bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution patterns of tau pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Kovacs Gabor G. , Lukic Milica Jecmenica , Irwin David J. , Arzberger Thomas , Respondek Gesine , Lee Edward B. , Coughlin David , Giese Armin , Grossman Murray , Kurz Carolin , McMillan Corey T. , Gelpi Ellen , Compta Yaroslau , van Swieten John C. , Laat Laura Donker , Troakes Claire , Al-Sarraj Safa , Robinson John L. , Roeber Sigrun , Xie Sharon X. , Lee Virginia M.- Y. , Trojanowski John Q. , Höglinger Günter U.
Published: May 2020

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a 4R-tauopathy predominated by subcortical pathology in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia associated with various clinical phenotypes. In the present international study, we addressed the question of whether or not sequential distribution patterns can be recognized for PSP pathology. We evaluated heat maps and distribution patterns of neuronal, astroglial, and oligodendroglial tau pathologies and their combinations in different clinical subtypes of PSP in postmortem brains. We used conditional probability and logistic regression to model the sequential distribution of tau pathologies across different brain regions. Tau pathology uniformly predominates in the neurons of the pallido-nigro-luysian axis in different clinical subtypes. However, clinical subtypes are distinguished not only by total tau load but rather cell-type (neuronal versus glial) specific vulnerability patterns of brain regions suggesting distinct dynamics or circuit-specific segregation of propagation of tau pathologies. For Richardson syndrome (n = 81) we recognize six sequential steps of involvement of brain regions by the combination of cellular tau pathologies. This is translated to six stages for the practical neuropathological diagnosis by the evaluation of the subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus, striatum, cerebellum with dentate nucleus, and frontal and occipital cortices. This system can be applied to further clinical subtypes by emphasizing whether they show caudal (cerebellum/dentate nucleus) or rostral (cortical) predominant, or both types of pattern. Defining cell-specific stages of tau pathology helps to identify preclinical or early-stage cases for the better understanding of early pathogenic events, has implications for understanding the clinical subtype-specific dynamics of disease-propagation, and informs tau-neuroimaging on distribution patterns.
IPNA clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome
Authors:   on behalf of the International Pediatric Nephrology Association, Trautmann Agnes , Vivarelli Marina , Samuel Susan , Gipson Debbie , Sinha Aditi , Schaefer Franz , Hui Ng Kar , Boyer Olivia , Saleem Moin A , Feltran Luciana , Müller-Deile Janina , Becker Jan Ulrich , Cano Francisco , Xu Hong , Lim Yam Ngo , Smoyer William , Anochie Ifeoma , Nakanishi Koichi , Hodson Elisabeth , Haffner Dieter
Published: May 2020

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome newly affects 1–3 per 100,000 children per year. Approximately 85% of cases show complete remission of proteinuria following glucocorticoid treatment. Patients who do not achieve complete remission within 4–6 weeks of glucocorticoid treatment have steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). In 10–30% of steroid-resistant patients, mutations in podocyte-associated genes can be detected, whereas an undefined circulating factor of immune origin is assumed in the remaining ones. Diagnosis and management of SRNS is a great challenge due to its heterogeneous etiology, frequent lack of remission by further immunosuppressive treatment, and severe complications including the development of end-stage kidney disease and recurrence after renal transplantation. A team of experts including pediatric nephrologists and renal geneticists from the International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA), a renal pathologist, and an adult nephrologist have now developed comprehensive clinical practice recommendations on the diagnosis and management of SRNS in children. The team performed a systematic literature review on 9 clinically relevant PICO (Patient orPopulation covered,Intervention,Comparator,Outcome) questions, formulated recommendations and formally graded them at a consensus meeting, with input from patient representatives and a dietician acting as external advisors and a voting panel of pediatric nephrologists. Research recommendations are also given.
A local input-to-state stability result w.r.t. attractors of nonlinear reaction–diffusion equations
Authors: Dashkovskiy Sergey , Kapustyan Oleksiy , Schmid Jochen
Published: May 2020

We establish the local input-to-state stability of a large class of disturbed nonlinear reaction–diffusion equations w.r.t. the global attractor of the respective undisturbed system.
Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis regimen in brain tumour surgery in Sweden: a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Skyrman Simon , Bartek Jiri , Haghighi Maryam , Fornebo Ida , Skoglund Tomas , Jakola Asgeir Store , von Vogelsang Ann-Christin , Förander Petter
Published: May 2020

Background

There has been varied clinical practice concerning antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing craniotomy. In Sweden, both Cloxacillin and Cefuroxime have frequently been used. We aimed to study the clinical effectiveness of these two regimens.

Methods

A quasi-experimental design was used. The sample consisted of 580 adult (> 18 years) patients operated 2012–2015, of which 375 received Cloxacillin (pre-intervention group) and 205 received Cefuroxime (intervention group). Primary endpoint was the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) 12 months after surgery, while secondary endpoints were the need for reoperation due to SSI, the amount antibiotics used and the number of visits in the outpatient clinic related to SSI. A control group from another institution was reviewed to rule out clinical trial effects.

