bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Politização de controvérsias científicas pela mídia brasileira em tempos de pandemia: a circulação de preprints sobre Covid-19 e seus reflexos
Authors: Oliveira Thaiane , Araujo Ronaldo Ferreira , Cerqueira Roberta Cardoso , Pedri Patricia
Published: September 2021

Diante da profusão de preprints durante a pandemia, a proposta do artigo é entender como ocorreu a circulação desses produtos científicos, em especial, nas matérias veiculadas em portais de notícia, quais enquadramentos são utilizados e como essas matérias são percebidas pelos usuários no Facebook. Os procedimentos metodológicos empregados na pesquisa foram a análise de dados bibliográficos, a análise de enquadramento midiático e a escuta social. Os resultados do estudo indicam que 38,6% das matérias mencionam que a pesquisa divulgada está em processo de avaliação, 27,6% das notícias omitem essa informação e 19,6% fazem menções superficiais ou errôneas. Quanto aos enquadramentos, foram identificadas notícias com ênfase nas crises política e epistêmica, e, em menor proporção, em checagem de fatos e construção crítica e explicativa, sendo que todas elas trazem controvérsias científicas como centro da discussão. Como reflexos desses enquadramentos, observa-se a polarização da ciência entre usuários e manifestações de descrença na ciência e na mídia como comportamentos recorrentes.
Capa
Authors: História da Mídia Associação Brasileira De Pesquisadores de
Published: September 2021

Capa
An Overview of Plagiochila porelloides (Marchantiophyta) as a New Environmentally Sustainable Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Acidic Solution
Authors: ÖZKIR Demet
Published: September 2021

In this study, the corrosion inhibition effect of Plagiochila porelloides (Torr. ex Nees) Lindenb. extract, a Marchantiophyta species, on mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution at 298 K was investigated for the first time by applying electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization (LPR) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Experiments were performed by immersing mild steel electrodes in acidic solutions containing different concentrations of Plagiochila porelloides extract for 1 hour before each electrochemical measurement to equilibrate with the aggressive solution. Liverwort extract showed a strong inhibitory effect as a result of 1 hour electrochemical experiments, and as the extract concentration increased, the protective effect of mild steel in acidic solutions raised. In addition, the surface images of the electrodes in 1.0 M HCl solutions with and without liverwort extract after 1-hour exposure were examined by an optical microscope and it was shown that the metal surface in the inhibited extract solution had a smoother appearance compared to the uninhibited metal surface. Electrochemical findings and surface images support each other.
Enriching the Envelope Experience
Authors:   , Martin Emily
Published: September 2021

Enriching the Envelope Experience is a design strategy for an external retrofit to revitalise existing housing. The aim is to create warmer, drier, healthier homes without having to displace the occupants.

For many New Zealander’s, inefficient housing is negatively affecting occupant health and wellbeing.

Preventable health issues place pressure on healthcare systems, costing valuable resources. The climate, housing, and healthcare crisis desperately require improvements to existing housing for warmer, healthier, and happier homes. Currently, the design of New Zealand housing is inefficient for climate resulting in uncomfortable living conditions. There is a global dependence on finite resources, and the ongoing resource use will reach capacity. Desperate attention to the environmental and economic impact is needed to sustain the precious resources. NewZealand is obligated to reach the 2050 climate goals.

The design of buildings needs attention to mitigate the 39% carbon emissions by the construction industry and achieve net-zero carbon housing goals.

Lengthy rebuilds require displacing people from their homes and communities and increase the demand for housing and resources. The demolition and rebuild further adds to the significant waste issue.

Therefore, there is an opportunity to improve the existing housing stock as a readily available resource.

The 1940s-1960s State House is a standardized housing typology mass-produced in New Zealand, and often of poor condition, it was an appropriate site to investigate for a retrofit design strategy.

A design framework informed by sustainable design standards, case studies and understanding of the 1940s-1960s house typology directed the design process. The research outcome resulted in an external wall design strategy to improve the occupants’ home experience.
Biochemical Markers of Free Radical Oxidation and Lipid Exchange in Rats with Obesity, Iodine Defficiency and Obesity in Combination with Iodine Defficiency
Authors:   Lviv State University of Physical Culture named after Ivan Bobersky. 11, Kostiushka Str., Lviv 79000, Ukraine, Hlozhyk I. Z.
Published: September 2021

