bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acquiring or Merging Across Borders
Authors: Hitt Michael A , Harrison Jeffrey S , Ireland R Duane
Published: November 2023

The announcement that Germany’s Daimler-Benz AG and United States’ Chrysler Corporation intended to merge stunned the automobile industry. At the time, this cross-border transaction was the world’s largest industrial merger. The merger between two of the automobile industry’s most profitable manufacturers created a company that ranked third glob­ ally in sales revenue and fifth in vehicle unit sales. The official primary goal of this cross-border merger was to create the world’s preeminent automotive, transportation, and services company.
Beating the Odds in the M&A Game
Authors: Hitt Michael A , Harrison Jeffrey S , Ireland R Duane
Published: November 2023

Mergers and acquisitions continue to set new records in both volume and size. Acquisitions are a relatively quick way to grow compared to other options and, from the perspective of top managers, they are exciting and often financially rewarding. However, by most accounts, acquisitions are prone to failure, with some having disastrous consequences. The insights this book provides, based on many years of research by numerous investigators and illustrated with hundreds of examples, can help executives and their firms make successful acquisitions.
The Generative Lexicon
Authors: Pustejovsky James
Published: November 2023

In this paper, I will discuss four major topics relating to current research in lexical semantics: methodology, descriptive coverage, adequacy of the representation, and the computational usefulness of representations. In addressing these issues, I will discuss what I think are some of the central problems facing the lexical semantics community, and suggest ways of best approaching these issues. Then, I will provide a method for the decomposition of lexical categories and outline a theory of lexical semantics embodying a notion of cocompositionality and type coercion, as well as several levels of semantic description, where the semantic load is spread more evenly throughout the lexicon. I argue that lexical decomposition is possible if it is performed generatively. Rather than assuming a fixed set of primitives, I will assume a fixed number of generative devices that can be seen as constructing semantic expressions.
Pronouns
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: November 2023

A very natural, preliminary classification of the uses of pronouns would include the following three categories: Pronouns used to make a reference to an object (or objects) present in the shared perceptual environment, or rendered salient in some other way.
A Cross-Categorial Semantics for Coordination
Authors: Gazdar Gerald
Published: November 2023

There have been two main motivations for the postulation of the transformation known as Coordination Reduction (CR).1 One was syntactic: if, for example, passive and “post-raising” VPs were the product of transformations, then they did not exist in the base and so sentences like (1) and (2) could not involve base VP coordination but must, instead, have resulted from a transformational rule applying subsequent to passivization and raising: But if such constituents as passive VPs and “post-raising” VPs are directly generated as has been proposed by a number of linguists in the last few years (e.g., Bresnan 1978; Brame 1976, 1978; Dowty 1978; Freidin 1975; Thomason 1976), then there is no longer a syntactic motivation for CR.
Interrogatives
Authors: Higginbotham James
Published: November 2023

It is a pleasure to be able to present this paper as part of a volume to honor Sylvain Bromberger. My subject, interrogative sentences and the questions that they express, is one on which he has thought and written deeply and at length. I am specifically indebted to Sylvain for discussion in our seminar from some time back, and for many conversations over the years. Above all, however, I am grateful to him for his support early on of my hybrid research into language and philosophy, and I hope he may think that this work justifies it at least in part.
Demonstratives
Authors: Kaplan David
Published: November 2023

In about 1966 I wrote a paper about quantification into epistemological contexts. There are very difficult metaphysical, logical, and epistemological problems involved in providing a treatment of such idioms which does not distort our intuitions about their proper use and which is up to contemporary logical standards. I did not then, and do not now, regard the treatment I provided as fully adequate. And I became more and more intrigued with problems centering on what I would like to call the semantics of direct reference. By this I mean theories of meaning according to which certain singular terms refer directly without the mediation of a Fregean Sinn as meaning.
Another Figure: Metonymy
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

Metaphor is not the only “figure of speech” that plays an important role in our cognitive activities. In this chapter, I will discuss an equally significant other “trope”: metonymy. In addition to characterizing metonymy, I will also show that metaphor and metonymy, although clearly distinct, are related in several interesting ways.
Cultural Variation in Metaphor and Metonymy
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

It is to be expected that, in addition to universality, there will also be cultural variation in metaphor and metonymy. How does this happen precisely and why? Given a particular abstract target domain, what kind of variation can we expect in the metaphorical conceptualization of that domain?
Metaphor and Metonymy in the Study of Language
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we saw how the cognitive linguistic view of metaphor and metonymy can shed new light on one aspect of language studies: the study of idiomatic expressions—especially for applied linguistic purposes. In the present chapter, I will discuss some further implications of this view for the study of various additional aspects of language. Given our new perspective, I will deal with such well-known linguistic phenomena as polysemy, historical semantics, as well as grammar and grammatical constructions. Lastly, I will look briefly at metaphorical aspects of linguistic theorizing.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics In Late Life
Authors: Pollock Bruce G
Published: November 2023

