bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intravenous immunoglobulins in immunodeficiencies: more than mere replacement therapy
Authors: Kaveri S V , Maddur M S , Hegde P , Lacroix-Desmazes S , Bayry J
Published: April 2011

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a therapeutic compound prepared from pools of plasma obtained from several thousand healthy blood donors. For more than 20 years, IVIG has been used in the treatment of a wide range of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. IVIG now represents a standard therapeutic option for most antibody deficiencies. Routinely, IVIG is used in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA), common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), X-linked hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and selective IgG class deficiency. In addition, IVIG is used extensively in the treatment of a wide variety of autoimmune disorders. IVIG is administered at distinct doses in the two clinical settings: whereas immunodeficient patients are treated with replacement levels of IVIG, patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are administered with very high doses of IVIG. Several lines of experimental evidence gathered in the recent years suggest that the therapeutic beneficial effect of IVIG in immunodeficiencies reflects an active role for IVIG, rather than a mere passive transfer of antibodies.
PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 3 recognizes multiple targets with limited similarity and mediates translation and RNA stabilization in plastids
Authors: Cai Wenhe , Okuda Kenji , Peng Lianwei , Shikanai Toshiharu
Published: April 2011

PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 3 (PGR3) contains 27 pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) motifs and belongs to the P‐subfamily. Previous studies have suggested that PGR3 functions in the stabilization of petL operon RNA and also in the translation of petL and one, or some, of the 11 plastid ndh genes encoding subunits of chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase‐like complex (NDH). The pgr3‐3 allele has been suggested to be specifically defective in the putative PGR3 function of translation. Herein, we show that the polysome association of the monocistronic petL transcript is impaired in pgr3‐3. We detected sequences weakly conserved in the 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of petL and ndhA, and these putative elements were recognized by recombinant PGR3 in vitro. Previously, pgr3‐2 was shown to be specifically defective in stabilizing petL operon RNA and to accumulate NDH at wild‐type levels. Consistent with this pgr3‐2 phenotype, we show here that a recombinant protein carrying the pgr3‐2 mutation in the 12th PPR motif bound to the 5′ UTR of ndhA but not of petL. This indicates that a single amino acid alteration changes the binding specificity of PGR3. In contrast, the recombinant protein carrying the pgr3‐3 mutation in the final, 27th, incomplete PPR motif can bind to both petL and ndhA 5′ UTRs, suggesting that the C‐terminal end of PGR3 is not required for binding to targets but is essential for translation of petL and probably also ndhA. Our results fully support the model in which PGR3 recognizes two target sequences and is involved in multiple functions, i.e. stabilizing RNA and activating translation.
Deep sequencing of small RNAs specifically associated with Arabidopsis AGO1 and AGO4 uncovers new AGO functions
Authors: Wang Huan , Zhang Xiuren , Liu Jun , Kiba Takatoshi , Woo Jongchan , Ojo Tolulope , Hafner Markus , Tuschl Thomas , Chua Nam‐Hai , Wang Xiu‐Jie
Published: April 2011

As important components of small RNA (smRNA) pathways, Argonaute (AGO) proteins mediate the interaction of incorporated smRNAs with their targets. Arabidopsis contains 10 AGO proteins with specialized or redundant functions. Among them, AGO1 mainly acts in microRNA (miRNA) and small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) pathways for post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), whereas AGO4 regulates transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) via endogenous 24‐nucleotide (nt) smRNAs. To fully characterize smRNAs associated with AGO1 and AGO4, we developed a two‐step protocol to purify AGO/smRNA complexes from flowers, leaves, roots and seedlings with enhanced purity, and sequenced the smRNAs by Illumina technology. Besides recovering most previously annotated smRNAs, we also identified some additional miRNAs, phased smRNA clusters and small‐interfering RNAs derived from the overlapping region of natural antisense transcript pairs (NAT) (nat‐siRNAs). We also identified a smRNA distribution feature on miRNA precursors which may help to identify authentic miRNAs. Organ‐specific sequencing provided digital expression profiles of all obtained smRNAs, especially miRNAs. The presence and conservation of collateral miRNAs on known miRNA precursors were also investigated. Intriguingly, about 30% of AGO1‐associated smRNAs were 24‐nt long and unrelated to the 21‐nt species. Further analysis showed that DNA‐dependent RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV)‐dependent smRNAs were mainly 24 nt and associated with AGO4, whereas the majority of the potential Pol V‐dependent ones were 21‐nt smRNAs and bound to AGO1, suggesting the potential involvement of AGO1 in Pol V‐related pathways.
OVATE FAMILY PROTEIN4 (OFP4) interaction with KNAT7 regulates secondary cell wall formation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Li Eryang , Wang Shucai , Liu Yuanyuan , Chen Jin‐Gui , Douglas Carl J.
Published: April 2011

The homeodomain transcription factor KNAT7 has been reported to be involved in the regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Previous work suggested that KNAT7 can interact with members of the Ovate Family Protein (OFP) transcription co‐regulators. However, it remains unknown whether such an OFP–KNAT7 complex could be involved in the regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. We re‐tested OFP1 and OFP4 for their abilities to intact with KNAT7 using yeast two‐hybrid assays, and verified KNAT7–OFP4 interaction but found only weak interaction between KNAT7 and OFP1. Further, the interaction of KNAT7 with OFP4 appears to be mediated by the KNAT7 homeodomain. We used bimolecular fluorescence complementation to confirm interactions and found that OFP1 and OFP4 both interact with KNAT7 in planta. Using a protoplast transient expression system we showed that KNAT7 as well as OFP1 and OFP4 act as transcriptional repressors. Furthermore, in planta interactions between KNAT7 and both OFP1 and OFP4 enhance KNAT7’s transcriptional repression activity. An ofp4 mutant exhibited similar irx and fiber cell wall phenotypes as knat7, and the phenotype of a double ofp4 knat7mutant was similar to those of the single mutants, consistent with the view that KNAT7 and OFP function in a common pathway or complex. Furthermore, the pleiotropic OFP1 and OFP4 overexpression phenotype was suppressed in a knat7 mutant background, suggesting that OFP1 and OFP4 functions depend at least partially on KNAT7 function. We propose that KNAT7 forms a functional complex with OFP proteins to regulate aspects of secondary cell wall formation.
Cryptochrome 1 and phytochrome B control shade‐avoidance responses in Arabidopsis via partially independent hormonal cascades
Authors: Keller Mercedes M. , Jaillais Yvon , Pedmale Ullas V. , Moreno Javier E. , Chory Joanne , Ballaré Carlos L.
Published: April 2011

