bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An open ecosystem engagement strategy through the lens of global food safety
Authors: Stacey Paul , Fons Garin , Bernardo Theresa M
Published: May 2015

The Global Food Safety Partnership (GFSP) is a public/private partnership established through the World Bank to improve food safety systems through a globally coordinated and locally-driven approach. This concept paper aims to establish a framework to help GFSP fully leverage the potential of open models.

In preparing this paper the authors spoke to many different GFSP stakeholders who asked questions about open models such as:

what is it?

what’s in it for me?

why use an open rather than a proprietary model?

how will open models generate equivalent or greater sustainable revenue streams compared to the current “traditional” approaches?

 

This last question came up many times with assertions that traditional service providers need to see opportunity for equivalent or greater revenue dollars before they will buy-in. This paper identifies open value propositions for GFSP stakeholders and proposes a framework for creating and structuring that value.

Open Educational Resources (OER) were the primary open practice GFSP partners spoke to us about, as they provide a logical entry point for collaboration. Going forward, funders should consider requiring that educational resources and concomitant data resulting from their sponsorship should be open, as a public good. There are, however, many other forms of open practice that bring value to the GFSP. Nine different open strategies and tactics (Appendix A) are described, including: open content (including OER and open courseware), open data, open access (research), open government, open source software, open standards, open policy, open licensing and open hardware. It is recommended that all stakeholders proactively pursue "openness" as an operating principle.

This paper presents an overall GFSP Open Ecosystem Engagement Strategy within which specific local case examples can be situated. Two different case examples, China and Colombia, are presented to show both project-based and crowd-sourced, direct-to-public paths through this ecosystem.
Proliferative nephritis in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: current therapeutic approaches and future perspectives
Authors: Wahezi Dawn M.
Published: May 2015

Renal involvement occurs in 50-75% of children with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE). Proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) represents the most common pattern of renal involvement in cSLE. Despite aggressive treatment, progression to end stage renal disease can occur in up to 5-10% of children. Over the last 2 decades, tremendous advancements have been made in the treatment of pediatric LN. Special considerations in children need to address the impact of disease and therapy on both physical and psychological growth and development. This review will focus on pivotal clinical trials in the treatment of proliferative LN, with a focus on pediatric data when available.
W słabości siła. Bilans ewolucji polskich partii politycznych w latach 1989-2013
Authors: Nyzio Arkadiusz
Published: May 2015

With strength comes weakness. The evolution of political parties in Poland, 1989‑2013 The article elaborates on the political parties in Polish Third Republic, from the inception of multi‑party system to contemporary days. Its aim is to analyse the evolution of Polish political parties and to point out advantages and disadvantages of the process. The Polish parties have undoubtedly undergone a major evolution over the past 25 years and it would seem that in some areas they are becoming similar to parties of Western Europe. However, the author indicates that on many levels their transition remains incomplete – a best‑case scenario – or superficial. This in turn leads to a problematic paradox – strengthening of Polish political parties has contributed to weakening the state rather than enhancing its capabilities. In this sense, the strength of Polish political party seems to be merely a facade behind which serious structural problems are hidden. The alarmingly low levels of trust in politics and social activity alongside the process of cartelization are leading to yet unidentified consequences.
Leaving work at work: a balanced, compassionate, separate home life
Authors: Mendes Aysha
Published: May 2015

We all know it's important to keep our work and home lives separate, but in an age of new media, of being constantly ‘on’, how can we do this in practice? These issues are even more acute for nurses, argues Aysha Mendes, since the emotional nature of their work makes ‘switching off’ all the harder
The mentor as a role model and the importance of belongingness
Authors: Vinales James Jude
Published: May 2015

Nursing staff are frontline workers and service users are constantly observing their behaviour and what, how and when they do things. Being professional at all times is essential for nurses and other health professionals. Student nurses in the learning environment will emulate staff nurses and mentors as role models for their future practice. This article will focus on the importance of role modelling and ‘belongingness’ in practice, and how mentors may influence the pre-registration student nurse while in the learning environment. This is the final article in a series of five articles on mentoring.
Noise at night in hospital general wards: a mapping of the literature
Authors: Fillary Julie , Chaplin Hema , Jones Gill , Thompson Angela , Holme Anita , Wilson Patricia
Published: May 2015

English NHS inpatient surveys consistently identify that noise at night in hospitals and its impact on patients' sleep is a persisting problem that needs addressing. To identify how noise at night in hospital affects patients on general wards and the range of interventions aimed at reducing the problem, a systematic mapping of the literature was undertaken. All primary studies and relevant literature published January 2003–July 2013 were included. Key issues identified in the literature included noise levels and causes, impact on patient experience, and lack of staff awareness. Interventions to reduce noise were targeted at staff education, behaviour modification, care organisation and environmental solutions. The scoping suggested that when compared with specialist units, there is little evidence on effective interventions reducing disturbance from night-time noise on general wards. The available evidence suggests a whole systems approach should be adopted to aid quality sleep and promote recovery.
Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman: addressing the failings
Authors: Tingle John
Published: May 2015

