bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efecto de la especialización temprana en los deportes de equipo. Una revisión sistemática
Authors: Benitez Fatou Carlos , Martín Barrero Alberto , Camacho Lazarraga Pablo
Published: June 2022

The objective of this research was to find out the impact of sports programmes based on early specialisation on the chances of becoming an expert, the increased likelihood of suffering injuries and/or dropping out of sports practice in the development of young players in team sports. A systematic review was conducted, using the PRISMA statement to study and analyse the field of sport specialisation in team sports. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science databases, as well as other research sources. Finally, 54 potentially relevant studies were selected. The results indicate that early sport specialisation is linked to high injury rates and a higher risk of sport abandonment, which makes it a hindering element in the development of young athletes. In contrast, a varied sport practice can be a beneficial element for sport development, especially in young subjects whose participation in team sports is deeply linked to the level of interest and motivation they can generate.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la incidencia de los programas deportivos basados en la especialización temprana sobre las posibilidades de llegar a ser experto, la mayor posibilidad de sufrir lesiones y/o abandonar la práctica deportiva en el desarrollo de jóvenes jugadores en los deportes de equipo. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática, donde se empleó la declaración PRISMA para estudiar y analizar al ámbito de la especialización deportiva en los deportes de equipo. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y Web of Science, así como en otras fuentes de investigación. Finalmente se seleccionaron 41 estudios potencialmente relevantes. Los resultados señalan que la especialización deportiva temprana está ligada a índices elevados de lesión y a un mayor riesgo de abandono deportivo, lo cual le convierte en un elemento obstaculizador en el desarrollo de los jóvenes deportistas. Una práctica deportiva variada puede suponer, en cambio, un elemento beneficioso para el desarrollo deportivo, especialmente en sujetos jóvenes cuya participación en los deportes de equipo está ligada profundamente al nivel de interés y motivación que estos le puedan generar.
The effect of hypothalamic involvement and growth hormone treatment on cardiovascular risk factors during the transition period in patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma
Authors: Park Sang Hee , Lee Yun Jeong , Cheon Jung-Eun , Shin Choong Ho , Jung Hae Woon , Lee Young Ah
Published: June 2022

Purpose: Hypothalamic damage may increase the risk of adulthood obesity and cardiovascular disease in patients with craniopharyngioma. We evaluated the effects of hypothalamic involvement (HI) and growth hormone (GH) discontinuation on cardiovascular risk factors during the transition period in patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma.Methods: Thirty-three patients (17 males, 16 females) underwent retesting for adult GH deficiency (GHD) between 2005 and 2020 at Seoul National University Children's Hospital. Postoperative HI was graded by Puget's criteria and data regarding GH replacement were collected. At retesting, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose, insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, and blood pressure were assessed.Results: The mean age of commencement and discontinuation of GH replacement for childhood GHD was 10.0±3.6 and 15.3±3.1 years, respectively. The mean age at retesting for adult GHD was 17.7±2.5 years. When patients were categorized by post-GH discontinuation duration, those with durations >6 months (n=27) showed lower HDL-C levels than those with <6 months (P=0.037). Patients with extensive HI (n=16) had higher BMI z-scores than did those with no HI or mild HI (P=0.020). Both the extent of HI and longer post-GH discontinuation duration were significantly predictive for decreased HDL-C levels (P<0.05, for both).Conclusion: The extent of HI and GH discontinuation duration during the transition period can increase cardiovascular risks in patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma.
Classic and backdoor pathways of androgen biosynthesis in human sexual development
Authors: Lee Hyun Gyung , Kim Chan Jong
Published: June 2022

Both genes and hormones regulate human sexual development. Although ovarian hormones are not essential for female external genitalia development, male sexual development requires the action of testicular testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT is the most active endogenous androgen formed by the conversion of testosterone in genital skin. This synthesis route from cholesterol to DHT is called the conventional classic pathway. Recent investigations have reported an alternative ("backdoor") route for DHT formation that bypasses fetal testicular testosterone. This alternative route plays a crucial role in human hyperandrogenic disorders like congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by P450c21 deficiency, polycystic ovary syndrome, and P450 oxidoreductase deficiency. In addition, mutations in AKR1C2 and AKR1C4, genes encoding 3α-reductases, have been implicated in disorders of sexual development, indicating that both the classic and backdoor routes are required for normal human male sexual development. More recently, androsterone was found to be the primary androgen of the human backdoor route. Androsterone and steroidal substrates specific to the backdoor route are predominantly found in the placenta, liver, and adrenal glands rather than in the testes. These findings are essential to understanding human sexual development.
STOCHASTIC MODELING OF OPTIMAL LOGISTICS IN THE FUNCTION OF MAXIMIZING INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS EFFICIENCY OF SMEs
Authors: Landika Mirjana , Sredojević Vanja , Šupuković Vedran , Peulić Velibor
Published: June 2022

