bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voyager 2 data on Saturn analyzed
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Whereas the fundamentals of Saturn's rings remain a mystery, new results from data obtained last August when Voyager 2 encountered the vicinity of Saturn are beginning to offer a number of explanations. According to results discussed at the Saturn Conference held May 11–15 in Tucson and sponsored by the Lunar and Planetary Institute of Houston, there are a series of gravitationally stratified sequences of particles that orbit in resonance with Saturn's satellites (Science, June 11, 1982). Thus at least a few of the ring features may be caused by resonances originating at the satellites. An astronomy concept, the spiral density wave, has been postulated as particles orbit in inside rings and periodically come into identity and pass a satellite, suffering gravitational perturbation.
Rawinsonde network tested
Authors: Vaughan William W.
Published: October 2011

The AVE/VAS (Atmospheric Variability Experiment/Visible and Infrared Spin‐Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder) (VAS) Ground Truth Field Experiment was conducted in cooperation with the Operational Satellite Improvement Program and NASA's Severe Storm and Local Weather Research Program. The AVE/VAS experiment was important to the VAS demonstration because it provided, via a special mesoscale rawinsonde network, a fundamental data set upon which the VAS sounding assessment and evaluation will be made. The experiment was managed by the Marshall Space Flight Center and supports NASA's Severe Storm Program as well as the VAS demonstration conducted by NASA and managed by Goddard Space Flight Center.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 7(6), June 30, 1982, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos, as a microfiche supplement, or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to the SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document E82‐007 at $1.00 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates: $3.50 for the first copy for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment. The price for 12 monthly issues is $18.00 for a subscription mailed to a United States address, $28.00 (U.S.) if mailed elsewhere. Orders must be prepaid.
Gravity Probe B to test Einstein
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Gravity probe B, which has been proposed for a space shuttle launch in 1992, is a 2‐ton spacecraft that has been under study for several years at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. The heart of the spacecraft is a gyroscope, which consists o f a solid quartz golfball‐sized sphere that serves as the rotor. Levitated in space by an electric field, the rotor would spin completely untouched at 170 cycles per second.

The rotor is so nearly perfectly round that if it were expanded from its golfball size to the size of the earth, the highest imperfection on its surface would be only about 1.8 m (6 feet). To give the ball superconductivity, Marshall has developed a niobium coating for the rotor and has been instrumental in the development of an isothermal barrier—a large vacuum‐bottlelike container that would provide near‐absolute‐zero temperatures for the gyroscope.
Minutes: Hydrology Section Executive Committee Meeting
Authors: Schaake John C.
Published: October 2011

The meeting began promptly at 4:00 P.M., June 1, 1982. Twenty‐two members attended. The meeting was opened with a brief announcement by Yacov Haimes that the last board meeting of the Universities Council on Water Resources Research approved the idea of a one‐semester course, suitable for television, on water resources and hydrology. Anyone interested in this should contact Yacov.

The entire meeting was then devoted to a discussion of one topic—the proposal to establish a memorial lectureship in honor of Ven Te Chow. President Wallis presented results of the questionnaire survey of members of the section.
Meeting Report 7th Midwest AGU Meeting
Authors: Murthy V. Rama
Published: October 2011

The Seventh Annual Midwest AGU Meeting was held at the Radisson Downtown Hotel, Minneapolis, Minn., on September 17 and 18, 1981. Over 60 papers were presented in eight sessions: Mantle Structure and Dynamics (two sessions), chaired by Geoffrey Davis, Washington University; Precambrian Crustal Evolution, chaired by Paul Weiblen, University of Minnesota;; Hydrology in the Midcontinental U.S., chaired by H.O. Pfannkuch, University of Minnesota; Rock‐Water Interactions: Hydrothermal Processes and Metallogenesis, chaired by William Seyfried, University of Minnesota; Sedimentary Paleomagnetism: Geological History from the Recent to the Precambrian, chaired by Subir Banerjee, University of Minnesota. The convenor of the meeting was V. Rama Murthy, University of Minnesota. Brief summaries of the activities in the sessions are given below.
History society launches journal
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

A fledgling international organization plans to launch, in the next few months, a journal devoted to the study of the history of the earth sciences. The journal, to be published by the History of Earth Sciences Society (HESS), will be edited by Gerald M. Friedman ot the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

HESS will promote interest and scholarship in the history of the earth sciences by publishing the semiannual journal, by organizing meetings about the history of earth sciences, and by supporting the efforts of other associations displaying similar interests, according to the society's draft constitution. An organizational meeting to ratify the constitution and to elect officers will be held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in October. The interim officers and the proposed slate for 1983 include David B. Kitts (University of Oklahoma, Norman), president; Albert V. Carrozi (University of Illinois, Urbana), president‐elect; and Ellis L. Yochelson (U.S. Geological Survey, National Museum of Natural History), secretary.
Airborne observatory data maps Orion Nebula
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A map of the Orion Nebula that demonstrates newly formed stars not visible to the naked eye has been created by using infrared data from the Gerard P. Kuiper Airborne Observatory. These stars have been under study by infrared astronomers since their discovery some 15 years ago. Infrared observations have shown total power output of this group of very young stars to be more than 100,000 times the power of the sun.

