bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethanolic Fermentation of Rye Mashes: Factors Influencing the Formation of Aldehydes and Process Efficiency
Authors: Pielech-Przybylska Katarzyna , Balcerek Maria , Klebeko Maciej , Dziekońska-Kubczak Urszula , Hebdzyński Mariusz
Published: August 2022

High concentrations of aldehydes may result in poor-quality agricultural distillate. We investigate the influence of the method of mash preparation, the initial pH of the mashes, and different yeast strains on the fermentation efficiency and concentration of aldehydes from C2 (acetaldehyde) to C7 (enanthaldehyde) in rye mashes. The tested factors were revealed to have a differentiated influence on both the process efficiency and the concentrations of aldehydes, especially in the case of the dominant acetaldehyde. Mashes obtained from steamed rye grain showed significantly higher fermentation efficiencies than those prepared by the pressureless method. Increasing the pH of the sweet mashes from 4.5 to 6.0 resulted in significantly higher concentrations of acetaldehyde, especially in the case of steamed rye grain. Moreover, an increase in the concentrations of other aldehydes, i.e., from C3 (propionaldehyde) to C5 (valer- and isovaleraldehyde) was observed. A high fermentation efficiency and the lowest acetaldehyde concentrations were obtained from steamed rye mashes with an initial pH of 4.5, fermented using the yeast strains DistilaMax GW and DistilaMax HT. DistilaMax HT yeast also provided a relatively low concentration of acetaldehyde in mashes with an initial pH in the range of 4.5–5.5 prepared by the energy-saving pressureless method.
The Effect of β-Carotene, Tocopherols and Ascorbic Acid as Anti-Oxidant Molecules on Human and Animal In Vitro/In Vivo Studies: A Review of Research Design and Analytical Techniques Used
Authors: Miazek Krystian , Beton Karolina , Śliwińska Agnieszka , Brożek-Płuska Beata
Published: August 2022

Prolonged elevated oxidative stress (OS) possesses negative effect on cell structure and functioning, and is associated with the development of numerous disorders. Naturally occurred anti-oxidant compounds reduce the oxidative stress in living organisms. In this review, antioxidant properties of β-carotene, tocopherols and ascorbic acid are presented based on in vitro, in vivo and populational studies. Firstly, environmental factors contributing to the OS occurrence and intracellular sources of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, as well as ROS-mediated cellular structure degradation, are introduced. Secondly, enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanism of anti-oxidant defence against OS development, is presented. Furthermore, ROS-preventing mechanisms and effectiveness of β-carotene, tocopherols and ascorbic acid as anti-oxidants are summarized, based on studies where different ROS-generating (oxidizing) agents are used. Oxidative stress biomarkers, as indicators on OS level and prevention by anti-oxidant supplementation, are presented with a focus on the methods (spectrophotometric, fluorometric, chromatographic, immuno-enzymatic) of their detection. Finally, the application of Raman spectroscopy and imaging as a tool for monitoring the effect of anti-oxidant (β-carotene, ascorbic acid) on cell structure and metabolism, is proposed. Literature data gathered suggest that β-carotene, tocopherols and ascorbic acid possess potential to mitigate oxidative stress in various biological systems. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy and imaging can be a valuable technique to study the effect of oxidative stress and anti-oxidant molecules in cell studies.
The Effect of Adverse Surgical Margins on the Risk of Biochemical Recurrence after Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Carbonell Enric , Matheu Roger , Muní Maria , Sureda Joan , García-Sorroche Mónica , Ribal María José , Alcaraz Antonio , Vilaseca Antoni
Published: August 2022

Positive surgical margins (PSM) after radical prostatectomy are associated with a greater risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR). However, not all PSM harbour the same prognosis for recurrence. We aim to determine the impact of different PSM characteristics and their coexistence on the risk of BCR. This retrospective study included 333 patients that underwent robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer between 2015–2020 at a single institution. The effect of PSM and their adverse characteristics on the risk of BCR was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. Kaplan–Meier was used to represent BCR-free survival stratified by margin status. With a median follow-up of 34.5 months, patients with PSM had a higher incidence of BCR, higher risk of relapse and lower BCR-free survival than negative margins (p < 0.001). We established as adverse characteristics: PSM length ≥ 3 mm, multifocality and Gleason at margin > 3. PSM ≥ 3 mm or multifocal PSM were associated with an increased risk for BCR compared to favourable margins (HR 3.50; 95% CI 2.05–5.95, p < 0.001 and HR 2.18; 95% CI 1.09–4.37, p = 0.028, respectively). The coexistence of these two adverse features in the PSM also conferred a higher risk for biochemical relapse and lower BCR-free survival. Adverse Gleason in the margin did not confer a higher risk for BCR than non-adverse margins in our models. We concluded that PSM are an independent predictor for BCR and that the presence of adverse characteristics, such as length and focality, and their coexistence in the PSM are associated with a greater risk of recurrence. Nevertheless, subclassifying PSM with adverse features did not enhance the model’s predictive performance in our cohort.
Bulk and Surface Acoustic Wave Biosensors for Milk Analysis
Authors: Länge Kerstin
Published: August 2022

