bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bempedoic Acid: for Whom and When
Authors: Ruscica Massimiliano , Sirtori Cesare R. , Carugo Stefano , Banach Maciej , Corsini Alberto
Published: July 2022

Purpose of Review

The aim of creating an orally active non-statin cholesterol-lowering drug was achieved with bempedoic acid, a small linear molecule providing both a significant low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction and an anti-inflammatory effect by decreasing high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Bempedoic acid antagonizes ATP citrate-lyase, a cytosolic enzyme upstream of HMGCoA reductase which is the rate-limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis. Bempedoic acid is a pro-drug converted to its active metabolite by very-long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 which is present mostly in the liver and absent in skeletal muscles. This limits the risk of myalgia and myopathy. The remit of this review is to give clinical insights on the safety and efficacy of bempedoic acid and to understand for whom it should be prescribed.

Recent Findings

Bempedoic acid with a single daily dose (180 mg) reduces LDL-C by a mean 24.5% when given alone, by 18% when given on top of a major statin and by 38–40% when given in a fixed-dose combination with ezetimibe. Bempedoic acid does not lead to the risk of new-onset diabetes, and moderately improves the glycaemic profile.

The extensive knowledge on bempedoic acid mechanism, metabolism and side effects has led to an improved understanding of the potential benefits of this agent and offers a possible alternative to cardiologists and clinical practitioners somewhat worn out today by the occurrence of the muscular side effects of statins.
Paracrine Factors Released by Stem Cells of Mesenchymal Origin and their Effects in Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review of Pre-clinical Studies
Authors: Mabotuwana Nishani S. , Rech Lavinia , Lim Joyce , Hardy Sean A. , Murtha Lucy A. , Rainer Peter P. , Boyle Andrew J.
Published: July 2022

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has gained significant traction in the context of cardiovascular repair, and have been proposed to exert their regenerative effects via the secretion of paracrine factors. In this systematic review, we examined the literature and consolidated available evidence for the “paracrine hypothesis”. Two Ovid SP databases were searched using a strategy encompassing paracrine mediated MSC therapy in the context of ischemic heart disease. This yielded 86 articles which met the selection criteria for inclusion in this study. We found that the MSCs utilized in these articles were primarily derived from bone marrow, cardiac tissue, and adipose tissue. We identified 234 individual protective factors across these studies, including VEGF, HGF, and FGF2; which are proposed to exert their effects in a paracrine manner. The data collated in this systematic review identifies secreted paracrine factors that could decrease apoptosis, and increase angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell viability. These included studies have also demonstrated that the administration of MSCs and indirectly, their secreted factors can reduce infarct size, and improve left ventricular ejection fraction, contractility, compliance, and vessel density. Furthering our understanding of the way these factors mediate repair could lead to the identification of therapeutic targets for cardiac regeneration.

Graphical abstract
“In the broom closet”: exploring the role of online communities in shaping the identities of contemporary witchcraft practitioners
Authors: Frampton Alexandra , Grandison Alexandra
Published: July 2022

There are multiple lenses through which contemporary witchcraft practitioners are perceived in literature: self-identification; mainstream stereotyping; and counterculture. Contemporary witchcraft is a sociocultural phenomenon that has not received much attention outside of the disciplines of anthropology and sociology. Therefore, the individual views and experiences of self-identified practitioners have arguably been diluted within social research due to an emphasis on historical or group-based observations. With the aim of incorporating a psychological perspective into existing contemporary literature, the current study used semi-structured interviews to explore how practitioners personally engage with online communities to navigate the individual, social, and collective interpretations of their ‘witchcraft-related identity’. Using data from 16 participant interviews, it emerged that digitising witchcraft practices served two key roles in engaging with the practitioners’ identities by providing access to both group membership and interactive knowledge exchange. Positive and negative aspects of these experiences were discussed. Moreover, it was found that the relationship between online and face-to-face constructions of being ‘a witch’ was observably fluid, wherein digital practices could help practitioners compartmentalise their witchcraft-related identity to online spaces or, alternatively, enhance its in-person identity saliency. This investigation offers timely and novel insights into contemporary witchcraft by taking a psychological perspective that contributes to broader debates about the notion of identity and how this manifests in online communities.
Selective targeting BMP2 and 4 in SMAD4 negative esophageal adenocarcinoma inhibits tumor growth and aggressiveness in preclinical models
Authors: Li Shulin , Hoefnagel Sanne J. M. , Read Matthew , Meijer Sybren , van Berge Henegouwen Mark I. , Gisbertz Suzanne S. , Bonora Elena , Liu David S. H. , Phillips Wayne A. , Calpe Silvia , Correia Ana C. P. , Sancho-Serra Maria D. C. , Mattioli Sandro , Krishnadath Kausilia K. ,   Members of the Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Study Group Europe (EACSGE)
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Abnormalities within the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and SMAD4 signalling pathways have been associated with the malignant behavior of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). We recently developed two specific llama-derived antibodies (VHHs), C4C4 and C8C8, which target BMP4 and BMP2/4, respectively. Here we aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of the VHHs for the treatment of EAC and to elucidate its underlying mechanism.

