bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Petrology and geochronology of Paleoproterozoic intrusive rocks, Kiggavik uranium camp, Nunavut
Authors: Scott J.M.J. , Peterson T.D. , Davis W.J. , Jefferson C.W. , Cousens B.L.
Published: April 2015

We investigated the age and petrology of Paleoproterozoic granitic intrusions in the area of the Kiggavik uranium exploration camp, near the southeast margin of the Aberdeen subbasin of the Thelon Basin. A subset of these intrusions (e.g., the Lone Gull stock) is spatially associated with and mineralized by basement hosted, unconformity-related uranium deposits. Surface (outcrop) samples have field relations, textures, and compositions consistent with Hudson Suite granitoids and mixtures of monzogranite with minette. We obtained U–Pb (zircon) ages ranging from ca. 1818 to 1840 Ma, within the known range of the Hudson Suite and cogenetic minettes of the Baker Lake Group (1.80–1.84 Ga). Core samples of granitic rocks adjacent to mineralized zones are more complex and indicate an influence from the younger Nueltin Granite (Kivalliq Igneous Suite, ca. 1.77–1.73 Ga). One sample from the Lone Gull stock contains two zircon populations in texturally distinctive domains, one at 1806 ± 41 Ma and the other at 1748 ± 9.4 Ma. A porphyritic hypabyssal syenite below the Bong deposit yielded a U–Pb zircon age of 1837.8 ± 7.7 Ma and a U–Pb titanite age of 1758.5 ± 44 Ma. We recognize a Kivalliq-age overprint in the form of metasomatism and partial remelting or melt infiltration in the drill core samples, which is not evident at the surface and is consistent with the presence of a Nueltin Granite intrusive complex at depth. The geochemistry and primary igneous textures of the Bong syenite, including its euhedral zircons, resemble those of lava flows near the base of the Baker Lake Group, and we recognize a mixed magma (i.e., Martell Syenite) continuum between intrusive Hudson granitoids and minette with extrusive equivalents in the lower felsic minette member of the Christopher Island Formation.
Body condition explains little of the interindividual variation in the swarming behaviour of adult male little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Gallant A.J. , Broders H.G.
Published: April 2015

Two competing activities of temperate insectivorous bats during the fall swarming period have direct fitness consequences: fat storage for hibernation and mating. This study investigated whether interindividual variation in body condition (as a metric of stored fat; body mass/forearm length) correlated with reproductive status and influenced swarming behaviour of adult male little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte, 1831)) in Nova Scotia, Canada. We predicted that bats in good body condition would more likely be reproductive and would be more likely to remain at, and closer to, a swarming site than males in poor body condition. As predicted, males in good body condition were more likely to be in advanced reproductive states than those in poor body condition. However, contrary to the prediction, males in good body condition spent significantly less time at the swarming site than males with poor body condition. There was no difference between bats of contrasting body conditions in the probability of relocating them or how far from the swarming site they roosted. Because variation in swarming behaviours of male M. lucifugus at a swarming site was not explained by body condition, one or more other factors (e.g., social, energetic) must be important.
Constructing an SDE from its two-point generator
Authors: Alvand Mohammad
Published: April 2015

It is known that the two-point generator of an SDE determines the law of its flow uniquely. We describe an explicit way to find the coefficients of the SDE from its two-point generator. Indeed, this method of construction produces a sequence of SDEs in a way that the associated sequence of stochastic flows converges to the stochastic flow of the desired SDE.
Hydrothermal synthesis of Fe2O3/ZnO heterojunction photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Chen Chao , Bai Hongye , Da Zulin , Li Meng , Yan Xu , Jiang Jinhui , Fan Weiqiang , Shi Weidong
Published: April 2015

We report a photoanode based on Fe 2 O 3/zinc oxide ( ZnO ) heterojunction synthesized by hydrothermal method for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The forming heterojunction is systemically characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results from the I–V characteristic curve and conversation efficiency of Fe 2 O 3/ ZnO heterojunction reveal that the forming heterojunction would be a benefit for electron transferring from conduction band of ZnO to that of Fe 2 O 3. However, the quantity of ZnO film has an effect on the photocurrent density, the suitable of which has shown enhanced PEC performance.
Nature of extracellular signal that triggers RhoA/ROCK activation for the basal internal anal sphincter tone in humans
Authors: Rattan Satish , Singh Jagmohan , Kumar Sumit , Phillips Benjamin
Published: April 2015

The extracellular signal that triggers activation of rho-associated kinase (RhoA/ROCK), the major molecular determinant of basal internal anal sphincter (IAS) smooth muscle tone, is not known. Using human IAS tissues, we identified the presence of the biosynthetic machineries for angiotensin II (ANG II), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). These end products of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) (ANG II) and arachidonic acid (TXA2 and PGF2α) pathways and their effects in human IAS vs. rectal smooth muscle (RSM) were studied. A multipronged approach utilizing immunocytochemistry, Western blot analyses, and force measurements was implemented. Additionally, in a systematic analysis of the effects of respective inhibitors along different steps of biosynthesis and those of antagonists, their end products were evaluated either individually or in combination. To further describe the molecular mechanism for the IAS tone via these pathways, we monitored RhoA/ROCK activation and its signal transduction cascade. Data showed characteristically higher expression of biosynthetic machineries of RAS and AA pathways in the IAS compared with the RSM. Additionally, specific inhibition of the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway caused ∼80% decrease in the IAS tone, whereas that of RAS lead to ∼20% decrease. Signal transduction studies revealed that the end products of both AA and RAS pathways cause increase in the IAS tone via activation of RhoA/ROCK. Both AA and RAS (via the release of their end products TXA2, PGF2α, and ANG II, respectively), provide extracellular signals which activate RhoA/ROCK for the maintenance of the basal tone in human IAS.
Group housing and nest building only slightly ameliorate the cold stress of typical housing in female C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Maher Rebecca L. , Barbash Shayna M. , Lynch Daniel V. , Swoap Steven J.
Published: April 2015

