bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender Effects Along the Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Carr Nicole T. , Hudson Kenneth , Hanks Roma S. , Hunt Andrea N.
Published: December 2007

This article provides an example of the unequal outcomes generated by humans interacting in a gendered organizational context. Acker's concept of gendered institutions is applied to a juvenile justice program. Using data from court records and program files, official outcomes for boys and girls are compared. Findings indicate that variation in the level of program implementation produced an increase, rather than a decrease, in the odds of female youth being charged with a new offense. They also indicate that girls who committed a new offense were much more likely than comparable boys to be returned to residential treatment, even when controlling for the severity of their reoffense. Taken together, these findings illustrate the reproduction of gender inequality consistent with operations of a gendered organization.
A comparison of high temperature fatigue crack propagation in various subsolvus heat treated turbine disc alloys
Authors: Everitt S. , Starink M. J. , Pang H. T. , Wilcock I. M. , Henderson M. B. , Reed P. A. S.
Published: December 2007

The microstructure and fatigue performance of three subsolvus heat treated nickel based superalloys for turbine disc applications are reported. The alloy variants studied are RR1000, N18 and Udimet 720 low interstitial (U720Li), with the latter tested both in a standard and large grain variant (LG). Their microstructures are examined in terms of grain and gamma prime size ( γ′). Fatigue crack growth (FCG) rates for all materials at 650°C show that RR1000 provides the best performance, followed by U720Li-LG, N18 and U720Li. Some of the variations in FCG rate between the alloys are due to reduction in grain boundary oxidation processes with increased grain size, but more subtle interplays between grain boundary character, alloy composition and slip character are also important.
Effect of environment on notch fatigue behaviour in CMSX4
Authors: Miller M. D. , Reed P. A. S. , Joyce M. R. , Henderson M. B. , Brooks J. W. , Wilcock I. , Wu X.
Published: December 2007

Crack nucleation/initiation at high temperatures has been studied in CMSX4 in both air and vacuum environments, to elucidate the effect of oxidation on the notch fatigue initiation process. In air, crack nucleation/initiation occurred at subsurface interdendritic pores in all cases. The subsurface crack grows initially under vacuum conditions, before breaking out to the top surface. Lifetime is then dependent on initiating pore size and distance from the notch root surface. In vacuum conditions, crack nucleation/initiation has been observed more consistently from surface or close-to-surface pores, indicating that surface oxidation is in-filling/'healing’ surface pores or providing significant local stress transfer to shift initiation to subsurface pores.
Microstructure study of particle reinforced AZ91D and AM50 magnesium alloy semisolid casting
Authors: Regev M. , Rosenson H. , Koren Z.
Published: December 2007

Semisolid metal (SSM) casting offers a number of advantages compared to other casting processes such as reducing cast defects, eliminating dendritic morphology and improving microstructural uniformity. The high shear rate and turbulence involved in the SSM process can contribute to achieving a uniform distribution of the reinforcing phase when producing metal matrix composites (MMCs). Microstructure investigation of SiC particles reinforced AZ91D and AM50 produced by SSM was conducted by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy chemical analysis. Correlation between the process parameters and the microstructure was found. Microstructure stability was studied by performing aging experiments at 180°C, and the microstructure was found to be unstable, namely precipitation of secondary β(Mg17Al12) phase was detected. The instability of the microstructure can be explained on the basis of the solidification process.
Relative performance of detonation gun sprayed Cu–Ni–In and alumina coatings on AA 6063 under plain fatigue and fretting fatigue loading
Authors: Raman S. Ganesh Sundara , Rajasekaran B.
Published: December 2007

The present study compares the plain fatigue (PF) and fretting fatigue (FF) behaviour of two coating materials Cu–Ni–In and alumina that were deposited by detonation gun spray process on Al–Mg–Si alloy (AA 6063) samples. Multipass coating was formulated on all four sides of the gauge portions of the fatigue specimens to a thickness of about 150 to 160 μm and subsequently grinding operation was carried out to reduce the thickness to about 100 μm. Coatings were characterised in terms of microstructure, microhardness, residual stresses and surface roughness. Uniaxial PF and FF experiments were conducted on uncoated and coated specimens. Cu–Ni–In coating exhibited relatively lower hardness compared with alumina coating but higher than that of the substrate. Ground Cu–Ni–In coating exhibited very high surface compressive residual stress compared with ground alumina coating and substrate. The coated samples experienced higher friction force compared with uncoated specimens. Cu–Ni–In coated specimens exhibited slightly higher friction force compared with alumina coated samples. Cu–Ni–In coated samples exhibited superior PF and FF lives compared with uncoated and alumina coated specimens. This has been explained in terms of differences in the values of surface hardness, surface roughness, residual stress, porosity, adhesion and friction force. As there were many factors, which influenced PF and FF lives, it was not possible to find out the relative importance of each factor. However, it is speculated that the presence of very high compressive residual stress at the surface was mainly responsible for the superior performance of Cu–Ni–In coated specimens.
Effects of high temperature and thermal exposure on fatigue crack propagation of laminated metal composites
Authors: Hassan H. A. , Lewandowski J. J.
Published: December 2007

