bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel mode of chromosomal evolution peculiar to filamentous Ascomycete fungi
Authors: Hane James K , Rouxel Thierry , Howlett Barbara J , Kema Gert HJ , Goodwin Stephen B , Oliver Richard P
Published: May 2011

Background

Gene loss, inversions, translocations, and other chromosomal rearrangements vary among species, resulting in different rates of structural genome evolution. Major chromosomal rearrangements are rare in most eukaryotes, giving large regions with the same genes in the same order and orientation across species. These regions of macrosynteny have been very useful for locating homologous genes in different species and to guide the assembly of genome sequences. Previous analyses in the fungi have indicated that macrosynteny is rare; instead, comparisons across species show no synteny or only microsyntenic regions encompassing usually five or fewer genes. To test the hypothesis that chromosomal evolution is different in the fungi compared to other eukaryotes, synteny was compared between species of the major fungal taxa.

Results

These analyses identified a novel form of evolution in which genes are conserved within homologous chromosomes, but with randomized orders and orientations. This mode of evolution is designated mesosynteny, to differentiate it from micro- and macrosynteny seen in other organisms. Mesosynteny is an alternative evolutionary pathway very different from macrosyntenic conservation. Surprisingly, mesosynteny was not found in all fungal groups. Instead, mesosynteny appears to be restricted to filamentous Ascomycetes and was most striking between species in the Dothideomycetes.

Conclusions

The existence of mesosynteny between relatively distantly related Ascomycetes could be explained by a high frequency of chromosomal inversions, but translocations must be extremely rare. The mechanism for this phenomenon is not known, but presumably involves generation of frequent inversions during meiosis.
Feeling Time, Will, and Words: Vernacular Devotion in the Cloud of Unknowing
Authors: Johnson Eleanor
Published: May 2011

This essay analyzes the Middle English contemplative treatise, the Cloud of Unknowing, to show how its prose style is designed to embody the experience of spiritual practice. The prevalence of monosyllabic words in the treatise originates in how the Cloud-author understands time as being “atomic.” Into the “atoms” of time the contemplative must fit his will in the work of contemplation, so that each atom of time contains an atom of will. The enfolding of will into time is meant to approximate divine eternity, and, thus, produce a feeling of God. The tool that the Cloud-author recommends in this work of folding will into time is monosyllabic prayer. He models this in his monosyllabic prose style, creating an aesthetic correlative of contemplative work. His choice to embody this work in monosyllables reveals his motivation for vernacular composition: English, unlike Latin, is a language rich with monosyllabic words.
Regulation of mammalian Gli proteins by Costal 2 and PKA in Drosophila reveals Hedgehog pathway conservation
Authors: Marks Steven A. , Kalderon Daniel
Published: May 2011

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling activates full-length Ci/Gli family transcription factors and prevents Ci/Gli proteolytic processing to repressor forms. In the absence of Hh, Ci/Gli processing is initiated by direct Pka phosphorylation. Despite those fundamental similarities between Drosophila and mammalian Hh pathways, the differential reliance on cilia and some key signal transduction components had suggested a major divergence in the mechanisms that regulate Ci/Gli protein activities, including the role of the kinesin-family protein Costal 2 (Cos2), which directs Ci processing in Drosophila. Here, we show that Cos2 binds to three regions of Gli1, just as for Ci, and that Cos2 functions to silence mammalian Gli1 in Drosophila in a Hh-regulated manner. Cos2 and the mammalian kinesin Kif7 can also direct Gli3 and Ci processing in fly, underscoring a fundamental conserved role for Cos2 family proteins in Hh signaling. We also show that direct PKA phosphorylation regulates the activity, rather than the proteolysis of Gli in Drosophilia, and we provide evidence for an analogous action of PKA on Ci.
HCV IRES domain IIb affects the configuration of coding RNA in the 40S subunit's decoding groove
Authors: Filbin Megan E. , Kieft Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2011

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) uses a structured internal ribosome entry site (IRES) RNA to recruit the translation machinery to the viral RNA and begin protein synthesis without the ribosomal scanning process required for canonical translation initiation. Different IRES structural domains are used in this process, which begins with direct binding of the 40S ribosomal subunit to the IRES RNA and involves specific manipulation of the translational machinery. We have found that upon initial 40S subunit binding, the stem–loop domain of the IRES that contains the start codon unwinds and adopts a stable configuration within the subunit's decoding groove. This configuration depends on the sequence and structure of a different stem–loop domain (domain IIb) located far from the start codon in sequence, but spatially proximal in the IRES•40S complex. Mutation of domain IIb results in misconfiguration of the HCV RNA in the decoding groove that includes changes in the placement of the AUG start codon, and a substantial decrease in the ability of the IRES to initiate translation. Our results show that two distal regions of the IRES are structurally communicating at the initial step of 40S subunit binding and suggest that this is an important step in driving protein synthesis.
A larch based biorefinery: pre-extraction and extract fermentation to lactic acid
Authors: Hörhammer Hanna , Walton Sara , van Heiningen Adriaan
Published: May 2011

