bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relations of Regualation and Emotionality to Resiliency and Competent Social Functioning in Elementary School Children
Authors: Eiesnberg Nancy , Guthrie Ivanna K. , Fabes Richard A. , Reiser Mark , Murphy Bridget , Holgren Robin , Maszk Pat , Losoya Sandra
Published: July 2006

The relations of regulation and emotionality to elementary school children's social functioning were examined. Teachers and peer reproted on children's social functioning; I parent and teacher rated children on various measures of regulation, resiliency, and emotionality; and a behavioural index of regulation was obtained. The effects of individual differences in attentional regulation on social status and socially appropriate behavior were mediated by resiliency, and dispositional negative emotionality moderated the positive relation between attentional control and resiliency (with this path being stronger for children high in negative emotinality). The effects of behavioural regulation were not mediated by resiliency; however, the relation of behavioral regulation to socilaly appropriate behaviour (but not social status) was moderated by negative emotionality, with effects being significant and higher for children high in negative emotionality.
Hand Preference in Infant Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Westergaard Gregory Charles , Champoux Maribeth , Suomi Stephen J.
Published: July 2006

In this research we examined hand preference in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). The subjects were 20 Macaca mulatta, each aged between 4 and 11 months. We assessed hand preference using both a unimanual reaching task and a bimanual coordination task. In the unimanual reaching task, we presented subjects with raisins and noted which hand the animals used to retrieve the food. In the bimanual coordination task, we presented the same subjects with plastic tubes filled with raisin paste and noted which hand the animals used to hold the tubes and which hand the animals used to remove the food. We noted a population‐level bias toward use of the left hand for both tasks. These results suggest early right hemisphere advantage for reaching and bimanual coordination in Macaca mulatta, although we acknowledge that this issue needs to be examined more directly through neuroimaging procedures such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). We speculate that early right hemisphere advantage contributes to differential patterns of hand preference development for unimanual and bimanual action, and that the development of hand preference for bimanual coordination is related to the emergence of hemispheric specialization for processing species‐specific vocalizations.
SerHelps Speakers Identify “Real” Properties
Authors: Sera Maria D. , Bales Diane W. , Pintado Javier del Castillo
Published: July 2006

We examined the effects of language on developing knowledge of the distinction between “real” and “apparent” properties of bjects by comparing the perfomance of English‐ and Spanish‐spiaking monolingual and bilingual children on an appearance‐reality task in 3 experiments. In Experiment 1, monolingul ‐ s nf Spanish‐speaking preschoolers participated in an a peprance‐reality task in which Spanish speakers heard forms of the Spanish verbserin place of the English verb “is” in the reality questions and forms of the Spanish verbestarin palce of “is” in the appearance questions. Spanish speakers performed reliably better than English speakers on the question about the real properties of less familiar objecrd. In Experiment 2, English‐Spanish bilingual children participated in the same tadk used in Experiment 1. They answered half of the questions in English and half in Spanish. Bilinguals identified the real properties of objects reliably better in Spanish than in English, indicating that language can affect the ability to identify real properties. In Experiment 3, we examined the role of language in the ability of monolingual English‐speaking 3‐year‐olds to identify real and apparent properties. These children answerd different type of appearance and reality questions, using the same objects from Experiments 1 and Half of the children answered standard appearance‐reality questions; the other children answered elaborated versions of the English questions. Children in both conditions performed equivalently, suggesting that English‐speaking children are not easily influenced by language in these tasks. Apparently, the advantage that the Spanish copual,ser, gives speakers of Spanish is important and unique because it cannot easily be instantiated in English.
Friendships, Peer Acceptance, and Group Membership: Realtions to Academic Achievement in Middle School
Authors: Wentzel Kathryn R. , Caldwell Kathryn
Published: July 2006

Two samples of sixth‐grade students were followed over time to examine relations of number of reciprocated friendships, peer acceptance, and group membership to academic achievement. In both samples, group membership was the most consistent predictor of grades over time. In study 2, prosocial behavior, antisocial behavior, and emotional distress were examined as processes that might explain these significant links between peer relationships and academic achievement. Results of longitudinal analyses support a conclusion that aspects of peer relationships are related to classroom achievement indirectly, by way of significant relations with prosocial behavior. Future research might benefit from more in‐depth analyses of the functions of adolescent peer relationships and the processes by which they influence orientations toward social and academic competence at school.
The Benefits of Parent Intervention in Children's Disputes: An Examination of Concurrent Changes in Children's Fighting Styles
Authors: Perlman Michal , Ross Hildy S.
Published: July 2006

