bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-orogenic magmatism as a stage to understand the volcano-plutonic connection: Insights from the Triassic magmatism of the Elqui-Limarí batholith, High Andes, Central Chile (~30°S)
Authors: Molina Cancino Pablo , Godoy Rodríguez Tomás , Velásquez Herrera Ricardo , Payacán Payacán Ítalo
Published: March 2022

The Triassic magmatism found in the South-Central Andes is interpreted to be formed by a stage long-lived arc activity, product of attenuated subduction, in a transition from the final assembly of Gondwana and the initiation of its breakup, namely post-orogenic magmatism. As a result, the younger part Elqui-Limarí batholith (BEL) was formed, covering an area above 5,000 km2. The geodynamics of this transition characterize a resulting thinned lithosphere, the generation of regional-scale NNW-SSE marginal basins and volcanism as an analog to an island arc setting, and bimodal magmatism. The latter is portrayed by (1) the upwelling of mantle-derived magmas through diking (Elqui Dike Swarm) by crust relaxation; and (2) The intrusion of scattered plutons of anorogenic and arc-related geochemical affinities, rapidly extracted from long-lived reservoirs located in the base of the crust, and emplaced at a shallow level, piercing the Upper Paleozoic granitic basement. The latter was vigorously uplifted and exhumed in the Late Triassic, as a consequence of extensional conditions, concomitant with profuse volcanism (mainly the Pastos Blancos Formation, among other products).

Our results indicate that the volcanic coverage of the BEL is genetically related to its intrusive counterpart. The Rb/Sr ratios of the epizonal plutons (>0.4) are consistent with extracted liquids from deeper parts of the magmatic system, whereas the Pastos Blancos Formation present mixed signals, interpreted to be product of the high antecrystic load, evacuated from ‘mushy’ parts of the magmatic reservoir. Plutons emplaced at greater depth (>3 kbar) show Rb/Sr ratios  (<0.4) related to accumulation of crystals and/or loss of interstitial liquid. The crystallization of the initial liquids that gave rise to the different lithological derivatives, was reproduced by isobaric thermodynamic modeling, in water-saturated conditions. The modeled mineralogy, within temperatures in the optimal melt extraction efficiency window (crystallinities between 50 to 70 vol.%) show a remarkable resemblance with crystal clots observed in the Pastos Blancos Formation, supporting the idea of a connection between the Triassic plutons found in the BEL and its contemporaneous volcanic coverage.
Environmental water assessment at a catchment scale comparing natural and managed conditions
Authors: Quijano Baron Juan Pablo , Carlier Rebecca , Rodriguez Jose , Saco Patricia , Sandi Steven , Wen Li , Kuczera George
Published: March 2022

Environmental water is indispensable for promoting and maintaining environmental assets in managed catchments. Water in the Macquarie Catchment is managed by releases from Burrendong Dam, which has played an important role supplying water needs in the Macquarie Valley, and environmental flows to the Ramsar listed Macquarie Marshes. Management decisions tools are necessary to analyze impacts of environmental water at a catchment scale and are critical to preserve ecosystems services under future uncertainties of climate variability and change. Here we implemented WATHNET5, a Network Linear Programming (NLP) tool to analyze effects of environmental water in the Macquarie Catchment. Our semi-distributed model includes storage areas (Dam and wetlands), input flows of the main tributary rivers, irrigation and water consumption demands, routing and conveyance losses. For model setup, rules for operation of the dam were adjusted to current conditions, while tributary rivers, irrigation and water consumption demands were obtained from a hydrological model used by local authorities for the Macquarie River. The ecological outputs of environmental releases were assessed at five locations along the river and following the objectives provided in the Long-Term Water Plan determined by the Environmental Authority (EA). In each of the five locations, our model computed different flows; Base Flows (BF), Small Fresh (SF), Large Fresh (LF) and Overbank flows (OS, OM and OL for small, medium and large respectively), which are associated to different environmental objectives. The EA determined minimum thresholds for each of the flows in terms of timing, duration, frequency and interval between events as indicators of environmental objectives compliance. Our model determines if the different flows met the thresholds and computes the amount for time that the conditions are met during the simulation period. Calibration of the flows over a 30-year period were carried out and the NLP model results were compared with the observations in five gauging station along the catchment. We found that the model adequately represents the flows with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients between 0.42 and 0.6. Simulations were carried out for 120 years to analyze the effect of environmental water releases on ecological outcomes compared to natural condition (no dam and irrigation), showing tradeoffs between the different types of flows in different parts of the catchment. Our NLP model can be used as a multi-objective optimization tool to help identify long-term management decisions that can improve system resilience and protect environmental assets under an uncertain future climate.
Recent results from neutral beam source calibration by means of the novel Absolute Beam Monitor
Authors: Gasser Jonathan , Galli André , Wurz Peter
Published: March 2022

The IMAP mission by NASA is dedicated to extending the physical understanding of our heliosphere and its interaction with the interstellar medium by enhancing and refining the results obtained from IBEX. The neutral atom analysis instrument IMAP-Lo will observe and map fluxes of low-energy heliospheric neutral atoms (ENAs) and interstellar neutral (ISN) H, D, He, O and Ne with energies as low as 10 eV up to 1000 eV.

