bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An effective method for accurate prediction of the first hyperpolarizability of alkalides
Authors: Wang Jia‐Nan , Xu Hong‐Liang , Sun Shi‐Ling , Gao Ting , Li Hong‐Zhi , Li Hui , Su Zhong‐Min
Published: November 2011

The proper theoretical calculation method for nonlinear optical (NLO) properties is a key factor to design the excellent NLO materials. Yet it is a difficult task to obatin the accurate NLO property of large scale molecule. In present work, an effective intelligent computing method, as called extreme learning machine‐neural network (ELM‐NN), is proposed to predict accurately the first hyperpolarizability (β0) of alkalides from low‐accuracy first hyperpolarizability. Compared with neural network (NN) and genetic algorithm neural network (GANN), the root‐mean‐square deviations of the predicted values obtained by ELM‐NN, GANN, and NN with their MP2 counterpart are 0.02, 0.08, and 0.17 a.u., respectively. It suggests that the predicted values obtained by ELM‐NN are more accurate than those calculated by NN and GANN methods. Another excellent point of ELM‐NN is the ability to obtain the high accuracy level calculated values with less computing cost. Experimental results show that the computing time of MP2 is 2.4–4 times of the computing time of ELM‐NN. Thus, the proposed method is a potentially powerful tool in computational chemistry, and it may predict β0 of the large scale molecules, which is difficult to obtain by high‐accuracy theoretical method due to dramatic increasing computational cost. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Aluminum phosphate [AlPO4(H)]: A mild and efficient recyclable catalyst for one‐pot synthesis of polyhydroquinoline via the Hantzsch reaction under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Purandhar K. , Jyothi V. , Reddy P. Pratap , Chari M. Adharvana , Mukkanti K.
Published: November 2011

Polyhydroquinolines have been synthesized in good to excellent yields (80–90%) and short reaction times (15–30 min) in the presence of aluminum phosphate [AlPO4] as heterogeneous catalyst at 90°C; the reaction workup is simple and the catalyst aluminum phosphate [AlPO4] can be easily separated from the product and reused. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).
Adolescent girls from a modern conservative culture: The impact of their social identity on their perception of brand symbolism
Authors: Souiden Nizar , M'saad Bouthaina
Published: November 2011

This paper examines the relationship between adolescent girls' self‐esteem, self‐monitoring, and social groups (i.e., susceptibility to peer influence and group identification/differentiation) on one hand, and their perception of brand symbolism on the other. There is particular interest accorded to adolescent girls living in a transitional society. A single model is proposed to test the hypothesized relationships using structural equation modeling. The research findings reveal the existence of two categories of adolescents in a transitional society: modern and conservative. The former's perception of brand symbolism is found to be significantly influenced by their self‐esteem. The latter's, however, is affected by their self‐monitoring. Additionally, self‐monitoring has an indirect impact on both conservative and modern teenage girls' perception of brand symbolism via their susceptibility to peer influence and group identification. This latter was the only social group factor to have a direct effect on both groups' perception of brand symbolism. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
7‐Nitroindazole potentiates c‐fos expression induced by muscle tendon vibration in the spinal cord
Authors: Pilyavskii Alexander I. , Maisky Vladimir A. , Maznychenko Andrey V. , Kostyukov Alexander I.
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Expression of c‐fos initiated by muscle proprioceptive signaling was studied in rats after inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) with administration of 7‐nitroindazole (7‐NI). Methods: Fos‐immunoreactive (Fos‐ir) neurons were visualized immunohistochemically in the lumbar cord after vibration of the Achilles tendon and/or 7‐NI systemic injections. Results: The total number of Fos‐ir interneurons and motoneurons (per slice) was significantly greater in the 7‐NI‐pretreated and tendon‐vibrated (7‐NI + Tv) group than in the isolated tendon vibration group (Tv group). The greatest increases in the number of Fos‐ir neurons were found in the L4 (+100%) and L5 (+105%) segments (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Suppression of NO release after introduction of 7‐NI was associated with potentiation of Fos immunoreactivity induced by muscle proprioceptive signaling within distinctive regions of the spinal cord. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Study of the effect of the concentration, size and surface chemistry of zirconia and silica nanoparticle fillers within an epoxy resin on the bulk properties of the resulting nanocomposites
Authors: Sajjad Muhammad , Feichtenschlager Bernhard , Pabisch Silvia , Svehla Jakob , Koch Thomas , Seidler Sabine , Peterlik Herwig , Kickelbick Guido
Published: November 2011

Epoxy resin nanocomposites were prepared by curing bisphenol‐F with an aliphatic amine in the presence of SiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles as inorganic fillers. Both types of particles were prepared with diameters of around 10 nm and 70 nm to study size effects in the nanocomposites. The nanoparticles showed a different constitution: while silica was amorphous and spherical in nature, zirconia was crystalline and non‐spherical. Both nanoparticles were surface‐functionalized with novel diethylene‐glycol‐based capping agents to increase the compatibility with the epoxy matrix. The organic functionalities were attached to the nanoparticle surface via phosphonic acid (zirconia) and trialkoxysilane (silica) anchor groups. The homogeneity of the distribution of surface‐modified inorganic nano‐sized fillers in the matrix up to 5.8 vol% in case of silica and 2.34 vol% in case of zirconia was determined by small‐angle X‐ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Mechanical properties such as hardness and storage modulus were increased with increasing filler content while thermal stability of the obtained materials was nearly unaffected after incorporation of nanoparticles. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Using the social cost of carbon in regulatory deliberations
Authors: Watkiss Paul , Hope Chris
Published: November 2011

