bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gingival inflammation assessment by image analysis: measurement and validation
Authors: Smith RN , Lath DL , Rawlinson A , Karmo M , Brook AH
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Aim:  Gingival inflammation may be caused by injury or plaque‐related diseases and reduction in inflammation can be a useful indicator of gingival recovery. There has been little research on development of non‐index methods to measure gingival condition. The aims of the study were to investigate the reliability of the measurement of changes in gingival redness and swelling, using image analysis, and to compare this approach with an established method for assessing gingival overgrowth [J Clin Periodontol 28 (2001) 81].

Method:  Twenty volunteers with gingival inflammation were recruited and digital images were taken. Duplicate measurements were made on the first visit by two examiners. At a subsequent visit following periodontal treatment, second images were taken. Gingival changes were determined by assessing redness and tooth surface area visible between the level of the inter‐proximal papillae and the gingival margin. Tooth area measurements were compared with the established gingival overgrowth method.

Results:  The method showed excellent reliability for both intra‐ and inter‐examiner measurements of 0.968–0.998 and 0.769–0.947, respectively, according to the classification by Donner and Eliasziw of the Fleiss coefficient of reliability (repeat measures taken during the patients’ first attendance). High correlation was found for gingival encroachment when compared with the established gingival overgrowth method.

Conclusion:  This technique proved a reliable method for investigating changes in gingival redness. High correlation was found for gingival encroachment when compared with an established method.
Effects of surgical removal of mandibular third molar on the periodontium of the second molar
Authors: Chaves AJP , Nascimento LR , Costa MEG , Franz‐Montan M , Oliveira‐Júnior PA , Groppo FC
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Objective:  The effects on periodontal tissues of adjacent second molars after semi‐impacted mandibular third molar surgery were evaluated. The influence of flap design was studied.

Methods:  Twenty volunteers randomly underwent the three‐cornered flap technique (group A) or the distal wedge flap technique (group B). The periodontal probing depth was measured by using a ‘Williams’‐type probe just prior to surgery and three months post‐operatively. Six sites, mesio‐buccal, buccal, disto‐buccal, disto‐lingual, lingual and mesio‐lingual, around the second molar were selected for measurement. Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn test (post hoc) were used. Significance level was set at 5%.

Results:  There were no complications (oedema, alveolitis, etc.) in any of the patients of the study. The results showed that both methods caused shallow pocket depth (P > 0.05) and there were no statistically significant differences between the flap techniques (P > 0.05). Flap design was not an important factor affecting the periodontal status of the second molar.

Conclusion:  The decision to use any of the various flap designs for access to mandibular third molars should be based on operator preference rather than on the assumption that periodontal health of the adjacent second molar will be improved.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms and immune activation in patients with genital herpes
Authors: Vollmer-Conna Uté , Chen Marcus , Lloyd Andrew , Donovan Basil
Published: April 2008

Objective:

Neuropsychiatric disturbances are common among patients with genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. To date, no studies have examined the possible role of immune activation in the aetiology of these disturbances. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between markers of immune activation and measures of emotional and somatic dysfunction among patients with symptomatic genital herpes.

Methods:

Twenty-two patients with documented genital herpes were assessed when herpetic lesions were present and when they were not. Each assessment included a clinical examination, self-reported symptom measures as well as a blood and urine collection. Markers of immune activation [neopterin and interleukin (IL)-6] in serum and urine were quantified by enzyme-linked immunoassay. These measures were also obtained from a group of healthy control subjects.

Results:

Urine, but not serum, levels of neopterin and IL-6 correlated significantly with measures of reported psychological distress and fatigue. These associations were not confined to periods of overt clinical lesions.

Conclusions:

HSV-related neuropsychiatric morbidity correlates selectively with regional, but not systemic, measures of immune activation. We hypothesise that communication between the local inflammatory site in the pelvis and the brain occurs through autonomic afferent pathways.
Lack of association between television viewing, soft drinks, physical activity and body mass index in children
Authors: Laurson Kelly , Eisenmann Joey C , Moore Sylvia
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine the cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations of physical activity, screen time and dietary habits on the body mass index (BMI) of children.

Methods: A cohort of 122 girls and 146 boys (age at entry 10 years) from three rural states in the western USA was studied over an 18‐month period. Subjects were measured for height and weight. Habitual physical activity, screen time (television viewing, video games and computer use) and dietary variables were assessed by a questionnaire. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted to examine the associations between physical activity, screen time and diet with BMI at baseline and follow‐up and change in BMI.

Results: At baseline, approximately 10% of boys and girls were obese and 17.8% of boys and 14.8% of girls were overweight. BMI showed a high degree of stability for boys and girls (r = 0.90), whereas physical activity, screen time and dietary habits showed moderate stability (r = 0.31–0.50) across the 18‐month period. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal correlations between physical activity, screen time, diet and BMI were low and non‐significant (r < 0.15). The regression models explained between 8% and 22% of the variance in the change in BMI; however, none of the predictor variables were statistically significant.

Conclusion: Physical activity, screen time and dietary habits were not significantly related to the BMI in cross‐sectional or longitudinal analyses. Further research is warranted to better understand the complex, multifactorial phenotype of the BMI in growing and maturing children.
Clinical Assessment of Peri‐Implant Tissues in Patients with Varying Severity of Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Aloufi Fitin , Bissada Nabil , Ficara Anthony , Faddoul Fady , Al‐Zahrani Mohammad S.
Published: April 2008

Purpose: This retrospective study assessed the health of peri‐implant tissues in patients with varying severity of chronic periodontitis.

