bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gene Technology Communication
Authors: SCHIBECI RENATO , BARNS IAN
Published: March 2007

This article reports the second phase of a three-year project on public perceptions of biotechnology, conducted in Perth, Western Australia. The purposes of this second phase were (1) to further develop a computer-based method for investigating public perceptions of biotechnology with individuals and to extend the method to focus groups, and (2) to report the perceptions of “interested publics” about the use of a genetically engineered pig growth hormone, porcine somatotropin (pST). The authors developed a computer database of information about pST to stimulate, in interviews, respondents' articulation of their knowledge and perceptions of biotechnology. The database was a multimedia package, based on a HyperCard stack on a laptop computer, with information about pST in ten different categories. The indicative data of the pilot sets of interviews suggest that the study's methodology provides a fruitful approach to exploring the background knowledge and perceptions of different publics.
Environmental News
Authors: REIS RAUL
Published: March 2007

This article examines how two important Brazilian newspapers covered the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit). Overall, 649 news items were content analyzed to determine the type of sources used, as well as the kind of issues covered. The analysis showed that government officials were the most frequently cited sources, while environmentalists and scientists were all but ignored as news sources. The analysis also indicated that economic issues were surprisingly prominent in the coverage. These results are compatible with previous studies done in several countries and indicate that environmental media are still extremely reliant on “official” vioces. The findings also highlight the fact that the range of issues covered by the environmental media largely reflects the perceived public agenda.
Commentary: Getting the Message Out
Authors: DICKSON DAVID
Published: March 2007

The need to improve the public communication of science surfaced as one of the key themes throughout the World Conference on Science. Although exactly what that entails was never made explicit, it must include a new model that moves beyond the old conveyor-belt approach in which scientists simply transmit information to the public. The role of science communicators in this process is paramount.
Correlation of Travel Time on Roads versus Straight Line Distance
Authors: Phibbs Ciaran S. , Luft Harold S.
Published: March 2007

Studies of hospital demand and choice of hospital have used straight line distance from a patient's home to hospitals as a measure of geographic access, but there is the potential for bias if straight line distance does not accurately reflect travel time. Travel times for unimpeded travel between major intersections in upstate New York were compared with distances between these points. The correlation between distance and travel time was 0.987for all observations and 0.826 for distances less than 15 miles. These very high correlations indicate that straight line distance is a reasonable proxy for travel time in most hospital demand or choice models, especially those with arge numbers of hospitals. The authors' outlier analyses show some exceptions, however, so this relationship may not hold for studies focusing on specific hospitals, very small numbers of hospitals, or studies in dense urban areas with high congestion and reliance on surface streets.
Community Health Centers: Promise and Performance
Authors: Dievier Anne , Giovannini Terence
Published: March 2007

This article provides a critical review of the literature on the quality and effectiveness of care provided by community health centers (CHCs) compared with other health care delivery models. Since the mid-1960s, CHCs have played a large role in providing comprehensive primary care to our nation's medically underserved. Recent changes in public policy and the health care marketplace have threatened the viability of the CHC delivery model. This review of structure, process, and outcome indicators suggests that CHCs have effectively reduced many barriers to access, promoted high-quality ambulatory care use among underserved populations, and reduced costly hospitalizations. While CHCs have been shown to save money for Medicaid, little research has addressed the health-related outcomes of care. This article recommends specific areas of research essential to understanding the future performance of CHCs.
Meeting Information Needs: Lessons Learned from New Jersey’s Individual Health Insurance Reform Program
Authors: Garnick Deborah W. , Swartz Katherine
Published: March 2007

At national and state levels, there have been significant changes in the regulations governing individual and small group health insurance markets. Reforms to the individual health insurance market in New Jersey exemplify the challenges of informing consumers about changes in the regulation of insurers, where the changes are intended to simplify and broaden access to health insurance. To best take advantage of expanded access to coverage under new regulations governing the individual health insurance market, individuals need to understand the changed rules under which carriers determine eligibility and premiums. Survey results from New Jersey indicate, however, that a significant proportion of people who purchased policies under the restructured individual health insurance market did not fully understand how the new market operates.
Child Maltreatment, other Trauma Exposure, and Posttraumatic Symptomatology among Children with Oppositional Defiant and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders
Authors: Ford Julian D. , Racusin Robert , Ellis Cynthia G. , Daviss William B. , Reiser Jessica , Fleischer Amy , Thomas Julie
Published: March 2007

