bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safe total intrafascial laparoscopic (TAIL™) hysterectomy: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Hohl Michael K. , Hauser Nik
Published: March 2010

This study directly compares total intrafascial laparoscopic (TAIL™) hysterectomy with vaginal (VH) and abdominal (AH) hysterectomy with regard to safety, operating time and time of convalescence. The study is a prospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2), including data from patients of a single university-affiliated teaching institution, admitted between 1997 and 2008 for hysterectomy due to benign uterus pathology. Patient data were collected pre-, intra- and postoperatively and complications documented using a standardised data sheet of a Swiss obstetric and gynaecological study group (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Schweizerische Frauenkliniken, Amlikon/Switzerland). Classification of complications (major complications and minor complications) for all three operation techniques, evaluation of surgeons and comparison of operation times and days of hospitalisation were analysed. 3066 patients were included in this study. 993 patients underwent AH, 642 VH and 1,431 total intrafascial hysterectomy. No statistically significant difference for the operation times comparing the three groups can be demonstrated. The mean hospital stay in the TAIL™ hysterectomy, VH and AH groups is 5.8 ± 2.4, 8.8 ± 4.0 and 10.4 ± 3.9 days, respectively. The postoperative minor complications including infection rates are low in the TAIL™ hysterectomy group (3.8%) when compared with either the AH group (15.3%) or the VH group (11.2%), respectively. The total of minor complications is statistically significant lower for TAIL™ hysterectomy as for AH (O.R. 4.52, CI 3.25–6.31) or VH (O.R. 3.16, CI 2.16–4.62). Major haemorrhage with consecutive reoperation is observed statistically significantly more frequent in the AH group when compared to the TAIL™ hysterectomy group, with an O.R. of 6.13 (CI 3.05–12.62). Overall, major intra- and postoperative complications occur significant more frequently in the AH group (8.6%) when compared to the VH group (3%) and the TAIL™ hysterectomy group (1.8%). The incidence of major complications applying the standardised TAIL™ hysterectomy technique is not related to the experience of the surgeons. We conclude that a standardised intrafascial technique of total laparoscopic (TAIL™) hysterectomy using an anatomically developed special uterine device is associated with a very low incidence of minor and major intra- and postoperative complications. The direct comparison of complication rates with either vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy favours the total laparoscopic technique, and therefore, this technique can be recommended as a relatively atraumatic procedure. The operation times are comparable for all three techniques without any statistically significant differences. This technique for laparoscopic hysterectomy is shown to be equally safe when applied by experienced gynaecologic surgeons or by residents in training.
Arthroscopic Anterior and Posterior Labral Repair after Traumatic Hip Dislocation: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Cross Michael B. , Shindle Michael K. , Kelly Bryan T.
Published: March 2010

With the improvements in flexible instrumentation, hip arthroscopy is being increasingly used to treat a variety of hip pathology, including labral tears. However, up to this point, there has not been a case report of an anterior and a posterior labral tear successfully repaired arthroscopically. We present a case report of a 27-year-old male firefighter who presented to our institution with an anterior and posterior labral tear, as well as a cam lesion and loose body, following a traumatic hip dislocation. The purpose of this case report is to illustrate that both anterior and posterior labral tears can be repaired using hip arthroscopy. Anterior and posterior labral tears can be caused by a traumatic hip dislocation, and both can be successfully repaired using arthroscopic techniques.
Novel Alkyl Ether Sulfonates for High Salinity Reservoir: Effect of Concentration on Transient Ultralow Interfacial Tension at the Oil–Water Interface
Authors: Aoudia Mohamed , Al‐Harthi Zuleihka , Al‐Maamari Rashid S. , Lee Christie , Berger Paul
Published: March 2010

The effect of surfactant concentration on the occurrence and detection of transient ultralow interfacial tension (IFT) between crude oil and formation water at 75 °C has been investigated using a series of novel sodium alkyl ether sulfonates having various increasing molecular weights and degrees of ethoxylation. All surfactant systems displayed dynamic interfacial tension (DIT). Transient ultralow DIT (DITmin) were detected only within an intermediate surfactant concentration. This behavior was attributed to an implicit concentration‐related length scale required for the added surfactant to diffuse from the bulk phase to the freshly prepared oil–water interface. In the high surfactant concentration range, this length scale is relatively short and results in an instantaneous (and undetectable) occurrence of DITmim in a relatively very short time scale, well beyond the detection limit of the spinning drop tensiometer (~2–3 min). Interestingly, DITmin were detected only in systems above the surfactant's critical micelle concentration, suggesting that DITmin occurs as a result of the diffusion (subsequent to the adsorption) of the oil acidic species from the interface to the bulk phase to form mixed micelles with the added surfactant. Measurements of DITs in the presence of decane showed no evidence for DITmin, confirming the general belief that DITmin is indeed due to the interaction of the added surfactant with the oil acidic components. Finally, the effect of surfactant concentration on the equilibrium IFT (γeq) showed evidence for relatively low values (~10−2 mNm−1) for some surfactant systems.
Microemulsion‐Based Vegetable Oil Detergency Using an Extended Surfactant
Authors: Phan Tri T. , Witthayapanyanon Anuradee , Harwell Jeff H. , Sabatini David A.
Published: March 2010

