bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Areas of Interest (AOI) on marketing mix elements of green and non-green products in customer decision making
Authors: Mansor Aida Azlina , Mohd Isa Salmi
Published: October 2022

Technological advancements in eye-tracking have enabled the development of interactive experimental setups for studying consumer behaviour. A common method for examining gaze data is Area of Interest (AOI). Therefore, this study fully utilised eye-tracking tools to measure participants' allocation of visual attention to the marketing mix elements in green and non-green products. This is because the product, price, place, and promotion are still the most crucial factors that customers consider when purchasing. The primary objective of this study is to discover and understand the primary marketing function that directly influences customer decision-making from a neuromarketing perspective. Their eye movements were simultaneously registered using SMI Eye Tracking Glasses 2 Wireless, and the gaze locations of participants were measured from AOI. The findings of this study have a significant impact on the importance of eye movements in decision-making, particularly when choosing important marketing elements before purchasing green and non-green products.
معوقات تمكين المرأة العراقية لممارسة الدور القيادي بالمؤسسات المجتمعية
Authors: احمد ثامر خيون صبير السعدون م. , غزوان عدي عطشان د.
Published: October 2022

تكمن مشكلة البحث في الحاجة الوقوف على المعوقات والصعوبات التي تواجه النساء في الوصول الى المواقع القيادية في المجتمع من وجهة نظرهن، وأن قضية التمكين للمرأة تزداد بشكل واضح في ظل بعض المجتمعات التي تحصر دور المرأة في الإنجاب، وإدارة شؤون المنزل. وتزداد المشكلة تعقيداً خاصة في ظل أن القانون العراقي الذي لايساوي بين الرجل والمرأة في الحقوق والواجبات. وتاتي أهمية البحث من أهمية الدور الذي تقوم به المرأة في المؤسسة ودورها الحيوي في تطور المجتمع، و تهدفت الدراسة الحالية الى معرفة  معوقات تمكين المرأة العراقية لممارسة الدور القيادي بالمؤسسات المجتمعية, وما هو الدور المطلوب منها في ظل المتغيرات المجتمعية والسياسية والاقتصادية خاصة وان المرأة اليوم باتت تشكل نسبة كبيرة في المجتمع ، تكاد تتجاوز نصف المجتمع ، مما يتطلب الاهتمام الجدي بالدور الذي ينبغي القيام به من اجل تنمية وتطوير المجتمع من خلال تطوير مهارات وقابليات المرأة المتعلمة في كافة ميادين الحياة الاجتماعية والعملية ، ثم معرفة اهم الاستنتاجات التي تم التوصل اليها من خلال هذه المقاربة التحليلية والاجتماعية .
كتب النوازل والاحكام مصدراً لدراسة تاريخ المغرب والأندلس
Authors: مرتضى عبدالرزاق مجيد ا.م.د.
Published: October 2022

يعود اهمية دراسة النوازل على اعتبارها مصدراً تاريخياً وفرعاً فقهياً مهماً تميز به بلاد المغرب والأندلس، وتمكن اهميتها في كونها تساعد من خلالها على مختلف جوانب التاريخ بالغرب الاسلامي، لما ما تضمنته من اسئلة واجوبة تتعلق بمختلف نواحي الحياة آنذاك، فكتب النوازل تعد سجلاً غنياً تحتفظ بين ثناياها معلومات مهمة عن الحياة الاجتماعية والدينية والعلمية والعمرانية والاقتصادية والسياسية (التاريخية والحضارية) لم تتطرق اليها المصادر المدونة الاخرى او فقدت وتعذر التعرف عليها، يمكن الرجوع اليها والافادة من المادة المتضمنة لها في بطون كتب الافتاء والنوازل، التي تعد كقيمة حقيقية في اعطاء حلول ومعالجات للكثير من الاستفسارات والمشاكل التي حدثت هناك.
ضوابط التفكير في الإسلام من خلال مؤلفات ابن القيم
Authors: عبدالرحمن محمد ربعين د.
Published: October 2022

يعد عقل الإنسان وقدرته على التفكير المركب خصيصة اختصه الله بها عن سائر مخلوقاته، وجاء الإسلام بالحث على إعمال العقل بالتفكر والتدبر والنظر في ملكوت الله وآياته ودينه، وجاء بجملة من التشريعات التي تصون العقل وتحميه من أن يقع في الخطأ أو الانحراف.
لكن بحكم الطبيعة البشرية فإن الإنسان معرض لمجانبة الصواب والوقوع في الأحكام الخاطئة، ومن هنا تبرز أهمية معرفة الضوابط التي يسترشد بها العقل في تفكيره، وهذا البحث يسلط الضوء على هذه الإشكالية من خلال دراسة مؤلفات أحد علماء الإسلام وهو الإمام ابن القيم رحمه الله، وتوصل الباحث بعد تتبع لمؤلفاته إلى ثلاثة ضوابط مهمة: الأول ضابط الاستقراء، والثاني ضابط الإنصاف، والثالث ضابط حسن اللفظ وسلامة التعبير. وأوضح هذه الضوابط بالأمثلة والشواهد من خلال مصنفاته وكتبه.
The Ubermensch in Patricia Highsmith’s “Ripley Under Ground”: A Conceptual Analysis
Authors: Ali Kareem Hussain Researcher , . Azhar Hameed Mankhi Prof
Published: October 2022

