bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and evaluation of bacterial nanocellulose/poly(acrylic acid)/graphene oxide composite hydrogel: Characterizations and biocompatibility studies for wound dressing
Authors: Chen Xiang Yi , Low Hao Ran , Loi Xin Yi , Merel Laura , Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd Amin
Published: February 2019

Graphene oxide (GO) is a potential material for wound dressing due to its excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. This study evaluated the effects of GO concentration on the synthesis of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)–grafted poly(acrylic acid) (AA)–graphene oxide (BNC/P(AA)/GO) composite hydrogel and its potential as wound dressing. Hydrogels were successfully synthesized via electron‐beam irradiation. The hydrogels were characterized by their mechanical properties, bioadhesiveness, water vapor transmission rates (WVTRs), water retention abilities, water absorptivity, and biocompatibility. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed the successful incorporation of GO into hydrogel. Thickness, gel fraction determination and morphological study revealed that increased GO concentration in hydrogels leads to reduced crosslink density and larger pore size, resulting in increased WVTR. Thus, highest swelling ratio was found in hydrogel with higher amount of GO (0.09 wt %). The mechanical properties of the composite hydrogel were maintained, while its hardness and bioadhesion were reduced with higher GO concentration in the hydrogel, affirming the durable and easy removable properties of a wound dressing. Human dermal fibroblast cell attachment and proliferation studies showed that biocompatibility of hydrogel was improved with the inclusion of GO in the hydrogel. Therefore, BNC/P(AA)/GO composite hydrogel has a potential application as perdurable wound dressing. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2140–2151, 2019.
Persistent Activation of Calcium‐Sensing Receptor Suppresses Bone Turnover, Increases Microcracks, and Decreases Bone Strength
Authors: Dong Bingzi , Endo Itsuro , Ohnishi Yukiyo , Mitsui Yukari , Kurahashi Kiyoe , Kanai Mai , Hiasa Masahiro , Teramachi Jumpei , Tenshin Hirofumi , Fukumoto Seiji , Abe Masahiro , Matsumoto Toshio
Published: February 2019

Activating mutations of calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR) cause autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1 (ADH1). Patients with ADH1 exhibit similar features to patients with hypoparathyroidism, including reduced serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Ca with low bone turnover. Although persistent suppression of bone turnover may increase bone fragility, bone strength in ADH1 patients has been unclear. We created knock‐in mice harboring the A843E activating mutation of CaSR, mimicking severe features of ADH1 patients. The severe form of ADH1 model mice showed smaller body and bone size with lower bone mineral density (BMD) and cortical area of the femur compared with age‐matched wild‐type (WT) mice. Bone strength in the femur was lower in ADH1 mice even after correction by bone geometry and/or BMD. Microcracks were markedly increased in ADH1 mice, but were rarely detected in WT mice. There was a negative correlation between bone strength corrected by bone geometry and/or BMD and microcrack number or density in ADH1 and WT mice. Among ADH1 mice, negative correlation was still observed between bone strength and microcrack number or density. Microcracks increased with age in ADH1 mice, and were negatively correlated with bone strength. Treatment with PTH(1‐34) or a calcilytic, JTT‐305, increased bone turnover, reduced microcracks, and increased bone strength to similar levels to those in WT mice. The increase in microcracks was associated with a reduction in bone strength in ADH1 mice, and aging aggravates these changes. These results demonstrate that activating mutation of CaSR causes reduction in PTH secretion with suppressed bone turnover, that reduced bone turnover is associated with an age‐dependent increase in microcracks with a reduction in bone strength, and that both PTH(1‐34) and calcilytic ameliorate all these changes in bone turnover and strength. It is suggested that fracture susceptibility may be increased in severe types of ADH1 patients especially in the elderly. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Cancer‐ and Chemotherapy‐Induced Musculoskeletal Degradation
Authors: Sturgeon Kathleen M , Mathis Katlynn M , Rogers Connie J , Schmitz Kathryn H , Waning David L
Published: February 2019

Mobility in advanced cancer patients is a major health care concern and is often lost in advanced metastatic cancers. Erosion of mobility is a major component in determining quality of life but also starts a process of loss of muscle and bone mass that further devastates patients. In addition, treatment options become limited in these advanced cancer patients. Loss of bone and muscle occurs concomitantly. Advanced cancers that are metastatic to bone often lead to bone loss (osteolytic lesions) but may also lead to abnormal deposition of new bone (osteoblastic lesions). However, in both cases there is a disruption to normal bone remodeling and radiologic evidence of bone loss. Many antitumor therapies can also lead to loss of bone in cancer survivors. Bone loss releases cytokines (TGFβ) stored in the mineralized matrix that can act on skeletal muscle and lead to weakness. Likewise, loss of skeletal muscle mass leads to reduced bone mass and quality via mechanical and endocrine signals. Collectively these interactions are termed bone‐muscle cross‐talk, which has garnered much attention recently as a prime target for musculoskeletal health. Pharmacological approaches as well as nutrition and exercise can improve muscle and bone but have fallen short in the context of advanced cancers and cachexia. This review highlights our current knowledge of these interventions and discusses the difficulties in treating severe musculoskeletal deficits with the emphasis on improving not only bone mass and muscle size but also functional outcomes. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Integrated analysis of competing endogenous RNA networks revealing five prognostic biomarkers associated with colorectal cancer
Authors: Liu Qian , Deng Junjie , Wei Xundong , Yuan Wei , Ma Jie
Published: February 2019

