bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AND TRICRESOL ON THE VITAMIN A CONTENT OF THE BLOOD AND LIVER OF THE CHICKEN
Authors: Maw W. A. , Nikolaiczuk N.
Published: April 2011

That preservatives in perishable biological extracts may specifically alter physiological function cannot be precluded in the analysis of experimental results. Whereas 15% ethyl alcohol is shown to significantly lower both vitamin A and carotene concentrations of the liver in growing chickens, little effect is manifest upon similar blood constituents; 0.1% and 1.0% levels of tricresol were without effect upon either vitamin A or carotene in blood or liver, but prompted a pronounced increase in total mean body weight of 30% above the control; alcohol slightly depressed gains. Both preservative materials under study markedly reduced the amount of carotenoids in the shank skins. The extent of such effects in herein reported.
PRESERVATION OF EGGS. I.: TREATMENTS FOR MAINTAINING QUALITY IN SHELL EGGS AT ORDINARY TEMPERATURES
Authors: Rosser F. T. , White W. H. , Woodcock A. H. , Fletcher D. A.
Published: April 2011

Cultural studies demonstrated the fungicidal value of urea and dimethylol urea and the effectiveness of the vapours of certain volatile solids as mould growth inhibitors. A method for preparing sterile artificial eggs for mould studies was developed.Investigations on 21 treatments for preserving eggs at high temperatures indicated that the best results would be obtained by the following procedure: conditioning with carbon dioxide to lower the pH, treating shell surfaces with a disinfectant to reduce contamination followed by effective sealing, preferably with a substance having properties that would prevent both growth and entrance of contaminants during subsequent storage. Dimethylol urea was the most effective growth inhibitor for micro-organisms and vaseline proved to be the best sealing agent. Satisfactory results were obtained by dipping eggs in polyvinyl alcohol treated with dimethylol urea and by packing oil dipped eggs in moisture resistant bags.
THE EFFECT OF ASPHYXIATION UNDER VARIOUS TENSIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE SWIM BLADDER GASES OF SOME FRESHWATER FISH
Authors: Black Virginia Safford
Published: April 2011

Freshwater physostomous fish, possessing open swim bladders (dace, sucker, chub, bullhead, trout), and physoclistous fish, having closed swim bladders (perch, bass, pumpkin-seed, stickleback), were sealed in bottles of water saturated with air and containing various amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide. After asphyxiation, an analysis of the swim bladder gases showed that the swim bladder had gained some carbon dioxide and lost some oxygen. Fish with closed swim bladders possessing retia mirabilia and ovals, vascular networks that facilitate gas exchange, show a markedly greater exchange of gases during the experiments than fish with open swim bladders which have no intensely vascular regions on the swim bladder wall. The oxygen that leaves the swim bladder during asphyxiation is probably of no significant value to the fish for respiration.
FLUORESCENCE AS A MEASUREMENT OF QUALITY IN DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER
Authors: Pearce J. A. , Thistle M. W.
Published: April 2011

Quality in dried whole egg powder may be objectively assessed by measurement of the fluorescence of a potassium chloride extract of the egg powder after defatting with chloroform. Measurements on a large number of samples of widely varying quality showed that the fluorescence readings were closely correlated with quality ratings assigned by flavour panels. The method attains a satisfactory level of precision, and can be standardized objectively with quinine sulphate.
THE HAEMOLYTIG ACTION OF PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Collier H. Bruce , Allen Della E.
Published: April 2011

The haemolysis of horse erythrocytes by saponin or by lysolecithin, in vitro, is powerfully accelerated in the presence of phenothiazone, thiazine S-methyl sulphonium perchlorate, and especially the urinary conjugate, potassium leucophenothiazone sulphate. Bile salt haemolysis is only slightly affected.Sheep cells are more resistant to haemolysis and to its acceleration by these derivatives.Phenothiazone does not produce photodynamic haemolysis.This acceleration of haemolysis is suggested as an explanation of the haemolytic anaemia frequently observed in some species after treatment with phenothiazine.
EFFECT OF SURFACE ON CATHODE POLARIZATION DURING THE ELECTRODEPOSITION OF COPPER
Authors: Gauvin W. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

Measurements in a modified Haring cell have shown that at current densities above approximately 0.6 amp. per dm.2, definite values of the cathode polarization are attained during the electrodeposition of copper from acid copper sulphate solutions, providing sufficient time is allowed for the cathode surface to attain a steady state corresponding to the conditions of electrolysis. At lower current densities, the base metal structure is perpetuated in the deposit, and the cathode polarization will depend upon the surface condition of the electrode initially. The results account for the lack of agreement in polarization values obtained by different workers using the Haring cell, and indicate that crystal size is fundamentally related to true current density, rather than to cathode polarization. A method is outlined for obtaining reproducible cathode-polarization–current-density curves, substantially corresponding to steady state values.
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF SOME TURNER VALLEY CRUDE OILS
Authors: May W. G. , Miners K. A. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