This paper reviews the use of social cost of carbon (SCC) values in regulatory deliberations, using practical examples to reveal potential insights. The paper reports on how the inferred choice of input assumptions, and the method used to pick SCC estimates, affects both the size of SCC values and the uncertainty ranges, and that these implicitly influence policy outcomes. The paper also reviews applications of the SCC in the UK. This reveals the following: (1) There is a potential trade‐off between the use of single SCC estimates to ensure consistency, versus use of a range to reflect uncertainty. (2) SCC values are more influential in some sectors than others, which can make it challenging to introduce consistent policies. (3) In some cases the SCC can act as a switching value on major (nonclimate) policy decisions. (4) SCC literature estimates have changed over time, often dramatically. These changes are difficult to implement and policy makers seem to prefer more stable values, even if this means changing input assumptions or methods. (5) For the analysis of climate policy, the decision framework in which SCC values are used makes a large difference to the outcome. (6) There are complex issues and potential inconsistencies involved in applying global SCC values to national decision frameworks comparing costs and benefits. All of these issues caution against a narrow and over‐simplistic application of SCC values in regulatory deliberations. Nonetheless, with appropriate caution and caveats, the paper reports that SCC values can have a role in helping to inform policy. WIREs Clim Change 2011, 2:886–901. doi: 10.1002/wcc.140

This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Economics and Climate Change
Negative Campaigning in No-Cabinet Alternation Systems: Ideological Closeness and Blames of Corruption in Italy and Japan Using Party Manifesto Data
Authors: CURINI LUIGI
Published: November 2011

Within a one-dimensional spatial framework, we deduce that parties’ incentives ‘to go negative’, by blaming alleged insufficiencies of the rival concerning commonly shared values, increase with their ideological proximity. We test our hypothesis by considering the long period of no-cabinet alternation that characterized both Italy and Japan. In particular, we focus on the (spatial) incentives of the Italian Communist Party and of the Japanese Socialist Party to emphasize on a particular topic related to negative campaigning, i.e. political corruption issues. The status of the perennial opposition held by both parties, together with the existence of several political corruption scandals during the period considered, makes the Italian and the Japanese political systems particularly apt to test our hypothesis. The results, based on data derived from electoral programs, support our theoretical insights.
Mechanical alloying of Co and Sb: Structural, thermal, optical, and photoacoustic studies
Authors: Trichês D. M. , de Lima J. C. , Souza S. M. , Poffo C. M. , Grandi T. A. , de Biasi R. S.
Published: November 2011

High-purity elemental Co and Sb powders were blended with nominal composition CoSb3 and submitted to mechanical alloying. After 30 h of milling, the x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was indexed to skutterudite CoSb3 and monoclinic CoSb2. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of the as-milled powder showed an exothermic peak at 615 K, which seems to be related to monoclinic-orthorhombic transformation of CoSb2. To confirm this transformation, annealing at 823 K of as-milled powder was performed and the XRD pattern of the product was indexed to skutterudite CoSb3 and orthorhombic CoSb2. The Raman spectra of as-milled and annealed samples showed only the active Raman modes of CoSb3. From the photoacoustic measurements of as-milled and annealed samples, the thermal diffusivity and other transport properties were computed.
Room-temperature oxygen sensitization in highly textured, nanocrystalline PbTe films: A mechanistic study
Authors: Wang Jianfei , Hu Juejun , Becla Piotr , Agarwal Anuradha M. , Kimerling Lionel C.
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we report large mid-wave infrared photoconductivity in highly textured, nanocrystalline PbTe films thermally evaporated on Si at room temperature. Responsivity as high as 25 V/W is measured at the 3.5 μm wavelength. The large photoconductivity is attributed to the oxygen incorporation in the films by diffusion. Carrier concentration as low as 1017 cm−3 is identified to be the consequence of Fermi level pinning induced by the diffused oxygen. The successful demonstration of IR-sensitive PbTe films without the need for high-temperature processing presents an important step toward monolithic integration of mid-wave PbTe infrared detectors on Si read-out integrated circuits (ROICs).
Added mass of a pair of discs
Authors: Sherwood J. D.
Published: November 2011

Irrotational flow of inviscid incompressible fluid around a pair of coaxial discs of zero thickness, moving along their common axis, is considered. The added mass of an accelerating disc is modified by the presence of a second, coaxial disc. It is reduced if both discs accelerate equally in the same direction along their common axis and increased if their accelerations are equal in magnitude but in opposite directions. Other accelerations can be treated as linear combinations of these two cases. Analytic predictions are obtained when the disc separation 2z0 is large compared with the disc radius a and also when the discs are close (z0≪a). Results for intermediate separations are obtained as numerical solutions of a pair of dual integral equations.
Global dynamics of stationary solutions of the extended Fisher–Kolmogorov equation
Authors: Llibre Jaume , Messias Marcelo , da Silva Paulo R.
Published: November 2011

