bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospects for the development of direct seed planting technology (Tabela) in Indonesia
Authors: Sahardi  , Rauf Abdul Wahid , Nappu M. Basir , Idaryani  , Fauziah Kartika , Nurlaila  , Kallo Repelita , Syam Amiruddin
Published: September 2021

Prospect for the development of direct seed planting technology (Tabela) in Indonesia. This paper is a review that aims to reveal the development of technological innovations for direct seed rice cultivation (Tabela) and the prospects for its development in Indonesia. Rice is the main source of food, which cannot be substituted with other foodstuffs. The need for rice will continue to increase, along with the rate of increase in population growth every year. Therefore, the main program for agricultural development in periods 2015-2019 is to increase productivity and cropping indexes in all rice agro-ecosystems. The main problems in the current rice cultivation business today are; the need for labor is large, while the availability of labor in the agricultural sector is decreasing, farm labor wages and the price of production facilities are getting more expensive, the area of rice fields is decreasing, the availability of water is increasingly limited. Direct seed cultivation of jajar legowo is one of the solutions for lowland rice farming that can solve the problem of labor shortages in the production process of rice cultivation. Supporting technology in Tabela rice cultivation is quite available including superior varieties, seed technology, biological fertilizers, fertilization, weed control, water management, pest and disease control, and planting tools. Tabela technology has the prospect to be widely developed in Indonesia because it is suitable for irrigated and rain fed rice fields, harvest faster, increases production, is more labor efficient, easy and practical to implement.
Implementation of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in environmental impact evaluation on production of ground coffee
Authors: Astuti Retno , Kurniawan Bagus Candra , Setiyawan Danang Triagus
Published: September 2021

This study aims to evaluate and identify potential environmental contaminants from the production process of ground coffee. The research was conducted at CV. XYZ in Bali province, Indonesia which processes dry coffee beans into ground coffee with the trademark “Kopi PQR”. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to identify and evaluate environmental impacts by applying the Environmental Design of Industrial Product (EDIP) method in the SimaPro 8.20 software. The Analytical Network Process (ANP) was then used to determine the priority of improvement recommendations. The results showed that the “Kopi PQR” production process had several environmental impacts, i.e. water acute eco toxicity, chronic water eco toxicity, and human toxicity soil. This impact resulted from the use of the use of plastic packaging which was difficult to decompose, and the accumulation of coffee powder waste. The recommendation for recycling coffee powder waste was chosen as an alternative for improvement in CV. XYZ.
Application of pomelo essential oil (Citrus Grandis L.) in effective scenting of diffused products
Authors: Ngan Tran Thi Kim , Tran Thien Hien , Minh Ly Thi Ngoc , Long Huynh Bao , Le Xuan Tien
Published: September 2021

In order to minimize the toxic effects of scent compounds from chemicals to the environment and humans. Besides, the increasing demand of consumers for natural compounds, so the research team has conducted a search for compounds with good odor-producing ability and high activity extracted from the species plants in nature. The study was carried out based on the investigation of influencing parameters in product formulations such as carrier, essential oil, emulsifier, solvent. Research results are based on the evaluation of the product's volatility and appearance. At the same time, it is also shown that pomelo essential oil has the ability to combine with many other ingredients in the product without being denatured, with the content of 4% pomelo essential oil is diffused with a pleasant scent that is not pungent and can High deodorizing capacity in the air. The obtained research results have opened new perspectives on the applicability and potential of essential oils in the aromatherapy industry or cosmetic field, used as an alternative to artificial fragrances with properties of environmental friendliness.
Effect of different types of mulch on bulb yield of shallot
Authors: Sopha Gina Aliya , Efendi Agnofi Merdeka
Published: September 2021

The possibility of using different types of mulch to improve the bulb yield of shallot (Allium cepa var aggregatum) is observed in this paper. The field experiment compared five different types of mulches, including silver, black, straw, screen nylon, and clear plastic mulches, with a non-mulch as a control treatment. Straw mulch and screen nylon mulch reduced shallot biomass but did not significantly affect bulb yield than the control treatment. At the same time, clear plastic mulch increased fresh bulb yield significantly by 30% from 10.26 t ha-1 to 13.29 t ha-1.
Carrying capacity of maize as cattle feed in North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Paat Paulus C. , Polakitan Derek , Ifada Ratri Retno , Rembang J.H.W.
Published: September 2021

North Sulawesi is one of the production centers of cattle as well as maize in Indonesia. On the other hand, there is problem in cattle grazing decrease causing some farmers cultivate maize as a forage, even though this it is still cultivated carelessly so that the biomass productivity is low. This study aimed to evaluate the use of applied innovations in maize cultivation as forages. The Demonstration plot was conducted in Kembuan, Minahasa Regency at elevation of 700 m above the sea, in June-October 2019. The method used Technology Display, where the innovation package included recommended maize cultivation such as superior seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and tractor using. Fertilizing in 12 dap, Urea 250 kg + NPK (15-15-15) 150 kg, then in 60 dap, Urea 125 kg and NPK (15-15-15) 100 kg. Weeding using herbicides at 30dap. Harvesting as fresh forage, all biomass at 75 dap, 35.64 tons/ha with TDN content 20.54 t/ha (58%) and provided a carrying capacity 11.34 UT, providing feed along the year. Financial analysis indicated the feasibilities, ROI coefficient 2.27 and BC Ratio 1.27. It can be concluded that maize farming can be a solution of forage fodder in cattle commodity areas.
Effect of weeds management toward understorey species diversity and soil fertility under oil palm plantation
Authors: Miswarti  , Ishak Andi , Wulandari Wahyuni Amelia , Firison Jhon , Rosmanah Siti , Ramon Erpan , Nurmegawati  , Calista Irma , Yahumri  , Sastro Yudi
Published: September 2021

