bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Attitudes about Microsatellite Instability Testing among High-Risk Individuals Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Manne Sharon L. , Chung Daniel C. , Weinberg David S. , Vig Hetal S. , Catts Zohra , Cabral Melissa Klein , Shannon Kristen , Meropol Neal J.
Published: October 2007

For individuals meeting Bethesda criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome, the microsatellite instability (MSI) test is recommended as a screening evaluation before proceeding to genetic testing. The MSI test is new to the medical setting, but will be increasingly used to screen patients at high risk for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. The main goals of this study were to examine knowledge about and exposure to the MSI test among individuals considering the test, to evaluate perceived benefits and barriers to undergoing the MSI test, and to identify the demographic, medical, and psychosocial correlates of the perceived benefits and barriers to undergoing the test. One hundred and twenty-five patients completed a survey after being offered the test, but prior to making the decision whether to pursue MSI testing. Results indicated low levels of knowledge about and previous exposure to the MSI test. Participants held positive attitudes about the potential benefits of the test and perceived few barriers to undergoing the test. Motivations were similar to those cited by individuals considering other genetic tests. Participants with nonmetastatic disease, with lower perceived risk for cancer recurrence, and who reported more self-efficacy endorsed more benefits from the test. Higher levels of cancer-specific psychological distress were associated with more perceived barriers to having the test. These findings suggest that individuals considering the MSI test know very little about it but hold positive attitudes about the test's utility. More distressed patients, patients who perceive themselves at higher risk for cancer recurrence, and patients with metastatic disease might be less motivated to have the MSI test. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(10):2110–7)
Melanocytic Nevi and Sun Exposure in a Cohort of Colorado Children: Anatomic Distribution and Site-Specific Sunburn
Authors: Dodd Athena T. , Morelli Joseph , Mokrohisky Stefan T. , Asdigian Nancy , Byers Tim E. , Crane Lori A.
Published: October 2007

Sun exposure and high prevalence of melanocytic nevi are major risk factors for melanoma, but the relationship between them is not well understood. This study examines the relationship between sun exposure (detailed by anatomic location and history of site-specific sunburns) and the presence of melanocytic nevi on 743 White children in Denver, Colorado. Parental reports of site-specific sunburns were collected annually for 2 years starting at ages 5 to 6 years. In the third year, nevi were counted and mapped by anatomic location. Nevus density was higher for boys (36.0 nevi/m2) than for girls (31.0 nevi/m2; P = 0.04). Nevus density was highest on the face, neck, and lateral forearms and was significantly higher in chronically versus intermittently sun-exposed areas (P < 0.0001). Compared with girls, boys had higher nevus density on the face, neck, and trunk, and lower nevus density on the upper arms and thighs (P < 0.01). In 2 years of reports, most subjects (69%) received at least one sunburn. The face, shoulders, and back were the most frequently sunburned areas of the body. When adjusted for host factors, total number of sunburns was significantly associated with higher total nevus prevalence (P = 0.01 for one burn). Site-specific sunburns were significantly associated with nevus prevalence on the back (P = 0.03 for three or more sunburns), but not on the face, arms, or legs. In this high-risk population, there is evidence for two pathways to nevus accumulation: by chronic sun exposure and by intermittent exposure related to sunburns. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(10):2136–43)
Molecular Epidemiology and Biomarkers in Etiologic Cancer Research: The New in Light of the Old
Authors: Vineis Paolo , Perera Frederica
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this review is to evaluate progress in molecular epidemiology over the past 24 years in cancer etiology and prevention to draw lessons for future research incorporating the new generation of biomarkers. Molecular epidemiology was introduced in the study of cancer in the early 1980s, with the expectation that it would help overcome some major limitations of epidemiology and facilitate cancer prevention. The expectation was that biomarkers would improve exposure assessment, document early changes preceding disease, and identify subgroups in the population with greater susceptibility to cancer, thereby increasing the ability of epidemiologic studies to identify causes and elucidate mechanisms in carcinogenesis. The first generation of biomarkers has indeed contributed to our understanding of risk and susceptibility related largely to genotoxic carcinogens. Consequently, interventions and policy changes have been mounted to reduce risk from several important environmental carcinogens. Several new and promising biomarkers are now becoming available for epidemiologic studies, thanks to the development of high-throughput technologies and theoretical advances in biology. These include toxicogenomics, alterations in gene methylation and gene expression, proteomics, and metabonomics, which allow large-scale studies, including discovery-oriented as well as hypothesis-testing investigations. However, most of these newer biomarkers have not been adequately validated, and their role in the causal paradigm is not clear. There is a need for their systematic validation using principles and criteria established over the past several decades in molecular cancer epidemiology. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(10):1954–65)
Comprehensive Association Analysis of the Vitamin D Pathway Genes, VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1, in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Holick Crystal N. , Stanford Janet L. , Kwon Erika M. , Ostrander Elaine A. , Nejentsev Sergey , Peters Ulrike
Published: October 2007