Plants respond to a reduction in the red/far‐red ratio (R:FR) of light, caused by the proximity of other plants, by initiating morphological changes that improve light capture. In Arabidopsis, this response (shade avoidance syndrome, SAS) is controlled by phytochromes (particularly phyB), and is dependent on the TAA1 pathway of auxin biosynthesis. However, when grown in real canopies, we found that phyB mutants and mutants deficient in TAAI (sav3) still display robust SAS responses to increased planting density and leaf shading. The SAS morphology (leaf hyponasty and reduced lamina/petiole ratio) could be phenocopied by exposing plants to blue light attenuation. These responses to blue light attenuation required the UV‐A/blue light photoreceptor cry1. Moreover, they were mediated through mechanisms that showed only limited overlap with the pathways recruited by phyB inactivation. In particular, pathways for polar auxin transport, auxin biosynthesis and gibberellin signaling that are involved in SAS responses to low R:FR were not required for the SAS responses to blue light depletion. By contrast, the brassinosteroid response appeared to be required for the full expression of the SAS phenotype under low blue light. The phyB and cry1 inactivation pathways appeared to converge in their requirement for the basic/helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factors PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs 4 and 5 (PIF4 and PIF5) to elicit the SAS phenotype. Our results suggest that blue light is an important control of SAS responses, and that PIF4 and PIF5 are critical hubs for a diverse array of signaling routes that control plant architecture in canopies.
Metabolomics reveals comprehensive reprogramming involving two independent metabolic responses of Arabidopsis to UV‐B light
Authors: Kusano Miyako , Tohge Takayuki , Fukushima Atsushi , Kobayashi Makoto , Hayashi Naomi , Otsuki Hitomi , Kondou Youichi , Goto Hiroto , Kawashima Mika , Matsuda Fumio , Niida Rie , Matsui Minami , Saito Kazuki , Fernie Alisdair R.
Published: April 2011

Because of ever‐increasing environmental deterioration it is likely that the influx of UV‐B radiation (280–320 nm) will increase as a result of the depletion of stratospheric ozone. Given this fact it is essential that we better understand both the rapid and the adaptive responses of plants to UV‐B stress. Here, we compare the metabolic responses of wild‐type Arabidopsis with that of mutants impaired in flavonoid (transparent testa 4, tt4; transparent testa 5, tt5) or sinapoyl‐malate (sinapoylglucose accumulator 1, sng1) biosynthesis, exposed to a short 24‐h or a longer 96‐h exposure to this photo‐oxidative stress. In control experiments we subjected the genotypes to long‐day conditions as well as to 24‐ and 96‐h treatments of continuous light. Following these treatments we evaluated the dynamic response of metabolites including flavonoids, sinapoyl‐malate precursors and ascorbate, which are well known to play a role in cellular protection from UV‐B stress, as well as a broader range of primary metabolites, in an attempt to more fully comprehend the metabolic shift following the cellular perception of this stress. Our data reveals that short‐term responses occur only at the level of primary metabolites, suggesting that these effectively prime the cell to facilitate the later production of UV‐B‐absorbing secondary metabolites. The combined results of these studies together with transcript profiles using samples irradiated by 24‐h UV‐B light are discussed in the context of current models concerning the metabolic response of plants to the stress imposed by excessive UV‐B irradiation.
Assigning DYW‐type PPR proteins to RNA editing sites in the funariid mosses Physcomitrella patens and Funaria hygrometrica
Authors: Rüdinger Mareike , Szövényi Péter , Rensing Stefan A. , Knoop Volker
Published: April 2011

The plant‐specific pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins with variable PPR repeat lengths (PLS‐type) and protein extensions up to the carboxyterminal DYW domain have received attention as specific recognition factors for the C‐to‐U type of RNA editing events in plant organelles. Here, we report a DYW‐protein knockout in the model plant Physcomitrella patens specifically affecting mitochondrial RNA editing positions cox1eU755SL and rps14eU137SL. Assignment of DYW proteins and RNA editing sites might best be corroborated by data from a taxon with a slightly different, yet similarly manageable low number of editing sites and DYW proteins. To this end we investigated the mitochondrial editing status of the related funariid moss Funaria hygrometrica. We find that: (i) Funaria lacks three mitochondrial RNA editing positions present in Physcomitrella, (ii) that F. hygrometrica cDNA sequence data identify nine DYW proteins as clear orthologues of their P. patens counterparts, and (iii) that the ‘missing’ 10th DYW protein in F. hygrometrica is responsible for two mitochondrial editing sites in P. patens lacking in F. hygrometrica (nad3eU230SL, nad4eU272SL). Interestingly, the third site of RNA editing missing in F. hygrometrica (rps14eU137SL) is addressed by the DYW protein characterized here and the presence of its orthologue in F. hygrometrica is explained through its simultaneous action on site cox1eU755SL conserved in both mosses.
Employment outcomes following successful renal transplantation
Authors: Eng Mary , Zhang Jie , Cambon Alexander , Marvin Michael R. , Gleason John
Published: April 2011

Eng M, Zhang J, Cambon A, Marvin MR, Gleason J. Employment outcomes following successful renal transplantation.  Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2011.01441.x.  © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Background:  Data on employment outcomes after successful renal transplantation are few. We conducted this study to identify favorable factors for employment after transplantation.

