bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Easy Separation of Optically Active Secondary Alcohols by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Soluble Polymer-Supported Carbonates
Authors: Okudomi Masayuki , Shimojo Megumi , Nogawa Masaki , Hamanaka Ayae , Taketa Natsue , Nakagawa Takuya , Matsumoto Kazutsugu
Published: February 2010

The enzyme-mediated enantioselective hydrolysis of middle molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-supported carbonates is disclosed. The representative water-soluble substrate was prepared by the immobilization of (±)-1-phenylethanol onto a monomethoxy PEG (MPEG, av. Mw 5000) or PEG (av. Mw 4600) through a carbonate linker. Porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) enantioselectively catalyzed the hydrolysis of the polymer-supported substrate in a mixed solvent (hexane/buffer = 9/1) at 0 °C to afford the corresponding optically active compounds. In this system, the separation of the remaining (S)-substrate and the resulting (R)-alcohol was achieved by a simple procedure without any laborious column chromatography. The substrate was easily hydrolyzed with NaOH in MeOH–H2O to give the (S)-alcohol. This procedure was also applicable to the preparation of other optically active secondary alcohols. As expected, an introduction of a hydrophobic spacer between the MPEG moiety and the carbonate linker affected both the reactivity and enantioselectivity. An o-substitution produced a lower conversion than those of the reaction of the m- and p-substituted substrates. While the substrate with a p-phenylethyl spacer gave the best E value (>200) with low conversion, the reaction of the substrate with a p-phenylmethyl spacer smoothly proceeded with high enantioselectivity (E value = 151).
Polish martial law of 1981 seen from abroad
Authors: Mazierska Ewa
Published: February 2010

The implementation of martial law in 1981 is regarded as one of the most important events in Polish post-war history. Martial law is also an event that attracted significant interest from foreign artists and historians, not least because it was one of the last attempts by a communist
government in Eastern Europe to assert its authority, as well as a sign that the political power of communism in this region was crumbling. This essay discusses three films on this subject, made outside Poland: Moonlighting (1982) and Success is the Best Revenge (1984) by Jerzy
Skolimowski and Passion (1982) by Jean-Luc Godard. I treat the films as testimonies, however partial, to the ways this event was perceived outside Poland, both by Polish emigrants and foreigners. Simultaneously, I regard the films as attempts to engage in wider discourses, such as the
changing role of the working class, the difference between socialism and capitalism, the role of an migr artist/intellectual in the situation of a political crisis affecting his country and even the possibility to represent political crisis from outside. I argue that martial law successfully
activated these discourses, yet without providing any definite answers to the questions they posed.
Our own courtyard: Post-traumatic Polish cinema
Authors: Misiak Anna
Published: February 2010

This article probes contemporary Polish cinema, examining it through the sociological theory of cultural trauma. The majority of post-1989 Polish films correlate with national tragic narratives that emphasize the negative social effects of the fairly recent systemic transformation.
The author chooses to analyse two films (The Wedding (2004) and The Debt (1999)) as her case studies. Both productions received many awards in the home country. To Polish critics, the two films demonstrated a significant achievement of the country's film industry that should
be capable of exporting and promoting Polish culture in the international arena. Yet, the worldwide success proved to be beyond the reach of the directors and with only a few honourable mentions and special jury awards, they won no major trophies outside Poland. Going straight to DVD, The
Debt has never been widely released in the cinemas either in the United Kingdom or in the United States, while The Wedding opened with a three-year delay in the United Kingdom in a few cinemas only, but there has not been an international DVD release as yet.

Made at crucial moments
for the political and social history of the country, both films depict ethically dislocated and confused post-traumatic characters and both reverberate the post-1989 collective Polish experience. For the domestic audience the two films cumulate and amplify post-traumatic syndromes, emblematizing
a larger thematic tendency of the Polish contemporary cinema. This new inclination distinguishes current developments in the Polish cinematic culture from the country's past productions. The author argues that the thematic reliance on the post-traumatic becomes the main facet of the national
Polish film production, which by adhering to its own social reality celebrates its cultural otherness and thus limits its appeal to domestic audiences and a handful of international experts who specialize in the subject of Eastern European cinema.
Relationship of Job Satisfaction, Psychological Distress and Stress‐Related Biological Parameters among Healthy Nurses: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Amati Monica , Tomasetti Marco , Ciuccarelli Marida , Mariotti Laura , Tarquini Lucia Miria , Bracci Massimo , Baldassari Maurizio , Balducci Cristian , Alleva Renata , Borghi Battista , Mocchegiani Eugenio , Copertaro Alfredo , Santarelli Lory
Published: February 2010

Relationship of Job Satisfaction, Psychological Distress and Stress‐Related Biological Parameters among Healthy Nurses: A Longitudinal Study: Monica Amati, et al. Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Clinic of Occupational Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy

Objective

To examine the relationship between job satisfaction, psychological distress, psychosocial processes and stress‐related biological factors, and to evaluate whether over time changes of work satisfaction could affect the immunological‐inflammatory status of workers.

