bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex behaviour and predictability of the European dry spell regimes
Authors: Lana X. , Martínez M. D. , Serra C. , Burgueño A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The complex spatial and temporal characteristics of European dry spell lengths, DSL, (sequences of consecutive days with rainfall amount below a certain threshold) and their randomness and predictive instability are analysed from daily pluviometric series recorded at 267 rain gauges along the second half of the 20th century. DSL are obtained by considering four thresholds, R0, of 0.1, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mm/day. A proper quantification of the complexity, randomness and predictive instability of the different DSL regimes in Europe is achieved on the basis of fractal analyses and dynamic system theory, including the reconstruction theorem. First, the concept of lacunarity is applied to the series of daily rainfall, and the lacunarity curves are well fitted to Cantor and random Cantor sets. Second, the rescaled analysis reveals that randomness, persistence and anti-persistence are present on the European DSL series. Third, the complexity of the physical process governing the DSL series is quantified by the minimum number of nonlinear equations determined by the correlation dimension. And fourth, the loss of memory of the physical process, which is one of the reasons for the complex predictability, is characterized by the values of the Kolmogorov entropy, and the predictive instability is directly associated with positive Lyapunov exponents. In this way, new bases for a better prediction of DSLs in Europe, sometimes leading to drought episodes, are established. Concretely, three predictive strategies are proposed in Sect. 5. It is worth mentioning that the spatial distribution of all fractal parameters does not solely depend on latitude and longitude but also reflects the effects of orography, continental climate or vicinity to the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and Mediterranean Sea.
Biomarkers of Radiosensitivity in A-Bomb Survivors Pregnant at the Time of Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Authors: Miles Edward F. , Tatsukawa Yoshimi , Funamoto Sachiyo , Kamada Naoko , Nakashima Eiji , Kodama Yoshiaki , Seed Thomas , Kusonoki Yoichiro , Nakachi Kei , Fujiwara Saeko , Akahoshi Masazumi , Neriishi Kazuo
Published: September 2010

Purpose. There is evidence in the literature of increased maternal radiosensitivity during pregnancy. Materials and Methods. We tested this hypothesis using information from the atomic-bomb survivor cohort, that is, the Adult Health Study database at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, which contains data from a cohort of women who were pregnant at the time of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Previous evaluation has demonstrated long-term radiation dose-response effects. Results/Conclusions. Data on approximately 250 women were available to assess dose-response rates for serum cholesterol, white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and serum hemoglobin, and on approximately 85 women for stable chromosome aberrations, glycophorin A locus mutations, and naïve CD4 T-cell counts. Although there is no statistically significant evidence of increased radiosensitivity in pregnant women, the increased slope of the linear trend line in the third trimester with respect to stable chromosome aberrations is suggestive of an increased radiosensitivity.
Joint Scheme for Physical Layer Error Correction and Security
Authors: Adamo Oluwayomi , Varanasi M. R.
Published: September 2010

We present a joint scheme that combines
both error correction and security at the physical layer. In
conventional communication systems, error correction is carried
out at the physical layer while data security is performed at an
upper layer. As a result, these steps are done as separate steps.
However there has been a lot of interest in providing security
at the physical layer. As a result, as opposed to the conventional
system, we present a scheme that combines error correction and
data security as one unit so that both encryption and encoding
could be carried out at the physical layer. Hence, in this paper,
we present an Error Correction-Based Cipher (ECBC) that
combines error correction and encryption/decryption in a single
step. Encrypting and encoding or decoding and decrypting in a
single step will lead to a faster and more efficient implementation.
One of the challenges of using previous joint schemes in a
communications channel is that there is a tradeoff between data
reliability and security. However, in ECBC, there is no tradeoff between reliability and security. Errors introduced at the
transmitter for randomization are removed at the receiver. Hence
ECBC can utilize its full capacity to correct channel errors. We
show the result of randomization test on ECBC and its security
against conventional attacks. We also present the nonpipelined
and pipelined hardware architecture of ECBC, and the result
of the FPGA implementation of the ECBC encryption. We also
compare these results with non-ECBC schemes.
Maladaptive plasticity of serotonin axon terminals in levodopa‐induced dyskinesia
Authors: Rylander Daniella , Parent Martin , O'Sullivan Sean S. , Dovero Sandra , Lees Andrew J. , Bezard Erwan , Descarries Laurent , Cenci M. Angela
Published: September 2010

Objective:

Striatal serotonin projections have been implicated in levodopa‐induced dyskinesia by providing an unregulated source of dopamine release. We set out to determine whether these projections are affected by levodopa treatment in a way that would favor the occurrence of dyskinesia.

Methods:

As an index of terminal serotonin innervation density, we measured radioligand binding to the plasma membrane serotonin transporter (SERT) in levodopa‐treated dyskinetic and nondyskinetic subjects, using brain tissue from both rat and monkey models of Parkinson disease as well as parkinsonian patients. In addition, striatal tissue from dyskinetic rats was used for morphological and ultrastructural analyses of serotonin axon terminals, and for studies of stimulated [3H]dopamine release.