The impact of parental intervention on the quality of children's conflict behavior was examined using observational data from 40 English‐speaking Canadian families with 2‐and 4‐year‐old children. Children's behavior in the portions of fights that preceded their parents, interventions was compared to their behavior in fights in which there was no intervention. Also, children's behavior before parental intervention was contrasted with their behavior after intervention. It was found that parents intervened in the most intense fights between their children, fights in which the children displayed few de‐escalating strategies. Parental intervention was associated with their children using fewer power strategies coupled with an increase in the use of more sophisticated negotiation moves. It was concluded that parental intervention in sibling conflict has beneficial effects in terms of the immediate quality of the children's fighting. Results were interpreted in light of contemporary models of socialization.
Data Collection: For What and by Whom?
Authors: KEELING WILLIAM B.
Published: July 2006

In an orderly statistical universe, it is always the purpose that governs. Next most fundamental is the money question: under whose payroll does the collection and processing of data, take place? Our lead‐of paper appropriately raises these two basic issues. Its author is the Director of the Division of Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia.
Putting Data to Work at the TVA
Authors: FOSTER M. I.
Published: July 2006

When the Tennessee Valley Authority was created, its promoters had visions of flood control, irrigation, electric power, navigation, recreation, and industrialization; but even George Norris himself didn't foresee the full range of purposes that might be served by such a multipurpose project. The Director of Navigation Development and Regional Planning for the TVA tells of its pioneering work as, of all things, a generator of statistical data.
Corporate‐Merger‐Defined Core‐Periphery Relations for the United States
Authors: GREEN MILFORD B.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT A modified core‐periphery model of economic spatial relations is tested by an examination of U.S. corporate merger behavior from 1955 to 1980. A core, a number of semicores, semipheripheries, and a periphery describe the merger‐defined relationships between states and SMSAs. The core‐periphery structure is not stable across time and is related to the merger cycle.
The Labor Market Impacts of Post‐school Occupational Training for Young Men
Authors: MANGUM STEPHEN L. , ADAMS ARVIL V.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT The period 1966 to 1976 was a decade of change, contrast and challenge. In this article a model is developed and estimated contrasting the labor market experiences of young men who participated in post‐school occupational training during this period with those young men who did not participate. Participation in post‐school forms of occupational training is identified as a significant contributor to individual labor market success during the period and racial differences in returns to training participation are highlighted. The results prompt questions concerning the direction of current federal training policy.
An Interregional Perspective on Aggregation Bias and Information Loss in Input‐output Analysis
Authors: CROWN WILLIAM H.
Published: July 2006

This paper extends previous theorems concerning aggregation bias in single‐region and national input‐output models to interregional input‐output (IRIO) models. The results indicate that the conditions for zero aggregation bias are more stringent in input‐output models involving multiple regions. In addition, the paper derives the relationship between the information content of IRIO and national input‐output accounts. The results confirm the conventional wisdom that the information content of multiple region input‐output models of the U.S. economy contain more information than national input‐output models.
Pareto‐Efficiency and the Provision of Public Goods Within a Rural Setting
Authors: C.DELLER STEVEN
Published: July 2006

The ability of small rural governments to provide local public goods in a Pareto‐efficient manner is examined. A test developed by Brueckner (1982) is used to examine the efficiency of a sample of town governments in rural Maine. The empirical results suggest that local property values are maximized, which implies that local public goods are provided in a Pareto‐efficient manner.
The Impact of Stadium and Professional Sports on Metropolitan Area Development
Authors: BAADE ROBERT A. , DYE RICHARD F.
Published: July 2006

More and more cities are being encouraged to subsidize sports stadiums as an economic development tool. In this paper regression analysis using census data on nine different metropolitan areas is employed to evaluate the impact of stadiums and professional sports teams on area development. Previous attempts to estimate the effectiveness of sports‐based development have used assumption‐driven trade multiplier models. The evidence presented here is that the presence of a new or renovated stadium has an uncertain impact on the levels of personal income and possibly a negative impact on local development relative to the region. These results should serve as a caution to those who assume or assert a large positive stadium impact.
The Incorporation Of Multiple Bases Into Shift‐Share Analysis
Authors: MCDONOUGH CAROL C. , SIHAG BALBIR S.
Published: July 2006

This paper expands the shift‐share technique by developing a methodology for selecting and including both primary‐ and secondary‐base economies in the shift‐share model. This is useful when the shift‐share technique is applied to subregional economies, whose economic growth is typically tied to the economies of both the state and the nation. The expanded methodology is illustrated with data from the Lowell, Massachusetts, Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA).
Spatial Divisions of Corporate Services Occupations in the United States, 1983–88
Authors: ETTLINGER NANCY , CLAY BRADLEY
Published: July 2006