Methods

One hundred and one nurses were enrolled at the Clinic of Occupational Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy. Perceived job satisfaction, psychological distress, and social support were assessed every 4 mo over a 1‐yr period using 4 self‐reported questionnaires. T lymphocytes CD3, CD4+, CD8+, CD8+‐CD57+, B lymphocyte CD19+, NK cells CD56+, and NK cell activity were determined.

Results

Job satisfaction was associated with reduced psychological distress and was characterized by low cell numbers of CD8+suppressor T cells, CD8+‐CD57+activated T cells, CD56+NK cells and low IL‐6 levels. Over time changes in psychological parameters were related to changes in the immunological‐inflammatory variables. Subjects who increased their job satisfaction showed a reduced psychological stress associated with reduced number of CD8+‐CD57+activated T cells and inflammatory cytokines.

Conclusions

Job (dis)satisfaction is related with psychological mechanisms in stress affecting cellular immune function.
Validation of Alternative Formulations of Job Strain
Authors: Courvoisier Delphine S. , Perneger Thomas V.
Published: February 2010

Validation of Alternative Formulations of Job Strain: Delphine S. Courvoisier, et al. Clinical Epidemiology Division, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland

Objective

To examine the construct validity of different formulations of job strain based on the demand‐control(‐support) model in the context of a hospital‐based survey.

Methods

We defined the best measure of job strain as the one that would be better predicted by professional status and job characteristics and better predict health outcomes, stress and back‐pain leave. We received 1,298 responses from collaborators at the University Hospitals of Geneva who responded to a questionnaire survey including all the constructs cited above and the Job Content Questionnaire.

Results

The difference between decision latitude and psychological demands (strain by subtraction), corresponded to the definition of the best measure of job strain and significantly, albeit weakly, predicted all outcomes. The logarithmic approach was the second best measure of job strain and was in fact a better predictor of stress.

Conclusions

We would encourage researchers to explore different formulations of job strain, in particular the subtraction approach, to compute strain from demands and decision latitude.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Burnout among Doctors in Yemen
Authors: Al‐Dubai Sami Abdo Radman , Rampal Krishna Gopal
Published: February 2010

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Burnout among Doctors in Yemen: Sami Abdo Radman Al‐Dubai, et al. Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Medical Center, Malaysia

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the level and factors contributing to burnout among doctors in Sana'a City, Yemen and to determine the relationship between burnout and psychological morbidity.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study of 563 working doctors in the four main hospitals in Sana'a City, Yemen. The 12‐item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) was used as a measure of psychological morbidity and the 22‐item Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used to measure emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Sources of job stress were determined using a 37‐item scale questionnaire. The questionnaire elicited information about socio‐demographic and work characteristics.

Results

On the MBI, 356 doctors showed high emotional exhaustion (63.2%), 109 showed high depersonalization (19.4%) and 186 showed low personal accomplishment (33.0%). Sixty six doctors (11.7%) were identified as experiencing a high degree of burnout (high emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and low personal accomplishment). The prevalence of high degree of burnout was significantly higher in those with duration of work ≤10 yr (OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.18–6.8), in those working ≥40 h/ wk (OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.25‐3.62) and in those who had psychological morbidity (OR=5.3, 95% CI 2.22–12.39). Thirteen out of 37 sources of stress were significantly associated with high degree of burnout. In multivariate analysis, the significant predictors of high burnout were: dealing with patient's psychosocial problems, feeling of isolation, disturbance of home/family life by work, not chewing khat, long working hours and psychological morbidity.

Conclusion

The prevalence of high degree of burnout as well as emotional exhaustion in Yemeni doctors was higher than those reported internationally and was associated with psychological morbidity and many important sources of job stress.
Assessment of Workplace Bullying and Harassment: Reliability and Validity of a Japanese Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire
Authors: Takaki Jiro , Tsutsumi Akizumi , Fujii Yasuhito , Taniguchi Toshiyo , Hirokawa Kumi , Hibino Yuri , Lemmer Richard J. , Nashiwa Hitomi , Wang Da‐Hong , Ogino Keiki
Published: February 2010

Assessment of Workplace Bullying and Harassment: Reliability and Validity of a Japanese Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire: Jiro Takaki, et al. Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Objectives

Interest in workplace bullying and harassment has been increasing in Japan. At present, the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) is one of the most frequently used questionnaires for assessing these issues. The purpose of this study was to develop a Japanese version of the NAQ.

Methods

We translated the original version of the NAQ using a back‐translation method. Participants in this study were recruited from 737 workers at a manufacturing company in Japan. Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by 517 respondents (response rate: 70.1%).

Results

We used a cross‐validation approach. A three‐factor model was obtained from exploratory factor analyses. The confirmatory factor analysis for this model revealed values of 0.94, 0.91, 0.95, and 0.054 for the goodness‐of‐fit index, the adjusted goodness‐of‐fit index, the comparative fit index, and the root mean square error of approximation, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients for the NAQ scores with the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) support scores and the Effort‐Reward Imbalance Questionnaire scores for respect and job security were significant (p<0.001) and the direction of these associations were consistent with our expectations, with the exceptions of the correlations between the NAQ sexual harassment score and the JCQ support scores. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the scores on the entire NAQ scale and on three subscales (person‐related bullying, work‐related bullying, and sexual harassment) were 0.90, 0.84, 0.60, and 0.60, respectively.