The purpose of the study was the content of lipid and protein peroxidation products, lipid spectrum parameters and the level of aminotransferases in obese, iodine deficient and obese rats in combination with iodine deficiency. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 45 white nonlinear rats weighing 120-180 g, which were divided into three experimental groups: obese rats (1st experimental group, n = 15), iodine-deficient animals (2nd experimental group), obese animals in combined with iodine deficiency (3rd experimental group, n = 15). The control group consisted of 15 intact rats. The content of products of lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of proteins was determined in the blood and liver tissue of rats. Blood lipid spectrum was assessed by serum levels of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins, followed by calculation of the atherogenic factor. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase was determined in the blood. Results and discussion. It was found that in the liver tissue of rats and blood of experimental groups the content of lipid hydroperoxides and active products that react with thiobarbituric acid increases, which indicates the activation of lipoperoxidation processes. A variety of changes in protein peroxidation in both blood serum and liver tissue of animals of experimental groups was revealed. Regarding the lipid spectrum, the most pronounced differences in the indicators in relation to the control were found in obese animals in combination with iodine deficiency. In this group of animals, cholesterol was increased by 65% in reference to control, triacylglycerol content increased by 52%, low-density lipoprotein exceeded control by 60%, and high-density lipoprotein decreased by 61% in reference to control. The highest activity of aspartate aminotransferase was found in the group of animals with iodine deficiency, and alanine aminotransferase – in the group of obese animals. Conclusion. In the blood and liver tissue of rats with obesity, iodine deficiency and obesity in combination with iodine deficiency increases the content of products of free radical oxidation. The content of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, low-density lipoproteins increases in the blood, the content of high-density lipoproteins decreases, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase increases. The most pronounced differences in the indicators in reference to the control were found in obese animals in combination with iodine deficiency
Long-term Effect of Water Pollutants (Heavy Metals) on the Morphofunctional State of the Adult Rat's Pituitary Gland
Authors:   Sumy, Sumy State University, Medical Institute. 33, Sanatorium St., Sumy 40018, Ukraine, Hryntsova N. B. , Romanyuk A. M.
Published: September 2021

In some northern regions of Ukraine there is an increased accumulation of salts of heavy metals in soil and drinking water, which negatively affect the health of the population and become a risk factor for many diseases. The role of the pituitary gland in the regulation of functional disorders of hormonal homeostasis in various pathological conditions is extremely important. The purpose of the study is to study the morphological, morphometric and biochemical rearrangements of the structural components of the adenohypophysis of adult male rats under conditions of long-term exposure to salts of heavy metals. Materials and methods. The experiment was performed on 24 white adult male rats, which were divided into 1 control and 1 experimental group. The experimental group consisted of rats, which for 90 days consumed ordinary drinking water, saturated with a combination of salts of heavy metals: zinc (ZnSO4 · 7H2O) – 5 mg/l, copper (CuSO4 · 5H2O) – 1 mg/l, iron (FeSO4) – 10 mg/l, manganese (MnSO4 · 5H2O) – 0.1 mg/l, lead (Pb (NO3) 2) – 0.1 mg/l and chromium (K2Cr2O7) – 0.1 mg/l. Results and discussion. Long-term effects on the body of experimental animals of salts of heavy metals caused a pronounced compensatory-adaptive changes in the pituitary gland of experimental animals of hypoxic nature. Morphological changes in the organ were accompanied by plethora of venous bed, deterioration of rheological properties of blood, increase in the area of connective tissue component of the gland, violation of histoarchitectonics of epithelial trabeculae, edema in the parenchyma, increase in linear indicators of the pituitary gland. Toxic effects of salts of heavy metals negatively affected the cellular composition of the adenohypophysis: there was an increase in the number of chromophobes and a decrease in the number of chromophilic acidophiles and basophils compared with control animals. At the same time, the increase in linear parameters, area of nuclei and cytoplasm of adenocytes can be attributed both to their compensatory hypertrophy and due to edema processes in the gland caused by deepening hypoxic effects and impaired blood flow from the organ as a result of venous plethora. Conclusion. Morphometric and biochemical parameters of the structural components of the anterior lobe of the adenohypophysis at 90 days of exposure to salts of heavy metals, of course, indicate a significant stress of adaptive processes by the adenohypophysis in response to stressors (salts of heavy metals)
The Influence of Corvitin on the Cholates Content in the Male Rats’ Liver under the Conditions of Chronic Social Stress
Authors:   Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University. 40, Velyka Berdychivska St., Zhytomyr 10002, Ukraine, Liashevych A. M. , Lupaina І. S. ,   Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University. 40, Velyka Berdychivska St., Zhytomyr 10002, Ukraine, Makarchuk M. Yu. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University. 2, Academician Glushkov Prospect, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine
Published: September 2021

