bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constructing NiSe2/MoSe2 Mott–Schottky Heterojunctions Onto N‐doped Brain Coral‐Carbon Spheres by Phase Separation Strategies for Advanced Energy Conversion Applications
Authors: Yun Sining , Gao Zan , Yang Tianxiang , Sun Menglong , Yang Guangping , Wang Ke , Wang Zhiguo , Yuan Shuangxi , Zhang Mengmeng
Published: December 2023

Constructing Mott–Schottky heterojunctions in nanohybrids is an effective strategy for facilitating electron transfer and optimizing the electronic structure of active sites; however, challenges remain. Herein, a selenium‐induced phase separation strategy is proposed and successfully construct NiSe2/MoSe2 Mott–Schottky heterojunctions on N‐doped brain coral carbon nanospheres (N‐BCCSs). Owing to built‐in electric fields, optimized electronic density, and unique nanoflake/sphere structures, the designed NiSe2/MoSe2@N‐BCCSs carbon‐based Mott–Schottky catalysts achieved satisfactory electrocatalytic performance. When serving as a counter electrode for the triiodide reduction reaction (IRR), a power conversion efficiency of 8.49% is obtained, which outperformed that of conventional Pt electrodes (7.80%). When the NiSe2/MoSe2@N‐BCCSs are used as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), their overpotential (η10) is as low as 119 mV, which is significantly better than that of other transition‐metal selenides. This research demonstrates a new concept for constructing Mott–Schottky heterojunctions and provides a new direction for investigating multifunctional carbon‐based composites.
Peptide‐Based Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Self‐Assemblies for Ultrasensitive and Visual Detection of Heparin
Authors: Fan Fang , Chen Xu‐Man , Lin Jieman , Lin Meiyu , Li Ling , Gu Yanqiu , Chai Yifeng , Zhang Hai , Chen Xiaofei , Li Quan
Published: December 2023

Accurate point‐of‐care testing (POC) of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) can efficiently promote its rational use in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases but still remain a key challenge. Herein, a peptide‐derived supramolecular self‐assembly system is reported for ultrasensitive and visual detection of LMWH. Two different peptides are designed and modified by gold nanocluster (AuNC) and tetraphenylethene (TPE), respectively, to co‐assemble into nanoparticles, enabling the loading and co‐recognition of LMWH. Owing to two‐wavelength emission from the co‐assemblies at 624 and 460 nm that is highly sensitive to LMWH, such assemblies realize ratio‐type detection of LMWH. The sensitivity of the AuNC‐peptide to LMWH significantly increases when co‐assembling with TPE‐peptide, while that of TPE‐peptide maintains in a high level, enabling a balanced and ultrahigh sensitivity of both two fluorophores. Such self‐assemblies reach an extreme limit of detection of 0.0004 IU mL−1 and realize dramatic fluorescence color change when loading trace concentration of LMWH, which can be simply distinguished by naked‐eye. Thus, by preparing Pep2@AuNC/TPE‐Pep1 test strips the POC testing of LMWH in real thrombus patient samples has achieved. It provides a promising tool for on‐site and real‐time monitoring of anticoagulation therapy to guide LMWH titration into the therapeutic window.
Granular Hydrogels for Harnessing the Immune Response
Authors: Widener Adrienne E. , Roberts Abilene , Phelps Edward A.
Published: December 2023

This review aims to understand the current progress in immune‐instructive granular hydrogels and identify the key features used as immunomodulatory strategies. Published work is systematically reviewed and relevant information about granular hydrogels used throughout these studies is collected. The base polymer, microgel generation technique, polymer crosslinking chemistry, particle size and shape, annealing strategy, granular hydrogel stiffness, pore size and void space, degradability, biomolecule presentation, and drug release are cataloged for each work. Several granular hydrogel parameters used for immune modulation: porosity, architecture, bioactivity, drug release, cell delivery, and modularity, are identified. The authors found in this review that porosity is the most significant factor influencing the innate immune response to granular hydrogels, while incorporated bioactivity is more significant in influencing adaptive immune responses. Here, the authors' findings and summarized results from each section are presented and suggestions are made for future studies to better understand the benefits of using immune‐instructive granular hydrogels.
CXCR4‐Expressing Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Nanovesicles for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment
Authors: Gan Jingjing , Zhang Xiaoxuan , Chen Guangcai , Hao Xubin , Zhao Yuanjin , Sun Lingyun
Published: December 2023

Cell membrane camouflage technology, which a demonstrated value for the bionic replication of natural cell membrane properties, is an active area of ongoing research readily applicable to nanomedicine. How to realize immune evasion, slow down the clearance from the body, and improve targeting are still worth great efforts for this technology. Herein, novel cell membrane‐mimicked nanovesicles from genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are presented as a potential anti‐inflammatory platform for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management. Utilizing the synthetic biology approach, the biomimetic nanoparticles are constructed by fusing C‐X‐C motif chemokine receptor4 (CXCR4)‐anchored MSC membranes onto drug‐loaded polymeric cores (MCPNs), which make them ideal decoys of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1)‐targeted arthritis. These resulting nanocomplexes function to escape from the immune system and enhance accumulation in the established inflamed joints via the CXCR4/SDF‐1 chemotactic signal axis, thereby achieving an affinity to activated macrophages and synovial fibroblasts. It is further demonstrated that the MCPNs can significantly suppress synovial inflammation and relieve pathological conditions with favorable safety properties in collagen‐induced arthritis mice. These findings indicate the clinical value of MCPNs as biomimetic nanodrugs for RA therapy and related diseases.
Conjugated Phosphonic Acids Enable Robust Hole Transport Layers for Efficient and Intrinsically Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Xiaofeng , Wang Wanhai , Wei Kun , Deng Jidong , Huang Pengyu , Dong Peiyao , Cai Xuanyi , Yang Li , Tang Weihua , Zhang Jinbao
Published: December 2023