Milk and dairy products are common foods and, therefore, are subject to regular controls. Such controls cover both the identification and quantification of specific components and the determination of physical parameters. Components include the usual milk ingredients, mainly carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, and any impurities that may be present. The latter range from small molecules, such as drug residues, to large molecules, e.g., protein-based toxins, to pathogenic microorganisms. Physical parameters of interest include viscosity as an indicator of milk gelation. Bulk and surface acoustic wave sensors, such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, can principally be used for both types of analysis, with the actual application mainly depending on the device coating and the test format. This review summarizes the achievements of acoustic sensor devices used for milk analysis applications, including the determination of physical liquid parameters and the detection of low- and high-molecular-weight analytes and microorganisms. It is shown how the various requirements resulting from the respective analytes and the complex sample matrix are addressed, and to what extent the analytical demands, e.g., with regard to legal limits, are met.
Affinity Assays for Cannabinoids Detection: Are They Amenable to On-Site Screening?
Authors: Puiu Mihaela , Bala Camelia
Published: August 2022

Roadside testing of illicit drugs such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) requires simple, rapid, and cost-effective methods. The need for non-invasive detection tools has led to the development of selective and sensitive platforms, able to detect phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids by means of their main metabolites in breath, saliva, and urine samples. One may estimate the time passed from drug exposure and the frequency of use by corroborating the detection results with pharmacokinetic data. In this review, we report on the current detection methods of cannabinoids in biofluids. Fluorescent, electrochemical, colorimetric, and magnetoresistive biosensors will be briefly overviewed, putting emphasis on the affinity formats amenable to on-site screening, with possible applications in roadside testing and anti-doping control.
Terahertz Asymmetric S-Shaped Complementary Metasurface Biosensor for Glucose Concentration
Authors: Al-Naib Ibraheem
Published: August 2022

In this article, we present a free-standing terahertz metasurface based on asymmetric S-shaped complementary resonators under normal incidence in transmission mode configuration. Each unit cell of the metasurface consists of two arms of mirrored S-shaped slots. We investigate the frequency response at different geometrical asymmetry via modifying the dimensions of one arm of the resonator. This configuration enables the excitation of asymmetric quasi-bound states in the continuum resonance and, hence, features very good field confinement that is very important for biosensing applications. Moreover, the performance of this configuration as a biosensor was examined for glucose concentration levels from 54 mg/dL to 342 mg/dL. This range covers hypoglycemia, normal, and hyperglycemia diabetes mellitus conditions. Two sample coating scenarios were considered, namely the top layer when the sample covers the metasurface and the top and bottom layers when the metasurface is sandwiched between the two layers. This strategy enabled very large resonance frequency redshifts of 236.1 and 286.6 GHz that were observed for the two scenarios for a 342 mg/dL concentration level and a layer thickness of 20 μm. Furthermore, for the second scenario and the same thickness, a wavelength sensitivity of 322,749 nm/RIU was found, which represents a factor of 2.3 enhancement compared to previous studies. The suggested terahertz metasurface biosensor in this paper could be used in the future for identifying hypoglycaemia and hyperglycemia conditions.
The NXDC-MEN-301 Study on 5-ALA for Meningiomas Surgery: An Innovative Study Design for the Assessing the Benefit of Intra-Operative Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Stummer Walter , Holling Markus , Bendok Bernard R. , Vogelbaum Michael A. , Cox Ashley , Renfrow Sara L. , Widhalm Georg , Ezrin Alan , DeSena Salvatore , Sackman Murray L. , Wyse Joseph W.
Published: August 2022

Background: 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA; GleolanTM, NX Development Corps., Lexington, USA) is approved for fluorescence-guided resections of suspected malignant gliomas. Experience has demonstrated that meningiomas also show fluorescence, which may be a useful surgical adjunct. We present an innovative design for a multi-center, prospective study to determine the clinical safety and potential benefit of fluorescence-guided resection of meningiomas with utmost bias reduction. Methods: All patients with suspected meningioma (all grades) receive GleolanTM 20 mg/kg 2–4 h prior to surgery supported by fluorescence excitation from a blue light source (Blue400, Zeiss Meditech, Oberkochen, Germany; FL400, Leica Microsystems, Heerbrugg, Switzerland). Surgeons are asked whether a residual tumor can be observed to fluoresce under blue light (BL) after the tumor is no longer recognizable using conventional illumination at the end of surgery. In addition, when faced with tissues of uncertain tissue type (so-called “indeterminate” tissue), this study records how often surgeons make a correct decision based on fluorescence and how this influences surgical strategy. The primary endpoint is the percentage of patients in whom one of these two benefits are observed. Other endpoints include the diagnostic accuracy of fluorescence compared to white light (WL) versus correlative histology. For bias reduction, pertinent data are derived from surgical videos reviewed by independent reviewers blinded to surgeons’ assessments of tissue type and fluorescence status. Data will be included from approximately 100 study participants completing the study at approximately 15 centers in the United States, Germany, and Austria. Results: As of May 2022, 88 patients have completed the study. No adverse safety signal has been detected. Conclusions: Preliminary data confirm the feasibility of our study design. Accrual is targeted for completion in the third quarter of 2022.
Effects of Coal Gangue Coarse Aggregate on Seismic Behavior of Columns under Cyclic Loading
Authors: Liu Hanqing , Bai Guoliang , Yan Fang , Gu Yu , Zhu Kefan
Published: August 2022