Conclusions

A Japanese version of the NAQ was developed and it appears to have acceptable levels of internal consistency reliability and factor‐ and construct‐validity.
Serum Cholinesterase Levels of Thai Chilli‐Farm Workers Exposed to Chemical Pesticides: Prevalence Estimates and Associated Factors
Authors: Kachaiyaphum Prasit , Howteerakul Nopporn , Sujirarat Dusit , Siri Sukhontha , Suwannapong Nawarat
Published: February 2010

Serum Cholinesterase Levels of Thai Chilli‐Farm Workers Exposed to Chemical Pesticides: Prevalence Estimates and Associated Factors: Prasit Kachaiyaphum, et al. Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand

Objective

To estimate the prevalence of, and factors associated with, abnormal serum cholinesterase (SChE) levels among chilli‐farm workers in Chatturat District, Chaiyaphum Province.

Methods

A total of 350 chilli‐farm workers aged 18–60 yr were randomly sampled and interviewed. A reactive‐paper finger‐blood test was used to assess SChE levels.

Results

The prevalence of abnormal SChE levels was 32.0%. The most common pesticide‐related symptoms were dizziness (38.0%), headache (30.9%), nausea/vomiting (26.9%), and fever (26.9%). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed 7 factors were independently associated with abnormal SChE level: male gender, single/separated/ divorced, being a permanent worker, spraying pesticide more than 3 times per month, having moderate or poor pesticide‐use behaviors, and low perceived susceptibility and severity of pesticide use.

Conclusions

The prevalence of abnormal SChE levels among chilli‐farm workers was quite high. It would be beneficial to decrease pesticide use and encourage alternative measures. Effective preventive interventions to increase correct perceptions of pesticide use, the use of personal protective measures and continuing monitoring for blood cholinesterase, especially for male permanent farm workers, are recommended.
Exploring Population‐Level Effects of Fishery Closures during Spawning: An Example Using Largemouth Bass
Authors: Gwinn Daniel C. , Allen Micheal S.
Published: February 2010

We used an age‐structured model to evaluate the impacts of recreational angling during spawning on populations of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and the potential benefits of seasonal fishing closures. We simulated fisheries with average and high capture rates (i.e., fractions of the stock caught by anglers). We manipulated mortality rates to mimic the effects of various regulations, including (1) an open fishery with no closures, (2) a full fishery closure during the spawning season, (3) a catch‐and‐release fishery during the spawning season, and (4) a year‐round catch‐and‐release fishery. We simulated two hypothetical populations: a high‐productivity, low‐latitude population and a low‐productivity, high‐latitude population. Spawning season closures produced the largest relative increases in adult abundance when applied to low‐productivity populations and when capture rates were high (e.g., 70%) and harvest rates were relatively low (20%). This resulted because very high capture rates imply that most spawning fish will be caught by anglers and potentially lose their broods to nest predators. The existing evidence suggests that these conditions (very high capture rates combined with low harvest rates) are the exception rather than the rule across largemouth bass fisheries. Understanding capture and harvest rates is critical to the use of seasonal closures in recreational fisheries.
Changes to Rainbow Trout Abundance and Salmonid Biomass in a Washington Watershed as Related to Hatchery Salmon Supplementation
Authors: Pearsons Todd N. , Temple Gabriel M.
Published: February 2010

We evaluated the changes in (1) the abundance, size, and biomass of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, (2) the abundance of spring Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha parr, and (3) the combined biomass of rainbow trout and Chinook salmon parr after nine annual releases of approximately 250,000 Chinook salmon and coho salmon O. kisutch smolts into the North Fork of the Teanaway River, Washington. The trout and salmon were sampled in two treatment locations consisting of five sites and three control locations consisting of seven sites before (1990–1998) and during hatchery releases (1999–2007). We detected statistically significant decreases of rainbow trout abundance and biomass in both treatment streams relative to two of the three control streams. Furthermore, all of the differences in abundance between treatment and control streams were in the negative direction. All but one of the differences in biomass was negative. The only statistically significant change in the combined biomass of spring Chinook salmon parr and rainbow trout before and during supplementation was negative, and five of the six differences in combined biomass were negative. Only one of the four comparisons of the ratio of the log‐transformed weight to length of rainbow trout was statistically significant, and it decreased during supplementation; one‐half of the comparisons were positive and the other half negative. The changes to rainbow trout abundance and biomass were probably the result of the cumulative impacts from hatchery‐released Chinook salmon smolts and an increase in naturally produced Chinook salmon parr.
Growth and Methylmercury Accumulation in Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Sacramento River and Its Floodplain, the Yolo Bypass
Authors: Henery Rene E. , Sommer Ted R. , Goldman Charles R.
Published: February 2010

