bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estrogen receptor as the predictive factor for response to chemotherapy in breast cancer
Authors: Susnjar Snezana , Neskovic-Konstantinovic Zora
Published: March 2007

It has generally been accepted that breast cancer (BC) cells are equally responsive to chemotherapy (CHT) irrespective of ER status. However, subset analyses of disease outcome in recently reported trials on neoadjuvant and adjuvant CHT brought new information about the issue. The subject of this paper is to review these data and to communicate our own results. NSABP B27 was designed to evaluate if adding of docetaxel (D) to conventional neoadjuvant doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide (AC) CHT improves the clinical response rate (cRR) and pathological RR (pRR) in BC patients treated with 4 AC cycles only. Although the adding of D to AC C.T significantly improved RR in both ER-negative and ER-positive BC patients, the pCR was significantly higher in ER-negative than in ER-positive group (16.7% vs. 8.3%) irrespective which regimen was used. ECTO trial and several neoadjuvant studies confirmed the significantly inferior RR to neoadjuvant C.T in ER-positive compared to ER-negative BC patients. Three large randomized Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) studies (CALGB 8541, CALGB 9344, and CALGB 9741) compared the efficacy of different adjuvant anthracycline-containing or anthracycline/taxane-containing regimens in BC patients. The absolute benefit in 5-year disease-free survival in ER-negative and ER-positive BC patients treated with adjuvant C.T were 22.8% and 7.0%, while corresponding absolute benefits in overall survival were 16.7% and 4.0%. The concept of equal sensitivity of ER-negative and ER-positive BC to CHT has been changing. The future task is to find BC patients with ER-positive BC with no benefit from CHT in whom endocrine therapy is the therapy of first choice. .
Interhemispheric lipoma with callosal dysgenesis
Authors: Prvulovic Natasa , Bosnjak Mehmed , Babic Zeljko , Prvulovic Mladen
Published: March 2007

Intracranial lipomas are uncommon benign lesions of the central nervous system. Intracranial lipomas are usually asymptomatic and an occasional finding. They are frequently associated with more severe congenital anomalies like corpus callosum agenesis, and may present with seizures, headache, and behavioral disturbances. The MRI techniques are superior to CT and US in terms of exact anatomical localization of the lesions, and the origin of the lipoma and its relationship to surrounding structures. .
Kinetic study of the reaction between sodium chloroacetate and potassium ethylxanthogenate
Authors: Milosavljevic Milutin , Marinkovic Aleksandar , Cekovic Boban , Razic Slavica
Published: March 2007

The reaction kinetics of the synthesis of sodium ethyl xanthogeneacetate from potassium ethylxanthogenate and sodium chloroacetate in distilled water as the reaction medium at 25, 30, 35 and 40?C, were investigated. The obtained reaction mixture was a complex system which demanded the use of two methods for the kinetic measurements. The reaction was followed using the conductrometric and UV/Vis spectrophotometric method with equimolar initial concentrations of the reactants and under pseudo-first order conditions with respect to one of the reactants. The rate constants of the pseudo-first order and second order reactions were calculated from the data. On the basis of the reaction constants, the activation parameters were calculated and are discussed. .
Microwave assisted synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some novel pyrimidine derivatives
Authors: Vaghasia S.J. , Shah V.H.
Published: March 2007

The synthesis of thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines can be achieved from different 5- thiazolidinones, 2-butyl-1H-imidazole-5-carbaldehyde and thiourea using microwave irradiation within 5 min. The structures of the products were supported by FTIR, PMR and mass spectral data. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the synthesized thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines 1a-j, having substituents at the 1- and 3-positions, were determined by the cup-plate method against several standard strains chosen to define the spectrum and potency of the new compounds. The antimicrobial activities of the thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines 1a-j are compared with those of known chosen standard drugs, viz. ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and griseofulvin. .
Evaluation of the intramolecular hydrogen bond enthalpy by means of specialized quantum chemical methods
Authors: Pankratov Alexei , Shalabay Alexei
Published: March 2007

By means of the MNDO/H, I-MNDO, MNDO/HB and MNDO/M methods, the values of the enthalpy of intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) formation for series of substances have been computed. The applicability of these methods for a semi-quantitative estimation of the IHB enthalpy in compounds with a planar quasicycle has been shown. .
An experimental study of the partial oxidation of ethane to ethylene in a shallow fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Brzic Danica , Ahchieva Desislava , Peglow Mirko , Heinrich Stefan
Published: March 2007

The partial catalytic oxidation of ethane to ethylene was investigated experimentally in a shallow fluidized bed. The performances of two catalyst types, pure ?-Al2O3 and V2O5/?-Al2O3 particles 1.8 mm in diameter, were analyzed. A pilot fluidized bed reactor with rectangular cross-section of 100mmx100mm was used. The experiments were carried out under atmospheric pressure in a dilute system under oxygen excess conditions. V2O5/?-Al2O3 showed good catalytic performances regarding ethylene selectivity. The influence of the temperature (in the range of 400-600?C) and the contact time (in the range of 35-85 kg s m-3) on the conversion of ethane and the selectivity to ethylene was analyzed. The highest yield of ethylene was 18%. .
The impact of resistant strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis on relapse of tuberculosis
Authors: Videnovic-Ivanov Jelica , Vucinic-Mihailovic Violeta , Mandaric Dragan
Published: March 2007