Consecutive child psychiatric outpatient admissions with disruptive behavior or adjustment disorders were assessed by validated instruments for trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and other psychopathology. Four reliably diagnosed groups were defined in a retrospective case-control design: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), comorbid ADHD-ODD, and adjustment disorder controls. ODD and (although to a lesser extent) ADHD were associated with a history of physical or sexual maltreatment. PTSD symptoms were most severe if (a) ADHD and maltreatment co-occurred or (b) ODD and accident/illness trauma co-occurred. The association between ODD and PTSD Criterion D (hyperarousal/hypervigilance) symptoms remained after controlling for overlapping symptoms, but the association of ADHD with PTSD symptoms was largely due to an overlapping symptom. These findings suggest that screening for maltreatment, other trauma, and PTSD symptoms may enhance prevention, treatment, and research concerning childhood disruptive behavior disorders.
Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse: Predictors of Postdisclosure Maternal Belief and Protective Action
Authors: Pintello Denise , Zuravin Susan
Published: March 2007

The two purposes of this study were to determine the percentage of nonoffending, biological mothers who were concordant for belief and protection of their sexually abused children and to examine maternal, child, and situational characteristics that predict such concordance. Data were collected on a sample of 435 mothers. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were utilized to identify the proportion and the predictors of maternal belief and protective action. Findings indicated that mothers were more likely to believe and protect when they postponed the birth of their first child until reaching adulthood, when they were not a current sexual partner of the offender, when they did not have knowledge of the sexual abuse prior to the child's disclosure, and when the victim did not exhibit sexualized behavior. These findings have the potential to enhance the efficacy of child welfare interventions by underscoring the importance of maternal belief and protection. Further empirical study is recommended to investigate predictors of ambivalent maternal responses to her child's sexual victimization.
Helping Children Tell What Happened: A Follow-Up Study of the Narrative Elaboration Procedure
Authors: Saywitz Karen J. , Snyder Lynn , Lamphear Vivian
Published: March 2007

In cases of child maltreatment, children are required to recount past experiences in pretrial interviews, courtroom examination, and abuse-focused therapy. Yet their descriptions are often insufficient for risk assessment, legal decision making, and treatment planning. In the present study, we test whether a new procedure—narrative elaboration—facilitates children's recall without jeopardizing accuracy. Thirty-three second graders participated in a classroom activity. Two weeks later, they were randomly assigned to participate in one of two preparation sessions before being interviewed about the classroom activity: (a) narrative elaboration intervention or (b) control session. The interviewer was an unfamiliar authority figure. The interview entailed free recall (e.g., “What happened?”), cued recall (i.e., an opportunity to elaborate on free recall with visual cues), and follow-up questions. On the cued recall task, children prepared with the narrative elaboration procedure reported significantly more correct information than children in the control group. Performance was improved without increasing error or reducing correct responses to follow-up questions. The implications of these results for questioning suspected child abuse victims are discussed.
The Role of Photo Documentation of Genital Findings in Medical Evaluations of Suspected Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Adams Joyce A.
Published: March 2007

Results of a national survey of 104 nurse practitioners (NPs), registered nurses (RNs), and Physician Assistants (PAs) who conducted physical assessments in cases of suspected child physical abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse revealed that evaluation for suspected CSA was the type of evaluation conducted most often (92.5%), followed by physical abuse (70%), and neglect (54%). Most participants (76.9%) conducting CSA evaluations used a colposcope and interpreted colposcopic findings (70.2%). The mean number of years of speciality practice in CM reported by participants was 6, with a range of one to 20 years. While the majority (68%) of respondents were members of interdisciplinary child protection teams, only 10.7% were members of child fatality review teams.

Although the vast majority (78.4%) of participants had testified in court on CM cases, most reported experiencing barriers to testifying in cases of CM. The barrier to testifying cited most often was a lack of credibility with the judicial system (60%), with 32% of respondents citing not being a physician (31%) as a major barrier in being accepted as an expert in CM.

Implications for practice, policy, and future research are discussed.
Ethical Issues in Professionals' Response to Child Maltreatment
Authors: Dubowitz Howard
Published: March 2007

Many ethical dilemmas confront professionals in the field of child maltreatment. These include (a) moving from a minimal standard of what is adequate to a higher standard of good care; (b) weighing the needs and interests of children and parents; (c) determining what should be disclosed to families, for research and clinical purposes; (d) handling information that may be considered confidential; (e) establishing children's right to protection; (f) intervening with drug-exposed new-borns; (g) reporting maltreatment to agencies one might not have confidence in; and (h) considering child care practices of different religious and cultural groups. This article briefly raises ethical issues involved in these areas and suggests approaches based on clinical experience and the literature in medicine. As we aim to provide optimal care, there is a need for continuing examination of these complex ethical issues.
The Parental Alienation Syndrome: What is it and What Data Support it?
Authors: Faller Kathleen Coulborn
Published: March 2007

