bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the Active and Functional Grasping Force/Contact Area in Healthy Adults During Activity
Authors: Ergen Halil Ibrahim , Oksuz Cigdem
Published: September 2016

Objective/Hypothesis: The primary goal of this study was to analyze 4 different active and functional grip patterns (standard, pinch, lateral, and tripod), which are commonly used in daily life activities on 4 different objects. The size of contact area and the amount of force applied to the objects were evaluated and compared in 4 different active (process of grasping the sample object) and functional (process of using the object functionally) grip patterns. Materials and Methods: Study includes right-handed healthy 80 participants (43 female, 37 male) between the ages of 18 and 65 years. Participants wearing sensors located special gloves (Tekscan Grip System) were firstly asked to grip and release 4 different objects (active grip), and then they were asked to use the objects functionally (functional grip), like holding/leaving the key (active grip) and locking/unlocking the door by the key. The glove has 17 sensorial areas (14 in the fingers, 3 in palm) on the palmar surface of hand. Different objects were used for measurements; the plastic bottle for standard grip, the screw for pinch grip, the key and the lock for lateral grip, 750-g metal object for tripod grip. The location of maximum force and contact area between the object and hand were determined. Results: There was a significant difference between active and functional grips ( P < .05). Functional grip elevated the force amount and the contact area size compared with active grip. The maximum force occurred in the pulp of the middle finger for both active and functional tripod grip. The biggest force amount was observed on the radial sides of hand during standard grip. Although the required active grip force for holding the 500-g plastic bottle was 3 fold higher than the bottle weight, required functional grip force was 7 fold higher. Different grip forces were seen for grasping the 750-g metal object actively and functionally. Active force necessitated 2 fold of object weight, whereas the functional grip necessitated 3 fold of object weight. Conclusions: These results of our study showed that grasping analysis, which is important part of the hand assessment, should be evaluated not only actively but also functionally. We believe that our study will bring a new perspective to the grip analysis. Our data could be beneficial in hand surgery, process of hand therapy, and also robotic and electronic hand prosthesis.
Topographic Anatomy of Distal Radioulnar Ligament Insertion in the Distal Ulna
Authors: Shin Won-Jeong , Shin Yong-Eun , Kim Jong-Pil , Kang Hong J
Published: September 2016

Background: Insertion of the distal radioulnar ligaments onto the distal ulna is critical to provide translational stability and rotational guidance of the forearm. However, the topographic anatomy of the footprints of these ligaments and their relationships with morphometry of the distal ulna remain unclear. Purpose: We provide a detailed description of the anatomy and the relationships described above in a cadaveric study. Methods: Seventeen human distal ulnas attached by both the superficial and deep limbs of the distal radioulnar ligaments were scanned using micro-computed tomography and reconstructed 3 dimensionally. Results: The deep limbs have narrow marginal insertions just behind the pole of the distal ulna, but the width of the footprint was larger at the fovea than at the peripheral lesion. The superficial limb footprints were the circular and condensed shape. The center of the deep limb was radially distant from the base of the ulnar styloid by a mean of 2.00 ± 0.72 mm, and the distance was positively correlated with the width of the ulnar styloid ( r = .517, P = .030). The mean distance between the center of the ulnar head and the center of the fovea was 2.34 ± 0.62 mm. Conclusions: The deep limb has a narrow marginal insertion just behind the pole of the distal ulna, suggesting its role as the capsular ligament. The center of the fovea is located more radially from the ulnar styloid base. The data provide a better understanding of distal radioulnar ligament-related pathology to perform distal ulnar fixation or ligament repair to recover distal radioulnar joint stability.
Long-term Ongoing Cortical Remodeling After Contralateral C-7 Nerve Transfer
Authors: Hua Xu-Yun , Liu Bin , Qiu Yan-Qun , Tang Wei-Jun , Xu Wen-Dong , Liu Han-Qiu , Xu Jian-Guang , Gu Yu-Dong
Published: September 2016

Object: Contralateral C-7 nerve transfer was developed for the treatment of patients with brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI). In the surgical procedure, the affected recipient nerve is connected to the ipsilateral motor cortex, and the dramatic peripheral alteration may trigger extensive cortical reorganization. However, little is known about the long-term results after such specific nerve transfers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term cortical adaptive plasticity after BPAI and contralateral C-7 nerve transfer. Methods: In this study, 9 healthy male volunteers and 5 male patients who suffered from right-sided BPAI and had undergone contralateral C-7-transfer more than 5 years earlier were included. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies were used for the investigation of long-term cerebral plasticity. Results: The neuroimaging results suggested that the ongoing cortical remodeling process after contralateral C-7 nerve transfer could last for a long period, at least for 5 years. The motor control of the reinnervated limb may finally transfer from the ipsilateral to the contralateral hemisphere exclusively, instead of the bilateral neural network activation. Conclusions: The authors believe that the cortical remodeling may last for a long period after peripheral rearrangement and that the successful cortical transfer is the foundation of the independent motor recovery.
Contralateral C7 Transfer via Both Vascularized Ulnar Nerve and Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve With the Ulnar Artery Anastomosed to the Arteria transversa Colli to Repair Brachial Plexus Avulsion
Authors: Shulin Li , Lei Xu , Yudong Gu
Published: September 2016

