bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical fitness changes in adolescents due to social distancing during the coronavirus disease pandemic in Korea
Authors: Lee Kwang-Jin , Seon Se-Young , Noh Byungjoo , An Keun-Ok
Published: December 2022

Background

At least 60 min of moderate-intensity physical activity per day is recommended for physical and mental health of adolescents. Schools are one of the most suitable places for promoting students’ health as it is a place where vigorous physical activity occurs. However, the physical activity of students is threatened because schools are closed worldwide owing to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in 2019. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the physical fitness changes in 27,782 Korean adolescents during the pandemic and present alternative education and health policies to the school.

Methods

We included 29,882 middle school students (age: 13–15 years; males: 14,941, females: 12,841) in Korea from 2019 to 2021 . Participants’ physical fitness at school was measured using the physical activity promotion system (PAPS) manual developed to measure students’ physical fitness. Physical fitness variables included body mass index (BMI), 20 m shuttle run, handgrip strength, sit-and-reach, and 50 m run.

Results

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the BMI and cardiorespiratory endurance of Korean middle school students. Specifically, male students’ BMI increased, while body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, and grip strength decreased significantly. Female students showed significant decreases in BMI and sit-and-reach test scores. It is clear that the physical fitness level of adolescents decreased by a greater degree after the COVID-19 pandemic than before, and the decrease in the physical fitness level of male students was noticeable. Therefore, a lesson strategy should be prepared that considers the contents and methods of physical education classes to improve the physical fitness level of male and female adolescents.

Conclusions

Fitness-based classes suitable for online methods should be urgently added as alternative physical education classes to prepare for the second COVID-19 outbreak. In addition, it is necessary to create an environment in which physical activity is a possibility in physical education classes, in any situation using artificial intelligence and virtual reality.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts function in microalgae energy production
Authors: Gomez-Casati Diego F. , Barchiesi Julieta , Busi Maria V.
Published: December 2022

Microalgae are organisms that have the ability to perform photosynthesis, capturing CO2 from the atmosphere to produce different metabolites such as vitamins, sugars, lipids, among others, many of them with different biotechnological applications. Recently, these microorganisms have been widely studied due to their possible use to obtain clean energy. It has been postulated that the growth of microalgae and the production of high-energy metabolites depend on the correct function of cellular organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Thus, the development of different genetic tools to improve the function of these organelles is of high scientific and technological interest. In this paper we review the recent advances in microalgae engineering and the role of cellular organelles in order to increase cell productivity and biomass.
Mapping Out the Motivations, Housing Patterns and Management Practices Adopted by 2018 Kerala Flood Affected Dairy Farmers
Authors: Patil Sachin B. , Joesph Biya Ann , George P. Reeja , Harikumar S. , Joy Greeshma
Published: December 2022

A study on the dairy management practices adopted by dairy farmers who had been affected by the floods of 2018 was carried out in selected districts of Kerala state.  A cross sectional survey design was employed for the study in which data were collected using structured interview schedules. Analysis of data revealed that 76.70 per cent of the respondents had housed their animals in traditional kutcha sheds. Raised platforms were seen in 84 per cent of the animal sheds. It was observed that 84.70 per cent of sheds had floors of concrete. Regarding the roof, it was observed that 89.30 per cent were constructed with sloping roof. The predominant roofing material used was sheets of galvanized iron (62.70 Per cent). Analysis of the occupational status of the farmers indicated that dairying was their primary occupation that majority of them undertook for self-employment (42 per cent) and additional income (32.70 per cent). On the adoption of important management practices, it was evident from the study that all the respondents had adopted scientific management practices such as regular vaccinations and regular deworming of dairy animals. However, it was also notable that 33.30 per cent of them had not adopted the practice of scientific disposal of carcass. This is important from the public health point of view, especially in event of natural calamities such as the Kerala Floods, 2018.
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interactions of Skyrmions for Memory and Logic Devices
Authors: Orori Mosiori, Cliff
Published: December 2022