High efficiency and long‐term stability are the prerequisites for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, inadequate and non‐uniform doping of hole transport layers (HTLs) still limits the efficiency improvements, while the intrinsic instability of HTLs caused by ion migration and accumulation is difficult to be addressed by external encapsulation. Here it is shown that the addition of a conjugated phosphonic acid (CPA) to the Spiro‐OMeTAD benchmark HTL can greatly enhance the device efficiency and intrinsic stability. Featuring an optimal diprotic‐acid structure, indolo(3,2‐b)carbazole‐5,11‐diylbis(butane‐4,1‐diyl) bis(phosphonic acid) (BCZ) is developed to promote morphological uniformity and mitigate ion migration across both perovskite/HTL and HTL/Ag interfaces, leading to superior charge conductivity, reinforced ion immobilization, and remarkable film stability. The dramatically improved interfacial charge collection endows BCZ‐based n‐i‐p PSCs with a champion power conversion efficiency of 24.51%. More encouragingly, the BCZ‐based devices demonstrate remarkable stability under harsh environmental conditions by retaining 90% of initial efficiency after 3000 h in air storage. This work paves the way for further developing robust organic HTLs for optoelectronic devices.
Electrolyte Engineering with Tamed Electrode Interphases for High‐Voltage Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Yumei , Zhu Lujun , Wang Enhui , An Yun , Liu Yatao , Shen Kaier , He Mengxue , Jia Yongfeng , Ye Guo , Xiao Zhitong , Li Yitao , Pang Quanquan
Published: December 2023

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) hold great promise for next‐generation grid‐scale energy storage. However, the highly instable electrolyte/electrode interphases threaten the long‐term cycling of high‐energy SIBs. In particular, the instable cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) at high voltage causes persistent electrolyte decomposition, transition metal dissolution, and fast capacity fade. Here, this work proposes a balanced principle for the molecular design of SIB electrolytes that enables an ultra‐thin, homogeneous, and robust CEI layer by coupling an intrinsically oxidation‐stable succinonitrile solvent with moderately solvating carbonates. The proposed electrolyte not only shows limited anodic decomposition thus leading to a thin CEI, but also suppresses dissolution of CEI components at high voltage. Consequently, the tamed electrolyte/electrode interphases enable extremely stable cycling of Na3V2O2(PO4)2F (NVOPF) cathodes with outstanding capacity retention (>90%) over 3000 cycles (8 months) at 1 C with a high charging voltage of 4.3 V. Further, the NVOPF||hard carbon full cell shows stable cycling over 500 cycles at 1 C with a high average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.6%. The electrolyte also endows high‐voltage operation of SIBs with great temperature adaptability from −25 to 60 °C, shedding light on the essence of fundamental electrolyte design for SIBs operating under harsh conditions.
Rewritable Photoluminescence and Structural Color Display for Dual‐Responsive Optical Encryption
Authors: Han Hyowon , Oh Jin Woo , Lee Hyeokjung , Lee Seokyeong , Mun Seungsoo , Jeon Seungbae , Kim Dongjun , Jang Jihye , Jiang Wei , Kim Taebin , Jeong Beomjin , Kim Jiwon , Ryu Du Yeol , Park Cheolmin
Published: December 2023

Optical encryption using coloration and photoluminescent (PL) materials can provide highly secure data protection with direct and intuitive identification of encrypted information. Encryption capable of independently controlling wavelength‐tunable coloration as well as variable light intensity PL is not adequately demonstrated yet. Herein, a rewritable PL and structural color (SC) display suitable for dual‐responsive optical encryption developed with a stimuli‐responsive SC of a block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystal (PC) with alternating in‐plane lamellae, of which a variety of 3D and 2D perovskite nanocrystals is preferentially self‐assembled with characteristic PL, is presented. The SC of a BCP PC is controlled in the visible range with different perovskite precursor doping times. The perovskite nanocrystals developed in the BCP PC are highly luminescent, with a PL quantum yield of ≈33.7%, yielding environmentally stable SC and PL dual‐mode displays. The independently programmed SC and PL information is erasable and rewritable. Dual‐responsive optical encryption is demonstrated, in which true Morse code information is deciphered only when the information encoded by SCs is properly combined with PL information. Numerous combinations of SC and PL realize high security level of data anticounterfeiting. This dual‐mode encryption display offers novel optical encryption with high information security and anti‐counterfeiting.
Inter‐ and Intra‐Device Variation and Correlation of Hyperfine Interactions in Micron‐Scale Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Mena A. , Geng R. , Pappas W. J. , Maasoumi F. , McCamey D. R.
Published: December 2023

