bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schizophrenia Literacy Among Chinese in Shanghai, China: A Comparison with Chinese-Speaking Australians in Melbourne and Chinese in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Daniel Fu Keung , Xuesong He
Published: June 2011

Objective: The study reported in this paper was aimed at developing understanding of schizophrenia-related knowledge and preferences surrounding professional help, medication, and treatment methods among Chinese living in Shanghai, China.

Method: A multi-stage cluster sampling method in which participants were taken from six of the 20 districts in Shanghai was adopted for this study. The 522 Shanghai Chinese participants were presented with a vignette describing an individual with schizophrenia before being asked questions designed to assess both their understanding of schizophrenia and their preferences surrounding professional help, medication, and treatment methods. A comparative approach was adopted to identify similarities and differences between our findings and those of two previous studies on the mental health literacy of Chinese living in Melbourne, Australia and Hong Kong, respectively.

Results: A lower percentage of Shanghai Chinese than Hong Kong Chinese and Australian Chinese could correctly identify the condition described in the vignette as a case of acute schizophrenia. Although a far lower percentage of Shanghai Chinese endorsed the use of counselling professionals, a much higher percentage of the same group endorsed Chinese medical doctors and herbal medication. A lower percentage of Shanghai Chinese endorsed ‘lifestyle changes’ as a strategy for dealing with schizophrenia than did Chinese subjects living in Australia and Hong Kong. On the other hand, a higher percentage of Shanghai residents endorsed psychiatric treatment and the traditional Chinese practices of ‘eating nutritious food/taking supplements’ than among the other two groups of Chinese.

Conclusions: This study highlights the need for educating Chinese in Shanghai to improve their schizophrenia literacy. The contents of the education programmes will need to take into consideration the socially and culturally driven beliefs that may have been influencing the knowledge and preferences of Shanghai Chinese concerning professional help, medication, and treatment methods for people suffering from schizophrenia.
Nepalese psychiatric patients with armed-conflict related stressors
Authors: Shakya DR , Lamichhane N , Shyangwa PM , Shakya R
Published: July 2011

Introduction: Psychiatric disorders have long been associated with bio-psycho-social factors. The relationship of stressful events with the etiology and the course of mental illness have similarly been much considered. Among different types of conflicts, armed political is the one under which many countries including Nepal have been reeled directly. This study aims to evaluate the psychiatric morbidity profile of patients with the stressors related to the then ongoing political conflict in Nepal. Methods: This is a hospital based, descriptive study with convenient sampling method carried out in Department of Psychiatry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. The diagnosis was based on Chapter V (F) of ICD- 10. Results: Among 50 subjects, there were 36 males and 14 females. More than half of the subjects were of productive age. During the war period, more than half had been affected directly; physically and or psychologically while other halves indirectly. Nearly all subjects had biological/ somatic symptoms, followed by anxiety and psychotic symptoms. Two cases (4%) presented with attempted suicide. Affective disorders were the most common diagnosis among the subjects with conflict related stressors. Conclusion: Many of the mentally ill people had significant political stressor in current day Nepal. Hence, as described in the literature, it is a risk factor. Keywords: armed conflict; conflict related stressor; psychiatric disorder; Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v9i2.4975 Health Renaissance 2011: Vol.9 (No.2): 67-72
Disciplining Race: Crossing Intellectual Borders in African American and Postcolonial Studies
Authors: McInturff Kate
Published: June 2011

One of the common conceits of intellectual work, particularly in postcolonial the­ory, is that it is cosmopolitan in nature. Postcolonial critic Edward Said has made a virtue of the intellectual who crosses political and cultural boundaries.1 Julia Kristeva has theorized cosmopolitanism as a political and intellectual position in Nations Without Nationalism. In my own research into the recent development of the field of Postcolonial Studies, however, I have found that political borders have been quite effective in reducing intellectual exchanges between individuals work­ing, nominally, on the same topic. In this paper, I will argue that the US–Canadian border exists not only along the 49th Parallel but also extends its reach across aca­demic fields of inquiry—specifically, this paper will be looking to the divisions and potential intersections between Postcolonial and African American Studies.
The Fluid Frontier: Blacks and the Detroit River Region. A Focus on Henry Bibb
Authors: Cooper Afua
Published: June 2011

The French named the body of water that connects the upper Great Lakes to the lower ones “the detroit,” meaning “strait.” As a main artery of the Great Lakes and the river system of that region, the Detroit River has come to exert a crucial influence on the land and people on both its banks and adjacent areas. From earli­est times, this river served as a natural border between the various First Nations groups that first settled the region, including the Fox, the Ojibway, the Pot­towatami, and the Ottawa, and the Europeans who came later.1 The first Europe­ans, the French, who settled and traded in the area under the lead of Lamothe Cadillac, founded the town of Detroit in 1701. This was on the side that would eventually become “American.” Soon, another settlement was established on the south bank of the river, the side that would become “Canadian.” Under the French regime, both sides were considered units of the same polity, the colony of New France.2
“Modern Marriage” for African Americans, 1920–1940
Authors: Simmons Christina
Published: June 2011

