bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adolescents' Experiences of Childbirth: Contrasts With Adults1, 2
Authors: Low Lisa Kane , Martin Karin , Sampselle Carolyn , Guthrie Barbara , Oakley Deborah
Published: May 2003

Most of what is known about the meaning women assign to the experience of childbirth in the United States is based primarily on studies of Euro American, highly educated, married women of middle to higher income levels. Yet almost half a million adolescents give birth annually. This exploratory, qualitative study was conducted with 25 adolescents in an alternative school, partnered with the juvenile justice system, who had given birth. An open‐ended question format was used for the interviews, and analysis was conducted by using extended case methodology. The study revealed a number of differences between the existing literature reports about women's interpretations of birth and the meanings assigned to childbirth experiences by the adolescents in this study. A key difference was the relationship between the pain of childbirth and responsibility for their child. The results provide an entree into understanding unique characteristics of giving birth as an adolescent and potential roles health care providers can play to promote a positive experience.
Adolescent Sexuality: A Presentation Resource Kit, 3rd Edition, Volumes I and II
Authors: Clark P. Annie
Published: May 2003

Developed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Committee on Adolescent Health Care. Edited by Lisa M. Smith. ACOG, 1998. To purchase call 800‐762‐ACOG (2264). Reviewed by: P. Annie Clark, CNM, MPH, Senior Technical Advisor, American College of Nurse‐Midwives, Department of Global Outreach, Washington, D.C.
Novak's Gynecology, 13th Edition
Authors: Berek Jonathan S.
Published: May 2003

Reviewed by: Mary Ellen Rousseau, CNM, MS, Associate Professor, Yale School of Nursing.
Audience Design von Experten in der netzgestützten Kommunikation:
Authors: Jucks Regina , Bromme Rainer , Runde Anne
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung. In der textbasierten, asynchronen Kommunikation via Internet ist die Anpassung von Äußerungen an das vermutete Vorwissen des Rezipienten - im Sinne eines Audience Design - besonders wichtig, weil viele Hinweisreize fehlen, die in der face to face (ftf) Kommunikation eine Anpassung an den Rezipienten unterstützen. Es wird untersucht, welchen Einfluss zwei in der ftf-Kommunikation verwendete Heuristiken auf die Gestaltung von Kommunikationsbeiträgen in der netzbasierten Experten-Laien-Kommunikation haben: Die Community Membership Heuristik und die Physical Copresence Heuristik. Dazu wird eine netzbasierte Beratungssituation experimentell simuliert: Pharmazeuten beantworten schriftlich fachliche Anfragen von (fiktiven) Laien und Medizinern. Ihnen steht dabei eine fachliche Abbildung oder Stichwortliste als externe Repräsentation zur Verfügung, die sich inhaltlich auf den zu erklärenden Sachzusammenhang bezieht. Berücksichtigen die Experten in ihren Erklärungen den Expertisestatus der anfragenden Person? Und verringert eine als kopräsent eingeführte externe Repräsentation das Audience Design der Experten? Die Erklärungen der Experten zeigen eine Anpassung an den Expertisestatus der Rezipienten und einen Einfluss der externen Repräsentation.
Lernprotokollunterstütztes Lernen - ein Vergleich zwischen unstrukturiertem und systemkontrolliertem diskursivem Lernen im Netz
Authors: Pfister Hans-Rüdiger , Mühlpfordt Martin , Müller Werner
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung. Kooperatives synchrones Lernen im Netz erfolgt oft unter Benutzung von Text-basierten Kommunikationswerkzeugen (Chat). Die Aneignung von Wissen durch den Austausch von Textbeiträgen führt meistens zu suboptimalen Ergebnissen, da der Lerndiskurs durch mangelnde Koordination und Inkohärenz der Beiträge geprägt ist. Mit dem Lernprotokollansatz schlagen wir eine Methode vor, um netzbasierte Lerndiskurse zu verbessern, indem die Koordination und die Kohärenzbildung unterstützt werden und damit der Lernerfolg gesteigert wird. Lernprotokolle werden als implementierte und vom Lernsystem kontrollierte Varianten von Kooperationsskripten konzipiert, die durch explizite Referenzierung, Beitragstypisierung und eine definierte Beitragsreihenfolge charakterisiert sind. Eine experimentelle Untersuchungen liefert positive Evidenz über die Wirksamkeit eines speziellen Lernprotokolls zur Unterstützung von Erklärungsdiskursen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Referenzierungsfunktion. Allerdings zeigt sich, dass die Anwendbarkeit von Lernprotokollen von der behandelten Wissensdomäne abhängt.
Rezension der “BPM - Bonner Postkorb-Module“ von J. Musch, B. Rahn und W. Lieberei
Authors: Höft Stefan
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung. Postkorb-Verfahren werden häufig als Einzelverfahren in Assessment Centern eingesetzt. Allerdings gibt es im deutschsprachigen Raum kaum publizierte Beispiele. Bei den vier “Bonner Postkorb-Modulen (BPM)“ wird erstmalig die Verfahrenskonstruktion, sämtliche Materialien und der Auswertungsschlüssel offengelegt. Innovativ ist die bei allen Verfahren eingesetzte strukturierte Checklistenauswertung. Hier werden Standards hinsichtlich einer möglichst objektiven Auswertung gesetzt. Als Schwachpunkt erweist sich die bestehende empirische Befundlage: Sie ist unzureichend und fällt teilweise nachteilig für die Verfahren aus. Hier ist dringender Nachbesserungsbedarf erforderlich.
Initiales Vertrauen in virtualisierten Geschäftsbeziehungen
Authors: Büssing André , Moranz Claudia
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie in Organisationen mit virtualisierten Geschäftsbeziehungen Vertrauen als einer der wichtigsten Erfolgsfaktoren entstehen kann. Zu diesem Zweck wurden 11 Mitarbeiter unterschiedlicher Firmen aus dem Großraum München zu Aspekten von Vertrauen im Zusammenhang mit Erfahrungen in Telekooperationsprojekten befragt. Die Interviewergebnisse werden vorgestellt und unter anderem mit Bezug auf das Modell der initialen Vertrauensbildung nach McKnight, Cummings und Chervany (1998) evaluiert. Vor allem Zuverlässigkeit, Fachkompetenz, Vorhersehbarkeit, Transparenz und Ehrlichkeit sind den Interviewergebnissen zufolge wichtige Konstituenten für initiales Vertrauen und maßgeblich für die Auswahl potenzieller Kooperationspartner. Im zeitlichen Verlauf einer Kooperation wird von den Interviewpartnern wiederholt die Notwendigkeit persönlicher Kontakte angeführt, um Vertrauen aufrechtzuerhalten. Diese Ergebnisse stützen in weiten Teilen das Modell der initialen Vertrauensbildung nach McKnight et al. (1998); eine Abweichung stellt etwa die von den Interviewteilnehmern wiederholt getroffene Aussage dar, dass man aufgrund eines eher diffusen, nicht weiter fassbaren Gefühls Vertrauen hat oder eben nicht.
Design and function of a conformationally restricted analog of the influenza virus fusion peptide
Authors: Bertocco A. , Formaggio F. , Toniolo C. , Broxterman Q.B. , Epand R.F. , Epand R.M.
Published: May 2003