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality around the world. The aim of this study was to determine the genes significantly associated with the overall survival (OS) of CRC patients and predict their function in the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulation networks. We constructed the lncRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA networks according to the differentially expressed RNAs from the The Cancer Genome Atlas data sets of 561 CRC patients. Twelve differentially expressed messenger RNAs from the ceRNA networks were selected through a univariate Cox proportional hazards regression. Then, these genes were analyzed by using multivariate Cox proportional hazards stepwise regression to construct a prognostic model in which five genes (tensin 1, clusterin, proteolipid protein 1, epiregulin, and transcription factor Spi‐B) were included. The Kaplan‐Meier risk survival analysis showed that this five‐gene signature independently predicted a 5‐year overall survival in CRC patients (P < 0.001). Furthermore, significance was verified according to two irrelevant Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data sets (GSE38832 and GSE39582). The verified five‐gene model of CRC can be used to predict patient prognosis and will inform postoperational evaluation and follow‐up strategies.
miR‐939‐5p decreases the enrichment of RNA polymerase II in the promoter region of CD2AP involved in nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Wang Jin‐Ya , Zhang Dao‐Qi , Cao Qian , Qiao Xiao‐Qin , Zhou Guo‐Ping
Published: February 2019

The expression changes of CD2‐associated protein (CD2AP) can lead to kidney diseases with proteinuria, including nephrotic syndrome (NS). A recent study reported that miRNAs may be important transcriptional regulators. In this study, we found increased expression of miR‐939‐5p and decreased expression of CD2AP in the peripheral blood of patients with NS. However, miR‐939‐5p did not show a regulatory effect on the 3′‐untranslated region of CD2AP. The expression levels of specific protein 1 and adenovirus E2 promoter‐binding factor 1, important transcription regulators in the promoter region of CD2AP, were also not affected by microRNA (miR)‐939‐5p. We confirmed that miR‐939‐5p is in the nucleus by fluorescent in situ hybridization and cytoplasmic separation polymerase chain reaction. The promoter plasmid and miR‐939‐5p were cotransfected into HEK‐293 cells, and the luciferase reporter gene assay was used to analyze the promoter activity. We found that miR‐939‐5p binds to a specific sequence in the CD2AP promoter. miR‐939‐5p was confirmed to reduce the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the CD2AP promoter region by chromatin immunoprecipitation. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanism of miR‐939‐5p in NS and provide potential molecular therapeutic targets for NS.
MSK2 promotes proliferation and tumor formation in squamous cervical cancer via PAX8/RB‐E2F1/cyclin A2 axis
Authors: Wu Yueli , Li Hongmei , Wang Hong , Zhang Fenglian , Cao Hua , Xu Shuyun
Published: February 2019

Patients with cervical cancer have abnormal cell proliferation and invasion after many years of latency. However, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Mitogen‐ and stress‐activated kinase 2 (MSK2) is a serine/threonine kinase which displays a phenotype that promotes tumor growth and metastasis in many different types of tumors. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of MSK2 on the proliferation of cervical cancer cells and elucidate the signaling pathways through which MSK2 exerts its effects in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Our results confirmed that MSK2 expression was significantly upregulated in cervical cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. We further found that the expression patterns of paired‐box gene 8 (PAX8) and MSK2 were positively correlated in cervical cancer specimens. Moreover, MSK2 knockdown inhibited the phosphorylation of PAX8 and retinoblastoma protein (RB), and suppressed the sequential expressions of cell proliferation factors E2F1 and cyclin A2, resulting in the inhibition of SCC cell proliferation and tumor formation. Thus, this study demonstrates that MSK2 has oncogenic effects in the formation and development of SCC via the PAX8/RB‐E2F1/cyclin A2 axis.
Perineural invasion is related to p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway activation and promotes tumor growth and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Gu Jiangning , Xu Wei , Peng Chenghong , Zhu Youwei , Wang Di , Wang Xuelong , Li Ying , Wei Gang , Zhang Zhiqiang , Zhong Yiming , Zhao Shulin , Shi Minmin , Cheng Dongfeng , Ying Xiayang , Jin Jiabin , Chen Hao
Published: February 2019

Metastasis is a key component of cancer progression and is strongly associated with poor prognosis. Perineural invasion is thought to be related to pain, tumor recurrence, and other conditions. However, the exact molecular mechanism is unclear. This study was conducted to identify the key components and signaling pathways involved in the perineural invasion of pancreatic cancer and alterations in the phenotype after the interaction between the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and pancreatic cancer cells. The results indicated that the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway was activated after coculture of the DRG and pancreatic cancer cells and lead to the promotion of cell growth and chemoresistance.
Interleukin‐21 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with hepatitis B virus‐related hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese patients
Authors: Liu Tangyuheng , Song Jiajia , Zhang Mei , Li Siyue , Zhang Jinya , Hu Xuejiao , Zhao Zhenzhen , Peng Wu , Wu Qian , Bai Hao , Li Yinyu , Lu Xiaojun , Ying Binwu
Published: February 2019

Background

We investigated the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related pathogenesis and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in interleukin‐21 (IL‐21)‐JAK‐STAT signaling pathway genes.