Between January 1925 and June 1926 the New York Messenger ran a serialized romance story entitled “The Letters of Davy Carr.” The story, set in Washington, DC, centres on the youngest daughter of the middle-class Rhodes family. Caro­line Rhodes, a grade-school teacher and a dark and lively beauty with “all the best and worst points of the modern flapper,” alternately fascinates and horrifies the priggish narrator, Davy Carr (Anonymous, Jan. 1925 26). Carr purports to be a well-educated twenty-something man, native of a “little provincial Southern city,” sojourning in Washington, DC, in 1922 to do research for a book on the slave trade. While boarding with the Rhodeses, Carr writes letters to a his war buddy back in New York, describing “colored society” in the nation’s capital, with a focus on the fascinating Caroline (Mar. 1925 146; Apr. 1925 165). Fussed over by her “Victorian” mother and elder sister, Caroline smokes and constantly visits Carr’s room to chat. He describes how she sat in his room, swinging her silk-clad legs with the abandon of a small boy, and regaled [him] in terms piquant and interesting, if a trifle startling at times, with her very mod­ern views of the woman question, fellows, and marriage … it was decidedly refreshing, but I am not sure that it was not more shocking than anything else. (Jan. 1925 27)
Editing History Journals
Authors: Thelen David
Published: June 2011

I think I’m more hopeful about the future of scholarly history journals than some of my Canadian colleagues. We certainly face many of the same challenges, but there may be important differences in our circumstances.
The Canadian Historical Review
Authors: Kealey Linda
Published: June 2011

Canadians are understandably nervous about retaining their separate identity, cul­ture, and history in the context of a rapidly globalizing world. Although on the global stage we can boast of many highly talented, highly paid, and successful musicians, film stars, entertainers, and cultural industry entrepreneurs, as well as well known and respected writers and academics, at home we remain in the shadow of the United States, facing the relentless drive for open borders and freer trade. The book and periodical publishing industry is no exception. For scholarly journals there are concerns revolving around state support and pure survival. In addition, for history journals there are also issues of national identity and the teaching of that history in our schools and universities. This panel on scholarly publishing comes at an opportune time. While my own experience as a co-editor of the Canadian Historical Review ended after a three-year term in 1997, I have also spent three years on the Board of the Conference of Historical Journals (1996–1999), an organization which represents mainly American but also a number of Canadian history journals. These experiences have reminded me that, while Cana­dians have to be diligent about our own history, culture, and identity, we never­theless share some common, or at least similar, dilemmas with colleagues in the United States and elsewhere. These common themes are the focus of what follows.
The Canadian Review of American Studies
Authors: Tucker Bruce
Published: June 2011

The Canadian Review of American Studies (CRAS) began publication in typescript format in 1965 as the Bulletin of the newly formed Canadian Association for American Studies (CAAS). In 1970 it moved to York University, assumed its pre­sent name, and became the journal of record for Americanist scholarship in Can­ada. Since that time several universities, including Manitoba, Winnipeg, Western Ontario, Windsor, Guelph, Calgary, and Carleton, have provided a home and support for CRAS, and a number of dedicated editors have overseen its publica­tion. The journal currently has a subscription list of about 121 individuals and 241 institutions.
Avoiding Pyrrhic Victories: On Technology
Authors: Fowler Greg
Published: June 2011

Advanced technology without advanced thought creates not advancement, but demise. When a society becomes a product of its own technology it destroys itself. Neale Donald Walsch Rather than following a broadcast-model world for entertainment, and a broadcast-model world for learning, and a broadcast, talk-down, authoritarian world in the family and in the workplace, these kids are going to have a much more open, interactive, collaborative, verbal, thoughtful environment, and that will change the way they will be as adults. These kids will dominate the 21st century. Don Tapscott Cutting Through the ConstructsOne of my Boomer friends recently voiced frustration with social influences upon his ability to raise his child. My friend’s complaint was with the weathering away of his absolute authority as a parent. “It seems that I have very little ability to teach my child my values!” he exclaimed as we were eating dinner one evening. “If I tell my child something about the way I see the world she simply gets online and talks to someone who sees the world differently and I end up seeming like the bad guy or the idiot!”
The Monkey Trial Myth: Popular Culture Representations of the Scopes Trial
Authors: Wood L. Maren
Published: June 2011

During the summer of 1925, The Nation told its readers that the famous Scopes trial, or “the battle of Tennessee” as they dubbed it, “may play as significant a part in American history as the Battle of Gettysburg” (“The Battle” 589). The magazine’s prediction may still prove true. To this day, one of the persistent debates in American society has been the subject of the origins of human life and its teaching in the public schools of Amer­ica. Both sides in the dispute over science education acknowledge that one of the major confrontations originated in the Tennessee community of Dayton. Yet to discuss the Scopes trial simply in terms of evolution and religion is to narrow the broad significance of an episode that continually re-appears as a subject in American history.
Life’s America: Étude d’un ensemble photographique légué par Mell Kilpatrick1
Authors: Vinet-Kammerer Romaric
Published: June 2011

