bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter introduces the key themes of the book, first by examining the role of the BBC during the COVID-19 pandemic. It shows how the BBC sought to inform, educate, and entertain its audiences during lockdown, and how it became a crucial channel of communication between the government and the nation. It goes on to outline some of the key continuities, and changes, that have marked the hundred years of the BBC’s history. Continuities include the BBC’s intimate connection with the British state and the role it has played in nation-building, in projecting British propaganda and soft power around the globe, and in facing down accusations of political bias. Changes, including a growing commercialization, have been driven by technological innovation and by broader political, social, and cultural transformations.
The Corporation, 1927–1939
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter looks at the work of the BBC after it became a Corporation, established by royal charter, in 1927. This change was more than cosmetic: it was a recognition that the BBC was owned by the nation, and answerable to parliament. While free of day-to-day government intervention, it was part of the state and, in practice, close relationships developed between BBC officers and civil servants. It also developed an increasingly symbiotic relationship with the monarchy. The Corporation moved ahead with establishing its national networks and came to offer listeners a choice of two alternative services, the National Programme and the Regional Programme. During the late 1920s and early 1930s, the BBC broadcast a predominantly ‘highbrow’ schedule of radio programmes, particularly on Sundays. However, the widening class profile of its audience, and the threat of commercial stations broadcasting from Continental Europe, obliged it to change during the 1930s. It broadcast more comedy, popular drama, and light music: programmes began to take on some of the forms that are still recognizable today. The BBC also extended its broadcasting empire, ensuring that its monopoly of British broadcasting applied to the new television service and to international broadcasting. During this period, it established the Empire Service and, at the request of the government, a number of services in foreign languages. These are the ancestors of today’s World Service.
Losing control, 1945–1959
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: April 2022

After the Second World War, the BBC sought to return to pre-war normality, broadcasting a wide range of radio programmes, reinforcing British and imperial identities, and cutting back on American content and influences. However, it proved hard to restore old certainties. While the BBC’s pre-war imperial role continued, it now had to repurpose propaganda weapons used to fight fascism and deploy them against communism in the Cold War. This entailed close links with other elements of the British state, and a major clash with the government during the Suez Crisis of 1956. Moreover, domestic listeners demanded more choice and more fun: they were given a wider selection of BBC programmes, including almost non-stop entertainment on the Light Programme. The BBC restarted television, but only developed the medium slowly, due to financial constraints and a continuing belief in the superior artistic merits of radio. This fuelled demands for the introduction of commercial television, and in 1955 the first ITV station was launched in London. The BBC’s monopoly of British broadcasting was over. Despite helping to popularize television with its broadcasts of live sport and the Coronation of Elizabeth II, the BBC now lost out to the competition. If it were relegated permanently to the status of minority broadcaster, it would be hard to justify licence fee funding in future. Senior managers and programme makers thus began to seek ways to bring the audience back to BBC television.
Transformation and stagnation, 1960–1979
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: April 2022

Under a new director general, Hugh Carleton Greene, the BBC set out during the 1960s to win at least half of the UK television audience. It competed with ITV by pouring resources into television entertainment, and by empowering producers and performers to make original, innovative, and sometimes radical content. A new television network, BBC2, meanwhile allowed it to continue to make the informative, educational, and experimental programming that commercial broadcasters shied away from. During this period, the BBC made television programmes that are still regarded as classics. It also began to grapple more seriously with issues of race and prejudice, although it was slower to deal with gender inequalities, and turned a blind eye to the crimes committed by Jimmy Savile on its premises. During the 1970s, financing television became a significant issue, and BBC television seemed to become less challenging and adventurous. Its radio services meanwhile faced a serious challenge, as listeners became viewers and peak radio audiences dwindled, and as ‘pirate’ stations attracted younger listeners with plenty of pop and rock ’n’ roll music. The BBC responded in 1967 with a fundamental restructuring of its radio services, and increasingly identified each of its networks with one particular genre of programming. The days of mixed radio schedules were over. Meanwhile, radio remained a key way to reach overseas listeners as the Cold War continued, although the first signs of the BBC’s transition to more commercial forms of international broadcasting were already apparent.
Prospect
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter summarizes the key findings of the book and recapitulates the main themes, continuities, and changes that marked the BBC’s century. It emphasizes the importance of the commercialization, over the last four decades, of the BBC, including the creation of BBC Studios. It argues that the public service Corporation is now mainly a commissioning body and administrator of legacy media: the crucial work, making and selling programmes, is done by the commercial subsidiary BBC Studios. This may point to the future of public broadcasting in Britain. The chapter concludes by discussing some of the challenges the BBC now faces and evaluates them in the light of its hundred-year history.
Explaining British Exceptionalism
Authors: O'Grady Tom
Published: April 2022

