bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The products of combustion in burning buildings
Authors: Kingman F. E. T. , Coleman E. H. , Rasbash D. J.
Published: July 2010

The variations in the state of the atmosphere during a fire have been investigated in the course of tests in which two full‐scale houses were completely burnt out. The analysis of the atmosphere (in rooms remote from the point of origin of the fire) showed that, in the early stages of the fire, the combustion of the wood and other cellulosic constituents of the house and furnishings was practically complete; in the later stages, however, the oxygen supply was inadequate and resulted in the appearance of the products of destructive distillation and the smoke‐logging of the room. Because of such variations in the atmosphere with time it is difficult to determine from laboratory‐scale experiments the probable composition of the atmosphere in burning buildings.
The production and commercial possibilities of diphenic acid
Authors: Dean R. E. , White E. N. , McNeil D.
Published: July 2010

In the course of a programme of investigation into the commercial possibilities of phenanthrene, diphenic acid has been obtained as the main product of its direct oxidation, instead of the more usual phenanthraquinone. Attempts to oxidize the hydrocarbon to diphenic acid catalytically with air or oxygen in the liquid phase have failed. The preparation and properties of alkyl esters of diphenic acid, some of which are of potential use as plasticizers, are described. Alkyd resins prepared from diphenic anhydride have been shown to possess properties comparable with those of phthalic alkyds.
A rapid method for the determination of the thermal conductivity of organic liquids for use in heat‐transfer calculations
Authors: Baxter S. , Vodden H. A. , Davies S.
Published: July 2010

An apparatus of the concentric‐cylinder type for the determination of the thermal conductivity of electrically insulating liquids is described. Thermal conductivity measurements can be made rapidly over a wide range of temperature and the results obtained on tetraoctyl silicate at temperatures up to 220° are given. Results for a number of pure liquids are also presented and are compared with values obtained from the literature.
The chlorination of methyl acrylate in the presence of methanol
Authors: Lee N. D. , Faulkner D. , Highet H. C. , Philpotts A. R. , Thain W.
Published: July 2010

Chlorination of methyl acrylate in the presence of methanol has been shown to yield a mixture of methyl αβ‐dichloropropionate, methyl α‐chloro‐β‐methoxypropionate, methyl β‐chloro‐α‐methoxy‐propionate, methyl β‐chloropropionate and traces of methyl β‐methoxypropionate. Careful fractional distillation of the crude product afforded the pure αβ‐dichloropropionate and α‐chloro‐β‐methoxy‐propionate, but a pure specimen of the β‐chloro‐α‐methoxypropionate could not be isolated by this method. The isomeric chloromethoxypropionates were characterized by conversion info the corresponding amides.
Phenol‐formaldehyde and allied resins. III. Further syntheses of resole molecules
Authors: Carpenter A. T. , Hunter R. F.
Published: July 2010

Attempts to extend the lithium‐exchange reaction for the synthesis of carboxydihydroxydiphenyl‐methanes for subsequent reduction to resoles indicated that this method was likely to prove of very limited application. Attention was therefore directed to the syntheses of carboxy‐derivatives of dihydroxydiphenylmethanes by means of side‐chain oxidation of nuclear‐methyl‐substituted dimethoxydi‐phenylmethanes, direct carbonation of dihydroxydiphenylmethanes, and condensation of bromomethyl‐salicylic acid with phenols. Seven new resoles have been synthesized by lithium aluminium hydride reduction of carboxydihydroxydiphenylmethanes thus obtained and by further application of the method of halogen‐blocking and subsequent dehalogenation. 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐2:2′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane and 3‐hydroxymethyl‐4:4′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane were synthesized by oxidation of 2:2′‐dimethoxy‐5‐methyldiphenylmethane and 4:4′‐dimethoxy‐3‐methylbenzophenone respectively, followed by demethylation, Clemmensen reduction of the carboxydihydroxybenzophenones and lithium aluminium hydride reduction of the resulting carboxydihydroxydiphenylmethanes. 3:3′‐Bishydroxymethyl‐4:4′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane and 3‐hydroxymethyl‐2:2′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane were synthesized by carbonation of 4:4′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane and 2:2′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane respectively and subsequent lithium aluminium hydride reduction. 2:2′‐Dihydroxy‐3:3′‐bishydroxymethyldiphenylmethane was synthesized from 5:5′‐dibromo‐2:2′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane by way of 5:5′‐dibromo‐2:2′‐dihydroxy‐3:3′‐bishydroxymethyldiphenylmethane and dehalogenation of the latter by palladium and hydrogen. 3‐Hydroxymethyl‐4:2′‐dihydroxy‐5′‐methyldiphenylmethane was synthesized by condensation of 4‐bromomethyl‐2‐carboxyphenol with p‐cresol and subsequent reduction of the resulting 3‐carboxy‐4:2′‐dihydroxy‐5′‐methyldiphenylmethane, and application of this reaction to p‐bromophenol with subsequent dehalogenation of the 5′‐bromo‐3‐carboxy‐4:2′‐dihydroxy‐derivative furnished a synthesis of 4:2′‐dihydroxy‐3‐hydroxymethyldiphenylmethane.
Thermodynamic functions of elements and compounds: Entropies of inorganic substances
Authors: Turkdogan E. T. , Pearson J.
Published: July 2010

