bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exercise and eating behaviors among Austrian transgender and gender-diverse adolescents
Authors: Knaus Sarah , Teutsch Friedrich , Steininger Jo , Alguacil Diana Esteve , Riedl Stefan
Published: February 2025

Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adolescent populations are at a higher risk for obesity. The aim of this study was to explore possible reasons, such as differences in eating and exercise behaviors. This was a prospective cross-sectional study of TGD adolescent patients at the pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic of the Vienna General Hospital from January to July 2022. Patients were included in the World Health Organization’s Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey, which assesses for multiple measures including exercise, eating, and mental wellbeing. We recruited 32 patients via the outpatient clinic, and a further 55 adolescents self-identified as TGD through the survey. Responses from the cohort of 87 TGD adolescents were compared to the Austrian sample containing 10,110 participants. TGD adolescents reported significantly lower levels of physical activity than the national sample, both in instances of vigorous activity (p = 0.002) and any physical activity lasting > 60 min (p < 0.001) per week. Gender variance was here demonstrated to be a strong predictor for physical inactivity levels, even when correcting for low mental health scores. Regarding body image, TGD participants were also more likely to describe themselves as feeling “too fat” (p = 0.001). No statistically significant difference in eating behavior was found.

Conclusion: The results of this study point towards the complexity of healthcare needs in the TGD adolescent population. The interconnectedness of mental health and exercise behavior is well described. However, qualitative work is needed to understand the specific relationship between gender expression, body image, eating and exercise behaviors, as well as social inclusion.

What is Known:
• 
Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adolescents are at an increased risk for obesity. The causes for this are most 
likely complex, and remain poorly understood.
• 
Survey studies in the United States and New Zealand have reported reduced levels of physical activity in the TGD 
population. However, data is scarce, particularly regarding adolescents.

What is New:
• 
This prospective, national survey study is the first to demonstrate reduced levels of self-reported physical activity in 
a cohort of central European TGD adolescents.
A hybrid genetic search based approach for the generalized vehicle routing problem
Authors: Latorre Vittorio
Published: February 2025

This paper introduces a novel meta-heuristic for addressing a variant of the classical Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) known as the Generalized Vehicle Routing Problem (GVRP). In the GVRP, nodes are organized into clusters, with the constraint that only one node from each cluster must be visited. The proposed meta-heuristic is a Hybrid Genetic Search (HGS) that leverages recent advancements in CVRP methodologies, adapting successful strategies and techniques from CVRP to the GVRP context. To evaluate the performance of the HGS meta-heuristic, we perform an extensive computational analysis on numerous benchmark instances ranging from small to large sizes. To thoroughly analyze the algorithm’s average behavior, convergence profiles over time are reported for the considered instances. Results show that the proposed algorithm achieves 174 new best solutions out of the 498 instances considered. In only six instances out of 498, the algorithm is unable to reach or improve upon the best-known solution in the literature. These results suggest that the proposed meta-heuristic has significant potential in addressing real-world generalized vehicle routing challenges. Code available at: https://github.com/vlatorre847/HGSGVRP.
Addressing topic modelling via reduced latent space clustering
Authors: Schiavon Lorenzo
Published: February 2025

In the social sciences, topic modelling is gaining increased attention for its ability to automatically uncover the underlying themes within large corpora of textual data. This process typically involves two key phases: (i) identifying the words associated with language concepts, and (ii) clustering documents that share similar word distributions. In this study, motivated by the growing interest in automatic categorisation of policy documents and regulations, we leverage recent advancements in Bayesian factor models to develop a novel topic modelling approach. This enable us to represent the high-dimensional space defined by all possible observed words through a small set of latent variables, and simultaneously cluster the documents based on their distributions over these latent constructs. Here, groups and underlying constructs are interpreted as document topics and language concepts, respectively, with the number of dimensions not required in advance. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using synthetic data, providing a comparison with existing methods in the literature. The illustration of our approach on a corpus of Italian health public plans unveils intriguing patterns concerning the semantic structures used in ageing policies and document topic similarities.
A scoping review: domestic fall risks in older adults stemming from unsafe behaviors and their association with physical environmental factors
Authors: Turja Tuuli , Castaño-Rosa Raúl
Published: February 2025

Aim

Although the physical environment is frequently studied in the context of domestic accidents, behavioral factors, particularly individual and interpersonal behavior, have received less attention. This scoping review aimed to address two research questions: 1) What social environmental factors are most relevant for fall risk assessments in home-dwelling older adults? 2) How do physical environmental factors influence individual and interpersonal behaviors that increase domestic fall risk?

Method

The review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, and the search was conducted in April 2022 across multiple databases, including MEDLINE, CINAHL, Nursing & Allied Health, Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA), Sage, ScienceDirect, Social Science Premium Collection, Scopus, and Web of Science. A total of 44 peer-reviewed studies reporting on domestic fall risk factors for older adults living at home were included.

Results

Findings indicate that both inattentive and attentive individual behaviors can increase fall risk. In terms of interpersonal behavior, social interaction and connectedness were highlighted as critical contributors to overall fall risk. Additionally, health-related factors were found to associate with environmental risk factors.