Results

When analysed by intention to treat, the pre-intervention group had a significant higher incidence of SSI, 13.3% (50/375) vs 5.4% (11/205) in the intervention group (p < 0.01). A treatment per protocol analysis confirmed the result. The number of reoperations due to SSI were significantly reduced in the intervention group, 3.4% (7/205) vs 8.3% (31/375) (p = 0.02), as was the total antibiotic use (p = 0.03) and the number of visits in the outpatient clinic (p < 0.01). In the control group, the reoperation rate as result of SSI was lower (p = 0.02) prior to the opposite change from Cefuroxime to Cloxacillin, 1.8% (27/1529) vs 3.1% (43/1378).

Conclusion

In Sweden, Cefuroxime as prophylaxis in brain tumour surgery by craniotomy seems to be superior to Cloxacillin.
Mental health dished up—the use of iPSC models in neuropsychiatric research
Authors: McNeill Rhiannon V. , Ziegler Georg C. , Radtke Franziska , Nieberler Matthias , Lesch Klaus-Peter , Kittel-Schneider Sarah
Published: May 2020

Genetic and molecular mechanisms that play a causal role in mental illnesses are challenging to elucidate, particularly as there is a lack of relevant in vitro and in vivo models. However, the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has provided researchers with a novel toolbox. We conducted a systematic review using the PRISMA statement. A PubMed and Web of Science online search was performed (studies published between 2006–2020) using the following search strategy: hiPSC OR iPSC OR iPS OR stem cells AND schizophrenia disorder OR personality disorder OR antisocial personality disorder OR psychopathy OR bipolar disorder OR major depressive disorder OR obsessive compulsive disorder OR anxiety disorder OR substance use disorder OR alcohol use disorder OR nicotine use disorder OR opioid use disorder OR eating disorder OR anorexia nervosa OR attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder OR gaming disorder. Using the above search criteria, a total of 3515 studies were found. After screening, a final total of 56 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in our study. Using iPSC technology, psychiatric disease can be studied in the context of a patient’s own unique genetic background. This has allowed great strides to be made into uncovering the etiology of psychiatric disease, as well as providing a unique paradigm for drug testing. However, there is a lack of data for certain psychiatric disorders and several limitations to present iPSC-based studies, leading us to discuss how this field may progress in the next years to increase its utility in the battle to understand psychiatric disease.
Three-dimensional characterization of mandibular asymmetry in craniofacial microsomia
Authors: Chen Yun-Fang , Baan Frank , Bruggink Robin , Bronkhorst Ewald , Liao Yu-Fang , Ongkosuwito Edwin
Published: May 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) mandibular asymmetry in craniofacial microsomia (CFM) and its association with the Pruzansky–Kaban classification system.

Materials and methods

Cone-beam computed tomography images of 48 adult CFM cases were collected. The asymmetry of the mandibular body and ramus was analyzed with 3D landmarks. The mirrored mandibular model was registered on the original model, yielding a color-coded distance map and an average distance (i.e., asymmetry score) to quantify the overall mandibular asymmetry.

Results

The lengths of the mandibular body and ramus were significantly shorter on the affected than the contralateral side (p < 0.001). The ANB (p = 0.009), body and ramal lengths (both p < 0.001), and body and ramal length asymmetry (both p < 0.05) were significantly different between mild (types I/IIA) and severe (types IIB/III) cases. The mandibular asymmetry score correlated with mandibular body length asymmetry (r = 0.296, p = 0.046). CFM mandibles showed high variability in shape asymmetry.

Conclusions

CFM patients showed distinct body and ramal length asymmetries. In severe cases, mandibles were smaller, more retruded, and more asymmetric in length. The mandibular shape asymmetry was highly variable regardless of the Pruzansky–Kaban types, being a determinant in the extent of overall mandibular asymmetry.

Clinical relevance

The 3D morphologic analysis provides better insights into real mandibular asymmetry. Although the Pruzansky–Kaban classification was applied, high individual variability of the mandibular morphology still existed within the types. Therefore, individualized analyses and treatment plans for CFM patients are highly recommended.
Ensemble-based stochastic permeability and flow simulation of a sparsely sampled hard-rock aquifer supported by high performance computing
Authors: Bruckmann Johanna , Clauser Christoph
Published: May 2020

Calibrating the heterogeneous permeability distribution of hard-rock aquifers based on sparse data is challenging but crucial for obtaining meaningful groundwater flow models. This study demonstrates the applicability of stochastic sampling of the prior permeability distribution and Metropolis sampling of the posterior permeability distribution using typical production data and measurements available in the context of groundwater abstraction. The case study is the Hastenrather Graben groundwater abstraction site near Aachen, Germany. A three-dimensional numerical flow model for the Carboniferous hard-rock aquifer is presented. Monte Carlo simulations are performed, for generating 1,000 realizations of the heterogeneous hard-rock permeability field, applying Sequential Gaussian Simulation based on nine log-permeability values for the geostatistical simulation. Forward simulation of flow during a production test for each realization results in the prior ensemble of model states verified by observation data in four wells. The computationally expensive ensemble simulations were performed in parallel with the simulation code SHEMAT-Suite on the high-performance computer JURECA. Applying a Metropolis sampler based on the misfit between drawdown simulations and observations results in a posterior ensemble comprising 251 realizations. The posterior mean log-permeability is −11.67 with an uncertainty of 0.83. The corresponding average posterior uncertainty of the drawdown simulation is 1.1 m. Even though some sources of uncertainty (e.g. scenario uncertainty) remain unquantified, this study is an important step towards an entire uncertainty quantification for a sparsely sampled hard-rock aquifer. Further, it provides a real-case application of stochastic hydrogeological approaches demonstrating how to accomplish uncertainty quantification of subsurface flow models in practice.
Dynamics and drivers of land use and land cover changes in Bangladesh
Authors: Xu Xiaoming , Shrestha Suravi , Gilani Hammad , Gumma Murali K. , Siddiqui Baktiar N. , Jain Atul K.
Published: May 2020

