bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leveling the Playing Field: A Study of Captioned Interactive Video for Second Language Learning
Authors: Shea Peter
Published: May 2005

Research on computer-assisted and video-based educational techniques has almost invariably found that these media have positive effects on learner motivation. This article presents a study of integrated computer technology which incorporates pace-controlled syntactic chunking in a captioned video presentation. The results indicate that a well-designed interactive video application can motivate, save time, and help address learner weaknesses, especially for students most in need of assistance. In addition to increasing both student motivation and learning efficiency over time, the program supplied the least able students with the means to better understand and respond to foreign language discourse. The results achieved in this study were quite positive. Weaker students in the experimental group performed beyond their apparent ability levels. Additionally, both the teachers and the students reacted favorably to working with the technology. Finally, the experimental group was able to complete tasks more quickly without sacrificing accuracy. These positive results were achieved through a model of technology integration that was implemented throughout the course of the study. The tasks the students performed were not assigned by the researcher and completed in a vacuum. They were, rather, co-designed and assigned by the teachers who participated in the study. In fact, the interactive video program and recorded questions the students used during the course of the semester were also created with the assistance of classroom teachers. The model of participatory technology integration was vital to the success of the study.
The Agonies of Medicine in the Usa
Authors: Fry John
Published: May 2005

A British physician and recent visitor to the United States records his observations on the present situation of health services in America. While progress has been made since his last visit 7 years ago, much remains to be accomplished. Some obstacles to an effective national health care system in the organization of medicine in the United States are noted, and some suggestions for achieving the goal of adequate medical care for all Americans are offered.
On the Synchrony between Figure Movement and Sound Change
Authors: Namba Seiichiro , Hayashi Yuki , Wako Shu
Published: May 2005

To know about the correspondence between visual moving objects and auditory signals is useful in the production of image entertainments and multimedia information via communication network systems. In addition, it can contribute to fundamental research into the time perception in different modalities and the phenomenon of synesthesia. Subjective impression of synchrony between visual motion of a disk and auditory signal was examined in this study. The synchronization between the stopping of the motion of a disk on a screen and that of sound seemed to be important for the judgment of synchrony between audio-visual stimuli. The synchronization between the starting points of both stimuli seemed to be less important for the judgment of synchrony. The existence of a visual framework in the screen played little role for the synchrony at the point of stopping.
“Anniversary Reaction”: Important Events and Timing of Death in a Group of Roman Catholic Priests
Authors: Walker Lee , Walker Lawrence D.
Published: May 2005

The death dates of a sample of 1038 Roman Catholic priests from three dioceses were compared with dates of ceremonial (Christmas and Easter) and personal (birthday and day of ordination) anniversaries to test for relationships that might support either a social integration model (postulating a dip before and a rise after in number of deaths around special holidays or anniversaries) or the more psychological opponent-process model, which anticipates a rise and fall of deaths around special dates linked to the affective significance such events carry for the individual. The data were analyzed using chi-square tests for association. There were no meaningful patterns of death around any anniversary. These results suggest either that there is no association between time of death and important anniversaries, or that the important event may be so unique to each individual that it is not amenable to group analysis.
Tone as a Function of Presupposition in Technical and Business Writing
Authors: Riley Kathryn , Parker Frank
Published: May 2005

Current treatments of tone rely on a hit-list approach in which writers are presented with lists of words to avoid and a few do and don't examples. Such treatments, however, do not constitute a theory of why certain linguistic elements create problems in tone. The linguistic concept of presupposition can be used to construct such a theory. Presuppositions are unstated propositions conveyed by the use of certain linguistic expressions called presupposition triggers. These presupposition triggers may convey the writer's beliefs about the truth of a proposition or the writer's value judgments about a proposition. Many problems in tone can be traced to one of two types of conflict between reader and writer: different beliefs about the truth of an implied proposition, and different attitudes toward a proposition whose truth is agreed upon.
Lassie Come Home: A Study of ‘Lost Pet’ Notices
Authors: Kellehear Allan , Fook Jan
Published: May 2005

This is a report of a qualitative, content analysis of 100 “Lost Pet” notices. The aim of the study was to identify what literary techniques people employed to express their loss given a highly diverse public that may, or many not, be sympathetic to expressions of grief over pets. Four notice types were identified: The simple public notice [impersonal] (20%); the simple public notice [personalized] (55%); the personal appeal notice (21%) and; the owner's story notice (4%). The relationship between these styles of writing and public sanctions against open grief are discussed. Directions for future research are identified.
Computers in Early Education: Issues Put to Rest, Theoretical Links to Sound Practice, and the Potential Contribution of Microworlds
Authors: Shade Daniel D. , Watson J. Allen
Published: May 2005

