bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geometrical trans Lipid Isomers: A New Target for Lipidomics
Authors: Ferreri Carla , Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos
Published: September 2005

Evidence that lipids play different roles in the biological environment, particularly in dealing with metabolic regulation and cell signaling, has led to a growing interest in these molecules, and nowadays the research field of lipid structures and functions is called lipidomics. The term describes diverse research areas, from mapping the entire spectrum of lipids in organisms to describing the function and metabolism of individual lipids. Recent investigations on geometrical trans isomers of fatty acid derivatives, which have the double bonds in the same position as the natural compounds but with the trans instead of the naturally occurring cis geometry, highlighted these compounds as a new target for lipidomics. In addition to the identification of their structures and functions, research in a multidisciplinary context aims at understanding the biochemical significance of cis and trans lipid geometry, and a chemical biology approach can be envisaged to explore the role of the geometry change as either an alteration or a signal that can perturb a biological system and induce a cellular response.
Cover Picture: A Mass Spectrometric and Molecular Modelling Study of Cisplatin Binding to Transferrin (ChemBioChem 10/2005)
Authors: Khalaila Isam , Allardyce Claire S. , Verma Chandra S. , Dyson Paul J.
Published: September 2005

The cover picture shows a representation of blood flow through an artery that carries cisplatin‐bound transferrin. The cisplatin‐bound transferrin is encased by a platinum ring, which reflects the platinum question: "Could the unprecedented clinical success of cisplatin be due, in part, to transferrin‐mediated delivery to cancer cells?" In the article by P. J. Dyson and co‐workers on p. 1788 ff, mass spectrometric based evidence is provided to suggest that cisplatin binds to the iron‐binding site of transferrin, and the implications of this evidence are discussed.
Poly(styrene)‐Supported Co–Salen Complexes as Efficient Recyclable Catalysts for the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Epichlorohydrin
Authors: Zheng Xiaolai , Jones Christopher W. , Weck Marcus
Published: September 2005

Here we describe an unprecedented synthetic approach to poly(styrene)‐supported chiral salen ligands by the free radical polymerization of an unsymmetrical styryl‐substituted salen monomer (H2salen=bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine). The new method allows for the attachment of salen moieties to the polymer main chain in a flexible, pendant fashion, avoiding grafting reactions that often introduce ill‐defined species on the polymers. Moreover, the loading of the salen is controlled by the copolymerization of the styryl‐substituted salen monomer with styrene in different ratios. The polymeric salen ligands are metallated with cobalt(II) acetate to afford the corresponding supported Co–salen complexes, which are used in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of racemic epichlorohydrin, exhibiting high reactivity and enantioselectivity. Remarkably, the copolymer‐supported Co–salen complexes showed a better catalytic performance (>99 % ee, 54 % conversion, one hour) in comparison to the homopolymeric analogues and the small molecule Co–salen complex. The soluble poly(styrene)‐supported catalysts were recovered by precipitation after the catalytic reactions and were recycled three times to afford almost identical enantiomeric excesses as the first run, with slightly reduced reaction rates.
Outcome of partial hepatectomy for large (> 10 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Liau Kui‐Hin , Ruo Leyo , Shia Jinru , Padela Aasim , Gonen Mithat , Jarnagin William R. , Fong Yuman , D'Angelica Michael I. , Blumgart Leslie H. , DeMatteo Ronald P.
Published: September 2005

BACKGROUND

Surgical resection for large (> 10 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is believed by many to be ineffective. The objective of the current study was to review the outcome of partial hepatectomy in patients with large HCC.

METHODS

Between 1985 and 2002, 193 consecutive patients who underwent partial hepatectomy for HCC were identified from a prospective database. The 82 patients with tumors > 10 cm were compared with the remaining 111 patients with ≤ 10 cm tumors. Clinicopathologic features were analyzed and prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

The 5‐year overall survival for patients with large HCC was 33% with a median of 32 months. Patients with ≤ 10 cm tumors had similar survival. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the groups in operative mortality (2% in large HCC vs. 6%) or recurrence rate. In patients with large HCC, vascular invasion by tumor and intraoperative blood loss > 2 liters predicted overall survival on multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Partial hepatectomy is safe for patients with large HCC. In selected patients with large tumors, resection achieves similar overall survival and recurrence‐free survival to that of patients with smaller tumors. Minimizing intraoperative blood loss appears to be critical for favorable long‐term outcome in patients with large HCC. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein (LRP)‐2/megalin is transiently expressed in a subpopulation of neural progenitors in the embryonic mouse spinal cord
Authors: Wicher Grzegorz , Larsson Mårten , Rask Lars , Aldskogius Håkan
Published: September 2005