The spin‐dependent properties of opto‐electronic devices, such as sensors, displays, and photovoltaics, are a key contributor to performance metrics such as sensitivity and efficiency. As these devices are pushed to smaller scales, an understanding of how the microscopic variations in their spin‐dependent properties impact the macroscopic scale is becoming increasingly important. In this study, the hyperfine interactions of charge carriers are investigated within a series of co‐polymer thin‐film organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), with each set of devices having a different physical size. Using spatially resolved measurements, significant variation in hyperfine interactions within microscopic thin‐film OLEDs is found. The domain size of spatially correlated hyperfine regions is characterized within these devices, finding characteristic scales of several microns. Finally, multiple device averaged magneto‐electroluminescence (MEL) responses from arrays of identical devices are simultaneously measured, to probe the influence of microscopic variation on the macroscopic hyperfine properties. It is found that smaller devices typically display a smaller device‐averaged hyperfine interaction. These findings shed light on the importance of spin dynamics in optoelectronic devices and provide insights for improving their performance.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Mediate SiRNA Delivery for Long‐Term Multi‐Gene Silencing in Intact Plants
Authors: Cai Yao , Liu Zhujiang , Wang Hang , Meng Huan , Cao Yuhong
Published: December 2023

RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool for understanding and manipulating signaling pathways in plant science, potentially facilitating the accelerated development of novel plant traits and crop yield improvement. The common strategy for delivering siRNA into intact plants using agrobacterium or viruses is complicated and time‐consuming, limiting the application of RNAi in plant research. Here, a novel delivery method based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) is reported, which allows for the efficient delivery of siRNA into mature plant leaves via topical application without the aid of mechanical forces, achieving transient gene knockdown with up to 98% silencing efficiency at the molecular level. In addition, this method is nontoxic to plant leaves, enabling the repeated delivery of siRNA for long‐term silencing. White spots and yellowing phenotypes are observed after spraying the MSN‐siRNA complex targeted at phytoene desaturase and magnesium chelatase genes. After high light treatment, photobleaching phenotypes are also observed by spraying MSNs‐siRNA targeted at genes into the Photosystem II repair cycle. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that MSNs can simultaneously silence multiple genes. The results suggest that MSN‐mediated siRNA delivery is an effective tool for long‐term multi‐gene silencing, with great potential for application in plant functional genomic analyses and crop improvement.
Actin‐templated Structures: Nature's Way to Hierarchical Surface Patterns (Gecko's Setae as Case Study)
Authors: Kasper Jennifer Y. , Laschke Matthias W. , Koch Marcus , Alibardi Lorenzo , Magin Thomas , Niessen Carien M. , del Campo Aránzazu
Published: December 2023

The hierarchical design of the toe pad surface in geckos and its reversible adhesiveness have inspired material scientists for many years. Micro‐ and nano‐patterned surfaces with impressive adhesive performance have been developed to mimic gecko's properties. While the adhesive performance achieved in some examples has surpassed living counterparts, the durability of the fabricated surfaces is limited and the capability to self‐renew and restore function—inherent to biological systems—is unimaginable. Here the morphogenesis of gecko setae using skin samples from the Bibron´s gecko (Chondrodactylus bibronii) is studied. Gecko setae develop as specialized apical differentiation structures at a distinct cell–cell layer interface within the skin epidermis. A primary role for F‐actin and microtubules as templating structural elements is necessary for the development of setae's hierarchical morphology, and a stabilization role of keratins and corneus beta proteins is identified. Setae grow from single cells in a bottom layer protruding into four neighboring cells in the upper layer. The resulting multicellular junction can play a role during shedding by facilitating fracture of the cell–cell interface and release of the high aspect ratio setae. The results contribute to the understanding of setae regeneration and may inspire future concepts to bioengineer self‐renewable patterned adhesive surfaces.
Unbiased Single‐Cell Sequencing of Hematopoietic and Immune Cells from Aplastic Anemia Reveals the Contributors of Hematopoiesis Failure and Dysfunctional Immune Regulation
Authors: Guo Rongqun , Kong Jingjing , Tang Ping , Wang Shuya , Sang Lina , Liu Liu , Guo Rong , Yan Ketai , Qi Mochu , Bian Zhilei , Song Yongping , Jiang Zhongxing , Li Yingmei
Published: December 2023

Aplastic anemia (AA) is a bone marrow (BM) failure syndrome mediated by hyperactivated T‐cells with heterogeneous pathogenic factors. The onset of BM failure cannot be accurately determined in humans; therefore, exact pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, a cellular atlas and microenvironment interactions is established using unbiased single‐cell RNA‐seq, along with multi‐omics analyses (mass cytometry, cytokine profiling, and oxidized fatty acid metabolomics). A new KIR+CD8+ regulatory T cells (Treg) subset is identified in patients with AA that engages in immune homeostasis. Conventional CD4+ T‐cells differentiate into highly differentiated T helper cells with type 2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL‐13), GM‐SCF, and IL‐1β. Immunosuppressive homeostasis is impaired by enhanced apoptosis of activated Treg cells. Pathological Vδ1 cells dominated the main fraction of γδ T‐cells. The B/plasma, erythroid, and myeloid lineages also exhibit substantial pathological features. Interactions between TNFSF12‐TNFRSF12A, TNF‐TNFRSF1A, and granzyme‐gasdermin are associated with the cell death of hematopoietic stem/progenitor (HSPCs), Treg, and early erythroid cells. Ferroptosis, a major driver of HSPCs destruction, is identified in patients with AA. Furthermore, a case of twins with AA is reported to enhance the persuasiveness of the analysis. These results collectively constitute the cellular atlas and microenvironment interactions in patients with AA and provide novel insights into the development of new therapeutic opportunities.
Enzymatically Bioactive Nucleus Pulposus Matrix Hydrogel Microspheres for Exogenous Stem Cells Therapy and Endogenous Repair Strategy to Achieve Disc Regeneration
Authors: Peng Yizhong , Chen Xuanzuo , Zhang Qimin , Liu Sheng , Wu Wei , Li Kanglu , Lin Hui , Qing Xiangcheng , Xiao Yan , Wang BaiChuan , Quan Daping , Feng Shiqing , Rao Zilong , Bai Ying , Shao Zengwu
Published: December 2023

