bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
38. On Marine Chironomidæ (Diptera); with Descriptions of a New Genus and four New Species from Samoa
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: August 2010

A general review is given of our present knowledge concerning marine midges in various parts of the world. These belong to several genera, and appear to have been derived from different branches of one tribe (Orthocladiariæ) of the family Chironomidæ. Some of the flies remain unmodified and may be found flying over rocks and seaweed; others have vestigial wings in one or both sexes, and these are found only at extreme low tides running on exposed rocks or over the surface of pools; none are truly submarine. The larvæ of these various species occur in all tidal zones, sometimes even those below the limit of exposure by the lowest tides. Among these species two new ones are described from British coasts and one from East Africa.

Four new marine species are described from Samoa. One of these is known only from adult males captured on the wing, and belongs to the genus Clunio, hitherto believed to be solely European. The other three, of which both larvæ and adults were obtained, belong to a different tribe (Chironomariæ), and were taken among Halophila, a higher plant which grows in sea water on the reef. Two of these are normal air‐living flies, and are referred to the genus Tanytarsus. The third is submarine in all stages, and shows remarkable structural adaptations to this life. The male has greatly reduced wings and bare antennæ; it swims actively with its long legs. The female is without antennæ, mouth‐parts, wings, halteres, or functional legs, the front legs not even existing as vestiges. This submarine insect is described as a new genus and species, Pontomyia nutans, and reasons are given for believing that it has been derived directly from one of the species of Tanytarsus with which it is associated.
42. Growth‐changes in the Skull of the Baboon, Papio porcarivs*
Authors: Zuckerman S.
Published: August 2010

The prosthion‐inion length, the transverse diameter, and the basi‐bregmatic height continue to increase from birth until a time considerably subsequent to the eruption of the permanent teeth.

The varying proportions of face to cranium at the different stages of growth are demonstrated in the text and diagrams.

Virtually all the cranial sutures of the Baboon skull, unlike those of the higher anthropoids, are never completely occluded, even in the aged male.

The basicranial axis and its angles are of a type which finds its closest counterpart in those of the anthropoids.

The spheno‐maxillary angle in the Baboon has an average value of 90° 30′, and is therefore well within the human range. This angle, far from being “the most important angular measurement by which prognathism can be represented” (Duckworth), is worthless as a criterion of prognathism. It does, however, indicate the degree of “subgnathism.”

The spheno‐maxillary angle in the Baboon does not increase with the eruption of the permanent teeth and with the growth of the muzzle. This lack of increase during growth is explained by a downward rotation of the muzzle upon the basi‐cranial axis.

Flower's gnathic index is shown to be a reasonable criterion of the degree of prognathism in the Baboon skull.

Prognathism in the Baboon has been studied by means of the facial triangle (text‐fig. 7 and Table III.), which, in my opinion, expresses most clearly its nature and degree.

The growth‐changes in the cephalic index, temporal lines temporal fossæ, nuchal area, occipital plane, base of skull, and palatal and alveolar dimensions are of a nature comparable with the growth‐changes in the higher anthropoids.

An increase of 22 per cent. occurs in the volume of the endocranial cavity in the male Baboon, and 4 per cent. in the female, between the period of milk dentition and maturity.

This later brain‐growth takes place chiefly in the temporal lobes and cerebellum, and very slightly in the length and breadth of the cerebrum. No growth at all takes place in the height of the cerebrum above the subcerebral plane after the period of the milk dentition.

In conclusion I wish to express my indebtedness to Professor M. R. Drennan for his kindly advice and criticism during the progress of the investigation, and to Professor Raymond A. Dart, of the University of the Witwatersrand, for reading a draft of the paper and for valuable advice.
The Morphology of the Isopod Head.—Part I. The Head of. Ligia oceaniaa.
Authors: Jackson Harold G.
Published: August 2010

The external and internal features of the head of Ligia oceanica are described, and a terminology proposed for them and for similar structures in all terrestrial Isopods.

The 1st thoracic somite is shown to be distinctly demarcated from the head in this genus.

The “maxillosternal” framework and the endophragmal skeleton is described and its morphology discussed.

The mechanism and structure of the appendages of the head is described and compared with that of other Isopods.

The musculature of the head is described and its bearing on the form of the head and mechanism of the appendages is discussed.
The Biology ofDinocampus(Perilitus)rutilusNees, a Braconid Parasite ofSitona lineataL.—Part I.
Authors: Jackson Dorothy J.
Published: August 2010

A review is given of the literature on the parasitism of Braconids of the generaDinocampusandPerilitus. The records at present available show that these insects are parasites of beetals, usually of the adult insect, but occasionally of the Iarva also.

Dinocampus(Perilitus)rutilusis a prasite of adult weevils ofSitona lineata, and has also been obtained fromS. hispidula.

This Braconid is common throughout the British Isles and is widely distributed in Europe.

Both sexes are equally numerous, but parthenogenesis may occur. Only males have been reared from unmated females.

The adult Braconids lived in Captivity usually about a fortnight, but a few survived for three or four weeks.

The female effect oviposition in the apex of the abdomen of the host. pursuing the beetle assiduously until her. task is accomplished.

