bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recognizing the ephemeral stream floodplain: Identification and importance of flood zones in drylands
Authors: Scamardo Julianne E. , Wohl Ellen
Published: December 2023

Previous syntheses of the hydrologic, geomorphic and biotic functions of floodplains have largely integrated research conducted along perennial stream networks, despite a growing body of literature on analogous functional floodplain zones along ephemeral streams. Although variable inundation characteristic of ephemeral streams complicates the delineation between channel and floodplain, ephemeral stream floodplains are distinct landforms that are hypothesized to host similar ecosystem functions as perennial stream floodplains, including the attenuation of downstream fluxes and provision of habitat to diverse flora and fauna. Here, we review the literature on dryland ephemeral stream floodplains in order to identify: (1) common definitions and styles; (2) unique hydrologic, geomorphic and biotic functions separate from uplands or channels; (3) current and future anthropogenic and natural stressors to such functions; and (4) knowledge gaps regarding research on ephemeral stream floodplains. Although active floodplain definitions follow criteria commonly used in perennial stream corridors, the extent of ephemeral stream floodplains is typically defined by less frequent floods. A set of floodplain styles emerges from the literature dependent on confinement and the presence of channelized streamflow. Functions related to attenuation and storage are typically concentrated in unconfined, channelled floodplains. The temporary storage of sediment and subsurface water in ephemeral stream floodplains makes them disproportionately important for biogeochemical cycling and hosts to richer, denser and more diverse vegetation communities compared with surrounding uplands. Many functions of ephemeral stream floodplains are also found in perennial counterparts, but variable flow regimes and sediment loads in ephemeral streams can potentially impact rates and magnitudes of comparable processes and functions. Future research needs to incorporate a holistic view of the ephemeral stream corridor—including channels and floodplains—to better understand current and future fluvial processes and cascading impacts in drylands globally.
Health inequalities in Brazilian adolescents: Measuring and mapping gaps in a cross‐sectional school‐based survey
Authors: Wendt Andrea , Machado Adriana K. F. , Costa Caroline S. , Rachadel Daniela , Crochemore‐Silva Inacio , Brazo‐Sayavera Javier , Hembecker Paula K. , Ricardo Luiza I. C.
Published: December 2023

Background and Aims

This study aims to describe inequalities in health indicators according to gender, area of residence, and socioeconomic position among Brazilian adolescents.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study using data from a school‐based survey carried out in Brazil in 2019. Twelve health outcomes were evaluated. Dimensions of inequality assessed were gender, area of residence, wealth and subnational region.

Results

This study comprises a sample of 124,898 adolescents. The most prevalent outcome was physical inactivity (71.9%) followed by thinking life is worthless (52.6%) and bullying (51.8%). Gender inequalities were more marked for physical inactivity and thinking life is worthless with girls presenting a prevalence more than 20 p.p. higher than boys. In zero‐dose HPV, however, the prevalence in girls was 17.7 p.p. lower than in boys. Area of residence and wealth inequalities were smaller than gender disparities. Context presented a relevant role in inequality with analysis stratified by states of the country, revealing high variability in estimates.

Conclusions

We highlight the need for attention to disparities between subgroups of the adolescent population, especially for gender inequalities that were the most marked for this age group.
Assessing the relevance of environmental exposure data sets
Authors: Peters Adam , Beking Michael , Oste Leonard , Hamer Mick , Vuaille Jeanne , Harford Andrew J. , Backhaus Thomas , Lofts Stephen , Svendsen Claus , Peck Charles
Published: December 2023

Environmental exposure data are used by decision-makers to assess environmental risks and implement actions to mitigate risks from contaminants. The first article in this series summarized the available evaluation schemes for environmental exposure data, of which there are few compared to those available for environmental hazard data. The second article covered the assessment of the reliability of environmental exposure data sets under the Criteria for the Reporting and Evaluation of Exposure Data (CREED). The aim of this article is to provide an overview and practical guidance on the relevance assessment in the context of the CREED approach for evaluating exposure monitoring data sets. Systematically considering relevance is critical for both evaluating existing data sets and for optimizing the design of new monitoring studies. Relevance is defined here as the degree of suitability or appropriateness of a data set to address a specific purpose or to answer the questions that have been defined by the assessor or for those generating exposure data. The purpose definition will be the foundation for the relevance assessment, to clarify how the assessor should rate the assessment criteria (fully met, partly met, not met/inappropriate, not reported, not applicable). This will provide transparency for anyone reviewing the outcomes. An explicit gap analysis (i.e., an articulation of the data set limitations for the stated purpose) is an important outcome of the relevance assessment. The relevance evaluation approach is demonstrated with three case studies, all relating to the freshwater aquatic environment, where the data sets are scored as relevant with or without restrictions, not relevant, or not assignable. The case studies represent both organic and inorganic constituents, and have different data characteristics (e.g., percentage of censored data, sampling frequencies, relation to supporting parameters). Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1004–1018. © 2023 SETAC

