bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exercise intensities modulate cognitive function in spontaneously hypertensive rats through oxidative mediated synaptic plasticity in hippocampus
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Che , Wu De‐Yu , Chen Syue‐yi , Lin Yi‐Pin , Lee Tsung‐Ming
Published: July 2021

Oxidative damage in the brain may lead to cognitive impairments. There was considerable debate regarding the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognitive functions because exercise protocols have varied widely across studies. We investigated whether different exercise intensities alter performance on cognitive tasks. The experiment was performed on spontaneously hypertensive rats (6 months at the established phase of hypertension) distributed into 3 groups: sedentary, low‐intensity exercise and high‐intensity exercise. Systolic blood pressure measurements confirmed hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In comparison to normotensive Wistar‐Kyoto rats, sedentary spontaneously hypertensive rats had similar escape latencies and a similar preference for the correct quadrant in the probe trial. Compared to the sedentary group, the low‐intensity exercise group had significantly better improvements in spatial memory assessed by Morris water maze. Low‐intensity exercise was associated with attenuated reactive oxygen species, as measured by dihydroethidine fluorescence and nitrotyrosine staining in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. This was coupled with increased numbers of neurons and dendritic spines as well as a significant upregulation of synaptic density. In contrast, the beneficial effects of low‐intensity exercise are abolished in high‐intensity exercise as shown by increased free radical levels and an impairment in spatial memory. We concluded that exercise is an effective strategy to improve spatial memory in spontaneously hypertensive rats even at an established phase of hypertension. Low‐intensity exercise exhibited better improvement on cognitive deficits than high‐intensity exercise by attenuating free radical levels and improving downstream synaptic plasticity.
Pirfenidone modulates macrophage polarization and ameliorates radiation‐induced lung fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF‐β1/Smad3 pathway
Authors: Ying Hangjie , Fang Min , Hang Qing Qing , Chen Yamei , Qian Xu , Chen Ming
Published: July 2021

Radiation‐induced lung injury (RILI) mainly contributes to the complications of thoracic radiotherapy. RILI can be divided into radiation pneumonia (RP) and radiation‐induced lung fibrosis (RILF). Once RILF occurs, patients will eventually develop irreversible respiratory failure; thus, a new treatment strategy to prevent RILI is urgently needed. This study explored the therapeutic effect of pirfenidone (PFD), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved drug for (IPF) treatment, and its mechanism in the treatment of RILF. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice received a 50 Gy dose of X‐ray radiation to the whole thorax with or without the administration of PFD. Collagen deposition and fibrosis in the lung were reversed by PFD treatment, which was associated with reduced M2 macrophage infiltration and inhibition of the transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1)/Drosophila mothers against the decapentaplegic 3 (Smad3) signalling pathway. Moreover, PFD treatment decreased the radiation‐induced expression of TGF‐β1 and phosphorylation of Smad3 in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) and vascular endothelial cells (VECs). Furthermore, IL‐4–induced M2 macrophage polarization and IL‐13–induced M2 macrophage polarization were suppressed by PFD treatment in vitro, resulting in reductions in the release of arginase‐1 (ARG‐1), chitinase 3‐like 3 (YM‐1) and TGF‐β1. Notably, the PFD‐induced inhibitory effects on M2 macrophage polarization were associated with downregulation of nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB) p50 activity. Additionally, PFD could significantly inhibit ionizing radiation‐induced chemokine secretion in MLE‐12 cells and consequently impair the migration of RAW264.7 cells. PFD could also eliminate TGF‐β1 from M2 macrophages by attenuating the activation of TGF‐β1/Smad3. In conclusion, PFD is a potential therapeutic agent to ameliorate fibrosis in RILF by reducing M2 macrophage infiltration and inhibiting the activation of TGF‐β1/Smad3.
Caregiving quality modulates neuroendocrine and immunological markers in young children in foster care who have experienced early adversity
Authors: Reindl Vanessa , Schippers Anastasia , Tenbrock Klaus , Job Ann‐Katrin , Gerloff Christian , Lohaus Arnold , Heinrichs Nina , Konrad Kerstin
Published: July 2021

Background

Early adversity is believed to alter the body’s stress‐response systems, putting children at increased risk for somatic and mental health problems. However, it remains unclear whether such alterations normalize under improved caregiving experiences. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate (a) whether children in foster care show endocrine and immunological alterations relative to children living with their biological families, (b) whether these alterations change over time spent with the foster family, and (c) whether the alterations are modulated by current caregiving experiences.

Methods

A total of 94 children in foster care and 157 biological children, aged two to seven years, took part in a longitudinal study with three assessments conducted over a 12‐month study period. At the initial assessment, children lived for an average of 18 months with their current foster families. Children’s cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and progesterone concentrations and cortisol/DHEA ratios were measured in scalp hair and children’s secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in saliva. Caregiving quality was assessed based on caregiver‐reports and observational measures of caregiver–child interactions.

