bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulated work experience: how realistic should it be?
Authors: HAMILTON JACK A. , KRUMBOLTZ JOHN D.
Published: December 2011

One hundred 10th grade non‐college‐bound students were randomly assigned to receive two alternative types of materials: (a) experimental—an Electronic Technician Kit which required students to use an actual ammeter in solving problems representative of that occupation; and (b) control—a kit virtually identical with the experimental treatment except that no meter was provided. The experimental subjects reported more enjoyment, wanted more information about an electronic technician career, wrote more questions about careers, and signed up to take more additional career kits than did the control subjects. However, the number of measured exploratory activities during the week after the treatments was too small to test for statistical significance.
Help‐giving and morality
Authors: CHENAULT JOANN
Published: December 2011

A model for the counselor's definition of help is presented as an aid to the exploration of questions of morality. Morality as a professional issue raises questions of counselor control as it relates to the meaning of help.
Revolution and prophecy: community involvement for counselors
Authors: LIPSMAN CLAIRE K.
Published: December 2011

A new concept for counselor role and function that emphasizes action and community involvement is emerging from the press of current social issues. Some resistance is expressed by counselors being trained in the traditional psychological model, derived from 19th century concepts of help‐giving with emphasis on problem‐centered, one‐to‐one relationships. That approach is rejected as uneconomic and ineffective in allocating counseling skills. An alternative educational model is proposed that would allocate counseling resources to groups and programs, and to the development and direction of improvements in the learning environment.
Art counseling in educational settings
Authors: DENNY JAMES M.
Published: December 2011

Art counseling is defined, and a survey of historical and theoretical principles in the therapeutic use of art is presented. The procedures of art counseling are stressed, including selection of clients, physical and material requirements, various art tasks, principles of interpretation, and a consideration of possible resistances to the introduction of art. The absence of such an approach in educational settings and the need for descriptive research are noted.
The counselor as contingency manager
Authors: TOEWS JAY M.
Published: December 2011

Aspects of contingency management are discussed as they relate to counseling. Three case studies illustrate the role of a counselor as a contingency manager and adviser to teachers in the application of behavior modification techniques to common classroom problems.
Counselor activity as a predictor of outcome
Authors: O'LEARY SUSAN G.
Published: December 2011

One group of 11 high‐ability students showed significantly more improvement in their grade point averages following short‐term counseling than a second group of 11 similar students. In an exploratory attempt to investigate the possible influence of counselor activity on grade point improvement, transcripts of counselor interviews were rated on 20 variables designed to reflect counselor activity. As hypothesized, the counselors of the Improved group more frequently expressed their opinions, more often suggested a plan of action, were more expressive and concrete, talked more per minute, had interviews in which there were more total lines of talk, and less frequently asked the students to express their opinions than the counselors of the Unimproved group.
In the Field: Involving the Turned‐On Generation Through Structured “Rapping”
Authors: JAFFE ARTHUR , REED ALICE
Published: December 2011

Because young people today have demanded an active part in educational decision‐making, group programs have been innovated in a number of institutions throughout the country. Described here is an unusual group counseling program, implemented in a city prison, in which teachers are invited to meet with the students to discuss problems that exist between them. Excerpts from one such group include descriptions of the session as viewed by the counselor and teacher, and evaluation by the students.
Healthy students in the college environment
Authors: YAMAMOTO KAORU
Published: December 2011

What model of healthy student personality should be the goal of higher education? How are various college resources being used to attain this goal? The concept of mental health was reexamined, and it was argued that consensual identification of healthy individuals is quite feasible. To facilitate student growth in this direction, both vertical and lateral modes of education need careful examination, development, and coordination. Students and faculty together must face the challenge of creating a viable scholarly community underlined by a sense of common fate and commitment.
Management skill in student organizations
Authors: MUSE WILLIAM V.
Published: December 2011

Seventy‐two social fraternities were studied to discover some reasons for the variation in the degree of success attained by these student organizations on a college campus. The specific factors studied were management practices that could be employed by the groups. Analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between success as a fraternity and the use of certain management practices, and it identified several individual practices or characteristics highly associated with more successful groups. This article proposes that student organizations would find such practices influential in their future survival and success.
The counselor's role in collective negotiations
Authors: HUMES CHARLES W. , KENNEDY THOMAS F.
Published: December 2011