The objectives of this study was to determine soil fertility and types of plants in understorey ecosystems in oil palm plantation stand which are managed in different ways. The data collection method was a direct observation on smallholder oil palm plantation at 15 years of age with different management, namely: 1) weed control using herbicides, 2) without management, and 3) used for beef cattle grazing. The data consisted of soil fertility and identification of understorey species in each management. The soil samples were taken in a composite manner and analyzed in the laboratory, while the plant species samples were gathered using the 1x1 m2 method and identified using an identification manual. From the results, weed control in oil palm plantation with cattle grazing has a positive impact on soil fertility compared to the use of herbicides and without control. The diversity of understorey species in cattle grazing locations is less, namely, as much as 11 species compared to the use of herbicides (15 species) and without control (22 species). Weed management by grazing cows in the oil palm plantation increased land fertility and the dominance of understorey plants as a source of animal feed.
Integrated smart farming system in developing potential products of the village
Authors: Risdawati AP A. , Pertiwi Cita , Oktarina Adelia
Published: September 2021

The village as an area that rests on local potential always needs development in product innovation and a sustainable market. In the world of agriculture, digital technology has been developing from nurseries to post-harvest. Included in the integrated agricultural system from upstream to downstream. Integrated smart farming system as an agricultural system that combines all components needed in agriculture (include the digitalization) were attracting young farmer’s interest. This paper aims to describe an integrated agriculture model in Bali. The research was conducted by a descriptive analysis method of existing conditions. The results showed there was an upstream stage of agricultural development carried out through technology for seeding and breeding to produce more quality seedlings. The process involves young farmers who act as an organization that bridges farmers through funding for farmers, quality control, stock management, and farmer organizing. The downstream stage focuses on post-harvest processing, so farmers can sell their crops to market to meet retail and export needs. As the conclusion, the development of potential products through the use of the Integrated Smart Farming System can provide economic added value and encourage the economic growth of villages.
Neue Entwicklungen in der Diagnostik und Therapie der metabolisch assoziierten, nicht-alkoholischen Fettlebererkrankung
Authors: Föh Bandik , Sayk Friedhelm , Marquardt Jens U
Published: September 2021

Metabolisch assoziierte, nicht-alkoholische Fettlebererkrankungen (NAFLD) sind ein zunehmendes Gesundheitsproblem und ein wichtiger Einflussfaktor sowohl für die hepatische als auch für die kardiovaskuläre und metabolische Mortalität. Die über die letzten Jahrzehnte rasch zunehmende Prävalenz des metabolischen Syndroms und insbesondere der Adipositas in der westlichen Welt ist die Hauptursache für diesen deutlichen Anstieg der NAFLD und ihrer Folgeerscheinungen ‚nicht-alkoholische Steatohepatitis‘ (NASH) mit ‚NASH-Fibrose‘ und Übergang in eine ‚NASH-Zirrhose‘. Die Pathogenese der NAFLD beinhaltet eine komplexe Interaktion zwischen Umweltfaktoren (z. B. westliche Ernährung), Adipositas, Veränderungen der Mikrobiota und prädisponierenden genetischen Faktoren, die zu einer gestörten Lipidhomöostase mit übermäßiger Fettansammlung in der Leber führen. Insulinresistenz ist ein weiterer zentraler Mechanismus, der zu Lipotoxizität sowie oxidativem Stress und zu einem inflammatorischen Zellschaden in den Hepatozyten führt und bei einem Teil der Patienten letztendlich in einer Fibrogenese mündet. Neue therapeutische Ansätze, die auf einem tieferen Verständnis der molekularen Pathogenese basieren sind daher dringend erforderlich, um das Fortschreiten der Krankheit und insbesondere das Auftreten einer Leberfibrose bzw. Zirrhose zu verhindern. In dem vorliegenden Übersichtsartikel fassen wir aktuelle Daten zur Epidemiologie, Pathogenese, Risikostratifizierung und Therapie der NAFLD zusammen. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt hierbei auf den neuesten Entwicklungen zur interdisziplinär-multimodalen und medikamentösen Therapie.
Adipositas Disease Management Programm?
Authors: Blüher Matthias
Published: September 2021

Die Versorgungssituation für Menschen mit Adipositas ist in Deutschland defizitär. Dies liegt auch daran, dass es bisher keine gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen für eine leitlinien- und bedarfsgerechte Versorgung von Menschen mit Adipositas gab. Mit der Annahme des Gesetzes zur Weiterentwicklung der Gesundheitsversorgung durch den Deutschen Bundestag am 11. Juni 2021 wurden die formalen Voraussetzungen für ein strukturiertes Behandlungsprogramm für Menschen mit Adipositas in Deutschland geschaffen. Ein in diesem Gesetz gefordertes Disease Management Programm Adipositas könnte die Qualität der Versorgung für Betroffene erheblich verbessern.
Detecting Injury Risk Factors with Algorithmic Models in Elite
Women’s Pathway Cricket
Authors: Goggins Luke , Warren Anna , Osguthorpe David , Peirce Nicholas , Wedatilake Thamindu , McKay Carly , Stokes Keith A , Williams Sean
Published: September 2021