Methods

Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed on a TCGA dataset, while expression of SHH, BMP2/4 and SMAD4 was validated in a cohort of EAC patients. The effects of the VHHs were tested on the recently established SMAD4(-) ISO76A primary EAC cell line and its counterpart SMAD4(+) ISO76A. In a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, the VHHs were evaluated for their ability to selectively target tumor cells and for their effects on tumor growth and survival.

Results

High expression of BMP2/4 was detected in all SMAD4 negative EACs. SHH upregulated BMP2/4 expression and induced p38 MAPK signaling in the SMAD4(-) ISO76A cells. Inhibition of BMP2/4 by VHHs decreased the aggressive and chemo-resistant phenotype of the SMAD4(-) ISO76A but not of the SMAD4(+) ISO76A cells. In the PDX model, in vivo imaging indicated that VHHs effectively targeted tumor cells. Both VHHs significantly inhibited tumor growth and acted synergistically with cisplatin. Furthermore, we found that C8C8 significantly improved survival of the mice.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that increased BMP2/4 expression triggers aggressive non-canonical BMP signaling in SMAD4 negative EAC. Inhibiting BMP2/4 decreases malignant behavior and improves survival. Therefore, VHHs directed against BMP2/4 hold promise for the treatment of SMAD4 negative EAC.
Relationship between insulin-biochemical resistance levels and the degree of depression and anxiety in patients from Honduras
Authors: Díaz-Carías Juan Pablo , Morilla Romero de la Osa Rubén , Cano-Rodríguez Mercedes
Published: July 2022

Background/purpose

Many studies suggest that insulin resistance in obese patients bridges mental illness. Our objective was to identify the association between levels of depression and anxiety with insulin resistance, and its relationship with obesity and abdominal obesity

Methods

A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in Honduras. Sociodemographic variables, anthropometric parameters, HOMA index, and level of severity of anxiety and depression were collected, and a descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate were performed.

Results

In a sample of 381 adult patients, the bivariate analysis showed a statistic association of insulin resistance with all remaining variables. However, multivariate analysis showed a significative association of anxiety with BMI, depression, waist circumference, and insulinemia, while depression was associated with HOMA, anxiety, insulinemia, glycemia, and waist circumference.

Conclusions

Our results provide important evidence of a direct and growing association between HOMA-IR and the severity of depression, and indirectly with anxiety. Secondarily, also with anthropometric factors (BMI and WC), traditionally associated with cardiovascular risk. This finding has important implications both for the early diagnosis of these mental pathologies, taking into account HOMA-IR values, and for preventive interventions focused on maintaining blood insulin levels.
Facile synthesis of hollow Ti3AlC2 microrods in molten salts via Kirkendall effect
Authors: Liu Yi , Wang Chuangye , Luo Wei , Bai Liang , Xu Yang , Hao Xiaodong , Zhu Jianfeng , Guo Shouwu
Published: July 2022

The microstructure and morphology of Ti3AlC2powders not only affect the preparation of Ti3C2MXene but also have a great influence on their potential applications, such as microwave absorbers, alloy additives, or catalytic supports. However, the synthesis of Ti3AlC2powders with desired microstructure and morphology remains a challenge. Herein, hollow Ti3AlC2microrods were prepared for the first time in NaCl/KCl molten salts by using titanium, aluminum, and short carbon fibers as starting materials. It was found that the short carbon fibers not only performed as carbon source but also acted as sacrificial template. Furthermore, it was revealed that TiC and Ti2AlC were initially formed on the surface of carbon fibers. The subsequent reactions between the outer Ti, Al and the inner carbon were dominated by the Kirkendall effect which gave rise to the formation of a hollow structure. Based on this mechanism, hollow Ti3AlC2microspheres and a series of hollow TiC, Ti2AlC, and V2AlC powders were also successfully fabricated. This work provides a facile route to synthesize hollow MAX phases and may give enlightenment on preparing other hollow carbide powders via the Kirkendall effect in the molten salts.
Food Addiction: a Deep Dive into ‘Loss of Control’ and ‘Craving’
Authors: Whatnall Megan , Skinner Janelle A. , Leary Mark , Burrows Tracy L.
Published: July 2022

Purpose of Review

The majority of existing research discusses food addiction (FA) classification, which provides information for different groups and which groups may or may not be affected to differing degrees. Fewer studies report FA symptom scores, and fewer still report on individual symptoms. This paper discusses the symptoms of craving and loss of control as they are common FA symptoms that demonstrate similarities with both substance use disorders and some eating disorder pathology.

Recent Findings

Loss of control presents parallels with disordered eating, particularly binge eating disorder. Craving refers to the powerful or strong desire for something and, in contrast to lack of control, presents most overlap with substance use disorders.