« The visual is essentially pornographic […] » (Jameson 1)« Welcome. » La photographie cadre un pas de porte et les quelques marches de ciment qui y mènent. Sur celles-ci, un paillasson maculé du sang qui s’écoule sous le seuil souhaite la bienvenue aux visiteurs… Cette murder scene condense l’esprit des instants pétrifiés par Mell Kilpat­rick (1902–1962), reporter photographe américain qui, en se faisant le chroniqueur méticuleux des faits divers se produisant dans le comté d’Orange, à Los Angeles2, nous livre une vision inquiétante des années 1940 et 1950. À la manière de Weegee qui, dans les années 1930, traquait infatigablement les drames de la nuit new-yorkaise, Kilpatrick trouve ses sujets au gré de voyages nocturnes sur les routes de la Californie du sud. Équipé d’un appareil Speed Graphic et d’une radio à ondes courtes lui permettant d’entendre les appels de la police et des ambulanciers, il cou­vre la dimension la plus sombre de l’actualité locale. L’ensemble qu’il nous lègue se compose de scènes de meurtres et de suicides, mais surtout d’une vaste série d’accidents de voitures dont il a été témoin alors que, faisant ses premières armes comme photographe, il travaillait pour le compte de compagnies d’assurance et de la police routière. Le terrain de prédilection de Kilpatrick: la nationale qui longe le Pacifique, Newport, les champs pétrolifères de Long Beach. Une région où s’étaient établies les nouvelles classes moyennes des lendemains de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Traversé par des routes récemment construites, ce secteur était aussi l’aire de récréation des militaires de la base aéronavale d’El Toro qui venaient, durant leurs temps libres s’y griser de vitesse. Ce sont les nou­veaux tourments de cette Amérique (et le point de vue californien est cer­tainement le plus pertinent) qui communie dans le culte de l’automobile que le reporter répertorie à la nuit tombée. Il réunit ainsi une galerie dont l’extrême brutalité constitue une réponse hagarde à l’iconographie pim­pante des États-Unis des années 1940 et 1950. Exploitant un motif à la fois central (la culture automobile de l’après-guerre) et underground (la mort violente dans une société qui prône l’opti­misme), le travail de Mell Kilpatrick offre une source de réflexion com­plexe sur les ambiguïtés de la culture américaine à l’égard de ses marges.
Rethinking the Hyphen: Asian North American and European Ethnic Texts as Global Narratives
Authors: Ty Eleanor
Published: June 2011

Since the late 1970s and early 1980s, with the development of Asian American Studies as a discipline and the Asian American movement as a panethnic coali­tion in the US (Espiritu 10), it has become common to refer to non-white writers in America, more recently in Canada and in Europe, as African American, Asian Canadian, or black British writers. This hyphenated status has been seen as a marker of one’s belonging to two worlds, of one’s hybrid identity, and also criti­cized as a sign of non-belonging to the mainstream culture (see J. Ling; Bhabha 112; Miki).1 The best-known essay on the topic of Asian American identity is Lisa Lowe’s “Heterogeneity, Hybridity, Multiplicity”which celebrates the heteroge­nous character of Asian America.
A Thousand Brooms, A Thousand Buckets: Accountability and the Institutional Investigation of Scandal1
Authors: Mancuso Maureen
Published: June 2011

The story of the Sorcerer’s Apprentice features an impatient individual of limited wisdom who borrows the powers of his master to do his own work: he animates a broom so it will fetch water from the well. But the apprentice only knows how to start the broom off, and cannot find the spell to make it stop. As the water rises, he tries to chop the broom into pieces, but only multiplies his problem: each piece re-animates and relentlessly continues to fetch ever more water. Soon the furni­ture is floating, and the apprentice is threatened with drowning as the water rises and the brooms prove unstoppable.
Crayoned Culture: The “Colour Elite” and the Commercial Nature of Colour Standardization
Authors: Elliott Charlene
Published: June 2011

We have played no small part in the awakening of this country to a great color con­sciousness. Today our color, like our music, is an expression of the age we are living in. Through color, hue and form, America is expressing her culture, her sense of the beauti­ful … Annual Report of the TCCA (Textile Color Card Association), 1929 (CAUS Archive)Although colour saturates culture, one rarely considers how colour is controlled. Colour standardization – the attempt to hem in hue – is central to the functioning of our material culture. “Signature” colours like John Deere green, IBM blue, and Barbie pink rely on consistency and conformity to establish brand identity, which is precisely why the Starbucks green logo looks the same whether you’re sipping lattes in Vancouver, Manhattan, or Beijing, and why Pepsi’s blue only lightened up after extensive market research. 1 Yet several questions pertaining to colour standardization arise. If colour is cen­tral to the functioning of our material culture, then who determines and regulates the hues? Is this a legitimate case of colour codification and if so, how is it accom­plished? Further, what does the industry approach to standardizing colour reveal about the wider socio-cultural environment in which it operates? This article seeks to unsettle the presumption that colour splashes freely throughout our com­mercial culture by unveiling the industry behind standardized colour and scruti­nizing the “Colour Elite” who controls it. A probatory piece on the practical expression of colour codification, this article does not strive to illuminate or cri­tique a particular theoretical paradigm; rather it foregrounds colour codification to prompt a rethinking of communication and, more critically, the colour commu­nication swirling within it.
At One with the Land: The Domestic Remove—Charles Brockden Brown’s Wieland and Matters of National Belonging
Authors: Harris Jennifer
Published: June 2011