Key Points

This article provides an overview and guidance on the relevance assessment in the context of the Criteria for the Reporting and Evaluation of Exposure Data approach for evaluating exposure monitoring data sets. Relevance is defined here as the degree of suitability or appropriateness of a data set to address a specific purpose that has been defined by the assessor, or for those generating exposure data. A clear purpose definition is the foundation for the relevance assessment, to clarify how the assessor should rate the assessment criteria (fully met, partly met, not met/inappropriate, not reported, not applicable). This approach provides transparency for anyone reviewing the outcomes, and an explicit gap analysis (i.e., an articulation of the data set limitations for the stated purpose) is an important outcome of the relevance assessment.
Antibody response to three‐dose anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA‐vaccination in treated solid cancer patients
Authors: Dalu Davide , Tarkowski Maciej , Ruggieri Lorenzo , Cona Maria Silvia , Gabrieli Arianna , De Francesco Davide , Fasola Cinzia , Ferrario Sabrina , Gambaro Anna , Masedu Elsa , Parma Gaia , Rulli Eliana , De Stradis Claudia , Mavilio Domenico , Calcaterra Francesca , Manoni Federica , Riva Agostino , La Verde Nicla
Published: December 2023

Solid cancer patients are at higher risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and severe complications. Moreover, vaccine‐induced antibody response is impaired in patients on anticancer treatment. In this retrospective, observational, hypothesis‐generating, cohort study, we assessed the antibody response to the third dose of mRNA vaccine in a convenience sample of patients on anticancer treatment, comparing it to that of the primary two‐dose cycle. Among 99 patients included, 62.6% were ≥60 years old, 32.3% males, 67.7% with advanced disease. Exactly 40.4% were receiving biological therapy, 16.2% chemotherapy only and 7.1% both treatments. After the third dose, seroconversion rate seems to increase significantly, especially in non‐responders to two doses. Heterologous vaccine‐type regimen (two‐dose mRNA‐1273 and subsequent tozinameran or vice versa) results in higher antibody levels. This explorative study suggests that repeated doses of mRNA‐vaccines could be associated with a better antibody response in this population. Furthermore, heterologous vaccine‐type three‐dose vaccination seems more effective in this population. Since this is a hypothesis‐generating study, adequately statistically powered studies should validate these results.
Adverse perinatal events and maternal interpregnancy weight change: A population‐based observational study
Authors: Cohen Eyal , Fu Longdi , Brown Hilary K. , Grandi Sonia M. , Boblitz Alexa , Fang Jiming , Austin Peter C. , Nathwani Apsara Ali , Szentkúti Péter , Horváth‐Puhó Erzsébet , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Ray Joel G.
Published: December 2023

Objective

Mothers whose newborn experiences adversity may neglect their own health to care for their affected infant or following a perinatal death. Weight gain after pregnancy is one measure of maternal self‐care. We measured interpregnancy weight gain among women whose child had an adverse perinatal event.

Methods

This population‐based observational study included 192 154 primigravid women with two consecutive singleton births in Ontario, Canada. Outcomes included net weight gain, and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of moving to a higher body mass index (BMI) category between pregnancies, comparing women whose child did versus did not experience either a perinatal death, prematurity, severe neonatal morbidity, major congenital anomaly, or severe neurologic impairment.

Results

Perinatal death was associated with a +3.5 kg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1–4.9) net higher maternal weight gain in the subsequent pregnancy. Relative to term births, preterm birth <32 weeks (+3.2 kg, 95% CI: 1.9–4.6), 32–33 weeks (+1.8 kg, 95% CI: 0.7–2.8) and 34–36 weeks (+0.9 kg, 95% CI: 0.6–1.3) were associated with higher net weight gain. Having an infant with severe neonatal morbidity was associated with a +1.2 kg (95% CI: 0.3–2.1) weight gain. Likewise, the aOR of moving to a higher BMI category was 1.27 (95% CI, 1.14–1.42) following a perinatal death, 1.21 (95% CI: 1.04–1.41) after a preterm birth <32 weeks, and 1.11 (95% CI: 1.02–1.22) with severe neonatal morbidity.

Conclusion

Greater interpregnancy weight gain, and movement to a higher BMI category, are each more likely in a woman whose first‐born was affected by certain major adverse perinatal events.
Cultural values, parenting, and child adjustment in China
Authors: Lu Hui Jing , Zhu Nan , Chen Bin Bin , Chang Lei
Published: December 2023

To examine whether parents' cultural values are related to parenting practices and children's behavioural adjustment, mothers, fathers and children (N = 218) from two cities in China (Jinan and Shanghai) were interviewed when children were, on average, 10 years old. Mothers and fathers reported their endorsement of cultural values (individualism, collectivism, conformity), which were used to separately predict warmth and family obligation expectations reported by each parent, as well as children's report of parental psychological control, rule setting, knowledge solicitation and perceived family obligation expectations. Cross‐informant (parents and child) composites of internalising and externalising behaviours were also obtained. The results showed that maternal individualism positively predicted parents' knowledge solicitation. Parental collectivism positively predicted their own warmth and family obligation expectations. Mothers' conformity positively predicted mothers' family obligation expectations, paternal warmth and children's perception of family obligation, whereas fathers' conformity only positively predicted fathers' family obligation expectations. These effects were largely consistent across regional subsamples, although mothers in Jinan were more collectivistic than mothers in Shanghai, and parents in Shanghai adopted less psychological control and more knowledge solicitation in parenting.
The effects of a multimedia intervention on help‐seeking process with a Chinese college student sample
Authors: Song Xiaoxia , Anderson Timothy , Lin Tao , Yu Fang Bi
Published: December 2023

