bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive functional approximation strategy for a four-wheel drive electrical vehicle driving speed control
Authors: Huang Shiuh-Jer , Yang Chun-Shian
Published: January 2015

A small-scale electric model vehicle is built with four in-wheel motors. A field programmable gate array is chosen as the control kernel for this electric vehicle system. Since this electric model vehicle has four in-wheel driving motors without differential mechanism, it needs an electronic differential and well-designed control algorithm to manipulate the vehicle driving speed and orientation. Accurate mathematical model of this multi-input and multi-output electric vehicle system is difficult to establish for a model-based controller design. Here, the adaptive functional approximation control scheme is first employed to design the speed controller of each wheel for integrating with the Ackermann–Jeantand model-based electronic differential. A model reference adaptive-proportional–integral–derivative control is designed to manipulate the vehicle steering system. The experimental results show that the proposed adaptive functional approximation control and model reference adaptive-proportional–integral–derivative controllers can effectively monitor the wheel rotational speed and steering angle with rotational speed error and angular error less than 2 r/min and [Formula: see text], respectively. The induced electronic differential model successfully assisted the vehicle turning control and trajectory following control operations.
Robust hydraulic actuator force control through relief discharge
Authors: Nourizadeh Reza , Rezaei S Mehdi , Zareinejad Mohammad , Baghestan Keivan , Tivay Ali , Saadat Mozafar
Published: January 2015

Actuator force control in servo-hydraulic systems has numerous applications in machinery and industrial settings. The prevalent hydraulic configuration for force control utilizes a proportional directional control valve to properly route the supplied hydraulic fluid toward the chambers of the actuator. It is well known that this configuration imposes certain physical limitations on force-tracking performance. In this article, a different configuration is utilized to improve the hydraulic force control performance. This is done by replacing the proportional directional control valve with a proportional double-stage relief valve. It is shown that this new setting is superior in its achievable force-tracking performance. This comes at the cost of a more challenging control problem compared to the proportional directional control valve case, due to the presence of un-modeled dynamics and unknown parameters. A robust [Formula: see text] control approach has been followed as the main solution to address uncertainty problems. However, conservative robust design imposes its own limitations on force-tracking performance. To address this issue, a combination of additional switched-proportional–integral–derivative and Prandtl–Ishlinskii hysteresis compensation control loops is proposed. Conditions are derived under which the additional loops improve the performance of the robust [Formula: see text] controller. The effectiveness of the proposed configuration and control method is demonstrated by the experimental results.
A study of nurses’ ethical climate perceptions
Authors: Humphries Anne , Woods Martin
Published: January 2015

Background:

Acting ethically, in accordance with professional and personal moral values, lies at the heart of nursing practice. However, contextual factors, or obstacles within the work environment, can constrain nurses in their ethical practice – hence the importance of the workplace ethical climate. Interest in nurse workplace ethical climates has snowballed in recent years because the ethical climate has emerged as a key variable in the experience of nurse moral distress. Significantly, this study appears to be the first of its kind carried out in New Zealand.

Aim/objective:

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe how registered nurses working on a medical ward in a New Zealand hospital perceive their workplace ethical climate.

Research design/participants/context:

This was a small, qualitative descriptive study. Seven registered nurses were interviewed in two focus group meetings. An inductive method of thematic data analysis was used for this research.

Ethical considerations:

Ethics approval for this study was granted by the New Zealand Ministry of Health’s Central Regional Health and Disability Ethics Committee on 14 June 2012.

Findings:

The themes identified in the data centred on three dominant elements that – together – shaped the prevailing ethical climate: staffing levels, patient throughput and the attitude of some managers towards nursing staff.

Discussion:

While findings from this study regarding staffing levels and the power dynamics between nurses and managers support those from other ethical climate studies, of note is the impact of patient throughput on local nurses’ ethical practice. This issue has not been singled out as having a detrimental influence on ethical climates elsewhere.

Conclusion:

Moral distress is inevitable in an ethical climate where the organisation’s main priorities are perceived by nursing staff to be budget and patient throughput, rather than patient safety and care.
Normativity under change
Authors: Svanholm Jette Rolf , Nielsen Jens Cosedis , Mortensen Peter Thomas , Christensen Charlotte Fuglesang , Birkelund Regner
Published: January 2015

Background:

In modern society, death has become ‘forbidden’ fed by the medical technology to conquer death. The technological paradigm is challenged by a social-liberal political ideology in postmodern Western societies. The question raised in this study was as follows: Which arguments, attitudes, values and paradoxes between modern and postmodern tendencies concerning treatment and care of older persons with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator appear in the literature?

Aims:

The aim of this study was to describe and interpret how the field of tension concerning older persons with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator – especially end-of-life issues – has been expressed in the literature throughout the last decade.