Results

Children in foster care had lower cortisol/DHEA ratios and higher progesterone concentrations than biological children, while no group differences were found for cortisol, DHEA or sIgA. Time spent with the current foster family did not significantly influence the child’s endocrine or immunological markers. Importantly, caregiving quality modulated cortisol/DHEA ratios and sIgA concentrations: children in foster care of lower caregiving quality had lower cortisol/DHEA ratios than children in foster care of higher caregiving quality and showed decreasing, rather than increasing, sIgA concentrations across the study period.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that caregiving quality in the foster family may have an important modulating effect on selected indicators of the child’s stress response and could thereby mitigate the possible consequences of early childhood adversity.
Examining changes in parent‐reported child and adolescent mental health throughout the UK's first COVID‐19 national lockdown
Authors: Raw Jasmine A. L. , Waite Polly , Pearcey Samantha , Shum Adrienne , Patalay Praveetha , Creswell Cathy
Published: July 2021

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic has significantly changed the lives of children and adolescents, forcing them into periods of prolonged social isolation and time away from school. Understanding the psychological consequences of the UK’s lockdown for children and adolescents, the associated risk factors, and how trajectories may vary for children and adolescents in different circumstances is essential so that the most vulnerable children and adolescents can be identified, and appropriate support can be implemented.

Methods

Participants were a convenience sample of parents and carers (n = 2,988) in the UK with children and adolescents aged between 4 and 16 years who completed an online survey about their child’s mental health. Growth curve analysis was used to examine the changes in conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and emotional symptoms between the end of March/beginning of April and July using data from monthly assessments over four months. Additionally, growth mixture modelling identified mental health trajectories for conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and emotional symptoms separately, and subsequent regression models were used to estimate predictors of mental health trajectory membership.

Results

Overall levels of hyperactivity and conduct problems increased over time, whereas emotional symptoms remained relatively stable, though declined somewhat between June and July. Change over time varied according to child age, the presence of siblings, and with Special Educational Needs (SEN)/Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ND). Subsequent growth mixture modelling identified three, four, and five trajectories for hyperactivity/inattention, conduct problems, and emotional symptoms, respectively. Though many children maintained ‘stable low’ symptoms, others experienced elevated symptoms by July. These children were more likely to have a parent/carer with higher levels of psychological distress, to have SEN/ND, or to be younger in age.

Conclusions

The findings support previous literature and highlight that certain risk factors were associated with poorer mental health trajectories for children and adolescents during the pandemic.
Family stress and coping in the experience of employment precarity: A theoretical framework
Authors: Goldberg Renada M. , Solheim Catherine A.
Published: July 2021

Employment stability has been the experience for many wage‐labor participants in the United States, characterized by wage adequacy, scheduling certainty, and work autonomy. However, employment contracts increasingly include precarious work factors such as short‐term work arrangements, nonstandard hours, and decreased access to healthcare and family supportive benefits. Prior family stress research theorized economic hardship as an emergent crisis or a one‐time event that affects dyadic relationships between parents and children or intimate partners. In this paper, we define employment precarity as a chronic condition caused by multiple precarious work factors shaped by social stratification in the labor market. We propose a new theoretical model, the employment precarity family stress model, to understand how diverse families experience precarious work factors, use resources to cope, make meaning of their work situations, and practice resilience amid cyclical or chronic economic hardships.
Loss of innovative traits underlies multiple origins of Aquilegia ecalcarata
Authors: Geng Fang‐Dong , Xie Jing‐He , Xue Cheng , Sun Li , Li Jiao‐Jie , Niu Chen‐Yu , Huang Lei , Zhang Xiao‐Hui , Kang Ju‐Qing , Kong Hong‐Zhi , Ren Yi , Zhang Jian‐Qiang
Published: July 2021

Traits are basic attributes of organisms that form the basis for speciation and diversity. The floral nectar spur is a classic example of a key innovative trait. Differences in nectar spur morphology can lead to pollinator specialization and thereby promote reproductive isolation between species. Despite its importance, the nectar spur has been lost in some members of the columbine genus (Aquilegia), resulting in a new spurless trait, and the evolutionary influence of this trait has become a topic of scientific interest. Aquilegia ecalcarata is an important representative columbine species that lacks spurs. Here, we resequenced the genomes of 324 individuals from A. ecalcarata and four related species. We found that A. ecalcarata was divided into three groups based on the phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structures. Topology weighting analysis revealed that A. ecalcarata has multiple origins, and Patterson′s D statistic showed that the spurless trait may have one origin. Floral morphological analysis revealed significant differences between A. ecalcarata and its spurred sister groups, and the floral phenotypes of the three A. ecalcarata groups have identical or similar floral phenotypes. Our results confirmed that the spurless trait not only produced the phenotype of A. ecalcarata but also contributed to the emergence of the A. rockii phenotype. Moreover, the spurless trait promoted the divergence between A. ecalcarata and its close, spurred relatives. Our research shows that the loss of key innovative traits can play a very important role in speciation and species diversity.
Self‐rated sleep quality predicts incident suicide ideation in US military veterans: Results from a 7‐year, nationally representative, prospective cohort study
Authors: McCarthy Elissa , DeViva Jason C. , Southwick Steven M. , Pietrzak Robert H.
Published: July 2021