Introduction. Relapses of tuberculosis are fairly rare nowdays and they represent the onset of tuberculosis two, or more than two years after completion of previous treatment. Material and Methods. In the previous period, relapses of tuberculosis occurred in 141 patients (87 male and 54 female). Their mean age was 46.2 years. Results. Relapses of tuberculosis occurred after 11.3 years, on average. All patients presented with pulmonary tuberculosis, and two patients also had pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis(bones). Resistance was one of the statistically significant factors for relapse of tuberculosis. Resistance to one antituberculotic agent was most common - 8 patients, resistance to two drugs - 4 patients, resistance to three drugs - 4 patients, resistance to four drugs in 5 patients. Due to these findings on resistant strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis, a huge number of patients with relapses of tuberculosis had full recovery and completed the treatment. Conclusion. The importance of resistant strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis is really huge in our conditions. The findings of these resistant strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis and adequate medical treatment are obligatory nowadays. .
C-reactive protein and cytokines in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis
Authors: Jankovic Borisav , Veljkovic Dobrila , Pasic Srdjan , Rakonjac Zorica , Jevtic Dragana , Martic Jelena
Published: March 2007

Introduction. Accurate evaluation and correct treatment of neonates for possible sepsis still represent the most challenging clinical tasks. Early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis is largely based on the measurement of serum concentrations of different mediators of systemic inflammation, as well as, on a group of proteins named acute phase reactants. Among acute phase reactants, C-reactive protein (CRP) has been the most extensively used and investigated so far. Synthesis and biological role of CRP. This article reviews current knowledge on the synthesis, structure and biologic roles of CRP. Also, we present our original results in regard to the kinetics of serum CRP concentration during the first 24 hours of systemic infection, as well as different patterns of CRP dynamics associated with the initial choice of antibiotics, complications and the final outcome of systemic infection. Interleukins and procalcitonin in diagnosis of sepsis. Because CRP is specific, but somewhat late marker of neonatal sepsis, possible diagnostic use of other indicators of inflammation, i.e. interleukins 6 and 8, and procalcitonin during neonatal sepsis is also considered. The theoretical advantage of these early indicators is discussed in comparative analysis of the time of their activation after initial infectious stimuli. Conclusion. In conclusion, we point to the diagnostic accuracy of serial measurements of serum CRP levels. As an alternative, simultaneous measurement of CRP and serum levels using a faster marker, such as procalcitonin, is recommended.
Treatment options for chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Bojic Ivanko , Dokic Ljubisa , Minic Svetlana
Published: March 2007

Introduction. The incidence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is rather high. Its most frequent consequences are chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment of chronic HCV infection. In treatment of chronic HCV infection, interferons have antiviral, anriproliferative, and immunoregulatory action. Within the cell, they induce protein synthesis, inhibiting viral replication. The most important among them are RNA dependent protein kinase, and eukaryotic initiation factor. However, viral proteins prevent their phosphorylation and activation. In order to overcome this problem, treatment is prolonged, higher doses of IFN are used, as well as induction therapy. The optimal period for viral response is 52 weeks, while induction therapy has shown controversial results. .
Prenatal diagnosis of granular cell myoblastoma: A case report
Authors: Novakov-Mikic Aleksandra , Ivanovic Ljiljana , Lucic Milos , Kiralj Aleksandar , Koprivsek Katarina , Vuckovic Nada
Published: March 2007

Introduction. The aim of this paper is to present a case of prenatal diagnosis of a congenital tumor of the oral cavity diagnosed at 28 weeks of gestation. Case report. After the diagnosis of oral cavity tumor was made by 2D ultrasound, a 3D scan was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis revealing a peduncle at the upper border of maxilla. A detailed scan was performed and no additional anomalies were seen. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed, confirming the diagnosis and the site of the tumor. Karyotype was previously done, and a normal female karyotype was found. Regular three-week follow-up scans were performed to follow the growth of the tumor, as well as the state of the amniotic fluid. No tumor growth was detected, and the amniotic fluid volume was normal until 39 weeks of gestation. Cesarean section was scheduled, due to the risk of tumor disruption during a vaginal delivery. A maxillofacial surgeon was present during an uneventful cesarean section and a complete surgical excision was done immediately after the baby was extracted and umbilical cord ligated. The histopathological diagnosis was: granular cell myoblastoma. The female newborn was developing normally, and at 5 months of age there were no traces of scarring at the place of the tumor. Conclusion. In cases of prenatal diagnosis of tumors of the oral cavity, where development of polyhydramnios can be expected, as well as difficulties with feeding and breathing after birth, it is important to make a plan for adequate follow-up and prompt surgical treatment immediately after birth. .
Lupus vulgaris: Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the affected skin scraping and mucous membranes
Authors: Jovanovic Marina , Sente Ruza , Golusin Zoran , Kurucin Tatjana , Vujanovic Ljuba , Poljacki Mirjana
Published: March 2007