Bangladesh has undergone dramatic land use and land cover changes (LULCC) in recent years, but no quantitative analysis of LULCC drivers at the national scale exists so far. Here, we quantified the drivers of major LULCC in combination with biophysical and socioeconomic observations at the sub-district level. We used Landsat satellite data to interpret LULCC from 2000 to 2010 and employed a Global Surface Water Dataset to account for the influences of water seasonality. The results suggest that major LULCC in Bangladesh occur between agricultural land and waterbodies and between forest and shrubland. Exclusion of seasonal waterbodies can improve the accuracy of our LULCC results and driver analysis. Although the gross gain and loss of agricultural land are large on the local scale, the net change (gross gain minus gross loss) at a country scale is almost negligible. Climate dynamics and extreme events and changes in urban and rural households were driving the changes from forest to shrubland in the southeast region. The conversion from agricultural land to standing waterbodies in the southwest region was mainly driven by urban household dynamics, population growth, distance to cities and major roads, and precipitation dynamics. This study, which is the first effort accounting for water seasonality and quantifying biophysical and socioeconomic drivers of LULCC at the national scale, provides a perspective on overall LULCC and underlying drivers over a decadal time scale and national spatial scale and can serve as a scientific basis for developing land policies in Bangladesh.
The hydrodynamic foundation for salmon lice dispersion modeling along the Norwegian coast
Authors: Asplin Lars , Albretsen Jon , Johnsen Ingrid Askeland , Sandvik Anne Dagrun
Published: May 2020

Norway has complicated dynamics in the coastal ocean and in the fjords. In this area is also the largest salmon aquaculture industry in the world. The salmon industry is valuable for Norwegian economy worth more than 60 billion NOK. Thus, it is important to know the physical oceanography along the coast, even variability on short temporal and spatial scales (h/km), to be able to quantify environmental effects of the aquaculture industry. This is the motivation behind the implementation of a current model covering the whole coast of Norway with a relatively high spatial grid size of 800 m. The NorKyst800 is an implementation of the ROMS current model with an elaborated system of forcing and boundary conditions. This model has an important role for Norwegian authorities in various management purposes. We show that the NorKyst800 results are realistic and typically deviating at most by 1 °C and one unit in salinity from observations. The currents in the upper 10–20 m of the water column vary in a similar way as observed current and the agreement is good. The usefulness of a tool like the NorKyst800 is illustrated by an example of dispersion of salmon lice which is the biggest problem the salmon industry presently is facing. Detailed information, as can be provided by NorKyst800, is needed to fully understand and quantify environmental effects of the aquaculture industry. Similar modeling systems describing the planktonic salmon lice concentration operationally could be beneficial also in other salmon-producing countries like Scotland, Canada, or Chile. The major requirement will be access to updated number of fish and female lice per fish on a weekly time scale.
A view from the borderlands of Anglophone (political) geography
Authors: Mamadouh Virginie
Published: May 2020

The seven editions of Geography and Geographers and of Political Geography form two intimidating collections creating order in their (sub)disciplines. As successive editions engage with an exponentially growing and diversifying scholarly literature they have adopted different strategies to order ‘work in progress’. This commentary also considers their ordering and bordering of the (sub) discipline, epistemologically but also linguistically, foregrounding the predicament of their readership at the non-Anglophone borderlands of Anglo-American (political) geography.
General Bernstein-Like Inequality for Additive Functionals of Markov Chains
Authors: Lemańczyk Michał
Published: May 2020

Using the renewal approach, we prove Bernstein-like inequalities for additive functionals of geometrically ergodic Markov chains, thus obtaining counterparts of inequalities for sums of independent random variables. The coefficient in the sub-Gaussian part of our estimate is the asymptotic variance of the additive functional, i.e., the variance of the limiting Gaussian variable in the central limit theorem for Markov chains. This refines earlier results by Adamczak and Bednorz, obtained under the additional assumption of strong aperiodicity of the chain.
Why public organizations contribute to crosscutting policy programs: the role of structure, culture, and ministerial control
Authors: Molenveld Astrid , Verhoest Koen , Wynen Jan
Published: May 2020

The extent to which public organizations contribute to crosscutting policy programs is a question of organizational commitment, resource allocation, and monitoring. In this paper, we triangulate survey and interview data to study the explanatory power of organizational factors to understand the extent of organizational adaptation to crosscutting policy programs. In line with the hypotheses, the organizational task, culture, and the portfolio minister’s level of control seem to explain the extent of adaptation. Policy development as a task has a positive effect on organizational adaptation. However, this effect disappears if we add cultural variables. The second model indicates that a customer-oriented culture has a negative effect on organizational adaptation, and an innovation-oriented culture has a positive one. The portfolio minister’s level of control has a strong positive effect on organizational adaptation. Apparently, incentives are needed to hold organizations accountable and provide them clear direction regarding their contribution to crosscutting objectives.
Spatial variability of crop responses to agronomic inputs in on-farm precision experimentation
Authors: Trevisan R. G. , Bullock D. S. , Martin N. F.
Published: May 2020

