bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pressure calibration in solid pressure transmitting medium in large volume press
Authors: Yan Xiaozhi , Ren Xiangting , He Duanwei
Published: December 2016

The pressure limit in the large-volume-press (LVP) is increasing, but the in situ pressure calibration in LVP is still not a well resolved problem. The variation of the electrical resistance of the manganin with pressure in a hydrostatic condition is well known and is widely used in the pressure calibration in LVP. However, the hydrostatic pressure condition is hard to be maintained for the unavoidable solidification of the pressure transmitting medium (PTM) with pressure increasing. Moreover, our understanding about the relationship between pressure and manganin’s resistance in a solid transmitting medium is still limited. Therefore, it is difficult to calibrate higher pressure using manganin. We measured the electrical resistance of manganin under pressure in pyrophyllite, MgO, and NaCl, respectively. The results show a linear relationship between the resistance and pressure in the same PTM with good reproducibility. In addition, the resistance-pressure relationships of manganin in different PTM are obviously different. So the resistance of manganin in a given solid PTM can be satisfactorily used as a pressure gauge only in the same PTM but cannot be used in other pressure media. Our results make it possible to calibrate higher pressure in a solid pressure transmitting medium in LVP.
Using active colloids as machines to weave and braid on the micrometer scale
Authors: Goodrich Carl P. , Brenner Michael P.
Published: December 2016

Significance

Designing and building custom-made structures at the microscopic scale is a fundamental goal in nanotechnology. Many self-assembly approaches have the advantage of being autonomous in that no external input is required during the assembly process. We present a paradigm for the autonomous, out-of-equilibrium assembly of braids and weaves at the microscopic scale, using active particles. This approach, which involves controlling the precise motion of self-propelled colloids, not only provides a path for assembling complex structures but also demonstrates how active particles can be harnessed and used as a functional microscopic machine.
The Finnish abstract motion constructionmennäV-mA-An[go V-inf-ill] ‘do something unwished’
Authors: Sivonen Jari
Published: December 2016

This paper addresses the usage, development and motivation of the Finnish mennä V-mA-An [go V-inf-ill] construction. In this construction, the literal motion sense of ‘going’ has been grammaticalized to evoke an affective meaning: the activity expressed in the construction’s infinitival element is considered as unwished (e.g. Johtaja-t men-i-vät lakkautta-ma-an ohjelma-n [manager- pl.nom go-pst-3pl shut.down-inf-ill show-acc] ‘Managers shut down the show [though they should not have]’). This paper uncovers the different ways the construction is used (for example, projecting the disapproving stance onto a specific element, such as the manner, objective or result of the activity, that the speaker finds especially inappropriate when compared to the desired course of events, or creating an ironic tone for the description of an event) and reveals its lexical profile in modern language. The role of the context in the interpretation of the construction as well as its grammaticalization process are also dealt with. It is argued that the affective meaning of the construction is metaphorically motivated by a previously undiscovered image-schematic pattern “deviant path – erroneous goal”. In this schema the trajector is conceived of abstractly deviating from a projected path and ending up at an unwished ending point, and this constitutes a contrast to the desired course of events, the core meaning of the construction. The analysis supports a tenet in cognitive semantics that linguistic structures are often motivated by general cognitive processes such as metaphor and image-schema patterns.
Learning disease relationships from clinical drug trials
Authors: Haslam Bryan , Perez-Breva Luis
Published: December 2016

Objective: Our objective is to test the limits of the assumption that better learning from data in medicine requires more granular data. We hypothesize that clinical trial metadata contains latent scientific, clinical, and regulatory expert knowledge that can be accessed to draw conclusions about the underlying biology of diseases. We seek to demonstrate that this latent information can be uncovered from the whole body of clinical trials.

Materials and Methods: We extract free-text metadata from 93 654 clinical drug trials and introduce a representation that allows us to compare different trials. We then construct a network of diseases using only the trial metadata. We view each trial as the summation of expert knowledge of biological mechanisms and medical evidence linking a disease to a drug believed to modulate the pathways of that disease. Our network representation allows us to visualize disease relationships based on this underlying information.

Results: Our disease network shows surprising agreement with another disease network based on genetic data and on the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) taxonomy, yet also contains unique disease similarities.