This article describes the parental alienation syndrome, its proposed characteristics and dynamics, and the methods used to document its presence. Research related to various tenets of the parental alienation syndrome is then reviewed. Finally, the syndrome's utility for mental health professionals and courts in explaining allegations of sexual abuse in situations of divorce is evaluated.
Measuring Reactions to Sexual Trauma among Children: Comparing the Children's Impact of Traumatic Events Scale and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children
Authors: Crouch Julie L. , Smith Daniel W. , Ezzell Cora E. , Saunders Benjamin E.
Published: March 2007

This study examined convergent and discriminant validity between the Children's Impact of Traumatic Events Scale—revised (CITES-R) and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) in a sample of 80 sexually abused children. Convergent and discriminant validity between the CITES-R post-traumatic stress measure and the TSCC clinical scales were demonstrated. Also, convergent and discriminant validity for the CITES-R Eroticism scale were supported. More specifically, the CITES-R Eroticism scale was significantly associated with the TSCC Sexual Concerns (SC) scale (particularly the SC Preoccupation subscale), but was unrelated to the other TSCC clinical scales. Partial support for the expected relationships between the CITES-R Social Reactions and Attributions subscales and the TSCC clinical scales was noted. As expected, the CITES-R Social Support subscale was modestly associated with TSCC measures of depression and anger, whereas the CITES-R Negative Reactions by Others subscale was significantly related to symptoms on all six TSCC clinical scales. Furthermore, the CITES-R Self-Blame/Guilt, Personal Vulnerability, and Empowerment subscales were significantly associated with the majority of the TSCC clinical scales, whereas the CITES-R Dangerous World subscale (which also demonstrated poor internal consistency) was not significantly associated with any of the six TSCC clinical scales.
Twin Tragedies in the Twin Cities: Childhood Lead Poisoning and the Loss of Affordable Rental Housing
Authors: Hartje Sandra C. , Yust Becky Love , Goetz Edward G. , Franklin Evelyn M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact that the Minnesota lead policy had on affordable rental housing in Minneapolis and St. Paul. Questionnaires were sent to 487 owners of property in those cities who were issued lead orders in 1994 or 1995; 147 questionnaires were returned. There was a significant difference in the implementation of the state policy by the two cities. Lead orders written by the City of Minneapolis required more work, more complex work, and higher costs than did the lead orders written by the City of St. Paul. Orders issued by St. Paul were more in line with hazard reduction (lead‐safe) activities, whereas those issued by Minneapolis were more in line with abatement (lead‐free) activities. In Minneapolis, there was a significantly greater loss of affordable housing units through abandonment by the property owner, condemnation by the city, increased vacancy periods, and changes in the affordability level.
Organizational Styles of Homemakers: A Factor Analytic Approach
Authors: Mumaw Catherine R. , Nichols Addreen
Published: March 2007

What do we mean when we speak of the organization of household activities? How do home managers vary in their styles of organization? How can these styles be identified ? The answers to these questions are suggested by research in which a valid and reliable instrument was developed to identify the organizational styles of home managers. Through the use of factor analysis as the statistical procedure, four organizational components, or factors, were identified as sources of variations among home managers and were tentatively named Task Standardization, Task Assignment, Task Regularization, and Task Arrangement. This paper includes a description of the conceptualization and development of the Organizational Activities Index, a discussion of factor analysis as a research tool and means of identifying components of home task organization, and suggestions for further research and use of the Organizational Activities Index.
Net Worth Change of Selected Families1
Authors: Williams Flora L. , Manning Sarah L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to increase the understanding of family financial status. Sixty families from rural and urban areas in Indiana volunteered to keep records for 2 years. Data were examined to determine the direction, dollar, and percentage changes in net worth; to determine association of certain factors with net worth change; to describe the asset accumulation and liability reduction in net worth changes; and to describe family characteristics in relation to changes in net worth. Fifty‐two families increased their net worth over the 2 years in amounts ranging from $69 to $40,419, while eight decreased theirs in amounts ranging from $5,912 to $149. Mean change for all families was $4,147. The eight highest percentage changes in net worth ranged from 77 to 182 percent while the eight lowest percentage changes ranged from negative 63 to negative 1 percent. Median change was 15 percent. Components of net worth at the beginning of the period associated with dollar change were interest accounts, cash value of life insurance, and common stocks. Dollar change in net worth was related to changes in real estate assets, real estate equity, mortgages, business, and stocks; and to changes in the percentages of total assets in bonds, cash value of life insurance, and interest accounts.
Palatability of Ground Beef Home Frozen and Stored in Selected Wraps1
Authors: Baldwin Ruth E. , Borchelt Dorothy , Cloninger Marion
Published: March 2007

A survey of household practices in wrapping, freezing, and storing ground beef was used as the basis for planning a laboratory study of the effects of packaging materials on palatability and weight loss of ground beef patties frozen and stored at ‐18°C. (0°F.) and at −9°C. (15°F.). Quality was monitored at 0‐, 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐, 6‐, and 12‐week intervals.

