bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal changes in retinal vascular parameters associated with successful panretinal photocoagulation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: A prospective clinical interventional study
Authors: Torp Thomas Lee , Kawasaki Ryo , Wong Tien Yin , Peto Tunde , Grauslund Jakob
Published: November 2017

Purpose

We aimed to investigate changes in retinal vascular geometry over time after panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods

Thirty‐seven eyes with PDR were included. Wide‐field fluorescein angiography (Optomap, Optos PLC., Dunfermline, Scotland, UK) was used to diagnose PDR at baseline and to assess activity at follow‐up month three and six. At each time‐point, a trained grader measured retinal vessel geometry on optic disc (OD) centred images using semiautomated software (SIVA, Singapore I Vessel Assessment, National University of Singapore, Singapore) according to a standardized protocol.

Results

At baseline, the mean age and duration of diabetes were 52.8 and 22.3 years, and 65% were male. Mean HbA1c was 69.9 mmol/mol, and blood pressure was 155/84 mmHg. Of the 37 eyes with PDR, eight (22%) eyes had progression at month three and 13 (35%) progressed over six months. Baseline characteristics, including age, sex, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, blood pressure, vessel geometric variables and total amount of laser energy delivered did not differ by progression status. However, compared to patients with progression of PDR, patients with favourable treatment outcome had alterations in the retinal arteriolar structures from baseline to month six (calibre, 154.3 μm versus 159.5 μm, p = 0.04, tortuosity 1.12 versus 1.10, p = 0.04) and in venular structures from baseline to month three (fractal dimension 1.490 versus 1.499, p = 0.04, branching coefficient (BC) 1.32 versus 1.37, p = 0.01).

Conclusion

In patients with PDR, successful PRP leads to alterations in the retinal vascular structure. However, baseline retinal vascular geometry characteristics did not predict treatment outcome.
Exophiala phaeomuriformis keratitis in a subarctic climate region: a case report
Authors: Vicente André , Pedrosa Domellöf Fátima , Byström Berit
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To report a case of Exophiala phaeomuriformis mycotic keratitis in a patient from a subarctic climate region. Dematiaceous fungi (black yeasts) have been gaining importance as corneal keratitis and ulcer causative agents in certain regions, but no cases have been described in Scandinavia.

Methods

Case report of a patient with a persistent corneal erosion that eventually presented a brown‐pigmented infiltrate. The patient had a history of several months of topical therapy comprising medication for glaucoma, corticosteroids and antibiotics. A therapeutic contact lens was used, and amniotic membrane transplantation was performed before the development of the pigmented infiltrate.

Results

Exophiala phaeomuriformis was identified on the microbiological cultures from the surgically obtained infiltrate scrapes. The patient responded to topical amphotericin and fluconazole, the erosion was cured and a stromal scar subsided. During follow‐up, sequential slit‐lamp images and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were obtained.

Conclusion

This is the first described case of keratitis caused by E. phaeomuriformis in a subarctic region, the first in Europe and, to our knowledge, the second reported case in the literature. It is important to remember that superficial corneal brown‐pigmented infiltrates should raise the suspicion of an unusual fungal infection even in this climate. This is particularly important in patients with ocular surface disease treated with steroids and antibiotics for a long time.
Review shows that using surfactant a number of times or as a vehicle for budesonide may reduce the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Hascoët JM , Picaud JC , Ligi I , Blanc T , Daoud P , Zupan V , Moreau F , Guilhoto I , Rouabah M , Alexandre C , Saliba E , Storme L , Patkai J , Pomedio M , Hamon I
Published: November 2017

Aim

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains the most common respiratory morbidity in immature infants. This review describes the diagnosis of BPD has evolved and summarises the therapeutic approaches that have made it possible to limit the incidence of BPD.

Method

We reviewed the literature from the first definition of BPD by Northway in 1967 to the surfactant treatment policies that are currently in use, drawing on more than 50 papers up to 2017.

Results

Our review showed that improvements in neonatal survival have been associated with an increased risk of severe BPD, significant levels of long‐term morbidity and the increased use of healthcare resources. These issues have encouraged researchers to explore potential new treatments that limit the incidence of BPD. Repeated surfactant instillation and the use of surfactant as a vehicle for budesonide are promising strategies for alleviating the burden of chronic lung disease. Ongoing research on surfactant or stem cell therapy may further improve the respiratory prognosis for prematurely born children.

Conclusion

Considerable research has been carried out into the increase in BPD, which has resulted from improvements in neonatal survival. Key areas of research include repeated surfactant administration, using surfactant as a vehicle for budesonide and stem cell therapy.
Review article: gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Broers C. , Tack J. , Pauwels A.
Published: November 2017

Background

When gastro‐oesophageal reflux is causing symptoms or lesions in the oesophagus, this is referred to as gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).GERDcan manifest itself through typical symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation) or may lead to extra‐oesophageal symptoms. Extra‐oesophageal manifestations ofGERDgained increasing attention over the last decade, especially respiratory disorders, because of the prevalent co‐occurrence withGERD. The role ofGERDin the pathogenesis of respiratory disorders has become a topic of intense discussion.

