bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partitioned Transfer of Power, June–August 1947
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

On the night of june 3, after Nehru had swallowed the bitter pill of Partition, he broadcast the news over All-India Radio to his friends and comrades. “The sands of time run out and decisions cannot await the normal course of events. We have, therefore, decided to accept these proposals. It is with no joy in my heart that I commend these proposals to you. . . . For generations we have struggled for a free and independent united India. The proposals to allow certain parts to secede, if they so will, is painful for any of us to contemplate. It may be that in this way we shall reach that united India sooner than otherwise.”1 He vainly hoped, as did Sardar Patel, that Pakistan would prove insolvent after it was born and, in the not-too-distant future, Jinnah and Liaquat would beg forgiveness and ask for permission to rejoin India’s union. He continued: “There has been violence—shameful, degrading and revolting violence—in various parts of the country. This must end. We must make it clear that political ends are not to be achieved by methods of violence now or in the future.”
Creating Green Markets: What Do the Trade Data Tell Us?
Authors: Cornelius Peter K , von Kirchbach, Friedrich , Mimouni Mondher
Published: November 2023

Whether stringent environmental regulations undermine or promote competitiveness has remained the subject of controversial debate. While some (e.g., Siebert, 1977) have raised the concern that such regulations increase production costs and induce pollution-intensive industries to migrate to countries with less stringent frameworks (“pollution havens”), others, especially Porter (1991), Porter and van der Linde (1995), and Esty and Porter (1998), have argued that good environmental governance may actually foster higher productivity and economic growth.
The Default Method
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

The default (CDO) method applies to portfolios containing smaller numbers of heterogeneous debt collateral: bonds, loans, and nonstandard debt, including structured securities. From chapter 1, the credit structure of CDOs is based either on their market value or on the quality of their cash flows. Market value CDOs tend to be actively traded. Investors rely on the cushion inherent in overcollateralized portfolios for value: the higher the collateral value relative to par, the better the credit. Cash flow CDOs are designed as buy-and-hold investments. Investors in cash flow CDOs depend on the return of interest and principal from the underlying collateral for repayment. The main source of data for the cash flow analysis is corporate bond default and recovery data. Issuerspecific loss and recovery data used in ABS and MBS analysis are not used in CBOs generally—not even for CBOs of ABS—although price volatility data are used in determining collateral levels of market value structures. 1(b) Audit the pool.
The Eclectic Method
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

The hybrid aspect of structured securities (as both quasi-corporations and portfolios) in the contemporary framework carries over to the analysis of ABCP and their conduits. As a permanently revolving financing facility for commercial banks and a handful of industrial companies, an ABCP conduit is very close in substance to a corporate credit. It is also very similar analytically to a CDO that has a very long revolving period as well as amortization triggers. However, unlike ABS and CDOs, ABCP credit quality is measured on the short-term credit scale, which both agencies define as a measure of default frequency: the traditional metric for corporate ratings.
Markov Chains
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

The name Markov chain is associated with the celebrated Russian topologist and algebraist Andrei Andreyevich Markov (1856–1922), who, along with Tchebychev, was a leading member of the Recursive School of mathematics. The goal of this section is to introduce the concept of Markov chains to credit analysts and demonstrate how they can be used to build detailed cash flow models simulating the credit dynamics of structured pools. We supplement this discussion with a detailed examination of how the Markov formalism can represent the process of state-equilibrium in obligor accounts.
Lower-Upper Decomposition
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

Centuries ago in Europe, aspiring young mathematicians were subjected to the following two-part test to determine their real aptitude for the subject. First, a kettle was placed on a chair and the student was asked to put it on a nearby desk. That usually went well: students took the kettle and proceeded to put it on the desk. Then the kettle was placed on the floor, and the student was asked to “do the same thing. “ Those who placed it on the desk were never heard of again. The right answer was to place it on the chair and thereby reduce a difficult problem to one already solved.
Covariance Matrix Simulation
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

This chapter develops further the idea of LU decomposition and applies it to the simulation of covariance matrices. The vast majority of cash flow models used to analyze the creditworthiness of structured securities or to investigate foreign exchange risk will include an implementation. Credit professionals need to understand these mechanics to make headway in structured finance in general and CBO analysis in particular. Suppose that you are given a covariance matrix V for some hypothetical n-dimensional vector whereby each group of elements of the vector would be an instance of the n variables. Suppose further that you are told to produce a set of vectors with just such a covariance matrix V. For any vector x with E [x] = µ, we can write from the definition of the covariance matrix V = E [(x -µ)(x -µ)T ]. Now suppose you have chosen x to be a set of independently drawn standard normal deviates. This means that E [x] = 0, and that covariance matrix V is identical to the associated correlation matrix and that both are equal to I, the identity matrix of order n. In other words, we have E [x xT ] = I.
The epidemiology of depressive Disorders in late life
Authors: Blazer Dan G
Published: November 2023

