bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hiroshi Kojima's Phenomenological Ontology
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola
Published: April 2008

In his book Monad and Thou: Phenomenological Ontology of the Human Being, Japanese philosopher Hiroshi Kojima proposes to redefine the I-Thou relation, first extensively investigated by Martin Buber, and to reconcile the notions of 'individuality' and 'community' in terms of his new phenomenological ontology of the human being as monad. In this essay, Kojima's ideas are examined concerning the monad and intersubjectivity, and it is shown how these ideas can be extended and brought to bear on issues concerning human encounters with the environment and, in particular, to nonhuman animals.
Culturally Conscious Organizations: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Smith Paula M
Published: April 2008

This article addresses workplace culture in academic libraries as an aspect of organizational success in achieving on-the-job diversity. It introduces a conceptual framework in the form of selected indicators as measurements of cultural integration in the workplace. Characteristics of organizational cultural health are also identified in order to direct an organization toward greater inclusiveness. The emphasis is on academic libraries, but the concept and content are applicable to information centers and libraries of all types.
Instruction to Faculty and Graduate Students: A Tutorial to Teach Publication Strategies
Authors: Knievel Jennifer E
Published: April 2008

Although online information literacy tutorials have proven to be a popular method of delivering instruction to undergraduates, there seem to be relatively few that are targeted toward junior faculty or graduate students. Librarians at the University of Colorado have created an online tutorial for junior faculty and graduate students. "Publish Not Perish: The Art and Craft of Publishing in Scholarly Journals" is an online tutorial that addresses the information literacy needs of junior faculty regarding the subject of publication strategies. It also presents an opportunity to further familiarize junior faculty with the concept of open access publication.
Electronic Theses at Ben- Gurion University: Israel as Part of the Worldwide ETD Movement
Authors: Asner Haya , Polani Tsviya
Published: April 2008

This article discusses the electronic thesis and dissertation project at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel. It describes the status of the ETD movement in Israel as part of the worldwide spread of ETDs as reported in the literature. It also examines openness to ETDs by faculty and by publisher discipline.
Institutional Repositories: The Experience of Master's and Baccalaureate Institutions
Authors: Markey Karen , St. Jean Beth , Soo Young Rieh , Yakel Elizabeth , Kim Jihyun
Published: April 2008

In 2006, MIRACLE Project investigators censused library directors at all U.S. academic institutions about their activities planning, pilot testing, and implementing the institutional repositories on their campuses. Out of 446 respondents, 289 (64.8 percent) were from master's and baccalaureate institutions (M&BIs) where few operational institutional repositories (IRs) were in place but where interest in learning more about the M&BI experience pertaining to IRs was high. Comments by these library directors in the MIRACLE study demonstrated their desire to learn more about IR planning and implementation at institutions like their own. We address their comments in this paper, which compares IR activities at M&BIs to research universities (RUs).
Who Is Not Using the Library? A Comparison of Undergraduate Academic Disciplines and Library Use
Authors: Bridges Laurie M
Published: April 2008

This study examines the differences in undergraduate library use by academic discipline at Oregon State University (OSU). In the winter of 2006, an online questionnaire about physical and virtual library use was distributed to 3,227 OSU undergraduates; 949 responses were received. Chi-square tests were used to distinguish differences between user groups. The results indicate that students in the Agricultural Sciences College use the physical library less than students in the Liberal Arts College, Health and Human Sciences College, and the Sciences College; students from the Engineering College use the virtual library less than students from the Liberal Arts College.
Coriolanus , Antitheatricalism, and Audience Response
Authors: Ormsby Robert
Published: April 2008

This article examines the intersection of early modern English antitheatricalism, performing bodies, and audience response, arguing for a re-invigoration of a sense of theatre's "corporeality" that looks beyond conventional, semiotically-influenced readings of the bodies presented and represented on the early modern stage. The essay concentrates in particular on how the antitheatrical (or anti-audience) rhetoric of tract writers, Elizabethan civic officials and even playwrights themselves was concerned with the moral and ethical implications inherent in the live transaction between performers and spectators, and their potential to frustrate or confound the rational, stable legibility of social and cosmological hierarchies. Using Coriolanus in light of these descriptions affords a focus on how the drama places the protagonist's body at the centre of the phenomenal, lived experience of performative exchange, an exchange it depicts as profoundly unstable. The reading offers insight into Coriolanus' depiction of the audience as an active agent in constructing the body's meaning in social performance as not merely consistent with contemporary antitheatrical sentiment, but, even more so, the play's dramatization of the engagement between the actor's presenting body and the onstage audience. Through engaging with the text in this way, the article seeks to offer an image of performative corporeality that may serve to redress the balance of overly "bookish" readings of early modern theatre.
"High" Art and "Low" Blows: Titus Andronicus and the Critical Language of Pain
Authors: Dickson Lisa
Published: April 2008

