bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Imported Cabbageworm, 1979
Authors: Dapsis L. J. , Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

'Market Victory' cabbage was transplanted to the field on Jun 8. Each treatment consisted of a 20-ft row replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The soil type was a fine sandy loam. Applications of insecticides were based on 36 in. row spacing. Furrow treatments of Temik were placed down immediately prior to transplanting with the use of a Gandy applicator (Line Tender Model). Sprays were applied with a 3 gallon stainless steel back-pack sprayer at 200 gallons of water/acre. Bay Sir 8514, UC 21865, Larvin and Lannate were applied on Jun 25. Bay Sir 8514, Larvin and Lannate were also applied on Jul 2. Larvae were counted on 6 plants/treatment/replication.
Corn (Sweet), Corn Earworm Control, 1978
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Thompson Michael L.
Published: March 2022

'Trucker's Favorite' sweet corn was planted on May 19, in single-row plots 20-ft long on 42 in centers with 5-ft alleys between blocks near Benson, NC. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied every 2 or 4 days starting on Jul 24 (with 25% of the plants tasseling) and ending 21 days later on Aug 14. All sprays were applied at the rate equivalent to 100 gallons/acre using a 2.5 gallon CO2 pressurized hand sprayer equipped with a hollow cone nozzle operated at 40 psi. All mature ears were harvested on Aug 11. Harvested ears were divided into 3 damage classes: Clean - no damage, slight - ear tip damaged, heavy - no market value. Armyworms were present but were not as numerous as corn earworms.
Southern Peas, Cowpea Curculio Control, Turner Co., 1978
Authors: Chalfant Richard B.
Published: March 2022

Southern peas were planted Jul 15. Plots were 18-rows, 1200-ft long, 3-ft row width, replicated 2x. Plots were treated beginning with anthesis on Sep 6, 9, 13 and 16 using a Meyers Mity Mist airblast sprayer at the rate of 10 gal water per acre. When mature on Sep 19, 25 pods in each of 20 sampling acres/plot were harvested and examined for cowpea curculio and European corn borer feeding damage.
European Corn Borer Control in Hot Peppers, 1979
Authors: Graustein Mark R.
Published: March 2022

In July pepper plots were established near Hazletteville, DE in a 16 row block of hot cherry and a 16-row block of banana peppers. Plots of 2 rows by 20-ft long were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Sevin treatments were applied on a 7 day schedule and Orthene treatments on a 10 day schedule beginning Jul 17 and ending Sep 21. Kocide 101 was applied to all of the treatments every 10 days. A wheel barrow design, CO2 sprayer with a drop nozzle system (3 nozzles/row) delivering 43 gallons/acre at 40 psi was used to apply the foliar treatments. The Furadan 10G was applied by pouring a measured amount from a vial into a furrow approximately 3 inch to the side of the plants and 2 inch deep. This “side dress” application was made on Jul 13. Peppers were harvested on Jul 31, Sep 13, and Oct 2 and all fruits were examined for European corn borer infestation. Residue treatments were taken 7 days after treatment in the Orthene and check plots.
Irish Potato, Wireworm and Cutworm Control, Guildhall, Vermont, 1979
Authors: Bowman James S. , Porcellini S. W.
Published: March 2022

This study was located on the Burt Peasley Farm, Guildhall, VT which is contiguous with the potato growing region of Coos County, NH. The area used was prepared for potato production after being in grass sod for more than 20 years. The plots were 24 ft by 50 ft with each treatment replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Broadcast treatments were made on Jun 22 just prior to planting and were worked into the soil to a depth of 4 inches. Spray treatments were applied with a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 36 gal/acre (40 psi) using a 5 ft hand held boom. Broadcast granular treatments were made by preweighing and distributing individual doses over each plot using a cyclone seeder. Eight rows of Katahdin Irish potatoes 36-inches apart were planted in the broadcast treated plots immediately following incorporation. These treatments also received Temik 15G at 3 lb ai/acre applied to the seed furrow to control foliage feeding insects. The in-furrow treatments of Dyfonate 10G and Furadan 10G were applied using a Gandy plot applicator to furrows that had been opened and seeded by hand. The Dyfonate 10G treatment also received Temik 15G in the furrow. Evaluations were made on Sep 20, by examining 100 washed tubers from the center two rows of each plot and counting the number injured by either wireworms or cutworms.
Comparison of Foliage Treatments Used Commercially to Control the Colorado Potato Beetle in Irish Potatoes, 1979
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

'Pungo' Irish potatoes were planted, 10 in spacing in 3-ft rows at Atlantic, VA on Apr 15. Temik 15G was applied to the entire area at 3 lbs ai/acre in-furrow at planting. Following “breaking” of the Temik granulars around Jun 7, as indicated by widespread apperance of potato beetle larvae, plots were established for the purpose of comparing treatments used on a commercial basis for potato beetle control. Plots were 3 rows wide × 50 ft long with adjacent untreated rows and randomized In complete blocks with 4 replications. The first spray was applied on Jun 14, at which time there were approximately 10 potato beetle larvae/hill; additional treatments were made on Jun 27 and Jul 7. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gal, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 75/gal/acre (40 psi) using a D. B. Smith #E - 147 adjustable cone nozzle. In evaluating the various insecticidal treatments, direct counts of the number of potato beetle larvae/10 hills and late season foliage injury ratings were utilized. The several categories for foliage injury ratings are as follows: 1) only occasional chewing, necessary to look very close to see evidences of feeding damage; 2) Visible signs of feeding but less than 10% of the leaves severely injured; 3) Severe feeding up to 25% of foliage; 4) Heavy feeding on up to 50% of foliage; 5) Practically 100% of foliage severely damaged, plants nearly defoliated; and Def. - Plants completely defoliated. Yields were taken on Jul 20.
Foliar Sprays for Mid and Late Season Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1979
Authors: Moore R. E. B. , Hare J. D.
Published: March 2022