The standard entropies of solid elements and inorganic compounds have been related to atomic or molar volumes after grouping the substances according to the periodic classification, compound type and crystal structure. It is shown that, within each sub‐group, standard entropy and molar volume are related by the expression S = aVn. For elements and simple compounds, the entropy increase between 298° K and the melting point is related parabolically to the respective temperature rise. The entropy increase for complex compounds is less than that for simple compounds and is also dependent on type of compound. Entropy of fusion is related to temperature in the same manner. It is indicated that the entropy of formation of solid products from solid reactants is directly proportional to the volume change during the reaction.
The inhibition by quinolines and thioureas of the acid dissolution of mild steel
Authors: Hoar T. P. , Holliday R. D.
Published: July 2010

The dissolution of mild steel by warm sulphuric acid with and without organic inhibiting additions has been studied by means of simultaneous measurements of corrosion rate and corrosion potential, and by the determination of true anodic and cathodic polarization curves in the neighbourhood of the natural corrosion potential.

Quinoline, 2: 6‐dimethylquinoline, α‐ and β‐naphthoquinolines, N‐ethylquinoline, thiourea, methyl‐thiourea, ethylthiourea and o‐, m‐ and p‐tolylthioureas inhibit the dissolution of mild steel by 5% (w/v) sulphuric acid at 70° and 40°, being increasingly effective in the order given above. The quinolines are primarily anodic inhibitors, but at high concentrations they limit the cathodic reaction also; the thioureas inhibit both cathodic and anodic reactions, the cathodic the more at low concentrations, the anodic the more at high.

The results are interpreted by a modified adsorption theory and are discussed in terms of recent fundamental views of electrode reactions. Some practical implications are pointed out.
Absorption of carbon dioxide in agitated sodium carbonate‐bicarbonate solutions
Authors: Bedekar S. G.
Published: July 2010

Coefficients of absorption of carbon dioxide in solutions containing sodium carbonate and bicarbonate have been determined in an agitated tank type of gas absorber. The variation of absorption coefficient with conversion into bicarbonate was studied in detail. The average absorption coefficient in the range of 0 to 90% conversion has been correlated with the speed of the agitator and indirectly with the power consumed by the agitator.
Introduction to the mechanism of the hydrochlorination of rubber
Authors: Gordon Manfred , Taylor James S.
Published: July 2010

The mechanism of rubber hydrochlorination is discussed in the light of the known crystal structure of rubber hydrochloride. The coiling of a rubber chain segment into a trans‐decalin‐shaped transition state is shown to be necessary and sufficient to explain the alternation along the polymer chain of D‐and L‐asymmetric carbon atoms, each separated from the next by three CH2 groups. As a preliminary to kinetic analysis, techniques are described for precise measurements on the degree of hydrochlorination of latex at various times of reaction. An analytical technique defines the reaction progress to 0·5%, and serves to calibrate a diffusion‐gradient method of following the reaction by density change. This method is at least equally sensitive, but more convenient. Despite the complexity of the natural latex medium, the reaction kinetics are shown to be reproducible and free from uncontrolled effects. The reaction is rate‐controlled chemically rather than by transport. The main part of the rate curve consists of two straight‐line (zero‐order) portions meeting at a kink.
Behaviour of galvanized steel in sodium benzoate solution
Authors: Gilbert P. T. , Hadden S. E.
Published: July 2010

During experiments on the behaviour of galvanized steel in sodium benzoate solution, it was found that bare steel edges rusted heavily. Electrochemical measurements showed that, in certain circumstances, steel became anodic to zinc. Possible reasons for this behaviour are discussed.
Corrosion of iron in the presence of dispersed and solid sulphur
Authors: Seymour Raymond B. , Pascoe Walter R. , Steiner Robert H.
Published: July 2010

The observation of Farrer & Wormwell1 that steel is attacked rapidly by aqueous dispersions of sulphur has been confirmed. It has been shown, however, that the corrosion is decreased considerably when the pH of the solution is raised to a value of 9 or lowered to a value of 4. Much less corrosive effects were noted when dispersions of commercial sulphur cements were used in place of elementary sulphur.
The effect of surface‐active agents on the rate of solution of sulphur in sulphite solutions
Authors: Levenson G. I. P.
Published: July 2010

The effect of‐surface‐active agents on the rate of solution of sulphur in sodium and ammonium sulphite slurries has been studied. Cationic surface‐active agents greatly increase the rate of solution. Anionic agents produce some acceleration in the bulk reaction by improving the dispersal of the powder, but retard the specific reaction rate per unit surface area of the sulphur. The Catalytic effectiveness of a homologous series of n‐alkylpyridinium bromides increases up to the dodecyl member, then decreases with further increase in chain length. The catalytic behaviour of the cationic accelerators is thought to be due partly to a surface‐charge effect and partly to a local generation of polysulphide.
Gas chromatography. I. The separation and estimation of volatile organic compounds by gas‐liquid partition chromatography
Authors: Ray N. H.
Published: July 2010

An extension of the work of James and Martin on the separation of volatile fatty acids and bases by gas—liquid partition chromatography is described. This technique has now been applied to the analysis of most types of volatile organic compounds on a milligram scale; mixtures of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, esters, aldehydes and ketones have been separated on a column of kieselguhr impregnated with di‐(3: 5: 5‐trimethylhexyl) phthalate, and the components determined by a thermal‐conductivity method.
Fluid ‘hydroforming’
Authors: McGrath Henry G.
Published: July 2010