Conclusion

The study proposes a theoretical fall risk framework compassing individual factors, interpersonal behavior, and physical environmental factors. Specific physical environmental factors can trigger unsafe behaviors that elevate fall risks among older adults, particularly those with existing health conditions. Both social and physical environmental factors should be a key focus in fall prevention strategies.
Watching Porn, (Un)Doing Gender? Young People’s Experiences and Understandings of Online Porn
Authors: Meehan Claire
Published: February 2025

The social construction of gender and pleasure is a dominant discourse that is historically entrenched within New Zealand society. Like elsewhere, New Zealanders have seen an exponential rise in the availability and accessibility of online porn in the past few decades, yet a gap in the literature remains around how young people perform gender while engaging with porn. Drawing on qualitative small friendship group interviews with 106 cis gender young people in three New Zealand schools, I explore the ways in which young people “do” gender while watching and talking about porn. I found that the young people both conformed and diverged from traditional constructions of gendered pleasure and sexual expressions. It was clear through an analysis of these data that the structural context and dominant discourses impacted the meanings young people attached to their experiences with porn and interactions with peers about porn.
Parental Involvement in Child Anxiety and Depression: Exploring the Impact of Delivery Format on Modifiable Parental Factors
Authors: Ytreland Kristin , Bania Elisabeth Valmyr , Lydersen Stian , Sund Anne Mari , Neumer Simon-Peter , Adolfsen Frode , Martinsen Kristin Dagmar , Rasmussen Lene-Mari Potulski , Ingul Jo Magne
Published: February 2025

Prior research has linked parental factors such as parent psychopathology, family functioning, parenting style, and parental practices to child anxiety and depression. Parents are often involved in interventions for these disorders. However, previous research suggests that this does not always add to the effect of child treatment alone. Furthermore, little research report changes in known parental risk and protective factors. As part of the ECHO-trial, we examined two delivery formats of parental involvement in the Emotion intervention, an indicated school-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program to prevent child anxiety and depression. Parents received either five parent group sessions or a brochure, while their children attended group sessions. Parents (N = 1028) completed our online survey at baseline, post-intervention, and/or 12-month follow-up. On average, parents showed small improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms and parental practices over time. There was no difference in parental factors between parents in the group sessions and the brochure condition.

The trial was preregistered at https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ (NCT04263558), in February 2020.
Genome mining to elucidate antimicrobial and plant growth promoting potentials in Lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Vargas Christian , Botero Lina , Rodriguez Edwin , Dávila Lorena , Racedo Camilo , Barrera Claudia , Bernal Adriana J. , Jiménez Hugo , Zuluaga Paola , González Carolina
Published: February 2025

The pangenome of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was constructed with five bacterial strains isolated from oat silage produced by smallholder farmers from a region in the highlands of the Colombian Andes. The goal of this work was to use genome mining to elucidate some potential mechanisms of action associated with plant growth promotion and biocontrol in LAB. Multiple genes were uncovered, including those associated with antibiosis and antimicrobial compound production, genes that induce plant defense and phytohormone activation. Additionally, genome sequencing suggested mechanisms for LAB to protect against abiotic and biotic stress. Furthermore, genes that may improve phosphorus availability and those that might stimulate root growth were present. We then tested some of these findings in vitro. For instance, the biocontrol activity of these strains was evaluated against the fungal pathogens Fusarium oxsyporum f. sp. cubense (Foc R1 and Foc TR4) and the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs). All tested strains showed the ability to significantly inhibit pathogen growth in vitro. The capability of LAB to grow at high concentrations of fusaric acid was demonstrated, suggesting that LAB might have detoxification mechanisms to compete with other microorganisms. Also, the ability of LAB to solubilize phosphate and produce IAA was demonstrated. These two properties might be involved in plant-growth promotion. Here we show that genomic sequencing can be an efficient tool to identify putative biocontrol or plant-growth promoting related sequences for genome mining.
Metabolic reprogramming in malignant A375 cells treated with a ruthenium (II) complex: insights from GCxGC-TOF/MS metabolomics
Authors: Adu-Amankwaah Francis , Hussan Ayesha , Amenuvor Gershon , Mavumengwana Vuyo , Sitole Lungile
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Melanoma is an aggressive form of cancer characterised by its high metabolic adaptability that contributes to drug resistance. To this end, ruthenium complexes have emerged as a promising class of compounds in the discovery of cancer drugs due to their unique chemical properties and potential to overcome some of the limitations of conventional chemotherapy. In our previous study, we synthesised, characterised, and performed cytotoxicity tests of a ruthenium (II) complex (GA113) against the malignant A375 melanoma cell line. Our previous findings revealed favourable cytotoxicity, with an IC50 value of 8.76 µM which formed the basis current study.

Objective

Elucidate the metabolic mechanism of GA113 in malignant A753 melanoma cells.

Method

A two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF/MS) cellular metabolomics approach was used, and univariate and multivariate statistical methods were applied to the metabolomics data.