In this paper we study the fourth order differential equation $\frac{d^4u}{dt^4}+q\frac{d^2u}{dt^2}+u^3-u=0$d4udt4+qd2udt2+u3−u=0, which arises from the study of stationary solutions of the Extended Fisher–Kolmogorov equation. Denoting \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$x=u,y=\frac{du}{dt},z=\frac{d^2u}{dt^2},v=\frac{d^3u}{dt^3}$\end{document}x=u,y=dudt,z=d2udt2,v=d3udt3 this equation becomes equivalent to the polynomial system \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\dot{x}=y,\dot{y} =z,\dot{z} =v,\dot{v}=x-qz-x^3$\end{document}ẋ=y,ẏ=z,ż=v,v̇=x−qz−x3 with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$(x,y,z,v)\in \mathbb {R}^4$\end{document}(x,y,z,v)∈R4 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$q\in \mathbb {R}.$\end{document}q∈R. As usual, the dot denotes the derivative with respect to the time t. Since the system has a first integral we can reduce our analysis to a family of systems on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathbb {R}^3.$\end{document}R3. We provide the global phase portrait of these systems in the Poincaré ball (i.e., in the compactification of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathbb {R}^3$\end{document}R3 with the sphere \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathbb {S}^2$\end{document}S2 of the infinity).
Ambipolar organic field effect transistors and inverters with the natural material Tyrian Purple
Authors: Głowacki Eric Daniel , Leonat Lucia , Voss Gundula , Bodea Marius-Aurel , Bozkurt Zeynep , Ramil Alberto Montaigne , Irimia-Vladu Mihai , Bauer Siegfried , Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar
Published: November 2011

Ambipolar organic semiconductors enable complementary-like circuits in organic electronics. Here we show promising electron and hole transport properties in the natural pigment Tyrian Purple (6,6’-dibromoindigo). X-ray diffraction of Tyrian Purple films reveals a highly-ordered structure with a single preferential orientation, attributed to intermolecular hydrogen bonding. This material, with a band gap of ∼1.8 eV, demonstrates high hole and electron mobilities of 0.22 cm2/V·s and 0.03 cm2/V·s in transistors, respectively; and air-stable operation. Inverters with gains of 250 in the first and third quadrant show the large potential of Tyrian Purple for the development of integrated organic electronic circuits.
Assouad dimension of self-affine carpets
Authors: Mackay John
Published: November 2011

We calculate the Assouad dimension of the self-affine carpets of Bedford and McMullen, and of Lalley and Gatzouras. We also calculate the conformal Assouad dimension of those carpets that are not self-similar.
An association between type Iγ PI4P 5-kinase and Exo70 directs E-cadherin clustering and epithelial polarization
Authors: Xiong Xunhao , Xu Qingwen , Huang Yan , Singh Raman Deep , Anderson Richard , Leof Edward , Hu Jinghua , Ling Kun
Published: November 2011

E-Cadherin–mediated formation of adherens junctions (AJs) is essential for the morphogenesis of epithelial cells. However, the mechanisms underlying E-cadherin clustering and AJ maturation are not fully understood. Here we report that type Iγ phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIPKIγ) associates with the exocyst via a direct interaction with Exo70, the exocyst subunit that guides the polarized targeting of exocyst to the plasma membrane. By means of this interaction, PIPKIγ mediates the association between E-cadherin and Exo70 and determines the targeting of Exo70 to AJs. Further investigation revealed that Exo70 is necessary for clustering of E-cadherin on the plasma membrane and extension of nascent E-cadherin adhesions, which are critical for the maturation of cohesive AJs. In addition, we observed phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2) accumulation at E-cadherin clusters during the assembly of E-cadherin adhesions. PIPKIγ-generated PI4,5P2 is required for recruiting Exo70 to newly formed E-cadherin junctions and facilitates the assembly and maturation of AJs. These results support a model in which PIPKIγ and PIPKIγ-generated PI4,5P2 pools at nascent E-cadherin contacts cue Exo70 targeting and orient the tethering of exocyst-associated E-cadherin. This could be an important mechanism that regulates E-cadherin clustering and AJ maturation, which is essential for the establishment of solid, polarized epithelial structures.
Comparing the Economic Impact of an Export Shock in Two Modeling Frameworks
Authors: Cassey Andrew J. , Holland David W. , Razack Abdul
Published: November 2011

Because of more restrictive assumptions on regional input‐output (IO) models compared to computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, IO results are thought to be consistent with long‐run equilibrium but otherwise overestimated. We compare IO and CGE models' response to a shock to Washington crop exports under various labor market and capital closures. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that the positive secondary impacts are larger in the CGE models than in the IO model. Also contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that the closest match between direct effects is when the CGE model has short run, rather than long run restrictions.
Calendula officinalis: A New Natural Host of Pseudomonas viridiflava in Italy
Authors: Moretti C. , Fakhr R. , Buonaurio R.
Published: November 2011