This work examined the use of a single extended surfactant in the microemulsion‐based detergency of vegetable oils. The results showed that good canola oil detergency (>80%) was achieved at 25 °C using a single extended surfactant (C14,15–8PO–SO4Na) at concentrations as low as 125 ppm, i.e., significantly lower than the surfactant concentration range of 500–2,500 ppm reported in other microemulsion‐based detergency work. It was found that the maximum detergency (95%) was achieved in the type II microemulsion region. These results demonstrate that the microemulsion‐based extended surfactant formulation is a promising approach for vegetable oil detergency at low temperature.
Proust, the Body and Literary Form
Authors: Finn Michael R.
Published: March 2010

This 1999 study examines the connections between Proust's fin-de-siècle 'nervousness' and his apprehensions regarding literary form. Michael Finn shows that Proust's anxieties both about bodily weakness and about novel-writing were fed by a set of intriguing psychological and medical texts, and were mirrored in the nerve-based afflictions of earlier writers including Flaubert, Baudelaire, Nerval and the Goncourt brothers. Finn argues that once Proust cast off his concerns about being a nervous weakling he was freed to poke fun both at the supposed purity of the novel form. Hysteria - as a figure and as a theme - becomes a key to the Proustian narrative, and a certain kind of wordless, bodily copying of gesture and event is revealed to be at the heart of a writing technique which undermines many of the conventions of fiction.
The Return of Scarcity
Authors: Coombs Herbert Cole
Published: March 2010

A former Chancellor of the Australian National University former Governor of the Reserve Bank and adviser to several prime ministers, Dr H. C. 'Nugget' Coombs is a distinguished economist who has recently worked on the related areas of economics of resource use, resource allocation and teh environment. The essays in this 1990 book link widely shared environmental concerns to an original and penetrating analysis of contemporary economic trends.
Ngugi wa Thiong'o
Authors: Gikandi Simon
Published: March 2010

Kenyan dramatist and novelist Ngugi wa Thiong'o is a hugely influential African writer respected not only for his creative work but also for his criticism of wider cultural issues - issues such as nation and narration, power and performance, language and identity, empire and postcoloniality. Simon Gikandi's study, first published in 2000, offers a comprehensive analysis of all Ngugi's published work and explores the development of the major novels and plays against a background of colonialism and decolonisation in Kenya. Gikandi places the works in a context that examines the way they engage with the changing history of Africa. Tracing Ngugi's career from the 1960s through to his role in shaping a radical culture in East Africa in the 1970s and his imprisonment and exile in the 1980s, this book provides fresh insight into the author's life and the historic events that produced his work.
Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, 1700–1870
Authors: Sabean David Warren
Published: March 2010

This landmark study of family relations in a village in southern Germany is the product of deep reflection on anthropological approaches to historical problems. David Sabean is concerned to recover the tenor of marital relationships within a particular context of production and surplus extraction; he is concerned equally with capturing the logic of gender and generational conflict within strategies of subsistence and survival, the fabric of rights and obligations, and the coherence of life trajectories. Sabean's analysis of Neckarhausen is a challenge to conventional notions about modernization and family and kinship. As population increased and an influx of captial brought about a reorganization of agricultural production, for managing the forces of social reproduction. Peasants, it turns out, were innovative and flexible, experimenting with new commodity markets. The 'green revolution' at the dawn of the modern era is shown to have had a tremendous impact on the utilization of labor. Intensification of agriculture completely reorganized women's schedules, bringing about a new labor discipline and a crisis in marital relationships. Arguing for the concept of 'property' as a fundamental tool for social analysis, Sabean examines the peculiarities of property devolution, the distribution of tools, and the sale of land. His book is a stunning example of history written from the perspective of 'everyday life'.
Design Theory and Computer Science
Authors: Dasgupta Subrata
Published: March 2010

The logic and methodology of design is examined in this book from the perspective of computer science. Computers provide the context for this examination both by discussion of the design process for hardware and software systems and by consideration of the role of computers in design in general. The central question posed by the author is whether or not we can construct a theory of design. This book concentrates upon the relationship between design, mathematics and science and thus its audience must include designers and software designers as well as computer scientists.
Gravity and Strings
Authors: Ortín Tomás
Published: March 2010

