bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D Simulation of the Coil Geometry Effect on the Induction Heating Process in Czochralski Crystal Growth System
Authors: Heidari Hamed , Tavakoli Mohammad Hossein , Shokri AbdolJabbar , Mohamad Moradi Behnam , Mohammad Sharifi Omid , Asaad M. Jamil M.
Published: February 2020

Herein, influence of coil geometry in a Czochralski crystal growth system is studied using 3D finite element method. Three different geometries for the helical RF‐coil including solenoid, conical solenoid, and rectangular are considered and distribution of magnetic flux density (through the system), produced heat in the RF‐coil and the graphite crucible, as well as heat volume integral are calculated. The obtained numerical results show that every considered coil produces a special heating structure due to its shape with some advantages and disadvantages.
Effect of Gas Atmosphere in the Heating Stage on Limiting Nucleation of Graphene on Copper Foils by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Shi Yonggui , Wang Yunwei , Ren Yang , Wan Yuhui
Published: February 2020

To investigate the effect of gas atmosphere in the heating stage of graphene fabrication on graphene nucleation, hydrogen and nitrogen are introduced into the furnace respectively in the heating stage. The results show that graphene growing on copper foils heated in nitrogen atmosphere and in hydrogen atmosphere present different nucleation characteristics. The analysis implies that the gas atmosphere in the heating stage affects the graphene nucleation and growth by changing the morphology of the copper surface and the inherent carbon concentration in the substrate, and this change actually results from the interaction of the copper surface and the gas atmosphere. The difference in size and quality of the fabricated graphene domains also indicates nitrogen atmosphere in the heating stage favors fabricating large‐sized graphene domains with good quality. Thus, substituting hydrogen for nitrogen in the heating stage would be a simpler and easier way to depress graphene nucleation as well as improve the graphene quality.
Biogeographical variation in specific IgE recognition of temperate and subtropical grass pollen allergens in allergic rhinitis patients
Authors: Kailaivasan Thina H , Timbrell Victoria L , Solley Graham , Smith William B , McLean‐Tooke Andrew , van Nunen Sheryl , Smith Peter , Upham John W , Langguth Daman , Davies Janet M
Published: February 2020

Objective

Globally, grass pollens (GP) are major aeroallergen triggers of allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma. However, patterns of allergic sensitisation to pollen of temperate (Pooideae: Lolium perenne) and subtropical (Chloridoideae: Cynodon dactylon and Panicoideae: Paspalum notatum) subfamilies in diverse climates remain unclear. This study aims to evaluate the level of allergic sensitisation and IgE specificity for major GP allergens representing the three subfamilies in biogeographically distinct regions.

Methods

Participants (GP‐allergic with AR, 330; non‐atopic, 29; other allergies, 54) were recruited in subtropical: Queensland, and temperate: New South Wales, Western and South Australia, regions. Clinical history, skin prick test (SPT), total and specific IgE to GP and purified allergens (ImmunoCAP) were evaluated. Cross‐inhibition of sIgE with Pas n 1, Cyn d 1 and Lol p 1 by GP extracts was investigated.

Results

Queensland participants showed higher sensitisation to P. notatum and C. dactylon than L. perenne GP. sIgE was higher to Pas n 1 and Cyn d 1, and sIgE to Pas n 1 and Cyn d 1 was inhibited more by Panicoideae and Chloridoideae, respectively, than Pooideae GP. Conversely, participants from temperate regions showed highest sensitisation levels to L. perenne GP and Lol p 1, and sIgE to Lol p 1 was inhibited more by Pooideae than other GP.

Conclusion

Levels and patterns of sensitisation to subtropical and temperate GP in AR patients depended on biogeography. Knowledge of the specificity of sensitisation to local allergens is important for optimal diagnosis and choice of allergen‐specific immunotherapy to maximise benefit.
EPO: An Optimization technique for Urban Traffic Management While Limiting the Pollution using WSN
Authors: Shrivastava Prerana
Published: February 2020

In the world, the vehicular traffic is endlessly expanding all over the place and at the point of intersection can cause terrible traffic congestion. Today, the vast majority of the traffic lights is fixed green light system; therefore, it is resolved without considering the incidence of vehicles emergency. The vehicles of emergency like fire trucks and ambulances are need to reach their destinations at the time. Many people face danger situation when they spent lot of time in traffic. To resolve the above mentioned problem, this paper proposed an optimization technique (Emperor Penguin Optimizer) for urban traffic organisation while limiting the pollution using wireless sensor network. At first, the basic parameters are explained like headway, throughput, density, flow, volume, and waiting time. After that, find the traffic pollutions and calculate the emergency vehicle based on the priority. Lastly, based on the above conditions, the traffic light will be displayed. The proposed work will be evaluated by using MATLAB in terms of latency (32 s), buffer (30 KB/s/vehicle), packet delivery ratio (99%), delay (0.7 s), overhead (20%), packet loss ratio (1%), throughput (99%), and time. Proposed work can also be compared with other recent techniques for the research evaluation.
Forest recovery following synchronous outbreaks of spruce and western balsam bark beetle is slowed by ungulate browsing
Authors: Andrus Robert A. , Hart Sarah J. , Veblen Thomas T.
Published: February 2020