Sleep disturbance is a risk factor for future suicidal behaviours (e.g. suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, death by suicide), and military veterans are at increased risk for both poor sleep and death by suicide relative to civilians. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether self‐reported sleep quality was associated with risk of new‐onset suicidal ideation in a 7‐year prospective nationally representative cohort study of US military veterans. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the relation between self‐rated sleep quality and incident suicidal ideation in 2,059 veterans without current suicidal ideation or lifetime suicide attempt history at baseline. Relative importance analyses were then conducted to identify the relative variance explained by sleep quality and other significant determinants of incident suicidal ideation. A total of 169 (weighted 8.9%, 95% confidence interval =7.7%–10.3%) veterans developed suicidal ideation over the 7‐year study period. Poor self‐rated sleep quality was associated with a more than 60% greater likelihood of developing suicidal ideation (relative risk ratio = 1.62, 95% confidence interval = 1.11–2.36), even after adjustment for well‐known suicide risk factors such as major depressive disorder. Relative importance analysis revealed that poor self‐rated sleep quality accounted for 44.0% of the explained variance in predicting incident suicidal ideation. These results underscore the importance of assessing, monitoring and treating sleep difficulties as part of suicide prevention efforts in military veterans.
New‐onset and exacerbated insomnia symptoms during the COVID‐19 pandemic in US military veterans: A nationally representative, prospective cohort study
Authors: McCarthy Elissa , DeViva Jason C. , Na Peter J. , Pietrzak Robert H.
Published: July 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had a negative impact on physical and mental health worldwide. While pandemic‐related stress has also been linked to increased insomnia, scarce research has examined this association in nationally representative samples of high‐risk populations, such as military veterans. We evaluated pre‐ and pandemic‐related factors associated with new‐onset and exacerbated insomnia symptoms in a nationally representative sample of 3,078 US military veterans who participated in the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Veterans were surveyed in the USA in 11/2019 (pre‐pandemic) and again in 11/2020 (peri‐pandemic). The Insomnia Severity Index was used to assess severity of insomnia symptoms at the pre‐ and peri‐pandemic assessments. Among veterans without clinical or subthreshold insomnia symptoms pre‐pandemic (n = 2,548), 11.5% developed subthreshold (10.9%) or clinical insomnia symptoms (0.6%) during the pandemic; among those with subthreshold insomnia symptoms pre‐pandemic (n = 1,058; 26.0%), 8.0% developed clinical insomnia symptoms. Pre‐pandemic social support (21.9% relative variance explained), pandemic‐related stress related to changes in family relationships (20.5% relative variance explained), pre‐pandemic chest pain (18.5% relative variance explained) and weakness (11.1% relative variance explained), and posttraumatic stress disorder (8.2% relative variance explained) explained the majority of the variance in new‐onset subthreshold or clinical insomnia symptoms during the pandemic. Among veterans with pre‐pandemic subthreshold insomnia, pandemic‐related home isolation restrictions (59.1% relative variance explained) and financial difficulties (25.1% relative variance explained) explained the majority of variance in incident clinical insomnia symptoms. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that nearly one in five US veterans developed new‐onset or exacerbated insomnia symptoms during the pandemic, and identify potential targets for prevention and treatment efforts.
Procedural convergence
Authors: Pappas Brian A.
Published: July 2021

Universities face a dilemma in determining how to create fair, consistent, and reliable processes that respect the rights of both alleged perpetrators and victims and encourage people to bring complaints forward. Using the literature on non-law forms of ordering and neo-institutional theory, this article examines university Ombuds and Title IX Coordinators and their handling of sexual misconduct disputes. Primary data collection included a review of 1200 documents and interviews with 14 Ombuds and 13 Title IX Coordinators from 22 large institutions of higher education between 2011 and 2014. This study concludes that Ombuds and Title IX Coordinators, despite being designed in sharply contrasting ways, converge (but not fully) toward a hybrid of formality and informality. This paper examines Title IX to understand what drives convergence behavior and to analyze how the recent changes in the law may alter the process of convergence. As Title IX law continues to develop, the theory of procedural convergence has important implications for the creation of non-law dispute mechanisms and the balance between individual rights and the organizational development of legal norms.
A New Local Turn for Track One Peace Process Research: Anthropological Approaches
Authors: Meininghaus Esther
Published: July 2021