One appealing feature of string theory is that it provides a theory of quantum gravity. Gravity and Strings is a self-contained, pedagogical exposition of this theory, its foundations and its basic results. In Part I, the foundations are traced back to the very early special-relativistic field theories of gravity, showing how such theories lead to general relativity. Gauge theories of gravity are then discussed and used to introduce supergravity theories. In Part II, some of the most interesting solutions of general relativity and its generalizations are studied. The final Part presents and studies string theory from the effective action point of view, using the results found earlier in the book as background. This 2004 book will be useful as a reference book for graduate students and researchers, as well as a complementary textbook for courses on gravity, supergravity and string theory.
Teaching Management
Authors: Clawson James G. S. , Haskins Mark E.
Published: March 2010

How can every management class be a dynamic, unforgettable experience? This much-needed book distils over half a century of the authors' combined experience as university professors, consultants, and advisors to corporate training departments. In a lively, hands-on fashion, it describes the fundamental elements in every learning situation, allowing readers to adapt the suggestions to their particular teaching context. It sparks reflection on what we do in the classroom, why we do it, and how it might be done more effectively. The chapters are broadly organized according to things you do before class, things you do during class, and things you do in between and after class, so that every instructor, whether newly-minted PhDs facing their first classroom experience, experienced faculty looking to polish their teaching techniques, consultants who want to have more impact, or corporate trainers wishing to develop in-house teaching skills, can benefit from the invaluable advice given.
Lectures on Kähler Geometry
Authors: Moroianu Andrei
Published: March 2010

Kähler geometry is a beautiful and intriguing area of mathematics, of substantial research interest to both mathematicians and physicists. This self-contained graduate text provides a concise and accessible introduction to the topic. The book begins with a review of basic differential geometry, before moving on to a description of complex manifolds and holomorphic vector bundles. Kähler manifolds are discussed from the point of view of Riemannian geometry, and Hodge and Dolbeault theories are outlined, together with a simple proof of the famous Kähler identities. The final part of the text studies several aspects of compact Kähler manifolds: the Calabi conjecture, Weitzenböck techniques, Calabi–Yau manifolds, and divisors. All sections of the book end with a series of exercises and students and researchers working in the fields of algebraic and differential geometry and theoretical physics will find that the book provides them with a sound understanding of this theory.
Introduction to Lattice Dynamics
Authors: Dove Martin T.
Published: March 2010

The vibrations of atoms inside crystals - lattice dynamics - is basic to many fields of study in the solid-state and mineral sciences. Lattice dynamics is becoming increasingly important for work on mineral stability. This book provides a self-contained text that introduces the subject from a basic level and then takes the reader through real applications of the theory. The book is aimed at advanced undergraduates, graduate students and research workers in the earth and solid-state sciences who need to incorporate lattice dynamic treatments into their work. Applications include the use of lattice dynamics instabilities to study the origin of phase transitions in crystals and the use of vibrational spectra to obtain information about inter-atomic forces.
Tinbergen's Legacy
Authors: Verhulst Simon
Published: March 2010

Nobel laureate Niko Tinbergen laid the foundations for the scientific study of animal behaviour with his work on causation, development, function and evolution. In this book, an international cast of leading animal biologists reflect on the enduring significance of Tinbergen's groundbreaking proposals for modern behavioural biology. It includes a reprint of Tinbergen's original article on the famous 'four whys' and a contemporary introduction, after which each of the four questions are discussed in the light of contemporary evidence. There is also a discussion of the wider significance of recent trends in evolutionary psychology and neuroecology to integrate the 'four whys'. With a foreword by one of Tinbergen's most prominent pupils, Aubrey Manning, this wide-ranging book demonstrates that Tinbergen's views on animal behaviour are crucial for modern behavioural biology. It will appeal to graduate students and researchers in animal behaviour, behavioural ecology and evolutionary biology.
Neural Network Learning
Authors: Anthony Martin , Bartlett Peter L.
Published: March 2010

First published in 1999, this book describes theoretical advances in the study of artificial neural networks. It explores probabilistic models of supervised learning problems, and addresses the key statistical and computational questions. Research on pattern classification with binary-output networks is surveyed, including a discussion of the relevance of the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension, and calculating estimates of the dimension for several neural network models. A model of classification by real-output networks is developed, and the usefulness of classification with a 'large margin' is demonstrated. The authors explain the role of scale-sensitive versions of the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension in large margin classification, and in real prediction. They also discuss the computational complexity of neural network learning, describing a variety of hardness results, and outlining two efficient constructive learning algorithms. The book is self-contained and is intended to be accessible to researchers and graduate students in computer science, engineering, and mathematics.
Papers in Philosophical Logic
Authors: Lewis David
Published: March 2010

This is the first of a three-volume collection of David Lewis's most recent papers in all the areas to which he has made significant contributions. The purpose of this collection (and the two volumes to follow) is to disseminate even more widely the work of a preeminent and influential late twentieth-century philosopher. The papers are now offered in a readily accessible format. This first volume is devoted to Lewis's work on philosophical logic from the last twenty-five years. The topics covered include: deploying the methods of formal semantics from artificial formalised languages to natural languages, model-theoretic investigations of intensional logic, contradiction, relevance, the differences between analog and digital representation, and questions arising from the construction of ambitious formalised philosophical systems. The volume will serve as an important reference tool for all philosophers and their students.
The Stages of Economic Growth
Authors: Rostow W. W.
Published: March 2010

