bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulsatile Drug Delivery System (PDDS): A Cronotherapeutic Approach for Optimum Therapy
Authors: Kumar Dash Santosh , Kumar Sahoo Ranjan , Padhan Ashutosh , Khan A. S. , Karna Nabin , Nanda Naimish , Dash Smrutiranjan
Published: April 2022

Now a day’s PDDS are gaining more attraction and importance especially for the disease follow circadian rhythms. Some chronic disease like rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, hypercholesterolemia, hyper acidity and cardio vascular diseases where peak symptoms tends to follow a 24 hour cycle called circadian rhythms. Optimum therapy of these diseases demands a drug delivery system where Cmax of the drug achieve exactly at the time of peak of the disease. This is only possible by chronotherapeutic approach i.e. pulsatile drug delivery system. This delivery system not only releases the right amount of drug at the right time but also overcome the other challenges like drug tolerance and over dose associated with traditional sustained or extended release drug delivery system. Drugs under goes extensive first pass metabolism, degradation in gastric acid medium, having biological tolerance and targeted to distal parts of GIT are suitable candidates for PDDS. It has many advantages like pre-programmed delayed-release, multiple dosing option, reduce drug loss, less drug interaction and improve patient compliance etc There are various technologies of PDDS like C O D A S ® ,O R O S ® , DIFFUCAPS ®,3D Printing, PULSINCAPTM are already available in the market. The current work is focused on the requirements, advantages, disadvantages and a review on various drugs and polymers used to develop PDDS in current & past decades. The study revealed that, PDDS has a tremendous scope and can play a vital role in the optimum treatment of many chronic diseases which follows circadian rhythm.
NARRATIVAS DE LUTA POR TERRAS E DIREITOS:
Authors: Souza Jurema Machado de Andrade
Published: April 2022

Desde 1999, tenho ajudado a produzir registros- gravações, imagens e cadernos de campo- sobre os mais variados temas da trajetória do povo Pataxó Hãhãhãi, que vive na Terra Indígena Caramuru-Paraguassu, no sul da Bahia. Esse material foi produzido em situações distintas: trabalho de campo para monografia de bacharelado e mestrado; participação em ações políticas do movimento indígena; trabalhos em oficinas de atividades de extensão. Mais recentemente, no trabalho de campo para o doutorado, iniciamos- eu e um grupo de indígenas- um processo que chamamos de “construção da história de luta dos Pataxó Hãhãhãi”, onde, conjuntamente, construímos biografias de líderes, relatos de retomadas de terra, trajetórias da dispersão, quando o território estava invadido, e as engrenagens que possibilitaram o contato entre as famílias indígenas durante o período. Para tanto, fazíamos leituras conjuntas do material referido acima, de documentos dos séculos. XIX e XX, cartas trocadas entre parentes durante os anos de dispersão, cartas abertas produzidas em momentos específicos da luta, documentos direcionados às autoridades ao longo de quase um século de luta. Neste artigo, descrevo e analiso essa relação de pesquisa, que tem mais de duas décadas, como uma etnografia processual e engajada.
Paul and Pauline Epistles
Authors: Anderson Matthew R.
Published: April 2022

Paul “the Apostle,” a first‐centuryceJew, joined the Jesus movement shortly after Jesus’ execution, but quickly became so influential that his letters make up more than half of the New Testament. This Jewish messianic and apocalyptic thinker remains profoundly important. Shortly after his vision of the resurrected Jesus, Paul became a self‐proclaimed messenger to the non‐Jewish world, urgently establishing “last days” assemblies. Paul's mission was controversial; Paul had never met Jesus of Nazareth and was sometimes at odds with others, including Peter. Together with Josephus and Philo, Paul is an important source for late Second Temple Judaism.
Comparison of intrafractional motion with two frameless immobilization systems in surface‐guided intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Han Chunhui , Amini Arya , Wong Jeffrey Y.C. , Liang Jieming , Qing Kun , Watkins W. Tyler , Zhang Sean , Williams Terence M. , Liu An
Published: April 2022

Purpose/objectives

The aim of this study is to compare intrafractional motion using two commercial non‐invasive immobilization systems for linac‐based intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) under guidance with a surface‐guided radiotherapy (SGRT) system.

Materials/methods

Twenty‐one patients who received intracranial SRS were retrospectively selected. Ten patients were immobilized with a vacuum fixation biteplate system, while 11 patients were immobilized with an open‐face mask system. A setup margin of 1 mm was used in treatment planning. Real‐time surface motion data in 37 treatment fractions using the vacuum fixation system and 44 fractions using the open‐face mask were recorded by an SGRT system. Variances of intrafractional motion along three translational directions and three rotational directions were compared between the two immobilization techniques with Levene's tests. Intrafractional motion variation over time during treatments was also evaluated.

Results

Using the vacuum fixation system, the average and standard deviations of the shifts were 0.01 ± 0.18 mm, ‐0.06 ± 0.30 mm, and  0.02 ± 0.26 mm in the anterior–posterior (AP), superior–inferior (SI), and left–right (LR) directions, and ‐0.02 ± 0.19°, ‐0.01 ± 0.13°, and 0.01 ± 0.13° for rotations in yaw, roll, and pitch, respectively; using the open‐face mask system, the average and standard deviations of the shifts were ‐0.06 ± 0.20 mm, ‐0.02 ± 0.35 mm, and 0.01 ± 0.40 mm in the AP, SI, and LR directions, and were 0.05 ± 0.23°, 0.02 ± 0.21°, and 0.00 ± 0.16° for rotations in yaw, roll, and pitch, respectively. There was a significant increase in intrafractional motion variance over time during treatments.