This article argues for a new local turn in peace process research to analyze the perspectives and local embeddedness of peace process participants in Track One negotiations. Historically, peace process research and practice have focused on mediators’ strategies for coaxing belligerent disputants into signing agreements. Problems with the implementation of such agreements (i.e., peacebuilding and peacekeeping) are often faulted as the reason for their collapse. However, statistical data points in another direction and raises the following question: To what extent are the set‐up and understanding of peace processes themselves (i.e., peacemaking) implicated in the failure of peace agreements? This article highlights how the different experiences with which peace process participants enter negotiations, and the ways in which they operate at the “local” level in addition to the international diplomatic level, have remained largely unexplored for Track One negotiations. Offering a model that understands peace processes as intersecting, oftentimes informal networks, the article proposes that qualitative—for example, anthropological—research into peace processes can contribute to a critical peace process theory that takes these networks into account. To illustrate this argument empirically, the article draws on the U.N. peace process for Syria.
Nuclear exportin 1 facilitates turnip mosaic virus infection by exporting the sumoylated viral replicase and by repressing plant immunity
Authors: Zhang Mingzhen , Gong Pan , Ge Linhao , Chang Zhaoyang , Cheng Xiaofei , Zhou Xueping , Wang Aiming , Li Fangfang
Published: July 2021

Exportin 1/XPO1 is an important nuclear export receptor that binds directly to cargo proteins and translocates the cargo proteins to the cytoplasm. To understand XPO1 protein functions during potyvirus infections, we investigated the nuclear export of the NIb protein encoding the RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV).

Previously, we found that NIb is transported to the nucleus after translation and sumoylated by the sumoylation (small ubiquitin‐like modifier) pathway to support viral infection. Here, we report that XPO1 interacts with NIb to facilitate translocation from the nucleus to the viral replication complexes (VRCs) that accumulate in the perinuclear regions of TuMV‐infected cells. XPO1 contains two NIb‐binding domains that recognize and interact with NIb in the nucleus and in the perinuclear regions, respectively, which facilitates TuMV replication.

Moreover, XPO1 is involved in nuclear export of the sumoylated NIb and host factors tagged with SUMO3 that is essential for suppression of plant immunity in the nucleus. Deficiencies of XPO1 in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana plants inhibit TuMV replication and infection.

These data demonstrate that XPO1 functions as a host factor in TuMV infection by regulating NIb nucleocytoplasmic transport and plant immunity.
Dose‐response association of early‐life antibiotic exposure and subsequent overweight or obesity in children: A meta‐analysis of prospective studies
Authors: Meng Xin , Zhu Yi , Di Hongkun , Zhang Mingye , Feng Jing , Xu Minzhi , Xia Wenqi , Tian Qingfeng , He Yan , Gan Yong , Lu Zuxun
Published: July 2021

The objective of this study is to investigate the dose‐response relationship between antibiotic exposure in early life and the risk of subsequent overweight or obesity. Electronic databases were searched from inception to December 2020. Prospective studies that reported the odds ratios (ORs) of childhood overweight or obesity for three or more quantitative categories of antibiotic exposure were identified. A random‐effect model was used to pool the ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Generalized least squares and restricted cubic splines were used to explore the dose‐response association. A total of 12 sets of results from 10 articles involving 427,453 participants were included in this meta‐analysis. The pooled OR for increased risk of overweight or obesity was 1.30 in high‐level antibiotic exposure (95% CI: 1.20 to 1.41) and 1.06 in low‐level antibiotic exposure (95% CI: 1.02 to 1.10), as compared with children who never exposed to antibiotics. There was a logarithmic‐curve relationship between early‐life antibiotic exposure and the risk of subsequent overweight or obesity. The OR was 1.08 (95% CI: 1.06 to 1.11) for one prescription, 1.16 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.21) for two prescriptions, 1.24 (95% CI: 1.16 to 1.32) for three prescriptions, 1.30 (95% CI: 1.20 to 1.41) for four prescriptions, and less than a 5% increase for more prescriptions. Early‐life antibiotic exposure is associated with the risk of childhood overweight or obesity in a dose‐response manner. Further studies are needed to confirm our results.
Variation in prescribed fire and bison grazing supports multiple bee nesting groups in tallgrass prairie
Authors: Bruninga‐Socolar Bethanne , Griffin Sean R. , Portman Zachary M. , Gibbs Jason
Published: July 2021

Fire and grazing are historic ecosystem drivers of tallgrass prairie and both are used for restoration management today. The effects of these drivers on animal taxa are still incompletely resolved, especially for wild bees, a growing conservation and restoration priority. Fire and grazing could affect wild bee communities through structural changes to nest site availability via changes to soil conditions, vegetative cover, and availability of plant stems. Here, we sought to determine how different bee nesting groups are affected by the combination of fire and bison grazing management strategies. We grouped bee species by nesting substrate (ground, stem/hole, large cavity) because we expect the availability of these substrates to vary with the application of prescribed fire and grazing. We collected bees in restored and remnant high‐quality tallgrass prairie and analyzed whether the proportion of each nesting group within the total bee community was predicted by fire and/or grazing. Ground‐nesting bees reached their greatest proportion in bee communities immediately after prescribed fire, but declined proportionally over time since the last burn. Stem‐/hole‐nesting bees reached their highest proportion in the bee community with infrequent fire (6‐year interval) and differed in their response to fire depending on the presence/absence of bison. Sampling year affected bee nesting groups and we found that nesting groups did not change in concert (i.e. different nesting groups had different good and bad years from each other). Our results show that spatiotemporal variation of prescribed fire and bison grazing is essential for conservation of multiple bee nesting groups.
Restoration of boreal peatland impacted by an in‐situ oil sands well‐pad 1: Vegetation response
Authors: Xu Bin , Rochefort Line , Bird Melanie , Khadka Bhupesh , Strack Maria
Published: July 2021