The literature indicates a strong correlation between inundation of previously oxidized soils, as can occur on a floodplain, and increased microbial methylation of mercury. There is special concern over the potential for increased methylmercury levels in the Yolo Bypass, a 24,000‐ha floodplain for California's Sacramento River and its tributaries. The objective of our first study component was to compare methylmercury accumulation between juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Yolo Bypass and those in the Sacramento River during a winter 2005 flood event. For each location, we tested accumulation in two groups of hatchery Chinook salmon juveniles: (1) free‐ranging, coded‐wire‐tagged fish that were released into the floodplain and river and recaptured by downstream sampling and (2) fish that were reared in enclosures at fixed locations in both the river and floodplain. We found that free‐ranging juvenile Chinook salmon in the floodplain accumulated 3.2% more methylmercury per day than did free‐ranging fish in the river. However, fish in the floodplain grew 0.7% more per day than fish in the river. Variance in growth and in methylmercury content was significantly higher in the free‐ranging fish than in the enclosure‐reared fish, suggesting suboptimal rearing conditions in the enclosures. In a second study component, we analyzed methylmercury levels of free‐ranging Chinook salmon released in the Yolo Bypass during hydrologically variable years (2001–2003 and 2005); the objective was to determine whether interannual differences in the primary source of floodwater to the Yolo Bypass were associated with different patterns of mercury accumulation in Yolo Bypass Chinook salmon. Fish in the Yolo Bypass showed different patterns of methylmercury accumulation in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2005. Methylmercury accumulated linearly with time in years when Cache Creek provided the primary source of flood flow but followed a quadratic pattern in years when flood flow was dominated by the Sacramento River.
Effects of Turbidity and Cover on Prey Selectivity of Adult Smallmouth Bass
Authors: Carter Mark W. , Shoup Daniel E. , Dettmers John M. , Wahl David H.
Published: February 2010

Environmental factors such as turbidity and habitat complexity affect many aspects of aquatic food webs, including predator–prey interactions. We examined the effects of turbidity (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 nephelometric turbidity units [NTU]) and cover (presence or absence) on prey selection by adult smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu (mean ± SD = 290 ± 41 mm total length) in laboratory pools. Individual predators were given a choice of five northern crayfish Orconectes virilis, five golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas (a pelagic fish), or five round goby Neogobius melanostomus (an invasive benthic fish). Smallmouth bass selected round goby at low turbidities (0 and 5 NTU) and golden shiners at the highest turbidity (40 NTU) in trials without cover. With cover, smallmouth bass increased selectivity for golden shiners, particularly at the turbidity extremes (0, 20, and 40 NTU). Northern crayfish were negatively or neutrally selected in all trials across both turbidity and cover treatments. Turbidity had a greater effect than cover on prey consumption rate, which decreased as turbidity increased. Our results suggest that turbidity and cover, two important environmental variables, can influence prey selectivity by smallmouth bass.
In Situ Swimming Behavior of Lake Trout Observed Using Integrated Multibeam Acoustics and Biotelemetry
Authors: Dunlop Erin S. , Milne Scott W. , Ridgway Mark S. , Condiotty Jeff , Higginbottom Ian
Published: February 2010

Multibeam echo sounder systems allow the in situ observation of swimming and foraging behavior and give insights into the ecology of fish at the individual level. In Lake Opeongo, Ontario, 16 adult lake trout Salvelinus namaycush were surgically implanted with ultrasonic tags, released, and studied by means of mobile fisheries acoustics. The transmitted pulses from the ultrasonic tags could be detected and displayed within the multibeam echogram in real time. Tagged lake trout were relocated on 131 occasions over 12 d, for a total of 11.7 h of echogram observations. From these events we observed and quantified the spatial relationships of individual lake trout to other fish targets, schools of cisco Coregonus artedi, and the surrounding habitat. We found that all but one tagged lake trout spent at least a portion of their time close to the lake's bottom, but interestingly, many made rapid vertical swimming movements into the water column. These burst vertical movements were sometimes targeted at schools of cisco, such attacks always occurring from below the schools. During such interactions, the lake trout showed distinct peaks in swimming speed when they were between 2.4 and 6.4 m from the schools; we interpret this as the range of their reactive distance in the field. Some of the lake trout were also found to travel alongside of or to actively swim toward other fish targets, whereas others were more solitary. This type of information, made possible by the integration of fisheries acoustics and biotelemetry technology, gives us a fuller understanding of the ecology of aquatic predators and their prey and provides the direct measurements needed to quantify the bioenergetics of lake trout in their natural environment.
Examining the Conflict between Smolting and Precocious Male Maturation in Spring (Stream‐Type) Chinook Salmon
Authors: Larsen Donald A. , Beckman Brian R. , Cooper Kathleen A.
Published: February 2010