Palatability of ground beef was affected less by storage temperature when packaged in aluminum foil than when wrapped in freezer paper, polyvinylchloride‐1 film, or wax paper. Storage at −18°C. (0°F.) was more effective than ‐9°C. (15°F.) in protecting flavor and aroma. Palatability of ground beef declined significantly between 6 and 12 weeks when stored at the high temperature. Wax paper permitted significantly more loss in weight in ground beef patties during freezer storage than did any of the other selected packaging materials.
Abstracts and the Home Economics Research Journal
Authors: Scruggs Marguerite
Published: March 2007

At a meeting in Detroit, June 27,1972 the RESEARCH JOURNAL advisory committee, editorial board, and editor decided that priority should be given to obtaining original research papers of high quality and that abstracts should not be included at the present time. The report adapted here served as a basis for the decision and was presented and approved at the Research Section meeting. Factors considered included the number of existing abstract journals of interest to home economists, audiences and functions of such journals, sources of materials to be abstracted, and needs in terms of personnel and money.
Book Reviews
Authors: Hudson Ola G.
Published: March 2007

White Attitudes Toward Black People. By Angus Campbell. Monograph. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, 1971, 177 pp., $1.65 text edi tion, $5 cloth, $8 paper
Tasks of Extension Family Food Aides: A Cluster Analysis1
Authors: Beavers Irene , Smith Ruth L.
Published: March 2007

This research was designed: (1) to identify clusters of tasks and determine frequency of task performance of Extension food aides in Iowa and (2) to examine relationships between tasks performed by aides and place of residence, length of time on the job, age, and educational level of aides. A task list was developed, validated by experts, and pretested. Food aides responded on a 3‐point scale to the frequency of performance of 124 tasks. Data from the 167 respondents were used to derive a 124 by 124 correlation matrix. Tasks with intercorrelations above .35 were clustered and 10 clusters were formed. Based on mean scores for task clusters, the task clusters performed most frequently were teaching concepts related to nutrition, supplementing resources, and purchasing food. Demographic charac teristics of food aides were not significantly correlated with individual tasks. The content of the findings could serve as a guide for training of aides in other states, and the research model for task analysis might be replicated in other states.
Book Review
Authors: Fanslow Alyce M.
Published: March 2007

Book Reviewed in this Article:

Foundations of Home Economics Research: A Human Ecology Approach. By Norma H. Compton and Olive A. Hall. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Company, 1972, 424 pp., $8.95 paper
Eating Quality and Thiamin Retention of Turkey Breast Muscle Roasted and “Slow‐Cooked” from Frozen and Thawed States1
Authors: Engler Pamela P. , Bowers Jane A.
Published: March 2007

Turkey breasts “slow‐cooked” or roasted conventionally from frozen or thawed states were evaluated for eating quality by a sensory panel and for thiamin content. “Slow‐cooked” breasts had lower total cooking losses, retained less thiamin, and were more ten der than those roasted conventionally. Texture and juiciness were not affected by the treatments.
Homemakers' Value Orientations to Education and Job
Authors: Firebaugh Francille M. , Woodward John C. , Daly Ronald T.
Published: March 2007

This study focused upon factors influencing education and job value orientations of homemakers living in low‐income areas. Four dimensions of value orientation to educa tion and job were included: abstractness‐concreteness, control‐fatalism, equalitarianism authoritarianism, and integration‐alienation. Data collected from 12 states were grouped according to whether samples represented urban or rural populations, except for two states, Texas and Vermont, which were analyzed separately. Interpretations were based on a least‐ squares analysis of variance. Respondents generally reported a concrete, controlling, inte grative value orientation toward education and an abstract, controlling, authoritarian, and integrative orientation toward their jobs. Texans deviated from this pattern with a job value orientation which was more fatalistic, more alienated, and more equalitarian. Noneconomic factors were significant in explaining variance of the value orientation scales. Of 28 analyses for seven scales and four areas, parental permissiveness appeared in 24, family cohesion in 9, and marital satisfaction in 7 as contributing significantly to varia tion in the value orientation scales. Respondent's age and education were significant in24 of 49 analyses in the least‐squares analysis of variance.
Lecture‐Discussion Versus Independent Study in a College Clothing Course
Authors: Lefebvre Verna M.
Published: March 2007

This research compared two methods of instruction, lecture‐discussion and independ ent study, for a college level course in the social and psychological aspects of clothing. A secondary aspect of the study was to compare the effectiveness of independent study for both on‐campus and off‐campus students. The methods were compared in terms of cognitive gain, retention of course material, student course evaluation, and affective behavior. Results indicated no significant difference between treatment groups.
Clothing Practices and Preferences of Blue‐Collar Workers and Their Families1
Authors: Kundel Carolyn
Published: March 2007

The population of this study was married industrial workers who were employed in 1968 in Iowa metal processing industries. Fifteen companies participated in the study with com pleted data received on 186 families. The men and their wives were interviewed in their homes, and employee data sheets were completed by employers.

