bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
JOINING THE CALL TO INCORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY INTO THE CANADIAN SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION
Authors: Firang David
Published: February 2021

A global concern about how unsustainable use of global natural resources engenders environmental, social, and economic injustices for the world’s most vulnerable population has been well established in the literature. Although the profession of social work has a long-standing tradition of advocating for social and economic justice, issues of environmental sustainability have yet to be fully incorporated into social work education and practice. While the connection between the natural environment and social work education is robustly emerging in Australian and American literature, the Canadian social work literature is also paying attention to issues of environmental sustainability. In response to the 2018 call by the Canadian Association for Social Work Education – Association canadienne pour la formation en travail social (CASWE-ACFTS) (2018) to revitalize efforts towards environmental sustainability in Canadian social work education, this article joins other Canadian social work educators to advocate for the profession to incorporate a novel global paradigm—sustainability—into social work practice. Drawing on relevant literature and other empirical studies, this article aims to increase our understanding of the critical impact of a lack of sustainability on Canada’s poorest, most vulnerable, and oppressed people (such as Indigenous Peoples), who often live in the most degraded environments and have no control over their own natural resources. I argue that incorporating sustainability into Canadian social work education and practice is achievable only if the professional bodies, namely the Canadian Association of Social Workers (CASW) and CASWE-ACFTS, provide institutional support by setting accreditation standards and ethical guidelines to reinforce sustainability in Canadian social work practice.
L’ARRIMAGE ENTRE LES BESOINS D’INTERVENTION PSYCHOSOCIALE DES COUPLES CONFRONTÉS À L’EXPÉRIENCE DU CANCER ET L’OFFRE DE SERVICE
Authors: Picard Louise , Villeneuve Patrick , Blais Marie-Claude
Published: February 2021

Il est de plus en plus établi qu’un diagnostic de cancer affecte profondément, non seulement la personne atteinte, mais également son conjoint ainsi que la dyade que forme le couple. La qualité du soutien au sein du couple joue également un rôle déterminant dans l’adaptation au cancer. La connaissance des besoins de soutien des couples en contexte de cancer demeure cependant limitée. Par ailleurs, il existe peu de données qui permettent d’établir dans quelle mesure ces couples perçoivent obtenir ou non une réponse à leurs besoins dans le système québécois de santé et de services sociaux. L’amélioration du soutien à leur endroit requiert de mieux cerner leurs besoins et la réponse à ceux-ci dans l’offre de service en oncologie. Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude descriptive mixte réalisée auprès de couples, de professionnels et de gestionnaires dans deux régions administratives du Québec. Cette étude vise à dresser un portrait des besoins prioritaires des couples touchés par l’expérience du cancer et de l’offre de service qui leur est destinée. Les résultats indiquent que les couples éprouvent une diversité de besoins de nature psychosociale, mais il est perçu que le système de santé et de services sociaux répond moins bien à ceux-ci qu’à ceux de nature médicale. Les résultats révèlent l’importance de parvenir à une meilleure intégration des services psychosociaux propres aux couples dans l’offre de service. Enfin, les connaissances issues de cette étude donnent des indications pour la mise en place d’une offre de service mieux arrimée à leurs besoins.
BUILDING TOGETHER
Authors: Labra1 Oscar , Gingras Lacroix Gabriel , Ependa Augustin , Isabelle Sylvie , Bedoya Mejia Juan Pablo , Tremblay Gilles , Giroux Marie-Ève , Viau Alexandre , Beaucage Mélanie , Monteith Kent , Bizot Dominic , Bustinza Ray , Cousineau Tommy
Published: February 2021

The objective of the article is to underline the importance of community-based participatory research, which involves institutional researchers and community practitioners, in establishing local and regional research priorities in relation to HIV/AIDS. We describe an 11-month-long reflection process conducted by a research collective in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of northern Quebec. The significant results of the joint reflection and discussion process included: the development of local capacities for research and collective action, involving academics and practitioners; the valorization of participatory research; and the increased accessibility of research-based knowledge for community actors involved in the fight against HIV/AIDS. In contrast with more traditional research methods, the participatory approach situates the balance of power within a research collective that jointly determines, throughout the course of the project, the priorities that best reflect local needs for HIV/AIDS research. This initial process of discussion resulted also in the joint validation of a forthcoming grant application to be submitted to the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
AN INTEGRATED EXISTENTIAL FRAMEWORK FOR TRAUMA THEORY
Authors: Wilmshurst Kaitlin
Published: February 2021

In this paper, an integrated existential framework for trauma theory is presented. The framework is based on the clustering of current trauma theories into physical, relational, and intrapersonal categories, and the relation of these three clusters to Irvine Yalom’s ultimate existential concerns of life/death, connection/isolation, and freedom/responsibility. Recent research has revealed an interplay between the physiological and psychosocial aspects of traumatic experiences, suggesting that a theoretical integration which includes consideration of physiological change, fear conditioning, and relational impacts is required to fully address the impacts of trauma. The fourth existential concern, meaning/meaninglessness, is argued to underlie all of the aspects of trauma, forming a common connection between all theories. This paper undertakes a brief review of current theories in traumatology to illustrate the validity of the three theoretical clusters, explores the current application of existential theory to the conceptualization of trauma, and presents a unifying organizational framework for trauma theory based in existentialism. Critiques of theory integration and existentialism are explored, followed by an analysis of risks for existential theory in the application of this framework. Implications for future research and social work practice based on the existential framework are also presented.
EXACERBATION OF INEQUITIES DURING COVID-19: ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL WORKERS
Authors: Weinberg Merlinda
Published: February 2021

