bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When Peasants Sue En Masse : Large-scale Collective ALL Suits in Rural China
Authors: Tang Yuen Yuen
Published: January 2007

Employment of the Administrative Litigation Law (ALL) by aggrieved Chinese peasants against local governments has drawn increased attention in recent years. Current literature reveals an emerging set of practices, including various tactics employed by litigants and defendants against each other. This article focuses on the phenomenon of large-scale rural collective action in administrative litigation. While such cases remain the exception, their scale and impact are potentially phenomenal. Through a statistical analysis of selected case studies and a contextual analysis of the famous 1997 case in Hebian Township, Sichuan, this study examines the emergence and efficacy of large-scale rural collective action in the ALL.
Indeterminate and Inhuman: Georgette Leblanc in L'Inhumaine (1924)
Authors: Shanahan Maureen G
Published: January 2007

L'Inhumaine (Marcel L'Herbier, 1924) permits multiple subversive readings and queer spectatorial positions as a result of Georgette Leblanc's interventions in the narrative, the film's misquoting of post-World War I heterosexual paradigms, and citations to gay, lesbian, and queer figures.
"Made for the Masses with an Appeal to the Classes": The Triangle Film Corporation and the Failure of Highbrow Film Culture
Authors: King Rob
Published: January 2007

Genteel culture failed to provide an effective model for the development of the early American film industry. The history of the Triangle Film Corporation exemplifies the conflict between highbrow ideals and commercial necessity and shows how consumer values transformed the aesthetic and ethical standards of the genteel middle class.
Homologies of Space: Text and Spectatorship in All-Male Adult Theaters
Authors: Capino JosÃ© B
Published: January 2007

This article examines spectatorship in all-male adult theaters through an adaptation of the work of Siegfried Kracauer, a reading of Jerry Douglas's film The Back Row (1972), and ethnographic research on three prominent adult cinemas in the United States.
"Military Enlightenment" for the Masses: Generic and Cultural Intermixing in South Korea's Golden Age War Films
Authors: Diffrient David Scott
Published: January 2007

Although officially categorized as "military enlightenment" and "anticommunist" by the Park Chung Hee regime, the war films directed by Yi Man-hŭi (Lee Man-hee)—one of the most important auteurs in South Korea's cinematic Golden Age of the 1960s—transcend formulaic genre constraints and deserve special attention for their humanistic approach to the Korean War.
The Effect of Age upon Care and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Congestive Heart Failure in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Cujec Bibiana , Quan Hude , Jin Yan , Johnson David
Published: January 2007

We describe the age-specific outcomes for patients hospitalized with newly diagnosed congestive heart failure using administrative hospital abstracts from Alberta, Canada, from April 1, 1994, to March 31, 2000. Seniors (aged 65 years and older) constituted about 85 per cent of the 16,162 patients. Both co-morbidity and severity of illness tended to increase with age. The use of special care unit admissions, coronary artery diagnostic services (cardiac catheterization), and revascularization procedures (percutanenous transluminal coronary angioplasty/stenting, coronary artery bypass surgery) peaked in the 50-to 64-year age group and decreased with increasing age. Specialist/sub-specialist care, prescriptions of beta blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors / angiotensin receptor blockers decreased with age in seniors. Adjusted in-hospital, 1-year mortality and crude, age-specific 5-year mortality were significantly greater in those 75 years and older. Outcomes and process of care in patients with newly diagnosed congestive heart failure were not uniformly distributed with age. The elderly had greater mortality but received less therapy.
A Geriatric Day Hospital: Who Improves the Most?
Authors: Desrosiers Johanne , Hébert Réjean , Payette Hélène , Roy Pierre-Michel , Tousignant Michel , Côté Sylvie , Trottier Lise
Published: January 2007

This study compared the changes in some bio-psychosocial variables (functional independence, nutritional risk, pain, balance and walking, grip strength, general well-being, psychiatric profile, perception of social support, leisure satisfaction, and caregivers' feeling of burden) in four categories of clients during their program at a geriatric day hospital (GDH). The study also evaluated whether or not improvements, if any, were maintained 3 months after discharge. One-hundred-and-fifty-one people, categorized by primary reason for admission, were assessed at the GDH with reliable and valid tools, at admission and at discharge. Three months after discharge, they were reassessed with the same tools. Overall, two categories of clients, stroke / neurological diseases and musculoskeletal disorders / amputations, improved the most. For the gait disorders and falls group, only the functional independence score improved, but not at a clinically significant level. Finally, clients in the cognitive function disorders / psychopathologies group improved the most on their well-being scores and caregivers' burden decreased the most. All gains were maintained up to 3 months after discharge, except for leisure satisfaction. With the exception of clients who attended the GDH because of gait disorders and falls, the improvements and maintenance achieved in each category occurred in the domains where improvement had been hoped for, because of the particular disabilities in question and because of the nature of the GDH services offered.
Sinfree Makoni and Koen Stroeken (Ed.). Ageing in Africa: Sociolinguistic and Anthropological Approaches. Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2002.
Authors: Gilbert Hannah
Published: January 2007

