bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redefining Professional Career Development in the Twenty-first Century: A Systemic Approach
Authors: Wetherill Karen , Burton Grace M , Calhoun Diane , Thomas Carol Chase
Published: February 2007

A critical challenge to improving the quality of teaching and
student performance outcomes is to reconsider how educators are initially
trained and provided opportunities for professional renewal and retooling
throughout their career. Professional development as discussed in this
paper is considered across the career span of all educators and as it
applies in specific educational organizations, i.e., preK to 12~ grade
schools and schools of education. Beginning with a number of critical
assumptions about professional development, the authors suggest a
framework for viewing professional development that acknowledges the
complex, interdependent roles and responsibilities educators assume
in the classroom, the institution, and the profession. The goals and
specific outcomes are informed by Goodlad's moral dimensions and suggest
an alternative approach to professional development that include important
considerations for teacher preparation institutions.
Why High Schools Don't Change: What Students and Their Yearbooks Tell Us
Authors: Hoffman Lynn M
Published: February 2007

High school yearbook students from five schools in a large suburban school
system were surveyed and interviewed to investigate what was meaningful
and memorable to them throughout their high school experience. The
yearbooks they produced were analyzed to confirm their responses and gain
more information about their interests and priorities. Chang's (1992)
elements of adolescent ethos, including getting along, being involved,
and gaining independence, provided a conceptual framework. Transcripts of
focus group interviews, surveys, and yearbooks were examined and analyzed
for references to rites of passage and intensification embedded in the
high school program and described by Burnett (1969). Yearbook students in
this study articulated the importance of the adolescent ethos elements
described by Chang (1992). Relationships with friends and acquaintances
emerged as students' primary focus. They equated growing up with accepting
responsibility. Students identified markers of independence similar
to those described by Chang (1992), including driving, having a job,
and taking responsibility in extracurricular activities. Additional
markers of independence suggested by these students were receiving mail
from prospective colleges, earning the trust of adults, and experiencing
the death of a classmate. Students' comments, supported by yearbook text
and pictures, indicated the presence of and importance attached to high
school rites of passage and intensification. Students demonstrated a
lack of interest in their academic work through their oral and written
responses and the minimal coverage they allotted to academics in their
yearbooks. Students' descriptions of academic as compared to their
yearbook classes, along with the importance of the adolescent ethos and
rites of passage, offer clues for meaningful high school restructuring
from students' perspectives.
"Mardi Gras, Chic-a-la-Pie:" Reasserting Creole Identity through Festive Play
Authors: Gaudet Marcia G
Published: February 2007

Mardi Gras, in the predominantly Creole and African American 12th Street area of Lafayette, Louisiana, reflects both the cultural diversity of Creoles of color and the dynamics of asserting Creole identity in a region more widely known as Cajun Country. The festive play of this Mardi Gras incorporates Afro-Caribbean performance styles as well as French Louisiana Mardi Gras chants and rituals. Creole identity is reflected, challenged, and celebrated in the intercultural borrowings and negotiations of this carnival performance.
Looking for Pieter Bruegel
Authors: Zagorin Perez
Published: February 2007

This essay survey the attempts by art historians to discover the
meaning of the peasant paintings and other works of Pieter Bruegel
the Elder and to determine whether his oeuvre reflects any
underlying philosophy. It examines some of the recent literature on
Bruegel dealing with the question of his political allegiance, his
supposed affiliation with the circle of distinguished intellectuals in
Antwerp that included the printer-publisher Christophe Plantin and the
geographer Abraham Ortelius, the possible influence of Stoic ideas in
his depiction of landscape, and his social ideals and attitude toward
his peasant subjects. The essay suggests that there are obscurities in
Bruegel's works that may never be resolved.
Empirical History and the Transformation of Political Criticism in France from Bodin to Bayle
Authors: Soll Jacob
Published: February 2007

This article shows how
sixteenth- and seventeenth-century arguments about historical evidence and
elite humanist traditions of textual criticism and historical method evolved
into the secular political theory of the eighteenth century. It shows how the
French crown sponsored scholars who worked on empirical, source-based history
as a tool for political prudence, but as this critical historical methodology
became public, the crown realized it could be used against its interests, as in
the case of the Affaire de Thou. In the mid-seventeenth century, Colbert
sought to suppress the old royal humanist historical tradition; however a
number of political critics such as Amelot de La Houssaye and Pierre Bayle
worked to publicize the tools of historical, political criticism, setting the
stage for Enlightenment critics of absolutism such as Durey de Meinières
and ultimately Montesquieu and Gibbon.
Liddell Hartis Sherman : Propaganda as History
Authors: Castel Albert E
Published: February 2007