This article examines corporate services from a regional perspective, using the concept of “spatial divisions of labor.” We examine non‐routine, control‐related activity as well as routine activity, bridging the literatures on white‐ and pink‐collar work. Using the Geographic Profile on Employment and Unemployment, published by the U.S. Department of Labor, we examine occupational data across the nine census divisions continuously from 1983 through 1988. This data source is unique because it reports on occupational data annually, in relatively disaggregate form, and does so by geographic regions. Location quotients for the occupational data serve to identify a “core” with respect to concentrations of control‐related activity. This core comprises the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific divisions. In contrast, routine activity generally is more dispersed, although some regional separation is evident for specific occupations, showing regional concentration in subordinate or “peripheral” regions. The results of the study identify regional patterns, which are heuristically valuable in raising questions regarding the complex processes responsible for spatial divisions of labor. In particular, the findings suggest a geography of modes of production, a subject that requires substantially more attention.
Aid to Families with Dependent Children and Female Poverty
Authors: HOFFMAN EMILY P.
Published: July 2006

The causal relationships between poverty in female‐headed households with minor children and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) transfer payments for the period from 1959 to 1988 were examined by means of the Granger causality test. This study found weak statistical evidence that receipt of AFDC “causes” poverty, but strong statistical evidence that the number of poor female‐headed households with minor children is a “cause” of the number of recipients of AFDC, and that an increase in the real dollar amount of AFDC per recipient family “causes“ a reduction in the poverty rate of female‐headed households with minor children.
The Impact of Output and Productivity Changes on Manufacturing Employment
Authors: RIGBY DAVID L.
Published: July 2006

Traditional univariate shift‐share studies of employment provide an unreliable indicator of the relative performance of a region or an industry for they fail to separate the effects of output and productivity change on the demand for labor. An extended shift‐share model is proposed that overcomes this weakness and permits identification of different processes of regional development. This model is used to investigate annual employment change in twenty (two‐digit SIC) manufacturing industries in nine census regions of the U.S. between 1950 and 1986. The timing and depth of the exodus of manufacturing jobs from the snowbelt to the sunbelt is illustrated along with the business cycle performance of industries and regions. Productivity growth in the sunbelt is positively associated with rapid output expansion, whereas in the snowbelt it is associated with the loss of market share and economic rationalization.
Short‐Term Dynamics of the U.S. Interstate Migration System, 1980–1988
Authors: MCHUGH KEVIN E. , GOBER PATRICIA
Published: July 2006

This paper identifies short‐term fluctuations in the interstate migration system using annual state‐to‐state migration flow data from Internal Revenue Service (IRS) records for the period, 1980 to 1988. Measures of migration efficiency are employed to indicate the net redistribution of population between states relative to the size of underlying gross interstate flows. Three findings stand out: (1) migration was more effective in redistributing the population in years of economic retrenchment than during periods of growth and expansion, (2) the dominant pattern of population redistribution shifted from a core‐periphery configuration evident in the 1970s and early 1980s to a bi‐coastal distribution by the mid‐1980s, and (3) the most dramatic event of the 1980s was the oil glut and decline in oil prices and profits which ravaged the economies of energy states in the West South Central and Mountain regions. Rapid reversals from net in‐ to net out‐migration among energy states sent ripples and shock waves through the system of interstate migration flows. Overall, results demonstrate the high degree of temporal and spatial volatility in the U.S. interstate migration system.
Sources of Output Change in the U.S. Economy
Authors: MARTIN R. P. , HOLLAND DAVID
Published: July 2006

Output changes in the U.S. economy from 1972 to 1977 are analyzed using a 477‐sector input‐output framework. The empirical model is based on benchmark data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Commodity output changes are attributed to technical change, import substitution, changes in domestic final demand, and changes in export demand. Special attention is given to the importance of international trade and the patterns of change observed in rapidly growing and declining sectors.