Abstract: A conformationally restricted analog of the N‐terminal 12‐residue peptide segment of the HA2 subunit of the PPV/34, PR/8/34, and Jap/57 strains of influenza virus hemagglutinin was synthesized containing three residues of Cα‐methyl‐valine. This peptide has a higher content of helical structure in the presence of 50% trifluoroethanol or when interacting with liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine compared with the conformationally more flexible control peptide with the native sequence. The control and analog peptides had opposite effects on membrane curvature as measured by shifts in the bilayer‐to‐hexagonal phase transition temperature of a synthetic phosphatidylethanolamine derivative. The control peptide promoted more negative curvature, particularly at acidic pH and was also more potent than the analog in promoting lipid mixing. The results indicate that the ability of the peptide to sample a broader range of conformations is required for the influenza fusion peptide to destabilize membranes and that a rigid helical structure is less fusogenic. The difference between the two peptides and between pH 7.4 and pH 5.0 show a correlation between the ability to promote negative curvature and to accelerate lipid mixing.
In vivo structure–activity studies on the dark‐color‐inducing neurohormone of locusts
Authors: Grach C. , Wang Y. , Barda Y. , Gilon C. , Pener M.P.
Published: May 2003

In the 11‐residue long dark‐color‐inducing neurohormone (DCIN = [His7]‐corazonin), of locusts, from residue 2 to residue 11, one amino acid at each time was substituted by d‐phenylalanine (d‐Phe). The dark‐color‐inducing effect of these peptides was investigated in comparison with unaltered DCIN by a bioassay based on nymphs of a DCIN‐deficient albino mutant of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Substitution of any single amino acid by d‐Phe always reduced the activity, but did not abolish it completely. Maximum inactivation was obtained after substitution of Gln4, Ser6, or Trp9. The latter two residues are within the partial sequence ‐Ser‐Xxx‐Gly‐Trp‐ (Xxx = His in the DCIN) that seems to be important for the dark‐color‐inducing activity, as found also in another study (Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 32, 2002, 909). Gln4, however, is outside of this partial sequence. Minimal, although still considerable, inactivation occurred after substitution of Gly8, Phe3, or Asn11, despite the fact that Gly8 is within the ‐Ser‐Xxx‐Gly‐Trp‐ partial sequence. In conclusion, no single active core was found, indicating that the whole sequence of the DCIN is necessary to induce maximum darkening effect. No difference was found in the activity of the peptides in which Gly8 was substituted by d‐Phe or by L‐Phe. Therefore the ‐Ser‐Xxx‐Gly‐Trp‐ partial sequence does not seem to be stabilized by a type II β‐turn. Nevertheless, existence of another kind of turn that includes this partial sequence is feasible. A single unsuccessful attempt was made to discover an antagonist to the DCIN.
Synthesis, refolding and protective immune responses of a potential antigen for human Respiratory Syncytial Virus vaccine1
Authors: Klinguer‐Hamour C. , Bussat M.‐C. , Plotnicky H. , Velin D. , Corvaïa N. , Nguyen T. , Beck A.
Published: May 2003

Abstract: The design of new antigens with both high immunogenic and safety properties is of particular interest to vaccine against infectious diseases. In the present study, we describe the synthesis and the refolding of peptide G20 derived from the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) G‐protein. G20 (MEF G140–190 G144–158) is a peptide of 69 amino acids with two disulfide bridges, which comprises multiple protective B‐cell epitopes. It was deleted of the T helper cell epitope 184–198 of the RSV G‐protein, which was found to induce pulmonary pathology after RSV challenge in mice. Interestingly, we showed in the present study that G20 generated a highly protective antibody response against RSV challenge in Balb/c mice. Therefore, G20 represents a new potential antigen for an RSV vaccine.
The effect of lithium in bipolar disorder: a review of recent research evidence
Authors: Maj Mario
Published: May 2003

Maj M. The effect of lithium in bipolar disorder: a review of recent research evidence.