Coal gangue is the rock discharged from coal mining. Using coal gangue as coarse aggregate is one of the solutions for the sustainable development of construction engineering. Five one-half scaled coal gangue concrete (CGC) frame columns with different coal gangue coarse aggregate replacement ratios were designed, and the effect of coal gangue coarse aggregate on seismic behavior of columns under cyclic loading was studied. The test results show that the failure of coal gangue coarse aggregate under cyclic loading is the main reason for the reduction in hysteretic performance of CGC specimens. Compared with natural aggregate concrete (NAC) specimen, the hysteretic behavior, deformation performance, and energy consumption of CGC columns were reduced. However, the seismic performance of CGC specimens with higher replacement ratio was better than that of CGC specimens with a lower replacement ratio. Compared with NAC specimen, the ductility and total energy dissipation of CGC specimen with r = 100% were only reduced by 8.2% and 12.8%. In addition, the test results also found that the higher the replacement ratio, the greater the shear deformation of the specimen. It is recommended to appropriately increase the stirrup ratio of CGC specimens in seismic design.
Seismic Performance Target and Fragility of Masonry Infilled RC Frames under In-Plane Loading
Authors: Liu Chunhui , Liu Bo , Wang Xiaomin , Kong Jingchang , Gao Yuan
Published: August 2022

Masonry infilled RC frames are one of the most common structural forms, the damage of which, in earthquake events, usually cause serious losses. The determination of the seismic performance target is the key foundation of performance-based seismic evaluation and design for masonry infilled RC frames. In this paper, an extensive database of experimental tests on infilled RC frames loaded in an in-plane direction is collated. According to the crack propagation and elastic-plastic characteristics of infilled RC frames, the damage process is divided into four stages, and then the criteria of the damage states (DS) are proposed. In addition, the seismic performance targets expressed as inter-story drift ratio (IDR) for the four stages are suggested, which would support the performance-based in-plane seismic analysis of infilled RC frames. Finally, the proposed in-plane seismic performance target is utilized to analyze the fragility of two masonry infilled RC frame structures.
Effect of Foaming Agent, Binder and Density on the Compressive Strength and Thermal Conductivity of Ultra-Light Foam Concrete
Authors: Gołaszewski Jacek , Klemczak Barbara , Smolana Aneta , Gołaszewska Małgorzata , Cygan Grzegorz , Mankel Christoph , Peralta Ignacio , Röser Frank , Koenders Eduardus A. B.
Published: August 2022

The study is focused on ultra-light foam concrete (FC) aimed as a thermal insulation material. Two important properties of such material were investigated: compressive strength and thermal conductivity. In the conducted tests, the influence of the air-dry density (200–500 kg/m3), type of foaming agent (synthetic and protein) and binder type (ordinary Portland cement—OPC; calcium sulphoaluminate cement—CSA; metakaolin; siliceous fly ash—SFA; calcareous fly ash—CFA) on the mentioned properties were examined. The results confirmed the dependence of compressive strength and thermal conductivity on the FC density but also indicated the important effect of the nature of the foaming agent and the binder type. The best thermo-mechanical properties were obtained for the foam concrete made of protein-based foaming agent, OPC and metakaolin. Simultaneously, the use of CSA mixed with metakaolin and foam based on the synthetic foaming agent also shows satisfactory properties.
Methods of Construction to the Meet Housing Crisis in the UK Residential Sector: A Comparative Study between Timber Frame and Masonry Construction
Authors: Mayouf Mohammad , Jones Rory , Ashayeri Ilnaz , Nikologianni Anastasia
Published: August 2022

Major efforts have been invested in the UK Residential sector to meet the increasing housing demands, deliver sustainability, and improve its resiliency against many uncertainties. While data/information within the UK residential sector relating to location, sizes and volumes are annually updated, there is limited emphasis on the methods of construction that support meeting housing demands. Over the years, it has been recognised that the UK residential sector has been dominated by two methods of construction: timber frame and masonry. This study aims to holistically compare timber frames with masonry as the two domineering construction methods for the UK residential sector. The comparison will be based on build costs, preference and drivers by construction professionals, longevity and consumer confidence, and sustainability. The research methodology was developed based on applying mixed methods of quantitative data analysis of build costs and qualitative data assessment of semi-structured interviews. The findings showed that, from a build cost perspective, masonry methods of construction are a more cost-effective choice with major variation in material cost. However, although the masonry method of construction was more favoured, in many respects, small-in-size developers show more tendency to timber frames, as this is being rationalised by meeting sustainability targets. Practical implications show that the future of the residential sector in meeting the housing demands would heavily depend on Modern Methods of Construction (MMC), as it offers a more optimised mechanism; however, the uptake of this is considerably low. Future studies will enquire into pillars to make MMC efficient in the UK residential sector.
A Tool for Calculating the Building Insulation Thickness for Lowest CO2 Emissions—A Greenlandic Example
Authors: Friis Naja Kastrup , Gaarder Jørn Emil , Møller Eva Birgit
Published: August 2022