Drawing on the history of performance and popular and critical reviews of Titus Andronicus, this article explores the definition of "gratuitous" violence. In both the popular language of theatrical reviews of the play and in critical and theoretical discourse, the mutilated body becomes "legible" through the deployment and disruption of a conceptual system grounded in a plethora of binary relations such as "primitive"/"civilized"; brutal/refined; immature/mature; bathos/pathos; bodied/rational; inarticulate/eloquent, unintelligible/intelligible. While these dichotomies are not necessarily parallel in terms of their conceptual content, they reveal the structure of a familiar dichotomizing logic that participates in making meaning from the violated body precisely by designating that body as beyond the pale, variously defined. The essay draws on Judith Butler's model of the abject to argue that the evaluation of violence, its gratuitousness or its legitimacy with regard to the constitution of the subject, is often one that rests on a concern for ownership and use, concepts that are inextricably linked with questions of epistemology and identity. "Gratuitous" is a designation that polices the boundaries between legitimate and illegitimate uses of violence, between who can and cannot use it and see it, and between those violated bodies deemed "necessary" to the construction of the autonomous subject and those whose unruly presence represents a threat to that autonomy.
Branagh's Love's Labour's Lost and the Return of the Hollywood Musical: Song of the Living Dead
Authors: Green Douglas E.
Published: April 2008

The recent suggestion of a revival of the movie musical as a major genre is both tantalizing and dissatisfying. On the one hand, the movie musical does seem to be reemerging-or struggling back via various routes into mainstream filmmaking and audience consciousness. On the other hand, if Raymond Williams is right about nostalgia, then like all revivals this one too will inevitably fail to live up to the utopia of childhood memory. Thus when Branagh conjures the aura of the classic movie musical in his screen adaptation of Love's Labour's Lost (2000), the result exhibits both the attractions of the genre to contemporary filmmakers and its likely irretrievability. In the critical light of such very different responses as Katherine Eggert's and Michael Friedman's, Branagh's LLL might best allowed to fade into oblivion. But Woody Allen's Everybody Says I Love You (1996), a nostalgic critique of the genre that simultaneously lays out the impediments to its resuscitation, reveals why the movie musical will likely persist-the generic equivalent of the living-dead. An exemplary instance of this zombie genre, Branagh's Shakespearean foray into the movie musical constitutes a strange episode in its ostensible reemergence-a case in which the re-creation of film history is meant to modernize Shakespeare even as the 'Shakespearean' is meant to underwrite a cinematic revival.
“In Spite of Her Sex”: The Cacica and the Politics of the Pueblo in Late Colonial Cusco
Authors: Garrett David T.
Published: April 2008

In October, 1797, theindios principalesof the Andean pueblo of Muñani appealed to the royal court in Cusco to depose their governor, orcacica, Doña María Teresa Choquehuanca. Not challenging hereditary Choquehuanca rule, they instead focused on María Teresa's incompetence and her sex, complaining of “the miseries that we have suffered with [her] inappropriate entry into thecacicazgo,” adding that “on account of her distinct sex she should by justice be deposed, because she is not worthy of so estimable an office.” That office was central to the indigenous politics of colonial Peru, the legal and administrative ordering of which placed most of the Indian population in relatively autonomous, land-owning “pueblos de indios” over which the cacique, responsible for collecting the crown's tribute and maintaining order, presided as something between a chief and a lord. As the village leaders in a parallel, popular tradition that reserved its authority for men, Muñani's principales asserted that this bastion of elite indigenous authority ought not be held by a woman. But they made clear that it sometimes was: María Teresa had governed Muñani for five years. Nor was she alone. Cacicas governed pueblos andayllusthroughout the Andes, and it was quite common for the husbands of cacical heiresses to rule in their names.
Black Americans and the State in Turn-of-the-Century Guatemala
Authors: Opie Frederick Douglass
Published: April 2008

In May 2006, foreign-born workers, largely from Latin America, mobilized across the United States in response to calls from anti-immigrant groups for tougher federal policies against illegal immigrants. About 400,000 protested in Chicago, 300,000 in Los Angeles, and 75,000 in Denver. In fifty cities between Los Angeles and New York, workers organized walkouts, demonstrations, and rallies in an effort to show just how important they were to the smooth operation of the U.S. economy.
Citizen of Which Republic? Foreigners and the Construction of National Citizenship in Central America, 1823-1845
Authors: Dym Jordana
Published: April 2008

The law of the South American states with reference to nationality of origin remains to be noticed.

Sir Alexander Cockburn,Nationality: or, The law relating to subjects and aliens, considered with a view to future legislation(London, W. Ridgway, 1869), 17.