Chapter 3 presents the main features of the book’s theory. It outlines theories from the comparative political economy literature that could, in principle, explain welfare state change in the UK, but do not offer a complete picture. It then presents a own top-down account that moves beyond ‘structural antecedent conditions’, outlines the book’s assumptions about the nature of the democratic process, and contrasts this approach with thermostatic theories of opinion. It also discusses why the UK in the 1990s faced a critical juncture in welfare policy, and provides more details on the operation of negative feedback effects.
Discourse in the Print Media
Authors: O'Grady Tom
Published: April 2022

Chapter 5 analyses media coverage of the welfare system from the 1980s to today, again using a mix of quantitative and qualitative techniques. I focus on a database of articles from four ideologically diverse newspapers, both tabloid and broadsheet: The Daily Mail, The Guardian, The Mirror, and The Times. Discourse in these papers turns out to have evolved remarkably similarly to that of politicians; I discuss some potential reasons why, focusing on who controls the agenda.
Welfare Politics in the 1990s
Authors: O'Grady Tom
Published: April 2022

Chapter 7 is a historical and theoretical account of New Labour’s welfare reforms, arguing that changes in the 1990s and 2000s were of pivotal importance for the evolution of policy outcomes. It argues that the new policies were a psychological response to years in the electoral wilderness, as they sought ways to change the party’s image, and that Labour’s leaders may have misinterpreted public opinion at the time. It uses historical literature on the period, including biographical and autobiographical accounts, to demonstrate a collective sense of crisis in the party’s leadership, explaining how and why welfare reform made sense for them as part of a wider reform effort. It also outlines some other factors that may have contributed to the party’s shift, including the modest geographic concentration of opposition to welfare in marginal constituencies, the possibility that focus groups were giving Labour’s leaders a different picture of public opinion compared to polls, and transfers of ideas from the American ‘New Democrats’.
Compassionate Conservatism?
Authors: O'Grady Tom
Published: April 2022

Chapter 8 picks up the story from 2005 onwards, documenting how and why the Conservative Party (in coalition with the Liberal Democrats from 2010 to 2015) introduced a much more radical set of changes. This is partly a story of unintended consequences: of austerity throwing a spanner in the works of some changes that could have produced useful results. But it is also a deeper story of how and why the political conditions existed for the Conservatives to cut welfare and reform it so much; public opinion is central to this account.
Conclusion
Authors: O'Grady Tom
Published: April 2022

Chapter 10 concludes the book, drawing out wider lessons from the British experience. It points to a danger that the divisive discourse accompanying reforms involving activation, conditionality, and the decline of social insurance—pitting the users of welfare against those who pay for it—can undermine public confidence in the system. It also diagnoses some persistent failures of British welfare policy. One is not making the system robust to long-term unemployment and structural economic change, dooming it to periodic unpopularity so that it becomes politically difficult to sustain. With the issue of long-term structural change having reared its head on multiple occasions in the past century, such critiques have now become an endemic rather than episodic feature of British political discourse. The book ends with a discussion of how social policy reforms could be better designed so as not to undermine the coalitions that underpin them. What are the advantages and disadvantages of different potential frameworks for social policy in the future, including a return to a contributory system, Universal Basic Income, or a reinvigoration of regional and industrial policies? Is it possible to make welfare popular and politically viable again? This is an opportune moment for such thinking to take place. Welfare policy is in need of a new paradigm, with the Third Way and austerity having run their course, and the British public warming to welfare recipients once more.
Necessary Bump in the Road
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
During Uncertain Times, Don’t Miss the Opening
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
I Must Remember That . . .
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
The Blame Game
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
One of the Most Serious Blocks to Mentoring Yourself
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
“Look Who’s Talking!”
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
With Liberty and Justice for All?
Authors: Bader Ginsburg Ruth
Published: April 2022

