bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergistic effect of two oxidative stress‐related genes (heme oxygenase‐1 and GSK3β) on the risk of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Infante J. , García‐Gorostiaga I. , Sánchez‐Juan P. , Sierra M. , Martín‐Gurpegui J. L. , Terrazas J. , Mateo I. , Rodríguez‐Rodríguez E. , Berciano J. , Combarros O.
Published: December 2009

Background:  Oxidative stress is a central factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) is an antioxidant protein expressed in response to oxidative challenge, and its expression levels are inversely correlated with glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β) activity. Underexpression of HO‐1 in concert with an upregulation of GSK3β would result in a less effective antioxidant response and might increase the risk of PD.

Methods:  We examined two functional polymorphism in the promoter regions of HO‐1 (−413, rs2071746) and GSK3β (−157, rs6438552) in a group of 251 Spanish patients with PD and 234 controls.

Results:  Subjects carrying both the HO‐1 (−413, rs2071746) TT genotype and the GSK3β (−157, rs6438552) TT genotype had a four times higher risk of developing PD than subjects without these genotypes (adjusted by age and sex OR = 4.12; 95% CI = 1.45–11.71; Bonferroni corrected P = 0.024).

Conclusions:  Considering synergistic effects between polymorphisms in oxidative stress‐related genes may help in determining the risk profile for PD.
Functional anatomy of the forelimb in Promegantereon* ogygia (Felidae, Machairodontinae, Smilodontini) from the Late Miocene of Spain and the origins of the sabre‐toothed felid model
Authors: Salesa Manuel J. , Antón Mauricio , Turner Alan , Morales Jorge
Published: December 2009

We examine the functional anatomy of the forelimb in the primitive sabre‐toothed cat Promegantereon ogygia in comparison with that of the extant pantherins, other felids and canids. The study reveals that this early machairodontine had already developed strong forelimbs and a short and robust thumb, a combination that probably allowed P. ogygia to exert relatively greater forces than extant pantherins. These features can be clearly related to the evolution of the sabre‐toothed cat hunting method, in which the rapid killing of prey was achieved with a precise canine shear‐bite to the throat. In this early sabre‐toothed cat from the Late Miocene, the strong forelimbs and thumb were adapted to achieve the rapid immobilization of prey, thus decreasing the risk of injury and minimizing energy expenditure. We suggest that these were the major evolutionary pressures that led to the appearance of the sabre‐toothed cat model from the primitive forms of the Middle Miocene, rather than the hunting of very large prey, although these adaptations reached their highest development in the more advanced sabre‐toothed cats of the Plio‐Pleistocene, such as Smilodon and Homotherium. Although having very different body proportions, these later animals developed such extremely powerful forelimbs that they were probably able to capture relatively larger prey than extant pantherins.
Prediction equations for human thoracic and lumbar vertebral morphometry
Authors: Kunkel Maria E. , Schmidt Hendrik , Wilke Hans‐Joachim
Published: December 2009

Statistical correlations between anatomical dimensions of human vertebral structures have indicated a potential for the prediction of vertebral morphometry, which could be applied to the creation of simplified geometrical models of the spine excluding the need for preliminary processing of medical images. The aim of this study was to perform linear and nonlinear regressions with published anatomical data to generate prediction equations for 20 vertebral parameters of the human thoracic and lumbar spine as a function of only one given parameter that was measured by X‐ray. Each parameter was considered individually as a potential predictor variable in terms of its correlation with all of the other parameters, together with the readiness with which lateral X‐rays could be obtained. Based on this, the parameter vertebral body height posterior was chosen and the statistical analyses described here are related to this parameter. Our linear, exponential and logarithmic regressions provided significant predictions of anterior vertebral structures. However, third‐order polynomial prediction equations allowed an improvement on these predictions (P‐values < 0.001), e.g. endplates and spinal canal (R2, 0.970–0.995) as well as pedicle heights and the spinous process (R2, 0.811–0.882), in addition to a reasonable prediction of the posterior vertebral structures, which have shown a low or no correlation in previous studies, e.g. pedicle inclination and transverse process (R2, 0.514–0.693) (anova). Comparisons of the theoretical predictions with two other sets of experimental data indicated that the predictions generally agree well with the experimental data. A time‐efficient approach for obtaining anatomical data for the description of human thoracic and lumbar geometry was provided by this method, which requires the measurement of only one parameter per vertebra (vertebral body height posterior) from a lateral X‐ray and the set of developed prediction equations. Vertebral models based on this type of parameterized geometry could be used in biomechanical studies that require geometry variation, such as in spinal deformations, including scoliosis.
Constitution‐writing in deeply divided societies: the incrementalist approach†
Authors: LERNER HANNA
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT.The article addresses the puzzle of how societies still grappling over the common values and shared vision of their state draft a democratic constitution. It argues that an incrementalist approach to constitution‐making enabled such deeply divided societies to enact either a written constitution or function with a material constitution by deferring controversial choices regarding the foundational aspects of the polity to future political institutions. It demonstrates how various types of incrementalist constitutional strategies – such as avoidance of clear decisions, the use of ambivalent and vague legal language, or the inclusion of contrasting provisions in the constitution – were deployed in the constitutional drafting of three deeply divided societies: India, Ireland and Israel. By importing the existing ideational conflicts into their constitutions, and by deviating from the common perception of constitution‐making as a revolutionary moment, the framers in these three cases enabled their constitutions to reflect the divided identity of ‘the people’.
Watching television in later life: a deeper understanding of TV viewing in the homes of old people and in geriatric care contexts
Authors: Östlund Britt
Published: December 2009

