bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Covid-19 Vaccines and its Adverse Events Following Immunization( AEFI)
Authors: Bralianti Putri Dwi , Akbar Femmy Nurul
Published: July 2022

Background: The Indonesian government has begub to administer vaccines en mass and is planned in stages as an effort to prevent and control Covid-19 by immunity. To reduce the negative impact of immunization on individual health and the implementation of vaccination itself, it is best to know Covid-19 vaccines in Indonesia and their AEFI.Objective: The purpose of this article is to discuss Covid-19 vaccines in Indonesia and their AEFIMethod: Systematic review of studies about Covid-19 vaccines that have been and will be used in Indonesia along with an overview of AEFI.Results: There are five Covid-19 vaccines manufacturer that has been and will be used in Indonesia. The types of antigens used in the Covid-19 vaccine include a whole virus, protein subunits, and nucleic acid. Conclusion: Covid-19 vaccines are relatively safe and can rarely cause AEFI.
The Relationship Between Adequacy of Hemodialysis and Anemia in Chronic Kidney Diseases (Ckd) Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis in Dialysis Unit, Fatmawati Hospital
Authors: Ginting Leo , Aziz Abdul , Wulandari Wulandari , Lasono Dwi Budi
Published: July 2022

Background: Anemia is a common problem that often occurs in patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis. 56.5% of hemodialysis patients were still have anemia, while on the other hand, the achievement of hemodialysis.  adequacy only reached 52.7%. Disparity that data is the basis for this research. The aim of this study is to analysis the relationship between the achievement of hemodialysis adequacy with the incidence of anemia in patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis.Methods: This study uses a descriptive correlation with a cross sectional approach to the analysis of the independent variable (HD Adequacy) and the dependent variable (Anemia). The relationship between these variables was tested using the Chi Square test.Result: The study was conducted on 134 hemodialysis patients aged 13-86 years, the most common vascular access was AV fistula (68.7%), and women were the most respondents (55.2%). The Kt / V value in this study was 1.67 (1.03-2.75) and an adequate one was 54.5%. Adequate URR reached 80.6% with a mean of 75.13 ± 6.38. The incidence of anemia reached 53.7% with the Hb value at 8.93 ± 2.82 mg / dl. The results of the Chi Square test showed that HD adequacy (Kt / V and URR) with the incidence of anemia had P values of 0.670 and 0.217.Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between HD adequacy and the incidence of anemia
Evaluation of the Visual System by the Primary Care Provider Following Concussion
Authors: Master Christina L. , Bacal Darron , Grady Matthew F. , Hertle Richard , Shah Ankoor S. , Strominger Mitchell , Whitecross Sarah , Bradford Geoffrey E. , Lum Flora , Donahue Sean P. ,   AAP Section on Ophthalmology; AMERICAN ACADEMY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY; AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR PEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY AND STRABISMUS; and AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CERTIFIED ORTHOPTISTS
Published: July 2022

Concussion is a common injury in childhood and has the potential for substantial impact on quality of life. Visual issues have been increasingly recognized as a common problem after concussion. Many children initially seek care for concussion with their pediatrician, making it even more important for pediatricians to recognize, evaluate, and refer children with visual issues after concussion. This clinical report is intended to support the recommendations in the companion policy statement on vision and concussion and provides definitions of some of the physiologic aspects of the visual system as they relate to concussion. A description of clinically feasible testing methodologies is provided in more detail to aid the clinician in assessing the visual system in a focused fashion after concussion. This guidance helps direct clinical management, including support for return to school, sports, and other activities, as well as potential referral for subspecialty care for the subset of those with persistent symptoms.
Comparación de los impactos ambientales ocasionados por la técnica de incineración y rellenos sanitarios para la gestión de residuos sólidos
Authors: Chavarría Acuña Osvaldo Antonio
Published: July 2022

En el presente documento se plantea hacer una comparación entre las técnicas de relleno sanitario e incineración, para lo cual, se ha seleccionado estratégicamente un sitio en donde cuyas actividades inciden de manera significativa sobre los componentes ambientales, por lo que el proyecto representa un caso supuesto para cuantificar los impactos bajo ciertas condiciones, y evaluado mediante la matriz de Leopold, la cual permite medir la interacción de actividades propias de un proyecto sobre los factores ambientales del proyecto.

