bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying tree canopy nitrification across European forests
Authors: Guerrieri Rossella , Joan Joan , Mattana Stefania , Casamayor Emilio , Peñuelas Josep , Mencuccini Maurizio ,   Collaborators at the ICP Forests sites
Published: March 2024

Fluxes and chemical composition of precipitation is substantially changed after passing through tree canopies, particularly in the case of atmospheric nitrogen compounds, with important implications on forest nitrogen cycling. The causes of these changes, however, have mostly focused on the passive role of foliar surfaces to scavenge pollutants from the atmosphere and to ion exchange processes, while biological processes involving microbes hidden in the phyllosphere have been less investigated. We combined triple oxygen isotopes approach and molecular analyses with the aim of quantifying canopy nitrification and identify microbes responsible for it, respectively. Ten sites included in the European ICP Forests monitoring network, chosen along climate and nitrogen deposition gradients, were selected to include the two most dominant tree species in Europe (Fagus sylvatica L. and Pinus sylvestris L.). Specifically, in this study we: 1) estimated the relative contribution of nitrate derived from biological canopy nitrification vs. atmospheric deposition by using δ18O and Δ17O of nitrate collected in water samples, i.e., in the open field (bulk deposition) and underneath tree canopies (throughfall); 2) quantified the functional genes related to nitrification for the two dominant tree species in European forests by using next-generation sequence analyses. Based on the isotope approach, we found that up to 80% of the nitrate reaching the soil via throughfall derived from biological transformations in the phyllosphere, equivalent to a flux of gross canopy nitrification of up to 5.76 kg N ha-1 y-1. The fraction of microbiologically derived nitrate increased with raising nitrogen deposition, thus suggesting that the process can be substrate limited. Molecular analyses confirmed the presence on foliar surfaces of bacterial and archaeal autotrophic ammonia oxidisers and bacterial autotrophic nitrite oxidisers across the investigate European forests. Our study demonstrates the potential of integrating stable isotopes with molecular analyses to advance our understanding on key processes underpinning forest nitrogen cycling, which should no longer exclude microbial processes occurring in the phyllosphere.
How do coastal experts communicate science? Insights from an international survey
Authors: Matias Ana , Pinto Bruno , Areia Neide P. , Carrasco Ana Rita
Published: March 2024

The communication of coastal issues and other scientific themes relies on the efforts of scientists and other professional groups such as science communicators working in universities, research centres, media outlets, and museums. Coastal Geoscience and Engineering (CGE) is a scientific field that addresses crucial issues of risk related to natural hazardous processes such as beach erosion and coastal flooding. These concerns have become increasingly relevant in the current global scenario marked by socio-demographic development along coastal areas facing the effects of climate change. Furthermore, communication by scientists and engineers in this field can contribute to informed participatory decision-making. In this study, the objective was to quantify and characterize science communication activities by experts on CGE. Using emails from experts pooled from three international conferences on coastal dynamics, data was collected using an online questionnaire, between September 2022 and March 2023. Socio-demographic data and insights were obtained into experts’ practices and perspectives on communication, including frequency, formats, topics, motivations, and barriers.The number of valid responses was 133, primarily researchers from Europe, North America, and Oceania, mostly male (n = 71, 53.4%), with a mean age of 45.4 (SD = 11.2). Results revealed that nearly all participants (≈ 95%) actively engage in public communication, which is a high number compared with other studied groups, where rates of scientists that did not engage in public communication range between 11% and 27%. For most of the analysed aspects of science communication in the current study, differences in opinion according to gender, age, and professional category were not significant. Notably, a preference was observed for direct interaction with audiences at local and regional scales, such as through lectures, talks, and seminars (74%), over indirect ways of communicating, like media and social media. This preference is likely related to the heightened familiarity many audiences hold on the communicated themes, with a focus on coastal risk (75%) and climate change impacts (69%), and the preferred audiences that include the public sector (55%) and school students (43%). These findings align with the prevalent altruistic motives for communication pointed out by respondents: to engage with society (76%) and to help citizens take informed decisions (68%). While the current study provides valuable insights into CGE communication, further research is necessary to delve deeper into the analysis and further enhance our understanding of this important interconnection between coastal experts and society.
Search for repeaters in the central part of the Chilean subduction zone 
Authors: Chouli Audrey , Costes Lucile , Marsan David , Münchmeyer Jannes , Giffard-Roisin Sophie , Socquet Anne
Published: March 2024

