bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory pullout resistance of a new screw soil nail in residual soil
Authors: Tokhi H. , Ren G. , Li J.
Published: August 2017

The ultimate shear strength at the interface between the soil nail and surrounding soil is of practical importance in the design and performance of a soil nail system. The most commonly adopted method of measuring this interface shear strength is by soil nail pullout testing. This study introduces a novel soil nail system in the form of a screw nail and compares its performance with a conventional grouted soil nail. Both types of soil nails are tested in a controlled laboratory setting using residual soil in a large purpose-made pullout box. The development of the screw nail and the laboratory testing procedures are briefly discussed first, followed by presentation and discussion of the results of the interface shear behaviour measured from pullout tests. It is shown that the screw nail offers many advantages in terms of pullout load–displacement behaviour and the interface shear mechanism than that of the conventional grouted soil nail.
The influence of lake attributes and predatory bass on the distribution of northern crayfish (Orconectes virilis) in central New Hampshire
Authors: Ramberg-Pihl N.C. , Yurewicz K.L. , Boucher T.R.
Published: August 2017

Introduced species influence the dynamics and structure of freshwater systems; understanding the variables that shape introduced species’ distributions can aid in anticipating their spread. We examined multiple factors that may influence the distribution of northern crayfish (Orconectes virilis (Hagen, 1870)), an introduced species, in New Hampshire, USA. Sampling occurred July to August 2010 in 20 lakes. We tested catch per unit effort (CPUE) and body size of crayfish against lake trophic status, size, depth, and shoreline development, as well as substrate type. We also compared CPUE and body size in the presence or absence of known predators, smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, 1802) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)). Crayfish body size was not strongly associated with any tested variables, nor were there significant correlations between lake-level parameters and CPUE. CPUE increased with rocky substrates and decreased with macrophyte cover. We also found significantly lower CPUE in lakes with bass predators; this could be due to consumptive effects directly lowering crayfish abundance, nonconsumptive effects of bass on crayfish behavior, or both. Our work provides a baseline for future surveys examining northern crayfish or bass expansion in New Hampshire and highlights a variable that could be important as this crayfish colonizes additional locations outside its native range.
Multiple Effects of Ginseng Berry Polysaccharides: Plasma Cholesterol Level Reduction and Enteric Neoplasm Prevention
Authors: Wan Jin-Yi , Huang Wei-Hua , Zheng Wei , Park Chan Woong , Kim Su Hwan , Seo Dae Bang , Shin Kwang-Soon , Zeng Jinxiang , Yao Haiqiang , Sava-Segal Clara , Wang Chong-Zhi , Yuan Chun-Su
Published: August 2017

The root of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has been used for centuries in Oriental medicine to improve general well-being and to relieve various medical conditions. It is commonly understood that ginsenosides are responsible for the pharmacological activities of ginseng. Compared to the root of ginseng, studies on the berry are considerably limited. In this study, we evaluated the effects of polysaccharides from Asian ginseng berries on plasma lipid levels, chemically-induced enteric inflammation and neoplasm, and cancer chemoprevention in different experimental models. We tested two polysaccharide preparations: regular ginseng berry polysaccharide extract (GBPE) and ginseng berry polysaccharide portion (GBPP, removed MV [Formula: see text]). We first observed that both oral GBPE and oral GBPP significantly reduced plasma cholesterol and triglycerides levels in a dose-related manner in ob/ob mice, without obvious body weight changes. Then, in AOM/DSS-induced acute colitis mice, GBPE and GBPP significantly ameliorated the increased gut disease activity index and inhibited the reduction of the colon length. Further, the berry polysaccharides significantly suppressed chemically-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. This is consistent with the observation that GBPE and GBPP attenuated tumorigenesis in mice by significantly and dose-dependently reducing tumor load. Finally, in vitro HCT-116 and HT-29 human colon cancer cells were used. While these berry preparations had better antiproliferation effects on the HCT-116 than the HT-29 cells, the GBPE had significantly stronger inhibitory effects than GBPP. The observed in vitro GBPE’s effect could contribute to the actions of its small-molecule non-polysaccharide compounds due to their direct antiproliferative activities. Results obtained from the present study suggest that ginseng berry polysaccharides may have a therapeutic role in the management of high lipid levels, enteric inflammation, and colon malignancies.
On formations of finite groups with the generalized Wielandt property for residuals II
Authors: Ballester-Bolinches A. , Kamornikov S. F. , Pérez-Calabuig V.
Published: August 2017

A formation [Formula: see text] of finite groups has the generalized Wielandt property for residuals, or [Formula: see text] is a GWP-formation, if the [Formula: see text]-residual of a group generated by two [Formula: see text]-subnormal subgroups is the subgroup generated by their [Formula: see text]-residuals. The main result of this paper describes a large family of GWP-formations to further the transparence of this kind of formations, and it can be regarded as a natural step toward the solution of the classification problem.
On S-Mori domains
Authors: Hamed Ahmed
Published: August 2017

