bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incretin Hypersecretion in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Fritsche Louise , Heni Martin , Eckstein Sabine S , Hummel Julia , Schürmann Anette , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Preißl Hubert , Birkenfeld Andreas L , Peter Andreas , Fritsche Andreas , Wagner Robert
Published: February 2022

Context

Incretins are crucial stimulators of insulin secretion following food intake. Data on incretin secretion and action during pregnancy are sparse.

Objective

The aim of the study was to investigate the incretin response during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Design

We analyzed data from the ongoing observational PREG study (NCT 04270578).

Setting

The study was conducted at the University Hospital Tübingen.

Participants

We examined 167 women (33 with GDM) during gestational week 27 ± 2.2.

Intervention

Subjects underwent 5-point OGTT with a 75-g glucose load.

Main outcome measures

We assessed insulin secretion and levels of total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glicentin, and glucagon during OGTT. Linear regression was used to analyze the relation of GLP-1 and glucose with insulin secretion and the association of incretin levels on birth outcome.

Results

Insulin secretion was significantly lower in women with GDM (P < 0.001). Postload GLP-1 and GIP were ~20% higher in women with GDM (all P < 0.05) independent of age, body mass index, and gestational age. GLP-1 increase was associated with insulin secretion only in GDM, but not in normal glucose tolerance. Postprandial GLP-1 levels were negatively associated with birth weight.

Conclusions

The more pronounced GLP-1 increase in women with GDM could be part of a compensatory mechanism counteracting GLP-1 resistance. Higher GLP-1 levels might be protective against fetal overgrowth.
Narrative Medicine: Perioperative Opportunities and Applicable Health Services Research Methods
Authors: Zmijewski Polina , Lynch Kenneth A. , Lindeman Brenessa , Vetter Thomas R.
Published: February 2022

Narrative medicine is a humanities-based discipline that posits that attention to the patient narrative and the collaborative formation of a narrative between the patient and provider is essential for the provision of health care. In this Special Article, we review the basic theoretical constructs of the narrative medicine discipline and apply them to the perioperative setting. We frame our discussion around the 4 primary goals of the current iteration of the perioperative surgical home: enhancing patient-centered care, embracing shared decision making, optimizing health literacy, and avoiding futile surgery. We then examine the importance of incorporating narrative medicine into medical education and residency training and evaluate the literature on such narrative medicine didactics. Finally, we discuss applying health services research, specifically qualitative and mixed methods, in the rigorous evaluation of the efficacy and impact of narrative medicine clinical programs and medical education curricula.
Adult Children's Education and Older Parents' Chronic Illnesses in Aging China
Authors: Liu Yafei , Ma Yuanyuan , Smith James P.
Published: February 2022

Although intergenerational transmission from parents to children has been widely studied, less is known about human capital spillover from children to parents. Utilizing nationally representative data on both doctor diagnosis and biomarkers, as well as exploiting variations in the implementation of China's Compulsory Education Law, we examine the effects of adult children's education on the prevalence of chronic cardiovascular illnesses among older parents in China and explore potential mechanisms. Instrumental variable estimates indicate that additional years of schooling among adult children decrease the prevalence of hypertension among older parents, whereas no evidence indicates a significant impact on the prevalence of diabetes among the same group. Sons and daughters differentially impact their mothers and fathers. Compared with fathers, mothers benefit more from adult children's education. Although no significant differences are observed in the effects of sons' and daughters' education in urban China, sons' education is more beneficial for parents' health in rural China. Further analyses show that financial support and health support (e.g., diagnosis and management of chronic illnesses and maintenance of health behaviors) are critical pathways for older parents to benefit from their adult children's education.
Development of Machine Learning–Based Models to Predict Treatment Response to Spinal Cord Stimulation
Authors: Hadanny Amir , Harland Tessa , Khazen Olga , DiMarzio Marisa , Marchese Anthony , Telkes Ilknur , Sukul Vishad , Pilitsis Julie G.
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND:

Despite spinal cord stimulation's (SCS) proven efficacy, failure rates are high with no clear understanding of which patients benefit long term. Currently, patient selection for SCS is based on the subjective experience of the implanting physician.

OBJECTIVE:

To develop machine learning (ML)–based predictive models of long-term SCS response.

METHODS:

A combined unsupervised (clustering) and supervised (classification) ML technique was applied on a prospectively collected cohort of 151 patients, which included 31 features. Clusters identified using unsupervised K-means clustering were fitted with individualized predictive models of logistic regression, random forest, and XGBoost.

RESULTS:

Two distinct clusters were found, and patients in the cohorts significantly differed in age, duration of chronic pain, preoperative numeric rating scale, and preoperative pain catastrophizing scale scores. Using the 10 most influential features, logistic regression predictive models with a nested cross-validation demonstrated the highest overall performance with the area under the curve of 0.757 and 0.708 for each respective cluster.

CONCLUSION:

This combined unsupervised–supervised learning approach yielded high predictive performance, suggesting that advanced ML-derived approaches have potential to be used as a functional clinical tool to improve long-term SCS outcomes. Further studies are needed for optimization and external validation of these models.
Coil Embolization of Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms Using Stents in Small Arteries Less Than 2 mm in Diameter
Authors: Ozaki Tomohiko , Fujinaka Toshiyuki , Kidani Tomoki , Nishimoto Keisuke , Yamazaki Hiroki , Sawada Haruna , Taki Kowashi , Kanemura Yonehiro , Nakajima Shin
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND:

Data regarding the safety and effectiveness of stent placement in small vessels (<2 mm in diameter) for treating wide-necked cerebral aneurysms are limited.