In this study, our goal was to adapt the moss layer transfer technique (MLTT), first developed to restore degraded Sphagnum‐dominated peatland explicitly with a bryophyte layer, to a former in‐situ oil sands well‐pad constructed with nearby mineral fill in northwestern Alberta, Canada. Mineral fill was either completely removed or partially removed with residual fill buried under excavated and decompacted peat, followed by the transfer of donor moss collected from nearby linear features with different plant communities in peatlands. Three years after MLTT, peatland vegetation covers 63% of the site. Carex spp. dominate with 36% coverage, followed by mosses at 12%, including 3% Sphagnum spp. and 8% fen mosses, and shrubs at 8%. Different substrate adjustment treatments and types of donor moss had negligible impact on vegetation development although areas without MLTT remained devoid of mosses and had the lowest peatland species cover. Instead, surface elevation, moisture conditions, and substrate chemistry played important roles in shaping the vegetation communities. The prompt introduction and establishment of peatland donor species through MLTT was crucial to the overall re‐establishment of peatland vegetation. This is the first full pad scale study to prove that a flat, moist peat surface created by the removal and/or burial of mineral fill can support peatland vegetation development, particularly ground layer bryophytes. Overall, the reclaimed well‐pad appears to be on trajectory toward becoming a functional peatland and our approaches should be considered and tested in future well‐pad reclamation trials.
Teledentistry in the management of a non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma manifesting as a gingival swelling: A case report
Authors: Zhou Miao Xian , Johnson Emma F. , Arce Kevin , Gruwell Scott F.
Published: July 2021

Oral cavity lymphomas constitute only 3% of all lymphomas in the general population but are the third most common oral malignancy. A 67‐year‐old female with a history of osteoporosis, Graves’ disease and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma was referred to the Department of Dental Specialties with a chief complaint of persistent soft tissue swelling facial to the maxillary incisors of possible non‐odontogenic origin. To expedite care, the patient was first seen via teledentistry and subsequently appointed for an in‐person evaluation and treatment. Examination revealed 1–3 mm probing depths and a firm, non‐tender, non‐fluctuant mass in the facial soft tissues approximating teeth nos. 7–10. Biopsy of the affected area was performed. A diagnosis of recurrent follicle center cell lymphoma, a form of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, was rendered. The patient was subsequently referred to the Oncology and Hematology team, followed for 6 weeks and remained symptom‐free. This case underlies the importance of teledentistry to expedite care and manage patient expectations. Additionally, it also underscores the importance of microscopic examination of tissue samples from oral lesions that appear non‐odontogenic in nature and reinforces the role of dentistry in uncovering the oral‐systemic link.
Educational intervention against biological racism
Authors: Degife Ellelan , Ijeli Chinye , Muhammad Muzzammil Imran , Nobles Autumn , Reisman Anna
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Biological race, the fallacy that racial health disparities reflect differences in human biology, exerts undue influence on medicine. Interventions that teach against this myth are largely absent from required medical curricula. Here, we describe and present student and facilitator evaluations of an educational intervention, organised around Dorothy Roberts' book Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re‐Create Race in the Twenty‐First Century that included a discussion of preselected chapters from Fatal Invention, case studies illustrating strategies to prevent the misuse of race in medicine and a question‐and‐answer session with Dorothy Roberts.

Methods

Online feedback surveys were distributed to students and facilitators to capture their general perceptions of the session, how well it satisfied its objectives and the pre‐session training materials provided to facilitators. Quantitative measures were analysed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative responses were evaluated using thematic analysis.

Results

Student and facilitator surveys garnered response rates of 59.8% (61/102) and 75% (30/40), respectively, and most expressed satisfaction with the session. Students felt more prepared to address the misuse of race in clinical contexts than in pre‐clinical contexts (90.16% vs. 77.05%) and among peers than among superiors (95.08% vs. 72.13%) (p < 0.05). Some students (31.15%) felt that their small group facilitators were unprepared to address microaggressions.

Discussion

Our survey responses suggest that this intervention was effective in teaching against biological racism and equipped students with tools to address the misuse of race, particularly in clinical contexts. Future iterations should highlight strategies to confront biological racism in pre‐clinical contexts and among superiors.
An unmet need for paediatric LGBTQ training
Authors: Roth Lauren T. , Garcia Marco , Soren Karen , Catallozzi Marina
Published: July 2021

Background

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning (LGBTQ) youth have increased health risks, exacerbated by discrimination and lack of provider training. Currently, no graduate medical education requirements address the need for LGBTQ health training, particularly for paediatric providers. We aimed to perform a needs assessment of provider knowledge, comfort and awareness of community resources regarding LGBTQ youth.

