bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of G2019S LRRK2 in Rat Primary Astrocytes Mediates Neurotoxicity and Alters the Dopamine Synthesis Pathway in N27 Cells via Astrocytic Proinflammatory Cytokines and Neurotrophic Factors
Authors: Ho Dong Hwan , Kim Hyejung , Nam Daleum , Seo Mi Kyoung , Park Sung Woo , Son Ilhong
Published: May 2024

Astrocytes in the brain contribute to various essential functions, including maintenance of the neuronal framework, survival, communication, metabolic processes, and neurotransmitter levels. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). LRRK2 is expressed in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes and plays diverse roles in these cell types. We aimed to determine the effects of mutant human G2019S-LRRK2 (GS-hLRRK2) in rat primary astrocytes (rASTROs). Transfection with GS-hLRRK2 significantly decreased cell viability compared to transfection with the vector and wild-type human LRRK2 (WT-hLRRK2). GS-hLRRK2 expression significantly reduced the levels of nerve growth factor and increased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α) compared to the vector and WT-hLRRK2 expression. Furthermore, GS-hLRRK2 expression in rASTROs promoted astrogliosis, which was characterized by increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. Treatment with the conditioned medium of G2019S LRRK2-expressing rASTROs decreased N27 cell viability compared to treatment with that of WT-hLRRK2-expressing rASTROs. Consequently, the regulation of the dopamine synthesis pathway was affected in N27 cells, thereby leading to altered levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporter, Nurr1, and dopamine release. Overall, the G2019S LRRK2 mutation disrupted astrocyte function, thereby aggravating PD progression.
A Survey of African Weather and Climate Extremes
Authors: Jury Mark R.
Published: May 2024

A survey of African weather and climate extremes in the period 1970–2023 reveals spatial and temporal patterns of intense dry and wet spells, associated with meteorological conditions and consequences. Seasonal wind storms occur along coasts facing the Mozambique Channel, the Gulf of Guinea, the Mediterranean, and the Southern Ocean. Desiccating evaporation is found along the edge of the Sahara and Kalahari Deserts, as well as in lowland subtropical river valleys. The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and net outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) reflect precipitation–evaporation balance and guide regional evaluation. Temporal fluctuations are dominated by inter-decadal oscillations and drying/moistening trends over Southeast/West Africa, respectively. Localized floods and droughts are frequent, but widespread impacts are rare, suggesting that the transfer of resources from surplus to deficit regions is possible. Various case studies focus on (i) tropical cyclone impacts, (ii) monsoon moisture flux, and (iii) coastal upwelling. African communities have become resilient in the face of extreme weather and have shown that adaptation is possible, but further mitigating efforts are needed so that macro-economic progress does not come with harmful secondary consequences.
Control of Cell Adhesion and Growth on Polysaccharide-Based Multilayer Coatings by Incorporation of Graphene Oxide
Authors: Andreeva Tonya , Rudt Alexander , Fábián László , Ayaydin Ferhan , Iliev Ivan , Jung Ole , Barbeck Mike , Dér Andras , Krastev Rumen , Taneva Stefka G.
Published: May 2024

Controlling cell adhesion, viability, and proliferation on solid surfaces is critical for the successful implantation and proper functioning of temporary and permanent medical devices. While, with temporary or removable implants as well as surgical instruments, even slight cellular adhesion leads to an increased risk of secondary infections, bleeding and other complications, good cellular adhesion and viability are essential for the rapid healing and successful integration of permanent implants. This work was motivated by the growing interest in the construction of biocompatible and biodegradable coatings for the biofunctionalization of medical devices. Polysaccharide-based coatings are well known for their biocompatibility, but they are non-cell-adhesive, which hinders their application as implant coatings. In this study, we demonstrate that the incorporation of one or more graphene oxide layers in hyaluronic acid/chitosan multilayers is one avenue to regulate the degree of unspecific adhesion and growth of different cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVEC, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, 3T3). Furthermore, we demonstrate that this approach allows cell adhesion to be regulated across the entire range between completely prevented and highly promoted cell adhesion without introducing systemic cytotoxicity. These findings may contribute to the establishment of a new approach to adapt medical devices to cells and tissues.
A Titanium-Based Superhydrophobic Coating with Enhanced Antibacterial, Anticoagulant, and Anticorrosive Properties for Dental Applications
Authors: Rao Qin , Weng Ling , Zhang Jinshuang , Chen Yaqing , Yang Yujin , Liu Donghao , Duan Yurong , Cao Ying , Chen Jialong , Li Xiangyang , Qiu Hua , Li Quanli , Zheng Shunli
Published: May 2024

