bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food perishability: The determination of the vulnerability of food surfaces to bacterial infection
Authors: Clayson D. H. F. , Blood Ruth M.
Published: November 2006

A technique has been devised whereby the limiting conditions of equilibrium relative humidity, and consequently of osmotic pressure, for bacterial growth can be demonstrated, using bacteria in thin films. With Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli Type I, growth is prevented at and below an e.r.h. of 92% and with Staphylococcus aureus, at or below 85%. From the results, it may be deduced that the surface drying that occurs during baking or on exposure of moist foods to normal atmospheres does afford protection against the increase of surface bacterial contamination. The possibility of the production of variants resisting high osmotic pressure cannot be excluded, but no clear evidence of their production was obtained during the present studies.

By a modification of the technique, a heterogeneous article of food can be dissected and the vulnerability of the different parts of the growth of bacterial infection can be determined.
The use of chlortetracycline (aureomycin to retard the spoilage of poultry carcasses
Authors: Shrimpton D. H.
Published: November 2006

A preliminary study is made of the use of chlortetracycline under conditions approaching those used in the United States: the results are compared with those obtained when some of the features of present British practice were retained. The American results were confirmed but, as was expected, the application of chlortetracycline produced no worthwhile extension of the short storage life of eviscerated birds subsequently kept at ordinary temperatures. It was, in fact, evident that no advantages would be gained by the use of chlortetracycline in this country unless, as in America, refrigerated transport and distribution were also employed.
Arsenic in cigarette tobacco
Authors: Weber J. H.
Published: November 2006

Since 1939 routine determinations of arsenic have been made on a number of brands of cigarettes sold in the U.K. The results show that there was an irregular but fairly considerable increase up to 1953. This was, however, followed by a sharp decline, and present levels are well below the 1939 figures.
Chemical changes occurring in cod muscle during chill storage and their possible use as objective indices of quality
Authors: Shewan J. M. , Jones N. R.
Published: November 2006

Studies have been made on the extractives and volatile substances (amino‐acids, amines and other nitrogenous compounds, sugars, etc.) of freshly caught cod muscle and of some of the changes that occur during autolysis (storage at 0° under sterile conditions) alone or combined with bacterial spoilage as in normal trade practice (storage in ice). The merits of some of these changes as objective indices of quality, particularly in relation to taste panel assessment, are discussed.
Cacao glycosidase and colour changes during fermentation
Authors: Forsyth W. G. C. , Quesnel V. C.
Published: November 2006

The first stage in the destruction of the anthocyanin pigments in cacao beans during the curing treatment is hydrolysis by a glycosidase. The relevance of this reaction to the quality of the processed bean is discussed.
Effect of 8‐years fertilizer treatment on the ‘Protein‐nitrogen’ content of four cropped soils
Authors: Cornfield A. H.
Published: November 2006

‘Protein‐nitrogen’ (α‐amino‐nitrogen released on acid hydrolysis), organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of four soil types which had been subjected to the same fertilizer treatments, cropping practices and weather conditions over 8 years are compared with values for similar unfertilized soils. In the case of a loam soil there were no significant differences in these values between fertilized and unfertilized soil, but with sandy loam, sand, and chalky sandy soils the three values were significantly lower in unfertilized than in fertilized soils. The differences in total nitrogen between fertilized and unfertilized soils were proportionally greater than were differences in protein‐nitrogen.
Studies on thallium poisoning. I.—the detoxifying action of some compounds containing sulphur and labile methyl groups
Authors: Meyer H. , Tal M.
Published: November 2006

The detoxifying action of cystine, homocystine, methionine, betaine, choline, sodium formate and of a homocystine–betaine combination was tested using acutely and chronically poisoned rats. Choline and formate were ineffective, cystine, homocystine and betaine showed significant antitoxic properties and methionine and the homocystine–betaine mixture were very efficient detoxicants. It is concluded that thallium interferes with both sulphur and methyl metabolism.
An investigation on polyphenolic compounds of the cacao leaf in connexion with a chemical method for detecting virus infection
Authors: Holden Margaret
Published: November 2006

Polyphenolic substances in acid extracts of cacao leaves have been separated by paper partition chromatography. The substance which gives a red colour when cacao leaf extracts are heated with alkali, a reaction which has been used as the basis of a ‘colour‐test’ for detecting infection with swollen shoot virus, has the properties of a leuco‐anthocyanin. The amount of red‐producing leuco‐anthocyanin varies with the total tannin content of the leaf. In addition to virus infection, other factors such as age of leaf and variety of cacao which affect the total tannin content also affect the leuco‐anthocyanin content. The bearing of this on the applicability of the ‘colour‐test’ is discussed.
An investigation of sugar‐cane cuticular wax
Authors: Horn D. H. S. , Matic M.
Published: November 2006

The saponified cuticular wax from sugar cane (N.Co 310 variety) was found to consist of an acid fraction (containing some triene‐unsaturated acids), small amounts of hydrocarbons in the C27–C31 range, and of lower and higher molecular weight substances made up of aliphatic alcohols (of which n‐octacosanol was identified as the main component), αβ‐unsaturated and saturated ketones. Some of these unidentified compounds are shown to be artefacts produced on heating and saponification of the original wax.
The caking of granular fertilizers: An investigation on a laboratory scale
Authors: Whynes A. L. , Dee T. P.
Published: November 2006