The Kuiper Airborne Observatory is actually a Lockheed C‐141 Starlifter aircraft equipped with a 91.5‐cm aperture Cassegrain‐type reflector telescope installed in an open cavity recessed into the port side of the aircraft immediately ahead of the wing. The telescope can be moved in flight over an elevation range of 35°–75°. It is capable of tracking celestial objects to an accuracy of less than 2 arc seconds by use of precision gyroscopes and an active digital tracking system. The team aboard the Kuiper included astronomers from the California Institute of Technology, the University of Hawaii and the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope.
Climate statistics: Natural or human effects?
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Changes in the global climate may be caused by human activities or variations in the sun's energy—by both or by neither. The reports of two panels of the National Research Council (NRC) that examined the questions of the climate changes induced by humans and the changes of weather patterns caused by solar variations concluded independently that such effects cannot be established at the present time. For example, the Panel on Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment stated (NRC Report 1982): ‘understanding the climate's response to a given scenario of CO2 change in the atmosphere is hardly distinguishable from the fundamental problem of understanding the natural variation and change of climate.’ On the matter of natural variation, the Panel on Solar Variability, Weather, and Climate (Studies in Geophysics; NRC Report 1982) expressed the view that ‘the combined weight of all … of the statistical attempts to correlate solar variations … has not … proved sufficient to establish unequivocal connections between solar variability and meteorological response’ (National Academy of Sciences News Report, Sept. 1982).
Glacial epochs related to solar core?
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A recent report by the Los Alamos National Laboratory states to the effect that terrestrial climatic changes during the past millennium, including the glacial epochs, may be related, even caused, by variations in the sun (Los Alamos Science, Summer 1982). G. Cowan and W. Haxton at Los Alamos theorize that on the basis of sunspot activity and carbon‐14 production, such a causal relation exists. Observers of the solar neutrino flux have formed experiments in deep mines to test the hypothesis. The abundances of technetium‐97 and ‐98 related to the flux are determined in a deeply buried molybdenite deposit, thus providing a geochemical record. This record, in conjunction with measurements of the solar neutrino flux (being made underground at the Homestake gold mine in South Dakota by geophysicist R. Davis of the Brookhaven National Laboratory), should provide an unequivocal test of the relationship of variations in the central temperature of the sun, or solar core, with the timing of the Pleistocene period.
More on South American geophysics
Authors: Lomnitz Cinna
Published: October 2011

As an addendum to J. Urrutia Fucugauchi's (Eos, 63, June 8, 1982, p. 529) excellent analysis of why things go wrong in Latin American geophysics, I submit that funds in whatever form are not the only answer. In Mexico over the past decade there has been a reasonable availability of funds, yet no dramatic increase in the quality or quantity of geophysical research was detected. Graduate scholarships have even gone begging for applicants in the earth sciences!

Leadership is the big problem. National plans and forecasts for science and technology continue to ignore this central fact. They want to generate hundreds, nay thousands, of middle‐level scientists while providing no incentive for excellence. As others have found out long before us, this approach is doomed from the start.
NSF fellowships available
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Application materials are available for 600 fellowships that the National Science Foundation (NSF) plans to award next spring for advanced study ‘to help meet the continuing national need for qualified personnel.’

The fellowships are divided among 3 programs: 500 are NSF Graduate Fellowships, 50 are NSF Minority Graduate Fellowships, and the remaining 50 are North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Postdoctoral Fellowships. All are subject to availability of funds. Competition for these awards is open to citizens and nationals of the United States. Awards will be made on the basis of merit for full‐time graduate study in all fields of science.
International Workshop on Anisotropy
Authors: Crampin S.
Published: October 2011

The first International Workshop on Seismic Anisotropy was held in Suzdal, USSR, from the 11th to the 19th of May 1982. The meeting was sponsored by IASPEI, UNESCO, and the Academy of Sciences, USSR, and was organized largely by E. M. Chesnokov and V. A. Magnitsky. Forty‐five scientists from Czechoslovakia (2), FRG (1), GDR (1), Japan (1), India (1), UK (4), USA (3), and USSR (32) discussed the theory, observation, and causes o f seismic anisotropy.