The creation of universally effective and safe correctors of biliary secretion disorders is becoming more timely. There is an urgent need for scientists to find drugs that would correct blood cholesterol levels and metabolism in liver effectively and without limiting side effects. The purpose of the study was to investigate the possibility of using corvitin to correct stress-induced biliary disorders of the liver of male rats. Materials and methods. The article looks at recent research dealing with changes in the bile acid composition of outbred male rats’ bile under chronic social stress (social defeat in daily male confrontations, 14 days) when using Corvitin (1 mg/kg, intragastrically, 7 days). Chronic social stress was created by daily agonistic interactions between animals. The state of memory and the level of research activity in the object recognition test (cognitive test) were also studied. The main fractions of conjugated bile acids (taurocholic, taurohenodeoxycholic and taurodeoxycholic, glycocholic, glycochenodeoxycholic and glycodeoxycholic and free ones – cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic) were determined by the method of thin layer chromatography of bile. Results and discussion. Chronic social stress leads to a slight increase in the overall activity of the experimental animals, but significantly impairs the processes of recognition and memory. Social stress significantly inhibits the processes that ensure the synthesis, biotransformation and transport of bile acids in the bile. Also, chronic social stress causes changes in bile production, which reduce the solubilization properties of bile and increase the risk of lithogenesis. Conclusion. The use of Corvitin simultaneously with the simulation of experimental social stress normalized the biliary secretory function of the liver, which indicates a high potential for the use of Corvitin as a corrective factor in chronic social stress. Corvitin used by us in the conditions of experimental social stress to some extent corrected the content of bile acids in the liver of male rats, which indicates the ability of this drug to interfere with the metabolism of cholate in liver cells, in the mechanisms of bile acid transport. Correction of stress-induced pathologies of liver bile-secretory function by Corvitin requires further thorough experimental studies
Antibiotic Resistance. Scale and Relevance of Studies of the Antibiotic-Resistant Isolates Circulation among Children
Authors:   Uzhhorod, Uzhhorod National University. 58, Shvabska St., apt. 22, Uzhhorod 88000, Ukraine, Fohel I. I. , Kryvtsova M. V. , Bugir Y. Y.
Published: September 2021

Over the last decade, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms has become a global problem for modern medicine around the world. Bacteria quickly acquire genes of resistance to the action of the antibiotics. Bacterial infections that used to be easy to treat, now, in some cases, can even be life-threatening. Resistant microorganisms pose a danger not only among the adult population but also among the pediatric population. According to the World Health Organization, up to 200,000 newborns die each year from infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Premature babies are at particular risk because their immune systems are still underdeveloped. The use of antibiotics in children should be reasonably approached, as recent studies have shown an increase of the spread of bacteria with resistance genes. Infections caused by resistant microorganisms are more difficult to treat and require special methods and approaches, especially for children, where the choice of antibiotics is already limited. The purpose of the study is to analyze the literature for the current state of the problem of antibiotic resistance, prospects for future development, relevance in pediatric practice. Materials and methods. The research materials are publications of national and foreign authors. Analytical methods were used as main research methods. This article considers the problem of antibiotic resistance, general mechanisms of its formation, research data on the prevalence of circulation of resistant strains in the pediatric population and their role in the initiation of resistant bacterial infections. Conclusion. It is concluded that bacteria insensitive to antibiotics are quite common among the pediatric population and in some cases are life-threatening. This phenomenon requires constant monitoring in order to detect and correctly treat persistent bacterial infections. There are many strains resistant to first- and second-generation antibiotics circulating in children. In some cases, the treatment of certain conditions in pediatrics may lead to the use of reserve antibiotics. Systemic coordinated work around the world and an individual approach in determining the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics in each case can prevent the rapid acquisition of resistance genes by bacteria. It is also necessary to spread information about the threat of antibiotic resistance in order to raise public awareness and counteract the empirical use of antibiotics at home without a prescription. There is also an urgent need to invent new chemical compounds with bactericidal properties as soon as possible
Role of Schools in Tobacco prevention-A Review
Authors: Radha Dr. G , Joseph Dr. Bobby , H L Dr. Jayakumar
Published: September 2021

Abstract: Tobacco use causes serious health problems. Its use presents a crucial threat to the well-being of children. School health programs to prevent tobacco use could become one of the most effective strategies to reduce the burden of tobacco induced illness and make a substantial contribution to the health of the next generation. Preventing as many children as possible from starting tobacco use is feasible and worthwhile, both economically and in terms of improved health of the population. This review discusses the various school-based strategies in the field of tobacco-use prevention and cessation to help school personnel implement effective prevention programs.
Adolescent abuse in a community sample in Beni Suef, Egypt: prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Afifi Z. E. M. , El Lawindi M. I. , Ahmed S. A. , Basily W. W.
Published: September 2021

Adolescent abuse was studied in 555 school students [mean age 15.6 +/- 1.5 years] selected by multistage random sampling in Beni Suef in 1998. Each student received a general physical examination and a pre-coded questionnaire to identify determinants of abuse. Prevalence of abuse was 36.6%. Emotional, physical, sexual and combined abuse prevalence was 12.3%, 7.6%, 7.0% and 9.7% respectively. Significant predictors of sexual abuse were hyperactive child, disabled child, disinterested mother, low birth order child or wasted child. For physical abuse, significant predictors were maternal disinterest, maternal education and injuries. Significant predictors of emotional abuse were overcrowding, disease and mistreatment by a teacher. Violent behaviour was reported for more than 20% of the emotionally and the sexually abused
Malaria and intestinal parasitosis among children presenting to the Paediatric Centre in Sana’a, Yemen
Authors: Azazy A. A. , Raja'a Y. A.
Published: September 2021