Little is known about encouraging help‐seeking in non‐English speaking settings and relatively little research has been directed to facilitate help‐seeking among Chinese‐speaking people. This study examined the effects of a multimedia intervention on barriers, attitudes, and intentions for seeking counseling in China. The multimedia intervention was informed by prior empirical research on models of help‐seeking for counseling. A total of 200 participants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: (1) a help‐seeking media‐exposed intervention group and (2) a control group, who watched a hospital advertisement that was unrelated to mental health help‐seeking. Results indicated that the intervention was effective at increasing both positive attitudes toward therapy and intentions to seek therapy. The intervention also improved participants' perceptions about treatment accessibility. This intervention is available and can be a resource for Chinese language populations (both within China and other countries), especially for immigrants, rural, and persons who might benefit from mental health treatments such as psychotherapy.
Demographic Diversity of Clinical Trials for Therapeutic Drug Products: A Systematic Review of Recently Published Articles, 2017‐2022
Authors: Chege Wambui , Poddar Atasi , Samson Marsha E. , Almeida Cecilia , Miller Rihana , Raafat Dina , Fakhouri Tala , Fienkeng Mathilda , Omokaro Stephanie O. , Crentsil Victor
Published: December 2023

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) encourages the use of enrollment practices that will lead to clinical trials that reflect the population most likely to use the therapeutic product (drug or biologic), if approved. In doing so, the benefit‐risk profile of the product may be assessed more completely and offer patients and their health care providers a better understanding of the drug profile and greater confidence in clinical trial results. The objective of this systematic review was to assess recent literature on the demographic diversity of clinical trial participants, describe the methods used in defining clinical trial diversity, and address knowledge gaps to enhance clinical trial diversity. Our literature search initially yielded 246 articles. After applying our eligibility criteria, we conducted a full‐text review and analyzed the contents of the 28 remaining articles in our systematic review. Eleven (39%) of the 28 articles used a reference standard to compare the participation of populations in clinical trials to assess diversity. The majority of the 28 articles reported on adult participants; only 5 included pediatric populations. Most articles found that women and minority populations were underrepresented in clinical trials. Some articles proposed solutions to improve clinical trial diversity; however, several did not comment on clinical trial diversity. Despite a growing emphasis on demographic diversity in research, certain populations continue to be underrepresented in clinical trials. There is a need to standardize the definition of diversity in clinical trials. Future research into effective enrollment approaches and appropriate reference standards could improve demographic diversity.
Necrotizing apoptosis‐related genes prognosis and treatment effect analysis of osteosarcoma in children
Authors: Chen Yuanling , Wu Ling , Li Yunyan , Zheng Jika , Zhong Shiling , Gu Shirong , Chen Jingyang
Published: December 2023

Background

Immune cell homeostasis plays a crucial role in cancer research and therapeutic response. While chemotherapy and immunotherapy hold promise in treating osteosarcoma (OS), identifying patients who are likely to respond would significantly improve clinical practices. Necroptosis, a fundamental mechanism mediating chemotherapy and immunotherapy efficacy, offers valuable insights. In this context, subtypes based on necroptosis‐related genes have been established to predict the response of OS patients to immunotherapy and chemotherapy.

Methods

We conducted a high‐throughput screening test to identify necroptosis‐associated genes that regulate the development of osteosarcoma. Subsequently, the ConsensusClusterPlus package was employed to classify OS patients into subtypes, enabling comparisons of prognosis and clinical information between these subtypes. Patients from the TARGET‐OS and GSE21257 datasets were stratified into high‐risk and low‐risk groups, and their prognoses were compared. Additionally, we assessed the accuracy of the Risk Scoring Model in predicting prognosis, identified independent prognostic factors and explored potential chemotherapeutic agents and immunotherapy drugs.

Results

Through the intersection of expression profiles from the TARGET‐OS and GSE21257 datasets, we have identified a total of 92 genes associated with necroptosis. Based on differences in the expression of these genes, patients were divided into three subtypes, and we investigated the differences in tumor‐infiltrating immune cells, immune‐related pathways, and prognosis among these subtypes. Our nomogram effectively differentiated subtypes with distinct responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The established signature demonstrated superior prediction ability compared with single clinical indicators.

Conclusions

This pioneering study unveils the prognostic role of necroptosis‐related genes in OS patients, providing a promising alternative for prognostic prediction in clinical disease management. Moreover, our findings highlight the significance of immune cell homeostasis in cancer research and therapeutic response, underscoring its relevance in advancing current treatment strategies.
An analysis of medical malpractice claims against medical oncologists from a national database: Implications for safer practice
Authors: Doolin Jim W. , Schaffer Adam C. , Tishler Roy B. , Jacobson Joseph O.
Published: December 2023