Within-field variability of crop yield levels has been extensively investigated, but the spatial variability of crop yield responses to agronomic treatments is less understood. On-farm precision experimentation (OFPE) can be a valuable tool for the estimation of in-field variation of optimal input rates and thus improve agronomic decisions. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the spatial variability of optimal input rates in OFPE and the potential economic benefit of site-specific input management. Mixed geographically weighted regression (GWR) models were used to estimate local yield response functions. The methodology was applied to investigate the spatial variability in corn response to nitrogen and seed rates in four cornfields in Illinois, USA. The results showed that spatial heterogeneity of model parameters was significant in all four fields evaluated. On average, the RMSE of the fitted yield decreased from 1.2 Mg ha−1 in the non-spatial global model to 0.7 Mg ha−1 in the GWR model, and the r-squared increased from 10 to 68%. The average potential gain of using optimized uniform rates of seed and nitrogen was US$ 65.00 ha−1, while the added potential gain of the site-specific application was US$ 58.00 ha−1. The combination of OFPE and GWR proved to be an effective tool for testing precision agriculture’s central hypothesis of whether optimal input application rates display adequate spatial variability to justify the costs of the variable rate technology itself. The reported results encourage more research on response-based input management recommendations instead of the still widespread focus on yield-based algorithms.
Vorsicht bei Vorschlägen zur Interpretation von Regressionen mit Interaktionsvariablen
Authors: Schunck Reinhard , Nisic Natascha
Published: May 2020

Die zentrale Idee einer Interaktion besteht darin, einen konditionalen Effekt zu modellieren, d. h. der Effekt einer Variablen ($$x_{i}$$xi) auf die abhängige Variable ($$y_{i}$$yi) hängt vom Wert einer anderen Variablen ($$z_{i}$$zi) ab. Mayerl und Urban diskutieren in ihrer Abhandlung die Eigenschaften von Haupt- und Interaktionseffekten und welche Fallstricke sich bei deren Interpretation ergeben können. Leider vermitteln Mayerl und Urban den Eindruck, als ob Haupt- und Interaktionseffekte sinnvoll isoliert und damit unabhängig voneinander interpretiert werden können. Auch wenn dies in Ausnahmefällen zutreffen kann, ist dies allgemein nicht sinnvoll. Wir zeigen, dass eine isolierte oder getrennte Interpretation von Haupt- und Interaktionseffekten irreführend sein kann, auch wenn die von Mayerl und Urban diskutierten Probleme nicht vorliegen. Weil es sich bei Koeffizienten in Regressionsmodellen mit Interaktionstermen um konditionale Effekte handelt, ist eine Darstellung und Interpretation ratsam, die alle an der Interaktion beteiligten Kovariaten gleichzeitig einbezieht. Empfohlen wird eine (grafische) Darstellung, die Auskunft darüber gibt, wie der Effekt von $$x_{i}$$xi auf $$y_{i}$$yi über den Wertebereich von $$z_{i}$$zi variiert.
Different Evolutions of the Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Performance During Tension and Compression of 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: El-Tahawy Moustafa , Jenei Péter , Kolonits Tamás , Han Gigap , Park Hyeji , Choe Heeman , Gubicza Jenő
Published: May 2020

The tensile and compressive behaviors of 316L stainless steel at room temperature were compared. The differences between the stress–strain responses during tension and compression were explained by the different evolutions of the texture, defect structure, and phase composition. It was found that up to true strain of ~ 25 pct the flow stress during tension was only slightly higher (by ~ 40 MPa) than that during compression, which can be explained by the different textures of the two types of specimens. On the other hand, between the strains of 25 and 50 pct, the strain hardening for tension was much higher, which resulted in a ~ 200 MPa larger flow stress in the tensile-tested specimen at 50 pct strain. It was revealed that the higher flow stress in tension was caused by the harder texture, the higher dislocation density, and the larger fraction of martensite phase.
Geometric Properties of the Pentablock
Authors: Su Guicong
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we give a positive answer to the question raised in Kosiński (Complex Anal Oper Theory 9(6):1349–1359, 2015) and Zapałowski (J Math Anal Appl 430(1):126–143, 2015), i.e., we show that the pentablock$${\mathcal {P}}$$
P
is a $${\mathbb {C}}$$
C
-convex domain.
IMS Instrumentation I: Isolated data acquisition for ion mobility spectrometers with grounded ion sources
Authors: Lippmann Martin , Kirk Ansgar T. , Hitzemann Moritz , Zimmermann Stefan
Published: May 2020