Results:

Across all conditions examined, striatal levels of SERT radioligand binding were significantly elevated in dyskinetic subjects compared to nondyskinetic cases. In the rat striatum, dyskinesiogenic levodopa treatment had induced sprouting of serotonin axon varicosities having a relatively high synaptic incidence. This response was associated with increased depolarization‐induced [3H]dopamine release and with a stronger release potentiation by brain‐derived neurotrophic factor.

Interpretation:

This study provides the first evidence that L‐dopa treatment induces sprouting of serotonin axon terminals, with an increased incidence of synaptic contacts, and a larger activity‐dependent potentiation of dopamine release in the dopamine‐denervated striatum. Treatment‐induced plasticity of the serotonin innervation may therefore represent a previously unappreciated cause of altered dopamine dynamics. These results are important for understanding the mechanisms by which L‐dopa pharmacotherapy predisposes to dyskinesia, and for defining biomarkers of motor complications in Parkinsons disease. Ann Neurol 2010
An improved synthesis of quinolines from β‐bromovinyl aldehydes and primary arylamines in the presence of a palladium catalyst
Authors: Sik Cho Chan , Bo Kim Hyo , Ren Wen Xiu , Yoon Nam Sik
Published: September 2010

β‐Bromovinyl aldehydes are effectively cyclized with primary arylamines in DMF at 110 °C in the presence of a catalytic amount of a palladium catalyst to give the corresponding quinolines in high yields. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nickel N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes in the vinyl polymerization of norbornene
Authors: Berding Joris , Lutz Martin , Spek Anthony L. , Bouwman Elisabeth
Published: September 2010

Vinyl polymerized norbornene has some useful properties such as good mechanical strength, optical transparency and heat resistance. Several transition metal complexes have been described in the literature as active catalysts for the vinyl polymerization of norbornene. We now report the use of three types of nickel(II) complexes with N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands in the catalytic vinyl polymerization of norbornene under a range of conditions. Specifically, two nickel complexes bearing a chelating bis(NHC) ligand, two nickel complexes bearing two chelating anionic N‐donor functionalized NHC ligands as well as one diiodidonickel(II) complex with two monodentate NHC ligands were tested. The solid‐state structure of bis(1,3‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene)diiodidonickel(II), as determined by X‐ray crystallography, is presented. The highest polymerization activity of 2.6 × 107 g (mol cat)−1 h−1 was observed using the latter nickel complex as catalyst, activated by methylaluminoxane. The norbornene polymers thus obtained are of high molecular weight but with rather low polydispersity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endo and exo phenylene‐bridged hetero (O,S) silacrown ether rotors including an unexpected structural example of the chloromethyl exchange rule for 1,4‐bis(X2methylsilyl)‐ benzene, XCl, Me
Authors: Metta‐Magana Alejandro J. , Vargas‐Pineda Diana G. , Martinez‐Perez Carlos A. , Lopez‐Cardoso Marcela , Pannell Keith H.
Published: September 2010

Artificial molecular rotors are of current interest because of the various applications that they could have as materials. However, many of them have the common problem of interdigitation and solvent inclusion in the crystal structure. In this work, we prepare a potential rotor with a stator formed by a sila‐hetero(O, S) crown ether moiety and the phenylene bridge as rotator. The use of the sulfur atoms in the stator allows the formation of HB avoiding those common problems. The study of the potential activity as molecular rotors was done via structural analysis by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, comparing them with previously reported rotors for which the activation energies have been reported. A comparison between the exo and endo diastereoisomers was done, showing that the change in stereochemistry affects the conformation, making one of them a better rotor. In addition, we found that the crystal structure of the intermediate 1,4‐bis(dichloro‐methylsilyl)‐benzene represents an example of the non‐applicability of the so‐called chloro‐methyl exchange rule, with four groups substituted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No‐flow temperature in injection molding simulation
Authors: Mannella G. A. , La Carrubba V. , Brucato V. , Zoetelief W. , Haagh G.
Published: September 2010

Most injection molding simulation packages use the no‐flow temperature (NFT) as a means of determining whether the polymer flows or is solid. The NFT is not well defined, and a standard method for measuring it does not exist. A sensitivity analysis of the filling stage has been carried out with two different packages [VISI Flow (Vero Software Limited, Gloucestershire, UK) and Moldflow (Autodesk, Inc., San Rafael, CA)] to estimate the influence of the NFT on the main processing parameters. The NFT has a large influence on the thickness of the frozen layer, but it does not appreciably affect the filling pressure. Because the NFT affects the frozen layer, an effect on the estimation of shrinkage and warpage is expected. Software packages have also been compared, and similar simulations have been found to produce contrasting results. A simple correlation for NFT estimation, derived from the Cross–Williams–Landel–Ferry equation, is proposed for both amorphous and semicrystalline polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Isoprene rubber filled with silica generated in situ
Authors: Messori Massimo , Fiorini Maurizio
Published: September 2010