Ambas técnicas no resultan ambientalmente viables para el sitio propuesto, siendo el relleno sanitario más impactante. Se requieren realizar estudios técnicos que permitan depurar la magnitud de los impactos, así como proponer medidas ambientales durante su ejecución. Se recomienda seleccionar un sitio con características poco sensibles desde el punto de vista ambiental y social, para favorecer la viabilidad del proyecto.
Intensidad de Arias y duración significativa en análisis dinámico de estructuras
Authors: Alva Rodrigo E. , Pinzón Luis Alejandro , Pujades Luis G.
Published: July 2022

El uso de procedimientos y metodologías estandarizadas para realizar análisis dinámico no lineales (ADNL) está en aumento. En este tipo de análisis, varios de los criterios pueden ser definidos de forma arbitraria o seleccionados a criterio del experto, tal es el caso de la selección de los acelerogramas a ser utilizados como dato de partida para el ADNL. Por ejemplo, para este tipo de análisis, el Eurocódigo 8 (EC-8) sugiere seleccionar, y escalar o ajustar un número de registros de aceleraciones para que su espectro de respuesta sea compatible con el espectro de diseño objetivo. Sin embargo, tanto el EC-8 como diversos documentos normativos, no sugieren la consideración de parámetros sísmicos de la señal o diferentes medidas de intensidad, en el proceso de selección de estos acelerogramas. Es evidente que una selección inadecuada de los parámetros de entrada, incluyendo las acciones sísmicas, generaría resultados poco realistas y sin sentido físico. En este sentido, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia de la intensidad de Arias (IA) y la duración significativa (Da5-95) en la selección de registros de aceleración compatibles con un espectro de diseño objetivo para la realización de ADNL. De forma particular, estudiamos la variación del daño estructural de un edificio a partir de cuatro acelerogramas, con diferentes IA y Da5-95, ajustados al mismo espectro de diseño. Los resultados demuestran diferencias significativas en el daño esperado. Los registros con mayor intensidad de Arias y duración significativa produjeron un daño estructural mayor a pesar de disponer del mismo espectro de respuesta. Se concluye que es relevante considerar estos parámetros sísmicos en la selección de acelerogramas para su uso en ADNL.
Digital Humanities: Nurturing Nationalism Through Social Media
Authors: Siga Willfridus Demetrius , Seva Kristining , Wijaya Chandra , Sirait Asnita
Published: July 2022

The transformation of information and communication technology is believed to not only change the context and pattern of social networks but also the perspective in addressing a social problem. The facilitation of the internet medium and cellular technology, for example, has changed the paradigm of nationalism, especially through audiovisual content. Through the mixed method as a research method, namely the combination of quantitative methods (a survey technique for the younger generation with an age range of 18-22 years) and qualitative methods (through a digital ethnographic approach obtained from the “drone emprit academy”), this study shows that the use of social media by the younger generation shows positive trends in maintaining the spirit of nationalism such as uploading topics with the theme of nationalism, Pancasila, and unity. It means that the more content with nationalism nuances that is shared through social media, the greater the awareness and encouragement to maintain the spirit of nationalism.
Tools and scores for perioperative pulmonary, renal, hepatobiliary, hematological, and surgical site infection risk assessment: an update
Authors: MORAES CAIO MAZZONETTO TEÓFILO DE , CORRÊA LUISA DE MENDONÇA , PROCÓPIO RICARDO JAYME , CARMO GABRIEL ASSIS LOPES DO , NAVARRO TULIO PINHO
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction: perioperative risk assessment is essential to mitigate surgical complications, which suggests individual and collective interest since the number of surgical procedures in Brazil has been expanding steadily. The aim of this study was to summarize and detail the main calculators, indexes and scores regarding perioperative pulmonary, renal, hepatobiliary, hematological and surgical site infection risks for general non-cardiac surgeries, which are dispersed in the literature. Method: a narrative review was performed based on manuscripts in English and Portuguese found in the electronic databases Pubmed/MEDLINE and EMBASE. Results: the review included 11 tools related to the systems covered, for which the application method and its limitations are detailed. Conclusion: the non-cardiovascular perioperative risk estimation tools are beneficial when disturbances are identified in the preoperative clinical examination that justify a possible increased risk to the affected system, so the use of these tools provides palpable values to aid in the judgment of surgical risk and benefit as well as it identifies factors amenable to intervention to improve outcomes.
Impact of bariatric surgery in elderly patients with obesity
Authors: PEREIRA ADRIANO F. , SANTA-CRUZ FERNANDO , COUTINHO LUCAS R. , VIEIRA-DE-MELO MARIA CLARA P. T. , HINRICHSEN EDUARDA A. , SIQUEIRA LUCIANA T. , FIGUEIREDO JOSÉ-LUIZ , FERRAZ ÁLVARO A. B.
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction: to evaluate the long-term impact of bariatric surgery in the elderly population. Methods: a retrospective study including all patients older than 60 years who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) at our center and maintained a follow-up longer than 1 year. Clinical and laboratory variables were studied to assess remission of obesity and its comorbidities, as well as variables directly related to the surgical procedure itself, including early and late complications. Results: fifty-six patients were studied, mostly female (76,8%), with a mean age of 64.02 ± 3.34. A rate of complications of 37,5% was observed, with 10,7% requiring hospital admission and emergency surgery. The mean excess weight loss (%EWL) was 74.22% ± 26.76. The remission rates of hypertension and diabetes mellitus were 26.08% and 54.54%, respectively. There was significant difference in BMI reduction (12.25 ± 5.42, p<0.001), total cholesterol (31.37 ± 38.89 p<0,001), LDL cholesterol (23.45 ± 34.9, p=0.002), HDL cholesterol (5.14 ± 11.13, p=0,024), triglycerides (48.85 ± 56.15 p<0.001), HbA1C (1,81 ± 1,97, p<0,001) e PCR (1.43 ± 1.96, p<0.001). Conclusion: bariatric surgery was effective in weight loss and remission of comorbidities in the elderly obese population within the long term.
Adsorption of dye using natural clay from water
Authors: Bourouiss Mohammed , Djebbar Mustapha , Djafri Ftiha
Published: July 2022