Conclusion

Patients with the vacuum fixation system had significantly smaller intrafractional motion variation compared to those with the open‐face mask system. Using intrafractional motion techniques such as surface imaging system is recommended to minimize dose deviation due to intrafractional motion. The increase in intrafractional motion over time indicates clinical benefits with shorter treatment time.
Centrality of positive and negative autobiographical memories across adult life span
Authors: Pociunaite Justina , Zimprich Daniel , Wolf Tabea
Published: April 2022

Previous studies have found that in nonclinical samples centrality of positive events is usually higher than centrality of negative events. In this study, we investigated the centrality and its relation to valence by considering additional predictor variables (i.e., intensity, time since event, self‐concept clarity) as well as age group differences. A total of 365 participants aged between 18 and 89 reported up to 10 positive and up to 10 negative autobiographical memories. We used multilevel analysis to account for the hierarchical structure of the data. The results confirmed the higher centrality of positive events, but only for middle‐aged and older adults. Intensity contributed to the centrality of both positive and negative events, whereas self‐concept clarity was relevant regarding negative memories of young and middle‐aged adults only. Hence, the extent to which memories contribute to identity is not only depending on characteristics of memories but on the remembering person as well.
Boron Nitride‐Based Release Agent Coating Stabilizes Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3/Li Interface with Superior Lean‐Lithium Electrochemical Performance and Thermal Stability
Authors: Zhu Lei , Wang Youwei , Wu Yongmin , Feng Wuliang , Liu Zhaolin , Tang Weiping , Wang Xiaowei , Xia Yongyao
Published: April 2022

Sodium super ionic conductor (NASICON)‐type Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) is one of the most promising solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) owing to its high Li‐ion conductivity, high stability with air, and low cost. However, LATP is less widely deployed due to its high incompatibility with lithium metal. Herein, a facile and inexpensive spray‐coating approach is proposed to construct a thin 3D organic/inorganic composite layer of a commercial boron nitride‐based release agent (BNRA) onto LATP. Apart from protecting LATP, this interfacial BNRA layer enables Li‐ion migration through BN defects and affords low resistance at BNRA/Li interface due to in situ formation of Li–N. Compared to bare LATP, which fails to support Li stripping–plating process in a lean‐lithium Li/Li symmetric cell (2 µm), BNRA‐LATP runs for ≈1800 h. The assembled lean‐lithium LiFePO4 (LFP)/BNRA‐LATP/Li solid state batteries (SSBs) deliver a specific capacity of 150.9 mA h g–1 at 0.5 C with minor capacity decay after 500 cycles. Besides, the BNRA layer eliminates thermal runaway risks of LATP‐based SSBs by fast in‐plane thermal dispersion. This work demonstrates a facile LATP‐protection strategy regarding Li incompatibility and thermal runway issues, and pinpoints the interfacial formation mechanism, fulfilling the pursuit of high‐performance low‐cost SSEs.
A New Polystyrene–Poly(vinylpyridinium) Ionic Copolymer Dopant for n‐Type All‐Polymer Thermoelectrics with High and Stable Conductivity Relative to the Seebeck Coefficient giving High Power Factor
Authors: Han Jinfeng , Tiernan Emma , Lee Taein , Chiu Arlene , McGuiggan Patty , Adams Nicholas , Tomko John A. , Hopkins Patrick E. , Thon Susanna M. , Tovar John D. , Katz Howard E.
Published: April 2022

A novel n‐type copolymer dopant polystyrene–poly(4‐vinyl‐N‐hexylpyridinium fluoride) (PSpF) with fluoride anions is designed and synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. This is thought to be the first polymeric fluoride dopant. Electrical conductivity of 4.2 S cm–1 and high power factor of 67 µW m–1 K–2 are achieved for PSpF‐doped polymer films, with a corresponding decrease in thermal conductivity as the PSpF concentration is increased, giving the highest ZT of 0.1. An especially high electrical conductivity of 58 S cm–1 at 88 °C and outstanding thermal stability are recorded. Further, organic transistors of PSpF‐doped thin films exhibit high electron mobility and Hall mobility of 0.86 and 1.70 cm2 V–1 s–1, respectively. The results suggest that polystyrene–poly(vinylpyridinium) salt copolymers with fluoride anions are promising for high‐performance n‐type all‐polymer thermoelectrics. This work provides a new way to realize organic thermoelectrics with high conductivity relative to the Seebeck coefficient, high power factor, thermal stability, and broad processing window.
Acid‐in‐Clay Electrolyte for Wide‐Temperature‐Range and Long‐Cycle Proton Batteries
Authors: Wang Shitong , Jiang Heng , Dong Yanhao , Clarkson David , Zhu He , Settens Charles M. , Ren Yang , Nguyen Thanh , Han Fei , Fan Weiwei , Kim So Yeon , Zhang Jianan , Xue Weijiang , Sandstrom Sean K. , Xu Guiyin , Tekoglu Emre , Li Mingda , Deng Sili , Liu Qi , Greenbaum Steven G. , Ji Xiulei , Gao Tao , Li Ju
Published: April 2022

