bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Analysis of Instability Related Delamination Growth
Authors: Whitcomb John D.
Published: March 2007

A parametric study of postbuckled through-width delaminations in laminated coupons was performed. A finite element analysis was developed to analyze the coupons as a combination of linear and geometrically nonlinear components. Because most of the coupon configuration studied behaves linearly, the mixed linear and nonlinear analysis greatly reduced computational costs. The analysis was verified by comparing numerical with exact solutions for simple hypothetical problems. In addition, measured lateral deflections of postbuckled through-width delaminations in laminated coupons were compared with predicted deflections. In the parametric study, stress distributions and strain-energy release rates were calculated for various delamination lengths, delamination depths, applied loads, and lateral deflec tions. Also, a small number of coupons with through-width delaminations were fatigue tested to obtain delamination growth data. Calculated strain- energy release rates were compared with the observed growth rates to deter mine the relative importance of the Mode I and Mode II components of energy release. GI was shown to dominate the growth process.
Torsional Buckling Analysis and Damage Tolerance of Graphite/Epoxy Shafts
Authors: Bauchau O.A. , Krafchack T.M. , Hayes J.F.
Published: March 2007

The measured torsional buckling load of Graphite/Epoxy shafts is found in good agree ment with theoretical predictions based on a general shell theory that includes elastic cou pling effects and transverse shearing deformations. The direction of the applied torque and the lay-up stacking sequence drastically affects the buckling load (up to 80%). Transverse shearing deformations are found significant when the number of circumferential waves in the buckling pattern is larger than 3. The residual strength of shafts with holes is also measured, and the dominant failure mode remains torsional buckling. The buckling mode patterns are seemingly unaffected by damage but buckling loads are lower compared to un damaged specimens. Material failure concentrated around the hole does not occur until the hole size is approximately one-third of the shaft's diameter. Teflon disks inserted between plies to simulate delaminations decrease the buckling load, but not significantly. In con clusion, stiffness characteristics, rather than strength characteristics dominate the behavior of thin-walled, undamaged shafts under torsional load, and this appears to remain true for shafts with sizable damage (up to about one-third of the shaft's diameter).
Van Der Pauw Measurements of Resistivity in Plastic/Metal Composites
Authors: Hmurcik L.V. , Kinsler M.R.
Published: March 2007

The van der Pauw (VdP) technique provides a four-probe measurement of a sample's average resistivity. It is generally applied to samples which have a uniform density and thickness but an arbitrary shape. We apply the VdP method to a metal/plastic composite. Samples are cut into rectangular shapes, but internally the metal structure is a random shape. Values of resistivity correlate well (> 90%) to values measured by a two-probe technique. We can determine a composite's structure in a highly accurate though destruc tive manner. Some in-situ test applications are proposed.
On Large Deflection Effects in Unsymmetric Cross-Ply Composite Laminates
Authors: Sun C.T. , Chin H.
Published: March 2007

Static and dynamic behaviors of unsymmetric cross-ply laminates in cylindrical bending are investigated using von Karman large deflection theory. Due to the presence of bending- extension coupling, the effect of the large deflection term becomes pronounced even in the "small deflection" range. Further, the apparent laminate bending rigidity depends on the direction of deflection. It is also found that in free vibration at small amplitudes, large deflection theory may yield frequencies lower than linear theory.
The Effect of Matrix Shrinkage on Damage Accumulation in Composites
Authors: Penn L.S. , Chou R.C.T. , Wang A.S.D. , Binienda W.K.
Published: March 2007

This study addresses residual stress and its effect on the performance of thermoset filamentary composites. Both cure shrinkage and thermal shrinkage in the matrix generate various residual stresses. In this work, a molecular additive was used to nearly eliminate the cure shrinkage of the cast thermoset resin and thereby to significantly reduce the residual stress in the composite.

In spite of the reduction in residual stress, the damage accumulation behavior was un changed : transverse cracking studies of (02/902) s laminates showed identical crack onset and crack accumulation in both control and experimental composites (with and without additive, respectively). The surprising lack of effect of reduced residual stress on damage accumulation is explained by considering the effect of the additive on elastic constants and fracture sensitivity.
Study of the Onset of Delamination at Holes in Composite Laminates
Authors: Shalev Doron , Reifsnider K.L.
Published: March 2007

