bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From a dimer to a monomer: Construction of a chimeric monomeric isocitrate dehydrogenase
Authors: Tian Changqing , Wen Bin , Bian Mingjie , Jin Mingming , Wang Peng , Xu Lei , Zhu Guoping
Published: October 2021

Many isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) are dimeric enzymes whose catalytic sites are located at the intersubunit interface, whereas monomeric IDHs form catalytic sites with single polypeptide chains. It was proposed that monomeric IDHs were evolved from dimeric ones by partial gene duplication and fusion, but the evolutionary process had not been reproduced in laboratory. To construct a chimeric monomeric IDH from homo‐dimeric one, it is necessary to reconstitute an active center by a duplicated region; to properly link the duplicated region to the rest part; and to optimize the newly formed protein surface. In this study, a chimeric monomeric IDH was successfully constructed by using homo‐dimeric Escherichia coli IDH as a start point by rational design and site‐saturation mutagenesis. The ~67 kDa chimeric enzyme behaved as a monomer in solution, with a Km of 61 μM and a kcat of 15 s−1 for isocitrate in the presence of NADP+ and Mn2+. Our result demonstrated that dimeric IDHs have a potential to evolve monomeric ones. The evolution of the IDH family was also discussed.
Migration policies on migrant–native marriage: A multilevel analysis of 43 Chinese cities
Authors: Tian Felicia F. , Qian Yue
Published: October 2021

China's household registration (hukou) system creates internal migration patterns similar to international patterns. Variations in the stringency of city policies for acquiring local hukou provide a unique opportunity to examine how migration policies affect migrant–native marriage. In this study, we merge a city‐level index that measures the overall difficulty of obtaining local hukou in 43 Chinese cities with China's 2005 mini‐census. Results from multilevel logistic regression models reveal that migration policies have heterogeneous effects on intermarriage. For migrant men, as it becomes more difficult to acquire local hukou, it becomes less likely that a less educated migrant man will marry and more likely that a better educated migrant man will marry a local hukou holder. For migrant women, their likelihood of intermarriage does not vary much with the stringency of hukou policies. These findings suggest that migration policies reinforce inequality between migrants and natives and within the migrant population.
Evaluation of the estimation and classification performance of NONMEM when applying mixture model for drug clearance
Authors: Hui Ka Ho , Lam Tai Ning
Published: October 2021

Maximum likelihood estimation of parameters involving mixture model is known to have significant and specific patterns of errors. Population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modeling using NONMEM is no exception. A few relevant studies on estimation and classification performance were done, but a comprehensive study was not yet available. The current study aims to evaluate performance and likelihood ratio test (LRT)‐based true covariate detection rate when fitting a bimodal mixture of drug clearance (CL) in NONMEM. A large number of PopPK datasets with various settings were simulated and then estimated. The estimates were compared to the simulated values and summarized. The separation between theCLdistributions of the two subpopulations is systematically overestimated. The major factor associated with the performance is the change in the minimum objective function value after removing the mixture component (dOFV). Other significant factors include estimated disparity index (DI), estimated mixing proportion, and number of subjects in the dataset. SmalldOFVand large estimatedDIare associated with the worst performance. Omitting a true mixture resulted in reduced true covariate detection rates. It is recommended that on top of routinely generated standard errors and model diagnostics,dOFV, and other factors when necessary, should be taken into account for the evaluation of performance when fitting mixture model using NONMEM. In addition, when fitting mixture model forCLis intended, the mixture component should be introduced prior to LRT‐based covariate model development forCL.
A nonlocal three‐dimensional turbulence parameterization (NLT3D) for numerical weather prediction models
Authors: Kuell V. , Bott A.
Published: October 2021

With increasing resolution of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, classical subgrid‐scale processes become increasingly resolved on the model grid. In particular, turbulence in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is vertically already partially resolved in contemporary models. For classical local PBL schemes, resulting up‐gradient heat transports cannot be treated correctly. Thus, nonlocal turbulence schemes have been developed in the past. As the horizontal grid sizes of NWP models become smaller than a few kilometers, the large turbulence eddies in the PBL will also start to become partially resolved in the horizontal direction. A very flexible way to formulate nonlocal turbulent exchange is the transilient matrix method, which is used here to develop a new turbulence parameterization. The resulting NLT scheme applies transilient mixing matrices to subgrid‐scale transports in all three dimensions. We compare results of WRF real‐case simulations including our scheme, a classical local turbulence scheme (MYNN), and an existing nonlocal one‐dimensional scheme (ACM2) with observations from field campaigns over homogeneous terrain (CASES‐99) and complex terrain (CAPTEX). Over homogeneous terrain, all three schemes similarly well capture the observed surface fluxes and radiosonde profiles, whereas over complex terrain more differences become obvious. During a tracer release experiment (CAPTEX) over the Appalachian mountain region, the mixing and vertical extent of the PBL turn out to be decisive to reproduce the observed advection speed of the tracer‐marked air mass. Deeper mixing not only accelerates surface winds but also enables tracer to travel faster at higher altitudes and then mix back to the ground. As results from a version of NLT with only standard horizontal Smagorinsky diffusion (NLT) demonstrate, simulating three‐dimensional turbulence can be beneficial already at horizontal grid sizes of a few kilometers.
Liposomal Encapsulation of Phenolic Compounds for Augmentation of Bio‐Efficacy: A Review
Authors: Sengupta Priti , Bose Adity , Sen Kamalika
Published: October 2021

