bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fourier transform IR and differential scanning calorimetry study of curing of trifunctional amino‐epoxy resin
Authors: Carrasco F. , Pagès P. , Lacorte T. , Briceño K.
Published: August 2005

The curing process was studied for a trifunctional epoxy resin, triglycidyl‐p‐aminophenol, using the hardener 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone. Two curing cycles were carried out: one following the manufacturer's guidelines (2 h at 80°C, 1 h at 100°C, 4 h at 150°C, and 24 h at 200°C) and another proposed in this study, in which the two stages at low temperatures were excluded. Fourier transform IR spectroscopy was used to quantify the conversion of different functional groups (primary amine, secondary amine, epoxide, hydroxyl and ether functional groups), and these conversions could be used to infer the type of reactions that took place. These results allowed us to analyze the evolution of the curing process over time and the influence of the curing cycle. Furthermore, the enthalpy of the curing process was determined using differential scanning calorimetry, and from this the thermal conversion for the whole process was evaluated. By taking into account the autocatalytic kinetic model, the rate constants were evaluated. The glass‐transition temperatures were also estimated by applying different curing cycles to the resin. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1524–1535, 2005
Sonochemical cyclopolymerization of diallylamine in the presence of peroxomonosulfate
Authors: Vivekanandam T. S. , Gopalan A. , Vasudevan T. , Umapathy S.
Published: August 2005

The cyclopolymerization of a symmetrical nonconjugated diolefin, diallylamine (DA), initiated by peroxomonosulfate (PMS), proceeded only in the presence of ultrasound. The rate of polymerization showed a first‐order dependence on DA and a half‐order dependence on PMS concentration. The results are adequately explained through a proposed mechanism involving alternate intramolecular and intermolecular propagation reactions. The rate parameters for the cyclopolymerization are evaluated. The role of ultrasound in the initiation of cyclopolymerization is discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1548–1553, 2005
The preparation and properties of segmented‐chain liquid crystalline polyesters based on 4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl by interfacial polycondensation
Authors: Jannesari Ali , Ghaffarian Seyed Reza , Taromi Faramarz Afshar , Mohammadi Naser
Published: August 2005

Thermotropic homopolyesters were prepared through interfacial polycondensation of 4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl with sebacoyl chloride. The optimal conditions of the process, in terms of the best yield, were studied through investigating the type of organic phase, amount of phase transfer agent, time and temperature of reaction, and volume ratio of aqueous to organic phase. The structure of the sample that had the best yield (53.235% ± 5%) was determined by means of elemental analysis, infrared spectra, and X‐ray. The effect of the molar ratio of the monomers on the yield and inherent viscosity was investigated. The inherent viscosity of the samples varied between 0.095 and 0.25 dL/g. The mesophase formed at elevated temperatures was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, and depolarizing transmittance measurements. Our observations revealed that poly(4, 4′‐diphenyl sebacate), in contrast to previous reports that suggest this polymer is smectgenic, could produce nematic phase. It could be concluded that the chemical structure ordering of the poly(4, 4′‐diphenyl sebacate) plays a significant role in its liquid crystalline behavior. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1594–1606, 2005
Improving oxygen barrier properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by incorporating isophthalate. II. Effect of crystallization
Authors: Hu Y. S. , Hiltner A. , Baer E.
Published: August 2005

The present study examined crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a series of random and blocky copolymers in which up to 30% of the terephthalate was replaced with isophthalate. Isothermal crystallization kinetics and direct observation of the spherulitic morphology revealed that the blocky copolymers crystallized more rapidly than PET, at least in part, as the result of enhanced spherulite nucleation. The statistical copolymers with 10 and 20% isophthalate achieved almost the same level of crystallinity as that of the blocky copolymers. The statistical copolymers with 10% isophthalate crystallized almost as fast as PET, although the statistical copolymer with 20% isophthalate crystallized much more slowly. Crystallization substantially reduced the oxygen permeability. Analysis of oxygen‐transport parameters in terms of a two‐phase structural model that considered a dispersion of lower‐permeability spherulites in an amorphous matrix of higher permeability revealed that dedensification of the PET interlamellar amorphous regions was responsible for the unexpectedly high oxygen solubility of crystallized PET. In contrast, copolymerization with isophthalate prevented dedensification of the interlamellar amorphous regions. As a result, crystallization was more effective in reducing the oxygen permeability. It was speculated that segregation of kinked isophthalate units to the amorphous regions of the spherulite relieved constraint on the interlamellar amorphous chain segments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1629–1642, 2005
Copolymers of aniline and o‐methoxyaniline: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Mokreva Pavlina , Tsocheva Dimitrinka , Ivanova Galya , Terlemezyan Levon
Published: August 2005