For laminated composites, delamination can be a controlling failure mode and a major damage mode. The problem of delamination growth has been widely studied, especially for idealized situations such as the edge delamination of specially designed plate specimens. However, comparatively little systematic study has been made of the ini tiation of delamination around notches such as cutouts and holes in laminates of practical interest. Such work is essential to efforts to establish criteria for the design and optimiza tion of laminates to withstand the important practical requirements of notched strength, especially under long term static or cyclic loading. Composite laminates are prone to delamination at free edges, straight edges, or at holes, due to the mismatch of deformations at interfaces where two adjacent plies have different fiber orientations and/or different material properties. The linear analysis of the mismatch at the edge results in a mathe matical singularity. That phenomenon occurs in a boundary layer and has to be treated mathematically and physically as such. It is of great importance to recognize and be able to predict delamination locations at edges prone to such events. The goal of the research presented here was to create a model capable of providing such a prediction and to verify that model. In an effort to generalize the model, the more complicated case of a free edge at holes in a composite laminate was considered rather than the case of a straight free edge. Once the development of the analysis of the free-edge effect at a hole in a composite lami nate was completed, a sequel of two major efforts was employed: 1) performance of an ex tensive experimental program to provide data for the creation of the prediction model, and 2) establishment of the model based on the analysis, and comparison of predictions with the experimental results. The final formulation of the stress field near the hole edge con sists of the determination of the mathematical order of the singularity and a series of near- field parameters. Both terms play an important role in the analysis, and were required for the prediction model. The testing program employed two different material systems and two types of stacking sequences under quasi-static loading. Delamination locations as well as threshold loads for those locations are reported and discussed in terms of common philosophies regarding the subject. Some unexpected contrasts in the behavior of the two material systems are observed.
Rate Effects on Aramid Fibre/Epoxy (KRP) Tubes Under Hoop Loading
Authors: Al-Salehi F.A.R. , Al-Hassani S.T.S. , Bastaki N.M. , Hinton M.J.
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive experimental study was undertaken to evaluate strain rate effects on the hoop burst strength, hoop modulus, strain to failure and Poisson's ratio of Kevlar reinforced plastic (KRP) angle ply filament wound tubes. Both static and dynamic tests were performed on tubes of winding angle 25 ° , 45 ° , 55 °, 65° and 75 ° , which were burst under internal radial loading with minimum end constraints. For each test, the inter nal pressure and the strains in both circumferential and longitudinal directions were re corded on suitable digital processing equipment.

For a particular batch of tubes tested at different strain rates, the results showed a signifi cant rise in the hoop burst strength with increasing strain rate, for all tubes. The high winding angle tubes (65° and 75°) failed by catastrophic fibre fracture; the strain to failure values increased with increasing strain rate and the hoop modulus remained fairly constant over the tested strain rate range. The lower winding angle tubes were characterised by an "initial failure" associated by resin cracking and leading to a subsequent degradation in tube modulus. The use of a non-structural liner during quasi-static tests leads to a signifi cant increase in ultimate strength and strain of all tubes tested with the exception of the 25°.
The Conflict Interactions of the People's Republic of China, 1950-1970
Authors: Onate Andres D.
Published: March 2007

China scholars believe that increases in the levels of internal conflict have historically led the Chinese to seek foreign policies conflict. Until now, this generalization has not been empirically challenged. Data were collected on nine measures of domestic conflict and twelve measures of foreign conflict, over a 21-year period, 1950-1970. The results were mixed. While the principal finding of a moderate relationship did lend some support to the historical generalizations relating foreign and domestic conflict in the People's Republic of China, a second finding-foreign conflict predicted better to domestic conflict-was contrary to our hypothesized expectations. Thus, on the basis of the tentative findings, we would be justified in reformulating the traditional conflict model and proposing that the key toward understanding the relationship between foreign and domestic conflict in the PRC is not only its domestic conflict, but also the foreign conflict initiated by or directed toward the Chinese.
Negotiation as a Psychological Process
Authors: Spector Bertram I.
Published: March 2007

This paper develops a microlevel framework to analyze dyadic negotiation processes and outcomes. The Lewinian paradigm of behavior determination is used as a conceptual foundation to describe and synthesize the impacts of personality, perception, expectation, persuasion, and the interaction of these factors on negotiation dynamics. The findings of a bargaining experiment that employed this framework reveal that behavioral styles are activated by decidedly different sets of motivational elements and perceived psychological climates. The interaction of bargainer personalities also influences the choice of negotiating strategies. Moreover, the results indicate that outcomes are more strongly determined by personality and perceptual predictors than by the use of mutual persuasion.
The Pattern and Importance of Public Knowledge in the Nuclear Age
Authors: Graham Thomas W.
Published: March 2007

A review of 175 survey questions which measure American public awareness and knowledge of nuclear issues from 1945 through 1987 reveals important and previously undiscovered patterns. Awareness of nuclear weapons is universal amd more dominant than awareness of arms control. People are two times more knowledgeable of nuclear weapons issues than they are of arms control issues. Even though only approximately 5% of the public have detailed knowledge of arms control, many more people have functional knowledge of the subject. While the level and rate of diffusion of nuclear awareness varies greatly, there seems to be a limit to the number of people who learn of nuclear issues after they first reach the public agenda. This places limits on presidential leadership and organized public education campaigns. Despite justifiable methodological concerns with question wording, time series data and self-defined knowledge scales, much can be learned by systematically analyzing relevant public opinion data.
Arab and American Autoand Heterostereotypes: A Cross-Cultural Study of Empathy
Authors: Lindgren Henry Clay , Tebcherani Amelia
Published: March 2007