Increased insulation reduces the energy needed during operations, but this may be less than the energy required for the extra insulation material. If so, there must be an optimal insulation thickness. This paper describes the development of a tool to determine the optimal insulation thickness, including what parameters are decisive, and presents some results along with a discussion of the success criteria and limitations. To make these considerations manageable for regular practitioners, only the transmission heat loss through walls is calculated. Although the tool is universal, Greenland is used as an example, because of its extreme climatic conditions. The tool includes climate change, 10 locations and 8 insulation materials. It focuses on greenhouse gas emissions, considers oil and district heating as heating sources, and evaluates four different climate change scenarios expressed in terms of heating degree days. The system is sensitive to insulation materials with high CO2 emissions and heating sources with high emission factors. This is also the case where climate change has the highest impact on the insulation thickness. Using the basic criterion, emitting a minimum of CO2-eq, the Insulation Thickness Optimizer (ITO), generally identifies higher insulation thicknesses as optimal than are currently seen in practice and in most building regulations.
Elevated miR-29c-5p Expression in Nipple Aspirate Fluid Is Associated with Extremely High Mammographic Breast Density
Authors: Vissers Tessa A. C. M. , Piek Leonie , Patuleia Susana I. S. , Duinmeijer Aafke J. , Bakker Marije F. , van der Wall Elsken , van Diest Paul J. , van Gils Carla H. , Moelans Cathy B.
Published: August 2022

High mammographic density (MD) is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, however the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This research aimed to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that play a role in the development of extremely dense breast tissue. In the discovery phase, 754 human mature miRNAs were profiled in 21 extremely high MD- and 20 very low MD-derived nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) samples from healthy women. In the validation phase, candidate miRNAs were assessed in a cohort of 89 extremely high MD and 81 very low MD NAF samples from healthy women. Independent predictors of either extremely high MD or miRNA expression were identified by logistic regression and linear regression analysis, respectively. mRNA targets and pathways were identified through miRTarBase, TargetScan, and PANTHER pathway analysis. Statistical analysis identified four differentially expressed miRNAs during the discovery phase. During the validation, linear regression (p = 0.029; fold change = 2.10) and logistic regression (p = 0.048; odds ratio = 1.38) showed that hsa-miR-29c-5p was upregulated in extremely high MD-derived NAF. Identified candidate mRNA targets of hsa-miR-29c-5p are CFLAR, DNMT3A, and PTEN. Further validation and exploration of targets and downstream pathways of has-miR-29c-5p will provide better insight into the processes involved in the development of high MD and in the associated increased risk of breast cancer.
Neither Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes nor Cytotoxic T Cells Predict Enhanced Benefit from Chemotherapy in the DBCG77B Phase III Clinical Trial
Authors: Shenasa Elahe , Stovgaard Elisabeth Specht , Jensen Maj-Britt , Asleh Karama , Riaz Nazia , Gao Dongxia , Leung Samuel , Ejlertsen Bent , Laenkholm Anne-Vibeke , Nielsen Torsten O.
Published: August 2022

Recent studies have shown that immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment play a role in response to therapy, with some suggesting that patients with immunogenic tumors may receive increased benefit from chemotherapies. We evaluated this hypothesis in early breast cancer by testing the interaction between immune biomarkers and chemotherapy using materials from DBCG77B, a phase III clinical trial where high-risk premenopausal women were randomized to receive chemotherapy or no chemotherapy. Tissue microarrays were evaluated for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) assessed morphologically on hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides, and by immunohistochemistry for CD8, FOXP3, LAG-3, PD-1 and PD-L1. Following REMARK reporting guidelines, data analyses were performed according to a prespecified statistical plan, using 10-year invasive disease-free survival as the endpoint. Differences in survival probabilities between biomarker groups were evaluated by Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard ratio analyses and prediction for treatment benefit by an interaction test. Our results showed that stromal TILs were associated with an improved prognosis (HR = 0.93; p-value = 0.03), consistent with previous studies. However, none of the immune biomarkers predicted benefit from chemotherapy in the full study set nor within major breast cancer subtypes. Our study indicates that primary tumors with higher immune infiltration do not derive extra benefit from cyclophosphamide-based cytotoxic chemotherapy.
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in a 3D Engineered Tissue Model Induce Tumor-like Matrix Stiffening and EMT Transition
Authors: Millet Martial , Bollmann Enola , Ringuette Goulet Cassandra , Bernard Geneviève , Chabaud Stéphane , Huot Marc-Étienne , Pouliot Frédéric , Bolduc Stéphane , Bordeleau François
Published: August 2022

A tumor microenvironment is characterized by its altered mechanical properties. However, most models remain unable to faithfully recreate the mechanical properties of a tumor. Engineered models based on the self-assembly method have the potential to better recapitulate the stroma architecture and composition. Here, we used the self-assembly method based on a bladder tissue model to engineer a tumor-like environment. The tissue-engineered tumor models were reconstituted from stroma-derived healthy primary fibroblasts (HFs) induced into cancer-associated fibroblast cells (iCAFs) along with an urothelium overlay. The iCAFs-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) composition was found to be stiffer, with increased ECM deposition and remodeling. The urothelial cells overlaid on the iCAFs-derived ECM were more contractile, as measured by quantitative polarization microscopy, and displayed increased YAP nuclear translocation. We further showed that the proliferation and expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker in the urothelial cells correlate with the increased stiffness of the iCAFs-derived ECM. Our data showed an increased expression of EMT markers within the urothelium on the iCAFs-derived ECM. Together, our results demonstrate that our tissue-engineered tumor model can achieve stiffness levels comparable to that of a bladder tumor, while triggering a tumor-like response from the urothelium.
miRacle of microRNA-Driven Cancer Nanotherapeutics
Authors: Kara Goknur , Arun Banu , Calin George A. , Ozpolat Bulent
Published: August 2022