In [A. Hamed and S. Hizem, Modules satisfying the [Formula: see text]-Neotherian property and [Formula: see text]-ACCR, Comm. Algebra 44 (2016) 1941–1951], the authors introduced the notion of [Formula: see text]-stationary sequence, which is a generalization of the ascending chain condition (ACC) property. Let [Formula: see text] be an integral domain and [Formula: see text] a multiplicative subset of [Formula: see text] An increasing sequence [Formula: see text] of ideals of [Formula: see text] is called [Formula: see text]-stationary if there exist a positive integer [Formula: see text] and an [Formula: see text] such that for each [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] As a generalization of Mori domains, we define [Formula: see text] to be an [Formula: see text]-Mori domain if every increasing sequence of integral divisorial ideals of [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text]-stationary. In this paper, we investigate the class of such domains [Formula: see text] and we give an [Formula: see text]-version of classical results about Mori domains.
Anharmonic vibrational spectral analysis of L-(-)-xylose molecule
Authors: Bhat Sheeraz Ahmad , Faizan Mohd , Ahanger Bilal Ahmad , Ahmad Shabbir
Published: August 2017

In this work, a detailed vibrational analysis of L-(-)-xylose molecule has been carried out. The geometrical parameters and anharmonic spectrum have been calculated and compared with XRD, FTIR (4000–400[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]) and FT-Raman (4000–50[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]) observed data. The simulated data along with IR and Raman intensities were calculated using DFT/B3LYP level of theory in combination with 6-311[Formula: see text]G(d,p) basis set. The experimental and theoretical results are found to be in a good agreement with each other. Moreover, thermodynamic properties, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of L-(-)-xylose are also reported. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies confirm the charge transfer within the molecule.
Quantum correlation based on weak measurements
Authors: Wang Yangyang , Hou Jinchuan , Qi Xiaofei
Published: August 2017

A quantum correlation [Formula: see text] based on weak measurements for bipartite systems is introduced. It is shown that the product states do not contain this quantum correlation. Also, the necessary and sufficient condition for any two-qubit state becoming a product state is obtained. The quantum correlation [Formula: see text] and other quantum correlation for two-qubit entangled pure state, Werner states and isotropic states are compared.
Quantitative Vectorial Magnetic Imaging of Multi-Domain Rock Forming Minerals Using Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond
Authors: Farchi E. , Ebert Y. , Farfurnik D. , Haim G. , Shaar R. , Bar-Gill N.
Published: August 2017

Magnetization in rock samples is crucial for paleomagnetometry research, as it harbors valuable geological information on long term processes, such as tectonic movements and the formation of oceans and continents. Nevertheless, current techniques are limited in their ability to measure high spatial resolution and high-sensitivity quantitative vectorial magnetic signatures from individual minerals and micrometer scale samples. As a result, our understanding of bulk rock magnetization is limited, specifically for the case of multi-domain minerals. In this work, we use a newly developed nitrogen-vacancy magnetic microscope, capable of quantitative vectorial magnetic imaging with optical resolution. We demonstrate direct imaging of the vectorial magnetic field of a single, multi-domain dendritic magnetite, as well as the measurement and calculation of the weak magnetic moments of an individual grain on the micron scale. These results pave the way for future applications in paleomagnetometry and for the fundamental understanding of magnetization in multi-domain samples.
Language Change Across the Lifespan
Authors: Sankoff Gillian
Published: August 2017

Understanding the relationship between language change and variation has progressed considerably over the last several decades, but less is known about how speakers at different life stages deal with ongoing change in their speech communities. Longitudinal studies of individuals and groups reveal three trajectory types postadolescence: stability (the most common), adopting (to some degree) a change led by younger people (the next most common trajectory), or swimming against the community current by reverting to an older pattern in later life (the least common trajectory). Declining plasticity over the life course places limits on possible trajectories, which are also subject to social and cultural influences. This article reviews relevant studies from historical linguistics as well as panel studies on African American English and dialect contact, proposing that future progress will be made by interdisciplinary research combining psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Lifespan trajectories in situations of community stability are also discussed.
Combining remote ischemic preconditioning and aerobic exercise: a novel adaptation of blood flow restriction exercise
Authors: Sprick Justin D. , Rickards Caroline A.
Published: August 2017

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) can attenuate tissue damage sustained by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE) restricts blood flow to exercising muscles. We implemented a novel approach to BFRE with cyclical bouts of blood flow restriction-reperfusion, reflecting the RIPC model. A concern about BFRE, however, is potential amplification of the exercise pressor reflex, which could be unsafe in at-risk populations. We hypothesized that cyclical BFRE would elicit greater increases in sympathetic outflow and arterial pressure than conventional exercise (CE) when performed at the same relative intensity. We also assessed the cerebrovascular responses due to potential implementation of BFRE in stroke rehabilitation. Fourteen subjects performed treadmill exercise at 65–70% maximal heart rate with and without intermittent BFR (4 × 5-min intervals of bilateral thigh-cuff pressure followed by 5-min reperfusion periods). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), plasma norepinephrine (NE), and middle and posterior cerebral artery velocities (MCAv and PCAv) were compared between trials. As expected, BFRE elicited higher concentration NE compared with CE (1249 ± 170 vs. 962 ± 114 pg/ml; P = 0.06). Unexpectedly, however, there were no differences in MAP between conditions (overall P = 0.33), and MAP was 4–5 mmHg lower with BFRE versus CE during the reperfusion periods ( P ≤ 0.05 for reperfusion periods 3 and 4). There were no differences in MCAv or PCAv between trials ( P ≥ 0.22), suggesting equivalent cerebrometabolic demand. The exaggerated sympathoexcitatory response with BFRE was not accompanied by higher MAP, likely because of the cyclical reperfusions. This cyclical BFRE paradigm could be adapted to cardiac or stroke rehabilitation, where exercising patients could benefit from the cardio and cerebro protection associated with RIPC.
Effect of salt intake on afferent arteriolar dilatation: role of connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF)
Authors: Wang Hong , Romero Cesar A. , Masjoan Juncos J. X. , Monu Sumit R. , Peterson Edward L. , Carretero Oscar A.
Published: August 2017