This exploratory retrospective cohort analysis aimed to explore how algorithmic
models may be able to identify important risk factors that may otherwise not
have been apparent. Their association with injury was then assessed with more
conventional data models. Participants were players registered on the England
and Wales Cricket Board women’s international development pathway
(n=17) from April 2018 to August 2019 aged between 14–23 years
(mean 18.2±1.9) at the start of the study period. Two supervised
learning techniques (a decision tree and random forest with traditional and
conditional algorithms) and generalised linear mixed effect models explored
associations between risk factors and injury. The supervised learning models did
not predict injury (decision tree and random forest area under the curve [AUC]
of 0.66 and 0.72 for conditional algorithms) but did identify important risk
factors. The best-fitting generalised linear mixed effect model for predicting
injury (Akaike Information Criteria [AIC]=843.94, conditional
r-squared=0.58) contained smoothed differential 7-day load
(P<0.001), average broad jump scores (P<0.001) and 20 m
speed (P<0.001). Algorithmic models identified novel injury risk factors
in this population, which can guide practice and future confirmatory studies can
now investigate.
Zystische zervikale Lymphknotenschwellung – TG-Bestimmung im Punktat sichert das lymphatisch metastasierte papilläre Schilddrüsenkarzinom
Authors: Smaxwil Constantin , Esianu Eduard , Altmeier Julia , Zielke Andreas
Published: September 2021

Anamnese Eine Patientin stellte sich mit einer zystischen Raumforderung im seitlichen Halsdreieck vor.

Untersuchung und Diagnostik Nach Ultraschall und MRT wurde eine Feinnadelpunktion durchgeführt. Zytologisch fanden sich keine malignitätsverdächtigen Zellen. Bei einer erneuten Punktion wurde nun auch das Thyreoglobulin in der Zystenflüssigkeit bestimmt – und stark erhöht nachgewiesen. Damit war das lymphatisch metastasierte Schilddrüsenkarzinom gesichert.

Therapie und Verlauf Die erforderliche Operation konnte einzeitig durchgeführt werden. Drei Wochen nach der Operation erfolgte die Radiojodtherapie mit 3,7 GBq I131.

Folgerung Schwellungen der Halslymphknoten können viele Gründe haben, dabei selten auch einmal die Metastase eines Schilddrüsenkarzinoms sein. Wir stellen anhand eines Fallbeispiels einen einfachen Weg vor, der das lymphatisch metastasierte Schilddrüsenkarzinom sicher nachweisen kann.
Mammakarzinom
Authors: Grübler Beate
Published: September 2021

Der Stellenwert der onkologischen Komplementärmedizin ist in der Summe umstritten, nicht jedoch in einzelnen Aspekten: Gesunde Ernährung und regelmäßiger Sport sind wichtige Elemente zur Unterstützung des Therapieerfolges, erläuterte Priv.-Doz. Dr. Daniela Paepke, München, auf dem diesjährigen Senologiekongress.
Effects of Autoantibodies on Osteoclasts
Authors: Sokolova Maria V , Steffen Ulrike
Published: September 2021

The balance between bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts can
be disturbed in autoimmune diseases resulting in local and systemic bone loss.
It was long time believed that autoantibodies only indirectly contribute to bone
loss by fueling the overall inflammation. However, in the last decade, more and
more evidence emerged that autoantibodies and immune complexes directly activate
osteoclasts and pre-osteoclasts by binding to Fcγ receptors
(FcγRs) on the (pre)-osteoclast cell surface. This pro-osteoclastogenic
effect seems to be dependent on the absence of sialic acid in the IgG Fc glycan,
which is a typical feature of many autoantibodies. Clinical studies revealed the
importance of autoantibody-mediated bone loss mainly in rheumatoid arthritis,
but also in other diseases, such as celiac disease. In summary, the gained
knowledge about autoantibody-mediated bone loss helps to better understand bone
pathologies of autoimmune diseases. However, studies are still relatively
limited and more research is needed to fully understand the impact of
autoantibodies on bone and to develop future therapeutic strategies.
Oral Hygiene Knowledge among Medical and Dental Faculty
Authors: Iqbal Ayesha , Hirani Suraiya , Hanif Sarah , Salim Sandhiya
Published: September 2021

Objective Oral health reflects the physical and mental health of the individual as it is the first line of entrance of bacteria into the body. Knowledge regarding oral health is an essential component for dental as well as medical faculty as they are responsible for maintenance of health of the individual in clinical and nonclinical practices. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the predominance of oral hygiene with dental brushing, flossing, smoking, usage of mouthwash, and frequency of dental visits.

Materials and Methods To achieve the aim of the study, a questionnaire was created to access the awareness of oral hygiene status among medical and dental faculty. The study was conducted at Sir Syed College of Medical Sciences and all the faculty staff from senior faculty to junior staff was included in the study.

