bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sleeping Beauty Transposon System is a Reliable Gene Delivery Tool for Hereditary Tyrosinaemia Type 1 Disease Gene Therapy: Size of the Foreign Gene Decides the Timing of Stable Integration into the Host Chromosomes
Authors: Pan X-J , Ma Z-Z , Zhang Q-J , Fan L , Li Q-H
Published: February 2013

Objective:

This study investigated compensation for loss of the fumaryl - aceto acetate hydrolase gene ( Fah) by gene therapy using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system (SBTS), in a hereditary tyrosinaemia type 1 (HT-1) mouse model (Fah-/-).

Methods:

Twenty Fah-/- study mice, five wild-type positive controls and five Fah-/- negative controls were included. All Fah-/- mice received 2-(2- nitro-4-trifluoro-methylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclo - hexaedione (NTBC). Fah-/- study mice were randomly injected with one of two SBTS

Constructs:

Fah-SBTS (containing mouse Fah gene), or forkhead box M1b ( FOXM1B)- Fah-SBTS (containing mouse Fah and human FOXM1B genes). Firefly luciferase-SBTS was injected as a trace marker. NTBC treatment stopped after construct injection; Fah-/- negative controls were kept healthy with continued NTBC. Mice were weighed daily; the luciferase signal was monitored by in vivo bioluminescence, and Fah and FOXM1B gene expression were evaluated.

Results:

The Fah gene integrated into the mouse chromosomes within 1 week of Fah-SBTS injection (mice survived without NTBC thereafter) and within 1 month of FOXM1B-Fah-SBTS injection (mice lost weight dramatically and needed additional NTBC).

Conclusion:

The shorter Fah gene had an advantage over the longer FOXM1B-Fah gene for stable integration into the host mouse chromosomes.
Risk Factors for Developing Pneumonia in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Following Acute Ischaemic Stroke
Authors: Zhang X , Wang F , Zhang Y , Ge Z
Published: February 2013

Objectives:

To evaluate markers of infection and identify risk factors for the development of pneumonia following acute ischaemic stroke in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Methods:

Patients with diabetes mellitus ( n = 106) who were hospitalized after acute ischaemic stroke with ( n = 32) or without ( n = 74) pneumonia at admission were included in the study. Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), white blood cell (WBC) count, mean body temperature and severity of stroke on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale were measured at the time of admission. The degree of disability according to the modified Rankin Scale was assessed after 30 days.

Results:

Raised levels of IL-6 and CRP, older age, more severe stroke, longer duration of hospitalization and dysphagia were significantly associated with the development of pneumonia. Patients with pneumonia had significantly worse outcomes compared with nonpneumonia patients after 1 month. Raised WBC count and mean body temperature were not significant predictors of pneumonia.

Conclusions:

Markers of infection, more severe ischaemic stroke, dysphagia and older age may help in predicting the occurrence of pneumonia at stroke onset.
Evaluation of Hepatitis B Viraemia Levels in Patients with HBeAg-negative Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: Atay AE , Seven G , Yalcin K , Pasa S , Degertekin H
Published: February 2013

Objectives:

To evaluate patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and low-level viraemia in terms of determining HBV DNA cut-off values and levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and other possible markers for discriminating between chronic hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg)-negative patients and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) inactive carriers.

Methods:

HBV-infected patients who were HBeAg-negative with undetectable HBV DNA by standard hybridization assay and high (HBeAg-negative group, n = 81) or normal (HBsAg inactive carrier group, n = 77) ALT levels were enrolled. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay using a COBAS Amplicor HBV monitor test was performed to detect low HBV DNA levels.

Results:

The HBV DNA level was found to be significantly higher in the HBeAg-negative chronic HBV group (mean ± SD 94 477 ± 167 528 copies/ml) compared with the HBsAg inactive carrier group (mean ± SD 19 215 ± 57 970 copies/ml).

Conclusions:

A low level of viral replication may persist in chronic HBV-infected patients who are HBeAg-negative, and the level of HBV DNA was higher in the HBeAg-negative group than in the inactive HBsAg carrier group. Necroinflammation also persisted in the HBeAg-negative group and these patients had a higher level of ALT than the inactive HBsAg carriers.
Prognostic Factors in Surgically Managed Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours
Authors: Wua X-J , Zhanga R-X , Chen G , Fang Y-J , Ding P-R , Li L-R , Lu Z-H , Kong L-H , Pan Z-Z , Wan D-S
Published: February 2013

Objective:

To determine prognostic factors associated with survival in patients with surgically managed gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs).

Methods:

This retrospective study included 374 patients with pathologically confirmed GISTs. Medical records were reviewed and prognostic factors associated with adverse outcomes were determined.

Results:

A total of 337 patients underwent complete resection with curative intent; 37 underwent incomplete resection. Overall mean survival time was 127.3 months; 5-year survival rate was 70.4%. Multivariate analyses determined that tumour size, risk status (of recurrence or metastasis) and surgical procedure were significant predictive factors for survival. There was a significant difference in the 5-year survival rate between patients who received adjuvant imatinib compared with those who did not (75.1% versus 13.8%).