Methods

We used the high‐resolution melting (HRM) method to genotype five SNPs (IL‐21 rs2221903, IL‐21 rs4833837, IL‐21 receptor (IL‐21R) rs2285452, JAK3 rs3008, and STAT3 rs1053023) in 546 HBV‐infected patients and 353 healthy Chinese subjects. The HBV‐infected patients were further divided into subgroups based on the HBV‐related pathologies: chronic hepatitis B (CHB), HBV‐related liver cirrhosis (LC), and HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Results

There were no significant differences in the genotype and allele distributions of the five SNPs between the HBV‐infected patients and healthy subjects. The genotype and allele frequencies were similar in the two groups for IL‐21 rs2221903 (A>G, P = 0.83 and 0.67), rs4833837 (A>G, P = 0.80 and 0.49), IL‐21R rs2285452 (G>A, P = 0.25 and 0.68), STAT3 rs1053023 (A>G, P = 1.00 and 0.96), and JAK3 rs3008 (C>T, P = 0.32 and 0.54). However, patients with the IL‐21R rs2285452 AA genotype were more susceptible to HBV‐related HCC than those with the IL‐21R rs2285452 GA/GG genotype (P = 0.03, OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 1.16‐9.20). The serological marker model of “HBsAg+, HBeAg+, HBcAb+” was predominant among patients with HBV infection. However, there was no association between the genotype's distribution of the five SNPs and the serological marker models (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that the IL‐21R rs2285452 AA genotype increases the risk of HBV‐related HCC in Chinese patients.
Dimensions of Anger Reactions‐Revised (DAR‐R): Validation of a brief anger measure in Australia and Spain
Authors: Kannis‐Dymand Lee , Salguero José M. , Ramos‐Cejudo Juan , Novaco Raymond W.
Published: February 2019

Objective

A validated, brief measure of anger is needed in clinical settings to screen for problematic anger. This study examined the validity of the seven‐item Dimensions of Anger Reactions‐Revised (DAR‐R), including a version for the Spanish population.

Method

Multiple psychometric instruments administered to 541 (76.6% female) adults in Australia and 1,115 (56.3% female) in Spain were analyzed.

Results

A two‐factor model (anger response and anger impairment) was confirmed. Concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity were supported. Anger response items strongly correlated with established measures of anger/aggression State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory (Aggression Questionnaire), whereas anger impairment items strongly correlated with anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 and depression Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 measures. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability (3 months) were good. Cut‐off scores for problematic anger were established. There were no gender differences in anger in the Spanish sample, but Australian males had higher anger scores than females.

Conclusion

Results substantiate the utility of the DAR‐R as a concise, clinically informative measure of anger.
Regulation of autophagy as a therapy for immunosenescence‐driven cancer and neurodegenerative diseases: The role of exercise
Authors: Batatinha Helena Angelica Pereira , Diniz Tiego Aparecido , de Souza Teixeira Alexandre Abilio , Krüger Karsten , Rosa‐Neto Jose Cesar
Published: February 2019

Aging is one of the risk factors for the development of low‐grade inflammation morbidities, such as several types of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, due to changes in the metabolism, hormonal secretion, and immunosenescence. The senescence of the immune system leads to improper control of infections and tissue damage increasing age‐related diseases. One of the mechanisms that maintain cellular homeostasis is autophagy, a cell‐survival mechanism, and it has been proposed as one of the most powerful antiaging therapies. Regular exercise can reestablish autophagy, probably through AMP‐activated protein kinase activation, and help in reducing the age‐related senescence diseases. Therefore, in this study, we discuss the effects of exercise training in immunosenescence and autophagy, preventing the two main age‐related disease, cancer and neurodegeneration.
The location of the fetal ears: A hint for prenatal diagnosis of agnathia‐otocephaly complex
Authors: Bijok Julia , Kucińska‐Chahwan Anna , Gielniewska‐Michalczyk Lena , Massalska Diana , Jakiel Grzegorz , Roszkowski Tomasz
Published: February 2019

Otocephaly is an extremely rare lethal congenital anomaly characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of the mandible. The clinical presentation is variable. Some cases may present with severe micrognathia as the only anomaly seen prenatally. The key to early diagnosis is careful assessment of the location of the fetal ears on 2D ultrasound examination.
Ectopic spinal calcification associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH): A quantitative micro‐ct analysis
Authors: Fournier Dale E. , Norley Chris J. D. , Pollmann Steven I. , Bailey Christopher S. , Al Helal Fahad , Willmore Katherine E. , Holdsworth David W. , Dixon S. Jeffrey , Séguin Cheryle A.
Published: February 2019