Bipolar Disord 2003: 5: 180–188. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2003

Recently published clinical research on lithium is briefly reviewed. The antimanic effect of lithium is supported by recent evidence. It is confirmed that a drastic reduction of affective morbidity is very frequent in bipolar patients receiving lithium prophylaxis regularly for several years, but that the impact of prophylaxis on the course of bipolar disorder is significantly limited by the high drop‐out rate. Lithium does seem to be efficacious also in bipolar disorder with mood‐incongruent psychotic features or with rapid cycling. The effect of lithium prophylaxis does not seem to decrease over time, at least in the large majority of patients. The recurrence risk is increased in the months following lithium discontinuation. Lithium seems to exert an antisuicidal effect in bipolar patients.
Alternatives to lithium and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder
Authors: Gnanadesikan Mukund , Freeman Marlene P , Gelenberg Alan J
Published: May 2003

Objectives: The role of lithium carbonate in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder is well established. Unfortunately, many patients fail to respond adequately to this agent or are unable to tolerate its adverse effects. Divalproex has become a commonly used alternative to lithium, but it also is ineffective or poorly tolerated in many patients. This article attempts to review the available data on maintenance therapy in bipolar disorder with a variety of anticonvulsants and antipsychotics (both conventional and novel), with reference to relevant studies in acute mania and bipolar depression as well.

Methods: Evidence on maintenance therapy and relevant acute‐phase data were collected using MEDLINE database searches.

Results: Data on maintenance therapy with agents other than lithium and divalproex are sparse, and often derived from open, uncontrolled studies. Implications and flaws of available data are discussed.

Conclusions: Other than lithium, there are few robust double‐blind data to support the use of a variety of agents in the maintenance phase. However, uncontrolled data suggest that a number of agents merit further study.
Statistical methods for longitudinal research on bipolar disorders
Authors: Hennen John
Published: May 2003

Objectives: Outcomes research in bipolar disorders, because of complex clinical variation over‐time, offers demanding research design and statistical challenges. Longitudinal studies involving relatively large samples, with outcome measures obtained repeatedly over‐time, are required. In this report, statistical methods appropriate for such research are reviewed.

Methods: Analytic methods appropriate for repeated measures data include: (i) endpoint analysis; (ii) endpoint analysis with last observation carried forward; (iii) summary statistic methods yielding one summary measure per subject; (iv) random effects and generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression modeling methods; and (v) time‐to‐event survival analyses.

Results: Use and limitations of these several methods are illustrated within a randomly selected (33%) subset of data obtained in two recently completed randomized, double blind studies on acute mania. Outcome measures obtained repeatedly over 3 or 4 weeks of blinded treatment in active drug and placebo sub‐groups included change‐from‐baseline Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scores (continuous measure) and achievement of a clinical response criterion (50% YMRS reduction). Four of the methods reviewed are especially suitable for use with these repeated measures data: (i) the summary statistic method; (ii) random/mixed effects modeling; (iii) GEE regression modeling; and (iv) survival analysis.

Conclusions: Outcome studies in bipolar illness ideally should be longitudinal in orientation, obtain outcomes data frequently over extended times, and employ large study samples. Missing data problems can be expected, and data analytic methods must accommodate missingness.
Combination treatment in bipolar disorder: a review of controlled trials
Authors: Zarate Carlos A. , Quiroz Jorge A.
Published: May 2003

Objectives:  Monotherapy is often inadequate and combination drug regimens have become the norm for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Virtually all classes of psychotropic drugs have been used in bipolar disorder in combination for a variety of indications. This article reviews the available published data from controlled, blinded studies regarding combination treatments in the different treatment phases of bipolar disorder.

Methods:  Articles for this review were obtained from a search of the Medline database (1966–2002), using the following keywords and phrases: add‐on, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, combination treatment, lithium, neuroleptic, and polypharmacy. The search was augmented by data presented at scientific meetings. Data included in this article were only from controlled studies that evaluated combinations of two or more agents.

Results:  For acute mania, the most useful combination treatments as determined by controlled studies, appear to be an antipsychotic drug with a mood‐stabilizer. The combination of lithium and valproate, even though widely used for acute mania, is lacking in controlled data. For acute bipolar depression, the controlled combination studies reviewed fail to show clear advantages in efficacy of an antidepressant with a mood‐stabilizer versus two stabilizers or a mood‐stabilizer alone. Large, controlled, randomized, long‐term studies with modern antidepressants are not available. Controlled combination studies of mood‐stabilizers suggest gains in efficacy over monotherapy in the long‐term treatment of bipolar disorder.

