bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elektrische Leitfähigkeit und Dichte von überkritischem, gasförmigem Quecksilber unter hohen Drucken
Authors: Hensel F. , Franck E. U.
Published: September 2023

Zwischen 800 und 1700°C wurden die elektrische Leitfähigkeit und die Dichte des Quecksilbers bis zu 2100 bar gemessen. Dazu wurde ein Autoklav mit Innenheizung entwickelt, in den Meßzellen aus geschmiedetem Molybdän eingebaut wurden. Der Autoklav war mit reinem Argon gefüllt, dessen Druck dem Quecksilberdruck im Innern der eigentlichen Meßzellen die Waage hielt.

Zunächst wurde die Dampfdruckkurve bis zum kritischen Punkt bestimmt, für den Tkr = 1490 ± 15 °C, pkr = 1510 ± 25 bar und pc = 4,2 ± 0,4 g/cm3 gefunden wurde. Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit des flüssigen Quecksilbers ist wenig druckabhängig. Selbst bei 1000 °C steigt sie zwischen 1000 und 2100 bar nur um 16%. Auch bei überkritischen Temperaturen und hoher Dichte (z. B. 1550 °C und 2000 bar) ist sie noch ähnlich hoch wie die des unterkritischen, flüssigen Metalls. Bei überkritischen Temperaturen und niedriger Dichte dagegen ist die Leitfähigkeit klein, steigt aber mit zunehmender Kompression sehr stark an. Bei 1580 °C z. B. wächst mit einer Verdichtung von 3,4 g/cm3. auf 6,0 g/cm3 die elektrische Leitfähigkeit um vier Größenordnungen.
Kinetisch‐spektroskopische Studien von Reaktionen in der Gasphase
Authors: Norrish R. G. W.
Published: September 2023

Schnelle Reaktionen in der Gasphase werden mit der Blitzspektroskopie untersucht, besonders eingehend werden primäre und sekundäre photochemische Prozesse studiert. Der Unterschied zwischen der adiabatischen Methode zur Untersuchung explosiver Vorgänge und der isothermen Methode zur Entdeckung freier Radikale wird erläutert. Die Photolyse von Cl2, TeH2 und NCl3 sind Beispiele für die Erzeugung freier Radikale. Unter isothermen Bedingungen werden schwingungsmäßig hochangeregte Produkte von sehr kurzer Lebensdauer in primären und sekundären Reaktionen beobachtet, ihre Bildung, Relaxation und Abbau verfolgt. Im Zusammenhang damit werden die photochemischen Reaktionen von NO, NO2, ClO2 und O3 im Detail beschrieben.

Beispiele zum Studium komplizierterer organischer Reaktanden, die den weiten Anwendungsbereich der kinetischen Spektroskopie zeigen, beinhalten aliphatische Oxime und Azine und die Entdeckung des kurzlebigen Nitrosoformaldehyds.
Zur Wellenlängenabhängigkeit der Photoleitung von Aromaten
Authors: Perkampus H.‐H. , Petermann G.
Published: September 2023

Die Photoleitfähigkeit dünner Schichten einiger aromatischer Verbindungen wurde in einer Oberflächenzelle gemessen. Die verwendete Apparatur und die erhaltene Abhängigkeit der Photoleitfähigkeit von der Wellenzahl des anregenden Lichts werden beschrieben und letztere mit den Absorptionsspektren der Verbindungen im festen Zustand verglichen; normalerweise wurde eine fast völlige Übereinstimmung gefunden. Beobachtete Abweichungen von dieser Übereinstimmung konnten durch einen Einfluß der Zellendicke erklärt werden.
Chlorophyllfluoreszenz als Indikator der photochemischen Primärprozesse der Photosynthese
Authors: Franck U. F. , Hoffmann N. , Arenz H. , Schreiber U.
Published: September 2023

Es wird über die Phänomenologie des Kautsky‐Effektes und dessen Beeinflußbarkeit durch äußere physikalische und chemische Variablen berichtet. Die bei plötzlich einsetzender Belichtung auftretenden Änderungen der Fluoreszenzintensität des Chlorophylls werden als Fluoreszenztilgungseffekt gedeutet, der durch Konzentrationsänderungen eines vom Chlorophyll sensibilisierten Elektronenüberträgers hervorgerufen wird. Dieser Vorgang indiziert unmittelbar den über die Lichtreaktion II der Primärprozesse der Photosynthese führenden Elektronenfluß und gibt mittelbar auch Informationen über die kinetisch damit verbundenen Konsekutivreaktionen.
Optische Anregung adsorbierter Molekeln als Primärschritt der Photokatalyse: Das System CO–Ni
Authors: Moesta H. , Breuer H. D. , Trappen N.
Published: September 2023

Mit Hilfe einer „Photochemie in spektraler Auflösung”︁ im Wellenlängenbereich von 1200–3000 Å wird der Primärprozeß photokatalytischer Reaktionen von CO untersucht, das auf reinen Nickelfilmen chemisorbiert ist. Durch die Chemisorption wird die Dissoziation der CO‐Molekel so weit erleichtert, daß die Reaktion schon mit der Hg‐Resonanzlinie auftritt, die im Gasraum noch keine photochemischen Prozesse auslöst. Der Primärschritt der Photokatalyse im untersuchten System besteht in der Bildung eines negativ geladenen Oberflächenkomplexes aus CO und Ni (λ‐Phase), der bei Zimmertemperatur eine Lebensdauer der Größenordnung 100 sec aufweist. Dieser Komplex hat bei 1400 und bei 2000 Å ein Maximum der Bildungswahrscheinlichkeit. Einige Folgereaktionen des Primärschrittes werden mit dem Massenspektrometer nach einer Flash‐Methode kinetisch untersucht.
Der Einfluß der Belichtungsintensität und Wellenlänge auf die ZnO‐photosensibilisierte CO‐Oxydation
Authors: Steinbach Friedrich , Barth Rudolf
Published: September 2023