Understanding how severe disturbances and their interactions affect forests is key to projecting ecological change under a warming climate. Substantial increases in some biotic disturbances, such as bark beetle outbreaks, in temperate forest ecosystemsmay compromise recovery to a forest vegetation type (i.e., physiognomic recovery or resilience), especially if subsequent biotic disturbances (e.g., herbivory) alter recovery mechanisms. From 2005 to 2017, severe outbreaks (>90% mortality) of spruce bark beetles (SB, Dendroctonus rufipennis) affected Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) across 325,000 ha of spruce and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forest in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA. Concurrently, an outbreak of western balsam bark beetle (WBBB, Dryocoetes confuses) infested subalpine fir across at least 47,000 of these hectares. We explored the capacity of 105 stands affected by one or two bark beetle outbreaks and browsing of juvenile trees by ungulates to return to a forest vegetation type in the context of pre‐outbreak forest conditions and topography. Nine initial forest trajectories (i.e., at least several decades) were identified from four pre‐outbreak forest types affected by three biotic disturbances that occurred at different spatial scales and severities. Most stands (86%) contained surviving nonhost adult trees in the main canopy (fir and aspen [Populus tremuloides]) and many surviving juveniles of all species, implying that they are currently on a trajectory for physiognomic recovery. Stands composed exclusively of large‐diameter spruce were affected by a severe SB outbreak and were most vulnerable to a transition to a low‐density forest, below regional stocking levels (<370 trees/ha). Greater pre‐outbreak stand structural complexity and species diversity were key traits of stands with a higher potential for physiognomic recovery. However, all multispecies stands shifted in relative composition of the main canopy to nonhost species, suggesting low potential for compositional recovery over the next several decades. Most post‐outbreak stands (86%) exceeded regional stocking levels with trees taller than the browse zone (<2 m). As such, ungulate browsing on over half of all juveniles will primarily affect the rate of infilling of the forest canopy and preferential browsing of more palatable species will influence the composition of the future forest canopy.
Improving the Stability and Efficiency of Dimeric Fatty Acids Production by Increasing the Brønsted Acidity and Basal Spacing of Montmorillonite
Authors: Wang Zhihe , Lu Xianghong , Liang Xiao , Ji Jianbing
Published: February 2020

Montmorillonite (MMT) is widely used as the catalyst in the commercial production of dimeric fatty acids (DAs). However, the dimerization activity of MMTs from different mineral sources is usually different, leading to unstable yield of DAs. In order to obtain a high and stable yield of DAs, the relationship between the dimerization activity and characteristics of MMT should be clarified. The characteristics of seven MMTs from different mineral sources, including the acidity (the type, strength, and amount of the acid sites), composition (interlayer cations, Si/Al ratio, water content, pH), and structure (basal spacing) are determined and correlated with their dimerization activity. Additionally, the relationship between dimerization activity and characteristics of MMT is quantified by nonlinear‐regression. It is found that the dimerization activity of MMT is mainly influenced by its Brønsted acidity and basal spacing. Stable DA yield of around 70% on MMT is obtained at the amount of weak Brønsted acid sites of more than 0.20 mmol g−1 and basal spacing of larger than 1.50 nm. Additionally, it is found that acid treatment is an effective method to adjust the Brønsted acidity and basal spacing of MMT.

Practical Applications: The positive effect of Brønsted acid sites amount and basal spacing on the activity of MMT has practical value on the selection of highly efficient MMT catalyst for DA production. In addition, some MMT with poor activity can be activated by the acid treatment method mentioned in the paper.
Detection of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate in Blood Plasma: Application of Hematite in Electrochemical Sensors
Authors: Mazloum‐Ardakani Mohammad , Sadri Najva , Eslami Vahid
Published: February 2020

We studied sensor application of a graphene oxide and hematite (α‐Fe2O3/GO) composite electrode well‐characterized by the SEM and XRD. Through differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), oxidation of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) was studied at the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with graphene oxide nanosheets (GO) and the α‐Fe2O3/GO composite. The values of the transfer coefficient (α) and the diffusion coefficient (D) of DSP were 0.5961 and 4.71×10−5 cm2 s−1 respectively. In the linear range of 0.1–50 μM, the detection limit (DL) was 0.076 μM. In the second step, a GCE was modified with α‐Fe2O3/GO composite and the DSP measurement step was repeated to analyzed and compare the effects of hematite nanoparticles present on graphene oxide surfaces. According to the results, α and D were 0.52 and 2.406×10−4 cm2 s−1 respectively and the DL was 0.046 μM in the linear range of 0.1–10.0 μM. The sensor is simple, inexpensive and uses blood serum.
Improvement of size‐based particle separation throughput in slanted spiral microchannel by modifying outlet geometry
Authors: Mihandoust Asma , Maleki‐Jirsaraei Nahid , Rouhani Shahin , Safi Shahabeddin , Alizadeh Majid
Published: February 2020