Introduction. In the second half of the last century skin tuberculosis has become a rarity. With the appearance of resistance to different kinds of pathogenes, HIV-immunodeficiency and decreasing standard of living, the incidence of skin tuberculosis increses. Lupus vulgaris is a chronic form of the secondary tuberculosis of the skin. Case report. This is a case report of a 66-year-old woman who presented with a growing, painless, brownish-red, slab-shaped, jelly, cutanesous mass, 2.5 centimeters in diameter, on the tip of her nose, reaching the mucous membrane of the nose. Results. Apart from accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (43/73) and a positive tuberculosis test (Mantoux 10 TU=25x25 mm), all relevant findings were within reference values. Using Ziehl-Neelsen staining, no acido-resistent bacilli were found. The skin scraping sample, taken from the affected skin and the mucous membrane, was cultivated in Lowenstein medium base, and this resulted with cultivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using three-drug combination therapy for ten months, complete remission was achieved. Conclusion. Successful cultivation of pathogens represents an absolute diagnostic criterion. We present a case of a woman with lupus vulgaris, because there is a small number of cases documented around the world where the diagnosis was confirmed by culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. .
Serological response to herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection among women of reproductive age
Authors: Djordjevic Hristina
Published: March 2007

Introduction. Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are alpha herpes viruses. Humans are the only natural host and they can be transmitted through oral or genital secretions. These viruses are ubiquitous all over the world, with different percentage rates. The aims of this paper were to determine the serological response to HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection among pregnant women and women of reproductive age and seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies among pregnant women and women of reproductive age. Material and Methods. A total of 81 serum samples were analyzed. 32 sera were collected from pregnant women, and 49 sera were from non-pregnant women of reproductive age. Serum samples were tested for IgM antibodies to both herpes simplex viruses by use of immunoenzymatic assay (Bioelisa HSV IgM Immunocapture; Biokit, Spain)). Sero-type specific ELISA tests: Bioelisa HSV-1 IgG and Bioelisa HSV-2 IgG (Biokit, Spain) were used for detection of IgG antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Results. Type-common IgM antibodies were found in 6.25% of pregnant women, and in 4.08% of women of reproductive age. Type-specific IgG antibodies to HSV-1 were detected in 68.75% of pregnant women, and in 81.63% of non-pregnant women. The seroprevalence of HSV-1 in our sample was 76.5%. Type-specific IgG antibodies to HSV-2 were detected in 12.5% of pregnant women, and in 12.24% of non-pregnant women of reproductive age. The seroprevalence of HSV-2 in the whole sample was 12.35%. Conclusion. Most women have antibodies to HSV-1, which is partially protective against HSV-2 infection. The seroprevalence of HSV-2 in our sample is relatively low, and similar to seroprevalence in developed European countries. However, there is a high risk of acquiring primary genital HSV infection during pregnancy. Our sample was small, therefore further investigations are required for valid evaluation of seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in Serbia. .
Clinical evaluation of pit and fissure sealant efficiency in children aged 6-7
Authors: Ivanovic Dragan , Markovic Dejan , Stojanovic Nikola
Published: March 2007

Introduction: As one of the most important dental diseases, caries cannot be treated with classic therapeutic measures, but very often, there is a need for preventive and prophylactic measures. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess clinical efficiency of composite materials and glass-ionomer cements as pit and fissure sealants in caries prevention. Materials and Methods: The study comprised 50 patients (141 teeth), both sexes, 6-7 years old with at least two erupted first permanent molars. The main diagnostic criterion was smooth enamel surface with no probe faltering on the tooth. Materials tested in this study were two composite materials (Heiloseal-Opak and Helioseal-Transparent) and two glass-ionomers (Fisurit and Fuji VII). For clinical assessment of these materials, modified Cvar-Ryge criteria were used. Results: The obtained results showed no statistically significant differences among materials in respect to retention, marginal adaptation, discoloration and secondary caries. The difference was significant in respect to surface roughness between Fuji VII and Fisurit and Fuji VII and Helioseal-Opak (p<0.05). Conclusion: Composite sealant Heiloseal-Opak and glass-ionomer Fuji VII showed better clinical results in respect to all tested parameters compared to Helioseal-Transparent and Fisurit. .
How to recognize an HIV-infected patient in dental practice
Authors: Latkovic Marina
Published: March 2007

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the family of retroviruses, the subfamily of lentiviruses and can be found in all body fluids. Virus concentration in body fluids determines the way of HIV transmission (through sexual contact, blood and blood products, vertical transmission). The results from literature indicate that, among the first manifestations of HIV, there are gingival and periodontal changes. Besides, certain number of opportunistic infections start and manifest themselves in the oral cavity. The aim of this paper was to present the most frequent changes in the oral cavity, such as: HIV gingivitis, HIV periodontitis, Candidiasis (pseudomembranous, erythematous, hyperplastic and agular cheilitis), hairy leukoplakia, HSV1 and Kaposi sarcoma. .
Assessment Tools in Early Detection of Osteoporosis in Dentistry
Authors: Zlatarć Dubravka , Pandurć Josip , Koršić Mirko , Dodig Damir
Published: March 2007

