bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Field‐Calibrated Portable Neutron Rate Meter for Measuring Soil Moisture in Citrus Orchards
Authors: Stolzy L. H. , Cahoon G. A.
Published: July 2010

Selected features of investigations previously described in the literature have been incorporated with new ideas in the construction of a dependable portable neutron‐scattering device for measuring soil moisture. The equipment and method of calibration have given very satisfactory results.

The detector tube consists of a proportional counter tube filled with an enriched BF3 gas and a fast neutron source attached in an annular container at the mid‐plane of the counter tube. Thermal neutron densities in the soil are measured by inserting the detector tube into lined access holes in the field. When removed from the access hole, the detector tube is drawn into a shield composed of lead, paraffin, and cadmium. The paraffin acts as a shield for the fast neutrons and also serves as a standardization material for adjusting the meter.

A rate meter was chosen to indicate the slow neutron flux returning to the detector tube. The counter tube voltage was at first supplied by a vibrator type power supply, which was later replaced by a transistorized power pack.

The total weight of the equipment and shield was too much for one operator to carry conveniently; the entire unit was therefore mounted on a modified golf cart.

A definite curvilinear relationship was shown between the percent volume of water in the soil and the meter reading. The regression equation of soil moisture on meter reading was Ŷ = 0.2462 + 0.4337X + 0.0101X2. The correlation between Y and Ŷ was R = 0.9833. The standard error of estimate from the mean Y (18.34) was 1.42. This study further confirmed other investigations, in that a single calibration curve served for many soil types.
Inorganic Nitrogen Oxidations in Relation to Associated Changes in Free Energy
Authors: Chao Tyng‐Tsair , Kroontje Wybe
Published: July 2010

Free energy changes of inorganic nitrogen oxidations in acid and basic media are calculated, interrelated, and used to interpret some research data reported in the literature. The data obtained indicate that hyponitrous acid and nitrous oxide may be considered intermediates in nitrification, however, the existence of hydroxylamine as an intermediate between ammonia and/or ammonium ion and nitrite is not supported by the calculations obtained. It is shown that in acid solutions nitrite may undergo three reactions: it may decompose to nitric oxide and nitrite, oxidize to nitrate, or be reduced to nitrous oxide; in alkaline solutions nitrate seems to be the only product. Nitrous oxide may evolve under aerobic conditions from the decomposition of hyponitrous acid and under anaerobic conditions from the interaction of intermediate products, hydroxylamine, and nitrite.
Age Relationship of Wavy‐Gilgaied and Nongilgaied Soils in Western South Dakota
Authors: White E. M.
Published: July 2010

The incidence of wavy‐gilgaied, nongilgaied‐Chestnut, and lithosolic soils formed from Pierre shale was estimated at intervals in a creek valley by a transect method to test the concept that the three soils form a chronosequence. Recent geologic erosion was found to decrease progressively up the valley. The distribution of both the wavy‐gilgaied soil and the lithosolic soil in the valley was significantly related to the extent of the recent geologic erosion. The distribution of nongilgaied‐Chestnut soils was not significantly related to the amount of erosion along the valley. Wavy‐gilgaied soils were most abundant where erosion was least and thus the soil age was greatest, whereas Lithosols were most abundant where erosion was greatest and thus the soil age was least. Chestnut soils occurred in both locations, presumably where the soil age was intermediate.
Particle Size Sorting of Proglacial Eolian Materials
Authors: Franzmeier D. P.
Published: July 2010

Bagnold proposed that there is a critical size separating particles moved by saltation from those carried in suspension. This theory was tested in proglacial deposits near the Wabash and White Rivers in Indiana. Here the westerly winds of glacial times piled the sand by saltation into a band of dunes and carried the silt in suspension and deposited it as loess east of the dunes. Soil C horizons were sampled in transects across the dune and loess belts of both areas and were analyzed for particle size using narrow size intervals. In both areas a zone between 40µ and 80µ diameter separates dune sand from loess. Between these limits the dune sands and loess are more than 94% exclusive of each other. Glacial till that is representative of the source of outwash, which, in turn, is the source of the eolian deposits, contains much 40 to 80µ material. This size fraction, however, is practically missing from both the dunes and the loess. Apparently this fraction was selectively removed by wind or by water and deposited elsewhere.
A Simple Device for Sampling Ground Waters in Auger Holes
Authors: Allison L. E.
Published: July 2010

A simple device is described for sampling ground waters from auger holes and shallow wells. This device, which can be constructed from materials found in most laboratories, is capable of lifting water from a depth of 7 to 8 m.
Mass Transfer Studies in Sorbing Porous Media I. Analytical Solutions
Authors: van Genuchten M. Th. , Wierenga P. J.
Published: July 2010

An analytical solution is presented for the movement of chemicals through a sorbing porous medium with lateral or intra‐aggregate diffusion. The liquid phase in the porous medium is divided into mobile and immobile regions. Diffusional transfer between the two liquid regions is assumed to be proportional to the concentration difference between the mobile and immobile liquids. Sorption processes in both the dynamic and stagnant regions of the medium are assumed to be instantaneous and the adsorption isotherm is assumed to be linear. The analytical model derived here describes the extensive tailing observed during flow through an unsaturated, aggregated sorbing medium and explains the often observed early breakthrough of chemicals in the effluent.
Experimental Evidence on the Origin of Vermiculite in Soils on Lower Palaeozoic Sediments
Authors: Adams W. A.
Published: July 2010

