bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression as a Comprehensive Criminal Procedure Institute
Authors: Vorobev Sergey
Published: April 2016

The article is devoted to development problems of the criminal procedure Institute of rehabilitation. The author makes a scientific analysis of the formation of the institute of rehabilitation as a comprehensive criminal procedure institute aimed at restoration of social justice for victims of political repression. In addition, the article describes characteristic features of the regulatory actions of the institute of rehabilitation in the system of the Russian law in its historical, political, and unique processes. In this paper we use modern general scientific and special methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, historical, legal, structural-functional, normative-logical, comprehensive and comparative law. Scientific novelty of the work lies in consideration of normative-legal regulation of the institute of rehabilitation of victims of political repression as a comprehensive legal institution. Also this article reflects the author’s subjective position on the subject.
Judicial Practice Impact on Law Making
Authors: Shubert Tatyana
Published: April 2016

The article discusses the role of judicial practice in legislative drafting activities, judicial precedent as a source of law, analyzes the problem of revealing legal gaps and contradictions in the current legislation. The author stresses the need for clarification of the term the “right to legislative initiative of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on issues within their jurisdiction”, and proposes a mechanism for accounting court practice during consideration of draft laws. The author submits the proposal on the adoption of the Federal Law “On Regulatory Legal Acts in the Russian Federation”, which, in the author’s opinion, will permit to overcome legal conflicts between the law and other regulatory legal acts and will create a solid legal framework for law-making and lawenforcement processes, will contribute to the prevention of infringement of legality in the activities of state bodies, business entities and other organizations, and strengthening the guarantees for realization of citizens’ rights and legitimate interests. Besides, the author proposes to amend the State Duma Regulation by adding the provision that when introducing the draft law to the State Duma, the subject with the right of legislative initiative must submit the materials containing system analysis and judicial practice trends regarding the regulation of the draft law in question.
Robust Polynomial-Time Approximation Schemes for Parallel Machine Scheduling with Job Arrivals and Departures
Authors: Skutella Martin , Verschae José
Published: April 2016

Scheduling a set of n jobs on m identical parallel machines so as to minimize the makespan or maximize the minimum machine load are two of the most important and fundamental scheduling problems studied in the literature. We consider the general online scenario where jobs are consecutively added to and/or deleted from an instance. The goal is to maintain a near-optimal assignment of the current set of jobs to the m machines. This goal is essentially doomed to failure unless, upon arrival or departure of a job, we allow reassigning some other jobs. Considering that the reassignment of a job induces a cost proportional to its size, the total cost for reassigning jobs must preferably be bounded by a constant r times the total size of added or deleted jobs. The value r is called the reassignment factor of the solution and it is a measure of our willingness to adapt the solution over time.

Our main result is that, for any ε > 0, it is possible to achieve (1 + ε)-competitive solutions with constant reassignment factor r(ε). For the minimum makespan problem this is the first improvement on the (2 + ε)-competitive algorithm by Andrews et al. (1999) [Andrews M, Goemans M, Zhang L (1999) Improved bounds for on-line load balancing. Algorithmica 23(4):278–301]. Crucial to our algorithm is a new insight into the structure of robust, almost optimal schedules.
Computation, Multiplicity, and Comparative Statics of Cournot Equilibria in Integers
Authors: Todd Michael J.
Published: April 2016

We give an efficient algorithm for computing a Cournot equilibrium when the producers are confined to integers, the inverse demand function is linear, and costs are quadratic. The method also establishes existence constructively. We use our characterization to discuss the multiplicity of integer Cournot equilibria and their relationship to the real Cournot equilibrium.
Optimal Solutions to a Real-World Integrated Airline Scheduling Problem
Authors: Cacchiani Valentina , Salazar-González Juan-José
Published: April 2016

We study an integrated airline scheduling problem for a regional carrier. It integrates three stages of the planning process (i.e., fleet assignment, aircraft routing, and crew pairing) that are typically solved in sequence. Aircraft maintenance is also taken into account. The objective function aims at minimizing a weighted sum of the number of aircraft routes, the number of crew pairings, and the waiting times of crews between consecutive flights. In addition, it aims at maximizing the robustness of the solution by also minimizing the number of times that crews need to change aircraft. We present two mixed integer linear programming models for the integrated problem. The first formulation, called the path-path model, can be considered as the “natural model” in which both the crew pairings and the aircraft routes are represented by path-based variables. The other formulation, called the arc-path model, is a novel model in which the aircraft routes are represented by arc-based variables and the crew pairings by path-based variables. We propose two exact methods (called path-path method and arc-path method) for solving the integrated problem, each one based on one of the proposed models. Both methods consist of three phases. In the first phase, the linear programming relaxation of the corresponding model is solved to optimality by column generation on the path-based variables, thus providing a lower bound. The second phase computes a heuristic solution (upper bound) by using only the variables generated in the first phase. The third phase makes use of the lower and upper bounds (obtained in the previous phases) to compute an optimal solution. We propose a bounding cut based on computing a lower bound on the number of aircraft changes that are needed in a feasible solution, and empirically show that this cut significantly speeds up the exact methods. The proposed methods are tested on real-world instances of a regional carrier with up to 172 flights and three fleet operators. The results show that the arc-path method outperforms the path-path method as well as a heuristic approach from the literature, and derives the optimal solutions for all of the considered instances in at most two hours of computing time.
Incidence of surgical site infection in postoperative patients at a tertiary care centre in India
Authors: Akhter M. Siddique J. , Verma R. , Madhukar K. Premjeet , Vaishampayan A. Rajiv , Unadkat P.C.
Published: April 2016

Objective:

A prospective observational was carried out to calculate the incidence of surgical site infections (SSI) along with the main risk factors and causative organisms in postoperative patients at a tertiary care setting in Mumbai.