Removal of the dye methylene blue from water at different concentrations, adsorbent pH values and times was investigated. Natural clay was treated by cation exchange, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy analyses. The experimental results showed that a high pH promotes adsorption. The adsorption isotherms are described by the equations of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It is important to note that the quantity of calcium oxide (CaO) corresponding to calcite is higher in natural clay (9.7% by weight) compared to sodium (Na) montmorillonite fraction (2.01% by weight). This clearly shows that the clay d hkl spacing increased from d = 13.58 Å to d = 17 Å, which could be attributed to natural clay and sodium montmorillonite, which confirms good clay purification. The maximum capacities of dyes adsorbed on natural clay and sodium montmorillonite (Q max) are 142.85–250 and 80–277.77 mg/g, respectively. The correlation coefficients R 2 = 0.99 of the Freundlich and Langmuir models for natural clays and sodium montmorillonite have the same values. This indicates that the two models are the best for the adsorption of the dye methylene blue on natural clay and sodium montmorillonite.
Ejercicio del derecho a la protesta social como mecanismo de defensa de los derechos humanos
Authors: Pereira Ortega Duanys Liesel , Peñaloza Nuñez Sharith Melissa
Published: July 2022

En Colombia, a partir del 28 de abril de 2021, se han llevado a cabo múltiples manifestaciones y protestas sociales en defensa de los derechos humanos, en contraposición a la reforma tributaria y a diferentes acciones del Estado. En el marco de estos sucesos, resulta necesario analizar el contexto sociojurídico del ejercicio del derecho a la protesta social como mecanismo de defensa y garantía de protección de los demás derechos humanos, durante la pandemia de la covid-19, ya que estos espacios generan aglomeración social, el cual ha sido considerado un factor de riesgo ante la crisis de salud pública. Con base en lo anterior, este artículo presenta como resultado un análisis de la problemática abordada, derivado de las condiciones jurídicas establecidas por la normativa colombiana y el derecho internacional humanitario, en torno a la garantía del derecho a la protesta social y sus derechos conexos. Se plantea como objetivo general analizar el contexto sociojurídico colombiano del ejercicio del derecho a la protesta social como mecanismo de defensa de los derechos humanos en tiempos de pandemia. Esta se desarrollará mediante una metodología de enfoque cualitativo y de tipo descriptivo con una técnica de investigación documental.
El conocimiento experto en las decisiones judiciales
Authors: Gaitán Reyes Julián Andrés
Published: July 2022

Objetivo: analizar los criterios de valoración que utilizan los jueces al usar el conocimiento experto en ciertas causas de protección del medio ambiente.

Metodología: el presente estudio está diseñado con consideraciones cualitativas acerca de los criterios de valoración que utilizan los jueces para validar el conocimiento experto en las sentencias judiciales de derecho ambiental colombiano. Se analizó una unidad específica de un universo poblacional, con el fin de construir categorías de análisis a partir de fuentes documentales obtenidas del sistema de consulta de las altas Cortes colombianas, bajo un muestreo no probabilístico.

Resultados: se identificaron las formas como los jueces acudieron al conocimiento experto y se establecieron los criterios de ponderación de uso del conocimiento experto en las decisiones judiciales objeto de estudio.