Methods:  Adult patients <65 yr of age who underwent renal transplantation between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2007 were surveyed. Patients with graft survival <1 yr were excluded. We also tested their knowledge of Medicare coverage after transplantation. Data were analyzed using chi‐squared and Fisher’s exact tests. p‐Value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:  A 55% response rate was obtained where 56% of respondents were employed after transplantation. Race, marital status, previous transplant, and complicated post‐operative course did not influence employment. Favorable factors include male gender (p = 0.04), younger age (<40 [p = 0.0003] or <50 yr [p < 0.0001]), having ≥1 dependent (p = 0.04), higher education (minimum high school degree [p = 0.003] or some college [p = 0.002]), live donor recipient (p = 0.004), wait time <2 yr (p = 0.03), dialysis <2 yr (p < 0.0001) or pre‐dialysis (p = 0.04), and pre‐transplantation employment (p < 0.0001). Mean time for employment was 4.9 ± 6.3 months (median three months). Common reasons for unemployment were disability (59%) and retirement (27%). Finally, 7% correctly responded that Medicare benefits end 36 months following transplantation.

Conclusions:  Potentially modifiable factors to improve employment are earlier referral and better education regarding Medicare eligibility.
Auxin Production by the Rice Blast Fungus and its Localization in Host Tissue
Authors: Tanaka Eiji , Koga Hironori , Mori Mari , Mori Masashi
Published: April 2011

The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae requires living plant cells in its early stages of infection and invasion of host tissue. In this study, we showed the possibility that an exogenous fungal auxin could be implicated in hemibiotrophic interactions. Chemical analyses showed that this fungus produces a small amount of the auxin indole‐3‐acetic acid during growth in culture. Immunohistological analyses showed that antigens of the anti‐indole‐3‐acetic acid monoclonal antibody were localized in the fungal infection hyphae present in the rice tissue. Rice transformants containing an auxin‐inducible reporter construct demonstrated an auxin response around the apex of the infection hyphae after fungal invasion of living tissue. These results suggest that the rice blast fungus produces a small amount of auxin during its biotrophic phase and the invaded rice tissue responds to the exogenous fungal auxin. This auxin may be involved in the biotrophic phase of the infection hyphae.
Predictors of creatinine rise post‐endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
Authors: Brooks Christopher Earle , Middleton Andrew , Dhillon Rana , Scott David , Denton Michael
Published: April 2011

Background:  Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair involves manipulation of the aorta around the renal arteries. Fenestrated grafts involve the direct cannulation, stenting and injecting of contrast into the renal arteries. These procedures may be associated with an acute post‐operative creatinine rise.

Methods:  We retrospectively examined data from all endovascular aortic repairs at our institution from 2005 to 2009, where contrast dosage had been recorded. Renal impairment was defined as a 25% increase in creatinine during the 5‐day post‐operative period. Univariable analysis was undertaken for a number of likely predictors, including: age, contrast dosage, preoperative creatinine, graft type (fenestrated or standard), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, ischaemic heart disease, aspirin therapy, statins therapy, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug use, preoperative N‐acetyl‐cysteine and intravenous pre‐hydration. Multivariable analysis was then applied to variables with a univariable P‐value of <0.05.

Results:  We identified 106 consecutive cases, with complete data for 102. Twenty per cent of patients developed renal impairment (22/102). Contrast dose (P= 0.043) and fenestrated grafts (P= 0.006) were identified as significant risk factors for post‐operative creatinine increase (P= 0.043). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that fenestrated grafts were a risk factor independent of contrast dosage (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Patients who received a fenestration graft (P < 0.01) and increased contrast dose (P < 0.05) were at a significant increased risk of a 25% post‐operative creatinine rise. The risk of fenestration grafts persisted when multivariable regression was performed to control for contrast dosage (P < 0.05). Other variables investigated were not found to be significant in this study.
Surgery in the setting of Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Authors: Seifman Marc A. , Grodski Simon F. , Bailey Michael , Yeung Meei J. , Serpell Jonathan W.
Published: April 2011

Background:  Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a chronic autoimmune thyroiditis typically resulting in hypothyroidism. In itself, HT is not an indication for surgery but the co‐existence of thyroid nodular disease creates diagnostic and management difficulties. Indications for thyroidectomy include risk of malignancy and pressure symptoms. While fine needle aspirate cytology is effective in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions, in HT there is increased diagnostic uncertainty. This study aimed to document the results of cytology and the rate of malignancy in HT.

Methods:  Data were analysed for the period 1996–2009. All patients who underwent thyroidectomy and had a formal histological diagnosis of HT were included and compared with a control population who underwent thyroidectomy but did not have HT. In both groups, patient demographics, clinical parameters, cytology findings, operative procedure and final histology were reviewed.

Results:  One hundred and twelve patients had histologically proven HT, with a significant female preponderance compared with controls (P= 0.002). There were no significant differences between cases and controls for type of procedure or preoperative examination findings. Incidence of hypothyroidism was increased: 17 patients (15.2% versus 1.6%; P < 0.0001), whereas thyrotoxicosis was decreased: four patients (3.6% versus 14.4%; P= 0.002). There was an increased incidence of follicular/indeterminate cytology (35.7% versus 22.1%; P= 0.001). While there was an increased false negative rate in HT, this failed to achieve statistical significance (8.8% versus 2.5%; P= 0.09). Malignancy rates were more prevalent in the setting of HT (23.2% versus 11.4%; P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Given the increased rate of associated malignancy and increased diagnostic uncertainty in patients with HT, we recommend routine preoperative thyroid antibody measurement.
Recent surgical management of ovarian cancer
Authors: Khoury‐Collado Fady , Chi Dennis S.
Published: April 2011

Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological malignancy in the USA, and the majority of patients with newly diagnosed ovarian cancer present with advanced‐stage disease. The standard treatment of these patients involves primary cytoreduction followed by combination chemotherapy. As the evidence has accumulated regarding the benefit of surgical cytoreduction, and as the definition of optimal cytoreduction has evolved, the surgical techniques have expanded in order to achieve this goal. This article discusses the different facets of the surgical management of ovarian cancer, with a special emphasis on the most recent additions to our current knowledge.
FEEDING AND EXCRETION BY THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARR.) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), REARED ON DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF PEAS
Authors: AUCLAIR JACQUES L.
Published: April 2011

The amount of honeydew excreted by the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), reared singly and in groups on susceptible resistant varieties of peas, Pisum sativum L., grown under greenhouse conditions, was measured. Excretion by isolated aphids was interrupted at moulting for mean periods of 12 and 16 hr, and between moults and in the adult stage for mean periods of 3 to 15 hr, although in many cases the aphids remained in the feeding position. Droplet volume, frequency, and rate of excretion were generally proportional to the susceptibility of the host variety on which the aphids were, feeding, The rate of feeding on susceptible varieties was higher and contributed therefore to the faster rate of aphid growth; a greater proportion of the material ingested was excreted and a lesser proportion assimilated than on resistant varieties. Honeydew from aphids feeding on susceptible varieties usually contained a slightly higher concentration of free amino acids and amides.