In December 1841, voters in Sonsonate (El Salvador) elected Frenchman and long-time resident, Luis Bertrand Save, as theiralcalde, or municipal judge, for 1842. The governor insisted that Save accept the office. However, Save convinced El Salvador's president that he should not serve since he was not a citizen of the country, citing French and Salvadoran laws to back up his argument. French law mattered because Save could lose hisqualité de français, or “Frenchness,” by holding office in a foreign government, and Salvadoran laws limited office-holding to its own citizens. In 1843, Save was again elected alcalde and again protested because “the law requires for these positions that it is indispensable that the elected be a citizen of the country. While I am avecino(for I live in Sonsonate), I am not aciudadano(citizen), and as a foreigner, have neither a letter of naturalization, nor am I naturalized de facto.” That is, Save acknowledged the importance of local citizenship and accepted the status of a Sonsonatevecino, or community member, but pointed out that he lacked national membership because his domicile did not make a “foreigner” a citizen, and he lacked the institutional change of status, naturalization, to overcome that foreignness.
“Traditional” exegeses of 4:34
Authors: Bauer Karen
Published: April 2008

The beginning of Qur’an 4:34 (Men are qaww?m?n over women, with what God has preferred some over others, and with what they spend of their wealth) is often taken to legislate men’s authority over women. But many questions remain about the history of interpretations of this verse. In what ways have interpretations developed through time? Do pre-modern interpretations of this verse resemble modern interpretations, and what do such resemblances say about the attitudes of the exegetes? And what are the methods that pre-modern and modern exegetes use to arrive at their interpretations?

One way of empirically examining the variety in the pre-modern heritage, the methods of the exegetes, and the use of the pre-modern heritage in modern discourse is through the genre of Qur’?n commentaries (tafs?r al-Qur’?n). This verse has always been a source of controversy: pre-modern exegeses of it are varied. In the first part of this paper, I explore some of the variations in the content and methods of pre-modern interpretation, focusing on the ways in which content and method developed through time. I argue that some of the variations in content between the earliest and later pre-modern exegeses may be due to development in the exegetes’ methods of writing exegesis.
The Problems of Conscience and Hermeneutics: A Few Contemporary Approaches
Authors: Chaudhry Ayesha Siddiqua
Published: April 2008

This paper surveys the contemporary approaches to the problems of

conscience raised by the verse, exploring modes of resolving the issues

that arise when believing Muslims approach the verse and find its

apparent meaning to violate their pre-existing notions of justice,

notions which are partly informed the by the Qur'anic text itself. It

finds that the prescription of 'hitting' one's wife, as the last of

three mitigating directives when dealing with a woman who embodies the

quality of "nushuz", creates a moment of interruption in the

relationship between the believer and text. Contemporary scholars engage

both text and historical precedent in the present context when

(re)interpreting Qur'an 4:34 and the relative weight given to text and

precedent determines the conclusions of individual arguments.
Musical Genre Distinction and the Uniculture
Authors: Morse Michael W.
Published: April 2008

Simon Frith’s stimulating “Is Jazz Popular Music?” raises broader issues than the generic relations between these forms of musical experience. Even the specifically musical correlations transcend genre, involving the general history of dance energy. Moreover, both labels have comprised and designated very different musical experiences throughout their institutional, discursive, and social histories. These differences are reflected in the consistently contrasted perspectives of jazz and pop scholars, and by important shifts in the very definition of ‘music.’ In the contemporary context, jazz and popular music present contrasting but related faces in relation to the all-embracing uniculture of recent years.
David Murray
Authors: Wall Tim
Published: April 2008

David Murray has been a leading innovative jazz musician for the last thirty years. He has been a prolific recording artist and concert performer, and an eclectic collaborator within and outside the jazz tradition. This paper explores the cultural and political economic context in which he works as a professional musician and in which his work is listened to and understood. Reinterpreting Scott DeVeaux’s notion of the ‘progressive musician’, Murray’s work is discussed in terms of the venues, record companies and wider media in which he performs, and the different ways in which ideas of progress have both changed over time, and been interpreted in the US and UK. It also explores the important role of critic Stanley Crouch in the development of Murray’s career and the wider critical context in which the meanings and value of jazz are discussed. The analysis is based upon a historiography of Murray’s career and recorded output and an examination of original press coverage and primary interviews with key music industry personnel. Conclusions are drawn about distinctly different European and African American ideas of progress and tradition in jazz, and about the infrastructure that sustains working jazz musicians.
Being bop
Authors: Turner Thomas
Published: April 2008

As the 1940s turned into the 1950s the popular image of the jazz musician shifted. The patriotic soldier jazzmen and wholesome mass entertainers of the war years were replaced by a new conception of the jazz musician as a radical who stood apart from conventional tastes, a non-conformist, a deviant. Focusing on Down Beat and Metronome, this essay examines how this image was created in the popular jazz press of the late 1940s. The way these publications responded to the music and words of the young black musicians at the forefront of bebop helped shape an image of the bebop musician as one who stood outside conventional musical and social norms, and which stood in contrast to the more respectable elements of 1940s swing. Carried to others through the press, bebop’s style and image served as a model antidote to the conformity of the early years of the Cold War, and as bebop was entrenched as the basis of post-war jazz, what had been associated with just one section of the jazz community soon became associated with its whole. In this way, the styles the press had associated with bebop ceased to define a subculture of black musicians but came to embody and express a certain discontent with mainstream American society.
The parallax of art and commerce
Authors: Macaulay Michael
Published: April 2008