Forty Arab and 21 American male university students were asked to rate a list of 250 adjectives, drawn from Gough's Adjective Check List, in terms of the extent to which each adjective was descriptive of the respondent. Seventeen adjectives were selected as more descriptive of Arab than American respondents, and 27 were selected as being more descriptive of American than Arab respondents. The adjectives thus selected were used to construct a forced-choice questionnaire of 30 contrasting Arab-American pairs. When the questionnaire was administered to a sample of 25 Arab and 25 American male students, Arabs were more successful in identifying typical American responses than Americans were in identifying typical Arab responses. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that the members of low-power (LP) groups would have more empathy for members of high-power (HP) groups than vice versa.
A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Conservation
Authors: Goldschmid Marcel L. , Bentler Peter M. , Debus Ray L. , Rawlinson Ralph , Kohnstamm Dolf , Modgil Sohan , Nicholls John G. , Reykowski Janusz , Strupczewska Barbara , Warren Neil
Published: March 2007

The Concept Assessment Kit Conservation, in previous studies found to be a reliable indicator of conservation in the United States, was administered to approximately 250 children-25 boys and girls from each age group from 4 to 8 years-in each of the following countries: Australia, Holland, England, New Zealand, Poland, and Uganda. The results indicated that the age trends in conservation development for bothmales and females are fairly consistent from culture to culture. The rate of conservation acquisition differed somewhat across the samples studied. These variations are most likely due to specific environmental differences among the groups compared. The Concept Assessment Kit appears to be a reliable indicator of conservation across several cultural groups.
Motives for Child-Bearing in America and in India
Authors: Meade Robert D. , Singh Labh
Published: March 2007

Samples of male and female Americans, the higher varnas of Indian Hindus, and Indian Muslims completed stories designed to elicit motives for wanting to have children. Significant differences between cultural groups and sexes were found for number of children described, sex ratios, ages, and whether children were named. Expressed primary motives were: for American males-vicarious fulfillment of avocational desires, father-child love, the father's loss of personal freedom; for American females-motherchild love, joy of watching children grow, loss of personal freedom; for Indian males-financial burden of fatherhood, vicarious fulfillment of vocational desires, improvement of status on being a father; for Indian females-improvement of status on being a mother, security in old age provided by sons, children's respect for the mother. Indian Muslims deviated slightly from their Hindu compatriots chiefly in that male children were described, to the exclusion of females.
Elements of Intellectual Competence
Authors: Gill Russel , Keats Daphne M.
Published: March 2007

Australian and Malay University students judged the relative importance of various forms of intellectual competence. The two groups agreed on the importance of four general areas of competence, giving the top two rankings to "mental abilities" (e.g., problem-solving) and "knowledge" (i.e., amount known), and ranking "skills" (e.g., speaking ability) and `arousal" (e.g., keenness) as less important. Disagreement between the groups was more marked in the ranking of specific mental abilities, specific skills, and characteristics of style. Malays, for example, placed more emphasis on social and practical skills, whereas the Australians rated more highly the academic skills, speaking, reading, and writing. Malays also placed greater emphasis on speed and creativity, while Australians stressed ability to adapt to new events. The study suggests some cultural bases for these differences and some implications for psychological testing with Malays.
Examining the Potential for Academic Achievement among Inuit Children
Authors: Wright Stephen C. , Taylor Donald M. , Ruggiero Karen M.
Published: March 2007

A longitudinal design was used to examine intellectual potential and development of analytic intelligence among Inuit children in Arctic Quebec. Children completed the board form of the Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) on four occasions during the first two years of formal education. Inuit children's CPM scores were consistently higher than age-appropriate U.S. norms and were comparable with data for White children in southern Quebec. In addition, the scores of children with two Inuit parents did not differ significantly from those of children with mixed Inuit/White heritage. Finally, language of instruction and teacher's ethnicity did not affect scores. In terms of the capacities measured by the CPM, Inuit children do not appear to be deficient in intellectual capacity at the time of entry into school. The factors that contribute to their academic under-achievement appear to do so by preventing the learning of specific classroom materials rather than affecting their intellectual development.
Attitudes Toward Law and Prisoners, Conservative Authoritarianism, Attribution, and Internal-External Locus of Control
Authors: Na Eun-Yeong , Lofius Elizabeth F.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were (a) to compare collectivistic Koreans' and individualistic Americans' attitudes toward law and prisoners with relative legal expertise as a moderator of culture effect and (b) to identify culture-dependent mediational variables (i.e., conservative authoritarianism, attribution, and locus of control) that may predict those attitudes. Four groups (Korean and American law students and undergraduates) were surveyed by a questionnaire. Cultural differences in legal attitudes were more remarkable between the undergraduates of two countries than between their law student counterparts. Korean undergraduates had less positive attitudes toward law than did Korean law students and had more positive attitudes toward prisoners than did American undergraduates. Koreans were more lenient to criminals and made more external attributions of crimes than did Americans. Altogether, internal locus of control and authoritarianism had strong positive effects on attitudes toward law, and authoritarianism and internal attribution had strong negative effects on attitudes toward prisoners.
Psychology and Humanism
Authors: Smith M. Brewster
Published: March 2007