With Liberty and Justice for All?: The Constitution in the Classroom is designed to help teachers and students generate analysis and debate in our nation’s classrooms about an aspect of US history that has produced intense disagreements about rights and wrongs: constitutional history. For more than two centuries, Americans have argued about what the US Constitution permits or requires (or not), and what values and ideals it enshrines (or not)—indeed, who is to be included (or not) in the very definition of “We the People.” Because the Constitution remains the framework under which the United States governs itself, American history can be told as the story of the use and misuse of the Constitution over time, from early disputes about liberty and slavery to more recent quarrels over equality and dignity. This book—which opens with a “Foreword” from the late Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg—provides abundant resources to explore key moments of debate about the Constitution and its meaning, focusing on fundamental questions of citizenship and rights. Constitutional history is explored via succinct and probing essays by prize-winning historians—including Linda Greenhouse, Mary Sarah Bilder, Annette Gordon-Reed, Eric Foner, Sam Erman, Julie Suk, Laura Kalman, and Melissa Murray—and through lively primary sources and focused discussion questions. As this book amply demonstrates, United States history IS constitutional history.
Find a Way or Make One
Authors: Carten Alma J.
Published: April 2022

The book examines the history of a school of social work as it unfolded over a century of US history, when the “separate but equal” doctrine was accepted in both law and custom in the United States. The founding of the School was spearheaded by leading scholars and social activists in Atlanta, Georgia, as an independent institution of higher learning to prepare black social workers for practice in the black community. Using a historical qualitative research method, data for the book were obtained primarily from the Clark Atlanta University Robert W. Woodruff Research Center, which holds the collections of the nation’s most well-known historically black colleges and universities founded in the city of Atlanta. The evolution of the School is described within the context of time and place and against the backdrop of changing US social welfare policy, Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) Educational Policy and Accreditation standards, and social work professional trends. The content describes consequential events influencing curriculum renewal from its founding in 1920, when Atlanta was described as the most segregated city in the South; to the mid-1900s, when it was the leading voice on social work practice in the black community; to the post-civil rights decades of desegregation and the CSWE’s new requirements on diversity and inclusion that resulted in both costs and benefits for the School. In 2000, the School was renamed to honor former dean Whitney M. Young Jr. Today it is one of three professional schools of Clark Atlanta University and awards BSW, MSW, and PhD social work degrees.
Curriculum Renewal in the Postwar Years
Authors: Carten Alma J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes how World War II illuminated the hypocrisy of US race relations and led the NAACP to adopt a global approach to black rights, with Walter White and W. E. B. DuBois petitioning the UN. Under Forrester B. Washington’s directorship, the School became accredited, began an affiliation with Atlanta University in 1938, became a part of Atlanta University, and was officially named the Atlanta University School of Social Work. The Council on Social Work Education introduced its Council on Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Diversity as a component of the Commission for Diversity and Social and Economic Justice. The Aid to Dependent Children program came under attack with the changing caseload demographics of the 1950s. Legal segregation continued in the South, and, by the 1960s, events were set in motion to spawn the Civil Rights movement.
Reclaiming the Legacy
Authors: Carten Alma J.
Published: April 2022