Methods:

Paul Ricoeur’s reflexive interpretive approach was used to extract the meaningful content of the literature involving qualitative, quantitative and normative literature. Analysis and interpretation involved naive reading, structural analysis and critical interpretation.

Ethical considerations:

The investigation complied with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

Findings and discussions:

The unifying theme was ‘Normativity under change’. The sub-themes were ‘Death has become legitimate’, ‘The technological imperative is challenged’ and ‘Patients and healthcare professionals need to talk about end-of-life issues’. There seems to be a considerable distance between the normative approach of how practice ought to be and findings in empirical studies.

Conclusion:

Modern as well as postmodern attitudes and perceptions illustrate contradictory tendencies regarding deactivation of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator and replacement of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator in older persons nearing the end of life. The tendencies challenge each other in a struggle to gain position. On the other hand, they can also complement each other because professionalism and health professional expertise cannot stand alone when the patient’s life is at stake but must be unfolded in an alliance with the patient who needs to be understood and accepted in his vulnerability.
The Colonel Carter myth and the Securities Act: Using accounting history to establish institutional legitimacy
Authors: Doron Michael E
Published: January 2015

This article examines the persistent myth that the testimony before Congress of the President of the New York State Society of CPAs, Colonel Arthur Carter, on 1 April 1933, prevented the creation of a government bureaucracy of auditors in the 1933 Securities Act, and instead persuaded Congress to leave the audit franchise in the hands of the accounting profession. The article uses archival evidence to argue that neither Carter nor anyone else in the accounting profession influenced the creation of the Securities Act’s audit provisions, and then describes how the audit requirement in the Securities Act was written and the impact the Colonel Carter myth has had on the regulation of the accounting profession.
The role of belief in the case for austerity policies
Authors: Dow Sheila C
Published: January 2015

Mainstream economists give the misleading impression that their argument for austerity is purely technical and indeed the most ‘scientific’. The argument developed here is that their reasoning is not, any more than that of their heterodox critics, independent of ideology, power and ethics. The widespread belief in austerity policies as scientifically justified has prevented arguments against austerity gaining more traction; issues of ideology, power and ethics need to be brought to the fore as part of the arguments on both sides. In other words, awareness of the epistemological issues arising from an open-system ontology is critical to understanding the crisis and the policy response, and therefore to challenging that understanding and encouraging a radical policy shift. The critique of austerity policies would therefore be strengthened by a critique of the mainstream’s rhetorical (mis)representation of economic theorising.
Peer-Assisted Learning and Interactions in Inclusive Music Classrooms
Authors: Jellison Judith , Brown Laura , Draper Ellary
Published: January 2015

Contemporary music classrooms include a beautiful mosaic of individual children from diverse backgrounds, children who vary considerably in their capabilities, interests, and levels of motivation. Some of the variations we observe are related to social skills and knowledge. The effects of appropriate classroom behavior and positive social relationships on children’s success in school are well known. Although ideas associated with peer-assisted learning may be familiar to many music teachers, they take on greater importance when considering how these practices can help build a climate of inclusion in music classrooms and create positive classroom environments where all children learn and have a sense of belonging. The purpose of this article is to describe the benefits of positive, frequent peer interactions; to describe briefly the underlying theories and research supporting the practices of peer-assisted learning; and to provide classroom applications and benefits of music teachers’ collaborations with other professionals.
Gender and Workplace Bullying
Authors: O’Donnell Sue M. , MacIntosh Judith A.
Published: January 2015

Although men are targets of workplace bullying, there is limited research focused on their experiences. To address this gap, we used a qualitative grounded theory approach and interviewed a community sample of 20 Atlantic Canadian men to explore and explain their experiences of, and responses to, bullying. The main problem identified by men was a lack of workplace support to address and resolve the bullying, a challenge named abandonment. Men addressed this problem by surviving, a process that involved efforts to manage persistent bullying and the associated consequences. Men experienced physical, emotional, and social health consequences and, contrary to prevailing assumptions related to men’s help-seeking behaviors, men want support and many sought help to address the problem and its consequences. Responses to abandonment and the associated consequences varied according to a number of factors including gender and highlight the need for research aimed at understanding the gendered nature of bullying.
From Infertility to Successful Third-Party Reproduction
Authors: Papadatou Danai , Papaligoura Zaira G. , Bellali Thalia
Published: January 2015

