bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Generating in the Lab to Tutoring Systems in Classrooms
Authors: McNamara Danielle S. , Jacovina Matthew E. , Snow Erica L. , Allen Laura K.
Published: April 2015

Work in cognitive and educational psychology examines a variety of phenomena related to the learning and retrieval of information. indeed, alice Healy, our honoree, and her colleagues have conducted a large body of groundbreaking research on this topic. in this article we discuss how 3 learning principles (the generation effect, deliberate practice and feedback, and antidotes to disengagement) discussed in Healy, Schneider, and Bourne (2012) have influenced the design of 2 intelligent tutoring systems that attempt to incorporate principles of skill and knowledge acquisition. Specifically, this article describes iSTART-2 and the Writing pal, which provide students with instruction and practice using comprehension and writing strategies. iSTART-2 provides students with training to use effective comprehension strategies while self- explaining complex text. the Writing pal provides students with instruction and practice to use basic writing strategies when writing persuasive essays. underlying these systems are the assumptions that students should be provided with initial instruction that breaks down the tasks into component skills and that deliberate practice should include active generation with meaningful feedback, all while remaining engaging. the implementation of these assumptions is complicated by the ill- defined natures of comprehension and writing and supported by the use of various natural language processing techniques. We argue that there is value in attempting to integrate empirically supported learning principles into educational activities, even when there is imperfect alignment between them. examples from the design of iSTART-2 and Writing pal guide this argument.
Gaszyński’s Letters to Friends
Authors: Szelwach Grzegorz
Published: April 2015

After settling in France as part of the “Great Emigration” following the November revolt of 1830–31, the Polish writer Konstanty Gaszyński maintained a copious correspondence with friends and literary colleagues he had known in Warsaw. These letters open a revealing window onto the life of the Polish diaspora in France. Increasingly comfortable in France and captivated by the beauty of Provence, Gaszyński came to regard that as his second homeland, breaking with the typical Polish exile’s longing for the land of his birth.
Effect of reward system among health care workers performance: a case study of university of Calabar teaching hospital Calabar, Nigeria
Authors: Emilia James Oyira , Ella Regina , S.E Nkamare , E. Lukpata Felicia , Lazarus Uwa Sylvia , Awok Mbum Partric
Published: April 2015

The study investigated the effect of reward system on health care workers performance in Teaching Hospital. It examined the relationship among monetary and non-monetary rewards and employees’ performance in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH). Desk survey was used in gathering relevant information. Primary sources were questionnaire, observation and interview, while secondary data were gathered from internet, textbooks, journals and libraries. Chi-square statistical tool was used and the findings revealed the monetary reward had a positive impact on employees’ performance while non-monetary rewards had a negative effect on employees’ performance. The study recommended that management of UCTH should boost the morale of their employees through fair and equitable reward system. The study further recommended that management should be effective with monetary rewards like bonuses and fringe benefits to encourage the workers improve performance.
Nexes: ocupació pública, sindicats i benestar
Authors: Martín Artiles Antonio
Published: April 2015

La interrelació entre ocupació pública, sindicats i Benestar ha demostrat la seva contribució històrica a la cohesió social i a la correcció dels desequilibris generats pel mercat de treball. El sistema Gante posa en relleu que és possible un altre model de capitalisme alternatiu al neoliberalisme. Però la dimonització de l'ocupació pública i dels sindicats per determinats sectors, així com l'erosió de l'Estat del Benestar, fa emergir els vells problemes de la incertesa, la inestabilitat i la ingovernabilitat. Els nexes entre ocupació pública, benestar i sindicats han aportat cohesió i estabilitat social des de la postguerra a Europa.
La particular significació del conveni col·lectiu de la indústria química
Authors: González Muntadas Joaquim
Published: April 2015

L'article realitza un relat i una valoració del conveni col·lectiu general de la indústria química des de la perspectiva sindical. Es tracta d'un dels convenis més importants d'àmbit estatal que hi ha en l'àmbit negociador espanyol. Es posa de manifest que la importància de les organitzacions empresarials i sindicals potents és molt necessària per a negociar bons convenis i regular de forma adequada les condicions de treball, en interès tant dels empresaris com dels treballadors. L'article passa revista a tot el contingut del conveni estatal i la seva necessària articulació amb els pactes d'empresa. Dedica especial atenció a un dels continguts més destacats, la seva estructura salarial, i subratlla la importància de l'ordenació del temps de treball com a peça clau de l'organització del treball.
El retard de la recuperació econòmica i els seus efectes sobre la força de treball immigrant
Authors: Parella Rubio Sònia
Published: April 2015

La persistència de la crisi provoca que els immigrants vegin cada vegada amb major escepticisme la recuperació econòmica a curt termini a Espanya. Això suposa que bona part de les estratègies de supervivència desplegades durant aquests últims anys per sortejar la crisi hagin deixat d’ésser sostenibles, especialment per a les persones en situació irregular o per les que no perceben cap tipus d'ingrés. Davant aquesta situació, l'article desenvolupa tres aspectes dels impactes de la crisi sobre els treballadors immigrants: de quina manera afecta la desocupació a aquest col·lectiu; quins són els principals efectes socials i econòmics per a la població migrant i en quina mesura l'evolució de la crisi influeix sobre el retorn voluntari.
Additive effects on the energy barrier for synaptic vesicle fusion cause supralinear effects on the vesicle fusion rate
Authors: Schotten Sebastiaan , Meijer Marieke , Walter Alexander Matthias , Huson Vincent , Mamer Lauren , Kalogreades Lawrence , ter Veer Mirelle , Ruiter Marvin , Brose Nils , Rosenmund Christian , Sørensen Jakob Balslev , Verhage Matthijs , Cornelisse Lennart Niels
Published: April 2015

