bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effectiveness: Seeking Value for Money in Lower Extremity Wound Management
Authors: Franks Peter J. , Bosanquet Nick
Published: May 2004

This article discusses the different methods of evaluating cost in relation to the outcomes of treatment, and reviews the evidence of cost-effectiveness (CE) in the management of chronic leg ulceration. In essence, the CE argument revolves around the need to demonstrate outcomes of treatment in relation to particular levels of financial input by the health providers. High CE allows for either the same number of patients to be treatedmore efficiently (at a lower cost) ormore patients to be treated for the same financial input. Areview ofmedical and nursing databases (Medline, Embase, and Cinahl) identified studies of CE of dressing materials (n = 8), use of compression therapy (n = 4), and other treatments (n = 2). In addition, 5 research groups have undertaken studies to evaluate the relative CE of different systems of care. Overall conclusionsare that modern wound dressings provide a more costeffective alternative to saline gauze, whereas the evidence relating to the use of tissue-engineered skin is less clear. The use of compression bandaging is substantially more costeffective when compared with a system of care where compression is not systematically offered. The systems that offer compression are not only cost-effective but also lead to reductions in absolute cost. The evaluation of CE is likely to become an ever-increasing part of wound care evaluation as we strive to achieve greater efficiency in the use of scarce health resources.
Operational Lessons from the Pathways to Desistance Project
Authors: Schubert Carol A. , Mulvey Edward P. , Steinberg Laurence , Cauffman Elizabeth , Losoya Sandra H. , Hecker Thomas , Chassin Laurie , Knight George P.
Published: May 2004

Implementing a large, longitudinal study of any sample is a major undertaking. The challenges are compounded when the study involves multiple sites and a high-risk sample. This article outlines the methodology for the Pathways to Desistance study, a multisite, longitudinal study of serious juvenile offenders, and discusses the key operational decisions with the greatest impact on the study design.
Very Large Isolated Fetal Pericardial Effusion With Spontaneous Resolution
Authors: Yezewski Kimberly A. , Ferroni Karen M.
Published: May 2004

This case study describes a fetus with a very large isolated pericardial effusion of unknown etiology. This resolved spontaneously. The authors’ review of the literature suggests that this is an unusual presentation. Sonography is an invaluable tool in the detection and monitoring of a fetal pericardial effusion.
Tumor Masquerading as a Portal Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Evans Kevin D. , Schneider James
Published: May 2004

The practice of routinely evaluating the portal vein as part of a right upper quadrant sonography study may have value as a screening mechanism for portal vein thrombosis. Difficulties arise in differentiating thrombosis from tumor as the source of portal vein obstruction. This case study of portal tumor thrombosis (PTT) due to hepatocellular carcinoma is a good example of the use of multiple modalities to arrive at the definitive diagnosis. Many studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography on the accurate diagnosis of PTT, but few cases have been reported that used a multimodality approach.
Testicular Epidermoid Cysts
Authors: Johnson Lynnette K. , Anderson Joseph C. , Michael Kim , Berg Jody , Quraishi Mohammed F.
Published: May 2004

Testicular epidermoid cysts are benign tumors that represent only 1% of all testicular tumors. This tumor presents as a palpable mass within the testicle. High-resolution sonography can help provide a presurgical diagnosis due to the tumor’s unique sonographic appearance of a “bow tie” echogenicity. This bow tie pattern is formed by the deposition of keratin in layers by the lining of the cyst. A preoperative sonographic diagnosis of a testicular epidermoid cyst can lead to testicle-sparing surgery in healthy, young males due to the benign nature of this tumor.
Ultrasonography of a Gastroduodenal Artery Pseudoaneurysm
Authors: Ayers Elizabeth W. , Cummings Felicia P.
Published: May 2004

Splanchnic artery pseudoaneurysms are not often encountered but are clinically significant because of the high mortality rate with rupture. Sonography is a noninvasive modality that can be used for assessment of the presence or absence of blood flow and in post treatment follow-up to confirm whether the intervention was successful. In this unusual case, sonography with color Doppler was used to evaluate a gastroduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm before and after angiographic transcatheter arterial embolization, facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of this vascular phenomenon.
Developmental effects of propyphenazone in analgesic and antipyretic combination with caffeine or paracetamol
Authors: Burdan F
Published: May 2004

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of an over-the-counter (OTC) mixture of propyphenazone with caffeine or paracetamol on prenatal development. Propyphenazone:caffeine and propyphenazone:paracetamol mixtures were prepared with constant 3:1 and 3:5 ratios, respectively. Three dose levels of each of the mixtures were administered separately in Tween-80 water suspension once a day to pregnant Wistar rats on gestation days 8-14. The low dose was similar to the OTC preparations, 2.1 mg/kg of propyphenazone, 0.7 mg/kg of caffeine or 3.5 mg/kg of paracetamol. The middle dose was 21.0, 7.0 or 35.0 mg/kg, and the highest 210.0, 70.0 or 350.0 mg/kg for propyphenazone, caffeine or paracetamol, respectively. On day 21 of gestation the fetuses were delivered by hysterectomy. Dead or live fetuses, resorptions and the number of implantation sites were counted. Live fetuses were examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformation. Postimplantation mortality was calculated. Dose-dependent effects in the middle and high dose groups on fetal body weight/length and placental weight were found. No increase in external or internal congenital anomalies was found in any of the mixture-exposed groups. Prenatal coadministration of propyphenazone with caffeine or paracetamol caused intrauterine growth retardation but did not increase external or internal congenital anomalies. The risk of midline defects (umbilical hernia and gastroschisis) is discussed.
Protective effects of indole-3-carbinol on cyclophosphamide-induced clastogenecity in mouse bone marrow cells
Authors: Shukla Yogeshwer , Srivastava Bhawna , Arora Annu , Chauhan L KS
Published: May 2004

