bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levy solution for buckling analysis of functionally graded plates based on a refined plate theory
Authors: Thai Huu-Tai , Uy Brian
Published: March 2013

This article presents analytical solutions for buckling analysis of functionally graded plate based on a refined plate theory. Based on the refined shear deformation theory, the position of neutral surface is determined and the governing stability equations based on neutral surface are derived. There is no stretching–bending coupling effect in the neutral surface-based formulation, and consequently, the governing equations and boundary conditions of functionally graded plates based on neutral surface have the simple forms as those of isotropic plates. The closed-form solutions of buckling load are obtained for rectangular plates with various boundary conditions. The accuracy of neutral surface-based model is verified by comparing the obtained results with those reported in the literature. Finally, parameter studies are carried out to study the effects of power law index, thickness ratio, and aspect ratio on the critical buckling load of functionally graded plates.
Detection of Audiovisual Speech Correspondences Without Visual Awareness
Authors: Alsius Agnès , Munhall Kevin G.
Published: March 2013

Mounting physiological and behavioral evidence has shown that the detectability of a visual stimulus can be enhanced by a simultaneously presented sound. The mechanisms underlying these cross-sensory effects, however, remain largely unknown. Using continuous flash suppression (CFS), we rendered a complex, dynamic visual stimulus (i.e., a talking face) consciously invisible to participants. We presented the visual stimulus together with a suprathreshold auditory stimulus (i.e., a voice speaking a sentence) that either matched or mismatched the lip movements of the talking face. We compared how long it took for the talking face to overcome interocular suppression and become visible to participants in the matched and mismatched conditions. Our results showed that the detection of the face was facilitated by the presentation of a matching auditory sentence, in comparison with the presentation of a mismatching sentence. This finding indicates that the registration of audiovisual correspondences occurs at an early stage of processing, even when the visual information is blocked from conscious awareness.
Indeterministic metaphors: The popular science books of Fritjof Capra and Gary Zukav
Authors: Smith Bradon TL
Published: March 2013

In the popular accounts of the new physics (i.e. relativity and quantum mechanics) by Fritjof Capra and Gary Zukav, the new physics is represented as fatally undermining the universal determinism associated with Newton and Laplace. This paper explores how different metaphors – anthropomorphic metaphors, metaphors of exploration and mapping, and metaphors of shadows – are used strategically by these writers to advance this characterisation of the new physics as indeterministic.
General Management
Authors: Singhania Monica
Published: March 2013

Akhil Khanna, Let’s Talk Money—Road to Riches Made Easy. New Delhi: Times Group Books, 2012, 176 p., ₹ 250. ISBN: 978-93-80942-88-9
Career Counselling: A Service or a Product?
Authors: Doratis Christina
Published: March 2013

The traditional role of counsellors in Queensland TAFE institutes is changing. The competitive agenda and the growing emphasis on TAFE as a business has affected counsellors across the state. This study looks at the trend towards commercial activities in career counselling in TAFE Queensland.

A questionnaire was sent to 40 Queensland counsellors to gather data on their fee-for-service career counselling activities. A focus group of 10 counsellors from four institutes looked at how these commercial activities were affecting their traditional role and whether they added value to their services. Case studies of two commercial packages were conducted to look at different models of fee-for-service career assessment, one computer-based and the other pencil and paper profile questionnaires.
Theory and Practice
Authors: Meyers Howard
Published: March 2013

A holistic theory of career development is presented that places an emphasis on extrinsic and intrinsic characteristics. The four extrinsic characteristics — individual professional career development, economic/philosophical influences, industry/technology development and environmental philosophy — are matched to the traditional “big four” theories. By examining the confluence of the four axes presented in the model, counsellors can work with clients to answer important career issues.
Banking, Technology Workers and Their Career Development
Authors: Armstrong Lesley , West Jim
Published: March 2013

This case study describes a project undertaken to support the career development of information technology workers in one of Australia's largest financial services organisations. The Technology, eCommerce and Payments Division (TeP) of the Australia & New Zealand Bank (ANZ) is responsible for driving the technological transformation of the bank. The shortage of skilled technology staff globally requires technology organisations to facilitate effective employee career management. Results of a staff satisfaction survey in 1999 in the information technology service delivery area of TeP indicated that staff needed to improve their ability to drive their own careers and professional development more proactively and managers needed to improve their “career coaching” skills to support staff. Over several months in 2000 a targeted career development project was undertaken. It resulted in significantly increased staff satisfaction in the area of careers and training and greatly improved capacity on the part of managers to support employee career decision-making.
The Relationship between Holland's Occupational Types and 16PF Global Factor Scores among University Students
Authors: Goble David
Published: March 2013