Repeating earthquakes, corresponding to the rupture of the same asperity over time at more or less regular intervals, can be used to estimate the slip rate on a subduction plate interface. The purpose of this work is to build a catalog of repeaters for the central part of the Chilean subduction zone, extending from 24°S to 33°S latitude and centered on the Copiapo seismic gap. As a basis for our study, we used the seismicity catalog from the Centro Sismológico Nacional (CSN).The similarity between waveforms gives a good criterion to assign earthquakes to a similar asperity. To measure it, we calculated for each pair of events the coherency, correlation and associated time lag between the vertical components of their P waves, on a 5 s window starting 1 s before the P arrival. We tested different frequency bands (1-4 Hz, 3-12 Hz, 5-20 Hz, ...) and kept each time the one with the best coherency value. We selected all pairs of earthquakes with coherency higher than 0.95, at three or more stations. To ensure a stable measurement, we imposed that the time lags from cross-correlation and coherency differ by less than 0.01 s. To verify that the earthquakes of a repeaters family take place at the same location, we relocated the events using a double-difference method and created clusters based on both coherency and location similarity. As coherency values are calculated on a 5 s window, we relocate the centroids of the events, i.e. the center of mass of the rupture. To estimate the surface rupture, we calculate the rupture radius based on the seismic moment and stress-drop values (Eshelby 1957), estimating the stress-drop and seismic moment with SourceSpec (Satriano 2023).          As preliminary results, we found 347 families, mostly located between 30-60 km deep, and between 29-33.5°S. Almost no repeaters were found before 2015 due to the lack of available stations. Obtained families contain a few events, with 11 earthquakes in the biggest one. We compared the obtained repeaters with the coupling along the plate interface.  Most repeaters are located at the transition between strong and low coupling zones in the Illapel area, making a circle shape around the deep part of the Illapel coseismic slip. Furthermore, we investigated the evolution of the number of repeaters with time in different areas and found potential aseismic slip marked by repeaters' activity consistent with previous observations, such as before the 2017 Valparaiso sequence (Ruiz et al., 2017) or after the Atacama sequence (Klein et al., 2021).In order to obtain more complete repeaters families, we created a new machine learning based earthquake catalog for the study area with SeisBench (Woollam et al., 2022), using data from permanent and temporary networks in Northern and Central Chile. We are currently applying our analysis to this new catalog.
Dependence of quasi-stationary Rossby waves on the background zonal flow
Authors: Frame Thomas , Jones Dominic , Methven John , Berrisford Paul
Published: March 2024

Near stationarity of large-scale Rossby waves can be associated with extreme seasons e.g. high seasonal rainfall or persistent hot or cold weather. Here we investigate the dependence of quasi-stationary waves on the structure the background zonal flow. Idealised experiments are performed using a global primitive equation model with a weak relaxation to a baroclinically unstable background zonal mean state in which the latitude and strength of the jet can controlled. This unstable background state generates sustained wave activity through repeated baroclinic lifecycles.To link the structure of the jet the evolution of Rossby waves, modes of variability are extracted using the Empirical Normal Mode (ENM) technique. This technique extracts the dominant modes of variability which like dynamical modes are orthogonal with respect to a psuedo-momentum (wave activity) norm.  Due to the choice of norm these modes possess an intrinsic linear phase-speed determined by their structure in the same way it would be for dynamical modes. It is found that despite the non-linearity of the simulations the flow is dominated by a few ENMs whose depend systematically on the background state jet latitude and strength in a manner which can be well understood through the dynamics of modes. It is suggested that seasons with anomalously persistent mid-latitude Rossby wave activity may be related to the interannual variability in the background state zonal flow.
Potential of the Photochemical Reflectance Index in Understanding Photoinhibition and Improving Irrigation Water Efficiency in the Mediterranean Zone
Authors: Rafi Zoubair , Khabba Saïd , Le Dantec Valérie , Mordelet Patrick , Er-Raki Salah , Chehbouni Abdelghani , Merlin Olivier
Published: March 2024

Morocco's semi-arid region faces challenges due to limited water resources, necessitating efficient irrigation practices for sustainable agriculture. Precision agriculture, coupled with advanced technologies like the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), holds great potential for optimizing irrigation water usage and enhancing crop productivity in this environment. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of integrating precision agriculture techniques, PRI, and Net Radiation (Rn) to improve irrigation water efficiency and maximize crop productivity in Morocco's semi-arid zone. The study presents and analyzes an experimental investigation of the PRI signal in a winter wheat field throughout an agricultural season to comprehend its dependence on agro-environmental parameters such as global radiation (Rg) and Rn. Rn directly impacts the energy absorbed by plants, a crucial factor for photosynthesis. Elevated Rn levels generally increase energy availability for photosynthetic processes, resulting in higher chlorophyll fluorescence and PRI values. However, excessive Rn can lead to photoinhibition, damaging the photosynthetic apparatus and reducing photosynthetic efficiency. Understanding the interplay between net radiation, PRI, and photoinhibition is crucial for optimizing agricultural practices. Monitoring and managing net radiation levels allow farmers to ensure that the energy available for photosynthesis remains within the optimal range, minimizing the risk of photoinhibition while maximizing crop productivity. Additionally, the daily water stress index based on PRI (PRIj), developed independently of structural effects related to leaf area index (LAI), showed a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.74 between PRIj and Rn. This reflects the extent of excessive light stress experienced by the wheat field throughout the experiment. In conclusion, the integration of precision agriculture techniques, specifically PRI, offers a promising approach to enhance irrigation water efficiency in Morocco's semi-arid zone. By employing this innovative tool, farmers can optimize water usage, reduce environmental impacts, and ensure the long-term sustainability of agriculture.
Further investigations in Deep Learning for earthquake physics: Analyzing the role of magnitude and location in model performance
Authors: Paoletti Gabriele , Laurenti Laura , Tinti Elisa , Galasso Fabio , Collettini Cristiano , Marone Chris
Published: March 2024