Crude oils from eight wells in Turner Valley have been distilled in Stedman columns. Graphs of boiling point vs. volume distilled, refractive index vs. boiling point, and specific refractivity vs. boiling point are presented.
THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF VINYL ETHYL ETHER
Authors: Wang Sheng-Nien , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

Over the temperature range 377° to 448 °C, vinyl ethyl ether has been found to decompose by a first order reaction to give ethylene and acetaldehyde, at a rate given by[Formula: see text]The reaction is capable of sensitizing the decomposition of acetaldehyde and the polymerization of ethylene; this indicates that free radicals are produced during the decomposition of the ether.Nitric oxide exerts virtually no effect upon the rate of ether decomposition, although it does reduce the rates of pressure change of ether-acetaldehyde mixtures to those corresponding to ether decomposition alone.It is suggested that the decomposition of vinyl ethyl ether occurs essentially through a rearrangement mechanism, and that free radicals do not play an important part, owing possibly to the inhibiting character of this unsaturated ether.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XXXVII. DACTYLICAPNOS MACROCAPNOS HUTCHINSON
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Dactylicapnos macrocapnos Hutchinson is the first plant of the genus Dactylicapnos Wall, that has been chemically examined. Only three known alkaloids were found, namely, protopine, allocryptopine, and stylopine. Phenolic alkaloids were absent.
A COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FAT-PEROXIDES AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE STUDY OF THE KEEPING QUALITY OF MILK POWDERS
Authors: Chapman R. A. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

A colorimetric method based on the oxidation of ferrous to ferric iron and the determination of the latter as ferric thiocyanate has been found suitable for the estimation of fat-peroxides in milk powder. To an acetone extract of milk powder is added a solution consisting of 0.1% of ferrous ammonium sulphate and 0.4% of ammonium thiocyanate in 96% acetone, and the colour is developed by heating. The intensity of the red colour is measured with a Coleman spectrophotometer and is found to bear a close relation to the keeping quality of the milk powder. Peroxide values determined by this method are considerably higher than those obtained by an iodimetric procedure (4).
THE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND ITS AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Giguère Paul A.
Published: April 2011

The refractive indices of aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide for the C-, F-, and G-lines of hydrogen and the sodium D-line have been measured over the whole range of concentration at four temperatures: 16°, 20°, 24°, and 28 °C. The results obtained with the hydrogen lines are somewhat different from those of Cuthbertson and Maass. A possible explanation of this discrepancy is given. By extrapolation it was found that for pure hydrogen peroxide nD = 1.4087 at 20°, a value in good agreement with previous determinations. The refractive index affords a rapid and fairly accurate method for determining the concentration of solutions of hydrogen peroxide.
THE RUBBER HYDROCARBON OF ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA L.
Authors: Paul E. B. , Blakers A. L. , Watson R. W.
Published: April 2011

Milkweed latex collected in mid-July was coagulated in acetone, the coagulum purified, and the rubber examined by chemical and X-ray diffraction methods. Chromic acid oxidation analyses indicate that the monomer is isoprene. The X-ray evidence verifies these results and, further, fixes the polymer as the cis-configuration (rubber) as opposed to the trans-configuration (gutta-percha) of polyisoprene.The solvent-extracted rubber from the leaves appears from the chromic acid oxidation results to be isoprene, but so far no polyisoprene diffraction diagram has been obtained. It is therefore likely that the solvent-extracted leaf rubber is an isoprene polymer of low molecular weight.
DIURNAL CHANGES IN THE CARBOHYDRATES OF WHEAT LEAVES
Authors: Krotkov G.
Published: April 2011

Data are presented on the diurnal variations in the sugars of wheat leave, as well as on changes in the sugar content of detached and attached leaves, which were taken progressively during the 24 hr. and were starved under the adopted standardized conditions.It was found that in some samples of leaves there was a considerable decrease in their sugars under the conditions of starvation, but on the other hand leaf samples taken either in the first part of a day, or after sunset, usually contained more sugars after starvation than before it. This last observation suggested a considerable hydrolysis of some complex substances in leaves, with the consequent appearance of sugars. From the analysis of the data obtained it was concluded that the observed diurnal variations in the extent of hydrolysis, synthesis, or in translocation of sugars are greatly influenced by the conditions of illumination.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL ON THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF STORED WHEAT
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel , Babbitt J. D. , Meredith W. O. S.
Published: April 2011

Local increases in the moisture content of dry wheat stored in country elevator annexes have occasionally been observed in Western Canada. A laboratory experiment suggests that the chief cause is a temperature differential established during the winter. The air in the warmer parts of the grain contains a greater quantity of water vapour than that in the colder, and moisture is transferred either by diffusion or by the convective movement of the air as a whole. A temperature difference of 35 °C, across 6 ft. of grain having an initial moisture content of 14.6%, caused the moisture content at the cold end (0 °C.) to rise to over 20% in 316 days. The experiment indicates that this movement of moisture is a slow process and that equilibrium conditions are never established for any practical length of time or mass of wheat.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: II. EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON QUALITY
Authors: White W. Harold , Thistle M. W.
Published: April 2011