Cet ouvrage éditée traite de la construction de l'identité et de l'expérience du vieillissement en Afrique. Les trois principaux thèmes de l'ouvrage sont interdépendants. Dans un premier temps, on établit la relation entre l'âge et la construction de l'identité, puis on explore les notions de pouvoir et d'autorité des aînés. Enfin le dernier chapitre, examine comment l'évolution rapide de la société influe sur la façon dont les aînés se définissent et définissent leur position sociale. L'ouvrage atteint son objectif qui est de fournir du matériel concret pour l'élaboration de politiques. Les preuves ethnographiques et les témoignages narratifs présentés ici apportent un éclairage important sur la théorie du vieillissement en Afrique et ailleurs.
Quasi-experimental Study of the Effectiveness of an Integrated Service Delivery Network for the Frail Elderly
Authors: Tourigny André , Durand Pierre J. , Bonin Lucie , Hébert Réjean , Rochette Louis
Published: January 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a new, integrated service delivery (ISD) network of health and social services for frail elderly living in a semi-urban community. A quasi-experimental study was conducted from 1997 to 2000, with measures taken before implementation (T0) and every 12 months after implementation for a 3-year period (T1, T2, T3); 482 people aged 75 years or older from 2 communities, 272 in the experimental and 210 in the control group, were followed. Analyses were conducted using parametric and non-parametric statistics, a generalized linear model, and Cox regression for survival analysis. A declining trend in institutionalization was observed and the desire to be institutionalized was lower in the study group. When absence of deterioration on follow-up was analysed in terms of the level of autonomy, the ISD network produced positive effects on the frailer clientele at T1, effects that tended to be maintained at T2. In regard to caregivers' burden, the ISD network seemed to have been effective, with caregivers' burden being less at T1 and T2. The ISD network did not have a marked effect on the utilization of services. The ISD network did, in fact, produce some effects that should be seen as important for the elderly population.
To Tell or Not to Tell? Professional and Lay Perspectives on the Disclosure of Personal Health Information in Community-Based Dementia Care
Authors: Tracy C. Shawn , Drummond Neil , Ferris Lorraine E. , Globerman Judith , Hébert Philip C. , Pringle Dorothy M. , Cohen Carole A.
Published: January 2007

Developments in information technology and the ongoing restructuring of health services to increase provision in community settings militate in favour of a streamlining of communications and the exchange of information about patients among health and social care providers. Yet the principles of confidentiality and privacy appear to inhibit this process. In order to explore the practical, ethical, and legal imperatives attendant upon personal health information exchange, we conducted a series of interviews with professional care providers, persons with early-stage dementia, and their family caregivers. The findings indicate some degree of discordance. Professionals reported valuing disclosure both to colleagues and family caregivers on the basis of its being in the patients' best interests. Patients also valued inter-professional exchange, but sought strong control over disclosure to family members. Family caregivers valued being kept informed of the patient's condition, even without the latter's consent. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
Contextual Effects on Life Satisfaction of Older Men and Women
Authors: Bourque Paul , Pushkar Dolores , Bonneville Lucie , Béland François
Published: January 2007

Des différences existent entre les sexes dans les variables liées à la démographie, à la santé et aux réseaux sociaux, variables qui sont associés à un vieillissement réussi, mais on n'en trouve généralement pas en ce qui concerne la satisfaction face à la vie. La présente étude avait pour but premier de déterminer s'il y a des différences entre les hommes et les femmes par rapport à leur satisfaction dans des domaines particuliers et en général à l'égard de la vie. Ont également été examinées les différences dans la satisfaction face au parcours de la vie entre les hommes et les femmes. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons procédé à une analyse de l'ensemble de données recueillies dans l'étudeVieillir dans la communauté(Béland et al., 1989) afin d'évaluer le bien-être des adultes francophones plus âgés (N=958). Des analyses acheminatoires ont révélé une bonne concordance des modèles utilisés pour les échantillons masculins et féminins. Chez les hommes, la satisfaction face à la vie s'explique positivement selon l'âge, le revenu et le contrôle et négativement selon les erreurs de mémoire, la maladie et les limitations fonctionnelles. Chez les femmes, la satisfaction face à la vie s'explique selon l'âge, la scolarité, le revenu, la maladie, les limitations fonctionnelles, le soutien social, le contrô le et le mode de vie. Les résultats ont fait ressortir les aspects positifs et négatifs du soutien social pour les femmes. Tel que nous nous y attendions, les modèles de parcours ont indiqué que, même s'il existe des similitudes dans la satisfaction face au parcours de la vie chez les hommes et chez les femmes plus âgés, on retrouve également des différences importantes.
Theorizing about Aging Well: Constructing a Narrative
Authors: Chapman Sherry Ann
Published: January 2007

