bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PATTERN AND DISTRIBUTION OF FATAL BLUNT INJURIES
Authors: Naheed Kishwar ` , Qasim Junaid Altaf , Qasim Altaf Pervez , Tariq Saeed Akbar , Bhatti Muhammad Amjad , Qasim Junaid Altaf
Published: August 2021

Background: Blunt weapon injury is a result of direct mechanical force andis contrasted with the edged weapons. Objectives: To find out the magnitude of deaths dueto blunt trauma in Faisalabad city and to determine the most frequent age group, manner ofdeath, gender distribution and the body parts commonly involved in unnatural deaths resultingfrom blunt injuries. Study Design: It is a retrospective and descriptive study based upon noninterventionalcross sectional and longitudinal data. Setting & Duration: Study was conductedin the Department of Forensic Medicine, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad for the periodof Seven years from 1st January, 2010 to 31st December, 2016. Materials and Methods: Fourhundred and ninety one corpses died of fatal blunt injuries brought for autopsy during statedperiod. Detailed scrutiny of autopsy record / police inquests related to all 491 deaths resultingfrom blunt trauma was done, the data collected on a predesigned proforma. The resultsprepared; Descriptive Statistics & Frequency Distribution was used to compute the findings.Results: Out of the total 491 fatalities caused by blunt injuries, 422 (85.94%) were males and 69(14.06%) females. Majority 118 (24%) were in the age group 20-29 years involving 102 males and16 females. Death toll due to fatal blunt injuries was highest in year 2011 involving one hundred& eighteen cases. The target area was head & chest in most of cases. Conclusion: Deaths dueto blunt trauma are frequently occurring in the city of Faisalabad and such cases have highreporting in tertiary care hospitals. The frequency of male is higher and youth belonging to 3rddecade of life are frequently involved. There should be proper law enforcement so the loss ofhuman life is minimized.
MAXILLARY SECOND MOLAR
Authors: Shafqat Amira , Munir Bader , Sajid Mustafa
Published: August 2021

Introduction: It is important for a dental practitioner to have a clear understandingof the root canal morphology and its variations to perform successful root canal treatment.The inability to identify and adequately treat all canals of root canal system may contribute tothe failure of root canal treatment. Objectives: Clinically determine the frequency or numbersof root canals per tooth in the maxillary second molar teeth in the local population. Setting:Department of Operative Dentistry in Punjab Dental Hospital / de`Montmorency College ofDentistry, Lahore. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Study Period: 25th May 2013 to24th November 2013 (6 months). Results: This was a Cross sectional survey of 80 patients withsymptomatic irreversible pulpitis in maxillary second molar teeth in patients undergoing rootcanal treatment. The results showed that five (6.25%) patients had single root canal, seventeen(21.25%) patients had 2 root canals, forty (50%) patients had 3 root canals, seventeen (21.25%)patients had 4 root canals and one (1.25 %) patient had 5 root canals per tooth. In patientwith five canals, single root canal was present in distobuccal and palatal root each while threeroot canals were present in mesiobuccal root as MB-1, MB-2 and MB-3 canal. Conclusion:Local population have a lot of variations in root canal anatomy in second molar. So preclinicalknowledge can increase the success rate of root canal treatment.
ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
Authors: Azeem Muhammad , Ahmad Aqeel , Haq Arfan ul
Published: August 2021

Introduction: The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was proposedby Brook and Shaw, included an Aesthetic portion having ten levels and a Dental HealthComponent (D-IOTN) with five levels. The aim of present cross sectional research was to applythe D-IOTN in Pakistani subjects visiting Orthodontic centres of Faisalabad Medical Universityand de’Montmorency College of Dentistry. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting:Orthodontic centres, Faisalabad Medical University and de’Montmorency Dental College.Period: From 1.3.2017 to 1.10.2017. Materials & Methods: D-IOTN was applied to subjectsusing clinical intraoral evaluation method in which patients were evaluated on dental chair tograde various aspects of D-IOTN. The intraoral examination was done for missing teeth, cleftsof lip and maxilla, impeded tooth eruption and sagittal molar relationship. Vernier calliper wasused to measure the horizontal and vertical overlapping of incisors, transverse cross bite anddisplacement of incisal or posterior segments of arch. Findings were collected and recorded ona predesigned D-IOTN Performa. Results: Results showed that 68 % of the subjects neededdefinite orthodontic treatment, out of which 55% were females and 45% were males. Nosignificant gender difference was found for treatment need in any of the grade of D-IOTN.DIOTNanalysis revealed: 15% (Grade 5), 53% (Grade 4), 16% (Grade 3), 14=% (Grade 2) and2% (Grade1) results.16 % of the subjects were found to be in moderate need of treatment, whileonly2 % were found to be having no orthodontic treatment need. Conclusion: It was concludedthat a high number of cases were in need of the orthodontic therapy.
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Authors: Altaf Benash , Khan Mohammad Behram , Aftaab Rana Khurram , Jawed Shireen , Salam Rana Muhammad Tahir , Amir Farah
Published: August 2021