Naturally occurring phenolic compounds (PCs) exhibit potential biological efficiencies and have potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Poor water solubility along with some other factors limits the usage of PCs in different industrial sectors. The bio‐efficacy of PCs is also affected due to their low water solubilities. Suitable encapsulating systems are thus required to maximize the water solubility and hence enhance the efficacies of bioactive PCs. Liposomal encapsulation is a good option as reflected in numerous research works. In this review, we have discussed different conventional methods and modified methods utilized to prepare PC‐loaded liposomes and the ensuing effect of encapsulation on the stability and bio‐efficacies of PCs. The encapsulation efficiencies of different methods have also been discussed. A comparative assessment of different methods applied for liposomal encapsulation of PCs and their effectiveness in enhancing bio‐efficacy is the key feature of this review.
Antibacterial Activity of Cyclodextrin‐Azo Dye Inclusion Complex Encapsulated Electrospun Polycaprolactone Nanofibers
Authors: Demirci Serkan , Celebioglu Asli , Kinali‐Demirci Selin , Idil Onder , Uyar Tamer
Published: October 2021

Polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers incorporating azo dye/γ‐cyclodextrin inclusion complex (Azo/γ‐CD‐IC) were successfully produced. The characteristics of the Azo/γ‐CD‐IC and PCL/Azo/γ‐CD‐IC nanofibers were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Based on the SEM analysis the prepared nanofiber has a smooth surface with a size diameter below 500 nm. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of Azo was further improved after being embedded into Azo/γ‐CD‐IC and the PCL/Azo/γ‐CD‐IC nanofibers. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) was used to calculate the molar ratio of Azo/γ‐CD. The antibacterial activity of the PCL/Azo/γ‐CD‐IC and PCL/Azo nanofibers was investigated using colony counting method and bacterial strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used. The results indicated that PCL/Azo/γ‐CD‐IC nanofibers have enhanced antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared to PCL/Azo owing to inclusion complexation. Therefore, these PCL/Azo/γ‐CD‐IC nanofibers might have potential applications in the biomedical field.
Synthesis of Fused Quinoline Derivatives from Easily Accessible N‐(2‐aminobenzylidene)‐4‐methylanilines under Catalyst‐Free Conditions in Water
Authors: Vivekanand Thavaraj , Kumar Atul , Menéndez J. Carlos , Kumar Raju Suresh , Almansour Abdulrahman I. , Arumugam Natarajan , Sridharan Vellaisamy
Published: October 2021

A series of 4‐unsubstituted fused quinoline derivatives, including the biologically significant 5‐deazaflavin analogs and 6H‐chromeno[4,3‐b]quinolin‐6‐ones, were synthesized from easily accessible N‐(2‐aminobenzylidene)‐4‐methylanilines and heterocyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds. The reaction was carried out in water in the absence of any catalyst to access the products in high yields. The complications associated with the stability of 2‐aminoarylaldehydes were resolved by using the stable equivalent N‐(2‐aminobenzylidene)‐4‐methylanilines.
Systematic Control of Negative Transconductance in Organic Heterojunction Transistor for High‐Performance, Low‐Power Flexible Ternary Logic Circuits
Authors: Lee Chungryeol , Choi Junhwan , Park Hongkeun , Lee Changhyeon , Kim Chang‐Hyun , Yoo Hocheon , Im Sung Gap
Published: October 2021

Organic multi‐valued logic (MVL) circuits can substantially improve the data processing efficiency in highly advanced wearable electronics. Organic ternary logic circuits can be implemented by utilizing the negative transconductance (NTC) of heterojunction transistors (H‐TRs). To achieve high‐performance organic ternary logic circuits, the range of NTC in H‐TRs must be optimized in advance to ensure the well‐defined intermediate logic state in ternary logic inverters (T‐inverters). Herein, a simple and efficient strategy, which enables the systematic control of the range and position of NTC in H‐TRs is presented. Each thickness of p‐/n‐type semiconductor in H‐TRs is adjusted to control the channel conductivity. Furthermore, asymmetric source/drain (S/D) electrode structure is newly developed for H‐TRs, which can adjust the amount of hole and electron injection, independently. Based on the semiconductor thickness variation and asymmetric S/D electrodes, the T‐inverter exhibits full‐swing operation with three distinguishable logic states, resulting in unprecedentedly high static noise margin (≈48% of the ideal value). Moreover, a flexible T‐inverter with an ultrathin polymer dielectric is demonstrated, whose operating voltage is less than 8 V. The proposed strategy is fully compatible with the conventional integrated circuit design, which is highly desirable for broad applicability and scalability for various types of T‐inverter production.
Engineering Ultrafine NiFe‐LDH into Self‐Supporting Nanosheets: Separation‐and‐Reunion Strategy to Expose Additional Edge Sites for Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Zhihao , Wang Chunli , Ma Xuelu , Liu Feng , Xiao Hai , Zhang Jing , Lin Zhang , Hao Zhengping
Published: October 2021