The results indicate that 71 percent of the sectors lost domestic market share to imports, but on balance international trade contributed to positive output change through increased exports. Technology changes became increasingly important in sectors of the economy experiencing either rapid growth or decline. Conversely, final demand, exports, and import substitution generally appeared to be most important in the slowly changing sectors. These findings confirm and expand on earlier work that indicated a dominant role for technology changes in explaining output changes in emerging and declining industries.
An Evaluation of State Budget Stabilization Funds Among Midwestern States
Authors: NAVIN JOHN C. , NAVIN LEO J.
Published: July 2006

Using data from the National Conference of State Legislatures, this paper examines the state budget stabilization funds of Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Unlike previous research, this paper examines the movement of the fund balances over time (between 1983 and 1991), to see how the fund balances move in relation to a number of indicators of state fiscal health. The results of this research show that the use of these funds varies significantly among the states as does the level of funding and therefore the ability of the funds to serve as an effective tool for counter‐cyclical state fiscal policy.
Community Level Multipliers for Rural Development Initiatives
Authors: OLFERT M.R. , STABLER JACK C.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT The success of economic development initiatives in achieving a significant and sustained improvement for a target area is strongly influenced by the size of the local multiplier. New economic activity is generally site specific and the proportion of spending and re‐spending that generates local multiplier effect will vary with the hierarchical level of community in which the activity is located. Leakages in the form of outshopping by community residents and expenditures in the community that constitute payments to agents outside the home community are estimated for communities in six functional levels that, combined, represent the complete trade center hierarchy in Saskatchewan. The resulting multipliers are found to vary with functional level, with the smallest communities having the smallest multipliers. When rural areas are being targeted for economic development, more rural economic activity can be generated by focusing on relatively large rural communities.
Recent Trends in Nonmetropolitan Migration: Toward a New Turnaround?
Authors: FUGUITT GLENN V. , BEALE CALVIN L.
Published: July 2006

Over the past 30 years there have been three unanticipated shifts in metropolitan‐nonmetropolitan population change and migration: the nonmetropolitan turnaround of the 1970s, with a migration balance favoring nonmetropolitan areas: the downturn of the early 1980s when nonmetropolitan areas lost net migrants as they did in the 1960s, and a more recent post‐1990 recovery, with nonmetropolitan net migration rates once again above those of metropolitan areas. Partial explanations have been developed from the deconcentration and regional restructuring theoretical perspectives, but there is not yet consensus on how to explain this sequence of three migration changes since 1970. There is a need for a general review of these trends, particularly given the recency of the latest change. Such a review is attempted here. Annual net migration estimates are examined, considering the changing metropolitan‐nonmetropolitan differential, and differences across geographic and functional county types in nonmetropolitan areas. Some differences stand out across the 24‐year period, but the most notable finding is the widespread nature of the turnaround, the reversal, and the current recovery. There are differences between the present and the 1970s, but a trend toward greater retention and or acquisition of people in rural and small town areas is clear.
Spatial Labor Markets and the Rural Labor Force
Authors: STABLER JACK C. , OLFERT M. ROSE , GREUEL JONATHAN B.
Published: July 2006

Functional economic areas have long been recognized as the appropriate unit of analysis for examining the spatial organization of regional economic activity. While easily defined conceptually, few fine‐tuned empirical delineations based on either trading or commuting patterns have been produced. In this paper, labor market areas (LMAs) based on commuting patterns of Saskatchewan residents are constructed for two points in time, 1981 and 1991. Detailed Statistics Canada data on place of work and place of residence for the experienced labor force were used 38 distinct LMAs were identified for 1991, and 37 for 1981. The 15 largest LMAs, which included just under one‐half of all rural municipalities (RMs) in southern Saskatchewan, grew in absolute terms and gained in relative importance during the decade. Another 23 (22) smaller LMAs in 1991 (1981), provided jobs for modest but declining numbers of both commuters and noncommuters. The remaining 30 percent of all RMs had such low or diffused levels of commuting that they were not included in any LMA in either year. A pattern apparent for all LMAs was an intensification of commuting within the labor market area. Although there was a reduction in the number of commuters from centers of employment to surrounding areas between 1981 and 1991, there was an even larger increase in commuters to centers of employment. While commuting to a job in an urban center is still a distinct possibility for the rural labor force living within the 15 largest LMAs, it is increasingly less likely for those residing elsewhere in rural Saskatchewan. In these remote areas, alternatives to urban‐based employment are required.
Land and Labor Patterns in Brazil During the 1960s
Authors: Dillman C. Daniel
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Most of the agricultural sector in Brazil during the 1960s bore the autocratic imprint of latifundismo, which determined interpersonal relationships and those between man and land. Latifundios and agriculture in general were not labor‐absorptive, and farm size tended to vary inversely with the amount of intensively tilled land. Polyvalency of employment acted in concert with farm management practices to strengthen latifundismo and to impede realization of socio‐economic potentials for most rural inhabitants. Probable high frequency of multiple farm ownership by the landed élite verified that the areal extension of latifundismo had encountered no effective resistance. Elements of modernization on large estates seemed to betoken changes in technology and financing rather than alteration of traditional contexts. As an instrument for agrarian reform, the Estatuto da Terra (1964) was impotent, and beneficiaries of land were all but non‐existent under the military regime.
The Impact of a Graded Tax on a Rural Area: A Case Study in Indiana County, Pa.
Authors: Cord Steven
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The graded tax is a reform of the property tax which would tax land values at a higher rate than improvements in or on the land. What would be its impact on different types of rural owners of real property? A study of rural Indiana County, Pennsylvania, by William Ritter shows that the impact would vary according to the level of development the individual tract or parcel has undergone.
Preservation of Open Space and the Concept of Value*
Authors: Berry David
Published: July 2006