Results A total of 200 participants participated in the study of which 125 were females (62.5%). The results specify that the female faculty members have a better oral hygiene knowledge as compared with male faculty members. Single faculty members or staff visit a dentist more as compared with married faculty members or staff as single staff has more time and less responsibilities at home. Knowledge regarding oral hygiene care of overall participants is satisfactory.

Conclusion In conclusion, the oral health care and knowledge is far better in dental faculty member as compared with medical faculty member as the oral care is the substantial component of the dental core curriculum.
Patient’s Awareness of Dental Implant as an Option for Missing Teeth in Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Guragain Manjeev , Pandey Bashu Raj , Maharjan Mahendra , Dahal Samarika , Thakur Smriti Narayan , Rokaya Dinesh
Published: September 2021

Objective To assess the patient’s level of awareness of dental implants as an option to replace missing teeth and willingness to accept dental implant is lacking in a small city (Chitwan) Nepal.

Materials and methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted on patients attending the prosthodontic, oral medicine and radiology clinics of Chitwan Medical College, Chitwan, Nepal. A self-administered questionnaire was used after pretesting through a pilot survey. The data analysis was done using SPSS version 20 (IBM Company, Chicago, USA).

Statistical Analysis Various parameters were compared using Two-Sample Independent T-Test. The level of significant was set at p value = 0.05.

Results A total of 84 subjects responded to the study. Only 47.6% of the participants have knowledge on dental implants. Majority of the participants (72%) considered the costs to be affordable and equal number of the participants replied that they were ready for treatment with dental implant. Majority of the participants received information from their dentists (53.1%) and from the friends and acquaintances (31.3%). The patients in Chitwan have moderate awareness of dental implants. Majority of the participants are aware and willing to consider dental plant treatments.

Conclusions The patients in Chitwan have moderate awareness of dental implants. Majority of the participants are aware and willing to consider dental plant treatments. Proper information on dental implants should be provided to the patients so that they can accept the dental implant treatment.
STABILISE Technique via a Transapical Approach to Repair Residual Type A Aortic Dissection
Authors: Fouquet Olivier , Dang Van Simon , Ammi Myriam , Daligault Mickael , Baufreton Christophe , Picquet Jean
Published: September 2021

The stent-assisted balloon-induced intimal disruption and relamination in aortic dissection or STABILISE concept is a novel endovascular strategy in Type A and Type B dissections. We report a case of Type A aortic dissection repair combining, first, an open thoracic aortic surgery with an elephant trunk procedure and, second, an endovascular treatment using the STABILISE technique via a combined transapical approach commonly used for transcatheter aortic valve implantation and a femoral pathway.
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Testicular Germ Cell Tumor—Preliminary Experience from a Single Center
Authors: Selvarajan Gangothri , Jayachandran Perumal Kalaiyarasi , Rajan Arun Kumar , Kesana Sivashree , Kannan Krishnarathinam , Sagar Tenali Gnana , Ganesan Trivadi Sundaram
Published: September 2021

Background Germ cell tumor (GCT) of the testis is one of the highly curable solid organ malignancies. Those who experience relapse after platinum-based chemotherapy can be salvaged with systemic therapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Complete remission can be obtained in approximately 50 to 60% of patients treated with HDCT. Our experience reports the efficacy and safety of HDCT followed by ASCT in relapsed GCT.

Methods Analysis of patient records (2012–2019) showed that three patients had received HDCT and ASCT.

Results All the three patients were treated with BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin) as first-line therapy. HDCT was done in Case 1 after third-line salvage and in other two patients after second-line salvage chemotherapies. High-dose carboplatin and etoposide were used as conditioning regimen. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was used for the mobilization of stem cells. After ASCT, complete remission was documented in all the patients. All were alive and disease-free till the last follow-up. Grade ¾ toxicities including myelosuppression, diarrhea, and mucositis were observed in all three patients.

Conclusion This is the first report from India on HDCT with ASCT in GCT. HDCT/ASCT seems to be feasible, safe, and effective in relapsed testicular GCTs.
Trabectedin in Advanced Sarcomas—Experience at a Tertiary Care Center and Review of Literature
Authors: Verma Saurav , Kalra Kaushal , Rastogi Sameer , Dhamija Ekta , Upadhyay Avinash , Mittal Abhenil , Aggarwal Aditi , Shamim Shamim Ahmed
Published: September 2021

Background There is sparse literature on trabectedin in advanced soft-tissue sarcomas from developing world. It would be interesting to know about use and outcomes of trabectedin in Indian patients.

Method In a retrospective study, consecutive patients treated with trabectedin from 2016 to 2019 were analyzed. Patients with L-sarcomas were treated at a dose of 1.5 mg/m2, while those with translocation-related sarcomas were treated at a dose of 1.2 mg/m2 as a 24-hour infusion through peripherally inserted central catheter line. From July 2019, infusions were administered through an ambulatory elastomeric pump, while before that patients were admitted for 24 hours. We used SPSS version 23.0 for statistical calculation.