Titanium and its alloys have been widely employed as dental implant materials. However, polymicrobial infection is still one of the most common reasons for implant failure, which has already become a worldwide problem and poses a threat to human health. In this study, a titanium-based (Ti-based) superhydrophobic coating was effectively created by anodization followed by hydrophobic modification of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (FAS), which shows a high water contact angle (WCA) of 159.9 ± 5.8° and a low water sliding angle (WSA) of 2.7 ± 2.2°. The thickness of the anodized samples is from 500 nm to 4 µm as the anodizing voltage increases. The Ti-based superhydrophobic coating demonstrated the existence of Ti, O, C, F, and Si elements, and the corresponding phase compositions are Ti and anatase. The results showed that the Ti-based superhydrophobic coating has good biocompatibility to co-culture with L929 cells for 1, 3, and 5 days. It was also proven that the as-prepared Ti-based superhydrophobic coating has enhanced antibacterial abilities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis, P.g) after 4, 12, and 24 h. Moreover, the Ti-based superhydrophobic coating can significantly reduce platelet adhesion and activation. In addition, the Ti-based superhydrophobic coating also exhibits a considerable positive shift in the corrosion potential (Ecorr) and a decline of one order of magnitude in the corrosion current density (Jcorr), showing good anticorrosive properties. It was also found that the capsule around the Ti-based superhydrophobic coating was thinner than that of bare Ti after implantation for 7, 15, and 28 days, indicating its good biosafety. Therefore, the as-prepared Ti-based superhydrophobic coating can be a suitable candidate for Ti-based implants in dental applications.
Preparation of Hydrophilic and Fire-Resistant Phytic Acid/Chitosan/Polydopamine-Coated Expanded Polystyrene Particles by Using Coating Method
Authors: Tang Wenjie , Huang Dajian , Qiang Xiaohu , Liu Wang
Published: May 2024

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) particles are commonly used for thermal insulation in lightweight building materials due to their low density, low thermal conductivity, and affordability. However, shortcomings such as hydrophobicity and poor fire safety limit the application of EPS. Bio-based flame retardants have been developed for use in polymer composites due to their renewable, environmentally friendly, and non-toxic properties. In this study, to improve the hydrophilicity and fire resistance of EPS particles, phytic acid (PA)/chitosan (CS)–polydopamine (PDA)@EPS particles (PA/CS-PDA@EPS) with a bio-based coating were prepared by using a simple coating method based on PDA@EPS particles using PDA as an adhesive and PA and CS as bio-based flame retardants. The results showed that the modified EPS particles had good hydrophilicity, the residual carbon yield of the 10PA/3CS-PDA@EPS samples was increased to 24 wt%, and the maximum loss rate was reduced by 69% compared with unmodified EPS. In flammability tests, the 10PA/3CS-PDA@EPS samples also demonstrated low flame spread and some fire resistance. Furthermore, the modified EPS particles exhibited fire resistance even after multiple washings. The hydrophilic and fire-resistant modified EPS particles are anticipated to offer a novel approach to the advancement of EPS-based lightweight building materials.
Improving the Oxidation Resistance of G115 Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel by Surface Treatment with Shot Peening
Authors: Chen Pengwen , Zhang Jingwen , Yu Liming , Du Tianyu , Li Huijun , Liu Chenxi , Liu Yongchang , Liu Yuehua , Du Baoxin
Published: May 2024

G115 steel is a novel martensitic heat-resistant steel, primarily utilized in the main steam pipelines and collectors of ultra-supercritical thermal power units. However, the oxidation resistance of martensitic steels in the high-temperature steam environment is usually suboptimal, significantly affecting the efficiency of power plants. In this paper, shot peening (SP) is employed as a surface treatment method for G115 steel, and the oxidation kinetics, oxide layer thickness, and microstructure of shot-peened G115 samples are compared with those of G115 steel. The results indicate that in the 650 °C steam environment, the oxidation kinetics of the shot-peened samples follow the parabolic law and that the oxidation weight gain is significantly smaller than that of the non-shot-peened samples. The higher the SP intensity, the smaller the oxidation weight gain and the better the oxidation resistance. This can be attributed to the fragmentation of the grains in the surface layer caused by external stress during SP, which creates a multitude of grain boundaries that can provide rapid diffusion pathways for corrosion-resistant Cr atoms, resulting in the accelerated outward diffusion of Cr atoms from the substrate. Simultaneously, a continuous and dense FeCr2O4 protective layer is produced at the interface between the SP layer and the substrate, obstructing the inward diffusion of oxygen and enhancing the oxidation resistance of G115 steel.
Effect of Acrylic Resin on the Protection Performance of Epoxy Coating for Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Zhang Yingjun , Jiang Yong , Li Mengyang , Bai Jianjun , Zhou Xiaorong
Published: May 2024

The low toughness of epoxy resin can influence its shielding performance against a corrosive medium and strength of adhesion to metal surfaces. Extensive efforts have been made to modify epoxy resin. In this research, acrylic resin was synthesized by the solution method, and 1 wt.%, 2.5 wt.%, and 5 wt.% were added to epoxy resin (E44 brand) to prepare coatings on the surface of AZ31B magnesium alloy. The effects of acrylic resin on the mechanical and protective properties of epoxy coatings were investigated via experiments measuring impact resistance, flexibility, and adhesion as well as the electrochemical impedance technique. Compared with the pure epoxy coating, the adhesion between the coating and the substrate increases by 1.37 MPa after the addition of 2.5 wt.% acrylic resin. Meanwhile, the pencil hardness has a slight change from 5B to 6B, and the flexibility significantly improves. Therefore, the epoxy coating exhibits enhanced anticorrosive properties after the addition of 2.5 wt.% acrylic resin.
Cosmetic Formulations from Natural Sources: Safety Considerations and Legislative Frameworks in the European Union
Authors: Manful Maame Ekua , Ahmed Lubna , Barry-Ryan Catherine
Published: May 2024

