bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges and Strategies for Indian IT MNCs in 2010
Authors: Pande Kirti , Gundu Raja K.
Published: January 2017

IT service providers in India have been increasingly concerned about competitive threat to their export business from emergingfirms in China. The world over competition is being replaced by co-opetition. Competitors are becoming global in their view of service markets and are driven by demand from buyers for dealing with well-known trusted and large service brands. Alliance with Chinese firms will allow scale and risk diversification for Indian vendors to compete as global brands. Opportunity for achieving scale of operations emerge from projections of the Chinese software market size to grow to $22-27 billion' by year 2006 from $5.024 billion in 2000. Risk diversification opportunity exists in the form of expanding markets to Japan and South Korea.

A word of caution is that the hype surrounding China will eventually subside. A hype cycle Model enumerates why the predicted revenues might not be realised due to government policies and economic turmoil, hence entry strategy should be well timed. We suggest entry in 2004 as appropriate timing for Indian MNCs.

On the other hand the perceived threat of China emerging as an alternative outsourcing base is not substantiated by facts. Based on current data we estimate an acute shortage in skilled labour. India too will face skill shortages to a lesser degree. We recommend process innovation in software development methodologies as a strategy for meeting the projected supply shortages.

Finally, companies are likely to face internal challenges. The genesis of these challenges lie in its implementation part and top management vision. A balanced scorecard has been evolved for IT companies to link strategies with critical success factors and generate key performance measures for internal strength of the organisation.

The paper tries to make certain recommendations which are emerged during the discussions with various CEOs of different companies.
Teamworking in its Context(s): Antecedents, Nature and Dimensions
Authors: Mueller Frank , Procter Stephen , Buchana David
Published: January 2017

This introductory chapter looks at the antecedents, the nature and the various dimensions of'teamworking'. Teamworking is drawing on a variety of traditions, which has resulted in a number of different types and designs of teams. It is necessary to keep all dimensions in mind in order to reach a historically informed judgement of the current forms of teamworking and their shortcomings. Variants of teams need to be analysed by employing a multidimensional framework - teamworking will be more appropriate in some settings than in others. This caution, which had been an aspect of sociotechnical systems thinking from its inception, is shared by all the papers selected for this special issue.
Shopfloor Responsibilities Under Lean Teamworking
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Lowe James , Oliver Nick
Published: January 2017

This paper reports managerial views of the responsibilities of teams, team members and functional specialists under lean production, based on the findings of an international study of management practices in the automotive components industry. The findings show limited evidence of shopfloor worker autonomy under lean team-working or of increases in technical skill; blue-collar specialists remain responsible for maintenance activities. However, the Taylorist separation of planning and execution appears to be partially reversed as operators are expected to make significant contributions to problem solving, innovation and improvement activities. Personnel issues remain largely the prerogative of senior management and white-collar specialists. The role of middle managers appears to be `hollowed out' as shopfloor employees, particularly team leaders, take more responsibility for some activities. The findings emphasize the importance of distinguishing between the roles of members and leaders within teams, and between the responsibilities of production teams and those of other occupational groups.
Ideas of Distorted Ethnic Identity in 43 Cases of Psychosis
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh
Published: January 2017

Objective : Distorted ethnic identity is a difficult concept to define, but relates to individuals from one ethnic group thinking that they want to belong to another ethnic group or that they do so already, but have been "misattributed" to the wrong category. The aim of the present study is to study descriptions of these behaviours.

Method: Patients admitted to three hospitals in London were screened by the respective teams looking after them and case notes studied. No direct interviews were carried out.

Results: A total of 43 cases were identified. A large proportion were African-Caribbean males who fulfilled the criteria for DSM-IV diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. Female patients were more likely to use extreme measures to alter their appearance.

Conclusions: Majority white culture may influence vulnerable patients who have psychoses to incorporate a range of ideas of distorted ethnic identity in their psychopathology.
Psychotic Consciousness
Authors: Chadwick Peter K.
Published: January 2017

Congruent with recent demands for greater attention to be given to patients' actual experiences at a fine-grained level in the understanding of psychosis (e.g. Thomas 1997) the present paper first describes one day in an actual psychotic episode suffered by the author in 1979 and then subjects this narrative to analytic and normalisation interpretations. It is suggested that acute psychotic thinking of paranoid form is critically mediated by real social events and by intrapsychic deficits in attentional capacity; metacognition; thought regulation and signal discriminative ability. Cognitive processes in delusion however, are suggested to be influenced by the presence of a threatening external locus of control. This reflects the strong social and political quality to delusional suffering. The effects therefore of victimisation on cognitive processes is suggested to be an important issue in social cognitive psychology and psychiatry.
Sexual Drive and Its Gratification in Schizophrenia
Authors: Lukianowicz N.
Published: January 2017