Sit-ins staged by students of the historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) became an unstoppable force in the 1960s. Atlanta University students penned “An Appeal for Human Rights,” and the Civil Rights movement went to full scale under the iconic leadership of Martin Luther King Jr. and his vision of the “Beloved Community” that became the moral pillar of the School’s humanistic values informing an Afrocentric perspective. Atlanta became the epicenter of the Civil Rights movement. As a consequence, major federal civil rights legislation was enacted, and the Council for Social Work Education (CSWE) came on board as exclusivity of the Eurocentric perspective was challenged by student activism.
Moving Forward into the 21st Century
Authors: Carten Alma J.
Published: April 2022

Clark Atlanta University (CAU) and the School of Social Work have been amazingly resilient in managing the effects of historic obstacles confronting historically black colleges and universities. The School enters its centennial year as one of the three professional schools of CAU and it awards the BSW, MSW, and PhD social work degrees. Paradoxically, the status of a segment of the black community in Atlanta is much the same as it was at time of the School’s founding, thus creating opportunities for the School to reclaim its earlier status as the leading voice on social work practice in the black community.
Happy Dreams of Liberty
Authors: Morales R. Isabela
Published: April 2022

When Samuel Townsend died at his home in Madison County, Alabama, in November 1856, the white cotton planter left behind hundreds of slaves and an estate worth approximately $200,000. In life, Samuel had done little to distinguish himself from other members of the South’s slaveholding elite. But he made a name for himself in death by leaving his fortune to his five sons, four daughters, and two nieces: all of them enslaved. Happy Dreams of Liberty is the story of these former slaves, a mixed-race family that migrated across the American West and South in the second half of the nineteenth century. Searching for communities where they could enjoy their freedom and wealth to the fullest, the Townsends homesteaded in Ohio and Kansas, fought for the Union Army in Mississippi, mined for silver in the Colorado Rockies, and, in the case of one son, returned to Alabama to purchase a part of the old plantation where he had once been enslaved. Their travels map a landscape of opportunity and oppression where meanings of race and freedom, as well as concrete opportunities for social and economic mobility, were dictated by highly local circumstances. During the turbulent period between the Civil War and the rise of Jim Crow at the turn of the twentieth century, the Townsends carved out spaces where they were able to benefit from their money and mixed-race ancestry, pass down generational wealth, and pursue their dreams of advancement and equality.
Introduction
Authors: Morales R. Isabela
Published: April 2022

The freed, mixed-race Townsends enjoyed certain advantages in their pursuit of social and economic advancement. Emancipation and inheritance gave family members access to freedom and property, “hallmarks of whiteness” in a country where blackness was associated with inferiority and enslavement. Their mixed-race ancestry, which belied the idea that racial lines were permanent and impermeable, also placed the Townsends in a liminal space between Black and white. Because nineteenth-century racial hierarchies in the United States had not yet adopted the Jim Crow era’s “one-drop rule,” the propertied, mixed-race Townsends were able to move closer to the social status of whiteness as a result of their color and class status.
The Strangest Will He Ever Knew a Sensible Man to Make
Authors: Morales R. Isabela
Published: April 2022

When he died in 1853, Edmund Townsend left a will attempting to free his four enslaved children and leave them his $500,000 estate. White relatives, including his brother Samuel Townsend, successfully challenged the will in court and inherited Edmund’s fortune. But that same year, Samuel hired Huntsville attorney S. D. Cabaniss to ensure that Samuel’s nine children, his brother Edmund’s children, and their extended family members would be freed upon his death; he also left his $200,000 fortune to his children, nieces, and one enslaved concubine. As Samuel’s executor, Cabaniss successfully defended the will against multiple legal challenges in the years after Samuel’s death, guaranteeing that all of Samuel’s children and their family members would be manumitted by 1860.
Wahhabism and the World
Authors: Mandaville Peter
Published: April 2022

This chapter provides the reader with a broad overview and introduction to the historical evolution, structure, and potential futures of transnational religious activity emanating from Saudi Arabia. It surveys the major actors and institutions involved in Saudi global religious propagation activities—such as government ministries, the Muslim World League, the World Assembly of Muslim Youth, and the Islamic University of Medina—and examines the evolving political logic behind Saudi Arabia’s export of Wahhabism during the past half century. After overviewing some of the major effects of Saudi efforts to export Wahhabism worldwide, the chapter then concludes with a brief discussion of what the future may hold with respect to Saudi religious transnationalism in the era of Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman.
Saudi Arabia
Authors: Dorsey James M.
Published: April 2022

