bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prematurity, perinatal inflammatory stress, and the predisposition to develop chronic kidney disease beyond oligonephropathy
Authors: Hoogenboom Lieke A. , Wolfs Tim G. A. M. , Hütten Matthias C. , Peutz-Kootstra Carine J. , Schreuder Michiel F.
Published: September 2020

Prematurity and perinatal stress, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and chorioamnionitis, are pathological processes creating an impaired intrauterine environment. These intrauterine factors are associated with the development of proteinuria, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) later in life. Initially, this was thought to be secondary to oligonephropathy, subsequent glomerular hypertrophy, and hyperfiltration, leading to glomerulosclerosis, a further decrease in nephron number, and finally CKD. Nowadays, there is increasing evidence that prematurity and perinatal stress affect not only nephron endowment but also the maturation of podocytes and vasculogenesis. IUGR is associated with podocyte damage and an aggravated course of nephrotic syndrome. Moreover, preterm birth and IUGR are known to cause upregulation of the postnatal renin-angiotensin system, resulting in hypertension. Chorioamnionitis causes damage to the glomeruli, thereby predisposing to the development of glomerulosclerosis. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the influence of prematurity, IUGR, and chorioamnionitis on the development of different glomerular structures. After summarizing human and experimental data on low nephron number in general, a specific focus on the current understanding of podocyte and glomerular capillary formation in relation to prematurity and different causes of perinatal stress is presented.
Body image distress in head and neck cancer patients: what are we looking at?
Authors: Melissant H. C. , Jansen F. , Eerenstein S. E. , Cuijpers P. , Laan E. , Lissenberg-Witte B. I. , Schuit A. S. , Sherman K. A. , Leemans C. R. , Verdonck-de Leeuw I. M.
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The aim of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of body image distress among head and neck cancer (HNC) patients after treatment and to examine its association with sociodemographic and clinical factors, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), HNC symptoms, sexuality, self-compassion, and psychological distress. Second, we aim to explore daily life experiences of HNC patients regarding body image.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey among HNC patients investigated the prevalence of body image distress based on the Body Image Scale. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to study associations with sociodemographic and clinical factors, HRQOL (EORTC QLQ-C30), HNC symptoms (QLQ-HN43), sexuality (FSFI-6; IIEF-5), self-compassion (SCS-SF), and psychological distress (HADS). Qualitative data from a body image writing intervention was used to explore experiences in daily life related to body image.

Results

Body image distress was prevalent in 13–20% (depending on cut-off scores) of 233 HNC patients. Symptoms of depression (p < 0.001), younger age (p < 0.001), problems with social contact (p = 0.001), problems with wound healing (p = 0.013), and larger extent of surgery (p = 0.014) were associated with having body image distress. This model explained 67% of variance. Writing interventions of 40 HNC patients showed that negative body image experiences were related to appearance and function, with social functioning problems described most often.

Conclusion

Prevalence of body image distress in HNC patients, using different cut-off scores, is 13–20%. Younger patients, patients after extensive surgery, and patients who had wound healing problems are most at risk. There is a significant association between body image distress and depressive symptoms and social functioning.
Inferences and Metainferences in ST
Authors: Cobreros Pablo , Egré Paul , Ripley David , van Rooij Robert
Published: September 2020

In a recent paper, Barrio, Tajer and Rosenblatt establish a correspondence between metainferences holding in the strict-tolerant logic of transparent truth ST+ and inferences holding in the logic of paradox LP+. They argue that LP+ is ST+’s external logic and they question whether ST+’s solution to the semantic paradoxes is fundamentally different from LP+’s. Here we establish that by parity of reasoning, ST+ can be related to LP+’s dual logic K+. We clarify the distinction between internal and external logic and argue that while ST+’s nonclassicality can be granted, its self-dual character does not tie it to LP+ more closely than to K+.
Time-of-flight telemeter based on a ring-laser
Authors: Aromataris G. , Lombardi L. , Scirè A. , Annovazzi-Lodi V.
Published: September 2020

We propose a new telemeter scheme for absolute distance measurements, based on a semiconductor ring laser, working in the bistability regime. The optical feedback provided by two external reflectors (a fixed one at short distance, and a moveable one defining the measuring arm) generates commutations of the propagation direction (clockwise, counter-clockwise) inside the ring laser, the period of which is linearly related to the distance of the measure arm reflector. A convenient electrical output signal can be easily obtained by a photodiode located behind the (partially reflecting) fixed mirror. This telemeter, which combines time-of-flight and optical injection, is very simple to implement, since, in addition to the laser, it only requires mirrors and collimation or focusing optics. Also electronic driving and processing are straightforward. Differently from most time-of-flight telemeters, this scheme does not require special provisions or processing to tackle the ambiguity problem. Simulations are performed by mathematical models based on rate-equations. This telemeter has been evaluated in the range 10 cm–32 m of round trip distance, with a fixed arm of 10 μm–10 cm, assuming typical literature parameters for a 1 mW ring laser.
Robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) and standardization of outcome reporting: a prospective, observational study on reaching the “Trifecta and Pentafecta”
Authors: Sri D , Thakkar R. , Patel H R H , Lazarus J. , Berger F. , McArthur R. , Lavigueur-Blouin H. , Afshar M. , Fraser-Taylor C. , Le Roux P. , Liban J. , Anderson C. J.
Published: September 2020