The impact of professional negotiations on the current educational scene is examined and related to clarification of the school counselor role. Role confusion continues in the school situation, and negotiations may well be the way to bring about a change in the status quo. Negotiations for counselors are explored from the standpoints of dimensions of negotiations, implementation of negotiations, and attitude of professional associations. Conclusions are that negotiations have significant implications for counselor role delineation.
The resolution of adolescence in college
Authors: COONS FREDERICK W.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses five prominent developmental tasks encountered by the college student during late adolescence and early adulthood. The manner used to resolve these tasks is crucial not only to the student's adaptation at college but to his eventual life style. The five tasks are: (a) the shift in the nature of one's relationship with one's parents, i.e., from a child‐parent to an adult‐adult relationship; (b) the resolution of a personal sexual identity; (c) the creation of a value system which fits the student as a truly unique individual; (d) the development of the capacity for true human intimacy; and (e) the choice of a life's work.
Group counseling with Neighborhood Youth Corps trainees
Authors: WINDER ALVIN E. , SAVENKO NICHOLAI
Published: December 2011

How can we help urban youth who are ghetto dwellers and school dropouts break the cycle of failure, poverty, and alienation that follows them into adulthood? The Neighborhood Youth Corps was provided to offer some solutions to this problem. Their program content heavily emphasizes work experiences for unemployed youth but also provides for personal and vocational counseling. This article describes and evaluates a group counseling program, run in conjunction with the Neighborhood Youth Corps, which attempted to reduce the alienation that keeps youth within the poverty‐failure cycle.
A Lawyer in the Counseling Center
Authors: KIRK HENRY P. , LEVY STANLEY W.
Published: December 2011

Today's college students are finding an increasing need for legal information. At California State College, Los Angeles, a lawyer from the community was retained by the college counseling center to consult with students who had legal questions. During the academic year 1968‐69, 302 students took advantage of this service. Although most of their questions dealt with selective service, other areas of concern included landlord‐tenant matters, domestic relations, and criminal and civil law. Student reactions were sampled by means of a questionnaire. The general response was highly favorable, thus supporting the need for a legal counseling service on the college campus.
Counseling and the psychology of communication
Authors: LOEFFLER DOROTHY
Published: December 2011

The psychology of communication can bring to counseling greater clarification of verbal and nonverbal interview interactions. Various communication channels are discussed, including language and nonlanguage forms. It is suggested that each message conveys both content and a definition of relationship. Communication does not function in a linear manner but in a system of feedback loops, each of which is comparable to a stimulus‐response‐reinforcement sequence. Examples of communication patterns are given to illustrate the kinds of messages conveyed in language and nonlanguage channels. All communication modalities should be taken into consideration in studies of counseling interactions, and training programs should make counselors more sensitive communication participants.
Persuasibility and the power of belief
Authors: BEDNAR RICHARD L.
Published: December 2011

Recent empirical and theoretical developments suggest that clients who genuinely believe in the effectiveness of counseling are likely to improve regardless of the validity of the counselor's approach. This improvement is based on a “psychological placebo effect” that arouses client expectations for improvement and provides clients with additional security and self‐confidence to deal with life more effectively. These considerations are discussed in the context of placebo reactivity, client susceptibility to persuasion, and counselor expectations for client improvement.
Need for approval and counseling outcomes
Authors: MACGUFFIE ROBERT A. , JORGENSEN GARY Q. , JANZEN FREDERICK V.
Published: December 2011

The intent of this study was to determine the effects of a clients' need for approval on the outcomes of counseling. The expectation was that clients who have a high need for approval by others would cooperate more with the counseling process and would more often be successful in the sense of being rehabilitated. The Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale was administered to 167 applicants at a state rehabilitation agency immediately after the initial interview. It was hypothesized that successfully rehabilitated clients would obtain significantly higher social desirability scores than those clients who were not successful. The results confirmed the hypothesis at the .01 level of significance.
Client dogmatism and perceived counselor attitudes
Authors: TOSI DONALD J. , CARLSON WILLIAM A.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relationship between client dogmatism and perceptions of the counselor's empathy, level of regard, congruence, and unconditional positive regard. Counselor dogmatism was held constant. It was hypothesized that the client's dogmatism would be negatively related to his perceptions of these four counselor attitudes. The analysis revealed small but significant negative correlations between client dogmatism and three of the four counselor‐expressed attitudes (congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard).
Reversing the spiral toward futility
Authors: PROCTOR SAMUEL A.
Published: December 2011

The most difficult task for the counselor is to find a way to reverse the spiral of the ′60's that has propelled black students toward futility. The committed counselor should communicate honesty and sincerity to the students, know the facts about the black experience, enlighten his administration about black students' needs, and have first‐hand knowledge about students' feelings regarding their curriculum.
Guidance program for a ghetto school
Authors: HECHT EDWARD
Published: December 2011

