact of rarefaction waves, and seven possibilities of amplitude growth are analysed. Experimentally, a planar air–helium interface is used to produce reflected rarefaction waves. Through changing the perturbation wavelength and the time interval of two impacts, five experiments with specific initial conditions are carried out, and three different possibilities of perturbation growth attenuation are realized.
Controlling secondary flows in Taylor–Couette flow using axially spaced superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Jeganathan Vignesh , Shannak Tala , Alba Kamran , Ostilla-Mónico Rodolfo
Published: August 2023

Turbulent shear flows are abundant in geophysical and astrophysical systems and in engineering-technology applications. They are often riddled with large-scale secondary flows that drastically modify the characteristics of the primary stream, preventing or enhancing mixing, mass and heat transfer. Using experiments and numerical simulations, we study the possibility of modifying these secondary flows by using superhydrophobic surface treatments that reduce the local shear. We focus on the canonical problem of Taylor–Couette flow, the flow between two coaxial and independently rotating cylinders, which has robust secondary structures called Taylor rolls that persist even at significant levels of turbulence. We generate these structures by rotating only the inner cylinder of the system, and show that an axially spaced superhydrophobic treatment can weaken the rolls through a mismatching surface heterogeneity, as long as the roll size can be fixed. The minimum hydrophobicity of the treatment required for this flow control is rationalized, and its effectiveness beyond the Reynolds numbers studied here is also discussed.
Toeplitz determinants with a one-cut regular potential and Fisher–Hartwig singularities I. Equilibrium measure supported on the unit circle
Authors: Blackstone Elliot , Charlier Christophe , Lenells Jonatan
Published: August 2023

We consider Toeplitz determinants whose symbol has: (i) a one-cut regular potential $V$, (ii) Fisher–Hartwig singularities and (iii) a smooth function in the background. The potential $V$ is associated with an equilibrium measure that is assumed to be supported on the whole unit circle. For constant potentials $V$, the equilibrium measure is the uniform measure on the unit circle and our formulas reduce to well-known results for Toeplitz determinants with Fisher–Hartwig singularities. For non-constant $V$, our results appear to be new even in the case of no Fisher–Hartwig singularities. As applications of our results, we derive various statistical properties of a determinantal point process which generalizes the circular unitary ensemble.
Introduction of the euryhaline epibenthic hydromedusa Vallentinia gabriellae Vannucci Mendes, 1948 (Hydrozoa: Limnomedusae) to Indian waters
Authors: Hari Praved P. , Neethu K. V. , Govindarajan Annette F. , Bijoy Nandan S. , Aneesh B. P. , Jayachandran P. R.
Published: August 2023

The epibenthic euryhaline hydromedusa Vallentinia gabriellae Vannucci Mendes, 1948 is an olindiid species native to tropical Atlantic waters. Here, we describe the cryptic introduction of this species in an estuary along the coast of Kerala, in southwestern India. This study records the existence of V. gabriellae outside of Atlantic waters for the first time and documents its geographical range expansion. Our identification was based on a combined morphological and DNA barcoding assessment using the COI and 28S markers. Although we noted some morphological differences between our specimens and those from their native range, our findings were conclusive. We suggest that phenotypic plasticity may result from differences such as prey availability between the native and introduced habitats. V. gabriellae medusae are epibenthic and cling to a variety of hard and soft substrates, including bivalves. Our specimens were associated with the invasive fouling mussel Mytella strigata, and we suggest that V. gabriellae could have been transported along with these mussels to the Kerala coast.
Snacking practices from infancy to adolescence: parental perspectives from longitudinal lived experience research in England
Authors: Gallagher-Squires C. , Isaacs A. , Reynolds C. , Coleman P. C.
Published: August 2023