Malpractice claims data include valuable information about patient safety. We used mixed methods to analyze claims against medical oncologists (MO) from 2008 to 2019 using a national database. MO claims were compared to a group of other internal medicine subspecialties (OIMS). Logistic regression was used to examine correlates of closing with an indemnity payment. A subset of claims against MO were thematically analyzed using a validated safety incident taxonomy as a framework. 456 claims against MO were compared with 5771 claims against OIMS. MO claims closed with indemnity payments 29.8% of the time versus OIMS 30.3% (p = 0.87). Median MO and OIMS indemnity payments were similar ($190,591 vs. $233,432; p = 0.20). Correlates of MO claims closing with payment included patient assessment, communication among providers, and safety and security as contributing factors. Thematic analysis identified provider cognitive error, adverse drug events and relational problems as the most common safety incidents. MO malpractice claims have similar outcomes to OIMS. We demonstrate the proof‐of‐concept of applying a safety incident taxonomy to medical malpractice. Finding ways to reduce patient exposure to provider cognitive errors, adverse drug reactions, and communication breakdowns should be strategic priorities for safer cancer care.
Evaluation of the Reproducibility of MR Elastography Measurements of the Lumbar Back Muscles
Authors: Chevalier Benjamin , Bedretdinova Dina , Pellot‐Barakat Claire , Maître Xavier , Creze Maud
Published: December 2023

Background

MR elastography (MRE) may provide quantitative imaging biomarkers of lumbar back muscles (LBMs), complementing MRI in spinal diseases by assessing muscle mechanical properties. However, reproducibility analyses for MRE of LBM are lacking.

Purpose

To assess technical failure, within‐day and inter‐day reproducibility, robustness with the excitation source positioning, and inter‐observer agreement of MRE of muscles.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Seventeen healthy subjects (mean age 28 ± 4 years; 11 females).

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5 T, gradient‐echo MRE, T1‐weighted turbo spin echo.

Assessment

The pneumatic driver was centered at L3 level. Four MRE were performed during two visits, 2–4 weeks apart, each consisting of two MRE with less than 10 minutes inter‐scan interval. At Visit 1, after the first MRE, the coil and driver were removed, then reinstalled. The MRE was repeated. At Visit 2, following the first MRE, only the driver was moved down 5 cm. The MRE was repeated. Two radiologists segmented the multifidus and erector spinae muscles.

Statistical Tests

Paired t‐test, analysis of variance, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). P‐values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Mean stiffness of LBM ranged from 1.44 to 1.60 kPa. Mean technical failure rate was 2.5%. Inter‐observer agreement was excellent (ICC ranging from 0.82 [0.64–0.96] to 0.99 [0.98–0.99] in the multifidus, and from 0.85 [0.69–0.92] to 0.99 [0.97–0.99] in the erector spinae muscles). Within‐day reproducibility was fair in the multifidus (ICC: 0.53 [0.47–0.77]) and good in the erector spinae muscles (ICC: 0.74 [0.48–0.88]). Reproducibility after moving the driver was excellent in both multifidus (ICC: 0.85 [0.69–0.93]) and erector spinae muscles (ICC: 0.84 [0.67–0.92]). Inter‐day reproducibility was excellent in the multifidus (ICC: 0.76 [0.48–0.89]) and poor in the erector spinae muscles (ICC: 0.23 [−0.61 to 0.63]).

Data Conclusion

MRE of LBM provides measurements of stiffness with fair to excellent reproducibility and excellent inter‐observer agreement. However, inter‐day reproducibility in the multifidus muscles indicated that the herein used MRE protocol may not be optimal for this muscle.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
Preparation of Novel Sea Cucumber Intestinal Peptides to Promote Tibial Fracture Healing in Mice by Inducing Differentiation of Hypertrophic Chondrocytes to the Osteoblast Lineage
Authors: Yin Haowen , Yue Hao , Wang Meng , Zhang Tianqi , Zhao Yun‐Tao , Liu Hongying , Wang Jingfeng , Zheng Hongwei , Xue Changhu
Published: December 2023

Scope

Hypertrophic chondrocytes have a decisive regulatory role in the process of fracture healing, and the fate of hypertrophic chondrocytes is not only apoptosis. However, the mechanism of sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) intestinal peptide (SCIP) on fracture promotion is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the effect of sea cucumber intestinal peptide on the differentiation fate of hypertrophic chondrocytes in a mouse tibial fracture model.

Methods and results

Mice are subjected to open fractures of the right tibia to establish a tibial fracture model. The results exhibit that the SCIP intervention significantly promotes the mineralization of cartilage callus, decreases the expression of the hypertrophic chondrocyte marker Col X, and increases the expression of the osteoblast marker Col I. Mechanically, SCIP promotes tibial fracture healing by promoting histone acetylation and inhibiting histone methylation, thereby upregulating pluripotent transcription factors induced the differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes to the osteoblast lineage in a manner distinct from classical endochondral ossification.

Conclusion

This study is the first to report that SCIP can promote tibial fracture healing in mice by inducing the differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes to the osteoblast lineage. SCIP may be considered raw material for developing nutraceuticals to promote fracture healing.
A simulation of a high‐resolution cadmium zinc telluride positron emission tomography system
Authors: Stanford‐Hill Riley , Groll Andrew , Levin Craig S.
Published: December 2023

Background

A CZT (cadmium zinc telluride) PET (positron emission tomography) system is being developed at Stanford University. CZT has the promise of outperforming scintillator‐based systems in energy and spatial resolution but has relatively poor coincidence timing resolution.