Aim

To provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role ofGERDin asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

PubMed was searched for relevant articles using the keywords:GERD, asthma,COPD, prevalence, treatment. Case reports were excluded, only English language articles were considered.

Results

Estimates for the prevalence ofGERDin asthma range from 30% to 90%, compared to an average of 24% in controls. InCOPDpatients, the prevalence ofGERDranges from 19% to 78% compared to an average of 18% in controls. These data indicate an increased prevalence ofGERDin patients with asthma andCOPD, although causality is not established andGERDtreatment yielded inconsistent effects. Literature supportsGERDas a risk factor forCOPD‐exacerbations and a predictor of the ‘frequent‐exacerbator’–phenotype.

Conclusions

Despite the high prevalence ofGERDin asthma andCOPD, a causal link is lacking. The results of anti‐reflux therapy on pulmonary outcome are inconsistent and contradictory. Future studies will need to identify subgroups of asthmatics andCOPDpatients that may benefit from anti‐reflux therapy (nocturnal or silent reflux).
Reversibility of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia after Helicobacter pylori eradication ‐ a prospective study for up to 10 years
Authors: Hwang Y.‐J. , Kim N. , Lee H. S. , Lee J. B. , Choi Y. J. , Yoon H. , Shin C. M. , Park Y. S. , Lee D. H.
Published: November 2017

Background

Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are premalignant conditions for gastric cancer. Their reversibility by Helicobacter pylori eradication remains controversial.

Aim

To evaluate the reversibility of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia by H. pylori eradication with long‐term follow‐up.

Methods

598 subjects were prospectively enrolled and followed for up to 10 years. They were categorised as H. pylori‐negative (n = 65), H. pylori non‐eradicated (n = 91), and H. pylori‐eradicated (n = 442). Histological assessment was performed for antrum and corpus by Sydney classification.

Results

Histological follow‐up was performed regularly at 1, 2, 3‐4 and ≥5 years, with mean follow‐up of 1.07 ± 0.21, 2.29 ± 0.83, 3.93 ± 1.02, and 6.45 ± 1.28 years, respectively. Atrophic gastritis in antrum and corpus gradually and significantly (both P < .05 for all timepoints) improved only in the H. pylori‐eradicated group compared to that at baseline. Significant difference in atrophic gastritis between H. pylori‐eradicated and H. pylori‐negative groups disappeared from 1‐year follow‐up. Similarly, intestinal metaplasia in antrum and corpus improved significantly (both P < .05 for all timepoints) only in the H. pylori‐eradicated group in comparison with that at baseline. Significant difference in intestinal metaplasia between H. pylori‐eradicated and H. pylori‐negative groups disappeared from ≥5 years of follow‐up in the antrum and from 3 years of follow‐up in the corpus.

Conclusion

H. pylori eradication may be a preventative strategy for intestinal‐type gastric cancer by regression of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia.
Generic daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin, in treatment of chronic hepatitis C: real‐world results from 18 378 patients in Egypt
Authors: Omar H. , El Akel W. , Elbaz T. , El Kassas M. , Elsaeed K. , El Shazly H. , Said M. , Yousif M. , Gomaa A. A. , Nasr A. , AbdAllah M. , Korany M. , Ismail S. A. , Shaker M. K. , Doss W. , Esmat G. , Waked I. , El Shazly Y.
Published: November 2017

Background

Treatment of chronic hepatitis C using combination of sofosbuvir (SOF) and daclatasvir (DCV) was used in several clinical trials and multicentre studies, which were somewhat limited to genotypes 1‐3. The national program in Egypt is using SOF‐DCV combination for large scale treatment.

Aim

To assess the efficacy and safety of combined SOF‐DCV in treating patients with HCV‐G4 in a real‐world setting.

Methods

Data and outcome of chronic HCV patients who were treated for 12 weeks with generic medications: DCV 60 mg plus SOF 400 mg ± ribavirin (RBV) within the national hepatitis C treatment program in Egypt are presented. Treatment‐naïve patients without cirrhosis were treated without RBV, and those who had cirrhosis or were treatment‐experienced (interferon experienced or SOF experienced) received RBV. Efficacy and safety were assessed, and baseline factors associated with sustained virological response at post‐treatment week 12 (SVR12) were explored.

Results

During the first 2 months of the programme, 18 378 patients with HCV‐G4 started treatment with SOF‐DCV with or without RBV. Overall, 95.1% achieved SVR12 (95.4% among patients treated without RBV and 94.7% for patients treated with RBV, P = .32). Treatment was prematurely discontinued in only 1.5% of patients. The most common events leading to discontinuation were patient withdrawal (n = 76) and pregnancy (n = 5). Five deaths occurred within this group.