Scand J Caring Sci; 2010; 24; 233–243 Watching television in later life: a deeper understanding of TV viewing in the homes of old people and in geriatric care contexts

A secret among staff at nursing homes is that they are often ambivalent about old residents spending more time in watching TV as it is a common cultural perception that it makes the viewer passive. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of reflecting on the TV viewing habits that old people bring with them when they move into geriatric care. The findings are based on a study involving qualitative interviews and observations in two nursing home settings – urban and rural – of 20 persons between 82 and 100 years of age. The results confirm that TV viewing is far from a passive activity. Instead, it contributes to structuring daily life, to satisfying old peoples’ needs for reflection and contemplation and to remain socially integrated. As such, TV viewing makes a significant contribution to their capacity to cope with disengagement in old age and can be used as a way of promoting communication and well‐being in geriatric care.
The meaning of a consultation with the diabetes nurse specialist
Authors: Edwall Lise‐Lotte , Danielson Ella , Öhrn Ingbritt
Published: December 2009

Scand J Caring Sci; 2010; 24; 341–348 The meaning of a consultation with the diabetes nurse specialist

Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the essential meaning of a consultation between diabetes nurse specialists and patients to gain a deeper understanding of the patients’ experiences.

Methods: Twenty patients with type 2 diabetes were interviewed about their experience of a consultation at an annual check‐up with the diabetes nurse specialist. A phenomenological hermeneutic method was used in the analysis and interpretation of the text.

Results: The patient’s experience of a consultation was interpreted as manifestation of hold on the disease control. This means a safeguard to continue daily life shown in the four themes being controlled, feeling exposed, feeling comfortable, and feeling prepared.

Conclusion: The patients’ experiences of a consultation with the diabetes nurse specialist became the basis for a health maintenance process in dealing with critical health–disease aspects.

Implications to practice: In a consultation, professionals have to take into account the potential emotional turbulence that disease progression can mean to a patient. Diabetes care implies patient dependence on support to avoid a potential self‐management insufficiency and call attention to professionals’ time for listening to patients’ perceptions.
Morphology and ultrastructure of epilithic versus cryptic, microbial growth in lower Cambrian phosphorites from the Montagne Noire, France
Authors: ÁLVARO J. J. , CLAUSEN S.
Published: December 2009

The lower Cambrian grainy phosphorites of the northern Montagne Noire occur interbedded with grey to black, laminated to massive shales and limestones deposited along the edge of a continental shelf, associated with slope‐related facies and unstable substrates. The concentration of phosphate took place by repeated alternations of low sedimentation rates and condensation (hardgrounds), in situ early‐diagenetic precipitation of fluorapatite, winnowing and polyphase reworking of previously phosphatized skeletons and hardground‐derived clasts. The succession of repeated cycles of sedimentation, phosphate concentration, and reworking led to multi‐event phosphate deposits rich in allochthonous particles. Phosphogenesis was primarily mediated by microbial activity, which is evidenced by the abundance of phosphatized putative microbial remains. These occur as smooth and segmented filaments, sheaths, and ovoid‐shaped coccoids. These simple morphologies commonly form composite frameworks as a result of their aggregation and entanglement, leading to the record of biofilms, microbial mats, and complex networks. These infested the calcitic skeletonized microfossils that littered the substrate. Microbial activity evidences epilithic (anisotropic coatings on skeletons), euendolithic (perforating skeletal walls), and cryptoendolithic (lining inter‐ and intraparticulate pores) strategies, the latter dominated by bundles of filaments and globular clusters that grew along the cavities of helcionellids and hyoliths. According to their epilithic versus cryptic strategies, microbial populations that penetrated and dwelled inside hard skeletal substrates show different network and colonial morphologies. These early Cambrian shell concentrations were the loci of a stepwise colonization made by saprophytic to mutualistic, cyanobacterial–fungal consortia. Their euendolithic and cryptoendolithic ecological niches provided microbial refugia to manage the grazing impact mainly led by metazoans.
ARCHAEOMAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY DURING THE ROMAN PERIOD AT SIWA AND BAHRYN OASIS, EGYPT: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FIDELITY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOMAGNETIC DATA
Authors: LEONHARDT R. , SALEH A. , FERK A.
Published: December 2009