While not the most common symptoms reported in published research, loss of control and craving attract attention because of parallels with substance use and eating disorder pathology, and research has increasingly focused on these symptoms in recent years.
On superoscillations and supershifts in several variables
Authors: Aharonov Y. , Colombo F. , Jordan A. N. , Sabadini I. , Shushi T. , Struppa D. C. , Tollaksen J.
Published: July 2022

The aim of this paper is to study a class of superoscillatory functions in several variables, removing some restrictions on the functions that we introduced in a previous paper. Since the tools that we used with our approach are not common knowledge we will give detailed proof for the case of two variables. The results proved for superoscillatory functions in several variables can be further extended to supershifts in several variables.
Tribological mechanisms of slurry abrasive wear
Authors: Li Yulong , Schreiber Paul , Schneider Johannes , Greiner Christian
Published: July 2022

Abrasive wear mechanisms—including two-body and three-body abrasion—dominate the performance and lifespan of tribological systems in many engineering fields, even of those operating in lubricated conditions. Bearing steel (100Cr6) pins and discs in a flat-on-flat contact were utilized in experiments together with 5 and 13 µm Al2O3-based slurries as interfacial media to shed light on the acting mechanisms. The results indicate that a speed-induced hydrodynamic effect occurred and significantly altered the systems’ frictional behavior in tests that were performed using the 5 µm slurry. Further experiments revealed that a speed-dependent hydrodynamic effect can lead to a 14% increase in film thickness and a decrease in friction of around 2/3, accompanied by a transition from two-body abrasion to three-body abrasion and a change in wear mechanism from microcutting and microploughing to fatigue wear. Surprisingly, no correlation could be found between the total amount of wear and the operating state of the system during the experiment; however, the wear distribution over pin and disc was observed to change significantly. This paper studies the influence of the hydrodynamic effect on the tribological mechanism of lubricated abrasive wear and also highlights the importance to not only consider a tribological systems’ global amount of wear.
Lignin composite ionic liquid lubricants with excellent anti-corrosion, anti-oxidation, and tribological properties
Authors: Zhang Chaoyang , Yang Zhiquan , Huang Qing , Wang Xingwei , Yang Wufang , Zhou Chunyu , Yu Bo , Yu Qiangliang , Cai Meirong , Zhou Feng
Published: July 2022

A new type of lubricating material (BTA-P4444-Lig) was synthesized by combining lignin with tetrabutylphosphorus and benzotriazole. The tribological properties, corrosion resistance, and anti-oxidation properties of BTA-P4444-Lig as a lubricant were investigated. The lubricating material exhibits excellent friction reduction and wear resistance, as well as good thermal stability and excellent oxidation resistance. Mechanistic analysis reveals that the active elements N and P in the lubricating material react with the metal substrate, and the reaction film effectively blocks direct contact between the friction pairs, affording excellent friction reduction and wear resistance. At the same time, the phenolic hydroxyl group in lignin reacts with oxygen free radicals to form a resonance-stable semi-quinone free radical, which interrupts the chain reaction and affords good anti-oxidant activity.
Environmental Chemical Exposures and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: a Review of Recent Literature
Authors: Reddam Aalekhya , McLarnan Sarah , Kupsco Allison
Published: July 2022

Purpose of Review

Mitochondria play various roles that are important for cell function and survival; therefore, significant mitochondrial dysfunction may have chronic consequences that extend beyond the cell. Mitochondria are already susceptible to damage, which may be exacerbated by environmental exposures. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the recent literature (2012–2022) looking at the effects of six ubiquitous classes of compounds on mitochondrial dysfunction in human populations.

Recent Findings

The literature suggests that there are a number of biomarkers that are commonly used to identify mitochondrial dysfunction, each with certain advantages and limitations. Classes of environmental toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, air pollutants, heavy metals, endocrine-disrupting compounds, pesticides, and nanomaterials can damage the mitochondria in varied ways, with changes in mtDNA copy number and measures of oxidative damage the most commonly measured in human populations. Other significant biomarkers include changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, calcium levels, and ATP levels.

This review identifies the biomarkers that are commonly used to characterize mitochondrial dysfunction but suggests that emerging mitochondrial biomarkers, such as cell-free mitochondria and blood cardiolipin levels, may provide greater insight into the impacts of exposures on mitochondrial function. This review identifies that the mtDNA copy number and measures of oxidative damage are commonly used to characterize mitochondrial dysfunction, but suggests using novel approaches in addition to well-characterized ones to create standardized protocols. We identified a dearth of studies on mitochondrial dysfunction in human populations exposed to metals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pesticides, and nanoparticles as a gap in knowledge that needs attention.
An environment-driven hybrid evolutionary algorithm for dynamic multi-objective optimization problems
Authors: Chen Meirong , Guo Yinan , Jin Yaochu , Yang Shengxiang , Gong Dunwei , Yu Zekuan
Published: July 2022