In a forest based biorefinery, pulp and paper are the main products, while side-streams are utilized for value-added products. One biorefinery concept is to remove hemicelluloses from wood by extraction prior to pulping and converting them into biofuels or chemicals. This study presents a concept of a larch wood based biorefinery and focuses on the mass balance of pre-extraction. Sugar rich extracts were obtained by hot water extraction of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Lebed.) wood chips at different temperatures and times. At 160°C and 60–90 min the extract contains 13–16% hemicelluloses (on wood). The composition of extracts and extracted wood has been determined to have a basis for mass balances. Fermentation of the hydrolyzed extract with Bacillus coagulans MXL-9 resulted in consumption of all C6 and C5 sugars and produced lactic acid in high yield. In an earlier work, it was demonstrated that water pre-extraction of larch chips followed by polysulfide-anthraquinone (PSAQ) pulping still produced a good papermaking pulp at a yield comparable to the corresponding non-extracted kraft pulp. Accordingly, the present results show that a larch wood based biorefinery has a potential for industrial application.
Hypoglycemia in Pediatric Sulfonylurea Poisoning: An 8-Year Poison Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Lung Derrick D. , Olson Kent R.
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE:

The goal of this study was to describe the clinical effects and time of onset of hypoglycemia in pediatric sulfonylurea poisoning.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective, descriptive study of pediatric (<6 years old) sulfonylurea exposures with hypoglycemia (glucose concentration <60 mg/dL) that were consulted on by the California Poison Control System for the 8-year period between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2009.

RESULTS:

Of the 1943 consultations for pediatric sulfonylurea exposure in the study period, 300 children developed hypoglycemia. Ten percent had hypoglycemia occurring or persisting ≥12 hours after ingestion despite receiving treatment. All 5 children with seizures experienced these before hospital presentation. The mean (SD) time to onset of hypoglycemia in children not given any prophylactic treatment was 2.0 (1.2) hours. The mean (SD) times in children receiving prophylactic food only, intravenous glucose only, and both food and intravenous glucose were 5.9 (3.9), 5.7 (2.5), and 8.9 (3.6) hours, respectively. Ranges were 1 to 18, 1.5 to 9, and 2.5 to 15 hours. Seven of 40 patients (18%) receiving prophylactic food only had an onset of hypoglycemia >8 hours after sulfonylurea ingestion.

CONCLUSIONS:

Pediatric sulfonylurea exposure can result in significant poisoning. Severe effects such as seizures occurred only in cases of unrecognized sulfonylurea ingestion. The onset of hypoglycemia after pediatric sulfonylurea ingestion can be delayed by as much as 18 hours by either free access to food or administration of intravenous glucose.
Paralisia cerebral e síndrome de Down: nível de conhecimento e informação dos pais
Authors: Ribeiro Maysa Ferreira Martins , Barbosa Maria Alves , Porto Celmo Celeno
Published: May 2011

O estudo objetivou identificar e analisar pesquisas relacionadas ao conhecimento e às informações recebidas pelos pais de crianças com paralisia cerebral ou síndrome de Down. Tratase de revisão bibliográfica com limitação temporal de 1993 a 2008. Utilizaram-se as bases de dados informatizadas para a coleta das informações, tendo como palavras-chave os termos paralisia cerebral, síndrome de Down, conhecimento e família. Foram encontrados 57 estudos e selecionados 16; dentre estes, sete relacionados à paralisia cerebral, quatro referentes à síndrome de Down e cinco sobre deficiências diversas. Os pais recebem poucas informações dos profissionais e apresentam muitas dúvidas em relação à paralisia cerebral e à síndrome de Down, o que dificulta a adesão deles ao tratamento dos filhos, interfere nas práticas educacionais e nas tomadas de decisão. Existe carência de ações educacionais no sentido de mudar essa realidade. Somente uma pesquisa teve como proposta implementar estratégias de educação que buscassem ampliar o conhecimento da família a respeito de aspectos relacionados à síndrome de Down. Concluiu-se que há urgência em pesquisar e elaborar ações que contribuam para que os pais sejam mais bem informados e se tornem seguros no cuidado dos filhos.
Overvaluation and the Choice of Alternative Earnings Management Mechanisms
Authors: Badertscher Brad A.
Published: May 2011

In this study I examine how the degree and duration of overvaluation affect management's use of alternative within-GAAP earnings management, restrictions on further exploitation of within-GAAP accruals management, and subsequent non-GAAP earnings management. Further, I examine how one type of earnings management segues into another type as overvaluation persists. I present evidence that the longer the firm is overvalued, the greater is the amount of total earnings management. I also find that managers engage in accruals management in the early stages of overvaluation before moving to real transactions management, in order to sustain their overvalued equity. Finally, I find that the longer a firm is overvalued, the more likely it is to engage in one of the most egregious forms of earnings management, non-GAAP earnings management. Collectively, the results suggest that the duration of firm overvaluation is an important determinant of managements' choice of alternative earnings management mechanisms.

JEL Classifications: M41, M43, M44.

