bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of temperature on drying procedures used in porosity measurements of tight rocks
Authors: Scromeda N , Katsube T J
Published: April 2013

Effective porosity measurements of rock samples usually include an oven-drying procedure at temperatures of 93-116°C to evacuate free and adsorbed waters, but leaving structural water intact. However, many laboratories now vacuum-dry their samples at lower
temperatures, raising concern of reduced measurement accuracy. One study performed to investigate low temperature effects on drying indicated that although free water may be evacuated at these temperatures, adsorbed water is not, thus implying reduced accuracy. There were also indications that
different types of adsorbed waters existed. A similar study was carried out to confirm these results, due to their importance on measurement accuracy. Results confirmed that free water is evacuated by vacuum oven-drying at low temperatures. They also show trends suggesting that adsorbed water may be
divided into more than one component, one evacuated at 80°C and the other at 100°C. However, these trends require confirmation by further investigation.
Groundwater mapping using time-domain electromagnetics: examples from the Fraser Valley, British Columbia
Authors: Best M E , Todd B , O'Leary D
Published: April 2013

Time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) surveys were carried out during the summer of 1994 as part of the Geological Survey of Canada's Fraser Valley hydrogeology project. The purpose was to examine the capability of TDEM systems to map surficial geology, for example
ground water aquifers and impermeable zones such as clays, and water quality (salinity). Approximately 100 electromagnetic (EM) soundings were collected at 9 sites within the lower Fraser Valley and Fraser Delta using a Geonics EM-47 system operating in the central sounding mode. The sites were
chosen to cover a range of geological conditions for evaluating the effectiveness of the EM system. Preliminary interpretation of the data indicates that electromagnetic methods can map surficial geological features for ground water to depths between 150m and 200 m. Three soundings are included to
illustrate typical EM responses obtained during the survey. Interpretation of the entire 100 soundings is ongoing and will be presented in the future.
Cretaceous fossil identifications, Coast Belt, British Columbia
Authors: Haggart J W
Published: April 2013

Cretaceous fossils have been identified in recent collections made from strata in the Mount Waddington (NTS 92N) and Bute Inlet (92K) map areas. In the eastern part of the Coast Belt, ammonites and inoceramid bivalves of Hauterivian age are found in strata
assigned to the informal Cloud Drifter formation of Mount Waddington map area. Bivalves of poorly constrained age found in strata correlated with the Taylor Creek Group are assigned a Valanginian to Albian age. Float occurrences of Valanginian fossils from widely spaced localities in the Bute Inlet
map area of the western Coast Belt suggest the possible presence of unmetamorphosed, pre-Albian, Cretaceous strata in the region, although significant glacial transport can not be ruled out.
Preliminary studies of hydrothermal alteration events at the Island Copper deposit, northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia
Authors: Leitch C H B , Ross K V , Fleming J A , Dawson K M
Published: April 2013

Core logging/pit mapping suggest three main stages of intrusion (early, intermediate, late), defined by differences in alteration intensity. Hydrothermal events comprise early biotite-magnetite "hornfels", followed by magnetite-actinolite-plagioclase veining, and
then quartz-chalcopyrite veins and fractures with or without "hydrothermal" biotite envelopes. Chlorite-sericite ± clay are likely retrograde overprints as the system cooled and collapsed inwards; epidote may be prograde peripheral, retrograde, or both. Chalcopyrite was introduced in several
stages: minor with magnetite-biotite, followed by main-stage disseminations/fracture fills accompanying quartz veins, some with biotite envelopes, and finally with epidote-chlorite and pyrite-chalcopyrite filled fractures. Fluid inclusions in quartz-magnetite veins are highly saline (multiple
daughter products); in quartz-chalcopyrite veins saline (halite only); in late veins or reopenings associated with epidote less saline (liquid/vapour only).
Comparison of drape-flown and computationally draped aeromagnetic data in central British Columbia
Authors: Pilkington M , Roest W R , Kwan K C H , Dumont R
Published: April 2013

A recent GSC aeromagnetic survey flown at a 305m mean terrain clearance in central British Columbia overlaps with an earlier survey flown at a constant barometric altitude of 2438m. This has allowed the direct comparison of drape-flown and computationally draped
magnetic data. The two compare well, with the drape-flown data showing better resolution of features with wavelengths less than ~4 km. The low-pass filtering required in the computational draping methods has likely led to some reduction in power at shorter wavelengths as compared to the flown
data.
Current status of the Interior Plateau Program, Canada-British Columbia Agreement on Mineral Development, 1991-1995
Authors: van der Heyden P , Mustard P , Metcalfe P , Shives R , Plouffe A , Teskey D , Dunn C
Published: April 2013

This report provides an update for geoscience projects carried out by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) under the Interior Plateau Program, a multidisciplinary initiative that is part of the Canada-British Columbia Agreement on Mineral Development
(1991-1995). The Interior Plateau is a favourable region for mineral deposits, but exploration has been hampered by an extensive blanket of plateau basalt and glacial drift. The GSC has completed regional airborne magnetic and radiometric surveys, bedrock and surficial geological mapping, till
geochemistry, and a biogeochemical survey, as part of a regional program to assess the potential for buried mineralization. The current program concludes in 1994-1995.
New K-Ar and U-Pb dates for the Cambria Icefield area, northwestern British Columbia
Authors: Greig C J , McNicoll V J , Anderson R G , Daubeny P
H , Harakal J E , Runkle D
Published: April 2013