Background: Contralateral C7 nerve transfer to the median nerve has been used in an attempt to restore finger flexion in patients with total brachial plexus avulsion injury. However, the results have not been satisfactory mainly because of the requirement to use a long bridging nerve graft, which causes an extended nerve regeneration process and irreversible muscle atrophy. A new procedure involving contralateral C7 nerve transfer via both vascularized ulnar nerve and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve with the ulnar artery anastomosed to the arteria transversa colli is presented here. Methods: It was performed in 25 patients with total brachial plexus avulsion injury. Contralateral C7 nerve root was coapted to the distal end of the ipsilateral vascularized ulnar nerve and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve with the ulnar artery is anastomosed to the arteria transversa colli. The ulnar nerve was secured to the median nerve, and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve was used to repair musculocutaneous nerve. Electromyography and ultrasonography were used to evaluate the early recovery. Recovery of finger, wrist, and elbow flexion was evaluated with the use of the modified British Medical Research Council muscle grading system. Results: Electromyography showed the early recovery by 3 months postoperatively, and smooth blood flow at the anastomotic stoma can be seen through ultrasound. The mean follow-up period (and standard deviation) was 20 ± 6 months. Motor function with a grade of M3+ or greater was attained in 60% of the patients for elbow flexion, 64% of the patients for finger flexion, 53% of the patients for thumb flexion, and 72% of the patients for wrist flexion. Conclusions: Contralateral C7 nerve transfer via both vascularized ulnar nerve and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve with the ulnar artery anastomosed to the arteria transversa colli speeds up the nerve regeneration in patients with total brachial plexus avulsion injury and improve the utilization of contralateral C7 fiber. There was satisfactory recovery of finger flexion and wrist flexion in this series.
High selective pressure for Notch1 mutations that induce Myc in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Chiang Mark Y. , Wang Qing , Gormley Anna C. , Stein Sarah J. , Xu Lanwei , Shestova Olga , Aster Jon C. , Pear Warren S.
Published: September 2016

Key Points

Notch1 mutations are selected in the murine T-ALL model despite genetic pan-Notch inhibition; other pathways do not easily substitute it. Myc is the key Notch target responsible for Notch-selective pressure in T-ALL as it can substitute for Notch; by contrast, Akt cannot.
The impact of a dedicated physiotherapist clinic for children with dysfunctional breathing
Authors: Barker Nicola J. , Elphick Heather , Everard Mark L.
Published: September 2016

Dysfunctional breathing is a significant cause of morbidity, adversely affecting an individual's quality of life. There is currently no data from paediatric centres on the impact of breathing retraining for dysfunctional breathing.

Symptoms and quality of life were measured in 34 subjects referred sequentially for breathing retraining to the first dedicated paediatric dysfunctional breathing clinic in the UK. Data were obtained prior to the first intervention (time point 1), at discharge (time point 2) and by post 6 months later (time point 3).

The mean (interquartile range) age of participants was 13.3 (9.1–16.3) years, with 52% female. Data were obtained at time points 2 and 3 in 23 and 13 subjects, respectively.

Statistically significant improvements were observed in symptom scores, child quality of life and parental proxy quality of life between time points 1 and 2 (p<0.0001), while there was no significant difference in the data at time point 3 as compared with time point 2.

This study suggests that physiotherapist-led breathing retraining offers significant benefit to young people with dysfunctional breathing which is maintained for at least 6 months after treatment is completed. Future studies will provide more information on the long-term effects of interventions for dysfunctional breathing.
A program evaluation of Kids2Hear, a student-run hearing screening program for school children
Authors: Hu Tina , Stead Katherine , Fu Terence , Papsin Blake
Published: September 2016

Background

Hearing deficits in children are demonstrably negatively associated with language acquisition and cognition. Although universal neonatal hearing screening exists, it is not offered equally across Canada. Additionally, children emigrating from other countries are often not assessed. The objective of this study is to evaluate Kids2Hear, a free hearing screening program run by medical students at elementary schools, and to determine the rate of hearing deficits that were identified and referred for evaluation.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of screening program data from 228 participants seen at three inner-city elementary schools over six months.

Results

In our sample, the mean age was 5.8 ± 1.0 years with 48 % males. Approximately 21 participants (9.3 %) were screened positive for a hearing deficit and required referral for supplementary audiological evaluation. About 44 participants (19.3 %) were referred to a family physician for otoscopic abnormalities. Females were significantly more likely to be identified for both hearing deficits and otoscopic abnormalities.