Methods

We administered two anonymous surveys from May to October 2017. The first survey of 73 residents assessed awareness of community resources and comfort providing referrals. A second survey of 110 trainees and faculty assessed comfort and knowledge regarding paediatric LGBTQ health.

Results

In the first survey of residents regarding community resources (n = 30, 41% response rate), most did not know where to refer LGBTQ patients for mental health care (67%), transgender care (73%), support groups (87%), emergency shelters (86%) or family resources (87%). Ninety‐seven per cent would refer to the social worker. In the second survey of trainees and faculty (n = 78, 71% response rate), most had little or no knowledge regarding pre‐exposure prophylaxis (60%), post‐exposure prophylaxis (54%), strategies for coming out (68%), homelessness/environmental risks (59%), gender dysphoria (63%), puberty blockade (77%), hormonal (78%) and surgical (81%) transitioning, domestic violence (58%), EMR logistics (89%) and community resources (80%). Only 33% felt very comfortable eliciting a history about sexual orientation, 13% about gender identity and 14% about sexual practices.

Conclusion

There is a clear need and desire for dedicated paediatric LGBTQ health training in graduate medical education. Residents and faculty need resources and training to better care for LGBTQ youth.
A cross‐linguistic study of spatial location descriptions in New Zealand English and Brazilian Portuguese natural language
Authors: Marchi Fagundes Cristiane Kutianski , Stock Kristin , Delazari Luciene Stamato
Published: July 2021

Humans use spatial language on a daily basis, to describe locations, give directions, and ask for information about places. Better understanding of spatial language can assist in developing natural language interfaces and querying tools for GIS and web mapping. However, most previous studies focus on artificial, indoor situations. We conduct cross‐linguistic experiments to compare natural language relative location descriptions (e.g.,the house beside the river) in New Zealand English (NZE) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP) using eight real outdoor locations to discover the differences that occur when people describe the same location in the two languages. Our results show that NZE uses a wider range of spatial relation terms (e.g.,beside) and reference objects (e.g.,river) than BP, that BP uses more projective spatial relation terms than NZE, which prefers directional terms, and that translation between spatial relation terms is context‐dependent.
Associations between surgical start time (regular vs after hours) and morbidity and mortality during hospitalization in dogs and cats
Authors: McConkey Marina J. , Alexopoulos Eric T. , Hernandez Jorge A.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To examine the relationship between after‐hours (ie, nights and weekends) emergency general surgery and morbidity or mortality in dogs and cats during hospitalization.

Design

Cross‐sectional study from September 1, 2013 to May 31, 2017.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Four hundred seventy‐four dogs and 66 cats that underwent emergency general surgery (gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, urogenital, soft tissue traumatic injury, splenectomy/excision of bleeding abdominal tumor, surgical revision, and negative exploratory categories) with the emergency surgery service. All patients were required to have complete medical records.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and main results

Study animals were grouped as exposed or not exposed to after‐hours emergency surgery. They were further classified as either postoperatively dead or suffering morbidity (yes or no). Additional exposure factors (eg, age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiology [ASA] status) were investigated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify and quantify any associations with mortality or morbidity. In dogs, exposure to after‐hours emergency general surgery was not associated with mortality or morbidity. In dogs, both mortality and morbidity were associated with ASA status. In cats, mortality was not examined because the number of dead cats was small (n = 5). The odds of morbidity were 3.4 times lower (1/0.29) in cats having emergency surgery after hours, compared to cats admitted during regular hours (odds ratio [OR], 0.29; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 0.09‐0.93; P = 0.03). No other investigated exposure factors were associated with morbidity in study cats.

Conclusions

After‐hours emergency surgery in dogs was not associated with increased risk of mortality and morbidity at the study facility. Feline patients having emergency surgery during regular hospital hours had a higher risk of morbidity; further investigation of modifiable risk factors is warranted.
Abusos del mercado: una aproximación desde el derecho comparado
Authors: Hefendehl Roland , Muriel Ciceri José Hernán , Zamora René , Miranda Londoño Alfonso , Uribe Piedrahita Carlos Andrés
Published: July 2021

Esta obra es el fruto del trabajo conjunto y del esfuerzo investigativo de autores nacionales e internacionales que estudian el contexto actual del mercado desde una perspectiva integradora del derecho comparado. A través de la articulación de diversas disciplinas del derecho, los capítulos de este libro hacen frente a los retos constantes que amenazan la equidad, la igualdad y la seguridad del mercado. Con el objetivo de estudiar el derecho de abuso del mercado a la luz del derecho comparado, los autores integran los análisis desde el derecho europeo, el derecho penal y el derecho de la competencia a través del estudio normativo y de casos concretos, así como con la aplicación de herramientas hermenéuticas del derecho. Por todo esto, el libro ilustra una búsqueda constante de la justicia y contribuye al mejoramiento de los mecanismos jurídicos frente a los abusos y la inequidad en los mercados.
Siembra y cosecha de conocimiento. Suyusama: 15 años de construcción de la vida querida con campesinos e indígenas en Nariño
Authors: Frías-Navarro Rosalba
Published: July 2021