Consumption of snacks and ultra-processed foods (UPF) high in fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) is associated with rising rates of obesity and growing socioeconomic disparities in nutrition. While infancy, childhood and adolescence are critical periods for development of dietary preferences, there remains a dearth of research exploring factors that underpin snacking behaviour over this time. This review aims to address this gap by drawing from qualitative lived experience research, with 122 families of different socioeconomic position (SEP), to explore how the (i) home food environment, (ii) food environment and (iii) social value and meanings of food shape parental provision of snacks. This review shows that snacking holds important meanings in everyday family life, with infants integrated into existing snacking practices from an early age. Price promotions, low-cost and long shelf-lives all make UPF and HFSS snacks an appealing option for many low-SEP parents; while children's requests and preferences for HFSS snacks present a challenge across SEP. However, higher-SEP parents can ensure fresh fruits are always available as an alternative snack, while fruit is described as a financially risky expenditure for low-SEP families. The present findings also indicate that retailers and producers are increasingly promoting ‘healthier’ snacks through product packaging and marketing, such as ‘meets one of your five a day’, despite these products displaying similar nutritional profiles to traditional UPF and HFSS snacks. We outline a series of policy recommendations, including extending Healthy Start Vouchers and the Fruit and Vegetable Scheme in schools and action to address misleading product marketing and packaging.
Introduction: The Crowd in the History of Political Thought—Visions of the People
Authors: Jaffe S. N. , Ferrer Guillermo Graíño
Published: August 2023

The article introduces the second part of a symposium, “The Crowd in the History of Political Thought,” which is being published as a two-part special issue, and which explores visions of the role of the people and populism in the writings of past thinkers. The articles in this second part are by European scholars with disparate interests and approaches to the history of political thought. Populism proves difficult to define, partly because populist politicians evince different understandings of “the people” and the purpose of government. The liberal, democratic, and national visions of “the people” can be harmonious but can also become disharmonious. Untangling them by exploring how thinkers in the history of political thought distinguished between crowds and peoples can help us to better understand the ideological dynamics of our moment. Articles on Hobbes and Spinoza offer disparate accounts of the differences between peoples and crowds. Herder, by contrast, helps us understand the political self-determination of peoples, while Schmitt and Arendt offer rival visions of the tensions between democratic and liberal principles.
Substitution Principle and semidirect products
Authors: Borlido Célia , Gehrke Mai
Published: August 2023

In the classical theory of regular languages, the concept of recognition by profinite monoids is an important tool. Beyond regularity, Boolean spaces with internal monoids (BiMs) were recently proposed as a generalization. On the other hand, fragments of logic defining regular languages can be studied inductively via the so-called “Substitution Principle.” In this paper, we make the logical underpinnings of this principle explicit and extend it to arbitrary languages using Stone duality. Subsequently, we show how it can be used to obtain topo-algebraic recognizers for classes of languages defined by a wide class of first-order logic fragments. This naturally leads to a notion of semidirect product of BiMs extending the classical such construction for profinite monoids. Our main result is a generalization of Almeida and Weil’s Decomposition Theorem for semidirect products from the profinite setting to that of BiMs. This is a crucial step in a program to extend the profinite methods of regular language theory to the setting of complexity theory.
Creating a large-scale diachronic corpus resource: Automated parsing in the Greek papyri (and beyond)
Authors: Keersmaekers Alek , Van Hal Toon
Published: August 2023

This paper explores how to syntactically parse Ancient Greek texts automatically and maps ways of fruitfully employing the results of such an automated analysis. Special attention is given to documentary papyrus texts, a large diachronic corpus of non-literary Greek, which presents a unique set of challenges to tackle. By making use of the Stanford Graph-Based Neural Dependency Parser, we show that through careful curation of the parsing data and several manipulation strategies, it is possible to achieve an Labeled Attachment Score of about 0.85 for this corpus. We also explain how the data can be converted back to its original (Ancient Greek Dependency Treebanks) format. We describe the results of several tests we have carried out to improve parsing results, with special attention paid to the impact of the annotation format on parser achievements. In addition, we offer a detailed qualitative analysis of the remaining errors, including possible ways to solve them. Moreover, the paper gives an overview of the valorisation possibilities of an automatically annotated corpus of Ancient Greek texts in the fields of linguistics, language education and humanities studies in general. The concluding section critically analyses the remaining difficulties and outlines avenues to further improve the parsing quality and the ensuing practical applications.
PGST: A Persian gender style transfer method
Authors: Khanmohammadi Reza , Mirroshandel Seyed Abolghasem
Published: August 2023

