bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Newborn screening for disorders of fatty‐acid oxidation: experience and recommendations from an expert meeting
Authors: Lindner Martin , Hoffmann Georg F. , Matern Dietrich
Published: April 2010

Experience with new‐born screening (NBS) for disorders of fatty‐acid oxidation (FAOD) is now becoming available from an increasing number of programs worldwide. The spectrum of FAOD differs widely between ethnic groups. Incidence calculations from reports from Australia, Germany, and the USA of a total of 5,256,999 newborns give a combined incidence of all FAOD of approximately 1:9,300. However, it appears to be much lower in Asians. Consequently, a significant prevalence and evidence for a clear benefit of NBS is proven for medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD) only in countries with a high percentage of Caucasians, with very‐long‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD) and long‐chain 3‐hydroxy acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD) being additional candidates. The long‐term benefit for many disorders has still to be evaluated and will require international collaboration, especially for the rarest disorders. Short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD) [as well as Systemic carnitine transporter deficiency (CTD) and dienoyl‐CoA reductase deficiency (DE‐RED)] are conditions of uncertain clinical significance, but most FAOD have a spectrum of clinical presentations (healthy–death). Confirmatory diagnostic procedures should be agreed upon to ensure international comparability of results and evidence‐based modifications. The case of short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD) deficiency shows that even inclusion of conditions without a clearly known natural course may prove useful with respect to gain of knowledge and consecutive exclusion of a biochemical abnormality without clinical significance, although this line of argument implies the existence of structured follow‐up programs and bears ethical controversies. As a final conclusion, the accumulated evidence suggests all FAOD should to be included into tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)‐based NBS programs provided sufficient laboratory performance is guaranteed.
An Assay Method for Determining the Total Lipid Content of Fish Meat Using a 2‐Thiobarbituric Acid Reaction
Authors: Matsushita Teruo , Inoue Shin‐ichi , Tanaka Ryusuke
Published: April 2010

A method for the determination of the total lipid content in fish meat was established using a 2‐thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction, which had previously been used for the determination of lipid peroxides in animal tissues. In this method, an unspecific peroxidation of fish oils was created by omitting the addition of antioxidant to the reaction mixture during the TBA reaction, because fish meat is more sensitive to the TBA reaction due to its higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, which can easily react artificially with TBA in the absence of an antioxidant in the assay system. As for a practical application of this method, we tried to optimize the assay procedures in the sampling, reaction, and detection steps of this method, and finally proposed a new standard procedure recommended for determining the total lipid content of fish using a TBA reaction. In order to confirm the accuracy of the new procedure, comparative evaluations for the lipid contents of commercially available fish, i.e., chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and saury (Cololabis saira) were made between the conventional procedure and the recommended TBA method. The lipid contents obtained by the two methods coincided well with high correlation. This method is relevant for total lipid content analysis of fish meat under restricted laboratory conditions.
Duration of sexual intercourse related to satisfaction: survey of Japanese married couples
Authors: Nakajima Koichi , Nagao Koichi , Tai Toshihiro , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Hara Hiroshi , Miura Kazukiyo , Ishii Nobuhisa
Published: April 2010

Purpose

Inappropriate intromission time causes sexual problems for couples, and therefore it is important for the couple to set treatment targets.

Methods

We investigated appropriate intromission times by conducting a questionnaire survey of the interval from initiation of insertion to just before ejaculation in Japanese married couples. A questionnaire survey of 300 married couples was conducted by mail.

Results

The estimated mean intromission times were 14.5 min (median: 10 min) for male subjects and 13.6 min (median: 10 min) for female subjects. The mean desired intromission time for female subjects was 15.7 min (median: 15 min). Regarding the difference between the actual and desired intromission times, the desired time was longer, the same, and shorter for 43.0%, 38.7%, and 18.3% of all the female subjects.

Conclusions

It seems that female subjects may consider a wide variety of intravaginal insertion times to be desirable. Accordingly, married couples need to improve communication regarding the desired duration of intromission and other related issues.
Opening Pandora’s box: the potential benefit of the expanded FAST exam is partially confounded by the unknowns regarding the significance of the occult pneumothorax
Authors: Kirkpatrick Andrew W. , Gillman Lawrence M. , Chun Rosaleen , Ball Chad G. , Tiruta Corina , Lall Rohan , Dunham Michael
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Point of care (POC) ultrasound brings another powerful dimension to the physical examination of the critically ill. A contemporary challenge for all care providers, however, is how to best incorporate ultrasound into contemporary algorithms of care. When POC ultrasound corroborates pre-examination clinical suspicion, incorporation of the findings into decision-making is easier. When POC ultrasound generates new or unexpected findings, decision-making may be more difficult, especially with conditions that were previously not appreciated with older diagnostic technologies. Pneumothoraces (PTXs), previously seen only on computed tomography and not on supine chest radiographs known as occult pneumothoraces (OPTXs), which are now increasingly appreciated on POC ultrasound, are such an example.