Epidemiology provides the context for a comprehensive exploration of late-life depression. The importance of context in understanding disease was recognized as early as the time of the Hippocratic physicians. Whoever wishes to investigate medicine properly should proceed thus: in the first place to consider the seasons of the year, and what effect each then produces. Then the winds ... in the same manner, when one comes into a city to which he is a stranger, he should consider the situation, how it lies as to the wind and the rising of the sun ... one should consider most attentively the water ... and the mode in which the inhabitants live, and what are their pursuits, whether they are fond of drinking to excess, and given to indolence, or are fond of exercising and labor.(Hippocrates, 1939; circa 400 BCE).
Dysthymic Disorder In The Elderly
Authors: Devanand D P
Published: November 2023

Several terms have been used for chronic mild to moderate depressive illness: chronic minor depression, depressive neurosis, depressive personality, chronic dysphoria, and intermittent depression. Dysthymic disorder denotes chronic depression with fewer symptoms than in major depressive disorder, and it affects 2%-4% of adults (Gwirtsman et al., 1997).
Structural And Functional Brain In Late-Life Depression
Authors: Sackeim Harold A
Published: November 2023

Depressive syndromes carry a lifetime risk, as they can be experienced for the first time at any age. Furthermore, the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of depressive disorders in the elderly can be problematic given the age-related changes in the profile of depressive symptoms, the frequency of co-morbid medical conditions, medication intolerance, and other factors (Lebowitz et al., 1997). Depression in late life has been viewed by some as a natural consequence of aging, and as often reflecting psychological reactions to incapacities and interpersonal loss. However, it is now well established that abnormalities in the structure and function of the brain are especially common in patients with late-life depression and that these deficits cannot be attributed to the normal aging process. Indeed, there are suggestions that some neuroanatomical and functional abnormalities are most frequent or severe in patients with late-onset major depression, that is, those who have their first episode after 50-60 years of age. This is of both conceptual and clinical importance.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in mood and cognition in the elderly: Implications for symptoms and outcomes
Authors: Keller Jennifer , Buckley, Theresa M , Schatzberg Alan F
Published: November 2023

Although major depression was once thought to be particularly common in the elderly, more recent studies have indicated otherwise. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that major depression occurs in 4% of the general elderly population, while 10%-25% have depressive symptoms (Blazer, 2002). However, those age 65 and older have the highest rate of suicide. Depression is a disease; it is not part of the normal aging process. Depression in the elderly may be qualitatively different from depression in other age groups, with higher rates of cognitive impairment and co-morbid medical illnesses. Indeed, depression in the elderly is associated with poorer outcomes of co-morbid medical syndromes (including higher mortality rates).
Mood stabilizers
Authors: Bowden Charles L
Published: November 2023

Use of mood stabilizers in the elderly focuses on bipolar disorders. Recognition and treatment of bipolar spectrum disorders in the elderly deal with three overlapping patient groups. Early-onset bipolar disorder almost always continues into the late years of life, with a largely unchanged illness course in terms of overall severity. A smaller but important group of patients develops bipolar disorder in old age, often secondary to general medical disorders, with mixed manic symptoms predominating. Elderly persons with dementias often have symptoms that are within the extended bipolar spectrum. The characteristics of elderly bipolar patients are not strictly a function of age, since they differ from agematched patients with major depressive disorder. These differences (Table 18.1) indicate more than a fourfold greater frequency of neurological disorders and more than double the mortality rate of major depressive disorder. Bipolar patients with neurological disorders are more likely to be hospitalized for their illness. Neurologically impaired patients are less likely than all manic patients to have a family history of affective disorder in first-degree relatives (33% vs. 52%). Neurologically impaired patients are much more likely to have their illness commence with a manic episode than nonneurologically impaired bipolar patients. Compared with nonelderly bipolar patients, elderly patients with bipolar disorder are more likely to have manic and mixed presentations, co-morbid neurological disorders, and other general medical disorders for which long-term use of lithium is often poorly tolerated.
Antipsychotics
Authors: Dolder Christian R , Lacro, Jonathan P , Jeste Dilip V
Published: November 2023