Genetic variation in vitamin D–related genes has not been investigated comprehensively and findings are equivocal. We studied the association between polymorphisms across the entire vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and genes encoding for vitamin D activating enzyme 1-α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) and deactivating enzyme 24-hyroxylase (CYP24A1) and prostate cancer risk among middle-aged men using a population-based case-control study design. DNA samples and survey data were obtained from incident cases (n = 630), 40 to 64 years old, identified through the Seattle-Puget Sound Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry from 1993 to 1996 and from random controls (n = 565) of similar age without a history of prostate cancer. We selected and genotyped tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms to predict common variants across VDR (n = 22), CYP27B1 (n = 2), and CYP24A1 (n = 14). Haplotypes of VDR and CYP24A1 were not associated with prostate cancer risk. In the genotype analysis, homozygotes at two VDR loci (rs2107301 and rs2238135) were associated with a 2- to 2.5-fold higher risk of prostate cancer compared with the homozygote common allele [odds ratio, 2.47 (95% confidence interval, 1.52-4.00; P = 0.002) and 1.95 (95% confidence interval, 1.17-3.26; P = 0.007), respectively; P value corrected for multiple comparisons for VDR = 0.002]. We found no evidence that the two associated VDR single-nucleotide polymorphisms were modified by age at diagnosis, prostate cancer aggressiveness, first-degree family history of prostate cancer, or vitamin D intake. Genotypes of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 were not associated with prostate cancer risk. Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in the VDR gene may be associated with prostate cancer risk and, therefore, that the vitamin D pathway might have an etiologic role in the development of prostate cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(10):1990–9)
Cryopreservation of Whole Blood Samples Collected in the Field for a Large Epidemiologic Study
Authors: Stevens Victoria L. , Patel Alpa V. , Feigelson Heather Spencer , Rodriguez Carmen , Thun Michael J. , Calle Eugenia E.
Published: October 2007

Cryopreserved lymphocytes can be used to measure various cellular functions and are an excellent source of DNA. However, functional studies of lymphocytes have been largely limited to specimens collected in laboratory settings because of the perception that specialized equipment and handling are needed to successfully cryopreserve biospecimens. In this study, we have developed a protocol to successfully cryopreserve blood samples collected in the field as part of a pilot study of Cancer Prevention Study-3. Blood was collected in sodium heparin–containing vacutainers at six outdoor events, transported via courier to one of four different processing labs for cryopreservation, and stored in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen. After 2 to 6 weeks of storage, the effectiveness of the protocol was evaluated by testing 30 samples for their viability, lymphocyte yield, and ability to be transformed by EBV. Although lymphocyte recovery varied considerably, all samples yielded at least 2 × 106 cells with at least 86% of the cells being viable. All samples were successfully transformed by EBV and yielded immortalized cell lines within 15 days of treatment with the virus. These findings indicate that whole blood samples collected in the field can be successfully cryopreserved and that the normal variation in sample handling expected in a large epidemiologic study does not compromise the quality of the cryopreserved specimens. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(10):2160–3)
Forgotten but Not Gone
Authors: Szczepaniak Lidia S. , Victor Ronald G. , Orci Lelio , Unger Roger H.
Published: October 2007

Until 60 years ago, fatty heart was an accepted clinical entity. Since then, its very existence has been questioned, despite the fact that 2 of 3 Americans are now obese or overweight and obesity has been shown to be correlated with cardiac functional abnormalities. In 2000, a syndrome of “lipotoxic cardiomyopathy” resembling earlier pathologic descriptions of fatty human hearts was described in rodents, and fatty infiltration of cardiomyocytes was subsequently reported in patients with congestive failure. Now, magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been adapted to permit routine noninvasive screening for fatty heart. The use of this technique in human volunteers indicates that cardiomyocyte fat correlates well with body mass index and is elevated in uncomplicated obesity. It is more severe when glucose tolerance becomes abnormal or diabetes is present. It is associated with impaired diastolic filling, even in seemingly asymptomatic obese volunteers. Because fatty heart can be readily prevented by lifestyle modification and pharmacologic interventions that reduce caloric intake and increase fatty acid oxidation, it seems important to recognize its existence so as to intervene as early as possible.
Dutch 2nd Singular Prosodic Weakening: Two Rejoinders
Authors: Zonneveld Wim
Published: October 2007

This article examines the arguments for, and rejects, the proposal by Ackema and Neeleman (2003) that the behavior of the Dutch 2nd person singular pronoun jij in inverted structures should be explained as morphosyntactic allomorphy, conditioned by “initial” prosodic phrasing prior to Spell-Out. First, by neutralizing (under inversion) the distinction between 2sg. and 1sg. present tense verb forms, the proposal makes an incorrect prediction for a well-known class of “strong” verbs. Second, “initial” prosody does not appear to condition the process. Benmamoun and Lorimer's (2006) “overapplication” data for this phenomenon are shown to result from an incorrect interpretation of “d-weakening” verbs.
A Note on the Text of Deuteronomy xxxii 8
Authors: Joosten Jan
Published: October 2007