Conclusions

Real‐world experience of generic SOF‐DCV in patients with chronic HCV‐G4 proved to be safe and associated with a high SVR12 rate, in patients with different stages of fibrosis.
Alpha-defensins (α-Defs) in Crohn's disease: decrease of ileal α-Def 5 via permanent methylation and increase in plasma α-Def 1-3 concentrations offering biomarker utility
Authors: Cerrillo E , Moret I , Iborra M , Ramos D , Busó E , Tortosa L , Sáez-González E , Nos P , Beltrán B
Published: November 2017

An impaired expression of α-defensins (α-Defs) in the ileal mucosa and, conversely, increased levels in plasma, have been reported in Crohn's disease (CD). However, the specificity and correlation of these findings with the degree of inflammation are unclear. We aimed to characterize the concentration and utility of ileal and plasma α-Defs in CD and to analyse a potential epigenetic mechanism of α-Def expression. Peripheral blood samples and ileal biopsies were obtained from patients at disease onset (aCD), from those who achieved remission (iCD) and from two control groups (healthy controls and non-CD-aetiology ileitis patients). Plasma α-Defs 1–3 and 4 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); α-Def 5 by immunolocalization. Methylation analysis of the α-Def 5 gene was performed using the MassARRAY EpiTYPER system. Plasma α-Defs 1–3 concentrations were significantly higher in aCD with ileal involvement (L1, L3) versus iCD or the control groups. The α-Defs 1–3 concentrations were also similar to healthy controls in patients with non-CD ileitis. There was a significant positive correlation between plasma α-Defs 1–3 levels in aCD and the endoscopic index, as well as with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The immunopositivity scoring showed significantly reduced α-Def 5 expression in ileal inflamed (aCD) versus non-inflamed mucosa (iCD and healthy controls). The α-Def 5 gene showed a higher methylation status in CD patients than controls, regardless of the inflammation. Plasma α-Defs 1–3 concentrations correlate with the degree of inflammation and appear to be specific biomarkers of ileal-CD at diagnosis. Ileal α-Def 5 expression is down-regulated permanently by methylation.
Short dental implants as compared to maxillary sinus augmentation procedure for the rehabilitation of edentulous posterior maxilla: Three‐year results of a randomized clinical study
Authors: Taschieri Silvio , Lolato Alessandra , Testori Tiziano , Francetti Luca , Del Fabbro Massimo
Published: November 2017

Background

Several treatment options exist for the implant‐supported rehabilitation of edentulous posterior maxilla.

Purpose

To compare maxillary sinus floor augmentation associated to standard length implants, with direct placement of implants of reduced length in the available residual bone.

Materials and Methods

Patients with edentulous posterior maxilla and a residual height of 4‐7 mm were randomly allocated to the test (short implants [SIs], 6.5 to 8.5mm long) or the control (sinus augmentation [SA] and implants ≥10mm long) group. Anorganic bovine bone was the grafting material for the control group. In both groups pure platelet‐rich plasma was used to bioactivate implant surface prior to insertion. Implant and prosthesis survival, clinical variables, radiographic bone level change, quality of life, and patient satisfaction were assessed.

Results

Twenty‐five patients were treated in the control group (58 standard length implants) and 27 in the test group (42 SIs). After 3 years of follow‐up no implant failure and biological or mechanical complications were recorded. Marginal bone loss, soft tissue, and oral hygiene parameters were similar in the 2 groups at both 1 and 3 years' follow‐up. Postoperative pain, swelling and other symptoms and daily activities were better in the SIs group than in the SA group, while patients' satisfaction after 1 year was similar.

Conclusions

In spite of comparable medium‐term clinical and radiographic outcomes, when the residual ridge height is sufficient for a safe placement, SIs may be preferred due to simplified protocol, less invasiveness, shorter treatment time, and reduced postoperative discomfort as compared to SA.
Is venous blood gas performed in the Emergency Department predictive of outcome during acute on chronic hypercarbic respiratory failure?
Authors: Domaradzki Lisa , Gosala Sahithi , Iskandarani Khaled , Van de Louw Andry
Published: November 2017

Background

During acute on chronic hypercarbic respiratory failure (AHRF), arterial pH is associated with non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) failure and mortality. Venous blood gas (VBG) has been proposed as a substitute for arterial blood gas, based on a good agreement between venous and arterial values. We assessed the predictive value of admission VBG on intubation rate, NIV failure and mortality during AHRF.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of inpatients admitted between 2009 and 2015 with AHRF who had VBG performed on admission. Demographic, clinical and biological data were collected throughout the hospital course.

Results

196 patients were included and hospital survival was not significantly associated with initial venous pH, PCO2 or
. Patients requiring intubation had significantly lower venous pH [7.29 (7.24–7.33) vs 7.31 (7.28–7.36), P = .04] while venous PCO2 and
did not differ as compared to non‐intubated patients. Intubation within 48 h of admission was associated with significantly lower venous pH [7.28 (7.24–7.30) vs 7.32 (7.28–7.37), P = .002] and higher PCO2 [72 (63–92) mm Hg vs 62 (52–75) mm Hg, P = .04]. Among 69 patients receiving NIV, there were no differences in venous pH [7.29 (7.25–7.31) vs 7.30 (7.27–7.35), P = .3] or PCO2 [68 (44–74) mm Hg vs 70 (55–97) mm Hg, P = .23] associated with subsequent intubation. Using c statistics, we observed poor performances of venous pH, PCO2 or
for prediction of NIV failure, intubation or hospital mortality.