OBJECTIVE:

To report our experience regarding coil embolization of unruptured cerebral aneurysms using stents (specifically the Neuroform Atlas) in small arteries <2 mm in diameter.

METHODS:

Patients with unruptured cerebral aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coil embolization between March 2017 and March 2021 in our hospital were included.

RESULTS:

Of the 137 cerebral aneurysms included in this study, 49 required stent placement and 48 were treated using the Neuroform Atlas in the small vessels measuring <2 mm in diameter (small vessel group [SVG]). In the SVG, 43 aneurysms (87.8%) demonstrated complete occlusion. Regarding complications, 2 (4.1%) patients had in-stent thrombosis during procedures and 5 (10.2%) experienced symptomatic thromboembolic complications, but only 2 (4.1%) had worsening of the modified Rankin scale ≥1 at 90 days after embolization. Patients with middle cerebral artery aneurysms had a higher risk of thrombotic events (5/18 patients, 27.8%), such as symptomatic thromboembolic complications or intraprocedural in-stent thrombus than those with other aneurysms (1/31 patients, 3.2%), in the SVG (P = .0167).

CONCLUSION:

Stent-assisted coil embolization for unruptured cerebral aneurysms using stents, especially the Neuroform Atlas, in small arteries <2 mm in diameter is effective and feasible, but careful perioperative attention should be given to thrombotic events during the embolization of middle cerebral artery aneurysms.
Notch signaling enhances bone regeneration in the zebrafish mandible
Authors: Kraus Jessica M. , Giovannone Dion , Rydzik Renata , Balsbaugh Jeremy L. , Moss Isaac L. , Schwedler Jennifer L. , Bertrand Julien Y. , Traver David , Hankenson Kurt D. , Crump J. Gage , Youngstrom Daniel W.
Published: February 2022

Loss or damage to the mandible caused by trauma, treatment of oral malignancies, and other diseases is treated using bone-grafting techniques that suffer from numerous shortcomings and contraindications. Zebrafish naturally heal large injuries to mandibular bone, offering an opportunity to understand how to boost intrinsic healing potential. Using a novel her6:mCherry Notch reporter, we show that canonical Notch signaling is induced during the initial stages of cartilage callus formation in both mesenchymal cells and chondrocytes following surgical mandibulectomy. We also show that modulation of Notch signaling during the initial post-operative period results in lasting changes to regenerate bone quantity one month later. Pharmacological inhibition of Notch signaling reduces the size of the cartilage callus and delays its conversion into bone, resulting in non-union. Conversely, conditional transgenic activation of Notch signaling accelerates conversion of the cartilage callus into bone, improving bone healing. Given the conserved functions of this pathway in bone repair across vertebrates, we propose that targeted activation of Notch signaling during the early phases of bone healing in mammals may both augment the size of the initial callus and boost its ossification into reparative bone.
Derivation of extra-embryonic and intra-embryonic macrophage lineages from human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Bredemeyer Andrea L. , Amrute Junedh M. , Koenig Andrew L. , Idol Rachel A. , He Li , Luff Stephanie A. , Dege Carissa , Leid Jamison M. , Schilling Joel D. , Hinson J. Travis , Dinauer Mary C. , Sturgeon Christopher M. , Lavine Kory J.
Published: February 2022

Tissue-resident macrophages are increasingly recognized as important determinants of organ homeostasis, tissue repair, remodeling and regeneration. Although the ontogeny and function of tissue-resident macrophages has been identified as distinct from postnatal hematopoiesis, the inability to specify, in vitro, similar populations that recapitulate these developmental waves has limited our ability to study their function and potential for regenerative applications. We took advantage of the concept that tissue-resident macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages originate from distinct extra-embryonic and definitive hematopoietic lineages to devise a system to generate pure cultures of macrophages that resemble tissue-resident or monocyte-derived subsets. We demonstrate that human pluripotent stem cell-derived extra-embryonic-like and intra-embryonic-like hematopoietic progenitors differentiate into morphologically, transcriptionally and functionally distinct macrophage populations. Single-cell RNA sequencing of developing and mature cultures uncovered distinct developmental trajectories and gene expression programs of macrophages derived from extra-embryonic-like and intra-embryonic-like hematopoietic progenitors. These findings establish a resource for the generation of human tissue resident-like macrophages to study their specification and function under defined conditions and to explore their potential use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
The role of SPAG1 in the assembly of axonemal dyneins in human airway epithelia
Authors: Smith Amanda J. , Bustamante-Marin Ximena M. , Yin Weining , Sears Patrick R. , Herring Laura E. , Dicheva Nedyalka N. , López-Giráldez Francesc , Mane Shrikant , Tarran Robert , Leigh Margaret W. , Knowles Michael R. , Zariwala Maimoona A. , Ostrowski Lawrence E.
Published: February 2022