Recent developments in text style transfer have led this field to be more highlighted than ever. There are many challenges associated with transferring the style of input text such as fluency and content preservation that need to be addressed. In this research, we present PGST, a novel Persian text style transfer approach in the gender domain, composed of different constituent elements. Established on the significance of parts of speech tags, our method is the first that successfully transfers the gendered linguistic style of Persian text. We have proceeded with a pre-trained word embedding for token replacement purposes, a character-based token classifier for gender exchange purposes, and a beam search algorithm for extracting the most fluent combination. Since different approaches are introduced in our research, we determine a trade-off value for evaluating different models’ success in faking our gender identification model with transferred text. Our research focuses primarily on Persian, but since there is no Persian baseline available, we applied our method to a highly studied gender-tagged English corpus and compared it to state-of-the-art English variants to demonstrate its applicability. Our final approach successfully defeated English and Persian gender identification models by 45.6% and 39.2%, respectively.
The Unknowing Side of the Algorithm: Decolonising live coding from Latin America
Authors: Lara Mendoza Aldo Mauricio , Zapata Cortés Laura Viviana , Dündar Emre
Published: August 2023

In this article we discuss and critically analyse some colonial assumptions of live coding from the Global North in contrast to the practice of live coding in Latin America (LATAM). To do so, we first look at different colonial problems that arise from different contemporary approaches. This results in a recommendation to consider more complex conditions of power that exist in the Global South and shows how live coding can put into practice greater complexity in the social system of art that could contribute to the structural reinforcement of the next society, as well as a critique of the inherited tonality in different media. We then proceed to criticise other sound colonial assumptions by using the decolonial praxis-theory from LATAM live coders and propose different forms of sound decolonisation. Finally, we propose a way to reconcile the convergence of interests between live coding in Latin America, the ‘methodology’ of Black studies, and the ‘theory’ of sonic fiction. In the conclusion, we pose several critical questions that could serve as the basis for further investigations.
Speech reflections in Late Modern English pauper letters from Dorset
Authors: GARDNER ANNE-CHRISTINE
Published: August 2023

The overall aim of this article is to show that pauper letters are a valuable, but as yet largely untapped resource for historical dialectological research. Offering a case study based on 31 poor-relief applications sent by 10 individuals to parishes in Dorset between 1742 and 1834, the article aims to identify regional variation, especially as associated with Dorset and/or the Southwest of England more generally, by comparing variant spellings and morphosyntactic usages contained in the letters with features listed in modern dialect surveys (mainly Wakelin 1986; Altendorf & Watt 2008; Wagner 2008), as well as in Dorset poet William Barnes’Dissertationand the reconstruction of his idiolect by Burton (2013). It is possible to isolate 297 occurrences of 52 different phonological and morphosyntactic features in the pauper letters; 11 of these features are salient across the letter selection (i.e. represented by at least three paupers) and are suggestive of the provenance of the letters. The article also offers surprising findings such as the absence of the prototypically Southwestern fricative voicing, features unrecorded by modern synopses (e.g. unmarked possessive), and the presence of a feature (-indfor -ing) which had fallen out of common use in the fifteenth century.
Undesired monetary policy effects in a bubbly world
Authors: Ciccarone Giuseppe , Giuli Francesco , Marchetti Enrico , Patella Valeria , Tancioni Massimiliano
Published: August 2023

Stock market bubbles arise as a joint monetary and financial phenomenon. We assess the potential of monetary policy in mitigating the onset of bubbles by means of a Markov-switching Bayesian Vector Autoregression model estimated on US 1960–2019 data. Bubbles are detected and dated from the regime-specific interplay among asset prices, fundamental values, and monetary policy shocks. We rationalize the empirical evidence with an Overlapping Generations model, able to generate a bubbly scenario with shifts in monetary policy, and where agents form beliefs over transition dynamics. By matching the VAR impulse responses, we find that procyclicality and financial instability align with high equity premia and the presence of asset price bubbles. Monetary policy tightening, by increasing real rates, is ineffective in deflating bubble episodes.
Social Death and Rastafari Reason
Authors: Shilliam Robbie
Published: August 2023