Methods

The relevant literature concerning POC ultrasound and PTXs was reviewed after an electronic search using PubMed supplemented by ongoing research by the Canadian Trauma Trials Collaborative of the Trauma Association of Canada.

Results

OPTXs are frequently encountered in the critically injured who often require mechanical ventilation with positive pressure breathing (PPB). Standard recommendations for post-traumatic PTXs and the setting of PPB mandate chest drainage, recognizing a significant rate of complications related to this procedure itself. Whether these standard recommendations generated in response to obvious overt PTXs apply to these more subtle OPTXs is currently unknown, and evidence-based recommendations regarding appropriate therapy are impossible due to the lack of clinical studies.

Conclusions

OPTXs are a condition that illustrates how incorporation of POC ultrasound findings brings further responsibilities to critically appraise the significance of these findings in terms of patient outcomes and overall care. Adequately powered and adequately followed-up clinical trials addressing the treatment are required.
The Philosophy of Peter Abelard
Authors: Marenbon John
Published: April 2010

This 1997 book offers a major reassessment of the philosophy of Peter Abelard (1079–1142) which argues that he was not, as usually presented, a predominantly critical thinker but a constructive one. By way of evidence the author offers analyses of frequently discussed topics in Abelard's philosophy, and examines other areas such as the nature of substances and accidents, cognition, the definition of 'good' and 'evil', virtues and merit, and practical ethics in detail. Part I discusses Abelard's life and works, and considers problems of chronology and canon (including the question of the authenticity of the correspondence with Heloise). Part II analyses Abelard's ontology, epistemology and semantics, showing how he tried to reconstruct the ideas he had learned from Aristotle, Porphyry and Boethius to fit his presumption that there is nothing which is not a particular. Part III analyses Abelard's ethical theory, showing that it is far wider and more sophisticated than has been believed.
Understanding Probability
Authors: Tijms Henk
Published: April 2010

In this fully revised second edition of Understanding Probability, the reader can learn about the world of probability in an informal way. The author demystifies the law of large numbers, betting systems, random walks, the bootstrap, rare events, the central limit theorem, the Bayesian approach and more. This second edition has wider coverage, more explanations and examples and exercises, and a new chapter introducing Markov chains, making it a great choice for a first probability course. But its easy-going style makes it just as valuable if you want to learn about the subject on your own, and high school algebra is really all the mathematical background you need.
The Letters of Thomas Babington MacAulay
Authors: MacAulay Thomas , Pinney Thomas
Published: April 2010

Some of Macaulay's letters were printed in nineteenth-century memoirs, but a 'Complete Letters' of this eminent Victorian has long been needed. Professor Pinney is editing the whole body of surviving letters by Macaulay, giving accurate texts and textual and explanatory notes. The letters are in chronological order, grouped by historical theme and phases of Macaulay's life. The first two volumes deal with his childhood, career at Cambridge, early legal career and early political career, and end with him about to leave for India. The letters are lively because Macaulay (as lawyer, essayist, historian, politician, administrator, poet) was a man of enormous energy and very wide interests. They will add greatly to our sense of early Victorian political and cultural life as well as to our understanding of Macaulay himself.
Byzantium and Venice
Authors: Nicol Donald M.
Published: April 2010

This book traces the diplomatic, cultural and commercial links between Constantinople and Venice from the foundation of the Venetian republic to the fall of the Byzantine Empire. It aims to show how, especially after the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Venetians came to dominate first the Genoese and thereafter the whole Byzantine economy. At the same time the author points to those important cultural and, above all, political reasons why the relationship between the two states was always inherently unstable.
Politics and the Parlement of Paris under Louis XV, 1754–1774
Authors: Swann Julian
Published: April 2010

Politics in eighteenth-century France was dominated by the relationship between the crown and the magistrates of the Parlement of Paris. The Parlement provided a traditional check upon the King's authority, but after 1750 it entered a period of prolonged confrontation with the government of Louis XV. The religious, financial and administrative policies of the monarchy were subject to sustained opposition, and the magistrates employed arguments which challenged the foundations of royal authority. This struggle was brought to an abrupt conclusion in 1771, when Chancellor de Maupeou implemented a royal revolution, breaking the power of the Parlement. In order to explain why the crown and the Parlement drifted into conflict, this study re-examines the conduct of government under Louis XV, the role of the magistrates, and the structure of judicial politics in eighteenth-century France.
Markov Processes and Related Problems of Analysis
Authors: Dynkin E. B.
Published: April 2010

The theory of Markov Processes has become a powerful tool in partial differential equations and potential theory with important applications to physics. Professor Dynkin has made many profound contributions to the subject and in this volume are collected several of his most important expository and survey articles. The content of these articles has not been covered in any monograph as yet. This account is accessible to graduate students in mathematics and operations research and will be welcomed by all those interested in stochastic processes and their applications.
Analysis and Geometry on Groups
Authors: Varopoulos Nicholas T. , Saloff-Coste L. , Coulhon T.
Published: April 2010