The purpose of our phenomenological hermeneutic study was to explore the lived experiences of Greek infertile women who achieve a pregnancy through the use of sperm, oocyte, or embryo donation or surrogate motherhood. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 infertile women. Findings suggest that conceiving a child through assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is lived as a highly distressing experience, comprising long waiting periods for medical results, several failed attempts, and treatment options with uncertain outcomes. The analysis of women’s accounts revealed a constitutive pattern, journeying between hope and despair, and three associated themes: (a) coping with uncertainty and treatment failures, (b) exploring options and decision making, and (c) being supported by spouse and professionals. Findings illuminate the specific meaning-based coping processes, decision-making patterns, and sources of support that help women who pursue treatment until they give birth to a child, to manage highly stressful situations and critical decisions.
Sorafenib-induced severe urticaria in a patient with hepatocellular cancer
Authors: Musri Fatma Yalçın , Mutlu Hasan , Kıvrak Salim Derya , Karakurt Eryılmaz Melek , Ünal Betül , Tural Deniz , Şenol Coşkun Hasan
Published: January 2015

Sorafenib which is used in the treatment of renal, thyroid and hepatocellular cancers is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Though sorafenib is associated with some side effects, it is known that sorafenib is generally well tolerated compared to other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In the present case, hepatocellular cancer was diagnosed seven months ago. The disease was in stage IIIB at the time of diagnosis. Sorafenib was initiated with a dose of 400 mg twice daily because of disease progression after two cycles of doxorubicin. The reactions on the skin of the arms and the body of the patient occurred in the eighth week of treatment. Skin biopsy was performed and urticaria was diagnosed after pathologic examination. No other disorders or drugs which may cause urticaria were detected in the patient. Skin reactions disappeared one week after sorafenib discontinuation without any further intervention.
A single-center evaluation of the risk for colonization or bacteremia with piperacillin–tazobactam- and cefepime-resistant bacteria in patients with acute leukemia receiving fluoroquinolone prophylaxis
Authors: Nguyen AD , Heil EL , Patel NK , Duffy A , Gilmore S
Published: January 2015

Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis is indicated to prevent neutropenic fever in patients with acute leukemia. However, fluoroquinolone use has been associated with development of multi-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and extended spectrum β-lactamase producing gram-negative bacilli. Due to a presumed risk of multi-drug resistance associated with fluoroquinolone prophylaxis, patients admitted to our hospital with neutropenic fever receive empiric carbapenem therapy until cultures are negative for 72 h or identification of an organism. Our study seeks to identify the incidence of multi-drug-resistant organism colonization and bacteremia among patients who receive fluoroquinolone prophylaxis and to evaluate duration of empiric carbapenem therapy. A retrospective review of adult patients with acute leukemia receiving a fluoroquinolone as outpatient infection prophylaxis, admitted to our tertiary cancer center for treatment of neutropenic fever was completed. Surveillance and blood cultures were reviewed for antibiotic resistance. Duration of empiric carbapenem therapy was reviewed. One hundred patients and 177 admissions for neutropenic fever were included. Six patients harbored a piperacillin–tazobactam-resistant organism found during routine surveillance. Among these patients, two bacteremias were identified, one of which was a piperacillin–tazobactam-resistant organism. Five bacteremias were identified among 83 patients with negative surveillance cultures. Among the bloodstream infections, five organisms isolated were fluoroquinolone resistant. No cefepime-resistant organism was isolated on surveillance or bloodstream cultures. Adherence to the institution guideline of narrowing antibiotics after 72 h of negative cultures occurred in only 13% of neutropenic fever cases. The average duration of carbapenem therapy in 177 neutropenic fever episodes was 4.4 days. Our findings show that among our patient population, there is a low risk of bacteremia with a piperacillin–tazobactam-resistant or cefepime-resistant organism. However, prompt de-escalation of carbapenem therapy needs to be reiterated within hospital practice.
Risk factors for developing cardiotoxicity of trastuzumab in breast cancer patients: An observational single-centre study
Authors: Gunaldi Meral , Duman Berna Bozkurt , Afsar Cigdem Usul , Paydas Semra , Erkisi Melek , Kara I Oguz , Sahin Berksoy
Published: January 2015

Background

Trastuzumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody used to treat human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer, with recognized associated cardiotoxicity. In this retrospective observational study, we investigated associated cardiotoxicity on clinical outcomes using trastuzumab in women referred to our clinic.

Materials and methods

The study was made up of 111 women with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing breast cancer who received trastuzumab in the Medical Oncology Department, between 2010 and 2013.

Results

A > 10% reduction of the baseline fraction of the left ventricular ejection fraction was observed in 18 (16.21%) women. Two individuals (1.8%) suffered from symptomatic heart failure, seven women showed cardiac symptoms and nine women showed asymptomatic decline of left ventricular ejection fraction. Risk factors for cardiotoxicity in the group included: postmenopausal status ( p = 0.01), hypertension ( p = 0.002), obesity ( p = 0.0001), previously diagnosed coronary artery disease ( p = 0.0001) and smoking ( p = 0.03).

