bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing the Conversation: Theologizing War in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Rambo Shelly
Published: January 2013

While the post-9/11 wars have reshaped war as understood and practiced by the United States, theological discourse about war has changed very little. Highlighting distinctive dimensions of twenty-first-century war, I argue that existing theological discourse is insufficient to address these new realities. These “new wars” press up against existing theological frameworks for interpreting war and call for different modes of thought and action. This article proposes three angles for theological engagement—the traumatic, the interreligious, and the aesthetic. Taking the theological classroom as a starting point, I envision a new approach that prepares religious leaders for effective theological engagement about war.
Rent Control and Misallocation
Authors: Skak Morten , Bloze Gintautas
Published: January 2013

Rent control is still an important type of government regulation of housing markets in many countries and numerous researchers have studied its implications for allocation, welfare and investments in housing. The present paper aims to improve our understanding of the effect of second-generation rent control when it is applied only to one sector of the rental market. It is diagrammatically shown that the welfare effects are very different between a universal and a limited application of rent control. Studying the Danish case of second-generation rent control, lower rents are found in controlled sectors and a minor increase of the rent in the uncontrolled sector. Using the area of living space in the dwelling as a measure for housing consumption, evidence is also produced of both overallocation and underallocation of housing in the rent-controlled sectors; as envisaged by economic theory.
Original Innovation, Learnt Innovation and Cities: Evidence from UK SMEs
Authors: Lee Neil , Rodríguez-Pose Andrés
Published: January 2013

One of the key benefits of cities is that they allow the exchange of knowledge and information between economic actors. This may have two effects: it may create the conditions for entirely new innovations to emerge; and, it may allow firms to learn innovations from those nearby. Yet few studies have considered the impact of an urban location on whether innovations are original or learnt. This paper tests these hypotheses using survey evidence for over 1600 UK SMEs. It is shown that, while urban firms tend to be both product and process innovators, urban firms are disproportionately likely to introduce process innovations which are only new to the firm, rather than entirely original. Instead, the urban advantage in product innovation appears to come from a combination of the effects. The results highlight a need for a nuanced view of the link between cities and innovation.
The Determinants of Homeownership Affordability among the ‘Sandwich Class’: Empirical Findings from Guangzhou, China
Authors: Ying Qianwei , Luo Danglun , Chen Jie
Published: January 2013

The ‘sandwich class’ is an East Asian term referring to the lower middle class. Using a large and unique micro dataset collected in Guangzhou, this paper examines empirically the potential determinants of housing affordability of the ‘sandwich class’. It is found that an individual’s self-perceived range of housing options is dependent not only on his/her current and predictable economic and financial resources, but also on his/her occupation and socio-demographic characteristics. The empirical findings are found to be robust against potential endogeneity problems and not sensitive to the regression specifications used. The empirical findings reported here help to deepen our understanding of the homeownership affordability determinants of the lower middle class in emerging economies characterised by an underdeveloped housing system.
Stretching Concepts: The Role of Competing Pressures and Decoupling in the Evolution of Organization Concepts
Authors: Heusinkveld Stefan , Benders Jos , Hillebrand Bas
Published: January 2013

To contribute to the understanding of the evolution of organization concepts, this article focuses on how consultants respond to competing pressures during the maturity and decline phases of an initially popular concept. Management consultants are important fashion setters, but the actual strategies they use to deal with the pressures to remain legitimate, increase efficiency and differentiate themselves from competitors remain unclear. Such supply-side dynamics likely influence how organization concepts evolve and are relevant for understanding how management knowledge may survive a fashion boom and bust. Using interview and print media data from 32 consultants from 14 consultancies, we identify seven response strategies, and show how these are associated with multiple pressures, and comprise different implications for the evolution of a concept. We argue that this variety of responses is essential to better understand the evolution of organization concepts and opens several fruitful research directions.
Things Seen and Unseen: Investigating Experience-Based Qualities of Attention in a Dynamic Work Setting
Authors: Dane Erik
Published: January 2013

While interest in the topic of attention has a long history in organizational studies, little research has investigated what qualities of attention are most pertinent to working professionals—and how these qualities may be attained. Through the study reported here, I elaborate theory concerning the qualities of attention in a dynamic work setting (trial law). Specifically, I identify the importance of two qualities of attention—attentional breadth and attentional integration—and examine how these qualities connect to the experiences individuals accrue within the focal context. My findings indicate that, through the acquisition of experience, individuals become attentive to a wide range of events surrounding them (via attentional breadth) and attuned to the opportunities that reside within these events (via attentional integration). Therefore, in achieving these two qualities of attention, individuals are able to see not only more events but also more possibilities.
Empires, Federated Arrangements, and Kingdoms: Using Political Models of Governance to Understand Firms’ Creative Performance
Authors: Barkey Karen , Godart Frédéric C.
Published: January 2013