Exogenous stem cell therapy and endogenous repair has shown great potential in intervertebral disc regeneration. However, limited nutrients and accumulation of lactate largely impair the survival and regenerative capacity of implanted stem cells and endogenous nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). Herein, an injectable hydrogel microsphere (LMGDNPs) have been developed by immersing lactate oxidase (LOX)‐manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanozyme (LM) into glucose‐enriched decellularized nucleus pulposus hydrogel microspheres (GDNPs) through a microfluidic system. LMGDNPs showed a delayed release profile of LOX and satisfactory enzymatic capacity in consuming lactate. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) plated on LMGDNPs exhibited better cell viability than cells on GelMA and decellularized nucleus pulposus microspheres (DNP) and showed a obviously increased NPCs phenotype. LMGDNPs prevented MSCs and NPCs death and promoted extracellular matrix synthesis by exhausting lactate. It is determined that LMGDNPs promoted NPCs autophagy by activating transforming growth factor β2 overlapping transcript 1 (TGFB2‐OT1), relying on the nanozyme. MSCs‐loaded LMGDNPs largely preserved disc hydration and alleviated matrix degradation in vivo. Summarily, LMGDNPs promoted cell survival and matrix regeneration by providing a nutrient supply, exhausting lactate, and activating autophagy via TGFB2‐OT1 and its downstream pathway and may serve as an ideal delivery system for exogenous stem cell therapy and endogenous repair.
Targeting the cGAS‐STING Pathway Inhibits Peripheral T‐cell Lymphoma Progression and Enhances the Chemotherapeutic Efficacy
Authors: Lu Xueying , Wang Shunan , Hua Xin , Chen Xiao , Zhan Mengtao , Hu Qiaoyun , Cao Lei , Wu Zijuan , Zhang Wei , Zuo Xiaoling , Gui Renfu , Fan Lei , Li Jianyong , Shi Wenyu , Jin Hui
Published: December 2023

Peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a highly heterogeneous group of mature T‐cell malignancies. The efficacy of current first‐line treatment is dismal, and novel agents are urgently needed to improve patient outcomes. A close association between the cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase‐stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS‐STING) pathway and tumor promotion exists, revealing prospective therapeutic targets. This study, investigates the role of the cGAS‐STING pathway and its underlying mechanisms in PTCL progression. Single‐cell RNA sequencing showes that the cGAS‐STING pathway is highly expressed and closely associated with PTCL proliferation. cGAS inhibition suppresses tumor growth and impaires DNA damage repair. Moreover, Cdc2‐like kinase 1 (CLK1) is critical for residual tumor cell survival after treatment with cGAS inhibitors, and CLK1 suppression enhances sensitivity to cGAS inhibitors. Single‐cell dynamic transcriptomic analysis indicates reduced proliferation‐associated nascent RNAs as the underlying mechanism. In first‐line therapy, chemotherapy‐triggered DNA damage activates the cGAS‐STING pathway, and cGAS inhibitors can synergize with chemotherapeutic agents to kill tumors. The cGAS‐STING pathway is oncogenic in PTCL, whereas targeting cGAS suppresses tumor growth, and CLK1 may be a sensitivity indicator for cGAS inhibitors. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing therapeutic strategies for PTCL, especially in patients with relapsed/refractory disease.
Inverse‐Perovskite Ba3BO (B = Si and Ge) as a High Performance Environmentally Benign Thermoelectric Material with Low Lattice Thermal Conductivity
Authors: He Xinyi , Kimura Shigeru , Katase Takayoshi , Tadano Terumasa , Matsuishi Satoru , Minohara Makoto , Hiramatsu Hidenori , Kumigashira Hiroshi , Hosono Hideo , Kamiya Toshio
Published: December 2023