Vermiculite occurs as a pedogenetic product in soils on Lower Palaeozoic sediments in mid‐Wales. Iron‐rich chlorite and dioctahedral illite, both of which are present in these sediments, are possible precursors. Field evidence on the occurrence of vermiculite indicates an increase in vermiculite coincident with chlorite weathering and a maximum vermiculite content in moderately weathered horizons. The vermiculite content of highly weathered eluvial and organic horizons of podzols is low. Using an oxidation procedure involving Na2Cr2O7 it was possible to transform chlorite to a vermiculite having similar X‐ray diffraction properties to soil vermiculite. The transformation was demonstrated on intact clay‐sized fractions of a Silurian mudstone and on chlorite separated electromagnetically from a soil derived from Lower Palaeozoic sediments.
The Effect of Discharge Rate and Intermittent Water Application by Point‐source Irrigation on the Soil Moisture Distribution Pattern
Authors: Levin I. , van Rooyen P. C. , van Rooyen F. C.
Published: July 2010

A comparison was made between the results of laboratory and field experiments regarding predictions of soil moisture distribution from a point source on the one hand, and those theoretically calculated by a computer simulation model (Bresler, 1975) on the other hand. A good agreement was found between computed and experimental data. When the verified model was used for predictions regarding soil water distribution under point‐source irrigation, it was found that when the same total amount of water (12 liters) was added to the soil with a 2, 4, or 8 liters/hour continuously applied trickle source, a loss of 26% of the total amount applied was affected below the 60 cm depth after 12 hours. The initial water content of the soil was adjusted to the field capacity value. Under identical conditions I liter/hour continuously applied and 2 liters/hour pulsed (intermittent) irrigation resulted in only a 12% loss. The lateral distribution of the water showed that in the first group of treatments 80% of the water in the wetted soil volume was distributed 45 and 43 cm horizontally from the point source after 12 and 24 hours respectively. In the second group of treatments the distribution was to 29 and 40 cm. Thus the second group of treatments showed a clear advantage in reducing water loss under the root zone while still not significantly affecting the horizontal distribution. The pulse treatment can therefore replace the advantageous low (1 liter/hour) discharge rate while to a large extent avoiding the difficulties of blocking of outlets by maintaining a higher (2 liter/hour) discharge rate.
Calculation of Internodal Conductances for Unsaturated Flow Simulations: A Comparison
Authors: Schnabel R. R. , Richie E. B.
Published: July 2010

Five techniques for calculating internodal conductance were compared during a finite‐difference solution of the Richards equation. Arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means as well as integrated and upstream weighted conductances were used to calculate steady‐state water content distributions and infiltration into three soils. The water content distributions simulated using the integrated conductance resulted in distributions equivalent to those calculated analytically. Simulation results of infiltration most closely matched literature data when the integrated or geometric mean conductances were used. The harmonic mean conductance gave unacceptable results for all situations simulated.
Flocculation Series Test Yielding Time‐Invariant Critical Coagulation Concentrations of Sodium Illite
Authors: Hesterberg Dean , Page A. L.
Published: July 2010

Critical coagulation concentrations (CCCs) of Na illite were measured using flocculation series tests. Results consistent with kinetic theories of coagulation showed the effect of coagulation/settling time on the CCC at various pH levels. A general flocculation series test procedure for reference and soil minerals is proposed. This test controls particle‐interaction dynamics and uses a long coagulation time to minimize the effects of variations in particle diffusion rates and solids concentrations, and to yield time‐invariant CCCs. After combining Na illite dispersions with a series of pH‐adjusted, concentrated NaClO4 solutions, the mineral particles coagulated primarily by Brownian diffusion. To control the release of interlayer K from Na illite, an equilibrium K concentration of 0.1 mol m−3 was added to all suspensions. The CCCs were detected from turbidity measurements taken after various coagulation time intervals. Between 2 and 17 h, CCCs generally decreased with increasing particle‐interaction time; however, CCCs measured after 17 and 36 h were equivalent and time invariant.
Comparison of Models for Describing the Transport of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Aquifer Columns
Authors: Jardine P. M. , Dunnivant F. M. , Selim H. M. , McCarthy J. F.
Published: July 2010