High‐conversion (HC) copolymers of aniline and o‐methoxyaniline (o‐anizidine) were synthesized for the first time by chemical oxidative copolymerization by using various polymerization techniques (simultaneous or consecutive introduction of comonomers into the polymerizing system). Low‐conversion (LC) copolymers have also been synthesized for comparison. The polymers obtained were characterized by using 1H‐NMR, infrared, and electronic absorption spectroscopy; differential scanning calorimetry; and electrical conductivity measurements. Solubility characteristics and composition of different fractions of the copolymers were also determined. It was shown that, in contrast to the LC copolymers, HC copolymers reveal relatively poor solubility. Electrical conductivity of copolymers and also of o‐methoxyaniline homopolymer is lower as compared to polyaniline, which correlates with notable hypsochromic (blue) shift of the bands in electronic absorption spectra. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1822–1828, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of copolymer of styrene with methacrylic acid initiated by triphenylbismuthonium 1,2,3,4‐ tetraphenylcyclopentadienylide
Authors: Tripathi Seema , Srivastava A. K.
Published: August 2005

The radical copolymerization of styrene with methacrylic acid (MAA) initiated by triphenylbismuthonium 1,2,3,4‐tetraphenylcyclopentadienylide in dioxan at 80 ± 0.1 °C for 3 h results in the formation of alternating copolymer as evidenced from the values of reactivity ratios as r1 (styrene) = 0.03 and r2 (MAA) = 0.025. The kinetic expression is Rp α [I]0.5 [Sty] [MAA] and overall energy of activation is computed to be 23 kJ/mol. The FTIR spectrum of the copolymer shows the presence of bands at 3054 cm−1 assigned to the phenyl group of styrene and at 1724 cm−1 assigned to the COOH group of MAA. The 1H‐NMR spectrum of the copolymer shows peaks between 7.20 and 7.27 δ assigned to the phenyl protons of styrene and at 12.5 δ assigned to the COOH proton of MAA. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1838–1843, 2005
Toughening method and mechanisms for thermosets
Authors: Kim Nam Ho , Kim Ho Sung
Published: August 2005

A new toughening method that can be used to improve toughness for thermosets was developed. The method involved heat treatment to produce compressive residual stresses around hollow microspheres in solidified matrix. An epoxy resin system with expandable hollow microspheres for modification was adopted for demonstration. Toughening based on the method was shown to be more than twice as effective than the usual hollow microsphere toughening and its major toughening mechanism was deduced to be due to compressive residual stresses rather than cavitation. A necessary condition for cavitation in the presence of compressive residual stress was proposed and comparatively discussed for the toughening mechanisms involved. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1663–1667, 2005
DNA‐loaded porous polyethersulfone particles for environmental applications I. preparation
Authors: Zhao Changsheng , Sun Shudong , Yang Kaiguang , Nomizu Motoyoshi , Nishi Norio
Published: August 2005

DNA‐loaded porous poly(ether sulfone) (PES) particles are prepared for environmental applications by means of a liquid–liquid phase separation technique. The particles prepared by this method have very large porosity and specific surface area, which are useful as absorbents. By manipulating the fabrication conditions, we could control the microsphere structure, including the diameter and porosity of the particles, the pore size, and the specific surface area. Increasing the polymer concentration, which causes lower porosity and smaller pores on the outer surface of the microspheres, led to increased stability of the DNA‐loaded particles and high DNA incorporation efficiency. The DNA‐loaded porous PES particles could accumulate and remove a DNA intercalating pollutant, ethidium bromide (EB). Both the DNA amount incorporated in the particles and the microsphere structure have great effect on the EB removal ratio. These results indicate that the DNA‐loaded PES particles have the potential to be used in environmental applications, which will be further discussed in the following paper. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1668–1673, 2005
Radiation‐induced crosslinking of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fibers by means of electron beams
Authors: Gao Chunling , Li Shujun , Song Hongbing , Xie Liqing
Published: August 2005

Crosslinking of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fibers (UHMW‐PE fibers) is investigated by means of electron beam irradiation. The structure and mechanical properties of the fibers in different irradiation atmospheres are discussed. The results show that the gel fraction and crosslinking density increase with the increase of absorbed dose. The swelling ratio and average molecular weight of crosslinked net decrease with the increase of absorbed dose. The relation between s + s−1 of the UHMW‐PE fibers and reciprocal irradiation dose 1/R is obtained. The tensile strength and failure elongation decrease with the increase of absorbed dose, and the tensile modulus increases with the increase of absorbed dose. The samples are irradiated in air, vacuum, and acetylene atmospheres, separately. The radiation effects, such as crosslinking fraction and mechanical properties of UHMW‐PE fibers, are the most significant in acetylene atmosphere in comparison with in air and in vacuum. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1761–1764, 2005
Dynamic mechanical characterization of a soy based epoxy resin system
Authors: Shabeer A. , Garg A. , Sundararaman S. , Chandrashekhara K. , Flanigan V. , Kapila S.
Published: August 2005