Data Availability: Data are available from sources identified in the text.
Interface Pressure and Stiffness of Various Elastic Stockings during Posture Changes and Exercise
Authors: Hirai Masafumi , Iwata Hirohide , Ishibashi Hiroyuki , Ota Takashi , Nakamura Hisako
Published: May 2011

The importance of measuring interface pressure and stiffness to characterize the elastic properties of materials has been stressed with regard to elastic stockings and elastic bandages. The objective of this study was to compare the pressure profiles of nine different elastic stockings and to quantify the effects of posture changes and exercise on compression. Using a pressure transducer (Air Pack Type Analyzer), the interface pressure associated with nine different elastic stockings was measured at level B1 during supine resting, standing, and exercise. The elastic stockings examined could be divided into two categories according to extensibility: short stretch (< 105% extensibility) and long stretch (> 105% extensibility). Short-stretch stockings include thick round-knitted stockings, firm round-knitted stockings, and flat-knitted stockings. Short-stretch stockings showed a higher peak working pressure and a larger pressure amplitude during exercise than long-stretch stockings. Short-stretch stockings can be expected to have more pronounced benefits for augmenting muscle pumping in the same way as short-stretch bandages. In selecting suitable elastic stockings for patients, the stiffness should be taken into account in addition to interface pressure.
Effects of Enoxaparin and Unfractionated Heparin on Platelet Activity and Reactivity during Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Assadian Afshin , Senekowitsch Christian , Hagmüller Georg W. , Lax Jaqueline , Hübl Wolfgang
Published: May 2011

The aim of this study was to determine platelet activity and reactivity and the effects of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and enoxaparin on platelet function during carotid eversion endarterectomy under local anesthesia. Twenty symptomatic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were randomly assigned to either 5,000 units of UFH or body weight–adjusted enoxaparin (0.5 mg/kg body weight) as an intraoperative intravenous bolus. The activity of platelets was assessed by measuring the expression of CD62p and CD41 with flow cytometry. Additionally, platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLAs) were enumerated. The reactivity of platelets was evaluated by measuring the expression of the same antigens after stimulation. In addition, platelet reactivity was also analyzed using a PFA-100 analyzer. A significant increase in platelet activity was observed during surgery for CD41 and CD62p ( p  =  .002 and < .001, respectively). The number of PLAs showed no significant changes during surgery. Yet there was a significant difference between patients treated with UFH and patients treated with enoxaparin. No difference for platelet activity or reactivity for patients receiving either UFH or enoxaparin prior to cross-clamping of the carotid arteries was seen. The formation of PLAs after endarterectomy was significantly higher in the UFH group; thus, PLAs are probably a useful surrogate parameter for measuring platelet activity.
Cocaine-Associated Lower Limb Ischemia
Authors: Collins Chris G. , Seoighe Deirdre , Ireland Adrian , Bouchier-Hayes David , McGrath Frank
Published: May 2011

Cocaine-associated thrombosis has been reported in the literature with reports of vascular injuries to cardiac, pulmonary, intestinal, placental, and musculoskeletal vessels; however, injury of the pedal vessels is rare. We report on a 31-year-old man who presented 2 months following a cocaine binge with limb-threatening ischemia without an otherwise identifiable embolic source. Angiography confirmed extensive occlusive disease of the tibioperoneal vessels. The patient improved following therapy with heparin and a prostacyclin analogue. Cocaine-induced thrombosis should be considered in patients presenting with acute arterial insufficiency in the lower limb without any other identifiable cause.
Secondary Aortoenteric Fistula in a Patient with Behçet Disease: Successful Surgical Treatment by Direct Suture and Use of Omental Flap
Authors: Ozguc Halil , Topal Naile Bolca , Topal Ersun
Published: May 2011

The aim of this report is to present a patient with Behçet disease who developed massive lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding owing to aortoenteric fistula after abdominal aorta graft reconstruction. A 34-year-old male with a history of Behçet disease for 8 months underwent surgery owing to massive hematochezia and hemodynamic instability. A fistula was observed between the proximal small intestinal segment and the aortic graft (proximal anastomosis) at the infrarenal level. The prosthesis was not removed but was wrapped with the vascularized pedicle of the omentum that passed through the mesentery of the transverse colon. The patient was discharged on the fifty-ninth day. At the 15-month follow-up appointment, the patient was in excellent condition. Although our surgical choice was not a standard approach for this type of aortoenteric fistula, it was a lifesaving procedure in our patient.
Fever of Unknown Origin as a Primary Presentation of Chronic Aortic Dissection
Authors: Yuan Shi-Min , Tager Salis , Raanani Ehud
Published: May 2011

Fever of unknown origin is rare as a primary presentation of aortic dissection. We describe a 69-year-old female presenting with a sustained fever. A diagnosis of chronic type A aortic dissection was established by computed tomography. Replacements of the ascending aorta and part of the aortic arch were performed. Ten days after the operation, the patient had recurrent pyrexia. A large effusion in the left pleural cavity was found. After puncture aspiration and antibiotic treatment, she recovered. She was doing well at the 5½-year follow-up.
Vascular Biliopathy as a Cause of Common Bile Duct Obstruction Successfully Treated by Mesocaval Shunt and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Biliary Stent Placement
Authors: Rosenthal Martin D. , White Geoffrey H. , Stephen Michael S. , Gallagher James J. , Sandroussi Charbel
Published: May 2011