Die katalytische Aktivität von ZnO wird durch die Aktivierungsenergien und den prä‐exponentiellen Faktor der CO‐Oxydation charakterisiert. Beide Größen werden symbat beeinflußt. Mit zunehmender Belichtungsintensität nimmt die Aktivierungs‐energie nach einem Parabelgesetz ab. Entsprechend der größeren Energie seiner Quanten bewirkt kurzwelliges Licht eine stärkere Abnahme der Aktivierungsenergie als langwelliges Licht. Jedoch wird die Wirksamkeit jeder Wellenlänge sehr stark vermindert, wenn gleichzeitig mit Licht einer andern Wellenlänge bestrahlt wird. Dieses Ergebnis sowie die nichtlineare Abhängigkeit der Aktivierungsenergie von der Lichtintensität können nicht verstanden werden durch die Annahme, daß die beobachtete Gesamtreaktion sich zusammensetzt aus parallel ablaufenden Einzelreaktionen an je nach ihrer Lichtabsorption verschieden stark oder gar nicht angeregten Oberflächenbereichen. Es wird angenommen, daß die Aktivierungsenergie von der Stärke der Zink‐Sauerstoff‐Bindungen in der ZnO‐Oberfläche abhängt. Eine Resonanz dieser Oberflächenbindungen wird diskutiert, um die beobachtete Abhängigkeit der Aktivierungsenergie von der Intensität und Wellenlänge deuten zu können.
Mechanismus der xenonsensibilisierten Vakuum‐UV‐Photolyse des Äthans
Authors: Von Bünau Günther , Nieswandt Klaus , Henneberg Dieter , Schomburg Gerhard
Published: September 2023

Äthan und Mischungen aus Äthan und verschiedenen Zusätzen wurden in Gegenwart von Xenon mit einer Xenon‐Resonanzlampe bestrahlt (Wellenlänge 147 nm). Die aus Reaktionen der angeregten Xenonatome entstehenden Photolysenprodukte wurden mit gas‐chromatographischen und massenspektrometrischen Methoden analysiert. Es wurde gefunden, daß die vom Xenon absorbierte Strahlungsenergie mit einer Quantenausbeute von etwa 1 auf das Äthan übertragen wird. Wie bei der direkten Äthanphotolyse, jedoch in etwas anderen Mengenverhältnissen, entstehen Wasserstoff, Acetylen und Äthylen als Hauptprodukte. Der Effekt des Xenon‐Sensibilisators besteht in einer Förderung der Radikalreaktionen auf Kosten der molekularen Eliminierungen. Aus Experimenten mit Fängern und deuterierten Äthanen wurde der Mechanismus der Sensibilisierung abgeleitet. Es ergibt sich, daß der Energieübertragungsprozeß teilweise zu Zwischenprodukten führt, die nicht durch direkte Photolyse erzeugt werden können. Eine spezifische Wechselwirkung zwischen angeregtem Xenon und Äthan wird zur Deutung dieses Resultats postuliert und durch quantenchemische Modellrechnungen nahegelegt.
Green logistics operations and its impact on supply chain sustainability: An empirical study
Authors: Roy Supriyo , Mohanty R. P.
Published: September 2023

This study aims to understand the impact of green logistics operations on the sustainability of supply chains. It is an experimental, numerical analysis carried out in an Indian industrial setting to derive some empirical truths, which have profound implications for the community of professional practice and academic and policy research towards inclusiveness in ecological governance. The analysis is centred on a conceptual model based on causal interdependencies. This model conceives stakeholders' demands from the outside in the form of numerous environmental, economic and social externalities triggering pressures for integrating innovative sustainable responses in logistics operations in the supply chain to eventuate desirable state transformation of the society, environment and economy. The model, as proposed, is validated through primary data collected through a structured questionnaire survey from Indian logistics service providers (LSPs) and analysed through structural equation modelling (SEM) with coding in the R engine platform. The empirical result shows that sustainable performance is influenced less by green practices than logistics operations, and the direct impact of logistics operations is much less on green practices than on supply chain sustainability. This study attempts to study contemporary sustainability practices. It transcends to contribute towards regenerative inclusive human welfare, adding the scope of activity from merely environmental management to sustainability in ecological governance.
Sternomanubrial reduction with plating for fully displaced sternal fracture: A systematic review
Authors: Samat Sajjaad H. , Yelleswarapu Krishna , Zakharov Kirill
Published: September 2023

Key Clinical Message

Sternal fractures are commonly due to blunt force trauma and reduction is an invasive surgical procedure typically indicated for refractory pain sternal instability. There were various modalities used for treatment and fixation of the sternal fractures. Sternal displacement fractures are traumatic injuries that may require surgical correction.
Selective Excitation of Pd‐decorated Titania Enables Consecutive C−C Couplings and Hydrogenations under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Whitehead Ryan Z. , Norman Luke T. , Cull William J. , Fernandes Jesum Alves , Lanterna Anabel E.
Published: September 2023