The egg, when laid, is very small, but, after oviposition, the chorion expands and the egg enlarges to a remarkable degree, attaining to over a thousand times its original size.

During the development of the embryo a cellular membrane may be distinguished immediately beneath the chorion, and the cells of this membrane increase in size as the larva develops.

When fully formed, the larva ruptures the chorion and becomes free in the abdomen of the host.

At the same time the cells of the embryonic membrane commence to dissociate and to become dispersed thronghout the bodycavity of the beetle.

They assume a globular form and become of an opaque white colour, due to the presence of fatty matter, whicli they absorb from the body‐fluid of the host.

As the larva grows, the cells increase in size and their nuclei become of irregulnr shape.

In their later stages the cells of the embryonic membrane consist almost entirely of globules of a fatty nature. The membiaries of the cells become much stretched and rupture with the least pressure, so that the fatty contents are discharged into the body‐fluid of the beetle.

When the Braconid larva is young, as many as 600 or 700 dissocaiated cells of the embryonic membrane have been counted within the body of the host, but as the larva grows the cells diminish in number.

The dissociated cells of the embryonic membrane with their ingested fatty contents constitute the principal food of the larva in its later stages. Their remains may be found in numbers within the mid‐gut of the full‐grown larva.

If the parasite larva happens to die when still young, the cells of the embryonic membrane dissociate and continue to develop, sometimes attaining to an abnormally large size.

Clomparatively few observations have been made in regard to the dissociation of the embryonic membrane in other parasitic Hymenoptera, and, while opaque white globnles have been recorded as occurring in certain parasitized insects, they have usually been mistaken for “disorganised fat‐body” of the host.
10. On the Larva of the Poisonous Chrysomelid Beetle of N'gamiland, Africa
Authors: Maulik S.
Published: August 2010

The larva has well‐developed spots and patches on the ventral surface only.

The head is well developed, without ocelli, and with normal mouth‐parts.

The legs are well developed; the tibia is produced into a blunt knob at the point of its articulation with the femur.

The tibia has at its apex a pad‐like structure and a strong claw.

A neat oval cocoon is formed of little bits of gravel in which the larva pupates.

The larva is able to live in the cocoon for a considerable period of time without turning into a pupa.

Outside the cocoon the larva rapidly degenerates and dies.
15. The Menstrual Cycle of the Primates.‐Part III. The Alleged Breeding‐season of Primates, with special reference to the Chacma Baboon (Papio porcarius)
Authors: Zuckerman S.
Published: August 2010

During March, April, and May of 1930 observations were made in South Africa on the Chacma Baboon (Papio porcarius).

Baboon packs, in which were nursing females as well as females with sexual skin swelling, were seen in the Eastern and Western Provinces.

On May 4th twelve females belonging to the same pack were killed near Grahamstown, in the Eastern Province. Four were non‐pregnant: one of these was menstruating, one was in the pre‐ovulation, and two in the post‐ovulation phase of the cycle. Five were pregnant: the first of these had an embryo 2·5 mm. in length, the second one of 16·5 mm., the third one of 19 mm., the fourth one of 65 mm., and the fifth an apparently full‐term male fœtus with a crown‐rump length of 230 mm. Three were lactating, and their babies were caught alive.

Data are provided regarding the times of milk‐tooth eruption in baboons, indicating that two of the babies were about two months old and the third about four months.

A complete reproductive cycle in the baboon—the shortest interval of time between two births by the same female—is approximately a year. The females shot on May 4th were representative of practically all stages of the cycle.

This proves that the Chacma Baboon has no demarcated breeding season, but that it can give birth at any time of the year.

The question of the breeding of other Old World primates is discussed. Records of monkey births in captivity indicate that most Old World primates can conceive at any time.

The possibility that there exists a seasonal variation in the monkey's conceptility rate does not conflict with the underlying fact that, the baboon, and probably most other Old World primates, has no demarcated breeding‐season. There is a fundamental distinction between mammals with a fixed anœstrus, like the ferret, and mammals like the baboon that have no anœstrus.
Note on the Spinal Accessory Nerve of Long‐necked Ungulates.
Authors: Howell A. Brazier , Straus William L.
Published: August 2010

In a llama the spinal portion of the accessory nerve was grossly absent. The sterno‐cephalic muscle was innervated by the second cervical nerve and, presumably, also by a branch from the bulbar portion of the accessory nerve.

Consideration of the literature indicates that the gross morphology of the accessory nerve and its relation to the sterno‐cephalic and brachio‐cephalic muscles are extremely variable features in the longest‐necked ungulates (giraffe, camel, llama).

Bibliography.
Limnocnida rhodesiœ Boulenger, with some Remarks on the Distribution of the Genus Limnocnida.
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie
Published: August 2010

The morphology of the freshwater medusa, Limnocnida rhodesiœ Boulenger, obtained from new sites in the Zambesi and Limpopo river‐systems, is described and illustrated by photographs (Pl. I.).

The new sites for L. rhodesiœ are the Prince Edward Dam on the Hunyani River, near Salisbury, the Hartebeestpoort Dam on the Crocodile River, near Pretoria, and the Bezuidenhout Valley in Johannesburg.