The most important conclusion from a wide variety of observations was that seismic anisotropy can be demonstrated as a very common, if not ubiquitous, property of much of the crust and upper mantle of the earth and may be important in a wide range of investigations. The anisotropy may be caused by a number of phenomena, including oriented crystals (mechanisms reviewed by Christensen, USA, and Babuska, Czechoslovakia); lithological alignments, as in oil shales; fine layering (reviewed by Liakhovitsky, USSR); and the direct effects o f stress (Nikitin and Chesnokov, USSR); but the commonest cause of anisotropy in the upper crust is probably aligned cracks (Crampin, UK).
Marine Geology
Authors: van Andel Tjeerd H.
Published: October 2011

Marine geology was blessed early, about 30 years ago, with two great textbooks, one by P.H. Kuenen, the other by Francis P. Shepard, but in more recent years, no one has dared synthesize a field that has become so diverse and is growing so rapidly. There are many texts written for the beginning undergraduate student, mostly by marine geologists, but none can be handed conveniently to a serious advanced student or given to a colleague interested in what the field has wrought. The reason for this regrettable state is obvious; only an active, major scholar could hope to write such a book well, but the years would pass, his students dwindle, his grants vanish. He himself might be out of date before his book was. Kennett has earned a large measure of gratitude for his attempt to undertake this task. His personal price must have been high but so are our rewards.
[Correction to] More on gyre
Authors: Kinder Thomas H.
Published: October 2011

The news item about our Mediterranean gyre study (Eos, June 1, 1982, p. 522) did not mention the names and affiliations of many investigators who are not at the Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity (NORDA) but who are full partners in the work. The following list may help readers who wish to follow our progress: Gregorio Parrilla and Jeronimo Corral— Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Madrid, Spain.
Technology transfer—A growing problem
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A joint National Academy of Sciences (NAS)‐Department of Defense (DOD) panel on the subject of technology transfer, which usually means giving away valuable industrial and perhaps unclassified military designs and information, set national guidelines in its recent report (Eos, October 5, p. 801). The results could affect the freedom of publication and public presentation of geophysical research.

An aspect of the problem surfaced in mid‐August of this year, when, at the 26th annual technical symposium of the Society of Photooptical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) DOD suddenly censored from presentation at the meeting something close to 100 papers, many of which were on applications of infrared technology and its transmission in the atmosphere. A number of the papers had apparent potential to the military, but none of the research was classified. Generally, research contracts with university professors contain nothing about obtaining clearance before presenting the results at professional meetings, but there are rules that apply, to wit the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). Also, the Department of Commerce has export control regulations that could be invoked. The censorship at the San Diego meeting has caused considerable clamor within the scientific community, starting with a report about the SPIE events that was published in Science News (Sept. 4, 1982) as ‘Remote Censoring: DOD Blocks Symposium Papers.’
JGR‐Red Deputy Editor
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

William M. Kaula, of the Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, has been appointed deputy editor of the red section of the Journal of Geophysical Research—to serve from October 1, 1982, to June 30, 1983. He will handle special editorial problems that require immediate attention while the new editor, Gerald Schubert (Eos, September 7, 1982), is on sabbatical. Schubert will handle the standard editorial and review process.
Update: Science and security
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Although ‘a substantial and serious technology transfer [to the Soviet Union] exists,’ open communication of federally funded research does not damage our national security, according to Dale R. Corson, president emeritus of Cornell University and chairman of the National Academy of Sciences' Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security. Corson characterized those technology transfers at a recent press conference on the panel's findings, which are summarized in their report, ‘Science Communications and National Security’ (Eos, October 5, p. 801).

‘A net flow of products, processes, and ideas is continually moving from the United States and its allies to the Soviet Union, through both overt and covert means,’ Corson said. While some of this technology transfer has not compromised national security (‘in part because a technology in question had little or no military significance’), a ‘substantial portion of the transfer has been damaging to national security,’ Corson explained. The ‘damaging transfers’ occur through the ‘legal as well as illegal sale of products, through transfers via third countries, and through a highly organized espionage operation.’
Geodetic Monitoring of Tectonic Deformation: Toward a Strategy
Authors: Lambert Anthony
Published: October 2011