Fluid ‘hydroforming’ is a powdered catalyst operation that owes its success to continued research and development on naphtha‐upgrading. Its predecessor, fixed‐bed ‘hydroforming’, was employed commercially to make aromatics and aviation gasoline during World War II. The principal reaction occurring is dehydrogenation under pressure in the presence of product gas rich in hydrogen. Like fluid catalytic cracking, it is a regenerative process and can therefore be operated at steady‐state conditions. Among its advantages are superior product distribution, reduced investment and lower operating cost. Fluid ‘hydroforming’ is believed to represent the first successful commercial exploitation of the powdered catalyst technique in a flow system under substantial pressure.
A modification of Trouton's rule
Authors: Bowden S. T.
Published: July 2010

Trouton's rule is modified to allow for the fact that the entropy of vaporization is generally a function of the Guldberg ratio and the parachor‐critical volume ratio. The medification has the advantage that it is applicable to non‐associated substances of low boiling‐point, and furnishes a rational basis for their classification into normal and abnormal liquids. Moreover, a high value of the medified ratio is diagnostic of association in the liquid state.
The fischer‐tropsch synthesis with cobalt catalysts: The effect of process conditions on the composition of the reaction products
Authors: Gibson E. J. , Hall C. C.
Published: July 2010

The effects of the process variables on the alcohol and olefin contents of the liquid products and on the molecular weight of the total product obtained by synthesis with cobalt catalysts have been investigated.

Within the range of reaction conditions hitherto employed, the generally accepted variations in product composition are confirmed, but, over the whole range of conditions within which cobalt catalysts are active for the synthesis, the effects of changes in conditions are more complicated and some new effects have been observed.

The results suggest that the composition of the product is determined partly by the direct influence of the catalyst, the temperature, pressure, mean ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide, and space velocity of fresh gas, and partly by an indirect effect of these variables exerted through the extent of conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. There is evidence that suggests that the olefin content varies inversely with the average molecular weight of the product.

It is considered that the results provide support for the hypothesis that the mechanism of the synthesis reaction involves step‐wise growth of carbon chains, giving rise to alcohols, or alcohols and olefins, as the initial, desorbed products, the chemical identity of the molecules as they appear in the final product being determined by the extent to which secondary reactions occur. When cobalt catalysts are used at atmospheric pressure it seems probable that, under certain conditions, some hydrogenation cracking takes place.
Electrical measurements in the study of immersed paint coatings on metal. I. Comparison between capacitance and gravimetric methods of estimating water‐uptake
Authors: Brasher D. M. , Kingsbury A. H.
Published: July 2010

An electrical capacitance method of estimating the water‐uptake of paint films on metal immersed in sea‐water has given, for many paint formulations, values agreeing with those obtained by a gravimetric method. For a few paints, however, pronounced disagreement was shown between values obtained by the two methods.

Theoretical considerations show that such differences indicate, in general, a type of water distribution within the film departing considerably from the random, uniform distribution assumed in calculating the ‘capacitance’ values. Several types of distribution are discussed.

The capacitance method can be used for routine testing of the water‐uptake of paints only on a type of paint known to give good agreement between the two methods; where applicable, it has decided advantages over gravimetric methods.
Use of liquid films in the study of the absorption of gases by drops
Authors: Dixon B. E. , Swallow J. E. L.
Published: July 2010

In a continued study of the absorption of gases by liquid drops, search has been made for a physical barrier capable of separating two gas phases while permitting the passage of drops. For this purpose a draught of inert gas and a mass of foam were only partially successful, but a liquid film stretched across the absorption chamber was found to provide a satisfactory gas‐barrier with a life of several hours. The passage of drops through the film was observed by means of high‐speed cinematography. Results obtained by means of film barriers for the absorption of carbon dioxide by water drops during formation have been compared with those previously obtained by another method. The desorption of carbon dioxide by water drops in air has been measured, and the application to the process of desorption of an expression previously derived for the absorption coefficient is considered.
Organo‐boron compounds. 1. Preparation and properties of some aliphatic borates
Authors: Haider S. Z. , Khundkar M. H. , Siddiqullah Md.
Published: July 2010

An apparatus is described for the azeotropic removal of water during the condensation of boric acid with aliphatic alcohols, and subsequent purification of the borate as a semi‐continuous process. The synthesis of allyl borate from boron acetate is also described. The densities, viscosities and refractive indices of the borates are given and the variations of the boiling points in the homologous series discussed.
The corrosion of machinery in H.M. ships
Authors: Kenworthy L.
Published: July 2010

Corrosion in H.M. ships' machinery is shown to present a series of constantly changing problems as greater speeds and efficiency are demanded. Partly as a result of the vast experience accumulated through the strenuous conditions of war‐time operation, current problems are not very numerous but are spread over a wide range of environments. To illustrate this, examples are cited from sea‐water, distilled‐water, steam, hydraulic‐fluid and forced‐lubrication systems and of surfaces subjected to fuel‐oil combustion products and damp atmospheres. The components considered include Diesel‐engine cylinder liners, boilers, chromium‐iron turbine blading, various non‐ferrous components in steam lines, cylinders and bearings in hydraulic fluids, and gearing and bearings in forced‐lubrication systems. Remedial measures are discussed and some recent innovations to reduce corrosion are described. It is emphasized that sea‐water contamination and periods when machinery is standing idle are two major factors that influence the liability to corrosion in naval vessels.
The influence of formamide on the bactericidal action of selected chemical compounds. II
Authors: Cooper E. A. , Goddard A. E.
Published: July 2010