Dijagnostičke Metode Za Rano Otkrivanje Osteoporoze U Stomatologiji

Osteoporoza, široko rasprostanjena i učestala koštana bolest odmakle životne dobi, obilježena je gubitkom koštane mase i dotrajalošču mikroarhitekture koštanoga tkiva, uz posljedično slabljenje tvrde koštane strukture te povečanje rizika pojave prijeloma. U radu su navedeni sistemski i lokalni čimbenici odgovorni za gubitak koštanoga tkiva čeljusti. Najčešči sistemski čimbenici povezani s gubitkom koš tane mase čeljusti, su osteoporoza, bubrežne bolesti, hormonski poremečaji, prehrana, ali i utjecaj različitih lijekova na koštanu strukturu. Od lokalnih čimbenika povezanih s gubitkom kosti čeljusti navode se kronične parodontne bolesti, rani gubitak zuba te nepovoljan učinak protetskog nadomjeska na bezubi dio grebena. U svrhu procjene gubitka koštane strukture čeljusti primjenjuju se različite metode, od kojih najčešče apsorpciometrija x-zraka (DXA), kvantitativna kompjuterska tomografija, intraoralna mikrodenzitometrija, indeks SCORE te procjena debljine i kvalitete donjeg kortikalnog ruba mandibule. Kvantitativna i kvalitativna procjena koštanoga tkiva čeljusti od iznimnog je značenja za sva područja stomatologije - od parodontologije do endodoncije i stomatološke protetike, posebice u stomatološkoj implantologiji. U tijeku planiranja buduče implantološke terapije važno je procijeniti stanje kosti čeljusti, odnosno njihovu kvalitetu i kvantitetu te, uzimajuči u obzir navedene sistemske i lokalne čimbenike povezane s gubitkom koštane mase, ispravno postaviti indikacije za daljnje liječenje.
Assessment for Microsatellite DNA Instability in Nasal Cytology Samples of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Karatzanis Alexander D. , Samara Katerina D. , Zervou Maria , Tzortzaki Eleni , Helidonis Emmanuel S. , Siafakas Nikolaos , Velegrakis George A.
Published: March 2007

Background

Genetic alterations, including microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH), have been described in both malignant and benign diseases. Previous studies have successfully detected such alterations in sputum samples of patients with bronchial asthma (BA). The aim of this study was to assess the presence of MSI and/or LOH in nasal cytology samples of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).

Methods

Nasal brush samples and peripheral blood from 20 patients with AR were analyzed. DNA was extracted and analyzed for MSI and LOH using the following microsatellite markers: D16S289, D4S2394, D4S1651, DXS8039, D3S3606, and D2S2113, harboring potential susceptibility genes for AR and atopy. Microsatellite analysis was performed also in eight control subjects.

Results

No MSI and/or LOH were noted in either the AR or the control group.

Conclusion

Although MSI and LOH are detectable phenomena in sputum samples of patients with BA, this seems not to be the case for nasal cytology samples of patients with AR. Additional studies are needed, using a larger number of polymorphic markers, to assess if such a difference exists among two diseases otherwise very closely related.
Evaluation of the Effects of Nasal Septal Deviation and its Surgery on Nasal Mucociliary Clearance in Both Nasal Cavities
Authors: Ulusoy Bulent , Arbag Hamdi , Sari Oktay , Yondemli Fuat
Published: March 2007

Background

In this study the effects of nasal septal deviation (NSD) and its surgery on nasal mucociliary clearance velocity (NMCV) in both nasal cavities were evaluated.

Methods

This study included 20 patients with NSD and 20 healthy subjects as a control group who had no complaint related to the nose. NMCV was measured with rhinoscintigraphy using technetium-99m-macroaggregated albumin (Tc-99m-MAA).

Results

Before the septal surgery, the NMCV of concave (10.24 ± 3.96 mm/minute) and convex sides (10.78 ± 3.53 mm/minute) of the patients were significantly lower than the control group (17.94 ± 2.89 mm/minute). There is no statistically significant difference between the NMCV of the concave and convex sides. After septal surgery, the NMCVs of the concave (16.34 ± 4.40 mm/minute) and convex sides (17.21 ± 3.43 mm/minute) were not significantly different from control groups (17.94 ± 2.89 mm/minute). Postoperative NMCVs of the concave and convex sides was significantly better than preoperative NMCVs.

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that NSD significantly impaired NMCVs in both sides and that septoplasty significantly improved NMCVs in both sides.
Outpatient Intravenous Antibiotics for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Sinusitis
Authors: Tabaee Abtin , Anand Vijay K. , Yoon Caroline
Published: March 2007

Background

The widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics has resulted in an increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Its presence in sinonasal cultures in patients with sinusitis suggests its pathogenicity. However, the efficacy and safety of treatment modalities for MRSA sinusitis remain incompletely described.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of six patients treated for MRSA sinusitis with outpatient intravenous (i.v.) antibiotics was performed for patient demographics, history of antibiotic use, history of prior sinus surgery, and treatment-related complications. A quality-of-life survey and endoscopically guided cultures before and after therapy were used to measure treatment outcomes.