The geometry and analysis that is discussed in this book extends to classical results for general discrete or Lie groups, and the methods used are analytical but have little to do with what is described these days as real analysis. Most of the results described in this book have a dual formulation; they have a 'discrete version' related to a finitely generated discrete group, and a continuous version related to a Lie group. The authors chose to centre this book around Lie groups but could quite easily have pushed it in several other directions as it interacts with opetators, and probability theory, as well as with group theory. This book will serve as an excellent basis for graduate courses in Lie groups, Markov chains or potential theory.
Dynamical Systems and Fractals
Authors: Becker Karl-Heinz , Dörfler Michael
Published: April 2010

This 1989 book is about chaos, fractals and complex dynamics, and is addressed to all people who have some familiarity with computers and enjoy using them. The mathematics has been kept simple, with few formulae, yet the reader is introduced to and can learn about an area of current scientific research which was scarcely possible before the availability of computers. The introduction is achieved through the extensive use of computer graphics. The book is divided into two main parts: in the first the most interesting problems are described, with, in each case, a solution in the form of a computer program. A large number of exercises enable the reader to undertake his or her own experimental work. In the second part, example programs are given for specific machines and operating systems; details refer to MS-DOC and Turbo-Pascal, UNIX 4.2 BSD with Berkley Pascal and C. Other implementations of the graphics routines are given for Apple Macintosh, Apple IIE and IIGS and Atari ST.
Principles of Surgery Vivas for the MRCS
Authors: Dattani Rupen , Farouk Ridzuan
Published: April 2010

Written for the Principles of Surgery viva of the MRCS exam by an examiner at both the London and Glasgow Colleges of Surgery and a successful recent MRCS candidate, Principles of Surgery Vivas for the MRCS provides the reader with sample viva questions to enable them to prepare fully for this section of the examinations. In A-Z format for quick reference, this book will be invaluable to MRCS candidates, undergraduate medical students and those sitting the FRCOG examinations. It will also serve as a valuable 'aide memoire' for the training surgeon or doctor at all levels of experience, especially those training junior staff.
Asset Markets and Exchange Rates
Authors: Allen Polly Reynolds , Kenen Peter B.
Published: April 2010

This paperback edition consists of the first three parts of Allen and Kenen's major book, Asset Markets, Exchange Rates, and Economic Integration. These three parts stand alone, as the authors intended and as reviewers have commented. In parts four and five of that volume they extend their model to two countries trading with the outside world and analyze questions of economic integration. The authors synthesize and extend recent developments in international monetary theory using a general model of an open economy that trades goods and assets with the outside world. The model embodies the asset market or portfolio approach to analyzing balance-of-payments adjustment. Exchange rates are determined in the short run by conditions in the asset markets and in the long run by conditions in the goods markets. The goods markets include an export good, and import good, and a nontradeable good. Allen and Kenen show that different assumptions about the substitutability between goods or between assets can generate several popular models as special cases of their own.
Property Taxes and Tax Revolts
Authors: O'Sullivan Arthur , Sexton Terri A. , Sheffrin Steven M.
Published: April 2010

Property tax revolts have occurred both in the United States and elsewhere. This book examines the causes and consequences of such revolts with a special focus on the California experience with Proposition 13. The work examines the consequences of property tax limitations for public finance with a detailed analysis of the tax system put into place in California. Theoretical approaches and evidence from a comprehensive empirical study are used to highlight the equity and efficiency of property tax systems. Since property taxes are the primary source of revenue for local governments, the book compares and contrasts the experiences of several states with regard to the evolution of local government following property tax limitations. Finally, the book considers alternatives for reform and lessons to avoid future tax conflicts of this kind.
Computational Techniques for Complex Transport Phenomena
Authors: Shyy Wei , Thakur S. S. , Ouyang H. , Liu J. , Blosch E.
Published: April 2010

Complex fluid flows are encountered widely in nature, in living beings and in engineering practice. These flows often involve both geometric and dynamic complexity and present problems that are difficult to analyse because of their wide range of length and time scales, as well as their geometric configuration. This book describes some newly developed computational techniques and modelling strategies for analysing and predicting complex transport phenomena. It summarizes advances in the context of a pressure-based algorithm. Among methods discussed are discretization schemes for treating convection and pressure, parallel computing, multigrid methods, and composite, multiblock techniques. With respect to physical modelling, the book addresses issues of turbulence closure and multiscale, multiphase transport from an engineering viewpoint. Both fundamental and practical issues are considered, along with the relative merits of competing approaches. The final chapter is devoted to practical applications that illustrate the advantages of various numerical and physical tools. Numerous examples are given throughout the text. Mechanical, aerospace, chemical and materials engineers can use the techniques presented in this book to tackle important, practical problems more effectively.
Genes and Aging
Authors: Kanungo M. S.
Published: April 2010