Conclusions:  Controlled combination studies in bipolar disorder are uncommon. Increased attention should be given to study combination treatments in all phases of bipolar illness to determine the most efficacious and safest combinations.
Contamination by nickel, copper and zinc during the handling of euro coins
Authors: Fournier Paul‐Guy , Govers Thomas R.
Published: May 2003

The introduction of the euro has revived interest in the risk of nickel allergy due to the handling of coins. In the present work, the transfer of metallic contamination during the manipulation of coins is examined by means of leaching experiments and manipulation tests. It is shown that pre‐existing metallic species present on the surface of the coins are the major source of contamination during manipulation, and that friction inherent to everyday usage contributes predominantly to their transfer to the hands. The comparison of coins as to their relative risks of metal contamination should therefore rely on tests that simulate the friction inherent in everyday human handling. Carrying out such tests with the newly issued 1€ and 2€ pieces, we find, contrary to long‐term leaching measurements, that the euros release less nickel than previously circulated pure‐nickel coins, but that this decrease is less pronounced than might have been hoped for on the basis of their surface composition. When the coins are rubbed to a shiny polish before manipulation, contamination of the fingers is reduced by more than a factor of 10. A comparison of coins used in France indicates that the introduction of the common currency has led to a fourfold reduction in contamination by nickel, while causing a 45% increase in contamination by copper.
Airborne contact dermatitis from Ambrosia deltoidea (triangle‐leaf bursage)
Authors: Schumacher Michael J. , Silvis Nancy G.
Published: May 2003

3 cases of contact dermatitis due to exposure to airborne allergens from Ambrosia deltoidea (triangle‐leaf bursage) are presented. Although airborne plant dermatitis was suggested in each case by a history of aggravation of the rash by outdoor exposure and typical skin lesions, patch testing with an oleoresinous extract of A. deltoidea leaves identified the source of the sensitizer, not previously reported. As A. deltoidea is a ragweed that probably contains sesquiterpene lactones nearly identical to those of ragweeds widely prevalent in most of North America, the patients presented indicate the need for commercially available, standardized, plant extracts for patch testing in this country. The finding of positive patch tests with filters from an air sampler placed in 1 patient's domestic environment suggests a new avenue of investigation in airborne contact dermatitis.
La Beaumelle et l'éducation : un précepteur français à Copenhague
Authors: Lauriol Claude
Published: May 2003

La carrière au Danemark du jeune et brillant écrivain français Angliviel de la Beaumelle (1726–1773) fut éclatante mais brève (1747–1751). Arrivéà Copenhague comme précepteur, il devient journaliste avec La Spectatrice danoise, un périodique qui séduit et agace, et auteur d'un ouvrage hardi Mes Pensées ou le Qu'en dira‐t‐on ? (1751), qui connait un grand succès. Protégé du comte de Molkte il obtient la création d'une chaire de langue et de belles‐lettres françaises (1750). Le discours qu'il prononce à l'ouverture de ses cours publics est honoré d'une édition sur les presses de l'imprimerie royale (1751). Auréolé par sa correspondance avec Voltaire et son amitié avec Montesquieu, il présente aux ministres divers autres projets qui intéressent aussi l'Etat danois. Les conditions de sa disgrâce restent obscures. Les critiques danois du 19° siècle et de la première partie du 20° lui attribuent une grande influence sur l'évolution des mentalités au Danemark, alors qu'il parait oublié aujourd'hui au profit de son successeur et ami Mallet. La préparation de l'édition de sa correspondance pour la Fondation Voltaire à Oxford fournit l'occasion d'interroger à nouveau les archives danoises, tant publiques que privées, pour compléter les abondantes informations déjà disponibles.
Madame Leprince de Beaumont et l'éducation d'un prince : Civan, roi de Bungo
Authors: Berglund‐Nilsson Birgitta
Published: May 2003

Un des livres les plus populaires du XVIIIe siècle fut Les Aventures de Télémaque, fils d'Ulysse, ou suite du quatrième livre d'Homère. Depuis sa publication en 1699, le livre fut fréquemment réimprimé, longuement commenté et traduit en plusieurs langues. Parmi les « émules de Fénelon » se trouve une femme, Madame Leprince de Beaumont (1711–1780). Son roman Civan, roi de Bungo. Histoire japonnoise, ou tableau de l'éducation d'une prince parut sous l'anonymat en 1754. Le sujet principal est, comme dans Télémaque, l'éducation d'un prince et d'un roi futur. Comme Télémaque, Civan, roi de Bungo représente un genre appelé« miroir des princes », livres destinés à l'éducation des princes, ou plutôt à celle du dauphin. Normalement c'était un genre didactique et sérieux, ayant le caractère abstrait du traité politique ou philosophique. Or Fénelon, tout en mettant en pratique son programme pédagogique dans Télémaque, y avait aussi inséré une part de rêve et d'agrément, et Marie Leprince de Beaumont suit son exemple. Civan, roi de Bungo n'est pas un traité abstrait, mais un roman plein de séduction.
Henri Roorda, lecteur de l'Emile
Authors: L'Aminot Tanguy
Published: May 2003