Conclusiones: los criterios de valoración que utilizan los jueces para validar el conocimiento experto en las sentencias judiciales de derecho ambiental colombiano fueron: idoneidad de los expertos y confiabilidad de la información experta, debido a que provienen de fuentes estatales que gozan de aceptación en la comunidad científica.
Transgresión de derechos de las mujeres y de la comunidad lgbt por inequidad de género en los cargos públicos
Authors: Acosta-Toledo Nicole , Vásquez-Lapeira Mario , Pereira Ortega Duanys Liesel
Published: July 2022

Al abordar la problemática de la inequidad de género en los cargos públicos, es posible afirmar que, a pesar de la violación constante de derechos que han sufrido estos dos grupos a lo largo de la historia, hoy en día gozan con mayor participación en los altos niveles decisorios de las ramas del poder público. Sin embargo, el esfuerzo tanto de las mujeres como de la comunidad lgbt de participar en los procesos democráticos se ve quebrantado por la falta de aplicación de las políticas públicas destinadas a contrarrestar dicha problemática.

En el contexto de la actual coyuntura generada por la pandemia de la covid-19, las mujeres y las personas pertenecientes al colectivo lgbt han tenido menos oportunidades de desarrollarse en el ámbito laboral, con lo que se ha agudizado la diferencia entre hombres y mujeres en distintos campos de la sociedad, brecha que se hace evidente incluso en las esferas del poder público.

Por ello, nuestra investigación responderá a la pregunta problema: ¿cómo la inequidad de género en los cargos públicos simboliza una transgresión para los derechos de las mujeres y de la comunidad lgbt en Colombia? Por tanto, se realizará un análisis de la inequidad de género en los cargos públicos como factor determinante para la transgresión de los derechos de las mujeres y de la comunidad lgbt. Se abordan tres objetivos específicos: (i) describir la evolución de la participación efectiva de las mujeres y de la comunidad lgbt en los cargos públicos en Colombia; (ii) identificar los factores que transgreden la participación igualitaria en los cargos públicos; y (iii) comparar en materia de derecho las medidas aplicadas en Suecia y Colombia para contrarrestar la inequidad de género en los cargos públicos.
A Study on the Differences in Chinese Low-Carbon Enterprise Value by Company Characteristics
Authors:   The Korea International Trade Research Institute, Li Tian , Baek Kang
Published: July 2022

Purpose This study attempted to derive differentiated implications by analyzing the corporate value of low-carbon companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2016-2020 according to the characteristics of each industry, equity structure, and stock market. Design/Methodology/Approach The data in this study were taken from A-share companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2020. Findings The analysis results are as follows. It was found that the existence of a low-carbon company has a positive effect on the increase in firm value, which can be interpreted as supporting the results of previous studies. And, in the analysis of each industry (manufacturing, non-manufacturing), equity structure (state-owned enterprises, non-state-owned enterprises) and each stock market (Shanghai Stock Exchange, Shenzhen Stock Exchange), it was confirmed that the effect of low-carbon enterprise on firm value was more significantly in the manufacturing sector, state-owned enterprises, Shanghai Stock Exchange than in the non-manufacturing sector, non-state-owned enterprises and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. Research Implications Accordingly, companies must establish a low-carbon, eco-friendly awareness and innovate their corporate management and operating models. The government should exercise a functional advantage and provide platforms and cooperation for companies’ low-carbon conversion.
Authors:   The Korea International Trade Research Institute, Roh Yun-Young
Published: July 2022

Purpose Along with the growth of the cosmetics market, consumers’ demand for organic and eco-friendly materials is increasing, further emphasizing the importance of cosmetics materials. However, most of Korea’s cosmetics ingredients depend on overseas imports from China, Japan, and the United States, acting as a limiting factor for the continued growth of the domestic cosmetics industry. Despite the strengthening of regulations on the import and export of cosmetics materials worldwide, it is not specifically specified in the domestic enforcement ordinance or enforcement regulations, this paper would like to summarize countermeasures for this. Design/Methodology/Approach In this paper, after reviewing domestic cosmetics-related laws and administrative rules, the European Union’s new chemical system was analyzed, and related laws in China were examined. In addition, in accordance with the main contents of the Nagoya Protocol, the problems that raw material companies should urgently deal with were examined, and the government’s countermeasures necessary for this were summarized. Findings As a result, In order for K-cosmetics to challenge the global market, it is necessary to meet international regulatory standards from the development stage, and government help to quickly provide information on changing laws and regulations related to the cosmetics raw material industry is urgently needed. Research Implications In addition, this paper will help predict and prepare risk variables in advance by analyzing domestic laws and national laws related to import of raw materials for overseas cosmetics.
A Study on the Change of Trade Competitiveness in the Automobile Industry after Japan’s Export Regulation
Authors:   The Korea International Trade Research Institute, Choi Doo-Won , Han Neung-Ho
Published: July 2022