The effects of changing the test temperature from room temperature to 373 or 398 K on the fatigue crack propagation of 6090/SiC/25p-6013 and 7093/SiC/25p-7093 laminates tested in the crack arrestor orientation was investigated. The fatigue crack propagation behaviour of the individual monolithic and discontinuously reinforced aluminium alloy (DRA) layers was additionally compared to that of the laminates. The fatigue behaviour of the laminates was significantly different than that of the individual layers and was affected by changes in the test temperature as well as by a thermal exposure to high temperatures (e.g. 373 or 398 K) before testing at 298 K. Significant changes in the crack velocity also occurred upon traversing from one layer to another for the fatigue tests conducted at high temperature, or after exposure to high temperature.
Computational modelling of crack initiation in a single crystal superalloy under fatigue–oxidation conditions
Authors: Zhao L. G. , Busso E. P. , O'Dowd N. P.
Published: December 2007

Crack initiation in a single crystal nickel base superalloy was studied under fatigue–oxidation conditions, using a crystallographic constitutive theory in conjunction with a mass diffusion model. Finite element (FE) analyses were carried out on a notched compact tension (CT) specimen with a void close to the notch surface. The number of cycles to crack initiation was predicted using a strain ratchetting based failure criterion. Microcracks were predicted to initiate from the void due to the more severe ratchetting at the void surface. The applied load level and ratio, as well as the void location, strongly affect the number of cycles to crack initiation from the void. A high temperature oxidising environment is predicted to reduce the number of cycles to crack initiation by enhancing the ratchetting in the vicinity of the void, a consequence of microstructural degradation of the material near the notch due to oxidation linked diffusion processes at the notch root.
Thermal–mechanical fatigue behaviour of CMSX-4 in virgin and long term aged conditions
Authors: Moverare J. J.
Published: December 2007

The thermal–mechanical fatigue (TMF) behaviour of the single crystal alloy CMSX-4 has been investigated under out of phase (OP) loading in the 100–1000°C temperature range with a dwell period of 5 min. The material was tested in both virgin and aged conditions. Even though aging at 1000°C for 4000 h seems to have no significant influence on the OP TMF life, a more ductile fracture appearance was generally found for the aged material. This is also illustrated by the difference in the shape of the stabilised stress–strain hysteresis loop between virgin and aged materials, where one can see a higher degree of inelastic deformation for the aged material due to a higher degree of creep relaxation during the dwell period and more plastic deformation in the cold end of the TMF cycle. Microstructure studies showed that rafting occurred in the virgin material even during a short term TMF test with a maximum temperature of 1000°C, which may explain some of the similarities in terms of cyclic life between the two tested material conditions. The rafting was however more pronounced in the aged material where topologically close-packed phases also were found.
Oxidation assisted thermomechanical fatigue failure of polycrystalline superalloys
Authors: Pahlavanyali S. , Drew G. , Rayment A. , Rae C. M. F.
Published: December 2007

Thermomechnical fatigue (TMF) failure of Nimonic 90, a polycrystalline superalloy, has been investigated under out of phase (OP), in phase (IP) and counterclockwise (CCD) tests. The tests have been carried out in a temperature range of 400–850°C and mechanical strain range of ±0·4%. One IP test has been carried out at a lower strain range of ±0·3%. The TMF lives are greatly affected by the TMF cycle profiles. The shortest TMF life was recorded for the IP test, whereas the longest was recorded for the OP test at the same strain level. Detailed investigation of the micromechanisms of deformation highlighted that γ′ coarsening rate during the IP test was much higher than the other tests and that this was consistent with a faster stress drop during the course of the TMF test. In addition the γ′ coarsening rate was greater for both tests than that occurring during simple thermal cycling of the alloy over the same temperature range but without load. However the more important factor determining the shorter life of the IP test compared with the OP test is related to the initiation and propagation of the failure crack in the two samples. The IP samples showed both initiation and propagation at grain boundaries while the OP test revealed grain boundary initiation followed by an intragranular propagation mode. Measurements conducted on the microcrack size revealed a much higher microcrack growth rate during the IP test. It is likely that the tensile strain during the high temperature part of the IP cycle accelerates oxygen diffusion and thus increases grain boundary oxidation at the tips of microcracks, shortening IP life.
Experimental study of ternary Nd–Pt–Fe phase equilibria at 500°C
Authors: Gu Z. F. , Xu Ch. F. , Cheng J. , Cheng G. , Jiang M. H. , Wang Z. M. , Zhou H. Y. , Liu X. M. , Lin Y. Y.
Published: December 2007

The phase equilibria in the ternary Nd–Pt–Fe system at 500°C have been established by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. Twelve single phase regions (including solid solution regions of the binary compounds) were determined. Twenty-one two phase regions and ten three phase regions were identified to exist at this isothermal section. No Nd3Pt4 phase and new ternary compounds were found.
A systematic review of successes and failures in home telehealth. Part 2: Final quality rating results
Authors: Bensink Mark , Hailey David , Wootton Richard
Published: December 2007