Fault zone properties can evolve significantly during the seismic cycle in response to stress changes, microcracking, and wall rock damage. Distinguishing subtle changes in seismic behavior prior to earthquakes, even in locations with dense seismic networks, is challenging. In our previous works, we applied Deep Learning (DL) techniques to assess alterations in elastic properties before and after large earthquakes. To do that, we used 10,000 seismic events that occurred in a volume around the October 30th 2016, Mw 6.5, Norcia earthquake (Italy), and trained a DL model to classify foreshocks, aftershocks, and time-to-failure (TTF), defined as the elapsed time from the mainshock. Our model exhibited outstanding accuracy, correctly identifying foreshocks and aftershocks with over 90% precision and achieving good results also in time-to-failure multi-class classification.To build upon our initial findings and enhance our understanding, this follow-up investigation aims to thoroughly examine the model's performance across various parameters. First, we will investigate the influence of earthquake magnitude on our model, specifically assessing whether and to what extent the model's accuracy and reliability are maintained across varying minimum magnitude thresholds included in the catalog. This aspect is crucial to understand whether the model's predictive power remains consistent at different magnitudes of completeness. In terms of source location, our study will extend to evaluate the model's reliability by selectively excluding events from specific locations within the study area, and alternatively, by expanding the selection criteria. This approach allows us to discern the model's sensitivity to spatial variations and its ability to adapt to diverse seismic activity distributions. Furthermore, we’ll pay particular attention to the analysis of null-results. This involves meticulously analyzing cases where the model does not perform effectively, producing low-precision or inconclusive results. By carefully examining these scenarios, our goal is to further assess and confirm the high-performance results obtained from previous works.Our results highlight the promising potential of DL techniques in capturing the details of earthquake preparatory processes, acknowledging that while complexities of machine learning models exist, ML models have the potential to open hidden avenues of future research.
Exploring apparent calcareous nannofossil biozone diachroneity at the southern high-latitudes during the early Eocene 
Authors: Jones Heather
Published: March 2024

The earliest Eocene (~ 56 to 52 Ma) is generally considered to be a reasonable geologic analog for modern climatic change, albeit with the important caveat that current carbon dioxide emissions are increasing at unprecedentedly high rates. In addition, the series of carbon cycle perturbations (also known as hyperthermals) that characterize the early Eocene, present an ideal opportunity to explore how ancient marine ecosystems responded to different magnitudes of warming in the past. However, before such paleoecological analyses can be conducted, reliable age models with robust biostratigraphic frameworks are required.Currently, high-resolution orbital age models for the early Eocene are predominantly based on low-or mid-latitude sites (e.g., Walvis Ridge, Shatsky Rise and Demerara Rise). In comparison, high-latitude early Eocene age models are usually only based on shipboard biostratigraphic and/or low-resolution chemostratigraphic data. Furthermore, correlation of the calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphic events at Walvis Ridge and Demerara Rise to southern high-latitude site International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1553 (Campbell Plateau, South Pacific Ocean), reveals ~1 Myr discrepancies for many of the commonly-used biohorizons (Niederbockstruck et al., in review). However, it is uncertain whether this apparent latitudinal diachroneity is unique to Site U1553, or whether it is a typical feature of all early Eocene high-latitude sites.This presentation introduces a new Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)-funded project that aims to further explore this apparent latitudinal diachroneity. The project will generate new high-resolution bulk stable isotope records and biostratigraphic frameworks for several high-latitude, legacy Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and IODP sites. These data will then be correlated to existing low- and mid-latitude orbital age models to determine whether early Eocene nannofossil biozones are truly latitudinally diachronous.
Insight into the formation of the Siberian Large Igneous Province: A study of olivine-hosted melt inclusion in meimechite
Authors: Esteban Mateo , Sobolev Alexander , Batanova Valentina , Vezinet Adrien , Asafov Evgeny , Krasheninnikov Stepan
Published: March 2024

