bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspekte zur Verbesserung des Tierwohls bei Mastputen: Strukturierung und Beschäftigungsmaterial – eine Literaturübersicht
Authors: Krautwald-Junghanns Maria-Elisabeth , Cuta Larissa , Sirovnik Janja
Published: December 2021

Herkömmliche Putenställe enthalten oft außer den Futter- und Tränkeanlagen sowie Einstreu keine Strukturelemente oder Beschäftigungsmaterial. Diese können aber vielfältige Vorteile für das Tierwohl haben (räumliche Trennung des Ausübens natürlicher Verhaltensweisen, Rückzugsmöglichkeit, Anregung zur Fortbewegung) und werden auch in der konventionellen Putenhaltung v. a. vor dem Hintergrund der Minimierung von Beschädigungspicken zunehmend diskutiert. Die in der Literatur beschriebenen Effekte von Strukturelementen bzw. eingebrachten Beschäftigungsmaterialien lassen sich zwar teilweise aufgrund der Variation der Studien nicht exakt vergleichen, doch überwiegen positive Effekte. Allerdings müssen beim Einsatz solcher Elemente verschiedene Variablen berücksichtigt werden. So hängen die Nutzung und der positive Effekt von Aufbaummöglichkeiten u. a. von Art und Maßen der eingesetzten Aufbaumstruktur sowie Geschlecht, Alter und Herkunft der Tiere ab. Eine Möglichkeit zum Aufbaumen sind z. B. eingebrachte Strohballen, die zusätzlich als Beschäftigungsmaterial dienen. Bei Angebot von Heu oder Stroh muss zusätzlich grobkörniger Grit verabreicht werden, um einer Verstopfung des Magen-Darm-Trakts entgegenzuwirken. Beschäftigungsmaterialien sollten wechselnd und in ausreichender Menge angeboten werden. Außenklimabereich und Auslauf bieten klimatische und optische Reize sowie zusätzlichen Bewegungsraum, doch auch hier sind verschiedene Grundvoraussetzungen zu berücksichtigen. Prinzipiell haben bei allen genannten Verbesserungen für das Tierwohl das Engagement und die Kenntnisse des Mästers ausschlaggebende Bedeutung. Daher werden regelmäßige Weiterbildungen dieses Personenkreises empfohlen.
Machbarkeitsstudie zur Schließung der rehabilitativen
Versorgungslücke bei Patient*innen nach erfolgter
Majoramputation im Rahmen eines Innovationsfondsprojekts. Umsetzung, Erfahrungen
und erste Ergebnisse
Authors: Egen Christoph , Schiller Joerg , Gutenbrunner Christoph , Eckhardt Isabelle , Höpner Katrin , Sturm Christian , Fink Matthias , Ranker Alexander
Published: December 2021

Eine Majoramputation ist für die Betroffenen ein äußerst
belastender Eingriff und mit großen Herausforderungen für die
gesellschaftliche und berufliche Wiedereingliederung verbunden. Bei der
Versorgung von Amputationspatient*innen besteht ein hoher Bedarf an
ärztlicher und therapeutischer Behandlung sowie sozialmedizinischer
Steuerung. Die sektoralen Versorgungsstrukturen sind regional sehr
unterschiedlich aufgestellt und decken häufig den Bedarf nicht
adäquat ab. Dem Entlassmanagement kommt hierbei eine
Schlüsselposition zu. Ein Innovationsfondsprojekt des Gemeinsamen
Bundesausschusses (G-BA) implementiert und evaluiert gegenwärtig
modellhaft eine optimierte Versorgung für Menschen nach Majoramputation
durch Einführung eines sektorenübergreifenden Caremanagement und
der Einführung einer ambulanten Interimsphase in einer Hochschulambulanz
für Physikalische und Rehabilitative Medizin (PRM) und Therapie. Der
Beitrag berichtet über die Umsetzung, die gemachten Erfahrungen und
über erste Ergebnisse.
Recent Trends in Group 9 Catalyzed C–H Borylation Reactions: Different Strategies To Control Site-, Regio-, and Stereoselectivity
Authors: Veth Lukas , Grab Hanusch A. , Dydio Paweł
Published: December 2021

Organoboron compounds continue contributing substantially to advances in organic chemistry with their increasing role as both synthetic intermediates and target compounds for medicinal chemistry. Particularly attractive methods for their synthesis are based on the direct borylation of C–H bonds of available starting materials since no additional pre-functionalization steps are required. However, due to the high abundance of C–H bonds with similar reactivity in organic molecules, synthetically useful C–H borylation protocols demand sophisticated strategies to achieve high regio- and stereoselectivity. For this purpose, selective transition-metal-based catalysts have been developed, with group 9 centered catalysts being among the most commonly utilized. Recently, a multitude of diverse strategies has been developed to push the boundaries of C–H borylation reactions with respect to their regio- and enantioselectivity. Herein, we provide an overview of approaches for the C–H borylation of arenes, alkenes, and alkanes based on group 9 centered catalysts with a focus on the recent literature. Lastly, an outlook is given to assess the future potential of the field.