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is present in many cruciferous vegetables and is known to possess protective properties against chemically induced toxicity and carcinogenesis. In the present study, the antimutagenic potential of I3C has been evaluated using in vivo chromosomal aberration (CA) assay as a cytogenetic end point. Chromosomal analysis was carried out in mouse bone marrow cells following administration of I3C (5 mg/kg; i.p.) for 5 consecutive days. Cyclophosphamide (CP), a well known mutagen, was given at two dose levels of 25 mg/kg b.wt. and 100 mg/kg b.wt., respectively, 24 hours prior to the last dose of I3C. Two groups of five mice each were also injected with CP (25 or 100 mg/kg b.wt.) alone whereas for the vehicle control a group of mice was injected with normal saline only. The results revealed a significant inhibition in the frequencies of CP-induced CAs and aberrant cells in bone marrow cells of I3C-supplemented Swiss albino mice. The antimutagenic potential of I3C towards CP was also evident as the status of mitotic index (MI) was found to show an increment. This study revealed the antigenotoxic potential of I3C against CP- induced chromosomal mutations.
Nurse and patient communication via low- and high-bandwidth home telecare systems
Authors: Wakefield Bonnie J , Holman John E , Ray Annette , Morse Jane , Kienzle Michael G
Published: May 2004

We examined nurse-patient communication on two videoconferencing systems: a video-phone (PSTN video) and a PC-based system (IP video). The former used data transmission via a modem at 33.6 kbit/s and the latter via a local-area network at up to 512 kbit/s. Twenty-six nurses and 18 volunteers (simulated patients) participated. On each video system nurse-patient dyads completed scripted interactions; they then completed questionnaires to assess communication. Of the participants, 84% ( n=37) preferred IP video and 14% ( n=6) preferred PSTN video (one expressed no preference). IP video was rated significantly higher in all communication quality areas except self-consciousness/embarrassment. Although participants' overall ratings were higher for the IP video system, two important advantages of the PSTN video system were identified by both nurses and patients: first, it provided superior visualization of the medication bottle, insulin syringe and the patient's skin; and second, it was easier to use. Video quality and audio quality are important determinants of patient and provider perceptions, but ease of use, clinical appropriateness, and the need for training and support must not be forgotten.
Reconciling Financial Information at Varied Levels of Aggregation*
Authors: ARYA ANIL , FELLINGHAM JOHN C. , MITTENDORF BRIAN , SCHROEDER DOUGLAS A.
Published: May 2004

Financial statements summarize a firm's fiscal position using only a limited number of accounts. Readers often interpret financial statements in conjunction with other information, some of which may be aggregated in a different way (or not at all). This paper exploits properties of the double‐entry accounting system to provide a systematic approach to reconciling diverse financial data. The key is the ability to represent the double‐entry system by network flows and, thereby, access well‐recognized network optimization techniques. Two specific uses are investigated: the reconciliation of audit evidence with management‐prepared financial statements, and the creation of transaction‐level financial ratios.
The Determination of Male Adult Age at Death by Central and Posterior Coxal Analysis—A Preliminary Study
Authors: Rougé-Maillart C , Telmon N , Rissech C , Malgosa A , Rougé D
Published: May 2004

In forensic anthropological analysis, the pelvis is of particular interest as it is often a comparatively well-preserved part of the skeleton. This study in age determination uses the acetabulum, the central element of the pelvis, as a complement to the examination of the auricular surface. The test sample consisted of 30 individuals. First, the authors studied the auricular surface using the Lovejoy criteria. Second, they isolated four criteria based on chronological changes in the acetabulum. Third, they conducted an evaluation of each of these variables. The study examines the correlation between these criteria and the age of the individuals. A significant correlation was found between the acetabular criteria and age, and between the acetabular criteria and the Lovejoy criteria of the auricular surface. For forensic purposes, the acetabulum is an effective predictor in the determination of age. This newly proposed method explores the same criteria of ageing as the Lovejoy method. The combination of the two methods produces relatively consistent results in the estimation of age.
A Possible Source of Reference DNA from Archived Treated Adhesive Lifters
Authors: Zamir A , Oz C , Wolf E , Vinokurov A , Glattstein B
Published: May 2004

During the course of a double murder trial, it became apparent that the two adhesive lifters from the two cadavers had been mislabeled before being presented in court. The question was raised whether DNA testing from the biological material remaining attached to the lifters could resolve this mix-up.