The use of antipsychotics in older adults presents many interesting and challenging therapeutic issues. Frequent concomitant medication use in the elderly, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes with aging, and older adults’ sensitivity to antipsychotic side effects such as tardive dyskinesia and anticholinergic effects make appropriate use of antipsychotic treatment in this population important and sometimes challenging. In recent years, the development of atypical antipsychotics has provided therapeutic options with improvements over conventional antipsychotics, including a reduced risk of side effects such as tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms, a possible potential for greater improvement in negative symptoms and some cognitive functions in schizophrenia, and reportedly, a more beneficial thymoleptic profile.
Pharmacological treatment of depression in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Beyer John L , Doraiswamy P Murali
Published: November 2023

The incidence of depression in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) varies widely across studies, from 0% (Knesevich et al., 1983) to 86% (Merriam et al., 1988), depending on the type of measurement and the definition of depression used. After reviewing the wide range of estimates and considering the factors that caused the variations, Greenwald (1995) estimated that up to 15% of patients with AD have a major depressive episode, while 25% have a minor depression. Fifty percent of all AD patients exhibit depressive features. Lykestsos et al. (1997), reviewing their population sample, similarly found that 20%-25% of patients with AD had a major depressive episode. Depression occurs at all stages and severities of the dementia (Payne et al., 1998) and causes greater functional impairment (Alexopoulos and Abrams, 1991; Lykestos et al., 1997).
Psychotherapy in old-age depression: Progress and challenges
Authors: 111 Charles F Reynolds , Arean Patricia A , Lynch, Thomas R , Frank Ellen
Published: November 2023

Both biological and psychosocial risk factors operate in old-age depression. Nonmodifiable risk factors (such as gender and race) may be critical in understanding causal pathways, as well as identifying groups at high risk for depression or suicide. The targets of intervention are modifiable risk factors, and many of them are psychosocial in nature, thus providing a rationale for psychosocial interventions (Bruce, 2002). To understand how psychosocial interventions might work, it is important to distinguish which factors mediate, and which moderate, risk in the chain of events. Mediators are in the chain of events (e.g., social isolation could mediate the effect of disability on depression), while moderators influence the impact of one variable upon another (e.g., social support or ways of coping moderate the impact of loss of a spouse on depression). Even, or perhaps especially, when considering co-morbid medical or neurological illness (such as cardiovascular disease or neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s dementia or Parkinson’s disease) as a risk for depression, it is important clinically to consider both biological and psychosocial consequences of the disease. Many dementing disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease) are associated with depression in the elderly, and psychosocial variables act as mediators and moderators of depression associated with neurodegenerative illnesses. Depression in old age occurs in an interpersonal and psychosocial as well as a biological context. Interpersonal and psychosocial factors are both antecedent and consequent to old-age depression.
Depression Co-Morbid With Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Roose Steven P , Glassman Alexander H
Published: November 2023

Over the past two decades, a number of rigorous epidemiological studies and clinical trials have illuminated the complex relationship between depression and ischemic heart disease (IHD). This relationship has many dimensions, including the following: (1) patients with depression have a higher rate of sudden cardiovascular death than age-matched controls, (2) depression early in life is associated with an increased rate of symptomatic and fatal IHD, (3) depression co-morbid with IHD is associated with an increased rate of cardiovascular mortality, and (4) treatment of depression in patients with IHD may reduce the cardiovascular risk. Although the relationship between depression and heart disease may begin at a young age, this topic belongs in a volume on late-life depression because both disorders are prevalent in the elderly and it is in this age group that the clinical implications of co-morbidity are most significant.
Vascular Disease And Late-Life Depression: Stroke
Authors: Robinson Robert G
Published: November 2023

Cerebrovascular disease is the third leading cause of mortality in the elderly and therefore represents a major public health problem in all industrialized countries (American Heart Association, 1996). Cerebrovascular disease includes a wide range of disorders from atherosclerotic narrowing of cerebral blood vessels leading to transitory ischemia, to permanent brain infarction due to an intramural thrombus or an embolic infarction caused by the breakup of thrombi within the heart or large arterial vessels that travel to the brain, to hemorrhagic phenomena caused by weakness of the vascular wall. Stroke is defined as a sudden loss of the blood supply to the brain leading to permanent tissue damage. This chapter will focus on depression associated with stroke caused by thrombotic, embolic, or hemorrhagic events.
Strategic Change and Transformation
Authors: Murray Elspeth , Richardson Peter
Published: November 2023

This chapter details the experiences of some of today’s most respected leaders of strategic change and transformation. Despite significant differences among the various types of change they discuss—from turnarounds to mergers and acquisitions—there are a number of common themes. These themes differentiate these organizations from the more typical, which may be successful in certain instances, but perhaps more through luck or chance than by design. Just what is it that separates change-able organizations from others?