1 Introduction

1.1 Mechanistic Considerations

1.2 Selectivity Issues in C–H Borylation

1.3 Different Modes of Action Employing Directing Group Strategies in C–H Borylation

1.4 Scope and Aim of this Short Review

2 Trends in C–H Borylation Reactions

2.1 Photoinduced Catalysis

2.2 Transfer C–H Borylation

2.3 Lewis Acid Mediated C–H Borylation

2.4 Directed Metalation

2.5 Miscellaneous C–H Borylation Reactions

2.6 Electrostatic Interactions

2.7 Hydrogen Bonding

3 Conclusion and Outlook
Recent Advances in Catalytic Nonenzymatic Kinetic Resolution of Tertiary Alcohols
Authors: Ding Bo , Xue Qilin , Cheng Hong-Gang , Zhou Qianghui , Jia Shihu
Published: December 2021

The kinetic resolution (KR) of racemates is one of the most widely used approaches to access enantiomerically pure compounds. Over the past two decades, catalytic nonenzymatic KR has gained popularity in the field of asymmetric synthesis due to the rapid development of chiral catalysts and ligands in asymmetric catalysis. Chiral tertiary alcohols are prevalent in a variety of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and biologically active chiral compounds. The catalytic nonenzymatic KR of racemic tertiary alcohols is a straightforward strategy to access enantioenriched tertiary alcohols. This short review describes recent advances in catalytic nonenzymatic KR of tertiary alcohols, including organocatalysis and metal catalysis.

1 Introduction

2 Organocatalysis

2.1 Peptide Catalyst

2.2 Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyst

2.3 Chiral Lewis Base Catalyst

2.4 Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Salt Catalyst

3 Metal Catalysis

3.1 Mixed La-Li Heterobimetallic Catalyst

3.2 Rh Catalyst

3.3 Hf Catalyst

3.4 Pd Catalyst

3.5 Cu Catalyst

3.6 Ag Catalyst

4 Conclusion and Outlook
How to Report: Elbow MRI
Authors: Griffith James Francis
Published: December 2021

The elbow is the least common of the main joints examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), thus radiologists may be less familiar with writing these reports. This article addresses the main pathologies encountered in and around the elbow, emphasizing the specific features that need reporting and providing examples of terminology to use when describing these abnormalities.
How to Report: Ankle MRI
Authors: Antonio Gregory E. , Griffith James Francis
Published: December 2021

Reporting ankle magnetic resonance imaging involves the assessment of multiple joints, tendons, and ligaments in several planes and numerous sequences. This article describes an approach using four anatomical categories (subcutaneous fat, bones and joints, tendons, and ligaments) to simplify and improve reporting efficiency. The main pathologies are covered, emphasizing the specific features to comment on, as well as suggesting terminology and phrases to use when reporting.
How to Report: Wrist MRI
Authors: Ng Wing Hung Alex , Griffith James Francis , Ng Isaac Sung Him
Published: December 2021

Knowledge of the imaging anatomy of the wrist is essential for reporting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This familiarity should include the carpal bones, tendons (extensor and flexor compartments), triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments, and nerves, especially the median and ulnar nerves. Limitations of MRI in visualizing these structures, particularly the intrinsic ligaments and the TFCC, need to be considered. This article outlines the main features to comment on when reporting common conditions of the wrist on MRI, with some examples of terminology that can be used to describe these abnormalities.
How to Report: Shoulder MRI
Authors: Griffith James Francis
Published: December 2021

Magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder is a commonly performed investigation. This article discusses the common shoulder pathologies encountered, emphasizes the key features to report, and provides examples of terminology used to describe these pathologies.
The Curious Case of a Missing Gallbladder: An Unusual Presentation of a Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
Authors: Surapaneni Sarvani , Kiwan Wissam , Chiu Michael K. , Zingas Alkis , Hussein Shakir , Ehrinpreis Murray
Published: December 2021

Large gallstones could erode through gallbladder wall to nearby structures, causing fistulas, gastric outlet obstruction and gallstone ileus. They typically occur in elderly patients with comorbidities carrying therapeutic challenges. We present a case of a middle-aged woman who was thought to have symptomatic cholelithiasis. Extensive adhesions precluded safe cholecystectomy. While hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan and magnetic resonance imaging with cholangiopancreatography (MRI-MRCP) failed to visualize the gallbladder, computed tomography (CT) was consistent with cholecystoduodenal fistula. A very large gallstone was seen endoscopically in the duodenum, which was broken down into pieces using a large stiff snare.
Adapting a continuous flow cryostat and a plate DAC to do high pressure Raman experiments at low temperatures
Authors: Gohil Smita , Ghosh Shankar , Tare Satej , Chitnis Abhishek , Garg Nandini
Published: December 2021