Conclusions

Hearing deficits and otoscopic abnormalities are common among young children. Female children may be at higher risk for developing hearing issues or otoscopic abnormalities compared to males. Additional research is needed to determine the effectiveness of hearing screening programs.
Structural damage reduction in protected gold clusters by electron diffraction methods
Authors: Ortega Eduardo , Ponce Arturo , Santiago Ulises , Alducin Diego , Benitez-Lara Alfredo , Plascencia-Villa Germán , José-Yacamán Miguel
Published: September 2016

The present work explores electron diffraction methods for studying the structure of metallic clusters stabilized with thiol groups, which are susceptible to structural damage caused by electron beam irradiation. There is a compromise between the electron dose used and the size of the clusters since they have small interaction volume with electrons and as a consequence weak reflections in the diffraction patterns. The common approach of recording individual clusters using nanobeam diffraction has the problem of an increased current density. Dosage can be reduced with the use of a smaller condenser aperture and a higher condenser lens excitation, but even with those set ups collection times tend to be high. For that reason, the methods reported herein collects in a faster way diffraction patterns through the scanning across the clusters under nanobeam diffraction mode. In this way, we are able to collect a map of diffraction patterns, in areas with dispersed clusters, with short exposure times (milliseconds) using a high sensitive CMOS camera. When these maps are compared with their theoretical counterparts, oscillations of the clusters can be observed. The stability of the patterns acquired demonstrates that our methods provide a systematic and precise way to unveil the structure of atomic clusters without extensive detrimental damage of their crystallinity.
A multicomponent 3D seismic tool for shallow gas geohazard detection onshore Gulf Coast
Authors: Chen Percy
Published: September 2016

Current study demonstrates that multicomponent 3D survey is an efficient tool not only to detect gas but also to delineate its migration pathways in shallow sediments. We have determined that thermogenic gas detected in the study area is represented by amplitude and velocity anomalies, including bright spots, gas clouds, gas sags, and phase changes. Evidence of these anomalies attributed to gas presence is provided by well correlation and amplitude variation with offset crossplot analysis and is further supported by the imaging disparity between P- and converted-S-wave data. Current mapping results suggested a predominant vertical gas migration through faults from the unreported petrochemical products in some sulfur caverns. This conclusion is contrary to earlier studies, which suggest a primarily lateral migration from a gas storage cavern 1219 m (4000 ft) to the west.
Reversible Structural Changes of Strong Hydrogen Bond-Supported Organic Networks Using Neutral 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid N-oxide through Solvent Release/Uptake
Authors: Noro Shin-ichiro , Ochi Rika , Kubo Kazuya , Nakamura Takayoshi
Published: September 2016

Crystallization of neutral 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid N-oxide (H2-3,5-pydcao) molecules in the presence/absence of solvent molecules affords neutral hydrogen bond-supported one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional molecular networks of H2-3,5-pydcao·DMF (1·DMF), H2-3,5-pydcao·H2O (1·H2O), and H2-3,5-pydcao (1), respectively, that have strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds of Nδ+–Oδ−⋯HOOC. These molecular networks were found to show reversible structural changes among 1, 1·H2O, and 1·DMF driven by solvent release/uptake.
­­­­­­Recent advances in managing Peyronie’s disease
Authors: Kayes Oliver , Khadr Rauf
Published: September 2016

Peyronie’s disease remains an under-reported and debilitating problem which can result in significant physical and psychological symptoms for some men. The classic symptom complex includes penile curvature, penile plaque, and penile pain. Men can also present with erectile dysfunction, penile instability, and penile shortening, alongside feelings of low mood/libido, dysmorphobia, and low self-esteem. This review highlights the current key publications in the medical literature and provides updates on new clinical therapies whilst postulating about potential future treatments on the horizon.
Lies, irony, and contradiction — an annotation of semantic conflict in the movie "Forrest Gump"
Authors: Hanke Michael , Ibe Pierre
Published: September 2016

Here we extend the information on the structure of the core stimulus of the studyforrest project (http://studyforrest.org) with a description of semantic conflict in the “Forrest Gump” movie. Three observers annotated the movie independently regarding episodes with portrayal of lies, irony or sarcasm. We present frequency statistics, and inter-observer reliability measures that qualify and quantify semantic conflict in the stimulus. While the number of identified events is limited, this annotation nevertheless enriches the knowledge about the complex high-level structure of this stimulus, and can help to evaluate its utility for future studies, and the usability of the existing brain imaging data regarding this aspect of cognition.
End-weight effects in verse and language
Authors: Blumenfeld Lev
Published: September 2016