Here, a strategy is reported to prepare Ni‐Fe layered double hydroxide (NiFe‐LDH) with abundant exposed edge planes for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The edge‐to‐edge assembly of ultrafine NiFe‐LDH directed by graphite‐like carbon is performed through a one‐step hydrothermal process to form self‐supporting nanosheet arrays (named NiFe‐LDH/C), in which ascorbic acid is employed as the carbon precursor to control both the platelet size and the assembly mode of NiFe‐LDH. Benefiting from the unique structural engineering, NiFe‐LDH/C can not only achieve a fast surface reconstruction into the highly active γ‐phase structure, but also exposes abundant active edge sites, thus leading to a superior OER performance with the overpotential as low as 234 mV at a current density of 50 mA cm−2. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the unsaturated Fe‐sites and the bridge‐sites connecting Ni and Fe atoms, which only exist on the edge planes of NiFe‐LDH, are the main active centers responsible for promoting the intrinsic OER activity. This work provides a specific and valuable reference for the rational design of high‐quality electrocatalysts through structural engineering for renewable energy applications.
Electrospun Fibers Improving Cellular Respiration via Mitochondrial Protection
Authors: Chen Wei , Zheng Dandan , Chen Yanru , Ruan Huitong , Zhang Yuhui , Chen Xiuyuan , Shen Hongxing , Deng Lianfu , Cui Wenguo , Chen Hao
Published: October 2021

Cellular respiration is the prerequisite for cell survival and functions, and mitochondrial function and microcirculation oxygen supply are essential for cellular respiration. However, in diabetic fracture, cellular respiration of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) is disrupted because of the dysfunction of mitochondria and microcirculation disorders. Here, the electrospun fibers of GelMA loaded with Hif‐1 pathway activator (DFO) are constructed to improve the cellular respiration of BMSCs via protecting mitochondrial function and reconstructing microcirculation. The sequential process of electrospinning and UV crosslinking endowed the electrospun fibers with breathability and the biomechanical properties like the periosteum. In vitro biomolecular experiments showed that by crosslinking grafted polyethylene glycol acrylate liposomes loaded with DFO, the functional electrospun fibers can release DFO locally to activate Hif‐1 in BMSCs, which can regulate the balance of Bcl‐2/Bax to protect mitochondria and upregulate the expression of VEGF to reconstruct microcirculation. Animal experiments confirmed that the functional electrospun fibers can promote the recovery of diabetic fracture in vivo. These suggested that the functional electrospun fibers can improve cellular respiration for cell survival and functions of BMSCs. This study provides a new treatment strategy for diabetic fracture and other tissue regeneration on basis of cellular respiration improvement.
Einleitung
Authors: Straub Sarah , Baumgardt Iris , Lange Dirk
Published: October 2021

Die vielfältigen Anforderungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt machen es notwendig, dass sich Schüler*innen ein differenziertes Bild vom Arbeitsmarkt verschaffen und ihre eigenen Möglichkeiten kennen, sich zukünftig in die Arbeitswelt zu integrieren bzw. diese aktiv mitzugestalten. Der Anspruch der Mündigkeitsbildung, sowohl an Berufsorientierung als auch an politische Bildung, bildet den Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Studie. Diese befasst sich eingehend mit den Bildungs- und Berufsvorstellungen von Jugendlichen am Ende der Sekundarstufe I, denn die Entscheidung für die weitere Bildungs- oder Berufslaufbahn in dieser Phase ist ein wegweisender Einschnitt im Leben der Jugendlichen. Berufsorientierung und politische Bildung sollen Jugendlichen Werkzeuge an die Hand geben, um die Arbeitswelt, die sie erwartet, zu verstehen und diese aktiv mitgestalten zu können. Dieser Anspruch der Mündigkeitsbildung, sowohl an Berufsorientierung als auch an politische Bildung, stellt die Ausgangsposition für die Vorstellungsforschung subjektiver Sinnbilder über die Berufs- und Arbeitswelt von Jugendlichen in der vorliegenden Studie dar.
Forschungsstand
Authors: Straub Sarah , Baumgardt Iris , Lange Dirk
Published: October 2021

In diesem Kapitel werden unterschiedliche Berufswahltheorien vorgestellt und ausgewählte Studien zu den Vorstellungen über die Arbeitswelt von Jugendlichen aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum präsentiert. Anschließend wird die Relevanz von Übergangsfaktoren, wie soziale Herkunft, die Kategorie Geschlecht, der Migrationshintergrund und der Einfluss der Medien, diskutiert. Auf dieser Basis werden Ansätze erörtert, die einen Beitrag zur Verbesserung der beruflichen Orientierung leisten können.
Empirische Studie
Authors: Straub Sarah , Baumgardt Iris , Lange Dirk
Published: October 2021

Die empirische Studie gliedert sich in eine quantitative Fragebogenstudie und eine tiefergehende qualitative Interviewstudie. Es werden relevante Daten erhoben, um zu verstehen, welche allgemeinen Vorstellungen Jugendliche von der Arbeitswelt haben, wodurch Berufs- und Bildungsentscheidungen beeinfluss werden und wodurch die Schüler*innen Unterstützung bei der Berufswahl erfahren.
Einleitung
Authors: Hänisch Till , Reichstein Christopher , Sailer Marcel
Published: October 2021

Vor Ihnen liegt ein weiteres Buch, das aus einem Integrationsseminar an der Dualen Hochschule Baden-Württemberg in Heidenheim entstanden ist. Im Integrationsseminar werden Studierende im dritten Jahr mit einer komplexen Fragestellung des eigenen Fachbereichs konfrontiert, die so aktuell ist, dass sie noch keinen Eingang ins reguläre Curriculum gefunden hat.
Reichweite und Nomenklatur der AAL-Technologien
Authors: Beyer-Wunsch Pia
Published: October 2021

Die Begrifflichkeiten Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) oder Active Assisted Living (AAL) sowie Smart Home finden sowohl in der Forschung und Wissenschaft als auch im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch Verwendung. Es fällt dabei auf, dass mit wachsender Fülle an Einsatzfeldern und Technologien iterativ neue Begriffe zur Beschreibung der Systeme und Anwendungen generiert oder synonym verwendet werden. Beispielsweise werden „Smart Home“, „Smart Living“ oder „Connected Home“ synonym verwendet.
Schlusswort und Ausblick
Authors: Mahr Andreas , Sailer Marcel
Published: October 2021