Preliminary consideration suggested a technique for studying the caking of granular fertilizers on a laboratory scale similar to that used in soil mechanics. An apparatus and technique were devised, and details of these are given. Time of storage of the fertilizer is found to be an important factor, and caking is rapid in the first few days. Preliminary investigations on the effect of chemical composition showed setting to be more serious when ammonium sulphate (I), superphosphate (2) and muriate of potash (3) were all present than when only (I) and (2), or (2) and (3) were included. Free acid content seemed to have little effect nor had light ammoniation of the superphosphate. Moisture content is related to caking, which has been reduced to negligible amounts by drying down to less than I% free moisture. Caking increases with the temperature, and this indicates the desirability of cooling. The correlation between the test developed and the results obtained on the large scale is discussed, and is shown to be sufficiently good for the test to be of considerable value.
Soil fumigation. VI.—the distribution of ethylene dibromide round an injection point
Authors: Call F.
Published: November 2006

The distribution of ethylene dibromide vapour round an injection point has been measured experimentally in a number of soils. It is concluded that diffusion is the most important factor controlling distribution. The concentration–time products (C.T.) have been calculated at various distances from the injection point and an LD50 range has been derived from the C.T.–distance curves. These LD50 ranges were found to have a linear relationship with the soil porosity for all soils at two temperatures. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Fumigation of agricultural products. XV.—germination and growth of cereals fumigated with methyl bromide
Authors: Lubatti O. F. , Blackith R. E.
Published: November 2006

Different varieties of cereals have been fumigated, at each of four moisture contents, with one of two doses of methyl bromide. The germination of the seeds was assessed immediately after the treatment and again after six months' storage at 20°. The damage done by the fumigant was distinguished from that associated with storage at high moisture contents by drying a part of each treated batch of seeds after fumigation and before storage.

Barley was the cereal most resistant to fumigation, rye, maize, oats and wheat all being appreciably more susceptible. Rye was the most, and maize the least, resistant cereal in terms of survival after damp storage, but damp rye is severely affected by methyl bromide. Where different varieties of the same cereal species have been tested no important differences have been found.
The proximate analysis of wheat flour carbohydrates. III.—the estimation of the hemicellulose fraction
Authors: Fraser J. R. , Holmes D. C.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the hemicellulose fractions of wholemeal and flours of about 70% extraction in terms of anhydro‐arabinose, xylose and uronic acid units has been investigated. It has been shown that the hemicelluloses, on distillation with hydrochloric acid, behave in the same manner as an equimolecular mixture of arabinose and xylose. Xylose is a suitable standard for the distillation process, and the ‘xylose equivalent’ of a wheat fraction multiplied by 0.97 is a quantitative measure of the hemicellulose present, provided this is not less than 1.8%.
The action of ‘early‐season’ sprays of chlorbenside against fruit tree red spider mite
Authors: Cranham J. E.
Published: November 2006

An account is given of the action of chlorbenside when applied just before, or during, the hatching of the winter eggs of fruit tree red spider mite. The results obtained show that the persistent larvicidal effects of spray residues on the foliage were more important to the action of the chemical than the direct kill of winter eggs.

The growth of the foliage during the hatching period of the mites was assessed on different varieties of apple. This was a factor which affected the efficiency of application by ‘thinning out’ spray deposits, but if application were made later than the time by which adult mites had developed, usually at ‘petal fall’, mite damage to the foliage resulted.

There was evidence that the increase in leaf area during this period was more marked on Worcester than on Cox but there was no evidence that this reduced the efficiency of preblossom application on Worcester as compared to Cox.
The rapid determination of the major nutrient elements in plants
Authors: Hutton R. G. , Nye P. H.
Published: November 2006

A rapid method has been developed in which nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sodium and magnesium are determined in a single solution, obtained by digesting plant material with sulphuric acid and selenium. The analysis can be conducted with an error not exceeding 5%.
The effect of in‐package desiccation on the storage properties of compressed and uncompressed dehydrated cabbage
Authors: Gooding E. G. B. , Duckworth R. B.
Published: November 2006

The effects of in‐package desiccation on compressed and uncompressed dehydrated cabbage stored at 37° have been compared. The rate and extent of water loss from, compressed cabbage was rather less than from uncompressed material, but the rate of deterioration of uncompressed and compressed material appeared to be generally similar. Desiccation reduced the rate of deterioration in flavour, texture and ascorbic acid content, as well as in colour. For a three‐ to four‐fold increase in storage life, the sacrifice of space to desiccant is about 5% in the case of uncompressed dehydrated cabbage, and about 20% for compressed material.
Through‐circulation drying of vegetable materials. I.—brewers' spent grain
Authors: Mitchell T. J. , Potts C. S.
Published: November 2006

Brewers' spent grain has been dried by through circulation of hot air in single layers and in beds up to 8 in. in depth.

The effect of air temperature (100–220° F) and velocity (6.63–22‐2 lb. of dry air/sq. ft./min.) on the drying rates of single layers has been studied. It has been found that the drying rate is proportional to the total moisture ratio of the layer, and that both temperature and velocity have a marked effect on the proportionality constant.