The maximum life span of multicellular organisms varies greatly: for a fruitfly it is about 30 days, for a dog about 20 years, and for a human about 100 years. Despite these differences, all animals show a similar pattern of their life spans - growth, adulthood, and aging, followed by death. The basic cause of aging in multicellular organisms (eukaryotes) lies at the level of the genes, although nutrition and various types of stresses do influence the rate and pattern of aging. This book reviews the molecular biology of the gene in relation to aging. Until about a decade ago it was not possible to probe into the types of changes that occur in eukaryotic genes, due to their enormous complexity. The use of genetic engineering techniques, however, is beginning to unravel the changes that occur in the genes as an organism ages: such as the changing expression of specific genes under normal conditions and under various types of stress, the changes in the regulatory roles of the sequences in the promotor regions of genes, conformational changes that may occur in genes during aging, and the protein factors that are involved in the aging process. The author presents basic information on eukaryotic genes and follows this with details of the changes that occur in their structure and function during aging. He reviews the latest studies being carried out in various laboratories, outlines the gaps and deficiencies in our present knowledge and suggests the most profitable future areas of research. Genes and Aging is for all students and researchers interested in the molecular biology of aging.
Probabilistic Methods in Combinatorial Analysis
Authors: Sachkov Vladimir N.
Published: April 2010

This 1997 work explores the role of probabilistic methods for solving combinatorial problems. These methods not only provide the means of efficiently using such notions as characteristic and generating functions, the moment method and so on but also let us use the powerful technique of limit theorems. The basic objects under investigation are nonnegative matrices, partitions and mappings of finite sets, with special emphasis on permutations and graphs, and equivalence classes specified on sequences of finite length consisting of elements of partially ordered sets; these specify the probabilistic setting of Sachkov's general combinatorial scheme. The author pays special attention to using probabilistic methods to obtain asymptotic formulae that are difficult to derive using combinatorial methods. This was an important book, describing many ideas not previously available in English; the author has taken the chance to rewrite parts of the text and refresh the references where appropriate.
Robert Frost and a Poetics of Appetite
Authors: Kearns Katherine
Published: April 2010

Robert Frost and a Poetics of Appetite reads Frost's poetry within a theoretical perspective generated, but not limited by feminist analysis, and it evaluates Frost's persistent feminising of poetic language in ways that he typically dramatises as both erotic and humiliating. Kearns examines how Frost's dual and potentially conflicting obligations - to be manly and to be a poet - inform his entire poetics. Rather than approaching Frost's poetry with the methods and assumptions of deconstruction in mind, this book finds that Frost himself forces a deconstructive reading: his unstable ironies, his complexities and his manipulations of form are designed precisely to produce the conviction that any suggestion of significance is arbitrary and personal. The study unites biography, psychology and feminism in creating an adept and imaginative instrument of interpretation.
Oil Wealth and the Poverty of Politics
Authors: Lowi Miriam R.
Published: April 2010

How can we make sense of Algeria's post-colonial experience – the tragedy of unfulfilled expectations, the descent into violence, the resurgence of the state? Oil Wealth and the Poverty of Politics explains why Algeria's domestic political economy unravelled from the mid-1980s, and how the regime eventually managed to regain power and hegemony. Miriam Lowi argues the importance of leadership decisions for political outcomes, and extends the argument to explain the variation in stability in oil-exporting states following economic shocks. Comparing Algeria with Iran, Iraq, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia, she asks why some states break down and undergo regime change, while others remain stable, or manage to re-stabilise after a period of instability. In contrast with exclusively structuralist accounts of the rentier state, this book demonstrates, in a fascinating and accessible study, that political stability is a function of the way in which structure and agency combine.
The motivic fundamental group of the punctured projective line
Authors: Guillou Bertrand J.
Published: April 2010

We describe a construction of an object associated to the fundamental group of ℙ1 − {0, 1, ∞} in the Bloch-Kriz category of mixed Tate motives. This description involves Massey products in the motivic cohomology of the ground field.
EXPANSION OF ORBITS OF SOME DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS OVER FINITE FIELDS
Authors: GUTIERREZ JAIME , SHPARLINSKI IGOR E.
Published: April 2010

Given a finite field 𝔽p={0,…,p−1} of p elements, where p is a prime, we consider the distribution of elements in the orbits of a transformation ξ↦ψ(ξ) associated with a rational function ψ∈𝔽p(X). We use bounds of exponential sums to show that if N≥p1/2+ε for some fixed ε then no N distinct consecutive elements of such an orbit are contained in any short interval, improving the trivial lower bound N on the length of such intervals. In the case of linear fractional functions we use a different approach, based on some results of additive combinatorics due to Bourgain, that gives a nontrivial lower bound for essentially any admissible value of N.
TURÁN TYPE INEQUALITIES FOR MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS
Authors: BARICZ ÁRPÁD
Published: April 2010