The famous textual problem in Deut. xxxii 8 can be solved more satisfactorily than has been done so far by postulating a text: “to the number of the sons of Bull El ( la rç ynb ).” is reading would have been abbreviated into a text-form of the type attested in the Septuagint and 4QDeutj, by omission of the problematic word “bull”. The conjecture would also account for the Masoretic reading, “to the number of the sons of Israel”. Supportive evidence for the reading is found in Ugaritic texts and in Hos. viii 6.
Word of Tree and Whisper of Stone: El's Oracle to King Keret (Kirta), and the Problem of the Mechanics of Its Utterance
Authors: Wyatt N.
Published: October 2007

This paper argues that the complex sequence in KTU 1.15 ii 13-16, in the Keret story from Ugarit, contains a royal birth oracle which is modelled on real-life practice; furthermore, the circumstances and mechanism of its utterance are suggested by KTU 1.3 iii 19-31 and parallels in the Baal cycle, formulaic passages describing how communication between heaven and earth was believed to be effected. These passages in turn are elucidated by reference to biblical traditions concerning sacred trees and stones as media for prophetic utterance, particularly when an oracle was actively sought in royal and quasi-royal situations. The Ugaritic material is thus shown to provide the first evidence of a form of prophecy from Ugarit, bound to the cult, and comparable to evidence found from Mari, Assyria and the West Semitic world.
Comparison of Selective AT1-Receptor Blockade Versus ACE Inhibition for Restenosis Prophylaxis in Patients With Peripheral Occlusive Arterial Disease After Stent Angioplasty: A Randomized, Controlled, Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Schindler Christoph , Mueller Axel , Bramlage Peter , Boecking Wolfgang , Kirch Wilhelm , Schweizer Johannes
Published: October 2007

Different components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have been demonstrated in atherosclerotic plaques. However, the involvement of the RAS in the complex process of in-stent restenosis is not yet clear. In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled proof-of-concept study, we compared the 2 different pharmacological approaches, selective AT1-receptor-blockade with candesartan vs ACE inhibition with quinapril to reduce in-stent restenosis after stent angioplasty of the superficial femoral artery. Twenty-two hypertensive patients with stage IIb peripheral occlusive arterial disease and severe claudication who had been successfully treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and stent implantation were randomly assigned to receive daily doses of either candesartan (32 mg) or quinapril (20 mg). Primary end point was restenosis 6 months after intervention, assessed by angiography. Secondary end points were pain-free walking distance, determined by treadmill ergometry; determination of crurobrachial indices; and intima-media thickness (IMT). At 6 months, the rate of restenosis on angiography was 34% in the candesartan group and 71% in the quinapril group (P = .043). Relevant restenosis was found in 3 patients (27%) in the candesartan group and in 7 patients (64%) in the quinapril group. Patients in the candesartan group were able to walk farther on a treadmill (increase: 135 m ± 20 m) compared with patients in the quinapril group (increase: 83 m ± 21 m). The IMT at the stent edge was not significantly different in the 2 groups (candesartan: 1.9 mm ± 0.5 mm; quinapril: 2.0 mm ± 0.3 mm). This study revealed significant benefit of a pharmacological restenosis regimen using the AT1-receptor antagonist candesartan in patients with severe atherosclerosis after superficial femoral artery stenting compared with treatment with the ACE inhibitor quinapril. Further prospective studies in patients are required to confirm these results.
Youth Caught in Violation of Tobacco Purchase, Use, and Possession Laws
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Pokorny Steven B. , Adams Monica , Hunt Yvonne , Gadiraju Praveena , Morello Taylor , Schoeny Michael , Dinwiddie Crystal
Published: October 2007

Each day, thousands of children are caught for violation of tobacco purchase, use, and possession (PUP) laws. Little is known about their impact on violators; we do not know how the youth who are caught perceive these consequences or the effects they have on their tobacco use. Moreover, many communities are beginning to use brief tobacco education programs as a diversion from the normal processing of PUP law violators (i.e., fining the youth violator) without knowing the consequences of these classes. Consequently, it is important to review the literature and studies that have evaluated the effects of civic fines versus tobacco education as a consequence for PUP law violations. A consolidation of this information along with a presentation of pilot data on this issue might suggest areas of needed future research as well as help policy officials make decisions about best practices in their communities regarding these types of laws.
Daydreaming About Death
Authors: Selby Edward A. , Anestis Michael D. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: October 2007

Anecdotal and empirical evidence suggests that suicidal individuals may daydream about suicide as a method of mood regulation (including increasing positive affect). These daydreams may center on future suicidal plans, previous suicide attempts, or on the ways that others will react to their death. Yet, even though violent daydreams may increase positive affect in the short term, in the long run they may actually increase both suicidality and the ability to engage in suicidal behavior. In this study, a sample of 83 college students was given the Beck Depression Inventory, Anger Rumination Scale, and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. The authors hypothesized that a two-way interaction would exist between high levels of depression and high levels of violent daydreaming to predict increased levels of suicidality. Using linear regression, the results of this study supported the hypothesis. The clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Mindful Parenting Decreases Aggression and Increases Social Behavior in Children With Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Singh Nirbhay N. , Lancioni Giulio E. , Winton Alan S. W. , Singh Judy , Curtis W. John , Wahler Robert G. , McAleavey Kristen M.
Published: October 2007