Here, we discovered that Pd decorated TiO2 (Pd@TiO2) enables consecutive photocatalytic Sonogashira C−C coupling and hydrogenation steps by simply adjusting the excitation conditions of the reaction. We demonstrated that by‐products containing iodine species generated in the first reaction step can inhibit subsequent photocatalytic processes, but they can be easily removed from solution to enable a compatible synthetic sequence for new C−C bond formation under mild reaction conditions. This work incorporates heterogeneous photocatalysts into consecutive transformations, promoting elegant reactions while meeting the demands of green chemistry.
PNP‐Pincer Ligands Armed With Methyls: New Tools To Control Sterics and Non‐Innocence
Authors: Pandey Dilip K. , Khaskin Eugene , Khusnutdinova Julia R.
Published: September 2023

The widespread use of pyridine‐based PNP pincer ligands has inspired the concept of metal‐ligand cooperation (MLC), in which the reactivity at the deprotonated CH2 (or NH) arm of the ligand is proposed to play an important role. Several groups developed a family of PNP‐type pincer ligands with methylated arms which were initially introduced to test the effect of blocking MLC in catalysis, but eventually led to unexpected consequences such as stabilization of unusual oxidation states, beneficial catalytic activity, or selectivity. Analysis of the sterics imposed by introducing Me groups revealed that arm protection can be an efficient tool to control sterics around the metal as an alternative to phosphine substitution, leading to much greater steric hinderance above and below pincer's coordination plane. This Concept will describe several illustrative examples which contrast the reactivity of classical CH2/NH‐arm PNP pincers with their CMe2/NMe‐armed counterparts, in particular related to Ru‐catalyzed alcohol dehydrogenative coupling, Fe‐catalyzed hydrogenation, hydroboration, and alkyne semihydrogenation.
Prediction of pain using electrocardiographic‐derived autonomic measures: A systematic review
Authors: Wegeberg Anne‐Marie , Sejersgaard‐Jacobsen Trine Hyttel , Brock Christina , Drewes Asbjørn Mohr
Published: September 2023

Background and Objective

Pain is a major clinical challenge, and understanding the pathophysiology is critical for optimal management. The autonomic nervous system reacts to pain stimuli, and autonomic dysfunction may predict pain sensation. The most used assessment of autonomic function is based on electrocardiographic measures, and the ability of such measures to predict pain was investigated.

Databases and Data Treatment

English articles indexed in PubMed and EMBASE were reviewed for eligibility and included when they reported electrocardiographic‐derived measures’ ability to predict pain response. The quality in prognostic studies (QUIPS) tool was used to assess the quality of the included articles.

Results

The search revealed 15 publications, five on experimental pain, five on postoperative pain, and five on longitudinal clinical pain changes, investigating a total of 1069 patients. All studies used electrocardiographically derived parameters to predict pain assessed with pain thresholds using quantitative sensory testing or different scales. Across all study modalities, electrocardiographic measures were able to predict pain. Higher parasympathetic activity predicted decreased experimental, postoperative, and long‐term pain in most cases while changes in sympathetic activity did not consistently predict pain.

Conclusions

Most studies demonstrated that parasympathetic activity could predict acute and chronic pain intensity. In the clinic, this may be used to identify which patients need more intensive care to prevent, for example postoperative pain and develop personalized chronic pain management.

Significance

Pain is a debilitating problem, and the ability to predict occurrence and severity would be a useful clinical tool. Basal autonomic tone has been suggested to influence pain perception. This systematic review investigated electrocardiographic‐derived autonomic tone and found that increased parasympathetic tone could predict pain reduction in different types of pain.
Street‐vended grilled beef sausages as potential vehicles of bacterial and fungal pathogens: An exploratory survey in Ho, the capital city of the Volta Region of Ghana
Authors: Nkekesi Banabas , Amenya Priscilla , Aboagye George , Kortei Nii Korley
Published: September 2023

Grilled beef sausage is a popular street delicacy in many countries, and Ghana is no exception. This study assessed street‐vended grilled beef sausages as a potential vehicle of microorganisms that present food safety risks to the general public in Ho City. Twenty grilled beef sausages were obtained from various vended locations within Ho municipality by convenient sampling and were analyzed by standard microbiological protocols for food safety followed by statistical analysis with a test of significant difference at p < .05. Total aerobic bacteria count of the potential foodborne pathogens ranged from 2.75 × 104 to 1.85 × 107 CFU/g. The microbial species identified included Staphylococcus aureus with a load from 6.15 × 102 to 1.67 × 105 CFU/g, Escherichia coli from 4.2 × 102 to 3.9 × 104 CFU/g, Bacillus cereus from 3.05 × 102 to 7.1 × 104 CFU/g, and Salmonella spp. from 2.8 × 102 to 5.5 × 104 CFU/g. Total fungal counts also ranged from 0.0 to 9.83 × 103 CFU/g, and the species identified included Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus spp. all of which were within the acceptable limits of the International Commission for Microbiological Specification of Foods. However, for total viable bacteria, 75% of the samples were above the acceptable limits in the guidelines by the Ghana Standards Authority, indicating that the consumption of grilled beef sausages poses serious food safety and hygiene risks to consumers. Hygienic processing of the sausages under sanitary environments, proper handling and preservation procedures, and periodic follow‐up visits to the vended areas should be employed to reduce the risk of occurrence of potential pathogens in the products.
Felsbauplanung mit dem geotechnischen Werkzeugkasten von morgen: Eurocode 7 – Allgemeine Regeln (EN 1997‐1:2024)
Authors: Walter Herbert , Labiouse Vincent , Lamas Luís , Nuijten Guido , Spross Johan , Stille Håkan
Published: September 2023

The second generation of Eurocode 7 aims at covering ground, including both soil and rock. Current practice of ground engineering forms the basis, and the aim is to include rock engineering, improving ease of use, harmonization of regulations, and covering new developments. This paper deals with EN 1997 part 1 addressing the general rules of geotechnical design, connected to EN 1990, the basis of structural and geotechnical design, and parts 2 and 3 of EN 1997. The design process from ground investigation to the verification of limit states is illustrated with a focus on rock engineering. The following topics are dealt with in more detail:

Geotechnical Categories: They are now based on Consequence Classes and newly introduced Geotechnical Complexity Classes. A limit state design to be sufficient has to be combined with other checks depending on these classes.