Although first published more than seven decades ago, Basil H. Liddell
Hart's Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American remains highly regarded
and influential among historians, in particular those specializing
in the U.S. Civil War. This essay endeavors to demonstrate that while
his status is understandable, it also is undeserved and unfortunate,
because the book is seriously flawed, both factually and analytically,
the consequence of Liddell Hart having written it to promote his thesis
that the "indirect approach" is the secret of success in war.
Could Admiral Gensoul Have Averted the Tragedy of Mers el-Kebir?
Authors: Lasterle Philippe
Published: February 2007

The career of French Admiral Marcel Gensoul collapsed in the virtual
destruction by the Royal Navy of the fleet under his command at Mers
el-K�bir, near Oran, Algeria, on 3 July 1940. Until that tragic
day, Gensoul had been considered one of France's most promising naval
officers. Since then, however, the French have known him only as "the
man of Mers el-K�bir." Gensoul did nothing to shake off this
unfortunate reputation. He never wrote his memoirs and never offered a
public defense of his actions. He left his defense to others, preferring
not to reopen the old Franco-British wound resulting from the events
of
3 July 1940. On the other side of the Channel, actors in the drama and
historians have expressed regret at the horrific consequences of the
circumstances that led to the tragedy and shown sympathy for the difficult
predicament in which the French admiral found himself. Meanwhile, in
France very few people have seriously examined the role Gensoul played
in the affair. For this reason it seems important, in order to understand
the chain of events that took place on that tragic day, to reconsider the
personality of the French admiral and to scrupulously analyze the part
he played as one of the two main protagonists in the events. It will be
particularly interesting in this regard to focus attention on Gensoul's
proposal that the French squadron be disarmed in the port of Oran and
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's refusal of that option, which
the Admiralty and many members of the British Cabinet found acceptable.
The Evolution of Fleet Tactical Doctrine in the U.S. Navy, 1922-1941
Authors: Hone Trent
Published: February 2007

In the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. Navy battle line
was destroyed. Although a great deal has been published concerning the
construction and operational histories of these battleships, relatively
little is known about how these ships would have been employed in
battle. This article seeks to rectify this shortcoming by examining
the Navy's tactical doctrine with specific focus on the employment of
the battle line and illustrating the salient principles of the Navy's
battle doctrine in the interwar period, as well as Admiral Husband
E. Kimmel's plan for a fleet battle in the Central Pacific in the fall
of 1941.
Malaysia's Resilient Pseudodemocracy
Authors: Case William
Published: February 2007

While many of the world's pseudodemocracies have lately made the transition to "unadulterated" democracy, Malaysia and its leader, Mahathir Mohamad, have successfully bucked this trend.
Revisiting Florida 2000: Introduction
Authors: Plattner Marc F. , Diamond Larry Jay
Published: February 2007

The controversy over the vote count in the U.S. presidential election gripped the attention of the world. Six leading election experts from the United States and abroad discuss the causes of the debacle and offer some remedies.
Promoting Democracy at Home
Authors: Soudriette Richard
Published: February 2007

The controversy over the vote count in the U.S. presidential election
gripped the attention of the world. Six leading election experts from
the United States and abroad discuss the causes of the debacle and offer
some remedies.
Slovakia's Second Transition
Authors: Krause Kevin Deegan
Published: February 2007

Abstract: The results of Slovakia's 2002 elections can be said to mark the completion of a “second transition” to democracy. With the election of 2002, it became clear that Slovakia's nationalist-authoritarian experiment is effectively over. What remains to be seen is the extent and duration of its impact on Slovak political life. Today's leaders must contend not only with the legacies of communism but with the unique legacies of postcommunist authoritarianism also. Some of these legacies continue to hobble the country's democratic development, but others have actually helped inoculate Slovakia against another return to authoritarian leadership.
Latin America's Lost Illusions: A Road with No Return?
Authors: Lagos Marta
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Since 1995, the Latinobarómetro (Latinobarometer) survey of public opinion has asked voters and citizens in 17 countries of Latin America about their support for and opinions of electoral democracy. While democracy often attracts more “default support” than it does positive loyalty, it is nonetheless true that authoritarian alternatives command little or no favor. This is the case even when democracy performs rather poorly in economic and institutional terms. Still, Latin American democracies must redouble their efforts to meet the challenges of building strong and democracy-friendly civic cultures and bringing marginalized groups and classes within their societies into the realm of full citizenship, equal rights, and political participation.
Turkey at the Polls: After the Tsunami
Authors: Özel Soli
Published: February 2007

Abstract: The parliamentary elections of 3 November 2002 in Turkey gave a large majority to the Islamic-rooted Justice and Development Party (AKP), a successor to two previously banned Islamist parties (Refah and Fazilet) that now rejects the Islamist label. The Republican People's Party (CHP) took all remaining seats. The AKP, a group of self-avowed “Muslim Democrats,” was led by the charismatic former mayor of Istanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who became prime minister of the Turkish Republic in March 2003. The AKP's victory was the product of a series of events including the Susurluk scandal, the postmodern military coup, the Izmit earthquake, and deep economic problems.
The Post-Soviet Political Mind
Authors: Tismaneanu Vladimir
Published: February 2007