We studied the profile of malaria and intestinal parasitosis among children presenting to the Paediatric Health Centre in Sana’a from January 1998 to December 2000. In stool samples from 9014 children, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichuris trichiura were the most common. Infection with parasites of direct life-cycle were similar in boys and girls. Schistosome infection was significantly higher in boys than girls, but girls were more infected with ascariasis. The only species of malaria parasite found in blood samples from 753 children with suspected malaria was Plasmodium falciparum, with the highest rates in April-June. The majority of positive cases were Yemeni children, but 10.8% were Sudanese or Ethiopian
Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among Omani adults
Authors: Al Riyami A. A. , Afifi M.
Published: September 2021

To determine the distribution and correlates of clustering of cardiovascular disease [CVD] risk factors, data from the Oman National Health Survey, 2000 were analysed. Based on demographic data [blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, serum cholesterol, weight, height, waist and hip measurements], 5660 subjects were grouped according to how many of four CVD risk factors [hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, overweight/obesity] they had. We found that 72% of subjects had less than one risk factor and 2% had all four. Older age exacerbated risk, while living in rural areas or being single was protective. Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome is a public health problem in Oman. Increasing awareness in healthcare providers and the wider population by comprehensive dissemination of the survey results is crucial
Profile of acute poisoning cases presenting to health centres and hospitals in Oman
Authors: Lall S. B. , Al Wahaibi S. S. , Al Riyami M. M. , Al Kharusi K.
Published: September 2021

A simple pro forma was used for a retrospective study of poisoning cases at 45 health institutions in Oman during January-December 2000. No deaths were recorded among 2009 cases of acute poisoning. A quarter of all cases [55.8% of paediatric cases] were children aged 1-4 years. The largest category [59.5%] was animal bites and stings: 25.4% undiagnosed, 19.7% scorpion stings, 7.6% bee, spider or wasp stings and 6.8% snake bites. Next highest [38.5%] was ingestion of substances: 18.2% pharmaceuticals, 8.2% food and 4.7% household products. Most drug-related cases were due to paracetamol. Suicide attempts were recorded for 6.0%. Collection of poisoning data through a central registry system is needed for the implementation and future assessment of prevention programmes
Co-morbidity and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al Haidar F. A.
Published: September 2021

To review the experience of a child psychiatric clinic regarding co-morbidity and treatment characteristics of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], a retrospective study was done on patients under 19 years who were attending the clinic and were diagnosed with ADHD. Co-morbidity and treatment characteristics were also studied. ADHD was diagnosed in 25.5% of the patients. Of these, 28.3% had coexistent expressive language disorder and 38.7% coexistent mild mental retardation. A psychostimulant [methylphenidate] was prescribed to 23.6% while antidepressants [primarily imipramine] were prescribed to 35.9%. Behavioural therapy was the most commonly offered psychotherapy. Antidepressants were used more than psychostimulants. Psychotropics had a more beneficial effect than psychotherapy
Inpatient child and adolescent psychiatric referrals in Saudi Arabia: clinical profiles and treatment
Authors: Al Haidar F. A.
Published: September 2021

A retrospective review was made of the case records of inpatients referred to the psychiatric consultation-liaison service of King Khalid University Hospital, Saudi Arabia over a 6-year period. For the 109 patients under 18 years old, the study noted both the medical or surgical diseases diagnosed as well as psychiatric disorders and the treatment approaches used by psychiatrists. Depressive and adjustment disorders were the most often diagnosed psychiatric illnesses. The most common medical diagnoses were epilepsy, drug overdose, ambiguous genitalia, orthopaedic injuries and diabetes mellitus. Young people with these medical problems are in real need of psychological assessment and intervention
La conducta de los organismos: Un análisis experimental
Authors:   Harvard University, Harvard, Massachusetts, United States, Skinner B. F.
Published: September 2021

En La conducta de los organismos se hallan los cimientos de lo que será el desarrollo del pensamiento de B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) y de los diferentes conductismos y variantes del análisis de conducta que habrían de seguir y, en particular, la deuda que tanto molecuralistas como molaristas manifiestan con la figura de Skinner. Por un lado, la concepción de contingencia entendida como contigüidad temporal, una noción más alineada con el enfoque molecular y, por otro, la noción de operante como clase de respuesta, claramente un concepto molar y que tanto juego habría de dar en el análisis aplicado de conducta de décadas posteriores. Ambas aproximaciones, quizás deliberadamente ambiguas en su contraposición en el pensamiento de B. F. Skinner, ya están presentes en La conducta de los organismos.
Female Authority And The Representation of Womanhood In H. Rider Haggard’s Ayesha
Authors: Ahmed Shokhan Rasool
Published: September 2021

Haggard’s Ayesha is the continuation of the Victorian dream novel She. H. Rider Haggard's She, subtitled A History of Adventure, is figured to be among top rated books at any point distributed: it had sold exactly 83 million duplicates by 1965. Ayesha (really articulated 'Assha'), subtitled The Return of She, who takes after She in the book, is an amazing and puzzling white sovereign who administers the African Amahagger individuals. Ayesha has enchantment controls and is undying, which makes She a dream experience book.