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a non‐inflammatory spondyloarthropathy identified radiographically by calcification of the ligaments and/or entheses along the anterolateral aspect of the vertebral column. The etiology and pathogenesis of calcifications are unknown, and the diagnosis of DISH is currently based on radiographic criteria associated with advanced disease. To characterize the features of calcifications associated with DISH, we used micro‐computed tomographic imaging to evaluate a cohort of 19 human cadaveric vertebral columns. Fifty‐three percent of the cohort (n = 10; 3 females, 7 males, mean age of death = 81 years, range 67–94) met the radiographic criteria for DISH, with calcification of four or more contiguous vertebral segments. In almost all cases, the lower thoracic regions (T8‐12) were affected by calcifications, consisting primarily of large, horizontal outgrowths of bony material. In contrast, calcifications localized to the upper thoracic regions demonstrated variability in their presentation and were categorized as either “continuous vertical bands” or “discontinuous‐patchy” lesions. In addition to the variable morphology of the calcifications, our analysis demonstrated remarkable heterogeneity in the densities of calcifications, ranging from internal components below the density of cortical bone to regions of hyper‐dense material that exceeded cortical bone. These findings establish that the current radiographic criteria for DISH capture heterogeneous presentations of ectopic spine calcification that can be differentiated based on morphology and density. These findings may indicate a naturally heterogenous disease, potential stage(s) in the natural progression of DISH, or distinct pathologies of ectopic calcifications. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Preparation of a stoichiometric molecularly imprinted polymer for auramine O and application in solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Pataer Parezhati , Muhammad Turghun , Turahun Yunusjan , Yang Wenwu , Aihebaier Sailemayi , Wubulikasimu Muyasier , Chen Lingxin
Published: February 2019

We describe a stoichiometric approach to the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers specific for auramine O. Using the stoichiometric interaction in molecular imprinting, no excess of binding sites is necessary and binding sites are only located inside the imprinted cavities. The free base of the template was obtained to facilitate the interaction with the monomers. Itaconic acid was selected as the functional monomer, and stoichiometric ratio of the interaction with the free base was investigated. The molecularly imprinted polymer preparation conditions such as cross‐linker, molar ratio, porogen were optimized as divinylbenzene, 1:2:20 and chloroform/N,N‐dimethylformamide, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, a good imprinting effect and very high selectivity were achieved. A solid‐phase extraction method was developed using the molecularly imprinted polymers as a sorbent and extraction procedure was optimized. The solid‐phase extraction method showed a high extraction recovery for auramine O in its hydrochloride form and free form compared to its analogues. The results strongly indicated that stoichiometric imprinting is an efficient method for development of high selectivity molecularly imprinted polymers for auramine O.
Safety of office‐based percutaneous injection laryngoplasty with calcium hydroxylapatite
Authors: Lee Minhyung , Lee Doh Young , Kwon Tack‐Kyun
Published: February 2019

Objective

To evaluate the safety of office‐based calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) injection laryngoplasty via the cricothyroid approach through an analysis of all procedures performed over a period of 10 years at a single institution.

Methods

In total, 962 office‐based CaHA injection laryngoplasty via the cricothyroid approach procedures were performed by a single physician at our institution between 2007 and 2016. From these, 955 procedures performed in 617 patients were included in our analysis. The medical records of all 617 patients were retrospectively reviewed. We classified all procedure‐related complications according to the time of onset. Complications that occurred during the procedure were considered intraprocedural complications, whereas complications that developed within 1 week after injection and those that developed after 1 week and were recorded more than twice in the medical records were considered acute and delayed complications, respectively. Failed cases were categorized separately as failure.

Results

Five cases were failed (0.5%). Intraprocedural complications included superficial injection in eight cases (0.8%). Acute and delayed onset of dyspnea was observed in three (0.3%) and two (0.2%) cases, respectively. The incidence of failures and major complications requiring active intervention was 1.6%.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that office‐based CaHA injection laryngoplasty via the cricothyroid approach is as safe as conventional transoral injection laryngoplasty.

Level of Evidence

4

Laryngoscope, 129:2361–2365, 2019
Striatal spreading depolarization: Possible implication in levodopa‐induced dyskinetic‐like behavior
Authors: de Iure Antonio , Napolitano Francesco , Beck Goichi , Quiroga Varela Ana , Durante Valentina , Sciaccaluga Miriam , Mazzocchetti Petra , Megaro Alfredo , Tantucci Michela , Cardinale Antonella , Punzo Daniela , Mancini Andrea , Costa Cinzia , Ghiglieri Veronica , Tozzi Alessandro , Picconi Barbara , Papa Stella M. , Usiello Alessandro , Calabresi Paolo
Published: February 2019

Objective

Spreading depolarization (SD) is a transient self‐propagating wave of neuronal and glial depolarization coupled with large membrane ionic changes and a subsequent depression of neuronal activity. Spreading depolarization in the cortex is implicated in migraine, stroke, and epilepsy. Conversely, spreading depolarization in the striatum, a brain structure deeply involved in motor control and in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology, has been poorly investigated.

Methods

We characterized the participation of glutamatergic and dopaminergic transmission in the induction of striatal spreading depolarization by using a novel approach combining optical imaging, measurements of endogenous DA levels, and pharmacological and molecular analyses.