Conclusions:

Patients with GISTs managed by surgical resection combined with targeted chemotherapy had a good prognosis. Clinical factors predictive of survival included tumour size, risk status and surgical procedure.
The Association between Serum Homocysteine Levels and Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Sarici AM , Yetik H , Akar S , Arvas S
Published: February 2013

Objective:

To evaluate the relationship between serum total homocysteine levels and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Methods:

This prospective case-control study involved premature infants diagnosed with ROP 4 weeks after birth (cases); controls were premature infants not developing ROP during follow-up. Fasting serum total homocysteine concentrations were determined in all participants 4 weeks after birth, using high performance liquid chromatography.

Results:

A total of 45 and 35 infants were included in the case and control groups, respectively. The mean ± SD (range) serum total homocysteine levels were 10.36 ± 1.72 μmol/l (7.45 - 14.84) in infants with ROP and 8.41 ± 2.12 μmol/l (5.56 - 13.90) in controls. This difference was statistically significant. Mean ± SD total homocysteine levels were higher in infants with more severe ROP (11.45 ± 1.76 μmol/l) compared with mild ROP (9.92 ± 1.56 μmol/l).

Conclusions:

Elevated serum total homocysteine levels are associated with the development of ROP in premature infants. Further studies with larger patient populations are required, to improve understanding of the relationship between homocysteine and ROP development.
A Single-centre, Before-After Study of the Short- and Long-term Efficacy of Narivent® in the Treatment of Nasal Congestion
Authors: Damiani V , Camaioni A , Viti C , Scirè As , Morpurgo G , Gregori D
Published: February 2013

Objective:

Nasal congestion is a common symptom in allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. The present study evaluated the clinical effectiveness of Narivent®, an osmotically-acting medical device with anti -oedematous and anti-inflammatory effects, in nasal congestion.

Methods:

A single-centre, prospective study with a pre- post design and consecutive patient enrolment was conducted in an Italian otolaryngology department. Patients with persistent nasal congestion were allocated to treatment groups as follows: group 1 ( n = 36) treated for 7 days; group 2 ( n = 56) treated for 30 days. In each group, patients received two puffs of Narivent® into each nostril twice daily. Symptom severity was assessed subjectively on a 0 - 10 visual analogue scale, and objectively by the presence/absence of signs and symptoms. Differences in subjective and objective severity measures before and after treatment were compared using Wilcoxon's signed rank test.

Results:

All symptoms and objective scores improved after treatment with Narivent® for 7 or 30 days and no adverse effects were reported by the patients in either group.

Conclusion:

Narivent® appears to be efficacious in treating nasal congestion over a 7- or a 30-day period.
Surgical Correction of Female Urinary Incontinence: Comparison of Colporrhaphy, Sling and Suspension Procedures
Authors: Yumru AE , Çakmak B Dinçgez , Öndeş B , Ergez M
Published: February 2013

Objective:

To analyse clinical outcomes of three types of pelvic surgery for the correction of female mixed or stress urinary incontinence.

Methods:

Women who underwent surgery for urinary incontinence between January 2000 and June 2010 were included in the study ( n = 268). Patients were nonrandomly assigned to undergo colporrhaphy, suspension procedure or sling procedure according to their clinical situation. Perioperative parameters were recorded. Short- (< 5 years) and long-term (5 - 10 years) success rates were determined for each group.

Results:

The short- and long-term complete cure rates were significantly lower, and the duration of catheterization significantly longer, in patients who underwent colporrhaphy compared with both other groups, but there were no significant differences between suspension or sling procedures.

Conclusion:

Sling and suspension procedures were equally effective in this study, and both were preferable to colporrhaphy.
Use of Cardioselective ß-Blockers in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Blinded Trials
Authors: Ni Y , Shi G , Wan H
Published: February 2013

Objective:

To assess the effect of cardioselective b-blockers on pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods:

The Embase and MEDLINE™ databases and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched comprehensively to identify all relevant clinical trials in humans published between January 1966 and May 2011. Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trials that studied the effects of cardioselective ß-blockers on the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and the responsiveness of the FEV1 to ß-agonist administration in patients with COPD were included in the analysis.

Results:

Five studies were identified: four of these assessed both cardioselective and nonselective ß-blockers; one assessed only cardioselective ß-blockers. The FEV1 was shown to decrease by 0.14 l with nonselective ß-blockers and by 0.03 l with cardioselective ß-blockers. The responsive -ness of the FEV1 to ß-agonist administration decreased significantly by 13.42% after nonselective ß-blockers, but did not change significantly after cardioselective -blocker administration.

Conclusion:

This meta-analysis suggests that the use of β-blockers, especially cardioselective β-blockers, should not be contraindicated in patients with COPD.
Outcomes of Endovascular Coiling versus Surgical Clipping in the Treatment of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Li Z-Q , Wang Q-H , Chen G , Quan Z
Published: February 2013

Objective:

The effects of treatment modality (endovascular coiling or surgical clipping) on incidence of cerebral vasospasm and infarction following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) remain controversial. This study compared outcomes between endovascular coiling versus surgical clipping to treat patients with acute (< 72 h) aSAH.