In dynamic multi-objective optimization problems, the environmental parameters may change over time, which makes the Pareto fronts shifting. To address the issue, a common idea is to track the moving Pareto front once an environmental change occurs. However, it might be hard to obtain the Pareto optimal solutions if the environment changes rapidly. Moreover, it may be costly to implement a new solution. By contrast, robust Pareto optimization over time provides a novel framework to find the robust solutions whose performance is acceptable for more than one environment, which not only saves the computational costs for tracking solutions, but also minimizes the cost for switching solutions. However, neither of the above two approaches can balance between the quality of the obtained non-dominated solutions and the computation cost. To address this issue, environment-driven hybrid dynamic multi-objective evolutionary optimization method is proposed, aiming to fully use strengths of TMO and RPOOT under various characteristics of environmental changes. Two indexes, i.e., the frequency and intensity of environmental changes, are first defined. Then, a criterion is presented based on the characteristics of dynamic environments and the switching cost of solutions, to select an appropriate optimization method in a given environment. The experimental results on a set of dynamic benchmark functions indicate that the proposed hybrid dynamic multi-objective evolutionary optimization method can choose the most rational method that meets the requirements of decision makers, and balance the convergence and robustness of the obtained non-dominated solutions.
The Critical Role of a Backing Material in Assessing the Performance of Soft Ballistic Protection
Authors: Nguyen Thuy-Tien N. , Tsukada Hirotaka , Breeze John , Masouros Spyros D.
Published: July 2022

Penetrating trauma by energised fragments is the most common injury from an explosive event. Fragment penetrations to the truncal region can result in lethal haemorrhage. Personal armour is used to mitigate ballistic threats; it comprises hard armour to protect from high-velocity bullets and soft armour to protect against energised fragments and other ballistic threats (such as from a hand gun) with low impact velocities. Current testing standards for soft armour do not focus on realistic boundary conditions, and a backing material is not always recommended. This study provides a comprehensive set of evidence to support the inclusion of a backing used in testing of soft body armour. Experiments were performed with a gas-gun system using fragment-simulating projectiles (FSPs) of different shapes and sizes to impact on a woven aramid and a knitted high-performance polyethylene ballistic fabric, with and without the ballistic gelatine soft tissue simulant as the backing material. The results showed statistically significant differences in the impact velocities at 50% risk (V50) of fabric perforation across all test configurations when the gelatine backing was used. Furthermore, the backing material enabled the collection of injury-related metrics such as V50 of tissue-simulant penetrations as well as depth of penetration against impact velocity. The normalised energy absorbed by the fabric could also be calculated when the backing material was present. This study confirms that a backing material is essential, particularly when assessing the performance of single layer fabrics against FSPs of low mass. It also demonstrates the additional benefits provided by the backing for predicting injury outcomes.
Approximating the Manifold Structure of Attributed Incentive Salience from Large-scale Behavioural Data
Authors: Bonometti Valerio , Ruiz Mathieu J. , Drachen Anders , Wade Alex
Published: July 2022

Incentive salience attribution can be understood as a psychobiological mechanism ascribing relevance to potentially rewarding objects and actions. Despite being an important component of the motivational process guiding our everyday behaviour its study in naturalistic contexts is not straightforward. Here we propose a methodology based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) for approximating latent states produced by this process in situations where large volumes of behavioural data are available but no experimental control is possible. Leveraging knowledge derived from theoretical and computational accounts of incentive salience attribution we designed an ANN for estimating duration and intensity of future interactions between individuals and a series of video games in a large-scale (N > 3 × 106) longitudinal dataset. We found video games to be the ideal context for developing such methodology due to their reliance on reward mechanics and their ability to provide ecologically robust behavioural measures at scale. When compared to competing approaches our methodology produces representations that are better suited for predicting the intensity future behaviour and approximating some functional properties of attributed incentive salience. We discuss our findings with reference to the adopted theoretical and computational frameworks and suggest how our methodology could be an initial step for estimating attributed incentive salience in large-scale behavioural studies.
Hybrid biocomposites based on polylactic acid and natural fillers from Chamaerops humilis dwarf palm and Posidonia oceanica leaves
Authors: Scaffaro Roberto , Maio Andrea , Gammino Michele
Published: July 2022

Platelet-like and fibrous lignocellulosic fillers were achieved from the leaves of Chamaerops humilis (CHL) and Posidonia oceanica (POL) and used as a hybrid reinforcement for a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix at three different loading levels (from 5 to 20%). The materials were fully characterized from a morphological, physicochemical, mechanical, and dynamic-thermomechanical point of view. When compared to their counterpart containing either CHL or POL only, the resulting hybrid biocomposites showed the highest mechanical properties, with strengthening and stiffening effects respectively up to 120% and 50% higher than those expected from the linear combination of the two, and higher dynamic-mechanical performance, with storage moduli in the rubbery region 10 times higher than those of composites containing solely CHL or POL. Such synergistic efficiency is likely due to the formation of a strong and extensive interphase region, promoted by the balanced effect of morphological features of the hybrid network and physicochemical characteristics of the components. These green materials could find applications as panels for furniture or in the automotive industry.