A skyrmion is considered to be a swirling quasi-particle that can exhibit nano-size disturbances similar to those by a knot of twisting magnetic field lines. The "tangles" observed in the magnetic field lines usually generate very strong localized magnetic fields. Thus, a stable skyrmion represent the smallest realizable ideal element with a magnetic texture while an antiskyrmion is considered to be a localized magnetic particle that represents a non-trivial magnetization texture with a specified magnitude with opposite topological charge to that of a skyrmion. The demand for novel memory and logic devices has grown in recent days with the advancement of communication and information technology. Particular attention has been drawn to the use of skyrmions and antiskyrmions in memory access and storage. The findings in most recent laboratory observation at room temperature further encourage more studies mainly covering transport and dynamic properties of both skyrmions and antiskyrmions. So far, some investigations have pointed on skyrmions for reservoir computing applications which in most applications require very large memory storages and fast access capabilities. To attain this scientific dream, a very careful ferromagnetic material re-engineering on the possibility of annihilating a skyrmion by an antiskyrmion (pairwise) to develop new concepts that may be useful for memory and logic applications. It is only recently that material physicists proposed skyrmions for ultra-dense magnetic memories though it has not been implemented. In this paper, we present the model, simulation and discuss the findings obtained by simulating a magnetic skyrmion model. These magnetic skyrmions were stabilized by Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. They were analyzed as tiny whirls of magnetic configurations that exhibit memory or logic element characteristics depending on complexity of their logical element geometry. The findings suggested that a magnetic skyrmion with antiskyrmion has a capacity to act as memory element. As a result, adopting them for memory applications can simplify the fabrication process of logic elements if their magnetic spin textures are taken into account. These findings form a promising pointer for future application of skyrmion and antiskyrmion for memory, logic and reservoir computing applications.
Oxidative Stress Potential, Genotoxic and Histopathological Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Alternanthera philoxeroides on Clarias gariepinus (Cat Fish)
Authors: Ashade Olufemi O. , Ladigbolu Rasaq A. , Okubanjo Abisola H. , Akanbi Ayomide E.
Published: December 2022

This study used static bioassay to evaluate oxidative and genotoxic effect caused by ethanolic extract of A. philoxeroides in the liver of C. gariepinus as well as the Histopathological damages caused by the extract on the liver, gills and intestine of the fish. LC50 of the ethanolic extract of A. philoxeroides was determined by probit regression analysis. Fishes were exposed to the sublethal concentration of the extract at the rate of 1% and 10% concentration of the LC50 value in replicate for 21days. During the cause of exposure the fishes exhibited some behavioral changes such as erratic swimming pattern, restlessness and excessive mucus secretion. The oxidative stress study revealed that antioxidant enzyme activities were lower in the liver suggesting deficiency of the antioxidant system to compensate for oxidative stress. DNA damage was high in liver of the exposed fish indicating genotoxic effects. The histological structure of the liver of the fish showed the presence of traces to mild onset of nuclei degeneration. The gills of fish exposed to the extract showed severe collapse of the secondary lamella in conjunction with hyperplasia of the pillar cells within the lamella as well as severe atrophy of the cells, degeneration of the primary lamella and severe cellular and structural damages of the gills. The intestine of the fish group exposed to the extract revealed a small amount of PAS-positively stained substances in the lamina propria, mucus cells and the apical borders of the epithelial cells showing the presence of mucous substances. This study concluded that exposure of C. gariepinus to ethanolic extract of Alternanthera philoxeroides have the ability to negatively affect the behavior, suppress the activities of major antioxidant enzymes of the liver thereby causing oxidative stress, with consequent degeneration of liver and gill tissue which expresses its genotoxicity.
Long-term Predictors of Stroke Severity among Patients on Secondary Prevention in Northern Ghana
Authors: Adams Mustapha , Howard Nathaniel , Mahama Ishaque
Published: December 2022

This paper sort to establish some risk factors of stroke and to estimate the effect of the covariates at different levels of disease states. A review of the literature on stroke risk factors did not reveal any article that estimate possible covariate effect of transition. To fill this gap, we incorporate the covariates in a Continuous Time Markov Model in multi-state models to observe the transition rates of the patients at two-monthly intervals for two years. Patient variables are age, sex, location of the patient, local treatment, smoking, alcohol intake, and hemiparesis. Secondary data from stroke patients under rehabilitation at the Tamale Teaching Hospital from 2014 to 2019 was used. It is observed that males recover earlier in all states compared to females. Old and Older patient groups have some probability of transiting to less severe states; and they have similar probabilities of transiting from mild to a more severe states. The youth are better off in the severe state than the two older groups. In severe state, a patient without local treatment lives less than two months before death, whiles patients who seek local treatment may remain with severe stroke for at least two months before transiting to a less severe state. Thus left hemiparesis patients are about twice less likely (0.06738) to transit to the severe state than right hemiparesis patients (0.1207).
Structure Determination of Compounds from the Stem of Equisetum Ramosissmum
Authors: Hunde Diriba Borena , Ravichandran Dominic , Abdisa Zelalem , File Chaltu , Borena Desalegn
Published: December 2022

This study was carried out to isolate the major constituents of stem of Equisetum Ramosissmum. The dimethyl ether extract was isolated by column chromatography to give one pure compound. The compound was identified as Isophthalic acid 1-(5- methyl-hexyl) ester 3-pentyl ester.  The structures of the compounds were elucidated by means of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and DEPT-135 spectral data and comparison with literature reports.
Spatial Assessment of Flood Vulnerability of Developed Properties in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Ugwu M. O. , Elenwo E. I. , Obafemi A. A. , Eludoyin O. S.
Published: December 2022