John Tingle discusses the Patients Association follow-up report which details major failings in the way the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman deals with NHS complaints.
The lived experience of people with progressive advanced cancer
Authors: Esteves Amélia , Roxo José , Saraiva Maria da Conceição
Published: May 2015

Cancer is a long-term, life-limiting condition, and its end-of-life stage is complex. This study aimed to understand the lived experience of patients with progressive advanced oncological disease. Seven women in an acute hospital in Portugal were interviewed and the results analysed using a phenomenological approach to understand their lived experience. The analysis indicated that lived experience of these patients has six essential constituents: information about one's own health; perception of the disease; emotional reactions; aid strategies by nurses; imitations imposed by the disease; and changes in life perspective. The experience of advanced progressive cancer is very powerful and complex. The authors believe that this study has contributed to the understanding of this situation, particularly in terms of helping to improve palliative care practices.
Are Running Athletes at Risk of Knee Osteoarthritis in later Life?
Authors: Arora Manit , Tripathi Manish , Singh Nikhil , Arora Tanima
Published: May 2015

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common causes of disability in developed countries. Longdistance and marathon running are relatively safe sports. A natural progression is that the joints of runners subject to repetitive loading would at some point of time fail due to OA. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the association between running and the development of knee OA.
Method: A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Databases was performed in July 2014. The authors further canvassed the reference list of selected articles and online search engines such as Google Scholar. An inclusion criterion was studies that assessed the prevalence and/or incidence of knee OA in athletes (competitive or amateur).
Results and Discussion: Animal data suggests that intrinsic injury or excessive exercise leads to a higher incidence of OA, however, moderate exercise may offer a protective effect against OA. Running athletes can be divided into two groups based on age at which they began running: early age athletes and middle-to-older age athletes. For early athletes there is conflicting data about the prevalence of knee OA or earlier OA. It appears that despite worse radiological OA, clinically these patients are no different to non-running younger people in later life. For the middle-older age runners, running as a tool of exercise is not associated with increased risk of knee OA and may in turn provide a protective effect against a variety of chronic diseases in the elderly.
Conclusion: Middle to older age patients should be encouraged to pursue running to improve overall fitness and explained about the non-impact on earlier knee OA as is commonly perceived by the population. For the younger athletes, further work is needed to conclusively prove an association or non-association.
Incidence of Stress Fractures in Indian Military Recruits
Authors: Deepak S , Dayanand M , Manoj Kumar HV , Batnagar Abhinav
Published: May 2015

Introduction: Stress fractures are common in Military recruits during their training period and give rise to morbidity and loss of training hours. Some cadets with stress fractures are re-instated while some are expelled out of service resulting in attrition and economic loss.
Aim: A study to find out the incidence of stress fracture in Border Security force (BSF) military recruits in India.
Method: A prospective analysis of stress fractures among 2000 BSF cadets was done in a period of 9 months of their training. Recruits with metabolic abnormality were excluded. Clinical and radiological diagnosis was made and was followed up every 4 weeks till the time of union. 
Result: The incidence of stress fractures among BSF trainees was found to be 15%. The incidence of stress fractures was highest during their initial weeks of physical training exercises and reached maximum at 12 weeks of the training schedule. 263 tibia, 24 fibula, 6 metatarsal, 5 femur shaft and 2 femoral neck stress fracture were seen. 3 tibia, 3 femur and 1 neck of femur fractures were operated and the rest were treated conservatively. All the fractures healed uneventfully.
Conclusion: Stress fractures are due to sudden increase in the amount and intensity of physical activity along with repeated forces due to running on a hard surface, improper training protocol, equipment. Higher incidence of stress fracture (15%) in our study suggests an appraisal and modification in training programme of military recruits.
Recurrent Vertebral Compression Fracture while on Bisphosphonate Therapy – What is the Next Best Step in Management?
Authors: Rianon Nahid J. , Saraykar Smita , Connoly Fiona , Hnatow Matthew , Ambrose Catherine G.
Published: May 2015

Bisphosphonates are widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis. They are highly effective in both increasing bone mass and preventing fractures in patients with osteoporosis. However, while osteoporosis treatment lowers the risk of fracture, almost half of the elderly suffer new fractures in their lifetime and many experience recurrent fractures during bisphosphonate therapy. Assessing the effectiveness of bisphosphonate therapy is problematic. Bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover are often used, but the true measure of effectiveness is prevention of new fractures. In this case report, we describe a severely osteoporotic patient who suffered a recurrent vertebral compression fracture during bisphosphonate therapy. In this case, bone turnover markers were markedly suppressed most likely as a result of bisphosphonate therapy or a combination of steroid and bisphosphonate therapy. As a result of the fracture, oral alendronate (a bisphosphonate) therapy was discontinued. We discuss the importance of understanding why some patients incur fractures while on bisphosphonate therapy and creating individualized treatment plans in these cases based on each patient’s physiology. Bisphosphonate therapy may suppress bone turnover, promote micro-fracture accumulation and facilitate development of recurrent fractures, particularly in patients taking glucocorticoids. Therefore, physicians should investigate the bone turnover rate for patients suffering a fracture while taking bisphosphonates, especially after a patient experiences recurrent fracture or is taking other medications known to adversely affect bone turnover. Furthermore, investigation of bone turnover prior to initiation of osteoporosis therapy, specifically after a recurrent fracture during bisphosphonate therapy, may provide additional, important information concerning the effectiveness of treatment options.
Development of Extraction Method for Welsh Onion Root by Alliinase Activation
Authors: Kim Hye Won , Kim Bumsik , Kim Yeongeun , Ko Sanghoon
Published: May 2015

