bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF JEALOUSY ON MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE DATERS
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Pudowski Bernard C.
Published: May 2006

Jealousy within a relationship tends to diminish the relationship and might ultimately lead to its loss. The present study was concerned with the influence of jealousy on male and female college daters. It centered on the effect of jealousy on the jealous dating partner. It focused
on how the partner felt as he or she was experiencing the jealousy toward the other person. The results indicated the effect of jealousy on the male and female dating partners tended to be associated with feelings of loss of affection, rejection, insecurity, anxiety, semantics, insincerity,
inadequacy, low self-esteem, suspiciousness, and rivalry.
ATTITUDES TOWARD CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: A FUNCTION OF LEADERSHIP STYLE, GENDER AND PERSONALITY
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Oliver Carrie L.
Published: May 2006

A survey of attitudes towards capital punishment was undertaken to investigate the opinions upheld by 126 first-year male and female university students. Subjects were divided into one of four leadership groups according to their scores on the Leadership Ability Evaluation. A two-way analysis of variance was used to examine subjects' attitudes towards capital punishment on the basis of gender and leadership style. The Autocratic-Submissive and Autocratic-Aggressive leadership grounds were found to have significantly harsher attitudes towards capital punishment from the Laissez-faire leadership group. No significant gender differences were found for this variable. Evaluation of personality with the California Psychological Survey showed that tolerance and attitude toward capital punishment were significantly correlated. The lower the subject's tolerance, the harsher the attitude toward capital punishment.
SELF-EVALUATIONS INVOLVED IN GOAL SETTING AND TASK PERFORMANCE
Authors: Hinsz Verlin B. , Matz David C.
Published: May 2006

Reactions from individuals having high (>50%) and low (<50%) evaluations of their relative ability on a task are compared. Low evaluation individuals had lower self-esteem as compared to the high evaluation group. The low evaluation group also had lower self-efficacy
on the task, set lower goals, and had a lower expectation that they would attain the goal than the high evaluation group. In addition, the low evaluation group had less positive attitudes and lower commitment toward attaining the goal. Perhaps as a consequence of the poor evaluations, the
low evaluation group had lower task performance and continued to have lower self-esteem subsequent to task performance.
JUDGMENT OF CONTINGENCY: CONTRAST AND ASSIMILATION, DISPLACEMENT OF JUDGMENTS, AND SELF-EFFICACY
Authors: Clark Steven C. , Benassi Victor A.
Published: May 2006

College students who judged extreme contingency problems (100% or 0%) and then midscale problems (50%) produced a contrast effect whereas students who judged more moderate contingency problems (67% or 33%) and then the same midscale problems did not.
In addition, students in the 100%–50% and 67%–50% experimental conditions showed greater judgmental displacement from their anchoring judgments than participants in the 0%–50% and 33%–50% conditions. We attribute
this finding to the psychological function for the judgment of contingency which indicates that a 50% contingency problem is typically judged to be less than its objective contingency. In general, people show less judgmental sensitivity among contingencies below about .5 than among
those above this value. This reduced sensitivity indicates that judgments among low levels of contingency are more difficult than judgments among high levels of contingency. Some self-efficacy research suggests that self-efficacy may be related to performance on difficult tasks but not easy
tasks. In our experiment self-efficacy was related to judgmental displacement for students in the more difficult 0%–50% and 33%–50% conditions and was not related to judgmental displacement for students in the more easy 100%–50% and
67%–50% conditions.
PUPILS' EXPERIENCES OF SCHOOL AND FAMILY LIFE. A COMPARISON BETWEEN ESTONIA AND RUSSIA
Authors: Andersson Egil
Published: May 2006

In spite of common regime under the Soviet Union, Russia and Estonia have different traditions and cultural backgrounds, which may influence the parents' upbringing of the children.The focus of this study is teenagers' perception of their upbringing and the perceived demands
on them from adults as well as from peers. In total 1.040 pupils, ranging in age from 12 to 14, took part. Of these, 548 were from Estonia and 492 from Russia. The pupils answered a questionnaire including questions about interests, parents' demands, schoolwork and social relations with
their families and with their peers. Factor analyses of data were made separately for the two countries as well as for the whole study and the pupils' answers in Estonia and Russia were compared, with country and sex as independent variables. Some of the results indicate cultural differences
as well as differences in external living conditions.
THE EFFECTS OF EMOTION ON BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION: ANOTHER LOOK AT THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
Authors: Millar Murray G.
Published: May 2006

Research examining the performance of breast self-examination (BSE) has been guided primarily by belief models (e.g., Health Belief Model (HBM)) that focus on cognition. In this paper it was hypothesized that emotional responses, in addition to beliefs, would have an important impact
on BSE frequency. To test this hypothesis the participants' emotional states were measured after they had been required to think about BSE. Also, the participants' beliefs about the benefits of BSE, barriers to performing BSE, susceptibility to breast cancer, and severity of breast
cancer were measured. The results indicated that the participants' emotional responses to BSE increased the ability of models containing the HBM variables to predict different types of self-reports about BSE frequency.
ATTITUDINAL AND BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY LIFESTYLES
Authors: Iwata Osamu
Published: May 2006