The lipoprotein receptor LRP2/megalin is expressed by absorptive epithelia and involved in receptor‐mediated endocytosis of a wide range of ligands. Megalin is expressed in the neuroepithelium during central nervous system (CNS) development. Mice with homozygous deletions of the megalin gene show severe forebrain abnormalities. The possible role of megalin in the developing spinal cord, however, is unknown. Here we examined the spatial and temporal expression pattern of megalin in the embryonic mouse spinal cord using an antibody that specifically recognizes the cytoplasmic part of the megalin molecule. In line with published data, we show expression of megalin in ependymal cells of the central canal from embryonic day (E)11 until birth. In addition, from E11 until E15 a population of cells was found in the dorsal part of the developing spinal cord strongly immunoreactive against megalin. Double labeling showed that most of these cells express vimentin, a marker for immature astrocytes and radial glia, but not brain lipid binding protein (BLBP), a marker for radial glial cells, or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for mature astrocytes. These findings indicate that the majority of the megalin‐positive cells are astroglial precursors. Megalin immunoreactivity was mainly localized in the nuclei of these cells, suggesting that the cytoplasmic part of the megalin molecule can be cleaved following ligand binding and translocated to the nucleus to act as a transcription factor or regulate other transcription factors. These findings suggest that megalin has a crucial role in the development of astrocytes of the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:123–131, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topography of olivo‐cortico‐nuclear modules in the intermediate cerebellum of the rat
Authors: Pijpers Angelique , Voogd Jan , Ruigrok Tom J.H.
Published: September 2005

This study provides a detailed anatomical description of the relation between olivo‐cortico‐nuclear modules of the intermediate cerebellum of the rat and the intrinsic zebrin pattern of the Purkinje cells. Strips of climbing fibers were labeled using small injections of biotinylated dextran amine into either the medial or dorsal accessory olives, while, in some cases, simultaneous retrograde labeling of Purkinje cells was obtained using gold‐lectin injections into selected parts of the interposed nuclei. Our data are represented in a new, highly detailed, cortical surface reconstruction of the zebrin pattern and in relation to the collateral labeling of the climbing fibers to the cerebellar nuclei. We show that the somatotopic regions of the dorsal accessory olive behave differently in their projections to essentially zebrin‐negative regions that represent the C1 and C3 zones of the anterior and posterior parts of the cortex. The rostral part of the medial accessory olive projects to zebrin‐positive areas, in particular to the P4+ band of the anterior lobe and lobule VI and to the P5+ band of the posterior lobe, indicating that C2 has two noncontiguous representations in the SL and crus 1. By relating the areas of overlap that resulted from the injections in the accessory olives, i.e., labeling of climbing fiber strips and patches of climbing fiber nuclear collaterals, with the results from the injections in the interposed nuclei, i.e., retrograde labeling of Purkinje cells and of inferior olivary neurons, direct verification of the concept of modular cerebellar connections was obtained. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:193–213, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mouse brain IgG‐like immunoreactivity: Strain‐specific occurrence in microglia and biochemical identification of IgG
Authors: Hazama Gen‐I , Yasuhara Osamu , Morita Hiroyuki , Aimi Yoshinari , Tooyama Ikuo , Kimura Hiroshi
Published: September 2005

Unlike the brains of most mammals, the mouse brain appears unique in the massive appearance of cells showing IgG‐like immunoreactivity, which has repeatedly been shown via immunohistochemistry. In the present study, we first examined possible species differences in IgG‐like immunohistochemical staining in the brains of various rodents, including mice. In four of six mouse strains examined (ICR, Balb/c, C57BL/6, and AKR/J), antibodies against mouse IgG revealed positive staining in many brain microglia. However, no such positive staining was detected in brains of the rat, hamster, guinea pig, or two other mouse strains (CBA/N and CBA/J). We purified IgG‐like‐immunoreactive molecule(s) biochemically from brain of the ICR mouse as a representative mouse strain. Our amino‐acid‐sequence analysis proved that the purified protein was identical to serum IgG. The possibility of IgG synthesis by brain microglia in the ICR mouse was denied by our RT‐PCR experiments and in situ hybridization histochemistry. In addition, Fcγ‐receptor‐deficient double‐knockout mice of the C57BL/6 genetic background contained no IgG‐immunoreactive microglia in the brain. These results clearly indicate that microglial IgG staining is due to the uptake of serum IgG through Fcγ receptors. However, the strain‐specific mechanisms resulting in microglial IgG uptake remain to be elucidated, in that Fcγ receptors are omnipresent in microglia of all rodents examined here. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:234–249, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constitutive neuronal expression of CCR2 chemokine receptor and its colocalization with neurotransmitters in normal rat brain: Functional effect of MCP‐1/CCL2 on calcium mobilization in primary cultured neurons
Authors: Banisadr Ghazal , Gosselin Romain‐Daniel , Mechighel Patricia , Rostène William , Kitabgi Patrick , Mélik Parsadaniantz Stéphane
Published: September 2005