A method of predicting drying times in deep beds, based on the results of the single‐layer tests, is proposed and discussed. The accuracy of this method has been checked against actual drying times in deep beds and found to be within +‐11.5%.

The resistance of deep beds to the passage of air has been investigated briefly.
The water‐soluble carbohydrates of grasses. IV. The effect of different levels of fertilizer treatment
Authors: Waite R.
Published: November 2006

Established plots of four perennial grass species, rye‐grass (two strains), meadow fescue, timothy and cocksfoot were dressed with a balanced fertilizer at the rate of 0, 2 and 4 cwt./ acre at the start of the growing season and after each cut at the height of 8–10 in. The soluble carbohydrate (free hexoses, sucrose and fructosan) and the crude protein contents of the grass at each cut were determined and estimates of the yield of dry matter recorded.

Increasing the amount of fertilizer led to (a, an increase in the weight of dry matter per acre and the number of cuts taken, (b, an increase in the protein content and the average weight of protein per acre at each cut and (c) a decrease in the content of soluble carbohydrates, particularly the fructosan fraction. The average weight of soluble carbohydrates produced per acre at each cut was least at the highest rate of fertilizer application. The stimulating effect of fertilizer appeared therefore to result in the utilization of sugars for leafy growth at the expense of carbohydrate storage in the form of fructosan.
Studies on the ‘fermentation’ of ceylon tea. XI—relations between the polyphenol oxidase activity and pectin‐methylesterase activity
Authors: Lamb J. , Ramaswamy M. S.
Published: November 2006

By initially withholding the oxygen supply to fermenting leaf, thus allowing the process of formation of pectic acid by pectin‐methylesterase actions to proceed unhindered, it has been possible to demonstrate a reduction of oxygen uptake when the oxygen supply is restored. Addition of pectin to tea leaf both reduces oxygen uptake during fermentation and yields tea reported by tea tasters as under‐fermented. It is concluded that there is strong presumptive evidence that the rate of fermentation of Ceylon tea is in some degree regulated by the pectic substances and enzymes which occur in the leaf.
The consistency of starch‐milk puddings. II.—Influence of cooking and cooling conditions etc. and type of starch
Authors: Rutgers R.
Published: November 2006

The consistency of starch‐milk puddings is discussed with reference to the cooking temperatures of the puddings, composition of the cooking liquid, cooling conditions after cooking, temperature of storage, and sterilization. The effects of the concentration of maize starch and the use of starches other than maize are also examined.
Some observations on the serum response of chicks to oral dosage with aureomycin
Authors: Harry E. G.
Published: November 2006

When chicks are fed a ration containing a high level of chlortetracycline, bacteriostatic concentrations of the antibiotic are found in the serum within a few hours. Minimum serum response for 4–5‐week‐old chicks is obtained with 100 p.p.m. of the antibiotic in the feed. Great variations occur in the serum response of chicks to the antibiotic and some of the factors involved are discussed.
Chemical investigation of the leaves of Anona senegalensis., II.—Carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, amino‐acids, sterols
Authors: Mackie Alexander , Ghatge Nana
Published: November 2006

The chemical investigation of the leaves of Anona senegalensis, which has alleged anthelmintic properties, has been continued using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Carbohydrates were found both in free and combined states, but no trisaccharide was present. The glycoside, quercitrin (3‐L‐rhamnosyl quercetin), and the aglycone, quercetin (5: 7: 3′: 4′‐tetrahydroxyflavonol), were detected. A small amount of protein was obtained, which yielded several amino‐acids on hydrolysis. A few free amino‐acids were also present.

Palmitone and β‐sitosterol, together with other sterol‐like substances, were obtained from the unsaponifiable matter from the soft leaf wax.
Through‐circulation drying of vegetable materials. III.—carrots
Authors: Mitchell T. J. , Potts C. S.
Published: November 2006

The drying of carrots has been investigated in single‐layer tests. The effect of particle size (slices, cubes and strips), temperature (110–160°F), humidity (up to 45% R.H.) and air velocity (8–15.5 Ib./sq. ft./min.) on the drying rates of single layers has been studied. The drying rate is proportional to the total moisture content of the layer. Calculated times of drying of deep beds, based on single‐layer experimental results, are within ±10% of the actual times.
Creaming and other tests in the assessment of bakery fats
Authors: Ottaway F. J. H. , Cookson M. A. , Cornford S. J. , Coppock J. B. M.
Published: November 2006

Attempts have been made to correlate certain properties of fats with their behaviour in cake‐ and biscuit‐baking. Penetrometer, dilatometer and creaming tests have been examined. The first two are only of limited value, but creaming can be correlated with cake volume for a type of cake whose texture depends on volume of included air, but not with the volume of biscuits in which air is included to a much more limited extent.
The chromatographic separation and estimation of certain pasture lipoids. II.—Tocopherol
Authors: Worker N. A.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the extraction and chromatographic separation of tocopherol from pasture. Extraction is carried out using acetone in the cold, and separation is effected by means of double chromatography on magnesia and alumina. Estimation is colorimetric. The method is simple and quantitative and is suitable as a routine procedure.