Questionnaires containing 20 statements of voluntary simplicity lifestyles and 23 statements of selected attitudes and behavior related to these lifestyles were administered to 135 undergraduates. The subjects were required to rate the degree of agreement or disagreement with the statement
on 5-point scales. Three unrotated factors were obtained by factor analysis. According to second-order factor analysis, voluntary simplicity lifestyles, cautious attitudes in shopping and acceptance of self-sufficiency had significant loadings on the first factor. Significant correlations
between these dimensions and the selected attitudes and behavior substantially supported the validity of the scale of voluntary simplicity lifestyles.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOREDOM PRONENESS AND INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL WORK VALUES
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Weddle Chris , Piotrowski Chris
Published: May 2006

Undergraduate students (N = 111) completed the Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS) and the Survey of Work Values (SWV) as part of a study examining vocational preferences. The results indicated that individuals with high boredom proneness scores possessed significantly greater external
work value scores, whereas those low in boredom proneness had significantly higher internal work values. The results are discussed in terms of their importance for career guidance, selection, and motivation strategies.
ALCOHOL USE, ETHNICITY, AND DISABILITY: A COMPARISON OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND CAUCASIAN GROUPS
Authors: Sample Eddie B. , Li Li , Moore Dennis
Published: May 2006

Previous research has consistently reported that alcohol consumption among the general population varies across cultural groups. However, studies investigating risk factors and drinking patterns of African-Americans and Caucasians with disabilities have been limited. The current study
explored the factors of alcohol use among African-Americans and Caucasians with disabilities who were seeking rehabilitation services in three mid-western states of the USA. Multivariate data analysis revealed that African-Americans were more likely to use alcohol than their Caucasian counterparts
when other demographic and disability variables were controlled. Additionally, separate multiple-regression models differentiated patterns between African-Americans and Caucasians in selected variables on alcohol use. Cultural issues and implications for rehabilitation services are discussed.
THE RELATION OF PARENT-ADOLESCENT CONFLICT TO ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING, SCHOOL ADJUSTMENT, AND PROBLEM BEHAVIOR
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L.
Published: May 2006

The association between parent-adolescent conflict and adolescent adjustment was examined in 429 Chinese adolescents using children's and parents' reports of parent-adolescent conflict. Results generally showed that parent-adolescent conflict based on ratings obtained from
different sources were significantly related to measures of psychological well-being (general psychiatric morbidity, life satisfaction, purpose in life, hopelessness, and self-esteem), school adjustment (perceived academic performance and school conduct) and problem behavior (smoking and psychotropic
drug abuse). The findings suggest that there is an intimate link between parent-adolescent conflict and the psychosocial adjustment, particularly the positive mental health, of Chinese adolescents.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEUROTICISM AND THE PERCEIVED SOCIAL DESIRABILITY OF FEMININE CHARACTERISTICS AMONG 16–19-YEAR-OLD FEMALES
Authors: Wilcox Carolyn , Francis Leslie J.
Published: May 2006

A sample of 236 16- to 19-year-old women completed the Eysenck neuroticism scale (Eysenck, Eysenck, & Barrett, 1985) and rated their perceptions of how desirable British society in general considers the items of the Bem scale of femininity for men and for women. The data demonstrate a relationship between neuroticism and the tendency to emphasise greater differentiation between the cultural stereotypes of men and women.
A PILOT STUDY OF LONELINESS IN ETHNIC MINORITY COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: Mcwhirter Benedict T.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine how the constructs of learned resourcefulness and self-esteem contributed to the experience of global, intimate, and social loneliness among a sample of U.S. ethnic minority college students (N=51) including Hispanics (N=32)
and African Americans (N=19). Results of three Multiple Regression Analyses revealed that self-esteem was inversely related to all three types of loneliness (global, intimate, and social), while learned resourcefulness was directly related to intimate loneliness only. Implications for
future research are discussed.
SCHOOL REFUSAL IN JAPAN: THE RECENT DRAMATIC INCREASE IN INCIDENCE IS A CAUSE FOR CONCERN
Authors: Iwamoto Sumiko , Yoshida Keiko
Published: May 2006

The incidence of nonattendance of school in Japan has increased substantially over the last 10 years and there are no signs of any reversal in this trend. Details of the incidence over time, ages of the children and diagnostic categories are presented and related to prognosis. A group
of children who did not attend school and who were seen in the clinic in Fukuoka city is analysed and the results presented.
MEASURING THE CONTENT OF MORAL JUDGEMENT DEVELOPMENT: THE REVISED MORAL AUTHORITY SCALE (MAS-R)
Authors: White Fiona A.
Published: May 2006