Partial nephrectomy (PN) for small renal masses is common, but outcomes are not reported in a standard manner. Traditionally, parameters such as 90-day mortality, blood loss, transfusion rates, length of stay, nephrometry scoring and complications are published but their collective impact on warm ischemia time (WIT) and post-surgery GFR is rarely determined. Thus, our aim was to assess if “Trifecta” and “Pentafecta” outcomes could be used as useful surgical outcome markers. A prospective database of 252 Robotic-Assisted PN (RAPN) cases (2008–2019) was analysed. “Pentafecta” was defined as achievement of “Trifecta” (negative surgical margin, no postoperative complications and WIT of < 25 min) plus over 90% estimated GFR preservation and no CKD stage upgrading at 1 year. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict factors which may prevent achieving a Trifecta/Pentafecta. Median tumour size was 3 cm and mean WIT was 15 min. Positive surgical margins (PSM) occurred in 2 cases. Overall, the intra-operative complication rate was 7%. One recurrence conferred 5-year cancer-free survival of 97%. Trifecta outcome was achieved in 169 (67%) and Pentafecta in 141 (56%) of cases. At logistic regression analysis, intraoperative blood loss was the only factor to affect Trifecta achievement (p = 0.018). Advanced patient age negatively impacted Pentafecta achievement (p = 0.010). The Trifecta and Pentafecta outcomes are easily applicable to PN data, and offer an internationally comparable PN outcome, quality measure. We recommend applying this standardization to national data collection to improve the quality of reporting and ease of interpretation of surgeon/centres’ outcomes.
Etiology, baseline clinical profile and comorbidities of patients with Cushing’s syndrome at a single endocrinological center
Authors: Stachowska Barbara , Kuliczkowska-Płaksej Justyna , Kałużny Marcin , Grzegrzółka Jędrzej , Jończyk Maja , Bolanowski Marek
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The aim of this study was to compare phenotype of patients with pituitary, adrenal and ectopic CS and identify the differences regarding biochemical parameters, clinical presentations, and comorbidities in CS patients who were diagnosed at the single endocrinological center in Wroclaw.

Methods

The study population involved 64 patients with CS (53 women and 11 men) diagnosed in Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy in 2000–2018. Patients were divided into three etiologic groups: pituitary dependent-CS (P-CS) (64%), adrenal dependent CS (A-CS) (25%), and CS from an ectopic source (E-CS) (11%).

Results

Percentage of men in the A-CS group was significantly higher than in the other etiologic groups. ACTH, UFC, and cortisol in DST were significantly higher in E-CS group compare to P-CS and A-CS (p < 0.05). Mean potassium level in E-CS group was significantly lower than in P-CS and A-CS (p < 0.05). Median of time elapsed to diagnosis was significantly lower in the E-CS group compared with either the P-CS and the A-CS group (p < 0.01). The most frequently symptoms in CS patients were skin alterations (82.8%), weight gain (81.2%), and hypertension (81.2%).

Conclusions

The epidemiology of CS is changing toward a growing proportion of A-CS. All patients with E-CS presented a profound hypokalemia. Salient hypokalemia could be a biochemical marker more suggestive for E-CS rather than P-CS. The incidence of diabetes is more frequent in E-CS group than in P-CS and A-CS groups.
The Role of Social Capital in Labour-Related Migrations: the Polish Example
Authors: Łukaszewska-Bezulska Justyna
Published: September 2020

This article addresses the relationships between international labour-related migrations and social capital in two ethnically heterogeneous local communities, outstanding by their inhabitants’ high degree of spatial mobility. On the basis of the observations performed and in-depth interviews with migrants and experts, social networks built by the inhabitants were analysed, with particular attention paid to migration networks, and the meaning and role of social capital in the inhabitants of cultural borderlands’ migrations, especially in the areas of migrants’ lives such as job seeking, living together and dealing with difficulties, were discussed. It has been demonstrated that the international labour-related migrations influence the quality and type of social capital present in the ethnically heterogeneous local communities at cultural borderlands, although the direction and force of this impact are not equivocal and depend most of all on the strength and quality of primary ties in the migrants’ community of origin, i.e. if the community was rich in the social capital resources, migrations may contribute to its growth, while for communities deficient in this resource, migrations may cause its continued diminishing.
The use of sodium chloride as strategy for improving CO2/CH4 replacement in natural gas hydrates promoted with depressurization methods
Authors: Gambelli Alberto Maria , Rossi Federico
Published: September 2020