Purpose This study analyzed how Japan’s export regulations affected the imports and exports of the automobile industry, and examined whether there was a change in the trade competitiveness of the automobile industry. Design/Methodology/Approach In order to examine the degree of improvement in the automobile industry’s imports, exports, and trade competitiveness with Japan in Korea, the world and Japanese import and export statistical data of the automobile industry were aggregated for five periods. In addition, the change trend in the dependence on imports and exports of automobiles and parts to Japan was examined. In addition, the change in competitiveness of the Korean automobile and parts industry to Japan was examined using the trade specialization index. Findings As a result of the analysis, it was found that the trade deficit of automobiles and parts with Japan in 2021 fell compared to 2017 and 2019. In the case of import and export dependence, there was little change in export dependence, but it was confirmed that there was a significant decrease in import dependence. Korea’s dependence on exports of automobiles and parts to Japan has decreased slightly, but its dependence on imports has decreased by 10 times, which can be interpreted as Japan receiving more trade losses in the automobile industry due to the Korea-Japan trade dispute. Research Implications In the passenger car sector, it can be evaluated that there has been a result of the boycott of Japanese products, and efforts to strengthen the competitiveness of domestic cars and diversify import lines should continue to continue this in the future. In addition, in order to continue this performance in automobile parts, efforts should be made to improve product competitiveness and import dependence in more diverse item groups in the parts.
A Comparative Assessment on the Real-Time Gross System in America
Authors:   The Korea International Trade Research Institute, Lee Byeong-Ryul
Published: July 2022

Purpose The aim of this study is to compare the real-time gross system in America. Comparative analysis of precedent research, features and operational polices between Fedwire and FedNow was performed for research purposes. Design/Methodology/Approach The paper is organized as follows. In Section , the necessity and purpose of research this paper is outlined. In Section , outlines previous research in domestic and foreign literature and the development process the real-time gross system in America. Section contains a comparative explain of the operational polices ofthe central bank. payment liquidity, services resilience and payment reserves. Section contains a comparative analysis competitiveness evaluation including fees, legal stability, services accessibility, account methods and feedback between Fedwire and FedNow. Section summarizes and suggests that the payment system have more efficience, accuracy, and security with the remaining conclusions. Findings Fedwire Funds Service is a real-time gross settlement system that enables participants to initiate fund transfers that are immediate, final, and irrevocable once processed. The Fedwire Funds Service business day begins at 9:00 p.m. eastern time (ET) on the preceding calendar day and ends at 7:00 p.m. ET, Monday through Friday, excluding designated holidays. The FedNow Service will be designed to maintain uninterrupted 24x7x365 processing with security features to support payment integrity and data security. The service will have a 24-hour business day each day of the week, including weekends and holidays.Write the Findings of you research here. Research Implications In this paper, I would like to suggest the necessity of converting Korea’s current deferred-netting system to the real-time gross system.
Human Capital and Firm Technological Performance: The Moderating Effect of Complementary Resource
Authors:   The Korea International Trade Research Institute, Gwon Sun-Hwan
Published: July 2022

Purpose This study investigates the relationship between general human capital and technological performance. We also look into the boundary condition when this relationship is stronger. Design/Methodology/Approach This study collected 1,149 observations as a linked-survey-secondary-dataset from the Korea Research for Vocational Education and Training and the Korea Information Service (KIS) in South Korea. To investigate the relationship among general human capital, technological performance, and financial resource as complementary, we use an ordered logit and ordered probit model. Findings First, we find that general human capital has positive effect on technological performance. Second, the relationship between general human capital and technological performance is more salient when it is combined with a firm’s financial resource as a complementary resource. Research Implications We propose that general human capital can increase technological performance. Therefore, human capital is considered an important strategy in that firms with higher-quality human capital can achieve greater technological performance. Furthermore, we show that firm financial resources are a crucial boundary condition. The financial resources in a firm are complementary resources and have a positive effect on the relationship between human capital and technological performance since firms can accumulate knowledge with know-how embedded in human capital by facilitating the firm’s experiments that create firm innovation.
Regional Analysis of Digital Inclusion in the C2C Market of Russia
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Kulpin S. V. , Savchuk G. A. ,   Ural Federal University, Iakimova O. A. ,   Ural Federal University,   VCIOM
Published: July 2022

Economy digitalisation creates new market mechanisms and regional development opportunities. In certain circumstances, the C2C (consumer-to-consumer) Internet market can act as a basis for establishing an entrepreneurial culture; subsequently, it can turn into an economic growth point of a region. However, since the entrepreneurial potential of regional digital markets varies, it is crucial to investigate these differences and the reasons for their occurrence. In the present study, the entrepreneurial potential of residents is measured through their digital inclusion in C2C Internet markets. The article analyses and characterises the active sellers of the Avito online classified in Russian regions. The data were collected using the content analysis of ads posted by individuals on the Avito platform (n = 1,597). Correlation and factor analysis were used for interpretation. The conducted analysis showed the following results. First, the study revealed a relationship between regional digitalisation and the size of the group of active sellers: a higher level of digitalisation of a territory (federal district) means that more residents start to actively use Avito for e-commerce. Second, the paper demonstrated the importance of locality, since the number of active sellers among Avito users is bigger in large cities. Third, it was proved that additional opportunities provided by the C2C market are more attractive for women than for men. The obtained findings can be used by authorities planning the regional development, as well as by researchers of the Internet economy describing and analysing the digitalisation processes. Further studies may identify and examine in detail the factors defining digital inclusion in C2C markets of Russian regions.
Development of Methods for Assessing the Digital Maturity of Organisations Considering the Regional Aspect
Authors:   RUDN University, Chursin A. A. , Kokuytseva T. V. ,   RUDN University
Published: July 2022