Despite the fact that She and Ayesha were distributed almost twenty years separated, H. Rider Haggard stated that Ayesha was a decision to a two-section book, not a continuation. There is likewise a "prequel," She and Allan (1921). In the two books, an imaginary manager shows an original copy portrayal by Ludwig Horace Holly. In Haggard’s She, considering that some parts of the novel are so comfortable, readers might feel compelled into thinking that they are going through Haggard’s tour in Africa. Fortunately, in any event, when the plot eases back to a nearly gastropod pace, the way Haggard's depicts the African culture and scene conveys the reader along.

Ayesha, known as She-Who-Must-Be-Obeyed, first showed up in sequential structure from 1896 to 1897 in the novel She. Ayesha is one of the marvelous, kick-ass lady characters in Victorian writing who represents the misogynist construction of femininity and embodies the femme fatale. This paper is principally concerned about the representation of feminine power and the representation of womanhood in Haggard’s Ayesha. Some questions will be investigated here. Can one consider Ayesha as a “conclusion” or a “sequel” to She since the whole novel replicates the same thematic and structural maneuvers of She? Does Haggard revive Ayesha, the “new woman”, in The Return of She respond to the threat to traditional gender roles? The findings of this study will be beneficial for the researchers, and all the undergraduate and postgraduate students of English department.
The impact of ISIS control on the livestock sector in Iraq (a study in geopolitics)
Authors: Omar Al-Boutani Talaat Muhammad Taher
Published: September 2021

Livestock resources experienced a dramatic decline in each of Nineveh, Anbar, Salah Al-Din, and parts of Kirkuk and Diyala provinces due to the Islamic states invasion into those areas in June 2014.According to estimates by some international organizations in Iraq, Livestock numbers decreased significantly by 65% ​​from what it was in 2010. Major reasons for Livestock decline in Iraq were conflict, military operations, aerial bombardment, banditry, and lack of health care resulted in the deaths of large numbers of Livestock, in addition to forced internal migration, that resulted in the migration of about four million Iraqis where they had to leave their homes towards western and northern Iraq.  It can be concluded that due to the dramatic decline in Livestock, Iraq lost more than 1.674 billion dollars.
Historial Gography Of The Kurds In The Nighboring
Authors: Mansur Qaetuly Salahaddin Anwer
Published: September 2021

This research is entitled (historical geography of the presence of the Kurds in the neighboring regions), a study in the geo-political research scientifically concerned with the presence of Kurds in the neighboring countries i.e this research does not study the presence of the Kurds in in Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Iran just in (Khorasan region) because now they are includes the land of Kurdistan. The Kurds history of immigration to outside of their lands are related to many factors including the geographical location and the similarity of geographical elements, which can be considered the main causes to for attraction of Kurds to these regions, and despite this the cutaneous invasions especially during the periods of Iran and Turkey.

This research includes three axes,  the first axis study the historical presence of the Kurds in Russia and the three Caucasus countries (Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan) and also study Republics of (Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan), and briefly about Afghanistan, Pakistan and khorasan region. The second axis study the history and geographical distribution of the Kurds and their numbers in those neighboring countries.While the third axis analysis of the geopolitical history elements including (military, economy, religion and administration)of the Kurdish presence in neighboring countries. In addition of performing some important conclusions and recommendations, as well as the list of references, and abstract in English and Kurdish and an appendix of maps and pictures.
Social Responsibility in University Students
Authors: Abdulsamad Shno Hassan , Majeed Paiman Abdulqadr
Published: September 2021

Social responsibility takes an important role in constancy and tainquility of life in a society, tries to make the system of the society better and protects its roles, at the same time become a factor to perform each one's responsibility toward himself and the surrounding, and also make each individual mature, conscious in terms of rights, responsibilities, roles and comprehended ones about the social, political and general problems of the society and also encourages them to participate in resolving problems.