Formamide (20% concentration) has the specific property of considerably increasing the germ‐icidal power of the saturated fatty acids. The adsorption of the acids by activated charcoal is, however, diminished in the presence of formamide, except when the amount of adsorbent is small; an increase is then sometimes observed. Acetamide and glycol also diminish the adsorption of acetic acid, but to a somewhat less extent than formamide. The bactericidal power of trichloroaoetic acid is reduced by formamide and the adsorption by charcoal is also diminished. isoPropyl alcohol, unlike formamide, does not exhibit a specific effect on the bactericidal action of acetic acid; acetone, acetic acid, and certain esters are influenced to much the same extent.
New ω‐substituted anisoles. VII. Aryloxymethyl thiocyanates
Authors: Barber H. J. , Cottrell H. J. , Green M. B.
Published: July 2010

Phenoxymethyl and phenylthiomethyl chlorides are readily converted into the corresponding thiocyanates by interaction with potassium thiocyanate in acetone or alcohol. The compounds thus obtained possess the thiocyanate and not the isothiocyanate structure. 2: 4‐Dichlorophen‐oxymethyl thiocyanate undergoes isomerization to the isothiocyanate on distillation under reduced pressure.
Organic fluorine compounds. II. Preparation and reactions of some fluorodibasic acids
Authors: Fear E. J. P. , Thrower J. , Veitch J.
Published: July 2010

Neutral oxidation of a mixture of polyfluorocyclohexenes gave 3H‐heptafluoroadipic acid in good yield. Alkaline oxidative degradation of this acid and of the mixed polyfluorocyclohexenes afforded both difluoromalonic and tetrafluorosuccinic acids, and methods of separation of these perfluorodibasic acids are described. Difluoromalonic acid was found to react with phosphorus oxychloride to give difluoromalonyl chloride. Clemmensen reduction of 2‐benzoyl‐1 : 1 : 2 : 2‐tetrafluoropropionic acid gave γ‐phenylbutyric acid.
Formaldehyde condensations with phenol and its homologues. XVII. The chemical complexity of resins
Authors: Hollingdale S. H. , Megson N. J. L.
Published: July 2010

Calculations previously reported on the theoretical numbers of isomerides of phenol–methylene type present in phenolic resins are extended. The case of o‐cresol and related bifunctional phenols is comparatively simple, partly because no branching of chains is possible. In the case of phenol itself the number of isomerides increases enormously with chain length, while branched derivatives contribute increasingly to the number present in the higher homologues. m‐Cresol provides an even more complex example. The inadequacy of conventional synthetic and analytical methods for elucidation of chemical structure is stressed. General formulae are derived for calculating the numbers of certain types of isomerides.
A study of the application of the spouted bed technique to wheat drying
Authors: Mathur K. B. , Gishler P. E.
Published: July 2010

A description has been given of a method which can be used to agitate solids that are of too coarse and uniform a particle size to be fluidized satisfactorily. This method has been applied to the drying of wheat. The following variables have been studied on a small pilot‐plant scale: feed moisture content, feed rate, bed depth and inlet air temperature. A description has been given of the temperature and humidity profiles within a wheat bed agitated by this technique.
THE GUERBET REACTION OF CETYL ALCOHOL
Authors: Sulzbacher M.
Published: July 2010

Cetyl alcohol has been submitted to the Guerbet reaction and converted into 2‐tetradecyl‐octadecyl alcohol. Conditions have been found whereby this branched‐chain alcohol can be obtained in good yield with virtual suppression of fatty acid formation. Some reactions and derivatives of the new alcohol are described and some light thrown on the mechanism of the Guerbet reaction. The modified reaction described has also been applied to sperm oil alcohols.
Phototropic effects in oxides. I. Titanium dioxide
Authors: McTaggart F. K. , Bear Joy
Published: July 2010

The previously known photoropic effect caused by iron impurity in titanium dioxide was studied in some detail. In addition, nickel, chromium, and copper were shown to give rise to marked effects, while slight effects were caused by cobalt, manganese, and certain rare earths. The necessity of water for the promotion of the effect was demonstrated, and evidence was obtained that suggests that the phototropism is a phenomenon taking place at the surfaces or interfaces of the host oxide. A mechanism is discussed.
The interaction of monolayers of branched‐chain fatty acids with calcium ions in the underlying solution
Authors: Durham K.
Published: July 2010

The effect of calcium ions in the substrate on surface films of α‐substituted fatty acids has been investigated. It is shown that the introduction of an ethyl group in the α‐positions of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids prevents calcium ions from causing surface films of these acids to become solid and brittle at pH 7.5. Fatty acids with main chains longer than C16 are found to give brittle solid films on substrates containing calcium ions at pH 7.5.