Digital transformation has reached all regions of the Russian Federation. In this regard, it is essential to assess the digital maturity of various companies. Simultaneously, digital transformation projects should take into account interregional imbalances and regional specificities. The present study aims to develop an economic tool for assessing the digital maturity of organisations considering the regional aspect. To achieve this goal, we analysed theoretical approaches to assessing the digital maturity, presented a system of indicators that consider regional aspects, and created an assessment algorithm for interpreting the results. The developed economic tool allows the assessment of internal and external digital maturity in terms of quantitative indicators. Internal digital maturity considers scientific and technical, as well as production factors. In the presented methodology, external digital maturity considers four regional aspects: human, financial, consumer, infrastructural. Digital maturity was calculated using data normalisation methods to ensure their commensurability and analytic hierarchy process to consider the weight of each factor. Based on the presented scale, obtained via the method of simple grouping into equal intervals, digital maturity of organisations can be classified as basic, emerging, medium, advanced or high. Additionally, the conducted assessment of digital maturity allowed us to identify the “bottlenecks” in organisations that should be eliminated in order to increase the effectiveness of digital transformation. The developed economic tool was tested on the example of high-tech enterprises of the Russian Federation. The relationship between the calculated estimates and digital development of Russian regions was demonstrated. The obtained results can be used to implement strategies for managing the digital transformation of organisations, as well as to develop regional policies.
Efficiency of the Education System (Primary, Secondary and Tertiary) in Particular Voivodeships of Poland
Authors:   Ustka City Hall, Brzezicki Ł. , Pietrzak P. ,   Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Cieciora M. ,   Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology
Published: July 2022

The reform of the Polish education system (both lower and higher education) that was carried out in recent years has shown the need to improve the efficiency of schools. Therefore, it is reasonable to analyse and evaluate the efficiency of educational centres before implementing reforms. Educational units influence the development of human capital, which should translate into an increase in the wealth of a given region. To our knowledge, there is a lack of research on the technical efficiency of the primary, secondary and tertiary education systems in particular Polish voivodeships. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to present the results of studies on the efficiency of the three levels of the Polish education sector in 2016. The non-radial Slack-Based Directional Distance Function (SBDDF) model, which belongs to the nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, was used to test the efficiency. The number of teachers employed in particular voivodeships, as well as the number of schools and universities were assumed as inputs. The number of pupils and students was assumed as outputs. We hypothesise that there is a positive correlation between the efficiency of the education system and the labour market economic indicators in the province. The hypothesis was verified positively as the findings showed that the higher the education system efficiency indicator in a given voivodeship, the greater the number of the SME sector companies per 10,000 inhabitants, the higher the gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and the lower the percentage of the unemployed in the region. The study results may be of use to various groups of stakeholders, in particular, employees of ministries responsible for the functioning of primary, secondary and tertiary education. The limitations of the study concern the selection of variables adopted on the input and output side. Moreover, the conducted analysis is static (in one year). Therefore, there is a need to continue research using a dynamic approach.
Electricity Consumption Growth in Russian Regions as a Factor of Their Socio-Economic Development
Authors:   Central Economic Mathematical Institute of RAS, Nekrasov S. A.
Published: July 2022

The indicator of specific (per capita) electricity consumption (SEC) is stabilising in developed countries and increasing in developing economies. At least since the mid-2000s, the difference between the two groups of countries in terms of available power has been decreasing. In contrast to this trend, the transition of Russia to a market economy is characterised by the divergence of regions in terms of SEC. SEC of regions, being on average similar to that of the Netherlands, France, Germany, Great Britain, began to differ by 20 times. The technocenosis theory shows the need to change this negative trend. The low electricity consumption of developing countries depends on their inability to increase its production. In Russia, the problem is due to the low potential of the consumption sector, primarily in regions with SEC below 4 MWh/person per year. The solution of this macroeconomic problem, namely, the reduction of the existing differentiation in regional specific electricity consumption will help maintain the structural stability of the Russian economy and ensure its functioning in the context of external environment changes. Creation of conditions for the energy consumption development in industrial and agricultural enterprises is not a sectoral task of the electric power industry. Considering the sanctions imposed on Russia, structural stability of the national economy can be increased by improving the investment climate resulting from a decline in electricity prices for new non-residential consumers in regions with SEC below the level of developing countries. For these subsidy depending “outsider” regions, an increase in the availability of electricity, rather than the construction of new energy facilities, stimulates the labour productivity growth, re-industrialisation, and emergence of growth points.
Methods for Evaluation of the Region’s Needs for Human Resources based on Statistics and Patent Landscapes
Authors:   Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of RAS, Otmakhova Yu. S. , Devyatkin D. A. ,   Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of RAS, Tikhomirov I. A. ,   Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of RAS
Published: July 2022

