bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Segmental cerebral vasoconstriction: Successful treatment of secondary cerebral ischaemia with intravenous prostacyclin
Authors: Grände Per-Olof , Lundgren Anders , Bjartmarz Hjalmar , Cronqvist Mats
Published: March 2010

We describe a 23-year-old male patient who presented with spontaneous intermittent and increasing attacks of severe, left-sided thunderclap headache combined with rapidly progressive muscle weakness and dysphasia, including gradual loss of consciousness. Subsequent CT, MRI and DSA showed progressive brain ischaemia and oedema within the left cerebral hemisphere with strict ipsilateral segmental arterial vasoconstriction. Despite extensive medical care, including steroids, the patient deteriorated rapidly. However, the clinical course changed dramatically within 15 h after the start of an intravenous infusion of prostacyclin at a dose of 0.9 ng/kg/min, with an almost complete recovery of consciousness and speech. In addition the pathophysiological alterations seen on magnetic resonance (imaging and digital) subtraction angiography including diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient maps shortly before prostacyclin treatment were clearly reduced when the patient was examined 3–4 days later and he continued to recover thereafter. Although not fully compatible, our case had several clinical characteristics and radiological findings reminiscent of those of the ‘segmental reversible vasoconstriction syndrome’, sometimes called the Call–Fleming syndrome.
Headache characteristics and chronification of migraine and tension-type headache: A population-based study
Authors: Ashina Sait , Lyngberg Ann , Jensen Rigmor
Published: March 2010

Migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) can increase in frequency and transform from episodic to chronic forms. The process of transformation of these primary headaches is complex and involves multiple risk factors. In this cross-sectional and longitudinal population study, we aimed to investigate the relation of clinical characteristics of primary headaches to poor outcome: new-onset or persistent chronic headache (≥180 days/year). Individuals who had migraine + / − TTH and those who had pure TTH were studied separately. Of 740 individuals who entered this study in 1989, 673 were eligible for follow-up in 2001, and a total of 549 individuals participated in the follow-up study. At baseline in 1989, no difference was found between episodic and chronic migraine headache ( + / − TTH). Duration of headache episodes >72 hours ( p = .002) was associated with pure chronic TTH at baseline in 1989 whereas aggravation of headache by physical activity ( p = .045) was associated with pure frequent episodic TTH. Of 64 subjects with migraine + / − TTH, 12 had a poor outcome in 2001. For pure TTH, of 116 subjects at baseline, 11 had a poor outcome in 2001. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for medication overuse and use of preventive medications, poor outcome of migraine + / − TTH tended to be associated with a baseline pulsating quality and severe intensity of migraine, photophobia and phonophobia, as well as longer duration of an individual headache attack. For pure TTH, unilateral headache, nausea and individual headache attack duration greater than 72 hours was associated with poor outcome. Pooled data univariate analysis revealed that nausea, daily use of acute headache medications, use of headache preventive medications and coexistent headaches were significant predictors of chronic headache in 2001( p<.05). In conclusion, our study demonstrates that certain clinical characteristics of headaches are associated with poor outcome but alone may not predict the chronification of migraine or TTH.
Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy with trigeminal mass lesion on MRI: Neoplasm or not?
Authors: Sakurai Keita , Hara Masaki , Okita Kenji , Kawashima Shoji , Yamawaki Takemori , Shibamoto Yuta
Published: March 2010

The objective of the present study was to investigate clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy with transient MR abnormalities mimicking a neoplasm (ITNmn). We retrospectively evaluated clinical and MRI features in two cases of ITNmn seen in our institution in comparison with those of previously reported five cases. The most common symptom was altered facial sensation and numbness limited to one or more trigeminal nerve divisions (100%). ITNmn commonly affected not only the second and third divisions (86% and 57%, respectively) but also the first division (71%). The most common findings on MRI were enlargement and gadolinium enhancement of the trigeminal nerve, which were similar to those seen in neoplasms (100%). The abnormalities spontaneously regressed in all five evaluable cases. ITNmn should be added in the differential diagnosis of non-specific mass-like lesions in trigeminal neuropathy and be observed carefully without surgical treatment.
Reactive dye bioaccumulation by fungus Aspergillus niger isolated from the effluent of sugar fabric-contaminated soil
Authors: Taskin Mesut , Erdal Serkan
Published: March 2010

The present study dealt with the decolorization of textile dye Reactive Black-5 by actively growing mycelium of Aspergillus niger MT-1 in molasses medium. It was found that the fungus, which was isolated from the effluent of sugar fabric-contaminated soil, was capable of decolorizing the Reactive Black-5 dye in a wide range of temperature, shaking speed and pH values. The experiments also revealed that highest dye decolorization efficiency was achieved with cheap carbon (molasses sucrose) and nitrogen (ammonium chloride) sources. Under the optimized culture conditions, the complete decolorization (100%) of 0.1 g/L dye was achieved in 60 hours. The dominant mechanism of dye removal by the fungus was found to be probably bioaccumulation. Fungal growth in small uniform pellet form was found to be better for dye bioacumulation. Molass as carbon source increased dye bioaccumulation by stimulating the mycelial growth in small uniform pellet form. The maximum bioaccumulation efficiency of fungus for dye was 91% (0.273 g bioaccumulated dye) at an initial dye concentration of 0.3 g/L in 100 hours. It was shown for the first time in the present study that the effluent of sugar fabric-contaminated soil was a good source of microorganisms, being capable of decolorizing snythetic textile dyes.
Biodegradable Sirolimus-loaded Poly(lactide) Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System for the Prevention of In-Stent Restenosis in Coronary Stent Application
Authors: Luderer Frank , Löbler Marian , Rohm Henning W. , Gocke Christian , Kunna Katharina , Köck Kathleen , Kroemer Heyo K. , Weitschies Werner , Schmitz Klaus-Peter , Sternberg Katrin
Published: March 2010

