bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Halegrapha (Ascomycota: Graphidaceae), an enigmatic new genus of tropical lichenized fungi dedicated to Mason E. Hale Jr.
Authors: LÜCKING Robert , RIVAS PLATA Eimy , KALB Klaus , COMMON Ralph S. , BARCENAS PEÑA Alejandrina , DUYA Melizar V.
Published: May 2011

The new genus Halegrapha is introduced, with six species (five new species and one new combination) from Australia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Kenya, Mexico, and the United States: H. chimaera Rivas Plata & Lücking (type species; Philippines), H. floridana Common & Lücking (United States: Florida), H. intergrapha Hale ex Lücking (Malaysia), H. kenyana Kalb & Lücking (Kenya), H. mexicana A. B. Peña & Lücking (Mexico), and H. mucronata (Stirt.) Lücking (Australia). The genus resembles Graphis morphologically in the strongly carbonized, black lirellae and white-grey thallus strongly encrusted with calcium oxalate crystals, but has a Phaeographis-type hymenium (clear in two species) and ascospores, making it a ‘chimera’ between the two genera. Molecular data suggest the genus to be closely related to Phaeographis and allies but genetically distinct from any of the genera currently recognized, including Platygramme.
Cirripedia of the Canary Islands: distribution and ecological notes
Authors: González J.A. , Martín L. , Herrera R. , González-Lorenzo G. , Espino F. , Barquín-Diez J. , Southward A.J.
Published: May 2011

The present paper is the first annotated account listing all species of Cirripedia: Thoracica recorded from the Canary Islands (eastern Atlantic Ocean) together with notes on their distribution and ecology. Voucher specimens have been deposited as reference material in the collection of the Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas. Seventeen species are listed and seven of them are recorded for the first time for the Canaries:Lepas hilli, Conchoderma virgatum, Xenobalanus globicipitis, Chthamalus sp. (cf.C. proteus), Acasta cyathus, Balanus trigonusandPerforatus perforatus.
Peri-operative nutritional management
Authors: Bozzetti Federico
Published: May 2011

The metabolic response to surgical trauma is mainly characterised by an increase in BMR, a negative N balance, increased gluconeogenesis and increased synthesis of acute-phase proteins. These reactions aim at ensuring the availability of endogenous substrates for healing wounds while the synthesis of acute-phase proteins enhances the scavenging process and helps repair. However, if this process is excessive or continues for too long, it leads to a progressive depletion of body compartment with a consequent adverse outcome. Obviously, the severity of such depletion is magnified if the patient is starving or is already malnourished and the consumption of lean body mass is not compensated by an exogenous supply of nutrients. The nutritional control of this metabolic reaction represents the traditional rationale for nutritional support of surgical patients. Subsequent data have shown that the negative effects of starvation are not simply due to the starvationper sebut due to the starving gut, and peri-operative enteral nutrition has proven successful in blunting the metabolic response after injury and improving protein kinetics, net balance and amino acid flux across peripheral tissue and consequently in decreasing the complications. Finally, further clinical research has shown that many post-operative infections may result from immune suppression and that such state might be reversed to some degree by modulation of the immune response through specialised nutritional support in surgical patients, regardless of their nutritional status. This paper will focus on the updated evidence-based research on peri-operative nutrition (parenteral, enteral and immune-enhancing) in patients undergoing major surgery.
Participatory networks for large-scale monitoring of large carnivores: pumas and jaguars of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest
Authors: De Angelo Carlos , Paviolo Agustín , Rode Daniela , Cullen Laury , Sana Denis , Abreu Kaue Cachuba , Xavier da Silva Marina , Bertrand Anne-Sophie , Haag Taiana , Lima Fernando , Rinaldi Alcides Ricieri , Fernàndez Sixto , Ramírez Fredy , Velàzquez Myriam , Corio Cristian , Hasson Esteban , Di Bitetti Mario S.
Published: May 2011

Most large carnivores are secretive and threatened, and these characteristics pose problems for research on, and monitoring of, these species across extensive areas. Participatory monitoring, however, can be a useful tool for obtaining long-term data across large areas. Pumas Puma concolor and jaguars Panthera onca are the largest predators in the threatened Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest. To survey the presence of these two species we established a participatory network of volunteers and a partnership with researchers in the three countries that share the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest (Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay). We trained participants in simple methods of collecting faeces and track imprints of large felids. Between 2002 and 2008 > 100 volunteers helped with monitoring, obtaining 1,633 records identified as pumas or jaguars across c. 92,890 km2. We confirmed jaguar presence in a large section of the Misiones Green Corridor in Argentina and in the largest protected areas of Brazil and Paraguay. Pumas exhibited a wider distribution, being recorded throughout Misiones province in Argentina and in some areas of Brazil and Paraguay where jaguars were not detected. Both species, and especially jaguars, were detected mainly in the few remaining medium and large forest fragments in this Forest. Although these carnivores are often in conflict with local people, their charisma and cultural significance makes them flagship species that motivated the participation of volunteers and institutions. Participatory monitoring allowed coverage of a vast area at relatively low cost whilst enhancing collaborative management policies among people and institutions from three countries.
SURVEY Towards a global view of dynamical systems, for the C1-topology
Authors: BONATTI C.
Published: May 2011

This paper suggests a program for getting a global view of the dynamics of diffeomorphisms, from the point of view of the C1-topology. More precisely, given any compact manifold M, one splits Diff1(M) into disjoint C1-open regions whose union is C1-dense, and conjectures state that each of these open sets and their complements is characterized by the presence of:

•

either a robust local phenomenon;

•

or a global structure forbidding this local phenomenon.