The study assessed the flood vulnerability of developed properties (DP) in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. The study made use of DP data obtained from the open street map, and the combination of landuse/ landcover map obtained from Landsat imagery of 2020, soil texture data, elevation data, and proximity to the active river channel. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Findings showed that 44014 DPs were estimated in Port Harcourt Metropolis. Results showed that the spatial extent of flood lowly vulnerable areas in Port Harcourt Metropolis was 60.78 sq. km (13.22%), moderately vulnerable areas were 259.72 sq km (56.51%) and highly vulnerable areas were 139.14 sq. km (30.27%). Furthermore, 3977 (9.04%) of DP were lowly vulnerable to flood, 34754 (78.96%) were moderately vulnerable to flood and 5283 (12%) were highly vulnerable to flood in the study area. The study can be concluded that the number of developed properties in the Port Harcourt Metropolis varied based on different flood vulnerability levels as more of them were found within the moderate vulnerability levels. Based on the findings, the study recommended that all the developed properties lying in the high flood vulnerability level should be relocated to better locations or at least conform to ways of guiding against the effect of flood on the developed properties; and also periodic enlightenment of the effect of flood to the public would help a lot of preventing people from constructing their house in the highly and moderately flood vulnerable levels.
The Influences of COVID-19 Pandemic on Patient with Eating Disorders - A Literature Review
Authors: Priyanka Ruhi Akther , Nayan Md. Iqbal Hossain , Alam Md. Mohibul , Nandi Tirtha
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Physical consequences have garnered the greatest attention during the coronavirus pandemic lockdowns, and few studies have studied the link between the COVID-19 lockdown and pre-existing mental health difficulties such as eating disorders (ED). Our main goal was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals suffering from ED.

Methods: We searched the online databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Springer for scientific articles published after September 2022 that studied the impact of coronavirus lockdowns on patients with ED. The authors analyzed 40 out of 76 publications that had the qualifying criteria. Most of these studies underline an increase in eating disorders prevalence and a list of associated behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic impact.

Results: Young adults are more prone to eating disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the individuals in hospital are suffered more from disordered eating behaviors. Disruption of lifestyle routine, social isolation, restricted access to customary support networks, limited or no access to healthcare and mental health services, and social anxiety were all related to symptomatic worsening in ED patients during COVID-19 lockdowns. We identified a large increase in hospitalizations during the pandemic, as well as an increase in EDs symptoms and mental health concerns among ED patients.

Conclusion: This study identifies children and adolescents, as well as adults with a history of an eating disorder, as particularly sensitive populations to the COVID-19 pandemic's effects. More research in understudied and minority populations is needed, as well as an examination of the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating behaviors.
Microbiological and Nutritional Quality of Complementary Foods for Children (6 to 24 months) Produced in the City of Man (Côte d'Ivoire)
Authors: Carole Koffi Affoué , Kamelé Kossonou Yao , Martial-Didier Adingra Kouassi , Eugène-Janvier Yapi Aka , Clément Kouassi Kouassi , Koffi-Nevry Rose
Published: December 2022

This study aims to determine the microbiological and nutritional quality of complementary foods for children produced in the city of Man (instant flour and porridge). To do this, a structured survey of nannies and vendors, coupled with microbiological and physicochemical analyzes was carried out. To this end, a questionnaire survey was conducted among nannies and porridge sellers in order to collect information on the use of complementary foods and to assess the state of cleanliness of the sales environment. A study of physicochemical (carbohydrates, lipids, humidity, ash, minerals) and microbiological (total aerobic mesophilic flora, yeasts and molds, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp. and Salmonella sp.) characteristics using standard methods and referenced was then conducted to assess the nutritional value and health status of the porridges (Millet, Kokobaka, Anagobaka) and flours from the Focolari center consumed in Man. The survey data showed that the majority of the of nannies (61.1%) give a complementary food before the age of introduction (6 months), with regard to the saleswomen (100%) unaware of the proportion of the components and their nutritional intake as well as 54.8% of them have an unhealthy work place and environment. The microbiological analysis carried out on the 50 samples revealed a potential contamination of spoilage and pathogenic germs. The contamination rate of Anagobaka porridge is very worrying unlike other porridges and flours, especially with the presence of salmonella, the high rate of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively (3.91×103 ± 0.09 and 5.34×104 ± 0.10 CFU/mL).) Regarding the nutritional analysis, there is a content of carbohydrates (70.17-85.08%), lipids (6.93-10.40%) and iron (30.64-64.34%) higher than those recommended by the FAO/WHO standard in the 6 types of samples analyzed. However, the zinc content is below this standard in all the samples tested. However, zinc deficiency is one of the main causes of stunted growth in children. All these results have shed light on the existence of a potential health risk and possible nutritional deficiencies in infants and young children who consume locally produced complementary foods.
Ammonia Synthesis – Biomimetic
Authors: Richards Raymond L.
Published: December 2022