Over the years, since computers were first introduced to early childhood education, much debate and research has centered on the issue of appropriateness. In spite of recent gains in understanding, the debate rages on. The purpose of this article is threefold. First, research evidence is presented taking issue with a number of the most often cited reasons for not including computers in preschool environments. Secondly, a theoretical base for computer use in early childhood is developed which includes: Papert, Piaget, Erikson, and competence development. Finally, direction for software development is offered through review and description of successful microworld programs. It is concluded that the microcomputer, when coupled with appropriate software, has the potential to empower the development of young children.
Community-Based Aids Services: Formalization and Depoliticization
Authors: Cain Roy
Published: May 2005

The 1980s witnessed the development of community-based AIDS service organizations across North America. This article looks at how these community groups can become increasingly formalized and professionalized over time. The article is based on an in-depth examination of one AIDS organization in Ontario, Canada. Interviews were conducted with staff members, volunteers, and board members of the organization, as well as with knowledgeable individuals in the surrounding community. The article identifies ways in which the organization has changed over time, and highlights some of the forces which propel these changes. The article concludes with a discussion of the political implications of the increased formalization of community AIDS groups.
The Glaxo Award: Is the American Public Health Association Moving toward Corporate Governance?
Authors: David Richard
Published: May 2005

The author, member of the American Public Health Association, questions the wisdom of the association's accepting donations from corporate sponsors, whose primary responsibility is not to public health but to their stockholders.
Normal Dimensions of Multiple Personality without Amnesia
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G. , Crosson Melissa , Zalaket Antoinette , White Jerold , Enik Robert
Published: May 2005

A survey for distinguishing the normal and pathological dimensions of multiple personality—the Personal Situations Survey (PSS)—was developed by the authors and tested on 209 college students. Scale A of the PSS was designed to measure Multiple Self-Identity, was normally distributed, and was positively correlated with the normal Absorption/Imagination factor of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). Scale B was designed to measure Multiple Self-Control, was normally distributed, and was positively correlated with the normal Absorption/Imagination factor of the DES. Scale C was designed to measure Recall Amnesia/Source Amnesia, was skewed significantly to the right, and was positively correlated with the pathological Amnestic Dissociation and Derealization/Depersonalization factors of the DES. These results suggest that Multiple Self-Identity and Multiple Self-Control are normal dimensions of multiple personality, and that Recall Amnesia/Source Amnesia is the truly pathological dimension of multiple personality. Discussion focuses on the implication that, in Dissociative Identity Disorder, pathological amnesia for trauma is simply superimposed on any pre-existent normal manifestations of Multiple Self-Identity and Multiple Self-Control.
Competition within Computer-Assisted Cooperative Learning Environments: Cognitive, Affective, and Social Outcomes
Authors: Yu Fu-Yun
Published: May 2005

The effects and implications of embedding the element of competition in computer-assisted cooperative learning situations on student cognitive, affective, and social outcomes were examined in the present study. The results of the statistical analysis showed that cooperation without inter-group competition engendered better attitudes toward the subject matter studied and promoted more positive inter-personal relationships both within and among the learning groups than cooperation with inter-group competition. Furthermore, the exchange of ideas and information both within and among the learning groups tended to be more effective and efficient when cooperation did not take place in the context of inter-group competition. Based on the results of this study and previous research, it was suggested that to promote constructive interactions among participants and to enhance student affective and social developments, cooperation without inter-group competition might be the preferred instructional strategy to adopt, as compared to cooperation with inter-group competition.
The Shape of Things: But Not the Golden Section
Authors: Shortess George K. , Clarke J. Craig , Shannon Kathleen
Published: May 2005

For two-dimensional rectangular objects, a fundamental characteristic is the ratio of height and width. Ratios were calculated for paintings that are both high art and popular art. They show excellent agreement in both the shapes of the distributions and the medians of approximately 1.3. Ratios were calculated for two-dimensional art supplies and other objects. With some exceptions, the representative ratios for many of these objects are also close to 1.3. Two mathematical ratios are suggested. One is 4:3, found in the first Pythagorean triple, the three sides of a right triangle. The other is the plastic number studied by Richard Padovan. Although neither has the status of the golden section, either ratio would be a better candidate for describing the regularity in the proportions of rectangular objects.
Risk Factors for Drug Use in Rural Adolescents
Authors: Farrell Albert D. , Anchors Deborah M. , Danish Steven J. , Howard Catherine W.
Published: May 2005