Afferent arteriole (Af-Art) resistance is modulated by two intrinsic nephron feedbacks: 1) the vasoconstrictor tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mediated by Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporters (NKCC2) in the macula densa and blocked by furosemide and 2) the vasodilator connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF), mediated by epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) in the connecting tubule and blocked by benzamil. High salt intake reduces Af-Art vasoconstrictor ability in Dahl salt-sensitive rats (Dahl SS). Previously, we measured CTGF indirectly, by differences between TGF responses with and without CTGF inhibition. We recently developed a new method to measure CTGF more directly by simultaneously inhibiting NKCC2 and the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE). We hypothesize that in vivo during simultaneous inhibition of NKCC2 and NHE, CTGF causes an Af-Art dilatation revealed by an increase in stop-flow pressure (PSF) in Dahl SS and that is enhanced with a high salt intake. In the presence of furosemide alone, increasing nephron perfusion did not change the PSF in either Dahl salt-resistant rats (Dahl SR) or Dahl SS. When furosemide and an NHE inhibitor, dimethylamiloride, were perfused simultaneously, an increase in tubular flow caused Af-Art dilatation that was demonstrated by an increase in PSF. This increase was greater in Dahl SS [4.5 ± 0.4 (SE) mmHg] than in Dahl SR (2.5 ± 0.3 mmHg; P < 0.01). We confirmed that CTGF causes this vasodilation, since benzamil completely blocked this effect. However, a high salt intake did not augment the Af-Art dilatation. We conclude that during simultaneous inhibition of NKCC2 and NHE in the nephron, CTGF induces Af-Art dilatation and a high salt intake failed to enhance this effect.
Impact of prior errors on visuomotor adaptation and savings: experimental considerations and clinical implications
Authors: Wright Morgan
Published: August 2017

The motor system retains learning from visuomotor adaptation tasks in the form of “savings” to enable faster readaptation to similar perturbations in the future. Leow et al. ( J Neurophysiol 116: 1603–1614, 2016) suggest that the experience of prior errors during relearning is necessary for savings while repetition of prior actions may not be sufficient. These findings provide novel insight into factors that contribute to visuomotor adaptation and can be applied to future experimental and clinical research.
Anatomy and physiology of phrenic afferent neurons
Authors: Nair Jayakrishnan , Streeter Kristi A. , Turner Sara M. F. , Sunshine Michael D. , Bolser Donald C. , Fox Emily J. , Davenport Paul W. , Fuller David D.
Published: August 2017

Large-diameter myelinated phrenic afferents discharge in phase with diaphragm contraction, and smaller diameter fibers discharge across the respiratory cycle. In this article, we review the phrenic afferent literature and highlight areas in need of further study. We conclude that 1) activation of both myelinated and nonmyelinated phrenic sensory afferents can influence respiratory motor output on a breath-by-breath basis; 2) the relative impact of phrenic afferents substantially increases with diaphragm work and fatigue; 3) activation of phrenic afferents has a powerful impact on sympathetic motor outflow, and 4) phrenic afferents contribute to diaphragm somatosensation and the conscious perception of breathing. Much remains to be learned regarding the spinal and supraspinal distribution and synaptic contacts of myelinated and nonmyelinated phrenic afferents. Similarly, very little is known regarding the potential role of phrenic afferent neurons in triggering or modulating expression of respiratory neuroplasticity.
Exercise Training Restores Cardiac MicroRNA‐1 and MicroRNA‐29c to Nonpathological Levels in Obese Rats
Authors: Silveira André C. , Fernandes Tiago , Soci Úrsula P. R. , Gomes João L. P. , Barretti Diego L. , Mota Glória G. F. , Negrão Carlos Eduardo , Oliveira Edilamar M.
Published: August 2017

We previously reported that aerobic exercise training (AET) consisted of 10 weeks of 60‐min swimming sessions, and 5 days/week AET counteracts CH in obesity. Here, we evaluated the role of microRNAs and their target genes that are involved in heart collagen deposition and calcium signaling, as well as the cardiac remodeling induced by AET in obese Zucker rats. Among the four experimental Zucker groups: control lean rats (LZR), control obese rats (OZR), trained lean rats (LZR + TR), and trained obese rats (OZR + TR), heart weight was greater in the OZR than in the LZR group due to increased cardiac intramuscular fat and collagen. AET seems to exert a protective role in normalizing the heart weight in the OZR + TR group. Cardiac microRNA‐29c expression was decreased in OZR compared with the LZR group, paralleled by an increase in the collagen volumetric fraction (CVF). MicroRNA‐1 expression was upregulated while the expression of its target gene NCX1 was decreased in OZR compared with the LZR group. Interestingly, AET restored cardiac microRNA‐1 to nonpathological levels in the OZR‐TR group. Our findings suggest that AET could be used as a nonpharmacological therapy for the reversal of pathological cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in obesity.
The Biphasic Effect of Vitamin D on the Musculoskeletal and Cardiovascular System
Authors: Zittermann Armin
Published: August 2017