Conclusion

The aforementioned factors pose a risk for cardiotoxicity. We found postmenopausal status, hypertension, obesity, previous coronary artery disease and smoking to be associated with an increased risk of cardiac dysfunction in women using trastuzumab. While administering trastuzumab to women who have these conditions, one must be aware of the risk of cardiotoxicity of trastuzumab.
Prediction of ideal orientations and lattice rotations of FCC crystals in the equibiaxial tension loading: a rate-dependent crystal plasticity approach
Authors: Hajian Masoud , Khajeh Salehani Mohsen , Assempour Ahmad
Published: January 2015

This paper focuses on the determination of the complete set of ideal orientations of FCC materials in the equibiaxial tension mode of deformation. The simulations are based on the numerical procedure developed by the authors in which, a rate-sensitive crystal plasticity model with Secant hardening law was employed. The resulting nonlinear system of equations is solved by the modified Newton–Raphson method. An Euler space scanning method is used to obtain the ideal orientations of a deformation mode. In this method some initial orientations which are evenly spaced in the Euler space are selected and their evolutions into the ideal orientations are tracked. To verify the accuracy of the presented Euler space scanning method for FCC crystal structures, the ideal orientations of plane strain compression loading are calculated and compared with the existing experimental results. It is observed that this method can predict all of the reported ideal orientations of this deformation mode accurately. Afterward, by applying this method to the equibiaxial tension mode of deformation, eight lines of ideal orientations E1–E8 are resulted. Finally, the major characteristics of the obtained ideal orientations along with the crystal evolution patterns are thoroughly discussed.
Feeling Confident in Using PICC Lines
Authors: Alpenberg Sara , Joelsson Gunlög , Rosengren Kristina
Published: January 2015

Treatments involving chemotherapy require central venous access, such as a Peripherally Inserted Central (PICC) line. The aim of the study was to describe patients’ experiences of living with a PICC line during chemotherapy treatment. The study comprised interviews with 10 patients and was analyzed using manifest qualitative content analysis. The categories The importance of security, The importance of contentedness, and Feeling confident in using the PICC line were identified. To contribute to patient safety and empowerment in health care, nurses must be well trained in PICC line care. Therefore, evidence-based knowledge about central venous access is necessary for patients’ security and contentedness and to improve quality of care and increase patients’ well-being in central venous access care activities in the future.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Authors: Ng Hanna H. , Stock Howard , Rausch Linda , Bunin Deborah , Wang Abraham , Brill Shirley , Gow Jason , Mirsalis Jon C.
Published: January 2015

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a prodrug of tenofovir that exhibits activity against HIV and hepatitis B. The goals of this study were to evaluate the molecular mechanism of TDF-induced toxicity in mice after 13 weeks of daily oral administration (50-1000 mg/kg) by correlating transcriptional changes with plasma drug levels and traditional toxicology end points. Plasma levels and systemic exposure of tenofovir increased less than dose proportionally and were similar on days 1 and 91. No overt toxicity was observed following the completion of TDF administration. The kidneys of TDF-treated mice were histopathologically normal. This result is consistent with the genomic microarray results, which showed no significant differences in kidney transcriptional levels between TDF-treated animals and controls. In liver, after 4 and 13 weeks, cytomegaly was observed in mice treated with 1000 mg/kg of TDF, but mice recovered from this effect following cessation of administration. Analysis of liver transcripts on day 91 reported elevated levels of Cdkn1a in TDF-treated animals compared with controls, which may have contributed to the inhibition of liver cell cycle progression.
What Grounded Theory Is…A Critically Reflective Conversation Among Scholars
Authors: Walsh Isabelle , Holton Judith A. , Bailyn Lotte , Fernandez Walter , Levina Natalia , Glaser Barney
Published: January 2015

Grounded theory (GT) is taught in many doctoral schools across the world and exemplified in most methodological books and publications in top-tier journals as a qualitative research method. This limited view of GT does not allow full use of possible resources and restrains researchers’ creativity and capabilities. Thus, it blocks some innovative possibilities and the emergence of valuable theories, which are badly needed. Therefore, understanding the full reach and scope of GT is becoming urgent, and we brought together a panel of established grounded theory scholars to help us in this endeavor through a reflective conversation.
Country of Origin and Diners’ Perceptions of a Cuisine: The Moderating Effects of Culinary and Institutional Factors
Authors: Yoo Taeyoung
Published: January 2015