Each of 1 30 studies about home telehealth was independently rated by three reviewers in terms of patient selection, specification of interventions, specification of analysis, patient disposal and outcomes reported. The mean ratings of study quality were used to calculate an overall decision-making score. From the decision-making score, a net evidence score was derived for each of the 26 diseases/conditions identified. The mean decision-making score, combining study design and quality ratings, was used for comparison with a preliminary report prepared in 2006. The inclusion of ratings of study quality strengthened and confirmed the original findings. In summary, there are good to high quality studies supporting the use of home telehealth in the areas of diabetes, the general area of mental health, high-risk pregnancy monitoring, heart failure, other cardiac conditions and smoking cessation. Incorporating the rating of study quality in systematic reviews is an important step which provides additional information about the strength of evidence available.
A snapshot of e-health activity in Sri Lanka
Authors: Marasinghe Rohana B , Edirippulige Sisira , Smith Anthony C , Abeykoon Palitha , Jiffry Mohamed T M , Wootton Richard
Published: December 2007

The health-care system in Sri Lanka is similar to those in other developing countries and access to health services for remote communities is extremely limited. We reviewed the literature about e-health in Sri Lanka. The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in private hospitals is more common than in public hospitals. The use of ICT in general practice is increasing. A number of international organizations have initiated various pilot projects, including disaster relief efforts, education initiatives and telemedicine. In addition, several institutions and organizations are dedicated to the promotion of e-health and a range of Web-based health consultancy services have begun. Although e-health seems to have a limited role in Sri Lanka at present, there is growing interest in the opportunities it may offer in terms of improving the delivery and access to services, especially in remote locations.
Telemedicine support for a marathon swimmer and the Amazon swim expedition
Authors: De Leonni Stanonik Mateja , Latifi Rifat
Published: December 2007

To support the Amazon Swim Expedition, a virtual medical team was established which provided teleconsultations to the physician on board the expedition support boat. A baseline examination was performed at the beginning of the expedition followed by weekly examinations on every member of the team. Twice daily examinations including measurement of blood pressure, heart rate, body weight and a pain scale were performed on the swimmer. The medical team was contacted through email (mainly), telephone and live video consultation using Skype, and store-and-forward techniques to upload pre-recorded consultations via a low bandwidth satellite link. The project demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining real-time advice for patients in very remote conditions. It also showed the feasibility of using a virtual international collaboration of relevant experts.
An Explanation of Non-Participation in Planning
Authors: Batley Richard
Published: December 2007

One of the crucial tests of the policy of public participation called for in the 1968 Planning Act is whether it can work in areas which do not demand a say in planning. There is a danger that these areas could be jostled even further away from resources and consideration as the more vocal areas which have always demanded attention take full advantage of their rights under the new system. The citizen’s statutory right to information and consultation means litde if he doubts that his involvement can have any impact on planning, and if the local authority feel they have nothing to gain from hearing his views.

Although the 1968 Act required that the public should be informed and consulted in some way, it also gave local authorities greater power. First, it left the evolution of the means of consultation to the local authority. Second, it made planning a staged process which could be used to render the public quite impotent. In place of the old detailed development plan only the skeletal structure plan is now subject to public enquiry and ministerial approval, but at this stage the plan is insufficiently detailed for potential objectors to know how their interests are affected.
Access to health care in developing countries: breaking down demand side barriers
Authors: O'Donnell Owen
Published: December 2007

Effective health care interventions are underutilized in the developing world, and income-related disparities in use are large. The evidence concerning this access problem is summarized and its demand side causes are identified. Broad strategies that have been proposed to tackle the access problem through changes in economic incentives are considered. It is argued that there is a need to go beyond the identification of broad strategies to the design and evaluation of specific policy measures. Only through experimentation and evaluation will we learn what works in raising health care utilization, particularly among the poor in the developing world.
Produção e citação em Saúde Coletiva: um olhar a partir dos periódicos Cadernos de Saúde Pública e Revista de Saúde Pública
Authors: Carvalho Leandro , Coimbra Jr. Carlos E. A. , Souza-Santos Reinaldo , Santos Ricardo Ventura
Published: December 2007

O presente trabalho é um estudo bibliométrico comparativo entre as duas principais revistas científicas da área da Saúde Coletiva publicadas no Brasil: Cadernos de Saúde Pública (CSP) e Revista de Saúde Pública (RSP). Foram analisados 24 fascículos de cada periódico, publicados entre 1996 e 2003, construindo uma amostra de 819 artigos (496 de CSP e 323 de RSP). Os seguintes elementos dos artigos foram identificados e analisados: área temática do artigo e padrão de citações de publicações (artigos em periódicos, livros e/ou capítulos de livro, teses/dissertações, documentos de Internet, "literatura cinzenta" e outros tipos de publicações). Os dados encontrados mostram que a maioria dos artigos publicados é da subárea "epidemiologia". O padrão de citação identificado nas revistas foi de citações a artigos em periódico em maior número, seguidas das citações a livros e/ou capítulos de livro. Artigos na subárea "ciências sociais em saúde" publicados em CSP apresentam características distintas, com maior número de citações a livros e capítulos. Os autores argumentam que as informações são relevantes na caracterização da produção da área, com desdobramentos importantes no plano da avaliação acadêmico-científica da Saúde Coletiva no país.
Reformulando a violência política e efeitos na saúde mental: esboçando uma agenda de pesquisa e ação para a América Latina e região do Caribe
Authors: Pedersen Duncan
Published: December 2007