Mutations in SPAG1, a dynein axonemal assembly factor (DNAAF) that facilitates the assembly of dynein arms in the cytoplasm before their transport into the cilium, result in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetically heterogenous disorder characterized by chronic oto-sino-pulmonary disease, infertility and laterality defects. To further elucidate the role of SPAG1 in dynein assembly, we examined its expression, interactions and ciliary defects in control and PCD human airway epithelia. Immunoprecipitations showed that SPAG1 interacts with multiple DNAAFs, dynein chains and canonical components of the R2TP complex. Protein levels of dynein heavy chains (DHCs) and interactions between DHCs and dynein intermediate chains (DICs) were reduced in SPAG1 mutants. We also identified a previously uncharacterized 60 kDa SPAG1 isoform, through examination of PCD subjects with an atypical ultrastructural defect for SPAG1 variants, that can partially compensate for the absence of full-length SPAG1 to assemble a reduced number of outer dynein arms. In summary, our data show that SPAG1 is necessary for axonemal dynein arm assembly by scaffolding R2TP-like complexes composed of several DNAAFs that facilitate the folding and/or binding of the DHCs to the DIC complex.
Shaping centromeres to resist mitotic spindle forces
Authors: Lawrimore Josh , Bloom Kerry
Published: February 2022

The centromere serves as the binding site for the kinetochore and is essential for the faithful segregation of chromosomes throughout cell division. The point centromere in yeast is encoded by a ∼115 bp specific DNA sequence, whereas regional centromeres range from 6–10 kbp in fission yeast to 5–10 Mbp in humans. Understanding the physical structure of centromere chromatin (pericentromere in yeast), defined as the chromatin between sister kinetochores, will provide fundamental insights into how centromere DNA is woven into a stiff spring that is able to resist microtubule pulling forces during mitosis. One hallmark of the pericentromere is the enrichment of the structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins cohesin and condensin. Based on studies from population approaches (ChIP-seq and Hi-C) and experimentally obtained images of fluorescent probes of pericentromeric structure, as well as quantitative comparisons between simulations and experimental results, we suggest a mechanism for building tension between sister kinetochores. We propose that the centromere is a chromatin bottlebrush that is organized by the loop-extruding proteins condensin and cohesin. The bottlebrush arrangement provides a biophysical means to transform pericentromeric chromatin into a spring due to the steric repulsion between radial loops. We argue that the bottlebrush is an organizing principle for chromosome organization that has emerged from multiple approaches in the field.
Metabolomic and transcriptomic responses of ticks during recovery from cold shock reveal mechanisms of survival
Authors: Rosendale Andrew J. , Leonard Ryan K. , Patterson Isaac W. , Arya Thomas , Uhran Melissa R. , Benoit Joshua B.
Published: February 2022

Ticks are blood-feeding ectoparasites but spend most of their life off-host where they may have to tolerate low winter temperatures. Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is a process commonly used by arthropods, including ticks, to improve survival of acute low temperature exposure. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms in ticks associated with RCH, cold shock and recovery from these stresses. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which RCH influences gene expression and metabolism during recovery from cold stress in Dermacentor variabilis, the American dog tick, using a combined transcriptomics and metabolomics approach. Following recovery from RCH, 1860 genes were differentially expressed in ticks, whereas only 99 genes responded during recovery to direct cold shock. Recovery from RCH resulted in an upregulation of various pathways associated with ion binding, transport, metabolism and cellular structures seen in the response of other arthropods to cold. The accumulation of various metabolites, including several amino acids and betaine, corresponded to transcriptional shifts in the pathways associated with these molecules, suggesting congruent metabolome and transcriptome changes. Ticks, D. variabilis and Amblyomma maculatum, receiving exogenous betaine and valine demonstrated enhanced cold tolerance, suggesting cryoprotective effects of these metabolites. Overall, many of the responses during recovery from cold shock in ticks were similar to those observed in other arthropods, but several adjustments may be distinct from the responses in other currently examined taxa.
Defining the SATB1-dependent 3D chromatin structure in CD4+ cells
Authors: Ζελένκα Τόμας
Published: February 2022