High school students from the ghetto have special problems that often need more attention than mere talk. Many students lose all sense of personal motivation and worth, for example, due to overcrowded conditions or teacher conflicts in the school, or lack of money or parental guidance outside of school. To help students find concrete solutions to their problems, a new guidance program is suggested for the ghetto school, and the Center for Personal Advancement, now in effect at a Philadelphia high school, is offered as one example.
A gift from the ghetto
Authors: WARD ERIC J.
Published: December 2011

Counselors and their clients must communicate effectively. Because the trained counselor is not always able to relate to the problems of his clients who are both black and poor, this article examines the significant role that paraprofessionals, or indigenous counselors, can play in the ghetto.
Eliminating barriers to career development of women
Authors: EYDE LORRAINE D.
Published: December 2011

Women, the largest group of “minority” workers, are actively seeking to reduce inequities in opportunities for career development. Counselors and clinicians, who as a group have been found to hold sex‐role stereotypes, probably restrict the career opportunities of women. Vocational counselors of women need to consider key questions such as the number of children women would like to have. Researchers, in studying the job performance of highly educated women, need to investigate the amount of financial, clerical, and student assistance received by men and women scholars. Such research might in part explain sex differences in research productivity.
Is there a case for the freshman women's residence hall?
Authors: SCHOEMER JAMES R. , McCONNELL WILLIAM A.
Published: December 2011

Because most institutions are experiencing student migration from residence halls, the educational function of the halls is being promoted, resulting in numerous variations in design and staff organization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the merits of one of these variations—the all‐freshman women's residence hall. Freshman women in three types of halls (all‐freshman women, all‐undergraduate women, and coeducational) were compared on the basis of academic achievement, attitudes about the campus environment, and conduct. Results indicated that on those factors, no case can be built in support of housing women in an all‐freshman women's hall.
Uncertainties about the new Strong Interest Blanks
Authors: FRANK AUSTIN C. , KIRK BARBARA A.
Published: December 2011

Many SVIB materials were published in 1969, and the new men's and women's revisions are now largely complete. Because these inventories are such fundamental instruments for vocational counseling, the revisions merit careful examination at this point. Consideration is given to necessary technical information, the Basic Interest Scales, new occupational scale reference groups, scale development and validation, an illustrative scale, and other factors. Because the SVIB's are more complex than ever, and involve uncertainties yet to be resolved, they need to be approached with caution.
Life skills: Structured counseling for the disadvantaged
Authors: ADKINS WINTHROP R.
Published: December 2011

The difficult life problems of disadvantaged adults and adolescents are not easily resolved through traditional unstructured counseling methods. The Life Skills counseling program provides a structured means of helping disadvantaged groups acquire the necessary experience, knowledge, and skill to cope effectively with the psychosocial aspects of personal development, parenthood, and citizenship. Life Skills counseling employs a life problem‐derived curriculum and a four‐stage learning model which integrates counseling and teaching functions as it facilitates problem‐solving through inductive and deductive modes of inquiry and application.
Technology in guidance: a conceptual overview
Authors: WALZ GARRY R.
Published: December 2011

Guidance technology has the potential to enable counselors to reach new goals and to accomplish old goals in new ways. The appropriate guidance use of technology, however, is not just one of designing machines but rather of discovering how to use technology to realize counselors' personal and societal goals in particular settings. The future of guidance could well depend on the capacity of the counseling profession to utilize technology effectively.
The computer is in!
Authors: LOUGHARY JOHN W.
Published: December 2011

Computers already are an important counseling and guidance aid. This article describes present and future computer‐based systems used in counseling and guidance, and provides several descriptive references. It also notes selected aspects of developing technology and suggests that computers become increasingly available to counselors. Finally, the article describes five types of systems, some of which replace and go beyond certain current counseling functions.
Multimedia in guidance and counseling
Authors: KAGAN NORMAN
Published: December 2011

This article examines some of the typical functions of the guidance program and describes the usefulness of multimedia as extensions of the counselor's abilities and work. Media may also be important where the counselor's own potential is limited. The author describes briefly his own research and use of affect simulation and videotape recall to accelerate the usual counseling processes and to better assure that traditional goals in counseling will be achieved. He also examines the potential of multimedia for allowing a client to view objectively his own “inner” reactions as well as his “outer” behaviors to himself and his environment.
Privacy and large‐scale personal data systems
Authors: LISTER CHARLES
Published: December 2011