Em décadas recentes, o número de pessoas expostas a eventos traumáticos tem aumentado significativamente, bem como formas de violência como guerras e revoluções políticas, que subjugam populações civis em todo o mundo. Apesar da disseminação dos conflitos armados, guerrilhas e violência política na América Latina e Caribe, atenção insuficiente tem sido dada para avaliar o impacto psicológico a médio e longo prazo e o peso das doenças, mortes, e invalidez provocadas pela violência e guerra contra populações civis. Algumas perguntas centrais são levantadas, a partir de revisão da literatura: qual o impacto na saúde da população, a curto, médio e longo prazo, por vivenciar violências extremas e continuadas? Como a violência política se relaciona com pobre saúde mental individual e coletiva? As desordens relacionadas aos traumas são conseqüências universais da violência extrema e continuada? Essas perguntas nos levam a reformular a análise da violência política e de suas conseqüências sobre a saúde mental e a reexaminar as noções de trauma e a agenda da pesquisa e ação para a região. Ao fim, são apresentados alguns princípios básicos que podem ser úteis ao se projetar intervenções psicosociais.
Panorama da violência urbana no Brasil e suas capitais
Authors: Souza Edinilsa Ramos de , Lima Maria Luiza Carvalho de
Published: December 2007

Neste artigo, faz-se uma análise epidemiológica descritiva da morbidade e da mortalidade por acidentes e violência no Brasil e suas capitais, em anos mais recentes para os quais as informações estão disponíveis. Usam-se dados dos Sistemas de Informações sobre Mortalidade e de Internações Hospitalares, do Ministério da Saúde; da Secretaria Nacional de Segurança, do Ministério da Justiça; e do Departamento Nacional de Trânsito, do Ministério das Cidades. Os dados populacionais de 2002 e 2003 são os disponibilizados pelo Datasus/MS. Destacam-se algumas situações que persistem no Brasil: elevadas taxas de homicídios e de mortes por acidentes de trânsito; concentração dos eventos na população jovem, negra e do sexo masculino; e a complexidade e multideterminação desses fenômenos. Como novo, aponta-se um processo de disseminação de homicídios para outros municípios das regiões metropolitanas e do interior dos Estados, com destaque para a magnitude da morbidade em relação à mortalidade. Porto Velho, Macapá, Vitória, Rio de Janeiro e Cuiabá apresentam os maiores indicadores de violência intencional - elevadas taxas de homicídios e de lesões corporais. Em Palmas ocorrem altas taxas de mortalidade por acidentes de transporte e de vítimas não fatais por 10 mil veículos.
A proposta da rede de serviços sentinela como estratégia da vigilância de violências e acidentes
Authors: Gawryszewski Vilma Pinheiro , Silva Marta Maria Alves da , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Mascarenhas Márcio Denis Medeiros , Costa Valter Chaves , Matos Sônia Gesteira e , Moraes Neto Otaliba Libânio de , Monteiro Rosane Aparecida , Carvalho Cynthia Gazal , Magalhães Maria de Lourdes
Published: December 2007

No Brasil, as bases de dados oficiais permitem o monitoramento da mortalidade e internações no SUS, decorrentes dos acidentes e violências. É preciso conhecer a magnitude e o perfil dessas causas que demandam os serviços de emergência, bem como identificar alguns problemas ocultos tais como as violências doméstica e sexual. O propósito deste artigo é apresentar a proposta do Ministério da Saúde de implantação da Rede de Serviços Sentinela de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes - Rede VIVA, iniciada em 2006, que visa complementar o sistema de informações existente para a vigilância dessas causas. Para obter um quadro mais completo do problema e atender à legislação vigente no País, foram estabelecidos dois componentes: 1) Vigilância de acidentes e violências em emergências hospitalares selecionadas: coleta em um mês a cada ano, através de uma amostra; 2) Vigilância das violências sexual, doméstica e/ou outras violências interpessoais em serviços de referência: coleta universal e contínua. O estabelecimento da Rede VIVA foi realizado pelo Ministério da Saúde em parceria com as Secretarias Estaduais e Municipais de Saúde a partir de critérios previamente estabelecidos. A adesão ao projeto foi acima das expectativas, todas as regiões do Brasil foram representadas.
Caracterização diagnóstica dos serviços que atendem vítimas de acidentes e violências em cinco capitais brasileiras
Authors: Deslandes Suely Ferreira , Souza Edinilsa Ramos de , Minayo Maria Cecília de Souza , Costa Cláudia Regina B. Sampaio Fernandes da , Krempel Márcia , Cavalcanti Maria de Lourdes , Lima Maria Luiza Carvalho de , Moysés Samuel Jorge , Leal Maria Lúcia , Carmo Cleber Nascimento do
Published: December 2007