As a result of a recommendation made in the report Geodesy: Trends and Prospects (Committee on Geodesy, 1978), a Panel on Crustal Movement Measurements was formed under the Committee on Geodesy and the Committee on Seismology of the U.S. National Research Council. The panel has prepared a very timely report that sets out to identify the key issues and to outline the directions that promise the most rapid progress toward quantifying crustal deformation in the next decade. There is definitely a need to quantify the process of strain accumulation and release over a wide range of length scales. A monitoring program to do this would serve as the basis for a renewed effort to understand the physical principles of earthquake generation and the mechanical behavior of the lithosphere in general. Faced with a bewildering array of new instruments of both the terrestrial and space‐oriented variety, which are about to advance from the stage of development to the stage of field deployment, we undoubtedly need the guidance that this volume is intended to provide.
Editor–s Citation for Excellence in Refereeing
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Without the diligence and dedication of the referees, AGU journals could not maintain their high levels of scientific quality. The Editor's Citation for Excellence in Refereeing was initiated this year in recognition of this special service to the Union. Six referees were especially commended for consistently providing constructive and thoughtful reviews:
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 7(9), September 30, 1982, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to the SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document E82‐010 at $1.00 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates: $3.50 for the first copy for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment. The price is $18.00 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a United States address; $28.00 (U..S) if mailed elsewhere. Order must be prepaid.
25 years in space
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Smaller and more flexible missions are essential to the revitalization of space science, Freeman J. Dyson told an October 14 symposium commemorating the silver anniversary of the Soviet launch of Sputnik on October 4, 1957. The day‐long symposium, jointly sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum, was more of a pause for critical examination of the past and for making suggestions about the future than it was a jubilant day of celebration. Dyson was one of three main speakers and six commentators who reflected on the motivations behind the space program, the practical applications of space, and the relationship of science to space research and exploration.
Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Antarctic Meteorites
Authors: Dodd Robert T.
Published: October 2011

In the last few years, Antarctica has become an important source of meteorites, and the Japanese Symposia on Antarctic Meteorites have emerged as major outlets for data on these objects. The Proceedings volume from the fifth such symposium, held in February 1980, is therefore most welcome.

This volume, like its predecessors, deals almost solely with Antarctic meteorites (exceptions are a paper on synthetic chondrules and two papers on sheet silicates in the Murchison, CM, chondrite), stresses observation rather than interpretation and synthesis, and contains few contributions by non‐Japanese authors. Its 26 papers cover a very wide range of subjects, from chondrites to ureilites, from sample recovery and weathering to magnetic properties (four papers), cosmogenic nuclides (three papers), and compressional wave velocities. Though few meteoriticists will find all papers equally interesting, there is something in the volume for everyone. Even nonspecialists should enjoy reading Nishio and Annexstad's discussion of ice flow and the role it played on concentrating meteorites in such happy hunting grounds as the Allan Hills and the Yamato Mountains.
Urban Water Conservation
Authors: Moomaw Ronald L.
Published: October 2011

According to its abstract, this book attempts ‘an assessment of various water conservation measures aimed at reducing residential water usage.’ Its intent is to develop a research program whose ‘ultimate goal is to engender a conservation ethic among water users and managers and develop a predictable array of conservation methodologies. …’ Professor Flack indeed has presented an excellent assessment of conservation methodologies, but I believe that the proposed research program is too limited.

Following a brief introductory chapter, chapter II presents an extensive review of the water conservation literature published in the 1970's and earlier. It and chapter III, which describes Flack's systematic comparison of the technical, economic, and political aspects of each conservation methodology, are the heart of the book. Chapter IV is a brief discussion and analysis of conservation programs (with examples) that a water utility might adopt. Chapter V is essentially a pilot study of methods of assessing political and social feasibility. Finally, a set of recommendations is presented in chapter VI. All in all, this book is a nice blend of literature review and original research that deals with an important issue.
Meeting Report Report of the General Meeting of the IAG
Authors: Nakagawa Ichiro
Published: October 2011

At the invitation of the Science Council of Japan and the Geodetic Society of Japan, the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) held its general meeting in Tokyo from May 7 to 15, 1982.

The participants at the general meeting numbered 360: 170 from Japan and 190 from abroad, of which 47 came from the United States, 19 from the Federal Republic of Germany, 10 from France, and 10 from Canada. Asian and African countries also sent delegations: 12 participants from the People's Republic of China, eight from the Republic of Korea, eight from the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and others.
AGU Fall Meeting&ASLO Winter Meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The 1982 Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union and the Winter Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) will be held in San Francisco from December 7—15 at the Cathedral Hill Hotel (Formerly the Jack Tar Hotel) and Holiday Inn/Golden Gateway Hotel.
The 98th Congress and science
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Many supporters of science were reelected in the November 2 congressional elections, but several key people will not return for another term. Although some reassignments will be made for the 98th Congress, which convenes in early January, there are sure to be some familiar faces on the major committees of both houses concerned with the earth sciences.