The effect on quality of heating dried egg powders from two Canadian plants at temperatures ranging from 26.7° to 60.0 °C. for periods of from three hours to seven days was investigated. Quality of the treated powders was assessed by determination of the fluorescence, potassium chloride, and water values and the pH and refractive indices of the potassium chloride and aqueous extracts.The rate of deterioration of quality was on the average usually greatest on heating for one day at temperatures of 43.3 °C. and higher. However, some change was observed even at 26.7 °C. after one day. The powders from the two plants behaved similarly. Interpretation of the results in terms of the rate at which egg powder should be cooled after drying indicated that a temperature of 26.7 °C. or less should be attained within three hours if deterioration in quality is to be prevented.
STUDIES OF WATERFOWL IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: MALLARD
Authors: Munro J. A.
Published: April 2011

Anas platyrhynchos is widely distributed along the Pacific coast. The main winter range extends from coastal Alaska to northern California with the greatest concentration in the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia and adjacent counties in Washington State. To this coastal plain come summer populations from interior British Columbia, Alberta, Yukon Territory, and Alaska. Here also is a relatively small resident population. A winter population in the interior is increasing in numbers. Migration routes follow the coast and the main river systems, the latter leading to a wide highway of dispersal along the interior plateaux. Band recoveries identify these migration highways and the seasonal movements; they show that mallards follow the same general routes, return in successive years to the same wintering grounds and that population units remain together. On the southern coast nesting commences early and downy young have been seen in March and April. In the interior the majority nest in May and many different types of nesting habitats are occupied. Males leave the females after incubation has started and by early June many, still in full breeding plumage, have gathered in flocks. Subsequently as males start to eclipse they become less gregarious. When the flight feathers are renewed the males again assemble in flocks that later are joined by females and flying young. On the coast one winter population feeds chiefly on seeds and vegetation, secured on flooded fields; another feeds exclusively on salmon eggs and salmon flesh; a third, occupying the littoral, on algae and small marine animals. In the interior the seeds of aquatic plants, more particularly Scirpus acutus and Potamogeton pectinatus are important foods, so are aquatic insects chiefly Odonata nymphs and corixids. One population in autumn lives almost entirely on grain secured from the fields. The mallard is the duck species of greatest economic importance in British Columbia and the source of a considerable item of revenue to the province. This value is believed to outweigh an economic loss of undetermined proportion brought about by the mallards' consumption of salmon eggs and damage to agricultural crops.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: VI. EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND GAS PACKING ON KEEPING QUALITY
Authors: White W. Harold , Thistle M. W. , Reid Margaret
Published: April 2011

Dried whole egg powders were obtained from three different manufacturers and stored at temperatures ranging from 7.1° to 32.1 °C. for periods up to six months. Quality was assessed by determination of fluorescence and potassium chloride values. At 23.8 °C. the rate of deterioration was comparatively rapid; at 32.1 °C. it was markedly so. To maintain quality during storage and transport dried egg should be stored at a temperature of 15.6 °C. or lower.The effect on keeping quality of packing in nitrogen, carbon dioxide, in vacuo, or in the form of compressed tablets was studied. Carbon dioxide alone had beneficial effect.
A VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER USING A PRE-SATURATION DIODE AS LOAD
Authors: Durnford A. M. I. A. W.
Published: April 2011

Pre-saturation characteristics for various types of diodes indicate that for constant plate voltage, the product of plate current and plate resistance is constant for each diode. (idrpd = K). For different diodes, the value of K varies from 200 to 700 v. for a plate voltage of 125 v. Tubes with thoriated tungsten cathodes have the highest K values, with K proportional to plate voltage which renders the logarithmic characteristics linear and parallel. The pre-saturation diode when used as a load provides a high resistance that does not require an exceedingly large supply voltage. If the quiescent plate voltage, Ebo, is kept constant, the effective load lines converge at a common point, the voltage of which represents a virtual supply voltage equal to Ebo + K. Voltage gain and maximum distortionless output are both greater than when a fixed resistance is used as load. Variation of the filament current of the diode, or of a self-bias resistor, provides a distortionless gain control. The gain is almost constant for frequencies less than 300 c.p.s. but for higher frequencies drops more rapidly.
UNDERCOOLING AND RATE OF CONDENSATION IN STEAM
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

The first and most difficult stage in the condensation of water vapour is the increase in the size of the drops until their radius satisfies the Kelvin–Helmholtz equation for the degree of undercooling or supersaturation reached at the temperature Tc of the vapour; the second stage is the increase in size by continued addition of molecules until the vapour pressure p(v) of the drop containing v molecules approaches the pressure p∞ exerted at the same temperature by a pool of water. A gradual enlargement to visible drops follows. Consideration of the number of collisions of the molecules with the drops forming at the vapour pressure pc of steam, and the loss of molecules by virtue of the higher vapour pressure of small drops leads to the conclusion that at condensation temperatures between 0° and 50 °C. the centres of condensation in the absence of dust or ions contain fewer than a hundred molecules. When the degree of supersaturation corresponds to larger drops, condensation is bound to fail. The conclusion drawn from the theory is confirmed by the values obtained in the tests with flowing steam and with cloud chambers. At higher temperatures larger drops act as nuclei. The growth in the second stage is also extremely rapid, at least until the radius equals in size the wave-length of visible radiation. Water drops of this size, that is, drops that produce coloured diffraction rings, behave as large drops. The heat of condensation may furnish part of the work to be performed against the surface tension.
RESEARCHES ON DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN SPRING WHEAT: III. SIZE AND FREQUENCY OF STOMATA IN VARIETIES OFTRITICUM VULGAREAND OTHERTRITICUMSPECIES
Authors: Birdsall J. E. , Neatby K. W.
Published: April 2011