Proton conduction underlies many important electrochemical technologies. A family of new proton electrolytes is reported: acid‐in‐clay electrolyte (AiCE) prepared by integrating fast proton carriers in a natural phyllosilicate clay network, which can be made into thin‐film (tens of micrometers) fluid‐impervious membranes. The chosen example systems (sepiolite–phosphoric acid) rank top among the solid proton conductors in terms of proton conductivities (15 mS cm−1 at 25 °C, 0.023 mS cm−1 at −82 °C), electrochemical stability window (3.35 V), and reduced chemical reactivity. A proton battery is assembled using AiCE as the solid electrolyte membrane. Benefitting from the wider electrochemical stability window, reduced corrosivity, and excellent ionic selectivity of AiCE, the two main problems (gassing and cyclability) of proton batteries are successfully solved. This work draws attention to the element cross‐over problem in proton batteries and the generic “acid‐in‐clay” solid electrolyte approach with superfast proton transport, outstanding selectivity, and improved stability for room‐ to cryogenic‐temperature protonic applications.
Amorphous Doping Promotes Utilization of Fe‐Doped Amorphous Zr(HPO4)2 for Superb Water Oxidation Electrocatalysis
Authors: Wang Ruonan , Li Yanxin , Tan Xueling , Zhang Jifu , Li Can , Cao Lixin , Dong Bohua
Published: April 2022

Doping hetero‐atoms on the surface of host materials, namely effective doping with high atom utilization, is a promising strategy to optimize the activity of electrocatalysts for water electrolysis, especially for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, high utilization of doped atoms is successfully achieved in Fe‐doped 2D amorphous Zr(HPO4)2 nanosheets (amorphous Fe‐ZrP). Due to the unique amorphous surface with a large scale of coordinated unsaturated sites, a great quantity of Fe dopants with tunable electron density can anchor on the surface of the 2D amorphous Fe‐ZrP nanosheet. Benefitting from the ultrathin 2D structure and abundant Fe active sites on the amorphous surface, 2D amorphous Fe‐ZrP nanosheets exhibit outstanding OER activity, which is significantly superior to most OER electrocatalysts. This work offers new insights to promote doped atom utilization via amorphous doping for superb water splitting electrocatalysis.
Wax Direct‐Writing of Monolayered Janus Fabrics for Personal Moisture Management
Authors: Xu Bing , Ding Yinlong , Li Ang
Published: April 2022

Janus fabrics with moisture and thermal management capacity are beneficial for human body comfort and performance. However, the present fabrication methods for constructing Janus fabrics are usually complicated, toxic, time‐consuming, and lacking durability. Here, a simple and rapid wax direct‐writing method is proposed to regulate the superhydrophilic monolayered fabric with a hydrophobic part. Noting that wax is low‐cost, easily available, and nontoxic. More importantly, wax can readily penetrate to the cotton fabric, and there is a challenge to get rid of it from the fabric under mechanical abrasion, sunlight irradiation, and home laundry. It is suggested that wax direct‐writing can create a durable fabric. The monolayered Janus fabric is able to unidirectionally transport water/sweat from its hydrophobic side to the superhydrophilic one, while blocking it from the reverse direction. Meanwhile, it can generate drying and cooling effects (≈4° cooler than covered with hydrophilic cotton fabric) in hot weather. This work intends to simply and rapidly fabricate the functional Janus fabric with durable moisture managing capacity and may scale up to mass‐production for potential commercialization.
Bandgap Engineering of Ternary ε‐InSe1−xSx and ε‐InSe1−yTey Single Crystals for High‐Performance Electronics and Optoelectronics
Authors: Hao Qiaoyan , Yi Huan , Liu Jidong , Wang Yi , Chen Jiewei , Yin Xinmao , Tang Chi Sin , Qi Dianyu , Gan Haibo , Wee Andrew T. S. , Chai Yang , Zhang Wenjing
Published: April 2022

Alloying offers an efficient strategy to tune the bandgap of two‐dimensional (2D) layered materials, enabling them to tailor the optical and electronic attributes without compromising the structural integrity. Here the authors report the synthesis of a series of ternary InSe1−xSx and InSe1−yTey alloys possessing ε‐polymorph and single crystalline structure. Both the photoluminescence and Raman spectra of multilayer InSe1−xSx and InSe1−yTey demonstrate that an effective modulation of bandgap and concomitant optical properties is achieved by tuning the alloy compositions, consistent with density functional theory calculations. Field‐effect transistors fabricated from the multilayer alloys on SiO2 dielectric substrates display electron field‐effect mobilities of up to ≈127 cm2 V−1 s−1. All the multilayer alloy devices show a high current on/off ratio of ≈108. When fabricated into photodetectors, multilayer InSe0.9S0.1 and InSe0.9Te0.1 exhibit maximum photoresponsivities of 5.4 × 105 and 7.7 × 104 A W−1, respectively. Moreover, the InSe1−yTey alloys are able to expand the photoresponse range into 1250 nm due to the bandgap narrowing upon Te alloying. This work sheds light on rationally designing 2D layered InSe with tunable bandgaps via alloying, and demonstrates their promising applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
Forming‐Free Resistive Switching of Electrochemical Titanium Oxide Localized Nanostructures: Anodization, Chemical Composition, Nanoscale Size Effects, and Memristive Storage
Authors: Tominov Roman , Avilov Vadim , Vakulov Zakhar , Khakhulin Daniil , Ageev Oleg , Valov Ilia , Smirnov Vladimir
Published: April 2022