Method:

A total number of 1196 patients between June 2011 to March 2013 admitted to the general surgical ward or surgical ICU of our hospital were included in the study. Post laproscopy patients and organ space SSIs were excluded. Patient data were collected using a preformed pro forma and a wound Southampton score tabulated and checked repeatedly until suture removal of patient. Regular follow-up was maintained until at least 30 days postoperatively.

Results:

The study showed a SSI rate of 11%. Risk factors associated with a higher incidence of SSI were found to be age (>55 years), diabetes mellitus (especially uncontrolled sugar in the perioperative period), immunocompromised patients (mainly HIV and immunosuppressive therapy patients), surgeon skill (higher in senior professors compared with junior residents), nature of the cases, (emergency surgeries), placement of drains, wound class (highest in dirty wounds), type of closure (multilayer closure), prolonged duration of hospital stay, longer duration of surgery (>2 hours), type of surgery (highest in cholecystectomy). The highest rates of causative organisms for SSIs found were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella ssp.

Conclusion:

Prevention of SSIs requires a multipronged approach with particular emphasis on optimising preoperative issues, adhering religiously to strict protocols during the intraoperative period and addressing and optimising metabolic and nutritional status in postoperative period.
A paradigm shift in policing: Crime reduction through problem oriented policing
Authors: Ozkan Murat
Published: April 2016

The opportunity theories of crime regards opportunity as a root cause and focus attention on the crime rather than the criminal. In the practical crime prevention efforts, this theoretical framework paved the way for innovative policing strategies like problem oriented policing and situational crime prevention. Policy makers and practitioners accept the motivated offender as given and gather the efforts to prevent offenders accessing sufficient means and opportunities for a crime to occur. This paper describes the link between opportunity theories of crime and successful crime reduction efforts stemmed from them. It entails problem oriented policing and situational crime prevention techniques. Crime is not evenly distributed. It concentrates differently on places, offenders and persons. This paper then describes the fundamental discussion of crime distribution on hot places, targets, products, offenders and victims. Major works and findings in the field of environmental criminology is presented by describing hot spots and crime distribution, and crime patterns. The paper finally presents an evaluation of these approaches.
Promoting Psychological Flexibility by Practicing Flexibly: The Therapist as Model
Authors: Bresler Jill
Published: April 2016

In this discussion of Dr. Robert Cohen’s (2016) case study of his client Daniel, several integrative shifts over the course of the long-term, psychoanalytic treatment are noted. Initially, a shift from a traditional psychoanalytic model to a relational model was initiated in order to respond to Daniel's lack of responsiveness to a therapy focused on transference interpretation; and later a shift to employing strategies from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT;  Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 2012) was implemented in order to address ruminative thought patterns and accompanying social inhibition. The therapist describes his own process of exploring options flexibly, allowing the reader a rare view into this clinical decision-making process. The treatment as a whole is conceptualized as fostering both mentalization and mindfulness skills in the context of the secure attachment that an intensive treatment tends to  foster. The possibility that a shift to ACT provided a bridge to a termination process is discussed.
Expanding My Perspective on the Case of Daniel
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: April 2016

I appreciate the reflections on the case of Daniel from Dr. Jill Bresler (2016) and from Dr. Stephen Holland (2016) —two experienced clinicians well versed in moving between psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral orientations to more comprehensively meet the needs of their patients.  Dr. Bresler’s response led me to think more about my development as a therapist and the process through which a psychoanalyst struggles to become more integrative. Dr. Holland’s response provided a helpful overview of additional cognitive techniques I might have used, but it also suggested that there may be limits to integrating certain aspects of different theories because of fundamental discrepancies.
Dialogas apie sekuliarizaciją ir dabarties kultūrą
Authors: Habdankaitė Daina
Published: April 2016

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Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Palmira: génesis agrícola e impacto social institucional (1900-1944)
Authors: Valencia LLano Néstor Fabio , Carmona Orantes Gabriel
Published: April 2016