The administration of drugs using biodegradable polymer nanoparticles as carriers has generated immense interest due to their excellent biocompatibility and the prolonged drug release. The scope of this work was to determine the applicability of sirolimus-loaded biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) nanoparticles as drug carriers to prevent restenotic processes after stent implantation. The average 250 nm sized 20%(w/w) sirolimus-loaded nanoparticles were extensively characterized with regard to in vitro degradation, biocompatibility and in vitro drug release. The particles show biphasic release kinetics consisting of a short burst release of 50%(w/w) sirolimus payload, followed by a longer, slower release phase, which are desirable for the application as a drug delivery carrier. All presented results exhibit the potential of sirolimus-loaded PDLLA nanoparticles as promising local and sustained drug delivery systems administered intraluminally to reduce in-stent restenosis after stent implantation.
The Linkage Between Secondary Victimization by Law Enforcement and Rape Case Outcomes
Authors: Patterson Debra
Published: March 2010

Prior research has suggested that almost half of rape victims are treated by law enforcement in ways that they experience as upsetting (termed secondary victimization). However, it remains unknown why some victims have negative experiences with law enforcement and others do not. The purpose of this study is to explore victims’ experiences with secondary victimization by detectives, comparing how these experiences vary in cases that were ultimately prosecuted by the criminal justice system to those that were not prosecuted. A total of 20 rape victims are interviewed within one county. The study uses grounded theory qualitative analysis, which showed that participants whose cases were eventually prosecuted described the detectives’ treatment toward them considerably different than participants with nonprosecuted cases. The study findings further show that victims with cases that were not prosecuted primarily described their detectives as engaging in secondary victimization behaviors and that victims with cases that were ultimately prosecuted primarily described their detectives as responding compassionately toward them.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Glutamate, and γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Depression
Authors: Gao Shang-Feng , Bao Ai-Min
Published: March 2010

Stress response and depression have a significant impact on modern society. Although the symptoms are well characterized, the molecular mechanisms underlying depression are largely unknown. The monoamine hypothesis, which postulates dysfunctional noradrenergic and serotonergic systems as the underlying primary cause of depression, has been valuable for the development of conventional antidepressants, which can reverse these dysfunctional states to some degree. However, recent data from various neuroscience disciplines have questioned the major role of amines in the pathogenesis of depression. A considerable amount of evidence has accumulated that suggests that normalization of the hypothalamo—pituitary—adrenal (HPA) system might be the final step necessary for a remission of depression. In addition, an increasing body of clinical and postmortem evidence is pointing to a role played by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in the etiology of depression. This review examines the evidence, mainly obtained from clinical studies or from postmortem brain material, for a major role of the HPA axis, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems in the pathogenesis of major and bipolar depression. The authors hope that these insights will stimulate further studies with the final aim of developing new types of antidepressants that combine increased efficacy with a shorter delay of the onset of action and reduced side-effect profiles.
Homodigital dorsal adipofascial reverse flap: anatomical study of distal perforators and key points for safe dissection
Authors: Delia G. , Casoli V. , Sommario M. , Risitano G. , D’Alcontres F. Stagno , Colonna M. R.
Published: March 2010

Dorsal adipofascial flaps have been used in the surgical reconstruction of complex injuries distal to the eponychial fold. Such injuries produce nail matrix devascularization/necrosis so that nail bed reconstruction can be a challenging technical problem. Irregular scarring of the nail bed and regrowth anomalies of the nail lamina can result, with both functional and cosmetic impairment of the finger. This study aimed to define the precise vascular anatomy of the dorsal adipofascial flap that has previously been used to reconstruct such complex soft tissue defects. Specifically, the purpose was to identify the key points of safe dissection for these flaps. Anatomical dissections were performed on 32 long fingers. The vascular tree was injected with suitable contrast and the distal dorsal region of the long fingers was studied.
Tracking solute atoms during bainite reaction in a nanocrystalline steel
Authors: Caballero F. G. , Miller M. K. , Garcia-Mateo C.
Published: March 2010

The extremely slow transformation kinetics of a nanocrystalline bainitic steel makes this novel structure the perfect candidate to determine the carbon content of the bainitic ferrite away from any carbon enriched regions, such as dislocations and boundaries, as the bainite transformation progresses at extremely low temperatures. The purpose of this atom probe tomography study was to systematically track atom distributions during the bainite reaction in a nanocrystalline steel. The results will provide new experimental evidence on the explanation for the incomplete reaction phenomenon and the carbon supersaturation of the bainitic ferrite during transformation, subjects critically relevant to understanding the atomic mechanism controlling bainitic ferrite growth.
Modelling of flow stress of dual phase steel under warm tensile deformation
Authors: Chen W , Cheng S , Xue L , Teng G Y , Wu M Y
Published: March 2010