Purpose

To supplement GATE (GEANT 4 Application for Emission Tomography) simulations with charge transport and electronics modeling for a high‐resolution CZT PET system.

Methods

A conventional GATE simulation was supplemented with electron‐hole transport modeling and experimentally measured single detector energy resolution to improve the system‐level understanding of a CZT high‐resolution PET system in development at Stanford University. The modeling used GATE hits data and applied charge transport in the crystal and RC‐CR processing of the simulated signals to model the electronics, including leading‐edge discriminators and peak pick‐off. Depth correction was also performed on the simulation data. Experimentally acquired data were used to determine energy resolution parameters and were compared to simulation data.

Results

The distributions of the coincidence timing, anode energy, and cathode energy are consistent with experimental data. Numerically, the simulation achieved 153 ns FWHM coincidence time resolution (CTR), which is of the same order of magnitude as the raw 210 ns CTR previously found experimentally. Further, the anode energy resolution was found to be 5.9% FWHM (full width at half maximum) at 511 keV in the simulation, which is between the experimental value found for a single crystal of 3% and the value found for the dual‐panel setup of 8.02%, after depth correction.

Conclusions

Developing this advanced simulation improves upon the limitations of GATE for modeling semiconductor PET systems and provides a means for deeper analysis of the coincidence timing resolution and other complementary electron‐hole dependent system parameters.
Intracellular pyruvate–lactate–alanine cycling detected using real‐time nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of live cells and isolated mitochondria
Authors: Nagana Gowda G. A. , Lusk John A. , Pascua Vadim
Published: December 2023

Pyruvate, an end product of glycolysis, is a master fuel for cellular energy. A portion of cytosolic pyruvate is transported into mitochondria, while the remaining portion is converted reversibly into lactate and alanine. It is suggested that cytosolic lactate and alanine are transported and metabolized inside mitochondria. However, such a mechanism continues to be a topic of intense debate and investigation. As a part of gaining insight into the metabolic fate of the cytosolic lactate and alanine; in this study, the metabolism of mouse skeletal myoblast cells (C2C12) and their isolated mitochondria was probed utilizing stable isotope‐labeled forms of the three glycolysis products, viz. [3‐13C1]pyruvate, [3‐13C1]lactate, and [3‐13C1]alanine, as substrates. The uptake and metabolism of each substrate was monitored, separately, in real‐time using 1H‐13C 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The dynamic variation of the levels of the substrates and their metabolic products were quantitated as a function of time. The results demonstrate that all three substrates were transported into mitochondria, and each substrate was metabolized to form the other two metabolites, reversibly. These results provide direct evidence for intracellular pyruvate–lactate–alanine cycling, in which lactate and alanine produced by the cytosolic pyruvate are transported into mitochondria and converted back to pyruvate. Such a mechanism suggests a role for lactate and alanine to replenish mitochondrial pyruvate, the primary source for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. The results highlight the potential of real‐time NMR spectroscopy for gaining new insights into cellular and subcellular functions.
Machine learning‐based amide proton transfer imaging using partially synthetic training data
Authors: Viswanathan Malvika , Yin Leqi , Kurmi Yashwant , Zu Zhongliang
Published: December 2023

Purpose

Machine learning (ML) has been increasingly used to quantify CEST effect. ML models are typically trained using either measured data or fully simulated data. However, training with measured data often lacks sufficient training data, whereas training with fully simulated data may introduce bias because of limited simulations pools. This study introduces a new platform that combines simulated and measured components to generate partially synthetic CEST data, and to evaluate its feasibility for training ML models to predict amide proton transfer (APT) effect.

Methods

Partially synthetic CEST signals were created using an inverse summation of APT effects from simulations and the other components from measurements. Training data were generated by varying APT simulation parameters and applying scaling factors to adjust the measured components, achieving a balance between simulation flexibility and fidelity. First, tissue‐mimicking CEST signals along with ground truth information were created using multiple‐pool model simulations to validate this method. Second, an ML model was trained individually on partially synthetic data, in vivo data, and fully simulated data, to predict APT effect in rat brains bearing 9 L tumors.

Results

Experiments on tissue‐mimicking data suggest that the ML method using the partially synthetic data is accurate in predicting APT. In vivo experiments suggest that our method provides more accurate and robust prediction than the training using in vivo data and fully synthetic data.

Conclusion

Partially synthetic CEST data can address the challenges in conventional ML methods.
Activation of dopamine 2 receptors modulates glutamate decarboxylases 65 and 67 during stroke recovery in mice
Authors: Talhada Daniela , Nilsson Robert , Walser Severin , Michalettos Georgios , Ruscher Karsten
Published: December 2023

Backgrounds

Treatment with levodopa enhances recovery of lost neurological functions in preclinical stroke models and patients. Here, we studied whether dopamine signaling modulates GABAergic neurotransmission in parvalbumin‐positive interneurons after experimental stroke.