Other conjectures state that some of these regions are empty. This set of conjectures draws a global view of the dynamics, putting in evidence the coherence of the numerous recent results on C1-generic dynamics.
THE PARADOX OF JOHN STUART MILL
Authors: Kors Alan Charles
Published: May 2011

John Stuart Mill is the critical transitional figure between the classical liberalism of the 19th century, with its emphasis upon the creative power of free individuals unfettered by government or social interventions, and the welfare-state liberalism of the 20th century, with its combination of individual choice in matters of belief and lifestyle and the political redistribution of wealth. In On Liberty and The Subjection of Women, Mill offered a defense of self-sovereignty and voluntary association that appeared to extend explicitly to the economic spheres. Both works are celebrations of the productive and moral enhancements of individual liberty. In The Principles of Political Economy, however, Mill's categorical distinction between “production” and “distribution” assigned the latter to the “expedient” discretion of the state, inviting, in theory, a democratic redistributionist state. Mill's posthumous Essays on Socialism reveal that he was no friend of socialism or Marxism, but that he welcomed a more active and interventionist state. One of individual liberty's most notable defenders, paradoxically, provided the theoretical underpinning of its current diminution.
FOUNDING LIBERALISM, PROGRESSIVE LIBERALISM, AND THE RIGHTS OF PROPERTY
Authors: Pestritto Ronald J.
Published: May 2011

This article contends that liberalism in America underwent a fundamental transformation during the Progressive Era. This transformation took place, partly, through the Progressives' reinterpretation of the doctrine of property rights that had served as a foundation for founding-era liberalism. Progressives rejected the eighteenth-century, natural-rights principles which had privileged individual rights to life, liberty, and property as the fundamental aims of any just government, and argued instead that America at the turn of the twentieth century was beset by a tyranny of the minority which was employing property rights to inhibit genuine freedom for the bulk of the population. This article examines the character of founding-era liberalism and points to the connection between the political theory of the Declaration of Independence and John Locke'sSecond Treatise of Government. It then provides an account of the Progressive critique of this original version of American liberalism. The Progressive critique is shown to take two forms: a rejection of property rights in principle, followed by a rejection of them in practice.
THE PROPERTY EQUILIBRIUM IN A LIBERAL SOCIAL ORDER (OR HOW TO CORRECT OUR MORAL VISION)
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: May 2011

The “welcome return” to “substantive political philosophy” that Rawls'sA Theory of Justicewas said to herald has resulted in forty years of proposals seeking to show that philosophical reflection leads to the demonstrable truth of almost every and any conceivable view of the justice of property rights. Select any view—from the justice of unregulated capitalist markets to the most extreme forms of egalitarianism—and one will find that some philosophers have proclaimed that rational reflection uniquely leads to its justice. This is, I believe, a sort of ideological thinking masquerading as philosophizing. In this paper, using some tools from game theory as well as experimental findings, I seek to sketch a non-ideological approach to the question of the justification of property rights. On this approach the aim of political philosophy is, first and foremost, to reflect on whether our social rules of property are within the “optimal eligible set” of rules acceptable to all.
LIBERTY AFTER LEHMAN BROTHERS
Authors: Lomasky Loren E.
Published: May 2011

The financial Crunch of 2008 was easily explained by both the left and right–too easily. Each insisted that events thoroughly confirmed its own long-held views and utterly refuted those of the opposed camp. This essay argues that there are indeed new lessons to be drawn from the Crunch, lessons that involve balancing the bounty of the Invisible Hand against perils of the Prisoner's Dilemma. Liberal moral imperatives are traced to variables of Personal Choice and External Cost that are typically in tension with each other and thus generate needs for institutional reconstructions that change according to time and circumstance. Personal bankruptcy protection, limited liability corporations, and intellectual property are cited as examples. It is argued that the Crunch occurred because of failure adequately to balance these variables. Three paradoxes came to a head in 2008: Paradox of Efficient Markets; Paradox of Reduced Risk; Paradox of Hard-won Knowledge. The essay concludes with suggestions concerning specific lessons to be drawn from the Crunch and a corresponding list of lessons not to be drawn.
A LOCKEAN ARGUMENT FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE
Authors: Hausman Daniel M.
Published: May 2011