The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between personality, as measured by the five global factors of Cattell's 16PF, and occupational interests, as measured by Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI). Data were obtained from 122 undergraduate students studying various degree programs at a Melbourne university. Partial support was found for the hypothesis that vocational interests correlate with personality measures. The hypothesis that students completing different vocationally orientated degree programs would produce discrete personality profiles received limited support. Distinctly different RIASEC profiles, however, were evident across the four course groups. It was concluded that an understanding of both vocational interest and personality theory would enhance the services provided by career guidance professionals.
Career Maturity, Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Career Indecision: A Review of the Accrued Evidence
Authors: Prideaux Lee-Ann , Creed Peter A.
Published: March 2013

This paper reviews the recent literature on the three related career developmental constructs of career maturity, career decision-making self-efficacy and career indecision. Articles included are those published since 1990, and were generated by searching the relevant psychology and education databases. Criticisms of the usefulness and validity of the constructs are highlighted. In particular, there have been calls for the career maturity and career indecision constructs to be revised and widened. The strengths and weaknesses of the research methodology used in the three areas are also examined, and recommendations for future research are made. In all areas there is a clear need for longitudinal designs to examine these developmental constructs.
Issues in Indigenous Educational and Vocational Counselling
Authors: Crump Desmond
Published: March 2013

This paper highlights issues for guidance and counselling personnel and generates discussion to inform the development of a service delivery that is more inclusive of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander contexts. It is envisaged that concepts and approaches outlined within this paper can be adapted or contextualised to other settings that relate to indigenous students.
Careering in the South Pacific
Authors: McCowan Col , McKenzie Malcolm , Medford Liz , Smith Nerissa
Published: March 2013

This article provides an overview for an international audience of the policy directions and current practices relating to career guidance and career practice. The focus of the Australian information is primarily on the career education and guidance area of the education sector, although other areas are addressed, while the focus of the New Zealand information is on both the education and the employment sectors. Latest developments in the use of technology, comments on professional standards and activities and some of the latest issues or tensions are also provided. Major differences in the approaches taken by each country revolve around the centralised (New Zealand) and decentralised (Australian) nature of much of the key decision-making in the careers fields in each country.
Preparing Students for a World of Work in Cross-Cultural Transition
Authors: Arthur Nancy
Published: March 2013

Global forces challenge career practitioners to prepare students for a world of work that is increasingly characterised by cross-cultural transitions. Demographic changes due to immigration and expanding markets mean that employees must be prepared to work alongside people who are culturally diverse. Our notions of who is an ‘international student’ must extend to prepare all students for work in a global economy. This discussion outlines the importance of helping students gain experience that will position them with the cross-cultural competencies that they will need for the workplace of the future. Essential cross-cultural competencies are described, along with ways that students can gain related experience. Career practitioners are invited to consider cross-cultural competencies as a core component of career planning in order to help students build relevant career directions for the future.
An Exercise to Improve Career Understanding of Commencing Engineering and Technology Students
Authors: Palmer Stuart R. , Bray Sharyn L.
Published: March 2013

The literature suggests that many commencing engineering students do not have an accurate understanding of the nature of professional practice in their chosen career. Many of the methods for exposing students to professional practice are impractical for large classes of commencing students. An assessment activity involving students collecting job advertisements for professional engineering positions and analysing them for required skills and knowledge was trialed and evaluated. It was found that a significant majority (86.2%) of students reported at least some change in their understanding of professional engineering practice. No significant difference was observed in these response rates between the three demographic categories (gender, study mode and course of study) of respondents. Student written comments about how their understanding of professional engineering practice had changed indicated that they benefited from, and valued exposure to, aspects of professional engineering practice early in their undergraduate studies.
Merging Two Worlds: Linking Occupational and Organisational Career Counselling
Authors: Amundson Norman E. , Parker Polly , Arthur Michael B.
Published: March 2013