Abstract. This paper identifies and classifies six major kinds of values which people ascribe to areas of open space (utility, functional, contemplative, aesthetic, recreational, and ecological values), whether the open space is public or private, urban or rural, or large or small. These values are predominantly culturally‐shaped attitudes. They are not mutually exclusive but nonetheless cannot be subsumed under just one notion of value such as trade‐offs and, consequently, models for evaluating open space based on the familiar utility function are inadequate representations of human reasoning. Public policy concerned with preserving open space must incorporate a multidimensional set of noncommensurate values and one paradigm for doing so is discussed.
The Keynesian Paradigm and Economic Policy
Authors: Bornemann Alfred H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Keynesian macroeconomic theory and the new theory of the hitherto neglected branch of political science, public administration, which were both independently introduced at about the same time in the New Deal period of the 1930s, complemented each other. Keynesian theory, emphasizing government fiscal policy and deficit spending as counterdepression, full‐employment, and economic growth measures, became the generally accepted paradigm in economics and public finance. Public administration theory held that government agencies, motivated primarily by their own bureaucratic expansionary self‐interest, would bring about an equilibrium of national interest. This provided the justification for agency initiative in stimulating and supporting the demands of interest and pressure groups whose regulation required increased agency activity. The theories and their outcome reflected the continuing decline of classical liberalism.
Marginal Workers and Their Decisions to Work or to Quit
Authors: Harvey Bruce S. , Kagerer Rudolph L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. What motivates the marginal worker to decide to work or to quit and collect unemployment insurance or welfare payments? A study of poultry processing plant workers in Georgia indicates that few quit to obtain more leisure. Dissatisfaction with compensation is only a secondary factor. Primary ones are cumulative dissatisfaction with work and the total work environment. Changes in supervision and in the Job structure are suggested.
Hospital Cost Inflation and Physician Payment*
Authors: Leveson Irving , Rodgers Elizabeth
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The hypothesis that physicians use control over hospital resources to maximize their net revenue is examined to determine whether such behavior leads to more rapid growth of hospital costs. Theoretical and empirical studies are reviewed and hypotheses are developed regarding the relationship of cost increases to the method of physician payment. Exploratory comparisons of increases in hospital cost per patient day are made between Health Maintenance Organizations with salaried practice and Medical Foundations with fee‐for‐service. The association of international differences in the rate of increase of hospital cost per day with method of physician payment is explored in an Appendix in the microfiche supplement.
The Impact of Differential Assessments on the Property Tax*
Authors: Greytak David , Bjornstad David J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. This paper is focused on the interaction between property tax revenue and assessment policy in New York City between 1961 and 1971. It examines the observed changes in real rates at which different types of property are taxed and examines possible rationales for the different real rates of taxation applied to properties of different types.
Mexico's Tariff Policy
Authors: Katz Bernard S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. While there is common agreement that Mexico's Industrialization period was helped by a protective commercial policy, there has been little testing of this hypothesis. This paper investigates the possibility that Mexico may have used her changing tariff postures not to provide aid for her growing industries but rather to improve either her terms of trade, her revenues or her balance of payments during the 1930–1965 period. The research shows that except for isolated instances none of the individual arguments examined, nor their combination, could explain Mexico's tariff policy. It is therefore concluded that tariffs for protection were employed to achieve industrial development.
Ireland's Mining Boom:
Authors: Kearns Kevin C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Over the past 15 years, Ireland has experienced a meteoric rise to prominence in mining. A decade ago output of metallic minerals was virtually non‐existent. Today, metal concentrates from Irish mines are valued at $55 million annually, or 4 percent of total national exports. Metals have assumed fourth place among individual export categories. There is no single explanation for the mining boom. Rather, it must be attributed to several interrelated factors. Most notably, these include government tax relief incentives for economic development, recent advances in mining technology, the role played by Canadian exploration companies, and the impetus created by initial ore discoveries. Mining development has impacted significantly on the country, in terms both economic and social. It has bolstered the economy, provided valuable employment, spurred regional development and helped discourage emigration in rural areas. However, owing to a dramatic reversal of national mining policy in 1974, the industry's future is now in some question.
The ‘New Political Economy’ and British Economic Policy for India*
Authors: Price Ralph B.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. James Mill, as a high official of the East India Company, had the opportunity after 1819 to establish economic policy for India. In fact, James Mill's Utilitarian philosophy of government and his advocacy of Ricardian rent theory as the basis for revenue policies in India set the pattern for the development of modern India. Both James and John Stuart Mill (who succeeded his father with the company) defended the company against its critics, such as J. R. McCulloch and Richard Jones, who argued that the revenue policy was inhibiting economic development. Modern Indian institutions are an amalgamation of Benthamism, Fabian Socialism, and Brahminism.
Variations in Social Quality of Life Indicators in Medium Metropolitan Areas*
Authors: Liu Ben‐Chieh
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The basic objective of this paper is to develop a systematic model by which a series of social indicators can be constructed to reflect variations in the social quality of life (QOL) among the medium metropolitan areas. Statistical data which are logically representative of the indicators were collected for the 83 medium metropolitan areas with populations between 200,000 and 500,000 in 1970. More than 50 variables were evaluated under these critical social components: individual concerns, individual equality and community living conditions. The standardized “Z” score method was employed to compute, based on 1970 data, the index for each of the social QOL indicators. The 83 SMSAs were then rated by the indexes. These indexes will help decision makers to identify their regional weaknesses and strengths in comparison to others so that appropriate action can be taken toward the improvement of social QOL in those areas.
Is Technology‐ridden U.S. Agriculture in a Long‐run Decline?
Authors: Winter William L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The American family farm is threatened by the combination of low, unstable commodity prices and high costs of machine and chemical technology. Overplanting, erosion, excessive taxation, and non‐farm development diminish the best cropland. Government and corporate business policy have encouraged overproduction and soil abuse. To survive, the small farmer takes a second job or joins the urban industrial proletariat. No single national organization protects agriculture or equals the effective lobbying of business and unions for their own interests. “Modern” technology often produces less per land unit than traditional labor‐intensive cultivation and costs more in terms of energy, capital, and depleted soil and natural resources. Usurious interest, archaic tax laws, and rapid rise of current technological production costs force insolvency of the small farm while facilitating expansion of giant agribusiness corporations, but technological innovation may have reached the point of diminishing returns. Meanwhile disruption of rural society continues, aggravating metropolitan overpopulation, unemployment, and social disorganization.
Radicalism vs. Liberalism: C. Wright Mills’ Critique of John Dewey's Ideas
Authors: Simich J. L. , Tilman Rick
Published: July 2006