Nutritional anemia is emerging health issue affecting all the age groups but moreprevalent among the youngsters due to poor eating habits and consumption of more junkfood which lacks essential ingredients. The aim is to determine the frequency of anemia andto find its association with junk food among medical students. Study Design: Cross sectionalstudy. Setting: Comprises of 100 students was conducted at Aziz Fatimah Medical and DentalCollege Faisalabad. Period: Six months, 01-01-2017 to 30-06-2017. Methodology: After ethicalapproval all relevant information including age, height, BMI, consumption of junk food andother dietary habits were taken on predesigned proforma. Hb levels were checked by Sahil’smethod in department of Physiology to evaluate the relation of anemia with junk food. Data wasanalyzed by SPPS 20. Results: Study also revealed that 55(49.1%) of the study participants wereconsuming junk food frequently. Among the junk food consumers 69.1% were anemic and theirhemoglobin levels were lower than non –consumers of junk food. Regression analysis showsnegative association between junk food and hemoglobin levels (P value 0.009). Conclusion:Anemia is frequently found in junk food consumers then non junk food consumers.
PROSTHODONTIC TREATMENT
Authors: Memon Farzana , Khatri Diya Ram , Memon Salwa
Published: August 2021

Objectives: This study was carried out to assess the clinical evaluation of thepreference for prosthodontics treatment modalities in the patients visiting at the Welfare OPD,Isra Dental College, Hyderabad. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Welfare OPD,Department of Prosthodontics at Isra Dental College, Hyderabad. Period: Six months, from Jan,2016 to June, 2016. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 191 patients belongingto both genders ranging in age from 10 years to the 60+ years, divided into six groups. Dataanalysis by distribution was performed according to the various kinds of prosthesis, includingremovable partial denture, removable complete denture, fixed partial denture, repair of RPD,immediate denture, lower CD & upper PD, obturator, upper CD & lower PD, relining of dentures,splints, over denture and provisional restorations. Data was analyzed via SPSS version 21.Descriptive statistics such as percentage, frequency distribution, cross tabulation and descriptivewere included in Data analysis. The level of significance was set at <0.05%. Results: This studyrevealed that the most of the patients were fell in group IV (41-50 years), which represents28.3% and the most common treatment were given RPD restoration (49.2%), followed by FPD(22.5%). Majority of the patients were prefer the RPD as 32 (34.0%) and 27 (28.7%) from the agegroup IV and III respectively while 13 (13.8%) patients were prefer RPD and 13 (30.8%) patientswere prefer FPD from the age group II. Out of 191 patients, 47 (50.0%) Males and 47 (50.0%)Females as well prefer the RPD while 26 (60.5%) females and 17 (39.5%) males were preferFPD as treatment modalities. Younger female patients preferred the FPD while with the increaseof age both genders prefer removable prosthesis. Conclusion: This study concludes that inthe treatment modalities, mostly patients preferred the removable partial denture, provisionalrestorations and removable complete denture. Younger patients preferred fixed partial dentureand removable partial denture as well.
HYDROCEPHALUS
Authors: Khan Muhammad Usman , Khan Bilal , Ullah Wefaq , Ullah Akram , Ali Mumtaz
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To know about the causes of hydrocephalus (HDC) among thedifferent age groups. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Department of neurosurgeryPGMI/LRH. Period: August 2012 to September 2013. Materials and Methods: The operativerecords and the admission records of all the patients who were admitted and operated duringthe study period were checked. All the patients undergoing surgery for hydrocephalus wereincluded in the study and those patients who had undergone surgery for other reasons wereexcluded from the study. Patient s who had a repeated surgery for hydrocephalus were alsoexcluded from the study as well as those who were re-admitted for shunt related or surgeryrelated complications. The age, gender, and the radiological diagnosis of hydrocephalus wasrecorded on a designed proforma. All the patients were grouped into two that is above andbelow 12 years. Etiology wise HDC was classified as either congenital, post-infectious, tumorrelated, post trauma or miscelenous. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version16. Results: A total of 634 admission for Hydrocephalus were reviewed. 387 patients fulfilledthe inclusion criteria. There were 209 males and 178 females. The age range was from 1 monthto 69 years and the mean age was 8±4.6 years. There were 67.67% of the patients in the groupI while 33.33% of patients in the Group II. There was almost equal distribution on in the groupII based on the age difference. The major causes in the group I were the congenital, postinfectious, and tumor related while in the group II the main causes were the PIH, post tumor andthe post hemorrhagic. Conclusion: The most common causes of the HDC in the pediatric agegroup are the congenital, PIH and tumor related. In adults the most common causes of the HDCare the PIH, post Hemorrhagic HDC and tumor related Hydrocephalus.
CURCUMA LONGA
Authors: Naz Sana , Irshad Faisal , Mawani Hina
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To analyze the hepatoprotective effects of Curcuma longa (CL)against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced chemical injury in experimental rats. Study Design:Experimental study. Setting: Indus Medical College in collaboration with Animal house of SindhAgriculture University Tando Jam. Period: March 2016 to August 2016. Methodology: Sixtyadult male rats were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Rats were dividedrandomly into 3 groups – as group A. controls, group B – received CCl4 and group C- receivedCCl4 + CL orally. Blood samples were taken after 4 weeks of therapy by cardiac puncture.5μ thick liver tissue sections were stained for light microscopy examination. Analysis of datawas performed on Statistix 9.0 (USA) at statistical significance of p-value ≤ 0.5. Results: Livercell biochemical markers of injury and histopathological examination show the Curcuma longais effective against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury (P <0.05). Liver histology wasimproved by the curcuma longa therapy. Conclusion: Liver aminotransferase and histologywere improved significantly by the curcuma longa therapy in carbon tetrachloride induced liverinjury.
DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
Authors: Irshad Faiza , Toor Rabia Sajjad , Hussain Madiha
Published: August 2021