We modified synthetic isoprene rubber by means of the in situ generation of silica particles through the sol–gel process starting from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as an inorganic oxide precursor. Different reaction conditions were investigated with variations in the initial TEOS content, the reaction time of the sol–gel process, and the presence of a coupling/surfactant agent (octyltriethoxysilane). Organic–inorganic hybrid materials with a silica content up to 70 phr were obtained with the complete conversion of TEOS to silica for a long enough sol–gel reaction time. A very homogeneous dispersion of silica particles was observed in all cases together with a very good adhesion between the filler and matrix. The size of the in situ generated silica was controlled by the appropriate addition of octyltriethoxysilane. Swelling and extraction tests and dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that the vulcanization process of isoprene rubber was perturbed by the sol–gel process; this led to a slight decrease in the crosslinking degree. However, a significant reinforcing effect due to the presence of silica particles was observed for all of the investigated samples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Barrier properties in hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber compounds containing organoclays and perfluoropolyether additives
Authors: Valsecchi Roberto , Torlaj Luca , Turri Stefano , Tonelli Claudio , Levi Marinella
Published: September 2010

Elastomeric compounds from hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, organomodified clay, and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) additives were prepared. Characterization of the materials included X‐ray diffraction, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile mechanical properties testing, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and solvent permeability measurements, from which the solubility coefficient (S) and diffusion coefficient (D) values were determined. A synergistic effect of the two additives was observed because the presence of clay reduced D, whereas PFPE mainly decreased S. Increasing the mixing time facilitated the dispersion of the clay layers. DMA and the diffusivity data were used to estimate the aspect ratios of the solid inclusions in the rubber. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Chemical structure of poly(β‐cyclodextrin‐co‐citric acid)
Authors: Bednarz Szczepan , Lukasiewicz Marcin , Mazela Wojciech , Pajda Michal , Kasprzyk Wiktor
Published: September 2010

We synthesized water‐insoluble polymers, poly(β‐cyclodextrin‐co‐citric acid)s, by heating a mixture of citric acid, cyclodextrin (CD), and Na2HPO4 as a catalyst with a 6 : 1 : 2 molar ratio at 160, 170, and 180°C for 10 and 20 min. The chemical composition of the polyesters was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the polymer hydrolysates. The crosslinking mechanisms and thermal degradation of the polymers were also investigated. The polyesters contained 30–35% citric acid, 1–4% unsaturated carboxylic acids (i.e., itaconic, cis‐aconitic, trans‐aconitic, and mesaconic acids), and 60–70% CD, whereas about 40% of them were able to form inclusion complexes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions by an adsorption process with titania–silica binary oxide nanoparticle loaded polyacrylonitrile polymer
Authors: Nilchi A. , Garmarodi S. Rasouli , Darzi S. Janitabar
Published: September 2010

In this study, we fabricated a new hybrid adsorbent, titania–silica binary oxide (TiO2–SiO2)–polyacrylonitrile (PAN), by loading nanosized sol–gel‐derived TiO2–SiO2 onto a porous PAN polymer for enhanced arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] species removal from aqueous media. The resulting sorbent was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and porosity measurements. The sorption process for the removal of As(V) and As(III) was assessed with various parameters, including the effects of the pH, contact time, temperature, and existence of foreign competing ions. We found that the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) species onto TiO2–SiO2–PAN was dependent on the pH of solution, and it could be well represented by the Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The prepared hybrid adsorbent exhibited highly selective arsenic retention from water in the presence of Cl−, NO3−, NO2−, SO42−, and SO32− anions at much greater levels than those toxic metals examined. The values of the standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy proved that the sorption of As(V) and As(III) species onto the hybrid adsorbent TiO2–SiO2–PAN was an endothermic and spontaneous process. All of the results validated the feasibility of TiO2–SiO2–PAN for the highly effective removal of As(V) and As(III) from contaminated waters. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Incorporating multiscale micromechanical approach into PLSNs with different intercalated morphologies
Authors: Yazdi A. Zehtab , Bagheri R. , Kazeminezhad M. , Heidarian D.
Published: September 2010

The objective of the present study is to predict Young's modulus of polymer‐layered silicate nanocomposites (PLSNs) containing fully intercalated structures. The particular contribution of this article is to consider the changes in structural parameters of different intercalated morphologies in vicinity of each other. These parameters include aspect ratio of intercalated stacks, number of silicate layers per stack, d‐spacing between the layers, modulus of the gallery phase, and volume fraction of each intercalated morphology. To do this, the effective particle concept has been employed and combined with the Mori‐Tanaka micromechanical model. It has been shown that the simultaneous effects of d‐spacing between the silicate layers and gallery phase modulus remarkably influence the nanocomposite's modulus. Finally, the micromechanical modeling results have been compared with the experimental data and illustrates that the new approach is more accurate than the earlier model developed by the same authors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Formation of honeycomb‐patterned microporous films based on a fluorinated poly(siloxane imide) segmented copolymer
Authors: Jiang Xue , Gu Jian , Shen Yan , Wang Shugen , Tian Xiuzhi
Published: September 2010