This study analyzes Patricia Highsmith's novel Ripley Under Ground ( 1970) in the light of the Ubermensche's suggested characteristics. The ideas set out by Friedrich Nietzsche in Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883) was a major stream in the development of contemporary thought. Nietzsche suggests in his philosophy that the driving force behind man's existence is his ambition to realize his own potential as a creative entity. The willingness is symbolized by Nietzsche's ideas to remake the universe and its values in accordance with one's own desires and perceptions according to his own codes is central to his philosophy. According to the research presented, Patricia Highsmith's writings—particularly the Ripley Novels, which have become rather popular—implied several aspects of Nietzsche's philosophy.
Glorious Quran Verses between Copy and Paste, Islamic State's New Ideology to Recruit New Mujahideen
Authors: Hamid Tarad Lafta Omairi Lect. Dr.
Published: October 2022

The differences between the Islamic doctrines in the interpretation of the verses of the Holy Quran gave terrorist groups like IS the opportunity to spread new ideologies of hatred, murder, and bloodshed. Then again, to recruit as many young people as possible from Europe and invite them to emigrate (Hijrah ) to the land of the Caliphate in Syria and Iraq. This study is based on content analysis, Van Dijk's (2006) ideology approach, and finally (Tafsir Fi Zilalil Quran). The study shows a clear contradiction between the interpretation of the Qur'an’s verses in (Tafsir Fi Zilalil Quran), and the interpretation of IS, the organization used (cut, copy, and paste) specific verses parts from the holy Quran that serves their ideologies without indicating when, why or how the verses were revealed or used before.
الأثر العربي في الحروف وبنية الكلمة عند ابن جناح القرطبي
Authors: نبراس عبدالكاظم الباحث
Published: October 2022

اجتهد علماء اللغة العرب واليهود في بحثهم اللغوي؛ لمعرفة أصول لغاتهم مستندين على مستويات اللغة ، فلم يغفلوا عن المستوى الصوتي والمستوى الصرفي في مؤلفاتهم، وبعد الاطلاع على مؤلفات القرطبي كان من الضروري عمل دراسة تبيّن الأثر العربي في الجانب الصوتي والصرفي عنده والأثر العربي في كتابه اللُمع من خلال كيفية استعماله للحروف بيان الأصلي والزائد وأثرها على بنية الكلمة وكيف تناول أبنية الكلمات في اللغة العبرية متبعًا في ذلك المنهج المقارن مع المؤلفات العربية السابقة له.
Experimental Study of The Design of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Generator Using Layers of Rectangular NDFEB Magnet for Small Wind Power Applications
Authors: Syam Sudirman , Kurniati Sri
Published: October 2022

In this paper, the design and manufacturing process of axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generators using rectangularneodymium ferrite boron (NdFeB) magnets are described to reduce magnet costs. Experimental studies are carried out bymeasuring the output voltage based on the design that has been made. The process of making a generator is made by varyingthe magnetic bars parallel and layered. Emphasis is placed on using commercially available rectangular magnetic teeth withsimple techniques to achieve lower costs, while the fabrication steps in the manufacturing process are described in moredetail. The design and prototype of the built AFPM generator are laboratories tested. The experimental study resultsobtained by the number of stator windings as many as 324 turns with an arrangement of 4 rectangular magnetic layersobtained an output voltage of 13.1 Volt at 1400 rpm. In addition, the structure of the generator design is simple and easyto manufacture and is suitable for rural applications for small-scale energy turbine applications.
データ・マテリアル・分析スクリプトのオープン化が拓く心理学の未来 [The future of psychology opened by open data, open materials, and open analysis scripts]
Authors: Muto Hiroyuki
Published: October 2022

Data is God for empirical science. Materials that constitute experiments and surveys to obtain the data and analysis scripts to extract valuable information from the data are also indispensable tools for empirical research. In this article, from the perspective of open science, I discuss how openness of data, materials, and analysis scripts can contribute to improving the credibility of psychology with specific examples, and also consider barriers that need to be overcome. (This article is written in Japanese, so please use translation tools such as DeepL as needed.)
Global groundwater warming
Authors: Benz Susanne , Irvine Dylan , Rau Gabriel , Bayer Peter , Menberg Kathrin , Blum Philipp , Jamieson Rob , Griebler Christian , Kurylyk Barret
Published: October 2022

Aquifers contain the largest store of unfrozen freshwater, making groundwater critical for life on Earth. Groundwater temperatures infl uence stream thermal regimes, groundwater-dependent ecosystems, aquatic biogeochemical processes, water quality, and the geothermal potential. Yet little is known about how groundwater responds to surface warming across spatial and temporal scales. We simulate current and projected groundwater temperatures at the global scale and show that groundwater at the depth of the water table is projected to warm on average by 3.3 ° C between 2000 and 2099 (RCP 8.5). However, regional groundwater warming patterns vary substantially due to spatial variability in climate and water table depth. The highest warming rates are projected in Central Russia, Northern China, and parts of North America and the Amazon rainforest. Results also show that by 2099, 234 million people are projected to live in areas where groundwater exceeds the highest threshold for drinking water temperatures set by any country.
Behavioral and neural measures of confidence using a novel auditory pitch identification task
Authors: Tang Tamara , Samaha Jason , Peters Megan A. K.
Published: October 2022