The energy required to fuse synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane (‘activation energy’) is considered a major determinant in synaptic efficacy. From reaction rate theory, we predict that a class of modulations exists, which utilize linear modulation of the energy barrier for fusion to achieve supralinear effects on the fusion rate. To test this prediction experimentally, we developed a method to assess the number of releasable vesicles, rate constants for vesicle priming, unpriming, and fusion, and the activation energy for fusion by fitting a vesicle state model to synaptic responses induced by hypertonic solutions. We show that complexinI/II deficiency or phorbol ester stimulation indeed affects responses to hypertonic solution in a supralinear manner. An additive vs multiplicative relationship between activation energy and fusion rate provides a novel explanation for previously observed non-linear effects of genetic/pharmacological perturbations on synaptic transmission and a novel interpretation of the cooperative nature of Ca2+-dependent release.
A cross-kingdom history
Authors: Fernie Alisdair R , Tohge Takayuki
Published: April 2015

The enzyme that catalyses the last step in the synthesis of ascorbate has been repeatedly lost and replaced during the evolution of the different kingdoms of eukaryotes.
Relationship Between Residency Placement and Clerkship Site Enrollment: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Elliott Stacey P. , Goldstein Leonard B. , Meinberg Doreen , Jeger Abraham M.
Published: April 2015

Context: Osteopathic medical students frequently engage in clinical clerkships away from their home teaching institution, which can help them decide on a residency program, gain additional experience in a new environment, and further their professional contacts. Conventional wisdom states that these audition clerkships are an important factor in residency placement, but the educational literature concerning the topic is lacking. Objective: To determine the relationship between clerkship site enrollment and residency placement so that empirical guidelines can be established for osteopathic medical students in the process of making informed decisions about their clerkships, particularly during the fourth year. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted. Data on clerkship and residency placement were compiled for the classes of 2008, 2009, and 2010 at the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, and χ2 goodness-of-fit analysis and χ2 tests of independence were used to explore relationships between clerkship and residency placement. Results: Of 862 graduates, data were available for 812 (94.2%). Statistically significant relationships were noted between residency program status (osteopathic, allopathic, and military) and audition clerkship, with fewer graduates completing audition clerkships in allopathic programs and with more graduates completing audition clerkships in osteopathic and military residency programs than expected from an independent relationship. A total of 416 graduates (51.2%) did not enroll in the residency program where they completed their audition clerkship. A total of 352 graduates (43.3%) enrolled in the residency program where they completed their audition clerkship. An additional 44 graduates (5.4%) did not complete an audition clerkship in the discipline of their residency program but rotated at a hospital. A total of 364 graduates (44.8%) enrolled in osteopathic residency programs, 425 (52.3%) enrolled in allopathic programs, and 23 (2.8%) enrolled in military programs. Conclusion: Although the results of this study are specific to 1 medical school, they provide evidence to counter long-held beliefs that audition clerkships determine residency placement. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(4):226-231 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.045
Evolution of AOA Specialty Board Certification
Authors: Scheinthal Stephen , Wieting J. Michael , Elko Edward , Bowling John , Gonzalez Fernando , Librizzi Ronald , Murcek Benjamin , Simms Bryan
Published: April 2015

The launch of Osteopathic Continuous Certification (OCC) signifes the next stage of the osteopathic board certification process. The OCC process replaces the old recertification system for all osteopathic physicians who earned time-limited certificates from American Osteopathic Association (AOA) certifying boards. All 18 AOA certifying boards are now engaged in the continuous certification process. With the advent of any new system, many questions and concerns will arise. The AOA Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists continues to evaluate its new certification system and prepare for modi-fcations in response to this feedback. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(4):265-267 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.051
Max fazi alaşimlari ve termo-fiziksel özellikleri
Authors: Altuncu Ekrem , Türkan Samet , Saka Emre , Atasoy Ahmet
Published: April 2015