This narrative review summarizes beneficial and harmful vitamin D effects on the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system. Special attention is paid to the dose-response relationship of vitamin D with clinical outcomes. In infants and adults, the risk of musculoskeletal diseases is highest at circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations below 25 nmol/L and is low if 40–60 nmol/L are achieved. However, evidence is also accumulating that in elderly people the risk of falls and fractures increases again at circulating 25OHD levels > 100 nmol/L. Cohort studies report a progressive increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) events at 25OHD levels < 50 nmol/L. Nevertheless, meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials suggest only small beneficial effects of vitamin D supplements on surrogate parameters of CVD risk and no reduction in CVD events. Evidence is accumulating for adverse vitamin D effects on CVD outcomes at 25OHD levels > 100 nmol/L, but the threshold may be influenced by the level of physical activity. In conclusion, dose-response relationships indicate deleterious effects on the musculoskeletal system and probably on the cardiovascular system at circulating 25OHD levels < 40–60 nmol/L and >100 nmol/L. Future studies should focus on populations with 25OHD levels < 40 nmol/L and should avoid vitamin D doses achieving 25OHD levels > 100 nmol/L.
The Effects of Low-Intensity Ultrasound on Fat Reduction of Rat Model
Authors: Zhou Bill , Leung Benny Yuk Kin , Sun Lei
Published: August 2017

Nonfocused low-intensity ultrasound is generally believed to be less efficacious than High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) at body fat reduction; nevertheless, this technology has already been widely used clinically for body contouring purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this new technology by applying 1 MHz nonfocused ultrasound at 3 W/cm2to the outer-thigh region of rat models. Ultrasonography measurement demonstrated an average reduction of 0.5 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness that persisted for at least three days after treatment. Biochemical analysis quantified a significant increase in lipid levels, specifically triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. These two findings of subcutaneous fat reduction and plasma lipid increase showed a positive correlation. No evidence of adverse events or complications was observed after the treatment. This study validated nonfocused low-intensity ultrasound as an effective and safe method for body fat reduction, especially with repetitive treatment. However, the concurrent increase in plasma lipid level will require further investigation to determine this technology’s long-term impact, if any, on health.
Acupotomy Therapy for Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Liu Fushui , Zhou Fanyuan , Zhao Meimei , Fang Ting , Chen Mei , Yan Xiaojun
Published: August 2017

Objective. This review is to assess the efficacy and safety of acupotomy therapy in chronic nonspecific neck pain. Methods. We searched six computerised databases. Randomized controlled trials incorporating acupotomy therapy alone or combined with other conventional treatments for chronic nonspecific neck pain were included. Two reviewers screened each literature and extracted data independently according to Cochrane Reviews’ Handbook (5.1). The Cochrane Collaboration’s RevMan 5.3 software was applied for meta‐analysis. Results. A total of ten trials involving 433 patients were enrolled. The pooled analysis indicated that acupotomy therapy showed a significant improving short‐term and long‐term effect on effective rate and cure rate. Meta‐analysis demonstrated that acupotomy therapy group was superior to control group in restoring cervical lordosis and debasing VAS score. The result of continuous data did not support statistical significance of acupotomy therapy in adjusting clinical symptom score. For adverse events, acupotomy group did not reveal obvious superiority compared to control group. Conclusions. Acupotomy therapy may be beneficial to chronic nonspecific neck pain patients. To strengthen supportive evidence, future, more rigorously designed clinical trials, adequate adverse events, and follow‐up project are recommended.
Development and Characterization of Norite-Based Cementitious Binder from an Ilmenite Mine Waste Stream
Authors: Khalifeh Mahmoud , Saasen Arild , Larsen Helge B. , Hodne Helge
Published: August 2017

Norite is a major type of solid waste generated during the production of ilmenite. This study focuses on the usability of norite as a solid precursor of alkali-activated cement. Sensitivity analysis was performed to find the influence of different alkali types and particle sizes of the source material on polycondensation. Norite was ground and mixed with sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide solutions to produce a binder. Potassium-containing systems were more effective compared to sodium-containing systems with respect to strength development. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated formation of zeolites, albite, and oligoclase based on the type of activator and used additives. The patterns also revealed formation of an amorphous phase in the matrices of the binder that was cured at 87°C. Microstructure analysis revealed some degree of crystallization with different Si : Al ratios, which indicated heterogeneity of the binder matrices.
Tissue Source and Cell Expansion Condition Influence Phenotypic Changes of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Mangum Lauren H. , Natesan Shanmugasundaram , Stone Randolph , Wrice Nicole L. , Larson David A. , Florell Kyle F. , Christy Barbara A. , Herzig Maryanne C. , Cap Andrew P. , Christy Robert J.
Published: August 2017