The technical assistance of Miss Fay Frecklington is also acknowledged.
A detailed summative analysis of the crude fibre and nitrogen‐free extractives fractions of roughages. I.—Proposed scheme of analysis
Authors: Gaillard Blanche D. E.
Published: November 2006

A method is proposed for a detailed summative analysis of roughages, in which the determinations of crude fibre and of nitrogen‐free extractives are replaced by determinations of the sugars of which the soluble and structural carbohydrates are composed, of pure cellulose and of lignin.
Studies on the north sea cod. I.—Muscle cell dimensions
Authors: Love R. M.
Published: November 2006

A technique is described for the separation of intact cod muscle fibres in a form suitable for width measurements.

Average fibre widths from different parts of the fillet were found to follow the same pattern as the fibre lengths (myotome widths), being greatest at about 12 myotomes from the point of severance of the head, and decreasing both anteriorly and posteriorly. Fibre lengths and widths from one myotome were proportional to the body length of the intact fish.

The total number of fibres was deduced to be constant for the species, body growth being the result of growth of existing fibres. The findings are discussed in relation to chemical analysis of fish muscle.
Studies on the north sea cod. II.—deoxyribose nucleic acid in the musculature
Authors: Love R. M.
Published: November 2006

Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) was determined in the flesh of cod of different sizes, in different parts of the fillets, and in myotomes and myocomma tissue. Much more DNA was found in myocommata than in myotomes, owing to the higher density of nuclei in the former.

The pattern of DNA concentration in different parts of the fillet was in inverse relationship to the fibre sizes. This was explainable in terms of the number of fibres contained in unit volume.

In fish of increasing size, the DNA was not, in inverse proportion to the increase in fibre size, although it did decrease somewhat. This was considered to be the result of DNA synthesis in the larger cod.

In fish of constant size, observed over a period of two years, the DNA concentration stayed roughly constant over most of the year, but showed increases during certain summer months. A proven explanation was not possible, but the increase was thought to be connected with growth.
The phenolic substances of manufactured tea. III.—ultra‐violet and visible absorption spectra
Authors: Roberts E. A. H. , Williams D. M.
Published: November 2006

The absorption spectra of thearubigin fractions are all very similar and differ appreciably from those of the theaflavins. Theaflavin and theaflavin gallate have similar absorption spectra, which also resemble that of purpurogallin. Substances A, B and C have absorption bands at 275 mμ. The spectrum of Q differs from that of purpurogallincarboxylic acid. The identification of P as a 5:7:3′:4′:5′‐pentahydroxyflavylium salt is suggested. Substance 1C absorbs similarly to gallic acid, and the presumed p‐coumarylquinic acids to p‐coumaric acid.
Analysis of the carbohydrates of Cladostephus SP
Authors: Fanshawe R. S. , Percival Elizabeth
Published: November 2006

Cladostephus verticillatus, a brown seaweed belonging to the genus Cladostephaceae, was collected from Nobska Point, La Jolla, California, during 1955 and air‐dried. Alcoholic, aqueous, and sodium carbonate extracts have been analysed. The major carbohydrates are alginic acid, laminarin, fucoidin and mannitol. Quantitative estimations of the fucoidin and laminarin content (2% and 20% of dried weed, respectively) of Cladostephus spongiosus collected near Plymouth have also been carried out.
Sulphur in soils. III.—A study of the readily soluble sulphate content and of the total sulphur content of soil
Authors: Little R. C.
Published: November 2006

Results are given of a survey of the readily soluble sulphate content and of the total sulphur content of soils of various categories. These results have been correlated with the results of ‘routine’ analytical determinations. The close relationship found to exist between pC and readily soluble sulphate stresses the importance of the sulphate ion in the physico‐chemical equilibrium of soil. Published results of other workers are reviewed, and comparisons drawn with the results obtained in the present survey. A deficiency of sulphur is considered unlikely in plants growing on the soils included in the present survey, although in a few cases the readily soluble sulphate content may be approaching a deficiency level.
The determination of the γ‐isomer of benzene hexachloride in sheep dips and similar formulations
Authors: Abbott D. C. , Johnson E. I. , Polhill R. D. A.
Published: November 2006

Benzene hexachloride may be separated from mixtures with most other substances by treatment with fuming sulphuric acid on a kieselguhr column. A method employing this device for the determination of γ‐isomer in complex formulations and a method of making the nitromethane‐silica partition chromatographic column from readily available materials are described.
Soil nitrogen. II.—Changes in levels of inorganic nitrogen in a clay‐loam soil caused by fertilizer additions, by leaching and uptake by grass
Authors: Cunningham R. K. , Cooke G. W.
Published: November 2006

Concentrations of nitrate‐ and ammonium‐N in both the surface (0–9 in.) and the subsoil (9–18 in.) of a heavy clay‐loam were determined at intervals both on uncropped soil and under rye‐grass. On uncropped land, high levels of nitrate were maintained through wet periods which caused percolation through 20 in. of bare soil. Only persistent and heavy rainfall in late summer reduced surface‐soil nitrate to low levels. Ammonium‐N provided by ammonium sulphate or by decomposition of urea was converted to nitrate quite slowly and the soil contained equal amounts of ammonium‐ and nitrate‐N in July. No ammonium‐N was transported into the subsoil. Little total mineral nitrogen was lost from the topsoil of uncropped land during June and July, but during August and September nitrate concentrations in the subsoil increased rapidly. Total inorganic nitrogen in the top 18 in. of soil remained roughly constant until the end of July, after which there was a loss of nitrogen from the profile as a whole. On unmanured plots, fluctuations in ammonium‐N levels were much smaller than corresponding changes in nitrate.