The idea that where one lives in America affects how one lives and what personal values, politics, and lifestyles one assumes has long been a part of American thought. Writers, moralists, and politicians alike have long mediated on the value of geography in determining lifestyle, and the image of the pastoral idyll has long been proffered as a balm for those wearied by the supposed trials of urban life. Authors of American fiction have historically relied upon the possi­bilities and associations offered by setting novels on the frontier, in the backwoods, in the suburbs, and at any number of other varia­tions on the idea of a retreat from established urban centres. Promi­nent examples abound; most notably, in the nineteenth-century, there was Henry David Thoreau’s writing about his time in a small cabin on Walden Pond. In Walden; Or, Life in the Woods (1854), Tho­reau espouses the value of eschewing material goods and the trap­pings of contemporary society (“etiquette and politeness”) in favour of basic physical necessities and solitude. But Thoreau, writing in the 1850s, is clearly and deliberately writing against a whole tradi­tion in American thought that does not see this kind of removal from a highly ordered society as productive. The earliest evidence of this tradition is the famous speech John Winthrop gave onboard ship in 1630, “A Model of Christian Charity” (1838).
Between Avant-Garde and Kitsch: Pragmatic Liberalism, Public Arts Funding, and the Cold War in the United States*
Authors: Howard David Brian
Published: June 2011

It is among the hopeful signs in the midst of the decay of our present society that we—some of us—have been unwilling to accept this last phase of our own culture. In seeking to go beyond Alexandrianism, a part of Western bourgeois society has produced something unheard of heretofore—avant-garde culture. Clement Greenberg, “Avant-Garde and Kitsch” 6–7Kitsch has not been confined to the cities in which it was born, but has flowed out over the countryside, wiping out folk culture. Nor has it shown any regard for geographical and national–cultural boundaries. Another mass product of Western industrialism, it has gone on a triumphal tour of the world, crowding out and defacing native cultures in one colonial coun­try after another, so that it is now by way of becoming a universal culture, the first universal culture ever beheld.
Introductory Notes. Memory Foretelling the Story: Essays on Fall on Your Knees
Authors: Matthew Sara , Sala Trish , Georgis Dina
Published: June 2011

I In an essay that sketches a postmodern geography of western racisms, ethnicities, and identities, Ali Rattansi sets out to challenge the constancy of representational narratives of self and identity that foreground the coherent and rationalist archetypes of moder­nist discourses. Disrupting the conscious logic of intention and rationality, Rattansi posits the imaginary space of the psychic as an orientation from which unconscious desires, splitting, disavowal, identifications, and ambivalence blur the boundaries between one person’s end and another’s beginning. Confronted with the interminable task of self-definition in uncertain times, ‘‘difference’’ helps to set the limits between self and another, policing the recognizable (and not-so-recognizable) periphery of that which is not ‘I.’ Difference lays the groundwork for subjectivity by ‘‘precar­iously identifying where the ‘I’ ends and unknowable other begins’’ (Pellegrini 7). In a critique of the ‘‘endlessly expanding enumeration of difference’’ that gestures toward an infinite, yet impossible, politics of inclusion, Ann Pellegrini asks, ‘‘Where and when does this catalogue of identificatory markers end, if it does? And what is the relation between and amongst them?’’ (2). The relations between and amongst differences, relations for which an additive logic provides no palliative, might be sought after by asking another kind of question: What difference does difference make? This is a central question of Ann-Marie MacDonald’s novel, Fall on Your Knees. . Canadian Reviewof American Studies/Revuecanadienne d’e¤ tudesame¤ ricaines 35, no. 2, 2005 The articles in this special issue address the practice of reading literature as a dialogic encounter that elaborates the ways in which the self makes identifications in difference. This kind of reading practice asks how the unconscious is implicated in the work of reading and retains a curiosity about the kinds of insights that might unfold in reading resistance analytically: as symptomatic, for example, of the psychical conflicts that constitute the grounds of relationality. To work at the level of the psychoanalytic is to work, writes Frantz Fanon, ‘‘at the level of failures,’’ of breakdown as well as breakthrough (23). The dynamics of disengagement as well as those of engagement may be important to a theory of what it means to learn across difference. Can the conflicts and attach­ments made in the practice of reading say something about how we imagine the social? What kinds of fantasies and desires do we bring to the project of reading and what kinds of relationships do we have with texts? How do ambivalence and identification figure the constellation of history, identity, and the possibility of something new? These and other questions might be posed as questions of pedagogy, as troubling the ways in which the self becomes educated in and across difference.
‘‘Who’s Your Father, Dear?’’ Haunted Bloodlines and Miscegenation in Ann-Marie MacDonald’s Fall on Your Knees
Authors: Parro Gabriella
Published: June 2011