Older patients are a pharmacologically sensitive population. They frequently bear a high burden of medical illness, consume more drugs than younger patients, are subject to more extensive multiple medication regimens, and account for more adverse drug events. Complications from pharmacotherapy represent a major health problem for elders. For those in their 80s, adverse drug reactions are seven times higher than for those in their 20s (Beard, 1992). Psychoactive medications continue to rank with anticoagulants as the most common medications associated with preventable adverse drug events in nursing homes (Gurwitz et al., 2000). There is also a high prevalence of psychotropic medication use among homebound elders, a group that is at even higher risk of adverse drug experiences and is not subject to oversight by regulatory agencies (Golden et al., 1999).
Antidepressant Side Effects
Authors: Salzman Carl
Published: November 2023

Individuals over age 65 receive one-third of all prescription medications, a disproportionate share of drugs, and fill, on average, 13 prescriptions a year (Baum et al., 1988; Chrischillis et al., 1992). In some surveys, 87%-92 % of patients over the age of 65 took medication on a regular basis (Gryfe and Gryfe, 1984; Helling et al., 1987; Shaw, 1976). One risk of this abundant medication use in elderly patients is an increased risk of side effects, as illustrated by a sevenfold increase in drug side effects in 70- to 79-year-olds compared with those age 20-29. Furthermore, one-sixth of all hospital admissions of patients over the age of 70 have been attributed to side effects (Beard, 1992; Pollock, 1999).
Treatment Of Depression In Residential Settings
Authors: Katz Ira R , Streim Joel
Published: November 2023

Approximately 4% of older Americans, 1.6 million individuals, live in nursing homes. This figure, however, underestimates the number of those who use nursing home services (Katz et al., 2000; Strahan, 1997). In 1995, 1.7 million people were admitted to nursing homes; two-thirds to three-fourths of them were admitted for rehabilitation or convalescent care, and most of them were discharged after a matter of weeks.
Men and Women Working Together
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: November 2023

There is ample evidence that the experience of working together across lines of social division such as race, though not untroubled by prejudice and hostility, tends to reduce prejudice and hostility. This experience fosters cooperative social ties and skills, conversations about a wide range of work-related, personal, and political matters, and bonds of empathy and affinity across salient lines of social division. Can anything like this claim be made in the case of gender?

Part of the powerful significance of interracial contact on the job stems from the relative paucity of close and cooperative interracial contact outside of the workplace. That is manifestly not the case as between men and women. Most importantly, men and women usually live together for much of their lives as spouses, brothers and sisters, and parents and children, not to mention as neighbors. There is not a general pattern of “gender segregation” in neighborhoods, most schools, and many other spheres of society from which workplace integration is an important departure.
Prison Reform amid the Ruins of Prisoners’ Rights
Authors: Jacobs James B
Published: November 2023