Consumer preferences, safety, and sustainability aspects of conventional cosmetic ingredients have contributed to an increase in the demand for natural cosmetic ingredients and products. Naturally derived active cosmetic agents and excipients may come into contact with various naturally occurring and synthetic contaminants throughout the supply chain, and substantiating their safety is essential. This review examines the safety and legislative requirements applicable to natural cosmetic ingredients in the European Union (EU). Cosmetic safety requirements include technical data based on the ingredient profile, presence of hazards and the risks associated with the intended conditions of use. The hazard analysis includes screening for microbial contaminants such as aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans; chemical contaminants such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury; and naturally occurring toxins, such as allergens. The toxicological assessment considers both local effects (such as skin sensitisation, eye/skin irritation, and photo-induced effects) and systemic effects (including acute dermal toxicity, sub-acute and sub-chronic toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and toxicokinetics). The EU legislative requirements prohibit the use of animal-based tests for the toxicological evaluation of cosmetic ingredients, paving the way for alternatives termed as New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). The validation of NAMs is critical for their wider usage, and despite advancements, few have been validated, particularly for systemic toxicity testing. The use of NAMs in evaluating the safety of complex natural cosmetic ingredients is further examined.
Adult Female Acne: Recent Advances in Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Amuzescu Andreea , Tampa Mircea , Matei Clara , Georgescu Simona Roxana
Published: May 2024

Adult acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit characterized by the excessive production of abnormal sebum favoring an imbalance of the skin microbiota and the hyperproliferation of Cutibacterium acnes and other virulent microbial strains, leading to an inflammatory environment, innate immunity overactivation, and keratinocyte hyperproliferation in hair follicles pores. Degraded keratinocytes plug the pores, consequently forming microcomedons, which can later evolve to papules, nodules, pustules and scars. Distinct from juvenile acne, in adult female acne (AFA) the symptomatology occurs or persists in postadolescence (after age 25). Although hyperandrogenism or the excessive sensitivity of androgen receptors are the main causes, AFA can be triggered by multiple factors, either including or not including androgen disturbances. The prevalence in adult women is 15–20%. Hyperandrogenism is present in 50% of cases; 70% of hyperandrogenism cases feature polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a complex endocrine and metabolic condition. Genetic susceptibility occurs in 80% of acne cases, often with familial inheritance. Beyond classical stepwise therapeutic protocols (topical agents, isotretinoin, antibiotics, hormonal therapy with estrogens, progestins, spironolactone), novel approaches include the highly effective topical antiandrogen clascoterone, the management of insulin resistance by diet, exercise, stress avoidance, and adjuvant therapies such as berberine. Vaccines against the pathogenic proinflammatory C. acnes hyaluronidase A are in development.
Glass-Forming Ability, Chemical Durability, and Structural Properties of Lead Dioxide-Silicate Glass System
Authors: Zagrai Mioara , Gavrea Radu Cristian , Macavei Sergiu , Dehelean Adriana Augusta , Popa Adriana , Soran Maria Loredana , Mereu Raluca Anca
Published: May 2024

The present study aimed to test the solubility of SiO2 in a PbO2 host glass matrix. The new glass system with chemical composition xSiO2∙(100-x)∙PbO2 (in mol%) was obtained at low temperature using the melt-quenching technique. The method proposed for the characterization of the glass system includes X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-Ms), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Understanding the relationship between the oxide composition, structure, chemical durability, and thermal characteristics of obtained materials is essential for further developing the new glass crystalline material (GCM) compositions with specific desired properties.
Molecular Simulations of Unexplored Philippine Plant Constituents on the Inhibition of the Proinflammatory Marker NF-κB p50 Subunit
Authors: Ting Jasmine U. , Tan Maria Carmen S. , Ng Vincent Antonio S. , Macalino Stephani Joy Y. , Linis Virgilio C. , Oyong Glenn G.
Published: May 2024