Este artigo caracteriza serviços que atendem as vítimas em capitais das cinco regiões brasileiras com altos índices de violências e acidentes.Analisam-se atividades e estratégias de atendimento, perfil das equipes, condições das instalações, equipamentos e insumos, serviços integrados de atenção e de registro de agravos e a ótica de gestores de saúde sobre demandas e necessidades para uma atenção de qualidade às vítimas. O acervo se constitui de 103 serviços: 34 de Recife, 25 do Rio de Janeiro, 18 de Manaus, 18 de Curitiba e 8 de Brasília. Os resultados ainda preliminares indicam: menor número de serviços com atendimentos voltados a idosos; pouco investimento em ações de prevenção; suporte social, atendimento ambulatorial, hospitalar e psicológico são as principais ações empreendidas; encaminhamentos das unidades básicas de saúde requerem atenção nas comunidades e famílias; necessidade de investimentos na capacitação dos profissionais para atendimento; registros precários e feitos manualmente. O texto da Política Nacional de Redução de Morbimortalidade por Acidentes e Violências é pouco conhecido e há desarticulação inter e intra-institucional e entre atendimento pré-hospitalar e de emergência. Em todas as cidades há insuficiência de serviços de reabilitação.
Redes de prevenção à violência: da utopia à ação
Authors: Njaine Kathie , Assis Simone Gonçalves de , Gomes Romeu , Minayo Maria Cecília de Souza
Published: December 2007

Este artigo objetiva discutir a experiência de redes de proteção a pessoas em situação de violência ou redes de prevenção. Baseia-se no conceito de rede de Castells, que define a sociedade da informação. O estudo é parte da pesquisa Experiências exitosas em prevenção da violência, realizada pelo Centro Latino-Americano de Estudos de Violência e Saúde Jorge Careli/ENSP-IFF/Fiocruz, junto com a Secretaria de Vigilância à Saúde do Ministério da Saúde. O presente artigo analisa as potencialidades e os limites para a construção de redes de prevenção à violência, buscando apreender o sentido das ações e do movimento em rede. O método utilizado é o estudo de caso de duas iniciativas em rede da Região Sul do País. Os resultados evidenciam que, diante das dificuldades para a atuação em rede, faz-se necessário: romper com a lógica do trabalho setorizado e verticalizado; promover o exercício constante de comunicação e de troca de informações; capacitar permanentemente profissionais e pessoas que se envolvem na rede; incorporar a família nas ações de proteção e de prevenção e promover a participação de amplos setores sociais. Concluindo, pode-se afirmar que a construção de uma rede de proteção demanda etapas complexas, um novo olhar para o mesmo problema e a utopia para plantar soluções.
Automatic Identification of Diagnostic Significant Regions in Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Melanocytic Skin Tumors
Authors: Gerger A. , Wagner C. , Smolle J. , Wiltgen M.
Published: December 2007

Objectives:
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is used for quick medical checkups. The aim of this study is to check the discrimination power of texture features for the automatic identification of diagnostic significant regions in CLSM views of skin lesions.

Methods:
In tissue counter analysis (TCA) the images are dissected in equal square elements, where different classes of features are calculated out. Features defined in the spatial domain are based on histogram (grey level distribution) and co-occurrence matrix (grey level combinations). The features defined in the frequency domain are based on spectral properties of the wavelet Daubechie 4 transform (texture exploration at different scales) and the Fourier transform (global texture properties are localized in the spectrum). Hundred cases of benign common nevi and malignant melanoma were used as the study set. Classification was done with CART (Classification and Regression Trees) analysis which splits the set of square elements into homogenous terminal nodes and generates a set of splitting rules.

Results:
Features based on the wavelet transform provide the best results with 96.0% of correctly classified elements from benign common nevi and 97.0% from malignant melanoma. The classification results are relocated to the images by use of the splitting rules as diagnostic aid. The discriminated square elements are highlighted in the images, showing tissue with features in good accordance with typical diagnostic CLSM features.

Conclusion:
Square elements with more than 80% of discrimination power enable the identification of diagnostic highly significant parts in confocal microscopic views of malignant melanoma.
Is Home Health Technology Adequate for Proactive Self-care?
Authors: Mueller M. , Wiley D. , Tentler A. , Bocko M. , Chen L. , Leibovici A. , Quinn J. , Shar A. , Pentland A. P. , Horwitz C. M.
Published: December 2007

Objective:
To understand whether home health technology in the market and in development can satisfy the needs of patients and their non-professional caregivers for proactive support in managing health and chronic conditions in the home.

Methods:
A panel of clinical providers and technology researchers was assembled to examine whether home health technology addresses consumer-defined requirements for self-care devices. A lexicon of home care and self-care technology terms was then created. A global survey of home health technology for patients with heart disease and dementia was conducted. The 254 items identified were categorized by conditions treated, primary user, function, and purpose. A focus group of patients and caregivers was convened to describe their expectations of self-care technology. Items identified in the database were then assessed for these attributes.

Results:
Patients and family caregivers indicated a need for intelligent self-care technology which supports early diagnosis of health changes, intervention enablement, and improvement of communication quality among patients and the health care system. Of these, only intervention enablement was commonly found in the home health technology items identified.