Stem cells derived from the subcutaneous adipose tissue of debrided burned skin represent an appealing source of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) for regenerative medicine. Traditional tissue culture uses fetal bovine serum (FBS), which complicates utilization of ASCs in human medicine. Human platelet lysate (hPL) is one potential xeno-free, alternative supplement for use in ASC culture. In this study, adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in media supplemented with 10% FBS or 10% hPL was compared in human ASCs derived from abdominoplasty (HAP) or from adipose associated with debrided burned skin (BH). Most (95–99%) cells cultured in FBS were stained positive for CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD142. FBS supplementation was associated with increased triglyceride content and expression of adipogenic genes. Culture in hPL significantly decreased surface staining of CD105 by 31% and 48% and CD142 by 27% and 35% in HAP and BH, respectively (p<0.05). Culture of BH-ASCs in hPL also increased expression of markers of osteogenesis and increased ALP activity. These data indicate that application of ASCs for wound healing may be influenced by ASC source as well as culture conditions used to expand them. As such, these factors must be taken into consideration before ASCs are used for regenerative purposes.
The Association of Uric Acid Calculi with Obesity, Prediabetes, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension
Authors: Chu Fang-Yeh , Chang Chih-Chun , Huang Pin-Hao , Lin Yi-Ning , Ku Po-Wen , Sun Jen-Tang , Ho Jung-Li , Yen Tzung-Hai , Su Ming-Jang
Published: August 2017

Objectives.To disclose the link between the composition of urolithiasis, especially that of uric acid calculi, and obesity, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.Materials and Methods.Patients who had urinary calculi and underwent surgical treatment were registered in the study. The composition of urinary calculi was analyzed and correlated with clinical features and biomedical profiles of the patients before surgical intervention.Results.A total of 666 patients with urolithiasis who underwent surgical management were registered and analyzed. In those who had uric acid calculi, there was a significant association with prediabetic (OR: 20.11, 95% CI: 7.40–54.63,P<0.001) and diabetic states (OR: 11.55, 95% CI: 4.41–29.97,P<0.001). It also seemed that uric acid calculi were related to obesity but there was no statistical significance (OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 0.91–6.62,P=0.078). There was no association of uric acid calculi with hypertension (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.54–2.17,P=0.822) and concurrent urinary tract infection (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.44–1.96,P=0.841).Conclusion.There was a remarkable association of uric acid calculi with prediabetic and diabetic states. The uric acid calculi were also seemingly associated with obesity in patients with urolithiasis undergoing surgical management.
Construction Marketing: Developing a Reference Framework
Authors: Mokhtariani Mahmood , Sebt Mohammad Hassan , Davoudpour Hamid
Published: August 2017

Successful companies are strongly committed to marketing management. However, marketing is either misunderstood or completely neglected in many construction companies, mainly due to the difficulty of applying conventional marketing in the industry, accompanied by the lack of sufficient research on the nature of marketing and tailored marketing theories and strategies for the construction. This study attempts to fill a part of this gap by examining the nature of the construction industry from the marketing viewpoint and developing a comprehensive framework. A systematic investigation into the nature via a combination of Kotler’s product classification system and Lovelock’s classification criteria reveals that construction is an “industrial, project-based, and primarily service-oriented” (IPS) product with specific characteristics from the marketing perspective. Based on this nature, a reference framework for strategic marketing planning is developed through a literature review based on grounded theory and using the focus group discussion as a refinement tool. The framework indicates that construction companies are involved in and should plan for three working fields—project-based activities, relationship marketing, and marketing mix-related functions. The findings provide a fundamental basis that helps researchers and practitioners gain a true understanding of the concepts and scope of construction marketing and draw a clear and practical roadmap for future work.
Central Modulation of Neuroinflammation by Neuropeptides and Energy-Sensing Hormones during Obesity
Authors: Maldonado-Ruiz Roger , Fuentes-Mera Lizeth , Camacho Alberto
Published: August 2017

Central nervous system (CNS) senses energy homeostasis by integrating both peripheral and autonomic signals and responding to them by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides release. Although it is previously considered an immunologically privileged organ, we now know that this is not so. Cells belonging to the immune system, such as B and T lymphocytes, can be recruited into the CNS to face damage or infection, in addition to possessing resident immunological cells, called microglia. In this way, positive energy balance during obesity promotes an inflammatory state in the CNS. Saturated fatty acids from the diet have been pointed out as powerful candidates to trigger immune response in peripheral system and in the CNS. However, how central immunity communicates to peripheral immune response remains to be clarified. Recently there has been a great interest in the neuropeptides, POMC derived peptides, ghrelin, and leptin, due to their capacity to suppress or induce inflammatory responses in the brain, respectively. These may be potential candidates to treat different pathologies associated with autoimmunity and inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the role of lipotoxicity associated with positive energy balance during obesity in proinflammatory response in microglia, B and T lymphocytes, and its modulation by neuropeptides.
Modulatory Mechanism of Polyphenols and Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in LPS Challenged Pregnancy Disorders
Authors: Hussain Tarique , Tan Bie , Liu Gang , Murtaza Ghulam , Rahu Najma , Saleem Muhammad , Yin Yulong
Published: August 2017