Huddling and nest building are two methods of behavioral thermoregulation used by mice under cold stress. In the laboratory, mice are typically housed at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 20°C, well below the lower end of their thermoneutral zone. We tested the hypothesis that the thermoregulatory benefits of huddling and nest building at a Taof 20°C would ameliorate this cold stress compared with being singly housed at 20°C as assessed by heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), triiodothyronine (T3), brown adipose (BAT) expression of Elovl3 mRNA, and BAT lipid content. A series of experiments using C57BL/6J female mice exposed to 20°C in the presence or absence of nesting material and/or cage mates was used to test this hypothesis. Mice showed large differences in HR, BP, shivering, and core body temperature (Tb) when comparing singly housed mice at 20°C and 30°C, but only a modest reduction in HR with the inclusion of cage mates or bedding. However, group housing and/or nesting at 20°C decreased T3 levels compared with singly housed mice at 20°C. Singly housed mice at 20°C had a 22-fold higher level of BAT Elovl3 mRNA expression and a significantly lower triacylglycerol (TAG) content of BAT compared with singly housed mice at 30°C. Group housing at 20°C led to blunted changes in both Elovl3 mRNA and TAG levels. These findings suggest that huddling and nest building have a limited effect to ameliorate the cold stress associated with housing at 20°C.
Revisiting pulmonary acinar particle transport: convection, sedimentation, diffusion, and their interplay
Authors: Hofemeier Philipp , Sznitman Josué
Published: April 2015

It is largely acknowledged that inhaled particles ranging from 0.001 to 10 μm are able to reach and deposit in the alveolated regions of the lungs. To date, however, the bulk of numerical studies have focused mainly on micrometer-sized particles whose transport kinematics are governed by convection and sedimentation, thereby capturing only a small fraction of the wider range of aerosols leading to acinar deposition. Too little is still known about the local acinar transport dynamics of inhaled (ultra)fine particles affected by diffusion and convection. Our study aims to fill this gap by numerically simulating the transport characteristics of particle sizes spanning three orders of magnitude (0.01-5 μm) covering diffusive, convective, and gravitational aerosol motion across a multigenerational acinar network. By characterizing the deposition patterns as a function of particle size, we find that submicrometer particles [[Formula: see text] (0.1 μm)] reach deep into the acinar structure and are prone to deposit near alveolar openings; meanwhile, other particle sizes are restricted to accessing alveolar cavities in proximal generations. Our findings underline that a precise understanding of acinar aerosol transport, and ultrafine particles in particular, is contingent upon resolving the complex convective-diffusive interplay in determining their irreversible kinematics and local deposition sites.
Balancing out dwelling and moving: optimal sensorimotor synchronization
Authors: Cos Ignasi , Girard Benoît , Guigon Emmanuel
Published: April 2015

Sensorimotor synchronization is a fundamental skill involved in the performance of many artistic activities (e.g., music, dance). After a century of research, the manner in which the nervous system produces synchronized movements remains poorly understood. Typical rhythmic movements involve a motion and a motionless phase (dwell). The dwell phase represents a sizable fraction of the rhythm period, and scales with it. The rationale for this organization remains unexplained and is the object of this study. Twelve participants, four drummers (D) and eight nondrummers (ND), performed tapping movements paced at 0.5–2.5 Hz by a metronome. The participants organized their tapping behavior into dwell and movement phases according to two strategies: 1) Eight participants (1 D, 7 ND) maintained an almost constant ratio of movement time (MT) and dwell time (DT) irrespective of the metronome period. 2) Four participants increased the proportion of DT as the period increased. The temporal variabilities of both the dwell and movement phases were consistent with Weber's law, i.e., their variability increased with their durations, and the longest phase always exhibited the smallest variability. We developed an optimal statistical model that formalized the distribution of time into dwell and movement intervals as a function of their temporal variability. The model accurately predicted the participants' dwell and movement durations irrespective of their strategy and musical skill, strongly suggesting that the distribution of DT and MT results from an optimization process, dependent on each participant's skill to predict time during rest and movement.
Mathematical Modeling of Subthreshold Resonant Properties in Pyloric Dilator Neurons
Authors: Vazifehkhah Ghaffari Babak , Kouhnavard Mojgan , Aihara Takeshi , Kitajima Tatsuo
Published: April 2015