Observers can discriminate between correct versus incorrect perceptual decisions with feelings of confidence. The centro-parietal positivity build-up rate (CPP slope) has been suggested as a likely neural signature of accumulated evidence, which may guide both perceptual performance and confidence. However, CPP slope also covaries with reaction time, which also covaries with confidence in previous studies, and performance and confidence typically covary; thus, CPP slope may index signatures of perceptual performance rather than confidence per se. Moreover, perceptual metacognition – including neural correlates – has largely been studied in vision, with few exceptions. Thus, we lack understanding of domain-general neural signatures of perceptual metacognition outside vision. Here we designed a novel auditory pitch identification task and collected behavior with simultaneous 32-channel EEG in healthy adults. Participants saw two tone labels which varied in tonal distance on each trial (e.g., C vs D, C vs F), then heard a single auditory tone; they identified which label was correct and rated confidence. We found that pitch identification confidence varied with tonal distance, but performance, metacognitive sensitivity (trial-by-trial covariation of confidence with accuracy), and reaction time did not. Interestingly, however, while CPP slope covaried with performance and reaction time, it did not significantly covary with confidence. We interpret these results to mean that CPP slope is likely a signature of first-order perceptual processing and not confidence-specific signals or computations in auditory tasks. Our novel pitch identification task offers a valuable method to examine the neural correlates of auditory and domain-general perceptual confidence.
How genetic conflict theory can inform studies of human nature
Authors: Ayers Jessica Daphne
Published: October 2022

Understanding how genetics influences human psychology is something that evolutionary sciences emphasize. However, the functions of complex genetic influences on behavior have been overlooked in favor of perspectives that posit unitary influences of genes on behavior. One such example is the belief that human growth, development, and behavior are influenced uniformly by their genes even though previous research has highlighted the genetic conflict endemic in these domains. While much psychological research has robustly documented areas where we see the footprints of genetic conflict in human behavior, these areas are referred to by different names that prevent researchers from making connections under a unifying framework. In this paper, I outline what genetic conflict is and how genetic conflict can provide a unifying framework for psychological investigations of social relationships. Additionally, I discuss avenues for future research on genetic conflict in humans and the importance of considering cultural, ecological, and other developmental factors when researching the genetic influences on human behavior.
Associates of anxiety in people with multiple sclerosis during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Fahy Austin , Maguire Rebecca
Published: October 2022

Purpose: During the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) may have increased, however little is known about the various factors which may have influenced this. We aimed to (1) identify the psychosocial modifiable associates of anxiety in PwMS in Ireland and the UK, and (2) explore experiences of anxiety during the pandemic. Method: A cross-sectional survey was developed using public and patient involvement. This included measures of anxiety (HADS-A), social support (MSPSS), MS control self-efficacy (MSSE), exercise habits (GLTEQ), MS acceptance (ACHC) and intolerance of uncertainty (IUS-12), with open-ended questions asking about experiences of anxiety during COVID-19. A hierarchical regression analysis investigated relationships between anxiety and (1) sociodemographic factors, and (2) psychosocial modifiable factors, while reflective thematic analysis was used to analyse open-ended responses. Results: 287 PwMS completed the survey, with 58% reporting that their anxiety had increased during the pandemic. In order of magnitude, self-efficacy (β = -0.41), intolerance of uncertainty (β = 0.35), social support (β = -0.21) and exercise habits (β = 0.19) significantly predicted variance in HADS-A scores (p< .01). Themes describing sources of anxiety included personal health concerns, social concerns, and responsibilities/additional external burdens. In contrast, some PwMS reported that anxiety had decreased during COVID-19. Conclusion: Findings highlight the prevalence of anxiety experienced by PwMS during the pandemic, as well as a number of associates which could be useful in the creation of targeted interventions to reduce anxiety in this population.
Patterns of language switching and bilingual children’s word learning: An experiment across two communities
Authors: Tsui Rachel Ka Ying , Kosie Jessica Elizabeth , Fibla Laia , Lew-Williams Casey , Byers-Heinlein Krista
Published: October 2022