The inertial microfluidic technique, as a powerful new tool for accurate cell/particle separation based on the hydrodynamic phenomenon, has drawn considerable interest in recent years. Despite numerous microfluidic techniques of particle separation, there are few articles in the literature on separation techniques addressing external outlet geometry to increase the throughput efficiency and purity. In this work, we report on a spiral inertial microfluidic device with high efficiency (>98%). Herein, we demonstrate how changing the outlet geometry can improve the particle separation throughput. We present a complete separation of 4 and 6 μm from 10 μm particles potentially applicable to separate microalgae (Tetraselmis suecica from Phaeodactylum tricornutum). Two spiral microchannels with the same cross section dimension but different outlet geometry were considered and tested to investigate the particle focusing behavior and separation efficiency. As compared with particle focusing observed in channels with a simple outlet, the particle focusing in a modified outlet geometry appears in a more successful focusing manner with complete separation. This simple approach of particle separation makes it attractive for lab‐on‐a‐chip devices for continuous extraction and filtration of a wide range of cell/particle sizes.
Hitting time distributions for efficient simulations of drift‐diffusion processes
Authors: Raghavan Raghu
Published: February 2020

Numerical solutions to partial differential equations in anisotropic, heterogeneous media obtained by their probabilistic representations are useful for a number of purposes, including our own interests in biomedical simulations. These solutions are obtained by a walk with both random and deterministic components hitting a boundary. Hitting time distributions are required to efficiently simulate such processes. The distributions for hitting timeTand placeXTon a surface for a particle undergoing both diffusion and drift are presented here, generalizing the previous work. Importantly, the distributions directly obtained are, on the whole, not useful for numerical work, being expressed as very poorly and nonuniformly convergent series. Resummed series with rapid convergence for probabilities over a useful range of the hitting time to the boundary are here obtained in different ways. A numerical inverse is constructed to implement the random walk. We have used these hitting time distributions, combined with efficient inverse function construction, to obtain speed‐up of simulations of fluid and particle transport by permitting the steps allowed for a given accuracy to be as large as possible.
Psychological biases and heuristics in the context of foresight and scenario processes
Authors: Schirrmeister Elna , Göhring Anne‐Louise , Warnke Philine
Published: February 2020

This article studies the relevance of psychological biases and heuristics in the context of foresight and scenario processes. Though there is extensive literature studying cognitive mechanisms from the psychological side, discussions on the application of these findings in the foresight context, and more specifically with regard to specific steps of the scenario method, are rare. Some studies focus on a potential debiasing effect of scenario processes and do not examine the role biases and heuristics play during the process. We address this gap drawing from empirical research and practical experience. First, we examine the relevant cognitive mechanisms using a twofold perspective: Can the respective mechanism be an impediment or can it be an enabler within the scenario process? We specify the circumstances under which the respective mechanism occurs and establish its assumed effects. Second, we outline recommendations on how to modify the method to reduce the bias or to take advantage of it, respectively. In summary, we propose that the contextual debiasing effect of scenario processes can be significantly advanced by applying these modifications and a facilitation team that is aware of psychological biases and heuristics. Finally, implications for the scenario method and directions for future research are discussed.
Novel ASAP1‐USP6, FAT1‐USP6, SAR1A‐USP6, and TNC‐USP6 fusions in primary aneurysmal bone cyst
Authors: Šekoranja Daja , Zupan Andrej , Mavčič Blaž , Martinčič David , Salapura Vladka , Snoj Žiga , Limpel Novak Ana K. , Pižem Jože
Published: February 2020

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign but locally aggressive neoplasm, with a tendency for local recurrence. In contrast to other bone tumors with secondary cystic change, ABC is characterized by USP6 gene rearrangement. There is a growing list of known USP6 fusion partners, characterization of which has been enabled with the advent of next‐generation sequencing (NGS). The list of known fusion partners includes CDH11, CNBP, COL1A1, CTNNB1, EIF1, FOSL2, OMD, PAFAH1B1, RUNX2, SEC31A, SPARC, STAT3, THRAP3, and USP9X. Using NGS, we analyzed a series of 11 consecutive ABCs and identified USP6 fusions in all cases, providing further evidence that USP6 fusions are universally present in primary ABCs. We identified four novel fusion partners in five ABCs and confirmed them by RT‐PCR and Sanger sequencing, ASAP1, FAT1, SAR1A, and TNC (in two cases). Because of high sensitivity and specificity, detection of a USP6 fusion by NGS may assist in differentiating between ABC and its mimics, especially in small biopsy samples when a definite diagnosis cannot be achieved on morphological grounds alone. Further studies with a large number of cases and follow‐up are needed to determine whether different fusion partners are associated with specific clinical and pathologic features of ABCs.
40Ar/39Ar dating of basic–felsic dikes in the Sulu Orogen, Shandong Peninsula, China: Evidence for the destruction of the southeastern North China Craton
Authors: Shi Wenbei , Wang Fei , Yang Liekun , Wu Lin , Zhang Weibin , Wang Yinzhi
Published: February 2020

During the Early Cretaceous, the North China Craton (NCC) underwent dramatic lithospheric thinning and destruction, resulting in widespread granitic magmatism and lithospheric extension. The geochronology of basic–felsic dikes provides a unique perspective on a crustal‐extension event that was related to the NCC destruction. Previous studies usually used zircon U–Pb dating to constrain the time of dike emplacement. This method is limited in terms of dating basic dikes because the authigenic zircons are rare or absent. Additionally, recording later reheating events during multiple phases of extension that occurred in the NCC after the Mesozoic is impossible. Here, we present 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data for basic–felsic dikes in the Sulu Orogen, Shandong Peninsula, East China. Our results indicate that these dikes were emplaced between ca. 127 and 95 Ma, with only two felsic samples recording ages <100 Ma, suggesting that crust‐derived magmatism decreased after this time. Several of these dikes that were adjacent to faults also recorded a later Cretaceous reheating event, which may have been related to fault movement and magmatic activity in the deeper crust. Combined with previous research results, Cretaceous dike emplacement was contemporaneous with crustal extension and widespread magmatic activity, slightly later than the peak time of the NCC destruction, suggesting an intrinsic connection between the dikes' emplacement and NCC destruction. The crustal magma and tectonic activity are direct evidence of the craton destruction, so these age data constrain the timing of destruction in the southeastern portion of the NCC to approximately 95 Ma.
The longitudinal relationship between exposure to air pollution and depression in older adults
Authors: Wang Ruoyu , Yang Boyi , Liu Penghua , Zhang Jinbao , Liu Ye , Yao Yao , Lu Yi
Published: February 2020