Significant differences between varieties and hybrid strains of Triticum vulgare with respect to the length and frequency of stomata per unit area are established. In studies involving 12 different species and four different chromosome numbers, it is demonstrated that increasing chromosome number is associated with larger and fewer stomata. Both between species and between varieties within species, a negative relation between size and frequency of stomata is demonstrated. Data on stomata were studied in relation to yield of grain under field conditions by means of the correlation coefficient. Significant relations are established and it is concluded that stomatal determinations may be of use in selecting for high yield.
STUDIES WITH BACILLUS POLYMYXA: III. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Katznelson H. , Lochhead A. G.
Published: April 2011

Eighty-two strains of Bacillus polymyxa grew in a medium consisting of inorganic salts, glucose, and casein hydrolysate only when biotin was added, hence this growth factor may be considered essential. Thiamin stimulated growth of some strains but inhibited others whereas pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and inositol were without effect. Casein hydrolysate was replaceable by urea, ammonium sulphate, and a mixture of 18 amino hydrolysed acids, but with a few exceptions these substances were not as effective as the protein. Potassium nitrate and asparagine were poor sources of nitrogen. Yeast extract, in a medium containing only glucose and inorganic salts, was superior to all other substances tested in its stimulatory effect on B. polymyxa.
SPECIES VARIATION IN NORMAL BLOOD LIPIDS ESTIMATED BY OXIDATIVE MICROMETHODS
Authors: Boyd Eldon M.
Published: April 2011

The blood plasma of 10 healthy bullfrogs and of 15 healthy, adult dogs was analysed for lipids by oxidative micromethods. The lipid content of the blood plasma of bullfrogs was found to be low and of the order of that found previously in guinea-pigs with, in addition, the peculiar feature that no neutral fat was present. The lipid content of the blood plasma of the dog, on the other hand, was found to be high, higher even than is found in man. The lipid composition of blood plasma in bullfrogs and dogs was then compared with corresponding values previously determined by the author, using the same technique, in guinea-pigs, albino rats, rabbits, cows, cats, cockerels, and man. Data are also presented upon the concentration of lipids in the red blood cells of bullfrogs and these are compared with corresponding values previously found in rabbits, man, and guinea-pigs.
RESPIRATION OF WHOLE AND DEHULLED SUNFLOWERSEED AND OF FLAXSEED
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Sallans H. R. , Craig B. M.
Published: April 2011

The effects of various moisture contents on carbon dioxide production of whole and dehulled sunflowerseed and of flaxseed were studied. The safe moisture limit for straight grading of whole, undamaged sunflowerseed intended for bulk storage was estimated to be 9.5%; for dehulled sunflowerseed it appears that 6% must be regarded as a maximum moisture for safe storage.
RESIN–RUBBER FROM CANADIAN GROWN PLANTS: I. VARIATION IN SELECTED GENERA
Authors: Watson R. W. , Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

The common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L. was selected from the most promising native genera as the only species with a resin–rubber content high enough to warrant extraction studies. Rubber is concentrated in the leaves. Drying milkweed under glass in air and full daylight at temperatures up to 60 °C. does not reduce the rubber content. Concentrates are produced by fermentative decomposition. There is a gradual increase in the leaf rubber content during the growing season, with a maximum of about 3.5% in late September in the Ottawa district.
THE DELINEATION OF RETINAL ZONES WITH DARK TUBE VISION
Authors: Allen Frank
Published: April 2011

In this communication there is described the effect of increasing the stimulated area of the central or foveal part of the retina upon the critical frequency of flicker. In order to do this, the vision of one eye—the right—was directed through a long black tube at a screen of constant brightness, the different areas stimulated being obtained and measured by using holes of various diameters in black paper placed over the far end of the tube. Between this end of the tube and the screen was a rotating sectored disk with which the fusion frequency was obtained and measured.It was found that the graph obtained by plotting the measurements has three breaks in it which correspond to the five central retinal zones delineated by histologists It was also found that the fusion frequencies are proportional to the logarithms of the diameters (or areas) of the retinal zones; or primarily, to the number of cones stimulated.A similar set of measurements was made on the periphery of the retina which showed both similarities to and differences from the central or foveal effects.
DISCONTINUOUS MOTION OF AN ELECTRIC PARTICLE
Authors: Watson W. H.
Published: April 2011

