bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nup2 meiotic-autonomous region relieves inhibition of Nup60 to promote progression of meiosis and sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Komachi Kelly , Burgess Sean M
Published: March 2022

During meiosis, chromosomes undergo dramatic changes in structural organization, nuclear positioning, and motion. Although the nuclear pore complex has been shown to affect genome organization and function in vegetative cells, its role in meiotic chromosome dynamics has remained largely unexplored. Recent work in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrated that the mobile nucleoporin Nup2 is required for normal progression through meiosis I prophase and sporulation in strains where telomere-led chromosome movement has been compromised. The meiotic-autonomous region, a short fragment of Nup2 responsible for its role in meiosis, was shown to localize to the nuclear envelope via Nup60 and to bind to meiotic chromosomes. To understand the relative contribution these 2 activities have on meiotic-autonomous region function, we first carried out a screen for meiotic-autonomous region mutants defective in sporulation and found that all the mutations disrupt interaction with both Nup60 and meiotic chromosomes. Moreover, nup60 mutants phenocopy nup2 mutants, exhibiting similar nuclear division kinetics, sporulation efficiencies, and genetic interactions with mutations that affect the telomere bouquet. Although full-length Nup60 requires Nup2 for function, removal of Nup60’s C-terminus allows Nup60 to bind meiotic chromosomes and promotes sporulation without Nup2. In contrast, binding of the meiotic-autonomous region to meiotic chromosomes is completely dependent on Nup60. Our findings uncover an inhibitory function for the Nup60 C-terminus and suggest that Nup60 mediates recruitment of meiotic chromosomes to the nuclear envelope, while Nup2 plays a secondary role counteracting the inhibitory function in Nup60’s C-terminus.
Accuracy comparison of marine gravity derived from HY-2A/GM and CryoSat-2 altimetry data: a case study in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Guo Jinyun , Luo Hongxin , Zhu Chengcheng , Ji Hui , Li Guowei , Liu Xin
Published: March 2022

The HaiYang-2A (HY-2A) satellite was launched in August 2011, filling a gap in the field of Chinese altimetry. The application of HY-2A-measured altimeter data in gravity research needs to be studied. CryoSat-2 altimetry data play an important role in constructing global marine gravity models. Based on HY-2A and CryoSat-2 altimetry data of Level-2 plus products from March 2016 to June 2020, marine gravity anomaly models on 1′ × 1′ grids were derived by the inverse Vening–Meinesz (IVM) method over the Gulf of Mexico (80–100°W, 17–32°N). The accuracy of the altimeter-derived gravity was assessed by ship-borne gravity anomalies and the SIO V30.1 global marine gravity model. Then, integrated gravity models on 1′ × 1′ grids were constructed from the altimeter-derived gravity anomaly models by the weighted modification method and the combined altimetry data by IVM method. The results show that the accuracy of altimeter-derived marine gravity anomalies is affected by the coastline and complicated submarine topography. The accuracy of gravity anomalies derived from HY-2A is slightly lower than that derived from CryoSat-2 in the offshore region and regions containing complicated submarine topography, and is consistent with that derived from CryoSat-2 in other regions. The HY-2A-measured altimetry data play a significant role in constructing integrated gravity models. To conclude, the gravity anomalies derived from HY-2A have similar accuracy to those derived from CryoSat-2 during the same period, and HY-2A altimetry data can be used to construct high-precision global/local marine gravity models.
Cross-scale dynamic interactions in compacting porous media as a trigger to pattern formation
Authors: Hu Manman , Sun Qingpei , Schrank Christoph , Regenauer-Lieb Klaus
Published: March 2022

Patterns in nature are often interpreted as a product of reaction-diffusion processes which result in dissipative structures. Thermodynamic constraints allow prediction of the final state but the dynamic evolution of the microprocesses is hidden. We introduce a new microphysics-based approach that couples the microscale cross-constituent interactions to the large-scale dynamic behaviour, which leads to the discovery of a family of soliton-like excitation waves. These waves can appear in hydromechanically coupled porous media as a reaction to external stimuli. They arise, for instance, when mechanical forcing of the porous skeleton releases internal energy through a phase change, leading to tight coupling of the pressure in the solid matrix with the dissipation of the pore fluid pressure. In order to describe these complex multiscale interactions in a thermodynamic consistent framework, we consider a dual-continuum system, where the large-scale continuum properties of the matrix–fluid interaction are described by a reaction-self diffusion formulation, and the small-scale dissipation of internal energy by a reaction-cross diffusion formulation that spells out the macroscale reaction and relaxes the adiabatic constraint on the local reaction term in the conventional reaction-diffusion formalism. Using this approach, we recover the familiar Turing bifurcations (e.g. rhythmic metamorphic banding), Hopf bifurcations (e.g. Episodic Tremor and Slip) and present the new excitation wave phenomenon. The parametric space is investigated numerically and compared to serpentinite deformation in subduction zones.
Improving receiver function imaging with high-resolution Radon transform
Authors: Zhang Quan , Chen Yunfeng , Zhang Fangxue , Chen Yangkang
Published: March 2022