Wir hoffen, dass unser hier vorliegender Überblick über den aktuellen Stand zum Thema Active Assisted Living (AAL) bei Ihnen mit dem ein oder anderen Vorurteil gegenüber „der Technikzentrierung“ aufgeräumt hat, Verständnis für den Nutzen und die Notwendigkeit der Entwicklungen geweckt und ganz prinzipiell Ihr Interesse am Thema geweckt oder vertieft hat.
A proof of loop equations in 2d topological gravity
Authors: Okuyama Kazumi , Sakai Kazuhiro
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We study multi-boundary correlators in 2d Witten-Kontsevich topological gravity. We present a proof of the loop equations obeyed by the correlators. While the loop equations were derived a long time ago, our proof is fully explicit in the presence of general couplings tk. We clarify all the details, in particular the treatment of the genus zero part of the one-boundary correlator. The loop equations are verified by several new examples, including the correlators of Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity in the genus expansion and the exact correlators in the Airy case. We also discuss the free boson/fermion representation of the correlators and compare it with the formulation of Marolf and Maxfield and the string field theory of Ishibashi and Kawai. We find similarities but also some differences.
Erfassung und Operationalisierung des Merkmals „Geschlecht“ in repräsentativen Bevölkerungsstichproben: Herausforderungen und Implikationen am Beispiel der GeSiD-Studie
Authors: Muschalik Carolin , Otten Mirja , Breuer Johannes , von Rüden Ursula
Published: October 2021

Repräsentative quantitative Surveys erheben das Geschlecht der Teilnehmenden, um geschlechtsspezifische Analysen im Hinblick auf die jeweiligen Fragestellungen zuzulassen und Rückschlüsse auf die Populationen zu ziehen. Dies ist wichtig, um zielgruppenspezifische Informationen und Angebote zu entwickeln. Doch obwohl Geschlecht nicht mehr ausschließlich als ein binäres Konstrukt betrachtet wird, wird es noch oft durch eine binäre Variable mit den Antwortmöglichkeiten Frau/Mann oder weiblich/männlich erhoben. In diesem Artikel erörtern wir, warum dieses Vorgehen veraltet bzw. unvollständig und eine Abkehr von diesem Ansatz wichtig und notwendig ist. Anhand der GeSiD-Studie zu „Gesundheit und Sexualität in Deutschland“ zeigen wir in diesem Diskussionsbeitrag exemplarisch auf, wie Geschlecht anhand eines zweistufigen Modells erhoben werden kann, bei dem im ersten Schritt das bei der Geburt zugewiesene Geschlecht und im zweiten Schritt die subjektive Geschlechtszugehörigkeit abgefragt wird. Gleichzeitig erörtern wir die Herausforderungen, die dieser Ansatz mit sich bringt. Die Erfahrungen aus der GeSiD-Studie setzen wir in einen größeren Kontext und diskutieren die Implikationen und Möglichkeiten zur Operationalisierung von Geschlecht in repräsentativen Befragungen.
Speech apraxia and oral apraxia: association or dissociation? A multivariate lesion–symptom mapping study in acute stroke patients
Authors: Conterno Martina , Kümmerer Dorothee , Dressing Andrea , Glauche Volkmar , Urbach Horst , Weiller Cornelius , Rijntjes Michel
Published: October 2021

The anatomical relationship between speech apraxia (SA) and oral apraxia (OA) is still unclear. To shed light on this matter we studied 137 patients with acute ischaemic left-hemisphere stroke and performed support vector regression-based, multivariate lesion–symptom mapping. Thirty-three patients presented with either SA or OA. These two symptoms mostly co-occurred (n = 28), except for few patients with isolated SA (n = 2) or OA (n = 3). All patient with either SA or OA presented with aphasia (p < 0.001) and these symptoms were highly associated with apraxia (p < 0.001). Co-occurring SA and OA were predominantly associated with insular lesions, while the insula was completely spared in the five patients with isolated SA or OA. Isolated SA occurred in case of frontal lesions (prefrontal gyrus and superior longitudinal fasciculus), while isolated OA occurred in case of either temporoparietal or striatocapsular lesions. Our study supports the notion of a predominant, but not exclusive, role of the insula in verbal and non-verbal oral praxis, and indicates that frontal regions may contribute exclusively to verbal oral praxis, while temporoparietal and striatocapsular regions contribute to non-verbal oral praxis. However, since tests for SA and OA so far intrinsically also investigate aphasia and apraxia, refined tests are warranted.
Surveillance of Fontan-associated liver disease: current standards and a proposal from the European Society of Paediatric Radiology Abdominal Task Force
Authors: Perucca Giulia , de Lange Charlotte , Franchi-Abella Stéphanie , Napolitano Marcello , Riccabona Michael , Ključevšek Damjana , Toso Seema , Herrmann Jochen , Stafrace Samuel , Darge Kassa , Damasio Maria Beatrice , Bruno Costanza , Woźniak Magdalena Maria , Lobo Luisa , Ibe Donald , Smets Anne M. , Petit Philippe , Ording Müller Lil-Sofie
Published: October 2021