Methods:

Patients with aSAH were randomized to receive endovascular or surgical treatment. All patients underwent clinical assessments, angiography and brain computed tomography.

Results:

Data from 186 patients were analysed: 94 in the endovascular group and 92 in the surgical group. Demographics and severity of aSAH were comparable between the groups. Incidence of symptomatic vasospasm, cerebral infarction and complete occlusion were significantly lower in the endovascular coiling group than in the surgical clipping group. Good clinical recovery 12 months after aSAH was seen in 75.0% and 69.7% of surviving patients in the endovascular versus coiling group, respectively.

Conclusions:

In this study, coiling yielded less symptomatic vasospasm, cerebral infarction and complete occlusion than surgical clipping, with no between-group differences in clinical outcome.
A Risk Score for Predicting Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Adults in a Chinese Earthquake Area
Authors: Liu X , Ma X , Hu X , Qiu C , Wang Y , Wang Q , Zhang W , Zhang J , Li T
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVES:

This study aimed to identify risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and develop a risk score model for predicting PTSD in adults in a Chinese earthquake area.

Methods:

Questionnaires covering demographic information, earthquake experience and social support were administered to subjects experiencing a major earthquake. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version questionnaire was used for PTSD diagnosis. Subjects were randomly assigned to training (70%) or validation (30%) subsets. A risk score model for predicting PTSD risk was established, based on logistic regression of PTSD risk factors that were significant on univariate analysis of the training data.

Results:

In total, 9556 subjects completed questionnaires; PTSD prevalence was 4.5%. Divorced or widowed status, various adverse earthquake events and low levels of social support were identified as risk factors for PTSD. When tested in the validation dataset, the risk score model had good discriminative power and a good fit between predicted and observed values.

Conclusions:

The risk score shows an acceptable predictive value and may be useful for early prediction of PTSD, in Chinese earthquake areas.
Effect of Triptolide on Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumours In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Wang W , Lin W , Hong B , Li X , Zhang M , Zhang L , Lv G
Published: February 2013

Objective:

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs) are invasive, hard-to-treat, soft tissue sarcomas. In this study, in vitro and in vivo effects of triptolide were investigated using human MPNST cell lines.

Methods:

Cultured STS-26T and ST88-14 cells were treated with 0 - 100 ng/ml triptolide (for determination of cell proliferation by sulphorhodamine B assay), with 12.5 ng/ml or 25 ng/ml triptolide (for analysis of caspase activity, effects on apoptotic pathway intermediates [by Western blots and flow cytometry], and for measurement of vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and epidermal0 growth factor receptor [EGFR] levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). A xenograft model was established by injection of STS-26T cells into nude mice, and the effects of 250 μg/kg triptolide on tumour growth and apoptosis were compared with controls.

Results:

Triptolide significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro, through activation of caspases, in a dose- and time-dependent manner; VEGF and EGFR levels were suppressed. In vivo, triptolide inhibited the growth of STS-26T xenografts and reduced apoptosis.

Conclusion:

Triptolide may have a therapeutic benefit in MPNST treatment.
Comparative Study of Pelvic Floor Biofeedback Training and Tolterodine for Treatment of Detrusor After-contraction in Posturination Dribbling in Children
Authors: Zeng F , Chen Hq , Qi L , Zhang Xy , Li Y
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVES:

To investigate the prevalence of detrusor after-contraction (DA-C) in children with posturination dribbling, and compare the outcomes of pharmacological treatment and pelvic floor biofeedback training.

Methods:

Children with posturination dribbling underwent urodynamic studies. Patients with DA-C were randomly allocated to one of two groups: pelvic floor biofeedback training or 1 mg tolterodine, orally, twice daily. Treatment was continued for 12 weeks.

Results:

The study included 45 children. DA-C was present in 39 patients (86.6%), 30 (76.9%) of whom also exhibited detrusor overactivity. Pelvic floor biofeedback training resulted in a significantly better response than tolterodine, in terms of reduction in the number of posturination dribbling events in the month after completion of treatment.

Conclusions:

DA-C is closely associated with posturination dribbling in children. Pelvic floor biofeedback training should be considered the initial treatment option in these patients.
Partial Lower Axillary Dissection for Patients with Clinically Node-negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Kodama H , Mise K , Kan N
Published: February 2013

Objective:

To evaluate retrospectively the outcomes of partial lower axillary lymph node dissection caudal to the intercostobrachial nerve in patients with clinically node-negative (N0) breast cancer.

Methods:

Numbers of dissected and metastatic nodes, overall and disease-free survival rates, postoperative complication rates, and axillary recurrence were compared between patients who underwent breast cancer surgery with partial axillary node dissection (n = 1043) and historical controls who underwent conventional dissection (n = 1084).

Results:

The 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 95.6% and 89.7%, and 94.9% and 88.4%, respectively, in the partial dissection and conventional dissection groups; the differences were not significant. Mean duration of surgery (41.6 min versus 60.9 min), intraoperative blood loss (28.0 ml versus 51.3 ml), volume of lymphatic drainage at 2 weeks postoperatively (488 ml versus 836 ml), and persistent arm lymphoedema (0.0% versus 11.8%) were significantly different between the partial and conventional dissection groups, respectively.