This study tested the relevance of a risk factor model for predicting drug use among rural adolescents. A questionnaire battery assessing drug use and the presence/absence of twenty risk factors derived from a previous study of urban adolescents was administered to a sample of seventh graders ( N = 235) in the public school system of a rural community. All but one of these risk factors were found to be significantly related to at least one category of drug use. In addition, a risk factor index based on a subset of ten risk factors was significantly associated with the prevalence and frequency of use for cigarettes, beer and wine, hard liquor, marijuana, and other drugs. These findings support the generalizability of a risk factor approach to predicting drug use, and underscore the need for increased prevention and research efforts directed at rural adolescents.
Cryonic Suspension and the Law
Authors: Smith George P. , Hall Clare
Published: May 2005

Three central problems which adversely affect the intriguing use, development, and perfection of the cryonic suspension of individuals are analyzed: the extent to which a physician may be guilty of malpractice in assisting with a suspension – owing to present weaknesses in defining death and coordinate criminal liability attaching theretofor murder; the need for a recognition of suspension; and the present effect of the law's anachronistic treatment of estate devolution upon a cryon – or one undergoing suspension. To meet these difficulties, a partnership is proposed between law and medicine which would respond to challenges to this type of new biology in measured anticipation of the future consequences, rather than with a passive spirit of resignation to things to come.
Technological Integration of a Plato Simulation and Related Variables into Preservice Teacher Education
Authors: Powell Jack V.
Published: May 2005

This study was designed to investigate the influence of a PLATO Simulation and related variables upon the performance of preservice early childhood education majors. Subjects in the study were seventy third- and fourth-quarter seniors. Results showed that students receiving a repeated measure of the simulation performed much better after teaching in K-5 classrooms. Responses to a survey on the use of computers in teacher education using ANOVA revealed a significant difference between experimental and control groups on three subscales and the overall scale values ( p < 0.0001). Experimental also showed more improved performance on unit portfolio products ( p < 0.0013) and cumulative learning tests ( p < 0.0001) than their counterparts. Important implications of this study are that computerized simulation can improve the performance of undergraduate early childhood majors and their response to a survey on the importance and knowledge of computers and attitude toward using them.
Local Government Decision-Making and Access to Primary Physician Services in Norway
Authors: Sørensen Rune , Rongen Gunnar , Grytten Jostein
Published: May 2005

Public responsibility for health care can be justified by ambitious egalitarian objectives, as it is commonly believed that the private sector generates greater disparities than the public sector. Government institutions can be designed to achieve equality in provision of health services. The article addresses the geographical distribution of primary care physicians in Norway, where primary physician services are the responsibility of local governments, primarily financed by general taxation. The authors analyze the allocation of physicians using a local government demand model, a synthesis of consumers' demand and local government resource allocation. Analyses were performed on a panel data set of all Norwegian municipalities covering the period 1986–1992. The results are encouraging. A decentralized system of primary physician services does seem to be fairly effective in securing equity in access to these services for the municipal population. In particular, local governments seem to respond well to the health care needs of their populations. Distribution of physicians is only to a very small extent dependent on the wealth of the municipality.
Portrait Profiles and the Notion of Agency
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan
Published: May 2005

Artists tend to draw portraits from an angle so that more of one side of the subject's face is depicted. The tendency to draw more of the left or right side of the face is influenced by gender, social, and personality characteristics of the subjects, and has changed over time. Several hypotheses have been advanced to account for these orientation biases, including effects of maternal imprinting, hemispheric specialization for emotional expression, hemispheric specialization for facial perception, and some form of symbolic communication. None of these hypotheses seem to account adequately for the range of observations reported thus far. I propose an agency hypothesis, which is based on the fact that right-handed subjects tend to conceptualize agents of actions to the left of where they conceptualize recipients of actions. This hypothesis emerged from studies on the interactions of language and space, and seems in accord with the art observations. The agency hypothesis suggests that remarkably simple spatial schemas influence several cognitive domains, including language and aesthetics.
A New Approach to the Link between Identity and Relative Deprivation in the Perspective of Ageism and Retirement
Authors: Tougas Francine , Lagacé Martine , Sablonnière Roxane De La , Kocum Lucie
Published: May 2005

Although the work force is aging, views regarding older workers remain negative. As a result, complaints of discrimination on the basis of age have increased. This situation prompts the following questions: what leads aging workers to acknowledge disparities between younger workers and themselves, and what are the consequences for aging workers of integrating into their self-image some of the characteristics commonly associated with their cohort? These questions are examined in light of a new approach to the link between identity and relative deprivation. The following hypotheses were included in a predictive model: the more individuals include characteristics of their group into their self-descriptions, the more they experience personal deprivation when comparing their own situation to that of younger workers. These feelings, in turn, affect them during retirement in terms of lowered self-esteem and decreased satisfaction with their life. This model was tested among 149 young retirees. Hypotheses were confirmed, and it was shown that end-of-career experiences have an impact on the situation of young retirees. The more individuals integrated characteristics of aging workers, the more they felt personally deprived as a result of invidious comparisons with young co-workers. The latter also had a negative impact on self-esteem and life satisfaction. Implications of results and new avenues of research are discussed herein.
Public Health Knowledge Levels of Different Types of Jordanian Teachers
Authors: Khalili Khalil Y.
Published: May 2005

