bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Impacts of Grid Integrated Photo-Voltaic and Electric Vehicle on Power Quality Issues
Authors: Narasimhulu Namala , Awasthy Mohan , Pérez de Prado Rocío , Divakarachari Parameshachari Bidare , Himabindu Nadimapalli
Published: January 2023

Electric vehicles (EVs) and photovoltaic (PV) systems have been progressively incorporated into the grid in recent years principally due to two factors: reduced energy costs and lower pollutants. Numerous studies have investigated how integrating PV and EVs into the grid may affect specific people. It is crucial to understand that the electricity grid will experience the combined effects of PV–EV integration as PV and EV penetration increases. The primary motivation for PV’s integration with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) services is the aim to reduce charging costs from discharging; moreover, another prerequisite must be satisfied before PV arrays will be able to provide V2G services. The range between the driving limit and EV battery degradation should be reasonable. The way EVs charge and discharge will be impacted by these factors. Numerous analyses are required in order to control the power between various source and load scenarios. In order to balance grids and manage frequency, controllers such as Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO), Improved Ant Colony Optimization (IACO), and Improved Mayfly Optimization (IMO) are used. As a result, V2G/G2V helps feed electricity back into the grid. By providing the proper duty cycle ratio, the proposed controller regulates converter switching. This study allowed for the performance analysis and operation simulation of a grid-connected PV/EV/Grid system. The purpose of this system was to maximize PV self-consumption while maintaining power quality characteristics like harmonics, grid voltage/current, and power factor.
Nonlinear Predictive Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine with Extra Current Constraint
Authors: Tian Mengmeng , Cai Hailiang , Zhao Wenliang , Ren Jie
Published: January 2023

The interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) has been widely used in industrial applications due to its several favorable advantages. To further improve the machine performance, an improved nonlinear predictive controller for the IPMSM is proposed. In this paper, the maximum torque per ampere control law is firstly transformed to a linear function, according to the first−order Taylor expansion, and integrated with the control strategy. On this basis, an improved predictive control method is formulated by designing an optimized cost function through the input−output feedback linearization. Then the integral action is introduced to eliminate the influence of the load mutation and improve the steady−state control precision of the system. The stability of the control method is ensured by compelling the outputs to track the desired references without steady−state error. Finally, the simulation was established to verify the effective of the improved control method. Simulation results showed that the machine can reach the given reference speed without steady−state error within a short process, which means the machine has excellent dynamic and static performances. Furthermore, the machine has higher torque−to−current ratio by making full use of the reluctance torque. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the improved control strategy.
A Study on Utilization of High-Ratio Biodiesel and Pure Biodiesel in Advanced Vehicle Technologies
Authors: Reksowardojo Iman K. , Setiapraja Hari , Mokhtar  , Yubaidah Siti , Mansur Dieni , Putri Agnes K.
Published: January 2023

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of high-ratio biodiesel and pure biodiesel on the emissions and performance of Euro4-compliant vehicles. The tested fuels were diesel fuel, biodiesel with a ratio of 30% by volume (B30), biodiesel with a ratio of 50% (B50) and pure biodiesel FAME (B100), while the tested vehicle is of the Euro4-compliant standard currently available in the Indonesian market. In this study, tests on emissions, performance and fuel economy were conducted based on the international standard of the UN ECE R83-05, adopted as UN ECE R-85 and UN ECE R-101 respectively. This study also investigated the effect of the carbon-to-hydrogen ratio on the carbon balance formula. Here, the paper proposed a modified R101 carbon balance formula to calculate the fuel economy for high-ratio and pure biodiesel fuels. The results showed that biodiesel had lower CO, HC and particulate emissions, while NOx emissions were higher compared to diesel fuel. However, pure biodiesel was within the limits imposed by the Euro4 emissions standard. Maximum power output with high-ratio biodiesel decreased by up to 10% with B100. The fuel economy of the B30, B50 and B100 biodiesels was lower than diesel fuel by 3%, 7% and 11%, respectively, based on the modified carbon balance formula for high-ratio biodiesel fuel.
Design and Comprehensive Analyzes of a Highly Efficient TLA-Type Synchronous Reluctance Machine including the Effects of Conductor per Slot and Wire Size
Authors: Ozdil Ali , Uzun Yunus
Published: January 2023

Consuming energy sources and greenhouse gas emission are one of the most prominent problems of the latest century. Most of the energy consumed globally and carbon dioxide emissions originate from electric motors used in the industry. Therefore, researchers have recently focused on the production of highly efficient, eco-friendly, and low-priced machines: Synchronous Reluctance Machines. In this study, the design and comprehensive Finite Element Analysis of a TLA-SynRM including the effects of the number of conductors per slot and wire diameter directly affecting stator slot fill factor and crucial for obtaining more realistic results from experiments has been initially carried out. Moreover, power factor, saliency ratio, and efficiency of the novel SynRM are enhanced by utilizing a fine-tuning process based on d- and q-axes flux paths. Additionally, the layer structure of the initial design is changed to a double-layer structure to improve the performance of the machine in the fine-tuning process. In the final step of this study, the machine has been manufactured, and experiments have been accomplished. This study has concluded that the novel SynRM have low torque ripple, high power factor, saliency ratio, and efficiency, whose value is within the range of IE5 efficiency class.
Changes in the Polish Coal Sector Economic Situation with the Background of the European Union Energy Security and Eco-Efficiency Policy
Authors: Bórawski Piotr , Bełdycka-Bórawska Aneta , Holden Lisa
Published: January 2023