Discussion and Conclusion: The agreement of our results with other sources indicates that our premise regarding latent expert knowledge holds. The disease relationships unique to our network may be used to generate hypotheses for future biological and clinical research as well as drug repurposing and design. Our results provide an example of using experimental data on humans to generate biologically useful information and point to a set of new and promising strategies to link clinical outcomes data back to biological research.
Identification of a New Cotton Disease Caused by an Atypical Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Virus in Argentina
Authors: Agrofoglio Yamila C. , Delfosse Verónica C. , Casse María F. , Hopp Horacio E. , Kresic Iván Bonacic , Distéfano Ana J.
Published: December 2016

An outbreak of a new disease occurred in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fields in northwest Argentina starting in the 2009–10 growing season and is still spreading steadily. The characteristic symptoms of the disease included slight leaf rolling and a bushy phenotype in the upper part of the plant. In this study, we determined the complete nucleotide sequences of two independent virus genomes isolated from cotton blue disease (CBD)-resistant and -susceptible cotton varieties. This virus genome comprised 5,866 nucleotides with an organization similar to that of the genus Polerovirus and was closely related to cotton leafroll dwarf virus, with protein identity ranging from 88 to 98%. The virus was subsequently transmitted to a CBD-resistant cotton variety using Aphis gossypii and symptoms were successfully reproduced. To study the persistence of the virus, we analyzed symptomatic plants from CBD-resistant varieties from different cotton-growing fields between 2013 and 2015 and showed the presence of the same virus strain. In addition, a constructed full-length infectious cDNA clone from the virus caused disease symptoms in systemic leaves of CBD-resistant cotton plants. Altogether, the new leafroll disease in CBD-resistant cotton plants is caused by an atypical cotton leafroll dwarf virus.
Evaluating the lifestyles of physicians and PAs in orthopedics
Authors: Shannon Katherine M. , Merenstein Daniel J.
Published: December 2016

Objective:

Limited current research is available comparing job satisfaction and lifestyles of physicians and physician assistants (PAs). Given the professional similarities and the upward trend in employment for both professions, this research is important in educating future professionals and employers. This study examined job contentment among orthopedic physicians and PAs.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was designed to assess career and lifestyle satisfaction. The survey was e-mailed to orthopedic clinics across the United States.

Results:

27 PAs and 50 physicians completed the survey. Compared with physicians, PAs were more likely to recommend their career and to desire to switch specialties. Physicians reported a higher level of agreement that the professional schedule overshadows personal life, and that the stress and demand of the profession impair personal health.

Conclusion:

PAs in orthopedics self-reported a higher lifestyle satisfaction than physicians. One specialty was examined and larger, more diverse studies should be conducted.
Individualized Developmental Care in the NICU
Authors: Macho Patricia
Published: December 2016

Background:

Individualized developmental care (IDC) is a collection of evidence-based practices that include adapting care practices based on the infant's behavioral and developmental state, involving parents and families in the infant's care, and providing an environment that minimizes over stimulation of the infant.

Purpose:

To clarify the definition of IDC in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and to provide guidelines for implementation of IDC for healthcare professionals through a concept analysis.

Method/Search Strategy:

A literature review involving a search of multiple electronic databases from January 1982 to November 2016 was performed along with presentation of a model case and attributes of IDC.

Conclusions:

This concept analysis defines and provides guidelines for implementing an individualized developmentally sound environment for infants born premature and their families.

Implications for Practice:

All NICUs need to strive to provide an environment that supports and promotes IDC. Education needs to be provided to healthcare providers and parents regarding IDC practices.

Implications for Research:

Further research into short- and long-term outcomes of IDC is needed. Research into whether IDC is being implemented by NICUs is also needed.
Effect of General Anesthesia on Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in Children Undergoing Treatment of Vascular Anomalies With Laser Surgery: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Terushkin Vitaly , Brauer Jeremy , Bernstein Leonard , Geronemus Roy
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

Multiple exposures to general anesthesia may be neurotoxic to the developing brain. This relationship has not been evaluated in children undergoing laser surgery for vascular anomalies.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the prevalence of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in children who received multiple laser procedures under general anesthesia before the age of 4 years for the treatment of vascular anomalies.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Retrospective chart review of patients with contact of parents for telephone interview.

RESULTS

Thirty-three patients were eligible. Average age at the time of survey was 7.8 years. Twenty-three (84.8%) patients were female, with average age at the time of first treatment at 1.9 years. Average number of treatments received before the age of 4 years was 6.7. Anesthetics included inhalational nitrous oxide and isoflurane and intravenous propofol. Seven patients carried one or more of the following diagnoses: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (3.0%), anxiety (6.1%), behavioral disorder (3.0%), language disorder (3.0%), speech disorder (3.0%), and motor disorder (6.1%). These prevalence rates are similar to those found in the US population.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report on the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children undergoing multiple laser treatments under general anesthesia. Although the study sample is small, no increased risks when comparing with prevalence rates reported in the literature were noted.
Comparing Azole Plasma Trough Levels in Lung Transplant Recipients: Percentage of Therapeutic Levels and Intrapatient Variability
Authors: Stelzer Daniela , Weber Alexandra , Ihle Franziska , Matthes Sandhya , Ceelen Felix , Zimmermann Gregor , Kneidinger Nikolaus , Schramm Rene , Winter Hauke , Zoller Michael , Vogeser Michael , Behr Juergen , Neurohr Claus
Published: December 2016

Background:

This study compared therapeutic azole plasma trough levels (APL) of the azole antimycotics itraconazole (ITR), voriconazole (VOR), and posaconazole (POS) in lung transplant recipients and analyzed the influencing factors. In addition, intrapatient variability for each azole was determined.