Firms can be conceived as political entities in which various stakeholders struggle against each other to reach goals. From this standpoint, the organizational structure of a firm, together with the power relations and strategies deployed by stakeholders, constitute a governance regime. It is understood that the economic performance of a firm is impacted by the type of governance regime which is at play among its different stakeholders, but little is known on the effects of governance regimes on organizational creative performance. Adopting a center/periphery perspective, we look at business groups, a well-known type of business firm in creative settings. A salient question is thus to know how firms affiliated to various types of business groups perform vis-a-vis unaffiliated firms, and what are the underlying political processes. We define three different regimes of governance—empires, federated arrangements, and kingdoms—each characterized by specific regulation and integration features. Regulation refers to the type of rule (from the center to the periphery), to the autonomy of peripheral entities, and to the regime’s level of flexibility; integration captures the extent to which projects of the center and the periphery are consonant as well as the local elites’ type of mobility. We devise empirical tests for a realm of the creative economy by employing organizational and network analysis of 293 fashion houses over seven seasons. Overall we find that, although both empires and federated arrangements perform better than kingdoms, federated arrangements perform best in creative contexts because they are hybrids of empires and kingdoms.
Minimal Modeling Approaches to Value of Information Analysis for Health Research
Authors: Meltzer David O. , Hoomans Ties , Chung Jeannette W. , Basu Anirban
Published: January 2013

Value of information (VOI) techniques can provide estimates of the expected benefits from clinical research studies that can inform decisions about the design and priority of those studies. Most VOI studies use decision-analytic models to characterize the uncertainty of the effects of interventions on health outcomes, but the complexity of constructing such models can pose barriers to some practical applications of VOI. However, because some clinical studies can directly characterize uncertainty in health outcomes, it may sometimes be possible to perform VOI analysis with only minimal modeling. This article 1) develops a framework to define and classify minimal modeling approaches to VOI, 2) reviews existing VOI studies that apply minimal modeling approaches, and 3) illustrates and discusses the application of the minimal modeling to two new clinical applications to which the approach appears well suited because clinical trials with comprehensive outcomes provide preliminary estimates of the uncertainty in outcomes. We conclude that minimal modeling approaches to VOI can be readily applied to in some instances to estimate the expected benefits of clinical research.
A full-scale house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae bioconversion system for value-added swine manure reduction
Authors: Wang Hang , Zhang Zhijian , Czapar George F , Winkler Mari KH , Zheng JianGuo
Published: January 2013

Manure produced from confined animal farms can threaten public and environmental health if not managed properly. Herein, a full-scale commercial bioconversion operation in DeQing County, China for value-added swine manure reduction using house fly, Musca domestica L., larvae is reported. The greenhouse-assisted larvae bioreactor had a maximum daily treatment capacity of 35 m3 fresh raw manure per day. The bioconversion process produced a fresh larvae yield of 95–120 kg m3 fresh raw manure. This process provided an alternative animal foodstuff (having 56.9 and 23.8% protein and total fat as dry matter, respectively), as well as captured nutrients for agricultural re-utilization. Bioconversion reduced odour emission (characterized by 3-methylindole) and the Escherichia coli ( E. coli) index by 94.5 and 92.0%, respectively, and reductions in total weight, moisture and total Kjeldahl nitrogen in solids were over 67.2, 80.0 and 76.0%, respectively. Yearly profit under this trial period ranged from US$33.4–46.1 per m3. It is concluded that swine manure larvae bioconversion technology with subsequent production of value-added bio-products can be a promising avenue when considering a programme to reduce waste products in an intensive animal production system.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced hypertension
Authors: İlhan Selçuk , Ateşşahin Dilek , Ateşşahin Ahmet , Mutlu Emre , Onat Elif , Şahna Engin
Published: January 2013

Objective:

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of melatonin on biochemical and cardiovascular changes resulting from exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD), a polychlorinated dibenzo- para-dioxin.

Methods:

A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into the following four groups: (1) control group was administered with 0.5 mL corn oil by gavage and 0.5 cc vehicle of melatonin (proportionally nine parts physiological serum + one part ethyl alcohol) intraperitoneally for 4 weeks, (2) the melatonin group was given 5 mg/kg/day melatonin intraperitoneally for 4 weeks, (3) the TCDD group was given 500 ng/kg/day TCDD by gavage for 4 weeks and (4) the TCDD + melatonin group was given TCDD (500 ng/kg/day) by gavage and melatonin (5 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally simultaneously for 4 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was evaluated by the tail-cuff method. Vascular responses to phenylephrine and acetylcholine were evaluated in the isolated thoracic aortas.