Chemokines and their receptors are well described in the immune system, where they promote cell migration and activation. In the central nervous system, chemokine has been implicated in neuroinflammatory processes. However, an increasing number of evidence suggests that they have regulatory functions in the normal nervous system, where they could participate in cell communication. In this work, using a semiquantitative immunohistochemistry approach, we provide the first neuroanatomical mapping of constitutive neuronal CCR2 localization. Neuronal expression of CCR2 was observed in the anterior olfactory nucleus, cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, caudate putamen, globus pallidus, supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, amygdala, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and in the brainstem and cerebellum. These data are largely in accordance with results obtained using quantitative autoradiography with [125I]MCP‐1/CCL2 and RT‐PCR CCR2 mRNA analysis. Furthermore, using dual fluorescent immunohistochemistry we studied the chemical phenotype of labeled neurons and demonstrated the coexistence of CCR2 with classical neurotransmitters. Indeed, localization of CCR2 immunostaining is observed in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and in the ventral tegmental area as well as in cholinergic neurons in the substantia innominata and caudate putamen. Finally, we show that the preferential CCR2 ligand, MCP‐1/CCL2, elicits Ca2+ transients in primary cultured neurons from various rat brain regions including the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon. In conclusion, the constitutive neuronal CCR2 expression in selective brain structures suggests that this receptor could be involved in neuronal communication and possibly associated with cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission and related disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:178–192, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereological study of postnatal development in the mouse utricular macula
Authors: Kirkegaard Mette , Nyengaard Jens R.
Published: September 2005

This study describes the morphometric changes taking place in the utricular macula of mice with ages in geometric progression from 1 to 512 days after birth. By using design‐based stereological methods, the total volume and surface area of the sensory epithelium as well the total number of the hair cells and supporting cells were estimated. Finally, the numerical density, volume density, and mean volume of the individual cell types were determined. The major changes were found in the number of the individual cell types during the first couple of weeks, and a mature composition of cell types was not attained until 16 days after birth. There was no change in the total number of cells and no decline in the number of hair cells within the time period studied. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:132–144, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SOX7 and SOX18 are essential for cardiogenesis in Xenopus
Authors: Zhang Chi , Basta Tamara , Klymkowsky Michael W.
Published: September 2005

Early in vertebrate development, endodermal signals act on mesoderm to induce cardiogenesis. The F‐type SOXs SOX7 and SOX18β are expressed in the cardiogenic region of the early Xenopus embryo. Injection of RNAs encoding SOX7 or SOX18β, but not the related F‐type SOX, SOX17, leads to the nodal‐dependent expression of markers of cardiogenesis in animal cap explants. Injection of morpholinos directed against either SOX7 or SOX18mRNAs lead to a partial inhibition of cardiogenesis in vivo, while co‐injection of SOX7 and SOX18 morpholinos strongly inhibited cardiogenesis. SOX7 RNA rescued the effects of the SOX18 morpholino and visa versa, indicating that the proteins have redundant functions. In animal cap explants, it appears that SOX7 and SOX18 act indirectly through Xnr2 to induce mesodermal (Eomesodermin, Snail, Wnt11), organizer (Cerberus) and endodermal (endodermin, Hex) tissues, which then interact to initiate cardiogenesis. Versions of SOX7 and SOX18 with their C‐terminal, β‐catenin interaction domains replaced by a transcriptional activator domain failed to antagonize β‐catenin activation of Siamois, but still induced cardiogenesis. These observations identify SOX7 and SOX18 as important, and previously unsuspected, regulators of cardiogenesis in Xenopus. Developmental Dynamics 234:878–891, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The homeodomain transcription factor Gbx1 identifies a subpopulation of late‐born GABAergic interneurons in the developing dorsal spinal cord
Authors: John Anita , Wildner Hendrik , Britsch Stefan
Published: September 2005

The dorsal spinal cord processes somatosensory information and relays it to higher brain centers and to motoneurons in the ventral spinal horn. These functions reside in a large number of distinct sensory interneurons that are organized in specific laminae within the dorsal spinal horn. Homeodomain and bHLH transcription factors can control the development of neuronal cell types in the dorsal horn. Here, we demonstrate that the murine homeodomain transcription factor Gbx1 is expressed specifically in a subset of Lbx1+ (class B) neurons in the dorsal horn. Expression of Gbx1 in the dorsal spinal cord depends on Lbx1 function. Immunohistological analyses revealed that Gbx1 identifies a distinct population of late‐born, Lhx1/5+, Pax2+ neurons. In the perinatal period as well as in the adult spinal cord, Gbx1 marks a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons. The expression of Gbx1 suggests that it controls development of a specific subset of GABAergic neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Developmental Dynamics 234:767–771, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noses and neurons: Induction, morphogenesis, and neuronal differentiation in the peripheral olfactory pathway
Authors: Balmer Curtis W. , LaMantia Anthony‐Samuel
Published: September 2005