The effect on the calcium ion/myristic acid film interaction of variation in the size of the substituent group has also been studied and it is found that even a methyl group has sufficient steric hindrance to prevent film solidification.
Autoxidation of olefins
Authors: Hawkins E. G. E. , Quin D. C.
Published: July 2010

Olefins of various structures have been oxidized with oxygen at 85–125°, generally in the presence of mild alkali and a catalyst, and the products examined. These products were complex mixtures and appeared to have been derived from attack at several positions in the molecule. All except one of these olefins provided epoxides as major products; the one exception, 2:2:5:5‐tetra‐methylhex‐3‐ene, was structurally incapable of forming a hydroperoxide at the allyl position.
The heats of chlorination of some hydrocarbons and their chloro‐derivatives
Authors: Kirkbride F. W.
Published: July 2010

Direct determinations have been made of the heat of substitutive chlorination (R.H + Cl2–→R.Cl + HCl) for benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, cyclohexane, n‐hexane, ethylene dichloride, and chloroform. Heats of formation are derived for 1 : 1 : 2‐trichloroethane, chlorocyclohexane, and benzyl chloride.

Similarly the heat of additive chlorination of three chloroethylenes has been determined, and an approximation to the heat of additive chlorination of benzene has been made.

The results are shown to agree closely with the values which can be calculated from recently published heats of combustion of the relevant compounds. Both for substitutive and for additive chlorination, the heat evolution tends to diminish markedly as the number of chlorine atoms already in the molecule is increased.
The role of alkali sulphates in vanadium catalysts for sulphur dioxide oxidation
Authors: Tandy G. H.
Published: July 2010

The chemical composition of alkali metal sulphate‐vanadium oxide mixtures in equilibrium with SO3‐SO2‐air mixtures has been investigated. These gas mixtures were prepared from a 5% SO2–95% air mixture, the ratio of SO2 to SO3 being maintained at the equilibrium value corresponding to the temperature of each run. Experiments have been carried out with mixtures of V2O3 and one alkali metal sulphate (Na, K, Rb, or Cs) in the temperature range 380–600°.

In the temperature range 440–600° a liquid is produced, consisting of vanadium compounds dissolved in an alkali pyrosulphate‐sulphate mixture. The melting point of the mixture formed decreases with increasing atomic weight of alkali metal used. The weight increases observed with an alkali sulphate/V2O6 molecular ratio of 2.5/1 suggest the formation of normal pyrosulphate, M2S2O7, and VOSO4. With the Rb2SO4 and Cs2SO4 mixtures there is also evidence for the part formation of a higher sulphate, M2S3O10. The extent of reduction of the V2O5 is lower in the presence of alkali metals of higher atomic weight. Thus potassium is more effective in stabilizing the vanadium in the pentavalent state than is sodium, and caesium is even better. This may account for the preference for the potassium salt over the sodium salt as a promoter in commercial catalysts.
Azeotropism in binary solutions: Carbon tetrachloride‐benzene system
Authors: Fowler R. T. , Lim S. C.
Published: July 2010

Vapour‐liquid equilibrium data for the system carbon tetrachloride‐benzene have been determined under isobaric conditions at 760 mm. Hg pressure and isothermal conditions at 40°, using an improved equilibrium still. The experimental results are found to be thermodynamically consistent. An azeotropic mixture is predicted to exist at pressures above 1800 mm. Hg.
The swelling of gelatin films. The effects of drying temperature and of conditioning the layers in atmospheres of high relative humidity
Authors: Jopling D. W.
Published: July 2010

Gelatin layers show minimum swelling when the temperature of the layer during drying is about 35°. When dried at a higher temperature, the layer is ‘so‐like’ and bonding does not occur until the layer is swollen or conditioned at a high relative humidity.

Sol‐like layers of non‐de‐ionised gelatin when swollen in distilled water swell rapidly to a maximum value and then contract to a final value. De‐ionized sol‐like layers swell straight to this final value. The overshoot with the non‐de‐ionized layers is believed to be due to osmotic forces within the layers, which disappear when the salts are washed out.

When conditioned in an atmosphere of high relative humidity, all layers afterwards show a reduced swell. The reduction is very large and very rapid for sol‐like layers. The results are explained by assuming that bonds formed during setting and drying are under no strain at the time of their formation and will tend to resist any compressive or tensile strains caused by drying or by increased swelling, respectively. The number and the strength of the bonds will be controlled by the drying conditions.
Cyanamide
Authors: Miller S. A. , Bann B.
Published: July 2010

Difficulty in the removal of calcium carbonate by filtration in the preparation of cyanamide by passage of CO2 through an aqueous slurry of the calcium salt, is overcome by dissolution of the salt in an aqueous solution of cyanamide before passage of the CO2. A large laboratory apparatus is described for this process, by which high yields are obtained. Stable solutions of cyanamide of 60% concentration or 95% pure solid material can be prepared which are very convenient for the preparation of cyanamide derivatives, several of which are described.
The determination of naphthalene in gas. A comparison of the picrate and ultra‐violet methods
Authors: Densham A. B. , Seaton E. Mary
Published: July 2010

A picrate method of determining naphthalene in gas is described with a correction for unsaturated picrate‐forming hydrocarbons. An ultra‐violet method of determining naphthalene and mono‐methylnaphthalenes separately in gas is outlined. A comparison shows that the picrate method gives results agreeing with the total of naphthalene plus monomethyluaphthalenes as determined by the ultra‐violet method.
The separation and identification of some volatile paraffinic, naphthentc, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: James A. T. , Martin A. J. P.
Published: July 2010

Separation of some volatile paraffinic, naphthenic, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons by means of gas‐liquid chromatography are described. Stationary liquid phases capable of specifically retarding certain chemical structures are used in the identification of the different types of hydrocarbon. Some generalisations are made on factors affecting separations by gas‐liquid chromatography.
Studies in the corrosion of metals occasioned by aqueous solutions of some surface‐active agents IV. Aluminium
Authors: Holness H. , Langstaff R. D.
Published: July 2010

The action of dilute aqueous solutions of representative aniouic, cationic and non‐ionic wetting agents on aluminium has been studied, using London tap‐water and distilled water.