In November 2010, small necrotic spots surrounded by chlorotic halos, which sometimes enlarged and coalesced to form large dead areas, were observed on leaves of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) plants grown in the Medieval Garden at the Agricultural Faculty of Perugia (central Italy). Cream-colored bacterial colonies were consistently isolated on nutrient agar (NA) from the diseased leaf tissues. Four representative selected strains, which were gram negative, fluorescent on King's medium B, and had oxidative but not fermentative metabolism, were subjected to a pathogenicity test by inoculating 1-month-old marigold plants. To prepare the inoculum, the bacterial strains were grown on NA at 27°C for 24 h, suspended in sterile deionized water, and adjusted to 1 × 106 CFU/ml. Sterile water was used for control plants. Marigold leaves were infiltrated with a glass atomizer at high pressure, and plants were kept in a growth chamber at 22 to 24°C, 70 μE·m–2·s–1 illumination and 12-h light period, and 80% relative humidity. Small, water-soaked necrotic spots were observed 10 days after inoculation, and the bacterium with the same cultural features of the original strains was reisolated from inoculated plants. For bacterial identification, the four original strains and two reisolates were subjected to LOPAT tests. They were levan negative, oxidase negative, potato rot positive, arginine dihydrolase negative, and tobacco hypersensitive response positive. These results were similar to those obtained with the type strain LMG 2352T of Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder) Dowson. When 16S rDNA was amplified with the universal primers, P0 (6-27f Escherichia coli) and P6 (1515-1495r E. coli), and digested with the endonucleases, SacI and HinfI as previously reported (2), an identical restriction profile was obtained for marigold strains and reisolates and P. viridiflava strains, LMG 2352T, LMG 2353, LMG 5397, and NCPPB 1382. A completely different profile was obtained for P. syringae pv. syringae LMG 1247T. The 16S rDNA (1,364 bp) and the gyrB (570 bp) sequences of two selected marigold strains (GenBank Accession Nos. JN406504 and JN406505; JN406506 and JN406507), amplified by using universal and previously reported PCR primers (3), respectively, shared 100% sequence identity with P. viridiflava (GenBank Accession Nos. HM190229 and AY606763) for 16S rDNA and gyrB gene, respectively. On the basis of biochemical, physiological, molecular, and pathogenicity tests, it was concluded that the bacteria isolated from marigold leaves are P. viridiflava. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. officinalis as a natural host of P. viridiflava. The plant was previously reported as a host of the bacterium by artificial inoculation (1).

References: (1) J. F. Bradbury. Guide to Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. CAB International, Egham, UK, 1986. (2) A. J. González et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2936, 2003. (3) E. M. Goss et al. Genetics 169:21, 2005.
Parasitic infection and oxidative status are associated and vary with breeding activity in the Seychelles warbler
Authors: van de Crommenacker Janske , Richardson David S. , Koltz Amanda M. , Hutchings Kimberly , Komdeur Jan
Published: November 2011

Parasites can have detrimental effects on host fitness, and infection typically results in the stimulation of the immune system. While defending against infection, the immune system generates toxic oxidants; if these are not sufficiently counteracted by the antioxidant system, a state of oxidative stress can occur. Here, we investigated the relationship between parasitic infection—using malarial infection as a model—and oxidative status in a natural population of the Seychelles warbler, while taking into account potentially interacting environmental covariates. We found that malaria is associated with increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, but this depends on the breeding stage: only during the energetically demanding provisioning stage did infected birds have higher oxidative stress susceptibility than non-infected birds. The imbalance in oxidative status was caused by a marked increase in oxidant levels observed only in infected birds during provisioning and by an overall reduction in antioxidant capacity observed in all birds across the breeding cycle. This finding implies that higher workload while dealing with an infection could aggravate oxidative repercussions. Malarial infection was not associated with body condition loss, suggesting that even when conditional effects are not directly visible, detrimental effects may still manifest themselves over the longer term through the oxidative consequences.
The Pea TCP Transcription Factor PsBRC1 Acts Downstream of Strigolactones to Control Shoot Branching
Authors: Braun Nils , de Saint Germain Alexandre , Pillot Jean-Paul , Boutet-Mercey Stéphanie , Dalmais Marion , Antoniadi Ioanna , Li Xin , Maia-Grondard Alessandra , Le Signor Christine , Bouteiller Nathalie , Luo Da , Bendahmane Abdelhafid , Turnbull Colin , Rameau Catherine
Published: November 2011

The function of PsBRC1, the pea (Pisum sativum) homolog of the maize (Zea mays) TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 and the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BRANCHED1 (AtBRC1) genes, was investigated. The pea Psbrc1 mutant displays an increased shoot-branching phenotype, is able to synthesize strigolactone (SL), and does not respond to SL application. The level of pleiotropy of the SL-deficient ramosus1 (rms1) mutant is higher than in the Psbrc1 mutant, rms1 exhibiting a relatively dwarf phenotype and more extensive branching at upper nodes. The PsBRC1 gene is mostly expressed in the axillary bud and is transcriptionally up-regulated by direct application of the synthetic SL GR24 and down-regulated by the cytokinin (CK) 6-benzylaminopurine. The results suggest that PsBRC1 may have a role in integrating SL and CK signals and that SLs act directly within the bud to regulate its outgrowth. However, the Psbrc1 mutant responds to 6-benzylaminopurine application and decapitation by increasing axillary bud length, implicating a PsBRC1-independent component of the CK response in sustained bud growth. In contrast to other SL-related mutants, the Psbrc1 mutation does not cause a decrease in the CK zeatin riboside in the xylem sap or a strong increase in RMS1 transcript levels, suggesting that the RMS2-dependent feedback is not activated in this mutant. Surprisingly, the double rms1 Psbrc1 mutant displays a strong increase in numbers of branches at cotyledonary nodes, whereas branching at upper nodes is not significantly higher than the branching in rms1. This phenotype indicates a localized regulation of branching at these nodes specific to pea.
Use of other opioids during methadone therapy: a population‐based study
Authors: Kurdyak Paul , Gomes Tara , Yao Zhan , Mamdani Muhammad M. , Hellings Chelsea , Fischer Benedikt , Rehm Jürgen , Bayoumi Ahmed M. , Juurlink David N.
Published: November 2011

