bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FGF ligands of the postnatal mammary stroma regulate distinct aspects of epithelial morphogenesis
Authors: Zhang Xiaohong , Martinez Denisse , Koledova Zuzana , Qiao Guijuan , Streuli Charles H. , Lu Pengfei
Published: July 2014

FGF signaling is essential for mammary gland development, yet the mechanisms by which different members of the FGF family control stem cell function and epithelial morphogenesis in this tissue are not well understood. Here, we have examined the requirement of Fgfr2 in mouse mammary gland morphogenesis using a postnatal organ regeneration model. We found that tissue regeneration from basal stem cells is a multistep event, including luminal differentiation and subsequent epithelial branching morphogenesis. Basal cells lacking Fgfr2 did not generate an epithelial network owing to a failure in luminal differentiation. Moreover, Fgfr2 null epithelium was unable to undergo ductal branch initiation and elongation due to a deficiency in directional migration. We identified FGF10 and FGF2 as stromal ligands that control distinct aspects of mammary ductal branching. FGF10 regulates branch initiation, which depends on directional epithelial migration. By contrast, FGF2 controls ductal elongation, requiring cell proliferation and epithelial expansion. Together, our data highlight a pleiotropic role of Fgfr2 in stem cell differentiation and branch initiation, and reveal that different FGF ligands regulate distinct aspects of epithelial behavior.
Experimental NMR and DFT Studies of Persistent Carbocations Derived from Hetero-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Containing Oxygen Atom: Dibenzo[b,d]furan, Benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]furan, Benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan, Benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]furan, and Dinaphtho[2,1-b:1′,2′-d]furan
Authors: Okazaki Takao , Nakagawa Madoka , Kitagawa Toshikazu , Laali Kenneth K
Published: July 2014

Persistent protonation carbocations generated from hetero-PAHs containing oxygen atoms in their aromatic rings, dibenzo[b,d]furan (5), benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]furan (6), benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan (7), benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]furan (8), and dinaphtho[2,1-b:1′,2′-d]furan (9), were directly observed by NMR measurements in superacid. Compound 5 was protonated mainly at C(2) in FSO3H–SbF5 (1:1) or (4:1)/SO2ClF, and 6, 8, and 9 were protonated exclusively at C(5) in CF3SO3H or FSO3H/SO2ClF, whereas 7 was protonated at C(6) and C(11) to give two species in FSO3H/SO2ClF. Surprisingly, compound 5 resists protonation in FSO3H/SO2ClF to show NMR spectra corresponding to that of the intact material. Positive charge delocalization mapping for carbocations based on experimental Δδ13C values indicates limited delocalization in these systems. The chemical shifts and charge delocalization modes derived by DFT calculations agreed with the experimental results.
Total Synthesis of 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methylpyranosylillustrol, a Seco-norpregnaneglycoside from Mandevilla illustris
Authors: Tamiya Minoru , Isaka Nobuhisa , Ishizawa Kazuya , Ikeda Mayu , Ishiguro Masaji
Published: July 2014

2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methylpyranosylillustrol (3) was stereoselectively synthesized through the oxidative construction of a cage-like DEF ring moiety and stereoselective glycosylation of a 2,6-dideoxysaccharide derivative.
Synthesis of a Trinuclear Tropolone–Palladium(II) Macrocycle and Its C60 Inclusion Properties
Authors: Otani Hiroyuki , Sumi Chisaki , Shimizu Hideyuki , Hasegawa Masashi , Iyoda Masahiko
Published: July 2014

4,5-Dialkyl-1,2-bis(5-tropolonylethynyl)benzenes 5a and 5b were synthesized, and dioctyl derivative 5a was converted into the corresponding trinuclear palladium(II) macrocycle 1a by reacting it with Pd(OAc)2. Macrocyclic supramolecular coordination complex 1a has an inner cavity just large enough to include C60. Although trinuclear palladium complex 1a incompletely incorporated C60 in solution owing to weak interactions between the bis(tropolono)palladium(II) moieties and C60, it formed an inclusion complex with C60 in the solid state. The inclusion complex showed a moderate charge-transfer absorption in the UV–vis–NIR spectra.
Informality and Development
Authors: La Porta Rafael , Shleifer Andrei
Published: July 2014

In developing countries, informal firms account for up to half of economic activity. They provide livelihood for billions of people. Yet their role in economic development remains controversial with some viewing informality as pent-up potential and others viewing informality as a parasitic organizational form that hinders economic growth. In this paper, we assess these perspectives. We argue that the evidence is most consistent with dual models, in which informality arises out of poverty and the informal and formal sectors are very different. It seems that informal firms have low productivity and produce low-quality products; and, consequently, they do not pose a threat to the formal firms. Economic growth comes from the formal sector, that is, from firms run by educated entrepreneurs and exhibiting much higher levels of productivity. The expansion of the formal sector leads to the decline of the informal sector in relative and eventually absolute terms. A few informal firms convert to formality, but more generally they disappear because they cannot compete with the much more-productive formal firms.
Entrepreneurship as Experimentation
Authors: Kerr William R. , Nanda Ramana , Rhodes-Kropf Matthew
Published: July 2014