Poland is a big user of fossil fuels for electricity and heat production. The most important fossil fuel is hard, brown coal and the Polish energy system is based on this source. However, the world has begun to decarbonize the climate and reduce the carbon dioxide and methane which are the main gasses impacting climate change. The main aim of this paper was to recognize changes in Polish coal sector. We focused our attention to the economic situation and employment in coal sector in Poland. The time rage included 1989–2020 and the prognosis 2021–2025. The Polish coal sector faced dramatic changes. The number of hard coal mines decreased from 70 in 1990 to 21 in 2020. In the same timeframe, the prices for hard coal increased from 12.37 PLN/dt to 313.27 PLN/dt. The employment decreased from more than 350 thousand to less than 100 thousand people in hard coal mines. The decrease changes are the effect of strict policies of the European Union. The economic situation of Polish hard coal mines is rather poor. Polish mines achieved negative economic results due to the effect of poor management. We used advanced statistics, including the Augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF), to measure the stationarity of analyzed time series. We also used Generalized AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models and conducted a prognosis. Our research proved that the time series describing the hard coal economic situation were not stationary. The Generalized AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models confirmed big changes in Polish coal sector economic results. The elaborated prognosis of variables proved that the price of hard coal will increase in 2021–2025. Moreover, the economic situation will be worse. Our analysis confirmed that global trends of the hard coal sector were influenced by the European Union (EU) energy policy and closing down the mines. The economic situation of Polish hard coal sector worsened.
Deformation Mechanism and Control Technology of Surrounding Rock of Three-Soft Coal Roadways under High Horizontal Stress
Authors: Xie Xiaoping , Liu Hongyang , Fang Xinqiu , Yang Junwei , Liu Jiangang , Liang Minfu , Wu Gang
Published: January 2023

Support technology faces challenges in view of the large deformation of surrounding rock in three-soft coal roadways under high horizontal stress in Zijin Coal Mine, China. Geostress near the tested working face of the mine was measured and its distribution law was analyzed through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation analysis, and field measurement. The original supporting scheme of the three-soft coal roadway on the tested working face was analyzed to discover the deformation and failure mechanism of the surrounding rock of the original supporting roadway and the control measures. An optimized support scheme of H-G (hollow grouting) anchor cables, high strength bolts, W-shaped steel belts, metal meshes, and sprayed concretes was proposed for field applications. Based on the roadway in the tested 3201 working face at Zijin Coal Mine, the technical parameters for optimizing the combined support of the roadway were determined. The following results were be obtained through field measurement. The roadway was kept intact after excavation and the optimized support scheme was adopted in the three-soft coal roadway. No obvious deformation in appearance existed in the roof, floor, and roadway coal sides. Compared with the original support scheme, the stability of the roadways was improved visibly. The displacement of the roadway roof decreased from 100 to 30 mm, and that of the roadway coal walls decreased from more than 100 mm to less than 50 mm. This work verifies the effectiveness of a combined support scheme of H-G anchor cables, high strength bolts, W-shaped steel belts, metal meshes, and sprayed concretes to control deformations of surrounding rock in three-soft coal roadways. The new support scheme has good social and economic benefits and can be used as a reference for other roadway supports under similar conditions.
Review of Methods for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Electrified Ground Transport by Optimizing Battery Consumption
Authors: Martyushev Nikita V. , Malozyomov Boris V. , Khalikov Ilham H. , Kukartsev Viktor Alekseevich , Kukartsev Vladislav Viktorovich , Tynchenko Vadim Sergeevich , Tynchenko Yadviga Aleksandrovna , Qi Mengxu
Published: January 2023

The article reviews the existing methods of increasing the energy efficiency of electric transport by analyzing and studying the methods of increasing the energy storage resource. It is grouped according to methods, approaches, and solutions. The most effective methods and ways of their implementation are identified. General methods of increasing energy efficiency, methods of increasing recuperation during braking, methods of energy-efficient energy consumption, the use of energy-saving technologies, and improving the energy efficiency of the traction drive are considered. The purpose of this work is to identify the main operating factors on the basis of a critical review of existing methods for assessing the technical condition of batteries and experimental results on the degradation of lithium-ion batteries. Using the great experience of the research group in the field of modeling, diagnostics, and forecasting of life of electric cars, as well as their intellectual management, the new theoretical and practical methods of integrated assessment of the parameters of the traction battery and state of charge, which are operated in the heavy forced regenerative regimes of electric traction, are created and proposed. A great role is played by the construction of the transport model. The development is based on physical laws that passengers and vehicle owners are unaware of. For each model there is a different area of application, and what is suitable for one object may not be suitable for another. The overview shows that there is no one-size-fits-all way to improve energy efficiency. It is necessary to make a choice among several proposed models after a thorough feasibility study.
Effect of External Mineral Addition on PM Generated from Zhundong Coal Combustion
Authors: Wang Shizhang , Wang Junjie , Zhang Yu , Dong Linhan , Dong Heming , Du Qian , Gao Jianmin
Published: January 2023