The drift voltage required for operating ion mobility spectrometers implies high voltage isolation of either the ion source or the detector. Typically, the detector is grounded due to the sensitivity of the small ion currents to interferences and thus higher requirements for signal integrity than the ion source. However, for certain ion sources, such as non-radioactive electron emitters or electrospray ionization sources, or for coupling with other instruments, such as gas or liquid chromatographs, a grounded ion source is beneficial. In this paper, we present an isolated data acquisition interface using a 16 bit, 250 kilosamples per second analog to digital converter and fiber optic transmitters and receivers. All spectra recorded via this new data acquisition interface and with a grounded ion source show the same peak shapes and noise when compared with a grounded detector, allowing additional freedom in design.
Density Functional Theory Calculations for the Evaluation of FePS3 as a Promising Anode for Mg Ion Batteries
Authors: Cao Yu , Pan Fusheng , Wang Huili , Yang Zhanxu , Sun Jie
Published: May 2020

FePS3, a classical 2D layered material with transition metal phosphorous trichalcogenides, was investigated as an anode material for Mg ion batteries. We used density functional theory to calculate the Mg storage properties of FePS3, such as Mg adsorption energy, theoretical specific capacity, average voltage, diffusion energy barriers, volume change, and electronic conductivity. The theoretical specific capacity of the FePS3 monolayer is 585.6 mA h/g with a relatively low average voltage of 0.483 V (vs. Mg/Mg2+), which is favorable to a high energy density. The slight change in volume and good electronic conductivity of bulk FePS3 are beneficial to electrode stability during cycling.
Congregational Switching in an Age of Great Expectations
Authors: Sikkink David , Emerson Michael
Published: May 2020

A majority of the American laity has switched congregations at least once in their adult lives, and more than two-thirds of U.S. congregants have previously attended a different congregation (Schwadel in Rev Relig Res 54(4):543–54, 2012). In contrast to religious tradition switching, we know little about the individual-level correlates of congregational switching. In this paper, we provide a framework for understanding congregational switching that emphasizes the role of congregational legitimacy in a social context of expressive individualism, the “spiritual marketplace,” and a competitive religious field. This social context leads to evaluations of congregations according to individually defined spiritual needs and meaningful interpersonal relationships. The salience of religion to the individual, for example, makes the link to a particular congregation more precarious as individuals seek the best fit for their perceived religious and spiritual needs. Using the 2006 and 2012 Portraits of American Life Surveys, a national panel survey of U.S. adults, we find that meaningful social ties, religious salience, leadership roles, meeting perceived religious and spiritual needs, and views of congregational decision-making influence switching. These factors remain even after accounting for residential mobility. We draw implications for theories of religion and understandings of congregational dynamics.
Interfacial Microstructure Formation in Al7SiMg/Cu Compound Castings
Authors: Bakke Aina Opsal , Løland Jan-Ove , Jørgensen Svein , Kvinge Jan , Arnberg Lars , Li Yanjun
Published: May 2020

Compound casting is an attractive approach to create multi-material components and thus reduce the overall weight, while maintaining both the functional and mechanical properties. In this work, Al7SiMg alloy/copper compound castings were produced by a low-pressure die casting process. A flux coating was applied on copper pipes to reduce the oxide layer present in the interface between Al and Cu. The interface layer formed between the two alloys was investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Vickers micro-hardness was also measured across the interface. Results showed that a continuous metallurgical bond formed between copper and aluminum without use of surface treatment. In the bond layer, various Al–Cu intermetallic phases were detected, as well as primary silicon particles and the quaternary phase Al5Cu2Mg8Si6. Flux coating prevented formation of any metallic bond between copper and aluminum. Instead, high concentrations of potassium, magnesium and fluorine, indicative of formation of KMgF3 and MgF2, were detected in the interface. The mechanism for the formation of the intermetallic phases and the strength of the interface layer have been discussed.
Bedrohungsempfinden als Quelle gruppenbezogener Vorurteile durch Religionen in einer heterogenen Stadtgesellschaft. Analysen des Berlinmonitors
Authors: Pickel Gert , Celik Kazim , Schuler Julia , Decker Oliver
Published: May 2020

Gruppenbezogene Vorurteilen und Ressentiments sind eine Belastung für die liberale die Demokratie. Sie reflektieren häufig eine Ablehnung und eine Angst vor gesellschaftlicher Veränderung. Dabei scheinen religiöse Gruppen besonders stark betroffen, nimmt man die vielfältigen öffentlichen Diskussionen zu antimuslimischen Ressentiments und Antisemitismus zur Kenntnis. Gleichzeitig kann Religiosität auch Vorurteile hemmen, bestärken – oder gar hervorbringen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden der Daten des 2019 erhobenen Berlin-Monitors mit dem Ziel mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen einer differenzierter erfassten Religiosität und Vorurteilen bzw. Ressentiments zu untersuchen. Die Wirkung von Religiosität ist zeigeteilt: Religiös dogmatische bis fundamentalistische Menschen neigen eher zu Vorurteilen als andere Bevölkerungsgruppen. Liberale, oft sozial engagierte Christ*innen oder auch Muslim*innen weisen dagegen weniger Vorurteile auf. Dabei finden sich speziell für den Antisemitismus zwei besonders anfällige Gruppen: Rechtorientierte Menschen und dogmatische Muslim*innen. Dies kann auch in Berlin, wo die Bürger*innen im Vergleich zum Bundesgebiet toleranter sind, nachgewiesen werden.
Highly accessible platform technologies for vision-guided, closed-loop robotic assembly of unitized enclosure systems
Authors: Tish Daniel , King Nathan , Cote Nicholas
Published: May 2020