A preliminary survey was conducted in Siwa and Bahryn Oasis to test the possible influence of various rock magnetic and experimental constraints on the fidelity of the Egyptian archaeomagnetic field record. Five potsherds from the Roman era, which lasted from 1981 bp to 1555 bp, have been investigated. Archaeologists dated the localities to ∼1620 bp. Ten ceramic specimens, two of each potsherd, were subjected to archaeointensity determination, including tests for domain state effects, magnetic anisotropy and magnetic cooling rate dependency. Six successful archaeointensity determinations are obtained from three individual cooling units, revealing an average field value of 37.7 μT for the late Roman period in Siwa and Bahryn oasis, which is comparable to the present‐day field strength. The error propagation of the individual uncertainties related to all applied experimental techniques results in a maximum uncertainty estimate of 4.4 μT. The obtained field value is significantly smaller than early results and slightly smaller than some more recent determinations of the field intensity in Egypt. The difference is attributed to a combined effect of alteration, magnetic anisotropy and magnetic cooling rate dependencies. Along with other high‐quality data from the south‐east Mediterranean, our data suggest a field intensity minimum during the Egyptian Roman era.
Circannual pupation rhythm in the varied carpet beetle Anthrenus verbasci under different nutrient conditions
Authors: MIYAZAKI Yosuke , NISIMURA Tomoyosi , NUMATA Hideharu
Published: December 2009

Anthrenus verbasci pupates in spring and the timing of pupation is controlled by a circannual rhythm. Although A. verbasci is considered to be a univoltine species in Japan, it is assumed that larval development in its natural habitats, including bird nests, varies with nutrient availability, and that the life cycle often takes two or more years to complete. In the present study, larval development and pupation times were compared under constant and outdoor conditions in larvae provided a diet of either high‐nutrient bonito powder or low‐nutrient pigeon feathers. Although a circannual pupation rhythm was observed irrespective of the diet used, larval development was slower on feathers than on bonito powder. The pupation times on feathers varied over three years or more under both constant and outdoor conditions. Under outdoor conditions, larvae grown on feathers needed three years to approach the weight gained within a year by larvae grown on bonito powder. It is considered that life cycle length in A. verbasci is often two years or more in nutritionally unstable natural habitats, and that this species has probably evolved a circannual rhythm as a seasonal adaptation to nutrient‐poor environments.
Halo Scalp Ring in a Premature Newborn and Review of the Literature
Authors: Martín José M. , Jordá Esperanza , Alonso Vicent , Villalón Guillermo , Montesinos Encarnación
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  Unusually prolonged pressure on the scalp by the cervical os during or before the delivery may result in a distinctive pattern of annular alopecia that has been referred to as halo scalp ring. This rare form of hair loss is most commonly a temporary, non‐scarring process that is attributed to caput succedaneum. We report a new case of halo scalp ring in a premature newborn. Review of previously reported cases suggests that prematurity is an important, previously unrecognized, risk factor for developing a halo scalp ring.
Isolated Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of the Vulva in an Infant
Authors: HWANG CHUL , KIM YU JIN , SEO YOUNG JOON , PARK JANG KYU , LEE JEUNG HOON , LEE YOUNG
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  Langerhans cell histiocytosis affecting only the vulva of a child is very rare. We report a 1‐year‐old female infant with isolated Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as pruritic papules confined to the vulva, confirmed by histopathology with immunohistochemical staining.
Syringocystadenoma Papilliferum: An Unusual Presentation
Authors: GHOSH SUDIP KUMAR , BANDYOPADHYAY DEBABRATA , CHATTERJEE GOBINDA , BAR CHITTARANJAN
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  An 8‐year‐old boy presented with a rapidly growing, unusually large, fleshy, lobulated, cauliflower‐like mass on the lower back. Incisional biopsy revealed the histologic picture of syringocystadenoma papilliferum. The case is reported in this study for its unusual site, very large size, and peculiar morphology.
Waardenburg Syndrome Type I with Heterochromia Iridis and Circumscribed Hypopigmentation of the Skin
Authors: EIGELSHOVEN SIBYLLE , KAMEDA GITTA , KORTÜM ANNE‐KATRIN , HÜBSCH SIMONE , ANGERSTEIN WOLFGANG , SINGH PREETI , VÖHRINGER RENATE , GOECKE TIMM , MAYATEPEK ERTAN , RUZICKA THOMAS , WILDHARDT GABRIELE , MEISSNER THOMAS , KRUSE ROLAND
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  We report a 3‐year‐old girl with autosomal dominant inherited Waardenburg syndrome type I showing circumscribed hypopigmentation of the skin, heterochromia iridis, sensorineural deafness, and dental aberrations. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the identification of an underlying missense mutation (C811T) in the PAX3 gene. Early diagnosis of Waardenburg syndrome among children with pigment anomalies enables a successful interdisciplinary medical care.
Persistent Agmination of Lymphomatoid Papulosis
Authors: TORRELO ANTONIO , COLMENERO ISABEL , HERNÁNDEZ ANGELA , GOIRIZ REBECA
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  A 12‐year‐old boy had lesions clinically and histopathologically consistent with lymphomatoid papulosis (LP) which were persistent and appeared grouped in a circumscribed area of normal looking background skin on the right abdomen. Staging work‐up did not disclose systemic disease. Persistent agmination of lymphomatoid papulosis (PALP) is somewhat different from classical LP because it involves a circumscribed, patch‐sized area of the skin and the papules within never resolve completely despite some waxing and waning. PALP might be considered a localized or regional form of LP or a distinct lymphoproliferative disorder; in any case, at least a cautious long‐term follow up is recommended, with attention to the possible development of true lymphoma.
The Use of Oral Ketamine for Analgesia with Dressing Change in an Infant with Epidermolysis Bullosa: Report of a Case
Authors: SAROYAN JOHN M. , TRESGALLO MARY E. , FARKOUH CHRISTIANA , MOREL KIMBERLY D. , SCHECHTER WILLIAM S.
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) describes a spectrum of disease from occasional bullae and callus formation to a debilitating life‐threatening condition. In this study, we report the use of intravenous ketamine given orally to an infant with a phenotypically severe form of EB simplex, Dowling‐Meara subtype, to achieve analgesia during painful dressing changes.
Niemann‐Pick Disease in Association with Syringocystadenoma Papilliferum
Authors: LOURI NAYEF , DARWISH ABDULLA , ALKHALIFA KHALID
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  This report describes a solitary syringocystadenoma papilliferum, a rare skin tumor, in a 9‐year‐old boy who was known to have Niemann‐Pick disease. To our knowledge, this association has not been described in the medical literature and this is the first report describing such association.
Henoch‐Schönlein Purpura Associated with Helicobacter Pylori Infection: The Pathogenic Roles of IgA, C3, and Cryoglobulins?
Authors: SHIN JAE IL , KOH HONG , LEE JAE SEUNG
Published: December 2009