Natural gas hydrates represent a valid opportunity in terms of energy supplying, carbon dioxide permanent storage and climate change contrast. Research is more and more involved in performing CO2 replacement competitive strategies. In this context, the inhibitor effect of sodium chloride on hydrate formation and stability needs to be investigated in depth. The present work analyses how NaCl intervenes on CO2 hydrate formation, comparing results with the same typology of tests carried out with methane, in order to highlight the influence that salt produced on hydrate equilibrium conditions and possibilities which arise from here for improving the replacement process efficiency. Sodium chloride influence was then tested on five CO2/CH4 replacement tests, carried out via depressurization. In relation with the same typology of tests, realised in pure demineralised water and available elsewhere in literature, three main differences were found. Before the replacement phase, CH4 hydrate formation was particularly contained; moles of methane involved were in the range 0.059–0.103 mol. On the contrary, carbon dioxide moles entrapped into water cages were 0.085–0.206 mol or a significantly higher quantity. That may be justified by the greater presence of space and free water due to the lower CH4 hydrate formation, which led to a more massive new hydrate structure formation. Moreover, only a small part of methane moles remained entrapped into hydrates after the replacement phase (in the range of 0.023–0.042 mol), proving that, in presence of sodium chloride, CO2/CH4 exchange interested the greater part of hydrates. Thus, the possibility to conclude that sodium chloride presence during the CO2 replacement process provided positive and encouraging results in terms of methane recovery, carbon dioxide permanent storage and, consequently, replacement process efficiency.
Resource allocation in transboundary tuna fisheries: A global analysis
Authors: Seto Katherine , Galland Grantly R. , McDonald Alice , Abolhassani Angela , Azmi Kamal , Sinan Hussain , Timmiss Trent , Bailey Megan , Hanich Quentin
Published: September 2020

Resource allocation is a fundamental and challenging component of common pool resource governance, particularly transboundary fisheries. We highlight the growing importance of allocation in fisheries governance, comparing approaches of the five tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (tRFMOs). We find all tRFMOs except one have defined resources for allocation and outlined principles to guide allocation based on equity, citizenship, and legitimacy. However, all fall short of applying these principles in assigning fish resources. Most tRFMOs rely on historical catch or effort, while equity principles rarely determine dedicated rights. Further, the current system of annual negotiations reduces certainty, trust, and transparency, counteracting many benefits asserted by rights-based management proponents. We suggest one means of gaining traction may be to shift conversations from allocative rights toward weighting of principles already identified by most tRFMOs. Incorporating principles into resource allocation remains a major opportunity, with important implications for current and future access to fish.
Social-Epistemic Rhetoric of (Un)certainty in Biomedical and Psychiatric Scientific Academic Writing: a Diatextual Analysis
Authors: Manuti Amelia , Mininni Giuseppe , Scardigno Rosa , Grattagliano Ignazio
Published: September 2020

In line with the general aims of scientific textuality, research papers in the biomedical and psychiatric academic domains mostly attempt to demonstrate the validity of their assumptions and to contrast with the sense of uncertainty that sometimes frames their conclusions. Moving from this premise, the present paper aimed to focus on these features and to investigate if and the extent to which biomedical and psychiatric texts convey different social-epistemic rhetoric of uncertainty. In view of this, a qualitative study was conducted adopting diatextual analysis to investigate a corpus of 298 scientific articles taken from theBritish Medical Journaland from theBritish Journal of Psychiatrypublished in 2013. Our analytical approach led to identifying two different types of social-epistemic rhetoric. The first one was mostly oriented to “describing” the world, accounting for the body-mind nexus as conceptualized within the “medical” point of view. On the other hand, the second one was oriented to “interpreting” the world, debating the problematic and critical features of the body-mind relationship as developed within the psychiatry discursive realm.
Refinement Procedures for Clitorolabiaplasty in Male-to-Female Gender-Affirmation Surgery: More than an Aesthetic Procedure
Authors: Raigosa Mauricio , Avvedimento Stefano , Descarrega Jordi , Yuste Marta , Cruz-Gimeno Juan , Fontdevila Joan
Published: September 2020

Background

Among the various steps of a penile inversion feminizing genitoplasty, reconstruction of the clitoris and labia minora remains the most challenging procedure.

Aim

This study aims to evaluate surgical outcomes of neoclitoroplasty performed before and after the introduction of the labia minora’s creation in our surgical technique.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was carried out comparing 2 groups of patients that underwent penile inversion feminizing surgery: group A (64 patients) who had labia minora and clitoral hood creation and group B (103 patients) who did not.

Outcomes

To describe the surgical technique and outcomes of clitorolabiaplasty in male-to-female gender-affirmation surgery.

Results

Concerning overall complication rates, there were significant differences in the incidence of hemorrhage and urethral stenosis (P < .01). Hemorrhage surrounding the urethra and labia was identified in 40 patients (group A: n = 8 [12.5%]; group B: n = 32 [31%]) (P = .006). Neomeatal stenosis occurred in 17 patients (group A: n = 1 [1.5%]; group B: n = 16 [15.5%]) (P = .003). Partial necrosis of the clitoris occurred in 2 cases (group A: n = 0; group B: n = 2 [1.9%]) (P = .52). Necrosis of the labia majora occurred in 3 cases (group A: n = 0; group B: n = 3 [2.9%]) (P = .28). 5 patients (group A: n = 2 (3.1%); group B: n = 3 [2.9%]) (P = .93) developed rectovaginal fistula. 6 patients experienced neovaginal canal stricture (group A: n = 3 [4.6%]; group B: n = 3 [2.9%]) (P = .54). 2 patients (group A: n = 0; group B: n = 2 [1.9%]) (P = .52) reported introital stenosis; Persistent granulation tissue inside the neovagina that required in-office treatments occurred in 4 cases (group A: n = 2 [3.1%]; group B: n = 2 [1.9%]) (P = .62). Wound dehiscence occurred in 23 patients (group A: n = 13 [20.3%]; group B: n = 10 [9.7%]) (P = .05). 24 patients (group A: n = 3 [4.6%]; group B: n = 21 [20.3%]) (P = .004) underwent 28 different types of aesthetic refinements.