This article proposes a merger between the traditionally separate worlds of occupational and organisational career counselling. It is suggested such a merger can be achieved through a self-organising view of careers, and of helping people exercise greater influence over their own career directions. This view is supported by describing the combined application of ‘intelligent career’ theory and ‘active engagement’ practice, and by illustrating that application through a complementary career counselling tool called the Intelligent Career Card Sort. The article proceeds with a brief report on how a related approach might be used within ‘career communities’, where these are self-organising phenomena in which people find career support. The conclusion invites career counsellors to develop a career community of their own, in order to pursue the proposed merger of counselling approaches.
The Family's Influence on Adolescent and Young Adult Career Development: Theory, Research and Practice
Authors: Hughes Cathy , Thomas Trang
Published: March 2013

A large volume of research has been stimulated by theories that acknowledge the influence of family characteristics on career development. Family background and family processes are two dimensions on which the family influences career development. This paper discusses the influence of family processes on adolescent and young adult career development. Two career development theories that acknowledge the influence of family process factors on career development are described, followed by a review of studies that have investigated relationships between a broad range of family process variables and various aspects of adolescent-young adult career development. Finally, a range of career counselling and career education interventions to assist career counsellors and career education professionals to integrate theory, research and practice are described and critiqued.
Influences on Aspirations for University Study among Regional and Outer-Metropolitan Year II Students
Authors: Shaw Peter , Larson Ann
Published: March 2013

This study compares the university aspirations of a cohort of rural young people to a sample of outer-metropolitan youth of the same age and similar socio-economic background from Western Australia. Our hypothesis was that aspects of the rural context adversely affect the university aspirations of rural youth. We made two assumptions: university does have the potential to provide the graduate with significant advantages; and the significant under-representation of rural youth at universities should be a concern for governments and universities. In this study, the concept of ‘university aspiration’ provided the focus for comparative research into the factors that influence the career behaviour of two cohorts of Year II students studied. Students' aspirations for university study and the factors related to their aspirations were the same for both areas. However, there were minor, but statistically significant, differences, which suggest that a more in-depth understanding of local rural situations is required to understand the factors that influence their university aspirations. We conclude that recent policy emphasis targeting disadvantaged outer-metropolitan areas is also appropriate and should complement efforts to encourage the enrolment in university of rural and isolated students.
The Impact of Work Quality and Quantity on the Development of Career Decision Status
Authors: Earl Joanne K. , Bright Jim E. H.
Published: March 2013

A study is reported that investigates the relationship between career decision status, quantity and quality of work experience obtained by university students. Career decision status is the term used to capture an individual's level of decidedness and comfort with their career decisions and the reasons underlying this state (Jones & Lohmann, 1998). Measures of career decision status were collected from students enrolled in the third year of a Computer Science and Engineering degree over two phases: at the beginning of their third year (Time I); and at the beginning of fourth year (Time II). In between phases, some students completed paid intensive training placements as part of their course requirements, others gained non-degree relevant work experience and others did not work at all. Information was collected on the quantity of work undertaken and quality of work in terms of satisfaction, met expectations and relevance to course of study. Decidedness about career choice was a function of satisfaction and met expectations at work, rather than the number of hours worked. Decisiveness was a function of relevance of work to university degree, rather than the number of hours worked.
Children's Career Development: A Metatheoretical Perspective
Authors: Watson Mark , McMahon Mary
Published: March 2013

Career development is regarded as a lifespan process; however, the career development of children has received little theoretical and research attention. This article reflects on the breadth and depth of understandings about children's career development from the metatheoretical perspective of the Systems Theory Framework of career development (Patton & McMahon, 1999). The relationship between career development literature and career practice for children is discussed.
Career in a Globalised Economy: Researching the Implications in a One-Industry Town
Authors: Dyer Suzette , Hurd Flona
Published: March 2013

Collectively, globalisation and flexibility strategies have changed the nature and structure of employment, and as such careers academics, careers practitioners and governments have argued that individuals need to manage their careers in fundamentally new ways to ensure continued employment. We have become concerned that the promise of shared wealth has yet to be realised, as global trends indicate disparate wealth and employment distribution. We are also concerned about the underlying assumptions that individuals can create continuous employment in an environment that does not guarantee employment security simply by managing their ‘career’. In this paper, we briefly outline our current research that seeks to understand the implications of organisation and labour flexibility and globalisation within a one-industry town on individual careers and on the wider community. This research will have implications for careers policy makers and practitioners alike.
A Judgement-Based Framework for Analysing Adult Job Choices
Authors: Athanasou James A.
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a judgement-based framework for adult job and career choices. This approach is set out as a perceptual-judgemental-reinforcement approach. Job choice is viewed as cognitive acquisition over time and is epitomised by a learning process. Seven testable assumptions are derived from the model.
Validation of the Short Form of the Career Development Inventory—Australian Version with a Sample of University Students
Authors: Patton Wendy , Creed Peter , Spooner-Lane Rebecca
Published: March 2013