This paper investigates the psychometric properties of the revised Moral Authority Scale (MASR), a unique content-based scale, which measures an individual's attributed level of influence to sources of moral authority in their moral decision making. In order to examine these psychometric
properties, the MAS-R, Rest's (1979) Defining Issues Test (DIT) and Shelton & McAdams (1990) Visions of Morality Scale (VMS) were administered to 186 adolescents and their parents. Results indicated that the test-retest and split-half reliabilities of the MAS-R subscales were high.
With regard to the validity of the scale, predicted levels of convergence were found between MAS-R subscales and the DIT stage scores but not between the MAS-R subscales and the VMS subscales. It was also found that the MAS-R discriminated between subjects' political and religious affiliations,
further strengthening its validity. Moreover, the item-total correlational analysis suggests that the MAS-R has strong structural validity. The present findings concerning the psychometric properties of the MAS-R not only replicate previous findings involving the MAS (White, 1996b) but provide
stronger support amongst a broader sample. Important research implications for the use of the MAS-R within a family socialization framework of the content of moral thought are explicated.
PERSONALITY, PRAYER AND CHURCH ATTENDANCE IN LATER LIFE
Authors: Francis Leslie J , Bolger Julia
Published: May 2006

A sample of fifty retired civil servants completed the abbreviated Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire together with indices concerned with frequency of church attendance and frequency of personal prayer. The data demonstrate that both measures of religiosity are inversely related
to psychoticism and independent of extraversion and neuroticism.
TARGETS' AND PERCEIVERS' OCCUPATION AND GENDER AS DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL JUDGMENTS
Authors: Lobel Thalma E. , Shavit Tamar
Published: May 2006

This study investigated how inferences are influenced by the targets' and subjects' occupation and gender. Two hundred and forty male and female subjects enrolled in studies geared towards traditionally feminine or masculine occupations were presented with a description of
one of four targets: A male target studying a traditionally masculine occupation, a male target studying a traditionally feminine occupation, a female target studying a traditionally masculine occupation and a female target studying a traditionally feminine occupation. Subjects made inferences
about the femininity and masculinity of the targets' traits, roles and physical appearance (three components of the gender stereotype). Results indicated that both occupational information and the gender of the target were related to the inferences. However, their relative importance
depended upon the particular gender component. Additionally, subjects studying a gender-counterstereotypic field showed less stereotypic inferences.
VIDEO GAMES AND THE ELDERLY
Authors: Goldstein Jeffrey , Cajko Lara , Oosterbroek Mark , Michielsen Moniek , Van Houten Oscar , Salverda Femke
Published: May 2006

This study examined the effects of playing video games (Super Tetris) on the reaction time, cognitive/perceptual adaptability, and emotional well-being of 22 noninstitutionalized elderly people aged 69 to 90. Volunteers in an elderly community in the Netherlands were randomly assigned
to a videogameplaying experimental group or a nonplaying control group. The televisions of the 10 videogame players were provided with Nintendo SuperNes systems. Participants played Super Tetris 5 hours a week for 5 weeks, and maintained a log of their play. Before and after this play period,
measures of reaction time (Sternberg Test; Steinberg, 1969), cognitive/perceptual adaptability (Stroop Color Word Test; Stroop, 1935), and emotional well-being (self-report questionnaire) were administered. Playing video games was related to a significant improvement in the Sternberg reaction
time task, and to a relative increase in selfreported well-being. On the Stroop Color Word Test, both the experimental and control groups improved significantly, but the difference between groups was not statistically significant. The videogame-playing group had faster reaction times and felt
a more positive sense of well-being compared to their nonplaying counterparts. Consistent with previous research on video games and the elderly, the present study finds the strongest effects on measures of reaction time, and the weakest effects on cognitive performance measures. Explanations
and alternative interpretations of these findings are discussed.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SELF-REPORT MEASURE OF SELF-ACTUALIZATION
Authors: Lefrançois R. , Leclerc G. , Dubé M. , Hébert R. , Gaulin P.
Published: May 2006

A self-report measure of actualization of potential (MAP) was developed as an alternative to the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) for assessing successful and functioning individuals. Study 1 describes the item selection carried out by means of a literature review, an international
panel of 28 experts and two focus groups. In Study 2 construct validity was established with a sample of 414 subjects. A principal component analysis with oblique rotation reduced the initial item pool to 27, yielding a 5-factor solution. A second-order factor analysis revealed two major components,
“self-reference” and “openness to experience”. Study 3 achieved a full scale Cronbach's alpha of .90. Overall the new instrument provides both better theoretical and empirical evidence than the POI, and stronger psychometric properties.
SELF-ESTEEM AND HEARING IMPAIRMENT: AN INVESTIGATION OF HONG KONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Wing Yee Fung , Watkins David , Crawford Nick
Published: May 2006