An Early Jurassic U-Pb zircon date (201.8± 0.5 Ma) for a sill of the Goldslide intrusions at the Red Mountain Au deposit helps to constrain the timing of mineralization and alteration, and places an older limit on regional deformation. An Early Jurassic date
(194± 8 Ma, K-Ar, hornblende) for pyroclastic rocks of the Hazelton Group on strike with volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks that host, in part, the Red Mountain deposit supports the interpretation that the Goldslide intrusions and their country rocks are nearly contemporaneous. The Bulldog Creek
pluton yields an Early to Middle Jurassic date (181± 8 Ma, K-Ar, hornblende), which corroborates its pre-kinematic structural setting. Eocene K-Ar biotite dates for three post-kinematic Tertiary plutons extend the known distribution of Tertiary plutons in the region.
Revised stratigraphy for the Hoodoo Mountain volcanic centre, northwestern British Columbia
Authors: Edwards B R , Edwards G , Russell J K
Published: April 2013

Detailed mapping during 1994 at Hoodoo Mountain volcanic centre indicates: 1) some hyaloclastite deposits on Hoodoo Mountain are genetically related to subglacial lava flows, 2) pillow lavas and pillow lava breccias occur on Little Bear mountain, and 3) tillites
and glaciolacustrine sediments are an important part of the volcanic stratigraphy. The revised stratigraphy for the Hoodoo Mountain volcanic centre suggests: 1) at least five periods of subaerial and subglacial eruption at Hoodoo Mountain volcano, 2) the Little Bear mountain volcano is older than
the youngest subglacial lava flows of the Hoodoo Mountain volcano, and 3) grey phonolite dykes associated with subglacial eruptions from Hoodoo Mountain volcano postdate the two oldest lava series at that volcano.
Investigations in the Dorsey terrane, Part 1: stratigraphy, structure, and metamorphism in the Dorsey Range, southern Yukon Territory and northern British Columbia
Authors: Stevens R A , Harms T A
Published: April 2013

In the Dorsey Range, the informally named Dorsey assemblage and the mid-Permian Ram Stock characterize the Dorsey terrane. The Dorsey assemblage can be subdivided into three units. The structurally lowest unit, which is intruded by the top of the Ram Stock,
consists of greenschist to amphibolite facies siliciclastic rocks and interleaved metaplutonic rocks. The middle unit, in part Pennsylvanian, consists of greenschist to sub-greenschist facies phyllite, chert, tuff, siliciclastic, volcanic and carbonate rocks.The upper unit consists of
sub-greenschist facies epiclastic, tuffaceous, siliciclastic, carbonate, and volcanic rocks. Penetrative ductile deformation in the lower unit grades to localized and more brittle deformation in the upper unit. The base of the Ram Stock is in thrust-shear contact with an underlying package of rocks
referred to as the imbricate assemblage. Tectonic fabrics in the Ram Stock and imbricate assemblage are cut by an Early Jurassic(?) pluton.
Structure and terrane relationships of Cassiar and Kootenay (Yukon-Tanana) terranes, Teslin map area, southern Yukon Territory
Authors: Gordey S P
Published: April 2013

Cassiar Terrane in Teslin map area is imbricated by at least two flat thrust faults. One emplaces Proterozoic to Cambrian clastics (Ingenika Group) above Devono-Mississippian chert conglomerate (equivalent to Earn Group). The conglomerate in turn is thrust over
Mississippian carbonate, quartzite, volcanics and phyllite. Meagre evidence suggests the faults are west-directed, and possibly as old as Early Jurassic. The boundary between Kootenay and Stikine terranes is straighter than earlier mapped, making previously suggested dextral slip along this boundary
kinematically more feasible. A small window or re-entrant of Cassiar Terrane beneath Kootenay Terrane is speculated.
New stratigraphy and structures in eastern Lansing map area, central Yukon Territory
Authors: Roots C F , Abbott J G , Cecile M P , Gordey S P , Orchard M J
Published: April 2013

The east half of Lansing map area is underlain by a succession of deep water strata ranging from Late Proterozoic to Triassic in age. New conodont data and lithological characteristics define map units which can be correlated with Hyland Group, Gull Lake
Formation, Road River and Earn groups, Keno Hill quartzite and Tsichu formation, Mount Christie Formation and Jones Lake Formation. A central belt containing middle Paleozoic to Triassic strata is bounded to the northeast and southwest by Hyland Group and lower Paleozoic rocks. Strained Hyland Group
rocks in the southwest are dislocated from adjacent, relatively unstrained Hyland Group and overlapping strata along a northwest-trending shear that could be the eastern edge of the Robert Service thrust panel. A fault parallel to the axis of the central belt links the northwest-directed Tombstone
Thrust in the west with the dextral Hess Fault in the east.
Quaternary geology and terrain inventory, eastern Cordillera NATMAP Project: Report 2: surficial geology and Quaternary stratigraphy, Pincher Creek and Brocket map areas, Alberta
Authors: Leboe E R
Published: April 2013