This essay defends the controversial and indeed counterintuitive claim that there is a good argument to be made from a Lockean perspective for government action to guarantee access to health care. The essay maintains that this argument is in some regards more robust than the well-known argument in defense of universal health care spelled out by Norman Daniels, which this essay also examines in some detail. Locke's view that government should protect people's lives, property, and freedom–where freedom is understood as independence and self-determination–justifies government action to ensure access to health care, because (roughly), just as individuals cannot protect themselves from crime and foreign invasion, so individuals are unable to provide for their own health care. Defense from disease is as important as defense from crime, and–although this is arguable–government action to guarantee access to health care does not itself undermine freedom.
RULE CONSEQUENTIALISM MAKES SENSE AFTER ALL
Authors: Cowen Tyler
Published: May 2011

It is commonly claimed that rule consequentialism (utilitarianism) collapses into act consequentialism, because sometimes there are benefits from breaking the rules. I suggest this argument is less powerful than has been believed. The argument requires a commitment to a very particular (usually implicit) account of feasibility and constraints. It requires the presupposition that thinking of rules as the relevant constraint is incorrect. Supposedly we should look at a smaller unit of choice—the single act—as the relevant choice variable. But once we see feasibility as a matter of degree, there is no obvious cut-off point for how broadly we should think about the constraints on our choices. Treating “a bundle of choices” as a relevant free variable is no less defensible than treating “a single act” as the relevant free variable. Rule utilitarianism, rule consequentialism, and other rules-based approaches are stronger than their current reputation.
ARE MODERN AMERICAN LIBERALS SOCIALISTS OR SOCIAL DEMOCRATS?
Authors: Arnold N. Scott
Published: May 2011

This paper answers the title question, “Yes,” on both counts. The first part of the paper argues that modern liberals are socialists, and the second part argues that they are also social democrats. The main idea behind the first argument is that the state has effectively taken control of the incidents of ownership through its taxation, spending, and regulatory policies. The main idea behind the second argument is that the institutions of social democracy are replicated by the institutions favored by modern American liberalism. Specifically, the takeover of the American healthcare system, Social Security, employers' mandatory contributions to unemployment insurance, and workers' compensation insurance replicate the institutions of social democracy.
BIAS REDUCTION FOR DYNAMIC NONLINEAR PANEL MODELS WITH FIXED EFFECTS
Authors: Hahn Jinyong , Kuersteiner Guido
Published: May 2011

The fixed effects estimator of panel models can be severely biased because of well-known incidental parameter problems. It is shown that this bias can be reduced in nonlinear dynamic panel models. We consider asymptotics wherenandTgrow at the same rate as an approximation that facilitates comparison of bias properties. Under these asymptotics, the bias-corrected estimators we propose are centered at the truth, whereas fixed effects estimators are not. We discuss several examples and provide Monte Carlo evidence for the small sample performance of our procedure.
Climate and soil drive forest structure in Bolivian lowland forests
Authors: Toledo Marisol , Poorter Lourens , Peña-Claros Marielos , Alarcón Alfredo , Balcázar Julio , Leaño Claudio , Licona Juan Carlos , Bongers Frans
Published: May 2011

Climate is one of the most important factors determining variation in forest structure, but whether soils have independent effects is less clear. We evaluate how climate and soil independently affect forest structure, using 89 200 stems ≥ 10 cm dbh from 220 1-ha permanent plots distributed along environmental gradients in lowland Bolivia. Fifteen forest structural variables, related to vertical structure (forest height and layering), horizontal structure (basal area, median and the 99th percentile of the stem diameter and size-class distribution) and density of life forms (tree, palm and liana), were evaluated. Environmental variables were summarized in four multivariate axes, related to rainfall, temperature, soil fertility and soil texture. Multiple regression indicates that all structural variables were affected by one or more of the environmental axes, but the explained variation was generally low (median R2 = 0.15). Rainfall and soil texture affected most forest structural variables (respectively 87% and 80%) and had qualitatively similar effects. This suggests that plant water availability, as determined by rainfall and soil water retention capacity, is the strongest driver of forest structure, whereas soil fertility was a weaker driver of forest structure, affecting 53% of the variables. Maximum forest height, palm density, total basal area and liana infestation showed the strongest responses to environmental variation (with R2 ranging from 0.31–0.82). Forest height, palm density and total basal area increased with plant water availability, while liana infestation decreased with plant water availability. Therefore, multiple rather than single environmental factors must be used to explain the structure of tropical forests.
The roles of history and habitat area in the distribution and composition of avian species assemblages in the highlands of Costa Rica
Authors: Barrantes Gilbert , Yglesias Mariel , Fuchs Eric J.
Published: May 2011