'Katahdin' potatoes were planted on May 2 in a Merrimac sandy loam at the Valley Laboratory, Windsor. Temik was applied directly to the seed furrow at planting. Plots consisted of 3 rows 1.0 m apart and 4.6 m long. Each row had 16 plants. There were 4 replicates arranged in a randomized complete block design surrounded by untreated buffer plots to maintain beetle pressure. On Jul 19, when it appeared that Colorado potato beetles were surviving on plots treated with Temik, a comparison of 5 foliar sprays was initiated to determine an effective supplement for Temik treatments. Insecticides selected for testing are all registered for use on potatoes in Connecticut. Ambush received emergency registration for the 1979 season. Foliar sprays were applied weekly for 7 treatments through Aug 31. Beetle pressure was extremely heavy through the second half of the growing season. On Sep 4 Ambush plots were 50-60% defoliated; all others were 75-100% defoliated.
Irish Potato, Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Johnston County, 1979
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Thompson Michael L.
Published: March 2022

'Superior' Irish potatoes were planted on Mar 29, near Benson, NC. Single row plots 7-ft long were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 2-ft alleys between replications. A pretreatment stand count and defoliation rating was made on May 15. Rating was based on 0 - no defoliation, 10- 100% defoliation. All treatments were applied on May 18 and May 22 at the rate of 100 gallons of water per acre using a 2.5 gallon CO2 pressurized hand sprayer operated at 40 psi with a single hollow cone nozzle. Three plants per replication were examined for the presence of adults, immatures and egg masses of the Colorado potato beetle on May 15, 21 and 24. Yields were taken on July 5.
Control of Western Cherry Fruit Fly, 1982
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

The orchard used in this test was an old hillside orchard that was difficult for the owner to apply sprays. It had a history of fruit infested with cherry fruit fly. Six traps were placed in trees at this location on May 14, 1982. The first fly was caught Jun 9 with the peak flight on Jun 30 of 19.7 flies/trap. The first application was made from May 21 or Jun 2. Application of insecticides was made with a handgun sprayer at 400 to 600 psi (about 400 gal per acre). Three 3 lb samples of fruit were collected from the top, center and bottom of each tree. Fruit samples were taken to the laboratory, crushed, and placed in a heavy brown sugar solution. The number of larvae floating to the top of the container were counted and recorded. This is the same process used by the warehouses to sample for cherry fruit fly larvae.
Control of San Jose Scale, 1982
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