Conclusions:

Partial axillary lymph node dissection was associated with similar survival rates (but lower postoperative complication rates) compared with conventional axillary dissection and is recommended in patients with N0 breast cancer.
Effects of Preoperative Gabapentin on Postoperative Pain after Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy
Authors: Deniz MN , Sertoz N , Erhan E , Ugur G
Published: February 2013

Objective:

The impact of preoperative gabapentin on tramadol consumption using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and postoperative pain was assessed in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP).

Methods:

In this prospective, randomized trial, 51 patients undergoing RRP were randomized into two groups: the gabapentin group received 900 mg gabapentin orally 2 h before surgery; the control group did not receive gabapentin. Postoperative analgesia was provided by tramadol PCA. Pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale for 24 h, postoperatively.

Results:

Mean cumulative tramadol consumption at 24 h was comparable in the two groups. Pain scores at 45 min, 60 min and 2 h postoperatively, and the number of patients who required rescue analgesia, were significantly lower in the gabapentin group than in the control group. Side-effects were similar in the two groups.

Conclusions:

Preoperative administration of 900 mg gabapentin did not decrease tramadol consumption, but was associated with lower pain scores in the early postoperative phase and a reduced need for rescue analgesia, compared with controls, in patients undergoing RRP.
‘Give us a portion among our father's brothers’: The Daughters of Zelophehad, Land, and the Quest for Human Dignity
Authors: Claassens Juliana
Published: February 2013

This article seeks to explore the intriguing text of Numbers 27, in which the five daughters of Zelophehad challenge the judicial powers regarding the question of female inheritance (cf. also Num. 36). The daughters emerge as a symbol of the powerless standing up for what is right—the narrative serving as an example of where laws can be challenged and changed by the (divine) authorities in recognition of the needs of the disenfranchised. This study focuses on the complex hermeneutical issues involved in reading this narrative in the context of contesting points of view, including issues of gender, power and the right to land ownership. The proposal is made that the notion of human dignity may offer some important perspectives on this narrative, as well as the way it is used in contemporary context(s).
Place and region III
Authors: Jonas Andrew E.G.
Published: February 2013

Research on alternative economic and political spaces seeks to expose the diversity of economic forms in the landscape. However, this research has become detached from questions of territory and regionalism. Radical scholars are revisiting the relationship between anarchism, populist movements and territory, potentially opening up a discussion about alternative regionalisms. This report examines the potential for marrying the analysis of alternatives with critical-theoretical work on regionalism and territory.
Triggerless neuralgic otalgia: A case series and systematic literature review
Authors: Smith Jonathan H , Robertson Carrie E , Garza Ivan , Cutrer F Michael
Published: February 2013

Background

Isolated neuralgic pain in the deep ear may arise from either nervus intermedius (NIN) or glossopharyngeal (GPN) neuralgias. Current International Headache Society (IHS) International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition (ICHD-2) criteria for these cranial neuralgias require the presence of a characteristic trigger.

Aim

The aim of this article is to report cases of triggerless neuralgic otalgia to better understand a subset of patients for whom there may be diagnostic uncertainty.

Methods

Methods included an observational cohort series and systematic literature review.

Results

We identified five female patients with a median age at symptom onset of 58 (range: 47 to 73). Our patients generally experienced an excellent clinical response to carbamazepine. Patients were contacted by telephone at a median follow-up duration of seven years (range: four to 32) from symptom onset, at which time carbamazepine-free remissions were reported by five of five (100%) of the patients. A systematic review of the literature on neuralgic otalgia led us to conclude that NIN was most common among young women (age < 50), and GPN across a wider range of ages of either gender. Among surgically validated cases reported in the literature, triggers were frequently absent in NIN, and variably noted in GPN.

Conclusions

We conclude that the presence of a trigger is not fundamental, and may be impractical, to the diagnosis of neuralgic otalgia, but remains important for specificity between NIN and GPN.
Hybrid solid anaerobic digestion batch: biomethane production and mass recovery from the organic fraction of solid waste
Authors: Di Maria Francesco , Gigliotti Giovanni , Sordi Alessio , Micale Caterina , Zadra Claudia , Massaccesi Luisa
Published: February 2013

An experimental apparatus was constructed to perform hybrid solid anaerobic digestion batch processing of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The preliminary process was carried out with a high total solids concentration of about 33% w w−1 and with an initial organic load of about 340 kg VS kg−1. The fresh organic fraction to inoculum ratio used to enhance the anaerobic process start-up was 0.910 kg VS kg VS−1. The process was conducted by spreading the percolate on top of the mixture. The percolate was stored in a separate section of the apparatus with a mean hydraulic retention time of about 1 day. During the process, acetate, butyrate and propionate in the percolate reached concentrations ranging from 3000 to 11 000 mg L−1. In spite of these high concentrations, the biomethane produced from both the solid and the percolate was quite high, at about 210 NL kg VS−1. The digestate obtained at the end of the run showed rather good features for being classified as an organic fertilizer according to Italian law. However, a residual phytotoxicity level was detected by a standardized test showing a germination index of about 50%.
Design of a network of robotic Lagrangian sensors for shallow water environments with case studies for multiple applications
Authors: Oroza Carlos , Tinka Andrew , Wright Paul K , Bayen Alexandre M
Published: February 2013