Henri Roorda (1870–1925) est ajourd'hui quelque peu oublié dans la liste des théoriciens et réformateurs de l'éducation moderne. Il a pourtant troublé leur univers en publiant en 1917 un livre où il prenait vivement la défense de l'enfant contre les pratiques pédagogiques en cours à l'époque : Le Pédagogue n'aime pas les enfants. Roorda trouva en Rousseau le penseur qui avait ouvert la voie. Proche du mouvement anarchiste, il associa la pensée du Citoyen de Genève à celles des théoriciens libertaires qui, comme Sébastien Faure, Elisée Reclus ou Domela Nieuwenhuis, réfléchissaient alors à la création d'une autre école. Il œuvra toute sa vie au sein du système scolaire pour une approche différente et plus humaine de l'enfant.
The Force of Achilles in the Iliad
Authors: Champagne Roland A.
Published: May 2003

By modification of Simone Weil's portrayal of force in the Iliad as violence that reduces its conveyer and its recipient to objects, Achilles is the incarnation of the polyvalent meaning of force developed from violence to heroic virtue. Whereas Achilles is first introduced as the epitome of destructive might, it is through his self‐imprisonment in his tent that he realizes that his true force is much more than that simple martial dominance over another. While Achilles is absent from the battlefield, force is viewed as the potential of the wrath of the Greek leader and a parenthetic hiatus in time because the narrative awaits the return of the Greek leader to war. During this hiatus, time is measured narratologically through the absence of leadership among the Greeks and the dominance of Hector and the Trojans through their violent force. Meanwhile, for Achilles, force becomes a moral virtue with friendship as a stake in the war through his combined losses of Briseis to Agamemnon and Patroclos to the Trojans. The reactions of Achilles to these losses lead him to abandon his self‐imprisonment and to return to the community of the Greeks. His compassion toward Priam, the father of his enemy, opens Achilles toward an ethical view of force as a heroic virtue and the reader toward a new dimension of time within the narrative. The future thus becomes part of the caring force of Achilles as he transcends the ending of the narrative with the burial of Hector toward an apotheosis of the heroism of virtuous force.
War and Degradation in Edgar Lee Masters and William Carlos Williams
Authors: Rodrıguez Garcıa José Marıa
Published: May 2003

ELM and WCW are two of the most significant nativist American poets of the early twentieth century. Not only did they adhere to roughly the same ideology of progressive liberalism, laying emphasis on the radical potential inherent in a more democratic cultural politics, but throughout their writing careers they sought, with varying degrees of success, a return to the autochthonous roots of American culture at the expense of the cosmopolitan and Eurocentric faction of modernism that was to become hegemonic in the 1920s, with the consecration of T.S. Eliot as the leading poet and critic of his generation. In this essay I examine some key texts by both ELM and WCW in which the experience of war and the vocabulary of degradation and filth take center stage. This interest in destruction and decay can be connected to important crises in the two authors' personal lives as well as to larger social and political issues. My conclusion will be that of the two poets only WCW succeeds in going beyond the mere criticism of the genteel and bourgeois cultural traditions in place in his time to envision imaginatively the regeneration of America through a dialectics of destruction and creation, death and rebirth.
Gertrice/Altrude oder: Ich ist eine andere. (Auto‐)Biographik in Gertrude Steins Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas
Authors: Goer Charis
Published: May 2003

Gertrude Steins Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933) oszilliert zwischen Autobiographie und Biographie, Realität und Fiktion und fordert dadurch die Gattungskonventionen der (Auto‐)Biographik heraus. Um diesen Effekt und seine Bedeutung genauer erfassen zu können, werden die textlichen Verfahrensweisen und poetologisch‐ästhetischen Implikationen der Autobiography untersucht. Das geschieht insbesondere an den drei Aspekten Retrospektivität, Authentizität und Identität, die für die Gattungsdefinition der Biographie und Autobiographie zentral sind: Die typische retrospektive Perspektive wird von Stein durch strukturelle und sprachliche Verfahren in ein ‘continuous present’ umgeformt; der Vorstellung einer realistisch verstandenen Authentizität wird die künstlerische Wahrheit gegenübergestellt; und schließlich wird durch Verdichtungen und Verschiebungen ein alternatives Ich‐Modell zum vom ‘autobiographischen Pakt’ gestützten Identitätskonzept entworfen. So entsteht in der Autobiography eine spezifisch moderne Konstellation von Literatur und Leben, die amimetisch ist und den Eigenwert der Kunst unterstreicht, ohne sämtliche Referentialität aufzukündigen.
Rudolf Kassner als »Kulturschriftsteller«
Authors: Leśniak Sławomir
Published: May 2003

Kassners essayistische Sprache wurde bisher von der Forschung vor allem unter dem Gesichtspunkt ihrer dichterischen Gestaltungskraft oder ihrer existenzerhellenden Wirkung untersucht. Man betonte aber immer wieder – einmal mit anerkennender Geste, dann wiederum mit Mißbilligung – ihre »ußerste Schwerverständlichkeit, ihren von jedem Jargon freien, sublimen, wiewohl auch launischen Stil, der zwar überaus befruchtend und anregend wirken aber niemals zur Grundlage der Kultur werden könne. Die vorliegende Arbeit bemüht sich um eine Rehabilitierung Kassners als einen kulturproduktiven Schriftsteller. Es wird aufgezeigt, auf welche eigentümliche Weise er das Gleichgewicht von Seele und Geist, von poetischer Verwandlungskraft und bewahrender Kritik, das als Ausdruck der Kultur gelten kann, wiedergewinnt, und in welchem Verhältnis die beiden Elemente bei ihm zueinander stehen. Am Beispiel des Österreichers erscheint auch die essayistische Literaturform in ihrer kulturschaffenden Bedeutung.
Diagnostic testing as a supportive measure of treatment strategy
Authors: Sixou M
Published: May 2003

