bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Spider Web and Moss Bag Biomonitoring to Detect Sources of Airborne Trace Elements
Authors: van Laaten Neele , Merten Dirk , von Tümpling Wolf , Schäfer Thorsten , Pirrung Michael
Published: September 2020

Atmospheric particulate matter has become a major issue in urban areas from both a health and an environmental perspective. In this context, biomonitoring methods are a potential complement to classical monitoring methods like impactor samplers, being spatially limited due to higher costs. Monitoring using spider webs is compared with the more common moss bag technique in this study, focusing on mass fractions and ratios of elements and the applicability for source identification. Spider webs and moss bags with Hypnum cupressiforme were sampled at the same 15 locations with different types of traffic in the city of Jena, Germany. In the samples, mass fractions of 35 elements, mainly trace metals, were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after aqua regia digestion. Significantly higher mass fractions in spider webs than in moss bags were found, even after a much shorter exposure period, and could not be ascribed completely to a diluting effect by the biological material in the samples. Different mechanisms of particle retention by the two materials are therefore assumed. More significant correlations between elements have been found for the spider web dataset. Those patterns allow for an identification of different sources of particulate matter (e.g. geogenic dust, brake wear), while correlations between elements in the moss bags show a rather general anthropogenic influence. Therefore, it is recommended to use spider webs for the short-term detection of local sources while moss bag biomonitoring is a good tool to show a broader, long-term anthropogenic influence.
Porous asphalt concrete: A review of design, construction, performance and maintenance
Authors: Chen Jian-Shiuh , Yang Chin Hung
Published: September 2020

Porous asphalt concrete (PAC) is an open-graded friction course that is specifically designed to have high air void contents for removing water from the pavement surface. PAC surfaces, which include open-graded friction courses, permeable friction courses, and drainage asphalt pavements, have increasingly gained acceptance among agencies and industry in the world. PAC might be susceptible to freeze-thaw damage in cold climates and require winter maintenance practices. The life span of PAC pavements shows a large variation depending on climates, traffic volumes and loadings, design and construction practices. The objective of this paper was to review design, construction, and performance that could maximize the advantages and minimize the disadvantages associated with the use of PAC mixtures. A consolidated review of the worldwide literature on PAC applications was conducted, with attention to the use of PAC in agency practices, and specifications for PAC from the world were evaluated. Based on an analysis of the results of this review, two key features were emphasized: (1) a recommended practice for material selection and design of PAC, and (2) a recommended practice for PAC construction and maintenance. Key points include a careful assessment of the PAC drainage and an adequate asphalt content to improve the performance of the pavement surface. A proper binder content stabilized by additives such as fibers and polymers is essential to ensure sufficient film thickness that is critical to the durability of the PAC mix in the long run.
Languages of the World
Authors: Pereltsvaig Asya
Published: September 2020

Are you curious to know what all human languages have in common and in what ways they differ? Do you want to find out how language can be used to trace different peoples and their past? Then this book is for you! Now in its third edition, it guides beginners through the rich diversity of the world's languages. It presupposes no background in linguistics, and introduces the reader to linguistic concepts with the help of problem sets, end of chapter exercises and an extensive bibliography. Charts of language families provide geographical and genealogical information, and engaging sidebars with demographic, social, historical and geographical facts help to contextualise and bring languages to life. This edition includes a fully updated glossary of all linguistic terms used, new problem sets, and a new chapter on cartography. Supplementary online materials include links to all websites mentioned, and answers to the exercises for instructors.
Why the Social Connection Model Fails: Participation is Neither Necessary nor Sufficient for Political Responsibility
Authors: Gunnemyr Mattias
Published: September 2020

Iris Marion Young presents a social connection model on which those, and only those, who participate in structural processes that produce injustice have a forward-looking responsibility to redress the resulting injustice by challenging the structures that produce it (she sometimes calls this a political responsibility [Young 2011]). In Young's view, this is an all-things-considered, albeit discretionary, responsibility. I argue that participation in a structural process that produces injustice is neither necessary nor sufficient for having political responsibilities, and that therefore the social connection model must be rejected. A subtler model is needed, one that depicts participation in a structural process that produces injustice as sufficient (but not necessary) for having pro tanto forward-looking responsibilities to redress the process, unless the participating agent satisfies certain excusing conditions. I suggest the intuitive force of the thought that mere participation gives us political responsibilities can be explained by more fundamental considerations. Hastily, we might conclude that all participants have political responsibilities simply because most of them satisfy at least one of the following conditions: they cause injustice to continue, they are morally responsible for injustice, they benefit from injustice, they have communal ties with the victims of injustice, or they have the capacity to redress injustice.
Impact of preoperative chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) application methods on preoperative CHG skin concentration
Authors: Warren Bobby G. , Nelson Alicia , Warren David K. , Baker Meghan A. , Miller Candace , Habrock Tracey , Bongu Jahnavi , Gowda Abinav , Johnson Jacob , Anderson Deverick J. ,   CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: September 2020