Results:

TCDD not only augmented the systolic blood pressure but also increased the contractile responses to phenylephrine in aorta. Melatonin reversed the blood pressure augmented by TCDD and decreased the contractile responses to phenylephrine in aorta. TCDD induced an increase in the malondialdehyde levels in kidney tissue and melatonin did not change it. Therefore, TCDD caused a decrease in glutathione levels in kidney tissues and melatonin reversed it.

Conclusion:

Present data demonstrated that TCDD may lead to an increase in blood pressure via increased renal oxidative stress and vascular reactivity. However, melatonin might ameliorate the blood pressure disturbed by TCDD in part by decreasing the oxidant activity induced by TCDD.
Novel Mutations in TSEN54 in Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 2
Authors: Battini Roberta , D’Arrigo Stefano , Cassandrini Denise , Guzzetta Andrea , Fiorillo Chiara , Pantaleoni Chiara , Romano Alessandro , Alfei Enrico , Cioni Giovanni , Santorelli Filippo M.
Published: January 2013

Pontocerebellar hypoplasias represent a group of neurodegenerative autosomal recessive disorders characterized by hypoplasia/atrophy of the cerebellum, hypoplastic ventral pons, and microcephaly and associated with various clinical features. Pontocerebellar hypolasia type 2 is the most common form, and different mutations in genes encoding subunits of the transfer ribonucleic acid (RNA)–splicing endonuclease ( TSEN) complex were identified in patients. The authors report clinical, imaging, and molecular studies in 2 unrelated patients with different clinical pictures of the pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2 spectrum and novel mutations in TSEN54, aiming to further define the clinical spectrum of the disease and possible indicators of more favorable progression. They identified a novel missense mutation c.355T>G/p.Y119D in compound heterozygosity with the “common” c.919G>T/p.A307S (patient 1) and a novel homozygous c.7ins6(CCGGAG)/p.E2-P3insPE variant (patient 2). An expanded array of mutations might contribute in defining possible differences in severity and phenotype-genotype correlations.
Seizures and Pain Uncertainty Associated With Parenting Stress and Rett Syndrome
Authors: Byiers Breanne J. , Tervo Raymond C. , Feyma Timothy J. , Symons Frank J.
Published: January 2013

Data were collected parenting stress, adaptive behavior, pain, and health issues from the caregivers of 35 girls and women with Rett syndrome (mean age = 20.3). A majority (60%) of parents reported stress in the clinical range on at least 1 subscale of the Parenting Stress Index–Short Form. Seizures and uncertainty about their daughter’s gastrointestinal pain experience were significantly associated with higher levels of parenting stress. No other child factors (adaptive behavior, age, residential status) were significantly related to parenting stress. Factors related to chronic health concerns (seizures, ambiguous pain presentation) may be important when considering family stress issues in relation to general outcomes for girls with Rett syndrome and related developmental disorders.
Investigation of noise sources in high-speed trains
Authors: Noh Hee-Min , Choi Sunghoon , Hong Sukyoon , Kim Seog-Won
Published: January 2013

In this paper, the quantification of the external noise sources in high-speed trains is discussed. A thorough understanding of the underlying causes of noise generation in high-speed trains is needed to develop effective noise control measures. However, because high-speed trains produce a complex array of sounds, it is very difficult to determine each individual source of noise. In this study, the delay-and-sum beamforming method, which uses microphone arrays, was used to separate the noise sources and analyze the sound characteristics of high-speed trains. A new microphone array with 96 microphones was designed to measure the noise produced by high-speed trains. Performance verification tests were conducted to ensure the reliability of the results obtained from the array. Then, the system was used to measure the sounds produced by Korean high-speed trains traveling at speeds between 150 and 300 km/h. Sound maps were then produced using the beamforming technique. The study determined that the majority of the noise produced by the high-speed trains originated from the front nose, bogie, pantograph and inter-coach spacing. Finally, the beampower spectra of the aerodynamic noise sources originating in the front nose, pantograph and inter-coach spacing were deduced from frequency conversion. From these results, the aerodynamic noise characteristics of the major sources of noise in high-speed trains were determined.
Learning, Memory, and Synesthesia
Authors: Witthoft Nathan , Winawer Jonathan
Published: January 2013

People with color-grapheme synesthesia experience color when viewing written letters or numerals, usually with a particular color evoked by each grapheme. Here, we report on data from 11 color-grapheme synesthetes who had startlingly similar color-grapheme pairings traceable to childhood toys containing colored letters. These are the first and only data to show learned synesthesia of this kind in more than a single individual. Whereas some researchers have focused on genetic and perceptual aspects of synesthesia, our results indicate that a complete explanation of synesthesia must also incorporate a central role for learning and memory. We argue that these two positions can be reconciled by thinking of synesthesia as the automatic retrieval of highly specific mnemonic associations, in which perceptual contents are brought to mind in a manner akin to mental imagery or the perceptual-reinstatement effects found in memory studies.
Daily Horizons
Authors: Simonsohn Uri , Gino Francesca
Published: January 2013