Research shows that after training in the philosophy and practice of mindfulness, parents can mindfully attend to the challenging behaviors of their children with autism. Parents also report an increased satisfaction with their parenting skills and social interactions with their children. These findings were replicated and extended with 4 parents of children who had developmental disabilities, exhibited aggressive behavior, and had limited social skills. After mindfulness training, the parents were able to decrease aggressive behavior and increase their children's social skills. They also reported a greater practice of mindfulness, increased satisfaction with their parenting, more social interactions with their children, and lower parenting stress. Furthermore, the children showed increased positive and decreased negative social interactions with their siblings. We speculate that mindfulness produces transformational change in the parents that is reflected in enhanced positive behavioral transactions with their children.
Mindfulness Training Assists Individuals With Moderate Mental Retardation to Maintain Their Community Placements
Authors: Singh Nirbhay N. , Lancioni Giulio E. , Winton Alan S. W. , Adkins Angela D. , Singh Judy , Singh Ashvind N.
Published: October 2007

The mindfulness procedure Meditation on the Soles of the Feet can help individuals with mild mental retardation control aggressive behavior. In this study, our aim was to teach this mindfulness technique, using a multiple baseline design, to 3 individuals with moderate mental retardation who were at risk of losing their community placements because of their aggressive behavior. These individuals initially found the procedure difficult to comprehend because they could not easily visualize past anger-producing situations, but mastery was achieved when we incorporated recreating-the-scene as a prompt and added a discriminative stimulus on the soles of the participants' feet. Aggressive behavior decreased with mindfulness training, and follow-up data showed that they managed their aggressive behavior in the community for at least 2 years and thus were able to retain their community placements.
Temporal Stability of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Dimensions in an Undergraduate Sample
Authors: Fullana Miquel A. , Tortella-Feliu Miquel , Caseras Xavier , Taberner Joan , Torrubia Rafael , Mataix-Cols David
Published: October 2007

The temporal stability of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions was studied in a nonclinical student sample. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory— Revised was administered twice to 132 undergraduate students during a 2-year period. There were no significant changes in symptom dimension scores between the baseline and follow-up, except for the Obsessing scale. The score of each dimension at follow-up was strongly and uniquely predicted from the score on the same dimension at baseline. The results indicate that obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions tend to be temporally stable in nonclinical participants, replicating similar studies in clinical populations.
Therapist Adherence and Competence With Manualized Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for PTSD Delivered via Videoconferencing Technology
Authors: Frueh B. Christopher , Monnier Jeannine , Grubaugh Anouk L. , Elhai Jon D. , Yim Eunsil , Knapp Rebecca
Published: October 2007

Using secondary analyses from a randomized trial comparing the effectiveness of manualized cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder, we compared ratings of therapist competency and adherence between two service delivery modes: telepsychiatry (TP) and same room (SR). Patients were 38 male treatment-seeking veterans recruited from a veterans affairs medical center. Domains of therapist competence and adherence included structuring sessions, implementing session activities, providing feedback, dealing with difficulties, developing rapport, and conveying empathy. Only one difference emerged between the two treatment conditions, with more favorable ratings on this item in the TP condition. Findings suggest that therapist competence and adherence to cognitive-behavioral therapy is similar whether the treatment is delivered via TP or by traditional means, and TP does not compromise therapists' ability to effectively structure sessions or build rapport with patients. These data further support the use of TP to address shortages in access to mental health care.
The Milwaukee Inventory for Styles of Trichotillomania-Child Version (MIST-C)
Authors: Flessner Christopher A. , Woods Douglas W. , Franklin Martin E. , Keuthen Nancy J. , Piacentini John , Cashin Susan E. , Moore Phoebe S.
Published: October 2007

This article describes the development and initial psychometric properties of the Milwaukee Inventory for Styles of Trichotillomania-Child Version (MIST-C), a self-report scale designed to assess styles of hair pulling in children and adolescents diagnosed with trichotillomania (TTM). Using Internet sampling procedures, the authors recruited 164 parent–child dyads, the children of whom met modified diagnostic criteria for TTM. The MIST-C was administered in the context of a larger survey examining functional impairment experienced by children with TTM. Results of an exploratory factor analysis on MIST-C items revealed a two-factor solution. Factors 1 (“focused” pulling scale) and 2 (“automatic” pulling scale) consisted of 21 and 4 items, respectively, with both scales demonstrating acceptable internal consistency and good construct and discriminant validity. The development of the MIST-C provides researchers with a reliable and valid assessment of “automatic” and “focused” pulling, and provides a means by which to examine the developmental trajectory and treatment implications of these pulling styles.
Training Instructional Skills With Paraprofessional Service Providers at a Community-Based Habilitation Setting
Authors: Wood Amanda L. , Luiselli James K. , Harchik Alan E.
Published: October 2007