This article describes the design methodology for a network of robotic Lagrangian floating sensors designed to perform real-time monitoring of water flow, environmental parameters, and bathymetry of shallow water environments (bays, estuarine, and riverine environments). Unlike previous Lagrangian sensors which passively monitor water velocity, the sensors described in this article can actively control their trajectory on the surface of the water and are capable of inter-sensor communication. The addition of these functionalities enables Lagrangian sensing in obstacle-encumbered environments, such as rivers. The Ishikawa cause and effect design framework is used to ensure that the final system synthesizes the diverse operational and functional needs of multiple end-user groups to arrive at a broadly applicable system design. A summary of potential applications for the system is given including completed projects performed on behalf of the Department of Homeland Security, Office of Naval Research, and the California Bay-Delta Authority.
Multidisciplinary design optimization of space transportation control system using genetic algorithm
Authors: Roshanian Jafar , Ebrahimi Masoud , Taheri Ehsan , Bataleblu Ali Asghar
Published: February 2013

In this study, due to the innate trans-atmospheric nature of flight of the space transportation system, assessment of the control discipline interaction with aerodynamic, weights and sizing, external fin-stabilizers configuration, and trajectory disciplines in an multidisciplinary design optimization-based platform has been addressed. Parameters considered for the control sub-system optimization are external stabilizing fins geometrical characteristics and attitude control vernier motors thrust value. Specifically, this article addresses optimization of fin–body combinations with geometric constraints for minimizing control moment required by vernier motors as well as total possible control sub-system weight satisfying design constraints. Results show that using external stabilizer fins is not economical from energetic stand point for space transportation system, but is necessary for control subsystems when there are deflection constraints for vernier motors.
A study on the effects of pica and iron-deficiency anemia on oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and trace elements
Authors: Bay A. , Dogan M. , Bulan K. , Kaba S. , Demir N. , Öner A.F.
Published: February 2013

Pica is defined as developmentally inappropriate consumption of nonnutritive substances for at least 1 month. There are a few studies on serum trace element levels of patients with pica. The literature contains contracting data on the levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant levels in patients with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). The effect of pica on oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity has not been investigated yet. The present study evaluated the effects of pica and IDA on oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity as well as on the levels of trace elements including serum zinc and selenium in 47 children with IDA plus pica, 22 children with IDA only and 21 nonanemic children as controls. The results demonstrated significantly lower levels of serum selenium and zinc in pica and IDA groups compared to the control group. Total oxidant levels were highest in the pica group and consistently, the lowest total antioxidant capacity was observed again in the pica group. Comparison of pica and IDA groups yielded significantly lower levels of total antioxidant levels and significantly higher oxidative stress index in the pica group. Consequently, it is thought that the detrimental effects of pica within the organism were mediated by adverse impacts on antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress. These effects should be kept in mind while managing patients with pica.
Protective effect of butylated hydroxytoluene on ferric nitrilotriacetate induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice
Authors: Ansar S. , Tabassum H. , Jameil N. Al
Published: February 2013

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible ameliorating effect of butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), associated with ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced oxidative stress and liver injury in mice. The treatment of mice with Fe-NTA alone enhances ornithine decarboxylase activity to 4.6 folds, protein carbonyl formation increased up to 2.9 folds and DNA synthesis expressed in terms of [3H] thymidine incorporation increased to 3.2 folds, and antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes decreased to 1.8–2.5 folds, compared with the corresponding saline-treated controls. These changes were reversed significantly ( p < 0.001) in animals receiving a pretreatment of BHT. Our data show that BHT can reciprocate the toxic effects of Fe-NTA and can serve as a potent chemopreventive agent.
Nurses’ perspectives on the suffering of preterm infants
Authors: Korhonen Anne , Haho Annu , Pölkki Tarja
Published: February 2013

The concept of suffering is discussed among those who are cognitively aware and verbally capable to express their suffering. Due to immaturity, preterm infants’ abilities to express suffering are limited. Relieving suffering is an ethical and juridical demand of good nursing care. The purpose of this study is to describe nurses’ perceptions of the suffering of preterm infants. A descriptive qualitative approach was selected. Data were collected from essays written by nurses (n = 19) working in the neonatal intensive care unit. Inductive content analysis guided by the research question was performed. The nurses described individually determined suffering of the preterm infants according to four categories: suffering ruled by maturation, existence of suffering, individual threshold of suffering and interpreting the cues of suffering. Suffering of preterm infants is manifested by population-specific features, emphasising the need to develop sensitive interventions for relieving their suffering.
Striving Beyond a Healthy Development: An Insight from Indian Wisdom
Authors: Satija Sarvesh
Published: February 2013