Letters to the Editor are welcomed for publication (subject to editing). Letters must be signed by all authors, and must not exceed two pages of text including references. Letters should not duplicate material submitted or published in other journals. Prepublication proofs will not be provided.
The Benefits of Sunflower Oleodistillate (SOD) in Pediatric Dermatology
Authors: Eichenfield Lawrence F. , McCollum Alexandra , Msika Philippe
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  For millennia, sunflower seed oil has been used in folk medicine for both skin care and the treatment of skin disorders. In its natural state, the oil contains high levels of essential fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid, which has skin barrier‐enhancing properties. A sunflower oleodistillate (SOD), which is produced through a molecular distillation process without the use of solvents, has been shown to increase the epidermal key lipid synthesis and to reduce inflammation in vitro and in animal models. It has also been shown to activate peroxisome proliferative‐activated receptor‐α (PPAR‐α) in vitro. As PPAR‐α agonists have been shown to stimulate keratinocyte differentiation, improve barrier function, and enhance lipid metabolism in the skin, it has been suggested that SOD might also be efficacious in atopic dermatitis (AD). An initial clinical evaluation of the care effect of a 2% SOD emulsion in 20 adult volunteers with atopic skin revealed the moisturizing properties of SOD. Finally, a strong steroid‐sparing effect and a positive effect on quality‐of‐life parameters were clearly demonstrated for the 2% SOD cream in studies in infants and babies with AD.
How City Dwellers Affect Their Resource Hinterland
Authors: Lenzen Manfred , Peters Greg M.
Published: December 2009

This article links databases on household consumption, industrial production, economic turnover, employment, water use, and greenhouse gas emissions into a spatially explicit model. The causal sequence starts with households demanding a certain consumer basket. This demand requires production in a complex supply‐chain network of interdependent industry sectors. Even though the household may be confined to a particular geographical location, say a dwelling in a city, the industries producing the indirect inputs for the commodities that the household demands will be dispersed all over Australia and probably beyond. Industrial production represents local points of economic activity, employment, water use, and emissions that have local economic, social, and environmental impacts. The consumer basket of a typical household is followed in Australia's two largest cities—Sydney and Melbourne—along its upstream supply chains and to numerous production sites within Australia. The spatial spread is described by means of a detailed regional interindustry model. Through industry‐specific emissions profiles, industrial production is then translated into local impacts. We show that annually a typical household is responsible for producing approximately 80 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions, uses around 3 million liters of water, causes about A$140,000 to circulate in the wider economy, and provides labor worth just under three full‐time employment‐years. We also introduce maps that visually demonstrate how a very localized household affects the environment across an entire continent. Our model is unprecedented in its spatial and sectoral detail, at least for Australia.
The Effect of Denture Cleansing Solutions on the Retention of Pink Locator Attachments: An in Vitro Study
Authors: Nguyen Caroline Tram , Masri Radi , Driscoll Carl F. , Romberg Elaine
Published: December 2009

Purpose: To evaluate the changes in retention of pink Locator attachments after exposure to various denture cleansers.

Materials and Methods: Six groups (20 pairs each) of pink Locator attachments (3.0 lb. Light Retention replacement patrix attachments) were soaked for the equivalent of 6 months of clinical use in the following solutions: Water (control), Polident Regular, Efferdent, 6.15% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL, 1:10 dilution), Polident Overnight, and Cool Mint Listerine mouthwash. A universal testing machine set at a crosshead speed of 2 in/min was used to perform one pull. The peak load‐to‐dislodgement was recorded to reflect changes in the retention of the Locator attachments after soaking. Data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test. A p≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Results: Denture cleansing solutions significantly affected the retentive values of pink Locator attachments (F = 344.3, p≤ 0.0001). Cool Mint Listerine mouthwash increased the retentive values of the attachments (51.10 ± 5.31 N) when compared to the control group (45.25 ± 3.49 N). There was no significant difference in the retentive values of attachments soaked in Polident Regular or Polident Overnight when compared to the control group. Efferdent caused a small reduction in the retentive values (40.81 ± 2.56 N) and most importantly, diluted NaOCl caused a large reduction in the retentive values (7.83 ± 2.50 N) of pink Locator attachments. In addition, Cool Mint Listerine mouthwash caused blue discoloration of the Locator attachments, and NaOCl caused whitening and softening of the pink Locator attachments.