Entrepreneurship research is on the rise but many questions about the fundamental nature of entrepreneurship still exist. We argue that entrepreneurship is about experimentation; the probabilities of success are low, extremely skewed, and unknowable until an investment is made. At a macro level, experimentation by new firms underlies the Schumpeterian notion of creative destruction. However, at a micro level, investment and continuation decisions are not always made in a competitive Darwinian contest. Instead, a few investors make decisions that are impacted by incentive, agency, and coordination problems, often before a new idea even has a chance to compete in a market. We contend that costs and constraints on the ability to experiment alter the type of organizational form surrounding innovation and influence when innovation is more likely to occur. These factors not only govern how much experimentation is undertaken in the economy, but also the trajectory of experimentation, with potentially very deep economic consequences.
Venous leg ulcer after acupuncture treatment
Authors: Gkogkolou P. , Lorenz M. B. , Goerge T.
Published: July 2014

In diesem Fallbericht beschreiben wir eine 64-jährige Patientin, die ein chronisches Ulcus am dorsomedialen rechten Unterschenkel nach Akupunktur-Behandlung für Ostero-arthritis des rechten Knies entwickelte. Die duplexsonographische Diagnostik zeigte eine beidseitige Insuffizienz der Venae saphena parva (VSP) sowie eine periulzeröse Seitenastvarikosis der rechten VSP. Da die Patientin eine operative Behandlung ablehnte, wurde eine Schaumsklerosierung der periulzerösen Varikosis durchgeführt. Darunter zeigte sich eine vollständige Abheilung der Ulzeration innerhalb von 12 Wochen.
Foam sclerotherapy of a large postoperative seroma after inguinal lymph node excision
Authors: Recke A. L. , Kahle B. , Trog L.
Published: July 2014

Die Basistherapie eines Seroms besteht aus einer Drainage der Wundhöhle in Kombination mit einer konsequenten Kompression. Diese Therapie ist jedoch langwierig. Wir zeigen an einem Fallbericht die erfolgreiche Sklerosierung eines postoperativen Seroms mit einer verkürzten und vollständigen Abheilung.
Coarctation of Persistent 5th Aortic Arch: First Report of Catheter-Based Intervention
Authors: Uysal Fahrettin , Bostan Ozlem Mehtap , Cil Ergun
Published: July 2014

Persistent 5th aortic arch, originally called double-lumen aortic arch, is a rarely reported cardiac developmental anomaly that results in systemic-to-systemic or systemic-to-pulmonary shunting. When this malformation occurs, other intracardiac defects are almost always present. We report the case of a 7-month-old girl who presented with a heart murmur; she was found to have an interrupted 4th aortic arch and coarctation of a persistent 5th aortic arch, with no other defects. To our knowledge, this is the 3rd report of a pediatric patient with this condition in isolation, and the first report of its diagnosis and treatment by means of cardiac catheterization and balloon angioplasty.
Nontyphoidal Cardiac Salmonellosis: Two Case Reports and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Ortiz Daniel , Siegal Eric M. , Kramer Christopher , Khandheria Bijoy K. , Brauer Ernesto
Published: July 2014

Nontyphoidal Salmonella, especially Salmonella enterica, is a rare cause of endocarditis and pericarditis that carries a high mortality rate. Proposed predisposing conditions include immunodeficiency states, congenital heart defects, and cardiac valve diseases. We present 2 cases of cardiovascular salmonellosis. The first case is that of a 73-year-old woman with mechanical mitral and bioprosthetic aortic valves who died from sequelae of nontyphoidal Salmonella mitral valve vegetation, aortic valve abscess, and sepsis. The second case is that of a 62-year-old man with a recent systemic lupus erythematosus exacerbation treated with oral steroids, who presented with obstructive features of tamponade and sepsis secondary to a large S. enteritidis purulent pericardial cyst. He recovered after emergent pericardial drainage and antibiotic therapy. Identifying patients at risk of cardiovascular salmonellosis is important for early diagnosis and treatment to minimize sequelae and death. We reviewed the literature to identify the predisposing risk factors of nontyphoidal Salmonella cardiac infection.
Recurrent benign adrenal pheochromocytomas associated with hemihypertrophy
Authors: Pikilidou Maria , Yavropoulou Maria , Katsounaros Marios
Published: July 2014

We report a case of a female with hemihypertrophy, who developed five recurrences of pheochromocytomas until the age of 35. Timely follow-up of the patient's blood pressure assisted in early diagnosis and treatment of recurrent tumors.

Learning points

Recurrent benign pheochromocytomas should raise suspicion of a genetic syndrome.