Conclusions:
An opportunity exists to meet consumer self-care needs through increased research and development in intelligent self-care technology.
What Do Family Caregivers of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients Desire in Smart Home Technologies?
Authors: Ollivet C. , Guigui C. , Hervé C. , Rialle V.
Published: December 2007

Objectives:
The authors’ aim was to investigate the representations, wishes, and fears of family caregivers (FCs) regarding 14 innovative technologies (IT) for care aiding and burden alleviation, given the severe physical and psychological stress induced by dementia care, and the very slow uptake of these technologies in our society.

Methods:
A cluster sample survey based on a selfadministered questionnaire was carried out on data collected from 270 families of patients with Alzheimer’s disease or related disorders, located in the greater Paris area. Multiple Correspondence Analysis was used in addition to usual statistical tests to identify homogenous FCs clusters concerning the appreciation or rejection of the considered technologies.

Results:
Two opposite clusters were clearly defined: FCs in favor of a substantial use of technology, and those rather or totally hostile. Furthermore the distributions of almost all the answers of appreciations were U-shaped. Significant relations were demonstrated between IT appreciation and FC‘s family or gender statuses (e.g., female FCs appreciated a tracking device for quick recovering of wandering patients more than male FCs: p = 0.0025, N = 195).

Conclusions:
The study provides further evidence of the contrasted perception of technology in dementia care at home, and suggests the development of public debates based on rigorous assessment of practices and a strict ethical aim to protect against misuse.
Privacy and Senior Willingness to Adopt Smart Home Information Technology in Residential Care Facilities
Authors: Courtney K. L.
Published: December 2007

Objectives:
With large predicted increases of the older adult (65 years and older) population, researchers have been exploring the use of smart home information technologies (IT) in residential care (RC) facilities to enhance resident quality of life and safety. Older adults’ perceptions of privacy can inhibit their acceptance and subsequent adoption of smart home IT.

Methods:
This qualitative study, guided by principles of grounded theory research, investigated the relationship between privacy, living environment and willingness of older adults living in residential care facilities to adopt smart home IT through focus groups and individual interviews.

Results:
The findings from this study indicate that privacy can be a barrier for older adults’ adoption of smart home IT; however their own perception of their need for the technology may override their privacy concerns. Privacy concerns, as a barrier to technology adoption, can be influenced by both individual-level and community-level factors.

Conclusions:
Further exploration of the factors influencing older adults’ perceptions of smart home IT need is necessary.
Can the arts change the world? The transformative power of community arts
Authors: Scher Abby
Published: December 2007

This chapter describes the insights and learning produced by a group of community activists and educators who participated in cooperative inquiry into the question, How and when does art release, create, and sustain transforming power for social change?
Multicultural diversity: Learning through the arts
Authors: Wesley Sherre
Published: December 2007

Through the arts, people holistically learn, interact with greater multicultural diversity than elsewhere, and form connections with others. Participating in the arts gives adults experiences, contexts, and tools to help them reexperience, revision, and reconceptualize multicultural diversity in their lives and communities.
Cultural arts education as community development: An innovative model of healing and transformation
Authors: Archer‐Cunningham Kwayera
Published: December 2007

This chapter discusses a three‐tiered process of collective experiences of various artistic and cultural forms that fosters the healing and transformation of individuals, families, and communities of the African Diaspora.
Suggestive linkage of a chromosomal locus on 18p11 to cyclothymic temperament in bipolar disorder families
Authors: Evans Lynn M. , Akiskal Hagop S. , Greenwood Tiffany A. , Nievergelt Caroline M. , Keck Paul E. , McElroy Susan L. , Sadovnick A. Dessa , Remick Ronald A. , Schork Nicholas J. , Kelsoe John R.
Published: December 2007

Attempts to identify bipolar disorder (BP) genes have only enjoyed limited success. One potential cause for this problem is that the traditional categorical BP phenotypes currently used in genetic linkage studies are not the most informative, efficient, or biologically relevant. An alternative to these strict categorical BP phenotypes is quantitative BP phenotypes. By isolating one aspect of a complex trait such as BP into a simple, intermediate, quantitative trait, genes that contribute to the larger complex trait can be more readily identified. Along these lines, we utilized a temperament‐based measure (cyclothymic temperament) as a quantitative, intermediate BP phenotype in linkage analyses and hypothesized that this measure might more efficiently detect loci for BP or temperamental traits that predispose to BP. A total of 158 individuals with temperament data from 28 BP families were used in the linkage analyses. All pedigrees had a proband diagnosed with BPI or BPII and at least two other family members with a mood disorder diagnosis. An 8 cM genome scan was performed and analyzed using MERLIN nonparametric multipoint regression linkage for a cyclothymic temperament trait. The highest overall LOD score was on chromosome 18 (LOD = 2.71, P = 0.0002). Other linkage peaks which may indicate potential regions of interest were found on chromosomes 3 and 7. The temperament‐based cyclothymic trait yielded a higher peak LOD score and a lower P‐value than analyses using traditional, categorical phenotypes in a separate analysis including these same families. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical analysis of thermoplastic‐natural‐rubber‐reinforced short carbon fiber and kenaf fiber hybrid composites
Authors: Anuar H. , Ahmad S. H. , Rasid R. , Ahmad A. , Busu W. N. Wan
Published: December 2007