In order to evaluate the flow stress of dual phase high strength steel in warm forming processes, the flow stress behaviours of dual phase steel were investigated at different temperatures and strain rates. A mathematical model is proposed to predict the stress–strain curves of dual phase steel during warm tension by employing the hyperbolic sine function of Zener–Hollomon parameter, which can describe the relationship among temperature, strain rate and flow stress under warm tensile deformation correctly. Material constants in the equation are expressed in polynomial form of strain. Parameters in the polynomials were obtained by least square method. The predicted stress–strain curves are in good agreement with experimental results, which confirms that the proposed model is accurate.
E-selectin engages PSGL-1 and CD44 through a common signaling pathway to induce integrin αLβ2-mediated slow leukocyte rolling
Authors: Yago Tadayuki , Shao Bojing , Miner Jonathan J. , Yao Longbiao , Klopocki Arkadiusz G. , Maeda Kenichiro , Coggeshall K. Mark , McEver Rodger P.
Published: March 2010

In inflamed venules, neutrophils rolling on E-selectin induce integrin αLβ2-dependent slow rolling on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by activating Src family kinases (SFKs), DAP12 and Fc receptor-γ (FcRγ), spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), and p38. E-selectin signaling cooperates with chemokine signaling to recruit neutrophils into tissues. Previous studies identified P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) as the essential E-selectin ligand and Fgr as the only SFK that initiate signaling to slow rolling. In contrast, we found that E-selectin engagement of PSGL-1 or CD44 triggered slow rolling through a common, lipid raft–dependent pathway that used the SFKs Hck and Lyn as well as Fgr. We identified the Tec kinase Bruton tyrosine kinase as a key signaling intermediate between Syk and p38. E-selectin engagement of PSGL-1 was dependent on its cytoplasmic domain to activate SFKs and slow rolling. Although recruiting phosphoinositide-3-kinase to the PSGL-1 cytoplasmic domain was reported to activate integrins, E-selectin–mediated slow rolling did not require phosphoinositide-3-kinase. Studies in mice confirmed the physiologic significance of these events for neutrophil slow rolling and recruitment during inflammation. Thus, E-selectin triggers common signals through distinct neutrophil glycoproteins to induce αLβ2-dependent slow rolling.
wDBTF: an integrated database resource for studying wheat transcription factor families
Authors: Romeuf Isabelle , Tessier Dominique , Dardevet Mireille , Branlard Gérard , Charmet Gilles , Ravel Catherine
Published: March 2010

Background

Transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression by interacting with promoters of their target genes and are classified into families based on their DNA-binding domains. Genes coding for TFs have been identified in the sequences of model plant genomes. The rice (Oryza sativa spp. japonica) genome contains 2,384 TF gene models, which represent the mRNA transcript of a locus, classed into 63 families.

Results

We have created an extensive list of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) TF sequences based on sequence homology with rice TFs identified and classified in the Database of Rice Transcription Factors (DRTF). We have identified 7,112 wheat sequences (contigs and singletons) from a dataset of 1,033,960 expressed sequence tag and mRNA (ET) sequences available. This number is about three times the number of TFs in rice so proportionally is very similar if allowance is made for the hexaploidy of wheat. Of these sequences 3,820 encode gene products with a DNA-binding domain and thus were confirmed as potential regulators. These 3,820 sequences were classified into 40 families and 84 subfamilies and some members defined orphan families. The results were compiled in the Database of Wheat Transcription Factor (wDBTF), an inventory available on the web http://wwwappli.nantes.inra.fr:8180/wDBFT/. For each accession, a link to its library source and its Affymetrix identification number is provided. The positions of Pfam (protein family database) motifs were given when known.

Conclusions

wDBTF collates 3,820 wheat TF sequences validated by the presence of a DNA-binding domain out of 7,112 potential TF sequences identified from publicly available gene expression data. We also incorporated in silico expression data on these TFs into the database. Thus this database provides a major resource for systematic studies of TF families and their expression in wheat as illustrated here in a study of DOF family members expressed during seed development.
Spatial distribution and risk factors of Brucellosis in Iberian wild ungulates
Authors: Muñoz Pilar M , Boadella Mariana , Arnal Maricruz , de Miguel María J , Revilla Miguel , Martínez David , Vicente Joaquín , Acevedo Pelayo , Oleaga Álvaro , Ruiz-Fons Francisco , Marín Clara M , Prieto José M , de la Fuente José , Barral Marta , Barberán Montserrat , de Luco Daniel Fernández , Blasco José M , Gortázar Christian
Published: March 2010

Background

The role of wildlife as a brucellosis reservoir for humans and domestic livestock remains to be properly established. The aim of this work was to determine the aetiology, apparent prevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors for brucellosis transmission in several Iberian wild ungulates.

Methods

A multi-species indirect immunosorbent assay (iELISA) using Brucella S-LPS antigen was developed. In several regions having brucellosis in livestock, individual serum samples were taken between 1999 and 2009 from 2,579 wild bovids, 6,448 wild cervids and4,454 Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), and tested to assess brucellosis apparent prevalence. Strains isolated from wild boar were characterized to identify the presence of markers shared with the strains isolated from domestic pigs.