Electrochemical anodization is a powerful method for the preparation of oxide thin films with controlled thickness, structure, and composition and proves as a promising approach to be applied to memristive devices. Here, experimental studies on titanium oxide nanoscale structures produced by local anodic oxidation and the influence of the thickness on the memristive properties are presented. Controllable preparation of forming‐free memristive cells with switching voltages less than 3 V are demonstrated. The chemical composition and oxidation state of the elements in the TiOxnanostructures are analyzed by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which reveals the formation of TiO2(458.4 eV), Ti2O3(456.6 eV), and TiO (454.8 eV). The increasing thickness of the devices from 4.5 ± 0.7 to 7.9 ± 0.3 nm leads to a decrease in the OFF to ON resistance ratio from 250 to 10.7, respectively. The mechanism of formation and resistive switching in the anodic devices is also discussed. The results can be applied to the design and development of technological processes for memristive structure manufacturing based on electrochemical oxidation.
A High‐Speed Photodetector Fabricated with Tungsten‐Doped MoS2 by Ion Implantation
Authors: Chen Rui , Pei Yongfeng , Kang Yufan , Liu Jiangchao , Xia Yan , Wang Jing , Xu Hang , Jiang Changzhong , Li Wenqing , Xiao Xiangheng
Published: April 2022

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a promising 2D semiconductor material for its unique characteristics such as tunable bandgap, high electrical conductivity, and strong light–matter interaction. Presently, many efforts have been made to modulate its properties, such as surface engineering, strain introduction, doping, and so on. Recently, it has been proved that substitutional metal doping is an effective approach to tune the energy bandgap of the aimed material and improve the performance of the device. Conventional metal doping methods will inevitably introduce impurities or defects and cannot control doping regions. Ion implantation is widely used in traditional semiconductor modification processes due to its high efficiency, controllability, and homogeneity. But it is rarely applied to 2D materials because of the damage caused during the implantation process. Here, the SiO2 substrate is implanted by tungsten ion implantation and then the tungsten doping of MoS2 is successfully achieved by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth process, while avoiding direct implantation damage to it. The W‐doped MoS2 photodetectors show a high‐speed response with a rise/fall time of 210 ms/160 ms. This work provides a novel doping strategy for metal doping of 2D materials and opens a new avenue to modify 2D materials properties.
Impacts of climate change on water management
Authors: Fei Chengcheng J. , McCarl Bruce A. , Yang Yingqian , Ayana Essayas Kaba , Srinivasan Raghavan , Lei Yuhong , Li Lingyi , Sheng Bingru , Fan Xinxin
Published: April 2022

Climate change and increasing demands are stressing water allocation. In many places, water reallocation and expensive water development actions are being undertaken with more likely to be stimulated by climate change. Here we examine reallocation and development actions between and within municipal, agricultural, and energy industry users in a water‐scarce region and examine how climate change stimulates further actions. We built a regional agricultural, water and electricity two‐stage stochastic model that simulates optimal strategies in South Central Texas. We find that climate change significantly expands water development, causes agricultural water use reduction and reallocation to municipal interests.
Promotional achievement of economists: Does being agricultural or female matter?
Authors: Juraqulova Zarrina , McCluskey Jill J. , Mittelhammer Ron C.
Published: April 2022

This article analyzes factors that predict the academic rank of Economics and Agricultural Economics faculty. While female faculties are under‐represented in both types of academic departments, we find that significant factors in predicting the academic rank of female faculty are primarily professional contributions represented by publications and experience. Agricultural Economics departments require more publications than Economics in order to achieve the same positive effect on the latent indicator of higher academic rank. The positive contribution of publications to higher academic rank status is larger for females than for males for both types of economists. The result is suggestive of potential benefits relating to policies that support women in their ability to publish.
Obtaining model parameters of drying kinetics for highly shrinkable materials without knowing the surface area a priori
Authors: Liu Tao , Yang Shilei , Fu Nan , Xiao Jie , Putranto Aditya , Chen Xiao Dong
Published: April 2022

Shrinkage parameters of highly shrinkable materials such as length, diameter and surface area during drying are difficult to quantify in situ. However, these are significant components of an accurate model. In this study, an attempt to isolate the surface area effect is reported in order to fetch the REA model (reaction engineering approach) parameters without knowing it a priori. Carrot cube and cabbage leaf were selected as experimental material and dried with hot air under a range of conditions. Shrinkages was calculated using an optical method which is used to qualitatively compare with that “calculated” using the current approach. By matching the experimental temperature and moisture content profiles against time after obtaining REA parameters for both samples without knowing the surface area, the surface areas can be “calculated” numerically. Surface area was found to be affected by sample temperature as well as the moisture content. Drying simulations can be well carried out when correlating the surface area against sample moisture content X and temperature T, and it provides the best accuracy in predicting data on T and X vs. time. In addition, carrot cube can shrink ideally while cabbage leaf cannot. The overall relative errors of predicted moisture content and temperature were less than 1%.
Simulation and optimization of VPSA system based on pseudo transient continuation method
Authors: Niu Zhaoyang , Tang Zhongli , Li Wenbin , Shen Yuanhui , Zhang Donghui
Published: April 2022

In order to address the challenge of optimization of pressure swing adsorption systems, an optimization framework based on pseudo transient continuation method was used and a corresponding library with several models was established for simulation of more complex processes. Then, two vacuum pressure swing adsorption processes for oxygen and nitrogen production were considered as case studies and the results based on the single discretization and pseudo transient method were compared and analyzed in detail. Besides, a new strategy was proposed for the stability and efficiency of simulation. Finally, reduced successive quadratic programming and time relaxation algorithm were used for the optimization of the two systems, respectively, and the results showed that the time relaxation algorithm based on the pseudo transient framework has a strong advantage in saving optimization time cost compared with the former.
Modifying the Electrocatalytic Selectivity of Oxidation Reactions with Ionic Liquids
Authors: Yang Tian , Yang Juntao , Deng Xin , Franz Evanie , Fromm Lukas , Taccardi Nicola , Liu Zhi , Görling Andreas , Wasserscheid Peter , Brummel Olaf , Libuda Jörg
Published: April 2022