This study examines the level of health knowledge of specific categories of Jordanian teachers to see which category is competent enough to teach health as a separate school subject. The Health Awareness Test (HAT) was administered to 670 teachers of whom there were seventy-four science teachers at the compulsory stage, 139 Arabic language teachers at the upper elementary stage, 342 elementary grades teachers, thirty-four high school physics teachers, thirty-three high school chemistry teachers, and forty-eight high school biology teachers. The data analysis revealed that of the target groups, only female teachers of biology, chemistry, and physics and male teachers of biology, reached the acceptable level in knowledge about health as measured by HAT. Sex as well as specialization (the subject the teacher teaches) differences were found to be significant favoring female over male and biology teachers followed by chemistry teachers over the rest of the groups. The interaction between sex and specialization was not significant The implications of the above results for curriculum planning are discussed.
Heritable Anomalies among the Inhabitants of Regions of Normal and High Background Radiation in Kerala: Results of a Cohort Study, 1988–1994
Authors: Padmanabhan V. T. , Sugunan A. P. , Brahmaputhran C. K. , Nandini K. , Pavithran K.
Published: May 2005

In a genetic epidemiological and fertility survey among 70,000 inhabitants in a high-background radiation region (HBRR) and normal radiation region (NRR) in Kerala, India, 985 persons were found to have heritable anomalies. Suggested etiologies for the anomalies were chromosomal and Mendelian, 15 percent; multifactorial, 60 percent; and congenital, 25 percent. There was a statistically significant increase of Down syndrome, autosomal dominant anomalies, and multifactorial diseases and an insignificant increase of autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive anomalies in the HBRR. The total fertility rate was 3.85 per couple; 9 percent of live-born children were reported dead. The rate of untoward pregnancy outcome—death of the offspring or presence of an anomaly in a living child—was 6.4 percent among the unrelated couples in the NRR, with one spouse born outside the area of current residence (“migrant”). Considering this as the base, the excess relative risks in the other groups are: “NRR-nonmigrant,” 35 percent; “HBRR-nonmigrant,” 69 percent; “NRR-consanguineous,” 76 percent; and “NBRR-consanguineous,” 157 percent. Ionizing radiation, consanguinity, and nearness of birthplace of the spouse are risk factors for the death of offspring and for anomalies. The higher risk among the “nonmigrant” couples may be due to geographic inbreeding. The findings are suggestive of an autosomal recessive etiology for the majority of the multifactorial anomalies.
Theory, Research, and Application: Some Critical Issues for Thanatology
Authors: Kastenbaum Robert
Published: May 2005

The current status of thanatological research is illustrated by an examination of a) the most popular line of empirical investigation, and b) the most sweeping theoretical approach yet proposed. Surprisingly, perhaps, there has been little connection between the productive, assembly line type studies of “death anxiety,” and Freud's theory of the “death instinct”–nor have either of these topics had much impact upon terminal care and other practical matters. An exclusive interview with an anonymous death anxiety scale reveals many of the limitations found in this line of research. Wherever else the answer might be found, “Death, where is thy sting?” is a question not likely to be discovered via a fifteen-item fixed-choice instrument. If “death anxiety” research often takes the form of raw and simplistic empiricism, then death instinct theory suffers primarily from mirror-image problems–a conceptualization that strikes many as too philosophical, and which has yet to be linked to clear operational measures. Despite its serious difficulties, the death instinct theory may deserve more attention than it has received from the present generation of thanatologists. Furthermore, death anxiety findings, if used with care, do have some implications for practice. Researchers and practitioners in death-related topics seem to have taken divergent pathways, and give little attention to each other's realm of experience. Better concepts, methods, and applications may require a wider angle of vision among thanatologists.
A Study of Some Results of an Educational Media Course within a Teacher Preparation Program
Authors: McCavitt William
Published: May 2005

This study sought to examine one dimension of the on-the-job behavior of secondary public school teachers who have completed a teacher preparation program at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. More specifically, the study examined the on-the-job behaviors and attitudes of these teachers in the following terms: (1) use of instructional media in the classroom, (2) use of instructional media in making student assignments, (3) use of instructional media in conducting student evaluation, (4) years experience (first year or fifth year teacher), (5) teaching area (behavioral science or physical science).