Epoxidized allyl soyate (EAS), a novel soy based epoxy resin, has been prepared by the process of transesterfication and epoxidation of regular food grade soybean oil. Two types of crosslinking agents were employed in this study. The effects of the concentration of EAS and the type of crosslinking agent on the dynamic mechanical behavior of the soy based resin system have been investigated. The room temperature storage moduli (E′) and the glass transition temperatures (Tg) increased for the anhydride cured and decreased for the amine cured resins. The loss tangent maximum (tan δ)max decreased for anhydride cured resins and increased for amine cured resins. The effect of frequency on the storage modulus was also studied. Master curves were constructed by the time‐temperature superpositioning technique (TTS) to predict the storage modulus at times and temperatures that are not experimentally feasible. The results indicate that soy based epoxy resins with appropriate concentrations hold great potential as a replacement for petroleum based materials in noise and vibration attenuation applications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1772–1780, 2005
Reduction mechanism of L‐cysteine on keratin fibers using microspectrophotometry and Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Kuzuhara Akio , Hori Teruo
Published: August 2005

In order to investigate the reduction mechanism of L‐cysteine (Cys) on keratin fibers, cross‐sectional samples of virgin white human hair treated with Cys were prepared. The heterogeneous reaction between Cys and keratin fibers involving the diffusion of Cys into human hair was analyzed at the molecular level using microspectrophotometry and Raman spectroscopy. The diffusion pattern of Cys into human hair showed non‐Fickian type characteristics, thus indicating the free amino groups of electrostatically interacted with the anionic ions of the fiber surface. The disconnected relative concentration of —SS— groups at various depths of the hair samples with pH 9.0 was less than the Cys relative concentration, indicating that the reaction rate (the disconnection of —SS— groups) was slower than the diffusion rate of Cys into human hair. From these experiments, we concluded that the free amino groups of Cys electrostatically interacted with the anionic ions of the fiber surface, thereby decreasing the reaction rate (the disconnection of —SS— groups) of Cys at pH 9.0. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 79: 324–334, 2005

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Configurational preference of pyrrolidine‐based oxy‐peptide nucleic acids as hybridization counterparts with DNA and RNA
Authors: Kitamatsu Mizuki , Shigeyasu Masanori , Saitoh Mamoru , Sisido Masahiko
Published: August 2005

A new series of oxy‐peptide nucleic acids (pyrrolidine‐based oxy‐peptide nucleic acids = POPNAs) of four different stereoisomeric forms (cis‐L, cis‐D, trans‐L, trans‐D) have been synthesized. To find a favorable stereoisomer of POPNA for hybridization with DNA or RNA, thermodynamic parameters and conformations of the hybrids between the four stereoisomers with 9 adenine bases [po(A9)s] and dT9 or rU9 were investigated from ultraviolet (UV) melting curves and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The cis‐L‐po(A9) formed the most stable hybrid with dT9, because of the smallest entropy loss, despite the smallest enthalpy gain. In contrast, trans‐L‐po(A9) formed the most stable hybrid with rU9, because of the largest enthalpy gain, despite the largest entropy loss. The hybrid stability of trans‐L‐po(A9) with rU9 was significantly improved as compared with a previous version of oxy‐peptide nucleic acid (OPNA) that lacks the pyrrolidine ring. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 267–273, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
A phase II trial of arsenic trioxide in patients with metastatic melanoma
Authors: Kim Kevin B. , Bedikian Agop Y. , Camacho Luis H. , Papadopoulos Nicholas E. , McCullough Cecilia
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

Arsenic trioxide induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in human melanoma cell lines. Therefore, a Phase II trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of single‐agent arsenic trioxide in patients with Stage IV melanoma.

METHODS

Twenty patients, 10 with metastatic melanoma of cutaneous origin and 10 with metastatic melanoma of choroidal origin, received arsenic trioxide 0.25 mg/kg/day for 5 days, followed by a maintenance dose of 0.35 mg/kg/day twice a week. All patients with melanoma of cutaneous origin and four patients with melanoma of choroidal origin had received prior therapy.

RESULTS

Single‐agent arsenic trioxide did not induce clinical response in this patient population. Eight patients (five with melanoma of cutaneous origin, and three with melanoma of choroidal origin) had disease stabilization for at least six weeks. The median overall survival duration for patients with melanoma of cutaneous origin was 7.9 months, and that of patients with melanoma of choroidal origin has not been reached at a median follow‐up duration of 11.8 months. Grade 3 toxicity included neutropenia, fatigue, abdominal pain, and arthralgia. Grade 4 toxicity did not occur.

CONCLUSIONS

Single‐agent arsenic trioxide was generally well tolerated; however, no tumor regression was observed in this patient population. Future clinical trials should evaluate arsenic trioxide in combination with other anticancer drugs that may improve its clinical activity in melanoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Hepatic arterial embolization and chemoembolization for the treatment of patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Gupta Sanjay , Johnson Marcella M. , Murthy Ravi , Ahrar Kamran , Wallace Michael J. , Madoff David C. , McRae Stephen E. , Hicks Marshall E. , Rao Sujaya , Vauthey Jean‐Nicolas , Ajani Jaffer A. , Yao James C.
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic variables that influence response and survival in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors who are treated with hepatic arterial embolization (HAE) or chemoembolization (HACE).

METHODS

Patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors who underwent HAE or HACE were included in this retrospective study. Follow‐up imaging studies were compared with baseline imaging to determine the radiologic response. Progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the prognostic variables that affected response and survival.