Various types of neurons exhibit subthreshold resonance oscillation (preferred frequency response) to fluctuating sinusoidal input currents. This phenomenon is well known to influence the synaptic plasticity and frequency of neural network oscillation. This study evaluates the resonant properties of pacemaker pyloric dilator (PD) neurons in the central pattern generator network through mathematical modeling. From the pharmacological point of view, calcium currents cannot be blocked in PD neurons without removing the calcium-dependent potassium current. Thus, the effects of calciumICaand calcium-dependent potassiumIKCacurrents on resonant properties remain unclear. By taking advantage of Hodgkin-Huxley-type model of neuron and its equivalent RLC circuit, we examine the effects of changing resting membrane potential and those ionic currents on the resonance. Results show that changing the resting membrane potential influences the amplitude and frequency of resonance so that the strength of resonance (Q-value) increases by both depolarization and hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. Moreover, hyperpolarization-activated inward currentIhandICa(in association withIKCa) are dominant factors on resonant properties at hyperpolarized and depolarized potentials, respectively. Through mathematical analysis, results indicate thatIhandIKCaaffect the resonant properties of PD neurons. However,ICaonly has an amplifying effect on the resonance amplitude of these neurons.
Characterization of the Prediabetic State in a Novel Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes, the ZFDM Rat
Authors: Gheni Ghupurjan , Yokoi Norihide , Beppu Masayuki , Yamaguchi Takuro , Hidaka Shihomi , Kawabata Ayako , Hoshino Yoshikazu , Hoshino Masayuki , Seino Susumu
Published: April 2015

We recently established a novel animal model of obese type 2 diabetes (T2D), the Zucker fatty diabetes mellitus (ZFDM) rat strain harboring thefattymutation (fa) in the leptin receptor gene. Here we performed a phenotypic characterization of the strain, focusing mainly on the prediabetic state. At 6–8 weeks of age,fa/famale rats exhibited mild glucose intolerance and severe insulin resistance. Although basal insulin secretion was remarkably high in the isolated pancreatic islets, the responses to both glucose stimulation and the incretin GLP-1 were retained. At 10–12 weeks of age,fa/famale rats exhibited marked glucose intolerance as well as severe insulin resistance similar to that at the earlier age. In the pancreatic islets, the insulin secretory response to glucose stimulation was maintained but the response to the incretin was diminished. In nondiabetic Zucker fatty (ZF) rats, the insulin secretory responses to both glucose stimulation and the incretin in the pancreatic islets were similar to those of ZFDM rats. As islet architecture was destroyed with age in ZFDM rats, a combination of severe insulin resistance, diminished insulin secretory response to incretin, and intrinsic fragility of the islets may cause the development of T2D in this strain.
On the Fourier-Transformed Boltzmann Equation with Brownian Motion
Authors: Cho Yong-Kum , Kim Eunsil
Published: April 2015

We establish a global existence theorem, and uniqueness and stability of solutions of the Cauchy problem for the Fourier-transformed Fokker-Planck-Boltzmann equation with singular Maxwellian kernel, which may be viewed as a kinetic model for the stochastic time-evolution of characteristic functions governed by Brownian motion and collision dynamics.
Optimal Control of Renewable Resources Based on the Effective Utilization Rate
Authors: Wu Rui , Shen Zhengwei , Liao Fucheng
Published: April 2015

The effective utilization rate of exploited renewable resources affects the final total revenue and the further exploitation of renewable resources. Considering the effective utilization rate, we propose an optimal control model for the exploitation of the renewable resources in this study. Firstly, we can prove that the novel model is nonsingular compared with the singular basic model. Secondly, we solve the novel model and obtain the optimal solution by Bang-Bang theory. Furthermore, we can determine the optimal total resources and the maximal total revenue. Finally, a numerical example is provided to verify the obtained theoretical results.
Characterization of the ZDSD Rat: A Translational Model for the Study of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Peterson Richard G. , Jackson Charles V. , Zimmerman Karen , de Winter Willem , Huebert Norman , Hansen Michael K.
Published: April 2015

Metabolic syndrome and T2D produce significant health and economic issues. Many available animal models have monogenic leptin pathway mutations that are absent in the human population. Development of the ZDSD rat model was undertaken to produce a model that expresses polygenic obesity and diabetes with an intact leptin pathway. A lean ZDF rat with the propensity for beta-cell failure was crossed with a polygenetically obese Crl:CD (SD) rat. Offspring were selectively inbred for obesity and diabetes for >30 generations. In the current study, ZDSD rats were followed for 6 months; routine clinical metabolic endpoints were included throughout the study. In the prediabetic metabolic syndrome phase, ZDSD rats exhibited obesity with increased body fat, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and elevated HbA1c. As disease progressed to overt diabetes, ZDSD rats demonstrated elevated glucose levels, abnormal oral glucose tolerance, increases in HbA1c levels, reductions in body weight, increased insulin resistance with decreasing insulin levels, and dyslipidemia. The ZDSD rat develops prediabetic metabolic syndrome and T2D in a manner that mirrors the development of metabolic syndrome and T2D in humans. ZDSD rats will provide a novel, translational animal model for the study of human metabolic diseases and for the development of new therapies.
Spectrum of Surgical Presentation of Eosinophilic Enteritis
Authors: Shetty Spoorthy Sudhakar , Shetty Charan Kishor
Published: April 2015

Eosinophilic enteritis is a rare disorder presenting mostly with diarrhea, malabsorption, abdominal pain, weight loss, and hypersensitivity. Surgical manifestation of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders depends on the site and extent of involvement. In our case series of four patients two of them had ileocaecal masses with recurrent subacute intestinal obstruction with past history of intake of antitubercular drugs for 9 months. On histopathological examination both of them proved to have eosinophilic enterocolitis. Thus it is a clinical dilemma to differentiate between these two conditions. The other two patients presented as acute abdomen with perforation and intussusception. All four patients were treated surgically. Postoperatively they recovered well with no symptoms on one year follow-up. In Indian setup tuberculosis being rampant there may be under reporting or wrongly diagnosed cases of eosinophilic enteritis. Thus a strong clinical suspicion and awareness of this clinical entity are essential among surgical community.
Medial Clavicular Osteophyte: A Novel Cause of Paget-Schroetter Syndrome
Authors: Werner-Gibbings Keagan , Dubenec Steven
Published: April 2015