Η κατανόηση των μηχανισμών που ενέχονται στη ρύθμιση της γονιδιακής έκφρασης αποτελεί πρωταρχικό στόχο της σύγχρονης Β ιολογίας. Η ανθρώπινη υγεία εξαρτάται σε μεγάλο βαθμό από τη σωστή λειτουργία του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος. Ένα ουσιαστικό μέρος του αντιπροσωπεύεται από τα Τ λεμφοκύτταρα που υπάρχουν σε διάφορες μορφές και με διαφορετικές λειτουργίες. Η τεράστια ευελιξία και πλαστικότητα της ανάπτυξης των Τ λεμφο κυττάρων καθορίζεται από μια πολύπλοκη αλληλεπίδραση πολλών μεταγραφικών προγραμμάτων και επομένως τα Τ λεμφο κύτταρα χρησιμεύουν ως ένα καλό μοντέλο για τη μελέτη των μηχανισμών της μεταγραφικής ρύθμισης. Σε αυτή την εργασία διερευνήσαμε τις ρυθμιστικές διαδικασίες που εμπλέκονται στον μεταγραφικό έλεγχο των αναπτυσσόμενων Τ λεμφο κυττάρων. Περιγράψαμε το τρισδιάστατο ρυθμιστικό δίκτυο χρωματίνης και προσδιορίσαμε τον βασικό μεσολαβητή του, την ιστοειδική πρωτεΐνη SATB1. Τα ευρήματά μας αποκαλύπτουν τη λειτουργία της SATB1 που ελέγχει τα προγράμματα μεταγραφής μέσω τουλάχιστον τριών διαφορετικών μηχανισμών. Η αυστηρή ρύθμιση των διαφορετικών ισομορφών της πρωτεΐνης SATB1 και οι μετα-μεταφραστικές τροποποιήσεις τους είναι απαραίτητη για το διαχωρισμό φάσεων της SATB1 που σχετίζονται με τη μεταγραφή και το μάτισμα. Η συνεργασία της SATB1 και του μη κωδικοποιητικού RNA Xist είναι αποφασιστικής σημασίας για τη μεταγραφική ρύθμιση των γονιδίων που εδράζονται στο Χ χρωμόσωμα στα θηλυκά άτομα. Η συντονισμένη δράση τους αντιπροσωπεύει επίσης έναν νέο συμπληρωματικό μηχανισμό που συμβάλλει στη σίγηση των θέσεων των γονιδίων ανοσοσφαιρινών στα Τ λεμφο κύτταρα και στις σωστές αναδιατάξεις του υποδοχέα των Τ λεμφο κυττάρων. Το τελευταίο βασίζεται επιπλέον σε ένα δίκτυο τρισδιάστατης χρωματίνης υποκινητή-ενισχυτή που διαμεσολαβείται άμεσα από τη SATB1. Οι ρυθμιστικοί βρόχοι που διαμεσολαβούνται από τη SATB1 αντιπροσωπεύουν ένα εκλεπτυσμένο επίπεδο γονιδιωματικής οργάνωσης που βασίζεται σε ένα δομικό ικρίωμα υψηλής τάξης που δημιουργήθηκε από συμβατικούς γονιδιωματικού οργανωτές όπως η CTCF. Εκτός από τη θέση του υποδοχέα των Τ κυττάρων, οι ρυθμιστικοί βρόχοι χρωματίνης που διαμεσολαβούνται από SATB1 ελέγχουν την έκφραση των γονιδίων του υποδοχέα και σημαντικών μεταγραφικών ρυθμιστών (όπως το Bcl6), συλλογικά κρίσιμα για τ ον καθορισμό της κυτταρικής γενεαλογίας και της ομοιόστασης του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος. Οι ρυθμιστικές συνέπειες των ρόλων της SATB1 στα Τ λεμφο κύτταρα μελετήθηκαν σε γενετικά τροποποιημένα ζώα Satb1fl/flCd4-Cre+. Είχαν σε μεγάλο βαθμό απορυθμισμένη μεταγραφή και μάτισμα, με αποτέλεσμα σοβαρές φυσιολογικές εκτροπές που ο μοιάζουν με αυτοανοσία. Τα δεδομένα μας παρέχουν μοριακούς μηχανισμούς για να εξηγήσουν τον αυτοάνοσο φαινότυπο των τροποιημένωντ ζώων. Οι περιγραφόμενες αρχές και οι ρυθμιστικοί μηχανισμοί μπορεί να είναι χρήσιμοι για την καταπολέμηση πολυάριθμων ανθρώπινων διαταραχών συμπεριλαμβανομένω ν των αυτοάνοσων ασθενειών και του καρκίνου.
On Time-Dependent Critical Platforms and Tracks in Metro Systems
Authors: Wang Junwei , Gao Yue , Cheng Yao
Published: February 2022

Metro systems play an important role in the public transportation system, and metro safety and passenger satisfaction are of great concern to urbanized societies. Identifying critical platforms and tracks is a fundamental and significant step to improving a metro system's safety and passenger satisfaction, which has never been examined in the literature. Typical critical link analysis for road networks cannot be applied to metro network systems because of the different characteristics of these two transportation modes, such as vehicle operation. In addition, the existing studies on critical stations for metro networks cannot reveal the different importance of platforms involved in one station. This study proposes a novel framework to identify critical platforms and tracks for a metro system with consideration of its spatial characteristics and temporal dynamics using smart card data. We first develop an entirely directed model to describe a metro system where nodes and arcs represent platforms and tracks, respectively. Critical platforms and tracks are then defined and assessed based on dynamic waiting time and onboard crowdedness. The proposed approach is validated by historical smart card data of the Shenzhen Metro system, and the results show time-variant rankings of critical platforms and tracks over the time of the day and the day of the week.
Unintentional Dual Benefit: Improvement in Secondary Polycythemia in a Patient Receiving Chemotherapy for Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Kania Brooke , Mekheal Erinie , Roman Sherif , Mekheal Nader , Kumar Vinod , Maroules Michael
Published: February 2022

Complete blood counts are frequently collected from cancer patients, but laboratory findings may be misleading. Secondary polycythemia can occur in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) due to erythropoietin (EPO) stimulation. Therefore, complete blood counts should be closely monitored to prevent complications such as thrombosis. We discuss the case of a 47-year-old man with metastatic RCC who presented with secondary polycythemia that improved with chemotherapy. His secondary erythrocytosis was anticipated, but his haemoglobin levels were lower than expected after therapy. This article discusses the treatment and diagnosis of secondary polycythemia in patients with RCC.
Quality improvement frameworks to maximise wound assessment
Authors: Curtis Amanda
Published: February 2022

Wound management should be a holistic process that assesses not only the wound itself, but also includes patient and client factors. To ensure veterinary professionals try to minimise mistakes and maximise communication, quality improvement methods can be applied to help prevent mistakes and miscommunications. Veterinary medicine lacks in veterinary specific wound assessment frameworks but there are numerous that are applied successfully to human medicine that can aid in the holistic approach, and cross over well to veterinary patients. The application of a simple checklist and care bundle could help to improve client communication and compliance and also facilitate healing, leading to improved patient outcomes.
Maintaining mental and physical fitness into old age
Authors: Light Natalie
Published: February 2022