Equipping robotics with the capacity to make decisions based on real-time information about their physical environment is crucial to the success of in situ robotics and offers many process advantages in prefabrication scenarios as well. However, the perceived technical challenges of producing environmentally-aware closed-loop robotics have limited their use in construction and design applications. To address this challenge, a low-cost and largely open-source computer vision-guided closed-loop robotic control paradigm is developed. The system is used here to identify construction materials in the workspace and calculate their position in space and determine their place in the facade panel assembly. The industrial robot arm is equipped with an RGB-depth camera in an eye-in-hand configuration to give control over the positioning of the camera for greatest accuracy. The control system relies on a simple TCP client/server connection between the robot and a central control computer to pass information and instructions from the computer vision system to the robot and vice versa. This setup delivers process flexibility, enabling pick-and-place procedures of the material positioned randomly within the workspace. In this work, the technologies are deployed in a factory-type setting but would also be necessary for any on-site robotic construction system, building towards an on-site robotics future. The final product of this research is a unitized spandrel panel wherein the vision-guided robot finds and places the insulation, cement board, and masonry cladding materials.
Plasma-enhanced catalytic activation of CO2 in a modified gliding arc reactor
Authors: Zhang Hao , Li Li , Xu Ruiyang , Huang Jingying , Wang Ni , Li Xiaodong , Tu Xin
Published: May 2020

For the first time, this paper demonstrates a synergistic effect from the combination of a gliding arc discharge plasma with a photocatalyst TiO2 for CO2 dissociation. The effects of adding a tray downstream the discharge and the combination of the catalyst with plasma have been investigated. Two different combination modes of plasma catalysis, i.e., in-plasma catalysis and post-plasma catalysis, have been evaluated with the emphasis on the analysis of potential mechanisms. The results show that modifying the gliding arc reactor by the addition of a tray can enhance the fraction of gas treated by plasma, thus improving the reaction performance. An exceptional synergistic effect of combining the gliding arc discharge with TiO2 for CO2 activation forms in the in-plasma catalysis mode. The presence of TiO2 significantly enhances the CO2 conversion by 138% and the energy efficiency by 133% at a flow rate of 2 L/min. The plasma activation effect, which produces energetic electrons that can create the electron–hole pairs on the catalyst surface, is believed to be the major contributor to the generation of the plasma catalysis synergy. This mechanism has been further evidenced by the negligible influence of the post-plasma catalysis on the reaction performance.
Behavioral Welfare Economics
Authors: Sunstein Cass R.
Published: May 2020

A growing body of normative work explores whether and how deference to people’s choices might be reconciled with behavioral findings about human error. This work has strong implications for economic analysis of law, cost–benefit analysis, and regulatory policy. In light of behavioral findings, regulators should adopt a working presumption in favor of respect for people’s self-regarding choices, but only if those choices are adequately informed and sufficiently free from behavioral biases. The working presumption should itself be rebuttable on welfare grounds, with an understanding that the ends that people choose might make their lives go less well. For example, people might die prematurely or suffer from serious illness, and what they receive in return might not (on any plausible account of welfare) be nearly enough. The underlying reason might involve a lack of information or a behavioral bias, identifiable or not, in which case intervention can fit with the working presumption, but the real problem might involve philosophical questions about the proper understanding of welfare, and about what it means for people to have a good life.
Can Finance Be a Virtuous Practice? A MacIntyrean Account
Authors: Rocchi Marta , Ferrero Ignacio , Beadle Ron
Published: May 2020

Finance may suffer from institutional deformations that subordinate its distinctive goods to the pursuit of external goods, but this should encourage attempts to reform the institutionalization of finance rather than to reject its potential for virtuous business activity. This article argues that finance should be regarded as a domain-relative practice (Beabout 2012; MacIntyre 2007). Alongside management, its moral status thereby varies with the purposes it serves. Hence, when practitioners working in finance facilitate projects that create common goods, it allows them to develop virtues. This argument applies MacIntyre’s widely acknowledged account of the relationship between practices and the development of virtues while questioning some of his claims about finance. It also takes issue with extant accounts of particular financial functions that have failed to identify the distinctive goods of financial practice.
Impact of Fundamental Diseases on Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Chen Yiguang , Li Tianhua , Ye Yongyi , Chen Yongjian , Pan Jun
Published: May 2020

Objectives:

In December 2019, a new type of coronavirus, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appeared in Wuhan, China. Serious outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), related to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, have occurred throughout China and the world. Therefore, we intend to shed light on its potential clinical and epidemiological characteristics.

Methods:

In this retrospective study, we included 50 confirmed fatal cases of SARS-CoV-2 reported on Chinese official media networks from January 16, 2020, to February 5, 2020. All the cases were confirmed by local qualified medical and health institutions. Specific information has been released through official channels. According to the contents of the reports, we recorded in detail the gender, age, first symptom date, death date, primary symptoms, chronic fundamental diseases, and other data of the patients, and carried out analyses and discussion.

Results:

In total, 50 fatal cases were reported: median age was 70 y old, and males were 2.33 times more likely to die than females. The median number of days from the first symptom to death was 13, and that length of time tended to be shorter among people aged 65 and older compared with those younger than 65 (12 days vs 17 days;P= 0.046). Therefore, the older patients had fewer number of days from the first symptom to death (r = -0.40;P= 0.012).