Prisons and jails need continuous “reform” because there are constant financial, political, administrative, psychological, and even biological pressures threatening to undermine conditions, practices, and programs. Penal institutions often seem to be in decline if not in crisis (Christianson 1998). At the beginning of the twenty-first century, it remains a tremendous challenge to keep prisons and jails safe, clean, hygienic, operational, and humane (Stern 1998).
Clinically Important Drug Interactions With Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Drug interactions can occur whenever two or more drugs are administered simultaneously. Most clinically important antiepileptic drug (AED) interactions with other drugs result from induction or inhibition of drug metabolizing hepatic enzymes. However, other mechanisms, including pharmacodynamic interactions, sometimes play a role. Unfortunately, many AEDs are substrates, inducers, or inhibitors of hepatic enzymes and have signiﬁcant protein binding (Table 6.1).
Aggravation of Seizures by Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Drugs may sometimes aggravate seizures, deﬁned as an increase in either frequency or severity of existing seizures, emergence of new types of sei-zures, or the occurrence of status epilepticus. Pharmacodynamic aggravation of epilepsy usually translates into both increased seizure frequency and increased interictal electroencephalographic changes. A doubling or greater in seizure frequency may be considered as evidence for seizure aggravation. Seizure aggravation can occur with virtually all antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (Somerville, 2002; Gayatri and Livingston, 2006). As the underlying mechanisms for antiseizure effects of AEDs are not fully understood, the mechanisms involved in seizure aggravation cannot be explained with certainty.
Polytherapy With Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Most patients with more than one unprovoked seizure require prophylactic antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. In these patients, a single AED should be started; treatment with a single agent is referred to as monotherapy. Choice of the ﬁrst AED needs to be tailored to the patient and should be based on seizure type or epilepsy syndrome, drug side-effect proﬁle, age and gender of the patient, and, ﬁnally, comorbidities and comedications in the patient. Most AEDs should be introduced at low doses with gradual increases in dosage, depending upon the urgency of the situation to establish an effective and tolerable regimen.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Preexisting Psychiatric Problems or Learning Disabilities
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Although most people with epilepsy lead normal lives, neurobehavioral problems are found in a large proportion of patients. Higher rates of psychopathology are observed in people with epilepsy relative to the general population, to other neurological control groups, and to people with chronic non-neurological disorders. This largely reﬂects the effect of uncontrolled epilepsy and the underlying brain injury, which predispose patients to depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric symptoms. In particular, increased psychopathology is common in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Depression is the most frequent type of psychiatric disorder identiﬁed in patients with epilepsy, with prevalence of up to more than 50% in some studies (Mendez et al., 1986).
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Neuropathic Pain Syndromes
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Neuropathic pain is deﬁned as pain caused by dysfunction or a primary lesion in the central or peripheral nervous system. Examples of neuro-pathic pain syndromes include postherpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, central poststroke pain syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia, and HIV infection−associated neuralgia. Patients have described either dull, throbbing, burning, or lancinating pain with these conditions (Vinik, 2005; Zaremba et al., 2006). These pains are often paroxysmal, especially trigeminal neuralgia.
New Antiepileptic Drugs in Development
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Approximately 10 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have entered the clinical arena since 1993. Some of these drugs offer advantages in terms of favorable pharmacokinetics and lower potential for drug interaction compared with older AEDs. Others have little in the way of pharmacokinetic advantage but have a different spectrum of side effects and idiosyncratic effects. However, despite the introduction of a large number of new AEDs, there is no evidence epilepsy is more readily controlled than in the past. By and large, it is the rare patient who failed an older drug and became seizure free with a newer medication; indeed, the few comparative studies completed to date suggest that none of the new agents are any more effective than phenytoin, carbamazepine, or valproate.
Quieta Movere Interpretative Change in a Codified System
Authors: Zimmermann Reinhard , Jansen Nils
Published: November 2023

The present essay has been prompted by the recent renunciation of the maxim error iuris non excusat in the law of restitution of a number of common-law jurisdictions and mixed legal systems. Ever since Lord Ellenborough’s ill-considered decision in Bilbie v Lumley a plaintiff has been denied recovery of a transfer which he had made as a result of a mistake of law.
Introduction
Authors: Swedberg Richard
Published: November 2023

about the rationalization of entrepreneurship that Drucker talks about. Drucker, himself, for example has suggested that in order for there to be 'systematic innovation', the leadership in a firm should be on the outlook for things such as the following: the unexpected; incongruities between what is and what 'ought' to be; changes in market structures and industry structures; new knowledge; demographic changes; and changes in perceptions, mood and meaning (Drucker [1985] 1993: 35ff.).
Diagnosis
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine
Published: November 2023

Provided they are integrated with an individual understanding of the client, diagnosis and broad conceptualizations of borderline personality disorder can assist understanding and treatment. Two pragmatic conceptualizations of borderline personality disorder are provided followed by the formal DSM-IV criteria on which clinical diagnosis is typically established. Beck, Freeman and associates (1990, pp. 186-187) name three core cognitive schema which have been shown to be stable over time (Arntz, Dietzel and Dreessen 1999): “The world is dangerous and malevolent”, “I am powerless and vulnerable” and “I am inherently unacceptable” and describe how these schema interface, Some persons who view the world as a dangerous, malevolent place believe that they can rely on their own strengths and abilities in dealing with the threats it presents.
Comorbidity
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine
Published: November 2023

The high comorbidity with Axis I and II diagnoses and the unclear relationship with affective disorders lead to legitimate concerns about the validity of the diagnosis. Whilst these concerns are important and worthy of further research, it is critical that they do not distract from the need to treat people living with considerable morbidity. those people meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder, 22% had a diagnosis of alcohol abuse and dependence and 50% had a lifetime history of drug problems. A majority of people meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder also meet diagnostic criteria for another personality disorder (paranoid personality disorder -30%, dependent personality disorder 51%, avoidant personality disorder 43%, antisocial personality disorder 23%, histrionic personality disorder 15%, narcissistic personality disorder 16%) (Zanarini, Frankenberg, Dubo et al. 1998).
Prescribing in the acute situation
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine
Published: November 2023