The range of dimensions of L. rhodesiœ is extended, the present specimens being larger than those previously described.

The specimens of L. rhodesiœ examined from the new localities were all females in active egg‐production. Manubrial bud‐formation was seen in only a few specimens.

A species of Trichodina occurred in small numbers on the external surface and tentacles of L. rhodesiœ from the new localities cited.

Some ecological notes on Limnocnida are given.

The present geographical distribution of the genus Limnocnida is discussed and the continued southward range of distribution in Africa from Lake Victoria Nyanza to Johannesburg is detailed. Similarly, the distribution of the known species of Limnocnida is given, L. tanganicœ, the Central African form, being replaced by L. rhodesiœ in Rhodesia and the Transvaal, and by L. indica in India.

The possible significance of the present‐day geographical distribution of Limnocnida in relation to former geological conditions on the earth's surface is discussed.
24. The œstrous Cycle and Intersexuality in the Female Mole (Talpa europæa Linn.)
Authors: Matthews L. Harbison
Published: August 2010

The external genitalia of the female mole follow from the first a male type of development, the clitoris being long and peniform, and the uterovaginal canal having no outlet to the exterior. At each breeding season there is formed spontaneously a vaginal orifice which disappears soon after parturition.

The uterovaginal canal and uterine cornua increase enormously in length and breadth during the short intense breeding season, and rapidly atrophy to the normal size afterwards. When measurements of these organs are plotted, curves are produced which show graphically these changes.

The corresponding graph of ovarian weights docs not produce a similar curve, the maximum weights occurring during anœstrum, in whiter. The ovary in the mole consists of two parts, an ovarian part and a separate mass of interstitial tissue known as the “interstitial gland.” The maximum ovarian weights occurring in winter are due to hypertrophy of the interstitial gland and atrophy of the ovarian part of the ovary. In the breeding season the ovarian part increases in bulk and the interstitial gland atrophies, but the total weight of the ovary is diminished owing to the interstitial atrophy outweighing the ovarian activity. The two parts of the ovary thus undergo alternate rhythmic activity.

Previous workers have demonstrated the homology of the interstitial gland of the ovary with the testis of the male. The activity of the ovarian part of the ovary is now shown to correspond with the assumption of female function, and the activity of the interstitial gland to correspond with the cessation of female function and the assumption of male facies.

It is suggested that the female mole presents as a normal condition the phenomena of a type of intersexuality found only as an abnormality in most mammals, and the probable process of differentiation producing this state is discussed.
27. The Morphology and Anatomy of the Immature and Adult Stage s of Oligotrophus oleariæ Mask. (Cecidomyidæ, Diptera)
Authors: Anderson Joan A. T.
Published: August 2010

The gall‐midge, Oligotrophus oleariæ, attacking the New Zealand native shrub Shawia (Olearia) paniculata Cheesem. has been re‐classified as Oligotrophus oleariæ Mask. The midge causes damage only to the young buds of the plant, and does not attack the leaves, as was originally supposed.

The life‐history of the midge is described briefly. The larva is parasitized by two species of hymenopterous insects, Pteromalus sp. and Metaclisis oleariæ Mask.

A description of the externals of the larva, pupa, and imago is given, together with an account of the anatomy of the larva and the imago.
28. The Description, Bionomics, Morphology, and Anatomy of a new Dryomyia (Cecidomyidæ, Diptera)
Authors: Anderson Joan A. T.
Published: August 2010

Dryomyia shawiæ, sp. n., the larvæ of which inhabit the leaves of the New Zealand native shrub Shawia paniculata, is described, and differences noted between this species and the associated midge, Oligotrophus oleariæ Mask., inhabiting, in the larval stages, bud‐galls on the same plant.

A brief account of the bionomics of D. shawiæ is given, and the presence of two Hymenopterous parasites noted.

A short comparative account follows of the morphology of the larva and pupa and the anatomy of the larva and imago, special attention being given to the points in which D. shawiæ differs from Oligotrophus oleariæ Mask.
Factors controlling the Population of the Partridge (Perdix perdix) in Great Britain.
Authors: Middleton A. D.
Published: August 2010

The influence of various factors causing mortality among partridges is reviewed, with supporting statistics to show the losses at various stages from egg to adult. The available evidence indicates that the losses on a normal English game preserve average 22 per cent, of nests, 7 per cent. of eggs unhatched, 52 per cent, mortality among chicks, 55 per cent, of surviving birds shot, and a winter loss (probably largely due to emigration) of 40 per cent. of those left after the shooting season.
The Structure and Affinities of the Fossil Elasmobranch Fishes from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of Glencartholm, Eskdale
Authors: Moy‐Thomas J. A.
Published: August 2010

A new specimen of Ctenacanthus costellatus is described, which shows the teeth, pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins particularly well. The affinities of the species is discussed, and it is shown that the Ctenacanth sharks occupy a position intermediate between the Cladoselachii and the Hybodonts.

A new genus of shark, Goodrichia eskdalensis, is described. It is a large member of the Ctenacanths, but has remarkably small dorsal fin spines.

Tristychius arcuatus is redescribed and its pelvic and caudal regions described for the first time. It is believed that it should not be included in the Hybodonts, but in a distinct suborder, the Tristychii, probably not far removed from them.