The surficial geology of Pincher Creek (82H/5) and Brocket (82H/12) map areas was mapped and sampled and nineteen stratigraphic sections were investigated during the 1994 field season. The upper limit of continuous continental drift cover is at 1360 m on the
southern flank of the Porcupine Hills. It is marked by hummocky topography and localized lake plains. Above this limit, the highest Canadian Shield erratic is at 1590 m, and the limit of montane erratics is at 1620 m. Evidence for two glaciations or two major stades of a single glaciation is also
found in the southwest corner of 82H/5. No more than two glaciations of the map areas can be supported by continental and montane tills found in stratigraphic sections investigated to date.
Quaternary geology and terrain inventory, eastern Cordillera NATMAP Project. Report 3: two continental glacial advances in Waterton and Cardston map areas, Alberta
Authors: Little E C
Published: April 2013

Glacial limits of two continental advances of decreasing extent were mapped in Waterton (82H/4) and Cardston (83H/3) map areas. These limits are based on clast lithologies, sediment stratigraphy, and geomorphology. Evidence of the older of the two glacial events
is present within both map areas, whereas evidence for the recent event is found only within the boundaries of the Waterton map area. Corresponding limits are found on other sheets in the NATMAP study area as well; the general elevation for both of these limits decreases from west to east. The
absolute ages of these limits are not known, but relative ages have been determined. Preliminary findings from field stratigraphic and sedimentological investigations are compatible with a single glaciation of southwestern Alberta in the Late Wisconsin.
An over view of the Palliser Triangle Global Change Project
Authors: Lemmen D S , Vance R E
Published: April 2013

The Palliser Triangle is the driest portion of the Canadian Prairies, and one of the most climatically sensitive regions in Canada. The potential biophysical impacts of future climate changes are addressed in the Palliser Triangle Global Change Project through an
improved understanding of Holocene climate and hydrological changes, and associated landscape response.
Water availability, particularly in relation to groundwater fluctuations, is the single most important factor controlling regional environmental change. Three major intervals are defined for the Holocene, reflecting climate, hydrological, and human factors, and geomorphic activity during those
intervals is assessed. Projections of future geological impacts must be based on a thorough understanding of hydrological and geomorphic system dynamics, including the importance of thresholds and antecedent conditions. Systems that are still responding to past major disturbances are unlikely to
show a predictable response to climate change. Significant response and relaxation times in many systems indicate that some climate impacts will not be immediately apparent, but may have considerable long-term consequences.
Geolimnology of the Great Plains of western Canada
Authors: Last W
Published: April 2013

Despite a long history, lacustrine research on the western Canadian Great Plains has only recently focused on understanding the complex, interactive physical, chemical, and biological processes that characterize modern lakes. These lakes exhibit tremendous
diversity in terms of hydrology, morphology, chemical composition, and sedimentary processes. Although many basins exhibit playa characteristics, the region also contains several of North America's largest lakes. Salinity and ionic composition show great diversity, with virtually every type of water
chemistry represented. Associated with this large range in brine chemistry is an equally diverse assemblage of endogenic and authigenic minerals. Although investigation of the Holocene stratigraphic records in these basins is in its infancy, some approaches, such as deciphering paleochemistry and
paleohydrology from the endogenic mineral record and isotopic composition, have proven to be successful. Challenges for both fundamental and applied researchers are to integrate, on a regional basis, the sedimentological and geochemical complexities exhibited by modern lakes with the preserved
stratigraphic records.
Diatom-based salinity reconstructions from Palliser Triangle lakes: a summary of two Saskatchewan case studies
Authors: Wilson S E , Smol J P
Published: April 2013

A diatom-based transfer function was used to infer past salinity levels for Harris Lake in the Cypress Hills, and Clearwater Lake on The Missouri Coteau. Harris Lake has remained fresh throughout the Holocene, with only very slight changes in salinity. A shift
from a benthic to a predominantly planktonic diatom flora between 6500 and 5200 BP may be an indirect response to a warmer climate that reduced forest cover and allowed greater rates of inorganic sedimentation.
The early Holocene salinity reconstruction from Clearwater Lake indicates that the lake was quite saline (4-20 g·L-1) between 9600 and 8400 BP, similar to several other sites in the northern Great Plains, and then became relatively fresh by ca. 7900 BP. The recent Clearwater record indicates
little change in salinity over the past 400 years. These studies also demonstrate the importance of local hydrology and anthropogenic influences, which may at times obscure climatic signals, in regulating responses of closed-basin lakes.
Groundwater inputs to a closed-basin saline lake, Chappice Lake, Alberta
Authors: Birks S J , Remenda V H
Published: April 2013