Inflammation serves as a pivotal defense mechanism orchestrated by the innate immune system to safeguard cellular health against adversities. Nonetheless, dysregulated inflammatory responses can precipitate chronic inflammatory ailments, notably autoimmune disorders. Central to this process are various pathways, with studies highlighting the pivotal role of transcription factors within the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in disease onset and progression. This study concentrates on the p50 homodimer protein, a key transcription factor pivotal for the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes. To explore potential inhibitors of p50, we conducted in silico procedures to investigate fifty-eight unexplored compounds, derived from plants indigenous to the Philippines. Initial screenings for compound feasibility, through drug-likeness analyses, yielded positive outcomes for 34 compounds. Subsequent docking analyses revealed six compounds exhibiting binding energies (ranging from −3.7 to −4.2 kcal/mol) akin to or lower than the positive control, dexamethasone (−3.7 kcal/mol). These compounds include eudesm-11-en-4α-O-β-D-3-tigoyloxy-6-deoxy-glucopyranoside, wadeiol, grandiflorolide, eudesm-11-en-4α-O-β-D-3-senecioyloxy-6-deoxyglucopyranoside, α-pinene-7β-O-β-D-2- acetylglucopyranoside, and (2aβ,3α,5aβ,6β,7α,8aα)-6-[2-(3-furanyl)ethyl]-2a,3,4,5,5a,6,7,8,8a,8b- decahydro-2a,3-dihydroxy-6,7,8b-trimethyl-2H-naphtho[1-8-bc]furan-2-one. Interaction analyses revealed a common engagement of amino acid residues within the p50 DNA binding pocket, notably Arg57, Tyr60, Glu63, Lys244, Ala245, Pro246, Lys275, Arg308, Gln309, and Phe310, through hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, alkyl, and pi–alkyl interactions. Pharmacophore analysis underscored aromatic rings, hydroxyl, methyl, and methylene groups as pivotal for non-covalent interactions with p50. Additionally, root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) analysis demonstrated minimal residue fluctuations in p50 upon ligand binding compared to the ligand-free protein structure. In conclusion, the six shortlisted compounds exhibiting comparable binding affinities with dexamethasone hold promise as potential anti-inflammatory agents targeting the NF-κB p50 homodimer.
Anisotropic Tensile Properties of a 14YWT Nanostructured Ferritic Alloy: On the Role of Cleavage Fracture
Authors: Alam Md Ershadul , Odette G. Robert
Published: May 2024

Two plates of nanostructured ferritic alloy NFA-1 were processed by ball milling atomized Fe-14Cr-3W-0.4Ti-0.2Y (wt.%) with FeO powders, canning, and hot-extrusion at 850 °C, followed by annealing and multipass cross-rolling at 1000 °C. This produces a severe (001) brittle cleavage texture on planes running parallel to the plate faces. In the first plate (P1), pre-existing microcracks (MCs) formed on the cleavage planes during cross-rolling. The second plate (P2) contained far fewer, if any, MCs. Here, we compare the tensile data for out-of-plane (S) and in-plane (L) tensile axis orientations, at temperatures from −196 °C to 800 °C. We also assess the tensile property differences between P1 and P2, and the effect of specimen size. The L-orientation strength and ductility were excellent; for example, the room temperature (RT) yield stress, σy ≈ 1042 ± 102 MPa, and the total elongation, εt ≈ 12.9 ± 1.5%. In contrast, the S-orientation RT σy ≈ 708 ± 57 MPa, and εt ≤ 0.2%. These differences were due to cleavage on the brittle (001) planes. Cleavage leads to beneficial delamination toughening, but is deleterious to deformation processing and through-wall heat transfer. Therefore, it is important to quantitatively characterize the pronounced NFA-1 strength anisotropy due to severe crystallographic texturing and cleavage fracture.
Understanding Elderly Chinese Cancer Patients in a Multicultural Clinical Setting: Embracing Mortality and Addressing Misperceptions of Vulnerability
Authors: Leung Yvonne , Kwong Enid , Wong Karen , So Jeremiah , Poon Frankie , Cheng Terry , Chen Eric , Molasiotis Alex , Howell Doris
Published: May 2024

Chinese patients face higher risks of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers and greater cancer-related deaths than Canadian-born patients. The older population encounters barriers to quality healthcare, impacting their well-being and survival. Previous studies highlighted Chinese immigrant perceptions of not requiring healthcare support. During the COVID-19 pandemic, their underutilization of healthcare services garnered attention. The present study explores the experiences of older Chinese cancer patients to improve culturally sensitive cancer care. A total of twenty interviews carried out in Cantonese and Mandarin were conducted with Chinese immigrants, aged 60 or above, diagnosed with Stage 3 or 4 GI cancer. These interviews were transcribed verbatim, translated, and subjected to qualitative descriptive analysis. Among older Chinese immigrant patients, a phenomenon termed “Premature Acceptance: Normalizing Death and Dying” was observed. This involved four key themes: 1. acceptance and letting go, 2. family first, 3. self-sufficiency, and 4. barriers to supportive care. Participants displayed an early acceptance of their own mortality, prioritizing family prosperity over their own quality of life. Older Chinese patients normalize the reality of facing death amidst cancer. They adopt a pragmatic outlook, acknowledging life-saving treatments while willingly sacrificing their own support needs to ease family burdens. Efforts to enhance health literacy require culturally sensitive programs tailored to address language barriers and differing values among this population. A strengths-based approach emphasizing family support and practical aspects of care may help build resilience and improve symptom management, thereby enhancing their engagement with healthcare services.
Benthic Biodiversity by Baited Camera Observations on the Cosmonaut Sea Shelf of East Antarctica
Authors: Mou Jianfeng , He Xuebao , Liu Kun , Huang Yaqin , Zhang Shuyi , Zu Yongcan , Liu Yanan , Cao Shunan , Lan Musheng , Miao Xing , Lin Heshan , Liu Wenhua
Published: May 2024