Replacement of the Design Approaches of the current Eurocode 7: Ultimate limit states will be verified by a combination of Verification Cases with partial factors on actions and action effects, and sets of partial factors on ground properties and resistances, respectively.

Application of numerical methods, where a ULS‐verification with two sets of partial factors is defined.

Use of probabilistic methods in design by calculation, especially appropriate in cases where properties of discontinuities govern the design.

Practice of the Observational Method, including design variants and regulations about their choice.
Neuropsychiatric features in a multi‐ethnic population with Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Celis Katrina , Zaman Andrew , Adams Larry Deon , Gardner Olivia , Farid Rajabli , Starks Takiyah D. , Lacroix Faina C. , Hamilton‐Nelson Kara , Mena Pedro , Tejada Sergio , Laux Renee , Song Yeunjoo E. , Caban‐Holt Allison , Feliciano‐Astacio Briseida , Vance Jeffery M. , Haines Jonathan L. , Byrd Goldie S. , Beecham Gary W. , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. , Cuccaro Michael L.
Published: September 2023

Background

Alzheimer disease (AD) is more prevalent in African American (AA) and Hispanic White (HIW) compared to Non‐Hispanic White (NHW) individuals. Similarly, neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) vary by population in AD. This is likely the result of both sociocultural and genetic ancestral differences. However, the impact of these NPS on AD in different groups is not well understood.

Methods

Self‐declared AA, HIW, and NHW individuals were ascertained as part of ongoing AD genetics studies. Participants who scored higher than 0.5 on the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale (CDR) were included. Group similarities and differences on Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI‐Q) outcomes (NPI‐Q total score, NPI‐Q items) were evaluated using univariate ANOVAs and post hoc comparisons after controlling for sex and CDR stage.

Results

Our sample consisted of 498 participants (26% AA; 30% HIW; 44% NHW). Overall, NPI‐Q total scores differed significantly between our groups, with HIW having the highest NPI‐Q total scores, and by AD stage as measured by CDR. We found no significant difference in NPI‐Q total score by sex. There were six NPI‐Q items with comparable prevalence in all groups and six items that significantly differed between the groups (Anxiety, Apathy, Depression, Disinhibition, Elation, and Irritability). Further, within the HIW group, differences were found between Puerto Rican and Cuban American Hispanics across several NPI‐Q items. Finally, Six NPI‐Q items were more prevalent in the later stages of AD including Agitation, Appetite, Hallucinations, Irritability, Motor Disturbance, and Nighttime Behavior.

Conclusions

We identified differences in NPS among HIW, AA, and NHW individuals. Most striking was the high burden of NPS in HIW, particularly for mood and anxiety symptoms. We suggest that NPS differences may represent the impact of sociocultural influences on symptom presentation as well as potential genetic factors rooted in ancestral background. Given the complex relationship between AD and NPS it is crucial to discern the presence of NPS to ensure appropriate interventions.
Contribution of amyloid and putative Lewy body pathologies in neuropsychiatric symptoms
Authors: Matsuoka Teruyuki , Narumoto Jin , Morii‐Kitani Fukiko , Niwa Fumitoshi , Mizuno Toshiki , Abe Mitsunari , Takano Harumasa , Wakasugi Noritaka , Shima Atsushi , Sawamoto Nobukatsu , Ito Hiroshi , Toda Wataru , Hanakawa Takashi ,   Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease Dimensional Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: September 2023

Objectives

Neuropsychiatric symptom could be useful for detecting patients with prodromal dementia. Similarities and differences in the NPSs between preclinical/prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) and prodromal Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD)/Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) may exist. This study aimed to compare the NPSs between preclinical/prodromal AD and prodromal PDD/DLB.

Methods

One hundred and three participants without dementia aged ≥50 years were included in this study. The mild behavioral impairment (MBI) total score and the MBI scores for each domain were calculated using the neuropsychiatric inventory questionnaire score. Participants were divided into five groups based on the clinical diagnosis by neurologists or psychiatrists in each institution based on the results of the amyloid positron emission tomography and dopamine transporter single photon emission computed tomography (DAT‐SPECT): Group 1: amyloid‐positive and abnormal DAT‐SPECT, Group 2: amyloid‐negative and abnormal DAT‐SPECT, Group 3: amyloid‐positive and normal DAT‐SPECT, Group 4: mild cognitive impairment unlikely due to AD with normal DAT‐SPECT, and Group 5: cognitively normal with amyloid‐negative and normal DAT‐SPECT.

Results

The MBI abnormal perception or thought content scores were significantly higher in Group 1 than Group 5 (Bonferroni‐corrected p = 0.012). The MBI total score (Bonferroni‐corrected p = 0.011) and MBI impulse dyscontrol score (Bonferroni‐corrected p = 0.033) in Group 4 were significantly higher than those in Group 5.