All but eight of the incumbents on the House Science and Technology Committee will return. Don Fuqua (D.‐Fla.) will return as chairman, Doug Walgren (D.‐Pa.) is expected to continue as chairman of the Science, Research, and Technology Subcommittee, and Ronnie Flippo (D.‐Ala.) is likely to retain the chairmanship of the Space Science and Applications Subcommittee. California Rep. George E. Brown (D), well known for his staunch science support, is also returning for another term.
Schubert edits JGR‐Red
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

‘As editor, my major concern will be to maintain and strengthen the Journal of Geophysical Research's position as the preeminent journal in solid earth and solid planet geophysics,’ asserted Gerald Schubert, the new editor of the red section of JGR. ‘I will endeavor to ensure that all major subject areas covered by JGR‐Red are adequately represented among the published papers.’ Schubert, professor of geophysics and planetary physics at the University of California, Los Angeles, officially begins his 4‐year term as editor on December 1, although he has been receiving manuscripts since October 1.

The new editor brings to JGR enthusiasm and dedication. ‘I will try to make it the type of journal that the readers want it to be in terms of both rapid publication time and publication of the best papers.’ He expects to continue the traditions that his predecessor, Thomas J . Ahrens, has established. In particular, Schubert wants to continue publishing special issues that focus on specific research topics. He welcomes suggestions for such issues from the research community.
Arctic haze
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

When visibility in the atmosphere is reduced in the central regions of Alaska, the ‘arctic haze’ that sets in happens at times when the air temperature is low, according to a report on the subject by G.E. Shaw (Nature, Oct. 28, 1982). The haze, he believes, is due to suspended particles in the submicrometer‐diameter size range. The particles are thought to be air pollutants originating in the Siberian Arctic and in mid‐Eurasia. Shaw makes his case on the basis of X ray fluorescence analysis of particles sampled by means of an undescribed impactor.
COSOD: A critique
Authors: von Huene Roland
Published: October 2011

In November 1981, the University of Texas at Austin hosted a Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD), which was attended by an international group of nearly 150 earth scientists. COSOD was first proposed by the passive‐ and active‐margins panels of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) as a forum where the earth science community could update scientific priorities and deliberate on the most productive ways to sample rock from the world's ocean basins. The results of this forum had the potential to guide the direction of scientific ocean drilling, particularly as its future was being reshaped.

About a year ago, the proposed program was disproportionately weighted toward drilling on the eastern U.S. margin, and some significant subjects in previous drilling programs became much less important. Unfortunately, the COSOD report is similarly unbalanced, but in a contrary direction. The COSOD report has shifted consideration from the margins to an emphasis on the deep ocean basins. Scientific ocean drilling is vital for research in many fields of the earth sciences, and the Glomar Challenger facility has an unmatched record of providing a means to solve problems across earth science disciplines. Therefore, any new drilling program should be of sufficient scope to advance the earth sciences as a whole.
Who is an AGU individual supporting member?
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In January 1978, AGU started out with 15 ISM's. We doubled this number by early 1981. This number was again doubled by early 1982. By late 1982 there were almost 100 ISM's. In 1983 the Steering Committee is seeking to double this number to 200. The increase in interest evidenced by this increase in ISM's is primarily due to the AGU‐GIFT program and its efforts to seek the voluntary support of all members. Your response has been encouraging, and we believe the number can be doubled again in the next 18 months.
Our needs and opportunities
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

We have undertaken new meetings and publications as needs have been perceived by members. Growth has been sporadic, however, and largely limited to incomeproducing projects, which are often constrained by the economy and by the ability of the Union to respond at any given time.

Real financial stability has been elusive. Present reserves cover a scant 3 months' operating expenses. Many societies have reserves and endowments equal to a year or more of operating expenses.
Modeling Wastewater Renovation: Land Treatment
Authors: Gillham R. W.
Published: October 2011

The physical, geochemical, and biochemical processes associated with the renovation of wastewater by land treatment are complex, frequently interactive, and generally highly sensitive to changes in the physical environment. As in other disciplines dealing with complex and interactive problems, it is reasonable to expect that mathematical models could provide valuable guidance in site selection, design, and management of land‐treatment facilities.

This book presents discussions of the processes recognized as being pertinent to land treatment facilities and describes mathematical models that have been developed to represent these processes. Specific topics include water movement, solute transport, salinity models, plant uptake, trace elements, virus movement, soil nitrogen, and soil phosphorus. Additional models pertinent to site selection and system optimization are also presented.
The MAP/GLOBUS project
Authors: Offermann D.
Published: October 2011

The MAP/GLOBUS project is part of the Middle Atmosphere Program (MAP) and was described in general in MAP Handbook I. GLOBUS stands for Global Budget of Stratospheric Trace Constituents.