At the outset this paper deals with a world-track which consists of a discrete series of events at which the particle may be found. The electric potential may change very rapidly in the vicinity of the null-cone with its vertex at the point–instant singularity, without requiring the usual electric current to sustain the wave of potential, provided that the electromagnetic field tensor is revised in accordance with equations previously proposed (5) to represent the non-optical radiation of energy and momentum. Such forms of potential represent the switching on and off of charge. Inertial mass, energy, and momentum are associated with the wave. Different possibilities for discontinuous motion of an electric particle occur, depending on the modes of its successive creations and annihilations.The model discussed exhibits the essential separation of space–time into two regions, in one of which the field is static and in the other it vanishes, and leads to new insight into the structure of electromagnetic field singularities as boundaries of the field which we may think of as propagated like electromagnetic waves in a wave-guide.Connection of these ideas with quantum theory is briefly discussed.
ABSORPTION OF THERMAL NEUTRONS IN INDIUM
Authors: Feeny H.
Published: April 2011

Absorption of thermal neutrons by indium leads to the formation of three radioactive periods, whose half-lives are 13 sec., 54 min., and 48 days. The relative contributions of these periods to the total capture cross-section of indium for thermal neutrons has been measured and found to be 37, 58, and 5%, respectively.
SYNTHESIS OF SULPHANILYLTHIOUREA AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Leitch Leonard C. , Baker Bruce E. , Brickman Leo
Published: April 2011

A number of attempts to prepare sulphanilylthiourea are described. The synthesis was accomplished by reacting acetylsulphanilylcyanamide with hydrogen sulphide under pressure and at elevated temperatures to form acetylsulphanilylthiourea, which was deacetylated to sulphanilylthiourea. This compound was also prepared directly from sulphanilylcyanamide and ammonium sulphide in a sealed tube. Acetylsulphaguanidine was prepared in an analogous manner by replacing the hydrogen sulphide with ammonium chloride. The conversion of acetylsulphanilylthiourea to sulphathiazole is described.
THE APPLICATION OF 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE TO THE ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS: DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM IN THE PRESENCE OF MANGANESE AND NICKEL
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Shehyn Henri
Published: April 2011

The application of the precipitation of magnesium with oxine in tartro–sodic medium to the analysis of aluminium alloys has been studied from the standpoint of possible interference from other constituents of the alloys and especially manganese and nickel. In the presence of manganese in amounts not exceeding 8.0 mgm. per 100 ml. of solution, magnesium can be successfully determined provided sodium chloride is not present. With amounts of sodium chloride exceeding 6 gm. and manganese over 6 mgm. per 100 ml. of solution, a salting-out of manganese oxinate definitely takes place which leads to high results for magnesium. This interference can be eliminated by preventing the formation of appreciable amounts of sodium chloride by evaporating off hydrochloric acid before adjusting the pH for the precipitation of magnesium oxinate. Nickel in amounts exceeding 2.5 mgm. per 100 ml. of solution interferes by co-precipitation of nickel oxinate, which is adsorbed on the magnesium oxinate and finally leads to high values for magnesium. For this reason, nickel must be removed by means of an ammonium sulphide separation for which a short method is described. With these modifications the precipitation of magnesium with oxine in tartro–sodic medium provides a rapid and accurate method of determining this element in aluminium alloys.
CINÉTIQUE DE LA RÉACTION DE L'AMMONIAC AVEC LE CHLORURE D'ARGENT
Authors: Ouellet C.
Published: April 2011

not available
RESPONSES OF PLANT STEM CUTTINGS TREATED WITH CHEMICALS IN A CARRIER DUST
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Plant stem cuttings were treated in a factorial series with talc dusts containing naphthylbutyric acid, nutrient salts, an organic mercurial disinfectant, finely divided silver metal, thiamin, and nicotinic acid. Naphthylbutyric acid treatment increased the number of roots for cuttings of Physocarpus and Iresine and reduced the mean root length of Lonicera. Nutrient salt treatment increased the number of roots on Iresine cuttings and the mean root length of Lonicera. Differential effects were found for treatments with naphthylbutyric acid and each of organic mercury, metallic silver, and nutrient salts. Organic mercury at 50 p.p.m. and metallic silver at 5000 p.p.m. were similar in their effects. Thiamin and nicotinic acid had no significant effect on the rooting responses.Naphthylacetic acid was prepared in talc at concentrations of 4000, 2000, 1000, and 500 p.p.m. and indolylbutyric, naphthylbutyric acids, and potassium naphthylhexoate at molecularly equivalent concentrations. When applied in a talc carrier dust to cuttings of seven species naphthylacetic and indolylbutyric acids were substantially similar in their effects while naphthylbutyric acid and potassium naphthylhexoate showed a lower order of physiological activity. Effects of chemicals judged by the rooting responses of cuttings tended to be similar over the concentration range. On the average, the 4000 p.p.m. dosage was injurious, while the two lowest dosages failed to differ in effects between themselves.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: XIII. ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: Grace N. H. , Farrar J. L.
Published: April 2011