In this paper our aim is to deduce some sharp Turán type inequalities for modified Bessel functions of the first and second kinds. Our proofs are based on explicit formulas for the Turánians of the modified Bessel functions of the first and second kinds and on a formula which is related to the infinite divisibility of the Studentt-distribution.
The Groningen LCPUFA study: no effect of postnatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy term infants on neurological condition at 9 years
Authors: de Jong Corina , Kikkert Hedwig K. , Fidler Vaclav , Hadders-Algra Mijna
Published: April 2010

Long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) supplementation of formula can have beneficial effects on neurodevelopmental outcome in early infancy, but uncertainty exists regarding effects after 6 months. The present study is the first to investigate whether consumption by term infants of formula containing LCPUFA for the first 2 months after birth improves neurological condition of these children at 9 years of age. A prospective, double-blind, randomised control study was performed in two groups of healthy term infants: a control group with standard formula (n 169) and a LCPUFA-supplemented group (LF; n 146). A breast-fed group (BF; n 159) served as a reference. At age 9 years, children were neurologically assessed according to Touwen, resulting in a Neurological Optimality Score and information on severity and type of minor neurological dysfunction (MND). Information on potential confounders was collected at enrolment and follow-up. Multivariate analyses were carried out to evaluate the effect of nutrition while adjusting for confounders. Attrition (28 %) was selective: drop-outs in the LF group were more often boys and had a significantly lower mental developmental index at 18 months. Neurological optimality and severity and type of MND at 9 years did not differ between the two formula groups. Children in the BF group showed significantly less often fine manipulative dysfunction than formula-fed children. In conclusion, LCPUFA supplementation of formula during the first 2 postnatal months in healthy term infants does not alter neurological function at school age. The study confirmed that breast-fed infants have a slightly better neurodevelopmental outcome than formula-fed infants.
Comparison of complications attributable to enteral and parenteral nutrition in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Petrov Maxim S. , Whelan Kevin
Published: April 2010

Enteral nutrition (EN) reduces infectious complications and mortality compared with parenteral nutrition (PN) in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis. However, to date the complications attributable to the administration of EN and PN in this patient group have not been comprehensively studied. The aim of the study was to systematically review the complications related to the use of nutrition in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis receiving EN v. PN. The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and Scopus were searched. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) of EN v. PN in predicted severe acute pancreatitis were selected. Pooled estimates of complications were expressed as OR with corresponding 95 % CI. Data from five RCT were meta-analysed. Diarrhoea occurred in six of ninety-two (7 %) patients receiving PN and twenty-four of eighty-two (29 %) patients receiving EN (OR 0·20; 95 % CI 0·09, 0·43; P < 0·001). Hyperglycaemia developed in twenty-one of ninety-two (23 %) patients receiving PN and nine of eighty-two (11 %) receiving EN (OR 2·59; 95 % CI 1·13, 5·94; P = 0·03). Given a significant reduction in infectious complications and mortality associated with the use of EN over PN that has been consistently demonstrated in previous studies, the former should be the treatment of choice in acute pancreatitis. Further clinical studies should investigate the strategies to mitigate the complications of enteral tube feeding in patients with acute pancreatitis.
Gastric emptying and orocaecal transit time of meals containing lactulose or inulin in men
Authors: Clegg Miriam , Shafat Amir
Published: April 2010

The H2 breath test is ideal for orocaecal transit time (OCTT) measurement, as it is non-invasive and inexpensive. Indigestible substrates added to a test meal are metabolised by the colonic bacteria, resulting in the production of H2 which is detected in end-exhalation breath. However, the substrates themselves can alter the transit times in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study is to compare OCTT and gastric emptying (GE) when lactulose in liquid (L-L), solid lactulose (L-S) and solid inulin (IN-S) are added to a test meal, and subsequently, to examine if inulin alters GE. Firstly, ten male volunteers were tested on three occasions. Volunteers ate a pancake breakfast containing 100 mg of 13C-octanoic acid and either 12 g of L-L, 12 g of L-S or 12 g of IN-S in a randomised order. Secondly, seven male volunteers were tested twice with meals containing either 12 g of IN-S or no substrate (NO-S). L-L induced the shortest OCTT (85·3 (sd 42·8) min) compared with L-S (162·4 (sd 62·6) min) and inulin (292·4 (sd 66·7) min; P = 0·007). GE half-time and lag phase (L-L: 61 (sd 9); L-S: 57 (sd 10); IN-S: 52 (sd 10) min; P = 0·005) were also affected, with L-L being the slowest. Thirdly, inulin reduced GE lag and latency phases (P < 0·05) compared with NO-S. Lactulose accelerates OCTT but delays GE compared with inulin. Inulin accelerates the onset of stomach emptying, but it has no effect on GE half-time. For these reasons, inulin is the preferred substrate for the H2 breath test.
Disturbance evolution in a Mach 4.8 boundary layer with two-dimensional roughness-induced separation and shock
Authors: MARXEN OLAF , IACCARINO GIANLUCA , SHAQFEH ERIC S. G.
Published: April 2010