Suyusama surgió como una iniciativa común de los centros sociales de la Compañía de Jesús en Colombia, con la colaboración de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, en el año 2004. Suyusama acompaña a las comunidades en los procesos de creación de conocimiento en el territorio, a partir del trabajo participativo en la formulación de planes de vida. Estos definen una visión concertada del territorio hacia el futuro, la cual pretende alcanzar el paradigma de la vida querida o el buen vivir de preservación de la memoria y el conocimiento propio. Así, Suyusama proporciona a las comunidades las oportunidades de adquirir conocimientos, habilidades y competencias que respondan a sus necesidades, preocupaciones y realidades. Lo anterior es posible mediante la articulación de diversos actores en el territorio que consolidan, cualifican y fortalecen las organizaciones sociales en pro de alcanzar objetivos comunes, en una perspectiva local de desarrollo sostenible. Siembra y cosecha de conocimiento es el resultado de la investigación de Rosalba Frías-Navarro en el marco del Doctorado en Ingeniería, Industria y Organizaciones de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Functional and numerical responses of Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to different biological stages of Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) (Acari: Tetranychidae)*
Authors: Döker İsmail , Yalcin Kemal , Karut Kamil , Kazak Cengiz
Published: July 2021

Functional and numerical responses of the predatory mite, Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to four different biological stages (egg, larva, protonymph and adult male) of the citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) (Acari: Tetranychidae) were determined under laboratory conditions. In the experiments, six different prey densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80) for each biological stage of the prey were provided to the predatory mite for 24 hours. Results showed that the proportion of prey consumption of I. degenerans decelerated with increasing prey densities of all biological stages of the prey. Logistic regression analysis indicated that I. degenerans showed a Type II functional response regardless of prey stage. The attack rate (α) and the handling time (Th) varied based on the biological stages. The highest α (1.596) and the lowest Th (0.014) values were determined when the predator fed on adult males and larvae of E. orientalis, respectively. The numerical response curves were similar to those of Type II functional response. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) of female I. degenerans decreased on all biological stages when prey density increased. The highest and the lowest average daily mean number of eggs laid by I. degenerans were found as 0.45 and 1.90 when it fed on eggs and larvae of its prey, respectively. According to the results, I. degenerans has a potential to be used as a predator in biological control of E. orientalis.
Linking rivers to the rock record: Channel patterns and paleocurrent circular variance
Authors: Galeazzi C.P. , Almeida R.P. , do Prado A.H.
Published: July 2021

Alluvial rivers are the most important agents of sediment transport in continental basins, whose fluvial deposits enclose information related to the time when rivers were active. In order to extract the most information from fluvial deposits in the sedimentary record, it is imperative to quantify the natural variability of channel patterns at the global scale, explore what controls may influence their development, and investigate whether channel pattern information is preserved in the alluvial plains in order to develop tools for recognizing them in the sedimentary record. By surveying 361 reaches of modern alluvial rivers with available water discharge data at a global scale, we present a quantitative channel pattern classification based on sinuosity and channel count index applicable to the recognition in the rock record. A continuum of channel patterns ranging from high-sinuosity single channel to low-sinuosity multichannels is documented, along with the proportion of depositional elements in their alluvial plains and their conditions of occurrence. Preserved barforms in the alluvial plains of these rivers are used to infer and quantify paleoflow directions at the channel-belt scale and result in ranges of paleocurrent circular variance that may lead to channel pattern identification in the rock record. Data from this work indicate that the recognition of channel patterns may be used to predict paleogeographic features such as the scale of drainage basin area and discharge, slope, and annual discharge regimes.
Hypercalcaemia due to ovarian small cell carcinoma of the hypercalcaemic type
Authors: Montebello Annalisa , Gruppetta Mark
Published: July 2021

A 37-year-old woman presented with a few days’ history of lower abdominal pain and an incidental finding of hypercalcaemia. A thorough workup ensued, and the cause was found to be an exceptionally rare ovarian tumour—ovarian small cell carcinoma of the hypercalcaemic type. Acute treatment of hypercalcaemia consisted of aggressive intravenous fluids and bisphosphonates. She underwent surgery to remove the tumour and is currently receiving systemic platinum/etoposide chemotherapy combination to be followed by pelvic radiotherapy. This case highlights the wide range of differential diagnosis for hypercalcaemia and the importance of a stepwise and thorough approach during investigations. We discuss the pathophysiology of malignancy-related hypercalcaemia, focusing especially on parathyroid hormone-related peptide-associated hypercalcaemia.
The nature of X(3872) from high-multiplicity pp collisions
Authors: Esposito Angelo , Ferreiro Elena G. , Pilloni Alessandro , Polosa Antonio D. , Salgado Carlos A.
Published: July 2021

