bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The adventure to knowledge: A game that teaches how environmental changes that occurred in Mozambique during the Holocene were investigated
Authors: Veiga-Pires Cristina , Oliveira Sónia , Gomes Ana
Published: February 2023

This presentation aims to present the board game " The adventure to knowledge " as a tool to facilitate the teaching-learning process. It was created to help the dissemination and communication of science in the context of an international and interdisciplinary research project that studies the environmental changes that have occurred over the last 7500 years in the southeast coast of Mozambique. In the game, each player is invited to take on the role of a researcher participating in a fieldwork where they will create knowledge to write a book. To do so, he/she will need material and human resources to analyze several paleoenvironmental indicators, and the speed with which he/she will do so will depend on several constraints. This game is available at https://ccvalg.pt/inmoz/inmozEN.html
This study had the support of national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), under the project LA/P/0069/2020 granted to the Associate Laboratory ARNET and UID/00350/2020 CIMA, and the project PTDC/HAR-ARQ/28148/2017, granted to the researcher with the following contract CEECINST/00146/2018/CP1493/CT0002.
ROBOMINERS multi-electrode arrays: a comparative test.   
Authors: Stasi Giorgia , Burlet Christian , Vanbrabant Yves , Nguyen Frederic
Published: February 2023

The H2020 ROBOMINERS project (Bio-Inspired, Modular and Reconfigurable Robot Miners, Grant Agreement No. 820971) aims to develop, test, and demonstrate new mining and sensing technologies on a small modular robot miner prototype, capable of navigating, operating, and “selectively mining” in underground environments. With its bio-inspired design (Technology Readiness Level 4-5), the robot-miner targets uneconomical, small, and difficult-to-access deposits (Lopes et al. 2020). The miner is equipped with a set of geophysical and mineralogical sensors to boost its “selective mining” capabilities: productivity improvement, reduction of waste mining material, and navigation for ore detection.  

This study focuses on the development and test of customized design of electrodes arrays for electric resistivity tomography and induced polarization surveys, in line with the miner’s design current and future requirements. We considered two main models related to ROBOMINERS: the first group of models represents a rectangular buried tunnel facing a regular polygon as the ore, similar to a layered deposit; in the second group the rectangular buried tunnel is facing an irregular polygon, simulating a vein-type or disseminated type deposit. In both cases the models were treated in dry and flooded conditions.

A set of 2D and 3D simulations was carried out to compare the different arrays behavior in the data acquisition. Classical and non-classical configurations were tested and compared. Initial laboratory tests to confirm the results of the models with the simplest array distribution (8 electrodes) were carried out in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Belgium.

 

References

Lopes, B. Bodo, C. Rossi, S. Henley, G. Žibret, A. Kot-Niewiadomska, V. Correia, Advances in Geosciences, Volume 54, 2020, 99–108

https://robominers.eu/
Initiating Cultural Change in the German Earth System Sciences Community with a Commitment Statement
Authors: Seegert Jörg , Nüst Daniel , Bernard Lars
Published: February 2023

Academia faces enormous challenges to realign publication and evaluation practices towards a sustainable, open, transparent, diverse, equitable, and inclusive way of conducting research. However, values, attitudes, behaviours, and habits are difficult to change. Furthermore, individuals and organisations do not act isolated but in different contexts - from local to international, from labs to academic societies, from early career researchers to university leadership. This makes cultural change very demanding. The Earth System Sciences (ESS) consortium of the German Research Data Infrastructure programme (NFDI4Earth, https://nfdi4earth.de/) takes deliberate steps towards introducing such cultural change in the form of the NFDI4Earth FAIRness and Openness Commitment (https://nfdi4earth.de/2coordinate/cultural-change). Intentionally going beyond FAIR data, the commitment is set up as a means to introduce a cultural change towards openness and to initiate a discourse on the full circle of related values and practices as well as connected social, cultural, and economic topics. 

The NFDI4Earth Commitment can be endorsed by the institutions and organisations involved and related to NFDI4Earth, such as research institutions, publishers, or funders, as well as signed by individual researchers. The commitment is designed as a continuous activity and is iterative in its nature: signatories are invited annually to sign the latest version, which over time becomes more extensive or focused, based on the community discussions and the general developments, e.g., in academia as a whole. 

The NFDI4Earth Commitment will create a sense of identity for all actors and becomes an instrument to demonstrate values. It provides commonly accepted and manifested documentation that the signatories strive to adhere to, e.g., best practices in ESS research data management and can be held accountable by members or partners. In its current incarnation, the NFDI4Earth commitment puts a particular focus on the need for individuals and organisations to question and reflect their own personal, institutional and their fellows behaviours and attitudes, on the broadness of scientific contributions, scientific evaluation and incentives. Furthermore, it stresses the value of sharing and collaborating and presents a positive picture of change. To emphasize the iterative nature, the NFDI4Earth commitment includes a first level or stage of commitment, with more levels to be expected in future incarnations. 