Conclusions

Our results do not support the use of VBG on admission as a predictor for NIV failure, intubation and mortality during AHRF.
Clinical Implementation of Pharmacogenetic Testing in a Hospital of the Spanish National Health System: Strategy and Experience Over 3 Years
Authors: Borobia Alberto M. , Dapia Irene , Tong Hoi Y. , Arias Pedro , Muñoz Mario , Tenorio Jair , Hernández Rafael , García García Irene , Gordo Gema , Ramírez Elena , Frías Jesús , Lapunzina Pablo , Carcas Antonio J.
Published: November 2017

In 2014, we established a pharmacogenetics unit with the intention of facilitating the integration of pharmacogenetic testing into clinical practice. This unit was centered around two main ideas: i) individualization of clinical recommendations, and ii) preemptive genotyping in risk populations. Our unit is based on the design and validation of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray, which has allowed testing of 180 SNPs associated with drug response (PharmArray), and clinical consultation regarding the results. Herein, we report our experience in integrating pharmacogenetic testing into our hospital and we present the results of the 2,539 pharmacogenetic consultation requests received over the past 3 years in our unit. The results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing pharmacogenetic testing in clinical practice within a national health system.
Finnish cytotechnologists' views on the competencies of newly graduated biomedical scientists in clinical cytology
Authors: Liikanen E.
Published: November 2017

Objective

This study asked 40 cytotechnologists for their views on the competencies of newly graduated biomedical scientists in clinical cytology during the national conference of the Finnish Association of Cytotechnologists in November 2015.

Methods

The questionnaire mainly consisted of statements that were scored on a five‐point Likert‐scale, where 1 was not important and 5 was very important. It covered five sections of clinical cytology: sampling and techniques, gynaecological screening, non‐gynaecological screening, safety and quality management, and miscellaneous.

Results

Of the 40 delegates approached to complete the questionnaire, 37 (92.5%) agreed. Respondents felt that important sampling and technique competencies were specimen fixation, with a mean score of 4.9 out of 5.0, types of specimens (4.7), Papanicolaou smear collection (4.7), Papanicolaou smear request information (4.7) and evaluation of specimen sufficiency (4.6). Less important competencies were examining FNAs (2.0) and nasopharyngeal specimens (2.2). The respondents had many expectations about how education in cytology could be developed, for example more theoretical lessons, more practice in microscope use, and consistent criteria for training and cooperation between cytology laboratories and universities of applied sciences.

Conclusions

The cytotechnologists who took part in our survey expected newly graduated biomedical scientists to have basic competencies in cytology. These were sampling and techniques, laboratory safety and quality management, specimen adequacy and identifying normal cells taken during gynaecological screening. They were also keen to develop education in cytology.
Mere social knowledge impacts children's consumption and categorization of foods
Authors: DeJesus Jasmine M. , Shutts Kristin , Kinzler Katherine D.
Published: November 2017

How does social information affect the perception of taste early in life? Does mere knowledge of other people's food preferences impact children's own experience when eating? In Experiment 1, 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children consumed more of a food described as popular with other children than a food that was described as unpopular with other children, even though the two foods were identical. In Experiment 2, children ate more of a food described as popular with children than a food described as popular with adults. Experiment 3 tested whether different perceptual experiences of otherwise identical foods contributed to the mechanisms underlying children's consumption. After sampling both endpoints of a sweet‐to‐sour range (applesauce with 0 mL or 5mL of lemon juice added), children were asked to taste and categorize applesauce samples with varying amounts of lemon juice added. When classifying ambiguous samples that were near the midpoint of the range (2 mL and 3 mL), children were more likely to categorize popular foods as sweet as compared to unpopular foods. Together, these findings provide evidence that social information plays a powerful role in guiding children's consumption and perception of foods. Broader links to the sociality of food selection are discussed.
Stroke patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: need for detection and aggressive treatment
Authors: Milionis H.
Published: November 2017

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this volume.
A path to understanding autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy
Authors: Zekeridou A. , McKeon A. , Flanagan E. P.
Published: November 2017

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this volume.
The Parkinson's Disease Composite Scale: results of the first validation study
Authors: Stocchi F. , Radicati F. G. , Chaudhuri K. R. , Johansson A. , Padmakumar C. , Falup‐Pecurariu C. , Martinez‐Martin P.
Published: November 2017

Background and purpose

The aim was to validate the Parkinson's Disease Composite Scale (PDCS).