Results

33 metabolites were identified as significant discriminators between GA113-treated and untreated A375 melanoma cells. Changes in 19 of these 33 metabolites were mapped to pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis, citrate cycle, cysteine and methionine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that GA113 exerts its anticancer effects by disrupting essential metabolic pathways in melanoma cells, which presents a promising therapeutic avenue to target melanoma metabolism.
Observation of the Orientation of Snow Hydrometeors at Sheltered and Unsheltered Sites
Authors: Grazioli J. , Condolf M. , Roulet Y.‐A. , Coletti F. , Berne A.
Published: February 2025

Knowledge about orientation of falling snow is still poorly documented with field measurements despite its importance, for example, in the interpretation of remote sensing data. This study investigates the orientation of snow hydrometeors using data from a Multi‐Angle Snowflake Camera. We explore the impact of different observational setups (sheltered vs. unsheltered), wind speed, hydrometeor type, and axis ratio on the orientation distributions. Numerical simulations are used to select the best orientation estimator and to understand the reason behind contrasting results reported in past literature. We find that previously reported non‐zero median orientations are likely artifacts due to averaging absolute values of orientations from the three individual cameras. Observed orientations generally follow a symmetrical distribution around 0, with broader distributions observed at unsheltered sites and/or high wind conditions. Observed distributions may vary significantly from those assumed in previous studies, highlighting the need for further research on hydrometeor orientations under varying environmental conditions.
Scaling High‐Resolution Soil Organic Matter Composition to Improve Predictions of Potential Soil Respiration Across the Continental United States
Authors: Shi Cheng , Mudunuru Maruti , Bowman Maggie , Zhao Qian , Toyoda Jason , Kew Will , Corilo Yuri , Qafoku Odeta , Bargar John R. , Karra Satish , Graham Emily B.
Published: February 2025

Despite the importance of microbial soil organic matter (SOM) respiration in regulating the flux of carbon between soils and the atmosphere, soil carbon cycling models remain primarily based on climate and soil properties, leading to large uncertainty in predictions. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed high‐resolution water‐extractable SOM profiles from soil cores collected across the United States by the 1,000 Soils Pilot of the Molecular Observation Network. Our innovation lies in using machine learning to distill thousands of SOM formula into tractable units; and it enables integrating data from molecular measurements into soil respiration models. In surface soils, SOM chemistry provided better estimates of potential soil respiration than soil physicochemistry, and using them combined yielded the best prediction. Overall, we identify specific subsets of organic molecules that may improve predictions of global soil respiration and create a strong basis for developing new representations in process‐based models.
Assessment, detection, and validation of clinical associations of thirdhand smoke exposure (ADVOCATE) study protocol
Authors: Melinda Mahabee-Gittens E. , Matt Georg E. , Lopez-Galvez Nicolas , Hoh Eunha , Quintana Penelope J. E. , Dodder Nathan G. , Jandarov Roman A. , Stone Lara , Wullenweber Chase A. , Ahluwalia Jasjit S. , Merianos Ashley L.
Published: February 2025

Background

Thirdhand smoke (THS) pollution is the residue of secondhand smoke (SHS) remaining in homes long after active smoking has ceased. This study is the first to characterize the clinical correlates of THS exposure (THSe) in children independent of secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe). The prevalence, sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco smoke exposure patterns, sources, clinical, and biomarker effects associated with THSe will be examined.

Method

Smoking and nonsmoking parents and their 0–11-year-olds (N = 1013) were recruited. Children were categorized into tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) groups via biochemical validation with salivary cotinine and hand nicotine: (1) no exposure group (NEG); (2) THSe-only group (TEG); and (3) Mixed SHSe and THSe group (MEG). At enrollment, 6-weeks, and 6-months, parental assessments and children’s biological and home samples were obtained and analyzed for SHSe, THSe, THS pollution, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers.

Results

The mean (SD) child age was 5.8 (3.4) years; 50.7% were female; and 97% were non-Hispanic (97.0%); 67.5% were White, 25.7% were Black, 6.8% were Other/unknown race. In total, 57.9%, 18.2%, and 21.9% were classified in the NEG, TEG, and MEG, respectively. Sample and data analyses are ongoing.

Conclusion

This project will provide unique insights into how THSe in the absence of SHSe affects the clinical, inflammatory, and oxidative responses in children.

Impact

This is the first prospective longitudinal study to examine the prevalence of thirdhand smoke exposure in children of nonsmokers.

Unlike prior tobacco smoke exposure research, this study will examine the contribution of thirdhand smoke exposure to pediatric health outcomes.

