bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemosensory mechanisms of host seeking and infectivity in skin-penetrating nematodes
Authors: Gang Spencer S. , Castelletto Michelle L. , Yang Emily , Ruiz Felicitas , Brown Taylor M. , Bryant Astra S. , Grant Warwick N. , Hallem Elissa A.
Published: July 2020

Significance

Skin-penetrating nematodes are a major cause of morbidity worldwide. The infective larvae of these parasites actively search for humans to infect, but how they do this is poorly understood. We show that infective larvae have chemosensory preferences that are distinct from those of noninfective adults, which may ensure that only infective larvae host seek. We find that human-parasitic hookworms and threadworms have highly divergent chemosensory behaviors, suggesting they may use distinct strategies for finding and infecting humans. Finally, we show that the
S. stercoralis tax-4
gene is required for attraction to a human-emitted odorant and in-host development. Our results suggest that chemosensory pathways mediated by
Ss-tax-4
are important for the ability of infective larvae to find and infect human hosts.
Strong ergodicity breaking in aging of mean-field spin glasses
Authors: Bernaschi Massimo , Billoire Alain , Maiorano Andrea , Parisi Giorgio , Ricci-Tersenghi Federico
Published: July 2020

Significance

Understanding the relaxation dynamics on complex energy landscapes is a key aspect not only for physical processes but also for many applications where the minimization of a complicated cost function is required. Mean-field models with disorder have been and still are the privileged playing field to try to understand such complex dynamical behavior. We report the results of extraordinary long numerical simulations (more than

2

64

spin updates) of the prototypical mean-field model of spin glasses. We uncover that, contrary to common expectation, the off-equilibrium aging dynamics at low temperatures undergoes a strong ergodicity breaking and thus asymptotically remains trapped in a confined region of the configurational space. Our results ask for a fundamental revision of models for the aging dynamics.
Dynamic CCN3 expression in the murine CNS does not confer essential roles in myelination or remyelination
Authors: de la Vega Gallardo Nira , Penalva Rosana , Dittmer Marie , Naughton Michelle , Falconer John , Moffat Jill , de la Fuente Alerie G. , Hombrebueno José R. , Lin Zhiyong , Perbal Bernard , Ingram Rebecca J. , Evergren Emma , Fitzgerald Denise C.
Published: July 2020

Significance

Remyelination is a natural regenerative process driven by oligodendrocytes that occurs following myelin damage. Understanding this process holds therapeutic value for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, in which remyelination can fail. CCN3 is a matricellular protein previously reported to enhance oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation and myelination in vitro and ex vivo. Here, we show that despite extensive and dynamic expression in the murine CNS in homeostasis and following toxin-induced myelin damage, CCN3 is not required for myelination or remyelination in vivo. Yet, the anatomically distinct expression pattern suggests unidentified roles of CCN3 in a range of neurological processes. This investigation provides a framework for future investigations of the expression and role of CCN proteins in the CNS.
Human TRIM5α senses and restricts LINE-1 elements
Authors: Volkmann Bianca , Wittmann Sabine , Lagisquet Justine , Deutschmann Janina , Eissmann Kristin , Ross James J. , Biesinger Brigitte , Gramberg Thomas
Published: July 2020

Significance

LINE-1 retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that have significantly contributed to the evolution of our genome. However, unhindered LINE-1 mobility can be detrimental and cause various genetic disorders. Here, we identify the antiviral protein TRIM5α as host factor that controls LINE-1 elements and protects our genome from novel insertions. In addition, we show that TRIM5α recognizes LINE-1 ribonucleoprotein complexes as a molecular pattern and initiates innate immune signaling upon sensing. Thus, our findings confirm the role of TRIM5α as pattern recognition receptor in innate immunity and uncover its important role in safeguarding the genome against endogenous mobile genetic elements.
Enhanced mixing across the gyre boundary at the Gulf Stream front
Authors: Wenegrat Jacob O. , Thomas Leif N. , Sundermeyer Miles A. , Taylor John R. , D’Asaro Eric A. , Klymak Jody M. , Shearman R. Kipp , Lee Craig M.
Published: July 2020

Significance

The Gulf Stream front separates the North Atlantic subtropical and subpolar ocean gyres, which have very distinct physical, biological, and chemical properties. Exchange across the front is believed to be important for both ocean circulation and biological productivity; however, the physical mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. Here, we present direct observational evidence of enhanced mixing across the north wall of the Gulf Stream. High-resolution simulations suggest that the presence of the sharp density front, not typically resolved in ocean-circulation models, is central to generating the observed mixing. Interpreting the observations in terms of the flux of freshwater and nutrients across the Gulf Stream north wall suggests an important mechanism of exchange that has not been fully explored.
Mammalian deltavirus without hepadnavirus coinfection in the neotropical rodent
Proechimys semispinosus
Authors: Paraskevopoulou Sofia , Pirzer Fabian , Goldmann Nora , Schmid Julian , Corman Victor Max , Gottula Lina Theresa , Schroeder Simon , Rasche Andrea , Muth Doreen , Drexler Jan Felix , Heni Alexander Christoph , Eibner Georg Joachim , Page Rachel A. , Jones Terry C. , Müller Marcel A. , Sommer Simone , Glebe Dieter , Drosten Christian
Published: July 2020