Orlando Patterson’s concept of “social death” has yet to receive a critical analysis congruent to the ethos of Black Studies, which impels us to contextualize struggles over knowledge formation as part of struggles for, against, and over Black community. In this article, I situate the early Patterson not only within an imperial academy but also within its contested Black spaces of post-emancipation independence. I demonstrate how Patterson’s intellectual path was shaped by his interactions with the Rastafari movement around the cusp of Jamaica’s independence. But I also argue that in his evaluation of the movement Patterson denuded Rastafari of reason. Examining the same concerns of Patterson but through Rastafari reasoning demonstrates that his concept of “social death” might be problematic in some important ways to the purposes of Black Studies.
Research and policy priorities to address drought and irrigation water resource risks in temperate agriculture
Authors: Holman Ian P. , Knox Jerry W.
Published: August 2023

Droughts are a major global natural hazard, creating negative environmental and socio-economic impacts across a broad spectrum of sectors. However, agriculture is often the first sector to be impacted due to prolonged rainfall shortages reducing available soil moisture reserves with negative consequences for both rainfed and irrigated food crop production and for livestock. In the UK, recent droughts in 2018 and 2022 have highlighted the vulnerability of the agricultural and horticultural sectors since most production is rainfed and entirely dependent on the capricious nature of summer rainfall. Surprisingly, despite recognition of the agronomic and economic risks, there remains a paucity of evidence on the multi-scalar impacts of drought, including the impacts on crop yields and quality, the financial implications for farming and the consequences for fresh produce supply chains. Drawing on published grey and science literature, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of drought impacts on U.K. agriculture, including characterisation of the sensitivity of the main sub-sectors to different types of drought, a critique of the short-term coping responses and longer-term strategies and identification of the main knowledge gaps which need to be addressed through a concerted effort of research and development to inform future policies focussing on climate change risk assessment for agriculture. Although the review focuses predominantly on U.K. evidence, the insights and findings are relevant to understanding drought impacts and risk management strategies in other temperate and humid regions where agriculture is a fundamentally important component of the economy.
Subsurface Oceans Could Boost Exoplanet Habitability
Authors: Barbuzano Javier
Published: August 2023

Researchers have shown that oceans buried below layers of ice are more common than previously thought.
Difference in Relative Paleointensity Recording Efficiency of Magnetic Mineral Constituents in a Sediment Core Off Chile
Authors: Yamazaki Toshitsugu , Li Jiaxi , Shimono Takaya , Kanamatsu Toshiya
Published: August 2023

Progress of relative paleointensity (RPI) estimations using marine sediments has greatly contributed to better understanding of the behavior of the past geomagnetic field. To enhance further the reliability of RPI estimations, we must overcome the problem that climatically induced variations of magnetic‐mineral assemblages in sediments may influence RPI records. Two major constituents of magnetic‐mineral assemblages in marine sediments are magnetofossils and detrital magnetic minerals, and the latter consists of silicate‐hosted magnetic inclusions and unprotected magnetic minerals. It is necessary to understand different RPI recording efficiencies among those constituents to tackle the problem, but previous evaluations were inconclusive. We studied this issue using a sediment core taken from the southeast Pacific Ocean. Rock‐magnetic investigations revealed that the magnetic mineral assemblage of this core during the last ∼900 Kyr is a mixture of low‐coercivity magnetofossils and middle‐coercivity detrital unprotected partially oxidized magnetite. Natural remanent magnetization versus isothermal remanent magnetization demagnetization diagram showed strong convex curvature, and RPI signals carried by the two components could be separated by calculating RPI from the gradients of 20–40 and 70–160 mT segments. We confirmed that RPI recording efficiency of magnetofossils is lower than that of detrital unprotected magnetites/maghemites. Because of the marginal overlap between the coercivity ranges of the two components, changes in their relative abundance do not influence RPI estimations. This condition is ideal for RPI estimations, and the resulted RPI curve closely coincides with that of the PISO‐1500 stack despite changes in the relative abundance of the two components.
Provenance of Aeolian Dust Revealed by (234U/238U) Activity Ratios in Cryoconites From High‐Altitude Glaciers in Western China and Its Transport and Settlement Mechanisms
Authors: Jiao Xiaoyu , Dong Zhiwen , Baccolo Giovanni , Chen Xuejiao , Qin Xiang , Shao Yaping
Published: August 2023