The researcher found it necessary to carry on such a study in order to investigate the level of social responsibility of  the university students, and to underline the differences in the level according to variable,academic specialization,and study stages

The research population is all the bachelor students of first stage and forth stage  of humanity  and science  academic specialization in the University of  Sulaimani in the new camp in ( 2019 - 2020) , but the sample of the study  (428) students of  the faculties of (College of Humanities, College of Law, College of Science, and College of Engineering )by the way of , the research is a kind of descriptive, and the adopted method is ( social survey), the researcher, for collection data, adopted scale to measure the social responsibility, and used some statistical means such as (coefficient alpha, person correlations coefficient, T,Test, means, standard deviation)

The result indicates that the students of University of Sulaimani have a high level of social responsibility, and there are differences statistically concerning the variable of academic specialty ( science and humanity ) in behalf of humanities, and of study stages ( first stage and forth stage ) in behalf of first stage .

These  results  were interpreted in the light of the literature review the researcher shed light on certain recommendations and suggestions .
The Energy of Conjugacy Classes Graphs of Some Order of Alternating Groups
Authors: Hassan Zuzan Naaman , Sarhan Nihad Titan
Published: September 2021

The energy of a graph , is the sum of all absolute values of the eigen values of the adjacency matrix which is indicated by . An adjacency matrix is a square matrix used to represent of finite graph where the rows and columns consist of 0 or 1-entry depending on the adjacency of the vertices of the graph. The group of even permutations of a finite set is known as an alternating group  . The conjugacy class graph is a graph whose vertices are non-central conjugacy classes of a group , where two vertices are connected if their cardinalities are not coprime. In this paper, the conjugacy class of alternating group  of some order for   and their energy are computed. The Maple2019 software and Groups, Algorithms, and Programming (GAP) are assisted for computations.
The Position of Jimmy Carter's Administration about Iraq-Iran war in 1980 A Historical and Political Research
Authors: Abdulqader Nihro Mohammed , Murad Khaleel Ali
Published: September 2021

Following the demise of the Shah regime, Saddam Hussein capitalized on the deteriorating situation of Iran to attack the country in a bid to achieve a set of goals. He never thought that the war would last eight years. Before Iraq kicked off the conflict, Saddam and other Iraqi leaders had apparently gathered with American officials in Jordan. It is highly likely that Saddam declared war on Iran with the consent of the USA, though both sides categorically have rejected such accusations. Saddam seized the fallout of Iran-US relations to introduce himself as the guard protecting America's interests. Even if the US was not responsible for the ignition of the war, it liked it as Iran at the time had American hostages behind its bars, a crisis which emerged in November 1979. In the meantime, the new Iran emerged to portrait itself as a major foe of the US. Though Jimmy Carter  chose neutrality amidst the conflict, it asked for an immediate pause. The equation, however, turned up side down soon after Washington started to assist Iraq. One indication is that, two months before the war started, Baghdad and the US had decided to normalize ties, but announcing it was delayed as the war had been looming in order to avoid miscalculations from other sides.

Through the war, the US wanted to destroy the infrastructure of both sides in order to cripple them from emerging as two powerful regional states. Through third parties, Washington was selling arms to both sides. The US had even warned Iran of Iraq's military attack plan. The age of Carter's age came to an end shortly after the war began when he lost the elections to Ronald Reagan and that a new administration took office in January 1981.
A Cognitive Study of Anger Metaphors in English and Kurdish
Authors: Abdullah Khalid Ali
Published: September 2021

This article is a comparative study of anger metaphors in English and Kurdish from a cognitive linguistic perspective. Based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), the paper makes a comparative analysis of the conceptual metaphors of anger in English and Kurdish. The two languages are geographically and culturally unrelated. The study aims to find out similar and dissimilar points related to the way anger is conceptualized in English and Kurdish to show the universality and specificity of the different cultures. Also, the article looks for the causes of these differences and similarities so as to help people further understand the conceptualization of anger as one of the basic human emotions.
Analyzing Religious Speech in Terms of Speech Act Theory
Authors: Hamad Sherwan Hussein , Omer Talar Sabah
Published: September 2021

Every Friday, articles were presented at mosques, and the subject of  the articles involved all aspects of human life, political, economic, social,…Any phenomenon in the society is mentioned in religious speeches. These articles will be part of religious discourse in Kurdistan, one of the subjects we have chosen for this investigation and we will study it from the perspective of a speech by Mala Araz about condemning the Turkish attack on the kurds. The aim of our study is to analyze religious discourse from a pragmatic perspective to achieve the goal that we have analyzed in the methodology, and we have received an example from the book" Mala Araz", which is in the context of the central Kurdish language kurmanji dialect.
Libertad de expresión y estado de excepción
Authors: Mendoza Solórzano Myriam Rossana , Morán Cárdenas Gina Arsenia , Mendoza Solorzano Adriana Lidia , Carrascal Chiquito Henry John , Zavala Palacios Oswaldo Francisco
Published: September 2021