The concept of business activity conditions specific procedures and activities in order to maximize the difference between output and input variables while taking into account the uncertainty of the business outcome. The business outcome is determined by a number of factors that are under the control of the decision maker. However, a number of factors are conditioned by stochastic quantities, which obey the laws of probability of a random variable whose value the decision maker cannot influence but must anticipate and respect in the business decision making process. Conditionality of business results with the market component refers to user expectations, and it requires a model approach by which the uncertain business future is recomposed into business expectations, with a high level of reliability. Modeling of the system by the process of mathematical simulation enables the calculation of variants of business future in the present time without realizing business strategies before their selection and classification. The modeling process includes business system analysis, factor selection, qualitative and quantitative expression, classification of variables, functional linking, formulation of probability distribution of random variables, and the choice of time frame for simulation. The process of mathematical simulation indicates the management consequences of business alternatives, thus the decision maker is guided by business expectations and recruits business logistics in accordance with the decision. The simulation model is adapted to the specific management problem, specific conditions and circumstances of decision making. It does not have a universal character and must be constructed specifically for each management situation.
El apoyo social promueve la salud mental durante la pandemia COVID-19
Authors: Brito Rhor Maria Dolores , Herrera Paula
Published: June 2022

Objetivo: En época de pandemia se ha visto un incremento del 20% en las personas que experimentan síntomas de trastorno de ansiedad o depresivo. Mantener una buena salud requiere algo más que realizar ejercicio o tener una alimentación adecuada. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar el contenido de las frases inofensivas que afectan a la salud mental y difundir una campaña de salud para concientizar sobre el poder que tiene el apoyo social a través de las palabras.
Metodología: Se realizó un análisis diagnóstico con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida. Luego se ejecutó un análisis de contenido para conocer cuáles eran las frases inofensivas que las personas recuerdan y les hicieron sentir mal. Además, se efectuó una investigación de la literatura y se implementó una campaña de salud pública llamada Que Sume y No Reste para concientizar a la comunidad sobre el poder que tienen las palabras en la salud mental. Resultados: El 48,28% de las frases inofensivas que hacen sentir mal hacían referencia al aspecto físico de una persona, el 28,22% reflejaban menosprecio y hacían referencia a normas sociales, el 9,1% a la forma de alimentación y de inequidad de género. La campaña generó el interés de 16 medios de comunicación, el apoyo de 6 profesionales de la salud mental y más de 1,3 millones de personas alcanzadas.
Implicaciones: La limitación de recursos hace que la comunicación en salud tenga un impacto mediático limitado restringido a espacios geográficos, grupos etarios, clases sociales entre otras variables. Contribución: Apoyamos al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida, especialmente en época de pandemia, a través de la difusión de conocimiento, promoción del cambio, reforzamiento de comportamientos, y la concientización de la importancia que representa tanto el apoyo social como el poder de las palabras en nuestra salud mental.
DIP2 is a unique regulator of diacylglycerol lipid homeostasis in eukaryotes
Authors: Mondal Sudipta , Kinatukara Priyadarshan , Singh Shubham , Shambhavi Sakshi , Patil Gajanan S , Dubey Noopur , Singh Salam Herojeet , Pal Biswajit , Shekar P Chandra , Kamat Siddhesh S , Sankaranarayanan Rajan
Published: June 2022

Chain-length-specific subsets of diacylglycerol (DAG) lipids are proposed to regulate differential physiological responses ranging from signal transduction to modulation of the membrane properties. However, the mechanism or molecular players regulating the subsets of DAG species remain unknown. Here, we uncover the role of a conserved eukaryotic protein family, DISCO-interacting protein 2 (DIP2) as a homeostatic regulator of a chemically distinct subset of DAGs using yeast, fly, and mouse models. Genetic and chemical screens along with lipidomics analysis in yeast reveal that DIP2 prevents the toxic accumulation of specific DAGs in the logarithmic growth phase, which otherwise leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress. We also show that the fatty acyl-AMP ligase-like domains of DIP2 are essential for the redirection of the flux of DAG subspecies to storage lipid, triacylglycerols. DIP2 is associated with vacuoles through mitochondria–vacuole contact sites and such modulation of selective DAG abundance by DIP2 is found to be crucial for optimal vacuole membrane fusion and consequently osmoadaptation in yeast. Thus, the study illuminates an unprecedented DAG metabolism route and provides new insights on how cell fine-tunes DAG subspecies for cellular homeostasis and environmental adaptation.
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS WITH NON PERFORMING LOAN AS THE MODERATE VARIABLE: THE STUDY CASES OF BANKING COMPANIES IN INDONESIA
Authors: Toni Nagian , DAVID Joelina , SARI Widya
Published: June 2022