Significance

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) aggravates hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection of liver cells. Although the viruses are evolutionarily unrelated, HDV depends on HBV because it requires the HBV envelope protein for its transmission. HDV is only described in humans, which has triggered diverse hypotheses regarding its evolution and origins. Here we show that spiny rats (
Proechimys semispinosus
) carry a counterpart to HDV that surprisingly does not cause hepatitis and is not linked to HBV. The rodent deltavirus finding alone, but also taken together with the recent deltavirus findings in snakes and other vertebrates and invertebrates, suggests that a deltavirus precursor may have infected mammals before it acquired dependence on HBV as seen in humans.
Tracking the reach of COVID-19 kin loss with a bereavement multiplier applied to the United States
Authors: Verdery Ashton M. , Smith-Greenaway Emily , Margolis Rachel , Daw Jonathan
Published: July 2020

Significance

COVID-19 has created a mortality shock throughout the world, and it may yield a second wave of population health concerns tied to bereavement and social support reductions. We created the COVID-19 bereavement multiplier, an indicator that clarifies one downstream impact of COVID-19 mortality and can be applied to different epidemiological projections of death counts: How many people are at risk for losing a grandparent, parent, sibling, spouse, or child for each COVID-19 death. In the United States, we estimate that on average, under diverse epidemiological circumstances, every death from COVID-19 will leave approximately nine bereaved. Studying how acute mortality crises reverberate through a population in the form of bereavement multipliers expands understandings of the social impacts of health crises.
Phonetic characteristics of filled pauses in Hungarian-English
bilingual and Hungarian monolingual speech
Authors: Bóna Judit , Jordanidisz Ágnes , Auszmann Anita , Bunta Ferenc
Published: July 2020

We analyzed Hungarian filled pauses produced by
monolingual Hungarian-speaking children (ages 6 to 9 years) and
their bilingual Hungarian- and English-speaking peers in connected
speech samples to investigate whether the hesitations produced by
the groups would differ due to cross-linguistic influences on
bilingual children’s speech or adhere to the phonology of the target
language in both groups. Our results indicated specific effects of
English on Hungarian filled pauses of our bilingual participants. At
the same time, the Hungarian hesitations produced by both groups
largely adhered to the phonology of the target language, reinforcing
the notion that speech and language acquisition in bilinguals
differs – at least in some respects – from speech patterns produced
by monolingual peers (cf. Grosjean, 1989).
Current developments in bilingual primary education in the
Netherlands
Authors: de Graaff Rick , Costache Oana
Published: July 2020

This contribution addresses two studies of the
processes and outcomes of English as a foreign language (EFL) in Dutch
primary education. Firstly, this article describes a preliminary
study of the learning outcomes at the end of primary education,
comparing pupils’ language proficiency after either two years or six to
eight years of low-intensity EFL programs. Secondly, it describes
the outcomes of a subsequent classroom observation study in a
high-intensity bilingual primary education pilot in grade 1,
focusing on teacher language use and teacher-pupil interaction.
Results are related to learning outcome in terms of pupils’
receptive vocabulary knowledge. Conclusions focus on foreign
language teaching in primary education in general, and bilingual
primary education in particular.
Speech perception in French immersion students in Western
Canada
Authors: Li Fangfang , Netelenbos Nicole
Published: July 2020

The present study reports on stop consonant
perception of voice onset time (VOT) in Anglophone children enrolled
in a French immersion (FI) elementary school in Western Canada.
Fifty-seven children in grades 1, 3, and 5 were tested in both
English and French for the three pairs of stops (/p/-/b/, /t/-/d/,
and /k/-/g/). They were asked to identify words that begin with
these stop consonants when listening to the audio prompts. We found
that FI students’ French perception exhibits language-appropriate VOT
boundaries for all three pairs but they have difficulty with
identifying French voiced stops. Children’s French perception
remains constant across grades. Our findings highlight the role
played by educational context and the social status of L2 in second
language learning.
Phonological development
Authors: Bernhardt Barbara May , Stemberger Joseph P.
Published: July 2020

In recent years, research in child language
acquisition has expanded beyond English and Euro-Western contexts.
Canada’s multilingual population and commitments to revitalization
of First Nations languages and education underscore the importance
of such research. Knowledge of both monolingual/monocultural and
multilingual/cross-cultural contexts for language acquisition is a
vital foundation for development of culturally safe and relevant
educational and intervention programs. The following paper provides
perspectives on crosslinguistic, cross-cultural research by
presenting an overview of two research streams: (1) a
crosslinguistic study of monolingual phonological development in 17
countries and several language groups; and (2) studies in indigenous
contexts in Canada and Mexico. The chapter concludes with
implications for future research and practice.
Teaching and learning about Spanish L2 compliments in short-term study abroad
Authors: Mir Montserrat
Published: July 2020