Clinical Implications

Incorporating the creation of labia minora and clitoral hood in one step is a safe and viable option in patients undergoing male-to-female gender-affirmation surgery.

Strengths & Limitations

Strength of the study is the large cohort of patients included and the consistent surgical technique. To our knowledge, this is the first study that compares with a control group, the introduction of labia minora creation in male-to-female gender-affirmation surgery. Limitations include the retrospective nature of the study and the absence of patient-reported outcomes measures.

Conclusion

Technical refinements of our technique led to a significative reduction in urethral stenosis and postoperative hemorrhage without an increased risk of major complications.
Cryosectioning diagnosis and enzymatic cleaning of reverse osmosis membrane biofouling: Part I
Authors: Khan Mohiuddin Md. Taimur , Mickols William , Danielsen Steffen , Thomsen Keith , Camper Anne
Published: September 2020

Biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes is one of the main reasons for the flux decline in water reuse applications in the filtration industry. A simple screening approach to evaluate such membranes for their propensity to biofouling and a means of removing biofoulants, without changing surface physicochemical properties, would be of benefit to this sector. The objectives of this research are to investigate the mode of action of Subtilisin protease- and lipase-based enzymatic cleaning of thin-film composite reverse osmosis membrane biofoulants, and characterise the effects of the biofilm-resistant membrane surfaces by using cryosectioning of the membrane with biofilm on its surface. The first instalment of this article, which appears here, provides an introduction to the research, the materials and methods used and the first part of the results, which discusses biofilm formation, and quantitative measurements and visualisation of biofoulants on reverse osmosis membranes. Part II will be published in the September 2020 issue of Membrane Technology.
Confronting Rebellion in Weak States: Government Response to Military Mutiny in Benin
Authors: Codjo Juste
Published: September 2020

Military mutinies are a serious threat to peace in Africa, as they may be a catalyst for large-scale civil violence. Unlike most studies that solely focus on the causes of military revolts, this article explores both cause and government response by examining a 1992 military sedition in Benin. Relying on interviews and government archives, Codjo uncovers the sources of the revolt and compares two consecutive administrations in their management of the crisis. The main takeaway is that presidential leadership style and antecedents of elite consensus on governance rules are sometimes critical in rallying support for a lasting solution to mutinies.
Infant removal and the lack of representation for parents
Authors: Harrison Celine , Bahemia Carol , Henderson Debbie
Published: September 2020

This paper throws a spotlight on the systemic disadvantage experienced by parents who have their children removed from their care. With data drawn from the annual reports of the Legal Aid of Western Australia, the child protection agency in Western Australia, and the Productivity Commission, the authors illustrate the disconnection between the agency’s policy to reunify children once removed from their birth parents; the resources made available to support families to overcome their difficulties; and how the gap is further widened when parents without financial means and who are disempowered face legal proceedings on their own. We profile the increasing numbers of infants who are removed, the decreasing numbers of these infants who are discharged from care, and the shortfall of grants of legal aid that are provided to parents when they go to court. For this group of parents, permanent loss of their children is a reality. The aim of the paper is to capture the extent to which there is a fundamental blemish on the principles of due process and fairness, and once statutory processes are triggered, the best interests of the child and the support of parents are contingent, with poverty being the key mediating factor.
The Aftermath of Human Rights Protections: Gender Identity, Gender Expression, and the Socio-Legal Regulation of School Boards
Authors: Kirkup Kyle , Airton Lee , McMillan Allison , DesRochers Jacob
Published: September 2020

Between 2002 and 2017, Canadian lawmakers sought to redress the pervasive levels of discrimination, harassment, and violence experienced by transgender and/or non-binary people by adding the terms “gender identity” and/or “gender expression” to federal, provincial, and territorial human rights instruments. This paper tracks the complex, iterative ways in which antidiscrimination protections are brought to life outside courts and tribunals. Using Ontario’s publicly-funded English language secular school boards as a case study, we examine how the introduction of explicit human rights protections on the basis of “gender identity” and “gender expression” in 2012 worked to produce a series of responses across the education sector. Given that “gender identity” and “gender expression” remain legally undefined terms in the OntarioHuman Rights Code, and only provisionally defined by Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC) policy, we argue that school boards constitute important actors engaged in constructing the meanings of these terms in policy and practice. In decentering courts and tribunals in our analysis, we aim to uncover the everyday practices of parallel norm-making taking place in the education context. These everyday practices shape how we collectively understand the meaning of “gender identity” and “gender expression.” By carefully tracking these post-legislative developments, which rarely make their way into reported decisions, we suggest that human rights law reforms might open up space for the emergence of norms that allow people to do gender in a variety of ways.
Effectiveness of Containment Measures to Control the Spread of COVID-19 in North Africa
Authors: Ouchetto Ouail , Drissi Bourhanbour Asmaa , Boumhamdi Mounir
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

Since the first case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, identified in December 2019, in Wuhan in China, the number of cases rapidly increased into a pandemic. Governments worldwide have adopted different strategies and measures to interrupt the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The main objective was to report and evaluate the effectiveness of the adopted measures in North Africa countries.