Results will provide unique insights into how thirdhand smoke exposure in the absence of secondhand smoke exposure affects the clinical, inflammatory, and oxidative responses in children of nonsmokers.
Impact of dietary Biocide clay on growth, physiological status, and histological indicators of the liver and digestive tract in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: El-Naby Asmaa S. Abd , El Asely Amel M. , Hussein Mona N. , Khattaby Abd El-Rahman A. , Abo-Al-Ela Haitham G.
Published: February 2025

This study evaluated the effects of Biocide, containing silicon tetrahedrons and organic acids, on growth performance, feed utilization, immune response, and oxidative status in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A total of 300 Nile tilapia fingerlings (initial weight: 3.55 ± 0.01 g) were distributed across 15 tanks and fed diets containing 0.0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g kg⁻¹ Biocide for 90 days, with three replicate tanks per treatment. Biocide is enriched with organic acids (fumaric acid and citric acid) and amino acids (glutamine, tyrosine, methionine, serine, and threonine). Fish fed Biocide-supplemented diets demonstrated significantly improved growth performance, with the highest weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio observed in the 1 g kg⁻¹ group. Survival rates did not differ significantly among treatments. Whole-body crude protein content peaked in the 1 g kg⁻¹ group, while moisture, lipid, and ash contents remained unchanged. Hematological parameters, including red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume, improved significantly. Serum lipid profiles showed reduced cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein levels, alongside increased high-density lipoprotein levels, particularly in the 1 g kg⁻¹ group. Antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and total antioxidant capacity were significantly elevated in the liver and intestine, while malondialdehyde levels decreased. Digestive enzyme activities (amylase, lipase, and protease) were markedly enhanced. Histopathological analysis revealed improved liver, stomach, and intestinal morphology, including increased mucous secretion and enhanced intestinal villi structure, in fish fed 1 g kg⁻¹ Biocide. In conclusion, Biocide supplementation, particularly at 1 g kg⁻¹, significantly improved growth performance, feed utilization, immune function, and antioxidant capacity in Nile tilapia. Notably, the findings highlight Biocide’s primary mode of action on gut health, underscoring its potential as a dietary additive for improving aquaculture productivity.
Magnetic resonance imaging signatures of neuroinflammation in major depressive disorder with religious and spiritual problems
Authors: Kaszás Alexandra , Kelemen Oguz , Kéri Szabolcs
Published: February 2025

Religious and spiritual (R/S) struggles, such as questioning of faith, existential and ethical concerns, and interpersonal conflicts, are associated with depressive symptoms. Neuroinflammation is critical in major depressive disorder (MDD) and is linked to stress associated with R/S problems. This study aimed to investigate whether the presence of DSM-5 R/S problems contributes to neuroinflammation. We recruited 93 MDD patients and 93 healthy controls with and without R/S problems. MRI-based restricted fraction (RF) values, an index of neuroinflammation, were measured in the hippocampus, amygdala, and neocortex. Depression and anxiety were assessed using the Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scales (HAM-D, HAM-A), while R/S problems were quantified using the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS-14). Results revealed elevated RF values in the amygdala and hippocampus of healthy individuals and MDD patients with R/S problems relative to those without R/S problems, with the highest values in MDD patients with R/S problems. Importantly, R/S problems and depressive symptoms were independent predictors of RF values in the amygdala and hippocampus but not in the cortex. Elevated cortical RF values were associated with MDD. These findings indicate that R/S struggles are not secondary manifestations of depression but may independently contribute to neurobiological changes.
ZnO-nanoparticles and stage-based drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): effect on morpho-physiology, nutrients uptake, grain yield and quality
Authors: Raza Muhammad Aown Sammar , Muhammad Faqeer , Farooq Muhammad , Aslam Muhammad Usman , Akhter Naseem , Toleikienė Monika , Binobead Manal Abdulaziz , Ali M Ajmal , Rizwan Muhammad , Iqbal Rashid
Published: February 2025

Drought-stressed and zinc-deficient soils are major contributors to reduced wheat yields and low-quality grains, especially in semi-arid regions of the world. Zinc-oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are adept enough to avoid these losses if applied under the right dose at the right growth stage of many crops including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted with four levels of ZnO-NPs (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm), and drought imposed at tillering (D1) and grain filling (D2) stages, considering normal irrigation as control (D0), to explore interactive effects of ZnO-NPs and drought episodes on growth, eco-physiology, yield, and grain quality of wheat. The results depicted dose and growth stage-dependent variations in all recorded parameters. ZnO-NPs (150 ppm) significantly increased the number of grains (12.5%), grain weight (12.4%), total yield (25.5%), and zinc contents (58.6%) when the crop was exposed to drought stress at tillering stage, compared to the control treatment. Likewise, drought at grain filling stage with ZnO-NPs (150 ppm) significantly enhanced plant height, spike length, biomass, zinc contents, and grain protein by 15.5%, 3.2%, 16.7%, 100.0%, and 53.8%, respectively, when compared with control treatment. Thus, ZnO-NPs emerged as a potential drought alleviator and yield-oriented safe nano-fertilizer for wheat in semi-arid regions facing irrigation challenges.
A zinc hydroxide-organic framework for electrochemical synthesis of H2O2
Authors: Zou Jiajia , Yu Yang , Zhao Dantong , Hu Weihua
Published: February 2025

Zinc hydroxide-organic framework nanosheets were synthesized as a 2e-ORR electrocatalyst, delivering high H2O2 productivity and Faraday efficiency in an alkaline electrolyte.
Rational design of surface termination of Ti3C2T2 MXenes for lithium-ion battery anodes
Authors: Tian Meng
Published: February 2025