Under grass, soil nitrate levels fell quickly in warm wet weather when growth was rapid. In the same period, on plots receiving ammonium sulphate or urea, grass removed ammonium‐N quickly and there was no increase in soil nitrate. When a first cut of grass was taken in July, four‐fifths of the total supply of nitrate‐ or ammonium‐N present in the soil at the beginning of the experiment had been removed. While the second crop was growing there was little nitrate (or ammonium‐N) in the surface soil, but the harvested grass ‘recovered’ as much of the applied nitrogen as the first crop. It is suggested that nitrogen used in growth by the second crop was either taken up earlier and stored in the plant, or that it was taken from the subsoil.
The control of spoilage of uneviscerated poultry carcasses by treatment with antibiotics before slaughter
Authors: Shrimpton D. H. , Barnes Ella M. , Miller W. S.
Published: November 2006

Greening, an early sign of spoilage in stored uneviscerated poultry carcasses, is a result of the metabolism of the gut flora. An attempt has been made to delay this spoilage by altering or suppressing the intestinal spoilage flora by feeding antibiotics before slaughter.

Supplements to the feed of broilers throughout life with procaine penicillin, alone or with chlortetrachyline, were ineffective.

Supplements to the drinking water for periods up to 24 hours immediately before death gave significant extensions of storage life of the uneviscerated carcasses. The antibiotics used, in order of effectiveness, were: oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, tetracycline and bacitracin plus neomycin.

The main groups of organisms found in the caeca and duodena after death were the coliforms, faecal streptococci, lactobacilli and clostridia. Multiplication in both caeca and duodena was retarded in the carcasses from birds treated with tetracycline compounds. It was not possible, however, to explain differences in the effectiveness of these antibiotics either in terms of the numbers of these groups of bacteria or in the metabolic activity of the contents of the caeca and duodena. The dangers of selective inhibition of organisms of faecal origin without refrigeration are discussed.
The microbiological determination of pantothenic acid in wheaten flour
Authors: Clegg K. M.
Published: November 2006

An investigation of the pantothenic acid content of a range of wholemeal and lower extraction wheaten flours has been made. The vitamin was liberated by enzymic hydrolysis with intestinal phosphatase and Dowex‐treated click liver enzyme; some comparisons were made with extracts prepared by treatment with takadiastase and papain, which showed that approximately 50% more pantothenic acid was liberated by the treatment with intestinal phosphatase and chick liver enzyme.

The pantothenic acid content was determined microbiologically with L. casei as the test organism. The values for pantothenic acid were higher for whole Manitoba wheats than for the English wheats tested; the pantothenic acid content decreased with lower extraction rates and the 70% extraction flours retained approximately 50% of the vitamin present in the wholemeals.
A provisional assessment of malathion for stored‐product insect control
Authors: Parkin E. A.
Published: November 2006

Malathion has properties which make it generally suitable for use for stored products, but the non‐persistent disagreeable odour evident during mixing and application is a disadvantage. Its stability to heat, moisture, and alkalinity needs more detailed assessment. It has low mammalian toxicity and outstanding toxicity to Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Tribolium castaneum, beetles which are often not easily controlled under practical conditions by other insecticides suitable for use in food stores. It also shows promise of value for the control of several other species of stored‐product insects, but Ptinus tectus beetles have been found to be resistant to it.
Studies on egg shells. VIII.—The determination of membrane‐, pore‐ and matrix‐protein—a reassessment
Authors: Tyler C. , Simkiss K.
Published: November 2006

The first paper in this series suggested methods for determining membrane‐, pore‐ and matrix‐protein in egg shells. Further studies by means of histochemical methods and by the etching of plastic‐embedded specimens have shown that the method for membrane protein is sound. On the other hand, although the true shell contains nitrogen fractions, one of which is soluble in 10% sodium hydroxide and the other not, the allocation of the names ‘pore’ and ‘matrix’ protein respectively to these fractions is wrong. The alkali treatment removes the mammillary cores, the cuticle and part of the matrix of the spongy layer. Further, the organic matter of the shell contains acid mucopolysaccharide as well as protein. It is, therefore, recommended that the terms ‘pore’ and ‘matrix’ protein should be replaced respectively by the terms ‘soluble’ and ‘insoluble’ nitrogen fraction.
Trace constituents of hydrogenated ox perinephric fat
Authors: Hansen R. P. , Shorland F. B. , Cooke N. June
Published: November 2006

Trace amounts of the following saturatednormal(both odd‐ and even‐numbered) and branched‐chain fatty acids have been isolated and identified in hydrogenated ox perinephric fat:n‐decanoic,n, dodecanoic,n‐pentadecanoic, 13‐methyltetradecanoic (+)−12‐methyl‐tetradecanoic,n‐nonadecanoic,n‐eicosanoic,n‐heneicosanoic,n‐docosanoic,n‐tricosanoic,n‐tetracosanoic, andn‐hexacosanoic acids. In addition,n‐undecanoic andn‐tridecanoic acids were identified. Myristic, palmitic and stearic acids present in more than trace amounts were also conclusively identified.
Fate of labelled insecticide residues in food products. VII.—The Fate of γ‐Benzene Hexachloride Residues in Flour during Baking
Authors: Bridges R. G.
Published: November 2006