A 12-year-old block of cherries was selected for this test. This particular block had been treated for 2 years only with aerial applications of insecticides. Nine trees were selected, and four limbs per tree were tagged and numbered. Pretreatment and posttreatment counts were made from the tagged limbs. Four infested twigs were selected from each tagged limb and returned to the lab. Up to 50 scale per twig were counted and the live and dead scale were recorded. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 400-500 psi to the point of drip (approximating 400 gal per acre) on Mar 27.
Control of Wireworms on Potatoes, 1981
Authors: Bishop Guy , Blackmer Jackie , Burr Malheur James
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted Apr 2 at Payette, Idaho in sandy soil. Chemicals were sidedressed about 4 inches on each side and at about the level of the seed pieces 19 days after planting and just prior to plant emergence. One treatment also included Dyfonate applied in furrow at the time of planting. Treatments were replicated in 2 row 25 ft plots with 36 inch row spacing in a randomized complete block design. All tubers from each plot were harvested, weighed and examined for injuries.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays and Soil Systemic Insecticides, 1982
Authors: Johnston Richard L. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted May 12, on the W. Miller farm near Glyndon, MN. Plots were 2 rows, 320 ft long, spaced 38 inches apart, randomized in complete blocks with 5 replications. Granular treatments were applied in-furrow at planting with a planter-mounted granular applicator. Spray application was applied with a hand-held CO2pressurized sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 35 psi. Foliar spary was applied once on Jul 10 to 100 ft plots within reps. Counts were made from the middle 100 ft of the plot on each of the sampling dates. Yields were taken by randomly selecting and hand digging 25 plants from the middle 100 ft of each plot on Sep 13-14.
Efficacy of Temik, 1979
Authors: Smilowitz Zane , Dripps James E. , Yocum John O. , Martinka Carol A.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used at the Southeastern Field Research Laboratory in Lancaster County, PA. Plots consisted of eight 40 ft rows planted 34 inches apart, separated by a 5 ft alleyway. Certified, Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted Jun 7 at a 9 inch spacing between plants. Four rates of Temik were applied with an electric, tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator. Ten stems per plot were sampled each week for all stages of Colorado potato beetle beginning on Jul 3. Pirimor 50WP was applied as a foliar spray early in the season for green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulz.) control. Dithane M-45 at 1.5 lb ai/acre was applied on a 5-7 day schedule for potato late blight control. Two rows per plot were harvested Oct 26 and graded by size. The test was conducted on a Hagerstown silt loam soil. Rainfall totalled 2.67 inches in Jun, 5.43 inches in Jul, 3.39 inches in Aug, and 5.96 inches in Sep.
Potato, Wireworm Control, Hermiston, Oregon, 1981
Authors: Toba H. H. , Turner J. E.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a solid-set, sprinkler-irrigated field at the Oregon State University Columbia Basin Agricultural Research and Extension Center to evaluate rates, formulations, and application methods of various chemicals in reducing wireworm damage to potatoes. The soil type was Ephra.ta sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthids) with an organic matter content of less than 1%. On 19 Mar, 50 soil samples were taken with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches; 4 wireworms were found for an estimated density of 0.32 wireworms/ft2. The test was conducted in a randomized split-plot design with 4 replications. The main treatments (application methods) were: preplant broadcast (BCST), at-plant sidedress (APSD), at-plant seed furrow (FURR), and postemergence sidedress (PESD). Each plot measured 38 ft long and 4 rows wide (34 inch row spacing). On 29 Apr, BCST applications were made: granules with a hand-operated Cyclone grass seeder, and liquid formulations diluted in water to a volume of 1 qt applied with a hand-held, CO2boom sprayer consisting of 4 TeeJet AL80015 nozzles at a pressure of 30 psi (25 gal/acre). The plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On 29-30 Apr, all the plots were planted with a 2-row planter, and APSD and FURR applications were made with applicators mounted on the planter. APSD applications were shanked 3-4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces; granules were applied as 1-inch bands with Gandy applicators, and liquid formulations were diluted in water to a volume of 1 pt, then applied at a pressure of 40 psi with TeeJet 491635 nozzles. FURR applications were made in the planter shoe and directly behind the seed pieces; granules were placed as 1-inch bands, and liquid formulations were applied with TeeJet 8004F nozzles. On 1 Jun, PESD applications wre made 2 rows at a time with tractor-mounted Gandy and liquid applicators in a manner similar to that of APSD. In 1 treatment, granules of a Temik-Phorate combination were applied over the rows, then incorporated with a Lilliston cultivator. On 6-8 Jun, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each replicate (from ca 15 ft/row). All tubers were washed and examined for wireworm feeding, and the percentages, by weight, of tubers damaged were determined. ‘Damage’ was defined as any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes. All percentages were transformed to arcsine percentage and analyzed by analysis of variance (split-plot design) and DMRT. Materials that were not applied by all 4 application methods were not included in the analysis.
Soil Treatment with Systemic Insecticide for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1982
Authors: Sherrod D.W. , Francis J.A.
Published: March 2022

‘Norchip’ seed pieces were planted in open furrows in State sandy-loam soil (Typic Hapludult) on Apr 8 at our research station near Painter, VA. Each plot was 3 rows wide (36-inch rows) and 25 ft long with each treatment replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. For furrow application, the granular insecticides were spread with a hand-held shaker over the seed pieces and the seed pieces covered. Band treatments were made on May 10 at plant emergence by dribbling the granular insecticide in a 3-inch band on each side of the row ca 4 inches from the center of the row and lightly incorporating the granules with a garden hand rake. Foliar sprays were applied on May 26, Jun 3, 9, 16 and 23. All plots were harvested on Jul 20. Evaluation criteria included counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle larvae/10 hills, foliage damage ratings, and yield. Foliage damage ratings were on a scale of 0-5 as follows: 0) no damage; 1) slight feeding, less than 5% defoliation; 2) visible feeding with 5-10% defoliation; 3) moderate damage, 10-25% defoliation; 4) heavy damage, 25-50% defoliation; 5) severe damage, greater than 50% defoliation.
Field Test of Piperonyl Butoxide as a Pyrethroid Synergist on Tomato, 1982
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. , Silcox Charles A.
Published: March 2022

‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field May 25. Single row plots were 20 ft long and 5 ft wide. A guard row buffered each treated row. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied Jun 3, 11; Jul 7; and Aug 4 with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one over the center calibrated to deliver 68 gal/acre at 200 psi. Colorado potato beetle counts were recorded on Jun 11 and Aug 5; percent defoliation caused by beetles on Jun 23 and Aug 19. Mixed red and blush tomatoes were harvested in all plots on Aug 10, 19, 24 and Sep 2. Yields were based on total harvest.
Mole Cricket Control in Tomato, 1982
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Tomato plants were set Mar 2, 1.5 ft apart on 30 inch-wide by 8 inch-high plastic mulched beds of Myakka fine sand. Insecticide was not applied but beds were fumigated with 350 lb/acre of Dowfume MC-33 prior to covering with plastic. Soil-filled screen troughs (2 ft long x 6 inches x 6 inches) were buried flush lengthwise with the top of the beds in 5-ft sections of row which had not been planted. Troughs were spaced 15 ft apart within rows spaced 4.5 ft apart. Five insecticide treatments were randomly applied to the soil surface in 5 troughs of each of 4 replicates (rows) on Jun 18. One trough in each replicate was untreated. Granule and bait formulations were applied by sprinkling over the soil surface. An Orthene liquid preparation was applied with a hand-held CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 55 gal/acre. Immediately preceding treatment, 10 field-collected adult mole crickets were placed in each trough. Screen lids were attached following treatment and troughs were covered with the plastic mulch. Five days later, the numbers of living and dead or moribund crickets were determined for each trough. Percent mortality was calculated using Abbott’s formula and values were transformed arcsine %100 prior to analysis.
Tomato Fruitworm Control, 1982
Authors: Story R.N. , Klock N.
Published: March 2022