Results

Mean apparent prevalence below 0.5% was identified in chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica), Iberian wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), and red deer (Cervus elaphus). Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), mouflon (Ovis aries) and Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) tested were seronegative. Only one red deer and one Iberian wild goat resulted positive in culture, isolating B. abortus biovar 1 and B. melitensis biovar 1, respectively. Apparent prevalence in wild boar ranged from 25% to 46% in the different regions studied, with the highest figures detected in South-Central Spain. The probability of wild boar being positive in the iELISA was also affected by age, age-by-sex interaction, sampling month, and the density of outdoor domestic pigs. A total of 104 bacterial isolates were obtained from wild boar, being all identified as B. suis biovar 2. DNA polymorphisms were similar to those found in domestic pigs.

Conclusions

In conclusion, brucellosis in wild boar is widespread in the Iberian Peninsula, thus representing an important threat for domestic pigs. By contrast, wild ruminants were not identified as a significant brucellosis reservoir for livestock.
Effectiveness of the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in people 60 years or older
Authors: Vila-Corcoles Angel , Ochoa-Gondar Olga , Guzmán Jorge A , Rodriguez-Blanco Teresa , Salsench Elisabet , Fuentes Cruz M ,   EPIVAC Study Group
Published: March 2010

Background

The 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV) is currently recommended in elderly and high-risk adults. However, its efficacy in preventing pneumococcal infections remains controversial. This study assessed the clinical effectiveness of vaccination against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among people over 60 years.

Methods

Population-based case-control study that included 88 case patients over 60 years-old with a laboratory-confirmed IPD (bacteraemic pneumonia, meningitis or sepsis) and 176 outpatient control subjects who were matched by primary care centre, age, sex and risk stratum. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for vaccination were calculated using conditional logistic regression, controlling for underlying conditions. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated as (1 - OR) ×100.

Results

Pneumococcal vaccination rate was significantly lower in cases than in control subjects (38.6% vs 59.1%; p = 0.002). The adjusted vaccine effectiveness was 72% (OR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.15-0.54) against all IPD and 77% (OR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.08-0.60) against vaccine-type IPD. Vaccination was significantly effective against all IPD in both age groups: 60-79 years-old (OR 0.32; 95% CI: 0.14-0.74) and people 80 years or older (OR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.09-0.91). Vaccination appears significantly effective as for high-risk immunocompetent subjects (OR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.11-0.79) as well as for immunocompromised subjects (OR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03-0.53).

Conclusion

These findings confirm the effectiveness of the 23-valent PPV against IPD, and they also support the benefit of vaccination in preventing invasive infections among high-risk and older people.
Long-term results of intensity-modulated radiotherapy concomitant with chemotherapy for hypopharyngeal carcinoma aimed at laryngeal preservation
Authors: Liu Wen-Shan , Hsin Chung-Han , Chou Ying-Hsiang , Liu Jung-Tung , Wu Ming-Fang , Tseng Szu-Wen , Lee Jong-Kang , Tseng Hsien-Chun , Wang Tzu-Hwei , Su Mao-Chang , Lee Huei
Published: March 2010

Background

The objective of this retrospective study is to investigate laryngeal preservation and long-term treatment results in hypopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) combined with chemotherapy.

Methods

Twenty-seven patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma (stage II-IV) were enrolled and underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The chemotherapy regimens were monthly cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil for six patients and weekly cisplatin for 19 patients. All patients were treated with IMRT with simultaneous integrated boost technique. Acute and late toxicities were recorded based on CTCAE 3.0 (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events).

Results

The median follow-up time for survivors was 53.0 months (range 36-82 months). The initial complete response rate was 85.2%, with a laryngeal preservation rate of 63.0%. The 5-year functional laryngeal, local-regional control, disease-free and overall survival rates were 59.7%, 63.3%, 51.0% and 34.8%, respectively. The most common greater than or equal to grade 3 acute and late effects were dysphagia (63.0%, 17 of 27 patients) and laryngeal stricture (18.5%, 5 of 27 patients), respectively. Patients belonging to the high risk group showed significantly higher risk of tracheostomy compared to the low risk group (p = 0.014).

Conclusions

After long-term follow-up, our results confirmed that patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma treated with IMRT concurrent with platinum-based chemotherapy attain high functional laryngeal and local-regional control survival rates. However, the late effect of laryngeal stricture remains a problem, particularly for high risk group patients.
A cancer derived mutation in the Retinoblastoma gene with a distinct defect for LXCXE dependent interactions
Authors: Henley Shauna A , Francis Sarah M , Demone Jordan , Ainsworth Peter , Dick Frederick A
Published: March 2010

Background

The interaction between viral oncoproteins such as Simian virus 40 TAg, adenovirus E1A, and human papilloma virus E7, and the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) occurs through a well characterized peptide sequence, LXCXE, on the viral protein and a well conserved groove in the pocket domain of pRB. Cellular proteins, such as histone deacetylases, also use this mechanism to interact with the retinoblastoma protein to repress transcription at cell cycle regulated genes. For these reasons this region of the pRB pocket domain is thought to play a critical role in growth suppression.