Aging well is new, again. The recent interest is part of a 50-year period of research. Contradictory conceptualizations of aging well create an opportunity to consider assumptions that underlie the concept. In this paper, through the construction of an aging-well, theorizing narrative, an underlying assumption is identified in past aging-well conceptual frameworks: to age well is to achieve self-integration in relation to particular sets of resources or forms of engagement. The narrative relates how more recent aging-well theorizing is being shaped by a growing interest in later-life meaning-making. Evidence is presented of a contemporary shift toward describing aging well as the negotiation of the co-construction and reconstruction of multiple selves in an ongoing, open-ended process of meaning-making amid later-life events and transitions. The paper concludes with implications for future research.
A Theory of Presentism
Authors: Bourne Craig
Published: January 2007

Most of us would want to say that it is true that Socrates taught Plato. According to realists about past facts, this is made true by the fact that there is, located in the past, i.e., earlier than now, at least one real event that is the teaching of Plato by Socrates. Presentists, however, in denying that past events and facts exist cannot appeal to such facts to make their past-tensed Statements true. So what is a presentist to do?

There are at least three conditions that would ideally be met in a satisfactory solution to this problem:

a) It must preserve our views about which Statements are true and which false

b) It must be transparent what the truthmakers are for those Statements

c) It must accommodate the truth-value links between various times.
Le journal de bord comme outil de reflexion dans la classe d'anglais langue seconde du primaire: Qu'en pensent les premiers concernes?
Authors: Simard Daphnee
Published: January 2007

Cet article fait �tat d'une recherche visant � explorer les perceptions de jeunes francophones de sixi�me ann�e primaire apprenant l'anglais langue seconde (ALS) relativement � l'utilisation du journal de bord (JB). Les participants (n = 54) provenaient de deux classes intactes (groupe Enrichi et groupe R�gulier). Un questionnaire a �t� pass� aux participants apr�s deux mois d'utilisation du journal de bord. Un pr�-test et un post-test ont �t� utilis�s afin d'observer l'effet de l'utilisation du JB sur la capacit� de r�flexion m�talinguistique des participants ainsi que sur leur acquisition de l'ALS. Les r�ponses fournies ont r�v�l� que bien que la majorit� des participants ait aim� utiliser le JB, une plus grande proportion d'entre eux provenait du groupe Enrichi. Elles mettent �galement en lumi�re qu'une plus grande proportion de participants provenant du groupe Enrichi a observ� un effet positif de l'utilisation du JB sur leur acquisition de l'anglais L2 et que cette observation s'est av�r�e juste.
This article reports on a study exploring the perceptions of French grade six students learning English as a second language (ESL) and their use of a diary. The participants (n = 54) came from two intact classes (Regular Group and Enriched Group). Once the students had used the diary for a two-month period, a questionnaire was administered. A pre-test and a post-test were used to observe the diary's effect on the subjects' metalinguistic abilities as well as on their acquisition of English as a second language. The answers revealed that although the majority of subjects enjoyed using the diary, a greater percentage of those who found the diary useful came from the Enriched group. The answers also revealed that the use of a diary had a positive effect on the students in the Enriched group in the acquisition of English as a second language. Results obtained on the tests proved this observation to be correct.
Employons le français en français de base !
Authors: Turnbull Miles
Published: January 2007

Résumé: Dans cet article, nous proposons des stratégies pratiques aux enseignant(e)s du français de base de tous les niveaux scolaires, surtout aux nouveaux enseignant(e)s et à ceux ou celles inscrits aux programmes de formation initiale, pour les aider à maximiser l'emploi du français dans leurs salles de classe. De plus, nous offrons quelques stratégies pour un emploi judicieux et sélectif de la L1 au profit de l'apprentissage de la L2. Abstract: This article is designed for core French teachers at all levels, especially pre-service and new teachers. The article proposes effective strategies for maximizing teacher and student use of French, as well as strategies for a limited, selective, and judicious use of English to promote learning.
Breadth and Depth: Specialized Vocabulary Learning in Theology among Native and Non-native English Speakers
Authors: Lessard-Clouston Michael
Published: January 2007