In this work, we present the current version of the NFDI4Earth Commitment, the process for its creation, the steps taken and planned for community engagement, and considerations for the future development, in particular the transferability to international communities or other disciplines within the context of the NFDI. Where already clear, we present lessons learned on the creation and introduction of the commitment.
Modelling magnetic turbulence with log-normal intermittency by continuous cascades
Authors: Lübke Jeremiah , Effenberger Frederic , Fichtner Horst , Grauer Rainer
Published: February 2023

The transport of cosmic rays in turbulent magnetic fields is commonly investigated by solving the Newton-Lorentz equation of test particles in synthetic turbulence fields. These fields are typically generated from superpositions of Fourier modes with prescribed power spectrum and uncorrelated random phases, bringing the advantage of covering a wide range of turbulence scales at manageable computational effort. However, almost all of these models to date only account for second-order Gaussian statistics and thus fail to include intermittent features. Recent observations of the solar wind suggest that astrophysical magnetic fields are strongly non-Gaussian, and the question of how such higher-order statistics impact cosmic ray transport has only received limited attention. To address this, we present an algorithm for generating synthetic turbulence based on Kolmogorov’s log-normal model of intermittency. It generates a divergence-free magnetic field by computing the curl of a vector potential, which in turn is obtained from an inverse wavelet transform of a continuous log-normal cascade process. We investigate the statistics of the generated fields, show that anomalous scaling properties are accurately reproduced and discuss implications on cosmic ray transport. *Supported by DFG (SFB 1491)
Spatial correlation scales of rainfall fields as the signature of consistent bias-adjustment procedures for convection-permitting simulations
Authors: Schiavo Massimiliano , Marra Francesco , Dallan Eleonora , Borga Marco
Published: February 2023

Empirical bias adjustment techniques are the backbone of correction procedures for climate model scenarios of precipitation. However, the effect of these adjustments on the spatial patterns of rainfall fields is not properly understood yet. Here, we investigate the quality of empirical bias correction procedures at reproducing the spatial correlation of the rainfall fields by comparing simulated, observed, and adjusted gauge-based rainfall series. We ground our investigation on simulations from a convection-permitting climate model forced with reanalysis data (Era Interim driven COSMO-CLM model) across a 10-year period (2000-2009). Specifically, we aim at understanding if the adjustment procedure can preserve the spatial correlation of both gauge-based and gridded simulated rainfall fields. The area of investigation is an alpine transect in North-Eastern Italy, including (the Veneto region,      Trentino and Alto Adige, where a dense network of rain gauges is available). We assess possible changes in the spatial correlation scales of extreme events at different temporal resolutions (e.g. 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours). Our preliminary results suggest a non-negligible effect of bias adjustments in the distortion of spatial patterns of rainfall fields, which would call for the need for proper spatially consistent adjustment procedures.
The trend in stratospheric bromine from 1987 to 2000 deduced from in situ measurements of BrO in the Winter Polar Vortices
Authors: Toso Lavinia , Toohey Darin W
Published: February 2023

Measurements of BrO obtained in situ from the NASA ER-2 aircraft and balloons (HALOZ balloon-borne ClO/BrO instrument) between 1987 and 2000 are used to estimate the trend in total inorganic bromine (Bry). Despite the significance of ozone destruction by BrO, due to the analytical difficulty in quantifying very low abundances of bromine radicals present in the stratosphere these were the only direct observations of the dominant species of inorganic bromine that were made often enough over this period to allow for this analysis. In particular, this work focuses on observations in the perturbed polar vortices when BrO chemistry is dominated by reaction with ClO, and thus is less sensitive to systematic errors due to uncertainties in reactions with compounds such as HOx and NOx that dominate at lower latitudes. We use a detailed one-dimensional photochemical model with recommended rate parameters for key chemical processes, initialized with simultaneous observations of ClO and O3, to determine the atmospheric bromine partitioning under the specific photochemical conditions of each observation. We find that total inorganic bromine increased by ~43% over this time and reaches a value in 2000 that agrees well with the other observations that have since shown a leveling off, and small decrease, of inorganic bromine in the stratosphere since 2000. Within the accuracies of the BrO measurements and modeled partitioning, our results are consistent with a relatively constant value of 4 ppt find for very short-lived bromine substances (VSLSs) over the period of these observations. These results extend the Bry record deduced in recent WMO ozone assessments by 13 years and add further confidence to our understanding of ozone depletion due to bromine compounds over this critical period when inorganic bromine was increasing rapidly due to emissions of anthropogenic compounds, such as Halons and methyl bromide used in fire extinguishers and for fumigating crops.
Dynamics of alpine glaciers large instabilities: results and open problems
Authors: Giordan Daniele , Dematteis Niccolò , Troilo Fabrizio , Segor Valerio
Published: February 2023