Humanistic psychology as a social movement was indigestible for many humanistically oriented academic psychologists. Their students wanted easy therapeutic gimmicks, and they saw humanistic psychology as justifying a comfortably optimistic view of people in the world. Leaders of humanistic psychology advanced other worldly concerns over worldly ones. "Secular humanism" in the style of Chein, Fromm, and Murray was essentially unrepresented in the movement, and May's tragic view did not prevail. With recent changes in psychoanalysis and in behaviorism/cognitive psychology, humanistic psychology should keep the windows of psychotherapy, and of arts and letters, open for psychological insights. It might welcome challenges from artificial intelligence; it should focus on the implications of self-reference and cultivate alliance with the burgeoning movement of life-span human development. As personality psychology revives from dormancy, it should become the new humanistic psychology, merging explanation and interpretation.
Alternative Realities
Authors: McWhinney Will
Published: March 2007

The different ways people experience reality result in their having distinctly different attitudes toward change. Understanding these different concepts contributes to new understanding of resistance to change and the modes of leadership. This article presents a description of four alternative realities and introduces a pencil-and-paper instrument that has been used to assess the reality concepts people use. "A Scenario in Four Languages," a hypothetical case, elucidates the ways in which managers with different reality bases would choose to act and the problems facing leaders who have diverse concepts of reality.
Two Humanistic Psychologies? A Response
Authors: Wilber Ken
Published: March 2007

In response to certain questions raised by John Rowan (1989), Wilber suggests that there are indeed two humanistic psychologies, one of which is open to the spiritual, transcendental, or trans-personal dimensions in men and women, and one of which is not. This response includes a defense of transpersonal psychology against certain charges (notably by Rollo May) that it is, in effect, a product of unrealistic or wish-fulfillment thought, that it is out of touch with the evil side of men and women, and that "transpersonal experiences" themselves are at best imaginary. The article concludes with a defense of mysticism in general, pointing out that its claims are based on experiential evidence and thus are no more or less verifiable than any other experiential knowledge claims, including those of empirical science.
On Being a Psychoanalyst in the Nuclear Age
Authors: Mack John E. , Redmont Jane C.
Published: March 2007

The threat of nuclear war has become a pervasive reality in our lives and in the lives of our patients. This article explores the role and responsibility of the analyst and the psychotherapist in the nuclear age. The nuclear threat may seem an inappropriate topic of discussion for the treatment hour because of its social and political ramifications; like the topic of sexuality in the 19th century, it is still cloaked in denial and fear. Yet both we and our patients have identities and responsibilities in the broader human community. The nuclear threat challenges us to examine these identities and responsibilities and to rethink our methodologies and perhaps even aspects of clinical theory in response to the new situation in which we find ourselves. A fuller discussion of these questions appears as a chapter, "The Threat of Nuclear War in Clinical Work: Dynamic and Theoretical Considerations," in wLevine, Jacobs, and Rubin (1988). This chapter was edited and rewritten for JHP by Jane C. Redmont, M. Div. Since the research mentioned in the article is John Mack's research, the word "I" in the text refers to him.
Reasons for Not Reporting Peak Experiences
Authors: Davis John , Lockwood Linda , Wright Charles
Published: March 2007

Respondents reported on whether they had had a peak experience, how many people they had told, and the reasons they had not told more people. Out of 246 respondents, 79% reported having had a peak experience but most had told only a few people about it. The most common reasons respondents gave for not discussing a peak experience were that it was a special and intimate personal experience which they did not want to discuss, that they felt it might be devalued or put down, and that they could not adequately describe it.
Humanistic Psychology and Chaos Theory
Authors: Krippner Stanley
Published: March 2007

Chaos theory investigates processes that initially seem so complex that they do not appear to be governed by any known principles; however, they actually have an underlying order that can be described mathematically. The application of chaos theory to human behavior and experience demonstrates an affinity with humanistic psychology that deserves attention, especially in such areas as creativity, health, and the sleep cycle.
The Aesthetic Experience of the Client in Psychotherapy
Authors: Zukowski Eve M.
Published: March 2007