This article describes a case study on native and non-native English-speaker (NES and NNES) students' knowledge and learning of specialized vocabulary over one academic term in a graduate school of theology. After outlining the collection of baseline data on theological vocabulary and the development of a Test of Theological Language (TTL), the article discusses the five NNES and seven NES participants' scores on the TTL. Results on the initial TTL revealed that both groups brought some breadth and depth knowledge of specialized theological vocabulary to their studies, but that the NNES group's scores on both measures tended to be lower than those of NESs. At the end of the term the TTL results indicated an overall increase in scores, but while the gap between the NNES and NES groups in breadth vocabulary knowledge was essentially bridged, for depth knowledge it actually widened. These and other findings are discussed. Résumé Cet article fait état d'une étude de cas sur les connaissances et l'apprentissage du vocabulaire spécialisé chez les étudiants dont la langue maternelle est ou n'est pas l'anglais (NES et NNES) dans un programme de théologie au 2e cycle. Après la description du recueil des données de base sur le vocabulaire de théologie et du développement d'un test de vocabulaire en théologie (TTL), l'article traite des résultats du TTL des cinq participants NNES et des sept participants NES. Les résultats du premier TTL indiquent que les connaissances lexicales des deux groupes présentaient profondeur et ampleur, mais que le groupe NNES avait généralement des scores inférieurs. Les résultats du TTL Ã  la fin du trimestre indiquent que les scores des participants des deux groupes ont augmenté ; les scores des deux groupes pour l'ampleur des connaissances lexicales sont essentiellement comparables, mais ceux pour la profondeur des connaissances lexicales révèlent une lacune parmi les participants du groupe NNES. L'article conclut sur une discussion des résultats de cette étude de cas. [End Page 175]
Tropical Fevers: "Madness" and Colonialism in Pacific Literature
Authors: Luangphinith Seri Inthava Kauʻikealaula
Published: January 2007

In Pacific literature, theorizing madness in fictional narratives
encourages a reexamination of the notion of "deviancy" that supports
the western colonial differentiation between the powerful and the
disempowered. Fictional accounts of madness often reveal how such bipolar
ideology is inadequate to address individual identity in Pacific Island
societies, which include variegated expressions of ethnic or racial
diversity, sexuality, and gender. Not surprisingly, many Pacific writers
use "disturbed" characters to disrupt social conventions and challenge
thetendency of the mainstream toward two-dimensional, black and white
portrayals. In an attempt to understand the prevalent use of madness
to deconstruct colonial polarity in Pacific literature, this paper
traces the depiction of insanity in the works of James Norman Hall,
Albert Wendt, Subramani, Alistair Te Ariki Campbell, and Sia Figiel,
authors who move beyond simplistic notions of identity and rethink the
Pacific on their own terms.
Examining Academic and Athletic Motivation Among Student Athletes at a Division I University
Authors: Gaston-Gayles Joy L
Published: January 2007

Academic motivation as a predictor of academic performance for
college athletes has been debated in the literature. This study examined
the utility of academic and athletic motivation as a key variable
in predicting academic performance among 211 college athletes at a
Division I institution in the Midwest. After controlling for background
characteristics, results revealed that ACT score, ethnicity, and academic
motivation were significant in the regression model.
Freshmen Impressions: How Investigating the Campus Climate for LGBT Students Affected Four Freshmen Students
Authors: Evans Nancy J. , Herriott Todd K
Published: January 2007

The participation of four first-year students as investigators in an ethnographic study of the environment for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students influenced their perceptions, self-awareness, and behavior, supporting and extending theories of sexual identity development, attitude change, and social justice ally development. We offer implications for educators.
Does Participation in Ethnic Cocurricular Activities Facilitate a Sense of Ethnic Awareness and Understanding? A Study of Asian Pacific American Undergraduates
Authors: Inkelas Karen Kurotsuchi
Published: January 2007

For this study, I examined the relationship between participation in ethnic clubs and organizations and increases in racial/ethnic awareness and understanding for 184 male and female Asian Pacific American undergraduates using a longitudinal survey from 1990 to 1994. The results show that participation in such activities deepens APA students' commitment to their racial/ethnic community interests.
Coping With Conflict: Self-Authorship, Coping, and Adaptation to College in First-Year, High-Risk Students
Authors: Pizzolato Jane Elizabeth
Published: January 2007

Through a series of interviews with 27 entering, high-risk college students, this study investigated the relation between self-authorship, coping style, and adaptation. Findings suggest high-risk college students enter with self-authored ways of knowing, but self-authorship disappears quickly as students have marginalizing experiences. Subsequent adaptation seems related to students' abilities to employ problem-focused coping strategies, which are related to the reemergence of self-authorship.
Drinking, Alcohol Policy, and Attitudes Toward a Campus Riot
Authors: Kaplowitz Stan A , Campo Shelly
Published: January 2007

Results from a survey of college students (N = 2,008) indicate that most disapproved of a major riot that had occurred on their campus but most also felt that the university was excessively restricting alcohol, and almost half of them enjoyed the riot. The major predictor of condoning the riot was objecting to restrictions against alcohol. However, objection to restrictions and enjoying the riot were primarily predicted by frequency of alcohol consumption. Males, Whites, and younger students were more likely to enjoy the riot than others.
Examining the Effects of Student Involvement on African American College Student Development
Authors: Flowers Lamont A
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which student involvement experiences impacted educational outcomes for African Americans in college. Overall, the results of the study indicated that in-class and out-of-class experiences positively impacted student development for a nationally representative sample of African American students who completed the College Student Experiences Questionnaire. Implications for student affairs professionals were discussed.
Predicting Adjustment During the Transition to College: Alexithymia, Perceived Stress, and Psychological Symptoms
Authors: Kerr Sandra , Johnson Vanessa K , Gans Susan E , Krumrine Jodi
Published: January 2007