The case for pragmatics instruction in second language (L2) learning has been evidenced by empirical research, although investigations within the context of study abroad are more limited. The objective of this article is to detail the impact of a pedagogical intervention which included explicit teaching and ethnographic field work on the learning of Spanish compliments and compliment responses during a four-week study abroad program. Despite their restricted exposure to the target language community, the 20 participants in the study demonstrated approximation to native norms in their complimenting behavior. These results support the positive benefits of exploiting exposure to the TL community to aid pragmatics instruction in the classroom.
Linguistic and motivational changes of a German adolescent student in New Zealand
Authors: Sauer Luzia
Published: July 2020

This paper reports on the findings of a 15-year-old German girl’s motivational and linguistic experiences during her one-semester study abroad (SA) in New Zealand. Chiara primarily interacted in social settings with either locals (e.g. homestay) or other Germans (e.g. school breaks). This paper investigates the nature of her second language (L2) learning motivation in different social settings, as elicited in interviews, reports and blog entries; and the dynamics of her oral L2 development, as captured in six interviews. The findings show that Chiara’s L2 motivation was highly situational: she only made significant efforts in L2 use when she considered the specific social setting valuable for reaching non-linguistic goals and when it validated her sense of self. The linguistic findings, measured in language complexity, accuracy, lexis and fluency (CALF) demonstrated that Chiara improved her already highly functioning oral skills during SA – especially fluency and accuracy – despite inconsistent L2 interactions.
The influence of a study abroad program on Japanese university students’ motivation and the elaboration of motivational L2 selves
Authors: Matsumoto Masanori
Published: July 2020

Three university students from Japan on a five-week study-abroad program in Australia participated in a case study
that investigated the impact of L2 learning experiences on changes in their motivation, especially in relation to development of
their ‘Motivational L2 Selves’ as introduced by Dörnyei (2009). The study collected
both qualitative and quantitative data in three interviews and weekly learning logs during the program. The results from the
learning logs showed an upward trend in the level of motivational intensity as the program proceeded, with the participants’
positive perception of environmental factors. The study confirmed that learner perception of the same motivational factor could
vary, and perception can be affected by their prior learning experience and L1 culture. The study, however, failed to provide
positive evidence that the study abroad program can help the elaboration of the L2 Self, although the learning experiences in the
L2 context enhanced their instrumental motivation.
Signature-Based Model-Independent Searches at the Large Hadron Collider: An Experimental Strategy Aiming at Safeness in a Theory-Dependent Way
Authors: Beauchemin Pierre-Hugues
Published: July 2020

Signature-based model-independent (SBMI) searches for new physics form an explorative component of High Energy Physics experiments that aims at avoiding biases toward beyond-the-standard-model theories. In order to maximize their chances of meeting their objectives, however, SBMI searches must be guided by theory about the target phenomena. They correspond to strategy-driven experiments as defined by Koray Karaca, in contrast to Friedrich Steinle’s conception of explorative experiments. A concept of type II safeness is proposed to explain how the objectives of the experiment introduce theory dependence in the search strategy. Empirical evidence obtained from Large Hadron Collider experiments can therefore not avoid dependence on theory.
Towards a Taxonomy of the Model-Ladenness of Data
Authors: Bokulich Alisa
Published: July 2020

Model-data symbiosis is the view that there is an interdependent and mutually beneficial relationship between data and models, whereby models are data-laden and data are model-laden. In this article I elaborate and defend the second, more controversial, component of the symbiosis view and construct a taxonomy of the different ways in which theoretical and simulation models are used in the production of data sets. Each is defined and briefly illustrated with an example from the geosciences. I argue that model-filtered data are typically more accurate and reliable than so-called raw data and, hence, beneficially serve the epistemic aims of science.
Crowding out Memetic Explanation
Authors: Cao Rosa
Published: July 2020

Memes have been proposed to explain wide swathes of human culture and language use. I argue that what is really doing the explanatory work in many of these cases is a basic mechanism of information transmission, which is distinct from memetic evolution by natural selection in significant ways. Perhaps the most significant of these is that information transmission depends primarily on the interests of the users of information, rather than the reproductive interests of the informational entities—‘memes’—themselves. Although my main target is memetic approaches, this argument also applies to some other, nonmemetic, theories of cultural evolution.
Epidemiological Evidence: Use at Your ‘Own Risk’?
Authors: Fuller Jonathan
Published: July 2020