Tomato seedlings were transplanted into 48-inch rows on Aug 2 at the Burden Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA. Single row plots 24 ft in length (12 plants/plot) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a hand-held CO2-pressurized sprayer delivering 100 gal/acre at 40 psi through a single spray nozzle containing a D-3 disc, No. 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Treatments were begun when ca 50% of the plants had set fruit. Applications were made on Sep 27, Oct 9, and 21. Ripening fruit were picked and examined for injury on Oct 14, 18, 27, and Nov 4.
Evaluation of Insecticides and Coax Used on Demand, for Control of Tomato Pests, 1982
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Plots were direct seeded on Jan 19 in Rockdale soil. Each plot was a single row on 6-ft centers, 15 ft long. Normal cultural practices were followed using black plastic mulch and overhead irrigation. There were 4 replications per treatments in a randomized complete block. Treatments were applied on demand, based on weekly insect counts. Ten plants per plot were examined weekly for southern armyworm, tomato fruitworm, cabbage looper, and southern green stink bug. The threshold used for the caterpillars was simply the detection of any larvae. Specific treatments were not made for stink bugs. Most of the larvae (99%) were southern armyworms. This is the normal ratio. Mature green to ripe fruit was harvested Apr 20. The percentages caterpillar and southern green stink bug damaged fruit were determined by examining 25 randomly selected fruit per plot.
Alfalfa, First Cutting Alfalfa Weevil Control, Missouri, 1982
Authors: Brandenburg R.L.
Published: March 2022

The treatments were applied to ca 14 in tall alfalfa on May 11 at Spickard, M0. Plots were 40 x 40 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Sprays were applied at 15 gpa and 40 psi using 80015 flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh filter screens on a 20 ft spray boom. The temperature at treatment was 70°F and 2.93 in of rain fell during the week following treatment. Samples were obtained at 24 h and 7 day post treatment by taking 10 (180 degree) sweeps with a 15 in sweep net. The data were transformed by x+0.5. The means in the table are of actual counts.
Topical Toxicity of Insecticides to Western Corn Rootworm Adults in Nebraska, 1982
Authors: Ball Harold J.
Published: March 2022

Western corn rootworm adults were collected between Jul 12 and Aug 5 from corn at 19 geographical sites throughout Nebraska and returned to the laboratory in Lincoln for testing. Mean weights for beetles from each collection site were determined prior to treatment. Unsexed beetles were individually treated by topical application of 1 ul of an acetone solution of the test insecticides to the posterior ventral abdominal area. Beetles were anesthesized with CO2prior to treatment. Treatment solutions were prepared with reagent grade acetone using technical grade insecticides. Six to 8 dosages, plus an acetone check, were used to determine 2-h LD50values for all insecticides from all collection sites; 2 replicates of 10 insects each were used for each dosage rate tested, insects were declared dead if they could not regain their footing 2-h post treatment. Dosage-mortality data were calculated in ug/g of insect weight using probit analysis FORTRAN computer program.
Rescue Treatment for Stalk Borer in No-Till Field Corn, 1982
Authors: Bode William , Gesell Stanley , Hampton Ronald
Published: March 2022