Methods:

In these countries, the effective reproductive number R(t), the naïve case fatality rate, and the adjusted case fatality rate were estimated and compared on different dates.

Results:

The obtained results show that the early strict application of containment measures and confinement could help contain the spread of the epidemic and maintain the number of deaths low.

Conclusions:

These measures might be useful for other countries that are experiencing the start of local COVID-19 outbreaks. They could also serve to halt the spread of new epidemics or pandemics.
Risk stratification tool for all surgical site infections after coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Gatti Giuseppe , Fiore Antonio , Ceschia Alessandro , Ecarnot Fiona , Chaara Rim , Luzzati Roberto , Folliguet Thierry , Chocron Sidney , Pappalardo Aniello , Perrotti Andrea
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To develop a risk score for surgical site infections (SSIs) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Design:

Retrospective study.

Setting:

University hospital.

Patients:

A derivation sample of 7,090 consecutive isolated or combined CABG patients and 2 validation samples (2,660 total patients).

Methods:

Predictors of SSIs were identified by multivariable analyses from the derivation sample, and a risk stratification tool (additive and logistic) for all SSIs after CABG (acronym, ASSIST) was created. Accuracy of prediction was evaluated with C-statistic and compared 1:1 (using the Hanley-McNeil method) with most relevant risk scores for SSIs after CABG. Both internal (1,000 bootstrap replications) and external validation were performed.

Results:

SSIs occurred in 724 (10.2%) cases and 2 models of ASSIST were created, including either baseline patient characteristics alone or combined with other perioperative factors. Female gender, body mass index >29.3 kg/m2, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, extracardiac arteriopathy, angina at rest, and nonelective surgical priority were predictors of SSIs common to both models, which outperformed (P< .0001) 6 specific risk scores (10 models) for SSIs after CABG. Although ASSIST performed differently in the 2 validation samples, in both, as well as in the derivation data set, the combined model outweighed (albeit not always significantly) the preoperative-only model, both for additive and logistic ASSIST.

Conclusions:

In the derivation data set, ASSIST outperformed specific risk scores in predicting SSIs after CABG. The combined model had a higher accuracy of prediction than the preoperative-only model both in the derivation and validation samples. Additive and logistic ASSIST showed equivalent performance.
Tracing the institutional barriers to the integration of the social protection and fragile states agendas within the World Bank
Authors: Mackinder Sophie
Published: September 2020

The share of the extreme poor living in fragile and conflict-affected situations is projected to rise above 50 per cent by 2030. There is consequently an acute need for poverty-reduction mechanisms such as social protection within these contexts, which requires the integration of the discourse and policies on fragility with those on social protection. This paper traces the development of the two agendas in the World Bank, through documentary analysis and 43 interviews with Bank staff. It explores the extent to which social protection is considered within the fragility agenda (and vice versa), to establish whether the building of social protection systems is included within the broader ambition of “state-building” and considers the barriers to further integration of these agendas. The paper concludes that interaction between them has been limited to date and highlights the Bank’s own institutional architecture as a barrier to a more integrated approach.
Gradient and Harnack-type estimates for PageRank
Authors: Horn Paul , Nelsen Lauren M.
Published: September 2020

Personalized PageRank has found many uses in not only the ranking of webpages, but also algorithmic design, due to its ability to capture certain geometric properties of networks. In this paper, we study the diffusion of PageRank: how varying the jumping (or teleportation) constant affects PageRank values. To this end, we prove a gradient estimate for PageRank, akin to the Li–Yau inequality for positive solutions to the heat equation (for manifolds, with later versions adapted to graphs).
Cumulative semantic interference across unrelated responses in school-age children's picture naming
Authors: CHAREST Monique , BAIRD Tieghan
Published: September 2020

Naming semantically related images results in progressively slower responses as more images are named. There is considerable documentation in adults of this phenomenon, known as cumulative semantic interference. Few studies have focused on this phenomenon in children. The present research investigated cumulative semantic interference effects in school-aged children. In Study 1, children named a series of contiguous, semantically related pictures. The results revealed no cumulative interference effects. Study 2 utilized an approach more closely aligned with adult methods, incorporating intervening, unrelated items intermixed with semantically related items within a continuous list. Study 2 showed a linear increase in reaction time as a function of ordinal position within semantic sets. These findings demonstrate cumulative semantic interference effects in young, school-aged children that are consistent with experience-driven changes in the connections that underlie lexical access. They invite further investigation of how children's lexical representation and processing are shaped by speaking experiences.
Smart Crime Tourism as Multilayered Cultural Encounters: Exploring Aarhus via Locative Media and Crime Narratives
Authors: Bengesser Cathrin , Waade Anne Marit
Published: September 2020