Fifty-six incoming college students were assessed in a study of the contribution of alexithymia, stress, and psychological symptoms to college adjustment. Alexithymia predicted fall semester adjustment, suggesting that interventions aimed at encouraging awareness and discussion of emotions may improve academic and emotional well-being for students making the transition to college.
Exploring the Perpetuation Hypothesis: The Role of Colleges and Universities in Desegregating Society
Authors: Milem Jeffrey F , Umbach Paul D , Liang Christopher T. H
Published: January 2007

Building upon an earlier study by Milem and Umbach (2003), this study explores the relative impact of students'diversity-related experiences and plans at time of entry to college and students' exposure to diverse others and diverse ideas while in college on their involvement in diversity related activities two years after entering college. Findings indicate that greater relative exposure to diverse information and ideas in college plays an important role in stimulating greater involvement in diversity related activities outside the classroom.
Differing Perceptions: How Students of Color and White Students Perceive Campus Climate for Underrepresented Groups
Authors: Rankin Susan R , Reason Robert Dean
Published: January 2007

Using a campus climate assessment instrument developed by Rankin (1998), we surveyed students (n = 7,347) from 10 campuses to explore whether students from different racial groups experienced their campus climates differently. Students of color experienced harassment at higher rates than Caucasian students, although female White students reported higher incidence of gender harassment. Further, students of color perceived the climate as more racist and less accepting than did White students, even though White students recognized racial harassment at similar rates as students of color. Implications are offered for understanding campus climates, providing appropriate interventions, and overcoming White privilegeand resistance.
The Influence of Perceived Parenting on Substance Use During the Transition to College: A Comparison of Male Residential and Commuter Students
Authors: Sessa Frances M
Published: January 2007

Differences between residential and commuter first-year male college students were examined with respect to students' perceptions of the parent-child relationship and its influence on students' use of alcohol and marijuana. Fifty residential and 57 commuter students completed questionnaires to assess their perceptions of parenting and the frequency of their use of alcohol and marijuana. Differences were identified between the two samples of students with respect to perceived parenting and substance use, and the influence of that parenting. Perceived parental monitoring was related to less frequent alcohol and marijuana use among commuter students, but unrelated to use among residential students.
Adaptive and Maladaptive Aspects of Self-Oriented versus Socially Prescribed Perfectionism
Authors: Klibert Jeffrey J , Langhinrichsen-Rohling Jennifer , Saito Motoko
Published: January 2007

The purpose of the current study was to examine the extent to which self-oriented versus socially prescribed perfectionism can be differentiated by their correlations with adaptive versus maladaptive constructs (i.e., self-esteem, perceived self-control, achievement motivation, depression, anxiety, suicidal proneness, shame, guilt, and procrastination). Theoretically, socially prescribed perfectionism was expected to be exclusively maladaptive whereas self-oriented perfectionism was expected to have both maladaptive and adaptive characteristics. Participants (n = 475) came from a southeastern university (mean age of 20.9 years, 68% Caucasians). Results indicated that the two types of perfectionism had significantly different correlations with self-esteem, perceived self-control, achievement motivation, depression, anxiety, suicidal proneness, shame, guilt, and procrastination. Generally, socially prescribed perfectionism had stronger associations with maladaptive constructs than did self-oriented perfectionism. In contrast to the assertion that self-oriented perfectionism is exclusively a vulnerability factor (Benson, 2003), and as hypothesized, results indicated that high self-oriented perfectionism in the absence of socially prescribed perfectionism is adaptive. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Thermal Spray Technology Transfer Impact Analysis
Authors: Falcone Santa , Bjornstad David J
Published: January 2007

This paper applies a method to identify and evaluate the impact associated with the transfer of a technology, plasma spray, from Sandia National Laboratories to a small domestic company. The impact includes economic effects as well as effects not readily quantifiable in dollar values. The impact profile indicates a positive outcome. An extremely broad range of cost- benefit ratios was found when two valid, yet different, sets of assumptions were used. The technology and health indicators demonstrate constructive contributions for this transfer of plasma spray technology.
Technology Transfer and the Field of Education: The Research to Practice Conundrum
Authors: Kozleski Elizabeth B
Published: January 2007

Confusion over the role and function of public education in the United States has diminished its capacity to function as a crossroads of cultural, contextual, and technical transfer and diffusion. Teachers have become separated from the study of their own work, leaving the job of teaching innovation to researchers who work for the most part outside of the practice communities called schools. Rapid evolutions in knowledge in physical and social sciences require that teachers make ongoing study of their disciplines part of their practice. Yet, the infusion of innovations about teaching and content is random. This paper explores some of the cultural and historical aspects of this phenomenon.
American Numbers Copied! Shaping the Swedish Postwar Car Society
Authors: Lundin Per
Published: January 2007