Methods:

From July 2012 to July 2015, 806 APL of ITR, VOR, posaconazole liquid (POS-Liq), and posaconazole tablets (POS-Tab) were measured in 173 patients of the Munich Lung Transplantation Program. Therapeutic APL were defined as follows: ITR, ≥700 ng/mL; VOR, 1000–5500 ng/mL; and POS, ≥700 ng/mL (prophylaxis) and ≥1000 ng/mL (therapy).

Results:

VOR and POS-Tab reached the highest number of therapeutic APL, whereas POS-Liq showed the lowest percentage (therapy: ITR 50%, VOR 70%, POS-Liq 38%, and POS-Tab 82%; prophylaxis: ITR 62%, VOR 85%, POS-Liq 49%, and POS-Tab 76%). Risk factors for subtherapeutic APL of all azoles were the azole dose (ITR, P < 0.001; VOR, P = 0.002; POS-Liq, P = 0.006) and age over 60 years (ITR, P = 0.003; VOR, P = 0.002; POS-Liq, P = 0.039; POS-Tab, P < 0.001). Cystic fibrosis was a significant risk factor for subtherapeutic APL for VOR and POS-Tab (VOR, P = 0.002; POS-Tab, P = 0.005). Double lung transplantation (LTx) was significantly associated with less therapeutic APL for VOR and POS-Liq (VOR, P = 0.030; POS-Liq, P < 0.001). Concomitant therapy with 80 mg pantoprazole led to significantly fewer therapeutic POS APL as compared to 40 mg (POS-Liq, P = 0.015; POS-Tab, P < 0.001). VOR displayed the greatest intrapatient variability (46%), whereas POS-Tab showed the lowest (32%).

Conclusions:

Our study showed that VOR and POS-Tab achieve the highest percentage of therapeutic APL in patients with LTx; POS-Tab showed the lowest intrapatient variability. APL are significantly influenced by azole dose, age, cystic fibrosis, type of LTx, and comedication with proton-pump inhibitors. Considering the high number of subtherapeutic APL, therapeutic drug monitoring should be integrated in the post-LTx management.
Disparities in Utilization of Jaw Surgery for Treatment of Sleep Apnea: A Nationwide Analysis
Authors: Garg Ravi K. , Shan Ying , Havlena Jeffrey A. , Afifi Ahmed M.
Published: December 2016

Background:

Maxillomandibular advancement has been shown to be one of the most effective operations for management of severe obstructive sleep apnea, yet pharyngeal surgery is more commonly performed. The goal of this study was to identify socioeconomic factors associated with this phenomenon.

Methods:

Patients aged 14 or older with a primary hospital diagnosis of sleep apnea were identified using the National Inpatient Sample from 2005 to 2012. ICD9 codes were used to determine whether a pharyngeal or jaw procedure was performed. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and complications were compared.

Results:

Among 6316 sleep surgeries, 5964 (94.4%) were pharyngeal and 352 (5.6%) were jaw procedures. Women were significantly more likely to receive jaw surgery than men (odds ratio [OR] = 1.68, P = 0.0007). African Americans (OR = 0.19, P < 0.0001), Hispanics (OR = 0.42, P = 0.0009), Asians (OR = 0.41, P = 0.0009), and other non-Caucasians (OR = 0.19, P = 0.0008) had a significantly lower odds of receiving jaw surgery than Caucasians. Patients falling into lower-income brackets (OR = 0.39 and 0.57, P = 0.02 and 0.04) and patients with Medicare compared with private or Health Maintenance Organization insurance (OR = 0.46, P = 0.008) also had significantly decreased odds of undergoing jaw surgery. Comorbidities were similar between surgical groups, and there were no significant differences in bleeding, infection, or cardiopulmonary complications.

Conclusions:

We identified no significant difference in complication rates between pharyngeal and jaw procedures. Nonetheless, African American, Hispanic, and Asian patients, in addition to lower-income patients and patients with Medicare, had a significantly lower odds of receiving jaw surgery. Awareness of these disparities may help guide efforts to improve patients’ surgical options for sleep apnea.
Anatomical and Clinical Study of the Posterior Auricular Artery Angiosome: In Search of a Rescue Tool for Ear Reconstruction
Authors: Gómez Díaz Oswaldo J. , Cruz Sánchez Mario D.
Published: December 2016

Background:

The retroauricular tissues have been used for a long time for ear reconstruction, but the anatomical bases of flaps of this region are not completely clear. The aim of this study was to estimate blood supply area and location of this on the skin and fascia retroauricular dependent of posterior auricular artery (PAA) to establish safe margins to design flaps for auricular reconstruction.