The data revealed that differences do exist between the secondary teachers in the behavioral sciences in their attitudes toward and use of instructional media in student assignments and evaluation with physical science teachers scoring higher. Study data also seem to indicate that, regardless of the number of years of teaching experience teachers have, attitudes and uses of instructional media differ very little. It should be pointed out, however, that the attitudes and behaviors toward the use of instructional media by first year teachers, as shown by their mean scores, were slightly higher than those with five years teaching experience.
Endocrine Disruption Comes into Regulatory Focus
Authors: Baltz Davis
Published: May 2005

Endocrine disruption has come under regulatory scrutiny since the passage of 1996 federal laws. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) convened the Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC) to develop recommendations for a screening and testing program to assess chemicals' potential to disrupt hormone function.

The committee's September 1998 consensus report is important because it signals that endocrine disruption is a threat which a responsible society has an obligation to address. Furthermore, the program will generate significant new toxicological data.

However, shortcomings in the EPA program will include: inadequate low dose testing; lack of a screening assay that examines early developmental exposure; and mechanisms that substitute “functionally equivalent” information.

Implementation will face serious hurdles: insufficient funding; realistic validation yardsticks; resolution of crucial scientific questions, and political will.

A wide diversity of constituencies appeared before the EDSTAC during public meetings, and the public will stay engaged by commenting on EPA's proposed program and by nominating chemicals for inclusion in the program.

A meaningful response to endocrine disruption exposes a fundamental flaw in traditional risk assessment. If there is no “safe” exposure, there is also no regulatory threshold to identify.
Some Epidemiologic Aspects of Psychosomatic Medicine
Authors: Schwab John J. , Warheit George J. , Bell Roger A. , Schwab Ruby B. , Traven Neal D.
Published: May 2005

Both surveys of physicians' practices and community studies reveal that psychomatic disorders are very prevalent in our society. In a random sample of 1,645 adults, aged seventeen to ninety-two, we found that slightly more than 50 per cent reported at least one psychosomatic symptom “regularly” during the preceding year; 17.3 per cent reported two or more. A profile of the symptomatic shows that they tend to be widowed, separated, or divorced; many were unemployed, retired, or disabled. Examination of associations between certain sociocultural factors and the presence of psychosomatic symptomatology disclosed that, as a group, symptomatic respondents had been neither more nor less mobile than others. Most had relatives and friends nearby but few felt they could request help from either. Most attended church but few engaged in community activities. The symptomatic group appeared to lack meaningful social support systems. The discussion focuses on possible relationships between social change, support systems, and prevalence of psychosomatic symptomatology.
Melancholia, a Model in Madness: A Discussion of Recent Psychobiologic Research into Depressive Illness
Authors: Whybrow Peter , Parlatore Anselm
Published: May 2005

An attempt is made to provide a cohesive conceptual frame upon which may be placed the recent advances in our understanding of the psychobiology of the affective disorders. Major literature in the areas of neurophysiology, endocrinology and biochemistry is reviewed and placed within a dynamic model which draws heavily upon ideas previously put forward by Meyer and von Bertalanffy. Phenomenologic and semantic difficulties which have retarded research in the depressions are also addressed.
Technology, Time, and Space or What Does it Mean to Be Present? A Study of the Culture of a Distance Education Class
Authors: Swartz James D. , Biggs Bobbi
Published: May 2005

Qualitative research methods were used to analyze a three-hour (48 contact hours) distance education course. Analysis suggests that strong teaching skills and classroom management skills were necessary to conduct the course. Far-site independence of movement, talk, and turn taking required special give and take between students and the instructor. Modifications of ordinary class behavior on the part of students and the instructor were noted. In addition, the ramifications of separation by time and space between instructors and students were discussed. Technologies allow communication across time and space but this separation becomes an artifact of some emerging technologies. Is separation in time and space a problematic phenomenon? An important question may be: What, if anything, does it mean to be physically present?
The Minimization of Travel Effort as a Delineating Influence for Urban Hospital Service Areas
Authors: Studnicki James
Published: May 2005