A pheochromocytoma at a young age has a high propensity to recur and strict follow-up is mandatory.
Cellular Automata Simulations of Thermal Transport Properties of Thin-Film Polymer/CNTs Nano-Composites for Improved Design
Authors: Kalakonda P. , Casey A. , Iannacchione G. S. , Georgiev G. Y. , Cabrera Y. , Judith R. , Cebe P.
Published: July 2014

A computational algorithm has been developed to simulate the transport properties of oriented and un-oriented thin film nanocomposites of isotactic Polypropylene (iPP) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) with increasing CNT concentration. Our goal is to be able to design materials with optimal properties using these simulations. We use a cellular automata approach in a Matlab 3-D array environment. The percolation threshold is reproduced in the simulations, matching experimental data. Upon percolation, the thermal transport in the films increases sharply, due to the large difference in the thermal conductivities of the CNTs and the polymer. To verify the simulation, the thin-film samples were sheared in the melt at 200C at 1 Hz in a Linkan microscope shearing hot stage. The thermal conductivity measurements were performed on the same cell arrangement with the transport perpendicular to the thin-film plane using a DC method. The thermal conductivity is higher for the un-sheared as compared to the sheared samples. Our cellular automata simulations provide information about the microstructuremacroscopic property relation in the thin film nanocomposites and can be extended to simulations of other important materials.
Mathematical modeling of the fluid flow in a mixing device for melting/dissolving solid particles in a liquid alloy
Authors: Delgado-Álvarez J. A. , Perea-Zurita J. G. , Antonio-Morales A. , González-Rivera C. , Ramírez-Argáez M. A.
Published: July 2014

A study of the fluid flow in a mixing device proposed to dissolve alloying elements in iron baths is performed through a mathematical model in order to predict the best operating conditions for a proper melting/dissolution of solid alloying particles. The mathematical model consists in the mass and momentum conservation equations (continuity and Turbulent Navier-Stokes equations), and the standard two k-epsilon turbulence model. The model is numerically solved in transient regime with the Volume of Fluid algorithm (VOF) to calculate the vortex shape. VOF is built-in the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software ANSYS FLUENT 14. A flow of metal enters tangentially in the mixing chamber of the proposed mixing device (taken from an open patent) to generate a vortex. The shape and height of the vortex reached in this chamber depends on several design variables, but in this work only the presence or absence of a barrier in the device is analyzed. Results are obtained on the vortex sizes and shapes, liquid flow patterns, turbulent structure, residence times of the particles of alloying elements added to the melt and mixing times (Residence time distribution curves) of two devices: one with a barrier and the other without this barrier. It is found that the presence of the barrier in the device increases turbulence, destroys the vortex, decreases the residence time of the particles, and decreases the volume of fluid in the device. Most of the features of the barrier are detrimental for mixing and inhibits melting/dissolution of the alloying elements. Then, it is suggested a device without the presence of barrier for better performance.
Adhesion and Tensile Properties of a Novel Fiber-Metal Laminate Based on Polypropylene Reinforced with Aramid Fibers.
Authors: González-Canché Nancy G. , Carrillo J.G. , Gamboa R.A.
Published: July 2014

The aim of the present study is to analyze interfacial adhesion and characterize the tensile properties of a FML elaborated from thin layers of an aluminum alloy and layers of maleic anhydride modified polypropylene (MAHPP) reinforced with an aramid woven fabric. For the analysis of interfacial adhesion, a microbond test is carried out on the MAHPP-aramid fiber system and a single lap joint test is performed on FML constituent materials, as well as the tensile characterization of the FML and its constituents is conducted accordingly. Microbond testing revealed an improvement in interfacial shear strength for the MAHPP-aramid fiber system in comparison with that of polypropylene-aramid fiber systems reported in the literature. The apparent shear strength between the FML constituent materials is comparable to that for bonding of aluminum with MAHPP. Tensile characterization of the FML and its constituents showed that the FML presented greater tensile strength than the aluminum alloy; and a more ductile behavior in comparison with its individual components due to the degree of adhesion between the constituents which allows the material to deform in unison.
Tissue Healing Around Dental Implants With Marginal Bone Defects With and Without Flap Elevation: An Experimental Study in Dogs
Authors: Elian Nicolas , Kye Wayne , Saito Hanae , Dard Michel M. , Trushkowsky Richard D. , Tarnow Dennis
Published: July 2014

The technique of immediate implant placement after extraction has been conceived for preserving residual bone support and soft tissue morphology. Today, this procedure is still unpredictable and presents inconveniences for both the patient and the dentist. Therefore, the healing process around a dental implant placed into an extraction socket needs to be deeply investigated to increase the predictability of this surgical approach. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the healing of bone defects (fresh extraction sockets) after implant installation with flap elevation, and primary closure compared with implant installation without flap elevation. This study use histologic and histomorphometric analyses to evaluate tissue healing around dental implants with marginal bone defects with and without flap elevation 1 week, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks after implantation in the dogs. The main qualitative findings showed that after 1 week of implantation almost no bone repair was observed, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of bone-healing performance, inflammatory infiltrates (slight to moderate grade), and bone resorption (moderate to marked grade) limited to the coronal portion of the implanted sites. The 2 groups with or without flap elevation behaved similarly at this point of implantation. Under the experimental conditions of this study, no biological differences were observed between the 2 groups with and without flap elevation in terms of crestal bone repair, inflammation, marginal bone loss, and soft tissue downgrowth. The qualitative differences observed might be imputable to fortuitous events. The histomorphometric measurements confirmed the qualitative trends observed. The limitations of this study, as with all animal studies, are its translational aspects. Investigation of the same topic in a human population by setting up a controlled, randomized, prospective trial including a sufficient amount of patients investigated according to the split-mouth method would be beneficial.
Children with visual impairments may have altered joint movement: an observational case-control study
Authors: João Silvia Maria Amado , Pádua Michelle de , Taddei Ulisses Tirollo , Mendes Yuri Carvalho , Sauer Juliana Ferreira
Published: July 2014