This article reports on a further exploration into the reliability and validity of the shortened form of the Career Development Inventory—Australia (Creed & Patton, 2004), a career maturity measure being developed to meet the need for a shorter and more up-to-date measure to provide data on this career development construct. Data gathered from 170 final-year education students (34 males, 132 females) provided partial support for the measure's internal consistency, factor structure and construct validity.
Barriers to Employment: Personality and Cognitive Predictors of Employment Status
Authors: McTurk Carolyn , Shakespeare-Finch Jane
Published: March 2013

Barriers to employment are linked to individual factors such as thinking styles and personality traits. Personality and cognitive differences between employed ( n = 55) and unemployed ( n = 57) cohorts were analysed to quantify the association between these variables and employment status. Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Thinking Styles Inventory, three hypothesised relationships were examined in terms of identifying predictors of employment status. Personality temperament was found to be a significant predictor (particularly Sensing Perceiving style: SP), and thinking type also accounted for variance in employment status. These findings may help direct training strategies adopted by employment agencies in assisting people who are unemployed, collaboratively targeting positive job access outcomes through their consultative partnerships.
Maintaining Wellbeing during Unemployment
Authors: Hoare P. Nancey , Machin M. Anthony
Published: March 2013

A survey of 371 unemployed people in South East Queensland explored whether deprivation of the latent benefits of employment was able to predict psychological distress after controlling for other key correlates. A standard multiple regression found that the latent benefits (timestructure, social contact, collective purpose, enforced activity, and status) accounted for a significant 13 per cent of the variance in psychological distress, with time structure being the most important unique predictor. However, after controlling for self-esteem, positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), satisfaction with employment status, employment commitment, and financial strain, the latent benefits did not significantly add to the prediction of distress. The results are discussed in terms of their practical implications for career development.
Factors Influencing the Selection of Speech Pathology as a Career: A Qualitative Analysis Utilising the Systems Theory Framework
Authors: Byrne Nicole
Published: March 2013

Factors identified by 16 participants during in-depth interviews as influencing selection of speech pathology as a career were described using the Systems Theory Framework (STF, Patton & McMahon, 2006). Participants were highly likely to identify factors from the individual and social systems, but not the environmental-societal system, of the STF as influential in the decision to enter speech pathology. Previous exposure to speech pathology through therapy intervention or through knowing a speech pathologist emerged from the analysis as highly influential, which provides an example of interaction between factors from the individual and social systems within the framework. The STF was found to be a useful tool to classify influential factors in the selection of a career in speech pathology and this information can be used in the future by universities and the profession to assist in the recruitment of students to the speech pathology program.
A Test for Theoretical Integration: Systems Theory Framework and Dialogical Self
Authors: McIlveen Peter
Published: March 2013

The Systems Theory Framework (STF) is presented as an integrating and organising concept for the predominant theories of career. In order to test the integrative capacity of the STF, this research merges the STF's theoretical element of story with the Theory of Dialogical Self's model of personality. Implications for the practice of career counselling are discussed along with a working example of a career assessment procedure informed by the STF and the Theory of Dialogical Self. It is concluded that integration of the two theoretical bodies adds to the STF's explanatory capacity. There is further scope, however, for STF's integration with theories based upon varying epistemological and ontological assumptions.
Connecting Relational Theory and the Systems Theory Framework: Individuals and Their Systems
Authors: Patton Wendy
Published: March 2013

The Systems Theory Framework (STF) facilitates the inclusion of relevant aspects of multiple existing theories within an integrated framework, wherein relevance and meaning is decided upon by each individual. Patton and McMahon emphasise that the application of the Systems Theory Framework in integrating theory and practice is located within the crucible of the individual, acknowledging that the individual is an open system recursively interacting with and within multiple systems. The present paper furthers a discussion of the potential for the Systems Theory Framework in theory integration, in particular with respect to relational theories.
The Systems Theory Framework of Career Development: Expanding its Research Influence
Authors: McMahon Mary , Watson Mark
Published: March 2013