COVID -19 has upended the known world and the profession of social work has been on the frontlines responding to the human suffering. A global research study was conducted to survey the ethical challenges faced by social workers during the pandemic. This paper explores one theme from the Canadian data, namely the ethical implications for social workers arising from the greater risks, hardships, and inequities for those most marginalized in our society. Two populations of service users will be utilized as examples of the ethical dimensions of the problem: the elderly and those who are Indigenous.
Almanzora Comparte: cuando el conocimiento crece como el río
Authors: Sanz Martos Sandra
Published: February 2021

El próximo 1 de junio se celebra la II Jornada sobre conocimiento compartido, Almanzora Comparte. En esta edición tendremos la oportunidad de profundizar más en la compartición de conocimiento en todas sus expresiones y sobre sus beneficios. En instituciones públicas, en centros educativos y en iniciativas ciudadanas, se aprende y se comparte lo aprendido.
Ideología androcentrista: una explicación clara
Authors: Esquirol Meritxell
Published: February 2021

Reseñamos Mujeres en Medio(s), de Asunción Bernárdez Rodal. Según su autora, los prejuicios y desconfianzas con los que parte del alumnado y profesorado se enfrentan a conceptos como igualdad y feminismo, sobre todo en ámbitos académicos vinculados con las ciencias sociales y humanidades, seguramente nacen por entender el contexto comunicativo como un espacio neutral, un espacio que suponen libre de cargas ideológicas, al menos en cuestiones de género.
Una década de JoVE, primera revista científica en formato vídeo
Authors: Cavaller Víctor
Published: February 2021

En diciembre del 2016 la revista científica en formato video JoVE, acrónimo de The Journal of Visualized Experiments, cumplió 10 años. JoVE fue la primera revista científica peer-reviewed que comenzó a publicar experimentos en formato video. Actualmente, a junio del 2017, ha publicado su número 124.
Momento de buscar trabajo: ¿por dónde empiezo?
Authors: Aran Gina
Published: February 2021

Se acerca el final de curso y muchos estudiantes finalizan sus estudios y abren una nueva etapa profesional. Es el momento de encontrar un lugar en el mercado de trabajo. Ahora, para muchos, comienza el trabajo de buscar trabajo.
Cinco ejes para un ecosistema informacional equilibrado
Authors: Cobarsí-Morales Josep
Published: February 2021

La información digital está plenamente integrada en nuestras vidas. Para muchos, incluso si hacemos memoria de tiempos pasados, resulta difícil imaginarnos nuestro día a día ahora y en el futuro sin esta información digital, que ha enriquecido y ha hecho más complejo nuestro ecosistema informativo. Y muchos, ante esto, también nos preguntamos qué características debe tener un entorno de información equilibrado.
Medium spiny neurons activity reveals the discrete segregation of mouse dorsal striatum
Authors: Alegre-Cortés Javier , Sáez María , Montanari Roberto , Reig Ramon
Published: February 2021

Behavioral studies differentiate the rodent dorsal striatum (DS) into lateral and medial regions; however, anatomical evidence suggests that it is a unified structure. To understand striatal dynamics and basal ganglia functions, it is essential to clarify the circuitry that supports this behavioral-based segregation. Here, we show that the mouse DS is made of two non-overlapping functional circuits divided by a boundary. Combining in vivo optopatch-clamp and extracellular recordings of spontaneous and evoked sensory activity, we demonstrate different coupling of lateral and medial striatum to the cortex together with an independent integration of the spontaneous activity, due to particular corticostriatal connectivity and local attributes of each region. Additionally, we show differences in slow and fast oscillations and in the electrophysiological properties between striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. In summary, these results demonstrate that the rodent DS is segregated in two neuronal circuits, in homology with the caudate and putamen nuclei of primates.
Estimation of parameters for a humidity-dependent compartmental model of the COVID-19 outbreak
Authors: Farkas Csaba , Iclanzan David , Olteán-Péter Boróka , Vekov Géza
Published: February 2021

Building an effective and highly usable epidemiology model presents two main challenges: finding the appropriate, realistic enough model that takes into account complex biological, social and environmental parameters and efficiently estimating the parameter values with which the model can accurately match the available outbreak data, provide useful projections. The reproduction number of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been found to vary over time, potentially being influenced by a multitude of factors such as varying control strategies, changes in public awareness and reaction or, as a recent study suggests, sensitivity to temperature or humidity changes. To take into consideration these constantly evolving factors, the paper introduces a time dynamic, humidity-dependent SEIR-type extended epidemiological model with range-defined parameters. Using primarily the historical data of the outbreak from Northern and Southern Italy and with the help of stochastic global optimization algorithms, we are able to determine a model parameter estimation that provides a high-quality fit to the data. The time-dependent contact rate showed a quick drop to a value slightly below 2. Applying the model for the COVID-19 outbreak in the northern region of Italy, we obtained parameters that suggest a slower shrinkage of the contact rate to a value slightly above 4. These findings indicate that model fitting and validation, even on a limited amount of available data, can provide useful insights and projections, uncover aspects that upon improvement might help mitigate the disease spreading.
Demyelinating Pseudotumours Presenting as Space Occupying Lesions Mimicking Brain Tumours- A Histopathologic Assessment of Seven Cases
Authors: Deepthi B , Pothula Somasekhar
Published: February 2021