As a result of advances in veterinary interventions and medicine, more companion dogs are living longer and this carries the added risk of developing illnesses that are age-related — specifically diseases concerned with physical and mental health decline. This short article aims to summarise some of the key factors for owners of older dogs to consider, and provides measures they can undertake in their homes and day to day lives with their dogs to ensure their dog has a happy, healthy and enjoyable retirement.
Canine behaviour medicine in UK small animal practice
Authors: Christos Chantalle , Buckley Louise A
Published: February 2022

Despite the advancements in the field of veterinary behaviour medicine, problem behaviours remain a leading cause for canine relinquishment and euthanasia in the UK and so should be of concern to veterinary professionals. This review aimed to critically evaluate the literature on the perceptions of the veterinary care team, including the veterinary practitioner and the veterinary nurse, of their roles in canine behaviour medicine. Additionally, the review discussed barriers to the delivery of behavioural medicine in practice and subsequently examined the benefits of applying a behaviour-centered approach to care. Despite revisions to the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons curricula, inadequate behavioural training during undergraduate studies was identified as a primary barrier to the provision of behaviour support in practice by veterinarians and veterinary nurses. Furthermore, veterinary professionals frequently identified a lack of time to discuss, educate and diagnose behavioural problems. However, should the barriers to the provision of behavioural medicine be addressed, current literature suggests that the benefits of applying behaviour medicine to practice may include financial growth for the practice, workplace safety, improved perception from clients and ultimately improved animal welfare.
Acetabular retroversion is prevalent and proportional to the severity of slipped upper femoral epiphysis
Authors: Buddhdev Pranai , Vallim Frederico , Slattery David , Balakumar Jitendra
Published: February 2022

Aims

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE) has well documented biochemical and mechanical risk factors. Femoral and acetabular morphologies seem to be equally important. Acetabular retroversion has a low prevalence in asymptomatic adults. Hips with dysplasia, osteoarthritis, and Perthes’ disease, however, have higher rates, ranging from 18% to 48%. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of acetabular retroversion in patients presenting with SUFE using both validated radiological signs and tomographical measurements.

Methods

A retrospective review of all SUFE surgical cases presenting to the Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, from 2012 to 2019 were evaluated. Preoperative plain radiographs were assessed for slip angle, validated radiological signs of retroversion, and standardized postoperative CT scans were used to assess cranial and mid-acetabular version.

Results

In all, 116 SUFEs presented in 107 patients who underwent surgical intervention; 47 (52%) were male, with a mean age of 12.7 years (7.5 to 16.6). Complete radiological data was available for 91 patients (99 hips) with adequate axial CT imaging of both hips. Overall, 82 patients (82%) underwent pinning in situ (PIS), with subcapital realignment surgery (SRS) performed in 17 patients (18%) (slip angles > 75°). Contralateral prophylactic PIS was performed in 72 patients (87%). On the slip side, 62 patients (68%) had one or more radiological sign of retroversion. Tomographical acetabular retroversion was more pronounced cranially than caudally of the acetabulum on both the affected side and the contralateral side (p < 0.001) as expected in the normal population. Increasing severity of the slip was found to be directly proportional to the degree of reduction in cranial and central acetabular version (p < 0.05) in the SUFE hips.

Conclusion

Acetabular retroversion is more prevalent in patients with SUFE than previously reported, and have been shown be correlated to the severity of the slip presentation. The presence of radiological signs of acetabular retroversion could be used to justify prophylactic contralateral pinning. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(2):158–164.
How does intraoperative fracture malalignment affect postoperative function and bone healing following distal femoral fracture?
Authors: Kuwahara Yutaro , Takegami Yasuhiko , Tokutake Katsuhiro , Yamada Yotaro , Komaki Kentaro , Ichikawa Tsunenobu , Imagama Shiro
Published: February 2022

Aims

Postoperative malalignment of the femur is one of the main complications in distal femur fractures. Few papers have investigated the impact of intraoperative malalignment on postoperative function and bone healing outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate how intraoperative fracture malalignment affects postoperative bone healing and functional outcomes.

Methods

In total, 140 patients were retrospectively identified from data obtained from a database of hospitals participating in a trauma research group. We divided them into two groups according to coronal plane malalignment of more than 5°: 108 had satisfactory fracture alignment (< 5°, group S), and 32 had unsatisfactory alignment (> 5°, group U). Patient characteristics and injury-related factors were recorded. We compared the rates of nonunion, implant failure, and reoperation as healing outcomes and Knee Society Score (KSS) at three, six, and 12 months as functional outcomes. We also performed a sub-analysis to assess the effect of fracture malalignment by plates and nails on postoperative outcomes.

Results

The rates of nonunion and reoperation in group U were worse than those in group S (25.0% vs 14.3%; 15.6% vs 5.6%), but the differences were not significant (p = 0.180 and p = 0.126, respectively). Mean KSS in group U at all follow-up periods was significantly worse that in group S (75.7 (SD 18.8) vs 86.0 (SD 8.7); p < 0.001; 78.9 (SD 17.2) vs 89.1 (SD 9.8); p < 0.001; 85.0 (SD 11.9) vs 91.1 (SD 7.2); p = 0.002, respectively). In the sub-analysis of plates, mean KSS was significantly worse in group U at three and six months. In the sub-analysis of nails, the rate of reoperation was significantly higher in group U (28.6% vs 5.8%; p = 0.025), and mean KSS at six and 12 months was significantly worse in Group U.

