bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trigonometric parallax measurement of a water maser source toward the Sgr D H ii region
Authors: Sakai Daisuke , Oyama Tomoaki , Nagayama Takumi , Honma Mareki , Kobayashi Hideyuki
Published: May 2017

We report on VLBI observations of a water maser source associated with the Sgr D H ii region, which is a bright radio continuum source in the direction of the Galactic center region. The absolute proper motions and the distance measured by VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA) were (μα cos δ, μδ) = (−1.32 ± 0.15 mas yr−1, −2.86 ± 0.34 mas yr−1) and $d=2.36_{-0.39}^{+0.58} \,{\rm kpc}$, respectively. The line-of-sight velocity of the water maser emission is similar to that of the H91α recombination line emission detected at the Sgr D H ii region. The spatial position and line-of-sight velocity of the water maser emission indicate that this source is physically associated with the extended H ii source seen under radio continuum observations. Thus, our results suggest that the Sgr D H ii region is located in the Scutum arm of the Galactic disk. We discuss this new view of the Sgr D complex, based on the parallax and proper motions.
Reporting Newborn Audiologic Results to State EHDI Programs
Authors: Chung Winnie , Beauchaine Kathryn L. , Grimes Alison , O’Hollearn Tammy , Mason Craig , Ringwalt Sharon
Published: May 2017

Objectives:

All US states and territories have an Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) program to facilitate early hearing evaluation and intervention for infants who are deaf or hard of hearing. To ensure efficient coordination of care, the state EHDI programs rely heavily on audiologists’ prompt reporting of a newborn’s hearing status. Several states have regulations requiring mandatory reporting of a newborn’s hearing status. This is an important public health responsibility of pediatric audiologists. Reasons for failing to report vary.

Design:

The Early Hearing Detection and Intervention-Pediatric Audiology Links to Services (EHDI) facility survey was used to inform reporting compliance of audiology facilities throughout the United States. The survey was disseminated via articles, newsletters, and call-to-action notices to audiologists.

Results:

Among 1024 facilities surveyed, 88 (8.6%) reported that they did not report newborn’s hearing findings to their state EHDI program. Not knowing how to report to the state EHDI program was the most frequently chosen reason (60%). However, among the 936 facilities that were compliant with the reporting requirements, 51 estimated that they reported less than two-third of all hearing evaluation results (5.4%). Some facilities did not report a normal-hearing result and some failed to report because they assumed another facility would report the hearing results.

Conclusions:

Survey results indicated that audiologists were compliant reporting hearing results to the state EHDI programs. However, there is room for improvement. Regular provider outreach and training by the state EHDI program is necessary to ensure those who are not reporting will comply and to clarify reporting requirements for those who are already compliant.
Assessing the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses’ Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report
Authors: Madden Lori Kennedy , Hundley Lynn , Summers Debbie , Villanueva Nancy , Walter Suzy Mascaro
Published: May 2017

The American Association of Neuroscience Nurses (AANN) has worked toward meeting the challenges and addressing the key messages from the 2010 Institute of Medicine report on the future of nursing. In 2012, AANN developed an article summarizing how the association has addressed key issues. Since that time, new recommendations have been made to advance nursing, and AANN has updated its strategic plan. The AANN has assessed organizational progress in these initiatives in a 2017 white paper. This process included review of plans since the initial report and proposal of further efforts the organization can make in shaping the future of neuroscience nursing. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the AANN white paper.
Lack of Mucosal Healing From Modified Specific Carbohydrate Diet in Pediatric Patients With Crohn Disease
Authors: Wahbeh Ghassan T. , Ward Brian T. , Lee Dale Y. , Giefer Matthew J. , Suskind David L.
Published: May 2017

Exclusive enteral nutrition is effective in pediatric Crohn disease but challenging as maintenance therapy. There is interest in food‐based therapies such as the specific carbohydrate diet (SCD) but paucity of data on efficacy and effect on mucosal healing, an evolving target of IBD therapy. We conducted a retrospective review of the mucosal healing effect of the SCD in pediatric Crohn disease (CD). The endoscopic findings for children younger than 18 years with CD treated exclusively with the SCD or modified SCD (mSCD; SCD + addition of “illegal foods”) were reviewed before and after the diet. Ileocolonoscopic examinations were scored according to the Simple Endoscopic Score for CD and findings on upper endoscopy were described. Seven subjects were identified, all on mSCD. The average age at starting the SCD was 11 ± 3.4 years and median duration of SCD/mSCD therapy was 26 months. All subjects reported no active symptoms before repeat endoscopic evaluation on mSCD, the majority had consistently normal C‐reactive protein, albumin and hematocrit assessments, and mildly elevated fecal calprotectin (>50 μg/g, median 201, range 65–312) at any point within 3 months before the repeat endoscopy. One patient showed complete ileocolonic healing but persistent upper gastrointestinal tract ulceration. Complete macroscopic mucosal healing of both the ileocolon and upper gastrointestinal tract was not seen in any patient.
Midbrain Infarction Resulting in Bilateral Pseudoabducens Palsies
Authors: Kaas Bonnie M. , Zee David S. , Kheradmand Amir , Gold Daniel R.
Published: May 2017

Introduction:

Pseudoabducens palsy refers to abduction paresis in the absence of a pontine or peripheral nerve process. This finding has been described with mesodiencephalic lesions, and likely has a common mechanism with thalamic esotropia.