If a dient can manage a crisis without external pharmacological assistance, this will greatly enhance their self-capacity and confidence for future crises. If this is not possible, the pragmatic use of minimal doses can de-escalate a crisis and stabilize the situation. The evidence base to recommend what medications to use is limited but sufficient for Soloff (2000) to state “The empiric literature supports the use of low-dose neuroleptics for the acute management of global symptom severity”, a position supported by The American Psychiatric Association (2001) guidelines. Some people believe benzodiazepines to be contra-indicated in this dient group because of their capacity to reinforce further crises, possible disinhibiting effect and potential for addiction. To use medication because of inadequate resources to provide psychosocial interventions is short of best practice.
Cognitive behavioural strategies
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine
Published: November 2023

Work using behavioural chain analysis, cognitive inferences and core beliefs/schemas can be found in standard cognitive behavioural texts, as can information on impulse control, tension/distress reduction and self-soothing. However, it is probably best to use texts which are focused on people meeting diagnostk criteria for borderline personality disorder, because of the modifications required for this group (Beck et al. 1990; Layden, Newman, Freeman and Morse 1993; Linehan 1993a; Linehan 1993b; Young 1994). There are also many popular psychology books available for clients and relatives/friends using these principles. DBT skills training is well manualized for clinicians with many handouts for clients. DBT skills training is divided into two areas: acceptance skills and change skills. The acceptance skills are mindfulness skills and distress tolerance skills. Mindfulness skills (including observing and describing behaviours, thoughts and feelings) develop capacity for concentration and focusing the mind on the task in hand. Observing and describing assists with self reflection and provides important data for chain analysis. Observing distress can decrease impulsivity and invites the concept that distress can pass without action.
Clinician values and feelings
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine
Published: November 2023

“Clinician values significantly impact on service provided. Success of treatment is partly dependent on clinicians coping with their own feelings in reaction to the client. People meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder do not fit into psychiatric services very well. These services generally deal with either: (a) psychotic patients whose distress is not easy to empathize with, and for whom clinicians are happy to take responsibility, or (b) clients with other Axis l diagnoses who are insightful, cooperative, and respectful. People meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder are difficult to understand, often disagree with clinicians’ advice, and lead to great staff suffering. The residua] meaning of the term ‘Borderline’ may be that these clients are between services.
Values And Valuation In The Measurement Of Hrqol
Authors: Kind Paul
Published: November 2023

Value is intrinsic to all human activity in the sense that we strive to accumulate those things that give us satisfaction or pleasure and to avoid exposure to those that cause us distress or pain. The mechanisms that produce this state of affairs are complex, and shaped by diverse factors in our physical and social environment including our developmental experience. Whilst it is true that we lack an internal ‘currency ‘ with which to quantify the magnitude of any value, we nevertheless recognize that some things are of greater importance (have higher value) than others. In as much as our actions reflect our underlying preferences it could be said that they are ultimately expressions of our private values. Health is generally a highly valued attribute that has a significant impact on our capacity to engage in activities
Cognitive Grammar: An overview
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

Cognitive Grammar is driven by the idea that language is essentially and inherently symbolic in nature. Linguistic expressions symbolize, or stand for, conceptualizations. I shall refer to this basic assumption as the symbolic thesis. Although not uncontroversial (I consider some of the more contentious issues in Chapter 4), the symbolic thesis actually amounts to little more than the claim that language is in essence a means for relating sound and meaning.
Phonological structure in Cognitive Grammar
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

As I explained in Chapter 2, there are only three objects of study in Cognitive Grammar: phonological structures, semantic structures, and symbolic structures, which relate a phonological structure and a semantic structure. Although our main focus must go to describing a language’s symbolic resources, we need to bear in mind that phonology and semantics possess a certain degree of autonomy vis-à-vis symbolic associations (section 3.4.2). The phonological structure of a complex expression does not consist simply in the alignment of the phonological structures contributed by each of the component symbolic units. Phonology has its own principles of organization, which may operate independently of the semantic structures that an expression symbolizes.
Nominal and relational profiles
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter I introduced the notions of profile, base, and domain, and illustrated them on a number of examples. The examples all involved nouns: hypotenuse, father, thumb, etc. Nouns, by definition, have a nominal profile—they profile ‘things’. Other kinds of words have a different kind of profile—they profile relations.
Syntagmatic relations in phonology
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

Given the bipolar nature of symbolic units, the combination of symbolic units into more complex units has to proceed simultaneously on the semantic and phonological levels.
Kinds of symbolic units
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