This article investigates the trend of smartphone-enabled screen tourism based on the findings from practice-based research carried out during the development and testing of the locative screen tourism experience ‘DETECt Aarhus’. This work shows how smart screen tourism can facilitate multilayered cultural encounters because it can provide a multifaceted perspective on locations and can motivate people to explore local culture. App-guided tours enable the embodied and emotional experiences of traditional screen tourism, but in a more flexible way that eases the crossing of thresholds between the material space and fictional places of crime stories. The testing of the DETECt Aarhus app’s pilot version further highlighted that popular crime narratives and smart tourism technology can address a broader group beyond fans of specific crime media. In addition, visitors with no previous connection to (local) crime stories can use apps to encounter the destination as a material space, fictional place and site of cultural production.
Adherence to the MIND diet is associated with 12-year all-cause mortality in older adults
Authors: Corley Janie
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To prospectively evaluate the association of three dietary patterns: the MIND (Mediterranean-DASH diet intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) diet; a Mediterranean-type diet and a traditional diet, with all-cause mortality over a 12-year period in an older sample.

Design:

A longitudinal birth cohort study. We ascertained dietary patterns using FFQ data at baseline (2004–2007) and mortality using linkage data. Cox regression was used to estimate mortality hazard ratios (HR) with adjustment for confounders.

Setting:

The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) study in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Participants:

Dietary patterns were ascertained in 882 participants, mean age 69·5 (±0·8) years, at baseline. During the 12-year follow-up (to October 2019), 206 deaths occurred.

Results:

In the basic-adjusted model, all three dietary patterns were significantly associated with mortality, the MIND diet and Mediterranean-type diet with a lower risk and the traditional diet with a higher risk. In fully adjusted models, MIND diet score was inversely related to all-cause mortality (HR 0·88; 95 % CI 0·79, 0·97) such that the risk of death was reduced by 12 % per unit increase in MIND diet score. Participants in the top compared with the bottom third of MIND diet score had a 37 % lower risk of death (HR 0·63; 95 % CI 0·41, 0·96). No significant associations with the Mediterranean-type or traditional dietary patterns were observed in the final multivariate model.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that closer adherence to the MIND diet is associated with a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality, over 12 years of follow-up, and may constitute a valid public health recommendation for prolonged survival.
Wirksamkeit des Stabilisierungstrainings für jugendliche Flüchtlinge mit Traumafolgestörungen: Eine randomisierte Kontrollgruppenstudie
Authors: Walg Marco , Angern Johanna Sophie , Michalak Johannes , Hapfelmeier Gerhard
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Unbegleitete minderjährige Flüchtlinge (UMF) sind eine besonders vulnerable Gruppe bezüglich psychischer Erkrankungen. Sie stellen daher nicht nur für die kinder- und jugendpsychiatrische und psychotherapeutische Versorgung, sondern auch für Einrichtungen der Jugendhilfe eine große Herausforderung dar. Die Studie untersucht die Wirksamkeit des Stabilisierungstrainings für jugendliche Flüchtlinge mit Traumafolgestörungen in stationären Jugendhilfeeinrichtungen. Methodik: Die randomisierte Kontrollgruppenstudie mit Prä-Post-Design wurde im naturalistischen Setting durchgeführt. Neun Wohngruppen für UMF wurden zufällig der Interventions- oder Wartekontrollbedingung zugewiesen. Die psychische Belastung von 46 UMF wurde sowohl durch Selbst- als auch durch Fremdurteil erfasst. Als Intervention wurde das Stabilisierungstraining für jugendliche Flüchtlinge mit Traumafolgestörungen von jeweils zwei pädagogischen MitarbeiterInnen in den Wohngruppen durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die Trainingsteilnahme führte zu einer Reduzierung der subjektiv erlebten allgemeinen psychischen Belastung. Die psychische Belastung im Selbsturteil war in der Interventionsgruppe nach Trainingsende signifikant niedriger als in der Wartekontrollgruppe. Die Wirksamkeit des Trainings wird durch das verwendete Fremdbeurteilungsmaß offenbar nicht abgebildet. Schlussfolgerungen: Das Stabilisierungstraining kann ein geeignetes Instrument zur präklinischen Versorgung junger Geflüchteter und damit eine wichtige Grundlage für eine weiterführende Psychotherapie sein. Für die Bewertung des Trainingseffekts erscheint das Selbsturteil der Betroffenen bedeutsamer als Fremdbeurteilungen.
Implementation of Groundwater Lateral Flow and Human Water Regulation in CAS‐FGOALS‐g3
Authors: Wang Longhuan , Xie Zhenghui , Xie Jinbo , Zeng Yujin , Liu Shuang , Jia Binghao , Qin Peihua , Li Lijuan , Wang Bin , Yu Yongqiang , Dong Li , Wang Yan , Li Ruichao , Liu Bin , Chen Si
Published: September 2020