The objective of this study is to improve allicin extraction from Welsh onion root (Allium fistulosum L.) by adjusting various extraction conditions such as the composition of extraction solvent, extraction time, and alliinase activation. Welsh onion root was extracted at different temperatures, ethanol (EtOH)/water ratios, and extraction periods to collect alliin- and allicin-enriched extract. The extract was analyzed by High Pressure Lipid Chromatography (HPLC) to quantify alliin and allicin. As a result, content of alliin and allicin extracted at 70°C in 70% ethanol for 2 h was 75.992 mg/g and 1.371 mg/g, respectively. In addition, prior to extraction, powdery Welsh onion root was immersed in water shaken for 30 min to activate alliinase in it. The water-soaking treatment improved allicin extraction and resulted in 0.111 mg/g allicin content in the final extract.
A Feasibility Study on Producing Salt Taste Enhancer in the Commercial Fermented Fish and Soy Sauces
Authors: Yun Hyo-Seon , Park Han-Sul , Lee Mi-Yeon , Shin Jung-Kue , Cho Hyung-Yong
Published: May 2015

The quality of commercial fermented fish and soy sauces was evaluated through physicochemical and sensory analysis in order to search a possibility producing salt taste enhancer. Soluble solids (SS) and total nitrogen (TN) content of fish sauces were significantly higher than those of soy sauces (p<0.05). Higher contents of SS and TN resulted in higher levels of free amino acids, degree of hydrolysis, some substances enhancing salt taste, bitterness, and flavor. By GPC chromatogram, nitrogen distribution and salt taste intensity analysis, fraction II of low molecular peptides (220 Da to 1,100 Da), and Lowry nitrogen (soluble nitrogen) that highly correlated salt taste intensity were at the highest levels in salted and fermented anchovy sauce. A desalting process using macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) was not suitable for direct separation from fish sauce due to the loss of low molecular peptides. Salted and fermented anchovy sauce processing method was selected as a method for commercially producing salt taste enhancer because of the highest level of fraction II in spite of higher levels of salinity, bitterness, and long aging time.
Quantitative Analysis of Fat, Protein, Moisture, and Salt in Meat Products by Near Infra-Red
Authors: Lee Donghun , Seo Junho , Nah Gangin , Hong Seongdon , Lee Kwang-Geun
Published: May 2015

Near Infra-red (NIR) analytical method was applied to quantify fat, moisture, protein, and salt in meat products. To ensure an accurate analysis, the NIR analysis method was compared with Korean food standard codex method. Correlation coefficients were 0.961-0.997, and the ratio of standard error of prediction (SEP) with standard error of laboratory (SEL) were 1.01-1.32. Z-score and Q score were −0.02-0.95 and −0.27-0.15, respectively. A control chart was conducted for three meat products. Each control chart data consisted of fat, moisture, protein, and salt, and it was produced by NIR analysis. The control chart of meat products was used for quality control.
Determination of Phosphorus in Foods by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES)
Authors: Hwang Jinbong , Jang Hae Won , Namgung Bae , Oh Mira , Kim Soyoung , Seo Dongwon , Kim Se-Na , Choi Youngmin , Nam Jin-Sik , Yang Mi-Ok
Published: May 2015

The analytical method for the determination of phosphorus in foods was validated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in terms of precision, accuracy, recovery efficiency and linearity. Regression analysis revealed good correlation coefficient, higher than 0.999. Recovery efficiencies of the minerals ranged from 90.36% to 110.63%, and the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.0745 mg/ kg and 0.2482 mg/kg, respectively. The value of inter-day and intra-day ranged from 1.43 to 3.23% and from 0.40 to 1.77%. The recovery efficiencies ranged from 97.8 to 110.6%. The method was also compared with Molybdenum blue colorimetric method using certified and statistically significant difference was also not observed in the between two different analytical methods. The ICP-OES method was applied to phosphorus determination in commonly consumed foods. The obtained results suggest that the method verified in the present study may be used as an official analytical method for clear understanding of phosphorus database for national health promotion.
Examination of teacher candidates' achievement levels and views towards the routine and real life problems
Authors: Bal Ayten Pınar
Published: May 2015