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a reactive constituent in aquifer and soil media and equilibrates between the mobile aqueous phase and the immobile solid phase. Since DOC is believed to accelerate the transport of associated contaminants, yet is known to interact with aquifer and soil material, our objective was to define and model those processes governing DOC adsorption to porous media that may affect the cotransport of contaminants. Column displacement experiments of DOC through aquifer sediments were modeled with various formulations of the convective‐dispersive equation, which considered time‐dependent adsorption reactions and linear or nonlinear adsorption processes. Batch equilibrium adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies for DOC interaction with the sediments were used to parameterize the transport models. The equilibrium DOC‐adsorption isotherm was nonlinear and was adequately described by the Langmuir equation. The adsorption of DOC to the aquifer sediment was also time dependent and the batch results could be described by two simultaneous reaction rates for solution concentrations ≥ 10 mg DOC L−1 and a single reaction rate for solution concentrations <10 mg DOC L−1. Observed DOC breakthrough curves (BTCs) with influent concentrations ≥ 10 mg DOC L−1, were adequately modeled as two‐site, non‐linear adsorption processes, with DOC interactions with both types of sites being time dependent. Batch adsorption and kinetic parameters were generally successful in describing DOC transport; however, the magnitude of the initial batch rate coefficient was significantly larger than that observed for the displacement experiments. The extended tailing of the observed DOC BTCs was influenced more by the slow, time‐dependent adsorption of DOC during transport than to the non‐linear features of the adsorption isotherms. Observed DOC BTCs with influent concentrations <10 mg DOC L−1 did not exhibit extensive tailing and were modeled as a one‐site, linear or nonlinear, time‐dependent adsorption process.
Organic Carbon Turnover in Three Tropical Soils under Pasture after Deforestation
Authors: Veldkamp E.
Published: July 2010

Deforestation is one of the main reasons for the global net release of CO2 from soil to atmosphere. Estimates of CO2 emission from soils are highly variable, mainly due to limited data of C dynamics in soils after forest clearing. The objective of this study was to calculate the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage after deforestation in three soil types in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica with help of the δ13C method. Changes in bulk density, which normally accompany land use changes, had a profound influence on the results of the calculations. Deforestation, followed by 25 yr of pasture, caused a net loss of 21.8 Mg ha−1 in SOC for an Eutric Hapludand and 1.5 Mg ha−1 for an Oxic Humitropept. The SOC changes in time were studied on a deforestation sequence on an Andic Humitropept. In the first years after forest clearing, decomposition of tree roots caused an extra input of SOC, which influenced the δ13C signal. Decomposition of forest C and increase of pasture C were mathematically described for several depths. A considerable influence of depth on decomposition rates was found. The strong stabilization of organic C by Al‐organic matter complexes probably caused the relatively small net C loss from SOC since forest clearing.
Residue Management for Winter Wheat and Grain Sorghum Production with Limited Irrigation
Authors: Unger Paul W.
Published: July 2010

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are extensively grown in the southern Great Plains on dryland and with irrigation, but yields often are low on dryland and irrigation water is limited. Because both crops respond well to timely irrigation, they sometimes are grown with limited irrigation. Thus, it was hypothesized that using limited irrigation for these crops would produce sufficient residues to increase soil water storage if conservation tillage practices were used. This study on Pullman soil (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) at Bushland, TX, determined the effects of residue management on soil water storage and use, yields, and yield components for wheat and sorghum grown in rotation with limited irrigation. Treatments were no‐tillage with standing (T1) or shredded (T2) residues, and no‐tillage after wheat and tillage after sorghum (T3). Tillage did not affect water storage after wheat, but storage ranged from 68 mm with T3 to 101 mm with T1 after sorghum. Water use by wheat ranged from 93 mm with T3 to 131 mm with T1, but tillage did not affect water use by sorghum. Tillage did not affect wheat yields because differences in soil water storage and use were small and irrigations minimized the water content differences. Tillage did not affect sorghum yields because using no‐tillage during fallow after wheat resulted in similar water storage in all cases. This study showed that practices that retain surface residues are effective for producing wheat and grain sorghum in rotation under limited‐irrigation conditions in the southern Great Plains.
Tortuosity, Mean Residence Time, and Deformation of Tritium Breakthroughs from Soil Columns
Authors: Ma L. , Selim H. M.
Published: July 2010

Tritium breakthrough curves (BTCs) are widely used to estimate the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (D) of the convection‐dispersion equation (CDE). However, D alone often provides inadequate fit. Therefore, a second parameter is commonly added to describe tritium BTCs. We tested the validity of describing tritium transport using an effective path length (Le) or a tortuosity factor (τ) in the CDE. We obtained the dimensionless parameter τ from fitted Le and column length L such that τ = L/Le. Miscible displacement experiments were used to obtain tritium BTCs for several soils and materials in uniformly packed columns under water‐saturated and steady upward flow. Two types of tritium pulses were applied: the first was a small pulse (≈ 0.03 pore volume) and used to determine mean residence time (tm) in soil columns. The tm values were obtained from the first time moment of BTCs and were subsequently used to estimate Le and τ. The second type of input pulse was about one pore volume and used to obtain the parameters D and Le using the CDE. Tritium results exhibited double peaks and extensive deformations of BTCs for several soils; these were more distinct with increasing pore water velocity. Using the principle of superposition, bimodal peaks from large pulse inputs were successfully described based on small‐pulse BTCs. In addition, agreements between estimated τ using small pulses and fitted τ from large pulses support the use of the fitting parameters D and Le in the CDE as an alternative method for describing tracer BTCs in soils.
Recently Deposited Organic Matter in Soil Water‐Stable Aggregates
Authors: Angers D. A. , Giroux M.
Published: July 2010