We present a method for modifying a continuous flow cryostat and a steel plate DAC (Diamond Anvil Cell) to perform high pressure micro-Raman experiments at low temperatures. Despite using a steel DAC with a lower specific heat capacity (∼335 J/kg K), this setup can routinely perform high pressure (∼10 GPa) measurements at temperatures as low as 26 K. This adaptation is appropriate for varying the temperature of the sample while keeping it at a constant pressure. We determined that the temperature variation across the sample chamber is about 1 K using both direct temperature measurements and finite element analysis of the heat transport across the DAC. We present Raman spectroscopy results on elemental selenium at high pressures and low temperatures using our modified setup.
Simple thermal model to characterize dry and wet pulsed-tube cryocoolers
Authors: Floch J-M. Le , Shao HuiMin , Zhong EnCai , Deng XueCen , Lu Zehuang
Published: December 2021

Cryogenic sapphire oscillators are unique three-dimensional structures that provide the highest performance local oscillators at short-term integration times. To further understand this device whose highest weakness is its sensitivity to temperature and reach its ultimate limit, we undertake a rigorous analysis of the properties of the cryocoolers with a simple thermal model. We show that the separation of variables is possible, as the cryocooler structure transfers heat from top to bottom and side to center independently. Comparisons between the modeling and experiments are consistent, and we illustrate where predictions using the established lumped element model work well with a test-set of valid conditions. With the aid of published data, we provide fittings of the thermophysical properties of air for temperatures less than 300K and pressures less than 1 atm.
Global weak solution in a p-Laplacian Keller–Segel system with nonlinear sensitivity and saturation effect
Authors: Zheng Pan
Published: December 2021

This paper deals with a p-Laplacian Keller–Segel chemotaxis system with nonlinear sensitivity and saturation effect under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in a smooth bounded domain. Under some suitable assumptions on these parameters and the initial data, we derive the uniform-in-time boundedness of global weak solutions for the system.
Metamaterial with anisotropic mass density for full mode-converting transmission of elastic waves in the ultralow frequency range
Authors: Yang Xiongwei , Chai Yijun , Li Yueming
Published: December 2021

The bimodal quarter-wave impedance matching theory, with which an incident longitudinal (transverse) wave can be completely converted to a transmitted transverse (longitudinal) wave, requires that the matching element must exhibit specific anisotropy. Previously, the specific anisotropy was satisfied between components of the stiffness tensor, and the phenomenon was only realized in the ultrasonic frequency range. In this work, we find that such anisotropy can also be satisfied between components of the mass density tensor, which allows an ultralow frequency realization. Meanwhile, the stiffness should also exhibit special anisotropy. To meet such unique anisotropy, we propose to design ternary locally resonant metamaterials. The dipolar local resonance around the lowest bandgap allows us to deal with the effective stiffness and mass density separately. The requirement on stiffness is satisfied by designing the matrix, and the mass anisotropy is realized through design of the coating layer. With the designed metamaterials, the matching elements can convert wave modes, which have a wavelength much larger than the element’s width. Considering that mode conversion is a fundamental phenomenon in the elastic field, our finds and design can be critically useful to extend its application in the ultralow frequency range.
Modeling of arc in convective shock wave composite system and analysis of its plasma running characteristics
Authors: Huang Ping , Leng Da-peng , Xie Zhuo-yue , Wang Ju-feng , Liu Peng , Yang Dong-rui
Published: December 2021

The plasma arc caused by lightning overvoltage can significantly degrade the power grid reliability. Thus, it is essential to design an efficient arc extinguishing system. The modeling and analysis of the plasma arc in an arc extinguishing system can provide an essential theoretical basis for improving and optimizing its structure. However, the precision of the governing equation and boundary value of the plasma arc model chosen in previous studies can be entirely different from the corresponding practical values. This study develops an arc extinguishing system named “convective shock wave complex system.” In order to further optimize its structure and achieve a better arc extinguishing effect, an appropriate model is established to analyze the plasma’s operation characteristics inside the arc extinguishing device while stroking by lightning. Based on the magnetohydrodynamics theory, the COMSOL software is utilized to analyze the temperature of the plasma arc, the flow rate of gas in the cavity, and the conductivity and current density of some monitoring points to comprehensively analyze the plasma’s physical characteristics in the system. Finally, a virtual lightning experiment is utilized to evaluate the simulation results.
A decoupled scheme to solve the mass and momentum conservation equations of the improved Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer framework in matrix acidization
Authors: Wu Yuanqing , Kou Jisheng , Wu Yu-Shu , Sun Shuyu , Xia Yilin
Published: December 2021