Language switching is common in bilingual environments, including those of many bilingual children. Some bilingual children hear rapid switching that involves immediate translation of words (an ‘immediate-translation’ pattern), while others hear their languages most often in long blocks of a single language (a ‘one-language-at-a-time’ pattern). Our two-site experimental study compared two groups of developing bilinguals from different communities, and investigated whether differences in the timing of language switching impose different demands on bilingual children’ learning of novel nouns in their two languages: do children learn differently if they hear a translation immediately vs. if they hear translations more separated in time? Using an at-home online tablet word learning task, data were collected asynchronously from 3- to 5-year-old bilinguals from French–English bilingual families in Montreal, Canada (N = 31) and Spanish–English bilingual families in New Jersey, USA (N = 22). Results showed that bilingual children in both communities readily learned new words, and their performance was similar across the immediate-translation and one-language-at-a-time conditions. Our findings highlight that different types of bilingual interactions can provide equal learning opportunities for bilingual children’s vocabulary development.
Estimating the effect of intergroup contact over years: Evidence from a youth program in Israel
Authors: Asimovic Nejla , Ditlmann Ruth , Samii Cyrus
Published: October 2022

We study how an intervention combining youth intergroup contact and sports affects intergroup relations in the context of an active conflict. We first conduct an RCT of one-year program exposure in Israel. To track effects of a multiyear exposure, we then use machine learning techniques to fuse the RCT with the observational data gathered on multiyear participants. This analytical approach can help overcome frequent limitations of RCTs, such as modest sample sizes and short observation periods. Our evidence cannot affirm a one-year effect on outgroup regard and ingroup regulation, although we estimate benefits of multiyear exposure among Jewish-Israeli youth, particularly boys. We discuss implications for interventions in contexts of active conflict and group status asymmetry.
Attention to object categories: Selection history determines the breadth of attentional tuning during real-world object search
Authors: Addleman Douglas A , Rajasingh Reshma , Störmer Viola S.
Published: October 2022

People excel at learning the statistics of their environments. For instance, people rapidly learn to pay attention to locations that frequently contain visual search targets. Here, we investigated how frequently finding specific objects as search targets influences attentional selection during real-world object search. We investigated how learning that a specific object (e.g., a coat) is task-relevant affects searching for that object and whether a previously frequent target would influence search more broadly for all items of that target’s category (e.g., all coats). Across five experiments, one or more objects from a single category were likely targets during a training phase, after which objects from many categories became equally likely to be targets in a neutral testing phase. Participants learned to find a single frequent target object faster than other objects (Exp. 1, N=44). This learning was specific to that object, with no advantage in finding a novel category-matched object (Exp. 2, N=32). In contrast, learning to prioritize multiple exemplars from one category spread to untrained objects from the same category, and this spread was comparable whether participants learned to find two, four, or six exemplars (Exp. 3, N=72). These differences in the breadth of attention were due to variability in the learning environment and not differences in task (Exp. 4, N=24). Finally, a set-size manipulation showed that learning affects attentional guidance itself, not only post-selective processing (Exp. 5, N=96). These experiments demonstrate that the breadth of attentional tuning is flexibly adjusted based on recent experience to effectively address task demands.
The Advantages of Studying Psychological Phenomena Rather Than Psychiatric Diagnoses
Authors: Persons Jacqueline
Published: October 2022

This article argues that research efforts to understand the nature of the psychological processes underlying such psychological phenomena as formal thought disorder delusions, and hallucinations will be more successful if the phenomena themselves are studied directly than if diagnostic categories ( e.g., schizophrenia) are studied. This point is illustrated through references to the study of cognitive mechanisms underlying symptoms of schizophrenia. However. the advantages of the symptom approach are also applicable to the study of other types of psychopathology and other types of underlying mechanisms (e.g., physiological or biochemical mechanisms).
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing homelessness (PEH): a qualitative interview study with PEH and service providers in the UK
Authors: Dawes Joanna , May Tom , Fancourt Daisy , Burton Alexandra
Published: October 2022

People experiencing homelessness (PEH) faced unique challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, including changes to accommodation availability, societal restrictions impacting access to essentials like food, and services moving to online and re-mote access. This in-depth qualitative research aims to add to the existing, but limited research exploring how the pandemic affected PEH. 33 semi-structured qualitative interviews (22 with PEH during the pandemic and 11 with homelessness sector service providers) were undertaken in the United Kingdom between April 2021 and January 2022. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. To ensure consistency of coding, 10% of interviews were coded by two researchers. The PEH sample was 50% female, aged 24 – 59 years, 59% white British, and included people who had lived in hostels/hotels, with friends/family, and on the streets during the COVID-19 pandemic. Providers came from varied services, including support charities, housing, and addiction services. Five key themes were identified: i) the understanding of and adherence to public health guidance and restrictions; ii) the experience of people accommodated by the ‘Everyone In’ initiative; iii) the impact of social distancing guidelines on PEH experiences in public spaces; iv) the importance of social support and connections to others; and, v) how homelessness services adapted their provision. Policy makers and public health communicators must learn from PEH to maximize the effectiveness of future public health strategies. Housing providers and support services should recognize the implications of imposing a lack of choice on people who need accommodation during a public health emergency. The loss of usual support for PEH triggered a loss of ability to rely on usual ‘survival strategies’, which negatively influenced their health. This research highlights successes and difficulties in supporting PEH during the COVID-19 pandemic and informs planning for similar public health events.
The Socialization of Meritocracy: The role of the Family and the School
Authors: Castillo Juan Carlos , Iturra Julio , Meneses Francisco Javier , Venegas Martín , Miranda Daniel
Published: October 2022