Results

The cohort consisted of five women and one man with a mean age of 50.8 years. All patients had undergone multiple sinus procedures with a mean number of 2.7 procedures per patient (range, 1–6 procedures). Five patients (83.3%) experienced negative cultures after outpatient i.v. antibiotics. The single patient who had persistent cultures experienced clinical and endoscopic improvement in her symptoms. The quality-of-life scores improved in five of the six patients (83.3%) after therapy. Four patients (66.7%) experienced five adverse events including allergic reaction (four events) and neutropenia (one event), all of which resolved with a change in medication.

Conclusion

Outpatient i.v. antibiotics may be an effective therapy for the treatment of MRSA sinusitis. The occurrence of adverse events requires a dedicated protocol to therapy. Future studies are required to investigate long-term efficacy.
Reduced Nasal Resistance after Simple Tonsillectomy in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Nakata Seiichi , Miyazaki Soichiro , Ohki Motofumi , Morinaga Mami , Noda Akiko , Sugiura Tatsuki , Sugiura Makoto , Teranishi Masaaki , Katayama Naomi , Nakashima Tsutomu
Published: March 2007

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of simple tonsillectomy on nasal resistance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).

Methods

Conventional tonsillectomy was performed in 20 patients who were refractory to treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. The subjects consisted of 17 men and 3 women (mean age, 32.9 ± 6.3 years). The effects of tonsillectomy were evaluated with preoperative and postoperative polysomnography and nasal resistance.

Results

After tonsillectomy, nasal resistance decreased significantly from 0.39 ± 0.30 Pa/cm3 per second to 0.27 ± 0.16 Pa/cm3 per second (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, the apnea–hypopnea index decreased significantly from 55.7 ± 22.5 to 21.2 ± 14.2 (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between tonsillar weight and percentage of change in bilateral nasal resistance (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The reduction in nasal resistance induced by simple tonsillectomy could play an important role in improving OSAS, as does nasal surgery or adenotomy.
STAT1 is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Murine Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Hattori Hisashi , Rosas Lucia E. , Okano Mitsuhiro , Durbin Joan E. , Nishizaki Kazunori , Satoskar Abhay R.
Published: March 2007

Background

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 signaling pathway mediates biological functions of interferon (IFN) γ, which is a key cytokine-regulating T helper 1 (Th1) differentiation. Although constitutive activation of STAT1 has been reported in the airway epithelium of patients with chronic asthma, its in vivo role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis is not clear. We determined the role of STAT1 in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis in vivo using STAT1 gene-deficient (STAT1–/–) mice and a murine model of Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen (SEA)–induced allergic rhinitis.

Methods

STAT1 –/– BALB/c and wild-type (WT) mice were sensitized by intranasal administration of SEA, and their immunologic responses were examined.

Results

STAT1 –/– mice showed impaired nasal eosinophilia and markedly reduced histamine-induced nasal hyperresponsiveness after SEA sensitization. Moreover, levels of Th2-associated SEA-specific IgG1 and IgE antibodies were lower in STAT1 –/– mice. Anti-CD3–stimulated nasal lymphocytes from STAT1–/–mice also produced less amounts of Th2-associated cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 compared with WT mice, but both produced comparable levels of IFN-γ.

Conclusion

These results show that STAT1 is involved in the pathogenesis of SEA-induced allergic rhinitis in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, they reveal a surprising role of STAT1 in induction of nasal eosinophilia, and Th2-type cytokine production from nasal lymphocytes during allergic rhinitis.
Use of a Hypodense Sodium Fluorescein Solution for the Endoscopic Repair of Rhinogenic Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulae
Authors: Demarco Ricardo Cassiano , Tamashiro Edwin , Pereira Valera Fabiana Cardoso , Anselmo-Lima Wilma T.
Published: March 2007

Background

Hypodense fluorescein solution can be used intrathecally to facilitate and accelerate the identification of the fistulous site.

Methods

Eighteen patients were submitted for nasal endoscopic correction of rhinogenic cerebrospinal fluid fistulas after their identification with a hypodense sodium fluorescein solution.

Results

Intrathecal injection of hypodense fluorescein permitted a rapid and safe identification of the leak and did not present significant side effects. The fistulous site was identified in all patients, and the time needed for staining was <30 minutes in all cases. Surgery was successful in 88% of the patients after only one intervention, with the rate reaching 100% after a secondary intervention in cases of recurrence.

Conclusion

Intrathecal injection of a hypodense sodium fluorescein solution permits a more precise, rapid, and safe endoscopic approach, with no need to place the patient in the Trendelenburg position or to wait for a long period of time before starting the surgical procedure.
Synechia Formation after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery and Middle Turbinate Medialization with and without FloSeal
Authors: Shrime Mark G. , Tabaee Abtin , Hsu Amy K , Rickert Scott , Close Lanny Garth
Published: March 2007

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, outcomes, and risk factors for synechia formation after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and middle turbinate medialization with and without FloSeal.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent primary ESS with middle turbinate medialization, with or without the placement of FloSeal. Medialization was performed with the placement of an absorbable conchopexy suture and silastic splint. Operative variables and outcomes were analyzed to identify risk factors for synechia formation.