A free-fall baited camera lander was launched for the first time on the Cosmonaut Sea shelf of East Antarctica at a depth of 694 m during the 38th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) in 2022. We identified 31 unique taxa (23 were invertebrates and eight were fish) belonging to eight phyla from 2403 pictures and 40 videos. The Antarctic jonasfish (Notolepis coatsi) was the most frequently observed fish taxa. Ten species of vulnerable marine ecosystem (VME) taxa were observed, accounting for 32% of all species. The maximum number (MaxN) of Natatolana meridionalis individuals per image frame was ten, and they were attracted to the bait. The macrobenthic community type were sessile suspension feeders with associated fauna (SSFA), which was shaped by the muddy substrata with scattered rocks. Rocks served as the best habitats for sessile fauna. The study reveals the megafauna community and their habitat by image survey in the Cosmonaut Sea for the first time. It helped us obtain Antarctic biodiversity baselines and monitoring data for future ecosystem health assessment and better protection.
Intelligent Liver Function Testing (iLFT): An Intelligent Laboratory Approach to Identifying Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Nobes Jennifer , Leith Damien , Handjiev Sava , Dillon John F. , Dow Ellie
Published: May 2024

The intelligent Liver Function Testing (iLFT) pathway is a novel, algorithm-based system which provides automated laboratory investigations and clinical feedback on abnormal liver function test (LFT) results from primary care. iLFT was introduced to NHS Tayside, Scotland, in August 2018 in response to vast numbers of abnormal LFTs, many of which were not appropriately investigated, coupled with rising mortality from chronic liver disease. Here, we outline the development and implementation of the iLFT pathway, considering the implications for the diagnostic laboratories, primary care services and specialist hepatology clinics. Additionally, we describe the utility, outcomes and evolution of iLFT, which was used over 11,000 times in its first three years alone. Finally, we will consider the future of iLFT and propose areas where similar ‘intelligent’ approaches could be used to add value to laboratory investigations.
Artificial Intelligence in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Diagnosis: Current Developments and Future Perspectives
Authors: Talimi Hasnaa , Retmi Kawtar , Fissoune Rachida , Lemrani Meryem
Published: May 2024

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a major global health problem requiring appropriate diagnosis methods. Its diagnosis is challenging, particularly in resource-limited settings. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into medical diagnostics has shown promising results in various fields, including dermatology. In this systematic review, we aim to highlight the value of using AI for CL diagnosis and the AI-based algorithms that are employed in this process, and to identify gaps that need to be addressed. Our work highlights that only a limited number of studies are related to using AI algorithms for CL diagnosis. Among these studies, seven gaps were identified for future research. Addressing these considerations will pave the way for the development of robust AI systems and encourage more research in CL detection by AI. This could contribute to improving CL diagnosis and, ultimately, healthcare outcomes in CL-endemic regions.
Recurrence Patterns after Radiotherapy for Glioblastoma with [(11)C]methionine Positron Emission Tomography-Guided Irradiation for Target Volume Optimization
Authors: Debreczeni-Máté Zsanett , Törő Imre , Simon Mihaly , Gál Kristof , Barabás Marton , Sipos David , Kovács Arpad
Published: May 2024

11C methionine (11C-MET) is increasingly being used in addition to contrast-enhanced MRI to plan for radiotherapy of patients with glioblastomas. This study aimed to assess the recurrence pattern quantitatively. Glioblastoma patients undergoing 11C-MET PET examination before primary radiotherapy from 2018 to 2023 were included in the analysis. A clinical target volume was manually created and fused with MRI-based gross tumor volumes and MET PET-based biological target volume. The recurrence was noted as an area of contrast enhancement on the first MRI scan, which showed progression. The recurrent tumor was identified on the radiological MR images in terms of recurrent tumor volume, and recurrences were classified as central, in-field, marginal, or ex-field tumors. We then compared the MET-PET-defined biological target volume with the MRI-defined recurrent tumor volume regarding spatial overlap (the Dice coefficient) and the Hausdorff distance. Most recurrences occurred locally within the primary tumor area (64.8%). The mean Hausdorff distance was 39.4 mm (SD 32.25), and the mean Dice coefficient was 0.30 (SD 0.22). In patients with glioblastoma, the analysis of the recurrence pattern has been mainly based on FET-PET. Our study confirms that the recurrence pattern after gross tumor volume-based treatment contoured by MET-PET is consistent with the FET-PET-based treatment described in the literature.
Giant Sublingual, Submental, and Lingual Dermoid Cyst Restricting Tongue Movement Undiagnosed for Several Years
Authors: Bargiel Jakub , Gontarz Michał , Gąsiorowski Krzysztof , Marecik Tomasz , Szczurowski Paweł , Zapała Jan , Wyszyńska-Pawelec Grażyna
Published: May 2024

(1) Background: Dermoid cysts occurring in the sublingual space are uncommon, typically manifesting as painless, gradually enlarging masses, usually not exceeding 3 cm in diameter. These cysts can resemble various conditions due to their clinical presentation, with a relatively low occurrence rate in the oral cavity, accounting for about 1.6% of all dermoid cysts. (2) Methods: We present the case of a 17-year-old female with a giant dermoid cyst involving the submental, sublingual, and lingual areas, undiagnosed for several years. Diagnosis was achieved through MRI and fine-needle aspiration, leading to the decision for surgical removal through a cervical approach. (3) Results: The healing process was uneventful. From the first day post-surgery, the patient began myofunctional therapy, successfully regaining proper tongue functions. Throughout a 24-month follow-up, the patient remained symptom-free. (4) Conclusions: A cervical approach can successfully treat giant oral dermoid cysts involving submental, sublingual, and lingual spaces. Tongue function can be successfully regained through myofunctional therapy after surgical treatment.
Advanced Antimicrobial and Anti-Infective Strategies to Manage Peri-Implant Infection: A Narrative Review
Authors: Li Yihan , Stewart Cameron A. , Finer Yoav
Published: May 2024