The preparation of honeycomb‐patterned microporous films from a soluble fluorinated poly(siloxane imide) segmented copolymer (PSI) by means of water‐droplet templating is reported first in this article. The fluorinated PSI was synthesized from 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride, 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane, and diamine‐terminated poly(dimethyl siloxane) by condensation polymerization. The obtained copolymer had good solubility in chlorinated solvents (chloroform, dichloromethane, and 1,2‐dichloroethane), good thermal stability, and a microphase‐separated amorphous structure. The effects of the copolymer concentration, atmospheric humidity, and solvent properties on the pattern formation were investigated. The results show that the film fabricated from the copolymer solution with chloroform as the solvent at a humidity of 90% and a concentration of 0.5 g/L had the most regular honeycomb‐patterned micropores. We could tailor the pore shape and size by changing the copolymer concentration or the atmospheric humidity. The prepared regular honeycomb‐patterned microporous PSI films have potential applications in cell culture and tissue engineering. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Characterizing a novel and adjustable noninvasive murine joint loading model
Authors: Poulet Blandine , Hamilton Richard W. , Shefelbine Sandra , Pitsillides Andrew A.
Published: September 2010

Objective

Mechanical loading through a mechano‐adaptive response modifies articular cartilage structure and contributes to osteoarthritis (OA). However, the specific mechanical stimuli involved in joint health and disease remain poorly defined, partly due to a lack of in vivo models of controlled loading. The present study was undertaken to develop and characterize a novel nonsurgical murine model in which applied loads to the knee joint are highly adjustable.

Methods

Animals experienced normal locomotion, except during loading. Loads were applied to the right knees of 8‐week‐old CBA mice, 3 times a week for 2 weeks (and assessed immediately or after 3 weeks of nonloading), or for 5 weeks, or just once (and assessed immediately or after 2 weeks of nonloading). Histologic features of loaded and control contralateral joints, including articular cartilage lesions, osteophyte formation, and pathologic features, were examined. Ex vivo visualization during loading was performed by microfocal computed tomography (micro‐CT).

Results

Two weeks of loading produced articular cartilage lesions only at sites of maximal contact as exhibited by micro‐CT; after 3 weeks without further loading, joints in another group of mice identically loaded revealed significant increases in mean lesion severity to levels seen following 5 weeks of loading. Single application of load also induced lesions, but in this case, 2 weeks of solely habitual use did not lead to further deterioration. Only repetitive loading induced loss of Safranin O staining. Loading also led to osteophyte formation, meniscal ossification, synovial hyperplasia and fibrosis, and cruciate ligament pathology, with a severity that was dependent upon the loading regimen utilized.

Conclusion

We describe for the first time a noninvasive model of murine knee joint loading. This will further the study of mechanical and genetic interactions in joint health and in OA initiation and progression.
Transcriptional tools: Small molecules for modulating CBP KIX‐dependent transcriptional activators
Authors: Bates Caleb A. , Pomerantz William C. , Mapp Anna K.
Published: September 2010

Previously it was demonstrated that amphipathic isoxazolidines are able to functionally replace the transcriptional activation domains of endogenous transcriptional activators. In addition, in vitro binding studies suggested that a key binding partner of these molecules is the CREB Binding Protein (CBP), more specifically the KIX domain within this protein. Here we show that CBP plays an essential role in the ability of isoxazolidine transcriptional activation domains to activate transcription in cells. Consistent with this model, isoxazolidines are able to function as competitive inhibitors of the activators MLL and Jun, both of which utilize a binding interaction with KIX to up‐regulate transcription. Further, modification of the N2 side chain produced three analogs with enhanced potency against Jun‐mediated transcription, although increased cytotoxicity was also observed. Collectively these small KIX‐binding molecules will be useful tools for dissecting the role of the KIX domain in a variety of pathological processes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 17–23, 2011.
Performance evaluation of fault detection methods for wastewater treatment processes
Authors: Corominas Lluís , Villez Kris , Aguado Daniel , Rieger Leiv , Rosén Christian , Vanrolleghem Peter A.
Published: September 2010