Since Francis Fontan first introduced the eponymous technique, the Fontan procedure, this type of surgical palliation has allowed thousands of children affected by specific heart malformations to reach adulthood. Nevertheless, abdominal, thoracic, lymphatic and neurologic complications are the price that is paid by these patients. Our review focuses on Fontan-associated liver disease; the purpose is to summarize the current understanding of its physiopathology, the aim of follow-up and the specific radiologic follow-up performed in Europe. Finally, we as members of the Abdominal Task Force of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology propose a consensus-based imaging follow-up algorithm.
Longitudinal preclinical evaluation of the novel radioligand [11C]CHDI-626 for PET imaging of mutant huntingtin aggregates in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Bertoglio Daniele , Verhaeghe Jeroen , Miranda Alan , Wyffels Leonie , Stroobants Sigrid , Mrzljak Ladislav , Khetarpal Vinod , Skinbjerg Mette , Liu Longbin , Dominguez Celia , Munoz-Sanjuan Ignacio , Bard Jonathan , Staelens Steven
Published: October 2021

Purpose

As several therapies aimed at lowering mutant huntingtin (mHTT) brain levels in Huntington’s disease (HD) are currently being investigated, noninvasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of mHTT could be utilized to directly evaluate therapeutic efficacy and monitor disease progression. Here we characterized and longitudinally assessed the novel radioligand [11C]CHDI-626 for mHTT PET imaging in the zQ175DN mouse model of HD.

Methods

After evaluating radiometabolites and radioligand kinetics, we conducted longitudinal dynamic PET imaging at 3, 6, 9, and 13 months of age (M) in wild-type (WT, n = 17) and heterozygous (HET, n = 23) zQ175DN mice. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate temporal and genotypic differences. Cross-sectional cohorts at each longitudinal time point were included for post-mortem [3H]CHDI-626 autoradiography.

Results

Despite fast metabolism and kinetics, the radioligand was suitable for PET imaging of mHTT. Longitudinal quantification could discriminate between genotypes already at premanifest stage (3 M), showing an age-associated increase in signal in HET mice in parallel with mHTT aggregate load progression, as supported by the post-mortem [3H]CHDI-626 autoradiography.

Conclusion

With clinical evaluation underway, [11C]CHDI-626 PET imaging appears to be a suitable preclinical candidate marker to monitor natural HD progression and for the evaluation of mHTT-lowering therapies.
Structured reporting in radiology: a systematic review to explore its potential
Authors: Nobel J. Martijn , van Geel Koos , Robben Simon G. F.
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Structured reporting (SR) in radiology reporting is suggested to be a promising tool in clinical practice. In order to implement such an emerging innovation, it is necessary to verify that radiology reporting can benefit from SR. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to explore the level of evidence of structured reporting in radiology. Additionally, this review provides an overview on the current status of SR in radiology.

Methods

A narrative systematic review was conducted, searching PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using the syntax ‘radiol*’ AND ‘structur*’ AND ‘report*’. Structured reporting was divided in SR level 1, structured layout (use of templates and checklists), and SR level 2, structured content (a drop-down menu, point-and-click or clickable decision trees). Two reviewers screened the search results and included all quantitative experimental studies that discussed SR in radiology. A thematic analysis was performed to appraise the evidence level.

Results

The search resulted in 63 relevant full text articles out of a total of 8561 articles. Thematic analysis resulted in 44 SR level 1 and 19 level 2 reports. Only one paper was scored as highest level of evidence, which concerned a double cohort study with randomized trial design.

Conclusion

The level of evidence for implementing SR in radiology is still low and outcomes should be interpreted with caution.

Key Points

• Structured reporting is increasingly being used in radiology, especially in abdominal and neuroradiological CT and MRI reports.

• SR can be subdivided into structured layout (SR level 1) and structured content (SR level 2), in which the first is defined as being a template in which the reporter has to report; the latter is an IT-based manner in which the content of the radiology report can be inserted and displayed into the report.

• Despite the extensive amount of research on the subject of structured reporting, the level of evidence is low.
Parameterized Complexity of $$(A,\ell )$$-Path Packing
Authors: Belmonte Rémy , Hanaka Tesshu , Kanzaki Masaaki , Kiyomi Masashi , Kobayashi Yasuaki , Kobayashi Yusuke , Lampis Michael , Ono Hirotaka , Otachi Yota
Published: October 2021

Given a graph $$G = (V,E)$$

G
=
(
V
,
E
)

, $$A \subseteq V$$

A
⊆
V

, and integers k and $$\ell $$
ℓ
, the $$(A,\ell )$$

(
A
,
ℓ
)

-Path Packing problem asks to find k vertex-disjoint paths of length exactly $$\ell $$
ℓ
that have endpoints in A and internal points in $$V{\setminus }A$$

V
\
A

. We study the parameterized complexity of this problem with parameters |A|, $$\ell $$
ℓ
, k, treewidth, pathwidth, and their combinations. We present sharp complexity contrasts with respect to these parameters. Among other results, we show that the problem is polynomial-time solvable when $$\ell \le 3$$

ℓ
≤
3

, while it is NP-complete for constant $$\ell \ge 4$$

ℓ
≥
4

. We also show that the problem is W[1]-hard parameterized by pathwidth$${}+|A|$$

+
|
A
|

, while it is fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by treewidth$${}+\ell $$

+
ℓ

. Additionally, we study a variant called Short A-Path Packing that asks to find k vertex-disjoint paths of length at most$$\ell $$
ℓ
. We show that all our positive results on the exact-length version can be translated to this version and show the hardness of the cases where |A| or $$\ell $$
ℓ
is a constant.
Cranium of an Eocene/Oligocene pheasant-sized galliform bird from western North America, with the description of a vascular autapomorphy of the Galliformes
Authors: Mayr Gerald , Goedert James L. , Rabenstein Renate
Published: October 2021