The effect of intrinsic metal mineral elements in the combustion process of pulverized coal on the formation and transformation mechanism of PM was investigated in a drop-tube furnace in air atmospheres at 1200 °C, which laid a solid foundation for the control of particulate pollutants. The results show that reducing the evaporation of mineral elements or the generated PM1 aggregating to form PM1–10 or particles bigger than 10µm can reduce the emission of PM1 in the coal combustion process. The amount of PM0.2, PM0.2–1, PM1–2.5 and PM2.5 produced by the raw coal-carrying Mg are reduced by 36.7%, 17.4%, 24.6% and 21.6%, respectively. The amount of PM10 is almost unchanged. The addition of Mg increases the viscosity of submicron particles effectively, making it easier to aggregate and bond together to form ultra-micron particles. The amount of PM0.2, PM0.2–1, PM1–2.5, PM2.5 and PM10 produced by the raw coal-carrying Ca are reduced by 36.3%, 33.0%, 42.8%, 38% and 17.7%, respectively. The effect of adding Ca compounds on the particles is better than that of Mg. The amount of PM0.2, PM0.2–1, PM1–2.5, PM2.5 and PM10 produced by the raw coal-carrying Fe are reduced by 15.6%, 16.2%, 31.1%, 22.4% and 5%, respectively. While the production of PM2.5–10 increased from 0.17 mg/g to 0.34 mg/g, it is clear that a significant fraction of the submicron particles produced during the combustion of the raw coal-carrying Fe are transformed into ultra-micron particles. After comparing the particulate matter produced by raw coal-carrying Mg, Ca and Fe, it shows that the addition of these three elements can effectively reduce the ash melting point, so that during the process of coal combustion, part of the sub-micron are transformed into ultra-micron particles, which are easy to remove.
Application Prospect, Development Status and Key Technologies of Shared Energy Storage toward Renewable Energy Accommodation Scenario in the Context of China
Authors: Qiu Weiqiang , Zhou Sheng , Yang Yang , Lv Xiaoying , Lv Ting , Chen Yuge , Huang Ying , Zhang Kunming , Yu Hongfei , Wang Yunchu , Ma Yuanqian , Lin Zhenzhi
Published: January 2023

With the promotion of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and the construction of renewable-dominated electric power systems, renewable energy will become the main power source of power systems in China. How to ensure the accommodation of renewable energy will also be the core issue in the future development process of renewable-dominated electric power systems. In this context, shared energy storage (SES), a novel business model combined with energy storage technologies and the sharing economy, has the potential to play an important role in renewable energy accommodation scenarios. This paper systematically organizes the application prospect, development status and key technologies of SES in the renewable energy accommodation scenario in the context of China, providing helpful references for the promotion of the business model. Firstly, a typical SES framework for renewable energy accommodation is described, and three basic forms of SES in this scenario are presented. Moreover, the application prospect of SES in the renewable energy accommodation scenario is quantitatively analyzed based on the renewable energy generation planning under the carbon peaking goal and the current guarantee mechanism of renewable energy accommodation. Furthermore, the rules for energy storage systems that provide the peak-regulation ancillary service in typical regions and provincial administrative regions in China are summarized, and the development status of SES in the renewable energy accommodation scenario is analyzed, combined with the actual market data. Finally, the key technologies to promote the further development of SES for renewable energy accommodation are presented.
Recovery and Reuse of Valuable Chemicals Derived from Hydrothermal Carbonization Process Liquid
Authors: Jamal-Uddin Abu-Taher , Reza M. Toufiq , Norouzi Omid , Salaudeen Shakirudeen A. , Dutta Animesh , Zytner Richard G.
Published: January 2023