Despite reductions in bacterial infection and enhanced success rate, the widespread use of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in implant dentistry is controversial. This use has contributed to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance, along with creating significant health and economic burdens. The basic mechanisms that cause implant infection can be targeted by new prevention and treatment methods which can also lead to the reduction of systemic antibiotic exposure and its associated adverse effects. This review aims to summarize advanced biomaterial strategies applied to implant components based on anti-pathogenic mechanisms and immune balance mechanisms. It emphasizes that modifying the dental implant surface and regulating the early immune response are promising strategies, which may further prevent or slow the development of peri-implant infection, and subsequent failure.
A Novel Classification Method: Neighborhood-Based Positive Unlabeled Learning Using Decision Tree (NPULUD)
Authors: Ghasemkhani Bita , Balbal Kadriye Filiz , Birant Kokten Ulas , Birant Derya
Published: May 2024

In a standard binary supervised classification task, the existence of both negative and positive samples in the training dataset are required to construct a classification model. However, this condition is not met in certain applications where only one class of samples is obtainable. To overcome this problem, a different classification method, which learns from positive and unlabeled (PU) data, must be incorporated. In this study, a novel method is presented: neighborhood-based positive unlabeled learning using decision tree (NPULUD). First, NPULUD uses the nearest neighborhood approach for the PU strategy and then employs a decision tree algorithm for the classification task by utilizing the entropy measure. Entropy played a pivotal role in assessing the level of uncertainty in the training dataset, as a decision tree was developed with the purpose of classification. Through experiments, we validated our method over 24 real-world datasets. The proposed method attained an average accuracy of 87.24%, while the traditional supervised learning approach obtained an average accuracy of 83.99% on the datasets. Additionally, it is also demonstrated that our method obtained a statistically notable enhancement (7.74%), with respect to state-of-the-art peers, on average.
Short-Term Hourly Ozone Concentration Forecasting Using Functional Data Approach
Authors: Shah Ismail , Gul Naveed , Ali Sajid , Houmani Hassan
Published: May 2024

Air pollution, especially ground-level ozone, poses severe threats to human health and ecosystems. Accurate forecasting of ozone concentrations is essential for reducing its adverse effects. This study aims to use the functional time series approach to model ozone concentrations, a method less explored in the literature, and compare it with traditional time series and machine learning models. To this end, the ozone concentration hourly time series is first filtered for yearly seasonality using smoothing splines that lead us to the stochastic (residual) component. The stochastic component is modeled and forecast using a functional autoregressive model (FAR), where each daily ozone concentration profile is considered a single functional datum. For comparison purposes, different traditional and machine learning techniques, such as autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), vector autoregressive (VAR), neural network autoregressive (NNAR), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM), are also used to model and forecast the stochastic component. Once the forecast from the yearly seasonality component and stochastic component are obtained, both are added to obtain the final forecast. For empirical investigation, data consisting of hourly ozone measurements from Los Angeles from 2013 to 2017 are used, and one-day-ahead out-of-sample forecasts are obtained for a complete year. Based on the evaluation metrics, such as R2, root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE), the forecasting results indicate that the FAR outperforms the competitors in most scenarios, with the SVM model performing the least favorably across all cases.
The Impact of the Stimulus Packages on the Economy during COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Mixed-Method Approach
Authors: Amin Ruhul , Rahman Nahian , Tasnim Samira , Dey Sima Rani , Tareque Mohammad
Published: May 2024

With the unexpected onset of COVID-19, governments across the world responded with a range of preventive measures, including the imposition of lockdowns. To mitigate the adverse effects of lockdowns arising from supply chain shocks and employment loss, governments worldwide chose to implement policies to stimulate their economies and keep them working. This study assesses the impact and effectiveness of four of these packages in Bangladesh, employing a mixed-method approach. These packages include “salary support for workers in export-oriented RMG industries”, “working capital loans for affected industries and service sectors”, “working capital loans for cottage, micro, small, and medium enterprises”, and initiatives for “revitalizing the rural economy and job creation”. Each package was examined individually because of their differences in beneficiary groups, implementation methods, and individual objectives. Quantitative analysis involved propensity score matching (PSM), the difference in difference model (DID), and structural equation modelling (SEM). Stakeholders, including policy implementers, Bangladesh Bank officials, policy analysts, academics, workers, and beneficiaries, contributed to the qualitative analysis through extensive key-informant interviews, providing a comprehensive assessment of intervention outcomes. Ultimately, the results show that the packages achieved their socio-economic relief objectives for beneficiaries. The research examined both positive impacts and challenges in their implementation. It suggests that all four packages successfully achieved their goals, such as providing social and economic support, sustaining livelihoods, addressing marginalized groups’ needs, ensuring survival for large industries and small businesses, and promoting employment. In order to better address future shocks, establishing a beneficiary database integrated with the national system is recommended for smoother policy rollout. Despite acknowledged limitations, including challenges in beneficiary identification, data availability, and time constraints, the study’s unbiased estimations provide valuable insights to guide future policy directions in similar situations.
Is There a Link between Remittances, Capital Formation, Structural Transformation and Economic Growth? A Dynamic Panel Analysis for Latin America under the PVAR Approach
Authors: Zurita Moreano Eduardo Germán , González Bautista María Gabriela , Vallejo Mata Juan Pablo , Ayaviri-Nina Víctor Dante
Published: May 2024