Weight ordering preferences appear to function in opposite directions in verse and language. While linguistic expressions, in both syntax and phonology, typically display a “long-last” effect (Cooper and Ross 1975), stanza forms often show the the opposite, “short-last” structure.This effect has been called “saliency” in previous literature (Hayes and MacEachern 1996; Kiparsky 2006). In this paper I address this apparent discrepancy between the behaviour of verse and language. I argue that “saliency” is not a primitive in the theory, but can be derived from more basic mechanisms that allow grouping structure to be signalled, and show that “short-last” structures are optimal under the conditions of metrical verse that possesses parallelism.
The semiotics of phonetic translation
Authors: Pilshchikov Igor
Published: September 2016

This article is devoted to translations of poetry that are not equivalent to the original on the lexical level, but attempt to reproduce the sound, rhythm and syntax of the source text. The Russian formalist Yuri Tynianov was presumably the first scholar to discover this phenomenon, which was later referred to as “phonetic facsimile” (George Steiner) and “homophonic translation” (Lawrence Venuti). The present discussion of the linguistic, semiotic and cultural aspects of (homo)phonetic translation is exemplified by translations made by Russian poets of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
RESEARCH OF MICRODIMENSIONAL POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE OF POGRANICHNIY SETTLEMENT (PRIMORSKY REGION, RUSSIA)
Authors: Дрозд  , Drozd Vladimir , Угай  , Ugay Sergey , Холодов  , Kholodov Aleksey , Голохваст  , Golokhvast Kirill
Published: September 2016

The article is devoted to the research of atmospheric suspensions in Pogranichniy settlement using laser granulometry methods. It is shown that the atmosphere of this settlement is scarcely polluted with particles under 10 µm (PM10). Only at 3 sampling points out of 11 we found dangerous to health microparticles in significant quantities: from 17.4 to 24.9%. Large particles sized above 400 µm prevail on the overall territory of the settlement amounting to 78.1%.
THE STATE OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY IN PAIRS “MOTHER-CHILD” AT INFLUENZA A(H3N2) IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Луценко  , Lutsenko Mikhail , Гориков  , Gorikov Igor , Андриевская  , Andrievskaya Irina
Published: September 2016

At full-term pregnancy the level of anti-influenza antibodies in 126 pairs “mother-child” at influenza A(H3N2) in the first trimester of gestation was studied. The first group (comparison) was made of 40 pairs “mother-child” at pregnancy not complicated with acute respiratory virus infection, but with exacerbation of somatic diseases as well as moderate and severe somatic and obstetric pathology. The second group consisted of 43 pairs “mother-child” with influenza infection with antibody titer 1:4-1:16; the third group had 41 pairs “mother-child” with influenza А(Н3N2) with antibody titer 1:8-1:32; the fourth group had 42 pairs “mother-child” with influenza infection (antibody titers were 1:32-1:128) associated with the threat of miscarriage at early stages of gestation. It was found out that in the second group in 80% of cases mothers had higher titers of anti-virus antibodies in comparison with the titers of their children; in 12.5% of cases there were equal titers of antibodies in maternal and umbilical blood. In the second and the third groups unlike the first one there was a tendency to the decrease of a number of pairs that had higher titers of antibodies in mothers and there was an increase of pairs with equal titers of anti-virus antibodies. In the fourth group the number of pairs with domination of titers of anti-influenza antibodies increased till 28.6% in children in comparison with the titers in their mothers (in the second group it was in 4.7%, р<0.05), which suggested antenatal infecting of full term newborns.
DISTURBANCE OF ANDROSTENEDIOL CONVERTING IN PLACENTA DURING REACTIVATION OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Андриевская  , Andrievskaya Irina , Шолохов  , Sholokhov Leonid
Published: September 2016

The aim is to analyze androstenediol converting in villous chorions at gestation against cytomegalovirus infection activation during the first trimester of pregnancy. 48 villous chorions samples taken during medical abortion at 8-10th weeks of gestation of women with chronic cytomegalovirus reactivation during pregnancy became the material for study, and 35 villous chorions samples were taken as the control. The results of pregnant women examination were analyzed from the point of cytomegalovirus infection activity with immune-enzyme method by the presence of IgM antibodies or by the value of 4-times and more growth of IgG antibodies titer in paired sera in dynamics in 10 days. IgG avidity index to cytomegalovirus was more than 75% in all women. Androstenediol converting was assessed with histochemical methods. Quantitative evaluation of the reaction products was carried out on sections under the microscope MT (Japan) associated with software-hardware complex «SCION Corporation» (USA). Histochemical reaction product of the androstenediol dehydrogenase was well detected in cyto- and syncytiotrophoblast of chorious villi. Reaction activity in the material from women with reactivation of cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy was low, which indicated a reduction in the reserve for the synthesis of estrogen. The concentration of estriol and estradiol in villous chorions during reactivation of cytomegalovirus infection decreased till 24.9±2.01 nmol/l and 15765.1±107.77 pmol/l, respectively.
HYPOXIC ERYTHROCYTOSIS
Authors: Ландышев  , Landyshev Yuriy , Войцеховский  , Voytsekhovskiy Valeriy , Гоборов  , Goborov Nikolay
Published: September 2016