Ann-Marie MacDonald’s novel, Fall on Your Knees, is commonly characterized as a feminist novel or family saga. Many critics, such as Juliann Fleenor, have recognized a connection between the female or feminine novel and the Gothic, in particular, that female Gothic is concerned with household dramas and threats to women. A quick survey of the plot of this novel leaves no doubt that it is Gothic: There is a family curse, a haunted house, a young woman in peril of sexual violation, a concern for family bloodlines, spiritually hollow Catholicism, a woman confined to an attic, several dead mothers, family secrets including incest, and orphans who learn the truth about their parentage. One might argue that Gothic conven­tions do not a Gothic novel make. However, these plot elements are not superficial but are an integral part of the story. Still, while haunted houses, haunted people, and haunted bloodlines signify the Gothic, MacDonald does not merely replicate past Gothics; she uses the conventions to illustrate how racial prejudices cloud judgement. The perceived sin of miscegenation, and the anxiety to prevent it, haunts this text and haunts the bloodlines of the families, generation after generation.
A Call to Consciousness and Action: Mapping the African-American Jeremiad
Authors: Harrell, Jr. Willie J.
Published: June 2011

Abstract: Many scholars of the African-American jeremiad have argued that it is influential in Black protest as a rhetorical device. David Howard-Pitney concludes that the rhetoric of the American jeremiad ultimately developed into something distinctively African-American because it called for social prophecy and criticism. This essay seeks to expand Howard-Pitney’s assertions as I examine the African-American jeremiad’s conception in the early republic. While Howard-Pitney argues that some Blacks used this prototypical form of rhetoric in ‘‘its pure form’’ (Afro-American 15), I believe that early African-American writers also employed the religious aspects of the jeremiad to develop a sociopolitical consciousness in their writings as well, making the African-American jeremiad the first literary development of African-American writers in antebellum America. This essay argues in favour of the continuity of African-American jeremiadic rhetoric in other forms of African-American protest (slave narratives, poetry, pamphlets, etc.). Overall, I suggest that the distinctiveness of the African-American jeremiad’s poetics indicates its enduring impact on the development of an emerging African-American literary tradition as it became the foundation for Black civil rights movements on a massive scale and was clearly a leading force in the Black community during the early republic. Highlighting how the usage of the genre changed during America’s early developmental years, I focus on the complexities of African-American jeremiadic rhetoric in its initial years of evolution.
American Demands, African Treasures, Mixed Possibilities
Authors: McNeil Daniel
Published: June 2011

Abstract: In the 1990s, many Americans sought to cast themselves as heroic defenders of the liberal arts by condemning Afrocentricity. This paper reveals how many such profiteers and schemers were invested in Eurocentricity, but it also critiques Molefi Asante—the man who coined the phrase ‘‘Afrocentricity’’—and points out his reliance on AfroAmericocentric norms.
Authentic Mothers, Authentic Daughters and Sons: Ultrasound Imaging and the Construction of Fetal Sex and Gender
Authors: Larkin Lesley
Published: June 2011

Abstract: At a time when many women choose fewer medical interventions at birth and claim less sex preference before birth, why do so many choose to use technology to determine the sex of their babies weeks before they are born? The popularity of accessing ultrasound imaging to ‘‘determine’’ fetal sex resonates with a contemporary gender liberalism that affirms binary sex, gender equality, and (limited) gender variation within the logic of consumer choice. Prenatal ultrasound technology is a central and current means of disciplining women into a normative maternal identity and authenticating the sex and gender identities of both mother and child. The ultrasound exam naturalizes the binary sex system upon which maternal and filial identities hinge, through the technological construction of the image of a normatively sexed body. By insisting upon the primacy of naturally sexed bodies even while deflecting attention from bodies onto images, commodities, and discursive behaviours, the popular discourse surround­ing ultrasound imaging of fetal sex and the sharing of images of fetal genitals uniquely authenticates the binary sex system as the ‘‘biological’’ limit of gender and sexual variation. Pregnant women are not erased by the hypervisibility of their fetuses. Rather, as they correctly access the medical technologies and goods of middle-class motherhood, they become visible as the properly gendered mothers of properly gendered children.
New Immigrants and Neo-rural Values
Authors: Verinis James P.
Published: July 2011

Though Greek agriculture is arguably the picture of rural underdevelopment in Europe, life in rural Greece is transforming within a new global migratory context. Farmers now work with myriad non-Greek minorities who, with the onset of the postsocialist period, have begun to play a diversity of socio-economic roles. These immigrants help to de fine what agricultural (dis)incentives, environmental stewardship, social fabric and territorial occupation mean in the countryside. Together with locals they now co-manage new tensions stemming from European rural development programs and global commodity markets.