High energy‐conversion efficiency (ZT) of thermoelectric materials has been achieved in heavy metal chalcogenides, but the use of toxic Pb or Te is an obstacle for wide applications of thermoelectricity. Here, high ZT is demonstrated in toxic‐element free Ba3BO (B = Si and Ge) with inverse‐perovskite structure. The negatively charged B ion contributes to hole transport with long carrier life time, and their highly dispersive bands with multiple valley degeneracy realize both high p‐type electronic conductivity and high Seebeck coefficient, resulting in high power factor (PF). In addition, extremely low lattice thermal conductivities (κlat) 1.0–0.4 W m−1 K−1 at T = 300–600 K are observed in Ba3BO. Highly distorted O–Ba6 octahedral framework with weak ionic bonds between Ba with large mass and O provides low phonon velocities and strong phonon scattering in Ba3BO. As a consequence of high PF and low κlat, Ba3SiO (Ba3GeO) exhibits rather high ZT = 0.16–0.84 (0.35–0.65) at T = 300–623 K (300–523 K). Finally, based on first‐principles carrier and phonon transport calculations, maximum ZT is predicted to be 2.14 for Ba3SiO and 1.21 for Ba3GeO at T = 600 K by optimizing hole concentration. Present results propose that inverse‐perovskites would be a new platform of environmentally‐benign high‐ZT thermoelectric materials.
An Infrared Near‐Sensor Reservoir Computing System Based on Large‐Dynamic‐Space Memristor with Tens of Thousands of States for Dynamic Gesture Perception
Authors: Wang Jiejun , Pan Xinqiang , Zhao Zebin , Xie Yiduo , Luo Wenbo , Xie Qin , Zeng Huizhong , Shuai Yao , Song Zeqian , Wu Chuangui , Zhang Wanli
Published: December 2023

To efficiently process the massive amount of sensor data, it is demanding to develop a new paradigm. Inspired by neurobiological systems, an infrared near‐senor reservoir computing (RC) system, consisting of infrared sensors and memristors based on single‐crystalline LiTaO3 and LiNbO3 (LN) thin film respectively, is demonstrated. The analog memristor is used as a reservoir in the RC system to process sensor signals with spatiotemporal characteristics. LN crystal structure stacked with oxygen octahedra provides favorable conditions for reliable Mott variable‐range hopping conduction, which provides the memristor with tens of thousands of reservoir states within a large dynamic range. With the characteristics, the analog sensor signals with high data fidelity can be directly fed to the memristive reservoir, and the spatiotemporal features can be separated and mapped. The system demonstrated a dynamic gesture perception task, achieving an accuracy of 99.6%, which highlights the great application potential of the memristor in signal sensor processing and will advance the application of artificial intelligence in sensor systems. Crystal ion slicing techniques are used to fabricate a single‐crystalline thin film for both the memristor and sensor, which opens up the possibility of realizing monolithic integration of a memristor‐based near‐sensor computing system.
Structure‐Function Relationship of Highly Reactive CuOx Clusters on Co3O4 for Selective Formaldehyde Sensing at Low Temperatures
Authors: D'Andria Matteo , Krumeich Frank , Yao Zhangyi , Wang Feng Ryan , Güntner Andreas T.
Published: December 2023

Designing reactive surface clusters at the nanoscale on metal‐oxide supports enables selective molecular interactions in low‐temperature catalysis and chemical sensing. Yet, finding effective material combinations and identifying the reactive site remains challenging and an obstacle for rational catalyst/sensor design. Here, the low‐temperature oxidation of formaldehyde with CuOx clusters on Co3O4 nanoparticles is demonstrated yielding an excellent sensor for this critical air pollutant. When fabricated by flame‐aerosol technology, such CuOx clusters are finely dispersed, while some Cu ions are incorporated into the Co3O4 lattice enhancing thermal stability. Importantly, infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO, near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and temperature‐programmed reduction in H2 identified Cu+ and Cu2+ species in these clusters as active sites. Remarkably, the Cu+ surface concentration correlated with the apparent activation energy of formaldehyde oxidation (Spearman's coefficient ρ = 0.89) and sensor response (0.96), rendering it a performance descriptor. At optimal composition, such sensors detected even the lowest formaldehyde levels of 3 parts‐per‐billion (ppb) at 75°C, superior to state‐of‐the‐art sensors. Also, selectivity to other aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and inorganic compounds, robustness to humidity and stable performance over 4 weeks are achieved, rendering such sensors promising as gas detectors in health monitoring, air and food quality control.
Conjugated Polyimidazole Nanoparticles as Biodegradable Electrode Materials for Organic Batteries
Authors: Schuster Philipp A. , Uhl Matthias , Kissmann Ann‐Kathrin , Jansen Felicitas , Geng Tanja , Ceblin Maximilian U. , Spiewok Sarah , Rosenau Frank , Jacob Timo , Kuehne Alexander J. C.
Published: December 2023

Conjugated polymers are promising active materials for batteries. Batteries not only need to have high energy density but should also combine safe handling with recyclability or biodegradability after reaching their end‐of‐life. Here, π‐conjugated polyimidazole particles are developed, which are prepared using atom economic direct arylation adapted to a dispersion polymerization protocol. The synthesis yields polyimidazole nanoparticles of tunable size and narrow dispersity. In addition, the degree of crosslinking of the polymer particles can be controlled. It is demonstrated that the polyimidazole nanoparticles can be processed together with carbon black and biodegradable carboxymethyl cellulose binder as an active material for organic battery electrodes. Electrochemical characterization shows that a higher degree of crosslinking significantly improves the electrochemical performance and leads to clearer oxidation and reduction signals of the polymer. Polyimidazole as part of the composite electrode shows complete degradation by exposure to composting bacteria over the course of 72 h.
Long Cycle Life Rechargeable Moisture‐Enabled Electricity Cell
Authors: Shi Mengfan , Yang Ya'nan , Han Yuyang , Wang Jiaqi , Wang Ying , Li Dan , Lv Jinsheng , Wu Wenpeng , Wang Zhenglin , Wei Xiaoyan , Chen Nan
Published: December 2023