Many professionals, from auditors, venture capitalists, and lawyers, to clinical psychologists and journal editors, divide continuous flows of judgments into subsets. College admissions interviewers, for instance, evaluate but a handful of applicants a day. We conjectured that in such situations, individuals engage in narrow bracketing, assessing each subset in isolation and then—for any given subset—avoiding much deviation from the expected overall distribution of judgments. For instance, an interviewer who has already highly recommended three applicants on a given day may be reluctant to do the same for a fourth applicant. Data from more than 9,000 M.B.A. interviews supported this prediction. Auxiliary analyses suggest that contrast effects and nonrandom scheduling of interviews are unlikely alternative explanations of the observed pattern of results.
Out of Place, Still in Motion
Authors: Meneses-Reyes Rodrigo
Published: January 2013

Historically, in Mexico City, people who conduct trade on the streets have been engaged with a highly regulated world of spatial restrictions, fines and detentions, still they remain on the streets. This article explores how the regulation of street-vending activities has contributed to the constitution of an ideal hierarchy of would-be social agents in public spaces by consecrating the distinction between authorized and unauthorized street users. The central aim of this article is to understand and explain how people who have been defined as out of place in the urban realm have become constituted as ‘mobile’ actors in order to ‘stay’ in the spaces from which they were originally displaced. Street vendors find that, in exchange for a license, which provides them some security and stability, they must confront challenging legal and bureaucratic demands; whereas, vendors who choose to be unlicensed must employ other strategies, such as being mobile. These regulatory strategies seem to condemn them to work at the margins of the central city. However, neither their daily mobility nor their spatial location is restricted to ‘what the law states’; everyday needs to earn a living determine the need to (re)create a particular way of being on the streets influenced, but not constricted, by state delimitation of the specific spaces and times where the population should perform routine footwork.
Academic Attainment During Commitment and Postrelease Education–Related Outcomes of Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth With and Without Disabilities
Authors: Cavendish Wendy
Published: January 2013

Youth with disabilities are disproportionately represented in juvenile justice populations and their education-related outcomes and rates of high school graduation are poor. This study examined academic characteristics of youth with and without disabilities ( N = 4,066) and reports on the education-related outcomes of these youth 3 years after release from juvenile justice facilities in Florida. During commitment, youth with disabilities earned high school credits and grade point averages on par with their peers without disabilities. The number of credits earned during commitment improved the likelihood that youth returned to school after release. However, only 44% of the school-age cohort returned to school after release. Students with emotional/behavioral disorders (EBD) and learning disabilities (LD) returned to school at higher rates but did not maintain gains made during commitment as they earned significantly fewer high school diplomas after return to school. Implications for transition practice are discussed.
Writing the Wrong
Authors: Holt Lanier Frush
Published: January 2013

Several studies show media messages activate or exacerbate racial stereotypes. This analysis, however, may be the first to examine which types of information—those that directly contradict media messages (i.e., crime-related) or general news (i.e., non-crime-related)—are most effective in abating stereotypes. Its findings suggest fear of crime is becoming more a human fear, not just a racial one. Furthermore, it suggests that for younger Americans, the concomitant dyad of the black criminal stereotype—race and crime—is fueled more by crime than by race.
Mobile News Adoption among Young Adults
Authors: Chan-Olmsted Sylvia , Rim Hyejoon , Zerba Amy
Published: January 2013

Using the frameworks of innovation diffusion and technology acceptance model, this study examines the predictors of mobile news consumption among young adults. The results show that the perceived relative advantage (especially content), utility, and ease of use of mobile news are positively related to its adoption. The young adults’ news consumption patterns and preferences, as well as media usage, all play a role in the adoption of mobile news. This study also validates the importance of examining the adoption outcome from multiple perspectives.
Two-dimensional model of order h5 for the combined bending, stretching, transverse shearing and transverse normal stress effect of homogeneous plates derived from three-dimensional elasticity
Authors: Pruchnicki Erick
Published: January 2013

For homogeneous plates, the highest order term of transverse shear and normal stresses is of second order in thickness. To take this effect into account, we show that the thickness-wise expansion of the potential energy must be truncated at least from fifth order in thickness. The equilibrium equations imply local constraints on the through-thickness derivatives of the zeroth-order displacement field. These lead to an analytical expression for two-dimensional potential energy in terms of the zeroth-order displacement field and its derivatives, which include non-standard shearing and transverse normal energies and coupled stretching–shearing, bending–shearing and stretching–transverse normal energies. As a consequence, this potential energy satisfies the stability condition of Legendre–Hadamard, which is necessary for the existence of a minimizer.
Is training student reviewers worth its while? A study of how training influences the quality of students’ feedback and writing
Authors: Rahimi Mohammad
Published: January 2013