Asian dust has significant impacts on atmospheric systems and global biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we applied the U isotopic method to trace sediments based on their comminuting age, analyzing the uranium isotopes of cryoconite samples from various glaciers in western China, including the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Tianshan Mountains. We aimed to explore the spatial variability of the (234U/238U) activity ratio and residence time, as well as the transport mechanism of the dust cycle in the region. Additionally, we used Nd‐Sr isotopes data from our previous work to jointly determine the provenance. Our results indicate that the average (234U/238U) activity ratios in southern TP glaciers are higher, with mean range of 0.981–0.993, while those in northeastern TP locations are lower, with mean of 0.974. This suggests a decreasing trend from south to north. In the Tianshan region, the (234U/238U) activity ratio is higher in central areas compared to eastern areas, with a mean range of 0.984–0.996, indicating a decreasing trend from west to east. U‐Sr‐Nd isotopes analysis showed that dust provenance is from multiple sources, including long‐range transported and local dust inputs from the glacier basins, mainly originating from the TP surface and central Asian arid regions. Using the end‐member mixing model analysis and meteorological data, we interpret that the cryoconite dust in eastern Tianshan and Qilian Mountains comes from a complex mixture of the southern Gobi, northern TP surface dust, and Taklimakan and Alxa arid deserts. In contrast, the glacial dust in southern TP locations originates mainly from the plateau surface dust. Our findings suggest that the uranium isotopes in high‐altitude glaciers are primarily influenced by the origins of dust, which are affected by related atmospheric circulation. We also developed a conceptual model to illustrate the complete process of U isotopic fragmentation and migration changes during dust production, transport, and deposition in the TP region.
A single-cell atlas of in vitro multiculture systems uncovers the in vivo lineage trajectory and cell state in the human lung
Authors: Lee Woochan , Lee Seyoon , Yoon Jung-Ki , Lee Dakyung , Kim Yuri , Han Yeon Bi , Kim Rokhyun , Moon Sungji , Park Young Jun , Park Kyunghyuk , Cha Bukyoung , Choi Jaeyong , Kim Juhyun , Ha Na-young , Kim Kwhanmien , Cho Sukki , Cho Nam-Hyuk , Desai Tushar J. , Chung Jin-Haeng , Lee Joo-Hyeon , Kim Jong-Il
Published: August 2023

We present an in-depth single-cell atlas of in vitro multiculture systems on human primary airway epithelium derived from normal and diseased lungs of 27 individual donors. Our large-scale single-cell profiling identified new cell states and differentiation trajectories of rare airway epithelial cell types in human distal lungs. By integrating single-cell datasets of human lung tissues, we discovered immune-primed subsets enriched in lungs and organoids derived from patients with chronic respiratory disease. To demonstrate the full potential of our platform, we further illustrate transcriptomic responses to various respiratory virus infections in vitro airway models. Our work constitutes a single-cell roadmap for the cellular and molecular characteristics of human primary lung cells in vitro and their relevance to human tissues in vivo.
Polygenic contributions to performance on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task
Authors: Nurmi E. L. , Laughlin C. P. , de Wit H. , Palmer A. A. , MacKillop J. , Cannon T. D. , Bilder R. M. , Congdon E. , Sabb F. W. , Seaman L. C. , McElroy J. J. , Libowitz M. R. , Weafer J. , Gray J. , Dean A. C. , Hellemann G. S. , London E. D.
Published: August 2023