Conclusion: Cool Mint Listerine and Efferdent's small effect on the retentive values of the Locators might be clinically unimportant; however, NaOCl caused a large reduction in the retentive values of the attachments. Because of their effect on retentive values and on the color of the Locator attachments, NaOCl and Cool Mint Listerine are not recommended. These results should be interpreted clinically with caution, realizing that different results may be obtained when fatigue stress during function and multiple pulls (in vivo) are combined with the chemical action of denture cleansers.
Conversion Degree of Indirect Resin Composites and Effect of Thermocycling on Their Physical Properties
Authors: Souza Rodrigo O. A. , Özcan Mutlu , Michida Silvia M. A. , De Melo Renata M. , Pavanelli Carlos A. , Bottino Marco A. , Soares Luís E. S. , Martin Airton A.
Published: December 2009

Purpose: This study evaluated the degree of conversion (DC) of four indirect resin composites (IRCs) with various compositions processed in different polymerization units and investigated the effect of thermal aging on the flexural strength and Vicker's microhardness.

Materials and Methods: Specimens were prepared from four IRC materials, namely Gr 1: Resilab (Wilcos); Gr2: Sinfony (3M ESPE); Gr3: VITA VMLC (VITA Zahnfabrik); Gr4: VITA Zeta (VITA Zahnfabrik) using special molds for flexural strength test (N = 80, n = 10 per group) (25 × 2 × 2 mm3, ISO 4049), for Vicker's microhardness test (N = 80, n = 10 per group) (5 × 4 mm2) and for DC (N = 10) using FT‐Raman Spectroscopy. For both flexural strength and microhardness tests, half of the specimens were randomly stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours (Groups 1 to 4), and the other half (Groups 5 to 8) were subjected to thermocycling (5000 cycles, 5 to 55 ± 1°C, dwell time: 30 seconds). Flexural strength was measured in a universal testing machine (crosshead speed: 0.8 mm/min). Microhardness test was performed at 50 g. The data were analyzed using one‐way and two‐way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α= 0.05). The correlation between flexural strength and microhardness was evaluated with Pearson's correlation test (α= 0.05).

Results: A significant effect for the type of IRC and thermocycling was found (p= 0.001, p= 0.001) on the flexural strength results, but thermocycling did not significantly affect the microhardness results (p= 0.078). The interaction factors were significant for both flexural strength and microhardness parameters (p= 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). Thermocycling decreased the flexural strength of the three IRCs tested significantly (p < 0.05), except for VITA Zeta (106.3 ± 9.1 to 97.2 ± 14 MPa) (p > 0.05) when compared with nonthermocycled groups. Microhardness results of only Sinfony were significantly affected by thermocycling (25.1 ± 2.1 to 31 ± 3.3 Kg/mm2). DC values ranged between 63% and 81%, and were not significantly different between the IRCs (p > 0.05). While a positive correlation was found between flexural strength and microhardness without (r = 0.309) and with thermocycling (r = 0.100) for VITA VMLC, negative correlations were found for Resilab under the same conditions (r =−0.190 and −0.305, respectively) (Pearson's correlation coefficient).