The aim of this study is to examine teacher candidates' success in solving the routine problems and real life problems, and also to state their opinion concerning to this subject. It is a research which is designed in accordance with the mixed research method in which quantitative and qualitative research techniques are used together. The research handles 106 third grade teacher candidates who continue their education at Primary Education Department. While collecting the data, a ten item Problem Test and semi structured interview form were used. Research results reveal that although teacher candidates are quite successful in the stage of solving the routine problems, they are not successful enough to solve real life problems. Moreover, the findings acquired in the second sub-problem put forth clearly that the real life problems develop the interpretation technique of teacher candidates, lead them to think, facilitate their learning and are important elements for the period binding daily life to mathematics. At the third last sub-problem, it was asked the teacher candidates for their opinions concerning to place of real life problems in their occupational life. The teacher candidates stated that they may use such problems in their lessons constantly because most of them are enjoyable, related to daily life, develop high-level thinking skills.
Compact operators and algebraicK-theory for groups which act properly and isometrically on Hilbert space
Authors: Cortiñas Guillermo , Tartaglia Gisela
Published: May 2015

We prove theK-theoretic Farrell–Jones conjecture for groups with the Haagerup approximation property and coefficient rings andC*C^{*}-algebras which are stable with respect to compact operators. We use this and Higson–Kasparov’s result that the Baum–Connes conjecture holds for such a groupG, to show that the algebraic and theC*C^{*}-crossed product ofGwith a stable separableG-C*C^{*}-algebra have the sameK-theory.
Mediation and moderation in ratings of hostile jokes by men and women
Authors: Abel Millicent H. , Flick Jason
Published: May 2015

Two studies were conducted to examine sex differences in enjoyment of hostile jokes targeting men and women with a focus on examining mediation effects of masculinity and femininity and moderation effects of the jokes' offensiveness. These studies continued to support men and women enjoying jokes targeting the opposite sex more so than jokes targeting the same sex. However, in Study 1, masculinity and femininity mediated these differences for men with higher masculinity related to greater enjoyment of the female hostile jokes and higher femininity related to greater enjoyment of the male hostile jokes. Masculinity alone mediated the differences for women with higher masculinity related to greater enjoyment of the female-targeted jokes and yet, no relationship existed with femininity. In Study 2, both men and women rated the female-targeted jokes as more offensive than the male-targeted jokes. A moderation effect for the jokes' offensiveness occurred for women who rated highly offensive male-targeted jokes funnier than highly offensive female-targeted jokes. No effect for offensiveness occurred for men; men rated both offensive female-targeted and male-targeted jokes equally funny even though they rated the female jokes as more offensive.
The influence of empathizing and systemizing on humor processing: Theory of Mind and humor
Authors: Samson Andrea C.
Published: May 2015

This paper investigates the influence of empathizing and systemizing on cognitive and affective humor processing in two studies. Three cartoon types differing in their logical mechanisms (LMs) and cognitive requirements were presented to participants with high scores on one scale and low scores on the other (empathizers and systemizers): visual puns, semantic cartoons and Theory of Mind cartoons. Empathizers and systemizers were expected to process these cartoon types differently. While empathizers and systemizers did not differ in recognition time and comprehensibility in study one (
The self-promoting playful pen in graphic and literary rhino-caricatures
Authors: Daemmrich Ingrid G.
Published: May 2015

From ancient times to the present, artists' and authors' creative, critical, and diverting pens have caricatured the human nose. Their amusing games express the power of the artistic imagination to turn their subjects into game pieces by (1) poking fun at their sociopolitical status through exaggerating or diminishing the size and shape of their noses; (2) playing upon hilarious, multifaceted links between their noses, phalluses, and the mocking pen; and (3) building canonical play frames that expand the artists' and authors' ability to mock the sociopolitical competition for power and influence. Though these games at times transgress the boundaries of decorum, they also underscore graphic and verbal caricaturists' self-promotional creativity, as they address the many inequalities in actual and fictive worlds.
Disclosure humor and distortion humor: A reversal theory analysis
Authors: Apter Michael J. , Desselles Mitzi
Published: May 2015

It is proposed that a distinction should be made between two fundamentally different kinds of humor. In disclosure humor, an identity (person, statement, etc.) is disclosed as having different characteristics/meanings from those originally supposed by the observer. In distortion humor, new characteristics are imaginatively added to the identity in a way that leads to absurdity. In both cases, incompatible attributes are experienced in relation to the identity concerned, this apparent escape from Aristotle's law of identity being made possible by one of the attributes being experienced as real and the other as an appearance. In both cases, humor is only experienced when the identity is diminished in the eyes of the observer. In the case of disclosure humor, the diminishment relates to the “real” attribute, while in the case of distortion humor it relates to the “apparent” attribute. This novel distinction is presented as an extension of the reversal theory of humor (Apter 1982), and is used to develop a taxonomy of humor that also involves the dichotomy of transitional and non-transitional humor, as well as three different levels of reference. Throughout, these concepts are illustrated with many kinds of humor, including jokes, parody, caricature, farce, riddles and slapstick.
Humorous similes
Authors: Veale Tony
Published: May 2015