This study examines the roles of country of origin in diners’ perceptions of a cuisine in relation to the moderating effects of culinary and institutional factors. Using the survey data on 247 adults in Seoul, South Korea, this study finds that the country of origin shows substantial impacts on diners’ perceptions of a cuisine. Korea, as a country of origin, functions negatively, whereas China, Japan, and France/Italy assume positive roles. Noteworthy is that the effects of the country of origin are moderated by culinary or institutional factors in accordance with a country’s context. Interestingly, in the case of Korea, where the country’s image is weak, culinary factors, such as menu development, help overcome the negative effects of the country of origin. Therefore, it is proposed that the dynamics underlying country of origin and culinary and institutional factors shape a wide range of formulae to transform diners’ perceptions of a cuisine.
Synthesis and forming characteristics of Al–TiO2 powder metallurgy composites during cold upsetting under plane stress state conditions
Authors: Ravichandran M , Naveen Sait A , Anandakrishnan V
Published: January 2015

Aluminum-based metal matrix composites with various weight percentages of TiO2 reinforcement were synthesized by powder metallurgy technique and their forming characteristics were completely studied during cold upsetting under plane stress state conditions. The milled powders were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive analysis using X-ray (EDAX) analysis. Green cylindrical compacts were made using a 400 kN hydraulic press using suitable punch and die, sintered at (590 ± 10)℃ for a period of 3 h, furnace cooled, and machined to obtain samples with 0.5 aspect ratio. The cold upset tests were carried out in steps of 10 kN and the true axial stress (σ z), the true hoop stress (σθ), the true hydrostatic stress (σ m), and the true effective stresses (σeff) were determined, and their behavior against the true axial strain (ɛ z) was thoroughly analyzed. It was observed that, the addition of TiO2 to the Al matrix material increases the strength coefficient ( K) and decreases the strain hardening index ( n). The decrease in densification and deformation characteristics was observed for the addition of more weight percentages of TiO2. The microstructure analysis was done for the cold upset samples and reported.
The -93T/G LPL Promoter Polymorphism Is Associated With Lower Third-Trimester Triglycerides in Pregnant African American Women
Authors: Schmella Mandy J. , Ferrell Robert E. , Gallaher Marcia J. , Lykins David L. , Althouse Andrew D. , Roberts James M. , Hubel Carl A.
Published: January 2015

Background:

Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and several pregnancy complications. Lipoprotein lipase ( LPL) genetic variation modulates nonpregnancy plasma triglycerides, but its effects during pregnancy are unknown. The G allele of the LPL -93T/G promoter polymorphism is 16–23 times more prevalent in Blacks than in Whites, contributing to lower triglycerides in nonpregnant African Americans by increasing LPL expression.

Purpose:

This study investigated whether the triglyceride-lowering effect of -93G is observed in African Americans during pregnancy.

Methods:

Genotyping was performed on 124 African American women with uncomplicated pregnancies for common functional LPL polymorphisms/mutations (-93T/G, D9N, N291S, and S447X). Third-trimester plasma triglyceride, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and free fatty acid concentrations were measured with colorimetric assays. Clinical characteristics and lipid values were compared across the -93T/G genotypes.

Results:

Triglycerides were significantly lower in women with the -93GG compared to the -93TT genotype, both with ( n = 124, p = .02) and without ( n = 108, p = .03) inclusion of participants with other LPL variant alleles. Triglyceride differences persisted after adjustment for prepregnancy body mass index, gestational age at delivery, and smoking. There were no significant differences in the other lipids or apolipoprotein B by -93T/G genotype.

Conclusions:

Despite the considerable metabolic changes accompanying pregnancy, the triglyceride-lowering effect associated with the -93GG LPL genotype in African Americans persists during late pregnancy. The -93GG genotype might protect against pregnancy complications stemming from hypertriglyceridemia, but the overall increased risk of pregnancy complications in African American women points to complex, multifactorial relationships among risk factors, race, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
‘Intimacy is not free of charge’: An intersectional analysis of cultural and classed discourses of intimacy among gay and transgender identities
Authors: Canoy Nico Arevalo
Published: January 2015

Using intersectionality as a lens, this small-scale study seeks to examine the nature and salience of cultural and classed discourses of intimacy among different gay and transgender identities in the Philippines. Utilizing a sequential mixed design, four culturally distinct groups of participants were sampled and interviewed. Results show five cultural discourses, namely: desire for the body, desire for the soul, equitable transactions, invested partnerships, and gender role identity. This article contributes to debates about the utility of intersectionality by providing theoretical and methodological reflections on competing discourses within intersections, implications for shifting cultural discourses among intersecting groups, and cultural and sexual othering.
The comparative advantages of brain-based lie detection
Authors: Danaher John
Published: January 2015