L'INGESTION ET L'EXCRÉTION CHEZ LE PUCERON DU POIS, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARR.), ÉLEVÉ SUR DES VARIÉTÉS DE POIS

La production de miellat par le puceron du pois, ***Acyrtbosiphon pisum (Harr.), élevé isolément Et en groupes a été mesurée sur des variétés sensibles et résistantes de pois, Pisum sativum L., cultivées en serre. La production de miellat par les pucerons isolés fut interrompue au moment de la mue durant les périodes moyennes de 12 et 16 hr; elle fut interrompue entre les mues et aussi au stade adulte durant des périodes moyennes de 3 à 15 hr, měme lorsque les aphides en observation paraissaient se nourtir, le bout de leur rostre étant placé sur les nervures des feuilles. Le volume moyen des gouttelettes, la fréquence et le taux d'excrétion furent en général proportionnels au degré de sensibilité de la variété‐hǒte. Le taux d'ingestion de ces insectes fut plus élevé lorsqu'ils se nourrissaient sur les variétés sensibles, contribuant ainsi à accélérer leur croissance. Une plus grande proportion de la matière ingérée fut excrétée et une proportion moindre assimilée sur les plantes sensibles. Le miellat des pucerons se ***noutrissant sur les variétés sensibles avait une teneur légèrement plus élevée en amides et acides aminés.
DIE WIRKUNG EINIGER SOLANUM‐ALKAOIDGLYKOSIDE AUF DEN KARTOFFELKÄFER, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA SAY1,2
Authors: STÜRCKOW BRUNHILD , LÖW IRMENTRAUT
Published: April 2011

Die kristallisierten Solanum‐Alkaloidglykoside (Solanin, Chaconin, Leptinin I, Leptinin II, Leptin I, Demissin und Tomatin) und ein amorphes Leptin III — Präparat wurden im Fraßtest an Kartoffelkäfem geprüft. Die Resistenz von Solanum “chacoense” gegen Leptinotursa kann durch den Gehalt an Leptinen erklärt werden. Die Leptine gehen unter Abspaltung der Acetylgruppe in die Leptinine über und verlieren darnit ihre hohe fraßabschreckende Wirksamkeit. DDT‐resistente Käfer sind gegen Solanum chacoense, die Leptine und die Leptinine unempfindlicher als normale.
THE CONTROL OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY WITH AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Authors: MADGE DAVID S.
Published: April 2011

Using values contained in the International Critical Tables (1928) a gravimetric method, based on one used by Solomon (1951), is described to produce a stock solution of sodium hydroxide, from which graded aqueous solutions can be prepared to give relative humidities in steps of 10 per cent between 0° C and 40° C.

I have much pleasure in thanking Mr. M. E. Solomon for helpful advice and suggestions concerning the manuscript and tables. Miss Maureen Dupuch kindly checked some of the values in the tables. I gratefully acknowledge the receipt of a post‐graduate Agricultural Research Council grant which enabled these investigations to be made.

DIE EINSTELLUNG DER RELATIVEN LUFTFEUCHTIGKEIT MIT WÄSSRIGEN LÖSUNGEN VON NATRIUMHYDROXYD.

In der vorliegenden Zusammenstellung werden die Verdünnungsgrade waßriger Natum‐ hydroxyd‐Lösungen angegeben, die bei Temperaturen zwischen 0° und 40° C bestimmte Stufen relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit in 10%‐Intervallen auf Grund der entsprechenden spezifischen Gewichte der Lösungen bedingen. Die Werte sind den internationalen kritischen Tafeln (1928) entnommen und beruhen auf den gravimetrischen Methoden von Solomon (1951).
LOW TEMPERATURE THRESHOLDS FOR FLIGHT IN APHIS FABAE SCOP.
Authors: COCKBAIN A. J.
Published: April 2011

The temperature thresholds for wing‐beating and successful flight in alienicolae of Aphis fabae were found by flying tethered aphids in a falling temperature and by dropping free aphids in still air at different temperatures. The median temperature thresholds for wingbeating, horizontal and upward flight were 6.5°, 13° and 15° C respectively.

UNTERE TEMPERATURSCHWELLEN FÜR DEN FLUG VON APHIS FABAE SCOP.

Die Temperaturschwellen für Flügelschlag und erfolgreichen Flug wurden bei alienirolen Aphis fabae Scop, an gefesselten Aphiden bei fallenden Temperaturen ermittelt sowie durch Fallenlassen freier Blattläuse in ruhige Luft bei verschiedenen Temperaturen.

Die mittlere Temperaturschwelle für Flügelschlag betrug 6,5° C (Flügelschläge eine Minute andauernd) und wurde vom Feuchtigkeitsgehalt der Luft sowie von der Abkühlungsrate (sowie möglicherweise von der Flugdauer) beeinflußt. Unter 9–10° C hielt der Flügelschlag mur für eine kurze Zeit an und die Schlagamplitude war bei diesen Temperaturen im allgemeinen gering.