Precocious male maturation is a natural life history strategy for spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. During spawning, precocious males employ a “sneaker” strategy to fertilize eggs in competition with full‐size anadromous adults. Hatchery rearing practices may increase the incidence of this phenotype beyond its natural levels. Previous research reported high rates (>40%) of precocious male maturation at age 2 (minijacks) in the Yakima River spring Chinook salmon supplementation program in Washington State. Minijack rates in wild populations are believed to be less than 5%. We compiled seasonal profiles for size, condition factor (K), gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity, whole‐body lipid levels, plasma 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT), insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I), and thyroxine (T4) in minijacks and immature smolts in the hatchery and during out‐migration. In the hatchery, minijacks were larger and had higher K, whole‐body lipid, plasma 11‐KT, and IGF‐I levels than smolts. Plasma T4 and gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity increased in minijacks in spring, but the levels were slightly lower than those of smolts. Most minijacks are thought to remain resident in headwater streams throughout the summer in preparation for autumn spawning. A subset of these minijacks migrate hundreds of kilometers toward the ocean in the spring, only to reverse course later in the summer in an effort to return to their natal spawning grounds. These migrating minijacks had elevated plasma 11‐KT, IGF‐I, and T4 levels and gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity. It is generally thought that smoltification and reproductive maturation are mutually exclusive life history events in salmonid fishes. This investigation examined the physiology of a unique phenotype in which smoltification and downstream migration appear to occur in fish that have already initiated the maturation process. These results suggest that hatchery programs with high minijack rates may produce significant numbers of fish that are maladapted for either smoltification or competing on the spawning grounds, and it is likely that they die in the freshwater environment before contributing to subsequent generations.
Habitat Suitability of the Carolina Madtom, an Imperiled, Endemic Stream Fish
Authors: Midway Stephen R. , Kwak Thomas J. , Aday D. Derek
Published: February 2010

The Carolina madtom Noturus furiosus is an imperiled stream ictalurid that is endemic to the Tar and Neuse River basins in North Carolina. The Carolina madtom is listed as a threatened species by the state of North Carolina, and whereas recent distribution surveys have found that the Tar River basin population occupies a range similar to its historical range, the Neuse River basin population has shown recent significant decline. Quantification of habitat requirements and availability is critical for effective management and subsequent survival of the species. We investigated six reaches (three in each basin) to (1) quantify Carolina madtom microhabitat use, availability, and suitability; (2) compare suitable microhabitat availability between the two basins; and (3) examine use of an instream artificial cover unit. Carolina madtoms were located and their habitat was quantified at four of the six survey reaches. They most frequently occupied shallow to moderate depths of swift moving water over a sand substrate and used cobble for cover. Univariate and principal components analyses both showed that Carolina madtom use of instream habitat was selective (i.e., nonrandom). Interbasin comparisons suggested that suitable microhabitats were more prevalent in the impacted Neuse River basin than in the Tar River basin. We suggest that other physical or biotic effects may be responsible for the decline in the Neuse River basin population. We designed instream artificial cover units that were occupied by Carolina madtoms (25% of the time) and occasionally by other organisms. Carolina madtom abundance among all areas treated with the artificial cover unit was statistically higher than that in the control areas, demonstrating use of artificial cover when available. Microhabitat characteristics of occupied artificial cover units closely resembled those of natural instream microhabitat used by Carolina madtoms; these units present an option for conservation and restoration if increased management is deemed necessary. Results from our study provide habitat suitability criteria and artificial cover information that can inform management and conservation of the Carolina madtom.
The Evolutionarily Significant Unit Concept and the Role of Translocated Populations in Preserving the Genetic Legacy of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout
Authors: Peacock Mary M. , Robinson Morgan L. , Walters Timothy , Mathewson Heather A. , Perkins Ray
Published: February 2010

The Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi, a listed subspecies of cutthroat trout O. clarkii, has been extirpated from over 90% of its historic waters. The 1995 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Recovery Plan identified three evolutionarily significant units, or distinct population segments (DPSs), of Lahontan cutthroat trout based upon morphological, genetic, and ecological data. Teams composed of federal and state agency and university biologists were organized to formulate recovery strategies that were specific to each DPS. In this context, fish native to each DPS are considered exclusively for recovery activities. Lahontan cutthroat trout populations in the Willow–Whitehorse drainage of the Coyote Lake basin, Oregon, were initially identified as part of the Northwestern DPS, but recent genetic analyses suggest that these populations may warrant a fourth DPS designation. The Willow–Whitehorse Lahontan cutthroat trout are found in seven within‐basin streams and have been translocated into multiple out‐of‐basin streams. Genetic analysis of seven populations translocated into out‐of‐basin streams of the Steens Mountain (Alvord Lake basin), Oregon, in the 1970s and 1980s support inclusion of these streams in any DPS‐based recovery strategy for the Willow–Whitehorse Lahontan cutthroat trout. Overall gene diversity per locus was similar among translocated and source populations (Steens Mountain, 0.096–0.908; Willow–Whitehorse, 0.039–0.903). However, 135 of 300 alleles identified at 20 microsatellite loci were found in the Steens Mountain populations but not in the contemporary Willow–Whitehorse populations. The Steens Mountain populations are found in small habitats subject to the effects of genetic drift. Lahontan cutthroat trout from these out‐of‐basin streams should be included in conservation plans.
Revisiting Trends in the Evolution of Egg Size in Hatchery‐Enhanced Populations of Chinook Salmon from British Columbia
Authors: Beacham Terry D.
Published: February 2010