The review is a critical analysis of an important book of conversations
between two major figures of 20th century communism: former Soviet leader
Mikhail Gorbachev and Prague Spring ideologue Zdenek Mlyn�r. The
review examines Gorbachev's illusions about the possibility of reconciling
Leninism and democracy, his efforts to liberalize the Soviets system,
as well as his gradual separation from the Bolshevik exclusive and
intolerant worldview. Gorbachev still believes that Leninist regimes could
democratize as a result of reforms from the top and underestimates the
role of civil society movements from below. His break with the communist
party came too late and this explains his political defeat. Altogether,
this is a significant document highlighting the limits of Marxist
revisionism and its role in the dismantling of communism.
Reviving Middle Eastern Liberalism
Authors: Ibrahim Saad Eddin
Published: February 2007

From Ottoman times in the 1850s until the rise of Nasser and the Free
Officers' regime in the mid-20th century, Egypt and other countries in
the Middle East enjoyed a kind of Liberal Age that saw civil society,
NGOs, and the rule of law advance. Some institutions born during the
Liberal Age endure. In March 2003, one of these, the Egyptian Court
of Cassation, overturned the Hosni Mubarak government's jailing of
Saad Eddin Ibrahim and its June 2000 shutdown of his Cairo-based Ibn
Khaldun Center. Dr. Ibrahim spoke at the NED about his prison sentence,
his winning legal case, and his hopes for a rebirth of Middle Eastern
liberalism.
Between the Mother of the Wounded and the Virgin of Jiu: Romanian Women and the Gender of Heroism during the Great War
Authors: Bucur Maria
Published: February 2007

This article adds new depth to understanding the gendered
dimension of the Great War experience on the eastern front by focusing on
one of the smaller participants in the conflict and a latecomer to
the experience of total war: Romania. Bucur examines how the image of two
famous women, Queen Marie and Ecaterina Teodoroiu, functioned to construct
normative gender roles and definitions of heroism, at the expense
of making invisible the actions of most other women. In this process,
notions of patriotism, heroism, and virtue came to reinforce and encode
gender divisions in a more well-defined public debate than ever
before, as both policy makers and publicists sought to construct agency
as a male prerogative. By making this aspect of the war visible, Bucur's
analysis also engages the wider question of how Romanian politicians,
publicists, and civilians understood the meaning of this total war and
sought to mobilize for it.
Women's History in Italy: Cultural Itineraries and New Proposals in Current Historiographical Trends
Authors: Mantini Silvia , Schwarten James
Published: February 2007

This article analyzes theoretical premises for women's
history, in general, and, in Italy, in particular. The relationship
between feminism and women's history in the 1970s strongly influenced
Italian historiography on women. The most significant developments
in women's history occurred in the 1980s, thanks, in part, to the demise
of dependent relationships among history, scholarship, and political
ideologies, as well as the birth of gender studies in Italy. The plurality
of interests and the mixing of disciplines in Italian research since
the 1980s indicate that in Italy, as elsewhere, principal theoretical
reference points are cultural, involving analysis of such topics as
relationship networks, the family, and the body. These subjects of study
permit the development of research and methodological reflections
on the construction of gender categories and their nexus with social,
familial, institutional, and governmental structures. Gender identity
and resource identity are among the new concepts that have emerged in
recent Italian scholarship on women's history.
Sexual Control and the Remaking of Gender: The Attempt of Nineteenth-Century Protestant Norwegian Women to Export Western Domesticity to Madagascar
Authors: Predelli Line Nyhagen
Published: February 2007

This article explores how nineteenth-century Protestant
women missionaries utilized categories of morality and religion, gender,
sexuality, race, and class in an effort to elevate the status of "heathen"
women through exporting a Western notion of women's domesticity. The case
of a Lutheran boarding school for girls that the Norwegian Missionary
Society established in Madagascar in 1872 is used to examine how these
categories were sought, made, and remade through discipline and social
control, and how those subjected to discipline and control limited
the effectiveness of missionaries' efforts. Through close readings of
missionary texts, it is possible to detect both subtle and not-so-subtle
acts of resistance on the part of Malagasies living at the boarding
school.
Whose Mothers? Generational Difference, War, and the Nazi Cult of Motherhood
Authors: Heineman Elizabeth D.
Published: February 2007

Arguing that we must consider generational difference in our treatment
of motherhood, this article analyzes two areas of propaganda and policy
regarding women in wartime Nazi Germany: women's contribution to the war
economy and their mourning of men who fell at war. The regime believed
younger women (mothers included) to be more fit than older women
for paid labor, while it considered older women's housework essential
to their civilian husbands' performance at work. Propaganda emphasizing
the sacrifices of the bereaved war mother over the war widow (and
mother of young children) helped the regime claim to honor motherhood,
even as its labor policies intensified the work of mothering. The
differentiation of mothers according to age more generally reflects
welfare states' desire to appeal to popular pro-mother sentiment while
limiting the costs of subsidizing motherhood.
Women, Salons, and the State in the Aftermath of the French Revolution
Authors: Kale Steven D.
Published: February 2007