Background: Zingiber Officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae family) is knownas Ginger. It is famous for its antioxidant properties. Objectives: To evaluate the effects ofGinger aqueous extract on the serum creatinine and paired kidney weight in Alloxan induceddiabetic nephropathy of albino rats. Study Design: Experimental study. Period: 06 months01-01-2013 to 30 June 2013. Setting: Anatomy Department, Sheikh Zayed, PGMI Lahore.Materials and Methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced with Alloxan intraperitoneally (150 mg/kg body weight) in Experimental groups B & C. Then the rats of experimental group C received200mg/kg body weight of ginger aqueous extract by gavage daily for five weeks starting from8th day after Alloxan injection. Results: Serum creatinine levels increased more in experimentalgroup B as compared to experimental group C. Group wise comparison of creatinine levelrevealed that the difference among control (A group) and experimental (B & C Groups) wassignificant having p-value <0.001. We observed that Paired kidney weight in experimentalgroup B increased as compared to control group A. Less increase in the paired kidney weightwas observed in experimental group C as compared to experimental group B. The differenceof mean paired kidney weight among three groups was significant having p-value <0.001.Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the co-treatment of Ginger aqueousextract prevented alloxan induced diabetic nephropathy in albino rats. The aqueous extract ofGinger showed amazing results on paired kidney weight.
PEDIATRIC UROLITHIASIS
Authors: Laghari Mubeena , Shaikh Fouzia , Murtaza Shazia
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To determine the biochemical composition and biochemical typesof childhood urolithiasis. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration: PediatricSurgery Department, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, and University ofSindh, Jamshoro over one year. Subjects & Methods: 30 pediatric cases urinary bladderurolithiasis were selected. Children of age few of ten years were selected. Any contaminationform bladder stone was removed by washing them in distilled deionized water. Stones weredried for an overnight in an oven at temperature of 100 0C. Dried stones were smashed intopieces. Biochemical analysis was performed by the FTIR spectroscopy (Nicolet Avatar 330FTIR spectrophotometer). Results were analyzed on the software SPSS 22.0 (95% confidenceinterval). Results: Mean age was 4.83 years (SD 2.81 years). Of 30 children, 80% (n=24) weremale and 20% (n=6) were female children. Male to female ratio of 4:1 was noted. 16.6% (n=5)were pure stone and 83.3% (n=25) were mixed stones. (P=0.0001). Biochemical analysisshowed the calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM)-ammonium hydrogen urate (AHU) was themost common urinary bladder stone. Conclusions: The pediatric urolithiasis shows the mostcommon type of urinary bladder stone was the calcium oxalate monohydrate–ammoniumhydrogen urate.
FEMORAL ARTERY PSEUDOANEURYSM
Authors: Akhtar Naveed , Ullah Shafeq , Sabir Muhammad
Published: August 2021

Introduction: “Mycotic aneurysms are defined as a localized, irreversible dilationof an artery due to destruction of the vessel wall by infection.” Intravenous (IV) drug abuse isan increasing social and health problem. Repeated punctures under septic conditions alongwith needle sharing habits among IV drug abusers result in various vascular complications.In addition, patients who present with these complications frequently have viral infections,which are hazardous to healthcare workers. Objectives: With these existing controversies ofoptimal surgical management of infected femoral artery pseudo aneurysm, we reviewed oursurgical technique used for their treatment and their clinical outcome, in a population of IVdrug abusers of Rahim Yar Khan. Study Design: Retrospective, descriptive study. Setting:Sheikh Zayed Medical College/ Hospital Rahim Yar Khan. Period: 2 years from 1-1-2015 to 31-12-2016. Material & Methods: Total 10 patients were included in this study. All patients weremanaged and operated in emergency ward. In all the patients we performed first external iliacligation and then excision of the sac and debridement of the wound. The protocol of this studyhas been approved by the ethical committee of the hospital. Results: In this 2 years study,10 patients were managed. Mean age was 22.5 years and age range from 18-28 years. Allpatients were young males and belong to low socioeconomic status. The duration of IV drugabuse was 2-3 years. A self-injection was the commonest mode of injection. All the infectedfemoral pseudo aneurysms were on the right side. 5 patients were hepatitis C virus (HCV) +veand 4 patients were hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) positive. Only one patient was humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. Five patients presented with oozing pulsating mass and5 patients with infected pulsatile mass. Right leg was survived in all the patients. There was noamputation. Conclusion: Ligation of the external iliac artery first then excision and debridementof the infected femoral artery pseudo aneurysms seems to be a safe procedure in IV drugabusers with low morbidity and no mortality. There was no amputation of the limb.
DEPRESSION
Authors: Ishtiaq Muhammad , Afridi Muhammad Imtiaz , - Imranullah , Khan Said Akbar
Published: August 2021