Meimechite (i.e., rare high MgO and TiO2 ultramafic rocks) concluded the Permo-Triassic Trap magmatism ca. 250 Ma-ago, known as a Siberian Large Igneous Province (SLIP) in the Meimecha-Kotui region, northern Siberia (e.g. [1]). In addition to their elevated MgO contents, meimechite’s melts display almost no crustal contamination, making them ideally suited to investigate the mantle source of the SLIP. Formerly, two opposing models were evoked for the origination of the meimechite: i) the hottest phanerozoic mantle plume [1] or ii) water fluxing of the asthenospheric mantle in a long-lived subduction zone [2]. Based on an extended analytical workflow we will shed new light on the source of these unusual rocks.Here we present new results for more than 300 olivine-hosted homogenized melt inclusions from Siberian meimechite including major, minor and trace elements, water and Sr-isotopes contents (EPMA, LA-ICP-MS and Raman spectrometry) along with the chemical composition of their host olivine (EPMA, LA-ICP-MS). When encountered, spinel inclusions were analysed by EPMA for major element abundances.We show that the Siberian meimechite crystallised from a highly magnesian (MgO > 22 wt%) parental melt deficient in H2O compared to Ce and K concentrations, which was degassed of most of its CO2 and likely part of its H2O while rising to shallower depths. Three independent geothermometers (Mg-Fe and Sc-Y olivine melt and Al olivine-spinel) confirm the high crystallisation temperature of the Siberian meimechite, ca. 1400oC. Furthermore, the calculated potential temperatures (over 1500oC) imply a mantle plume origin of the Siberian meimechite and, consequently, of the SLIP.Initial 87Sr/86Sr values of melt inclusions reveal heterogeneous populations ranging from 0.7022±0.0002 to 0.7039±0.0004 suggesting mixing between at least two depleted mantle components. The less depleted group has an average Bulk Silicate Earth (BSE) model age of 876±88 Ma, whereas the more depleted group is significantly older with an average model age of 1716±76 Ma. All source components display significantly fractionated proxies of continental crust extraction (Nb/U, Th/U and Ce/Pb [3]), indicating major events of continental crustal formation and deep recycling of residual lithosphere before the Proterozoic Eon.References:[1] – Sobolev, A.V., et al., Russ. Geol. Geophys., 2009 and references therein. [2] – Ivanov, A.V., et al., Chem. Geol., 2018. [3]- Hofmann, A.W. et al. EPSL, 1986.
Paludiculture: multifunctional land-use to decrease nutrient loading
Authors: Geurts Jeroen , Van der Snoek Marelle , Fritz Christian , Van Duinen Gert-Jan
Published: March 2024

To counteract soil subsidence and greenhouse gas emissions, groundwater levels in agriculturally used peatlands are increased in summer (e.g. by subsurface irrigation). This rewetting could lead to increased nutrient mobilization under anaerobic conditions in nutrient-rich soils, which will lead to eutrophication in ditches and lakes. However, rewetted peatlands can also be used to purify surface water and utilize the available nutrients by cultivation of wet crops like Typha and Phragmites, which is called “paludiculture”. These wet crops can provide raw materials for fiber based products (e.g. insulation and building materials). Paludiculture can also be implemented in multifunctional buffer zones along streams in sandy landscapes.This multifunctional land-use can create a win-win situation that combines biomass production of wet crops with the provision of ecosystem services, such as peat preservation and water purification. To underpin what the water purification potential of paludiculture is, measurements have been done in several mesocosm experiments and field-scale paludiculture pilots within national and European projects (e.g. VIP-NL, KLIMAP, Carbon Connects and CINDERELLA). These pilots and experiments were used to learn how to cultivate paludiculture crops under different hydrological circumstances (water level and fluctuations), nutrient loads, water quality, soil types and field configurations. We quantified the nutrient uptake by Typha and Phragmites and the change in water quality between inlet and outlet in different situations. The results are also used to investigate which combination of factors will give the most efficient combination of water purification, nutrient uptake and biomass production.  In the end, this contributes to developing new ways of sustainable and economical feasible farming on wet peat soils and in brook valleys.
Hillslope-channel coupling and geomorphic processes in a sub-humid badlands landscape: Evidence from 10 years of high-spatial resolution topography and hydrologic record
Authors: Llena Manel , Revuelto Jesús , Gómez-Gutiérrez Álvaro , López-Moreno J. Ignacio , Errea M. Paz , Alonso-González Esteban , Nadal-Romero Estela
Published: March 2024