Die mittlere Temperaturschwelle für horizontalen Flug lag bei 13° C (unter 10° vollständige Verhinderung) und für Aufwärtsflug bei 15° C (unter 12° völlige Hemmung); die höhere Schwelle für den Aufwärtsflug steht wahrscheinlich mit höherem Stoffwechselbedarf in Verbindung. Nach einem Aufenthalt von 24 Stunden bei niederen Temperaturen (5–15° C) vor dem Flug flogen bei 12–13° C weniger Blattläuse, als wenn sie bei 20° C gehalten worden waren. Diese Ergebnisse gelten nur für die ersten wenigen Sekunden des Fluges.
WINGED APHIDS TRAPPED IN POTATO FIELDS, 1942–1959
Authors: BROADBENT L. , HEATHCOTE G. D.
Published: April 2011

Sticky aphid‐traps were operated over potato crops at Rothamsted during 18 years, and elsewhere for shorter periods, to get information about the activity of Myzus persicae in relation to the spread of virus diseases. Numbers of total aphids, At. persicae, Aphis fabae and Brevicoryne brassicae caught per week are given. Annual rhythms in aphid numbers were unpredictable, although there was a tendency for A. fabae to be few during the year after one in which they had been numerous. M. persicae were few in summer when they and their predators or parasites had been numerous in spring, and were often numerous in summer when they had been few in spring. A. fabae were more numerous during most years than M. parsicae, and B. brassicae usually scarce. Severe winters affected M. persicae more than the other two species.

1942–1959 IN KARTOFFELFELDERN GEFANGENE GEFLÜGELTE BLATTLÄUSE

In Rothamsted wurden über Kartoffel beständen 18 Jahre hindurch und anderenorts während kürzerer Zeiträume Aphiden‐Klebfallen aufgestellt, um Informationen über die Aktivität von Myzui persicae in Beziehung zur Ausbreitung und Bekämpfung von Kartoffelblattroll‐ und Y‐Viren zu erhalten. Die pro Woche gefangenen Zahlen aller Aphiden, von M. persicae, Aphis fabae und Brevicoryne brasskae werden aufgeführt. Die Höchstzahlen der während einer Woche in Rothamsted gefangenen Aphiden betrugen 846 A. fabae, 179 B. brassicae und 96 M. persicae. Die Bedingungen in England variieren so stark, daß Fallenfänge nicht zur Vorhersage der nächstjährigen Populationen benutzt werden können. Jahresrhythmen sind nicht voraussagbar, aber es bestand bei A. fabae eine Tendenz zu geringer Populationsdichte nach einem Jahr, in dem sie hoch gewesen war. M. persicae waren im Sommer schwach vertreten, wenn sie und ihre Prädatoren oder Parasiten im Frühling zahlreich gewesen waren, und sre waren im Sommer oft zahlreich, wenn sie im Frühjahr gering an Zahl gewesen waren. Während der meisten Jahre war A. fabae häufiger als M. persicae, aber B. brassicae war nur in zwei Jahren sehr zahlreich. Strenge Winter beeinträchtigten M. persicae, welche in England vorwiegend mit aktiven Läusen überwintert, mehr als die beiden anderen Arten, die hauptsächlich als Eier überwintern. Die meisten Blattläuse, und besonders die meisten A. fabae, wurden gewöhnlich Ende Juni und im Juli gefangen, während M. persicae meist Ende Juli und B. brassicae während August und September am häufigsten waren. Die Gesamtaphidenzahlen waren gewöhnlich in der Nähe der Süd‐ und Ostküste geringer als in den südlichen Midlands. Die Aphiden waren im allgemeinen in warmen, trockenen Sommern zahlreicher als in kühlen, feuchten, aber die Zahlenschwankungen unterschieden sich bei den verschiedenen Arten; die Ursachen dieser Fluktuationen sind vielfältig und noch ungeklärt.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF GALEODES ARABS
Authors: CLOUDSLEY‐THOMPSON J. L.
Published: April 2011

Galeodes arabs is shown by aktograph experiments to be nocturnal in habit especially in the hot season. It has a low rate of water‐loss by transpiration in dry air. Behaviour responses to enemies and prey are classified as alertness, threat, high intensity threat (accompanied by stridulation) leading to attack or flight (often followed by displacement sand‐digging). Feeding habits are described.

RESUME

QUELQUES ASPECTS DE LA PHYSIOLOGIE ET DU COMPORTEMENT DE GALEODES ARABS

Les moeurs nocturnes, particulièrement durant la saison chaude, des araignées Galeodes arabs ont été montrées par des expériences avec l'actographe.

Dans la nature elles passent la journée dans des abris profonds, dont l'ouverture est fermée par un tampon de feuilles mortes. Leur perte en eau par transpiration à Fair sec présente un taux assez bas et elles peuvent survivre à une forte dessiccation. Leurs réactions de comportement vis‐à‐vis des ennemis et des proies sont classées en promptitude, frayeur, frayeur très intense (accompagnée de stridulation) conduisant à l'attaque ou à la fuite (souvent suivie de déplacement avec rejet de sable). Les habitudes alimentaires sont décrites et on montre que la fuite se produit plus facilement chez mâles que chez les femelles.
GROWTH AND FECUNDITY OFANTHOCORISSPP. REARED ON VARIOUS PREY (HETEROPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE)
Authors: ANDERSON N. H.
Published: April 2011

Rates of development and sizes of adults at 23 –2° were determined for six species ofAnthocorisreared on a series of host insects. Relative food value of the test prey varied between species ofAnthocoris.For example,Psyila maliSchmid. was suitable for all species, butAphis fabae(Scop.) was suitable forAnthocoris gallarum‐ulmi(DeG.), poor forA. nemorum(L.), and unsuitable forA. confususReut.,A. nemoralis(Fab.),A. sarothamniDouglas & Scott, andA. minkiDohrn. Growth rates of larvae of three species that are normally associated with psyllids were significantly greater when they were fed on psyllids than when fed on aphids. The host‐plant specificity ofAnthocorisspp. is not solely influenced by the food requirements of the larvae because all species can be successfully reared on unnatural prey. There is some suggestion that the food requirements of newly‐emerged adults may be more critical than those of the larvae, as some prey allow continued reproduction while others may cause a reproductive diapause. Prey selection in nature is discussed in relation to the above results.