Results

We found that striatal spreading depolarization requires the concomitant activation of D1‐like DA and N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors, and it is reduced in experimental PD. Chronic l‐dopa treatment, inducing dyskinesia in the parkinsonian condition, increases the occurrence and speed of propagation of striatal spreading depolarization, which has a direct impact on one of the signaling pathways downstream from the activation of D1 receptors.

Conclusion

Striatal spreading depolarization might contribute to abnormal basal ganglia activity in the dyskinetic condition and represents a possible therapeutic target. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
microRNA expression profile in porcine oocytes with different developmental competence derived from large or small follicles
Authors: Gad Ahmed , Nemcova Lucie , Murin Matej , Kanka Jiri , Laurincik Jozef , Benc Michal , Pendovski Lazo , Prochazka Radek
Published: February 2019

Oocyte developmental competence is acquired during folliculogenesis and regulated by complex molecular mechanisms. Several molecules are involved in these mechanisms, including microRNAs (miRNAs) that are essential for oocyte‐specific processes throughout the development. The objective of this study was to identify the expression profile of miRNAs in porcine oocytes derived from follicles of different sizes using RNA deep sequencing. Oocytes were aspirated from large (LO; 3–6 mm) or small (SO; 1.5–1.9 mm) follicles and tested for developmental competence and chromatin configurations. Small RNA libraries were constructed from both groups and then sequenced in an Illumina NextSeq. 500. Oocytes from the LO group exhibited higher developmental competence and different chromatin configuration compared with oocytes from the SO group. In total, 167 and 162 known miRNAs were detected in the LO and SO groups, respectively. MiR‐205, miR‐16, miR‐148a‐3p, and miR‐125b were among the top 10 highly expressed miRNAs in both groups. Eight miRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) between both groups. Target gene prediction and pathway analysis revealed 46 pathways that were enriched with miRNA‐target genes. The oocyte meiosis pathway and signaling pathways including FoxO, PI3K‐Akt, and cAMP were predictably targeted by DE miRNAs. These results give more insights into the potential role of miRNAs in regulating the oocyte development.
A projection‐based method for topology optimization of structures with graded surfaces
Authors: Luo Yunfeng , Li Quhao , Liu Shutian
Published: February 2019

Graded surfaces widely exist in natural structures and inspire engineers to apply functionally graded (FG) materials to cover structural surfaces for performance improvement, protection, or other special functionalities. However, how to design such structures with FG surfaces by topology optimization is a quite challenging problem due to the difficulty for determining material properties of structural surfaces with prescribed variation rule. This paper presents a novel projection‐based method for topology optimization of this class of FG structures. Firstly, a projection process is proposed for ensuring the material properties of the surfaces vary with a prescribed function. A criterion of determining the values of parameters in projection process is given by a strict theoretical derivation, and then, a new interpolation function is established, which is capable of simultaneously obtaining clear substrate topologies and realizable FG surfaces. Though such structures are actually multimaterial gradient structures, only the design variables of single‐material topology optimization problem are needed. In the current research, the classical compliance minimization problem with a mass constraint is considered and the robust formulation is used to control the length scale of substrates. Several 2D and 3D numerical examples illustrate the validity and applicability of the proposed method.
On polynomial hyperreduction for nonlinear structural mechanics
Authors: Martynov Kirill , Wever Utz
Published: February 2019

This paper proposes an approach for hyperreduction of nonlinear structural mechanics equations. For hyperreduction, the nonlinear term is approximated by the third‐degree multivariate polynomials represented in terms of a monomial basis. The chosen basis leads to an ill‐conditioned minimization problem with the multivariate Vandermonde matrix. The condition number of the resulting problem is significantly improved by choosing an appropriate sparse subset of the initial basis. As a byproduct of the sparse basis, the evaluation time for the hyperreduced model is reduced drastically. The performance of the new approach is demonstrated for two typical applications.
The low‐risk perception of developing type 2 diabetes among women with a previous history of gestational diabetes: a qualitative study
Authors: Sharma Manisha , Purewal Tejpal Singh , Fallows Stephen , Kennedy Lynne
Published: February 2019

We conducted a qualitative study to explore the risk perceptions, health beliefs and behaviours of women with a previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Women aged between 18 to 40 years (at the time of pregnancy) with a previous history of GDM, registered at The Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom, participated in individual, semi‐structured, face‐to‐face interviews. Qualitative data from seven participants were collected until data saturation and were analysed by thematic analysis. Participants had a low‐risk perception of the future risk of developing diabetes. Some believed that their risk was the same as that of any other woman without a history of GDM, and some other participants were not aware of the risk at all and perceived GDM as a temporary health condition with no long‐term risks.

Participants showed some understanding of a healthy lifestyle in general. However, most of the information was self‐acquired by participants and not linked to the future risk of developing diabetes. The findings of this research also indicated a contrast between the high perception of the immediate risks of complications during the pregnancy and low long‐term risk of developing diabetes after pregnancy associated with GDM. Participants received healthy lifestyle advice during their pregnancy, but none of them reported involvement in any postnatal health education, intervention or counselling as recommended by 2008 and 2014 NICE guidelines. The low‐risk perception impedes positive health behaviour required to overcome the barriers against a healthy lifestyle.