The “solid catalyst with ionic liquid layer” (SCILL) is an extremely successful new concept in heterogeneous catalysis. The idea is to boost the selectivity of a catalyst by its modification with an ionic liquid (IL). Here, we show that it is possible to use the same concept in electrocatalysis for the selective transformation of organic compounds. We scrutinize the electrooxidation of 2,3‐butanediol, a reaction which yields two products, singly oxidized acetoin and doubly oxidized diacetyl. When adding the IL (1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium trifluormethanesulfonate, [C2C1Im][OTf]), the selectivity for acetoin increases drastically. By in situ spectroscopy, we analyze the underlying mechanism: Specific adsorption of the IL anions suppresses the activation of water for the second oxidation step and, thus, enhances the selectivity for acetoin. Our study demonstrates the great potential of this approach for selective transformation of organic compounds.
Partial Metalation of Porphyrin Moieties in Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks Provides Enhanced CO2 Photoreduction Activity
Authors: Zhang An‐An , Si Duanhui , Huang Haibo , Xie Lei , Fang Zhi‐Bin , Liu Tian‐Fu , Cao Rong
Published: April 2022

In natural photosynthesis, the architecture of multiproteins integrates more chromophores than redox centers and simultaneously creates a well‐controlled environment around the active site. Herein, we demonstrate that these features can be emulated in a prototype hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (HOF) through simply varying the proportion of metalated porphyrin in the structure. Further studies demonstrate that changing the metalloporphyrin content not only realizes a fine tuning of the photosensitizer/catalyst ratio, but also alters the microenvironment surrounding the active site and the charge separation efficiency. As a result, the obtained material achieves the challenging overall CO2 reduction with a high HCOOH production rate (29.8 μmol g−1 h−1, scavenger free), standing out from existing competitors. This work unveils that the degree of metalation is vital to the catalytic activity of the porphryinic framework, presenting as a new strategy to optimize the performance of heterogeneous catalysts.
Low‐coordinate cobalt(0) N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes as catalysts for hydrosilylation of alkynes
Authors: Bai Wenli , Sun Jian , Wang Dongyang , Bai Sheng‐Di , Deng Liang
Published: April 2022

Among the great efforts of developing cobalt‐based catalysts for hydrosilylation reactions, cobalt (II) and cobalt(I) complexes are the extensively studied ones. In contrast, explorations on cobalt(0) complexes are relatively rare. Presented herein is the investigation on the catalytic performance of low‐coordinate cobalt(0) N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes in the hydrosilylation reaction of alkynes, which disclosed the fine performance of [(CyIDep)Co(η2‐CH2CHSiMe3)2] (CyIDep denotes for a 1,3‐bis(2′,6′‐diethylphenyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene that bears fused cyclohexyl group on the imidazole backbone) in catalyzing the syn‐addition of a series of symmetric and unsymmetric internal alkynes with H2SiPh2, producing vinylsilanes with high regio‐selectivity. Mechanistic study indicates that the catalytic reaction likely proceeds on a cobalt(0)/cobalt(II) cycle and that the high selectivity is governed by the steric nature of the NHC ligand.
Effect of steel slag bed material on ash deposition and Na migration in circulating fluidised bed during Zhundong lignite combustion
Authors: Liu Zhuo , Li Jianbo , Long Xiaofei , Lu Xiaofeng
Published: April 2022

This study verified the effect of steel slag as alternative bed material on ash deposition in circulating fluidised bed (CFB) burning high‐sodium Zhundong lignite (ZD). Sample of ZD was burned in a lab‐scale CFB at 950°C, and the obtained fly ash and ash deposits were characterised. Results showed that the presence of steel slag bed material leads to the abundance of Na (2.39 wt%) in fly ash. Na‐bearing minerals such as Na2SO4, Na2Si2O5 and NaCl of low melting points had been identified, resulting in severe ash deposition on heat transfer surfaces than that with quartz as bed material. This could be mitigated by incorporating 10 wt% oil shale semi‐coke (SC) into ZD, among which Na was captured by aluminosilicate and retained in the interior of SC as (Na, Ca)Al(Si, Al)3O8 of high melting point. Na in the fly ash thus decreased to 1.05 wt% and in the form of high melting‐point Na(AlSi3O8). In addition, ESEM confirms that the SC particles after capturing Na still had an ash fusion temperature of 1280°C, which were insufficient to induce bed particle agglomeration.
A novel phosphorus compound acting as a substitute of DOPO for flame retard of epoxy resin
Authors: Han Yichen , Jin Liang , Xu Tingting , Zhao Hui , Wang Xinlong , Yuan Lailai , Chen Lixin
Published: April 2022

9,10‐Dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene (DOPO) is the star product in flame retard of epoxy resin (EP). However, its limited production capacity can hardly meet the market demand. In this work, a new phosphorus‐containing flame retardant named as methanephosphonite (MTA) was successfully synthesized to substitute the DOPO in EP. Due to the supreme efficiency of the gas phase mechanism, only 1.5 wt% of phosphorus is sufficient to achieve V0 rating and the LOI is as high as 31.4%. In addition, MTA can effectively suppress the heat release during combustion, and the peak of the heat release rate (pk‐HRR) of the MTA/EP‐2.0 decreases 50% than that of neat EP. Besides, the introduction of MTA does not significantly deteriorate the mechanical properties of the thermoset MTA/EP‐1.5, both of the flexural strength and impact strength reduce less than 15%, which shows a great value for EP material.
Grundinstandsetzung Wehr Geesthacht an der Elbe
Authors: Jäppelt Ulrich , Rother Roland , von Thaden Harald
Published: April 2022

