First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum dematium on Statice (Goniolimon tataricum, Synonym Limonium tataricum) in Bulgaria
Authors: Bobev S. G. , Jelev Z. J. , Zveibil A. , Maymon M. , Freeman S. 
Published: April 2009

German statice (Goniolimon tataricum, synonym Limonium tataricum) is a popular ornamental species, which is frequently used in bouquet arrangements. During a field survey of statice farms in the Plovdiv Region of Bulgaria (August 2007), lesions were observed predominantly on the peduncles and rarely on wilted leaves of 2- and 3-year-old plants. Symptoms appeared on the base of peduncles as irregular, brown necrotic lesions ranging from 30 to 40 mm that coalesced, whereas lesions on leaves were initially round to elliptical with dimensions from 5 to 15 mm and developed a necrosis that subsequently spread toward the petioles. Rounded and elongated setose acervuli were observed on the lesions of peduncles. Isolations on potato dextrose agar (PDA) produced fungal colonies that initially were whitish but turned gray 4 to 5 days after incubation at 25°C. Falcate, hyaline, and aseptate conidia with mean dimensions of 22.0 × 4.5 μm, ranging from 18.3 to 25.0 × 4.2 to 5.8 μm, were observed from acervuli of both naturally infected peduncles and PDA-cultured colonies. Pathogenicity of the fungus (three single-conidium representative isolates) was tested by spray inoculating 4-month-old intact plantlets (12 to 15 fully developed leaf stage) with a conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml, 15 ml/plant) and maintaining them in a humidity chamber for 30 h. Plants sprayed with sterile water served as controls. There were three replicates per treatment per isolate and the experiment was conducted twice at room temperature (22 to 26°C). After 10 to 12 days, the spray-inoculated plants exhibited light brown lesions mainly on the older leaves that gradually expanded and caused leaf mortality. The pathogen was reisolated from all inoculated samples but not from any of the control and symptomless treatments, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. It should be noted that symptoms caused by the pathogen in artificially inoculated plants were seen as wilting of petioles and leaves, as opposed to necrotic lesions observed on leaves under field conditions. This may be related to the method of inoculation, leaf age, and texture, as well as environmental factors affecting symptomology under natural field conditions. Sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region of three representative isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ236461–FJ236463) showed the fungus to be 99% similar to an isolate of Colletotrichum dematium (GenBank Accession No. AJ301954), consistent with the observed morphological characters. On the basis of observed symptoms, morphology, and molecular characterization, it can be concluded that C. dematium is the causal agent of anthracnose of German statice in Bulgaria. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen on G. tataricum in Bulgaria, although it has been reported that C. dematium (1) and C. gloeosporioides (1–3) may attack other Limonium species.

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