Using a study population of 16,080 live births occurring to residents of Baltimore City in 16 hospitals in 1969, this research measured the existing flow of these patients against the flow “expected” in an optimal accessibility model (where each birth would occur at the hospital with the shortest travel time to the residence of the mother). The results of the study indicate that there is a general pattern of distance minimizing in travel for hospital admission with 50 per cent of the births occurring to women who travelled to one of the four closest hospitals of the 16 alternatives. However, a surprisingly large proportion (20 per cent) of the study population exhibited extreme spatial inefficiency by traveling to those four hospitals of the 16 alternatives which were farthest from their residence. A stepwise regression analysis identified five variables which best explained variation in the spatial efficiency of these urban obstetrical patients: low hospital occupancy, high total hospital admissions, average extra travel time potential (a measure of the difficulty of “spatial choices” facing patients depending upon the location of their residence with respect to the alternative hospitals), race, and the importance of the hospital's obstetrical service (a ratio of births to total admissions).
The Effects of Priming on Children's Attitudes Toward Older Individuals
Authors: Hoe Sony , Davidson Denise
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the present research was to examine younger (7-years-old) and older (10-years-old) children's attitudes toward older individuals following one type of five primes: positive prime, negative prime, elderly prime, grandparent prime, or neutral prime. Overall, children's attitudes on three tests—Apperception, Semantic Differential, and Attribute Salience—were affected by the type of prime children were given, with positive and grandparent primes resulting in more positive views toward older individuals than negative, elderly, or neutral (control group) primes. The present research provides evidence that priming the most accessible cognitions about an individual can affect even young children's perception of the individual. These results are discussed in terms of category-based and data-driven processing and may explain the disparate findings obtained in previous studies that have shown the children's attitudes toward older individuals are sometimes negative, whereas other studies have shown that children's attitudes are more positive or neutral.
“Unattached” Clauses in Technical Writing
Authors: Jordan Michael P.
Published: May 2005

The views concerning “dangling participles” of grammarians, usage experts and authors of books on technical writing are reviewed and compared. Although many unattached clauses are clearly unacceptable, some are less objectionable and still others are acceptable practice. Absolute constructions and other clause-relational participial, infinitival and verbless clauses need no attachment to a proximate noun or noun phrase, and logical clauses that are not attached to a noun are shown as normal, acceptable use. Even clearly adjectival clauses are often unattached when followed by the passive voice, intransitives and several other grammatical structures; clauses between the subject and verb and at the end of the sentence are also often not attached to the immediately preceding noun. Cultural (perhaps also gender) differences between humanistic teachers and task-oriented engineers are noted as possible causes of different viewpoints regarding the use of unattached participles, and greater acceptance of the many acceptable forms of unattached clauses is argued.
The Health Belief Model as a Predictor of Repeat Pregnancies among Jamaican Teenage Mothers
Authors: Drayton Vonna Lou Caleb , Montgomery Susanne B. , Modeste Naomi N. , Frye-Anderson Barbara A.
Published: May 2005

This historical cohort study investigated whether dimensions of the expanded Health Belief Model (HBM), the theoretical framework most applicable to the Women's Center Jamaica Foundation (WCJF) Program for Adolescent Mothers, can be applied to predict the occurrence of repeat pregnancies among teen mothers. A random sample ( n = 260) of primiparous Jamaican adolescent mothers 16 years and under who gave birth in 1994 in the parishes of Kingston & St. Andrew, St. Catherine, and Manchester was selected from vital records and interviewed in 1998 for this study. Multivariate analyses indicated that in addition to WCJF program participation, perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, and perceived benefits were significant ( p < .05) independent predictors of repeat pregnancy. We recommend the HBM as a useful tool to identify participants who are more likely to experience one or more repeat pregnancies.
Evaluation Techniques for Individualized Instruction: Revision and Summative Evaluation
Authors: Englert Duwayne C. , Bedient Douglas , Garoian George S.
Published: May 2005

The initiation of an information delivery system that differs from the typical lecture-laboratory format of a course always presents concerns for both the instructor and students. The success of a new system can only be measured through a careful summative evaluation process. This article describes the process of the gathering and analysis of summative data for a slide/audio-tape self-instruction program on animal diversity in an introductory zoology course. Included also are some aspects of the continuing process of review and refined revision of the instructional delivery system as it applies directly to summative evaluation. The self-instruction program involves five individual units covering important topics in animal diversity. These topics are taxonomy, animal protists (protozoans), lower vs. higher invertebrates, and chordates.
Politics, Social Welfare Policy, and the Population Problem in Latin America
Authors: Malloy James M. , Borzutzky Silvia
Published: May 2005

This paper examines the interaction between social welfare policies and the “population problem” in Latin America. It demonstrates that social security programs, by reinforcing highly unequal patterns of stratification, have had a largely negative effect on population issues in the region. Social security policy in turn is analyzed as a particular political adaptation to the realities of dependent capitalist development. As a result, the population problem in Latin America is viewed less as a product of mindless demographic forces than as a politically induced reality stemming from the accumulated impact and negative consequences of a variety of consciously formulated public policies.
Alcohol Misuse in South African Male Adolescents: A Qualitative Investigation
Authors: Ziervogel C. F. , Ahmed N. , Flisher A. J. , Robertson B. A.
Published: May 2005