The marriage of geopolitics, religion-driven Saudi ultra-conservatism, and Pakistani political ambition was a union waiting to happen. Pakistan, established as a country for Muslims, and Saudi Arabia, a kingdom created by the union between the Al Saʿud family and their army of tribal warriors backed by the aggressive, exclusionary theology of Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, shared a common understanding of themselves as states whose ethos positioned them as leaders of the Muslim world. It was a union in which Pakistan brought mass to the table, with a large population and strategic geography, while Saudi Arabia offered funding. As the custodian of Islam’s two most holy cities, Saudi Arabia moreover could enhance Pakistan’s pan-Islamic credentials. As such, it was a marriage in which ultra-conservatism and latent radicalism were written into the DNA of the Pakistani state from which the South Asian nation struggles to free itself.
Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia
Authors: Østebø Terje
Published: April 2022

Geographical proximity has enabled deep connections between the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa. While this enabled important ethnic, cultural, and religious contacts between Muslims on the Peninsula and in the Horn, Ethiopia’s relations to the peninsula have, in contrast, been characterized by distance. Depicting itself as the “Christian island,” Ethiopia adopted protective policies toward the outside world—particularly toward its Muslim neighbors. This chapter examines the dynamics of proximity and distance, looking at how this affected Ethiopian-Saudi relations. It also discusses how Ethiopian Muslims negotiated restrictions put upon them in finding ways to connect with Saudi Arabia.
Unpacking the Saudi-Salafi Connection in Egypt
Authors: Lacroix Stéphane
Published: April 2022

Against the common trope portraying Salafis as being remote-controlled by the Saudi state, the purpose of this chapter is to offer a more accurate analysis of the connection between Egyptian Salafis and Saudi Arabia. First, it aims at historicizing the Salafi movement in Egypt in order to present a nuanced account of its diversity and to properly introduce the diverse shades of its relationship to the Saudi kingdom. Second, it aims to show that the most organized and grassroots part of Egypt’s Salafi movement, the Salafi Call (al-daʿwa al-salafiyya), which is also the mother organization of Egypt’s most successful post-2011 Salafi party, the Nour Party, has not, since its creation in the late 1970s, enjoyed particularly close ties to the Saudi kingdom. The political behavior of the Nour Party thus needs to be accounted for as the reflection of domestic political calculations, without resorting to the alleged influence of external actors.
Arab Brothers, Arms, and Food Rations
Authors: Karčić Harun
Published: April 2022

This chapter analyzes the emergence of Saudi-inspired Salafi interpretations of Islam in the Balkans, more specifically in Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the 1992–1995 war and its evolution over the past three decades. It covers a period of socioeconomic upheavals, not only in the Balkans, but in Europe as a whole following the collapse of communism and the end of the Cold War and attempts to make sense of the different Islamic actors and activities and contextualize them in a wider geopolitical setting. The different mediums through which Salafism was and continues to be channeled, the local actors involved in its dissemination, and the reactions of Bosniak Muslims are carefully looked at. Finally, the author attempts to understand the various push-and-pull factors that might motivate Bosniak Muslims to adopt foreign interpretations of Islam that are neither dominant in their home country nor practiced by their parents.
The Shifting Contours of Saudi Influence in Britain
Authors: Amin Hira
Published: April 2022

This chapter argues that there have been four broad stages of Saudi Arabia’s impact on Islam in Britain. The first stage was marked by institution building, religious diplomacy, and pan-Islamic networks. During the second stage, from the mid-1980s, Saudi-style Salafism captivated many young British Muslims, as Salafi scholars projected themselves as the representatives of an “authentic,” “universal,” and “deculturized” Islam. The third stage began from the mid-1990s, when other sectarian rivals rose up to become attractive alternatives, the Salafi movement internally fractured, and segments of British Muslims turned their focus toward establishing an Islam that is more conducive to the West. The post–9/11 context exacerbated things further and marked the beginning of the fourth stage. The rise of new social, political, and intellectual challenges, coupled with the disillusionment of oppositional politics and sectarian polemics, led to an alteration of priorities and paradigms where Saudi institutions and their scholars are no longer the prime model.
Antoine and Colette (1962)
Authors: Gillain Anne
Published: April 2022