Conclusion

To obtain good postoperative functional results, intraoperative alignment of the coronal plane should be accurately restored to less than 5°. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(2):165–172.
Preferences for and perceptions about politicians’ goals and how they impact women’s and men’s political ambition
Authors: Coffé Hilde , Devroe Robin , Vandeleene Audrey , Wauters Bram
Published: February 2022

Women consistently report lower levels of nascent political ambition than men, which causes problems for the recruitment of women in politics. The aim of this study is to better understand the mechanisms behind this gender gap by simultaneously studying the extent to which gender differences in preferences for and perceptions about the typical goals attained through a political career (power, independence and communal goals) can explain gender differences in political ambition. Using data collected among Belgian political and social sciences students (N = 322), our results provide a strong confirmation of the gender gap in political ambition. We also find substantial gender differences in preferences for and perceptions about goals pursued through political careers. However, these individual-level differences in preferences and perceptions only marginally reduce the gender gap in political ambition, emphasising the need for active political recruitment.
Post-High School Transition Outcomes for Young Adults With Down Syndrome
Authors: Loveall Susan J. , Channell Marie Moore , Burke Meghan M. , Rodgers Derek B.
Published: February 2022

There is limited available research on the post-high school outcomes of young adults with Down syndrome (DS). The purpose of this study, therefore, was to characterize employment, community-based living, and community engagement outcomes and their correlates among young adults with DS who recently transitioned out of high school. Caregivers (n = 100) of young adults with DS who exited high school within the past 5 years completed an online survey. Approximately half of the individuals with DS were working in some capacity; almost all were living with caregivers. Individuals with DS were engaging in a variety of community activities each week. Adaptive functioning was related to both employment and community engagement. Parent involvement in transition planning was also related to community engagement.
Randomized Behavioral Sleep Clinical Trial to Improve Outcomes in Children With Down Syndrome
Authors: Esbensen Anna J. , Hoffman Emily K. , Beebe Dean W. , Byars Kelly , Carle Adam C. , Epstein Jeffery N. , Johnson Cynthia
Published: February 2022

Parents of 30 school-age children with Down syndrome participated in a small-scale randomized clinical trial of a behavioral sleep treatment designed specifically for children with Down syndrome. The aim was to improve child sleep, child daytime behavior problems, caregiver sleep, and caregiver stress. The intervention spanned 5–8 weeks, and assessments occurred pre-treatment, immediately post-treatment, and three months post-treatment using a double-blinded design. Both the active treatment and a treatment-as-usual attention-controlled comparison group showed improvements in actigraphy and parent-report measures of child sleep, parent-reported child internalizing behaviors, and actigraphy measures of parent-sleep. The behavioral sleep treatment did not yield significantly different outcomes than a treatment-as-usual approach supplemented with non-sleep-specific behavioral or education sessions. Possible interpretations of study findings are discussed.
Fragile X Syndrome: Supportive Treatment, Unmet Needs, and Paths to Novel Interventions and Disease-Targeted Therapies
Authors: Berry-Kravis Elizabeth
Published: February 2022

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), as a monogenic cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, has been one of the first neurodevelopmental disorders in which molecular and neuronal mechanisms of disease have been identified, leading to the concept of targeting the underlying disease to reverse symptoms. Translating findings in basic science and animal models to humans with FXS has proven difficult. These challenges have prompted the FXS field to organize to build interlocking projects to support initiatives to improve supportive care, make clinical research accessible to families, generate collaborative research on natural history and outcome measures, and create clinical trial consortia and novel trial designs.
The Road to Personalized Therapies: Lessons Learned From Angelman Syndrome
Authors: Duis Jessica
Published: February 2022

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurogenetic disorder characterized by delays including a severe expressive language delay, motor concerns, ataxia, epilepsy, sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal problems, and characteristic behaviors, including a happy demeanor, hyperactivity, and excitability. The syndrome is one of the first neurodevelopmental disorders with a clear trajectory towards meaningful treatment with approximately 20 companies actively developing targeted therapeutics for AS. Herein, we highlight the historical context of the road to therapeutics and some of the challenges in the field with the potential to impact the success of clinical trials for Angelman syndrome and also have relevance of other neurogenetic developmental disabilities.
Spatial complexity method for tracking brain development and degeneration using functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Liang Zhenhu , Wang Yuxi , Tian Hao , Gu Yue , Arimitsu Takeshi , Takahashi Takao , Minagawa Yasuyo , Niu Haijing , Tong Yunjie
Published: February 2022