Recovery and reuse of valuable chemicals from hydrothermal carbonization process liquid (HTC-PL) from tomato plant biomass (TPB) was conducted. Different HTC-PLs were characterized with FTIR and Py-GC-MS analyses revealing the presence of low molecular weight linear, cyclic, and aromatics compounds in the HTC-PL. Separation of these valuable chemicals by fractional distillation resulted in eutectic constrains. Solvent extraction separation followed by solvent recovery and reuse provided encouraging results. The non-polar portion of HTC-PLs were extracted by using n-hexane (C6H14), and diethyl ether (C2H5)2O solvents with 8.5 and 4.3% recoveries, respectively. Characterization by FTIR and Py-GC-MS revealed petrol fuel like materials in the extracts of C6H14 and (C2H5)2O, irrespective of higher boiling components. Blends of both non-polar extracts were flame tested revealing good burning characteristics with minimal smoke and residue. Bench scale spirit lamp tests showed the blend would be very useful for greenhouse winter heating. The polar extracts using methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) resulted in about 55% recovery. Py-GC-MS analysis revealed acetic acid and 5-Hydroxymethyl furfural (5HMF) majors in the extract along with related derivatives. 5HMF is a valued chemical and demonstrated to be a useful building block for many industrial applications, and flatform chemical for various synthesis. Other identified minor components of HTC-PL were vanillin, divinyl terephthalate, and syringol. After the extractions of polar and non-polar components in three steps, the HTC-PL residue was applied as nutrient source after maintaining pH (5.6) and concentration (TOC, 100–200 mg/L) to typical greenhouse plants. Plant growth was encouraging. The paper discusses all the potential valued reuse applications of HTC-PL in greenhouses without discharges, which contributes to environmental protection and economic benefits.
Modeling and Experiments of a Wireless Power Transfer System Considering Scenarios from In-Wheel-Motor Applications
Authors: Zhai Jianyang , Zhang Xudong , Zhao Shiqi , Zou Yuan
Published: January 2023

This paper presents the design and modeling procedure of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system applied to In-wheel-motor (IWM). The system is designed to transmit over 10 kW of power following the physical constraints faced by the IWM applications. The issues of coil misalignment and load change are discussed as particular scenarios in IWM. The finite element model is built for circular, rectangular, and double-D coils, finding that the rectangular coil has the best performance considering the transmission interval and misalignment resistance. The circuit design procedure is presented, and the analysis of the influence of load and mutual inductance change on the WPT system is addressed. Finally, the performance of the design is verified with experiments on a full-scale prototype. It is proved that the WPT system successfully transmits 10 kW of power with a DC–DC efficiency of over 90% under a transmission interval of 140 mm. The output voltage is stable under 40 mm coil misalignment scenarios and over 50% load change.
Geographies of Energy: Key Issues and Challenges towards Spatial Justice Concepts
Authors: Wójcik Marcin , Jeziorska-Biel Pamela
Published: January 2023

The contemporary world is uneven not only in terms of the quality of life and economic development, but also in cultural issues that define awareness of global development processes. Geographies of energy co-create various energy paradigms and territorial development scenarios. This paper has two general aims. First, we want to identify the main fields of study within the geographies of energy. We try to define a general model of geographic analysis in terms of key concepts. The second aim concerns the definition of perspectives of geography of energy as a growing field of interest for researchers. We believe that geographies of energy should undertake a contemporary transition in this area from the point of view of scale and relativity resulting from the presented dimensions of spatiality and locality, i.e., differential, vertical, horizontal and transversal approaches.
The Potential for Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems in Nepal
Authors: Kafle Ural , Anderson Timothy , Lohani Sunil Prasad
Published: January 2023

Nepal possesses a good solar resource, and there has been increasing interest in the use of photovoltaic systems. About 1.1 million solar home systems, rated at nearly 30 MWp, have been installed across Nepal. With the introduction of net metering by the Nepal Electricity Authority, an increase in rooftop photovoltaics (RPV) is expected. However, to inform any policy developments around increased electricity generation, and the uptake of RPV, there is a need to quantify the potential of such systems (a situation mirrored in many developing countries). To this end, this study utilized a hierarchical geospatial technique based on open-source data to estimate the potential output from RPV in several cities in Nepal (Kathmandu, Pokhara, Butwal, Nepalgunj, and Biratnagar). It was found that the potential theoretical output of RPV ranged from 637 GWh per annum, in Kathmandu, to 50 GWh per annum in Butwal. Moreover, the total RPV potential from urban households of Nepal was estimated to be in the order 6.5 TWh per annum. As such, the findings of this paper can be used to make informed policy decisions about the future of Nepal’s energy mix.
Real-Time Switching Number Reduction SVM for a Two-Phase Motor Powered by Three-Level NPC Inverter
Authors: Beniak Ryszard , Górecki Krzysztof , Rogowski Krzysztof
Published: January 2023

A three-level neutral point clamped inverter with three phase legs is often used to power three-phase electrical motors. This type of multilevel inverter has its advantages over two-level inverters. The main advantages are lower harmonic distortion and less stress on motor windings. This three-level inverter can be also used as a power source for a two-phase induction motor. A one-phase induction motor with a starting capacitor and auxiliary windings is in fact a two-phase induction motor. In this article, we show that the switching number reduction method, previously presented for use with three-phase induction motors, can be used with two-phase motors as well, after some crucial modifications. The reduction of switching decreases the switching losses. The switching number reduction is obtained with modified space vector modulation using redundant voltage vectors. The method was simulated and then implemented on a prototype 3L-NPC inverter powering a one-phase induction motor with auxiliary windings. A switching number reduction of about 19% to 29% was obtained, depending on modulation parameters.
Investigation and Optimization of Fast Cold Start of 18650 Lithium-Ion Cell by Heating Film-Based Heating Method
Authors: Huang Heng , Zhou Zhifu , Gao Linsong , Li Yang , Liu Xinyu , Huang Zheng , Li Yubai , Song Yongchen
Published: January 2023