Result A total of 20 patients received trabectedin with a total of 116 infusions. The median age was 46 years (range: 22–73 years). The male (n = 11, 55%) and female patients were almost equal (n = 9, 45%). Thirteen patients (65%) had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status 1. Majority of the patients had leiomyosarcoma (n = 8, 40%); remaining comprised of liposarcoma (3, 15%), translocation-related sarcomas excluding myxoid liposarcoma (n = 8, 40%) and others (n = 1,5%). Most common site was extremity (n = 11, 55%) followed by retroperitoneal (n = 3, 15%), visceral (n = 3, 15%), and others (n = 3,15%). Median number of previous lines received was 2 (range: 0–4). Median number of trabectedin cycles received was 4 (range: 1–17). Best response assessed was stable disease (n = 10, 50%), progressive disease (n = 6, 30%), partial response (n = 1, 5%), and not assessed in 3 patients. After a median follow-up of 19 months, median progression-free survival was 4 months.

Conclusion In this heavily treated population (composed of L-sarcomas and translocation-related sarcomas) with many patients with poor performance status, the outcome with trabectedin is in synchrony with literature. However, the need of 24-hour admission might deter quality of life. Elastomeric pump seems to be a reasonable alternative to admission and can be a breakthrough in administering trabectedin, especially in developing countries.
Hearing Aid Technology to Improve Speech Intelligibility in Noise
Authors: Alexander Joshua M.
Published: September 2021

Understanding speech in noise is difficult for individuals with normal hearing and is even more so for individuals with hearing loss. Difficulty understanding speech in noise is one of the primary reasons people seek hearing assistance. Despite amplification, many hearing aid users still struggle to understand speech in noise. In response to this persistent problem, hearing aid manufacturers have invested significantly in developing new solutions. Any solution is not without its tradeoffs, and decisions must be made when optimizing and implementing them. Much of this happens behind the scenes, and casual observers fail to appreciate the nuances of developing new hearing aid technologies. The difficulty of communicating this information to clinicians may hinder the use or the fine-tuning of the various technologies available today. The purpose of this issue of Seminars in Hearing is to educate professionals and students in audiology, hearing science, and engineering about different approaches to combat problems related to environmental and wind noise using technologies that include classification, directional microphones, binaural signal processing, beamformers, motion sensors, and machine learning. To accomplish this purpose, some of the top researchers and engineers from the world's largest hearing aid manufacturers agreed to share their unique insights.
Environmental Classification in Hearing Aids
Authors: Hayes Donald
Published: September 2021

There are two parts to this article. The first is a general overview of how hearing aid classification works, including a comparison study of normal-hearing listeners and multiple manufacturers' hearing aids while listening to a sound parkour composed of a multitude of acoustic scenes. Most hearing aids applied nearly identical classification for simple listening environments. But differences began to appear across manufacturers' products when the listening environments became more complex. The second section reviews the results of a study of the acoustic ecology (listening environments) experienced by several cohorts of hearing aid users over a 4-month period. The percentages of time people spent in seven different listening environments were mapped. It was learned that they spent an average of 57% of their time in conversation and that age is not a good predictor of the amount of time spent in most listening environments. This is because, when grouped by age, there was little to no difference in the distribution of time spent in the seven listening environments, whereas there was tremendous variability within each age group.
Association of Passive Smoking with Otitis Media among School Children of Eastern Nepal
Authors: Paneru Manisha , Shah Shankar P. , Chettri Shyam Thapa
Published: September 2021

Introduction Otitis media (OM) and otitis media with effusion are commonly presenting conditions in an otolaryngology clinic. Exposure to passive smoking is thought to increase the risk of OM through an effect on mucociliary clearance, decreased ciliary beat frequency, or mucous hypersecretion. Awareness among parents plays a key role in the primary prevention of the disease.

Objective We aimed to identify the association of passive smoking with OM among school-going children of the eastern region of Nepal.

Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was done among 663 school-going children, selected by stratified random sampling using a questionnaire. Data regarding age, gender, type of school, otological symptoms, smoking status of parents and family members, otoscopic findings, pure tone audiometry, and impedance audiometry were recorded.

Results Six-hundred and sixty-three students were included in the study. OM was confirmed in 103 students (15.5%). Smoking history was present in at least one of the family members in 177 out of 663 students (26.69%) and with positive smoking history in any member of the family, OM was seen in 65 (36.7%) students (p ≤ 0.001), which suggested significant association. OM was seen in 38 students (7.8%) when there was no exposure to passive smoking.

Conclusions There is a high prevalence of OM (15.5%) in school-going children. The study shows significant association between passive smoking and OM in children.
Awareness, Recognition, and Response to Stroke among the General Public—An Observational Study
Authors: Sirisha Sai , Jala Sireesha , Vooturi Sudhindra , Yada Praveen Kumar , Kaul Subhash
Published: September 2021

Objective To evaluate awareness and response to stroke among the general public.

Materials and Methods In this prospective, observational study, self-reported stroke awareness questionnaire was administered in 2000 consecutive participants who visited outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital. For data analysis, comparison included for awareness of stroke and response in case of stroke.