Abstract. C. Wright Mills' critique of some aspects of the thought of John Dewey is analyzed. What Mills studied was what he referred to as 1) Dewey's “biologization” and “methodization” of value phenomena; 2) his approach to the solutions of socio‐economic problems and 3) his insensitivity to the structural origins of interest and power. Mills held generally that Dewey was unable to free himself from liberal‐reformist assumptions and programs and consequently could not construct a consistently radical critique of the dominant socioeconomic institutions. Careful analysis of Dewey's writings, however, suggests a picture substantially different from the one Mills painted. It is shown that, in several areas. Mills’ critique of Dewey was overstated and that Dewey was indeed committed to a program of fundamental social change considerably more radical than the prescriptions of contemporary liberalism. Finally, analysis of both Mills’ and Dewey's political biographies suggests a common desire for an egalitarian and participatory society based upon some form of socialism. Their common interests and values are more striking than their differences.
Assessment Lags and Property Tax Impacts
Authors: Heavey Jerome F.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A major administrative problem of the property tax is the difficulty of maintaining current assessments. If real estate is not reassessed as market values change, then the real tax rates on market value will diverge from the statutory rates. Within any taxing jurisdiction those properties with the highest rate of increase in market value will be taxed at the lowest real rate, while those with the lowest (including negative) rate of increase in market value will be taxed at the highest real rate. This investigation develops a straightforward method for calculating differentials in effective tax rates and describes the economic impacts of these differentials.
Absentee Landlords and Farm Management in Brazil During the 1960s
Authors: Dillman C. Dakiel
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Remote control of land and labor by absentee landlords joined with other supportive elements of latifundismo to reinforce the discontinuity between rural poverty and urban wealth and power. Absentee ownership was self‐perpetuating, as returns from latifundio agriculture were channeled into more remunerative commercial ventures. Not restricted in its distribution to a particular region, the incidence of absenteeism generally rose with increasing farm size. Three‐quarters of the minifundiarios resided on their properties against one‐half of the latifundiarios, and administrator‐operators were concentrated heavily on larger farms. The economic double‐life of the landed 61ite helped to sustain traditional practices of farm management that reduced opportunities for improved efficiency and productivity in Latin America's largest agrarian sector.
Economic Systems, Child Rearing Practices and Personality Development
Authors: Kozak Conxad M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Traditional Weberian theory posits that the values inherent in particular religious ideologies give rise, at least in some societies, to attitudes predisposing individuals towards a particular type of economic organization. In conjunction with this, McClelland postulates that socialization practices mediate and inculcate religious values in such a way that certain economic attitudes and behavior patterns emerge in adulthood; certain practices result in a motivational predisposition such as need achievement. However, recent research indicates that, in evolving societies, the economic‐ecological variables strongly influence the types of child rearing practices used and the parentally‐instilled values and ideology. Thus, personality predispositions and personal values depend, to a large extent, upon the economic structure and occupational roles of the society. As society increases in social‐structural and technological complexity, the relationship between personal values and the economic institution becomes reciprocal.
A Test of U. S. National Economic Policy in the Post‐World War II Period
Authors: Weller Barry R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. This inquiry is an effort to evaluate the macroeconomic performance of the United States economy in the period after the close of World War II in terms of the macroeconomic goals to which national economic policy supposedly had been directed. That is, whether policy achieved full employment, price stability or an adequate rate of growth. Insofar as key indicators can be used as a basis for judgment—and there is, as yet, no scientific basis for measuring how far that reliance can be chanced—it would appear that policy was least successful in attaining full employment with price stability, or full employment, or price stability. In certain infrequent periods, growth seems to have occurred. But was its rate “adequate?” And did it result from policy? Analysis by key indicators may not tell us much, if anything; but it helps to delineate an approach toward policy‐monitoring researchers need to cultivate.
Measuring Fair Employment Practices: The Search for a “Figure of Merit”
Authors: Rittenouke R. Lynn
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Quantitative measures of equal employment opportunity in the bureaucracy are of quite recent vintage, even though data have been collected on minority employment since the early 1960s. Such measures as have been developed are useful in the sense that they are simple and easy to comprehend. Concentrating as they do on integration alone, however, they do not capture a sufficiently wide variety of personnel practices to truly assess equal employment opportunity. This paper presents a new measure which retains the basic simplicity required of a figure of merit but expands the dimensions of former measures to include an index of the occupational distribution of minorities within an organization. The measure presented implies a policy goal of income parity for minority groups within the bureaucracy and assesses progress toward that goal. It is argued that a worthy figure of merit can promote cost‐effective implementation of public policy with regard to fair employment within the civil service.
The Law of the Sea and Ocean Resources
Authors: Ishimine Tomotaka
Published: July 2006