Nonaxial mesenchymal/epithelial (M/E) induction guides peripheral olfactory pathway differentiation using cellular and molecular mechanisms similar to those in the developing limbs, aortic arches, and branchial arches. At each of these bilaterally symmetric sites off the midline axis, a thickened ectodermal epithelium is apposed to a specialized mesenchyme derived largely, but not exclusively, from the neural crest. The capacity of M/E interaction in the olfactory primordia (the combined olfactory placodal epithelium and adjacent mesenchyme) to induce a distinct class of sensory receptor neurons—olfactory receptor neurons—suggests that this mechanism has been modified to accommodate neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and axon guidance, in addition to musculoskeletal differentiation, chondrogenesis, and vasculogenesis. Accordingly, although the olfactory primordia share signaling molecules and transcriptional regulators with other bilaterally symmetric, nonaxial sites such as limb buds, their activity may be adapted to mediate distinct aspects of cellular differentiation and process outgrowth during the initial assembly of a sensory pathway—the primary olfactory pathway—during early forebrain development. Developmental Dynamics 234:464–481, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple 1,2‐Diamine Ligands for Asymmetric Addition of Aryllithium Reagents to Imines
Authors: Cabello Noemi , Kizirian Jean‐Claude , Gille Ségolène , Alexakis Alexandre , Bernardinelli Gérald , Pinchard Laurent , Caille Jean‐Claude
Published: September 2005

Enantioselective addition of various aryllithium reagents to aromatic imines was catalyzed (20 mol‐%) by readily accessible 1,2‐diamines to afford a wide range of protected diarylmethylamines in up to 94 % enantiomeric excess. Furthermore, the absolute configuration of these arylation products was determined by using X‐ray crystallography. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Hydrothermal and mechanical stresses degrade fiber–matrix interfacial bond strength in dental fiber‐reinforced composites
Authors: Bouillaguet Serge , Schütt Andrea , Alander Pasi , Schwaller Patrick , Buerki Gerhard , Michler Johann , Cattani‐Lorente Maria , Vallittu Pekka K. , Krejci Ivo
Published: September 2005

Fiber‐reinforced composites (FRCs) show great promise as long‐term restorative materials in dentistry and medicine. Recent evidence indicates that these materials degrade in vivo, but the mechanisms are unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate mechanisms of deterioration of glass fiber–polymer matrix bond strengths in dental fiber‐reinforced composites during hydrothermal and mechanical aging. Conventional three‐point bending tests on dental FRCs were used to assess flexural strengths and moduli. Micro push‐out tests were used to measure glass fiber–polymer matrix bond strengths, and nanoindentation tests were used to determine the modulus of elasticity of fiber and polymer matrix phases separately. Bar‐shaped specimens of FRCs (EverStick, StickTech, and Vectris Pontic, Ivoclar‐Vivadent) were either stored at room temperature, in water (37 and 100°C) or subjected to ageing (106 cycles, load: 49 N), then tested by three‐point bending. Thin slices were prepared for micro push‐out and nanoindentation tests. The ultimate flexural strengths of both FRCs were significantly reduced after aging (p < 0.05). Both water storage and mechanical loading reduced the interfacial bond strengths of glass fibers to polymer matrices. Nanoindentation tests revealed a slight reduction in the elastic modulus of the EverStick and Vectris Pontic polymer matrix after water storage. Mechanical properties of FRC materials degrade primarily by a loss of interfacial bond strength between the glass and resin phases. This degradation is detectable by micro push‐out and nanoindentation methods. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Evaluation of an improved acid hydrolysis‐HPLC assay for the acetyl content in chitin and chitosan
Authors: Ng Chuen‐How , Hein San , Chandrkrachang Suwalee , Stevens Willem F.
Published: September 2005

Functional properties of the amino polysaccharides, chitin and chitosan, vary significantly with their acetyl content. The acid hydrolysis‐HPLC method offers good accuracy and precision to assay the acetyl content regardless of the solubility of the sample. In this research, the hydrolysis parameters were changed, and the analytical method was counterchecked with other methods. Complete hydrolysis was achieved by mixing chitosan with 1.4 mM oxalic acid and 12 M sulfuric acid followed by treatment at 110°C for 40 min. A sealed glass ampule was used instead of a vacuum hydrolysis tube. The acetic acid released during acid hydrolysis was measured quantitatively by HPLC. A high correlation (r2 = 0.98) was obtained between the modified HPLC assay and the solid‐state 13C CP/MAS NMR method for the samples of various crustacean sources with a wide range of acetyl contents. The modified HPLC method was also highly correlated (r2 = 0.99) with the first derivative UV method for soluble chitosan. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Sealing properties of different resin‐based root canal sealers
Authors: Adanir Necdet , Çobankara Funda Kont , Belli Sema
Published: October 2005

In this study, a comparison of the sealing properties of three different resin‐based sealers, AH26, Diaket, and EndoREZ with those of the root canal sealer zinc oxide–eugenol‐based U/P Root Canal Sealer was performed. Eighty extracted single‐rooted human mandibular first premolar teeth were used. The coronal part of each tooth was removed at the apical 17‐mm of roots. The root canals were prepared to a size 7 with ProFile 0.06 taper Series 29 rotary instruments in a crown‐down manner before lateral condensation of gutta‐percha with the tested sealers (n = 20). A fluid filtration method was used for quantitative evaluation of apical leakage. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences between the resin‐based sealers groups (AH26, Diaket, and EndoREZ) (p>0.05). U/P Root Canal Sealer, zinc oxide–eugenol‐based sealer, leaked significantly more than other tested groups (p<0.05). Under the limitations of this study, resin‐based root canal sealers were found more effective in sealing root canals than the zinc oxide–eugenol‐based sealer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Theoretical aspects of virus capsid assembly
Authors: Zlotnick Adam
Published: September 2005