In addition to binding and reducing N2(to NH3), the nitrogenase enzyme binds and reduces at its metal–sulfur cluster center (FeMoco) a number of alternative substrates including acetylene, hydrazine, cyanide, isocyanides, and the proton. This enzyme is also inhibited by CO. In order to help understand the detailed mechanism of these reactions, a number of metal‐containing systems have been developed which seek to mimic the properties of the enzyme system. In general, these include systems formed from mixing salts of the appropriate metals (Fe, Mo, or V) and reducing agents, which reduce nitrogenase substrates; systems involving metal–sulfur cluster molecules which interact with certain nitrogenase substrates and/or CO; and mononuclear metal complexes which contain a nitrogenase substrate, or CO, bound to the metal. This article describes a range of such systems and indicates the knowledge drawn from them with regard to the role of the metal centers in the catalytic action of nitrogenase.
Catalysis by Solid Acids
Authors: Gates B. C.
Published: December 2022

This article is an introduction to catalysis by solid acids, with an emphasis on principles and a selection of industrially important examples chosen to illustrate them. Acid catalysts often provide a proton to a reactant to initiate a catalytic cycle, but often the chemistry is more complex. Brønsted acid sites (usually surface OH groups) and Lewis acid sites (such as Al3+ions at a surface) are often important, and other groups, such as metals and redox groups on the catalyst surface, may also play a role, for example, in initiation of catalysis. Subtleties in the catalytic chemistry are associated with various acid–base interactions, such as adsorption of a basic product on the proton donors that are catalytic sites. The best‐understood solid acid catalysts are those with the simplest structures, crystalline solids such as zeolites. Methods are available for counting the proton‐donor sites in them. In one example of catalysis by an acidic zeolite, catalytic cracking of an alkane, there is a clear linear dependence of the catalytic activity on the number of proton‐donor groups in the zeolite. Theory is beginning to have an impact on the understanding of the simplest catalytic reactions catalyzed by solid acids. Mass transfer effects may be important, as in shape‐selective catalysis by some zeolites, and other phenomena related to the catalyst pore structure may be important, as in restricted transition state shape‐selective catalysis of alkane cracking in some zeolites.
Catalytic Antibodies
Authors: Hasserodt Jens , Janda Kim D.
Published: December 2022

A treatise from the discovery, through the progression, to our current understanding of the catalytic antibody field is presented. It encompasses antibody structure and function, techniques used to procure antibody catalysts, catalytic antibodies by reaction class, mechanisms through which antibodies catalyze reactions, selection/screening methods for catalysis, and potential applications of catalytic antibodies.
Cytochrome P450/Models
Authors: Cheek Jennifer , Coulter Eric D. , Dawson John H.
Published: December 2022

Cytochrome P450 is a monooxygenase that contains an iron heme active site. This enzyme catalyzes the activation of molecular oxygen with the resulting insertion of one oxygen atom into organic substrates. In order to understand how this catalytic system functions, it is essential to know the structure of the active site and the changes that this catalytic center undergoes during its reaction cycle. Over the past 40 years, this has been a subject of intense research and has resulted in an abundance of both structural and mechanistic knowledge. Several researchers have succeeded in mimicking many of the properties of cytochrome P450 using synthetic porphyrins and genetically engineered mutants of other well‐characterized heme proteins. Furthermore, the activity of P450 can be manipulated extensively through the use of genetic engineering and carefully constructed substrates. However, P450 researchers continue to ask the fundamental question: how does the enzyme activate dioxygen? The involvement of an oxoferryl porphyrin π‐cation radical as the “active oxygen” intermediate in the P450 reaction cycle has long been suspected, but it has not yet been observed during dioxygen‐ and substrate‐dependent turnover of the enzyme. Nonetheless, by focusing on the similarities between P450 enzymes and the peroxidases, a significantly higher degree of understanding of P450 mechanism of action has been developed.
Iron Enzymes and Models
Authors: Marlin Dana S. , Mascharak Pradip K.
Published: December 2022