In fatal shooting cases where a bullet has been fired through a body surface, an adhesive lifter is applied directly to the entrance wound. The total nitrite residues, as well as biological material surrounding the wound (blood, hair, tissue) are transferred to the adhesive lifter. The nitrite residues are used for estimating firing distance. In a worst-case scenario, the biological material on the lifter may be the only remaining reference material from a victim. In this paper, we examined whether the biological material retrieved from adhesive lifters could be used for DNA typing after the lifters had been treated for GSR pattern. In as much as the biological material found on the lifters can be typed and profiled following physical and chemical treatment, we submit that archived adhesive lifters can be used as a future source of reference DNA from cadavers where no other sample is available.
Validation and Implementation of the PowerPlex® 16 BIO System STR Multiplex for Forensic Casework
Authors: Greenspoon SA , Ban JD , Pablo L , Crouse CA , Kist FG , Tomsey CS , Glessner AL , Mihalacki LR , Long TM , Heidebrecht BJ , Braunstein CA , Freeman DA , Soberalski C , Bruesehoff N , Amin AS , Douglas EK , Schumm JW
Published: May 2004

The PowerPlex® 16 BIO multiplex short tandem repeat (STR) system contains the 13 CODIS loci (FGA, TPOX, D8S1179, vWA, D18S51, D21S11, TH01, D3S1358, CSF1PO, D16S539, D7S820, D13S317, and D5S818), plus two pentanucleotide repeat loci (Penta D and Penta E) and the sex-identifying locus, Amelogenin. The PowerPlex® 16 BIO System is optimized for use with the Hitachi FMBIO® gel imaging systems. A consortium of seven independent laboratories collaborated to perform the studies defined by the FBI standards for performing a developmental validation, including the evaluation of sample concordance, percent stutter determination, nonprobative casework, precision, sensitivity, mixture determination, effect of substrates, the impact of environmental insults, and species specificity. All samples tested for concordance were consistent except for one sample from the Virginia Division of Forensic Science database that displayed discordance at D13S317, a locus whose primer sequence was altered. Stutter values were comparable to those of other STR multiplex systems, the precision was comparable to other multiplexes analyzed by gel electrophoresis, the DNA profiles were unchanged by the substrate upon which the blood samples were placed, and the nonprobative casework samples re-typed for the PowerPlex® 16 BIO System were consistent with previous typing results. When greater than 0.125 ng of DNA was placed into the PowerPlex® 16 BIO System amplification reaction, a full profile was generated by all laboratories. The mixture study results were comparable to those reported for other multiplex systems, the environmental study demonstrated a loss of larger molecular weight loci when samples were incubated at elevated temperatures for a prolonged period of time, and the only notable cross species hybridization was observed with primate DNA samples. This extensive validation work performed demonstrates that the PowerPlex® 16 BIO System provides STR data of a quality comparable with other PowerPlex® STR multiplex kits as well as other widely used STR multiplexes and is thus suitable for evidentiary casework analysis as well as database sample profiling.
Assault in Prison and Assault in Prison Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Young MH , Justice JV , Erdberg P
Published: May 2004

Studies have described measures associated with assault in the community, but few have identified measures associated with assault in prison or prison psychiatric treatment. In this study, prison assault histories and assaults while in prison psychiatric treatment for 222 randomly selected male inmates were evaluated. Using record reviews, interviews, neuropsychological, Rorschach, and psychopathy measures, risk factors for assault in prison and in prison psychiatric treatment were identified. Youth Authority placement, inhalant use, antisocial lifestyle, neurological injury, neuropsychological impairment, and higher PCL-R Factor II ratings were associated with assault in prison. Absence of major mental disorder, neurological impairment, or psychotic thinking, but presence of psychopathy was associated with assault in prison psychiatric treatment. In identifying risk for violence, the importance of (1) the context in which violence occurs; (2) the need for clear admission criteria for prison psychiatric treatment; and (3) the need to develop risk assessments that are specific to prison environments are emphasized.
Expert Testimony and Positive Identification of Human Remains Through Cranial Suture Patterns
Authors: Rogers TL , Allard TT
Published: May 2004

North American forensic anthropological research should conform to the Daubert criteria (U.S.A.) and Mohan ruling (Canada) to ensure admissibility in a court of law. Positive identification through radiographic comparison of antemortem and postmortem cranial suture patterns was evaluated in light of these criteria. The technique is based on reliable principles, but problems with terminology and the resolution of radiographs make SekharanÂ's method difficult to apply. Using the location, length, and slope of a sutureÂ's component lines, rather than SekharanÂ's descriptions of sutural configurations, it is possible to determine the probability of a particular suture pattern occurring in more than one individual. A match of four consecutive lines is sufficient to establish positive identification. This approach meets the Daubert and Mohan criteria, although resolution of radiographs is still a major limitation. Computed tomography (CT) scans may prove a more useful modality for positive identification, due to better resolution and greater availability.
Development of a Finger Printing Device for Use on a Mobile Robot
Authors: Dixon K , Wu J , Brennan RW , Goldsmith P
Published: May 2004

In this paper, we describe the development of a device for fuming fingerprints with cyanoacrylate (Super Glue™) to enable police tactical units to obtain fingerprint evidence from suspicious packages using a remote-controlled robot. Through a series of initial experiments and preliminary designs, we show that effective cyanoacylate fuming requires sufficient heat, humidity, and airflow. This work led to the development of a final working prototype, called robot accessory for fuming fingerprint evidence (RAFFE), which is currently being field tested by the Calgary Police Service.
Hyaluronidase as a Liquefying Agent for Chemical Analysis of Vitreous Fluid
Authors: Garg U , Althahabi R , Amirahmadi V , Brod M , Blanchard C , Young T
Published: May 2004