The instrument testing and calibration with a neutral atom beam is foreseen in the MEFISTO test facility for ion and neutral particle instruments at the University of Bern. MEFISTO is equipped with an electron-cyclotron resonance ion source that provides ion beams at a beam energy 3keV/q up to 100 keV/q. The beam fed into the test chamber is decelerated to 10 eV/q – 3 keV/q and effectively neutralized in a removable neutralization stage via surface reflection on a highly polished single crystal tungsten surface. The relative neutral beam intensity is permanently monitored via the neutralizing surface current. The neutralization process induces a considerable reduction of particle kinetic energy and conical widening of the neutral beam.

Thus, one key improvement for the calibration of a neutral atom instrument such as IMAP-Lo is to be able to measure the absolute neutral particle flux and beam energy into the instrument in the test chamber. To achieve this goal, the Absolute Beam Monitor (ABM) was developed recently.

The ABM is a dedicated laboratory device for absolute neutral particle flux measurements below 3 keV and coarse kinetic energy determination. Neutrals entering the ABM aperture strike a single crystal W conversion surface at grazing angle and are reflected into a channeltron to generate a stop pulse. The simultaneous monitoring of secondary electrons released at the W surface as start signal, the stop signal and the coincidence event rate allows inferring the rate of neutral atoms into the ABM aperture. The average neutral beam energy is obtained from the start-stop time-of-flight spectrum. The ABM is the first and so far the only device to measure the absolute neutral atoms flux in this low energy range below a few 100 eV. It serves as a primary standard for gauging the MEFISTO neutral beam source.

We report on recent calibration results of neutral H, He, O, Ne beams in the 10 eV – 1 keV energy range with the ABM in MEFISTO.
Enhancing global hydrological models with local knowledge to support Nexus analyses
Authors: Haro Monteagudo David , Momblanch Andrea , Burek Peter , Kahil Taher , Andreu Joaquín , Paredes-Arquiola Javier , Solera Abel , Beguería Santiago
Published: March 2022

Over recent decades major advances have been made in global hydrological modelling underpinned by progress in high-resolution data availability, as well as in computational and data storage capabilities. These advances have provided hydrologists with opportunities to develop high-resolution large-scale hydrological models (LHMs) designed to represent and study the global hydrological cycle. However, with the aim of answering relevant questions for water resources policy and management, LHMs have recently been used in a number of regional applications. This has been enabled by their increasing spatial resolution which makes it possible to zoom-in on specific regions, essentially removing the barriers between global and regional models.

Notwithstanding their growing sophistication, the current generation of LHMs still fall short in their ability to represent dynamic trade-offs in the water-food-energy-environment nexus, and water competition between upstream and downstream users. These limitations hinder the ability of LHMs to provide reliable insights at any scale other than the global, leaving the task of incorporating human water management activities within these models as one of the grand challenges for the hydrologic research community.

Catchment-scale water management models (CWMMs) adopt a holistic systems approach to comprehensively address water availability, use, infrastructure, and policy aspects within multi-sectoral water allocation. The coupling of these models with LHMs can enhance their representation of human interventions in the natural water cycle (e.g., management of reservoirs, intra- and inter-basin water transfers) and improve the accuracy of water demand estimations such as irrigation requirements by including irrigation schemes. The inclusion of this local knowledge into LHMs’ modelling process can, therefore, increase their capacity to support rigorous nexus analyses to inform water policy and management decisions.

This work represents the preliminary outcome of a project with the overall research objective of developing and providing a “proof-of-concept” to explore and design an approach for integrating CWMMs with LHMs, and to assess its potential and limitations to enhance the quality of information LHMs provide at regional scale. This work will present the initial efforts to compare the outcomes of LHMs from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project and the CWMM AQUATOOL in the Ebro River basin, a heavily managed catchment in Spain with multiple competing water uses. This comparison will provide an estimate of the capacity of LHMs to provide useful information for decision making, as well as to identify knowledge gaps to be filled with management models.
Use of fire danger seasonal forecasts to support fire prevention management in Attica Greece
Authors: Karali Anna , V. Varotsos Konstantinos , Giannakopoulos Christos , Hatzaki Maria
Published: March 2022

Forest fires constitute a major environmental and socioeconomic hazard in the Mediterranean Europe. Weather and climate are among the main factors influencing wildfire potential. As fire danger is expected to increase under changing climatic conditions, seasonal forecasting of weather conditions conducive to fires is of paramount importance for implementing effective fire prevention policies. The aim of the current study is to provide high resolution (~9km) probabilistic seasonal fire danger forecasts, utilizing the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) for Attica region, one of the most fire prone regions in Greece. Furthermore, the study aims to assess the ability of probabilistic FWI seasonal forecasts to provide robust information and support management decisions by comparing hindcast years of above normal fire danger conditions with historical fire occurrence data.