This third edition of The Stages of Economic Growth, first published in 1991, has a new preface and appendix, Professor Rostow extends his analysis to include economic and political developments as well as the advances in theory concerning nonlinear and chaotic phenomena. For those coming to his work for the first time, the original text and the introductions and appendices from earlier editions are included. This volume will not only be of interest to those concerned with the theory of economic growth, but also to students of policy since the 1960s. In the text Professor Rostow gives an account of economic growth based on a dynamic theory of production and interpreted in terms of actual societies. Five basic stages of economic growth are distinguished with detailed discussions of each stage including illustrative examples. He also applies the concept of stages of growth to an examination of the problems of military aggression and the nuclear arms race. The final chapter includes a comparison of his non-communist manifesto with Marxist theory. Materials from the second edition include an appendix in which he responds to some of his critics.
Patterns in Plant Development
Authors: Steeves Taylor A. , Sussex Ian M.
Published: March 2010

Patterns in Plant Development offers an introduction to the development of the whole plant. It is essentially a factual book that describes the complex phenomena of development in vascular plants. The point of view is structural, and emphasis is placed on the experimental approach to development. The book deals with lower vascular plants (e.g. ferns) as well as seed plants, so that the treatment of the plant, beginning with the embryo and continuing through the phase of secondary growth (the vascular cambium) is presented. This volume is an extensively revised and completely updated version of a book that was first published in 1972. Much new material has been introduced; rapid advances in molecular biology in recent years have made a significant contribution to the understanding of development, and these exciting findings have been drawn into the interpretations provided in this new edition. At the same time, it is recognized that plant morphologists have made major strides in understanding the organization of the whole plant, and thus the developmental significance of architectural analysis is also stressed. The book is written so that anyone who has completed a basic first-year university course in biology or botany will be able to use it without difficulty. Sufficient background information is provided so that the reader is not required to have an extensive technical background.
The Limits of Illusion: A Critical Study of Calderón
Authors: Cascardi Anthony J.
Published: March 2010

This is the first thorough study of Calderón in comparison with other important dramatists of the period: Lope de Vega and Tirso de Molina in Spain, Racine and Corneille in France, and Shakespeare and Marlowe in England. Cascardi studies Calderón's paradoxical engagement with illusion in its philosophical guise as scepticism. He shows on the one hand Calderón's moral will to reject illusion and on the other his theatrical need to embrace it. Cascardi discusses plays from every period to show how in Calderón's best work illusion is not rejected; instead, scepticism is absorbed. Calderón is placed in and defined against the philosophical line of Vives, Descartes, and Spinoza. Of central importance to this argument is Calderón's idea of theatre and the various transformations of that idea. This emphasis will give the book an additional interest to students, readers in philosophy and comparative literature.
The Liberal Anglican Idea of History
Authors: Forbes Duncan
Published: March 2010

This essay, which won the Prince Consort Prize for 1950, treats of the revolutionary change in historical writing that followed the entry into England, early in the nineteenth century, of the ideas of Vico and of the German historical school. Chiefly through Coleridge's influence, eighteenth-century rationalist suppositions gave place in certain men to a fundamentally opposed, 'Romantic' philosophy, and so to a new kind of History. Mr. Forbes is particularly concerned with the part played in this revolution by the liberal Anglicans: Thomas Arnold, Headmaster of Rugby and Regius Professsor of Modern History at Oxford; Richard Whitely, Professor of Political Economy at Oxford and Archbishop of Dublin; Julius Charles Hare, disciple of Coleridge and translator (with Thirlwall) of Niebuhr's History of Rome; Connop Thirlwall, Bishop of St David's and author of the History of Greece; Henry Hart Milman, Professor of Poetry and Oxford and Dean of St Paul's; Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, pupil and biographer of Thomas Arnold, and Dean of Westminster. They have elsewhere been studied in the compartments of 'classical' and 'ecclesiastical' history. But it is fundamental to their outlook on Church and State that for them no such compartments existed, and their idea of History as a whole has hitherto lacked an English historian. This essay does much more than clarify technical problems in one of the various ideas of History embraced in Professor Toynbee's system. Mr. Forbes addresses his book to all students of nineteenth-century thought.
Validation of population-specific Mini-Nutritional Assessment with its long-term mortality-predicting ability: results of a population-based longitudinal 4-year study in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Alan C. , Yang Shu-Fang , Wang Jiun-Yi
Published: March 2010