Previous investigations of risk behaviors among high-school students in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, revealed a high prevalence of binge drinking among boys. Qualitative methods were used to identify and gain insights into the social context of alcohol misuse in male adolescents. Two focus groups were held with eight adolescent binge drinkers. The content of the discussions were analyzed using the grounded theory method. Three key findings emerged. First, adolescents drink because they derive benefits from the use or misuse of alcohol, such as increased self-confidence and adult status. Factors which facilitate the use of alcohol include the alleviation of boredom, experimentation, peer pressure, and parental influences. Second, participants attributed negative characteristics to teetotallers such as being conservative and immature. Binge drinkers were attributed negative characteristics such as lacking self-control and self-respect. Moderate drinkers were attributed with positive characteristics such as being mature and socially adept. Finally, the influential role of alcohol promoting advertising was highlighted. Although participants minimized the effects of advertising it was clear that it played a role in their perception of themselves and of their peers especially with respect to drinking behaviors. The findings suggest some useful prevention strategies among adolescent males at risk for alcohol misuse.
Perception of the Raison D'Ětre in Anchored Instruction: An Ecological Psychology Perspective
Authors: Young Michael F. , Barab Sasha A.
Published: May 2005

In this study we provide evidence that video anchors encourage students to adopt certain contrived goals over their more naturalistic goals. Well designed goals are those that increase the probability that students will detect the raison d‘être of content information as they work toward the contrived goal. In those cases where problem solvers detect the raison d’être of the material, transfer should be enhanced. In experiment 1, participants worked with hypermedia in which either an anchor problem was posed, or they were preparing for a test. They were grouped based on their report of adopting one of four goals. Results showed 72 percent of students assigned the anchor reported their goals as “to solve a meaningful problem,” and students with such goals showed constrained navigation toward relevant information and significantly higher learning efficiency scores than students with any of the other goals. In experiment 2, results demonstrated that when an anchor encourages students to adopt goals that increase the probability that they will detect the raison d‘être of the material, transfer is enhanced. Individuals assigned the anchor reconstructed significantly more information and detected qualitatively different information in a brief transfer video. Goals that enable the problem solver to detect the raison d’être of information enhance learning, focus navigation within nonlinear text, and afford transfer.
Social and Behavioural Baseline for Guiding Implementation of an Efficacy Trial of Insecticide Impregnated Bed Nets for Malaria Control at Nsukka, Nigeria
Authors: Brieger W. R. , Nwankwo E. , Ezike V. I. , Sexton J. D. , Breman J. G. , Parker K. A. , Ekanem O. J. , Robinson T.
Published: May 2005

Insecticide impregnated bed nets are being tested in many tropical areas as a major tool to control malaria. In a few African countries, there is a history of local bed net production and use, while in most others, ownership of commercially-produced nets is rare due to high costs relative to local income. Such variations in pre-existing bed net use behavior must be studied prior to designing new intervention trials. A “baseline” diagnostic study in Nsukka Local Government of Enugu State, Nigeria, found that local beliefs about malaria causation, which include heat from the sun and hard work, may reduce the perceived efficacy of bed nets as an appropriate malaria control action. While the belief that mosquitos can cause malaria increased with level of formal education, the study also documented that educated people simultaneously hold both indigenous and scientific perceptions about malaria. Although the project provided bed nets, curtains and residual house spray for free, long-term sustainability may be influenced by the main constraint to current ownership of a bed net, i.e., cost. Issues, such as concern about feeling hot under the nets, a tendency to sleep outside during the hot dry season, and variations in people's ideas about what constitutes a malaria episode, point to the need to monitor the bed net intervention. This is recommended as a means of learning how people perceive the efficacy of the nets, whether they use them correctly and whether the intervention can be sustained and integrated into local primary health care programs.
Case Reports of Psychiatric Disturbance in Patients with Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: Ochitill Herbert N. , Perl Mark , Dilley James , Volberding Paul
Published: May 2005

Two cases that typify the psychiatric disturbances seen in patients with Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are described. Given the increasing incidence of this disorder, the authors recommend that psychiatrists become more familiar with its psychiatric manifestations.
College Students' Collaborative Use of Inspiration™ to Generate Concept Maps in an Educational Technology Class
Authors: Gilbert Nancy J. , Greene Barbara A.
Published: May 2005