This corn field in Central PA (near Belleville in Mifflin County) had a history of stalk borer (SB) infestation. Corn was planted no-till in 30-in rows on Apr 26. A randomized complete block design with 6 replications was used. Each plot was 2 rows by 25 ft. Treatments were applied on May 25 with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 40 gal/acre at 40 psi. Spray was discharged over the top of each row from a single hollow-cone nozzle. Efficacy was determined by making weekly counts of additional plants exhibiting SB damage. Each plot was hand harvested on Oct 5 and grain yield at 15.5% moisture content was calculated.
Field Corn, Northern Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1982
Authors: Hower Arthur A.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station Farm at Rock Springs, Centre County. The test field had been continuous corn for more than 4 years. Corn was planted on May 11, using a 6-row John Deere no-till planter with 30-in row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 15 x 90 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with untreated checks in 4 replications. Nine insecticides were compared at 15 material-rate combinations using either an in-furrow or banded method of application. All granular treatments were applied at the time of planting, while the liquid treatments, Advantage EC, were applied on May 17. In order to apply the in-furrow treatment, soil just above the level where seeds had been planted was opened with a Missouri Mule. The insecticide was applied at 30.7 gal water per acre and 50 psi using a Gravely-mounted small plot sprayer. Flat fan nozzles were dropped and turned to spray parallel with the row. The furrow was then hoed shut. The banded treatment was applied over the row with the drop flat fan nozzles in their normal position perpendicular to the row. Soil pH and % available soil moisture at time of planting were determined. Stand germination counts were taken on Jun 8. On Aug 6, the treatments were evaluated by root damage ratings based on the Iowa 1-6 system. Stalks were also examined for 2nd generation European cornstalk borers. No other pest problems were prevalent during the growth of this crop. Yield was determined on Nov 16 by mechanically harvesting 2 middle rows of each plot for shelled corn.
European Corn Borer 2nd Brood Control, 1982
Authors: McPherson Robert M.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticide treatments were examined to determine their effects on second brood European corn borer larvae infesting field corn. Two applications of each product were made on 21 Jul and 4 Aug, after first generation moths became abundant in the blacklight trap next to the field. A randomized block design was used with 4 replications in ‘Pioneer 3184’ corn grown on the Vernon Delano Farm in Richmond Co, VA. Individual plots were 3 rows 25 ft long and spaced 3 ft apart. Each spray concentrate was directed towards the forming ear with a CO2-powered sprayer at 32 psi that delivered 29 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual plots were evaluated at harvest 13 Sep, by recording % stalks bored, % stalks lodged, % ear shanks bored and yield in 25 row-ft.
Laboratory Evaluation of Granular Soil Insecticides for Control of Sugarcane Beetle in Field Corn, 1982
Authors: Riley Thomas J. , Skias Jeffery M.
Published: March 2022

Six granular soil insecticides labeled for control of corn rootworm were tested for effectiveness against the sugarcane beetle at 12, 24, and 36 h post treatment. Treatments consisted of the amounts of each material that would be applied to 6-in row at the 1.0 lb/acre rate as registered for corn rootworm control. All treatments were replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied by hand to soil in 6-in plastic pots in a manner that approximated 7-in band applications in the field. Insecticides were sprinkled onto the soil and watered. Ten sugarcane beetles were introduced into each pot 8 h after treatment. Beetles were observed until all had burrowed into the soil. The pots were then covered with cardboard lids fitted with 1/8 in hardware cloth screening. Lids were secured on the pots by placing a length of 2 x 4 lumber on top of and across the lined up pots. The bottom of the pots were covered with 4 layers of aluminum foil to prevent beetles from escaping through drain holes. Pots were emptied, the soil sifted and the number of living and dead beetles counted at 3-12 h intervals after beetle introduction. Sugarcane beetles used in the experiments were collected at blacklight traps and held in laboratory for 10-15 days prior to use in the experiment. The soil used in the experiments was a silt-sand, recent alluvial soil, obtained from the immediate bank of the Mississippi River.
Early Season Control of the Southern Corn Rootworm in Field Corn with Liquid Soil Insecticides, 1982
Authors: Riley Thomas J. , Skias Jeffery M.
Published: March 2022

Five liquid insecticides were evaluated for control of larvae of the southern corn rootworm in Louisiana. ‘Pioneer 3369-A’ field corn was planted on May 19 on the LSU St Gabriel Agricultural Experiment Station, Iberville Parish. Insecticides were applied using a CO2pressurized sprayer, mounted on a 2-row John Deere Model 71 Flexi-Planter. Application was at 30 psi using a TeeJet #11004 nozzle. Sprays were delivered as 8-in bands over the open seed furrow and ahead of the press wheel. A drag chain behind the press wheel provided slight additional incorporation after closure of the seed furrow. Corn seeds were planted in the usual manner at the same time as insecticide application. A completely randomized block design was used with 4 replications. Each treatment consisted of two 50-ft rows spaced 36 in apart. Twenty-foot alleys separated each replication. Furadan 10G at 1.0 lb ai/acre and an untreated check were also included among the treatments. The performance of the insecticides was evaluated by counting the dead and dying and undamaged plants in 50 ft of row. Evaluation was conducted on Jun 7, 19 days post planting. The soil type at the test site is a clay-loam, Mississippi River alluvial soil with moderate to poor drainage.
European Corn Borer Control in Field Corn, 1981
Authors: Roberts James E. , Despins Joseph L. , Magura Karl
Published: March 2022

Three granular insecticides were evaluated for the control of European corn borer in Bedford Co, VA, in conventionally tilled field corn (Pioneer 3147A). All treatments were applied with a Gandy granular applicator and were arranged in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in 12 ft x 50 ft plots (4 rows/plot, 32 in spacing). On Jul 15, 80 randomly selected stalks/treatment (20 stalks/plot, from 2 center rows) were split lengthwise, and the number of tunnels per plant was recorded.
Northern Corn Rootworm Control in Field Corn, 1981
Authors: Roberts James E. , Despins Joseph L. , Magura Karl
Published: March 2022