In recent years, iron complexes of designed ligands have been synthesized as mimics of the active sites of the various non‐heme iron enzymes. The reactions of these model complexes have been studied to establish the mechanisms of the enzymatic reactions as well as the identities of the intermediates involved in the biocatalytic processes. The ultimate goal in these endeavors is to isolate functional mimics that could be employed in biomimetic catalysis under mild conditions. This review provides key references to the burgeoning literature on the results of research performed by various groups in the area of oxygen activation, oxygenation of organic substrates, amide hydrolysis, and other useful chemical transformations. Examples of good structural and functional models have been included along with brief descriptions of the enzymes. The role of the coordination spheres of the iron centers and the nature of the key iron‐peroxo and/or hypervalent iron‐oxo intermediates have been discussed. Results of the attempted catalysis by the functional model complexes have also been discussed to highlight the challenge involved in bio‐inspired catalysis as well as the success of the modeling work completed so far.
Isomerization – Industrial
Authors: Huebner Aronson , Buchan Martha , Martin William
Published: December 2022

The industrial practice of isomerization of hydrocarbons is discussed, with focus on economic motivation, selection of catalysts, processing conditions, and industrial process configurations. The three examples covered are light paraffin isomerization for motor fuel production, isomerization of aromatics for petrochemical production, and olefin isomerization for ether production. Light paraffin isomerization converts less‐branched species of pentanes and hexanes to more‐branched species, which improves the octane number of this material. This high octane product is blended into gasoline. Xylene isomerization allows a petrochemical producer to optimize the production of basic petrochemical intermediates. Often the focus is on
para
‐xylene production. Olefin isomerization produces the building blocks of ethers, added to clean‐burning motor fuels. Conversion to desired isomers is often equilibrium‐limited. The coupling of separation technology with isomerization reaction technology can overcome equilibrium limitations, allowing high conversion to desired isomers.
Kinases
Authors: Hengge Alvan C.
Published: December 2022

Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a group from ATP to a phosphoryl acceptor, converting it into a phosphate ester. For protein kinases the phosphoryl acceptor is a amino acid side chain of a protein substrate. Along with phosphatases, kinases control the phosphorylation of key regulatory residues, which comprises an essential signal transduction and regulatory mechanism for a host of metabolic processes. Despite the large number of kinases identified many similarities exist among them, including the use of a magnesium‐nucleotide complex as a substrate and the frequent occurrence of significant conformational changes that accompany catalysis. The magnesium–nucleotide complex substrate is chiral, and those kinases that have been examined display stereochemical preferences. The uncatalyzed transfer of the gamma‐phosphoryl group from ATP proceeds by a loose transition state characterized by extensive bond fission between the beta and gamma phosphoryl groups, and a small degree of nucleophilic participation. The question of whether kinases utilize a similar chemical mechanism is not fully settled, although the majority of the experimental evidence supports a similar transition state.
Ribozymes and RNA Catalysis
Authors: Feig Andrew L.
Published: December 2022

The discovery that RNA could catalyze chemical reactions revolutionized the field of biochemistry and changed the way people view biological catalysis. Proteins were no longer the sole facilitators of chemical reactivity. RNA catalysis laid the groundwork for a theory that RNAs were biology's original catalysts. They were in fact well suited for this role since they both carried the information necessary for their self‐replication as well as the means to promote the duplication event. Thus, the so‐called RNA World Theory provides a plausible route through this evolutionary quandary. This article reviews the scope and basic tenets of ribozyme biochemistry. Seven families of natural ribozymes are introduced together with a sampling of the novel catalysts that have been generated in the laboratory byin vitroselection. Finally, the discussion provides an overview of how the structural and chemical properties of RNAs relate to their catalytic behavior and compares this chemistry to examples of protein enzymes that catalyze equivalent reactions. Catalytic machines like the ribosome, composed of both RNA and protein, thus may reflect the evolutionary transition away from an all‐RNA protoribosome.
Selective Oxidation – Heterogeneous
Authors: Haber Jerzy
Published: December 2022

Catalytic selective oxidation of hydrocarbons may start by activation of oxygen to its electrophilic forms and their attack on the hydrocarbon molecule, or by activation of the latter followed by the addition of a nucleophilic oxygen (oxide ion). Many opposing factors influencing the selectivity of these reactions are then described. Mechanisms of elementary steps involved in electrophilic and nucleophilic oxidation of hydrocarbons are presented and such phenomena as structure sensitivity are described. Kinetics of the selective and total oxidation of hydrocarbons on transition‐metal oxide surfaces is discussed and attention is drawn to the importance of their nonstoichiometry, and the relation of the nucleophilic oxygen addition to the crystallographic shear is shown. Correlation of the rate of oxidation with oxygen bond strength in the oxide is illustrated. Activation of the hydrocarbon molecule by abstraction of hydrogen is then described as revealed by quantum‐chemical calculations. Properties of oxide monolayer catalysts are characterized. The general conclusion emphasized is that oxidation is a concerted reaction, in which the oxide catalyst is in dynamic interaction with the reactants of the catalytic reaction, that cause the reconstruction of the surface to adapt it to the requirements of the reaction. Functions of the selective catalyst are finally summarized and more important industrial catalytic oxidation processes are reviewed.
Synthesis Gas Generation by Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Kondratenko E. V. , Baerns M.
Published: December 2022