In this paper, based on the multi-scale multi-domain (MSMD) battery modeling approach, the NTGK model was used to model the 18650 cylindrical lithium-ion single battery on the electrochemical sub-scale. The model was successful, as it was able to fit the experimental voltage and temperature of the battery at different temperatures. Lithium-ion battery discharge capacity and energy output can be improved during cold starting by preheating and insulation, as demonstrated by a comparison of the impacts of heat transfer coefficient and preheating duration at −20 °C ambient temperature. For the traditional heating method, the heating model of heating film (HF) and liquid-cooled plate (LCP) is constructed in this paper, and the heating performance of both is compared by Fluent. Analysis of the energy balance of Li-ion battery at low temperatures has been presented, showing that Li-ion battery requires a suitable start-up temperature to maximize energy output. Taking care of the problem of excessive temperature difference inside the battery due to excessive heating power, we investigated the effects of axial thermal conductivity, heating power, and heating area on the heating uniformity of the battery in this paper. Finally, a multi-stage stepped power (MSP) heating method was proposed to improve the temperature control accuracy of HF. A level orthogonal test L16(43) without interaction was designed to determine the degree of influence of each parameter on the temperature control performance and the optimal level combination, revealing that the optimized maximum temperature and temperature control rate were reduced by 4.09% and 40.53%, respectively, when compared to direct heating.
Analysis and Evaluation of Methods Used in Measuring the Intensity of Bicycle Traffic
Authors: Kędziorek Piotr , Kasprzyk Zbigniew , Rychlicki Mariusz , Rosiński Adam
Published: January 2023

The work presents the methods of collecting and processing data with the use of devices used in individual measurement methods. Based on the collected video materials, the number of vehicles was determined, which at both measuring points actually exceeded each of the tested cross-sections of the bicycle path. More precise determination of the means of transport was divided into three categories: bicycles, electric scooters, and PT (personal transporters). The data collected with the use of each of the devices was properly processed and aggregated into a form that allows for their mutual comparison (they can be used to manage the energy of electric vehicles). Their greatest advantages and disadvantages were indicated, and external factors that had an impact on the size of the measurement error were identified. The cost of carrying out the traffic volume survey was also assessed, broken down into the measurement methods used. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and evaluate the methods used to measure bicycle traffic volume. Four different measurement methods were used to perform the practical part, which included such devices as a video recorder, microwave radar, perpendicular radar, and a meter connected to an induction loop embedded in the asphalt. The results made it possible to select a rational method for measuring the volume of bicycle traffic. The measurements carried out allow optimization of bicycle routes, especially for electric bicycles. The results indicate the method of physical counting of vehicles from video footage, thanks to which it is possible to achieve a level of measurement accuracy equal to 100%.
Design of a Repetitive Control for a Three-Phase Grid-Tied Converter under Distorted Grid Voltage Conditions
Authors: Straś Andrzej , Ufnalski Bartłomiej , Kaszewski Arkadiusz
Published: January 2023

The paper presents a design of repetitive control (RC) in the current control system of a three-phase grid-tied converter. The goal of the control system is to provide sinusoidal input filter currents under the conditions of distorted and asymmetrical grid voltage. A novel design of the RC is presented, in which the repetitive part is not excited by sharp and non-periodic changes of the reference signal, but it enables high-quality performance under periodic disturbance conditions. In the proposed system. RC cooperates with a discrete state feedback controller. An innovative approach to tuning is proposed in which parameters of the repetitive, as well as the state feedback controller, are selected as a result of the optimization process with the use of a particle swarm algorithm. The proposed control system is verified experimentally on a laboratory test bench. The achieved results confirm the high-quality system performance.
A New Method of Fault Localization for 500 kV Transmission Lines Based on FRFT-SVD and Curve Fitting
Authors: Saad Mohamed H. , Fouda Mostafa M. , Said Abdelrahman
Published: January 2023

The paper presents the Fractional Fourier Transform-Singular Value Decomposition (FRFT-SVD) method for the localization of various power system faults in a 200 km long, 500 kV Egyptian transmission line using sent end-line current signals. Transient simulations are carried out using Alternating Transient Program/Electromagnetic Transient Program (ATP-EMTP), and the outcomes are then examined in MATLAB to carry out a sensitivity analysis against measurement noises, sampling frequency, and fault characteristics. The proposed work employs current fault signals of five distinct kinds at nineteen intermediate points throughout the length of the line. The approach utilized to construct the localizer model is FRFT-SVD. It is much more effortless, precise, and effective. The FRFT-SVD is utilized in this technique to calculate 19 sets of indices of the greatest S value throughout the length of the line. The FRFT-SVD localizer model is also designed to be realistic, with power system noise corrupting fault signals. To generate fault curves, the curve fitting technique is applied to these 19 sets of indices. Reduced chi-squared and modified R-squared criteria are used to choose the best-suited curve. The proposed work results in a very precise localization, with only a 0.0016% average percentage error for fault localization and a maximum percentage error of 0.002% for the 200 km Egyptian transmission line. Finally, this work can be employed as a proper link between the nuclear power plant and the grid. The proposed method is an efficient fault distance estimation method that might contribute to creating a dependable transient-based approach to power system protection.
Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Modeling and Control of Heat Pipes: A Review
Authors: Olabi Abdul , Haridy Salah , Sayed Enas , Radi Muaz , Alami Abdul , Zwayyed Firas , Salameh Tareq , Abdelkareem Mohammad
Published: January 2023