Conclusion: Although all four IRCs presented nonsignificant DC values, flexural strength and microhardness values varied between materials with and without thermocycling.
1 + 1 = 3…Synbiotics: Combining the Power of Pre‐ and Probiotics
Authors: Scourboutakos Mary
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  One of the core competencies in the IFT Education standards for students is to achieve competency in communications skills (that is, oral and written communication, listening, interviewing, and so on). According to the IFT guidelines, by the time students graduate, they should not only be able to search for and condense information but also be able to “communicate technical information to a nontechnical audience.” The Education Division of IFT sponsors an annual writing competition for undergraduate students to bring attention to and promote the development of communication skills. The short essays can be on any technical subject or latest development in the food science and technology field that may be important to the consumer. The article must be written in a nontechnical language such that someone reading a local newspaper could also understand it. Due date for submissions is typically the 1st week in June every year. More information on eligibility, rules, submission, and judging criteria will be posted on IFT's Education Division website. Monetary prizes are awarded to the authors of the top 3 articles, and the winning entry is published in the Journal of Food Science Education (JFSE) each year. JFSE is pleased to publish this year's winning entry submitted by Mary Scourboutakos from the Univ. of Toronto.
Viral Inactivation in Foods: A Review of Traditional and Novel Food‐Processing Technologies
Authors: Hirneisen Kirsten A. , Black Elaine P. , Cascarino Jennifer L. , Fino Viviana R. , Hoover Dallas G. , Kniel Kalmia E.
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  Over one‐half of foodborne illnesses are believed to be viral in origin. The ability of viruses to persist in the environment and foods, coupled with low infectious doses, allows even a small amount of contamination to cause serious problems. An increased incidence of foodborne illnesses and consumer demand for fresh, convenient, and safe foods have prompted research into alternative food‐processing technologies. This review focuses on viral inactivation by both traditional processing technologies such as use of antimicrobial agents and the application of heat, and also novel processing technologies including high‐pressure processing, ultraviolet‐ and gamma‐irradiation, and pulsed electric fields. These industrially applicable control measures will be discussed in relation to the 2 most common causes of foodborne viral illnesses, hepatitis A virus and human noroviruses. Other enteric viruses, including adenoviruses, rotaviruses, aichi virus, and laboratory and industrial viral surrogates such as feline caliciviruses, murine noroviruses, bacteriophage MS2 and ΦX174, and virus‐like particles are also discussed. The basis of each technology, inactivation efficacy, proposed mechanisms of viral inactivation, factors affecting viral inactivation, and applicability to the food industry with a focus on ready‐to‐eat foods, produce, and shellfish, are all featured in this review.
Phthalate Esters in Foods: Sources, Occurrence, and Analytical Methods
Authors: Cao Xu‐Liang
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  Phthalates are a group of diesters of ortho‐phthalic acid (dialkyl or alkyl aryl esters of 1,2‐benzenedicarboxylic acid). Higher‐molecular‐weight phthalates, such as di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), are primarily used as plasticizers to soften polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, while the lower‐molecular‐weight phthalates, such as diethyl phthalate (DEP), di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DBP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), are widely used as solvents to hold color and scent in various consumer and personal care products. Phthalates have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants due to volatilization and leaching from their widespread applications, and thus contamination of the environment has become another important source for phthalates in foods in addition to migration from packaging materials. Human exposure to phthalates has been an increased concern due to the findings from toxicology studies in animals. DEHP, one of the important and widely used phthalates, is a rodent liver carcinogen. DEHP, DBP, BBzP, and several phthalate metabolites, such as monobutyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate, and mono‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, are teratogenic in animals. Since foods are the major source of exposure to phthalates, information on levels of phthalates in foods is important for human exposure assessment. The objective of this review is to identify the knowledge gaps for future investigations by reviewing levels of a wide range of phthalates in a variety of foods, such as bottled water, soft drinks, infant formula, human milk, total diet foods, and others, migration of phthalates from various food‐packaging materials, and traditional and new methodologies for the determination of phthalates in foods.
Sodium Reduction and Its Effect on Food Safety, Food Quality, and Human Health
Authors: Doyle Marjorie Ellin , Glass Kathleen A.
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  Sodium is an essential nutrient with important functions in regulating extracellular fluid volume and the active transport of molecules across cell membranes. However, recent estimates from NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data show that over 95% of men and over 75% of women exceed the recommended daily tolerable upper intake of sodium. Since these high levels of dietary sodium are associated with a high prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension and, possibly, other adverse effects on health, many national and international health organizations recommend that sodium intake be significantly decreased. Traditionally, salt (sodium chloride) has been used as a food preservative that kills or limits the growth of foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms by decreasing water activity. Salt also performs other important functions in foods by adding flavor and masking bitter tastes, controlling growth of yeast and fermentative bacteria, and promoting binding of proteins and other components in foods to achieve desired textures. Many processed foods contain high levels of salt and several countries have developed national programs for significantly reducing the sodium chloride content in many processed foods and encouraging a decrease in discretionary salt use. This review considers published data on the apparent adverse health effects of excess salt intake as well as the important functions of salt in different foods and possible strategies for reducing sodium levels in processed foods while still producing safe foods that consumers find acceptable.
Crystallization of Mixer Slag‐Derived Glass–Ceramic Composites
Authors: Ewais Emad M. M. , Grathwohl Georg , Ahmed Yasser M. Z.
Published: December 2009

Glass–ceramic composites were developed from mixer slag. The slag‐derived glass was produced by adjusting the slag basicity (CaO/SiO2<1) and the melting at 1550°C and then quenched in air. The devitrification of the glass was achieved at a temperature of 900°–1100°C. Composites composed mainly of wollastonite, gehlenite, and calcium manganese silicates were crystallized and identified by XRD and confirmed by backscattered SEM‐EDX. In addition, anorthite and other composites containing barium were crystallized and disappeared based on the temperature of the heat treatment. Nonisothermal kinetics of the slag‐derived glass using differential scanning calorimetry and the analysis of the results using several approaches to determine the activation energy and mechanism of the crystallization were obtained. It was found that the crystallization growth of this kind of glass–ceramic derived from mixer slag occurred by an interface‐controlled mechanism rather than a diffusion‐controlled mechanism.
Association of Toll‐like receptor 9 haplotypes with chronic periodontitis in Czech population
Authors: Holla Lydie Izakovicova , Vokurka Jan , Hrdlickova Barbara , Augustin Peter , Fassmann Antonin
Published: December 2009

Holla LI, Vokurka J, Hrdlickova B, Augustin P, Fassmann A. Association of Toll‐like receptor 9 haplotypes with chronic periodontitis in Czech population. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 152–159. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2009.01523.x.

Aim: Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptors family of signal molecules that recognize conserved microbial structures. The aim of this study was to analyse polymorphisms in the TLR genes and their association with chronic periodontitis (CP).

Material and Methods: Two polymorphisms (2408G/A, i.e. Arg753Gln and −16934A/T) in TLR‐2 and three variants (−1486C/T, −1237C/T and+2848A/G) in the TLR‐9 genes were studied in 222 patients with CP and 259 unrelated controls. All polymorphisms were detected using the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Subgingival bacterial colonization was investigated by the VariOr®Dento test.