The chemistry and dynamics of groundwater in the Chappice Lake basin were monitored to delineate potential groundwater sources. Slug tests revealed that Chappice Lake is surrounded by a high hydraulic-conductivity system (K=10-5 m·s-1), with the possibility
of a confining low hydraulic-conductivity (K=10-7 m·s-1) layer at depth. Measured hydraulic heads and water-table elevations show strong annual fluctuations that correspond with seasonal changes in recharge. The chemical compositions of groundwater springs entering the lake resemble the water
chemistry of bedrock aquifers (Na-HCO3) and surficial aquifers (Mg-Ca-Na-HCO3), suggesting that both shallow and deep groundwater systems recharge the lake. However, a strong horizontal component to flow and small upward vertical hydraulic gradients are suggestive of discharge by a shallow
groundwater system. Groundwaters sampled at elevations below the lake resemble lake water in both their chemical (Na-SO4) and isotopic compositions, suggesting that they originated as outflow from the lake. This indicates that the lake is not hydrologically closed, despite having no surface
outflow.
Multiproxy record of prairie lake response to climatic change and human activity, Clearwater Lake, Saskatchewan
Authors: Leavitt P R , Vinebrooke R D , Hall R I , Wilson S E , Smol J P , Vance R E , Last W M
Published: April 2013

Multiple paleolimnological indicators (mineralogy, diatoms, pigments, and macrofossils) were used to quantify the relative impacts of recent climatic change and terrestrial disturbance on Clearwater Lake, a closed-basin lake in southern Saskatchewan. Four periods
were identified: 1) initial conditions (ca. AD 1600-1920), characterized by low salinity, planktonic algal taxa, and variable primary production; 2) ca. 1920-1940, characterized by declining water levels, slightly elevated salinity, predominantly benthic diatoms, and increased primary production; 3)
ca. 1940-1970, characterized by slightly increased water levels and declining concentrations of indicator algal pigments; and 4) 1970-1993, characterized by a unique combination of abundant Chara, historical maxima of pigments from chlorophytes and siliceous algae, and highly variable water levels,
ionic composition, and diatom species composition. The timing of these changes was more similar to patterns of land use than to those of climatic change, suggesting that paleoclimatic reconstructions of recent events (e.g. global warming) must also consider the influence of land-use practices and
local hydrology on lake characteristics.
A postglacial plant macrofossil record of vegetation and climate change in southern Saskatchewan
Authors: Yansa C H , Basinger J F
Published: April 2013

Plant macrofossil analyses and 14C ages from a small, closed-drainage basin on The Missouri Coteau are used to reconstruct six phases of postglacial environmental change in southern Saskatchewan. Fossil remains of 41 taxa of vascular and nonvascular plants have
been recognized and are illustrated.
Sparse macrofossils recovered from the basal diamicton (phase 1) are likely redeposited. Abundant fossils indicate establishment of an open, white spruce forest by ca. 10 200 BP (phase 2), followed by development of a pond and replacement of the spruce forest by deciduous parkland vegetation (phase
3) that persisted until ca. 8800 BP. The pond shallowed at the end of this period. Prairie fires are evident between ca. 8800 and 7700 BP (phase 4). Water levels rose between ca. 7700 and 5800 BP, and a semipermanent prairie pond was established (phase 5). After 5800 BP, this wetland became
ephemeral (phase 6) and no longer conducive for fossil preservation.
The lithostratigraphic record of late Pleistocene-Holocene environmental change at the Andrews site near Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan
Authors: Aitken A E , Last W M , Burt A K
Published: April 2013

Four lithostratigraphic units are recognized in a 5.8 m dugout excavation within hummocky terrain: diamicton (L1), laminated organic-rich gypsite (L2), calcareous clayey silt (L3), and massive clayey silt (L4). The basal diamicton is supraglacial till deposited
within a shallow depression prior to 10 200 BP. Subsequent melt-out of buried, stagnant glacial ice created a shallow lacustrine basin ca. 10 000 BP. A subsequent 1200-year interval of severe aridity (to ca. 8800 BP) is reflected by a dominance of chemical sedimentation in a saline to hypersaline
basin. A bed of sandy mud enriched in charcoal flakes and charred seeds at the top of this evaporitic unit records a period of drainage basin destabilization by prairie fires, which resulted in increased runoff and erosion. Sediments reflect a gradual transition, between ca. 8000 and 6000 BP, from
the high-salinity and chemical-dominated sedimentary environment to a lake characterized by lower salinity and mainly fine-grained clastic sedimentation.
Sand dunes of the northern Great Plains of Canada and the United States
Authors: Muhs D R , Wolfe S A
Published: April 2013

Mostly stable dune fields are widespread over the subhumid to semiarid northern Great Plains. Although winds in the region are strong, most dunes are presently inactive because of relatively high ratios of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration, which has
the dual effect of increasing dune moisture content and maintaining a vegetation cover. Dune fields are relatively small, as most are derived from finite supplies of glaciofluvial or glaciolacustrine sediments from the last deglaciation. Many dunes, however, are not relict features from the last
deglaciation. The last episodes of eolian activity were during the late Holocene, although there is as yet little evidence for regional synchroneity of sand movement. The strong winds and negative moisture regime have combined to produce an eolian system that is highly sensitive to small shifts in
climate. The potential for reactivation of northern Great Plains sand dunes is great, whether due to natural climatic variations or human-induced greenhouse warming.
Monitoring of dune activity in the Great Sand Hills region, Saskatchewan
Authors: Wolfe S A , Lemmen D S
Published: April 2013