Matrix acidization simulation is a challenging task in the study of flows in porous media due to the changing porosity in the procedure. The improved Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer framework is one model to do this simulation. In this framework, the mass and momentum conservation equations are discretized to form a pressure–velocity linear system. However, the coefficient matrix of the linear system has a large condition number, and solving the linear system belongs to the saddle point problem. As a result of that, convergence is hard to achieve when solving it with iterative solvers. It is well known that the scale of the linear systems in matrix acidization simulation is large, and therefore, the usage of iterative solvers is required. Thus, a decoupled scheme is proposed in this work to decouple the pressure–velocity linear system into two independent linear systems: one is to solve for pressure, and the other one is to solve for velocity. It is emphasized that both of the linear systems are discretized from the elliptical partial differential equations, which guarantees fast convergence can be achieved by iterative solvers. A numerical experiment is carried out to demonstrate the correctness of the decoupled scheme and its higher computing efficiency. After that, the decoupled scheme is applied in investigating the factors that cannot change the optimal injected velocity and the dissolution pattern in matrix acidization.
Hydrodynamic force and attitude angle characteristics of a spinning stone impacting a free surface
Authors: Li Conghui , Wang Cong , Wei Yingjie , Xia Weixue , Zhang Chengju
Published: December 2021

This paper describes a numerical study of the hydrodynamics, pressure distribution, and attitude angle characteristics of spinning stones impacting a free surface. A numerical model is developed using the large-eddy simulation and volume-of-fluid techniques, and a wide range of cases are considered under different initial attack angles and spinning velocities. Three stages are defined according to the evolution of the vertical resultant force. For stones with a low spinning velocity and small attack angle, a high-pressure zone emerges at the bottom of the leading edge. Furthermore, the characteristics of the attack angle α and the roll angle φ are demonstrated and analyzed for different initial conditions. The results show that attack angle, roll angle, and vertical resultant force evolve differently for small attack angle compared with that for other initial attack angles, but a similar evolution law governs the attack angle and roll angle during the skipping process. Furthermore, the relations between amplitude and frequency of attitude angle oscillations and the initial attack angles and spinning velocities are presented.
A multi-dimensional Child–Langmuir law for any diode geometry
Authors: Sree Harsha N. R. , Pearlman Marcus , Browning Jim , Garner Allen L.
Published: December 2021

While prior theoretical studies of multi-dimensional space-charge limited current (SCLC) assumed emission from a small patch on infinite electrodes, none have considered emission from an entire finite electrode. In this paper, we apply variational calculus (VC) and conformal mapping, which have previously been used to derive analytic solutions for SCLC density (SCLCD) for nonplanar one-dimensional geometries, to obtain mathematical relationships for any multi-dimensional macroscopic diode with finite cathode and anode. We first derive a universal mathematical relationship between space-charge limited potential and vacuum potential for any diode and apply this technique to determine SCLCD for an eccentric spherical diode. We then apply VC and the Schwartz–Christoffel transformation to derive an exact equation for SCLCD in a general two-dimensional planar geometry with emission from a finite emitter. Particle-in-cell simulations using VSim agreed within 4%–13% for a range of ratios of emitter width to gap distance using the thinnest electrodes practical for the memory constraints of our hardware, with the difference partially attributed to the theory's assumption of infinitesimally thin electrodes. After generalizing this approach to determine SCLCD for any orthogonal diode as a function of only the vacuum capacitance and vacuum potential, we derive an analytical formulation of the three-dimensional Child–Langmuir law for finite parallel rectangular and disk geometries. These results demonstrate the utility for calculating SCLCD for any diode geometry using vacuum capacitance and vacuum potential, which are readily obtainable for many diode geometries, to guide experiment and simulation development.
Acoustic bandgaps in polyatomic chains of 3D-printed resonators
Authors: Domingo-Roca Roger , Foster Euan , Jackson-Camargo Joseph C.
Published: December 2021

Acoustic bandgaps are ranges of frequencies in a medium at which sound cannot propagate. The classical model often used in solid-state physics is that of a 1D chain of masses and springs, the analysis of which can predict the speed of sound in a material, its dispersive nature, and any forbidden sound frequencies. We use a lumped parameter model for the acoustic inertance and compliance of pipes and cavities to create 1D monatomic, diatomic, and triatomic chains that demonstrate these acoustic bandgaps experimentally. The ease of 3D-printing these devices means that this method can be used to explore bandgap engineering in acoustic systems for low-frequency applications and used as a simple platform for creating acoustic analogs of the solid-state physical problem. Furthermore, it allows us to explore novel polyatomic behavior (e.g., tetratomic and pentatomic) and could ultimately find use as filters for experiments requiring miniaturized acoustic isolation.
Multi-target microwave energy focusing optimization method based on genetic algorithm
Authors: Xiao Dongping , Liu Sheng , Fan Leili , Zhang Huaiqing , Peng Wenxiong
Published: December 2021

Aiming at the application requirements of multi-target microwave energy transmission, this paper proposes a multi-target microwave energy focusing method based on the genetic algorithm. This method optimizes the feeding phase first and then optimizes the feeding amplitude. By optimizing the feeding phase, the microwaves radiated by the antenna array unit tend to be superimposed in phase at each target point; furthermore, the energy distribution on the focal plane is optimized by optimizing the feeding amplitude. Two-target and three-target focusing methods are taken as examples to conduct microwave energy focusing simulation research. The results show that by using optimized-phase optimized-amplitude feeding, the total electric field strength at the two target points and the three target points is increased by 13% and 8.7%, respectively, compared with the optimized-phase constant-amplitude feeding. A 6 × 6 microstrip antenna array working at 5.8 GHz is designed to conduct two-target and three-target microwave energy focusing experiments. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the multi-target focusing method proposed in this paper.
Sustainable Irrigation Technology for the Future—More Crop Per Drop
Authors: Dirwai Tinashe L. , Senzanje Aidan , Mabhaudhi Tafadzwanashe
Published: December 2021