This article adds to art versus commerce debate by introducing the thoughts of eight professional jazz musicians. Our article suggests that other studies of marketing in music are flawed either methodologically (e.g. Kubacki and Croft, 2004) or, more crucially, conceptually (e.g. Holbrook, 2005). We feel that too many discussions have misconceived of the debate by positing art and commerce at opposite ends of a spectrum, allowing for some degree of (theoretical or actual) concord in between. As such musicians are classified as artists, who “sell out” to commerce, or else mere commercial players who have no business calling themselves artists. We argue that the debate of art versus commerce is misconceived: it is not a spectrum but rather a parallax, a space between opposites that cannot be bridged and remains forever apart. The parallax shift is therefore one of perspective, which enables two opposites to co-exist without meeting in the middle. This paper therefore offers fresh insight into current problems identified in arts marketing theory by outlining the thoughts of leading artists themselves. In addition, the paper argues that marketing is an extremely important tool to ensure a sustainable UK jazz scene.
Personal exposure to mobile phone frequencies and well‐being in adults: A cross‐sectional study based on dosimetry
Authors: Thomas Silke , Kühnlein Anja , Heinrich Sabine , Praml Georg , Nowak Dennis , von Kries Rüdiger , Radon Katja
Published: April 2008

The use of mobile phone telecommunication has increased in recent years. In parallel, there is growing concern about possible adverse health effects of cellular phone networks. We used personal dosimetry to investigate the association between exposure to mobile phone frequencies and well‐being in adults. A random population‐based sample of 329 adults living in four different Bavarian towns was assembled for the study. Using a dosimeter (ESM‐140 Maschek Electronics), we obtained an exposure profile over 24 h for three mobile phone frequency ranges (measurement interval 1 s, limit of determination 0.05 V/m). Exposure levels over waking hours were totalled and expressed as mean percentage of the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference level. Each participant reported acute symptoms in a day‐long diary. Data on five groups of chronic symptoms and potential confounders were assessed during an interview. The overall exposure to high‐frequency electromagnetic fields was markedly below the ICNIRP reference level. We did not find any statistically significant association between the exposure and chronic symptoms or between the exposure and acute symptoms. Larger studies using mobile phone dosimetry are warranted to confirm these findings. Bioelectromagnetics 29:463–470, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bipolar, anastral spindle development in artificially activated sea urchin eggs
Authors: Henson John H. , Fried Christopher A. , McClellan Mary K. , Ader Jason , Davis Jessica E. , Oldenbourg Rudolf , Simerly Calvin R.
Published: April 2008

The mitotic apparatus of the early sea urchin embryo is the archetype example of a centrosome‐dominated, large aster spindle organized by means of the centriole of the fertilizing sperm. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that artificially activated sea urchin eggs possess the capacity to assemble the anastral, bipolar spindles present in many acentrosomal systems. Control fertilized Lytechinus pictus embryos and ammonia‐activated eggs were immunolabeled for tubulin, centrosomal material, the spindle pole structuring protein NuMA and the mitotic kinesins MKLP1/Kinesin‐6, Eg5/Kinesin‐5, and KinI/Kinesin‐13. Confocal imaging showed that a subset of ammonia‐activated eggs contained bipolar “mini‐spindles” that were anastral; displayed metaphase and anaphase‐like stages; labeled for centrosomal material, NuMA, and the three mitotic kinesins; and were observed in living eggs using polarization optics. These results suggest that spindle structural and motor proteins have the ability to organize bipolar, anastral spindles in sea urchin eggs activated in the absence of the paternal centriole. Developmental Dynamics 237:1348‐1358, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal Structure and Magnetism of the 6H Hexagonal Double Perovskites Ba2FeSbO6 and Ba2CoSbO6–δ: A Neutron Diffraction and Mössbauer Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Retuerto M. , Alonso J. A. , Martínez‐Lope M. J. , García‐Hernández M. , Krezhov K. , Spirov I. , Ruskov T. , Fernández‐Díaz M. T.
Published: April 2008