The Great Sand Hills and adjacent dune occurrences lie in the dry subhumid plains of southwestern Saskatchewan. Slipface advance of parabolic and blowout dunes was monitored at seven sites over a three-year period, documenting average and maximum rates of 2.6 and
4.75 m·a-1, respectively. Net migration was eastward, but dunes may be seasonally deflected both north and south. Development and maintenance of blowouts within stabilized dunes are the most regionally pervasive processes. Aspect plays a critical role in blowout development, and may be
positively reinforced by airflow dynamics.
The seasonal and annual variability in eolian processes is controlled by moisture availability and wind intensity. Dunes are transport limited only during summer. Activity during the remainder of the year is supply limited, primarily by moisture, interstitial ice, and vegetation. Greatest seasonal
activity commonly occurs in the fall, when moisture is at a minimum, seasonal vegetation is dormant, and the ground surface has not yet frozen.
Geomorphology of the western Cypress Hills: climate, process, stratigraphy, and theory
Authors: Sauchyn D J
Published: April 2013

This paper relates the stratigraphic record from the western Cypress Hills to observations of process and the theoretical framework of process geomorphology. Adjustments of this landscape to changing boundary conditions (climate and resistance) are triggered by
hydroclimatic events but conditioned by the history and inherent instability of geomorphic systems. The notion that geology (resistance) is an independent variable is contrary to the geomorphic history. Quasi-continuous processes predispose the landscape to higher magnitude, lower frequency events.
Conversely, infrequent deep-seated slope failures impact stream geometry and sediment load. A progressive decline in lake sedimentation conforms to an equilibrium model of watershed geomorphology, involving increasing morphological and filter resistance. This complex and episodic response to
climatic change and variability should result in systematic differences among stratigraphic records. The sediments shed from increasingly larger areas should record climatic forcing of geomorphic events of increasing magnitude and decreasing frequency.
Groundwater influence on valley-head geomorphology, upper Battle Creek basin, Alberta and Saskatchewan
Authors: Spence C D , Sauchyn D J
Published: April 2013

Geology is the dominant control on valley morphology in the upper Battle Creek basin. At valley heads, the high infiltration capacity of the Cypress Hills Formation results in runoff being dominated by groundwater in the form of saturation overland flow. Storm
discharge events are strongly related to the antecedent moisture conditions. Exfiltrating groundwater causes seepage erosion and sapping and, in turn, gullying. Discontinuous gullies, indicative of seepage erosion and sapping processes, occur in first-order valleys, whereas rill development,
associated with Hortonian overland flow, is apparently absent. The locations of groundwater discharge sites can be predicted with GIS and groundwater modelling, but require field verification.
Once valleys incise to a critical depth, exposing argillaceous beds in the Ravenscrag and lower formations, landsliding becomes the dominant process of valley evolution, masking the fluvial origin of the tributaries. Climate is an important control on the frequency and magnitude of both mass-wasting
processes and fluvial erosion.
Origin and erosion of the Police Point landslide, Cypress Hills, Alberta
Authors: Sauchyn D J , Nelson H L
Published: April 2013

The Police Point landslide is the largest historic landslide in the Cypress Hills, and is typical of the complex slope failures that dominate the slope geomorphology of the Cypress Hills and major valleys of the Palliser Triangle. The failure produced proximal
slump blocks and distal earth flows which continue to slowly creep and slide. Continuous sediment production by rill erosion, mass wasting of secondary scarps, and gully erosion of the earthflow deposits impacts forest, riparian, and aquatic ecosystems. Average net erosion of 6.4 cm at 101 steel
rods, measured from October 27, 1994 to July 3, 1996, represents 2290 m3 of sediment loss from about 0.35 km2 of landslide deposits. Up to 45 cm of gully erosion occurred during single storms. Significant variability among pins and observation days reflects the threshold response of surface
sediments to hydrological and meteorological conditions, whereby much of the annual sediment redistribution occurs during a few runoff events.
A preliminary assessment of the occurrence of submarine slope failures in coastal British Columbia by analysis of swath multibeam bathymetric data collected 2001-2011
Authors: Conway K W , Kung R B , Barrie J V , Hill P
R , Lintern D G
Published: April 2013

An inventory of submarine slope instability features has been compiled for coastal areas of British Columbia based on morphologic analysis of regional multibeam bathymetric data. The slope instability features are classified as submarine slides, debris flows,
rock avalanches and associated features including fan deltas, sediment cones and channel complexes. In addition, the study provides an initial assessment of the size and distribution of these geohazards, with a particular focus on identifying large features that are the result of a single failure
event because these would have the greatest potential to generate a damaging tsunami. Submarine landslide deposits have been identified in all fjords and inlets examined including Bute, Knight, Toba and Jervis Inlets and Howe Sound. Douglas Channel, Kitimat Arm and Alberni Inlets also have
significant landslide derived sediment bodies on the margin and floors of these inlets. In the Strait of Georgia extensive failures have been identified along the Fraser River delta and on slopes where sediment accretion has occurred in the Holocene, including spits and other coastal landforms. The
locus of nearly all submarine slope failures in Juan de Fuca Strait has been along the edge of a terrace landform associated with sea level lowstand. Whereas the age of some features can be tentatively inferred by association with modern or postglacial morphology, the exact age of the instability
features documented in this study cannot be determined from this morphologic analysis alone. The accompanying ArcGIS document allows each instability feature to be located and queried for information such as morphologic classification, surface area, possible age, and other
details.
Missions in the Southern Caribbean
Authors: Jabini Frank
Published: April 2013