The essay begins with a methodological discussion of the concepts of technology, technology transfer, and social carriers of technology, followed by a consideration to set the context for the emergence of a scientific approach to city planning in the 1930s. An institutional framework that reflected the planning discourse was imported from Great Britain in the 1940s, and together with mass motorization, this framework paved the way for the key technical actors of the 1950s: traffic engineers.The essay then examines the process of transferring traffic engineering knowledge from America to Sweden, and shows how these new ideas combined with the institutional framework directed the city planning discourse toward a conception of a "Car City." Technology transfer was pivotal to the development, establishment, and impact of standards for parking, and these contributed to the rise of the Swedish car society.
Educating the Norwegian Nation: Traffic Engineering and Technological Diffusion
Authors: Ostby Per
Published: January 2007

This article deals with the breakthrough of mass motorization in Norway between 1950 and 1970. Whereas in many countries the car and mass motorization were welcomed as elements in the building of liberal and prosperous nations, in Norway politicians resisted the buildup of mass motorization for a long time. This political deadlock was approached by a new type of scientific expertise, the traffic engineers. They both discursively and practically transformed the private car to the more useful and, for the country, important highway system. This article analyzes the role of science and expertise as a way of bypassing political decisions. Furthermore, it describes how the experts and their exper-tise became an element in the diffusion of international ideas for transport, mobility, and European integration with Norway. To understand these changes, one has to examine how these ideas were transformed and adjusted—in short, domesticated—to fit the Norwegian social, economical, and political environment.
"Push" and "Pull" Factors in Technology Transfer: Moving American-Style Highway Engineering to Europe, 1945-1965
Authors: Seely Bruce Edsall , Klingner Donald E , Klein Gary
Published: January 2007

This essay examines efforts by highway engineers and others in the United States to promote the movement of American-style highway and traffic engineering to Europeâspecifically Norway and Swedenâin the years after World War II. After examining the general context that added impetus to this transfer program, the essay focuses on three key actors in the U.S. that assisted in the diffusion of American approaches to traffic engineering: highway engineers at the federal government's Bureau of Public Roads, experts at Yale University's Bureau of Street Traffic Research, and members of the International Road Federation. The success of these transfer activities was enhanced significantly by European eagerness to encourage diffusion, as the three accompanying articles in this issue of CTTS demonstrate.
The Patterns of Institutional Interaction and ISO 14001 Adoptions
Authors: Moon Seong-gin , DeLeon Peter
Published: January 2007

Technology transfer classically has been associated with the diffusion of technologies and processes across national boundaries. But in recent years, the term has been attached with equal significance to the flow of ideas and knowledge within and between organizations within the same economy or nation. When the organizations involved are business corporations and government agencies, the term knowledge management often is used as a synonym for act of transfer or diffusion. This paper empirically addresses such transfer activities by focusing on how the patterns of institutional interaction influence corporate decisions to adopt International Standards Organization (ISO) 14001. Major foci are on interactions within and between government and business actors in the policy-making process. Three types of interactions are considered: interbusiness interactions; government–business interactions; and government interactions. The patterns of interactions provide individual firms with learning by which corporate managers determine the degree of uncertainty and thus make decisions to undertake (or reject) voluntary environmental initiatives. The paper analyzes data from the ISO 14001 survey report (2000) and measures the institutional characteristics of 34 democratic countries. The empirical result shows that a long and successful tradition of cooperative government–business interactions is an important determinant influencing the decisions to certify ISO 14001. It also indicates that the previous ISO 9000 adoptions could be at an advantage in terms of facilitating ISO 14001 adoptions.
Possidius' Augustine and Post-Augustinian Africa
Authors: Hamilton Louis I
Published: January 2007

Possidius' Vita Augustini was written sometime between 432 and
437 C.E. As an intimate friend and fellow bishop of
Augustine, Possidius has provided historians with a wealth of detailed
information. The Vita has not been appreciated as a literary piece
in its own right with its own specific authorial concerns. The Vita
does not fit easily into the style of late antique hagiography known by
Augustine and his circle. Rather, the Vita suggests Possidius'
response to the unique circumstances of post-Augustinian Africa: the
crisis of the Vandal invasions and subsequent rise of Arianism. Possidius
provided a model Augustine who, through his monastic and pastoral
commitment, combated heresy and helped realize the pax et unitas of
the Church. Possidius was willing to break with Augustine's self-portrayal
in Confessions and recast the Vita more akin to Augustine's
response to the taking of Rome in City of God.
Children in Paradise: Adam and Eve as "Infants" in Irenaeus of Lyons
Authors: Steenberg M. C
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the notion of Adam and Eve as "children" in the
thought of Irenaeus, through an investigation of the language and
contextualization of this theme throughout his works. First, the language
is probed for its insights into Irenaeus' actual conception of the primal
humans, with emphasis on determining the extent to which such language
can be taken literally. Second, Irenaeus' conception is examined in light
of his views on creation, materiality, and time, extracting thence the
means of further clarifying his language of Edenic "childhood." Finally,
the problems and strengths of this concept are set out from within the
context of Irenaeus' larger anthropology.
Rich City Burning: Social Welfare and Ecclesial Insecurity in Basil's Mission to Armenia
Authors: Holman Susan R
Published: January 2007