Paget-Schroetter syndrome is a form of upper limb deep venous thrombosis usually seen in younger patients in association with repetitive activities of the affected limb. When occurring in more elderly patients or in those where it is difficult to appreciate a causative mechanism, other aetiologies should be considered. We present a case in which degenerative osteoarthritis of the sternoclavicular joint with osteophyte development impinged on the subclavian vein, leading to extensive upper limb thrombosis. The difficulties in identifying and managing this unusual cause of Paget-Schroetter are presented and discussed.
Long-Lasting Cranial Nerve III Palsy as a Presenting Feature of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
Authors: Spataro Rossella , La Bella Vincenzo
Published: April 2015

We describe a patient with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) in which an adduction deficit and ptosis in the left eye presented several years before the polyneuropathy. A 52-year-old man presented with a 14-year history of unremitting diplopia, adduction deficit, and ptosis in the left eye. At the age of 45 a mild bilateral foot drop and impaired sensation in the four limbs appeared, with these symptoms showing a progressive course. The diagnostic workup included EMG/ENG which demonstrated reduced conduction velocity with bilateral and symmetrical sensory and motor involvement. Cerebrospinal fluid studies revealed a cytoalbuminologic dissociation. A prolonged treatment with corticosteroids allowed a significant improvement of the limb weakness. Diplopia and ptosis remained unchanged. This unusual form of CIDP presented as a long-lasting isolated cranial nerve palsy. A diagnostic workup for CIDP should therefore be performed in those patients in which an isolated and unremitting cranial nerve palsy cannot be explained by common causes.
Controlled Passage through Resonance for Flexible Vibration Units
Authors: Tomchin Dmitry A. , Tomchina Olga P. , Fradkov Alexander L.
Published: April 2015

The problem of controlled passage through resonance zone for mechanical systems with several degrees of freedom is studied. Control algorithm design is based on speed-gradient method and estimate for the frequency of the slow motion near resonance (Blekhman frequency). The simulation results for two-rotor flexible vibration units illustrating efficiency of the proposed algorithms and fractal dependence of the passage time on the initial conditions are presented. The novelty of the results is in demonstration of good behavior of the closed loop system if flexibility is taken into account.
Chemical Constituents and Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities ofKielmeyera coriaceaMart. & Zucc. Essential Oils
Authors: Martins Carla de M. , Nascimento Evandro A. do , de Morais Sérgio A. L. , de Oliveira Alberto , Chang Roberto , Cunha Luís C. S. , Martins Mário M. , Martins Carlos Henrique G. , Moraes Thaís da S. , Rodrigues Paulla V. , Silva Cláudio V. da , de Aquino Francisco J. T.
Published: April 2015

Many essential oils (EOs) of different plant species possess interesting antimicrobial effects on buccal microorganisms and cytotoxic properties. EOs ofKielmeyera coriaceaMart. & Zucc. were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The EO from leaves is rich in sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The three major compounds identified were germacrene-D (24.2%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.5%), and bicyclogermacrene (11.6%). The inner bark EO is composed mainly of sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons and the major components are alpha-copaene (14.9%) and alpha-(E)-bergamotene (13.0%). The outer bark EO is composed mainly of oxygenated sesquiterpenes and long-chain alkanes, and the major components are alpha-eudesmol (4.2%) and nonacosane (5.8%). The wood EO is mainly composed of long-chain alkanes and fatty acids, and the major components are nonacosane (9.7%) and palmitic acid (16.2%). The inner bark EO showed the strongest antimicrobial activity against the anaerobic bacteriaPrevotella nigrescens(minimum inhibitory concentration-MIC of 50 µg mL−1). The outer bark and wood EOs showed MICs of 100 µg mL−1for all aerobic microorganisms tested. The EOs presented low toxicity to Vero cells. These results suggest thatK. coriacea, a Brazilian plant, provide initial evidence of a new and alternative source of substances with medicinal interest.
On the Study of Oscillating Viscous Flows by Using the Adomian-Padé Approximation
Authors: Liu Chi-Min
Published: April 2015

The Adomian-Padé technique is applied to examine two oscillating viscous flows, the Stokes’ second problem and the pressure-driven pulsating flow. Main purposes for studying oscillating flows are not only to verify the accuracy of the approximation solution, but also to provide a basis for analyzing more problems by the present method with the help of Fourier analysis. Results show that the Adomian-Padé approximation presents a very excellent behavior in comparison with the exact solution of Stokes’ second problem. For the pulsating flow, only the Adomian decomposition method is required to perform the calculation as the fluid domain is finite where the Padé approximant may not provide a better solution. Based on present results, more problems can be mathematically solved by using the Adomian-Padé technique, the Fourier analysis, and powerful computers.
Effect of Electrode Shape on Impedance of Single HeLa Cell: A COMSOL Simulation
Authors: Wang Min-Haw , Chang Wen-Hao
Published: April 2015