Implementation of a new technological platform in Russia requires providing promising areas of professional qualification with human resources. Post-pandemic structural economic transformation has accelerated changes in the labour market and highlighted the need to develop new approaches and forecasting methods with the priorities of regional technological development. The study presents a methodology to reveal the regional demand for staffing based on the analysis of the factors affecting staff demands using structured and unstructured datasets. The study is focused on forecasting the region’s needs for human resources based on data mining and patent landscapes. That forecasting should consider the economic focus of a region as well as its location, investment and R&D development programme, labour market specificity. The advantage of the proposed methodology is obtaining reasonable estimates of the region’s needs for human resources with data mining and patent landscaping methods in conditions of limited official statistical data. Our database includes more than 25 million records: full-text collections of Russian and foreign patents, research papers, statistical indicators, etc. As a result, we identified promising training areas attractive for qualified personnel in the Vologda region corresponding with the priorities of regional technological development. The future development of this research is the improvement of the methodology for quantitative assessment of the regional need for professionals in particular industries. The obtained results can be useful to government bodies and research centres for the development of regional strategies.
An Overview of Investigations Concerning Agglomerations in Regional Economy
Authors:   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Rastvortseva S. N.
Published: July 2022

The concentration of organisations in a city or region allows companies to receive benefits without additional costs and increase their productivity. It has been empirically proven that urbanisation and localisation effects of agglomerations contribute to economic growth and development, and therefore should be taken into account in regional and urban policies. The article considers the factors of agglomeration formation, their specific development and impact on the economy of regions and cities. The paper examines studies on the territorial distribution of companies and the population, including creative capital, showing the connection with innovative systems and knowledge capital. The research demonstrates how international trade, market competition, the transport system development and many other factors affect agglomerations. The study of agglomeration processes intersects with other fields of science, such as evolutionary economics, cluster organisation, specialisation and diversification, demography of firms. To cover the topic, works in the field of agglomeration processes were systematised by using time-domain, terminological and geographical analysis, as well by studying definitions and typology, based on data obtained from Google Scholar and Web of Science for 1959–2018. It is revealed that agglomerations are considered in such scientific fields as economics, geography, regional urban planning, urban studies, management and regional studies. The key terms are agglomeration economy (economics), localisation, urbanisation, agglomeration forces, agglomerative and deglomerative factors. These works are geographically distributed, and most of them are conducted in the USA (mainly at the University of California), Great Britain (London School of Economics and Law) and China (Chinese Academy of Sciences and Peking University). The presented research review will serve as a starting point for a more in-depth study of agglomeration processes in various fields of economics.
Consumer Purchasing Behaviour during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Case Study for Poland
Authors:   University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Grzywińska-Rąpca M.
Published: July 2022

With an increase in COVID-19 cases and introduction of studying and working from home, households have begun to change their priorities in shopping behaviours. The source of the data was a survey conducted at the beginning of April 2020. The aim of the study was: (1) to demonstrate changes in respondents’ behaviour in the purchasing process and (2) to identify factors determining changes in these behaviours. The paper verified that, in the conditions of the pandemic, consumer shopping behaviour focuses on health safety. From a set of variables containing subjective opinions of respondents regarding factors influencing changes in their purchasing habits, dimensional reduction was carried out using factor analysis. Isolated factors were used to model Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The obtained assessments of the quality of the models (Hoelter value, CMIN/DF, RMSEA and others) indicate that the proposed models meet statistical standards and acceptability criteria. The models highlight the following factors: safety when shopping, prudence and a desire to protect health. Therefore, the assumptions were corroborated, according to which in a time of crisis and uncertainty (a pandemic is such a time), psychological factors and assumptions of behavioural theories are gaining in importance. This paper aims to complement existing research. The data obtained from the survey concern the level and frequency of expenditure on different product groups. Previous research has focused primarily on the impact of the pandemic on the economic situation. This document focuses on non-economic factors determining changes in consumer behaviour.
Simulation of Residential Real Estate Markets in the Largest Russian Cities
Authors:   National Research University “Higher School of Economics” in Perm, Yasnitsky L. N. ,   Perm State University, Yasnitsky V. L. ,   Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Alekseev A. O. ,   Perm National Research Polytechnic University
Published: July 2022