The study of glacier instabilities can be very useful, particularly when the activation of large ice avalanches can be dangerous for several elements at risk down-valley. This critical condition characterizes a growing number of glaciers in the Alps, where the distance between infrastructures, tourist areas and glaciers are minimal. The tragedy that occurred in Marmolada in 2022 is an example of the impact that an ice avalanche can have on a highly frequented area. In several recent studies, glacier-related instabilities are based on approaches similar to the ones adopted for landslides; in particular, the use of high-rate monitoring systems is fundamental for a characterization of the surficial movement of the glacier and its activity. The presence of an acceleration phase is often a precursor of the fall of the unstable ice chunk, and that is why the use of high-rate monitoring systems can be adopted for early warning purposes. The availability of similar data also allows a deeper knowledge of the processes that characterize the evolution of glaciers. Up to the present, the limited presence of permanent survey systems has prevented a more detailed study of the dynamics that control the evolution of glaciers. Recent monitoring solutions adopted to manage the ice-avalanche-related risk in the Alps represent an excellent opportunity to reduce this gap. The Grand Jorasses (Italian side of the Mont Blanc massif) open-field laboratory for the development of monitoring systems is an interesting example of this recent opportunity. The presence of cold (Whymper serac) and temperate (Planpincieux glacier) monitored glaciers is also important for better evaluating the impact of water at the bedrock-ice interface on the stability of hanging glaciers. The results obtained in the Grand Jorasses open-field laboratory pointed out the high complexity of temperate glaciers due to the variety of triggers that can activate large ice falls. The restricted access to the site for safety reasons limited the direct measurement of important parameters and led to the adoption of proximal remote sensing solutions. Thanks to the acquired data, a conceptual model of the glaciers' dynamics have been developed and adopted for better risk assessment.
Generative Adversarial Network for Reconstructing Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature using Satellite Data over North-west Pacific
Authors: Jung Sihun , Im Jungho
Published: February 2023

Estimating diurnal variations of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is important for studying air-sea heat exchange. Existing operational diurnal SSTs are derived from numerical models incorporating satellite data, and assimilated with in-situ measurements, which are very accurate. However, numerical model-based methods incur significant computational costs for identifying the diurnal cycle of SST from various heat flux sources (i.e., sensible, latent heat). In this study, we first proposed a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) method to reconstruct high-resolution diurnal SST using satellite observations as an actual diurnal signal from the ocean surface layer. A generator in the GAN model was trained using the diurnal variability-related variables, including the hourly SSTs and shortwave radiation measurements from Himawari-8 geostationary satellite observations, to estimate diurnal SSTs. The discriminator in the GAN model was learned to reduce the difference in spatiotemporal variability of diurnal SSTs between a satellite data-assimilated numerical model product (Global Ocean OSTIA Diurnal Skin Sea Surface Temperature; Copernicus marine service) and estimated SST from the generator. The results showed that the reconstructed SST had a better spatial distribution of ocean phenomena such as front and eddy than compared with the numerical model-derived SST. It implied that the GAN model could simulate a high spatial variability of SSTs using satellite-based data with a spatial resolution of 2km. The proposed GAN model produced high validation accuracy, resulting in the coefficient of determination of 0.99, bias of -0.2℃, and root mean square errors of 0.58℃ when compared with in situ SST Quality Monitor drifting buoy data. Since we use geostationary satellite data, the proposed model can capture real diurnal variability of SST more frequently than existing numerical model data using analysis data. In addition, the proposed deep learning model is much more computationally efficient than the numerical models.
Mapping of structures formed by hydraulic fracturing based on microseismic events location.
Authors: Weglinska Elzbieta , Lesniak Andrzej , Pasternacki Andrzej , Wandycz Pawel
Published: February 2023

Structures created by hydraulic fracturing can be identified using the location of induced microseismic events. Estimating the effectiveness of stimulation depends on fracture mapping. Event location errors make precise imaging of fractures in a scattered seismic cloud challenging. In order to increase the reliability of the determined structures on the basis of events with location error, we proposed a several-stage procedure. This procedure was demonstrated on microseismic events located during the fracturing of the Wysin-2H/2Hbis horizontal well, an exploration well for shale gas in northern Poland from June 9, 2016 to June 18, 2016. All located events were subjected to a collapsing that allows obtaining new locations of events that are equivalent to original locations in a statistical sense. The creation of such an equivalent point cloud allows us to see certain structures that may reflect, for example, fractures. To validate the results before and after collapsing method, all events were set against the probability of a given brittleness index map.  It is demonstrated that the collapsed events occurred in regions that were more rigid, while the locations of events prior to this procedure showed no relationship with the occurrence of areas with higher susceptibility to fracking. The unsupervised machine learning algorithm HDBSCAN was used on a collapsed cloud to automatically detect clusters of events. The directions of identified clusters agree with the direction of regional maximum horizontal stress.
DORIS based precise orbit and reference frame determination using multiple altimetry satellite missions
Authors: Anton Reinhold , Patrick Schreiner , Karl Hans Neumayer , Rolf König
Published: February 2023