The direction of the sexual drive and the frequency of sexual activity in schizophrenic subjects was investigated. The findings in a group of 100 male in-patients treated for schizophrenia of not more than two years' duration, were compared with the findings in a control group composed of 100 normal males and a second control group including 100 patients suffering from depression. The results of this inquiry show that the schizophrenic subjects not only retain their usual drive and its particular direction, but that they engage in auto-erotic sexual activity two to three times as frequently as the males in the normal population. There was a marked increase in the heterosexual activity, amounting to 10 or 20 per cent. In depressed patients there was a very considerable decrease in their heterosexual activity, to approximately one-eighth of their pre-morbid level. The findings of this investigation have been discussed and summarized in five tables.
Human sexuality: Views and perspectives among Cypriot social workers – A compass to human sexuality education
Authors: Neocleous Gregory , Apostolou Menelaos
Published: January 2017

This article presents the first survey conducted in Cyprus in relation to the knowledge and perceptions of social workers and social work students on issues related to human sexuality. With the use of a sample of 155 participants, the researchers attempted to identify the major areas of human sexuality that concern Cypriot social workers and social work students. A variety of closed-ended questions, which resulted from two focus groups – one with professionals and the other with students, were given to all the participants whose response was found to be of vital importance for this study, as well as for future research. The study has revealed the necessity for further training and education on human sexuality issues for professionals and students in social work. A need for more studies, especially comparative studies in order to construct a more comprehensive view on this matter in comparison to social work programmes in other countries, was also found.
“I’d rather my brother was a bomber than a homo”: British Muslim masculinities and homonationalism in Sally El Hosaini’s My Brother the Devil
Authors: Cherry Peter
Published: January 2017

Images of young British Muslim men engaging in terrorist activity or gang warfare proliferate in contemporary media. Such distortions frame Muslim males as a homogeneous and threatening presence within Britain; men who, despite living in the UK, are prone to a pathological form of masculinity supposedly inculcated by their religio-cultural background. In Terrorist Assemblages, Jasbir K. Puar develops the framework of “homonationalism” to examine the relationship between hostilities towards Muslims and growing acceptance of LGBT subjectivities in Euro-America. Puar argues that popular discourses stereotype diverse ethno-cultural groups under a distinct racialized, religiously-defined “Muslim” grouping. These Muslim “others”, recognized through racial and sartorial profiling, are assigned viewpoints that place them in opposition to the purportedly “enlightened” West. Puar shows how this dualism has been continually reproduced in cultural production, propagating the view that to be Muslim is to be axiomatically homophobic. This article assesses the extent to which homonationalism is replicated in the British film My Brother the Devil (dir. Sally El Hosaini, 2012). Set on a housing estate in Hackney, it depicts two London-born brothers of Egyptian heritage, Rash and Mo, as elder brother Rash leaves his “gangster” lifestyle after falling in love with photographer Sayid. My Brother the Devil invokes moral panics about young British Muslim men, as well as the increased visibility of homosexuality in recent UK media and cultural output, to probe connections between masculinity, sexuality, race, and class. However, this article posits that My Brother the Devil inadvertently upholds homonationalist binaries. By analysing the film, this paper contends that what Puar terms a “Muslim or gay binary” should be considered in a British context to address how certain “liberal” Muslim subjectivities are incorporated within imaginings of Britishness, at the exclusion of Muslim subjectivities that do not fit these prescriptions.
The graveyard and the garden: Reading connectivities in Rana Dasgupta’s “The Changeling”
Authors: Bildsøe Helle Schulz , Rahbek Ulla
Published: January 2017

In the novel Tokyo Cancelled (2005), Rana Dasgupta explores the contemporary age of globalization as a time of chaotic change. Tokyo Cancelled is composed as a story cycle of 13 tales. This article focuses on one of these tales in particular, “The Changeling”. “The Changeling” relates the tumultuous experiences of Bernard, who is a changeling and archetypal stranger in the pestilence-ridden city of contemporary Paris. The article explores the juxtaposition of systemic and organic networks as the central trope through which Dasgupta explores change and connectivities in a global twenty-first-century moment. We argue that the story presents a process of symbolic transformation whereby the national capital changes into a global city. This change signifies a shift from a national towards a planetary perspective. “The Changeling” comprises at least two different kinds of networks which converge and conflate into one overarching web that is the metropolis: there is a systemic network of control materialized in Montparnasse graveyard and an organic network out of control manifested in a community garden where people congregate to tell stories. Indeed, Dasgupta revisits Benjaminian storytelling as a global networking practice which, while locally contextualized in an impromptu garden in Paris, hints at an awareness of worldwide connectivity.
Harnessing Human Rights to the Olympic Games: Human Rights Watch and the 1993 ‘Stop Beijing’ Campaign
Authors: Keys Barbara
Published: January 2017