The components of change leadership are reasonably well known: crafting a vision, creating buy-in, making tough decisions, modeling successful behaviors, and the like. The stories of change leadership in the following pages go beyond the familiar, however. What’s different about them is that these leaders have mastered the art of managing the steps of change management. They have succeeding in creating a whole that is larger than the sum of its parts, using tried-and-true formulas in new combinations with powerful results. They have known, perhaps intuitively, that change has both short-term and long-term components and must be approached with what the U.S. court system has termed “deliberate speed,” moving as quickly as human nature will allow. One thing they all have in common is the recognition that building and maintaining momentum is the key to success and that it must be in sufficient quantities to sustain a complex organization and its culture.
The Stakeholder’s View
Authors: Francis J Stuart
Published: November 2023

In nearly all successful companies today, whether they are global organizations or emerging companies with exciting new technology, there is an increasing recognition among leaders that building and integrating commitment among all stakeholders maximizes the long-term success of an organization. With information so universally accessible, consistency of communication has become essential, and thanks to the instant flow of information via the Internet, all stakeholders, including investors, employees, customers, and communities, now receive a consistent message from corporate leaders. This integrated view has become a virtually universal principle of organizations, but having been implicit in the leadership style of effective managers throughout the industrial age, it is now accelerating in importance during the current information and technological revolution. As a result of the impact of technological advances, integration is now mandatory for success. Thus, a new challenge for leaders is driving the organization to effectively integrate all of these perspectives into the organization’s strategic direction and operations while maintaining the speed and focus needed to compete effectively in the global marketplace.
The Cultural Defense
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: November 2023

In a trial in California, Navajo defendants argue that using the hallucinogen peyote to achieve spiritual exaltation is protected by the Constitution’s free exercise of religion clause, trumping the states’ right to regulate them. An Ibo man from Nigeria sues Pan American World Airways for transporting his mother’s corpse in a cloth sack. Her arrival for the funeral facedown in a burlap bag signifies death by suicide according to the customs of her Ibo kin, and brings great shame to the son. In Los Angeles, two Cambodian men are prosecuted for attempting to eat a four month-old puppy. The immigrants’ lawyers argue that the men were following their own ‘national customs’ and do not realize their conduct is offensive to ‘American sensibilities.’ What is the just decision in each case? When cultural practices come into conflict with the law is it legitimate to take culture into account? Is there room in modern legal systems for a cultural defense? In this remarkable book, Alison Dundes Renteln amasses hundreds of cases from the U.S. and around the world in which cultural issues take center stage-from the mundane to the bizarre, from drugs to death. Though cultural practices vary dramatically, Renteln demonstrates that there are discernible patterns to the cultural arguments used in the courtroom. The regularities she uncovers offer judges a starting point for creating a body of law that takes culture into account. Renteln contends that a systematic treatment of culture in law is not only possible, but ultimately more equitable. A just pluralistic society requires a legal system that can assess diverse motivations and can recognize the key role that culture plays in influencing human behavior. The inclusion of evidence of cultural background is necessary for the fair hearing of a case. An invaluable resource for practitioners, students, and the merely curious, this comprehensive treatment of cultural conflicts in diverse societies will spark lively debate.
Why Culture Matters for Justice
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I explain the rationale for having a cultural defense. The entire argument hinges on the idea that culture shapes the identity of individuals, influencing their reasoning, perceptions, and behavior. I begin with the concept of culture and some of the problems associated with the analysis of culture. This is followed by a brief discussion of some of the scholarship by anthropologists and social psychologists concerning the manner in which culture affects individuals, especially the concept of enculturation. Next we consider the implications of culture for law: if culture affects motivations, what does this mean for the functioning of the legal system? In this study I am not concerned with high culture (as in opera, museums, and so forth) or mass or popular culture (as in comic books, films, etc.). Instead, when I refer to culture, I mean traditional culture, a synonym for a way of life. As a working definition, we may use a formulation of the Canadian UNESCO Commission: Culture differs from society inasmuch as culture is an abstraction, whereas society is the collection of individuals in the community. This means culture is invisible and society is visible.
Children
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: November 2023