Aims  To determine the extent to which other opioids are prescribed to patients receiving methadone in Ontario, Canada.

Design  Retrospective cohort study.

Setting  Ontario, Canada from 1 April 2003 to 31 March 2010.

Participants  We studied patients aged 15–64 years with publically funded drug coverage who received at least 30 days of continuous methadone maintenance therapy (MMT).

Measurements  The proportion of patients who received more than 7 days of a non‐methadone opioid during MMT. A secondary analysis examined the extent to which non‐methadone opioids were prescribed by physicians or dispensed by pharmacies not involved in a patient's MMT.

Findings  Among 18 759 patients treated with methadone, 3456 (18.4%) received at least one prescription for non‐methadone opioids of more than 7 days' duration. In this group, the median number of non‐methadone opioid prescriptions dispensed per year was 11.9 (interquartile range 4.1–25.0). The most frequently prescribed opioids were codeine and oxycodone. Of the 73 520 non‐methadone opioid prescriptions of more than 7 days' duration, nearly half (45.8%) originated from non‐MMT prescribers and pharmacies.

Conclusions  Many patients receiving methadone maintenance therapy in Ontario receive overlapping prescriptions for other opioids, often for extended periods. The associated prescribing patterns suggest that many such prescriptions may be duplicitous. The prescribing and dispensing of non‐methadone opioids to patients receiving methadone maintenance therapy is likely to be observed in jurisdictions outside Ontario, Canada.
Micro‐CT analyses of apical enlargement and molar root canal complexity
Authors: Markvart M. , Darvann T. A. , Larsen P. , Dalstra M. , Kreiborg S. , Bjørndal L.
Published: November 2011

Markvart M, Darvann TA, Larsen P, Dalstra M, Kreiborg S, Bjørndal L. Micro‐CT analyses of apical enlargement and molar root canal complexity. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 273–281, 2012.

Aim  To compare the effectiveness of two rotary hybrid instrumentation techniques with focus on apical enlargement in molar teeth and to quantify and visualize spatial details of instrumentation efficacy in root canals of different complexity.

Methodology  Maxillary and mandibular molar teeth were scanned using X‐ray microcomputed tomography. Root canals were prepared using either a GT/Profile protocol or a RaCe/NiTi protocol. Variables used for evaluation were the following: distance between root canal surfaces before and after preparation (distance after preparation, DAP), percentage of root canal area remaining unprepared and increase in canal volume after preparation. Root canals were classified according to size and complexity, and consequences of unprepared portions of narrow root canals and intraradicular connections/isthmuses were included in the analyses. One‐ and two‐way anova were used in the statistical analyses.

Results  No difference was found between the two techniques: DAPapical‐third (P = 0.590), area unpreparedapical‐third (P = 0.126) and volume increaseapical‐third (P = 0.821). Unprepared root canal area became larger in relation to root canal size and complexity, irrespective of the technique used. Percentage of root canal area remaining unprepared was significantly lower in small root canals and complex systems compared to large root canals. The isthmus area per se contributed with a mean of 17.6%, and with a mean of 25.7%, when a narrow root canal remained unprepared.

Conclusions  The addition of isthmuses did not significantly alter the ratio of instrumented to unprepared areas at total root canal level. Distal and palatal root canals had the highest level of unprepared area irrespective of the two instrumentation techniques examined.
Migration: a concept analysis from a nursing perspective
Authors: Freeman Michelle , Baumann Andrea , Blythe Jennifer , Fisher Anita , Akhtar‐Danesh Noori
Published: November 2011

freeman m., baumann a., blythe j., fisher a. & akhtar‐danesh n. (2011) Migration: a concept analysis from a nursing perspective. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(5), 1176–1186.

Aim.  This article is a report of a concept analysis of nurse migration.

Background.  International migration is increasing and nurse migrants are active participants in this movement. Migration is a complex term and can be examined from a range of perspectives. Analysis of nurse migration is needed to guide policy, practice and research.

Data sources.  A literature search was undertaken using electronic literature indexes, specific journals and websites, internet search engines and hand searches. No timeframe was placed on the search. Most literature found was published between 2001 and 2009. A sample of 80 documents met the inclusion criteria.

Method.  Walker and Avant’s approach guided the analysis.