Descriptive information was reported on clothing practices and preferences. The associa tion of clothing practices and preferences to level of education and to aspects of employ ment including absence from work, job attitude, and current job and advancement were ex amined. Higher levels of education correlated with more formal clothing worn by the husband to work, and the preference of the wife for one $14 dress over two $7 dresses. The variable describing current job and advancement was associated with higher levels of edu cation of both the employee and his wife, wearing more formal clothing to work by the hus band, and a preference of the wife for quality rather than quantity in clothing.
Home Economics Research Personnel in Land‐Grand Universities1
Authors: Zentner Mary Ann , Davis Elizabeth Y.
Published: March 2007

Administrators of home economics research programs in 62 land‐grant universities supplied data that were used to ascertain (1) the number and sub ject‐matter distribution of faculty engaged in research, (2) the number and distribution of persons with competency to conduct research, and (3) the need for well‐trained researchers in the future. Nearly 700 individuals were actively engaged in research activities with approximately 0.31 science years of support (representing salary, supplies, and maintenance) per researcher. The greatest numbers were in food and nutrition and in child development and family rela tions. A sizeable proportion of faculty members were qualified to conduct research but were not currently active in their respective fields. Many other faculty conduct research without financial support in addition to their full‐time teaching and/or administrative responsibil ities. A substantial number of new researchers will be needed by the end of the decade.
Consumer Perceptions of Textiles
Authors: Schutz Howard G. , Phillips Beth Ann
Published: March 2007

Fifty women from Woodland, California, selected by a stratified proportional sampling plan, rated 46 fabrics for their appropriateness on 48 attributes. Patterns among fabrics and attributes were determined by factor analysis, using similarity statistics derived from mean appropriateness ratings. Four dimensions were found for fabrics—“synthetic,”“cotton,”“wool,” and “silk”—accounting for 87 percent of the variance among fabrics, and four dimensions for attributes—“desirable characteristics,”“problem areas,”“fragile charac teristics,” and “summery”—accounting for 84 percent of the variance among attributes. Dividing the respondents by age indicated the same perceived structure but some evidence that older women more than younger distinguished between synthetic and natural fibers.
Attitudes Toward Food as Indicators of Subcultural Value Systems
Authors: Steelman Virginia Purtle
Published: March 2007

The intent of this paper is to focus attention on the relationships of food habits to under lying attitudes and values of subcultures and to suggest a possible approach for studying these relationships. The specific research objective was to investigate the relationship of attitudes toward food to the subcultural variables of race, religious locality, and age of homemakers. The objective also was to relate these attitudes toward food to “American” value systems so that possible differences in subcultural value systems could be detected.

Homemakers from a systematic random sample of two small towns with distinctive reli gious and race subcultures were interviewed. The following attitude indexes related to food were developed through the use of principal component factor analyses: Propensity to Change, Convenience, Frugality, Health, Social Status, and Sociability Aspects. Attitude index scores were subjected to least‐squares analyses of variance by the following variables: religious locality, race, age, age by race, education, and income.

Significant differences by religious locality were found on the Social Status Index. Race differences were found for all indexes except Propensity to Change. An age by race interac tion was found on the Propensity to Change Index and an age difference was significant on the Convenience Index.
Computer‐Based Simulation for Observing Child Behavior
Authors: Durrett Mary Ellen , Richards Phyllis
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy of computer‐based simulation ver sus observation in a laboratory nursery school. Subjects were students enrolled in two classes of an introductory course in child development who were randomly assigned to an experimental (n=24) or a control (n=30) group. Subjects in the experimental group were taught to observe the behavior of children using sound/color film modules of individual children. Open‐ended questions were presented by the computer terminal which gave immediate feedback and assistance. Students in the control group observed children in the laboratory nursery school. Pre‐ and posttests were given, and the results revealed that all students improved their ability to observe from the pre‐ to posttest. However, students in the experimental group improved more than those in the control group.
Soil Removal in Automatic Dishwashing
Authors: Peart Virginia , Johnston Kathleen
Published: March 2007

During preliminary testing, an egg yolk‐calcium chloride complex was selected as a promising dishwasher test soil, and various factors were identified as being related to its removal in dishwasher washing of dishes. Data for statistical analysis were collected in con trolled laboratory tests using five water temperatures, five levels of calcium chloride in the yolk soil solution, two dishwasher positions, and two wash times. A series of tests was per formed in deionized water and a second series in hard water. Difficult soil removal was found to be related to all the main variables studied and the soil developed shows promise as a dishwasher test soil.
Clothing and Aesthetics: Perception of Form
Authors: DeLong Marilyn Revell
Published: March 2007

Prior to and after 40 hours of visual exposure to, and discussion of, a wide range of costume body forms, 51 subjects were asked to respond to eight costume body forms varying in visual effect. Both pre‐ and post‐responses included a description of each costume body form and a selection of the slides liked best and least.