This review refers to the current status and future trends in the production of synthesis gas, i.e. CO and H2, via both partial oxidation and CO2reforming of methane. Particular attention is given to mechanistic aspects of syngas production. CO2, CH4and oxygen activation, carbon deposition as well as catalyst deactivation are dealt with. Also, the catalytic performance of different types of reactors such as fixed bed, fluidized bed, membrane type, solid fuel cells, and monolith type as well as new concepts in the reactor design are a part of this review, which ends with the kinetics of the partial oxidation of methane and its reforming by CO2and H2O.
Metathesis – Homogeneous
Authors: Csihony Szilárd
Published: December 2022

During the last decade olefin metathesis has become a progressive area of chemistry. Recently this type of CC bond‐forming method has been one of the most popular areas in organic, organometallic, and polymer chemistry, both in academic and in industrial research. This article tries to provide an insight into the structure, mode of action, and synthesis of the most effective catalysts including tungsten, molybdenum, and ruthenium. The discussion focused on the application of alkene and alkyne metathesis for synthesizing polymers, medium or large sized rings, and for reducing the reaction steps in complicated organic synthesis. On the other hand alkene metathesis can be used for cross‐metathesis, ring‐closing metathesis, ring‐opening metathesis, ring‐opening metathesis polymerization, and acyclic diene metathesis polymerization. Alkynes can also undergo metathesis reactions with alkenes or alkynes.
Aziridination
Authors: Chanda Bhanu Manish , Vyas Renu
Published: December 2022

Aziridines, smallest three‐membered nitrogen‐containing heterocycles, are important subunits of several natural products. They also function efficiently as removable chiral auxiliaries for asymmetric alkylation and aldol transformations. The ring strain in aziridines renders them susceptible to ring‐opening reactions that dominate their chemistry.

Catalytic aziridination, of late, has assumed a prominent role. Several comprehensive reviews have been written. The present article, in addition to giving an insight into aziridine chemistry, mechanism, etc., delves more deeply into various catalytic aziridination protocol, both for racemic as well as for chiral aziridines. Several selected approaches to catalytic aziridination transformations and their advantages have been described, bringing out distinctly the importance of aziridination strategy in synthetic organic chemistry. The authors' own latest contributions via the introduction of a new and superior reagent for aziridination, bromamine‐T, is also described. Future strategies in aziridination chemistry is expected to emphasize on catalytic asymmetric aziridination and development of efficient ligands.
Workplace wellness programs for working mothers: A systematic review
Authors: Ernawati Ernawati , Mawardi Fitriana , Roswiyani Roswiyani , Melissa Melissa , Wiwaha Guswan , Tiatri Sri , Hilmanto Dany
Published: December 2022

Background

This systematic review aimed to uncover the evidence and benefits of employers' commitment to delivering workplace wellness programs for working mothers.

Methods

The articles published in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and AgeLine-Medline databases between 2012 and 2021 were searched to evaluate the workplace wellness programs for working mothers with at least one resultant wellness or wellbeing (e.g., physical health, less stress, mental health, burnout, depression, smoking, bullying, alcohol consumption, overweight), work-life balance outcome, or job satisfaction.

Results

Eight studies that met the criteria were retrieved from databases. They showed some effective workplace wellness programs that can reduce depression, stress, and burnout, improve mental health, healthy behaviors, work-family balance and work-life balance. Working mothers participating in a workplace wellness program generally gain some benefits; one of which is reduced stress typically related to childcare, economic, and personal health issues.

Conclusions

The implementation of workplace wellness programs for working mothers showed positive effects on their health problems and health costs. These eight studies revealed that workplace wellness programs specifically designed for working mothers can lead to time efficiency by holding the programs in or near the workplace and implementing them during the workdays. This greatly suits the conditions of many working mothers whose limited time and energy to balance the household, family and work tasks.
Collenchyma
Authors: Jarvis Michael C
Published: December 2022

Collenchyma is a plant tissue particularly adapted to withstand tensile stress. It has thickened, nonlignified cell walls that resemble the primary walls of growing plant cells in pectin and hemicellulose composition but have more axially oriented cellulose microfibrils. The strong orientation makes collenchyma a useful model system for structural characterisation by FTIR and scattering methods. Collenchyma strands in plant stems normally underlie the epidermis where, stretched by turgor in the parenchyma, they contribute maximally to the bending stiffness of the stem. In leaves, collenchyma strands are located along veins and around the edges where they resist tearing when the leaf flutters in the wind. Unlike wood, collenchyma is capable of elongation growth. How growth is reconciled with axially oriented cellulose and high tensile stiffness is a puzzle that has implications for plant growth in general.