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-protein-coding RNA molecules 20–25 nucleotides in length that can suppress the expression of genes involved in numerous physiological processes in cells. Accumulating evidence has shown that dysregulation of miRNA expression is related to the pathogenesis of various human diseases and cancers. Thus, stragegies involving either restoring the expression of tumor suppressor miRNAs or inhibiting overexpressed oncogenic miRNAs hold potential for targeted cancer therapies. However, delivery of miRNAs to tumor tissues is a challenging task. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled successful tumor-targeted delivery of miRNA therapeutics through newly designed nanoparticle-based carrier systems. As a result, miRNA therapeutics have entered human clinical trials with promising results, and they are expected to accelerate the transition of miRNAs from the bench to the bedside in the next decade. Here, we present recent perspectives and the newest developments, describing several engineered natural and synthetic novel miRNA nanocarrier formulations and their key in vivo applications and clinical trials.
DEAD-Box RNA Helicases DDX3X and DDX5 as Oncogenes or Oncosuppressors: A Network Perspective
Authors: Secchi Massimiliano , Lodola Camilla , Garbelli Anna , Bione Silvia , Maga Giovanni
Published: August 2022

RNA helicases of the DEAD-box family are involved in several metabolic pathways, from transcription and translation to cell proliferation, innate immunity and stress response. Given their multiple roles, it is not surprising that their deregulation or mutation is linked to different pathological conditions, including cancer. However, while in some cases the loss of function of a given DEAD-box helicase promotes tumor transformation, indicating an oncosuppressive role, in other contexts the overexpression of the same enzyme favors cancer progression, thus acting as a typical oncogene. The roles of two well-characterized members of this family, DDX3X and DDX5, as both oncogenes and oncosuppressors have been documented in several cancer types. Understanding the interplay of the different cellular contexts, as defined by the molecular interaction networks of DDX3X and DDX5 in different tumors, with the cancer-specific roles played by these proteins could help to explain their apparently conflicting roles as cancer drivers or suppressors.
Far-Red Fluorescent Murine Glioma Model for Accurate Assessment of Brain Tumor Progression
Authors: Mishchenko Tatiana A. , Balalaeva Irina V. , Klimenko Maria O. , Brilkina Anna A. , Peskova Nina N. , Guryev Evgenii L. , Krysko Dmitri V. , Vedunova Maria V.
Published: August 2022

Glioma is the most common brain tumor, for which no significant improvement in life expectancy and quality of life is yet possible. The creation of stable fluorescent glioma cell lines is a promising tool for in-depth studies of the molecular mechanisms of glioma initialization and pathogenesis, as well as for the development of new anti-cancer strategies. Herein, a new fluorescent glioma GL261-kat cell line stably expressing a far-red fluorescent protein (TurboFP635; Katushka) was generated and characterized, and then validated in a mouse orthotopic glioma model. By using epi-fluorescence imaging, we detect the fluorescent glioma GL261-kat cells in mice starting from day 14 after the inoculation of glioma cells, and the fluorescence signal intensity increases as the glioma progresses. Tumor growth is confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and histology. A gradual development of neurological deficit and behavioral alterations in mice is observed during glioma progression. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the significance and feasibility of using the novel glioma GL261-kat cell line as a model of glioma biology, which can be used to study the initialization of glioma and monitor its growth by lifetime non-invasive tracking of glioma cells, with the prospect of monitoring the response to anti-cancer therapy.
Propylene Polymerization Performance with Ziegler-Natta Catalysts Combined with U-Donor and T01 Donor as External Donor
Authors: Govindaswamy Padavattan , Wada Emiko , Kono Hiroyuki , Uozumi Toshiya , Funabashi Hideo
Published: August 2022

In propylene (C3) polymerization with Ziegler-Natta catalyst, not only internal donor but also external donor is very important to make isotactic polypropylene (PP) with higher yield. Most propylene-based polymers have been commercially produced with Ziegler-Natta catalysts combined with dialkyl-dialkoxy silane compounds (R2Si(OR)2) such as C-donor, P-donor, and D-donor as external donors. In this paper, we will introduce the propylene polymerization performance with aminosilane compounds, i.e., diethylamino triethoxy silane (U-donor) and bis(ethylamino) di-cyclopentyl silane (T01 donor), as external donor in Ziegler–Natta catalyst. The polymerization screening experiments were conducted using some triethoxyalkylsilanes compounds (1–7) and performances were compared with U-donor. The polymerization results of the binary donor system show improvement in stereoregularity. These aminosilane compounds exhibit high hydrogen response in propylene polymerization and high copolymerization performance of propylene (C3) and ethylene (C2) in ICP production compared with dialkyl-dialkoxy silane compounds. While using methanol as an additive along with external electron donor, as a serendipitous, the copolymerization activity, block ratio, EPR (ethylene-propylene rubber) content improve significantly for U-donor as compared with T01 donor and C-donor.
Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Activity of TiO2 Nanotubes Decorated with Lanthanide Ions for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Cho Hyekyung , Joo Hyunku , Kim Hansung , Kim Ji-Eun , Kang Kyoung-Soo , Jung Hyeonmin , Yoon Jaekyung
Published: August 2022

Highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) decorated with a series of lanthanide ions (Ln3+ = Ho3+, Tb3+, Eu3+, Yb3+, and Er3+) were prepared through an electrochemical process and anodization. The composition, structure, and chemical bond of the as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the electrochemical characteristics of the catalysts were analyzed and photoelectrochemical properties were investigated through water splitting. All samples were prepared in the anatase phase without changing the crystal structure. The holmium-doped TNT photocatalyst exhibited the best performance with a hydrogen evolution rate of 90.13 μmol cm−2h−1 and photoconversion efficiency of 2.68% (0 V vs. RHE). Photocatalytic efficiency increased because of the expansion of the absorption wavelength range attributed to the appropriate positioning of the band structure and reduced electron/hole pair recombination resulting from the unhindered electron movement. This study demonstrated the preparation of high-potential solar-active photocatalysts through the synergetic effects of the work function, band edge, and bandgap changes caused by the series of lanthanide combinations with TNTs.
Systematic Functional Analysis of PINK1 and PRKN Coding Variants
Authors: Broadway Benjamin J. , Boneski Paige K. , Bredenberg Jenny M. , Kolicheski Ana , Hou Xu , Soto-Beasley Alexandra I. , Ross Owen A. , Springer Wolfdieter , Fiesel Fabienne C.
Published: August 2022

Loss of either PINK1 or PRKN causes an early onset Parkinson’s disease (PD) phenotype. Functionally, PINK1 and PRKN work together to mediate stress-activated mitochondrial quality control. Upon mitochondrial damage, PINK1, a ubiquitin kinase and PRKN, a ubiquitin ligase, decorate damaged organelles with phosphorylated ubiquitin for sequestration and degradation in lysosomes, a process known as mitophagy. While several genetic mutations are established to result in loss of mitophagy function, many others have not been extensively characterized and are of unknown significance. Here, we analyzed a set of twenty variants, ten in each gene, focusing on understudied variants mostly from the Parkinson’s progressive marker initiative, with sensitive assays to define potential functional deficits. Our results nominate specific rare genetic PINK1 and PRKN variants that cause loss of enzymatic function in line with a potential causative role for PD. Additionally, we identify several variants with intermediate phenotypes and follow up on two of them by gene editing midbrain-derived neuronal precursor cells. Thereof derived isogenic neurons show a stability defect of the rare PINK1 D525N mutation, while the common PINK1 Q115L substitution results in reduced kinase activity. Our strategy to analyze variants with sensitive functional readouts will help aid diagnostics and disease treatment in line with current genomic and therapeutic advances.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence Helps in Understanding the Effect of Fibronectin on Survival of Sepsis
Authors: Lemańska-Perek Anna , Krzyżanowska-Gołąb Dorota , Kobylińska Katarzyna , Biecek Przemysław , Skalec Tomasz , Tyszko Maciej , Gozdzik Waldemar , Adamik Barbara
Published: August 2022

Fibronectin (FN) plays an essential role in the host’s response to infection. In previous studies, a significant decrease in the FN level was observed in sepsis; however, it has not been clearly elucidated how this parameter affects the patient’s survival. To better understand the relationship between FN and survival, we utilized innovative approaches from the field of explainable machine learning, including local explanations (Break Down, Shapley Additive Values, Ceteris Paribus), to understand the contribution of FN to predicting individual patient survival. The methodology provides new opportunities to personalize informative predictions for patients. The results showed that the most important indicators for predicting survival in sepsis were INR, FN, age, and the APACHE II score. ROC curve analysis showed that the model’s successful classification rate was 0.92, its sensitivity was 0.92, its positive predictive value was 0.76, and its accuracy was 0.79. To illustrate these possibilities, we have developed and shared a web-based risk calculator for exploring individual patient risk. The web application can be continuously updated with new data in order to further improve the model.
The Gluopsins: Opsins without the Retinal Binding Lysine
Authors: Gühmann Martin , Porter Megan L. , Bok Michael J.
Published: August 2022