What meaning does epidemiological evidence have for the individual? In evidence-based medicine, epidemiological evidence measures the patient’s risk of the outcome or the change in risk due to an intervention. The patient’s risk is commonly understood as an individual probability. The problem of understanding epidemiological evidence and risk thus becomes the challenge of interpreting individual patient probabilities. I argue that the patient’s risk is interpreted ontically, as a propensity. After exploring formidable problems with this interpretation in the medical context, I propose an epistemic reinterpretation of individual patient probabilities as credences. On this view, epidemiological evidence informs medical uncertainty.
How Many Organisms during a Pregnancy?
Authors: Grose Jonathan
Published: July 2020

Mammalian placental pregnancy is a neglected problem case for theories of organismality. This example is closer to home than those typically discussed within philosophy of biology. I apply evolutionary and immunological accounts of organismality to the “counting question”: How many organisms are present during a placental pregnancy? I conclude that an evolutionary approach yields the answer two, because of bottlenecking, germ-soma sequestration, and sexual recombination. By contrast, an immunological approach answers one, because of pervasive interactions across the placenta. This analysis expands and refines recent work on a biologically informed metaphysics of pregnancy, an undertheorized area of philosophy of science.
Biological Individuality, Pregnancy, and (Mammalian) Reproduction
Authors: Kingma Elselijn
Published: July 2020

Mammals are usually considered unproblematic as biological individuals. This article contends the opposite. Once we consider pregnancy, criteria for biological individuality are not easily applicable in mammals and give conflicting results: mammalian pregnancy poses a problem for biological individuality. This may open fruitful new approaches to biological individuality and is of relevance to metaphysicians interested in (human) organisms.
Mate Choice and Null Models
Authors: Kovaka Karen
Published: July 2020

Biologists have proposed a variety of explanations for extravagant sexual displays, and controversies over explanations define the history of sexual selection research. Recently, Richard Prum has defended Darwin’s idea that the evolution of sexual displays is driven by arbitrary and nonadaptive preferences of potential mates. Prum argues that this explanation should be the null model for sexual selection research. I show that if we adopted Prum’s proposal, the inferences we could be justified in making are more modest than he claims. I also discuss problems with estimating model parameters that at present prevent his proposal from being useful in practice.
The Reference Class Problem for Credit Valuation in Science
Authors: Lee Carole J.
Published: July 2020

Scholars belong to multiple communities of credit simultaneously. When these communities disagree about a scholarly achievement’s credit assignment, this raises a puzzle for decision and game theoretic models of credit seeking in science. The reference class problem for credit valuation in science is the problem of determining to which of an agent’s communities—which reference class—credit determinations should be indexed for an act under some state of nature. Solving this problem requires developing rich, mutually informed theories of community and credit that are sensitive to the structure and status systems of complex, heterogeneous scholarly networks.
Models and Fictions: Not So Similar after All?
Authors: Levy Arnon
Published: July 2020

A number of philosophers draw a close analogy between scientific modeling and fiction, often appealing to Kendall Walton’s make-believe view. I assess the models-fictions analogy from a cognitive angle, suggesting that from this perspective it appears relatively weak. More specifically, I argue that, on the one hand, the appeal to Walton is appropriate inasmuch as his view fits well with how modelers employ the imagination. On the other hand, what makes Walton’s view attractive as an account of the cognitive aspects of modeling makes it less attractive as an account of fiction.
Positional Information and the Measurement of Specificity
Authors: Love Alan C.
Published: July 2020

Philosophical discussions of information and specificity in biology are now commonplace, but no consensus exists about whether the privileging of genetic causation in investigation and explanation is justified. However, little effort has been expended on understanding practices when scientists experimentally measure information or causal specificity. An example of this type of practice—measuring positional information in gene expression during pattern formation in embryogenesis—shows that biologists are unconcerned with comparing the amount of information in genes with that of other factors. Instead, they focus on whether the measured causal specificity explains the phenomenon under scrutiny.
Searching for Signatures
Authors: Mättig Peter , Stöltzner Michael
Published: July 2020

Since the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012, particle physicists have not found any statistically significant deviations from the Standard Model. This has led to a shift of emphasis from model testing to exploration and an increasing popularity of ‘model-independent’ experimental approaches. Our goal is to analyze this shift by focusing on particle and event signatures. A differentiated picture of experimentation emerges between the extremes of theory guidance and theory-free exploration. Using the example of the top quark, we distinguish four types of motivations for the study of physics processes.
Validating the Universe in a Box
Authors: Smeenk Chris , Gallagher Sarah C.
Published: July 2020

Computer simulations of the formation and evolution of large-scale structure in the universe are integral to the enterprise of modern cosmology. Establishing the reliability of these simulations has been extremely challenging, primarily because of epistemic opacity. In this setting, robustness analysis defined by requiring converging outputs from a diverse ensemble of simulations is insufficient to determine simulation validity. We propose an alternative path of structured code validation that applies eliminative reasoning to isolate and reduce possible sources of error, a potential path that is already being explored by some cosmologists.
Toward the Emergence of Nontrivial Compositionality
Authors: Steinert-Threlkeld Shane
Published: July 2020