Case Report:

We describe the case of a 55-year-old man who presented with near-complete ophthalmoparesis, sparing only adduction of the left eye. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated midbrain infarction.

Conclusions:

Pseudoabducens palsy is likely underrecognized, but can be highly localizing when identified. Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms for this finding are discussed.
The Dizzy Patient
Authors: van Leeuwen Roeland B. , Colijn Carla , van Wensen Erik , Bruintjes Tjasse D.
Published: May 2017

Background:

Many patients with dizziness complain about >1 type of dizziness and therefore there may be ≥2 coexisting diagnoses.

Objective:

To determine how often a second or third diagnosis is present in a patient with dizziness and to establish what are the most common combinations of diagnoses.

Study Design:

Prospective, observational study in a tertiary center.

Results:

A consecutive cohort of 621 patients was included in the study. In 187 patients (30.1%) a second diagnosis was present. Within this group a third diagnosis was present in 35 (5.6%) patients. The most common second diagnosis was an anxiety disorder (50.1%).

Conclusions:

Patients with dizziness frequently present themselves with >1 type of dizziness caused by 2 or 3 different diseases. In our study 30% of patients with dizziness have >1 diagnosis. Anxiety disorder is the most common second diagnosis.
Early Carotid Occlusion After Endarterectomy in a Patient With a Mutation for MTHFR A1298C Polymorphism
Authors: Vidale Simone , Bellocchi Silvio , Casiraghi Paolo , Caronno Roberto , Arnaboldi Marco
Published: May 2017

Introduction:

Significant carotid stenosis is a well-documented risk factor for ischemic stroke. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting are effective procedures for the prevention of stroke in patients with this disease. However, the occurrence of restenosis could contribute to an increase in the risk of ischemic stroke.

Case Report:

A 79-year-old woman was admitted to the Neurosurgical Department to undergo a CEA because of a progressive stenosis. At the 3-month radiologic follow-up, the examinations showed a carotid restenosis. She was immediately started on a double-antiplatelet therapy. Blood samples revealed high levels of homocysteine and genetic tests showed a homozygous mutation for methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase A1298C polymorphism. Folic acid associated with pyridoxine was added to the treatment. Radiologic follow-ups showed no changes in the stenosis degree.

Conclusions:

Even if the association between homocysteine and carotid restenosis after CEA is unclear, an initial screening before the surgical procedure could be useful to promptly treat this condition and probably reduce the risk of this complication. In the case of homozygous mutation, the selection of patients and the appropriate therapy could reduce the risk of carotid restenosis.
Impact of Interfacility Transport Method and Specialty Teams on Outcomes of Pediatric Trauma Patients
Authors: Patel Shetal C. , Murphy Stephen , Penfil Scott , Romeo Debra , Hertzog James H.
Published: May 2017

Objective

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of ground versus air transport and use of pediatric specialty versus generalist transport teams on outcomes of pediatric trauma victims requiring interfacility transport.

Methods

A retrospective review of our hospital's trauma registry database was performed. Children with traumatic injuries who were transported from a referring hospital by either our pediatric specialty transport team or an outside generalist transport team were included in the analysis. Comparisons were made by mode of transport (air vs ground), team type (specialty vs generalist), and by transport mode and team type combined.

Results

Total transport time was significantly shorter for generalist air transport than other modes. Severity of injury as determined by Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS) was equivalent for all patients at the referring hospital, but there was a statistically significant greater decrease (worsening) in PTS from referral to arrival for generalist team air transports versus all other transport modes. Similarly, there was a statistically significant greater decrease (worsening) in Glasgow Coma Score from referral to arrival for generalist team air transport versus all other transport modes. Hospital discharge disposition to home was greater for all ground teams versus air teams and for specialty team air versus generalist team air.

Conclusions

In our system, air transport by a generalist team occurred more rapidly than ground or air transport by a specialty team. However, generalist air transport is associated with significant worsening in patients' PTS and Glasgow Coma Score despite similar severity of injury at referral, and differences in hospital discharge disposition were present.
Brief Report: Impact of Early Antiretroviral Therapy on the Performance of HIV Rapid Tests and HIV Incidence Assays
Authors: Fogel Jessica M. , Piwowar-Manning Estelle , Debevec Barbara , Walsky Tamara , Schlusser Katherine , Laeyendecker Oliver , Wilson Ethan A. , McCauley Marybeth , Gamble Theresa , Tegha Gerald , Soko Dean , Kumwenda Johnstone , Hosseinipour Mina C. , Chen Ying Q. , Cohen Myron S. , Eshleman Susan H.
Published: May 2017

Background:

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can downregulate antibody responses to HIV infection. We evaluated the impact of early vs. delayed ART on the performance of HIV diagnostic and incidence assays.