Large‐scale personal data retrieval systems must be expected to come into very general use. Despite the obvious opportunities that these systems offer, they may also involve important hazards for individual and organizational privacy. It is imperative, if privacy interests are to be protected, that stringent protective devices be included in each information system of this type. These devices should involve limitations upon the scope and character of the data that are collected, their dissemination, and their use. They must be tailored to the problems presented by each information system.
Technology and guidance: a balance
Authors: TIEDEMAN DAVID V. , SCHMIDT LYLE D.
Published: December 2011

The following symposium discusses the place of technology in guidance and some of the concerns involved. Tiedeman, a leading authority on technological applications in guidance, takes the position that guidance technology is an important new development. Schmidt, who has written widely in the areas of psychology and counseling, questions the place of technology in guidance and society and underlines some of the concerns related to the adoption of technology. The authors' discussions of “one‐way” versus “two‐way” thinking and the problem of control over the technology should be of interest to readers concerned with applying technology in guidance.
Counseling Chinese‐Americans
Authors: SUE DERALD WING , SUE STANLEY
Published: December 2011

The Chinese‐American student's cultural background plays an important part in his expression of personality traits and the manifestation of his problems. This article presents an analysis of Chinese values and suggests that the counseling situation may arouse intense conflicts for many Chinese‐American students. It also suggests a modified counseling approach that can be used in working with these students.
A model for counselor‐student‐teacher involvement
Authors: FREDRICKSON RONALD H. , BINGMAN RICHARD M. , BENSON BARBARA
Published: December 2011

School counselors need to adopt some new supplementary roles in order to get more involved in the classroom learning situation. The Inquiry Role Approach (IRA) offers such a program for counselor involvement. The IRA establishes teams of students who work with the counselor and the teacher in the regular classroom. Individual referrals to the counselor are accepted as part of the classroom routine. Preliminary evaluation of the program suggests that certain attitudes and social skills are enhanced, and the counselors benefit by dealing directly with more students in a classroom situation.
Counselors and legislators: a case history
Authors: PANTHER EDWARD E.
Published: December 2011

Recent Florida legislation provides for the training and use of paraprofessionals in guidance. The impetus for this legislation came from the legislators and vocational educators, rather than from the guidance profession. The official reasons given for the enactment of this legislation were especially critical of counselor education. The primary concern was that adequate vocational guidance is not being provided to youth in or out of school. This article discusses the preliminary hearings, content of the laws, and guidelines for implementing this legislation.
Leading here‐and‐now groups
Authors: HEILFRON MARILYN
Published: December 2011

Here‐and‐now groups present common events that demand specific responses from leaders if movement toward desired goals is to occur. This article describes some of these events and explicit interventions that are useful in leading these groups.
Counseling in an age of crisis
Authors: ATKIN JERRY
Published: December 2011

The author's experience in counseling students coincides with the campus unrest of the late 1960's and early ′70's. Lacking adequate models to deal with the crisis, he developed his own. In this article, his descriptions of the major problems facing our society set the stage for the alternative styles of counseling that he and the other authors in this issue offer. Atkin asks us to rethink the entire counseling profession and to reexamine the relationship between counselor and client.
Consultation with a male homosexual
Authors: Ivey Robert D.
Published: December 2011

The following interview is taken from the transcript of a dialogue at the University of Florida's Counseling Center between psychologists on the counseling staff and the author, who is homosexual and a member of the Gay Liberation Front at the University of Florida. The dialogue focused on referral to a gay organization as one of the options a gay client might use to gain peer relationships.
An alternative for counselor education
Authors: ISLAND DAVID
Published: December 2011

What is it that makes the counselor a professional? Is it possible to separate the personal and political responsibilities of the professional counselor in today's world? In this article, David Island tries to answer these questions and provides an alternative model for approaching counseling and counselor education in a period of rapid cultural change.
Dugald Arbuckle—Dialogue With Jerry Pine
Authors: Webb Dwight , Pine Gerald J. , Arbuckle Dugald
Published: December 2011

Dugald S. Arbuckle, an advocate of human rights in counseling and writer on the implications of existential humanistic thought in psychotherapy and education, reflects on the roots of his humanistic thinking from his boyhood days in the mining country of the Western Canadian Rockies through more than 30 years of teaching and private practice. A major contributor to the literature that has shaped counseling and psychotherapy, Arbuckle is the founder of the graduate Program in Humanistic Counseling at Boston University and served as president of the American Personnel and Guidance Association (1959–60). In this dialogue he discusses a wide and provocative range of ideas with a former student, Gerald J. Pine, currently Professor of Counselor Education at the University of New Hampshire.
Consulting for Change: Anatomy of an Effort That Failed
Authors: Hartley Maurice P.
Published: December 2011