Methods:

Dissection under magnification (×3.5) of the PAA through a cervical approach; injection of methylmethacrylate in the PAA as a staining technique; retroauricular approach to identify the territory of irrigation of PAA in the retroauricular skin and fascia; measuring and location of the stained area; and report of 2 cases of ear reconstruction with fasciocutaneous and fascia flaps based on PAA, designed according to the anatomical study.

Results:

In a sample of 10 cadaveric specimens, the PAA irrigated an area of the retroauricular skin and fascia of 10.7 cm length × 7.07 cm wide equivalent to 60.44 cm2 (95% CI, 37.07–83.81), with a distribution posterior to external auditory canal of 7.15 cm (95% CI, 5.53–8.77) and posterior to the helix insertion of 6.12 cm (95% CI, 4.89–7.35). In the 2 patients treated with fascia and fasciocutaneous flaps based on the PAA, these were good options for ear reconstruction.

Conclusion:

A fascia or fasciocutaneous flap from the retroauricular region based on PAA within the dimensions and location found in this study will be a safe option for reconstruction of the ear.
All Seasons Vertical Augmentation Mastopexy: A Simple Algorithm, Clinical Experience, and Patient-reported Outcomes
Authors: Swanson Eric
Published: December 2016

Background:

The safety of augmentation mastopexy has been questioned. Staging has been recommended for women deemed to be at higher risk, such as women with greater degrees of ptosis. Most existing studies evaluate women treated with multiple methods, including the traditional Wise pattern. This retrospective study specifically evaluates vertical augmentation mastopexy. A simple algorithm is introduced.

Methods:

From 2002 to 2016, 252 women underwent consecutive vertical augmentation mastopexies performed by the author, with no staged surgery. All patients underwent a vertical mastopexy using a medially based pedicle and intraoperative nipple siting. A subset of women treated from 2012 to 2016 were surveyed to obtain outcome data; 90 patients (inclusion rate, 90%) participated.

Results:

The complication rate was 32.9%, including persistent ptosis, delayed wound healing, scar deformities, and asymmetry. There were no cases of nipple loss. An increased risk of complications was detected for smokers (P < 0.01), but not for combined procedures, secondary breast augmentations, or secondary mastopexies. The revision rate was 15.5%. Persistent nipple numbness was reported by 13.3% of respondents. Eighty percent of women were self-conscious about their breast appearance before surgery; 22% of respondents were self-conscious about their breasts after surgery. Seventy percent of respondents reported an improved quality of life, 94.4% would repeat the surgery, and 95.6% would recommend it.

Conclusions:

A simple algorithm may be used to guide treatment in women who desire correction of ptosis and upper pole fullness. An "all seasons" vertical augmentation mastopexy is safe and widely applicable. Staging is unnecessary.
CONSTRUCT AND FACE VALIDITY OF THE EYESI INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPE SIMULATOR
Authors: Chou Jonathan , Kosowsky Tova , Payal Abhishek R. , Gonzalez Gonzalez Luis A. , Daly Mary K.
Published: December 2016

Purpose:

To evaluate construct and face validity of the Eyesi Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope Simulator.

Methods:

The performance of 25 medical students (Group A) was compared with that of 17 ophthalmology and optometry trainees (Group B) on the Eyesi Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope Simulator. During the course of a single session, each participant viewed an orientation module followed by an instruction session and a demonstration case, and performed 6 cases of progressively increasing difficulty (4 levels) and a 10-question face validity questionnaire. Outcomes included total score, total examination time, percent retina examined, and duration of eye exposure to light.

Results:

Group B achieved significantly better total scores than Group A on all difficulty levels (P = 0.02, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.0001, for Levels 1–4, respectively) and had a significantly faster mean duration of examination (8 minutes 58 seconds vs. 5 minutes 21 seconds, P < 0.0001). Medical students reported higher scores in the face validity questionnaire for the simulator experience being helpful at orienting them to true indirect ophthalmology, and that further training on the simulator would improve their skills in the clinic (P = 0.03 for all).

Conclusion:

The Eyesi Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope Simulator has significant construct and face validity and shows promise for medical education.
POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGIC OCCLUSIVE RETINAL VASCULITIS: A FORME FRUSTE VARIANT?
Authors: Goldberg Roger A. , Crawford Courtney , Heier Jeffrey S.
Published: December 2016

Purpose:

To present a forme fruste variant of hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis (HORV) after uncomplicated cataract surgery performed with vancomycin in the irrigating solution.

Methods:

A report of a single patient who developed HORV; the clinical features and course are described and compared with previously reported cases.

Results:

Ultra–widefield fluorescein angiography demonstrated an occlusive vasculitis in both eyes 1 week after uncomplicated cataract surgery in which vancomycin was added to the irrigating solution. An extensive systemic evaluation including a hypercoagulable workup, serum electrophoresis, complete blood count, and carotid and cardiac ultrasound was negative. Visual acuity was unaffected, and the patient remained 20/20 in each eye one year after surgery without treatment. This is a markedly different outcome than seen in previously reported cases of HORV.