Methods:

Samples were obtained from 207 participants in the HPTN 052 trial, who were stably suppressed on ART for ≥4 years [Malawi sites; pre-ART CD4 cell count 350–550 cells/mm3 (early ART arm, N = 180) or <250 cells/mm3 or an AIDS-defining illness (delayed ART arm, N = 27)]. Samples were tested with 2 HIV rapid tests and 2 HIV incidence assays; selected samples were also tested with two fourth-generation immunoassays and a Western blot (WB) assay. A pre-ART sample was analyzed if the follow-up sample had a false-negative or weakly-reactive rapid test result, or had an incidence assay result indicative of recent infection (false-recent result).

Results:

Ten (4.8%) samples had a nonreactive or weakly-reactive rapid test result (7/180 early ART arm, 3/27 delayed ART arm, P = 0.13); one sample had nonreactive fourth-generation assay results and 3 had indeterminate WBs. Forty (18.9%) samples had a false-recent incidence assay result; 16 (7.8%) had false-recent results with both incidence assays. Baseline samples had stronger rapid test and WB bands, higher fourth-generation assay signal-to-cutoff values, and fewer HIV incidence assay results indicative of recent infection.

Conclusions:

False-negative/weakly-reactive HIV rapid tests and false-recent HIV incidence assay results were observed in virally-suppressed individuals, regardless of pre-ART CD4 cell count. Downregulation of the antibody response to HIV infection in the setting of ART may impact population-level surveys of HIV prevalence and incidence.
Strategies to Accelerate HIV Care and Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation After HIV Diagnosis: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Hoffmann Christopher J. , Mabuto Tonderai , Ginindza Sibuse , Fielding Katherine L. , Kubeka Griffths , Dowdy David W. , Churchyard Gavin J. , Charalambous Salome
Published: May 2017

Objective:

Determine the effectiveness of strategies to increase linkage to care after testing HIV positive at mobile HIV testing in South Africa.

Design:

Unmasked randomized controlled trial.

Methods:

Recruitment of adults testing HIV positive and not currently in HIV care occurred at 7 mobile HIV counseling and testing units in urban, periurban, and rural South Africa with those consenting randomized 1:1:1:1 into 1 of 4 arms. Three strategies were compared with standard of care (SOC): point-of-care CD4 count testing (POC CD4), POC CD4 plus longitudinal strengths-based counseling (care facilitation; CF), and POC CD4 plus transport reimbursement (transport). Participants were followed up telephonically and through clinic records and analyzed with an intention-to-treat analysis.

Results:

From March 2013 to October 2014, 2558 participants were enrolled, of whom 160 were excluded postrandomization. Compared with the SOC arm where 298 (50%) reported having entered care, linkage to care was 319 (52%) for POC CD4, hazard ratio (HR) 1.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89 to 1.2, P = 0.6]; 331 (55%) for CF, HR: 1.1 (95% CI: 0.84 to 1.3, P = 0.2); and 291 (49%) for transport, HR 0.97 (95% CI: 0.83 to 1.1, P = 0.7). Linkage to care verified with clinical records that occurred for 172 (29%) in the SOC arm; 187 (31%) in the POC CD4 arm, HR: 1.0 (95% CI: 0.86 to 1.3, P = 0.6); 225 (38%) in the CF arm, HR: 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1 to 1.7, P = 0.001); and 180 (31%) in the transport arm, HR: 1.1 (95% CI: 0.88 to 1.3, P = 0.5).

Conclusions:

CF improved verified linkage to care from 29% to 38%.
Neuro–Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Finding in 412 Patients and Prognostic Features
Authors: Lian Zhou-yang , Li He-hong , Zhang Bin , Dong Yu-hao , Deng Wu-xu , Liu Jing , Luo Xiao-ning , Huang Biao , Liang Chang-hong , Zhang Shui-xing
Published: May 2017

Purpose

The aims of this study were to describe the neuroimaging findings in hand, foot, and mouth disease and determine those who may provide prognosis.

Material and Methods

Magnetic resonance imaging scans in 412 severe hand, foot, and mouth disease between 2009 and 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients who had the neurological signs were followed for 6 months to 1 year. According to the good or poor prognosis, 2 groups were categorized. The incidence of lesions in different sites between the 2 groups was compared, and multivariate analysis was used to look for risk factors.

Results

The major sites of involvement for all patients with percentages were the medulla oblongata (16.1%), spinal anterior nerve roots (12.4%), thoracic segments (11.1%), brain or spinal meninges (8.3%), and so on. There were 347 patients (84.2%) with good prognosis and 65 (15.8%) with poor prognosis in the follow-up. There was a significantly higher rate of lesions involving the cerebral white substance, thalamus, medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and spinal cord in the group with poor prognosis. Multivariate analysis showed 2 independent risk factors associated with poor prognosis: lesions located in the medulla oblongata (P < 0.015) and spinal cord (P < 0.001) on magnetic resonance imaging; the latter was the most significant prognostic factor (odds ratio, 29.11; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