Results The average age of the study participants was 39.64 ± 15.55 (17–85), with 651(32.6%) women. Among the respondents, 786(39.3%) participants mentioned stroke as blood clot in the brain; 268(13.4%) stated it as brain hemorrhage. Awareness of stroke was higher in people in cities (71.0 vs. 8.5%;p < 0.001) and graduates (75.3 vs. 60.9%;p < 0.001) or knew a family member or friend who had stroke (42.7 vs. 30.4%;p < 0.001). Most commonly recognized risk factors included stress (1,152; 57.6%) and hypertension (1,148; 57.4%). Most identified warning sign was weakness of one side of body (807; 40.4%) and speech impairment (658; 32.9%). Participants who were aware of stroke knew a greater number of risk factors (3.75 ± 2.88 vs. 2.45 ± 2.66;p < 0.001) and warning signs (2.85 ± 2.25 vs. 1.49 ± 1.41;p<0.001). Among 1,138 participants who were aware of stroke, 166 (14.6%) participants knew one correct response in case of a stroke, either call a doctor (49.3 vs. 35.0%;p<0.001) or call an ambulance (41.1 vs. 34.9%;p = 0.055). Participants who knew one correct response to stroke had at least a family member/friend who had stroke (44.1 vs. 34.3%;p < 0.022).

Conclusion We report that among 56.9% of the participants who were aware of stroke most could not name more than four risk factors or three warning signs of stroke. Only 14.6% of those aware of stroke knew appropriate response to stroke.
The Association between Factor XI Deficiency and the Risk of Bleeding, Cardiovascular, and Venous Thromboembolic Events
Authors: Sharman Moser Sarah , Chodick Gabriel , Ni Yan G. , Chalothorn Dan , Wang Ming-Dauh , Shuldiner Alan R. , Morton Lori , Salomon Ophira , Jalbert Jessica J.
Published: September 2021

The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between factor XI (FXI) deficiency and the risks of bleeding and cardiovascular (CV) events. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS). We identified adults with FXI deficiency (severe: <15%, partial: 15 to <50%, any deficiency: <50%) that had been tested for FXI between 2007 and 2018 and matched to patients from the general MHS population. We estimated 10-year risks of outcomes using the Kaplan–Meier approach. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we compared outcomes among patients with versus without FXI deficiency. Less than 10% of patients tested for FXI activity had activity levels <50% (mean age: 39 years; 72.2% females). Compared with the general population, patients with any FXI deficiency were at higher risk of severe bleeding (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 2.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–5.81; 10-year risk: 1.90%, 95% CI: 0.50–3.20% vs. 0.90%, 95% CI: 0.50–1.30%) and clinically relevant nonsevere bleeding (CRNSB) (aHR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.08–1.97; 10-year risk: 11.60%, 95% CI: 8.30–14.80% vs. 9.20%, 95% CI: 8.00–10.40%). Severe FXI deficiency was associated with a greater risk of CRNSB. While few CV events (N = 2) and venous thromboembolisms (VTE) (N = 1) were observed in the FXI overall deficient group, there was a nonsignificant negative association between any FXI deficiency and CV events (aHR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.13–2.36) and VTEs (aHR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.06–3.47). Overall FXI deficiency was associated with an increased risk of severe bleeding and CRNSB. Further research is warranted to explore the lower risk of CV and VTE among patients with FXI deficiency compared with the general population.
Hyperhomocysteinemia and Ischemic Stroke: A Potential Dose-Response Association—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Holmen Marte , Hvas Anne-Mette , Arendt Johan F. H.
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose Previous studies suggest an association between increased homocysteine (Hcy) and risk of ischemic stroke. Yet, it remains unknown whether a dose-response association exists between Hcy levels and risk of ischemic stroke.

Methods Systematic literature searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were studies investigating ischemic stroke risk in an adult population with measured Hcy levels. We computed odds ratios (ORs) for a 5 µmol/L increase in Hcy levels using a random effects meta-analysis.

Results In total, 108 studies met the inclusion criteria of which 22 were rated as high-quality studies, and 20 studies included a dose-response analysis. Hcy levels were analyzed either as a continuous or categorical variable. The majority of the studies found an increased risk of ischemic stroke when comparing the highest-to-lowest Hcy strata. A graded association was observed over the Hcy strata, indicating a dose-response association, with the most apparent effect when Hcy levels exceeded approximately 15 µmol/L. No studies explored a potential nonlinear association between Hcy levels and ischemic stroke. Six studies were included in a meta-analysis, showing an OR of 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28–1.61) per 5 µmol/L increase in Hcy levels.

Conclusion This review and meta-analysis indicate a dose-response association between Hcy levels and ischemic stroke. An evident increase in effect measures was observed when Hcy levels exceeded 15 µmol/L, indicating a nonlinear association between ischemic stroke and Hcy levels. This nonlinear association warrants further study.

This study is registered with clinical trial ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ; unique identifier: CRD42019130371).
Interactions of cationic surfactant cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide with ammonium nitrate: Surface and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Rehman Noor , Haq Zia Ul , Ullah Hidayat , Mian Inamullah , Li Xian
Published: September 2021