Several of the anionic active agents imparted a water‐repellent film to the metal and this afforded protection, with sulphonated castor oil and sodium di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate, but not with sodium alkylarylsulphonate or triethanolamine lauryl sulphate.

The attack took the form of pitting, the pits being covered with nodules of corrosion product.

All cationic agents had some action on the metal, this action being most marked in the case of triethanolamine which appeared to exert a solvent action; the non‐ionic agent had little effect.

Many of the specimens immersed in tap water solutions acquired a firm deposit of calcium carbonate crystals.

Results have been expressed graphically and mechanisms suggested.
Bromomethoxybenzoic acids and bromoanisoles: Demethylation and decarboxylation
Authors: Hawkins E. G. E.
Published: July 2010

Attempts to demethylate and decarboxylate various bromomethoxybenzoic acids in one stage led either in incomplete reaction with some acids or to rearrangement and debromination, depending on the catalysts used; a two‐stage reaction, using hydriodic acid for demethylation and a tertiary amine for decarboxylation was satisfactory in most cases. The use of various demethylating reagents with bromoanisoles brought about rearrangement and debromination.
Degradation of novolak resins
Authors: Hawkins E. G. E.
Published: July 2010

An attempt has been made to determine the structure of novolak resins by controlled degradation involving the steps: bromination, methylation of the phenolic groups, oxidation to polyketones, cleavage of the polyketones to bromoacids and bromoanisoles, demethylation and decarboxylation of the fragments, and analysis of the products. The method is applicable to simple novolaks, but the higher molecular weight compounds are incompletely cleaved to one‐ring compounds.
Studies in the corrosion of metals occasioned by aqueous solutions of some surface‐active agents. V.—nickel
Authors: Holness H. , Langstaff R. D.
Published: July 2010

The action of dilute aqueous solutions of anionic, non‐ionic, and cationic surface‐active agents on nickel foil has been studied. Nickel was shown to be resistant to attack by anionic agents. One cationic agent, cetylpyridinium bromide, in distilled water solution corroded the metal, but other cationic and non‐ionic agents were almost without effect.
The proximate analysis of cinnamic aldehyde mono‐nitration products
Authors: Davey W. , Gwilt J. R.
Published: July 2010

A comprehensive scheme has been devised for the analysis of reaction products from the nitration of cinnamic aldehyde. The major components determined are cinnamic aldehyde, benzoic acid, and their (mono)nitro‐derivatives, together with the corresponding benzaldehydes.
The tin‐lead dioxide reserve cell
Authors: Brook P. A. , Davies A. E.
Published: July 2010

An investigation was made into the change of the e.m.f. of the cell Sn| HClO4|PbO2 with variations of temperature and electrolyte concentration. The discharge characteristics of the cell were studied at selected concentrations, discharge rates and temperatures.
An electrolytic method for the direct production of magnesium lithium alloys from lithium chloride
Authors: Smolinski J. , Hannam J. C. , Leach A. L.
Published: July 2010

Magnesium‐lithium alloys were made directly at high current efficiency by electrolytic deposition of lithium on to a magnesium cathode from a molten 50% LiCl/50% KC1 or 75% LiCl/25% BaCl2 electrolyte at 560 to 630°. The relation between sodium contamination in electrolyte and product has been determined. By careful selection of cell materials to avoid sodium contamination, alloys ductile in the aged condition could be made directly without need of refining.
Solvent segregation of vegetable oils
Authors: Joshi G. K. , Rebello D. , Shah S. M.
Published: July 2010

The solvent‐segregation of linseed oil using furfural and mixtures of furfural and hexane as solvents has been investigated at 15°, 24.5° and 35°. Lower temperatures and higher percentages of hexane lead to maximum separation. An extract fraction (about 16%) having an iodine value of 209 has been obtained under these conditions.

Equilibrium curves useful in designing multi‐stage counter‐current extraction columns are presented.
A study of paraffinic oils adsorbed on cement
Authors: Gilby A. R. , Camiglieri W.
Published: July 2010

Monolayer properties and infra‐red absorption spectra have been used to study the changes occurring in oils adsorbed on cement in the presence of air. Oils extracted from commercial cements are very similar in properties to lubricant oils artificially added to cement and subsequently allowed to oxidize under various conditions. Polar compounds, notably carboxylic acids, are formed even at room temperature. Similar experiments with hexadecane indicate that the polar molecules are produced by oxidation of the paraffin base of the oils.
Performance of climbing film evaporators
Authors: Whitt F. R.
Published: July 2010

Performance data for three sizes of climbing film evaporator processing organic liquids are presented.

The general trend of the quantitative measurements suggests the existence of a critical operating temperature difference to obtain a maximum performance.