Historians have generally accepted the argument that the
salon culture through which women participated in the public sphere
of eighteenth-century France faded in the 1780s, foreshadowing and
complementing the general exclusion of women from politics by the French
Revolution. This article presents evidence that salon sociability came
back to life in the aftermath of the French Revolution, giving upper-class
women renewed access to the public sphere as part of the partial
reconstruction of aristocratic power. Napoleon encouraged this revival as
part of a strategy for winning the support of traditional elites, but he
deplored powerful women and struggled to contain salonni�res by
reducing them to hostesses. He supported the development of ministerial
salons centered on male notables and exiled Madame de Sta�l, France's
most prominent salonni�re, in order to silence political dissent
in high society. Salons recovered significantly with the liberalization
of the public sphere during the Restoration and the July Monarchy,
along with the influence of salonni�res, who presided over a
new mondanit� (society life) linked closely with the political
sociability of elites, and supported by an enduring nostalgia for
the elegant society of the past. Nevertheless, the connection between
mondanit� and politics slowly weakened, and upper-class women
saw their informal political role diminished due to the rise of modern
institutions designed to organize the political life of a widening
middle-class electorate. The salon's decreasing significance within the
public sphere occurred after the consolidation of modern gender norms
and the juridical inscription of women's second-class status.
Public Words and Body Politics: Reflections on the Strategies of Women Poets in Rural Yemen
Authors: Miller W. Flagg
Published: February 2007

This paper provides historical perspective on the mediation of women's public verbal activism in the Republic of Yemen by considering the public expressive strategies of two rural women poets. Much of the research on the expressive lives of Middle Eastern women has focused on verbal genres typically designated private or domestic, such as agricultural and wedding songs, lullabies and songs about personal experiences, and stories, tales, or narratives not traditionally considered "poetry." In contrast, this essay attends to public poetry and related discourses produced by and about two speci�c rural women. By examining how these women have managed, appropriated, and interrogated dominant patriarchal discourses of tribalism, Islamism, and nationalism, and by considering how media technologies contribute in different ways to embodying women's voices, this essay articulates a methodological framework that can better account for the expressive capacities of contemporary women activists in the rural Middle East.
Nwando Achebe--Daughter, Wife, and Guest--A Researcher at the Crossroads
Authors: Achebe Nwando
Published: February 2007

This article investigates the methods of historical fieldwork—and
the problems, contradictions, and dilemmas inherent in it. It addresses
questions of ethical research, the process of information-gathering,
the relationship between the actual fieldwork experience and the
interpretation and evaluation of research findings, how the researcher
writes and represents her collaborators' words, and the power dynamics
involved in the research process. In addition, this article evaluates
personhood and the intersection between the political, intellectual, and
cultural nexus of being an insider/outsider researcher. It critically
explores the implications of identity creation and negotiation for a
more complex understanding of African women's and gendered histories.
Cultivating Modernity: Culture and Internationalism in Australian Feminism's Pacific Age
Authors: Paisley Fiona
Published: February 2007

In 1928, the first Pan-Pacific Women's Conference was held in Honolulu
and attracted women from Australia, the United States, Canada, New
Zealand, Japan, China, and elsewhere. This article considers the first
three conferences of this Pan-Pacific Women's Association, focusing on
Australian delegates and their claim to mediate a dialogue between women
of the "East" and "West." Conferences were also to offer "Eastern" women
opportunities to practice becoming modern and to "learn" from the world
community of modern women. In recognition of the Orientalist politics
underpinning the cultural internationalism proclaimed by these conferences
as a means for world cooperation, this article situates Australian
delegates' account of Pan-Pacific Women's Conferences within transnational
histories of empire, nation, and "race," as well as feminism.
Morals, Harmony, and National Identity: "Companionate Feminism" in Colonial Indonesia in the 1930s
Authors: Locher-Scholten Elsbeth
Published: February 2007

This analysis of three debates among the Indonesian (mainly Javanese)
elite of the 1930s illustrates what was meant by "iboe jang
sedjati", or "the true women", in a decade of striving nationalism
and a more outspoken feminist movement. The debates concern a fashion
show/beauty contest; concubinage; and the role of modern Indonesian women
themselves. The article demonstrates that in response to ongoing processes
of modernization or Westernization, Javanese gender perceptions were
voiced in an Indonesian idiom of a moral character, as opposed to what
was considered the immorality of Dutch colonial and Western culture. This
gender idiom was infused with the idea of harmony: harmony among different
Indonesian women's organizations and harmony between Indonesian women and
Indonesian men. Moreover, in addition to a "maternal feminism," focused
on women as child bearers and child educators, a "companionate feminism"
emerged toward women supporting men. This companionate feminism betrayed
traditional Javanese norms of being "halus" (refined), but it also
served new political goals of Indonesian unity and Indonesian nationalism.
"Leisure is a Foe to Any Man:" The Pleasures and Dangers of Atlanta during World War I
Authors: Judson Sarah Mercer
Published: February 2007