The structure of exotic resonances that do not trivially fit the usual quark model expectations has been a matter of intense scientific debate during the last two decades. A possible way of estimating the size of these states is to study their behavior when immersed in QCD matter. Recently, LHCb has measured the relative abundance of the exotic $$X(3872)$$

X
(
3872
)

over the ordinary $$\psi (2S)$$

ψ
(
2
S
)

. We use the comover interaction model to study the yield of a compact $$X(3872)$$

X
(
3872
)

. To confirm the reliability of the model in high-multiplicity pp collisions, we describe the suppression of excited over ground $$\Upsilon $$
Υ
states. With this at hand, we show that the size of the compact $$X(3872)$$

X
(
3872
)

would be slightly larger than that of the $$\psi (2S)$$

ψ
(
2
S
)

. If the $$X(3872)$$

X
(
3872
)

is instead assumed to be a meson molecule of large size, we argue that its evolution in QCD matter should be described via a coalescence model, as suggested by data on deuteron production. We show that the predictions of this model for the $$X(3872)$$

X
(
3872
)

are in contrast with data.
Review of low energy nuclear astrophysics
Authors: Kisslinger Leonard S. , Das Debasish
Published: July 2021

In this review of Low Energy Nuclear Astrophysics, we review the nuclear energy and evolution of the sun. Then we review the estimate of dark matter from galaxy rotation. Next, we discuss neutron star formation from the gravitational collapse of massive stars which produces neutron stars and their velocity. Then the origin of supernovae, the estimate of dark energy from supernovae acceleration, and experiments related to low energy nuclear astrophysics are reviewed.
Tensoresistive properties of single crystals TlIn1−xGaxSe2
Authors: Gojayev Eldar Mehraly , Mammadova Gulshan Nuraddin
Published: July 2021

In this work, single crystals of TlIn[Formula: see text]Ga[Formula: see text]Se2 solid solutions were grown by the methods of zone recrystallization, technologies for the manufacture of strain gauges based on them were developed and the tensoresistive properties of these phases were studied, the coefficient of strain sensitivity was determined by the static method depending on the temperature, the magnitude of mechanical deformation and optical illumination. Revealing that the single crystals have a high strain sensitivity coefficient, by the variation of the composition, quantity of mechanical deformation and the optical illumination, it is possible to control the phase coefficients investigated tensosensitivity.
A new class of analytical solutions describing anisotropic neutron stars in general relativity
Authors: Solanki Jay , Thakore Bhashin
Published: July 2021

A new class of solutions describing analytical solutions for compact stellar structures has been developed within the tenets of General Relativity. Considering the inherent anisotropy in compact stars, a stable and causal model for realistic anisotropic neutron stars was obtained using the general theory of relativity. Assuming a physically acceptable nonsingular form of one metric potential and radial pressure containing the curvature parameter [Formula: see text], the constant [Formula: see text] and the radius [Formula: see text], analytical solutions to Einstein’s field equations for anisotropic matter distribution were obtained. Taking the value of [Formula: see text] as −0.44, it was found that the proposed model obeys all necessary physical conditions, and it is potentially stable and realistic. The model also exhibits a linear equation of state, which can be applied to describe compact stars.
Extremal Graphs on the Rupture Degree
Authors: Qin Xiaoxiao , Xie Ting , Li Wen , Li Yinkui
Published: July 2021

For a given graph [Formula: see text], by [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] denote the order of the largest component and the number of connected components of [Formula: see text], respectively. The rupture degree of [Formula: see text] is an important combinatorial parameters, which defined as [Formula: see text]. Clearly, the smaller the value [Formula: see text] is, the better the connectivity of graph [Formula: see text] is. In this paper, the tree structures with minimum rupture degree be discussed, and the extremal graphs on the rupture degree in terms of graph girth are also characterized.
A Novel Orthogonally Separated Isolation System and Its Seismic Performance on a Curved Concrete Bridge
Authors: Sha Ben , Xing Chenxi , Xu Junhong , Wang Hao , Li Aiqun
Published: July 2021

The seismic response of curved concrete bridges is complex because of the geometric irregularity and induced planar rotation of the deck, which can magnify the displacement of the deck and deformation of the bearings. To control the planar rotation and thus the seismic response of the curved bridge, an orthogonally separated isolation system (OSIS) is proposed, which consists of the upper and lower isolation parts. With this, the planar relative displacement of the common isolation system is decomposed into the relative displacement of the upper part in one direction and the relative displacement of the lower isolation part in the orthogonal direction. Therefore, the planar rotation can be restrained and the seismic demand of the isolation bearing is decoupled. The analytical models of a curved bridge and the OSIS are established in OpenSees. A suite of 118 ground motions, of which 80 are ordinary and 38 are pulse-like, is selected as input with 24 different angles of incidence so as to consider the seismic variation. Nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses of the two models are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the OSIS. The results show that the OSIS can effectively decrease the deck displacement, the bearing deformation and the pier column shear force, especially under the ground motions with higher intensities, while the shear force increases slightly on the abutment.