A numerical investigation of the disturbance amplification in a Mach 4.8 flat-plate boundary layer with a localized two-dimensional roughness element is presented. The height of the roughness is varied and reaches up to approximately 70% of the boundary-layer thickness. Simulations are based on a time-accurate integration of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations, with a small disturbance of fixed frequency being triggered via blowing and suction upstream of the roughness element. The roughness element considerably alters the instability of the boundary layer, leading to increased amplification or damping of a modal wave depending on the frequency range. The roughness is also the source of an additional perturbation. Even though this additional mode is stable, the interaction with the unstable mode in the form of constructive and destructive interference behind the roughness element leads to a beating and therefore transiently increased disturbance amplitude. Far downstream of the roughness, the amplification rate of a flat-plate boundary layer is recovered. Overall, the two-dimensional roughness element behaves as disturbance amplifier with a limited bandwidth capable of filtering a range of frequencies and strongly amplifying only a selected range.
The energetics of flow through a rapidly oscillating tube. Part 1. General theory
Authors: WHITTAKER ROBERT J. , WATERS SARAH L. , JENSEN OLIVER E. , BOYLE JONATHAN , HEIL MATTHIAS
Published: April 2010

We examine the effect of prescribed wall-driven oscillations of a flexible tube of arbitrary cross-section, through which a flow is driven by prescribing either a steady flux at the downstream end or a steady pressure difference between the ends. A large-Womersley-number large-Strouhal-number regime is considered, in which the oscillations of the wall are small in amplitude, but sufficiently rapid to ensure viscous effects are confined to a thin boundary layer. We derive asymptotic expressions for the flow fields and evaluate the energy budget. A general result for the conditions under which there is zero net energy transfer from the flow to the wall is provided. This is presented as a critical inverse Strouhal number (a dimensionless measure of the background flow rate) which is expressed only in terms of the tube geometry, the fluid properties and the profile of the prescribed wall oscillations. Our results identify an essential component of a fundamental mechanism for self-excited oscillations in three-dimensional collapsible tube flows, and enable us to assess how geometric and flow properties affect the stability of the system.
The energetics of flow through a rapidly oscillating tube. Part 2. Application to an elliptical tube
Authors: WHITTAKER ROBERT J. , HEIL MATTHIAS , BOYLE JONATHAN , JENSEN OLIVER E. , WATERS SARAH L.
Published: April 2010

In Part 1 of this work, we derived general asymptotic results for the three-dimensional flow field and energy fluxes for flow within a tube whose walls perform prescribed small-amplitude periodic oscillations of high frequency and large axial wavelength. In the current paper, we illustrate how these results can be applied to the case of flow through a finite-length axially non-uniform tube of elliptical cross-section – a model of flow in a Starling resistor. The results of numerical simulations for three model problems (an axially uniform tube under pressure–flux and pressure–pressure boundary conditions and an axially non-uniform tube with prescribed flux) with prescribed wall motion are compared with the theoretical predictions made in Part 1, each showing excellent agreement. When upstream and downstream pressures are prescribed, we show how the mean flux adjusts slowly under the action of Reynolds stresses using a multiple-scale analysis. We test the asymptotic expressions obtained for the mean energy transfer E from the flow to the wall over a period of the motion. In particular, the critical point at which E = 0 is predicted accurately: this point corresponds to energetically neutral oscillations, the condition which is relevant to the onset of global instability in the Starling resistor.
Stability and receptivity characteristics of a laminar separation bubble on an aerofoil
Authors: JONES L. E. , SANDBERG R. D. , SANDHAM N. D.
Published: April 2010

Stability characteristics of aerofoil flows are investigated by linear stability analysis of time-averaged velocity profiles and by direct numerical simulations with time-dependent forcing terms. First the wake behind an aerofoil is investigated, illustrating the feasibility of detecting absolute instability using these methods. The time-averaged flow around an NACA-0012 aerofoil at incidence is then investigated in terms of its response to very low-amplitude hydrodynamic and acoustic perturbations. Flow fields obtained from both two- and three-dimensional simulations are investigated, for which the aerofoil flow exhibits a laminar separation bubble. Convective stability characteristics are documented, and the separation bubble is found to exhibit no absolute instability in the classical sense; i.e. no growing disturbances with zero group velocity are observed. The flow is however found to be globally unstable via an acoustic-feedback loop involving the aerofoil trailing edge as a source of acoustic excitation and the aerofoil leading-edge region as a site of receptivity. Evidence suggests that the feedback loop may play an important role in frequency selection of the vortex shedding that occurs in two dimensions. Further simulations are presented to investigate the receptivity process by which acoustic waves generate hydrodynamic instabilities within the aerofoil boundary layer. The dependency of the receptivity process to both frequency and source location is quantified. It is found that the amplitude of trailing-edge noise in the fully developed simulation is sufficient to promote transition via leading-edge receptivity.
On the dynamical relevance of coherent vortical structures in turbulent boundary layers
Authors: PIROZZOLI SERGIO , BERNARDINI MATTEO , GRASSO FRANCESCO
Published: April 2010