Risky decision-making is a common, heritable endophenotype seen across many psychiatric disorders. Its underlying genetic architecture is incompletely explored. We examined behavior in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), which tests risky decision-making, in two independent samples of European ancestry. One sample (n = 1138) comprised healthy participants and some psychiatric patients (53 schizophrenia, 42 bipolar disorder, 47 ADHD); the other (n = 911) excluded for recent treatment of various psychiatric disorders but not ADHD. Participants provided DNA and performed the BART, indexed by mean adjusted pumps. We constructed a polygenic risk score (PRS) for discovery in each dataset and tested it in the other as replication. Subsequently, a genome-wide MEGA-analysis, combining both samples, tested genetic correlation with risk-taking self-report in the UK Biobank sample and psychiatric phenotypes characterized by risk-taking (ADHD, Bipolar Disorder, Alcohol Use Disorder, prior cannabis use) in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. The PRS for BART performance in one dataset predicted task performance in the replication sample (r = 0.13, p = 0.000012, pFDR = 0.000052), as did the reciprocal analysis (r = 0.09, p = 0.0083, pFDR=0.04). Excluding participants with psychiatric diagnoses produced similar results. The MEGA-GWAS identified a single SNP (rs12023073; p = 3.24 × 10−8) near IGSF21, a protein involved in inhibitory brain synapses; replication samples are needed to validate this result. A PRS for self-reported cannabis use (p = 0.00047, pFDR = 0.0053), but not self-reported risk-taking or psychiatric disorder status, predicted behavior on the BART in our MEGA-GWAS sample. The findings reveal polygenic architecture of risky decision-making as measured by the BART and highlight its overlap with cannabis use.
Neural representations of anxiety in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a multivariate approach
Authors: Seiger René , Reggente Nicco , Majid D.S.-Adnan , Ly Ronald , Tadayonnejad Reza , Strober Michael , Feusner Jamie D.
Published: August 2023

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by low body weight, fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image. Anxiety may play a role in the formation and course of the illness, especially related to situations involving food, eating, weight, and body image. To understand distributed patterns and consistency of neural responses related to anxiety, we enrolled 25 female adolescents with AN and 22 non-clinical female adolescents with mild anxiety who underwent two fMRI sessions in which they saw personalized anxiety-provoking word stimuli and neutral words. Consistency in brain response patterns across trials was determined using a multivariate representational similarity analysis (RSA) approach within anxiety circuits and in a whole-brain voxel-wise searchlight analysis. In the AN group there was higher representational similarity for anxiety-provoking compared with neutral stimuli predominantly in prefrontal regions including the frontal pole, medial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and medial orbitofrontal cortex, although no significant group differences. Severity of anxiety correlated with consistency of brain responses within anxiety circuits and in cortical and subcortical regions including the frontal pole, middle frontal gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, lateral occipital cortex, middle temporal gyrus, and cerebellum. Higher consistency of activation in those with more severe anxiety symptoms suggests the possibility of a greater degree of conditioned brain responses evoked by personally-relevant emotional stimuli. Anxiety elicited by disorder-related stimuli may activate stereotyped, previously-learned neural responses within- and outside of classical anxiety circuits. Results have implications for understanding consistent and automatic responding to environmental stimuli that may play a role in maintenance of AN.
Targeting SOD1 via RNAi with PEGylated graphene oxide nanoparticles in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer
Authors: Szénási Attila , Sivasudhan Enakshi , Du Hong , Zhang Peizhuo , Huang Jie , Zhang Zhijun , Rocha Sonia , Wang Mu
Published: August 2023

Acquired platinum resistance poses a significant therapeutic impediment to ovarian cancer patient care, accounting for more than 200,000 deaths annually worldwide. We previously identified that overexpression of the antioxidant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in ovarian cancer is associated with a platinum-resistant phenotype via conferring oxidative stress resistance against platinum compounds. We further demonstrated that enzymatic inhibition using small-molecule inhibitors or silencing of SOD1 via RNA interference (RNAi) increased cisplatin sensitivity and potency in vitro. We launched this study to explore the potential therapeutic applications of SOD1 silencing in vivo in order to reverse cisplatin resistance using a graphene-based siRNA delivery platform. PEGylated graphene oxide (GO) polyethyleneimine (GOPEI-mPEG) nanoparticle was complexed with SOD1 siRNA. GOPEI-mPEG-siSOD1 exhibited high biocompatibility, siRNA loading capacity, and serum stability, and showed potent downregulation of SOD1 mRNA and protein levels. We further observed that cisplatin and PEI elicited mitochondrial dysfunction and transcriptionally activated the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) used as a reporter for their respective cytotoxicities. SOD1 silencing was found to augment cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity resulting in considerable tumour growth inhibition in cisplatin-sensitive A2780 and cisplatin-resistant A2780DDP subcutaneous mouse xenografts. Our study highlights the potential therapeutic applicability of RNAi-mediated targeting of SOD1 as a chemosensitizer for platinum-resistant ovarian cancers.
m5C-methylated lncRNA NR_033928 promotes gastric cancer proliferation by stabilizing GLS mRNA to promote glutamine metabolism reprogramming
Authors: Fang Lang , Huang Hongxin , Lv Jialun , Chen Zetian , Lu Chen , Jiang Tianlu , Xu Penghui , Li Ying , Wang Sen , Li Bowen , Li Zheng , Wang Weizhi , Xu Zekuan
Published: August 2023