Early embryonic loss and adverse birth outcomes are the major reproductive disorders that affect both human and animals. The LPS induces inflammation by interacting with robust cellular mechanism which was considered as a plethora of numerous reproductive disorders such as fetal resorption, preterm birth, teratogenicity, intrauterine growth restriction, abortion, neural tube defects, fetal demise, and skeletal development retardation. LPS‐triggered overproduction of free radicals leads to oxidative stress which mediates inflammation via stimulation of NF‐κB and PPARγ transcription factors. Flavonoids, which exist in copious amounts in nature, possess a wide array of functions; their supplementation during pregnancy activates Nrf2 signaling pathway which encounters pregnancy disorders. It was further presumed that the development of strong antioxidant uterine environment during gestation can alleviate diseases which appear at adult stages. The purpose of this review is to focus on modulatory properties of flavonoids on oxidative stress‐mediated pregnancy insult and abnormal outcomes and role of Nrf2 activation in pregnancy disorders. These findings would be helpful for providing new insights in ameliorating oxidative stress‐induced pregnancy disorders.
Giant Conjunctival Nevus in a 12-Year-Old Child
Authors: Tóth-Molnár Edit , Vizvári Eszter , Skribek Ákos , Vörös András
Published: August 2017

We describe a case of a giant conjunctival nevus presented in a 12-year-old girl with suspicious clinicomorphological appearance. The lesion was noticed by the parents at the age of 3 years as a “fleshy spot” on the bulbar conjunctiva. The lesion remained unchanged until approx. 6 months before recent admission. On slit-lamp examination, a large conjunctival lesion with variegate pigmentation and indistinct margins was detected on the superonasal part of the bulbar conjunctiva of the left eye. Intralesional cysts and vessels were detected with AS-OCT examination. Wide excision and cryotherapy to the scleral bed were performed and amniotic membrane graft was used to restore the ocular surface. Histopathological examination revealed compound type conjunctival nevus and disclosed any sign of malignancy. Although giant conjunctival nevus is a rare entity, precise diagnosis and adequate management are very important as it can be confused with malignant melanoma.
Nutraceutical, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immune Modulatory Effects ofβ-Glucan Isolated fromYeast
Authors: Bacha Umar , Nasir Muhammad , Iqbal Sanaullah , Anjum Aftab Ahmad
Published: August 2017

β-Glucan is a dietary fibre, found in many natural sources, and controls chronic metabolic diseases effectively. However,β-glucan from theyeasthas rarely been investigated. Objectively, conditions were optimized to isolateβ-glucan from the yeast (max. 66% yield); those optimized conditions included 1.0 M NaOH, pH 7.0, and 90°C. The purity and identity of the isolatedβ-glucan were characterized through FT-IR, SEM, DSC, and physicofunctional properties. The obtained results from DSC revealed highly stableβ-glucan (m.p., 125°C) with antioxidant activity (TAC value 0.240 ± 0.0021 µg/mg, H2O2scavenging 38%), which has promising bile acid binding 40.463% and glucose control (in vitro). In line with these results, we evaluated the in vivo anti-inflammatory potential, that is, myeloperoxidase activity and reduction in MDA and NO; protective effect on proteins and keeping viscosity within normal range exhibited improvement. Also, the in vivo cholesterol binding and reduction in the skin thickness byβ-glucan were highly encouraging. Finally, our results confirmed that yeastβ-glucan is effective against some of the inflammatory and oxidative stress markers studied in this investigation. In general, the effect of 4%  β-glucan was more noticeable versus 2%  β-glucan. Therefore, our results support the utilization ofβ-glucan as a novel, economically cheap, and functional food ingredient.
Anoxic Brain Injury Presenting as Pseudosubarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Medical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Lewis O’Dene , Afreen Samina , Folaranmi Supo , Fidelia-Lambert Marie , Poddar Vishal , Thomas Alicia
Published: August 2017

Anoxic encephalopathy is frequently encountered in the medical intensive care unit (ICU). Cerebral edema as a result of anoxic brain injury can result in increased attenuation in the basal cisterns and subarachnoid spaces on computerized tomography (CT) scans of the head. These findings can mimic those seen in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and are referred to as pseudosubarachnoid hemorrhage (pseudo-SAH). Pseudo-SAH is a diagnosis critical care physicians should be aware of as they treat and evaluate their patients with presumed SAH, which is a medical emergency. This lack of awareness could have important clinical implications on outcomes and impact management decisions if patients with anoxic brain injury are inappropriately treated for SAH. We describe three patients who presented to the hospital with anoxic brain injury. Subsequent CT head suggested SAH, which was subsequently proven to be pseudo-SAH.
The Protocol of Fixed Reconstruction for Severely Worn Teeth Combined with Anterior Deep Bite
Authors: Zhao Ya-Wen , Gao Rong , Sun Hui-Qiang
Published: August 2017

Full mouth reconstruction is one of the most effective methods to restore severe worn teeth that have suffered reduced vertical dimension. Although the use of the overlay splint restoration for a trial period allowing the patient to adapt to an increased vertical dimension is the recognized method, the specific protocol from the transitional splint to the fixed reconstruction is yet to be established. This case report describes a 50-year-old female patient who has severely worn teeth combined with an anterior deep bite and chewing pain. The protocol of the treatment process is described.
Thyrotoxicosis and Choledocholithiasis Masquerading as Thyroid Storm
Authors: Horn Christian L. , Short Patricia A.
Published: August 2017