Vitreous humor is a suitable specimen for postmortem clinical chemistry because the analytes remain relatively stable after death and they closely reflect blood levels immediately prior to death. The viscous nature of vitreous fluid, however, presents analytical problems including imprecision and inaccuracy. Various preanalytical treatments, such as boiling, high speed centrifugation, microfiltration and dilution have been used. These techniques are labor intensive and add to imprecision and inaccuracy. Because glycosaminoglycans contribute significantly to the viscosity of vitreous humor, we used hyaluronidase as a liquefying agent.We compared the results of analyses in 33 vitreous humor specimens after hyaluronidase treatment with the results after either no treatment or specimen dilution. Seventeen of the 33 specimens could not be analyzed without dilution. Even after dilution, several analytes still could not be measured. Hyaluronidase treatment negated the need for sample dilution and had no significant effect on the analyses.
Abuse and Neglect: A Ten-Year Review of Mortality and Morbidity in our Elders in a Large Metropolitan Area
Authors: Shields LBE , Hunsaker DM , Hunsaker JC
Published: May 2004

Elder abuse and neglect refers to an act or omission resulting in harm, including death, or threatened harm to the health or welfare of an elderly person. Between one and two million elderly Americans experience some form of mistreatment annually. A ten-year (1992–2001) retrospective case review of morbidity and mortality among elders (age ≥ 60 years) was conducted at a State Medical Examiner's Office serving a major metropolitan region in Kentucky and Indiana. This study addresses cases of two categories: 1) medicolegal autopsies and 2) examinations of living subjects pursuant to a Clinical Forensic Medicine Program. The authors present 74 postmortem cases, in which 52 deaths were attributed to a homicidal act and 22 deaths were suspicious for neglect. Of the 22 living victims of elder abuse and neglect, 19 cases constituted physical and/or sexual assault and three individuals suffered from neglect. This study summarizes the characteristic features of elder abuse in both postmortem and living cases and underscores the necessity for multi-agency collaboration in order to reach an accurate conclusion in case work. Policies established by a well-established elder abuse task force promote the collaborative interaction necessary to formulate criteria for prevention of abuse and death within this vulnerable population.
Reliable, Sensitive, Rapid and Quantitative Enzyme-Based Assay for Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB)
Authors: Bravo DT , Harris DO , Parsons SM
Published: May 2004

Several assays for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (4-hydroxybutyrate, GHB) have been developed based on the enzyme gamma-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (GHB-DH). Enzymatic oxidation of GHB by NAD+ is coupled to diaphorase-mediated reduction of pro-dye to yield colored product. GHB-DH from Ralstonia eutropha was cloned and expressed as a stable fusion protein easily purified by affinity chromatography. Quantitative initial velocity and endpoint versions of the assay in solution are described. Michaelis-Menten parameters for oxidation of GHB and ethanol were estimated. A semi-quantitative “dipstick” version of the assay on paper also is described. Both solution endpoint and “dipstick” assays are sensitive to about 0.05 mg GHB/mL using 10 μL of sample. Ethanol at concentrations possible in urine and agents used to stabilize physiological fluids for forensics analysis do not interfere significantly. The “dipstick” assay also allows detection of GHB in alcoholic beverages after evaporation of about one-fourth drop of beverage before testing. The enzymatic assay for GHB is reliable, sensitive, inexpensive and rapid.
Hallucinations with Zolpidem and Fluoxetine in an Impaired Driver
Authors: Coleman DE , Ota K
Published: May 2004

A 54-year-old malewas observed driving erratically. The subject displayed both horizontal and vertical nystagmus and poor balance on field sobriety tests (FST's). Further observations included slow movements, breathing, and speech, extremely poor coordination, lack of convergence, and pupils with slow reaction to light. The subject related he was seeing roadway lines doubled and felt a hallucinogenic effect. Breath alcohol results were negative. Blood tests found zolpidem and fluoxetine in addition to hydrocodone at therapeutic levels. This case is presented as an example of hallucinogenic effects from the combination of zolpidem and serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Application of the BioMek® 2000 Laboratory Automation Workstation and the DNA IQ™ System to the Extraction of Forensic Casework Samples
Authors: Greenspoon SA , Ban JD , Sykes K , Ballard EJ , Edler SS , Baisden M , Covington BL
Published: May 2004

Robotic systems are commonly utilized for the extraction of database samples. However, the application of robotic extraction to forensic casework samples is a more daunting task. Such a system must be versatile enough to accommodate a wide range of samples that may contain greatly varying amounts of DNA, but it must also pose no more risk of contamination than the manual DNA extraction methods. This study demonstrates that the BioMek® 2000 Laboratory Automation Workstation, used in combination with the DNA IQ™ System, is versatile enough to accommodate the wide range of samples typically encountered by a crime laboratory. The use of a silica coated paramagnetic resin, as with the DNA IQ™ System, facilitates the adaptation of an open well, hands off, robotic system to the extraction of casework samples since no filtration or centrifugation steps are needed. Moreover, the DNA remains tightly coupled to the silica coated paramagnetic resin for the entire process until the elution step. A short pre-extraction incubation step is necessary prior to loading samples onto the robot and it is at this step that most modifications are made to accommodate the different sample types and substrates commonly encountered with forensic evidentiary samples. Sexual assault (mixed stain) samples, cigarette butts, blood stains, buccal swabs, and various tissue samples were successfully extracted with the BioMek® 2000 Laboratory Automation Workstation and the DNA IQ™ System, with no evidence of contamination throughout the extensive validation studies reported here.
Review of: Investigation and Interpretation of Black Box Data in Automobiles
Authors: McElroy RC
Published: May 2004