Several methods to detect faults have been developed in various fields, mainly in chemical and process engineering. However, minimal practical guidelines exist for their selection and application. This work presents an index that allows for evaluating monitoring and diagnosis performance of fault detection methods, which takes into account several characteristics, such as false alarms, false acceptance, and undesirable switching from correct detection to non‐detection during a fault event. The usefulness of the index to process engineering is demonstrated first by application to a simple example. Then, it is used to compare five univariate fault detection methods (Shewhart, EWMA, and residuals of EWMA) applied to the simulated results of the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 1 long‐term (BSM1_LT). The BSM1_LT, provided by the IWA Task Group on Benchmarking of Control Strategies, is a simulation platform that allows for creating sensor and actuator faults and process disturbances in a wastewater treatment plant. The results from the method comparison using BSM1_LT show better performance to detect a sensor measurement shift for adaptive methods (residuals of EWMA) and when monitoring the actuator signals in a control loop (e.g., airflow). Overall, the proposed index is able to screen fault detection methods. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 333–344. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3D billiards game with haptic interface
Authors: Seo Hyewon , Bang Joon‐Won , Park Ji‐Man , Jeon Soo‐Hyun
Published: September 2010

Intuitive human‐computer interaction has been an active research area with the participation of both academic and industrial groups. It is an important technical and psychological element in computer games, digital product design, cybersports, etc. In this paper, we present our work on a 3D billiards game featuring a haptic interface. Most of the existing games available today concentrate on the development of sophisticated physics engines to obtain realistic motion of billiards balls or of sound engines for realistic sound effect. Our focus in this work is on the improved realism on the hitting action of the game with the aid of haptic device. We do so by computing accurate feedback force on the haptic handle, considering the exact point of contact and physically faithful collision response. Also presented is the physically based modeling of the game environment, including the collision interaction among billiards balls, and between the table and billiards balls. As a result, the players can enjoy a more realistic and pleasurable game compared to other existing 3D billiards games. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of prochiral ketones in aqueous media with chiral water‐soluble and heterogenized bifunctional catalysts of the RhCp*‐type ligand
Authors: Barrón‐Jaime Angélica , Narvaez‐Garayzar Oscar F. , González Jorge , Ibarra‐Galván Valentín , Aguirre Gerardo , Parra‐Hake Miguel , Chávez Daniel , Somanathan Ratnasamy
Published: September 2010

Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of prochiral aromatic ketones was carried out with a water‐soluble complex of RhIIICp* and mononitrobenzenesulfonamide bidentate ligand (1R,2R)‐N‐(2‐aminocyclohexyl)‐4‐nitrobenzenesulfonamide 1 derived from chiral cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine. Aqueous sodium formate was used as the hydride source. The reaction afforded the chiral alcohols in good enantioselectivities (79–93%) and yields (>99%). The modified monosulfonamide ligand was also covalently immobilized on solid phase such as silica, resin, and mesoporous SBA‐15 silica and then explored as a catalyst with RhIIICp* in the ATH of acetophenone. Chirality, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contrast enhancement by differently sized paramagnetic MRI contrast agents in mice with two phenotypes of atherosclerotic plaque
Authors: van Bochove Glenda S. , Paulis Leonie E.M. , Segers Dolf , Mulder Willem J.M. , Krams Rob , Nicolay Klaas , Strijkers Gustav J.
Published: September 2010

Interest in the use of contrast‐enhanced MRI to enable in vivo specific characterization of atherosclerotic plaques is increasing. In this study the intrinsic ability of three differently sized gadolinium‐based contrast agents to permeate different mouse plaque phenotypes was evaluated with MRI. A tapered cast was implanted around the right carotid artery of apoE−/− mice to induce two different plaque phenotypes: a thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) and a non‐TCFA lesion. Both plaques were allowed to develop over 6 and 9 weeks, leading to an intermediate and advanced lesion, respectively. Signal enhancement in the carotid artery wall, following intravenous injection of Gd‐HP‐DO3A as well as paramagnetic micelles and liposomes was evaluated. In vivo T1‐weighted MRI plaque enhancement characteristics were complemented by fluorescence microscopy and correlated to lesion phenotype. The two smallest contrast agents, i.e. Gd‐HP‐DO3A and micelles, were found to enhance contrast in T1‐weighted MR images of all investigated plaque phenotypes. Maximum contrast enhancement ranged between 53 and 70% at 6 min after injection of Gd‐HP‐DO3A with highest enhancement and longest retention in the non‐TCFA lesion. Twenty‐four hours after injection of micelles maximum contrast enhancement ranged between 24 and 35% in all plaque phenotypes. Administration of the larger liposomes did not cause significant contrast enhancement in the atherosclerotic plaques. Confocal fluorescence microscopy confirmed the MRI‐based differences in plaque permeation between micelles and liposomes. Plaque permeation of contrast agents was strongly dependent on size. Our results implicate that, when equipped with targeting ligands, liposomes are most suitable for the imaging of plaque‐associated endothelial markers due to low background enhancement, whereas micelles, which accumulate extravascularly on a long timescale, are suited for imaging of less abundant markers inside plaques. Low molecular weight compounds may be employed for target‐specific imaging of highly abundant extravascular plaque‐associated targets. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental trajectories of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period in middle childhood
Authors: Hinnant J. Benjamin , Elmore‐Staton Lori , El‐Sheikh Mona
Published: September 2010