Methods

The study included 194 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients in five countries. Investigators completed the following scales: PDCS, the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS), Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale Version 2, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Scale for Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Parkinson's Disease and the Clinical Impression of Severity Index for PD (CISI‐PD). For test−retest analysis, a second administration of the PDCS was carried out in 61 stable patients (as per the CISI‐PD) in 7–14 days after the first evaluation. The PDCS is a novel scale for PD with a total of 17 items divided into four domains: motor, non‐motor, treatment complications and disability.

Results

Parkinson's Disease Composite Scale mean and median values were close. Skewness values were into the criterion limits (−1 to +1). The complete range of scores was covered for 14 of the 17 items (83.4%). A floor effect of 25.26% and 28.25% was observed in the complications and disability level dimensions due to the proportion of patients free of these difficulties. No relevant floor or ceiling effect was observed for the PDCS total score (1.03% and 0.52%, respectively). The stability of the scale appeared excellent with most items meeting weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient values >0.80. The convergent validity of the PDCS with corresponding scores of the MDS‐UPDRS showed high correlation values (rS ≥ 0.60). The internal validity was into acceptable limits, with the majority of values higher than the minimal 0.30 threshold. The standard error of measurement suggested a satisfactory precision (SEM 3.81, <30% of the PDCS total score standard deviation).

Conclusion

The PDCS appears to be a feasible, acceptable, reproducible and valid scale.
Call of the wild rice: Oryza rufipogon shapes weedy rice evolution in Southeast Asia
Authors: Vigueira Cynthia C. , Qi Xinshuai , Song Beng‐Kah , Li Lin‐Feng , Caicedo Ana L. , Jia Yulin , Olsen Kenneth M.
Published: November 2017

Agricultural weeds serve as productive models for studying the genetic basis of rapid adaptation, with weed‐adaptive traits potentially evolving multiple times independently in geographically distinct but environmentally similar agroecosystems. Weedy relatives of domesticated crops can be especially interesting systems because of the potential for weed‐adaptive alleles to originate through multiple mechanisms, including introgression from cultivated and/or wild relatives, standing genetic variation, and de novo mutations. Weedy rice populations have evolved multiple times through dedomestication from cultivated rice. Much of the genomic work to date in weedy rice has focused on populations that exist outside the range of the wild crop progenitor. In this study, we use genome‐wide SNPs generated through genotyping‐by‐sequencing to compare the evolution of weedy rice in regions outside the range of wild rice (North America, South Korea) and populations in Southeast Asia, where wild rice populations are present. We find evidence for adaptive introgression of wild rice alleles into weedy rice populations in Southeast Asia, with the relative contributions of wild and cultivated rice alleles varying across the genome. In addition, gene regions underlying several weed‐adaptive traits are dominated by genomic contributions from wild rice. Genome‐wide nucleotide diversity is also much higher in Southeast Asian weeds than in North American and South Korean weeds. Besides reflecting introgression from wild rice, this difference in diversity likely reflects genetic contributions from diverse cultivated landraces that may have served as the progenitors of these weedy populations. These important differences in weedy rice evolution in regions with and without wild rice could inform region‐specific management strategies for weed control.
Evolutionary ecology of Chagas disease; what do we know and what do we need?
Authors: Flores‐Ferrer Alheli , Marcou Olivier , Waleckx Etienne , Dumonteil Eric , Gourbière Sébastien
Published: November 2017

The aetiological agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a key human pathogen afflicting most populations of Latin America. This vectorborne parasite is transmitted by haematophageous triatomines, whose control by large‐scale insecticide spraying has been the main strategy to limit the impact of the disease for over 25 years. While those international initiatives have been successful in highly endemic areas, this systematic approach is now challenged by the emergence of insecticide resistance and by its low efficacy in controlling species that are only partially adapted to human habitat. In this contribution, we review evidences that Chagas disease control shall now be entering a second stage that will rely on a better understanding of triatomines adaptive potential, which requires promoting microevolutionary studies and –omic approaches. Concomitantly, we show that our knowledge of the determinants of the evolution of T. cruzi high diversity and low virulence remains too limiting to design evolution‐proof strategies, while such attributes may be part of the future of Chagas disease control after the 2020 WHO's target of regional elimination of intradomiciliary transmission has been reached. We should then aim at developing a theory of T. cruzi virulence evolution that we anticipate to provide an interesting enrichment of the general theory according to the specificities of transmission of this very generalist stercorarian trypanosome. We stress that many ecological data required to better understand selective pressures acting on vector and parasite populations are already available as they have been meticulously accumulated in the last century of field research. Although more specific information will surely be needed, an effective research strategy would be to integrate data into the conceptual and theoretical framework of evolutionary ecology and life‐history evolution that provide the quantitative backgrounds necessary to understand and possibly anticipate adaptive responses to public health interventions.
Validity and reliability of a Portuguese version of the Summated Xerostomia Inventory‐5
Authors: Amaral João Pedro de Almeida Rato , Marques Duarte Nuno da Silva , Thomson William Murray , Vinagre Alexandra Rosa Rodrigues , da Mata António Duarte Sola Pereira
Published: November 2017

Objectives

The aim of this study was to validate and determine the reliability of the Portuguese version of the Summated Xerostomia Inventory.