Nutrition is a key element in geriatric health, and nutritional screening/assessment is a key component of comprehensive geriatric evaluation. The study aimed to validate the Mini Nutritional Assessment Taiwan version-1 (MNA-T1) which adopted population-specific anthropometric cut-points, and version-2 (MNA-T2) which replaced BMI with mid-arm and calf circumferences in the scale for predicting the nutritional status of elderly Taiwanese. Using data of a population-representative longitudinal study of 2802 Taiwanese aged 65 years or older, the study graded the nutritional status of each subject with the original and both modified versions at baseline, analysed their hospital length of stay, the Activities of Daily Living (ADL), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and life-satisfaction scores at baseline and end of 4 years, and tracked their survival during the period. Results showed that both modified versions had superior predictive abilities compared with the original MNA, and their graded scores correlated better with hospital length of stay, and ADL, CES-D and life-satisfaction scores. Both modified versions were effective in predicting follow-up mortality risk. The relative mortality risk was about 7 times for those rated malnourished and 2·5 times for those rated at risk of malnutrition compared with those who were rated normal at baseline by the two modified versions. These results suggest that both of the modified versions are effective in predicting the nutrition and health statuses of Taiwanese elderly and would serve to validate the predictive ability of the two modified versions. The MNA-T2, which requires no BMI, can make routine nutritional screening/assessment an easier task.
Dietary patterns and blood pressure among middle-aged and elderly Chinese men in Shanghai
Authors: Lee Sang-Ah , Cai Hui , Yang Gong , Xu Wang-Hong , Zheng Wei , Li Honglan , Gao Yu-Tang , Xiang Yong-Bing , Shu Xiao Ou
Published: March 2010

The prevalence of hypertension has increased over the past decade in many developed and developing countries, including China. This increase may be associated with changes in lifestyle, including dietary patterns. We evaluated the association of dietary patterns with blood pressure (BP) by using data from a large, population-based cohort study of middle-aged and elderly Chinese men, the Shanghai Men's Health Study. The present cross-sectional analysis includes 39 252 men who reported no prior history of hypertension, diabetes, CHD, or stroke nor use of antihypertensive drugs at study enrolment. Three dietary patterns, ‘vegetable’, ‘fruit and milk’ and ‘meat’, were derived using factor analysis. The fruit and milk diet was inversely associated with both systolic and diastolic BP (Ptrend < 0·001). The adjusted mean systolic BP was 2·9 mmHg lower (95 % CI − 3·4, − 2·4), and diastolic BP was 1·7 mmHg lower (95 % CI − 2·0, − 1·4) for men in the highest quintile of the ‘fruit and milk’ pattern compared with men in the lowest quintile. This inverse association was more evident among heavy drinkers; the highest quintile of the ‘fruit and milk’ pattern was associated with a 4·1 mmHg reduction in systolic BPv. a 2·0 mmHg reduction among non-drinkers (Pinteraction = 0·003) compared to the lowest quintile. The corresponding reductions in diastolic BP were 2·0 v. 1·3 mmHg (Pinteraction = 0·011). The ‘fruit and milk’ pattern was associated with a lower prevalence of both pre-hypertension and hypertension, and the associations appeared to be stronger among drinkers. Results of the present study suggest an important role for diet in the prevention of hypertension.
Social Policy Digest Online
Authors: Bennett Fran , Jones Ken
Published: March 2010

The Social Policy Digest went online in 2002, and since then has developed into a major web-based resource on UK social policy issues. By the end of 2008 it contained over 22,000 entries, covering policy developments and research findings across the whole range of social policy fields.
Acquiring Empire by Law: From Roman Doctrine to Early Modern European Practice
Authors: Benton Lauren , Straumann Benjamin
Published: March 2010

What role did the Roman legal concept ofres nullius(things without owners), or the related concept ofterra nullius(land without owners), play in the context of early modern European expansion? Scholars have provided widely different answers to this question. Some historians have argued that European claims based onterra nulliusbecame a routine part of early modern interimperial politics, particularly as a response by the English and French crowns to expansive Iberian claims supported by papal donations. Others have countered that allusions toterra nulliusmarked a temporary phase of imperial discourse and that claimants relied more often on other rationales for empire, rarely mentioningres nulliusorterra nulliusand often explicitly recognizing the ownership rights, and even the sovereignty, of local polities and indigenous peoples.
The American Civil War as a Trial by Battle
Authors: Nicoletti Cynthia
Published: March 2010

Confined alone in a cell in New York's Fort Lafayette in the heat of the summer of 1865, former Confederate naval secretary Stephen R. Mallory had little to do but reflect on the fate of the defeated Confederacy. Convinced that his life might be forfeit if the United States government made good on its threat to try him for treason, Mallory composed a lengthy letter to President Andrew Johnson petitioning for a pardon and seeking to explain his views on the demise of the Confederacy and the fate of the states' right to secede from the Union. While Mallory stressed his opposition to disunion in 1861, on the grounds of its inexpediency, he admitted that he had placed loyalty to his state above his duty as a citizen of the United States. He had “regarded the commands of my state as decisive of my path of duty; and I followed where she led.” Nonetheless, Mallory went on to disclaim his belief in the principle of secession in very striking terms, describing the death of secession in the crucible of the Civil War as the result of a trial by battle. Mallory never specifically denied secession's constitutionality; instead, he told Johnson that because he “recognize[ed] the death [of the Confederacy] as the will of Almighty God, I regard and accept His dispensation as decisive of the questions of slavery and secession.”
Felons' Effects and the Effects of Felony in Nineteenth-Century England
Authors: Kesselring K. J.
Published: March 2010