Conclusion

Ultra–widefield angiography was helpful to confirming the diagnosis of HORV in this milder case example in a patient who maintained excellent vision. This forme fruste variant of HORV after exposure to vancomycin suggests that the incidence of HORV after cataract surgery may be more common than previously reported. Vigilance, close observation, and broad reporting can help further clarify the incidence and potential adverse effects of routinely using intracameral vancomycin during cataract surgery.
The Effects of Kangaroo Care on the Sleep and Wake States of Preterm Infants
Authors: Bastani Farideh , Rajai Nahid , Farsi Zahra , Als Heidelise
Published: December 2016

Background:

Developing interventions that improve deep sleep and quit awake is important to improve the quality of care that is provided to preterm infants.

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of kangaroo care and in-arms-holding on the sleep and wake states of preterm infants.

Methods:

A randomized controlled trial design was employed in 2011–2012. Seventy-two stable preterm infants with gestational ages of 32–37 weeks and their mothers were recruited from the neonatal intensive care unit of Valiasr Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Seventy participants completed the trial. In the preintervention phase, nurses placed all of the infants, clad only in diapers, in supine position in their incubator for 20 minutes. Next, the infants in the kangaroo care group were placed onto their mothers’ bare chest, whereas those infants in the in-arms-holding group were cradled in their mothers’ arms, with the head and back supported by the mother’s left arm. The intervention period lasted for 70 minutes. In the postintervention phase, the infants were returned to their incubators and placed in supine position for 20 minutes. The observer recorded the status of the infants during the three phases of study.

Results:

There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of state distribution in the preintervention phase. However, the kangaroo care group had longer periods in deep sleep (p < .001) and in the quiet awake/alert state (p = .004) during the intervention phase and less time in the light sleep or drowsy state (p < .001) and in the actively awake state (p = .02) than the in-arms-holding group. No significant group differences were found in terms of crying.

Conclusions:

Kangaroo care appears to increase the length of time that preterm infants spend in deep sleep and quiet awake states as compared with simply being held in their mothers’ arms. Replication of this research will strengthen the results.
Why Do Patellofemoral Stabilization Procedures Fail? Keys to Success
Authors: Caplan Nick , Nassar Islam , Anand Bobby , Kader Deiary F.
Published: December 2016

In recent years, surgical interventions for patellofemoral joint instability have gained popularity, possibly revitalized by the recent advances in our understanding of patellofemoral joint instability and the introduction of a number of new surgical procedures. This rise in surgical intervention has brought about various complications. In this review article, we present the complications that are associated with 5 main surgical procedures to stabilize the patella-medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, tibial tubercle osteotomy, trochleoplasty, lateral release/lateral retinacular lengthening, and derotation osteotomies. The key to success and potential problems with these surgical techniques are highlighted in the form of “expert takeaways.”
Acute Dystonia Versus Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Without Fever in an Eight-Year-Old Child
Authors: Sridaran Rita , Nesbit Chadd E.
Published: December 2016

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare but potentially fatal complication of the use of certain medications. It is being seen more often in the pediatric population because of the increasing use of both typical and atypical antipsychotics in children. Rapid recognition of NMS is important to emergency physicians because timely treatment can be life saving. Acute dystonia is also a well-known and more common adverse effect of certain types of antipsychotics, more commonly seen with the typical antipsychotics versus the atypical antipsychotics. We describe a case of a pediatric patient who developed an acute dystonic reaction versus NMS soon after starting aripiprazole. We compare this case with the other documented cases of acute dystonia and NMS after initiating aripiprazole in the pediatric population.
A more accurate account of the effect of k-space sampling and signal decay on the effective spatial resolution in functional MRI
Authors: Chaimow Denis , Shmuel Amir
Published: December 2016

The effects of k-space sampling and signal decay on the effective spatial resolution of MRI and functional MRI (fMRI) are commonly assessed by means of the magnitude point-spread function (PSF), defined as the absolute values (magnitudes) of the complex MR imaging PSF. It is commonly assumed that this magnitude PSF signifies blurring, which can be quantified by its full-width at half-maximum (FWHM). Here we show that the magnitude PSF fails to accurately represent the true effects of k-space sampling and signal decay.

Firstly, a substantial part of the width of the magnitude PSF is due to MRI sampling per se. This part is independent of any signal decay and its effect depends on the spatial frequency composition of the imaged object. Therefore, it cannot always be expected to introduce blurring. Secondly, MRI reconstruction is typically followed by taking the absolute values (magnitude image) of the reconstructed complex image. This introduces a non-linear stage into the process of image formation. Thecompleximaging PSF does not fully describe this process, since it does not reflect the stage of taking the magnitude image. Its correspondingmagnitudePSF fails to correctly describe this process, since convolving the original pattern with the magnitude PSF is different from the true process of taking the absolute following a convolution with the complex imaging PSF. Lastly, signal decay can have not only a blurring, but also a high-pass filtering effect. This cannot be reflected by the strictly positive width of the magnitude PSF.