Towards this aim, the fifth generation of the ECMWF seasonal forecasting system (SEAS5) (Johnson et al. 2019) hindcasts for the period 1993 to 2016 available in C3S Climate Data Store are utilized. The variables to calculate daily FWI values include instantaneous outputs at 12 UTC for 2-meter temperature, northward and eastward near-surface wind components, 2-m dewpoint temperature as well as daily accumulated precipitation. In order to statistically downscale and verify FWI seasonal forecasts, the state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset ERA5-Land (Muñoz-Sabater 2019) of Copernicus CDS is used. The verification of the FWI (including its sub-components) re-forecasts was performed using adequate probabilistic verification measures of skill and reliability.

Preliminary results indicate that FWI as well as its Initial Spread Index (ISI) sub-component, present statistically significant (95% confidence interval) high skill scores for Attica and are proven respectively, “marginally useful” and “perfectly reliable” in predicting above normal fire danger conditions. When comparing year-by-year the SEAS5 FWI predictions with the historical fire occurrence as obtained by the Hellenic Fire Service database, both FWI and ISI forecasts indicate a skill in identifying years with high fire occurrences. Overall, fire danger and its subcomponents can potentially be exploited by regional authorities in fire prevention management regarding preparedness and resources allocation in the Attica Region.
The precautionary principles of the potential risks of compound events in Danish municipalities
Authors: Modrakowski Luise-Ch. , Su Jian , Nielsen Anne Bach
Published: March 2022

The risk of compound events is defined as probable weather and climate events where many factors and dangers combine to cause catastrophic socio-economic repercussions. Compound events affecting vulnerable societies are thus a major security risk. Compound events are rarely documented, making preparedness difficult. This study examines how climate risk management is perceived and practiced in flood-prone Danish municipalities (i.e., Odense, Hvidovre, and Vejle). These practices reveal how different understandings of compound events influence risk perceptions and, thus, policy decisions. We discovered through expert interviews and policy documents that specific Danish municipalities recognize compound events as a condition or situation and develop precautionary principles. Depending on their location, they see compound events as either a vague tendency (Odense), a trend to be monitored (Hvidovre), or a partial reality (Vejle). They see flood drivers and their combinations as serious physical hazards to which they adapt. By focusing on local governance systems, it revealed the need to critically assess the mismatch between responsibility and capability, as well as the ongoing fragmentation of services related to climate concerns in Danish municipalities. The findings show that one discipline cannot address the complicated challenge of compound events. The report recommends expanding scientific techniques and increasing local focus in compound event research to stimulate creative thinking, better planning, and enhanced risk management.
Scaling of equilibrium planetary saltation transport
Authors: Pähtz Thomas , Durán Orencio , Comola Francesco
Published: March 2022

Aeolian sediment transport in saltation shapes erodible surfaces and affects the dust cycles and climates of planetary bodies. For the approximately unidirectional near-surface winds often temporarily prevailing in planetary atmospheres, saltation transport approaches an equilibrium state when given enough fetch to adapt. However, predictions of even this arguably simplest transport state have relied on oversimplified physical models or empirical models derived exclusively from measurements under Earth's atmospheric conditions. Here, we use grain scale-resolved sediment transport simulations to derive general scaling laws for equilibrium planetary saltation transport. The simulations, consistent with terrestrial measurements, cover seven orders of magnitude in the particle-fluid-density ratio s, ranging from water to extremely rarefied air on Pluto. They reveal that the saltation threshold exhibits a parabolic dependency on the grain size, with a pronounced threshold minimum that scales as s1/3. In contrast, previous studies reported a s1/2-scaling and substantially larger threshold values for nonequilibrium conditions. Furthermore, the simulations reveal that the saltation mass flux and grain impact energy flux, which is responsible for the emission of soil dust into a planetary body's atmosphere, obey scaling laws resembling the classical law by Ungar and Haff (Sedimentology 34, 289-299, 1987), but with nonconstant scaling coefficients proportional to s1/3. Our results, summarized in phase diagrams for the cessation threshold, mean mass flux, and dust emission potential, are consistent with several geomorphological observations across Solar System bodies, such as the eastward propagation of Titan's dunes despite predominant westward winds.
Connecting science and citizens via R shiny apps – an interactive online toolbox for phenological observations
Authors: Yuan Ye , Lüpke Alissa , Kloos Simon , Batsaikhan Anudari , Divanis Andreas , Menzel Annette
Published: March 2022