Basil of Caesarea's Homily 21 "On Detachment" and his lesser-known text In Lacizis may provide similar glimpses of Basil's philanthropic rhetoric during his mission to appoint bishops for Armenia in 372 and 373. While these sermons demonstrate many of Basil's usual themes on poverty relief and justice, they avoid his usual appeal to civic loyalty and family patrimony, potentially explosive topics in this volatile border region. References in one text to arson against the church and in the other to loud external disturbance may each hint at local opposition to Basil's presence or at other relevant theological or political loyalties at play during his visit. Considered in light of such things as traditions about Basil's role in early Armenian Christianity, Armenian ideals of poverty relief, Basil's interactions with Eustathius, and doubts about his own orthodoxy, these texts may contribute to a deeper understanding of fourth-century episcopal presence in regions of political variance and tension.
Donation, Dedication, and Damnatio Memoriae : The Catholic Reconciliation of Ravenna and the Church of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
Authors: Urbano Arthur
Published: January 2007

The seizure and reidentification of the Arian basilica now known as Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna reflects the political, religious, and cultural transformations of Ravenna itself. The "heretical" space of Theoderic's palace chapel was "converted" into "Catholic" space through a fourfold process that included the legal transfer of ownership, a liturgy of reconsecration, rededication of the basilica under a new name, and the purgation of images that decorated the interior of the basilica. This process was a sort of damnatio memoriae by which the Byzantines sought to disparage, rather than to eradicate, the memory of their Ostrogoth rivals in Ravenna.
Demoniacs, Dissent, and Disempowerment in the Late Roman West: Some Case Studies from the Hagiographical Literature
Authors: Grey Cam
Published: January 2007

In the hagiographical literature of the late Roman West, demonic possession is a recurring motif providing a recognizable, culturally appropriate means for expressing societal dysfunction. This paper complements existing scholarship on demonic possession by developing a methodology for exploring the factors motivating the demoniacs themselves. Some episodes of possession in the hagiographical literature of the period are examined using recent anthro-pological studies of spirit cults and psychosomatic illness as an analytical framework. These episodes are interpreted as examples of individuals consciously or subconsciously expressing anger at or anxiety about the world in which they lived and their place in that world.
Student Entrepreneurship on Campus: A Survival Response or a Career Rehearsal? The Case of Egerton University Student Entrepreneurs
Authors: Ndirangu Mwangi , Bosire Joseph
Published: January 2007

Kenya's university education faces a dilemma of increased demand for
places against declining funding and increased graduate unemployment.
The introduction of cost sharing, in an environment of increased poverty
levels and inadequate educational loans and bursaries, has further
aggravated matters. This article presents findings of a case study on 50
university students involved in small business ventures in an attempt to
cope with their financial situations. The study sought to find out the
characteristics of student entrepreneurs, reasons for entry into business
and how they coped with studies while operating businesses. The study
shows that most of the respondents came from humble backgrounds and
ran business mainly for survival. These results have useful implications
on the effects of Structural Adjustment Programmes in financing
university education in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa.
The Impact of Mine Closures on Rural Population Dynamics: The Case of Zhombe in Kwekwe District, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe
Authors: Madebwe Crescentia
Published: January 2007

The paper examines the demographic and socio-cultural impact of
spontaneous population inflows into Zhombe following the closure of
the Empress Mine in 1982. Data was collected using a questionnaire
survey. Results of the study show that mine closures cause rural
population change. The population directly grows through the
assimilation of retrenched workers, and indirectly through potential
fertility which is a function of the age structure of the retrenchees (25-
40 years). 34 percent of former mine workers who settled in Zhombe
were nationals, while 37 percent and 29 percent were from Malawi and
Zambia, respectively. By 1992, 80% of households belonging to nonnationals
were still not legally registered.
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Room For Manoeuvre: Local Organisations and Resource Tenure Administration in Highland Kafa, Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Zewdie Yihenew
Published: January 2007