Demyelinating lesions which present as solitary contrast-enhancing masses pose a diagnostic challenge for both radiologists and surgical neuropathologists and can mimic a number of intracranial space occupying lesions either neoplastic/inflammatory. Herein, a series of seven cases with particular emphasis on histopathological and immunohistochemical characterisation of these lesions was presented. The seven cases of Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions (TDLs) diagnosed on histopathology include three males and four females with age ranging from 10 to 58 years (median-25 years) chiefly presenting with focal neurological deficits. Radiologically, the lesions were predominantly localised in the temporo-parietal region. Histologically, the lesions were well-demarcated, hypercellular with infiltration by foamy macrophages and reactive astrocytes. In addition, Creutzfeldt astrocytes and granular mitoses were seen. Additional special stains for myelin (Luxol fast blue), demonstrated focal, sharply marginated loss of myelin, and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with Neurofilament (NF) for axons showed relative preservation of axons in areas of myelin loss. IHC with Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) highlighted the fibrillary processes of the reactive astrocytes and the cytoplasm of the Creutzfeldt cells. Knowledge of the characteristic features such as well-demarcated lesions with histological characterisation by large number of macrophages, including Creutzfeldt astrocytes, granular mitoses and perivascular inflammation should raise index of suspicion and prompt pathologist to do additional myelin stains and IHC to confirm demyelination and preservation of intact axons thereby, differentiating from neoplasms and other non-neoplastic inflammatory lesions.
In-Depth Quantitative Analysis of Saharanpur Wood Handicraft Industry on the Specific Issues of Availability and Supply of Raw Material
Authors: Dubey Poonam , Singh S. P. , Singh Vartika , Dhiman Sunny , Saini Ashish , Devi Monika , Mishra Pradeep
Published: February 2021

The study was undertaken with the objectives to survey the source and chain of procurement process of the various types of wood being used in the market, assess their requirement of the kind of suitable wood preferred for a particular item of woodcraft for marketing in the particular countries and to explore the potential of alternate wood species which can be adopted by an artisan with existing technology/up-gradation of technology. The study was conducted through the collection of secondary data and primary data. The primary data was collected through a preliminary survey, a standardized questionnaire survey of various components of stakeholder’s namely (a) manufacturers and exporters, (b) commission agents/brokers, (c) traders, and(d) artisans. The present study revealed that 58% of manufactures and exporters and 86.38% of craftsmen agreed that the raw material procurement chain starts from the farmer’s field to Middleman then Commission agents and goes to the Craftsman. The majority of stakeholders responded that the middleman is the most important in the supply chain of the wood procurement process. The survey indicated that there is 0-5% incremental cost in every stage of the raw material procurement process and the approximately total incremental cost of wood is between 5-10% due to the existing supply chain. The data analysis related to a sequence of most demanding wood species for wood carving work indicated that 60% of commission agents/brokers responded for the sequence of Mango>Shisham>Poplar>Other, whereas 56.50% manufacturers and others. 83.33% commission agents/brokers, 85.71% manufacturers, and exporters, 97.87% traders, 98.26% craftsman responded negatively to the existence of imported wood species in the Saharanpur wood market.
Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Epidemics and Health Workers: Investigating the Level of Preparedness in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria
Authors: Ibeh C. O. , Okwute O. E. , Alali A. A. , Iwunze E. C. , Aleme J. I. , Ogbonna V. I. , Jamabo T. , Ateke J. , Obinna F. , Tarebi T. V. , Ogaji D. S.
Published: February 2021

Aim: This study assessed the state of infection prevention and control (IPC) with an emphasis on a hospital’s preparedness for mitigating the spread of viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) to staff.

Methods: This convergent parallel mixed-methods study obtained data on IPC using an observational checklist in clinical departments and units; key informant interviews of stakeholders; and a structured self-administered questionnaire with frontline health workers. Both qualitative and quantitative data analyses were conducted to determine the IPC practice and level of preparedness of the hospital for the threat of VHFs.

Results: The frontline clinical staff who responded to the questionnaires were aged 31 – 40 years (53.8%), male (50.3%) and medical doctors (72.2%). Some of the respondents had received training in hand washing (41.5%), use of PPE (35.1%) and standard precaution for VHFs (26.8%). Fewer respondents consistently used gloves (36.8%), face masks (8.6%), aprons (8.5%) and sharps containers (26.7%) during patient care. Amenities available for IPC varied across the 184 clinical service points in the hospital’s 19 departments. More service points had waste bins (86%), washing sinks (80%) and running water (74%) while a few had a standard operating procedure for hand washing (6%) and cabinets for storing PPEs (12%). The most significant challenge to the use of IPC measures was the inadequacy of amenities such as full PPE gear, respirator, aprons, and face masks within the clinical service points.

Conclusion: There is a poor level of preparedness for outbreaks of VHFs and this calls for strengthening administrative, engineering and environmental control in health facilities to stem outbreaks among health.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Double Inversion Recovery Sequence in Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Ghonim Ahmed Samir , Younes Rasha Lotfy , Mohamed Mohamed Amin , Dawoud Mohamed Fathy
Published: February 2021

Aims: The current work aimed to assess the diagnostically value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) sequence in diagnosing of multiple sclerosis.