Descriptions were compared as to: (1) orientation of the observer to the whole form and (2) the morphologic‐axiologic orientation. A majority of viewers increased in morphologic orientation and there was an increase in responses to the whole costume body form. A chi square test gave support to the hypothesis that viewers could separate their like or dislike of a costume body form from their descriptive consideration of that costume body form.
Modification of Eating Behavior of Toddlers in a Day Care Setting
Authors: Highberger Ruth , Carothers Linda
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study examined food intake of six 24‐ to 31‐month‐old children before and following changes in meal service in a community‐sponsored day care center for low income children. A videotape of the director of the center modeling desired guidance was used in training the two paraprofessionals who ate with the children. A significant increase in the quantity of food (main course, milk, and dessert) consumed by the children was found following the training period and change in meal service.
Ascorbic Acid Content, pH, and Acceptability of Tomatoes Processed by Different Home Canning Methods
Authors: Skelton Marilyn M. , Marr Charles W.
Published: March 2007

Each of six cultivars of tomatoes was hot packed and processed in one‐pint glass jars by four home canning methods: 5 minutes at 10 pounds pressure, 10 minutes in a 100°C water bath (control), 35 minutes in a boiling water bath, and 10 minutes in a boiling water bath after addition of ¼ teaspoon citric acid per pint. The raw tomatoes ranged in pH from 4.11 to 4.71. The shape, texture, flavor, and jar fill of tomatoes processed by the pressure method were judged unacceptable by a sensory panel. Tomatoes processed 35 minutes in a boiling water bath were less acceptable than the 10‐minute control. Acidified tomatoes were as acceptable as the 10‐minute control in all respects except flavor, which was considered too sour at a pH of approximately 4.05. Ascorbic acid content of the acidified tomatoes was significantly lower than that of tomatoes processed with no acid added.
Standard Budgets for Household Textiles: Farm and City Families at Two Income Levels and Three Family Sizes
Authors: Winakor Geitel , Thomas Linda
Published: March 2007

This paper presents 11 detailed budgets for household textiles for rural farm and city families at two income levels (low and moderate) and three family sizes (small, medium, and large). The budgets include lists of items in inventory and quantities to be acquired new and from supplemen tary sources, prices to be paid, and total annual expenditures. Supplementary budgets are provided for families with infants under two and, in two cases, for families that moved during the year. The budgets are intended to serve as models with which family consumption practices can be compared, and do not necessarily represent behavior of average families. Incomes, prices, and costs are ex pressed in 1970–71 dollars and would need to be adjusted to current dollars. The quantities in inventory are probably the most useful part of the budgets and the least likely to become outdated.
Household Task Performance Roles of Husbands and Wives
Authors: Lovingood Rebecca P. , Firebaugh Francille M.
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study involved conceptualization and empirical analysis of household task per formance roles and social‐demographic characteristics. Roles were viewed as recurrent patterns of action resulting from a combination of human resources and household tasks, and affected by social‐demographic characteristics.

Data were collected in 1972 from husbands and wives in 100 young families. Although spouses shared in making and implementing task decisions, they tended to specialize, i.e., they differentiated roles. Wives had somewhat more total responsibility than husbands, especially in implementing decisions.

Factor analysis yielded 14 factors, indicating dimensional variations among five types of fami lies. Further research with a larger sample is needed to examine hypotheses that could be generated from the factor analysis.
Performance of Garments Related to Initial Cost and Care
Authors: Morris M.A. , Prato H.H.
Published: March 2007

A wear study, which included 30 different men's shirts varying in color and price, was con ducted to determine the long‐term effects of washing temperature and the price/quality relationships with respect to garment performance. After 40 wash/wear cycles, there were few differences in color change, appearance, and soil removal resulting from laundering in hot water as compared to warm water. Little color transfer was found during the washing process. The wear study results and laboratory measurements of color change, wrinkle recovery, seam strength, and fabric strength were related to shirt price. The lower‐priced shirts were found generally to have better overall perfor mance than the higher‐priced garments.
Home‐Canned Tomatoes: A Comparison of the Effects of Varying Time and Temperature Combinations Durin Processing
Authors: Zimmerman C.A. , Phillips J.A. , Wood C.B. , Marable N.L.
Published: March 2007