Results

In this study, we identify and characterize a tumor derived allele of the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) that possesses a discrete defect in its ability to interact with LXCXE motif containing proteins that compromises proliferative control. To assess the frequency of similar mutations in the RB1 gene in human cancer, we screened blood and tumor samples for similar alleles. We screened almost 700 samples and did not detect additional mutations, indicating that this class of mutation is rare.

Conclusions

Our work provides proof of principal that alleles encoding distinct, partial loss of function mutations in the retinoblastoma gene that specifically lose LXCXE dependent interactions, are found in human cancer.
Solution structure of a Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1/MSP 1 chimeric protein vaccine candidate (PfCP-2.9) for malaria
Authors: Peng Heng , Hu Yunfei , Zhou Aiguo , Jin Changwen , Pan Weiqing
Published: March 2010

Background

The Plasmodium falciparum chimeric protein PfCP-2.9 is a promising asexual-stage malaria vaccine evaluated in clinical trials. This chimeric protein consists of two cysteine-rich domains: domain III of the apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1 [III]) and the C-terminal region of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1-19). It has been reported that the fusion of these two antigens enhanced their immunogenicity and antibody-mediated inhibition of parasite growth in vitro.

Methods

The 15N-labeled and 13C/15N-labeled PfCP-2.9 was produced in Pichia pastoris for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure analysis. The chemical shift assignments of PfCP-2.9 were compared with those previously reported for the individual domains (i.e., PfAMA-1(III) or PfMSP 1-19). The two-dimensional spectra and transverse relaxation rates (R
2) of the PfMSP1-19 alone were compared with that of the PfCP-2.9.

Results

Confident backbone assignments were obtained for 122 out of 241 residues of PfCP-2.9. The assigned residues in PfCP-2.9 were very similar to those previously reported for the individual domains. The conformation of the PfMSP1-19 in different constructs is essentially the same. Comparison of transverse relaxation rates (R
2) strongly suggests no weak interaction between the domains.

Conclusions

These data indicate that the fusion of AMA-1(III) and MSP1-19 as chimeric protein did not change their structures, supporting the use of the chimeric protein as a potential malaria vaccine.
Stoichiometry and intracellular fate of TRIM-containing TCR complexes
Authors: Swamy Mahima , Siegers Gabrielle M , Fiala Gina J , Molnar Eszter , Dopfer Elaine P , Fisch Paul , Schraven Burkhart , Schamel Wolfgang WA
Published: March 2010

Background

Studying the stoichiometry and intracellular trafficking of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is pivotal in understanding its mechanisms of activation. The αβTCR includes the antigen-binding TCRαβ heterodimer as well as the signal transducing CD3εγ, CD3εδ and ζ2subunits. Although the TCR-interacting molecule (TRIM) is also part of the αβTCR complex, it has not been included in most reports so far.

Results

We used the native antibody-based mobility shift (NAMOS) assay in a first dimension (1D) blue native (BN)-PAGE and a 2D BN-/BN-PAGE to demonstrate that the stoichiometry of the digitonin-solublized TRIM-containing αβTCR is TCRαβCD3ε2γδζ2TRIM2. Smaller αβTCR complexes possess a TCRαβ CD3ε2γδζ2stoichiometry. Complexes of these sizes were detected in T cell lines as well as in primary human and mouse T cells. Stimulating the αβTCR with anti-CD3 antibodies, we demonstrate by confocal laser scanning microscopy that CD3ε colocalizes with ζ and both are degraded upon prolonged stimulation, possibly within the lysosomal compartment. In contrast, a substantial fraction of TRIM does not colocalize with ζ. Furthermore, TRIM neither moves to lysosomes nor is degraded. Immunoprecipitation studies and BN-PAGE indicate that TRIM also associates with the γδTCR.

Conclusions

Small αβTCR complexes have a TCRαβ CD3ε2γδζ2stoichiometry; whereas those associated with one TRIM dimer are TCRαβ CD3ε2γδζ2TRIM2. TRIM is differentially processed compared to CD3 and ζ subunits after T cell activation and is not degraded. The γδTCR also associates with TRIM.
Late presentation of a mucinous ovarian adenocarcinoma which was initially diagnosed as a primary pancreatic carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sparks Dorothy A , Chase Daniel M , Forsyth Mark , Bogen Gregg , Arnott Jon
Published: March 2010

Introduction

Adenocarcinoma of the ovary is an aggressive neoplasm which often metastasizes to the lung or liver. Metastases rarely occur to the pancreas, but a tissue diagnosis is required to confirm this event. Although most tumors of the pancreas are primary pancreatic neoplasms, metastatic lesions have been reported most commonly as arising from renal cell carcinoma.

Case presentation

We report the case of a 51-year-old Caucasian woman with ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the head of the pancreas that was originally misdiagnosed as a pancreatic primary tumor.

Conclusion

Mucinous ovarian adenocarcinomas rarely metastasize to the pancreas. New pancreatic lesions should be investigated through tissue biopsy and tumor markers, while keeping an open-minded differential diagnosis to avoid a misdiagnosis or a delay in treatment.
Augmented low‐Dye tape alters foot mobility and neuromotor control of gait in individuals with and without exercise related leg pain
Authors: Franettovich Melinda , Chapman Andrew R , Blanch Peter , Vicenzino Bill
Published: March 2010

Background

Augmented low‐Dye (ALD) tape is frequently used in the management of lower limb musculoskeletal pain and injury, yet our knowledge of its effect is incomplete, especially in regard to its neuromotor effects.