The 1983 program for this project was recently planned during a meeting of the steering committee and of more than 40 interested scientists from the USA, Japan, and five European countries at the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Oct. 18–20, 1982. An integrated campaign of balloon‐borne, airplane, and ground‐based experiments was designed for September 1983 in southern France. Primary scientific objectives are (1) accurate measurements of ozone and its short‐term variability; (2) simultaneous determination of NOx species and their short‐term variability, including diurnal variations; (3) measurement of solar flux, scattered flux, and albedo; and (4) measurement of atmospheric dynamics. The program includes launches of eight balloon gondolas of the 300–400 kg class that contain various in situ and remote‐sensing experiments that will also provide information about numerous trace species, ions, and aerosols. Releases of 50–100 ozone sondes from five stations are also envisaged. Airplane experiments will presumably include remote sensing in the infrared by a grille spectrometer. A network of 14 ground‐based experiments shall be operated in Western Europe during the balloon and airplane flights. It includes, among other instruments, four lidars, one ST radar, two IR and one microwave spectrometer.
STACS: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies
Authors: Molinari Robert L.
Published: October 2011

The thermal balance of the earth is maintained by a transport of heat from the tropics, where incoming solar radiation exceeds outgoing radiation, to middle and high latitudes, where outgoing radiation exceeds incoming radiation. Previously, it was believed that this transport occurred primarily in the atmosphere. Recent results [Vonder Haar and Oort, 1973; Oort and Vonder Haar, 1976; Hastenrath, 1980] indicate that the atmospheric transport is indeed dominant at high latitudes, but that the oceanic component is responsible for most of the transport out of the tropics.
Transition and turbulence
Authors: Thorpe S. A.
Published: October 2011

Naturally occurring fluid flows are seldom in a state of fully developed turbulence, except near boundaries. The upper atmosphere and the ocean, in and below the thermocline, are dominated by wave‐like motions. Turbulence when, and where, it occurs is sporadic and short‐lived; it is transitional rather than maintained. The subject of this volume is thus of importance and relevance to scientists concerned with understanding the motion and mechanics of ‘geophysical’ fluids.

This volume contains 12 (sadly not all) of the invited lectures at a symposium held at the University of Wisconsin in October 1980. Many of the distinguished authors offer very forthright and refreshingly clear commentaries on the state of the art and, in particular, on the areas where perspectives differ.
Thermodynamics of Minerals and Melts
Authors: Rumble Douglas
Published: October 2011

The book, Thermodynamics of Minerals and Melts, edited by R. C. Newton, A. Navrotsky, and B . J . Wood, is volume 1 in the series Advances in Physical Geochemistry, with S. K. Saxena as series editor. The volume is divided into three parts: (1) general principles, (2) thermodynamic analysis of mineral systems, and (3) thermodynamics of melt systems. Part 1 had one paper on the derivation of J. Willard Gibbs' mathematical formulation of the combined first and second laws of thermodynamics for an open system by G. Tunell. Part 2 covers the following topics, listed with authors: thermodynamics of devolatilization reactions (T. J. B. Holland), ‘lambda’ transitions in minerals (A. B. Thompson and E. H. Perkins), crystal‐field effects on thermodynamic properties of iron‐bearing minerals (B.J. Wood), stable isotope geothermometry (R. N. Clayton), calculation of thermodynamic properties of minerals from natural parageneses (L. L. Perchuk, K. K. Podlesskii, and L. Y. Aranovich), thermodynamics of the garnet‐plagioclase‐Al2O3‐quartz geobarometer (R. C. Newton and H. T. Haselton), and thermodynamics of diopside and enstatite solid solutions (D. H. Lindsley, T. E. Grover, and P. M. Davidson).
Walter B. Langbein: 1907–1982
Authors: Matalas Nick
Published: October 2011

Walter B. Langbein was born in Newark, New Jersey, on October 17, 1907, and died at his home in Arlington, Virginia, on December 10, 1982. For 33 years he carried on a distinguished career in hydrologic research with the U.S. Geological Survey—very much in the public interest.

Langbein graduated from Cooper Union in 1931 with a bachelor's degree in civil engineering. While attending classes in the evening, he worked for the Rosoff Construction Company, beginning as a rodman on a surveying team. At that time the company was engaged by the city of New York to enlarge the subway along 8th Avenue. Between 123rd Street and 124th Street, excavation was suspended a short time after it was begun because difficulties were encountered in lowering the groundwater levels with pumps. As the junior member of the engineering staff, Langbein was given the task of measuring and recording the distance of the water level below a reference mark—a task he later recalled as being his ‘introduction’ to hydrology.
Swiss NSF fellowships
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) annually awards a few international postdoctoral fellowships for American scientists involved in earth, astronomical, atmospheric, mathematical, physical, or engineering sciences to work in Switzerland. Recipients must be under 36 years of age at the beginning of the fellowship tenure.