Common bile duct stenosis owing to extrahepatic portal varices is termed “portal hypertensive biliopathy” (PHB) and is a rare occurrence. We report a case of PHB owing to portal vein thrombosis with cavernous transformation successfully managed by mesocaval shunt and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) biliary stent placement. A 44-year-old male, who presented with hematemesis, melena, jaundice, and abdominal pain, underwent gastroscopy, which revealed bleeding gastric varices. Computed tomography with arterial and venous imaging demonstrated portal vein thrombosis with cavernous transformation and extensive extrahepatic varices within the porta hepatis causing common bile duct obstruction from extrinsic compression. Biliary decompression was achieved with ERCP, and a small common bile duct stone was retrieved. A mesocaval shunt with a 16 mm Dacron graft successfully treated the portal hypertension. PHB is rare. We report a case successfully treated by mesocaval shunt and ERCP.
Endovascular Management of Takayasu Arteritis: Is It a Durable Option?
Authors: Lee Byung-Boong , Laredo James , Neville Richard , Leonel Villavicencio J.
Published: May 2011

Interim outcome of endovascular management of Takayasu arteritis (TA) was determined retrospectively to assess the efficacy of angioplasty and/or stenting in 24 patients with 35 lesions in the chronic inactive stage. The renal ( n = 16), subclavian/innominate ( n = 11), and carotid ( n = 5) arteries and abdominal aorta ( n = 3) were treated. Twenty-six lesions achieved excellent to good target lesion revascularization with no residual or only minimal residual stenosis, whereas five had a moderate result. Thirty lesions achieved satisfactory hemodynamic correction. Restenosis was observed in 8 lesions treated with angioplasty alone ( n = 18) and in 3 lesions treated with angioplasty and stenting ( n = 17). All recurrent stenoses underwent successful reintervention without significant complication. Treatment of inactive stage TA lesions with angioplasty alone or with angioplasty and stenting results in excellent to good clinical improvement in the majority of patients (follow-up at 46.8 months). Endovascular therapy is a durable treatment option in patients with chronic inactive stage TA.
Endovascular Management of an Arteriovenous Malformation Using an Occluder Stent Graft
Authors: Vourliotakis George , Xanthopoulos Dimitrios , Arnaoutoglou Helen M. , Michalis Lampros K. , Matsagas Miltiadis I.
Published: May 2011

A 58-year-old woman presented with gangrene of the left upper arm stump caused by an arteriovenous malformation originating from the subclavian artery. She had been treated unsuccessfully in the past with repeated attempts of coil embolization and débridement, but finally she underwent arm amputation. A 14 mm diameter occlusion self-expandable stent was placed in the left subclavian artery via ipsilateral brachial artery access, with immediate and complete interruption of arterial supply to the vascular malformation. This minimally invasive treatment provides an alternative method of management of arteriovenous malformations in the subclavian region.
May-Thurner Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Literature Involving Modern Endovascular Therapy
Authors: Moudgill Neil , Hager Eric , Gonsalves Carin , Larson Robert , Lombardi Joseph , DiMuzio Paul
Published: May 2011

May-Thurner syndrome is a rare clinical entity involving venous obstruction of the left lower extremity. Obstruction occurs secondary to compression of the left common iliac vein between the right common iliac artery and the underlying vertebral body. Current management largely involves endovascular therapy. A review was conducted of six studies containing at least five patients with May-Thurner syndrome treated by endovascular therapy. We compiled data on 113 patients, analyzing patient demographics, treatment details, and outcome. An 18-year-old female presented 1 week after the onset of left lower extremity pain and swelling. Duplex ultrasonography revealed extensive left-sided deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Thrombolysis followed by iliac vein stent placement restored patency to the venous system, with subsequent resolution of symptoms. Review of 113 patients revealed that the majority were females (72%) presenting with DVT (77%), most of which was acute in onset (73%). Therapy consisted of catheter-directed thrombolysis and subsequent stent placement in the majority of patients, resulting in a mean technical success of 95% and a mean 1-year patency of 96%. Endovascular therapy is the current mainstay of treatment for May-Thurner syndrome. Review of the current literature supports treatment via catheter-directed thrombolysis followed by stent placement with good early results.
Carotid Artery Stenting May Be Losing the Battle against Carotid Endarterectomy for the Management of Symptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis, But the Jury Is Still Out
Authors: Paraskevas Kosmas I. , Mikhailidis Dimitri P. , Veith Frank J.
Published: May 2011

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has emerged as a potential alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for the management of carotid artery stenosis. The purpose of this article is to provide an evaluation and critical overview of the trials comparing the early and later results of CAS with CEA for symptomatic carotid stenosis. The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, PubMed/Medline, and EMBASE databases were searched up to February 1, 2009, to identify trials comparing the long-term outcomes of CAS with CEA. The MeSH terms used were “carotid artery stenting,” “carotid endarterectomy,” “symptomatic carotid artery stenosis,” “treatment,” “clinical trial,” “randomized,” and “long-term results,” in various combinations. One single-center and three multicenter randomized studies reporting their long-term results from the comparison of CAS with CEA for symptomatic carotid stenosis were identified. All four studies independently reached the conclusion that CAS may not provide results equivalent to those of CEA for the management of symptomatic carotid stenosis. A higher incidence of recurrent stenosis and peri- and postprocedural events accounted for the inferior results reported for CAS compared with CEA. Current data from randomized studies indicate that CAS provides inferior long-term results compared with CEA for the management of symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. However, it can be argued that all of these trials were performed when both CAS equipment and CAS operators had not evolved to their current status. Given that current equipment and mature experience are required for CAS before comparing it with the current “gold standard” procedure (CEA), the results of soon-to-be reported trials (Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy vs Stenting Trial [CREST], International Carotid Stenting Study [ICSS], or others) may alter the current impression that CAS is inferior to CEA for the treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis.
Are Symptomatic Patients Currently Appropriate Candidates For Carotid Artery Stenting? Yes
Authors: Avgerinos Efthimios D. , Brountzos Elias N. , Dalainas Ilias , Liapis Christos D.
Published: May 2011