On May 17, 1853, a court sentenced Francis Prout of East Stonehouse, Devon, to six months' hard labor for receiving £1 15s. in stolen money. Prout's “lodger,” a Mary Ann Foss, had stood charged with the theft at the local quarter sessions, but during her trial she denounced Prout as a brothel keeper who profited from crimes committed in his house. With no real warning, Prout found himself tried and convicted. An even more alarming surprise followed a few days later, when the local authorities decided to pursue Prout's property. They invoked the ancient practice by which felons forfeited their possessions, claiming not just Prout's moveable goods, as was common, but also his ninety-nine-year leases on two local pubs and the profits from his freehold on a pub and houses in Plymouth. The latter constituted an unusual decision, in part because the inquisition necessary to seize the property would cost about £150, and in this case no interested party stepped forward to pay the fees. But as the chairman of the quarter sessions argued, Prout's property was “chiefly acquired by the wages of prostitution.” Underneath his talk of “fallen women” and “unfortunate creatures” lay a very modern concern with the illicit proceeds of criminal activity. In such a case, the chairman opined, the property in question should be forfeit.
Physiological parameters governing the action of pancreatic lipase
Authors: Brownlee Iain A. , Forster Deborah J. , Wilcox Matthew D. , Dettmar Peter W. , Seal Chris J. , Pearson Jeff P.
Published: March 2010

The most widely used pharmacological therapies for obesity and weight management are based on inhibition of gastrointestinal lipases, resulting in a reduced energy yield of ingested foods by reducing dietary lipid absorption. Colipase-dependent pancreatic lipase is believed to be the major gastrointestinal enzyme involved in catalysis of lipid ester bonds. There is scant literature on the action of pancreatic lipase under the range of physiological conditions that occur within the human small intestine, and the literature that does exist is often contradictory. Due to the importance of pancreatic lipase activity to nutrition and weight management, the present review aims to assess the current body of knowledge with regards to the physiology behind the action of this unique gastrointestinal enzyme system. Existing data would suggest that pancreatic lipase activity is affected by intestinal pH, the presence of colipase and bile salts, but not by the physiological range of Ca ion concentration (as is commonly assumed). The control of secretion of pancreatic lipase and its associated factors appears to be driven by gastrointestinal luminal content, particularly the presence of acid or digested proteins and fats in the duodenal lumen. Secretion of colipase, bile acids and pancreatic lipase is driven by cholecystokinin and secretin release.
All fired up: the growth of fire insurance in Sweden, 1830–1950
Authors: Lindmark Magnus , Andersson Lars Fredrik
Published: March 2010

In this article we investigate supply and demand factors that have been put forward to explain the growth of fire insurance markets in Sweden during the financial revolution. We show that income growth and urbanisation fostered the demand for fire insurance. The supply of fire insurance, on the other hand, helps explain financial market development. Fire insurance assisted in mortgaging fixed assets, such as houses, through guaranteeing them as collateral. On both the supply side and the demand side, fire insurance was a key factor of the financial revolution in Sweden.
Lower Healthy Eating Index-2005 dietary quality scores in older women with rheumatoid arthritisv. healthy controls
Authors: Grimstvedt Megan E , Woolf Kathleen , Milliron Brandy-Joe , Manore Melinda M
Published: March 2010

Objective

To assess the dietary quality of older women with and without rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) to identify potential strategies to improve the nutritional status.

Design

Cross-sectional. Diet was assessed using 7 d food records and analysed for nutrient composition (Food Processor v. 7·11). Diet quality was determined using the HEI-2005, a measure of compliance with 2005 US Dietary Guidelines. Individuals with RA completed a self-reported evaluation of arthritis (pain scale and disability index). Independent two-tailedttests or Mann–Whitney tests compared the differences between groups and correlations were computed between HEI-2005 and measures of disease reactivity.

Setting

Arizona, USA.

Subjects

Older (≥ 55 years) women (n108) with RA (n52) and healthy controls (HC;n56).

Results

There were no differences between groups in age, weight, or BMI (kg/m2). HC participants had higher mean HEI-2005 scores for whole fruit (cups;P= 0·02), total fruit (cups;P= 0·05), whole grains (oz;P= 0·004), oil (g;P= 0·05) and total HEI score (P= 0·04) than the RA group. In the RA group, these same HEI components were inversely correlated with disability index (r= −0·20,P= 0·04). Participants with RA reported lower mean intakes of carbohydrate (g;P= 0·02), fibre (g;P= 0·01) and vitamin C (mg;P= 0·04).