In disease prophylaxis, single cell inspection provides more detailed data compared to conventional examinations. At the individual cell level, the electrical properties of the cell are helpful for understanding the effects of cellular behavior. The electric field distribution affects the results of single cell impedance measurements whereas the electrode geometry affects the electric field distributions. Therefore, this study obtained numerical solutions by using the COMSOL multiphysics package to perform FEM simulations of the effects of electrode geometry on microfluidic devices. An equivalent circuit model incorporating the PBS solution, a pair of electrodes, and a cell is used to obtain the impedance of a single HeLa cell. Simulations indicated that the circle and parallel electrodes provide higher electric field strength compared to cross and standard electrodes at the same operating voltage. Additionally, increasing the operating voltage reduces the impedance magnitude of a single HeLa cell in all electrode shapes. Decreasing impedance magnitude of the single HeLa cell increases measurement sensitivity, but higher operational voltage will damage single HeLa cell.
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Proteome Changes in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Authors: Pecankova Klara , Majek Pavel , Cermak Jaroslav , Dyr Jan E.
Published: April 2015

Our aim was to search for proteome changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of MDS patients with refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia. PBMCs were isolated from a total of 12 blood samples using a Histopaque-1077 solution. The proteins were fractioned, separated by 2D SDS-PAGE (pI 4–7), and double-stained. The proteomes were compared and statistically processed with Progenesis SameSpots; then proteins were identified by nano-LC-MS/MS. Protein functional association and expression profiles were analyzed using the EnrichNet application and Progenesis SameSpots hierarchical clustering software, respectively. By comparing the cytosolic, membrane, and nuclear fractions of the two groups, 178 significantly (P<0.05, ANOVA) differing spots were found, corresponding to 139 unique proteins. Data mining of the Reactome and KEGG databases using EnrichNet highlighted the possible involvement of the identified protein alterations in apoptosis, proteasome protein degradation, heat shock protein action, and signal transduction. Western blot analysis revealed underexpression of vinculin and advanced fragmentation of fermitin-3 in MDS patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that proteome changes have been identified in the mononuclear cells of MDS patients. Vinculin and fermitin-3, the proteins involved in cell adhesion and integrin signaling, have been shown to be dysregulated in MDS.
Aberrant Expression of proPTPRN2 in Cancer Cells Confers Resistance to Apoptosis
Authors: Sorokin Alexey V. , Nair Binoj C. , Wei Yongkun , Aziz Kathryn E. , Evdokimova Valentina , Hung Mien-Chie , Chen Junjie
Published: April 2015

The protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor PTPRN2 is expressed predominantly in endocrine and neuronal cells, where it functions in exocytosis. We found that its immature isoform proPTPRN2 is overexpressed in various cancers, including breast cancer. High proPTPRN2 expression was associated strongly with lymph node–positive breast cancer and poor clinical outcome. Loss of proPTPRN2 in breast cancer cells promoted apoptosis and blocked tumor formation in mice, whereas enforced expression of proPTPRN2 in nontransformed human mammary epithelial cells exerted a converse effect. Mechanistic investigations suggested that ProPTPRN2 elicited these effects through direct interaction with TRAF2, a hub scaffold protein for multiple kinase cascades, including ones that activate NF-κB. Overall, our results suggest PTPRN2 as a novel candidate biomarker and therapeutic target in breast cancer. Cancer Res; 75(9); 1846–58. ©2015 AACR.
Direct Evidence of Target Inhibition with Anti-VEGF, EGFR, and mTOR Therapies in a Clinical Model of Wound Healing
Authors: Jia Jingquan , Dellinger Andrew E. , Weiss Eric S. , Bulusu Anuradha , Rushing Christel , Li Haiyan , Howard Leigh A. , Kaplan Neal , Pang Herbert , Hurwitz Herbert I. , Nixon Andrew B.
Published: April 2015

Purpose: In early clinical testing, most novel targeted anticancer therapies have limited toxicities and limited efficacy, which complicates dose and schedule selection for these agents. Confirmation of target inhibition is critical for rational drug development; however, repeated tumor biopsies are often impractical and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and normal skin are often inadequate surrogates for tumor tissue. Based upon the similarities of tumor and wound stroma, we have developed a clinical dermal granulation tissue model to evaluate novel targeted therapies.

Experimental Design: A 4-mm skin punch biopsy was used to stimulate wound healing and a repeat 5-mm punch biopsy was used to harvest the resulting granulation tissue. This assay was performed at pretreatment and on-treatment evaluating four targeted therapies, bevacizumab, everolimus, erlotinib, and panitumumab, in the context of three different clinical trials. Total and phosphorylated levels VEGFR2, S6RP, and EGFR were evaluated using ELISA-based methodologies.

Results: Significant and consistent inhibition of the VEGF pathway (using VEGFR2 as the readout) was observed in granulation tissue biopsies from patients treated with bevacizumab and everolimus. In addition, significant and consistent inhibition of the mTOR pathway (using S6RP as the readout) was observed in patients treated with everolimus. Finally, significant inhibition of the EGFR pathway (using EGFR as the readout) was observed in patients treated with panitumumab, but this was not observed in patients treated with erlotinib.