Methods

We measured electromyographic (EMG) activity of twelve lower limb muscles, three‐dimensional kinematics of the ankle, knee, hip and pelvis, foot posture and foot mobility to determine the physiological effect of ALD tape. Fourteen females with exercise related leg pain and 14 matched asymptomatic females walked on a treadmill under three conditions: pre‐tape, tape and post‐tape. A series of repeated measure analysis of variance procedures were performed to investigate differences in EMG, kinematic, foot posture and mobility measurements.

Results

Application of ALD tape produced reductions in recruitment of tibialis anterior (7.3%) and tibialis posterior (6.9%). Large reductions in midfoot mobility (0.45 to 0.63 cm) and increases in arch height (0.58 cm), as well as moderate changes in ankle motion in the sagittal (2.0 to 5.3°) and transverse planes (4.0 to 4.3°) were observed. Reduced muscle activation (<3.0%) and increased motion (<1.7°) was observed at more proximal segments (knee, hip, pelvis) but were of smaller magnitude than at the foot and ankle. Changes in foot posture, foot mobility, ankle kinematics and leg muscle activity did not persist following the removal of ALD tape, but at more proximal segments small changes (<2.2°, <5.4% maximum) continued to be observed following the removal of tape. There were no differences between groups.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that ALD tape influences muscle recruitment, movement patterns, foot posture and foot mobility. These effects occur in individuals with and without pain, and are dissipated up the kinetic chain. ALD tape should be considered in the management of individuals where increased arch height, reduced foot mobility, reduced ankle abduction and plantar flexion or reduced activation of leg muscles is desired.
Mutations of the KISS1 Gene in Disorders of Puberty
Authors: Silveira L. G. , Noel S. D. , Silveira-Neto A. P. , Abreu A. P. , Brito V. N. , Santos M. G. , Bianco S. D. C. , Kuohung W. , Xu S. , Gryngarten M. , Escobar M. E. , Arnhold I. J. P. , Mendonca B. B. , Kaiser U. B. , Latronico A. C.
Published: March 2010

Context: Kisspeptin, encoded by the KISS1 gene, is a key stimulatory factor of GnRH secretion and puberty onset. Inactivating mutations of its receptor (KISS1R) cause isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). A unique KISS1R-activating mutation was described in central precocious puberty (CPP).

Objective: Our objective was to investigate KISS1 mutations in patients with idiopathic CPP and normosmic IHH.

Patients: Eighty-three children with CPP (77 girls) and 61 patients with IHH (40 men) were studied. The control group consisted of 200 individuals with normal pubertal development.

Methods: The promoter region and the three exons of KISS1 were amplified and sequenced. Cells expressing KISS1R were stimulated with synthetic human wild-type or mutant kisspeptin-54 (kp54), and inositol phosphate accumulation was measured. In a second set of experiments, kp54 was preincubated in human serum before stimulation of the cells.

Results: Two novel KISS1 missense mutations, p.P74S and p.H90D, were identified in three unrelated children with idiopathic CPP. Both mutations were absent in 400 control alleles. The p.P74S mutation was identified in the heterozygous state in a boy who developed CPP at 1 yr of age. The p.H90D mutation was identified in the homozygous state in two unrelated girls with CPP. In vitro studies revealed that the capacity of the P74S and H90D mutants to stimulate IP production was similar to the wild type. After preincubation of wild-type and mutant kp54 in human serum, the capacity to stimulate signal transduction was significantly greater for P74S compared with the wild type, suggesting that the p.P74S variant is more stable. Only polymorphisms were found in the IHH group.

Conclusion: Two KISS1 mutations were identified in unrelated patients with idiopathic CPP. The p.P74S variant was associated with higher kisspeptin resistance to degradation in comparison with the wild type, suggesting a role for this mutation in the precocious puberty phenotype.
Is There Value in Routine Screening for Cushing’s Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes?
Authors: Mullan K. , Black N. , Thiraviaraj A. , Bell P. M. , Burgess C. , Hunter S. J. , McCance D. R. , Leslie H. , Sheridan B. , Atkinson A. B.
Published: March 2010

Context: Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome has been described among diabetic populations in recent years, but no consensus has emerged about the value of screening.

Methods: We enrolled 201 consecutive patients attending our diabetes clinic and 79 controls. Patients with at least two of the following three criteria were offered screening using a 2300 h salivary cortisol test: glycosylated hemoglobin of at least 7%, body mass index of at least 25 kg/m2, and a history of hypertension or blood pressure of at least 140/90 mm Hg. Results are expressed as mean ± sem.

Results: Mean nighttime salivary cortisol levels were similar in the two groups (8.5 ± 1.0 nmol/liter for diabetic patients vs. 5.8 ± 1.0 nmol/liter for controls). Forty-seven patients (23%) had a value of at least 10 nmol/liter, which was set as a conservative threshold above which further investigation would be performed. Thirty-five (75%) agreed to further testing with a 1-mg overnight dexamethasone test. Of the remaining 12 patients, 10 were followed up clinically for at least 1 yr, and no evidence was found of the syndrome evolving. In 28 patients, serum cortisol suppressed to 60 nmol/liter or less. Of the seven patients who failed this test, four agreed to a 2 mg/d 48-h dexamethasone test, with serum cortisol suppressing to 60 nmol/liter or less in all four. Three declined this test but had normal 24-h urinary free cortisol levels. No patient had clinical features of hypercortisolism.