In 1993 Human Rights Watch, one of the two most influential human rights organizations in the world, launched a major campaign to derail Beijing's bid to host the 2000 Olympic Games. This article situates this highly publicized campaign in the context of Sino–US relations, the end of the Cold War, and the ‘victory’ of human rights as a global moral lingua franca. It argues that Human Rights Watch's decision to oppose Beijing's bid stemmed from its new post-Cold War focus on China combined with the organization's search for new ways to secure media attention and the funding that flowed from publicity. The campaign most likely swayed the International Olympic Committee's close vote in favor of Sydney. It also brought Human Rights Watch a windfall of favorable publicity among new audiences. The article argues that the campaign irrevocably inserted broad-based human rights considerations into the Olympic Games, decisively moving moral claims-making around the Olympics beyond the playing field. It also linked Human Rights Watch's moral legitimacy to US power in problematic ways and triggered a powerful anti-US backlash in China.
Policing, Traffic Safety Education and Citizenship in Post-1945 West Germany
Authors: Rossol Nadine
Published: January 2017

This article examines policing and traffic education as a key area of reconstructing democratic citizenship in post-1945 Germany. The rebuilding of a democratic German society in the aftermath of the Second World War was closely linked to orderly, law-abiding and considerate behaviour – traffic safety events were the testing ground for these values. They were designed to create a sense of order and civil responsibility in which citizens were urged to participate in order to contribute to the new democratic postwar society in West Germany. But while state and local authorities presented traffic policing and traffic safety as an opportunity to rebuild relations with the public and to foster the link between orderly behaviour and good citizenship, ordinary citizens felt little obliged to follow traffic rules or police orders. The Eigensinn (stubbornness) of the public, choosing to ignore traffic rules, despite better knowledge, was difficult to reconcile with the top down and patronizing pedagogical approach so obvious in traffic safety debates of the 1940s and 1950s. The fact that rights and liberties of a citizen could also mean making wrong decisions and dealing with the consequences of this behaviour clashed with the more authoritarian concepts of the state.
School Problems and Allergies
Authors: Havard Janice
Published: January 2017

Children labeled in school as hyperactive, language or learning disabled, lazy, minimally brain injured, or emotionally disturbed may in fact have a health problem. Symptoms may be manifestations of allergic conditions; allergies should be considered in children who are not succeeding in school or in interpersonal relations. Everyone associated with the responsibility of diagnosing school problems in children needs to be aware of the importance of investigating for allergic conditions and of taking positive action to alleviate them where present. Educational progress for many may hinge upon recognition of this phenomenon.
Reading Problems and Family Dynamics
Authors: Peck Bruce B. , Stackhouse Thomas W.
Published: January 2017

Families in which one child is an identified problem reader were compared with normal families on a conjoint decision-making task. Reading-problem (RP) families took longer to reach a decision, spent a greater percentage of their decision time in silence, and evidenced fewer exchanges of explicit information and more irrelevant transactions. Results are discussed in terms of the communication atmosphere in RP families, a relationship between these exchanges and a child's reading disorder, and the RP child's role in the family system.
Psychometric Tests and Learning in Severely Disabled Readers
Authors: Camp Bonnie W.
Published: January 2017

The present study examined the relationship between performance on tests of auditory and visual perception and learning rate in reading lessons. Subjects were 69 children with severe dyslexia (2-5 years below grade level) who participated in a standard tutorial program designed along behavior therapy lines. Prior to placement in the tutorial reading program, children were tested with the Wide Range Achievement Test, the Bender-Gestalt, the Raven, a test of auditory-visual integration, and a test of visual-spatial perception. Learning rates were determined for 42 children. Significant correlations were found among the psychometric tests but not between psychometric tests and learning rate. Children achieving above and below expectancy in tutoring differed significantly in learning rate and amount of gain over 6 months but not on any of the psychometric tests. It was concluded that perceptual deficiencies may be more frequent in disabled readers, but learning rate and achievement are not related to the degree of perceptual deficiency.
The Syntactic-Paradigmatic Shift in Learning Disabled and Normal Children
Authors: Bartel Nettie R. , Grill J. Jeffrey , Bartel Helmut W.
Published: January 2017

Forty-eight children in a private school for the learning disabled (LD), and 48 children in public school classes were administered a word association test of 50 stimulus words. All children performed best when the stimulus word was a noun and performed most poorly on prepositions. Older children performed better than younger, overall. No significant differences were found between normal and LD children. Among LD children, a significant interaction between IQ and age was found, with young children of low IQ performing most poorly. Young, low-IQ children also showed perseveration to a much greater extent than did any other group, resulting in a significant age X IQ interaction on perseveration. Discussion centers around memory and attention as possible explanations for the findings.
Use of the Utah Test of Language Development for Screening Language Disabilities
Authors: Mecham Merlin J. , Jones J. Dean , Jex J. Lorin
Published: January 2017