RESULTS

The study included 69 patients with carcinoid tumors and 54 patients with pancreatic islet cell carcinomas. Patients who had carcinoid tumors had a higher response rate (66.7% vs. 35.2%; P = 0.0001) and had longer PFS (22.7 mos vs. 16.1 mos; P = 0.046) and OS (33.8 mos vs. 23.2 mos; P = 0.012) compared with patients who had islet cell carcinomas. For patients with carcinoid tumors, multivariate analysis identified male gender as the only independent risk factor for poor survival (P = 0.05). Octreotide was predictive marginally for PFS (P = 0.06). Patients who were treated with HAE had a higher response rate than patients who were treated with HACE (P = 0.004). For patients with islet cell carcinoma, an intact primary tumor, ≥ 75% liver involvement, and extrahepatic metastases were associated with reduced OS in the univariate analysis; the presence of bone metastases was the only risk factor (P = 0.031) in the multivariate analysis. Patients who were treated with HACE had a prolonged OS (31.5 mos vs. 18.2 mos) and improved response (50% vs. 25%) compared with patients who were treated with HAE, although the differences did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with carcinoid tumors had better outcomes than patients with islet cell carcinomas. The addition of intraarterial chemotherapy to HAE did not improve the outcome of patients with carcinoid tumors, but it seemed to benefit patients with islet cell carcinomas. In patients who had carcinoid tumors, male gender predicted a poor outcome, and a trend toward prolonged PFS was observed in patients who received concomitant octreotide. An intact primary tumor, extensive liver disease, and bone metastases were associated with reduced survival in patients with islet cell carcinomas. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Educational and social late effects of childhood cancer and related clinical, personal, and familial characteristics
Authors: Barrera Maru , Shaw Amanda K. , Speechley Kathy N. , Maunsell Elizabeth , Pogany Lisa
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

The objectives of this study were to compare educational and social outcomes for young survivors of childhood cancer with a population control group of individuals who were never diagnosed with cancer and to identify risk and protective factors for these outcomes.

METHODS

In this multicenter, Canadian, retrospective cohort study, 800 survivors age 17 years or younger were matched by age and gender with a group of 923 control participants. Using a mailed survey that was completed by parents, educational outcomes were assessed with questions about the child's enrollment in disability or special‐education programs, repeating a grade, and academic or other school problems. Using friendships was the measure of social outcomes.

RESULTS

Based on parental reports, significantly more survivors than controls repeated a grade (21% vs. 9%), attended learning‐disability (19% vs. 7%) or special‐education programs (20% vs. 8%), had educational or other school problems (46% vs. 23%), had no close friends (19% vs. 8%), and were less likely to use friends as confidants (58% vs. 67%). Survivors of central nervous system (CNS) tumors reportedly were more likely than controls to have educational problems and no close friends, followed by survivors of leukemia, and survivors of neuroblastoma. Among survivors, cranial radiation increased the likelihood of having educational difficulties and having no close friends compared with survivors who did not receive cranial radiation. Survivors who reportedly had high self‐esteem and whose parents had postsecondary education had fewer educational and social problems.

CONCLUSIONS

Children and adolescents who survived cancer, particularly those who had CNS tumors, leukemia, and neuroblastoma, required close monitoring for early educational and social difficulties, and such children should be offered educational rehabilitation and social skills training to maximize their academic and social success. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Marital status, treatment, and survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Chang Susan M. , Barker Fred G.
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

Social factors influence cancer treatment choices, potentially affecting patient survival. In the current study, the authors studied the interrelations between marital status, treatment received, and survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GM), using population‐based data.

METHODS

The data source was the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Public Use Database, 1988–2001, 2004 release, all registries. Multivariate logistic, ordinal, and Cox regression analyses adjusted for demographic and clinical variables were used.

RESULTS

Of 10,987 patients with GM, 67% were married, 31% were unmarried, and 2% were of unknown marital status. Tumors were slightly larger at the time of diagnosis in unmarried patients (49% of unmarried patients had tumors larger than 45 mm vs. 45% of married patients; P = 0.004, multivariate analysis). Unmarried patients were less likely to undergo surgical resection (vs. biopsy; 75% of unmarried patients vs. 78% of married patients) and were less likely to receive postoperative radiation therapy (RT) (70% of unmarried patients vs. 79% of married patients). On multivariate analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for resection (vs. biopsy) in unmarried patients was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.79–0.98; P = 0.02), and the OR for RT in unmarried patients was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.62–0.77; P < 0.001). Unmarried patients more often refused both surgical resection and RT. Unmarried patients who underwent surgical resection and RT were found to have a shorter survival than similarly treated married patients (hazard ratio for unmarried patients, 1.10; P = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

Unmarried patients with GM presented with larger tumors, were less likely to undergo both surgical resection and postoperative RT, and had a shorter survival after diagnosis when compared with married patients, even after adjustment for treatment and other prognostic factors. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with previously treated carcinoma of an unknown primary site
Authors: Hainsworth John D. , Spigel David R. , Raefsky Eric L. , Kuzur Michel E. , Yost Kathleen , Kommor Michael , Litchy Sharlene , Greco F. Anthony
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

The current study was performed to evaluate the activity of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with previously treated carcinoma of an unknown primary site.