Graphical Abstract
‘The Silence Kills Me.’: ‘Silence’ as a Trigger of Speaking-Related Anxiety in the English-Medium Classroom
Authors: Maher Kate , King Jim
Published: July 2022

Classroom interpersonal dynamics play a key role in shaping the interactional profiles of language learners and the development of their speaking skills. However, it can be challenging for learners to navigate social interactions with classmates, especially if they lack confidence in their L2 self. This is especially true for first-year undergraduates in Japan who often struggle to adapt to unfamiliar communicative language lessons taught in the target language. King’s (2013) examination of learner silence established a connection between low oral participation, anxiety, and social inhibition. In some cases, however, silence is not just a non-verbal cue of speaking-related anxiety (Maher & King, 2020); it can also be a contributing factor to avoiding talk. Using King’s (2014) cognitive-behavioural model of silent L2 learners’ anxiety, this paper examines how ‘silence’ can trigger speaking-related anxiety in Japanese university English-medium classrooms. The study used a cognitive-behavioural theory (CBT)-based approach to gain insights into students’ perceptions of their in-class behaviours. Forty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 participants using an interview schedule based on a CBT formulation to explore students’ silent behaviour, associated thoughts and feelings, and behavioural triggers. Multiple recurrent forms of classroom ‘silence’ reported by the participants included using Japanese when English was expected, finishing speaking turns quickly, and taking on the listener role rather than initiating discourse. The findings reveal ‘silence’ as a trigger of speaking-related anxiety. The discomfort some participants felt during a display of ‘silence’ seemed to trigger a fear of being negatively evaluated by classmates, leading to self-doubt about their language proficiency and social performance. These findings contribute further insights into the causes of speaking-related anxiety and learner ‘silence’. Our study points towards using CBT-based approaches to improve speaking confidence by increasing learners’ awareness of their anxiety triggers.
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) expressing a non-functional bundle-forming pili (BFP) also leads to increased growth failure and intestinal inflammation in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Ledwaba Solanka Ellen , Bolick David Thomas , de Medeiros Pedro Henrique Quintela Soares , Kolling Glynis Luanne , Traore Afsatou Ndama , Potgieter Natasha , Nataro James Paul , Guerrant Richard Littleton
Published: July 2022

Bundle-forming pili (BFP) are implicated in the virulence of typical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), resulting in enhanced colonization and mild to severe disease outcomes; hence, non-functional BFP may have a major influence on disease outcomes in vivo. Weaned antibiotic pre-treated C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with EPEC strain UMD901 (E2348/69 bfpA C129S); mice were monitored daily for body weight; stool specimens were collected daily; and intestinal tissues were collected at the termination of the experiment on day 3 post-infection. Real-time PCR was used to quantify fecal shedding and tissue burden. Intestinal inflammatory biomarkers lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were also assessed. Infection caused substantial body weight loss, bloody diarrhea, and intestinal colonization with fecal and intestinal tissue inflammatory biomarkers that were comparable to those previously published with the wild-type typical EPEC strain. Here we further report on the evaluation of an EPEC infection model, showing how disruption of bfp function does not impair, and may even worsen diarrhea, colonization, and intestinal disruption and inflammation. More research is needed to understand the role of bfp in pathogenicity of EPEC infections in vivo.
Stability and interaction of biochar and iron mineral nanoparticles: effect of pH, ionic strength, and dissolved organic matter
Authors: Liu Yong , Ma Jie , Gao Jiaoli , Chen Xingyi , Ouyang Xiaoxue , Weng Liping , Li Haiming , Chen Yali , Li Yongtao
Published: July 2022

Biochar nanoparticles (BCNPs) and iron mineral nanoparticles (IMNPs), such as ferrihydrite nanoparticles (FHNPs), magnetite nanoparticles (MTNPs), and goethite nanoparticles (GTNPs), are often combined and used in soil remediation. However, the stability and interaction of nanoparticles under various environmental conditions have not been investigated previously. In this study, settling experiments, a semi-empirical model, the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, and quantum chemical calculations were used to study the interaction and heteroaggregation of BCNPs and IMNPs. Settling of BCNPs-FHNPs and BCNPs-GTNPs was stable at neutral and alkaline pH (relative concentration of unsettled nanoparticles Cres’ = 0.679–0.824), whereas fast settling of BCNPs-IMNPs was observed at acidic pH (Cres’ = 0.104–0.628). By contrast, BCNPs-MTNPs consistently showed moderate settling regardless of the mass of magnetite at all pH (Cres’ = 0.423–0.673). Both humic acid (HA, 10 mg L−1) and ionic strength (IS, 10 and 100 mM) facilitated the settling of BCNPs-FHNPs and BCNPs-MTNPs systems, whereas the settling of BCNPs-GTNPs was sensitive only to IS. Fulvic acid (10 mg L−1) had a general stabilizing effect on the BCNPs-IMNPs systems. The results of SEM and quantum chemical calculations suggested that the interaction between BCNPs and FHNPs (-2755.58 kJ mol−1) was stronger than that between BCNPs and GTNPs (−1706.23 kJ mol−1) or MTNPs (−1676.73 kJ mol−1). The enhancement of heteroaggregation between BCNPs and IMNPs under unfavorable conditions (acidic pH, HA, and IS) was regulated by the strength of the interaction. Therefore, the enhancement of heteroaggregation of BCNPs-FHNPs was greater than that of BCNPs-MTNPs. In the BCNPs-GTNPs system, the high concentration and elongated structure of GTNPs may contribute greatly to heteroaggregation and settling with small interactions. Our results highlight the influence of pH, IS, and HA on the interaction between BCNPs and IMNPs. These results will be helpful in the application of BCNPs and IMNPs for soil remediation.