A reconceptualization of psychotherapy as art, namely, as an aesthetic experience, is explored. The author argues that previous notions of psychotherapy as art-those that focus on practitioner artistry and react against psychotherapy as science-have stifled productive discourse of the art in psychotherapy. The author's approach, instead, examines how both here-and-now processes and therapeutic change are experienced by the client aesthetically, as he or she would experience a work of art. Aesthetic experience is defined as both appreciating intrinsic qualities of therapeutic relating and creating a self with aesthetic value. Varying notions of aesthetic experience are discussed, and, using Johnson's theory of embodiment metaphors and Polkinghorne's narrative self, similarities between aesthetic experience and psychotherapy are uncovered. Implications for research, and the relation between psychotherapy as art and science, are explored.
The Need for an Alternative NATO Strategy
Authors: MøLLER BJøRN
Published: March 2007

This article identifies two of the main problems facing NATO: The futile quest for 'balance' and the associated reliance on nuclear escalation It evaluates two proposed solutions to these problems in the light of a dual criterion: A viable defence policy must avoid a never-ending arms race, and it must avoid war — be it a premeditated aggression or a crisis escalating to war. The most prominent reform adopted in recent years is reliance on 'deep strikes' as implied by the Follow-On Forces Attack (FOFA) doctrine. It represents a 'fallacy of the last step', by not taking into account the likely Warsaw Pact response. The outcome will thus be increased instability in crises as well as another round in the arms race. An alternative solution would be a non-offensive defence relying on dispersed, de-centralized and short- range forces. This might increase crisis stability as well as eliminate the need for 'balance', thus acting as a break on the arms race.
The Long Cycle of Global War and the Transformation of Alliance Norms
Authors: Kegley Charles W. , Raymond Gregory A.
Published: March 2007

Within the study of world politics, the relationship between alliance formation and war remains one of the most perplexing problems. This paper contends that explanations of the linkage can be improved by inspection of the effects of global war on changes in the degree to which alliance norms support or reject binding treaty obligations. A macro indicator of alliance commitments is devised that is anchored in international law, and a longitudinal analysis of temporal variations in this indicator in the aftermath of global wars is conducted. Two hypotheses regarding changes in the content of alliance norms are derived from Modelski's well-known theory of the long cycle of world leadership, and are tested through focused comparisons of discrete historical systems. The results suggest that in the 19th century flexible conceptions of alliance commitments tended to predominate in the wake of global war. However, the evidence also suggests that in the aftermath of 20th-century global wars a secular trend toward support for binding conceptions of treaty commitments has prevailed. The historical patterns and permutations within alliance norms observed are evaluated in terms of their implications for cyclical theories of global change.
Global Policy and the Future of the United Nations
Authors: Rochester J. Martin
Published: March 2007

This article examines the systemic constraints and opportunities confronting the United Nations, specifically as an instrument for making and implementing `global policy', in an era in which universal and formal organizational approaches to international co-operation are seriously being called into question. The author argues that global policy entails some manner of global organization which can provide the necessary apparatus for engaging the international system in policy-relevant political-intellectual routines at the system-wide level. The UN could play a special role in facilitating decisions by the international community as to what type of policy device is possible and desirable in a given problem area (norms, rules, organizations, or other outputs) as well as what the policy scope might be (global or subglobal). However, under the present set of arrangements - labeled `functional eclecticism' - the UN is poorly equipped to help determine how much formal institutionalism and globalism is optimal for the international system. Another model - `dirigible pluralism' - is articulated that suggests an alternative set of arrangements whereby the UN might move toward routinizing international public policy processes and furnishing a degree of central guidance compatible with an increasingly subsystem-dominant, polyarchical world.
Technology or Politics?
Authors: Raman Sujatha
Published: March 2007

In Inventing Accuracy, Donald MacKenzie presents a strong argument for refuting the belief that the socalled arms race is caused by an inherent technological imperative. This is an empirically rigorous and highly readable book about what first seems to be an area only accessible to experts. Based on over a hundred-and-forty interviews with various people, politicians and engineers involved in the US nuclear program, the author unravels the open-endedness of technical development. The achievement of high accuracy in nuclear missiles is believed to have brought about the shift from countercity to counterforce strategy. The author shows that this linear model of technology-influencing politics overlooks both technical uncertainty and the political shaping of technology. Drawing on the social construction of technology (SCOT) approach, he demonstrates the conventionality of knowledge claims and argues that determinism only paralyzes action toward change. However, there are still barriers to large-scale change within the bureaucratic politics of technology he describes. Hence this work needs to be related to broader political issues in peace research.
The Most-Cited Articles in JPR
Authors: GLEDITSCH NILS PETTER
Published: March 2007