Key Concepts

Collenchyma is adapted to withstand tensile stresses.

Compressive stresses are carried by turgor pressure in cells adjacent to collenchyma.

Collenchyma cell walls resemble typical primary cell walls in composition but have axially oriented cellulose microfibrils.

Collenchyma is a useful model system for studying primary cell walls.

How collenchyma accommodates growth has implication for the mechanism of plant growth in general.
Participation in Social Movements
Authors: Goldman‐Hasbun Julia , Corrigall‐Brown Catherine
Published: December 2022

Social movements are one of the preeminent vehicles for social change in contemporary Western society. Recent movements, such as Black Lives Matter, Me Too, NODAPL, and LGBTQ+ mobilizations, have left an indelible mark on public policy and cultural values. While social movements are larger than the individuals who comprise them, their survival and success is based on the participation of individuals. In fact, the rise and fall of campaigns at the macro level is largely the result of the shifting involvement of individuals in and out of movement organizations at the micro level. This entry outlines the variety of ways in which individuals can participate in social movements and the major factors which predict differential recruitment to social movements.
Social Psychology of Movement Participation
Authors: van Stekelenburg Jacquelien , Klandermans Bert
Published: December 2022

Social psychological research has taught us a lot about why people protest. This entry provides a theoretical and empirical overview, and discusses grievances, efficacy, identification, emotions, and social embeddedness. We close the entry by highlighting a few contemporary approaches, on protests regarding consensual rather than conflictual issues, in repressive contexts, and the social psychological effects of protest participation.
Political Socialization and Social Movements
Authors: Fillieule Olivier
Published: December 2022

Political socialization (PS) has been defined in various ways in the literature. Among the most frequently encountered definitions is the one that equates PS with mere learning, that is, the state of a person's political knowledge and comprehension. Other definitions focus less on an individual's knowledge inventory than on the developmental sequence by which such knowledge and comprehension are acquired, whereas others focus on the continuity over time of such knowledge and attitudes. However, PS is more and more defined as the gradual development of the individual's own particular and idiosyncratic views of the political world, the process by which a given society's norms and behavior are internalized. This has three main theoretical consequences: primary and secondary socializations are equally important in the socializing process; it follows that not only family and school are central instances of socialization but also many other institutions active in the life spheres of work, affective ties, voluntary work, and political engagements; and the political dimension is in play in all socialization processes and does not correspond to a specific domain of activity or designated institutions.
Technology and Social Movements
Authors: Mattoni Alice
Published: December 2022

The history of social movements developed in parallel to technological changes in societies. More specifically, technology intertwines with social movements at two different levels. At the symbolic level, social movements have an impact on discourses about technologies and their role in societies, often pushing innovative technological visions in the public discourse as well as producing a critical understanding of technologies. Nevertheless, some technological devices might impact how activists imagine the near future and their organization and mobilization potential. At the material level, social movements have an impact on technological supports and devices, in that activist technical knowledge and competencies lead to alternative and creative use of technology. At the same time, though, the materiality of technologies also impacts mobilizing structures, organizational patterns, and protest activities of social movements.
Eastern European Social Movements
Authors: Piotrowski Grzegorz
Published: December 2022

Social movements in Eastern Europe have a long history, although the term itself has been in use in relation to Eastern Europe only since the mid‐1980s. Since mid‐nineteenth century there have been numerous instances of social movements, such as the workers' movement for instance. Despite problems with defining the region, most scholars tend to locate it in the postsocialist countries of Europe, which regained independence after the fall of the Iron Curtain. One of the most well‐known movements in the world during this period was Solidarność, which evolved in Poland in 1980. Solidarność developed from a trade union and at its peak reportedly had 9–10 million members (approximately 25% of the population). In the Fall of Nations in 1989/1990 hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets to protest against the communist regimes and thus contributed to the fall of the Iron Curtain. A large variety of movements evolved during that time, with some becoming quite vibrant and the whole region witnessing a rapid transformation of the whole social movements sector. Although there are important differences among the countries in Eastern Europe that shape social movements, there are some common elements in terms of the movements' histories and characteristics. These differences and commonalities, crucial for the composition of the movements and their repertoires of action, are a result of the movements' histories, legal systems, and political context. Besides institutionalized movements (such as trade unions) and local self‐help groups, there is a growing cluster of grassroots political groups that have recently shown a tendency toward radicalization.
ETA: Basque Nationalist and Separatist Organization
Authors: Muro Diego
Published: December 2022