Hatchery enhancement has been reported to result in an increase in egg size in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and a decline in egg size in Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha. Egg size may be directly influenced by selection, a larger egg size evolving as a consequence of hatchery incubation. Alternatively, a smaller egg size could evolve as a correlated response to fecundity selection, and a unidirectional change in egg size over time may reflect selection and an underlying genetic change in the population. To address this question, temporal trends in egg size were investigated for two hatchery‐enhanced populations of Chinook salmon from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. After the effect of female length variation was removed by standardizing egg sizes to a female of common length (the overall mean for each population), there was no temporal trend in egg size from the 1970s to 2008 for any of the hatchery‐enhanced populations evaluated. These results do not support a previous report of genetically based declines in egg size in hatchery‐enhanced Chinook salmon populations from this region.
Influence of structural and material properties of GCLs on interface flow in composite liners due to geomembrane defects
Authors: Mendes M.J.A. , Touze-Foltz N. , Palmeira E.M. , Pierson P.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT: The flow rates along the interface between damaged geomembranes (GM) and geosynthetic clay liners (GCL) placed on top of a compacted clay liner (CCL) were measured by means of laboratory tests performed with an apparatus especially designed for this purpose. The tests performed were aimed at verifying the influence of the structural and material properties of the GCL on the transmissivity along the GM–GCL interface and flow rates through composite liners. Four types of GCLs with two different bonding processes (stitch-bonded or needle-punched) and different bentonites (natural sodium or natural calcium) were tested. The results obtained showed no significant differences among flow rate versus time in most of the tests performed, especially after the steady-state conditions of flow were reached. An analytical solution was employed to estimate the transmissivity of the GM–GCL interfaces. This solution also allowed predictions of flow rates and radius of wetted areas for typical configurations of composite liners in the field. The results obtained showed little influence of the nature of the bentonite and the predominance of the presence of preferential flow paths between the geomembrane and the GCL surface on the transmissivity of GM–GCL interfaces and flow rates through composite liners.
Association between naturally occurring chronic kidney disease and feline immunodeficiency virus infection status in cats
Authors: White Joanna D. , Malik Richard , Norris Jacqueline M. , Malikides Nicholas
Published: February 2010

Objective—To investigate the association between naturally occurring chronic kidney disease (CKD) and FIV infection status in cats in Australia.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—73 cats with CKD and 69 cats without historical, physical, or clinicopathologic evidence of CKD.

Procedures—Cats were tested for serum antibodies against FIV glycoprotein 40 (gp40) by use of an immunomigration assay. Information regarding age, breed (purebred or domestic), and sex was obtained from medical records. Analysis was performed on data from cats stratified into 2 age categories (< 11 years old and ≥ 11 years old). Univariable and then multivariable analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between CKD and the study variable (FIV infection), the latter analysis accounting for breed (purebred or domestic), sex, and veterinary hospital of origin.

Results—Results of multivariable analysis revealed that younger cats with CKD (< 11 years old) were significantly more likely to have positive test results for serum antibodies against FIV gp40 than were cats without CKD. No significant associations were found between CKD and FIV infection, breed, sex, or hospital of origin among older (≥ 11 years old) cats in the multivariable analysis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Among cats < 11 years of age, those with CKD were significantly more likely to have positive test results for serum antibodies against FIV gp40 than were cats without CKD. It cannot be definitively established from results of this study whether infection with FIV preceded the development of CKD, and the role, if any, of FIV in the establishment or progression of CKD remains to be determined.
Ambulatory electrocardiographic evaluation of clinically normal adult Boxers
Authors: Stern Joshua A. , Meurs Kathryn M. , Spier Alan W. , Koplitz Shianne L. , Baumwart Ryan D.
Published: February 2010

Objective—To determine the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias in clinically normal adult Boxers.

Design—Prospective cross-sectional study.

Animals—301 Boxers (181 females and 120 males) > 1 year old with echocardiographically normal systolic function and no history of syncope or congestive heart failure.

Procedures—Physical examination, which included echocardiography, was performed on all dogs. A 24-hour ambulatory ECG was performed on each dog, and results were evaluated to assess ventricular arrhythmias. Statistical evaluation was performed to determine correlations between the total number of ventricular premature complexes (VPCs)/24 h, grade of ventricular arrhythmia, and age of the dogs.

Results—Age of dogs ranged from 1 to 16 years (median, 4 years). Number of VPCs/24 h in each dog ranged from 0 to 62,622 (median, 6 VPCs/24 h). Grade of arrhythmias ranged from 0 to 3 (median, 1). Age was correlated significantly with number of VPCs/24 h (r = 0.43) and with grade of arrhythmia (r = 0.37). Number of VPCs/24 h was significantly correlated with grade of arrhythmia (r = 0.82).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clinically normal adult Boxers generally had < 91 VPCs/24 h and an arrhythmia grade < 2. Boxers with > 91 VPCs/24 h were uncommon and may have represented dogs with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy or other disease processes that could have resulted in the development of ventricular arrhythmias.
Open heart closure of an atrial septal defect by use of an atrial septal occluder in a dog
Authors: Gordon Sonya G. , Nelson David A. , Achen Sarah E. , Miller Matthew M. , Roland Risa M. , Saunders Ashley B. , Drourr Lori T.
Published: February 2010

Case Description—A 3-year-old sexually intact male Standard Poodle was admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital for transcatheter closure of a large atrial septal defect (ASD).