Vygotsky-inspired sociocultural theory (Vygotsky, 1962) indicates that human learning is mainly a social and cultural process that occurs through meaningful negotiation and interaction (scaffolding) between learners. The present study investigates whether training student reviewers can help them provide stronger scaffolding for their peers through providing feedback of a higher quality than those who do not undergo such training. In other words, this study investigates the effect of training student reviewers on the quality of their feedback and the effect of their comments on the quality of the revisions as well as their writing in the long run. To this end, two groups of Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners ( n = 56) were randomly assigned to a trained group and an untrained group. The students in the trained group participated in two training sessions as well as student–teacher conferences, where they learned how to review a paragraph and provide effective feedback on it. The two groups then proceeded to review their peers’ writing. The results suggested that the trained students shifted attention from mere focus on formal aspects of writing to global comments (comments on the content and organization of writing) after training, while the feedback provided by untrained students mainly addressed formal errors. The results also indicated that the trained group made significant improvement in their writing in the long run and wrote paragraphs of a much higher quality as compared to the untrained group.
The height leadership advantage in men and women: Testing evolutionary psychology predictions about the perceptions of tall leaders
Authors: Blaker Nancy M. , Rompa Irene , Dessing Inge H. , Vriend Anne F. , Herschberg Channah , van Vugt Mark
Published: January 2013

Research suggests that tall individuals have an advantage over short individuals in terms of status, prestige, and leadership, though it is not clear why. Applying an evolutionary psychology perspective, we predicted that taller individuals are seen as more leader-like because they are perceived as more dominant, healthy, and intelligent. Being fit and physically imposing were arguably important leadership qualities in ancestral human environments—perhaps especially for males—where being a leader entailed considerable physical risks. In line with our expectations, our results demonstrate that by manipulating an individual’s stature height positively influences leadership perception for both men and women, though the effect is stronger for men. For male leaders this height leadership advantage is mediated by their perceived dominance, health, and intelligence; while for female leaders this effect is only mediated by perceived intelligence.
Considering diversity: The positive effects of considerate leadership in diverse teams
Authors: Homan Astrid C. , Greer Lindred L.
Published: January 2013

Three studies examined the role of leader consideration in diverse teams. Based on the categorization-elaboration model, we argue that leader consideration can address the negative group processes that result from categorization processes in diverse teams as well as influence the perceptions of the team’s diversity. Studies 1a and 1b focus on the leadership preferences of members of heterogeneous versus homogeneous teams. Results show that participants faced with the prospect of working in a diverse team had a higher preference for considerate leadership than participants expecting to work in a homogeneous team. In Study 2, we examined whether diverse teams indeed function better with a leader who scores higher on considerate leadership, and whether this can be explained by changes in the ways in which the leader and followers perceive the team’s diversity. An interaction between group diversity and consideration shows that highly considerate leaders improved team functioning for heterogeneous (but not homogeneous) teams, and that leader individuation, or the ability of the leader to see members as unique individuals, explained the positive effects of considerate leadership on the functioning of diverse teams.
The effects of transformational leadership on the distinct aspects development of social identity
Authors: Huang Jyun-Wei
Published: January 2013

Although transformational leadership (TFL) has been extensively investigated, the mechanism and process by which perceived TFL exerts its influence on followers’ social identification development behaviors is relatively unexplored. Accordingly, this study proposes a latent growth model based on social identity theory to address these influences. To test the proposed model, data were collected by surveying 1,501 employees of R&D departments at Taiwanese IT firms at multiple points in time over a 10-month period. Therein, we found that as employees perceived more TFL at Time 1, they were more likely to show increases in social identification development behaviors over time. Further, increases in social identification development behaviors demonstrate their positive relationship with task performance and organizational citizenship development behaviors over time. My empirical model confirms all of my proposed hypotheses, and these findings highlight that the potential dynamic consequences of organization behaviors can lead to employee career development.
Dear Micaela
Authors: Acosta-Alzuru Carolina
Published: January 2013

“Micaela” is the first telenovela protagonist with Asperger’s Syndrome. This article reports a multimethod study of her production, representation, and consumption. My examination underscores (a) the tensions of creating/consuming a protagonist intended to deliver a message of nonexclusion, who is bound by the telenovela genre’s codes and (b) the strains between television’s commercial and social responsibility facets. Written as a letter to the character, the article is intimate and reflexive in tone. It is a format that underscores the depth of my engagement with the study and the inside access I was privileged to have.
The Possible Role of Antioxidant Vitamin C in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment and Prevention
Authors: Heo Jae-Hyeok , Hyon-Lee  , Lee Kyoung-Min
Published: January 2013