A comparison was made of the self-esteem of 45 moderately-severe hearing impaired and 300 normal-hearing secondary school students in Hong Kong. Analysis indicated that the hearing impaired group, particularly the males, tended to report higher self-esteem in a number of dimensions of the self. The results provide no evidence that integration into the normal classroom has damaged the self-esteem of the hearing-impaired.
UPWARD OR DOWNWARD COMPARISON AFTER FAILURE. THE ROLE OF DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION
Authors: Michinov Nicolas , Monteil Jean-Marc
Published: May 2006

What leads people to select an upward or a downward social comparison after a threat? This experiment examines a basic interpretation proposed in the literature according to which, in a threatening situation, the choice of direction for a social comparison, upward or downward,
depends on the self-improvement or self-enhancement goals pursued by the subjects. The results provide empirical support for this interpretation and show that diagnostic information about the target can change the direction of social comparison. Indeed, when the diagnostic information allows
subjects to hold out some hope of improvement, they prefer an upward rather than a downward comparison. Conversely, when no improvement is possible, a downward comparison is preferred. This study suggests that the role of diagnostic information should be more closely examined when studying
variations in the choices of direction of comparison as a function of the subjects' comparison goals.
THE COGNITIVE ANTECEDENTS OF TASK-RELATED SELF-ESTEEM
Authors: Lorentz Nichole R. , Hinsz Verlin B.
Published: May 2006

This study tests the hypothesis that behaviors engaged in as part of an individual's work roles impact the cognitions that are the antecedents of task-related self-esteem. This experiment varied participants' cognitions of competence/incompetence, importance/unimportance,
and control/non-control within the context of role playing in a job interview. Results indicate that although the cognitions were influenced as a consequence of role-playing on the task, manipulation of the cognitions had no influence on task-specific-self-esteem. However, perceptions
of the task-related cognitions were related to self-esteem ratings. Discussion focuses on implications of these findings for research on workplace self-esteem.
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS AS A FUNCTION OF MODEL CHARACTERISTICS: INVESTIGATING THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL POWER
Authors: Brewer Keri R. , Wann Daniel L.
Published: May 2006

Observational learning is an important component of human learning. According to Bandura (1965), observational learning is characterized by four stages: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. The first stage, attention, is a crucial subprocess that can be influenced
by model characteristics. Characteristics such as attractiveness, trustworthiness, similarity, and perceived competence have been shown to enhance a model's effectiveness. This study extended this research to social power. It was hypothesized that observational learning effectiveness
would be greater in groups taught by a model with a base of social power than in a control group. A research question examined which base of social power (legitimate, expert, or referent) yielded the greatest effectiveness. Subjects watched a tape of a model performing a puzzle task. The model
was described as having one of the three bases of social power. A fourth group was taught by a model introduced without the mention of a base of social power. The results revealed that subjects in the power groups scored significantly higher on the variables of time elapsed to complete the
puzzle, number of pieces correctly placed, and whether the subject finished or not. Implications for the findings of this study such as the use of social power(s) in a teaching and managerial setting are discussed.
CONFUCIAN VALUES AND CONFLICT BEHAVIOR OF ASIAN MANAGERS: A COMPARISON OF TWO COUNTRIES
Authors: Chiu Randy K. , Wong May M. , Kosinski Frederick A.
Published: May 2006

It has been speculated that the conflict behaviors of Chinese and Japanese managers are more or less the same since both cultures are considered as collectivistic and high-contextual; and they inherit Confucian teachings as the cornerstone of their social and moral codes. The purposes
of this study were to investigate whether there was a difference between the way that the managers of these two countries handle conflicts and whether the conflict behavior of these managers was influenced by traditional Confucian values. The results indicated that there was little difference
found between them in terms of value orientations even though Japanese managers tended to employ more assertive styles than the PRC Chinese managers do in dealing with conflict situations.
A SEVERE TEST OF INTERPERSONAL THEORY OF DEPRESSION AMONG CRIMINAL DEFENDANTS
Authors: Joiner Thomas E. , Lane Brown David , Felthous Alan R. , Barratt Ernest P. , Brown Laurie A.
Published: May 2006

We attempted to place Coyne's (1976) interpersonal theory of depression in grave danger of refutation among a highly specialized psychiatric sample (76 criminal defendants referred for psychiatric evaluation). We assessed whether mood-disordered subjects scored lower on an index
of social contact than nondepressed subjects. Consistent with interpersonal theory, depressed subjects obtained lower scores on the social contact measure than nondepressed subjects — to our knowledge, the first results to support the diagnostic specificity component of Coyne's
theory among a clinical sample. Number of co-morbid diagnoses was not significantly related to social contact. It appears that Coyne's theory possesses explanatory power, even when subjected to a relatively severe empirical test.
ANTONOVSKY'S SENSE OF COHERENCE SCALE AND 16PF SECOND-ORDER FACTORS
Authors: Mlonzi Ezra N. , Strümpfer D.J.W.
Published: May 2006