Moisture‐enabled electricity generation (MEG) is a prominent renewable energy harvesting technology in hydrovoltaic power generation, boasting the broadest energy harvesting spectrum. However, practical application faces limitations due to irreversible performance degradation caused by structural changes and moisture‐generated carrier (MGC) losses in Moisture‐enabled electricity (ME) materials, rendering them non‐renewable. This study introduces a rechargeable moisture‐enabled electricity cell (rMEC) based on dual ME functional layers and active metal electrodes. The rMEC demonstrates outstanding power generation performance, with a single cell providing an output voltage of 1.08 V and a power density of 5.83 µW cm−2 through redox assistance. Moreover, it can be recharged when MGCs are lost, utilizing the reversibility of the redox reaction (moisture of H2O2 solution) for self‐repair. Notebly, the rMEC maintains stable operation for over 2080 h and undergoes 100 charging/working cycles, marking the longest span life record in MEG research history. When exposed to industrial wastewater/gases with oxidation characteristics, the rMEC not only completes charging but also facilitates the reuse of toxic waste resources. The environmentally friendly rMEC, with its long cycle life, significantly overcomes the limitations of non‐renewable ME materials, serving as a paradigm for promoting iterative upgrades in MEG technology.
Involvement of single nucleotide polymorphisms of junction adhesion molecule with small vessel vascular dementia
Authors: Xie Peter , Kancherla Kiran , Chandramohan Sashiruben , Braidy Nady , Chan Eunice Kar Wing , Xu Ying Hua , Chan Daniel K. Y.
Published: December 2023

Objectives

It is now recognized that blood brain barrier (BBB) leakage occurs in cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD) and plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of vascular dementia. We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms of junctional adhesion molecule‐A (JAM‐A) (which may result in compromised structure of tight junction proteins that form the BBB) in combination with cerebrovascular risk factors hypertension, lipid disorders, and type 2 diabetes may result in BBB leakage and increase the individual's risk of CSVD‐related dementia.

Methods

In this case–control study, 97 controls with a mean Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE) score of 29 and 38 CSVD‐related vascular dementia participants (mean MMSE score of 19) were recruited. Bloods were collected for the analysis of two common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the JAM‐A genotypes rs790056 and rs2481084 using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes was collected for all participants.

Results

Polymorphisms of genotype JAM‐A SNP rs790056 showed statistically significant result when the subgroup with hyperlipidemia was analyzed (OR = 3.130, p = 0.042 for TC + CC genotypes with hyperlipidaemia vs controls). Similar result was found with diabetes (OR = 4.670, p = 0.031 for TC + CC genotypes vs controls). No significant result was found with hypertension. Borderline results of statistical significance were found for JAM‐A SNP rs2481084 with hyperlipidemia (OR = 3.210, p = 0.054 for TC + CC genotypes vs controls) and with diabetes (OR = 3.620, p = 0.069 for TC + CC genotypes vs controls) but not for hypertension. The borderline results might have been due to lack of statistical power because of small sample size.

Conclusions

These results lend further support that cerebrovascular risk factors interact with genetic polymorphisms of BBB proteins to increase the risk of vascular dementia.
Ferroelectric Tunnel Junction Memristors for In‐Memory Computing Accelerators
Authors: Athle Robin , Borg Mattias
Published: December 2023

Neuromorphic computing has seen great interest as leaps in artificial intelligence (AI) applications have exposed limitations due to heavy memory access, with the von Neumann computing architecture. The parallel in‐memory computing provided by neuromorphic computing has the potential to significantly improve latency and power consumption. Key to analog neuromorphic computing hardware are memristors, providing non‐volatile multistate conductance levels, high switching speed, and energy efficiency. Ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ) memristors are prime candidates for this purpose, but the impact of the particular characteristics for their performance upon integration into large crossbar arrays, the core compute element for both inference and training in deep neural networks, requires close investigation. In this work, a W/HfxZr1−xO2/TiN FTJ with 60 programmable conductance states, a dynamic range (DR) up to 10, current density >3 A m−2atVread = 0.3 V and highly nonlinear current–voltage (I–V) characteristics (>1100) is experimentally demonstrated. Using a circuit macro‐model, the system level performance of a true crossbar array is evaluated and a 92% classification accuracy of the modified nation institute of science and technology (MNIST) dataset is achieved. Finally, the low on conductance in combination with the highly nonlinearI–Vcharacteristics enable the realization of large selector‐free crossbar arrays for neuromorphic hardware accelerators.
Early biomarkers of vascular brain dysfunction
Authors: Elahi Fanny M
Published: December 2023

Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is a major cause of brain degeneration and dementia for which we have no therapies. My lab applies new molecular omics technology to human biospecimen for an initial unbiased approach to discovery of clinically‐relevant dysregulated molecular pathways in humans living with disease. A major obstacle is lack of in vivo gold standards. As such, we have focused our efforts on an autosomal dominant form of disease–CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) caused by mutations in NOTCH3. Given its autosomal dominant nature, CADASIL provides a unique opportunity to build an all‐in‐human modeling pipeline for discovery of biomarkers and therapeutics for VCID. We take a systems biology approach, using brain tissue, plasma and patient‐derived stem cells to model disease and uncover biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets. We then perform cross‐disease comparisons with other cSVD subtypes, such as hypertensive cSVD and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy to identify shared pathologies. Finally, we investigate the relevance of uncovered molecular pathways to brain dysfunction and degeneration in prevalent neurodegenerative disease syndromes such as AD, FTD, and PD.
Imaging markers in dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Ferreira Daniel
Published: December 2023

Background

Imaging markers are central to diagnose and monitor disease progression in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). This presentation provides an up‐to‐date overview of the contributions of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to the field of DLB.