The receiver function (RF) method is one of the most widely used passive seismic approaches for imaging subsurface structures from shallow sedimentary basins to the deep Earth’s interior. RF is typically computed with a deconvolution operation that enables separating structural response from source–time function embedded in teleseismic wavefields. However, seismic recordings of temporary arrays are often contaminated with strong random noise and even amplitude bias due to poor installation conditions. Both factors can cause instability to deconvolution and severely degrade the accuracy, thereby the imaging quality, of the RF method. This underscores the importance of effective denoising algorithms in RF processing. In this study, we explore the application of high-resolution Radon transform (RT) to improve the conventional RF imaging workflow. Contrary to the commonly implemented post-processing (i.e. after deconvolution) noise suppression schemes, we introduce the RT to data pre-processing (i.e. before deconvolution). This method seeks a sparse representation of teleseismic wavefields in the τ–p domain by iteratively solving a least-squares minimization problem with the conjugate gradient algorithm. Synthetic test with a 2-D step-Moho model shows that non-linear phase arrivals including incoherent noise and diffraction energy are effectively removed in resulting RFs, with the signal-to-noise ratio increased by as much as ∼8 dB. Real data experiments using the Hi-CLIMB network in the Tibetan Plateau demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed workflow in regularizing the wavefield and improving the coherence of converted phases across the recording array. Consequently, imaging results of common conversion point stacking using a single and a group of teleseismic events both recover subtle converted phases from the Moho and potential lithospheric discontinuities that are otherwise obscured by noise arising from the conventional processing workflow. This study highlights the necessity of wavefield regularization in the RF method and calls for improved data processing techniques in array-based seismic imaging.
Cottonwood Leaf Beetle Control, 1974
Authors: Morris Robert C.
Published: March 2022

Ten trees were randomly selected in a 1.62-ha plantation of 3-year-old cottonwoods growing on Sharkey clay soil at Stoneville, Miss. Each tree was examined for C. scripta adults, larvae, pupae, and egg masses on May 24, 1974. On June 4, Dursban was aerially sprayed on the entire area at a rate of 46.75 1/ha of spray containing 280 g ai/ha (1/4 lb/A). Polyethylene drop cloths 2.75 m square had been split to the center and placed around each tree to catch dying and dead insects, and a mortality count was made 24 hours after spraying.
Western Black-Headed Budworm Laboratory Spray Tests, 1974-75
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory spray chamber tests of 12 insecticides were conducted in 1974 and 1975. Five dosages of each insecticide were tested in each of 3 to 5 replications. These were prepared by serial dilution of stock solutions freshly re-formulated for each replication. The western black-headed budworm larvae were maintained on western hemlock foliage and were used in bioassays from 1 to 7 days after their receipt from Ketchikan, Alaska, in July of both years. The insects were second to fifrh instars when received. In 1974, they were held at 4°C pre- and post-spray, while in 1975 they were held at 18°C. For spray treatment, 1-3 flushing branch lets of western hemlock containing 5-20 insects were placed in a filter paper lined glass petri dish (20 x 100 mm). The filter paper was changed for each concentration of each insecticide to prevent pre-spray contamination of insects or foliage. The insecticides were applied in a stainless steel laboratory spray chamber using a fine Potter spray nozzle for atomization. Dosage was determined by colorimetric analysis. Approximately 1 gallon/acre was applied. After spray, the insects and foliage were placed in sterile plastic petri dishes. The filter paper was moistened to maintain foliage turgidity during the post-spray holding period. Since Orthene and TH-6040 tend to be slower acting, their effects were rallied after 10 days. No fresh foliage was provided for either holding periods. Data were subjected to probit analysis.
Western Spruce Budworm, Bioactivity of Mexacarbate During Long-Term Storage
Authors: Page Marion , Robertson Jacqueline L.
Published: March 2022

Mexacarbate spray concentrates, stored unrefrigerated, were bioassayed yearly against the western spruce budworm from 1967 to 1972 by the topical application method to determine stoage life. Each field sample was serially diluted in acetone and compared to a freshly formulated laboratory standard. Sixth insfar larvae were collected from a non-diapausing laboratory colony and treated with an ISCO model M microapplicator equipped with a 1/4 cc tuberculin syringe. The dose rate was 1 ul/lOO mg body wt. The larval weight range was 70 to 110 mg with an average weight of 80 mg. Mortality observations were made 7 days after application. Data were analysed by the log-dose probit method.
Carnation, Two Spotted Spidermite Control; Florida
Authors: Poe S. L.
Published: March 2022

Carnation cuttings, set through 6X8 wire mesh in raised 3 ft wide beds of Leon sand ammended with peat, were grown under 25% natural saran shade cloth similar to commercial production. Plants were set and losses reset the first week of February. Weekly treatments by M-45 fungicide was applied for disease control. Populations of spidermites were allowed to develop until March 27 when acaricides were applied with a compressed air hand sprayer. Plots consisted of 36 plants or 12 sq ft of bed; each treatment was replicated 6 times. Samples consisted of 5 leaves/plot taken from the lower portions of the plant. Mites and eggs were counted under 10 x magnification on March 29, April 12, 24 and May 9. Five flowers were pulled from stems in each plot, placed in plastic bags, and mites extracted by shaking the flower heads in warm detergent water.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Control, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1975
Authors: Nielsen D.G.N , Steinhauer J. R.
Published: March 2022