The most-cited articles in JPR are listed based on citations in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) for the period 1972-92. The number of citations does not measure quality, but provides a measure of the use which the research community makes of an article. If good articles are to be used they must also be visible and a widely circulated journal is the best vehicle for achieving this. The SSCI has a US bias, but includes citations from other countries and also from languages other than English. Judging from the articles at the top of the list, JPR's foremost user community is found within a quantitatively oriented school of international relations, but other communities can also be discerned. The role of the Journal's founding father, Johan Galtung, was of inestimable importance in the first years of JPR's life. It remains important today, but less so. However, his old JPR articles retain considerable importance for Galtung's continued visibility in the scholarly community.
A Conflict and Learning Theory Analysis of Psychopathic Behavior
Authors: Hare Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Outlined is a simple, tentative conflict model of psychopathic behavior. The model is based upon recent developments in learning theory and upon Miller's approach-avoidance conflict theory of behavior. In Miller's system, the tendency to approach or avoid an ambivalent goal is inversely related to the distance of the organism from the goal. It is proposed here that the psychopath can be conceptualized as having a steeper than nor mal gradient of avoidance tendencies because of his relative inferiority in developing and retaining conditioned fear re sponses, and his low degree of emotional reactivity. The model is used to account for several characteristics of psychopathic behavior and to make experimentally testable hypotheses.
Victimization and the Fear of Crime
Authors: Garofalo James
Published: March 2007

The determinants of the fear of crime are examined with special attention to how the risk and experience of criminal victimization affect that fear. Us ing data from victimization and attitude surveys in eight American cities, a model of the determinants of the fear of crime is developed and evaluated in a preliminary fashion. The major conclusion is that the fear of crime is not simply a function of the risk of and actual experiences with victimization.
Sentencing Versus Prosecutorial Discretion: the Application of a New Disparity Measure
Authors: Barry Donald M. , Greer Alexander
Published: March 2007

While the term disparity arises naturally and is used frequently in discussions of discretion and fairness in criminal processing, little attention has been given to formulating precise quantitative indicators of it.

This article illustrates the application of a recently developed technique for measuring disparity. Prosecutorial and sentencing decisions governing the dispositions of 2,234 convicted felons in a single jurisdiction were used to esti mate the amount of variability in sanction severity attributable to (1) "legit imate" factors of offense seriousness and prior record, (2) sentencing discre tion, and (3) prosecutorial discretion.

Approximately one-half of the total variability in sanctions was at tributable to offense seriousness and prior record. Under the assumption that all of the remaining, unexplained variation could be attributed to sentencing and plea bargaining discretion, it was found that sentencing decisions ac counted for a substantially greater proportion of variability than did plea bar gaining decisions. Implications for the development of valid disparity measures are discussed.
Neighborhood and Crime: The Structural Determinants of Personal Victimization
Authors: SAMPSON ROBERT J.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the effects of neighborhood characteristics on rates of personal criminal victimization (rape, robbery, assault, and larceny). The data base is taken from the National Crime Survey (NCS) for the years 1973-1975. Building upon extant theory and empirical research in the social ecology of crime, the neighborhood factors studied are unemployment, income inequality, racial composition, structural density, residential mobility, and family structure. Previous victimization research reveals that these neighborhood characteristics predict victimization risk independent of individual characteristics such as age, race, sex, income, and marital status. Parameter estimates from analysis of variance models indicate that structural density, residential mobility, and female-headed families have strong positive effects on rates of personal victimization. A major finding is that inequality and racial composition have small effects on victimization when social integration (family structure, mobility) and opportunity factors (density) are included in the model. Implications of these findings for theories of victimization and offending are discussed.
Officials' Reactions to Sentencing Guidelines
Authors: MIETHE TERANCE D. , MOORE CHARLES A.
Published: March 2007

The present study reports data from a mail survey on the Minnesota felony sentencing guidelines given to a statewide sample of 200 criminal court judges, prosecutors, and public defenders. While the study is primarily a description of the attitudes and experiences of these officials, we show that officials' opposition to sentencing guidelines does not necessarily dissipate through time, varies according to their occupational status, and argue that the level of opposition may actually be indicative of the effectiveness of the guidelines in achieving their explicit objectives. The article concludes with a discussion of the utility of a survey approach to supplement empirical data on actual sentencing practices and the implication of our findings for other states considering the adoption of sentencing guidelines.
A Meta-Analysis of Juvenile Correctional Treatment
Authors: WHITEHEAD JOHN T. , LAB STEVEN P.
Published: March 2007