Graphical Abstract
Additive pharmacological interaction between sirtuin inhibitor cambinol and paclitaxel in MCF7 luminal and MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells
Authors: Wawruszak Anna , Okon Estera , Telejko Ilona , Czerwonka Arkadiusz , Luszczki Jarogniew
Published: July 2022

Background

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Sirtuin inhibitors (SIRTi), belonging to the histone deacetylase inhibitors group (HDIs), are potent epigenetic drugs that have been investigated for therapeutic use in different clinical disorders, including hematological malignancies and solid tumors.

Methods

The influence of cambinol (CAM; SIRTi) used individually or in combination with standard chemotherapeutic paclitaxel (PAX) on viability (MTT assay), proliferation (BrdU assay), induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest (FACS analysis) was determined in MCF7 luminal and MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. The types of pharmacological drug–drug interaction between CAM and PAX were determined by an exact and rigorous pharmacodynamic method—an isobolography, to determine the presence of synergism, addition or antagonism between analyzed drugs using a variety of fixed-dose ratios.

Results

The combination of CAM and PAX at a fixed ratio of 1:1 exerted additive interaction in the viability of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 BC cells. Both active agents used separately reduced viability and proliferation of BC cells as well as induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These effects were much more evident in MCF7 than in MDA-MB-231 BC cells. Additionally, CAM combined with PAX increased anti-cancer activity compared to PAX used alone.

Conclusion

CAM might be considered a potential therapeutic agent individually or in combined therapy with PAX against luminal or TNBC.

Graphical abstract
Quantitative Enterprise Risk Management
Authors: Hardy Mary R. , Saunders David
Published: July 2022

This well-balanced introduction to enterprise risk management integrates quantitative and qualitative approaches and motivates key mathematical and statistical methods with abundant real-world cases - both successes and failures. Worked examples and end-of-chapter exercises support readers in consolidating what they learn. The mathematical level, which is suitable for graduate and senior undergraduate students in quantitative programs, is pitched to give readers a solid understanding of the concepts and principles involved, without diving too deeply into more complex theory. To reveal the connections between different topics, and their relevance to the real world, the presentation has a coherent narrative flow, from risk governance, through risk identification, risk modelling, and risk mitigation, capped off with holistic topics - regulation, behavioural biases, and crisis management - that influence the whole structure of ERM. The result is a text and reference that is ideal for graduate and senior undergraduate students, risk managers in industry, and anyone preparing for ERM actuarial exams.
Monitors and Meddlers
Authors: Bush Sarah Sunn , Prather Lauren
Published: July 2022

Foreign influences on elections are widespread. Although foreign interventions around elections differ markedly-in terms of when and why they occur, and whether they are even legal-they all have enormous potential to influence citizens in the countries where elections are held. Bush and Prather explain how and why outside interventions influence local trust in elections, a critical factor for democracy and stability. Whether foreign actors enhance or diminish electoral trust depends on who is intervening, what political party citizens support, and where the election takes place. The book draws on diverse evidence, including new surveys conducted around elections with varying levels of democracy in Georgia, Tunisia, and the United States. Its insights about public opinion shed light on why leaders sometimes invite foreign influences on elections and why the candidates that win elections do not do more to respond to credible evidence of foreign meddling.
Social Inquiry and Bayesian Inference
Authors: Fairfield Tasha , Charman Andrew E.
Published: July 2022

Fairfield and Charman provide a modern, rigorous and intuitive methodology for case-study research to help social scientists and analysts make better inferences from qualitative evidence. The book develops concrete guidelines for conducting inference to best explanation given incomplete information; no previous exposure to Bayesian analysis or specialized mathematical skills are needed. Topics covered include constructing rival hypotheses that are neither too simple nor overly complex, assessing the inferential weight of evidence, counteracting cognitive biases, selecting cases, and iterating between theory development, data collection, and analysis. Extensive worked examples apply Bayesian guidelines, showcasing both exemplars of intuitive Bayesian reasoning and departures from Bayesian principles in published case studies drawn from process-tracing, comparative, and multimethod research. Beyond improving inference and analytic transparency, an overarching goal of this book is to revalue qualitative research and place it on more equal footing with respect to quantitative and experimental traditions by illustrating that Bayesianism provides a universally applicable inferential framework.
An altitude capable rig for studying engine inlet velocity profile effects: Boundary layer generator
Authors: Rasimarzabadi F. , Clark C. , Neuteboom M. , Orchard D. , Martensson H.
Published: July 2022