Both groundwater lateral flow (GLF) and human water regulation (HWR) significantly impact hydrological processes, climate, and even socioeconomic sustainable development. Reasonably representing these processes in climate system models is vital for improving hydrological predication and climate modeling. In this study, schemes including GLF and HWR were implemented into the Flexible Global Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Land System model grid‐point version 3 (CAS‐FGOALS‐g3) to investigate the hydroclimatic effects of GLF and HWR. Three groups of simulations using CAS‐FGOALS‐g3 were conducted for the period from 1976 to 2010. Comparisons between the simulations and the observations show their good performance in reproducing the hydrological processes. Results show that soil moisture and latent heat flux increased when GLF was included in the western United States, northern Australia, and northern South America, along with a shallower water table depth. The largest increases in latent flux are located in regions without water and energy limitations. Increased summer precipitation occurred in the western United States due to the wetting and cooling effects of GLF. Latent heat flux significantly increases in three key regions of the world (central United States, north China plain, and northern India), caused by wetting surface soil due to irrigation. The atmosphere also responded to HWR, with cooling at the 850 hPa level over northern India and Pakistan. Decreased precipitation occurred in India because the upward movement was weaker as a result of HWR. GLF can replenish the groundwater depression cone caused by overexploitation, especially in thick aquifers.
Groundwater‐Driven Methane Export Reduces Salt Marsh Blue Carbon Potential
Authors: Schutte C. A. , Moore W. S. , Wilson A. M. , Joye S. B.
Published: September 2020

The burial of “blue carbon” in coastal marsh soils is partially offset by marsh‐atmosphere methane (CH4) fluxes, but this offset may be greater if other pathways of CH4 export exist. Here we report that salt marshes also export dissolved CH4 via submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). The volumetric fluxes of salt marsh groundwater into adjacent tidal creeks were calculated from mass balances of the conservative tracer 226Ra at four study sites in coastal Georgia, USA. Over the 2‐year study period, volumetric groundwater fluxes across all sites ranged between 1,700 and 105,000 m3 day−1. Dissolved CH4 fluxes of 27–1,200 μmol CH4 m−2 day−1 were calculated by multiplying the volumetric groundwater flux by the groundwater CH4 concentration and normalizing to the intertidal salt marsh area estimated from satellite images. On a mass basis, the cross‐site range in CH4 fluxes was 1.3–5.5 g CH4 m−2 year−1 with a cross‐site mean of 2.8 g CH4 m−2 year−1. This is equivalent to 125 (56–245) g CO2 m−2 year−1 assuming that CH4 is 45 times more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas over a 100‐year time frame. This sustained‐flux global warming potential is similar to the 138 (1.1–260) g CO2 m−2 year−1 average calculated across other studies of the direct marsh soil to atmosphere CH4 flux. Therefore, SGD drives an effective doubling of salt marsh CH4 export that offsets a combined total of ~30% of the global cooling potential derived from soil carbon sequestration.
On the Increase of Climate Sensitivity and Cloud Feedback With Warming in the Community Atmosphere Models
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Poulsen Christopher J.
Published: September 2020

Modeling and paleoclimate proxy‐based studies suggest that equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) depends on the background climate state, though the reason is not thoroughly understood. Here we study the state dependence of ECS over a large range of global mean surface temperature (GMST) in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) Versions 4, 5, and 6 by varying atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We find a robust increase of ECS with GMST in all three models, albeit at different rates, which is primarily attributed to strengthening of the shortwave cloud feedback (λcld) at both high and low latitudes. Over high latitudes, increasing GMST leads to a reduction in the cloud ice fraction, weakening the (negative) cloud‐phase feedback due to the phase transition of cloud ice to liquid and thereby strengthening λcld. Over low‐latitude regions, increasing GMST strengthens λcld likely through the nonlinear increase in water vapor, which causes low‐cloud thinning through thermodynamic and radiative processes.
Resolving Inconsistencies in Extreme Precipitation‐Temperature Sensitivities
Authors: Visser J. B. , Wasko C. , Sharma A. , Nathan R.
Published: September 2020

Extreme precipitation events are intensifying with increasing temperatures. However, observed extreme precipitation‐temperature sensitivities have been found to vary significantly across the globe. Here we show that negative sensitivities found in previous studies are the result of limited consideration of within‐day temperature variations due to precipitation. We find that short‐duration extreme precipitation can be better described by subdaily atmospheric conditions before the start of storm events, resulting in positive sensitivities with increased consistency with the Clausius‐Clapeyron relation across a wide range of climatic regions. Contrary to previous studies that advocate that dew point temperature drives precipitation, dry‐bulb temperature is found to be a sufficient descriptor of precipitation variability. We argue that analysis methods for estimating extreme precipitation‐temperature sensitivities should account for the strong and prolonged cooling effect of intense precipitation, as well as for the intermittent nature of precipitation.
Correction: Ciclopirox activates PERK-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress to drive cell death in colorectal cancer
Authors: Qi Jianjun , Zhou Ningning , Li Liyi , Mo Shouyong , Zhou Yidan , Deng Yao , Chen Ting , Shan Changliang , Chen Qin , Lu Bin
Published: September 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Single-photon pulse induced giant response in N > 100 qubit system
Authors: Yang Li-Ping , Jacob Zubin
Published: September 2020