Opsins allow us to see. They are G-protein-coupled receptors and bind as ligand retinal, which is bound covalently to a lysine in the seventh transmembrane domain. This makes opsins light-sensitive. The lysine is so conserved that it is used to define a sequence as an opsin and thus phylogenetic opsin reconstructions discard any sequence without it. However, recently, opsins were found that function not only as photoreceptors but also as chemoreceptors. For chemoreception, the lysine is not needed. Therefore, we wondered: Do opsins exists that have lost this lysine during evolution? To find such opsins, we built an automatic pipeline for reconstructing a large-scale opsin phylogeny. The pipeline compiles and aligns sequences from public sources, reconstructs the phylogeny, prunes rogue sequences, and visualizes the resulting tree. Our final opsin phylogeny is the largest to date with 4956 opsins. Among them is a clade of 33 opsins that have the lysine replaced by glutamic acid. Thus, we call them gluopsins. The gluopsins are mainly dragonfly and butterfly opsins, closely related to the RGR-opsins and the retinochromes. Like those, they have a derived NPxxY motif. However, what their particular function is, remains to be seen.
Phylogeny and Fatty Acid Profiles of New Pinnularia (Bacillariophyta) Species from Soils of Vietnam
Authors: Kezlya Elena , Maltsev Yevhen , Genkal Sergei , Krivova Zinaida , Kulikovskiy Maxim
Published: August 2022

We studied the morphology, ultrastructure, and phylogeny of eight soil diatom strains assigned to the Pinnularia genus. Six of these strains, identified by us as new species, are described for the first time. We provide a comprehensive comparison with related species and include ecological data. Molecular phylogeny reconstruction using 18S rDNA and rbcL affiliates the new strains with different subclades within Pinnularia, including ‘borealis’, ‘grunowii’ and ‘stomatophora’. We also studied the fatty acid profiles in connection with the emerging biotechnological value of diatoms as a source of lipids. Stearic (36.0–64.4%), palmitic (20.1–30.4%), and palmitoleic (up to 20.8%) acids were the dominant fatty acids in the algae cultured on Waris-H + Si medium. High yields of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids position the novel Pinnularia strains as a promising feedstock for biofuel production.
A High-Precision Three-Dimensional Probe Array Temperature Sensor
Authors: Tian Bian , Xing Yifan , Zhang Xuefeng , Liu Zhaojun , Zhang Zhongkai , Liu Jiangjiang , Zhang Bingfei , Lin Qijing , Jiang Zhuangde
Published: August 2022

To meet the need for micro-volume devices for high-precision measurement of temperature, Cu-Constantan (CuNi45) thin films with a novel array structure of thermo-electrodes were designed and fabricated. The thermo-electrodes on the probe-type substrate were deposited by magnetron sputtering technology and the profiling mask was prepared by 3D printing technology. The comprehensive performance of the temperature sensor was improved by systematic optimization of the heat treatment process and accuracy correction algorithm. Results showed that the sensor can measure with an accuracy of up to ±0.19%FS from −60 °C to 200 °C. The three-dimensional probe array temperature sensor shows great advantages in sensitivity, reliability resolution, stability, and measurement accuracy.
QCM Measurements of RH with Nanostructured Carbon-Based Materials: Part 1—Theory and Model
Authors: Fort Ada , Lo Grasso Anna , Mugnaini Marco , Panzardi Enza , Vignoli Valerio
Published: August 2022

In this series of two papers, the humidity sensing of a carbon nanotube’s (CNTs) network-based material is studied through quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors. To this aim, quartzes functionalized with different amounts of sensing material were realized, exposed to different humidity levels, and characterized. In this first paper, the theoretical framework is presented, whereas the second one presents the experimental study. This paper discusses at first the water adsorption and desorption on single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks, and subsequently deeply investigates the behavior of QCM-based measurements. Numerical simulations based on the equivalent electrical model of the quartz were used for predicting the vibrational behavior of functionalized QCMs when exposed to different humidity levels, accounting for the effect of the different water adsorption mechanisms: chemisorption, physisorption, and capillary condensation.
Benefits of Physical Exercise as Approach to Prevention and Reversion of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children and Adolescents with Obesity
Authors: Calcaterra Valeria , Magenes Vittoria , Vandoni Matteo , Berardo Clarissa , Marin Luca , Bianchi Alice , Cordaro Erika , Silvestro Giustino , Silvestri Dario , Carnevale Pellino Vittoria , Cereda Cristina , Zuccotti Gianvincenzo
Published: August 2022

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important health concern during childhood; indeed, it is the most frequent cause of chronic liver diseases in obese children. No valid pharmacological therapies for children affected by this condition are available, and the recommended treatment is lifestyle modification, usually including nutrition and exercise interventions. In this narrative review, we summarized up-to-date information on the benefits of physical exercise on NAFLD in children and adolescents with obesity. The role of exercise as non-pharmacological treatment was emphasized in order to provide recent advances on this topic for clinicians not deeply involved in the field. Several studies on obese children and adults confirm the positive role of physical activity (PA) in the treatment of NAFLD, but to date, there are no pediatric randomized clinical trials on exercise versus usual care. Among the pathogenic mechanisms involved in the PA effects on NAFLD, the main players seem to be insulin resistance and related inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis, but further evaluations are necessary to deeply understand whether these factors are correlated and how they synergistically act. Thus, a deeper research on this theme is needed, and it would be extremely interesting.
Interceptive Treatment with Invisalign® First in Moderate and Severe Cases: A Case Series
Authors: Pinho Teresa , Rocha Duarte , Ribeiro Sofia , Monteiro Francisca , Pascoal Selma , Azevedo Rui
Published: August 2022