Debate over the effectiveness of correctional treatment has been raging for over a decade. The view that “nothing works” dominates in the mind of the public and relies on many early reviews of the literature for support. The most contemporary approach to analyzing the state of the evidence on correctional treatment is the use of meta-analysis. Meta-analysis is a technique that reanalyzes data found in original research reports and arrives at a common measure for all of the studies. The present analysis of research reports published from 1975 to 1984 does not provide encouraging results. The results show that interventions have little positive impact on recidivism and many appear to exacerbate the problem. Indeed, the analysis in this article could be considered overly lenient in its interpretation of the results. It appears that the earlier evaluations that claim that “nothing works” are close to the conclusion to be drawn from more recent evaluations of juvenile treatments.
Wife Assault, Costs of Arrest, and the Deterrence Process
Authors: WILLIAMS KIRK R. , HAWKINS RICHARD
Published: March 2007

Drawing from a reconceptualization of deterrence, this article explores a measurement strategy that distinguishes between the social costs of illegal acts and those produced by legal sanctions. The validity of the measurement strategy is empirically evaluated using data from a national panel survey of violence between married or cohabiting partners. Respondents were asked to estimate the likelihood of assault costs (i.e., those resulting from the perpetration of assaultive acts against partners) compared to arrest costs (i.e., those resulting from an arrest for such behavior). Social costs include loss of attachments, loss of respect from significant others, and loss of self-respect. The preliminary evidence reported is consistent with the claim that perceived arrest costs, more than assault costs, significantly influence the deterrence process, at least for this type of illegal behavior. The implications of the findings for further research and policy are discussed.
Race, Gender, and Guidelines-Based Decision Making
Authors: GOTTFREDSON STEPHEN D. , JARJOURA G. ROGER
Published: March 2007

Risk dimensions used in guidelines systems have been implicated as contributing to racial (and gender) disproportionalities in America's prison and jail populations. Developers of some systems dealt with invidious risk predictors by purposely ignoring them, resulting in misspecification while not eliminating their effects. Eliminating all variables correlated with suspect factors would greatly attenuate power, rendering practical decision-making tools useless. This article shows that one risk-prediction device forming the basis of an operational guidelines system is, in fact, correlated with race and gender but that the approach suggested by some critics does not overcome this: Control factors will remain correlated with the final model even after second-order policy controls are implemented. Further, although the suggested approach is agnostic with respect to the nature of policy controls, these will have considerable practical importance. Illustration is provided. Unbiased models can be estimated with little appreciable loss of predictive utility, and this is demonstrated.
Female-Female Criminal Assault: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: CAMPBELL ANNE , MUNCER STEVEN , BIBEL DANIEL
Published: March 2007

Three explanations of female-female aggression drawn from feminist evolutionary positions are described and tested using a Massachusetts statewide criminal data base: (1) Female-female aggression is diminished where state benefits provide a source of resource provision as an alternative to dependence upon males (reflected in a negative correlation with AFDC); (2) Female-female aggression indicates competition for resource-rich males (reflected in a positive correlation with female biased sex-ratios and high male unemployment); (3) Female-female aggression is a function of female destitution that results in economic dependence upon males (reflected in a positive correlation with female unemployment and AFDC receipt). Multiple regression analysis of the female-female assault rate onto ecological measures of sex ratio, unemployment, and welfare receipt supports this last hypothesis. The authors discuss how the feminization of poverty carries implications not only for property crime (as emphasized by mainstream feminist theory), but also for assault.
Beyond Our Differences
Authors: Gore Jennifer M.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author presents a framework for unifying teacher educators that is based on what happens in classrooms. The framework identifies intellectual quality, relevance, supportive classroom environment, and recognition of difference as four dimensions of classroom practice that are essential for the learning of student teachers and for their subsequent success in bringing about high-quality learning outcomes for all of their students. The author argues that without such a framework, existing differences among teacher educators, born of different traditions in teacher education, will continue to seriously compromise not only the reforms to which we might aspire but also the very quality and coherence of programs.
Strategy Training in the Language Classroom: an Empirical Investigation
Authors: Nunan David
Published: March 2007

Although learner strategy training has entered the popular pedagogical imagination, with special journal issues, conferences, and textbooks devoted to the application of strategy training to language leaming, there is still relatively little research into the effect of strategy training on learners and learning processes. The purpose of the study reported here was to investigate the effect of strategy training on four key aspects of the learning process, namely student motivation, students' knowledge of strategies, the perceived utility of strategies, and the actual deployment of strategies by students. The study took the form of an experiment in which sixty first-year Undergraduate students at the University of Hong Kong were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Both groups took part in that same language program. In addition, the experimental groups were systematically trained in fifteen learning strategies.