This article explores the connections between African American
and white women's political agency, commercialized leisure, and the
gender- and race-based politics of World War I in Atlanta, Georgia. The
link between these issues was a general concern among male and female
political leaders, clubwomen, and reformers with women's public presence
in the city during wartime. Whereas white male leaders proposed to
manage women by curtailing their civil rights, clubwomen created more
benevolent methods of "girl work." African American and white clubwomen
took advantage of the federal governments' efforts to mobilize women and
created new opportunities to advance their visions of community order
and female citizenship. Both groups of women targeted commercialized
leisure as a hazard of the city, yet the politics of race in Atlanta
ensured that black and white women's strategies and experiences would
emphasize different issues and lead to different results.
Hints for Wives--and Husbands
Authors: Penney Sherry H , Livingston James D.
Published: February 2007

This article reveals, for the first time, the "humorous article"
read by Lucretia Mott at the historic 1848 Seneca Falls Women's Rights
Convention. Written by Mott's sister Martha Coffin Wright, it presents a
view of the gender roles in marriage very different from that expressed
in most literature of its time.
The Schoolhouse vs. the Armory: U.S. Teachers and the Campaign Against Militarism in the Schools, 1914-1918
Authors: Zeiger Susan
Published: February 2007

In the World War I era, U. S. public schools became a battleground
in the struggle over militarism in American society. Preparedness
advocates and many physical education teachers pressed for military
training in the public schools. Peace educators and teacher activists,
predominantly female organizers for the American School Peace League
(ASPL), strongly opposed it. This article highlights the centrality
of gender politics in the struggle and the role of local classroom
teachers. Teachers in the campaign against military training were
part of a new, more radical trend in the U. S. peace movement in the
1910s. They were often at odds with the ASPL's conservative national
leader, Fannie Fern Andrews. Teacher-activists developed a significant
critique of militarism and its impact on children, and built diverse and
effective community coalitions. They based their political authority not
on maternalism but on professional identity. This study suggests that a
full account of women's political culture in the early twentieth century
demands closer attention to the activities of female teachers.
"To the Company of a Man like My Husband, No Law Can Compel Me": The Limits of Sanctions against Wife Beating in Arequipa, Peru, 1780-1850
Authors: Chambers Sarah C.
Published: February 2007

Recent studies of domestic violence emphasize that the resiliency of
patriarchy rests on ideologies that distinguish responsible exercise
of power from abuse. While acknowledging the contribution of such
analyses, this article explores the limits of public sanctions on wife
beating and shifts the focus back toward women's own efforts to resist
violence. Although wives in late colonial and early republican Peru
sought protection from neighbors and local authorities, such strategies
often were unsuccessful. As a result, many women took matters into their
own hands. Although attacking female rivals as
the cause of marital problems pitted women against each other, such
actions also challenged the prerogative of church and state to set
and enforce limits of proper marital conduct. Some women went even further
by acting as if they had a right to leave abusive spouses, a recourse
prohibited by husbands and civil and religious authorities alike.
The Limits of State Autonomy: The Medical Cooperatives of the Farm Security Administration, 1935–1946
Authors: Clark Thomas R.
Published: February 2007

Under the ominous title “Rehearsal for State Medicine,” the 17 December 1938 issue of the Saturday Evening Post told its readers about a new health program sponsored by the Farm Security Administration (FSA), a New Deal agency that provided low-interest “rehabilitation loans” to low-income farmers. As an outgrowth of the loan program, the FSA had established cooperative health plans that, for a small annual fee, allowed FSA clients to receive affordable health care. But according to the article's co-authors—Samuel Lubell and Walter Everett—there was much more to the FSA health pro-gram. “What the FSA is doing,” Lubell and Everett claimed, “affords a rare glimpse into what the future might bring.” Their article appeared in the midst of a national debate over health care reform and only months after President Franklin Roosevelt had convened hundreds of doctors, social workers, and public health reformers for a National Health Conference. Charged with the task of making recommendations for a national health program, the conference produced a final report that suggested a range of public policies that might make health care more affordable and accessible. Most controversially, the final report called upon lawmakers to consider creating a program of government-sponsored health insurance. “Though Congress and the nation are debating the prickly issue of state medicine,” Lubell and Everett noted with obvious disapproval, “one Federal agency [the FSA] has jumped the legislative gun and initiated its own program of socialized medicine.” Although they would have rejected the term “socialized medicine,” the architects of the FSA health plans had indeed envisioned a “rehearsal” of sorts.
A Chink in the Armor: The Black-Led Struggle for School Desegregation in Arlington, Virginia, and the End of Massive Resistance
Authors: Morris James McGrath
Published: February 2007