Attempts to explore and explain the basic nature of human beings in terms of development can be traced back far beyond the origin of modern psychology. The ancient Indian scriptures are, in fact, full of psychological knowledge in all aspects with much deep-rooted and sound philosophical background. Many have made attempts to translate this ancient knowledge into a form acceptable to modern psychology. But still much of the ancient spiritual literature has to be studied and interpreted to uncover many hidden psychological concepts that are much deeper in meaning as well as relevance than what Western psychology has gifted to the world in this modern time. The ancient Indian scriptures, philosophical literature, astrological–astronomical literature and medical literature, in essence, are the reservoir of the knowledge concerning human nature and holistic development. Literary exposition towards development can be found in Indian philosophical systems such as Vaises. ika, Nyaya, Sāmkhya, Yoga, Mīmāmsā, Vedānta and the medical systems given by Charaka and Suśruta. The present article is an attempt to review the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali in the strict psychological sense so that it could be helpful in re-establishing guidelines not only for all-round healthy development but to strive beyond—for kaivalya.
Investment Cooperation in Central Asia: Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Paswan Nawal K.
Published: February 2013

Central Asia is becoming an increasingly attractive destination for foreign direct investment (FDI). Although a first wave of foreign investments targeted Central and Eastern Europe in the early 1990s, followed by a second one to South-east Europe in the early 2000s, FDI is now moving even further eastward towards Central Asia. The Central Asian countries are all relatively small landlocked economies and need to promote trade and investment which enable them to closely integrate into the international economic order to achieve sustainable economic development. The level of intra-regional trade in Central Asia is low and their trade is concentrated in few commodities and hence the possibilities of setting up joint ventures emerges so that instead of exporting and importing the same product, one country may decide to set up a joint venture in the partner country (with a more favourable investment climate and cost advantage) to buy back the same in the home country. The track record of FDI in Central Asia demonstrates the urgent need to strengthen good governance, transparency, stability and the fair application of the rule of law in the region. Therefore, this article seeks to examine the prospects and challenges of regional investment cooperation and provide some of the measures to enhance the effectiveness of bilateral investment treaties and double tax avoidance treaties among the Central Asian countries.
Book Review: Laruelle, Marlène and Peyrouse, Sébastien (Eds), Mapping Central Asia: Indian Perceptions and Strategies
Authors: Soni Sharad K.
Published: February 2013

Laruelle, Marlène and Peyrouse, Sébastien (Eds), Mapping Central Asia: Indian Perceptions and Strategies (Surrey and Burlington: Ashgate, 2011). Pp. 262. Price £55.00.
Analytical solution of piezoelectric composite stack transducers
Authors: Wang Jianjun , Shi Zhifei , Han Zhijun
Published: February 2013

This article presents the dynamic analytical solution of piezoelectric composite stack transducers under external harmonic mechanical loads, which is based on the linear theory of piezoelasticity. The solution is obtained by using the displacement method. The effects of the load frequency, the load amplitude, and the thickness of electrode on the dynamic characteristics of the transducers are discussed. Experimental results strongly verify the validity of the proposed theoretical analysis.
Attention to the Neglected
Authors: Boyce Cheryl Anne , Maholmes Valerie
Published: February 2013

In 1997, the National Institutes of Health within the United States Department of Health and Human Services reviewed the state of its research on child abuse and neglect (US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1997). The findings suggested that although neglect was the most frequent type of child maltreatment, research studies were lacking. Through an unprecedented partnership across federal funding agencies for research on child neglect, research was encouraged in several areas. Over the past fifteen years, consortia of researchers have continued to increase our knowledge of child neglect and to shape the field. Nonetheless, challenges for research on child neglect remain, including the changing demographics of the nation and health disparities. Evidenced-based early interventions and treatments may be an opportunity for prevention of child neglect and improving child welfare services, particularly in an era of health care reform. Developmental researchers across the translational pipeline are encouraged to integrate child neglect research in future studies to inform prevention, treatment and policy efforts for the improved health and well-being of children, families and communities.
Change in Tobacco Use Over Time in Urban Indian Youth
Authors: Mathur Charu , Stigler Melissa H. , Erickson Darin J. , Perry Cheryl L. , Finnegan Jonn R. , Arora Monika , Reddy K. Srinath
Published: February 2013

This study investigates socioeconomic differences in patterns and trends of tobacco consumption over time among youth in India. Additionally, the distribution of tobacco use risk factors across social class was examined. The data were derived from a longitudinal study of adolescents, Project Mobilizing Youth for Tobacco Related Initiatives. Students in eight private (high socioeconomic status [SES; n = 2,881) and eight government (lower SES; n = 5,476) schools in two large cities in India (Delhi and Chennai) were surveyed annually about their tobacco use and related psychosocial risk factors from 2004 to 2006. Results suggest the relationship between SES and tobacco use over time was not consistent. At baseline (in 2004), lower SES was associated with higher prevalence of tobacco use but the relation between SES and tobacco use reversed 2 years later (2006). These findings were mirrored in the distribution of related psychosocial risk factors by SES at baseline (in 2004), and thereafter in 2006. Implications for prevention scientists and future intervention programs are considered.
The Yield of Abnormal Unfertilized Eggs Observed after Repeated Gonadotrophin-Induced Ovulation
Authors: Kanayama K , Osada H
Published: February 2013