A 26-year-old female, thirteen months postpartum, presented to the emergency department for four weeks of epigastric abdominal pain, pruritus, new onset jaundice, and 11.3 kgs (25 lbs) unintentional weight loss. On examination, she was afebrile, tachycardic, alert, and oriented and had jaundice with scleral icterus. Labs were significant for undetectable TSH, FT4 that was too high to measure, and elevated total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and transaminases. Abdominal ultrasound revealed cholelithiasis without biliary ductal dilation. Treatment for presumed thyroid storm was initiated. Further work-up with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) revealed an obstructing cholelith within the distal common bile duct. With the presence of choledocholithiasis explaining the jaundice and abdominal pain, plus the absence of CNS alterations, the diagnosis of thyroid storm was revised to thyrotoxicosis complicated by choledocholithiasis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) with sphincterotomy was performed to alleviate the biliary obstruction, with prompt symptomatic improvement. Thyroid storm is a rare manifestation of hyperthyroidism with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of thyroid storm is based on clinical examination, and abnormal thyroid function tests do not correlate with disease severity. Knowledge of the many manifestations of thyroid storm will facilitate a quick and accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Use of Common Inflammatory Markers in the Long-Term Screening of Total Hip Arthroprosthesis Infections: Our Experience
Authors: Falzarano Gabriele , Piscopo Antonio , Grubor Predrag , Rollo Giuseppe , Medici Antonio , Pipola Valerio , Bisaccia Michele , Caraffa Auro , Barron Elizabeth Mary , Nobile Francesco , Cioffi Raffaele , Meccariello Luigi
Published: August 2017

Orthopedic implants have become essential components of modern medicine. The risk of infection of total hip arthroplasty (THA) is 1.5%−2%. Are the C-reactive protein (CRP), the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and procalcitonin (PCT) good markers for THA infection screenings? From February 2009 to December 2012 at our Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 1248 patients were treated with THA. No prosthesis was cemented. All patients received antibiotic prophylaxis. All patients were discharged approximately 7.4 days after surgery with this clinical and radiographic follow-up program at 15 days and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after surgery. Blood samples to determine ESR, CRP, and PCT values were taken at 1 hour before surgery and 15 days and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after surgery. During follow-ups there were 22 cases of THA infections; according the Widmer classification, infections are hematogenous ones in 16 cases, late chronic ones in 5 cases, and early postoperative ones in 1 case. In all cases the three markers were considered positive; in 6 cases there were no radiological signs of septic loosening. ESR, CRP, and PCT proved to have a greater diagnostic accuracy than X-rays in predicting late chronic and early postoperative infections. These markers are valuable support for the surgeon in monitoring the prosthetic implant lifespan.
Arginine Deprivation Therapy: Putative Strategy to Eradicate Glioblastoma Cells by Radiosensitization
Authors: Hinrichs C. Noreen , Ingargiola Mirjam , Käubler Theresa , Löck Steffen , Temme Achim , Köhn-Luque Alvaro , Deutsch Andreas , Vovk Olena , Stasyk Oleh , Kunz-Schughart Leoni A.
Published: August 2017

Tumor cells—even if nonauxotrophic—are often highly sensitive to arginine deficiency. We hypothesized that arginine deprivation therapy (ADT) if combined with irradiation could be a new treatment strategy for glioblastoma (GBM) patients because systemic ADT is independent of local penetration and diffusion limitations. A proof-of-principle in vitro study was performed with ADT being mimicked by application of recombinant human arginase or arginine-free diets. ADT inhibited two-dimensional (2-D) growth and cell-cycle progression, and reduced growth recovery after completion of treatment in four different GBM cell line models. Cells were less susceptible to ADT alone in the presence of citrulline and in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment. Migration and 3-D invasion were not unfavorably affected. However, ADT caused a significant radiosensitization that was more pronounced in a GBM cell model with p53 loss of function as compared with its p53-wildtype counterpart. The synergistic effect was independent of basic and induced argininosuccinate synthase or argininosuccinate lyase protein expression and not abrogated by the presence of citrulline. The radiosensitizing potential was maintained or even more distinguishable in a 3-D environment as verified in p53-knockdown and p53-wildtype U87-MG cells via a 60-day spheroid control probability assay. Although the underlying mechanism is still ambiguous, the observation of ADT-induced radiosensitization is of great clinical interest, in particular for patients with GBM showing high radioresistance and/or p53 loss of function. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(2); 393–406. ©2017 AACR.

See all articles in this MCT Focus section, “Developmental Therapeutics in Radiation Oncology.”
Pigmented Conjunctival Lesions as Presenting Signs of Vaginal Melanoma
Authors: Phelps Paul O. , Farber Martha J. , Meyer Dale R.
Published: August 2017

A 43-year-old woman was referred to an oculoplastic surgeon for the evaluation of 2 small pigmented lesions in the tarsal conjunctiva. She underwent a biopsy of the lesions, both of which were found to be consistent with metastatic melanoma. Follow-up with the patient revealed that she had been hospitalized for balance issues and headaches. An MRI of her brain revealed a hemorrhagic mass and several smaller foci suspicious for metastatic lesions. A thorough workup included an evaluation for bloody vaginal discharge. Biopsy of a pigmented portion of the vaginal mucosa lesion revealed BRAF-positive melanoma. This was determined to be the primary site of her malignant metastatic melanoma, which caused her death within 6 months of presentation.
Clinicopathologic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of a Multifocal Orbital Lymphoid Tumor
Authors: Jakobiec Frederick A. , Homer Natalie , Zakka Fouad R. , Curtin Hugh D. , Fay Aaron
Published: August 2017