Bird species assemblages in isolated Neotropical highland mountains have been moulded by the drastic climatic changes that occurred in late Pleistocene. Palynological evidence indicates that after the Pleistocene the highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama became isolated as climate turned gradually more tropical and highland vegetation retreated to the upper elevations of high mountains, forming highland islands. We surveyed birds at 10 representative sites throughout the Costa Rican highlands in order to determine the species composition of highland endemic assemblages. The area of available highland habitat explains 77% of the variance in species richness of the 36 highland endemics across highland islands, and the composition of these species assemblages have a nested distribution, rather than being independent sets of species on each island. The observed nested pattern is more consistent with a differential extinction model of species assemblages, and less likely to be explained by differential migration. We conclude that the reduction of highland vegetation and the avifauna associated with it, and its subsequent confinement to the summit of high mountains, is a possible explanation for the current distribution of highland endemic species in Costa Rican highland islands.
Trophic relationships among terrestrial molluscs in a Hawaiian rain forest: analysis of carbon and nitrogen isotopes
Authors: Meyer Wallace M. , Yeung Norine W.
Published: May 2011

Soil and adjacent leaf-litter environments support a diverse decomposer fauna. This has led to what is known as ‘the enigma of the soil fauna’, or the question of how it is possible for such large numbers of species to coexist without obvious biotic mechanisms, such as competitive exclusion, limiting coexistence (Anderson 1975). Dietary specialization or effective partitioning of food resources could be a mechanism to avoid niche overlap among sympatric soil/litter species (Chahartaghi et al. 2005, Jennings & Barkham 1975). However, unravelling the complexities of trophic relationships can be difficult, especially in soil/leaf-litter habitats where both consumers and prey are small, diverse and often unidentifiable (Scheu & Falca 2000). As such, the trophic relationships among species in these habitats typically remain unresolved.
Pretending to be venomous: is a snake's head shape a trustworthy signal to a predator?
Authors: Guimarães Murilo , Sawaya Ricardo J.
Published: May 2011

The difficulty of observing interactions between predators and their prey in natural systems has promoted the use of artificial replicas (Exnerováet al. 2006, Smith 1977). Plasticine replicas have been successfully used because they retain imprints of predation attempts and enable the identification of the predator (Brodie 1993).
Pitchers of Nepenthes rajah collect faecal droppings from both diurnal and nocturnal small mammals and emit fruity odour
Authors: Wells Konstans , Lakim Maklarin B. , Schulz Stefan , Ayasse Manfred
Published: May 2011

The pitchers of Nepenthes rajah, a montane carnivorous plant species from Borneo, are large enough to capture small vertebrates such as rats or lizards, which occasionally drown therein. The interactions of N. rajah with vertebrates, however, are poorly understood, and the potential mechanisms that lure vertebrates to the pitchers are largely unknown. We observed frequent visits (average: one visit per 4.2 h) of both the diurnal tree shrew Tupaia montana and the nocturnal rat Rattus baluensis to pitchers by infrared sensor camera and video recording. Both mammalian species often licked the inner surface of the pitcher lid, which harbours numerous exudate-producing glands. Analysis of volatiles extracted from the secretions of the pitcher lids by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed 44 volatile compounds, including hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones and sulphur-containing compounds, which are commonly present in sweet fruit and flower odours. The faeces of small mammals were repeatedly observed inside the pitcher, whereas we found the body of only one Tupaia montana drowned in the 42, vital and reasonably large, surveyed pitchers. Our findings suggest that the N. rajah pitcher makes use of the perceptual biases of rats and tree shrews by emitting volatiles known from fruits. The profits that the plant obtains from the repeated visits of two small mammals, together with the provision of exudates for the mammals, comprise an exceptional case of plant–vertebrate interaction.
‘Common-Sense Catchword’: The Applications ofCensurato Argentinian Theatre and Performance
Authors: GRAHAM-JONES JEAN
Published: May 2011

This article probes some of the ‘catches’ in the universal application of the common-sense word ‘censorship’. To do so, it scrutinizes the application of the Spanish-language termcensurato theatre produced in Buenos Aires and its working-class suburbs in the past thirty-five years, under dictatorship as well as democracy, through the examination of specific cases of productions and plays classified as censored, self-censored, and/or counter-censorial. The article concludes by examining two plays whose writing pre-dates the last dictatorship but which are still considered illustrative of a certain kind of Argentinian censorship. Through these various examples drawn from Argentinian theatrical practice, the article exposes censorship as a problematic category when applied equally at all times.
Stop Staring, Start Seeing: Housed Spectatorship of Homeless Performers
Authors: SNYDER-YOUNG DANI
Published: May 2011

Drawing on an idea of the theatrical event, this article sets out to analyse the interactions between the housed (audiences) and the homeless (performers), in order to understand the theatrical conventions, performance contexts and sociocultural conditions that make it possible to narrow the gap between the housed and homeless. Focusing on three performances of zAmya Theater Project'sHoused and Homeless (From the Very Same Cup), I analyse theatre's capacity and its limits to build community and examine why different interpretive communities respond differently to the same staged moments.
Developing environmental governance research: the example of forest cover change studies
Authors: TACCONI LUCA
Published: May 2011