Discussion.  Nurse migration can be defined by five attributes: the motivation and decisions of individuals; external barriers and facilitators; freedom of choice to migrate; freedom to migrate as a human right, and dynamic movement. Antecedents of migration include the political, social, economic, legal, historical and educational forces that comprise the push and pull framework. The consequences of migration are positive or negative depending on the viewpoint and its affect on the individual and other stakeholders such as the source country, destination country, healthcare systems and the nursing profession.

Conclusion.  This concept analysis clarified the complexities surrounding nurse migration. A nursing‐specific middle‐range theory was proposed to guide the understanding and study of nurse migration.
Knowledge translation and improving practices in neurological rehabilitation: managers' viewpoint
Authors: Girard Anik , Rochette Annie , Fillion Barbara
Published: November 2011

Background  Studies in neurological rehabilitation have been undertaken in recent years to improve knowledge transfer. The manager is an important player in the health care system, yet few studies have examined their role in knowledge transfer. The main objective was to explore the importance of knowledge transfer and improving practices from the viewpoint of managers of neurological rehabilitation programs.

Methods  An exploratory qualitative research design was used. Three case studies were conducted by way of semi‐structured one‐on‐one interviews with neurological rehabilitation program managers. To be eligible, managers had to give their informed consent and have had responsibilities directly related to the coordination of clinicians working in neurological rehabilitation for at least a year. Data collected were recorded and transcribed. Each interview was synthesized and its content was carefully analysed.

Results  The three managers' experience in neurology varied from a year to several decades. They believe that knowledge transfer is important but it appears to be less of a priority because of their numerous other responsibilities. Participants said they perceived their role in this process as being a coach, facilitator, motivator, organizer, guide and ambassador. They mentioned reacting to the needs expressed by the clinicians but, when asked, said they would like to be more proactive and structured in their approach.

Conclusions  This study points up the lack of organizational structure fostering uniform knowledge translation across all clinicians, although the managers expect it to happen in the near future or would like to see it in an ideal world.
Diagnostic grouping among adults with intellectual disabilities and autistic spectrum disorders in staffed housing
Authors: Felce D. , Perry J.
Published: November 2011

Background  There is little evidence to guide the commissioning of residential provision for adults with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) in the UK. We aim to explore the degree and impact of diagnostic congregation among adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) and ASD living in staffed housing.

Methods  One hundred and fifty‐seven adults with intellectual disabilities from a sample of 424 in staffed housing were assessed as having the triad of impairments characteristic of ASD. They lived in 88 houses: 26 were non‐congregate (40% or fewer residents had the triad) and 50 congregate (60% or more had the triad); 12 with intermediate groupings were eliminated. Non‐congregate and congregate groups were compared on age, gender, adaptive and challenging behaviour, house size, staff per resident and various measures of quality of care and quality of outcome. Comparisons were repeated for Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS)‐matched, congregate and non‐congregate subsamples.

Results  Non‐congregate settings were larger, had lower staff per resident and more individualised social milieus. Groups were similar in age and gender but the non‐congregate group had non‐significantly higher ABS scores. The non‐congregate group did more social, community and household activities. After matching for ABS, these outcome differences ceased to be significant. Non‐congregate settings were significantly larger and had significantly more organised working methods.

Conclusions  The findings are consistent with other research that finds few advantages to diagnostic grouping.
Arc magmatism in eastern Kumaun Himalaya, India: A study based on geochemistry of granitoid rocks
Authors: RAMESHWAR RAO D. , SHARMA RAJESH
Published: November 2011

Petrochemical studies of granitoid rocks from the eastern part of Kumaun region suggest that the leading edge of India represents an active arc during Late Paleoproterozoic times. It has been observed that melt generation for granodiorite rocks from the eastern Almora Nappe and Chhiplakot klippe along with the Askot klippe was caused through a subduction‐related process involving hydrous partial melting of a Paleoproterozoic amphibole‐ and/or garnet‐bearing mafic source with the involvement of sediments from the subduction zone. The medium‐ to high‐K basic rocks, common in subduction‐related magmatic arcs, can also explain the generation of the high‐K granodiorites of the Chhiplakot klippe. The augen gneisses from the eastern Almora nappe and Chhiplakot klippe along with the Askot klippe further show geochemical similarity with the associated granodiorites, suggesting there is a genetic linkage with one another.
Perceptions of parents and speech and language therapists on the effects of paediatric cochlear implantation and habilitation and education following it
Authors: Huttunen Kerttu , Välimaa Taina
Published: November 2011

Background: During the process of implantation, parents may have rather heterogeneous expectations and concerns about their child's development and the functioning of habilitation and education services. Their views on habilitation and education are important for building family‐centred practices.

Aims: We explored the perceptions of parents and speech and language therapists (SLTs) on the effects of implantation on the child and the family and on the quality of services provided. Their views were also compared.

Methods & Procedures: Parents and SLTs of 18 children filled out questionnaires containing open‐ and closed‐ended questions at 6 months and annually 1–5 years after activation of the implant. Their responses were analysed mainly using data‐based inductive content analysis.