Die Wehranlage Geesthacht befindet sich etwa 140 km oberhalb der Elbmündung und wurde in den Jahren 1957–1960 als Bestandteil der Staustufe Geesthacht errichtet. Die Wehranlage staut den Mittellauf der Elbe auf das für die Schifffahrt erforderliche Niveau und bildet die Grenze der Tideelbe. Auf Grundlage umfangreicher Zustandsuntersuchungen am Bauwerksbestand erfolgte eine Voruntersuchung für die Grundinstandsetzung und darauf aufbauend wurde der Entwurf für ein ausgewähltes Wehrfeld ausgearbeitet. Derzeit werden weitergehende hydraulische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Im nächsten Schritt soll die Grundinstandsetzung für alle Wehrfelder ausgearbeitet werden. Parallel zu den genannten Untersuchungen der Wehrfelder erfolgte die Grundinstandsetzungsplanung für die Ufersicherungsbauten am Südufer der Wehranlage. In diesem Bereich befindet sich auch der Hauptzulauf, über den die Sektoren aller vier Wehrfelder gesteuert werden. Aufgrund der festgestellten erheblichen Defizite wurde entschieden, die erforderliche Erneuerung der Uferwände und den Neubau des Hauptzulaufs im Vorwege der Grundinstandsetzung der Wehrfelder durchzuführen. Die Ersatzneubauten waren so zu konzipieren, dass bisherige Anlagendefizite beim Hauptzulauf behoben werden und dass für den angrenzenden Fischaufstieg spätere Anpassungen zur Verbesserung der ökologischen Durchgängigkeit möglich sind.
Prevalence of urolithiasis in Sarawak and associated risk factors: An ultrasonagraphy‐based cross‐sectional study
Authors: Perumal Kamal Raj , Chua Richelle Huey Bing , Teh Guan Chou , Lei Clarence Chang Moh
Published: April 2022

Objective

The aim of this research is to study the prevalence of urolithiasis among the population of Sarawak Malaysia and the associated risk factors.

Patients and Methods

A survey was conducted among individuals aged ≥18 years age in three primary health care clinics in the main cities of Sarawak from March 2019 to March 2020. Participants underwent face‐to‐face interview using a predesigned and standardised questionnaire. Details on demographic data, comorbidities, dietary variables and lifestyle were collected. Ultrasonographic examination of the kidney, ureter and bladder was performed followed by blood and urine sampling. Prevalence was defined as the proportion of participants with kidney stones, and univariate logistic regression was used to estimate the associated factors.

Results

A total of 1087 participants (486 male, 601 female) completed the questionnaire. Ultrasonographic examination and laboratory investigation were carried out, with an overall response rate of 98.8%. The prevalence of ultrasonographic proven urolithiasis in the sample studied was 4.04%. The mean age of patients with urolithiasis was 50.05 (SD 14.6, range 18–89), and the male to female ratio was 1.2: 1. Univariate analysis showed that odd ratio of personal history of urolithiasis (0.16, p:0.00), salty food intake (0.39, p:0.02), family history of urolithiasis (0.39, p:0.01), and hypertension (1.77, p:0.04) was significantly associated with a greater risk of urolithiasis.

Conclusion

The prevalence of urolithiasis in this study population is 4.04%. It affects males and females equally; 61.4% are in the age group of 25–64 years. Hypertension, high salt diet, personal history of urolithiasis and family history of urolithiasis are significant risk factors.
Paper mill sludge‐based carbon quantum dots as a specifically ratiometric fluorescent probe for the sensitive and selective detection of coptisine
Authors: Chen Yingxin , Huang Xiaotong , Li Lu , Wu Junxian , Guo Yongqi , Yao Yachao , Zhou Lihua
Published: April 2022

Coptisine (COP), one of the bioactive components in Rhizoma Coptidis, has many pharmacological effects. Meanwhile, the determination of COP is essential in pharmacological and clinical applications. Herein, we prepared carbon quantum dots (CQDs) by one‐step oil‐thermal method using paper mill sludge (PMS) as precursor, and developed a ratiometric fluorescence method for the determination of COP. The structural and optical properties of PMS‐CQDs were evaluated through high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis), fluorescence, zeta potential and fluorescence lifetime experiments. Fluorescence intensity ratio at 550 nm and 425 nm (I550/I425) was recorded as an index for quantitative detection of COP. The detection concentration of COP ranges from 0.1 to 50 μM in good linear correlation (R2 = 0.9974) with a limit of detection of 0.028 μM (3σ/k). The quenching mechanism was deduced to be inner filter effect and static quenching. The ratiometric fluorescent probe showed impressive selectivity and sensitivity towards COP, and was successfully applied to the detection of COP in human urine with expected recoveries (95.22–111.00%) and relative standard deviations (0.46–2.95%), indicating that our developed method has a great application prospect in actual sample detection.
Startups as sustainability transformers: A new empirically derived taxonomy and its policy implications
Authors: Olteanu Yasmin , Fichter Klaus
Published: April 2022