Abnormal 5-methylcytosine (m5C) methylation has been proved to be closely related to gastric carcinogenesis, progression, and prognosis. Dysregulated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in a variety of biological processes in cancer. However, to date, m5C-methylated lncRNAs are rarely researched in gastric cancer (GC). Here, we found that RNA cytosine-C(5)-methyltransferase (NSUN2) was upregulated in GC and high NSUN2 expression was associated with poor prognosis. NR_033928 was identified as an NSUN2-methylated and upregulated lncRNA in GC. Functionally, NR_033928 upregulated the expression of glutaminase (GLS) by interacting with IGF2BP3/HUR complex to promote GLS mRNA stability. Increased glutamine metabolite, α-KG, upregulated NR_033928 expression by enhancing its promoter 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hm5C) demethylation. In conclusion, our results revealed that NSUN2-methylated NR_033928 promoted GC progression and might be a potential prognostic and therapeutic target for GC.
Methionine orchestrates the metabolism vulnerability in cisplatin resistant bladder cancer microenvironment
Authors: Yang Chen , Ou Yuxi , Zhou Quan , Liang Yingchun , Li Weijian , Chen Yiling , Chen Wensun , Wu Siqi , Chen Yifan , Dai Xiyu , Chen Xinan , Chen Tian , Jin Shengming , Liu Yufei , Zhang Limin , Liu Shenghua , Hu Yun , Zou Lujia , Mao Shanhua , Jiang Haowen
Published: August 2023

Metabolism vulnerability of cisplatin resistance in BCa cells remains to be discovered, which we applied integrated multi-omics analysis to elucidate the metabolism related regulation mechanism in bladder cancer (BCa) microenvironment. Integrated multi-omics analysis of metabolomics and proteomics revealed that MAT2A regulated methionine metabolism contributes to cisplatin resistance in BCa cells. We further validated MAT2A and cancer stem cell markers were up-regulated and circARHGAP10 was down-regulated through the regulation of MAT2A protein stability in cisplatin resistant BCa cells. circARHGAP10 formed a complex with MAT2A and TRIM25 to accelerate the degradation of MAT2A through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Knockdown of MAT2A through overexpression of circARHGAP10 and restriction of methionine up-take was sufficient to overcome cisplatin resistance in vivo in immuno-deficiency model but not in immuno-competent model. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells characterized an exhausted phenotype in tumors with low methionine. High expression of SLC7A6 in BCa negatively correlated with expression of CD8. Synergistic inhibition of MAT2A and SLC7A6 could overcome cisplatin resistance in immuno-competent model in vivo. Cisplatin resistant BCa cells rely on methionine for survival and stem cell renewal. circARHGAP10/TRIM25/MAT2A regulation pathway plays an important role in cisplatin resistant BCa cells while circARHGAP10 and SLC7A6 should be evaluated as one of the therapeutic target of cisplatin resistant BCa.
Nanoparticles carrying paclitaxel and anti-miR-221 for breast cancer therapy triggered by ultrasound
Authors: Zhang Libo , Ren Zhen , Lü Jinhui , Mo Xinhai , Lin Jie , Li Ya , Ma Wenjing , Liu Pengfei , Shen Yajing , Zhao Qian , Qian Lu , Cheng Xiaoxin , Yu Zuoren , Zhang Bo
Published: August 2023