Real-time on-site observations are the fundamentals for studies of climate change, especially in phenology. The online environmental data collection and analysis platform BAYSICS has been developed for Bavaria, Germany, in order to assist and promote essential climatic related research to citizen scientists. In this study, we focus on presenting a novel aspect from such an integrated network – using interactive web applications to guide citizen scientists through applied climate change topics, and further develop their very own research questions which could be answered with the assistance of shiny apps. The following implemented shiny apps will be introduced in detail: Green Warming Stripes – a simple and direct visualization in coloured stripes showing the effects of climate change on the seasonal development of plants; PhenoInterpol – a map tool to visualize the phenological interpolated map in Bavaria as well as to perform phenological long-term trend analyses as a citizen scientist combining historical and his/her own observations; TECCS – an easy-to-use simulation tool for investigating the possible effects of winter and/or spring warming on bud break. More functionalities have been planned with the aim of building better connections between the scientific community and citizen society. In such a way we believe that not only data-based scientific research can be improved (database, models, and more) but also educational efforts based on “inquiry-based learning” related to climate change can be achieved.
Predicting Rainfall using Data-Driven Time Series Approaches
Authors: Baig Faisal , Sherif Mohsen , Ali Luqman , Khan Wasif , Faiz Muhammad Abrar
Published: March 2022

Rainfall plays a significant role in agricultural farming and is considered one of the major natural sources for all living things.  The increase in greenhouse emissions and change in climatic conditions have an adverse effect on the rainfall patterns. Therefore, it becomes crucial to analyze the changing patterns and to forecast rainfall  to mitigate natural disasters that could be caused by the unexpected heavy rainfalls. This paper aims to compare the performance of seven states of the art time series models namely Moving Average(MA), Naïve Forecast(NF), Simple Exponential(SE), Holt’s Linear(HL), Holt’s Linear Additive(HLA), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA), Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average(SARIMA) for the prediction of rainfall. The historical monthly rainfall data from six different stations in United Arab Emirates (UAE) was obtained to assess the performance of seven techniques. Experimental results show that ARIMA outperforms all the prediction models with a mean square error (RMSE) of 9.49 followed by Holt’s Linear model with an RMSE value of 9.91. The performance of all the models is comparable and shows promising performance in rainfall prediction. This also shows the ability of these models to predict the rainfall in arid regions like the UAE
Disentangling direct and indirect soil moisture effects onecosystem carbon uptake with Causal Modeling
Authors: Reimers Christian , Winkler Alexander , Humphrey Vincent , Reichstein Markus
Published: March 2022

Soil moisture affects gross primary production through two pathways. First, directly through
drought stress and second, indirectly through temperature via evaporative cooling of the near-
surface atmospheric layer. Because it is not possible to disentangle these effects experimentally
at a biome level, Humphrey et al. (2021) has used Earth system model experiments in which soil
moisture is fixed to its seasonal cycle and evaluated the effects on gross primary production. In
contrast, we aim to use causal modeling to infer impacts directly from observation. To predict the
effects of soil moisture anomalies on gross primary production, we extend existing causal mod-
eling frameworks to cover situations where two variables influence one other. A major challenge
in applying causal modeling here lies in the bidirectional relationship between soil moisture and
temperature via evapotranspiration. On one hand, higher temperature leads to higher evapotran-
spiration and thus lower soil moisture. On the other hand, lower soil moisture leads to lower evap-
otranspiration and thus higher temperatures. Therefore, neither soil moisture nor temperature can
be adequately modeled as a function of the other. To address this challenge, we extend existing
causal modeling frameworks to account for these situations where the variables are not functions
of each other but are determined by equilibrium. We show that our method identifies the correct
links between variables in synthetic data. We further evaluate whether our new approach is con-
sistent with the results of Humphrey et al. (2021) based on idealized counterfactual experiments
using Earth system models. To this end, we use the control runs of the models to directly predict
the results of the idealized counterfactual experiment as proof-of-concept. Finally, we apply our
method to observations and determine the direct and indirect effect of soil moisture anomalies on
gross primary production.

References:
Vincent Humphrey, Alexis Berg, Philippe Ciais, Pierre Gentine, Martin Jung, Markus Reichstein,
Sonia I Seneviratne, and Christian Frankenberg. Soil moisture–atmosphere feedback dominates
land carbon uptake variability. Nature, 592(7852):65–69, 2021.
Control of crest heigth statistics at a target position in a wave tank environement
Authors: Canard Maxime , Ducrozet Guillaume , Bouscasse Benjamin
Published: March 2022

The present study deals with the generation and the propagation of unidirectional irregular waves in experimental or numerical wave tanks. It introduces, tests and validates a new wave generation procedure, allowing for the accurate control of a generated sea state at any position of the domain.

A sea state represents the wave conditions observed at sea. It is defined with a wave spectrum and a certain duration, associated to the probability of occurrence of the extreme events. A sea state can be reproduced at model scale in wave tanks, usually for wave structure interaction tests with a typical duration of 3hours at full scale.