Conclusions:

In our study, we found that most of the deaths were elderly men with chronic fundamental diseases, and their COVID-19 progression to death time was shorter. At the same time, we demonstrated that older men are more likely to become infected with COVID-19, and the risk of death is positively correlated with age.
Transition to Virtual Learning During the Coronavirus Disease–2019 Crisis in Iran: Opportunity Or Challenge?
Authors: Ahmady Soleiman , Shahbazi Sara , Heidari Mohammad
Published: May 2020

COVID-19 is a respiratory disease that can spread from one person to person. This virus is a novel coronavirus that was first identified during an investigation into an outbreak in Wuhan, China. Iran’s novel coronavirus cases reached 17,361 on 17 March, while death toll reached approximately 1,135. Its first death was officially announced on 20 February 2020 in Qom. The 2019 coronavirus pandemic has affected educational systems around the world, Also in Iran, and led to the closure of face to face courses in schools and universities. Therefore, virtual education can be seen as a turning point in education of these days in Iran.
Occurrence of the hurdiid radiodontCambrorasterin the middle Cambrian (Wuliuan) Mantou Formation of North China
Authors: Sun Zhixin , Zeng Han , Zhao Fangchen
Published: May 2020

The hurdiid radiodontCambrorasteris characterized by a prominent horseshoe-shaped head carapace, which bears conspicuous posterolateral spinous processes and covers half of the body length, and a pair of frontal appendages possessing rake-like endites. Here we report the discovery of characteristic central and lateral elements as well as a possible appendage endite forCambrorasterfrom the Cambrian Wuliuan Mantou Formation of North China. This discovery suggests thatCambrorasterhad dispersed over a wide biogeographic range and expands the geographic range of Hurdiidae. The increasing discoveries of exceptionally preserved fossils in the Upper Shale Member of the Mantou Formation indicate that this horizon is a promising Burgess Shale–type Lagerstätte.
The Italian Adaptation of the Romantic Competence Interview: A Preliminary Test of Psychometrics Properties
Authors: Cuccì Gaia , Davila Joanne , Olivari Maria Giulia , Confalonieri Emanuela
Published: May 2020

The study examines the preliminary psychometric properties of the Romantic Competence Interview — Italian version (RCI-Iv) for adolescents, a semistructured interview assessing romantic competence adolescents. Participants were 116 Italian adolescents (Mage = 17.61 years) who were administered the RCI-Iv and a survey investigating self-perception, emotion regulation strategies, sexual behaviours, and perceptions of relationship quality. Results showed that the RCI-Iv could be coded reliably. Exploratory factor analysis suggested the one-factor structure and RCI-Iv domains were highly correlated with each other, supporting construct validity. There was evidence of convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. The study highlights the importance of continuing to study romantic competence in adolescence.
INVESTIGATION OF A FLOWSTONE-LIKE HISTORICAL INDOOR-TRAVERTINE (RUDAS SPA, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY) USING THE14C “BOMB-PEAK”
Authors: Virág Magdolna , Molnár Mihály , Braun Mihály , Mindszenty Andrea
Published: May 2020

Travertine precipitated during the past ca. 120 years, from thermal waters in one of the historical Spas of the Buda Thermal Karst (Hungary) was investigated using radiocarbon (14C). The age of the deposit is based on the historic date of the structure on which the travertine was deposited. A textural study of the travertine buildup using a ~22-cm-long diamond-core crosscutting was undertaken. The original aim of the study was to improve our understanding of the controls and possibly also the rate of travertine-precipitation. In addition to characteristic, mm-scale, regular laminations, 0.5–1.0 cm dark-colored intervals were also observed in the core. Correlation of these latter textural changes with well-known changes in the water management of the Spa was greatly hindered by the lack of age data from the interior of the core. Therefore, in addition to the two known points (beginning in 1883 AD and ending 2004 AD) at least one age-datum point, somewhere inbetween, was necessary. Since the timespan of the core obviously included the 1960s of the last century, we expected that the14C anomaly related to the atmospheric nuclear tests of those years could be detected by isotope-geochemistry. This paper gives a brief overview of the textural features of the investigated travertine and presents the dataset proving the incorporation of considerable amounts of atmospheric carbon in the carbonate precipitate, which, indeed, facilitated the indirect dating of the part of the core containing “bomb”14C, and this helped us to unfold the factors controlling the observed textural changes of the travertine.
THE TIMBER LODGINGS OF KING HENRY VIII: EPHEMERAL ARCHITECTURE AT WAR IN THE EARLY SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Gregory Alden
Published: May 2020