This chapter recapitulates some of the concepts that have been introduced so far in this book. These concepts are applied to a discussion of symbolic units, and the parameters in terms of which different kinds of symbolic units may be characterized.
Clause structure
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

The clause is a fundamental unit in language, and clausal structure is a major topic of investigation in all recent linguistic theories.
Metaphor: The Lakovian approach
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

Probably the one publication which has done more than any other to popularize the Cognitive Linguistics movement was Lakoff and Johnson’s short and very readable book, Metaphors We Live By (1980). Lakoff and Johnson made three principal claims. First, metaphor is ubiquitous in ordinary language—it cannot be dismissed as a mere figure of rhetoric, confined to certain literary genres. Secondly, the metaphors of ordinary language display a high degree of coherence and systematicity. Thirdly, metaphor is not just a manner of speaking, it is a mode of thought; the concepts that metaphorical expressions designate are themselves structured in terms of metaphor.
Jackendoff and Langacker on ‘go’
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

In this and the next chapter I consider some alternative approaches to metaphor (perhaps I should say: some approaches to phenomena which are often regarded as matters of metaphor). These have put the emphasis, not on the construal of one domain in terms of another, but on cross-domain similarities, and on conceptual schemas that abstract what is common to different domains.
Buggery and Offences of Indecency
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia
Published: November 2023

Over the years the offences of buggery, assault with intent to commit buggery, gross indecency, and procurement, have been the subject of review and gradual reform which has resulted in considerable limitation, in line with changes in public opinion. Most importantly, with the passing of the SOA 2000, homosexual acts in private between consenting adults over 16 no longer constituted an offence. The passing of the SOA 2003 repealed the offences featured in this chapter, and extinguished the offence of buggery. One effect of this has been the right of people previously subject to notification to be removed from the register upon application.
Offences Involving the Mentally Disordered
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals principally with offences upon women. Mentally disordered males have in the past been provided with some protection (see paras 5.86 and 7.651), but not extensively so, until the SOA 2003 was passed.

The SOA 2003 consolidated the law and provided offences against both mentally disordered males and females.

Before the passing of the SOA 1956 (commencement date 1.1.1957) there were several statutes dealing with offences against the mentally disordered. In each there was a separate definition of individuals, currently described as mentally disordered. In the main, terms used are offensive to the modern reader.
Asymmetric Information and Joint Venture Performance: Theory and Evidence for Domestic and International Joint Ventures
Authors: Reuer Jeffrey J , Koza Mitchell P
Published: November 2023

The growing prevalence of joint ventures ( JVs) and other forms of interfirm collaboration has attracted the attention of many scholars from fields such as economics, international business, marketing, organization theory, sociology, and strategic management. These developments have translated into significant theoretical diversity in extant JV research, with identified motives for collaboration finding their roots in the various theoretical perspectives employed by these different fields. As just one indicator of this diversity, current strategy texts highlight more than a dozen reasons why firms might engage in interfirm collaboration (e.g., Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 1997; cf., Koza and Lewin, 1998). The growing variety of theoretical perspectives on joint ventures raises significant questions regarding the complementary or competing nature of these perspectives, their relative explanatory power in different empirical settings, and the specific relationships between theories of joint ventures.
Preliminaries and Key Concepts
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

No two languages are entirely the same, nor are they entirely different. It is as if there were a universal inventory of possible grammatical and lexical categories and each language makes a different set of choices from this inventory. As Franz Boas (a founding father of modern linguistics) put it, languages differ not in what one can say but in what kind of information must be stated: ‘grammar […] determines those aspects of each experience that must be expressed’ (Boas 1938: 132). One language may have a two-term gender system, while another has five genders and a third makes no gender distinctions at all in its grammar. Along similar lines, some languages have grammatical tense, and others do not.
How to Mark Information Source
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

Evidentials can be expressed in a variety of ways: with affixes, clitics or particles, or special verbal forms. §3.1 contains an overview of these morphosyntactic techniques. Markedness in evidentiality systems is addressed in §3.2. In that section we also look at default interpretations of formally unmarked or ‘evidentiality-neutral’ forms. This book is focused on evidential systems taken ‘to be a paradigmatic set of […] forms’ (Johanson 2003). But is evidentiality a grammaticalized information source-always expressed as one paradigmatic set of forms, and always one grammatical category? Evidentiality may not form a uniform category. Instead, evidential meanings could be ‘scattered’ all over the grammar. This is discussed in §3.3. And, as we will see in §3.4, a language can combine two or more evidentiality subsystems.
What are Evidentials Good for? Evidentiality, Cognition, and Cultural Knowledge
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