The structural stability of 15 different surface terminations and chemical origin of Ti3C2T2.
Risk assessment of metal/bio-based nanopesticides: plant growth, soil environment, and non-target organisms
Authors: Wu Jiabao , Fan Ningke , Liao Huimin , Zhang Yejia , Xiao Zhenggao , Wang Zhenyu
Published: February 2025

This study comprehensively evaluated the health risks of metal-based (nCuO) and bio-based (nCS) nanopesticides on tomato plant growth, soil environment, and non-target organism tadpoles.
Effect of lutein supplementation on blood lipids and advanced glycation end products in adults with central obesity: a double-blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zhou Juan , Wang Shanshan , Wang Qiang , Zhao Rui , Wang Dongxia , Xie Huihui , Du Yatan , Xu Yue , Deng Jin , Huang Yue , Liu YuanHua , Peng Xiaolin , Hao Liping , Liu Liegang
Published: February 2025

Regular lutein intake can improve metabolic health in adults with central obesity by increasing plasma lutein concentrations, reducing oxidative stress, lowering plasma TC, LDL-C, and ApoB levels, and downregulating AGEs.
Glycoconjugate Pd(ii) and Cu(ii) complexes of fluorinated N,O Schiff base ligands for targeted cancer therapy: synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxic activity evaluation
Authors: Moreno-Narváez María Esther , Arenaza-Corona Antonino , González-Sebastián Lucero , Ramírez Teresa Apan , Ortega Simón Hernández , Cruz-Navarro J. Antonio , Alí-Torres Jorge , Orjuela Adrián L. , Reyes-Marquez Viviana , Lomas-Romero Leticia , Morales-Morales David
Published: February 2025

A series of Pd(ii) and Cu(ii) complexes bearing N-aryl fluorinated O-glycoconjugate Schiff base ligands were synthesized and fully characterized, and their potential anticancer activities were explored.
N-(Methyl)phthalimide para functionalized Ni(ii)–POCOP pincer complexes. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity
Authors: Amaya-Flórez Andrés , Serrano-García Juan S. , Ruiz-Galindo Jordi , Arenaza-Corona Antonino , Hernández-Ortega Simón , Orjuela Adrián L. , Alí-Torres Jorge , Flores-Alamo Marcos , Reyes-Márquez Viviana , Morales-Morales David
Published: February 2025

Three new POCOP-Ni(ii) pincer complexes including methylphthalimide were obtained & their cytotoxic activity explored on six cancer cell lines. Ethidium bromide displacement & molecular docking studies showed these complexes to intercalate with DNA.
A gap-designed photo-reactor for high-performance photothermal methane reforming
Authors: El-Naggar Hamada A. , Yoshida Hisao , Yamamoto Akira
Published: February 2025

A novel design of the gap reactor boosts conversion of photothermal methane reforming by reducing temperature gradients.
High yield regeneration of 1,4-NAD(P)H via selective adsorption-/desorption-mediated visible-light photocatalysis on a noble-metal-free catalyst
Authors: Wang Zheng-Wu , Tan Xin , Wu Zheng-Hao , Chen Jun-Hao , Zhu Yi-Zhou , Wang He-Fang
Published: February 2025

The highest yield of 1,4-NAD(P)H was regenerated by noble-metal-free photocatalysts with exceptional photocarrier separation and rapid NAD(P)+ but negligible NAD(P)H adsorption.
Semiquantitative studies on the correlations between the electrostatic potential of a single DyIII ion and its energy barrier in the containing-DyIII single molecule magnets
Authors: Jiang Jia-Rong , Zhu Yu-Jie , Li Wei-Nan , Zhou Yang , Wang Hui-Sheng
Published: February 2025

We reported a novel “Y”-shaped MnIII5Dy3 complex with SMM behavior, and found that the Ucal value of individual DyIII is the highest when the electrostatic potentials from two sides of its equatorial plane are completely equivalent to each other.
Superacidic aluminum azido species: precursors to triazolyl dimers, trimers and tetramers
Authors: Ju Shaoying , Tan Jingjie , Chen Ting , Yan Weili , Xi Ning , Stephan Douglas W. , Wu Yile
Published: February 2025

A series of monoazido, diazido and hexaazido-Al species are reported. Subsequent Click reactions with substituted alkynyl esters afforded oligomeric aluminum triazolyl dimers, trimers and tetramers.
Correction: Recent developments in emerging two-dimensional materials and their applications
Authors: Khan Karim , Tareen Ayesha Khan , Aslam Muhammad , Wang Renheng , Zhang Yupeng , Mahmood Asif , Ouyang Zhengbiao , Zhang Han , Guo Zhongyi
Published: February 2025

Correction for ‘Recent developments in emerging two-dimensional materials and their applications’ by Karim Khan et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2020, 8, 387–440, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC04187G.
The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: The morphologies of clusters of galaxies I. A catalogue of morphological parameters
Authors: Sanders J.S. , Bahar Y.E. , Bulbul E. , Ghirardini V. , Liu A. , Clerc N. , Ramos-Ceja M.E. , Reiprich T.H. , Balzer F. , Comparat J. , Kluge M. , Pacaud F. , Zhang X.
Published: February 2025