This study aims to analyze the effect of bank size and capital adequacy ratio on profitability with non-performing loan ratios as moderating variables in banking companies. This study is used the quantitative research approach with the causality research design. The results of the analysis show that the bank size and Capital Adequacy Ratio have a positive and significant effect on profitability in banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2016-2020 period by using the bootstrapping method. Then the results analysis of credit risk towards the bank size and Capital Adequacy Ratio are not able to moderate profitability in banking companies that listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2016-2020 period by using the bootstrapping method. The conclusion of the research is profitability in the bank’s company can be influenced by the size of bank, capital adequacy ratio, and cannot moderate by the credit risk or non-performing loan.
SWOT ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS WITHIN THE INNOVATIVENESS ECOSYSTEM
Authors: GREBSKI Michalene Eva , CZERWIŃSKA Karolina , PACANA Andrzej
Published: June 2022

The article contains a qualitative assessment of the effectiveness of the individual components with in the innovativeness ecosystem. The aim of the study is to identify key performance indicators in the context of assessing the effectiveness of individual elements of the innovation network. A set of key performance indicators was developed for each of the six identified components of the innovativeness ecosystem in Northeastern Pennsylvania USA. The performance indicators were assessed using a qualitative method in the form of interviews with the key personnel and clients. The article also contains recommendations for managing an innovativeness network.  The management of the innovativeness network needs to be based  on leveraging strengths to  maximize opportunities and minimize threats.
A Gender Analysis on the Involvement of Farmers in Rice-bean (Vigna umbellata) Production Activities in the Selected Regions of Nyanza, Kenya
Authors: George Finid Onyancha , Kariaga Mary Goretti , Palapla Valarie , Nandi O. M. J.
Published: June 2022

Aim: Analyze gender relationships and farmers' involvement in rice-bean (Vigna ambellata) production activities in selected regions of Nyanza, Kenya.

Study Design: Ex post facto survey design was used.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in selected regions of Siaya, Kisii, and Migori between August 2020 and July 2021.

Methodology: Questionnaires and interviews were administered to collect information from 103 households; Kisii (18) Siaya (24) and Migori (61). Analysis was through the statistical package for social Scientist's version 26(SPSS; 26). ANOVA was used to determine the level of involvement by gender in rice-bean production, ordinal regression was used to determine the influence of gender on rice-bean production, and chi-square to determine the association between gender and rice-bean production.

Results: The response rate was 100% (N=103). Women were more involved in rice-bean production with a production index of 2.96 compared to men who had a production index of 2.39 translating to a significant association between gender and production activities (F=50.189, P-val=0.00<0.05). Gender influences rice-bean production by 61.3%. The chi-square test showed a significant association between gender and rice-bean production (P=0.001<0.05).

Conclusion: Gender influences the level of involvement in rice-bean production activities; efforts to revive rice beans may not be realized if the needs of male and female farmers are not treated separately in rice-bean production and priority is given to those that exhibit a high level of involvement. The article collaborates with the existing theory by Eagly on gender and division of labor based on stereotyping and societal nurturance to produce gender-specific roles. Efforts should be set up by the government through the Ministry of Agriculture in conjunction with other stakeholders to formulate policies to mainstream gender involvement in rice-bean production to unlock rice-bean potential. Provide certified seeds and extension education blended with rice-bean agronomic information.
A Study on Adoption of TNAU Released Small Onion Variety CO (On) 5 among Farmers of Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Bharath S. , Premavathi R. , Balasubramaniam P. , Selvi R. Gangai
Published: June 2022

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an inevitable vegetable in Indian diet. India holds first place in onion cultivation in the world and Tamil Nadu state occupies ninth place in onion production in India. Perambalur district is the top most producer of small onion in Tamil Nadu. This study was aimed to find the adoption level of small onion variety CO (On) 5 among the farmers of Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu. This study had been conducted using ex post facto research design. Of the 4 blocks of Perambalur district, Alathur block was purposively selected for this study that it produces more quantity of small onion compared to other 3 blocks. Irur, Chettikulam, Nattarmangalam and Padalur were the four villages selected in Alathur block for study. The data were collected from 120 respondents among selected four villages using well-structured interview schedule between April to May, 2022. The collected data were tabulated and analysed using frequency and percentage. The results of the study revealed that 65.83 % of the respondents belonged to medium level of adoption category, followed by 23.33 % and 10.33 % of the respondents in low and high level of adoption categories. The farmers who had adopted small variety CO (On) 5 have not been adopted the package of practices properly.
Epidemiology of Pacemaker Implantation among Patients in Tanta University Hospitals
Authors: Ayed Mahmoud Mohamed , Nassar Mohamed Bayoumi , Naseem Mohamed , Badr Seham Fahmy
Published: June 2022

Background: This study describes cardiac pacing activity during 2021: demographic data of patients underwent permanent pacemaker implantation (PPM), risk factors, clinical presentations, indications, mode of pacing, and complications post PPM implantation. Cardiac pacemakers have become the common treatment of symptomatic bradycardia or high-grade atrioventricular block.

Methods: The study was carried out at the department of cardiology Tanta University Hospitals. 102 patients were included in this study. This study was done over a period of six months from October 2020 until April 2021 and follow up for 6 months. All the data about the patients underwent permanent pacemaker implantation were collected by the coordinator in the participating cardiac center.