The SOC scale (A. Antonovsky, 1987) purports to measure a disposition which engenders and enhances health but some empirical findings suggest that it is seriously contaminated with negative affectivity. In a criterion validation on 100 undergraduates at a predominantly Black university,
SOC was correlated with S.E. Krug and E.F. Johns' (1986) 16PF second-order factor scores, as a broad spectrum of personality variables. The SOC-Anxiety correlation was -.52, in line with studies intimating negative affectivity; it could, however, also be interpreted in terms of its inverse,
emotional stability. SOC correlated significantly with the other 4 second-order factors too. It thus measured a complex mixture of personality domains, rather than a single predominant trait.
LIFE SATISFACTION AND LIFE DEMANDS IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: Bailey Roger C. , Miller Christy
Published: May 2006

Researchers have proposed that life satisfaction may be increased by reduced life involvement (i.e., the scarcity hypothesis) or increased by greater life involvement (i.e., the expansion hypothesis). This study attempted to determine if female and male college students are more satisfied
with their lives if they have more or less active life styles. One hundred and fifty-seven females and eighty-six males were assigned to either a High, Moderate, or Low Life satisfaction group and additional instruments were administered to assess the manner of decision making, the extent
of role demands and time pressures, and the respondents' satisfaction with school performance and their dating and family relationships. Results demonstrated that both male and female college students with high life satisfaction had more demanding life styles than individuals with low
life satisfaction, but they did not suffer greater personal stress. The significant role of fulfilling interpersonal relationships in overall life satisfaction was also evident.
THE SUINN-LEW ASIAN SELF-IDENTITY ACCULTURATION SCALE: TEST WITH A NON-STUDENT, ASIAN-AMERICAN SAMPLE
Authors: Ownbey Shiretta F. , Horridge Patricia E.
Published: May 2006

Ethnic diversity is a major trend in the United States with Asian Americans constituting a rapidly growing percentage of the population. Consequently, acculturation among Asian-Americans is an important issue since ethnic diversity both offers cultural richness and contributes to challenges
for educational systems, public health services, and entities concerned with consumer practices. The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation (SL-ASIA) Scale was tested with a non-student, random sample (N = 124) comprised of Chinese- and Filipino-Americans 18 years old and older
who lived in San Francisco. Resulting data confirmed results of an initial study of the SL-ASIA; the test scores resulted in acceptable reliability measures and the instrument contains items which are promising for accurate measurement of acculturation level among Asian-American populations.
VICTIM TARGET NETWORKS AS SOLVABILITY FACTORS IN SERIAL MURDER
Authors: Godwin Maurice
Published: May 2006

The situational context in which the serial killer targets his victims is critical to understanding the hunting patterns of a predator. However, police and researchers eschew victim target networks (VTN). Rather, their attention is overwhelmingly concerned with the offender's characteristics. As an alternative to traditional police investigations, this paper suggests that by directing attention to victim target networks, inferences about the decision-making process underlying the selection of crime locations, victims, and locating offenders' home bases can be made. The paper presents a decision-making model that the serial predator uses to scope out potential victim target networks and shows how proactive policing in victim target areas can deter the killer. The study also posits that by directing investigative attention to victim social networks, police can first identify a set of prospective victims targeted by a serial killer. The study closes with suggestions about the applicability of law enforcement use of victims' targeting networks and how victim social networks can be used to link serial murder victims.
THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CENTRALITY ON EMPLOYEE CAREER SUCCESS AND SATISFACTION
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: May 2006

The relationships between the outcomes of career success and career satisfaction and organizational centrality, how close employees are to where power, information and decision making are concentrated in their organization, was examined among 79 employees from a small manufacturing
company. Each employee completed a measure of Organizational Centrality and indicated how much their salary had grown and how many promotions they had received since joining the company. They also indicated how satisfied they were with their career so far and in the likely future. With one
exception, all the correlations between organizational centrality and career outcomes were significantly positive, confirming what was hypothesized.
PERCEPTIONS OF PARENTING STYLES AND PARENT-ADOLESCENT CONFLICT IN ADOLESCENTS WITH LOW ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN HONG KONG
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Lee T.Y. , Chan L.K.
Published: May 2006

Chinese secondary school students with low academic achievement (N=365) responded to instruments measuring their perceived paternal and maternal parenting styles and behavior, and conflict with the father and the mother. Compared with the norm based on students with relatively higher
academic attainment, parents in the present sample were perceived to be less responsive and less demanding and they had more conflict with their children. The data also showed gender differences in parenting characteristics, with fathers perceived to be relatively less responsive, less demanding,
less concerned, but more harsh in their parenting styles and having more conflict with their children.
NEED FOR COGNITION AND THOUGHT-INDUCED ATTITUDE POLARIZATION: EXAMINING POSSIBLE DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Daniel Lassiter G. , Apple Kevin J.
Published: May 2006