Meritocracy is understood as a system of distribution based on individual effort and talent. It has been widely questioned for its role in legitimizing social inequalities, given that it would lead to attributing personal success or failure to individual factors over social determinants. This research focuses on how some notions of meritocracy are learned during the school stage, considering the possible influence of socializing agents such as the family and the school. Using data from students and their families in 3 regions of Chile (N= 1,635 students from 64 schools), we analyze the extent to which parents' meritocratic perceptions are associated with their children, as well as the influence of the school experience of justice on grades. The results partially demonstrate that meritocratic perceptions are transmitted intergenerationally. Nevertheless, we find little evidence that this relationship is affected by the experience of distributive justice at school.
YOUTH AND THE WORLD OF POLITICS: BORDERS OF THE POSSIBLE (VI ALL-RUSSIAN FORUM OF YOUNG POLITICAL SCIENTISTS, MOSCOW, DECEMBER 18, 2021)
Authors: Alekseev Dmitriy , Kopylova Polina , Pomiguev Ilya
Published: October 2022

On December 18, 2021, the most significant scientific event, the VI All-Russian Forum of Young Political Scientists, was held at the Financial University with the support of the Russian Political Science Association. This event is of great importance for the youth political science community and is an opportunity not only to gain experience in public speaking and new knowledge, but also to find like-minded people, including from other universities and regions. As the main goal of the Forum, the organizers identified the search for the identity of young political scientists, the desire to help in choosing a professional future and the topics of future scientific research. The most popular areas of political science among young political scientists are international relations, memory politics, the relationship between the digital environment and politics, ethnopolitology, politics at the local level. The most popular areas of political science within the framework of young political scientists have become international relations, memory politics, the relationship between the digital environment and politics, ethnopolitology, local politics. These areas attracted the most attention among the speakers. As a result, the Forum of Young Political Scientists allows strengthening the community of young researchers and personal potential.
Prevalence of asymptomatic airflow obstruction among patients visiting a tertiary health-care center
Authors: Priya Charan  , Reshu Gupta  , Prahlad Dhakar
Published: October 2022

Background: Chronic obstructive lung disease is a major health problem worldwide, with a huge impact on health and economics, both at the individual and community levels. In clinical practice, only symptomatic patients seem to undergo spirometry screening, whereas persons with no symptoms or those with early or negligible symptoms are ignored until they present with acute exacerbations and complications. Fair evidence indicates that most individuals with airflow obstruction do not recognize or report symptoms.
Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to identify the prevalence of undiagnosed airflow obstruction in asymptomatic adults, without known obstructive lung disease or any other pulmonary condition.
Materials and Methods: A total of 500 subjects between 18 and 65 years of age, coming to the outpatient department for a routine/preventive health checkup who wereasymptomatic and never diagnosed for airflow obstruction, with no evidence of any physical disease on examination were selected by random sampling method after taking informed written consent. A detailed history, complete general physical and clinical examination, and spirometry (as per the ATS guidelines) for individuals were done.
Results: Overall prevalence of AO was 16% of patients (80 patients out of 500). About 4.20% of patients had mild obstruction (GOLD – Stage 1), 4.60% had moderate obstruction (GOLD – Stage 2), 5.40% had severe obstruction (GOLD – Stage 3), and 1.80% had very severe obstruction (GOLD – Stage 4). Subjects with asymptomatic airflow obstruction had a higher prevalence of ever smoking (72.5%, 58 out of 80 patients) than never smokers (27.5%, 22 out of 80 patients) and this difference was highly significant statistically.
Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of asymptomatic airflow obstruction, detected by spirometry, in asymptomatic patients of different severities. Smoking is a strong risk factor and AO is directly associated with age, both among smokers and never smokers. The use of spirometry should be implemented in all routine health checkup plans, as an important diagnostic tool.
Comparative evaluation of placental elasticity in normal pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension and its association with uterine artery pulsatility index and fetal outcome
Authors: Ayushi Chhabra  , Satish Pathak  , Ankur Malhotra  , Subhra Agarwal
Published: October 2022

Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is associated with significant maternal as well as fetal morbidity and untreated cases may be associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. It brings about various histological and morphological changes in the placenta such as infarcts, fibrosis, and calcification thereby affecting the well-being of fetus. Detection of it at an early stage is important from the point of view of management as early intervention is associated with improved maternal and fetal outcome. Shear wave elastography (SWE) of placenta is a non-invasive investigation that can detect changes in placental elasticity during the pregnancy.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess and compare the difference in values of placental elasticity in normal pregnancy and in clinically diagnosed cases of PIH and to study its association with uterine artery-pulsatility index (UtA-PI) and fetal outcome.
Materials and Methods: This was a prospective and observational study in which pregnant females with gestational age of 20–34 weeks who were referred to radiology department for routine sonography including the clinically diagnosed pregnancies with PIH were included on the basis of a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 106 individuals were included in the study, B-mode sonography, uterine artery Doppler, and placental SWE were performed in all these patients. All these pregnancies were followed up for the fetal outcome.
Results: The mean gestational age of the studied cases was found to be 26.51±4.415 weeks. Higher SWE values were found, as compared to the normal pregnancies, in pregnancies complicated by PIH and the difference was found to be statistically highly significant (P<0.001). Placental SWE showed a strong association with UtA-PI and fetal outcome. Incidence of adverse fetal outcome such as preterm deliveries, intrauterine death, stillbirths, and small for gestational age babies was more commonly seen in PIH group and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.005). Incidence of birth asphyxia (as determined by low APGAR score) and neonatal intensive care unit admissions was more in neonates born to patients with PIH as compared to those in healthy women and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.005).
Conclusion: SWE has the potency to detect the changes in placental morphology and can help with diagnosis of pregnancies complicated with PIH. It does have a synergistic role to play alongside the uterine artery Doppler and clinical parameters to predict the pregnancies with PIH.
I-GEL versus LMA classic: Comparison of two supraglottic airway devices in short surgical procedures
Authors: Biswas Tinamoni , Nath Manisankar , Nandi Amitayu , Haldar Purba , Mousumi Neogi
Published: October 2022