To generate a sea state, the usual procedures rely on a stochastic approach. Long-duration free surface elevation time-series (realizations) are generated by the wave maker. They are built in the Fourier space using the linear dispersive waves theory. The amplitudes are set using the wave spectrum of interest, and the phases are random. The quality of the generated wave field is then assessed at a target position Xt (usually the position of a tested marine structure). The qualification of the sea state at Xt mainly rely on the mean wave spectrum (over all the realizations) and the ensemble crest heigth distribution (considering all the realizations).

However, nonlinear phenomena occur from the wave maker to the target position. They affect the shape of the spectrum and deviate the crest distributions from its references. The most advanced state-of-the-art wave generation procedures iterate on the wave maker motion to correct the spectrum at Xt. However, recent studies [1] show that using such methods, the crest statistics can strongly vary with Xt.

On those grounds, our new procedure complete the state-of-the-art methodologies. It allows for the control of the spectrum together with the crest distributon at any target position. The method is numerically tested and validated with the nonlinear wave propagation solver HOS-NWT [2]. And some preliminary experimental results are presented.

 

[1] Canard, M., Ducrozet, G., and Bouscasse, B., 2022 (accept-edfor publication). Varying ocean wave statistics emerg-ing from a single energy spectrum in an experimental wavetank. Ocean Engineering.

[2] Ducrozet, G., Bonnefoy, F., Le Touzé, D., & Ferrant, P. (2012). A modified high-order spectral method for wavemaker modeling in a numerical wave tank. European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids, 34, 19-34.
GRACE-FO RL06 Level-2 Gravity Fields and Mascon Solutions from CSR: Assessments and Future Plans
Authors: Save Himanshu , Bettadpur Srinivas , Nagel Peter , Pie Nadege , Poole Steven , Tamisiea Mark , Kang Zhigui
Published: March 2022

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission, launched in May 2018, continues the time-variable gravity field time series first established by the GRACE mission in 2002. This paper will provide the assessment of the different gravity field and mass anomaly products produced at the Center for Space Research (CSR). This paper will present the error characterization of the official CSR RL06 solutions and its evolution along with uncertainty quantification.  This paper will present the results of the assessments relative to both the expectations from GRACE performance and relative to expectations of signals in independent datasets. This paper will provide introduction to multiple experimental mass anomaly products produced at CSR and will summarize the improvements planned for the future. 
Partitioning of rainfall and snowmelt between trees and streams in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Beria Harsh , Kirchner James W.
Published: March 2022

The hydrologic cycle in Switzerland relies heavily on snowmelt sustaining streamflows during spring and summer. Climate warming will shrink the regional coverage of seasonal snowpacks thereby leading to an earlier onset of snowmelt, which in turn will alter streamflow regimes. However, the effects of changes in snow regimes on Alpine vegetation are largely unknown. In this context, it is imperative to understand how much streamflow and vegetation water uptake depend on different precipitation phases (rainfall versus snowfall), and what factors control the relative proportion of rainfall and snowfall that are ultimately used by vegetation (versus that flow to streams).

In this presentation, we use stable water isotopes to assess seasonal origin of waters used by Alpine trees vs water flowing into the nearby stream across different sites in Switzerland. We then correlate remote sensing based plant water abundance indicators (NDVI, NDWI, VOD) against long term streamflow records to assess how strongly waters flowing into streams are decoupled from waters taken up by vegetation, and how this decoupling varies across space and time. Using these results, we propose a theoretical framework that explains the phenomenon of “drought paradox”, where precipitation deficits during periods of drought disproportionally impact streamflow generation over vegetation in the Swiss Alps.
A slab-drag numerical model for the detachment of Cimmerian blocks 
Authors: Larvet Tiphaine , le Pourhiet Laetitia , Agard Philippe
Published: March 2022

The thousand-km long Cimmerian continental blocks detached from the northern margin of Gondwana by the end of the Permian and drifted northward until the Triassic, when they collided with Eurasia. The mechanism driving this process, however, remains mysterious. It was recently hypothesized that slab drag induced by subduction of the Paleotethys beneath Eurasia had driven extension in the lower plate, hence the subsequent breakup of Gondwana. So far, very few numerical or analogue subduction models have dealt with the issue of lower plate extension, in contrast to backarc extension. Indeed, most of them comprise a preexisting ridge accommodating extension related to far-field slab pull forces, that prevents the onset of extension in the lower plate. Models tackling lower plate breakup have concluded that the slab drag force alone is not sufficient to generate lower plate rifting, and that the strength of the continental lithosphere must be reduced to allow for strain localization and continental breakup, via some inherited plate structures and/or the impigement of a plume. These models have however somewhat underestimated the slab pull force of the Paleotethys subduction by disregarding the increase of slab density associated with the olivine phase transitions at depth.

Using more realistic models of slab drag, we herein investigate if and how a homogeneous continent can be ruptured by slab pull forces without the need to invoke preexisting weaknesses. The slab pull force in our 2D subduction model evolves consistently with the time function of phase transitions. In the simulation, subduction initiation is forced by prescribing a convergence rate on tectonic plates on both sides. We tested variable convergence rates (0 to 6 cm/yr) imposed either symmetrically on both continents (Gondwana and Eurasia) or only on one of them.