As an alternative, we propose to first approximate the MRI process linearly. We then model the linear approximation by decomposing it into a signal decay-independent MR sampling part and an approximation of the signal decay effect. We approximate the latter as a convolution with a Gaussian PSF or, if the effect is that of high-pass filtering, as reversing the effect of a convolution with a Gaussian PSF. We show that for typical high-resolution fMRI at 7 Tesla, signal decay in Spin-Echo has a moderate blurring effect (FWHM = 0.89 voxels, corresponds to 0.44 mm for 0.5 mm wide voxels). In contrast, Gradient-Echo acts as a moderate high-pass filter that can be interpreted as reversing a Gaussian blurring with FWHM = 0.59 voxels (0.30 mm for 0.5 mm wide voxels). Our improved approximations and findings hold not only for Gradient-Echo and Spin-Echo fMRI but also for GRASE and VASO fMRI. Our findings support the correct planning, interpretation, and modeling of high-resolution fMRI.
An efficient targeted nuclease strategy for high-resolution mapping of DNA binding sites
Authors: Skene Peter J. , Henikoff Steven
Published: December 2016

We describe Cleavage Under Targets and Release Using Nuclease (CUT&RUN), a chromatin profiling strategy in which antibody-targeted controlled cleavage by micrococcal nuclease releases specific protein-DNA complexes into the supernatant for paired-end DNA sequencing. Unlike Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP), which fragments and solubilizes total chromatin, CUT&RUN is performed in situ, allowing for both quantitative high-resolution chromatin mapping and probing of the local chromatin environment. When applied to yeast and human nuclei, CUT&RUN yielded precise transcription factor profiles while avoiding cross-linking and solubilization issues. CUT&RUN is simple to perform and is inherently robust, with extremely low backgrounds requiring only ~1/10ththe sequencing depth as ChIP, making CUT&RUN especially cost-effective for transcription factor and chromatin profiling. When used in conjunction with native ChIP-seq and applied to human CTCF, CUT&RUN mapped directional long range contacts at high resolution. We conclude that in situ mapping of protein-DNA interactions by CUT&RUN is an attractive alternative to ChIP-seq.
Electro-diffusion modulation of synaptic input in dendritic spines using deconvolved voltage sensor time series
Authors: Cartailler J. , Kwon T. , Yuste R. , Holcman D.
Published: December 2016

The inward current flowing inside the post-synaptic terminal of a neuron modulates transiently the membrane voltage potential. Most of the excitatory connections are made on dendritic spines characterized by a large variability in their geometry.How the voltage in a spine is modulated by geometry remains elusive due in part to the absence of direct measurements. To understand the spine voltage-current relation, we develop here a model for the voltage and we use it to extract electrical properties from live cell imaging data. We first deconvolve the genetically encoded voltage sensor expressed in hippocampal neurons and then use electro-diffusion theory, to compute the electric field and the ionic flows induced in a dendritic spine.The ionic flow is driven by the electric field coupled to the charge densities that interact through the non-cylindrical spine geometry. We determine the I-V relation and conclude that the spine effective resistance is mostly determined by the neck geometry. This modulation of synaptic inputs by the spine neck is significantly larger than what was expected from traditional cable models. Thus modulating the postsynaptic current can be achieved by changing the number of receptors or by altering the spine geometry which independently affects the transformation of current into voltage.

Significance statement

Dendritic spines are geometrical structures receiving most of the excitatory transmission, yet how they modulate voltage from the synaptic current is not clear due to their submicron small size and specific non-cylindrical geometry. We study here the conversion of the synaptic current into voltage modulated by the spine geometry. Our approach is based on the electro-diffusion theory and we show that the spine neck is the main resistance filter, while the voltage is maintained constant in the head. Finally, we extract the effective resistance using a deconvolution of the genetically encoded voltage indicators expressed in hippocampal neurons. The present approach allows studying the electrical properties of many other structures such as glial small protrusions, cilia, and many others.
Spatial specificity of the functional MRI blood oxygenation response relative to neuronal activity
Authors: Chaimow Denis , Yacoub Essa , Uğurbil Kâmil , Shmuel Amir
Published: December 2016