Background

Air pollution, especially PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of below 2.5 μm), has been recognized as a key environmental factor that affects mental health, but few studies have focused on its influence on older adults, who are a vulnerable group.

Objective

This study focused on the influence of PM2.5 on health‐related behaviors, such as physical activities and social contact, to assess their role as mediators of depression among older adults in China.

Methods

We used data (N = 24 623) from the CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study) of 2011‐2015. CES‐D 10 (Center for Epidemiology Studies of Depression scale) was used to measure depression. Using multilevel linear models, we examined the relationships between the variables, with different times nested within the same individual and individuals nested within the cities.

Results

Before mediators were added, depression symptoms among older adults increased with annual concentration of PM2.5 (Coeff = 0.57, SE = 0.11). However, after the mediators were added, the coefficient of the annual concentration of PM2.5 decreased (Coeff = 0.37, SE = 0.10). While both physical activities (Sobel test Z score = 2.37, P value = .02) and social contact (Z score = 7.33, P value = .00) mediated the relationship between PM2.5 and depression, the mediating effects decreased with increasing PM2.5.

Conclusions

Exposure to PM2.5, therefore, increases depressive symptoms in older Chinese adults by decreasing their physical activities and social contact. Also, the positive effects of physical activities and social contact on depression decreased with increasing PM2.5 concentrations.
Effects of Epstein‐Barr virus viral load and different treatment modality for stage III nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Twu Chih‐Wen , Wang Wen‐Yi , Tsou Hsiao‐Hui , Liu Yi‐Chun , Jiang Rong‐San , Liang Kai‐Li , Lin Po‐Ju , Lin Tian‐Yun , Chen Hsin‐Hong , Lin Jin‐Ching
Published: February 2020

Background

We investigated treatment results, the effects of different treatment modality, and pretreatment Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) viral load for stage III nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients.

Methods

The initial definitive treatment for 356 stage III NPC patients consisted of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) or induction chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (IndCT‐RT). The pretreatment EBV DNA level separated patients into a high (n = 106) or low (n = 250) viral load (≥ or < 1000 copies/mL) subgroup. Outcome measures include relapse rates and various survivals.

Results

The 5‐year rates of overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), distant metastasis failure‐free survival (DMFFS), and locoregional failure‐free survival (LRFFS) were 88.6%, 83.0%, 90.5%, and 90.5%, respectively. Patient characteristics and pretreatment viral load between IndCT‐RT and CCRT were no significant differences except for a higher percentage of N2 disease in the IndCT‐RT subgroup. Both treatment modality resulted in similar relapse rates (P = .56), OS (P = .20), PFS (P = .53), DMFFS (P = .89), and LRFFS (P = .35). However, patients with a high viral load experienced a higher relapse rate (33.0% vs 12.4%, P < .001) and worse OS (5‐year rate, 79.0% vs 92.8%, P < .001), PFS (73.7% vs 88.4%, P < .001), DMFFS (80.2% vs 95.0%, P < .001), and LRFFS (85.6% vs 92.6%, P = .005) than those with a low viral load.

Conclusion

Long‐term treatment results for stage III NPC patients are rather good. IndCT‐RT can achieve the same treatment outcome as CCRT. Risk grouping by pretreatment viral load identified a subgroup (30%) of patients associated with a significantly higher relapse rates and worse survivals. These high‐risk patients need to strengthen treatment intensity in future trials.
Refractory celiac disease type II: An atypical case highlighting limitations of the current classification system
Authors: Soderquist Craig R. , Hsiao Susan , Mansukhani Mahesh M. , Alobeid Bachir , Green Peter H. , Bhagat Govind
Published: February 2020

Refractory celiac disease (RCD) is a rare condition associated with high morbidity that develops in individuals with celiac disease. It is known to be biologically heterogeneous, and currently two types are recognized based on immunophenotypic and molecular features, type I (RCD I) and type II (RCD II). Differentiating between RCD I and RCD II is critical, as patients with RCD II have substantially worse outcomes and a high risk of developing enteropathy‐associated T‐cell lymphoma. However, the current RCD classification is limited in scope, and atypical presentations and immunophenotypes are not recognized at present. Herein, we describe a unique case of RCD II with atypical clinical (primarily neurologic manifestations and lack of significant gastrointestinal symptoms), histopathologic (no villous atrophy), immunophenotypic (virtual absence of cytoplasmic CD3 expression), and molecular features (absence of clonal TR rearrangement and identification of pathogenic STAT3 and KMT2D mutations). This case highlights limitations of the current RCD classification system and the utility of next generation sequencing (NGS) studies in the diagnostic workup of RCD. Future algorithms need to recognize extraintestinal manifestations and incorporate atypical histopathologic and immunophenotypic features, as well as results of NGS analysis for RCD II classification.
Determining public perceptions of a proposed national heat protection policy for Australian schools
Authors: Hyndman Brendon , Zundans‐Fraser Lucia
Published: February 2020

Issue addressed

Across Australia there are inconsistent and varying guidelines or ‘recommendations’ across a number of jurisdictions for the protection of school children from heat‐related consequences, yet there is no national policy for heat protection in school settings. The aim of this study was to determine public perceptions of the efficacy of implementing a heat protection policy for Australian schools.