The need for early detection of language problems in children is suggested. Percentile norms for 989 unselected kindergarten children are presented together with suggested item clusters which can be used as short forms of the UTLD for quick screening.
Caloric restriction in grouped rats: aggregate influence on behavioural and hormonal data
Authors: Moneo Mikel , Martín Zúñiga Jesús , Morón Ignacio
Published: January 2017

The majority of studies in short- and middle-term caloric restriction (CR) have been primarily focused on physiological parameters, improvements in aging, modulation of oxidative stress, and long-term negative effects on cognitive functions. However, single-housing associated with CR may pose many logistical problems. Thus, it is necessary to study the effects of CR under conditions in which animals are group-housed. The aims of this study were to (i) observe the possible differences in the proportion of the weights and social behaviour under ad libitum and CR (at 70%) conditions; (ii) examine the eventual inequalities in the proportion of the weights and social behaviour (the time spent eating under the feeder as an indicator of dominance and empathy, and the number of ‘pushes’ as an indicator of aggressiveness) in sibling and non-sibling rats under CR conditions; and (iii) compare the concentrations of corticosterone (stress biomarker) in serum under ad libitum and CR conditions. The results indicated the effectiveness of CR in different groups independent of the relationship between the rats. No extreme changes in weight were observed in the CR rats. Behavioural observations also indicated the differences in the total time spent under the feeder and in the number of pushes (higher in both cases for the sibling rats). However, no significant differences in corticosterone levels were observed. Our results suggest the viability of group-housing rats during long periods of CR maintenance.
Pedestrian Deaths following Collisions with Heavy Goods Vehicles
Authors: Wyatt Jonathan P , Martin Alastair , Beard Diana , Busuttil Anthony
Published: January 2017

Pedestrian fatalities following collisions with heavy goods vehicles (‘lorries’) in south-east Scotland were studied between 1992 and 1998. Data sources included police and ambulance reports, forensic medicine records, hospital casenotes and the Scottish Trauma Audit Group database. All injuries were scored according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale, yielding Injury Severity Scores (ISS).

Sixteen pedestrians (mean age 60.2 years) died after being hit by a lorry. Actions of pedestrians were implicated in causing all the collisions - four of which appeared to be suicides. Four of the apparently accidental deaths involved pedestrians with significant blood alcohol levels. Thirteen pedestrians were dead when found. Ten pedestrians had an ISS of 75, having a total of 13 injuries acknowledged to be unsurvivable (Abbreviated Injury Scale = 6), largely to the head and chest.

The unsurvivable injuries reflect huge forces, explaining why only a small proportion of the pedestrians survived to hospital. There is little potential to reduce the number of deaths by improving hospital treatment, rather the focus needs to be directed towards injury prevention. Although pedestrians appeared to be responsible for the collisions, the results suggest it may be more feasible and effective to direct injury prevention measures towards lorry drivers.
Medical Help-Seeking by Motor Vehicle Accident Claimants
Authors: Neal LEigh A
Published: January 2017

The assessment of general psychiatric damages in personal injury cases is partly determined by evidence that the claimant has attempted to mitigate their losses by seeking medical help. However, there is no evidence that seeking medical help for a psychiatric injury is typical behaviour. The general practice consultation behaviour of 100 claimants with chronic physical and psychiatric injury with an onset at the time of a motor vehicle accident, was assessed over a 12-month period after the injury. GP consultations for physical and psychiatric symptoms were compared. At 12 months after the accident 53 (95% CI 42.7, 63.3) had consulted their GP with psychiatric symptoms and 94 (95% CI 88.8, 99.2) had consulted their GP with physical symptoms. Neither the sex, age or a pre-accident history of help-seeking for psychological symptoms was significantly predictive of post-accident help seeking for psychiatric injury. The results from this study provide information about the weight that should be given to medical help-seeking as a factor in assessing the value of claims for general psychiatric damages in personal injury cases.
Early Outcomes of Supervised Discharge
Authors: Davies Steffan , Fallow Steve , Bruce Janet , Boundey Andrew
Published: January 2017