The present study evaluates a training program with paraprofessional service providers at a community-based habilitation setting. Four staff were taught to implement alternative and augmentative communication instruction with an adult who had autism and mental retardation through a combination of instruction, demonstration, behavior rehearsal, and performance feedback. Training was conducted under natural conditions at the adult's group home residence. Three of the four staff were able to maintain near-100% instructional accuracy following initial training. The results add to the limited research literature concerning community-based training of direct-care personnel.
Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Sport Interference Checklist
Authors: Donohue Brad , Silver N. Clayton , Dickens Yani , Covassin Tracey , Lancer Kevin
Published: October 2007

The Sport Interference Checklist (SIC) was developed in 141 athletes to assist in the concurrent assessment of cognitive and behavioral problems experienced by athletes in both training (Problems in Sports Training Scale, PSTS) and competition (Problems in Sports Competition Scale, PSCS). An additional scale (Desire for Sport Psychology Scale, DSPS) was developed to assess the degree to which athletes desire sport psychology assistance in areas that are determined to be problematic. Factor analysis of PSCS items reveals six factors (Dysfunctional Thoughts and Stress, Academic and Adjustment Problems, Injury Concerns, Lack of Motivation, Overly Confident/Critical, Pain Intolerance), accounting for 64% of the total variance. PSTS and DSPS items yield four factors (Dysfunctional Thoughts and Stress, Academic Problems, Injury Concerns, Poor Team Relationships), accounting for 59% and 63% of total variance, respectively. Scores from these scales demonstrate acceptable internal consistency and convergent and discriminative validity. Response patterns of SIC scales are not influenced by gender or athlete type.
An investigation of conductors' temporal gestures and conductor— musician synchronization, and a first experiment
Authors: Luck Geoff , Nte Sol
Published: October 2007

This article reports an empirical investigation into the characteristics of conductors' temporal gestures and people's ability to synchronize with them. It describes a new approach to the investigation of the characteristics of conductors' gestures, the investigation of conductor—musician synchronization, and a first experiment to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. As part of this approach, a new computer-based environment for manipulating and presenting conductors' gestures, and recording participants' responses, was developed. This involved the creation of several pieces of new software, all of which were developed under Microsoft® Windows® using Visual C++. Used in combination, these programs allowed: (1) the manipulation of the size and viewing angle of high-quality three-dimensional (3D) recordings of conductors' gestures; (2) the presentation of these gestures to participants in a controlled experimental setting; (3) the recording of participants' temporal responses to these gestures; (4) the calculation of various parameters of both the trajectory of the gestures (e.g. instantaneous speed, radius of curvature along the trajectory) and participants' responses (e.g. mean response point and associated standard deviation); and (5) the graphical display of relevant features of both the gestures and participants' responses in a clear visual form. In the experiment, participants tapped in time with simple conducting gestures while several factors that might be expected to affect synchronization accuracy were manipulated. These factors were (1) the radius of curvature with which the beat was defined; (2) the experience level of the conductor; and (3) the experience level of participants. Results indicated that only participants' previous experience affected their synchronization ability; no effects of conductors' previous experience, or radius of curvature with which the beat was defined were found. This first experiment successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the new approach for the investigation of conductors' gestures and conductor— musician synchronization, and this article concludes by suggesting a number of subsequent experiments that could be undertaken in this computer-based environment to investigate these topics further.
Memorization by a jazz musician: a case study
Authors: Noice Helga , Jeffrey John , Noice Tony , Chaffin Roger
Published: October 2007

To investigate the memory strategies of jazz musicians, we videotaped an experienced jazz pianist as he learned a new bebop piece. He had not previously heard a recording of the selection, nor had he seen the written music. The pianist provided detailed reports of the musical structure and the types of cues he used as landmarks to guide his memorization. Analysis of the videotapes, verbal reports, and multiple annotated copies of the music revealed that this jazz pianist's learning process was similar to that reported for classical musicians. That is, he used the musical structure as a retrieval scheme and practiced using performance cues to elicit knowledge of upcoming passages from long-term memory. However, this study looked only at the learning strategy for the note-by-note renditions that typically comprise the first choruses of jazz performances. The relationship between this original memorization process and the ability to improvise subsequent choruses will have to be addressed in future investigations.
Connections and Disconnections Between Civic Engagement and Social Capital in Community-Based Nonprofits
Authors: Schneider Jo Anne
Published: October 2007

Using case examples from Kenosha, Wisconsin, and metropolitan Washington, D.C., this article examines the relationship between social capital and civic engagement. Clarifying the differences and connections between the two concepts through comparing emergency-services organizations in the two communities, the article identifies three kinds of organizations where civic engagement and social capital function differently: citywide civic-engagement organizations, community-based civic institutions, and social-capital organizations. Analysis of the three organization types reveals that social capital and civic engagement are not always intertwined and that civic engagement through contributing to a nonprofit organization can either involve most groups in a locality or represent civic activity of one group within the city for its own members or another specific group. Findings suggest that participation in social-service agencies through volunteering or donations does not necessarily lead to greater civic engagement.
A Comparison of CEO and Director Perceptions of Board Involvement in Strategy
Authors: Siciliano Julie I.
Published: October 2007