Previous attempts at characterizing the spatial specificity of the blood oxygenation level dependent functional MRI (BOLD fMRI) response by estimating its point-spread function (PSF) have conventionally relied on spatial representations of visual stimuli in area V1. Consequently, their estimates were confounded by the width and scatter of receptive fields of V1 neurons. Here, we circumvent these limits by instead using the inherent cortical spatial organization of ocular dominance columns (ODCs) to determine the PSF for both Gradient Echo (GE) and Spin Echo (SE) BOLD imaging at 7 Tesla. By applying Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling on a probabilistic generative model of imaging ODCs, we quantified the PSFs that best predict the spatial structure and magnitude of differential ODCs’ responses. Prior distributions for the ODC model parameters were determined by analyzing published data of cytochrome oxidase patterns from post-mortem histology of human V1 and of neurophysio-logical ocular dominance indices. The most probable PSF full-widths at halfmaximum were 0.82 mm (SE) and 1.02 mm (GE). Our results provide a quantitative basis for the spatial specificity of BOLD fMRI at ultra-high fields, which can be used for planning and interpretation of high-resolution differential fMRI of fine-scale cortical organizations.
Tracking stem cell differentiation without biomarkers using pattern recognition and phase contrast imaging
Authors: Delaney John D. , Nakatake Yuhki , Eckley D. Mark , Orlov Nikita V. , Coletta Christopher E. , Chen Chris , Ko Minoru S. , Goldberg Ilya G.
Published: December 2016

Bio-image informatics is the systematic application of image analysis algorithms to large image datasets to provide an objective method for accurately and consistently scoring image data. Within this field, pattern recognition (PR) is a form of supervised machine learning where the computer identifies relevant patterns in groups (classes) of images after being trained on examples. Rather than segmentation, image-specific algorithms or adjustable parameter sets, PR relies on extracting a common set of image descriptors (features) from the entire image to determine similarities and differences between image classes.

Gross morphology can be the only available description of biological systems prior to their molecular characterization, but these descriptions can be subjective and qualitative. In principle, generalized PR can provide an objective and quantitative characterization of gross morphology, thus providing a means of computationally defining morphological biomarkers. In this study, we investigated the potential of a pattern recognition approach to a problem traditionally addressed using genetic or biochemical biomarkers. Often these molecular biomarkers are unavailable for investigating biological processes that are not well characterized, such as the initial steps of stem cell differentiation.

Here we use a general contrast technique combined with generalized PR software to detect subtle differences in cellular morphology present in early differentiation events in murine embryonic stem cells (mESC) induced to differentiate by the overexpression of selected transcription factors. Without the use of reporters, ora prioriknowledge of the relevant morphological characteristics, we identified the earliest differentiation event (3 days), reproducibly distinguished eight morphological trajectories, and correlated morphological trajectories of 40 mESC clones with previous micro-array data. Interestingly, the six transcription factors that caused the greatest morphological divergence from an ESC-like state were previously shown by expression profiling to have the greatest influence on the expression of downstream genes.
Schumpeter and economic man
Authors: O’Boyle Edward John
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the writings of Joseph Schumpeter on economic man to demonstrate that Schumpeter is a precursor of personalist economics.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper addresses two intertwined questions. What evidence supports the claim that Schumpeter rejectedhomo economicus? What evidence indicates that Schumpeter actually embraced the human person – the acting person – as a replacement forhomo economicus? The evidence is presented in four sections: Schumpeter’s rejection ofhomo economicus; Schumpeter on economic agency; Schumpeter, a precursor of personalist economics; and final remarks.

Findings

As to the first question, there is no doubt that Schumpeter rejectedhomo economicus. Regarding the second, the evidence does not indicate that Schumpeter proposed replacinghomo economicuswith what today we refer to as the acting person. This paper concludes that by insisting on the critical role of the active, spontaneous, and eager-to-initiate change entrepreneur in economic affairs and our understanding of those affairs Schumpeter was a precursor of personalist economics.

Originality/value

To a large extent Schumpeter’s insights regarding economic agency and William Waters role in interpreting those insights have been buried in the economics literature. It was Waters in 1952 who stated that Schumpeter identified the inadequacy of economic man as the efficient cause of economic activity and re-established the human person as the true efficient cause, principally in terms of entrepreneurship.
Yoga and mindfulness for anxiety and depression and the role of mental health professionals: a literature review
Authors: Butterfield Nicole , Schultz Tim , Rasmussen Philippa , Proeve Michael
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of yoga in the management of anxiety and depression, development of mindfulness and self-compassion and implications for mental health care delivery and mental health professionals, with a specific focus on nursing practice.

Design/methodology/approach

A search of electronic databases Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline and Cochrane Library was undertaken.

Findings

There is growing research evidence supporting the use of yoga as an adjunct or combination therapy for the management of stress, anxiety and depression. Mindfulness has been indicated as a potential mechanism of change but needs further research. Health care professionals may play an important role in supporting consumers to engage in yoga as part of their mental health care.

Research limitations/implications

Yoga research to date has been limited by methodological weaknesses including wide variation of yoga practices, styles and teaching methods; difficulties in double-blinding, suitable placebo-control; lack of randomised controlled trials and small sample sizes. The literature highlights that more high-quality yoga and mental health research is needed.

Practical implications

The paper introduces the potential role of yoga for anxiety and depression in the health care system and the role of mental health professionals in implementing and promoting holistic yoga-based therapies.