Badlands landscapes are usually subjected to high erosion rates and soil degradation, representing the main source of fine sediments in some catchments, especially in Mediterranean regions. High erosion rates imply high sediment transfer downstream, with associated environmental and management implications. Coupling between hillslope and channel processes has been proved as a critical factor in the evolution of badlands landscapes. This work examines the hillslope-channel coupling and geomorphic processes in a sub-humid badlands landscape using a 10-year dataset of high-resolution topography in relation with hydro-meteorological drivers. Study catchment (0.45 km2) is located in the Central Southern Pyrenees. Topographic datasets were obtained through multi-temporal surveys (i.e., seasonally and annually) carried out by means of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry. Hydrologic records were obtained from a gauging station located at the catchment outlet while rainfall was recorded in three tipping-bucket distributed along the study area. The study analyses the relationships between the hillslope erosion and the main-channel incision processes, and how they interact to shape the badlands landscape over time in relation with the hydro-meteorological registers. The study also highlights the importance of high-resolution topography in understanding erosion and the complex interactions between hillslope and channel processes, and the need for continued monitoring to better understand the long-term geomorphic and hydrological processes in these areas.This work is supported by the MOUNTWATER (TED2021-131982B-I00) research project funded by the MICINN-Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia and the EU-NextGenerationEU.
Record of high-stress deformation before and during an earthquake at intermediate-depth conditions
Authors: Toffol Giovanni , Pennacchioni Giorgio , Scambelluri Marco , Grafulha Morales Luiz Fernando
Published: March 2024

Exhumed pseudotachylytes (quenched coseismic frictional melts) and their wall-rocks represent a source of information to investigate earthquake mechanics at hypocentre depth. Pseudotachylytes produced at eclogite-facies conditions in subducted oceanic rocks are of particular interest as they open a window into the elusive mechanics of intermediate-depth earthquakes1.Here we present observations from pseudotachylytes hosted in oceanic gabbros and peridotites from Moncuni (Lanzo Massif, W Alps). These pseudotachylytes record seismic faulting occurred at ca. 70 km of depth during subduction of oceanic lithosphere and have been explained as the result of brittle failure under high differential stress in dry rocks2,3.We focus on the pervasive damage surrounding pseudotachylytes within olivine-bearing gabbros. Brittle deformation comprises aseismic (cataclasite bands and foliated cataclasites) and coseismic (pulverized domains with shattering in-situ) features associated with the pseudotachylyte veins. Fluid-absent conditions promoted preservation of the pristine brittle features, including pseudotachylyte glass, throughout the exhumation path.Pseudotachylyte veins and the associated sharp micro-faults are commonly bound by cataclastic domains. Locally, these domains develop an S-C fabric with ultracataclasites along the shear planes. This fabric shows a progressive localization of strain toward the core pseudotachylyte that cut through the S-C fabric, with the cataclastic aggregates proximal to the pseudotachylyte frequently impregnated by melt. Wall-rock olivine grains show evidence of low-temperature plasticity (deformation lamellae and undulatory extinction) and microfracturing. Both deformation lamellae and microfractures are oriented perpendicular to olivine c-axis. These deformation microstructures are also shown by olivine clasts within the cataclasites bounding the pseudotachylytes suggesting a temporal sequence of (i) crystal plastic deformation and (ii) shattering and pulverization. The small olivine clasts in contact with the sharp margin of the pseudotachylyte show substructures a few hundred nanometres in size and are characterized by absence of Kikuchi diffraction patterns. The lack of diffraction bands is interpreted as evidence of extremely high density of dislocations leading to amorphization of the material.We interpret the low temperature plasticity of olivine and the progressive evolution of the S-C fabric to represent the precursory stage of stress localization predating the abrupt propagation of the seismic rupture, whose instantaneous high stress pulse is recorded by the shattered olivine clasts. [1] Toffol et al., Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2020, 578: 117289[2] Scambelluri et al., Nature Geoscience, 2017, 10.12: 960-966[3] Pennacchioni et al., Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2020, 548: 11649
Assessing Antarctic Ice Sheet Dynamics and Sea Level Rise: Insights from PROTECT Model Intercomparison
Authors: Mosbeux Cyrille , Durand Gael , Jourdain Nicolas , Gillet-Chaulet Fabien , Caillet Justine , Coulon Violaine , Pattyn Frank , Schoell Simon , Klose Ann Kristin , Winkelman Ricarda , Cornford Stephen , Bevan Suzanne , Berends Tijn , van de Wal Roderik , Goelzer Heiko , Edwards Tamsin , Turner Fiona , Amory Charles , Kittel Christoph , van den Broeke Michiel ,   PROTECT
Published: March 2024

Mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet is increasing, accelerating its contribution to global sea level rise. Projecting the future evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet but also better understanding the processes at play is therefore of major importance for the mitigation/adaptation of/to sea level rise.  Despite considerable advancements in the initialization of ice sheet models over the last decade, challenges persist in reproducing the observed trend in global Antarctic mass loss. This discrepancy between models and reality reflects in the large range of sea level projections in the recent Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (ISMIP6). As part of the European H2020 project, PROTECT, we conducted Antarctic Ice Sheet simulations with six European ice-sheet models until 2150, focusing on the ability of the model to reproduce observations. These simulations were driven by a range of ocean and atmospheric forcings derived from Earth System models or downscaled by regional climate models under various Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Our experimental design enables us  to sample climate forcing as well as model and parametric uncertainties, ensuring a comprehensive exploration of the future evolution of the Antarctic System and its contribution to sea level riseOur simulations confirm that, regardless of the model used, the Amundsen sector is the region that will most likely dominate mass loss in the decades to come. In high emission scenarios (SSP5-8.5), a large increase in surface mass balance is also expected to temporarily overshadow acceleration in mass loss caused by ice-shelf basal melting. All the models show an acceleration in mass loss from the middle of the 22th century, following the significant increase in surface melting from the end of the 21st century for the SSP5-8.5 scenario. This emphasizes the pivotal role of surface melt in the long-term evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet and its contribution to sea level rise. 
Did This Really Happen?!: Creating Comics as a Resource for a More Inclusive Scientific Community
Authors: Wright Kirstie , Perez-Diaz Lucia , Arnould Maëlis , Mallard Claire , Coltice Nicolas
Published: March 2024

The “Did This Really Happen?!” project has been providing a safe space since 2016 for the submission of anonymised testimonies of real lived experiences of everyday sexism in scientific environments, including sexist biases and a range of micro and macro aggressions. These are, in turn, converted into comic strips by the DTRH team, as a way to increase awareness of these experiences and counter these behaviors.It is apparent that, despite quotas, increased advocacy and movements like Me Too and Time’s Up, sexism in both science and the wider world is as prevalent as ever. Is this due to the expectation that as women and minorities are more common in the workplace, the fight for equality and inclusivity is seen to be “won” or the greater recognition of sexist behaviors and microaggressions? Or is it the rise of “incels” and the encouragement of “masculinity influencers” who subscribe to a brand of extreme misogyny? Whatever the root cause, how can we change things?Since the project’s inception, we have received over 175 testimonies which have been turned into more than 60 comics, and counting! Topics have ranged from treating women as objects to questioning female competencies and confining males to stereotypical roles (Bocher et al., 2020). These have been disseminated not only by the project, but by members of the community who have used them to start conversations and challenge discrimination. In this presentation we explore how and where the comics the DTRH project has created were used, and their impact. We aim to understand the benefit of creating an open access resource, from the community, for the community. In addition, we will share our plans to continue and expand the DTRH project, with help from the IGNITE+ network.
Interaction of surface water and groundwater on agricultural plots: Insights from field measurements and numerical modelling
Authors: Joshi Deep Chandra , Hildmann Christian , Schlepphorst Rainer , Zimmermann Beate
Published: March 2024

Understanding the interactions between ditch water levels, soil water and groundwater levels in drained lowlands is crucial for agricultural management, particularly under climate change with an increase both in flooding frequency and severity in winter and water scarcity for crop production in the vegetation season. The optimum quantity of water in the subsurface soil is the base for high yields, both on fields and on grassland. Water retention with weirs or sills in the ditches is a possible way to improve water availability in the adjacent areas. The aim of our study is to clarify the influence of ditch water management on groundwater dynamics and by this on soil water content.Observations were conducted over a transect near Werenzhain, a Lusation village (Germany, south of Brandenburg). Field measurements encompassed the collection of meteorological data essential for calculating potential evapotranspiration. Soil water content was meticulously monitored at various depths (10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 100 cm), alongside soil tension measurements at depths of 30, 60, 90, and 120 cm. In the laboratory, soil hydraulic properties, texture, and bulk density were measured for these corresponding depths. Additionally, fluctuations in the groundwater level during the study period were observed down to 300 cm. First, measured groundwater levels were simulated using HYDRUS 2D to obtain the dynamics between ditch water and shallow groundwater. Thereafter, different sets of ditch water levels were used to predict the soil water and groundwater levels for vegetation season. Our approach successfully simulated data with observed soil water content, soil water tension, and groundwater level throughout the study period. Further, we could model scenarios for an optimized ditch water level management.
Enhancing STEREO-HI data with machine learning for efficient CME forecasting
Authors: Le Louëdec Justin , Bauer Maike , Amerstorfer Tanja , Davies Jackie A.
Published: March 2024

Observing and forecasting Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) is crucial due to the potentially strong geomagnetic storms generated and their impact on satellites and electrical devices. With its near-real-time availability, STEREO-HI beacon data is the perfect candidate for efficient forecasting of CMEs. However, previous work concluded that prediction based on beacon data could not achieve the same accuracy as with high-resolution science data due to data gaps and lower quality. We have introduced a new method to improve the resolution and quality of near-real-time beacon data by using advanced machine-learning techniques while maintaining consistency between consecutive frames. This method also allows us to forecast intermediary and subsequent frames using a data-driven model for CME propagation within HI images. The output generated by our model produces smoother and more detailed time-elongation plots (J-plots) that are used as input for the Ellipse Evolution model based on Heliospheric Imager observations (ELEvoHl). We have compared the data produced by our model with the science data and analysed its impact on CME forecasting and propagation.
Orbit 16 observations of SEP events from Parker Solar Probe to STEREO and ACE
Authors: Muro Gabriel ,   Parker Solar Probe team
Published: March 2024