Six granular insecticidal treatments were compared for efficacy in the control of Northern corn rootworm larvae in field corn (Trojan TB115). The test was conducted in a no-till field (rye cover) which had received no treatments of soil insecticides in the past. Corn had been planted continuously for 5 years in this field. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in 12 ft wide x 50 ft long plots (4 rows/plot, 30 in spacing). A Gandy granular applicator was used for in-furrow and banded placement of the products. On Jun 30, 40 root systems/treatment were dug from the ground (10 systems/plot x 4 replicates, from 2 center rows), washed of soil and visually rated using the 1-6 damage system (1 = no feeding damage and 6 = 3 or more root nodes pruned to 1.5 in of plant stem).
Control of Boll Weevil in Cotton, 1982
Authors: Conley Jim , Luttrell R.G.
Published: March 2022

A full-season study was conducted on the Plant Science Research Farm of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS, to determine the efficacy of various insecticides in controlling boll weevils in cotton. Plots were planted on May 22. All plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 4 rows (.92 m/row) x 27.4 m long. Plots were separated by 4 rows of DeKalb ST-6 Sudax. The tall-growing grass was used to form a physical barrier around each plot and reduce inter-plot movement of boll weevils. Insecticides were applied by 1 of the following methods: (1) high volume (6.5 gal/acre) through 2 TX-4 nozzles/row in water, (2) low volume (1.4 gal/acre) through 1 Micromax nozzle/row in soybean oil, or (3) low volume (1.4 gal/acre) through 1 Micromax nozzle/row in water. Applications were made at weekly intervals. Treatments were applied on Jun 21 and 28, Jul 2, 6, 16, 17, 19, 22 and 27, Aug 3, 10, 13, 17 and 19. All plots were oversprayed for boll weevil suppression due to wet conditions on Aug 2, 16, 21 and 31 with 0.25 lb ai Guthion, and oversprayed for bollworm suppression on Aug 3 with 0.15 lb ai Ambush. Insect populations and plant damage were monitored at weekly intervals by making whole plant examinations on a consecutive 1.06 m row length. Yield data were taken on Oct 26 and 27 by mechanically harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot. Extremely wet conditions from ca mid Jul to mid Aug confounded test results. These rains washed off and prevented insecticide applications, allowing the boll weevil population to increase to extraordinary levels. After Jul 15 no significant differences were detected between treatments in percent of squares which were weevil punctured. For this reason, we do not consider yield data to be indicative of the efficacy of the insecticide treatments. For evaluation, we considered the percent boll weevil punctured squares on Jul 15 to be more indicative of boll weevil control. Seven treatments had significantly (P = 0.05) smaller percentage weevil squares punctured than the untreated check. Of these seven, 5 were insect growth regulators and 2 were chemical insecticides.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Spring Oats, 1982
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle larvae in spring-planted oats. Insecticides were applied May 11 on ‘Noble’ oats located at the Russell Settle Farm near Warsaw, VA. A randomized block experimental design was employed with 3 replications. Individual plots were 6.1 x 7.4 m and spaced 0.92 m apart. Each spray concentrate was applied to the oats with a CO2 compressed air sprayer at 32 psi that delivered 29 gal of finished formulation per acre. The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments was determined 2, 7, 14 and 21 days after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of live larvae per 0.3 row-m. Yield estimates were obtained from 4.9 row-m samples collected from the center of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 14% moisture.
Phytotoxicity of Three Insecticides to Commercial Grain Sorghum Hybrids, 1982
Authors: Riley Thomas J. , Skias Jeffery M.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were tested on 50 commercially available sorghum hybrids for phytotoxic effects. Methyl parathion at 0.25, 0.75 and 1.5 lb ai/acre, Lorsban 4E at 0.25 lb ai/acre and EPN at 1.5 lb ai/acre were evaluated on the LSU Idlewild Agricultural Experiment Station, East Feliciana Parish, LA. Methyl parathion was examined due to the desire by Louisiana farmers to use this insecticide for southern green stink bug control in grain sorghum. A split plot design was used with sorghum hybrids arranged in randomized blocks with 4 replications and representing the whole plots. The insecticides and an untreated check were randomly arranged by replicate as strips across the whole plots. The sorghum was planted by hand on Jun 3. Insecticide treatments were applied on Aug 2. At the time of treatment, the hybrids ranged from the milk to dough stage of seed development. Insecticide sprays were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer, at 55 psi; through 4 TeeJet #8002E nozzles. Final spray volume per acre was 40 gal. The temperature, during the period of insecticide application, ranged from 90 to 98°F. Temperature was recorded 2.5 ft above the ground, between rows of sorghum 5 ft from the edge of the test plot. Relative humidity ranged from 85%, - 69% during the period of insecticide application. The maximum temperature recorded for the period of time between treatment and evaluation was 98°F. Rain (2.7 in) fell on the plots during this same period. An evaluation of phytotoxic effects was made on Aug 6. A scale of 0-5 was used to rate phytotoxicity with 5 representing severe leaf burn. A value of 0.12-0.50 was assigned to he untreated checks to account for non-insecticide related spotting on the leaves of the hybirds.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Seedcorn Maggot on Soybeans, 1982
Authors: Higley L.G. , Pedigo L.P. , Buntin G.D. , Ostlie K.R. , Funderburk J.F.
Published: March 2022