Conclusion

The presence of both amyloid and putative Lewy body pathologies may be associated with psychotic symptoms.
Lipid profile, ox‐LDL, and LCAT activity in patients with endometrial carcinoma and type 2 diabetes: The effect of concurrent disease based on a case–control study
Authors: Qahremani Reihane , Rabizadeh Soghra , Mirmiranpoor Hossein , Yadegar Amirhossein , Mohammadi Fatemeh , Sahebi Leyla , Heidari Firouzeh , Esteghamati Alireza , Nakhjavani Manouchehr
Published: September 2023

Background and Aim

The role of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) in endometrial cancer (EC) or EC with concurrent type 2 diabetes is still unclear. This study investigated the LCAT activity, ox‐LDL, and lipid profile in EC patients with or without type 2 diabetes and compared them with healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes alone.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional, case–control study, 93 female participants were recruited. The participants were divided into four groups, including EC with type 2 diabetes (n = 19), EC without type 2 diabetes (n = 17), type 2 diabetes (n = 31), and healthy controls (n = 26). Sociodemographic information, the LCAT activity, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and ox‐LDL levels were collected. One‐way analysis of variance and analysis of covariance, Student's t‐test, Mann–Whitney U‐test, and χ2‐test were used to compare demographic features and laboratory results among studied groups. Regression analyses were also performed to evaluate the interaction effect between EC and type 2 diabetes on serum LCAT activity.

Results

The LCAT activity was significantly lower, and ox‐LDL levels were significantly higher in all patient groups compared to the healthy controls (p < 0.001). EC patients had significantly lower LCAT activity and higher ox‐LDL levels than type 2 diabetes and healthy groups (p < 0.05). Higher levels of TG and lower levels of HDL‐C were observed in all patient groups compared to the healthy group (all p < 0.001). Patients with EC and concomitant type 2 diabetes had significantly lower serum LDL‐C levels than healthy and type 2 diabetes groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The combination of EC and type 2 diabetes had a subadditive effect on LCAT activity and ox‐LDL level. The lowest LCAT activity and the highest ox‐LDL levels were observed in patients with EC and concurrent type 2 diabetes.
The mortality, modes of infection, diagnostic tests, and treatments of Marburg virus disease: A systematic review
Authors: Alla Deekshitha , Paruchuri Sai Sri Hari , Tiwari Angad , Alla Sai Santhosha Mrudula , Pillai Rakesh Thulaseedharan , Bandakadi Sandeep Kumar Reddy , Pradeep Anju , Shah Dhruv Jayeshkumar , Sabıroğlu Mert , Chavda Sachi , Biziyaremye Patrick
Published: September 2023

Background and Aims

Marburg virus (MARV) has regularly affected people since 1967 causing multiple outbreaks. There are presently no authorized therapies for the fatal Marburg virus disease (MVD), which poses an imminent risk to global public health. The MVD has so far claimed the lives of numerous people, with an increased number of cases being seen throughout the African continent. Hence, a review was carried out to analyze the geographical distribution of MVD, mortality, routes of transmission, and diagnostic and treatment modalities.

Methods

PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ProMED servers were used to conduct a systematic search in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines. The results were tabulated and analyzed.

Results

A total of 11 studies (7 case reports and 4 case series) were included in the final analysis, and 21 cases of MVD were analyzed. The most frequent symptoms were fever (66.67%), vomiting (57.14%), headache (52.38%), diarrhea (52.38%), and pain (47.62%). The most commonly used diagnostic test was RT‐PCR (42.11%). Contact transmission (50%) and zoonotic transmission (37.5%) were the most prevalent routes of transmission. Antibiotics (61.5%) were the first line of treatment. The most common complications were hemorrhage (60%) and coagulopathies (33.3%). The mortality rate was 57.1%.

Conclusion

To avoid disastrous consequences, it is essential to reiterate the necessity of early diagnosis and treatment of MVD.
Untangling the effects of seasonality and stream channel erosion on the runoff composition in a previously burned mountain catchment
Authors: Gieschen Michael , Nelson Peter
Published: September 2023

Stream channel incision and deposition are common after wildfire, and after these geomorphic changes occur, they may impact runoff mechanisms and the composition of pre‐event and event water in runoff. To investigate this, we monitored discharge and electrical conductivity at six nested sites within a 15.5 km2 watershed in the northern Colorado Front Range that had burned several years prior, and then experienced large flooding and well‐documented and significant channel erosion and deposition in the following years. Over the study period, which occurs 3 years after the fire, and 2 years after the beginning of significant geomorphic changes, the watershed experienced seven precipitation events. For each hydrograph, we separate baseflow from runoff using a new method to characterize and account for the strong diurnal signal in the baseflow. Electrical conductivity is used as a tracer in a two‐component end‐member mixing analysis to separate the event hydrographs into event and pre‐event water. Correlation coefficients were computed between key variables of the hydrologic response (such as runoff ratio, volumes of event and pre‐event water) to storm and basin characteristics (including stream channel erosion/deposition, fraction of high/moderate burn severity, precipitation intensity and antecedent precipitation). The strength and significance of correlations was found to vary seasonally. In the early season, event and pre‐event volumes did not vary significantly with basin or storm characteristics. In the late season, antecedent precipitation correlated with a decrease in event runoff (R2 = 0.34) and total runoff (R2 = 0.40), increased precipitation intensity correlated with an increase in event runoff (R2 = 0.48) and local erosion correlated with an increase in pre‐event runoff (R2 = 0.60) and total runoff (R2 = 0.53). We hypothesize that the difference in correlations between early season and late season is due seasonal variations in the groundwater table gradient. These findings indicate that seasonality and postfire stream channel erosion influence the makeup of runoff response.
Inferring drivers of nitrate and sediment event dynamics from hysteresis metrics for two large agricultural watersheds
Authors: Bolade Oladipo , Hansen Amy T.
Published: September 2023