During Parker Solar Probe’s 16th orbit, two solar energetic particle (SEP) events were detected by the Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (ISʘIS). The spacecraft measuring these SEP events were oriented near-perfectly along the same nominal Parker spiral magnetic field line which connected Earth to the solar source for ambient solar wind speeds. Both events were also observed by STEREO and ACE, which provided the opportunity to examine how SEP velocity dispersion, CME shock arrival, energy spectra, and elemental composition varied during transport from 0.65 and 0.76 AU to ~1 AU.On 17 July 2023, near the southwestern face of the Sun, the solar magnetic active region 13363 underwent considerable evolution which resulted in the largest SEP event of orbit 16 measured by ISʘIS. Two M5.0+ flares at 23:34 and 00:06 UT coincided with a confined prominence eruption and major halo coronal mass ejection (CME). A similar magnetic evolution occurred on 7 August 2023, at the northwestern limb of the Sun, in the solar magnetic active region 13386 when an M1.4 and X1.4 flare at 19:37 and 20:30, respectively, coincided with a confined prominence eruption and large CME.We utilized a variety of remote observations from GOES, SDO, and SOHO to characterize the magnetic configuration of the local active regions, estimate low coronal temperature, and discuss confined prominence eruptions as a key particle injection source. The notable result from this multi-spacecraft alignment is that SEP fluence appears qualitatively similar at different radial distances, but heavy ions, such as O and Fe, are depleted in comparison to lighter ions during transport.
WellPlaced: Cooperatively navigating challenges to land and water management to reach SDG
Authors: Hinton Rebekah , Loades Kenneth
Published: March 2024

Introducing 'WellPlaced,' an interactive and collaborative game designed as a unique tool for illustrating the intricate dynamics of land and water management, with a specific focus on the context of Malawi. Played on a hexagonal board, 'WellPlaced' revolves around the vital task of meeting the requirements of population centres, depicted as ‘villages’. Each village demands access to sanitation and water for health maintenance, requiring players to manage their finances, generated through agricultural activities on ’farm tiles’. The spatial component of the game reflects the spatial dynamics of land and water management, particularly regarding availability of water resources and risk of contamination. For example, all villages must be within an appropriate distance of water and sanitation facilities, but latrines cannot be placed adjacent to water-points. As the game progresses and the population grows, increasingly quicker, navigating the growing pressures on land and water use becomes even more challenging.As players convert tiles to meet these requirements, they confront random environmental hazards including floods, droughts, waterborne disease, and contamination, with player decision making influencing the likelihood of encountering such challenges. For example, removing forest tiles, freeing up their valuable, riverside hexes as well as returning a small amount of money for ‘selling the lumber’, adds more flood risk cards to the pack, increasing the chance of players encountering more flooding. The probabilistic nature of such events helps to communicate risk in an engaging format. The ‘out of sight, out of mind’ nature of groundwater necessitates innovative and creative methods to explore and communicate groundwater challenges and management options effectively. Alongside random environmental hazards, overuse of groundwater can deplete the aquifer represented in the game, drawing attention to considerations of sustainable groundwater use.Players must work together to navigate the needs of the growing population, keeping their population healthy throughout multiple rounds. Each player adopts a role, representing a stakeholder within the nexus and prompting conversations about different agendas and skillsets within land and water management decision making. Each game involves an engineer, sanitation officer, teacher, and farmer, each having specific capacities and skills. For example, water and sanitation management education programmes can be facilitated by the teacher, providing innovative solutions to problems experienced in the game.  'WellPlaced' not only provides an engaging platform for understanding the complexities of land and water management in Malawi but also fosters collaborative conversations among players, representing various stakeholders, and serves as an innovative tool for exploring sustainable solutions and challenging decision-making scenarios.
Cloudifying Earth System Model Output
Authors: Wachsmann Fabian
Published: March 2024