Conclusions: The 1–3% detection rates of three recently published series have not been realized at our center where we studied a group using criteria making patients more likely to have hypercortisolism. Our results do not support the validity of screening patients without clinical features of Cushing’s syndrome in the diabetes clinic.
Design and evaluation of a four-dimensional interface for air traffic control
Authors: Bagassi S , De Crescenzio F , Persiani F
Published: March 2010

The increasing complexity of the air traffic system is pushing towards the development of innovative and more automated tools conceived to manage it. In this scenario, an important role is played by HCI (human—computer interfaces) used by air traffic controllers and operators to visualize and interact with air traffic data. Currently, information about three-dimensional (3D) scenery is displayed with a two-dimensional representation.

This paper presents the design, development, and evaluation of an innovative interface for air traffic control (ATC) based on a four-dimensional (4D) (3D space+time) visualization display.

The proposed interface allows the operator to perceive all the information, including meteorological conditions, that is useful for TWR/APP (ToWeR/APProach) control in a unique 4D synthetic reconstruction of the airport area. Particular attention is dedicated to the fourth variable, time, which is a fundamental parameter in ATC. A simple and fast trajectory prediction algorithm has been implemented in order to provide the operator with an effective ‘user assistance’ tool in conflict detection activities.

The interface has been evaluated by performing test simulations and surveys were used to collect results and useful advice for its future development.
On the Chemical Composition of Sepiolite and Palygorskite
Authors: Garciá-Romero E. , Suárez M.
Published: March 2010

Many studies of the chemical composition of sepiolite and palygorskite have been carried out using analytical electron microscopy (AEM). According to the literature, a compositional gap exists between sepiolites and palygorskites, but the results presented here show that they may all be intermediate compositions between two extremes. The results of >1000 AEM analyses and structural formulae have been obtained for the samples studied (22 samples of sepiolite and 21 samples of palygorskite) and indicate that no compositional gap exists between sepiolite and palygorskite. Sepiolite occupies the most magnesic and trioctahedral extreme and palygorskite the most aluminic-magnesic and dioctahedral extreme. Sepiolite and palygorskite with intermediate compositions exist between the two pure extremes: (1) sepiolite with a small proportion of octahedral substitution; (2) palygorskite with a very wide range of substitution (the pure dioctahedral extreme is unusual); and (3) intermediate forms, Al-sepiolite and Mg-palygorskite with similar or the same chemical composition. The chemical compositions of the intermediate forms can be so similar that a certain degree of polymorphism exists between Al-sepiolite and Mg-palygorskite.
Stress-Induced Alteration of Sudoite: Structural and Chemical Modifications
Authors: Ruiz Cruz María Dolores , Rodríguez Ruiz María Dolores , Sanz de Galdeano Carlos
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural and chemical modifications of phyllosilicates that occur under natural conditions, using the progressive deformation of chlorite (sudoite) present in quartz-rich veins from the Internal Zone of the Rif range (Morocco) as the model system. Signs of chlorite deformation include kinks, chevron-like folds, and fractures. The samples also contain later, undeformed grains, which sealed the fractures or grew with (001) perpendicular to the compressive stress. Deformation-induced structural changes consist mainly of basal cleavages associated with ordered replacement of brucite sheets by hydrated layers, thus leading to irregular microdomains of mixed-layer chlorite-vermiculite and sudoite. Such structural modifications represent a mechanism for accommodating the compressive stress. Structural changes were accompanied by minor chemical ones, which lead from di,tri-chlorite (sudoite) to phases with a more trioctahedral character (mixed-layer chlorite-vermiculite). The hydration reaction occurred throughout a topotactic replacement of the pre-existing sudoite grains. Later, undeformed grains consist of mixed-layer chlorite-vermiculite intergrown with retrogressive kaolinite and minor Fe oxide, and are interpreted as having formed through a dissolution-precipitation process, during deformation. Retrogression of sudoite probably occurred during the latest stage of exhumation, in low-temperature conditions.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Kaolinite and its Formation Mechanism
Authors: Ryu Kyoung-Won , Jang Young-Nam , Chae Soo-Chun
Published: March 2010

In spite of many studies of kaolinite synthesis, questions remain as to the transformation of gel into kaolinite, the kinetics of the reaction, and the influence of solution chemistry. The purpose of the present study was to perform a hydrothermal synthesis in order to understand better the transformation from boehmite to kaolinite. Kaolinite was synthesized from amorphous SiO2 and Al(OH)3·xH2O at fixed temperature (250°C) and pressure (30 bar). The initial pH of the solution was 2. The reaction time for the synthesis was varied from 2 to 36 h. The physical properties of synthesized kaolinite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, field-emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS).

The early stage of kaolinite synthesis followed activation of amorphous Al(OH)3·xH2O to initiate the reactions, i.e. ionization and subsequent crystallization of boehmite. The boehmite reacted continuously with Si4+ dissolved in solution and gradually transformed to disordered, lath-shaped boehmite. In XRD and IR patterns, the typical peaks of boehmite were weakened or disappeared following the reaction.