METHODS

Patients with carcinoma of an unknown primary site who had received one previous chemotherapy regimen were eligible for this study. All patients received gemcitabine at a dose of 1000mg/m2 intravenously (i.v.) and irinotecan at a dose of 100 mg/m2 i.v. on Days 1 and 8; treatment courses were repeated every 21 days. Patients were evaluated for response after completing two courses of treatment; responders/stable patients continued treatment for a recommended six courses.

RESULTS

Forty patients entered this multicenter, community‐based Phase II trial between September 2000 and July 2003. Four of these 40 patients (10%) achieved objective responses (a partial response in 3 patients and a complete response in 1 patient). An additional 17 patients (43%) had stable disease/minor response at first reevaluation; 7 of these patients (18%) remained stable for longer than 6 months. The median survival for the entire group was 4.5 months, with 1‐year and 2‐year survival rates of 25% and 13%, respectively. The treatment was well tolerated by most patients. Neutropenia was the most common Grade 3/4 toxicity (according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, version 3.0) (occurring in 36% of patients). Myelosuppression‐related complications were uncommon, as were severe nonhematologic toxicities.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of gemcitabine and irinotecan has modest activity and is well tolerated in patients with recurrent/refractory carcinoma of an unknown primary site. Treatment‐related toxicity, particularly myelosuppression, appears to be less severe than toxicity produced by the taxane and platinum regimens frequently used in the first‐line therapy of these patients. Evaluation of the gemcitabine and irinotecan combination as first‐line therapy is indicated. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Immunocytochemical localization of small‐conductance, calcium‐dependent potassium channels in astrocytes of the rat supraoptic nucleus
Authors: Armstrong William E. , Rubrum Adam , Teruyama Ryoichi , Bond Chris T. , Adelman John P.
Published: August 2005

Supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons possess a prominent afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that contributes to spike patterning. This AHP is probably underlain by a small‐conductance, CA2+‐dependent, K+ type 3 (SK3) channel. To determine the distribution of SK3 channels within the SON, we used immunocytochemistry in rats and in transgenic mice with a regulatory cassette on the SK3 gene, allowing regulated expression with dietary doxycycline (DOX). In rats and wild‐type mice, SK3 immunostaining revealed an intense lacy network surrounding SON neurons, with weak staining in neuronal somata and dendrites. In untreated, conditional SK3 knockout mice, SK3 was overexpressed, but the pericellular pattern in the SON was similar to that of rats. DOX‐treated transgenic mice exhibited no SK3 staining in the SON. Double staining for oxytocin or vasopressin neurons revealed weak co‐localization with SK3 but strong staining surrounding each neuron type. Electron microscopy showed that SK3‐like immunoreactivity was intense between neuronal somata and dendrites, in apparent glial processes, but weak in neurons. This was confirmed by using confocal microscopy and double staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and SK3: many GFAP‐positive processes in the SON, and in the ventral dendritic/glial lamina, were shown to contain SK3‐like immunoreactivity. These studies suggest a prominent role of SK3 channels in astrocytes. Given the marked plasticity in glial/neuronal relationships, as well as studies suggesting that astrocytes in the central nervous system can generate prominent CA2+ transients to various stimuli, a CA2+‐dependent K+ channel may help SON astrocytes with K+ buffering whenever astrocyte intracellular CA2+ is increased. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:175–185, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fiber connections of the central nucleus of semicircular torus in cyprinids
Authors: Yamamoto Naoyuki , Ito Hironobu
Published: August 2005

Fiber connections of the presumed auditory portion of the semicircular torus or the central nucleus (TSc) as well as other central and peripheral auditory structures were studied by tract‐tracing methods in carp and goldfish. Major ascending projections to the TSc originated from the descending octaval nucleus (DO) and medullary secondary octaval population (SO). Toropetal neurons of the DO were within the saccular terminal zone. A small number of toropetal DO neurons might receive inputs from other inner ear and lateral line endorgans as well. Fibers from the DO terminated in a deep zone of the TSc, while those from the SO in both deep and superficial zones. Afferents to the TSc also arose from the rhombencephalic reticular formation, anterior octaval nucleus, isthmic reticular nucleus, perilemniscular nucleus, medial pretoral nucleus, anterior tuberal nucleus, and central posterior thalamic nucleus. The TSc projected ascending fibers to the medial pretoral nucleus, anterior tuberal nucleus, central posterior thalamic nucleus, and the preglomerular complex (anterior preglomerular nucleus, the caudomedial region of lateral preglomerular nucleus, and a medial zone of medial preglomerular nucleus). These parts of preglomerular complex appear structurally continuous sharing common hodological and cytoarchitectonic features, and thus might be regarded as a single neuronal population. Abundant descending pathways were also noted in the present study. Of particular note is the medial pretoral nucleus, which received fibers from diencephalic auditory nuclei. The nucleus gave rise to indirect descending pathways to a medial zone of the cerebellar crest where dendrites of crest cells in the SO ramify. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:186–211, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secondary Periodicity in the Tetrahalogeno Complexes of the Group 13 Elements
Authors: Frąckiewicz Kinga , Czerwiński Marian , Siekierski Sławomir
Published: August 2005