The role of local organisations in tenure administration is examined,
giving particular emphasis to past and present processes of forest law
enforcement and settlement of forest use-related disputes in highland
Kafa, Ethiopia. The involvement of local rural organisations in tenure
administration is mainly a consequence of the 1975 Land Reform
Proclamation. Recently community-initiated local organisations have
become increasingly involved in dispute settlement along with statesponsored
ones. This has in turn created the conditions for a synergetic
relationship between these organisations in tenure administration.
Ineffectual forest legislation and limited government capacity to
implement the tenurial provisions have, inadvertently, allowed local
organisations to adopt tenure rules to suit local interests, which at times
tended to favour the powerful and disregarded forest conservation
imperatives. It is argued that tenure administration should aim at
sustainability and equitability, and these necessitate enactment of
livelihood-oriented forest tenure reform that builds upon and
reinvigorates local institutional capital.
Biofuel Consumption, Household Level Tree Planting and Its Implications for Environmental Management in the Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia
Authors: Bewket. Woldeamlak
Published: January 2007

Like many developing countries, rural Ethiopia heavily depends on
biofuels. This dependency has been contributing to environmental
degradation and food insecurity of the people. However, a
comprehensive study has not been carried out to determine the
quantity of biofuels consumed and to distinguish rural households'
responses to growing scarcity of fuelwood. This would have helped the
design of appropriate strategies for the development of the energy
sector. This study analyses biofuel consumption patterns in four rural
villages in the northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. The results indicate
that fuelwood and cattle dung accounted for nearly 100% of the
domestic energy consumption, with cattle dung contributing to some
34% of the total. Fuelwood and dung combined, the per capita biofuel
consumption was estimated at 511.3kg per annum, with some variation
between villages and socio-economic groups owing to differences in
physical, environmental and socio-economic factors. Despite claims by
some studies, the pressure on the supply trend has affected
consumption of biofuels and necessitated improvisation on the part of
users. And the scarcity of wood use for various purposes has forced
households to plant trees. The number of trees planted by households
showed variation between villages and the different socio-economic
groups, owing to various physical and human factors. This (agro)
forestry practice is a good short-term solution to the existing problem
of fuelwood shortage. Since the practice also embodies multiple
positive implications for environmental management and agricultural
production it should to be encouraged. It is worth noting here that in
promoting tree planting (agro) foresters and environmental
management planners should take into account local level biophysical
and socio-economic realities.
Private Sector Delivery of Urban Services: Benefits, Obstacles and Ways Forward for Public Transport Service in Dar Es Salaam City, Tanzania
Authors: Ngowi Honest Prosper
Published: January 2007

The paper deals with private- as opposed to public-sector delivery of urban
services. The focus is on the delivery of public transport (bus) services in
Dar Es Salaam city in Tanzania. The main objectives of the paper are
threefold: firstly, to present the benefits accruing from private sector
delivery of public transport in Dar Es Salaam; secondly, to examine the
obstacles experienced in the private sector delivery of public transport in the
city; and thirdly, to discuss strategies that are currently underway to address
some problems faced in public transport delivery. The benefits accruing
from the private sector delivery of this service include, among others, more
efficient, effective, competitive, innovative, reliable and generally better
services. Other benefits include the creation of a substantial employment
and contribution to the government coffers through payment of taxes and
fees. Obstacles include government interference, high operating costs, low
and constantly low bus fares, and inadequate urban transport infrastructure.
Strategies that are underway to address some of the problems of public
transport delivery in Dar Es Salaam are comprised of investments in Rapid
Bus Transit (RBT), commissioning of large size commuter buses and
development of a vision of more sustainable transport service.
Recommendations given to policy and decision makers include the creation
of a more supporting and the sustaining of an enabling environment for all
the stakeholders in the sector to achieve a win-win situation with regard to
provision and effective use of this important service in the city.
Vulgar Tongues: Canting Dicionaries and the Language of the People in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Sorensen Janet
Published: January 2007

This essay traces the changing status of cant and vulgar languages in eighteenth-century Britain. Earlier in the century, collections of cant and slang language drew from seventeenth-century predecessors, using substandard language as a means of marking off a criminal class from laboring people. By the end of the century, particularly in the work of Francis Grose, cant language is re-named as vulgar language and comes to be seen as a sign of the freedom of Britons. Print collections revaluing these substandard languages as popular culture become one means of making a rhetorical space for "the people" within British national discourse. This "language of the people," however, is haunted by earlier criminal associations, the actual criminalization of many customary labor and property relations throughout the eighteenth century, and the exclusion of women from cross-class male communities trading in newly fashionable vulgar language.
Visions of Tragedy: Jean-Francois Ducis and Jacques-Louis David
Authors: Ledbury Mark
Published: January 2007

This article explores the relationship between Jean-Fran�ois Ducis and Jacques-Louis David, on the basis of unpublished manuscript material and in the context of the use, limits and possibilities of the tragic in the later decades of the eighteenth century in France. It argues that two projects, Ducis's Macbeth and David's Caracalla ideas, both taking shape from 1781�83, might usefully be compared in the context of Ducis's increasing interest in dramatic pictorialism, and David's fascination with, and use of, models and rhetoric derived from the tragic stage.