General observations of practical design value are offered.
Determination of nitrates in aqueous solution
Authors: Ungar J.
Published: July 2010

A volumetric method for the determination of nitrate is described, utilizing the decolorization of a solution of indigo carmine by dilute nitric acid in the presence of strong sulphuric acid. The titrating solution also acts as the indicator. Some interferences and their circumvention are discussed, including that of nitrite.
A physico‐chemical study of the proteins from the Sterculia foetida nut
Authors: Joubert F. J.
Published: July 2010

In the ultracentrifuge the proteins from the Sterculia foetida nut, showed one major and a number of minor components. The major component was separated from the minor components by fractional precipitation methods. Using sedimentation and diffusion measurements, a molecular weight of 362, 000 and frictional ratio of 1.38 were found for the major component.
The use of aniline‐formaldehyde resins as curing agents for epoxide resins
Authors: Bishop R. R.
Published: July 2010

Low molecular weight aniline—formaldehyde resins have been used as curing agents for liquid epoxide resins. With respect to heat distortion temperature and solvent resistance, anilineformaldehyde resins are superior to aliphatic polyamines, but are equivalent to m‐phenylenediamine in performance although used in a larger proportion and are more convenient to handle.
Ternary liquid equilibria: Water‐fatty acid‐solvent systems
Authors: Rao M. Raja , Rao C. Venkata
Published: July 2010

Phase equilibrium data are presented for ternary liquid systems with propionic acid as solute, and with n‐hexane, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, toluene and tetrachloroethylene, respectively, as solvents. Propionic acid is found to favour the water phase in all the systems. Except at higher acid concentrations, the solvents ‘hexane’ b.p. 67–69°, cyclohexane and tetrachloroethylene are observed to give nearly the same distribution coefficient. The area of heterogeneity increases and the acid increasingly favours the aqueous phase in the order, benzene, toluene, cyclohexene, cyclohexane and ‘hexane’. With ‘hexane’ and tetrachloroethylene as solvents, a comparison of the acetic and propionic acid systems indicates that the two‐phase region diminishes and shows that the acid decreasingly prefers the aqueous layer with increasing molecular weight of the acid. The tie‐line data for all the systems have been analysed by the correlation methods of Othmer—Tobias, Hand, and Bachman, and fitted satisfactorily by the corresponding equations.
Some aspects of infra‐red spectrometry in atomic energy
Authors: Gaunt J.
Published: July 2010

Some applications of infra‐red spectrometry in the atomic energy field are discussed with special reference to the determination of the molecular structure of uranium hexafluoride and the isotopic analysis of heavy water.
The chemical composition of high‐boiling fractions of coal tar. II. Pitch oil fractions from a mixed vertical retort/horizontal retort pitch
Authors: Harris A. S. , White E. N. , McNeil D.
Published: July 2010

By a combination of high efficiency vacuum fractionation, fractional crystallization and chromatographic separation, the major constituents of the neutral portion of a fraction of the oil obtained on coking a mixed vertical retort/horizontal retort pitch have been isolated and identified.

The chief components are: fluoranthene, pyrene, brazan, 2: 3‐benzfluorene, chrysene, triphenylene, 2: 3‐benzcarbazole, 1: 2‐benzanthracene, 11: 12‐benzfluoranthene, 1: 2‐and 3: 4‐benzpyrene, perylene, naphthafluorene and picene. Minor components isolated and identified included propionamide, 2: 3‐dimethylanthracene, 1: 9‐benzxanthen, 1: 2‐benzfluorene, 4‐methylpyrene, 5: 12‐dihydronaphthacene, 4: 9‐dimethylpyrene, phenanthridone, 3‐methylchrysene and 1: 2‐benzperylene; of these 2: 3‐dimethylanthracene, propionamide, 4: 9‐dimethylpyrene and 3‐methylchrysene have not previously been isolated from coal tar.

The similarity in the nature of the identified components in this pitch coking oil and those found in our earlier study1 of the steam distillate from a vertical retort pitch suggests that the oils produced during the coking of coal tar pitch are a result of distillation rather than pyrolysis.
Conjugation with lone‐pair electrons. I. Theoretical
Authors: Nash T.
Published: July 2010

Evidence is given from published work that the lone‐pair electrons in oxygen and in nitrogen have a preferred trans conjugation with adjacent C: C double bonds, the atomic dipole becoming fixed. A possibly new result of this dipole fixation is the interaction of the naphthols with cationic detergents in dilute aqueous solution. The electrical strain due to two atoms with lone‐pair electrons in the same molecule can sometimes give rise to a quinone‐like system; the free‐radical redox mechanism usually applied to quinones is thereby extended to lower states of oxidation.
The alkaline decomposition of sucrose
Authors: Boelhouwer C. , Boon E. F. , Butter J. A. , Waterman H. I. , van Egmond J. C. , Snelderwaard J.
Published: July 2010

In connexion with the industrial production of chemical compounds (‘sucrochemicals’) from sugar and its by‐products (see especially reference1), a review is given of the decomposition of sugars in alkaline solutions under different conditions. A continuous apparatus is described in which the formation of lactic acid by alkaline decomposition of sucrose solutions was studied under exactly defined conditions.

Optimum yields of approx. 38% (calculated on a theoretical maximum yield of 4 mol. of lactic acid per mol. of sucrose) were obtained at 210°–220° by passing alkaline sucrose solutions (5–20% sucrose, 3–6 mol. of NaOH or KOH per mol. of sucrose) through the reactor for reaction times of 1/2–1 minute at a pressure of 40 atmospheres. The possibilities for an economical application of these reactions are discussed.
Further studies on the effect of organic matter on the setting of soil‐cement mixtures
Authors: Clare K. E. , Sherwood P. T.
Published: July 2010

Mixtures of soil, cement and water will harden sufficiently to be used in place of stone for road‐making, but some soils contain organic matter that can prevent the mixture hardening. The work described is the continuation of an investigation to determine the nature of the organic compounds responsible.