The teeth of Chondrenchelys are shown to be typically Bradyodont in microscopic structure.

The teeth of Oracanthus armigenis and relations of the head spines are discussed, and the dermal denticles and body spines described. The affinities of the Cochliodonts are discussed and a short description of the anatomy of Helodus simplex is given. It is concluded that the Bradyodonts, Edestids, Chondrenchelyda, and Chimæroids form a natural group.
Retardation of Spermatogenesis and Reduction of Motility of Sperm in Ephestia kühniella Z. (Lepidoptera, Phycitidæ), caused by High Temperature.
Authors: RAICHOUDHURY D. P.
Published: August 2010

There is evidence of only one cycle of spermatogenesis in Ephestia kuhniella Z.

Evidence of retardation of spermatogenesis in newly emerged moths reared at high temperatures is seen in the presence in the testes of (a) abundant premetamorphic tubules, and (b) fewer mature sperm‐bundles, as compared with those of newly emerged moths reared at room‐temperature and with those of seven days old adults reared at 27°C.

The smaller size in testes of adults newly emerged reared at room‐temperature and those of seven‐day‐old ones reared at 27°C. is accounted for by the passage of sperm‐bundles into the vas deferens.

The spermatozoa obtained by dissection from the bursa copulatrix of a paired female Ephestia kuhniella showed the maximum duration of motility in a salt solution of 0.7 per cent. concentration at 20°C.

Brother‐sister cultures were reared a t 20°C. and at 30°C., and it was found that the duration of the motility (at 20°C.) of the spermatozoa of the 30°C. culture was less than that of the 20°C. culture. The difference was tested statistically and found to be significant.

Peculiar cyst‐like bodies have been noticed in the sperm‐ball. These seemed to be most abundant in the 30°C. material.

Although exact observations were not made it was noticed that in 30°C. culture the moths were smaller, the males produced less sperm, pairing was less readily begun, and was accomplished in a shorter time than in the 20°C. culture.
The Histology of the Male and Female Reproductive Organs of Epheslia kuhniella Zeller (Lepidoptera).–I. The Young Imagines.
Authors: Musgrave A. J.
Published: August 2010

1. The histology of the reproductive organs is described.

2. Further support is given to a suggestion of Hewer (1934) as to the origin of the ductus seminalis in Ephestia.

3. The occurrence of a brush border in the vasa deferentia, the mode of secretion of the paired glands, the presence of four parts to each accessory gland, and the complete histology of the unpaired gland system are described.

4. The mode of functioning of the receptaculum seminalis and associated structures and the function of the unpaired gland system and accessory glands are discussed.
The Nature and Significance of the Membranes surrounding the Developing Eggs of Homarus vulgaris and other Decapoda.
Authors: Yonge C. M.
Published: August 2010

The female reproductive organs and secondary sexual characters of Homarus vulgaris are described, in particular the pleopods, which possess seven groups of long non‐plumose setæ.

The developing eggs are attached, either directly or by way of other eggs, exclusively to these setæ.

Attachment is by means of strands of transparent “cement” (the funiculus), which also forms the outer membrane of the egg, surrounding an inner membrane which adheres closely to the egg mass.

Chemical and physical tests reveal that the outer membrane has properties identical with those of the superficial cuticle of the integument. The inner membrane is chitinous.

Experiments on the penetration of a variety of substances into the developing egg indicate that the outer membrane has the limited permeability of cuticle, the inner membrane being freely permeable.

The inner membrane is secreted by the oviducal epithelium, the histological character of which varies in relation to egg‐laying. Secretion of chitin indicates that the oviduct may be ectodermal.

The outer membrane is formed by cement glands present in great numbers within the pleopods of the female, and these resemble in all respects the tegumental glands which secrete the cuticle.

Secretion by the cement glands is associated with egg‐laying, not with ecdysis. The ducts from the glands pass into the interior of the specialized non‐plumose setæ, circumstantial evidence indicating that the secretion is discharged through the sides of these. This would explain the attachment of eggs exclusively to these setæ.

In Decapod Crustacea there is an intimate association between ecdysis and reproduction, the sequence of events being outlined.

Available evidence points to fertilization occurring externally in the Astacura, and the complicated structure of the spermatozoa may be correlated with the need for the penetration of the inner chitinous membrane.

Egg‐attachment involves low surface tension in the cement, a property already postulated for the cuticle.

The limited permeability of the outer membrane formed by this means renders osmotic hatching possible.

Attachment of eggs in Homarus and allied Decapoda represents the exploitation of a substance which forms the outer covering of the integument and the properties of which—probably low surface tension, slow solidification in water, final hardness, and limited permeability—combine to make it ideal for both purposes.

The sequence of events involved in egg‐laying and attachment indicates the probability of control by hormones.

With the exception of the Peneidæ there appears no reason for assuming that the method of egg‐attachment differs in any essential particular throughout the Decapod Crustacea.
Chromosome Number, Polyploidy, and Sex in the Animal Kingdom*
Authors: Vandel A.
Published: August 2010

The variation of the chromosome number within a systematic group obeys fixed laws. These laws seem to be different in the plant and animal kingdoms.