WACHSTUM UND FRUCHTBARKEIT VONANTHOCORIS‐ARTENBEI ERNÄHRUNG MIT VERSCHIEDENER BEUTE (HETEROPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE)

Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit und Grösse von sechsAnthocoris‐Arten werden bei 23 ± 2° in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Insektenarten als Beute ermittelt. Der relative Futterwert der Versuchsbeute ist für die einzelnenAnthocoris‐Arten verschieden. So ist beispielsweisePsylla maliSchmid. für alle Arten geeignet,Aphis fabae(Scop.) dagegen zwar günstig fürA. gallarum‐ulmi(DeG.), aber schlecht fürA. nemorum(L.) und ungeeignet fürA. confususReut.,A. nemoralis(Fab.),A. sarothamniDouglas & Scott undA. minkiDohrn. Die Wachstumsraten der Larven von drei Arten, die normalerweise mit Psylliden zusammen gefunden werden, sind signifikant grosser, wenn sie mit diesen statt mit Blattläusen gefüttert werden. Die Wirtspflanzenspezifität vonAnthocoris‐Arten wird nicht allein durch Nahrungsansprüche der Larven beeinflusst; alle Arten können mit nicht dem natürlichen Wirtsbereich angehörender Beute erfolgreich aufgezogen werden. Es besteht Grund zu der Annahme, dass die frischgehäuteten Erwachsenen bei der Nahrungswahl kritischer sind als die Larven, denn manche Beute gestattet ununterbrochene Fortpflanzung, während andere eine reproduktive Diapause verursachen kann. Die in der Natur herrschende Beuteauswahl wird im Hinblick auf die obigen Ergebnisse besprochen.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FEEDING OF FLEAS (XENOPSYLLA CHEOPIS ROTHSCH.) THROUGH A MEMBRANE
Authors: BAR‐ZEEV MICHA , STERNBERG SHMUEL
Published: April 2011

Factors which affect the per cent feeding of starved X. cheopis through a “Silverlight” (trade name) membrane, were studied. Improved feeding was obtained under the following conditions: — 1) Pretreatment of the membrane by boiling in water for 3 hours or under 1.2 atm pressure for seven minutes. 2) Increasing the density of the fleas in the feeding apparatus (up to a certain level). 3) A blood temperature of 38°. 4) Ambient relative humidity of about 85%. 5) An undulate membrane surface.

Females fed highly significantly better than males. Starved fleas, 5 or more days old, fed better than young ones. Under optimal feeding conditions, good results can be obtained with young starved fleas (2–3 days old).

Various aspects of artificial feeding and the importance of the membrane texture and its permeability to vapor are discussed.

Resume

FACTEURS INFLUENÇANT LA NOURRITURE DE PUCES (XENOPSYLLA CHEOPIS ROTHSCH) A TRAVERS UNE MEMBRANE

Une étude a été faite des facteurs influençant le nombre de puces (X. cheopis) affamées se nourrissant à travers une membrane “Silverlight” (nom commercial). Un pourcentage plus élevé a été obtenu dans les conditions suivantes:

1. Pré‐traitement de la membrane dans de l'eau bouillante pendant trois heures, ou sous pression de 1.2 atm. pendant 7 minutes;

2. Augmentation de la concentration des puces dans l'appareil (jusqu'à certain niveau);

3. Température du sang de 38°;

4. Humidité relative d'environ 85%;

5. Surface ondulée de la membrane.

Le nombre des femelles qui se sont nourries a été beaucoup plus élevé que celui des mâles. Des puces affamées, agées de 5 jours ou plus, se nourrissent mieux que des jeunes. Sous des conditions optimales de bons résultats peuvent être obtenus avec des jeunes puces (2 à 3 jours).

Divers aspects de l'alimentation artificielle, de l'importance de la texture de la membrane et de sa permeabilité à la vapeur sont discutés.
THE EFFECT OF LEAF “TOUGHNESS” ON THE FEEDING OF LARVAE OF THE MUSTARD BEETLE PHAEDON COCHLEARIAE FAB
Authors: TANTON M. T.
Published: April 2011

Leaf ‘toughness’, determined with a penetrometer, is shown to retard the rate of feeding and the growth of larvae of Phaedon cochleariae Fab.

DIE WIRKUNG DER “ELATTZÄHIGKEIT” AUF DEN FRASS DER LARVEN DES MEERRETTICHBLATTKÄFERS PHAEDON COCHLEARIAE FAB.

Es wird gezeigt, daß die “Zähigkeit” von Kohlrübenblättern den Fraß der Larven von Phaedon cochleariae Fab. beeinflußt. Von zäheren Blättern werden geringere Mengen gefressen und es sind zum Fraß einer bestimmten Fläche mehr Bißstellen erforderlich. Auf zäheren Blättern ist die Larvalentwicklung während der frühen Stadien verzögert und die Sterblichkeit erhöht, während die Imagines aus solchen Larven nicht so schwer sind wie die von Larven, die mit weniger zähen Blättern gefüttert wurden.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOME CARABIDAE AND STAPHYLINIDAE AS PREDATORS OF THE CABBAGE ROOT FLY, ERIOISCHIA BRASSICAE (BOUCHÉ)
Authors: COAKER T. H. , WILLIAMS D. A.
Published: April 2011

Carabid and staphylinid predators of the immature stages of the cabbage root fly were identified using the precipitin test.

Some of the staphylinids trapped were predatory and may have been responsible for a larger proportion of the total loss of the immature stages of the cabbage root fly than were the carabids. Several carabid species captured on brassica plots were found to have relatively high predatory values.

Of the predatory carabids, Bembidion lampros was the most frequently occurring and, together with 5 other species, constituted over 90% of the total carabids trapped on brassica plots.