The breakup of the lower plate is observed for convergence rates between 0 and 4 cm/yr. Beyond this threshold, the extension arising from slab pull is not sufficient to induce rifting within the continent. Furthermore, we show that the deformation of the lower plate depends on the tectonic plate upon which convergence is prescribed: a convergence rate of 4 cm/yr imposed on the upper plate side (Eurasia) leads to Gondwana breakup, whereas a convergence rate twice as small imposed on the lower plate side (Gondwana) does not.

Our results confirm that the extensional force induced by the Paleotethys subduction drag may have caused the detachment of micro-continents within the lower plate and provides a compelling explanation for the history of the Cimmerian blocks. Results also provide information on the relative motion between the tectonic plates and the underlying mantle, by showing that lower plate breakup is promoted when Gondwana is relatively motionless in the mantle frame and when the overall convergence between Gondwana and Eurasia is mainly ensured by the motion of Eurasia.
Removal of copper and chromnium from water by mixed matrix membranes loaded with natural inorganic fillers
Authors: Chabane Mustapha , Rahoui Khaled , Melkaoui Chikh , Dahmani Benamar , Ferrah Nacer
Published: March 2022

Waste water treatment using chemicals reagents are effective but pose serious environmental and health problems.Public demand for renewable and biodegradable products grows with awareness of environmental protection, materials of biological origin appear to offer solutions. In our present work, we have synthetized matrix membranes based on different compositions of granulated actived carbonne (GAC),kaolin,Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Iron Oxyde (Fe2O3). The membrane samples  were characterized by different analytical methods such as FTIR spectroscopy and XRD .The matrix membranes were tested for the removal of toxic metals such as chromium from aqueous solutions  The experimental test were caried on filtration unit .After each filtration test ,the concentraton of the heavy metals were be determined by analytical method . The rejection rate ratio was calculatad refering to the values of the copper and chromium concentration on Feed and permeate .solutions .The results shows the important contribution of natural inorganic matter on the copper and chromium ions from water.
A Methodology for the Spatiotemporal Identification of Compound Hazards: Wind and Precipitation Extremes in Great Britain (1979–2019)
Authors: Tilloy Aloïs , Malamud Bruce , Joly-Laugel Amelie
Published: March 2022

Compound hazards refer to two or more different natural hazards occurring over the same time period and spatial area. Compound hazards can operate on different spatial and temporal scales than their component single hazards. This work proposes a definition of compound hazards in space and time and presents a methodology for the Spatiotemporal Identification of Compound Hazards (SI–CH). The approach is applied to the analysis of compound precipitation and wind extremes in Great Britain, from which we create a database. Hourly precipitation and wind gust values for 1979–2019 are extracted from climate reanalysis (ERA5) within a region including Great Britain and the British channel. Extreme values (above the 99% quantile) of precipitation and wind gust are clustered with the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm, creating clusters for precipitation and wind gusts. Compound hazard clusters that correspond to the spatial overlap of single hazard clusters during the aggregated duration of the two hazards are then identified. Our ERA5 Hazard Clusters Database consists of 18,086 precipitation clusters, 6190 wind clusters, and 4555 compound hazard clusters. The methodology’s ability to identify extreme precipitation and wind events is assessed with a catalogue of 157 significant events (96 extreme precipitation and 61 extreme wind events) in Great Britain over the period 1979–2019. We find a good agreement between the SI–CH outputs and the catalogue with an overall hit rate (ratio between the number of joint events and the total number of events) of 93.7%. The spatial variation of hazard intensity within wind, precipitation and compound hazard clusters are then visualised and analysed. The study finds that the SI–CH approach can accurately identify single and compound hazard events and represent spatial and temporal properties of these events. We find that compound wind and precipitation extremes, despite occurring on smaller scales than single extremes, can occur on large scales in Great Britain with a decreasing spatial scale when the combined intensity of the hazards increases. 
Studying the spheromak rotation for realistic CME modelling with EUHFORIA and its dependency on initial model parameters 
Authors: Sarkar Ranadeep , Pomoell Jens , Kilpua Emilia , Asvestari Eleanna , Wijsen Nicolas , Maharana Anwesha , Poedts Stefaan
Published: March 2022

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are one of the major sources for space weather disturbances. If the magnetic field inside an Earth-directed CME, or its associated sheath region, has a southward-directed north-south magnetic field component (Bz), then it interacts effectively with the Earth’s magnetosphere, leading to severe geomagnetic storms. Therefore, it is crucial to predict the strength and direction of Bz inside Earth-impacting interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs) in order to forecast their geo-effectiveness. Since the magnetic field of solar eruptions cannot reliably be measured via remote means, and direct continuous measurements of the Earth impacting solar transients are routinely available only very close to our planet, modelling of magnetic properties is paramount. The state-of-the art global heliospheric MHD models typically use the spheromak to characterize the magnetic structure of a CME and simulate its evolution from Sun-to-Earth. However, recent studies (Asvestari et al. 2021) have reported that the spheromak tends to rotate due to its interaction with the ambient medium, posing a great challenge in space weather forecasting.  