Materials and Methods: Sixty‐one subjects aged 44 to 70 years (median age 58 years) were recruited. Based on severity of periodontitis, 31 subjects were classified as having severe generalized chronic periodontitis, and the remaining 30 subjects had mild or no periodontitis. Social and medical histories were obtained from each patient. A comprehensive periodontal examination included: plaque index, gingival index, bleeding index, probing depth, clinical attachment level, and radiographic bone loss. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact and chi‐square tests for categorical variables, and t‐test for continuous variables.

Results: There was a statistically significant greater loss of attachment (p < .05) around implants in the group with severe periodontitis compared to the no/mild periodontitis group.

Conclusion: Because of the greater loss of clinical attachment around implants placed in patients with generalized severe chronic periodontitis, close monitoring of these patients is suggested to prevent both development of peri‐implantitis and recurrence of periodontal infection.
Assessing the impact of streaming in a regional emergency department
Authors: Kinsman Leigh , Champion Robert , Lee Geraldine , Martin Mary , Masman Kevin , May Elizabeth , Mills Terry , Taylor Michael D , Thomas Paulett , Williams Ruth J , Zalstein Salomon
Published: April 2008

Objective:  To evaluate the impact of a streaming model, previously validated in metropolitan EDs, on selected performance indicators in a regional ED.

Method:  Multiple linear regression models were applied to monthly time series data from 43 months prior to the intervention and 15 months following the intervention to measure the impact of the streaming model on the following performance indicators: (i) percentage of emergency patients admitted to an inpatient bed within 8 h; (ii) percentage of non‐admitted emergency patients with a length of stay of less than 4 h; and (iii) percentage of emergency patients who left without being seen by a doctor or nurse practitioner.

Setting:  Bendigo Health ED in regional Victoria.

Results:  Prior to the introduction of streaming, there was a downward trend in both the percentage of emergency patients admitted to an inpatient bed within 8 h, and the percentage of non‐admitted emergency patients with a length of stay of less than 4 h. After the introduction of streaming, these trends were reversed (P = 0.008 and P = 0.004, respectively). There was no statistically significant change in the trend associated with the percentage of emergency patients who left without being seen (P = 0.904).

Conclusions:  The implementation of the streaming model had an impact on the two performance indicators associated with length of stay in this regional ED, but did not have a significant impact (positive or negative) on the percentage of patients who did not wait to be seen. These results might interest other EDs in regional hospitals.
Causes of constraints to patient flow in emergency departments: A comparison between staff perceptions and findings from the Patient Flow Study
Authors: Chan Adam , Arendts Glenn , Wong Samantha
Published: April 2008

Objectives:  The objectives of the study were: (i) to survey staff perceptions of causes of delay in patients' journeys through the ED; (ii) to identify and analyse key constraints to patient flow using real‐time diagnostic/decision support software (Patient Flow Study); and (iii) to assess the correlation between staff perceptions and data from the Patient Flow Study.

Methods:  ED and non‐ED staff were surveyed prior to the Patient Flow Study. The survey involved ranking the likely reasons for delay at three set points after triage (160, 320 and 480 min). Real‐time data on delay in patients' journeys through the ED were collected over a period of 5 weeks. The correlation between staff perceptions and study data at the three time points was calculated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Subgroup analysis was performed on the basis of staff position, years of experience at St George and whether they had previously attended training on constraints to flow.

Results:  A total of 68 staff responded to the questionnaire (response rate 42%). During the study period, 4555 ED attendances (97% of all presentations) were analysed for causes of constraint. Strong correlation between staff perceptions and real‐time data was only found among some subgroups at the point 160 min from triage.

Conclusions:  Overall, staff perceptions regarding causes of constraint to patient flow do not correlate well with data obtained from real‐time analysis.
Exploring Sexual Attitudes of Students in Health Professions
Authors: Papaharitou Stamatis , Nakopoulou Evangelia , Moraitou Martha , Tsimtsiou Zoi , Konstantinidou Eleni , Hatzichristou Dimitrios
Published: April 2008

Introduction

Patients' sexual concerns are frequently underestimated because of health professionals' reluctance to address sexual health issues. Though it has been documented that sexual attitudes are extremely influential in everyday clinical practice, limited data exist on identifying health professionals' attitudes.

Aim

To explore sexual attitudes in medical students and students in allied health professions.

Main Outcome Measures

The Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI)–Attitude Subscale was used to assess sexual attitudes.

Methods

The sample included 1st and 4th year college students enrolled in the following academic departments/schools of two academic institutions leading to health professions: medical school, psychology, pharmaceutical school, nursing and midwifery. Demographic data were obtained relating to sexual behaviors and information sources on sexual issues. Data were analyzed using independent samples t-test and two-way analysis of variance, as well as logistic regression and Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Results

A total of 714 students (81.9% females) participated in the study: 48.5% 1st year students and 51.5% seniors with a mean age of 20.17 years (SD=1.87, range 17–25). Using iterative cluster analysis on DSFI scores, participants were divided in conservative (N=167), liberal (N=224), and neutral (N=323) clusters. A significant gender difference on sexual attitudes was obtained (P <0.001) with male students being more liberal compared to females (mean=18.26 and mean=11.13, respectively). Differences were also revealed for the field but not for the year of study.