A new aerodynamic open-circuit test rig for studying boundary layer ingestion (BLI) propulsion has been developed by National Research Council of Canada. The purpose is to demonstrate the advantages of BLI in reducing the power required for a given thrust and to validate the performance of BLI fan concepts. The rig consists of a boundary layer generator to simulate boundary layer development over an aircraft fuselage. The boundary layer generator can be used to create a natural boundary layer due to skin friction but also comprises an array of perforated plates through which pressurised air can be blown to manipulate the boundary layer thickness. The size of the boundary layer thickness can be controlled upstream of the fan blades. Parametric studies of boundary layer thickness were then feasible. The test calibration was conducted to validate the concept.
Enhanced backstepping control for an unconventional quadrotor under external disturbances
Authors: Belmouhoub A. , Medjmadj S. , Bouzid Y. , Derrouaoui S. H. , Guiatni M.
Published: July 2022

Robust control of non-linear systems is a challenging task, notably in the presence of external disturbances and uncertain parameters. The main focus of this paper is to solve the trajectory tracking problem of an unconventional quadrotor with rotating arms (also known as a foldable drone), while overcoming some of the challenges associated with this type of vehicle. Therefore, in a first step, the model of this vehicle is presented, taking into account the change of the inertia, the centre of gravity, and the control matrix. The theoretical foundations of backstepping control, based on the finite time Lyapunov stability theory and enhanced by a Super-Twisting algorithm, are then discussed. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the efficiency of the suggested control approach. Finally, a qualitative and quantitative comparative study of the proposed controller with the conventional backstepping controller is performed. Overall, the obtained results show that the proposed control strategy outperforms in terms of accuracy and resilience.
Reflections on Chinese Scholarship and Perspectives Regarding International Law - The Rise of China and International Law: Taking Chinese Exceptionalism Seriously (Law and Global Governance Series). By Congyan Cai. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. Pp. xvi, 348. Index. - Guoji Fa [International Law]. 6th ed. Edited By Cheng Xiaoxia and Yu Mincai. Beijing: Zhongguo Renmin Daxue Chubanshe [Renmin University of China Press], 2021. Pp. xii, 322. - Zhongguo Guoji Fa Niankan [The Chinese Yearbook of International Law]. Edited by Liu Huawen and Zhu Lijiang. Beijing: Falu Chubanshe [Law Publisher], 2020. Pp. 602. Index.
Authors: Jia Bing Bing
Published: July 2022

Scholarship in the discipline of international law may take different forms. It may deal systematically with general practice in a comprehensive way, resulting in a textbook or treatise that is a culmination of long years of teaching, research, and learning. It may examine specific topics of international law in an empirical, historical, and analytical exercise of intellect and reach considerable depth in understanding the topics, culminating in a monograph. Or it may focus on issues of narrow scope in an article, which, of limited size, is suitable for publication in a journal and yearbook. This review focuses on the public international law scholarship in all three forms published by Chinese scholars in the past few years, although the nature of a review necessarily limits the number of publications selected for review. The plan is to take stock of the mainstream thoughts and methods through reviewing the selected publications. The term “international law,” meaning public international law, is used throughout this review for sake of convenience.
Against Irrationalism in the Theory of Propaganda
Authors: HYSKA MEGAN
Published: July 2022

According to many accounts, propaganda is a variety of politically significant signal with a distinctive connection to irrationality. This irrationality may be theoretical, or practical; it may be supposed that propaganda characteristically elicits this irrationality anew, or else that it exploits its prior existence. The view that encompasses such accounts we will call irrationalism. This essay presents two classes of propaganda that do not bear the sort of connection to irrationality posited by the irrationalist: hard propaganda and propaganda by the deed. Faced with these counterexamples, some irrationalists will offer their account of propaganda as a refinement of the folk concept rather than as an attempt to capture all of its applications. The author argues that any refinement of the concept of propaganda must allow the concept to remain essentially political, and that the irrationalist refinement fails to meet this condition.
Trends in hospital antibiotic utilization during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: A multicenter interrupted time-series analysis
Authors: Elligsen Marion , Wan Michael , Lam Philip W. , Lo Jennifer , Taggart Linda R. , Chan April J. , Downing Mark , Gough Kevin , Seah Jenny , Leung Elizabeth
Published: July 2022

Objective:

To describe the evolution of respiratory antibiotic prescribing during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic across 3 large hospitals that maintained antimicrobial stewardship services throughout the pandemic.

Design:

Retrospective interrupted time-series analysis.

Setting:

A multicenter study was conducted including medical and intensive care units (ICUs) from 3 hospitals within a Canadian epicenter for COVID-19.

Methods:

Interrupted time-series analysis was used to analyze rates of respiratory antibiotic utilization measured in days of therapy per 1,000 patient days (DOT/1,000 PD) in medical units and ICUs. Each of the first 3 waves of the pandemic were compared to the baseline.