Nanomaterials have been well demonstrated to have the potential to be used for tumor cell-targeted drug delivery. Targeted inhibition of miR-221 was proved to promote the sensitivity of triple genitive breast cancer (TNBC) cells to chemo-drugs. In order to improve the chemotherapeutic effect in TNBC, herein, we developed a novel kind of nanoparticles shelled with PLGA and loaded with perfluoropentane (PFP), paclitaxel (PTX), and anti-miR-221 inhibitor, which was named PANP. Ultrasound-triggered vaporization of PFP in PANPs was utilized for real-time imaging track of the nanoparticles in vivo. In addition, macrophages were applied for the internalization of PANPs to form RAW-PANP with strong chemotaxis to accumulate around cancer cells. Nanoparticles with different contents did not cause M2 polarization compared with the control group but caused polarization toward M1. We compared the inherent tumor-homing behavior of macrophages containing different contents with that of normal macrophages and no significant abnormalities were observed. After injection into the tumor-burden mice, RAW-PANPs showed enrichment within tumor tissues. Upon the ultrasound cavitation-triggered burst, PTX was released in the tumor. Meanwhile, the release of anti-miR-221 improved the sensitivity of tumor cells to PTX. As a result, RAW-PANPs showed high efficiency in suppressing TNBC cell proliferation in vitro and inhibiting tumor growth and progression in vivo. The treatments did not induce liver, heart, or kidney injury. In conclusion, the current study not only developed a macrophage-carried, ultrasound-triggered, cancer cell-targeted chemotherapeutic system, but also demonstrated a miRNA-based technique to promote drug sensitivity of cancer cells, which holds strong potential to treat patients with TNBC, especially for those suffering drug-resistance. The innovation of this study is to use macrophages to deliver nanoparticles to the tumors and then use ultrasound locally to burst the nanoparticles to release the miRNA and PTX.
NeuroD4 converts glioblastoma cells into neuron-like cells through the SLC7A11-GSH-GPX4 antioxidant axis
Authors: Wang Hao , Zhao Peiqi , Zhang Ying , Chen Zhen , Bao Han , Qian Wenqi , Wu Jian , Xing Zhenqiu , Hu Xiaowei , Jin Kunlin , Zhuge Qichuan , Yang Jianjing
Published: August 2023

Cell fate and proliferation ability can be transformed through reprogramming technology. Reprogramming glioblastoma cells into neuron-like cells holds great promise for glioblastoma treatment, as it induces their terminal differentiation. NeuroD4 (Neuronal Differentiation 4) is a crucial transcription factor in neuronal development and has the potential to convert astrocytes into functional neurons. In this study, we exclusively employed NeuroD4 to reprogram glioblastoma cells into neuron-like cells. In vivo, the reprogrammed glioblastoma cells demonstrated terminal differentiation, inhibited proliferation, and exited the cell cycle. Additionally, NeuroD4 virus-infected xenografts exhibited smaller sizes compared to the GFP group, and tumor-bearing mice in the GFP+NeuroD4 group experienced prolonged survival. Mechanistically, NeuroD4 overexpression significantly reduced the expression of SLC7A11 and Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). The ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 effectively blocked the NeuroD4-mediated process of neuron reprogramming in glioblastoma. To summarize, our study demonstrates that NeuroD4 overexpression can reprogram glioblastoma cells into neuron-like cells through the SLC7A11-GSH-GPX4 signaling pathway, thus offering a potential novel therapeutic approach for glioblastoma.
Fast kernel-based association testing of non-linear genetic effects for biobank-scale data
Authors: Fu Boyang , Pazokitoroudi Ali , Sudarshan Mukund , Liu Zhengtong , Subramanian Lakshminarayanan , Sankararaman Sriram
Published: August 2023

Our knowledge of non-linear genetic effects on complex traits remains limited, in part, due to the modest power to detect such effects. While kernel-based tests offer a versatile approach to test for non-linear relationships between sets of genetic variants and traits, current approaches cannot be applied to Biobank-scale datasets containing hundreds of thousands of individuals. We propose, FastKAST, a kernel-based approach that can test for non-linear effects of a set of variants on a quantitative trait. FastKAST provides calibrated hypothesis tests while enabling analysis of Biobank-scale datasets with hundreds of thousands of unrelated individuals from a homogeneous population. We apply FastKAST to 53 quantitative traits measured across ≈ 300 K unrelated white British individuals in the UK Biobank to detect sets of variants with non-linear effects at genome-wide significance.