Background

Many conditions such as head and neck radiation, autoimmune diseases or polypharmacy are characterised by hyposalivation which can affect oral and systemic quality of life. As such, this condition must be assessed, and the English version of the Xerostomia Inventory has been increasingly used to determine the severity of dry mouth perception.

Materials and methods

This was a descriptive cross‐sectional study, which employed volunteers suffering from hyposalivation after local ethical committee clearance. Each patient signed an informed consent and responded to the Portuguese version of the questionnaire in the form of an interview. This was repeated again after 2 weeks.

A standard single question provided a validity check. Data were analysed using Cronbach's α to test its reliability and total and interitem correlation, and intraclass correlation to determine its internal consistency and test‐retest reliability. Significance was set at .05.

Results

A sample of 103 volunteers was recruited. Cronbach's α was .84 and .87 for the first and second test administrations, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient value for the test‐retest reliability was .93, and scores for the individual items ranged from .79 to .90. The correlation between the total score of the questionnaire and standard single dry mouth question was .66, indicating a very good correlation.

Conclusion

Demonstrating excellent psychometric properties, the Summated Xerostomia Inventory (Portuguese Version) is a valid tool for quantifying Xerostomia in a dry mouth‐afflicted population.
Harvest regimen changes sericea lespedeza condensed tannin, fiber and protein concentrations
Authors: Muir James P. , Terrill Thomas H. , Mosjidis Jorge A. , Luginbuhl Jean‐Marie , Miller James E. , Burke Joan M. , Coleman Samuel W.
Published: November 2017

Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata [Dumont de Courset] G. Don.; SL) is a perennial, warm‐season legume containing condensed tannins (CT) that can play important roles in ruminant ecosystems. Our research objective was to determine season‐long average herbage CT fractions, crude protein (CP) and fiber concentrations under three harvest regimens for SL cv. AU Grazer at five locations within the southeastern USA during 2010. Harvest regimens were regrowth every 35 days (35‐day), previously uncut plots every 35 days (ACCUM), or regrowth when height reached 40 cm (40 cm). We found harvest regimen by location interactions (P ≤ 0.05) for all dependent variables. The ACCUM plants usually had greater (P ≤ 0.05) fiber concentrations where there were differences, except for the Louisiana location. The lowest (114 g kg−1; P ≤ 0.05) CP concentrations were measured in ACCUM plants at the driest location (Texas) while the highest (181 g kg−1 for North Carolina plants) came from the 35‐day regimen. Total CT (TCT) concentration varied (P ≤ 0.05) from a low of 61.1 g kg−1 for ACCUM plants in Louisiana to 100.7 g kg−1 for Texas plants harvested from 35‐day plots. In summary, harvest regimen influenced SL nutrient and CT concentrations. Fiber concentration was better correlated (−0.621 for acid detergent fiber; P ≤ 0.05) with TCT than CP (−0.014; P = 0.82). Sericea lespedeza regrowth harvested every 35 days had higher season‐long average TCT concentrations in two of five locations along with greater CP and less fiber concentrations in four of five locations compared to the ACCUM regimen.
Impact of root C and N reserves on shoot regrowth of defoliated alfalfa cultivars differing in fall dormancy
Authors: Lu Xiaoyan , Ji Shuren , Hou Chen , Qu Hui , Li Ping , Shen Yixin
Published: November 2017

Key determinants of regrowth rate following harvest in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) are the levels of root carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) reserves. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of alfalfa cultivars differing in fall dormancy on regrowth potential in relation to the quantitative changes in root C and N reserves at the onset of regrowth. Five contrasting alfalfa cultivars were grown in the field and were harvested three times. Shoot regrowth dry weight increased significantly with decreasing fall dormancy. Alfalfa cultivars with less dormancy tended to have higher concentrations of root C and N reserves, whereas significantly greater pools of root C and N reserves were found in roots at each harvest time because of greater root dry weight. Shoot regrowth was positively correlated to the pools of root soluble sugar, starch and total non‐structural carbohydrates, but not correlated to their concentrations at each harvest time. Shoot regrowth was also linearly related to the pools of root total N and soluble proteins, but not consistently related to their concentrations. Our results suggest that the total amount of C and N organic reserves in alfalfa roots rather than their concentrations are determining factors of shoot regrowth.
Developing and testing a method to measure academic societal impact
Authors: Phillips Paul , Moutinho Luiz , Godinho Pedro
Published: November 2017