The hybridization of thermoplastic natural rubber based on carbon fiber (CF) and kenaf fiber (KF) was investigated for its mechanical and thermal properties. Hybrid composites were fabricated with a melt‐blending method in an internal mixer. Samples with overall fiber contents of 5, 10, 15, and 20 vol % were subjected to flexural testing, and samples with up to 30% fiber content were subjected to impact testing. For flexural testing, generally, the strength and modulus increased up to 15 vol % and then declined. However, for impact testing, higher fiber contents resulted in an increment in strength in both treated and untreated composites. Thermal analysis was carried out by means of dynamic mechanical analysis on composites with 15 vol % fiber content with fractions of CF to KF of 100/0, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 0/100. Generally, the storage modulus, loss modulus, and tan δ for the untreated hybrid composite were more consistent and better than those of the treated hybrid composites. The glass‐transition temperature of the treated hybrid composite was slightly lower than that of the untreated composite, which indicated poor damping properties. A scanning electron micrograph of the fracture surface of the treated hybrid composite gave insight into the damping characteristics. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Nigrostriatal Neurons in Rat Express the Glial Cell Line‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptor Subunit c‐RET
Authors: Wang Yan‐Qin , Bian Gan‐Lan , Wei Li‐Chun , Cao Rong , Peng Yi‐Feng , Chen Liang‐Wei
Published: December 2007

The substantia nigra neurons expressing c‐RET, a glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor intracellular tyrosine kinase subunit, were investigated in rats by using a double labeling method which combined retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling after injection into the striatum with immunohistochemistry to c‐RET. It was revealed that the distribution of c‐RET–immunoreactive neurons and HRP‐labeled nigrostriatal neurons overlapped. Numerous double‐labeled HRP/c‐RET neurons were found in the substantia nigra pars compacta with predominate distribution ipsilateral to the injected striatum. Semiquantitative cell count indicated that a large percentage (97%) of HRP‐labeled neurons showed c‐RET immunoreactivity. Furthermore, double‐labeled HRP/c‐RET ones constituted only 61% of total c‐RET–immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra ipsolateral to the injected striatum. Taken together with previous observations on glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor in the basal ganglia, this study provides evidence that the c‐RET protein may mediate biological activity of GDNF family ligands in most of projecting neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta where the dopaminergic neurons are numerously distributed. Specially, it suggests that c‐RET–mediating signaling cascades may play important roles in neuron–glial interaction that support and sustain nigrostriatal neuronal circuits in the basal ganglia. Anat Rec, 291:49–54, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Podocyte Loss in Aging OVE26 Diabetic Mice
Authors: Teiken Jennifer M. , Audettey Janice L. , Laturnus Donna I. , Zheng Shirong , Epstein Paul N. , Carlson Edward C.
Published: December 2007

Recent studies show that podocyte nuclear density (NV) and numbers of renal podocytes per glomerulus (N) are altered in experimental and spontaneous diabetes mellitus. NV and N are generally reduced, and it has been hypothesized that these morphological changes may relate to the loss of glomerular permselectivity in diabetic nephropathy (DN). In the current study, OVE26 transgenic diabetic mice and age‐matched (FVB) controls (60, 150, or 450 days) were fixed by vascular perfusion and renal cortical tissues were prepared for morphometric analyses. ImageJ software and point counting analyses were carried out on light and transmission electron micrographs to determine glomerular volume (VG), NV, and N. As expected, mean VG in OVE26 mice increased substantially (∼134%) over the course of the study and was significantly increased over FVB mice at all ages. At 60 days, NV and N were not statistically distinguishable in OVE26 and control mice, while at 150 days, NV was significantly reduced in diabetics but not N. In 450‐day‐old OVE26 animals, however, NV and N were both significantly decreased (∼231% and ∼99%, respectively) relative to age‐matched FVB mice. These data suggest that in the OVE26 model of diabetes, significant podocyte loss occurs relatively late in the course of the disease. Moreover, it seems possible that these podocytic changes could play a role in sustaining the increased permeability of the blood–urine barrier in the later stages of diabetic renal decompensation. Anat Rec, 291:114–121, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution, Development, and Initial Function of the Mammalian Neocortex: Response of the Germinal Zones to Endothermy
Authors: Smart I.H.M.
Published: December 2007

In the mouse the release of neocortical neurons from the periventricular germinal layers of the forebrain commences towards the ventral margin of the lateral pallium at the level of the interventricular foramen and is propagated from there across the lateral wall of the hemisphere. In the adult cortex the origin of the gradient corresponded to the ventral portion of the somatotopic map of the body, that is, to the area representating structures derived from the embryonic branchial arches, namely, the peri‐oral region and laryngo‐pharyngeal masticatory apparatus. Branchial arch nerves also innervate the fore‐ and mid‐gut and all the related exocrine and endocrine glands. This suggests that the mammalian neocortex evolved from a visceral integration area in a positionally equivalent area in the pallium of a reptilian ancestor which expanded in relation to extensive changes taking place in the visceral and branchial systems of the body during the transition from reptilian ectothermy to mammalian endothermy. The practical problem facing early mammals was to acquire and process the extra energy required to sustain a continuously high metabolic rate. Improvements to the food processing capabilities of the visceral and branchial systems and the expansion of their neural control were important components in the conglomerate of changes required to sustain the increased energy demands of endothermic tissues. Endothermy also bestowed the ability to sustain greater numbers of metabolically expensive neurons and this, in turn, required an appropriate response from the cell production mechanisms in the periventricular germinal layers. Anat Rec, 291:28–48, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Die Wahner Heide. Eine alte Kulturlandschaft der Extraklasse
Authors: Gotzmann Inge , Ferber Dirk
Published: December 2007