A forgotten aspect of Henryviii’s architectural patronage and of the panoply of early modern European warfare is that of the timber lodging. Through two key case studies, this paper explores King Henryviii’s timber lodgings and demonstrates that not only did they form an important class of ephemeral architecture that successfully employed innovative technologies to make such structures portable for military campaigns, they were also used in conjunction with the royal tents to provide comfortable and secure battlefield accommodation for the king. The paper recreates their construction, functions, symbolism and elaborate appearance, revealing that the earlier timber lodging comprised a two-chambered wooden building which was painted externally to resemble brickwork and which was used at the sieges of Thérouanne and Tournai in 1513, while the later timber lodging was used at the siege of Boulogne in 1544. Through a close analysis of the surviving accounts for the making of the 1544 structure, the article demonstrates that it was an extravagant and architecturally pretentious building that combined the martial imagery of late medieval Gothic with refined touches of classicism. The paper also shows that the lodging used in 1544 is both recorded in the posthumous 1547 inventory of Henryviii’s possessions and appears in the engravings of the Cowdray House murals, held by the Society of Antiquaries of London.
Religion in Vichy France: How Meso-Level Actors Contribute to Authoritarian Legitimation
Authors: Luft Aliza
Published: May 2020

Research on authoritarian legitimation suggests that rulers seek support through ideological, personalistic, performance-based, and procedural strategies. Typically, however, this work only considers the dynamics of legitimation between rulers and civilians. In contrast, this paper suggests that meso-level actors play a critical role in shaping legitimation from both above and below. Through an historical analysis of the French episcopate’s support for the Vichy regime from 1940 to 1942, I identify four practices that bolstered Vichy’s attempts to accrue legitimacy and simultaneously identify the consequences of these practices for the Church’s relationship with Jews. Public endorsements by the religious authorities for Marshal Pétain, their cooperation with the Vichy administration, the expression of shared values, and common rhetoric all contributed to the regime’s legitimation process while leading to a concomitant decline in the hierarchy’s ties to the rabbinate. These results suggest that attention to meso-level actors brings into relief important dynamics about how legitimation processes unfold in authoritarian settings while simultaneously contributing to research on the Holocaust in France.
Associations of fat and carbohydrate intake with becoming overweight and obese: an 11-year longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Cao Ya-Jing , Wang Hui-Jun , Zhang Bing , Qi Su-Fen , Mi Ying-Jun , Pan Xing-Bing , Wang Chao , Tian Qing-Bao
Published: May 2020

The effects of macronutrient intake on obesity are controversial. This research aims to investigate the associations between macronutrient intake and new-onset overweight/obesity. The relationship between the consumption of carbohydrate and total fat and obesity was assessed by the multivariable Cox model in this 11-year cohort, which included 6612 adults (3291 men and 3321 women) who were free of overweight and obesity at baseline. The dietary intake was recorded using a 24-h recall method for three consecutive days. Moreover, substitution models were developed to distinguish the effects of macronutrient composition alteration from energy intake modification. During 7·5 person years (interquartile range 4·3, 10·8) of follow-up, 1807 participants became overweight or obese. After adjusting for risk factors, the hazard ratio (HR) of overweight/obesity in extreme quintiles of fat was 1·48 (quintile 5 v. quintile 1, 95 % CI 1·16, 1·89; Ptrend = 0·02) in women. Additionally, replacing 5 % of energy from carbohydrate with equivalent energy from fat was associated with an estimated 4·3 % (HR 1·043, 95 % CI 1·007, 1·081) increase in overweight/obesity in women. Moreover, dietary carbohydrate was inversely associated with overweight/obesity (quintile 5 v. quintile 1, HR 0·70, 95 % CI 0·55, 0·89; Ptrend = 0·02) in women. Total fat was related to a higher risk of overweight/obesity, whereas high carbohydrate intake was related to a lower risk of overweight/obesity in women, which was not observed in men.
Long-term iodine nutrition is associated with longevity in older adults: a 20 years’ follow-up of the Randers–Skagen study
Authors: Riis Johannes , Pedersen Klaus M. , Danielsen Mathias B. , Sørensen Gustav V. B. , Jørgensen Martin G. , Andersen Stine L. , Carlé Allan , Pedersen Inge B. , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Andersen Stig
Published: May 2020

Iodine intake affects the occurrence of thyroid disorders. However, the association of iodine intake with longevity remains to be described. This led us to perform a 20 years’ follow-up on participants from the Randers–Skagen (RaSk) study. Residents in Randers born in 1920 (n 210) and Skagen born in 1918–1923 (n 218) were included in a clinical study in 1997–1998. Mean iodine content in drinking water was 2 µg/l in Randers and 139 µg/l in Skagen. We collected baseline data through questionnaires, performed physical examinations and measured iodine concentrations in spot urine samples. Income data were retrieved from Danish registries. We performed follow-up on mortality until 31 December 2017 using Danish registries. Complete follow-up data were available on 428 out of 430 of participants (99·5 %). At baseline, the median urinary iodine concentration was 55 µg/l in Randers and 160 µg/l in Skagen residents. Participants were long-term residents with 72·8 and 92·7 % residing for more than 25 years in Randers and Skagen, respectively. Cox regression showed that living in Skagen compared with Randers was associated with a lower hazard ratio (HR) of death in both age- and sex-adjusted analyses (HR 0·60, 95 % CI 0·41, 0·87, P = 0·006), but also after adjustment for age, sex, number of drugs, Charlson co-morbidity index, smoking, alcohol and income (HR 0·60, 95 % CI 0·41, 0·87, P = 0·008). Residing in iodine-replete Skagen was associated with increased longevity. This indicates that long-term residency in an iodine-replete environment may be associated with increased longevity compared with residency in an iodine-deficient environment.