Elective surgical patients routinely bathe with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) at home days prior to their procedures. However, the impact of home CHG bathing on surgical site CHG concentration is unclear. We examined 3 different methods of applying CHG and hypothesized that different application methods would impact resulting CHG skin concentration.
Dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, biochemistry profile and their associations with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ferreira Emily de S. , da Silva Luciana S. , da Costa Glauce D. , Moreira Tiago R. , Borges Luíza D. , Cotta Rosângela M. M.
Published: September 2020

The chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are considered a serious public health problem. The objective was investigating the association of DM with the anthropometric measures, biochemical profile and dietary intake in patients with CKD. Is a cross-sectional study done in 2017, with 51 patients previously diagnosed with CKD. We collect socio-demographic, lifestyle variables, anthropometric measurements, biochemical profile and dietary intake. We using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, followed by Pearson'sχ2test and Student'sttest. Data were analysed using several multivariable logistic regression models, including the socio-demographic, anthropometric, dietary intake and biochemical variable. Variables withP≤ 0⋅20 in the univariate analyses were selected and kept in the block in the simple and multiple logistic regression analysis, to determine the differences between the categories and the factors associated with the presence of DM or not, remaining in the model final, only the significant variables (P≤ 0⋅05). Each variable was adjusted for all other variables included in the univariate analysis. The strength of the association was assessed by the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The multivariate logistic regression analysis evidenced that the increase of 1 cm in waist circumference and 1 mg/dl in VLDL-c values increases the chance of DM, respectively, by 8⋅4% (OR 1⋅076;P0⋅05) and 8⋅8% (OR 1⋅102;P0⋅01). In contrast, an increase of 1 mg/dl in total cholesterol decreases the chance of developing DM by 3⋅1% (OR 0⋅965;P0⋅01), that is, it becomes a protective factor. The present study identified the associations between overweight, dietary intake and biochemical tests.
Proteomic investigation of Peristenus spretus ovary and characterization of an ovary-enriched heat shock protein
Authors: Tian Miaomiao , Xia Yayun , Cai Ducheng , Mao Jianjun , Luo Shuping
Published: September 2020

Peristenus spretus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is one of the most important endoparasitoids used for biological control of the green mirid bug, Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür (Heteroptera: Miridae). However, what we know about its reproductive genetics is very limited. Here, the composition of ovarian proteins in P. spretus was analyzed. Mass spectrum data searched against the non-redundant NCBI protein and UniProt protein database identified 1382 proteins and revealed an enrichment of the heat shock protein 83 (HSP83) in P. spretus ovary. The Pshsp83 complete cDNA is 2175 bp in length and encodes a protein of 724 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 83.4 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 4.87. Transcription of Pshsp83 appeared from days 1 to 13 post-emergence and peaked at 13th day. Immuno-localization showed that the HSP83 protein was present in cytoplasm of germarium and in egg chambers of the whole ovariole. The transcript abundance of Pshsp83 fluctuated drastically after heat shocks at different temperatures and the maximum emerged at 35°C. The exposure to 35°C caused no dramatic effects on reproductive parameters of adult females such as pupation rate, cocoon weight, emergence rate, sex ratio and developmental duration, but did on longevity. These results suggested that the HSP83 protein is involved in life-span regulation in the P. spretus.
Nilpotent n-tuples in SU(2)
Authors: Antolín-Camarena Omar , Villarreal Bernardo
Published: September 2020