Some suggest that young labile soil organic matter accumulates preferentially in water‐stable macroaggregates (>250 µm) where it acts as a transient binding agent. We determined the proportions of recently deposited C (<15 yr) in water‐stable aggregate size fractions using 13C natural abundance. The experiment was performed on a silty loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, frigid Aeric Haplaquept) on plots that were under either continuous corn (C4) or a mixed C4‐C3 rotation for 15 yr and that had previously been under a permanent meadow (C3). Field‐sieved (6 mm) air‐dry soil samples (0‐10 cm) were either dry sieved or wet sieved with slaking to obtain a range of aggregate sizes. Total organic C contents and natural 13C abundances were determined in each aggregate size fraction, which allowed calculation of the proportions of aggregate C derived from either C3 or C4 (recently deposited C). The proportion of water‐stable macroaggregates in the meadow soil and their C3‐derived C contents decreased with corn cropping. The net loss of C3‐derived C was greater for larger macroaggregates (>2 mm) than for smaller ones. Assuming first‐order kinetics, the estimated half‐life of the C3‐derived C of stable aggregates >2 mm was 13 yr, which corresponds to that reported for macro organic matter in similar systems. Analysis of water‐stable macroaggregates under corn showed that they were enriched in recently deposited C relative to microaggregates and to the whole soil, which partly compensated for their loss in C3‐C. On average, 20% of the C in water‐stable aggregates >1 mm was derived from corn whereas this value was down to 9% in the whole soil and 1% in the microaggregates. The results of this study provide further quantitative evidence that slaking‐resistant macroaggregates are enriched in, and probably stabilized by, recently deposited organic matter.
Changes in Sorption of Imidacloprid with Incubation Time
Authors: Cox Lucía , Koskinen William C. , Yen Pau Yong
Published: July 2010

Changes in sorption of the insecticide imidacloprid (1‐[(6‐chloro‐3‐pyridinyl)‐methyl]‐N‐nitro‐2‐imidazolidinimine) with aging in three soils have been determined. Soil moisture was adjusted to −33 kPa and 14C‐ and analytical‐grade imidacloprid added to the soil at a rate of 1.0 mg kg−1. Imidacloprid‐spiked soils were incubated at 25°C for 16 wk. Replicate soil samples were periodically extracted successively with 0.01 M CaCl2, acetonitrile, and 1 M HCI. Sorption, as indicated by the sorption coefficient (Kd) values, was highest in the soil with highest organic C content, and increased by an average factor of 2.8 in the three soils during the incubation period. This increase was the result of a decrease in the imidacloprid extractable with CaCl2 (solution phase) and the increase in the amount of imidacloprid extractable with acetonitrile and HCI (sorbed phase) with incubation time. It is not known whether the increase in sorption was the result of imidacloprid diffusion to less accessible or stronger binding sites with time, a rate of degradation in solution and on labile sites that is faster than the rate of desorption, or a combination of the two processes. These results are, however, further evidence that increases in sorption during pesticide aging should be taken into account during characterization of the sorption process for mathematical models of pesticide leaching.
Tâche, progression, curriculum
Authors: Coste Daniel
Published: July 2010

Résumé

Le Cadre européen commun de référence (CECR) propose un modèle d'ensemble où le rapport entre « stratégie », « texte » et « tâche » occupe une position centrale et en quelque sorte motrice. C'est dans cette perspective, dite « actionnelle » que la notion de tâche trouve à s'inscrire, ni comme seulement « communicationnelle » ni comme d'abord scolaire. La question posée est celle des rapports entre tâches, progressions et curriculums.
A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Revolutionary years: the role of the Paris Museum d'Histoire Naturelle
Authors: LY-TIO-FANE MADELEINE
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY

The recent extensive literature on exploration and the resulting scientific advances has failed to highlight the contribution of Austrian enterprise to the study of natural history. The leading role of Joseph II among the neutral powers which assumed the carrying trade of the belligerents during the American War of Independence, furthered the development of collections for the Schönbrunn Park and Gardens which had been set up on scientific principles by his parents. On the conclusion of peace, Joseph entrusted to Professor Maerter a world-encompassing mission in the course of which the Chief Gardener Franz Boos and his assistant Georg Scholl travelled to South Africa to collect plants and animals. Boos pursued the mission to Isle de France and Bourbon (Mauritius and Reunion), conveyed by the then unknown Nicolas Baudin. He worked at the Jardin du Roi, Pamplemousses, with Nicolas Cere, or at Palma with Joseph Francois Charpentier de Cossigny. The linkage of Austrian and French horticultural expertise created a situation fraught with opportunities which were to lead Baudin to the forefront of exploration and scientific research as the century closed in the upheaval of the Revolutionary Wars.
Insect collections made by Captain P.P. King in South America 1826–1830, with a list of some of the beetles
Authors: THOMPSON RICHARD T.
Published: July 2010

Some of the insects collected by Captain P.P. King during his survey of the Straits of Magellan, 1826–30, have been studied and published on but several major groups were sold at auction and dispersed without being studied. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the fact that King's South American insects bear characteristic labels by which they may be recognized.