It is generally agreed that parents should be punished if they maliciously inflict serious harm on their children. It is far less obvious what to do with parents who may inadvertently cause their child harm through actions they sincerely believe are in the child’s best interest. The outcomes of such cases invariably turn on the questions of the degree of harm and the reasonableness of the parent’s belief that the action would be beneficial for the child. Deciding these kinds of questions is rarely easy. It becomes particularly problematic when the parents involved belong to a cultural or religious minority group, because different peoples have such vastly different conceptions of what constitutes acceptable child-rearing practices. Never-theless, courts are sometimes confronted with cases such as these, requiring them to balance the safety and welfare of the child against the cultural autonomy of the parents.
Animals
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: November 2023

The treatment of animals represents a classic example of the manner in which enculturation affects moral intuitions. For instance, in some societies cows are sacred and may not be eaten, whereas in other societies beef is a popular food. One’s sense of which animals may be eaten and which are not to be eaten is a reflection of one’s enculturation. It is crucial to acknowledge that the consumption of certain foods can be symbolic of membership in a ‘civilized’ or ‘uncivilized’ group. The uses of animals generally reflect this type of evolutionary, dichotomous thinking. There is no question that animal metaphors relate to group identity. Quite often, because an animal is the totem of a group, members do not eat it. Certainly, one should be attentive to the symbolic aspects of the animal disputes. In general, there is a tendency to personify animals—to ascribe human characteristics to them—and this provides a justification for giving them legal protection. The main question considered in this chapter is what practices constitute cruelty to animals. Although many traditions disallow cruelty to animals, what constitutes cruelty varies from one society to the next.
Attire
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: November 2023

Dress codes often generate significant culture conflicts. In this chapter I concentrate on disputes involving ethnic or religious garb. Individuals may challenge rules regarding attire either because they are required by religion to don a symbol or because they choose to dress in an ethnic fashion. The central question is whether individuals should be permitted to wear symbols linked to their cultural identity in various contexts including the workplace, the courtroom, public transport, schools, the military, and prisons. This chapter examines court cases involving ethnic minorities who wish to wear ethnic or religious garb but are denied the right to do so by one of these institutions.
REIT Economies of Scale
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

Those who have been watching the development of lnternet stocks closely will undoubtedly appreciate the benefit of size. After the establishment of thousands of Internet companies, we are now observing a wave of consolidations among them. It appears that, after the consolidations, there will be only a few dominant players (such as America Online) in the industry. Given this trend, one might wonder whether size could be important to the profitability and survivorship of REITs, as well.
Future People Matter
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

A duty not to harm people seems to presuppose the actual existence of those people.1 Yet future children whose interests are threatened by today’s reproductive decisions do not yet exist and may never exist. Because their existence is entirely contingent, sceptics question whether it is coherent to talk of a duty to these “potential” people. Until the middle of the twentieth century, American tort law agreed. Even today, several jurisdictions will not entertain suits brought by people who were not in existence at the time of a negligent act, even if the earlier act later causes them injury. Furthermore, moral philosopher David Held argues that people who control whether or not a future person exists, such as parents making reproductive decisions or scientists deciding whether to clone a human, cannot have obligations to future persons whose very existence they control.
An Introduction to Constitutional Limits on the Regulation of Reproduction
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

Even if lawmakers start with a presumption that parents will be responsible decision-makers, there are likely to be some situations in which that presumption will be rebutted. At times, parents may be willing to use a particularly risky technology because they have been misled about the risks. At other times, their own interests may blind them to the dangers. In some of those situations, the legislature may reasonably decide to outlaw use of the dangerous technique. Will those laws survive constitutional challenge? That question is the subject of the next five chapters.
The State’s Interest in Protecting Future Children
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