Methodology: This study conducted on (42 patients) from the Diagnostic Radiology and Medical Imaging Dep. at Tanta University Hospital in the period from March 2018 to December 2019.

Results: In accordance to the total lesions loads, it was found that DIR was higher significantly than T2WI (P-value= 0.003 with a relative gaining of 22%), we found that double inversion recovery (DIR) sequence was higher significantly to FLAIR regarding the number of diagnosed lesions in 3 anatomical areas (Mixed W-GM, cortical and infra-tentorial) with relative gaining of 28%, 85% and 63% respectively. A non-significant change was found among the two sequences regarding peri-ventricular white matter, deep white matter and juxta-cortical lesions detecting.

Conclusion: Conventionally MRI has corner-stone roles in diagnosing, characterizing and following-up of multi-sclerosis. Finally, we concluded that DIR can be used as a addition to or even as an alternative for typical T2 and FLAIR. Therefore, we strongly recommend the addition of DIR sequences in the everyday MR protocol of MS cases.
A Case Study on Retinoblastoma Associated Orbital Cellulitis
Authors: Reddy Sagili Chandrasekhara , Menon Bina Sharine
Published: February 2021

A 20-months-old male child was brought to the Eye clinic with swelling of right upper eyelid, discharge sticking the eyelids in the right eye and redness in both eyes of three days duration. On detailed examination of anterior segment and fundus, the diagnosis of bilateral retinoblastoma with conjunctivitis was made. The conjunctivitis was cured with ciprofloxacin eye drops and eye ointment. CT scan of orbits and brain confirmed the diagnosis of retinoblastoma with calcification in both eyes. Optic nerve on both sides was normal and there was no metastasis in the brain. Since it was a bilateral case of retinoblastoma, chemoreduction followed by enucleation in the right eye, and salvaging the left eye with chemotherapy in order to save the vision was planned.

Intravenous triple drug chemotherapy with carboplatin, etoposide and vincristine (six cycles) was started by pediatric oncologist in pediatric ward. After two weeks of completing the first cycle of treatment, enucleation of right eye was done. Postoperative period was uneventful. The chemotherapy was continued. The child developed marked swelling of left upper eyelid few days before the sixth cycle of chemotherapy. Examination of left eye showed signs of aseptic orbital cellulitis which was treated with oral prednisolone and topical eye drops of combination of gentamycin and dexamethasone. The inflammatory signs subsided completely in ten days time. The sixth cycle of chemotherapy was completed. On the follow up visit two weeks after discharge, the left eye ball was normal. In the first follow up, the child could pick up the toys thrown in front of him. Unfortunately the child defaulted follow up. Retinoblastoma should be excluded in all young children with orbital cellulitis because misdiagnosis is life threatening.
Wrist Arthrodesis in Severe Wrist Arthritis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Lakhani Amit , Sharma Ena , Mander Harsh
Published: February 2021

Objective: Osteoarthritis of wrist is an uncommon disorder but in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), wrist and metacarpophlangeal joint are involved in early stages. RA of wrist leads to severe pain and loss of function in a large number of patients. Conservative treatment is required in early stages, but in severe cases arthroplasty or total wrist arthrodesis is the treatment of choice. Problems in wrist arthroplasty include implant breakage, cystic erosion in the surrounding bone, and marked synovitis, which requires revision in most of cases. Total wrist arthrodesis is treatment of choice in severe wrist arthritis patient, who want to have good grip and wish to do heavy labour.

Material and Methods: A retrospective review of 15 patients of RA with severe wrist arthritis, managed by wrist arthrodesis using 3.5 mm reconstruction plate and iliac crest bone graft was done. Patients were evaluated for pain relief, functional improvement and radiographic analysis. Patient function measures included: Visual analog score (VAS), the Mayo wrist score, and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score.

Result: All 15 cases united well with marked improvement in wrist strength and diminished pain allowing improved function and heavy labor. Mayo wrist scores increased on an average of 37.5 Points (preoperative) 10 to 65 (postoperative). The average DASH score has decreased significantly up to 47 Points.

Conclusion: Wrist Arthrodesis provides pain relief and functional hand in sever wrist arthritis in RA cases.
Investigation of Tribological and Mechanical Performances of Ti‐based Self‐Lubricating Composites Containing SnAgCu and Al2O3
Authors: Yang Kang , Ma Yuhao , Ma Hongru , Zhang Feizhi , Li Ruifang
Published: February 2021

Friction and wear behaviors of Ti alloys are vital to their applications in aerospace components and ocean devices. The spherical SnAgCu–Al2O3 (S–SA) are synthesized via spark plasma sintering (SPS) to prepare the Ti–S–SA for achieving excellent lubrication. On a ball‐on‐flat tribometer, Ti–S–SA exhibits the best friction and wear performance among the samples prepared by SPS. Approximately 12.0 wt% of Al2O3 is coated with 15.0 wt% SnAgCu to form a SnAgCu‐enriched film, resulting in the reduction of binding ability of the Al2O3 with the surface material. The rotation of Al2O3 particles improved as SnAgCu deformed under a low load. Subsequently, the friction resistance reduces, and a low material loss is observed from the friction surface; these phenomena facilitate excellent tribological behavior. Under coordinating functions of 12.0 wt% Al2O3 and 15.0 wt% SnAgCu, Ti–S–SA shows a friction coefficient of 0.20 and the wear rate of ≈3.39 × 10−4 mm3 N−1 m−1.
Design Rule of Assistant Dopant for High External Quantum Efficiency in Hyperfluorescence Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jang Ji Seon , Han Si Hyun , Lee JunYeob
Published: February 2021