Outcomes & Results: Positive experiences outnumbered negative ones in the responses of both the parents and the SLTs surveyed. The parents were particularly satisfied with the improvement in communication and expanded social life in the family. These were the most prevalent themes also raised by the SLTs. The parents were also satisfied with the organization and content of habilitation. Most of the negative experiences were related to arrangement of hospital visits and the usability and maintenance of speech processor technology. Some children did not receive enough speech and language therapy, and some of the parents were dissatisfied with educational services. The habilitation process had generally required parental efforts at an expected level. However, parents with a child with at least one concomitant problem experienced habilitation as more stressful than did other parents.

Conclusions & Implications: Parents and SLTs had more positive than negative experiences with implantation. As the usability and maintenance of speech processor technology were often compromised, we urge implant centres to ensure sufficient personnel for technical maintenance. It is also important to promote services by providing enough information and parental support.
Sea cucumber fisheries: global analysis of stocks, management measures and drivers of overfishing
Authors: Purcell Steven W , Mercier Annie , Conand Chantal , Hamel Jean‐François , Toral‐Granda M Verónica , Lovatelli Alessandro , Uthicke Sven
Published: November 2011

Worldwide, most sea cucumber fisheries are ineffectively managed, leading to declining stocks and potentially eroding the resilience of fisheries. We analyse trends in catches, fishery status, fishing participation and regulatory measures among 77 sea cucumber fisheries through data from recent fishery reports and fishery managers. Critical gaps in fisheries biology knowledge of even commonly targeted species undermine the expected success of management strategies. Most tropical fisheries are small‐scale, older and typified by numerous (>8) species, whereas temperate fisheries are often emerging, mono‐specific and industrialized. Fisher participation data indicated about 3 million sea cucumber fishers worldwide. Fisher participation rates were significantly related to the average annual yield. permanova analysis showed that over‐exploited and depleted fisheries employed different sets of measures than fisheries with healthier stocks, and a non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordination illustrated that a broad set of regulatory measures typified sustainable fisheries. SIMPER and regression tree analyses identified that the dissimilarity was most related to enforcement capacity, number of species harvested, fleet (vessel) controls, limited entry controls and rotational closures. The national Human Development Index was significantly lower in countries with over‐exploited and depleted fisheries. Where possible, managers should limit the number of fishers and vessel size and establish short lists of permissible commercial species in multispecies fisheries. Our findings emphasize an imperative to support the enforcement capacity in low‐income countries, in which risk of biodiversity loss is exceptionally high. Solutions for greater resilience of sea cucumber stocks must be embedded within those for poverty reduction and alternative livelihood options.
Overexpression of GhSusA1 increases plant biomass and improves cotton fiber yield and quality
Authors: Jiang Yanjie , Guo Wangzhen , Zhu Huayu , Ruan Yong‐Ling , Zhang Tianzhen
Published: November 2011

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is an important economic crop and the largest source of textile fiber in the world. However, to date, only a few genes have been identified that exhibit critical roles in fiber development, and few has shown positive effects on fiber yield and quality in transgenic cotton. Here, we report the characterization of a novel sucrose synthase (SusA1) gene from a superior quality fiber germplasm line 7235 in Gossypium hirsutum. By association analysis, GhSusA1 was highly correlated with fiber qualities in (7235× TM‐1) recombinant inbred lines based on polymorphism of GhSusA1 between 7235 and TM‐1. Subsequently, based on an interspecific population of 141 BC1 individuals generated from the cross between TM‐1 and Gossypium barbadense line, Hai7124, we further mapped GhSusA1 genes on homeologous chromosomes A8 (chro.8) and D8 (chro.24). Suppression of GhSusA1 in transgenic cotton reduced fiber quality and decreased the boll size and seed weight. Importantly, overexpression of this gene increased fiber length and strength, with the latter indicated by the enhanced thickening of cell wall during secondary wall formation stage. Moreover, increasing GhSusA1 transcript abundance in vegetative tissues led to elevated seedling biomass. Together, these findings identified GhSusA1 as a key regulator of sink strength in cotton, which is tightly associated with productivity, and hence a promising candidate gene that can be developed to increase cotton fiber yield and quality.
PURE TIME PREFERENCE
Authors: LOWRY ROSEMARY , PETERSON MARTIN
Published: November 2011

Pure time preference is a preference for something to come at one point in time rather than another merely because of when it occurs in time. In opposition to Sidgwick, Ramsey, Rawls, and Parfit we argue that it is not always irrational to be guided by pure time preferences. We argue that even if the mere difference of location in time is not a rational ground for a preference, time may nevertheless be a normatively neutral ground for a preference, and this makes it plausible to claim that the preference is rationally permitted.
In vitro properties of platelets stored in three different additive solutions
Authors: Tynngård Nahreen , Trinks Marie , Berlin Gösta
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: New platelet (PLT) additive solutions (PASs) contain compounds that might improve the storage conditions for PLTs. This study compares the in vitro function, including hemostatic properties (clot formation and elasticity), of PLTs in T‐Sol, Composol, or SSP+ during storage for 5 days.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fifteen buffy coats were pooled and divided into three parts. PLT concentrates (PCs) with 30% plasma and 70% PAS (T‐Sol, Composol, or SSP+) were prepared (n = 10). Swirling, PLT count, blood gases, metabolic variables, PLT activation markers, and coagulation by free oscillation rheometry (FOR) were analyzed on Days 1 and 5.