We have previously described the generally positive initial experiences of Supervised Discharge (SD) in a large Mental Health Trust serving a mixed inner city, suburban and rural population. This paper seeks to extend our earlier findings by reporting a longitudinal cohort study examining hospitalization before and after SD for the original sample. The main outcome measures were: renewal of SD; time spent out of hospital; survival to readmission or the end of the study period (1 April 1999). Of the 22 patients commenced on SD orders between April 1996 and October 1997, by 1 April 1999: 12 patients were still subject to supervised discharge; 15 had not been readmitted to hospital; survival out of hospital was longer − 717 days, compared with 607 days in the same period before SD (p=0.037); survival to readmission was also longer than before SD (p=0.023). Contrary to early professional expectations patients subject to SD seem to survive for longer periods in the community. Although not always effective, its wider use should at least be considered as part of the care package for detained patients with a history of non-compliance with care packages leading to relapse and readmission.
Trends in Admissions to a Regional Secure Unit (1983-1997)
Authors: Brown Christine S H , Lloyd Keith R , Donovan Martin
Published: January 2017

Admissions and discharges from a 30-bed regional secure unit (RSU) were surveyed over a 15-year period. In the last five years there has been a significant increase in the average length of stay of patients and a marked decrease in the number of admissions and discharges. The reasons for this ‘silting up’ of the RSU by longer-term patients and the consequences for an effective forensic psychiatric service are discussed.
Arsonists in Maximum Security: Mental State at Time of Firesetting and Relationship between Mental Disorder and Pattern of Behaviour
Authors: Swinton Mark , Ahmed Adenkunle
Published: January 2017

Seventy-nine arsonists were identified in a Special Hospital. Sixty-eight had a clinical interview which included an analysis of symptoms present at the time of the most recent fire. Mentally ill arsonists did not differ from Psychopathic Disorder arsonists in their self-report of symptoms at the time of firesetting, the major difference was in the time course of their behaviour. Mentally ill arsonists lit their first fire on average eight years later than did Psychopathic Disorder patients. Further analysis indicates that PD women have a distinct group of current symptoms and behaviours.
A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Soil Saccharide Content and its Application in Forensic Science
Authors: Dudley R. J.
Published: January 2017

A colorimetric method for the determination of soil saccharide content and its use in discriminating between soils has been examined.

The variation of saccharide content within a given dry-soil colour has been determined and found to be quite considerable. However, some correlation was found to exist between saccharide content and dry-soil colour. Although the effect of this correlation has not been fully examined it probably means that the good discrimination available varies between dry colours, No correlation was found to exist between saccharide content and pH of the soil when these two properties were studied for a collection of twenty-four soils, thus showing that the discriminations available by each method are truly complementary. A study of the effects of storage of a moist soil in a sealed polythene bag indicated no change in saccharide content for up to 14 days' storage.
A Review of the Literature as to the Present Possibilities and Limitations in Estimating the Time of Death
Authors: Van Den Oever R.
Published: January 2017

Determining the exact moment of death in medicolegal cases is not possible since post-mortem changes of the human body are variable and often misjudged. The most reliable physical and biochemical methods of estimating the post-mortem interval are reviewed and the author tries to find out why, in spite of all the previous studies, which have often given good results, the individual methods are neither popular nor practical in routine forensic medicine cases.

For greater accuracy in estimating the time of death further investigation should be carried out to find a suitable combination of some physical and biochemical tests complementary to the data produced by each method and preventing the rather large error range of each individual test.
Neonaticide, Infanticide and Child Homicide
Authors: Wilkey Ian , Pearn John , Petrie Gwynneth , Nixon James
Published: January 2017

A total population study of neonaticide, infanticide and child homicide is reported. There are seven defineable syndromes of unlawful child killing which include: neonaticide, infanticide, non-accidental injury, the deprivation-starvation syndrome, euthanasia, killing of family members followed by the suicide of the killer, and child murder. 49 such cases are reported from a base population of 2 million people, over a 10-year period of investigation. The syndromes of neonaticide and non-accidental injury each contribute some 20 per cent of cases in the full spectrum of unlawful child killing. 18 cases of fatal non-accidental injury were reported over this time. With modern crisis intervention facilities, standard hospital rules for the management of acute cases of non-accidental injury, and co-ordinated child abuse centres, approximately 2 per cent only of non-accidental injury cases should come to a fatal conclusion.
Interrogative Suggestibility: Comparison between ‘False Confessors’ and ‘Deniers’ in Criminal Trials
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H.
Published: January 2017

The Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS) was administered to two groups of criminal suspects: (i) subjects who had retracted confession statements they had made during police interrogation; (ii) subjects who persistently denied any involvement in the crime they were charged with in spite of forensic evidence against them. It was hypothesized that the ‘false confessors’ would be more suggestible than the ‘deniers’. The hypothesis was confirmed, showing that the ‘deniers’ were significantly more resistant to both suggestive questions and interpersonal pressure than the ‘false confessors’. The ‘deniers’ also tended to be more intelligent, but the two groups did not differ significantly with regard to their memory capacity for verbally presented material.
Estimation of the Probability That Guillain-Barre Syndrome was Caused by the Swine Flu Vaccine: US Experience (1976–77)
Authors: Greenstreet Richard L.
Published: January 2017