The design rule of an assistant dopant for enhanced external quantum efficiency (EQE) in hyperfluorescence organic light‐emitting diodes is investigated by synthesizing two assistant dopants with thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) features, BPAc and BPAcCz, by combining a benzophenone acceptor and a dimethylacridane donor. BPAc has only the benzophenone acceptor and the dimethylacridane donor, whereas BPAcCz has an extra carbazole donor added to the BPAc structure. Comparison of the two assistant dopants reveals that the incorporation of the donor unit with a small dihedral angle degrades the efficiency of the hyperfluorescence devices by Dexter energy transfer. The hyperfluorescence devices with the BPAc and BPAcCz assistant dopants exhibit EQE of 16.6% and 15.0%, respectively.
Embracing Defects and Disorder in Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Lak Aidin , Disch Sabrina , Bender Philipp
Published: February 2021

Iron oxide nanoparticles have tremendous scientific and technological potential in a broad range of technologies, from energy applications to biomedicine. To improve their performance, single‐crystalline and defect‐free nanoparticles have thus far been aspired. However, in several recent studies, defect‐rich nanoparticles outperform their defect‐free counterparts in magnetic hyperthermia and magnetic particle imaging (MPI). Here, an overview on the state‐of‐the‐art of design and characterization of defects and resulting spin disorder in magnetic nanoparticles is presented with a focus on iron oxide nanoparticles. The beneficial impact of defects and disorder on intracellular magnetic hyperthermia performance of magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery and cancer therapy is emphasized. Defect‐engineering in iron oxide nanoparticles emerges to become an alternative approach to tailor their magnetic properties for biomedicine, as it is already common practice in established systems such as semiconductors and emerging fields including perovskite solar cells. Finally, perspectives and thoughts are given on how to deliberately induce defects in iron oxide nanoparticles and their potential implications for magnetic tracers to monitor cell therapy and immunotherapy by MPI.
Pressure‐Triggered Blue Emission of Zero‐Dimensional Organic Bismuth Bromide Perovskite
Authors: Sun Meng‐En , Geng Ting , Yong Xue , Lu Siyu , Ai Lin , Xiao Guanjun , Cai Jinmeng , Zou Bo , Zang Shuang‐Quan
Published: February 2021

Understanding the structure–property relationships in Zero‐dimensional (0D) organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites (OMHPs) is essential for their use in optoelectronic applications. Moreover, increasing the emission intensity, particularly for blue emission, is considerably a challenge. Here, intriguing pressure‐induced emission (PIE) is successfully achieved from an initially nonluminous 0D OMHP [(C6H11NH3)4BiBr6]Br·CH3CN (Cy4BiBr7) upon compression. The emission intensity increases significantly, even reaching high‐efficiency blue luminescence, as the external pressure is increased to 4.9 GPa. Analyses of the in situ high‐pressure experiments and first‐principle calculations indicate that the observed PIE can be attributed to the enhanced exciton binding energy associated with [BiBr6]3– octahedron distortion under pressure. This study of Cy4BiBr7 sheds light on the relationship between the structure and optical properties of OMHPs. The results may improve potential applications of such materials in the fields of pressure sensing and trademark security.
Recent developments in cancer research: Expectations for a new remedy
Authors: Ando Koji , Hu Qingjiang , Kasagi Yuta , Oki Eiji , Mori Masaki
Published: February 2021

Cancer research has made remarkable progress and new discoveries are beginning to be made. For example, the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibition mechanisms in cancer cells has led to the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors that have benefited many cancer patients. In this review, we will introduce and describe the latest novel areas of cancer research: exosomes, microbiome, immunotherapy. and organoids. Exosomes research will lead to further understanding of the mechanisms governing cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, as well as the development of cancer detection and therapeutic methods. Microbiome are important in understanding the disease. Immunotherapy is the fourth treatment in cancer therapy. Organoid biology will further develop with a goal of translating the research into personalized therapy. These research areas may result in the creation of new cancer treatments in the future.
Automated object tracking, event detection, and recognition for high‐speed video of drop formation phenomena
Authors: Radcliffe Andrew J. , Reklaitis Gintaras V.
Published: February 2021

Optical imaging technologies have the potential to provide detailed information which can inform process design decisions via modeling of critical phenomena or provide innovative process sensors for use in online monitoring and control strategies. In this work, novel algorithms are developed for automated object tracking, event detection, and classification in high‐speed imaging sequences of drop breakup and coalescence. Using generalization of the physical patterns, a combined strategy extracts quantitative information about the spatiotemporal trajectory and events of every fluid‐object, mapping its lineage and relations to other objects without the need for a training dataset. This high‐level reference frame makes the extracted information easily accessible for evaluation of quantities over sets of objects or events of interest. Included results demonstrate the capability of the software for handling complex multievent scenarios at acceptable execution times, processing 2.7 GB image data (22,000 images/30 videos) in 110–115 s in MATLAB on a standard desktop computer.
Sustainable production and the role of digital twins–Basic reflections and perspectives
Authors: Miehe Robert , Waltersmann Lara , Sauer Alexander , Bauernhansl Thomas
Published: February 2021