A nursery planting of 12-yr-old intermedia taxus near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, heavily infested with black vine weevil larvae (range = 1-78, x = 32/ft3 of soil) was chosen for insecticide evaluation. The soil types in this area are characterized as Letort silt loam and Conesroga silt loam. The plants were growing in a block of 4 rows 42 inches apart consisting of ca. 110 plants/row. We divided the block into 11 sections, each measuring 30 ft x 19 ft. On July 22, 1975, one of 9 treatments was applied to each section using a modified hand-held, rotary grass seed spreader. The experimental area received 1 inch of irrigation water from overhead sprinklers immediately after treatment. Plants were observed August 8 for phytotoxicity. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated November 12-19 by examining cubic foot samples of soil from beside each of 3 plants in each of 3 rows/section for larvae.
Taxus, Grape Mealybug Control, Ohio, 1975
Authors: Nielsen D.G. , Balderston C. P.
Published: March 2022

A plantation of Taxusmedia cultivars in Lake County, Ohio, was used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against a dense infestation of grape mealybug. Plants were uniform 18 inches tall, 12 inches wide canopy, planted 12 inches within and 40 inches between rows. Alternate 40-plant rows were sprayed in order to provide buffer zones between treatments. An unsprayed 15' buffer zone was also maintained between the remainder of the taxus block and the experimental area. Soil was clean cultivated fine sand. A Myers Baronet wheelbarrow hydraulic sprayer at 200 psi was used to apply 10 gallons of finished spray to each treatment row June 9, 1975, under sunny skies (75°F, light breeze). This volume was more than adequate to achieve thorough drenching of plant foliage and stems. Granular systemics were applied June 4, by hand broadcasting in a 1 ft wide band on each side of the row. Heavy rains the following day watered-in the granular insecticides. Mealybugs were in early instars at the time of application. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated June 16 by collecting ten 10 cm twigs (new growth) from each of 4 plants per treatment (= row). Twigs were examined with a binocular scope to locate living mealybugs.
Orthene Phytotoxicity Tests Indiana, 1975
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

On May 19 the Orthene liquid drench (CC-3829) was evaluated for possible phytotoxicity to a series of foliage plants in the greenhouses at the State Soldier’s Home. The temperature was 96°F and the R.H. was 100%. The sky was bright and sunny. The material was applied at the rate of 10 lb per acre (2.2 ml per gallon water, 222 ml of this solution per 6 inch pot), and the experiment replicated five times.
Bluegrass Seed Fields,

Chionodes

Psiloptera

Control; Washington, 1975
Authors: Oetting Ronald
Published: March 2022

Infested bluegrass seed fields were selected to study insecticides for the control of Chionodespsiloptera (Gelechiidae) larvae. This is a locally very important root and crown feeding insect similar in habit and damage to sod webworms. Treatments were applied on 1/100th acre treatment areas in randomized blocks, the number of replications governed by the size of the infested area (Field 1 - 4 repl, Field 2 and 3-2 repl). A hand sprayer was used to apply sprays at 25 psi and 50 gal/acre. Granules were applied with a cyclone type hand spreader. Soil was Green Bluff silt loam in fields 1 and 2 and Garrison gravely loam in field 3. Field 1 and 2 were nonirrigated and field 3 was under irrigation. Post-treatment samples were not collected in fields 1 and 2 until fall rainfall occurred. Insects were sampled by removing 6 soil cores, 4 in. diam and depth from a 5 sq ft central representative area for both pre- and posttreatment sampling. Pesticides were applied after burning of grass stubble. Treatment dates were: Field 1 = Sep 29'75, Field 7 = Sep 24'75 and Field 3 = Sep 16'75.
Chickens

M

.

Domestica

Control, New York, 1975
Authors: Schmidtmann E. T. , Jones C. J.
Published: March 2022

House fly populations in deep pit, climate controlled, caged hen layer houses were monitored in response to aqueous emulsion or feed additive larvicidal treatments. Experimental units were 5 isolated, 50 ft x 400 ft, layer houses, each containing 40,000 birds and having a past history of high house fly populations during summer months. Feed additive was pre-mixed to 10 ppm and fed continuously adlibitum from July 6 through October 9, 1975. Respective 1% aqueous coarse droplet spray treatments were applied at 1 gal/100 sq ft of manuer surface on a semi-weekly or bi-weekly basis from June 20 through October 9, 1975. House fly populations were monitored by 1) weekly analysis of fly specks deposited on 1 in. x 8 1/4 in. white bond paper strips suspended vertically from the ceiling in a fixed pattern, 10 strips per house, and 2) by tallying the number of immature house flies, 2nd and 3rd instars and pupae, recovered weekly by brine flotation from 25 one-lifer samples of surface manure per house. House fly emergence from pupae collected in manure exposed to aqueous solution and feed additive treatments was also assessed. Treatment efficacy was rated by comparison of adult house fly populations with a nuisance threshold of 500 fly specks/strip (mean); at or above this level, house flies were an objectionable nuisance to personnel conducting operational procedures.
Apple, Test of Insecticides, 1975
Authors: Asquith Dean , Hull Larry A. , Travis James W. , Mowery Paul D.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of York Imperial and 2 Golden Delicious. Treated single-trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Experimental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Spray dates for the test insecticides were: June 2, 16, 30 and July 1, 15, and 28, August 11 and 25; Pirimor was applied only on June 2, July 25 and August 11; Dimilin was applied only on June 2, June 30, July 28 and August 25; S-15126 was applied only on August 11 and 25 after Stethoruspunctum populations were established in the trees. The following special sprays were applied to the test trees: June 13, Phosphamidon 8, 8 fl oz/100 gal (6X concentrate) with an airblast sprayer; June 19, Systox 6, 4 fl oz/100 gal (IX dilute) with a spray gun; August 14 Plictran 50W, 8 oz/100 gal (6X concentrate) with an airblast sprayer (East of tree's side only). During May, June, July and August, general sprays involving captan and sulfur were applied as 6X concentrates with an airblast sprayer to the whole experimental block at ca. 2 week intervals. Average temperatures were: May 61.08° F, June 68.98° F, July 72.97° F, August 73.89°F, and September 61.13° F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 4.05, June 7.60, July 3.12, August 2.01 and September 13.84. Effectiveness of test chemicals on the European red mite was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 15 leaves/tree, 60 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator S.punctum was evaluated by 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after July 1 and a picked sample 14 days after the last spray. Apple samples averaged 230 fruits/replicate and 920/treahnent. Effectiveness on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves/replicate for both generations; on the apple aphid by counting the number of infested terminals/10 terminals/tree and calculating the percent infested. The number of aphid infested leaves/terminal was also determined. The effectiveness of the test materials on the rosy apple aphid was assessed by collecting 10 infested clusters/replicate and determining the percent infested leaves/cluster, the percent leaves with 1-10 live aphids, and the percent leaves with 11 or more live aphids.
Apple, Test of Acaricides and Insecticides, 1973, 1974
Authors: Colbum Richard B. , Asquith Dean
Published: March 2022