Originality/value

This paper proposes a yoga model for mental health and provides insight into a proposed new direction for future mental health care and the role of nursing practice and other mental health professionals.
Mental health workers’ values and their congruency with recovery principles
Authors: Glajz Bianca A. , Deane Frank P. , Williams Virginia
Published: December 2016

Purpose

Recovery in mental health emphasises the empowerment of clients to discover and develop hope and a more satisfying life often in the presence of ongoing symptoms of mental illness. Work values that are incompatible with values that underpin the recovery philosophy may be contributing to the challenges in implementing recovery values in practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the types of work values espoused by Australian mental health workers and their degree of congruence with recovery values.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 65 Australian mental health workers completed an open-ended work values question. Leximancer content analysis was used to generate a thematic work values profile followed by a theory-led thematic analysis of the responses to assess congruence with recovery values.

Findings

This sample valued client-centred practice that supports recovery, making a difference in others’ lives, work competence, being caring and empathic, and meaningful work. Overall, there was substantial congruence between work and recovery values, with less evidence of endorsement of values relating to strengths-based approaches, personal responsibility, and positive self-identity. These values should be targeted in future training initiatives.

Originality/value

The current study is the first study to identify the types of work values espoused by Australian mental health workers and to examine the degree to which they are recovery-consistent. This is an important research agenda given the high national and international priority to adopt a recovery orientation, and the need to identify and modify potential barriers to the implementation of recovery-oriented services.
Biogas production with co-digestion of sugarcane straw
Authors: De Rossi Eduardo , Lindino Cleber Antonio , Cremonez Paulo André , Dos Santos Kenia Gabriela , Bariccatti Reinaldo Aparecido , Antonelli Jhonatas , Teleken Joel Gustavo
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate straw modification by chemical degradation generated by two forms of pretreatment, using citric acid in an autoclave and urea solution with sodium hydroxide at low temperature.

Design/methodology/approach

The material was digested and compared in biodigester reactors lined with natural straw, straw pretreated with citric acid, straw pretreated with urea and NaOH, and straw subjected to both the pretreatments. The amount of straw has been delimited to 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 percent v/v, and used 20 percent v/v inoculum in all reactors, consisting of 30 percent v/v poultry litter and 70 percent swine wastewater (SW). The experiment was conducted in an incubator kept in mesophilic conditions (35°C).

Findings

The results indicate significant change in the studied material, with degradation of lignin as well as hemicellulose and cellulose exposed to further hydrolysis. Spectrophotometric methods were used for monitoring degradation. These methods were efficient in monitoring changes caused by the treatments. When the proposed pretreatments are applied to sugarcane straw, there is a significant gain in biogas production (L g VSR−1). The most appropriate rates for higher methane production in the pretreatments are 2.5 and 5 percent straw-SW. The best results for the anaerobic digestion of sugarcane straw were obtained by pretreating it with citric acid.

Originality/value

This paper shows a new use for the sugarcane straw waste after being pretreated with acid or base for the coproduction of biogas.
When one business model is not enough for a social business
Authors: Gebauer Heiko , Saul Caroline , Halidmann Mirella , Kramer Sasha
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to illustrate how managing multiple business models can become a key factor for succeeding in base-of-the-pyramid markets.

Design/methodology/approach

Case study was conducted through an engaged scholarship approach.

Findings

The authors highlight that companies can manage multiple business models, if they are following these three steps: recognition of costs-and-benefits, improvement and growth and creation of synergies.

Practical implications

The study provides guidance on how to manage multiple business models.

Social implications

This paper discusses Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods, a social enterprise, which provides basic sanitation in bade-of-the-pyramid markets.

Originality/value

Operating more than one business model could cause often strategic failures. Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods explored the advantages of having multiple business models in following three steps: recognition of costs-and-benefits, improvement and growth and creation of synergies.
Managing uncertainty: harnessing the power of scenario planning
Authors: Oliver John J. , Parrett Emma
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to provide an overview of the role that scenario planning can play in managing the uncertainty caused by changing and unpredictable competitive dynamics.

Design/methodology/approach

This viewpoint reflects both the practical experience of strategic planners, combined with an academic insight into the advantages of using scenario planning as a management tool.

Findings

Firms can develop corporate level strategy and gain long-term certainty in their strategic approach by using scenario planning to strategize in a way that allows them to prepare for multiple futures, with multiple strategies.

Practical implications

Firms can manage environmental uncertainty and turbulence by being “mentally prepared” to address the future by evaluating the critical uncertainties driving turbulence and the strategic options relevant to a number of possible future outcomes.

Originality/value

A unique combination of practical experience fused with academic knowledge on harnessing the power of scenario planning to manage uncertainty and develop organizational strategy.
Why leadership styles matter
Authors: Mauri Terence
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach

This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings

Leadership is undergoing a seismic and long overdue shift. In many companies, there is a chronic leadership gap: teams are being overmanaged and underled. To progress, leadership styles need to be updated; this means, we must be willing to change and become an avid learner of leadership.

Practical Implications

The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations.

Originality/value

The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.