Sustainable production is essential for the future of the global economy. Despite the publication of its baseline vision over 30 years ago and the resulting diversity of interpretations and subdisciplines in engineering and social sciences, the progress of the approach in industrial practice remains marginal. This is mainly due to the fact that the discipline has not yet succeeded to realize the magnitude of the rethinking necessary of its very own perception as a whole. Existing definitions of sustainable production presented to date are thus only partly consistently derived from the baseline concept. Meanwhile, digitalization provides an increasing number of technologies that offer a new perspective on sustainable production. This especially applies to the concept of digital twins. Recent studies, thus, address their role in the context of sustainable production by analyzing its contribution to existing sustainability related methods as well as technical challenges on a microeconomic level (bottom‐up approach). Although these approaches provide concrete requirements for technical deployment, it is highly questionable how they will contribute to sustainable production as a whole. In this paper, we choose a top‐down approach to discuss the role of digital twins in the context of sustainable production. Based on fundamental reflections on the baseline concept of sustainability, we advocate a reorientation of production within the framework of planetary boundaries. Thereupon, we discuss the role of digital twins and digital threads and provide a number of requirements that future R&D needs to address for a future sustainability‐oriented data‐driven monitoring and regulation of production.
Early Predictors of 9‐Year Disability in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: De Meo Ermelinda , Bonacchi Raffaello , Moiola Lucia , Colombo Bruno , Sangalli Francesca , Zanetta Chiara , Amato Maria Pia , Martinelli Vittorio , Rocca Maria Assunta , Filippi Massimo
Published: February 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study was to assess early predictors of 9‐year disability in pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis.

Methods

Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments of 123 pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis were obtained at disease onset and after 1 and 2 years. A 9‐year clinical follow‐up was also performed. Cox proportional hazard and multivariable regression models were used to assess independent predictors of time to first relapse and 9‐year outcomes.

Results

Time to first relapse was predicted by optic nerve lesions (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.10, p = 0.02) and high‐efficacy treatment exposure (HR = 0.31, p = 0.005). Predictors of annualized relapse rate were: at baseline, presence of cerebellar (β = −0.15, p < 0.001), cervical cord lesions (β = 0.16, p = 0.003), and high‐efficacy treatment exposure (β = −0.14, p = 0.01); considering also 1‐year variables, number of relapses (β = 0.14, p = 0.002), and the previous baseline predictors; considering 2‐year variables, time to first relapse (2‐year: β = −0.12, p = 0.01) entered, whereas high‐efficacy treatment exposure exited the model. Predictors of 9‐year disability worsening were: at baseline, presence of optic nerve lesions (odds ratio [OR] = 6.45, p = 0.01); considering 1‐year and 2‐year variables, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) changes (1‐year: OR = 26.05, p < 0.001; 2‐year: OR = 16.38, p = 0.02), and ≥ 2 new T2‐lesions in 2 years (2‐year: OR = 4.91, p = 0.02). Predictors of higher 9‐year EDSS score were: at baseline, EDSS score (β = 0.58, p < 0.001), presence of brainstem lesions (β = 0.31, p = 0.04), and number of cervical cord lesions (β = 0.22, p = 0.05); considering 1‐year and 2‐year variables, EDSS changes (1‐year: β = 0.79, p < 0.001; 2‐year: β = 0.55, p < 0.001), and ≥ 2 new T2‐lesions (1‐year: β = 0.28, p = 0.03; 2‐year: β = 0.35, p = 0.01).

Interpretation

A complete baseline MRI assessment and an accurate clinical and MRI monitoring during the first 2 years of disease contribute to predict 9‐year prognosis in pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:1011–1022
Durch sichtbares Licht induzierte Homolyse unedler, gut verfügbarer Metallsubstratkomplexe: Eine komplementäre Aktivierungsstrategie in der Photoredoxkatalyse
Authors: Abderrazak Youssef , Bhattacharyya Aditya , Reiser Oliver
Published: February 2021

Die Hauptanwendungen der Photoredoxkatalyse mit sichtbarem Licht umfassen vorwiegend in der äußeren Sphäre des Katalysators stattfindende SET‐ oder EnT‐Prozesse, ausgelöst durch Edelmetall‐RuII‐ oder ‐IrIII‐Komplexe oder durch organische Farbstoffe mit geringer Photostabilität. Gut verfügbare MnLn‐Metallkomplexe entwickeln sich schnell als alternative Photokatalysatoren, denn sie bieten wirtschaftliche und ökologische Vorteile und eröffnen den Zugang zu mechanistisch komplementären Innersphären‐Modi; damit lassen sich die inhärenten Einschränkungen, die aufgrund von ultrakurzen Lebensdauern im angeregten Zustand ihrer Anwendung entgegenstehen, überwinden. Das allgemeine Verfahren, das als durch sichtbares Licht induzierte Homolyse (VLIH) bezeichnet wird, umfasst die Bildung geeigneter lichtabsorbierender Metall‐Substrat‐Komplexe (MnLn‐Z; Z=Substrat), die eine homolytische Spaltung zu Mn−1Ln und Z. als Startpunkt für weitere Transformationen eingehen.
Janus Nanocages of Platinum‐Group Metals and Their Use as Effective Dual‐Electrocatalysts
Authors: Zhu Jiawei , Xu Lang , Lyu Zhiheng , Xie Minghao , Chen Ruhui , Jin Wanqin , Mavrikakis Manos , Xia Younan
Published: February 2021