We describe the fossil cranium of a pheasant-sized galliform land bird from latest Eocene or earliest Oligocene marine rocks of the Jansen Creek Member, Makah Formation (Washington State, USA), which is the only three-dimensionally preserved cranium of a Paleogene representative of the Galliformes. The specimen was freed from a hard calcareous nodule with dilute formic acid. Micro-computed tomography provided further osteological details and a virtual cranial endocast. The fossil exhibits a plesiomorphic temporal morphology, lacking an ossified aponeurosis zygomatica, a feature characterizing some extant Cracidae and most Odontophoridae and Phasianidae. Overall, the fossil is most similar to the skull of the Asian phasianid taxonArborophila, but this resemblance may well be plesiomorphic for a more inclusive clade. Still, we consider it possible that the fossil represents an archaic member of the Phasianoidea, in which case it would be the earliest record of this taxon from the New World. The fossil exhibits a previously unnoticed cranial autapomorphy of galliforms, a foramen in the temporal region that enables the vena profunda to enter the braincase, for which the name foramen temporale venosum is here introduced. Consistently present in all studied extant galliform taxa and absent in all other extant birds, this foramen enables a vascular connection between the brain and the ophthalmic rete, the latter playing an important role in thermoregulation of the avian brain.
The Janus-Faced Nature of Philosophy of Science: Eleven Theses
Authors: Buzzoni Marco
Published: October 2021

Elsewhere I have tried to provide the justification of both the irreducible (transcendental) distinction of science and philosophy and their inevitable (naturalistic) complementarity. Unlike empirical science, philosophy has no limit whatever as far as its possible objects are concerned. To say that there is no limit whatever to the possible objects of philosophy is to say that, strictly speaking, it has no object at all and must find its object outside itself, that is, in common sense knowledge and the natural and human sciences. Against the background of this conception, the paper argues that philosophy of science, as a critical reflection on common sense knowledge and the natural or human sciences, inherits from philosophy in general this two-faced Janus nature, which in the philosophy of science shapes the epistemological status of the discipline in an even more prominent way. To show this in detail, the paper enunciates eleven theses that derive from the intimate connection of unity and distinction that exists between philosophy of science on the one hand and the particular and specialized scientific knowledge on the other.
β-Hydroxybutyrate Exacerbates Hypoxic Injury by Inhibiting HIF-1α-Dependent Glycolysis in Cardiomyocytes—Adding Fuel to the Fire?
Authors: Ma Xiurui , Dong Zhen , Liu Jingyi , Ma Leilei , Sun Xiaolei , Gao Rifeng , Pan Lihong , Zhang Jinyan , A Dilan , An Jian , Hu Kai , Sun Aijun , Ge Junbo
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Ketone body oxidation yields more ATP per mole of consumed oxygen than glucose. However, whether an increased ketone body supply in hypoxic cardiomyocytes and ischemic hearts is protective or not remains elusive. The goal of this study is to determine the effect of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), the main constituent of ketone bodies, on cardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions and the effects of ketogenic diet (KD) on cardiac function in a myocardial infarction (MI) mouse model.

Methods

Human peripheral blood collected from patients with acute myocardial infarction and healthy volunteers was used to detect the level of β-OHB. N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEFs) were measured to study the relationship between plasma β-OHB and cardiac function. Adult mouse cardiomyocytes and MI mouse models fed a KD were used to research the effect of β-OHB on cardiac damage. qPCR, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the interaction between β-OHB and glycolysis. Live/dead cell staining and imaging, lactate dehydrogenase, Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, echocardiography, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were performed to evaluate the cardiomyocyte death, cardiac function, and infarct sizes.

Results

β-OHB level was significantly higher in acute MI patients and MI mice. Treatment with β-OHB exacerbated cardiomyocyte death and decreased glucose absorption and glycolysis under hypoxic conditions. These effects were partially ameliorated by inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) degradation via roxadustat administration in hypoxia-stimulated cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, β-OHB metabolisms were obscured in cardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, MI mice fed a KD exhibited exacerbated cardiac dysfunction compared with control chow diet (CD)-fed MI mice.

Conclusion

Elevated β-OHB levels may be maladaptive to the heart under hypoxic/ischemic conditions. Administration of roxadustat can partially reverse these harmful effects by stabilizing HIF-1α and inducing a metabolic shift toward glycolysis for energy production.
Monitoring for glaucoma progression with SAP, electroretinography (PERG and PhNR) and OCT
Authors: Cvenkel Barbara , Sustar Maja , Perovšek Darko
Published: October 2021

Purpose

To investigate the value of pattern electroretinography (PERG) and photopic negative response (PhNR) in monitoring glaucoma compared to standard clinical tests (standard automated perimetry (SAP) and clinical optic disc assessment) and structural measurements using spectral-domain OCT.

Methods

A prospective study included 32 subjects (32 eyes) with ocular hypertension, suspect or early glaucoma monitored for progression with clinical examination, SAP, PERG, PhNR and OCT for at least 4 years. Progression was defined clinically by the documented change of the optic disc and/or significant visual field progression (EyeSuite™ trend analysis). One eye per patient was included in the analysis.