Analysis also revealed that liberalism in sexual attitudes is more likely to be affected by a liberal stance toward religion (OR: 2.39), receiving information for sexual matters mainly from peers (OR: 1.86), and media influence on students' sexual life (OR: 1.68).

Conclusions

Gender, personal values, and experiences influence students' attitudes toward sexual issues. Since negative attitudes can impede effective sexual health consultations, it is imperative to incorporate courses on effective communication and human sexuality in the medical and allied health professions curricula that will enhance students' awareness of their own values and prejudices.
THE MORPHOLOGY, POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF STRIDULITRA IN REDUVIIDAE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR TAXONOMIC IMPORTANCE (HETEROPTERA: REDUVIOIDEA)
Authors: Cai Wanzhi , Chou Yao , Lu Jinsheng
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Data on stridulitral types, strial rumber, width, interspace and ontogenetic changes of stridulitral structures are provided and analyzed. Its significance on taxonomy is discussed.
CLADISTIC ANALYSES OF THE COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Yu Guoyue
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Numerical cladistic method was used for analyzing the phylogeny of ladybirds, based upon adult and larval characters. The analysis of adult characters for 21 tribes, representing all subfamilies proposed by various authors, exhibited 18 equally parsimonious cladograms with high level of homoplasy. Five lineages were roughly revealed in the strict consensus tree: Sticholotidinae, Epilachninae, Coccinellinae (including Singhikalini), Coccidulinae (excluding Noviini) and Scymninae+Chilocorinae. The taxonomic interpretation of the adult analysis was similar to the classification proposed by Chazeauet al. (1990). Comparison of a preliminary analysis based on the larval characters for 14 tribes revealed only one component consistently supported in both analyses (Serangiini+Sukunahikonini). Larval analysis showed that Epi‐lachinae is the most primitive and highly derived group of the Coccinellidae. Larval characters might be more satisfactory in revealing the phylogeny.
ACOMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE ELECTROANTENOGRAM RESPONSES OF THREE APHID SPECIES TO PLANT VOLATILES
Authors: Yan Fushun , Du Yangjun , Han Xinli
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Electroantennogram responses (EAGs) to 39 plant volatiles from Aphis glycines, A. gossypii and Myzus persicae were recorded. The olfactory system of these three aphid species differentially responded to green leaf, aromatic, mono‐and sequiterpene chemicals. The EAG depolarizatin to green leaf chemicals and their isomers were more pronounced than to terpenes, alcohols and aldehydes, 6 carbon atom compounds being the most effective. It was shown that there was certain difference in the olfactory spectra of these three aphid species to plant volatiles. Higher responses in A. glycines and A. gossypii were elicited by the leaf aldehydes and esters than by the corresponding alcohols, which are in contrast with those in M. persicue. The activity of aphid olfactory system was related to molecular structures of the compounds. The responses to saturated alcohols and aldehydes were higher than those to unsaturated. The responses of spring emigrants of A. glycines to terpene derivatives (alcohols, aldehydes and esters) were higher than those of A. gossypii, but were lower to terpene hydrocarbons. The dissimilarity in olfactory spectra of the aphid species reflected the evolution of their host plant selection specificity. In the evolution, their chemosensory system adapted to perceive host plants. The shapes of the EAGs evoked by the various components were consistently different, with the slowest recovery for geraniol, 1‐decanol and (±)‐β‐cit‐ronellol, and ware related to number of carbon atoms in straight chain saturated alcohols.
IDENTIFICATION OF MINOR COMPONENTS OF THE SEX PHEROMONE OF YELLOW PEACH MOTH DICHOROCIS PUNCTIFEEALIS GUENÉE AND FIELD TRIALS
Authors: Liu Mengying , Tian Yu , Li Yuexia
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Along with the major component, (E1–10–hexadecenal (E10–16: Al,), two minor components, (Z)‐10‐hexadecenal(Z10‐l6:Aid) and hexadecanal (16: Ald) were identified as components of the sex pheromone of Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenee. Analysis of single sex pheromone gland extracts by capillary gas chromatography indicated that the relative ratio of 16:Ald, E10–16:Aldt and 210–16:Ald was equal to 13. 0:80. 4:6. 6 respectively. Field trails indicated that 210–16: Ald and 16: Aid alone caught no males. The most attractive was a blend containing 16: Ald, E10–16:Ald, and 210–16: Ald at a ratio of 16:100:8, and a two‐compound blend of E10–16:Ald and 210–16:Ald at a ratio of 100:8.
PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF CONDEEUM GROUP (PROTURA: PROTENTOMIDAE)
Authors: Yin Wenying , Xie Rongdong , Zhang Jun
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Using the Hennig 86 phylogenetic analysis program to analyse the taxa in genera related to Condeellum, the phylogenetic relationships among the species are schemed on the basis of potential synapomorphies of the adults, represented by 16 characters. The character evolution and the route of dispersal are also discussed. The cladistic biogeographic analysis is performed. The basal taxon Condeellum exhibits an Indo‐Pacific distribution and the sister group Neocondeellum species exhibit a collective Oriental and Holarctic distribution. The distribution patterns and the vicariance events occurred in those areas are hypothesized.
INSECT RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES AND DYNAMICS OF INSECT TOXICOLOGY
Authors: Sun Yunpei , Sun Yunqin
Published: April 2008