Theoretical issues concerning the process of change and the phenomenon of resistance are highlighted in this analysis of opposition observed during in‐service training of high school and junior high school counselors. Behavioral examples are examined with reference to the principles found in current change theory‐theory that suggests generalizations and practical considerations for the would‐be change agent, whether counselor, consultant, or social psychologist.
Motivational Labs for the High School Student
Authors: Jernigan Susan Williams
Published: December 2011

Motivational labs are designed for group work with students who are behavioral problems, students who do not do the assigned work for class, or students who may need some extra attention. The labs allow these students to explore their problems, look at alternatives, and make some decisions. The counselor facilitates this process of achieving behavioral change by helping each student and teacher identify problem areas and work out a system in which change can occur, not only in the individual, but in the classroom environment as well.
A Performance‐Based Admissions Screening Program
Authors: McKee John E. , Harris Charles M. , Swanson Carl D.
Published: December 2011

The development of a competency‐based admissions program for counselor education majors at James Madison University was begun in 1974. This program evolved as a result of dissatisfaction with traditional criteria used for selection of applicants to counselor training programs. The development progressed from a reference checklist to eventually include a career‐goal essay, personality testing, and a required on‐campus interview. Continued revision, including quantification of the various portions of the screening process, has led to its present state. Further refinement and change continue as additional research is completed.
A Peer Advisory Consumer Program for the Elderly
Authors: ATER E. CAROLYN , BAUGH C. W. , ELIAS JEFFREY W.
Published: December 2011

A demonstration project using a volunteer peer advisory approach to consumer education for the elderly was developed. The authors describe program successes and failures, with emphasis on personnel selection, timetable for development, publicity, acceptance, and value of a peer advisory approach. Enthusiastic involvement by individuals trained indicates the possibility of using a peer advisory system for employing lifetime consumer experiences of the elderly, of providing avenues for continued societal involvement, and of extending needed consumer information to other elderly individuals.
Should Career Education be Founded in the Protestant Ethic?
Authors: SEVERINSEN K. NORMAN
Published: December 2011

Much of career education philosophy presupposes the Protestant (Work) Ethic, ignoring the fact that this traditional ethic is being challenged by other viewpoints. This article includes a review of the origin and nature of the Protestant (Work) Ethic and a brief outline of some alternative ethics. Ethical and practical problems arise when career education presumes to advocate a single traditional work ethic; this article suggests a solution to these problems.
Retention, Role Modeling, and Academic Readiness: A Perspective on the Ethnic Minority Student in Higher Education
Authors: WALTON JOSEPH M.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses retention, role modeling, and academic readiness as these issues relate to ethnic minority students in higher education. The central points of the discussion revolve around the need to stem the unusually high rates of attrition of minority students through academic role modeling and recognition of the concept of delayed academic readiness. Methods of implementing a mentor‐student program are also suggested.
The Assessment and Treatment of Gender‐Disturbed Boys by Guidance Counselors
Authors: MARLOWE MIKE
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the guidance counselor's occasional involvement in the assessment and treatment of male children exhibiting gender disturbances. Boyhood gender disturbances are differentiated into two different but closely related syndromes: cross‐gender identification and gender behavior disturbance. Specific diagnostic procedures and issues are discussed, among them the rationale for psychoeducational intervention. The article considers the developmental problems suffered by gender‐disturbed boys and examines the relatively poor prognosis for untreated individuals. The text outlines specific treatment interventions to increase the child's range of masculine behaviors so there is a reasonable balance between masculine and feminine behavior. Reasonable sex‐role flexibility and satisfaction with one's own biological sex status are the treatment goals.
Life Made Easier for the Over‐Thirty Undergrads
Authors: Rawlins Melanie E.
Published: December 2011

It is predicted that the increased adult enrollment in higher education institutions will continue. Thus, colleges and universities are faced with special challenges from the emerging recognition of adult students. The purpose of this descriptive, exploratory study was to examine how over‐thirty undergraduate students perceived their experiences of returning to college. From learning about adults and their experiences, an assessment of their needs for student personnel services and educational programs was made.
College Students: Learning Disabilities and Services
Authors: MILLER C. DEAN , McKINLEY DONNA L. , RYAN MICHAEL
Published: December 2011

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 provides an impetus for the development of special services for learning‐disabled college students. The article describes the problems of three such students and the services they needed to improve their chances for academic success. The authors provide suggestions for working with the learning‐disabled college population.
The Application of Counseling Skills in the Business and Industrial Setting
Authors: CRISTIANI THERESE S. , CRISTIANI MICHAEL F.
Published: December 2011