In languages with evidentiality as part of grammar, marking one’s information source is a ‘must’. The concepts expressed by evidentials cover the ways in which information was obtained. They only marginally relate to truth, speaker’s responsibility, and reliability of information. To speakers of languages with obligatory evidentials, European languages appear lacking in precision, with statements being too vague, or too short. Speakers of European languages have an opposite impression, when confronted with attempts by Paiute, Yavapai, or Tariana Indians to express evidentials with lexical means: Indians’ ways of speaking sounds unpleasant, incredulous, and generally weird (see §9.2.3). What it is that makes evidentials so important for human communication, interaction, and cognition is the topic of §11.1. Speakers of languages with evidentials are highly aware of this grammatical category.
The ‘Not-a-Cat’ Syndrome: Can the International Human Rights Regime Accommodate Non-State Actors?
Authors: Alston* Philip
Published: November 2023

When one of my daughters was eighteen months old she deftly transcended her linguistic limitations by describing a rabbit, a mouse, or a kangaroo as a ‘not-a-cat’. In the arenas of international law and human rights an almost identical technique is pervasive. Civil society actors are described as non-governmental organizations. Terrorist groups or others threatening the state’s monopoly of power are delicately referred to as non-state actors. But so too are transnational corporations and multinational banks, despite their somewhat more benign influence. International institutions, including those which wield immense influence while disavowing all pretensions to exercise authority per se, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, are classified either as non-state entities or as non-state actors.
France
Authors: Baycroft Timothy
Published: November 2023

France was made by France, and the fatal element of race seems to me to be completely secondary. She is the daughter of her freedom. Michelet, preface to the Histoire de France, 1869. France is often given as the archetypal model of the ‘civic’ nation-state, based upon a liberal, inclusive, voluntarist social contract of free citizens which arose out of the political thought of the Enlightenment. France was the country which gave birth to the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and which, after a prolonged struggle, later proclaimed democratic, ‘revolutionary’, and egalitarian principles as the foundation of the republican institutions which repressented the essence of the modern French nation.
Complement Clause Types in Pennsylvania German
Authors: Burridge Kate
Published: November 2023

The Pennsylvania German (PG) described here is the Canadian variety spoken by Mennonite Anabaptists of Swiss-German origin currently living in Water-loo County, Ontario. Since the 1870s, the Mennonites (more than any other Anabaptist group) have been experiencing continued factionalism and the result is a complex array of different splinter congregations. For convenience, they are usually divided into two groups: the Plain Folk and the Non-Plain Folk. The Plain Folk are religiously the most conservative. In Canada they are largely made up of Old Order Mennonites (12 per cent of the roughly 30,000 Swiss-German Mennonites in Ontario).
Depression, Inflammation, and the Moderating Role of Metformin: Results From the Midlife in the United States Study and Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging
Authors: Syed Sumaiyah U. , Cortez Jared I. , Wilson Stephanie J.
Published: November 2023

Objective

Depression can promote inflammation and accelerate aging. Metformin, a widely prescribed antidiabetic, has shown promising preclinical evidence of aging-related health benefits, including decreased inflammation. The current study examined whether metformin usage buffers the association between depressive symptoms and inflammatory markers in two large samples of middle-aged and older, primarily White adults, and older Latino adults.

Methods

Data from the Midlife in the United States Study (N = 1255) and the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (N = 1786) included information on medication use, depressive symptoms, and inflammatory markers, namely, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α, and C-reactive protein (CRP). These data were merged into a harmonized sample, and the sample group variable was included in a three-way interaction for analysis.

Results

Specifically, in the Midlife in the United States Study sample, metformin buffered the association between depressive symptoms and CRP (b = −0.029, standard error [SE] = 0.013, p = .007) and IL-6 (b = 0.21, SE = 0.010, p = .046), whereas no significant association was found with tumor necrosis factor α. Metformin nonusers displayed higher depressive symptoms associated with elevated CRP (b = 0.01, SE = 0.003, p < .001) and IL-6 (b = 0.011, SE = 0.003, p < .001), whereas this association was not present among metformin users (p values > .068). Conversely, in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging sample, metformin use did not show a significant protective link.

Conclusions

Results from mostly White, highly educated adults supported a mitigating role of metformin in ties between depression, a well-known behavioral risk factor, and inflammation, a key source of biological aging. However, the benefits did not extend to a large sample of older Mexican Americans. The findings reveal a hidden potential benefit of this therapeutic agent and raise important questions around its health equity.