Methods

Expert opinion and road‐map for the future based on the current state‐of‐the‐art.

Results

PET for Lewy pathology is an active area of research but a reliable tracer is still lacking. Tracers for glucose metabolism and dopaminergic deficits have merited inclusion in diagnostic criteria for DLB. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) co‐pathology is common in DLB. Amyloid PET has been used in DLB for a long time and most studies show an elevated frequency of a positive amyloid scan in DLB. Tau PET has recently attracted attention, with studies suggesting an atypical pattern of tau PET uptake in DLB, different from the pattern seen in AD. Newest advances include PET tracers for synaptic activity, microglial activation, and neuromelanin. MRI findings in DLB traditionally include preservation of hippocampal volume, as compared with AD. More recent findings encourage the inclusion of a pattern of cortical neurodegeneration, mostly affecting posterior cortical areas, with sparing of the hippocampus. This finding is consistent across MRI markers (volume, thickness, functional MRI, diffusion, perfusion, and connectivity). Advanced techniques for cholinergic system have shown vulnerability of cholinergic basal forebrain and its white matter projections.

Conclusions

Neuroimaging is central for DLB diagnosis and for advancing mechanistic knowledge about the disease. Biomarkers of Lewy pathology are emerging and will revolutionize the field, but in the absence of topographical markers, the reviewed techniques will have an important role in precision medicine, for example, helping to identify subgroups with different disease trajectories or treatment response.
Apolipoprotein E Receptor 2 is associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis
Authors: Belaidi Abdel Ali , Bush Ashley I , Ayton Scott
Published: December 2023

Background

Genetic variations to apolipoprotein E (apoE) underlie the strongest risk for Alzheimer´s disease (AD) after aging but it is not yet known how apoE confers risk for AD. While most research is focusing on dysregulations associated with the presence of the risk allele of apoE, several aspects of apoE biology remain poorly understood. In particular, the physiological relevance of apoE interaction with members of the low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene family is not well understood.

Method

Ferroptosis was induced in the N27 neuronal cell model of ferroptosis using multiple agents (erastin, RSL3, iron, cysteine depletion). Genetic variants of apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (apoER2) were generated via site‐directed mutagenesis and expressed in N27 neurons. The severity of ferroptosis was measured by several toxicity assays (MTT, LDH) and lipid peroxide probe (C11BODIPY). The association between apoER2 polymorphism and cognition were investigated in two longitudinal studies: the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study of Ageing (AIBL).

Result

We recently reported that apoE is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis in neuronal cells in a mechanism that involves a receptor‐mediated activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In this study, we identified genetic variants of apoER2 (also known as LRP8, a member of the LDL receptor family) that were associated with slower cognitive decline in clinical cohorts of AD. In preliminary work, we show that one apoER2 variant was associated with an increased protection from ferroptosis in an apoE‐dependent process.

Conclusion

We present evidence for a biological role of apoER2 and its genetic variation on pathologies associated with Alzheimer’s disease, which may help develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches towards the disease.
Age‐related alterations in meningeal immunity drive impaired central nervous system waste removal
Authors: Rustenhoven Justin
Published: December 2023

Background

The meningeal lymphatic network enables the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates the removal of central nervous system (CNS) waste. During aging and in Alzheimer’s disease, impaired meningeal lymphatic drainage promotes the buildup of toxic misfolded proteins in the CNS. Reversing this age‐related dysfunction represents a promising strategy to augment CNS waste clearance, however, the mechanisms underlying this decline remain elusive.

Method

Young (2‐3 month old) and aged (20‐24 month old) C57BL/6J mice were used to study age‐related meningeal phenotypes by single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNA‐seq), high dimensional flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. Lymphatic drainage to deep cervical lymph nodes was determined by CSF‐delivery of ovalbumin‐A594. CSF‐delivery of AAVs or antibodies were used to model age‐related deficits in young mice. Peripheral chronic neutralizing antibody administration was utilized to attenuate age‐related alterations in aged mice. 3D in vitro microfluidic devices of human lymphatic endothelial cells were used to model physiological flow parameters.

Result

scRNA‐seq of meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells from aged mice revealed a response signature to the inflammatory cytokine IFNγ, which was increased in the aged meninges due to T cell accumulation. Chronic elevation of meningeal IFNγ in young mice via AAV‐mediated over‐expression attenuated CSF drainage—comparable to the deficits observed in aged mice. Mechanistically, this occurred through disruption of lymphatic adherans junctions which was confirmed in 3D in vitro microfluidic systems, and through antibody‐mediated VE‐Cadherin disruption. Therapeutically, IFNγ neutralization alleviated age‐related impairments in meningeal lymphatic function.