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity has been linked repeatedly to children's socioemotional and behavioral adaptive functioning and development, yet the literature on how various indexes of ANS activity develop in childhood is sparse. We utilized latent growth modeling to investigate the development of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an established index of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), and preejection period (PEP), a marker of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) influence on the heart, in children aged 8–10 years. At age 8, 251 children (128 girls, 123 boys; 162 European American, 89 African American) participated. Longitudinal data were collected during two additional waves when children were 9 and 10 years of age, with a 1‐year lag between each wave. Children's RSA and PEP exhibited significant stability over time. Marginally significant variability was found among children in how RSA changed over time (slope), but there was no significant interindividual variability in PEP changes over development. A conditional growth curve model (i.e., one with predictor variables) showed that initial levels of RSA and PEP and the slope of RSA over time were predicted by several demographic factors including the child's sex and race; RSA of European American children showed significant increases over time while African American children had higher initial RSA but no significant change over time. Findings extend basic knowledge in developmental biopsychology and have implications for research focusing on ANS measures as important predictors, moderators, and mediators of childhood adaptation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53: 59–68, 2011.
Challenges to maternal wellbeing during pregnancy impact temperament, attention, and neuromotor responses in the infant rhesus monkey
Authors: Coe Christopher L. , Lubach Gabriele R. , Crispen Heather R. , Shirtcliff Elizabeth A. , Schneider Mary L.
Published: September 2010

The relative maturity, alertness, and reactivity of an infant at birth are sensitive indices of the neonate's health, the quality of the pregnancy, and the mother's wellbeing. Even when fetal growth and gestation length have been normal, the maturing fetus can still be adversely impacted by both physical events and psychological challenges to the mother during the prenatal period. The following research evaluated 413 rhesus monkeys from 7 different types of pregnancies to determine which conditions significantly influenced the behavioral responsiveness and state of the young infant. A standardized test battery modeled after the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale for human newborns was employed. The largest impairments in orientation and increases in infant emotional reactivity were seen when female monkeys drank alcohol, even though consumed at only moderate levels during part of the pregnancy. The infants' ability to focus and attend to visual and auditory cues was also affected when the gravid female's adrenal hormones were transiently elevated for 2 weeks by ACTH administration. In addition, responses to tactile and vestibular stimulation were altered by both this ACTH treatment and psychological disturbance during gestation. Conversely, a 2‐day course of antenatal corticosteroids 1 month before term resulted in infants with lower motor activity and reactivity. These findings highlight several pregnancy conditions that can affect a young infant's neurobehavioral status, even when otherwise healthy, and demonstrate that alterations or deficits are specific to the type of insult experienced by the mother and fetus. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 625–637, 2010.
Neurobiological and psychiatric consequences of child abuse and neglect
Authors: Heim Christine , Shugart Margaret , Craighead W. Edward , Nemeroff Charles B.
Published: September 2010

The effects of early‐life trauma and its consequences for the treatment of depression are reviewed. The prevalence and clinical sequelae of early sexual and physical abuse, neglect and parental loss are described. An overview of preclinical studies that help guide clinical research and practice is presented. Human clinical studies on the neurobiological consequences of early trauma are summarized. Moderating factors, such as genetic variation and sex differences, are discussed. The few current treatment outcome studies relevant to this research area are described. Guidance for the management of patients with depression and a history of child abuse and neglect are provided. Most patients who have experienced early traumatic experiences are likely best treated with a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. This review is dedicated to the memory of Seymour Levine who pioneered the field of early experience research and to a considerable extent inspired the clinical studies described in this review. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 671–690, 2010.
Chromatographic analysis of toxic phosphylated oximes (POX): a brief overview
Authors: Becker Christian , Worek Franz , John Harald
Published: September 2010

Poisoning with organophosphorus compounds (OP), e.g. pesticides and nerve agents, causes inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by phosphylation of the active site serine residue. Consequently, accumulation of stimulating acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft induces cholinergic crisis which ultimately may lead to death. For standard causal therapy, enzyme reactivators are administered representing oxime derivatives of quarternary pyridinium compounds, e.g. pralidoxime (2‐PAM), obidoxime and HI 6. The mechanism of action includes removal of the phosphyl moiety by a nucleophilic attack of the oximate molecule substituting the enzyme and forming a phosphylated oxime (POX). POX is produced in stoichiometric amounts of reactivated enzyme and exhibits a significantly enhanced toxicity (inhibition rate constant) when compared to the parent OP. However, stability of POX under physiological conditions appears to be highly limited. Nevertheless, the presence of POX reveals a potential critical issue for both therapeutic efficacyin vivoand pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) modelling based on cholinesterase activity data. Detailed characterization represents an important need for elaboration of the entire oxime pharmacology.