The M–X distances, the charges on the M and X atoms and the natural electron configurations in the hypothetical MX4– molecules, where M is a group 13 element and X = F, Cl, Br, I, have been investigated by quantum calculations. The computed distances are compared with the experimental data, mostly in the Bu4N[MX4] salts. We found that: (1) down group 13 both the experimental and calculated M–X distances, the charge on the M atom and the sum of the populations of the M valence orbitals show zigzag variations produced by the filled 3d and 4f shells and by the relativistic effects in the 6s and 6p1/2 orbitals; (2) the experimental distances are shorter than the calculated values due, at least in part, to libration of the MX4– anions in the salts; (3) both the charge on M and the sum of the populations of M valence orbitals point to a highly covalent character of the B–X bonds (except for the B–F bond) and much less covalent character of the M–X bonds formed by the heavier members of the group. In the Al–Tl range the covalent character of the M–X bonds oscillates, and it strongly decreases on passing from the MCl4– to MF4– complexes; (4) the M–X distances (X = Cl, Br, I) are close to the sum of the respective covalent radii, whereas the M–F distances are significantly shorter because of considerable admixture of ionic bonding. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Dinuclear Phosphidoplatinum(II) Fragment as a Building Block for Tri‐, Tetra‐, Hexa‐, and Octanuclear Complexes
Authors: Ara Irene , Chaouche Naima , Forniés Juan , Fortuño Consuelo , Kribii Abdelaziz , Martín Antonio
Published: August 2005

The dinuclear complex [(C6F5)2Pt(μ‐PPh2)2Pt(NCCH3)2] (1) is described and fully characterised. Complex 1 reacts with 2,2′‐bipyrimidine and cis‐[M(C6F5)2(THF)2] to form the di‐, tri‐ and tetranuclear complexes 2, 3 and 4, respectively, depending on the ratio of reagents and the type of metal (M = Pt, Pd). Complex 1 reacts with KCN to form the anionic dinuclear complex [PPh3(CH3)]2[(C6F5)2Pt(μ‐PPh2)2Pt(CN)2] (6). Complex 6 acts as a metalloligand towards cis‐[M(C6F5)2(THF)2] or 1 to yield the corresponding hexanuclear or octanuclear complexes 7, 8 and 9. The structure of [PPh3(CH3)]4[{(C6F5)2Pt(μ‐PPh2)2Pt(μ‐CN)2Pd(C6F5)2}2] (8) has been established by X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
An Unprecedented One‐Dimensional Chain Constructed from β‐Octamolybdate Clusters and Two Kinds of Silver Complex Fragments
Authors: Shi Zhenyu , Gu Xiaojun , Peng Jun , Xin Zhifeng
Published: August 2005

An unprecedented one‐dimensional chainlike compound with green fluorescent emission, (H3O)[Ag3(2,2′‐bpy)2(phnz)2(β‐Mo8O26)] (bpy = bipyridine, phnz = phenazine) has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The compound is constructed from β‐octamolybdate clusters linked through two kinds of silver‐ligand subunits, [Ag(2,2′‐bpy)(phnz)]+ and [Ag(phnz)]+. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Vertex‐Sharing Water Tape Consisting of Cyclic Hexamers
Authors: Ma Bao‐Qing , Sun Hao‐Ling , Gao Song
Published: August 2005

A 1D water tape consisting of vertex‐sharing cyclic water hexamers has been observed, which represents a subunit of ice structure. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
New, Simple and Selective Synthesis of Perfluoroalkylquinones by Perfluoroalkyl Radicals – Enthalpic and Polar Effects
Authors: Antonietti Fabrizio , Gambarotti Cristian , Mele Andrea , Minisci Francesco , Paganelli Roberto , Punta Carlo , Recupero Francesco
Published: August 2005

Perfluoroalkyl radicals (Rf·), generated by iodine abstraction from perfluoroalkyl iodides by phenyl radicals, react selectively with quinone rings in spite of their electrophilic character. In the presence of electron‐rich alkenes, Rf· adds faster to the electron‐rich double bonds forming a radical adduct with reversed polar effect, which selectively adds to quinone. The mechanism of the reactions involved are discussed, emphasizing the key role of enthalpic and polar effects and the particular reactivity of 2‐methoxynaphthoquinone due to polar and captodative effects. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Soil production in heath and forest, Blue Mountains, Australia: influence of lithology and palaeoclimate
Authors: Wilkinson Marshall T. , Chappell John , Humphreys Geoff S. , Fifield Keith , Smith Bart , Hesse Paul
Published: August 2005

An Erratum has been published for this article in Earth Surfaces Processes and Landforms 25(13) 2005, 1683–1686.