Results

During the follow-up, 13 eyes (40.6%) showed progression, whereas 19 remained stable. In the progressing group, all parameters showed significant worsening over time, except for the PhNR, whereas in the stable group only the OCT parameters showed a significant decrease at the last visit. The trend of change over time using linear regression was steepest for the OCT parameters. At baseline, only the ganglion cell complex (GCC) and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre (pRNFL) thicknesses significantly discriminated between the stable and progressing eyes with the area under the ROC curve of 0.72 and 0.71, respectively. The inter-session variability for the first two visits in the stable group was lower for OCT (% limits of agreement within ± 17.4% of the mean for pRNFL and ± 3.6% for the GCC thicknesses) than for ERG measures (within ± 35.9% of the mean for PERG N95 and ± 59.9% for PhNR). The coefficient of variation for repeated measurements in the stable group was 11.9% for PERG N95 and 23.6% for the PhNR, while it was considerably lower for all OCT measures (5.6% for pRNFL and 1.7% for GCC thicknesses).

Conclusions

Although PERG and PhNR are sensitive for early detection of glaucomatous damage, they have limited usefulness in monitoring glaucoma progression in clinical practice, mainly due to high inter-session variability. On the contrary, OCT measures show low inter-session variability and might have a predicting value for early discrimination of progressing cases.
A systematic literature review of the current discussion on mathematical modelling competencies: state-of-the-art developments in conceptualizing, measuring, and fostering
Authors: Cevikbas Mustafa , Kaiser Gabriele , Schukajlow Stanislaw
Published: October 2021

Mathematical modelling competencies have become a prominent construct in research on the teaching and learning of mathematical modelling and its applications in recent decades; however, current research is diverse, proposing different theoretical frameworks and a variety of research designs for the measurement and fostering of modelling competencies. The study described in this paper was a systematic literature review of the literature on modelling competencies published over the past two decades. Based on a full-text analysis of 75 peer-reviewed studies indexed in renowned databases and published in English, the study revealed the dominance of an analytical, bottom-up approach for conceptualizing modelling competencies and distinguishing a variety of sub-competencies. Furthermore, the analysis showed the great richness of methods for measuring modelling competencies, although a focus on (non-standardized) tests prevailed. Concerning design and offering for fostering modelling competencies, the majority of the papers reported training strategies for modelling courses. Overall, the current literature review pointed out the necessity for further theoretical work on conceptualizing mathematical modelling competencies while highlighting the richness of developed empirical approaches and their implementation at various educational levels.
“Tell me about”: a logbook of teachers’ changes from face-to-face to distance mathematics education
Authors: Albano Giovanna , Antonini Samuele , Coppola Cristina , Dello Iacono Umberto , Pierri Anna
Published: October 2021

In 2020, the emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic brought a drastic and sudden change in teaching practices, from the physical space of the classrooms to the virtual space of an e-environment. In this paper, through a qualitative analysis of 44 collected essays composed by Italian mathematics teachers from primary school to undergraduate level during the spring of 2020, we investigate how the Italian teachers perceived the changes due to the unexpected transition from a face-to-face setting to distance education. The analysis is carried out through a double theoretical lens, one concerning the whole didactic system where the knowledge at stake is mathematics and the other regarding affective aspects. The integration of the two theoretical perspectives allows us to identify key elements and their relations in the teachers’ narratives and to analyze how teachers have experienced and perceived the dramatic, drastic, and sudden change. The analysis shows the process going from the disruption of the educational setting to the teachers’ discovery of key aspects of the didactic system including the teacher’s roles, a reflection on mathematics and its teaching, and the attempt to reconstruct the didactic system in a new way.
Exploring the link between star and planet formation with Ariel
Authors: Turrini Diego , Codella Claudio , Danielski Camilla , Fedele Davide , Fonte Sergio , Garufi Antonio , Guarcello Mario Giuseppe , Helled Ravit , Ikoma Masahiro , Kama Mihkel , Kimura Tadahiro , Kruijssen J. M. Diederik , Maldonado Jesus , Miguel Yamila , Molinari Sergio , Nikolaou Athanasia , Oliva Fabrizio , Panić Olja , Pignatari Marco , Podio Linda , Rickman Hans , Schisano Eugenio , Shibata Sho , Vazan Allona , Wolkenberg Paulina
Published: October 2021

The goal of the Ariel space mission is to observe a large and diversified population of transiting planets around a range of host star types to collect information on their atmospheric composition. The planetary bulk and atmospheric compositions bear the marks of the way the planets formed: Ariel’s observations will therefore provide an unprecedented wealth of data to advance our understanding of planet formation in our Galaxy. A number of environmental and evolutionary factors, however, can affect the final atmospheric composition. Here we provide a concise overview of which factors and effects of the star and planet formation processes can shape the atmospheric compositions that will be observed by Ariel, and highlight how Ariel’s characteristics make this mission optimally suited to address this very complex problem.
Detecting life outside our solar system with a large high-contrast-imaging mission
Authors: Snellen Ignas A. G. , Snik F. , Kenworthy M. , Albrecht S. , Anglada-Escudé G. , Baraffe I. , Baudoz P. , Benz W. , Beuzit J.-L. , Biller B. , Birkby J. L. , Boccaletti A. , van Boekel R. , de Boer J. , Brogi Matteo , Buchhave L. , Carone L. , Claire M. , Claudi R. , Demory B.-O. , Désert J.-M. , Desidera S. , Gaudi B. S. , Gratton R. , Gillon M. , Grenfell J. L. , Guyon O. , Henning T. , Hinkley S. , Huby E. , Janson M. , Helling C. , Heng K. , Kasper M. , Keller C. U. , Krause O. , Kreidberg L. , Madhusudhan N. , Lagrange A.-M. , Launhardt R. , Lenton T. M. , Lopez-Puertas M. , Maire A.-L. , Mayne N. , Meadows V. , Mennesson B. , Micela G. , Miguel Y. , Milli J. , Min M. , de Mooij E. , Mouillet D. , N’Diaye M. , D’Orazi V. , Palle E. , Pagano I. , Piotto G. , Queloz D. , Rauer H. , Ribas I. , Ruane G. , Selsis F. , Sozzetti A. , Stam D. , Stark C.C. , Vigan A. , de Visser Pieter
Published: October 2021