Rosenbluth W. Investigation and interpretation of black box data in automobiles. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2001, 162 pp.
A Highly Discriminating 21 Locus Y-STR “Megaplex” System Designed to Augment the Minimal Haplotype Loci for Forensic Casework
Authors: Hanson EK , Ballantyne J
Published: May 2004

In order to increase significantly the discriminatory potential of Y-STR systems available to the forensic community, we have developed and validated a 21-locus Y-STR multiplex system. Since the system was designed specifically to augment the European Y chromosome typing community's “minimal haplotype” Y-STR set (MHL) for forensic casework, it contains a novel constellation of markers not contained therein. The system, which we refer to as Multiplex IV (MPIV), permits the co-amplification of DYS 443, DYS 444, DYS 445, DYS 447, DYS 448, DYS 449, DYS 452, DYS 453, DYS 454, DYS 455, DYS 456, DYS 458, DYS 463, DYS 464, DYS 468, DYS 484, DYS 522, DYS 527, DYS 531, DYS 557, and DYS 588. Although the multiplex contains 21 Y-STR loci, of which one is bi-local and one is tetra-local, there are actually 25 sites exhibiting allelic variation, and this has prompted us to use the descriptor “megaplex” to describe the system.

This report describes a number of performance checks that were employed to characterize the system including sensitivity, specificity, discriminatory capacity, and nonprobative casework studies. Although 1 ng of male DNA was found to be the optimal amount of input template, a complete 21-locus profile was obtained with as little as 50 pg of male DNA (i.e., ∼8 to 9 diploid cells). The specificity of the system was demonstrated by the lack of significant female DNA derived artifacts when tested using either 300 ng of female DNA alone or an admixture of male/female DNA in which the female component was present in a 100-fold excess. The ability of the system to determine the number of male donors was demonstrated by testing different admixtures of DNA at different ratios from two male donors. Cervicovaginal samples taken up to 48 h post coitus yielded a complete 21-locus Y-STR profile of the semen donor, thus confirming the potential utility of the system for forensic casework. Preliminary estimates of the gene diversity (h) of the individual loci for the Caucasian and African-American population indicated that 15 of the 21 loci possessed an h of ⩾0.5 in at least one population. Multi-locus haplotype analysis revealed that the 21-plex system could augment the use of the minimal haplotype loci and increase significantly the discriminatory capacity of Y-STR analysis.
New Developments in SPME Part 2: Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate-based Explosives
Authors: Brown H , Kirkbride KP , Pigou PE , Walker GS
Published: May 2004

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a simple, reliable technique for the recovery and analysis of many organic explosives. However, this technique is impractical for the analysis of ammonium nitrate-type explosives due to the extreme polarity, low molecular weight, and high volatility of the amine moiety. This article describes an initial investigation of a derivatization process utilizing alkylchloroformates that converts ammonium nitrate and methylammonium nitrate into a form suitable for recovery by SPME and analysis by GC-MS.
Variations in Pulp/Tooth Area Ratio as an Indicator of Age: a Preliminary Study
Authors: Cameriere R , Ferrante L , Cingolani M
Published: May 2004

This paper details a method for age determination of adults from single rooted teeth. The sample consisted of 100 Italian white Caucasian patients (46 men, 54 women) aged between 18 and 72 years. The single rooted maxillary right canine was utilized in this preliminary study. Pulp/root ration, tooth length, pulp/tooth length ratio, pulp/tooth area and pulp/root width ratios at three different levels were computed. Pearson's correlation coefficients between age and these variables showed that the ratio between pulp and tooth area correlated best with age (r2 = 0.85). Stepwise multiple regression models yielded a linear relationship between pulp/root width at mid-root level and chronological age and a linear relationship when pulp/tooth area was compared to age. Statistical analysis indicated that these two variables explain 84.9% of variations in estimated chronological age. The median of the absolute value of residual errors between actual and estimated ages was less than four years.
Pig Decomposition in Lotic Aquatic Systems: The Potential Use of Algal Growth in Establishing a Postmortem Submersion Interval (PMSI)
Authors: Haefner JN , Wallace JR , Merritt RW
Published: May 2004

While algal community composition has been examined as a qualitative indicator of postmortem submersion interval (PMSI), there have been no quantitative studies on using algal growth rates as PMSI estimators. The present study was undertaken to examine pig decomposition in streams and to develop a more quantitative approach to estimate a PMSI. Pigs and ceramic tiles were completely submerged and regularly sampled for periphyton growth. Five stages of decomposition were identified for the submerged pig carcasses according to physical characteristics. Algal growth rates, measured quantitatively as a function of chlorophyll-a concentration, were greater on pigs compared with tiles; however, microhabitat (pools versus riffles) did not significantly influence algal growth. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between algal growth rate and time on pigs and tile substrates. This strong correlation was observed after significant rain events. Our study documents for the first time a quantitative technique to determine the length of time a corpse has been submerged in water. We suggest that algal growth rates may be a useful quantitative indicator in criminal investigations involving corpses that are completely submerged in stream or riverine habitats.
Forensic Identification of Dyes Extracted from Textile Fibers by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
Authors: Huang M , Yinon J , Sigman ME
Published: May 2004