Prevalence & risk factors of depression among adult population of districtPeshawar. Background: Depression is one of the most common major mental illnesses andaffects 5% to 20% of the adult population and is related to many determinants. Objectives:To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of depression among the adult population. StudyDesign: A cross sectional descriptive study. Setting & Study Duration: The department ofcommunity medicine, Khyber medical college, Peshawar; among the adult population of districtPeshawar; from November 2016 to May 2017. Materials & Methods: A total of 410 adults, bothmale and female, of ages 18 and above years were selected from the District Peshawar; onthe basis of multistage probability sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was usedto collect data regarding the prevalence and risk factors of depression along with importantvariables. Data was analysed by Microsoft Office and SPSS, and results were presented intables. Results: Results showed that the prevalence of depression was 85.85%. Out of thetotal depression, 24.88% had positive medical history; 57.8% had tobacco smoking; 29.02 %had history of abuse or neglect; 60.24% had sleep problems; and 18.29% & 10.49% wereaffected by terrorism and flood respectively. Conclusions: It was concluded that the prevalenceof depression among the adult population of district Peshawar was high and shows strongassociation with predisposing determinants. Moreover, whole population needs to be screento estimate the accurate prevalence and to treat high burden of mental illnesses among thecommunity.
CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS B;
Authors: - Nasreen , Channa Aqeel Ahmed , Memon Abdul Raheem , Ali Shah Syed Zulfiquar , Iqbal Muhammad
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To determine the frequency of liver fibrosis by non invasive markerin patients with chronic viral hepatitis B. Study Design: Cross sectional clearly investigate aboutchronic viral hepatitis population. Setting: Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. Period: Sixmonths, 09-Jan-2014 to 08-July-2014. Patients and Methods: All the patients of 16-50 years ofage, of either gender with chronic viral hepatitis B infection for more than 6 months duration wereadmitted and evaluated for liver fibrosis through non invasive marker (APRI). The SPSS was usedto manipulate the data. Results: During six month study period, total 140 patients with chronicviral hepatitis B infected patients were evaluated for liver fibrosis. Majority of patients were fromurban areas 112/140 (80%). The mean ±SD for age of patients with chronic viral hepatitis Binfection was 37.95±9.77. The mean age ±SD of hepatic fibrotic patients was 35.72±7.62.The mean ±SD for age of male and female population was 35.83±8.74 and 33.83 ± 6.53respectively. The mean ± SD for APRI score in hepatic fibrotic subjects was 1.31±0.31 while inrelation to liver fibrotic male and female patients it was 0.91±0.21 and 1.00±0.32 respectively.Majority of the subjects were 30-39 years of age and the male population predominant (p=0.02)whereas the liver fibrosis was identified in 89/140 (63.5) [p=<0.01] as far as gender distributionis concerned. Conclusion: APRI may be used as a simple and readily available tool for thediagnosis of significant fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B.
IRON DEFICIENT MOTHERS;
Authors: Naeem Ayesha , Chattha Mazhar Nazir , Qaisar Abdul Matin
Published: August 2021

Background: Anaemia is nutritional deficiency disorder which is very commonin developed countries and related with inauspicious maternal and perinatal outcome. Itsprevalence in pregnancy is about 50-80% in Pakistan. It is a risk element for low iron stores inbabies, preterm delivery, foetal anaemia, low birth weight as well as stillbirth. Objectives: Todetermine the frequency of low iron store in babies born to iron deficient mothers and effectof maternal anaemia on newborn weight and cord haemoglobin. Study Design: Prospectiveobservational study. Setting: Government Sardar Begum Hospital Sialkot. Period: 1st January2017 to 30th June 2017. Materials and Methods: 160 pregnant women delivering for antenataland haemoglobin as well as weight of newborn babies, which was entered in computer softwareSPSS version 20. Results: Out of 160 mothers, 143 (89.37%) were anaemic. Out of 160 babies,127 (79.37%) of babies had anaemia. The mean haemoglobin among babies was 12.9±2.01 g/dL. Conclusion: A notable positive correlation with maternal haemoglobin and newborn weightand cord haemoglobin.
WOUND DEHISCENCE;
Authors: Tahir Ammrah , Hameed Ansari Muhammad Sajid , Khan Abdul Waheed
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To compare the continuous and interrupted closure in term offrequency of wound dehiscence in emergency midline laparotomy incision. Study Design:Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Surgical Unit-I, Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Period: From15th March 2014 to 15th November 2014. Material and Methods: Two hundred patients werediagnosed clinically by taking thorough history and examinations were included. Fascial layerof wound of the patients sampled for group A was closed with interrupted mass closure withprolene no.1 whereas in group B was closed by continuous mass closure with prolene no1. All included patients were kept nothing by mouth. Resuscitation was done with, ringerslactate and blood transfusion if needed until adequate urine output (0.5 ml/kg/hr). Base lineinvestigations were done. After resuscitation and giving preoperative antibiotics, patients wereexplored through mid-line incision. Obvious source of contamination was dealt with accordingly.Variables wound were examined daily for any sign of dehiscence. Temperature pulse wasmeasured daily along with surgical site examination for any kind of discharge, stitches cutthrough and gut visibility through wound. In case of no complication patient was discharged ontenth postoperative day, which was the end point of study. Results: There were 61 (61%) malesand 39 (39%) females in group A, while in group B, 63 (63%) males and 37 (37%) females withmean ages of patients were 39.77+10.16 and 38.61+9.75 respectively. The wound dehiscencewere found 7 (7%) in Group-A and 18(18%) in Group-B while remaining 93 (93%) in Group-Aand 82 (82%) in Group-B had no morbidity statistically (p<0.01). Conclusion: It is concludedthat wound dehiscence is significantly higher in continuous closure as compare to interruptedclosure for emergency midline laparotomy incision for generalized peritonitis.
PREVIOUS LOWER SEGMENT CESAREAN SECTION;
Authors: Tabassum Sobia , Sabir Arshia , Ul Haq Hafiz Muhammad Anwar , Ul Haq Hafiz M Ejaz
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To find out safe mode of delivery for patients with previous lowersegment Cesarean Section. Study Design: Descriptive analytical study. Setting: Departmentof Obs and Gynae, Civil Hospital, Bahawalpur. Period: From June 2017 to November 2017.Material and Methods: 200 women with previous lower segment Cesarean section. Womenscheduled for trial of scar were closely observed for evidence of either maternal or fetal distress.Results: Out of 200 patients, 54 (27%) delivered vaginally. Most common indication for repeatCesarean was previous Cesarean followed by CPD & Fetal distress. Conclusion: Properlyselected cases of previous one Cesarean section, the chances of having a successful vaginaldelivery could be as high as 63%.
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME;
Authors: Ali Bhatti Nida Anwar
Published: August 2021