Conclusions: Molecular analyses of dermal granulation tissue can be used as a convenient and quantitative pharmacodynamic biomarker platform for multiple classes of targeted therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 21(15); 3442–52. ©2015 AACR.
Intravascular leukocyte migration through platelet thrombi: directing leukocytes to sites of vascular injury
Authors: Hosseini Ehteramolsadat , Ghasemzadeh Mehran
Published: April 2015

Leukocytes recruitment to thrombi supports an intimate cellular interaction leading to the enhancement of pro-coagulant functions and pro-inflammatory responses at site of vascular injury. Recent observations of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation and its mutual reactions with platelet thrombi adds more clinical interest to the growing body of knowledge in the field of platelet-leukocyte crosstalk. However, having considered thrombus as a barrier between leukocytes and injured endothelium, the full inflammatory roles of these cells during thrombosis is still ill defined. The most recent observation of neutrophils migration into the thrombi is a phenomenon that highlights the inflammatory functions of leukocytes at the site of injury. It has been hypothesised that leukocytes migration might be associated with the conveyance of highly reactive pro-inflammatory and/or procoagulant mediators to sites of vascular injury. In addition, the evidence of neutrophils migration into arterial thrombi following traumatic and ischaemia-reperfusion injury highlights the already described role of these cells in atherosclerosis. Regardless of the mechanisms behind leukocyte migration, whether these migrated cells benefit normal homeostasis by their involvement in wound healing and vascular rebuilding or they increase unwilling inflammatory responses, could be of interest for future researches that provide new insight into biological importance of leukocyte recruitment to thrombi.
Resenha internacional: Universal Health Coverage for inclusive and sustainable development: a synthesis of 11 country case studies
Authors: Dallari Sueli Gandolfi
Published: April 2015

Resenha sobre a publicação "Universal Health Coverage for inclusive and sustainable development: a synthesis of 11 country case studies", Akiko Maeda, Edson Araujo, Cheryl Cashin, Joseph Harris, Naoki Ikegami, and Michael R. Reich (org.), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 
Provérbios e Tradução
Authors: Steinberg Martha
Published: April 2015

A autora acredita que para se traduzir um provérbio é necessário conhecer sua estrutura lingüística, seus tipos e emprego. Com alguns exemplos, esses pontos são discutidos aqui.
Humor: Sim. É possível traduzí-lo e ensinar a traduzi-lo
Authors: Brezolin Adauri
Published: April 2015

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma resposta à pergunta feita por John Robert Schmitz em seu artigo publicado na edição da TradTerm 3, 1996. Este estudo tentará mostrar que, guardadas as dificuldades inerentes ao ato tradutório, é possível tanto traduzir humor quanto ensiná-lo a traduzir. Assim, será apresentada uma atividade realizada com alunos de tradução em que se tenta mostrar alguns dos mecanismos (lingüísticos, pragmáticos e culturais) utilizados para se criar o humor e como podemos proceder para recuperá-los e manter o mesmo, ou quase o mesmo, efeito humorístico no texto traduzido.
Avaliação de traduções: a vez e a voz do aprendiz
Authors: Martins Márcia A. P. , Frota Maria Paula
Published: April 2015

Segundo especialistas da área da educação, a avaliação constitui tema ao mesmo tempo polêmico e relevante, consideradas suas implicações pedagógicas, psicológicas e sócioeconômicas. Observa-se, entre professores, a tendência a realizarem, sem maior reflexão, práticas avaliatórias de natureza objetivizante na busca de uma avaliação exata e justa. Neste trabalho, faremos a crítica a esse paradigma, ao lado da qual apresentaremos algumas alternativas envolvendo interaçãoe negociação, processos que levam em conta os sujeitos e as circunstâncias implicadas na produção dos trabalhos avaliados.
La notion d’ambiguïté en traduction
Authors: Rydning Antin Faugner
Published: April 2015

Dado que a ambigüidade constitui um sério obstáculo à tradução automática, somente a ambigüidade intencional constitui um desafio para o tradutor humano. Inscrita de modo alusivo ou visível no texto original, a ambigüidade intencional assume um valor comunicativo no discurso. A atualização do potencial de ambigüidade sendo tarefa do emissor, o tradutor se esforçará para reconstituir a mensagem plurivalente recriando a tensão na inserção do sentido pela linguagem. Para o tradutólogo, o desafio consiste em descrever e avaliar as estratégias adotadas para conciliar as soluções devidas à analogia acidental entre os dois idiomas e as soluções geradas pela criatividade do autor. Já as ambigüidades fortuitas não apresentam qualquer valor comunicativo no discurso e não representam senão um interesse limitado para a teorização sobre o processo tradutório. A tradução dos enunciados pretendidos como unívocos pelo emissor mas que contêm elementos formais que comportam, em sua textura, um potencial de ambigüidade, não coloca o tradutor profissional perante problemas maiores do que os da tradução de enunciados unívocos cujos elementos formais não contêm qualquer potencial de ambigüidade. Somente quando o conhecimento factual do tradutor se apresenta insuficiente é que ele toma consciência da pluralidade de significações de uma palavra ou de uma frase. Caso o tradutor não empreenda o esforço de restabelecer a relação unívoca existente entre as idéias e os enunciados do emissor, corre o risco de efetuar um recorte errôneo na virtualidade do sentido. Se optar pela atualização do potencial de ambigüidade na língua de chegada, corre o risco de prejudicar, no todo ou em parte, a compreensão do leitor. Estes erros de método apresentam um interesse especial para a didática da tradução profissional.
Modalidades de tradução: teoria e resultados
Authors: Aubert Francis Henrik
Published: April 2015