Özet

MAX fazı alaşımları 1960’ların sonlarında yüksek sıcaklık uygulamaları alanındakullanılmaya başlayan, kristal yapı özellikleri nedeniyle katmanlı alaşımlar olarak da tanımlanan bir alaşım grubunu temsil etmektedir. Bu alaşımlarınadlandırılması:M
n+1
AX
n
n:1-5; M:Geçiş metallerini (Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Mo, Ta gibi); A: A grubu metalleri (Al, Si, In, Ge, Ga, Sn, Pb gibi) ve X ise: C (karbür) ve/veya N (Nitrür) şeklindedir.MAX fazı alaşım kompozisyonlarının yüksek ergime noktasına sahip olmasının yanında yüksek sıcaklıklarda kararlı olması, yüksek termal şok direnci, yüksek sürünme ömrü, yüksek oksidasyon direnci ve termal yorulma dayanımı,üstün termofizikselözellikler sergilemesi, yüksek sertlik ve kimyasal direnç özellikleri nedeniyle uzay ve havacılık sektöründe, kesici takım sektöründe ve ısı elemanları sektöründe ilgi görmektedir.Bu alaşımlar oldukça rijit ve sertolmalarına karşın rahatlıkla işlenebilme kabiliyetine sahiptirler. Katmanlı kristal yapısı hem metalik hemde seramik malzeme özelliklerini bir araya getirmektedir. Kimyasal stokiometri ve kristal yapı malzeme özelliklerini belirlemektedir.MAX fazı alaşımları endüstriyel uygulamalarda kütlesel halde, toz halinde, köpük veya kaplama halinde kullanılabilmektedir.Bu çalışmada MAX fazı katmanlı alaşımları tanıtılmaya çalışılmıştır. Gerek endüstriyel uygulamalarda gerekse akademik çalışmalarda öne çıkan Ti
3
SiC
2
MAX fazı alaşımıdiğer MAX fazı alaşımlarıile karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiş, kompozisyonel yapıları, teknolojik özellikleri irdelenmiş ve potansiyel uygulamaları tartışılmıştır [1-11].
Epacris browniae (Ericaceae), a newly-discovered shrub from the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Coleby David
Published: April 2015

Epacris browniae (Ericaceae) is described from the Blue Mountains, 100 km west of Sydney, New South Wales. Its habitat is dry, rocky, montane heath, scrub and escarpment complex, all on Narrabeen sandstone. It is an erect, woody, virgate shrub with glabrous or almost glabrous branchlets, non-pungent trullate leaves, leaf petioles that separate from a crescentic scar at the junction with the stem, flowers that extend well down the branchlets, opening basipetally, a corolla that is shorter than the sepals and lobes longer than the corolla tube. The flowering period is late October through to early December. The habitat, known geographic distribution and conservation status are considered.
Early Childhood Student Teachers’ Observation and Experimentation of Creative Practices as a Design Processes
Authors: de Oliveira Janaina Minelli , Gallardo-Echenique Eliana E.
Published: April 2015

In this paper, we address the guidance of student teachers in initial training in schools as an invaluable opportunity to raise creative learning awareness. The objective of this present re-search is to develop guidance strategies for guiding the identification of creative practices and for analyzing that moment as a “way of knowing”. We analyze how to mentor future teachers so they feel willing to promote student engagement and creative thinking through their own practices. We adopted a case study approach guided by multimodal principles. We found that triangulation of individual interviews, focus group discussions and a diary of class observation was a useful strategy in the guidance of student teachers in initial training in schools. Results show these strategies allowed them to become more accepting of unpredicted or undesired results, as they approached their sessions’ designs as forms of experimentation. We argue it is essential to guide future educators in the critical analysis of the “standard classroom”, helping them design creative alternatives through collaborative experimentation.
Heat Exchangers, 1. Fundamentals and General Design Methodology
Authors: Shah Ramesh K. , Mueller Alfred C. , Sekulic Dusan P.
Published: April 2015

The article contains sections titled:

1.
Introduction

2.
Classification of Heat Exchangers

2.1.
Classification According to Construction

2.1.1.
Tubular Heat Exchangers

2.1.1.1.
Shell‐and‐Tube Exchangers

2.1.1.2.
Double‐Pipe Heat Exchangers

2.1.1.3.
Drip‐Type Heat Exchangers

2.1.2.
Plate‐Type Heat Exchangers

2.1.2.1.
Plate Heat Exchangers

2.1.2.2.
Spiral‐Plate Heat Exchangers

2.1.3.
Extended‐Surface Heat Exchangers

2.1.3.1.
Plate–Fin Heat Exchangers

2.1.3.2.
Tube–Fin Heat Exchangers

2.1.4.
Regenerators

2.2.
Classification According to Process Function

2.2.1.
Condensers

2.2.2.
Liquid‐to‐Vapor Phase‐Change Exchangers

2.2.2.1.
Chemical Evaporators

2.2.2.2.
Reboilers

2.2.2.3.
Waste Heat Boilers

3.
Heat Exchanger Design Methodology

4.
Criteria for Heat Exchanger Selection

4.1.
General Selection Criteria

4.1.1.
Design Factors

4.1.2.
General Selection Guidelines

4.2.
Shell‐and‐Tube Exchangers

4.2.1.
Tubes

4.2.2.
Tube Pitch and Layout

4.2.3.
Baffles

4.2.4.
Shells

4.2.5.
Front‐End Heads

4.2.6.
Rear‐End Heads

4.2.7.
Nozzles
Heat Exchangers, 3. Phase Change in Heat Exchanger Design
Authors: Shah Ramesh K. , Mueller Alfred C. , Sekulic Dusan P.
Published: April 2015

The article contains sections titled:

1.
Thermal Design for Multiphase Heat Exchangers

1.1.
Condensers

1.1.1.
Considerations in Condenser Design

1.1.2.
Condenser Types and Their Characteristics

1.1.2.1.
Shellside Condensers Horizontal Tubes

1.1.2.2.
Tubeside Condensers Horizontal Tubes

1.1.2.3.
Air‐Cooled Condensers

1.1.3.
Condensation of Mixtures

1.1.4.
Mean Temperature Difference

1.1.5.
Desuperheating

1.1.6.
Subcooling

1.2.
Vaporizers

1.2.1.
Kettle and Internal Reboiler Design

1.2.2.
Horizontal Shellside Thermosiphon Reboiler Design

1.2.2.1.
Pressure Balance in the Recirculation Loop

1.2.2.2.
Shellside Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop

1.2.2.3.
Design Methods and Special Considerations

1.2.3.
Vertical Thermosiphon Reboiler Design

1.2.3.1.
Pressure Balance in the Recirculation Loop

1.2.3.2.
Flow Regimes and Heat Transfer Non‐Boiling Zone

1.2.3.3.
Approximate Design Methods

1.2.4.
Special Design Considerations

1.2.5.
Mean Temperature Difference

1.2.6.
Common Problems with Reboilers in Practical Applications
Coupling fluvial‐hydraulic models to predict gravel transport in spatially variable flows
Authors: Segura Catalina , Pitlick John
Published: April 2015

This study investigated spatial‐temporal variations of shear stress and bed load transport at three gravel bed river reaches of the Williams Fork River, Colorado. A two‐dimensional flow model was used to compute spatial distributions of shear stress (τ) for four discharge levels between one third of bankfull (Qbf) and Qbf. Results indicate that mean τ values are highly variable among sites. However, the properties of the mean‐normalized distributions of τ are similar across sites for all flows. The distributions of τ are then used with a transport function to compute bed load transport rates of individual grain size fractions. Probability distributions of the instantaneous unit‐width transport rates, qb, indicate that most of the bed load is transported through small portions of the bed with high τ. The mean‐normalized probability distributions of qb are different among sites for all flows except at Qbf, when the distributions overlap. We also find that the grain size distribution (GSD) of the bed load adjusts with discharge to resemble the grain size distribution of the subsurface at Qbf. We extend these results to 13 locations in the basin, using the mean‐normalized distributions of shear stress and measured subsurface grain sizes to compute bed load transport rates at Qbf. We found a remarkably similar shape of the qb distribution among sites highlighting the basin‐wide balance between flow forces and GSD at Qbf and the potential to predict sediment flux at the watershed scale.
Thermal and exhumation history of the Eocene Chumstick Basin, Washington State, USA
Authors: Enkelmann Eva , Ehlers Todd A. , Merli Gabriel , Methner Katharina
Published: April 2015

This study investigates the Cenozoic evolution of the Cascades Mountains, USA, by means of reconstructing the thermal history of the Chumstick Basin deposits that are located on the eastern flank of the orogen. We present new detrital apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He and detrital apatite fission‐track ages from the middle Eocene (~48–37 Ma) Chumstick Formation and modern river detritus. These data are integrated with the published thermochronometric ages of the adjoining Cascade Mountains basement. The new thermochronometer results are combined with existing vitrinite reflectance data for modeling of the basin's thermal history. Results suggest constant temperatures throughout the late Oligocene to early Miocene followed by rapid cooling since 17–10 Ma. Results indicate that the middle to late Miocene uplift of the Cascades resulted in reactivation of the fault zones bounding the Chumstick Basin. The structural reactivation and the weaker lithology of the basin strata in comparison to the harder and more resistant basement rocks of the Cascades resulted in significant basin exhumation. This interpretation is determined from younger apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He cooling ages observed in the reset detrital bedrock of the Chumstick Formation than in the adjoining basement rocks. These observations suggest a structural and lithological control on exhumation magnitudes in this region.
Abiotic and biotic controls of soil moisture spatiotemporal variability and the occurrence of hysteresis
Authors: Fatichi Simone , Katul Gabriel G. , Ivanov Valeriy Y. , Pappas Christoforos , Paschalis Athanasios , Consolo Ada , Kim Jongho , Burlando Paolo
Published: April 2015

An expression that separates biotic and abiotic controls on the temporal dynamics of the soil moisture spatial coefficient of variation Cv(θ) was explored via numerical simulations using a mechanistic ecohydrological model, Tethys‐Chloris. Continuous soil moisture spatiotemporal dynamics at an exemplary hillslope domain were computed for six case studies characterized by different climate and vegetation cover and for three configurations of soil properties. It was shown that abiotic controls largely exceed their biotic counterparts in wet climates. Biotic controls on Cv(θ) were found to be more pronounced in Mediterranean climates. The relation between Cv(θ) and spatial mean soil moisture
was found to be unique in wet locations, regardless of the soil properties. For the case of homogeneous soil texture, hysteretic cycles between Cv(θ) and
were observed in all Mediterranean climate locations considered here and to a lesser extent in a deciduous temperate forest. Heterogeneity in soil properties increased Cv(θ) to values commensurate with field observations and weakened signatures of hysteresis at all of the studied locations. This finding highlights the role of site‐specific heterogeneities in hiding or even eliminating the signature of climatic and biotic controls on Cv(θ), thereby offering a new perspective on causes of confounding results reported across field experiments.
CellDyM: A room temperature operating cryogenic cell for the dynamic monitoring of snow metamorphism by time‐lapse X‐ray microtomography
Authors: Calonne N. , Flin F. , Lesaffre B. , Dufour A. , Roulle J. , Puglièse P. , Philip A. , Lahoucine F. , Geindreau C. , Panel J.‐M. , du Roscoat S. Rolland , Charrier P.
Published: April 2015