The study of interactions between surfactant and salt in aqueous solutions has attracted significant interest in recent years because of their widespread applications and relatively complex behavior. This work reports the systematic study of surface phenomenon and self-aggregation behavior of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) salt. Surface and thermodynamic properties of cationic surfactant CTAB with NH4NO3 were investigated at different temperatures using different techniques such as conductometry and surface tensiometery. The surface tension measurement was carried out to find out the critical micelle concentration, free energy of adsorption, free energy of micellization, minimum area per molecule, and surface excess concentration. The study reveals that the process of micellization is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Conductance measurement was carried out to determine critical micelle concentration, degree of ionization and degree of counter ion binding. Addition of NH4NO3 to the surfactant solutions increase the values of degree of ionization and degree of counter ion binding, although it lowers the values of critical micelle concentration showing that the process of micellization is more favorable and spontaneous. The study is very helpful to develop better understanding about interaction between electrolyte and surfactant, which are used in many applications and in different processes (e.g., pharmaceutical, industrial foaming, drug solubilization, oil recovery, and medium for metal nanoparticle formation).
Unsteady cloud cavitation mechanisms of liquid nitrogen in convergent–divergent nozzle
Authors: Wei Aibo , Yu Lianyan , Gao Rong , Zhang Wei , Zhang Xiaobin
Published: September 2021

An investigation into the shedding mechanism of cloud cavitation is of great importance to understand the cavitation dynamics for cryogenic liquids. In this study, the dynamic processes of liquid nitrogen cavitating flows in a convergent–divergent (C–D) square nozzle under various operating conditions are experimentally investigated. Simultaneous measurements of cavity dynamics and the velocity variations in the cavitation region are implemented by introducing a high-speed camera and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). Several cavitation numbers are realized by changing the inflow velocity and thus the throat velocity. The specific shedding characteristics as well as the mechanism of the re-entrant jet and condensation shock are qualitatively analyzed for each case by examining high-speed photographs. In addition, a three-dimensional numerical model based on the large Eddy simulation (LES) is employed to further explore the re-entrant jet/condensation shock-dominated cavity shedding dynamics. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results by comparing the temporal cavitation regime distributions and the velocity variations at the same positions. The velocity of the re-entrant jet at the end of the cavity is about −4 to −5 m/s and decreases along the upstream direction. The re-entrant jet and the condensation shock are found to be the dominant mechanism for the shedding of cloud cavitation when σ = 0.497 and σ = 0.386, respectively. The shedding mechanism revealed by the combined experimental and numerical studies offers a deeper understanding of the unsteady shedding of cloud cavitation for cryogenic fluids.
Numerical study on wetted and cavitating tip-vortical flows around an elliptical hydrofoil: Interplay of cavitation, vortices, and turbulence
Authors: Xie Chunmei , Liu Jinyuan , Jiang Jing-Wei , Huang Wei-Xi
Published: September 2021

Cavitation in a tip vortex remains a challenging issue in a variety of engineering problems. In this study, we perform large eddy simulation of wetted and cavitating flows around a stationary elliptical hydrofoil with the cross section of NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) 16–020. The Schnerr–Sauer cavitation model is adopted for phase transport. The numerical results are verified by comparing with the experimental measurements. Instantaneous vorticity and pressure in both wetted and cavitating flows are studied. It is found that the cavitation promotes the production of vorticity and increases the boundary layer thickness. To further analyze the influence of cavitation on the tip vortices, each term in the transport equation of enstrophy is examined. In the cavitating flow, the dilatation and baroclinic torque terms are promoted to be equally dominant as the vortex stretching term, while in the wetted flow the stretching term is the only dominant one. The axial and azimuthal velocities in the cavity are smaller than those in wetted tip-vortical flow, while the pressure inside is nearly equal to the constant saturation pressure. A tip vortex model with four regions in cavitating flow is built and compared to the wetted flow model. A weakly meandering motion of the tip vortex is observed in the near field. To study the surface wave behaviors of the tip vortex, the space-time velocity correlation analysis is carried out. The surface wave moves at a speed smaller than the incoming flow. A dominating helical mode is found and is consistent with the analytical and experimental results.
Nuclear receptor NR5A2 negatively regulates cell proliferation and tumor growth in nervous system malignancies
Authors: Gkikas Dimitrios , Stellas Dimitris , Polissidis Alexia , Manolakou Theodora , Kokotou Maroula G. , Kokotos George , Politis Panagiotis K.
Published: September 2021

Significance

Glioblastomas and neuroblastomas are aggressive cancer types with poor prognosis. Identification of druggable factors that inhibit these tumors will contribute to new therapies. Our data show that nuclear receptor NR5A2 suppresses the growth of glioblastomas and neuroblastomas. This function is facilitated by the ability of NR5A2 to induce critical cell cycle inhibitors including p21, p27, and Prox1. Two small molecule agonists of NR5A2, dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine, and diundecanoyl phosphatidylcholine can mimic its antitumor effect. Our results identify NR5A2 as a potential drug target in nervous system–related cancers.
How top-down and bottom-up attention modulate risky choice
Authors: Vanunu Yonatan , Hotaling Jared M. , Le Pelley Mike E. , Newell Ben R.
Published: September 2021

Significance

How much are we in control of our decisions? The current study explores how goal-relevant (top-down) and perceptual features (bottom-up) govern the distribution of attention in risky choice. Findings from participants’ choices, eye movements, and computational modeling analysis show that while salient perceptual features can influence the acquisition of information, their influence on choice is limited to situations in which those features are tied to potential outcomes of the decision. When such features are not tied to outcomes, their influence is suppressed by top-down control. These results suggest, contrary to popular accounts, that perceptual salience can induce bottom-up effects of overt selection, but the perceived value of information is the crucial arbiter of intentional control over choice.
Introduction.
Authors: Thompson Anthony Keith , Oduro Ibok
Published: September 2021