Humorous descriptions are often couched in the form of a simile, whose flexible frame allows an author to yoke a topic to a perspective that is at once both incongruously different yet appropriately similar. Humorous similes exhibit all the commonly accepted hallmarks of verbal humour, from linguistic ambiguity to expectation violation and appropriate incongruity. But so too do non-humorous poetic similes, which exhibit an equal tendency for the ingenious and the incongruous. What then separates humorous similes from the broader class of creative similes, and can their signature characteristics, if any, be expressed via the presence or absence of specific formal, structural or semantic features? To address these questions, we describe the construction of a very large database of creative similes, and present the results of an initial empirical analysis upon this data-set. Our results are two-fold: humorous similes exhibit many of the same structural and semantic features that are considered characteristic of poetic similes, though none appears either necessary or sufficient to make a simile not just creative, but humorously creative; nonetheless, similes that employ either irony or ridicule (or both) are often explicitly marked with a marker of semantic imprecision such as “about”. We go on to show that “about”-marked similes typically exhibit an identifiable affective signature that further telegraphs an author’s humorous intent to the intended audience of the simile.
No laughing matter? Young adults and the “spillover effect” of candidate-centered political humor
Authors: Baumgartner Jody
Published: May 2015

Is there a spillover effect among young adults that results from viewing candidate-centered political comedy? A panel survey was conducted where one half of the subjects, all aged 18–24, viewed four short animated online video clips lambasting the candidates during the final months of the 2008 presidential campaign. Results suggest that a negative schema was primed among viewers as the result of viewing this candidate-centered political humor, which appears to have guided evaluations of other political objects as well. In particular, viewers of the clips evaluated public officials, government and the news media lower than did non-viewers. The research adds to our understanding of the effects of political humor, suggesting that the attitudinal effects of political humor extend well beyond its explicit target.
Joke telling, humor creation, and humor recall in children with and without hearing loss
Authors: Nwokah Evangeline E. , Burnette Sandra E. , Graves Kelly N.
Published: May 2015

Children with and without hearing loss were compared on their joke-telling and humor-related oral narrative skills. They were asked to tell a joke, create a funny story, and describe a funny movie they had seen. The ability to use humor in language creatively or in recall, the appropriate use of time reference in verbs, and the sequencing of story schema are advanced language skills for children. The conceptual and language skills of humor could be impacted if children do not hear some of the subtleties of language. Results revealed children with hearing loss used shorter and less complex utterances in jokes. They were significantly more likely to produce knock-knock jokes than other types such as riddles, and the knock-knock jokes were at a pre-joke stage. Children with hearing loss also produced funny stories that were less complex. They scored lower on story structure, total narrative ability, and Applebee's story schema. They were less likely to report bathroom humor as the funny part of a joke, story, or movie. This suggests that some aspects of the development of verbal humor may be impacted by hearing loss even among children mainstreamed in regular schools.
Humorous cartoons in college textbooks: Student perceptions and learning
Authors: Özdoğru Asil Ali , McMorris Robert F.
Published: May 2015

We investigated effects of humorous cartoons on students' perceptions and learning of psychological concepts with sense of humor as a moderator. One hundred fifty-six college students studied six one-page concept presentations, three with and three without content-related cartoons. All students responded to the Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale, multiple-choice test items on the given concepts, and survey items including demographic questions and Likert-scale items on their perceptions of the concept presentations. Students reported favorable attitudes for inserting cartoons in reading passages. However, there was no apparent effect of humorous cartoons on students' learning of the concepts. Methodological considerations are discussed in terms of their likely effects on the findings of the study and suggestions for further research are offered.
Development of a Humor Styles Questionnaire for children
Authors: Fox Claire L. , Dean Sarah , Lyford Kerri
Published: May 2015

The adult Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) assumes that humor can be both adaptive (“self-enhancing” and “affiliative”) and maladaptive (“aggressive” and “self-defeating”). The aim of the research was to develop a reliable and valid scale to assess adaptive and maladaptive humor in children – an adaptation of the adult HSQ. Over two studies, 1187 UK school children aged 9–15 years completed the 24-item adapted child HSQ. In the second study the children completed the questionnaire on two occasions, one week apart, and also measures of psychosocial adjustment. For children aged 11 years and upwards there was a clear four factor structure to the questionnaire with all sub-scales showing acceptable levels of internal and test re-test reliability. As predicted, affiliative humor and self-defeating humor were associated with all four measures of psychosocial adjustment. Aggressive humor was associated with lower anxiety and higher self-perceived social competence for boys, and with lower global self-worth and higher depression for girls. Longitudinal research is needed to disentangle the causal pathways and examine further the links between children's humor styles and their social competence.
Unveiling the humor mind of the “starving Armenians”: Literary and internet humor
Authors: Kazarian Shahe S.
Published: May 2015