Ba2MSbO6–δ (M = Fe, Co) double perovskites have been prepared in polycrystalline form by the solid‐state reaction in air and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), neutron powder diffraction (NPD), magnetic measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy (for M = Fe). At room temperature, the crystal structure of both compounds can be defined as a 6‐layered (6H) hexagonal perovskite structure (space group P63/mmc), with a = 5.7875(1) Å and c = 14.2104(2) Å for M = Fe and a = 5.7548(2) Å and c = 14.1439(7) Å for M = Co. M and Sb cations are randomly distributed over 4f and 2a Wickoff positions. The crystal structure is constituted by dimer units of (M,Sb)4fO6 octahedra sharing a face along the c axis; the dimers, which sharing corners, are connected by a single layer of (M,Sb)2aO6 octahedra. A severe degree of antisite disordering was detected in the Fe compound, which indicates the presence of 52.8 % Fe:47.2 % Sb at the (Fe,Sb)2a positions, whereas for Co, 64.0 % Sb is present at the(Co,Sb)2a sites. Mössbauer spectroscopic data for Ba2FeSbO6 confirm the existence of two distinct crystallographic sites for Fe3+. One site corresponds to very regular FeO6 octahedra (at 2a positions), which gives rise to a singlet in the Mössbauer spectra at room temperature and 77 K that is broadened by the strong Fe/Sb disorder over this site. The second environment for Fe3+ contributes to a broadened doublet in the Mössbauer spectra, which corresponds to a very distorted FeO6 octahedron (at 4f sites), for which neutron powder diffraction data demonstrates an axial distortion with two sets of Fe–O distances. This distortion is due to the repulsion of the highly charged Sb5+ cations within the dimer units of the (Fe,Sb)4fO6 octahedra, and it is much reduced in the Co compound, where the amount of Sb5+ at these sites is smaller. Magnetic measurements suggest the absence of long‐range magnetic ordering for both samples, which is confirmed by low‐temperature neutron diffraction data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Enzyme‐based approaches for pitch control in thermomechanical pulping of softwood and pitch removal in process water
Authors: Dubé Etienne , Shareck François , Hurtubise Yves , Beauregard Marc , Daneault Claude
Published: April 2008

BACKGROUND: In the pulp and paper manufacturing process, pitch colloidal particles have a tendency to agglomerate and deposit on pulp fibres and equipments. They reduce the efficiency of the washer, increase the dirt count and bleach chemical consumption, reduce pulp brightness thus leading to paper defects. Triglycerides are considered to be the most problematic compounds during the manufacturing of mechanical and acidic sulfite pulps from various softwood species.

RESULTS: Using enzyme‐based approaches, a pitch control method was developed for use with thermomechanical pulping of softwood and for pitch removal from process water. Results showed that with combination of a novel biodegradable surfactant and a lipase resin acids, sterols and triglyceride groups were reduced by 48%, 32% and 78%, respectively, compared with untreated samples. Using laccase treatment of the process water the fatty and resin acids were reduced by 42% and the lignans by 60%.

CONCLUSION: By combining the proposed pulp treatment with laccase decontamination of the process water, this new method offers an efficient alternative to control the various pitch‐associated problems. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Nitrogen mineralization of leguminous crops in soils
Authors: Nakhone Lenah N. , Tabatabai M. Ali
Published: April 2008

Organic‐N production by legumes is a key benefit of growing cover crops and green manures. A soil sample was mixed with legume residue commonly used as green manure in Kenya at a rate of 500 mg N (kg soil)–1. Silica sand equal to the weight of the soils was added and mixed thoroughly. The mixture was packed in a leaching tube and leached with 100 mL of 5 mM of CaCl2 . 2H2O and incubated at 30°C. The leaching was repeated every 2 weeks for a total of 16 weeks and analyzed for N as NH$ _4^+ $, NO$ _3^- $, and NO$ _2^- $. Five legume residues and five different soils were used in this study. Nitrogen mineralization of the legume residues conformed to an exponential model. Application of a two‐components exponential model showed two phases of N mineralization. The relationship between the organic N remaining after each incubation period and time of incubation was controlled by two first‐order reactions. The initial fast rate (k1) changed to a slow rate (k2) at incubation times ranging from 2 to 8 weeks, depending on the legume residue and the soil used. The percentage of N in each phase varied among the legume residue and soils. Linear regression analyses showed that net cumulative amounts of N mineralized from individual legume residues was significantly correlated with the total polyphenols and polyphenol‐to‐N ratios for two soils. Nitrogen mineralization of dolichos and field bean was significantly and negatively correlated with clay and sand, respectively; of field bean and alfalfa was significantly correlated with Cmic; and of dolichos significantly but negatively correlated with the total N and organic N in soils. Linear regression analysis of the pooled data showed that net cumulative amounts of N mineralized and percentage N mineralized were significantly correlated with C : N ratios of the residues (r = 0.44 and 0.48 at p < 0.05, respectively), and that net cumulative N mineralized was significantly correlated with (lignin + polyphenols)‐to‐N ratios (r = 0.41 at p < 0.05) and with lignin contents (r = 0.61 at p < 0.001).
Understanding the patterns and distribution of opioid analgesic dependence symptoms using a latent empirical approach
Authors: Ghandour L.A. , Martins S.S. , Chilcoat H.D.
Published: April 2008