Environmental problems are often complex and it is widely recognized that they cannot be satisfactorily addressed by single disciplines. The review of forest cover change studies points to the need to carry out research integrating economic, political, social and environmental aspects. Existing interdisciplinary study areas, namely ecological economics, political ecology, sustainability science and Earth system governance do not yet fully integrate all the required aspects. This paper points out that the establishment of greater synergies between those study areas would be beneficial in developing the broader study area of environmental governance. A definition of environmental governance as a subject of study is developed. Lack of an all encompassing theory of environmental governance is highlighted, while the improbability of such a theory is acknowledged. In relation to normative work, the refinement of principles of good environmental governance could support the design and prioritization of policies. Empirical research needs to include the testing of hypotheses arising from theoretical developments, assessment of policy uptake and new exploratory research. Methodologically, environmental governance might start from an interdisciplinary approach followed by further integration leading to a transdisciplinary study area that uses a mixed methods research approach.
The classification of the sciences and the quest for interdisciplinarity: a brief history of ideas from ancient philosophy to contemporary environmental science
Authors: TROMPF G. W.
Published: May 2011

Burgeoning acquisition of information about the workings, scope and diversities of the cosmos put serious pressure on 19th-century European intellectuals to classify branches of human knowledge. A challenge presented itself not only to order different subject-areas and disciplines intelligently, or assess them according to apparent degrees of certitude, but also to discover some synthesizing principle by which all the distinctive methods of approaching the world might be viewed in interrelationship. This review shows that such endeavours to classify and unify were traditional procedures, with deep roots going back to antiquity, and they brought coherence to academic programmes through the centuries. As a mark of European modernity, there was a tendency to establish more rational, scientific and secular principles of order, and the consequent tensions between positivistic and holistic styles of approach to science have continued since. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, it is also recognized, the constant subdividing of academic agendas has made the work of classification much less manageable and attractive. If traditional principles to express the unity of knowledge were philosophical, or, in the case of the medieval universities, evoked the oneness of the divine Creation, it is intriguing how planetary survivalism in the present time has pushed environmental science centre-stage as a pivotal point of activity encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration. If varying consideration has been granted to practical subjects (for example agriculture) in the history of knowledge classification, their importance has been clarified by current biospheric predicaments.
Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in children aged 2–16 years in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: KHAN M. I. , OCHIAI R. L. , SOOFI S. B. , VON-SEIDLEIN L. , KHAN M. J. , SAHITO S. M. , HABIB M. A. , PURI M. K. , PARK J. K. , YOU Y. A. , ALI M. , NIZAMI S. Q. , ACOSTA C. J. , BRADLEY-SACK R. , CLEMENS J. D. , BHUTTA Z. A.
Published: May 2011

We analysed the data from the control group in a typhoid vaccine trial in Karachi to assess the differences in individual-, household- and cluster-level characteristics for developing typhoid fever. The annual incidence of typhoid in children aged 2–16 years in the control arm of the vaccine trial was 151/100 000 population. After adjustment, the risk of typhoid was lower with increasing age [risk ratio (RR) 0·89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·83–0·95], was higher with an increase in population density (RR 1·13, 95% CI 1·05–1·21) and was lower in the households using a safe drinking-water source (RR 0·63, 95% CI 0·41–0·99). Typhoid fever affects younger children living in areas of high population density and lack of access to safe water in Pakistan. A combination of environmental and biological interventions is required to prevent the continued epidemiological and economic impact of typhoid fever in high-risk areas of Pakistan.
Decreasing prevalence of brucellosis in red deer through efforts to control disease in livestock
Authors: SERRANO E. , CROSS P. C. , BENERIA M. , FICAPAL A. , CURIA J. , MARCO X. , LAVÍN S. , MARCO I.
Published: May 2011

When a pathogen infects a number of different hosts, the process of determining the relative importance of each host species to the persistence of the pathogen is often complex. Removal of a host species is a potential but rarely possible way of discovering the importance of that species to the dynamics of the disease. This study presents the results of a 12-year programme aimed at controlling brucellosis in cattle, sheep and goats and the cascading impacts on brucellosis in a sympatric population of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Boumort National Game Reserve (BNGR; NE Spain). From February 1998 to December 2009, local veterinary agencies tested over 36 180 individual blood samples from cattle, 296 482 from sheep and goats and 1047 from red deer in the study area. All seropositive livestock were removed annually. From 2006 to 2009 brucellosis was not detected in cattle and in 2009 only one of 97 red deer tested was found to be positive. The surveillance and removal of positive domestic animals coincided with a significant decrease in the prevalence of brucellosis in red deer. Our results suggest that red deer may not be able to maintain brucellosis in this region independently of cattle, sheep or goats, and that continued efforts to control disease in livestock may lead to the eventual eradication of brucellosis in red deer in the area.
Moments musicaux: high culture in the Paris Commune
Authors: MORDEY DELPHINE
Published: May 2011