Trial Registration

The study was preregistered on OSF (https://osf.io/c92vw/).
Utilizing Deep Learning and Computed Tomography to Determine Pulmonary Nodule Activity in Patients With Nontuberculous Mycobacterial-Lung Disease
Authors: Lancaster Andrew C. , Cardin Mitchell E. , Nguyen Jan A. , Mehta Tej I. , Oncel Dilek , Bai Harrison X. , Cohen Keira A. , Lin Cheng Ting
Published: November 2023

Purpose:

To develop and evaluate a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) model for the classification of acute and chronic lung nodules from nontuberculous mycobacterial-lung disease (NTM-LD) on computed tomography (CT).

Materials and Methods:

We collected a data set of 650 nodules (316 acute and 334 chronic) from the CT scans of 110 patients with NTM-LD. The data set was divided into training, validation, and test sets in a ratio of 4:1:1. Bounding boxes were used to crop the 2D CT images down to the area of interest. A DCNN model was built using 11 convolutional layers and trained on these images. The performance of the model was evaluated on the hold-out test set and compared with that of 3 radiologists who independently reviewed the images.

Results:

The DCNN model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.806 for differentiating acute and chronic NTM-LD nodules, corresponding to sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 76%, 68%, and 72%, respectively. The performance of the model was comparable to that of the 3 radiologists, who had area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 0.693 to 0.771, 61% to 82%, 59% to 73%, and 60% to 73%, respectively.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrated the feasibility of using a DCNN model for the classification of the activity of NTM-LD nodules on chest CT. The model performance was comparable to that of radiologists. This approach can potentially and efficiently improve the diagnosis and management of NTM-LD.
Does artificial light at night alter moth community composition?
Authors: Grenis Kylee , Nufio César , Wimp Gina M. , Murphy Shannon M.
Published: October 2023

Ecological studies investigating the effects of artificial light at night (ALAN) have primarily focused on single or a few species, and seldom on community-level dynamics. As ALAN is a potential cause of insect and biodiversity declines, community-level perspectives are essential. We empirically tested the hypothesis that moth species differentially respond to ALAN and that these responses can cause shifts in community composition. We sampled moths from prairie fragments in Colorado, USA. We tested whether local light sources, sky glow, site area and/or vegetation affected moth community diversity. We found that increased sky glow decreased moth abundance and species richness and shifted community composition. Increased sky glow shifted moth community composition when light and bait traps were combined; notably this result appears to be driven entirely by moths sampled at bait traps, which is an unbiased sampling technique. Our results show that ALAN has significant effects on moth communities and that local light sources have contrasting effects on moth community composition compared to sky glow. It is imperative that we better understand the contrasting effects of types of ALAN to comprehend the overall impacts of light pollution on biodiversity declines.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Light pollution in complex ecological systems’.
Microbial Primer: Transposon directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS): A high throughput method for linking genotype to phenotype
Authors: Warner Isabel A. , Kok Weine J. , Martinelli Nicole , Yang Zihao , Goodall Emily C. A. , Henderson Ian
Published: November 2023

Genetic screens are a key tool for linking phenotype and genotype. Transposon mutagenesis was one of the first genetic methodologies to associate genetic loci with phenotypes. The advent of next-generation sequencing transformed the use of this technique allowing rapid interrogation of whole genomes for genes that correlate with phenotype. One method is transposon directed insertion-site sequencing (TraDIS). Here we describe the method, recent developments in technology, and the advantages and disadvantages of this method compared to other genetic screening tools.
The economic burden of cervical cancer on women in Uganda: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Dau Hallie , Nankya Esther , Naguti Priscilla , Basemera Miriam , Payne Beth A. , Vidler Marianne , Singer Joel , McNair Avery , AboMoslim Maryam , Smith Laurie , Orem Jackson , Nakisige Carolyn , Ogilvie Gina
Published: October 2023

PURPOSE

There is limited research on how a cervical cancer diagnosis financially impacts women and their families in Uganda, including the burden of out-of-pocket costs. This is important to understand because, in addition to being economic providers, women are primary caregivers. The objective of this analysis is to describe the economic impact of cervical cancer treatment, including how this differs by socio-economic status (SES) in Uganda.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study from September 19, 2022 to January 17, 2023. Women were recruited from the Uganda Cancer Institute and Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, and were eligible for this study if they were ≥ of 18 years and being treated for cervical cancer. Participants completed a 45-minute survey which included questions about their out-of-pocket costs, unpaid labor, and changes in their family’s economic situation. A wealth index was constructed from the participants ownership of household items to determine their SES. Descriptive statistics were reported.