This experiment was carried out in an enclosed insectary at the Penn State Fruit Research Laboratory in Biglerville, Pennsylvania. It was designed to study the toxicity to adults of S.punctum of 22 registered and experimental insecticides and acaricides. The ladybird beetle, S.punctum, is one of the most important native predators of the European red mite in Pennsylvania fruit orchards. Adult beetles for the experiment were collected from the same orchard in 1973 and 1974. Collection dates were July 10, 12, and 25 in 1973 and July 3, 9, 23 and August 21, 1974. The beetles were collected from the trees by placing a one-yard square cloth tray beneath a limb and tapping it to dislodge the beetles. They were then taken from the tray with an aspirator and transferred to styrofoam cups for transport to the insectary. The capture cups as well as the test cups were eight ounce number 320 styrofoam cups. Two holes were cut in opposite sides of me cups, then these and the top were covered with Dacron Ninon screening. Three leaves infested with European red mites were placed in each test cup. The materials to be tested were then weighed and the solutions were mixed in the appropriate amounts with water. A small amount of each test material was then placed in separate 50-ml beakers. The beetles were then taken from the capture cups and placed in the test solutions, immersed, and allowed to remain in the solution for 15 sec. The beetles were then removed from the solution with a probe while still wet and placed on the leaves in the test cups. Lots of ten beetles each were placed in individual cups with twenty beetles total tested in each material. Survival was recorded after one, twenty-four, and forty-eight hours. Four control cages were maintained for each test day; twenty beetles for a dry check and twenty for a wet (water) check. Relative humidity ranged from 34 to 100%; the temperature range was from 53 to 90° F.
Apple,

P.

Ulmi

Seasonal Control, 1975
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 10-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, at 5X concentration with an airblast sprayer operating at 100 psi and at the rate of 300 gallons per acre. Spray dates were May 8 (half-inch green), May 15, 23 (pink). May 27 (petal fall), June 9, 19, July 2, 16, and August 1 (fifth cover), and on July 16 and 24 for Kelthane. Insecticides which were applied separately to the test plots included Marlate 50W (3 lb/100 gal) on May 30 and June 9, Epsom salts (15 lb) on May 30, and Solubor (1 lb) on June 9; insecticides tank-mixed with test materials were Marlate 50W (3 lb/100 gal) on June 19, lead arsenate (2 lb) on July 2, 16 (no LA added to Benlate + oil mixture on July 16), Thiodan 50W (1 lb) on July 16, and Sevin 80W 0-25 |b) on August 1. Each treatment was applied to a block of 27-40 trees. From each tree of 2 Red Delicious, 1 Golden Delicious, and 1 Mcintosh cultivars per block, 25 leaves were collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Mite population pressure was very severe. Late July and August were very hot and dry.
Apple,

P.

Ulmi

Control with Acaricides, 1975
Authors: Hall Franklin R.
Published: March 2022

Test objectives were to evaluate the effects of various formulations of 2 acaricides for control of European red mite (ERM). Three (3) mature Red Delicious apple trees/treatment were sprayed to run-off with acaricides with use of a truck-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer at 450-500 psi. All plots were treated on June 6, and included Cyprex 65 WP at 0.5 lb/100. Leaves (25/tree) were sampled at 4-8’ around the inner perphery of each replicate tree on each date. DRM were brushed from leaves onto glass plates and counts made on the day of sample.
Apple, Mite and Insect Control, 1975
Authors: Jackson J. O. , Koval C. F.
Published: March 2022