We describe the connected components of the space $\text {Hom}(\Gamma ,SU(2))$ of homomorphisms for a discrete nilpotent group $\Gamma$. The connected components arising from homomorphisms with non-abelian image turn out to be homeomorphic to $\mathbb {RP}^{3}$. We give explicit calculations when $\Gamma$ is a finitely generated free nilpotent group. In the second part of the paper, we study the filtration $B_{\text {com}} SU(2)=B(2,SU(2))\subset \cdots \subset B(q,SU(2))\subset \cdots$ of the classifying space $BSU(2)$ (introduced by Adem, Cohen and Torres-Giese), showing that for every $q\geq 2$, the inclusions induce a homology isomorphism with coefficients over a ring in which 2 is invertible. Most of the computations are done for $SO(3)$ and $U(2)$ as well.
Intervention Fidelity of a Volunteer-Led Montessori-Based Intervention in a Canadian Long-Term Care Home
Authors: Hunter Paulette V. , Rissling Amanda , Pickard Leticia , Thorpe Lilian , Hadjistavropoulos Thomas
Published: September 2020

Montessori-based interventions (MBIs) were developed to promote guided participation in meaningful activities by people with dementia patients. In this study, we assessed nursing home volunteers’ fidelity to an MBI, relying primarily on a qualitative descriptive design. We completed a deductive content analysis of eight volunteer interviews using the Conceptual Framework for Intervention Fidelity. We also calculated average volunteer and resident scores on the Visiting Quality Questionnaire (VQQ), which assesses volunteers’ and residents’ perceptions of visits. We found good evidence that volunteers attended scheduled visits, made use of pre-designed activities, and attended to training recommendations. Most reported enjoying the visits (VQQ $ \overline{x} $ = 6.12, standard deviation [SD] = 0.75) and receiving a positive response from residents (VQQ $ \overline{x} $ = 5.46, SD = 0.88). Nevertheless, use of pre-designed activities and response to the MBI was lower for volunteers working with residents who had late-stage dementia. Therefore, overall, fidelity depended on the cognitive status of the resident.
Understanding how geographic, demographic and treatment history impact health outcomes of patients with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis in Pakistan, 2014–2017
Authors: Iqbal F. , Defer M. K. , Latif A. , Hadi H.
Published: September 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1]. In 2017, approximately 10 million people were infected with TB and 1.3 million patients faced mortality [1]. Patients with active TB can infect up to 10–15 people over a year. There is a greater risk of transmission in overcrowded areas with limited air ventilation including large family units, prisons and slums [1, 2]. Without proper diagnosis and treatment, roughly 45% of non-HIV positive TB patients face mortality [1]. With the help of global organizations and national TB treatment and control programmes, the global incidence of TB is declining by approximately 2% each year [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) TB-strategy aims to end the TB epidemic and encourages partners to fund national TB programmes to improve diagnosis and treatment of TB. The goal is to ultimately decrease death rates by 90% and decrease incidence rates by 80% [1]. To achieve these goals, the decline in TB incidence needs to reach approximately 4–5% per year [1]. The WHO 2018 TB report identified multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) as the leading factor hindering that goal [1]. The incidence and spread of MDR-TB has drastically increased, where approximately 558 000 new cases of MDR-TB were diagnosed in 2017 causing more than 230 000 deaths globally [1]. MDR-TB is identified by resistance to the two most powerful anti-TB treatment drugs including isoniazid and rifampicin [3]. Patients with MDR-TB are required to start second-line anti-TB drugs (SLDs), which are limited, expensive, less effective and more toxic [1,2]. Therapy duration is one of the major limitations of second-line treatments, which may require up to two years of consistent use. Since TB affects mostly developing countries, long treatment durations and associated costs become a major challenge. In 2015, 15% of new TB cases were reported as MDR-TB, which drastically increased to 24% by 2017 [1]. Even with significant improvements in molecular tests and diagnostic methods, MDR-TB is still on the rise where the success rate of treatments is between 50 and 60% [1]. Additional characteristics including socioeconomic and sociocultural factors need to be considered when targeting and treating patients with MDR-TB.
A rare indication of permanent pacemaker implantation in children: congenital long QT syndrome
Authors: Taşar Mehmet , Yaman Nur Dikmen , Dursin Huseyin , Şimşek Murat , Özgür Senem
Published: September 2020