The international fame of the “starving Armenians” has overshadowed this biblical nation's ardent love for humor and wit. The geography and distinctive language of the Armenians have also veiled the Armenian humor mind from international humor scholarship. In the present article, contemporary Armenian humor forms and expressions of Armenian humor in literary work (fable, satire and dark humor) and the internet are described. This illustration of Armenian humor forms and means of communication is informed by contemporary Western humor theory and research. The analysis of Armenian humor dispels the stereotype of the Armenian as poor and starving and reveals a rich culture full of varied forms of humor from ancient times to the internet age. A contemporary Armenian humor mind that is open to humor appreciation and expression is reflected in the designation and veneration of Gümri as the humor capital of Armenians, and the recognition of April 1 as a national day of humor and wit.
Strategies of verbal irony in visual satire: Reading The New Yorker's “Politics of Fear” cover
Authors: Stewart Craig O.
Published: May 2015

This paper analyzes
Humor in organization: From function to resistance
Authors: Westwood Robert I. , Johnston Allanah
Published: May 2015

The paper discusses the current state of research and thinking about humor in organizations and the workplace. Perhaps constrained by rationalist assumptions and conceptions of work and organization as domains of the serious, humor in organizations has received relatively little attention in management and organization studies. Such relative neglect notwithstanding, there has been a steady stream of work over the last 50 years, increasing somewhat latterly. The paper reflects, firstly, on this neglect in the face of the pervasiveness and significance of humor in life and in organizations. Next it considers more orthodox, functionalist research on humor in organizations, noting that this is the dominant stream of work. Whilst of value, this work offers a limited and partial perspective: we therefore address alternative, non-functionalist approaches that have emerged latterly, some of which take us towards a more radical view of humor in the workplace as resistance and subversion. This work is a caution against adopting a narrow functionalist view of humor and its appropriation for a managerialist agenda. In this critical evaluation of the literature humor is shown to be heterogeneous, both in its forms and effects and there is a need of better theorization that acknowledges that and which properly contextualizes humor in relation to the specific dynamics and complexities of work and organizations.
Seven decades after Hans Asperger's observations: A comprehensive study of humor in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Samson Andrea C. , Huber Oswald , Ruch Willibald
Published: May 2015

The aim of the present study was to better understand humor in individuals with Asperger's syndrome. Therefore, various humor and laughter related phenomena were investigated by means of various standardized humor instruments. Forty individuals with AS and 113 controls filled out several self-report questionnaires and tests. The results revealed that individuals with AS scored significantly lower on trait cheerfulness and higher on trait seriousness (both describing the susceptibility to humor). Furthermore, they scored low on scales related to social communication (affiliative humor, humor entertainment) and portrayed a more socially cold humor style. In addition, individuals with AS scored low on mean-spirited humor, and used less adaptive (self-enhancing) and more maladaptive humor styles (self-defeating humor). Finally, they preferred incongruity-resolution humor, representing a more reality-oriented processing style. These findings add to previous studies on humor and expand the knowledge of components associated with successful humor appreciation.
Part I: The challenge of functional preservation: an integrated systems approach using diffusion-weighted, image-guided, exoscopic-assisted, transulcal radial corridors
Authors: Kassam Amin B. , Labib Mohamed A. , Bafaquh Mohammed , Ghinda Diana , Mark Joseph , Houlden David , Fukui Melanie B. , Nguyen Thanh , Corsten Martin , Piron Cameron , Rovin Richard
Published: May 2015

Surgical access to subcortical lesions in the sensorimotor area can lead to a high degree of cognitive and functional morbidity through injury to white matter fiber tracts. Inherent technological challenges limit resection of lesions in the sensorimotor area. A systematic and integrated approach to address these challenges termed the six-pillar approach has been developed. While individual elements of these pillars have been reported elsewhere, the authors hypothesize that the consistent adoption of standardized imaging, navigation, access, optics and resection technologies as a system identifies and protects eloquent tissue. In addition, this approach allows for the targeted harvest of viable cells to serve as the substrate for molecular regenerative therapy. An illustrative case with resection of a low-grade glioma in the sensorimotor region using the six-pillar approach is included to highlight the strengths of this approach.
Chaotic States Induced By Resetting Process In Izhikevich Neuron Model
Authors: Nobukawa Sou , Nishimura Haruhiko , Yamanishi Teruya , Liu Jian-Qin
Published: May 2015

Several hybrid neuron models, which combine continuous spike-generation mechanisms and discontinuous resetting process after spiking, have been proposed as a simple transition scheme for membrane potential between spike and hyperpolarization. As one of the hybrid spiking neuron models, Izhikevich neuron model can reproduce major spike patterns observed in the cerebral cortex only by tuning a few parameters and also exhibit chaotic states in specific conditions. However, there are a few studies concerning the chaotic states over a large range of parameters due to the difficulty of dealing with the state dependent jump on the resetting process in this model. In this study, we examine the dependence of the system behavior on the resetting parameters by using Lyapunov exponent with saltation matrix and Poincaré section methods, and classify the routes to chaos.
Efficacy of Fuzzy-Stat Modelling in Classification of Gynaecologists and Patients
Authors: Sardesai Anjali , Kharat Vilas , Sambarey Pradip , Deshpande Ashok
Published: May 2015