Heat pipe systems have attracted increasing attention recently for application in various heat transfer-involving systems and processes. One of the obstacles in implementing heat pipes in many applications is their difficult-to-model operation due to the many parameters that affect their performance. A promising alternative to classical modeling that emerges to perform accurate modeling of heat pipe systems is artificial intelligence (AI)-based modeling. This research reviews the applications of AI techniques for the modeling and control of heat pipe systems. This work discusses the AI-based modeling of heat pipes focusing on the influence of chosen input parameters and the utilized prediction models in heat pipe applications. The article also highlights various important aspects related to the application of AI models for modeling heat pipe systems, such as the optimal AI model structure, the models overfitting under small datasets conditions, and the use of dimensionless numbers as inputs to the AI models. Also, the application of hybrid AI algorithms (such as metaheuristic optimization algorithms with artificial neural networks) was reviewed and discussed. Next, intelligent control methods for heat pipe systems are investigated and discussed. Finally, future research directions are included for further improving this technology. It was concluded that AI algorithms and models could predict the performance of heat pipe systems accurately and improve their performance substantially.
The Effect of the Stirring Speed on the In Vitro Dry Matter Degradability of Feeds
Authors: Tassone Sonia , Sarnataro Chiara , Glorio Patrucco Sara , Mabrouki Sabah , Barbera Salvatore
Published: January 2023

In vitro methods have been standardized and tested to correctly simulate the rumen environment and fermentation process. A few studies have verified that the feed degradability achieved as a result of stirring the samples is higher when the samples are incubated under continuous stirring than when they are only stirred twice daily. The objective of this study has been to verify the effect of the speed of stirring on feed degradability during In vitro incubation. For this purpose, the apparent and true dry matter degradability (ADMD and TDMD) of grass hay, pelleted alfalfa, corn silage, barley meal, straw, and a total mixed ration (TMR) were measured after 48 h of incubation in jars under different rotation speeds. The same types of feed were placed in the four jars of each instrument, and the rotation system of the machine was modified to ensure the simultaneous rotation of a pair of original jars (which sometimes stopped and/or rotated slowly and irregularly) together with a pair of modified jars under regular and continuous rotation. A rev counter data logger was mounted onto the jars, and the rotation speeds of the original and modified jars were measured and compared under different conditions (empty jars, jars with liquid, jars with rumen fluid, and sample bags). The modifications to the instruments stabilized the rotation of the jars, thereby making the stirring more regular during incubation. The degradability was partly influenced by the regular stirring, albeit with just one instrument, and for grass hay, barley meal, corn silage, and TMR. In short, it has been found that the regular stirring of sample bags is not essential to obtain reliable degradability measurement during incubation, although it is better to maintain a constant rotation to ensure a regular and standardized In vitro incubation process and therefore to allow reproducibility and comparisons of the results on feed degradability.
Extraction and Physico-Chemical Characterization of Pineapple Crown Leaf Fibers (PCLF)
Authors: Johny Vivek , Kuriakose Mani Ajith , Palanisamy Sivasubramanian , Rajan Visakh Kunnathuparambil , Palaniappan Murugesan , Santulli Carlo
Published: January 2023

Apart from the widely discussed pineapple leaf fibers, normally referred to as PALF, fibers from other parts of the plant also exist, particularly those in the fruit crown, which are known as pineapple crown leaf fibers (PCLF). In this work, PCLF were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results indicated that the properties of PCLF do not greatly differ from those observed for PALF. In particular, a cellulose content of over 67% was observed, with approximately 76% crystallinity. The main degradation phenomena of the fibers took place between 230 and 380 °C, peaking at 324 °C, which is in line with observations in other fibers which have similar cellulose and crystalline contents. There was 13.4% residue at 680 °C. Bare mechanical retting of PCLF, although not allowing a full and thorough degumming, which would only be achieved through more aggressive chemical treatment, enabled aspect ratios of over 103 to be obtained. This indicates some potential for their application as short fibers in composites. In this respect, the considerable roughness of PCLF when compared to other leaf-extracted fibers, and in particular when compared to PALF, could suggest an ability to obtain a sufficiently sound fiber–matrix interface.
Mining the A.E. Watkins Wheat Landrace Collection for Variation in Starch Digestibility Using a New High-Throughput Assay
Authors: Zafeiriou Petros , Savva George M. , Ahn-Jarvis Jennifer H. , Warren Frederick J. , Pasquariello Marianna , Griffiths Simon , Seung David , Hazard Brittany A.
Published: January 2023