Conclusion

Here we demonstrate that alterations in meningeal immunity underlie the age‐related lymphatic impairment and impaired CNS waste removal. These data suggest manipulation of meningeal immunity as a viable approach to normalize CSF drainage and alleviate the neurological deficits associated with impaired waste removal in neurodegenerative disease.
Microglia‐mediated T cell Infiltration Drives Neurodegeneration in Tauopathy
Authors: Chen Xiaoying , Firulyova Maria , Manis Melissa , Herz Jasmin , Smirnov Igor , Aladyeva Ekaterina , Wang Chanung , Bao Xin , Finn Mary Beth , Hu Hao , Shchukina Irina , Kim Min Woo , Yuede Carla M , Kipnis Jonathan , Artyomov Maxim N , Ulrich Jason D , Holtzman David M.
Published: December 2023

Background

Extracellular amyloid‐β (Aβ) deposition as neuritic plaques and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated, aggregated tau as neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are two of the characteristic hallmarks in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The regional progression of brain atrophy in AD highly correlates with tau accumulation but not amyloid deposition and the mechanisms of tau‐mediated neurodegeneration are not clear. Innate immune responses represent a common pathway for the initiation and progression of some neurodegenerative diseases. To date, little is known about the extent or role of the adaptive immune response in the presence of Aβ or tau pathology.

Method

We utilized transgenic mice that develop Aβ deposition or tau pathology and neurodegeneration. We isolated all immune cells in the brain followed by single cell RNA sequencing and systematically compared the immunological milieus in the brain of mice with amyloid deposition or tau aggregation and neurodegeneration. Histological, biochemical, and behavioral analyses were also performed to assess the immune response and brain damage in the different mice with or without different treatments.

Result

We found that mice with tauopathy but not amyloid, developed a unique innate and adaptive immune response and that depletion of microglia or T‐cells blocked tau‐mediated neurodegeneration. T cells, especially cytotoxic T cells, were markedly increased in areas with tau pathology in mice with tauopathy and in the AD brain. T cell numbers correlated with the extent of neuronal loss, and dynamically transformed their cellular characteristics from activated to exhausted states along with unique TCR clonal expansion. Inhibition of IFN‐γ and PD‐1 signaling both significantly ameliorated brain atrophy.

Conclusion

Our results thus reveal a tauopathy and neurodegeneration‐related immune hub involving activated microglia and T cell responses, which could serve as therapeutic targets for preventing neurodegeneration in AD and primary tauopathies.
Haploinsufficiency of progranulin causes mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Bautista Javier S. , Falabella Micol , Lu Shanti , Rohrer Jonathan D. , Plun‐Favreau Helene , Wray Selina , Taanman Jan‐Willam , Pitceathly Robert D. S. , Pitceathly Robert D.S.
Published: December 2023

Background

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common cause of young‐onset dementia, caused by nerve loss in the frontal and temporal lobes. Mutations in the progranulin (GRN) gene are one of the leading causes of FTD, resulting in a happloinsufficiency of the soluble protein progranulin (PGRN). However, the effect of PGRN happloinsufficiency on mitochondrial activity has not been explored in FTD.

Method

A stable GRN knockdown was generated in H4 neuroglioma cells using a lentiviral shRNA vector. Mitochondrial DNA and RNA transcripts were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), protein expression by Western Blot analysis, and bioenergetics profile by Seahorse analysis and Native PAGE.

Result

In the H4 model, PGRN deficiency induced a bioenergetic impairment, indicating a mitochondrial defect. The activity of the complexes of the electron transport chain was decreased. In addition, we observed impaired mitochondrial genomics.

Conclusion

These results suggest that PGRN happloinsufficiency may play a role in mitochondrial homeostasis, which may be contributing to the development of FTD. Future work will involve characterising the mitochondrial mechanism, and further validating these findings in FTD patient samples.
Improvement of cognitive skills in elderly undergoing vestibular rehabilitation
Authors: Ribeiro Marlon Bruno Nunes , Mancini Patricia Cotta , Bicalho Maria Aparecida Camargo
Published: December 2023

Background

studies that used vestibular rehabilitation (VR) found improvement in cognitive abilities of spatial memory, visuospatial function, executive functions, attention and a decrease in psychological distress. However, these studies only used cognitive screening tests or did not include comprehensive neuropsychological assessment.

Method

longitudinal, observational, analytical and quasi‐experimental study. The sample consisted of 50 elderly people of both sexes, aged between 60 and 86 years. Elderly people with vestibular dysfunction confirmed by the Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) and Video Head Impulse Test (v‐HIT) tests were included. The Geriatric Depression Scale ‐ short version (GDS‐15) was used to assess psychological distress and cognition was assessed using the Brief Neuropsychological Battery (Neupsilin). Psychological distress and cognition were assessed before and after eight sessions of vestibular rehabilitation according to the Cawthorne and Cooksey method (customized). Pre and post VR variables were detected using the Wilcoxon test. A significance level of 5% was adopted (p< 0.05).

Result

after vestibular rehabilitation, there was improvement in general cognition ‐ Neupsilin (142/145) and its subscales orientation (8/8), attention (12/20), memory (24/26), arithmetic skills (5/7), oral language (20/21), written language (28/29), praxis (12/14.5), executive functions (5/6) and decrease in psychological distress ‐ GDS‐15 (5/3).

Conclusion

after vestibular rehabilitation, the elderly showed improvement in general cognition, orientation skills, memory, arithmetic skills, oral and written language, praxis and executive functions. Also note the decrease in psychic suffering.