Abstract  In field control of insects with insecticides, insects could develop different degrees of resistance. When resistance data were reviewed more extensively, it was found that detoxication alone cannot explain very high resistance of house flies to OC1 (organochlorine) insecticides. As a group, flies can develop much higher resistance to OC1 than to OP (organophosphorus) insecticides. although OPs are generally less stable in insects. With the consideration of the dynamics of insect toxicology. one can readily realize the importance of penetration. Based on the rates of penetration and detoxication. slow penetration is a limiting factor for detoxication. To further explain the observed results on the control of S (susceptible) ‘and R (resistant) insects, several correlation curves were plotted. on the relationship between physical and biological factors. These relationships not only indicate approximate degrees of resistance of flies to OPs and OCls, but also help select new toxicants. For example, fast speed of action index of insecticides can produce lower resistance, and the analysis of the joint action of insecticides helps evaluate the types (same or different) of mode of action for controlling resistant insects.
MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVAE OF CERATOPHYLLUS FARRENICHAOI AND THEIR COMPARISON WITH THE LARVAE OF CERATOPHYLLUS CALLINAE TRIBULIS
Authors: Qi Yiming
Published: April 2008

Abstract This paper deals with the morphology of the larvae of Cerutophyllus farreni chaoi Smit and Allen, 1955 and a comparison is made with the larvae of C. gallinue tribulis Jordan, 1926.

The diagnostic characters of the larvae of the two subspecies are the shape of egg burster, number of mandibular teeth, the relative positions of the sense organs and setae on the tergites of the thorax and abdomen and number of the setae of anal comb and the strut setae.
PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF ALLATOSTATIN 4, A NEVROPEPTIDE INHIBITOR OF JUVENILE HORMONE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Guan Xuechen , Khan M. A.
Published: April 2008

Abstract Isolation and identification of allatostatin 4 (AST 4) from crude brain extracts of female Diploptera punctata are described. Synthetic analogues of allatostatin 4 truncated from the N‐terminal were evaluated to gain some knowledge of structure‐activity correlation. AST 4 reversibly inhibits the biosynthesis of JH in vitro. AST 4 has the following sequence: Asp‐Arg‐Leu‐Tyr‐Ser‐Phe‐Gly‐Leu‐NH2. This neurohormone (AST 4) has no sequence similarity with any known neuropeptide from other organisms. Synthetic AST 4 as well as truncation fragments, including two with the five and six amino acids terminal residues deleted showed in vitro activity distinguishable from that of the native allatostatin.
ELECTROANTENNOGRAM RESPONSES OF LYSIPHLEBIA JAPONICA ASHMEAD (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE) TO SOME COTTON PLANT VOLATILES AND COTTON APHID PHEROMONES
Authors: Hou Zhaoyuan , Yan Fushun
Published: April 2008

Abstract Electroantennogram responses (EAGs) of Lysiphlebia japonica (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to cotton plant volatiles and cotton aphid pheromones were measured with EAG recording techniques. No sexual difference of EAG responses was found to all test samples under concentration of 10 μl/ml. The most effective chemicals were 1‐heptanol, hexanal, heptanal, saturated primary‐alcohols with six‐carbon to nine‐carbon chain and benzaldehyde. Both male and female showed the highest EAGs to green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and moderate EAGs to terpenoids among which geraniol was the most active. Cotton aphid pheromones elicited relative high EAGs. Among the four plant extracts, cotton leaf extract was the most effective. Dose curves were constructed from six female wasps' EAGs to four chosen chemicals, in which GLVs showed lower thresholds than terpenoids. According to the results above, we may draw the following conclusions: GLVs could be more important in longer distance orientation, while terpenoids may be more important in shorter ranges. Aphid pheromones may be effective attractants to parasitoids. Preadult experience can influence the antenna1 sensitivity of the parasitoid.
A STUDY ON BAIZONGIA RONDANI, 1848 WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW SUBGENUS AND TWO NEW SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: PEMPHIGIDAE)*
Authors: Zhang Guangxue
Published: April 2008

Abstract Subgenus Selibaizongia Zhang Subg. nov., Baizongia (S.) ovagalla sp. nov. and Baizongia (S.) sensucopia sp. nov. are new to science. It is suggested that Baizongia aedificator (Buckton, 1893) should be resurrected as valid name.
A NEW SPECIES OF APROSTOCETUS FROM CHINA: (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE: TETRASTICHINAE)
Authors: Sheng Jinkun , Zhao Fengxia
Published: April 2008

Abstract This paper deals with a new species of Aprostocetus collected from the campus of Jiangxi Agricultural University. This species is an inquiline living in the galls of a gall‐midge on Ilex cornutu L. Specimens are preserved in the Department of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Agricultural University.
PARASITICAL BEHAVIOR OF TELENOMUS THEOPHXLAE WU ET CHEN*
Authors: Gao Qikang , Hu Cui , Zhong Xiangchen
Published: April 2008

Abstract The parasitical behavior of Telenomus theophilae can be divided into five successive steps: examining, probing, drilling, ovipositing and marking. The total time for completing this process required 17 min 20 s in average. The time for drilling and oviposition accounts for 86. 5%. The results implied that the females of T. theophilae have a learning process of host recognition at first time of parasitization, and the percentage of superparasitism in the first host egg of Theophila mandarina (70. 6%) is 4. 8 times as that in the fourth host egg (14. 7%).
INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION AND THE ROLE OF SUPERPARASITISM IN DIAPAUSE INDUCTION OF TRICHOGRAMMA EVANESCENS WEST‐WOOD*
Authors: Li Liying , Zhu Difang
Published: April 2008