Breeding for less digestible starch in wheat can improve the health impact of bread and other wheat foods. The application of forward genetic approaches has lately opened opportunities for the discovery of new genes that influence the digestibility of starch, without the burden of detrimental effects on yield or on pasta and bread-making quality. In this study we developed a high-throughput in vitro starch digestibility assay (HTA) for use in forward genetic approaches to screen wheat germplasm. The HTA was validated using standard maize and wheat starches. Using the HTA we measured starch digestibility in hydrothermally processed flour samples and found wide variation among 118 wheat landraces from the A. E. Watkins collection and among eight elite UK varieties (23.5 to 39.9% and 31.2 to 43.5% starch digested after 90 min, respectively). We further investigated starch digestibility in fractions of sieved wholemeal flour and purified starch in a subset of the Watkins lines and elite varieties and found that the matrix properties of flour rather than the intrinsic properties of starch granules conferred lower starch digestibility.
UPLC-QTOF-MS-Based Metabolomics and Antioxidant Capacity of Codonopsis lanceolata from Different Geographical Origins
Authors: Nam Miso , Jo Sae rom , Kim Young-Chan , Kim Min-Sun
Published: January 2023

Codonopsis lanceolata (C. lanceolata) has been commonly utilized as a therapeutic plant in traditional medicine. In this study, we examined variations in metabolites in C. lanceolata roots grown in different regions using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). Multivariate analysis showed that the metabolite profiles of plants grown in Hoengseong and Jeongseon were more similar to each other than to that of C. lanceolata grown in Jeju. Most primary metabolites were present at higher levels in C. lanceolata grown in Jeju. In contrast, C. lanceolata grown in Hoengseong and Jeongseon had high levels of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and triterpenoid saponins, respectively. In addition, the bioactive compound content and antioxidant capacity of in C. lanceolata grown in Hoengseong and Jeongseon were observed to be higher than those of C. lanceolata grown in Jeju. This study suggests that metabolomics is an effective approach to investigate the difference of metabolite profiling in C. lanceolata from different geographical origins, and is useful for evaluating its pharmacological potential.
Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) Fermenting Astragalus Polysaccharides (APS) Improves Calcium Absorption and Osteoporosis by Altering Gut Microbiota
Authors: Zhou Junhua , Cheng Jing , Liu Liu , Luo Jianming , Peng Xichun
Published: January 2023

Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) and Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) have each been shown to have anti-osteoporotic activity, and the aim of this study was to further investigate whether the LA fermenting APS was more effective in improving calcium absorption and osteoporosis than the unfermented mixed solution (MS). We found that the fermentation solution (FS) intervention improved the calcium absorption, BMD, and bone microarchitecture in osteoporotic rats and resulted in better inhibition of osteoclast differentiation markers ACP-5 and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and promotion of osteoblast differentiation marker OCN. This better performance may be due to the improved restoration of the relative abundance of specific bacteria associated with improved calcium absorption and osteoporosis such as Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, and UCG-005. Several key metabolites, including indicaxanthin, chlorogenic acid, and 3-hydroxymelatonin, may also be the key to the better improvement. In conclusion, the LA fermenting APS can better improve calcium absorption and osteoporosis by increasing active metabolites and altering gut microbiota. This finding should become a solid foundation for the development of LA fermenting APS in functional foods.
Online Extraction Followed by LC–MS/MS Analysis of Lipids in Natural Samples: A Proof-of-Concept Profiling Lecithin in Seeds
Authors: Borsatto João V. B. , Maciel Edvaldo V. S. , Cifuentes Alejandro , Lanças Fernando M.
Published: January 2023

Sample preparation is usually a complex and time-consuming procedure, which can directly affect the quality of the analysis. Recent efforts have been made to establish analytical methods involving minimal sample preparation, automatized and performed online with the analytical techniques. Online Extraction coupled with Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (OLE–LC–MS) allows a fully connected extraction, separation, and analysis system. In this work, the lecithin profile was investigated in commercial sunflower, almonds, peanuts, and pistachio seeds to demonstrate that the concept of extraction, followed by the online analysis of the extract, could be applied to analyze this class of analytes in such complex solid matrices without a prior off-line solvent extraction step. The extraction phase gradient method was optimized. Two different analytical columns were explored, one being a conventional C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm SPP) and the other a novel self-packed SIGO-C18ec (100 × 0.5, 5 µm FPP), which resulted in better separation. The analysis repeatability was investigated, and suggestions to improve it were pointed out. A characteristic ion with a m/z of 184, related to lysophosphatidylcholine structure, was used to identify the lecithin compounds. The temperature effect on the chromatograms was also explored. In short, it was found that the OLE–LC–MS approach is suitable for the analysis of lecithin compounds in seeds, being a promising alternative for lipidomics approaches in the near future.
Optimization of HS-SPME-GC-MS for the Determination of Volatile Flavor Compounds in Ningxiang Pork
Authors: Gao Hu , Yang Fang , Zhu Bangqiang , Yin Shishu , Fu Yawei , Li Yiyang , Liao Yinchang , Kang Meng , Zhang Yuebo , He Jun , Yin Yulong , Xu Kang
Published: January 2023