Abstract

From time immemorial, the ocean has provided food, adventure, and inspiration to humanity. In recent years, the nations began to recognize the ocean as an important source of resources. The immense potential of the ocean in providing food and nutrition, particularly protein, began to be reexamined. However the ocean also contains a seed of conflict among nations since claims over ocean resources are overlapping. Attempts to establish the law of the sea have failed to reach an accord with regard to the definition of territorial waters and economic zones. At stake are the freedom of navigation, the right of fishing, and claims over mining deep seabed resources. It is imperative to examine the conflicting claims over ocean resources and to foresee the possible outcome of the law of the sea to avoid scrambles over the ocean resources among nations.
Problems in Estimating the Value of Household Services
Authors: Peterson R. D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Current estimates of the value of household services (VHS) as a percent of Gross National Product(GNP) are overestimations, it is contended. They are based on a zero (or low) supply price whereas if such services by family members usually commanded a price, the quantity demanded might be substantially less. Also the total output of goods and services (real GNP) against which VHS is measured is GNP sans VHS; if measurement is justified, it should be GNP plus VHS, yielding a smaller percentage.
The Impact of Natural Disasters on Third World Agriculture: An Exploratory Survey of the Need for Some New Dimensions in Development Planning*
Authors: Long Frank
Published: July 2006