A statistical method was presented for determining the probability that cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) among residents of the United States and Puerto Rico who participated in the 1976–77 swine flu vaccine programme were due to the vaccine. It was determined that the vaccine (A/New Jersey) was the most likely cause of GBS if the onset was within five weeks after vaccination. From the sixth to the tenth week after vaccination, the association was unlikely. After the tenth week, the association between the vaccine and GBS was negative.
The Effect of Variability of Practice at Execution Redundancy Level in Skilled and Novice Basketball Players
Authors: Taheri Hamidreza , Fazeli Davoud , Poureghbali Sogand
Published: January 2017

We investigated the effect of practice variability through execution redundancy in skilled and novice basketball players on free throw skills. Twelve skilled basketball players and 12 novices (mean age = 25.4 years, SD = 4.3) were divided into four groups (skilled constant, skilled variable, novice constant, and novice variable). After a pretest, participants practiced free throw action. The variable groups threw the ball over an obstacle of varying heights on each trial in random order, whereas the obstacle’s height was fixed for the constant groups. After 7 and 14 consecutive days of practice, participants performed two posttests with constant and variable distances from the basket. The results showed that practicing different solutions of a task did not affect the performance of skilled players but had an immediate negative effect on the performance of novice players. Learning a complex task is the result of learning task-related parameters, and practice variability can create a mismatch between task difficulty and new learner skill levels.
Electrical Activity of Powerhouse Muscles During the Teaser Exercise of Pilates Using Different Types of Apparatus
Authors: Werba Débora da Rocha , Cantergi Débora , Tolfo Franzoni Leandro , Fagundes Alex de Oliveira , Fagundes Loss Jefferson , Nogueira Haas Aline
Published: January 2017

We compared the electrical activity of certain powerhouse muscles—External Oblique, Multifidus, Adductor Longus, and Gluteus Medius—during the teaser exercise of the Pilates Method, performed on various types of apparatus—the Mat, Reformer, and Wall Unit. Fifteen female practitioners of the Classic Pilates Method (32.6 ± 7.7 years old; 21.9 ± 1.9 body mass index) performed the teaser in each situation while electromyographic (EMG) and kinematic data were collected. Root mean square values of the flexion phase were compared. All muscles showed higher EMG activity in Reformer compared with Wall Unit, and Multifidus, Adductor Longus, and Gluteus Medius showed higher EMG activity in Mat compared with Wall Unit. No difference was found between Reformer and Mat.
Motor Skills and Free-Living Physical Activity Showed No Association Among Preschoolers in 2012 U.S. National Youth Fitness Survey
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. , Frith Emily
Published: January 2017

Albeit limited, some emerging work, using convenience-based samples, has demonstrated that greater motor skill development is associated with higher physical activity among preschool-aged children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this topic using data from the 2012 National Youth Fitness Survey that included 329 preschool-aged children (3–5 years). Parents proxy-reported their child’s physical activity, with motor skill level assessed from the Test of Gross Motor Development—Second Edition (TGMD2). Motor skill levels (Gross Motor Quotient, locomotor or object control) were not associated with preschool free-living physical activity in any analytic model. Thus, in this large sample of preschoolers, contrary to research with older children, motor skill level was not associated with physical activity. Findings are discussed in terms of study limitations of (a) a reliance on parent report of children’s physical activity levels and (b) the possibility that physical activity data within the national survey were too limited in range to show possible associations to motor skill development with higher levels of free-living physical activity in preschoolers.
Effects of Photo-Depicted Pupil Diameter on Judgments of Others’ Attentiveness and on Facial Recognition Memory
Authors: Watier Nicholas , Healy Christopher , Armstrong Heather
Published: January 2017

Occasionally, individuals perceive that someone is no longer paying attention to the discussion at hand even when there are no overt cues of inattentiveness. As a preliminary study of this phenomenon, we examined whether pupil diameter might be implicitly used to infer others’ attentiveness. Forty participants (27 women, 13 men, M age = 19.7 year, SD = 2.8) were presented with images of male faces with either large or small pupils, and, in the context of a personnel selection scenario, participants then judged the attentiveness of the person in the image. Images of faces with large pupils were judged as more attentive, compared with images of faces with small pupils. Face recognition memory performance was not affected by depicted pupil size. Our results are consistent with the proposal that pupillary fluctuations can be an index of perceived attention, and they provide preliminary evidence that pupil dilation may be implicitly relied upon to infer attentional states.
Police Accountability in Scotland: [2] ‘New’ Accountabilities
Authors: Donnelly Daniel , Scott Kenneth B.
Published: January 2017