Methods

Following block randomization, mice were subjected to experimental stroke induced by photothrombosis (PT). Two days after the insult, mice were treated either with the D1 receptor antagonist by R(+)‐SCH‐23390 (0.1 mg/kg), the selective D1 receptor agonist (R)‐(+)‐SKF‐38393 hydrochloride (1 mg/kg), the D2 receptor agonist R(−)‐2,10,11‐trihydroxy‐N‐propyl‐noraporphine hydrobromide hydrate (TNPA) (1 mg/kg), the D2 receptor antagonist S‐(−)‐eticlopride hydrochloride (0.3 mg/kg), or vehicle (saline) by daily intraperitoneal injection for five consecutive days, respectively. Recovery of function was assessed by paw placement and foot fault test before and on Days 2 and 7 after surgery.

Results

Mice treated with TNPA showed a statistically significant improvement of recovery compared to all other treatment conditions. Synthesis of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) was quantified by levels of full‐length and cleaved glutamate acid decarboxylase 67 and 65 (GAD65 and GAD67) in the peri‐infarct area and homotypic regions of the contralateral cortex. Compared to the other treatments, TNPA significantly reduced the level of the GAD67 isoform both in the ischemic and contralateral hemispheres. Levels of GAD65 were found significantly higher in the contralateral hemisphere in TNPA‐treated mice after PT accompanied by an increase in the 58 kDa‐truncated form.

Conclusion

Our results point toward reduced GABA synthesis in a D2 receptor‐mediated mechanism possibly contributing to counteract functional inhibition after stroke.
Sleep and its association with dental caries or myopia in first graders
Authors: Tsai Han‐Yi , Tsai Tzu‐I , Wang Yin‐Lin , Chen Hung‐Chi , Lee Chien‐Chang , Tsai Shao‐Yu
Published: December 2023

Aim

First grade is a transition from pre‐school to school‐age. The change in lifestyle behaviours such as sleep may have a physiological response, which contributes to the presence or absence of two highly incident diseases: dental caries or myopia. The aim of the study was to examine the association between sleep and myopia as well as sleep and dental caries in first graders.

Design

It is a cross‐sectional study.

Methods

This was a recruitment phase of an interventional study. A total of 338 children whose caregivers completed a Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Caregivers also provided information regarding myopia and caries status of children and their parents. Binary logistic regression was applied to analyse the potential risk factors.

Results

Dental caries and myopia rates were 45.9% and 9.5%, respectively. After adjusting for children's gender, children's age, fathers with caries and mothers with caries, the odds ratio for dental caries in children who slept less than 9 h when compared to those who slept for nine and more hours was 1.94. Mothers with caries were 3.37 times more likely to have children with caries than mothers without caries. However, sleep was not associated with myopia in first graders.

Conclusion

Sleeping less than 9 h and maternal caries were risk factors of children developing dental caries. Future sleep and myopia studies can be conducted on higher graders who may present prolonged exposure and accumulations of myopic risk factors.

Implications

Screening of children with insufficient sleep is needed for nurses to enable the early identification of high‐risk groups for dental caries in school settings. Family nurses are encouraged to work with family members to implement tailored sleep interventions, in order to facilitate better sleep and oral health practices in both school and home settings.

Registration

This study protocol was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Registration number: Redacted).
The association between perceived social support and resilience among Chinese university students: A moderated mediation model
Authors: Hou Yan , Zhang Yan , Cao Xiaochen , Lei Guanghui , Liu Guohua
Published: December 2023

This study investigated the relationship between perceived social support and psychological resilience among university students while also exploring the mediating role of coping style and the moderating effect of perceived stress. The study collected data from 1356 university students, and a path analysis was used to test the proposed hypotheses. The results revealed that perceived social support had a significant positive effect on psychological resilience. Additionally, positive coping style partially mediated the relationship between perceived social support and psychological resilience. The study also found that the direct predictive effect of perceived social support on psychological resilience, as well as the mediating role of positive coping style, were both moderated by perceived stress. Specifically, the effect of perceived social support on psychological resilience was more significant among university students with lower perceived stress than among those with higher perceived stress. Our results underscore the importance of perceived social support, positive coping style, and perceived stress in promoting psychological resilience among Chinese university students.
Emerging role of carbonyl–carbonyl interactions in the classification of beta turns
Authors: D'Arminio Nancy , Ruggiero Valentina , Pierri Giovanni , Marabotti Anna , Tedesco Consiglia
Published: December 2023

Carbonyl–carbonyl interactions in peptides and proteins attracted considerable interest in recent years. Here, we report a survey of carbonyl–carbonyl interactions in cyclic peptides, depsipeptides, peptoids and discuss the relationship between backbone torsion angles and CO∙∙∙CO distances. In general, φ values in the range between −40° and −90° and between 40° and 90° correspond to CO∙∙∙CO distances below 3.22 Å. By extending the analysis of carbonyl–carbonyl interactions in different types of beta turns in proteins, we also highlight the role of direct or reciprocal carbonyl–carbonyl interactions in stabilizing the beta turn conformation for each specific type. We confirmed the new type II beta turn, detected by Dunbrack and coworkers, and named Pa, and detect the presence of a direct carbonyl–carbonyl interaction between the second and third residues of the turn. We also evidenced the existence of another new type II beta turn, named pA (following Dunbrack's notation), which represents the alternative conformation of Pa with opposite φ and ψ values and is characterized by a direct carbonyl–carbonyl interaction between the second and third residues of the turn. Finally, we show that the occurrence of CO∙∙∙CO interactions could be also advocated to explain from a chemical point of view the diversity of turn types.
Efficiency Limits in Coalesced AlGaN Nanowire Ultraviolet LEDs
Authors: May Brelon J. , Hettiaratchy Elline C. , Wang Binbin , Selcu Camelia M. , Esser Bryan D. , McComb David W. , Myers Roberto C.
Published: December 2023