Oxidative stress is suggested to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among the antioxidants, vitamin C has been regarded as the most important one in neural tissue. It also decreases β-amyloid generation and acetylcholinesterase activity and prevents endothelial dysfunction by regulating nitric oxide, a newly discovered factor in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. However, clinical trials using antioxidants, including vitamin C, in patients with AD yielded equivocal results. The current article discusses the relevance of vitamin C in the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of AD and explores its therapeutic potential against this neurodegenerative disorder.
Making Sense(s) in Dementia
Authors: Cruz Joana , Marques Alda , Barbosa Ana , Figueiredo Daniela , Sousa Liliana X.
Published: January 2013

Lack of engagement in meaningful activities is associated with poor quality of life in dementia; thus, the development of these activities has been recommended. This pilot study aimed to develop a multisensory and motor-based group activity program for residents with dementia and assess its impact on residents’ behavior. The program was designed using a multisensory and motor-based approach in sixteen 45-minute weekly sessions tailored to residents’ characteristics. Four residents with advanced dementia participated in the program. The frequency and duration of the residents’ behavior were assessed using video recordings. All residents participated in the proposed activities, although they were more participative and communicative in some sessions than in others. Group activity programs based on multisensory and motor stimulation can be a promising approach for people with advanced dementia; however, further research is needed. This study may serve as reference to the implementation of future programs aiming to increase person-centeredness of the care provided.
The Impact of Educational Change on School Leaders
Authors: Razzaq Jamila , Forde Christine
Published: January 2013

The Pakistani education system, like many other countries across the world, is going through a phase of concerted change in the first decade of the 21st century and school leaders are expected to play a crucial role in the management of this change programme. This article considers the impact of educational change on a group of school leaders who were involved in a major area of this programme of reform: the curriculum and assessment system at Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC) level. This article draws from a qualitative enquiry that included semi-structured interviews with Pakistani school leaders examining their experiences, views and perceptions of the change programme. In the interviews the school leaders were asked to reflect on the process of change management in their institutions, the problems they have faced and any suggestions they have for the improvement in the implementation of the change initiative. Drawing from these findings, two aspects are explored in this article: first, the responses of the school leaders to the change initiative; and second, the implications of leading a programme of externally driven change. From this analysis an emergent, grounded model of educational change management in the context of a developing country is proposed.
Being a Leadership Development Coach
Authors: Forde Christine , McMahon Margery , Gronn Peter , Martin Margaret
Published: January 2013

The use of coaching as a developmental methodology has been instituted as a way to develop leadership in schools in Scotland as elsewhere in the UK. While there are studies that examine the skills and impact of coaching, there is only limited discussion of the process of coaching and the role and experiences of the coaches. This article examines the role of coach in a development programme for aspirant headteachers, ‘The Flexible Routes to Headship’ (FRH), piloted in Scotland, UK in 2007–2009. Coaching was as the core learning process and consequently the quality of coaching is a major consideration in the success of this programme. This development programme is intended to enable candidates to demonstrate their achievement of a professional standard, The Standard for Headship and, as a consequence, the coaches have to undertake a number of different tasks including coaching, mentoring, facilitating, tutoring and assessing. This article draws from the data gathered from coaches and candidates in the evaluation of the FRH Pilot Project which suggests that while there are potential benefits for the coach as well as for candidates, there are some inherent tensions. The question of a model of leadership development based predominantly on coaching is explored.
The Impact of ‘Achievement for All’ on School Leadership
Authors: Blandford Sonia
Published: January 2013

The Achievement for All (AfA) pilot initiative, delivered in partnership by the Department for Education (DfE), (formerly the Department for Children, Schools and Families [DCSF]), National Strategies and the National College (NCSL), aims to increase the attainment and progress of children in schools with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND); improve the engagement of their parents with the school and improve wider outcomes for this group of children. Introduced in September 2009 as a two year pilot in 454 primary, secondary and special schools and Pupil Referral Units across 10 Local Authorities in England, AfA, with a particular focus on inclusive leadership practice, takes a whole school approach to school improvement. The population included pupils in Years 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11 identified with SEND on School Action, School Action Plus or holding Statements; 85 per cent of the participating schools are primary. Guided by government documentation (DCSF, 2009a) and local authority advisers, schools have implemented the initiative around three distinct but integrated strands: assessment, tracking and interventions; structured conversations with parents and provision for developing wider outcomes. By considering focus group data evidence from headteachers/school project leaders across the participating local authorities, this article will explore the impact of AfA on inclusive leadership practices in schools. Findings suggest that although vision, commitment, collaboration and communication remain self evident for the majority of leaders, within the context of AfA, these characteristics of effective inclusive leadership along with pupil learning have been enhanced.
Comparing Responsiveness of Six Common Patient-Reported Outcomes to Changes Following Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Authors: Howard Jennifer S. , Lattermann Christian , Hoch Johanna M. , Mattacola Carl G. , Medina McKeon Jennifer M.
Published: January 2013

Objective:

To compare the responsiveness of six common patient-reported outcomes (PROs) following autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI).