We introduce eerie.cloud (eerie.cloud.dkrz.de), a data server for efficient access to prominent climate data sets stored on disk at the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). We show how we “cloudify” data from two projects, EERIE and ERA5, and how one can benefit from it. The European Eddy-rich Earth System Model (EERIE) project aims to develop state-of-the-art high-resolution Earth System Models (ESM) that are able to resolve ocean mesoscale processes. These models are then used to perform simulations over centennial scales and make their output available for the global community. At present, the total volume of the EERIE data set exceeds 0.5PB  and is rapidly growing, posing challenges for data management. ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF global atmospheric reanalysis. It is widely used as forcing data for climate model simulations, for model evaluation or for the analysis of climate trends. DKRZ maintains a 1.6 PB subset of ERA5 data at its native resolution.We use Xpublish to set up the data server. Xpublish is a python package and a plugin for Pangeo's central analysis package Xarray. Its main feature is to provide ESM output by mapping any input data to virtual zarr data sets. Users can retrieve these data sets as if they were cloud-native and cloud-optimized.eerie.cloud featuresParallel access to data subsets on chunk-level
Interfaces to make the data more FAIR
User friendly content overviews with displays of xarray-like dataset representations
Simple browsing and loading data with an intake catalog

On-the-fly server-side computation 
Register simple xarray routines for generating customized variables
Compression for speeding up downloads

Generation of interactive geographical plots, including animations
Eerie.cloud is a solution to make EERIE data more usable by a wider community.
New tools for the estimation of direct and indirect impacts to Italian economic activities
Authors: Ballocci Marta , Molinari Daniela , Ballio Francesco , Marin Giovanni , Gallazzi Alice , Asadiris Panagiotis
Published: March 2024

Flood-related damage has increased dramatically in recent decades with direct and indirect economic impacts accounting for a large share of gross national products. Therefore, there is an urgent need to acquire more quantitative knowledge about flood damage to mitigate economic losses and reduce exposure to flood risk.Firms are especially affected in case of flood. Still, flood direct damage assessment to businesses is hindered by the paucity of available data to characterize the enterprises, the lack of high-quality damage data to derive new models or validate existing ones, and the high variability of activity types which hampers generalization. On the indirect damage side, the existing literature predominantly focus on estimating damage at the macro scale, leaving a gap in understanding the specific impact on individual firms.This study contributes at improving knowledge about types and extent of damage of flood events on economic activities through the analysis of empirical data, focusing on direct and indirect damage at the micro-scale, with specific reference to the Italian context. The investigated data derive from observed direct damage records collected after six flood events in Italy. The information on the surface of the building, the typology of the affected firms (i.e., NACE category) as well as on local water depth levels and the classification in damage components (building, equipment, and stock) permitted to develop an econometric model to forecast the direct damage and to analyze the mechanisms of flood damage across the economic sectors. The original dataset was then enriched with information included in the financial statement of flooded activities that has been used to investigate indirect damage.Despite characterized by significant uncertainty, obtained results supply first tools for the prediction of flood direct damage and for the quantification of indirect damages to firms for the Italian context, in the support of more effective risk mitigation actions. In fact, the model identifies the more vulnerable elements within the business sectors orienting modelers and decision-makers choices.
A multi-proxy approach to assess chemical weathering in the Southern French Alps since Marine Isotopic Stage 4
Authors: Nauton-Fourteu Martin , Bromley Gordon , Tyrrell Shane , Jorry Stephan , Toucanne Samuel , Mariotti Apolline , Blard Pierre-Henri , Charreau Julien
Published: March 2024

Beginning by erosion at the source, through transport and intermediate storage, and to final deposition, sediment experiences various processes modifying its mineralogical composition. Among these processes, chemical weathering is governed by climatic conditions, with a cold and arid climate hindering dissolution or replacement of specific silicate mineral phases compared to a hot and humid setting. It is thus theoretically possible to utilise chemical weathering conditions reconstructed from the sedimentary record as a proxy to past climatic conditions. However, chemical weathering intensity, as determined from the final product of a sedimentary cycle, is strongly dependent on the duration of past exposure to weathering conditions, with shorter residence times in the sedimentary transport system resulting in lower chemical weathering intensities.To address these issues, this study interrogates both a modern river catchment (Var River, southeast France) and its offshore sedimentary equivalent (the Var turbidite system), spanning the Upper Pleistocene to Holocene. In the area, five main river tributaries drain various lithologies of the Southern French Alps carrying sediments from a mountainous landscape to the turbiditic system. This sediment delivery has been mainly controlled over the past ca. 70 kyrs by millennial-scale Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations, with more frequent turbidite activity during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Additionally, previous work on the area highlighted higher denudation rates during the LGM compared to pre- and post-LGM times.This project uses multiple proxies to reconstruct chemical weathering from both active river sandbars in the Var River catchment and from sediments collected in the adjacent turbiditic system. Bulk rock geochemistry data are used to calculate chemical weathering indices such as the traditional Chemical Index of Alteration and more recent alpha indices. Additionally, heavy minerals apatite and tourmaline are employed in the apatite-tourmaline index, a potential indicator of variations in past chemical weathering conditions. This dataset is compared to previously acquired neodymium isotope provenance data and palaeo-denudation rates (10Be). Whilst assessing the robustness of various chemical weathering techniques, this study also intends to shed light on the LGM impact on sediment delivery and chemical weathering in a mountainous landscape.