To assess the articular range of motion in children with congenital visual impairment. Were evaluated 75 children between five and twelve years old, 49 with normal visual acuity and 26 visually impaired. Two evaluators performed the measure of active and passive range of motion by goniometry of shoulder and hip in all axes of motion. All examiners made a test of correlation between data obtained, to determine the inter-rater reliability, using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). In individuals with visual impairments was statistically significant difference, with higher range of motion in individuals with visual impairments to medial and lateral rotation of shoulder and hip lateral rotation. Were found: high correlation in the inter-rater reliability (ICC>0.70) for 9 (22.5%) groups of articular range of motion, moderate correlation (0.7>ICC>0.5) for 25 (62.5%) groups and low correlation to 6 (15%) groups ranges of motion. Sampled children with congenital visual impairment showed greater joint mobility for rotational range of motion of the shoulder and hip than children with normal visual acuity, although they have also shown lower values for articular range of motion in abduction and extension in shoulders.
Discourses on the nursing and psychiatric nurse models, published in the Annals of Nursing (1933-1951)
Authors: Pereira Michelle de Macedo , Padilha Maria Itayra , Oliveira Alexandre Barbosa de , Santos Tânia Cristina Franco , Almeida Filho Antonio José de , Peres Maria Angélica de Almeida
Published: July 2014

Social-historical study aimed at discussing the nursing and psychiatric nurse models, from the discourses published in the Annals of Nursing. The historical sources were articles published in the Annals of Nursing journal, from 1933 to 1951. An analysis of the discourse was subsidized by the genealogy of power by Michel Foucault. The analysis showed that the discourse on nursing and the psychiatric nurse, in the first half of the 20th century, is set, on one side, by the propositions used by psychiatrists, who sought to reiterate stereotypes and vocations to practice nursing, and, on the other side, by the active participation of nurses seeking to legitimize expertise for psychiatric nursing. It was concluded that the discourses analyzed defined a psychiatric care focused on the nurse and not the rest of the nursing staff, at that time.
Caring for women with HIV/AIDS: an interactionist analysis from the perspective of female healthcare professionals
Authors: Porto Tainara Serodio Amim Rangel , Silva Carla Marins , Vargens Octavio Muniz da Costa
Published: July 2014

The aim of this study was to know the meanings attributed by female health professionals to the process of caring for women with HIV, considering their vulnerability in the context of feminization of HIV/AIDS. It is a qualitative study based on the grounded theory method and symbolic interactionism, conducted in two public maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, from November 2009 to April 2010. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews with twelve female health professionals. The core category that emerged was "Speaking as a Professional and Thinking about Caring", which focused on the meaning of care, and the integration of two categories, the first being the concerns of being a woman/professional caring for women with HIV and the second being the meanings of professional care provided to women with the virus. It was concluded that the professionals still maintained the former perception of HIV/AIDS, contributing to increased gender vulnerability to HIV, discrimination and prejudice.
The network of mental health care from the family health strategy service
Authors: Wetzel Christine , Pinho Leandro Barbosa de , Olschowsky Agnes , Guedes Ariane da Cruz , Camatta Marcio Wagner , Schneider Jacó Fernando
Published: July 2014

The Family Health Strategy Service (FHSS) is an important ally in the mental health system, contributing to the completeness and effectiveness of care. This study aimed to discuss the mental health care network as compared to the daily routine of an FHSS. It is an evaluative study with a qualitative methodological approach. It was developed in an FHSS in Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil. Data was collected between July and December of 2010 through interviews with 16 workers and ten relatives. We identified important resources in primary health care, such as partnerships with academia. However, the constitution of this care is still based on specialty, following the logic of patient referral. Our intention for this study was to contribute to the operationalization of the mental health care network, consolidating the partnership with the FHSS and developing activities in the territorial space, raising awareness, demystifying health care service in the area, and countering the perception that it is uniquely specialized.
Skin tear treatment and prevention by nurses: an integrative literature review
Authors: Santos Érick Igor dos
Published: July 2014

The objective of the present study was to identify scientific evidence in the literature regarding management and prevention of skin tears by nurses over the last ten years. This is an integrative review of articles found in the LILACS, SciELO, BDENF, MEDLINE, Scopus, ScienceDirect and PubMed databases, identified with the Portuguese, English and Spanish descriptors for "skin," "friction," or with the keyword "skin tears". After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, fifteen texts were selected. Scientific evidence demonstrated that the best management results are obtained by covering the tear with the skin flap itself, using octylcyanoacrylate or silicone-based products. Prevention consists of promoting a safe environment, through multidisciplinary work and health education. We conclude that it is the nursing staff's responsibility to avoid infection, trauma of any intensity, pain and bleeding.
Indicadores de eficiência do uso da água e de nutrientes de clones de palma forrageira em condições de sequeiro no Semiárido brasileiro
Authors: Silva Thieres George Freire , Primo Jorge Torres Araújo , Silva Sérvulo Mercier Siqueira e , Moura Magna Soelma Beserra de , Santos Djalma Cordeiro dos , Silva Maria da Conceição , Araújo José Eduardo Marques
Published: July 2014