Presented is a qualitative study of five groups of college students using Inspiration™ to construct concept maps in an educational technology class. Analyses addressed how the maps changed during the semester, how the course concepts were applied in a final project, and whether or not students reported that the concept mapping activity facilitated their learning. Participants easily learned to use Inspiration™ for developing concept maps. Findings suggest that the concept maps did reflect student learning and that when done in collaboration seemed to facilitate learning. However, collaboration did not come easily or successfully to two of the five groups. The final projects of students who were in problematic groups were less sophisticated than those developed by students who did work collaboratively on their concept maps. An important implication is that students need to be provided with more assistance in successful collaboration to effectively use the concept mapping tool.
The Somatizing Patient in General Practice
Authors: Verhaak P. F. M. , Tijhuis M. A. R.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

The exploratory study described in this article followed two groups of patients over a twelve-month period. Subjects were drawn from a pool of patients who had consulted their general practitioner during the three-month selection period. One group consisted of patients who had consulted their general practitioner at least once about a physical complaint that the GP regarded as predominantly psychosocial; these patients did not articulate complaints of an explicitly mental or social nature. The second group was characterized by the fact that its members voiced precisely such mental or social complaints.

Method:

The study investigated the extent to which the two groups (which were comparable in the severity of their complaints) differ with respect to patient characteristics such as the severity of their possible psychological problems, the frequency with which they visited their GPs, and the types of complaints—e.g. mental, psychosomatic and purely physical—they presented.

Results:

It was found that patients in the first group, whose somatic complaints were seen to have a psychosocial basis, are not the dependent types generally mentioned in theories about somatization. In fact, they adopt a more independent attitude to the GP than do patients voicing mental complaints. There are indications that for “somatizing” patients, underlying mental problems are less important than for “psychologizing” patients.

Conclusions:

Both the somatizing patients and the psychologizing patients continued very frequent visits to their GP during the 12-month research period, although chiefly to address physical complaints that the GP also assessed as such.
Seven Things Every Trainer Must Know about Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Kundu Mahima Ranjan
Published: May 2005

This article provides information about the prospects and limitations of the Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems as they relate to training systems and educational programs. The article describes the potential benefits of expert systems and how it can be gainfully employed in training environment, industry, and business management to perform complex jobs. The limitations of the applications of the Artificial Intelligence are discussed as some tend to believe that human mind and computers think alike and AI machines can function like a real expert in every aspect of training and education.
Dying in a Hospital Intensive Care Unit: The Social Significance for the Family of the Patient
Authors: Sherizen Sanford , Paul Lester
Published: May 2005

A four month study of the relatives of patients who died in the Intensive Care Unit of a large Midwestern Hospital was prepared. Four factors related to the Intensive Care Unit (structure of the unit, staff feedback as modification, changes in the physical status of the patient, and role switching) were found to have important influences on the family-patient interaction. Interaction, in turn, had an effect on the family's grieving process. The dynamics of the family interaction-grieving process is illustrated in the following schema:

It was found that, for the family, the critical aspect of the patient's situation was not the illness and death, per se, but rather the means by which the family was able to become involved with the patient. Structured as it was, the I.C.U. became a major constraint upon the family's ability to face the death of the patient.
Joint Effects of Chroma and Value on Spatial Balance of Color Pairs
Authors: Morriss Robert H. , Dunlap William P.
Published: May 2005

Previous research has shown that for two areas of color to appear spatially balanced, small areas of high chroma (saturation) balance larger areas of low chroma. For colors of different value (lightness), subjects prefer a narrow band of either the light or the dark color, avoiding equal areas when values differ. Theories of color balance [1,2] treat both value and chroma; therefore, the purpose of the present research was to study spatial balance of stimuli that varied in both aspects. Value and chroma were varied in equal Munsell steps (Experiment 1), and in approximately equal perceptual units (Experiment 2), because value has a much smaller just noticeable difference (jnd) than chroma. In Experiment 1, both value and chroma affected balance in patterns very similar to their effects when varied alone. In Experiment 2 chroma alone affected balance. Munsell's theory fit the data better than Moon and Spencer's, but neither adequately described the complex way value affects balance on a neutral gray background.
Designing Hypermedia Systems for Instruction
Authors: Yang Chia-Shing , Moore David M.
Published: May 2005

In recent years, hypermedia has been widely adopted in education. However, negative effects have been reported. There is not much “instruction” in existing hypermedia systems. Also, most hypermedia designs are based on the capabilities of technology, not on instructional theories or research Findings. This article explored the principles and theories relevant to the design of effective hypermedia courseware. The micro-design, which concerns the designing of discrete screens, discussed guidelines in five categories: information formats, language usages, highlighting techniques, operating directions, and screen layouts. The macro-design, which addresses the interrelationships of screens, explored the content organization and presentation flow of hypermedia systems. Finally, a courseware template and a real product were constructed to exemplify the designing principles of “instructional” hypermedia systems.