Polyploidy plays a major part in the plant kingdom; it is rare in the animal kingdom.

Fragmentation of the chromosomes is frequent in the animal kingdom, and it is this which constitutes the principal method of evolution of the chromosome garnitures. In many cases all the elements of the chromosome garniture are divided simultaneously each into two fragments, so that the number of chromosomes is doubled. The arrangement resulting from this process of fragmentation strikingly brings to mind the arrangement brought about by polyploidy. Several examples of this are given in Section IV.

The augmentation of the chromosome number seems nearly always to go along with the evolution and the specialization of the phylum.

Most of the cases in which compound heterochromosomes have been observed, made up of two or more distinct elements, are met with in forms in which there has occurred a bipartition of the whole or of the greater part of the chromosome stock. This shows that the process of fragmentation relates both to the heterochromosomes and to the autosomes. The heterochromosomes usually react en bloc after the manner of a single element, but exceptions exist (Tegenaria domestica).

Dimcious polyploids, in animals and plants alike, are rare. The list of known cases is given in Section III. (a).

Among unbalanced polyploids, triploids in particular, one of the sexes (the heterozygous sex) is intersexual or sterile. However, exceptions to this rule exist (Trichoniscus elisabethæ, Antennaria carpathica), which are a sign of the appearance of the process of stabilization.

The method of disjunction of the sex genes is particularly interesting to follow in polyploids:—

Very rarely the segregation occurs according to the laws of chance. This is met with only among some experimental polyploids (Sphærocarpus Donnellii).

Very generally segregation does not follow laws of chance, but it has been proved that certain types of segregation are favoured compared with others (Rumex acetosa, Drosophila). These cases are understandable for, by a progressive regulation, the recent polyploids have been able to produce stabilized polyploids of the type of those which make up natural species, and among which the distribution of the sexes occurs absolutely regularly.

Disjunction appears in certain polyploids quite regularly (Empetrum hermaphroditum); this is an example of perfect regulation.

The most extreme case of regulation is that in which the polyploids possess only one pair of heterochromosomes. Several explanations which are able to account for these conditions are given.
The Breeding Seasons of Southern Hemisphere Birds in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Baker John R. , Ranson R. M.
Published: August 2010

Most Southern Hemisphere birds breed in the Southern Hemisphere spring and summer. Imported specimens of most of these species change their rhythm so as to breed in the northern spring and summer in the Northern Hemisphere.

Some Southern Hemisphere birds breed in the Southern Hemisphere winter (or very early spring). Imported specimens change their rhythm so as to breed in the northern winter in the Northern Hemisphere.Dromiceius movæ‐hollandiz(Emu) andCereopsis n,‐hollandiz(Cape Barren Goose) examples.

Some Southern Hemisphere birds with a restricted breeding season in their native land breed all the year round (or at any time of year) when imported into the Northern Hemisphere.Chempis atratu(Black Swan) is an example.

Some Southern Hemisphere birds tend to breed in the same calendar months when imported into the Northern Hemisphere as the members of species in their native land. Examples arePlatycercus cenustus(Northern Rosella Parrot),Melopsittucus undirlatus(Budgerygah), andPoëphila gouldiæ(Gouldian Finch). Imported specimens of these species exhibit an internal rhythm in breeding seasons, not, easily influenced by the environment.
A NEW TYPE OF PALAONISCOID FISH: 3. A new Type of Palaeoniscoid Fish, with Remarks on the Evolution of the Actinopterygian Pectoral Fins
Authors: White Erbol Ivor
Published: August 2010

A new fish‐fauna is described from the Middle Culm (barren Coal) Measures of Bude, North Cornwall, comprising three species, of which two, the Acan‐thodian Acanthodes wardi Egerton and the Palaeoniscid ElonicMhys aitkeni Traquair, are already well known and have a fairly wide distribution in the English Coal Measures. The third form belongs to a very distinct new genus and species, Cornuboniscus budensis, which, while a typical Palaeoniscid in its fusiform shape, heterocercal tail, and in most other features of its external anatomy, differs from all normal members of that group in having a paddlelike pectoral fin supported by a uniform row of radials but without basal elements. The structure of this fin is compared with those of the aberrant Lower Carboniferous genus Tarrasius and the living Polypterines, and it is tentatively suggested that Cornuboniscus may be a survivor from the original normally shaped Palaeoniscoid stock which, after acquiring the characteristic pectoral fins, gave rise subsequently to degenerate elongated types, of which Tarrasius and the Polypterines represent different branches. The fossils are preserved as external moulds, and are sometimes quite uncrushed, so that many details of the anatomy usually obscured are finely preserved, especially the sensory canal‐system and the bones of the rostral region.