Results: The most frequent risk factors of PPM implantation was hypertension (69%), followed by diabetes mellitus (29%), coronary artery disease (21%), chronic kidney disease (18%), hypothyroidism (6%), cardiomyopathy (3%), valvular heart disease (2%) and congenital heart disease (1%). The most common indication is complete heart block (69%), followed by second degree heart block "mobeitz type 2" (13%), slow atrial fibrillation (7%), symptomatic heart failure patients with LVEF ≤ 35% , QRS ≥ 150 ms (6%), trifascicular block (3%), sick sinus syndrome (2%). The most frequent mode of pacing used in our study was DDD mode (63%), followed by VVI mode (32%) with (78%) sinus rhythm and (22%) atrial fibrillation rhythm, then CRT-D (4%). Overall complication rate (9%) within 6 months. In our study the most common complication is infection (5%), followed by haematoma (1%), lead fracture (1%), pneumothorax (1%), and lead displacement (1%).

Conclusion: Approximately three-quarters of the patients related to atrioventricular block underwent permanent pacemaker implantaion. Approximately more than half of pacemakers related to patients underwent permanent pacemaker implantation were dual chamber pacemakers. Infection is the most common complication in our study and this is important for strict infection control measures.
Reward System, Employee Engagement, and the Role of Employee Satisfaction as Mediating Variable
Authors: Marleyna Yushe , Devie Devie , Foedjiawati Foedjiawati
Published: June 2022

A good reward system is believed to be a determinant in achieving organizational goals. When employees are satisfied with the applied reward system, employee engagement will manifest, which can encourage the achievement of organizational goals. This study aims to determine the correlation between the reward system and employee engagement mediated by employee satisfaction at PT. X, a company engaged in the property sector. The research is based on a survey collected from 41 employees working at PT. X. Data analysis was carried out using the PLS-SEM model suitability test technique with SmartPLS 3. The results of data analysis show that employee satisfaction partially mediates the correlation between the reward system and employee engagement (T-statistics 2.257, p-values 0.024).
Development of Analytical Solutions on Velocities of Regular Waves Generated by Bottom Wave Makers in a Flume
Authors: Jung Jae-Sang , Lee Changhoon
Published: June 2022

Analytical solutions for two-dimensional velocities of regular waves generated by bottom wave makers in a flume were derived in this study. Triangular and rectangular bottom wave makers were adopted. The velocity potential was derived based on the linear wave theory with the bottom moving boundary condition, kinematic and dynamic free surface boundary conditions. Then, analytical solutions of two-dimensional particle velocities were derived from the velocity potential. The velocity potential and two-dimensional particle velocities which were derived as complex integral equations were numerically calculated. The solutions showed physically valid results as velocities of regular waves generated by bottom wave makers in a flume.
AI-Based Particle Position Prediction Near Southwestern Area of Jeju Island
Authors: Ha Seung Yun , Kim Hee Jun , Kwak Gyeong Il , Kim Young-Taeg , Yoon Han-Sam
Published: June 2022

Positions of five drifting buoys deployed on August 2020 near southwestern area of Jeju Island and numerically predicted velocities were used to develop five Artificial Intelligence-based models (AI models) for the prediction of particle tracks. Five AI models consisted of three machine learning models (Extra Trees, LightGBM, and Support Vector Machine) and two deep learning models (DNN and RBFN). To evaluate the prediction accuracy for six models, the predicted positions from five AI models and one numerical model were compared with the observed positions from five drifting buoys. Three skills (MAE, RMSE, and NCLS) for the five buoys and their averaged values were calculated. DNN model showed the best prediction accuracy in MAE, RMSE, and NCLS.
Characteristics of Wave Pressures According to the Installation Location of the Caisson Superstructure under Regular Waves
Authors: Jun Jae-Hyung , Lee Suk-Chan , Kim Do-Sam , Lee Kwang-Ho
Published: June 2022

In recent years, coastal and port structures have attempted to prevent wave-overtopping or provide waterfront areas by installing superstructures on the structural crowns. In general, in the design stage, the Goda formula acting on the front the structure is applied to calculate the wave pressure acting on the superstructure in consideration of the wave-runup of the design wave. However, the wave pressure exceeding the Goda wave pressure could generate depending on the installation location of the superstructure where the wave-overtopping occurs. This study analyzed the applicability of the Goda formula to the wave pressure calculation for the superstructure of the vertical structures through hydraulic model experiments and numerical simulations. Furthermore, this study investigated the magnitude of the wave pressure acting on the superstructure based on detailed numerical results. As a result, the wave pressure acting on the superstructure was up to 120% higher than the maximum wave pressure on the still water surface. In addition, the wave pressure increases exponentially with the Froude number computed by the overtopping water depth at the crown of the structure, and we proposed an empirical formula for predicting the wave pressure based on the Froude number.
Retracted: Randomized clinical trial of granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide for the treatment of nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Fujii Y , Tanaka H , Kawasaki T
Published: July 2002