Die südöstlich von Köln gelegene Wahner Heide wurde lange als Geheimtipp unter Naturfreunden gehandelt. Seit dem Rückzug der belgischen Streitkräfte aus dem Truppenübungsplatz und Naturschutzgebiet rückt diese reizvolle Heide‐ und Moorlandschaft ins Interesse der Öffentlichkeit. Das Eldorado der Arten‐ und Biotopvielfalt wird für viele ein neu zu entdeckendes Naherholungsziel.
Biologie auf der Suche nach ihrer Identität. 200 Jahre Theoriengeschichte – Teil 2
Authors: Penzlin Heinz
Published: December 2007

Der zweite Teil unserer Reise durch 200 Jahre Biologiegeschichte behandelt die Evolutions‐ und die Endosymbiontentheorie sowie die einheitlichen Mechanismen der Vererbung und des Stoffwechsels und schließt mit der Erkenntnis ab, dass die Biologie ihre “Suche nach Identität” nur aus sich selbst heraus im Rahmen einer zu schaffenden “Theoretischen Biologie” abschließen kann. Der erste Teil dieses Artikels erschien in BIUZ 5/2007 und reichte von der Einführung des Begriffes “Biologie” bis hin zur Zellen‐ und Urzeugungstheorie.
Nobelpreis 2007 in Medizin: Herstellung von knockout‐Mäusen
Authors: Graw Jochen
Published: December 2007

Vor 20 Jahren, 1987, erschien in der Zeitschrift “Cell” eine Veröffentlichung, die die Welt der Genetik und der biomedizinischen Forschung revolutionierte: Kirk Thomas und Mario Capecchi berichteten über die gezielte Abschaltung des Hprt‐Gens der Maus. Am Ende ihres Artikels schrieben sie lapidar: “Das hier beschriebene Protokoll könnte für gezielte Mutationen in jedem Gen benutzt werden.” Im Herbst 2007 wurden Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans und Oliver Smithies für die Vorarbeiten, die zu diesem Durchbruch führten, mit dem Nobelpreis in Medizin ausgezeichnet.
Carl von Linné
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm
Published: December 2007

Der Schwede Carl Linnaeus (1707‐1778), dessen Geburtstag sich am 23. Mai diesen Jahres zum 300. Male jährte, hat allen Tier‐ und Pflanzenarten einen zweiteiligen Namen verpasst und durch diese Einführung der binären Nomenklatur ein heilloses Durcheinander bei Benennungen und Zuordnungen beendet – zu einer Zeit, in der durch Entdeckungen und Eroberungen die Zahl der bekannten Arten sprunghaft zugenommen hatte.
BEE‐onik – Lernen von den Waben der Honigbiene
Authors: Tautz Jürgen
Published: December 2007

Wabenstrukturen sind wegen ihrer statischen Eigenschaften optimale Lösungen für viele bautechnische Probleme. Auch durch ihre dynamischen Fähigkeiten nehmen sie eine Spitzenstellung ein. Honigbienen erzeugen auf ihren Waben kontrollierte Mini‐Erdbeben, die mechanische Energie als Kommunikationssignale auf eine Art und Weise in der Wabe ausbreiten, deren Grundlagen nun in die Technik übertragen werden sollen.
Sansibar: Wege zurück zur nachhaltigen Fischerei
Authors: Aboud Salma Mohammed , Kronberg Inge
Published: December 2007

Sansibar, Gewürzinsel Afrikas – Perle des indischen Ozeans – Paradies für Schnorchler: So schwärmen Reiseführer von der Inselgruppe an der Ostküste Afrikas. Berühmt und berüchtigt ist Sansibar für den Gewürz‐ und Sklavenhandel früherer Jahrhunderte. Der damalige Reichtum ist vergangen, ein Ausbau von Fischerei und Tourismus soll die Versorgung der Bevölkerung zukünftig sichern und neue Devisen bringen. Von der Küste werden Entwicklungsimpulse für ganz Tansania erhofft. Der verständliche Wunsch nach einem wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung macht ein nachhaltiges Management besonders wichtig.
Biofuels – Economic Aspects
Authors: Festel G. W.
Published: December 2007

Assuming an oil price of US$60 per barrel, both biodiesel and bioethanol produced from wheat are not profitable in Europe. The producers' high margins are only due to the current mineral oil tax concessions. At present, biomass‐to‐liquid (BTL) fuel also cannot be produced competitively. At the assumed oil price, only bioethanol and biobutanol produced on a large scale from lignocellulose‐containing raw materials have the potential to be produced competitively. Analyses of the technologies used in this field show that in Europe there are interesting new technological developments for the hydrolysis, fermentation and purification step.