Dilute insecticide sprays were applied at 300 psi with a no. 2 gunjet until run off to apple test plots at the Arlington Horticultural orchard (Arlington, Wisconsin) and the Potter Preserve orchard (Baraboo, Wisconsin). Polyram (2 lb) was applied at green tip (May 13) and with all plots at petal-fall (May 19) and cover sprays (June 3, 9; July 7, 21; August 6, 25), at Arlington. At Baraboo Cyprex (0.75 lb) was applied prebloom (May 12, 20) and with all sprays (June 2, 9, 30; July 15, 28; August 13, 26). Treatment plots included 10-14 trees each at Arlington and blocks of 40 to 50 trees each at Baraboo.
Pear, Codling Moth Control, 1975
Authors: Burts Everett C.
Published: March 2022

D’Anjou pear trees 20 years old which had been heavily infested with codling moth the previous year were sprayed with Dimilin (Ent 29054) for control of codling moth, Laspeyresiapomonella. Each plot consisted of 5 single-tree replications in randomized block design. Sprays were applied with handgun from a portable orchard sprayer operating at 600 psi at about 800 gallons per acre. Three spray schedules were tested as follows: 1. a petal fall and a second-brood spray; 2. two sprays against first brood; 3. a single second-brood spray. Treatments were evaluated by examining 100 fruits per replication at harvest for worm entries. In plot 1 only 400 fruits were available for examination.
Cabbage Lepidopterous Feeders
Authors: York Alan C.
Published: March 2022

Crop was direct-seeded in 30 ft rows on 36 inch centers on May 21, 1975. Soil type was Ockley silt loam, 2 to 4% organic matter. Insecticides were applied in a randomized block design of 4 replicates using a compressed air sprayer, 100 gallons per acre, 40 psi. Bio-Film was added at the equivalent of 6 oz per 100 gallons water. Beginning on June 21, 5 sprays were made at approximately 10 day intervals. Insects on 5 plants per replicate were counted 24 hr after spray application. At harvest, marketable heads were those not having feeding damage on the heads (excluding wrapper leaves).
Corn Earworm Control, Royal Slope, 1975
Authors: Antonelli Art , Johansen Carl
Published: March 2022

Eight chemicals were applied to corn (Fanfare) using a Highboy ground applicator. These materials were applied four times at intervals of five days beginning on August 25, 1975. The first application was delayed by about one week. Experimental units were comprised of four rows, 50 feet long with 10 foot alleys between treatments and replicated four times in a balanced lattice design. Insect damage was recorded when corn had reached maturity. Damage is reported as to tunnel depth in ear tips and recorded using a rating index of 1 to 5 where 1 ≤ .5 cm, 2 > 0.5 ≤ 1 cm, 3 > 1 ≤ 2 cm, 4 > 2 ≤ 3 cm, and 5 > 3 cm. The materials tested were also evaluated as to honey bee toxicity. They are rated by using an index of 0 to 5 where 0 has no hazard, 1 has short residual hazard, and 5 has long residual hazard.
Sweet Corn, European Corn Borer, Corn Earworm Control
Authors: York Alan C.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn seed was planted by hand in 30 ft rows on 36 inch centers, June 24, 1975. Soil type was Ockley silt loam, 2 to 4% organic matter. Plants were thinned to about 1 per 8 inches at 4 to 6 inch height. Plants were artificially infested with ECB eggs, 2 egg masses per plant on August 25. Plants were sprayed in a randomized block design leaving every other row untreated on August 27, August 31, September 4, September 10, and September 14. Application equipment was a compressed air sprayer delivering 100 gallons per acre at 40 psi. Results were evaluated by harvesting and husking 25 ears per replicate and counting earworms and corn borers.
Synthetic Pyrethroids for Worm Control on Head Lettuce, 1975
Authors: Su C. Y. , Kung S. P. , Rose R. I. , Schuster David J. , Gerhardt Paul D. , Bennett Larry H.
Published: March 2022

Great Lakes 659 lettuce was planted August 25, 1975 on 40-inch beds, 2 seed rows per bed. Plots were four beds wide and 25 feet long or 0.0076 acres. Three materials were tested at 0.05 and 0.1 lb per acre and each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized block design. All treatments were compared to a standard (Lannate) and an untreated check. All plots received an application of Lannate* t at 0.67 lb a.i./a on September 8, 1975 to protect the stand of seedling lettuce prior to thinning. The first scheduled test treatments were applied September 16 and weekly thereafter, with the seventh and final treatment being applied on October 28. All treatments were applied with a 3 gallon pressure-type sprayer having a two nozzle boom operating at 45 to 55 psi. Effectiveness of the various treatments was determined by counting the number of cabbage looper and beet armyworm larvae and eggs on 20 plants per plot on a weekly schedule. The worm population was very high during the early part of the growing season necessitating another treatment of Lannate on the check plots. Many plants in the check plots had been so badly damaged that only the midribs of the leaves remained. Most of these plants recovered, but maturity was delayed 1 to 3 weeks.
Control of Beanflies in Mungbeans and Asparagus Beans, 1975
Authors: Su C. Y. , Kung S. P. , Rose R. I.
Published: March 2022