The first SRG/eROSITA all-sky X-ray survey, eRASS1, resulted in a catalogue of over 12000 optically confirmed galaxy groups and clusters in the western Galactic hemisphere. Using the eROSITA images of these objects, we measured and studied their morphological properties, including their concentration, central density and slope, ellipticity, power ratios, photon asymmetry, centroid shift, and Gini coefficient. We also introduced new forward-modelled parameters that take account of the instrument point spread function (PSF), namely, slosh, which measures how asymmetric the surface brightness distribution is, and multipole magnitudes, which are analogues to power ratios. Using simulations, we found that some non-forward-modelled parameters are strongly biased due to PSF and data quality. When using Chandra and previous results from XMM-Newton we found similar values of concentration and central density compared to our results for the same clusters. The population as a whole has log concentrations that are typically around 0.3 dex larger than samples selected from the South Pole Telescope or Planck and the deeper eFEDS sample. The exposure time, detection likelihood threshold, extension likelihood threshold, and number of counts affect the concentration distribution but generally not enough to reduce the concentration to match the other samples. The concentration of clusters in the survey strongly affects whether they are detected as a function of redshift and luminosity. We introduced a combined disturbance score based on a Gaussian mixture model fit to several of the parameters. For brighter clusters, around one-fourth of the objects are classified as disturbed using this score, which may be due to our sensitivity to concentrated objects.
Regioselective Synthesis of Isocyano-containing Densely Functionalized Alkenes from Propynenitriles
Authors: Jyoti Jyoti , Jamra Rahul , Deepika Deepika , Sharma Shreya , Malakar Chandi , Singh Virender
Published: February 2025

A transition metal-free, base mediated approach has been devised for the synthesis of novel densely functionalized alkenes containing isocyanide, nitrile and ester functionalities. The strategy was found applicable to gram-scale synthesis and a library of functionalized alkenes with significant diversity was developed. It was found that strategy could also be used for the synthesis of trisubstituted pyrrole derivatives by modifying the reaction conditions. The advantages of this approach are operationally simple procedure, short reaction time (10-30 min), broad substrate scope, high atom economy, metal-free conditions, and high regioselectivity with good to excellent product yields.
Photochemical Aerobic Sulfide Oxidation in Complex Environments - from Alcoholic Beverages to Vinegar
Authors: Lantzanakis Manos V. G. , Karaousta Charikleia I. , Serviou Stamatis K. , Stini Naya A. , Skolia Elpida , Triandafillidi Ierasia , Bota Anastasia , Demertzidou Vera P. , Kokotos Christoforos G.
Published: February 2025

Throughout the years, various photochemical processes have been developed in common organic solvents and attempts to find greener solutions have provided excellent results. Yet, escaping from common organic solvents has become a challenge. Herein, we present a photochemical aerobic oxidation of sulfides, where commercially available drinks or products are used as the solvent under catalyst-free conditions.
Numerical analysis of energy loss in a laboratory-scale tandem double cylinders based on entropy production method
Authors: Liang Han , Luo Zhumei , Guo Tao , Duan Juan , Li Jun , Ren Xia , Li Ye
Published: February 2025

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) to capture low-velocity water current energy has broad application prospects. To utilize low-velocity hydrokinetic energy on a large scale, the energy capture structure should be composed of multiple cylinders. In this paper, the hydrokinetic energy harvested from low-velocity water current with two three-dimensional cylinder oscillators in tandem arrangement driven by VIV is simulated in the range of reduced velocity Ur = 2–13. The entropy production theory is applied to evaluate energy loss quantitatively and analyze the correlation between energy dissipation and hydrokinetic energy capture of upstream and downstream cylinders. Combined with Liutex’s third-generation vortex identification method, the correlation between vortex coupling and evolution process and energy loss of the two cylinders is obtained. The results show the following: (1) The amplitude response of both upstream and downstream cylinders shows three distinct response branches. (2) The maximum energy capture efficiencies of the upstream and downstream cylinders are 40.53% and 37.71%, respectively. Peak power and efficiency are observed primarily in the upper branch, diminishing after transitioning to the lower branch and eventually approaching zero. (3) The main loss of turbulent entropy production (EPTD) caused by turbulence dissipation, collision, and vortex accounts for the largest proportion, up to more than 99%, while the entropy production rate caused by direct dissipation is close to 0 and can be negligible. In the lower branch, the entropy production loss increases exponentially, resulting in a significant decrease in the captured hydrokinetic energy PVIV and efficiency ηVIV of the two cylinders. The local entropy production rate caused by wall shear stress is larger in the process of vortex formation and smaller in the process of vortex shedding. The variations in the entropy production rate caused by wall shear stress reflect the strength of the interaction between the fluid and the structure, consequently reflecting the ability of hydrokinetic energy harvested by the upstream and downstream oscillators.
Penetration and diffusion characteristics of liquid jets with phase transition in supersonic crossflows
Authors: Feng Guangjun , Yin Shengjie , Zhang Junlong , Zhang Jiarui , Wang Youyin , Bao Wen
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the penetration and diffusion characteristics of liquid kerosene jets undergoing phase transition in a supersonic crossflow. A series of numerical simulations of gas-liquid two-phase flows were conducted in various supersonic flow fields using the Euler–Lagrangian method. Through post-processing of simulation data, the penetration and diffusion behaviors of kerosene in different supersonic inflows were analyzed, revealing the key influencing factors and governing laws. The results indicate that in high-enthalpy supersonic inflows, the primary drivers of kerosene diffusion shift from injection mass to evaporation mass and temperature gradients, as compared to low-enthalpy inflows. The penetration and diffusion capabilities of kerosene are jointly determined by the evaporation momentum ratio and the injection momentum ratio induced by phase transitions. Furthermore, the presence of the heat release zone significantly enhances kerosene's penetration and diffusion, with the kerosene boundary closely aligning with the heat release zone. Enhancing the heat and mass transfer between the supersonic inflow and kerosene droplets to accelerate the phase transition rate emerges as an effective strategy to improve kerosene's penetration and diffusion performance. These insights provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing the performance of supersonic combustors.
The electric field influence on EC-0.18 eV electron trap level in (100)-oriented β-Ga2O3 crystals grown by the Czochralski method
Authors: Kruszewski P. , Fiedler A. , Galazka Z.
Published: February 2025