The bacteriological tests in periodontology have been available to clinicians since the end of the 1980s. Despite the vast and varied information that they contribute to the literature on this topic, some controversy has arisen with regard to the use of these tests. Clinicians faced with a multitude of clinical forms of periodontal disease in their patients can count on laboratory examinations to help them in the therapeutic process. These biological examinations can offer help in five areas of application: support in diagnosis and prognosis, verification of the efficiency of the treatment, indication of the correct antibiotic therapy and choice of the most appropriate molecules. The clinician's needs determine the type of bacteriological technical analysis used: bacterial culture or genetic identification using the molecular techniques. Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages. Knowing these limits allows the most appropriate choice to be made, depending on the clinical situation. The richness of information provided by culture in the antimicrobial susceptibility test and the non‐targeted aspect of this test make this technique very interesting for the diagnosis of periodontitis. However, the targeted aspect of molecular techniques (PCR), their excellent sensibility and their rapidity make them prevail, particularly in the control and maintenance phases. Furthermore, despite the constant development of bacterial identification techniques, these examinations are little used by dental surgeons as these examinations are little known. They are also difficult to interpret and generate heavy additional costs.
Periodontitis as an infectious disease: specific features and their implications
Authors: Mombelli A
Published: May 2003

Periodontitis may be viewed as an infectious disease with a number of specific characteristics. Pathogens of the subgingival microbiota can interact with host tissues even without direct tissue penetration. Hence, antimicrobial agents must be available at a sufficiently high concentration not only within the periodontal tissues, but also outside, in the environment of the periodontal pocket. The subgingival microbiota accumulate on the root surface to form an adherent layer of plaque with the characteristics of a biofilm. Several mechanisms, such as diffusion barriers, and selective inactivation of agents lead to an increased resistance of bacteria in biofilms. Mechanical supragingival plaque control is indispensable to prevent the re‐emergence of periodontal pathogens and the re‐establishment of a biofilm in treated sites. Since specific features have important implications for the use of antimicrobial agents in periodontal therapy, extrapolations from experiences made in the therapy of other infections are only partially valid. The ultimate evidence for the efficacy of systemic or local chemotherapy must be obtained from treatment studies in humans with adequate follow‐up.
Anti‐plaque agents in the prevention of biofilm‐associated oral diseases
Authors: Baehni PC , Takeuchi Y
Published: May 2003

The prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases is targeted at the control of dental plaque. In this context, chemical agents could represent a valuable complement to mechanical plaque control. The active agents should prevent biofilm formation without affecting the biological equilibrium within the oral cavity. Depending on the goals of the preventive measures, various strategies may be considered. Anti‐plaque agents with properties other than bactericidal or bacteriostatic activities may be used in primary prevention. In this approach, a modest anti‐plaque effect may be sufficient or even desirable, as it would decrease the side effects of the active agent. Antimicrobial agents are best indicated in secondary and tertiary prevention, as the objectives are to restore health and to prevent disease recurrence. The rational is to prevent or delay subgingival recolonization by pathogenic micro‐organisms. The development of in vitro oral biofilm models certainly represents a major advance for studying and testing oral anti‐plaque agents in recent years. The results of these studies have shown that chlorhexidine, hexetidine, delmopinol, amine fluoride/stannous fluoride, triclosan, phenolic compounds, among others, may inhibit biofilm development and maturation as well as affect bacterial metabolism.
Microbial shifts after subgingival debridement and formation of bacterial resistance when combined with local or systemic antimicrobials
Authors: Quirynen M , Teughels W , Van Steenberghe D
Published: May 2003

Antibiotics have played a major role in the improvement of life expectancy in the last 50 years and have led many to believe that bacterial infections were about to vanish as a disease entity of any importance. Emerging problems resulting from a widespread use of antibiotics have modified the general perception of the capabilities of antimicrobial agents. Over the years, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to formerly potent antimicrobial agents, including some antiseptics. The use of antimicrobials may also disturb the delicate ecological equilibrium of the body, allowing the proliferation of resistant bacteria or non‐bacterial micro‐organisms. This shift may initiate new infections that are worse than the ones originally treated. No antimicrobial drug is absolutely non‐toxic and the use of an agent carries accompanying risks. This paper discusses the development and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in the subgingival flora towards antiseptics and local or systemic antibiotics and is focussed on the question: how can the outcome of periodontal therapy with/without antimicrobials be improved?
The Tree of Knowledge System and the Theoretical Unification of Psychology
Authors: Henriques Gregg
Published: May 2003

The outline for theoretically unified psychology is offered. A new epistemological system is used to provide a unique vantage point to examine how psychological science exists in relationship to the other sciences. This new view suggests that psychology can be thought of as existing between the central insights of B. F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud. Specifically, Skinner's fundamental insight is merged with cognitive neuroscience to understand how mind emerges out of life. This conception is then joined with Freud's fundamental insight to understand the evolutionary changes in mind that gave rise to human culture. By linking life to mind from the bottom and mind to culture from the top, psychology is effectively boxed in between biology and the social sciences.
Whatever Happened to Information Theory in Psychology?
Authors: Luce R. Duncan
Published: May 2003