Conclusions

This is the first study examining the dietary quality in older women with and without RA using the HEI-2005. Living with RA was associated with significantly lower dietary quality. Since even small changes in dietary quality can translate into better nutritional status, future interventions should focus on increasing dietary quality in this high-risk group.
Community monitoring of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme in the National Capital Region of Delhi
Authors: Agarwal Juhi , Pandav Chandrakant S , Karmarkar Madhukar G , Nair Sirimavo
Published: March 2010

Objective

The present study was conducted to assess the current status of iodine-deficiency disorders (IDD) in the National Capital Region of Delhi (NCR Delhi) and evaluate the implementation and impact of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP).

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

School-going children (n1230) in the age group of 6–12 years were enrolled from thirty primary schools in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi. Thirty schools were selected using the probability-proportional-to-size cluster sampling methodology. In each identified school forty-one children were surveyed. Urine and salt samples were collected and studied for iodine concentration. A total of sixty salt samples from retail level were also collected.

Subjects

Schoolchildren aged 6–12 years.

Results

The median urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was found to be 198·4 μg/l. The percentage of children with UIE levels of <20·0, 20·0–49·9, 50·0–99·9 and ≥100·0 μg/l was 1·9, 4·3, 9·5 and 84·2 %, respectively. The proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt (salt with iodine levels of at least 15 ppm at consumption level) was 88·8 %. The assessment of iodine content of salt revealed that only 6·1 % of the families were consuming salt with iodine content less than 7 ppm. At retail level 88·3 % of salt samples had >15 ppm iodine.

Conclusions

Significant progress has been achieved towards elimination of IDD from NCR Delhi. There is a need for further strengthening of the system to monitor the quality of iodized salt provided to the beneficiaries under the universal salt iodization programme and so eliminate IDD from NCR Delhi.
A LEAP forward or a LEAP back? Revelations about the Learning, Earning and Parenting (LEAP) program of Ontario Works
Authors: Smith-Carrier Tracy
Published: March 2010

In juxtaposition to the sizeable literature on workfare, there is a significant gap of research on the Learning, Earning, and Parenting (LEAP) policy of Ontario Works, a workfare program for teen parents in Canada. The purpose of this article is to discuss a qualitative study exploring the adequacy and efficacy of the program. Findings indicate that while some amendments are necessary for LEAP specifically, significant modifications are needed to the overall workfare policy. A paradigmatic shift in the characterisation of workfare recipients is also necessary to extricate mothers from the cycle of poverty associated with social assistance access.
Beyond the Dependent Variable Problem: The Methodological Challenges of Capturing Productive and Protective Dimensions of Social Policy
Authors: Hudson John , Kühner Stefan
Published: March 2010

The question of how best to account for the multidimensional character of welfare states has become an integral part of discussions on the so-called dependent variable problem within comparative welfare state research. In this paper, we discuss challenges from an attempt to capture productive and protective welfare state dimensions by means of several methodological techniques, namely Z-score standardisation, cluster analysis, factor analysis and fuzzy-set ideal type analysis. While we illustrate that a decision to use any one of these techniques has a substantial bearing on the produced findings, we specifically argue that fuzzy-set ideal type analysis offers considerable advantages over more traditional, statistically rooted approaches. This is particularly true if the observed dimensions are conceptually distinct and ‘antithetical’.
Will Policy Makers Hear My Disability Experience? How Participatory Research Contributes to Managing Interest Conflict in Policy Implementation
Authors: Fisher Karen R. , Robinson Sally
Published: March 2010

Participatory evaluation gives primacy to the experience of people affected by the policy. How realistic is it for researchers to persuade government of its benefits, given the gap between participatory policy theory and government evaluation practice? We apply this question to the Resident Support Program evaluation. The program coordinates support for people living in boarding houses and hostels in Queensland, Australia. We found that a participatory, longitudinal, formative evaluation process facilitated service user contribution to research outcomes, service experiences and policy implementation. In addition, the values position of participatory research can contribute to managing interest conflict in policy implementation.
In vivo Assessment of Macrophage CNS Infiltration during Disruption of the Blood–Brain Barrier with Focused Ultrasound: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Liu Hao-Li , Wai Yau-Yau , Hsu Po-Hong , Lyu Lee-Ang , Wu Jia-Shin , Shen Chia-Rui , Chen Jin-Chung , Yen Tzu-Chen , Wang Jiun-Jie
Published: March 2010

Correction to: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (2009) 30, 168–177; doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.179

Following the publication of this article, the authors noted errors in Figure 1 . The corrected figure appears below:
Development of a surface ionization source for the SPIRAL 2 project
Authors: Pichard A. , Jardin P. , Saint-Laurent M.-G. , Frigot R. , Bajeat O. , Delahaye P. , Dubois M. , Frånberg-Delahaye H. , Lecomte P. , Lehérissier P. , Leroy R. , Lecesne N. , Maunoury L. , Méry A. , Pacquet J. Y. ,   GANISOL Team
Published: March 2010