Most of the currently published randomized trials (RCTs) for carotid artery stenting (CAS) versus carotid endarterectomy (CEA) on symptomatic patients have concluded that CAS is associated with outcomes that are inferior to those of CEA. However, before final decision making on the future of CAS, there are some major issues of concern. Randomized controlled trials condemning CAS suffer from major study flaws, rendering comparison with CEA ineffective. These trials are challenged by methodological gaps, underpowered results, old-fashioned equipment and underuse of cerebral protection devices or even of stents. On the other hand, physicians' experience in CAS has not been that much appreciated, whereas CEA has been widely performed during the last 30 years by experienced and fully trained vascular surgeons. CAS is a recently emerged treatment that cannot yet be standardized. No matter the final verdict on CAS, the procedure will never be for low volume practitioners. It is required that CAS be performed exclusively in high volume centers with specific dedicated experience and adequate training. Yet, optimistic results on CAS have been constantly reported from single, highly specialized CAS centers around the world. Regarding restenosis rates, they should be evaluated on the true need for re-intervention, since its clinical significance is still debated; but even when decision is undertaken to operate a restenosis, a repeat endovascular procedure is safe with reported complication rates < 1%. Concluding, vascular surgeons should be thoughtful about rejecting it as an alternative to CEA, because with advancing technology, vascular surgeons electing to stay away, and not perform CAS, will stay out of the “race.”
Inferior Thyroid Artery Pseudoaneurysm Caused By Blunt Trauma
Authors: Petrocheilou Glykeria , Myrianthefs Pavlos , Evodia Efthimia , Vlychou Marianna , Kokkinis Constantinos E.
Published: May 2011

Injury to the inferior thyroid artery (ITA) is an extremely rare complication of blunt neck trauma. The subtle initial clinical presentation and the potential life-threatening sequelae make it a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We report a case of an ITA pseudoaneurysm caused by seat-belt injury. Imaging findings and successful treatment with coil embolization are described. The role of noninvasive imaging techniques in establishing the diagnosis is emphasized.
Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Pseudoaneurysms after Kinking Reconstruction
Authors: Petar Popov , Slobodan Tanasković , Srdjan Babic , Dragoslav Nenezić , Djordje Radak
Published: May 2011

The purpose of this report is to describe our experience of infected false aneurysm treatment following internal carotid artery (ICA) reconstruction. Five and 6 years before admission, bilateral reconstruction was done because of ICA kinking at a local health center. The patient was symptomless for 5 years but later became partially symptomatic (dizziness, vertigo, and visibly bilateral neck pulsatile masses). On routinely performed ultrasonography and multislice scanner examinations, the bilateral ICA pseudoaneurysms were revealed. The final treatment was surgery and aneurysmal sac resection followed by end-to-end arterial reconstruction. A right-sided wound swab was positive; Staphylococcus aureus was cultured. Antibiotics were administered: teicoplanin (Targocid) 800 mg as an initial dose followed by 400 mg maintenance doses over the following 4 days. After 1 month, left ICA reconstruction was done and a wound swab showed staphylococcal infection as well. At the 12-month follow–up, the patient was doing well; cerebral vascularization was well preserved. Infected false aneurysms are rare complications following carotid artery reconstruction. Aneurysmal sac resection and arterial reconstruction with end-to-end anastomosis or autologous saphenous vein are recommended. A wound swab is mandatory.
Variabilité climatique et steppisation dans le bassin de la Tafna (Oranie occidentale)
Authors: Aimé S. , Remaoun K.
Published: May 2011

Des processus de steppisation sont observables dans le bassin de la Tafna : ouverture des groupements végétaux forestiers et préforestiers, appauvrissement de la flore et des conditions de milieu, développement de groupements végétaux spécifiques. Ces processus sont mis en relation, d'une part avec une variabilité climatique intense analysée à partir des données originales complétées provenant de six stations représentatives, d'autre part avec des conditions naturelles (morpho-structurales) particulières ainsi que certaines conditions anthropiques défavorables.
Les dépôts quaternaires de la vallée de la Medjerda dans la «zone des diapirs», témoins de déformations quaternaires continues
Authors: Bannour H. , Bonvallot Jacques
Published: May 2011

Arrangement of Alluvial Tenaces of Medjerda valley along the diapirs zone shows that the different levels have been irregularly deformed since their formation by an extrusive and relatively continuous dynamic of the diapir during the Quaternary.
Déformations tectoniques dans le Quaternaire récent de Ras Engela (région de Bizerte, Tunisie septentrionale)
Authors: Ben Ayed N. , Oueslati Ameur
Published: May 2011

Différentes déformations affectent les dépôts du Quaternaire supérieur, y compris ceux d'âge historique, de Rass Engela. De telles déformations prouvent l'importance de la néotectonique dans le domaine alpin de Tunisie. D'autre part, elles indiquent la permanence du régime compressif succédant, en Tunisie, à la phase de plissement du Quaternaire ancien et confirment l'orientation subméridienne de la contrainte de compression.
Éléments d'une problématique pour l'étude de l'Holocène en Tunisie
Authors: Ballais Jean-Louis
Published: May 2011