Nevertheless, reports on POX toxicity and analysis are quite rare and may therefore be indicative of the challenge of POX analysis. This review provides a concise overview of chromatographic approaches applied to POX separation. Chromatography represents the key technology for POX purification and quantification in kineticin vitrostudies using buffers and biological fluids. Applications based on reversed‐phase chromatography (RPC), ion pair chromatography (IPC) and an affinity approach as well as thin layer chromatography (TLC) are discussed and novel applications and data are presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spred2 expression during mouse development
Authors: Tuduce Ioana Laura , Schuh Kai , Bundschu Karin
Published: September 2010

SPREDs (Sprouty‐related proteins with Ena/Vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein homology‐1 domain) are known membrane‐associated modulators of receptor tyrosine kinases by inhibiting the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Although Spred2−/− mice exhibit dwarfism and increase of early haematopoiesis, the precise expression and role of SPRED2 in mouse development remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate a detailed Spred2 expression pattern during mouse development using X‐Gal stainings from samples of a gene‐trapped Spred2 mouse line. In early stages, Spred2 was highly expressed in ectodermal and mesodermal tissues, and later on in developing neural tissue, heart, lung, intestine, urogenital tract, and limbs. Strikingly, we observed that Spred2 was mainly expressed at leading edges of further outgrowing structures and in folds of newly forming grooves. Therefore, SPRED2 is likely involved in the regulation of dynamic developmental processes. These new data provide valuable information for further studies regarding the still enigmatic physiological SPRED functions during mouse development. Developmental Dynamics 239:3072–3085, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new vector frequency modulation method for power conversion circuits
Authors: Takano Akio
Published: September 2010

This paper presents an effective PWM method for power conversion circuits. The proposed method is called Vector Frequency Modulation (VFM) in this paper. VFM is different from conventional PWM methods. Although VFM is based on the concept of the space voltage vector, all necessary calculations of the periods of the voltage vectors can be performed without using traditional equations. The voltage vectors are classified into two groups, zero vectors and nonzero vectors. Instead of the complicated equations, a very simple algorithm is employed in VFM. One vector period is fixed and the zero vectors are distributed among the nonzero vectors in the ratio determined by the command voltage or frequency. The action of VFM is performed in software, and no modulation‐wave oscillators, comparators, and up‐down counters are needed.

First, a reversible chopper is modulated by VFM and a 2‐kW DC motor is driven by the chopper. The motor speed is regulated by modern control theory. Next, a three‐phase inverter is modulated by VFM and a 2.2‐kW induction motor is driven by the inverter. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate that VFM is useful for power conversion circuits. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(1): 59–68, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20982
A multibranch exchange method for distribution loss minimization
Authors: Murai Masahiko , Kosaka Yoko , Kobayashi Takenori , Kaneshige Yumiko
Published: September 2010

This paper presents a multibranch exchange method for reconfiguration of distribution systems to reduce their line losses. In this method several switches are closed and opened simultaneously in each branch exchange operation to expand the search neighborhood. The switches to be closed are selected as the intermediate systems will be meshed configuration. Sequential branch opening method can be applied to open the switches to obtain the radial configuration efficiently. Test examples show the effectiveness of the proposed method in the case of double branch exchange. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(1): 40–48, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21015
Selective Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles on or Inside Carbon Nanotubes and Their Catalytic Activity for Preferential Oxidation of CO
Authors: Castillejos Eva , Chico Rubén , Bacsa Revathi , Coco Silverio , Espinet Pablo , Pérez‐Cadenas María , Guerrero‐Ruiz Antonio , Rodríguez‐Ramos Inmaculada , Serp Philippe
Published: September 2010

Gold nanoparticles have been deposited on three kinds of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), including nitrogen‐doped CNTs, by three different methods, namely, impregnation, organometallic decomposition, and deposition–precipitation. The choice of the gold precursor, the support, and the preparation procedure is critical for the control of the size and location (on or inside the nanotubes) of the gold nanoparticles. These catalysts were tested for the selective oxidation of CO in a hydrogen‐rich atmosphere. We have shown that the use of nitrogen‐doped CNTs as a support permits one to reach much higher activity and selectivity at low temperaturethan with the other CNT supports. This catalyst also shows a good stability under reaction conditions without detectable sintering.
Ruthenium Complexes Bearing N–H Acidic Pyrazole Ligands
Authors: Jozak Thomas , Zabel Dirk , Schubert Anett , Sun Yu , Thiel Werner R.
Published: September 2010

Chelate ligands containing at least one pyrazole group were treated with RuCl2(PPh3)3, RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3 and RuH2(CO)(PPh3)3 to form ruthenium complexes bearing protic N–H groups in close proximity to the catalytically active ruthenium centre. In the case of the hydridoruthenium complex RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3 the resulting complexes also contain abasic hydrido ligand. The combination of acidic and basic hydrogen species in one molecule and the arising two‐site reactivity was thoroughly investigated spectroscopically and by DFT calculations. Catalytic tests on the hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone showed a general activity of these systems.
p‐(Benzyloxy)calix[8]arene Synthesis Revisited: p‐(Benzyloxy)calix[4]‐, p‐(Benzyloxy)calix[5]‐, p‐(Benzyloxy)calix[7]‐, and p‐(Benzyloxy)bis(homooxa)calix[4]arenes
Authors: Huc Vincent , Npetgat Eloïne , Guérineau Vincent , Bourcier Sophie , Dos Santos Amandine , Guillot Régis , Baltaze Jean‐Pierre , Martini Cyril
Published: September 2010