In this work, we study the spheromak rotation by modelling a realistic CME event on 2013 April 11 using the “European heliospheric forecasting information asset” (EUHFORIA). We found that when using the default density value in EUHFORIA, the axis of symmetry of the spheromak undergoes approximately 90 degrees of rotation and nearly aligns to the propagation direction of the CME. However, if we constrain the spheromak density using the observational data, we find an order of magnitude higher density value as compared to the default one. Interestingly, the spheromak rotation is observed to be reduced for higher densities. However, we note that the high-density spheromaks undergo significant compression as compared to the low-density ones. Using the observationally constrained density values, we obtain good agreement between the model result and in-situ observation. The simulation is also able to capture the overall magnetic structure of the associated sheath region ahead of the CME flux rope. These results are promising towards forecasting of Bz in near real time inside both ICME and sheath regions.  

This research has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 870405 (EUHFORIA 2.0). 
Inner-basin evaluation of the changes in the (lateral) fluxes of the distributed wflow_sbm hydrological model due to spatial scaling
Authors: Aerts Jerom , Hut Rolf , van de Giesen Nick , Drost Niels , Kalvera Peter , van Verseveld Willem , Weerts Albrecht
Published: March 2022

We conduct an inner-basin evaluation of the (lateral) fluxes of the wflow_sbm model at 3km, 1km and 200m spatial resolutions the CAMELS dataset. Previous work (Aerts 2021) has shown that while the quality of streamflow predictions at basin outlets might show small differences between basins for the different model resolutions, inner basin lateral flows can differ greatly over different resolutions.

In this work we study the impact of model resolution on rainfall partitioning and subsequent impact on lateral flows. To quantify terrain characteristics, we apply the method of Gharari et al. (2011) to classify parts of each basin as wetland, hillslope, or plateau. For the different model resolutions, we calculate how much rain falls on the different classifications and study lateral flow within the basin per terrain classification type.

The results of this work will shed light on how models run at different resolutions have different internal lateral flows while still generating similar and adequate streamflow predictions. This insight will help in making informed decisions on what resolution to run a model at for a given problem to optimize both output and internal realism of the model estimations.

This study is carried out within the eWaterCycle framework; allowing for a FAIR by design research setup that is scalable in terms of case study areas and hydrological models.
Moisture origin of the extreme precipitation event in Western Europe in July 2021
Authors: Benedict Imme , Polak Florian , Vermeulen Thomas , Weijenborg Chris
Published: March 2022

From the 12th to the 15th of July 2021, Western Europe was confronted with an abnormal amount of precipitation leading to extreme floods and enormous damage in western Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Locally, almost thrice as much as the monthly precipitation amount was observed, up to 175 mm in two days. The large-scale weather pattern in Western Europe was characterised by an intense and stationary upper-level cut-off low.

In this study the atmospheric conditions resulting in this extreme precipitation are investigated, with a focus on understanding the enhanced moisture supply leading to the extreme precipitation amounts. Previous to the event, the Baltic area experienced a significant heatwave, and it was hypothesized that due to high evaporation rates more humid air over this region would be transported towards western Europe to result in these enormous amounts of rain.

We analysed the moisture origin of the extreme precipitation with the Lagrangian trajectory diagnostic LAGRANTO applied to both re-analysis data (ERA5) and simulations with the non-hydrostatic weather research and forecasting model (WRF). Both models represent the case rather well. In addition, the impact on precipitation by adapting the sea surface temperature (SST) of both the Baltic and the Mediterranean Sea was studied using WRF. This analysis showed that SST changes in the Mediterranean had the largest impact on precipitation in western Europe. Furthermore, first results indicate that the Mediterranean Sea, which had a positive SST anomaly of 2˚C, was the main moisture source preceding the precipitation event, contrasting our initial hypothesis.
Structure Transition and Circularity Gap of Sand and Gravel Resources in China
Authors: Ren Zijian , Jiang Meng , Chen Dingjiang , Yu Yadong , Li Fei , Xu Ming , Bringezu Stefan , Zhu Bing
Published: March 2022