The dispersal of King's insects is documented and a list given of some beetles that have not previously been studied.
Determination and enthusiasm: Richard Norris Wolfenden (1854–1926), his Plankton studies and other things oceanographical
Authors: DAMKAER DAVID M.
Published: July 2010

Richard Norris Wolfenden was a significant independent force in post-Challenger British oceanography. After a career in medicine, Wolfenden devoted himself to an intense decade of exploration in the North Atlantic on his yachts the Walwin and the Silver Belle, in cooperation with expanding international studies. He was among the first to advocate relatively small-scale but periodic investigations of fixed sites. Wolfenden was a founder of the Challenger Society (1903) and a member of the council of the Marine Biological Association. Pelagic copepods became Wolfenden's particular interest. Among his 12 papers and monographs were the two parts of the Plankton studies (1905–1906), the rarest modern copepodological publications. Taxonomic problems caused by a revision of the first part are discussed, and an attempt was made to locate the “half dozen” original sets of the Plankton studies. Wolfenden left England in 1910 and spent his last years in Ontario.
Charles Plumier (1646–1704) and his drawings of French and American fishes
Authors: PIETSCH THEODORE W.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT:

The ichthyological drawings of the French Minim friar Charles Plumier (1646–1704), resulting from his explorations along the coasts of Languedoc and Provence, in the French Alps, on the islands of Hyères, and during three expeditions to the West Indies between 1689 and 1697, are described, identified, and catalogued. A sketch of Plumier's life is given, along with an account of his publications and surviving manuscripts, a discussion of the sources for his knowledge of fishes, and the uses made of his fish drawings.
EXAMINATION OF $V(r) = -\frac{Z}{r} + gr +\lambda r^2$ POTENTIAL IN THE PRESENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: AYGUN M. , SAHIN Y. , BOZTOSUN I.
Published: July 2010

We present an alternative approach, the asymptotic iteration method, to solve the two-dimensional radial Schrödinger equation for [Formula: see text] potential in a magnetic field. The energy eigenvalues for arbitrary Larmor frequencies ranging from ωL = 0.1 to 10.0 are obtained and the results are compared with the nonmagnetic field case, ωL = 0, in order to show the effect of the presence of the weak and strong magnetic fields on the energy eigenvalues. It is shown that the method presented in this paper provides the energy eigenvalues in a systematic way not only in the weak magnetic field but also in the strong magnetic field regions with any Larmor frequencies.
PYGMY DIPOLE RESONANCE AND TWO NEUTRON SEPARATION ENERGIES IN SOFT AND HEAVY NUCLEI
Authors: BOZKURT KUTSAL
Published: July 2010

We investigate isovector pygmy dipole resonance (IVPDR) for the case of neutron-rich soft nuclei 68 Ni , and heavy nuclei such as 112 Sn and 208 Pb using effective nucleon–nucleon Skyrme interaction. We use the mean-field theory and employ the random phase approximation (RPA). We observe that our results for the pygmy dipole resonance (PDR) for neutron-rich nuclei are in reasonable agreement with their experimental results. We also predict PDR for very neutron-rich heavy nuclei. We then study two-neutron separation Skyrme energies (S2n) using the Hartree–Fock + BCS with and without tensor interaction in the same nucleus and compare our results with their experimental values. We see that the total binding energies of nuclei 208 Pb are not extremely sensitive to the tensor interaction.
JAPANESE CORPORATE STRATEGIES ON LOCATION CHOICES OF R&D ACTIVITIES IN CHINA: IDENTIFYING THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS
Authors: LIU SIMON , SHICHIJO NAOHIRO , BABA YASUNORI
Published: July 2010

The objective of this research is to analyze the geographical distribution of the research and development (R&D) collaboration of Japanese multinational enterprises (MNEs) in China. We analyze location strategies of overseas R&D activities on a regional instead of a national level. We first discuss the linkage of foreign direct investment (FDI) and ensue knowledge spillovers from MNEs to a host country, and further analyze how the knowledge spillovers influence MNEs in making their decisions on location choices in China. Using conditional logit estimation from U.S. patent data, we find that Japanese MNEs are in proximity to the R&D-intensive locations and to the clustering of Japanese MNEs, but have a tendency to keep a distance from R&D-competitive locations that would be endangered by outward knowledge spillovers. In addition, small and medium MNEs are influenced more by location factors, such as R&D and FDI, than large MNEs. So are capital-intensive MNEs than non-capital-intensive MNEs.
BENIGN FIBROUS HISTOCYTOMA OF THE DISTAL RADIUS: A REPORT OF A CASE AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Al-Jamali J. , Gerlach U. V. , Zajonc H.
Published: July 2010

Benign fibrous histocytoma of bones is a very rare tumour and only a few cases have been reported. We report a case of 40-year-old patient with no significant previous medical history who presented with a painful lesion in his right wrist joint. Incision biopsy was done and there was a histological picture similar to a metaphyseal fibrous defect (non-ossifying fibroma). This was managed with excision of the lesion and filling the defect with cancellous and cortical bone grafts from the left iliac bone. To our knowledge, this is the second case report of a benign fibrous histocytoma involving the distal radius in adult. In this case report, we review similar cases in the literature and discuss the differential diagnoses of this lesion.
Antitumor Effect after Radiofrequency Ablation of Murine Hepatoma Is Augmented by an Active Variant of CC Chemokine Ligand 3/Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α
Authors: Iida Noriho , Nakamoto Yasunari , Baba Tomohisa , Nakagawa Hidetoshi , Mizukoshi Eishiro , Naito Makoto , Mukaida Naofumi , Kaneko Shuichi
Published: July 2010