A virus capsid is constructed from many copies of the same protein(s). Molecular recognition is central to capsid assembly. The capsid protein must polymerize in order to create a three‐dimensional protein polymer. More than structure is required to understand this self‐assembly reaction: one must understand how the pieces come together in solution. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of photochemical tissue bonding for closure of skin incisions and excisions
Authors: Kamegaya Yoko , Farinelli William A. , Vila Echague Agustina V. , Akita Hirotaka , Gallagher Jamie , Flotte Thomas J. , Anderson R. Rox , Redmond Robert W. , Kochevar Irene E.
Published: September 2005

Background and Objectives

Photochemical tissue bonding (PTB) is a new non‐thermal technique for tissue repair involving application of a photochemically active dye and irradiation with visible light. The objective was to compare PTB with standard sutures and the tissue adhesive, octyl cyanoacrylate, for closure of skin incisions and excisions.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Incisions and excisions made on the flanks of a Hanford mini‐pig were secured with subcutaneous sutures. Superficial closure methods were 3–0 monofilament sutures, PTB (Rose Bengal and green light), tissue adhesive and the combination of tissue adhesive then PTB. Wounds were evaluated 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperatively for cosmetic outcomes and histology.

Results

Cosmetic outcomes and histological scar width of incisions and excisions did not differ among the treatment groups at 2, 4, and 6 weeks.

Conclusion

PTB is as effective as standard sutures for wound closure in porcine skin in terms of cosmetic outcomes and safety. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) prevents oxidative stress and reduces fibrosis in rat traumatized Achilles tendon
Authors: Fillipin Lidiane Isabel , Mauriz José Luis , Vedovelli Kelem , Moreira Andréa Janz , Zettler Claudio Galeano , Lech Osvandré , Marroni Norma Possa , González‐Gallego Javier
Published: September 2005

Background and Objectives

The present study investigated the effects of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) on oxidative stress and fibrosis in an experimental model of Achilles tendon injury induced by a single impact trauma.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8): control, trauma, trauma+LLLT for 14 days, and trauma+LLLT for 21 days. Achilles tendon traumatism was produced by dropping down a load with an impact kinetic energy of 0.544 J. A low level Ga–As laser was applied with a 904 nm wavelength, 45 mW average power, 5 J/cm2 dosage, for 35 seconds duration, continuously. Studies were carried out at day 21.

Results

Histology showed a loss of normal architecture, with inflammatory reaction, angiogenesis, vasodilatation, and extracellular matrix formation after trauma. This was accompanied by a significant increase in collagen concentration when compared the control group. Oxidative stress, measured by the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroperoxyde‐initiated chemiluminiscence, was also significantly increased in the trauma group. Administration of LLLT for 14 or 21 days markedly alleviated histological abnormalities reduced collagen concentration and prevented oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased by LLLT treatment over control values.

Conclusion

LLLT by Ga–As laser reduces histological abnormalities, collagen concentration, and oxidative stress in an experimental model of Achilles tendon injury. Reduction of fibrosis could be mediated by the beneficial effects on the oxidant/antioxidant balance. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decay rates of the plate equations
Authors: Ammari K. , Khenissi M.
Published: September 2005

We consider the Kirchhoff plate equation and the Bernoulli–Euler plate equation. The energy decay rate in both cases is investigated. Moreover, when we do not have exponential stability in the energy space, we give explicit logarithmic decay estimates valid for regular initial data. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A note on operator‐valued Fourier multipliers on Besov spaces
Authors: Bu Shangquan , Kim Jin‐Myong
Published: September 2005

Let X be a Banach space. We show that each m : ℝ \ {0} → L (X ) satisfying the Mikhlin condition supx ≠0(‖m (x )‖ + ‖xm ′(x )‖) < ∞ defines a Fourier multiplier on B s p,q (ℝ; X ) if and only if 1 < p < ∞ and X is isomorphic to a Hilbert space; each bounded measurable function m : ℝ → L (X ) having a uniformly bounded variation on dyadic intervals defines a Fourier multiplier on B s p,q (ℝ; X ) if and only if 1 < p < ∞ and X is a UMD space. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multiple Dedekind sums and relative class number formulae
Authors: Hirabayashi Mikihito , Tsumura Hirofumi
Published: September 2005

We construct some multiple Dedekind sums and relate them to the relative class number of an imaginary abelian number field. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The coarea formula for real‐valued Lipschitz maps on stratified groups
Authors: Magnani Valentino
Published: September 2005