Propõe-se, com certo grau de detalhamento, um modelo para a pesquisa tradutológica baseada em córpus e com possibilidade de análise quantitativa. Derivado da proposta dos procedimentos técnicos da tradução, originariamente elaborada por Vinay e Darbelnet, o modelo vem sendo aplicado a diversas situações e variáveis, particularmente na relação tradutória inglês/português. Este trabalho apresenta uma síntese dos resultados obtidos até o presente e uma avaliação das limitações e das potencialidades do modelo.
On the transiation of Engush there-sentences into Norwegian and Portuguese. What does a translation corpus tell us?
Authors: Ebeling Jarle , Oksefjell Signe
Published: April 2015

Este artigo propõe-se oferecer ilustrações do uso de córpus de tradução. Um córpus de tradução constitui uma ferramenta ideal para estudos contrastivos, para estudos tradutológicos e, mais genericamente, para o ensino de gramática. No presente trabalho, a ênfase maior se dá sobre a primeira dessas vertentes, analisando de que modo as orações iniciadas por there em inglês se traduzem para o norueguês e para o português. As observações indicam de que  modo os tradutores que trabalham com idiomas diferentes recorrem a estratégias tradutórias similares. As diferenças observadas nas traduções devem-se em parte a restrições gramaticais da língua alvo, mas não se pode excluir a possibilidade de estarem sendo adotadas abordagens diferentes do processo tradutório.
Translating into Scots
Authors: Corbett John
Published: April 2015

Este artigo faz um breve levantamento da história da tradução literária para Scots, uma variedade de língua relacionada ao inglês, mas ao mesmo tempo distinta. Esse levantamento começa com o desenvolvimento do Scots como meio literário no fim da Idade Média. A versão de Gavin Douglas da Eneida, em Scots do século XVI, foi por muitos anos a única versão do texto completo disponível para leitores de inglês ou Scots; sua reputação permanece inalterada até hoje. No entanto, a tradução para Scots não desapareceu quando a Escócia foi unificada politicamente com a Inglaterra. Ao contrário, ela sobreviveu como meio de afirmação de uma identidade nacional distinta, primeiramente dentro do quadro da união britânica e, posteriormente, em oposição a ela. Por exemplo, no século XVIII, as inúmeras traduções de Horácio para Scots constroem uma imagem idílica da Escócia, clássica e não metropolitana; enquanto algumas traduções do século XX buscam antes alianças culturais alternativas, não com a Inglaterra pós-imperial, mas com a Rússia revolucionária e, mais recentemente, com culturas pós-coloniais. O artigo demonstra claramente que a tradução para Scots tem sido sempre um ato político e visível, intimamente ligado às diferentes construções da identidade escocesa.
Para ser tradutor ou para melhorar a língua? Por que estudantes brasileiros escolhem cursos de tradução?
Authors: Milton John
Published: April 2015

Este estudo baseia-se numa pesquisa feita com estudantes de dois cursos de graduação em tradução e um curso de especialização, também em tradução, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Examinadas as razões pelas quais estudantes escolhem cursos universitários nesta área, apurou-se que um grande número desses estudantes estão mais interessados em melhorar seus conhecimentos de línguas estrangeiras do que se tornar propriamente tradutores. As conclusões advindas desta pesquisa nos levam a questionar o valor de cursos de graduação na formação de tradutores de carreira num mundo onde há cada vez mais flexibilidade no mercado de trabalho.
Tradução técnico-científica e terminologia: um ensaio exploratório de uma via de mão dupla
Authors: Aubert Francis Henrik
Published: April 2015

Na visão tradicional, a terminologia é vista como fornecedora de informações lexicais das linguagens de especialidade, e os tradutores como um dos principais grupos de usuários finais de tais informações. Inversamente, a “boa prática” terminológica tem sistematicamente questionado a confiabilidade de textos traduzidos como fontes primárias de dados. A prática tradutória profissional, no entanto, por operar essencialmente no plano textual e situacional, mostra-se como relevante geradora de soluções terminológicas bilíngües.
Extracción de terminología: elementos para la construcción de un extractor
Authors: Bagot Rosa Estopà
Published: April 2015

Esta apresentação pretende expor algumas das principais conclusões da nossa tese intitulada Extracció de terminologia: elements per a la construcció d'un SEACUSE (Sistema d'Extracció Automàtica de Terminologia), apresentada em julho de 1999 na Universidade Pompeu Fabra e orientada pela Dra. M. Teresa Cabré. O artigo articula-se em quatro pontos. No primeiro, serão apresentados os resultados da análise dos principais extratores de terminologia existentes. No segundo e terceiro apartados, serão discutidas as causas das limitações destes extratores. Finalmente, no quarto ponto, serão apresentados dois dos parâmetros que propusemos na tese para melhorar um extrator: a ampliação do objeto de extração e o ponto de vista funcional da extração.
Terminologia mono/bi/multilingüe: algumas propostas e reflexões referentes às unidades fraseológicas especializadas
Authors: Bevilacqua Cleci Regina
Published: April 2015