Results of the study indicated significant differences in three of the four areas investigated. The experimental groups significantly outperformed the control groups on motivation, knowledge, and perceived utility. There was no significant difference in the area of deployment. Analysis of results on individual strategies revealed that strategy training was neither uniform nor consistent across all strategies. In the concluding section of the paper, the theoretical and pedagogical implications of the study are set out and discussed.
Les Nouvelles Formes de Religion dans la Société Globalisée: Un Défi à L'interprétation Sociologique
Authors: GUMUCIO Cristián PARKER
Published: March 2007

The author analyses certain forms of religion which can be characterized as “neo-magic-religion”. In the course of the shift towards post-industrial society magic has been updated and religion has been transformed. It is not a question of the “return” of magic but rather of a mutation of institutionalized religion largely in response to the scientific and technological revolution that has occurred within the context of globalization. New forms of religious belonging and of believing “in my own fashion” or “without the Church” are evidence of new types of syncretisms in which Christianity is combined with New Age and indigenous shamanism. Judging by its characteristics, the spirit of “neo-magic-religion” springs from an elective affinity with the ethos of science and post-industrial techniques. The concept of “neo-magic(s)” (in the singular or plural) should be considered as a sociological type based on empirical foundations and a large number of appearances.
The Buddhist-Christian Confrontation in Ceylon, 1800-1880
Authors: Malalgoda Kitsiri
Published: March 2007

La confrontation entre bouddhistes et chrétiens est étudiée dans la période de la colonisation anglaise. Il s'agit d'une phase cruciale, car d'une part elle marque le début de la pénétration missionnaire des Eglises protestantes anglo saxonnes et d'autre part elle marque le passage chez les bouddhistes d'une attitude traditionnelle de tolérance envers les autres religions à une résistance active et militante con duisant même jusqu'à des manifestation d'intolérance. En contrepartie, les chrétiens se tournèrent plus vers la protection de leur groupe que vers la conversion des bouddhistes.

L'article décrit avec assez bien de détails, d'une part, l'évolution des missions protestantes durant cette époque et le climat dans lequel elles se développèrent, en particulier le mépris du bouddhisme. Il analyse d'autre part la réponse bouddhiste qui se développa à la fois sur le plan politique (protestations auprès des autorités coloniales) et sur le plan religieux (confrontations doctrinales entre pasteurs et moines bouddhistes).
La religion, opium du peuple et protestation contre la misère réelle. Les positions de Marx et de Lénine
Authors: Vuscovic Rojo Sergio
Published: March 2007

The first part of the analysis is based upon a text of Marx from the Introduction to the Critique of the Philosophy of Law, which appeared in 1843-44. According to the author, the impor tance of this text lies in the concrete reference which it makes to the Prussian society of the epoch, whereas it has often been inter preted as an adopting of a philosophical position, as much on the part of the Marxists as the Christians for that matter. The radical atheism of the young Hegelians was very rapidly combatted by Marx. The author then takes up the problem of terminology: opium (illusory comfort), but also protestation against real misery. This permits him to formulate certain Marxist theses for analysing religion, notably religion as an ongoing creation of man, which one cannot identify with exploitation as sole justifica tion; as proved today by a major tendency within the Catholicism of Latin America.
Bacteriological Studies on Cotton
Authors: Heyn A.N.J.
Published: March 2007

Experimental data are presented on the occurrence of cellulose decomposing bacteria on raw cotton. From all samples of filed cotton investigated, cellulose bacteria could he isolated starting from the moment shortly after the opening of the boll. All species belong to the order of the Myxobacteriales, of which all representatives known to decompose cellulose in the total six species were found to occur. Some of these bacteria are common inhabitants of the soil ; a few others have been rarely observed in the United States.

The decomposition of raw cotton fiber, under the influence of some of these bacteria, is studied in the laboratory

A literature review on cellulose decomposing bacteria is added.
I Can See Clearly Now
Authors: Peavy Liz
Published: March 2007

This article is a beginning dialogue on the kuona process of teaching skill development. This process teaches conceptualization from a cultural, political, spiritual, and liberating perspective, a perspective that is rooted in the African culture. Kuona, a Swahili word, means to perceive beyond what is apparent. The kuona process is designed to foster self-reliance and self-determination for the purpose of social change in African American participants. When this liberating process is used consciously, it can change a participant’s perception of what can and cannot be accomplished in transforming self, others, and institutions. This article focuses on the process of conceptualization from a traditional and a liberating perspective, the formation of the kuona process, facilitating the process, philosophical assumptions of the process, and major components of the process.
Field Studies and Educational Administration and Policy
Authors: Marshall Catherine
Published: March 2007

New and in some ways unconventional research designs provide new information and insights about school administration.
Race and Common School Reform
Authors: Rury Johnl.
Published: March 2007

New York City's Black community's efforts improved schools for Blacks in the 1830s and late 1840s. After 1853 Blacks and the state again effected improvements. This case study suggests that the usual accounts are oversimplified.