This study investigated whether or not the yield of abnormal eggs produced after repeatedly induced ovulation could be reduced by increasing the interval between gonadotrophin (GTH) administrations. Ovulation was induced, in a mouse model, by subcutaneous injection of pregnant mare serum GTH and human chorionic GTH given once ( n = 10), twice ( n = 10), three times ( n = 10) or four times ( n = 10) at intervals of 5 days. In 30 further mice, a fifth induction was performed either 5 ( n = 10), 10 ( n = 10) or 20 days ( n = 10) following the fourth injection. Oviducts were examined microscopically, and the eggs were counted and examined for morphological abnormalities. In the mice who had received four GTH treatments, 33.3% (12 of 36) of the eggs were abnormal. After the fifth induced ovulation performed after an interval of 5, 10 or 20 days, the yield of abnormal eggs was 50.0% (five of 10), 23.1% (nine of 39) and 15.2% (seven of 46), respectively. These results indicate that prolongation of the interval between GTH administrations reduced the yield of abnormal eggs produced following repeatedly induced ovulation.
Cetirizine and Loratadine: A Comparison Using the ED50 in Skin Reactions
Authors: Ramboer I , Bumbacea R , Lazarescu D , Radu JR
Published: February 2013

To quantify objectively the comparative potencies of the antihistamines, loratadine and cetirizine, we determined the dose that inhibits histamine-induced skin reactions by 50% of the maximum response (ED50) for each drug. Cetirizine at 2.5, 5 or 10 mg, loratadine at 10, 20 or 40 mg or placebo were given to 14 healthy female subjects in a randomized double-blind crossover design. Inhibition of the wheal and flare response to the histamine prick test (10, 100 and 500 mg/ml) was evaluated. Depending on the histamine concentrations, the ED50 for wheals were in the ranges 4.3–4.7, 2.1–2.2 and 1.7–1.9 mg cetirizine, 2, 4 and 6 h after dosing, respectively. For loratadine, the ED50 for wheals were in the ranges 35.6 – > 40, 9.1–24.1 and 9.1–13.9 mg, 2, 4 and 6 h after dosing, respectively. Calculation of the ED50 demonstrated that, on average, cetirizine is seven to nine times more potent than loratadine at inhibiting wheal and flare reactions.
Standard Melatonin Intake and Circadian Rhythms of Elite Athletes after a Transmeridian Flight
Authors: Manfredini R , Manfredini F , Conconi F
Published: February 2013

Many transmeridian travellers, including top athletes, regularly take melatonin to reduce negative jet lag symptoms. Standard (rather than individually tailored) doses are often used. We examined the effects of a standard dose of melatonin on the body temperature rhythms of 12 elite biathletes (eight men and four women) after an eastward transmeridian flight to an international competition. The different effects on body temperature rhythms in men versus women underscore the need for personalized dosing schedules to avoid potential undesirable consequences.
Epidemiological Aspects of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections in Italy: A National Survey
Authors: Alvaro G , Zuccotti GV
Published: February 2013

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory infections such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia in babies and children, producing serious infections and short- to medium-term complications. We conducted a survey, using a questionnaire, to determine the opinions of paediatricians on the geographical and seasonal distribution, and the clinical impact of RSV in Italy. Of the 344 paediatricians who responded, 66% had admitted children affected by RSV into their department, and 38% of these had admitted more than 10 cases during the preceding year. According to those interviewed, newborn babies of lowest gestational age were most often affected. The children considered to be at highest risk of severe infection were those with bronchodysplasia, immunodeficiencies or congenital heart disease; most admissions (87%) were attributed to bronchiolitis. In southern Italy and the islands RSV appeared later and persisted later into the year than in central and northern Italy. Most paediatricians (79%) considered the available treatments for serious RSV ineffective but only half were aware of the possibility of immunoprophylaxis against RSV.

Il virus respiratorio sinciziale (RSV) è una causa importante di infezioni respiratorie del lattante, come bronchioliti e polmoniti, che possono produrre gravi complicanze a breve e medio termine. Abbiamo condotto un'indagine utilizzando un questionario per conoscere l'opinione dei pediatri a livello di diffusione geografica e stagionale e per conoscere l'impatto clinico dell'RSV in Italia. Il 66% dei 344 pediatri che hanno risposto, ha ammesso la presenza di bambini affetti da RSV nella loro divisione e il 38% dei pediatri suddetti ha segnalato oltre 10 casi nell'ultimo anno. Secondo i pediatri intervistati, i neonati di più bassa età gestazionale sono quelli più spesso colpiti. I bambini considerati a massimo rischio di contrarre una grave infezione sono stati quelli affetti da broncodisplasia, immunodeficienze o cardiopatie congenite; la maggior parte delle degenze ospedaliere (87%) è stata attribuita alla bronchiolite. Nell'Italia meridionale e nelle isole l'RSV è sembrato comparire più tardi e persistere più a lungo nel corso dell'anno rispetto all'Italia centrale e settentrionale. La maggior parte dei pediatri (il 79%) considerava come inefficaci i trattamenti contro casi gravi di RSV, mentre solo una metà dei pediatri suddetti era a conoscenza della possibilità di immunoprofilassi contro la RSV.
Mutagenicity of Helicobacter Pylori in the Ames Test Using Salmonella Typhimurium TA100
Authors: Kaneko T , Kawakami Y , Akamatsu T , Kiyosawa K , Katsuyama T
Published: February 2013