Part I articulated a three-part framework for understanding the ways in which reproductive practices can threaten the welfare of future children. Chapter 8 then proposed a regulatory approach designed to protect the welfare of future children while respecting to a considerable degree the decision-making authority of their parents. The question posed at the end of that chapter was whether the legal protections proposed there would survive constitutional challenge. Answering that question has required a two-step analysis. The first step of the analysis was to determine the circumstances in which access to a regulated reproductive technology would be deemed a fundamental right. Chapters 9 through 12 explored that issue. The second step of the analysis is to apply the appropriate standard of review and thus to determine the constitutional validity of a statute that restricts reproductive liberty.
Multiple Pregnancy
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter struggled with the question of how to handle a new fertility treatment for with definitive safety data are not yet available. This chapter grapples with a very different issue: whether to restrict access to fertility treatments that are effective at treating infertility, but are also convincingly associated with an enhanced risk of injury to the children so conceived.
Cloning
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

Cloning is the stuff of science fiction. Scientists take a single cell from someone and produce an identical copy of her. No wonder the prospect of human cloning captivates the media and fascinates the public. Public interest peaked most recently in the wake of highly disputed claims that an eccentric religious group called the Realises had cloned the first human babies. But cloning had initially become an important subject of media attention in 1997 when Scottish scientists successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly had been created by taking the nucleus out of a sheep egg and replacing it with the nucleus of a cell from another sheep. While the original egg, like all eggs and sperm, contained only one-half of the DNA necessary to conceive a new lamb, the substituted nucleus was from a somatic cell containing a full complement of sheep DNA. This technique is called somatic cell nuclear transfer. The reconfigured egg was then fooled into thinking that it had been fertilized. It began to divide, eventually forming an embryo. The embryo was then placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother and carried to term. Thus came Dolly.
Conclusion
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

We rightly worry that new reproductive technologies will be rushed into use before their safety is sufficiently tested. We worry that future children will suffer as a result. Yet our common experiences have not prepared us to solve the special riddles posed by existence-inducing technologies. This book has attempted to identify the unique conceptual questions posed by these technologies and to assemble from the answers a comprehensive framework for understanding the interests of future children.
Growing Pains?
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Little Jennifer S. was fourteen months old when her mother noticed that she did not want to put her left foot firmly on the floor when she was taken out of her crib one morning. She did not seem to walk right for a few minutes, but an hour later she seemed fine. It did not happen again until a couple of weeks later. After six weeks, Jennifer’s mother noticed that it was happening more frequently. She mentioned this to the pediatrician when Jennifer was in for her immunizations one afternoon. The pediatrician wiggled Jennifer’s leg around, watched her walk a few feet, and reassured Jennifer’s mother that she was fine. When Mrs. S. called the pediatrician a month later to discuss bringing her in, she was told it was probably just “growing pains.” By the time Jennifer was seen in the pediatric rheumatology clinic at the age of two years, the left knee was markedly swollen, she could not straighten her left leg out all the way, and the muscles of her left leg were much weaker than the right side. Jennifer had obvious arthritis. Reassured by what the pediatrician had told her, her mother had continued to believe Jennifer just had growing pains until Jennifer screamed when the nurse tried to straighten her leg at her two-year-old checkup.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Margaret was fourteen years old when I met her. She did well in junior high school but seemed lazy over the summer before starting high school. When high school began she did not seem to be making new friends and complained of being tired. School was hard. Her family just assumed she needed to get used to high school. As the semester progressed she seemed to be spending more time in her room. Her parents got phone calls that she was not performing well in school and her grades were poor. She was losing weight, irritable, and disinterested. By December there were questions about drug use, difficulty adjusting to the new school, and so on.
Sjogren’s Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

The combination of dry eyes and dry mouth may be the result of inflam­mation of the glands that produce tears and saliva (lacrimal glands pro­duce tears; parotid and submandibular glands produce saliva). The parotid glands are the large glands at the side of the face, just over the comer of the jaw. Normally, you do not notice the parotid glands. They lie flat against the face. However, if they are swollen they stick out on both sides of the face, just above the jaw line.
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Maurice Raynaud (1834-1881) was a French medical student in the 1860s who was required to write a thesis to fulfill the requirements for graduation from medical school. He described the color changes he noticed in the hands of some women while standing outside in the cold waiting for the street car during the winter in Paris. Raynaud’s phenomenon refers to the typical hand changes he described. Raynaud’s disease (primary Raynaud’s) refers to the typical hand changes occurring in the absence of any other rheumatic disease. Raynaud’s syndrome (secondary Raynaud’s) refers to the typical changes occurring in the setting of an underlying rheumatic disease.
Medications and Immunizations
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Many books on health-related subjects start off with a long section on medications and how they work. The authors put the most important things, such as how and when to take your medication, monitoring, side effects, and when not to take your medications, at the end of the chapter. But many people never read to the end. They find the medicine they are interested in and skip everything else. I want you to understand why your child should take medicine (if they should) and how to be sure your child gets the best results. So I’ve begun this chapter with the information that most authors put at the end. Do not skip it. Understanding your medications and taking them appropriately are vitally important in getting the best outcome.
Understanding Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Each type of diagnostic test has its proper place in evaluating children with muscle, bone, or joint pain. If a bone is painful, it is appropriate to begin the evaluation (after a complete history is taken and a thorough physical examination is done) with an X-ray radiograph to eliminate the possibility of fracture or structural abnormality. X rays are also useful to determine whether bones are out of alignment or abnormally curved. An X ray may be the only study necessary to establish the diagnosis of a broken bone, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, scoliosis, or many other orthopedic conditions (see Chapter 3). However, for children with juvenile arthritis, lupus, or many other rheumatic conditions, the X ray may be useful only to exclude orthopedic problems.
Getting the Best Results for Your Child
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