This was a small research project but the findings warrant scope for more research in this field. A larger study might promote the development of a well‐structured, long‐term follow‐up health intervention programme, incorporating a reminder system for annual diabetes screenings to improve the risk perception and reduce the risk for the development of type 2 diabetes in this population. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons.
Self‐recovery and fatigue of double‐network gels with permanent and reversible bonds
Authors: Drozdov Aleksey D. , Christiansen Jesper deClaville , Dusunceli Necmi , Sanporean Catalina‐Gabriela
Published: February 2019

Double‐network (DN) gels subjected to cyclic deformation (stretching up to a fixed strain followed by retraction down to the zero stress) demonstrate a monotonic decrease in strain with time (self‐recovery). Observations show that the duration of total recovery varies in a wide interval (from a few minutes to several days depending on composition of the gel), and this time is strongly affected by deformation history. A model is developed for the kinetics of self‐recovery. Its ability to describe stress–strain diagrams in cyclic tests with various periods of recovery is confirmed by comparison with observations on several DN gels. Numerical simulation reveals pronounced enhancement of fatigue resistance in multi‐cycle tests with stress‐ and strain‐controlled programs when subsequent cycles of deformation are interrupted by intervals of recovery. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2019,57, 438–453
Schooling in survivorship: Understanding caregiver challenges when survivors return to school
Authors: Paré‐Blagoev E. Juliana , Ruble Kathy , Bryant Camille , Jacobson Lisa
Published: February 2019

Objective

Schooling after treatment can hold challenges for survivors of childhood cancer and caregivers who may need to act as advocates on their behalf. This study seeks to understand caregiver experiences of survivor's school‐related challenges. This understudied area is critical given the 85% survivor rate for those diagnosed with childhood cancer and the disproportionate risk of learning difficulties faced by those with brain tumor or who receive therapy that targets the central nervous system.

Methods

Affected caregivers participated in open‐ended interviews addressing school experiences during survivorship. Following preliminary analysis using a grounded theory approach, interviewees and other stakeholders from education, medical, and foundation communities participated in focus groups. Member‐check activities explored the validity of identified themes and a model derived from interview data describing schooling challenges during survivorship.

Results

Caregivers reported schooling‐related experiences were often stressful and such stressors recurred during survivors' ongoing education. They reported a lack of appropriate knowledge among themselves, school staff, and clinicians about issues their survivor faced as well as concerns about communication and uncertainties about the processes required to attain appropriate services. These themes of knowledge, communication, and process issues were embedded within family approaches to coping with difficulties as well as the specific types of late effects each survivor faced.

Conclusions

The proposed model and clinical implications provide a foundation for future research and intervention development. Such work is needed to more effectively support survivors and their caregivers with difficulties that arise during schooling following treatment for childhood cancer.
Interference of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles with Coagulation Cascade and Interaction with Blood Components
Authors: Lozano‐Fernández Tamara , Dobrovolskaia Marina , Camacho Tomás , González‐Fernández África , Simón‐Vázquez Rosana
Published: February 2019

Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used for different purposes, showing a potential risk on human health. The analysis of the interaction of these metal oxide NPs with blood components is a crucial step in the characterization of their biocompatibility, but information available of comparative studies with several doses and different metal oxide NPs is really scarce. In this study, six different metal oxide NPs (TiO2, CeO2, Al2O3, Y2O3, and two different types of ZnO NPs) at different concentrations are used, and their potential adverse effects on blood are determined. Both, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), are assessed to understand particle influence on the plasma coagulation cascade. Additional hematocompatibility tests include assessment of thrombin coagulation time, platelet aggregation, leukocyte procoagulant activity (PCA), hemolysis, and complement activation. The results demonstrate that only the ZnO and TiO2 NPs affect the coagulation cascade by increasing the aPTT in a dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, ZnO NPs increase PT, while TiO2 NPs induce a decrease in the PT. In addition to affecting coagulation time, ZnO NPs also induce platelet aggregation and leukocyte PCA. All tested metal oxide NPs do not affect hemolysis and complement activation.
Overview obstacle maps for obstacle‐aware navigation of autonomous drones
Authors: Pestana Jesús , Maurer Michael , Muschick Daniel , Hofer Manuel , Fraundorfer Friedrich
Published: February 2019

Achieving the autonomous deployment of aerial robots in unknown outdoor environments using only onboard computation is a challenging task. In this study, we have developed a solution to demonstrate the feasibility of autonomously deploying drones in unknown outdoor environments, with the main capability of providing an obstacle map of the area of interest in a short period of time. We focus on use cases where no obstacle maps are available beforehand, for instance, in search and rescue scenarios, and on increasing the autonomy of drones in such situations. Our vision‐based mapping approach consists of two separate steps. First, the drone performs an overview flight at a safe altitude acquiring overlapping nadir images, while creating a high‐quality sparse map of the environment by using a state‐of‐the‐art photogrammetry method. Second, this map is georeferenced, densified by fitting a mesh model and converted into an Octomap obstacle map, which can be continuously updated while performing a task of interest near the ground or in the vicinity of objects. The generation of the overview obstacle map is performed in almost real time on the onboard computer of the drone, a map of sizeis created in, therefore, with enough time remaining for the drone to execute other tasks inside the area of interest during the same flight. We evaluate quantitatively the accuracy of the acquired map and the characteristics of the planned trajectories. We further demonstrate experimentally the safe navigation of the drone in an area mapped with our proposed approach.
In Vivo Formation of Stable Hyaline Cartilage by Naïve Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells with Modified Fibrin Microbeads
Authors: Kuznetsov Sergei A. , Hailu-Lazmi Astar , Cherman Natasha , Castro Luis F. , Robey Pamela G. , Gorodetsky Raphael
Published: February 2019