Design:

A systematic search was conducted to identify reports of PROs following ACI. Study quality was evaluated using the modified Coleman Methodology Score (mCMS). For each outcome score, pre- to postoperative paired Hedge’s g effect sizes were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Random effects meta-analyses were performed to provide a summary response for each PRO at time points (TP) I (<1 year), II (1 year to <2 years), III (2 years to <4 years), IV (≥4 years), and overall.

Results:

The mean mCMS for the 42 articles included was 50.9 ± 9.2. For all evaluated instruments, none of the mean effect size CIs encompassed zero. The International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC) had increasing responsiveness over time with TP-IV, demonstrating greater mean effect size [confidence interval] (1.78 [1.33, 2.24]) than TP-I (0.88 [0.69, 1.07]). The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score–Sports and recreation subscale (KOOS-Sports) was more responsive at TP-III (1.76 [0.87, 2.64]) and TP-IV (0.98 [0.81, 1.15]) than TP-I (0.61 [0.44, 0.78]). Overall, the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Physical Component Scale (0.60 [0.46, 0.74]) was least responsive. Both the Lysholm Scale (1.42 [1.14, 1.72]) and the IKDC (1.37 [1.13, 1.62]) appear more responsive than the KOOS-Sports (0.90 [0.73, 1.07]). All other KOOS subscales had overall effect sizes ranging from 0.90 (0.74, 1.22) (Symptoms) to 1.15 (0.76, 1.54) (Quality of Life).

Conclusions:

All instruments were responsive to improvements in function following ACI. The Lysholm and IKDC were the most responsive instruments across time. IKDC and KOOS-Sports may be more responsive to long-term outcomes, especially among active individuals.
Bioreactor-Induced Chondrocyte Maturation Is Dependent on Cell Passage and Onset of Loading
Authors: Wang Ning , Grad Sibylle , Stoddart Martin J. , Niemeyer Philipp , Südkamp Norbert P. , Pestka Jan , Alini Mauro , Chen Jiying , Salzmann Gian M.
Published: January 2013

Objective:

To explore the effect of shifting in vitro culture conditions regarding cellular passage and onset of loading within matrix-associated bovine articular chondrocytes cultured under free-swelling and/or dynamical loading conditions on general chondrocyte maturation.

Methods:

Primary or passage 3 bovine chondrocytes were seeded in fibrin-polyurethane scaffolds. Constructs were cultured either free-swelling for 2 or 4 weeks, under direct mechanical loading for 2 or 4 weeks, or free swelling for 2 weeks followed by 2 weeks of loading. Samples were collected for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) quantification, mRNA expression of chondrogenic genes, immunohistochemistry, and histology.

Results:

Mechanical loading generally stimulated GAG synthesis, up-regulated chondrogenic genes, and improved the accumulation of matrix in cell-laden constructs when compared with free-swelling controls. Primary chondrocytes underwent more effective cartilage maturation when compared with passaged chondrocytes. Constructs of primary chondrocytes that were initially free-swelling followed by 2 weeks of mechanical load (delayed) had overall highest GAG with strongest responsiveness to load regarding matrix synthesis. Constructs that experienced the delayed loading regime also demonstrated most favorable chondrogenic gene expression profiles in both primary and third passage cells. Furthermore, most intense matrix staining and immunostaining of collagen type II and aggrecan were visualized in these constructs.

Conclusions:

Primary chondrocytes were more effective than passage 3 chondrocytes when chondrogenesis was concerned. The most efficient chondrogenesis resulted from primary articular chondrocytes, which were initially free-swelling followed by a standardized loading protocol.
Who Is Responsible for Successful Communication?
Authors: Moalla Asma
Published: January 2013

This article attempts to compare aspects of discourse and sociolinguistic competence among speakers of American English (AE) and Tunisian learners of English with regard to the communicative act of compliment response (CR). The two participant groups’ CR strategies were found to be cross-culturally different and were found to be dependent on the participants’ respective cultural backgrounds. In addition, the data collected emphasize the fact that cross-cultural communication is a transactional mutual process and that both native and nonnative speakers of English are equally required to adjust their communicative behaviors to develop intercultural communication. The 30 American students and 30 Tunisian students filled a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) with 8 contextualized situations and sat after that for a semistructured interview. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed for analysis.
Differently immunogenic cancers in mice induce immature myeloid cells that suppress CTL in vitro but not in vivo following transfer
Authors: Schmidt Karin , Zilio Serena , Schmollinger Jan C. , Bronte Vincenzo , Blankenstein Thomas , Willimsky Gerald
Published: January 2013