As it had for countless other children in Arlington, Virginia, the idyll days of summer had come to end for eleven-year-old Edward Leslie Hamm Jr. on the morning of 5 September 1957. After donning a pair of clean khaki pants and a freshly pressed, short-sleeved white shirt, Hamm was heading back to the classroom along with twenty-one thousand other students in this Northern Virginia community. That alone was enough to put a pit in any child's stomach. But for Hamm the day possessed an added dimension. Instead of riding a bus for forty-five minutes to the Negro school six miles across the county, his parents were dispatching him, along with two other black pupils, to challenge the continued exclusion of blacks from the all-white school, one mile from their isolated exclusively black neighborhood. A full three years after Brown v. Board of Education, not a single black student had yet attended a white public school in Virginia, seen by many observers as the frontline state of resistance to school integration. The three children were nervous and took no comfort in thinking of themselves among a vanguard of the civil rights movement. “I wasn't into an integration thing,” recalled George Tyrone Nelson, who was fourteen at the time and among the trio challenging the segregated schools that day.
Mainstream Protestantism, “Conservative” Religion, and Civil Society
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: February 2007

Just fifty-five years ago, the idea of a front-running presidential candidate from either the Democratic or Republican parties campaigning at Bob Jones University was unthinkable. After all, BJU was on the cultural periphery owing to its fundamentalist reputation. Having lost the battles in the mainline Protestant denominations and having suffered the ignominy of the Scopes Trial, fundamentalists like those who sent their children to Bob Jones in the 1940s were so busy trying to recover from these defeats that the thought of deciding a presidential election would have been delusional. Carl F. H. Henry spoke volumes for the movement when in his important little book,The Uneasy Conscience of Fundamentalism(1947), he lamented that for “the first protracted period in its history,” the evangelical faith of fundamentalists stood “divorced from the great social reform movements.” Henry, who was emerging as an influential leader of a new generation of fundamentalists, neo-evangelicals as they would call themselves, wrote this book as a protest against fundamentalism's self-chosen social and political isolation. In other words, the task for evangelical leaders at mid-century was to prod fundamentalists back into public life. And this is what makes George W. Bush's appearance at Bob Jones University during the weeks leading up to the 2000 South Carolina Republican primary truly remarkable. It reveals a seismic shift among conservative Protestants. Within a brief period, evangelicals went from denouncing politics as a form of worldliness to demanding a place at the table.
“To Make the Wheels Revolve We Must Have Grease”: Barrel Politics in the Gilded Age
Authors: Summers Mark Wahlgren
Published: February 2007

It was a typical election year in Philadelphia. The nation's freedom lay at peril, and everything depended on thousands of day laborers, up for sale at one to five dollars apiece on election day. That, at any rate, was what one observer warned Republicans in 1868. “Whichever party is the most plentifully supplied with the ‘root’ will command the vote of these honest ‘Bones and Sinews,’ in spite of fate!” he predicted. “The democracy for once, are in funds to repletion, & they intend to ‘win or die’!”
The Carter Administration and the Evolution of American Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy, 1977–1981
Authors: Martinez J. Michael
Published: February 2007

In the wake of India's May 1998 decision to resume nuclear testing for the first time since 1974, as well as arch-rival Pakistan's subsequent response, the attention of the world again has focused on nuclear nonproliferation policy as a means of maintaining stability in politically troubled regions of the world. The 1990s proved to be an uncertain time for nonproliferation policy. Pakistan acquired nuclear capabilities. Iraq displayed its well-known intransigence by refusing to allow International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) arms inspectors access to facilities suspected of manufacturing nuclear weapons. North Korea maintained a nuclear weapons program despite opposition from many Western nations. Troubling questions about nuclear holdings persisted in Argentina, Brazil, and South Africa. New nuclear powers were created in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Even the renewal of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1995 failed to assuage the concerns of Western powers fearful of aggressive measures undertaken by rogue nuclear proliferants.
The Changing SPD in the Schröder Era
Authors: Jun Uwe
Published: February 2007

Public opinion data gathered from the latest surveys on Germany's upcoming parliamentary elections have turned out to be disheartening for the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Without exception, the Social Democrats take second place and lag behind the Christian Democrats (CDU/CSU) by several percentage points (Fig. 1). Today, only a few months before the next parliamentary election, a repetition of the electoral victory to the extent of 1998 seems to be rather unlikely. We are therefore faced with the perplexing question of how the SPD could arrive at such a disadvantageous position given the historic electoral success of 1998, when the party achieved its second-best result at parliamentary elections since Word War II. Is the SPD powerless against a strong tendency of the German electorate to cast its ballot in favor of the CDU/CSU, which has pervaded almost the entire history of the Federal Republic of Germany and has been described as “a permanent discrimination of the SPD against the CDU/CSU in the competition of parties.” Or is this situation just a snapshot without deeper consequences for the party?
Social Democracy in East-Central Europe: Success by Default?
Authors: Tworzecki Hubert
Published: February 2007