During the Paris Commune of 1871, four spectacular concerts took place at the Tuileries Palace. Although the musical genre most often associated with the Communards is popular song, these Tuileries concerts primarily featured instrumental works and operatic numbers. Indeed, during much of their short reign the Communards sought to nurture elite music, in particular through attempts to control the Paris Opéra and its repertory. This article treats the Tuileries concerts as a starting point for understanding the Commune's brief direction of the Opéra, exploring ways in which the movement's attitude towards elite music at both venues engaged with a number of its central preoccupations. It suggests that Communards, often depicted as merely destructive, were anxious to rehabilitate their reputation and legitimise their status through the appropriation of high culture.
‘Now I come to you, ladies, after so much time’: Cleopatra, Maria d'Aragona and anintermediofor the Duchess of Alba
Authors: TREADWELL NINA
Published: May 2011

During March 1588, Maria d'Aragona, the Marchesa of Vasto, sponsored a set of fourintermediat her palazzo in Chiaia, Naples. The centrepiece of the entertainment was theintermedioentitled ‘Queen Cleopatra on her Ship’. This article explores d'Aragona's role as sponsor of the entertainment, particularly in relation to her interest in the historical figure of Cleopatra. Drawing on sources that informed perceptions of the Egyptian queen during the early- to mid-Cinquecento, it will be shown that within a performance context governed by a strong-willed female patron, the often negatively depicted Cleopatra could be cast as a positive role model, particularly for d'Aragona-related noblewomen who themselves had experienced strong female mentorship and enjoyed the relative autonomy of widowhood. D'Aragona's decision to cast the NeapolitanvirtuosaEufemia Jozola as Cleopatra reinforced the female-orientated nature of theintermedio, and sheds new light on mid-Cinquecento Neapolitan performance practice.
Elsa's reason: On beliefs and motives in Wagner'sLohengrin
Authors: CHRISSOCHOIDIS ILIAS , HUCK STEFFEN
Published: May 2011

Once Wagner's most popular opera,Lohengrinhas suffered scholarly neglect in the post-war period. This essay re-engages with the work from the novel perspective of game theory analysis. Centring on Elsa's breach of theFrageverbot, it offers a close epistemological study of the opera's main characters. As an alternative to traditional interpretations of the heroine's fatal decision, we propose a complex and psychologically more compelling account. Elsa asks the forbidden question because she needs to confirm Lohengrin's belief in her innocence, a belief that Ortrud successfully erodes in Act II. This interpretation reveals Elsa as a rational individual, upgrades the dramatic significance of the Act I combat scene, and, more broadly, signals a return to a hermeneutics of Wagnerian drama.
The Maximum Degree of Series-Parallel Graphs
Authors: DRMOTA MICHAEL , GIMÉNEZ OMER , NOY MARC
Published: May 2011

We prove that the maximum degree Δnof a random series-parallel graph withnvertices satisfies Δn/logn→cin probability, andΔn~clognfor a computable constantc> 0. The same kind of result holds for 2-connected series-parallel graphs, for outerplanar graphs, and for 2-connected outerplanar graphs.
Lessons from inter-stage cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in predicting survival for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Hughes Marina L. , Tsang Victor T. , Kostolny Martin , Giardini Alessandro , Muthurangu Vivek , Taylor Andrew M. , Brown Katherine
Published: May 2011

This study describes single-unit experience and explores risk stratification, with protocolised inter-stage cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Survival was retrospectively analysed among the cohort of locally followed survivors of Norwood Stage I procedure, who underwent magnetic resonance imaging under general anaesthesia from 2003 to 2008. This included 32 patients: 17 with Sano conduit and 15 with arterio-pulmonary shunt. The median (inter-quartile range) age and weight at scan were 3.1 (2.6–4.6) months and 5.0 (4.5–5.3) kilograms, respectively. Using morphologic definitions, the median coarctation index was 0.71 (0.57–0.83). The degree of proximal right and left pulmonary artery narrowing was 25% (14–44%) and 25% (11–50%), respectively. The median right ventricular ejection fraction was 54% (48–59%). The ejection fraction was not related to the coarctation index or to pulmonary artery narrowing. Patients were followed up for a median of 19.2 (10.8–46.0) months, during which 13 (41%) had an intervention in addition to routine Norwood Stage II surgery and seven died. Risk of death was related to reduced right ventricular ejection fraction, with a hazard ratio of 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.85–0.98, p = 0.02), and the cumulative number of focal stenoses of neo-aortic arch and pulmonary arteries (hazard ratio 2.71, 95% confidence interval 1.14–6.44, p = 0.02). Conclusions: In addition to comprehensive three-dimensional morphologic imaging, inter-stage cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides a ventricular functional index that may predict outcome in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Measures to preserve right ventricular systolic function and relieve stenoses are paramount within the complex management strategies for these patients.
EARLY DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEBATES REVISITED
Authors: ALACEVICH MICHELE
Published: May 2011

Development economics in its early years created the image of a fierce fight between advocates of contrasting theories or approaches—“balanced growth” vs. “unbalanced growth,” or “program loans” vs. “project loans.” This view has the merit of highlighting such conflicts in great detail; yet, it fails to take into account the reality of development economics as it was practiced in the field. This paper reassesses these old conflicts by complementing the traditional focus on theoretical debates with an emphasis on the practice of development economics.