Sustainable agricultural intensification (SAI) requires optimal irrigation methods and strategies. SAI mitigates yield penalties incurred by farmers during irrigation. Thus, adopting modern irrigation practices will ensure more crop per drop of irrigation water used. We provide a state-of-the-art narrative review detailing the evolution of irrigation technologies and provide evidence-based analysis on how this correlates with water use efficiency (WUE). Secondary to this, we also provide a spatial review on the drivers of innovation and adoption of new irrigation technologies. Advances in irrigation technologies have helped to achieve the goal of increasing WUE. However, this has been at the expense of high energy consumption, which threatens the sustainability of the technological gains and their applicability in regions that already face energy constraints. This review sheds light on trade-offs that occur in the selection and adoption of irrigation technology. Irrigation modernization has been driven by global politics and the need to attain food security, this linear approach has created trade-offs with other sectors, hence, challenging sustainability. It is concluded that systematic approaches, such as the water-energy-food nexus, should be considered in the future design of water-saving technologies and irrigation systems to mitigate unintentional trade-offs.
A Comparative Energy-Efficiency Analysis for Renewable Energy Technologies
Authors: Gökgöz Fazıl , Erkul Ercem
Published: December 2021

A paradigm shift exists in the production and consumption of energy that shifts primary energy consumption from fossil energy production and consumption to renewable energy production and consumption. This challenge will result in greener processes, cleaner air, and a more suitable living environment for societies and countries. In this framework, the aim of this chapter is to analyze the renewable energy efficiency levels of European countries and regions via undesirable data envelopment analysis (DEA) models and present the improvement rates for these decision-making units (DMUs) to improve their energy efficiency and result in policy recommendations. Our empirical study reveals that industrialized countries are especially efficient. These countries have new and advanced technologies, rich natural resources, and sufficient capital to use and construct renewable energy, which is costly. According to the regional efficiency scores of the clustered countries, Eastern Europe has a reduced efficiency compared with Western, Northern, and Southern Europe. In all models, Eastern Europe needs to improve CO2 and fossil fuel consumption more than Northern, Southern, and Western Europe. As a consequence, CO2 and fossil fuel consumption should be significantly reduced in many inefficient countries, and renewable energy production should be increased significantly in many countries. Considering all these suggestions, it is necessary to consider the regional, environmental, and economic development in order to enhance renewable energy to become more sustainable and progressive.
Regional variation in British English voice quality
Authors: Gold Erica , Kirchhübel Christin , Earnshaw Kate , Ross Sula
Published: December 2021

This study considers regional variation of voice quality in two varieties of British English – Southern Standard British English and West Yorkshire English. A comparison of voice quality profiles for three closely related but not identical northern varieties within West Yorkshire is also considered. Our findings do not contradict the small subset of previous research which explored regional and/or social variation in voice quality in British English insofar as regionality may play a small role in a speaker’s voice quality profile. However, factors such as social standing and identity could perhaps be even more relevant. Even when considering homogeneous groups of speakers, it is not the case that there is a cohesive voice quality profile that can be attached to every speaker within the group. The reason for this, we argue, is the speaker-specificity inherent in voice quality.
Towards a higher order thinking skills-oriented translation competence model
Authors: Tan Shuxin , Cho Young Woo
Published: December 2021

This article aims at exploring translation competence (TC) from the perspective of higher-order thinking skills (HOTS), and developing a HOTS-oriented TC model accordingly. The underlying assumption is that the translation competence needed to solve ill-structured translation problems is highly integrated HOTS in essence. Based on this assumption, a framework for HOTS-oriented TC is presented, using features from the PACTE group’s TC model, and combining it with HOTS-specific features. Subsequently, a HOTS-oriented TC model is constructed, which consists of three interrelated parts: HOTS (i.e., translation problem-solving ability, translation decision-making ability, translation creative-thinking ability, and translation critical thinking ability); translation knowledge, and translation thinking dispositions. Additionally, two other assumptions are made as scaffolding to support our HOTS-oriented TC model. Finally, implications for TC studies and translation pedagogy are provided.
Traveling waves and spreading properties for a reaction-diffusion competition model with seasonal succession*
Authors: Wang Mingxin , Zhang Qianying , Zhao Xiao-Qiang
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we investigate the propagation dynamics of a reaction–diffusion competition model with seasonal succession in the whole space. Under the weak competition condition, the corresponding kinetic system admits a globally stable positive periodic solution

(

u

^

(

t

)

,

v

^

(

t

)

)

. By the method of upper and lower solutions and the Schauder fixed point theorem, we first obtain the existence and nonexistence of traveling wave solutions connecting (0, 0) to