The following article from the British Journal of Surgery, ‘Randomized clinical trial of granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide for the treatment of nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy’ by Y. Fujii, H. Tanaka, T. Kawasaki, published online in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01393.x/full) on 6 December 2002, and in Volume 87, Number 3 (March 2000), pages 285–288, has been retracted by agreement between the Joint Chief Editors Professor Derek Alderson and Mr Jonothan J. Earnshaw, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The retraction statement at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bjs.9108/full
Direct imaging of Si incorporation in GaAs masklessly grown on patterned Si
substrates
Authors: Grundmann M. , Christen J. , Bimberg D. , Hashimoto A. , Fukunaga T. , Watanabe N.
Published: July 2002

The lateral variation of the emission energy of GaAs masklessly grown on V-grooved Si is imaged with cathodoluminescence wavelength imaging. This newly developed unique experimental approach allows, for the first time, to directly visualize and quantify the extreme homogeneity of this novel growth mode and the lateral variation of Si impurity incorporation in such semiconductor microstructures. It represents an essential characterization tool for micropatterned optoelectronic monolithic integrated circuits.

At the request of the authors and editor, this article is being retracted effective 22 June 2023.
The zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectrum of the propargyl radical, C3H3
Authors: Gilbert T. , Pfab R. , Fischer Ingo , Chen P.
Published: July 2002

We report the zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectrum of the propargyl radical, C3H3. From the spectrum an ionization energy of 69 953±10 cm−1 (8.673 eV) is deduced. Vibrational frequencies are obtained for the totally symmetric normal modes of the propargyl cation, as well as some combination and overtone bands. Both the frequencies and the relative intensities agree well with the predictions from recent ab initio calculations.
Modified Korteweg–de Vries equation with generalized functions as initial values
Authors: Bu Charles
Published: July 2002

In this article the existence of generalized solutions to the modified Korteweg–de Vries equation ut−6σu2ux+uxxx=0 is studied. The solutions are found in certain algebras of new generalized functions containing spaces of distributions.
Fluidlike modeling of the plasma–material interaction
Authors: Lee BongJu , Callen J. D.
Published: July 2002

The flow of plasma into a perfectly absorbing wall, primarily in the sheath and presheath regions, is investigated. Fluidlike moment equations are derived from kinetic theory to include the improved parallel viscosity and heat flux for a transition region between the collisional presheath and the collisionless sheath of the plasma. Both the electron and ion distribution functions are obtained. The ion viscous force, which has usually been considered to be a small term, is deduced from the distribution function, and it is found to be comparable to the electric field force everywhere. The treatment removes the singularity between the presheath and sheath regions in the ion moment equations. One of the results is that, because of the thermal conduction effects in the sheath region, the total heat flux at the wall is larger (∼30%) than in previous work.
RETRACTED: Dissipative metabolic patterns respond during neutrophil transmembrane signaling
Authors: Petty Howard R. , Kindzelskii Andrei L.
Published: July 2002

Self-organization is a common theme in biology. One mechanism of
self-organization is the creation of chemical patterns by the diffusion
of chemical reactants and their nonlinear interactions. We have
recently observed sustained unidirectional traveling chemical redox
[NAD(P)H − NAD(P)
+
] waves within living polarized
neutrophils. The present study shows that an intracellular metabolic
wave responds to formyl peptide receptor agonists, but not antagonists,
by splitting into two waves traveling in opposite directions along a
cell's long axis. Similar effects were noted with other
neutrophil-activating substances. Moreover, when cells were exposed to
an
N
-
formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
(FMLP) gradient whose source was perpendicular to the cell's long
axis, cell metabolism was locally perturbed with reorientation of the
pattern in a direction perpendicular to the initial cellular axis.
Thus, extracellular activating signals and the signals' spatial cues
are translated into distinct intracellular dissipative structures.
RETRACTED: A common mutational pattern in Cockayne syndrome patients from xeroderma pigmentosum group G: Implications for a second XPG function
Authors: Nouspikel Thierry , Lalle Philippe , Leadon Steven A. , Cooper Priscilla K. , Clarkson Stuart G.
Published: July 2002

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients have defects in nucleotide excision repair (NER), the versatile repair pathway that removes UV-induced damage and other bulky DNA adducts. Patients with Cockayne syndrome (CS), another rare sun-sensitive disorder, are specifically defective in the preferential removal of damage from the transcribed strand of active genes, a process known as transcription-coupled repair. These two disorders are usually clinically and genetically distinct, but complementation analyses have assigned a few CS patients to the rare XP groups B, D, or G. The
XPG
gene encodes a structure-specific endonuclease that nicks damaged DNA 3′ to the lesion during NER. Here we show that three XPG/CS patients had mutations that would produce severely truncated XPG proteins. In contrast, two sibling XPG patients without CS are able to make full-length XPG, but with a missense mutation that inactivates its function in NER. These results suggest that XPG/CS mutations abolish interactions required for a second important XPG function and that it is the loss of this second function that leads to the CS clinical phenotype.
A highly conserved kinase is an essential component for stress tolerance in yeast and plant cells
Authors: Lee Jeong Hee , Van Montagu Marc , Verbruggen Nathalie
Published: July 2002