This is an introductory chapter that provides information on the taxonomy, geographical distribution, cultivation and uses (as staple food and medicine) of yams (Dioscorea spp.).
Cultivation.
Authors: Thompson Anthony Keith , Oduro Ibok
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the various aspects of yam cultivation, including propagation, field practices, environment, staking, fertilizers, harvesting, transport and yield.
Diseases and pests.
Authors: Thompson Anthony Keith , Oduro Ibok
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the different diseases and pests that affect yams and various methods for their control. It particularly covers the following aspects: field fungal diseases; postharvest fungal diseases; specific fungal diseases; control of fungal diseases; bacterial diseases; viral diseases; physiological disorders; insect pests; and nematode pests.
Multiple choice questions.
Authors: Bren Leon , Lane Patrick
Published: September 2021

This chapter contains multiple choice questions in hydrology and water management. They are composed of one question with multiple possible answers, including one or more 'correct' answers and several incorrect or 'less-correct' answers.
Whose voice matters in the teaching and learning of IPE? Implications for policy and policy making
Authors: Cochrane Logan , Oloruntoba Samuel O
Published: September 2021

Critical decolonial assessments of International Political Economy (IPE) curricula have found a continued dominance of Euro-Western perspectives. However, these critical assessments have often been of specific programs or courses. In this article, we open the canvas wider in our quantitative assessment of privilege and marginalization, by conducting an analysis of IPE curricula from universities from around the world as well as of one of the most widely used introductory textbooks in the field. We find that scholars based outside of the Euro-West are marginal, while those based in the Euro-West continue to be dominant – in all the assessed course offerings. We also find that female voices are marginal, in all locations. Knowledge production systems privilege Euro-Western male voices and perspectives, furthering a process of systemic cognitive and epistemic injustices. Building upon our analysis of teaching and learning content, this article critically reflects on the implications of when IPE meets policy, and offers avenues for the policy engagement to avoid the same processes of privileging and marginalizing, and thereby better situating policy making to avoid repeating failures resulting from the identified entrenched biases.
Benchmarking the calculation of electrically insulating properties of complex gas mixtures using a multi-term Boltzmann equation model
Authors: Flynn M , Neuber A , Stephens J
Published: September 2021

The accurate calculation of DC breakdown voltage thresholds solely from elementary electron-neutral interactions in complex gas mixtures using a multi-term Boltzmann equation (BE) kinetic model is demonstrated. SF6:N2 mixtures in the 100 Td < E/N < 400 Td field regime are explored to benchmark the model’s effectiveness. A ten-term BE model is found to yield DC breakdown voltages which, on average, agree within 3% of experimental measurements. A two-term BE model is also applied in order to characterize the error introduced in all calculations by the two-term approximation. These discrepancies are largest in pure N2 where error is greater than 10% for diffusion coefficients, within 6% for particular vibrational rate coefficients, and within 5% for breakdown voltages. However, this error falls to within 1% for most parameters and breakdown voltages in mixtures with large SF6 content.
Investigation of water-mediated intermolecular interactions with the adaptive resolution simulation technique
Authors: Delle Site Luigi
Published: September 2021

We use the adaptive resolution simulation (AdResS) technique to estimate the region in space where water-mediated effects in molecule–molecule interactions are relevant. AdResS is employed to identify the region around the solute (solvation shell) where the atomistic details of the hydrogen bonding network are relevant while outside water plays the role of a thermodynamic bath that can be described at simplified macroscopic level. The consequence is that for the interaction of two solutes the intermolecular distance at which water mediated effects start to be relevant is represented by the sum of the radii of the two respective solvation shells identified via AdResS. The hypothesis formulated above will be proven by calculating the solute-solute potential of mean force for different solutes. As test molecules we use amino acids derived from fragments of the FCHo2-F-BAR domain protein; this choice stems from the fact that the current results, beside proving the technical capability of AdResS in this context, may provide data for future actual coarse-grained models.
Effect of self-heating on small-signal parameters of In0.53Ga0.47As based gate-all-around MOSFETs
Authors: Srinivas P S T N , Kumar Arun , Kumar Tiwari Pramod
Published: September 2021

In this work, the effect of self-heating on small-signal parameters of In0.53Ga0.47As based gate-all-around nanowire MOSFETs is explored using thermally calibrated simulation results. The effects of interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) of Al2O3/In0.53Ga0.47As interface, the number of nanowires (N), and ambient temperature

(

T

A

)

on RF performance metrics such as transition frequency

(

f

t

)

, max-oscillation frequency

(

f

max

)

, intrinsic current gain

(

h

21

)

, power gain (maximum available gain/maximum stable gain), and transconductance

(

g

m

)

are thoroughly investigated in order to assess the self-heating induced degradation. The impact of self-heating has also been observed on small-signal parameters such as C
gd, C
gs, R
gd, R
gs, and τ. Transition frequency and maximum oscillation frequency decrease significantly when lattice temperature rises because of self-heating. The order of ITR for Al2O3/In0.53Ga0.47As interface has been reported to be

10

−
5

cm

2

K

W

−
1

in the technical literature. Increasing ITR from 10−5 to

10

−
4

cm

2

K

W

−
1

decreases f
t and f
max by 12 and 70 GHz, respectively.