The lie detector test has long been treated with suspicion by the law. Recently, several authors have called this suspicion into question. They argue that the lie detector test may have considerable forensic benefits, particularly if we move past the classic, false positive-prone, autonomic nervous system-based (ANS-based) control question test, to the more reliable, brain-based, concealed information test. These authors typically rely on a ‘comparative advantage’ argument to make their case. According to this argument, we should not be so suspicious of lie detection evidence if it has comparative advantages over the epistemic methods currently utilised by the legal system. In this article, I add to this growing support by making a novel comparative advantage argument in favour of brain-based lie detection evidence. The argument focuses on the P300 concealed information test (P300 CIT), which has several unique properties, and on the effect it may have on pre-trial bargaining in criminal cases rather than in-court evidence. The thesis is that the P300 CIT could allow for innocent defendants to credibly signal their innocence to investigators and prosecutors during pre-trial bargaining more effectively than current proposed methods for doing the same thing. I defend this argument from a number of objections, and suggest that it opens up an interesting avenue in the ongoing debate about the merits of this technology. Although the argument is presented with the criminal law in mind, it could form part of a more general cumulative case in favour of this technology.
Inter-agency evidence sharing in competition law enforcement
Authors: Martyniszyn Marek
Published: January 2015

While transnational antitrust enforcement is becoming only more common, the access to foreign-based evidence remains a considerable practical challenge. This article appraises considerations and concerns surrounding confidentiality, and looks into ways of their possible accommodation. It further identifies and critically evaluates the existing mechanisms allowing for inter-agency confidential information/evidence sharing in competition law enforcement. The article outlines the shortcomings of the current framework and points to novel unilateral approaches. In the latter regard the focus is devoted to Australia, where the competition agency is empowered to share confidential information with foreign counterparts, also without any underlying bilateral agreement and on a non-reciprocal basis. This solution shows that a pragmatic and workable approach to inter-agency evidence sharing can be achieved.
The influence of Professor J.H. Wigmore on evidence law in Australia
Authors: Wilson Nigel
Published: January 2015

Professor John Henry Wigmore (1863–1943) was an immensely significant international jurist. Much has been written about his accomplishments and scholarship and his influence on Anglo-American jurisprudence. His influence on Australian law has also been extensive. It has been his influence upon Australian evidence law and scholarship where his impact has been felt most and where his legacy continues. This article analyses the influence of Wigmore on Australian evidence law and scholarship over the last century. 2014 marks the 110th anniversary of Wigmore’s remarkable Treatise on Evidence, which has had enormous impact on Australian evidence law jurisprudence and scholarship and immense significance in the common law world. Wigmore’s enduring legacies in Australia are the pre-eminence and breadth of his scholarship and the clarity, consistency and considered nature of his analysis of evidential principles. It is anticipated that his influence will continue unabated in evidence cases of significance in Australian courts and in evidence law reform and remain a powerful guiding force on Australian evidence scholarship in the 21st century.
Surgical complications following 1670 consecutive adult renal transplantations: a single center study
Authors: Lempinen M. , Stenman J. , Kyllönen L. , Salmela K.
Published: January 2015

Background and Aims:

The aim of the study was to clarify the frequency and the sequel of surgical complications occurring within 1 year after renal transplantation.

Patients and Methods:

Surgical complications after 1670 consecutive adult kidney transplantations performed between 2000 and 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. In 2%, a living-related allograft was used, and 10% were retransplantations. An intravesical technique without stenting was used for the ureteric implantation.

Results:

There were 282 surgical complications occurring in 259 (15.5%) transplantations. Ureteral obstruction occurred in 53 (3.1%), lymphoceles in 39 (1.5%), postoperative hemorrhage in 36 (2.1%), and renal vein thrombosis in 22 (1.3%) patients, respectively. Out of the 17 lung emboli, 4 were fatal. Male recipients had twice as much ureteral stenosis as female (2.4 vs 1.2%, p < 0.05), and the opposite was true of urinary leakage (1.8% vs 4.0%, p < 0.025). Five-year patient and graft survival was impaired in patients with complications compared with patients without complications. Five-year patient survival was 92% versus 88% and graft survival 87% versus 74%.

Conclusion:

Surgical complications impair patient and graft survival after kidney transplantation.
Economic individualism and punitive attitudes: A cross-national analysis
Authors: Kornhauser Ryan
Published: January 2015

This article examines the effect of economic individualism – a belief that individuals can and should be responsible for their own economic welfare – on punitive attitudes in the English-speaking western world. Using existing survey data from the USA, Canada, Australia, the UK and New Zealand, the relationship between both normative and descriptive economic individualism and support for stiffer sentences and the death penalty is empirically assessed. Relatively consistently, a positive and significant relationship exists between both measures of economic individualism and both measures of punitiveness. This article suggests possible causal and non-causal reasons for this finding, as well as implications for future research.
Disparate risks of conviction under Michigan’s felony HIV disclosure law: An observational analysis of convictions and HIV diagnoses, 1992–2010
Authors: Hoppe Trevor Alexander
Published: January 2015