The assessment of board involvement in the strategic management process relies on data from CEOs and board members, and empirical studies assess board activity by either combining the ratings of CEOs and directors or by sampling one group of respondents only. This research note reports on discrepancies found between CEO and director perceptions of board involvement in the strategic management of credit unions. Consensus scores measure the dispersion of opinion, and the scores are compared to outcome measures using stepwise TOBIT analysis, which is rarely used in management research but is appropriate for studies with clustering of dependent variables. Findings reveal that the level of agreement about the board's involvement in mission statement development is associated with board member satisfaction. However, increases in the level of agreement about the board's involvement in monitoring strategy implementation are found in organizations that have less favorable financial soundness ratings.
Theorizing an Emerging Discipline: Philanthropic Studies
Authors: Turner Richard C.
Published: October 2007

Philanthropic studies has made impressive gains in recent decades in terms of its research achievements and its curriculum and program offerings. That success creates the pressure for it to develop its standing as a discipline or as an interdisciplinary field that operates with the responsibilities of a discipline. This article outlines the process that Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) philanthropic studies faculty undertook to create a rationale for their work and suggests that the work o fers a model for any faculty group facing deep and important changes in their contexts. Articulating the values and parameters of a field, as indicated by what the philanthropic studies faculty at IUPUI have done, needs to be pursued with increasing regularity as the conditions of faculty work continue to change and respond to new pressures on the academic community.
Diagnostic Group Differences in Parent and Teacher Ratings on the BRIEF and Conners' Scales
Authors: Sullivan Jeremy R. , Riccio Cynthia A.
Published: October 2007

Objective: Behavioral rating scales are common instruments used in evaluations of ADHD and executive function. It is important to explore how different diagnostic groups perform on these measures, as this information can be used to provide criterion-related validity evidence for the measures. Method: Data from 92 children and adolescents were used to examine differences among participants in a No Diagnosis group, ADHD group, and Other Clinical group in terms of parent and teacher ratings on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and Conners' Rating Scales Revised—Short Form. Results: Participants in the ADHD and Other Clinical groups generally received similar scores on the scales, and both groups were generally rated higher in ADHD characteristics and executive dysfunction than were participants in the No Diagnosis group. Conclusion: Although the measures were successful at distinguishing clinical from nonclinical participants, their ability to distinguish among different clinical groups deserves further investigation. (J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(3) 398-406)
Symptom Prevalence of ADHD and ODD in a Pediatric Population in Argentina
Authors: Michanie Claudio , Kunst Gabriel , Margulies Daniel S. , Yakhkind Aleksandra
Published: October 2007

Objective: To assess the prevalence of DSM III-R symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in an outpatient pediatric population; to compare oppositional behavior and grade retention rates; and to establish local means and standard deviations ( SD) for the ADHD rating scale. Method: 300 children (149m, 151f; 6 to12 yrs) were evaluated for ADHD and ODD symptoms with the DuPaul and an author-designed rating scale, respectively. Scores 1.5 SD above the mean were considered positive for each disorder. Results: A total of 27 subjects (13m, 14f), 9%, had positive scores consistent with ADHD. These children had an oppositional behavior rate of 33.3% and a grade retention rate of 30.7%. Those who did not have positive scores for ADHD had a rate of 5.5% and 7.3%, respectively. The mean scores for the boys on the ADHD rating scale was 17.1 ( SD = 8.6); the girls had a mean of 14.7 ( SD = 7.3). Conclusion: The prevalence rates in our study are similar to those found in other countries ( J. of Att. Dis. 2007; Vol 11(3) 363-367)
Modifying the Response Labels of an ADHD Teacher Rating Scale
Authors: Rowland Andrew S. , Umbach David M. , Bohlig E. Michael , Stallone Lil , Sandler Dale P.
Published: October 2007

Objective: To evaluate the impact of changing the response labels of a teacher rating scale in a population-based study of ADHD. Method: For parents, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, which asks whether each of 18 symptoms occurred “often” in the past year, was used. For teachers, most scales use a 4-point scale, with often and very often as the two highest categories. To make the two instruments more compatible, the authors created a teacher rating scale with often as the highest category. Teachers rated more than 6,000 elementary school students using this instrument. Some teachers completed ratings using both questionnaire formats. Results: The scale's internal consistency, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability are excellent. The factor structure is consistent with established DSM-IV-based instruments. Response category choices influence the proportion of children exceeding symptom and impairment thresholds. Conclusion: Altering the response scale does not degrade the psychometric properties of the instrument but makes important differences in the sample. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(3) 384-397 )
Literature Review: Beyond Methylphenidate
Authors: Wood Jamie G. , Crager Jessica L. , Delap Christopher M. , Heiskell Kelly D.
Published: October 2007