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência produtiva de três clones de palma forrageira resistentes à Cochonilha do Carmim, cultivados em condições de sequeiro no Semiárido brasileiro. Os clones avaliados foram IPA-Sertânia (IPA), Miúda (MIU) e Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (OEM). Foram calculados os indicadores de eficiência do uso da água: produtividade da água da cultura (PA C), produtividade econômica da água (PEA) e eficiência do uso de nutrientes (EUN), todos com base na água precipitada (Prec.) e na evapotranspiração real da cultura (ETr). A ETr foi quantificada por meio do método do balanço de água no solo. Verificou-se que não houve diferença estatística entre a PA C em base seca (MS) nos clones avaliados tanto em termos de Prec. como de ETr, mas eles diferiram em base fresca. A OEM foi o clone mais eficiente em base fresca (PA C(Prec.) ~ 104,8 kg MV ha-1 mm-1; PA C(ETr.) ~ 112,1 kg MV ha-1 mm-1), seguido pelo clone IPA, que também se mostrou eficiente quanto a ETr (PA C(ETr.) ~ 101,1 kg MV ha-1 mm-1). A MIU foi o clone menos eficiente para o Semiárido brasileiro. Não houve diferença da PEA (PEA(Prec.) ~ 35,4 R$ ha-1 mm-1; PEA(ETr.) ~ 39,5 R$ ha-1 mm-1) e da EUN, com exceção da eficiência do uso do magnésio com base na ETr, que foi maior para OEM (EUN(Mg) ~ 111,4 g ha-1 mm-1) e IPA (EUN(Mg) ~ 77,4 g ha-1 mm-1), e do sódio com base na precipitação, que foi superior para os clones OEM (EUN(Mg) ~ 4854,3 mg ha-1 mm-1) e MIU (EUN(Mg) ~ 3383,6 mg ha-1 mm-1).
Cuidar da saúde do vizinho: atuação do antropólogo Charles Wagley no Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública*
Authors: Figueiredo Regina Érika Domingos de
Published: July 2014

Recupera a atuação do antropólogo Charles Wagley como alto funcionário do Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública, programa de cooperação estabelecido entre EUA e Brasil na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Convocado a colaborar nos esforços de guerra, atuou na política de migração do Programa da Borracha. À luz dessa experiência de intervenção, do contexto marcado pela promoção do desenvolvimento e por questões então prementes no campo da antropologia, este estudo propõe-se retomar a obra Uma comunidade amazônica. Trata-se de discutir o estudo de comunidade conduzido na localidade amazônica que Wagley conheceu ainda durante as missões do Serviço e cuja realidade considerou ilustrativa de uma região subdesenvolvida, levando-o a refletir sobre mudança social e o papel das ciências.
Modernidade seletiva e estado predador: primeira aproximação às revoltas populares em maputo de 2008 e 2010
Authors: Hernández Héctor Guerra
Published: July 2014

Nos dias 5 de fevereiro de 2008 e 1 e 2 de setembro de 2010 Maputo foi o cenário de duas revoltas populares de grandes proporções, cada uma delas motivadas pelo descontentamento generalizado da população frente a reajustes econômicos, impostos pelo governo, que aumentariam significativamente o custo da vida dos maputenses. Essa situação mobilizou tanto a elite política como intelectual a desenvolver apressadamente algumas hipóteses que pudessem explicar esses eventos. Neste texto pretende-se contrastar essas hipóteses para, em seguida, propor uma análise que possibilite um entendimento mais abrangente a respeito das causas que teriam levado à população a sair às ruas. Parte-se da constatação que o estado seria o produto histórico de violentos conflitos, cujas sequelas podem ser percebidas no receio e desconfiança que a população teria desenvolvido, e a partir da qual o estado seria percebido menos como um facilitador e mais como um concorrente invasivo e predatório.
Comparação de métodos de correção de estande para estimar a produtividade de sorgo granífero
Authors: Silva Karla Jorge da , Menezes Cicero Beserra de , Tardin Flávio Dessaune , Souza Vander Fillipe , Santos Crislene Vieira
Published: July 2014

A magnitude do erro experimental tem efeito direto no sucesso de experimentos, no melhoramento de plantas. Este trabalho objetivou verificar a interferência de métodos de correção de estande na produtividade de 25 híbridos de sorgo granífero, em sete ambientes. Os métodos avaliados foram: sem correção, regra de três, covariância de estande médio e de estande ideal, Zuber, Cruz, Vencovsky & Cruz e correção estratificada, com base no agrupamento de genótipos. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi utilizado para verificar a magnitude da influência de cada método, em relação aos dados sem correção. Os métodos de correção de estande baseados em covariância e de Vencovsky & Cruz reduziram o coeficiente de variação e apresentaram alta correlação com parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade dos híbridos, no entanto, estas diferenças não foram expressivas a ponto de justificarem a correção.
Rise and fall in diversity of Neogene marine vertebrates on the temperate Pacific coast of South America
Authors: Villafaña Jaime A. , Rivadeneira Marcelo M.
Published: July 2014