Finally, in a survey of the principal types of Actinopterygian pectoral fins it is suggested on the evidence of the development of these organs that the Palseoniscoids must have divided very early into four groups, and an attempt is made to show how the principal types of pectoral fins in existing Actinopterygian fishes might have been derived from the fins in those groups.
The Permian Fishes Dorypterus and Lekanichthys
Authors: Westoll T. S.
Published: August 2010

A new specimen of Doryptems hoffmanni Germar, from the Marl Slate of England, is described and a new account of the anatomy of the fish given. Modification of the excellent earlier reconstruction by Gill is necessary in the skull‐roof and jaws and the opercular apparatus, and the dorsal fin is longer than hitherto known. A new explanation of the working of the jaws is given, and the lack of ossification in the head is shown to be a corollary of the jaw‐mechanism. The reduction of the opercular apparatus, and presumably of the gills, is considered in relation to possible air‐gulping habits. The body‐form and fin‐structure are reviewed in relation to the methods of swimming, The distribution of heavy bones and scales, the extremely compressed body the structure of the internal skeleton of the posterior trunk, and the jugular position of the pelvic fins are shown to be structural modifications connected with the swimming‐necessities of a slow‐swimming deep‐bodied fish adapted for life in habitats not unlike those of coral‐fishes. A review of the possible environments of the Marl Slate lagoons suggests that, Dorypterus and other deep‐bodied forms lived in “forests” of subaqueous plants, probably algal, where their only predator can have been Cœlacanthus. It is probable that Dorypterus fed on soft algal growths, the jaws functioning in a scissor‐like fashion. The relations of Dorypterus to other deep‐bodied fishes are summarized, and it is concluded that it was probably derived from the same group of “Platysomid” fishes that gave rise to Bobasatrania; the Pycnodonts may be descended from the same radicle. Lekanichthys howsei Brough is a very incomplete Globulodus macrurus Ag., and has no relevance to the problem of Dorypterus.
The Display of Rheinart's Pheasant (Rheinardia ocellata).
Authors: Huxley J. S. , Bond F. W.
Published: August 2010

1. The display of Rheinardia is here illustrated for the first time. The bird forming the subject of this communication was bred in the Society's Gardens at Regent's Park. It is a typical lateral display in which the vertically spread tail plays the major part, while drooped wings and erected crest also contribute.

2. A preparatory stage is figured in which the crest is erected and the tail partly spread. The bird may spend considerable periods in this attitude.

3. Rheinardia diverges in its type of display from the rest of the Argusianinse, in which display is frontal.

4. Rheinardia flies better than Argusianus, in which the wings have become converted into display organs, relatively useless for flight.
The Oviduct, Foetal Membranes, and Placentation in Hoplodactylus maculatus Gray.
Authors: Boyd Mary M. M.
Published: August 2010

The structure of the oviduct in the non‐pregnant lizard is described. The epithelium of the Fallopian tube consists of mucous‐secreting goblet cells and non‐secretory ciliated cells. Small glands, probably also mucous‐secreting, occur. There is a paucity of glands in the uterine segment of the oviduct, associated with the reduction of the shell. The uterine epithelium consists of ciliated non‐secretory and non‐ciliated secretory cells. The number of secretory cells increases during pregnancy. The vaginal epithelial cells are mostly ciliated, and glands are absent.

The history of the placenta is described in six stages.

As in other reptiles, a flattened cavity is formed in the yolk by the separation of a superficial layer of yolk. This is due to the growth of a layer of mesoderm into the yolk‐sac below the sinus terminalis, with the result that the nucleated yolk outside separates from the mesoderm layer. The isolated yolk‐layer becomes absorbed, disappearing first at the upper margin, which therefore moves down. There is a corresponding downward migration of the yolk‐cleft. The extra‐embryonic ccelom extends as the margin of the yolk‐layer moves down.

Early in development dense syncytial yolk‐endoderm becomes organized round the yolk‐navel and functions as a yolk‐absorbing organ.

The omphaloplacenta involves enlarged ectoderm cells round the lower part of the egg, lying opposite to enlarged secretory uterine epithelial cells. At the caudal end both layers are pleated and folded, but do not interlock. Eosinophil granules are secreted by the non‐ciliated uterine epithelial cells. The presence of blood‐vessels in the intra‐vitelline mesoderm provides easy transport for absorbed food material.

The omphaloplacenta is diminished as the coelom extends, and finally the ectoderm cells bordering the remains of the isolated yolk‐layer become reduced. Enlarged cells remain at the caudal end ventrally until the end of gestation.

The allantoplaeenta involves the; extreme reduction of the uterine epithelium over the dense capillary network, and the formation of an allantochorion in which the chorionic ectoderm and mesoderm above the allantoic capillaries become extremely thin, resulting in approximation of the maternal and foetal blood streams. There is no attachment between the allantochorion and the uterine wall. The allantois spreads round the yolk‐sac fairly early. The allantoplaeenta increases in extent until the birth of the young lizard.

The influence of hormones on the formation of the placenta is suggested by cases in which the uterus on only one side is pregnant, but the other is correspondingly modified.
STUDIES ON THE PARASITIC PROTOZOA OF WILD MICE FROM BERKSHIRE WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TRICHOMONAS*
Authors: RING MARGARET
Published: August 2010

The work consists of a study of the protozoal parasites of wild rodents of the Silwood Park area, Berkshire.

A comparison of the figures for the incidence of parasitic Protozoa in Apodemus sylvaticus and Clethrionymus glareolus at Silwood Park with those of Elton et al. for the same hosts in the Oxford area, shows that the incidence of parasites may vary widely between two geographically close populations.