Objective: To distinguish between a multifocal orbital lymphoid tumor and a major simulator represented by a diffuse lymphaticovenous malformation. Methods: We performed a comparison of clinical and radiographic (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) findings of these two disparate entities and demonstrated how a misdiagnosis can be prevented. Results: Orbital lymphoid tumors develop in adults at around 60 years of age, whereas extensive lymphaticovenous malformations are generally detected in the first decade. Despite these differences, this is the first description of clinical confusion between them. MRI with gadolinium injection in the current lymphoid tumor displayed a low signal on T2-weighted images, rapid and uniform enhancement, and reduced diffusion. Lymphaticovenous malformations are heterogeneous, display poor or only focal perfusion, and fail to exhibit diminished diffusion. Newer techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging may be able to provide additional differential diagnostic information. The final pathologic diagnosis was an extranodal marginal zone lymphoma. Conclusions: Despite the obvious distinctions between orbital lymphoid tumors and lymphaticovenous malformations, several clinical radiologic specialists misdiagnosed the present orbital lesion as a vascular lesion. A combined clinicoradiographic analysis should obviate such errors and facilitate the correct diagnosis in the future.
New Findings on the Pathogenesis of Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Authors: Trepiccione Francesco , Prosperi Federica , de la Motte Luigi Regenburgh , Hübner Christian A. , Chambrey Regine , Eladari Dominique , Capasso Giovambattista
Published: August 2017

Background: Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is characterized by an impairment of the urinary acidification process in the distal nephron. Complete or incomplete metabolic acidosis coupled with inappropriately alkaline urine are the hallmarks of this condition. Genetic forms of dRTA are caused by loss of function mutations of either SLC4A1, encoding the AE1 anion exchanger, or ATP6V1B1 and ATP6V0A4, encoding for the B1 and a4 subunits of the vH+ATPase, respectively. These genes are crucial for the function of A-type intercalated cells (A-IC) of the distal nephron. Summary: Alterations of acid-base homeostasis are variably associated with hypokalemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis or nephrolithiasis, and a salt-losing phenotype. Here we report the diagnostic test and the underlying physiopathological mechanisms. The molecular mechanisms identified so far can explain the defect in acid secretion, but do not explain all clinical features. We review the latest experimental findings on the pathogenesis of dRTA, reporting mechanisms that are instrumental for the clinician and potentially inspiring a novel therapeutic strategy. Key Message: Primary dRTA is usually intended as a single-cell disease because the A-IC are mainly affected. However, novel evidence shows that different cell types of the nephron may contribute to the signs and symptoms, moving the focus from a single-cell towards a renal disease.
A Novel Method of Estimating Small Airway Disease Using Inspiratory-to-Expiratory Computed Tomography
Authors: Kirby Miranda , Yin Youbing , Tschirren Juerg , Tan Wan C. , Leipsic Jonathon , Hague Cameron J. , Bourbeau Jean , Sin Don D. , Hogg James C. , Coxson Harvey O. ,   for the CanCOLD Collaborative Research Group and the Canadian Respiratory Research Network
Published: August 2017

Background: Disease accumulates in the small airways without being detected by conventional measurements. Objectives: To quantify small airway disease using a novel computed tomography (CT) inspiratory-to-expiratory approach called the disease probability measure (DPM) and to investigate the association with pulmonary function measurements. Methods: Participants from the population-based CanCOLD study were evaluated using full-inspiration/full-expiration CT and pulmonary function measurements. Full-inspiration and full-expiration CT images were registered, and each voxel was classified as emphysema, gas trapping (GasTrap) related to functional small airway disease, or normal using two classification approaches: parametric response map (PRM) and DPM (VIDA Diagnostics, Inc., Coralville, IA, USA). Results: The participants included never-smokers (n = 135), at risk (n = 97), Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease I (GOLD I) (n = 140), and GOLD II chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 96). PRMGasTrap and DPMGasTrap measurements were significantly elevated in GOLD II compared to never-smokers (p < 0.01) and at risk (p < 0.01), and for GOLD I compared to at risk (p < 0.05). Gas trapping measurements were significantly elevated in GOLD II compared to GOLD I (p < 0.0001) using the DPM classification only. Overall, DPM classified significantly more voxels as gas trapping than PRM (p < 0.0001); a spatial comparison revealed that the expiratory CT Hounsfield units (HU) for voxels classified as DPMGasTrap but PRMNormal (PRMNormal- DPMGasTrap = -785 ± 72 HU) were significantly reduced compared to voxels classified normal by both approaches (PRMNormal-DPMNormal = -722 ± 89 HU; p < 0.0001). DPM and PRMGasTrap measurements showed similar, significantly associations with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (p < 0.01), FEV1/forced vital capacity (p < 0.0001), residual volume/total lung capacity (p < 0.0001), bronchodilator response (p < 0.0001), and dyspnea (p < 0.05). Conclusion: CT inspiratory-to-expiratory gas trapping measurements are significantly associated with pulmonary function and symptoms. There are quantitative and spatial differences between PRM and DPM classification that need pathological investigation.