The article presents a brief review of literature which shows the characteristic of bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular diseases that most often cause secondary absolute hypoxic erythrocytosis. The information about pathogenesis of blood changes at this nosology is given. The principles of differential diagnosis between secondary absolute hypoxic erythrocytosis and chronic myeloproliferative diseases, i.e. polycythemia vera and idiopathic myelofibrosis in erythremia stage are set. As an example three clinical cases of personal experience of the authors are given: 1) the patient who developed hypoxic erythrocytosis against chronic pulmonary heart disease formed due to a combination of COPD and Pickwick syndrome and "sleep apnea"; 2) the patient admitted to hospital initially only in connection with changes in the blood (erythrocytosis) for differential diagnosis and who was revealed to have arteriovenous malformation of the lung vessels; 3) the case of primary pulmonary hypertension diagnosis in a young patient with multiple comorbidities.
3D BIOPRINTING IN THE SERVICE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (REVIEW)
Authors: Целуйко  , Tseluyko Sergey , Кушнарев  , Kushnarev Vladimir
Published: September 2016

In this work characteristics of modern trends in bioprinting and 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs of the respiratory system are presented. The attention is also drawn to the definition of concepts of bioprinting and 3D bioprinting in the foreign literature. Modern types of bioprinting, their disadvantages and prospects of development in the field of functional respiratory organs creation have been discussed. Special attention is given to the process of bioprinting of artificial trachea and bronchi as well as to the creation of the air-blood barrier.
Legal Criteria of the Welfare State: New Approaches
Authors: Путило Наталья , Putilo Natalya
Published: September 2016

The welfare state and its constant development accompanied by the appearance of new characteristics or changing old require to update scientific approaches to this phenomenon. The author researches existing approaches to the allocation of signs of the Welfare state. The article proposes a new system of formal legal criteria of the welfare state, which allows to determine the social orientation of the state excluding quantitative economic and social indicators. The author includes following criteria: 1) implementation of the principle of the social state; 2) reflected in the constitution of the list of social rights; 3) characteristics of the constitutional status of social rights; 4) enabling of the application of international law in the national legal system; 5) legislative consolidation of state duties in the social sphere and the mechanism of their implementation; 6) constitutional recognition of legal guarantees for the implementation of social rights (standards, specifying the general requirements for the economic structure of the state, taxation, redistribution processes); 7) legislative concretization of the mechanism of realization of social rights; 8) constitutional recognition of the special institutions, typical of the welfare state; 9) the presence of specific public authorities and other structural elements; 10) consolidation of the rule of law; 11) the status of social legislation. The proposed system of criteria based on international indicators of quality of life, takes into account the historical experience of the formation of the social state.
Contract Negotiations (Concept, Legal Regulation, Rules)
Authors: Малеина Марина , Maleina Marina
Published: September 2016

The article describes the two orders of the contract negotiations: non-contractual procedure based on the provisions of Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and the contractual order with the help of an agreement on the procedure for negotiating. Above agreement can be of three types: the agreement on the procedure for negotiating, the agreement on the content of the future treaty, the agreement of the mixed type. Regardless of the order of negotiation grounds for damages of losses are unfair negotiations, including disclosure of confidential information transmitted by the other party or use confidential information improperly for its own purposes, as well as the unfair termination of negotiations. The amount of damages includes the costs incurred by the other party in connection with the contract negotiations (rent for the meeting room, translation fees, the preparation of the main contract of the project), as well as for the loss of opportunity to conclude a contract with a third face.
Qualifying Errors: Essence, Classification and Causes
Authors: Решетников Александр , Reshetnikov Aleksandr
Published: September 2016

The article considers basic theoretical approaches for understanding of an essence of a qualification error in offenses, classification of these errors, causes and ways to correct the qualifying errors. It is underlined that the qualification errors are limited by the framework of criminal law. The subjects of such errors are investigators, prosecutors and judges, and the qualification errors’ reasons are objective (a large number of evaluative concepts, lack of wording clarity of the specific criminal legal norms) and subjective (incomplete investigation circumstances of a crime, wrong assessment of collected evidences, etc.) factors, while the error correction by means of application of prosecutor´s supervisory measures or by judicial practice depends directly on the subject and the factors of the qualification error and limited by the Criminal Procedure legislation character. The author concludes that careful consideration of the causes and the conditions for the approval of qualification errors, as well as their correction by the subjects of qualification and applied organizational and legal measures, aimed at eliminating their causes, together are the key to ensure legality in criminal law and rights and freedoms.
The Conceptual Framework of the Information and Telecommunication Law: Enforcement Issues
Authors: Терещенко Людмила , Tyeryeyenko Lyudmila
Published: September 2016