Abstract. This is essentially an exploration of the available information on the effects of natural disasters on Third World agriculture. These effects are a powerful partial explanation of the lack of agricultural self‐sufficiency in a large number of low income countries; and consequently go some way in explaining the occurrence of hunger and poverty in such countries. The paper argues for the systematic collection of economic data on disasters and its analysis and for the establishment of agricultural planning mechanisms in natural disaster‐prone developing countries, to mitigate the adverse effects of such disasters. The mechanisms should be linked to national development planning. The paper also sets out the need for international action on a continuing basis in this field.
An Empirical Analysis of Determinants of Land Values in the Adirondack Park
Authors: Vrooman David H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. This study contributes to our knowledge about the determinants of land values in the Adirondack Park in New York State. Sales data for 1971‐1973 are used in the multiple regression analysis. The key variables influencing the price per acre for vacant forest land parcels are accessibility by road, location, adjacency to state land, date of sale, land use classification, size of parcel, site type, topography, and nonlocal buyers.
Development of the Irish Peat Fuel Industry
Authors: Kearns Kevin C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Over the past three decades peat (or turf) production in Ireland has been transformed from a rudimentary hand‐won operation to a highly mechanized and commercially profitable national industry. Through a pragmatic admixture of government policy‐making and technological advancement 130,000 acres of bogland have been converted into a major fuel production complex. Peat has captured a large share of the domestic solid fuel market, both rural and urban, and accounts for one‐quarter of the nation's electricity output. Owing to recent international energy shortages and inflated fuel import costs, the economic viability of peat fuel has been greatly enhanced. As a consequence, a major expansion program has been initiated. Nascent recognition of the new “peat economics” has stimulated interest in other countries and prompted serious re‐examination of long‐neglected boglands. Apart from providing a valuable source of indigenous energy, the industry has made appreciable social and economic contributions, particularly in terms of buttressing balance of payments and generating employment in rural districts.
Site Value Taxation and Manvel's Land Value Estimates
Authors: Douglas Richard W.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Replacement of the existing property tax with a. tax on site value requires that the site value base be sufficiently large to generate the same revenue as the existing tax. The adequacy of the site value base is examined in view of Manvel's land value/property value estimates. The conclusion is that only partial replacement may be feasible in many cases, but this may still produce a desirable effect.
Multinational Corporations and Culture in Liberia
Authors: Bonaparte T. H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

The proportion of multinational corporations (MCs) in a developing country (DC) has little to do with the degree of corruption of local culture that takes place. Rather, policy decisions taken by governments of DCs determine whether or not multinationals have a positive or negative impact, according to the author's research in Liberia among foreign managers, African supervisors, and Liberian workers. Even though Liberia has an “open door” policy toward MCs, very little violence has been done to Liberian culture. The reason is two‐fold: 1) multinationals have maintained tight enclaves and have generally refused to integrate their values, managerial and otherwise, with those of the Liberian society; and 2) Liberian government officials have done little to generate Liberian interest in the business field or to force multinationals to play a more participative role in the society. The result has been “growth without development,” in the sense that the country's growth rate has increased over the years, but the Liberian people remain very much underdeveloped. A change of policy could bring about continued growth with development and without cultural disintegration.
The Role of Social Scientific Inquiry in Technology Transfer
Authors: LONG FRANK
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Technology, the application of science to achieve practical results in the area of production (as economists use the term), can be understood only in a limited way from a strict disciplinary framework such as those prevailing in the social sciences. Perhaps the most restrictive is the limitation from the viewpoint of economics. The author (an economist) illustrates this contention with some interdisciplinary dimensions of technology encountered in developing countries, such as those pertaining to indigenous technological generation and technology transfer. A development framework incorporating such interdisciplinary dimensions, it is argued, is a prerequisite for formulating meaningful technology policies which help to promote an improved quality of life in developing countries.
Government Budgets and Public Services: Some Criteria for Determining the Sources and Levels of Public Goods, including Transport Services
Authors: Renshaw Edward , Reeb Donald
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Instances of non‐optimal consumption of public goods and services can easily arise if individual demand curves are not identical. It does not follow, however, that the best solution to the problem of too little consumption is an increase in government expenditure. Special user charges and voluntary contributions of time, goods, and money on the part of persons that value public goods more highly than the general population have long been important ways of supplementing government spending for social goods. The work trip appears to be a good example of a service area where existing cost structures and pricing methods may be biased against the voluntary associations which are needed to make the United States less dependent on foreign oil. This bias could be corrected by using an income‐tax‐surcharge to help finance the fixed costs associated with mass transit and other types of work trip pooling arrangements.
On the Measurement of Discrimination Against Women
Authors: Davis Joe C. , Hubbaed Carl M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Socio‐economic measurements implicity invite individuals and governments to base decisions on them. We attempt to show that estimates of discrimination represent poor guides to decision‐making when discrimination is defined too broadly, when earnings differentials are not properly adjusted for changes in relative productivity, and when the present‐value method used is not well‐suited to the problem.