Since its first publication more than 15 years ago, the Systems Theory Framework (STF) has become an established metatheoretical framework in the international career development literature. Ten years into its history, the first review of its development was published. The present article overviews the expansion of the STF literature since that initial review, particularly in relation to the emerging body of research since 2002. The overview demonstrates the recursive relationship that exists between theory, practice and research. The article concludes with a discussion of the future expansion of STF research and suggestions for the directions that STF research can take.
Applying for Your Own Job: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Boyd Elizabeth Reid
Published: March 2013

This study undertook a small preliminary investigation of the contemporary employment practice of ‘applying for your own job’. There has not yet been a specific study into the effect upon individuals and organisations of the practice of existing employees being required to apply for the same or a similar position in a competitive application context, while continuing to work in the organisation. This project addressed this and examined the self-reported personal effects of this process (social, emotional, psychological and physical) through qualitative interviews with 16 individuals who have experienced it. It found significant negative self-reported effects, including stress, clinical depression, ill health, time off work and detrimental working conditions. It was also found that there are longer term impacts upon the organisational environment and employee attitudes whether the employee is successful or not.
The Ballet Dancing Profession: A Career Transition Model
Authors: Roncaglia Irina
Published: March 2013

What type of emotional transition is experienced by professional dancers who face the end of their career? What does this journey imply? This article discusses the transition experiences of two case studies out of a total sample of fourteen (N=14) international professional ballet dancers who left their careers between the ages of 21 and 49 years. By adopting tenets of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and Grounded Theory, the analysis of semi-structured interviews is presented as evidence of the discussion. The article raises questions about the theoretical implications behind the concept of retirement and helps to gain an understanding of some of the intricate and hidden issues involved in what seems to be quite a complex area of psychological and social enquiry. It attempts to nurture different thoughts on the subjects of transitions, re-training, re-employment and their relation to career change development and lifelong learning.
Shiftwork: A Chaos Theory of Careers Agenda for Change in Career Counselling
Authors: Bright Jim E. H. , Pryor Robert G. L.
Published: March 2013

This paper presents the implications of the Chaos Theory of Careers for career counselling in the form of Shiftwork. Shiftwork represents an expanded paradigm of career counselling based on complexity, change and uncertainty. Eleven paradigm shifts for careers counselling are outlined to incorporate into contemporary practice pattern making, an emphasis on planning, openness, flexibility, risk, possibility thinking, mattering and meaning, transforming information, scalable reasoning, emergence and trust as faith.
The Intersection of Vocational Interests with Employment and Course Enrolments
Authors: Athanasou James A.
Published: March 2013

This paper examines the relationships between interests and subject choice in senior secondary schooling, and between interests and occupational choices. Career interest results (N=7477) were obtained from the Career Interest Test (Version 3.1) administered on the Federal Government's My Future website ( http://www.myfuture.edu.au ) and were then compared with the nature of high school course enrolments and structure of employment. Work-related interests were fairly evenly spread across Outdoor, Practical, Scientific, Creative, Business, Office and People Contact activities. In contrast, employment in Australia was skewed towards Business and Practical activities (48.6%). On the other hand, Mathematics courses (20.1%) and Science (17.1%) dominated senior secondary school enrolments. It is possible that the interests and preferences of Australians are not satisfied either by the curriculum offered to them or by the work opportunities available.
Footprints Forwards Blocked by a Failure Discourse: Issues in Providing Advice about Medicine and other Health Science Careers to Indigenous Secondary School Students
Authors: Chesters Janice , Drysdale Marlene , Ellender Isabel , Faulkner Susan , Turnbull Leanne , Kelly Heather , Robinson Anske , Chambers Helen
Published: March 2013

A dominant discourse constructs Indigenous secondary school students as likely to leave school early and unlikely to take up a health career. We believe that this failure discourse shapes the school and tertiary transition experience for the majority of Indigenous students, regardless of their capabilities and aspirations. Career development practitioners have the potential to change the experiences of Indigenous school students and play a part in closing the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous health outcomes. However, only 18% or 26 out of 144 Victorian secondary school career advisers or guidance counsellors who responded to our survey demonstrated the knowledge, skills and understanding to effectively advise and support an Indigenous student who expressed an interest in a health career.
Theoretical Bridge-Building: The Career Development Project for the 21st Century Meets the New Era of Human Resource Development
Authors: Cameron Roslyn
Published: March 2013