Results:

Within the medical units, use of respiratory antibiotics increased during the first wave of the pandemic (rate ratio [RR], 1.76; 95% CI, 1.38–2.25) but returned to the baseline in waves 2 and 3 despite more COVID-19 admissions. In ICU, the use of respiratory antibiotics increased in wave 1 (RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.16–1.46) and wave 2 of the pandemic (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.11–1.33) and returned to the baseline in the third wave, which had the most COVID-19 admissions.

Conclusions:

After an initial surge in respiratory antibiotic prescribing, we observed the normalization of prescribing trends at 3 large hospitals throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. This trend may have been due to the timely generation of new research and guidelines developed with frontline clinicians, allowing for the active application of new research to clinical practice.
Comparing the Psychological Problems Among the Health Care Workers Across Two Waves of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An Observational Study from India
Authors: Gupta Snehil , Basera Devendra , Purwar Shashank , Poddar Lily , Rozatkar Abhijit R. , Kumar Mohit , Jahan Rahat , Gautam Disha
Published: July 2022

Objective:

Literature investigating the change in psychological problems of the health care workers (HCWs) throughout the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is lacking. We aimed at comparing the psychological problems and attitudes toward work among HCWs over two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in India.

Methods:

A survey was conducted involving HCWs (n = 305, first wave, 2020; n = 325, second wave, 2021). Participants’ demographic and professional and psychological characteristics (using attitude toward COVID-19 questionnaire [ATCQ]; Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale – 21 Items and impact of event scale – 22) were recorded. The unpaired t-test/chi-squared test was used for comparison.

Results:

Significant improvements (χ2(1) = 7.3 to 45.6, P < 0.05) in level of depression (42.2% vs 9.6%), anxiety (41.3% vs 16.3%), stress (30.1% vs 6.7%), event-related stress symptoms (31.2% vs 27%), work-related stress (89.8% vs 76.8%), and stigma (25.9% vs 22.8, though marginally significant) were found among the participants of the second wave (vs first wave). However, on subgroup analysis, allied-HCWs (housekeeping staff and security personnel) reported lesser concerns over the domains of the ATCQ vis-a-viz frontline-HCWs (doctors and nurses).

Conclusion:

This improvement could be attributed to greater awareness about the illness, better coping skills, vaccination, and so forth; however, more research is warranted to investigate these determinants.
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in Patients Treated in The Unified Health System (SUS) with Flu and Respiratory Symptoms from Three Brazilian Municipalities in the Border Region
Authors: Gonçalves Sereno Arianne Peruzo Pires , de Sousa Dahiane Locatelli , Gimenes Pollyanna Santos , Czezaniak Wanylla Paula dos Santos , Moretto Lorena de Fátima , Rey Laisa Marina Rosa , Fazoli Kawany Gabrieli Zanetti , Cassaro Luís Antônio , Santos Isabela Carvalho dos , Barbosa Lidiane Nunes , Gonçalves Daniela Dib
Published: July 2022

Objective:

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and carry out epidemiology using sociodemographic data from patients with symptoms suggestive of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (SARS-CoV-2) in 3 bordering Brazilian municipalities.

Methods:

An epidemiological survey of positive cases of COVID-19 through reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out in 1874 patients, seen in the Unified Health System (SUS), ages between 0 and 99 years, who had symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, from the cities of Assis Chateaubriand, Tupãssi, and Formosa do Oeste.

Results:

It was possible to observe that of the 1874 patients seen in the public health network of the 3 municipalities, 354 were diagnosed as positive. The predominance of cases was in female patients (51.97%) and in patients who lived in urban areas (93.50%), and the predominant age group was 20–29 years (19.78%).

Conclusion:

The result of this study demonstrated the epidemiological profile of patients with respiratory and flu-like symptoms, positive for COVID-19, in 3 municipalities bordering Paraguay and Argentina. It was evident that the age group has its specificities regarding the susceptibility of the infection. Although the borders are closed, there was probably a spread of the virus in this region, due to the diversion, which showed an increase during the pandemic period.
Obesity-related genomic instability and altered xenobiotic metabolism: possible consequences for cancer risk and chemotherapy
Authors: Bankoglu Ezgi Eyluel , Stopper Helga
Published: July 2022

The increase in the prevalence of obesity has led to an elevated risk for several associated diseases including cancer. Several studies have investigated the DNA damage in human blood samples and showed a clear trend towards increased DNA damage in obesity. Reduced genomic stability is thus one of the consequences of obesity, which may contribute to the related cancer risk. Whether this is influenced by compromised DNA repair has not been elucidated sufficiently yet. On the other hand, obesity has also been linked to reduced therapy survival and increased adverse effects during chemotherapy, although the available data are controversial. Despite some indications that obesity might alter hepatic metabolism, current literature in humans is insufficient, and results from animal studies are inconclusive. Here we have summarised published data on hepatic drug metabolism to understand the impact of obesity on cancer therapy better. Furthermore, we highlight knowledge gaps in the interrelationship between obesity and drug metabolism from a toxicological perspective.