How to cite this book review: Jabini, F., 2013, �Missions�in the Southern Caribbean�,�Verbum et Ecclesia 34(1), Art.�#795, 1 page. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v34i1.795
miR-Explore: Predicting MicroRNA Precursors by Class Grouping and Secondary Structure Positional Alignment
Authors: Sebastian Bram , Aggrey Samuel E.
Published: April 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expressions by targeting the mRNAs especially in the 3′UTR regions. The identification of miRNAs has been done by biological experiment and computational prediction. The computational prediction approach has been done using two major methods: comparative and noncomparative. The comparative method is dependent on the conservation of the miRNA sequences and secondary structure. The noncomparative method, on the other hand, does not rely on conservation. We hypothesized that each miRNA class has its own unique set of features; therefore, grouping miRNA by classes before using them as training data will improve sensitivity and specificity. The average sensitivity was 88.62% for miR-Explore, which relies on within miRNA class alignment, and 70.82% for miR-abela, which relies on global alignment. Compared with global alignment, grouping miRNA by classes yields a better sensitivity with very high specificity for pre-miRNA prediction even when a simple positional based secondary and primary structure alignment are used.
Ecological Suitability and Spatial Distribution of Five Anopheles Species in Amazonian Brazil
Authors: McKeon Sascha N. , Schlichting Carl D. , Povoa Marinete M. , Conn Jan E.
Published: April 2013

Seventy-six sites characterized in Amazonian Brazil revealed distinct habitat diversification by examining the environmental factors associated with the distribution and abundance of five anopheline species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. These included three members of the Albitarsis Complex, Anopheles oryzalimnetes, Anopheles marajoara, Anopheles janconnae; Anopheles triannulatus, and Anopheles goeldii. Anopheles janconnae abundance had a positive correlation to water flow and a negative relationship to sun exposure. Abundance of An. oryzalimentes was associated with water chemistry. Anopheles goeldii larvae were abundant in shaded, more saline waters. Anopheles marajoara and An. triannulatus were negatively associated with available resources, although An. marajoara also showed several local correlations. These analyses suggest An. triannulatus is a habitat generalist, An. oryzalimentes and An. janconnae are specialists, and An. marajoara and An. goeldii could not be easily classified either way. Correlations described herein provide testable hypotheses for future research and identifying habitats for vector control.
Lobomycosis Successfully Treated with Posaconazole
Authors: Bustamante Beatriz , Seas Carlos , Salomon Martín , Bravo Francisco
Published: April 2013

Lobomycosis is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis for which no standard treatment is available to date. We describe a patient in Peru with lobomycosis on the left earlobe that was successfully treated with posaconazole for 27 months. No evidence of recurrence was observed after five years of follow-up.
Enfermedad arterial periférica y pié diabético en pacientes en programa de hemodiálisis
Authors: García Viejo Azucena
Published: April 2013