RESULTS

Of the 338 participants who completed the survey, 183 were from the lower SES. Women from the lower SES were significantly more likely to be older, have ≤ primary school education, and have a more advanced stage of cervical cancer. Both groups of women reported paying out-of-pocket for cervical cancer care (higher SES 95.5%, lower SES 92.3%). Only 15/338 participants stopped treatment because they could not afford it. Women of a lower SES were significantly more likely to report borrowing money (p-value=0.004) and selling possessions to pay for cancer care (p-value=0.006). With regards to unpaid labor, women from both groups reported a decrease in the amount of time that they spent caring for their children since their cervical cancer diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

Regardless of their SES, women in Uganda incur out-of-pocket costs related to their cervical cancer treatment. However, there are inequities as women from the lower SES groups were more likely to borrow funds to afford treatment. Alternative payment models and further financial support could help alleviate the financial burden of cervical cancer of care on women and families in Uganda.
Amplitude modulation perception and cortical evoked potentials in children with listening difficulties and their typically-developing peers
Authors: Petley Lauren , Blankenship Chelsea , Hunter Lisa L. , Stewart Hannah J. , Lin Li , Moore David R.
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Amplitude modulations (AM) are important for speech intelligibility, and deficits in speech intelligibility are a leading source of impairment in childhood listening difficulties (LiD). The present study aimed to explore the relationships between AM perception and speech-in-noise (SiN) comprehension in children and to determine whether deficits in AM processing contribute to childhood LiD. Evoked responses were used to parse the neural origin of AM processing.

Method

Forty-one children with LiD and forty-four typically-developing children, ages 8-16 y.o., participated in the study. Behavioral AM depth thresholds were measured at 4 and 40 Hz. SiN tasks included the LiSN-S and a Coordinate Response Measure (CRM)-based task. Evoked responses were obtained during an AM Change detection task using alternations between 4 and 40 Hz, including the N1 of the acoustic change complex, auditory steady-state response (ASSR), P300, and a late positive response (LP). Maturational effects were explored via age correlations.

Results

Age correlated with 4 Hz AM thresholds, CRM Separated Talker scores, and N1 amplitude. Age-normed LiSN-S scores obtained without spatial or talker cues correlated with age-corrected 4 Hz AM thresholds and area under the LP curve. CRM Separated Talker scores correlated with AM thresholds and area under the LP curve. Most behavioral measures of AM perception correlated with the SNR and phase coherence of the 40 Hz ASSR. AM Change RT also correlated with area under the LP curve. Children with LiD exhibited deficits with respect to 4 Hz thresholds, AM Change accuracy, and area under the LP curve.

Conclusions

The observed relationships between AM perception and SiN performance extend the evidence that modulation perception is important for understanding SiN in childhood. In line with this finding, children with LiD demonstrated poorer performance on some measures of AM perception, but their evoked responses implicated a primarily cognitive deficit.
GGC expansion inZFHX3causes SCA4 and impairs autophagy
Authors: Figueroa Karla P. , Gross Caspar , Atienza Elena Buena , Paul Sharan , Gandelman Mandi , Haack Tobias , Kakar Naseebullah , Sturm Marc , Casadei Nicolas , Admard Jakob , Park Joohyun , Zühlke Christine , Hellenbroich Yorck , Pozojevic Jelena , Balachandran Saranya , Händler Kristian , Zittel Simone , Timmann Dagmar , Erdlenbruch Friedrich , Herrmann Laura , Feindt Thomas , Zenker Martin , Dufke Claudia , Hübener-Schmid Jeannette , Scoles Daniel R. , Koeppen Arnulf , Ossowski Stephan , Spielmann Malte , Riess Olaf , Pulst Stefan M.
Published: October 2023

Despite linkage to 16q in 1996, the mutation for spinocerebellar ataxia type 4 (SCA4), a late-onset sensory and cerebellar ataxia, escaped detection for 25 years. Using long- read PacBio-HiFi and ONT-Nanopre sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, we identified expansion of a GGC DNA repeat in a >85% GC-rich region in exon 10 of theZFHX3gene coding for poly-glycine (polyG). In a total of 15 nuclear families from Utah and 9 from Europe, the repeat was expanded to >40 repeats in SCA4 patients accompanied by significant phenotypic variation independent of repeat size compared to the most common normal repeat size of 21 repeats. The RE event likely occurred in a frequent Swedish haplotype shared by cases from Utah and Germany. Six characteristic ultra-rare SNVs in the vicinity of the RE in cases from Utah and Lübeck (Germany) indicate a common founder event for some of the patients. In fibroblast and iPS cells, the GGC expansion leads to increased ZFHX3 protein levels, polyG aggregates, and abnormal autophagy, which normalized withZFHX3siRNA. Increasing autophagic flux may provide a therapeutic avenue for this novel polyG disease.