LC-MS is used for the identification of dyes extracted from textile fibers and the utility of the method for forensic trace analysis is demonstrated. The technique is shown to provide a high degree of chemical structural information, making dye identification highly specific in comparison to optical and/or chromatographic methods of dye analysis. A UV-visible absorbance detector, placed in series before the MS detector, facilitates monitoring the elution of dyes in the presence of other non-dye components extracted from colored textile fibers. In this way, dye identification becomes practical, even when a dye standard is not available for comparison. A set of 22 reference dyestuffs and 10 dyes extracted from textile fibers were analyzed to demonstrate the utility of the method. Six of the extracted dyes corresponded to dyes also contained in the set of 22 reference dyestuffs. Reference dyestuffs were not available for four of the extracted dyes. Triethylamine (TEA) was shown to increase the electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) response of dyes containing multiple sulfonated groups.
Dr. McCrone's Teaching Methods in Forensic Microscopy, Their Nature, History, and Durability
Authors: Laughlin GJ
Published: May 2004

The microscopy teaching activities ofWalter C. McCrone started long before the McCrone Research Institute (McRI)was incorporated as a not-for-profit research institute in Chicago. McCrone obtained his first microscopy training at Cornell University, with Émile Monnin Chamot, and was shortly thereafter appointed a full instructor in chemical microscopy before obtaining his Ph.D. (in 1941). After leaving Cornell, he had classes at the Armour Research Foundation (now Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute- IITRI) from 1942–1956 and founded McRI in 1960. The course and student totals from McCrone's educational activities are impressive. As of January, 1, 2002, the cumulative for McRI (1942–2002) is 2,130 courses for 22,557 students. There has been an average of 600 students in an average of 60 classes for the last several years. Nearly all of the courses contain one week of intensive hands-on microscopy training with usually only one instructor for the entire duration of the class, making it a unique teaching experience for both student and Instructor. Thousands of students have successfully completed at least one of McCrone's specialized forensic microscopy (trace evidence) courses and the number will steadily increase as a result of McRI's continued efforts to interest forensic investigators in microscopy.
Dr. Walter C. McCrone—His Contributions to Environmental Microscopy
Authors: Kubic TA
Published: May 2004

This paper briefly highlights Dr.McCrone's contributions to the recently emerging field of forensic environmental microscopy. Few, if any, criminalists are not familiar with Dr. Walter C. McCrone's voluminous contributions to the field of forensic microscopy and the analyses of micro and ultra micro transfer (trace) evidence. Dr. McCrone was renowned for his life long efforts in promoting the application of the Polarized Light Microscope (PLM) to problem solving.

It is therefore not surprising that Dr.McCronewould also apply his analytical and deductive skills employing thePLMto problems in environmental analysis. He is well known for his many publications dealing with the analysis of asbestos and asbestos like materials by PLM. His philosophy of presenting intense professional training courses stressing the practical applications of the PLM carried over to a series of courses offered to students requiring education in other areas of microscopical analysis. Through McCrone Research Institute, Dr.McCrone can be said to have been responsible for the training of a large majority of microscopists who literally analyzed tens of millions of samples. These analyses were performed utilizing methodologies developed predominately by him and adopted by regulatory agencies in the United States and abroad. The methods he fostered are a major part of the arsenal of microscopical techniques employed by forensic environmental microscopists in their efforts to identify a manufacturer of an insulation product for the purpose of litigation.
Improving Primary Treatment of Urban Wastewater with Lime‐Induced Coagulation
Authors: Marani Dario , Ramadori Roberto , Braguglia Camilla Maria
Published: May 2004

The enhancement of primary treatment efficiency through the coagulation process may yield several advantages, including lower aeration energy in the subsequent biological unit and higher recovery of biogas from sludge digestion. In this work sewage coagulation with lime was studied at pilot plant level, using degritted sewage from the city of Rome. The work aimed at optimising the operating conditions (coagulant dosage or treatment pH, and mixing conditions in the coagulation and flocculation tanks), in order to maximise the efficiency of suspended Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal and to minimise sludge production. Lime dosage optimisation resulted in an optimal treatment pH of 9. Lime addition up to pH 9 may increase COD removal rate in the primary treatment from typical 30‐35% of plain sedimentation up to 55‐70%. Within the velocity gradients experimented in this work (314‐795 s‐1 for the coagulation tank and 13‐46 s‐1 for the flocculation tank), mixing conditions did not significantly affect the lime‐enhanced process, which seems to be controlled by slow lime dissolution. Sludge produced in the limeenhanced process settled and compacted easily, inducing an average 36% decrease in sludge volume with respect to plain settling. However excess sludge was produced, which was not accounted for by the amount of suspended solids removed. This is probably due to incomplete dissolution of lime, which may be partially incorporated in the sludge.
Comparison of Three Sequential Extraction Procedures (Original and Modified 3 Steps BCR Procedure) Applied to Sediments of Different Origin
Authors: Craba Laura , Brunori Claudia , Galletti Mara , Cremisini Carlo , Morabito Roberto
Published: May 2004