Numerosos científicos y académicos han sostenido que durante la década de 1920 se integró la ciencia con la agricultura en el Valle del Cauca, favorecida por una política estatal sobre el fomento de la agricultura. La anterior presunción generaba dudas porque faltaba ampliar el conocimiento sobre la historia agraria y educativa
en la región durante el período 1931-1942, momento en que surgió una segunda normatividad sobre el fomento agrario que posibilitó instaurar en 1934 el Instituto Agrícola del Valle del Cauca. En la literatura revisada, no se encontraron investigaciones que abordaran la génesis e irrupción de la agricultura científica y la educación
agrícola superior en el Departamento del Valle del Cauca. El objetivo consistió en “Reconstruir las principales políticas agrarias y educativas, y su contribución a la génesis de la agricultura científica y al origen de la educación superior agrícola en el Valle del Cauca en el período de tiempo comprendido entre 1900-1944”. La investigación posibilitó concluir que la Ley 132 de 1931, fue la que facilitó de manera positiva, la irrupción de la agricultura
científica en el Valle del Cauca, porque permitió a los pioneros de la agricultura científica, instaurar en 1934 un instituto agrícola conformado por el Servicio de Extensión agrícola y la Escuela Superior de Agricultura, permitiendo formar los profesionales que integrarían la ciencia con la agricultura tropical.

 
El mejoramiento genético y la producción de leche. La esencia de una realidad de producción animal
Authors: Campos Gaona Rómulo , Garcia Alegria Katherine , Velez Terranova Mauricio , Hernandez Erika , Molina Benavides Raúl , Sánchez Guerrero Hugo , Durán Castro Carlos Vicente , Giraldo Patiño Leonidas
Published: April 2016

La producción lechera ha sido una de las grandes áreas del desarrollo de la Zootecnia. En ella se reúne el mejoramiento genético, logros en la producción de leche, disposición de la ubre, velocidad de ordeño, variación en la composición química, rendimiento lácteo en subproductos; así mismo, el avance en la nutrición para atender los
requerimientos de los altos volúmenes de leche, evolución en los sistemas de producción, innovaciones tecnológicas en el ordeño, higienización y aseguramiento de calidad, uso de biotecnologías para la optimización de la producción y la reproducción, generación de nuevas razas y estudio de posibles bondades productivas de recursos
genéticos locales. El objetivo de este documento es: en los ochenta años de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, presentar una breve sinopsis de la producción lechera, como un homenaje a los profesionales y productores que han participado en su desarrollo, en especial de los grupos raciales bovinos Lucerna y Hartón del Valle.
Diagnóstico serológico y molecular del Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) en tubérculos-semilla de papa en Antioquia, Colombia
Authors: Mesa Medina Mauricio Esteban , González Ramírez Martha Isabel , Gutiérrez Sánchez Pablo Andrés , Marín Montoya Mauricio Alejandro
Published: April 2016

Las virosis son uno de los problemas fitosanitarios más limitantes para la producción de papa, siendo los virus Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus S (PVS) y Potato ye-llow vein virus (PYVV) los que generan mayores pérdidas económicas en la región andina. Gene-ralmente estos virus son transmitidos por insectos hemípteros y por tubérculos-semilla. En esta investigación se evaluó la presencia y distribución del PLRV en tubérculos de Solanum tuberosum variedad Diacol-Capiro y S. phureja variedad Criolla-Colombia obtenidos en Antioquia, utilizando pruebas serológicas y moleculares. Mediante DAS-ELISA se evaluaron 128 muestras consisten-tes en tres tipos de tejidos (piel, yemas latentes y brotes), mientras que con RT-PCR en tiempo real (RT-qPCR), se utilizó un subgrupo de 12 muestras de cada variedad. Utilizando DAS-ELISA, el PLRV se encontró en el 3,1% y 10,1% de las muestras de Diacol-Capiro y Criolla-Colombia, respectivamente; siendo evidente una mayor detección del virus en la piel de los tubérculos de ésta última variedad. Las pruebas de RT-qPCR detectaron el PLRV en 83,3% y 91,6% de las 12 muestras de Diacol-Capiro y de Criolla-Colombia, respectivamente; con valores de Ciclo umbral (CT) entre 17,72 y 30,59. La naturaleza de los amplicones obtenidos por RT-qPCR fue confirmada por secuenciación como parte de una región codificante de la cápside del PLRV (Identidad=99%-100%). Estos resultados enfatizan en la necesidad de utilizar tubérculo-semilla certificados por su sanidad viral en los cultivos de papa del país y de fortalecer dichos programas a partir del empleo de técnicas de detección altamente sensibles como RT-qPCR.
Development and Validation of an LC–MS/MS Method for Determination of Tigecycline and Its Epimer in Human Plasma and Its Application in a Pharmacokinetic Study
Authors: Wang Longyuan , Hu Xiaoxiao , Zhu Hong , Zhang Xiaotian , Wang Chuan , Han Zhiwu
Published: April 2016