Two sets of research demonstrate that individual differences in need for cognition moderate the effect of thought on attitude polarization. However, one set indicates that a low need for cognition is associated with greater thought-induced attitude polarization, whereas the other set
indicates that a high need for cognition is associated with greater thought-induced attitude polarization. The present study provides evidence that the former, but not the latter, pattern of results may be due to demand characteristics.
INTERVENING PROCESSES BETWEEN ADOLESCENT DRUG USE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS: AN EXAMINATION OF THE SELF-MEDICATION HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Damphousse Kelly , Kaplan Howard B.
Published: May 2006

The self-medication hypothesis suggests that individuals who experience high levels of psychological distress use drugs to relieve their pain. The extent to which this is the case (and to which peopledofeel better after using drugs) has had mixed support in the literature. The present analysis uses structural equation modeling of longitudinal data to explore how deviant disposition, deviant peers, and negative life events act as intervening variables in the hypothesized relationship between psychological distress and adolescent drug use. The results suggest that deviant disposition and association with deviant peers mediate the relationship between antecedent psychological distress and later drug use. Similarly, negative life events mediate the relationship between adolescent drug use and adult psychological distress.
MEASURING SOCIAL SELF-EFFICACY IN A CULTURALLY DIVERSE STUDENT POPULATION
Authors: Fan Cynthia , Mak Anita S.
Published: May 2006

This paper reports the construction and validation of a measure of social self-efficacy in a range of social interaction situations commonly experienced by tertiary students, including situations posing special concern to recent arrivals to the Australian educational setting. Participants
in the first study were 228 undergraduate students. Among these, 91 were Australia-born with English-speaking-background parents (Anglo-Australians), 90 were also Australia-born but had parents from a non-English-speaking-background (NESB Australia-born), and 47 were overseas-born with NESB
parents (NESB immigrants). Item and factor analyses yielded a 20-item, 4-factors Social Self-Efficacy Scale for Students (SSESS). The four factors were Absence of Social Difficulties, Social Confidence, Sharing Interests, and Friendship Initiatives. Evidence of the scale's satisfactory
internal consistency reliability, and its concurrent and construct validity is presented. Indication of satisfactory test-retest reliability was obtained from a second sample of 16 university students. Applications and directions for further research are discussed.
MARRIAGE MOBILITY AND PERCEIVED STATUS OF U.S. PRESIDENTS
Authors: Young Thomas J. , French Laurence A.
Published: May 2006

The Murray-Blessing historical rankings for the 4 U.S. Presidents who married down in social class did not differ significantly from the 8 who married up in social class. This finding is consistent with previous research indicating that men do not lose status with downward marriage
mobility.
DOES THE HALO EFFECT OCCUR IN THE ELDERLY?
Authors: Larose Hélène , Standing Lionel
Published: May 2006

This study examined whether elderly people would show the typical halo effect of attributing more desirable personality traits to those individuals who have attractive faces (Dion, Bercheid & Walster, 1972). It was predicted that age should bring wisdom, leading to the elimination of this judgmental bias in older people. Fifty-two female subjects (aged 65 or above) were required to match photographs of stimulus persons (attractive or unattractive) with descriptive paragraphs (positive or negative). Contrary to predictions, the usual halo effect occurred: positive personality characteristics were attributed more frequently to the attractive individuals, indicating that this bias occurs across the life-span, from childhood to old age. Also, female faces were judged more positively than male faces.
DEPRESSION, LONELINESS, AND HEALTH IN AN ADVERSE LIVING ENVIRONMENT: A STUDY OF BEDSPACE RESIDENTS IN HONG KONG
Authors: Cheung Chau-kiu , Leung Kwan-kwok , Chan Wing-Tai , Ma Kun
Published: May 2006

Issues concerning deleterious effects of an adverse living environment, characterized by crowded, noisy, and dirty conditions, have been debatable. One way out of this debate is delineating paths through which the living environment affects outcome variables. The resident's perception of the environment and social relation may lead to such paths. While past studies tended to demonstrate the mediating role of social support, they employed samples of college students only. By contrast, the present study investigates the mediating processes with a sample of 122 bedspace residents in Hong Kong. Results of hierarchical modeling illustrate that the adverse living environment affected the resident's psychosocial well-being indirectly. Notably, the objective living environment was related to the resident's perception of the environment, which in turn was related to social relations, characterized by social problems and social support. The perception and social relations were then related to the resident's depressive affect and loneliness. However, the adverse living environment did not have significant direct and mediated effects on the resident's self-assessed health. Besides, this study reveals that stressful status, including having a criminal record, being divorced, and the duration of unemployment, tended to be deleterious to the resident's psychosocial and physical well-being.
MAXIMAL CONTRAST IN DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Adams-Webber Jack
Published: May 2006

Each of 33 Canadian undergraduates (17 men, 16 women) characterized a pair of new acquaintances on the basis of 30 bipolar dimensions (e.g., optimistic/pessimistic) following a brief interaction with both of them simultaneously. They were assigned to the opposite poles across all
dimensions with an average relative frequency of 0.38. Possible theoretical implications of this finding were elaborated in terms of Frank's “strikingness hypothesis”.
CHRONIC AND ACUTE NEGLECTED CHILDREN: PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Early Kelly , Chmura Jeannette
Published: May 2006