Greenhouse propagation of Norway spruce cuttings in various media containing sand and peats resulted in 80% rooting in a peat-humus–sand medium. Canadian peat moss and Swedish peat media were inferior but the weekly addition of potassium acid phosphate and magnesium sulphate solutions to a Swedish peat medium resulted in the rooting of 96% of the cuttings. Beneficial effects of peat humus were related to available nutrient materials. Peat humus extracted with methyl alcohol and acetic acid did not affect rooting, but sodium hydroxide extraction, hot water extraction, and air drying at 110 °C. were harmful. Propagation under suboptimum conditions disclosed markedly beneficial effects from mixtures and mulches of peats, soil, and active silica, the active silica being particularly favourable in the mulched condition.Medium cuttings, 3 to 6 in. long, rooted 96%, and long cuttings, 6 to 10 in., 71%. Uncovered cuttings and those covered with celloglass were superior in their responses to those under either cheesecloth or factory cotton screens.Plant hormone chemicals, when applied in a talc carrier dust, tended to reduce rooting of Norway spruce cuttings; the injurious effects increased progressively with concentration over the range from 500 to 4000 p.p.m. Indolylbutyric acid showed neither damaging nor beneficial effects. Naphthylbutyric acid and potassium naphthylhexoate, while similar in effect, tended to be less injurious than naphthylacetic acid when used over a range of equivalent molecular concentrations. Application of naphthylbutyric acid at the 2000 p.p.m. level in a charcoal carrier resulted in rooting of 98% of the cuttings. Mean root length was increased by the application of 50 p.p.m. each of thiamin and nicotinic acid. While nutrient salts and naphthylbutyric acid, each separately, tended to reduce mean root length, the combination had no injurious effect.
A SUCTION TYPE OF ELECTRODE FOR ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
Authors: Rice Harold V.
Published: April 2011

A simple and serviceable type of electrode for electroencephalography is described. Its main advantages are the ease and speed with which it can be applied, and its reliability. Its use permits the application of 14 scalp leads to a patient in about 15 minutes or less. The construction and application of the electrode are described.
THE EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC IODIDES UPON THE OUTPUT OF RESPIRATORY TRACT FLUID
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Blanchaer M. C. , Copeland Joan , Jackson Shirley , Phin K. , Stevens Mary
Published: April 2011

In an investigation of the reputed expectorant action of iodides, some 300 to 400 rabbits and cats were urethanized and arranged for the collection of respiratory tract fluid (R.T.F.). Potassium iodide and the synthetic, organic iodides Siomine (N.N.R.), and Iod-Ethamine, given by stomach tube, significantly augmented the output of R.T.F. in doses comparable to the recommended human dose. Iodized proteins, such as Iodalbin (N.N.R.) and Iodo-Casein (N.N.R.), and iodized fatty acids or oils, such as Lipoiodine (N.N.R.), Iodo-starine (N.N.R.), Lipiodol (N.N.R.), Oridine (N.N.R.) Stearodine (N.N.R.), Sajodin (N.N.R.), and Iodicin, had no effect upon the volume output of R.T.F., even when given in a wide range of doses. The mechanism of expectorant action was studied with potassium iodide, which, when given to urethanized cats in which the anterior and posterior gastric branches of the vagus nerve had been severed, caused no increase in the output of R.T.F., proving that the expectorant action was by way of a reflex from the stomach, probably up the afferent vagus to the medulla oblongata and then down the efferent vagus to the bronchial glands. No evidence was found that the expectorant action of iodides was due to a direct effect upon the bronchial glands, but after giving potassium iodide and Iod-Ethamine to cats and rabbits, there followed a marked increase in the concentration of iodine-containing compounds in the R.T.F., and this latter may or may not account for the reputed mucus-liquefying effect of iodides.
THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF LOW-ACID VEGETABLES CANNED AT 212° F.: I. A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PROCESSING PROCEDURES
Authors: Garrard E. H. , Truscott J. H. L. , Conner J. W.
Published: April 2011

Low-acid vegetables were processed in a water-bath at 212° F. for one-half to three hours continuously and also intermittently, as in home canning. Peas, corn, and snap beans processed by these methods showed the presence of many types of surviving aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, but none showed spoilage when containers were effectively sealed. The same was found true for commercially canned products. The addition of 50% tomato juice to snap beans considerably reduced the number of bacterial survivors and made possible the greatest number of sterile containers, even with processing time of one and one-half hours.
AN APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE FOR STRESS CORROSION TESTING
Authors: Robertson W. D.
Published: April 2011

The design and operation of a large capacity, stress corrosion testing apparatus of the alternate immersion type for use in aluminium alloy development research is described. The testing procedure was established by investigation of the important controllable experimental variables, of which the following are discussed: (i) specimen preparation by etching in sodium hydroxide, decreasing in carbon tetrachloride, and oxide stripping with phosphoric acid inhibited by potassium dichromate; (ii) the shape of the specimen with reference to the effect of corrosion at edges as a source of erratic variation; (iii) the electrolyte concentration in both sodium chloride and hydrogen peroxide; (iv) the ratio of specimen surface to volume of electrolyte. A statistical analysis is made of the established routine procedure, and the components of variation contributed by the material and by the experimental procedure are separated and evaluated as a function of the magnitude of the corrosion. The sample size required to yield results reproducible within ± 10% is calculated for two levels of probability, P = 0.9 and P = 0.99, for various degrees of corrosion. A table of typical results is given for different alloys in various electrolytes.
PREPARATION OF IRISH MOSS EXTRACTS FOR USE AS A JELLING AND STABILIZING AGENT IN FOODS
Authors: Fulton C. O. , Metcalfe Miss B.
Published: April 2011