This short film marks the creation of the Doinel saga. The tone is much lighter than in The 400 Blows and Antoine Doinel takes on a whimsical dimension. Hitchcock’s influence is pervasive in this black and white film with its nervous montage. The story is a thinly veiled transposition of Truffaut’s early years as a cinephile in Paris—here music is a proxy for films—and an evocation of one of his first loves. Aesthetic experience and infatuation are inseparable. Shot by shot analysis: Attending a Berlioz concert, Antoine is mesmerized both by the music and by his love interest.
The Soft Skin (1964)
Authors: Gillain Anne
Published: April 2022

This painfully autobiographical film was shot just before Truffaut’s divorce. Deprived of a voice-over, the hero projects his conflicts and shortcomings onto obsessional images of objects and mechanical devices. In this love story between an airhostess and a writer, the film work constantly emphasizes verticality. Shot-by-shot analysis: The beautiful love scene, static and horizontal, where the hero silently caresses his lover’s soft skin. Static and horizontal, it contrasts with a narrative that is vertical and fast-moving.
Bed & Board (1970)
Authors: Gillain Anne
Published: April 2022

In this fourth episode of the Doinel saga, the hero’s divorce becomes the pretext for a reflexion on the inadequacies of language. Different modes of communication misfire, especially between men and women. Although filmed as a comedy, Bed and Board displays overtones of deep existential malaise and a schizoid vision of everyday life. Doinel’s inability to fit socially seems terminal. Shot-by-shot analysis: As they leave their apartment, Doinel and his wife review their emotional conflicts.
Two English Girls (1971)
Authors: Gillain Anne
Published: April 2022

Shot a few months after Truffaut’s breakup with Catherine Deneuve and his hospitalisation for a nervous breakdown, the film is a beautiful meditation on the sufferings inflicted by passion. Adapted from an autobiographical book by Pierre-Henri Roché, the text in a voice-over propels forward the narrative. Truffaut illustrates the systemic nature of passion and its incidence on the organic. A total flop when it came out, the film is now considered one of Truffaut’s best works. Shot-by-shot analysis: The deflowering of one of the two sisters, Muriel, by the main character who is played by Jean-Paul Léaud.
The Story of Adele H. (1975)
Authors: Gillain Anne
Published: April 2022

In contrast with Day for Night, a polyphonic film with a large cast, this film concentrates on a single character: Victor Hugo’s daughter, Adèle, and documents her progressive and inexorable descent into insanity. The film is striking in its visual rigor and formal sobriety. The décor is minimal with a limited number places and objects visually foregrounding Adèle’s inner conflicts and sufferings. Close ups of her face and of her handwriting summon the viewer’s identification. Shot-by-shot analysis: One of Adèle’s visits to the bank and her chance meeting with a young boy.
The Green Room (1978)
Authors: Gillain Anne
Published: April 2022

This film can be likened to a Requiem in music. Inspired by texts by Henry James, it presents a compulsive character, played by Truffaut himself, who devotes his life to the cult of the dead. Like in The Man who Loved Women, with which it forms a diptych, his compulsion finds an aesthetic expression. The Green Room illustrates the ever-present theme of creativity in Truffaut’s work posterior to Day for Night. Its sober style is reminiscent of The Wild Child and The Story of Adèle H. Shot-by-shot analysis: A segment illustrating the hero’s identification with the young deaf child who lives in his house.
The Last Metro (1980)
Authors: Gillain Anne
Published: April 2022