Even though Neogene outcrops along the temperate Pacific coast of South America harbor a rich marine vertebrate fossil record, no studies have examined the diversification patterns of these taxa. Here, we analyze diversification trends based on the stratigraphic ranges of 86 genera of marine vertebrates, including sharks, rays, chimaeras, marine mammals, and seabirds. The richness of genera shows a hump-shaped trend, with maximum values around the late Miocene, driven by a large pulse of origination during mid-Miocene and higher extinction rates during the Pliocene. Trends varied markedly among taxa and departed largely from expectations based on global diversification patterns. Moreover, these trends cannot be explained solely as a sampling artifact derived from sampling intensity (i.e., number of occurrences) or sedimentary rock availably (i.e., number of geologic maps). A large fraction of genera (42%) went globally extinct by the late Pliocene–Pleistocene, and the extinction was highly selective according to different ecological and life-history traits. An analysis using “randomForest” showed that taxonomic structure and the geographic midpoint of distribution could explain up to 83% of extinction of genera. The extinction was taxonomically clumped (i.e., disproportionally high in Cetacea and very low in Carcharhiniformes) and concentrated in the northern area of the temperate Pacific coast of South America. Our results suggest that the particular paleogeographic, paleoclimatic, and paleoceanographic events that took place during the Neogene along the temperate Pacific coast of South America had a significant effect on the structure of marine biodiversity.
Sustainable financing of rail systems: the case of Singapore
Authors: Tan Willie
Published: July 2014

For many years, many governments have tried to find a sustainable way to finance rail systems. Many have failed, for one reason or another. This paper traces the long history of various common modes of financing rail systems and then presents the Singapore model as a case study. Although it is a world-class rail system, the Singapore model still has its faults, and there have been recent attempts to strengthen the system, particularly in its maintenance regime. Importantly, this paper highlights that without a proper financing framework, infrastructure asset management is doomed to fail.
Functional response of U.S. grasslands to the early 21st‐century drought
Authors: Moran M. Susan , Ponce-Campos Guillermo E. , Huete Alfredo , McClaran Mitchel P. , Zhang Yongguang , Hamerlynck Erik P. , Augustine David J. , Gunter Stacey A. , Kitchen Stanley G. , Peters Debra P. C. , Starks Patrick J. , Hernandez Mariano
Published: July 2014

Grasslands across the United States play a key role in regional livelihood and national food security. Yet, it is still unclear how this important resource will respond to the prolonged warm droughts and more intense rainfall events predicted with climate change. The early 21st‐century drought in the southwestern United States resulted in hydroclimatic conditions that are similar to those expected with future climate change. We investigated the impact of the early 21st‐century drought on aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of six desert and plains grasslands dominated by C4 (warm season) grasses in terms of significant deviations between observed and expected ANPP. In desert grasslands, drought‐induced grass mortality led to shifts in the functional response to annual total precipitation (PT), and in some cases, new species assemblages occurred that included invasive species. In contrast, the ANPP in plains grasslands exhibited a strong linear function of the current‐year PT and the previous‐year ANPP, despite prolonged warm drought. We used these results to disentangle the impacts of interannual total precipitation, intra‐annual precipitation patterns, and grassland abundance on ANPP, and thus generalize the functional response of C4 grasslands to predicted climate change. This will allow managers to plan for predictable shifts in resources associated with climate change related to fire risk, loss of forage, and ecosystem services.
A prairie plant community data set for addressing questions in community assembly and restoration
Authors: Grman Emily , Bassett Tyler , Brudvig Lars A.
Published: July 2014

By assisting the recovery of disturbed or destroyed ecosystems, ecological restoration plays an important role in biodiversity conservation. Moreover, restoration has been heralded as an “acid test” of ecological understanding, by affording the ability to study community assembly, ecosystem function, and human influence over ecosystems across large spatial and long temporal scales. These data sets report the outcome of community assembly, in terms of plant community composition and structure and one important ecosystem function (aboveground biomass production), in 29 prairie restorations in southwestern Michigan. We also report putative forces shaping the outcome of assembly including the species pools (seed mixes applied during restoration), site conditions, landscape context, and land‐use history. Detailed knowledge of each restoration effort, including seed mixes used, is unusual and makes these data sets uniquely suited to addressing questions in community assembly by comparing the sown seeds and resulting assembled plant community. For example, we have used the data to test the role of species pools in determining the diversity of assembling communities. We have also used the data to characterize the relative importance of various drivers of community assembly outcomes during restoration, as a step toward resolving the highly contingent and unpredictable outcomes that plague the field of ecological restoration. We suggest that these data sets may prove useful for addressing additional questions in community ecology through the lens of ecological restoration.
Evaluating correlative and mechanistic niche models for assessing the risk of pest establishment
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Neven Lisa G. , Yee Wee L.
Published: July 2014