We establish a coarea formula for real‐valued Lipschitz maps on stratified groups when the domain is endowed with a homogeneous distance and level sets are measured by the Q – 1 dimensional spherical Hausdorff measure. The number Q is the Hausdorff dimension of the group with respect to its Carnot–Carathéodory distance. We construct a Lipschitz function on the Heisenberg group which is not approximately differentiable on a set of positive measure, provided that the Euclidean notion of differentiability is adopted. The coarea formula for stratified groups also applies to this function, where the Euclidean one clearly fails. This phenomenon shows that the coarea formula holds for the natural class of Lipschitz functions which arises from the geometry of the group and that this class may be strictly larger than the usual one. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On some normability conditions
Authors: Terzioğlu Tosun , Yurdakul Murat , Zahariuta Vyacheslav
Published: September 2005

Various normability conditions of locally convex spaces (including Vogt interpolation classes DN φ and Ωφ as well as quasi‐ and asymptotic normability) are investigated. In particular, it is shown that on the class of Schwartz spaces the property of asymptotic normability coincides with the property GS , which is a natural generalization of Gelfand–Shilov countable normability (cf. [9, 25], where the metrizable case was treated). It is observed also that there are certain natural duality relationships among some of normability conditions. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Short‐term capacity allocation problem with tool and setup constraints
Authors: Akçalı Elif , Üngör Alper , Uzsoy Reha
Published: September 2005

We consider a short‐term capacity allocation problem with tool and setup constraints that arises in the context of operational planning in a semiconductor wafer fabrication facility. The problem is that of allocating the available capacity of parallel nonidentical machines to available work‐in‐process (WIP) inventory of operations. Each machine can process a subset of the operations and a tool setup is required on a machine to change processing from one operation to another. Both the number of tools available for an operation and the number of setups that can be performed on a machine during a specified time horizon are limited. We formulate this problem as a degree‐constrained network flow problem on a bipartite graph, show that the problem is NP‐hard, and propose constant factor approximation algorithms. We also develop constructive heuristics and a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure for the problem. Our computational experiments demonstrate that our solution procedures solve the problem efficiently, rendering the use of our algorithms in real environment feasible. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005
Synthesis, crystallization, and morphology of star‐shaped poly(ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Wang Jing‐Liang , Wang Lu , Dong Chang‐Ming
Published: September 2005

Six‐arm star‐shaped poly(ε‐caprolactone) (sPCL) was successfully synthesized via the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone with a commercial dipentaerythritol as the initiator and stannous octoate (SnOct2) as the catalyst in bulk at 120 °C. The effects of the molar ratios of both the monomer to the initiator and the monomer to the catalyst on the molecular weight of the polymer were investigated in detail. The molecular weight of the polymer linearly increased with the molar ratio of the monomer to the initiator, and the molecular weight distribution was very low (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight = 1.05–1.24). However, the molar ratio of the monomer to the catalyst had no apparent influence on the molecular weight of the polymer. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated that the maximal melting point, cold crystallization temperature, and degree of crystallinity of the sPCL polymers increased with increasing molecular weight, and crystallinities of different sizes and imperfect crystallization possibly did not exist in the sPCL polymers. Furthermore, polarized optical microscopy analysis indicated that the crystallization rate of the polymers was in the order of linear poly(ε‐caprolactone) (LPCL) > sPCL5 > sPCL1 (sPCL5 had a higher molecular weight than both sPCL1 and LPCL, which had similar molecular weights). Both LPCL and sPCL5 exhibited a good spherulitic morphology with apparent Maltese cross patterns, whereas sPCL1 showed a poor spherulitic morphology. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5449–5457, 2005
Thymine‐functionalized polystyrenes for applications in biotechnology. III. Increasing the thymine loading via a new synthetic pathway
Authors: Cunningham Michael F. , Chatterton Matthew , Puskas Judit E.
Published: October 2005

In this article, we report an efficient method for the synthesis of thymine‐functionalized polystyrene microspheres. First, poly(styrene‐co‐4‐chloromethylstyrene) copolymers slightly crosslinked with divinylbenzene were synthesized in batch free‐radical emulsion copolymerization. Microspheres with a particle size of ∼40–70 nm were obtained with greater than 99% conversion. The chloromethylstyrene (CMS) groups were then converted into thymylmethylstyrene (TMS) in a two‐phase system with greater than 80% efficiency, and up to a 45 mol % thymine loading was achieved. The functionalized microspheres were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The analyses revealed partial hydrolysis of the CMS functionalities, yielding hydroxymethyl functional groups in addition to the thymine functionalities. These copolymers have potential applications in biotechnology. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5545–5553, 2005
Kinetics and mechanisms in carbocationic polymerization: The quest for true rate constants
Authors: Puskas Judit E. , Chan Sam W. P. , McAuley Kimberley B. , Shaikh Sohel , Kaszas Gabor
Published: September 2005