Fuzzy logic-based inference systems depend on the domain experts’ perceptions, which are intrinsically imprecise/vague/fuzzy. The perceptions of more than one expert are needed in the decision-making process. Therefore, there is a need to study the similarity between the experts using a mathematical framework. Classical mathematical models simulating the medical diagnostic process are usually either logical or probabilistic, wherein the concept of partial belief is not considered. Except in a few cases, binary logic is too unrealistic to apply to medical diagnosis. Another important factor in medical science is the patient-symptom relationship, which influences the disease diagnosis. In summary, the following two issues stand out: (i) Do experts agree with one another in arriving at the same diagnostic labels? (ii) Based on the symptom-patient relationship, can patients be classified? The authors have tried to explore the possibility of using fuzzy similarity measures and also Gower’s coefficient in classifying gynaecologists and patients. The comparative evaluation infers that the efficacy of two-valued binary logic-based Gower’s coefficient is low.
Spectrophotometric observations of thiacyanine dye J-aggregation on citrate capped silver nanoparticles
Authors: Laban Bojana B. , Vodnik Vesna , Vasić Vesna
Published: May 2015

The J-aggregation of anionic cyanine dye, 5,5’ – disulfopropyl-3,3’ – dichloro - thiacyanine sodium salt (TC) in the presence of 2x10-3 M KCl and citrate capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, diameter ~10nm) was investigated. The influence of added salt (KCl), as well as AgNPs and TC concentration on the intensity of the absorption bands with the maxima at 464 and 481 nm, characteristic of the J-aggregation of the dye in solution and on AgNPs surface, respectively, was studied. The spectrophotometric and fluorescence spectra confirmed that AgNPs induced the decomposition of J-aggregates formed in solution on the account of their formation on NPs surface. The obtained results enabled the evaluation of number of TC molecules per AgNPs participating in J-aggregate formation. The experimental results yielded about 320 molecules of TC per AgNPs in at least three layers in a slanted orientation.
Orbitofrontal Cortex Encodes Memories within Value-Based Schemas and Represents Contexts That Guide Memory Retrieval
Authors: Farovik Anja , Place Ryan J. , McKenzie Sam , Porter Blake , Munro Catherine E. , Eichenbaum Howard
Published: May 2015

There are a substantial number of studies showing that the orbitofrontal cortex links events to reward values, whereas the hippocampus links events to the context in which they occur. Here we asked how the orbitofrontal cortex contributes to memory where context determines the reward values associated with events. After rats learned object–reward associations that differed depending on the spatial context in which the objects were presented, neuronal ensembles in orbitofrontal cortex represented distinct value-based schemas, each composed of a systematic organization of the representations of objects in the contexts and positions where they were associated with reward or nonreward. Orbitofrontal ensembles also represent the different spatial contexts that define the mappings of stimuli to actions that lead to reward or nonreward. These findings, combined with observations on complementary memory representation within the hippocampus, suggest mechanisms through which prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus interact in support of context-guided memory.
Sensorimotor Processing in the Newborn Rat Red Nucleus during Active Sleep
Authors: Del Rio-Bermudez Carlos , Sokoloff Greta , Blumberg Mark S.
Published: May 2015

Sensory feedback from sleep-related myoclonic twitches is thought to drive activity-dependent development in spinal cord and brain. However, little is known about the neural pathways involved in the generation of twitches early in development. The red nucleus (RN), source of the rubrospinal tract, has been implicated in the production of phasic motor activity during active sleep in adults. Here we hypothesized that the RN is also a major source of motor output for twitching in early infancy, a period when twitching is an especially abundant motor behavior. We recorded extracellular neural activity in the RN during sleep and wakefulness in 1-week-old unanesthetized rats. Neurons in the RN fired phasically before twitching and wake movements of the contralateral forelimb. A subpopulation of neurons in the RN exhibited a significant peak of activity after forelimb movement onset, suggesting reafferent sensory processing. Consistent with this observation, manual stimulation of the forelimb evoked RN responses. Unilateral inactivation of the RN using a mixture comprising GABAA, GABAB, and glycine receptor agonists caused an immediate and temporary increase in motor activity followed by a marked and prolonged decrease in twitching and wake movements. Altogether, these data support a causal role for the RN in infant motor behavior. Furthermore, they indicate that twitching, which is characterized by discrete motor output and reafferent input, provides an opportunity for sensorimotor integration and activity-dependent development of topography within the newborn RN.
Exclusion of Integrins from CNS Axons Is Regulated by Arf6 Activation and the AIS
Authors: Franssen Elske H. P. , Zhao Rong-Rong , Koseki Hiroaki , Kanamarlapudi Venkateswarlu , Hoogenraad Casper C. , Eva Richard , Fawcett James W.
Published: May 2015