Nanowire AlGaN III‐nitride LEDs are claimed as potential high‐efficiency solid‐state photon sources spanning to the short‐wavelength deep ultraviolet (UV). Nanowire LEDs (NWLEDs) emitting in the UV are compared with a transparent n‐AlGaN top electrode formed by coalescing the top region of nanowire–ensemble LEDs with commonly employed opaque conformal metallic electrodes used for nanowire‐based devices. The use of a transparent contact results in an increase in the wall plug efficiency of >25×, exceeding the expected increase due to enhanced photon‐extraction efficiency. Increased nanowire connectivity reduces the short‐circuit pathways, enabling higher device yields of relatively large‐area (>1 mm2) UV nanowire–ensemble LEDs. Despite these large relative improvements, the absolute output efficiency remains miniscule (<1 m%). Electroluminescence microscopy demonstrates that <0.1% of nanowires within the ensemble contribute to emission. The single‐nanowire efficiency is estimated and points toward improvement of the homogeneity of the injection current as a crucial step for realizing commercially viable UV NWLEDs.
The potential of Ethiopian medicinal plants to treat emergent viral diseases
Authors: Fekadu Mekbib , Lulekal Ermias , Tesfaye Solomon , Ruelle Morgan , Asfaw Nigist , Awas Tesfaye , Balemie Kebu , Asres Kaleab , Guenther Sebastian , Asfaw Zemede , Demissew Sebsebe
Published: December 2023

Ethiopians have deep‐rooted traditions of using plants to treat ailments affecting humans and domesticated animals. Approximately 80% of the population continues to rely on traditional medicine, including for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases. Many antiviral plants are available to and widely used by communities in areas where access to conventional healthcare systems is limited. In some cases, pharmacological studies also confirm the potent antiviral properties of Ethiopian plants. Building on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and testing their antiviral properties may help to expand options to address the global pandemic of COVID‐19 including its recently isolated virulent variants and prepare for similar outbreaks in the future. Here, we provide an ethnobotanical and pharmacological inventory of Ethiopian medicinal plants that might contribute to the prevention and treatment of viral diseases. We identified 387 species, about 6% of Ethiopia's known flora, for which records of use by local communities and traditional herbalists have been documented for the treatment of viral diseases. We provide a framework for further investigation and development of this vital resource much anticipated to help combat emergent viral diseases along with existing ones in Ethiopia and elsewhere.
Centralized approximate optimal estimation for cyber‐physical systems under joint cyber‐attacks
Authors: Li Yuman , Lin Hong , Zhao Chang , Lam James
Published: December 2023

This paper studies the state estimation for cyber‐physical systems with multiple channels under joint Denial‐of‐Service and deception attacks. We show that the optimal estimator (OE) cannot be implemented in practice, as its computational complexity exponentially grows with respect to time. Then, we develop a centralized approximate optimal estimator (AOE) by using a generalized pseudo‐Bayesian algorithm. This AOE is not only computationally efficient, but also features theoretically guaranteed performance and stability. Specifically, it is proved when the attack success rate is less than a threshold value, both the OE and the AOE are stable, and the averaged performance deviation between the OE and the proposed AOE remains bounded. Finally, simulation examples are provided to illustrate the obtained results.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Mg modified Nanobiochar from Spent Coffee Grounds for Effective Phosphate Removal: Kinetic and Isotherm Studies
Authors: Begna Sisaya Gemeda , Leul Mekonnen Menbere
Published: December 2023

Phosphate removal/recovery is essential to maintain the quality of aquatic systems and ensure sustainable use of phosphorous. Herein Mg‐nano biochar (Mg/NBC) is prepared as an effective phosphate adsorbent through the valorization of spent coffee grounds into nanobiochar by hydrothermal acid digestion of its biochar resulting from a slow pyrolysis. Characterization of the adsorbent was done by SEM, FTIR, BET, and XRD. Mg/NBC showed a 12.84 % higher adsorption capacity than the unmodified nanobiochar. Adsorption studies confirmed that phosphate adsorption on Mg/NBC is favored in acidic conditions removing 95 % of the initial concentrations at pH 1. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model is better fitted to the equilibrium data with a maximum adsorption capacity of 100 mg/g suggesting uniform monolayer adsorption. Phosphate adsorption on Mg/NBC was initially rapid and followed a pseudo‐second‐order kinetic with an equilibrium constant (K2) of 0.029 g/mg.min. Thermodynamic investigation at different temperatures revealed negative ΔG°, positive ΔH° and ΔS° values suggesting a spontaneous endothermic process involving the chemisorption of phosphate at the later stage of the adsorption. Further, the application of the prepared adsorbent in real wastewater resulted in 90 % phosphate removal suggesting the promising potential of the prepared adsorbent for practical use in phosphate removal/recovery.
Reaction between Criegee Intermediate CH2OO and Isobutyraldehyde: Kinetics and Atmospheric Implications
Authors: Liu Siyue , Chen Yang , Jiang Haotian , Shi Jiayu , Ding Hongbin , Yang Xueming , Dong Wenrui
Published: December 2023