Osteoarthritic and other types of articular cartilage defects never heal on their own. Medicinal and surgical approaches are often ineffective, and the supply of autologous chondrocytes for tissue engineering is very limited. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, also known as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells) have been suggested as an adequate cell source for cartilage reconstruction. However, the majority of studies employing BMSCs for cartilage tissue engineering have used BMSCs predifferentiated into cartilage prior to implantation. This strategy has failed to achieve formation of stable, hyaline-like cartilage, resistant to hypertrophy in vivo. We hypothesized that in vitro predifferentiation of BMSCs is not necessary when cells are combined with an adequate scaffold that supports the formation of stable cartilage in vivo. In this study, naïve (undifferentiated) human BMSCs were attached to dehydrothermally crosslinked stable fibrin microbeads (FMBs) without and with other scaffolds and implanted subcutaneously into immunocompromised mice. Optimal formation of abundant, hypertrophy-resistant, ectopic hyaline-like cartilage was achieved when BMSCs were attached to FMBs covalently coated with hyaluronic acid. The cartilage that was formed was of human origin and was stable for at least 28 weeks in vivo. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:586–592
Multishelled Transition Metal‐Based Microspheres: Synthesis and Applications for Batteries and Supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Yang , Li Xiangcun , Shen Weiming , Dai Yan , Kou Wei , Zheng Wenji , Jiang Xiaobin , He Gaohong
Published: February 2019

With the rapid growth of material innovations, multishelled hollow nanostructures are of tremendous interest due to their unique structural features and attractive physicochemical properties. Continued effort has been made in the geometric manipulation, composition complexity, and construction diversity of this material, expanding its applications. Energy storage technology has benefited from the large surface area, short transport path, and excellent buffering ability of the nanostructures. In this work, the general synthesis of multishelled hollow structures, especially with architecture versatility, is summarized. A wealth of attractive properties is also discussed for a wide area of potential applications based on energy storage systems, including Li‐ion/Na‐ion batteries, supercapacitors, and Li–S batteries. Finally, the emerging challenges and outlook for multishelled hollow structures are mentioned.
The inclusion of Acrophorus, Diacalpe, Nothoperanema, and Peranema in Dryopteris: The molecular phylogeny, systematics, and nomenclature of Dryopteris subg. Nothoperanema (Dryopteridaceae)
Authors: Zhang Li-Bing , Zhang Liang
Published: February 2019

Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) is one of the largest fern genera containing about 300 or more species. Sixty‐five accessions representing all four subgenera and all 19 sections of Dryopteris recognized in current classifications, more than two‐thirds of the species of Acrophorus, Diacalpe, Nothoperanema, and Peranema, three species of Arachniodes, three species of Cyrtomium, one species of Phanerophlebia, and two species of Polystichum, were sampled as ingroup in this study. Two species of Polystichopsis were used as outgroups. DNA sequences of five plastid loci (psbA‐trnH spacer, rbcL gene, rps4‐trnS spacer, trnL intron, trnL‐F spacer) were used to infer the phylogeny of Dryopteris and related genera. Our study clearly demonstrated that the currently defined Dryopteris is paraphyletic in relation to a clade containing the monophyletic Acrophorus, Diacalpe, Nothoperanema, and Peranema. Peranema is resolved as sister to the remaining three genera, followed by Nothoperanema which in turn is sister to the Acrophorus + Diacalpe clade, but this relationship received low support. Three out of the four subgenera of Dryopteris recognized in current classifications are not recovered as monophyletic. Dryopteris subg. Nothoperanema, well supported as monophyletic by molecular and morphological data, is resurrected and re‐circumscribed to contain species of the currently accepted genera Acrophorus, Diacalpe, Nothoperanema, and Peranema. Twenty‐seven species are recognized and classified into four sections based on molecular and morphological evidence. Included in this treatment are 25 new combinations, names, species, and statuses, and neotypification or lectotypification of 14 names. The present study further located and cited types of an additional 28 related names, many of which have been unknown to science. Keys to sections and species and distributional information are given and nomenclatural issues are discussed. This paper also synonymized and excluded 33 nomenclaturally confusing names of Dryopteris that were formerly assigned to Acrophorus or Diacalpe.
Delimitation of the genus Margaritopsis (Rubiaceae) in the Asian, Australasian and Pacific region, based on molecular phylogenetic inference and morphology
Authors: Barrabé Laure , Buerki Sven , Mouly Arnaud , Davis Aaron P. , Munzinger Jérôme , Maggia Laurent
Published: February 2019