Abstract The diapause of two populations of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (T. evanescens A and T. evanescens B), collected from different Iranian insect pests, was studied. T. evunescens A in the eggs of Corcyra cephalonica was easily induced to stable diapause with constant 8°C, 15 % and fluctuating temperature (11–23) C ‐11C. T. evanescens B could not be induced to diapause with the same temperatural regime and host. The experiments showed that the host of maternal generations and the ability of avoiding super‐parasitism may play an important role in intraspecific variation of T. evunescens in diapause induction.
A STUDY OF GENUS MYCOPHILA FELT FROM CHINA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Bu Wenjun , Mo Tielu
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Three species of the genus Mycophila Felt collected from China are reported in this paper; M. speyeri Barnes 1926 from Jiangsu Province, M. longispina Bu et Mo sp. nov. from Shandong Province and M. echinoidea Bu et Mo sp. nov. from Sichuan Province are new to science. The type material of M. longispina Bu et Mo is deposited in the Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, that of M. echinoidea Bu et Mo is deposited in the Department of Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin.
HOW TO CONSTRUCT THE EXPERT SYSTEM FOR SPECIES IDENTIFICATION USING VENATION OF TORTRICINAE (LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Liu Jingdong
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The author has reported the possibility to use venation for identification of tortricids. In the previous paper (Liu 1996), an expert system for identification using venation was also described. The present paper introduces the technique how to construct the expert system. Three original solutions in the research are published. They are: establishment of corrdinates of venation—“two‐centre method”, the interface to accept inputs—“model modification method” and the interface to generate outputs—“sequence method”.
STUDIES OF ESTERASE GENE AMPLIFICATION IN ORGANOPHOSPHATE RESISTANT CULEX PIPIENS COMPLEX FROM AMERICA AND CHINA*
Authors: Qiao Chuanling
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis analysis of Beijing and Californian populations of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes revealed that the enzyme Mlul produced a band of 49kb. This probably is one whole amplification unit, the largest fragment found so far in the mosquitoes. The method for the preparation of large DNA molecules was described and the electrophoretic condition for the separation of large DNA molecules is discussed.
FAUNISTICAL STUDIES ON THE GENUS LIMNOPHORA IN CHINA (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Zhang Chuntian , Xue Wanqi
Published: April 2008

Abstract  This paper deals with the genus Limnophora Robineau‐Desvoidy of China, including generic diagnosis, ecology and affinities; and a key to 49 Chinese species (male) and distributions are given. It is known that the species of Limnophora in the Palaearctic region of China is similar to that in the Oriental region of China. Descriptions of two new species, L. biprominens, L. latifrons are given; L. beckeri Stein 1907 is a new record to China; and L. guizhouensis Zhou et Xue, 1987 is revised to L. pubiseta Emden, 1965. The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal College.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS MALLOT A MEIGEN FROM CHINA (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)*
Authors: Li Qingxi , Liu Yanliang
Published: April 2008

Abstracts  This paper deals with two new species of the genus Mallota Meigen from China. The descriptions of the external morphological characters and figures of the male genitalia are given. All type specimens are deposited in the South China Agricultural University.
SIMULATING THE SPATIO‐TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF THE PINE CATERPILLAR (DENDROLIMUS PUNCTATUS WALKER) DAMAGE USING THE GENERALIZED CA MODEL
Authors: Zhou Guofa
Published: April 2008