Whole tomatoes were processed in pint and quart jars by home‐canning, raw pack methods in a boiling‐water bath or at pressures of 5, 10, or 15 p.s.i.g. (pounds per square inch as measured by gauge) to a minimum internal end‐point temperature of 82°C (180°F). Thermocouples placed in the coldest point in the jars and attached to a recording potentiometer were used to establish the times for processing by the 3 pressure treatments. USDA recommended times were used for process ing in a boiling‐water bath. The products from the four different treatments were analyzed and compared subjectively for color, flavor, texture, and acidity; and objectively for color, firmness, drained weight, acidity, and ascorbic acid content. Time and energy usage were also recorded and compared. No significant differences were found for any of the quality characteristics except color. However, the significant difference in color indicated by the sensory panel and an objective calcu lation from Hunterlab Color Difference Meter Measurements could not be attributed to processing treatments. There were differences in the amount of time involved and the kilowatt hours used in the canning procedures. Home‐canning by any pressure method saved time and energy and yielded products comparable to those processed in a boiling‐water bath.
The Seriation of Fashion
Authors: Turnbaugh Sarah Peabody
Published: March 2007

The “seriational technique,” a new method for measuring and interpreting the incessant nature of stylistic change in fashion, is presented. Two established research methods—content analysis and seriation—are combined to form this technique. Content analysis of headgear featured in Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine, 1830—1898, is used to collect data pertaining to stylistic change in bonnets. A variant of seriation is then used to order these data for analysis and interpretation. Major nineteenth century American bonnet types illustrated in Godey's are dated and defined on the basis of style.

The results obtained from using the “seriational technique” are then applied in both isolated and comparative situations. More generally, the approach should be relevant in all branches of home economics that use quantitative techniques for either historic or contemporary studies.
Vitamin Retention During Home Drying of Vegetables and Fruits
Authors: Holmes Zoe Ann , Miller Lorraine , Edwards Margaret , Benson Eva
Published: March 2007

The effect of home drying on the retention of several vitamins was measured in some foods commonly dried. Little vitamin C was retained in dried green beans and tomatoes, while more was retained in dried zucchini squash, raspberries, and boysenberries. Retention of carotene (measured only in dried green beans and tomatoes) was almost negligible. Except for blanched green beans, the retention of free folacin was higher than that of total folacin in the dried products. From 60 to 96 percent of vitamin B6 was retained during drying.
Notes on the Use of Qualitative Variables in Regression
Authors: Derrick Frederick W.
Published: March 2007

The use of qualitative variables in regression analysis has become almost commonplace. This note examines the effect of the misuse of qualitative variables in regression analysis as independent variables and as dependent variables. Solutions to the problems that arise are given with references and examples.
Visual Recall of Dress Design Determined by Perceptual Style
Authors: Baer Margaret
Published: March 2007

It was the major objective of this study to devise a measuring instrument specifically for the perception of line and design in clothing. In order to assess the feasibility of such instrument, its power of differentiation was determined on the basis of the perceptual style of field dependence. The theoretical basis for the investigation was provided by the general concepts and principles of Gestalt theory of perception. In order to determine perceptual style, the perceptual differentiation of figure from ground was measured by use of the Jackson Short Form of the Witkin Embedded Figures Test. The Clothing Perception Test was designed to investigate three categories of visual perception, selected as being representative of the major aspects of perception of clothing design. Among various interactions demonstrated, the most consistent finding related to class standing and perceptual style. Junior and senior students were found to be considerably less field dependent than freshman and sophomore students. On the basis of clothing perception scores, class standing again proved highly significant. Junior and senior students were found to possess greater ability for recall of dress design. Significant correlations among personality dimensions and measures of clothing perception indicate that relatively field independent persons tend to possess a greater ability for recall of line in clothing design.
Body Proportions of Fashion Illustrations, 1840–1940, Compared with the Greek Ideal of Female Beauty
Authors: Creekmore Anna M. , Pedersen Elaine
Published: March 2007

Comparisons of the body proportions of the Greek ideal of female beauty with mean body propor tions of fashion figures of costume silhouette periods, 1840 through 1940, revealed that fashion illustrators in general have not adhered to the Greek ideal over time. In addition, comparisons of mean body proportions as well as the popular types of hair styles, face shapes, and shoulder slopes of sketched figures from three periods of stable costume silhouettes and two periods of transition from one silhouette to another revealed that the mean body proportions and the popularity of specific types of features changed during both.
Home Economists as Cross‐Cultural Researchers: A Field Study of Ghanaian Clothin Selection
Authors: Littrell Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

Participant observation procedures from cultural anthropology and social science research methods common to home economics were combined in assessing the cross‐cultural applica bility of the American clothing selection generalization: selection of American dress is based on certain aesthetic, psychological, sociological, economic and physiological attributes of the clothing.