Several chemokines are used for immunotherapy against cancers because they can attract immune cells such as dendritic and cytotoxic T cells to augment immune responses. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is used to locally eliminate cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), renal cell carcinoma, and lung cancer. Because HCC often recurs even after an eradicative treatment with RFA, additional immunotherapy is necessary. We treated tumor-bearing mice by administering ECI301, an active variant of CC chemokine ligand 3, after RFA. Mice were injected s.c. with BNL 1ME A.7R.1, a murine hepatoma cell line, in the bilateral flank. After the tumor became palpable, RFA was done on the tumor of one flank with or without ECI301. RFA alone eliminated the treated ipsilateral tumors and retarded the growth of contralateral non–RFA-treated tumors accompanied by massive T-cell infiltration. Injection of ECI301 augmented RFA-induced antitumor effect against non–RFA-treated tumors when administered to wild-type or CCR5-deficient but not CCR1-deficient mice. ECI301 also increased CCR1-expressing CD11c+ cells in peripheral blood and RFA-treated tumors after RFA. Deficiency of CCR1 impairs accumulation of CD11c+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells in RFA-treated tumors. Furthermore, in IFN-γ-enzyme-linked immunospot assay, ECI301 augmented tumor-specific responses after RFA whereas deficiency of CCR1 abolished this augmentation. Thus, we proved that ECI301 further augments RFA-induced antitumor immune responses in a CCR1-dependent manner. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6556–65. ©2010 AACR.
Genome-Wide Identification of PAX3-FKHR Binding Sites in Rhabdomyosarcoma Reveals Candidate Target Genes Important for Development and Cancer
Authors: Cao Liang , Yu Yunkai , Bilke Sven , Walker Robert L. , Mayeenuddin Linnia H. , Azorsa David O. , Yang Fan , Pineda Marbin , Helman Lee J. , Meltzer Paul S.
Published: July 2010

The PAX3-FKHR fusion protein is present in a majority of alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas associated with increased aggressiveness and poor prognosis. To better understand the molecular pathogenesis of PAX3-FKHR, we carried out the first, unbiased genome-wide identification of PAX3-FKHR binding sites and associated target genes in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The data shows that PAX3-FKHR binds to the same sites as PAX3 at both MYF5 and MYOD enhancers. The genome-wide analysis reveals that the PAX3-FKHR sites are (a) mostly distal to transcription start sites, (b) conserved, (c) enriched for PAX3 motifs, and (d) strongly associated with genes overexpressed in PAX3-FKHR–positive rhabdomyosarcoma cells and tumors. There is little evidence in our data set for PAX3-FKHR binding at the promoter sequences. The genome-wide analysis further illustrates a strong association between PAX3 and E-box motifs in these binding sites, suggestive of a common coregulation for many target genes. We also provide the first direct evidence that FGFR4 and IGF1R are the targets for PAX3-FKHR. The map of PAX3-FKHR binding sites provides a framework for understanding the pathogenic roles of PAX3-FKHR, as well as its molecular targets to allow a systematic evaluation of agents against this aggressive rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6497–508. ©2010 AACR.
Linking model systems to cancer therapeutics: the case of Mastermind
Authors: Yedvobnick Barry , Moberg Ken
Published: July 2010

Genetics, and more recently genomics, reveal striking conservation in the fundamental signaling pathways that underlie normal and aberrant cell processes. Consequently, various genetic model organisms are now attracting the interest of biomedical scientists who are focused on therapeutic approaches to human disease. There are now several examples of studies in which Drosophila seems likely to facilitate advances in potential therapies, and a recent report has demonstrated the utility of the fly model for understanding and treating human disease. Basic developmental genetic information first obtained in Drosophila was used to design a therapeutic block to oncogenic Notch signaling that was associated with leukemia in mice. The story of Notch signaling in Drosophila demonstrates the potential for standard Drosophila molecular genetics in developing therapeutic strategies that are relevant to human disease.
Modelagem de um complexo de inundação por meio de sistema de informações geográficas
Authors: Chicati Marcelo Luiz , Nanni Marcos Rafael , Oliveira Roney Berti de , Cezar Everson
Published: July 2010