Observations of mitosis in Trichomonas muris confirm Wenrich's description of the process in that species.

Individuals of T. muris apparently undergoing autotomy are described.

Trichomonas microti Wenrich & Saxe, a four‐flagellate species, is reported for the first time from Apodemus sylvaticus.

Trichomonas sylvatici sp. n. is described from the caecum of Apodemus. This differs from T. muris in the small size (3‐10μ× 1‐3μ), in the absence of a chromatic basal rod and chromatic granules and in the possession of a relatively large 3‐lobed blepharoplast.

A species of Chilomastix is reported from the caecum of mice and voles.

The literature concerning the taxonomy of “Hexamita muris” is surveyed. It is concluded that the forms in mice belong to a single species and that the valid name should be Syndyomita muris n. comb. A list of synonyms is given.
THE PHOTOSENSITIVITY OF THE SEA URCHIN DIADEMA ANTILLARUM PHILIPPI: RESPONSES TO INCREASES IN LIGHT INTENSITY
Authors: MILLOTT N. , YOSHIDA M.
Published: August 2010

Diadema responds to increases in light intensity by spine movements, which contrary to the statements of von Uexküll, are reflexes involving the radial nerve. The receptive surface is diffuse extending over the skin, the most sensitive areas being associated with the radial nerve.
OBSERVATIONS ON ARGONAUTA AND ESPECIALLY ITS METHOD OF FEEDING
Authors: YOUNG J. Z.
Published: August 2010

The behaviour of a female Argonauta kept alive for a week at Naples is described.

The animal usually swam near the surface but was capable of going down to the bottom and of attaching itself to the floor or sides of the tank.

The web is suddenly retracted from the shell when the animal is disturbed The resulting white flash produces a startling (dymantic) effect, causing flight of an attacker.

When a dead sardine was placed near the argonauta there were colour changes, quickened mantle contractions and movements of the arms, but no definite forward swimming or attack.

When a food particle touches the web the fourth arm of that side is brought out with a sweeping movement that captures the food.

No reactions were seen to live fishes or crustaceans.

On several occasions the argonauta spread out its web upon the glass side of the tank. The animal twice left the shell and then lay helpless. When re‐placed in the shell it recovered completely on the first occasion but died upon the second.

Eggs were laid in the shell on both occasions before the animal left it.

The web and shell thus serve many purposes. The shell provides protection and flotation and allows attachment of the eggs. The web, besides secreting the shell, acts as a receptor for the feeding reaction, and provides a startling colour when the animal is disturbed.
THE NESTING SUCCESS OF THE HERON ARDEA CINEREA IN RELATION TO THE AVAILABILITY OF FOOD
Authors: OWEN D. F.
Published: August 2010

The food of nestling herons Ardea cinerea was studied at three heronries in the Thames valley in the years 1952–57. At Buscot and Wytham, Berkshire, fish of the families Cyprinidae and Percidae formed the chief food, but at Buscot many Salmo trutta were also eaten. At High Halstow, Kent, in the Thames estuary, Anguilla anguilla, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, small fish of several species, and shrimps, formed the chief food of the nestlings. It was found that herons caught fish selectively, avoiding both small and large individuals.

At Buscot and at High Halstow, but not at Wytham, there were seasonal changes in the proportion of certain prey species which suggest that the heron lays its eggs at such a time that the young are in the nest at the period of maximum availability of food.

Young herons hatch asynchronously, and in years of mortality it was always the smallest last‐hatched young that died. It is shown that the adaptive value of asynchronous hatching is that when food is short the smallest young in the nest die, but when food is more plentiful all the young are raised.

The average clutch‐size of the heron did not vary significantly, but the survival of young after hatching differed markedly over the six years, and also in the different heronries. These differences were due to starvation, the availability of food to the adult herons being affected by the amount of rainfall and possibly other factors. The percentage of the young surviving was higher in the smaller broods, both in the nest and after fledging.
THE BREEDING OF SOME LARGER MAMMALS IN NORTHERN RHODESIA
Authors: ANSELL W. F. H.
Published: August 2010

Details are given of a standard manner of recording breeding data of large mammals by game department officers, which is considered a great improvement on previous casual reporting. Information on the breeding in Northern Rhodesia of several ungulates and large Carnivora is summarised, and comparisons made with published data from other territories. It is stressed that much more study is needed, but certain points emerge from consideration of present information. Many species have their young at any time of year, and only a few have a really sharply defined birth season. The wart hog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) seems markedly seasonal in the south of its range, but not in the northern parts. There is at present no data on the fluctuations in frequency of births among non‐seasonal breeders. In the seasonally breeding species the actual birth months vary somewhat from north to south, and in the wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) there may be variation in the calving time due apparently to purely localdifferences of environment. The wild dog (Lycaon pictus) appears to be monoestrus, but data on the larger felids, though incomplete, seems to indicate that young may be born at any time of the year. Limiting factors in the study of breeding in African large mammals are pointed out, but it is suggested that further work on the lines of that carried out in Northern. Rhodesia would be profitable.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE MALLARD'S PENIS AND THEIR HORMONAL CONTROL
Authors: HÖHN E. O.
Published: August 2010