We found that the distribution patterns for all patients mainly involved the medulla oblongata, spinal anterior nerve roots, thoracic segments, and brain or spinal meninges. Our findings suggested that patients with lesions located in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord may be closely monitored for early intervention and meticulous management. For children with the symptom of nervous system, they are strongly recommended for magnetic resonance examination.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance T1-Mapping of the Myocardium
Authors: Muscogiuri Giuseppe , Suranyi Pal , Schoepf U. Joseph , De Cecco Carlo N. , Secinaro Aurelio , Wichmann Julian L. , Fuller Stephen R. , Lesslie Virginia W. , Varga-Szemes Akos
Published: May 2017

Myocardial T1-mapping has become feasible over the past decade as emerging technological magnetic resonance imaging advances enable increasingly rapid and reliable acquisition techniques. A variety of T1-mapping sequences are in development, with most allowing for the acquisition of a single-slice T1-map in a single breath-hold. The development of these protocols has spurred investigation into a wide range of potential clinical uses, including the characterization of cardiomyopathies. Although native T1-mapping provides superior tissue characterization, postcontrast T1-mapping is still indispensable for extracellular volume quantification. Ongoing and future studies should investigate the reliability, reproducibility, accuracy, and precision of available techniques and establish disease-specific reference values for T1-mapping-based parameters.
Biventricular Heart Remodeling After Percutaneous or Surgical Pulmonary Valve Implantation
Authors: Secchi Francesco , Resta Elda C. , Cannaò Paola M. , Pluchinotta Francesca , Piazza Luciane , Butera Gianfranco , Carminati Mario , Sardanelli Francesco
Published: May 2017

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI) and surgical pulmonary valve replacement (SPVR) on biventricular and pulmonary valve function using cardiac magnetic resonance.

Materials and Methods:

Thirty-five patients aged 20±8 years (mean±SD) underwent PPVI, whereas 16 patients aged 30±11 years underwent SPVR. Cardiac magnetic resonance examinations were performed before and after the procedures with an average follow-up interval of 10 months. Cine steady-state free precession sequences for cardiac function and phase-contrast sequences for pulmonary flow were performed. The right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) functions were evaluated using a dedicated software.

Results:

The RV end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) decreased significantly after PPVI and SPVR, from 74 to 64 (P=0.030) and from 137 to 83 (P=0.001), respectively. The RV ejection fraction increased significantly after SPVR, from 47% to 53% (P=0.038). The LV end-diastolic volume index increased significantly after PPVI, from 66 to 76 mL/m2 (P<0.001). The LV stroke volume index increased significantly after PPVI, from 34 to 43 mL/m2 (P=0.004). The analysis of bivariate correlations showed that in patients undergoing SPVR the RV changes after the procedure were positively correlated to LV changes in terms of end-systolic volume index (r=0587; P=0.017) and ejection fraction (r=0.681; P=0.004).

Conclusions:

A RV volumetric reduction and a positive effect on ventricular-ventricular interaction were observed after both PPVI and SPVR. After PPVI, a positive volumetric LV remodeling was found. No LV remodeling was found after SPVR. After both procedures, the replaced pulmonary valve functioned well.
The Utility of Point-of-Care Testing at Emergency Department Triage by Nurses in Simulated Scenarios
Authors: Pines Jesse M. , Zocchi Mark S. , Buchanan Mary Elizabeth , Shah Manish N. , Travers Debbie
Published: May 2017

We developed and tested simulated patient scenarios to assess how normal or abnormal point-of-care (POC) test results at triage change prioritization decisions. This was a cross-sectional study where our team developed simulated scenarios and presented them to triage nurses from 3 academic medical centers. Twenty-four scenarios were constructed on the basis of 12 clinical indications from a protocol previously developed by our team. In each scenario, nurses were presented with 2 patients with the same Emergency Severity Index Version 4 (ESI v.4; Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD) triage level (Level 2 or Level 3). One of the patients met the inclusion criteria for POC testing under the protocol (cases), whereas the other patient did not (controls). Nurses were asked which of the 2 patients to prioritize first in 3 separate rounds: first without any POC test results, once with abnormal POC test results for case patients, and once with normal POC test results for case patients. Prioritization decisions that changed on the basis of abnormal POC results were defined as “up-triage” and prioritization decisions that changed on the basis of normal results were defined as “down-triage.” A total of 39 nurses completed 468 scenarios. In scenarios without any POC test results, 42.3% of case patients were prioritized first. When POC test results were abnormal, 71.6% of cases were prioritized first. When POC test results were normal, 32.7% of case patients were prioritized first. An abnormal POC test resulted in up-triage in 32.5% of the scenarios. When POC test results were normal, there was down-triage in 18.6% of the scenarios. Up- and down-triage rates varied considerably by scenario and clinical indication. Point-of-care testing at emergency department triage results in reasonably high rates of up- and down-triage in simulated scenarios; however, POC tests for specific indications appear to be more useful than others.
Application of Primary Care Guideline for Chronic Low Back Pain in the Emergency Department
Authors: Tacy Rebeca M. , Donaworth Sherry , Ballman Kathleen
Published: May 2017