The 3 steps sequential extraction procedure proposed by the Standards Measurements and Testing program (SM&T — formerly BCR) of the European Union has been applied for the speciation of metals in sediments. Results obtained by the application of the BCR standardized procedure were compared to those of two four step sequential extraction procedures, which are different from the BCR procedure only for the introduction of an additional step with NaOCl, as 2nd and 3rd step respectively. Five different metals have been taken into consideration: Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The analytical performances of the laboratory have been evaluated using three certified reference materials: the BCR 601 lake sediment for the BCR sequential extraction procedure, PACS‐1 and MESS‐1 for total metal concentration. Results showed that the efficiency of NaOCl treatment is higher or at least equal to that of H2O2 treatment and that its selectivity is quite satisfying. Moreover the NaOCl treatment doesn't significantly influence the extraction of the easily reducible fraction.
Influence of Decarbonisation and Phosphate Dosage on Copper Corrosion in Drinking Water Systems
Authors: Dartmann Jürgen , Alex Thore , Dorsch Thorsten , Schevalje Esther , Johannsen Klaus
Published: May 2004

The effect of softening/decarbonisation and dosage of orthophosphate on copper corrosion was studied in pipe rigs according to the German standard DIN 50931, part 1. A literature study with regard to the effects of phosphate dosing on copper corrosion has shown that on the one hand and in most of the cases a dosage of phosphate led to lower copper concentrations. On the other hand phosphate aggravated the copper corrosion in some cases. The mechanisms are not yet clear and the influence of phosphate on the corrosion of copper remains a question to be answered. Using standardised on‐site corrosion tests (DIN 50931‐1) with virgin copper pipes softening/decarbonisation has decreased the copper concentration. Two effects of phosphate on copper corrosion were noticed: Phosphate dosing decreased the copper oxidation and resulted in lower copper concentration in water. Likewise phosphate hindered the precipitation of cupric ions, which prolonged the existence of copper in water and resulted in a higher copper concentration. As a consequence, dosing phosphate can decrease or increase the copper corrosion, this depends on which effect is dominating.
Eine erneute Revision des Saprobiensystems ‐ weshalb und wozu?
Authors: Friedrich Günther , Herbst Volkhard
Published: May 2004

Nach der Revision von 1990 war eine erneute Revision der DIN 38410 „Ermittlung des Saprobienindex”︁ erforderlich, um im Zuge der regelmäßigen Aktualisierung den Erfahrungen bei ihrer Anwendung und neuen Erkenntnissen Rechnung zu tragen. In dieser Arbeit werden die λnderungen der Norm begründet, soweit sie nicht darin erläutert werden konnten. Außerdem erfolgt eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit vorgebrachten Anregungen und Kritikpunkten. Besonders hingewiesen wird auf die Notwendigkeit der Qualitätssicherung bei der Ermittlung des Saprobienindex. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der erneuten Revision ist die Aktualisierung der Liste der Saprobie‐Indikatoren. Außerdem wurden typspezifische saprobielle Referenzbereiche für die einzelnen Typen der Fließgewässer Deutschlands eingeführt.

Somit kann das Saprobiensystem als ein Metrik für die biologische Bewertung anhand der benthischen Fauna im Rahmen des Vollzugs der EG‐Wasserrahmenrichtlinie herangezogen werden. Darüber hinaus wurden viele Details der Norm schärfer gefasst. Die Listen der Indikatoren (Mikro‐ und Makrosaprobien) wurden in der Neufassung der Norm erheblich erweitert. In dieser Arbeit wird ebenfalls dargestellt, wie künftig beabsichtigte Erweiterungen zu handhaben sind, insbesondere auch bezüglich der Einbeziehung von Neozoen als Indikatoren im Saprobiensystem.

Zur Absicherung des Saprobienindex steht weiterhin die Abundanzsumme zur Verfügung. Entsprechend der wesentlich erweiterten Liste der Indikatoren wurde die erforderliche Abundanzsumme von 15 auf 20 angehoben. Bei weiterer Absicherung des Ergebnisses mit gängigen statistischen Verfahren sollte deren Aussagekraft für die Methodik der Bestimmung des Saprobienindex und der jeweiligen Probestelle sichergestellt werden. Insbesondere in naturnahen, habitatreichen Gewässern ist eine heterogene Besiedlung mit großer Standardabweichung bezüglich der Saprobie‐Indikation möglich.
Die EG‐Wasserrahmenrichtlinie: Ausweisung und Bewertung künstlicher und erheblich veränderter Gewässer
Authors: Irmer Ulrich , Rechenberg Bettina
Published: May 2004

Die EG‐Wasserrahmenrichtlinie gestattet den Mitgliedstaaten die Ausweisung künstlicher und erheblich veränderter Gewässer, für die sich die ökologische Bewertung und die sich daraus ergebenden Maßnahmenprogramme am „höchsten ökologischen Potential”︁ als Bezugsmaßtab (Referenzzustand) und nicht ‐ wie bei natürlichen Gewässern ‐ am „sehr guten ökologischen Zustand”︁ orientieren. Die Ausweisung beschränkt sich auf solche Gewässer, die für bestimmte Nutzungen in ihrer Hydromorphologie erheblich verändert wurden. Die Ausweisungskriterien sind erfüllt, wenn die zur Erreichung des guten ökologischen Zustands erforderlichen Verbesserungsmaßnahmen signifikant negative Auswirkungen auf die Nutzungen hätten und es keine wesentlich besseren Umweltoptionen für die Nutzungen gibt.