A detailed investigation of the 4‐(benzyloxy)phenol/formaldehyde reaction shows that along with the previously described p‐(benzyloxy)calix[8]arene and p‐(benzyloxy)calix[6]arene, others calixarenes are observed and easily recovered on a preparative scale. All these new calixarenes are opening interesting perspectives for the synthesis of new supramolecular hosts, easily functionalized at the para position under very mild conditions and/or exhibiting a deep hydrophobic pocket.
A Concise Catalytic Route to the Marine Sesquiterpenoids (–)‐Clavukerin A and (–)‐Isoclavukerin A
Authors: Knüppel Stephan , Rogachev Victor O. , Metz Peter
Published: September 2010

Using a combined organocatalytic/metal‐catalyzed strategy, the enantiopure title hydroazulenes were prepared in only four steps from (S)‐ and (R)‐citronellal, respectively. A catalyst‐controlled diastereoselective Michael addition of these aldehydes to methyl vinyl ketone followed by chemoselective dibromoolefination and one‐pot Wittig olefination/alkyne formation afforded the key dienynes that underwent regioselective domino metathesis to yield the target natural products.
NaDDBS as a dispersion agent for multiwalled carbon nanotubes in capillary EKC separation of nucleotides
Authors: Hsieh Yu‐Fang , Huang Bao‐Yu , Liu Ching‐Piao , Liu Chuen‐Ying
Published: September 2010

A novel pseudostationary phase (PSP) of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (NaDDBS) was used for the EKC separation of nucleotides. NaDDBS has a long hydrophobic chain and a benzylsulfonate group. It suspends more MWCNTs (about 100‐fold) than SDS, and the π–π interaction between the benzene ring of NaDDBS and MWCNTs prolongs the slurry suspension time. Using NaDDBS as a surfactant can reduce the required amount of MWCNTs and decrease the baseline noise. To produce a stable suspension, the optimum ratio (w/w) of MWCNTs to NaDDBS was investigated with turbidimetry. In this context, several parameters affecting EKC separation were studied, including buffer pH, composition, concentration, and the organic modifier. Use of NaDDBS (8 mg/L)/MWCNTs (0.8 mg/L) as the PSP in a phosphate buffer (30 mM, pH 8) yielded complete resolution of seven geometric isomers of a nucleoside monophosphate. In stacking mode, with 10% MeOH in the sample plug, the mixture of nucleoside mono‐, di‐, and tri‐phosphates was satisfactorily separated in phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 9). The results indicate that nucleotides with bases containing more electron‐withdrawing groups interact more strongly with MWCNTs. The system has been used to separate oligonucleotides, and to analyze nucleotides in a complex matrix sample.
On‐line drug metabolites generation and their subsequent target analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis with UV‐absorption detection
Authors: Zeisbergerová Marta , Řemínek Roman , Mádr Aleš , Glatz Zdeněk , Hoogmartens Jos , Van Schepdael Ann
Published: September 2010

This study presents the in‐capillary enzymatic biotransformation of dextromethorphan, an antitusive drug and opioid receptor antagonist, and subsequent electrophoretic separation of its products. The study includes the optimization of separation parameters to fulfill the requirements of an online microreaction. The analyses were performed in a bare fused‐silica capillary using 100 mM sodium tetraborate (pH 10.0) mixed with linear polyacrylamide (20%, v/v) and 2‐propanol (10%, v/v). This BGE was suitable for monitoring both off‐line and in‐capillary incubations. The partial filling technique enabled the enzymatic reaction to be carried out in its optimal environment (20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.4). Finally, in‐capillary microreaction in the presence of cytochrome P450 3A4 gave satisfactory outcomes.
Assay of vitamin B in urine by capillary electrochromatography with methacrylate‐based monolithic column
Authors: Wei Xiaoyi , Qi Li , Qiao Juan , Yao Chunhe , Wang Fuyi , Chen Yi
Published: September 2010

A novel and simple method for the separation of major vitamin B analytes, such as thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinamide, vitamin B4, pyridoxine, has been developed by CEC using the monolithic column. It has been found that the baseline separation of the five analytes could be achieved with 5.0 mM phosphate buffer at pH 4.0. Compared with the open‐tubular capillary and the bared capillary columns, the poly(butylmethacrylate‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary could exhibit the best resolution in the analysis. Then the method was validated and the linear calibration ranges were obtained with correlation coefficients more than 0.997. The precision and the recovery were also investigated and showed a good result. Furthermore, the proposed method was successfully applied to assay the concentration of vitamin B analytes and the metabolic situation in human urine samples.