Counselors have often failed to seek employment in the business and industrial communities. It can be demonstrated, however, that counseling skills are quite applicable in business and industry settings and that the financial resources to hire counselors exist. Therefore, to encourage counselors to seek employment in business and industry, the article explores the applicability of their skills within this nontraditional setting and offers suggestions regarding the job search.
The Counselor in the Hospice: A New Role
Authors: CHEIKIN MARTIN L.
Published: December 2011

Part of the outreach program of the counselor training program at The College of Staten Island for the past ten years has been to provide counseling for persons with life‐threatening and terminal illnesses and for their families. This effort led Cheikin to visit and work in hospices in England and Scotland. His experience has clearly shown that counselor education must include experience with and increased understanding of dying, grieving, and the effect of death on surviving family members; these are now being incorporated into the regular curriculum of the College.
Counseling Directory and Consumer's Guide: Implementing Professional Disclosure and Consumer Protection
Authors: SWANSON JOHN L.
Published: December 2011

The publication of a “counseling directory” and “consumer's guide” is a new approach that can be used to respond to the current professional issues of professional disclosure and consumer protection. In a recent project in Benton County, Oregon, a directory and guide were published and distributed. This article reviews and evaluates that project. The purposes, format, and content of both the directory and guide are summarized. It is hoped that this article will stimulate interest in this approach and that the information provided will be used for similar projects in other communities.
Stress Prevention and Management: A Workshop Approach
Authors: Sparks Dennis , Ingram Marjorie J.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a theoretical rationale for a workshop on stress prevention and management and describes the “Stress and the Classroom Teacher” workshop as an approach that has applicability in various counseling settings, including those outside the educational field. The goals of this workshop include reducing participants' sense of isolation, increasing their self‐awareness of the causes and effects of distress, identifying job‐related successes and strengths, and formulating a tenative plan and action steps to prevent or alleviate the distress: workshop activities are outlined. Several conclusions are drawn regarding the value and significance of this intervention mold.
Who Are the Handicapped?
Authors: FAGAN THOMAS , WALLACE ANNE
Published: December 2011

Counselors and psychologists are increasingly involved with handicapped persons. The definition of various handicapping conditions is a major source of professional concern—what constitutes a disability and in what way(s) it impairs academic, social, or occupational functioning changes in relation to several variables. The more common and widely accepted categories of disability are intended to provide the reader with a basis for better understanding of the articles in this issue.
Roles of Counseling in Ensuring the Rights of the Handicapped
Authors: HOHENSHIL THOMAS H. , HUMES CHARLES W.
Published: December 2011

This article includes a description of the legal rights of the handicapped provided for and protected by several pieces of federal legislation. Several important roles for counseling designed to help ensure the rights of handicapped youth and adults are also proposed, with special emphasis on such counseling roles as information, advocacy, parent counseling and consulting, career development, and individual planning.
Counseling Persons With Disabilities: Are the Feelings, Thoughts, and Behaviors of Helping Professionals Helpful?
Authors: NATHANSON ROBERT
Published: December 2011

Seven counseling “syndromes,” with illustrative vignettes, focus on some of the feelings, thoughts, and consequent verbal and nonverbal behaviors of counselors working with physically disabled clients. Nathanson urges counselors and other helping professionals to become aware of their feelings and thoughts, and to monitor their interactions with disabled clients so that existing beliefs and biases will not interfere with positive client growth.
The Counselor and the Individualized Educational Program
Authors: KAMEEN MARILYN C. , McINTOSH DEAN K.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the requirements of Individualized Educational Programs (IEPs) for handicapped students, including descriptions of the interdisciplinary team that develops the IEP, IEP components, and evaluation procedures. Kameen and McIntosh propose an ideal counselor role that includes developing, implementing, and evaluating IEPs in the affective domain. Counselors receive suggestions for their involvement in defining annual goals and short‐term objectives, devising appropriate educational strategies, providing direct and indirect services for handicapped youth, and evaluating the affective components of IEPs.
Assessment Strategies for the Handicapped
Authors: GUIDUBALDI JOHN , KEHLE THOMAS J. , MURRAY JOSEPH N.
Published: December 2011

This review of assessment strategies for handicapped populations is intended to provide counselors with assessment perspectives as well as specific suggestions. The review emphasizes the counselor's role as a member of a diagnostic team and the need to consider a variety of information in the formation of meaningful intervention strategies.
So Suzie Wants to Become a Counselor
Authors: ROSENBLATT HOWARD S.
Published: December 2011

In this article, a father speaks to his college‐bound daughter about the field of counseling, her intended major. The father, an experienced counselor, discusses significant others in his life who have had and continue to have a strong influence on his philosophy and practice of counseling. The love that exists between the father and daughter provides the reader with understanding of the most important ingredient in effective counseling.
Preparing Culturally Effective Counselors
Authors: ARREDONDO‐DOWD PATRICIA M. , GONSALVES JOHN
Published: December 2011