A particularly interesting example is the debate between Albert Hirschman, one of the fathers of the “unbalanced growth” approach, and Lauchlin Currie, among the advocates of “balanced growth,” on how to foster iron and steel production in Colombia in the 1950s. An analysis of the positions held by these two economists shows that they were, in fact, much less antithetical than is usually held, and, indeed, were in some fundamental aspects surprisingly similar.

Debates among development economists during the 1950s thus must be explained—at least partially—as the natural dynamics of an emerging discipline that took shape when different groups tried to achieve supremacy—or at least legitimacy—through the creation of mutually delegitimizing systemic theories.
WICKSELL ON THE AMERICAN CRISIS OF 1907
Authors: BOIANOVSKY MAURO
Published: May 2011

The article discusses Knut Wicksell’s interpretation of the American crisis of 1907, which he presented in a piece published in Swedish in 1908. Wicksell advanced, probably for the first time in the literature, a clear distinction between the “solvency” and “liquidity” of banks, and discussed its implications for the interpretation of crises. Moreover, he called attention to a third desirable attribute of a bank: “flexibility”; that is, the ability to satisfy credit demand at an adequate rate of interest. Wicksell linked that with his better known concept of the cumulative process and the stabilization policy associated with it.
AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF LAW IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: GAETANO FILANGIERI AND LA SCIENZA DELLA LEGISLAZIONE
Authors: SIMON FABRIZIO
Published: May 2011

This work presents the elements of economic analysis of law that occur in the thought of Gaetano Filangieri. In the pages of La Scienza della Legislazione the Neapolitan writer develops a utilitarian and economic investigation that pays attention to the judgments individuals make over social phenomena at the margin point. A proof of this development can be found in the explanation of the principle of decreasing marginal utility, argued in Head XXXI of Book III, which represents one of the most effective demonstrations that can be found before the end of nineteenth-century literature. The most remarkable fact is that, of all the five parts that compose the Filangierian work, the most rich in economic arguments is dedicated to “Criminal Laws.”

This article will point out this and other innovative results of the Filangerian analysis, and will also offer a reconstruction of the economic theory on crime and punishment presented in La Scienza della Legislazione. Filangieri’s criminal doctrine represents a significant example of the Enlightenment antecedents of “law and economics,” as well as the better known contributions made by Beccaria and Bentham.
AFTERSHOCKS FROM A REVOLUTION: ORDINAL UTILITY AND COST-OF-LIVING INDEXES
Authors: STAPLEFORD THOMAS A.
Published: May 2011

This essay argues that beneath the superficial linearity of the history of neoclassical price index theory lie important conceptual ruptures that are linked to the ordinal revolution, including a radical transformation in the core objective for cost-of-living indexes. Revealing these ruptures produces a more accurate history of both the development of neoclassical price index theory and its reception. Furthermore, we can recognize how transformations in this theory have made cost-of-living indexes more coherent with existing traditions of empirical macroeconomics even as they may have reduced the indexes’ suitability for other functions, notably adjusting income payments.
Body-Related Behaviours and Cognitions: Relationship to Eating Psychopathology in Non-Clinical Women and Men
Authors: Meyer Caroline , McPartlan Lauren , Rawlinson Anthony , Bunting Jo , Waller Glenn
Published: May 2011

Background:Eating disturbances and poor body image are maintained by body-related safety behaviours and their associated cognitions. These include body checking, avoidance, comparison and display, which can be seen as safety behaviours, maintaining eating pathology and poor body image. It is not clear from the existing literature whether these behavioural and cognitive patterns are independently related to eating psychopathology.Method:This study of a non-clinical group of women and men (N= 250) explored the association of eating attitudes and behaviours with these four elements of body-related behaviours and cognitions.Results:It was found that each of the four elements had independent associations with eating attitudes and behaviours. Those associations were not explained by anxiety or depression levels.Discussion:Whilst these findings require study within a clinical group, they suggest that all four elements of body-related behaviours and cognitions need to be considered as potential maintaining factors when formulating eating psychopathology and body image disturbance.
Imagery and Pain: The Prevalence, Characteristics, and Potency of Imagery Associated with Pain
Authors: Philips H. Clare
Published: May 2011