Prevalence of extramedical opioid analgesic use in the US is rising, yet little is known about the nature and extent of problems of dependence related to the use of these drugs. This study uses Latent Class Analysis to empirically define classes of past‐year extramedical opioid analgesic users based on observed clustering of DSM‐IV defined clinical dependence features; multinomial logistic regression is used to describe differences across these groups. The 2002–2003 public data‐files of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used to identify 7810 extramedical opioid analgesic users in the past‐year. The best‐fitting four‐class model identified classes that differed quantitatively and qualitatively, with 2% of the users in Class 4 (most severe) and 84% in Class 1 (least severe). Classes 2 and 3 had parallel symptom profiles, but those in Class 3 reported additional problems. Adolescents (12–17 year olds) were at higher odds of being in Class 3 versus older age groups; females were two times as likely to be in Classes 2 and 4, and those with mental health problems were at higher odds of belonging to the more severe classes. Differences by type of past year opioid users were also detected. This study sheds light on the classification and distribution of extramedical opioid analgesic dependence symptoms in the US general population, identifying subgroups that warrant immediate attention. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of the outsourcing IS/ICT activities in Turkish ministerial computer departments
Authors: Bensghir Turksel Kaya , Tekneci Ali
Published: April 2008

Outsourcing an IS/ICT function has become fashionable in public administration reform. Through this modality, many organisations are cutting staff costs and increasing efficiency. Financial benefits can be great, public organisations can in fact expand IT usage and hence avoid obsolescence. Despite the benefits of outsourcing IT, there are risks involved. Public organisations need to weigh the benefits, risks and costs involved before making decisions to outsource.

Recently, Turkish public organisations have been increasingly outsourcing functions such as facilities maintenance, catering, security and IS/ICT activities. This article, based on a field study, undertakes an evaluation of the experience of Chief Information Officers (CIO's) in outsourcing of IS/ICT activities in ministerial computer departments. The findings provide important lessons for outsourcing in Turkey and elsewhere. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderate temperature sol–gel deposition of magnesium fluoride films for optical UV‐applications:A study on homogeneity using spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Krüger Hannes , Kemnitz Erhard , Hertwig Andreas , Beck Uwe
Published: April 2008

Thin films of MgF2 have been deposited on silicon wafers in optical quality with a novel sol–gel deposition process at temperatures as low as 100 °C. The properties of the fluoride layers are compared to bulk MgF2 with respect to the optical constants. By employing spectroscopic mapping ellipsometry, the uniformity of the thickness of fluoride layers is confirmed to be within acceptable limits for optical applications. The optical constants are close to the bulk data. High‐quality low‐index films of suitable and homogeneous thickness have already been produced on a laboratory scale. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Observation of quantum confinement and quantum size effects
Authors: Diebold A. C. , Price J.
Published: April 2008

Recently, the change in optical properties of ultra‐thin silicon on insulator films was shown to be due to quantum confinement. The E1 critical point shifted to higher energies with a 1/L2 dependence, and the shift was observed room temperature. Yet, quantum confinement effects in thin metal have yet to be observed optically. This leads to a number of questions that we raise and for which we provide preliminary answers. Shifts less than kT in energy can be observed optically when the final state is spatially and temporally localized. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasma ion implantation to thin polymer foils
Authors: Tian X. B. , Huang Y. X. , Li J. , Yang S. Q. , Chu Paul K. , Fu Ricky K. Y.
Published: April 2008

Plasma ion implantation and deposition of polymeric materials has gained substantial interest in recent years. This paper will present numerical results on initial potential on top surface and some examples on ion implantation of thin polymer foils. The results demonstrate that the thickness and permittivity of treated samples have a critical influence on initial potential drop across the insulating objects. The smaller thickness and larger permittivity are beneficial for ion implantation. Duplex films of Al2O3/SiO2 have been fabricated using arc plasma ion implantation and deposition. The films may substantially increase atomic‐oxygen resistance of Kapton foils, which have been frequently utilized in satellites in low‐earth‐orbit (LEO) environment. The mass loss of treated samples may decrease by one quarter of magnitude compared to that of control sample. The PET foils have also been implanted using C2H2 plasma ion implantation. The experimental results show that ion implantation may effectively enhance the gas barrier capability. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Parametric photoluminescence of spatially confined polaritons in patterned microcavities
Authors: Portolan S. , Hauke P. , Savona V.
Published: April 2008

We model the parametric photoluminescence process of laterally confined polaritons in a mesa structure, patterned on a semiconductor microcavity. Parametric processes are described within the lowest order in the polariton–polariton interaction. We show how a plane‐wave pump produces simultaneously several signal–idler pairs, due to the broken translational symmetry, the finite polariton linewidths, and the presence of a continuum of polariton states above the shallow mesa barrier. We discuss under which conditions of pump and detuning, the simple three‐mode picture for the parametric process is recovered. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preferred structures in large‐scale circulation and the effect of doubling greenhouse gas concentration in HadCM3
Authors: Hannachi A. , Turner A. G.
Published: April 2008