For research as well as policymakers aiming at fostering multilevel transitions toward sustainability, there is a clear need to better understand the transformative role and relevance of startups as newcomers in the market. The existing typologies of sustainable entrepreneurship and green startups have been derived from theory and are conceptual or anecdotal in nature. The lack of validity and generalizability is a major research gap, as the existing typologies do not provide a sufficient basis for policy decisions on how to promote which type of entrepreneurship to effectively support specific transition policies. Against this backdrop, we investigate the research question: Does the transformation orientation differ among startups, and if so, how can they be clustered as basis for sustainability transition policy? Based on a sample of 1674 startups and cluster analysis, the paper makes three important contributions: First, we provide a differentiated perspective and empirical data on the transformation orientation of newcomers. Second, we provide an empirically founded taxonomy of the transformative orientation of startups and contribute to theory‐building of transformative entrepreneurship. Third, we test the assumption inherent in most existing frameworks that there exists a high‐potential subgroup of startups. Our results confirm the existence of a clearly distinguishable subgroup with a particularly high transformation orientation, which we label as “sustainability transformers.” In terms of transition strategies, policymakers can build on our findings to adjust public funds and support programs in favor of specific subgroups such as sustainability transformers.
Safety and efficacy of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter analysis
Authors: Tada Toshifumi , Kumada Takashi , Hiraoka Atsushi , Hirooka Masashi , Kariyama Kazuya , Tani Joji , Atsukawa Masanori , Takaguchi Koichi , Itobayashi Ei , Fukunishi Shinya , Tsuji Kunihiko , Ishikawa Toru , Tajiri Kazuto , Ochi Hironori , Yasuda Satoshi , Toyoda Hidenori , Ogawa Chikara , Nishimura Takashi , Hatanaka Takeshi , Kakizaki Satoru , Shimada Noritomo , Kawata Kazuhito , Tanaka Takaaki , Ohama Hideko , Nouso Kazuhiro , Morishita Asahiro , Tsutsui Akemi , Nagano Takuya , Itokawa Norio , Okubo Tomomi , Arai Taeang , Imai Michitaka , Naganuma Atsushi , Koizumi Yohei , Nakamura Shinichiro , Joko Kouji , Iijima Hiroko , Hiasa Yoichi ,   the Real‐life Practice Experts for HCC (RELPEC) Study Group and the Hepatocellular Carcinoma Experts from 48 clinics in Japan (HCC 48) Group
Published: April 2022

Aim

The safety and efficacy of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atez/Bev) in elderly patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been sufficiently investigated.

Methods

A total of 317 patients with HCC treated with Atez/Bev were studied. We compared the survival and frequency of adverse events in elderly versus non‐elderly patients with HCC who were treated with Atez/Bev using an analysis of inverse probability weighting (IPW).

Results

Univariate analysis adjusted with IPW showed that being elderly is not associated with worse overall or progression‐free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.239; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.640–2.399; p = 0.526 and HR, 1.256; 95% CI, 0.871–1.811; p = 0.223, respectively). Regarding treatment‐related adverse events, any grade of fatigue, proteinuria, decreased appetite, hypertension, and liver injury occurred in ≥10% of patients. There were no significant differences in treatment‐related adverse events between the elderly and non‐elderly groups. In a subgroup analysis of elderly patients aged 75–79, 80–84, or ≥ 85 years, there were no significant differences in cumulative overall or progression‐free survival among these age groups (p = 0.960 and 0.566, respectively). In addition, there were no significant differences in treatment‐related adverse events among these three age groups, except for proteinuria of any grade. In a subgroup analysis of patients treated with Atez/Bev as first‐line systemic therapy, there were no significant differences in cumulative overall or progression‐free survival between the elderly and non‐elderly groups (p = 0.728 and 0.805, respectively).

Conclusions

Atez/Bev can be used efficaciously and safely in spite of age in patients with unresectable HCC.
Outcomes with early opioid administration in acute coronary syndromes: Does sex matter?
Authors: Parikh Puja B. , Reilly John P.
Published: April 2022

Key Points

Opioid therapy has served as the cornerstone for pain relief in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) for several decades.

Women with ACS are less likely to receive opioids for early pain relief than their male counterparts despite similar pain levels.

Early opioid administration was associated with similar short‐term outcomes in men and women.
Elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction: Targeted or complete revascularization?
Authors: Spirito Alessandro , Mehran Roxana
Published: April 2022

Key Points

The benefit of complete coronary revascularization in stable patients with STEMI and multivessel disease is well established; however, the extension of this benefit in older patients or with NSTEMI is uncertain.

This observational study including elderly patients presenting with STEMI or NSTEMI showed that a complete as compared with a culprit‐only revascularization may reduce the risk of all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction.

Additional evidence from randomized controlled trials is needed to confirm these findings
Aggressive fibromatosis in the submandibular region of a child
Authors: Alam Mostafa , Mir Mohammad Sadeghi Hassan , Mashhadiabbas Fatemeh , Iranparvar Alamdari Mina
Published: April 2022

Aggressive fibromatosis is proliferation of well‐differentiated fibroblasts. Submandibular region is rare location for fibromatosis. We report a case of a rapidly growing mass in submandibular region of 5‐year‐old girl, excised surgically and ascertained to be aggressive fibromatosis on histological examination. Recovery was uneventful, and she was disease‐free in 6‐month follow‐up.
Acute cholecystitis associated with Brucella melitensis bacteremia: A rare intraabdominal manifestation of brucellosis
Authors: KC Ojbindra , Dahal Punya Hari , Koirala Manisha , Ntem‐Mensah Afua Duker
Published: April 2022