This film is one of Truffaut’s greatest successes both critically and financially. It is the only work that reconstitutes the Paris of his childhood during the German Occupation. Starring Catherine Deneuve, it can be read as a hymn to creativity envisioned as a liturgical ceremonial. Hidden in a cave, the director of the theatre has close affinities with the hero of The Green Room. The film’s love triangle recapitulates relationships to be found in Truffaut’s previous work. Shot by shot analysis: The encounter in the cave of the three main characters at the end of the film
The Woman Next Door (1981)
Authors: Gillain Anne
Published: April 2022

The re-emergence of a past relationship brings chaos into the life of two married couples. One of Truffaut’s most perfect films, the pervasive presence of “memorial shots” creates an intensely claustrophobic atmosphere. Each of these memorial shot is analyzed in details. The main feminine figure, played by Fanny Ardant, experiences what Truffaut used to call “le trou noir”, a mental collapse already described in Two English Girls and The Story of Adèle H. Shot by shot analysis: The last meeting between the two lovers that will result in tragedy.
The Harivaṃśa as a Supplement to the Mahābhārata’s World of Wonders
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: April 2022

This is the only chapter divided into sections, with the first section on the Harivaṃśa. The decisive discovery is that it innovates in using the term āścarya forty times in just four passages where āścarya is a stepped-up equivalent of adbhutam, They all lead to the revelation that Viṣṇu is Kṛṣṇa. Like usages of adbhutam for units in the Mahābhārata’s Parvasaṃgraha, these “āścarya skeins” are unmentioned in scholarly discussion. The third, the Āścarya-Upākhyāna (“Side Tale on Wonder”), repeats āścarya twenty-seven times. In contrast to such usages, other adbhutam-cluster terms are used for Kṛṣṇa’s wonders and surprises of babyhood and youth among the cowherds, and many lesser-known ones too. Part 2 explores the Kṛṣṇa story through Jain lenses that rationalize and debunk Kṛṣṇa bhakti in Harivaṃśapurāṇas. The third section introduces the concept of sacrificial beauty to bring out the literary aesthetic of the Hindu texts and things said about Hindu sacrifice in them. The fourth section takes a last swing through the Āścarya-Upākhyāna, showing that it does the work of adbhutarasa by providing its narrator Nārada with an experience close to what Abhinavagupta called camatkāra, “aesthetic rapture.”
Anton Webern, Movements for String Quartet, Op. 5, No. 2 (1909)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

A single three-note motive, G–B–C♯, generates much of the content of this passage. The cadence at the end of the passage returns to the opening motive, following two distinct RI-chains, one in the upper and the other in the lower voice.
Igor Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Introduction to Part I (1913)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

A diatonic melody receives a chromatic harmonization. The resulting harmonic progression involves chords related by inversion. Both melody and bass traverse a cycle of minor thirds.
Arnold Schoenberg, Five Piano Pieces, Op. 23, No. 3 (1923)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

A basic five-note musical idea, first presented as a sort of fugue subject, generates much of the content of this passage. The progression among forms of the five-note idea can be traced on an appropriate musical space.
Ruth Crawford Seeger, String Quartet, first movement (1931)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

In a texture the composer calls “heterophonic,” contrasting melodies are heard at the same time, layered against each other. Despite their obvious differences in character and musical content, these disparate melodies nonetheless share certain subtle attributes, including whole-tone affiliation and inversional symmetry.
Igor Stravinsky, “Music to Hear,” from Three Shakespeare Songs, No. 2 (1953)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

This song, a setting of a sonnet by Shakespeare, is based on a four-note series, B–G–A–B♭. Series forms are combined with their inversions to create chromatic hexachords. The serial melody is contrasted with a diatonic accompaniment. Despite their obvious contrast, however, melody and accompaniment have subtle affinities.
Louise Talma, “La Corona,” from Holy Sonnets (1955)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

This four-part choral setting of a Holy Sonnet by John Donne is based on an unusual twelve-tone series (with some notes omitted and others repeated). The two different kinds of music in the passage—canons and chords—represent the human poet and God.
Igor Stravinsky, “Exaudi,” from Requiem Canticles (1966)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