Excess nitrate and sediment, mobilized by precipitation events and transported into surface waters, is a global water quality challenge. Recent advances in high‐frequency in situ water quality monitoring sensors have created opportunities to investigate constituent concentration dynamics during short‐term hydrological changes. In this study, we characterized the event‐scale variability of nitrate () and turbidity (a surrogate for sediment transport) in two large agricultural watersheds of the Upper Mississippi River Basin using hysteresis loop characteristics to determine sources and dominant transport mechanisms. We then applied factor analysis to detect variable groupings and thus determine controls on nitrate and sediment dynamics. We observed consistent counterclockwise hysteresis patterns between the two watersheds. This was indicative of distal contributions and/or late‐event mobilization and flushing, which was controlled by the characteristics of the event hydrology (such as, event duration and magnitude of event discharge). However, turbidity hysteresis loops indicated different sediment delivery behaviours between the two watersheds. The smaller watershed with more diverse land use demonstrated consistent clockwise hysteresis patterns indicating early event flushing or rapidly responding pathways. The time lag between turbidity and discharge peaks was identified as a driver of hysteresis magnitude for the smaller site. In contrast, the larger and more agricultural watershed showed variability between dilution versus flushing as well as delivery pathways between events. The hysteresis magnitude was driven by the event peak discharge and discharge range demonstrating an increase in stream power with scale influenced sediment dynamics at the larger site that switched behaviour. This result is critical for watershed water quality management, especially in the context of a changing climate and further underscores the utility of high‐frequency sensors monitoring data to offer deep insights into hydrological processes controls on contaminant transport and delivery.
Blockchain‐based SLA management for 6G networks
Authors: Javed Farhana , Mangues‐Bafalluy Josep
Published: September 2023

In this letter, we propose the use of a blockchain‐based solution for inter‐provider agreements in 6G networks, utilizing smart contracts and Chainlink for monitoring and assessing Service Level Agreements (SLAs), including penalty calculations. We evaluate the proposed solution by deploying it on two public blockchains, Ethereum and Polygon, and find that Polygon provides a cost‐effective option for creating inter‐provider agreements. This is particularly important for use cases involving numerous transactions. Additionally, Chainlink enables secure and transparent access to off‐chain SLA data, and we observe lower transaction latency in Polygon. This suggests that utilizing blockchain‐based solutions such as smart contracts can aid the process of creating inter‐provider agreements for leasing and selling resources in 6G networks, with Chainlink oracle providing support for their SLA management. However, factors such as transaction cost and latency need to be considered.
The toxicological effects of nano titanium dioxide on target organs and mechanisms of toxicity
Authors: Li Congcong , Tang Meng
Published: September 2023

Nano‐titanium dioxide (TiO2NPs) is widely used for its extremely high stability, corrosion resistance, and photocatalytic properties and has penetrated into various fields of production and life. Assessing its toxicity to different organs should be a key part of preclinical toxicity assessment of TiO2NPs, which is relatively incomprehensive yet. Therefore, this review focuses on the toxic effects of TiO2NPs on various organs in mammals and biological mechanisms from different organs. The commonality of toxic effects on various target organs reflected in tissue structure damage and dysfunction, such as liver damage and dysfunction; pulmonary fibrosis; and renal impairment (including hematuria and nephritis); damage of brain tissue and neurons; alteration of intestinal villi; and weight loss. And effects on the reproductive system are affected by different sexes, including ovarian dysfunction, testicular development damage, and sperm viability reduction. We believe that the toxic mechanisms of TiO2NPs in target organs have commonalities, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and organelle damage. However, different target organ toxicities also have their specificities. TiO2NPs disturb the intestinal flora and cause undesirable changes in feces products. And in spleen are infiltration of neutrophils and lymphadenopathy and eventually immune deficiency. Although the toxic pathways are different, but there may be a close link between the different toxic pathways. In this article, the main manifestations of the toxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on major mammalian organs are reviewed, in order to provide basic data for their better application from a medical perspective.
Environmentally relevant lead alters nuclear integrity in erythrocytes and generates oxidative stress in liver of Anabas testudineus: Involvement of Nrf2‐Keap1 regulation and expression of biomarker genes
Authors: Dey Koushik Kumar , Mondal Paritosh , Chattopadhyay Ansuman
Published: September 2023

Genotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of lead (Pb) on a freshwater fish, climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) were studied at an environmentally relevant concentration (43.3 ppm). The genotoxic potential of Pb was confirmed by micronucleus study, with increased frequencies of erythrocytic nuclear alterations like lobed, blebbed, notched, fragmented, and micronuclei were observed in erythrocytes in treated groups as compared to control. Inorganic Pb induces oxidative stress which is a consequence of elevated level of Reactive Oxygen Species. Hepatotoxicity was assessed both by the oxidative stress and cellular responses that emerged due to the toxic assault of Pb in the liver, the most important detoxifying organ. Upregulation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme like catalase was evident after 15, 30, and 90 days of exposure, and a profound effect was observed on 30th days. The level of lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione was increased after Pb exposure. Histoarchitectural damages of liver were distinctly evident in treated fish. Western blot analysis confirmed the expressional alterations of stress‐responsive marker proteins like Nrf2, Keap1, Hsp70, and Nqo1. Pb exposure resulted in increased expression of Hsp70, Nrf2, and Nqo1, whereas Keap1 was downregulated, suggesting the involvement of Nrf2‐Keap1 regulation as a cytoprotective mechanism against Pb toxicity.
Friend or foe? Inflammation and the foreign body response to orthopedic biomaterials
Authors: Gibon Emmanuel , Takakubo Yuya , Zwingenberger Stefan , Gallo Jiri , Takagi Michiaki , Goodman Stuart B.
Published: September 2023