This article is a critical analysis of kinetic dataavailable on carbocationic polymerizations. A survey of published propagation rate constant (kp) data revealed several orders of magnitude differences. In this article, an explanation of this apparent discrepancy is offered with a case study involving the carbocationic polymerization of 2,4,6‐trimethylstyrene (TMS). With the polymerization mechanism originally proposed for this system, kp = 1.35 × 104 L mol−1 s−1 was extracted from experimental data with the Predici polyreaction package. The alternative mechanism yielded kp = 1.01 × 107 L mol−1 s−1, close to that predicted by Mayr's Linear Free Energy Relationship (LFER). We propose that true rate constants can only be obtained from direct competition experiments or from kinetic interpretation based on independently proven mechanisms. The second part of this review discusses critical analysis of the temperature and concentration dependence of various living IB systems. Comparison of the temperature dependence in systems initiated with 2‐ chloro‐2,4, 4‐ trimethylpentane (TMPCl)/TiCl4 from various laboratories yielded of ΔH ∼−25 and −34.5 kJ/mol for high and low TMPCl/TiCl4 ratios, respectively. Aromatic (cumyl‐type) initiators show ΔH ∼ −40 kJ/mol, whereas H2O/TiCl4 in the presence of the strong electron‐ pair donor dimethylacetamide gave ΔH = −12 kJ/mol. The significant differences indicate different underlying mechanisms with complex elementary reactions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5394–5413, 2005
Synthesis of an alkali‐swellable emulsion and its effect on the rate of polymer diffusion in poly(vinyl acetate‐butyl acrylate) latex films
Authors: Oh Jung Kwon , Deleebeeck Liza , Winnik Mitchell A. , Rademacher Jude , Farwaha Rajeev
Published: October 2005

We describe the synthesis and characterization of a weakly cross‐linked poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐ethyl acrylate) alkali‐swellable emulsion (ASE), as well as an investigation of its influence on the rate of polymer diffusion in latex films. The films examined were formed from poly(vinyl acetate‐co‐butyl acrylate) latex particles containing a small amount of acrylic acid as a comonomer. Polymer diffusion rates were monitored by the energy transfer technique. We found that the presence of the ASE component, either in the acid form or fully neutralized by ammonia or sodium hydroxide, had very little effect on the polymer diffusion rate. However, in the presence of 2 wt % NH4‐ASE, there was a small but significant increase in the polymer diffusion rate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5632–5642, 2005
Flexible and Robust Implementations of Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines Within a Wastewater Treatment Stochastic Dynamic Program
Authors: Tsai Julia C. C. , Chen Victoria C. P.
Published: September 2005

This paper presents an automatic and more robust implementation of multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) within the orthogonal array (OA)/MARS continuous‐state stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) method. MARS is used to estimate the future value functions in each SDP level. The default stopping rule of MARS employs the maximum number of basis functions Mmax, specified by the user. To reduce the computational effort and improve the MARS fit for the wastewater treatment SDP model, two automatic stopping rules, which automatically determine an appropriate value for Mmax, and a robust version of MARS that prefers lower‐order terms over higher‐order terms are developed. Computational results demonstrate the success of these approaches. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semiclassical molecular dynamics simulation of surface processes: Application to the hydrogen atom recombination on graphite
Authors: Cacciatore M. , Rutigliano M.
Published: October 2005

The semiclassical collisional method has been applied to get an insight into the most basic behaviors of the H2 formation after atom recombination on a graphite surface at TS = 100 K. The scattering equations are integrated over an adiabatic potential energy surface used in a previous study. Compared with the previously obtained results at TS = 10 K, important surface temperature effects on the recombination dynamics have been found. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Excited state properties of the chromophore of the asFP595 chromoprotein: 2D and 3D theoretical analyses
Authors: Sun Mengtao
Published: October 2005

The ground and excited state properties (e.g., the intramolecular charge and energy transfer, and electron‐hole coherence) of the chromophore of the asFP595 chromoprotein from Anemonia sulcata in the neutral and anionic forms are theoretically studied with quantum chemistry methods. The ground‐state properties of the asFP595 in the neutral and anionic forms, such as the alternations of the bond lengths and the Mulliken charge distributions, are compared. The calculated transition energies of the asFP595 in the neutral and anionic form are consistent with the experimental results. To study the excited state properties of the asFP595 chromophore, the energies and densities of highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs), as well as the CI main coefficients, are compared between the two forms. The intramolecular charge and energy transfer in the neutral and anionic forms are investigated and compared with the three‐dimensional (3D) real‐space analysis methods, including the strength and orientation of the transition dipoles with transition density, and the orientation and result of the intramolecular charge transfer with charge difference density. The electron‐hole coherence and delocalization on the excitation are studied with the 2D real‐space analysis method of the transition density matrix. In all, the calculated results are remain in good agreement with the experimental data, and the theoretical analysis results supported the proposed models in the experiment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Mass spectral signature for insect adipokinetic hormones
Authors: König Simone , Albers Christian , Gäde Gerd
Published: September 2005