O rio Paraná é o principal formador da bacia do Prata. Parte significativa dessa bacia está incluída na Área de Proteção Ambiental das Ilhas e Várzeas do Rio Paraná. A compartimentalização dessas áreas assume caráter transitório, possibilitando no decorrer do tempo, mudanças para reordenação do sistema ambiental, devido ao fato de essa região ser alagada anualmente, seja pelas enchentes dos rios, seja pela ocorrência de precipitações pluviais diretas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o estabelecimento do período de ocorrência bem como as áreas atingidas pelas enchentes do rio Ivaí. Os estudos concentraram-se no município de Querência do Norte (PR) onde se procedeu levantamento cartográfico e altimétrico do terreno e a incorporação de dados em um SIG - Sistema de Informações Geográficas que, posteriormente, juntamente com a incorporação de imagens orbitais Landsat, possibilitou a elaboração de um modelo numérico de terreno para representação da superfície. Pelos resultados verificou-se que a variação altimétrica do terreno foi superior a 100 metros e a variação sazonal das enchentes, 4 metros acima do nível normal do rio (9 metros em régua), caracterizando como em situação regular as lavouras regionais. O leito maior sazonal do rio Ivaí atinge a cota altimétrica de 235,04 metros.
Influence of Soil Moisture Levels and Seasonal Weather on Efficiency of Water Use by Corn1
Authors: Letey J. , Peters D. B.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Corn yields were closely related to the reserve soil moisture conditions at the beginning of the growing season and to the soil moisture stress to which the plant is subjected during the growing season. The moisture stress effect upon growth was found to be closely related to seasonal weather. The efficiency of water use was found to be strongly conditioned by soil temperature.
Principles of Nutrient Uptake From Fertilizer Bands II. Root Development in the Band1
Authors: Duncan W. G. , Ohlrogge A. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Growth stimulation of that part of the root system of a young corn plant in soil fertilized with both nitrogen and phosphorus was not produced by nitrogen fertilizer alone and to only a limited degree by phosphorus fertilizer alone. The greater growth was due to rapid development and branching of the smaller roots. Distribution of roots was not influenced by salt concentration within wide limits. Uptake of phosphorus was closely correlated with root development and volume of fertilized soil.
The Effect of Season, Plant Maturity, and Height on the Tannin Content of Sericea Lespedeza, L. cuneata1
Authors: Donnelly E. D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Tannin in sericea aftermaths increased as the season advanced. Tannin content increased concurrently with a rise in temperature and a decrease in rainfall. Tannin content increased with maturity. Plant height was not associated with tannin content.
Effect of Phosphorus Concentration on the Absorption of Arsenate by Oats From Nutrient Solution1
Authors: Rumburg Charles B. , Engel Ralph E. , Meggitt Williams F.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Increasing concentrations of phosphorus decreased the amount of arsenate removed by oats from nutrient solution.
Relative Penetrating Ability of Different Plant Roots1
Authors: Taylor Howard M. , Gardner Herbert R.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

In a laboratory study the penetrating ability of plant roots varied with the plant species, Penetrating abilities of legume roots were not significantly greater than those of nonlegumes.
Salt Tolerance of Twenty‐five Strains of Agropyron1
Authors: Dewey Douglas R.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Wide differences in salt tolerance were observed among 14 Agropyron species in field and laboratory tests. Differences in salt tolerance among strains within species indicate that selection within species would prove successful in developing more salt tolerant strains.
Iron Absorption by Roots as Affected by Plant Species and Concentration of Chelating Agent
Authors: Brown J. C. , Tiffin L. O. , Specht A. W. , Resnicky J. W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Increasing the concentration of chelating agent in a nutrient medium decreased the capacity of roots to absorb Fe. Of 11 plant species tested, growth was impeded sharply in 6 species when the molar concentration of chelating agent exceeded that of Fe. Other plant species absorbed Fe at higher chelating agent concentrations. Plant species differed also in their capacity to absorb Fe relative to Cu and Mn.
Photosynthesis Rates of Young Rice Plants as Affected by Light Intensity and Temperature1
Authors: Ormrod D. P.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Rice seedlings maintain an appreciable net photosynthesis rate at low temperature (40 or 60° F.) and a wide range of light intensities. Low light intensities at a higher temperature (80° F.) result in net losses of CO2 from the plants. Respiration losses increase with increasing temperature, and the light intensity required at the compensation point increases with increasing temperature.
Accelerated Wear Tests on Turfgrasses1
Authors: Youngner Victor. B.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Zoysia, bermuda grasses and tall fescue were the most wear resistant turfgrass varieties. Sunturf and U‐3 were the most resistant bermudagrass varieties. Grasses were less resistant to wear from spiked rollers than from scuffing feet. Stoloniferous warm‐season grasses recovered more rapidly than cool‐season grasses. Recovery of bermudagrasses was slower from injury from spiked wear elements than from scuffing feet.
Ammonia Losses from Fertilized Nebraska Soils1
Authors: Meyer R. D. , Olson R. A. , Rhoades H. F.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Field experiments with different crops in Nebraska often have shown a low efficiency of surface applied N fertilizer, especially when broadcasting was done in the fall. As partial explanation, laboratory and greenhouse studies of this problem showed substantial ammonia evolution from fertilized soil particularly with neutral to alkaline soil reaction, with surface application of the fertilizer and with limited moisture. Losses were greatest with urea and urea‐containing materials among the N salts studied. A surface residue accentuated ammonia volatilization, especially with N solution containing urea.
Deep Tillage Effects on Soils and Crops
Authors: Hobbs J. A. , Herring R. B. , Peaslee D. E. , Harris W. W. , Fairbanks G. E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Deep tillage lowered bulk density and improved permeability in the dense layers. When subsequent tillage erased the chisel or subsoiler marks, deep tillage did not improve moisture movement into the soils nor did it increase moisture storage. Crop yields seldom were increased by deep tillage. Deep placement of fertilizer did not prove superior to surface applications in most instances. In no case did deep tillage or deep fertilizer placement increase the profit from crop production.
Crop Experiments on the Effect of 2‐Chloro‐6‐(Trichloromethyl)Pyridine for the Control of Nitrification of Ammonium and Urea Fertilizers1
Authors: Swezey A. W. , Turner G. O.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Growth and yield increases were obtained in cotton, corn, and sugar beets with the treated fertilizers as compared to equal rates of untreated fertilizers. These growth increases are considered to have been due to the inhibition of nitrification by the chemical additive, and subsequent reduction in nitrogen losses by leaching.
Calcium‐Boron Nutrition as Related to Concealed Damage in Peanuts1
Authors: Cox F. R. , Reid P. H.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Nutritional factors affecting concealed‐damage in peanuts were studied in field experiments. Two forms of physiological damage were noted, one causing discoloration of the cotyledon and the other causing discoloration of the plumule. The amount of each form was decreased by applications of boron and/or calcium. The application of boron was more effective than calcium in reducing the percentage cotyledon damage whereas the application of calcium was more effective than boron in reducing the percentage plumule damage.
Effects of Temperature and Daylength on the Development of Lignin, Cellulose, and Protein in Dactylis glomerata L. and Bromus inermis Leyss1
Authors: Bowman Dale E. , Law Alvin G.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Percent lignin was negatively correlated with temperature for Latar orchardgrass but not for Manchar smooth bromegrass. Percent lignin showed no correlation with daylength for either grass. Protein percent showed a significant negative correlation with daylength. Total leaf production was highest for both grasses at 85° F. or under the 14‐hour daylength.
Response of Wheat to Rates, Dates of Application, and Sources of Copper and to Other Micronutrients1
Authors: Younts S. E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Application of 2.5 pounds of Cu per acre corrected the deficiency on both high and low organic matter soils. Applications made at planting on February 15 or March 15 were equally effective where the deficiency was not severe; but on soils with severe deficiency applications after February 15 did not give maximum yields. Three common Cu compounds gave similar results. Cu level in the plant was not affected greatly by the rate but was affected by date of application of Cu and by other micronutrients.
Visual Estimation of Botanical Composition in Simple Legume‐Grass Mixtures1
Authors: Marten G. C.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