(

u

^

(

t

)

,

v

^

(

t

)

)

. Then we use the comparison arguments to establish the spreading properties for a large class of solutions.
In free fall—the question
Authors: Featonby David , Oliveira Rute
Published: December 2021

In free fall objects seem to behave as if the physical laws of gravity have been suspended. Here are some experiments which demonstrate the phenomenon, and test the imagination.
Stochastic gravitational-wave background from metastable cosmic strings
Authors: Buchmüller Wilfried , Domcke Valerie , Schmitz Kai
Published: December 2021

A metastable cosmic-string network is a generic consequence
of many grand unified theories (GUTs) when combined with cosmic
inflation. Metastable cosmic strings are not topologically stable,
but decay on cosmic time scales due to pair production of GUT
monopoles. This leads to a network consisting of metastable long
strings on superhorizon scales as well as of string loops and
segments on subhorizon scales. We compute for the first time the
complete stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) arising
from all these network constituents, including several technical
improvements to both the derivation of the loop and segment
contributions. We find that the gravitational waves emitted by
string loops provide the main contribution to the gravitational-wave
spectrum in the relevant parameter space. The resulting spectrum is
consistent with the tentative signal observed by the NANOGrav and
Parkes pulsar timing collaborations for a string tension of G
μ ∼ 10-11…-7 and has ample discovery space for ground- and
space-based detectors. For GUT-scale string tensions, G
μ ∼ 10-8…-7, metastable strings predict a SGWB in the
LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA band that could be discovered in the near future.
Residential-type urban forest design in Buana Cicalengka Raya Estate, Cicalengka District, Bandung Regency
Authors: Hidayat Y , Sudirja R , Fadhilah M F , Dhafien I M
Published: December 2021

The existence of urban forests in the middle of residential areas will provide added value for beauty, comfort, and environmental health that could increase the value of land and buildings in the residential area. Residential-type urban forests need to be well designed so that they are compatible with the type of building and match the residential environment’s conditions. The purpose of this design is to create an appealing, multi-benefit urban forest design, which includes aspects of the urban forest theme concept, zoning arrangement, and vegetation arrangement, including species composition, density, and planting pattern. The outcome of the design resulted in a residential type, urban forest design by the theme of RINDU BCR Urban Forest (Relaxation, Inspiration, and Education for Buana Cicalengka Raya). The RINDU BCR Urban Forest functions as (1) a place of relaxation, (2) seeking positive inspiration, and (3) environmental education for the community. The planting pattern design consists of four types, namely: (1) opposite line pattern; (2) zigzag line pattern; (3) single line pattern, and (4) mixed pattern. The front-facing area of the RINDU BCR Urban Forest is designed by planting tree species that have the criteria of being ornamental, providing shade and safety, having a height of more than 300 cm, and a diameter of more than 10 cm.
The damage profile of kerai payung (Filicium desipiens) in University of Sumatera Utara green space based on Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method
Authors: Susilowati A , Ahmad A G , Siburian H , Iswanto A H , Rachmat H H , Zaitunah A , Samsuri  , Dwiyanti F G , Ginting I M
Published: December 2021

The University of Sumatera Utara (USU) campus in Medan is a green space area with numerous social and environmental benefits. In the USU campus, trees were planted for providing inhabitant needs such as fresh air, pollutant absorber, medicine, wood, fuel, fiber, aesthetic, and food. One of the medicine, wood, and aesthetic species that grows on the USU campus is kerai payung (Filicium decipiens). Along with fallen trees and broken branches incidents, detection of kerai payung trees damage in the campus USU was needed to prevent undesirable incidents and provide recommendations for maintenance. This research aims to get information on the distribution and damage profile of Kerai payung. To determine and assess the damage profile, the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) approach was used. Research showed that the Kere payung diameter structure ranges from 8 cm to 74 cm. Based on FHM, damage types of Kerai payung trees in USU campus are as follows; broken or dead branch, open wound, brum in branch, loss of dominant tips, leaves change color and konk. While the damage location is found in branches, buds and tips, lower and upper bole, leaves and upper bole. Our research pointed out that maintaining activities still be needed to avoid further damages.
Assessment of forest health status of Panca Indah Lestari Community Plantation Forest (case study in Bukit Layang Village, Bakam District, Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Province)
Authors: Arwanda E R , Safe’i R
Published: December 2021