Structural transformation from boehmite to kaolinite occurred when the Al/Si ratio of the aluminosilicate was 1.0. The kaolinite formed was in the form of curved flakes and its crystallinity increased with reaction time. In the final stage of reaction the morphology of kaolinite changed from flaky to polygonal. The hexagonal, platy kaolinite was therefore developed to allow the gradual variation of the chemical composition, crystal structure, and morphology.
Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Origin of Bentonite in Upper Cretaceous Pyroclastic Units of the Tirebolu Area, Giresun, Northeast Turkey
Authors: Arslan Mehmet , Abdiogğlu Emel , Kadir Selahattin
Published: March 2010

Widespread alteration in the Upper Cretaceous pyroclastic units of the Tirebolu (Giresun) area, NE Turkey, has resulted in significant occurrences of bentonite with economic potential. No detailed geological, mineralogical, or geochemical characterization of these occurrences has been carried out to date. The aim of this study was to describe the geological background, the mineralogical, chemical, and stable-isotope characteristics of the bentonite, and major aspects of their formation, e.g. type and source of low-temperature alteration, mass balance, chemical evolution of the smectites, and geochemistry of major and trace elements. The bentonite contains abundant smectite with occasional kaolinite and mordenite, volcanogenic feldspar, quartz, biotite, hornblende, glass shards, and pumice fragments, along with the diagenetic minerals, opal-CT, and, in some locations, calcite. X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay fractions exhibit characteristics of pure montmorillonite and beidellite-type smectite. Micromorphologically, the smectite exhibits a honeycomb texture, the kaolinite occurs in both vermiform and irregular platy forms, and the mordenite occurs in fibrous form. All of these minerals are edged with devitrified volcanic glass and resorbed feldspar. Chemically, the smectites are Ca-smectite. Geochemical data indicate that alteration of the pyroclastic units took place under suboxic and anoxic environmental conditions during bentonite formation. Field observations and mineralogical, geochemical, oxygen, and hydrogen isotopic data indicate that the alteration of feldspar and volcanic glass in the pyroclastics by mixed meteoric and sea water in a shallow marine environment under alkaline and acidic conditions, respectively, controlled by environmental Al, Ca, and Na concentrations, resulted in the formation of authigenic smectite, mordenite, and kaolinite. A large Ca content in the smectite originated from surrounding units, which resulted in high alkalinity; Mg originated from seawater.
Enrichment and Detection of Rare Alleles by Means of Snapback Primers and Rapid-Cycle PCR
Authors: Zhou Luming , Palais Robert A , Smith G Denice , Anderson Daniel , Rowe Leslie R , Wittwer Carl T
Published: March 2010

Background: Selective amplification of minority alleles is often necessary to detect cancer mutations in clinical samples.

Methods: Minor-allele enrichment and detection were performed with snapback primers in the presence of a saturating DNA dye within a closed tube. A 5′ tail of nucleotides on 1 PCR primer hybridizes to the variable locus of its extension product to produce a hairpin that selectively enriches mismatched alleles. Genotyping performed after rapid-cycle PCR by melting of the secondary structure identifies different variants by the hairpin melting temperature (Tm). Needle aspirates of thyroid tissue (n = 47) and paraffin-embedded biopsy samples (n = 44) were analyzed for BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) variant p.V600E, and the results were compared with those for dual hybridization probe analysis. Needle aspirates of lung tumors (n = 8) were analyzed for EGFR [epidermal growth factor receptor (erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-b) oncogene homolog, avian)] exon 19 in-frame deletions.

Results: Use of 18-s cycles and momentary extension times of “0 s” with rapid-cycle PCR increased the selective amplification of mismatched alleles. A low Mg2+ concentration and a higher hairpin Tm relative to the extension temperature also improved the detection limit of mismatched alleles. The detection limit was 0.1% for BRAF p.V600E and 0.02% for EGFR exon 19 in-frame deletions. Snapback and dual hybridization probe methods for allele quantification of the thyroid samples correlated well (R2 = 0.93) with 2 more BRAF mutations (45 and 43, respectively, of 91 samples) detected after snapback enrichment. Different EGFR in-frame deletions in the lung samples produced different hairpin Tms.

Conclusions: Use of snapback primers for enrichment and detection of minority alleles is simple, is inexpensive to perform, and can be completed in a closed tube in <25 min.
Establishing (and re-establishing) a sense of place: musical orientation in The Sound of Music
Authors: Ellis Sarah T
Published: March 2010

In the 1965 film ofThe Sound of Music, concepts of space and place are embedded not only in the visuals, but also in Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical score. Music itself comes to constitute a home, or alternative sense of place, for the von Trapp family. Yi-Fu Tuan's notions of the familiarity of place form the basis for a reading of this musical film: our world begins as undifferentiated space, which gradually becomes place through processes of repetition. In the genre of musical theatre, multiple levels of musical form provide a sense of orientation or place to the abstract space opened up by music: sites of internal musical repetition as well as sung and orchestral reprises. InThe Sound of Music, concepts of place are performative, as the von Trapp family continually establishes and re-establishes a sense of place (a nuclear family and value system) through processes of musical reiteration.