Osmotic stress (drought, salt stress) is a major limiting factor for crop productivity in the world. Because cellular responses to osmotic stress are thought to be conserved in eukaryotes and because yeast is much more amenable than plants to genetic research, a functional strategy has been performed to identify limiting steps in osmotolerance of plants based on the complementation of yeast with a plant library. A new plant cDNA that encodes a functional homologue of the yeast Dbf2 kinase enhances salt, drought, cold, and heat tolerance upon overexpression in yeast as well as in transgenic plant cells.
RETRACTED: Three unrelated viral transforming proteins (vIRF, EBNA2, and E1A) induce the
MYC
oncogene through the interferon-responsive PRF element by using different transcription coadaptors
Authors: Jayachandra Sukhanya , Low Kenneth G. , Thlick Ai-En , Yu Jin , Ling Paul D. , Chang Yuan , Moore Patrick S.
Published: July 2002

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vIRF is a viral transcription factor that inhibits interferon signaling and transforms NIH 3T3 cells, but does not bind interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) DNA sequences. Here we show that induction of the
MYC
protooncogene is required for cell transformation by vIRF, and that vIRF increases
MYC
transcription up to 15-fold through specific promoter interactions at an ISRE sequence called the plasmacytoma repressor factor (PRF) element. These effects are resistant to cycloheximide but are inhibited by a dominant-negative ISRE-binding protein, indicating that vIRF acts together with a cellular cofactor at the PRF element to directly transactivate
MYC
. The coadaptor CREB-binding protein (CBP) binds vIRF and synergizes transactivation of
MYC
, but, unexpectedly, closely related histone acetyltransferases p300 and P/CAF potently suppress vIRF transactivation. On the basis of the prediction that other interferon-inhibiting viral transforming proteins behave similarly, we found that Epstein–Barr virus-induced nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) also binds p300/CBP, and that both EBNA2 and adenovirus E1A transactivate
MYC
through the PRF element. For E1A, P/CAF coactivates
MYC,
whereas both p300 and CBP suppress E1A transactivation. For EBNA2, both P/CAF and CBP coactivate the
MYC
promoter, whereas p300 suppresses EBNA2 transactivation. These findings demonstrate that viral transforming proteins can activate as well as inhibit transcription through coadaptor interactions. At some promoters CBP and p300 have previously unrecognized, competitive antagonism to each other. While all three viral proteins target the same promoter element, each has a different coadaptor use profile. These findings are consistent with cellular MYC repression playing a role in innate immunity as well as in control of cell proliferation.
The Muslim Slavs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Reference to the Sandžak of Novi Pazar): Islam as National Identity
Authors: Friedman Francine
Published: July 2002

The Bosnian Muslims have only fairly recently become internationally identified as a national group. As a matter of fact, Bosnia and Herzegovina itself has had until lately a low recognition value to most people not living in southeastern Europe. Indeed, to many it has become a shock to discover that a fairly large group of Muslims resides in the middle of Europe, not to mention that they have become the object of ethnonationalistic violence at the end of the twentieth century. A further seeming incongruity in the international arena is the claim by many Bosnian Muslims that they should not be confused with Muslims of the Arab-speaking world, since Bosnian Muslims are indigenous Serbo-Croatian-speaking (now Bosnian-speaking) Slavic people, just like the Serbs or Croats who have committed the recent acts of violence against them in the name of ethnic purity. The Bosnian Muslim claim that the designation “Muslim” is more a national than a religious identification is confusing to the world at large. This article will trace the formation of the Bosnian Muslim national identification and set forth the issues faced by the Bosnian Muslims in their attempts to claim and defend it.
VOCATIONAL SECONDARY EDUCATION
Authors: Shavit Yossi , Muller Walter
Published: July 2002

Most secondary school systems maintain a distinction between academic and vocational education. Scholars ascribing to human capital theory view vocational education as a safety net, which enhances students' chances of finding gainful employment as skilled workers. Others view it as a mechanism of social reproduction, which diverts working-class students from higher education and the professions. We hypothesize that the extent to which vocational secondary education performs each of these roles - safety net and diversion - can vary by country. Drawing on earlier work, we offer several hypotheses concerning the effects of school systemic characteristics on the role of vocational education in shaping patterns of labour force entry for young men and women. We then test these hypotheses through secondary analysis of data for countries with diverse educational systems. We find that in most countries secondary vocational education reduced the odds of unemployment, and the chances of someone entering the labor force as an unskilled worker. Second, the advantages associated with vocational education are most pronounced in countries where vocational secondary education is specific rather than general. Third, graduates of vocational secondary education attain lower occupational prestige than that attained by graduates of academic tertiary education. This disadvantage of vocational education is most pronounced in countries where vocational education also serves as an effective safety net. This is an important finding because it means that ‘diversion’ and ‘safety net’ effects are not mutually exclusive but are the flip side of the same coin.
‘EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP’, OR WHERE NEOLIBERALISM MEETS ETHNO-CULTURALISM
Authors: Hansen Peo
Published: July 2002