A rapid, selective, sensitive, and simple method for simultaneous determination of tigecycline and its epimer in human plasma samples was developed and validated by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Sample preparation involved one-step protein precipitation by adding 0.1% formic acid–methanol and phosphate buffer (PB) solution to the plasma. Chromatographic separation was obtained with XBridge BEH C18 column (3.5 μm, 50 × 4.6 mm) through a 9.5-min gradient mobile phase at the flow rate of 0.6 mL min−1 at 4 °C. The calibration curves were linear over concentration 5.00–2000 ng mL−1 with correlation coefficient greater than 0.998. Intra-batch and inter-batch accuracy of the assay were in the ranges of −2.90% to 3.00%, and the corresponding precision was less than 6.97%. The extraction recovery of tigecycline and its epimer with the current method were 87.2% and 76.9%, respectively. The applied LC–MS/MS method was shown to be sufficiently sensitive and will be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.
An HPLC method for the determination of moxifloxacin in breast milk by fluorimetric detection with precolumn derivatization
Authors: Tekkeli S.E. Kepekci , Gazioglu I. , Kiziltas M.V.
Published: April 2016

A new, sensitive, and selective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorimetric detection was developed for the determination of moxifloxacin (MOX) in human breast milk. MOX was precolumn derivatized with fluorescamine; the fluorescent derivative was separated on an RP C18 column using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile–10 mM orthophosphoric acid by isocratic elution with flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1. The method was based on the measurement of the derivative using fluorescence detection at 481 nm with excitation at 351 nm. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 1–40 μg mL−1. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were found to be 0.3 and 1 μg mL−1, respectively. Intra-day and interday repeatabilities were less than 3.15%.
A Review of Herbicide Resistance in Iran
Authors: Gherekhloo Javid , Oveisi Mostafa , Zand Eskandar , De Prado Rafael
Published: April 2016

Continuous use of herbicides has triggered a phenomenon called herbicide resistance. Nowadays, herbicide resistance is a worldwide problem that threatens sustainable agriculture. A study of over a decade on herbicides in Iran has revealed that herbicide resistance has been occurring since 2004 in some weed species. Almost all the results of these studies have been published in national scientific journals and in conference proceedings on the subject. In the current review, studies on herbicide resistance in Iran were included to provide a perspective of developing weed resistance to herbicides for international scientists. More than 70% of arable land in Iran is given over to cultivation of wheat, barley, and rice; wheat alone covers nearly 52%. Within the past 40 years, 108 herbicides from different groups of modes of action have been registered in Iran, of which 28 are for the selective control of weeds in wheat and barley. Major resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides has been shown in some weed species, such as winter wild oat, wild oat, littleseed canarygrass, hood canarygrass, and rigid ryegrass. With respect to the broad area of wheat crop production and continuous use of herbicides with the sole mechanism of action of ACCase inhibition, the provinces of West Azerbaijan, Tehran, Khorasan, Isfahan, Markazi, and Semnan are at risk of resistance development. In addition, because of continuous long-term use of tribenuron-methyl, resistance in broadleaf species is also being developed. Evidence has recently shown resistance of turnipweed and wild mustard populations to this herbicide. Stable monitoring of fields in doubtful areas and providing good education and training for technicians and farmers to practice integrated methods would help to prevent or delay the development of resistance to herbicides.
Influencia de los soportes, tiempo, origen e interferentes en la observación de fluidos biológicos con luces forenses
Authors: Laverde-Angarita Lilia Judith , Clavijo-Bolívar Yolanda
Published: April 2016

Introducción: al laboratorio llegan diferentes soportes para ser analizados, los cuales pueden contener fluidos como sangre, semen, saliva u orina. Una herramienta de apoyo en la identificación de manchas biológicas no visibles es la observación con luces forenses. En la actualidad, se cuenta con avances investigativos en los que se hace referencia a la longitud de onda y a la combinación con diferentes filtros para la observación de fluidos biológicos. Metodología: en esta investigación, se utilizó el equipo de luces alternas Polilight® Flare con luz azul, junto con filtro y gafas naranjas, para la observación de manchas de fluidos biológicos depositados en distintos tipos de textiles y otras superficies que se reciben con frecuencia en el laboratorio. Resultados: el principal resultado de este estudio fue determinar la confiabilidad del equipo en términos de reproducibilidad y repetitividad de los resultados, al igual que la influencia de variables tales como el sustrato, la edad de la mancha, el origen del fluido y posibles interferentes en la observación de fluorescencia de fluidos biológicos. Conclusiones: se encontró que las manchas biológicas que emitieron la fluorescencia más fuerte fueron las de semen, seguidas de las manchas de orina y saliva. Las manchas de sangre no emitieron fluorescencia y fueron denominadas como no-fluorescentes. La permeabilidad de los sustratos hizo que el halo de fluorescencia fuera mayor sobre todo en los de colores claros. De otro lado, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la emisión de fluorescencia del semen azoospérmico con respecto al normospérmico.
STOPPING COP KILLING: Lessons and limitations of South African research
Authors: Bruce David
Published: April 2016

One issue that has been of particular concern in South Africa over the last few years has been the high number of violent incidents in which members of the SAPS have been killed. Research has been done to determine the risk profile of police, the circumstances of killings both on and off duty, and the motives of police killers. But there are unanswered questions and further research could contribute to a better understanding of the dangers facing police.
PRISON HEALTH IS PUBLIC HEALTH: HIV/AIDS and the case for prison reform
Authors: Goyer KC
Published: April 2016