DIE BEDEUTUNG EINIGER CARABIDEN UND STAPHYLINIDEN ALS PRÄDATOREN DER KOHLFLIEGE, ERIOISCHIA BRASSICAE (BOUCHÉ)

Carabiden und Staphyliniden werden als Prädatoren der Kohlfliege Erioischia brassicae (Bouché) zu den wichtigsten Mortalitätsfaktoren dieser Art gerechnet. Aus den zahlreichen, in Kohlparzellen gefundenen oder in Fallen gefangenen Käferarten wurden diejenigen zu einem Präzipitintest ausgewählt, die sich von den Entwicklungsstadien der Kohlfliege ernähren und deshalb als Prädatoren der Kohlfliege angesehen werden können. Bei einem Vergleich der Verhältnisse innerhalb der positiv zu Kohlfliegen‐Antiserum reagierenden Käferpopulationen zeigte sich, daß die Staphyliniden wahrscheinlich für einen größeren Teil des Gesamtverlustes an Kohlfliegenstadien verantwortlich zu machen sind als die Carabiden. Unter den räuberischen Carabiden kam Bembidion lampros am häufigsten vor und war zusammen mit fünf anderen Arten für über 90% des Gesamtverlustes in den Kohlparzellen verantwortlich. Mehrere dieser Käferarten haben einen verhältnismäßig hohen prädatorischen Wert.
A MUTANT LINKED TO THE DDT‐RESISTANCE OF AN ILLINOIS STRAIN OF HOUSE FLIES
Authors: LICHTWARDT ELIZABETH T.
Published: April 2011

A mutant eye color was isolated which proved to be linked to the dominant form of DDT‐mortality resistance (R) in the D+R20 substrain of the DDT 1 strain of house flies. The mutant, identified as carnation (by Hiroyoshi) is located on chromosome V; therefore, the dominant R character is on chromosome V. Since no other major resistance is present in the D+R20 strain, phenotypically susceptible lines can be isolated from testcrosses of heterozygous R+/+car or R car/ + + males on the basis of eye color. Recombination occurs between R and car on the average of 7.35%.

The above results are discussed in regard to their application to enzyme analyses. Differences between R and kdr (knock‐down resistance) are noted.

EINE MIT DDT‐RESISTENZ VERBUNDENE MUTANTE EINES STUBENFLIEGENSTAMMES AUS ILLINOIS

Aus einer Kreuzung zwischen der DDT‐mortalitätsresistenten D+R20 Linie von DDT I und des ingezüchteten DDT‐anfälligen Stammes IS‐1 konnte eine rotäugige Mutante isoliert werden. Diese Mutante wurde von Hiroyoshi als carnation identifiziert und gehört zur Koppelungsgruppe V. Dies beruht auf der Tatsache, dass das Merkmal carnation mit der dominanten R‐Eigenschaft gekoppelt ist und letztere sich im Chromosom V befindet.

Testkreuzungen mit heterozygoten Männchen mit gekoppelten und ungekoppelten carnation und resistance Genen erlauben die Isolation von fortpflanzungsfähigen phänotypisch anfälligen Linien auf der Basis der Augenfarbe allein.

Eine Rekombination von R und car erfolgt mit einer durchschnittlichen Häufigkeit von 7.35%.

Die Verwendung des carnation Markers und des D+R20 Stammes für die Enzymanalyse wird besprochen, ebenso die Begrenzung der Kreuzens mit heterozygoten Männchen.

Die Unterschiede zwischen dem R‐Faktor und dem kdr (knock‐down‐resistance)‐Faktor werden beschrieben.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE PREDATORY MITE PHYTOSEIUS PLUMIFER AND THE EFFECT OF NUTRITION ON ITS BIOLOGY (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE)
Authors: ZAHER M. A. , WAFA A. K. , SHEHATA K. K.
Published: April 2011

Phytoseius plumifer could develop and reproduce when fed on the different stages of the red spider mite T. cinnabarinus. The female immature stages lasted for an average of 4.8, 3.8 and 4.5 days respectively when fed on eggs, immatures and adults of the prey at an average temperature of 29.5 ± l°C. The average number of deposited eggs per female was significantly greater when it fed on immatures and adults (about 45 eggs) than when it fed on prey eggs (about 29 eggs). During the whole life‐span the predator female fed on an average of 969 eggs or 438 immatures or 346 adults, of these more than 93% were consumed during the adult stage. Males lived for shorter time and consumed fewer prey than females.

The predator could develop and reproduce successfully on date‐palm pollen but at a slower rate. On this diet the immature stages lasted 10.5 days and female laid an average of 16.6 eggs. On hollyhock and cotton pollen, or sweet potato leaves, larvae failed to develop to adults.

DIE LEBENSWEISE DER RAUBMILBE PHYTOSEIUS PLUMIFER UND DIE WIRKUNG DER ERNÄHRUNG AUF IHRE BIOLOGIE (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE)

Phytoseius plumifer konnte sich entwickeln und fortpflanzen, wenn er mit verschiedenen Stadien der Roten Spinnmilbe, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, gefüttert wurde. Die Entwicklungs‐Stadien des Weibchens dauerten bei einer Mitteltemperatur von 29,5 ± 1° je nach Fütterung mit Eiern, Jungtieren oder Adulten der Beute durchschnittlich 4,8, 3,8 oder 4,5 Tage. Die durchschnittliche Anzahl von einem Weibchen abgelegter Eier war signifikant größer, wenn sie mit Larven und Erwachsenen gefüttert wurden, (etwa 45 Eier), als wenn sie mit Eiern der Beutetiere ernährt wurden (etwa 29 Eier). Während der Gesamtlebensdauer verzehrte ein Raubmilben‐Weibchen im Durchschnitt 969 Eier oder 438 unreife oder 346 erwachsene Beutetiere, von denen mehr als 93% während des Imaginalstadiums verbraucht wurden. Männchen lebten kürzere Zeit und vertilgten weniger Beute als die Weibchen.