Janus nanocages with distinctive platinum‐group metals on the outer and inner surfaces can naturally catalyze at least two different reactions. Here we report a general method based on successive deposition and then selective etching for the facile synthesis of such nanocages. We have fabricated 11 different types of Janus nanocages characterized by a uniform size and well‐defined {100} facets, together with porous, ultrathin, asymmetric walls up to 1.6 nm thick. When tested as dual‐electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, the Janus nanocages based on Pt and Ir exhibited superior activities depending on the thickness and relative position of the metal layer. Density functional theory studies suggest that the alloy composition and surface structure of the nanocages both play important roles in enhancing the electrocatalytic activities by modulating the stability of key reaction intermediates.
A new family of complexes derived from bis(imino)pyridine‐type ligands: Crystal structures and bio‐molecular interaction studies
Authors: Singh Ovender , Maji Ankur , Singh Anshu , Singh Neetu , Ghosh Kaushik
Published: February 2021

Bis(imino)pyridine (NNN)‐type ligand [(PyPhime‐Cina) = 2,6‐bis((E)‐1‐phenyl‐2‐((E)‐3‐phenylallylidene)hydrazinyl)pyridine] was synthesized, and a new family of metal complexes [Mn(PyPhime‐Cina)Cl2] (1), [Fe(PyPhime‐Cina)Cl2] (2), [Co(PyPhime‐Cina)Cl2] (3), [Ni(PyPhime‐Cina)Cl2] (4), and [Cu(PyPhime‐Cina)Cl2] (5), derived from the ligand, have been synthesized and characterized. Molecular structures of the ligand and complexes 1‐5 were determined using X‐ray crystallography. Electronic properties and frontier molecular orbitals of the complexes were investigated by DFT and TD‐DFT calculations. DNA interaction studies were evaluated by UV‐visible absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectral studies which indicated noncovalent binding of complexes with CT‐DNA. Hirshfeld surface analysis of all the complexes was studied to know the weak interaction present in the molecules.
Epoxy‐functional thermoplastic copolymers and their incorporation into a thermosetting resin
Authors: Sweet Kayla R. , Stanzione Joseph F.
Published: February 2021

The customization of polymer networks can be made possible via dual‐functional monomers, molecules characterized by two different reactive substituents that allow for versatile methods of polymerization. The dual‐functional, epoxy‐methacrylate monomers, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and vanillyl alcohol epoxy‐methacrylate (VAEM), were polymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to form low molecular weight (~10–20 kDa) epoxy‐functional thermoplastic copolymers, poly(VAEM‐co‐MMA), and poly(GMA‐co‐MMA). The copolymers were blended at 5 wt% into an epoxy resin system containing EPON Resin 828 and EPIKURE W Curing Agent and cured thermally to create unique interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). The resulting IPNs were compared to the cured neat resin and evaluated for thermal and mechanical properties, where maintained thermal properties and enhancements of stiffness and toughness were demonstrated.
Mechanism of Metarhizium rileyi evading cellular immune responses in Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Li Li , Zhong Ke , Wang Jia‐Lin , Liu Xu‐Sheng
Published: February 2021

Upon entry into the hemocoel of host insects, entomopathogenic fungi switch to yeast‐like hyphal bodies that are not recognized by host hemocytes and replicate extensively in the hemolymph. The mechanism by which hyphal bodies evade host cellular immunity is not well understood. This study compares Metarhizium rileyi conidia and hyphal bodies with respect to elicitation of the immune response of Helicoverpa armigera and recognition by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). We found that the ability of host hemocytes to phagocytize and nodulate hyphal bodies was weaker than those responses against conidia, suggesting that hyphal bodies are more able to evade host cellular immunity. Additionally, we found that the binding affinity of H. armigera β‐1,3‐glucan recognition proteins was much lower for hyphal bodies than for conidia. We observed no agglutination response of H. armigera C‐type lectin 3 (HaCTL3) against hyphal bodies, and HaCTL3 bound significantly less to hyphal bodies than to conidia, indicating that host PRRs have a lower affinity for hyphal bodies than for conidia. This study provides direct evidence that the mechanism whereby entomopathogenic fungi escape host cellular immunity involves the inability of host PRRs to sufficiently recognize hyphal bodies to elicit the cellular immune response.
Social proximity and respect for norms in trust dilemmas
Authors: Evans Anthony M. , Ong How Hwee , Krueger Joachim I.
Published: February 2021