Scholarship tends to reify the conclusion that immigrants are merely transient, exploited labourers. In conjunction with macroeconomic analyses of rural 'stagnation', such characterizations misrepresent current realities and undermine alternative potentialities. As some new residents join the ranks of small-scale Greek farmers, new rural values are crystallising, opening a door for new interpretations of rural development in Greece.
Interpretative Repertoire of Victimhood
Authors: Kempny Marta
Published: July 2011

Based on one year of ethnographic fieldwork, this article discusses the narratives of perceived discrimination and ethnic hatred of Polish migrants in Belfast. Using narrative theory, it examines the construction of identity of Poles as an unprivileged stratum of the Northern Irish society. Migrants' stories are followed by analysis of the contradictions and tensions between what they construct as their realities and 'objective truth'. Subsequently, the article accounts for these tensions by exploring the links between 'cultural repertoires' of Polish migrants and the ways in which their narratives are presented.
Book Reviews
Authors: Naylor Rachel , Odhiambo Elly Omondi
Published: July 2011

Stefan Goodwin (2009), Africa in Europe (Plymouth: Lexington).

Volume One: Antiquity into the Age of Global Exploration, 260pp., Pb: £18.95, ISBN-13: 978-0739117262

Volume Two: Interdependencies, Relocations and Globalization, 430pp., Pb: £24.95, ISBN-13: 978-0739127667
How Half a Century of Research was Required to Understand Bacterial Growth on C1 and C2 Compounds; the Story of the Serine Cycle and the Ethylmalonyl-CoA Pathway
Authors: Anthony Christopher
Published: July 2011

For bacterial growth on substrates with only one or two carbon atoms, special assimilation pathways are required. In 1957, the glyoxylate cycle of Kornberg and Krebs was described for bacterial growth on C2 compounds such as ethanol and acetate. However this pathway did not operate in some photosynthetic bacteria and in some methylotrophs when they were growing on C2 compounds, so an alternative pathway must exist. By 1973 Quayle's serine cycle had been described for methylotrophs growing on C1 compounds such as methanol, but the pathway was incomplete, the unknown part also functioning during growth on C2 compounds. After more than 35 further years of research, the ethylmalonyl-CoA (EMC) pathway for growth on C2 compounds, of photosynthetic bacteria has recently been elucidated. This pathway also operates in methylotrophs during growth on C2 compounds, and on C1 compounds by way of the serine cycle. This review is a celebration of half a century of research and of the fascinating result of that research.
Special Issue: Risk Management Challenges: Mitigate the Risk from Natural Hazards
Authors: Paton Douglas
Published: July 2011

Within minutes of the March 2011 earthquake in Japan, news media provided unprecedented coverage of an unfolding natural catastrophe. Events such as this place natural disasters firmly in the public eye but only for a short time. It falls to the research community to learn the lessons offered by these events and turn them into opportunities for developing more effective risk management and mitigation strategies and identifying the factors that contribute to the vulnerability and resilience of communities and response and recovery agencies. Disasters such as the Japanese tsunami also highlight the ever-present need for systematic, rigorous research into the risk posed by natural hazards and how these risks can be managed. Of course it is vital to ensure that the findings from such research endeavours are disseminated to those who can use the findings.
Lianqiaoxinoside B, a Novel Caffeoyl Phenylethanoid Glycoside from Forsythia suspensa
Authors: Kuang Hai-Xue , Xia Yong-Gang , Liang Jun , Yang Bing-You , Wang Qiu-Hong
Published: July 2011

Chemical investigation of the 70% ethanol extract of the unripe fruits of Forsythia suspensa resulted in the isolation of a novel caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside, lianqiaoxinoside B, together with the known compound forsythoside H. The new compound was elucidated to be 1'',2''-[β-(3,4,-dihydroxylphenyl)-α,β-dioxoethanol]-3''-O-caffeoyl-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-glucopyranoside by extensive spectroscopic and chemical studies. Lianqiaoxinoside B and forsythoside H showed strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in vitro by the 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) radical-scavenging assay and plate method. This study can be further extended to exploit for the possible application of caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides as the alternative antioxidants and antimicrobial agents of natural origin.
Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Some New S-Glycosyl and S-Alkyl 1,2,4-Triazinone Derivatives
Authors: Saad Hosam A. , Moustafa Ahmed H.
Published: July 2011

A series of S-glycosyl and S-alkyl derivatives of 4-amino-3-mercapto-6-(2-(2-thienyl)vinyl)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one (1) were synthesized using different halo compounds such as preacetylated sugar bromide, 4-bromobutylacetate, 2-acetoxyethoxy-methyl bromide, 3-chloropropanol, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, epichlorohydrin, allyl bromide, propargyl bromide, phthalic and succinic acids in POCl3. The structures of the synthesized compounds have been deduced from their elemental analysis and spectral (IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR) data. Some of the synthesized compounds were screened as anticancer agents. Significant anticancer activities were observed in vitro for some members of the series, and compounds 4-Amino-3-(3-hydroxypropylthio)-6-(2-(2-thienyl)vinyl)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one (12) and 3-(4-Oxo-3-(2-(2-thienyl)vinyl)-4H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo-[2,3-c][1,2,4]tr-iazin-7-yl)propanoic acid (18) are active cytotoxic agents against different cancer cell lines.
Psychostimulant Drugs and Neuroplasticity
Authors: Fernandez-Espejo Emilio , Rodriguez-Espinosa Nieves
Published: June 2011