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a primary care condition that overflows into the emergency department (ED). No ED-specific practice guideline exists for the management of patients with CLBP in the ED setting. Back pain is a common chief complaint, with cases of CLBP making up to 50% of the patients seen with back pain in an urban, freestanding ED affiliated with a multicampus health system in the Midwest where 25% of patients live below the poverty line and 21.8% do not have primary care. Kolcaba's Theory of Comfort guides the implementation of an evidence-based practice application project. The Guideline for the Evidence-Informed Primary Care Management of Low Back Pain from the National Guideline Clearinghouse is introduced. Interprofessional collaboration for immediate referrals was implemented. The plan-do-study-act model was applied with descriptive analysis of the data. Reflective of established specific aims of the project, there was increased (1) support for the use of evidence-based practice guideline among the ED providers and staff, (2) use of evidence-based practices, (3) connection of patients to community resources, (4) evidence-based education for patients, and (5) overall satisfaction with pain management. The effectiveness of the application of this primary care guideline in the ED opens the way both for region-wide application of the guidelines and for the introduction of other primary care practice guidelines for patients who present to the ED with other chronic conditions.
A Case of Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Jordan Kathleen S. , Mannle Sarah E.
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this article is to present a discussion of a young adult patient with exertional rhabdomyolysis. Rhabdomyolysis is the process of muscle tissue destruction and damage to the cell membrane, with subsequent release of the intracellular myocyte contents into the systemic circulation. This leads to the potential for the life-threatening systemic complications of electrolyte abnormalities, cardiac dysrhythmias, acute kidney injury, compartment syndrome, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Rhabdomyolysis as a syndrome can be difficult to recognize and diagnose in the emergency care setting due to the fact that there are many etiologies and variations in symptomatology. The emergency care provider must have an astute knowledge base of this disease process and consider this pathology in the differential diagnosis of any patient at risk to achieve optimum patient outcomes and reduce morbidity and mortality.
Climate strategies: thinking through Arctic examples
Authors: Bodenhorn Barbara , Ulturgasheva Olga
Published: May 2017

Frequent and unpredictable extreme weather events in Siberia and Alaska destroy infrastructure and threaten the livelihoods of circumpolar peoples. Local responses are inventive and flexible. However, the distinct politics of post-Soviet Siberia and Alaska play a key role in the pragmatics of strategic planning. The Arctic is a planetary climate driver, but also holds the promise of massive resources in an ice-free future, producing tensions between ‘environmental’ and ‘development’ goals. Drawing on material from Siberia and Alaska we argue: (i) that extreme events in the Arctic are becoming normal; material demands are in a state of flux making it difficult to assess future material needs. We must consider material substitutions as much as material reduction; (ii) local-level responsive strategies should be taken into account. Core/periphery thinking tends to assume that answers come from ‘the centre’; this is, in our view, limited; (iii) we suggest that ‘flexibility’ may become a core survival value that is as important for city planners and public health officials as it is for Siberian reindeer herders. In this, we see not only the simultaneous need for mitigation and adaptation policies, but also for a concerted effort in promoting such capacities in young people.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Material demand reduction’.
16S rRNA deep sequencing identifies Actinotignum schaalii as the major component of a polymicrobial intra-abdominal infection and implicates a urinary source
Authors: Bryan Andrew , Kirkpatrick Lindsey M , Manaloor John J , Salipante Stephen J
Published: May 2017

Introduction. It can be difficult to catalogue the individual organisms comprising polymicrobial patient infections, both because conventional clinical microbiological culture does not facilitate the isolation and enumeration of all members of a complex microbial community, and because fastidious organisms may be mixed with organisms that grow rapidly in vitro. Empiric antimicrobial treatment is frequently employed based on the anatomical site and the suspected source of the infection, especially when an appropriately collected surgical specimen is not obtained.

Case presentation. We present a case of an intra-abdominal infection in a patient with complex anatomy and recurrent urinary tract infections. Imaging did not reveal a clear source of infection, no growth was obtained from urine cultures and initial abdominal fluid cultures were also negative. In contrast, 16S rRNA deep sequencing of abdominal fluid samples revealed mixed bacterial populations with abundant anaerobes, including Actinotignum schaalii (Actinobaculum schaalii). Ultimately, only Enterobacter cloacae complex and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, both of which were identified by sequencing, were recovered by culture.

Conclusion. The clinical application of 16S rRNA deep sequencing can more comprehensively and accurately define the organisms present in an individual patient's polymicrobial infection than conventional microbiological culture, detecting species that are not recovered under standard culture conditions or that are otherwise unexpected. These results can facilitate effective antimicrobial stewardship and help elucidate the possible origins of infections.
Translating GWAS Findings Into Therapies For Depression And Anxiety Disorders: Drug Repositioning Using Gene-Set Analyses Reveals Enrichment Of Psychiatric Drug Classes
Authors: So Hon-Cheong , Lau Alexandria , Chau Carlos Kwan-Long , Wong Sze-Yung
Published: May 2017

Depression and anxiety disorders are the first and sixth leading cause of disability worldwide according to latest reports from the World Health Organization. Despite their high prevalence and the significant disability resulted, there are limited advances in new drug development. On the other hand, the advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has greatly improved our understanding of the genetic basis underlying psychiatric disorders.