Background: Supraglottic airway devices are more efficient than endotracheal intubation in management of difficult airway and hemodynamic response.
Aims and Objectives: This study was undertaken for to compare laryngeal mask airway (LMA) Classic and I-Gel in terms of ease of insertion, insertion attempts, time taken for insertion, hemodynamic change, and adverse events after administering muscle relaxants for airway management in short surgical procedures.
Materials and Methods: A total of 120 patients of American Society of Anaesthesiologist 1 and II, aged between 18 and 50 years with Malampatti score 1 and II posted for elective short surgical cases were randomly allotted into two groups (n=60 in each), Group A for LMA Classic and Group B for I-gel. Patients were pre oxygenated with 100% O2 and pre-medicated. After induction and proper muscle relaxation, LMA Classic or I-GEL was inserted. The time and number of insertion attempts were assessed. Heart rate, Blood pressure, SpO2 recorded at the time of insertion, 1, 3, 5, and 10 min following insertion. The recorded results were analyzed statistically.
Results: The mean insertion time of Group A was 34.80±3.193 and Group B was 21.72±1.975. P<0.001 and in Group B all patients were successfully intubated at first attempt whereas in Group B 23.33% patients required second attempts. Hemodynamic changes were also less with Group B.
Conclusion: I-Gel has better hemodynamic stability. Ease of Insertion, insertion attempts and time taken for insertion are more convenient for I-Gel than LMA Classic after administering muscle relaxants.
An evaluative study to find the correlation between semitendinosus graft dimension with respect to patient’s anthropometry
Authors: Tanmay Datta  , Dibyendu Biswas  , Kunal Mondal  , Santu Sarkar
Published: October 2022

Background: A prospective study of a cohort of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructed patients 7 years after surgery revealed degenerative radiographic changes in 95% of patients, and only 47% were able to return to their previous activity level following ACL reconstruction.
Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to find the correlation between Semitendinosus graft dimension with respect to patients anthropometry such as age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and true leg length (TLL).
Materials and Methods: The proposed study was the patients coming to orthopedics-outpatient department and emergency with30 complete thickness ACL tears which were screened and recruited based on fulfillment of inclusion and exclusion criteria from January 2020 to August 2021 (20 months duration). The sample size was sufficient to draw conclusive findings. Correlation was calculated by Pearson correlation analysis. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was a measure of the linear dependence between two variables X and Y. P≤0.05 was considered for statistically significant.
Results: The age has positive correlation with graft length (r=0.11) and relatively strong positive correlation with graft diameter (r=0.437). Height has relatively strong positive correlation with graft length (r=0.4258) and graft diameter (r=0.1375). Weights have strong positive correlation with graft length (r=0.604). TLL also had positive correlation with graft length (0.23) and graft diameter (r=0.1).
Conclusion: In selective cases, graft may be reinforced with additional Hamstring tendon harvest like gracilis or any alternative graft such as Bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPB) and Peroneus longus tendon autograft that may be taken to prevent graft failure and future complications. This current data can be a reference for surgeons in preoperative planning and counseling to patients about alternative autograft selection.
Laparoscopic deroofing of post-renal transplant lymphoceles – A single-center observational study
Authors: Raghuveer Machiraju  , Devashish Kaushal  , Mandavi Agarwal  , Jamal Rizvi
Published: October 2022