The use of biomaterials and implants for joint replacement, fracture fixation, spinal stabilization and other orthopedic indications has revolutionized patient care by reliably decreasing pain and improving function. These surgical procedures always invoke an acute inflammatory reaction initially, that in most cases, readily subsides. Occasionally, chronic inflammation around the implant develops and persists; this results in unremitting pain and compromises function. The etiology of chronic inflammation may be specific, such as with infection, or be unknown. The histological hallmarks of chronic inflammation include activated macrophages, fibroblasts, T cell subsets, and other cells of the innate immune system. The presence of cells of the adaptive immune system usually indicates allergic reactions to metallic haptens. A foreign body reaction is composed of activated macrophages, giant cells, fibroblasts, and other cells often distributed in a characteristic histological arrangement; this reaction is usually due to particulate debris and other byproducts from the biomaterials used in the implant. Both chronic inflammation and the foreign body response have adverse biological effects on the integration of the implant with the surrounding tissues. Strategies to mitigate chronic inflammation and the foreign body response will enhance the initial incorporation and longevity of the implant, and thereby, improve long‐term pain relief and overall function for the patient. The seminal research performed in the laboratory of Dr. James Anderson and co‐workers has provided an inspirational and driving force for our laboratory's work on the interactions and crosstalk among cells of the mesenchymal, immune, and vascular lineages, and orthopedic biomaterials. Dr. Anderson's delineation of the fundamental biologic processes and mechanisms underlying acute and chronic inflammation, the foreign body response, resolution, and eventual functional integration of implants in different organ systems has provided researchers with a strategic approach to the use of biomaterials to improve health in numerous clinical scenarios.
Tumor vaccine based on extracellular vesicles derived from γδ‐T cells exerts dual antitumor activities
Authors: Wang Xiwei , Zhang Yanmei , Chung Yuet , Tu Chloe Ran , Zhang Wenyue , Mu Xiaofeng , Wang Manni , Chan Godfrey Chi‐Fung , Leung Wing‐Hang , Lau Yu‐Lung , Liu Yinping , Tu Wenwei
Published: September 2023

γδ‐T cells are innate‐like T cells with dual antitumor activities. They can directly eradicate tumor cells and function as immunostimulatory cells to promote antitumor immunity. Previous studies have demonstrated that small extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from γδ‐T cells (γδ‐T‐EVs) inherited the dual antitumor activities from their parental cells. However, it remains unknown whether γδ‐T‐EVs can be designed as tumors vaccine to improve therapeutic efficacy. Here, we found that γδ‐T‐EVs had immune adjuvant effects on antigen‐presenting cells, as revealed by enhanced expression of antigen‐presenting and co‐stimulatory molecules, secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and antigen‐presenting ability of DCs after γδ‐T‐EVs treatment. The γδ‐T‐EVs‐based vaccine was designed by loading tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) into γδ‐T‐EVs. Compared with γδ‐T‐EVs, the γδ‐T‐EVs‐based vaccine effectively promoted more tumor‐specific T‐cell responses. In addition, the vaccine regimen preserved direct antitumor effects and induced tumor cell apoptosis. Interestingly, the allogeneic γδ‐T‐EVs‐based vaccine showed comparable preventive and therapeutic antitumor effects to their autologous counterparts, indicating a better way of centralization and standardization in clinical practice. Furthermore, the allogeneic γδ‐T‐EVs‐based vaccine displayed advantages over the DC‐EVs‐based vaccine through their dual antitumor activities. This study provides a proof‐of‐concept for using the allogeneic γδ‐T‐EVs‐based vaccine in cancer control.
Spatiotemporal distribution and trend analyses of atmospheric rivers affecting British Columbia's Nechako Watershed
Authors: Sobral Bruno S. , Déry Stephen J.
Published: September 2023

Research and shared interest in atmospheric rivers (ARs) have increased significantly in recent years, alongside technological improvements that allow better comprehension of these storms. The Nechako River Basin (NRB) in British Columbia, Canada, is significantly affected by ARs originating in the Pacific Ocean. This work analyses the frequency, intensity, duration and trends of ARs in two regions (South and North) near the NRB. Analyses are based on data provided by an updated AR catalogue. The AR catalogue is matched on a daily scale to an adaptation of the AR scale to compile so‐called AR‐Days (ARDs). In the South region, ARDs exhibit stronger associations with hydroclimatic variables total precipitation, rain, snow and snow depth water equivalent (SWE). The Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test was applied to 364 time series created by combining the two closest AR‐monitored regions to the NRB with the annual and seasonal scales of climate data and the adapted AR scale (ARD0‐ARD5). Results show higher AR frequency of mainly beneficial ARDs during fall and a significant reduction of ARD1‐ARD3 in both analysed regions. Rain and total precipitation related to ARD2‐ARD3 also present significant decreasing trends for most sub‐basins of the NRB. The MK test shows a shift in water contribution from total precipitation and rainfall linked to more potentially dangerous ARDs to short‐duration, beneficial ARDs (ARD0). Rain from non‐AR‐related meteorological systems presents an increasing trend for the Upper Nechako sub‐basin, where the Nechako Reservoir is located. Trends are mainly for AR‐related total precipitation and rainfall, and in the northern part of the NRB, results point to the increase of AR‐related SWE.
Novel experimental design paradigm for development of eco‐friendly gradient chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of metronidazole and spiramycin
Authors: Megahed Safa M , Habib Ahmed A. , Hammad Sherin F. , Kamal Amira H.
Published: September 2023