In adult wild mallards the penis weighs about 0·6 gms (0·05 per cent of body weight) for most of the year but increases to a weight of almost 3 gms. (0·3 per cent of body weight) at the height of the breeding season. In immature birds which had reached adult body weight the average penis weight was only 0·03 gms. (0·0026 per cent of body weight). The breeding season penile enlargement could be prevented by castration early in the spring. Evidence that Testosterone administration can cause enlargement of the penis in adult mallards was also obtained. Unilateral adrenalectomy did not effect penile or testicular weight.
COLLEMBOLA SYMPHYPLEONA FROM THE GAMBIA, WITH A NOTE ON THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF SOME CHARACTERISTIC SAVANNA FORMS
Authors: MURPHY D. H.
Published: August 2010

Twenty species of Symphypleona are recorded from the Gambia of which twelve are new to science and are described. A brief survey is given of the chief vegetation and soil types to assist in classifying the habitat references in the text. Sminthurinus stenognathus Börner and Bourletiella spathacea Börner are noted as probably extending throughout the northern savanna belt of the Ethiopean region, having been recorded from both ends of this vegetation zone. Sminthurides cf. ramosus and Sminthurus macroceros Denis are recorded as occurring on both sides of the Atlantic and it is suggested that resistant stages which allow them to live under savanna conditions also fit them for long distance wind dispersal. In an appendix (vide infra) some information is given on some species of Sminthurides for comparison with species newly described here, and lectotypes are established for S. melanotus and S. spegazzinii from material in the British Museum collection.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE PULMONATE GENITAL SYSTEM
Authors: DUNCAN C. J.
Published: August 2010

The evolution of the pulmonate genital system is traced from a prototype exemplified by the tectibranch Acteon. Many features remain almost unchanged in the genera studied, but there is a progressive degree of separation and specialization of the male and female ducts. Some genera of the Ellobiidae, such as Pythia, are undoubtedly primitive. However, it is suggested, following an investigation of the reproductive system of Chilina robustior, that the Chilinidae may stand closest to the ancestors of the Stylommatophora and the Hygrophila.

The sexual cycle in Physa is compared with the protandric sequence found in the primitive Ellobiidae. Similarly, the course of the vas deferens through the mantle wall and the development of the penis from a separate anlagen are also thought to be relies of the ancestral condition.
SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG TAME RATS AND AMONG WILD‐WHITE HYBRIDS
Authors: BARNETT S. A.
Published: August 2010

Social behaviour of wild‐white hybrids and of tame albino rats in experimental colonies is compared, with special reference to the intensity of ‘social stress’, and contrasted with that of wild rats (described in a previous communication).
PHYLETIC WEIGHTING
Authors: CAIN A. J. , HARRISON G. A.
Published: August 2010

The aim of the paper is to analyse the judgments involved in making phyletic classifications. It is shown that in addition to the phyletic information obtainable solely from comparative data, other evidence is often available which makes one conclusion about the evolutionary relationships of different forms more probable than others. This evidence principally bears on recognising and allowing for convergence and determining likely evolutionary changes. It comes from a knowledge of the geological age and geographical distribution of forms and from analyses of function, ecology, genetics and intra‐superspecific variation. An understanding of the functional inter‐relationships between structures and the ecological demands made on organisms is shown to be particularly important, since it makes possible the recognition of necessary correlations between characters, evolutionary trends, different adaptations to the same environment, and general improvements. A method is offered for quantifying the judgments where possible, and the procedure for constructing common ancestors is discussed.
STUDIES OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FAUNA OF GRAZED AND UNGRAZED GRASSLAND IN TIREE, ARGYLL
Authors: BOYD J. MORTON
Published: August 2010

The Reef machair on the south side of the airfield in Tiree, Argyll is a highly uniform type of grassland which has never been tilled. The airfield was built in the locality during the 1939‐45 war and the perimeter fence constitutes an ecological discontinuity of at least twelve years' standing, between grazed and ungrazed grassland. The differences in the soil fauna on either side of the fence are demonstrated by two similar batteries of pit‐fall traps over a period of twelve months.

The catches of the traps consist mainly of arthropods. Over eighty species of invertebrate were identified and some of these were used for quantitative analysis. The numerical differences between catches on grazed and ungrazed plots are great, and the taxonomic groups are classified into those which are favoured by grazed and ungrazed conditions. The abundance peaks of the two plots are compared. Most of the groups have a single peak in autumn, a few in early summer and a few in both early summer and autumn. Numbers caught at times of climatic extreme are discussed. This habitat of highly uniform appearance is found to be heterogeneous and the reasons for this are given.

Fencing is an important technique in forestry and wildlife management in Britain. The finer consequences are unknown, and this paper demonstrates what these are likely to be in a simple situation in uniform natural grassland in Tiree.
THE METABOLISM OF SOME BRITISH SHREWS
Authors: HAWKINS A. E. , JEWELL P. A. , TOMLINSON GILLIAN
Published: August 2010

The metabolism of some British shrews was determined and compared with that of laboratory mice. The results obtained indicated that the metabolism of the shrews was not higher than was to be expected on the basis of size alone.