Beanflies are pests of various important food legumes including mungbeans, soybeans, aduzuki beans, lima beans, snap beans, cowpeas and asparagus beans. Field plot evaluations of insecticides for their control were carried out in ten square meter plots. Each insecticide tested was applied to four replicated plots in a RCB experimental field design. For each crop planting, nine insecticides and one control were evaluated. Granular formulated insecticides were applied by hand with the amount for each row of the plot being previously weighed. Emulsifiable and wettable powder formulations were applied with 2.5 gallon air pressure sprayers calibrated with a stopwatch. For the emulsifiable or wettable powder formulated insec-ticides, 500 ml spray were applied per treatment. Methods of control evaluation were based on the dissection and count of the number of larvae and pupae as well as the number of damaged plants in a thirty plant sample.
Onion Thrips Control, 1975
Authors: Crowell H. H.
Published: March 2022

The test was to evaluate furrow or band applications of certain materials (such as is done for maggot control) for activity against onion thrips, and subsequent effects on yield and/or quality of onions at harvest. Granular formulations were applied at planting time either directly into the furrow with the seed, or by the “bow wave” method (surface band just ahead of seeder shoe). Plots were single row; 20 feet long; 36 inch row spacing separated by single guard rows; replicated 6 times in randomized block design. Planting was at the rate of 10 seeds/foot of row, using a V-belt hand seeder on April 17. Plots were fertilized prior to planting and were sprinkler irrigated during the season as needed. Soil was classified as a Chehalis sandy loam with pH of 5.9 to 6.1 and organic content of 2.5 to 2.9%. Seedling stand counts were made on June 2 and July 23. Adult thrips counts (5) were made at 10 day intervals between July 15 and August 25. On September 22 (158 days after seeding and treating) the onion bulbs were lifted for field drying. Topping, grading and weighing were accomplished by October 24.
Potato Leafhopper and Green Peach Aphid Control on Potato with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1975
Authors: Cancelado Rafael , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted May 16, at Rosemount, Minnesota. Systemic insecticides were applied as in-furrow, split band treatments at planting. Two Temik plots received additional sidedress applications of Temik, applied midway between the rows, July 8. Plots were 6 rows, 60 ft long, randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. The soil is a Waukegan silt loam with medium organic matter. Eptam preplant and Sencor postemergence herbicides were applied for weed control. Fungicidal sprays, Dithane M-45, Bravo, or Difolatan, were applied weekly from June 20. No insecticidal sprays were applied. Insect counts ware made at 2 week intervals, July 14 to Sep 10. Each count consisted of 2 samples of 35 randomly selected, mid-plant leaves, taken 48 hr apart. Yields were taken from 35 ft row/plot September 15.
P.

Cockerelli

Control by Seed Piece Treatment with Systemic Insecticide, 1975
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D. , Bennett Larry H.
Published: March 2022

Seed potatoes of the selected varieties were cut and treated on February 26. Treatment was accomplished by putting the dust and seed potatoes into a plastic drum fitted with baffles and the drum mechanically revolved for approximately 3 min. Seed pieces were planted on February 27 in Laveen clay loam with a 2-row experimental precision potato planter. Plots were two 34-inch beds wide and 30 feet long. The treatments we.re replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Stand counts were made in each plot by counting all emerged plants in both beds. Psyllid counts were made at weekly intervals beginning April 23 thru June 4. Twenty-five randomly selected complete leaves were gathered from each plot and the psyllid nymphs and adults were counted. Ayerage daytime temperatures during the growing season were March 71°, April 74°, May 90° and June (first 10 days) 101°F. Plots were harvested June 10 with a single row potato digger. They were then graded according to U. S. standards and grades.
Laboratory Insecticide Screening,

L.

Canus

, Yakima, Washington, 1973
Authors: Toba H. H. , Landis B. J. , Fox L.
Published: March 2022

L. canus larvae were collected in the fall of 1971 from Grandview, Washington, and held at 40°F until the tests were conducted. The soil used was “river-bottom soil”, sandy loam, <0.5% organic matter, sifted with 8-mesh sieve. The bioassays were conducted as follows: insecticides were mixed with air-dry soil in a Twin shell dry blender for 15 min, after which water was added to the soil (2.7% moisture), and the treated soil was placed in 0.5-pt Mason fruit jars. The dosage rates simulated broadcast treatments, and the incorporation of materials to 6 inch in depth. Two boiled wheat grains were pushed down ca. 1 inch into the soil of each jar. One wireworm was placed in each jar; if the wireworm did not burrow into the soil within 1 min, the wireworm was replaced. Regular jar lids were used, but they were not secured tightly. Each treatment consisted of 10 jars. The jars were held in a laboratory maintained at ca. 20 to 25°C. The jars were checked once weekly to determine mortality, which included any dead or moribund larvae. At the weekly checks, moisture was added to the soil as required, two new boiled wheat grains were added, and the same live larvae were replaced in the corresponding jars. Three separate tests were conducted, and the results are summarized in the table.
Sugarbeets,

M.