Congenital Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a dangerous arrhythmic disorder that can be diagnosed in children with bradycardia. It is characterised by a prolonged QT interval and torsades de pointes that may cause sudden death. Long QT syndrome is an ion channelopathy with complex molecular and physiological infrastructure. Unlike the acquired type, congenital LQTS has a genetic inheritance and it may be diagnosed by syncope, stress in activity, cardiac dysfunction, sudden death or sometimes incidentally. Permanent pacemaker implantation is required for LQTS with resistant bradycardia even in children to resolve symptoms and avoid sudden death.
Culturally adapted trauma-focused CBT-based guided self-help (CatCBT GSH) for female victims of domestic violence in Pakistan: feasibility randomized controlled trial
Authors: Latif Madeeha , Husain M. Ishrat , Gul Mirrat , Naz Saiqa , Irfan Muhammad , Aslam Muhammad , Awan Falahat , Sharif Ayesha , Rathod Shanaya , Farooq Saeed , Ayub Muhammad , Naeem Farooq
Published: September 2020

Background:

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), self-help and guided self-help interventions have been found to be efficacious and cost effective for victims of trauma, but there are limited data from low- and middle-income countries on culturally adapted interventions for trauma.

Aims:

To investigate the feasibility and acceptability of culturally adapted trauma-focused CBT-based guided self-help (CatCBT GSH) for female victims of domestic violence in Pakistan.

Method:

This randomized controlled trial (RCT) recruited 50 participants from shelter homes in Karachi and randomized them to two equal groups. The intervention group received GSH in nine sessions over 12 weeks. The control group was a waitlist control. The primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability. Secondary outcomes included Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2 (WHO DAS 2). Assessments were carried out at baseline and at 12 weeks.

Results:

Out of 60 clients who metDSM-5criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 56 (93.3%) agreed to participate in the study. Retention to the intervention group was excellent, with 92% (23/25) attending more than six sessions. Statistically significant differences were noted post-intervention in secondary outcomes in favour of the intervention.

Conclusions:

A trial of CatCBT GSH was feasible and the intervention was acceptable to Pakistani women who had experienced domestic violence. Furthermore, it may be helpful in improving symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety and overall functioning in this population. The results provide a rationale for a larger, confirmatory RCT of CatCBT GSH.
The effects of self-critical rumination on shame and stress: an experimental study
Authors: Milia Christy , Kolubinski Daniel C. , Spada Marcantonio M.
Published: September 2020

Background:

Self-critical rumination is the process of repetitively thinking about one’s past instances of failure without actively problem-solving. Shame has a central role within self-critical rumination and is accompanied by physiological changes that resemble stress responses.

Aims:

To experimentally investigate the effects of self-critical rumination on shame and stress following perceived failure.

Method:

Sixty volunteers engaged in an impossible task that resulted in guaranteed failure. Four groups, combining presence or absence of induced self-critical rumination with high or low performance expectations, were created. Self-reports were used to measure levels of shame and stress at baseline immediately after the task, as well as following a debrief on the real purpose of the study.

Results:

Participants experiencing self-critical rumination accompanied by high performance expectations reported higher levels of shame and stress, especially immediately following the impossible task. On average, members of the high-expectations groups tended to score higher on shame and stress scales. Reported levels of trait self-critical rumination were also significantly correlated with levels of shame and stress across time when controlling for group membership and baseline stress and shame, respectively.

Conclusions:

Self-critical rumination in highly evaluative circumstances increased levels of shame and stress following perceived failure. Even though highly evaluative conditions are considered a particularly strong predictor of shame and stress, they could potentially result in self-critical rumination; this matter needs to be addressed in future research.
Differences in the prevalence of prediabetes, undiagnosed diabetes and diagnosed diabetes and associated factors in cohorts of Brazilian and English older adults
Authors: dos Santos Eilane Souza Marques , Máximo Roberta de Oliveira , de Andrade Fabíola Bof , de Oliveira Cesar , Lima-Costa Maria Fernanda , Alexandre Tiago da Silva
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To analyse differences in the prevalence of prediabetes (PD), undiagnosed diabetes (UDD) and diagnosed diabetes (DD) and associated factors between Brazilian and English older adults.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

England and Brazil.

Participants:

5301 participants of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing study and 1947 participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging study classified as non-diabetics, PD, UDD and DD.

Results:

The prevalence of PD, UDD and DD was 48·6, 3 and 9·6 % in England and 33, 6 and 20 % in Brazil. In England, the increase in age, non-white skin colour, smoking, general obesity and abdominal obesity were associated with PD, UDD and DD, whereas hypertriglyceridaemia, low HDL levels, hypertension and stroke were associated with UDD and DD. In Brazil, the increase in age was associated with DD and UDD, non-white skin colour and smoking were associated with UDD and abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridaemia were associated with all three conditions. CVD in England and schooling in Brazil were associated with PD and DD. A sedentary lifestyle was associated with DD in both samples.