This second article on police accountability focuses on aspects such as best value; performance management and targeting; HMCIC's role; Accounts Commission and Audit Scotland; common services and multi-tiered policing; community and social inclusion partnerships; and complaints against the police. The conclusion is drawn that these new accountabilities throw into question traditional views on the constitutional position and future management of policing in Scotland.
The Physical and Psychological Effects on Victims of the Sarin Gas Attack, Tokyo Subway in 1995
Authors: Uchiyama Ayako
Published: January 2017

The sarin gas attack in Tokyo in 1995 was the largest-scale terrorist attack ever experienced in Japan and it brought to public attention the problems of the long-term physical and psychological effects on the thousands of innocent victims. In response to this public concern, a survey of the victims was conducted by the Japanese National Police Agency in cooperation with the National Research Institute of Police Science in Japan.

The author of this article was responsible for the process and management of the survey which was supported by a government budget as part of a project on victim assistance. the article gives a description of the group which was responsible for the incident, how its members were organised and how they carried out the attack. There then follows a detailed account of the two-part survey, the procedures adopted and the results.
Is all police academy training created equally? Comparing natural resource officer and general police academy training
Authors: Rossler Michael T , Suttmoeller Michael J
Published: January 2017

American policing is characterised by variety, including numerous specialty police departments. One specialty grouping are police tasked with environmental protection. Known as natural resources officers (NROs), little research has examined the academy training that these officers receive. Drawing upon a survey of almost 600 police training academies, the current inquiry explores curriculum differences between NRO-capable and general police academies. Findings indicate that NRO-equipped academies consist of fewer overall hours of training, are more likely to include instruction in marine patrol techniques, and do not differ on hours of training on traffic law enforcement. Implications for future research are discussed.
Motoring
Authors: Gott J. A. H.
Published: January 2017

Our Motoring Correspondent writes about the new Motorway and Speed, and gives his impressions of two outstanding new British cars, the Mini-Minor and the Ford Anglia. We congratulate Mr. Gott on his appointment to the Chief Constableship of Northamptonshire.
Motoring
Authors: Gott John
Published: January 2017

Our Motoring Correspondent offers some advice on foreign touring and gives his impressions of a well-equipped 1 ½ litre saloon with above average performance.
The Kuyedza Clubs
Authors: Magahy Doreen
Published: January 2017

The wives of police officers have always been an integral part of the Service. The following article is about a new and valuable contribution by the wife of the Commissioner of the British South African Police.
Motoring: Improvements in Driving Standards
Authors: Gott John
Published: January 2017

Our Motoring Correspondent discusses an experiment which could raise the general standard of driving and gives his impressions of an outstanding car in general use in several police forces.
“A Key Experience”
Authors: Allen W. H.
Published: January 2017

Mr. Allen's article was awarded the Additional Prize in our “Key Experience” Competition
The Queen's Police Gold Medal Essay Competition
Authors: Knights P. D.
Published: January 2017

We congratulate Mr. Knights on winning the Queen's Gold Medal for the following essay
Authority in the Mass Society
Authors: Banton Michael
Published: January 2017

Professor Banton moves from his consideration last month of authority in the simpler society to authority in the mass society of today. He emphasizes the possibilities of securing greater public co-operation with the police. His next article will be on authority and police science.
Large-Scale Searches with Police Dogs
Authors: Morris C.
Published: January 2017

Inspector Morris's article is based on ten years' experience as a dog-handler, during which he has taken part in protracted large-scale searches.
The James Smart Lecture Caution?
Authors: Walker Nigel
Published: January 2017

The second James Smart Lecture was given on July 12, 1973, by Dr. Nigel Walker, then Reader in Criminology in the University of Oxford. The City of London Police made the McMorran Hall at Wood Street Police Station available for the occasion and the chair was taken by Sir Robert Mark, Q.P.M., Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis. The Inaugural Lecture and particulars of the James Smart Lecture Fund appeared in The Police Journal of October, 1973 (Vol. XLV No. 4).
“Organized Crime”
Authors: Hayes Colin
Published: January 2017

The writer has served for [Formula: see text] years as a police officer in England, Northern Rhodesia, and Canada, the last eight and a half years as Chief of Police.