Objectives: Impact of eclectic therapy in treating irritable bowel syndrome. Aimsand Scope: To highlight the importance of Eclectic approach in order to form an ideal therapeuticplan to encounter specific needs of the patient with psychiatric illness. Background: Patientwas 22 years old young adult. Younger in family, raised in strict environment. Father had highexpectations with him, used to compare him with others. On his failures he used to discouragehim due to which client started to suppress his emotions. Client since two months began to havecomplaints of irritable bowel syndrome, his medical reports showed no signs of any physicalillness. Intervention and Plan: Client’s psychological evaluation through psychometrics placedhim in the category of “mild depressive disorder”. His emotional suppressions and low selfesteemwere the main reasons of “irritable bowel syndrome”. Eclectic therapy was utilized suchas: family psycho-education, individual therapy, ABC model of CBT, problem solving strategies.Results: Client gradually started to open up with his emotional problems, family counselingplayed a role in modifying his parents’ way of dealing with him. Both father and client began tohave healthy relations with each other. He started to sort his emotional complaints and otherlife problems. He gradually and efficiently became mentally relaxed and recovered his irritablebowel syndrome. Conclusion: It was concluded that eclectic therapy successfully helps clientsto achieve the solution of their psychological occurrence of symptoms and allows them toimprove successfully.
ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION;
Authors: Hassan Syed Shah , Sherazi Sarah , Zunnoor Syed Ahmad , Shafique Muhammad Nadeem , Hussain Mujahid
Published: August 2021

Objective: To assess the knowledge of Zika virus infection in gynecologistsand pediatricians Study Design: Cross sectional. Setting: Tertiary care public hospitalsincluding Sardar Begam, and Allama Iqbal Memorial Hospitals, Sialkot; Services Institute ofMedical Sciences and Jinnah Hospital, Lahore; and Pakistan Air Force Hospital, Islamabad(Pakistan). Period: July to December, 2016. Method: Calculation of sample size using p =0.5 (inavailability of secondary data) in n = z2pq/d2 was followed by convenience samplingbasedrecruitment of the specialists. An indigenously developed questionnaire (Cronbach’s α= 0.79) was administrated to each subject for recording sociodemographic and professionalinformation; and self-reporting to 12 close-ended items on Zika virus infection (ZVI) in women;and microcephaly in newborns. The knowledge was categorized as adequate/inadequate.Results: Overall 172 respondents included (response rate = 97.2%); and substantially higherrate i.e. ≥ 91.9% was found against each of the correct options. Consequently, 94.8% (n= 163) of them showed adequate knowledge (score 10-12 out of possible total = 12) onthe infection and microcephaly. The knowledge had insignificant association with any of thesociodemographic/professional variables e.g. specialty (p ˃ 0.05; χ2 test). Similarly, post hocmultiple comparisons using Tukey’s HSD test revealed insignificant difference among themean values of score (p ˃ 0.05) in 3 occupational positions viz. Foundation doctors (M =11.29, SD = 1.13), trainee doctors (M = 11.26, SD = 0.81), and consultants (M = 11.40, SD= 0.82). Conclusion: Gynecologists and pediatricians had adequate level of the infection andmicrocephaly-related knowledge; though lack disease-oriented attitude and practical handling.
HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C;
Authors: Billah Mustansar , Raza Shah Syed Muhammad , Hashir Muhammad Mujtaba
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To determine the frequency of HBV and HCV among blood donorscoming voluntarily at the blood bank of Ibne- Siena hospital and research centre, Multan,Pakistan, to ascertain the disease burden in the community for their future prevention andcontrol. Study Design: It was a descriptive, cross- sectional study on blood units donated byhealthy individuals coming voluntarily for blood donation, and willing to get their blood testedfor HBV, HCV. Setting: Community medicine department of Multan medical and dental collegeMultan, and blood bank of affiliated tertiary hospital, Ibn-e- Siena hospital Multan. Period: Sixmonths period from Jan 2016 to June 2016. Materials and Methods: Data of the blood donorswas collected. Present study was based on previous well maintained records of hospital bloodbank. During the reported period, a total of 1195 blood donors attended the blood bank, andthey all were screened for HBsAg and anti-HCV. SPSS- 16 was used to analyze the data, fordetermination of frequencies of Hepatitis- B, and C according to the age and gender. Results:Total numbers of blood donors were 1195. 1191 were males, and 4 were females. All thefemales were negative for both HBV, and HCV. Males positive for HBV were 18 (1.5 %), andthose Positive for HCV were 27 (3.2%).
PRETERM LABOUR
Authors: Ashraf Saima , Parveen Shahida , Alam Shahzad
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To determine the frequency of hypomagnesaemia in women withpreterm labour. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Settings: Department of obstetrics &gynaecology Nishtar Hospital Multan. Duration of Study: From 10th November 2016 to 10th May2017. Subject and Methods: A total of 219 pregnant women with singleton pregnancy, pretermlabour and parity 1 – 4 were included in the study. Women with history of diabetes, hypertensionsmoking and polyhhydramnious amniotic fluid index (AFI)>25 cm on ultrasound were excluded.Venous blood was drawn from entire subjects to evaluate the serum magnesium level and sentimmediately to laboratory for analysis venous blood samples were obtained by venepunctureand collected in lithium heparin specimen bottles. Data was collected for hypomagnesaemia.Results: Age range in this study was from 20 to 40 years with mean age of 30.356±3.60 years,mean parity 1.936± 0.96, mean gravida 2.936 ± 0.96, mean gestational age 32.000±2.25weeks and mean BMI was 27.337 ± 1.67 kg/m2. Majority of the patients were from 20 – 30 years(51.1%). History of preterm delivery was 17.4%. Majority of patients belong to middle economicstatus (66.2%). Hypomagnesaemia was seen in 37.9% patients. Conclusion: it is concludedthat low serum magnesium (hypomagnesaemia) is associated with preterm onset of labour.Maternal hypomagnesaemia may be used as a predictor of preterm labour.
VAGINAL DISCHARGE
Authors: Hanif Aasma , Chaudhry Rahila Farhat , Bashir Munazzah
Published: August 2021