Ninety‐nine Ghanaian women consumers completed a questionnaire anvolving choices among cloths and ranking of reasons for the choices. Chi‐square and Spearman rank order correlations were used in analyzing the data. Consumers differed significantly in their cloth choices when analyzed by age and ethnic group but not when analyzed by occupation. How ever all individuals agreed on the reasons for their choices. Selection of Ghanaian wax print textiles was related to, in order of importance, aesthetic, psychological, and sociological but not economic or physiological clothing attributes.

The combination of cultural anthropology and home economics research approaches was evaluated as useful in selection of a topic appropriate to the culture and informants, in collec tion of a wide variety of data bearing on clothing selection, and in comparison of “ideal” to “real” culture. The research methods provided checks on each other for conducting objective research in another culture.
Teacher Level of Questioning and Problem Solving in Young Children
Authors: Turner Pauline H.
Published: March 2007

Middle‐ and upper‐class three‐ and four‐year‐old children were exposed to three consecutive five‐week treatment conditions during the naturalistic setting in a half‐day laboratory nursery school program. During the first treatment condition, the teacher emphasized low‐level cognitive questions; during the second, high‐level cognitive questions; and during third, low‐ level cognitive questions. The children significantly increased their scores on two verbal problem‐solving tasks following exposure to high‐level cognitive questioning and significantly decreased their scores on the same tasks following exposure to low‐level cognitive questioning.
A Preschool Teacher Competency Rating Scale
Authors: Sugawara Alan I. , Cramer Mary M.
Published: March 2007

The reliability and validity of a Preschool Teacher Competency Rating Scale (PTCRS) were tested using 30 female college students, with 15 students each at two different levels of a pre school teacher training program. An interrater reliability coefficient of .90 was obtained for the entire scale, and a range of coefficients from .41 to 96 was obtained for its nine subscales. Repeated‐measures ANOV As applied to the data indicated that advanced level students were rated as significantly more competent as teachers than beginning level students, and both beginning and advanced level students were rated as significantly more competent as teachers at the end of their respective teacher training practicums on the entire PTCRS and its nine subscales. Moreover, additional exploratory analyses revealed that the PTCRS subscales ap peared to reflect accurately the impact of the preschool teacher training levels in the compe tency ratings of students at the end of their training practicums. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that the PTCRS is a relatively reliable scale with some evidence of construct validity which can be used as an aid in training competent teachers of preschool children.
Composition and Palatability of Breads Made with Ground Soybean Products
Authors: Klein Barbara P. , Perry Aiko K. , Van Duyne Frances O.
Published: March 2007

Three ground soy products were prepared from whole soybeans, using equipment available to many homemakers, and incorporated into yeast‐leavened bread as substitutes for 12 percent of the wheat flour. The moisture, fat, protein and thiamin contents of the soy products, wheat flour, a commercial soy flour, and the prepared breads were determined. Trypsin inhibitor ac tivity of the soy products was assayed. The heat treatments used decreased the level of trypsin inhibitor to an acceptable level. The volumes of soy‐containing breads were less than those of the wheat flour controls. Breads prepared with the soy products were evaluated by a taste panel and were judged between fair and good for all characteristics. Home prepared soy prod ucts can be used to prepare palatable breads and supplement the protein content of wheat bread.
Typical Chairs 1949–1968: An Analysis of Style and Evolution
Authors: Lane Alta N. , Stewart K. Kay
Published: March 2007

This study defined the style of chairs for 1949–1968 as a basis for future study of social and cultural aspects of furniture. Objectives were to (1) develop a notation system for classifying and indexing traits of chair design; (2) identify chair traits which occurred year by year using this notation system; (3) determine traits characteristic of the period and anaylze those traits for patterns of evolution, and (4) examine relationships among the traits to identify the styles which occurred during the period.

From 2000 chairs chosen as representative of chairs manufactured and/or distributed in the United States during the 20‐year period, 203 traits were identified within eight categories. Data were first analyzed by frequencies, percentages, graphs, and histograms and then by chi‐square to examine changes during the 20‐year period and identify evolutionary patterns. The relationships between traits were examined to identify typical chairs of the period.

Findings indicated traits did not develop independently but in relation to other traits similar in appearance. Evolution was present as shown in patterns of change in traits.
Black‐White Differentials in the Demand for Children
Authors: Abdel‐Ghany Mohamed
Published: March 2007

Using the 1970 National Fertility Survey, a multiple regression model was used to determine the effects of selected socioeconomic variables on the number of intended children by black and white families. The study also examined the extent to which the black‐white differentials in the demand for children can be accounted for by underlying differences in socioeconomic characteristics between the two racial groups.

Results of the study indicate that differences in the socioeconomic characteristics between black and white families explained 50 percent of the difference in the intended number of children by the two racial groups.