Results

One hundred thirty-five patients underwent medialization alone and 37 patients underwent medialization with placement of FloSeal. Overall, synechia formation was noted in 16 patients (9.3%). A statistically significant higher incidence of synechia formation was noted in patients who underwent middle turbinate medialization with the placement of FloSeal versus medialization alone (18.9% versus 6.7%). The incidences of intraoperative complications (6.2% versus 4.7%) and postoperative complications (6.2% versus 7%) were similar between patients with and without synechia, respectively. Patients experiencing synechia, however, underwent a statistically significant higher rate of revision procedures (25% versus 5.1%).

Conclusion

Despite adequate prevention with middle turbinate medialization, synechia formation after ESS may result in higher rates of revision procedures. The placement of FloSeal in conjunction with middle turbinate medialization may result in a higher incidence of synechia formation.
Smoking and Improvement after Nasal Surgery in Snoring Men
Authors: Virkkula Paula , Hytönen Maija , Bachour Adel , Malmberg Henrik , Hurmerinta Kirsti , Salmi Tapani , Maasilta Paula
Published: March 2007

Background

The aim of this study was to compare subgroups of smokers and nonsmokers undergoing nasal surgery and to evaluate improvement of nasal stuffiness, snoring, and symptoms related to sleep-disordered breathing after nasal surgery.

Methods

A cross-sectional prospective study was performed. The study population included 40 consecutive snoring men scheduled for surgical treatment of nasal obstruction. The patients completed nasal and sleep questionnaires, an Epworth sleepiness scale, and a visual analog scale of snoring intensity. They underwent polysomnography, anterior rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, and cephalometric analysis.

Results

The smokers were younger, they snored longer and louder, and they had higher nasal resistance with decongestion and longer soft palates than the nonsmokers. Nasal stuffiness improved well after surgery, but a decrease of nasal resistance was not related to improvement of subjective snoring.

Conclusion

Smoking was associated with increased snoring, nasal obstruction, and pharyngeal soft tissue volume. Expectations of patients may influence subjective assessment of snoring after nasal surgery.
Choanal Polyps: An Evaluation of 53 Cases
Authors: Aydin Ömer , Keskin Gürkan , Üstündağ Emre , İşeri Mete , Özkarakaş Haluk
Published: March 2007

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience on the diagnosis and treatment of choanal polyps (CP).

Methods

This study consists of 53 patients with CP diagnosed by means of rhinoscopy, nasal endoscopy, computerized tomography, surgical, and histologic findings between 1996 and 2005.

Results

The origins of the CPs were the unilateral maxillary sinus in 47 patients, simultaneously bilateral maxillary sinus in 2 patients, septum in 2 patients, sphenoid sinus in 1 patient, anterior ethmoid sinus in 1 patient. The most common presenting symptoms were unilateral nasal obstruction, snoring, and rhinorrhea. In the cases of the antrochoanal polyps, the most common preoperative radiological finding was the total opacification of the maxillary sinus.

Conclusion

Endoscopic approach for complete removal of the CPs is an extremely safe and effective procedure. It should be focused on the detection of the exact origin and the extent of the polyp to prevent recurrence.
Interfacial adhesion enhancement of polyethylene–polypropylene mixtures by adding synthesized diisocyanate compatibilizers
Authors: Ubonnut Lerdlaksana , Thongyai Supakanok , Praserthdam Piyasan
Published: March 2007

Immiscible and incompatible binary blends of commercial polypropylene (PP)/polyethylene (PE) display poor mechanical properties. The addition of compatibilizer to reinforce and enhance an adhesion at the interfaces between PE–PP mixtures has been conducted. The compatibilizer chosen was in the group of Ziegler–Natta's PE–PP block copolymer with diisocyanate linkage. The effects of adding the compatibilizers were assessed by morphology studies, thermal analysis, and mechanical testing. DSC curves of crystallization and FTIR provided evidences to support the formation of PP/PE block copolymer. Significant improvements in the mechanical properties of 50/50 PE/PP blends containing compatibilizer have been noted. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 3766–3773, 2007
Surface free energy analysis of poly(vinyl alcohol) films having various molecular parameters
Authors: Kim Joon Ho , Shin Dong Soo , Han Man Ho , Kwon Oh Wook , Lee Hyun Kyu , Lee Se Geun , Ghim Han Do , Park Joo Min , Han Sung Soo , Noh Seok Kyun , Lyoo Won Seok
Published: March 2007

The molecular parameters of poly(vinyl alcohol) have enormous effects on its physical and chemical properties. Therefore, the surface characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol) films are also determined by the molecular parameters. In this study, the dependence of the surface free energy on the molecular weight, degree of saponification, and stereoregularity of poly(vinyl alcohol) films has been evaluated with contact‐angle measurements. The surface free energy of poly(vinyl alcohol) films increases with decreases in the syndiotactic dyad content, molecular weight, and degree of saponification. The polar component of the surface energy is not affected by the deviation of the molecular weight and degree of saponification very much. However, it decreases with increases in the syndiotactic dyad content and ranges from 11.64 to 4.35 dyn/cm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Biodegradable polyurethane based on random copolymer of L‐lactide and ϵ‐caprolactone and its shape‐memory property
Authors: Wang Wenshou , Ping Peng , Chen Xuesi , Jing Xiabin
Published: March 2007