Objective: To find out the causative organisms of vaginal discharge inreproductive age. Study Design: A descriptive case study. Setting: Department of Obstetricsand Gynaecology, Independent University Hospital Faisalabad. Duration of Study with Dates:One year from 01-01-2012 to 31-12-2012. Subjects and Methods: A total of 369 patients wereincluded in this study One swab for wet mount to see clue cells, pus cells, budding yeastcells and locomotory effect of Trichomoas vaginalis and to see growth by gram staining inpathology department and reported by pathologist. Results: Mean age of the participents was29.66±6.40 years. In 369 patients, 356 (96.5%) were married while remaining 13 patients (3.5%)were unmarried. Frequencies of different organisms responsible for vaginal discharge amongwomen of reproductive age were as follows: candidiasis 114 (30.9%), bacterial vaginosis 182(49.4%), trichomonal infection 22 (6.0%), gonococcal vulvovaginitis 9 (2.4%) and genital herpesnoted in 2 (0.5%). Remaining 40 patients (10.8%) were normal. Conclusion: Vaginal dischargeis a common complaint in Gynae outpatients. In our study, the frequency of bacterial vaginosiswas highest. Remaining causes are negligible except candidiasis.
TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Ahmed Ijaz , Jahangir Umer , Talat Humaira , Akhund Fatima
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a syndrome with disordered metabolismand inappropriate hyperglycemia due to either deficiency of insulin secretion or combinationof insulin resistance and inadequate insulin. Infections constitute the main bulk of cutaneousmanifestations of diabetes mellitus with incidence ranging between 20–50%. Bacteria andfungi can cause infective complications involving skin and nails of the diabetic patients. Themajor share of infections in Diabetes Mellitus is contributed by bacteria. The most commoncausative organisms are Staphylococcus aurous and beta-hemolytic Streptococci. Objective:to determine the frequency of cutaneousbacterial Infections in patients with type II DiabetesMellitis, attending outpatient clinic in a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross sectionalstudy. Setting: Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Dr. Ziauddin University Hospital,KDLB Campus, Karachi. Period: 1st January 2017 till 31st March 2017 over a period of threemonths. Material and methods: Adult patients already diagnosed to be suffering from type 2Diabetes Mellitis presenting with cutaneous manifestations were included in the study. Patientsfulfilling the selection criteria were enrolled after an informed consent. Relevant laboratoryinvestigations were advised where required. Current study targeted bacterial infections onlyand Chi-square test was used to determine P value. Data obtained was compiled, tabulatedand analyzed by SPSS. Result: Total of 302 cases of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitis having somecutaneous manifestations were enrolled. There were 124 (41%) males and 178 (59%) females.Mean age of presentation was 50 ± 11 years, the age range being 30-80 years. The meanduration of diabetes was 8.5 ± 7 years (range being 1-30 years). Unsatisfactory glycemic controlwas present in 205 (68%) patients. Among the enrolled subjects bacterial infections were themost frequently seen skin disease accounting for 79 patients (26%). Among the patients withthese bacterial infections uncontrolled Diabetes was a feature in 61 (77%). The breakup ofbacterial infections (59) in the descending order of frequency stood as follows: cellulitis 22(28%), carbuncle 17 (21%), furuncle 14 (18%), ecthyma 13 (16%), folliculitis 09 (12%), andimpetigo 04 (5%). Conclusion: Cutaneous infections are a common feature in patients withType II Diabetes Mellitis, bacterial infections being the most common.
ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Brohi Gul Hassan , Memon Shahzeb Rasool , Shahani Muhammad Yaqoob , Memon Samreen , Bano Umbreen
Published: August 2021