In the present work, we have investigated the 1,3‐cycloaddition reaction of isobutyraldehyde ((CH3)2CHCHO) with the simplest Criegee intermediate CH2OO using the OH laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) method in a reaction tube. The experiments were conducted at temperatures and pressures ranging from 280 to 338 K and 5 to 150 Torr. We found that the bimolecular rate coefficient of the reaction is temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent. The measured rate coefficients at 100 Torr are (4.93±0.89), (4.46±0.80), (3.99±0.72), (3.56±0.64), (3.34±0.60), (2.98±0.54), (2.78±0.50)×10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 280, 288, 298, 308, 318, 328, and 338 K, respectively. A high‐pressure limit rate coefficient of (4.47±0.80)×10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was obtained at 298 K by fitting the pressure‐dependent rate coefficients according to the Lindemann mechanism. The Arrhenius plot of the temperature‐dependent rate coefficients results in an activation energy of (−1.86±0.33) kcal mol−1 and a preexponential factor of (1.72±0.31)×10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. In the atmosphere, the reaction of CH2OO with isobutyraldehyde may contribute to the sink of CH2OO in regions where isobutyraldehyde emission is intense under low temperature and low relative humidity conditions.
Plant‐Derived Nanomaterials for Targeted Biological Applications and Smart Agriculture
Authors: Ghosh Subhojit , Yadav Pankaj , Sankaranarayanan Subramanian , Bhatia Dhiraj
Published: December 2023

Biologically inspired nanomaterials and nanotechnology have advanced in almost all scientific and technological research areas, including biomedical applications and agriculture. Nanomaterials hold immense potential for applications in biomedical and agricultural applications. By harnessing the natural capabilities of plants as sources of reducing and capping agents, the synthesis of nanomaterials becomes cost‐effective eco‐friendly, and yields biocompatible products. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of various plant‐derived nanomaterials synthesized using different methods, highlighting their applications in biomedical and biological sciences, including bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, and therapeutics. Additionally, the impact of nanotechnology on precision agriculture is explored, showcasing recent advancements such as nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanobiosensors, and nanocarrier‐mediated delivery systems, which exhibit promising results. These recent developments underscore the transformative potential of nanotechnology in both biomedical and agriculture domains.
Unveiling the Mystery of LiF within Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium Batteries
Authors: Li Zhen , Wang Li , Huang Xiaodong , He Xiangming
Published: December 2023

Over the past decades, significant advances have been made in lithium‐ion batteries. However, further requirement on the electrochemical performance is still a powerful motivator to improve battery technology. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is considered as a key component on negative electrode, having been proven to be crucial for the performance, even in safety of batteries. Although numerous studies have focused on SEI in recent years, its specific properties, including structure and composition, remain largely unclear. Particularly, LiF, a common and important component in SEI, has sparked debates among researchers, resulting in divergent viewpoints. In this review, the recent research findings on SEI and delve into the characteristics of the LiF component is aim to consolidated. The cause of SEI formation and the evolution of SEI models is summarized. The distinctive properties of SEI generated on various negative electrodes is further discussed, the ongoing scholarly controversy surrounding the function of LiF within SEI, and the specific physicochemical properties about LiF and its synergistic effect in heterogeneous components. The objective is to facilitate better understanding of SEI and the role of the LiF component, ultimately contributing to the development of Li batteries with enhanced electrochemical performance and safety for battery communities.
Mucus‐Penetrating Nanoassembly as Potential Oral Phototherapeutic Formulation against Multi‐Drug Resistant Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Qiao Yanqi , Han Mengfan , Fu Hongli , Xu Yaying , Bai Yueping , Wang Shuo , Yu Jie , Men Changjun , Yin Yongmei , Zhao Xiujie , Xi Rimo , Meng Meng
Published: December 2023

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection presents increasing challenges to antibiotic therapies in limited penetration through gastric mucus, multi‐drug resistance (MDR), biofilm formation, and intestinal microflora dysbiosis. To address these problems, herein, a mucus‐penetrating phototherapeutic nanomedicine (RLs@T780TG) against MDR H. pylori infection is engineered. The RLs@T780TG is assembled with a near‐infrared photosensitizer T780T‐Gu and an anionic component rhamnolipids (RLs) for deep mucus penetration and light‐induced anti‐H. pylori performances. With optimized suitable size, hydrophilicity and weak negative surface, the RLs@T780TG can effectively penetrate through the gastric mucus layer and target the inflammatory site. Subsequently, under irradiation, the structure of RLs@T780TG is disrupted and facilitates the T780T‐Gu releasing to target the H. pylori surface and ablate multi‐drug resistant (MDR) H. pylori. In vivo, RLs@T780TG phototherapy exhibits impressive eradication against H. pylori. The gastric lesions are significantly alleviated and intestinal bacteria balance is less affected than antibiotic treatment. Summarily, this work provides a potential nanomedicine design to facilitate in vivo phototherapy in treatment of H. pylori infection.