After I get a family settled down and the child’s care on the right track, someone frequently asks, “Why do I have to come back so often?” I always compare this to making soup. Anyone can take down a cookbook, read the soup recipe, and get two pounds of beef, a large onion, a carrot, noodles, assorted seasonings, a good-sized pot, and a stove. However, there is a lot of room for interpretation when the instructions say, “Cut up the beef and slice the carrot and onion thinly. Add the ingredients to a large pot with water just to cover. Heat over medium heat for two hours, adjust the seasonings and serve.” To someone with a lot of experience making soup, those are adequate instructions. If you make soup every day, you know exactly how to do it to get the result you want. But compare two cooks. One cook reads the book, finds the ingredients called for, puts them in a pot of water, sets it on medium heat, and walks away for two hours. The cook who makes soup all the time has picked exactly the beef, onion, and carrot he or she wants and knows how to prepare them for the soup. After the pot is on the stove, the experienced cook checks the soup every ten to fifteen minutes, adjusts the heat, tastes the seasonings, and makes all the other small adjustments that come from experience. Which cook do you think is likely to make the better soup? Similarly, your child’s health requires continual monitoring, reevaluation, and adjustments for the best outcome.
Nationalisms in Conflict: The Rise of Apartheid
Authors: Berger Iris
Published: November 2023

In January 1940, Nontsikelelo Albertina Thethiwe, a twenty-one-year-old mission-educated woman, arrived in Johannesburg from the Transkei to study nursing at the Non-European Hospital. Her father had died suddenly in 1929, when she was eleven years old, and she came to the city after rejecting a marriage arranged by her uncle. Although her preference was teaching, Thethiwe loved nursing and caring for patients. In a later interview, she explained, “I wanted to be a teacher. But conditions wouldn’t allow me to be a teacher. So I had to take up nursing, where when you are training you are being paid. So my hope was that at least if I am being paid, I will be able to help my brothers and sister.”1 Having grown up in a rural area in which Africans had less daily contact with whites than in the cities, Thethiwe found the racism and segregation at the hospital profoundly disturbing; when the matron refused her request for a leave of absence to return home after her mother’s death, she was deeply shaken. The matron behaved, she
The Confidentiality of Personal Health Information
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J
Published: November 2023

IntegraCare is a fictitious name, but these cases are real and in the public domain. They highlight a growing concern about the confidentiality of personal medical information in an age of large health-care organizations and dizzying technological advances. Confidentiality, however, has always been central to medical ethics, extending back to the time of the Hippocratic oath. Confidentiality is a deeply held value in medicine and a pillar of the patient-doctor relationship. It is generally agreed that health care is improved when patients feel safe confiding sensitive medical information to their caregivers and that patients who fear their private stories will be disclosed may withhold pertinent information (Ethical Force Program, 2000). But how can patients be sure that the information they provide will remain confidential? In the past, they had only the personal integrity of their individual doctors to worry about. But now, personal information of all kinds is recorded electronically and seems to pass through semipermeable membranes to places and organizations of which we have little knowledge. Anyone who has received unwanted e-mail from a merchant who obtained the e-mail address from some unknown source has felt the uneasy feeling of being watched, and even invaded. As health information joins the cavalcade of available personal electronic data, many are asking, what are the legitimate uses of personal health information outside the immediate clinical setting? And, even when personal health information is shared with others for good reasons, how can the appropriate level of privacy for individuals be protected? The struggle to define boundaries between respect for individual privacy and the collection of health data for legitimate uses has led to widespread debate over how competing ethical values can be appropriately balanced.
Why Financial Services Mergers?
Authors: Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