Preferred structures in the surface pressure variability are investigated in and compared between two 100‐year simulations of the Hadley Centre climate model HadCM3. In the first (control) simulation, the model is forced with pre‐industrial carbon dioxide concentration (1 × CO2) and in the second simulation the model is forced with doubled CO2 concentration (2 × CO2). Daily winter (December–January–February) surface pressures over the Northern Hemisphere are analysed. The identification of preferred patterns is addressed using multivariate mixture models. For the control simulation, two significant flow regimes are obtained at 5% and 2.5% significance levels within the state space spanned by the leading two principal components. They show a high pressure centre over the North Pacific/Aleutian Islands associated with a low pressure centre over the North Atlantic, and its reverse. For the 2 × CO2 simulation, no such behaviour is obtained. At higher‐dimensional state space, flow patterns are obtained from both simulations. They are found to be significant at the 1% level for the control simulation and at the 2.5% level for the 2 × CO2 simulation. Hence under CO2 doubling, regime behaviour in the large‐scale wave dynamics weakens. Doubling greenhouse gas concentration affects both the frequency of occurrence of regimes and also the pattern structures. The less frequent regime becomes amplified and the more frequent regime weakens. The largest change is observed over the Pacific where a significant deepening of the Aleutian low is obtained under CO2 doubling. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Potential energy surfaces for H2 dissociative adsorption on Pt(111) surface—effects of vacancies
Authors: Arboleda Nelson B. , Kasai Hideaki
Published: April 2008

In this study, we determine the effects of having vacancies on the Pt(111) surface to the dissociative adsorption behavior of H2 on Pt(111). We study the potential energy behaviors along the reaction paths based on the potential energy surfaces (PESs) we calculated that are relevant to these systems. Partial results of our current calculations, based on the density functional theory, reveal that vacancies on the substrate can significantly lower the barrier for the dissociative adsorption of H2 on the Pt(111) surface. We attribute this behavior to the increased reactivity of the surface owing to the vacant sites. Of the substrate atoms, we find that those on the surface mainly influence the behavior of H2 adsorption on Pt(111). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genotype–environment interaction of lovegrass forage yield in the semi-arid region of Argentina
Authors: IBAÑEZ M. A. , DI RENZO M. A. , SAMAME S. S. , BONAMICO N. C. , POVERENE M. M.
Published: April 2008

Genotype–environment interaction and yield stability were evaluated for 19 genotypes of lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). The study was conducted in the central semi-arid region of Argentina. Three locations and two growing seasons in combination generated six environments. Genotypic responses and stability of yield under variable environments were investigated. The genotype–environment interaction was analysed by three methods: regression analysis, AMMI and principal coordinates analysis (PCO). Analysis of variance showed that effects of genotype, environment and genotype–environment interaction were highly significant (P < 0·01). The genotypes accounted for 20% of the treatment sum of squares, with environment responsible for 65% and interaction for 14·5%. The biplot indicated that there was partial agreement between the AMMI and regression model. However the scatter point diagrams obtained from PCO analysis revealed only limited agreement with the results obtained by the regression analysis and the AMMI model. The results show that the AMMI model as a whole explained twice as much of the interaction sum of squares as did regression analysis and was more adequate than PCO analysis in quantifying environment and genotype effects for forage yield. AMMI analysis of the genotype–environment interaction effects showed that there were responses characteristic of a particular location. This type of association implies some predictability of genotype–environment interaction effects on forage yield production when differential responses across genotypes are associated with locations. Environmental factors may contribute to the interpretations of genotype–environment interaction. However in the semi-arid region, where fluctuations in growing conditions are unpredictable, additional research is required to obtain an integration of interaction analysis with external environmental (or genotypic) variables.
Gender, victimization, and psychiatric outcomes
Authors: Gershon A. , Minor K. , Hayward C.
Published: April 2008

Background

Although gender differences in rates of internalizing disorders, particularly depression, are well documented, the causes of these differences are not well understood. One influential hypothesis [Cutler & Nolen-Hoeksema, Sex Roles (1991), 24, 425–438] proposes that higher rates of depression in females compared to males may be partially attributable to gender differences in the effects of childhood sexual abuse. The present study has evaluated this possibility by reviewing evidence for gender moderating the effects of childhood victimization on psychiatric outcomes.

Method

Literature search using PsycINFO and Medline, applying the following inclusion criteria: publication from 1996 to 2006, community-based sampling, adequate male-to-female sample ratio, use of clearly defined psychiatric outcomes, and a statistical test of gender differences in the effects of childhood victimization on psychiatric outcomes.

Results

Thirty studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, the results were mixed. Nearly half of all studies find no gender differences. In studies that do observe gender differences, victimization tends to be associated with higher psychiatric risk in females in studies with adult samples, whereas in samples of youth, victimization tends to be associated with higher psychiatric risk in males. With respect to outcome, when gender differences were observed, outcomes were distributed across both internalizing and externalizing categories for both genders.