Currently, community plantation forests play an essential role in providing wood supply for the timber industry with due regard to sustainability. One way to achieve the sustainability aspects of forest management is by conducting monitoring forest health. This study aims to determine the value of the health status of the Panca Indah Lestari Community Plantation Forest. This community plantation forest is located in Bukit Layang Village, Bakam District, Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Province. The stages of this research include: determining the number of cluster-plots using sampling intensity based on the area of community plantation forest, making cluster plots based on Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) cluster-plot design, collecting data by measuring the ecological indicators of forest health (productivity and vitality) based on the FHM method, as well as data analysis and processing using the Forest Health Assessment Information System. The results showed that the health status of the Panca Indah Lestari Community Plantation Forest had a range of values ranging from 1,890 - 5,530. The average health status value of Panca Indah Lestari Community Plantation Forest is 4,210, which was included in the medium category. Thus, the value of the health status of community plantation forests illustrates that the conditions for productivity and vitality indicators are insufficient. Knowing the forest condition’s status value helps managers provide recommendations in making decisions on sustainable community plantation forest management.
Distribution record of the invasive drywood termite Cryptotermes domesticus (Haviland) in Riau Province, Sumatra Island, Indonesia
Authors: Himmi S K , Fajar A , Wikantyoso B , Tjahyono B , Nurjanah N , Tarmadi D , Yusuf S
Published: December 2021

The domestic drywood termite, Cryptotermes domesticus (Haviland), has been referred to in past literature as a native species originating in the Southeast Asia region. The species come to prominence due to its destructive damage to a dried wood log by creating passages and nests inside the wood. Its economic importance makes the species one of the monitored species in inter-island transport as part of a biosecurity initiative by the Indonesian Government. In the present study, we collected drywood termites’ specimens from four locations in Riau Province, Sumatra Island, and conducted morphological identification. In the end, we verify the presence of C. domesticus in all four sites studied. This finding establishes the continued presence of the species in Sumatra, one of the areas reported as the native distribution of the species other than Java and Kalimantan following the Holmgren reports in 1913. We believe this report can be an addition to the current status of C. domesticus in Sumatra and also be an addition to the biosecurity initiative list of monitored species regarding the C. domesticus native range in Indonesia.
Oil palm plantation in ex-coal mined site: A case study in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Amanah F , Yunanto T
Published: December 2021

The oil palm plantation in the ex-coal area is new hope for renewable energy. Oil palm is also known as an important source of raw material for many products and the plantation area is expanding. Mine reclamation area may be suitable for oil palm but there are challenges for its development. This study aims to determine the land suitability of the ex-coal mined site for oil palm and evaluate the growth and yield compared to the plantation in commercial cultivation from the previous studies. The study in a coal mine company in Indonesia used soil quality, rainfall, vegetation growth and yield production data in 4, 5, 6 and 7-year-old-plantations. The result showed that the ex-coal mined site referred to S2 or suitable with limited factors in the 7-year-old-plantation area, while S3 or marginal soil in other areas. The soil mostly had low nitrogen content and cation exchange capacity as if the initial condition before mining and required additional manure and nitrogen fertilizer. Water management was required due to the sandy loam texture in the 4-year-old-plantation area to protect water availability by the silt pit or cover crops, especially in the dry season. The plant height showed a positive correlation to the land suitability, although the plant height was far lower than in commercial cultivation. The yield production also confirmed a rapid increase after castration in 2019 for 4, 5 and 7-year-old-plantation areas. The findings are useful for considering potential plant species of choice in the ex-coal area.
Buruan Sae in the city of Bandung: Realizing ideas from urban society
Authors: Margareth  , Abdullah O S , Cahyandito M F , Safitri K I
Published: December 2021

Buruan Sae is part of an integrated urban farming program implemented in the city of Bandung. The program relates to various urban farming products, which are mainly to meet their own food needs, and some are sold to the local markets. One of the targeted products is lime, but its cultivation is not yet well described. This study aimed to determine activities in cultivating lime in Buruan Sae. The study used a qualitative method, and the data were collected from 61 locations in Bandung city through observation, interviews, and literature review. In general, the results of this study showed that Buruan Sae includes the cultivation of vegetables, livestock or fish, fruit trees, family medicinal plants, processed urban farming products, seedling processes, and composting processes. An example for fruit trees is lime cultivation described in this paper, including land preparation, seed preparation, planting, maintenance, harvesting, and post-harvest. One site, namely Buruan Sae Jasmine, was found to be good learning for showing improvement in cultivation.
Environmental origin classification of coffee beans using infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Yusmanizar  , Munawar A A
Published: December 2021

Coffee is one of tropical agricultural products cultivated in many counties and consumed by people worldwide. The main purpose of this study is to employ the infrared spectroscopy technique to rapidly classify the environmental origins of green coffee bean samples. To achieve this purpose, diffuse reflectance spectral data of coffee samples were collected and acquired in wavelength rang of 1000 – 2500 nm. Classification models were established using principal component analysis (PCA) combined with linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The result showed that coffee bean sample can be classified based on their environmental origins with maximum total explained variance of the first two principal components is 97% (PC1 87% and PC2 10% respectively). Judging from the confusion matrix of the LDA, the classification accuracy reach 92%. It may conclude that infrared spectroscopy approach can be used to rapidly classify and sort coffee beans based on their geographical and environmental origins.
Soil bioengineering for sustainable coffee farming in Way Besai sub-watersheds, Lampung, Indonesia
Authors: Kuswadi D , Fitriani
Published: December 2021