Brain complexity analysis using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has attracted attention as a biomarker for evaluating brain development and degeneration processes. However, most methods have focused on the temporal scale without capturing the spatial complexity. In this study, we propose a spatial time-delay entropy (STDE) method as the spatial complexity measure based on the time-delay measure between two oxy-hemoglobin (Δ[HbO]) or two deoxy-hemoglobin (Δ[Hb]) oscillations within the 0.01-0.1 Hz frequency band. To do this, we analyze fNIRS signals recorded from infants in their sleeping state, children, adults, and healthy seniors in their resting states. We also evaluate the effects of various noise to STDE calculations and STDE’s performance in distinguishing various developmental age groups. Lastly, we compare the results with the normalized global spatial complexity (NGSC) and sample entropy (SampEn) measures. Among these measures, STDEHbO (STDE based on Δ[HbO] oscillations) performs best. The STDE value increases with age throughout childhood (p < 0.001), and then decreases in adults and healthy seniors in the 0.01-0.1 Hz frequency band. This trajectory correlates with cerebrovascular development and degeneration. These findings demonstrate that STDE can be used as a new tool for tracking cerebrovascular development and degeneration across a lifespan based on the fNIRS resting-state measurements.
Generalized figure of merit for plasmonic dip measurement-based surface plasmon resonance sensors
Authors: Treebupachatsakul Treesukon , Boosamalee Apivitch , Chaithatwanitch Kamejira , Pechprasarn Suejit
Published: February 2022

We propose a theoretical framework to analyze quantitative sensing performance parameters, including sensitivity, full width at half maximum, plasmonic dip position, and figure of merits for different surface plasmon operating conditions for a Kretschmann configuration. Several definitions and expressions of the figure of merit have been reported in the literature. Moreover, the optimal operating conditions for each figure of merit are, in fact, different. In addition, there is still no direct figure of merit comparison between different expressions and definitions to identify which definition provides a more accurate performance prediction. Here shot-noise model and Monte Carlo simulation mimicking the noise behavior in SPR experiments have been applied to quantify standard deviation in the SPR plasmonic dip measurements to evaluate the performance responses of the figure of merits. Here, we propose and formulate a generalized figure of merit definition providing a good performance estimation to the detection limit. The measurement parameters employed in the figure of merit formulation are identified by principal component analysis and machine learning. We also show that the proposed figure of merit can provide a good estimation for the surface plasmon resonance performance of plasmonic materials, including gold and aluminum, with no need for a resource-demanding computation.
Quantization of Goos–Hänchen shift in monolayer graphene under partial and total internal reflection conditions
Authors: Shah Mudasir , Akbar Ali , Khan Niaz Ali , Zaman Quaid , Iqbal Shahid , Ali Wajid , Javed Muhammad , Shah Muzamil
Published: February 2022

We theoretically investigate the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shifts of a reflected light beam from the dielectric interface containing a monolayer graphene sheet in the presence of an external perpendicular magnetic field. Using Kubo formalism we derive the expressions for the magneto-optical (MO) conductivities. Based on the angular spectrum analysis, we calculate and demonstrate that quantized GH shifts on the surface of graphene monolayer can be tuned by varying the intensity of the applied magnetic field and the beam incidence angle. We show that the GH shifts are quantized due to the Landau level (LL) quantization of the magneto-optical conductivities. In the vicinity of Brewster's angle the GH shift exhibit extreme positive or negative peaks around the magneto-excitation photonic energies in the terahertz regime. We discuss the dependence of the GH shifts on the strength of the magnetic field, the incidence angle, chemical potential, and the impinging frequency of the Gaussian beam. We also discuss the GH shifts for partial reflection (PR) and total internal reflection (TIR) conditions. We find that in the total internal reflection geometry, we have giant angular and spatial GH shifts in the vicinity of the Brewster angle as well as near the critical angle. The MO-modulated GH shift in graphene–substrate system provides a new mechanism to realize photonic devices in the terahertz region.
Design study of a cross-dispersed spatial heterodyne spectrometer
Authors: Chu Qihang , Li Xiaotian , Jirigalantu  , Sun Ci , Chen Jun , Wang Jianing , Sun Yuqi , Bayanheshig
Published: February 2022

A cross-dispersed spatial heterodyne spectrometer (CDSHS) that integrates a spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS), a reflection grating, and a cylindrical lens is presented. Expressions for the width, height, and location of the cross-dispersed interferograms corresponding to narrow spectral regions are given. An example CDSHS design, including numerical simulations of the interferogram and the spectrum, is provided to illustrate the designed system. The results show that the CDSHS can simultaneously disperse longitudinally and laterally to record interferograms corresponding to different narrow spectral regions with different rows on a charge-coupled device, and obtain independent detailed spectra simultaneously with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Additionally, high-intensity light rays at a specific wavelength in the CDSHS do not interfere with the detailed spectra of the other wavelengths. Simultaneously, the CDSHS offers advantages including high resolution, high throughput, broadband operation, compactness, and zero moving parts. The CDSHS shows great application potential in fields including multiple spectral feature measurement, weak spectral measurements.
Optical scanning holography for a three-dimensional equal scale display
Authors: Lee Eung Joon , Kim Taegeun
Published: February 2022

We propose an optical scanning holography (OSH) for optical reconstruction with equal scale magnification or demagnification ratio along the transverse and longitudinal directions when the magnification or demagnification ratio of the hologram is priori known. First, we review the principles of OSH. Second, we propose an equal scale OSH that encodes a 3D distribution of a 3D scene with a scanning beam pattern that is formed by the superposition of two spherical waves with the same curvature direction. The hologram recorded by the equal scale OSH reconstructs the 3D scene with equal scale magnification or demagnification along the transverse and longitudinal directions. Finally, we provide simulation and experiment results to illustrate and clarify the proposed idea.
All-type optical logic gates using plasmonic coding metamaterials and multi-objective optimization
Authors: Dan Yihang , Fan Zeyang , Sun Xiaojuan , Zhang Tian , Xu Kun
Published: February 2022