All natural languages exhibit a distinction between content words (nouns, verbs, etc.) and function words (determiners, auxiliaries, tenses, etc.). Yet surprisingly little has been said about the emergence of this universal architectural feature of human language. This article argues that the existence of this distinction requires the presence of nontrivial compositionality and identifies assumptions that have previously been made in the literature that provably guarantee only trivial composition. It then presents a signaling game with variable contexts and shows how the distinction can emerge via reinforcement learning.
Equivalence and Duality in Electromagnetism
Authors: Weatherall James Owen
Published: July 2020

In this article I bring the recent philosophical literature on theoretical equivalence to bear on dualities in physics. Focusing on electromagnetic duality, which is a simple example of S-duality in string theory, I show that the duality fits naturally into at least one framework for assessing equivalence—that of categorical equivalence—but that it fails to meet a necessary condition for equivalence on that account. The reason is that the duality does not preserve “empirical content” in the required sense; instead, it takes models to models with “dual” empirical content. I conclude by discussing how one might react to this.
Near-Decomposability and the Timescale Relativity of Causal Representations
Authors: Weinberger Naftali
Published: July 2020

A common strategy for simplifying complex systems involves partitioning them into subsystems whose behaviors are roughly independent of one another at shorter timescales. Dynamic causal models clarify how doing so reveals a system’s nonequilibrium causal relationships. Here I use these models to elucidate the idealizations and abstractions involved in representing a system at a timescale. The models reveal that key features of causal representations—such as which variables are exogenous—may vary with the timescale at which a system is considered. This has implications for debates regarding which systems can be represented causally.
Sliding Mode ADRC Control Strategy for Three-Phase Vienna Rectifier
Authors: Feng Xingtian , Cui Xiao
Published: July 2020

Vienna rectifier is a nonlinear, strong coupling, multi-variable system. In order to improve the static and dynamic response of the Vienna rectifier output voltage performance, this paper adopts the combination of sliding mode and the ADRC(auto-disturbance rejection control) control strategy in the voltage outer loop. When the system is started, the output voltage can quickly track the given value without overshoot. When the load is switched, the output voltage fluctuates less and can quickly recover to the given value, which improves the anti-interference ability of the system. Simulation results verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Experimental Study on Adaptability of Fully-immersed Liquid Cooling IGBT Module
Authors: Wen Yingke , Ruan Lin , Yu Shunzhou , Zhu Keke
Published: July 2020

IGBT converter valve is the core component of the flexible HVDC transmission system, and the failure caused by the thermal problem and the decrease of equipment reliability become the bottleneck of the development of flexible HVDC transmission technology toward large capacity. It is experimentally proved to be an effective way to reduce the junction temperature of IGBT module by using the fully-immersed liquid cooling technology. In this paper, the operation reliability of IGBT module immersed in the liquid cooling medium is studied by carrying out the adaptability experiment of fully-immersed liquid cooling IGBT module. The operation process of fully-immersed liquid cooling IGBT module is monitored, and the research methods of signal observation and energy spectrum analysis are used to diagnose the failed IGBT module in the experiment. The failure mode and cause of the fully-immersed liquid cooling IGBT module are obtained, which provides guidance and technical support for the optimal design of high reliability fully-immersed liquid cooling IGBT module.
Numerical analysis on the effects of water spraying on cooling tower evaporation and drift
Authors: Song Baohong
Published: July 2020

Evaporation and drift of a wet cooling tower were studied to reduce water loss by changing the makeup water model of the cooling tower. The tower interior had a sprayed makeup water area of 600 m2, which accounted for 30% of the water drenching area. Accurately measuring the water level of the collecting basin with a U-type liquidometer resulted in a test accuracy of 1.38 m3 mm−1. And the accurate data of water loss of cooling tower were obtained by using the liquid level of collecting basin and the water loss law of cooling tower. On the basis of the analysis of water and heat balance, the total water content of unit discharge air and the air humidity ratio of tower outlet were compared. In other words, the air humidity ratio method was used to verify the correctness of Merkel’s assumption of ‘the air saturation in the cooling tower’. And the formation process of drift is explained by the accurate analysis of evaporation loss. This process provided a new research model for the analysis of water loss and air state in cooling towers. The heat and water loss of circulating water before and after the spraying makeup water were compared and analyzed, respectively, according to the accurate water loss data and the droplet calculation model. The best water loss reduction effect was 7.9 m3 h−1, and the drift recovery law is established; the drift recovery rate in the water spraying area was 65.5–96.8%. Furthermore, the optimum working conditions of the drift recovery project were explained. This law guided the operation of the spraying makeup water system. Results showed that the spray water was more favorable to the operation of the cooling tower than the original makeup water and the expected water saving was achieved. The established theories were widely used in the study on water loss of cooling tower and the drift recovery project.
Measurement-driven AA-CAES Model for Distribution Network Dispatch in Coordination with Renewable Generation
Authors: Xie Yuguang , Bai Jiayu , Liu Dangwu , Zheng Tianwen , Mei Shengwei
Published: July 2020

Advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA-CAES) could play an important role in power distribution system for mitigating the intermittency of distributed renewable generations and reducing the peak-valley difference of load demand, which requires to operate AA-CAES under off-design conditions. A power system dispatch oriented AA-CAES model was proposed based on the technically thermodynamic performance curves of compressor and expansion calibrated from experiments, highlighting the impact of AA-CAES part-lard features on charging/discharging efficiency and capacity. The proposed model is integrated with economic dispatch problem of power distribution systems, giving rise to a nonlinear program due to the state-dependent charging and discharging performances. The dispatch model is further linearized via piecewise linear approximation and special-ordered set of type 2, and its equivalent mixed integer linear formulation is presented. A modified IEEE 33-bus system is adopted to verify the effectiveness of proposed model for renewables accommodation.
Analysis and model development of hybrid power control strategy
Authors: Tian Yang , Gang Han , Yanxin Nie , Peiliang Yu , Linbo Wang
Published: July 2020

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, as a part of new energy vehicle, plays an important role in energy saving and emission reduction. Taking one Plug-in Hybrid Power System as a sample, this paper first analyses the vehicle control strategy through experiments, including mode switching conditions, energy management strategy and other control strategies; and then builds the vehicle control strategy model to simulate the relevant economic indicators using Simulink according to vehicle benchmark strategy. Finally, the simulation results are compared with the experimental results, which further verifies the correctness of the vehicle control strategy and model, realize the model development of competitive car. The development of competitive vehicle model not only has the reference value of vehicle key control strategy, but also can study and analysis the influence of these parameters on vehicle dynamic and economy by modifying the component parameters or key control parameters in the simulation model, so as to provide the direction for the development of new vehicles.
Analysis and Quantification of the Impact of Energy Storage on Wind Power Utilization
Authors: Fang Baomin , Cao Yang , Wei Wei , Huang Shaowei , Mei Shengwei
Published: July 2020

Energy storage plays a significant role in accommodating the rapidly increasing wind power in power system, and its two important parameters, maximum charging/discharging power and total capacity, have important impacts on wind power utilization. In this paper, we propose two characterization models to quantify the relationship between wind power curtailment rate and energy storage parameters, in the sense of expectation and robustness for wind uncertainty. By adopting typical wind power scenarios and duality theory, the original characterization models are reformulated into a series of linear programs with different parameter sets for efficient solving. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models and methods.
Comparative study of seismic and non-seismic analysis of a soil slope to develop correlations for factor of safety considering horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients
Authors: Israr Khan Muhammad , Wang Shuhong
Published: July 2020

Seismic and non-seismic analysis of any engineering project always gives different results. A soil slope is analysed in this research and both seismic and non-seismic analysis is performed to know about the difference in the factor of safety values. Correlations are developed between both these cases. These correlations are applicable for homogenous slopes only.
SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses Do Not Predict COVID-19 Disease Severity
Authors: Phipps William S , SoRelle Jeffrey A , Li Quan-Zhen , Mahimainathan Lenin , Araj Ellen , Markantonis John , Lacelle Chantale , Balani Jyoti , Parikh Hiren , Solow E Blair , Karp David R , Sarode Ravi , Muthukumar Alagarraju
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Initial reports indicate adequate performance of some serology-based severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) assays. However, additional studies are required to facilitate interpretation of results, including how antibody levels impact immunity and disease course.

Methods

A total of 967 subjects were tested for IgG antibodies reactive to SARS-CoV-2, including 172 suspected cases of SARS-CoV-2, 656 plasma samples from healthy donors, 49 sera from patients with rheumatic disease, and 90 specimens from individuals positive for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based respiratory viral panel. A subgroup of SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive cases was tested for IgM antibodies by proteome array method.

Results

All specificity and cross-reactivity specimens were negative for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies (0/795, 0%). Positive agreement of IgG with PCR was 83% of samples confirmed to be more than 14 days from symptom onset, with less than 100% sensitivity attributable to a case with severe immunosuppression. Virus-specific IgM was positive in a higher proportion of cases less than 3 days from symptom onset. No association was observed between mild and severe disease course with respect to IgG and IgM levels.

Conclusions

The studied SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay had 100% specificity and no adverse cross-reactivity. Measures of IgG and IgM antibodies did not predict disease severity in our patient population.
Effects of Question Type and Order When Measuring Peak Consumption of Risky Drinking Events
Authors: Yeung Jun-Ting , Livingston Michael , Callinan Sarah , Wright Cassandra , Kuntsche Emmanuel , Room Robin , Dietze Paul
Published: July 2020

Aims

There is new interest in measuring alcohol consumption during risky drinking events, but there is little guidance on how to best ask such questions. In this study, we contrast two different types of questions on peak consumption over a single heavy drinking occasion. We used a general question that ask respondents to recall the total amount consumed (total consumption question), and location-specific questions that ask respondents to recall consumption in each drinking location (location-specific peak consumption, LSPC).