ETA is the acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Country and Freedom), a terrorist group that fought for an independent socialist state for the Basque Country between 1959 and 2011. According to ETA supporters, the Basque homeland (Euzkadi or Euskal Herria) was made up of seven provinces (Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa, Álava, Navarra, Basse‐Navarre, Soule, and Labourd) under Spanish and French sovereignty. ETA was mainly operative in Spain where it was responsible for over 845 deaths, many of them members of the Spanish security forces or politicians who opposed ETA's separatist demands.
Progressive Social Movements (Israel)
Authors: Stagni Federica
Published: December 2022

Israel can be considered a textbook case of a society deeply divided along ethnonational lines: despite the presence of institutional democratic mechanisms, Israel defines itself as aJewishstate and there is de facto discrimination against minorities. Since its foundation in 1948, Israel has been involved in several armed conflicts and, as a result, the space available for social movements different from the Zionist national movement was extremely narrow. Most of social movements' claims were thus framed around the issue of Jewish national identity; or, alternatively, worker rights and organized labor. It was only in the 1980s and 1990s that movements with new claims and new issues took hold in Israel external to Jewish nationalist consensus.
Women in the Legal Profession: Australian Oral Histories
Authors: Henningham Nikki , Rubenstein Kim
Published: December 2022

Much has been said and written about the need for cultural change in professional workplaces, so that environments that encourage equality, respect, and inclusion for all participants may be created. In this context, the legal profession in Australia, after a long overdue review, has been characterized as a “man's world” badly in need of cultural change. Calls for cultural change, however, beg many questions, including: What is the culture that needs changing? What are the critical features of legal culture that characterize it as masculine? What units do we even use to define a particular legal culture? Using the oral history narratives of Australian women working in the legal profession as a form of context‐related “micro unit” for analysis, this entry responds to these questions. It seeks to understand the way gendered legal cultures have operated to exclude women from full participation, and what needs to change for fairness to be extended to all.
Relational Art
Authors: Flynn Alex Ungprateeb
Published: December 2022

Relational art refers to a mode of artistic practice informed by “relational aesthetics,” a term first used by French curator Nicolas Bourriaud. Relational art shifts its point of composition from an object, such as a sculpture or painting, to propose an open‐ended shared space in which viewers become active coparticipants and coproducers in the elaboration of meaning. Such work is typically based on a convivial space where the artist seeks to enact the meeting of diverse subjectivities in a space of encounter. Through such “micro‐utopias,” it is possible to theorize the connections between artistic practice and important anthropological interests such as sociality, politics, and meaning. In this manner, relational aesthetics opens a theoretical outlook premised on themes of utopia, modernity, and teleology that bears directly on questions regarding the production of meaning, ethics, resistance, monumentality, audit culture, and neoliberal modes of production.
Ladino‐Amefrican Dependency Theory
Authors: Morawska Catarina
Published: December 2022

What would Latin American dependency theory look like if it were to borrow insights from black social theory's critique of Marxism? This question will be addressed by revisiting dependency theory through Lélia Gonzalez's
Améfrica Ladina
as an “ethno‐geographic system of reference,” Cedric Robinson's “racial capitalism,” and Archie Mafeje's “decolonization of the social sciences.” This entry argues that these authors allow for a self‐critique in Latin America's political economy and provides a framework of analysis that offers a view of finance capitalism from a perspective in which the periphery becomes a more plural and widespread location. A Ladino‐Amefrican dependency theory has the potential to highlight actual social processes and the legal and financial technologies that sustain dependency dynamics and structural racial inequalities in a context of increasing financialization.
Cástulo
Authors: Hoffmann‐Salz Julia
Published: December 2022

Cástulo (near Linares, Province of Jaén) is an Iberian settlement in the ancient region of Oretania on the River Guadalimar, a tributary to the Guadalquivir.
Diagramma
Authors: Poddighe Elisabetta , Esu Alberto
Published: December 2022

The term
diagramma
can refer to a decree of a
polis
and of a federal state or most commonly to an ordinance or law in the form of a letter issued “in the name of the kings” by the royal chancery of the Macedonian and Hellenistic kingdoms. The latter dealt with several subjects such as establishing a new constitution, the recall of exiles, the creation of a new law code, court procedures, solving border disputes, and prescribing a tax law.
Boudica (Boudicca, Boadicea)
Authors: Nice Alexander
Published: December 2022

Boudica (ca. 15–61
ce
) was queen of the Iceni, a tribe in East Anglia, who led a bloody revolt against Roman rule in Britain during the reign of Nero.
Dorotheus (Dorotheos) of Sidon
Authors: Lewis Anne‐Marie
Published: December 2022

Dorotheus (
fl
. 25–75
ce
) is best known as the author of an influential Greek astrological text addressed to his student Hermes.