The first chapter of this book considered how reconfiguration of the financial services sector fits into the process of financial intermediation within national economies and the global economy. The chapter also explored the static and dynamic efficiency attributes that tend to determine which channels of financial intermediation gain or lose market share over time. Financial firms must try to “go with the flow” and position themselves in the intermediation channels that clients are likely to be using in the future, not necessarily those they have used in the past. This usually requires strategic repositioning and restructuring, and one of the tools available for this purpose is M&A activity. The second chapter described the structure of that M&A activity both within and between the four major pillars of the financial sector (commercial banking, securities, insurance, and asset management), as well as domestically and cross-border. The conclusion was that, at least so far, there is no evidence of strategic dominance of multifunctional financial conglomerates over more narrowly focused firms and specialists, or vice versa, as the structural outcome of this process.
The Key Lessons
Authors: Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

This book has portrayed the contours of the mergers and acquisitions landscape in financial services. It identified (1) what drives the broad structure of the industry, (2) how the patterns of financial takeovers have transformed it and are likely to continue reshaping the industry going forward, (3) what motivates financial sector M&A deals and what they are supposed to achieve, (4) what it takes to execute them successfully, (5) whether they actually “work” in terms of market share and shareholder value, and (6) whether the outcomes are good for the efficiency and stability of the financial system. An effort was made to link the basic underpinnings of competitive advantage in this unique industry to the observed outcomes based on available performance data and individual case studies.
Bringing the Outside in Learning and Knowledge Management Through External Networks
Authors: Maznevski Martha , Athanassiou Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Most knowledge management initiatives focus on getting knowledge moving around inside a firm—sharing best practices, creating knowledge directories, acquiring leading edge technology, and so forth (Kostova, Athanassiou, and Berdrow, 2004). Although the outside environment is accepted as a source of knowledge, few companies think about how to manage their external knowledge resources strategically, to create value beyond an immediate and specific piece of knowledge or information. In this chapter, we address the issue of bringing the outside in—managing external networks of relationships to increase their knowledge-related value for the firm.
Market Research in Product Development
Authors: Leonard Dorothy
Published: November 2023

The greatest challenge in product and service innovation is to match what customers will buy to what the organization can produce. Usually the knowledge requisite to accomplish that task resides in two different contexts: that of the users and that of the organization’s developers. It falls to marketing professionals to blend the experience base of the user with the experience base of the creators. Marketers must absorb enough of the customers’ worldview and experience to envision value-adding products and services—especially those which the customers themselves cannot describe—and to use that vision to guide the development of the innovation. Since the early twentieth century, marketing research has developed a highly sophisticated set of tools focused on that task of discovery. The advent of computers has allowed the splintering of huge amounts of data on customer preferences and behaviors into ever more atomized clusters that can be targeted with specialized offerings. Companies can collect information and data about relatively small population segments, say, stay-at-home mothers with two or more children or Hispanic middle school art teachers.
Perspectives on Research and Development Organizing and Managing Innovation in a (Global) Knowledge-Based Economy
Authors: Augier Mie , Teece David J
Published: November 2023

R&D and (the Economics of) Knowledge There is no doubt that technological innovation is the primary driver of economic growth. While classical economists ranging from Adam Smith to Karl Marx were aware of the importance of technology and knowledge in economic growth, it was probably Schumpeter who brought innovation to center stage. Indeed, according to Joseph Schumpeter, innovation is the engine of the capitalist system: ‘‘The fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalist engine in motion comes from the new consumers’ goods, the new methods of production or transportation, the new markets, the new forms of industrial organization that capitalist enterprise creates’’ (Schumpeter, 1942 p. 83). Schumpeter was ignored for decades, while economists modeled firms as employing more capital, labor, and other factors of production to increase output—possibly with technical change as a shift parameter in the production function.
Globalizing Local Knowledge in Global Companies
Authors: Gilbert Xavier
Published: November 2023

Acompelling justification for globalization is that it yields substantial competitive advantages without which companies could no longer survive, such as access to new markets, opening the door to volume-related cost advantages, first-entrant advantages, or market power, to name a few. A business presence in multiple geographical locations also gives a significant advantage that is not always fully exploited: an abundance of insights into fast-evolving global competitive advantages—provided the global firm can leverage the locally developed knowledge.