In this work we employed gene-set analyses of GWAS summary statistics for drug repositioning. We explored five related GWAS datasets, including two on major depressive disorder (MDD-PGC and MDD-CONVERGE, with the latter focusing on severe melancholic depression), one on anxiety disorders, and two on depressive symptoms and neuroticism in the population. We extracted gene-sets associated with each drug from DSigDB and examined their association with each GWAS phenotype. We also performed repositioning analyses on meta-analyzed GWAS data, integrating evidence from all related phenotypes.

Importantly, we showed that the repositioning hits are generally enriched for known psychiatric medications or those considered in clinical trials, except for MDD-PGC. Enrichment was seen for antidepressants and anxiolytics but also for antipsychotics. We also revealed new candidates or drug classes for repositioning, some of which were supported by experimental or clinical studies. For example, the top repositioning hit using meta-analyzed p-values was fendiline, which was shown to produce antidepressant-like effects in mouse models by inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase and reducing ceramide levels. Taken together, our findings suggest that human genomic data such as GWAS are useful in guiding drug discoveries for depression and anxiety disorders.
Nucleotide-Driven Triple-State Remodeling of the AAA-ATPase Channel in the Activated Human 26S Proteasome
Authors: Zhu Yanan , Wang Wei Li , Yu Daqi , Ouyang Qi , Lu Ying , Mao Youdong
Published: May 2017

The proteasome is a sophisticated ATP-dependent molecular machine responsible for protein degradation in all eukaryotic cells. It remains elusive how conformational changes of the AAA-ATPase unfoldase in the regulatory particle (RP) control the gating of substrate-translocation channel to the proteolytic chamber of the core particle (CP). Here we report three alternative states of the ATP-γS-bound human proteasome, in which the CP gate is asymmetrically open, visualized by cryo-EM at near-atomic resolutions. Only four nucleotides are stably bound to the AAA-ATPase ring in the open-gate states. Concerted nucleotide exchange gives rise to a back-and-forth wobbling motion of the AAA-ATPase channel, coincident with remarkable transitions of their pore loops between the spiral staircase and saddle-shaped circle topologies. Gate opening in the CP is thus controlled with nucleotide-driven remodeling of the AAA-ATPase unfoldase. These findings demonstrate an elegant mechanism of allosteric coordination among sub-machines within the holoenzyme that is crucial for substrate translocation.
RGBM: Regularized Gradient Boosting Machines for the Identification of Transcriptional Regulators of Discrete Glioma Subtypes
Authors: Mall Raghvendra , Cerulo Luigi , Kunji Khalid , Bensmail Halima , Sabedot Thais S. , Noushmehr Houtan , Iavarone Antonio , Ceccarelli Michele
Published: May 2017

The transcription factors (TF) which regulate gene expressions are key determinants of cellular phenotypes. Reconstructing large-scale genome-wide networks which capture the influence of TFs on target genes are essential for understanding and accurate modelling of living cells. We propose RGBM: a gene regulatory network (GRN) inference algorithm, which can handle data from heterogeneous information sources including dynamic time-series, gene knockout, gene knockdown, DNA microarrays and RNA-Seq expression profiles. RGBM allows to use an a priori mechanistic of active biding network consisting of TFs and corresponding target genes. RGBM is evaluated on the DREAM challenge datasets where it surpasses the winners of the competitions and other established methods for two evaluation metrics by about 10-15%.

We use RGBM to identify the main regulators of the molecular subtypes of brain tumors. Our analysis reveals the identity and corresponding biological activities of the master regulators driving transformation of the G-CIMP-high into the G-CIMP-low subtype of glioma and PA-like into LGm6-GBM, thus, providing a clue to the yet undetermined nature of the transcriptional events driving the evolution among these novel glioma subtypes.

RGBM is available for download on CRAN athttps://cran.rproject.org/web/packages/RGBM/index.html
Identification of cellular-activity dynamics across large tissue volumes in the mammalian brain
Authors: Grosenick Logan , Broxton Michael , Kim Christina K. , Liston Conor , Poole Ben , Yang Samuel , Andalman Aaron , Scharff Edward , Cohen Noy , Yizhar Ofer , Ramakrishnan Charu , Ganguli Surya , Suppes Patrick , Levoy Marc , Deisseroth Karl
Published: May 2017

Tracking the coordinated activity of cellular events through volumes of intact tissue is a major challenge in biology that has inspired significant technological innovation. Yet scanless measurement of the high-speed activity of individual neurons across three dimensions in scattering mammalian tissue remains an open problem. Here we develop and validate a computational imaging approach (SWIFT) that integrates high-dimensional, structured statistics with light field microscopy to allow the synchronous acquisition of single-neuron resolution activity throughout intact tissue volumes as fast as a camera can capture images (currently up to 100 Hz at full camera resolution), attaining rates needed to keep pace with emerging fast calcium and voltage sensors. We demonstrate that this large field-of-view, single-snapshot volume acquisition method—which requires only a simple and inexpensive modification to a standard fluorescence microscope—enables scanless capture of coordinated activity patterns throughout mammalian neural volumes. Further, the volumetric nature of SWIFT also allows fast in vivo imaging, motion correction, and cell identification throughout curved subcortical structures like the dorsal hippocampus, where cellular-resolution dynamics spanning hippocampal subfields can be simultaneously observed during a virtual context learning task in a behaving animal. SWIFT’s ability to rapidly and easily record from volumes of many cells across layers opens the door to widespread identification of dynamical motifs and timing dependencies among coordinated cell assemblies during adaptive, modulated, or maladaptive physiological processes in neural systems.
Modeling zero-inflated count data with glmmTMB
Authors: Brooks Mollie E. , Kristensen Kasper , van Benthem Koen J. , Magnusson Arni , Berg Casper W. , Nielsen Anders , Skaug Hans J. , Mächler Martin , Bolker Benjamin M.
Published: May 2017