Bleached Irish moss suspended on 40-mesh screens was extracted three times with water at 212° F. (100 °C). The second and third extracts were used for extracting fresh batches and by this method solutions containing 1.5 to 1.8% solids were obtained. One percent of activated charcoal mixed with the solution by agitation with air for one-half hour adsorbed all detectable flavours and odours and most of the pigment. The charcoal and suspended plant particles were removed simultaneously by filtration at 50 to 60 lb. pressure with diatomaceous earth of relatively large particle size. Potassium chloride (0.5 gm. per 100 ml.) was added to the hot filtrate, which was then poured into galvanized iron trays allowed to gel, and frozen in air at 10° F. (− 12 °C). The ice was separated mechanically from the contracted sheet of jelly, which lost on the average 90% of the water. At room temperature the rubber-like contracted sheet of jelly was dried by means of a fan, to a residual moisture content of 8 to 10% in about two hours. The dried sheet was coarsely ground in a Wiley mill.The resulting product employed in jellied canned chicken was preferred to an agar-agar pack by a consumer's taste panel. In grape jelly it was not a complete substitute for pectin but was considered acceptable as a fruit jelly. In three standard desserts it was not as desirable as gelatine but was considered acceptable as a jellied dessert. The material was effective in stabilizing chocolate milk in the same concentration as a commercial product now on the market.
A LABORATORY HULLER FOR SUNFLOWER SEED AND OATS
Authors: Sallans H. R. , Sinclair G. D.
Published: April 2011

A laboratory huller of the centrifugal impact type is described and test data on sunflower seed and oats are given using percentage of seed hulled and meats broken as criteria of efficiency. It is shown that hulling efficiency is a function of impact velocity and moisture content of the seed. Low moisture levels give almost complete hulling with high meat breakage while higher moisture levels give practically no breakage of meats but lower levels of hulling.By selecting proper conditions of moisture and impact velocity it was possible to obtain 90 to 95% hulling with less than 10% of broken meats. It is suggested that improved efficiency might be obtained by flash drying to render the hulls more brittle without affecting the moisture level in the meats.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XXVII. EFFECT OF METHOD OF THAWING FROZEN PORK ON BACON QUALITY
Authors: White W. Harold , Grant G. A. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

Frozen Wiltshire sides were defrosted at temperatures of 4.4°, 12.6°, and 21.0 °C. (40°, 55°, and 70° F.) in water; curing pickle; 5, 15, and 30% brines; and in air at high and low relative humidity. Differences due to defrosting procedure were determined by measurement of the thawing period, changes in weight, content of moisture and curing salts, surface bacterial growth, peroxide oxygen formation in the fat, and colour quality and brightness of the lean meat. The effect of method of thawing on keeping quality during storage at − 1.1 °C. (30° F.) was also studied.While significant differences were observed between individual thawing treatments in the various criteria employed, few consistent trends could be distinguished between the three temperatures and the four types of media. However, in general it appeared that the more suitable procedures were those that effected thawing within a reasonable period of time. Unduly prolonged exposure to any of the conditions was usually undesirable.
ÉTUDES SUR LES NEUTRONS LENTS
Authors: Demers Pierre
Published: April 2011

not available
THE SOURCE OF ACIDITY OF FRESH MILK FROM JERSEY COWS
Authors: Robinson Allen D. , Samson Herbert S.
Published: April 2011

Thirty samples of Jersey milk were analysed for each of titratable acidity, free carbon dioxide, carbonates, citric acid and citrates, casein, lactalbumin and lactoglobulin, and inorganic phosphates. Partial correlation coefficients were calculated for titratable acidity with each of the other variables. The only significant one was that between titratable acidity and inorganic phosphates. Therefore it is concluded that inorganic phosphates are the primary cause of the acidity of fresh milk.
THE EFFECT OF SOLVENT AND TEMPERATURE ON THE VISCOSITY OF THE POLYSACCHARIDE OF IRISH MOSS AND THE EFFECT OF SOLVENT ON ITS INITIAL GELATION
Authors: Rice F. A. H.
Published: April 2011