Abstract  A nonlinear model for simulating the spatio‐temporal dynamics of the damage level of the pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus punctatus Walker, is proposed in this study. It includes the self‐dependence (interaction) component, the reaction component, and the cross effect component. The average distance of interaction and reaction and how the dependence changes along distance are detected by using variogram and correlogram. The simulation result shows that the model may forecast the high damage level properly, but a bit underforecast for the low damage area. The predicted trend of damage is the same as the actually occurred.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A FLOWER GALL MIDGE PSEUDAS‐PHONDYLIA SP. (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) AND ITS HOST PLANT ACTINIDIA VALVATA*
Authors: Liu Zhiwei , Larsson Stig
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Kiwifruit plants, Actinidia sp., are native to subtropical China. The flower‐bud gall of A. valvata, which is induced by an undescribed gall midge in the genus Pseud as phond ylia, is valued by the pharmaceutical industry. When studying the biology of the Actinid ia/Pseud as phond ylia interaction in Central‐south China we found evidence suggesting that under certain circumstances the gall insect modifies the reproductive mode of the dioecious host plant. Surveys and field experiments in the National Hupingshan Natural Reserve showed a high frequency of galled trees. The density of galled trees varied among valleys and among trees within the valleys. In two valleys, 92% and 75%, respectively, of all trees were attacked, while in a third valley no trees were attacked. When infested, staminate tree only produced galls, whereas pistillate plants produced normal fruits as well as galls. Gall shape differed between male and female trees. Trees with galls tended to produce more fruits than treea without galls. We speculate that this is one of a few documented examples of an insect that induces androdioecy in an otherwise functionally dioecious plant.
NEW AND LITTLE‐KNOWN SPECIES OF GENUS SOLENOXYPHUS REUTER FROM NORTHERN CHINA (HEMIPTERA:MIRIDAE)
Authors: Qi Baoying , Nonnaizab
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Two new species and a little‐known one belonging to genus Solenoxyphus Reuter are noted here. Solenoxyphus flavicans sp. nov. and S. viridulus sp. nov. living on Artemisia ssp. are described from Xinjiang, Qinghai and Xinjiang of China respectively; S. lepidus (Puton 1874) on Artemisia ssp. is recorded for the first time from China and redescribed from Xinjiang.
MITES OF THE GENUS EUSTIGMAEUS FROM JIANGXI PROVINCE (ACARI:STIGMAEIDAE)*
Authors: Hu Siqin , Chen Xiwen , Huang Linsheng
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Five species of Eustigmseus are reported from Jiangxi, of which E. segnis (Koch) is a new record from China and three spccies, E. logngi Hu and Chen, E. gulingensis Hu and Chen and E. jiangxiensis Hu and Chen are new. An identification key to females of the five species is given.
CONTROL OF SEX PHEROMONE BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY BY PBAN IN ASIAN CORN BORER OSTRINIA FURNACALlS*
Authors: Zhao Chenghua , Li Qun
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Sex pheromone titer in Ostrinia furnacalis was significantly decreased to a very low level by decapitation, but it could be restored by injection of head extract prepared from both male and female moths or synthetic pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropepide (PBAN). This fact indicates that pheromone production is under the control of a PBAN‐like factor. The sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway of O. furnacalis originates with the biosynthesis of palmitic acid and followed by A14 desaturation, chain shortening, reduction and acetylation to form the pheromone components, (Z) and (E)‐12‐tetradecenyl acetate. In order to determine which step in the pathway is controlled by PBAN, the incorporation of different labeled precursors into the pheromone and its intermediate were studied. Our results suggest that PBAN controls pheromone biosynthesis in O. furnacalis by mainly regulating an early step from acetate to palmitic acid.
THE EXPERT SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFICATION OF TORTRICINAE (LEPIDOPTERA) USING IMAGE ANALYSIS OF VENATION
Authors: Liu Jingdong
Published: April 2008

Abstract In the present research, the venation of 53 species of Tortricinae (Lepidoptera) known from Japan was analyzed using image analysis technique. A method to use the new character “vein points” for species identification was established, and a corresponding expert system was developed. In this method, the X and Y pixel coordinates of 22 “vein points” of the forewing of Tortricinae were measured and then used as a main character. By statistical analysis, the “vein points” were proved to be able to reflect the venation pattern stably and accurately. These “vein points” were input into a personal computer. Let the computer measure the X and Y coordinates of each “vein point” automatically, and calculate the dissimilarity among 22 “vein points” of the specimen and those of the known Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), and display the names of the known OTUs in order of increasing dissimilarity. As a result of simulation tests on the expert system, 98. 2 percent of the correct answers ranked Ist, the remaining 1.8 percent ranked 2nd and 3rd. In order to reach a 100 percentage of correct answers, other image and literal information of the 53 species were also input into the identification system as references. These informations include morphological figures of adult Tortricids, genitalia of males and females, literal description about morphology, habitat, distribution, host and so on. Using this expert system, people other than taxonomists can also identify specimen of Tortricinae to species accurately, rapidly and simply.
REGULATORY ROLE OF 20‐HYDROXYECDYSONE ON HUMORAL IMMUNITY IN THE PUPAE OF THE INDIAN SILKWORM, PHZLOSAMIA CYNTHIA RICINI*
Authors: Wang Zongshun , Xu Chengli , Ouyang Yingchun
Published: April 2008

Abstract The present study shows that 20‐hydroxyecdysone(20‐OHE) participates in the humoral immune responses of Philosamia Cynthia ricini, either normal or debrained pupae, to the E. coli. The mode of action of 20—‐OHE is multiple. It raises hemolymph protein content, makes antibacterial proteins be produced, increases lysozyme activity, and activates prophenoloxidase system. It is possible that several immune control systems are involved.
OLFACTORY RESPONSES OF LYSIPHLEBIA JAPONICA TO VOLATILE CHEMICALS AND FRESH LEAVES OF THE HOST PLANTS OF COTTON APHIDS IN OLFACTOMETER
Authors: Hou Zhaoyuan , Yan Fushun , Chen Xiong
Published: April 2008

Abstract The behavioral responses of the female adult parasitoids Lysiphlebia japonica to plant volatile chemicals, host plants and cotton aphids were tested in a four arm air flow olfactometer. The results indicated that the female parasitoids were strongly attracted by the odors from cotton aphids and their host plants. Damaged cotton leaves were more attractive than intact ones. Among the four olfactory stimuli from the plant volatile chemicals dissolved in liquid paraffin oil at the concentration of 0.01 (volume fraction), the female parasitoids only positively responded to benzaldehyde, but did not show any preference to β‐caryophyllene and β‐pinene. Although heptanol elicited the highest EAC response of the parasitoids, the behavioral test showed that it repelled the parasitoids, and β‐pinene shared the same feature with heptanol at the concentration of 1 (volume fraction). Our results also showed that the female parasitoids only preferred the cotton leaf from which the mummified aphids were collected, and did not express any interest to the three plants of melon family in the olfactometer, The possible mechanisms are discussed.
USING FILTER PAPER TEST FOR DETECTING INHIBITORY FREQUENCY OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE TO ESTERASES IN COTTON APHIDS, APHIS GOSSYPII (GLOVER)
Authors: Feng Guolei , Li Mei , He Fengqin , Yuan Jiagui , Sun Yunqin
Published: April 2008