Conclusions

The gender differences in prevalence rates of internalizing disorders, such as depression, do not appear to be attributable to differential effects of childhood victimization.
The organization and rise of land and lease markets in northwestern Europe and Italy, c. 1000–1800
Authors: VAN BAVEL B. J. P.
Published: April 2008

In the course of the late Middle Ages and early modern period, in Western Europe, ways of transferring and redistributing land outside the market were replaced by market transactions. This, however, was by no means a general and unilinear process, but one that displays strong regional differences and temporal discontinuities. This article aims to gain more insight in the factors underlying these differences, by reconstructing and analysing the institutional organization of exchange in land and lease markets. The analysis, undertaken for northwestern Europe and Italy, points to the socio-political context as a main determinant of this organization.
Magnitude of bacteraemia is a predictor of mortality during 1 year of follow-up
Authors: GRADEL K. O. , SØGAARD M. , DETHLEFSEN C. , NIELSEN H. , SCHØNHEYDER H. C.
Published: April 2008

We evaluated magnitude of bacteraemia as a predictor of mortality, comprising all adult patients with a first-time mono-microbial bacteraemia. The number of positive bottles [1 (reference), 2, or 3] in the first positive blood culture (BC) was an index of magnitude of bacteraemia. We used Cox's regression analysis to determine age and comorbidity adjusted risk of mortality at days 0–7, 8–30, and 31–365. Of 6406 patients, 31·1% had BC index 1 (BCI 1), 18·3% BCI 2, and 50·6% BCI 3. BCI 3 patients had increased risk of mortality for days 0–7 (1·30, 95% CI 1·10–1·55) and days 8–30 (1·37, 95% CI 1·12–1·68), but not thereafter. However, in surgical patients mortality increased only beyond day 7 (8–30 days: 2·04, 95% CI 1·25–3·33; 31–365 days: 1·27, 95% CI 0·98–1·65). Thus, high magnitude of bacteraemia predicted mortality during the first month with a shift towards long-term mortality in surgical patients.
Multiple paper monies in Sweden 1789–1903: substitution or complementarity?
Authors: Engdahl Torbjörn , Ögren Anders
Published: April 2008

Complementarity of money means that two or more kinds of monies together fulfil the demands of the users better than they would without the existence of the other(s). In this article we study complementarity between paper monies in Sweden. We address four questions: 1. What was used as money at a macro-level (money supply) and at a micro-level (monetary remittances)? 2. What was the relative value of different monies in parallel circulation? 3. Were there seasonal variations in use and/or value of these monies? 4. Were there geographical variations in use and value? What we find is that the complementarity helped to solve the problem of providing sufficient liquidity domestically over time and space and thus contributed to the maintenance of a stable value of the currency.
Therapeutic mammotome excisions: radial scars
Authors: Morel J. , Michell M. J.
Published: April 2008

Benign radial scars, lesions characterised histologically by a fibroelastic core surrounded by stellate duct proliferation, cannot be differentiated from lesions with associated invasive or non-invasive carcinoma on imaging, and histological sampling is therefore mandatory. There is also extensive evidence of the frequency with which radial scars are associated with malignancy and with other lesions that have an associated risk of malignancy. The traditionally accepted management has been the surgical excision of all suspected radial scars because insufficient tissue was removed by standard biopsy techniques to exclude associated lesions. In more recent series, it has been shown that with extensive tissue sampling of such lesions with core biopsy and modern vacuum-assisted sampling devices, the presence of associated malignancy can be excluded, thus negating the need for surgical excision.
E. T. A. HOFFMANN AND THE ETHEREAL TECHNOLOGIES OF ‘NATURE MUSIC’
Authors: DOLAN EMILY I.
Published: April 2008

In 1814, E. T. A. Hoffmann published his short story, Die
Automate. The story concerns the dealings of two friends and a fortune-telling
automaton, the Turk, whose prophetic utterances seem to reveal a supernatural and psychic ability. Although the story first appeared in the Allegemeine musikalische Zeitung, it has been mostly overlooked by music scholars. In addition to the lengthy passages dealing with artificial intelligence, the story includes an extensive discussion of music performance and music instruments. The instruments they discuss – machines capable of bringing forth the voice of nature – perhaps appear as fantastical creations of Hoffmann’s imagination. However, he refers to real instruments that played an established role in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century musical culture. This period saw the frenzied production of many novel and bizarre instruments such as the euphon, aiuton, aenomochord, xänorphica and the harmonichord. Though these instruments are all but forgotten today, they testify to a widespread preoccupation with timbre and instrumental sonority. The consolidation of the orchestra as a concept, musical body and institution in the eighteenth century went hand in hand with the notion that individual instrumental sonorities had distinct expressive characters. By the early nineteenth century, this idea manifested itself in two distinct traditions: an orchestral one, in which composers increasingly took advantage of the ever-growing palette of instruments, giving rise to the modern concept of orchestration and the romantic symphony, and an instrument-oriented one, in which musicians, scientists and inventors attempted to capture ‘ideal sonorities’ (usually timbres resembling the human voice) in specially designed instruments. These creations offer a missing link between idealist aesthetics of the period and musical practice. Though ultimately ephemeral, they represent a kind of ‘absolute’ music that was founded purely in ethereal sonorities rather than in musical formalism.