This work describes the innovative experimental design‐assisted development of a green gradient chromatographic method for concomitant analysis of metronidazole (MTR) and spiramycin (SPR). Two different designs including fractional factorial and Box‐Behnken designs were implemented for screening and optimization steps, respectively. The optimum chromatographic conditions involved a mobile phase consisting of ethanol and 20 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution (pH adjusted to 2.5) in the ratio 2:98 (v/v) for 2 min then the ratio changed to 30:70 (v/v). The flow rate was 1.3 mL/minute. Separation and analysis were performed on X‐bridge C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm × 3.5 μm) column with diode array detector set at 230 nm. Column oven temperature was 40°C. A linear response was acquired over the range of 5–125 μg/mL for both drugs. Detection and quantitation limits were 0.86 and 2.62 μg/mL for MTR and 0.92 and 2.83 μg/mL for SPR, respectively. The method was implemented for determination of both drugs in three tablet formulations. The method was proved to be green as evaluated by three assessment tools. The application of experimental designs assists in development of a robust green chromatographic method in gradient elution mode for determination of both drugs within reasonable time.
Microwave‐assisted extraction in closed vessel in food analysis
Authors: Ferrara Donatella , Beccaria Marco , Cordero Chiara E. , Purcaro Giorgia
Published: September 2023

Microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) is an important technique in analytical chemistry. It offers several advantages over traditional extraction methods, such as improved extraction efficiency, shorter extraction times, reduced solvent consumption, and enhanced analyte recovery. Using microwaves, heat is directly applied to the sample, leading to rapid and efficient extraction of target compounds by enhancing the solubility and diffusion of the target compounds, thus requiring lower solvent volume. Therefore, MAE can be considered a more environmentally friendly and cost‐effective option facilitating the transition toward greener and more sustainable analytical chemistry workflows. This contribution systematically reviews the application of MAE to a selection of target compounds/compounds classes of relevance for food quality and safety assessment. As inclusion criteria, MAE active temperature control and molecularly‐resolved characterization of the extracts were considered. Contents include a brief introduction of the principles of operation, available systems characteristics, and key parameters influencing extraction efficiency and selectivity. The application section covers functional food components (e.g., phenols, diterpenes, and carotenoids), lipids, contaminants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and mineral oil hydrocarbons), pesticides, veterinary drug residues, and a selection of process contaminants and xenobiotics of relevance for food safety.
Recovery capacity and ecological restoration strategy of urban green space based on the self‐organization–resilience model
Authors: Hong Wuyang , Han Dong , He Biao , Li Yelin , Liang Minde , Guo Renzhong
Published: September 2023

Urban greenspace systems are key components of urban ecosystems. However, a quantitative index for the recovery ability of urban green space and a corresponding effective restoration model is lacking. We selected the key indicators that characterize the damage degree and recovery ability of green space ecosystems, constructed an evaluation index system of green space damage, and established a recovery capacity model using the attributes of self‐organization and resilience of green space ecosystems as core attributes. Using the ecosystem damage and recovery capacity indexes, a discrimination matrix of the ecological restoration model, with a total of 12 different scenarios, was constructed to provide a differentiated model of ecological restoration. The highly urbanized Shenzhen Metropolis was selected as the study area. Based on the results, most of the green space in Shenzhen had no damage, however, 13.70% of the space had moderate and severe damage. Most of Shenzhen's green space had a medium recovery capacity level; while 14.21% and 15.69% of the areas had high and low recovery capacities, respectively. We outlined the areas where ecological restoration modes such as nature conservation, auxiliary restoration, and ecological reconstruction need to be applied. Our findings can be used to evaluate the self‐restoration ability of ecological restoration sites and provide a conceptual basis and a case study reference for ecological restoration planning and management of urban green space.
Establish Trigger Levels for Harmful Algal Blooms
Authors: Barrowman Polly , Adams Hunter , Southard Mark , Davis Jeana , Parkhurst Molly , Webb Jim , Lee Hannah
Published: September 2023

Alert levels can be established using baseline data to trigger action in source water management and/or water treatment.
Operators Need to Know How to Maintain Corrosion Control Conditions
Authors: Ghosh Amlan , Adams Hunter , Ash Steve , Southard Mark
Published: September 2023

Understanding how to use different types of process control tests to maintain optimal corrosion control conditions can guide operators in their response.
Simulation of vibrating droplets using a phase field approach
Authors: Kunz Jana , Rutz Xenia , Stephan Simon , Hasse Hans , Müller Ralf
Published: September 2023

Droplet vibration is an important phenomenon in many technical applications. Correctly predicting the occurring behaviour such as droplet detachment is a challenge for numerical simulations. In this work, a so‐called Navier‐Stokes‐Korteweg model that couples a gas‐liquid phase field to the Navier‐Stokes equations  is used to simulate a droplet on a horizontally vibrating surface. Additionally, the equilibrium state of a static droplet on a fixed wall is simulated and the eigenshapes of the static system are investigated. It is found that this static eigenvalue analysis yields possible modes of the dynamic system, and some of the obtained eigenshapes can be recovered in the dynamic simulation.