The writer has undertaken courses of training in all the above countries, together with the United States, and holds certificates in Police Administration from the Ontario Police College, and in Municipal Police Administration from Institute for Training in Municipal Administration, and is a graduate of the Traffic Command School of the Pennsylvania State University.
Road-Rage: Have Cars Become Too Safe and Comfortable?
Authors: Reinhardt-Rutland Tony
Published: January 2017

The current crop of road-rage incidents may, in part, reflect the increasing safety and comfort of modern cars. According to risk-homeostasis theory, improved safety is counteracted by riskier behaviour. Also, the comfort of modern cars may exaggerate impairments in perception, particularly of speed.
Conducting Interdisciplinary Research to Promote Healthy and Safe Employment in Health Care: Promises and Pitfalls
Authors: Slatin Craig , Galizzi Monica , Melillo Karen Devereaux , Mawn Barbara ,   Phase In Healthcare Research Team
Published: January 2017

Due to the complexity of human health, emphasis is increasingly being placed on the need for and conduct of multidisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary health research. Yet many academic and research organizations—and the discipline-specific associations and journals—may not yet be prepared to adopt changes necessary to optimally support interdisciplinary work. This article presents an ongoing interdisciplinary research project's efforts to investigate mechanisms and pathways that lead to occupational health disparities among healthcare workers. It describes the promises and pitfalls encountered during the research, and outlines effective strategies that emerged as a result. Lessons learned include: conflict resolution regarding theoretical and methodological differences; establishing a sense of intellectual ownership of the research, as well as guidelines for multiple authorship; and development and utilization of protocols, communication systems, and tools. This experience suggests a need for the establishment of supportive structures and processes to promote successful interdisciplinary research.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in ADHD and LD in Young School-Age Children: Parental Reports in the National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Pastor Patricia N. , Reuben Cynthia A.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

Racial and ethnic disparities have been documented for many physical health outcomes in children. Less is known, however, about disparities in behavioral and learning disorders in children. This study uses data from a national health survey to examine racial and ethnic differences in identified attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disability (LD).

Methods.

The 1997–2001 National Health Interview Surveys obtained information from parents about the health and sociodemographic characteristics of children. Using these data, prevalence rates of identified ADHD and/or LD were estimated for Hispanic, African American, and white children 6–11 years of age. Racial and ethnic differences in health conditions, income, and insurance coverage were examined as possible explanations for disparities in parental reports of ADHD and LD, as well as the use of any prescription medication among children with ADHD.

Results.

Hispanic and African American children, compared to white children, had parental reports of identified ADHD without LD less often, and adjustments for the confounding variables—birthweight, income, and insurance coverage—did not eliminate these differences. Hispanic and African American children, compared to white children, also had parental reports of ADHD with LD less often after adjustments for the effects of confounding variables. By contrast, after adjustments for confounding variables, Hispanic and African American children were as likely as white children to have LD without ADHD. Among children with ADHD, use of any prescription medication was reported less often for Hispanic and African American children than white children. These disparities in medication use persisted after adjustments for confounding variables.

Conclusions.

The prevalence of ADHD and the use of any prescription medication among children with ADHD differed among Hispanic, African American, and white children. These disparities could not be explained by racial and ethnic differences in other health conditions and sociodemographic variables.
Limited English Proficiency, Primary Language at Home, and Disparities in Children's Health Care: How Language Barriers are Measured Matters
Authors: Flores Glenn , Abreu Milagros , Tomany-Korman Sandra C.
Published: January 2017

Background.

Approximately 3.5 million U.S. schoolchildren are limited in English proficiency (LEP). Disparities in children's health and health care are associated with both LEP and speaking a language other than English at home, but prior research has not examined which of these two measures of language barriers is most useful in examining health care disparities.

Objectives.

Our objectives were to compare primary language spoken at home vs. parental LEP and their associations with health status, access to care, and use of health services in children.

Methods.

We surveyed parents at urban community sites in Boston, asking 74 questions on children's health status, access to health care, and use of health services.

Results.

Some 98% of the 1,100 participating children and families were of non-white race/ethnicity, 72% of parents were LEP, and 13 different primary languages were spoken at home. “Dose-response” relationships were observed between parental English proficiency and several child and parental sociodemographic features, including children's insurance coverage, parental educational attainment, citizenship and employment, and family income. Similar “dose-response” relationships were noted between the primary language spoken at home and many but not all of the same sociodemographic features. In multivariate analyses, LEP parents were associated with triple the odds of a child having fair/poor health status, double the odds of the child spending at least one day in bed for illness in the past year, and significantly greater odds of children not being brought in for needed medical care for six of nine access barriers to care. None of these findings were observed in analyses of the primary language spoken at home. Individual parental LEP categories were associated with different risks of adverse health status and outcomes.

Conclusions.

Parental LEP is superior to the primary language spoken at home as a measure of the impact of language barriers on children's health and health care. Individual parental LEP categories are associated with different risks of adverse outcomes in children's health and health care. Consistent data collection on parental English proficiency and referral of LEP parents to English classes by pediatric providers have the potential to contribute toward reduction and elimination of health care disparities for children of LEP parents.