Organic matter has been extracted from soil, and split into a number of fractions which have been tested for their ability to retard the hardening of ordinary Portland cement; one fraction has been found to be particularly active in the soil studied.

Experiments with pure chemicals have shown that hydroxyl as well as carboxyl groups in organic compounds may be involved in the mechanism of retardation, which is due to absorption of calcium ions liberated during hydration. Tests with a soil developed on a calcareous rock showed that the organic matter in it had no retarding effect, presumably due to the saturation of the active constituent with calcium ions.
The dealkylation of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons I. The kinetics and mechanism of toluene decomposition in the presence of hydrogen
Authors: Silsby R. I. , Sawyer E. W.
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of toluene and xylene decomposition in the presence of hydrogen have been investigated under two sets of conditions: 500–600°/250 atm. and 700–950°/atmospheric pressure. The reaction is thermal and homogeneous and leads to simple products under these conditions provided that excess hydrogen is initially present. The kinetics are then of order 1.5: first‐order with respect to toluene and order 0.5 with respect to hydrogen. In presence of excess hydrogen, the reaction is straightforward with the formation of benzene and methane. In the absence of excess hydrogen the kinetics and product compositions become complex and variable. Some possible mechanisms for the principal reaction (demethylation) in presence of hydrogen are discussed and attempts are made to explain qualitatively the effect of increased conversion on the reaction sequence postulated by Szwarc for decomposition in the absence of added hydrogen.
The use of epoxy resins in synthetic rubber compositions
Authors: Mika Thomas F.
Published: July 2010

An attempt has been made to ‘marry’ epoxide resins and rubbers so that the disadvantages of each could be obviated by the presence of the other.

A ‘graft’ polymer containing anhydride groups from the reaction of maleic anhydride and a nitrile rubber served as a base to establish the reactivity of an epoxide resin in this system. An epoxide resin in the presence of a tertiary amine vulcanized the anhydride‐rubber with resulting improvements in physical properties and solvent resistance. Similar results were obtained with a commercially available rubber based on copolymers of acrylate esters with acrylic type acids and containing reactive carboxylic acid groups.

Natural rubber, butadiene‐styrene and butadiene‐acrylonitrile copolymers do not contain groups reactive with epoxide resins; however, the curing mechanisms for these rubbers involve the formation of functional groups potentially reactive with epoxides. The intermediate thiol groups formed in the reaction of a nitrile rubber with sulphur have been found to co‐react with epoxide resins. Under such conditions the epoxy resin acts as a reinforcing agent for the rubber contributing improved solvent resistance and increased tear strength. The conditions for co‐reaction were established for gum as well as filled stocks.
Quantitative analysis in the 2‐μ, region applied to synthetic polymers
Authors: Miller R. G. J. , Willis H. A.
Published: July 2010

The application of short‐wave (below 2μ) spectroscopy in the examination and analysis of synthetic polymers is described with special reference to molecular weight determination by end‐group estimation, determination of monomer in polymers, and analysis of copolymers.
The detection of micro quantities of gelatin
Authors: Davis P.
Published: July 2010

A testing procedure is described which involves a concentration of the solution by foaming, and detection of the gelatin in the foam by means of a modified Zsigmondy gold sol test. Gelatin can be detected, in the presence of large quantities of electrolyte, at concentrations as low as 4 × 10−8 g./ml. The method can be made semi‐quantitative and is probably applicable to many other substances.
Zinc anodes for use in sea water
Authors: Crennell J. T. , Wheeler W. C. G.
Published: July 2010

Laboratory investigations of the failure of zinc anodes in sea water have shown that the presence of iron in excess of a few parts per million is the cause. No other common impurity is important.

Whilst zinc of low iron content is commercially available, difficulty has been experienced in large‐scale production of uncontaminated anodes. Search has therefore been made for elements which when alloyed with the zinc would counteract the effect of iron. It was found that small additions of aluminium to zinc containing 200 p.p.m. of iron produce permanently active anodes. It is shown that the alloying additions refine the grain size of the metal and give a smooth corrosion pattern.

The combined effect of silicon and aluminium is being further investigated.
Silica‐entrapped tetrasodiumethylenediaminetetraacetate
Authors: Smith R. L. , Womersley P.
Published: July 2010

The method of preparation of tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetra‐acetate enclosed in a cellular semipermeable membrane structure of silica is described and the properties of the dried gel in contact with water are discussed.
The curing mechanism of epoxy resins
Authors: Fisch W. , Hofmann W. , Koskikallio J.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the curing of epoxy resins from 2: 2‐bis‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)propane with phthialic anhydride. It is shown that in all cases an equilibrium is set up in which, after complete reaction of the epoxy groups, there are present anhydride, monoester and hydroxyl groups. The effect of temperature on the content of these groups has been determined and shown to be considerable.

On heating cured resins, most of the monoester groups are split off and phthalic anhydride is evolved. A minimum point is obtained in the graph relating loss of weight and amount of anhydride used. The reason for this is discussed. The distribution of the various types of group has been determined in cured resins by chemical methods, which affords a good picture of the structure of resins cured under different conditions.