Methods

Heavy drinkers (≥11 Australian Standard Drinks (ASD) per occasion for males, ≥8 for females) from the second wave of a prospective cohort study were recruited via landline random digit dial from Melbourne in 2012. Respondents were randomly assigned to surveys of different question order, and either first received total consumption (n = 127) or LSPC questions (n = 147). T-tests compared peak consumption between categories stratified by sex and consumption tercile.

Results

Mean peak consumption was 12.5 ASD. Irrespective of question order, consumption amounts for total consumption and LSPC questions were not significantly different for both sexes. However, drinkers in the highest tercile asked LSPC questions first provided significantly higher consumption estimates in response to the total consumption question than in response to the LSPC questions.

Conclusion

At a population level, LSPC and total consumption questions produce similar estimates of peak consumption for risky drinking events. Except for heavy drinkers, general consumption questions may be sufficient when asking about these drinking events in consumption surveys, without the greater response burden of longer LSPC questions.
Preliminary Outcomes of Hypochlorous Acid as an Adjunct for Pocket Irrigation in Revision Aesthetic Breast Surgery
Authors: Hasan Samir , Mujadzic Mirza , Kaswan Sumesh , Halpern Joshua , Van Natta Bruce , Lund Herluf
Published: July 2020

Background

Capsular contracture is a challenging problem for plastic surgeons despite advances in surgical technique. Breast pocket irrigation decreases bacterial bioburden. Studies have shown that hypochlorous acid (HOCl; PhaseOne Health, Nashville, TN) effectively penetrates and disrupts biofilms; however, there are limited clinical data regarding this irrigation in breast augmentation.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HOCl pocket irrigation in revision breast augmentation by evaluating rates of capsular contracture recurrence, infection, and allergic reactions.

Methods

We performed an institutional review board–approved retrospective chart review of revision breast augmentation cases for Baker grade III/IV capsular contractures in which pockets were irrigated with HOCl. Data were obtained from 3 board-certified plastic surgeons.

Results

The study included 135 breasts in 71 patients, who ranged in age from 27 to 77 years (mean, 53.7 years). Follow-up ranged from 12 to 41 months (mean, 20.2 months). Postoperatively, there were 2 unilateral Baker grade III/IV recurrences at 13 months and 1 bilateral Baker grade II recurrence at 3 months. There were no infections or allergic reactions. The overall Baker grade III/IV capsular contracture recurrence rate was 0% at 12 months and 1.5% at 15 months.

Conclusions

Breast pocket irrigation decreases bioburden, which may influence capsular contracture recurrence. We evaluated 3 varied applications of HOCl in revision aesthetic breast surgery and found a low capsular contracture recurrence rate and no adverse reactions. We plan to report our findings with HOCl in primary breast augmentation in the future, and other studies are being conducted on the efficacy of HOCl in aesthetic surgery.

Level of Evidence: 4
Bioinformatics toolbox for exploring protein phosphorylation network
Authors: Shi Xing-Xing , Wu Feng-Xu , Mei Long-Can , Wang Yu-Liang , Hao Ge-Fei , Yang Guang-Fu
Published: July 2020

A clear systematic delineation of the interactions between phosphorylation sites on substrates and their effector kinases plays a fundamental role in revealing cellular activities, understanding signaling modulation mechanisms and proposing novel hypotheses. The emergence of bioinformatics tools contributes to studying phosphorylation network. Some of them feature the visualization of network, enabling more effective trace of the underlying biological problems in a clear and succinct way. In this review, we aimed to provide a toolbox for exploring phosphorylation network. We first systematically surveyed 19 tools that are available for exploring phosphorylation networks, and subsequently comparatively analyzed and summarized these tools to guide tool selection in terms of functionality, data sources, performance, network visualization and implementation, and finally briefly discussed the application cases of these tools. In different scenarios, the conclusion on the suitability of a tool for a specific user may vary. Nevertheless, easily accessible bioinformatics tools are proved to facilitate biological findings. Hopefully, this work might also assist non-specialists, students, as well as computational scientists who aim at developing novel tools in the field of phosphorylation modification.
Pharmacophore-driven identification of N-methyl-D-receptor antagonists as potent neuroprotective agents validated using in vivo studies
Authors: Sharma Mukta , Mittal Anupama , Singh Aarti , Jainarayanan Ashwin K , Sharma Swapnil , Paliwal Sarvesh
Published: July 2020