In 3 harvests of 20 legume‐grass mixtures in 1962, the visual method consistently overestimated legume percentage in the spring harvest, but gave varying response in the aftermath harvests. However, significant correlations with each mixture and a highly significant overall correlation (r = 0.798) occurred between visual estimates and hand separation determinations of percentage legume. While visual estimates were biased in varying degrees with different species and varieties, the visual method had greater precision (less random error).
Test of the De Wit Compensation Function for Estimating the Value of Different Fertilizer Placements1
Authors: Singh R. M. , Black C. A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Statistically significant deviations from the “theoretical” value derived from the compensation function were obtained in a greenhouse test involving three levels each of P and water. Nevertheless, deviations were of the same order of magnitude as those encountered originally by De Wit, and the data confirm his view that the compensation function represents the results to a first approximation.
Effect of Aerationand Mechanical Impedance on the Root Development of Alfalfa, Sugar Beets and Tomatoes1
Authors: Scott T. W. , Erickson A. E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of soil oxygen on root development when plants were grown with soil layers of bulk density 1.90 at 4 inches below the surface. The tap root of alfalfa penetrated the dense layer. Fibrous roots branching from the tap root were greater in amount in the dense layer where calcium peroxide was used as a source of oxygen. Tomato and sugar beet roots responded similarly to the peroxide in the dense layers.
Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Alfalfa, Bromegrass, Orchardgrass, and Timothy Grown as Pure Species1
Authors: MacLeod L. B.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Yield response to additional K for grass increased up to a tissue content of 2% and levelled off between 2 and 3%. Percent protein, nonprotein and nitrate N in the forage increased with N fertilization but decreased with K fertilization. Significant interaction effects showed that adequate K (50 pounds/acre) insured a balanced N metabolism in forages heavily fertilized (100 to 200 pounds/acre) with N.
Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on the Yield, Regrowth, and Carbohydrate Content of the Storage Organs of Alfalfa and Grasses1
Authors: MacLeod L. B.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The storage organs of alfalfa, orchardgrass, bromegrass, and timothy showed a significant response to N and K fertilization. In alfalfa‐grass mixtures K increased regrowth of alfalfa and decreased that of the grass associate while N increased regrowth of the grass species and reduced regrowth of the alfalfa associate. Regrowth potential was rated as follows: alfalfa>orchard>timothy>brome.
Yield and Yield Components of Grain Sorghum as Affected by Row Width and Stand Density1
Authors: Stickler F. C. , Wearden S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

In 34 trials, grain yields in 20‐inch rows exceeded those in 40‐inch rows by 10% in eastern Kansas and 7% in central Kansas. Grain yields were remarkably constant across stand densities because of intercompensations among individual components of yield. Little tendency for row width and stand density interaction was noted.