There are theoretical and disciplinary field links between career development and human resource development, however interdisciplinary dialogue between the two fields has been essentially limited to one-way dialogue. This one-way dialogue occurs from within the human resource development field, due to the explicit inclusion of career development as a key functional area of human resource development. This paper overviews the theoretical foundations and traditions of each of these fields, and positions them against the contemporary backdrop of the 21st century. This paper draws upon the literature which advocates for multilevel theory-building. It is argued that both disciplines need to enter into engaged dialogue and interdisciplinary research as the synergy and insights generated would be beneficial for both fields. Multilevel research and theory-building would produce a much richer understanding of the dynamic nature of the contemporary career and its complex interplay with occupations, organisations, industries and global economic forces.
Older Women's Career Development and Social Inclusion
Authors: McMahon Mary , Bimrose Jenny , Watson Mark
Published: March 2013

This paper considers women's career development and the potential contribution of career development theory, research, practice and policy in advancing a social inclusion agenda. In particular, the paper focuses on older women in the contexts of an ageing population, labour market shortages and Australia's social inclusion agenda. Supporting young people to move from school and into the workforce has been a major focus of policy and service provision in Australia and internationally but there is growing recognition in Australia and internationally that adults may also benefit from career development support; its lack of provision has been criticised. In the context of Australia's social inclusion agenda, older women, in particular, may benefit from career development.
A Framework for Chaos Theory Career Counselling
Authors: Pryor Robert G. L.
Published: March 2013

Theory in career development counselling provides a map that counsellors can use to understand and structure the career counselling process. It also provides a means to communicate this understanding and structuring to their clients as part of the counselling intervention. The chaos theory of careers draws attention to the complexity, changeability and connectedness of components of career development. A framework for career counselling derived from the chaos theory of careers is outlined in terms of three factors: reviewing and reframing client expectations; exploring and engaging career development issues; encouraging and empowering career counselling outcomes for finding and constructing a career in a chaotic world. It is suggested that the chaos theory of careers offers a comprehensive theoretical conceptualisation that is able both to incorporate existing counselling practice and to suggest new counselling dimensions that could be incorporated into contemporary career practitioners' work.
Factors Influencing the Career Planning and Development of University Students in Jordan
Authors: Khasawneh Samer
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this study was to translate and validate an Arabic version of the career influence inventory for use in Jordan. The study also investigated perceptions of university students of the influential factors that have influenced their career planning and development. The validated career influence inventory was administered to 558 undergraduate students. Principle axis factoring with oblique rotation was used to uncover the underlying structure of the Arabic version of the career influence inventory. Results showed a latent factor structure highly consistent with the English version. Results also indicated that students' career planning was highly influenced by parents, teachers, friends, high school academic experience and self-efficacy, respectively. Ethnic-gender expectations and negative social events were perceived by students as having low levels of influence on their career planning. A number of recommendations are also offered for the field of career planning and development.
The Employment Expectations of Different Age Cohorts: Is Generation Y Really that Different?
Authors: Treuren Gerry , Anderson Kathryn
Published: March 2013

If the existence of Generation Y is a viable explanation of employment behaviour, as is asserted in the burgeoning literature, then people between 18 and 33 (born between 1977 and 1992) will have markedly different approaches to work when compared with Generation X (1962 and 1976) and the Baby Boomers (1946 to 1961). This article reviews the evidence for the existence of Generation Y as a group with distinct and different attitudes to employment in comparison to Generation X and the Baby Boomers, testing for this difference using employment expectations of students as a proxy for employment attitudes. A secondary analysis of a 2007 survey of the postgraduation employment expectations of university students suggests that Generation Y students do not have fundamentally different expectations about future employment conditions when compared to Generation X and Baby Boomer students. For some employment conditions, there is some evidence that Generation X and the Baby Boomers may be more interested in employment conditions usually attributed to Generation Y than those within Generation Y.
Interview with Lester Oakes
Authors: McIlveen Peter
Published: March 2013

Lester Oakes is the President of the International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance and the Chief Executive of New Zealand Career Services. He has been a leader in the career development field, contributing particularly to matters of public policy and creating a world class-career service in New Zealand.