Key Points

iMC expand independent of the type of antitumor response and are not immunosuppressive in a cell-autonomous fashion iMC are licensed to become MDSC in vivo in the presence of GM-CSF
Megakaryocytes assemble podosomes that degrade matrix and protrude through basement membrane
Authors: Schachtner Hannah , Calaminus Simon D. J. , Sinclair Amy , Monypenny James , Blundell Michael P. , Leon Catherine , Holyoake Tessa L. , Thrasher Adrian J. , Michie Alison M. , Vukovic Milica , Gachet Christian , Jones Gareth E. , Thomas Steven G. , Watson Steve P. , Machesky Laura M.
Published: January 2013

Key Points

Murine and human megakaryocytes assemble podosomes. Megakaryocyte podosomes remodel matrix.
Anagrelide compared with hydroxyurea in WHO-classified essential thrombocythemia: the ANAHYDRET Study, a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gisslinger Heinz , Gotic Mirjana , Holowiecki Jerzy , Penka Miroslav , Thiele Juergen , Kvasnicka Hans-Michael , Kralovics Robert , Petrides Petro E.
Published: January 2013

Key Points

Noninferiority of anagrelide in comparison with hydroxyurea in WHO-essential thrombocythemia, a phase 3 trial
Emergence, origin, and function of neutrophil–dendritic cell hybrids in experimentally induced inflammatory lesions in mice
Authors: Geng Shuo , Matsushima Hironori , Okamoto Takashi , Yao Yi , Lu Ran , Page Kristen , Blumenthal Robert M. , Ward Nicole L. , Miyazaki Toru , Takashima Akira
Published: January 2013

Key Points

Neutrophils differentiate into neutrophil–dendritic cell hybrids upon recruitment to sites of inflammation or infection. Hybrids play dual protective roles against bacterial infection by rapidly clearing bacteria and presenting bacterial antigens to T cells.
Therapeutic preparations of IVIg contain naturally occurring anti–HLA-E antibodies that react with HLA-Ia (HLA-A/-B/-Cw) alleles
Authors: Ravindranath Mepur H. , Terasaki Paul I. , Pham Tho , Jucaud Vadim , Kawakita Satoru
Published: January 2013

Key Points

Therapeutic preparations of IVIg have high levels of HLA (Ia and Ib) reactivity. Anti–HLA-E mAbs mimicked IVIg HLA-I reactivity. Anti–HLA-E mAbs might be useful in suppressing HLA antibody production similar to IVIg and in the way that anti-RhD Abs suppress production.
Prognostic implications of serial 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose emission tomography in multiple myeloma treated with total therapy 3
Authors: Usmani Saad Z. , Mitchell Alan , Waheed Sarah , Crowley John , Hoering Antje , Petty Nathan , Brown Tracy , Bartel Twyla , Anaissie Elias , van Rhee Frits , Barlogie Bart
Published: January 2013

Key Points

Presence of more than 3 PET focal lesions after day 7 first cycle of induction chemotherapy can predict for inferior overall survival and progression free survival.
Mapping MHC haplotype effects in unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Petersdorf Effie W. , Malkki Mari , Horowitz Mary M. , Spellman Stephen R. , Haagenson Michael D. , Wang Tao
Published: January 2013

Key Points

HLA haplotypes encode single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with risks after HLA-mismatched unrelated donor HCT. SNPs associated with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are independent of those associated with relapse.
Air pollution and multiple acute respiratory outcomes
Authors: Faustini Annunziata , Stafoggia Massimo , Colais Paola , Berti Giovanna , Bisanti Luigi , Cadum Ennio , Cernigliaro Achille , Mallone Sandra , Scarnato Corrado , Forastiere Francesco
Published: January 2013

Short-term effects of air pollutants on respiratory mortality and morbidity have been consistently reported but usually studied separately. To more completely assess air pollution effects, we studied hospitalisations for respiratory diseases together with out-of-hospital respiratory deaths.

A time-stratified case-crossover study was carried out in six Italian cities from 2001 to 2005. Daily particulate matter (particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm (PM10)) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) associations with hospitalisations for respiratory diseases (n = 100 690), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 38 577), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) among COPD patients (n = 9886) and out-of-hospital respiratory deaths (n = 5490) were estimated for residents aged ≥35 years.

For an increase of 10 μg·m−3in PM10, we found an immediate 0.59% (lag 0–1 days) increase in hospitalisations for respiratory diseases and a 0.67% increase for COPD; the 1.91% increase in LRTI hospitalisations lasted longer (lag 0–3 days) and the 3.95% increase in respiratory mortality lasted 6 days. Effects of NO2were stronger and lasted longer (lag 0–5 days). Age, sex and previous ischaemic heart disease acted as effect modifiers for different outcomes.

Analysing multiple rather than single respiratory events shows stronger air pollution effects. The temporal relationship between the pollutant increases and hospitalisations or mortality for respiratory diseases differs.