The German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) is one of the Associate Analysis Centers (AAC) of the International Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) Service (IDS).In the framework of a future contribution to the DORIS part of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) a repertoire of well-known satellite altimetry missions equipped with DORIS receiver, in particular Topex, Envisat, Jason-1/2, Cryosat-2, Saral, Jason-3, Sentinel-3A/B and Sentinel-6A Michael Freilich, have been processed.Therefore, Precise Orbit Determination (POD) is performed for these missions, and orbits are generated based on DORIS-only and on the combination of DORIS and Satellite Laser Raging (SLR) observations.The quality of the orbits is subsequentely analyzed internally and in comparison with external orbit solutions.For external comparisons, the combined orbit solutions of the Copernicus POD quality working group (CPOD-QWG), which is assumed to have superior absolute accuracy and minimal residual systematic errors, are used for the Sentinel missions, while for the remaining missions orbit products by Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) are used.Eventually, starting from the DORIS only solutions, weekly local terrestrial reference frames (TRFs), are computed for each single satellites, as well as a combined solution for the entire analysis interval with all satellite missions is generated.The TRF solutions thus generated are evaluated with respect to the reference frame defining parameters, i.e. origin, scale, and orientation, in comparison to the a piori TRF.
From coral to Halimeda: Green algae as an important factor for Holocene reef island formation in Southeast Asia
Authors: Kappelmann Yannis , Westphal Hildegard , Kneer Dominik , Mann Thomas
Published: February 2023

Reef islands accumulate as shallow landforms on or adjacent to reef complexes and are mainly composed of reef-derived carbonate sediment. Due to their unconsolidated and low-lying nature, reef islands are exposed to hydrodynamic processes, whereby they naturally experience erosion and accumulation. In order to compensate deficits of sediments lost during erosion, a sufficient supply of suitable carbonate sediment is required for accumulation. Under changing environmental conditions, the reefs are exposed to multiple stress factors that, among other things, can alter carbonate production and thus also threaten the stability of the reef islands. Hence, it is of importance to understand how past changes in the production of carbonate sediment have affected the evolution of reef islands systems, in order to assess potential future scenarios. Here we reconstruct the Holocene and recent sedimentological dynamics from one inhabited Indonesian reef island on the outer shelf of the Spermonde Archipelago, directly bordering the Strait of Makassar. We investigate the carbonate facies from sediment obtained from deep push cores up to 8 meters below surface and from shallow, hand-drilled boreholes. Targeted radiocarbon dating helps to reveal the temporal understanding of facies evolution and formation dynamics. Our data show that the island complex started to form in the mid-Holocene, around 6,400 years cal BP. The carbonate sediment from this time is almost exclusively composed of sand-sized coral fragments. Over time, the sediment composition becomes more diverse, with increased abundances of mollusks and algae, likely reflecting the ecological evolution of the reef. The shallow samples close to mean relative sea-level show radiocarbon ages of 4,000 to 3,000 years cal BP, suggesting that the initial island formed around this time and accreted in the following millennia. Of note, the proportions of the green algae Halimeda is even further increased in the youngest sediments. Overall, this suggests that the island has been able to continue growing despite changes in the ecosystems that provide the sediment, and that the increased production of green algae may have even promoted island accretion in general. Our study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of reef island development in the context of evolving reef systems and extends the understanding of Holocene island formation in the study area.
A novel approach for cryobiome functional analysis with metaproteomics
Authors: Feord Helen , Trautwein-Schult Anke , Keuschnig Christoph , Trivedi Christopher B. , Mourot Rey , Zervas Athanasios , Becher Dörte , Anesio Alexandre M. , Tranter Martyn , Benning Liane G.
Published: February 2023

Algal blooms occur during the summer melt on the Greenland Ice Sheet and on other melting supraglacial environments globally. Snow habitats are mostly inhabited by chlorophytes (Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae), while bare ice is dominated by streptophytes (Zygnematophyceae). These eukaryotes thrive at low temperatures and under high light and low nutrients, and they have specialised cellular mechanisms allowing for life under extreme conditions. However, little empirical data exists about the cellular adaptations of snow and glacial ice algae under these conditions, despite our growing knowledge of species diversity and associated abiotic conditions. We address this knowledge gap by identifying protein groups essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis under relevant environmental conditions from samples rich in snow and glacial ice algae from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Samples collected during summer algal blooms were subjected to a metaproteomics workflow using an established protein extraction protocol and LC-MS/MS analysis. Proteins were identified using a predicted protein database built from RNA sequencing data comprising of sequences from algae, but also other microorganisms present in the community such as bacteria and fungi. We assigned 35% of the recorded MS2 spectra to predominantly algal proteins, as well as bacterial and fungal proteins, corresponding to more than 5800 protein groups. This large dataset provides a starting point for dissecting cellular functions of cryogenic algae in these environments and allows us, for example, to evaluate the relative abundance of proteins linked to specific cellular pathways such as photosynthesis or lipid metabolism.
Streamflow projections for Indian subcontinent river basins
Authors: Singh Chuphal Dipesh , Mishra Vimal
Published: February 2023