A South African sentenced to prison is at high risk of contracting HIV before he even arrives at prison for the first time. Prisoners are primarily young, black men from impoverished communities already hardest hit by HIV/AIDS. Much of their behaviour prior to incarceration is high risk for contracting HIV, and is likely to continue upon their release. Conditions in South African prisons also contribute to increased HIV prevalence due to gang violence, poor nutrition, and inadequate health care. If these issues are not addressed, the consequences will be dire, not only for the prison population, but for the broader society into which prisoners are released upon completion of their sentences. The overcrowding of prisons is one of the most important factors affecting prisoner health; reducing the size of the prison population is essential to prison reform.
BAD COPS GET A BREAK: The closure of the SAPS Anti-Corruption Anti-Corruption Unit
Authors: Newham Gareth , Gomomo Lulama
Published: April 2016

In 1996 the SAPS established its first internal anti-corruption unit to tackle what was identified as a growing problem of police corruption. Seven years down the line, combating corruption is still a national priority of the SAPS. But recently the SAPS announced that it is closing the anti-corruption unit and integrating some of its members into the organised crime unit. International experience suggests, however, that a specialised unit dedicated to investigating police crime and corruption is crucial if these problems are to be tackled effectively.
FINDING LOCAL SOLUTIONS: Crime prevention in the Nelson Mandela Metro
Authors: Masuku Sibusiso
Published: April 2016

Just like most cities in South Africa, the Nelson Mandela Metro, which comprises the former Port Elizabeth, Despatch and Uitenhage municipalities, faces serious challenges in its efforts to address crime. A victim survey and analysis of police crime statistics conducted by the ISS indicate that there are high rates of property crime, violent crime and robbery in the metro. Although these are spread out, some communities are more affected by certain crime types than others. It is imperative that the municipality makes a strategic decision about areas of focus, which crime types to deal with first, and about appropriate and effective crime reduction interventions linked to service delivery.
ON THE TUK-TUK EXPRESS: Has methamphetamine hit the Cape Flats?
Authors: Leggett Ted
Published: April 2016

Crystal methamphetamine is a drug with a high addiction potential that can elicit bizarre and aggressive behaviour. Preliminary research with gang members on the Cape Flats suggests that the drug may be growing in that community. If so, this is an issue for law enforcement to watch, because speed and violent criminals are not a good combination.
FALLING CRIME, RISING FEAR: 2003 National Victims of Crime Survey
Authors: Mistry Duxita
Published: April 2016

For several years, the police have maintained that crime levels in South Africa are ‘stabilising’. Without alternative sources of crime statistics, it is impossible to test these claims. The most reliable supplements to police data are national victim surveys, which are now conducted regularly in several countries for precisely this purpose. The 2003 National Victims of Crime Survey shows that crime levels, as measured by the surveys, have indeed declined since 1998. Public sentiment does not reflect this good news however – feelings of safety are much worse now than they were five years ago.
SEX WORKERS SPEAK OUT: Policing and the sex industry
Authors: Fick Nicolé
Published: April 2016

South African sex workers, especially those working on the street, have good reason to feel afraid when they are on the job. Not only do they have to contend with the inherent dangers of their profession, but because sex work is a crime, they face frequent abuse and harassment from the police who are ostensibly upholding the law. But the threat of arrest does little to stop sex workers; instead it forces them underground and into situations that are potentially even more dangerous.
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE CHILD JUSTICE BILL? The process of law reform relating to child offenders
Authors: Gallinetti Jacqui
Published: April 2016

Children who are accused of crimes in South Africa are governed by the same legislation as adults. The urgent need to develop a separate child justice system culminated in the release of the draft Child Justice Bill in 2000 by the South African Law Reform Commission (SALRC). A product of thorough research and consultation, the revised Bill was introduced to parliament in August 2002. The changes made after public hearings and debates in parliament in 2003 saw the whittling away of the overall child rights nature of the Bill. To add insult to injury, the legislation has, since that year, not been debated again before the portfolio committee and the legislature has provided no explanation for this state of affairs.
THE CASE OF S V ZUMA: Implications of allowing evidence of sexual history in rape trials
Authors: Moloi Jake
Published: April 2016

Rape is one of the most underreported crimes worldwide, not least because of the trauma facing complainants once the case goes to trial. The case of S v Zuma was a clear illustration of this problem. The court’s decision to allow Zuma’s lawyers to cross-examine the complainant about her sexual history (governed by section 227 of the Criminal Procedure Act) has far-reaching implications. The court’s failure to deal properly with section 227 has set a worrying precedent that is now binding on the lower courts where the majority of rape cases are heard. Moreover, the judgment does not reflect a consideration of the impact on the complainant’s right to human dignity, privacy and equality. This means the court missed an opportunity to align section 227 with the constitutional dictates that now govern the administration of justice in South Africa.
FINDING THE MEANINGS OF AIDS: ARV treatment in an Eastern Cape village
Authors: Steinberg Jonny
Published: April 2016