Clinical Findings—The dog had exercise intolerance and was thin. Findings on physical examination were within normal limits with the exception of a left base systolic heart murmur (grade 5/6). The dog was not receiving any medications. Echocardiography and thoracic radiography confirmed the diagnosis of ASD and revealed compensatory changes consistent with a large left to right shunting ASD. Results of serum biochemical analysis and CBC were within reference range limits.

Treatment and Outcome—Transcatheter ASD closure with an atrial septal occluder (ASO) was performed and failed. An open heart surgical approach under cardiopulmonary bypass was declined by the dog's owners. The dog underwent a novel hybrid approach involving active device fixation under temporary inflow occlusion after transatrial device deployment. The dog recovered with some manageable postoperative complications. As of the last follow-up examination, the dog had 10 months of event-free survival.

Clinical Relevance—Transcatheter closure by use of an ASO and open heart patch repair with cardiopulmonary bypass to surgically treat dogs with ASD has been reported. Transcatheter closure is not possible in dogs with large ASD. The novel hybrid procedure reported herein represented a viable alternative to euthanasia.
Prevalence of various presale radiographic findings and association of findings with sales price in Thoroughbred yearlings sold in Kentucky
Authors: Preston Stephanie A. , Zimmel Dana N. , Chmielewski Terese L. , Trumble Troy N. , Brown Murray P. , Boneau Joseph C. , Hernandez Jorge A.
Published: February 2010

Objective—To estimate prevalences of various presale radiographic findings and of presale arthroscopy in horses offered for sale at the 2006 Keeneland September yearling sale and to compare sales prices between yearlings with and without various presale radiographic findings or a history of arthroscopy.

Animals—397 Thoroughbred yearlings.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Procedures—Presale radiographs and health records were examined to estimate prevalences of various radiographic findings and presale arthroscopy. Sales price records were used to compare sales prices between yearlings with and without various presale radiographic findings or a history of arthroscopy.

Results—In the forelimbs, the most common radiographic findings were vascular channels in the proximal sesamoid bones (23%), enthesophytes or osteophytes in the radiocarpal joint (22%), and osteochondritis lesions involving the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal bone (20%). In the hind limbs, the most common radiographic findings were enthesophytes or osteophytes involving the proximal sesamoid bones (39%), abnormalities of the distodorsal aspect of the third metatarsal bone (36%), enthesophytes or osteophytes involving the distal intertarsal joint (27%), and osteochondritis lesions involving the stifle joint (8%). Thirteen percent of horses had a history of presale arthroscopy. Median sales price was significantly lower in horses with fragments of the proximal phalanx than in horses without. Median sales price was significantly higher in horses with a history of presale arthroscopy than in horses without.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results revealed significant associations between a diagnosis of fragments of the proximal phalanx, presale arthroscopy, and sales price in Thoroughbred yearlings.
Erratum to “Two charge-transfer complex spectrophotometric methods for the determination of sulpiride in pharmaceutical formulations”
Authors: Zayed Sayed
Published: February 2010

The original version of the article was published in Central European Journal of Chemistry, 2008, 7(4), 870–875, DOI: 10.2478/s11532-009-0091-2. Unfortunately, the original version of this article contains mistakes in the date section. There should be: received 13 February 2009, accepted 24 May 2009.
Carbon ceramic electrode incorporated with zeolite ZSM-5 for determination of Piroxicam
Authors: Asadpour-Zeynali Karim , Majidi Mir , Zarifi Mitra
Published: February 2010

A new chemically modified electrode is constructed based on carbon ceramic electrode incorporated with zeolite ZSM-5. Voltammetric behavior of piroxicam at the carbon ceramic zeolite modified electrode (CCZME) was investigated. The modified electrode exhibited catalytic activity toward the electrooxidation of piroxicam. Experimental parameters such as solution pH, scan rate, concentration of piroxicam and zeolite amount were studied. It has been shown that using the CCZME, piroxicam can be determined by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and hydrodynamic amperometry (HA). Under the optimized conditions the calibration plots are linear in the concentration ranges of 0.20–25.00 and 0.20–50.10 μM with limit of detections of 0.65 and 0.29 μM for DPV and HA, respectively. The modified electrode with DPV and HA methods was successfully applied for analysis of piroxicam in pharmaceutical formulations. The results were favorably compared to those obtained by the spiked method. The results of the analysis suggest that the proposed method has promise for the routine determination of piroxicam in the products examined.
Synthesis and characterization of some chalcones and their cyclohexenone derivatives
Authors: Sreevidya Thekke , Narayana Badiadka , Yathirajan Hemmige
Published: February 2010