In this Letter, we demonstrate the application of Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) and Laplace DLTS (L-DLTS) techniques to unintentionally doped β-Ga2O3 crystals grown by the Czochralski method. It is clearly shown that the capacitance signal associated with the electron emission from a trap level previously identified in the literature as E14 and characterized by an activation energy of 0.18 eV is found to be a superposition of electron emissions from two closely spaced energy levels. Furthermore, we noted that the corresponding L-DLTS signal splits into two well separated components with activation energies of 196 and 209 meV, and the splitting occurs as the electric field in the space charge region of a Schottky diode exceeds 2 × 107 V/m (0.2 MV/cm). Additionally, a strong dependency of DLTS and L-DLTS signals on the electric field strength and resulting enhancement of the electron emission from these two trap states agree well with the 1D Poole–Frenkel (PF) model, suggesting donor-like behavior of both states. Finally, we found that the barrier height for thermal emission of the electrons is significantly reduced in our samples by 121 meV due to the PF effect for experimental conditions corresponding to an electric field of 3.5 × 107 V/m (0.35 MV/cm).
Performance transition from full- to semi-superjunction geometries in 4H-SiC
Authors: Iizasa Daisuke , Shiraga Hiroaki , Mori Seigo , Nakano Yuki
Published: February 2025

We present a numerical exploration of the trade-off between specific on-resistance and breakdown voltage in silicon carbide superjunction (SJ) devices along the [0001] crystal orientation. Our study spans vertical-symmetric full-SJ geometry to the hybrid configurations that integrate SJ and non-SJ layers, so-called semi-SJ geometries. In semi-SJ devices, where the SJ layer is thinner than the optimal thickness required for full-SJ devices to sustain a given breakdown voltage, performance is notably inferior compared to full-SJ devices. A systematic performance analysis relative to the SJ layer thickness reveals a shift in the breakdown path. While full-SJ devices undergo breakdown through a peak electric field at the n- and p-pillar interface in conjunction with the anisotropic impact ionization process, the breakdown path transitions to parallel to [0001] through the center of the n-pillar as the SJ layer thickness decreases. This path switching in semi-SJ devices is attributed to a reduced electric field at the pillar interface, compared to full-SJ counterparts, due to the lower optimal doping density in the SJ layer. This reduction in optimal doping density is driven by the enhancement of the electric field caused by the non-SJ layer. To counterbalance the increase in the ionization integral resulting from the intensified electric field, the peak electric field at the pillar interface must be lowered, which necessitates a reduction in the doping density of the SJ layer.
Detecting rice (Oryza sativa) panicle using an improved YOLOv5 model
Authors: Seng Xiaoyue , Yang Xue , Liu Tonghai , Zhang Rui , Yuan Chuangchuang , Guo TianTian , Liu Wenzheng
Published: February 2025

Context Rice (Oryza sativa) panicle provides important information to improve production efficiency, optimise resources, and aid in successful breeding of high-performing rice varieties. Aims In order to efficiently count rice panicles, a rice panicle recognition model based on YOLOv5s-Slim Neck-GhostNet was evaluated. Methods We used the developmental stages from heading to maturity as the time period to collect data for testing and validating the model. The GSConv convolution module from the YOLOv5 (You Only Look Once) model was compared with the original Conv convolution. We improved the original C3 module and replaced it with VoVGSCSP module, which further enhanced the detection ability of the model for small targets, such as rice panicles. To further optimise the performance of the model and reduce the computational complexity, we replaced the original backbone network of the model with a lightweight and efficient GhostNet structure. Key results Our results showed that the precision of the test set was 96.5%, the recall was 94.6%, the F1-score was 95.5%, and the mAP@0.5 was 97.2%. Compared with the original YOLOv5s model, mAP@0.5 increased by 1.8%, and the model size is reduced by 5.7M. Conclusions The improved YOLOv5 model had increased capability to detect and count rice panicles in real time. Our method reduced the size of the model while maintaining an acceptable level of accuracy. Implications The technology provides an intelligent and automated solution to better monitor rice panicle development, and has the potential for practical application in agricultural settings.
Toba Batak manang
Authors: Erlewine Michael Yoshitaka
Published: February 2025