Monitoring the time evolution of snow microstructure in 3‐D is crucial for a better understanding of snow metamorphism. We, therefore, designed a cryogenic cell that precisely controls the experimental conditions of a sample while it is scanned by X‐ray tomography. Based on a thermoelectrical regulation and a vacuum insulation, the cell operates at room temperature. It is, thus, adaptable to diverse scanners, offering advantages in terms of imaging techniques, resolution, and speed. Three‐dimensional time‐lapse series were obtained under equitemperature and temperature gradient conditions at a 7.8 μm precision. The typical features of each metamorphism and the anisotropic faceting behavior between the basal and prismatic planes, known to occur close to −2°C, were observed in less than 30 h. These results are consistent with the temperature fields expected from heat conduction simulations through the cell. They confirm the cell's accuracy and the interest of relatively short periods to study snow metamorphism.
Ambient noise tomography across the southern Alaskan Cordillera
Authors: Ward Kevin M.
Published: April 2015

I present the results of an extensive data mining effort integrating 197 permanent and temporary seismic stations into a Rayleigh wave ambient noise study across southern Alaska and westernmost Canada. Principal observations of my tomography model are largely consistent with mapped geology features and previous geophysical studies while providing previously unavailable, laterally continuous details of the southern Alaskan Cordillera lithosphere. At intermediate periods, a geophysically uniform crust is observed north of the Denali Fault and is consistent with a sharp transition in crustal thickness. Under the Wrangell volcanic belt, a prominent low‐phase‐velocity anomaly correlates well with the lateral extent of a relative low‐gravity anomaly and Neogene surface volcanics. At longer periods, a low‐phase‐velocity anomaly bounds the inferred eastern extent of the subducted Yakutat microplate beneath the Wrangell volcanic belt.
Crop models capture the impacts of climate variability on corn yield
Authors: Niyogi Dev , Liu Xing , Andresen Jeff , Song Yang , Jain Atul K. , Kellner Olivia , Takle Eugene S. , Doering Otto C.
Published: April 2015

We investigate the ability of three different crop models of varying complexity for capturing El Niño–Southern Oscillation‐based climate variability impacts on the U.S. Corn Belt (1981–2010). Results indicate that crop models, irrespective of their complexity, are able to capture the impacts of climate variability on yield. Multiple‐model ensemble analysis provides best results. There was no significant difference between using on‐site and gridded meteorological data sets to drive the models. These results highlight the ability of using simpler crop models and gridded regional data sets for crop‐climate assessments.
Vertical structure and physical processes of the Madden‐Julian oscillation: Synthesis and summary
Authors: Klingaman Nicholas P. , Jiang Xianan , Xavier Prince K. , Petch Jon , Waliser Duane , Woolnough Steven J.
Published: April 2015

The “Vertical structure and physical processes of the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO)” project comprises three experiments, designed to evaluate comprehensively the heating, moistening, and momentum associated with tropical convection in general circulation models (GCMs). We consider here only those GCMs that performed all experiments. Some models display relatively higher or lower MJO fidelity in both initialized hindcasts and climate simulations, while others show considerable variations in fidelity between experiments. Fidelity in hindcasts and climate simulations are not meaningfully correlated. The analysis of each experiment led to the development of process‐oriented diagnostics, some of which distinguished between GCMs with higher or lower fidelity in that experiment. We select the most discriminating diagnostics and apply them to data from all experiments, where possible, to determine if correlations with MJO fidelity hold across scales and GCM states. While normalized gross moist stability had a small but statistically significant correlation with MJO fidelity in climate simulations, we find no link with fidelity in medium‐range hindcasts. Similarly, there is no association between time step to time step rainfall variability, identified from short hindcasts and fidelity in medium‐range hindcasts or climate simulations. Two metrics that relate precipitation to free‐tropospheric moisture—the relative humidity for extreme daily precipitation and variations in the height and amplitude of moistening with rain rate—successfully distinguish between higher‐fidelity and lower fidelity GCMs in hindcasts and climate simulations. To improve the MJO, developers should focus on relationships between convection and both total moisture and its rate of change. We conclude by offering recommendations for further experiments.
The Potential for Handling Improvements by Global Chassis Control
Authors: Raste Thomas , Rieth Peter E.
Published: April 2015

The advances in global chassis control technology have been used to further improve the vehicle safety and handling qualities. The effects of active systems are well understood in the context of how they contribute to the overall vehicle performance. This chapter describes the effectiveness of active systems for handling improvements, a generic control architecture, and how actuator configurations can be selected and coordinated, as well as future trends for predictive handling control. Simulations based on a linear vehicle dynamics model are used throughout the chapter to illustrate the major statements and conclusions.
Spark Ignition Combustion
Authors: Spicher Ulrich
Published: April 2015

This chapter deals with the four‐stroke working process of a spark ignition engine for automotive application. The process of mixture formation is described for external port fuel injection as well as for internal direct injection of fuel. The two operating modes with direct injection, the combustion with homogeneous charge and with stratified charge, are explained. Conditions to be fulfilled for reliable ignition are specified. The combustion process is described by means of flame propagation and mass fraction burned. Influence of spark advance on thermal efficiency and engine torque is explained. Furthermore, some new features such as variable valve trains and boosting are specified. Finally, critical operation with combustion irregularities such as knocking combustion and the formation of undesired pollutants during theSIengine process are described and discussed.
Diesel Fuel Injection Systems
Authors: Nanjundaswamy Harsha , Laumen Hermann Josef
Published: April 2015