Integrins are adhesion and survival molecules involved in axon growth during CNS development, as well as axon regeneration after injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Adult CNS axons do not regenerate after injury, partly due to a low intrinsic growth capacity. We have previously studied the role of integrins in axon growth in PNS axons; in the present study, we investigate whether integrin mechanisms involved in PNS regeneration may be altered or lacking from mature CNS axons by studying maturing CNS neuronsin vitro. In rat cortical neurons, we find that integrins are present in axons during initial growth but later become restricted to the somato-dendritic domain. We investigated how this occurs and whether it can be altered to enhance axonal growth potential. We find a developmental change in integrin trafficking; transport becomes predominantly retrograde throughout axons, but not dendrites, as neurons mature. The directionality of transport is controlled through the activation state of ARF6, with developmental upregulation of the ARF6 GEF ARNO enhancing retrograde transport. Lowering ARF6 activity in mature neurons restores anterograde integrin flow, allows transport into axons, and increases axon growth. In addition, we found that the axon initial segment is partly responsible for exclusion of integrins and removal of this structure allows integrins into axons. Changing posttranslational modifications of tubulin with taxol also allows integrins into the proximal axon. The experiments suggest that the developmental loss of regenerative ability in CNS axons is due to exclusion of growth-related molecules due to changes in trafficking.
Amphetamine Action at the Cocaine- and Antidepressant-Sensitive Serotonin Transporter Is Modulated by αCaMKII
Authors: Steinkellner Thomas , Montgomery Therese R. , Hofmaier Tina , Kudlacek Oliver , Yang Jae-Won , Rickhag Mattias , Jung Gangsoo , Lubec Gert , Gether Ulrik , Freissmuth Michael , Sitte Harald H.
Published: May 2015

Serotonergic neurotransmission is terminated by reuptake of extracellular serotonin (5-HT) by the high-affinity serotonin transporter (SERT). Selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine or escitalopram inhibit SERT and are currently the principal treatment for depression and anxiety disorders. In addition, SERT is a major molecular target for psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines. Amphetamine-induced transport reversal at the closely related dopamine transporter (DAT) has been shown previously to be contingent upon modulation by calmodulin kinase IIα (αCaMKII). Here, we show that not only DAT, but also SERT, is regulated by αCaMKII. Inhibition of αCaMKII activity markedly decreased amphetamine-triggered SERT-mediated substrate efflux in both cells coexpressing SERT and αCaMKII and brain tissue preparations. The interaction between SERT and αCaMKII was verified using biochemical assays and FRET analysis and colocalization of the two molecules was confirmed in primary serotonergic neurons in culture. Moreover, we found that genetic deletion of αCaMKII impaired the locomotor response of mice to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (also known as “ecstasy”) and bluntedd-fenfluramine-induced prolactin release, substantiating the importance of αCaMKII modulation for amphetamine action at SERTin vivoas well. SERT-mediated substrate uptake was neither affected by inhibition of nor genetic deficiency in αCaMKII. This finding supports the concept that uptake and efflux at monoamine transporters are asymmetric processes that can be targeted separately. Ultimately, this may provide a molecular mechanism for putative drug developments to treat amphetamine addiction.
A Murine Niemann-Pick C1 I1061T Knock-In Model Recapitulates the Pathological Features of the Most Prevalent Human Disease Allele
Authors: Praggastis Maria , Tortelli Brett , Zhang Jessie , Fujiwara Hideji , Sidhu Rohini , Chacko Anita , Chen Zhouji , Chung Chan , Lieberman Andrew P. , Sikora Jakub , Davidson Cristin , Walkley Steven U. , Pipalia Nina H. , Maxfield Frederick R. , Schaffer Jean E. , Ory Daniel S.
Published: May 2015

Niemann-Pick Type C1 (NPC1) disease is a rare neurovisceral, cholesterol–sphingolipid lysosomal storage disorder characterized by ataxia, motor impairment, progressive intellectual decline, and dementia. The most prevalent mutation, NPC1I1061T, encodes a misfolded protein with a reduced half-life caused by ER-associated degradation. Therapies directed at stabilization of the mutant NPC1 protein reduce cholesterol storage in fibroblasts but have not been testedin vivobecause of lack of a suitable animal model. Whereas the prominent features of human NPC1 disease are replicated in the nullNpc1−/−mouse, this model is not amenable to examining proteostatic therapies. The objective of the present study was to develop an NPC1 I1061T knock-in mouse in which to test proteostatic therapies. Compared with theNpc1−/−mouse, thisNpc1tm(I1061T)Dsomodel displays a less severe, delayed form of NPC1 disease with respect to weight loss, decreased motor coordination, Purkinje cell death, lipid storage, and premature death. The murine NPC1I1061Tprotein has a reduced half-lifein vivo, consistent with protein misfolding and rapid ER-associated degradation, and can be stabilized by histone deacetylase inhibition. This novel mouse model faithfully recapitulates human NPC1 disease and provides a powerful tool for preclinical evaluation of therapies targeting NPC1 protein variants with compromised stability.