A series of biodegradable polyurethanes (PUs) are synthesized from the copolymer diols prepared from L‐lactide and ε‐caprolactone (CL), 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate, and 1,4‐butanediol. Their thermal and mechanical properties are characterized via FTIR, DSC, and tensile tests. Their Tgs are in the range of 28–53°C. They have high modulus, tensile strength, and elongation ratio at break. With increasing CL content, the PU changes from semicrystalline to completely amorphous. Thermal mechanical analysis is used to determine their shape‐memory property. When they are deformed and fixed at proper temperatures, their shape‐recovery is almost complete for a tensile elongation of 150% or a compression of 2‐folds. By changing the content of CL and the hard‐to‐soft ratio, their Tgs and their shape‐recovery temperature can be adjusted. Therefore, they may find wide applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 4182–4187, 2007
Grafting of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) onto nylon and polystyrene surfaces by atmospheric plasma treatment followed with free radical graft copolymerization
Authors: Wang Xiaoling , McCord Marian G.
Published: March 2007

Stimuli‐responsive polymer materials (SRPs) have potential uses in drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioreactors, and cell‐surface adhesion control. Temperature‐responsive surfaces were fabricated by grafting poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) onto nylon and polystyrene surfaces via a new procedure, i.e., He atmospheric plasma treatment followed by free radical graft copolymerization. The atmospheric plasma exhibits the activation capability to initiate graft copolymerization. The procedure is suitable for integration into a continuous manufacturing process. To reduce homopolymerization and enhance graft yield, Mohr's salt was added. The graft of PNIPAM was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Dramatic water contact angle increase was found for PNIPAM‐grafted polymers at about 32°C, indicating the temperature sensitivity of the grafted surface, i.e., the change of surface from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when temperature increases above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The addition of Mohr's salt enhances the grafting reaction and the magnitude of temperature sensitivity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 3614–3621, 2007
PET/PP blending by using PP‐g‐MA synthesized by solid phase
Authors: Akbari M. , Zadhoush A. , Haghighat M.
Published: March 2007

In attempts to improve the compatibility of polypropylene (PP) with polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP‐g‐MA) was evaluated as a compatibilizer in a blend of 30/70 wt % PP/PET. PP‐g‐MA was produced from isotactic homopolymer PP utilizing the technique of solid phase graft copolymerization. Qualitative confirmations of the grafting were made by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Three different weight percent of compatibilizer, PP‐g‐MA, i.e., 5, 10, and 15 wt % have been used in PP/PET blends. The compatibilizing efficiency for PP/PET blend was examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of crycrofractured surfaces, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrum (EDAX). The results show that the grafted PP promotes a fine dispersed phase morphology, improves processability, and modifies the crystallization behavior of the polyester component. These effects are attributed to enhance phase interaction resulting in reduced interfacial tension. Also, the results show that the compatibilizing effects of the three amounts of grafted PP in blend are different and dependent on the amount used. Adding 10 wt % of compatibilizer into blend produced the finest dispersed morphology. Elemental analysis results show that PP is matrix. DSC determination revealed that the melting temperature (Tm) of the PET component declined to some extent by comparison with neat PET. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104, 3986–3993, 2007
Supramolecular Triad and Pentad Composed of Zinc–Porphyrin(s), Oxoporphyrinogen, and Fullerene(s): Design and Electron‐Transfer Studies
Authors: Schumacher Amy Lea , Sandanayaka Atula S. D. , Hill Jonathan P. , Ariga Katsuhiko , Karr Paul A. , Araki Yasuyuki , Ito Osamu , D'Souza Francis
Published: March 2007