Infection with Helicobacter pylori has been recognized as a risk factor for gastric cancer, although it is still unclear whether strains of this organism behave as carcinogens. We have studied 30 H. pylori clinical isolates from 15 patients with gastric cancer and 15 patients with other gastroduodenal diseases. Bacterial pellet and supernatant fluid of broth cultures were tested for mutagenicity by means of the Ames test using the pre-incubation technique. The average Ames ratio was 1.111 in the bacterial pellet and 1.312 in the supernatant of strains from the gastric-cancer group, and 0.858 and 0.950 in those from the non-gastric-cancer group, respectively. The strains from the gastric-cancer group had a significantly higher ratio than those from the non-gastric-cancer group, although all results were below the cut-off ratio of the Ames test, and were thus regarded as having no mutagenicity. The Ames ratio of the supernatant was higher than that of the bacterial pellet in both groups. The results indicate that all of the H. pylori strains tested revealed no mutagenicity, but the difference in Ames ratio between strains might reflect differences in genotoxicity between the strains.
The Association of Low Serum Cholesterol with Depression and Suicidal Behaviours: New Hypotheses for the Missing Link
Authors: Manfredini R , Caracciolo S , Salmi R , Boari B , Tomelli A , Gallerani M
Published: February 2013

Several observational studies indicate that reduction of serum cholesterol levels is related to an increase in violent deaths and suicide but the nature of this possible relationship remains unclear. Many confounding factors, e.g. poor health, depression and loss of appetite may play a role in the apparent relationship between serum cholesterol levels and suicide. Two separate phenomena should be considered: lowering total cholesterol and low total cholesterol. This review considers the evidence from epidemiological studies on serum cholesterol lowering and psychiatric disturbances. The available evidence does not seem to substantiate the view that large-scale intervention to reduce cholesterol concentrations could lead to more violent and aggressive behaviour, and generally greater unhappiness. In recent trials using statin treatment, there were slightly fewer deaths from accidents and suicide in the treated group compared with the placebo group. We believe that clinicians should not be deterred from prescribing cholesterol-lowering drugs, to reduce the risk of death from coronary heart disease, when they are indicated.
Suppressive Effect of Sarpogrelate Hydrochloride on Respiratory Failure and Right Ventricular Failure with Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Kato S , Kishiro I , Machida M , Fuse D , Yoshida T , Kaneko N
Published: February 2013

We evaluated the effect of 12 months of 300-mg oral sarpogrelate hydrochloride (SH) once daily on the symptoms of Raynaud's phenomenon, respiratory failure and cardiac function in seven patients with systemic sclerosis. Arterial blood gases, pulmonary function, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), white blood cell count, C-reactive protein and the plasma concentrations of fibrinopeptide A, β-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4 and thrombomodulin were evaluated before and 2 and 12 months after SH administration. After 2 and 12 months of SH administration, a significant decrease was found in the frequency and duration of Raynaud's phenomenon, as well as the coldness, numbness and pain of Raynaud's phenomenon. Respiratory failure, as estimated by Hugh-Jones classification, was significantly decreased, whereas the percentage carbon monoxide diffusion capacity was significantly increased. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased significantly, as did plasma fibrinopeptide A, ß-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4. There was no significant change in LVEF after 2 or 12 months, but after 12 months of SH administration, RVEF increased significantly. In conclusion, use of SH may prevent Raynaud's phenomenon, respiratory failure and right ventricular failure in patients with systemic sclerosis.
Autologous Serum Deprivation Restored IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients with Gastric Cancer
Authors: Shimamura H , Iwagaki H , Gouchi A , Morimoto Y , Ariki N , Funaki M , Tanaka N
Published: February 2013

It has been established that cancer patients have immunosuppressive substances in their sera that depress cellular immunity. Although plasma exchanges have been attempted to remove these substances and to improve immunity to cancer, little is known about its mechanism from the viewpoint of cytokine pattern. The levels of the cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, interferon-γ and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were determined simultaneously by the whole-blood assay and the PBMC assay in 20 patients with gastric cancer and in 10 healthy volunteers. In both assays the cytokine levels were lower in patients with cancer compared with healthy controls, with the exception of IL-1ra. In the PBMC assay, the IL-1ra level in cancer patients was significantly higher than that in controls. No statistical correlation between the cytokine levels determined by the two assays was found. We suggest that autologous serum deprivation restored and enhanced IL-1ra production, and normalized the cytokine cascade in immune response, in patients with gastric cancer.