The overarching objective of this article is to map and analyse the European Union's discourse of ‘European citizenship’ as it has evolved since the early 1970s. It focuses on how this discourse on citizenship unfolds in the matters of social citizenship rights, ethnic relations, immigration, and the interrelated EU project of forming ‘European identity’. Through an analysis of mainly European Commission documents, a critical perspective of the definitions and meanings which the EU attaches ‘European citizenship’ is developed. The article argues that in conjunction with the Community's adoption of a neoliberal-leaning agenda in the 1980s, the EU has been moving towards a de-socialized and increasingly ethno-cultural understanding of citizenship and identity. Through this ethno-cultural articulation, it is argued, ‘European citizenship’ comes to work excluding towards the Union's non-white and non-Christian populations. In widening the scope of the analysis, the final sections discuss the EU's citizenship discourse in the context of other culturalizing discourses on ‘Europe’; a discussion which also incorporates the issues of immigration and asylum.
BEYOND UNBELIEF
Authors: Meulemann Heiner
Published: July 2002

Uncertainty and indifference are explored as responses to secularization beyond unbelief in Western and Eastern European countries with low and high degrees of secularization. The analysis is guided by three hypotheses. First, secularization should increase unbelief and indifference strongly, but uncertainty less strongly. This range of secularization hypothesis refers to the aggregate and individual level, to the degree of secularization of nations and to the religiosity of persons. Second, the self-induced secularization in Western European countries should produce more uncertainty, the enforced secularization in the Eastern European countries more unbelief and indifference. This form of secularization hypothesis refers to the aggregate level only. Third, the relation between religiosity and uncertainty should be negative in less secularized and positive in more secularized countries. This modified secularization hypothesis refers to the modification of individual relations by aggregate membership. Data source is the International Social Survey (1991), from which fourteen less and more secularized Western and Eastern nations are selected. Religiosity is measured as church attendance and self-ascribed religiosity. Dependent variables are belief in God and the Bible. The range of secularization hypothesis is confirmed for both beliefs on the aggregate as well as the individual level of analysis. However, the form of and the modified secularization hypothesis are conformed for the belief in God only.
DEMOCRATIC RENEWAL AND THE HUNGARIAN MINORITY QUESTION IN SLOVAKIA
Authors: Van Duin Pieter , Poláčková Zuzana
Published: July 2002

In this article an attempt is made to analyse and conceptualize socio-political developments in Slovakia since the end of the Mec) iar regime in September/October 1998. It is argued that the policy of democratic renewal pursued by the present Slovak government is subject to certain limitations that are the result of the ethno-national character of the Slovak Republic's founding ideology and of the basic ethno-national Weltanschauung and ideological perspective of both Slovak and ethnic Hungarian citizens and politicians. It is suggested that the emerging democratic order in Slovakia is likely to be a form of ethnic democracy rather than a liberal democracy in the conventional Western sense. This may also help to explain along what lines a resolution of the Hungarian minority question in the Slovak Republic is looked for.
GENDER, COMPARATIVE RESEARCH AND BIOGRAPHICAL MATCHING
Authors: Crompton Rosemary
Published: July 2002

This article seeks to address some of the criticisms of ‘mainstream’ research methodology developed by consciously feminist theorists and researchers. It is argued that whereas ‘variable oriented’ methods are appropriate for the study of sex differences, the empirical examination of the processes of gender structuring requires a contextualised, case-oriented, approach. These arguments are developed drawing upon debates relating to comparative case study analysis, which are paralleled with the emerging comparative ‘gender systems’ approach to the study of gender relations. Drawing upon the work of Ragin, a strategy of biographical matching is developed and illustrated via examples from a European cross-national study exploring the restructuring of employment and gender relations in Britain, France and Norway.
WORKING AND MOTHERING: Women's strategies in Spain
Authors: Tobío Constanza
Published: July 2002

The article looks at the relationship between family and employment from the perspective of working mothers. In a context of increasing convergence of women's activity all over Europe what makes a difference between countries is the extent to which women's new roles in paid work are being acknowledged through new practices in the family, social policies, perceptions and symbols. The concept of strategy is used as an analytical tool to understand how women manage their double role in everyday life. Working mothers' strategies to cope with both worlds can be considered as an indicator of the social recognition of women as workers. This hypothesis is examined taking the case of Spain as an example of an extreme contradiction between the new position of women in the labour market and the traditional social organization that does not seem to be concerned by the change. Spanish working mothers, most of them working full time, are developing a wide range of private, individual strategies to make their jobs compatible with family responsibilities. The main strategies are based on substitute mothers, who are either relatives - very often the mother of the working mother - or somebody hired to take care of the children. These kind of strategies raise, among other questions, the issue of the extent to which the organization of domestic life continues to be based on the traditional gendered family or if they can be a model for the future. Complementary strategies to do with the organisation of time, reducing distances between home, work and school, collective childcare and the help of men are also studied, as well as extreme strategies - taking the children to work or leaving them alone at home - and indirect strategies like delaying and reducing the number of children. Primary sources of information, both qualitative and quantitative are used, based on six discussion groups, twenty-five in-depth interviews and a 1,200 cases survey representative of Spanish working mothers.
Apical Spectrin Is Essential for Epithelial Morphogenesis but Not Apicobasal Polarity in Drosophila
Authors: Zarnescu Daniela C. , Thomas Claire M.
Published: July 2002