What happens to the meanings of AIDS when treatment for it becomes universally available? The author asks this question in Lusikisiki, where a successful antiretroviral treatment programme in the district’s 12 clinics made treatment accessible. The most profound effect is a whittling away of public denial. As nurses begin successfully treating opportunistic infections, so villagers’ definition of AIDS broadens considerably; infections previously considered the work of witchcraft are now identified with AIDS. However, two years after the beginning of treatment, AIDS remained highly stigmatised. Although everyone knew where to go for treatment, some stayed at home and got sicker, while others tried to initiate treatment secretly. The future of the meaning of AIDS depends a great deal on whether the health system can maintain the quality of its service. If radically understaffed clinics begin finding ways to turn patients away, people will look increasingly to traditional and lay-healers for treatment and accept alternative explanations for illness.
NEW CRIMES AND OLD PROCEDURES: Can the new Sexual Offences Bill deliver on its promises?
Authors: Vetten Lisa
Published: April 2016

In 1996 Dullah Omar, the then-Minister of Justice, established a project committee in the South African Law Reform Commission (SALRC) to investigate sexual offences against children. Eleven years later, having widened the scope of the legal reforms to include adults, the National Assembly finally passed the muchdelayed Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Bill (SO Bill 10 Nov 06 (SOBPC06)) on 23 May 2007. The Bill is ambitious, its objects being: ‘To afford complainants of sexual offences the maximum and least traumatising protection that the law can provide, to introduce measures which seek to enable the relevant organs of state to give full effect to the provisions of this Act and to combat and, ultimately, eradicate the relatively high incidence of sexual offences committed in the Republic’ (Sexual Offences Bill 2006: 9). This article briefly sets out some of the Bill’s content and then examines whether or not the Bill, in its current form, does indeed meet the high aims set for itself.
INVESTIGATING THE INVESTIGATORS: A summary of the Khampepe Commission of Inquiry
Authors: Kanyegirire Andrew
Published: April 2016

The Directorate of Special Operations (DSO) was set up in 1999 as a specialised unit of the National Prosecuting Authority with the dual responsibility of investigating and prosecuting national priority crimes, the main focus being high-level corruption and organised crime. Despite its successes, by 2005 critics were raising questions about its mandate and the strained relationship between the DSO and the South African Police Service (SAPS). Consequently, President Mbeki appointed Judge Sisi Khampepe to head a Commission of Inquiry into the mandate and location of the DSO. This article is a summary of some of the key issues raised in the Khampepe Report.
The war against the causes of crime: Advocacy for social crime prevention in the face of tougher law enforcement
Authors: Bruce David , Gould Chandré
Published: April 2016

Since the release of the National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS) in May 1996, social crime prevention has been a key concept in debates about how to address the problems of crime and violence in South Africa. Many in the civil society policy community firmly believe that social crime prevention, if properly implemented, will be effective in addressing crime and violence. Since the late 1990s there has also been a pervasive sense of disappointment and frustration amongst those who support social crime prevention about what is perceived as a failure of the state to back this agenda. There is a view that this is due to the fact that the state favours 'law enforcement', because it holds out the promise of quick results. It is true that the issue of social crime prevention is entirely absent from the current government discourse on crime, which is characterised by a strong emphasis on robust policing measures. But is it true that the main obstacle to social crime prevention is a law enforcement orientated mindset on the part of government – or are there other obstacles to the social crime prevention agenda?
The Traditional Courts Bill: A silent coup?
Authors: Gasa Nomboniso
Published: April 2016

This article calls into question the representation of traditional governance and customary law that underpins the Traditional Courts Bill (B15-2008)(TCB). It argues that the Bill presents a flawed view of traditional custom and practice by, amongst other things, failing to recognise the changing nature of custom and cultural practice. In so doing the Bill provides a legal basis upon which prejudice and discriminatory practices may be entrenched. The article argues that African cultures have always valued individual rights and choices, and affirmed these as integral to each individual being part of a community. This is in no way represented in the Bill. The author argues that the TCB has not only disregarded five years of work of the SALRC, funded by tax-payers, but also proposes a system that contradicts the Constitution.
Between illegality and legality: (In)security, crime and gangs in Nairobi informal settlements
Authors: Mutahi Patrick
Published: April 2016

This article analyses the informal security market in the Nairobi slums of Kibera and Mathare. It assesses how gangs manoeuvre between legality and illegality in the provision of security. This article argues that there is a need to move away from a traditional interpretation of crime and criminal groups so as to understand the deeper reasons for their existence, why they continue to exist, and how they operate as they tactically shift their nature to survive. This article thus advocates for a multilayered approach to security in order to identify how best Kenyans can meet their human security needs.
FREEING THE HAWKS: Why an anti-corruption agency should not be in the SAPS
Authors: Kinnes Irvin , Newham Gareth
Published: April 2016

The Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation (DPCI), commonly known as the ‘Hawks’, is currently at a crossroads. The Constitutional Court judgment in Glenister vs the President of South Africa and Others has called into question the Directorate’s continued existence in its current form. One of the most important questions raised by the Constitutional Court judgment is whether the DPCI can be sufficiently independent while located within the SAPS. This article presents arguments in support of the view that separating the unit from the SAPS is essential to build public confidence in the unit and to meet the requirements of the judgment.
UNDERSTANDING ‘POINTY FACE’: What is criminology for?
Authors: Dixon Bill
Published: April 2016