Plot measuring 50 ft by 4 rows (30 in centers) were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Before planting, meat and bonemeal (3.0 1/50 row ft) were applied over the rows to enhance seedcorn maggot (SCM) oviposition. Plots were planted near Ames, Iowa, on May 9. This location received above normal rainfall in May (1.61 in) and early Jun. Damage evaluations of six 1-m sections of row per plot were taken on May 27 and included no. of plants, mean no. snakeheads (plants without plumules), and no. plants with scarred cotyledons. SCM emergence traps were placed in the 2 outer rows of each treatment on May 27. Traps were checked Jun 6 and 24 and removed Jun 24. Plot yields were taken on Sep 28 by harvesting and threshing 3 row-m per treatment.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Glabrous Soybean Isolines, 1980
Authors: Ostlie K.R. , Higgins R.H. , Pedigo L.P.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of 2 soil-incorporated, systemic insecticides against the potato leafhopper (PLH) was evaluated in 52 plots near Ames, IA. Soil type was a poorly drained, Colland clay loam. Plots, each measuring 8 m x 4 rows (76-cm centers), were planted on May 15. Granular insecticides were applied at planting by 2 methods (7 in surface band (B), in-furrow (IF)) to the glabrous (= susceptible) isoline. A 2-row buffer of the glabrous isoline surrounded each plot. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Emergence occurred on May 23. Stand county were taken 18 days postemergence to detect phytotoxic effects. Adults were sampled using a D-Vac vacuum insect sampler (1 ft2 cone) with 8 subsamples/pl ot at 18, 33, 49, and 66 days postemergence. Soybean development on these dates corresponded to the 2 trifoliolate, 5 trifoliolate, 9 trifoliolate, and midbloom stages respectively. Yield response was assessed on Oct 8 by harvesting 3 row-m/plot.
Control of Tobacco Budworms and Tomato Hornworms with Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Kurstaki, 1981
Authors: Jackson D. Michael
Published: March 2022

Two isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki was tested against artificial infestations of tobacco budworms and natural infestations of tomato hornworms at Oxford, NC, in 2 separate tests. Tobacco was transplanted on May 18, in a sandy loam field that had previously been treated with Telone C-17 (10.5 gal/acre), Paarlan 2 pt/acre), and Ridomil 2E (2 pt/acre). Fertilizer (8-8-24) was applied at 500 lb/acre on May 27, and plants were sidedressed with 15-0-15 (100% nitrate) fertilizer at 167 lb/acre on Jun 8. Rows were 4 ft apart, and plants were spaced 22 in. Plants in Test 1 were artificially infested near the bud with one 1-day-old tobacco budworm larva/plant on Jun 12. Larvae were from an Oxford laboratory colony that had been started from field collections and cultured for ca 10 generations. Pior to release, larvae were fed on an artificial diet. On Jun 15, plants were examined for successful budworm establishments, and 40 plots of 20 infested plants each were marked in a randomized complete block design with 5 blocks. Plots were treated on Jun 16. Sprays were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with an adjustable nozzle at a rate of 25 gal/acre with 60 psi. Measured amounts of baits were placed by hand into the tobacco buds. Plants were examined for insects 3, 7, and 10 days after spraying, and on day 10 they were subjectively rated from 0-7 for budworm damage. One week after Test 1, all plants were cut off near the ground and removed from the field. One sucker was allowed to grow per plant, and this new growth was used for Test 2. Plants were infested with budworms on Jul 27, and 45 plots of 15 plants each were marked off in a randomized complete block design with 5 blocks on Jul 30. Treatments were made on Jul 31, and plants were checked 3 to 6 days later.
Flea Beetle and Aphid Control with Soil Applied Insecticides, 1982
Authors: Jones G.A. , Smith E.T.
Published: March 2022

Burley tobacco was transplanted May 25 in Maury silt loam soil at a spacing of 18 in between plants and 42 in between rows. Individual plots were 6 rows by 30 ft; plots were separated by skip rows. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 3 replications. All plots received 1500 lb/acre of 5-10-15, broadcast and incorporated 4 days prior to transplanting. Pebulate applied at 2.0 lb ai/acre pre-transplant provided weed control. Granular pesticides were applied with a Cyclone seeder and liquid pesticides were applied with a CO2 sprayer which had four 8003 fan nozzles calibrated to apply the material in water at a rate of 25 gal/acre. All pesticides were applied prior to transplanting and incorporated to a depth of 2 in with a disk harrow, except Vydate and Orthene which were used as a transplant water treatment.
Systemic Insecticides on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1982
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted in plots, 40 (24 plants) x 12 ft (3 rows), arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times on May 19. Spacing was 4 ft between rows and 20 in between plants in the row. The soil was a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne fine sandy loam (pH 5.8, organic matter < 2%). Pretransplant treatments were applied and incorporated on May 17. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer operated at 20 psi and delivering 30 gal of finished spray/acre using flat fan (8004) tips. A Gandy 901 applicator, mounted on a pushcart, was used to broadcast granules through a series of 10 in Ro-banders. Broadcast treatments were incorporated with a rotary tiller. In-row applications of Temik were delivered in a 12 in band using a single Ro-bander and followed immediately by bedding. Hand operated dusters were used to make sidedress applications of Di-Syston and Temik in 4 to 6 in bands at 3 (Jun 9) and 5 (Jun 23) wk after transplanting, respectively. The sidedress treatments were immediately incorporated by cultivation. Recommended practices were followed for weed control and fertilization and Ridomil was applied for disease control. Aphid densities were estimated for 2 upper leaves of 10 plants/plot every 1 to 2 wk during Jul and early Aug. On Aug 20, aphid damage was rated on a scale of 0 - 5, where 0 = no damage and 5 = very severe damage. A D-Vac sampler was used to sample flea beetle populations on the center row of each plot on Jun 3; and flea beetle feeding holes were counted on the most damaged leaf of 10 plants/plot on Jun 7. On Jun 28, 3 plants in the outside row of each plot were cut off at 6 in, the remaining leaves removed, loose soil brushed away from the base of the plants, and 20 (diameter) x 24 in (height) emergence cages were placed over the stubs and root systems. Flea beetles were counted and removed from the cages once or twice a week from Jun 30 to Jul 22. Hornworms and the number of leaves destroyed by hornworms were counted on the center row of each plot on Aug 11 and Jul 14, respectively. Tobacco was harvested at the appropriate time, cured and graded. Analysis of variance tests were conducted on the resulting insect counts, yields and values, and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate treatment means. Green peach aphid counts were transformed to Log,n prior to analysis.
Cattle-Hypoderma Lineatum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1982
Authors: Drummond R.O.
Published: March 2022