The literature has mainly focused on analyzing the relationship of remittances with economic growth and social welfare, neglecting more complex aspects where remittances can have relevant implications. To contribute to the literature, the objective of this research is to examine the dynamic relationship between remittances, capital formation, structural transformation and economic growth in 15 Latin American countries during the period 1996–2019. To meet the objective, a panel vector autoregressive regression (PVAR) model was estimated, focusing on the analysis of the impulse-response function and variance decomposition. The results show a positive effect of remittances on economic growth and capital formation and a negative effect of remittances on structural transformation for initial periods and positive for later periods, framing a non-linear relationship. In addition, it was determined that structural transformation does not have a significant impact on economic growth. Finally, it was found that capital formation has a partial positive effect on economic growth. It is concluded that public policies should generate support mechanisms for the efficient channeling of these resources so that they become engines of growth.
Development of a Mathematical Experience from a STEM and Sustainable Development Approach for Primary Education Pre-Service Teachers
Authors: Martín-Cudero Daniel , Guede-Cid Rocío , Tolmos Piedad , Cid-Cid Ana Isabel
Published: May 2024

Advances in education are increasingly important, and it is necessary to look for methodological strategies that enhance the value of mathematics in society and promote integrated training that helps students reason critically and rigorously. In this sense, math trails with a focus on STEM and sustainable development are a good resource to connect mathematics with the environment in a transversal way with other disciplines. A total of 35 postgraduate students in secondary education and 30 undergraduate students in primary education participated in this research and received a training course from experts in mathematics teaching. During the experience, the graduate students designed trails that were tested by the undergraduate students after a prior review by three in-service primary teachers. Likert scale questionnaires and open questions were asked of the students to evaluate the training received and the execution of the experience. Likewise, it was also decided to hold a debate with the participants and a guided interview with in-service teachers to assess the possible application of the resource in primary education courses. The results show a very positive assessment of the experience and allow us to support this approach to promote a change in the teaching–learning of mathematics in the last years of primary education.
Beyond the Books: Exploring Factors Shaping Chinese English Learners’ Engagement with Large Language Models for Vocabulary Learning
Authors: Wang Xiaochen , Reynolds Barry Lee
Published: May 2024

Informal English learning plays a crucial role in vocabulary learning, yet few scholars have explored the use of large language models for this purpose. In light of this, our study, integrating Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to investigate factors influencing 568 Chinese English learners’ use of large language models for vocabulary learning. Our findings identified six significant factors from those models—perceived autonomy, perceived competence, perceived relatedness, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence—that significantly shape learners’ intentions and behaviors towards utilizing large language models for vocabulary learning. Notably, effort expectancy emerged as the most influential factor, while facilitating conditions did not significantly impact usage intentions. This research offers insights for future curriculum design and policy formulation, highlighting the importance of understanding learners’ perspectives on technology use in education.
Misconceptions in the Learning of Natural Sciences: A Systematic Review
Authors: Guerra-Reyes Frank , Guerra-Dávila Eric , Naranjo-Toro Miguel , Basantes-Andrade Andrea , Guevara-Betancourt Sandra
Published: May 2024

The determination of misconceptions among students is a prerequisite to driving conceptual, procedural, and attitudinal changes. This study aimed to investigate the causes and effects that misconceptions generate in the learning of natural sciences, as well as the basic categories of misconceptions in the learning of physics held by high school students. Under the PRISMA guidelines, the research consisted of a systematic literature review in three databases: Scopus, WoS, and Dimensions. Data visualization and analysis were supported by the following tools: VOSviewer, Bibliometrix, and ATLAS.ti. It was concluded that misconceptions do not solely depend on students’ behavior; teacher training and preparation also have a direct influence on this issue. The main factors include persistent use of the didactic model of transmission–reception, the influences of students’ daily experiences, decontextualization of the addressed content, limited development of research skills, usage of inadequate teaching methods, texts full of formulas, and exaggerated schemas. Physics stands out as the most studied discipline, in terms of misconceptions. Several topics were identified that contained misconceptions grouped into four main subject areas: thermodynamics, waves and sound, mechanics, and radiation and light.
Adolescent Mental Health: A Focus on Psychiatric Counseling from the Emergency Room of an Italian University Hospital in the Five Years from 2019 to 2023
Authors: Petruzzelli Maria Giuseppina , Marzulli Lucia , Colacicco Giuseppe , Tarantino Fabio , Furente Flora , Gabellone Alessandra , Margari Lucia , Matera Emilia
Published: May 2024