This movement from Stravinsky’s final major composition uses three different sorts of twelve-tone designs: a rotational array that uses the lines of the array as a source of melodies and chords; a four-part array that gives rise to a progression of chords derived as vertical slices through the array; and a rotational array whose vertical slices are the source of slow, solemn chords. This slow, devotional music suggests a traditional religious chorale and, in its upward melodic trajectory, suggests a yearning upward toward God.
Elliott Carter, Riconoscenza per Goffredo Petrassi for solo violin (1984)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

This piece is based on three contrasting types of musical material, distinguished by tempo, texture, and expressive impact. Each type of material is associated with a pair of intervals: 3 and 6; 1 and 2; 4 and 5. Despite the extreme contrasts among the three types, there are subtle affinities among them, often centering on the two all-interval tetrachords.
Joan Tower, Vast Antique Cubes (2000)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

This passage features soft ascending scales, either octatonic or whole-tone. Indeed, the whole passage can be parsed into octatonic and whole-tone collections. The piece explores subtle links among the contrasting collections. The links generally involve the whole tones which are combined at different transposition levels to produce either of the larger collections. The movement of these whole tones can be traced on an appropriate musical space.
John Adams, On the Transmigration of Souls (2002)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

This passage, a duet for sopranos and altos, uses only perfect fifths between the voices. The fifths are combined in several different ways, producing a small variety of tetrachords and hexachords (especially hexatonic and diatonic hexachords). The progressions of the perfect fifths can be traced on an appropriate musical space.
Thomas Adès, The Tempest, Act III, Scene 5 (2003)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

The vocal line alternates two intervals (2 and 7), creating a combination cycle that traces an octatonic scale, arranged as an RI-chain. Two additional lines in the instrumental accompaniment trace the same combination cycle, but moving in the opposite direction. The rhythm of all three lines is also strictly patterned.
Caroline Shaw, Valencia for string quartet (2012)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

This passage involves two sorts of musical material: oscillating string harmonics in the upper instruments, and a pizzicato line in the cello that arpeggiates a series of major and minor triads. The oscillating chords involve stacks of perfect fifths that are symmetrical and comprise a pentatonic scale. The triads follow a chain of SLIDE-P triadic transformations.
Post-Tonal Primer
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

A pitch is a specific point on the continuum of audible sound (the eighty-eight keys of the piano keyboard, for example, correspond to eighty-eight different pitches). A pitch class is group of pitches related by octave, and thus with the same (or enharmonic) name. There are twelve pitch classes, which can be visualized on the ...
Introduction
Authors: DePrince Anne P.
Published: April 2022

Awareness of violence against women has never been greater, yet every 90 seconds a woman is raped and another woman is assaulted by a current or former intimate partner. Legislative, legal, and medical responses to the problem of violence against women have had limited impact on curbing violence. A tendency to view intimate violence as a special interest issue has thwarted our collective capacity to create change. After briefly tracing the evolution of fifty years of awareness building, the chapter draws on concepts from community organizing to propose that change will require recognizing that violence against women strips away dignity, fairness, opportunity, and safety from girls, women, and communities. Therefore, people who share interests in challenges facing the United States in terms of healthcare, gun violence, education access and success, immigration policy, economic justice, and legal system reform have a common cause to work together to end violence against women.
Of Hysteria and Health
Authors: DePrince Anne P.
Published: April 2022

For many people, healthcare is a defining issue of our time. This chapter argues that improving health and healthcare in the United States will require also working to end violence against women because intimate violence is connected to many aspects of health and healthcare. The chapter begins with a brief look at the history of hysteria in 19th century Europe to explore how socio-political context affects views of intimate violence and health. Next, the chapter reviews links between violence against women and physical, reproductive, psychological, and brain health as well as soaring healthcare costs. Further, the chapter introduces intersecting issues that will be explored throughout the book, such as economic factors and criminal legal issues that also connect to intimate violence and health. The chapter culminates in a discussion of trauma-informed healthcare, including sexual assault nurse examiner programs that model strategies to improve healthcare systems for all patients.