Diesel engines work on the compression ignition principle, where the fuel is injected into compressed air inside the cylinder. Since the invention of the diesel engine, the diesel fuel injection systems have played a crucial role in defining engine operation. Over the decades, the advancements in fuel injection in conjunction with engine hardware components paved the way for diesel engines to exemplify high efficiency and clean combustion. With emphasis on precise fuel injection, better atomization of fuel to improve combustion, multiple injection, and precise control with electronics, the diesel fuel injection systems have come a long way evolving to meet every challenge that was posed. This chapter begins with a brief review of historic development of diesel fuel injection and discusses the state‐of‐the‐art common rail electronic diesel control system and its features.
Intelligent Transport Systems: Overview and Structure (History, Applications, and Architectures)
Authors: Miles John C.
Published: April 2015

This chapter traces the development of Intelligent Transport Systems (
ITS
) from its early beginnings through to the present day. It looks at the structure of
ITS
applications that has evolved and the important role that system architecture has played in providing a framework for these developments. The chapter considers the origins of
ITS
in Japan, Europe, and North America, leading to the emergence of
ITS
as part of mainstream transportation management. The essential characteristics of
ITS
are described with reference to
ITS
technologies and user services. Different
ITS
architecture viewpoints are described and the role of
ITS
standards is explained. This chapter concludes with some pointers for the future.
Abnormal cortical thickness connectivity persists in childhood absence epilepsy
Authors: Curwood Evan K. , Pedersen Mangor , Carney Patrick W. , Berg Anne T. , Abbott David F. , Jackson Graeme D.
Published: April 2015

Objective

Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a childhood‐onset generalized epilepsy. Recent fMRI studies have suggested that frontal cortex activity occurs before thalamic involvement in epileptic discharges suggesting that frontal cortex may play an important role in childhood absence seizures. Neurocognitive deficits can persist after resolution of the epilepsy. We investigate whether structural connectivity changes are present in the brains of CAE patients in young adulthood.

Methods

Cortical thickness measurements were obtained for 30 subjects with CAE (mean age 21 ± 2 years) and 56 healthy controls (mean age 24 ± 4) and regressed for age, sex, and total intracranial volume (TIV). Structural connectivity was evaluated by measuring the correlation between average cortical thicknesses in 915 regions over the brain. Maps of connectivity strength were then obtained for both groups.

Results

When compared to controls, the CAE group shows overall increased “connectivity” with focal increased connection strength in anterior regions including; the anterior cingulate and the insula and superior temporal gyrus bilaterally; the right orbito‐frontal and supramarginal regions; and the left entorhinal cortex. Decreased connection strength in the CAE group was found in the left occipital lobe, with a similar trend in right occipital lobe.

Interpretation

Brains in young adults whose CAE was resolved had abnormal structural connectivity. Our findings suggest that frontal regions correlate most with cortical thickness throughout the brain in CAE patients, whereas occipital regions correlate most in well matched normal controls. We interpret this as evidence of a developmental difference in CAE that emphasizes these frontal lobe regions, perhaps driven by frontal lobe epileptiform activity.
Structural Design of Cathodes for Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Pope Michael A. , Aksay Ilhan A.
Published: April 2015

Battery technologies involving Li‐S chemistries have been touted as one of the most promising next generation systems. The theoretical capacity of sulfur is nearly an order of magnitude higher than current Li‐ion battery insertion cathodes and when coupled with a Li metal anode, Li‐S batteries promise specific energies nearly five‐fold higher. However, this assertion only holds if sulfur cathodes could be designed in the same manner as cathodes for Li‐ion batteries. Here, the recent efforts to engineer high capacity, thick, sulfur‐based cathodes are explored. Various works are compared in terms of capacity, areal mass loading, and fraction of conductive additive, which are the critical parameters dictating the potential for a device to achieve a specific energy higher than current Li‐ion batteries (i.e., >200 Wh kg−1). While an inferior specific energy is projected in the majority of cases, several promising strategies have the potential to achieve >500 Wh kg−1. The challenges associated with the limited cycle‐life of these systems due to both the polysulfide shuttle phenomenon and the rapid degradation of the Li metal anode that is experienced at the current densities required to charge high specific energy batteries in a reasonable timeframe are also discussed.
An Advanced Na–FeCl2 ZEBRA Battery for Stationary Energy Storage Application
Authors: Li Guosheng , Lu Xiaochuan , Kim Jin Y. , Viswanathan Vilayanur V. , Meinhardt Kerry D. , Engelhard Mark H. , Sprenkle Vincent L.
Published: April 2015