Results: No significant differences were found in allele and genotype frequencies of all polymorphisms between patients and controls. Nevertheless, complex analysis revealed differences in TLR9 haplotype frequencies between both groups (p=0.001). Specifically, the haplotype T(−1486)/T(−1237)/A(2848) was significantly more frequent (9.6%versus 2.8%, p<0.000001) and the haplotype T(−1486)/T(−1237)/G (2848) of the TLR9 gene was less frequent (35.9%versus 43.3%, p=0.01) in patients than in controls. However, no significant relationships between periodontal pathogens, TLR polymorphisms and CP were found.

Conclusions: In conclusion, although no significant role of the TLR2 gene in periodontitis was found, our results indicate that TLR9 haplotypes may be associated with susceptibility to CP.
REVIEW ARTICLE: Tolerance Mechanisms in Pregnancy: A Reappraisal of the Role of Class I Paternal MHC Antigens*
Authors: Clark David A. , Chaouat Gerard , Wong Karrie , Gorczynski Reginald M. , Kinsky Radslav
Published: December 2009

Citation Clark DA, Chaouat G, Wong K, Gorczynski RM, Kinsky R. Tolerance mechanisms in pregnancy: a reappraisal of the role of class I paternal MHC antigens. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 93–103

Problem  Allogeneic pregnancies have a survival advantage over syngeneic pregnancies, and paternal Class I MHC antigens have been implicated. In humans, HLA‐C and HLA‐G and E are expressed by subpopulations of fetal trophoblast. In mice, Qa‐2, a Class Ib antigen, and classical H‐2K antigens have been described. However, the mechanism of prevention of embryo demise in utero has not been critically assessed, and a number of conflicting ideas have not been addressed. The αβ T‐cell receptor recognizes peptide bound to the groove in Class I MHC, and peptides have profound effects on the interaction of KIR receptors on T and NK cells with Class I MHC.

Methods  Data on prevention of pregnancy loss (abortion) in poly IC‐treated mice were reviewed along with information about prevention of losses in the abortion‐prone CBA × DBA/2 model. This information was combined with data on paternal antigen expression at different times in pregnancy when key events determining outcome are thought to transpire, and role of tolerance signaling molecules such as CD200. Current data on models supporting a role for ‘true’ uterine NK cells (TuNKs) versus blood NK cells in the uterus (BuNKs) and role of MHC–KIR interaction were reviewed along with incompatible data in the literature.

Results  Whilst paternal Class I MHC appears important, there is an important role for paternal non‐MHC minor antigens (small peptides) that bind to the antigen‐presenting groove of Class I MHC. BuNKs along with CD8+ T cells and Treg cells appear more important than TuNKs where the role of the latter appears primarily to promote angiogenesis. When during pregnancy the maternal immune system cells are first exposed to paternal Class I + peptide is uncertain, but at the time of implantation, if not earlier, seems likely.

Conclusion  Suppression of pregnancy loss by paternal/embryo Class I MHC depends on the presence of paternal peptides. This greatly complicates existing models of Class I–KIR interactions in feto‐maternal tolerance or rejection. It is important to consider all the data when devising explanatory models.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Profile of Peripheral Blood Neutrophil Cytokines in Diabetes Type 1 Pregnant Women and its Correlation with Selected Parameters in the Newborns
Authors: Pertyńska‐Marczewska Magdalena , Głowacka Ewa , Grodzicka Alicja , Sobczak Małgorzata , Cypryk Katarzyna , Wilczyński Jacek R. , Wilczyński Jan
Published: December 2009

Citation Pertyńska‐Marczewska M, Głowacka E, Grodzicka A, Sobczak M, Cypryk K, Wilczyński JR., Wilczyński J. Profile of peripheral blood neutrophil cytokines in diabetes type 1 pregnant women and its correlation with selected parameters in the newborns. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 150–160

Problem  Interleukin (IL)‐12, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), IL‐6 and IL‐8 alter as pregnancy progresses, implying continuous immune regulation associated with the maintenance of pregnancy. We aimed to evaluate the peripheral blood neutrophil‐derived production of these cytokines in the course of pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes.

Method of study  These parameters were measured in samples from healthy non‐pregnant (C), diabetic non‐pregnant (D), healthy pregnant (P) and pregnant diabetic (PD) women.

Results  Neutrophil‐derived secretion of TNF‐α and IL‐12 increased along with progression of pregnancy in PD and P groups. The concentration of IL‐10 from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated neutrophils increased during the course of uncomplicated pregnancy but decreased in diabetic pregnancy. Concentration of IL‐8 decreased with the advancing gestational age in P and PD groups. LPS‐stimulated neutrophil‐derived IL‐6 concentration increased only in PD patients.