Ecological phenomena are often measured in the form of count data. These data can be analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) when observations are correlated in ways that require random effects. However, count data are oftenzero-inflated, containing more zeros than would be expected from the standard error distributions used in GLMMs, e.g., parasite counts may be exactly zero for hosts with effective immune defenses but vary according to a negative binomial distribution for non-resistant hosts.

We present a new R package,glmmTMB, that increases the range of models that can easily be fitted to count data using maximum likelihood estimation. The interface was developed to be familiar to users of thelme4R package, a common tool for fitting GLMMs. To maximize speed and flexibility, estimation is done using Template Model Builder (TMB), utilizing automatic differentiation to estimate model gradients and the Laplace approximation for handling random effects. We demonstrateglmmTMBand compare it to other available methods using two ecological case studies.

In general,glmmTMBis more flexible than other packages available for estimating zero-inflated models via maximum likelihood estimation and is faster than packages that use Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling for estimation; it is also more flexible for zero-inflated modelling thanINLA, but speed comparisons vary with model and data structure. Our package can be used to fit GLMs and GLMMs with or without zero-inflation as well as hurdle models. By allowing ecologists to quickly estimate a wide variety of models using a single package,glmmTMBmakes it easier to find appropriate models and test hypotheses to describe ecological processes.
Distinct features of multivesicular body-lysosome fusion revealed by a new cell-free content-mixing assay
Authors: Karim Mahmoud Abdul , Samyn Dieter Ronny , Mattie Sevan , Brett Christopher Leonard
Published: May 2017

When marked for degradation, surface receptor and transporter proteins are internalized and delivered to endosomes where they are packaged into intralumenal vesicles (ILVs). Many rounds of ILV formation create multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that fuse with lysosomes exposing ILVs to hydrolases for catabolism. Despite being critical for protein degradation, the molecular underpinnings of MVB-lysosome fusion remain unclear, although machinery underlying other lysosome fusion events is implicated. But how then is specificity conferred? And how is MVB maturation and fusion coordinated for efficient protein degradation? To address these questions, we developed a cell-free MVB-lysosome fusion assay using S. cerevisiae as a model. After confirming that the Rab7 ortholog Ypt7 and the multisubunit tethering complex HOPS are required, we found that the Qa-SNARE Pep12 distinguishes this event from homotypic lysosome fusion. Mutations that impair MVB maturation block fusion by preventing Ypt7 activation, confirming that a Rab-cascade mechanism harmonizes MVB maturation with lysosome fusion.

IMPACT STATEMENT

Endocytosis culminates with multivesicular bodies (MVBs) fusing with lysosomes. But the molecular underpinnings of this event remain unclear. Here, using S. cerevisiae as a model, Karim et al. employ a new in vitro assay to show that MVB-lysosome fusion is driven by ESCRT-dependent Rab-GTPase activation and the syntaxin ortholog Pep12, distinguishing it from other lysosome membrane fusion events.
Dense Bicoid Hubs Accentuate Binding along the Morphogen Gradient
Authors: Mir Mustafa , Reimer Armando , Haines Jenna E. , Li Xiao-Yong , Stadler Michael , Garcia Hernan , Eisen Michael B. , Darzacq Xavier
Published: May 2017

Morphogen gradients direct the spatial patterning of developing embryos, however, the mechanisms by which these gradients are interpreted remain elusive. Here we performin vivosingle molecule imaging in earlyDrosophila melanogasterembryos of the transcription factor Bicoid that forms a gradient and initiates patterning along the anteroposterior axis. We observe that Bicoid binds to DNA with a rapid off-rate, such that its average occupancy at target loci is on-rate dependent, a property required for concentration-sensitive regulation. Surprisingly, we also observe abundant specific DNA binding in posterior nuclei, where Bicoid levels are vanishingly low. Live embryo imaging reveals spatiotemporal “hubs” of local high Bicoid concentration that are dependent on the ubiquitous maternal factor Zelda. We propose that localized modulation of transcription factor on-rates via clustering, provides a general mechanism to facilitate binding to low-affinity targets, and that this may be a prevalent feature directing other developmental transcription networks.
Shopping for kids’ luxury brands: young mothers’ identity quest in retail spaces
Authors: Silhouette-Dercourt Virginie , de Lassus Christel
Published: May 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to focus on mothers as key influencers in luxury retailing contexts.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a semiotic interpretation of mothers’ discourses, the authors underline the identity motivations for purchasing luxury apparel for their pre-adolescent children.