Methods

A sample of public perceptions was drawn upon from public comments posted on a national Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) news article on the proposed heat protection policy. Public comments were analysed using a social‐ecological model thematic content analysis.

Results

Themes that emerged to support a national heat protection policy for schools included: protection from the consequences of extreme heat, reliance of children on adult/school decisions and utilising modern knowledge/technology advancements. In contrast, criticism emerged relating to the importance of having resilient children, air conditioning costs, perceived over‐regulation and heat exposure being a lifestyle choice in some contexts.

Conclusions

Overall, this study provides support for the introduction of a national heat protection policy with a number of key considerations identified for implementation to benefit and protect Australian school children.

So what?

As a number of the heat guidelines are developed by individual organisations with differing messages, determining the public efficacy of comprehensive heat protection strategies can help lead to the development of policy for a widespread and consistent heat protection program across Australian schools.
Adult weight change and premenopausal breast cancer risk: A prospective pooled analysis of data from 628,463 women
Authors: Schoemaker Minouk J. , Nichols Hazel B. , Wright Lauren B. , Brook Mark N. , Jones Michael E. , O'Brien Katie M. , Adami Hans‐Olov , Baglietto Laura , Bernstein Leslie , Bertrand Kimberly A. , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Chen Yu , Connor Avonne E. , Dossus Laure , Eliassen A. Heather , Giles Graham G. , Gram Inger T. , Hankinson Susan E. , Kaaks Rudolf , Key Timothy J. , Kirsh Victoria A. , Kitahara Cari M. , Larsson Susanna C. , Linet Martha , Ma Huiyan , Milne Roger L. , Ozasa Kotaro , Palmer Julie R. , Riboli Elio , Rohan Thomas E. , Sacerdote Carlotta , Sadakane Atsuko , Sund Malin , Tamimi Rulla M. , Trichopoulou Antonia , Ursin Giske , Visvanathan Kala , Weiderpass Elisabete , Willett Walter C. , Wolk Alicja , Zeleniuch‐Jacquotte Anne , Sandler Dale P. , Swerdlow Anthony J.
Published: February 2020

Early‐adulthood body size is strongly inversely associated with risk of premenopausal breast cancer. It is unclear whether subsequent changes in weight affect risk. We pooled individual‐level data from 17 prospective studies to investigate the association of weight change with premenopausal breast cancer risk, considering strata of initial weight, timing of weight change, other breast cancer risk factors and breast cancer subtype. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained using Cox regression. Among 628,463 women, 10,886 were diagnosed with breast cancer before menopause. Models adjusted for initial weight at ages 18–24 years and other breast cancer risk factors showed that weight gain from ages 18–24 to 35–44 or to 45–54 years was inversely associated with breast cancer overall (e.g., HR per 5 kg to ages 45–54: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95–0.98) and with oestrogen‐receptor(ER)‐positive breast cancer (HR per 5 kg to ages 45–54: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94–0.98). Weight gain from ages 25–34 was inversely associated with ER‐positive breast cancer only and weight gain from ages 35–44 was not associated with risk. None of these weight gains were associated with ER‐negative breast cancer. Weightlosswas not consistently associated with overall or ER‐specific risk after adjusting for initial weight. Weight increase from early‐adulthood to ages 45–54 years is associated with a reduced premenopausal breast cancer risk independently of early‐adulthood weight. Biological explanations are needed to account for these two separate factors.
Combined tumor plus nontumor interim FDG‐PET parameters are prognostic for response to chemoradiation in squamous cell esophageal cancer
Authors: Zschaeck Sebastian , Li Yimin , Bütof Rebecca , Lili Chen , Hua Wu , Troost Esther C.G. , Beck Marcus , Amthauer Holger , Kaul David , Kotzerke Jörg , Baur Alexander D.J. , Ghadjar Pirus , Baumann Michael , Krause Mechthild , Hofheinz Frank
Published: February 2020