This article analyzes the existing conceptual framework of the information and telecommunication law in general and those norms, which recently have been included into the legislation of terms and their definitions, and relation of the terms used. It is shown that information law and communication law are heavily influenced by the information and telecommunication technologies, the Internet. First and foremost these technologies are sources of new terms in law. It is noted that the use of Internet technology arises questions in legal science: whether regulation is required within emerging relationships, whether it is possible to apply existing "traditional" legal norms and whether law is really able to influence these relationships. Given the fact that a mandative feature of norms established by a State should be legal certainty, it is necessary to adapt the new terms to law, to include them into the framework and to provide adequate definitions.
The Legal Construction of Financial Liabilities: Conceptual Bases of Formation
Authors: Омелёхина Наталья , Omelekhina Natalya
Published: September 2016

In this article the legal construction is considered as a method of cognition, interpretation of law and as means of law-making technique at the same time. The author outlines the legal construction of the financial liability and provides with its structural and substantive description. The author offers to consider the legal construction of the financial liability as an inter-branch construction that combines private law constructions and public law constructions of monetary obligations. The majority of these constructions have a complex structure, where each party has the right to claim the completion of obligations and duty to complete these obligations at the same time. In this case, the majority of studied constructions of civil obligations are characterized by counter retribution while public law constructions by counter gratuitousness. The structural elements of this inter-branch construction are subjects, object and conditions of the obligation. The paper analyzes maintenance of selected structural elements. Using the method of scientific abstraction it is proposed to allocate General and Special conditions of financial liabilities. Special conditions of financial liabilities depend on the peculiarities of private law and public law regulations and on target orientation of liabilities (on the formation or on the expenditure of public funds). The author focuses on the target characteristic of structural elements of financial liabilities legal constructions. It is proposed to allocate the total and the direct target orientation of the financial liability.
Secondment Contracts: Several Problems
Authors: Коршунова Татьяна , Korshunova Tatyana
Published: September 2016

The secondment contract is a new one in Russian legislation, and the question of its legal nature is both of theoretical and practical interest. The article analyzes the contents of such contract, legal status of its sides. As a result of the conducted researches the author has reached the conclusion that the secondment contract cannot be recognized as a paid service contract, but it is a package contract mentioned in the legislation, the regulation of which is carried out using the norms of civil and labour laws. In addition, the problem of determining the parties of the secondment contract was considered in present article. The author noted that such contracts can be made not only by the private employment agencies but by other legal entities, including foreign legal entities and their affiliates (excluding individuals). The author proposed an unusual approach to the definition of "foreign entity" and "affiliate" which claims an attention. Also in the article were analyzed the legislative provisions restricting the possibility of concluding secondment contract.
The Question of the Establishment of a Scientific Legal Clinics in Russia
Authors: Осипов Михаил , Osipov Mikhail
Published: September 2016

The problem of improvement of the Russian legal education is one of the topical issues facing the Russian legal science. One of the most important directions of the improvement of the Russian legal education is the development of a network of legal clinics under higher educational institutions of legal profile. The present article contains the analysis of the legal regulation peculiarities of the public relations in the field of establishing and activities of legal clinics. Gaps and lacks of legal regulation of work of legal clinics were identified, in particular statutory conflict which on the one hand aimed at the development of legal skills of students, as well as counselling skills, on the other hand — the voluntary participation of the students in the work of the clinic. The author shows the ways to resolve this conflict, including arranging of the students’ practice at the legal clinic, shows the possibility and the need to strengthen the scientific component of legal clinics work, including establishment of so-called scientific legal clinics which will provide legal assistance not only to the general public but also to the legislative, executive and judicial authorities in the sphere of improvement of legislation and practice of its implementation.
Dispute Resolution in Modern Stream of Commerce: the Problem of Using of the Terms “Arbitration” and “Arbitration Court” in the Context of Existing Russian Legislation
Authors: Бойченко Александра , Boychenko Aleksandra
Published: September 2016

The author studies the problem of using of the terms “arbitration” and “state arbitration court” in the context of their use in relation to relevant institutions for resolution of commercial disputes. Through a comparative analysis of the term “arbitration” in the legal systems of some States, including the Russian Federation, the author identifies the differences and possible resolving ways of the problem of mixing these terms in Russia. On the basis of the research the author has arrived to the conclusion that it will be useful to change this terms in relation to state arbitration courts. In particular, the author proposes to call them economic, commercial or economic in order to prevent errors in the name of the courts in daily life and avoid the introduction of potential user confusion. The author believes that more preferable in this context the using of the term “commercial and administrative courts”. Also in the article was examined the problem of the Russian approach to the status of International Commercial Arbitration and its resolution of commercial disputes.
Definition of “Permission” in Russian Criminal Procedure
Authors: Хайдаров Альберт , Khaydarov Albert
Published: September 2016