Zur Präzisierung der Kriterien für die Ausweisung künstlicher und erheblich veränderter Gewässer und die Ermittlung des höchsten ökologischen Potentials wurde Ende 1999 die EU‐Arbeitsgruppe HMWB (heavily modified water bodies) eingerichtet. Sie hat im November 2002 eine Leitlinie für die „Identifizierung und Ausweisung künstlicher und erheblich veränderter Gewässer”︁ vorgelegt, die von den europäischen Wasserdirektoren am 21. November 2002 in Kopenhagen verabschiedet wurde. Die Leitlinie sieht zwei Zeithorizonte beim Ausweisungsprozess vor: Die vorläufige Einordnung als „erheblich verändert”︁ soll bis 2004, die rechtlich wirksame Ausweisung als „künstlich”︁ oder „erheblich verändert”︁ im ersten Bewirtschaftungsplan, d. h. spätestens 2009, erfolgen.

Wesentlicher Bestandteil der Arbeiten zur Leitlinie waren 34 Fallstudien an Fließgewässern, Seen, Ästuaren und Küstengewässern in 11 verschiedenen europäischen Ländern. Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudien sowie eine zusammenfassende „Synthese”︁ bildeten die Grundlage für die Erstellung der Leitlinie. Die praktischen Beispiele der Fallstudien wurden in einer „Beispielsammlung”︁ (Tool‐Box) zusammengestellt, die die Leitlinie zum Zwecke einer besseren Anwendbarkeit ergänzt.
Cholinergic nucleus basalis tauopathy emerges early in the aging‐MCI‐AD continuum
Authors: Mesulam Marsel , Shaw Pamela , Mash Deborah , Weintraub Sandra
Published: May 2004

The cholinergic denervation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) provides the rationale for treatments with anticholinesterases. The presence of this cholinergic lesion is solidly established in advanced AD. Whether it also exists in early disease remains unsettled. This question was addressed with thioflavin‐S histofluorescence to identify neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and two tau antibodies (AT8, Alz‐50) to identify pre‐tangle cytopathology in the nucleus basalis, the source of cortical cholinergic innervation. Methods for the concurrent visualization of tauopathy and choline acetyltransferase were used to determine if the cytopathology was selectively located within cholinergic neurons. Five elderly index cases who had died at the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early AD were identified by longitudinal neuropsychological and behavioral assessments. They were compared to 7 age‐matched cognitively normal subjects. NFT and AT8 (or Alz‐50) immunostaining in cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons existed even in the cognitively normal subjects. The percentage of tauopathy‐containing nucleus basalis neurons was greater in the cognitively impaired and showed a significant correlation with memory scores obtained 1‐18 months prior to death. These results show that cytopathology in cortical cholinergic pathways is a very early event in the course of the continuum that leads from advanced age to MCI and AD.
Prion protein heterogeneity in sporadic but not variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: U.K. cases 1991–2002
Authors: Head Mark W. , Bunn Tristan J. R. , Bishop Matthew T. , McLoughlin Victoria , Lowrie Suzanne , McKimmie Clive S. , Williams Michelle C. , McCardle Linda , MacKenzie Jan , Knight Richard , Will Robert G. , Ironside James W.
Published: May 2004

Human prion diseases can occur as an idiopathic disorder (sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease) or can be acquired, as is the case for variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. These disorders are characterized by the accumulation of a protease‐resistant form of the host‐encoded prion protein termed PrPSc in the brains of affected individuals. PrPSc has been proposed to be the principal, if not sole, component of the infectious agent, with its accumulation in the central nervous system the primary event leading to neurodegeneration. A major question remains as to whether self‐propagating structural differences in PrPSc might account for the clinicopathological diversity evident in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and whether different prion protein types underlie the existence of different strains of causative agent. Here, we describe the results of a large‐scale biochemical study of PrPSc from autopsy‐proved cases of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (n = 59) and compare these with cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (n = 170) in the United Kingdom over the period 1991 to 2002. The results show PrPSc in variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease to be remarkably stereotyped. In contrast, considerable heterogeneity in PrPSc exists both between and within cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Ann Neurol 2004;55:851–859
Das Quartär: Klima und Tierwelt im Eiszeitalter Mitteleuropas
Authors: v. Koenigswald Wighart
Published: May 2004

Das Quartär ist durch sehr starke klimatische Schwankungen gekennzeichnet, die in Mitteleuropa die ökologischen Verhältnisse im mehrfachen Wechsel tiefgreifend verändert haben. Neben den weltweitenTemperaturschwankungen wirkte sich in Mitteleuropa besonders der Wechsel von atlantischfeuchtem und kontinental‐trockenem Klima aus. Während der relativ kurzen Warmzeiten war Mitteleuropa von laubwerfenden Mischwäldern bedeckt. Dagegen breitete sich in den Kaltzeiten die fast baumlose Mammutsteppe aus. Mit der Vegetation veränderte sich auch der Artbestand der Säugetiere, wobei weniger evolutionäre Vorgänge als Einwanderungen und lokales Austerben eine Rolle spielten.