14C‐labelled γ‐benzene hexachloride has been used to study the effect of heating at baking temperatures on the insecticide when present in wheat starch, gluten and milled wheat. The amounts of 14C‐activity retained by the starch and gluten after heating for 1/2 h. at 180° depend on the initial moisture content of the materials. With milled wheat at moisture contents between 0.4 and 17.3%, little difference in the amount of 14C‐activity retained was observed, but when mixed into a dough with water prior to heating, a greater proportion of the initial 14C‐activity was retained. The residue remaining after heating was ‘locked up’ in the desiccated starch granules and could not be extracted with acetone until the heated material was treated with water. The residue in the heated starch consisted mainly of unchanged γ‐benzene hexachloride but that in the flour was shown to be mainly a mixture of tri‐, di‐ and mono‐chlorobenzenes. The toxicological significance of these breakdown products in bread is discussed.
Relationship between soil structure, soil cultivation, nitrogen uptake, and crop growth. IV.—Effects of cultivation on nitrate accumulation in soil, nitrogen uptake and crop growth
Authors: Singh Khazan , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

Crops of swedes were grown in a dry season (1949) and a wetter season (1950) with and without nitrate fertilizer, using three cultivation treatments, shallow (2 in.) and deep (8 in.) ploughing and tine cultivation, were used. Ploughing had no advantage over tine cultivation as regards crop yield or nitrate accumulation in the soil.

Correlations between nitrate content of soil at various depths using the three cultivation methods and various soil factors and yield of crop and uptake of nitrogen are discussed, and the effects of application of nitrate fertilizer on accumulation of nitrate in the soil are examined.
The storage of groundnuts under tropical conditions. II.—The effects of storage in paper sacks
Authors: Duerden J. C.
Published: November 2006

The usefulness of the physical barrier of a paper sack against insect infestation, particularly by Tribolium castaneum Herbst. in stored decorticated groundnuts in Northern Nigeria was studied. Laboratory trials and open‐air field tests showed that the storage of uninfested nuts in paper sacks preserved quality and reduced losses to a greater extent than did conventional hessian sacks. Previously infested groundnuts stored in paper sacks showed lower quality and greater losses in weight than similar nuts in hessian containers.

Paper sacks with a sleeve valve for filling were more proof against insects than open‐mouthed paper sacks and both types were particularly successful when situated either in the upper layers or in the interior of a stack in the open air.
The composition of tomato fruit. I.—The expressed sap of normal and ‘blotchy’ tomatoes
Authors: Winsor G. W. , Massey D. M.
Published: November 2006

Comparison of normally ripened tomato fruit and fruit showing uneven pigmentation has revealed considerable differences in composition. Thus the normal fruit had a significantly higher content of dry matter, and higher concentrations of total solids, reducing sugars and nitrogenous compounds were found in sap expressed from normal than from blotchy fruit. Sap from normal fruit also had the higher titratable acidity and lower pH.
The phosphorus compounds of oats. I.—The content of phytate phosphorus
Authors: Ashton W. M. , Williams P. C.
Published: November 2006

The phytate phosphorus and total phosphorus contents of oat grain have been studied, and it has been shown that there are very significant differences between varieties of Avena sativa on the one hand and of A. strigosa and A. strigosa X A. brevis on the other. The ratio of phytate P to total P is, however, remarkably constant in mature grain. Changes in phytate and total P accompanying maturation of the grain and germination have also been studied. The calcium and magnesium contents of the grain are considered in relation to their presence in phytin, and some of the evidence suggests that the phytin of different cereals may differ in chemical composition.
The mite ovicidal activities of some chloro‐substituted bisphenoxymethanes and related compounds
Authors: Green M. B. , Jenkins W. L.
Published: November 2006

A long series of chlorinated bisphenoxy‐, bisphenylthio‐ and phenoxy(phenylthio)‐methanes are prepared and tested for ovicidal and, in some cases, nymphicidal activity, some of the compounds showing high activity. The relation of position of chlorine substituent to activity is discussed. The compounds showed low degree of persistence on the plants tested.
Bottled and canned meat products. I.—The survival of cameron's putrefactive anaerobe no. 3679 in chicken, rabbit and pork products
Authors: Crang Alice , Sturdy Margaret , Bowcott Joyce
Published: November 2006

Cameron's Putrefactive Anaerobe No. 3679 has been used as a test organism in examining processes for bottling and canning chicken, rabbit and pork products under domestic conditions. The results have been considered in terms of the process values required to give a sufficient margin of safety against spoilage by pathogenic bacteria. Details of the processes tested are given in Part II.
Rapid vacuum freeze‐drying of meat
Authors: Brynko C. , Smithies W. R.
Published: November 2006