The article deals with the definition of “consent” which understands as a the permission of the head of the investigative body for the production of the investigator or the resolution of the Prosecutor on the production of the investigator the corresponding investigative and other procedural actions and to their adopting procedural decisions in accordance with the paragraph 41.1 of article 5 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The author discovered a lack of conformity between the legal definition of “consent” and its use in the text of the Criminal Procedure Code. The definition of “consent” was examined in present article in its broadest sense, it was filled with new content, different from mentioned in paragraph 41.1 of article 5 of the Criminal Procedure Code. About the definition of "consent" was considered in the article as: 1) the power of the officials (authority), court (judge); 2) the right of a party to criminal proceedings to give consent to the production of the procedural actions or procedural decision; 3) condition of procedural agreements or condition for the adoption of procedural decisions; 4) consent of the two States on issues of international cooperation or the consent of the foreign state in bringing the citizen to criminal responsibility in Russia.
A Central Limit Theorem for Temporally Nonhomogenous Markov Chains with Applications to Dynamic Programming
Authors: Arlotto Alessandro , Steele J. Michael
Published: September 2016

We prove a central limit theorem for a class of additive processes that arise naturally in the theory of finite horizon Markov decision problems. The main theorem generalizes a classic result of Dobrushin for temporally nonhomogeneous Markov chains, and the principal innovation is that here the summands are permitted to depend on both the current state and a bounded number of future states of the chain. We show through several examples that this added flexibility gives one a direct path to asymptotic normality of the optimal total reward of finite horizon Markov decision problems. The same examples also explain why such results are not easily obtained by alternative Markovian techniques such as enlargement of the state space.
How Do Plural-Sourcing Firms Make and Buy? The Impact of Supplier Portfolio Design
Authors: Sako Mari , Chondrakis George , Vaaler Paul M.
Published: September 2016

This paper uses the notion of contracting strategy to advance research on plural sourcing. We develop and test a theoretical framework to explain how plural-sourcing firms strike the make-and-buy balance depending on their contracting strategy. The focal firm’s choice of a contracting strategy is associated with a specific supplier portfolio design, with a bargaining-based strategy resulting in many, narrowly capable suppliers with short tenure, and a relationship-based contracting strategy resulting in fewer, broadly capable suppliers with long tenure. Focal firms with the latter strategy incur lower overall contracting costs than those with the former, and therefore outsource more. Focal firms seek to influence contracting costs associated with their supplier portfolio for “nearly the same inputs” and “nearly the same suppliers.” Empirical analysis corresponding to the two levels, namely patent prosecution and legal services at Fortune 500 firms, provide consistent support for our theory.
Preparing for Ofsted
Authors: Rollett Stephen
Published: September 2016

Accountability expert Stephen Rollett discusses the vital questions school leaders should consider when preparing for an Ofsted inspection this year
Variation in Natural Durability of Seven Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla Hybrid Clones
Authors: França F. J. N. , França T. S. F. A. , Arango R. A. , Woodward B. M. , Vidaurre G. B.
Published: September 2016

Programs aimed at developing clones of hybrid trees are commonly established in Brazil to meet the demands of various forest-based industries. These programs have continually improved the quality of eucalyptus wood, which has the potential to reduce deforestation by lowering demand for other high-value species. This is particularly true in the lumber market, but little is known about the resistance of eucalyptus wood to biodegradation. This study evaluated variation in natural resistance of seven Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid clones to decay by four wood-rot fungi and feeding by subterranean termites. In addition to mass loss, the relationship between density and durability was also examined. Results showed significant differences among the various clones in density as well as in resistance to fungi and termites, although none of the clones were resistant to Trametes versicolor. Mass loss in wood specimens ranged from 9 to 61 percent in the fungal tests and from 6.9 to 20.5 percent in termite tests. Average density measurements among clone groups were calculated to be between 461 and 659 kg/m3. Among the clones, five of the seven showed resistance to fungal decay and termite feeding, which was correlated with increased wood density. Based on these results, we suggest that certain clones, particularly those with higher density values, may be considered for production of various lumber products.
Influence of rainfall on physical, cheminal and biological parameters in washouts on the coast of Paraná state, Brazil
Authors: Kolm Hedda Elisabeth , Siqueira Adriana , Machado Eunice da Costa
Published: September 2016

Reduction in precipitation, and consequently fresh water, can affect the food loop and the time necessary for an increase in nutrients and contaminants in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. The combined effect of human development and reduction in river flow can degrade water quality, negatively affecting the fishery and human health. The objective of the present research was the study of the water quality (temperature, salinity, alkalinity, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, humic substances, suspended particulate material, particulate organic matter, chlorophyll-a, total coliforms and Escherichia coli), of two washouts (Barranco and Olho d’Água) located in the municipality of Pontal do Paraná (Pontal do Paraná, Brazil), comparing them in periods of lower and higher rainfall. The results showed that during the rainy period, there was an increase in nitrite, suspended particulate material, particulate organic matter, and a decrease in nitrate and chlorophyll-a in the two washouts. An increase in phosphate, ammonium and humic substances were only observed in Barranco; whereas an increase in dissolved oxygen and E. coli were only observed in Olho d’Água. These results showed that larger quantities of nutrients are exported to the adjacent continental shelf in high rainfall periods.
Nutritional profile of toasted canavalia ensiformis seed and its potetial as partially replacement for soybean in the diet of clarias gariepinus
Authors: Tiamiyu Lateef Oloyede , Okomoda Victor Tosin , Akpa Peter
Published: September 2016