The temporal dynamics of large quantum systems perturbed weakly by a single excitation can give rise to unique phenomena at the quantum phase boundaries. Here, we develop a time-dependent model to study the temporal dynamics of a single photon interacting with a defect within a large system of interacting spin qubits (N > 100). Our model predicts a quantum resource, giant susceptibility, when the system of qubits is engineered to simulate a first-order quantum phase transition (QPT). We show that the absorption of a single-photon pulse by an engineered defect in the large qubit system can nucleate a single shot quantum measurement through spin noise read-out. This concept of a single-shot detection event (“click”) is different from parameter estimation, which requires repeated measurements. The crucial step of amplifying the weak quantum signal occurs by coupling the defect to a system of interacting qubits biased close to a QPT point. The macroscopic change in long-range order during the QPT generates amplified magnetic noise, which can be read out by a classical device. Our work paves the way for studying the temporal dynamics of large quantum systems interacting with a single-photon pulse.
Importance of old bulls: leaders and followers in collective movements of all-male groups in African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Allen Connie R. B. , Brent Lauren J. N. , Motsentwa Thatayaone , Weiss Michael N. , Croft Darren P.
Published: September 2020

In long-lived social species, older individuals can provide fitness benefits to their groupmates through the imparting of ecological knowledge. Research in this area has largely focused on females in matrilineal societies where, for example, older female African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana) are most effective at making decisions crucial to herd survival, and old post-reproductive female resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) lead collective movements in hunting grounds. In contrast, little is known about the role of older males as leaders in long-lived social species. By analysing leadership patterns of all-male African savannah elephant traveling groups along elephant pathways in Makgadikgadi Pans National Park, Botswana, we found that the oldest males were more likely to lead collective movements. Our results challenge the assumption that older male elephants are redundant in the population and raise concerns over the biased removal of old bulls that currently occurs in both legal trophy hunting and illegal poaching. Selective harvesting of older males could have detrimental effects on the wider elephant society through loss of leaders crucial to younger male navigation in unknown, risky environments.
Silver nanoparticles-decorated Preyssler functionalized cellulose biocomposite as a novel and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 2-amino-4H-pyrans and spirochromenes
Authors: Saneinezhad Sara , Mohammadi Leila , Zadsirjan Vahideh , Bamoharram Fatemeh F. , Heravi Majid M.
Published: September 2020

Silver nanoparticles-decorated Preyssler functionalized cellulose biocomposite (PC/AgNPs) was prepared and fully characterized by FTIR, UV–vis, SEM, and TEM techniques. The preparation of PC/AgNPs was studied systematically to optimize the processing parameters by Taguchi method using the amount of PC, reaction temperature, concentration of silver nitrate and pH of medium. Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal (4 parameters, 4 level) was used for the experimental design. The SEM analysis confirmed the presence of the Preyssler as a white cloud as well as spherical AgNPs on the surface of cellulose. The formation of AgNPs on the surface was observed by changing of the color from yellow to deep brown and confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy. The best yield of AgNPs forming was obtained in pH 12.5 at 80 ºC in 20 min. TEM analysis confirmed the formation of spherical AgNPs with a size of 50 nm, at the 1% wt. loading of Preyssler. This easily prepared PC/AgNPs was successfully employed as an efficient, green, and reusable catalyst in the synthesis of a wide range of 2-amino-4H-pyran and functionalized spirochromene derivatives via a one-pot, multicomponent reaction. The chief merits realized for this protocol were the utilization of commercially available or easily accessible starting materials, operational simplicity, facile work-up procedure, obtaining of high to excellent yields of the products and being done under green conditions. The catalyst could be easily separated from the reaction mixture and reused several times without observing any appreciable loss in its efficiency.
Objective homogeneity quantification of a periodic surface using the Gini coefficient
Authors: Lechthaler Björn , Pauly Christoph , Mücklich Frank
Published: September 2020

The significance of periodic surface structuring methods, such as direct laser interference patterning, is growing steadily. Thus, the ability to objectively and consistently evaluate these surfaces is increasingly important. Standard parameters such as surface roughness or the arithmetic average height are meant to quantify the deviation of a real surface from an ideally flat one. Periodically patterned surfaces, however, are an intentional deviation from that ideal. Therefore, their surface profile has to be separated into a periodic and a non-periodic part. The latter can then be analyzed using the established surface parameters and the periodic nature allows a quantification of structure homogeneity, e.g. based on Gini coefficient. This work presents a new combination of established methods to reliably and objectively evaluate periodic surface quality. For this purpose, the periodicity of a given surface is extracted by Fourier analysis, and its homogeneity with respect to a particular property is determined for the repeating element via a Gini analysis. The proposed method provides an objective and reliable instrument for evaluating the surface quality for the selected attribute regardless of the user. Additionally, this technique can potentially be used to both identify a suitable surface structuring technique and determine the optimal process parameters.