Sodium‐metal chloride batteries, ZEBRA, are considered one of the most important electrochemical devices for stationary energy storage applications because of its advantages of good cycle life, safety, and reliability. However, sodium–nickel chloride (Na–NiCl2) batteries, the most promising redox chemistry in ZEBRA batteries, still face great challenges for the practical application due to its inevitable feature of using Ni cathode (high materials cost). Here, a novel intermediate‐temperature sodium–iron chloride (Na–FeCl2) battery using a molten sodium anode and Fe cathode is proposed and demonstrated. The first use of unique sulfur‐based additives in Fe cathode enables Na–FeCl2 batteries can be assembled in the discharged state and operated at intermediate temperature (<200 °C). The results presented demonstrate that intermediate‐temperature Na–FeCl2 battery technology could be a propitious solution for ZEBRA battery technologies by replacing the traditional Na–NiCl2 chemistry.
The impact of endoscopic sinus surgery on total direct healthcare costs among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Purcell Patricia L. , Beck Sara , Davis Greg E.
Published: April 2015

Background

This study investigates how endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) impacts total direct healthcare costs, medication usage, and frequency of imaging among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Methods

Data were obtained from the MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters databases (Truven Health Analytics); patients who underwent ESS for CRS in 2008 were identified. Healthcare costs, days of antibiotic and oral steroid usage, and number of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were collected for 12 months prior to and 36 months after surgery and compared in 1‐year intervals.

Results

A total of 8963 surgical patients were included. Median total direct costs fell from $4750 at preoperative baseline (95% confidence interval [CI], $4661 to $4838) to $4212 by year 3 after surgery (95% CI, $4078 to $4346). Disease‐specific costs related to conditions commonly associated with CRS—asthma, allergy, depression, and headache–all decreased in the years after surgery; the reduction was significant for all conditions but asthma. Mean days of antibiotic usage per year decreased from 28.2 days before surgery to 15.9 days by year 3 after surgery, p value <0.001. Days of oral corticosteroid usage remained stable at just over 7 days. Mean number of imaging studies fell from an average of 1.6 in the year before surgery to 0.2 by year 3 after surgery, p value <0.001.

Conclusion

Among patients who underwent ESS for CRS, total direct healthcare costs, antibiotic usage, and number of imaging studies decreased after surgery, and remained below preoperative levels throughout all 3 years of follow‐up. Oral corticosteroid usage remained stable.
Front, back and sides: experimental replication and archaeological analysis of Hawaiian adzes and associated debitage
Authors: Clarkson Chris , Shipton Ceri , Weisler Marshall
Published: April 2015

We report our attempts to experimentally replicate 25 fine‐grained basalt Hawaiian quadrangular adzes using freehand percussion. We document the techniques, stages and distinctive debitage resulting from each stage of the reduction process. While the later experimental adzes in our series reproduced the Hawaiian quadrangular adze with accuracy, we were unable to achieve the level of finesse seen in some finished archaeological specimens. Our experiments, and the gap between our own results and the finest examples seen in some archaeological collections, indicates the very high levels of skill needed to make the most refined Hawaiian adzes, and supports the notion that some adze makers were undoubtedly specialists. Our experimental work complements another study of archaeological adzes that examines the technological strategies and the cumulative addition of morphological elements to adzes during manufacture. We hope this study will serve as a useful benchmark for objectively and systematically comparing quadrangular adze technology across Hawai‘i and throughout Polynesia, leading to a better understanding of regional and temporal variation in adze technology.
M/C2/c/K queuing model and optimization for a geriatric care center
Authors: Uzunoglu Kocer Umay , Ozkar Serife
Published: April 2015

Queuing systems with finite buffers are reasonable models for many manufacturing, telecommunication, and healthcare systems. Although some approximations exist, the exact analysis of multi‐server and finite‐buffer queues with general service time distribution is unknown. However, the phase‐type assumption for service time is a frequently used approach. Because the Cox distribution, a kind of phase‐type distribution, provides a good representation of data with great variability, it has a vast area of application in modeling service times.

The research focus is twofold. First, a theoretical structure of a multi‐server and finite‐buffer queuing system in which the service time is modeled by the two‐phase Cox distribution is studied. It is focused on finding an efficient solution to the stationary probabilities using the matrix‐geometric method. It is shown that the stationary probability vector can be obtained with the matrix‐geometric method by using level‐dependent rate matrices, and the mean queue length is computed. Second, an empirical analysis of the model is presented. The proposed methodology is applied in a case study concerning the geriatric patients. Some numerical calculations and optimizations are performed by using geriatric data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increase student‐athlete success by establishing effective partnerships with alumni
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: April 2015

You can better ensure your student‐athletes' overall success when you look beyond your athletics department to partner with those who have valuable contributions to make. And why not begin with alumni?
Motivation and cognitive structures of store versus manufacturer brand consumers
Authors: Krystallis Athanasios
Published: April 2015

The present paper offers empirical evidence about the impact of the type and characteristics of the brand category (i.e. perceived purchasing risk and involvement) as drivers of store brand choice. The means‐end chains analysis methodology was applied on a sociodemographically homogeneous consumer sample, assigned through a 2 × 2 in‐between subjects design into four subgroups of regular (orange juice or toothpaste) store or manufacturer brand buyers, respectively. The introduction of a store brand fueled motivations and cognitive structures that were predominantly shaped by the specific brand type and its expected perceived benefits (i.e. good quality/price ratios); on the contrary, manufacturer brands allowed room for typical, category‐related motives and cognitive hierarchies to dominate. Moreover, in the case of store brand buyers across categories (orange juice versus toothpaste), different perceived risk and consumer involvement had a clear impact on the structure of overall cognitive map and on the sophistication of its most dominant cognitive area. In situations of high perceived risk and involvement, the cognitive structures of store brand buyers tend to resemble that of manufacturer brand buyers. Results add to the ongoing stream of research on store brand buyer behaviour by offering proof of the impact of consumer perceived risk and category involvement on the choice between manufacturer and store brands. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatic Transformations Involved in the Biosynthesis of Microbial Exo‐polysaccharides Based on the Assembly of Repeat Units
Authors: Schmid Jochen , Sieber Volker
Published: April 2015