Aggregates (collectively sand, gravel, and crushed stone) are the most extracted material by weight over the world, and they are important raw materials for buildings and infrastructure. Owing to its rapid development, China is the largest aggregate consumer and producer, accounting for over half of the global aggregate consumption. However, aggregates in China are now facing shortages and low resource circulation. As a long-neglected resource, it is difficult to provide sufficient support for relevant policy-making without a comprehensive quantitative basis. To bridge the knowledge gap, first, we established a systematic material flow and stock accounting framework to map the social metabolism of aggregate resources in China. Then we discussed the results in the global context for international comparison to figure out the circularity gaps of aggregates in China. Our results show during 1978–2018, the inflows of China’s aggregates increased by 13 times (1.3 to 17.3 billion tons), the stocks increased by 15 times (18.3 to 285.5 billion tons), and the outflows, the main component of CDW, increased 9 times (from 445 million tons to 4.4 billion tons). On the supply side, a transition of the primary supply structure is observed. The manufactured aggregates gradually replaced the natural aggregates as the main supply source in the past decade. On the demand side, the demand for aggregates stepped to a peak of around 18.5 billion tons. The infrastructure rather than building becomes the main consumer since 2014. However, the model shows the recycling rate of outflows is less than 5%, indicating a circularity gap compared to the rate that could be as high as 70%–95% in certain advanced economies. The market acceptance, policy supports, and the structures of demolished buildings are the main reasons for the current circularity gap of aggregates. Regarding a large amount of aggregates accumulated in the material stocks, it is expected to see rapid growth of aggregate waste in the near future. It is essential to foster a well-functioned circular system to achieve the sustainable development of the aggregate industry.
Czech-German transboundary rainfall fields generated from two independent networks of commercial microwave links
Authors: Bareš Vojtěch , Chwala Christian , Fencl Martin , Blettner Nico , Špačková Anna
Published: March 2022

The main advantages of commercial microwave links (CMLs) as opportunistic rainfall sensors are their availability even in sparsely gauged regions and their close-to-ground rainfall observations. Moreover, the observations are accessible with a delay of only several seconds within cellular telecommunication networks.  However, this access is in practice constrained by legal and administrative burdens.  CML rainfall research  suffers from this general limitation and proposed methods have thus not been developed and evaluated for different datasets across the boundaries of institutions and countries (Chwala and Kunstmann, 2019). Due to the fact that CML data is typically acquired on a national level and not openly shared, the exchange of data, the cross-validation of methods and transboundary applications of CML data have not been realized up until now. 

In the proposed study we process large CML data sets from Germany and the Czech Republic and, for the first time, generate transboundary rainfall maps. We work with unique data sets from two independent data acquisition systems which are successfully merged into one rainfall product. The CML product covers the whole of Germany and the western part of Czech Republic including border mountain regions where radar products are affected by ground clutter and rain gauge networks are sparse. We analyze 1-min observations of 4000 CMLs in Germany and 2500 CMLs in the Czech Republic during summer period 2021, which contains periods of heavy rainfalls as well as clear dry-weather intervals. The resulting rainfall maps are compared with gauge and radar observations. 

The results of the study provide the evidence that CML rainfall retrieval in transboundary or continental scale is applicable. The generated rainfall maps from opportunistic sensing are of high quality and can be further used for assimilation with other data sources. We also demonstrate that the interoperability of CML data sets is possible which was one of the largest deficits up to today. Generation of transboundary rainfall maps represents an important milestone on a way to the CML-based operational rainfall product at continental scale.

Chwala, C. and Kunstmann, H. (2019) Commercial microwave link networks for rainfall observation: Assessment of the current status and future challenges. WIREs Water. 6:e1337. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1337.

This study was supported by the bilateral project SpraiLINK of the German Research Foundation (432287169) and the Czech Science Foundation (20-14151J).
Differential SKS-SKKS splitting due to lowermost mantle anisotropy beneath North America measured from beamformed SmKS phases
Authors: Wolf Jonathan , Long Maureen D , Frost Daniel A , Aderoju Adeolu O , Creasy Neala , Garnero Edward , Bozdag Ebru
Published: March 2022

Differential SKS-SKKS splitting is often interpreted as evidence for lowermost mantle anisotropy, because while SKS and SKKS raypaths are very similar in the upper mantle, they diverge substantially in the lowermost mantle. While discrepant SKS-SKKS splitting is a valuable tool to probe D'' anisotropy, individual measurements are typically noisy and have large scatter, making interpretation challenging. Array techniques are commonly used in observational seismology to enhance signal-to-noise ratios and extract seismic phases that would not be reliably detectable in single seismograms. Such techniques, however, have rarely been applied to resolve seismic anisotropy via shear wave splitting. In this study, we apply stacking and beamforming for different subarrays across the USArray to analyze SKS-SKKS splitting discrepancies measured across the North American continent. A benchmarking exercise demonstrates that the effect of upper mantle anisotropy on the beamformed phases can be understood as a relatively simple average of splitting over different upper mantle volumes, and that discrepant measurements reflect a contribution from the lowermost mantle. We obtain robust differential splitting intensity measurements for beamformed data from a selection of events that occurred in the western Pacific and Scotia subduction zones. This approach yields a robust set of splitting intensity discrepancy values for phases that sample the lowermost mantle beneath North America and the surrounding region, with much less scatter than comparable datasets based on individual seismograms. We find evidence for several distinct regions with strong anisotropy at the base of the mantle beneath our study region, plausibly due to subduction-related lowermost mantle flow and deformation. 