Streamflow data is highly relevant for flood risk analysis, ecological assessment, and water resources management. However, high-resolution vector-based streamflow data for Indian-Subcontinent river (ISC) basins is critically lacking. The finer-scale streamlines are better represented in a vector-based river network than grid-based network. We generated continuous streamflow data from 1901 to 2100 for ISC river basins. We used observed meteorological data from India Meteorological Department (IMD) for historical and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate projections for future simulations. We combined the H08 land surface model and the MizuRoute routing scheme to generate the streamflow at 9579 river segments of ISC river basins. We also examined how streamflow variability across the ISC river basins changes under a warming climate. We further investigated the river segments that are more prone to flood and drought in the future. The findings of this study may help in improving local flood and drought awareness and response more effectively than previously possible due to simulations at very fine river segments.
Response of atmospheric rivers to aerosols treatment in regional climate simulations
Authors: Raluy-López Eloisa , Segado-Moreno Leandro , Sánchez-Jiménez Francisco , García-Fernández Ester , Jiménez-Guerrero Pedro , Montávez Juan Pedro
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) play an essential role in extreme precipitation phenomena. To predictsuch events, a correct simulation of ARs becomes crucial. Since most of the regional climate modelsdo not take aerosols into account in an interactive way, the main objective pursued in this work was toanalyse the role of aerosols in the intensity and behaviour of ARs on the regional scale. The identifi-cation of ARs has always been carried out in global climate simulations applying detection algorithmsthat may not be suitable in regional climate models, due to the presence of boundaries in the spatialdomain.This work presents a new ARs identification algorithm for regional climate simulations (AIRA).The implemented algorithm has proved to be able to properly identify the vapour structures associatedwith ARs. AIRA was applied to a set of hourly data from three regional simulations (BASE, ARI andARCI), covering a period of 20 years. In BASE, aerosols were prescribed, while the model incorporatesaerosols dynamically in both ARI and ARCI. In ARI, aerosols are only incorporated interactively inaerosol-radiation interactions. In ARCI, they are also included in the microphysical processes.AIRA has identified about 250 ARs in the three simulations. Spring and autumn ARs were themost frequent, intense and long-lasting, while they were less frequent, shorter and weaker in summer.The identified ARs explain up to a 30% of the total precipitation in some areas of the Iberian Penin-sula. The differences between the three simulations are significant in the spatial distribution of theprecipitation and in the trajectory and intensity of some ARs. Although the number of detected ARsis similar, the temporal steps with ARs common to the three simulations represent only a 37% of thetotal BASE steps containing ARs. This indicates that the sensitivity to the inclusion of aerosols isrelevant. The common ARs events showed that the BASE and ARI simulations generally present sim-ilar trajectoriesk. However, important differences appear regarding ARCI, speciallywhen ARs are not quite intense.A cluster analysis of the thickness field between 1000 and 850 hPa in ARI identifies three mainpatterns. The comparison between the centroids in ARI and ARCI, reveals that the differences betweenARs in both simulations are mainly related to the aerosols type and concentration. The mainmechanism behind this behaviour is related to the modification of the temperature field dueto aerosol-cloud interactions (indirect effect) while aerosol-radiation effects are less relevant. 
Measurements of the clumped isotopic composition of atmospheric methane
Authors: Sivan Malavika , Röckmann Thomas , van der Veen Carina , Slomp Caroline P. , Popa Maria Elena
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric methane (CH4) is the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after CO­2. Global scale measurements of CH4 mole fraction show an increasing trend since pre-industrial times. Various studies have attempted to attribute the temporal change to variations in the balance between different CH4 sources and atmospheric sink reactions. Measurements of bulk isotopic composition (δ13C and δD) are used for this purpose, but due to the overlap of source signatures, it is difficult to distinguish between biogenic, thermogenic, and pyrogenic CH4. With the advancement of high-resolution mass spectrometry, it is now possible to measure the two most abundant clumped isotopologues of CH4: 13CDH3 and CD2H2. The clumping anomalies denoted as Δ13CD and ΔDD can be used as an additional tool to constrain CH4 sources.Most of the clumped isotope studies so far, have focused on high-concentration samples, which can easily deliver the large quantity of pure CH4 (several mL) needed to measure the clumped isotopologues. But these measurements could be particularly interesting for atmospheric CH4, for which the explanations of the recent variations are still under debate. As shown by a recent modeling study (1), clumping anomalies, especially ΔDD, have the potential to help distinguish between the main drivers of change in the atmospheric CH4 burden.In our laboratory, we use the 253-Ultra mass spectrometer to measure the clumped isotopologues of CH4. These measurements require 4-5 mL of pure CH4 to achieve a precision of 0.3 ± 0.1 ‰ for Δ13CD and 2.4 ± 0.8 ‰ for ΔDD. For atmospheric air at 2 ppm, this translates to extracting CH4 from at least 2000 L of air.We have recently developed a method for extracting and purifying CH4 from this large quantity of air, without modifying its isotopic composition. We will present the current capabilities of this extraction system, and the first results of the clumped isotopic composition of the ambient air.Reference:1. Chung, E & Arnold, T 2021, 'Potential of Clumped Isotopes in Constraining the Global Atmospheric Methane Budget', Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol. 35, no. 10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006883
Intaking DKRZ ESM data collections
Authors: Wachsmann Fabian
Published: February 2023