Microbial exo‐polysaccharides can serve as valuable biopolymers in medicine, food and the feed industry as well as in various technical applications as substitutes of petro‐based polymers or with unusual performance. Due to their different natural functions, they have vastly diverse structures, which lead to a very different properties. This structural diversity is brought about by complex biosyntheses based on enzymes whose genes are mostly encoded in clusters within the genomes of the different microbial species. The organisation of the genes and the chemical structures of the corresponding polysaccharides are closely related. Here, we will mainly focus on the genetics and biosynthesis of some major bacterial hetero‐polysaccharides that are based on repeat unit assembly and will present specific examples of enzymatic transformation steps. Finally, a short outlook will be given on how in vivo modifications based on enzymatic transformations could be used to engineer these polymers.
Kinetics of Sulfite Oxidation in the Simultaneous Desulfurization and Denitrification of the Oxidation‐Absorption Process
Authors: Huang Xianming , Ding Jie , Jia Yong , Zhang Shule , Zhong Qin
Published: April 2015

The kinetics of sulfite oxidation in the simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification of the oxidation‐absorption process was investigated with a bubbling apparatus under the conditions of varying pH, sulfite concentration, nitrite concentration, temperature, and air flow. The results indicate that the oxidation of sulfite is promoted dramatically by mixing with nitrite, due to the decline of the apparent energy of activation and the initiation of nitric dioxide decomposition by nitrite. An increase of the nitrite concentration, the air flow, the reaction temperature, or the pH supports the decomposition of nitrite and the production of nitric dioxide, thus leading to an enhancement of the sulfite oxidation rate. A kinetic model is established according to the experimental results. A satisfactory agreement between the calculated and the experimental values is obtained.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Trifluoromethylthiolation of N‐Heteroarenes
Authors: Honeker Roman , Ernst Johannes B. , Glorius Frank
Published: April 2015

A general and efficient methodology for the direct transition metal free trifluoromethylthiolation of a broad range of biologically relevant N‐heteroarenes is reported employing abundant sodium chloride as the catalyst. This method is operationally simple, exhibits high functional group tolerance, and does not require protecting groups.
Reducing Cardiovascular and Cancer Risk: How to Address Global Primary Prevention in Clinical Practice
Authors: Battistoni Allegra , Mastromarino Vittoria , Volpe Massimo
Published: April 2015

Emerging evidence suggesting the possibility that interventions able to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) may also be effective in the prevention of cancer have recently stimulated great interest in the medical community. In particular, data from both experimental and observational studies have demonstrated that aspirin may play a role in preventing different types of cancer. Although the use of aspirin in the secondary prevention of CVD is well established, aspirin in primary prevention is not systematically recommended because the absolute cardiovascular event reduction is similar to the absolute excess in major bleedings. By adding to its cardiovascular prevention benefits, the potential beneficial effect of aspirin in reducing the incidence of mortality and cancer could tip the balance between risks and benefits of aspirin therapy in primary prevention in favor of the latter and broaden the indication for treatment with aspirin in populations at average risk. Prospective and randomized studies are currently investigating the effect of aspirin in prevention of both cancer and CVD; however, clinical efforts at the individual level to promote the use of aspirin in global (or total) primary prevention already could be made on the basis of a balanced evaluation of the benefit/risk ratio.
A note from history: Landmarks in history of cancer, part 7
Authors: Hajdu Steven I. , Vadmal Manjunath , Tang Ping
Published: April 2015

In the 2 and half decades reviewed (1970‐1995), research established that chromosomal translocation, deletion, and DNA amplification are prerequisites to cancerogenesis and that oncogenes, tumor‐suppressor genes, growth factors, and cytokines play crucial roles in the pathomechanism of cancer. Human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, herpes virus, and hepatitis B virus were identified as cancer‐causing viruses. Several laboratory tests were developed for the detection of primary and recurrent cancers, and cancer prevention by screening methods was popularized. Sonography, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, excision of sentinel lymph nodes, and immunohistochemical techniques became routine procedures. Clinicopathologic staging and classification of tumors were standardized. Limited surgery, adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemoradiation, and the therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies, tumor vaccines, and targeted chemotherapy became routine practice. The decline in cancer incidence and mortality demonstrated that cancer prevention and advancement in oncology are pivotal to success in the crusade against cancer. Above all, it was clearly established that the care of patients with cancer can be accomplished best in a multidisciplinary setting involving surgical oncologists, radiologists, radiation therapists, medical oncologists, surgical pathologists, and laboratory scientists. In conclusion, the 25 years from 1970 and 1995 are the high‐water mark in clinical oncology, and this is the period when oncology turned from art to science.Cancer2015;121:2480–2513. ©2015 American Cancer Society.