In the past, the circumscription of the large genus Psychotria (Rubiaceae) was difficult, until molecular phylogenetic studies revealed its considerable paraphyly, enabling the delimitation of its major lineages and the grouping of related genera, and most notably the separation of Psychotria and its relatives (former Psychotrieae) into two tribes: Psychotrieae and Palicoureeae. The genus Margaritopsis, which is included in Palicoureeae, encompasses 27 Neotropical species, and in previous studies these have been shown to be close relatives of a group of eight Psychotria species that occur over a large region extending from South‐East Asia to tropical South Pacific through Malesia (= the AMP region, defined as including South‐East Asia, Malesia, tropical Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, New Caledonia and Polynesia). A molecular phylogenetic study, using one nuclear DNA region (ITS) and four plastid DNA regions (ndhF, rps16, trnH‐psbA, trnT‐F), is undertaken in order to test the placement of 17 AMP Psychotria species within Palicoureeae. The phylogenetic results show that they form a monophyletic clade (= clade G), which also includes the monotypic Fijian genus Readea and Hodgkinsonia frutescens from Australia. Clade G is embedded in a well‐supported grade with five Neotropical representatives of Margaritopsis. A morphological survey based on twenty characters, with the potential to circumscribe generic entities, shows that the monophyly of clade G is supported by a character combination that is similar to species of Neotropical Margaritopsis, confirming their inclusion in this genus. Taxonomic and nomenclatural work on these species is required to formalize nomenclatural implications. Based on the same set of morphological characters, but in absence of molecular data, 28 other Psychotria species from the AMP region were detected as likely candidates for inclusion in Margaritopsis, allowing the estimation of species richness of clade G to be a minimum of 47 species. Within clade G, five well‐supported subclades and a Readea lineage are delimited and each of these is generally supported by unique morphological features. Phylogenetic topologies reveal biogeographical patterns, including a main route of dispersal from western to eastern parts of the AMP region, with subsequent dispersals between archipelagos in the region.
Phylogeny of tribe Rhinantheae (Orobanchaceae) with a focus on biogeography, cytology and re‐examination of generic concepts
Authors: Scheunert Agnes , Fleischmann Andreas , Olano-Marín Catalina , Bräuchler Christian , Heubl Günther
Published: February 2019

A molecular systematic approach using DNA sequences of two non‐coding chloroplast loci (trnK, rps16) and the nuclear ITS region was applied to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Rhinantheae (Orobanchaceae). This tribe includes approximately 19 genera of hemiparasitic plants predominantly occurring in the Old World. An exception is the genus Bartsia which, according to previous taxonomic treatments, includes a remarkable radiation (ca. 45 species) in the Andes, two species distributed in Afromontane regions, and only one species (Bartsia alpina) ranging from the alpine mountains of northern and central Europe to northeastern North America. The present phylogenetic study includes the most comprehensive taxon sampling of Rhinantheae to date, with main focus on the relationships of the Mediterranean genera. Both nuclear and plastid datasets reveal a core group of Rhinantheae comprising four major lineages. Our analyses suggest that (1) the northern temperate Bartsia alpina is sister to the rest of the core group; (2) African Bartsia are more closely related to the monotypic African genus Hedbergia than to other congeneric taxa; (3) South American Bartsia are nested within a highly supported clade including Parentucellia and Bellardia; (4) Nothobartsia and Odontitella are likely to be the results of at least one intergeneric hybridization event. Despite topological conflicts regarding some taxa, the polyphyly of Bartsia and a broadly circumscribed Odontites are unambiguously supported by our results. Our tree topologies indicate that the importance of certain morphological characters traditionally used for generic delimitation (such as shape and indumentum of corolla, anthers, and capsules) has been overestimated, and that some of these characters are presumably convergent. Available information on chromosome numbers corroborates the results presented here.
Tribounia, a new genus of Gesneriaceae from Thailand
Authors: Middleton David J. , Möller Michael
Published: February 2019

The new genus Tribounia is described with two species, Tribounia venosa (Barnett) D.J. Middleton, a new combination, and Tribounia grandiflora D.J. Middleton, a new species. A key to the species and conservation assessments are provided.
Adjunctive kampo therapy for incomplete Kawasaki disease mimic associated with reaction at the bacillus Calmette–Guérin inoculation site
Authors: Takahashi Kazuhiro , Sato Yasumasa , Wakahara Atsushi , Nagase Tomoko , Masue Michiya
Published: February 2019

Aim

We report two cases of incomplete Kawasaki disease (IKD) mimic associated with bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) inoculation site reaction that were treated with Japanese traditional herbal (kampo) medicine, eppikajutsuto (EJT), as an adjunct to high‐dose oral acetylsalicylic acid in the early disease stage.

Results

Physical findings, such as peripheral edematous erythema of the extremities and BCG site change in febrile infants, were strongly suggestive of IKD. Additionally, they were suitable for treatment with EJT. After EJT treatment, the physical findings of inflammation disappeared. C‐reactive protein decreased to the normal range. Repeat echocardiography showed no coronary arterial lesions.

Conclusion

EJT (kampo medicine) has a potential adjunctive role in the acute‐phase management of IKD mimic. Further study on the adjunct efficacy of EJT is needed in patients with IKD and BCG site reactivation.