A pesar de la alta prevalencia de la enfermedad cardiovascular, y diabetes en los pacientes en diálisis, no existen muchos estudios que analicen la incidencia de los factores de riesgo y las repercusiones de la arteriopatía periférica y pie diabético en pacientes en diálisis.
Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de la arteriopatía periférica y pie diabético en los pacientes en diálisis de nuestra unidad.
Realizar una clasificación por riesgo que nos permita un mejor seguimiento y prevención de las ulceras y amputaciones en miembros inferiores.
Material y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal. Realizado con 51 pacientes incluidos en programa de hemodiálisis en la Unidad de Segovia. Se realizaron análisis de los diferentes factores de riesgo que influyen en la presencia de arteriopatía y pie diabético, y las diferentes relaciones entre ellos así como una estratificación del riesgo en la población estudiada.
Resultados: Un 45% de los pacientes presenta arteriopatía periférica y un 58% tiene alteraciones de la sensibilidad. La diabetes en primer lugar y las enfermedades cardiovasculares son los factores que más influyen en estos problemas.
Conclusiones: La categorización de riesgo de nuestros pacientes permitirá planificar las estrategias para prevenir la aparición de estas complicaciones. La ausencia de exploración anterior muestra un seguimiento inadecuado. La alta prevalencia de estas patologías hace necesario un seguimiento protocolizado.
Antarctic new particle formation from continental biogenic precursors
Authors: Kyrö E.-M. , Kerminen V.-M. , Virkkula A. , Dal Maso M. , Parshintsev J. , Ruíz-Jimenez J. , Forsström L. , Manninen H. E. , Riekkola M.-L. , Heinonen P. , Kulmala M.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Over Antarctica, aerosol particles originate almost entirely from marine areas, with minor contribution from long-range transported dust or anthropogenic material. The Antarctic continent itself, unlike all other continental areas, has been thought to be practically free of aerosol sources. Here we present evidence of local aerosol production associated with melt-water ponds in continental Antarctica. We show that in air masses passing such ponds, new aerosol particles are efficiently formed and these particles grow up to sizes where they may act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The precursor vapours responsible for aerosol formation and growth originate very likely from highly abundant cyanobacteria Nostoc commune (Vaucher) communities of local ponds. This is the first time freshwater vegetation has been identified as an aerosol precursor source. The influence of the new source on clouds and climate may increase in future Antarctica, and possibly elsewhere undergoing accelerating summer melting of semi-permanent snow cover.
Investigation of gaseous and particulate emissions from various marine vessel types measured on the banks of the Elbe in Northern Germany
Authors: Diesch J.-M. , Drewnick F. , Klimach T. , Borrmann S.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Measurements of the ambient aerosol, various trace gases and meteorological quantities using a mobile laboratory (MoLa) were performed on the banks of the Lower Elbe in an emission control area (ECA) which is passed by numerous private and commercial marine vessels reaching and leaving the port of Hamburg, Germany. From 25–29 April 2011 a total of 178 vessels were probed at a distance of about 0.8–1.2 km with high temporal resolution. 139 ship emission plumes were of sufficient quality to be analyzed further and to determine emission factors (EFs). Concentrations of aerosol number and mass as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and black carbon were measured in PM1 and size distribution instruments covered the diameter range from 6 nm up to 32 μm. The chemical composition of the non-refractory submicron aerosol was measured by means of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Aerodyne HR-ToF-AMS). Gas phase species analyzers monitored various trace gases (O3, SO2, NO, NO2, CO2) in the air and a weather station provided wind, precipitation, solar radiation data and other quantities. Together with ship information for each vessel obtained from Automatic Identification System (AIS) broadcasts a detailed characterization of the individual ship types and of features affecting gas and particulate emissions is provided. Particle number EFs (average 2.6e+16 # kg−1) and PM1 mass EFs (average 2.4 g kg−1) tend to increase with the fuel sulfur content. Observed PM1 composition of the vessel emissions was dominated by organic matter (72%), sulfate (22%) and black carbon (6%) while PAHs only account for 0.2% of the submicron aerosol mass. Measurements of gaseous components showed an increase of SO2 (average EF: 7.7 g kg−1) and NOx (average EF: 53 g kg−1) while O3 decreased when a ship plume reached the sampling site. The particle number size distributions of the vessels are generally characterized by a bimodal size distribution, with the nucleation mode in the 10–20 nm diameter range and a combustion aerosol mode centered at about 35 nm while particles \\textgreater 1 μm were not found. "High particle number emitters" are characterized by a dominant nucleation mode. By contrast, increased particle concentrations around 150 nm primarily occurred for "high black carbon emitters". Classifying the vessels according to their gross tonnage shows a decrease of the number, black carbon and PAH EFs while EFs of SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, AMS species (particulate organics, sulfate) and PM1 mass concentration increase with increasing gross tonnages.
Enhancement of near-annual variability in the equatorial Pacific in 2000–2008
Authors: Fashé O. , Dewitte B.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Like the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the near-annual mode is an air–sea coupled mode of the tropical Pacific that can emerge within a relatively cool mean state. It is documented here from satellite observations over the 2000–2008 period based on a covariance analysis between wind stress and zonal current anomalies. It is shown that near-annual variability is enhanced over the last decade. The signature of this mode consists of a zonal seesaw pattern for zonal current with westward (eastward) anomalous currents in the western (eastern) equatorial Pacific. A composite analysis allows identifying the peak and transition phases of this mode, particularly active over 2000–2004. It is suggested that the reduction of the interannual variability in the eastern Pacific over the last decade may be related to the enhancement of the near-annual mode.
Influence of different rates of rainfall in the basin of the Uruguay River
Authors: Bohrer M. , Zaparoli B. , Saldanha C. B.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the rainfall pattern is fairly regular and precipitation is well distributed throughout the year. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in the Uruguay River basin from the determination of homogeneous regions based on the rainfall pattern. Values of 47 meteorological stations of the ANA (National Water Agency) from 1975 to 2005 were used, and values of Pacific sea surface temperature were collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which is based on observed anomalies for different regions' niños (1 + niño 2, 3 niño, niño 4, niño 3 + 4). From the analysis of the results it was found that the study region showed five homogeneous regions. Knowing the time series of each region, it was possible to verify the regional variability in precipitation, indicating which regions have values above and below the climatological normal, and how the different indexes influence the rainfall pattern in the region.