Development of new radioactive beams, and thus of new target ion sources (TISs) for isotope-separator-on-line production systems are in progress at GANIL for the SPIRAL 2 project. The efficiency and time response measurements of each step in the production process are crucial to predict and maximize the available yields, in particular, for short lived isotopes. This paper presents a method for measuring these quantities that makes use of a stable alkali chopped beam of controlled intensity. This method was applied to surface ionization source test for high efficiency. Results of recent experiments are presented that include ionization efficiency measurements for Cs, Rb, K, Na, and Li with a graphite and rhenium ionizer and dwell time of these alkalis on graphite. The results enabled to design a first surface ionization source prototype which will be installed in the SPIRAL 2 TIS.
Latest developments at GANIL for stable and radioactive ion beam production
Authors: Jardin P. , Barué C. , Bajeat O. , Canet C. , Clément E. , Cornell J. C. , Delahaye P. , Dubois M. , Dupuis M. , Flambard J. L. , Frånberg H. , Frigot R. , Leboucher C. , Lecesne N. , Lecomte P. , Lehérissier P. , Lemagnen F. , Leroy R. , Maunoury L. , Méry A. , De Oliveira F. , Pichard A. , Pacquet J.-Y. , Saint-Laurent M.-G. , Thomas J. C.
Published: March 2010

In the frame of the SPIRAL II (Système de Production d’Ions Radioactifs Accélérés en Ligne Partie II) project, several developments of stable and radioactive ion production systems have been started up. In parallel, GANIL has the ambition to preserve the existing stable and radioactive beams and also to increase its range by offering new ones. In order to identify the best directions for this development, a new group called GANISOL has been formed. Its preliminary conclusions and the latest developments at GANIL are presented.
Addendum to papers from the GANIL (Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds) GANISOL Team, published in Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Ion Sources, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, September 2009
Authors: Alahari N. , Bajeat O. , Barué C. , Chautard F. , Clément E. , Delahaye P. , De Oliveira F. , Dubois M. , Fadil M. , Frånberg-Delahaye H. , Jacquot B. , Jardin P. , Saint-Laurent M. G. , Lecesne N. , Lehérissier P. , Leroy R. , Lewitowicz M. , Lhersonneau G. , Maunoury L. , Méry A. , Roussel-Chomaz P. , Pacquet J. Y. , Pichard A. , Thomas J. C.
Published: March 2010

This addendum applies to the paper authored by contributors from the Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds (GANIL) published in the February 2010 issue of Review of Scientific Instruments, within the Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Ion Sources, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, September 2009 (Key Scientific coordinator: P. Delahaye; Technical coordinator: P. Jardin; SPIRAL 2 coordinator: R. Leroy and H. Frånberg-Delahaye; GPI leader: P. Lehérissier; and Direction correspondant: P. Roussel-Chomaz). This addendum provides the full list of GANISOL contributors and their affiliations.
Ultrafast relaxation dynamics of hot optical phonons in graphene
Authors: Wang Haining , Strait Jared H. , George Paul A. , Shivaraman Shriram , Shields Virgil B. , Chandrashekhar Mvs , Hwang Jeonghyun , Rana Farhan , Spencer Michael G. , Ruiz-Vargas Carlos S. , Park Jiwoong
Published: March 2010

Using ultrafast optical pump-probe spectroscopy, we study the relaxation dynamics of hot optical phonons in few-layer and multilayer graphene films grown by epitaxy on silicon carbide substrates and by chemical vapor deposition on nickel substrates. In the first few hundred femtoseconds after photoexcitation, the hot carriers lose most of their energy to the generation of hot optical phonons which then present the main bottleneck to subsequent cooling. Optical phonon cooling on short time scales is found to be independent of the graphene growth technique, the number of layers, and the type of the substrate. We find average phonon lifetimes in the 2.5–2.55 ps range. We model the relaxation dynamics of the coupled carrier-phonon system with rate equations and find a good agreement between the experimental data and the theory. The extracted optical phonon lifetimes agree very well with the theory based on anharmonic phonon interactions.
Emittance studies of the Spallation Neutron Source external-antenna H− ion source
Authors: Han B. X. , Stockli M. P. , Welton R. F. , Pennisi T. R. , Murray S. N. , Santana M. , Long C. D.
Published: March 2010

A new Allison-type emittance scanner has been built to characterize the ion sources and low energy beam transport systems at Spallation Neutron Source. In this work, the emittance characteristics of the H− beam produced with the external-antenna rf-driven ion source and transported through the two-lens electrostatic low energy beam transport are studied. The beam emittance dependence on beam intensity, extraction parameters, and the evolution of the emittance and twiss parameters over beam pulse duration are presented.