The preparation of culturally effective counselors is a familiar topic in the counseling literature. Counselor educators and practitioners have regularly discussed cultural barriers in the counseling process and have proposed models for working more effectively with multicultural populations. Still, there is no counselor education program in the United States that trains students in the special problems and advantages of counseling culturally different clients. Now more than ever, there are many compelling reasons to prepare culturally effective counselors. They include (a) the multicultural overtones of the American population; (b) the growing number of new immigrants and refugees; (c) the expressed and perceived needs of counselors working with multicultural groups; and (d) the naming of counselors as “necessary” recipients of federal training funds to develop better bilingual programs. The authors propose a counselor training program with a specialization in bilingual‐multicultural education. This requires specific attitudes, skills, and competencies based on the interdisciplinary philosophies of counseling, bilingual education, and multicultural education.
Health Care and Counseling Skills
Authors: Bartnick Roger W. , O'Brien Charles R.
Published: December 2011

This article describes how persons working in health care settings can learn basic counseling and empathic listening skills through a special course/workshop. The description includes the rationale for introducing such counseling to medical professionals and an outline of the instructional model that the authors have developed.
Child Development and Counseling
Authors: ELKIND DAVID
Published: December 2011

Elkind outlines three constructs, the assumptive reality of childhood and the imaginary audience and personal fable of adolescence, which help explain normal as well as problem behavior. In dealing with individuals operating under the premises of these constructs, counselors are asked to accept the young person's view of reality as valid for him or her, but not necessarily for the counselor or others. To structure a new reality, they should not be shown they are wrong, but helped to distinguish between personal and social reality.
Opportunities for Counselors from the Competency Assessment Movement
Authors: McCLELLAND DAVID C. , BOYATZIS RICHARD E.
Published: December 2011

Innovations in testing emerging from the competency assessment movement offer counselors new capabilities in helping their clients to understand aspects of themselves and their problems, as well as to establish directions for development and improvement efforts. New types of tests and measures sample actual behavior more closely than testing instruments previously used: The characteristics they examine are closely linked to performance in a wide variety of jobs, and therefore provide increased focus of assessment on life outcomes. With this new degree of specificity and criterion referencing, implications for counseling, training, and development efforts emerge more clearly than with other forms of testing.
Making Meaning: The Constructive‐Developmental Approach to Persons and Practice
Authors: KEGAN ROBERT
Published: December 2011

The constructive (in the sense of construing) and developmental (but throughout the lifespan) framework, whose conceptual roots lie in the work of Piaget, outlines the holistic personality process of systems of making meaning, systems that organize human thought, feeling, and action. In this article Kegan discusses and then applies the model—to a worker in a CETA program and to a psychiatric ward patient—elucidating the perspectives—on mental health and employability—it can open for practitioners.
Cantaloupes, Carrots, and Counseling: Implications of Dietary Interventions for Counselors
Authors: MILLER MARK J.
Published: December 2011

Feelings and behavior can be partially affected by the nutritional state. This article suggests that counselors attend to the eating habits of their clients.
Clients As Change Agents: What Color Could My Parachute Be?
Authors: REMER PAM , O'NEILL CHARLES
Published: December 2011

Morrill and Forrest (1970) advocate an approach to career counseling (Type 4) that helps clients (a) understand career choice as a developmental process, (b) learn decision‐making skills, and (c) become active change agents in their own lives. Referring to the Morrill and Forrest article as a benchmark statement about career counseling, Remer and O'Neill present a decision‐making model that encompasses the tenets of Type 4 counseling. The model has 13 sequential steps; the authors indicate the role of the counselor and the objectives for the client at each. The article discusses the potential impact of this self‐directed, decision‐making model on career counseling. Specific counseling outcomes are discussed along with anecdotal evidence that supports the power of the model to create these outcomes.
The Role of the School Counselor in Facilitating Sexual Development
Authors: TEGTMEYER VIRGINIA
Published: December 2011

Because there is a trend in the helping professions toward recognizing sexuality as an integral and important dimension of healthy personality development, school counselors and other school personnel have become committed to assisting students in understanding and dealing with their sociosexual needs and concerns. Yet school counselors need to be better prepared to meet these needs. This article suggests skills and attitudes that are necessary for accomplishing the goals of counseling on issues of human sexuality, and how counselors can acquire these skills and attitudes.
Leisure Counseling and Consultation
Authors: EDWARDS PATSY B. , BLOLAND PAUL A.
Published: December 2011