This paper offers a description of the multifunctional morpheme manang in Toba Batak (Austronesian; Sumatra) — as the disjunctor, the interrogative complementizer, and a particle forming wh-based polarity items — contextualized within the broader semantic and typological literatures on such meaning expressions. I also observe a puzzle regarding its form: the form manang diverges substantially from its functional equivalent, barang, as described in H. N. Van der Tuuk’s pioneering grammar of Toba Batak (Van der Tuuk 1864–1867). I argue that consideration of this historical change supports the analysis of these various uses of manang as a case of functional polysemy, reflecting a common conceptual core.
Construction of ZnO/oxygen-deficient Bi2WO6 photocatalyst for highly efficient degradation of TCH
Authors: Xiaojiao Wang , Chen Lili , Zhang Jiao , Xing Baolin , Xu Bing , Mi Guofa , Liu Baozhong , Wu Yuanfeng , Chen Lunjian
Published: February 2025

More and more attention has been paid to the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). Constructing heterojunctions and designing defect structures are important means to improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and catalytic activity. ZnO/BWO-x composite photocatalyst with n-n heterojunction and oxygen vacancy was synthesized through the solvothermal method. Compared with ZnO and BWO-x, ZnO/BWO-x has a wider visible light absorption range, higher photogenerated charge migration rate, and lower photogenerated electron-hole pair recombination rate. When the molar ratio of ZnO and BWO-O3 is 1:1, the prepared composite photocatalyst (ZnO/BWO-5) has the highest photocatalytic activity, and under visible light irradiation for 180 min, the degradation rate of TCH reaches 85.53% significantly higher than that before compounding. After further exploration, it is found that the photocatalytic effect of ZnO/BWO-5 is the best under the conditions of pH=9, photocatalyst dosage of 40 mg, and tetracycline concentration of 20 mg/L. The reasons for the enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO/BWO-x composites are summarized as follows: (1)Oxygen vacancies reduce the band gap and improve the utilization of visible light; (2)The lower conduction band potential of ZnO can complement with Bi2WO6, and the staggered composite energy levels form an n-n heterojunction, which is conducive to the rapid separation of photogenerated carriers.
Automated hallucination detection for synthetic CT images used in MR-only radiotherapy workflows
Authors: Parchur Abdul K , Zarenia Mohammad , Gage Colette , Paulson Eric S , Ahunbay Ergun
Published: February 2025

Objective. Artificial intelligence (AI)-generated synthetic CT (sCT) images have become commercially available to provide electron densities and reference anatomies in MR-only radiotherapy workflows. However, hallucinations (false regions of bone or air) introduced in AI-generated sCT images may affect the accuracy of dose calculation and patient setup verification. We developed a tool to detect bone hallucinations and/or inaccuracies in AI-generated pelvic sCT images used in MR-only workflows. Approach. A deep learning auto segmentation (DLAS) model was trained to auto-segment bone on MR images. The model was implemented with a 3D SegResNet network architecture using the MONAI framework with a training dataset of 86 Dixon MR image sets paired with their corresponding ground truth contours derived from planning CT images deformed to the MR images. The model performance was then assessed on an independent testing dataset (n = 10). Main results. The DLAS model-based hallucination screener identified hallucinations in bone structures using daily MR images and accurately flagged these regions on sCT images. The sensitivity of the screener is adjustable based on the distance of discrepancies between bone regions derived from sCT to bone contours generated by the DLAS. The average specificity of the DLAS model was 0.78, 0.93 and 0.98 for distance parameters of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 cm, respectively. The screener identified false high-density hallucination regions in the abdomen of AI-generated sCT images for all testing patients, highlighting potential issues with the training data used for the AI sCT model. Significance. A hallucination screener for AI-generated pelvic sCT images was developed and implemented for routine clinical use. The screener serves as an important quality assurance tool for MR-only radiotherapy workflows. By identifying potential AI-generated errors, the hallucination screener may improve the safety and accuracy of sCT images used for dose calculation and image guidance.
Highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber with all elliptical air holes for supercontinuum laser source of OPCPA
Authors: Li Yinan , Qiu Liyun , Yang Lei , Zhou Kainan , Deng Ying , Li Wei , Zou Yu
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we propose a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber (HB-PCF) with all orthogonally arranged elliptical air holes, to generate supercontinuum (SC) including a specific wavelength in the near-infrared range. A tellurite material TeO2–ZnO–Al2O3–La2O3 is used as the background material of the photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The simulation results indicate that the proposed PCF can realize high birefringence (up to 10−2), high nonlinearity (5000 W−1·km−1 and 6000

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in x and y polarizations, respectively) at 800 nm. SC spanning from 650 to 1120 nm is generated when pump pulses with a central wavelength of 800 nm, peak power of 2500 W, and width of 20 fs are launched into the 15 mm-long HB-PCF. Our numerical results meet the requirements of an optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification facility to generate a polarized SC covering 1053 nm with 800 nm-pulse pumping.