Sources and fate of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon in lakes of a Boreal Plains region recently affected by wildfire
Authors: Olefeldt D. , Devito K. J. , Turetsky M. R.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Downstream mineralization and sedimentation of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) render lakes important for landscape carbon cycling in the boreal region, with regulating processes potentially sensitive to perturbations associated with climate change including increased occurrence of wildfire. In this study we assessed chemical composition and reactivity (during both dark and UV incubations) of DOC from lakes and terrestrial sources within a peatland-rich western boreal plains region partially affected by a recent wildfire. While wildfire was found to increase aromaticity of DOC in peat pore-water above the water table, it had no effect on concentrations or composition of DOC from peatland wells and neither affected mineral well or lake DOC characteristics. Lake DOC composition reflected a mixing of peatland and mineral groundwater, with a greater influence of mineral sources to lakes in coarse- than fine-textured settings. Peatland DOC was less biodegradable than mineral DOC, but both mineralization and sedimentation of peatland DOC increased substantially during UV incubations through selective removal of aromatic humic and fulvic acids. DOC composition in lakes with longer residence times had characteristics consistent with increased UV-mediated processing. We estimate that about half of terrestrial DOC inputs had been lost within lakes, mostly due to UV-mediated processes. The importance of within-lake losses of aromatic DOC from peatland sources through UV-mediated processes indicate that terrestrial-aquatic C linkages in the study region are largely disconnected from recent terrestrial primary productivity. Together, our results suggest that characteristics of the study region (climate, surface geology and lake morphometry) render linkages between terrestrial and aquatic C cycling insensitive to the effects of wildfire by determining dominant terrestrial sources and within-lake processes of DOC removal.
Snow glacier melt estimation in tropical Andean glaciers using artificial neural networks
Authors: Moya Quiroga V. , Mano A. , Asaoka Y. , Kure S. , Udo K. , Mendoza J.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Snow and glacier melt (SGM) estimation plays an important role in water resources management. Although melting process can be modelled by energy balance methods, such studies require detailed data, which is rarely available. Hence, new and simpler approaches are needed for SGM estimations. The present study aims at developing an artificial neural networks (ANN) based technique for estimating the energy available for melt (EAM) and SGM rates using available and easy to obtain data such as temperature, short-wave radiation and relative humidity. Several ANN and multiple linear regression models (MLR) were developed to represent the energy fluxes and estimate the EAM. The models were trained using measured data from the Zongo glacier located in the outer tropics and validated against measured data from the Antizana glacier located in the inner tropics. It was found that ANN models provide a better generalisation when applied to other data sets. The performance of the models was improved by including Antizana data into the training set, as it was proved to provide better results than other techniques like the use of a prior logarithmic transformation. The final model was validated against measured data from the Alpine glaciers Argentière and Saint-Sorlin. Then, the models were applied for the estimation of SGM at Condoriri glacier. The estimated SGM was compared with SGM estimated by an enhanced temperature method and proved to have the same behaviour considering temperature sensibility. Moreover, the ANN models have the advantage of direct application, while the temperature method requires calibration of empirical coefficients.
A dual-pass data assimilation scheme for estimating surface energy fluxes with FY3A-VIRR land surface temperature
Authors: Xu T. R. , Liu S. M. , Xu Z. W. , Liang S. , Xu L.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. A dual-pass data assimilation scheme is developed to improve predictions of surface energy fluxes. Pass 1 of the dual-pass data assimilation scheme optimizes model vegetation parameters at the weekly temporal scale and pass 2 optimizes soil moisture at the daily temporal scale. Based on the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), land surface temperature (LST) data derived from the new generation of Chinese meteorology satellite (FY3A-VIRR) is assimilated into common land model (CoLM) for the first time. Four sites are selected for the data assimilation experiments, namely Arou, BJ, Guantao, and Miyun that include alpine meadow, grass, crop, and orchard land cover types. The results are compared with data set generated by a multi-scale surface energy flux observation system that includes an automatic weather station (AWS), an eddy covariance (EC) and a large aperture scintillometer (LAS). Results indicate that the CoLM can simulate the diurnal variations of surface energy flux, but usually overestimates sensible heat flux and underestimates latent heat flux and evaporation fraction (EF). With FY3A-VIRR LST data, the dual-pass data assimilation scheme can reduce model uncertainties and improve predictions of surface energy flux. Compared with EC measurements, the average model biases (BIAS) values change from 37.8 to 7.7 W m−2 and from −27.6 to 18.8 W m−2; the root mean square error (RMSE) values drop from 74.7 to 39.1 W m−2 and from 95.1 to 62.7 W m−2 for sensible and latent heat fluxes respectively. For evaporation fraction (EF), the average BIAS values change from −0.29 to 0.0 and the average RMSE values drop from 0.38 to 0.12. To compare the results with LAS-measured sensible heat flux, the source areas are calculated using a footprint model and overlaid with FY3A pixels. The four sites averaged BIAS values drop from 63.7 to −8.5 W m−2 and RMSE values drop from 118.2 to 69.8 W m−2. Ultimately, the error sources in surface energy flux predictions are investigated, and the results show that both soil moisture and vegetation parameters caused the big model biases in surface energy flux predictions. With Pass 1 and Pass 2, the dual-pass data assimilation scheme can cut down the surface energy flux prediction biases (BIAS) to nearly zero.
Wind shear over the Nice Côte d'Azur airport: case studies
Authors: Boilley A. , Mahfouf J.-F.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. The Nice Côte d'Azur international airport is subject to horizontal low-level wind shears. Detecting and predicting these hazards is a major concern for aircraft security. A measurement campaign took place over the Nice airport in 2009 including 4 anemometers, 1 wind lidar and 1 wind profiler. Two wind shear events were observed during this measurement campaign. Numerical simulations were carried out with Meso-NH in a configuration compatible with near-real time applications to determine the ability of the numerical model to predict these events and to study the meteorological situations generating a horizontal wind shear. A comparison between numerical simulation and the observation dataset is conducted in this paper.