The nutritional value of Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) in animal feeds have been limited by the presence of antinutritional factors. This study investigates the efficacy of toasting as a processing method in improving the nutritional value and the utilization of C. ensiformis seeds in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. Result obtained reveals that the proximate composition of toasted C. ensiformis seed was not significant affected when compared to the raw seed. However, many essential amino acids were significantly reduced by toasting. Of all phytonutrient isolated in the seed, lectin and canavaline were not markedly reduced with toasting. Fingerlings of C. gariepinus fed diets (35%CP) formulate by substituting soybeans (inclusion at 38.19%) with C. ensiformis at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% revealed significant reduction in growth as the substitution levels increased. It was concluded that toasting alone is not an effective method for improving utilization of C. ensiformis in the diet of African catfish. Research on other processing methods or are recommended
Heliconia ‘Golden Torch’ postharvest: stem ends cutting and renewing vase water benefits
Authors: Folha Wladiney Rodrigues , Souza Rafaela Ribeiro , Amaral Genilda Canuto , Silva Alcilane Arnaldo , Carvalho Jullyanna Nair , Beckmann Cavalcante Márkilla Zunete
Published: September 2016

The postharvest longevity is one of the main aspects that should be considered in the production of cut flowers and is a pre-requisite for product quality and marketing success. However, cut flowers are highly perishable products that need to be treated and stored to maintain its quality and value. This study aimed to assess Heliconia psittacorum ‘Golden Torch’ inflorescences postharvest longevity, submitted to periodic stem ends cutting and vase water renewal. The experimental design was a completely randomized 3x2 factorial, corresponding to the stem ends cuts (1 cm; without cutting; cutting at 24 hours; cutting at 48 hours) and water renewal (with and without renewal), with four repetitions. The assessed variables were: water uptake by flower stems (WUFS); loss of fresh stem mass (LFSM); dry matter of flower stems (DMFS) and postharvest longevity (PHL). The stem cut significantly influenced WUFS and LFSM. However, the water renewal factors affected all variables, while the interaction between factors (stem cuts x water renewal) only influenced PHL. The cuts at the stem base of Heliconia ‘Golden Torch’ procedures enable the restoration of water potential and this practice, associated with water renewal during storage allows greater tissues hydration, maintaining the postharvest quality.
A hybrid model of new Keynesian Phillips Curve: An application in Indonesia
Authors: Deno Hervino Aloysius
Published: September 2016

This study attempts to prove whether inflation dynamics in Indonesia can be explained by the hybrid model of New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC). Output gap variable and dummy variable are also incorporated in this study as the external shock of the increase in fuel oil prices in 2004. By using a steady state model, it can be concluded that inflation dynamics in Indonesia could be explained by the hybrid model of NKPC. The variable of forward looking has significant effect on inflation dynamics, but the variable of inflationary pressure (output gap) has no significant effect on inflation dynamics. In addition, the increase in fuel oil prices in 2004 also gives pressure on the inflation rate, but when interacting with the variable of inflation (backward and forward), it even reduces its pressure on the inflation rate.
An investigation of the effect of accounting controls, budget goal clarity, mental model implementation on accountability of government performance
Authors: Susilowati Mardjono Enny , Nur DP Emrinaldi
Published: September 2016

The research examines the effect of budget goal clarity and accounting control on depen-dent variable with Mental Model as mediating variable on accountability of city gov-ernment performance. This research used sample consisting of 66 employees in The Finance Division of City Government Semarang that were managing income and ex-penditure of state budget (APBD), selected by means of judgment sampling. The hypo-thesis testing was done by using Warp Partial Least Square 3.0. The partial result of the research indicated, the budget goal clarity, accounting control are factor that affect posi-tively on Accountability of City Government Performance. Simultaneously, it indicated Mental model didnt mediate the relationship between budget goal clarity and account-ing control toward accountability of city government performance. Yet, budget goal clarity and accounting control as partial impact to Mental Model. The positive result in budget goal clarity gives the impact for city of government to apply budget stated clearly and specifically. Accounting Control system should be used to facilitate the planning and supervision of the organization. Mental model of the operational officers do not reflect operational processes in various environments. This is due to the fact that most of the budget has been set with the existing systems that is standardized by LAKIP, so it can-not be flexible adjustment in various environments.