Recent determinations of soil production from in situ cosmogenic nuclides indicate that production decreases exponentially with soil depth. This contrasts with a long‐held assumption that maximum soil production occurs under a soil cover of finite depth. Sites in the Blue Mountains, Australia, show a sharp decrease of soil depth where vegetation changes from forested plateau surfaces to heath‐covered spurs, and bands of bare rock in the heath suggest that soil production depends on presence of a finite depth of soil. The substrate varies from hard ferruginized sandstone to soft saprolite. In situ 10Be determinations indicate that apparent rates of erosion and soil production are greater under the relatively thin heath soil than under the thicker forest soil but, in contrast to other studies, these sites do not show significant depth‐dependence of apparent soil production. The pattern reflects both hardness variation in the rock substrate and the effect of Late Quaternary climatic change. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating indicates that soil ≤30 cm depth is of Holocene age whereas the deeper soil is substantially older. The age‐break coincides with a stone line interpreted as a former surface lag deposit. Assuming that pre‐Holocene soil depths were 30 cm less than today, recalculated soil production tends to decrease with increasing depth. Soil production at this site requires soil cover but bare rock patches and vegetation comprise a shifting mosaic. In the long term, average rates of erosion and soil production decrease with increasing soil depth. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of the inception of channel meandering
Authors: Duan Jennifer G. , Julien Pierre Y.
Published: August 2005

The inception of channel meandering is the result of the complex interaction between flow, bed sediment, and bank material. A depth‐averaged two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model is developed to simulate the inception and development of channel meandering processes. The sediment transport model calculates both bedload and suspended load assuming equilibrium sediment transport. Bank erosion consists of two interactive processes: basal erosion and bank failure. Basal erosion is calculated from a newly derived equation for the entrainment of sediment particles by hydrodynamic forces. The mass conservation equation, where basal erosion and bank failure are considered source terms, was solved to obtain the rate of bank erosion. The parallel bank failure model was tested with the laboratory experiments of Friedkin on the initiation and evolution processes of non‐cohesive meandering channels. The model replicates the downstream translation and lateral extension of meandering loops reasonably well. Plots of meandering planforms illustrate the evolution of sand bars and redistribution of flow momentum in meandering channels. This numerical modelling study demonstrates the potential of depth‐integrated two‐dimensional models for the simulation of meandering processes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caesium‐137‐derived erosion rates in an agricultural setting: the effects of model assumptions and management practices
Authors: Fornes William L. , Whiting Peter J. , Wilson Christopher G. , Matisoff Gerald
Published: August 2005

Soil erosion rates at the National Soil Tilth Laboratory Deep Loess Research Station in southwest Iowa (USA) were determined from 137Cs inventories using a multi‐box numerical model that incorporates time‐dependent atmospheric 137Cs deposition. Nine sites along a downslope transect where 137Cs inventories were measured in 1974 by Spomer et al. (Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1985, vol. 28, pp. 767–772) were revisited in 1998, allowing estimation of erosion over three time periods: 1954–1974, 1954–1998 and 1974–1998. Modelled 1954–1974 erosion rates (mean = 1·01 ± 0·41 g cm−2 a−1) were significantly higher (p < 0·001, t‐test) than those reported by Spomer et al. (0·36 ± 0·10 g cm−2 a−1). A key reason for the significant difference is that our model used a monthly time step whereas Spomer et al. used a single 20‐year time step. As the model time step was increased from 1 month to 20 years, the erosion rate decreased by a factor of three to rates in general agreement with those reported by Spomer et al. This suggests that failing to account for temporal variations in atmospheric deposition and/or cultivation practices will result in substantially miscalculated erosion rates. Erosion rates over 1974–1998 were calculated by comparing our 1998 measured 137Cs inventory to the decay‐corrected 1974 inventories reported by Spomer et al. This comparison yielded erosion rates of −0·10 to 0·48 g cm−2 a−1 (mean = 0·19 ± 0·17 g cm−2 a−1), indicating that soil loss was reduced by 81 ± 52 per cent over 1974–1998 compared to the period 1954–1974. This estimate is in reasonable agreement with measurements of soil flux at the weir which indicate that soil loss has been reduced by 43 per cent since grass buffer strips were added to the field in 1991. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constraints on the rate of post‐orogenic erosional decay from low‐temperature thermochronological data: application to the Dabie Shan, China
Authors: Braun Jean , Robert Xavier
Published: August 2005

We have investigated whether low temperature thermochronological datasets can be used to constrain the rate of surface evolution during the post‐orogenic phase of a mountain belt. We use a numerical method to solve the heat transport equation in the Earth's crust, including the effects of a changing, finite‐amplitude topography and the resulting flexural isostatic rebound. We demonstrate that accurate estimates of the amount of relief loss can be obtained by applying a recently developed spectral method that is based on estimates of the relationship between age and surface elevation as a function of topographic wavelength. We also show that the rate at which topography decays with time following cessation of tectonic activity can be constrained from estimates of exhumation rate derived from the slope of age–elevation profiles collected across short wavelength topography. Using the Neighbourhood Algorithm to perform a thorough search through parameter space, we are able to find a tectonomorphic scenario that predicts age distributions compatible with a thermochronological dataset collected in the Dabie Shan of eastern China by Reiners et al. (American Journal of Science 2003, vol. 303, pp. 489–518). We demonstrate that, in the Dabie Shan, the mean topographic relief has decreased by a factor of 2·5 to 4·5 during the last 60–80 Ma, while the mountain belt experienced a mean exhumation rate of 0·01 to 0·04 km Ma−1. We confirm the conclusions of Reiners et al. that there is no need to invoke a discrete Cenozoic tectonic event to explain the observed age distribution. The thermochronological dataset can also be used to put constraints on the effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere underlying the orogen (10 to 30 km). There is, however, a trade‐off between elastic thickness, mean exhumation rate and amount of topographic relief loss. The most likely scenario also predicts that the topography has decreased at a constant rate since the end of orogenic activity about 100 Ma ago. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution array comparative genomic hybridization of chromosome arm 8q: Evaluation of genetic progression markers for prostate cancer
Authors: van Duin Mark , van Marion Ronald , Vissers Kees , Watson J. E. Vivienne , van Weerden Wytske M. , Schröder Fritz H. , Hop Wim C. J. , van der Kwast Theo H. , Collins Colin , van Dekken Herman
Published: August 2005