In this White Paper, which was submitted in response to the European Space Agency (ESA) Voyage 2050 Call, we recommend the ESA plays a proactive role in developing a global collaborative effort to construct a large high-contrast imaging space telescope, e.g. as currently under study by NASA. Such a mission will be needed to characterize a sizable sample of temperate Earth-like planets in the habitable zones of nearby Sun-like stars and to search for extraterrestrial biological activity. We provide an overview of relevant European expertise, and advocate ESA to start a technology development program towards detecting life outside the Solar System.
Structure, thermal and mechanical properties of copoly(ester amide)s based on 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid
Authors: Zubkiewicz Agata , Irska Izabela , Miadlicki Piotr , Walkowiak Konrad , Rozwadowski Zbigniew , Paszkiewicz Sandra
Published: October 2021

In this work, new bio-based copoly(ester amide)s were synthesized by a two-step melt polycondensation process, using 2,5-furanedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (DMFDC), 1,3-propanediol (PDO), and 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP), with different DAP content. The chemical structure of the obtained poly(trimethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)-co-poly(propylene furanamide) (PTF-co-PPAF) copolymers was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to provide more details of the polycondensation process. Thermal properties of the obtained materials were characterized by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic–mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The copolymers were amorphous and their glass transition temperature increased with the increase in the poly(propylene furanamide) (PPAF) content. The synthesized PTF-co-PPAF copolymers exhibited improved thermal and thermo-oxidative stability up to 300 °C. In addition, from the performed mechanical tests, it was found that along with the increase in PPAF content, Young's modulus increased, while at the same time, the value of elongation at break decreased.

Graphical Abstract
A note on completely positive relaxations of quadratic problems in a multiobjective framework
Authors: Eichfelder Gabriele , Groetzner Patrick
Published: October 2021

In a single-objective setting, nonconvex quadratic problems can equivalently be reformulated as convex problems over the cone of completely positive matrices. In small dimensions this cone equals the cone of matrices which are entrywise nonnegative and positive semidefinite, so the convex reformulation can be solved via SDP solvers. Considering multiobjective nonconvex quadratic problems, naturally the question arises, whether the advantage of convex reformulations extends to the multicriteria framework. In this note, we show that this approach only finds the supported nondominated points, which can already be found by using the weighted sum scalarization of the multiobjective quadratic problem, i.e. it is not suitable for multiobjective nonconvex problems.
Choice-Driven Counterfactuals
Authors: Canavotto Ilaria , Pacuit Eric
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we investigate the semantics and logic ofchoice-driven counterfactuals, that is, of counterfactuals whose evaluation relies on auxiliary premises about how agents are expected to act,i.e., about theirdefault choice behavior. To do this, we merge one of the most prominent logics of agency in the philosophical literature, namely stit logic (Belnap et al. 2001; Horty 2001), with the well-known logic of counterfactuals due to Stalnaker (1968) and Lewis (1973). A key component of our semantics for counterfactuals is to distinguish betweendeviantandnon-deviantactions at a moment, where an action available to an agent at a moment is deviant when its performance does not agree with the agent’s default choice behavior at that moment. After developing and axiomatizing a stit logic with action types, instants, and deviant actions, we study the philosophical implications and logical properties of two candidate semantics for choice-driven counterfactuals, one calledrewind modelsinspired by Lewis (Nous13(4), 455–476 1979) and the other calledindependence modelsmotivated by well-known counterexamples to Lewis’s proposal Slote (Philos. Rev.87(1), 3–27 1978). In the last part of the paper we consider how to evaluate choice-driven counterfactuals at moments arrived at by some agents performing a deviant action.
Characteristics of Suprathermal Electrons in Small-Scale Magnetic Flux Ropes and Their Implications on the Magnetic Connection to the Sun
Authors: Choi Kyung-Eun , Lee Dae-Young , Wang Hee-Eun , Lee Seunguk , Kim Kyung-Chan , Park Kyung Sun
Published: October 2021

Small-scale magnetic flux ropes (SMFRs) are observed more frequently than larger-scale magnetic flux ropes (e.g., magnetic clouds) in interplanetary space. We selected 235 SMFRs by applying cylindrical linear force-free fitting to 20-year observations of the Wind satellite, which meets the criteria of low beta, low temperature, an enhanced magnetic field, and a rotation feature. By examining the pitch angle distribution of suprathermal electrons for these events, we found that approximately 45.1% of the SMFRs were accompanied by unidirectional beams (strahl). A much smaller percentage of SMFRs (∼10.7%) were associated with bidirectional beams. We also found a small percentage (∼7.2%) of (sunward) conic distributions during SMFR events. Last, the remaining ∼37.0% of SMFRs were associated with complex electron distributions. The unidirectional beams and most of the conics (together corresponding to ∼50% of the total 235 SMFRs) imply open-field SMFRs with only one end connected to the Sun. For ∼37.7% of the unidirectional beam SMFRs, the local IMF field polarity was orthogonal or inverted (possibly due to interchange reconnection). Based on the solar wind conditions around the bidirectional beams, we suggest that more than half of the bidirectional beams were not necessarily closed-field-line SMFRs.