This paper aims to extend understanding of the business and societal impact of academic research. From a business school perspective, it has taken stock of the role of academic research and relevance in business and society. The proposed conceptual framework highlights the forces influencing the pursuit of academic rigour and relevance in scholarly outputs. A theoretical model for measuring the societal impact of academic journal articles—the Academic Rigour and Relevance Index (AR2I)—was developed. This index comprises six key parameters, which are assessed by three stakeholder groups connected with academic research into business issues, these groups being: business practitioners, society and academics. The behaviour of the AR2I model was evaluated using the Monte Carlo simulation model. Taking into account the relationships between the standard deviations and the differences of classification between articles with different levels of rigour and relevance, it is demonstrated that the AR2I model is an effective tool.
Effect of rice bran fibre on the quality of rice pasta
Authors: Wang Li , Duan Wei , Zhou Sumei , Qian Haifeng , Zhang Hui , Qi Xiguang
Published: November 2017

This study investigated the effects of rice bran fibre (RBF) on the properties of rice pasta by extrusion processing. As the level of RBF increased, the content of total dietary fibre (TDF), insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) and soluble dietary fibre (SDF) increased, respectively. The difference in the content of ΔIDF between before and after extrusion decreased from 1.01% to 0.69% and that of ΔSDF decreased from 1.06% to 0.55%. Depending on the increasing level of RBF, the water absorption index decreased and water solubility index increased, respectively. The crystallinity of newly formed crystals decreased from 21.43% to 18.66% as the level of RBF increased. Adding RBF darkened the colour of rice pasta and reduced its hardness and chewiness. The cooking loss (CL) increased significantly compared with the control (0% RBF). The results indicate that rice pasta with extra RBF (up to 15%) can provide an acceptable quality product with a satisfactory colour and CL.
Comparison of chemical profile and antioxidant properties of the brown algae
Authors: Dang Thanh T. , Bowyer Michael C. , Van Altena Ian A. , Scarlett Christopher J.
Published: November 2017

Six brown algae, Sargassum vestitum, Sargassum linearifolium, Phyllospora comosa, Padina sp., Hormosira banksii and Sargassum podocanthum, were investigated for the chemical profile and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the extracts H. banksii, S. vestitum and Padina sp. indicated the significantly higher total phenolic compound (TPC) and antioxidant activities (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP) compared to the other species (P < 0.05) and comparable to positive controls: butylated hydroxytoluene, ascorbic acid and alpha‐tocopherol at the concentrations (0.06–1 mg mL−1). Fucoxanthin was also found in six species and isolated for evaluating antioxidant activity. In addition, the phenolic compounds were mainly responsible for antioxidant activity of the extracts, while fucoxanthin showed quite high antioxidant activity. It is suggested that S. vestitum, H. banksii and Padina sp. have the potent for extracting bioactive components and further applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Microfluidic evaluation of some edible oil quality based on viscosity and interfacial tensions
Authors: Deng Ning , Cao Ning , Li Piaopiao , Peng Yu , Li Xiaomao , Liu Liang , Pu Huayan , Xie Shaorong , Luo Jun , Wu Zhizheng , Liu Mei
Published: November 2017

Microfluidic devices were applied to investigate the adulteration of high‐quality olive oil and degradation of edible oil over frying. When the inner water flows through the sheath oil flow inside the microfluidic device at specific rates, the inner water flow will be cut into dispersed droplets by the sheath flow. Lengths of the droplets will be dependent on the viscosity and interfacial tension of the sheath oil. As olive oil is adulterated with other oil, its interfacial tension will generally keep constant while its viscosity decreases. As edible oil is used for frying, its interfacial tension will decrease while viscosity increases. As a result, the droplets’ length generated in adulterated olive oil and frying oil will be dependent on their adulteration ratio and frying grade. Experiments proved that the tiny, low‐cost microfluidic device could be preliminarily implemented to quantitatively evaluate specific oil quality.
On the conditional conservatism measure: A robust estimation approach
Authors: Kim Seil , Ohlson James A.
Published: November 2017

Recent research, due to Patatoukas and Thomas (2011) and Ball, Kothari, and Nikolaev (2013), focuses on Basu's (1997) conditional conservatism measure and the existence of a denominator effect – whether the difference between the earnings‐return coefficients of bad and good news firms (‘the Basu coefficient’) is only due to the beginning‐of‐year price deflator. We address this issue head‐on by applying the Theil‐Sen (TS) estimation method, which obtains the same coefficient estimate regardless of the chosen deflator and is robust to outliers. Results show the following: (i) the Basu coefficient remains positive using TS; (ii) the Basu coefficients using TS are similar to those using OLS without scaling but much smaller than shown by scaled OLS; (iii) the scaled OLS estimates appear to be influenced by a few outliers; and (iv) OLS estimates are more volatile due to estimation error. In sum, the denominator effect does not overturn Basu's hypothesis but the magnitude and variation of the Basu coefficient is much smaller than traditional results show.
Subspecies dynamics in space and time: A study of the red deer complex using ancient and modern DNA and morphology
Authors: Meiri Meirav , Kosintsev Pavel , Conroy Keziah , Meiri Shai , Barnes Ian , Lister Adrian
Published: November 2017

Aim

The status of geographical units within species and species complexes is debated for many taxa, with many molecular studies failing to detect phenotypically defined subspecies. The history and longevity of geographical patterns are also generally very poorly understood. We examine Holarctic red deer (Cervus elaphus and related forms), incorporating ancient DNA to ask whether the present phylogeography has persisted through climatic perturbations or is a relatively recent phenomenon.