Copy number increase of 8q has previously been shown to be associated with a poor clinical outcome and tumor recurrence in patients with prostate cancer. In this study, a detailed genomic analysis of 8q was performed of archival primary and metastatic prostatic adenocarcinomas (n = 22), and prostate cancer xenografts (n = 9), and cell lines (n = 3). We performed array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) using a whole chromosome arm contig array consisting of 702 8q‐specific BAC clones. Five regions of frequent copy number increase were identified, i.e. at chromosome bands 8q21.13 (81–82 Mb), 8q22.1 (94–96 Mb), 8q22.2–3 (101–103 Mb), 8q24.13 (124–126 Mb), and 8q24.21 (127–129 Mb), the most distal region containing the MYC oncogene. MYC and 13 genes of the other four regions with putative relevance to cancer were selected. Two additional genes were derived from high‐level amplifications detected by 8q aCGH analysis of prostate cancer xenograft PC339. Quantitative RT‐PCR of these 16 genes was performed in a series of 26 prostate specimens, including normal tissue (n = 5), fresh‐frozen adenocarcinoma (n = 7), cancer xenograft (n = 9), and cancer cell line material (n = 2). Three of the 16 genes were significantly overexpressed in cancer compared with that in normal prostate tissue, i.e. PDP, located at 8q22.1 (95 Mb), PABPC1 located at 8q22.3 (102 Mb), and KIAA0196 located at 8q24.13 (126 Mb). These genes can be considered putative progression markers for prostate cancer. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gain of a region on 7p22.3, containing MAD1L1, is the most frequent event in small‐cell lung cancer cell lines
Authors: Coe Bradley P. , Lee Eric H. L. , Chi Bryan , Girard Luc , Minna John D. , Gazdar Adi F. , Lam Stephen , MacAulay Calum , Lam Wan L.
Published: August 2005

Small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive lung neoplasm, which accounts for 20% of yearly lung cancer cases. The lack of knowledge of the progenitor cell type for SCLC precludes the definition of a normal gene expression profile and has hampered the identification of gene expression changes, while the low resolution of conventional genomic screens such as comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and loss of heterozygosity analysis limit our ability to fine‐map genetic alterations. The recent advent of whole genome tiling path array CGH enables profiling of segmental DNA copy number gains and losses at a resolution 100 times that of conventional methods. Here we report the analysis of 14 SCLC cell lines and six matched normal B‐lymphocyte lines. We detected 7p22.3 copy number gain in 13 of the 14 SCLC lines and 0 of the 6 matched normal lines. In 4 of the 14 cell lines, this gain is present as a 350 kbp gene specific copy number gain centered at MAD1L1 (the human homologue of the yeast gene MAD1). Fluorescence in situ hybridization validated the array CGH finding. Intriguingly, MAD1L1 has been implicated to have tumor‐suppressing functions. Our data suggest a more complex role for this gene, as MAD1L1 is the most frequent copy number gain in SCLC cell lines. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Poly(D,L‐lactic acid)‐block‐(ligand‐tethered poly(ethylene glycol)) copolymers as surface additives for promoting chondrocyte attachment and growth
Authors: Yu Guanhua , Ji Jian , Zhu Huiguang , Shen Jiacong
Published: August 2005

The poly(D,L‐lactic acid)‐block‐(ligand‐tethered poly(ethylene glycol)) copolymer was explored to engineer poly(D,L‐lactic acid) (PLA) material to promote chondrocyte attachment and growth. The poly(D,L‐lactic acid)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer (PLE) was synthesized by a coupling reaction between PLA and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (Mn 1000, 2000, and 4000 respectively), with the use of 4,4′‐methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Then the PLE was activated by methyl sulfonyl chloride and the amino acids or arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid tripeptide (RGD) was attached, which was verified by the ninhydrin‐UV method. The modified PLA films were simply prepared by blending PLA with PLE derivatives. ATR‐FTIR, XPS, contact angle, and AFM results clearly showed that the PEG chain stably enriched on the surface of PLE‐modified PLA films. The chondrocyte cytocompatibility test showed the modified PLA films could significantly improve chondrocyte attachment and proliferation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006