RESULTS: Swirling was well preserved and pH acceptable (6.4‐7.4) during storage for all PASs. Storage of PLTs in T‐Sol led to a decrease in PLT count whereas the number of PLTs was unchanged in Composol or SSP+ PCs. PLTs in T‐Sol showed higher glucose metabolism than PLTs in Composol or in SSP+. At the end of storage PLTs in T‐Sol had higher spontaneous activation and lower ability to respond to an agonist than PLTs in Composol or SSP+. PLTs in all the PASs had a similar ability to promote clot formation and clot elasticity.

CONCLUSION: Storage of PLTs in Composol or in SSP+ improved the quality of PCs in terms of better maintained PLT count, lower glucose metabolism, lower spontaneous activation, and improved response to a PLT agonist compared to PLTs in T‐Sol. PLTs stored in the various PASs had similar hemostatic properties. These findings make Composol and SSP+ interesting alternatives as PASs.
Relationships and Inflammation across the Lifespan: Social Developmental Pathways to Disease
Authors: Fagundes Christopher P. , Bennett Jeanette M. , Derry Heather M. , Kiecolt‐Glaser Janice K.
Published: November 2011

There are well documented links between close relationships and physical health, such that those who have supportive close relationships have lower rates of morbidity and mortality compared to those who do not. Inflammation is one mechanism that may help to explain this link. Chronically high levels of inflammation predict disease. Across the lifespan, people who have supportive close relationships have lower levels of systemic inflammation compared to people who have cold, unsupportive, and conflict‐ridden relationships. Not only are current relationships associated with inflammation, but past relationships are as well. In this article, we will first review the literature linking current close relationships across the lifespan to inflammation. We will then explore recent work showing troubled past relationships also have lasting consequences for people’s inflammatory levels. Finally, we will explore developmental pathways that may explain these findings.
From Pink Frilly Dresses to ‘One of the Boys’: A Social‐Cognitive Analysis of Gender Identity Development and Gender Bias
Authors: Halim May Ling , Ruble Diane N. , Amodio David M.
Published: November 2011

In middle childhood, many girls go through a curious metamorphosis, in which their earlier embrace of all‐things‐feminine appears to transform into an identity as a tomboy. We believe this striking shift, observed in girls but not boys, signifies a critical development in children’s socio‐cognitive functioning, with implications for their understanding of gender as it relates to their identity and their social relationships. In this article, we review the evidence for this identity shift and present a theoretical account that integrates ideas from social cognition and social development. We argue that this identity shift involves the emergence of public regard and status awareness, with concurrent increases in the complexity with which knowledge associated with gender categories is represented in the mind. We then posit that these changes have important implications for the developmental trajectory of implicit and explicit gender attitudes and stereotypes, and we present a set of predictions generated by our theoretical analysis.
History of Medicine: Health, Medicine and Disease in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: ANDREWS JONATHAN
Published: November 2011

This article surveys anglophone scholarship in the history of medicine over the past decade or so. It selectively identifies and critically evaluates key themes and trends in the field. It discusses the emergence of the discipline from a period of directional crisis to more recent emphasis on a pluralistic and ‘bigger‐picture’ agenda, on comparative, cross‐disciplinary and multicultural approaches, and on the reorientation and (putative) broadening out of medical history towards wider public engagement and closer interface with medical humanities.
Sub‐Saharan Africa: Jihads, Slave Trade and Early Colonialism in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: CANDIDO MARIANA P.
Published: November 2011

This study explores the meaning of the eighteenth century for sub‐Saharan African historiography. The period is understood as an extension of changes initiated with the collapse in 1591 of the West African Songhay empire and the presence of the Portuguese on the coast of West Central Africa at the end of the fifteenth century. The end of the long eighteenth century is delimited by the British occupation of Cape Colony, the end of the British slave trade and the jihads in central Sudan. This long eighteenth century is marked by the transatlantic slave trade and its effects on African societies.
High Resolution Seabed Sub-Bottom Profiler for AUV
Authors: Merlin Wilfrid , Mouland Darrell , Markuske William , King Peter , Lewis Ron , Walker Dan , Dinn Gary J.
Published: November 2011

Memorial University of Newfoundland (Memorial) is undertaking a novel and exciting area of interdisciplinary research and development related to Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV). AUVs are an untethered, unmanned technology that enables a broad array of research, especially in hazardous underwater environments, that cannot be achieved by other means. In spring 2010, Memorial University commenced design work on a project that aims to provide a means to conduct high-resolution sub-bottom seabed surveys in water depths up to 1000 m (3281 ft), using a new imaging sub-bottom profiler technology with a 10 cm (3.9 in) resolution that has never been deployed on an AUV. The purpose of this project is to integrate a long-array sub-bottom profiler developed by PanGeo Subsea Inc. of Canada, into Memorial’s Explorer AUV by building a new vehicle section that resembles a thick airplane wing with a span of 3.5 m (11.5 ft). Memorial University is working to make the new equipment easily adaptable and removable from the Explorer AUV while in operation. The Explorer AUV equipped with this new sub-bottom profiler capability will be operational in 2012. In this paper, the underlying design criteria and challenges are discussed. A preliminary concept design is described and coarsely evaluated for technical feasibility.