This study attempts to explore the suitable conditions for the detection of volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) in Ningxiang pork by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Ningxiang pigs were harvested from a slaughterhouse and a longissimus dorsi sample was collected from each animal. The VFCs of Ningxiang pork can be strongly impacted by the detection conditions (columns, weight of meat samples, heat treatment time, equilibrium conditions, and extraction conditions) that need to be optimized. Our results also provided the optimal test conditions: weighing 5 g of meat samples, grinding for 30 s in a homogenizer, heat treatment at 100 °C for 30 min, equilibration at 70 °C for 30 min, and extraction at 100 °C for 50 min. Furthermore, the feasibility and representativeness of the test method were confirmed based on principal component analysis and a comparison of the three pork VFCs. These findings offer researchers a unified and efficient pretreatment strategy to research pork VFCs.
Amelioration of Chilling Injury by Fucoidan in Cold-Stored Cucumber via Membrane Lipid Metabolism Regulation
Authors: Zhang Yupei , Lin Duo , Yan Ruyu , Xu Yunhe , Xing Mengying , Liao Shuyuan , Wan Chunpeng , Chen Chuying , Zhu Liqin , Kai Wenbin , Chen Jinyin , Gan Zengyu
Published: January 2023

Cucumber fruit is very sensitive to chilling injury, which rapidly depreciates their commodity value. Herein, the effect of fucoidan treatment on cucumber under cold stress were investigated. Fucoidan treatment of cold-stored cucumber alleviated the occurrence of chilling injury, delayed weight loss, lowered electrolyte leakage and respiration rate, and retarded malondialdehyde accumulation. Different from the control fruit, fucoidan treated fruit showed a high level of fatty acid unsaturated content, fatty acid unsaturation, and unsaturation index and increased ω-FDAS activity, along with upregulated expression levels of CsSAD and CsFAD genes. Fucoidan reduced the phosphatidic acid content and membrane lipid peroxidation, lowered the phospholipase D (PLD) and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, and downregulated the expression levels of CsPLD and CsLOX genes. Collectively, fucoidan treatment maintained the integrity of cell membrane in cold-stress cucumbers. The results provide a new prospect for the development of fucoidan as a preservative agent in the low-temperature postharvest storage of cucumbers.
Preparation, Identification and Application of β-Lactoglobulin Hydrolysates with Oral Immune Tolerance
Authors: Tian Linghan , Zhang Qianqian , Cong Yanjun , Yan Wenjie
Published: January 2023

To reveal, for the first time, the mechanism of T cell epitope release from β-lactoglobulin that induces oral immune tolerance, a strategy for the prediction, preparation, identification and application of β-lactoglobulin hydrolysate with oral immune tolerance was established using the bioinformatics method, hydrolysis, mass spectrometry, T cell proliferation assays and animal experiments. Some T cell epitope peptides of β-lactoglobulin were identified for the first time. The hydrolysates of trypsin, protamex and papain showed oral tolerance, among which the hydrolysates of protamex and papain have been reported for the first time. Although the neutral protease hydrolysate contained T cell epitopes, it still had allergenicity. The mechanism behind oral immune tolerance induction by T cell epitopes needs to be further revealed. In addition, the trypsin hydrolysate with abundant T cell epitopes was added to whey protein to prepare the product for oral immune tolerance. Overall, this study provides insights into the development of new anti-allergic milk-based products and their application in the clinical treatment of milk allergies.
The Interaction between Flavonoids and Intestinal Microbes: A Review
Authors: Xiong Hui-Hui , Lin Su-Yun , Chen Ling-Li , Ouyang Ke-Hui , Wang Wen-Jun
Published: January 2023

In recent years, research on the interaction between flavonoids and intestinal microbes have prompted a rash of food science, nutriology and biomedicine, complying with future research trends. The gut microbiota plays an essential role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and human health, but once the intestinal flora dysregulation occurs, it may contribute to various diseases. Flavonoids have shown a variety of physiological activities, and are metabolized or biotransformed by gut microbiota, thereby producing new metabolites that promote human health by modulating the composition and structure of intestinal flora. Herein, this review demonstrates the key notion of flavonoids as well as intestinal microbiota and dysbiosis, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding about how flavonoids regulate the diseases by gut microbiota. Emphasis is placed on the microbiota-flavonoid bidirectional interaction that affects the metabolic fate of flavonoids and their metabolites, thereby influencing their metabolic mechanism, biotransformation, bioavailability and bioactivity. Potentially by focusing on the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota as well as their metabolites such as bile acids, we discuss the influence mechanism of flavonoids on intestinal microbiota by protecting the intestinal barrier function and immune system. Additionally, the microbiota-flavonoid bidirectional interaction plays a crucial role in regulating various diseases. We explain the underlying regulation mechanism of several typical diseases including gastrointestinal diseases, obesity, diabetes and cancer, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and guideline for the promotion of gastrointestinal health as well as the treatment of diseases.