Conclusions:

The prevalence of diabetes was higher in the Brazilian sample. Different associated factors were found in the two samples, which may be related to differences in nutritional transition, access to healthcare services and the use of such services.
Trends in the national food supply of absorbable zinc in Ethiopia: 1990–2017
Authors: Gebremedhin Samson
Published: September 2020

Objective:

This study analysed trends (1990–2017) in the availability of absorbable Zn in the national food supply of Ethiopia.

Design:

The supply statistics of ninety-five food groups were obtained from the Ethiopian Food Balance Sheets compiled by FAO. Zn and phytate contents were determined using multiple composition databases and absorbable Zn estimated via the ‘Miller’ equation. Estimated average requirement cut-point method was performed to estimate proportions at risk of inadequate intake. Physiological Zn requirements set by Institute of Medicine (IOM) and International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) were applied. Time trend was tested using Mann–Kendall statistics and Z-score and P-values are provided.

Setting:

Ethiopia.

Participants:

NA.

Results:

Between 1990 and 2017, the supply of total dietary Zn was increased by 33 % from 9·8 to 13·0 mg/person/d (Z = 6·46, P < 0·001). However, that of absorbable Zn remained constant around 2·7 mg/person/d (Z = 1·87, P > 0·05). Over the period, the phytate supply was increased by 48 % from 1415 to 2095 mg/person/d (Z = 6·50, P < 0·001) and fractional Zn absorption declined from 27·0 to 20·9 % (Z = –6·62, P < 0·001). The contribution of animal source foods for bioavailable Zn was reduced by 45 % and the share of cereals raised by 11·3 %. Over the period, prevalence of inadequate Zn intake estimated using IZiNCG and IOM requirements remained constant around 10 and 50 %, respectively.

Conclusion:

Between 1990 and 2017, Ethiopia considerably increased the total supply of Zn; however, meaningful changes in bioavailable Zn and prevalence of deficiency were not observed due to proportional rise in phytate and concomitant decline in Zn absorption.
Development and implementation of a community health centre-based cooking skills intervention in Detroit, MI
Authors: Garcia Travertine , Ford Betsy , Pike Denise , Bryce Richard , Richardson Caroline , Wolfson Julia A
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To develop and implement a community-tailored, food agency-based cooking programme at a community health centre (CHC) and evaluate the effect of the intervention on cooking confidence and food waste.

Design:

This study used an exploratory, sequential mixed methods design. Focus groups (n 38) were conducted to inform the development of a cooking intervention, then six cooking classes (n 45) were planned and piloted in the health centre’s teaching kitchen. Changes in cooking confidence and related outcomes were assessed using pre- and post-class surveys. Follow-up interviews (n 12) were conducted 2–4 months post-intervention to assess satisfaction and short-term outcomes.

Setting:

A CHC in Detroit, MI.

Participants:

Spanish- and English-speaking adults aged ≥18 years recruited at the CHC.

Results:

In the formative focus groups, patients identified multiple barriers to cooking healthy meals, including trade-offs between quality, cost and convenience of food, chronic disease management and lack of time and interest. Each cooking class introduced a variety of cooking techniques and food preservation strategies. Participants demonstrated increased confidence in cooking (P 0·004), experimenting with new ingredients (P 0·006) and knowing how to make use of food before it goes bad (P 0·017). In post-class interviews, participants reported that they valued the social interaction and participatory format and that they had used the recipes and cooking techniques at home.

Conclusions:

A community-tailored, hands-on cooking class was an effective way to engage patients at a CHC and resulted in increased cooking confidence.
Compact multimode-resonator multiplexer with wide upper-stopband and high isolation
Authors: Song Kaijun , Luo Mou , Zhong Cuilin , Chen Yuxuan , Zhou Yedi , Xia Fei
Published: September 2020