We have investigated the prognostic value of two novel interim 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) parameters in patients undergoing chemoradiation (CRT) for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC): one tumor parameter (maximal standardized uptake ratio rSUR) and one normal tissue parameter (change of FDG uptake within irradiated nontumor‐affected esophagus ∆SUVNTO). PET data of 134 European and Chinese patients were analyzed. Parameter establishment was based on 36 patients undergoing preoperative CRT plus surgery, validation was performed in 98 patients receiving definitive CRT. Patients received PET imaging prior and during fourth week of CRT. Clinical parameters, baseline PET parameters, and interim PET parameters (rSUR and ∆SUVNTO) were analyzed and compared to event‐free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), loco‐regional control (LRC) and freedom from distant metastases (FFDM). Combining rSUR and ∆SUVNTO revealed a strong prognostic impact on EFS, OS, LRC and FFDM in patients undergoing preoperative CRT. In the definitive CRT cohort, univariate analysis with respect to EFS revealed several staging plus both previously established interim PET parameters as significant prognostic factors. Multivariate analyses revealed only rSUR and ∆SUVNTO as independent prognostic factors (p = 0.003, p = 0.008). Combination of these parameters with the cutoff established in preoperative CRT revealed excellent discrimination of patients with a long or short EFS (73% vs. 17% at 2 years, respectively) and significantly discriminated all other endpoints (OS, p < 0.001; LRC, p < 0.001; FFDM, p = 0.02), even in subgroups. Combined use of interim FDG‐PET derived parameters ∆SUVNTO and rSUR seems to have predictive potential, allowing to select responders for definitive CRT and omission of surgery.
Disulfide‐Containing Macromolecules for Therapeutic Delivery
Authors: Jiang Ziwen , Thayumanavan S.
Published: February 2020

Development of macromolecules provides applicable platforms for the delivery of therapeutics. In this general overview, we focus on the design principles of synthetic polymers, with disulfide bonds located in either the polymer backbone or side chains. We also discuss the role of disulfide bonds, as well as the remaining questions to better understand their applications in therapeutic delivery systems.
Physical etiology of sexual dysfunction in obstetric fistula patients: A prospective study
Authors: Mernoff Rachel , Chigwale Sperecy , Pope Rachel
Published: February 2020

Objective

To understand how the physical etiology of sexual dysfunction among women with obstetric fistulas can inform repair.

Methods

A prospective cohort study included women aged 18 years or over presenting at the Fistula Care Center, Bwaila Maternity Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi, with obstetric vesicovaginal fistula before and after repair. The study took place between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2018, and involved physical examinations and interviews. The primary outcome was sexual function.

Results

115 were interviewed before and after repair. 44 (40.0%) preoperatively and 14 (12.2%) postoperatively reported sexual dysfunction. 94 women (81.7%) had little or no interest in sexual activity before repair. 55 women (47.8%) had little or no interest in sexual activity after repair. Before surgery, 69 women (60.0%) were not sexually active in the 30 days before coming to the Fistula Care Centre. After surgery, 32 women (27.8%) were not sexually active in the 30 days before returning to the Fistula Care Centre. Of those who were not sexually active in the 30 days before coming to the Fistula Care Centre (n=69), the majority cited their health as a reason before repair (n=45, 65.2%), while the most commonly cited reason after repair was an absent partner (n=23, 35%).

Conclusion

Given the significant percentage of women with obstetric fistula reporting sexual dysfunction after repair, a more holistic perspective of health outcomes should be considered. Further investment should be made in screening tools and surgical techniques targeting sexual dysfunction.
Maternal and perinatal outcomes and factors associated with twin pregnancies among preterm births: Evidence from the Brazilian Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP)
Authors: Santana Danielly S. , Cecatti Jose G. , Surita Fernanda G. , Tedesco Ricardo P. , Passini Renato , Souza Renato T. , Lajos Giuliane J. , Dias Tabata Z. , Nomura Marcelo L. , Rehder Patricia M. , Sousa Maria H. ,   the Brazilian Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP) study group
Published: February 2020

Objective

To compare maternal and perinatal outcomes between twin and single preterm births (PTB) and associated factors.

Methods

A cross‐sectional multicenter study was conducted in Brazil with 4046 PTBs from April 2011 to July 2012. Causes of PTB, use of tocolytics, corticosteroids, and antibiotics in twin and single pregnancies, and factors possibly associated with twinning were evaluated using χ2 tests. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were assessed with prevalence ratios (PR).

Results

The main cause of PTB in twin pregnancy was spontaneous onset of preterm labor. Tocolytics were more frequently used in twins (26.9% vs 20.2%). Factors associated with PTB in twins were: maternal age >25 years (62.3% vs 53.4%); interpregnancy interval >3 years (39.0% vs 33.4%); no history of PTB (87.4% vs 79.6%); no previous maternal conditions (78.0% vs 73.3%); no alcohol abuse (88.5% vs 84.3%); no drug addiction (97.5% vs 94.5%); and >6 prenatal visits (46.5% vs 37.6%). Twin pregnancies run a 46% higher risk of cesarean delivery, while first and second twins face a 20% higher risk of low birth weight. Twin pregnancies run increased risks for admission to the NICU, cerebral hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and any adverse perinatal outcome.

Conclusion

Preterm twin birth is associated with low birth weight and worse neonatal outcomes.
Multi‐Source Time Synchronization in IEEE Std 802.15.4‐2015 TSCH Networks
Authors: Papadopoulos Georgios Z. , Fafoutis Xenofon , Thubert Pascal
Published: February 2020

IEEE std 802.15.4‐2015 Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) extends and replaces multiple proprietary industrial standards to support ultra‐reliable and ultra‐low power operation in Industrial Internet of Things. Under TSCH, all devices must remain continuously synchronized with their time source neighbor. To do so, the nodes either periodically exchange control packets or data packets to compensate for clock drift. However, single time source neighbor scheme endangers de‐synchronization in the wireless network. In this letter, we propose using multiple time source parents to improve the synchronization of the network.
Inside Cover: Optical coherence tomography as a noninvasive 3D real time imaging tool for the rapid evaluation of phenotypic variations in insect embryonic development (J. Biophotonics 2/2020)
Authors: Su Ya , Wei Liya , Tan Hao , Li Jing , Li Wenping , Fu Lei , Wang Tongxin , Kang Le , Yao X. Steve
Published: February 2020

Top: Illustration of how to obtain 3D embryo images from a locust egg using OCT B‐scans. The internal structures of the embryo can be clearly identified as it develops.