Abstract The individual esterase activity which is measured by filter paper test (FPT) method may determine the resistance of cotton aphids Aphis gossypii (Glover) against organophosphorus (OP) insecticides. For testing accurately resistant level caused by different insecticides, we applied FPT method for measuring inhibitory action of methyl‐parathion, monocrotophos and omethoate to α‐NA esterase of individual cotton aphids, and compared the inhibitory frequencies of these three insecticides to susceptible population (BCA) and resistant population (GCA). Results showed that their inhibitory frequencies of the susceptible population were evidently higher than that of the resistant population. The inhibitory rate of α‐NA esterase in F1 generation individual cotton aphids by monocrotophos was low when the cotton aphid population had been treated in advance with monocrotophos, but it got to 75%‐90% when the cotton aphid population had been untreated in advance with monocrotophos. Besides, the differences in esterase activity were not obvious between them. In same region when cotton aphids were treated with insecticides the inhibitory frequency of esterases in individual by the insecticides was lower than counterparts in individual cotton aphids which were not treated with insecticides. All these demonstrated that inhibitory frequency of α‐NA esterase in individual cotton aphids by OP insecticides could be used as a technique of forecasting pest resistance.
A NEW SPECIES OF GENUS ARENETRA HOLMGREN FROM CHINA: (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Sheng Maoling , Zhang Ying , Yang Chunying
Published: April 2008

Abstract In this paper a new species, namely Arenetra genangustu, collected from Tonghua, Jilin Province, is described.
NEW SPECIES AND NEW RECORDS OF THE GENUS FORCZPOMYIA SUBGENUS MZCROHELEA (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) FROM CHINA
Authors: Liu Jinhua , Yu Yixin
Published: April 2008

Abstract This paper deals with eight species of the genus Furcipwllyia, subgenus Microheleu collected from China. Among them six species, longurius, sirnilis, notothenu, folipenis, bispinula and tegula are new to science, and flaviventris is a new record in China. A key is presented for their identification.
TWO NEW WATER MITES OF THE GENUS LEBERTIA (ACARI:LEB‐ERTIOIDEA: LEBERTIIDAE) FROM CHINA*
Authors: Jin Daochao
Published: April 2008

Abstract This paper describes two new species of the family Lebertiidae Thor 1900, Lebertia (Pi‐lolebertia) trifurcilla sp. nov. and Lebertia (Pilolebertia) ciliata sp. nov., based on which the locations of glandularia of the genus are defined.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS SINELLA FROM CHINA (COLLEM‐BOLA: ENTOMOBRYIDAE)*
Authors: Ma Yitong , Chen Jianxiu
Published: April 2008

Abstract A new species, Sinella (Sinellu) christianseni from Anhui Province, China, is described here. It shares many characters with Sinella (Sinella) browni except the eyes, tenent hairs and mental setae.
EFFECT OF TANNIC ACID ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BACILLUlS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI AGAINST HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA (HÜBNER)*
Authors: Wang Chenzhu , Zhang Shufang , Zhang Jihong , Xiang Xiufeng
Published: April 2008

Abstract The role of tannic acid in increasing effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (HD‐1) against Helicover pa armigera was examined in bioassays on semisynthetic diet. Concentrations of B. thuringiensis (0 %, 0.005 %, 0. 01 %, 0.015 %, 0.02 %, 0.025 % wet weight) were incorporated into the diet containing 0. 025% tannic acid and tannic acid‐free diet. LD50 of B. thuringiensis with tannic acid were 0.006% but that without tannic acid was 0.011%. Both B. thuringiensis and tannic acid retarded growth of H. armigera significantly, but there was no synergetic effect between them. Choice tests showed that B, thuringiensis deterred feeding of the fifth instar larvae of H. armigera but tannic acid had no such effect. Experiments on colony growth of B. thuringiensis on NBA media containing tannic acid (0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 mg/100 ml) demonstrated that tannic acid reduced colony growth of B. thuringiensis, and inhibited sporulation above 15 mg/100 ml.
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION IN CHINA: A VIEW FROM ENTOMOLOGSTS
Authors: Wu Yanru , Yuan Decheng
Published: April 2008

Abstract China is among the twelve megadiversity countries in the world and one of the two countries with the highest biodiversity and endemism in Asia and South‐Pacific region. China has the highest mountain system of the world and different types of environments inhabited by living organisms, ranging from the Palaearctic to Oriental Realms. These characteristics account for the magnificent species diversity and high level of endemism. Insects of 45 000 species have been recorded in China by now. The total endemic elements are obviously much more than the neighbouring countries. Especially in the south‐west mountainous region and tropical areas the endemic elements occupy high proportions. The human disturbances, original habitat losses due to reclamation, deforestation, pollution, etc., are driving undetermined number of species to be endangered or extinct. Recommendations of China's insect conservation are hereon presented: identifying conservation priorities, investigating the biology and ecology of endangered species, monitoring habitat and diversity losses, compiling the “Red List” and the database of rare and endangered species, establishing reserves for insect conservation, and developing techniques of insect farming and ranching.
THREE NEW SPECIES AND TWO NEW HOST RECORDS OF GENUS ERIBORUS FOERSTER (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) FROM CHINA
Authors: Sheng Maoling , Xu Gongtian
Published: April 2008