Brucellosis typically presents with nonspecific symptoms of intermittent fever, night sweats, malaise, and arthralgia but can involve any organs as focal brucellosis. Intraabdominal involvement is rare. We report a case of acute cholecystitis associated with brucellosis with no history of exposure to risk factors in a non‐endemic area.
Follow‐up of 25 patients with treatable ataxia: A comprehensive case series study
Authors: Ashrafi Mahmoud Reza , Pourbakhtyaran Elham , Rohani Mohammad , Shalbafan Bita , Tavasoli Ali Reza , Hosseinpour Sareh , Rasulinezhad Maryam , Rezaei Zahra , Zare Dehnavi Ali , Hosseiny Seyyed Mohammad Mahdi , Haghighi Roya , Ghabeli Homa , Heidari Morteza
Published: April 2022

Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias are a group of heterogeneous early‐onset progressive disorders that some of them are treatable. We performed a 4‐year follow‐up for 25 patients who had treatable ataxia. According to our study, patients would benefit from early detection of treatable ataxia, close observation, and follow‐up.
Mesenteric lipoma revealed by chronic abdominal pain: A rare case report
Authors: Fourati Kais , Masmoudi Abderrahmen , Zouari Amine , zouari Rami , Bradai Jawhar , Najmeddine Hentati , Boujelbene Salah
Published: April 2022

Mesenteric lipoma is a rare entity. It can be asymptomatic or revealed by unspecific clinical symptoms. Complete resection of the lipoma is often proposed to prevent complications. We report a case of mesenteric lipoma revealed by chronic abdominal pain, and we performed a literature review regarding this rare condition.
Manipulation of Triplet Excited States in Two‐Component Systems for High‐Performance Organic Afterglow Materials
Authors: Li Jiuyang , Wang Guangming , Chen Xuefeng , Li Xun , Wu Minjian , Yuan Shou , Zou Yunlong , Wang Xuepu , Zhang Kaka
Published: April 2022

The past several years have witnessed the tremendous development of novel chemical structures, new design strategies and intriguing applications in the field of room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and organic afterglow materials. This Review article focuses on recent advancements of high‐performance organic afterglow materials obtained by two‐component design strategies such as a dopant‐matrix, donor–acceptor, sensitization, and energy‐transfer strategies. Based on some cutting‐edge studies, organic afterglow efficiency has been largely improved, exceeding 90 % in several cases. Organic afterglow durations reach tens of seconds in phosphorescence systems and hours in donor–acceptor systems. Organic afterglow brightness outcompetes some inorganic afterglow materials in the first several seconds after ceasing excitation source. Organic afterglow colors cover the whole visible regions and extend to near‐infrared regions with respectful afterglow efficiency. On the basis of these achievements, researchers demonstrate promising applications of organic afterglow materials in diverse fields, which has also been reviewed.
Catalytic Enantioselective Construction of 6‐4 Ring‐Junction All‐Carbon Stereocenters and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Wang Jia‐Yin , Li Chen‐Long , Xu Ting , Li Meng‐Fan , Hao Wen‐Juan , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Wang Jianyi , Li Guigen , Yu Zhi‐Xiang , Jiang Bo
Published: April 2022

Comprehensive Summary

Developing reactions for the synthesis of 6‐6‐4 and 6‐4 carbocyclic scaffolds with a chiral quaternary center at the bridgehead position is highly desired, considering the existence of such skeletons in natural products with biological activities and the potential of using these molecules for downstream studies in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. Report here is accessing these target skeletons with high chemo‐, regio‐ and enantio‐selectivities through Pd(II)/chiral N,N’‐disulfonyl bisimidazoline (Bim) ligand‐catalyzed asymmetric reaction of yne‐allenones and arylboronic acids. Realization of 6‐6‐4 skeleton with a ring‐junction all‐carbon stereocenter is a one‐step process while synthesizing 6‐4 skeleton is a two‐step process, which begins with intramolecular [2 + 2] reaction of allenes with alkynes, followed by Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric addition of arylboronic acids to cyclic enones generated in the first step. Noteworthy is that chiral Bim ligand as a C2‐symmetric N,N’‐bidentateanionic ligand, designed by us, in coordinating with Pd catalyst was first applied to catalyze asymmetric 1,4‐conjugate addition reaction with the high catalytic performance (the reaction can be carried out in air). DFT calculations have been applied to understand how these reactions take place, the origins of enantioselectivity, and relative reactivities of different substrates.
Near‐Infrared Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence in Arylselanyl BODIPY‐Doped Materials
Authors: Iwakiri Shinji , Hasegawa Ryohei , Kubo Yuji
Published: April 2022

Near‐infrared (NIR) luminescent materials have received considerable attention owing to their intriguing applications in fields such as high‐resolution biological imaging and information technology. In this context, room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials with emission bands in the NIR region are rare. Metal‐free arylselanyl‐BODIPY triplet photosensitizers were doped into a benzophenone (BP) matrix. When excited at 350 nm, RTP emission was observed in the NIR region with λem values of 750–816 nm, and the phosphorescence quantum yield was up to 0.48 %. The detection of an extremely large Stokes shift (≥400 nm) was responsible for the triplet‐triplet energy transfer from BP to the BODIPY guest. Furthermore, the RTP properties were tuned by derivatization of the selenium‐containing BODIPY guests. NIR‐RTP properties were also detected upon excitation at 470 nm with a persistent lifetime of up to 17.5 ms. Notably, in addition to NIR RTP emission, thermally activated delayed fluorescence was detected at 620 nm when 10 ms delayed spectra were measured for the MeOSeBOD‐doped system. Considering the synthetic versatility of the BODIPY chromophore, this work opens up a new strategy for developing small molecule‐based NIR RTP systems.