Conclusion  Our results show that diabetes creates pro‐inflammatory environment thus potentially influencing the outcome of pregnancy. We conclude that neutrophil‐derived cytokine production could contribute to the complications seen in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.
Production, purification and characterisation of a novel halostable xylanase from Bacillus sp. NTU‐06
Authors: Wang C.‐Y. , Chan H. , Lin H.‐T. , Shyu Y.‐T.
Published: December 2009

Bacillus sp. NTU‐06 was used to produce xylanase, which is an important industrial enzyme used in the pulp and paper industry. The enzyme was purified by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and had a molecular mass of 24 kDa. The enzyme was active over a concentration range of 0–20% sodium chloride in culture broth, although its activity was optimal in 5% sodium chloride. A salinity stability test showed that 43% of the enzyme activity was retained after 4 h in 20% sodium chloride. Xylanase activity was maximal at pH 8.0 and 40°C. The enzyme was somewhat thermostable, retaining 20% of the original activity after incubation at 70°C for 4 h. The xylanase had Km and Vmax values of 3.45 mg mL−1 and 387.3 µmol min−1mg−1, respectively. The deduced internal amino acid sequence of Bacillus sp. NTU‐06 xylanase resembled the sequence of beta‐1,4‐endoxylanase, which is a member of glycoside hydrolase family 11. Some of the novel characteristics that make this enzyme potentially effective in xylan biodegradation are discussed.
Wet‐ vs. Dry‐Season Transpiration in an Amazonian Rain Forest Palm Iriartea deltoidea
Authors: Renninger Heidi J. , Phillips Nathan , Salvucci Guido D.
Published: December 2009

The wet and dry seasons in tropical rain forests can differ in precipitation, soil moisture and irradiance more significantly than often assumed. This could potentially affect the water relations of many tree species that may exhibit either increased transpiration in the dry season as a response to the increased irradiance or decreased transpiration as a result of decreases in soil moisture and increases in atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Atmospheric data, soil moisture data and sap fluxes in Iriartea deltoidea palms were measured in eastern Ecuador during the wet and dry seasons. There were no differences between total daily sap fluxes in I. deltoidea palms during the wet and dry seasons; however, evaporative demand was significantly higher in the dry season and therefore, transpiration was more restricted by stomatal closure during the dry season than the wet season. This is likely the result of larger atmospheric VPD during the dry season compared with the wet season and possibly the result of reduced soil moisture availability. Additionally, based on published tree abundances in this area, measured sap fluxes in I. deltoidea were scaled up to the hectare level. Transpiration from I. deltoidea palms was estimated to be around 0.03 mm/d, which could represent about 1 percent of total transpiration in this area of the Amazon rain forest. If climate change predictions for more lengthy tropical dry periods are realized, greater stomatal control of dry‐season sap flux has the potential to become even more prevalent in tropical species.
Reconfigurations in the Discourse of Nationalism and National Identity: Turkey at the Turn of the Twenty‐first Century
Authors: Kancı Tuba
Published: December 2009

Throughout recent decades, the processes of globalisation and Europeanisation have been influential in Turkey, bringing various changes to the economic, cultural and political spheres. Within the context of these processes, this article analyses the changes and continuities in the discourse of nationalism and national identity in Turkey through their reflections on school textbooks and curricula. On the one hand, the globalisation process has brought calls for democratisation, as well as citizenship and identity claims, from the societal actors in Turkey. On the other hand, it has given rise to concerns about preserving the status quo, which have then been channelled into the language of nationalism. The Europeanisation process has also fed these projects and discourses. Its effects, in moments of close interrelations between Turkey and the European Union, have consisted of bringing positive reinforcements for the decoupling of security concerns and nationalism, the formation of a new and democratic understanding of citizenship and the realisation of ambitions for democratisation in Turkey; however, in other times, backlashes have occurred.
CosmoPoles: A Mixed‐methods Study on the European Identity of Higher‐educated Polish Youth
Authors: Moes Jeroen
Published: December 2009

Through the combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses, this study investigates the extent to which a European identity has emerged across Europe and what it means to ‘be European’ for higher‐educated Polish youth. The results of a quantitative comparative analysis (multilevel regression analysis on Eurobarometer survey data) are complemented by the results from a qualitative inquiry that was conducted within the framework of the same research project. It is argued that national and European political identifications are not mutually exclusive but rather seem to complement each other (both quantitatively and qualitatively). It is further argued that mixed‐methods research designs offer a promising approach to the study of collective identities and Europeanisation.
Landscapes, legibility, and conservation planning: multiple representations of forest use in Panama
Authors: Runk J. Velásquez , Negría Gervacio Ortíz , Conquista Leonardo Peña , Peña Gelo Mejía , Cheucarama Frecier Peña , Chiripua Yani Cheucarama
Published: December 2009

In recent years, conservationists have increasingly used satellite imagery based analyses for planning. We used forest plots and satellite image analysis to study the same landscape of forests used and managed by Wounaan indigenous peoples in eastern Panama. We studied 20‐, 10‐, and 1‐year‐old rice swiddens, single tree extraction sites for dugouts, and homegardens in comparison with multi‐use mature forests to examine whether Wounaan forest use histories could be distinguished by vegetation patterns and Landsat satellite imagery. We found that forest use histories were discriminated by vegetation structure and floristics, but these uses were largely obscured in satellite images. We discuss how conservation planning is impacted by these different methods, particularly how the perceived objectivity of satellite imagery may be used to dichotomize culture and nature. We conclude by encouraging the critical use of satellite imagery in conservation by using mixed methods at multiple temporal and spatial scales.