A series of chalcones and their derivatives have been synthesized. Chalcones, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(aryl)-prop-2-en-1-ones were prepared by the aldol condensation of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)ethanones and aryl aldehydes. Based-catalyzed condensation of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(aryl)prop-2-en-1-ones with ethyl acetoacetate yields corresponding ethyl 4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-(aryl)-2-oxocyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylates. Some of the synthesized chalcones were reported in the literature; the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by single crystal X-ray studies, IR, 1H-NMR and LCMS mass spectral analysis.
Investigation of thermal power of reaction of titanium slag with sulphuric acid
Authors: Jabłoński Maciej
Published: February 2010

Enriched titanium raw materials with high titanium content called titanium slags are received by the electrothermal reduction of ilmenite. Titanium slags are most frequently used in the titanium dioxide industry. The reaction of titanium slags with sulphuric acid is strongly exothermic and creates danger of thermal explosion. Kinetics of this reaction depends on the parameters such as temperature of initiation, sulphuric acid concentration and dimension of particles of titanium slag. The reaction of titanium slag with sulphuric acid was investigated at non-isothermal conditions in a special construction calorimeter. The observed thermal power changes in the calorimeter (“calorimeter run”), are the basis for estimation of reaction kinetics. A proposed model describing the thermal power changes and taking into account the moment of initiation of reaction is presented. The calorimetric investigations showed, that reaction rate of titanium slags with sulphuric acid depends on initial temperature of reaction, size of particles of titanium raw material and sulphuric acid concentration.
Adsorption of mercury species on river sediments — effects of selected abiotic parameters
Authors: Pelcová Pavlína , Margetínová Jana , Vaculovič Tomáš , Komárek Josef , Kubáň Vlastimil
Published: February 2010

Abiotic parameters (pH, temperature, current velocity, mercury species concentration, and sediment and aqueous media composition) influence mercury species (MeHg+, EtHg+, PhHg+ and inorganic Hg2+) adsorption on river sediments. The highest amount of adsorbed MeHg+ and EtHg+ (82–93% and 85–91% for static and agitated system, respectively) occurred at pH 3–4. For PhHg+ the maximum adsorption (90% and 95% for static and agitated systems) was located over the broad 3–10 pH range, while for Hg2+ (94% and 97% for static and agitated systems) it was at pH ∼ 3. Temperature (4.5–60°C) influenced the adsorption rate but not the quantity. Both rate and quantity increased in the order: static 2+ adsorption about 67%. Cations at pH 5.2 reduced either the adsorption rate (Ca2+, Al3+) or the total adsorption (Zn2+, Fe3+). Positive correlations were found between sediment C, N, S content as well as cation exchange capacity (CEC) with mercury adsorption (R = 0.45–0.66, 0.56–0.89, 0.45–0.61 and 0.55–0.73, respectively) while negative correlations were observed with Fe and Al (R = −0.63 to −0.90 and −0.65 to −0.86, respectively).
Alternative method for the measurement of the temperature of a Bose-Einstein condensate
Authors: Camacho Abel , Barragán-Gil Luis , Macías Alfredo
Published: February 2010

Usually the temperature in a Bose-Einstein condensate is experimentally deduced resorting to the comparison between the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution function and the density profile in momentum space. Though a successful method it is merely an approximation, since it also implies the use of classical statistical mechanics at temperatures close to the condensation temperature where quantum effects play a relevant role and cannot be neglected. The present work puts forward an alternative method in which we use an ultra-intense light pulse and a nonlinear optical material as detectors for differences in times-of-flight, and in this way the temperature is deduced.
Series solution of unsteady free convection flow with mass transfer along an accelerated vertical porous plate with suction
Authors: Zaman Haider , Ayub Muhammad
Published: February 2010

The problem of unsteady free convection flow is considered for the series solution (analytic solution). The flow is induced by an infinite vertical porous plate which is accelerated in its own plane. The series solution expressions for velocity field, temperature field and concentration distribution are presented. The influence of important parameters is seen on the velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction coefficient and temperature gradient with the help of graphs and tables. Convergence is also properly checked for different values of the important parametes for velocity field, temperature and concentration with the help of ħ-curves.
Glomus caroticum tumors: A case report of an operated giant carotid body tumor with a review of our experience in 47 patients
Authors: Talay Sureyya , Abanoz Mustafa , Ali Kaygin Mehmet , Dag Ozgur , Halici Umit , Ay Derih , Murat Yucel Semih , Esref Kabalar Mehmet , Tasmacioglu Buket , Erkut Bilgehan
Published: February 2010

Glomus caroticum tumors, usually used as an alternative term for carotid body tumor, are of neuroectodermal origin and a part of the extra adrenal neuroendocrine system pathologies. These abnormalities are the most frequently detected paraganglioma in the localization of the head and neck. In our report, we present a giant tumor mass on the left side which was operated on successfully with a review of our experience retrospectively. Between the dates of June 1995 and October 2009, 47 patients, all of which had a glomus caroticum tumor, underwent to surgery. Tumor presented a wide variety of size and clinical presentations.