By adopting a “covalent–coordinate” bonding approach, novel supramolecular pentad and triad molecules composed of zinc–porphyrin(s), fullerene(s), and oxoporphyrinogen redox‐/photoactive entities have been constructed, and also characterized by means of spectral and electrochemical techniques. The geometry and electronic structures of the pentad and the triad were deduced by means of DFT calculations. Free‐energy calculations suggested that the photoinduced electron/energy transfer from the zinc–porphyrin (ZnP) singlet‐excited state to the imidazole modified fullerene (ImC60) acceptor and oxoporphyrinogen (OxP) entities is feasible for both the triad and the pentad. The charge‐separation rates (kCS) determined from picosecond time‐resolved emission studies were higher for pentad (C60Im:ZnP)2–OxP than for the corresponding triad, C60Im:ZnP–OxP. A comparison of the kCS values previously reported for the covalently linked bis(zinc–porphyrin)–oxoporphyrinogen triad suggests that employing a fullerene acceptor improves the electron‐transfer rates. Nanosecond transient absorption studies provide evidence for the occurrence of electron‐transfer processes. Lifetimes of the radical ion pairs (τRIP) are in the range of hundreds of nanoseconds, which indicates that there is charge stabilization in the supramolecular systems.
Competitive flow control in general multi‐node multi‐link communication networks
Authors: Sahin Ismet , Simaan Marwan A.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we consider the flow control in a general multi‐node multi‐link communication network with competing users. Each user has a source node, a destination node, and an existing route for its data flow over any set of links in the network from its source to its destination node. The flow rate for each user is a control variable that is determined by optimizing a user‐specific utility function which combines maximizing the flow rate and minimizing the network congestion for that user. A preference parameter in the utility function allows each user to adjust the trade‐off between these two objectives. Since all users share the same network resources and are only interested in optimizing their own utility functions, the Nash equilibrium of game theory represents a reasonable solution concept for this multi‐user general network. The existence and uniqueness of such an equilibrium is therefore very important for the network to admit an enforceable flow configuration. In this paper, we derive an expression for the Nash equilibrium and prove its uniqueness. We illustrate the results with an example and discuss some properties and observations related to the network performance when in the Nash equilibrium. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of an Electrochemical Sensor Nanoarray for Hydrazine Detection Using a Combinatorial Approach
Authors: Baron Ronan , Šljukić Biljana , Salter Chris , Crossley Alison , Compton Richard G.
Published: March 2007

The combinatorial screening of different metallic nanoparticles as electrocatalysts was investigated and efficiently applied for the detection of hydrazine. In a first step, glassy carbon microspheres decorated with metallic nanoparticles (Au, Pd, and Ag) were abrasively attached on the surface of a basal plane pyrolytic electrode giving a ‘multi–metal’ nanoarray. In a second step, electrodes modified with only one type of metallic nanoparticles allowed the identification of Pd as the unique catalytic material. In addition, a carbon‐epoxy composite electrode loaded with the Pd nanoparticles was then constructed for a practical use. The carbon‐epoxy composite nanoarray electrode was found to have excellent characteristics as for the sensing of hydrazine with a limit of detection of 2 μM.
An alternative single‐step algorithm for dynamic problems
Authors: Zienkiewicz O. C. , Wood W. L. , Taylor R. L.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we consider a one‐step form of the weighted residual method for solving equations of motion for discrete structural problems. The resulting time integration algorithm is equivalent to the Newmark method for a restricted but important range of the parameters. The weighted residual treatment of the forcing function permits use of time increments based solely on the expected periods of the structural response, instead of the usual additional restrictions based on the periods of the forcing function. A numerical example is included to illustrate the behaviour of the algorithm for a forced ground motion with both low‐ and high‐frequency components.
Structural identification using linear models and earthquake records
Authors: Beck James L. , Jennings Paul C.
Published: March 2007

The problem of determining linear models of structures from seismic response data is investigated using ideas from the theory of system identification. The approach is to determine the optimal estimates of the model parameters by minimizing a selected measure‐of‐fit between the responses of the structure and the model. Because earthquake records are normally available from only a small number of locations in a structure, and because of noise in the records, it is necessary in practice to estimate parameters of the dominant modes in the records, rather than the stiffness and damping matrices of the linear model. A new algorithm is developed to determine the optimal estimates of the modal parameters. After tests with simulated data, the method is applied to a multi‐storey building using records from the 1971 San Fernando earthquake in California. New information is obtained concerning the properties of the lower modes of the building and the time‐varying character of the equivalent linear parameters.
The w‐plane finite element method for the solution of the steady‐state scalar wave equation in two dimensions
Authors: Nath B. , Jamshidi J.
Published: March 2007

A novel finite element method has been described in this paper for the solution of the steady‐state scalar wave equation in two dimensions. In this method the physical domain of the problem is mapped into an image domain; the governing equation and the prescribed boundary conditions are also appropriately transformed. Because logarithmic mapping functions are used, the physical domain is logarithmically condensed in the image plane. The method is therefore particularly suitable for the efficient and economical solution of large or very large aspect ratio problems.

The high degree of accuracy which the method is capable of is demonstrated by means of two typical examples. Possible extension of the method to complex problems including non‐linearity, multiplicity, etc. is also discussed.
A model with non‐reflecting boundaries for use in explicit soil—structure interaction analyses
Authors: Kunar R. R. , Rodriguez‐Ovejero L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to present an accurate and efficient model for use in explicit soil‐structure interaction analyses for seismic excitation. The main body of the paper is concerned with the implementation of non‐reflecting boundaries at the base and vertical faces of a two‐dimensional finite element or finite difference soil mesh. The paper proposes a scheme for implementing viscous dashpots as energy absorbers at the base of the model where the seismic excitation is applied. To achieve this, the form of the seismic input is modified from the conventional accelerogram to a force time history that can be obtained from a standard deconvolution program with very minor modifications. The proposed scheme is also applicable to frequency‐domain solutions. For the lateral boundaries, a superposition non‐reflecting boundary formulation is recommended. The paper shows how easily the standard formulation can be modified to accommodate a seismic excitation that is assumed to be vertically propagating from the base of the model. An example is presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed model.