L'étude des formes et formations de l'Holocêne en Tunisie a pour but principal de reconstituer les conditions morphogéniques, climatiques, anthropiques et néotectoniques de leur genèse. Elle utilise les méthodes et techniques des Sciences de la Terre, de la Vie et des Sciences historiques. Elle peut permettre d'apporter des arguments plus précis dans la discussion sur l'aridifïcation du climat en Afrique du Nord depuis l'époque romaine et sur les causes de la désertification actuelle.
Acquisitions récentes à propos du quaternaire supérieur des côtes de la Tunisie
Authors: Paskoff Roland , Oueslati Ameur
Published: May 2011

Cette note fait le point des données nouvelles, concernant les dépôts tyrrhéniens, würmiens et holocènes des côtes de la Tunisie, publiées depuis la parution d'un ouvrage de synthèse sur ce sujet en 1983.
Le vignoble portugais et la Communauté économique européenne
Authors: Guichard Francois
Published: May 2011

The Portuguese wine-producing and vine-growing structures, being extremely split up, are closely linked to the economic and social tissue of this country. They thus well reflect the handicaps, assets and the forms of present evolution. From this point of view, European integration should not change the main orientations of the market, but could well tighten the technical cooperation links with the rest of the E.E.C.
Les précipitations en Tunisie (1951-1980)
Authors: Douguedroit Annick
Published: May 2011

Les précipitations mensuelles (1951-1980) montrent les grandes lignes des caractéristiques de cet élément du climat de la Tunisie. Elles permettent surtout de déterminer des groupes de stations aux variations temporelles proches les unes des autres. Les chroniques mensuelles des mois d'hiver des quatre groupes (régions) ainsi déterminés sont comparées à celles de centres de circulation bassefréquence à 700 hPa établies par BARNSTON et LIVEZEY (1987). Elles sont carrelées de façon significative avec les variations des valeurs du même mois ou même de mois précédents de certains de ces centres.
Aides et développement dans les régions défavorisées : la petite irrigation moderne dans l'arrière-pays varois
Authors: Martin Guy
Published: May 2011

Dans le cadre de l'Association syndicalepour le développement de l'irrigation dans les zones sèches du Var, de nouveaux aménagements hydrauliques agricoles, individuels le plus souvent, sont créés au profit d'exploitations de l'arrière-pays varois, grâce à des taux de subvention élevés. L'efficacité des subventions allouées est recherchée à travers une sélection multiforme des bénéficiaires, qui doit garantir la validité de leur formation, la réalité de leur participation et le caractère approprié des aménagements créés.
Les changements démographiques des villages touristiques des Carpates polonaises
Authors: Dziegiéc Elzbieta
Published: May 2011

The Carpathians economy is based upon agriculture and silviculture within the context of very small holdings. The rural exodus is still going on but tourism with its range of room-locations, its providing jobs in rest-houses or services contributes to put a brake on this population exodus. In the analysed tourist villages, the ageeing of population is less important and one can even observe an immigration movement.
La culture en terrasses, expression de la petite paysannerie méditerranéenne traditionnelle
Authors: de Reparaz André
Published: May 2011

La culture en terrasses dans les espaces méditerranéens français a été le fait, pour l'essentiel, de petits paysans-petits propriétaires, construisant des banquettes et travaillant la terre en minifundiaires laborieux, essentiellement préoccupés de produire pour leur consommation familiale et pour une maigre vente à l'extérieur. La grande diversité des cultures complémentaires pratiquées sur des espaces exigus souvent complantés, leurs bien modestes rendements, les outils et les techniques limités qui furent employés par des brassiers prépondérants, sont des signes évidents d'une économie à forte nuance autarcique. Les exceptions confirmant cette règle ne manquent pas: terrasses spéculatives périurbaines en particulier, portant vignes de cru ou cultures à haute valeur. Mais elles ne constituent que des îlots limités et fluctuants. La disparition de la société agricole trop nombreuse et pauvre qui avait édifié les terrasses traditionnelles a entraîné ipso facto l'abandon progressif de la plus grande partie de celles-ci, des Alpes- Maritimes à la Cévenne ardéchoise.
L'agriculture en terrasses dans les Pyrénées centrales espagnoles
Authors: Lasanta Martinez T
Published: May 2011

La agricultura en terrazas en el Pirineo central español.

Se estudia la influencia que ejercen los bancales en la utilización del espacio agrícola durante las últimas décadas en el Pirineo central español. Se comprueba que los bancales incentivan el abandono de las parcelas en mayor medida que otros tipos de campos (llanos y en pendiente) al impedir la mecanización de los trabajos agrícolas.
Nature et tourisme: l'équilibre indispensable pour l'avenir de l'île de Majorque
Authors: Segui Llinas Miguel
Published: May 2011

Depuis le XIXe siècle, avec l'arrivée des premiers voyageurs, l'île de Majorque a été un important centre d'accueil du tourisme. Depuis lors, le courant touristique a été constant tout au long du XXe siècle. Le tourisme de masse fait son apparition à partir des années cinquante et l'on passe du tourisme contemplatif au tourisme de consommation de paysage. La bétonisation du littoral est arrivée à un point tel que des cris d'alarme se font entendre de plus en plus forts. Une crise qui s'est déclenchée en 1989, et dont l'importance est difficile à préciser encore, a créé une bonne situation pour repenser l'aménagement touristique de cette île.
Les activités sportives de pleine nature dans l'espace rural corse
Authors: Richez Gérard , Richez-Battesti J.
Published: May 2011