In this showcase, we present to you how Intake and its plugin Intake-ESM are utilized at DKRZ to provide highly FAIR data collections from different projects, stored on different types of storages in different formats.The Intake Plugin Intake-ESM allows users to not only find the data of interest, but also load them as analysis-ready-like Xarray datasets. We utilize this tool to provide users with access to many available data collections at our institution from only one single access point, the main DKRZ intake catalog at www.dkrz.de/s/intake. The functionality of this package works independently of data standards and formats and therefore enables full metadata-driven data access including data processing. Intake-esm catalogs increase the FAIRness of the data collections in all aspects but especially in terms of Accessibility and Interoperability.Started with a collection of DKRZ’s CMIP6 Data Pool, DKRZ now hosts catalogs for more than 10PB of data on different local storages. The Intake-ESM package has been well integrated into ESM data provisioning workflows.Early sharing and making accessible: The co-developed inhouse ICON model generates an intake-esm catalog on each run.
Uptake from other technologies: E.g., intake-esm catalogs serve as templates for the more advanced DKRZ STAC Catalogs. 
Making accessible all storage types: tools used for writing data to the local institutional cloud allow users to create Intake-ESM catalogs for the written data.
Data archiving: Catalogs for projects in the archive can be created from its metadata database.
For future activities, we plan to make use of new functionalities like the support for kerchunked data and the derived variable registry.The DKRZ data management team develops and maintains local services around intake-esm for a positive user experience. In this showcase, we will present excerpts of seminars, workflows and integrations.
Modelling current and future water resources availability of the river Rhine
Authors: Purnamasari Devi , ter Maat Judith , J. Teuling Adriaan , Weerts Albrecht
Published: February 2023

The Rhine catchment's water resources are likely to continue to experience considerable pressure from growing irrigated land. Concerns regarding the current and future status of water availability to balance conflicting water allocations for maintaining ecosystem services, shipping, and biodiversity are highlighted as freshwater resources become more limited. Contrary to other sectors, agricultural water consumption primarily consists of actual evapotranspiration, resulting in only a small amount of flow returning to receiving water bodies. As a feasible alternative, actual evapotranspiration is therefore increasingly used to quantify agricultural water use.  In hydrological models, agricultural water demand is typically assessed by the volume of water required to fully restore soil moisture to predefined thresholds for sustaining optimal crop growth, under the assumption that there will be enough water available during the growing season to fulfill the demand. However, the assumption of ideal crop growing circumstances (close to potential evapotranspiration) is not necessarily true in dry season, when limited water supply influences irrigation decision-making and will lead to inaccurate estimation of actual water use. This PhD research, as part of the HorizonEurope project Stars4Water, aims to produce historical spatiotemporal estimates of agricultural water use over the Rhine catchment by using satellite observations. To isolate the actual evapotranspiration due from irrigated land, the actual evapotranspiration from the hydrological model wflow_sbm without irrigation scheme will be compared against the actual evapotranspiration derived from satellite retrievals. Land surface temperature observations will be assimilated to constrain the actual evapotranspiration estimates to consider the relationship between the water and energy balance.
InSAR observations in 2014–2021 reveal variations in shallow creep on the Kangding segment of the Xianshuihe fault
Authors: Huang Xing , Shan Xinjian , Jolivet Romain , Li Yanchuan , Zhao Dezheng , Gao Zhiyu
Published: February 2023