Applications for fellowships that begin between September 1, 1983, and April 1, 1984, must be completed and returned to the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) by February 28, 1983. NSF will then transmit the applications to the Swiss National Science Foundation. Awards usually are announced by SNSF in July.
IAGA news
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Members of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) who have moved are asked to notify the IAGA secretary general of their change of address so that their copies of the IAGA News can be delivered.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 7(12), December 31, 1982, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. Both the Long Valley and Earthquake reports are excerpts; the Kilauea report was published in the January 25 issue of Eos. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos, as a microfiche supplement, or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to the SEAN Bulletin are also available. For microfiche, order document E83‐001 at $1.00 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates; $3.50 for the first copy for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment. The price is $18.00 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a United States address; $28 (U.S.) if mailed elsewhere. Orders must be prepaid.
AGU on Capitol Hill
Authors: Swift Al , Shaw George
Published: October 2011

I would like to take this opportunity to commend and thank the American Geophysical Union for supporting a Congressional Science Fellowship. This year I had my first experience with this program when the AGU Congressional Science Fellow, George Shaw, spent the year in my office. It has proven to be an exceptionally good and enlightening experience for me and my staff and, I hope, for him as well.

I must admit I was skeptical as to the value of having a scientist in the office for a year, a skepticism which I suspect would likely be shared by most Members of Congress who tend to be steeped in the humanities or, worse, the law. That skepticism, I think, grows out of a prejudice: that scientists are both too clinical and too “ivory tower” to function well in the visceral and rough and tumble world of political policy making.
Greenland sea ice/ocean margin
Authors: McPhee Miles G.
Published: October 2011

One of the fundamental obstacles to understanding both weather and long term climate variability of polar and subpolar regions lies in knowing what controls the position and behavior of the boundary between open and ice‐covered ocean, the marginal ice zone (MIZ). Over the seasonal cycle, variation in sea ice coverage of the world ocean is about 25 million km2 , roughly 7% of the total area; thus a significant portion of the ocean is at some time during the year part of the MIZ.

From the point of view of air‐sea interaction, the MIZ is a very complex system: an interface between ocean and atmosphere with potentially extreme horizontal and vertical temperature gradients and large variations in mechanical properties. The ‘joker‐in‐the‐deck’ is, of course, sea ice—it modifies momentum transfer from the atmosphere; drastically alters surface albedo; serves as an efficient thermal insulator; damps surface wave motion; and, because it is relatively fresher than sea water, may substantially change both temperature and salinity structure in the upper ocean by melting or freezing. Sea ice is highly mobile in response to surface wind, capable of traveling tens of kilometers per day. It thus represents a negative source of both salt and heat that can be advected long distances across water—mass boundaries by atmospheric systems. It is estimated (e.g., Hibler, 1979) that fresh water exported from the Arctic Basin through Fram Strait as sea ice (about 105 m3 s −1) is roughly comparable to the total continental runoff entering the basin. In this sense, the MIZ of the North Atlantic, despite its limited area, is the terminus of a vast territorial watershed.
Gelhar receives Horton Award
Authors: Eagleson P. S.
Published: October 2011

The field of subsurface hydrology was perhaps the last area of hydrology to abandon strict determinism and to incorporate into its analysis the ample uncertainty arising from the structure and properties of the medium. Recent years have seen an explosion of activity in this area, however, made possible in large part by the pioneering contributions of this year's Robert E. Horton Award winner.

His early papers on the spatial variability of aquifer parameters established a general Tramework for the treatment of random hydraulic conductivity variations in an aquifer by means of stochastic differential equations. This provided the basis for his important later work on the stochastic theory of macrodispersion in nonuniform porous media. The impact of his contributions is evident from the large number of recent symposia and publications devoted to the stochastic description of groundwater flow and from the fact that his work is referred to extensively in the literature.
Joint AGU and Lunar Science Conference
Authors: Smith Joseph V.
Published: October 2011

For the past 3 years there has been increasing concern about the duplication of papers on lunar and planetary sciences between the meetings of various societies and the annual meeting at the Johnson Space Center, Clear Lake, Texas. In addition to the costs for travel and accommodation (approximately $400–$800 per conference for most attendees from the United States) there is the time spent on airplanes and sitting in sessions. I argue that a potential saving of at least $300,000 per year justifies a reduction of meetings on lunar and planetary sciences. We must find money for young scientists and new ideas.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

William W. Fox, Jr., has been appointed director of the Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS). He had been director of the Southeast Fisheries Center of the National Marine Fisheries Service since 1978. CIMAS was established in 1977 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the University of Miami.