The dynamical relevance of vortex tubes and vortex sheets in a wall-bounded supersonic turbulent flow at Mach numberM= 2 and Reynolds numberReθ≈ 1350 is quantitatively analysed. The flow in the viscous sublayer and in the buffer region is characterized by intense, elongated vorticity tongues forming a shallow angle with respect to the wall, whose characteristic length isO(200) wall units and whose size in the cross-stream direction isO(50) wall units. The formation of vortex tubes takes place starting fromy+≈ 10, and it is mainly associated with the roll-up and the interaction of vortex sheets. The analysis of the non-local dynamical effect of tubes and sheets suggests that the latter have a more important collective effect, being closely associated with low-speed streaks, and being responsible for a substantial contribution to the mean momentum balance and to the production of turbulence kinetic energy and enstrophy.
Experimental study of the behaviour of mini-charge underwater explosion bubbles near different boundaries
Authors: HUNG C. F. , HWANGFU J. J.
Published: April 2010

This work experimentally studies the behaviour of underwater explosion bubbles near different boundaries. The results are compared with theoretical and experimental data on cavitation bubbles. Although explosion and cavitation bubbles behave similarly on a macroscopic level, there are still some differences, most of which are from the explosive nature of the explosion bubble. The relationship between bubble migration and the Kelvin impulse, surface inertia m* and surface stiffness k* is investigated. We found that none of them comprehensively predicts the migration of both cavitation and explosion bubbles when boundary elasticity is considered. This elasticity should be considered as a relative value with respect to bubble size. On the other hand, the phase between local vibration of boundaries and the pulsation of bubbles could be a useful predictive index of bubble migration. When using research results developed for cavitation bubbles in relation to explosion bubbles, the material presented here may be useful for pointing out their similarities and differences.
A cloud of rigid fibres sedimenting in a viscous fluid
Authors: PARK JOONTAEK , METZGER BLOEN , GUAZZELLI ÉLISABETH , BUTLER JASON E.
Published: April 2010

Experiments and numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the deformation and break-up of a cloud of rigid fibres falling under gravity through a viscous fluid in the absence of inertia and interfacial tension. The cloud of fibres is observed to evolve into a torus that subsequently becomes unstable and breaks up into secondary droplets which themselves deform into tori in a repeating cascade. This behaviour is similar to that of clouds of spherical particles, though the evolution of the cloud of fibres occurs more rapidly. The simulations, which use two different levels of approximation of the far-field hydrodynamic interactions, capture the evolution of the cloud and demonstrate that the coupling between the self-motion and hydrodynamically induced fluctuations are responsible for the faster break-up time of the cloud. The dynamics of the cloud are controlled by a single parameter which is related to the self-motion of the anisotropic particles. The experiments confirm these findings.
Finite-size effects in the dynamics of neutrally buoyant particles in turbulent flow
Authors: HOMANN HOLGER , BEC JÉRÉMIE
Published: April 2010

The dynamics of neutrally buoyant particles transported by a turbulent flow is investigated for spherical particles with radii of the order of the Kolmogorov dissipative scale or larger. The pseudo-penalization spectral method that has been proposed by Pasquetti et al. (Appl. Numer. Math., vol. 58, 2008, pp. 946–954) is adapted to integrate numerically the simultaneous dynamics of the particle and of the fluid. Such a method gives a unique handle on the limit of validity of point-particle approximations, which are generally used in applicative situations. Analytical predictions based on such models are compared to result of very well-resolved direct numerical simulations. Evidence is obtained that Faxén corrections reproduce dominant finite-size effects on velocity and acceleration fluctuations for particle diameters up to four times the Kolmogorov scale. The dynamics of particles with larger diameters is consistent with predictions obtained from dimensional analysis.
Use of propranolol to treat multicentric airway haemangioma
Authors: Mistry N , Tzifa K
Published: April 2010

Objective:

To report our experience of using propranolol to treat an infantile airway haemangioma.

Methods:

A five-week-old girl presented with upper airway obstruction. Having started systemic steroids, concurrent propranolol therapy was commenced. Propranolol was given with close monitoring of the blood pressure, pulse and capillary glucose level. The dose of propranolol was gradually increased to 2 mg/kg total daily dose, with simultaneous reduction and withdrawal of steroids.

Results:

Prior to propranolol treatment, laryngotracheobronchoscopy revealed an extensive haemangioma extending from the posterior pharyngeal wall to the subglottis. Following initiation of propranolol, a dramatic reduction in tumour bulk was seen on repeated laryngotracheobronchoscopy within 10 days of treatment. Eight months on, the patient remained asymptomatic on propranolol, with no endoscopic evidence of disease apart from mild telangiectasia.

Conclusion:

Haemangiomas of the airway can cause obstruction which may potentially be life-threatening. This case demonstrates the potential of propranolol to become a valuable therapeutic option in such clinical situations.
Combined tympanic epithelial layer avulsion and overlay myringoplasty for diffuse granular myringitis
Authors: Zhang Z , Liu X , Chen S , Zheng Y
Published: April 2010

Objective:

To explore the feasibility of a novel surgical management technique for severe, chronic granular myringitis with diffuse granulation tissue over the tympanic membrane, with or without involvement of the external auditory canal.