Government-owned Hereford, Angus, and Hereford-Angus-cross calves and yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bullis, Bexar Co, TX, that are naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers), are treated with new insecticides that were detected to be systemically active in the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test (Drummond, R.O., 1982, Insect. Acaric. Tests 7: 261-2). Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 liter/animal at > 150 psi (usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and AI (25 parts)). In other tests, insecticides may be administered dermally to cattle by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly or subcutaneously by injection of a specific weight of insecticide per body weight. Normally cattle are treated with new insecticides initially at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages of initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. Occasionally cattle are treated with titrated dosages of labeled systemics in order to determine systemic activity of dosages less than label-listed dosages. After the treatment in May or Jun, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3-6 animals/treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from Aug to Feb of the next year for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of a treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number in untreated cattle.
Apple, Comparison of Kelthane Formulations for Summer Mite Control, 1982
Authors: Meyer Ronald H.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in the University of Illino is Plant Pathology orchard at Urbana. Handgun treatments were applied at 200 psi with 360 gpa under calm conditions. Each treatment was randomly assigned to 4 single-tree plots. Air blower sprays were applied to 1 or more rows at 100 gpa. Four trees were randomly selected for sampling from each treatment. 100-leaf samples were collected from each tree-plot, brushed and counted immediately in the field. The trees were mature on Clark dwarf rootstocks. Mites were almost all adults and egg to mite ratios were ca. 10 to 1 at time of treatments, making populations appear to drop slowly. Kelthane formulations and Plictran and application methods compared well in the results.
Ectrin Eartags and Ectiban Tailtags to Control Horn Flies and Face Flies on Beef Cattle, 1982
Authors: Vaughan J.A. , Turner E.C.
Published: March 2022

Three small herds (ca 35 head) of mixed breed cattle were used to compare the efficacy of Ectrin eartags (8% AI) and Ectiban adhesive tailtags (93% AI; 1.0 g/tag) for the control of horn flies and face flies. Each cow in the first herd was treated by installing Ectrin eartags in both ears. Each cow in the second herd was treated with 1 adhesive Ectiban tailtag wrapped about a trimmed area on the tail just above the switch. The third herd was left untreated. Calves and bulls in the 3 herds were not treated. Herds were maintained on separate but adjacent pastures. To eliminate inaccuracy due to subjectivity, the same person performed all the counts and, prior to monitoring, this person attended a training session on the estimation of numbers. Fly monitoring was performed on a weekly basis for 15 wk (15 Jun - 28 Sep). Percent control for both treatments was determined by the formula: N(untreated) -N(treated)/N(untreated) x 100%, where ‘N’ is the average number of flies counted on 10 animals in the herd in question.
Apple, Insecticide Tests, 1982
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Darrell Eldridge M.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were evaluated against a variety of apple pests at Steeles Tavern. Four single-tree replicates per treatment were used, of the varieties Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman and York, in a randomized complete block design. Spray dates were: May 13, May 25, Jun 14, Jun 30, Jul 15 and Jul 26. Applications were made with a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer with handgun attachment. Mites were evaluated on several dates using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per sample. STLM and WAA were evaluated by mines and colonies counted per 3-min period on Jul 21 and Aug 30, respectively. Twenty leaves per tree were inspected for WALH nymphs on Aug 30. Also on that date 20 terminal shoots were inspected for PLH damage, and trees were rated on a scale of 0-10 for JB damage.
Swine, Control of Hog Lice on Brood Sows, 1981-82
Authors: Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Four tests were conducted in Virginia for the control of hog lice on brood sows with 8% Ectrin ear tags. All treated animals received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear. Efficacy of treatments was ascertained by recording in weekly intervals for 1 mo the number of lice present on the entire body of each animal. An index was used to evaluate populations (0 = no lice; 1 = 1-25 lice; 2 = 25-50 lice; 3 = 50+ lice). All test herds were either confined individually in farrowing crates or kept in pens on the range. A comparative control groups was used in each test.