Insect pests pose a great threat to global food security. Improved methods for assessment of the risk of pest establishment are needed to enhance informed decision‐making, to develop cost‐effective pest management strategies, and to design quarantine policies for preventing the spread of pests. We evaluated the capabilities of a correlative and a process‐based mechanistic niche model, and their combination, to assess the risk of pest establishment. The correlative model MaxEnt and the process‐based mechanistic model CLIMEX were used to assess the risk of establishment of western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) in California. We integrated R. indifferens occurrence records and spatial environmental variables using MaxEnt to assess the potential risk of establishment of this pest. The CLIMEX model was developed using eco‐physiological tolerances of R. indifferens. The predictive performance of the MaxEnt model improved by including the host species' distribution and Ecoclimatic Index generated using the CLIMEX model. The best model predicted no risk for R. indifferens establishment in the Central Valley around the areas where sweet cherries are produced in California. Most of the high to very high risk areas for R. indifferens were predicted in northern parts of California and the Sierra Nevada Mountains, where the fly exists on its native host, bitter cherry [Prunus emarginata (Douglas) Eaton]. Precipitation of driest quarter, degree days with average temperatures ≥8.3°C, degree days with average temperatures ≤5°C, and mean diurnal range in temperature were the strongest predictors of R. indifferens distribution in western North America. We showed that the predictive power of correlative niche models can be improved by including outputs from the process‐based mechanistic niche models. Overall results suggest that R. indifferens is unlikely to establish in the commercial cherry‐growing areas in the Central Valley of California, largely because heat stress is too high and chilling requirement in those areas is not met.
Pollen quality for pollinators tracks pollen quality for plants in Mimulus guttatus
Authors: Yeamans R. L. , Roulston T. H. , Carr D. E.
Published: July 2014

Pollen viability ranges substantially among and within plant species, and can be reduced by various factors, including pollution and inbreeding. While it is evident that a reduction in gamete quality reduces the male component of plant fitness, the implications of changes in pollen viability on the nutritional value of pollen for pollinators has not been studied. To test this, we created a greenhouse population of Mimulus guttatus plants that ranged in pollen viability from 17% to 98.5% and related both pollen quantity and pollen protein content to pollen viability. We found that crude protein concentration ranged from 15% to 45% and was positively associated with pollen viability. We also found that pollen mass per flower ranged 5‐fold, also positively related to pollen viability. Across experimental plants, there was an 11‐fold difference in protein mass per flower between plants of the lowest and highest pollen viabilities. We conclude that conditions that lead to reduced pollen viability, especially early in pollen development, may greatly reduce the awards available to plant pollinators.
Scale‐dependent thresholds in the dominant controls of wildfire size in semi‐arid southwest Australia
Authors: O'Donnell A. J. , Boer M. M. , McCaw W. L. , Grierson P. F.
Published: July 2014

We aimed to characterize the size distribution of naturally occurring wildfires and to determine how fuel characteristics influence wildfire size in a vegetation mosaic of shrublands and woodlands in semi‐arid southwest Australia. The shape of frequency‐size distributions of fires can be used to elucidate shifts in the dominant drivers or constraints of fire size. We modeled the cumulative frequency‐size distribution of wildfires in southwest Australia using a segmented linear model with two break points. Three fire size categories were defined by the break points of the segmented model: “small” (<2,286 ha), “medium” (2,286–41,020 ha), and “large” fires (>41,020 ha). Break points were interpreted as thresholds in fire size that may represent shifts in the dominant controls of fire spread.

We tested whether the influence of fuel characteristics on fire spread varied among fire size categories by comparing the composition of vegetation types and fuel ages among burnt and adjacent unburnt areas using selection ratios (ωx).

Small and medium fires burnt shrub‐dominated vegetation types in proportion to their availability (ωx ≈ 1), but tended to burn smaller proportions of sparsely‐vegetated woodlands (ωx < 0.62). In contrast, large fires tended to burn woodlands in proportion to their availability (ωx ≈ 1). Young fuels (<20 years) were under‐represented in burnt areas regardless of fire size (ωx < 0.62), while older fuels (>30 years) burnt in proportion to their availability (ωx ≈ 1).

Fire size in semi‐arid southwest Australia is generally limited by fuel mass in recently burnt areas and by fuel continuity in sparsely vegetated woodlands. However, following unusually wet years and subsequent growth of ephemeral plants, fuels in woodland vegetation likely become spatially continuous and capable of supporting the spread of large fires.
Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of Attitudes and Practice of Health Care Providers Regarding Intimate Partner Violence Survey Scale
Authors: Burçin Biçici Gezgin , Toraman Aynur Uysal
Published: July 2014

This study was planned to assess the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the “attitudes and practices of health care providers regarding intimate partner violence” (APHCPs-IPV) survey scale. The sample consisted of 355 primary health care providers. A Likert-type scale composed of eight subfactors, and 43 items were used. Means and standard deviations were calculated for interval-level data. A p value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. The Turkish version consisted of eight factor groups. The Cronbach’s alpha of the general scale was .66, and the Cronbach’s alpha of the factor groups ranged from .29 to .81. It was determined that the APHCPs-IPV scale was a valid and reliable scale to be used in Turkish society, on the condition that item number 33 be removed.
Individual and Social Network Predictors of Physical Bullying: A Longitudinal Study of Taiwanese Early Adolescents
Authors: Wei Hsi-Sheng , Lee Wonjae
Published: July 2014