Abstract: Identifying the location of fault creep, quantifying its rate and spatiotemporal variation are critical for seismic hazard assessment. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations have identified substantial shallow aseismic slip along the Kangding segment of the Xianshuihe fault, with rates reaching up to ~20 mm/yr. Due to the Kangding  earthquake in 2014, whether the aseismic slip along the segment reflects the secular creep, afterslip effects, or their joint contribution remains unresolved. In this study, we characterize the temporal evolution of shallow creep rates on the fault plane, using both ascending and descending Sentinel-1A/B data spanning 2014-2021. The results indicate most of afterslip ends within two years following the 2014 Kangding earthquake. With the afterslip disappearing, the number of earthquakes distributed in the afterslip zone gradually decreases. We then identify a ~15 km-long creeping segment with a steady slip rate ~13 mm/yr between Huiyuan temple and Jinlong temple. In addition, a series of seismic clusters located within the creeping segment potentially bear the signature of repeating earthquakes, although we must confirm this hypothesis. Considering that the ruptures of historical strong earthquakes do not fully penetrate the creeping segment, it might act as a barrier to arrest the next earthquake rupture.
Early Eocene hyperthermals as carbon cycle tipping points?
Authors: Cramwinckel Marlow Julius , Setty Shruti , von der Heydt Anna , Lenton Tim , Lourens Luc
Published: February 2023

Gradual global warming might trigger the release of large amounts of carbon from natural reservoirs such as submarine methane hydrates and permafrost, exacerbating the effects of human-caused carbon emissions. These "tipping points" in the carbon cycle have the potential to greatly amplify global warming, yet they are not currently included in the projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In order to effectively limit global warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius, as outlined in the UN Paris Agreement, it is crucial to understand these potential tipping points. However, observational and historical data is not sufficient to fully understand the slow changes in the carbon cycle. Therefore, we will utilize the geological record to identify and quantify past carbon cycle tipping points in the Earth's system. The carbon cycle and climate perturbations of the early Eocene represent an ideal series of natural experiments. We employ a two-pronged approach built around climate reconstructions and carbon cycle modelling. First, we apply state of-the-art early-warning signal and causality time series analyses to newly generated and existing high-resolution datasets of early Eocene climate and carbon cycle change, with the aim of detecting carbon cycling tipping points in the geological record and disentangling forcings and feedbacks. Second, we aim to reproduce carbon cycle tipping points in the Earth System using a simple carbon cycle box model, tuned and validated using the geological record. This will provide important input for mechanistic projections of carbon cycle tipping points in the (distant) future. 
Deep learning in spaceborne GNSS-R for ocean remote sensing: First insights from the AI4GNSSR project
Authors: Xiao Tianqi , Asgarimehr Milad , Arnold Caroline , Zhao Daixin , Mou Lichao , Wickert Jens
Published: February 2023

GNSS Reflectometry (GNSS-R) has emerged as a novel remote sensing technique for monitoring geophysical parameters. GNSS signals reflected from the Earth’s surface are tracked and measured by low-mass receivers onboard small satellites, providing abundant information about the target with higher sampling frequency and special coverages. The main observable of GNSS-R is Delay-Doppler Maps (DDMs), which map signal power at a range of delay and Doppler frequency shifts. The conventional retrieval algorithms rely on the parametric regression approaches inverting observables derived from the DDMs to the ocean wind speed products. Thus, GNSS-R has become a new technique for ocean wind retrieval and hurricane monitoring. With the large datasets of cost-effective GNSS-R measurements available, the AI4GNSSR project (Artificial Intelligence for GNSS Reflectometry: Novel Remote Sensing of Ocean and Atmosphere) was proposed to implement Artificial Intelligence for characterizing geophysical parameters and investigating new applications and approaches for the GNSS-R technique. In this study, A global ocean wind speed dataset is created by processing the observables of NASA’s Cyclone GNSS (CyGNSS) mission. The primary implementations of AI algorithms have shown great potential in improving the quality of the existing wind speed products. The deep learning model based on convolutional layers and fully connected layers processes the input CyGNSS measurements and directly extracts features from bistatic radar cross section (BRCS) DDMs. This model achieves an overall RMSE of 1.31 m/s compared with the ERA5 reanalysis data on an unseen dataset and leads to an improvement of 28% in comparison to the operational retrieval algorithm.Moreover, we found that data fusion with ancillary precipitation data is able to correct the rain effects, especially for high wind speed. For wind speeds larger than 16 m/s, our data fusion model outperforms the operational retrieval algorithm by 40%. For further validation of the model performance under extreme weather conditions, a case study of Hurricane Laura in August 2020 will be presented and discussed after a brief introduction to our models.
Characterizing the O3 yield gap in the sugarcane production of SE Brazil
Authors: Cheesman Alexander , Brown Flossie , Ribero Rafael , Folberth Gerd , Hayes Felicity , Moura Barbara , Paoletti Elena , Hoshika Yasutomo , Cernusak Lucas , Osborne Colin , Sitch Stephen
Published: February 2023