Background: Lymphocele formation is the most common identifiable surgical complication of renal transplant recipients, which often requires surgical deroofing. In this retrospective study, we are determining the efficacy of laparoscopic deroofing surgery in the management of post-renal transplant lymphocele.
Aims and Objectives: This study aims to determine the efficacy of laparoscopic deroofing surgery in the management of post-renal transplant lymphocele.
Materials and Methods: All patients who underwent surgical deroofing for post-renal transplant lymphocele at the Institute of Kidney DISEASE and Research Center, Ahmedabad, India, between January 2016 and October 2019 were included in the study and retrospectively reviewed. Information about symptomatology, clinical features, radiological findings, preoperative drainage, ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) diversion, intraoperative, post-operative findings, and complications were retrieved and analyzed.
Results: Among the 1138 open renal transplant recipients, 28 patients developed symptomatic lymphocele (incidence 2.5%). The mean interval to develop these lymphoceles was 8 weeks (3 weeks–4 months). All 28 patients underwent laparoscopic lymphatic deroofing surgery. There were no conversions to open surgery. Overrunning of cut edges was performed in six and omentopexy in two patients, rest of the 20 patients only deroofing of lymphocele was performed. Graft PCN was placed before surgery in four patients and in two patients, percutaneous drain was placed into the lymphocele. The mean operative time was 80 min. The mean hospital stay was 3.5 days. In one case, there was an injury to the ureter intraoperatively which was repaired over a DJ stent laparoscopically. There was one case with recurrence who had a prior history of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. He was explored and perivascular lymphatics were tied and omental packing was performed.
Conclusion: Laparoscopic deroofing of symptomatic lymphoceles following renal transplantation appears to be safe and effective, because it has minimal post-operative morbidity, rapid convalescence, and low recurrence rate. Laparoscopy should be considered the first-line treatment for symptomatic lymphoceles.
SARS-CoV-2 and human milk presence of virus and antibodies in just delivered mothers and possible transmission to the babies: An observational study over a period of 1 year in the state of Mizoram
Authors: Elizabeth Lalhmangaihzuali Fanai  , Zonuntluangi Khiangte  , Lalrintluangi Chhakchhuak  , Swagnik Roy  , Jenny Lalduhawmi Ralte  , Remthangpuii  , Gracy Laldinmawii  , Zomuanpuii Colney  , John Zohmingthanga
Published: October 2022

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a very virulent and contagious coronavirus and has caused a pandemic of acute respiratory disease, named “Coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19) that emerged in the late 2019. In breast milk (BM), presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus and its antibodies have been examined.
Aims and Objectives: The current observational study was conducted over a period of 1 year in the state of Mizoram to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus and antibodies in pregnant mothers and their newborn along with breast milk.
Materials and Methods: A total of 115 breast milk samples and 70 breast swabs (before or after breast washing) from 115 women who were recently diagnosed with COVID-19 were collected. Samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using RT-PCR. Breast milk was also analyzed for SARS-CoV2, IgA, and IgG receptor binding domain (RBD), S2 subunit of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.
Results: BM RTPCR was found to be positive 78 and 37 BM samples were found to be negative for RTPCR. Among the infants, 32 were exclusively on breastfeed and 83 were mixed feeding infants. Post-breastfeeding four infants were shown the signs and symptoms of COVID-19. IgA and IgG RBD and S2 subunit of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were positive in 17, 16, and 12 BM samples which show that maternal antibodies to be developed in BM take time for production and the mothers infected almost 10 days ago, only showed presence of those antibodies.
Conclusion: Our findings have shown increase admissions of COVID-19 infected antenatal mothers with positive outcome despite the requirement of intensive care. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in BM which was significantly high, but there was no transmission to the babies during the postnatal period.
Radiological evaluation of ovarian mass by contrast-enhanced computed tomography abdomen with clinicopathological correlation in Eastern Indian population
Authors: Saha Dona , Bhadra Ram Chandra , Biswas Nabonita
Published: October 2022

Background: Adenexal masses present diagnostic challenges. After identification of the ovarian mass, the most critical step is to determine the degree of suspicion for malignancy. It is mainly based on imaging modalities and clinicopathological correlation.
Aims and Objectives: This radiological study was designed to differentiate benign and malignant ovarian masses by contrast enhanced-computed tomography (CECT) of abdomen and correlation of the radiological findings with histopathological report.
Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based prospective study conducted in Department of Radiodiagnosis, Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata during January 2019–June 2020. The study was done on clinically suspected 50 patients of 15–50 years with ovarian mass having CECT diagnosed solid/complex solid cystic mass.
Results: Among 50 cases under study, 37(74.0%) were benign which was significantly higher than that of malignant cases (26.0%). Malignancy was significantly associated with wall irregularity, solid-cystic composition, presence of thick septations, septal enhancement, presence of both septal, and solid enhancement pattern in CECT.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, multi-detector contrast-enhanced CT could be a rapid non-invasive and cost-effective step in the evaluation of ovarian masses.
Eyes: conduit to COVID-19, relevance of eye protection, and face shield in ophthalmology waiting areas
Authors: Rajan Sharma  , Mamatha Balakrishna  , Parul Chawla  , Nagesha K Chokkahalli  , Ashok Sharma  , Rekha Gyanchand  , Jagat Ram
Published: October 2022