In this article, we propose a multiport plasmonic system (MPS) for implementing all-type logic gates based on coding metamaterials and inverse design technology. Compared to traditional plasmonic logic gates, the coding metamaterials based on metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) structures provide powerful programmability for manipulating electromagnetic (EM) waves and have a compact footprint (0.8 µm × 1.1 µm) for integration. To improve the performance of logic gates, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) are used to optimize the distributions of coding metamaterials. After the optimization, the simulation results show that all types of logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XNOR, and XOR) can be obtained with an operating wavelength of 1.31 µm. The maximum extinction ratios between logic states “1” and “0” reach 10.15 dB, 57.54 dB, 43.25 dB, 20.76 dB, 10.42 dB, 24.04 dB, and 27.74 dB for the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XNOR, and XOR gates, respectively. Moreover, wavelength-tunable logic operations are also demonstrated to work within a wide spectrum. Our proposed plasmonic system not only provides a universal scheme for implementing all-type compact logic gates for optical processing and computing but also demonstrates effective applications of inverse design in nanophotonic devices.
Recent developments in lanthanide-doped mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers [Invited]
Authors: Jobin Frédéric , Paradis Pascal , Aydin Yiğit Ozan , Boilard Tommy , Fortin Vincent , Gauthier Jean-Christophe , Lemieux-Tanguay Maxime , Magnan-Saucier Sébastien , Michaud Louis-Charles , Mondor Sara , Pleau Louis-Philippe , Talbot Lauris , Bernier Martin , Vallée Réal
Published: February 2022

Mid-infrared fiber sources, emitting between 2.5 µm and 5.0 µm, are interesting for their great potential in several application fields such as material processing, biomedicine, remote sensing and infrared countermeasures due to their high-power, their diffraction-limited beam quality as well as their robust monolithic architecture. In this review, we will focus on the recent progress in continuous wave and pulsed mid-infrared fiber lasers and the components that bring these laser sources closer to a field deployment as well as in industrial systems. Accordingly, we will briefly illustrate the potential of such mid-infrared fiber lasers through a few selected applications.
Narrow linewidth self-injection locked fiber laser based on a crystalline resonator in add-drop configuration
Authors: Ji Jingru , Wang Haotian , Ma Jie , Guo Jun , Zhang Jianing , Tang Dingyuan , Shen Deyuan
Published: February 2022

Strong and narrow spectral feedback plays a key role in self-injection locking (SIL) single-frequency lasers, especially in the stabilization of single longitudinal mode (SLM) operation of a multi-mode laser. Here, we report on a narrow linewidth SIL fiber laser that adopts a fiber add-drop configuration composing of two tapered fibers and a high-Q MgF2 crystalline whispering-gallery-mode resonator. The feedback from the drop port could be controlled and optimized for stable SLM lasing of multi-mode fiber lasers. A stable single-frequency fiber laser with white frequency noise as low as ∼0.4 Hz2/Hz, corresponding to an instantaneous linewidth of ∼1.26 Hz, is demonstrated. Compact, controllable, and all-fiber configuration in this work to achieve an ultra-narrow linewidth laser will attract interest in many applications.
The endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis network profoundly shapes the protein sequence space accessible to HIV envelope
Authors: Yoon Jimin , Nekongo Emmanuel E. , Patrick Jessica E. , Hui Tiffani , Phillips Angela M. , Ponomarenko Anna I. , Hendel Samuel J. , Sebastian Rebecca M. , Zhang Yu Meng , Butty Vincent L. , Ogbunugafor C. Brandon , Lin Yu-Shan , Shoulders Matthew D.
Published: February 2022

The sequence space accessible to evolving proteins can be enhanced by cellular chaperones that assist biophysically defective clients in navigating complex folding landscapes. It is also possible, at least in theory, for proteostasis mechanisms that promote strict quality control to greatly constrain accessible protein sequence space. Unfortunately, most efforts to understand how proteostasis mechanisms influence evolution rely on artificial inhibition or genetic knockdown of specific chaperones. The few experiments that perturb quality control pathways also generally modulate the levels of only individual quality control factors. Here, we use chemical genetic strategies to tune proteostasis networks via natural stress response pathways that regulate the levels of entire suites of chaperones and quality control mechanisms. Specifically, we upregulate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to test the hypothesis that the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis network shapes the sequence space accessible to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) protein. Elucidating factors that enhance or constrain Env sequence space is critical because Env evolves extremely rapidly, yielding HIV strains with antibody- and drug-escape mutations. We find that UPR-mediated upregulation of ER proteostasis factors, particularly those controlled by the IRE1-XBP1s UPR arm, globally reduces Env mutational tolerance. Conserved, functionally important Env regions exhibit the largest decreases in mutational tolerance upon XBP1s induction. Our data indicate that this phenomenon likely reflects strict quality control endowed by XBP1s-mediated remodeling of the ER proteostasis environment. Intriguingly, and in contrast, specific regions of Env, including regions targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies, display enhanced mutational tolerance when XBP1s is induced, hinting at a role for host proteostasis network hijacking in potentiating antibody escape. These observations reveal a key function for proteostasis networks in decreasing instead of expanding the sequence space accessible to client proteins, while also demonstrating that the host ER proteostasis network profoundly shapes the mutational tolerance of Env in ways that could have important consequences for HIV adaptation.