Findings

The paper shows that when shopping for luxury brands for their pre-adolescent children, mothers manage discrepancies between their “real” and “idealised” selves as well as the pushes and pulls of being a mother and a woman.

Research limitations/implications

The findings point to possible future research on this topic, particularly with regard to investigating how luxury stores and retailers can adapt so as to satisfy mothers’ identity quest.

Practical implications

Managers of luxury brand retail spaces looking at the future of retailing could analyse their store environment in the light of these mothers’ identity-related motivations. As well as focussing on how children look, store layout and merchandising should provide different spaces for mothers’ identity expression, using new in-store digital technologies.

Originality/value

This study is one of the first to analyse luxury shopping for children taking the point of view of mothers. The paper underlines how young mothers build their new maternal identity and their projected relationship with their child through purchases of children’s luxury goods in specific retail environments.
Doing it for the kids: the role of sustainability in family consumption
Authors: Ritch Elaine L. , Brownlie Douglas
Published: May 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore social dynamics around food and clothing provisioning for young families and how involvement in environmental concerns shapes those dynamics and presents challenges and opportunities to in terms of evolving consumer tastes. Through collecting and analysing narratives of mothering, the authors explore the influence of children on decision making in household provisioning; in particular, how their education into sustainable concepts through the European initiative of eco-schools impacts provisioning.

Design/methodology/approach

The exploratory research design specifically sought the demographic profile identified in extant literature as engaging with sustainability issues to explore how they were interpreted into familial consumption. This resulted in 28 unstructured interviews exploring a range of related topics with a group of highly educated working mothers with a profession.

Findings

The study finds that family consumption behaviour is mediated by relations towards environmental concerns and taste positions taken by both parents and children. It illustrates how care for children’s safety, social resilience and health and well-being is habitus informed as well as being the subject of wider institutional logics including educational interventions such as school eco-status and participation in mother and child activity groups. However, tensions arose surrounding the children’s socialisation with peers and space was provided to help the children self-actualise.

Research limitations/implications

The exploratory goal of the study limited the scope of its empirical work to a small group of participants sharing consumer characteristics and geographical location.

Practical implications

The research provides ideas for retailers, brands and marketers to better position their product offering as it relates to growing family concerns for ecological issues and sustainable consumption, as well as what motivates sustainable behaviours, from both the child and mothers perspective.

Social implications

The research identifies the immersion of sustainability into family households when there are no financial implications, influenced through campaigns, schools and society. This provides examples of what motivates sustainable behaviours for retailers and marketers to develop strategies that can be capitalised on.

Originality/value

The originality of the research emerges through examining how children influence sustainability within households and decision making, moving beyond health implications to educate children to be responsible consumers through play and authentic experiences.
Fulfilling employees’ psychological contracts: organizational socialization’s role
Authors: DeBode Jason D. , Mossholder Kevin W. , Walker Alan G.
Published: May 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating role of psychological contract fulfillment in the relationship between socialization tactics and attachment-related outcomes (i.e. organizational commitment and person-organization fit).

Design/methodology/approach

Data were obtained from online data collection services which allowed for a custom sample of new employees (n=326) from a variety of organizations and industries.

Findings

Psychological contract fulfillment partially mediated the relationship between one socialization tactic (i.e. social) and attachment-related outcomes.Post hocanalyses offered support for a hierarchy of socialization tactics with respect to prediction of organization-relevant outcomes.

Research limitations/implications

Researchers and practitioners have long believed socialization plays an important role in creating successful new employees. However, researchers have yet to adequately examine the mechanisms facilitating these relationships. This study advances the socialization literature by highlighting one such mechanism – psychological contract fulfillment.

Originality/value

This study seeks to explore the “black box” of socialization. Specifically, whereas prior work has suggested one tactic (i.e. social) may be more important than others, this is among the few studies exploring a potential hierarchy of socialization tactics. The authors then discuss the implications of this hierarchy for future research.
The influence of servant leadership, trust in leader and thriving on employee creativity
Authors: Jaiswal Neeraj Kumar , Dhar Rajib Lochan
Published: May 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how servant leadership, trust in leader and thriving drive employee creativity.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a dyadic sample of 48 teams (each team comprising a supervisor and the subordinates under him), the authors investigated the role of servant leadership in predicting employee creativity, the mediating role of trust in leader and interactive role of thriving therein.

Findings

Findings of the study revealed that servant leaders instilled trust within followers, which acted as a mediator in predicting creativity. Further, thriving was found to act as a moderator that influenced the relationship between trust in leader and employee creativity. Findings also indicated that thriving employees exhibited a greater degree of creative behavior when they trusted their leader.

Research limitations/implications

Based on these findings, the study draws the attention of managers toward the role of servant leadership, trust in leaders and thriving in promoting employee creativity.

Originality/value

This is one of the first studies to integrate servant leadership, trust in leader, thriving and creative behavior into a single theoretical model. The study further provides evidence to validate the proposed model in context of predicting employee creativity.