Bottom: The real time observation of katatrepsis and twist of a lowland locust embryo on days 7‐8, as the embryo develops. The embryonic movements can be readily identified by tracking the positions of the embryo's eyes (E1 and E2).

Further details can be found in the article by Ya Su, Liya Wei, Hao Tan, et al. (e201960047).

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Function and regulation annotation of up‐regulated long non‐coding RNA LINC01234 in gastric cancer
Authors: Zhu Yinyin , Luo Cong , Korakkandan Arshad Ali , Fatma Yislam Hadi Ahmed , Tao Yang , Yi Tianfei , Hu Shiyun , Liao Qi
Published: February 2020

Background

Accumulated evidences indicate that long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in many biological mechanisms. Moreover, it acts as an essential regulator in various human diseases such as gastric cancer (GC). Nevertheless, the comprehensive regulatory roles and clinical significance of most lncRNAs in GC are not fully understood.

Methods

In this research, our aim was to investigate the underlying mechanism of lncRNA LINC01234 in GC. Firstly, the usage of qRT‐PCR helped to establish expression pattern of LINC01234 in GC tissues. Following this, appropriate statistical tests were applied to analyze the relation between expression level and clinicopathological factors. Ultimately, potential functions and regulatory network of LINC01234 were concluded via GSEA and a series of bioinformatics tools or databases, respectively.

Results

Consequently, at the end of research we found LINC01234 is up‐regulated in GC tissues in comparison with adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, its expression level is correlated with differentiation of patients with GC. It is also important to highlight bioinformatics analysis revealed that LINC01234 is involved in cancer‐associated pathways such as cell cycle and mismatch repair. Also, regulatory network of LINC01234 presented a probability in the involvement of tumorigenesis through regulating cancer‐associated genes.

Conclusion

Overall, our results suggested that LINC01234 may play a crucial role in GC.
Specific antibodies reacting to JC polyomavirus capsid protein mimotopes in sera from multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases‐affected patients
Authors: Mazzoni Elisa , Bononi Ilaria , Pietrobon Silvia , Torreggiani Elena , Rossini Marika , Pugliatti Maura , Casetta Ilaria , Castellazzi Massimiliano , Granieri Enrico , Guerra Giovanni , Martini Fernanda , Tognon Mauro
Published: February 2020

Published data support the hypothesis that viruses could be trigger agents of multiple sclerosis onset. This link is based on evidence of early exposure to viral agents in patients affected by this neurologic disease. JC (JC polyomavirus [JCPyV]), BK (BKPyV), and simian virus 40 (SV40) neurotropic polyomavirus footprints have been detected in brain tissue specimens and samples from patients affected by different neurological diseases. In this investigation, serum samples from patients affected by multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory and noninflammatory neurologic diseases, as well as healthy subjects representing the control, were investigated for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against JCPyV. To this end, an immunologic approach was employed, which consists of employing indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay testing with synthetic peptides mimicking viral capsid protein 1 antigens. A significantly lower prevalence of IgG antibodies against JCPyV VP1 epitopes, with a low titer, was detected in serum samples from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurologic diseases than in healthy subjects. Our study indicates that the prevalence of JCPyV antibodies from patients with multiple sclerosis is 50% lower than in healthy subjects, suggesting specific immune impairments. These results indicate that patients affected by neurological diseases, including MS, respond poorly to JCPyV VP1 antigens, suggesting specific immunologic dysfunctions.
Comparative morphology of crayfish mandibles, with insight into their evolution
Authors: Vojkovská Renata , Horká Ivona , Ďuriš Zdeněk
Published: February 2020

Mandibles of representatives of the Holarctic crayfish families Astacidae, Cambaridae, and Cambaroididae were examined using SEM, and the results were analyzed in a phylogenetic framework. The intraspecific variability of the incisor process was found to be higher than its interspecific variability, mainly due to extensive abrasion of its ridge during intermolt periods. The plesiomorphic state of the crayfish mandibles highlights the dentate–crenate type of the incisor process and the extensive ribbed molar field with a multicuspidate caudal part, typical of the two parastacid crayfish examined for comparison. For Holarctic crayfish, the initial evolutionary type of the incisor is also the dentate–crenate one, but the molar field has a bowl‐shaped caudal part and reduced cephalic part, both of which have been shown, for example, for Cambaroides. Similar mandibles are also widely present in American cambarids, which further evolved a blade‐like incisor process (some Faxonius spp.) or a tricuspidate or double‐bladed caudal molar field (some Procambarus spp.). The molar field in Astacidae crayfish is subdivided and rugose. The results of the present study indicate that little phylogenetic information is conveyed by the mandible shape at the species or genus level. Evolutionary changes are indicated mainly on the level of the main crayfish families.

Research highlights

Mandible shape can be an additional characteristic to distinguish crayfish families and selected genera.