In the parliamentary elections of 2001, Poland's ex-communist Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) won more than three times the number of votes than any other party, registering its best result since 1989 and simultaneously delivering a crushing blow to the ruling Solidarity-led coalition, which not only lost power but also failed to win any seats in the lower house of parliament. If at the time of communism's collapse someone had gazed into a crystal ball and predicted that Solidarity's heirs would suffer from almost continuous disarray and the SLD would emerge as the country's most successful political party, he would have been dismissed as a crank. For a number of reasons, ranging from the country's strong religious traditions, to a political culture that saw the communist system and its servants as a basically alien force, to a long history of political contestation of communism, culminating in the rise of the Solidarity movement in 1980, Poland was the one East European country in which such a result must have seemed particularly unlikely. Further, given Poland's singularly dismal economic performance under communist rule (hardly conducive to nostalgic feelings), as well as the country's relative success with market reforms in the 1990s, one could not easily explain the ex-communist left's electoral gains as simply the result of a backlash against the consequences of economic transition.
A Distinct Minority: LULAC, Mexican American Identity, and Presidential Policymaking, 1965–1972
Authors: Kaplowitz Craig A.
Published: February 2007

During the presidencies of Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon, Mexican American civil rights went from being an addendum to civil rights for African Americans to a stand-alone policy with a bureaucracy, federal programs, and an independent rationale. Ever since President Harry Truman accepted civil rights in the Democratic platform in 1948, federal policymakers and politicians tried to fit Mexican Americans, and other minority groups, into the civil rights mold they had carved out for blacks in the South. While subject to severe discrimination and disadvantage, Mexican Americans did not face the consistent statutory segregation and discrimination faced by blacks. Federal civil rights policy for Mexican Americans through the mid-1960s consisted of New Frontier and Great Society funding programs to which Mexican American organizations could apply for money to develop and carry out projects in their communities. By the end of Richard Nixon's first term, a federal bilingual education program was established, agencies and committees existed whose sole function was to coordinate Mexican American programs, and Mexican Americans were recognized by policymakers as a distinct minority group with unique needs that required particular federal remedies.
A "Feudal Mutation"? Conceptual Tools and Historical Patterns in World History
Authors: Morillo Stephen
Published: February 2007

This article argues against the claims made in R. J. Barendse's article "The Feudal Mutation." It shows first that in philosophical and historiographical terms, feudalism is a term with no agreed definition that is being rejected by European medievalists, so that reviving it in a world historical context will confuse more than enlighten. Second, it argues that the historical process supposedly described by the term feudal mutation did not happen. There was no Eurasian "warhorse revolution" in the period 900Ð1200, no consistent change in patterns of agrarian production, and no demonstrable link between these two patternless phenomena.
Routine HIV Testing of Hospital Patients and Pregnant Women: Informed Consent in the Real World
Authors: Mayo David J , Rhame Frank S. , Gunderson Martin
Published: February 2007

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has
recommended that HIV testing be routinely offered to certain
patients in hospitals with a high prevalence of HIV infection and on
all pregnant women. The CDC does not, however, offer
implementation level guidelines for obtaining informed consent. We
provide a moral justification for requiring informed consent for HIV
testing and propose guidelines for securing such consent. In
particular we argue that genuine informed consent can be secured
without elaborate counseling, such as that currently used at
Counseling and Testing Sites, provided that sufficient written notice
is given to the patients before testing and that they are specifically
asked for permission.
Single Payers and Multiple Lists: Must Everyone Get the Same Coverage in a Universal Health Plan?
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: February 2007

In spite of recent political setbacks for the movement toward
universal health insurance, considerable support remains for the
idea. Among those supporting such plans, most assume that a
universal insurance system, especially if it is a single-payer
system, would offer a single list of basic covered services. This
paper challenges that assumption and argues for the availability of
multiple lists of services in a universal insurance system. The claim
is made that multiple lists will be both more efficient and more fair.
Any single list will fund some services that are quite attractive to
some people, but only marginally attractive to others. Thus any
single-list plan will fund some services that produce only marginal
benefit for the resources used. Moreover, since some people will
hold values quite compatible with the single list and others will hold
values leading to preferences for unfunded services, some people
will get much more benefit from any single list than other people
will. Fairness and efficiency require providing an entitlement to
universal access to health insurance that could be purchased by
typical consumers for a fixed price of perhaps $3500. By permitting
everyone to pick their preferred list of services available at that
price, each person will efficiently use his or her entitlement while
getting more equal opportunity for benefits.
Cochlear Implants and the Claims of Culture? A Response to Lane and Grodin
Authors: Davis Dena S.
Published: February 2007