A fraseologia da língua comum tem sido objeto de estudo para os tradutores já há algum tempo, pois implica, entre outros aspectos, a busca de equivalências entre unidades sintagmáticas de culturas e línguas diferentes que nem sempre são fáceis de ser identificadas. Nos últimos anos, além das unidades fraseológicas da língua comum, vem merecendo atenção a fraseologia especializada. Acreditamos que uma das razões para este interesse é o espaço que a Terminologia vem conquistando como instrumental básico e indispensável na tradução de textos especializados. Considerando, portanto, a terminologia como uma ferramenta importante no processo tradutório e as novas propostas referentes à teoria terminológica, de caráter comunicativo, sociolingüístico e sócio-cognitivo,  apresentaremos algumas questões referentes à fraseologia especializada e à sua interface com a tradução de textos especializados. Para tanto, num primeiro momento, apresentaremos uma definição das Unidades Fraseológicas Especializadas e suas propriedades. Em seguida, mencionaremos alguns elementos que justificam sua importância no processo tradutório e, finalmente, apresentaremos algumas questões referentes à representação da fraseologia especializada em obras mono/bi/multilíngües bem como a sua inclusão como conteúdo a ser trabalhado nas disciplinas dos cursos de Tradução.
Beloved, Breathing Lesson, The Russia House, Rabbit at Rest, No Greater Love, and Rising Sun translated into Portuguese
Authors: Camargo Diva Cardoso de
Published: April 2015

Do ponto de vista do ato tradutório, considera-se o texto literário como valorizando os aspectos estético-estilísticos, de modo que a importância dada à linguagem do autor é comparável com o conteúdo do texto. Por meio da aplicação do modelo Aubert (1984, 1997, 1998) em seis romances norte-americanos (publicados durante os anos de 1987 a 1994) e as respectivas traduções para o português, realizou-se uma análise das semelhanças e diferenças lingüísticas, estilísticas e culturais entre os textos de partida e os textos de chegada. Com base em dois diferentes níveis de análise, pôde-se observar que a tradução literária solicita um aumento no uso da modulação (590 itens lexicais = 20,0%, ou seja, correspondendo a 1/5 do total do córpus) a fim de dar conta dos campos temático e léxico abarcados pelos autores na língua inglesa e das características estilísticas possibilitadas pela língua portuguesa. Por outro lado, é mais elevada a freqüência da tradução literal (1048 itens lexicais = 34.9%) e da transposição (875 itens lexicais = 29.2%). Ainda que Vinay (1968) alegue que se deva evitar a tradução literal devido aos riscos de falsos cognatos bem como as considerações de alguns teóricos (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1958; Nida, 1964) de que as adaptações sejam muito empregadas na tradução, sobretudo na de textos literários, os dados da pesquisa mostram que mais da metade (64,1%) dos textos analisados valeram-se da tradução literal, quer em sentido estrito (“palavra por palavra”), quer em sentido lato, ou seja, da transposição. Com base nos resultados obtidos, poder-se-ia supor que essas duas modalidades são predominantes na direção inglês->português e que podem ser empregadas adequadamente também na tradução de textos literários.
A Tradução dos marcadores culturais extra-lingüístico: Jorge Amado traduzido
Authors: Corrêa Regina Helena Machado Aquino
Published: April 2015

Este é um estudo contrastivo de termos culturalmente marcados presentes nos  romances Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos, Tenda dos Milagres e Tereza Batista Cansada de Guerra, de Jorge Amado. O intuito é verificar, na direção português-inglês, o distanciamento/proximidade tradutórios, com base no modelo proposto por Vinay e Darbelnet (1960) e a sua reformulação por Aubert (1998) de forma a mensurar o grau de dificuldade tradutória de romances com enfoque regional e a demonstrar a dificuldade de dissociação do binômio língua-cultura. As várias tentativas tradutórias de um mesmo termo foram registradas por meio de um acompanhamento linear de alguns termos nos três romances.
Reflexos e refrações da alteridade na literatura brasileira traduzida (1) – as versões de sagarana para o francês e para o norueguês
Authors: Aubert Francis Henrik , Zavaglia Adriana
Published: April 2015

Este trabalho constitui um produto inicial de um projeto mais abrangente. As fortunas da literatura brasileira traduzida podem ser vistas como correlacionadas – ainda que não exclusivamente condicionadas – às opções tradutórias feitas, conforme constatadas por uma comparação pari passu entre os textos fonte e alvo, à luz dos procedimentos de tradução utilizados. De especial interesse é o tratamento dado aos marcadores lingüísticos da especificidade cultural. Aqui, apresentam-se os resultados preliminares de uma dessas comparações – com base nas traduções francesa e norueguesa de contos extraídos de Sagarana, de Guimarães Rosa – e delineiam-se as próximas etapas a serem percorridas no âmbito do projeto.
Multilingual corpora: models, methods, uses
Authors: Johansson Stig
Published: April 2015

O presente artigo relata nossos trabalhos com corpora multilíngües na Universidade de Oslo. Diferentes modelos de corpora são apresentados, em especial, o modelo bidirecional de tradução usado no English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC). As etapas de construção do ENPC são descritas de forma sucinta, acompanhadas de alguns comentários acerca dos problemas encontrados. Grande parte do artigo é dedicada aos usos desse tipo de corpus. Há também uma breve introdução à ferramenta de busca desenvolvida para o ENPC. O principal objetivo aqui é mostrar que o modelo bidirecional de corpus de tradução possibilita a realização de estudos contrastivos e permite, simultaneamente, observar efeitos de tradução. A noção de correspondência mútua, introduzida por Bent Altenberg, é discutida quando comentamos seu estudo sobre conectores adverbias em inglês e sueco, desenvolvido com base no corpus English-Swedish Parallel Corpus, criado segundo os mesmos parâmetros do ENPC. Como exemplo de efeitos de tradução, são tecidos alguns comentários quanto à distribuição de dois verbos de posição no ENPC: o norueguês stå e seu cognato em inglês stand. A diferença é mais marcada em textos originais; já nas traduções, a distribuição é claramente influenciada pelos textos originais.