A Country at War with Itself, Antony Altbeker’s book about ‘South Africa’s crisis of crime’, begins with the dramatic story of a robbery in which Altbeker himself was involved. One of the robbers is a man who Altbeker refers to only as ‘Pointy Face’. Beyond the unusual shape of his chin, his high cheekbones and the hardness of his muscles, readers are told nothing about ‘Pointy Face’. He is a man from nowhere, a man with no history, no life before or after the evening he confronted Altbeker and his companion as they sat in a Johannesburg fast-food joint eating steak rolls and slap chips. In the context of recent international debates about the purpose of criminology, this paper asks what criminology is for in a country like South Africa. After reviewing the development of criminology in South Africa over the last 25 years or so, it argues that important questions about why crime – and violent crime in particular – has  remained so high in the post-apartheid era have not been either asked or answered. It suggests that an understandable concern with controlling crime more effectively has led to insufficient attention being paid to why it occurs in the first place. In the rush to make sure that ‘Pointy Face’ and people like him are caught, prosecuted and imprisoned, and lives and properties secured against their depredations, few serious attempts have been made to understand where the ‘Pointy Faces’ of contemporary South Africa come from and why they do what they do. The paper ends by suggesting some reasons why criminologists seem to have lost interest in understanding why crime happens and how researchers might begin to respond to this explanatory crisis.
VIOLENCE IS NOT A CRIME: The impact of ‘acceptable’ violence on South African society
Authors: Collins Anthony
Published: April 2016

In his book, A Country at War with Itself, Antony Altbeker has highlighted that the extraordinary and distressing feature of crime in South Africa is not how common it is, but how violent. This analysis moves on from that point, arguing that rather than focusing on violent crime as a specific type of criminality, we should examine violence as a separate category that sometimes overlaps with crime and sometimes does not. This shift in focus reveals that it is not South African crime that is so violent, but South African society in general. It shows that many of these forms of violence are both legal and socially acceptable. This includes violence in childrearing, intimate relationships, education, sport, film and television, establishing social identities, and political negotiation, to name but a few significant areas. An examination of these popular and accepted forms of violence provides a revealing analysis of how these patterns are reproduced socially and psychologically, explaining how individuals and groups come to use violence as an everyday strategy of social negotiation. This analysis makes it clear that violent crime is a reflection of deeper patterns of violence within the society, and highlights the importance of including approaches other than law enforcement in reducing violence in South Africa.
Lessons from the past: Remand detention and pre-trial services
Authors: Ballard Clare , Subramanian Ram
Published: April 2016

A 1997 project established by the Vera Institute of Justice, a New York-based non-government organisation, aimed to alleviate overcrowding in South African prisons by assisting magistrates in bail proceedings and thereby decreasing the number of admissions into awaiting trial facilities. Understanding the context in which the project operated leads to the important observation that efforts to launch and sustain discrete experiments in justice innovation will necessarily come under strain when faced with aggressively adverse macro circumstances, like the ones that faced Vera’s pre-trial project. However, the legal and social milieu has changed over the last twelve years. It is perhaps time to once again explore how innovations in criminal justice administration (a much-needed initiative) might best work in the various criminal justice management areas, given the discrete circumstances of each.
ON THE RECORD: Secretary of Police, Jenni Irish-Qhobosheane
Authors: Newham Gareth
Published: April 2016

No abstract
Bibliography on police and policing research in South Africa, 2000–2012
Authors: Banchani John-Paul , Van der Spuy Elrena
Published: April 2016

No abstract
Criminal justice policy and remand detention since 1994
Authors: Redpath Jean
Published: April 2016

The ‘tough on crime’ approach embodied in bail and sentencing law has had a profound impact on the trends around remand detention, including prison overcrowding of such an extent that it is estimated to have contributed to an additional 8 500 natural deaths in custody. Ultimately the policies have led, in practice, to an ‘Alice in Wonderland’ effect: fewer people are being tried and sentenced, while more than ever are denied their freedom without ever being tried in a court of law.
To be a somebody: Probing roots of community in District Six
Authors: Pinnock Don
Published: April 2016

The term community is a moving target, widely used and often misused in defining a group of people in a particular area or with similar cultural practices. In Cape Town the sense of a loss of community is precisely what residents of an area known as District Six mourn following their eviction and its destruction in the 1970s in terms of the racial Group Areas Act. What was it they perceived they had? And what did they lose following their removal to the Cape Flats? In asking these questions it’s possible to get a clearer understanding of the way in which multiple perceptions and relationships stitch together a social cohesiveness which undergirds the notion of community. And what happens when it’s lost.
Making sense of the duality of social cohesion
Authors: Gould Chandre , Barolsky Vanessa
Published: April 2016

This is the editorial for a speical edition of SACQ exploring the links between social cohesion and violence in South Africa.
Redes bayesianas para el estudio de la influencia de la evaluación docente en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura de una universidad privada confesional
Authors: Loaiza Jara Omar L. , Soria Quijaite Juan , Bellido Mamani Erick
Published: April 2016