Lester is driven by the belief that the careers industry is a credible contributor to governments' broader economic and social development agendas and is central to achieving governments' education, employment, economic and social policy objectives. He is also a strong advocate for and practitioner of work-life balance.
Health Careers Education for Rural Primary Schoolchildren
Authors: Gorton Susan M.
Published: March 2013

International and national studies have reported that health professionals who grew up in a rural area are more likely to return to work in a rural area than their urban raised counterparts. The chronic severe shortage of health professionals in rural and remote Australia has meant inequitable health care for rural and remote communities and a shortage of health professional role models for rural children. Career development theories and related research indicate that children start to develop ideas about careers from early childhood but, before they can aspire to a career, they must have knowledge of that career. This article explores the knowledge that primary school students who live in rural and remote areas and study by distance education have of the health professions. This article draws from part of a project that uses qualitative interviews and elements of action research to understand career opportunities for rural and remote students in the health professions and to contribute to building sustainable solutions to the shortage of health professionals in these areas.
Perceptions of Career Development Learning and Work-Integrated Learning in Australian Higher Education
Authors: McIlveen Peter , Brooks Sally , Lichtenberg Anna , Smith Martin , Torjul Peter , Tyler Joanne
Published: March 2013

This paper is a report on the perceived correspondence between career development learning and work-integrated learning programs that were delivered by career services in Australian higher education institutions. The study entailed a questionnaire survey of representatives of university career services. The questionnaire dealt with the extent to which the elements of career development learning were present in work-integrated learning programs. Results of the survey indicated convergence of the career development-learning domains of self-awareness and opportunity awareness, but relatively less integration of decision-making and transition learning. The article concludes with a call for further exploration into how universities and employers view career development learning in work-integrated learning programs.
Career Education as a Site of Oppression and Domination: An Engaging Myth or a Critical Reality?
Authors: Irving Barrie A.
Published: March 2013

While discussions of social justice have become more prominent in the general career literature in recent years, little attention has been given to where the topic ‘fits’ within career education and, more specifically, how it affects career advisers in schools. Drawing on the findings emerging from research in New Zealand, I examine career education from a social justice perspective, and consider whether it should be regarded as a site of oppression and domination.
The Consideration of a Constructivist Evaluation Framework in Adult Guidance Practice
Authors: Hearne Lucy
Published: March 2013

This article explores the findings of a doctoral study that examined the measurement of individual progression in the Irish Adult Education Guidance Initiative. The critical constructivist stance of the study challenges the prevalence of the positivist paradigm to evaluate long-term outcomes in adult guidance. The research highlights the divergence in the discourse between clients and practitioners, and that of policy-makers on the concept of progression. The outcome is the proposal of a constructivist evaluation framework for future practice.
Educating for an Entrepreneurial Career: Developing Opportunity- Recognition Ability
Authors: Sardeshmukh Shruti R. , Smith-Nelson Ronda M.
Published: March 2013

Entrepreneurship as a career option has become increasingly desirable, and there is a real need to develop an opportunity-oriented entrepreneurial mindset among tertiary students. Current entrepreneurship education heavily relies on the linear process of business planning and rarely encourages the complex and non-linear thinking patterns necessary for entrepreneurial careers. Based on a theory-driven understanding of the nature of opportunity recognition, we propose a two-pronged approach combining classroom exercises with experiential exercises to enhance opportunity-recognition ability. Our model is not limited to new business creation, and it lends itself easily to self-managed, opportunity-driven, entrepreneurial approaches to careers. Links between entrepreneurship and self-managed careers are discussed.
Organisational Career Development Programs and Practices
Authors: Armstrong Lesley E.
Published: March 2013

Employee career development programs are identified as a recently emerging human resource management process in Australia. A body of career theory predominantly from the United States informs the field but research indicates a gap between theory, organisational rhetoric and practice. An overview of career development practices in selected Australian organisations points to the recency of such programs. The research identifies a number of key factors related to successful program implementation and reveals the significant diversity of career planning and career management activities being undertaken across a wide spectrum of organisations.

This article focuses on the history of organisational career development programs and investigates the current state of practice in selected Australian organisations. The range of activities that can be categorised as career planning and career management initiatives is described, and factors related to successful program implementation are suggested. People involved in planning and managing careers in organisations should clarify their expectations of career development practices and recognise the benefits for both individuals and organisations in the context of increasing economic uncertainty and continuing social change.
Staff and Student Attitudes towards Career Education
Authors: Dixon Kathryn
Published: March 2013

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the attitudes of staff and students at a Western Australian metropolitan high school towards the Vocational Education program, by examining the factors affecting the development of those attitudes and those affecting the implementation of the program at the school. Vocational Education in Western Australia is synonymous with Career Education in other Australian States and the term Career Education is used throughout this paper. With respect to the formation of attitudes towards Career Education, the study proposed that in the school context, influential areas were significant others, past experiences, individual personalities and information.