Persicae

Control, Yakima, Washington, 1974
Authors: Fox Lee , Tamaki George
Published: March 2022

Four granular systemic insecticides plus 1 systemic seed coat material pelleted on sugar beet seed were evaluated for aphid control in small field plots at Yakima, Washington in Ritzville silt loam soil. Plots were 25 ft long, 4 rows wide (22 inch row spacing) and replicated 4 times within a randomized complete block design. Granules were applied with an experimental, tractor-mounted, deep-shank applicator. This permitted.the granular material to be placed in a single band, approximately 1 inch wide, 6 inch below the soil surface and directly below the area where sugarbeet seed were planted in a follow up operation. Displaced soil was repacked in the shank trench and hand seeding (100 seed/25 row ft) resulted in placement of seed 1.5 inch below soil surface and 4.5 inch above insecticide granules. Planting and granular insecticide application were completed on May 6, with Temik, Thimet, Di-Syston and Dacamox applied at 1.5 lb active ingredient per acre. Twenty-five mature sugarbeet leaves were picked at random from each plot and examined for aphids.
Control of Sweet Potato Weevil, 1975
Authors: Kung S. P. , Su C. Y. , Rose R. I.
Published: March 2022

Plots size was ten square meters and each treatment was replicated four times in a RCB experimental field design. Insecticides were applied when plants began to initiate root development. Emulsifiable concentrate and wettable powder formulations were applied in one liter of spray solution per plot at monthly intervals.
Alfalfa, Alfalfa Weevil and Pea Aphid Control in California
Authors: McCalley Norman F.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated on the alfalfa cultivar El Camino (Germains) at Soledad Correctional Facility, Soledad, California in 1975. Plots were 12 x 73 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied April 9, 3 weeks before first cutting, by CO2 sprayer equipped with a 6 foot hand held boom fitted with 5 Spraying Systems 8002 T-jet flat fan nozzles spaced at 14.5 inches, which delivered 40 gal/A at 40 PSI. Biofilm surfactant was added to all treatments at the rate ot4 fl oz/A.
Corn,

A

.

Ipsilon

Control, Baits, 1975
Authors: Musick G. J. , Szatmari-Goodman Gary
Published: March 2022

Corn, variety K-555, was planted at Wooster, Ohio during May (as noted with each test). The insecticides were broadcast over entire soil surface or banded in a 2-inch band along the side of the corn row. Either liquid or bait formulations were applied in June to corn with 2.5-3.0 fully emerged leaves. The soil in the plots was not disburbed prior to, during, or after treatment. Plots were 4 rows wide, 15 ft long, with 10 ft alleyways between replications. A randomized complete block design was used. Soil was a Wooster silt loam with approximately 2% O.M. Rainfall during the experiments was as noted in test results. Average soil temperature (4 inch depth) at treatment was 15.5°C. After the insecticides were applied, 6-inch aluminum barriers were erected in a portion of each plot to prevent larval migration out of the treated area. The migration barrier was 2 rows wide by 5 ft long. The number of corn plants within each barrier (plot) was thinned to an equal number. Ten, 5th stage black cutworm larvae were released in each plot approximately 4 hr post treatment. The damage to each plant in a plot was rated on a scale of 1 to 6 with 1, no damage; 2, leaf feeding only; 3, plant cut at whorl; 4, plant cut at or above 2nd leaf; 5, plant cut at ground; and 6, plant tunnelled. These evaluations were made twice per week with every plant cut at or below ttie second leaf being marked with a stake to facilitate its location for future readings. Evaluation continued for about 1 month. For analysis, all plants rating 3 or greater were placed into the category of cut plants and a % of cut plants for each plot was determined. The data were transformed by arc sin percentage prior to analysis, however, original data are reported.
Greenbug Control in Grain Sorghum, 1975
Authors: Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2 tests in Hale Co., Texas. Each plot was 1 row 50 ft long. Plots were separated by 1 to 3 untreated buffer rows. Liquid formulated insecticides were applied by the use of a compressed CO2, back-pack sprayer equipped with a boom fitted with 2 hollow-cone nozzles (3x) which directed the spray to the sides of the plant. Sprays were applied at the rate of 5 gal per acre. Granular treatments were applied by hand-shaking the insecticides from a glass jar with a perforated lid onto the tops of the plants. Relative effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated by counting live greenbugs on each of 5 plants selected at random from each plot prior to treatment and at 3 and 7 days after treatment. Percent control was calculated using Henderson and Tilton’s 1955 formula.
Green Cloverworm Efficacy Trials
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron
Published: March 2022

During 1975, 84 soybean plots were located 5 miles southwest of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 50 ft by 4 rows (30-in centers) and was bordered by 2 buffer rows. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, 4 blocks each with 21 treatments. Treatments are given in the table. Treatments were applied on August 6, 1975, with a 4 row CO2 charged bicycle sprayer (liquid output at 40 psi = 29.9 ml/sec). Spray nozzles were Delavan BC 10-70° No.-6. Weather conditions were slightly cloudy, breeze ca 5 mph, temperature ca 70°F. Soybean plants were in maturity stage R4 (pods growing in size). Plots were sampled with a 15 inch diam sweepnet (20 sweeps/plot) on 4 dates: August 5 (pretreatment), August 7 (24-hour post-treatment), August 9 (72 hour post-treatment), and August 13 (7-day post-treatment). Samples were examined for green cloverworm larvae in the laboratory. Plots were examined and rated on August 13 for visual signs of phytotoxicity, viz., leaf discoloration. Rainfall during the sampling period was measurable on August 10, 11, and 12 with a total of 1.03 inches of rain.
Potato Leafhopper Efficacy Trials
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron
Published: March 2022