Objective: This review was conducted to provide information on nonstimulant medications used to treat ADHD. Method: Previous investigations on several groups of nonstimulant medications were reviewed, and a discussion of antidepressants, antihypertensives, atypical antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and cholinergic agents is included. Results: The results of this review provide information on several viable options of treatment in situations in which the use of a stimulant would be inappropriate or in situations in which stimulants have provided limited effectiveness. Conclusion: Despite their viability as alternatives, each type of medication has certain limitations, side effects, and varying amounts of research available to substantiate its use for the treatment of ADHD. These medications offer several potentially successful options to those who fail to respond to stimulants or to those who find the side effects of stimulants bothersome. (J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(3) 341-350)
The ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Jak1 modulates osteoclastogenesis by limiting interferon-β–induced inhibitory signaling
Authors: Lee Youngkyun , Hyung Seok-Won , Jung Hee Jung , Kim Hyung-Joon , Staerk Judith , Constantinescu Stefan N. , Chang Eun-Ju , Lee Zang Hee , Lee Sang-Won , Kim Hong-Hee
Published: October 2007

Interferons (IFNs) have been shown to negatively regulate osteoclastogenesis. In a proteomic study to assess protein expression during osteoclastogenesis, we discovered that the expression level of Jak1 was significantly decreased during the early stage of osteoclast differentiation from mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) upon stimulation with receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). RANKL induced Jak1 ubiquitination, and a proteasome inhibitor MG132 efficiently blocked the RANKL-induced degradation of Jak1. The expression level of Jak1 correlated with the susceptibility of osteoclast precursors to the negative regulatory effects of IFN-β on osteoclastogenesis, since preosteoclasts (pOCs) in which Jak1 expression is significantly reduced could proceed with osteoclastogenesis in the presence of IFN-β. Forced down-regulation of Jak1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in the efficient osteoclast differentiation of BMMs in the presence of inhibitory IFN-β, while overexpression of Jak1 in pOCs elicited IFN-β–dependent inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, we found that the IFN-β–induced inhibition of osteoclastogenesis required STAT3 downstream of Jak1. These data suggest that the regulation of Jak1 expression during osteoclast differentiation might serve as an intrinsic mechanism that determines osteoclast lineage commitment by modulating the negative regulation by IFN-β.
Analysis of mouse LMIR5/CLM-7 as an activating receptor: differential regulation of LMIR5/CLM-7 in mouse versus human cells
Authors: Yamanishi Yoshinori , Kitaura Jiro , Izawa Kumi , Matsuoka Takayuki , Oki Toshihiko , Lu Yang , Shibata Fumi , Yamazaki Satoshi , Kumagai Hidetoshi , Nakajima Hideaki , Maeda-Yamamoto Mari , Tybulewicz Victor L. J. , Takai Toshiyuki , Kitamura Toshio
Published: October 2007

We have analyzed leukocyte mono-Ig–like receptor 5 (LMIR5) as an activating receptor among paired LMIRs. Mouse LMIR5 (mLMIR5) is expressed in myeloid cells such as mast cells, granulocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Cross-linking of transduced mLMIR5 in bone marrow–derived mast cells (BMMCs) caused activation events, including cytokine production, cell survival, degranulation, and adhesion to the extracellular matrix. mLMIR5 associated with DAP12 and to a lesser extent with DAP10, and mLMIR5-mediated functions of BMMCs were strongly inhibited by DAP12 deficiency. Importantly, cross-linking of endogenous mLMIR5 induced Syk-dependent activation of fetal liver–derived mast cells. Unlike mLMIR5, cross-linking of human LMIR5 (hLMIR5) induced cytokine production of BMMCs even in the absence of both DAP12 and DAP10, suggesting the existence of unidentified adaptors. Interestingly, hLMIR5 possessed a tyrosine residue (Y188) in the cytoplasmic region. Signaling via Y188 phosphorylation played a predominant role in hLMIR5-mediated cytokine production in DAP12-deficient, but not wild-type BMMCs. In addition, experiments using DAP10/DAP12 double-deficient BMMCs suggested the existence of Y188 phoshorylation-dependent and -independent signals from unidentified adaptors. Collectively, although both mouse and human LMIR5 play activatory roles in innate immunity cells, the functions of LMIR5 were differentially regulated in mouse versus human cells.
β2 integrins separate graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia effects
Authors: Liang Yaming , Liu Chen , Djeu Julie Y. , Zhong Bin , Peters Thorsten , Scharffetter-Kochanek Karin , Anasetti Claudio , Yu Xue-Zhong
Published: October 2007