Background: There is a dearth of information about imagery in pain sufferers. Aim: The aim of this study was to collect data on the characteristics, prevalence, and potency of imagery associated with pain. Method: The images of 59 pain sufferers were assessed by means of a semi-structured interview. The emotional, cognitive, behavioural, and pain-inducing properties (potency) of their index images were assessed by an image induction procedure and self-report scales of anxiety, depression and trauma symptoms. Results: The results showed a remarkably high incidence of images in pain sufferers, with 78% of participants reporting one or more repetitive images when in pain. Exposure to their most powerful/distressing image (Index image) resulted in significant increases in negative emotions, negative cognitive appraisals, and in pain levels. In a sub-group of sufferers with significant levels of trauma symptoms, the index images elicited significantly higher levels of emotion and pain increment than did those respondents in a low/no trauma group. Conclusion: It was concluded that imagery is a prevalent, often “unobserved” but potent cognition in pain sufferers. The implications for CBT approaches to chronic pain, including image rescripting, are considered.
Intakes and perceived home availability of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetables as reported by mothers, fathers and adolescents in the HEIA (HEalth In Adolescents) study
Authors: Bjelland Mona , Lien Nanna , Grydeland May , Bergh Ingunn H , Anderssen Sigmund A , Ommundsen Yngvar , Klepp Knut-Inge , Andersen Lene F
Published: May 2011

Objective

To investigate the intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), fruit and vegetables (FV) among adolescents and their parents and to explore differences in the perceived availability by gender and parental education.

Design

Baseline data from the HEIA (HEalth In Adolescents) study.

Setting

Data on intake of SSB were collected assessing frequency and amounts, whereas consumption of FV was assessed on the basis of frequency. Further, perceived availability at home and at school (taken from home) was reported.

Subjects

Participants were 1528 Norwegian adolescents aged 11 years, as well as 1200 mothers and 1057 fathers.

Results

The adolescents’ intake of SSB was low on weekdays but doubled during weekend days. This pattern was observed among parents as well. There were significant differences in intake between boys, girls, mothers and fathers, except for vegetables. Fathers reported the lowest frequency of FV intake. Compared with adolescents, mothers reported lower availability of SSB and higher availability of FV. Compared with their sons, fathers reported higher availability of vegetables and lower availability of sugar-sweetened fruit drinks at school. Significant differences in adolescents’ intake of SSB and in the perceived availability of both SSB and FV by parental education were found.

Conclusions

The intake of SSB was higher during weekend days than during weekdays, whereas the frequency of FV intake was low. Differences in adolescents’ perceived availability of both SSB and FV on the basis of parental education were found, whereas the differences in intake were significant only for SSB. Increasing parental awareness of availability and their potential as role models across parental gender and educational level could improve adolescents’ dietary habits.
UNIQUENESS OF TRACES ON LOG-POLYHOMOGENEOUS PSEUDODIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS
Authors: DUCOURTIOUX C. , OUEDRAOGO M. F.
Published: May 2011

We show how to derive the uniqueness of graded or ordinary traces on some algebras of log-polyhomogeneous pseudodifferential operators from the uniqueness of their restriction to classical pseudodifferential ones.
Molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility in beets: an overview
Authors: Mikami Tetsuo , P. Yamamoto Masayuki , Matsuhira Hiroaki , Kitazaki Kazuyoshi , Kubo Tomohiko
Published: May 2011

Sugarbeet cultivars are almost exclusively hybrids, which are produced using the sole source of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), the so-called Owen CMS. Several alternative sources of CMS have been described. One of these, I-12CMS(3), was derived from wild beets collected in Pakistan, and another CMS source, GCMS, has a cytoplasmic origin in wild sea beets from France. During the past decade, male sterility-associated mitochondrial genes have been identified in these three CMS systems. Moreover, the recent development of a variety of DNA markers has permitted the genetic mapping of nuclear restorer-of-fertility genes for both Owen and GCMS. This review focuses on the mechanism of CMS in beets.
Toward a Unified Model of Human Motivation
Authors: Forbes David L.
Published: May 2011

Motivational theory has taken many forms throughout history, reflecting the scientific paradigms and current concerns of the day. The result is a diverse array of theoretical constructs and core motive concepts, with no systematic integration of this work. This paper proposes a unified model that places motivational concepts from past work within a comprehensive descriptive structure, akin to the periodic table of elements in chemistry. Starting from the precept that all human motivation is a search for change, the model identifies two key taxonomic questions: “Change where?” and “What type of change?” The result is a 3 × 3 matrix with rows that represent answers to the “Change where?” question (within the self, within the material world, within the social world), and columns that represent answers to the “What type of change?” question (change in potential/expectations for life, change in process/experience of living, and change in outcomes/evaluation of life activities). The matrix generates nine motivational domains—each reflecting the properties of its respective rows and columns. The model accounts for virtually all of the motives proposed by the major motivational theorists of the last century. By introducing a potentially precise common language in the taxonomy of motives, it is hoped that the model can provide a foundation for the systematic study of individual development, for the analysis of personality and cultural differences, and for investigating situational dynamics in human behavior.