Background: Death and morbidity are commonly occurred worldwide due toheart diseases and are becoming an increasingly important problem in the developing countriesincluding Pakistan. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) serves as a good assessmenttool to document beneficial effects of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program in cardiac patients.Objectives: To evaluate the effect of short-term CR program on LVEF in patients with myocardialinfarction (MI). Study Design: Cross sectional and Case series study. Setting: Departments ofCardiology, Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Period: 1st January 2014 to 30th June 2014.Methods: 100 patients of less than 75 years of age with acute uncomplicated anterior wall oranterolateral wall MI, inferior and RV MI. Cases were randomized into two groups of age andsex matched 50 patients each. Group I (study group) patients were administered secondaryprevention advice and were started on the CR exercise protocol, Group II (control group) patientswere administered secondary prevention advice only. Results: At baseline, LVEF was 42.5% inthe study group and 41.4% in the control group patients and was statistically comparable. After10 weeks study group showed the LVEF of 47.78% and control group had LVEF of 42.26%. Thedifferences are being statistically significant. Conclusion: Significant improvement in LVEF inpatients who had been engaged in CR program besides the secondary prevention strategieswhen compared with the control group patients who followed secondary prevention strategiesonly. The present study is amplify the beneficial effects of simple CR program, which additionallyimproves the key cardiac parameters like LVEF in the recovery period.
DENGUE FEVER
Authors: Zeb Rifaq , Ahmed Mian Saad , Zeb Junaid
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To note ultrasound findings in patient of Dengue Fever in pediatricage group and to find relation between ultrasonographic findings and severity of diseasein terms decrease in platelets. Study Design: Cross sectional descriptive study. Setting:Department of Pediatric Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Period: August 2017 to Dec 2017.Methodology: Data was collected randomly from 183 patients using pre designed questionnaireby interviewers for biodata, ultrasonography for radiological findings and analyzed by SPSS21.0. Mean ± standard deviation was calculated for numerical variables like age where as forcategorical variables frequency and percentage was calculated. Results: In the study 56.3%were males while 43.7% were recorded as females with mean age of 6.53 ± 3.40 Years. 18.6%showing anti-dengue serology (IgG & IgM) positive while 94.5% subjects showed positive NS-1,in other investigations 87% had thrombocytopenia in different categories with mild > moderate> severe. In the ultrasongraphic findings hepatomegaly and spleenomegaly shared maximumnumbers of 28.4% while Ascites 23.5%, Pleural Effusion 7.1% & Gall Bladder thickness 7.1%.A P-Value of ≤0.05 was found when all these ultrasonographic findings were correlated withseverity of disease in terms of decrease in numbers of platelets. Conclusion: DEN Virus iscommon most disease in our part of world. This study shows maximum number of patients withNS-1 shows hepatomegaly and spleenomegaly in ultrasonographic changes and the positiverelation has been shown between decrease in platelets count with ultrasonographic findings.
SORE THROAT
Authors: Ali Liaqat , Khan Sabir , Israr Haroon , Furqan Aamir
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To compare the effect of ketamine nebulization and ketamine gargleon post operative sore throat. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Setting: Department ofAnaesthesia Ibn e Sina Hospital. Multan and National, Lahore. Period: May 2016 to May 2017.Methodology: After provision form ethical committee and informed consent to be included instudy. Patients of age 20-60 years, ASA status I and II, elective surgeries under GA and both sexwere included in the study through consecutive sampling technique. SPSS software was used toanalyze all variables included in the study continuous variables were measured and presentedas mean and standard deviation, categorical measurement were measured in numbers andpercents. Chi square test was applied to check the difference among both groups. P value ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Overall, 100% (n=160) patients were included, inthis study; divided into two equal groups, 50% (n=80) in each, gargled ketamine group (GKgroup) and nebulization group (NK group) respectively. The incidence of postoperative sorethroat at 0, 2, 4, and 24 hours, in GK group, was (n=8) 40%, (n=4) 20%, (n=3) 15% and (n=3)15%respectively. While, at corresponding time point in group NK it was (n=1) 5%, (n=7) 35%,(n=4) 20% and (n=2) 10%respectively. Conclusion: The observations of our study revealedthat ketamine nebulization and ketamine gargles having no significant difference in reductionof POST incidence.
DENGUE FEVER
Authors: Sharif Ammarah , Hamid Ambareen , Naeem Romaisa , Rafique Humera , Naveed Asif
Published: August 2021

Background: Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-transmitted disease caused bythe dengue virus, an enveloped, single stranded RNA virus of flaviridae family. DF is widelydistributed in many countries of southeast and southern Asia, Central and South America, andthe Western Pacific regions. Dengue fever (DF) has emerged as an epidemic in Pakistan forthe past few years. Objectives: To identify the predictive factors for spontaneous bleedingmanifestations in Dengue fever. Study Design: Descriptive case series. Settings: Pathologydepartment of King Edward Medical University and affiliated hospitals (Mayo Hospital andLady Aitchison Hospital). Study Period: Four months of dengue epidemic July-October 2011.Material and Methods: This study included 125 patients with DF. Patients with spontaneousbleeding were identified. Coagulation profile (including platelet count, prothrombin time(PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were recorded in each group (Withand without bleeding). Results: Spontaneous bleeding during dengue fever occurred in53(42.4%) patients. The mean coagulation profile in patients of dengue fever with and withoutspontaneous bleeding was as follows: platelets (91.28±26.64X109/L versus 112.10±17.12 X109/L, p<0.05), PT (15.72±2.42 versus 14.47±3.70 seconds, P>0.05), and APTT (41.0±24.00versus 36.65±4.65 seconds), p<0.05). Conclusions: Frequency of spontaneous bleeding inDF was high. A raised APTT and lower platelets counts was found in patients of dengue feverwith bleeding as compared to non bleeders while no difference in PT levels in both groups.
APPENDECTOMY
Authors: Pathan Nazeer Ahmed , Shaikh Abdul Aziz , Shaikh Manzoor Ali
Published: August 2021