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Migration of donor-derived T cells into GVHD target organs plays an essential role in the development of GVHD. β2 integrins are critically important for leukocyte extravasation through vascular endothelia and for T-cell activation. We asked whether CD18-deficient T cells would induce less GVHD while sparing the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. In murine allogeneic bone marrow transplantation models, we found that recipients of CD18−/− donor T cells had significantly less GVHD morbidity and mortality compared with recipients of wild-type (WT) donor T cells. Analysis of alloreactivity showed that CD18−/− and WT T cells had comparable activation, expansion, and cytokine production in vivo. Reduced GVHD was associated with a significant decrease in donor T-cell infiltration of recipient intestine and with an overall decrease in pathologic scores in intestine and liver. Finally, we found that the in vivo GVL effect of CD18−/− donor T cells was largely preserved, because mortality of the recipients who received transplants of CD18−/− T cells plus tumor cells was greatly delayed or prevented. Our data suggest that strategies to target β2 integrin have clinical potential to alleviate or prevent GVHD while sparing GVL activity.
The coordinated action of G-CSF and ELR + CXC chemokines in neutrophil mobilization during acute inflammation
Authors: Wengner Antje M. , Pitchford Simon C. , Furze Rebecca C. , Rankin Sara M.
Published: October 2007

In this study, we have identified a unique combinatorial effect of the chemokines KC/MIP-2 and the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) with respect to the rapid mobilization of neutrophils from the bone marrow in a model of acute peritonitis. At 2 hours following an intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate, there was a 4.5-fold increase in blood neutrophil numbers, which was inhibited 84% and 72% by prior administration of blocking mAbs against either the chemokines KC/MIP-2 or G-CSF, respectively. An intraperitoneal injection of G-CSF acted remotely to stimulate neutrophil mobilization, but did not elicit recruitment into the peritoneum. Further, in vitro G-CSF was neither chemotactic nor chemokinetic for murine neutrophils, and had no priming effect on chemotaxis stimulated by chemokines. Here, we show that, in vitro and in vivo, G-CSF induces neutrophil mobilization by disrupting their SDF-1α–mediated retention in the bone marrow. Using an in situ perfusion system of the mouse femoral bone marrow to directly assess mobilization, KC and G-CSF mobilized 6.8 × 106 and 5.4 × 106 neutrophils, respectively, while the infusion of KC and G-CSF together mobilized 19.5 × 106 neutrophils, indicating that these factors act cooperatively with respect to neutrophil mobilization.
Characterization and localization of side population (SP) cells in zebrafish kidney hematopoietic tissue
Authors: Kobayashi Isao , Saito Kazuyuki , Moritomo Tadaaki , Araki Kyosuke , Takizawa Fumio , Nakanishi Teruyuki
Published: October 2007

We previously showed that side population (SP) cells, characterized by specific Hoechst dye efflux pattern in flow cytometric analysis, were present in teleost kidney hematopoietic tissue, and that kidney SP cells were enriched in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). ABCG2/Abcg2 is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that is known to be associated with Hoechst dye efflux activity of mammalian HSCs. In the present study, we examined the expression and function of Abcg2 in kidney SP cells from zebrafish (Danio rerio). Although the zebrafish genome has 4 paralogous copies of ABCG2 (zAbcg2a, b, c, and d), zAbcg2a and zAbcg2c mRNA was expressed in kidney SP cells. Transfection of COS-7 cells with zAbcg2a and zAbcg2c showed that zAbcg2a was directly associated with the SP phenotype. These results indicate that zAbcg2a mRNA is a useful marker for zebrafish HSCs. In situ hybridization in kidney tissue showed that zAbcg2a-positive cells were sporadically localized on the surface of renal tubules, and tightly adhered to renal tubule epithelial cells. This result suggests that teleost HSCs adhere to the surface of renal tubules, and that renal tubule epithelial cells are a key component of HSC niche in teleosts.
Keratinocyte growth factor prevents intra-alveolar oedema in experimental lung isografts
Authors: Sadovski J. , Kuchenbuch T. , Ruppert C. , Fehrenbach A. , Hirschburger M. , Padberg W. , Günther A. , Hohlfeld J. M. , Fehrenbach H. , Grau V.
Published: October 2007

Primary graft dysfunction, characterised by intra-alveolar oedema, is a major obstacle in pulmonary transplantation. The present study evaluates the potential of keratinocyte growth factor (palmiferin; ΔN23-KGF) for the prevention of oedema in lung transplants.

Intratracheal instillation of 5 mg·kg−1ΔN23-KGF was performed in Lewis rats on days 3 and 2 before explantation. Control animals obtained an equivalent volume of vehicle. Left lungs were isogeneically transplanted and the graft recipients were sacrificed 1 day later for stereological analysis of intra-alveolar oedema and bronchoalveolar lavage. The total protein and phospholipid content, as well as surfactant proteins, were measured. Surfactant activity was analysed with a pulsating bubble surfactometer.

In grafts from control treated donors, the fraction of intra-alveolar oedema amounted to 3.4±1.1% of the total parenchymal volume. Treatment of donor lungs with ΔN23-KGF reduced oedema to a fraction of 1.6±0.8%. In the lavage fluid of pulmonary grafts from ΔN23-KGF-treated donors, the total protein content was decreased compared with vehicle-treated lung transplants, whereas phospholipids did not differ. The protein fraction contained increased amounts of surfactant protein-C after ΔN23-KGF treatment and surfactant function was improved.

Treatment of donor lungs with palifermin protects against intra-alveolar oedema formation upon transplantation. This effect appears to be mediated by an improved surfactant homeostasis.