Because I reject the notion that physical characteristics constitute
cultural membership, I argue that, even if the claim were persuasive
that deafness is a culture rather than a disability, there is no reason
to fault hearing parents who choose cochlear implants for their deaf
children.
Institutional Identity, Integrity, and Conscience
Authors: Wildes Kevin Wm. (Kevin William)
Published: February 2007

Bioethics has focused on the areas of individual ethical
choices--patient care--or public policy and law. There are, however,
important arenas for ethical choices that have been overlooked.
Health care is populated with intermediate arenas such as
hospitals, nursing homes, hospices, and health care systems. This
essay argues that bioethics needs to develop a language and
concepts for institutional ethics. A first step in this direction is to
think about institutional conscience.
Ethical Relativism in a Multicultural Society
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: February 2007

The multicultural composition of the United States can pose
problems for physicians and patients who come from diverse
backgrounds. Although respect for cultural diversity mandates
tolerance of the beliefs and practices of others, in some situations
excessive tolerance can produce harm to patients. Careful analysis
is needed to determine which values are culturally relative and
which rest on an underlying universal ethical principle. A conception
of justice as equality challenges the notion that it is always
necessary to respect all of the beliefs and practices of every
cultural group.
Reflections on the Interface of Bioethics, Public Policy, and Science
Authors: Shapiro Harold T.
Published: February 2007

This paper discusses the role of ethical considerations in the
formulation of public policies aimed at shaping the scientific
agenda. Specifically, new and controversial public policy issues will
confront us in the twenty-first century as the result of developments
on the frontiers of biomedical science. Some of the anxieties in the
ethical arena generated by the rapid pace of these developments
are likely to result in efforts to place constraints on the shape of the
scientific agenda and the application of new knowledge. Our moral
propositions, therefore, will be tested and re-tested in their
application to evolving social, cultural, and historical circumstances
and the ever-changing technological context.
The Concept of the Person and the Value of Life
Authors: Harris John
Published: February 2007

The concept of the person has come to be intimately connected
with questions about the value of life. It is applied to those sorts of
beings who have some special value or moral importance and
where we need to prioritize the needs or claims of different sorts of
individuals. "Person" is a concept designating individuals like us in
some important respects, but possibly including individuals who are
very unlike us in other respects. What are these respects and why
are they important? This paper sets out to answer these questions
and to develop a coherent and useful concept of the person.
Precedent Autonomy and Personal Identity
Authors: Quante Michael
Published: February 2007

Debates on precedent autonomy and some forms of
paternalistic interventions, which are related to questions of personal
identity, are analyzed. The discussion is based on the distinction between
personal identity as persistence and as biographical identity. It first
is shown that categorical objections to advance directives and "Ulysses
contracts" are based on false assumptions about personal identity that
conflate persistence and biographical identity. Therefore, advance
directives and "Ulysses contracts" are ethically acceptable tools for
prolonging one's autonomy. The notions of personality and biographical
identity are used to analyze the ethically relevant features. Thereby, it
is shown that these concepts are operative in and useful for thinking in
biomedical ethics. The overall conclusion is that categorical arguments
against precedent autonomy or "Ulysses contracts" are based on misleading
theories of personal identity and that advance directives are an ethically
respectable tool for prolonging individuals' autonomy in cases of dementia
and mental illness.
Inequalities in Health, Inequalities in Health Care: Four Generations of Discussion about Justice and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth R
Published: February 2007

The focus of questions of justice in health policy
has shifted during the last 20 years, beginning with questions about
rights to health care, and then, by the late 1980s, turning to issues
of rationing. More recently, attention has focused on alternatives
to cost-effectiveness analysis. In addition, health inequalities,
and not just inequalities in access to health care, have become the
subject of moral analysis. This article examines how such trends have
transformed the philosophical landscape and encouraged some in bioethics
to seek guidance on normative questions from outside of the contours of
traditional philosophical arguments about justice.
The Failure to Give: Reducing Barriers to Organ Donation
Authors: Childress James F
Published: February 2007

Moral frameworks for evaluating non-donation strategies to
increase the supply of cadaveric human organs for transplantation and ways
to overcome barriers to organ donation are explored. Organ transplantation
is a very complex area, because the human body evokes various beliefs,
symbols, sentiments, and emotions as well as various rituals and social
practices. From a rationalistic standpoint, some policies to increase
the supply of transplantable organs may appear to be quite defensible
but then turn out to be ineffective and perhaps even counterproductive
because of inadequate attention to these rich and complex features of
human body parts. Excessively rationalistic policies neglect
deep beliefs, symbols, sentiments, and emotions and the like, and that
deficiency marks many actual and proposed policies. In addition, policies
are often too individualistic and too legalistic.