Lo que caracteriza el presente texto es la actualidad de los temas que constituyen los ejes de su contenido contemplados en su título. Asuntos tales como la situación de la libertad de expresión y el derecho de la información, consagrados, el primero, en todas las constituciones de las naciones democráticas de todo el mundo, el segundo, presente en documentos de organismos internacionales como exigencia a los Estados y derecho para los pueblos, son derechos consagrados, no solo por las naciones, sino por todas esas instancias de relación entre ellas, jurídicas y políticas. Por otra parte, con la pandemia de la COVID-19 y la extrema necesidad de desarrollar eficaces estrategias de contención contra la infección en la población mundial, se ha recurrido, en casi todas las naciones, al estado de excepción como recurso jurídico-político del Estado para poder tomar medidas extraordinarias que suspendan, de alguna manera, los derechos de los ciudadanos en un contexto de normalidad. Por supuesto, la presente obra, no se limita a los varios decretos de estado de excepción a raíz de la pandemia de la COVID-19, sino que hace algunas referencias, en general, al estado de excepción en situaciones de gravedad, de catástrofes naturales como el terremoto del 16, y conflictos internos como el levantamiento del 2019 y otros anteriores. En cada Estado existen disposiciones constitucionales y legales para la aplicación de esos estados de excepción o de conmoción nacional, como también se lo conceptúa. En este caso, el presente texto se concentrará en Ecuador y su contexto inmediato, América Latina, región que comparte algunos rasgos comunes, a la vez que contiene las diferencias naturales, propias de las naciones independientes.
Territorial Heraldry of the Muscovite Tsardom in the “Titulyarnik” of 1672
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russian Federation, Pchelov Evgeniy V.
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of images of territorial coats of arms in the "Titulyarnik" of 1672. The "Titulyarnik," existing in several copies, is the most important source on the history of Russian heraldry. It is a complete visual embodiment of the complex of territorial coats of arms, formed via mentioning the corresponding lands in the royal title. By the early 1670s, the territorial title of the Russian tsars included over 30 names. It had significantly changed and had been supplemented in connection with the events of the war between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of 1654–67, which was successful and resulted in annexation of new territories. These territorial incorporations were interpreted by the Russian side as the return of the ancestral lands, the "fatherland" of the Muscovite sovereigns. The "Titulyarnik" became the second source after the Great Seal of Ivan the Terrible, in which the heraldic representation of the royal title was given in its entirety. The complex of territorial coats of arms underwent certain changes since the end of the 1570s, when the Great Seal of Ivan the Terrible had been created. These changes most probably took place under the first Romanovs, starting in the 1620s. At the same time, some coats of arms were re-drawn. In the "Titulyarnik," most of the territorial coats of arms were also changed. Moreover, the complex of territorial coats of arms was supplemented with completely new coats of arms. Iconographic and source analysis of the images of coats of arms and their comparison with earlier versions has allowed the author to identify some important patterns of their transformation. It has been determined that many territorial coats of arms of the "Titulyarnik" were significantly strengthened by Christian semantics. This was primarily done by addition of various Christian symbols to the coats of arms. The most important of these symbols was the cross, represented in its two forms — straight and x-shaped cross. Thus, the heraldic reform carried out in the "Titulyarnik" was consistent; it was associated with the need to emphasize the Orthodox nature of the Muscovite Tsardom as guardian and defender of the Christian religion. Christian semantics also appeared in the heraldic verses written by an unknown author in the 1670s. In these verses, the territorial coats of arms were described and their interpretation was given. Variants of the coats of arms presented in the "Titulyarnik" continued to exist in the period of the Russian Empire.
Excerpts from Land Separation Books as Title Deeds for Hereditary Estates, Fisheries and Meadows: The 17th Century Materials from the Tikhvin Assumption Monastery Archive
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation, Abelentseva Olga A.
Published: September 2021

During the 17th century, the archives of the Tikhvin Assumption Monastery accumulated documents testifying to the monastery’s acquisition of rights to votchinas (hereditary landed estate) and ugodia (collective name for fisheries, meadows, etc.). Among these documents there are excerpts from land separation books (otvodnye knigi). In order to determine the significance of such excerpts as title deeds, the article examines situations requiring their receipt, and sequence of actions of the patrimonials and authorities. It is generally accepted that grant deeds were basic document confirming monasteries’ rights to votchinas and ugodia. The Tikhvin Assumption Monastery received its last grant deed in 1621. However, in the following years, the Monastery was granted new votchinas and ugodia, which also required title perfection. And yet thereafter all grants were issued without drafting grant deeds. The article considers four situations that demanded separation of land: proving rights to old landholdings; acquiring new votchinas on the basis of grant deeds; proving rights to ugodia recorded in census records, but not in grant deeds; acquiring new votchinas and ugodia on the basis of decree without grant deed. The study of the archival documents has made it possible to reveal how rights to votchinas and ugodia were established in the 17th century without issuance of grant deeds. First, the monastic authorities filed a petition in Moscow and received a decree ordering the authorities of Veliky Novgorod to separate the land. Upon receiving such order from Novgorod, a local official performed separation of land according to an excerpt from cadastral register and compiled a land separation book. In order obtain an excerpt from the land separation book, the procedure was to be repeated. In the case of disputes or legal proceedings with outside parties – landholders (pomeshchiki) or court peasants (dvortsovye) – a new land separation book for the successful party was to be drawn. Sometimes several years could pass between land separation and obtaining an excerpt from the land separation book. The monastic authorities did not seek to receive it immediately and, probably, did not have a clear idea of the need for such an action. The available data allows the author to conclude that excerpts from land separation books may have been main document proving ownership of votchinas and ugodia, but were usually obtained in case of land disputes. However, to decide a case, other documents reflecting the history of the grant were required: excerpts from cadastral registers and survey books, originals or copies of decrees, and command letters.
Nomadic Inorodtsy of the South of Russia: Perception in the 19th Century in the Context of “Managers” and “Managed”
Authors:   Federal Research Centre “The Southern Scientific Centre” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, Lidzhieva Irina V.
Published: September 2021