Insect adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are structurally similar. They consist of 8 to 10 amino acid residues, and are post‐translationally modified at the N‐terminus (pyroglutamic acid) and at the C‐terminus (carboxyamide). They contain aromatic amino acids at position 4 (mostly Phe, in a few cases Tyr) and at position 8 (Trp). Position 9 is always Gly which is used in the octapeptides for the amidation, and the majority of the peptides have no charge. AKHs exhibit a characteristic ion signature both in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (ion pair [M+Na]+/[M+K]+) and in electrospray mass spectrometry ([M+H+K]2+, [M–17+H]+, [M+H]+, [M+Na]+, [M+K]+). Their high affinity for Na+ and K+ alkali cations is observed even after reversed‐phase purification. AKHs rarely form doubly charged ions with protons or sodium while the [M+H+K]2+ ion is often abundant suggesting a special conformation of the larger metal ion complex possibly related to its size. Here, we present analyses of several AKHs of different insect species and discuss their ionization behavior with respect to their sequence. The mass spectral signature observed is useful for AKH detection from mixtures and so an unassigned 990.7 Da molecule was found in dragonfly which is currently under investigation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple method of isolation of chloramphenicol in honey and its estimation by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Vivekanandan Kannan , Swamy Madugundu Guru , Prasad Sudhanand , Mukherjee Rama
Published: September 2005

To detect sub‐ppb levels of the antibiotic chloramphenicol in honey matrix, a convenient method of extraction and measurement using liquid chromatography with detection by tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed. Honey samples fortified with chloramphenicol and isotopically labeled chloramphenicol were extracted using diatomaceous‐based supported liquid‐liquid extraction cartridges to generate a standard calibration curve. Four MS/MS transitions were used for quantification and four other transitions for confirmation of chloramphenicol. The limit of detection for chloramphenicol was 0.05 ng/g and the lower limit of quantification was 0.1 ng/g. Several commercial honey samples were analyzed for chloramphenicol content using this method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry based measurements: an application to the analysis of urinary barium, cesium, antimony and tungsten
Authors: Alimonti A. , Forte G. , Spezia S. , Gatti A. , Mincione G. , Ronchi A. , Bavazzano P. , Bocca B. , Minoia C.
Published: October 2005

The wide use of barium (Ba), cesium (Cs), antimony (Sb) and tungsten (W) in many industrial and agricultural fields causes the increased release of these metals into the environment, laying the basis for health risk. To assess the exposure for the general population, the development of adequate and reliable analytical techniques becomes compulsory. This study refers to the quantification of urinary Ba, Cs, Sb and W levels by both quadrupole (Q) and sector field (SF) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The two procedures were compared for their performances and their measurement uncertainties. The limits of detection were (Q and SF) 23.0 and 5.21 ng L−1 for Ba; 21.1 and 7.52 ng L−1 for Cs; 1.09 and 0.43 ng L−1 for Sb; and 0.36 and 0.49 ng L−1 for W. The trueness was better than 93.3% and the precision less than 12% for both techniques. Relative expanded uncertainties of the analytical procedures, at the median levels found in the general population, were below 5% for all the elements with both ICP‐MS techniques. The uncertainties related to the calibration and repeatability were the parameters most influencing the final analytical performance. The urinary median values observed in healthy subjects from central Italy were 1146, 4301, 60.8 and 48.5 ng L−1 for Ba, Cs, Sb and W, respectively. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards sustainable economic practices, flows and spaces: or is the necessary impossible and the impossible necessary?
Authors: Hudson Ray
Published: September 2005

This paper focuses upon the sustainability of the economy in relation to nature and natural ecosystems. There are two main aspects to this relationship: consumption of natural resources; and generation of pollution and wastes because of economic practices of production, exchange and consumption. The paper addresses the extent to which both consumption of natural resources and production of pollution and wastes can be reduced and the economy and its constituent practices and spaces be made more sustainable, recognizing that sustainability involves cultural, political–economic and social dimensions as well as the impact of human activity on nature. A close and critical reading of the literatures on industrial ecology, industrial metabolism and natural capitalism provides an entry point into these issues. These literatures help identify the ‘natural limits’ to economic practices but are themselves limited in their approach to issues of sustainability. The paper explores these latter limits and their implications. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Preparing teachers to create a mainstream science classroom conducive to the needs of English‐language learners: A feminist action research project
Authors: Buck Gayle , Mast Colette , Ehlers Nancy , Franklin Elizabeth
Published: September 2005

A feminist action research team, which consisted of a science educator, an English‐language learner (ELL) educator, a first‐year science teacher, and a graduate assistant, set a goal to work together to explore the process a beginning teacher goes through to establish a classroom conducive to the needs of middle‐level ELL learners. The guiding questions of the study were answered by gathering a wealth of data over the course of 5 months and taken from the classroom, planning sessions, and researchers and students. These data were collected by observations, semistructured interviews, and written document reviews. The progressive analysis ultimately revealed that: (a) successful strategies a beginning teacher must utilize for teaching middle‐level ELL children in a mainstream classroom involve complex structural considerations that are not part of the teacher's preparation; (b) learning increases for all children, but there are differences in learning achievement between ELL and non‐ELL children; and (c) student and peer feedback proved to be an effective means of enhancing the growth of a beginning teacher seeking to increase her skills in teaching ELL learners. The experiences and findings from this project have implications for teacher preparation programs committed to preparing educators to teach science to all children. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 1013–1031, 2005