This study followed 125 7th-grade students in Taiwan for the entire school year and analyzed the individual and social network factors predicting their involvement in physical bullying over 5 waves of data. Using self-reports of bullying experiences, 20 classroom-level networks of bullying and friendship were constructed for 4 classrooms and 5 temporal points, from which 4 individual-level network measures were calculated. They included bully and victim centrality, popularity, and embeddedness in friendship networks. A series of mixed models for repeated measures were constructed to predict students’ bully and victim centrality in bullying network at time t + 1. Compared to girls, boys were more likely to be both the bullies and victims. Lower self-esteem and higher family economic status contributed to victim centrality. Having parents married and living together predicted lower bully centrality. Higher educational level of parents predicted lower victim and bully centrality. Regarding the social network factors, students’ bully centrality at t positively predicted their bully centrality at t + 1, whereas victim centrality predicted their subsequent victim centrality. Interaction effects between friendship network and bullying network were observed. Embeddedness in friendship network reduced victim centrality at t + 1 except for those students with low victim centrality at t. For those with high victim centrality at t, popularity increased their risk of physical victimization over time. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Does Childhood Sexual Abuse Victimization Translate Into Juvenile Sexual Offending? New Evidence
Authors: DeLisi Matthew , Kosloski Anna E. , Vaughn Michael G. , Caudill Jonathan W. , Trulson Chad R.
Published: July 2014

The cycle of violence thesis posits that early exposure to maltreatment increases the likelihood of later maladaptive and antisocial behaviors. Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) specifically has been shown to increase the likelihood of sexual offending, although less is known about its linkages to other forms of crime. Based on data from 2,520 incarcerated male juvenile offenders from a large southern state, hierarchical logistic regression models suggested that CSA increased the likelihood of later sexual offending nearly sixfold (467% increase). However, CSA was associated with an 83%reducedlikelihood of homicide offending and 68% reduced likelihood of serious person/property offending. These findings suggest further support for the cycle of violence where CSA promotes sexual offending but novel findings regarding the linkages between CSA and other forms of crime.
Quality of Care for Intimate Partner Violence in South African Primary Care: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Joyner Kate , Mash Bob
Published: July 2014

Intimate partner violence (IPV) makes a substantial contribution to the burden of disease in South Africa. This article explores the current quality of care for IPV in public sector primary care facilities within the Western Cape. Only 10% of women attending primary care, while suffering from IPV, were recognized. Case studies, based on in-depth interviews and medical records, were used to reflect on the quality of care received among the women who were recognized. Care tended to be superficial, fragmented, poorly coordinated, and lacking in continuity. The recognition, management, and appropriate documentation of IPV should be prioritized within the training of primary care providers. It may be necessary to appoint IPV champions within primary care to ensure comprehensive care for survivors of IPV.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Violence: Examining the Mediating Roles of Insecure Attachment and Destructive Disagreement Beliefs
Authors: Sutton Tara E. , Simons Leslie Gordon , Wickrama K. A. S. , Futris Ted
Published: July 2014

Intimate partner violence has been recognized as a major problem on college campuses and is a source of concern for researchers, clinicians, policymakers, and the general population. Most research has focused on the intergenerational transmission of violence and identifying the intrapersonal mechanisms that enable violence in the family of origin to carry over to adult intimate relationships. This study expands the current literature by examining insecure attachment styles and destructive disagreement beliefs as mediators in the relationship between exposure to hostility or aggression in the family of origin and later experiences of dating aggression. Research questions were addressed with a sample of 1,136 college undergraduates (59% women). In all models, results of structural equation modeling indicated that an insecure attachment style and destructive disagreement beliefs mediated the intergenerational transmission of violence among both men and women. These findings have important implications for future research as well as relationship education programs and preventative interventions.
A framework to resolve spatio-temporal misalignment in component-based modelling
Authors: Schmitz Oliver , Salvadore Elga , Poelmans Lien , van der Kwast Johannes , Karssenberg Derek
Published: July 2014

Process-based spatio-temporal component models simulate real world processes, using encapsulated process representations that operate at individual spatial and temporal discretisations. These component models act as building blocks in the construction of multi-disciplinary, multi-scale integrated models. Coupling these independent component models, however, involves aggregation or disaggregation of the exchanged variables at model runtime, since each of the component models exposes potentially different spatial and temporal discretisations. Although conceptual methodologies for spatial and temporal scaling are available, dedicated tools that assist modellers to implement dynamic spatial and temporal scaling operations are rare. We present the accumulator, a programmable general-purpose model building block executing custom scaling operations at model runtime. We therefore characterise runtime information of input and output variables required for the implementation of scaling operations between component models with different discretisations. The accumulator is a component of an integrated modelling framework and can be completed by the modeller with custom operations for spatial and temporal scaling. To illustrate the applicability of the accumulators an integrated model is developed that couples an existing land use change model and hydrological component models at different spatial and temporal scales. The accumulators as building blocks allow modellers to construct multi-scale integrated models in a flexible manner.