During the last 20 years, Corsica has developed nature and open air activities the most characteristic being hiking, equestrian, ski-ing, canoeing, kayak, cycle touring etc... which are studied here. These activities are complementary to coastal tourism, and may contribute to keep what is left of the rural population in the inland villages. In addition, although the economic consequences are difficult to know, their social use appears incontestable in the perspective of putting in place a local development process integrated in the inland region.
Pastoralisme et feux en Corse. Recherche de synthèses: pour en sortir
Authors: Dubost Michel
Published: May 2011

The problem of wildfires in Corsica is considered as a consequence of the global evolution undergone by this Mediterranean mountain region, with its specific features. There are indeed close relations to pastoral activities. The historical, economic and biological background that induces some stockbreeders to set fire to the maquis is recalled. Such practices must be opposed, but there is no question about husbandry in itself. On the contrary, pastoralism is of absolute necessity for the management of landscapes, provided that new production and land-use systemsare enhanced. This requires a consistent frame of economic, technical and political measures orientedtowards new types of integrated development, compatible with environmental protection. There are solutions, in particular those promoted by the Natural Park of Corsica. They must be developed in a widely international and long-term prospect.
Variations verticales du trait de côte en Provence depuis 5 000 ans. Quelques données nouvelles
Authors: Provansal Mireille
Published: May 2011

A first study of the relative valves of the sea level in Provence over the last 5000 years, is based on the archeological facts and on new isotopic dates. On the eastern extremity of the Rhône Delta, the endogenous deformations (tectonic, tassements) play an important rôle. But the comparaison with the most stable sites of the War's seaboard shows equally the probable intervention of eustatic variations (protohistoric and antic regression ?). The study of a semi closed inlandsea (Etang de Berre) helps us to understand the history of the local climate.
Water resource problems in Algeria
Authors: Sutton Keith , Zaimeche Salah
Published: May 2011

The question of water resources is posed urgently in Algeria. Underground water resources have been greatly reduced and efforts in this area remain very limited and often without achieving tangible results. Moreover, while underground water tables are reaching dangerously low levels, the demand for water from the urban population, industry, and especially agriculture is rapidly increasing, so complicating the problem. At the dawn of the 21st century Algeria will find itself in a very critical situation unless decisive changes are made.

Algeria's water resources, their use, and government policy towards water have already been well explained, particularly by J. J. PERENNES. What this study seeks to explore are two other important aspects of the water question: the destruction of underground water resources through over-use and pollution; and the growing shortage of water following droughts which may well portend climatic changes with dramatic consequences for Algeria.
Periurbanización y gestión en Zaragoza : la segregación de entidades rurales
Authors: Bielza de Ory Vicente
Published: May 2011

Périurbanisation et gestion à Saragosse : la ségrégation des entités rurales

Saragosse (600.000 hab.) est soumise, depuis le début des années soixante, à un rapide processus de périurbanisation. Celui-ci, qui s'appuie sur les corridors irrigués par l'Ebre et ses affluents et s'articule sur les sorties routières, occupe une étendue presque quadruple de la superficie urbaine proprement dite (4.000 Ha). Les utilisations diverses et l'absence d'aménagement planifié ont engendré de sérieux disfonctionnements (écologiques, socio-économiques et urbanistiques) en l'absence d'une politique métropolitaine qui coordonne les opérations des multiples administrations (44 mairies, «diputación» générale et provinciale, gouvernement central) et des acteurs privés. Les entités rurales du vaste finage municipal saragossain proprement dit se considèrent comme gravement lésées par rapport aux municipes limitrophes de celui-ci, qui tirent librement profit de leur situation, et par les affectations des sols défavorables dont décide la municipalité centrale pour ces zones des «barrios» ruraux. Villamayor -municipe indépendant jusqu' en 1911- est ainsi un noyau rurbain qui a entamé un processus de séparation du municipe de Saragosse pour disposer de meilleurs moyens avec lesquels assurer à ses 1.900 habitants une meilleure qualité de vie en revenus, emplois, habitat, gestion des services et vie sociale.
Evolución y tendencias del espacio periurbano en la Plana de Castelló (País Valenciano, España)
Authors: Ortells Chabrera V.
Published: May 2011

Évolution et tendances de l'espace périurbain dans la Plana de Catelló (pays valencien, Espagne).