Soil bioengineering is part of vegetative land conservation activities, including covering all use of plants to maintain the carrying capacity of the land. The sustainability of coffee farming achievement in the upstream watershed area is closely related to the application of soil bioengineering technology. This study conducted to identify the recent studies of soil bioengineering technology and its application in coffee farming toward increasing the land productivity in the upstream watershed. The research location is a smallholder coffee plantation upstream of the Way Besay sub-watershed, spread over 3 sub-districts, Air Hitam, Way Tenong, and Sumber Jaya sub-District, West Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia. Coffee farmers as many as 167 people as respondents. The data analysis method used exploration of the applicability of soil bioengineering technology at the micro-level. The mapping of the role of soil bioengineering trace using the VosViewer tool. The results of the analysis show that the readiness level application of soil bioengineering technology in coffee farming includes the production and use of organic fertilizers made from local materials, the use of mulch as soil cover, agroforestry with a variety of tall canopy plants/MPTS, the planting of multiple cropping (planting various yielding crops), and plant diversification with alley planting. Soil bioengineering technology has a very high potential to increase land productivity to support sustainable coffee production in the upstream area of the Lampung watershed.
Information gaps between irrigation establishment and farmer set-up
Authors: Arif S S , Susanto S , Sutiarso L , Jayanti D S
Published: December 2021

The level of a person’s cognitive processing ability is different, which influences how to understand and utilize the knowledge and information obtained from the media. Organizations can assess their knowledge resources and capabilities by conceptually designing strategies to minimize the knowledge gaps, improve performance, and produce various innovations by identifying the knowledge possessed, targets to be achieved, training and collaboration, research, and surveys for knowledge development, etc. The widening of knowledge gaps related to information development, individual attitudes, and behavior that knowledge transfer is needed to minimize the gap. This study aims to identify knowledge gaps between farmer institutions and irrigation bureaucracies. The method used is knowledge gap (K-Gap) analysis by measuring the level of importance of knowledge required against the available resources by scaling the questionnaire Likert Scale. The K-Gap analysis of the knowledge needed and currently available can evaluate performance in the planning and evaluation stages and become one of the decision-making systems in the management of an organization’s internal management, to increase motivation and represent the expectations of all users. The K-Gap value is obtained to indicate the direction of improvement that must be carried out.
Performance test of greenhouse effect (GHE) vent dryer with the addition of paraffin as a heat storage medium
Authors: Mustaqimah  , Ahmar A , Nurba D
Published: December 2021

Green House Effect (GHE) vent dryer is a kind of dryer design by utilizing solar energy as a drying energy source. Adding paraffin as a heat storage medium is one solution so that the GHE vent dryer can operate when the solar energy has dimmed. The purpose of this study was to test the performance of heat storage media using paraffin as a heat storage medium. 9 kg of paraffin was prepared, put into 9 copper pipes and placed in the absorber chamber. The data measured were the temperature in the drying room (T1=room 1, T2=room 2 and T3=room 3), the temperature of the absorber room, the temperature of the outlet, ambient temperature, air velocity and solar radiation. The results showed that the average ambient temperature ranged from 30°C to 40°C. Meanwhile, the average temperature in the GHE vent dryer ranges from 69°C to 71°C. The drying air flow velocity in the environment reaches 1.3 m/s and on the ventilator 1.1 m/s. During the study, data on solar radiation was also obtained on average reaching 6.6 W.h/m2. The final conclusion of this study shows that the use of paraffin as a heat storage medium in the GHE vent dryer is able to maintain the temperature in the drying chamber for 4 to 5 hours when solar radiation is not present.
Risk level analysis of human-elephant in the Peusangan watershed of Aceh Province, Indonesia
Authors: Diana C E , Abdullah A , Efendi E , Supriatno S , Hambal M , Andayani K
Published: December 2021

The Peusangan watershed is home to hundreds of communities and approximately to fifty individuals of the endemic wildlife Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus). Human-elephants conflict (HEC) is a competition in the intersection of needs that has a negative impact on the community welfare and elephants. Elephants are protected wildlife that must be preserved, while at the same time there are socio-economic interests of the community which must also be guaranteed to be protected from possible damage due to the movement of the elephants. This study aims to determine the risk level by using a descriptive quantitative approach to identify the level of risk in the village area which is directly adjacent to the home range and not directly adjacent to the home range in the Peusangan watershed area. The method used is observation. The research sample was taken by purposive random sampling. Data collecting in the form of questionnaires and interviews. Data on the risk level of human elephants conflict were analyzed using the risk level formula. The hypothesis test of this study was carried out by analyzing the Independent Sample Test. The results of the study indicate that there are differences in the level of risk in areas that are directly and not directly adjacent to the Home Range with tcount
value of 3.384 > ttable
which is 1.984467. The criteria for the level of risk in areas directly adjacent to the home range have a low risk level and outside the home range have a medium risk with a level of hazard (68%), vulnerability (60%) and capacity (26%). Differences in risk levels refer to the implementation of conflict mitigation strategies, knowledge, attitudes and actions of the community in responding to human elephants conflict.