Obvious differences exist in the molar process rather than in the incisor ridge.
Recent trends in hepatitis A incidence in Brazil
Authors: De Oliveira Talita M. , Vieira Nádia S. G. , Sepp Thaís D. S. , Souto Francisco J. D.
Published: February 2020

Hepatitis A incidence has been decreasing in Brazil since child vaccination was implemented in 2014. This trend was interrupted by an outbreak among adult male in São Paulo in 2017. This study was outlined to estimate whether the increase of hepatitis A cases among adult men in Brazil was restricted to São Paulo. Cases reported to the national surveillance system from 14 large cities of all Brazilian regions were analyzed. Trends in time series from 2012 to 2018 were estimated by Prais‐Winsten regression. The outbreak in São Paulo extended to 2018. In Rio de Janeiro, the number of cases rose again, achieving the same levels reported before the vaccination era. Three of six cities from South and Southeast regions showed an upward trend in the number of cases among adult men (P  <  .005). The large cities in the other three Brazilian macroregions showed a decrease or stabilization of cases without an increase among male adults. The increase of hepatitis A virus (HAV) cases in Brazil has happened not only in São Paulo, but also in other cities of South and Southeast regions. The northernmost cities were not affected. A change in the epidemiological pattern of HAV infection is emerging in Southern Brazil.
Climatology of multiple‐stroke lightning in Japan
Authors: Iwasaki Hiroyuki
Published: February 2020

In this work, the climatology of multiple‐stroke lightning (MSL) in Japan was studied using the World Wide Lightning Location Network's lightning data over a 9‐year period. The MSL ratio defined in this study for all types of lightning was 14.1%, and it was larger over the ocean than that over the continent. The mean multiplicity was 2.58 and was also larger over the ocean than that over the continent. The mean interstroke interval between the first and second strokes was longer for a height at which the temperature was −20°C, corresponding to the upper boundary of the higher negative charge area.
New Predictive Equations for Estimating Resting Energy Expenditure in Adults With Crohn's Disease
Authors: Marra Maurizio , Cioffi Iolanda , Morlino Delia , Vincenzo Olivia Di , Pagano Maria Carmen , Imperatore Nicola , Alfonsi Lucia , Santarpia Lidia , Castiglione Fabiana , Scalfi Luca , Pasanisi Fabrizio
Published: February 2020

Background

Increased resting energy expenditure (REE) has been hypothesized to be a potential cause of weight loss in individuals with Crohn's disease (CD). This study aimed to develop and validate new predictive equations for estimating REE in adults with CD.

Methods

Adults, ages 18–65 years, with CD were recruited. Anthropometry, indirect calorimetry, and bioimpedance analysis were performed in all patients. Disease activity was assessed by Crohn's Disease Activity Index. The new predictive equations were generated using different regression models. Prediction accuracy of the new equations was assessed and compared with the most commonly used equations.

Results

A total of 270 CD patients (159 males, 111 females) were included and randomly assigned to the calibration (n = 180) and validation groups (n = 90). REE was directly correlated with weight and bioimpedance index, whereas the relation with both age and disease activity was inverse. The new equations were suitable for estimating REE at population level (bias: −0.2 and −0.3, respectively). Individual accuracy was good in both models (≥80%, respectively), especially in females; and similar results were shown by some of the selected equations. But, when accuracy was set within ±5%, the new equations gave the highest prediction.

Conclusion

The new, disease‐specific, equations for predicting REE in individuals with CD give a good prediction accuracy as far as those proposed in the literature for the general population. However, the new ones performed better at the individual level. Further studies are needed to verify the reliability and usefulness of these new equations.
Evaluating consumption and expenditure patterns of antibiotics in tablet and capsule dosage forms: Pakistan Antibiotic Consumption Surveillance (PACS)
Authors: Saleem Zikria , Hassali Mohamed Azmi , Hashmi Furqan Khurshid , Qaisar Shama , Ahmad Mahnoor , Ali Sana Shaukat , Ahmad Faheem
Published: February 2020

Background

Antibiotics are available in the marketplace in the form of tablets and capsules, and are mostly self‐prescribed by patients, with the consequent emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study evaluated the consumption patterns of antimicrobials in these dosage forms during 2017 in Pakistan.

Methods

Data were acquired retrospectively from the International Medical Statistics (IMS) survey, Pakistan. Only the dosage forms of tablets and capsules constituting four major classes of antibiotics were included in the present study. Antibiotic consumption was measured using the World Health Organization's Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System with Daily Defined Doses (ATC/DDD) methodology. In addition, we calculated the DID as the total DDDs of antibiotic consumed in a defined period in that area per 1000 people. Expenditure was measured in Pakistan rupees (PKR) and converted to US dollars.

Results

Total consumption of tablet and capsule dosage forms of antibiotics was found to be 10.6 DID, whereas total expenditure was US$221.5 million (26.69 billion PKR). Of all antibiotics, the most widely consumed were co‐amoxiclav (1.89 DID), levofloxacin (DID 1.41), ciprofloxacin (DID 1.38) and amoxicillin (DID 1.32). The top class of antibiotics based on expenditure was fluoroquinolones (ATC code J01MA), followed by combinations of penicillins (J01CR), third‐generation cephalosporins (J01DD) and macrolides (J01FA).

Conclusions

Excessive consumption of broad‐spectrum and clinically important classes of antibiotics was observed. The study findings can serve as baseline data for policy makers and authorities to shape and design policies for the rational and cost‐effective use of antibiotics, reducing the burden of AMR and ensuring the economic use of antibiotics.