Recent studies have revealed increasingly worse and more complex mental health conditions in young people, which is reflected in a growing trend in emergency room (ER) visits for acute psychopathological symptoms (APSs). This phenomenon has become exacerbated in recent decades, with a peak in the post-pandemic period. To better characterize the phenomenon, we investigated the change in the rate and type of ER counseling requests provided at the Child Neuropsychiatry Unit of the University Hospital of Bari, Italy over the period between 2019 and 2023 for subjects younger than 18 years old. For this purpose, we retrospectively analyzed a total number of 1073 urgent consultation reports retrieved through the reporting computerized operating system of our hospital. The distribution of the counseling requests provided for APSs and, among these, the distribution of the numbers of APSs and of the male: female ratio were significantly different over the years, with an increasing linear trend identified for APSs (p = 3.095 × 10−7), the average number of APSs (p = 3.598 × 10−7), and female gender prevalence (p = 0.03908), as well as for the patients with a history of psychotropic drug assumption (p = 0.0006319). A significant change in the number of urgent counseling requests received for eating disorders (p = 0.0007408), depression (p = 7.92 × 10−8), somatization (p = 4.03 × 10−6), self-harm (SA) (p = 1.358 × 10−6), and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) (p = 8.965 × 10−6) was found, with a significant increasing trend for anxiety (p = 0.0444), depression (p = 8.06 × 10−6), somatization (p = 0.004616), SA (p = 3.998 × 10−8), and NSSI (p = 5.074 × 10−7). The findings of our study support the hypothesis of an alarming progressive worsening of the mental health of children and adolescents, with an overlapping effect of the pandemic exacerbating the process.
An Improvement of Adam Based on a Cyclic Exponential Decay Learning Rate and Gradient Norm Constraints
Authors: Shao Yichuan , Yang Jiapeng , Zhou Wen , Sun Haijing , Xing Lei , Zhao Qian , Zhang Le
Published: May 2024

Aiming at a series of limitations of the Adam algorithm, such as hyperparameter sensitivity and unstable convergence, in this paper, an improved optimization algorithm, the Cycle-Norm-Adam (CN-Adam) algorithm, is proposed. The algorithm integrates the ideas of a cyclic exponential decay learning rate (CEDLR) and gradient paradigm constraintsand accelerates the convergence speed of the Adam model and improves its generalization performance by dynamically adjusting the learning rate. In order to verify the effectiveness of the CN-Adam algorithm, we conducted extensive experimental studies. The CN-Adam algorithm achieved significant performance improvementsin both standard datasets. The experimental results show that the CN-Adam algorithm achieved 98.54% accuracy in the MNIST dataset and 72.10% in the CIFAR10 dataset. Due to the complexity and specificity of medical images, the algorithm was tested in a medical dataset and achieved an accuracy of 78.80%, which was better than the other algorithms. The experimental results show that the CN-Adam optimization algorithm provides an effective optimization strategy for improving model performance and promoting medical research.
Enhancement of Phase Dynamic Range in Design of Reconfigurable Metasurface Reflect Array Antenna Using Two Types of Unit Cells for E Band Communication
Authors: Rozban Daniel , Barom Asaf , Kedar Gil , Etinger Ariel , Rabinovitz Tamir , Abramovich Amir
Published: May 2024

The deployment of wireless communication networks in the E band (60–90 GHz) requires highly flexible, real-time, and precise tunability to optimize power transmission amidst diffraction, obstacles, and scattering challenges. This paper proposes an innovative reconfigurable metasurface reflect array design capable of achieving a dynamic phase range of 312 degrees with less than 1 dB of loss. The design integrates two types of unit cells and employs piezoelectric crystal as the tuning element. Simulation results illustrate the feasibility of beam focusing and accurate beam steering within a range of ±3 degrees. Furthermore, the proposed reconfigurable metasurface reflector demonstrates an antenna gain comparable to that of a dish antenna with the same aperture size.
Audio Recognition of the Percussion Sounds Generated by a 3D Auto-Drum Machine System via Machine Learning
Authors: Brezas Spyros , Skoulakis Alexandros , Kaliakatsos-Papakostas Maximos , Sarantis-Karamesinis Antonis , Orphanos Yannis , Tatarakis Michael , Papadogiannis Nektarios A. , Bakarezos Makis , Kaselouris Evaggelos , Dimitriou Vasilis
Published: May 2024

A novel 3D auto-drum machine system for the generation and recording of percussion sounds is developed and presented. The capabilities of the machine, along with a calibration, sound production, and collection protocol are demonstrated. The sounds are generated by a drumstick at pre-defined positions and by known impact forces from the programmable 3D auto-drum machine. The generated percussion sounds are accompanied by the spatial excitation coordinates and the correspondent impact forces, allowing for large databases to be built, which are required by machine learning models. The recordings of the radiated sound by a microphone are analyzed using a pre-trained deep learning model, evaluating the consistency of the physical sample generation method. The results demonstrate the ability to perform regression and classification tasks when fine tuning the deep learning model with the gathered data. The produced databases can properly train machine learning models, aiding in the investigation of alternative and cost-effective materials and geometries with relevant sound characteristics and in the development of accurate vibroacoustic numerical models for studying percussion instruments sound synthesis.