Recent public debates on race and crime have reignited an interest in the criminology literature on the effect of victim characteristics on criminal justice outcomes. This article examines whether defendant and complaining witness demographic characteristics are associated with disparate outcomes under Michigan’s felony HIV disclosure statute, which makes it a crime for HIV-positive individuals to have sex without first disclosing their HIV-status. Despite indications nationwide that the number of defendants charged under HIV-specific criminal statutes (HSCS) is increasing, few empirical studies have examined their application. This study of HSCS convictions ( N = 51) retrospectively observes and compares the risks of conviction under Michigan’s HSCS for particular HIV-positive subpopulations between 1992 and 2010. Overall, a comparatively greater risk of conviction was observed for black men with female partners and white women overall. Contrary to expectations, a comparatively low risk of conviction was observed for men with male partners as compared to men with female partners. While the observational methodology employed in this analysis cannot identify the causal mechanisms driving the observed disparities, the findings nonetheless suggest an uneven application of Michigan’s HIV disclosure law deserving of further inquiry.
Contesting inclusiveness: Policies, politics and processes of participatory urban governance in Indian cities
Authors: Chattopadhyay Soumyadip
Published: January 2015

This article attempts to understand the inclusion of citizens and other actors, the structure of incentives and accountability and service delivery outcomes in relation to participatory forms of urban governance in Indian cities. Under a decentralized set-up, the political nature and the poor attendance of people in participative forums seriously serve to undermine the constitutionally envisaged aim of ‘ deepening democracy’. New forms of participatory arrangements have been dominated by the middle classes and/or powerful local leaders, resulting in the disempowerment of poorer members of the communities concerned. Patronage politics were engraved in these new forms, where the targeted delivery of services yielded high dividends for the patrons. All these factors necessitate the effective engagement of the excluded and disadvantageous section of people with the policies, politics and processes of participatory governance in Indian cities.
Property rights and the mystery of capital: A review of de Soto’s simplistic solution to development
Authors: Goldfinch Shaun
Published: January 2015

De Soto argues that formally establishing individually titled property rights releases value that can assist the poor in lower income countries. I argue Soto’s treatment of property rights is overly narrow, legalistic and individualistic. Second, effective property rights do not exist outside other formal and informal institutions. Third, there is no necessary conflict between informal, traditional and communal rights and economic development. Fourth, evidence suggests establishing individual property rights can harm the poor in some cases. Fifth, studies suggest establishing title does not increase access to credit for the poor. Finally, de Soto’s notion of ‘dead capital’ is questioned.
Understanding faith-based organizations: How FBOs are contrasted with NGOs in international development literature
Authors: Clarke Matthew , Ware Vicki-Anne
Published: January 2015

Organizations with a faith basis play a prominent, sometimes dominant, role within the development sector. In the latter half of the twentieth century, many faith-based organizations (FBOs) – motivated by their religious faith and beliefs – began to work beyond their own borders to improve the material well-being of the world’s poor. However, despite the significant presence of FBOs within the arena of aid and development, little agreement exists within the development literature as to the similarity or distinction between aid agencies that are faith based and secular non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Drawing on approximately 50 studies, this article reviews the existing literature on FBOs in order to analyze how FBOs are understood in relation to NGOs. This article then suggests a number of different typologies that captures these diverse range of views of how FBOs are understood.
Book review: Rigg, J. 2012: Unplanned Development: Tracking Change in South-East Asia
Authors: Tebboth Mark
Published: January 2015

Rigg, J. 2012: Unplanned Development: Tracking Change in South-East Asia. London: Zed Books. 240 pp. £64.28 hardback, £17.24 paperback. ISBN: 9781848139893 (hardback), 9781848139896 (paper).
Book review: Cornwall, Andrea, Edström, Jerker and Greig, Alan., editors. 2011: Men and Development: Politicizing Masculinities
Authors: Debrah Isaac Ofosu
Published: January 2015

Cornwall, Andrea, Edström, Jerker and Greig, Alan., editors. 2011: Men and Development: Politicizing Masculinities. London: Zed Books. 256 pp. US$134.95 hardback, US$41.95 cloth. ISBN: 9781848139794 (cloth), 9781848139787 (paper).
Social Disruptions: WYSi-WE, What You See is What Emerged
Authors: Barness Jessica
Published: January 2015

Social experiences and identities are being reshaped through forces that build, debase and stir. In this visual essay, the author discusses the context and process behind WYSi-WE (What You See is What Emerged), a series of graphic assemblages created to investigate this idea. Using images from an online photo sharing community, together with text selections, social intersections are explored through assemblage theory and databending (also known as glitching). Photographs, sourced by keywords related to class, faith, gender, politics and sexuality, are fused together at the level of code bits to graphically expose the influence of one piece of social identity on another. Each assemblage is accompanied by documentation of its text-image parts, and the viewer is invited to read through the compositions in multiple ways.
Australia’s graphic gift
Authors: Dilanchian Kate
Published: January 2015