Objectives: Investigating unusual incidental findings in appendectomyspecimens by histopathological examination. Study Design: Observational study. Place &Duration: Department of Pathology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences fromJanuary 2014 to March 2016. Subjects & Methods: 300 appendectomy specimens wereinvestigated. Biodata of patients on Pathological proforma and specimens was noted. 3- 5 μtissue sections of appendectomy were stained with H & Eosin stain for microscopy. Data wasanalyzed on SPSS version 22.0 (USA) at 95% CI (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Male to female ratiowas 3.61:1 (P=0.0001). Mean (± SD) age was 19.5±5.7 years. Acute appendicitis was notedin 57.66% of specimens. Unusual histopathological findings noted were adenocarcinoma,endometriosis, Crohn`s disease, carcinoid tumors and Enterobius vermicularis. Conclusion:Unusual incidental findings emphasize the importance of histopathological examination ofappendectomy specimen for proper diagnosis and timely intervention.
INCISIONAL HERNIA SURGERY
Authors: Liaquat Ammara , Ahmad Rizwan , Liaquat Amna
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To evaluate the postoperative complication of different incisionalhernia repair techniques; preperitoneal repair, onlay repair, and laparoscopic IPOM. StudyDesign: Randomized control trial. Setting: Multan Medical and Dental College Multan. Period:One year duration from June 2016 to June 2017. Methodology: Collected data was analyzedby using SPSS statistical software), mean and standard deviation was calculated for continuousdata and frequencies with percentages (%) were calculated and presented for qualitative data.P value ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Total 90 patients enrolled in this study,both genders. There were 65.6% (n=59) men and 34.4% (n=31) women. Patients who weretreated with preperitoneal repair were able to perform forceful activities in earlier time whencompared to those who were treated with onlay repair at 11th weeks. The differences werestatistically significant. Conclusion: The observations of our study revealed that LaproscopicIPOM was found to be effective and easy for patient compliance and level of satisfaction interms of CCS scoring system with regard to occurrence of complications, appearance of theabdominal wall without laxity in a single sitting and to resume daily activities.
SPINAL STENOSIS
Authors: Ahmad Saeed , Hussain Haseeb , Ahmed Ashfaq , Akram Rizwan , Ahmed Ijaz , Javed Shahzad , Ahmad Naeem , Aziz Amer
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Spinal stenosis causing lower back pain and radiculopathy andit is the most common cause of patient admission at Spine centre as compared to other spinepathologies. Most common complaint in the Spine outpatient department or hospital admissionsDifferent modalities have been applied with time for its management. Among them Epiduralsteroid injection is also. Objectives: “To Compare three doses of epidural steroid injection withsingle dose of epidural steroid injection for Lumbar Radicular pain in spinal stenosis patients.”Study Design: Prospective study. Setting: Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.Period: Jan 2016 to Dec 2016. Materials and Methods: 95 patients with lumbar radicular paindue to spinal stenosis were randomly allocated into 2 groups. In Group A, 42 patients were given120 mg of Depo-medrol (40 mg per day for 3 days) along with local anesthesia and in group B,43 patients were given 40 mg of Depo-medrol with local anesthesia as a single dose. Both GroupA and Group B were matched in terms of age and gender. On visual analogue scoring, pain wasassessed after 2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months. Results: In Group A (3 doses of depomedrol)VAS improvement at 2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months were more than group B (single dose ofdepomedrol) which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). There were no major complicationslike epidural hematoma or abscess formation in both groups. The overall minor complicationslike flushing, transient hyperglycemia and headache due to CSF hypotension were more inGroup A than Group B but statistics shows no significant difference. All the adverse eventsresolved within few days without any significant morbidity and subsequent hospitalizations.Conclusion: Epidural steroid injection is excellent modality in the treatment of lower back painwith radiculopathy. Moreover 3 doses have greater effect in relieving pain as compared to singledose. There is no increase risk of complications by increasing dose.
OSTEOPOROSIS
Authors: Rehman Dureshewar , Perven Naila , Abdul Haq Aisha
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To establish a relation between changes in height of body ofmandible on Orthopantomogram (OPG) X-ray with Dual Energy X- ray Absorptiometry (DXA)scan of femoral neck and spine to see whether or not the OPG X-ray can be employed asearly detector and as a screening tool for osteoporosis. Study Design: Cross sectional study.Setting: Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi Pakistan. Period: December 2011 to March2013. Methods: A sample of 174 females aged 25 to 85 years were divided into premenopausal(Group I) and postmenopausal (Group II) groups. Each group was subdivided into normal (preA, post A), osteopenic, (pre B, post B) and osteoporotic, (pre C, post C) groups by DXA Scan.Mandibular morphological changes seen on OPG X-ray in subgroups of Group I were comparedwith each other and with subgroups of Group II. The parameters that were considered on OPGX-ray were height of body of mandible at inner angle of jaw (HA) and at mental foramen (HF).One Way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and T-test were applied to evaluate intragroup andintergroup significance respectively. Results: The reduction in height at angle (HA) and heightat foramen (HF) showed that there was decrease in the height of body which was a measure ofboth osteoporosis and age. Conclusion: A simple and cost effective method of screening wasestablished.