COVID-19 pandemic caused by highly contagious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 has affected the health and economy of the population worldwide. A major route of transmission of coronavirus is through respiratory system by aerosols and microdroplets. Virus can also spread by direct or indirect touching of the inmate objects harboring live virus. Virus can gain access through the nasal and oral ororopharyngeal mucosa. Coronavirus has been isolated from the ocular surface and tearfilm. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 has been documented to drain from the ocular surface to oropharyngeal mucosa through tears. In the preventive measures, the mask acts as abarrier to touch and aerosol transmission and its use has been advocated all over the world. Transmissions through eyes (ocular surface and tear film) are possible, however, compared to the aerosol transmission the risk may be small. The use of glasses, safety goggles and face shields may provide protection to eyes from contamination and minimizes the risk of transmission from the ocular surface and tear film. In this review, the authors aim to highlight the role of the ocular surface and tear film in the transmission and possible measure to prevent the infection through the eyes.
Role of post-operative carcinoembryonic antigen as predictor of outcome: Evaluation of patients with colorectal malignancy at a tertiary care center
Authors: Sanjay Devidas Dakhore  , Shilpa Namdev Pande  , Suraj Govind Jadhao  , Nilesh Parashuram Mangam  , Dnyanesh Balkrishna Amle
Published: October 2022

Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. The colorectal cancer has varied presentation and often patients present in late stages of disease. Pre-operative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels are indicative of tumor stage and thus are predictive of prognosis. However, the importance of post-operative CEA value is seldom discussed and utility of this clinically relevant parameter needs to be established to predict survival of subjects after surgical resection of tumor.
Aims and Objectives: This study aims to understand the colorectal malignancy in a group of population and evaluate its complexity, clinical presentations, modalities of treatment, and its complications. Furthermore, we aimed to access predictive utility of post-operative CEA levels for forecasting the long-term outcome in the patient.
Materials and Methods: All subjects with diagnosed cases of colorectal malignancy were included in the study. The subjects presenting complaints were clinically examined and the observations were noted. Colonoscopy and histopathological investigations were scheduled, and based on CT findings, further management was planned. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels were assessed in pre-operative and post-operative serum sample. Follow-up was done at regular intervals. CEA levels in subjects with different outcome were compared retrospectively.
Results: The most common age group of subjects with colorectal malignancies was 51–60 years. Bleeding per rectum was the most common symptom and the most common sign was per rectal palpable mass. Laparoscopic surgery had less hospital stay, less blood loss, and lower rate of wound site infection. The pre-operative CEA levels were found to be matched; however, post-operative CEA levels were found to be significantly elevated in non-survivor subjects compared to those who survived.
Conclusion: Patients with high post-operative CEA values should be closely followed up for relapse and dealt with more caution to reduce the mortality.
Assessment of severity of Parkinson’s disease by optical coherence tomography
Authors: Bharat Vishnu Reddy Bindela  , Vamsavardhana Reddy Pidathala  , Kamalesh Tagadur Nataraju
Published: October 2022

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder after essential tremor. Diminished visual acuity, color vision, and contrast sensitivity are also described in PD. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), a producible test for axonal degeneration, helps in prognosticating diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis.
Aims and Objectives: To assess the severity of Parkinson’s disease with the changes in various variables of OCT. The objective is to evaluate variables such as (RNFL, CMT, TMV) of both eyes with SD – OCT.
Materials and Methods: It is a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted for a period of 22 months at the department of neurology. A total of 55 PD patients and 30 age- and sex-matched controls were evaluated.
Results: There was a significant difference between patients and controls in average retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and all RNFL quadrants in both the eyes (P<0.001). A significant negative correlation was found between the RNFL thickness and Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score and Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) score in both the eyes (P<0.001). A significant negative correlation was found between total macular volume (TMV) and central macular thickness (CMT) with UPDRS motor score in both the eyes (P<0.001). A significant negative correlation was found between CMT and H&Y stage in both the eyes (P<0.001). There was a significant difference between patients and controls in CMT and TMV in both the eyes (P<0.001).
Conclusion: A significant negative correlation between severity and stage of the PD with OCT values was identified, which may suggest the possibility of dopaminergic depletion in the retina corresponding with basal ganglia dopamine depletion.
Placental thickness and its correlation to gestational age estimated by fetal biometry: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Ashwini Nagesh Naik  , Sushilkumar Kale  , Atul Tayade  , Dhananjay Ghodke
Published: October 2022

Background: Accurate estimation of gestational age is important not only for appropriate antenatal care but also is crucial for undertaking various diagnostics tests such as chorionic villous sampling and amniocentesis. In certain conditions, where biometry cannot be entirely relied on for estimation of gestational age placental thickness (PT) that can be used for estimation of gestational age.
Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were as follows: (1) To analyze relationship between PT and gestational age as determined by fetal biometry in second and third trimester of pregnancy. (2) To find out cutoff PT value for differentiating between preterm and term gestations.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, in which 140 patients, in 2nd and 3rd trimester, were included on the basis of a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. PT was measured in mm along with their respective standard deviation. The correlation between PT and gestational age as determined by biometry.
Results: The mean age of the studied cases was found to be 4.15±3.5 years. At 12 weeks of gestation, the mean PT was 14.36 mm. There was a strong positive correlation between gestational age and PT in 2nd (r=0.9943) and 3rd (r=0.9973) trimesters. After 37 weeks of gestation, there was no significant correlation between PT and gestational age (P=0.469).
Conclusion: PT has a significant positive correlation with gestational age in 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy (up to 37 weeks of gestation) and can be reliably used for determination of gestational age independent of fetal biometry.