Seven of the 689 U.S. Fulbright Scholars for 1982–1983 are lecturing and conducting advanced research in geology in universities abroad. Brian Francis Farrell, a research assistant in planetary studies at Harvard University, is lecturing in oceanography at the University of Cambridge in England through June. William B. Fergusson, associate professor of civil engineering at Villanova University, will lecture in geology at the Kangwon National University in Korea until July. Ray Edward Ferrell, Jr., geology chairman at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, lectured and conducted research in marine geology at the University of Oslo in Norway. M. Allan Kays, professor of geology at the University of Oregon in Eugene, will conduct research in geology at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark through April. Richard Vernon McGehee, associate professor of health education at Southeastern Louisiana University (University Station campus), will be lecturing in geology at the University of Monrovia in Liberia through July. Bruce Warren Nelson, a professor of environmental studies at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, will be lecturing in geology at the Universiti Malaya in Malaysia through April. Ronald Porter Willis, professor of geology at the University of Wisconsin—Eau Claire, will be lecturing in geology at the Seoul National University in Korea through July.
Cosmic Electrodynamics
Authors: Russell C. T.
Published: October 2011

This highly readable monograph is an extensive revision of an earlier book published in 1969 by John Wiley. Piddington clearly loves his subject matter and writes with enthusiasm about the role and critical importance of magnetic fields in the universe around us. He treats solar magnetic fields, the interplanetary medium, the magnetosphere, planetary magnetospheres, and galactic magnetic fields. The treatment is far from uniform, and the topical balance has shifted somewhat from that in the first edition to that in the second. For example, in the first edition there were 27 pages devoted to solar magnetism, and in the second 81 pages. In the first edition there were three chapters devoted to geomagnetism and in the new edition two.
Another AGU index
Authors: Eviatar Aharon
Published: October 2011

I note that Juan G. Roederer has proposed an index of AGU affiliation named JGR (Eos, October 19, 1982, p. 817). According to this index, Alaska is the most AGU‐involved state in the Union. I praise his customary modesty in disclaiming any connection between his initials and the name of the index. I think it only fitting that the index be applied on a worldwide basis since AGU in many ways transcends national boundaries, as indeed its subject matter does.

I propose that the worldwide index, applied to each country as the JGR index is applied to the states, should be named after either a well‐known magnetic index or the Atmospheric Explorer spacecraft, i.e., it should be known as the AE index. I, of course, emulate Dr. Roederer in disclaiming any connection with my initials.
Sunspots affect insolation
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The notion of a rigorously constant amount of solar radiation reaching the earth was upset recently by a team of scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). John Eddy, Ronald Gilliland, and Douglas Hoyt of NCAR's High Altitude Observatory report that sunspots, which speckle the sun's surface in a fluctuating 11‐year cycle, diminish the amount of sunlight reaching the earth. Their conclusion, which may radically affect global climate modeling, is based on data gathered from the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite and their own solar blocking model.

Data collected by the SMM satellite reveal that only a small fraction of the energy blocked by sunspots is balanced by immediate, enhanced emissions from bright areas on the sun. Moreover, solar energy can remain trapped in the sunspots, which have an average diameter of 9000 km, for years. Blocked radiative energy can be stored in the lower convective zone of the sun and have a ‘relaxation‐time scale’ of 100,000 years, during which time it may slowly seep out. Fluctuating solar output affects the accuracy of global climate models that forecast long‐term effects on the world's weather: Weather and climate are determined by the circulation patterns of the oceans and air, which are driven by solar energy coupled with the rotational inertia of the spinning planet.
Wet February for nation's streams
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

February marked a very wet month for the nation's streams with 97% of the key index gaging stations across the country reporting average to above‐average streamflow, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

USGS hydrologists said that the only stations that reported below‐normal conditions for February were one gaging station each in New York, New Jersey, Ohio, and Alaska and all four of the key index stations in the Hawaiian Islands.
Education Bill passes
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

On March 2 the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill authorizing $425 million for science and mathematics education in fiscal 1984; the authorization is $350 million more than President Ronald Reagan requested in his budget proposal (Eos, February 15, 1983, p. 65).

H.R. 1310 allocates $295 million to the Department of Education not only to improve precollege instruction in science and math, but to beef up foreign language training to aid in improving international communication among scientists. The bill also allots $130 million to the National Science Foundation for a variety of programs, the lion's share of which aims to upgrade research equipment at colleges and universities. It is hoped that industry will match the $100 million targeted for this program.