Abstract This paper deals with the description of three new species: Eriborus furvus sp. nov., E. stipitatus sp. nov. and E. shenyangensis sp. nov., two new host records of E. terebruns(Gravenhorst): Paranthrene tabani formis Rott. (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) and saperda populnea L. (Coleoptera: Ceram‐bycidae).
CHROMOSOMES IN TWENTY‐FIVE SPECIES OF CHINESE MEM‐BRACIDS (HOMOPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE)*
Authors: Tian Rungang , Yuan Feng
Published: April 2008

Abstract Chromosomes in 25 species of Membracidae are recorded. Numbers, size and behaviors of the chromosomes during meiosis and mitosis are used as specific or generic features for the taxonomy of this group. Chromosome numbers vary from n=5 to 12, and sex mechanism are of XO type except two species with neo‐XY system. The histogram indicates that 2n=11 with XO sex mechanism is the modal chromosome number, and another type n=10 is also commonly found in this family.
MALE ORIENTATION INHIBITOR OF COTTON BOLLWORM: INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLS IN WIND‐TUNNEL AND IN THE FIELD*
Authors: Huang Yongping , Xu Shaofu , Tang Xianhan , Zhao Zhangwu , Du Jiawei
Published: April 2008

Abstract The inhibitory effects of several alcohols identified from male hairpencil of cotton bollworm on conspecific male behavior responses were studied. In the wind tunnel dose tests ranging from 4 × lop4 to 40 pg, male moths of cotton bollworm produced the highest response to the binary components of 29–16: Ald and Z11 —16: Ald in a ratio of5: 95 at the dosage of 0.4 μg. When 211–16:OH was added to 0.4 μg dose of binary blend, 5% of the alcohol completely inhibited male orientation behavior. Further increment of percentage of alcohol in binary blend inhibited not only orientation behavior but also takeoff behavior. Comparisons among 211 —16: OH and other three saturated alcohols,14: OH,16: OH, and18: OH as well as structurally similar compound Z9–16: OH indicated that Z11–16: OH was more effective in inhibiting male orientation behavior than other tested alcohols. Field application of 211–16: OH decreased egg hatch rate from untreated 34% to 17% by spraying or coating the alcohal on plastic tubes.
A STUDY ON MINDARUS KOCH IN CHINA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND NEW SUBSPECIES (HOMOPTERA: MIN‐DARIDAE)*
Authors: Zhang Guangxue , Qiao Gexia
Published: April 2008

Abstract This paper deals with the genus Mindam Koch from China. The phylogeny of the genus is discussed. M. keteleerifoliae is regarded as the most advanced species, M. obliquus and M. piceasuc‐tus are more advanced than M. abietinus, M. japonicus and M. victoria. The origin centre of the genus may be in Europe and the differentiation centre of the genus may be in Hengduan Mountains Region of China. Geological distribution of the genus shows island‐shaped pattern. Five species from China was described in this paper, including one new species, M. piceasuctus Zhang and Qiao, one new subspecies, M. abietinus triprimesensori Zhang and Qiao and one newly recorded species, M. abietinus abietinus Koch 1856. A key to the Chinese species of Mindarus is given. The specimens of five species from China are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CONO CEPHALUS THUNBERG (ORTHOPTERA:CONOCEPHALIDAE)
Authors: Shi Fuming , Liang Geqiu
Published: April 2008

Abstract This paper describes two new species of the genus Conocephalus Thunberg from China. They are Conocephalus guangdongensis sp. nov. and Conocephalus differentus sp. nov. All the type specimens are deposited in Research Institute of Entomology, Zhongshan University.
A NEW SPECIES OF SOIKIELLA NOWICKI (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) FROM CHINA
Authors: Lou Juxian , Yuan Jing
Published: April 2008

Abstract In this paper, Soikiella asiatica sp. nov. is described with illustrations of antenna and forewing of female adult. This new species is collected from Liaoning Province. All type specimens are deposited in the Department of Plant Protection of Shenyang Agricultural University.
THE SPECIES RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY OF THE ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES IN RICE FIELDS
Authors: You Minsheng
Published: April 2008

Abstract The present paper deals with the characteristics of species richness and diversity of the arthropod communities in different rice fields and at various growing stages of rice based on the data ob tained from field surveys and the measurement of the community diversity. The field surveys were carried out in three different locations which represented three typical rice‐growing habitats: mountainous, plain and hilly fields in the suburb of Fuzhou, Fujian Province in 1994. Shannon‐Wiener's (1949) average information content(H), Hurlbert's(1971) probability of interspecific encounter (PIE) and Pielou's (1966) formula of equitability (E) were used to measure the diversity of the arthropod communities in the ecosystem of rice fields. The result showed that the species richness of herbivorous insects, carnivorous insects, spiders and total species in the community varied with different fields because of the influence of environmental variables in the habitats, and fluctuated with various growing stages of rice due to the variation of crop nourishment. Changes in the index values of H, PIE and E indicated that the cornmunity diversity and equitability also varied with space (habitats formed by the rice fields) and time (growing stages of rice). The author thinks that the results of the study could be applied to predict and forecast the population dynamics of rice pests, and to develop the rational program of integrated pest management in the specific rice fields. Discussions are also given in some detail on the methodology of measurement of the species richness and diversity of the arthropod communities in rice fields.