Esta investigación tiene por objeto estudiar la influencia de las dimensiones de la
evaluación docente en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de la Facultad de
Ingeniería y Arquitectura. La dimensiones de la variable independiente están basadas
en instrumentos de gestión académica que la unidad de análisis (la Facultad) utiliza
semestralmente, estos son: aspecto ético-social, desempeño profesional docente
y aspecto espiritual; que además están basados en el modelo de la Filosofía de la
educación adventista, sostenido por Edward M. Cadwallader. El problema que se
aborda consiste en saber cuáles son los escenarios resultantes de establecer las
relaciones de ambas variables para apoyar a la Administración de la Facultad en las
decisiones que puedan surgir de estos escenarios. Este estudio es de tipo descriptivo,
no experimental, correlacional y transversal. Se puede encontrar la teorización de las
variables de estudio, la formulación del modelo causal y bayesiano, los resultados
de los escenarios resultantes así como conclusiones.
Teología del templo en el Nuevo Testamento: deslocalización y desplazamiento hacia el Templo del Espíritu
Authors: Gil Soldevilla Samuel
Published: April 2016

El presente ensayo es una reflexión práctica y fundamentalmente bíblica
sobre la presencia de Dios en relación al ser humano, la cual identificamos
y dividimos a modo de aproximación metodológica en cinco momentos
particulares de la historia. Nos centraremos en los textos bíblicos del Nuevo
Testamento, pues a partir de ellos se confirma y produce una deslocalización
y reemplazamiento de la teología del templo. Finalmente, las casas de Dios
construidas con manos humanas se rinden ante el significado redentor de
Cristo en cada persona y en su iglesia a través del Espíritu Santo, quien nos
convierte en verdadero templo de Dios.
ENVIRONMENT CRISIS AS A BASIS FOR INTRODUCING A CONCEPTION OF COMPOSITIONAL METHOD OF DESING
Authors: MALAKHOV Sergey Alekseevich
Published: April 2016

The paper deals with environment crisis and its characteristics as the basis for introducing the authors conception of compositional method of design. The author defines environment as a complex system of human coexistence and stresses the importance of an architects personal skills in the global system of objective and subjective factors as the reasons for destructive environment origin. The main task of the compositional method does not involve just stressing particular outstanding architectural fates and creations. It lies in architectural profi ciency maintaining and in interrelating it with general architectural ideas of worthiness and beauty.
GENESIS OF COMPONENTS PLANNING STRUCTURE OF SARAТОV from 1590 to 90-ies of XX century
Authors: VERETENNIKOV Dmitry Borisovich
Published: April 2016

The article focuses on the formation of Saratov planning patt ern while applying the method of component analysis of the changes in the city planning patt ern and outlining the interdependence of these changes in the process of investigating the genesis of the planning patt ern. The paper shows diff erent stages of the quantitative growth of the city and qualitative changes in its planning organization. Quantitative growth of the road network in Saratov and its qualitative changes over the time are investigated. The stages of both nodal and linear urban centers formation are marked. Processes of intensive and extensive development of these centers are described. Quantitative growth rates for all components of Saratov planning patt ern are determined. These fi gures are summarized in tables. In conclusion a graphical sheme of the genesis of Saratov planning patt ern is put forward.
PECULIARITIES OF THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN THE URBAN TYPE SETTLEMENT VOLZHSKY OF SAMARA REGION AND TENDENCIES AND CHANGES IN WATER CONSUMPTION
Authors: TEPLYKH Svetlana Yur'evna , GORSHKALEV Pavel Aleksandrovich , CHERNOSVITOV Mikhail Dmitrievich , YUROV Sergey Sergeevich , YUROVA Anna Olegovna
Published: April 2016

Water supply system in the urban type sett lement Volzhsky of Samara Region has typical structures: water intakes from wells, water treatment plants, a pumping station of the second elevation with clean water reservoirs, elevated tanks and water supply network. Water supply system plays a signifi cant role in providing consumers with water. Water supply pipelines in the urban type sett lement Volzhsky have considerable deterioration, some emergency pipelines have been replaced with new ones, but with a smaller diameter. Today, the sett lement water system proves equal to its tasks, but if we take into account the new trends in water consumption and putt ing new facilities in operation it will be clear that this system requires substantial modernization.
WATER-STORAGE POWER STATION PLANTS OF LOW POWER
Authors: MUKHAMMADIEV Muradulla Mukhammadievich , URISHEV Boborakhim Urishevich , DZHURAEV Kurbon Salikhdzhanovich , MAHMUDOV Jamol Makhmud ugli
Published: April 2016

The technique of determining the basic parameters of the new water-lifting devices used in the composition of the pumped storage power plant of small capacity. Show the results of calculations by this technique for a pumped storage power plant of 10 kW. The results of calculations of the jet device and air-lift installation designed to work in PSP, showed the suitability of the proposed methodology that can be used in the design of hydropower facilities operating with a water-lifting devices using the energy of interaction between water and compressed air.