Sugarcane a vitally important crop across many tropical and subtropical regions. São Paulo (SP) state, Brazil the largest single regional producer of both raw sugar and the production of bioethanol has experienced large-scale conversion of pasture to sugarcane production in recent decades. This predominantly rain-fed agricultural area is exposed to seasonal drought and periodic high tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution at levels known elsewhere to be detrimental to plant productivity. Given the large current extent, and planned expansion of sugarcane production to meet global demand for ‘green’ biofuels there is a pressing need to characterize the risk of current tropospheric O3 to the sugarcane industry. This is a key step towards limiting the O3 yield gap under future climate and land use change scenarios. In this study, we therefore sought to a) derive realistic sugarcane O3 dose response functions across a full range of O3 exposure and b) model the implications of this observed O3 response across the globally important production area of SE Brazil.We found a significant and substantial impact of O3 on a range of sugarcane cultivars, including a number of commercially relevant varieties. When combined with biologically relevant predictions of O3 exposure across Brazil this allows us to predict the current regional impact of O3 on sugarcane production. We find that up to 25 million tonnes of total crop productivity a year may be lost across São Paulo alone due to the direct impacts of O3 exposure – but that substantial differences in O3 sensitivity of different cultivars highlights the need for future work to elucidate the true impacts of O3 in this important tropical cropping system.
PANGEO multidisciplinary test case for Earth and Environment Big data analysis in FAIR-EASE Infra-EOSC project
Authors: Vernet Marine , Bodere Erwan , Detoc Jérôme , Pierkot Christelle , Rizzo Alessandro , Carval Thierry
Published: February 2023

Earth observation and modelling is a major challenge for research and a necessity for environmental and socio-economic applications. It requires voluminous and heterogeneous data from distributed and domain-dependent data sources, managed separately by various national and European infrastructures.
In a context of unprecedented data wealth and growth, new challenges emerge to enable inter-comparison, inter-calibration and comprehensive studies and uses of earth system and environmental data.
To this end, the FAIR-EASE project aims to provide integrated and interoperable services through the European Open Science Cloud to facilitate the discovery, access and analysis of large volumes of heterogeneous data from distributed sources and from different domains and disciplines of Earth system science.
This presentation will explain how the PANGEO stack will be used within FAIR EASE to improve data access, interpolation and analysis, but will also explore its integration with existing services (e.g. Galaxy) and underlying IT infrastructure to serve multidisciplinary research uses.
Assess land degradation status based on Earth Observation driven proxy indicator
Authors: Samarinas Nikiforos , Tziolas Nikolaos , Zalidis George
Published: February 2023

Land degradation is a global topic in climate change debates resulted from different types of human activities as well as from physical processes. Resilient, healthy soils are important to help reduce the ecological and economic impact of environmental change and extreme conditions. The development of adequate and broadly applicable indicators and thresholds is challenged by the great diversity of European soils and climate, as well as different political, economic, and social conditions which lead to different priority settings for targets and indicators. This work built upon current environmental awareness (e.g CAP, SDGs, etc.) to design a methodological framework for environmental performance metrics related to land degradation. The framework was oriented towards a data-driven environmental metric approach leveraging Copernicus Sentinel-2, existing open-access databases such as LUCAS (Land Use/Cover Area frame statistical Survey) and GEOSS (e.g., Soil Grids) vast dataset archives to provide metrics for environmental actors. Based both on the international literature and European commission documentations this work is focused on the combination of vital importance indicators of soil degradation and soil health. A novel deep learning architecture was implemented to support the final knowledge extraction with a pixel-based spatial resolution of 10m for the determination of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and Clay content. The above indicators are used as enhanced geospatial inputs to a soil erosion modelling approach providing improved predictions. A proper approach was followed for the SOC:clay ratio generation and with the soil erosion product combination to provide an ambitious land degradation index. An agricultural area in Northern Greece was used as a demonstration test site area for the proposed methodology.
Numerical simulations of freeze/thaw cycle and its impact on groundwater recharge in sub-Arctic environment
Authors: Remes Jere , Okkonen Jarkko
Published: February 2023

In sub-Arctic environment as in Finland, soil moisture and temperature dynamics affect the development of soil frost that controls snowmelt runoff, infiltration and recharge in winter periods. This study was initiated to investigate the performance of integrated hydrology model Amanzi-ATS, in simulating dynamics of soil moisture and temperature at different depths to assess recharge rate in unconfined aquifer in Central Finland. Our objective is to study intra- and inter-annual recharge rates, and the impacts of soil ice on groundwater recharge rate. Hourly soil water content and temperature was measured at ten different depths. The groundwater depth and temperature were measure daily from the borehole located 2 meters from the soil monitoring station and the climate data was obtained around 5 km from the soil station. 1D model with varying soil texture was developed to predict recharge rates. Measured soil water content, soil temperature and groundwater temperature were used to calibrate the 1D numerical model. The implications of this study will be understanding the freezing and thawing of soil on groundwater recharge rate and how recharge rate may change from one year to the next in the sub-Arctic environment.