Leisure counseling and consultation is a fairly new counseling specialty that is emerging from the field of recreation and volunteer placement while borrowing heavily from vocational counseling models and techniques. After presenting a brief history of the development of the field, the authors describe a working model of one approach to leisure counseling. The article concludes with a prediction that the field will move from its present focus on leisure alone to an integration of leisure with vocational counseling and planning.
The Cubberley Conference and the Evolution of Observational Learning Strategies
Authors: HOSFORD RAY E.
Published: December 2011

The 1965 Cubberley Conference at Stanford University was an important milestone for the counseling profession. For many, this conference provided the impetus for the development of an empirical model for counseling. More specifically, it was the first major attempt to propose the application of behavioral principles to the counseling process. It also represents the beginning of a period from which considerable research and a variety of innovative counseling interventions emanated. This article discusses the evolution of one of these strategies—social modeling—and how this strategy fostered the development and sophistication of more specific observational learning techniques, such as self‐observation and self‐modeling.
The Revolution in Counseling: A Sociological Perspective
Authors: STULAC JULIE T. , STANWYCK DOUGLAS J.
Published: December 2011

Revolution, from a sociological perspective, requires more than a full acceptance of behavioral techniques and applications by counselors. What the behaviorists have contributed is not a revolutionary stance but a newly coherent set of strategies for dealing with client problems. It is still the client who is encouraged to acquire behaviors more consistent with the immediate social milieu rather than the reverse—It is easier to fit the individual into the existing social order than to confront and change the social order. A revolution would entail taking on society as the client, and then developing and applying efficacious change strategies to social structures.
Helping the Environment Help the Client: A Sequenced Change Process
Authors: JONES MICHAEL D. , STEWART NORMAN R.
Published: December 2011

Counselors, often restricting themselves to individual, in‐the‐office help, are here encouraged to increase their repertoire of skills to include the effective use of environmental change processes. The complexities of a client's existing environment make its analysis an awesome task. One effective way to assist clients is through the Systems Analysis and Organizational Change model that is presented. This procedure describes the principal environmental factors to be considered and alternative actions that might be taken. The mode can be used by counselors in schools, agencies, and institutions.
Emergency Care for the Young Child
Authors: Wheeler R. Michele
Published: December 2011

Emergency shelter care has only recently received special attention from counseling and social work professionals, although the concept originated many years ago. The article describes the Holmgreen Memorial Children's Shelter in San Antonio, Texas, which is unique, not only in the number of years it has existed, but also in the services provided and the number and ages of children served.
Using Values Clarification in Counseling Settings
Authors: GLASER BARBARA , KIRSCHENBAUM HOWARD
Published: December 2011

Values clarification began as a counseling tool. Raths's famous seven questions about values have their origin in Socratic questioning and also owe a debt to Emerson and Dewey. Numerous strategies have been developed for the learning of values awareness. Counselors have found the clarifying question helpful in individual counseling, and they discovered clarifying strategies useful in individual and group counseling. Furthermore, values clarification has been used successfully to personalize instruction. Finally, the counselor can take advantage of values clarification for personal and professional growth. The question of research in values clarification is addressed.

Leona Tyler, in reaction to this article, recalls other techniques for values discrimination.
Christian Counseling: A Synthesis of Psychological and Christian Concepts
Authors: STRONG STANLEY R.
Published: December 2011

Strong describes an approach to counseling that synthesizes psychological processes of change with theological concepts of the Christian faith. Clients are assumed to be self‐directing and responsible for their behavior, including the changes that counseling is intended to facilitate. The counselor's junction is to equip clients to enable them to change. The key objectives in Christian counseling are described and the counseling process is reviewed in the light of these objectives. The author discusses the place of justification, responsibility, forgiveness, grace, sin, responsible loving, and prayer in the counseling process.

Francis McGuire makes a response to Strong's article from a perspective that views Zen Buddhism as an integrated psychospiritual system capable of offering a critique and a complementary viewpoint.

Herman Slotkin's think piece is an attempt to define and clarify some of the language and goals of moral education and propose a civic, nonsectarian perspective regarding value and moral awareness.
Four Statements on Values and Sex Education
Authors: HENNESSY THOMAS C.
Published: December 2011

In this article, Hennessy discusses four statements about sex education. The first statement deemphasizes the importance of the physiological element in sex education, and the second statement accents values in the sex education process. The third calls for recognition of and acceptance of parental and religious influences in sex education. The fourth urges the increased involvement of counselors in sex education. Reactions to the statements by readers of the original manuscript on which this article is based provide a broader view of the problems involved and the possible solutions.