Drugs of abuse induce plastic changes in the brain that seem to underlie addictive phenomena. These plastic changes can be structural (morphological) or synaptic (biochemical), and most of them take place in the mesolimbic and mesostriatal circuits. Several addiction-related changes in brain circuits (hypofrontality, sensitization, tolerance) as well as the outcome of treatment have been visualized in addicts to psychostimulants using neuroimaging techniques. Repeated exposure to psychostimulants induces morphological changes such as increase in the number of dendritic spines, changes in the morphology of dendritic spines, and altered cellular coupling through new gap junctions. Repeated exposure to psychostimulants also induces various synaptic adaptations, many of them related to sensitization and neuroplastic processes, that include up- or down-regulation of D1, D2 and D3 dopamine receptors, changes in subunits of G proteins, increased adenylyl cyclase activity, cyclic AMP and protein kinase A in the nucleus accumbens, increased tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme activity, increased calmodulin and activated CaMKII in the ventral tegmental area, and increased deltaFosB, c-Fos and AP-1 binding proteins. Most of these changes are transient, suggesting that more lasting plastic brain adaptations should take place. In this context, protein synthesis inhibitors block the development of sensitization to cocaine, indicating that rearrangement of neural networks must develop for the long-lasting plasticity required for addiction to occur. Self-administration studies indicate the importance of glutamate neurotransmission in neuroplastic changes underlying transition from use to abuse. Finally, plastic changes in the addicted brain are enhanced and aggravated by neuroinflammation and neurotrophic disbalance after repeated psychostimulants.
Lessons from the Field—Two Years of Deploying Operational Wireless Sensor Networks on the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Bainbridge Scott , Eggeling Damien , Page Geoff
Published: June 2011

Wireless Sensor Networks promised to do for observation systems what consumer electronics have done for areas like photography—drive down the price per observation (photograph), introduce new functionality and capabilities, and make, what had been a relatively exclusive set of technologies and capabilities, ubiquitous. While this may have been true for some terrestrial sensor networks there are issues in the marine environment that have limited the realization of ubiquitous cheap sensing. This paper reports on the lessons learned from two years of operation of wireless sensor networks deployed at seven coral reefs along the Great Barrier Reef in north-eastern Australia.
Fabrication of a Micro-Fluid Gathering Tool for the Gastrointestinal Juice Sampling Function of a Versatile Capsular Endoscope
Authors: Koo Kyo-in , Lee Sangmin , Cho Dong-il Dan
Published: July 2011

This paper presents a micro-fluid gathering tool for a versatile capsular endoscope that employs a solid chemical propellant, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The proposed tool consists of a micro-heater, an AIBN matrix, a Venturi tube, a reservoir, an inlet, and an outlet. The micro-heater heats the AIBN matrix to be decomposed into by-products and nitrogen gas. This nitrogen gas generates negative pressure passing through the Venturi tube. The generated negative pressure inhales a target fluid from around the inlet into the reservoir. All the parts are designed to be embedded inside a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 17 mm and a height of 2.3 mm in order to integrate it into a versatile developmental capsular endoscope without any scaledown. Two sets of the proposed tools are fabricated and tested: one is made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and the other is made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). In performance comparisons, the PDMS gathering tool can withstand a stronger pulling force, and the PMMA gathering tool requires a less negative pressure for inhaling the same target fluid. Due to the instant and full activation of the thin AIBN matrix, both types of gathering tool show analogous performance in the sample gathering evaluation. The gathered volume is approximately 1.57 μL using approximately 25.4 μL of AIBN compound.
A Celestial Assisted INS Initialization Method for Lunar Explorers
Authors: Ning Xiaolin , Wang Longhua , Wu Weiren , Fang Jiancheng
Published: July 2011

The second and third phases of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP) are planning to achieve Moon landing, surface exploration and automated sample return. In these missions, the inertial navigation system (INS) and celestial navigation system (CNS) are two indispensable autonomous navigation systems which can compensate for limitations in the ground based navigation system. The accurate initialization of the INS and the precise calibration of the CNS are needed in order to achieve high navigation accuracy. Neither the INS nor the CNS can solve the above problems using the ground controllers or by themselves on the lunar surface. However, since they are complementary to each other, these problems can be solved by combining them together. A new celestial assisted INS initialization method is presented, in which the initial position and attitude of the explorer as well as the inertial sensors’ biases are estimated by aiding the INS with celestial measurements. Furthermore, the systematic error of the CNS is also corrected by the help of INS measurements. Simulations show that the maximum error in position is 300 m and in attitude 40″, which demonstrates this method is a promising and attractive scheme for explorers on the lunar surface.
Herpesviruses and Intermediate Filaments: Close Encounters with the Third Type
Authors: Hertel Laura
Published: July 2011