Depuis le Néolithique l'homme a occupé la Plana de Castelló (Espagne), et bénéficié de son milieu naturel. Le temps et les différentes civilisations définirent lentement l'utilisation du sol : villages, campagnes, communications, industrie... Cependant, en quarante ans le paysage s'est plus modifié que pendant les dix siècles précédents. C'est le résultat de l'industrialisation qui s'accompagne d'une hausse du niveau de vie et d'un agrandissement de l'espace consacré à la détente. La campagne recule face à la ville et à ses alliés. La zone étudiée (292,8 km2), entre 0 et 200 m d'altitude est complètement anthropisée, sauf les vallées fluviales et les petites collines jurassiques détachées des reliefs voisins. La recherche de l'eau a marqué l'occupation agricole, avec la transformation de terres non irriguées de caroubiers en champs d'orangers. Proportionellement, c'est l'industrie qui a absorbé le plus grand espace, passant d'une occupation du territoire à l'intérieur des villes à une implantation de 7,5% de la zone, dépassant l'implantation urbaine. Ce sont les villes qui ont gagné le plus d'espace après l'industrie. L'espace de détente a augmenté de manière notable. L'impact territorial des voies de communication a été et est très important, spécialement comme inductrices de la croissance urbaine et industrielle ou comme créatrices de perspectives de croissance.
Effetti della evolutzione dello spazio periurbano in Italia : indebolimento del senso del territorio e perdita dell'identità collettiva urbana
Authors: Castelnovi Paolo
Published: May 2011

Si riconosce una «competenza urbana mediterranea» dove l'area periurbana è sentita come parte essenziale della proprietà culturale dei cittadini: una specifîca qualità dell'abitare che si propone corne capacità di questi territori e di queste genti a riconoscersi senza stabilire confini, ad apprezzare il senso indefinito dei siti e non solo la loro identità nominale. La periferia nel suo farsi non ha assunto caratteri di specificità locale, ma anzi ha quasi sempre cancellato le differenze e le caratteristiche preesistenti nelle parti esterne delle aree metropolitane: ciò che ancora di particulare è leggibile ha un carattere di residualità e di marginalità proprio dei fenomeni socioculturali in via di estinzione. La «mediterraneità» della competenza urbana partecipa di questo degrado, data anche la frammentazione dei comportamenti collettivi urbani in comportamenti di gruppo, con perdita del senso di proprietà culturale dell' insieme della città. La nuova competenza urbana mediterranea forse non coinvolge più le aree periurbane metropolitane ma attecchisce sulla rete delle città minori II futuro e necessario restauro delle periferie deve basarsi su un riconoscimento dei segni della passata competenza mediterranea. I materiali documentari non stanno solo sul terreno, ma nelle memorie del comportamento: testimoniaze letterarie, cinematografiche, della tradizione orale, per ordinare le quali si imposta un quadro di riferimento per fasi dello sviluppo storico delle periferie.
Tipologie di implanto urbanistico nella storia di Torino : viali e piazze. Casi e prospettive utili per la progettazione degli habitat periferici
Authors: Giordanino Giuseppe , Castelnovi Paolo , Dal Pozzolo Luca
Published: May 2011

Report on the initial stages of a research at present underway between Torino and Valencia that examines in depth the planning of the suburbs. From the onset many parallels between the various aspects of the development of Torino and of Valencia became evident. An analysis was undertaken of the morphology of the urban structure and of the possibilities of it's planned evolution. As well as that, the system of boulevard (avenue) and squares, which determined it' urban expansion, was examinated as regards Torino. Also studied is the history of the development of the creative and versatile typology also of great potential, from the promenades of the middle 19th century to the role of the present-day flowing trafic axis. The characteristics of the vitality of the model are thus indentified :

- the boulevard (avenue) is considered a multi-purpose green area and designed as an architectural "empty space" , autonomus as regards function and conformation;

- the boulevard (avenue) is considered like «a place» and connects «places» particularly characteristic : thus becoming the main axis of the territory;

- the boulevard (avenue) become the most important urban network system, connecting urban «goals». Assuming that these are the requisites for the planning of new suburbs, the need emerges for the integration between the planning of single parts of the city and the overall plan, taking into account the genius loci and the pre-existing aspects of the territory and the process from «empty» to «full».
L'habitat illégal périurbain à Rome : d'une pratique à une institution
Authors: Vallat Colette
Published: May 2011

In Italy and in particular in Rome, the phenomenon of illegal building in urban peripheries is not yet controlled. The numerous amnesty laws allow to integrate -a posteriori- districts called «Borgate»; in the absence of an urban policy, they act as substitute of these rules in the context of a whole anarchical development.
La gestion du périurbain romain
Authors: Van Leeuwen-Maillet Anne-marie
Published: May 2011

La création de l'Aire Métropolitaine Romaine devrait définir l'espace d' intervention pour l'aménagement de ce territoire où puissent se résoudre les conflits politiques et de compétences entre la commune métropole et sa région. L'exemple du Parc Régional de l'Appia Antica montre qu'il sera difficile de gérer des espaces où s'affrontent tant d'intérêts divers. L'urgence de la sauvegarde et l'obligation d'une meilleur qualité urbaine rappellent que pour réussir à mettre en oeuvre une planification urbaine, Rome doit trouver les acteurs ayant la volonté de la réaliser.
Dynamiques fluviales et milieux de sédimentation du Rhône à l'amont immédiat de son delta
Authors: Roditis Jean-Christophe , Pont Didier
Published: May 2011

This article propounds to determine the river dynamics of the Rhone at the delta-head. It connects the knowledge of hydrosedimental dynamics and the local factors of their space distribution over the Rhone riverine environment ; to the characterisation of the suspended matters conveyed by the river, immediately above its costal plain. This evaluation of conveyed sedimentary stocks, temporaty got together or inherited in the delta-head area, is a mean point for the understanding of recent evolution of the supply conditions in the Camargue laminarian zone.