Although Shannon's information theory is alive and well in a number of fields, after an initial fad in psychology during the 1950s and 1960s it no longer is much of a factor, beyond the word bit, in psychological theory. The author discusses what seems to him (and others) to be the root causes of an actual incompatibility between information theory and the psychological phenomena to which it has been applied.
In vitro analysis of the antileukemic effect of tumor necrosis factor‐α gene therapy with myeloid progenitor cells: the role of dendritic cells1
Authors: Xu Yong X. , Deeb Dorrah , Gao Xiaohua , Janakiraman Nalini , Chapman Robert A. , Gautam Subhash C.
Published: May 2003

We have previously demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor‐α(TNF‐α) gene therapy with transgene‐expressing myeloid progenitor cells (32DTNF‐α) is effective in inhibiting the progression of leukemia with a lethal dose of murine 32Dp210 myeloid leukemia cells. Because TNF‐α has been shown to induce the activation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), we investigated the effect of TNF‐α secreted by transduced cells (32DTNF‐α cells) on the activation of DCs and their role in the production of antileukemic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). We demonstrate that administration of 32DTNF‐α cells to the mice enhances the allo‐stimulatory capacity of the splenic (CD11c+) and bone marrow‐derived DCs in both mixed leukocyte response and CTL development. The enhanced allo‐stimulatory capacity of splenic DCs from mice injected with 32DTNF‐α cells correlated with increase in the cell‐surface expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules (I‐Ak), and production of interleukin‐12 (IL‐12). Furthermore, administration of 32DTNF‐α cells during immunization with irradiated 32Dp210 leukemia cells augmented the capacity of splenic DCs to stimulate antileukemic CTL response in spleen cells. Collectively, these data suggest that in vivo production of TNF‐α by transduced cells enhances the phenotypic and functional activation of DCs, resulting in induction of a stronger antileukemic cytotoxic T‐cell immune response.
Exisulind and CP248 induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in human esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma cells
Authors: Joe Andrew K. , Liu Hui , Xiao Danhua , Soh Jae‐Won , Pinto John T. , Beer David G. , Piazza Gary A. , Joseph Thompson W. , Bernard Weinstein I.
Published: May 2003

We examined the effects of exisulind (sulindac sulfone) and a potent derivative CP248 on the Barrett's esophagus (BE)‐related adenocarcinoma cell lines Seg‐1 and Bic‐1, and on HCE7 esophageal squamous carcinoma cells. Marked growth inhibition and apoptosis occurred in all cell lines with IC50 values of 100–300 μM for exisulind and 100 nM for CP248. Bic‐1 and HCE7 cells were more sensitive to the growth inhibitory properties of exisulind. Treatment of all cell lines with CP248 for 24 h increased the proportion of cells in mitosis. Exisulind had no effect on cell‐cycle progression. Treatment with either compound induced rapid activation of the c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), suggesting that JNK1 activation plays a role in the induction of apoptosis by these compounds. Only Seg‐1 cells expressed a detectable basal level of cyclooxygenase‐2 (cox‐2), providing further evidence that cox‐2 is not the critical target for the growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of these compounds. Cellular levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased approximately five‐fold in all cell lines after 24 h of treatment with either compound. These studies provide support for the use of exisulind in BE chemoprevention trials, and of exisulind or CP248 in the therapy of patients with esophageal carcinoma.
Fault‐proximal stratigraphic record of episodic extension and oblique inversion, Bisbee basin, southwestern New Mexico, USA
Authors: Bayona Germán , Lawton Timothy F.
Published: May 2003

Tectonic inversion models predict that stratigraphic thickening and local facies patterns adjacent to reactivated fault systems should record at least two phases of basin development: (1) initial extension‐related subsidence and (2) subsequent shortening‐induced uplift. In the central Peloncillo Mountains of southwestern New Mexico, thickness trends, distribution, and provenance of two major stratigraphic intervals on opposite sides of a northwest‐striking reverse fault preserve a record of Early Cretaceous normal displacement and latest Cretaceous–Paleogene reverse displacement along the fault. The Aptian–Albian Bisbee Group thickens by a factor of three from the footwall to the hanging‐wall block, and the Late Cretaceous?–Eocene Bobcat Hill Formation is preserved only in the footwall block. An initial episode of normal faulting resulted in thickening of upper Aptian–middle Albian, mixed siliciclastic and carbonate deposits and an up section change from coarse‐grained deltas to shallow‐marine depositional conditions. A second episode of normal faulting caused abrupt thickening of upper Albian, quartzose coastal‐plain deposits across the fault. These faulting episodes record two events of extension that affected the northern rift shoulder of the Bisbee basin. The third faulting episode was oblique‐slip, reverse reactivation of the fault and other related, former normal faults. Alluvial and pyroclastic deposits of the Bobcat Hill Formation record inversion of the Bisbee basin and development of an intermontane basin directly adjacent to the former rift basin. Inversion was coeval with latest Cretaceous–Paleogene shortening and magmatism. This offset history offers significant insight into extensional basin tectonics in the Early Cretaceous and permits rejection of models of long‐term Mesozoic shortening and orogen migration during the Cretaceous. This paper also illustrates how episodes of fault reactivation modify, in very short distances (<10 km), regional patterns of subsidence, the distribution of sediment‐source areas, and sedimentary depositional systems.
Stratigraphic and structural expression of the lateral growth of thrust fault‐propagation folds: results and implications from kinematic modelling
Authors: Cooper Kate A. , Hardy Stuart , Gawthorpe Rob
Published: May 2003