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), apparently the most widespread reason behind dementia, is delineated by a continuous cognitive weakening in the aged. During its progression, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists are known to play a pivotal part in the mechanisms of learning and memory. Since there is an unmet medical need for the treatment of AD, we aim to identify possible chemical compounds targeted toward N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Three-dimensional models are developed to unveil some of the essential characteristics of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by using a collection of already discovered N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor inhibitors. This is followed by virtual screening, which results in novel chemical compounds having the potential to inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Molecular docking studies and analysis promulgated two lead compounds with a high LibDock score. The compounds are shortlisted based on high estimated activity, fit values, LibDock score, no violation of Lipinski’s, and availability for procuring. Finally, the shortlisted compounds are tested by employing in vivo studies, which we further propose as potential NMDA inhibitors for treating AD.
Reading Fluency in Young Elementary School Age Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
Authors: Easterbrooks Susan R , Lederberg Amy R
Published: July 2020

The Center on Literacy and Deafness examined the language and reading progress of 336 young deaf and hard-of-hearing children in kindergarten, first and second grades on a series of tests of language, reading, and spoken and fingerspelled phonological awareness in the fall and spring of the school year. Children were divided into groups based on their auditory access and classroom communication: a spoken-only group (n = 101), a sign-only group (n = 131), and a bimodal group (n = 104). Previous work reports the overall data (Antia, S., Lederberg, A., Schick, B., Branum-Martin, L., Connor, C. M., & Webb, M. (2020a). Language and reading progress of young DHH children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, (3), 25; Lederberg, A. R., Branum-Martin, L., Webb, M. L., Schick, B., Antia, S., Easterbrooks, S. R., & Connor, C. M. (2019). Modality and interrelations among language, reading, spoken phonological awareness, and fingerspelling. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 24(4), 408–423). This report presents an in-depth look at the reading fluency of the participants measured along multiple dimensions. In general, 43% of the participants were unable to read fluently and an additional 23% were unable to read fluently at grade level. Rate and accuracy, rate of growth, miscue analysis, and self-corrections differed by communication modality. Most notably, children demonstrated limited strategies for self-correction during reading fluency tasks.
The Effect of Diabetes on the Cognitive Trajectory of Older Adults in Mexico and the United States
Authors: Avila Jaqueline C , Mejia-Arangom Silvia , Jupiter Daniel , Downer Brian , Wong Rebeca
Published: July 2020

Objectives

To study the impact of diabetes on the long-term cognitive trajectories of older adults in 2 countries with different socioeconomic and health settings, and to determine whether this relationship differs by cognitive domains. This study uses Mexico and the United States to confirm if patterns hold in both populations, as these countries have similar diabetes prevalence but different socioeconomic conditions and diabetes-related mortality.

Methods

Two nationally representative cohorts of adults aged 50 years or older are used: the Mexican Health and Aging Study for Mexico and the Health and Retirement Study for the United States, with sample sizes of 18,810 and 26,244 individuals, respectively, followed up for a period of 14 years. The outcome is cognition measured as a total composite score and by domain (memory and nonmemory). Mixed-effect linear models are used to test the effect of diabetes on cognition at 65 years old and over time in each country.

Results

Diabetes is associated with lower cognition and nonmemory scores at baseline and over time in both countries. In Mexico, diabetes only predicts lower memory scores over time, whereas in the United States it only predicts lower memory scores at baseline. Women have higher total cognition and memory scores than men in both studies. The magnitude of the effect of diabetes on cognition is similar in both countries.

Discussion

Despite the overall lower cognition in Mexico and different socioeconomic characteristics, the impact of diabetes on cognitive decline and the main risk and protective factors for poor cognition are similar in both countries.
Neural Circuits Underlying Nest Building in Male Zebra Finches
Authors: Edwards Sophie C , Hall Zachary J , Ihalainen Eira , Bishop Valerie R , Nicklas Elisa T , Healy Susan D , Meddle Simone L
Published: July 2020

Nest building consists of a series of motor actions, which are concomitant with activity in regions of the anterior motor pathway, the social behavior network, and the reward circuity in nest building adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). It is not clear, however, whether this activity is due to nest building, collection, and/or manipulation of nest material. To identify which areas of the brain are specifically involved, we used immunohistochemistry to quantify the immediate early gene c-Fos in male zebra finches that were nest building (Building), birds given a nest box but could interact only with tied down nest material (Fixed), and birds that were not given a nest box or nest material (Control). We investigated the following brain regions: the anterior motor pathway (anterior ventral mesopallium [AMV], AN, anterior striatum [ASt]), areas of the social behavior network (bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, dorsomedial subdivision [BSTmd], lateral septum [LS]), the dopaminergic reward circuitry (ventral tegmental area), and the cerebellum. We found that there was greater Fos immunoreactivity expression in the BSTmd, LS, and AMV with increased material deposition; in LS, AMV ASt, and Folium VI with increased material carrying; in LS, AMV, and ASt with increased nest material tucking; and in LS and all folia (except Folium VIII) with increased tugging at tied down material. These data confirm a functional role for areas of the anterior motor pathway, social behavior network, and the cerebellum in nest material collection and manipulation by birds.