The viscosity of aqueous extracts of Irish moss (Chondrus crispus) has been found to depend mainly on the concentration of the neutral salts present in the solution. Samples of dialyzed polysaccharide, however, show considerable variation. The relation between the specific viscosity and the concentration in dilute aqueous solutions and formamide is such that ηsp = acv + bcc2, where ηsp is the specific viscosity, cv the concentration, and both a and b are constants. In aqueous solution these constants are decreased by the addition of neutral salts. A rise in temperature causes a decrease in viscosity. This decrease is less rapid for solutions in formamide and aqueous solutions containing neutral salts. The effectiveness of individual salt solutions in promoting a decrease in viscosity coincides with their effect in producing precipitation of the polysaccharide. The order of decreasing effectiveness was: potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride. When the concentration of gelose is such that gelation takes place on standing, measurements of viscosity become irregular and are not reproducible. The concentration of gelose at which the regular viscosity measurements are obtained decreases with increasing concentration of neutral salts. The rigidity of the gels so formed also decreases. The firmness of a gel seemingly depends on the concentration and type of neutral salt, as well as on the intrinsic viscosity of the polysaccharide. The intrinsic viscosity is defined as: the limit of the specific viscosity as the concentration approaches zero.
A METHOD OF MEASURING THE STABILIZING POWER OF EXTRACTS OF IRISH MOSS
Authors: Rice F. A. H.
Published: April 2011

A method of measuring the stabilizing power of extracts of Irish moss has been developed. This is based on the quantity of calcium oxalate, expressed as grams per gram of dry extract, held in suspension under specific conditions. The logarithm of this quantity plotted against the concentration of gelose gave a straight line relation. Results were accurate within 1%. Condition of measurement required a temperature below 60 °C., pH between 5.5 and 8.5, and a low concentration of neutral salts. Results were compared with those obtained with chocolate powder stabilized in milk. An equation M = K/tpcn has been developed and verified, in which the constant K is shown to be numerically an index of stabilizing power, and where M is the number of grams of calcium oxalate held in suspension per gram of extract at a concentration of c grams of extract per 100 ml. after centrifuging for time t. K, p, and n are constants: p and n represent the tangents of lines plotted for the logarithms of M against t and c, respectively.
ON THE SPECIFICITY OF DYE TITRATION FOR ASCORBIC ACID
Authors: Tuba Jules , Hunter George , Steele Helen Ruth
Published: April 2011

The 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol method of assay of vitamin C has been critically examined with respect to a number of fresh, boiled, and otherwise treated plant materials. Comparative values are given for ascorbic acid as determined by the usual method, for non-vitamin C reductants, and for dehydroascorbic acid.In the fresh uncooked materials examined, non-vitamin C reductants were not found and only in cabbage, peas, and pigweed leaves did dehydroascorbic exceed 10% of the ascorbic acid value.Boiling produced significant amounts of non-vitamin C reductant in cabbage and peas.In rose hips the dye titration gives an accurate measure of ascorbic acid. The amounts of dehydroascorbic acid and non-vitamin C reductant, even under storage at room temperature for over a year, are insignificant.It is concluded that the 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol method of assay of vitamin C is highly specific but in the case of certain cooked foodstuffs non-vitamin C dye reductants may, without check by other methods, introduce significant errors.
THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF SOME POLYVINYL ACETATES
Authors: McIntosh R. , Morrison J. A.
Published: April 2011

The number average molecular weights of two series of polymer samples, recovered from aged solutions of polyvinyl acetate in bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, have been measured using a dynamic type osmometer. It is shown that these number average molecular weights change from sample to sample in a manner similar to the intrinsic viscosities of the recovered polymers. This confirms previous results, which suggested that the change in viscosity of solutions of high polymers on ageing was due primarily to changes in the molecular weight of the dissolved polymer. A method of evaluating a relative non-uniformity coefficient for the polymers is suggested.
LIQUID-VAPOUR EQUILIBRIUM FOR THE SYSTEM HYDROGEN-CYANIDE–CYANOGEN-CHLORIDE
Authors: Gordon A. R. , Benson G. C.
Published: April 2011

The binary liquid–vapour equilibrium for the system hydrogen-cyanide–cyanogen-chloride has been investigated at 15 °C. The equilibrium liquid–vapour compositions were determined by slow isothermal distillation and the vapour pressures by mercury manometer. Analysis of the phases was by density, independent measurements having fixed the density–liquid composition curve. It is shown how true equilibrium compositions may be obtained from the measured (average) compositions of the distillates.
THE VAPOUR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN DIFLUORODICHLOROMETHANE
Authors: Gordon A. R. , MacWilliam E. A.
Published: April 2011

The vapour pressure of solutions of carbon dioxide in Freon has been determined at 10° and 20 °C. for pressures up to 25 atm. At both temperatures, the vapour pressure is roughly linear in the mole fraction of carbon dioxide, the deviations being positive for solutions low in carbon dioxide and negative for solutions high in carbon dioxide; for a given concentration, the deviation becomes more negative the higher the temperature.
ENTYLOMA FUSCUM AND RELATED SMUTS ATTACKING PAPAVERACEAE
Authors: Savile D. B. O.
Published: April 2011

A detailed morphological study has led to the conclusion that Entyloma Glaucii should be included in E. fuscum. The symptoms of the smut on Papaver Rhoeas and P. somniferum are described. Study of limited material suggests that the fungus on Eschscholzia and Dendromecon in California should be retained as E. Eschscholtziae. The production of conidia on these hosts is reported for the first time Entyloma fuscum from Papaver Rhoeas has been shown to attack P. atlanticum, P. dubium, P. glaucum, P. monanthum, P. orientale, P. setigerum, and P. somniferum.