Changes in cell shape and position drive morphogenesis in epithelia and depend on the polarized nature of its constituent cells. The spectrin-based membrane skeleton is thought to be a key player in the establishment and/or maintenance of cell shape and polarity. We report that apical βHeavy-spectrin (βH), a terminal web protein that is also associated with the zonula adherens, is essential for normal epithelial morphogenesis of the Drosophila follicle cell epithelium during oogenesis. Elimination of βH by the karst mutation prevents apical constriction of the follicle cells during mid-oogenesis, and is accompanied by a gross breakup of the zonula adherens. We also report that the integrity of the migratory border cell cluster, a group of anterior follicle cells that delaminates from the follicle epithelium, is disrupted.

Elimination of βH prevents the stable recruitment of α-spectrin to the apical domain, but does not result in a loss of apicobasal polarity, as would be predicted from current models describing the role of spectrin in the establishment of cell polarity. These results demonstrate a direct role for apical (αβH)2-spectrin in epithelial morphogenesis driven by apical contraction, and suggest that apical and basolateral spectrin do not play identical roles in the generation of apicobasal polarity.
The Epithelial Cellular Adhesion Molecule (EP-Cam) Is a Ligand for the Leukocyte-Associated Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (Lair)
Authors: Meyaard Linde , van der Vuurst de Vries Anne-Renée , de Ruiter Talitha , Lanier Lewis L. , Phillips Joseph H. , Clevers Hans
Published: July 2002

Human leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor (LAIR)-1 is expressed on many cells of the immune system and is predicted to mediate inhibitory functions based on the presence of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in its cytoplasmic domain. Although the role of LAIR-1 in the regulation of immune responses in vivo is unknown, LAIR-1 cross-linking by monoclonal antibody inhibits various immune cell functions in vitro. Here, we identify the coloncarcinoma-associated epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM) as a ligand for LAIR-1 and LAIR-2, a related soluble LAIR-1 family member. Ep-CAM interacts with the LAIR molecules through its first epidermal growth factor domain; Ep-CAM–specific antibodies can abrogate the binding. Intraepithelial T lymphocytes express LAIR-1 and thus may interact with Ep-CAM present on human intestinal epithelium. We propose that LAIR-1–Ep-CAM interaction may contribute to mucosal tolerance and that LAIR-2 possibly modulates this function.
THE LUNAR CRATER COPERNICUS
Authors: Holden Edward S.
Published: July 2002

An abridged reprint of a popular work by Holden which appeared in The Californian in 1892. Holden describes in a popular way the state of the art of lunar observation and science with a concentration on Copernicus and the Copernican ray system. Of substantially historical interest (Copernicus is thought to be of volcanic origin, etc).
Energy transfer in organic systems V. Lifetime studies of anthracene-perylene transfer in benzene solutions
Authors: J B Birks  , S Georghiou  , I H Munro
Published: July 2002

The fluorescence response functions of oxygen-free benzene solutions containing 3 × 10-3M anthracene and concentrations of up to 1·2 × 10-3M perylene were observed using the phase and modulation fluorometer. The response functions of the directly excited anthracene and perylene fluorescence are simple exponential decay functions, while that of the perylene fluorescence, indirectly excited by energy transfer from anthracene, is the difference of the two exponential decay functions. Stern-Volmer kinetics are applicable because of the statistical `mixing' of the molecules by diffusion, which increases the effective critical dipole-dipole transfer radius from 31 Angstrom to 43 Angstrom.
The photoionization of cadmium and mercury vapours
Authors: J Berkowitz  , C Lifshitz
Published: July 2002

A windowless vacuum ultra-violet monochromator was used for the study of the photoionization curves of cadmium and mercury. The energy range covered was from the onsets of ionization to 19 ev and 17.7 ev for cadmium and mercury, respectively. Several autoionization peaks were observed. These correspond to excitations of inner d electrons of the neutral atoms. Oscillator strengths are given for the autoionization peaks in cadmium.
Ionization of neutral atoms with outer 2p and 3p electrons by electron and proton impact
Authors: G Peach
Published: July 2002

The Born approximation is used to calculate cross sections for the ionization by electron and proton impact of all neutral atomic systems in the sequences boron to neon and aluminium to argon. Possible exchange between the incident and atomic electrons is approximately taken into account using the Ochkur approximation to the exchange amplitude. In the cases where experimental data exist for comparison there is agreement at high energies to within about a factor of 2, a discrepancy which may be partly explained by the simple approximation made to the true wave function of the ejected electron.