This article examines the shape of the map of Australia, and analyses how its inherent visual qualities contribute to its recognition and ubiquity as a symbol. It is argued that the effectiveness of the map of Australia as a widely used graphic symbol stems from the characteristics of its shape, and that its attributes reflect those fundamentals of form and composition commonly accepted by graphic designers as necessary for creating an effective design. The author presents an analytical framework that initially identifies how the visual uniqueness of a cartographic map creates a recognizable and memorable form, and then applies the principles of design in an original approach towards reaching an understanding of how and why the map of Australia serves as an effective graphic symbol.
The construction of identity through visual intertextuality in a Bohemian early modern travelogue
Authors: Ivanič Suzanna
Published: January 2015

Cultural historians have long been concerned with visual sources. Their research has centred on ways of reading images and how they can most accurately be interpreted. This article focuses on an alternative aspect of these visual sources: on how images were made and used. It analyses how the identity of a Bohemian Catholic, Bedřich z Donín, is constructed by his use of images in a travelogue based on his pilgrimage in the early 17th century. Highlighting the process of ‘visual intertextuality’, it claims that the ways in which Donín adopts and adapts visual images reveals his association with various affinity groups. The distinction between ‘actual’ and ‘habitual’ intertextuality is applied to the analysis of this historical source and shows how competing voices are present in the images. This article is an example of how historians can use the methodologies of semioticians to benefit their research.
Likable, funny or ridiculous? A Q-sort study on audience perceptions of visual portrayals of politicians
Authors: Lobinger Katharina , Brantner Cornelia
Published: January 2015

Visual elements are central components of current political communication. Visual portrayals, for example, convey cues and attributes that can affect the perceived credibility, truthfulness, and suitability of politicians. The pervasive use of images in politics has made visual political communication an important research area. Yet, analyses in the field predominantly use content analyses to examine the valence of visual portrayals. The present study investigates how the audience actually interprets visual cues and composition elements in the images of politicians and compares the results with the findings of content analyses. A card-sorting technique (Q-sort) and qualitative interviews are employed to capture subjective and intuitive interpretations of 33 color photographs of a politician. When compared with the attribute measurements of previous content analyses, the results show a strong accordance in the audience interpretation and the attribute analysis regarding an unfavorable political depiction. However, the findings indicate disagreement about the composition of a favorable depiction.
Young people’s search for agency: Making sense of their experiences and taking control
Authors: Munford Robyn , Sanders Jackie
Published: January 2015

This article draws on the findings of the qualitative phase of a New Zealand longitudinal study on vulnerable young people’s transitions to adulthood. The young people were aged between 12 and 17 years at the time of the first interview. The paper focuses on one key finding, how youth enact agency through their relationships with significant others: families, social workers, teachers and care workers. These youth had experienced sustained exposure to harm including abuse, violence, addictions, disengagement from school and mental health issues. The qualitative interviews focused on young people’s experiences with services (child welfare, juvenile justice, mental health and education support services) their key transitions, and the strategies they used to locate support and resources. The thematic analysis of the interviews indicated that a search for agency was a central motif in young people’s experiences. This was reflected in three thematic clusters: making sense of the world, having a voice and acting on the world.
A Controlled Health Promoting School Study in the Netherlands
Authors: Busch Vincent , De Leeuw Johannes Rob Josephus , Zuithoff Nicolaas P. A. , Van Yperen Tom Albert , Schrijvers Augustinus Jacobus Petrus
Published: January 2015

Purpose. Many unhealthy behavioral habits often originate in adolescence. In the literature, the school-based whole school approach is stated be the most promising way to promote healthy behavior. Herein, interventions are evidence based and integrated into the curriculum, while embedded in complementary healthy school policies and environment. This study evaluates the effects of such an intervention on Dutch high schools. Methods. Two Dutch high schools and two controls were followed to evaluate the intervention’s effects on health behaviors, body mass index, and psychosocial problems after 1 year ( N = 969) and 2 years ( N = 605). Outcomes were measured via self-report surveys and analyzed with mixed methods regression analyses. To complement information on intervention effects, structured interviews were held with a representative sample of teachers per intervention school to map their respective whole school approach implementation success. Results. After 2 years, one intervention school showed significant improvements: Body mass index and excessive screen time use were reduced. In the other intervention school, priority targets did not improve. These findings reflected their respective success in intervention implementation, for example, differences in intervention integration and tailoring. Conclusions. This study shows that it is feasible for schools to implement a comprehensive Health Promoting School intervention themselves and that, when successful, effects in terms of improving behaviors and health outcomes are promising. The process evaluation helped understand these findings in context.