During 1975, 16 soybean plots were located 3 miles west of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 30 ft by 4 rows (30 inch centers) and was bordered by 2 buffer rows. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, 4 blocks, each with 4 treatments. Treatments are given in the table. Treatments were applied in-furrow at planting on May 20, 1975. Granular insecti-cides were applied with a 2 row Ford 310 unit planter. Plants emerged on June 2 and were cultivared on July 1. Plots were sampled (10 ft2/plot) with a D-Vac (1-ft2 sampling cone) on June 20 (plants in 3 trifoliate-leaf stage) and July 13 (plants in full bloom). Samples were examined for the presence of potato leafhoppers. Stand counts were taken on June 20 by counting the number of plants per 12 row-ft. Plots were examined and rated on June 20 for visual signs of phytotoxicity, viz., leaf discoloration.
Control of European Corn Borer on Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Watrin Clifford G. , Radcliffe Edward B. , Krueger Craig
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 5 Jun, at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, Dakota County, MN. Experimental plots were 1 row, 80 ft long, replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Plants were spaced at 7-8 inch intervals within rows 30 inches apart. First instar ECB, were placed on the silks 3 Aug to 35 randomly selected ears, however natural infestations proved to be high. Untreated border rows separated each treatment. Insecticidal sprays were applied on 6, 13, and 24 Aug, to the silk area of the ears. Treatments were applied using a CO2 powered hand-sprayer delivering 50 gal of water/acre at 20 psi. Evaluations were made 4 Sep by scoring 50 randomly selected ears/plot for ECB tunneling, and presence of live ECB larvae.
European Corn Borer Control in Whorl Stage Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Whalen J. , Vanderhoef H.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 18 May near Georgetown, DE. Treatments were arranged in 4-row plots, 20 ft long on 40-inch centers, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were applied on 29 Jun at the mid-whorl stage with a wheelbarrow design, CO2 pressurized sprayer using 1 nozzle per row delivering 21 gal/acre at 40 psi.
Yield Response and Efficacy of Penncap-M on Chinese Mustard, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael , Lasota Joan A.
Published: March 2022

The experimental plot was a randomized block design, where each of 3 vegetable crops (Chinese cabbage, Chinese broccoli, and Chinese mustard) were replicated 4 times. Plot size for each commodity per replicate was 7.5 ft by 3 It and consisted of 10 plants. Rows were 3 ft apart, plants 1.5 ft apart, and there was a 3-ft alley spacing between replicates. Three lb 10-10-10 fertilizer/100 sq ft and 10 lb lime/100 sq ft were incorporated into the tilled plot prior to planting. Seedlings were transplanted on 31 Jul following soil fumigation with bromomethane (1 lb/100 sq ft on 27 Jul. Insecticide applications were made on 8, 15 Aug, and 5 Sep to seedling, post-seedling and mature plants, respectively. Teejet 8003 Fan type nozzles (1 for the first application and 2, with a 30-inch boom spacing, for the second and third applications) were used on a compressed air sprayer to deliver a foliar broadcast spray over the rows. Due to an extensive flea beetle infestation which would have resulted in heavy seedling mortality if left untreated, an application of Lannate was made to all plants on 2 Aug. (Penncap-M had not yet been secured for use). Flea beetle adults and their damage was assessed on 15 Aug. Flea beetle feeding damage was rated by counting the number of feeding scars in a 1 cm2 area at the center of 1 randomly chosen leaf per plant. The quantity of (lea beetles per plant was determined using the following rating index: 0 = 0 beetles, 1 = 1-10 beetles, 2 = 11-20 beetles, 3 = 21-30 beetles, 4 = 31-40 beetles, 5 = 41-50 beetles, 6 = 50+ beetles. Yield data were collected on 20 Sep by weighing whole plants.
Onion Thrips Control, 1984
Authors: May A. W. , Grafius E. , Hayden N. , Warner F.
Published: March 2022

Onions were seeded 4 May at the M.S.U. Muck Crops Experimental Farm, Bath, MI (Clinton Co.). Plots were planted in 32 inch rows with a tractor-mounted Planter Junior seeder and soil insecticide treatments applied with a Gandy granular applicator. Plots were 3 rows x 20 ft long and treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications of foliar treatments within each soil treatment. The soil treatments were not replicated. Foliar treatments were applied on 29 Jim, 10, 16, 23, 30 Jul, 6, 14 Aug, with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (30 gpa). Two treatments (Vydate and Diazinon) were applied on an “as needed” basis only. The purpose for the “as needed” sprays was to ascertain if adequate control could be achieved by implementing a short, intensive spray program once thrip populations reached threshold level (30 + thrips/plant). The “as needed” sprays were applied on 23, 27, and 30 Jul. Weekly samples of thrips/10 plants were taken from the center row of each plot.
Control of Onion Thrips on Onions, 1984
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine any differences in initial and residual effectiveness of registered insecticides. A stock solution of each insecticide (Lorsban 4EC; Parathion 8EC; Diazinon 4EC; Phosdrin 4EC) was diluted to 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 and 1/16 of the recommended field rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre. Leaves on potted onion plants were dipped into the solutions and allowed to air dry. At periods of 1, 4, 6, and 8 days posttreatment, 5 thrips larvae/leaf were placed within small test-tube cages which covered the treated portion of the leaf. The entire experiment entailed 4 insecticides tested at 4 time intervals (16 treatments) replicated 3 times, plus controls. All plants were treated on the same day and when thrips were placed on the plants they were always put on previously non-infested plants. Plants were kept at 70°F during the test and mortality was assessed at 48 h posttreatment.