Der Räuber konnte sich an Dattelpalmen‐Pollen entwickeln und erfolgreich fortpflanzen, jedoch mit einer geringeren Rate. Bei dieser Ernährung dauerte die Entwicklung bis zur Imago 10,5 Tage und ein Weibchen legte im Durchschnitt 16,6 Eier. Mit Stechpalmen‐ und Baumwoll‐Pollen oder an Süßkartoffel‐Blättern entwickelten sich die Larven nicht bis zur Imago.
COMPARISON OF THE NUTRITIVE VALUES OF CARBOHYDRATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS TO ERIOISCHIA BRASSICAE
Authors: FINCH S. , COAKER T. H.
Published: April 2011

The cabbage root fly Erioischia brassicae (Bouché) must feed on carbohydrate but not on protein to mature its initial batch of eggs. From a laboratory assessment of the nutritive values of naturally occurring carbohydrates and related compounds, fructose, glucose, maltose, sucrose, melezitose, mannitol and sorbitol were highly nutritive. Except for melibiose which was intermediate the other compounds tested were of low nutritive value. These compounds were either inert (xylose, galactose), toxic or repellent. The toxic compounds when mixed with sucrose were either undetectable (L‐arabinose) or stimulatory (D‐arabinose). The repellent compounds acted either through the gustatory mechanisms of the fly (sorbose, dihydroxy‐acetone) or by olfactory or chemo‐contact stimulation (pyruvic acid). Highly nutritive sources of carbohydrates were present during April and May in the nectars of Anthriscus sylvestris (L.). Bernh, and Lamium album L. and during June and July in the nectars of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and Heracleum sphondylium L. Dactylis glomerata L. was the most nutritive flower tested but in this and other nutritive wind‐pollinated plants the nutrients must have been obtained from a source other than nectar.

VERGLEICH DER NÄHRWERTE VON KOHLENHYDRATEN UND VERWANDTEN VERBINDUNGEN FÜR ERIOTSCHIA BRASSICAE

Die Kohlfliege Erioischia brassicae muß sich statt mit Eiweißen mit Kohlenhydraten ernähren, um den ersten Satz ihrer Eier fruchtbar zu machen. Untersuchungen des Nährwertes natürlich vorkommender Kohlenhydrate und verwandter Verbindungen ergaben, daß Fruktose, Glukose, Maltose, Rohrzucker, Melezitose, Mannitol und Sorbitol von hohem Nährwert sind. Melibiose hatte mittelmäßigen und alle anderen Verbindungen hatten niedrigen Nährwert. Sie waren entweder unwirksam (Xylose, Galaktose), giftig oder abstoßend. Wenn die giftigen Verbindungen mit Rohrzucker‐Lösung gemischt wurden, riefen sie entweder Reaktionen hervor (D‐Arabinose) oder nicht (L‐Arabinose). Die abstoßenden Verbindungen wirkten entweder über den Geschmacksmechanismus der Fliege, über Geruch oder durch Chemo‐Kontakt‐reizung (Pyruvic acid). Nahrungsmäßig hochwertige Kohlenhydrat‐Quellen kamen von April bis Mai im Nektar von Anthriscus silvestris und Lamium album und während Mai und Juni im Nektar von Crataegus monogyna und Heracleum sphondylium vor. Unter den geprüften Blüten war die von Dactylis glamerata die nährstoffreichste; jedoch müssen bei ihr und anderen windbefruchteten Arten die Nährstoffe einen anderen Ursprung als im Nektar haben.
FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF SYRPHUS RIBESII AND MELANOSTOMA SCALARE ON APHIS FABAE
Authors: ROTHERAY GRAHAM E.
Published: April 2011

Capture efficiencies and handling times of each instar of S. ribesii and M. scalare using A. fabae as prey were measured. For each instar 5 ribesii had higher capture efficiencies and shorter handling times than M. scalare. After encounters with aphids the rate of forward movement decreased and casting for prey increased. Casting rates were higher in S. ribesii than M. scalare.

Comportement alimentaire de Syrphus ribesii L. et Melanostoma scalare F. sur Aphis fabae Scop.

La description porte sur le comportement alimentaire de 2 larves de syrphides aphidophages: Syrphus ribesii L. et Melanostoma scalare F. Les taux de captures et les temps de manipulation d'Aphis fabae pour chaque stade de S. ribesii et M. scalare ont été déterminés. Pour chaque stade, S. ribesii a un taux de capture plus élevé et un temps de manipulation plus court que M. scalare. Le taux de «projection», mouvements de recherche caractéristique entraǐnant l'élévation et l'expension des segments antérieurs au dessus du substrat sans progression consécutive, commençait par augmenter après l'alimentation, pour ensuite diminuer. L'effet en est de concentrer la recherche sur une aire resteinte. S. ribesii a un taux de «projection» supérieur à celui de M. scalare. Cependant, comparées aux larves à jeun depuis 12 et 24 heures, les larves des 2 espèces à jeun depuis 72 h ont le plus faible accroissement des taux de «projection». Ceci peut ětre dǔ à une modification du comportement de prospection avec transfert du temps de «projection» en temps de dispersion. On pense que S. ribesii est un prédateur obligatoire de pucerons attaquant plus efficacement A. fabae que M. scalare qui est un prédateur facultatif.
Design, Synthesis, and Bioactivities Screening of a Diaryl Ketone‐Inspired Pesticide Molecular Library as Derived from Natural Products
Authors: Zhang Hong , Jin Hong , Ji Lan‐zhu , Tao Ke , Liu Wei , Zhao Hao‐yu , Hou Tai‐ping
Published: April 2011

Three natural products, 1,5‐diphenylpentan‐1‐one, 1,5‐diphenylpent‐2‐en‐1‐one, and 3‐hydroxy‐1,5‐diphenylpentan‐1‐one, with good insecticidal activities were extracted from Stellera chamaejasme L. Based on their shared diaryl ketone moiety as ‘pharmacophores’, a series of diaryl ketones were synthesized and tested for insecticidal activity, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, and antifungal activity. All synthesized compounds showed poor insecticidal and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Compound III with a furyl ring showed strong activities against plant pathogenic fungi. The IC50 of compound (E)‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐3‐(furan‐2‐yl)‐ ‐prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (III2) was 1.20 mg/L against Rhizoctonia solani, suggesting its strong potential as a novel antifungal drug.