Location

Holarctic (Europe, northern Asia and North America).

Methods

We obtained 21 modern and 30 Holocene and Late Pleistocene samples, which together with published data resulted in 180 individuals spanning 21 nominal extant and one extinct subspecies. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out on 748‐bp of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b and control region). Where possible, the morphology of DNA‐yielding ancient samples was examined to assess subspecies identity.

Results

Major clades within the red deer complex are upheld, but subspecies within them receive varying support. The ancient phylogeographical structure conforms in significant part to the modern situation, but some haplogroups no longer survive. Moreover, there have been substantial shifts in geographical ranges through time. Wapitoids spread as far west as Romania in the last glaciation, and elaphoids reached eastward to the Ural Mountains. A possible contact zone between the two lineages stretched from the Urals through the Crimea to Eastern Europe.

Main conclusions

Ancient DNA and morphology are strongly complementary in elucidating population history. Through the past 50 kyr, the major lineages of red deer, and some of the subspecies groups within them, have maintained their genetic and morphological integrity and their core geographical distributions, despite range expansions and contractions and likely contact between the haplogroups (with potential for hybridization).
Relationship between kidney findings and systemic vascular damage in elderly hypertensive patients without overt cardiovascular disease
Authors: Geraci Giulio , Mulè Giuseppe , Paladino Gabriella , Zammuto Marta Maria , Castiglia Antonella , Scaduto Emilia , Zotta Federica , Geraci Calogero , Granata Antonio , Mansueto Pasquale , Cottone Santina
Published: November 2017

Few studies have investigated the influence of age on the relationships between systemic vascular damage, kidney dysfunction, and intrarenal hemodynamic changes in patients with hypertension without overt cardiovascular disease. The authors enrolled 126 elderly patients with hypertension (aged ≥65 years) and 350 nonelderly patients with hypertension (aged <65 years). Carotid intima‐media thickness, renal resistive index, and aortic pulse wave velocity were performed in all patients. Elderly patients with hypertension had lower estimated glomerular filtration rates and higher albuminuria, renal resistive index, carotid intima‐media thickness, and aortic pulse wave velocity compared with nonelderly patients with hypertension (P < .001). Carotid intima‐media thickness independently correlated with renal resistive index and estimated glomerular filtration rate in nonelderly patients with hypertension, whereas it was significantly related to renal resistive index only in elderly patients with hypertension. Aortic pulse wave velocity was independently associated with albuminuria in nonelderly patients with hypertension, whereas it did not independently correlate with any indexes of renal damage in elderly patients with hypertension. Age is an important modifier of the relationships between renal function and renal hemodynamics with subclinical vascular involvement in elderly persons without cardiovascular disease.
Lip repositioning for the treatment of excess gingival display: A systematic review
Authors: Tawfik Omnia K , El‐Nahass Hani E. , Shipman Peter , Looney Stephen W. , Cutler Christopher W. , Brunner Mark
Published: November 2017

Background

Lip repositioning is a conservative surgical technique used to treat excess gingival display. An array of modifications has been introduced to the technique over time and as studies show the technique and its modifications to be successful, there is little standardized information for clinicians to make informed decisions when choosing this technique for the treatment of patients with excessive gingival display (EGD).

Objectives

To review the current literature on the topic of lip repositioning for the treatment of excessive EGD, exploring outcome, and result longevity.

Methods

A structured systematic search was carried out using the Ovid database and Web of Science to identify published studies on lip repositioning technique. Search was restricted to studies in the English language, describing a surgical intervention. Case reports were included as the number of published studies was limited.

Results

The electronic search identified 93 articles, hand search identified 1 article, and reference search identified 1 article. After excluding duplicates and screening articles, a total of 22 articles met the inclusion criteria. An estimated mean improvement of 3.4 mm (95% confidence interval, 3.0‐3.8 mm) was found possible with lip repositioning. Data analysis was performed using only 4 studies, amounting to a total of 33 patients. Potential risk of bias was identified in some of the studies included.

Conclusions

Despite the limited available studies on lip repositioning, an estimated mean improvement of 3.4 mm was found to be possible with surgical lip repositioning, suggesting that the technique could be used successfully to treat EGD. However, more studies are necessary to properly evaluate the treatment approach and stability of the technique.

Clinical significance

Recently, the demand for esthetics has significantly increased, driven by increased patient awareness and the search for an ideal smile. Creating the perfect smile is an intricate process that requires a multidisciplinary approach, with careful consideration of the lips and the gingival outline. Excess gingival display results in an unaesthetic smile, lip repositioning offers a comparatively simple solution for this problem. While the quality literature on this topic is limited statistical analysis of collected studies show that an estimated mean improvement of 3.4 mm can be achieved with surgical lip repositioning.