The research is descriptive in nature. The staff and students were asked to complete a questionnaire and were formally interviewed. A measure of the non-verbal behaviour of staff and students during the interviews was also undertaken using a five-point scale from negative to positive. The sample consisted of 14 staff and 240 students.

The main findings of the study showed that the majority of the staff and students had developed negative attitudes towards Career Education. They believed the course lacked rigour and that significant others such as peers, parents, students and the Western Australian Ministry of Education did not esteem Career Education.

No needs analysis had been conducted prior to the introduction of the course in the school and staff were given no choice as to their involvement in teaching the units. Staff believed they were inadequately trained in the Career Education area and this led to low levels of confidence in teaching the course.
Occupational Information at a Critical Time of Decision Making
Authors: Chapman Ruth
Published: March 2013

This article reviews the current literature relating to occupational Information. It examines the various types of occupational information, the role of occupational information in career education and career counselling, perceptions of end-users and practitioners and the influence of occupational information on career outcomes. The immense amount of literature covers studies in the United States, Australia and United Kingdom, and in the main the studies are concerned with the effect of occupational information on, and its relationship with, tertiary level students.

The review forms part of a study which examined the extent to which occupational information met the needs of users at a critical time of career decision making, that is, when Victorian school leavers were considering changing their preferences for tertiary level courses after receiving their final Year 12 results.
Review…: Computer Packages: Guidelines for the Evaluation of Computerised Career Guidance Packages
Authors: Care Esther , Editor Meredith Shears
Published: March 2013

Many readers have expressed interest in reviews of computerised career guidance packages. As a first step in this process, Dr Esther Care has provided the following guidelines for evaluation. If you have any comments to make about these guidelines, please contact me. Future editions of the journal will include reviews of packages. If you are currently using a package, you can review it using the guidelines, or your own review process, and forward it to me. We would like feedback from practitioners in different sectors using a variety of packages.
Beyond the Compulsory School Years
Authors: Ainley John , Sheret Michael
Published: March 2013

In Australia it has become conventional to regard Years 11 and 12 as the post-compulsory years of schooling and the years up to and including Year 10 as compulsory. A separation of Years 11 and 12 from Years 7, 8, 9 and 10 is evident in levels of participation, curriculum structures, certification and examination procedures, and many aspects of school organisation. The 1980s in Australia have been marked by a dramatic increase in the percentage of young people continuing to the post-compulsory years. Whereas in 1981 the retention rate to Year 12 was 35 per cent, by 1990 this had grown to 64 per cent.

This paper is concerned with the progression from Year 10 to post-compulsory schooling, other forms of education and to work. It examines factors associated with school attainment (the number of years schooling completed) and the destinations of those who leave school, both at the point of transition from the compulsory to the post-compulsory years and at the end of secondary school. As part of its conclusion the paper notes the strong, and independent, influences of earlier achievement and attitudes to school on destinations as well as the role of background factors such as socio-economic status, parental expectations, ethnic background, and gender.
Pastoral Care and Career Guidance in Singapore Schools
Authors: Yuen Cheong Heng , Yen Ong Pheng
Published: March 2013

This paper discusses the imperatives and issues in implementing the pastoral care and career guidance project which began in 1988 in Singapore schools from a Ministry of Education perspective. In the context of this discussion, it also highlights the various issues that affect the development of career guidance in Singapore schools. The career guidance initiative aims to meet the growing need for career guidance for pupils in schools, and the desire to enhance productivity by maximising limited human resources, through a better understanding of self, opportunities available, the world of work and lifelong learning. The school is the best place to begin this important process of human resource development by providing appropriate career guidance to pupils.
CBT — Demarcation by Gender?
Authors: McNamara Judy , Pyke Jo
Published: March 2013

The reform of the Australian vocational educational and training system promises to overhaul the traditional apprenticeship system and address the major inefficiencies and inequities that have become well entrenched over this century. An issue which is often marginalised in training reform debates, however, is that women's access to trade and technical training has been extremely limited. Women's participation in all apprenticeships, excluding hairdressing, is still around 6 per cent — a participation rate which maintains Australia's record as having one of the most gender segregated workforces of all OECD countries.

The following article raises a range of issues about women's exclusion from trade and technical training and questions whether training reform will address gender equity as a key feature of inefficiency in Australian industry. The article suggests that the strategies are available. What is required is a sustained commitment by industry to implementing the necessary strategies to ensure that women are included in the new and developing training structures.