Freeze‐drying carried out in conventional equipment is a slow process, the rate of drying being limited by the rate of transfer of heat of sublimation. A method is described to carry out rapid freeze‐drying of meat or other foodstuffs by laying the pieces between heater plates fitted with metal spikes which conduct heat uniformly and efficiently into the material. Meat slices 3/4 in. thick can be freeze‐dried in 3–5 hours.
Studies on protein denaturation in frozen fish. II.—Preliminary freezing experiments
Authors: Love R. M. , Ironside J. I. M.
Published: November 2006

Measurements have been made of the percentage of total myotome protein soluble in 5% sodium chloride (‘soluble protein’) of frozen cod fillets. It was found that the soluble protein content decreased at a steady rate when the fillets were stored at − 14°, in contrast to the findings of some other workers. When the limiting value had been reached, after about 15 weeks, no further decrease was observed even in fillets stored for over 4 years at this temperature. Freezing increased the variation in soluble proteins of individual fish in a given batch considerably over that found in an unfrozen batch. The speed at which the fish were frozen was found to have no effect on the soluble protein value provided that the fish were not stored in the frozen state.
Studies on the north sea cod. III.—Effects of starvation
Authors: Love R. M.
Published: November 2006

Six cod were starved for 78 days in an aquarium at about 14°, and the effect on various constituents of the body were investigated. There was found to be a decrease in body and liver weights, liver fat content, and muscle ash, an increase in muscle water and bile in the gall bladder, while the percentages of intercellular space and brain fat were not affected. The limiting value for liver fat appeared to be about 2%.
Production of mushroom mycelium by submerged cultivation
Authors: Eddy B. P.
Published: November 2006

Yields and flavour of mycelium of edible fungi grown in stirred, aerated culture have been investigated. Satisfactory harvests can be obtained, but flavour, when present, is only weak. Methods for the enhancement of flavour after the harvesting of the mycelium have been tried but have been unsuccessful.
Free sugars in chill‐stored, trawled codling (Gadus callarias) muscle
Authors: Jones N. R.
Published: November 2006

Glucose is the only free sugar present in fresh codling muscle; ribose appears during chill storage. Glucose values fall during storage and, after the initial rise, ribose values also fall. The causes of these changes, and their relevance to the appearance of brown discolorations in salted and dehydrated codling, are discussed.
Carbonyl compounds as a criterion of flavour deterioration in edible fats
Authors: Berry N. W. , McKerrigan A. A.
Published: November 2006

Evidence for the relationship between carbonyl compounds and flavour deterioration of fats is discussed and methods of estimating total carbonyl contents are described. Examples of the carbonyl contents of vegetable oils at different stages of processing are presented and consideration given to their significance with respect to flavour deterioration in the presence of antioxidants. Distinction is made between the non‐volatile, tasteless, carbonyl compounds and the volatile, breakdown products of fat oxidation, which are responsible for rancid flavours.
A method for the extraction of plant samples and the determination of total soluble carbohydrates
Authors: Murphy R. P.
Published: November 2006

A method for the determination of carbohydrates in plant samples is described, in which the plants are frozen in dry ice as soon as they are cut and portions extracted with 80% alcohol in an Elco Homogenizer and the carbohydrate estimated by the anthrone reaction. A few results are given for the uptake of sucrose by plant roots from a culture solution.
The microbiological determination of vitamin B6 in wheaten flour, and in fractions of the wheat grain
Authors: Clegg K. M. , Hinton J. J. C.
Published: November 2006

An investigation of the vitamin B6 content of a range of wholemeal and lower‐extraction wheaten flours has been made. The vitamin was determined microbiologically using the yeast S. carlsbergensis, 228 as the test organism. The method has been adapted to a smaller scale so that it has been possible to determine the distribution of vitamin B6 in the dissected fractions of the wheat grain.

The values for the pyridoxin content of wheaten flours determined by the method mentioned show that 80% and 70% extraction flours contain less than 30% of the vitamin B6 of whole wheat, and that the distribution of the vitamin is similar to that of nicotinic acid with a large percentage occurring in the aleurone layer.
The volatile oil of pseudowintera colorata. I
Authors: Corbett R. E. , Grant P. K.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of Pseudowintera colorata has been fractionated in an efficient column and is shown to contain at least 30 constituents. Sixteen of these have been identified with known compounds, namely, (+)‐α‐pinene, (+)‐α‐thujene, (‐)‐β‐pinene, myrcene, (+)‐limonene, dipentene, α‐terpinene, (+)‐β‐phellandrene, γ‐terpinene, terpinolene, p‐cymene, eugenol, (+)‐aromadendrene, humulene, tricosane and pentacosane. Other constituents include the alcohols C10H18O, C8H14O and C10H20O, a carbonyl compound C10H140 an ester, hexenyl n‐valerate, two new sesquiterpenes, and a new sesquiterpene ketone, C15H22O.
The amino‐acid composition of some pakistani pulses. II.—cystine content
Authors: Macconnell H. M. , Khan N. A. , Baker B. E.
Published: November 2006

The proteins of five Pakistani pulses, prepared by acid precipitation of the proteins from alkaline extracts of the whole seeds, have been analysed for their cystine contents by quantitative filter‐paper chromatography. The values for the cystine contents of the pulse proteins ranged from 0.93% for channa to 0.29% for mash. These values correspond to 0.137% and 0.065% respectively, based on the cystine contents of the whole seeds.
Carbohydrates in pasture species. I.—The starch content of clovers and rye‐grass
Authors: Bailey R. W.
Published: November 2006