The existing mass appraisal models and mathematical tools for predicting the market value of residential property have a number of disadvantages, as they are developed for individual regions. Without considering the constantly changing economic environment, these models quickly become outdated and require constant updating. Thus, they are not suitable for construction business optimisation. The study aims to create a universally applicable real estate appraisal system for Russian cities, regardless of the constantly changing economic situation. This goal was achieved through the creation of a neural network, whose input parameters include construction and operational data, geographical factors, time effect, as well as a number of indicators characterising the economic situation in specific regions, Russia and the world. In order to examine the dynamics of real estate markets in the Russian Federation, statistical data for neural network training were collected over a long period from 2006 to 2020. Virtual computer experiments were performed for testing the developed system. They showed that minimum size one-room apartments of 16 square meters have the highest unit cost per square meter in Moscow. Two-room apartments with an area of 90 square meters have the maximum price, as well as 100 sq. m. three-room, 110 sq. m. four-room and 120 sq. m. five-room apartments. In Ekaterinburg, two-room apartments with a total area of 30 square meters have the highest cost per square meter; the same applies for 110 sq. m. three-room, 130 sq. m. four-room and 150 sq. m. five-room apartment. Thus, the proposed system can be used to optimise the construction business. It can be also be useful for government institutions concerned with urban real estate market management, property taxation, and housing market improvement.
Estimating the Multiplier Effect of Investment Projects of the Far Eastern Federal District on Regional Socio-Economic Development
Authors:   Russian Academy of Sciences, Chichkanov V. P. ,   Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of RAS, Belyaevskaya-Plotnik L. A. ,   Institute of Economics of RAS
Published: July 2022

Approximately two thousand investment projects, which have already been financed at a cost of about 700 billion roubles, are being implemented in the Far Eastern Federal District. The effects from the implementation of these projects include the commissioning of about 270 enterprises and creation of over 40 thousand jobs. The paper aims to develop and test tools for estimating the multiplier effect of investment projects on the dynamics of regional development indicators. The integral analysis method was used to aggregate various multi-dimensional characteristics of selected projects into one synthetic indicator. As a result, a generalised ranking of investment projects was compiled to assess their combined contribution to regional development. The top-3 projects are: 1) Inaglinsky mining and processing plant (has the greatest economic effect estimated by the expected gross regional product increment of 252 billion roubles); 2) Vostochny Cosmodrome (is expected to create 4,000 new jobs); 3) Sakhalin GRES-2 (has a commercial effect estimated by the expected inflow of private investment in the amount of 432 billion roubles). A detailed study of Far Eastern investment projects in the coordinate space “regional efficiency — regional socio-economic development” allowed us to quantify their multiplicative contribution to socio-economic development of the regions. According to the ranking of investment projects in the Far Eastern Federal District, the largest projects, expected to show high quantitative results, have a multidirectional impact on the socio-economic indicators of the regions of operation. The research results can be used to develop national and regional support programmes for major investment projects to attract additional funding, establish a system of measures for maintaining a favourable investment climate in the region, as well as to create the necessary infrastructure.
Consumer Involvement in the Globalisation of Trade: Case of the European Union
Authors:   Institute of Economics of the RAS, Kheyfets B. A. ,   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Chernova V. Yu. ,   RUDN University,   State University of Management
Published: July 2022

Consumer globalisation is a fundamentally new stage in modern economic development. The Internet and digital technologies are becoming key drivers of consumer globalisation. To assess these processes, a quantitative evaluation method was developed that distinguishes consumer globalisation twofold — actual and potential. The example of the EU countries was analysed for consumer globalisation. The results obtained allow concluding that consumers in countries with high per capita income and higher prevalence and availability of Internet technologies are more globalised. The highest growth rates of globalisation were noted in countries with basically low globalisation indicators — among consumers in Cyprus, Bulgaria, Greece, Slovenia and Romania. There are differences between the EU countries in the intensity of globalisation processes due to different levels of economic development, different provision of infrastructure and information and communication technologies. The assessment of consumer globalisation showed that consumers of all EU countries in 2018 became more globalised in comparison with 2014. The results obtained make it possible to speak with confidence about the beginning of a new stage of economic globalisation, which will be determined by new technologies and consumer networks. The research findings contribute to the better understanding of the ongoing globalisation processes. The consumer globalisation index can serve as a tool for studying the involvement of consumers in international relations, exploring the potential for these relations’ development, as well as the differences in consumer globalisation between different countries, particular regions within the same country and between various social groups of population.