The South of the Russian Empire in the 19th century remained an imperial outskirt in its integration process, yet uncompleted. The article is to study the perception of the inorodtsy (non-Russian) directorates officials and the governed population in the steppes of the Precaucasia and in the Lower Volga region in the 19th century on the example of the Directorate for the Kalmyk people of the Astrakhan gubernia and the Directorate for nomadic peoples of the Stavropol gubernia. Despite long-held interest of the Russian historiography in the problems of imperial bureaucracy, the human capital of management apparatus in the regional outskirts remains outside the focus of researchers’ attention. Issues of the discourse managers/managed are important for study, since their mutual perception affected the achievement of the main goal of the state, which was to integrate the imperial outskirts into the Russian space, and as its many aspects remain relevant even at the present stage. The sources are materials from the fonds of the State Archive of the Stavropol Krai (GASK) and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia (NARK), containing personal data of civil servants and office documentation. The concept of “management” is considered as a process during which the subject of management, that is, managers (in this case officials of the inorodtsy directorates), affects the object of management — managed — nomadic peoples. Using comprehensive methods of content analysis of archival sources texts and reconstruction of events in chronological sequence, the main directions of interaction between the managers and the managed have been determined. The author concludes that the process of mutual perception of the managers and the managed on the inorodtsy outskirts of the empire was one of significant aspects in the context of formation of the mechanism for their integration into the all-Russian socio-economic and political-legal space, which showcases the political course of the central authorities in relation to the local population. In the course of direct interaction between the two, both positive and negative directions were developed, the latter, to the extent possible, were alleviated by the higher regional management, who, unlike middle-level officials, were fully aware of the goals and tasks of the inorodtsy directorates.
Soviet Modernity in the Eyes of Rural Population of the USSR in the Second Half of the 1940s – Early 1950s According to the Personal Provenance Sources
Authors:   Penza State University, Penza, Russian Federation, Sukhova Olga A.
Published: September 2021

The author analyzes the content of collective social ideas of peasantry against the background of the recently ended Great Patriotic War and transition to peaceful life. The restart of mobilization model of economy and realization of a series of administrative campaigns in the USSR (fighting violations of the agricultural cooperative codex and labor absenteeism) mediated the emergence of new opportunities for social integration. The authorities virtually authorized the creation of official channels for citizens’ appeals. These administrative campaigns to activate the socio-political interaction stimulated the process of verbalization of hopes and aspirations of the Soviet peasantry and objectively contributed to the emergence of modernization attitudes in the minds of rural population. In this regard, the complaints, sent by the rural population to the Council for Kolkhozes Affairs, and direct requests and decisions of general meetings of collective farmers, which followed the Decree of June 2, 1948, should be considered as a most important source for studying representations of the realities and prospects for the development of industrial civilization in the USSR, as seen by the rural population. Complaints about administrative arbitrariness and failures in social policy are private provenance sources. They present a wide range of assessments of the real state of the kolkhozes system and offer desirable, from their point of view, changes in peasants’ social status and position. The article is to provide a source-based analysis of the Soviet modernity as a certain socio-cultural construct reflecting the system of social preferences and aspirations of the post-war Soviet society. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite the increased tax burden, disenfranchisement, and hunger strikes, the end of the war and transition to the peaceful life factored in the dissemination of ideas about modernity in the consciousness of the rural population. These were mostly imaginary cultural and ideological prospects for building a socialist future: introduction of guaranteed wages, realization of the right to rest, social security, and protection from administrative arbitrariness. The peasant vision of the Soviet industrialism included ideas about agricultural technology rationalization and dissemination of scientific knowledge; removal of discriminatory restrictions on the legal status of the rural population; growth of social security and material well-being of the collective farmers.