Using a cold grinding technique followed by perchloric acid extraction, an iodine‐staining polysaccharide can be obtained from fresh clover and rye‐grass leaves. Paper chromatograms of acid and enzymic hydrolysates show that the polysaccharide is starch. Clover leaves have thus been shown to contain 3‐5.5% and rye‐grass leaves 0.7% of starch on a dry weight basis. The effect of various factors including shading and wilting on the starch content of red clover leaves have been briefly examined.
The micro‐determination of glycerol in Acetobacter culture media
Authors: Jackson C. P. , Ramamurti K.
Published: November 2006

A method is presented for the colorimetric estimation of glycerol in the presence of the metabolism products which it yields when submitted to the action of Acetobacter acetigenum. The interference of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is eliminated by selective oxidation with ceric sulphate and hypoiodite. The method is suitable for multiple routine analyses and allows 0.1‐0.5 mg. of glycerol to be determined accurately in the presence of 0.76 mg. of DHA. The precision of the method is related to the accuracy of prediction, from standard curves, of the glycerol content of unknown solutions, for which 95% confidence limits at the extreme values of the determinative range are given as 0.1 ± 0.01 mg. and 0.5 ± 0.011 mg.
Analysis of tissue constituents. Extract of fresh ox‐muscle
Authors: Bender A. E. , Wood T. , Palgrave J. A.
Published: November 2006

An extract of fresh ox‐muscle was prepared in the laboratory under conditions designed to minimise any chemical change. A complete analysis was made of this extract and compared with that of commercial meat extract.

Despite the different methods of extraction and subsequent treatment, the two extracts showed remarkably similar composition. The major difference was the loss of free amino‐acids and sugars from the muscle extract and the formation of brown pigmented substances, presumed to be of the Maillard type, in the commercial material.

A substance reducing triphenyltetrazolium chloride, believed to be a sugar derivative, was found in the muscle extract but not in the commercial meat extract.

A method is described for the estimation of carnitine.
The biosynthesis of fat in submerged cultures of Penicillium spinulosum
Authors: Shimi Ibrahim R.
Published: November 2006

Experiments were conducted to exploit the potentialities of P. spinulosum to produce fat in submerged cultures. The organism was grown in shaken submerged cultures with different levels of glucose content. The addition of the sugar to preformed mycelium was also examined and the mould was cultivated in a Waldhof fermentor. Finally, a study was made of the effect on the behaviour of the organism of the metabolism solution obtained from previous experiments.
The volatile oils of Artemisia brevifolia and Kurramensis
Authors: Cocker Wesley , Lipman C. , McMurry T. B. H. , Wheeler B. M.
Published: November 2006

The two oils each contain small quantities of carboxylic acids with 4‐7 carbon atoms, as well as camphene, cineole, thujone and (—)‐camphor. A. brevifolia also contains p‐cymene and possibly α and β‐thujaketonic acids.
The fatty acids of blood
Authors: Garton G. A.
Published: November 2006

For the most part, the fatty acids of blood are present in esterified form as glycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol esters in the form of lipoprotein complexes. Unesterified fatty acids are found as a very small fraction of the total lipids in most species, but in appreciable amounts (especially in the form of acetate) in the blood of ruminants. The relative amounts of the different lipid classes in red cells and plasma are discussed and an account is given of the nature of the fatty acids in each class of lipid. Recent investigations on the transport of fatty acids of exogenous and endogenous origin are described and the possible metabolic importance of unesterified, higher fatty acids is discussed.
Mineralisation, during incubation, of the organic nitrogen compounds in soils as related to soil pH
Authors: Cornfield A. H.
Published: November 2006

Mineral nitrogen accumulation (mineralised nitrogen) during incubation, with and without added chalk (calcium carbonate), of 25 cultivated soils of varying texture, pH and total nitrogen content was determined. There was little difference in nitrogen mineralised per unit of total soil nitrogen between soils having an original pH greater than about 6.5. As pH decreased below 6.5, nitrogen mineralisation per unit of total nitrogen increased. This increase was much greater where calcium carbonate had been added prior to incubation. When all soils were considered, there was a highly significant negative correlation between original soil pH and nitrogen mineralised per unit of total nitrogen present for both untreated and chalk‐treated soils. The results obtained indicate that acid soils tend to accumulate organic nitrogenous residues to a greater extent than do soils of high pH and that the nitrogen in such residues tends to mineralise readily if soil pH is increased.
Through‐circulation drying of vegetable materials. VI.—Turnip
Authors: Hughes J. M. , Mitchell T. J.
Published: November 2006

Both single layers and deep beds of scalded turnip have been dried by through‐circulation of hot air. The effect of slice thickness, dry‐bulb temperature, wet‐bulb depression and air velocity on the drying rate of single layers has been studied.

The drying rate has been found to be proportional to the total moisture content of the turnip and to depend largely on the dry‐bulb temperature, humidity and air‐flow having a less marked effect. Drying times for moisture contents from 10.0 down to 0.1 are used for correlation purposes.

A method of predicting drying times in deep beds is proposed, based on results from the tests with shallow layers, and the accuracy of the method shown to be within ±M7.0%.