In order to better understand the development of thrust fault‐related folds, a 3D forward numerical model has been developed to investigate the effects that lateral slip distribution and propagation rate have on the fold geometry of pre‐ and syn‐tectonic strata. We consider a fault‐propagation fold in which the fault propagates upwards from a basal decollement and along‐strike normal to transport direction. Over a 1 Ma runtime, the fault reaches a maximum length of 10 km and accumulates a maximum displacement of 1 km. Deformation ahead of the propagating fault tip is modelled using trishear kinematics while backlimb deformation is modelled using kink‐band migration.

The applicability of two different lateral slip distributions, namely linear‐taper and block‐taper, are firstly tested using a constant lateral propagation rate. A block‐taper slip distribution replicates the geometry of natural fold‐thrusts better and is then used to test the sensitivity of thrust‐fold morphology to varied propagation rates in a set of fault‐propagation folds that have identical final displacement to length (Dmax/Lmax) ratios.

Two stratigraphic settings are considered: a model in which background sedimentation rates are high and no topography develops, and a model in which a topographic high develops above the growing fold and local erosion, transport and deposition occur. If the lateral propagation rate is rapid (or geologically instantaneous), the fault tips quickly become pinned as the fault reaches its maximum lateral extent (10 km), after which displacement accumulates. In both stratigraphic settings, this leads to strike‐parallel rotation of the syn‐tectonic strata near the fault tips; high sedimentation rates relative to rates of uplift result in along‐strike thinning over the structural high, while low sedimentation rates result in pinchout against it. In contrast, slower lateral propagation rates (i.e. up to one order of magnitude greater than slip rate) lead to the development of along‐strike growth triangles when sedimentation rates are high, whereas when sedimentation rates are low, offflap geometries result. Overall we find that the most rapid lateral propagation rates produce the most realistic geometries. In both settings, time‐equivalent units display both nongrowth and growth stratal geometries along‐strike and the transition from growth to nongrowth has the potential to delineate the time of fault/fold growth at a given location. This work highlights the importance of lateral fault‐propagation and fault tip pinning on fault and fold growth in three dimensions and the complex syn‐tectonic geometries that can result.
Alluvial storage and the long‐term stability of sediment yields
Authors: Phillips Jonathan
Published: May 2003

Several recent studies have shown general consistency of fluvial denudation rates over long time periods, or historical and contemporary sediment yields of the same general magnitude as sediment yields or accumulation rates over geologic time. This consistency of fluvial sediment export from some drainage basins, despite substantial climate, hydrological, ecological, base level, and other environmental changes, suggests that long‐term sediment yields may be controlled by factors that are independent of and overwhelm environmental changes (e.g. tectonics), or that the fluvial sediment system is at some level dynamically stable. The latter is explored via a model based on the notion that all debris produced by weathering within a drainage basin over any time period is either retained as part of the regolith, transported out of the basin as solid or dissolved sediment yield, or stored as alluvium within the fluvial system. This system is dynamically stable if alluvium is always potentially available for transport; e.g. to be converted to yield, and if regolith development exerts a negative feedback on weathering rates. This supports the argument that the long‐term consistency of sediment yields (where it exists) may be attributable to the storage and remobilization of alluvium, which buffers the system against environmental change. Environmental changes are manifested primarily in reorganizations within the fluvial sediment system, such as variations between net increases and decreases in alluvial storage, and changes in the spatial locus of deposition. These ideas are illustrated and tested using data from the lower Trinity River in southeast Texas.
HLA‐DRB1*16‐restricted recognition of myeloid cells, including CD34+ CML progenitor cells
Authors: Ebeling Saskia B. , Ivanov Roman , Hol Samantha , Aarts Tineke I. , Hagenbeek Anton , Verdonck Leo F. , Petersen Eefke J.
Published: May 2003

Summary. The therapeutic effect of a human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐identical allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT) for the treatment of haematological malignancies is mediated partly by the allogeneic T cells that are administered together with the stem cell graft. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is particularly sensitive to this graft‐versus‐leukaemia (GVL) effect. Several studies have shown that in allogeneic responses both CD4 and CD8 cells are capable of strong antigen‐specific growth inhibition of leukaemic progenitor cells, but that CD4 cells mainly exert the GVL effect against CML. Efficient activation of allogeneic CD4 cells, as well as CD8 cells, may explain the sensitivity of CML cells to elimination by allogeneic T cells. Identification of the antigens recognized by CD4 cells is crucial in understanding the mechanism through which CML cells are so successful in activating allogeneic T cells. In the present report, we describe the characterization of an allogeneic CD4 T‐cell clone, DDII.4.4. This clone was found to react against an antigen that is specifically expressed in myeloid cells, including CD34+ CML cells. The antigen recognition is restricted by HLA‐DRB1*16. To our knowledge, this is only the second report on an allogeneic CD4 T‐cell clone that reacts with early CD34+ myeloid progenitor cells.