The increasing demand for more aesthetic/comfortable orthodontic alternatives fostered the utilization of clear aligners in recent years. However, the efficacy of clear aligners for treating complex malocclusions is often treated with scepticism. This case series aims to evaluate the predictability of the Invisalign® First system in moderate and severe cases requiring interceptive orthodontic treatments in mixed dentition. A total of 23 patients with 102 interceptive orthodontic malocclusion traits were selected for orthodontic treatment with Invisalign® First and were examined over 18 months (Phase 1). Clinical assessments included ClinCheck® predictions, cephalometric measurements, and measuring tools commonly used to quantify tooth movement. Measurements taken at the beginning and end of the treatment were compared. The complexity degree of each case was established based on the set of problems presented by each patient. All treatment objectives were achieved within 18 months, except for two Class II cases, with 69% of them solved with the first set of aligners. Additional aligners were used in the remaining cases. Even though these 23 cases suggest that the Invisalign® First (Phase 1) may be effective in most interceptive problems, controlled randomized clinical trials are required to evaluate movement predictability and how this relates to the problem complexity and additional aligners required.
Surface Bio-Functionalization of Anti-Bacterial Titanium Implants: A Review
Authors: Sui Junhao , Liu Shu , Chen Mengchen , Zhang Hao
Published: August 2022

Titanium (Ti) and titanium alloy have been widely used in orthopedics. However, the successful application of titanium implants is mainly limited due to implant-associated infections. The implant surface contributes to osseointegration, but also has the risk of accelerating the growth of bacterial colonies, and the implant surfaces infected with bacteria easily form biofilms that are resistant to antibiotics. Biofilm-related implant infections are a disastrous complication of trauma orthopedic surgery and occur when an implant is colonized by bacteria. Surface bio-functionalization has been extensively studied to better realize the inhibition of bacterial proliferation to further optimize the mechanical functions of implants. Recently, the surface bio-functionalization of titanium implants has been presented to improve osseointegration. However, there are still numerous clinical and non-clinical challenges. In this review, these aspects were highlighted to develop surface bio-functionalization strategies for enhancing the clinical application of titanium implants to eliminate implant-associated infections.
Design and Fabrication of Temperature-Compensated Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator Filter Based on the Stress Compensation Effect
Authors: Liu Ya , Sun Ke , Ma Jinyi , Yu Zhong , Lan Zhongwen
Published: August 2022

To ensure that the performance of filters matches the continuous development in communication frequency bands, the influence of temperature on filter performance must be considered during the fabrication of filters. In this study, a cavity-type temperature-compensated film bulk acoustic resonator (TC-FBAR) device was prepared with an SiO2 temperature filter between the bottom electrode and the piezoelectric layer. A one-dimensional Mason model of the TC-FBAR was established. An advanced design system, a high-frequency structure simulator, and COMSOL software were used to optimize the design of the TC-FBAR. After the optimization, the out-of-band rejection was improved by 10 dB. To address the compensation effect of the tensile and compressive stresses, a multilayer film was implemented for low-stress control and a reduction in stress to |P| ≤ 150 MPa, thereby improving the orientation of the piezoelectric film. Moreover, the influence of the thickness of the SiO2 temperature-compensated layers on the temperature-compensated characteristics was studied. When the SiO2 thickness was 50 nm, the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) was ±1 ppm/°C. The center frequency and 3 dB bandwidth of TC-FBAR were 2.492 GHz and 15.02 MHz, respectively, and the center insertion loss was −3.1 dB. Moreover, the out-of-band rejection was greater than 40 dBc, and TCF was 0.8 ppm/°C.
Effect of Si and P Content on the Si Phase and Solidification Behavior of Al-40Zn-xSi Alloys Using Synchrotron Radiation Real-Time Imaging
Authors: Mao Feng , Guo Junliang , Zhang Guoshang , Zhang Po , Xiong Mei , Chen Chong , Wang Changji , Xiao Liqiang
Published: August 2022

In this paper, the effect of Si (1, 3, 5, 6 wt.%) and P (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 ppm) content on the Si phase and solidification behavior of Al-40Zn-xSi alloys are investigated via phase diagram calculation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and synchrotron radiation real-time imaging. It is found that Si content has a great influence on the microstructures of Al-40Zn-xSi alloys, and two distinct primary phases were separated by a critical composition at 5.49 wt.% Si in the calculated phase diagram. The microstructure contained not only needle-like eutectic Si, but also blocky primary Si particles in “hypoeutectic” commercial-purity Al-40Zn-5Si alloys. However, the synchrotron radiation real-time imaging experiment showed that the primary phase was α-Al in commercial-purity Al-40Zn-5Si alloys. The effect of P on the Si phase of the high-purity Al-40Zn-5Si alloy was also studied, showing that the number and size of the blocky primary Si particles in the high-purity “hypoeutectic” Al-40Zn-5Si alloys were mainly related to the P impurity content. A small minority of primary Si particles were found during the whole solidification process of the high-purity Al-40Zn-5Si alloy without P impurities, while a large number of primary Si particles were precipitated continuously at the front of α-Al dendrites in the high-purity Al-40Zn-5Si alloy with the addition of 20ppm P, which may have been caused by the fact that AlP particles can act as the heterogeneous nucleation sites of primary Si particles by a small undercooling in P-impurity-containing alloys.