Study design:

This was a retrospective design.

Method:

A surgical technique combining tympanic epithelial avulsion with overlay myringoplasty was used to treat 21 severe cases.

Results:

All 21 cases were cured after one operation. Three months after surgery, patients' tympanic membranes had returned to normal, and their air–bone gaps were less than 10 dB.

Conclusion:

This new surgical procedure represents improved treatment for severe, chronic granular myringitis.
The bush dog Speothos venaticus and short-eared dog Atelocynus microtis in a fragmented landscape in southern Amazonia
Authors: Michalski Fernanda
Published: April 2010

The bush dog Speothos venaticus and the short-eared dog Atelocynus microtis are categorized as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. I document the occurrence of these two little known canids in a fragmented landscape in southern Amazonia (around Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso state, Brazil) using interviews and two extensive camera-trapping surveys. From a total of 144 interviews conducted during 2001–2002 in forest fragments and continuous forest sites, bush and short-eared dogs were confirmed in only eight (5.6%) and 14 (9.7%) forest sites, respectively. Two camera-trapping surveys, conducted in 2003–2004 and 2007–2008, with a total of 6,721 camera-trap days, recorded two photographs of bush dogs and seven of short-eared dogs, in three continuous forest sites. On the basis of the large sampling effort it appears that these two elusive species occur at low densities in the study region. The continued presence of these species in an agricultural frontier with high deforestation rates makes this information of relevance for long-term conservation initiatives in this region and in other Neotropical agricultural frontiers.
Tigers, markets and palm oil: market potential for conservation
Authors: Bateman Ian J. , Fisher Brendan , Fitzherbert Emily , Glew David , Naidoo Robin
Published: April 2010

Increasing demand for cooking oil and biofuels has made palm oil, > 80% of which is grown in South-east Asia, the dominant globally traded vegetable oil. However, this region is host to some of the world’s most biodiverse and threatened tropical forests. Strategic engagement with commercial operations is increasingly recognized to be an essential part of the solution for raising funds for conservation initiatives, raising consumer consciousness and potentially stemming environmental degradation. Linking market incentives towards conservation is also of critical importance because it is becoming widely recognized that conservation needs to begin to address the wider countryside (outside protected areas) where human–wildlife interactions are frequent and impacts are large. Using the Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae as both a threatened species in its own right and emblematic for wider species diversity, we show that western consumers are willing to pay a significant premium for products using palm oil grown in a manner that reduces impacts on such species. Results suggest that the price premium associated with a ‘tiger-friendly’ accreditation may provide a useful additional tool to raise conservation funds and, within the right institutional context, serve as an inducement to address the problem of habitat and species loss.
Fine tuning and the varieties of naturalism
Authors: GANSSLE GREGORY E.
Published: April 2010

Naturalism has been characterized both as a claim about what exists (claim naturalism) and as a commitment to a certain methodology (method naturalism). The fine-tuning argument for God's existence presents a significant challenge to each way of characterizing naturalism. The claim naturalist faces the fact that the best response to the fine-tuning argument (the many-world hypothesis) requires the existence of many universes that are not clearly naturalistic themselves. Method naturalism faces the challenge that it does not have the resources to ground the preference of the many-world hypothesis to the designer hypothesis.
Note from the Editors
Authors: Ringen Catherine , Vikner Sten
Published: April 2010

This is the first issue of volume 33 of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics. The NJL is the journal of the Nordic Association of Linguists. Individuals may subscribe to the Nordic Journal of Linguistics by joining the Nordic Association of Linguists. The NAL membership form can be found on the Cambridge University Press web site of the NJL, , as well as on the NAL web site, .
Call for papers: NJL Special Issue on the Nordic Languages and Linguistic Typology
Authors: Eriksen Pål Kristian , Wide Camilla
Published: April 2010

All modern linguistic science – all theoretical frameworks and approaches – at one point or another becomes linguistic typology. Sooner or later they ask the fundamental typological questions: What are the universal features of human language? How do we explain their universality? And how do we explain those features of human language which are not universal, but which vary from language to language? How do variation and universality relate to each other? The methodology of linguistic typology – to approach these questions by mapping and comparing language data globally – is not necessarily shared by all linguists, but the basic questions remain the same.
In search of the force of dependent verb second
Authors: Wiklund Anna-Lena
Published: April 2010

This short communication is a brief extension of recent work on verb second (V2) in Scandinavian declarative clauses and a contribution to research on the relation between V2 and illocutionary force. It is argued that Swedish data present a problem for the hypothesis that a bi-conditional relation holds between the illocutionary force of an assertion and V2 word order. The relevant force, to the extent that we can identify it, appears to be available also in the absence of V2 word order. It is tentatively suggested that V2 encodes evidentiality.