Trust is based on both rational considerations (outcomes and expectations) and moral considerations (respect for moral norms). We find that social proximity shifts the extent to which trust is perceived as a moral decision. People are more likely to trust similar strangers (partners they share personality traits with) because they feel it is the moral thing to do. In three studies, we found that partner similarity was associated with increased trust, and this effect was mediated by increased feelings of normative obligation. This mediation remained significant after controlling for expectations of reciprocity and participants' tendency to like similar partners more than dissimilar partners (Studies 1 and 2). Furthermore, the felt obligation to trust similar partners was based, in part, on a desire to avoid insulting the other party's moral character. The effect of partner similarity on feelings of obligation was weakened when distrust was no longer insulting to the trusted party's character (Study 3). These findings add to our knowledge of how social information shifts the extent to which trust is perceived as a moral decision.
Crocin mitigated cognitive impairment and brain molecular alterations induced by different intensities of prenatal hypoxia in neonatal rats
Authors: Ghotbeddin Zohreh , Tabandeh Mohammad Reza , Pourmahdi Borujeni Mahdi , Fahimi Truski Fahimeh , Zalaki Ghorbani Pour Mohammad Reza , Tabrizian Leila
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Brain hypoxia has important role to the onset and progression of sporadic form of Alzheimer disease via expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1). Crocin by anti‐amyloidogenic property inhibits β‐amyloid formation. However, the molecular mechanism associated with anti‐amyloidogenic activity of crocin is unknown. So, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of crocin on cognitive behavior and expression of HIF‐1α and β‐secretase (BACE1) genes in the brain of neonate rats following different intensities of hypoxia during pregnancy.

Material and methods

Pregnant female rats were divided into six groups including sham, control crocin treated (CC), hypoxia with three different intensities (H1–H3), and most intense of hypoxic group treated with crocin (H3C) (30 mg/kg; i.p) at P14. Hypoxia induced on the 20th day of pregnancy. Animals in sham and CC were put in hypoxia chamber at the same time of hypoxia group without any hypoxia induction. Morris water maze (MWM) and qRT‐PCR were used to evaluate the cognitive behavior and mRNA levels of BACE1 and HIF‐1α genes in the brain tissues.

Results

Animal under 7% O2 + 93% N2 condition for 3 hr showed the highest cognitive behavior impairment and upregulated HIF‐1α and BACE1 mRNA in brains of offspring (p < .001). Crocin treatment improved memory impairment and attenuated the gene expression of HIF‐1α and BACE1 in the brains of neonate rat.

Conclusions

It was concluded that crocin has beneficial effects on the brain of neonate rats under gestational hypoxia by improvement of memory impairment and molecular alteration related to hypoxia.
Secondary Alcohol Dehydrogenases from Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus and Thermoanaerobacter brockii as Robust Catalysts
Authors: Musa Musa M. , Vieille Claire , Phillips Robert S.
Published: February 2021

Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are an important type of enzyme that have significant applications as biocatalysts. Secondary ADHs from Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus (TeSADH) and Thermoanaerobacter brockii (TbSADH) are well‐known as robust catalysts. However, like most other ADHs, these enzymes suffer from their high substrate specificities (i. e., limited substrate scope), which to some extent restricts their use as biocatalysts. This minireview discusses recent efforts to expand the substrate scope and tune the enantioselectivity of TeSADH and TbSADH by using site‐directed mutagenesis and directed evolution. Various examples of asymmetric synthesis of optically active alcohols using both enzymes are highlighted. Moreover, the unique thermal stability and organic solvent tolerance of these enzymes is illustrated by their concurrent inclusion with other interesting reactions to synthesize optically active alcohols and amines. For instance, TeSADH has been used in quantitative non‐stereoselective oxidation of alcohols to deracemize alcohols via cyclic deracemization and in the racemization of enantiopure alcohols to accomplish a bienzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution.
Optimized Biocatalytic Synthesis of 2‐Selenopyrimidine Nucleosides by Transglycosylation**
Authors: Hellendahl Katja F. , Kaspar Felix , Zhou Xinrui , Yang Zhaoyi , Huang Zhen , Neubauer Peter , Kurreck Anke
Published: February 2021

Selenium‐modified nucleosides are powerful tools to study the structure and function of nucleic acids and their protein interactions. The widespread application of 2‐selenopyrimidine nucleosides is currently limited by low yields in established synthetic routes. Herein, we describe the optimization of the synthesis of 2‐Se‐uridine and 2‐Se‐thymidine derivatives by thermostable nucleoside phosphorylases in transglycosylation reactions using natural uridine or thymidine as sugar donors. Reactions were performed at 60 or 80 °C and at pH 9 under hypoxic conditions to improve the solubility and stability of the 2‐Se‐nucleobases in aqueous media. To optimize the conversion, the reaction equilibria in analytical transglycosylation reactions were studied. The equilibrium constants of phosphorolysis of the 2‐Se‐pyrimidines were between 5 and 10, and therefore differ by an order of magnitude from the equilibrium constants of any other known case. Hence, the thermodynamic properties of the target nucleosides are inherently unfavorable, and this complicates their synthesis significantly. A tenfold excess of sugar donor was needed to achieve 40−48 % conversion to the target nucleoside. Scale‐up of the optimized conditions provided four Se‐containing nucleosides in 6–40 % isolated yield, which compares favorably to established chemical routes.
Another promising device for peripheral CTO's: But what about long‐term patency
Authors: Rodriguez‐Paz Enrique , Heuser Richard R.
Published: February 2021

Key Points

The Wingman crossing catheter appears to be not only an effective device for peripheral CTO treatment but also safe.

Most peripheral CTO's can be crossed in the femoral popliteal region, infra‐popliteal CTO's are more challenging.

What about the long‐term results and how do we extrapolate this data to include longer SFA lesions.