Reports on child abuse, and, in particular, the abuse cases involving some form of child neglect, have recently indicated a large increase in the United States. The present study was conducted to determine: (1) specific psychological variables of chronic and acute neglected children,
and (2) a comparison of similarities and/or differences of each. Results suggested five of the most frequently stated variables of both S groups, and similarities or significant differences between them by S status.
SELF-ESTEEM, REACTION TO UNCERTAINTY, AND PHYSICIAN PRACTICE VARIATION: A STUDY OF RESIDENT PHYSICIANS
Authors: Huang I-Ching
Published: May 2006

While significant variations in physicians' practice behavior are well documented, the determinants for these variations are largely unexplored. Focusing on resident physicians, this study examines self-esteem and reaction to uncertainty to explain variations in practice behavior.
Analysis of covariance structures is used. Based on the data collected from 75 resident physicians, the findings indicate physicians' self-efficacy influences the amount of stress they experience under uncertainty, which, in turn, affects practice behavior. Physicians' self-worth,
on the other hand, has direct effects on practice behavior but not on their willingness to disclose uncertainty. In sum, physicians, who report higher levels of self-worth and less stress from uncertainty, show more effective and efficient practice behavior.
FAMILY COHESION AND AGE AS DETERMINANTS OF HOMESICKNESS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Kazantzis Nikolaos , Flett Ross
Published: May 2006

Despite the negative psychological effects associated with the transition to university, little is known about the relationship between homesickness and family functioning. One hundred first-year university students completed a questionnaire incorporating the Dundee Relocation Inventory
(Fisher & Hood, 1987) measure of homesickness, and a measure of family functioning. A high level of homesickness was reported among students, with 18% of the variance in homesickness scores accounted for by family cohesion and chronological age. Implications for further research
are discussed within the context of an unambiguous operationalization of homesickness and its effects.
THE GUDJONSSON SUGGESTIBILITY SCALE (GSS): FURTHER DATA ON ITS RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND METACOGNITION CORRELATES
Authors: Merckelbach Harald , Muris Peter , Wessel Ineke , van Koppen Peter J.
Published: May 2006

This article presents two studies in which the psychometric properties and validity of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS) were further investigated. Results of the first study (N = 40) indicate that the GSS has reasonable internal consistency. Additionally, a modest, but
significant test-retest stability was found for the GSS. As to the association between suggestibility and self-reported cognitive efficiency (i.e., metacognition measures), scores on the Yield dimension of the GSS were positively and significantly related to scores on the Dissociation Experiences
Scale (DES), but not to scores on the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). In a second, experimental study (N = 53), evidence was found for the predictive validity of the GSS. In that study, subjects saw a slide series and were then confronted with leading questions about the critical
(emotional) slide. In addition, they completed the Yield scale of the GSS. A small but significant correlation was found between subjects' Yield scores on the GSS and their susceptibility to leading questions about the slide series.
PATTERNS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATES: FACTOR STRUCTURE OF SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION, PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS, ALCOHOL USE, AND EATING PROBLEMS
Authors: Oliver J. M. , Reed Cynthia K. S. , Smith Bruce W.
Published: May 2006

This study sought patterns underlying a broad range of psychological problems in 248 undergraduates at a private Midwestern university by examining relations among 1) psychological problems significant in undergraduates and 2) potential correlates of psychological problems. Psychological problems examined were anxiety, depression, emotional stress, physical symptoms, amount and consequences of alcohol consumption, eating problems, and psychological traits associated with eating problems. Personal-emotional adjustment was included as the potential opposite of maladjustment. Factor analyses generally found two broad independent patterns constant across genders. Internalized Distress consisted of anxiety; depression; emotional stress; personal maladjustment; physical symptoms; eating problems; and eating traits. Alcohol Abuse consisted of amount and consequences of alcohol consumption. Multiple regression analyses indicated that whereas stressors were correlates of both factors, female gender predicted higher scores on Internalized Distress, while male gender predicted higher scores on Alcohol Abuse.
COLOR AND RACIAL ATTITUDES IN WHITE, BLACK AND BIRACIAL CHILDREN
Authors: Neto Félix , Paiva Lizália
Published: May 2006

Previous studies of children in United States, Western Europe and Asia have demonstrated a bias favoring the color white relative to the color black, and a bias favoring light-skinned figures relative to dark-skinned figures. In this study of eight-year old children, procedures used
in previous studies were administered to biracial children of mixed black and white parentage and to black and white children of monoracial parentage. Both types of bias were found among the three racial categories, providing additional evidence that the pro-white and pro-light-skinned biases
are pancultural tendencies. The biases were not different by gender, but they were significantly different by race. Mean color attitudes of white children were significantly different from biracial children, such that the white children displayed a stronger pro-white/anti-black bias than
the biracial children. Mean racial attitudes of white children were significantly different from black and biracial children, with white children showing more pro light-skinned bias than black and biracial children. It appears that the biracial category should be considered in research on
color and racial attitudes.
THE STABILITY OF SYMPTOM MEASURES: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRESS RESEARCH
Authors: Cheng Sheung-Tak , Hamid R Nicholas
Published: May 2006