Intermediate filaments (IF) are essential to maintain cellular and nuclear integrity and shape, to manage organelle distribution and motility, to control the trafficking and pH of intracellular vesicles, to prevent stress-induced cell death, and to support the correct distribution of specific proteins. Because of this, IF are likely to be targeted by a variety of pathogens, and may act in favor or against infection progress. As many IF functions remain to be identified, however, little is currently known about these interactions. Herpesviruses can infect a wide variety of cell types, and are thus bound to encounter the different types of IF expressed in each tissue. The analysis of these interrelationships can yield precious insights into how IF proteins work, and into how viruses have evolved to exploit these functions. These interactions, either known or potential, will be the focus of this review.
Les rapports fiscaux entre les cités et le pouvoir impérial dans l'Empire romain : le rôle des assemblées provinciales (à propos d'une dédicace de Tarragone, CIL, II, 4248)
Authors: France Jérôme
Published: July 2011

The local communities of the Roman Empire played an essential part in the institution and the collection of provincial tax, on the basis of a collaboration between the cities elite and the imperial power. From the re-examination of one dedication by the Tarraconensis provincia in honour of one leading citizen from Bergidum Flauiense, who managed the imperial census office, and from the study of some others epigraphical documents, this paper deals with one aspect of this collaboration, which was the indispensable base of the provincials' consent to the tax.
Abbattere la stele. Riscrittura epigrafica e revisione storica ad Atene
Authors: Culasso Gastaldi Enrica
Published: July 2011

This study aims to examine the political meaning of epigraphical writings, and more particularly the meaning of the opposite action, by which I mean those cases in which either a text was erased, or where the entire monument upon which it was inscribed was destroyed. The purpose of these actions seems to be the « correction » of the past in the light of the present, or the deleting of the memory of an historical event or of a political idea, whose semiotic referent is the epigraphical monument. The act of erasing or demolishing a stele or, on the other hand, restoring one, will carry a strong political message. These acts were not concerned primarily with the epigraphical monuments themselves, but with the decrees they bore and with the political systems which stood as guarantors of the measures adopted.
La domus Augusta et les formations de parenté à Rome
Authors: Moreau Philippe
Published: July 2011

This paper deals with the anthropological typology of the domus Augusta as a kin group, when it appeared, at the end of the Augustan principate. In spite of some recent scholarly views, we cannot regard it as a «house», according to the Levi-straussian terminology, on several grounds: no collective estate belonged to it members, who did not share a common dwelling-place; Rome as a whole was not a «house society»: domus did not superseded gens and

familia, which were still extant. Actually, the domus Augusta was mostly an Ego-centred kindred,

i. e. a kin class, not a kin group, composed of a wide range of bilateral blood kins and of a small number of close in law and step relatives, attested in the Roman society since the late 3rd century BC. Several statutes, among which three Augustan laws, afford lists of personae exceptae evidencing such a kindred. Nevertheless, the domus Augusta, according to its dynastic character, differs in some features from common Roman kindreds: an official name, a public character, the authority exercised by Augustus over its members.
Divination et décisions politiques dans la République romaine
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: July 2011

L’article analyse la divination publique dans la République tardive. La divination est analysée comme une forme de l’action sociale dans une situation caractérisée par l’incertitude. Elle utilise des rôles sociaux prédéfinis pour l’interprétation et la manipulation rituelle de signes standardisés, afin d’évaluer et articuler consensus et conflit. L’introduction consiste en un tour d’horizon des formes divinatoires des IIe et Ier siècles av. J.-C. Une analyse plus détaillée est consacrée aux auspices des prêtres et des magistrats. En utilisant les modèles de la science politique, le rôle des auspices et des signes contraires (obnuntiatio) est analysé dans les processus de décision. Ensuite, la négligence fréquente de l’annonce de signes contraires dans les processus législatifs est interprétée dans le cadre des diverses formes de négociation, en utilisant encore une fois des modèles d’analyse empruntés aux relations internationales: l’annonce d’un signe contraire est interprétée comme un «opting out». Enfin, en examinant le moment et la publicité des phases de la divination publique, les rituels religieux sont mis en relation avec l’action et le contrôle politiques.
Recent advances in the gold-catalyzed additions to C–C multiple bonds
Authors: Huang He , Zhou Yu , Liu Hong
Published: July 2011

C–O, C–N and C–C bonds are the most widespread types of bonds in nature, and are the cornerstone of most organic compounds, ranging from pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals to advanced materials and polymers. Cationic gold acts as a soft and carbophilic Lewis acid and is considered one of the most powerful activators of C–C multiple bonds. Consequently, gold-catalysis plays an important role in the development of new strategies to form these bonds in more convenient ways. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the gold-catalyzed chemistry of addition of X–H (X = O, N, C) bonds to C–C multiple bonds, tandem reactions, and asymmetric additions. This review covers gold-catalyzed organic reactions published from 2008 to the present.