Forty-nine female undergraduates completed life events and stress ratings on a daily basis over a 4-week period. They also completed a checklist of physical and psychological symptoms at the end of each week. Data from this study as well as others reported in the literature showed that
physical and psychological symptom scores are highly stable over time. Although life events and stress ratings predicted future symptoms, the correlations diminished after initial symptom levels were controlled. The correlation between stress measured at time 1 and symptoms measured at time
2 is largely a function of their concurrent correlation at time 1 as well as the stability of the symptom measure. Hence, the value of computing lagged correlations between stress and symptoms has to be reexamined. Possible reasons for the stability of symptom measures are discussed.
RATINGS AS VALIDATION OF SOCIOMETRIC STATUS DETERMINED BY NOMINATIONS IN LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH
Authors: Maassen Gerard H. , Goossens Frits A. , Bokhorst Jacobus
Published: May 2006

The current methods for two-dimensional sociometric status classification into five categories are based on nominations. Recently, Maassen et al. (1996) showed that such a classification can also be achieved by means of rating-scales. Ratings have been known for some time to be more
reliable than nominations, an important consideration in longitudinal research. We report an investigation among school pupils, who were assessed by their classmates by means of nominations at three moments, with an interval of one year between the measurements. The sample consisted of 157
children with a mean age of 7 years and 7 months at the third moment. We demonstrate how status passages assessed by means of nominations can be validated by an extra assessment with ratings. Particular attention is paid to passages from and into the category of rejected children.
THE SELF-PERCEPTION OF ABILITY BY CHINESE CHILDREN IN CHINA AND HONG KONG: GENDER AND GRADE DIFFERENCES
Authors: Lau Sing , Li Wing Ling , Chen Xianmei , Cheng Gong , Siu Carol K. K.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the study was to examine the self-perception of ability by Chinese children with respect to gender and grade differences. A total of 1,679 boys and girls in three primary grade levels from Mainland China and Hong Kong were included, and an indigenously developed multidimensional
self-concept scale (MMSI) was used. Results showed that in both the China and Hong Kong samples, boys were found to score a little lower than girls in three self-concept domains: academic, social, and general. Primary One students were found to score higher than Primary Three and Five students
in all four domains: academic, appearance, social, and general. Results also indicated that children from China were higher than children from Hong Kong in appearance, social, and general self-concept. Significant interaction effects of society by grade and gender by grade were found. The
findings were discussed with respect to the developmental process of Chinese children.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF PARANORMAL BELIEF: LOCUS OF CONTROL AND SENSATION SEEKING
Authors: Groth-Marnat Gary , Pegden Julie-Ann
Published: May 2006

In order to more fully understand the relationship between paranormal belief, locus of control, and sensation seeking, 81 undergraduate university students were administered the Paranormal Belief Scale (PBS), Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, and the Sensation Seeking Scale. Results
indicated that a greater external locus of control was associated with greater overall number of paranormal beliefs. Greater external locus of control was especially associated with the PBS subscales of spirituality and precognition. Contrary to expectations, belief in superstition was associated
with a greater internal locus of control. Whereas overall sensation seeking was not related to overall PBS scores, the PBS subscales of greater belief in psi phenomena and superstition were found to be associated with higher levels of sensation seeking. Results are discussed in relation to
conceptualizations of the different personality/belief constructs.
MONEY: WHAT IT MEANS TO CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Authors: Lau Sing
Published: May 2006

The findings of three studies on money perceptions by Chinese subjects were reported. In Study 1, 378 kindergarten children (age five and six) were asked to give free associations to 86 Chinese words. The word money elicited a large number of associations (ranked ninth in five-year-olds
and 21st in six year-olds), indicating that money was not an unfamiliar or uninteresting concept to children of very young age. Analysis also showed that the associations of money were primarily non-evaluative and functional in nature. In Study 2, 71 school teachers, 58 business people, and
338 high school students were asked to rate what money meant to them. Results showed that school teachers tended to perceive money as less good and honest than business people did. The student group was found to give lower goodness and power ratings than the two professional groups and lower
honesty and interest ratings than the business group. The results thus showed that perceptions of money were very much related to one's social role. In Study 3, the relation of money attitudes and value orientation was examined in a sample of 1463 university students. Results showed that
those who were high on preference for enjoyment, security, and achievement values, rated money more important than those low on these values. On the other hand, individuals who were high on the prosocial and maturity values rated money less important than those low on these values. The results
thus indicated that the knowledge of people's value orientation would help to add to the understanding of their money perceptions.