A miniaturized high-isolation quadplexer with wide upper-stopband based on open and short stub-loaded multimode-resonator is proposed in this paper. Based on the theory of multimode-resonator and stepped impedance resonator (SIR), the compact quadplexer is designed by using multimode-resonator and SIR. In order to further miniaturize the size of the circuit, the multimode resonator is employed as the common resonator to replace the common matching network of the quadplexer and the SIRs are curved. Equivalent topology circuit is given to analyze and design the quadplexer. Detailed analyses are given according to the equivalent circuits. The proposed compact quadplexer working at central frequencies of 1.8, 2.4, 2.8, and 3.5 GHz with over 40 dB isolation is finally simulated, fabricated, and measured. The measured results agree well with the simulated ones. The total size of the fabricated quadplexer is 0.36 λg × 0.42 λg.
Pflege in Zeiten von Corona: Ergebnisse einer deutschlandweiten Querschnittbefragung von ambulanten Pflegediensten und teilstationären Einrichtungen
Authors: Wolf-Ostermann Karin , Schmidt Annika , Preuß Benedikt , Heinze Franziska , Seibert Kathrin , Friedrich Anna-Carina , Domhoff Dominik , Stolle Claudia , Rothgang Heinz
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Pflegebedürftige sind aufgrund des Alters, bestehenden Vorerkrankungen und der Schwere von Krankheitsverläufen von der COVID-19-Pandemie besonders betroffen. Eine Vielzahl täglicher direkter Kontakte von Pflegekräften und Pflegebedürftigen erhöhen die Gefahr für eine Übertragung der Erkrankung. Ziel: Die Studie zielt darauf ab, (I) Fallzahlen ambulanter Pflegedienste und teilstationärer Pflegeeinrichtungen in Zusammenhang mit COVID-19, (II) personelle und materielle Ressourcen, (III) die Versorgungssituation von Pflegebedürftigen und (IV) den organisatorischen Umgang mit der Pandemiesituation zu beschreiben sowie Unterstützungswünsche an die Politik zu skizzieren. Methoden: Mehr als 12 000 ambulante und teilstationäre Pflegeeinrichtungen wurden zur Teilnahme an einer Online-Befragung eingeladen (Gelegenheitsstichprobe), 701 Pflegedienste (Rücklauf 7,3 %) und 96 teilstationäre Einrichtungen (Rücklauf 3,5 %) nahmen teil. Ergebnisse: Fast ein Drittel der befragten Pflegedienste (30,1 %, 189 / 627) sind durch (Verdachts-)Fälle von COVID-19 bei Klient_innen betroffen. Jeweils etwa die Hälfte der Dienste berichten von einer verringerten Inanspruchnahme von SGB V- (47,6 %, 288 / 605) bzw. SGB XI-Leistungen (59,7 %, 375 / 628). Zwei Drittel der teilstationären Einrichtungen (65,6 %, 63 / 96) geben an, aufgrund der Pandemie derzeit geschlossen zu sein. Ebenso berichteten fast die Hälfte der Dienste (45,8 %, 253 / 552), dass die Versorgung bei verringerter Leistungsinanspruchnahme von ambulanten Leistungen gefährdet / instabil oder sogar nicht sichergestellt sei. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ambulant versorgten Pflegebedürftigen in der vorliegenden Pandemie – und auch mit Blick auf eine mögliche zweite Welle – eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit in Bezug auf prekäre Versorgungssituationen zukommen sollte.
Prävention von Zwang und Gewalt
Authors: Sauter Dorothea , Mayer Michael , Walter Gernot , Steinert Tilman
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. „Eingedenk der Gewalt und des Unrechts, die psychisch erkrankten Menschen im Namen der Psychiatrie und durch in der Psychiatrie Tätige in der Vergangenheit angetan worden sind, muss dem professionellen Umgang mit aggressivem Verhalten heute unsere besondere Aufmerksamkeit und Sorgfalt gelten, um Zwangsmaßnahmen entbehrlich zu machen“ (DGPPN, 2019, S. 1). Dieser einleitende Satz steht in der Präambel der aktuellen Version der S3-Leitlinie „Verhinderung von Zwang: Prävention und Therapie aggressiven Verhaltens bei Erwachsenen“. Der Beitrag stellt die Leitlinie mit ihren Empfehlungen kurz vor und widmet sich der Frage, wie diese Empfehlungen im Praxisalltag psychiatrischer Kliniken implementiert werden können.
Pictorial Scales in Research and Practice
Authors: Sauer Jürgen , Baumgartner Jürgen , Frei Naomi , Sonderegger Andreas
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The present article is concerned with the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of developing pictorial scales. It aims to assess the potential of pictorial scales compared to verbal scales. The article provides a review of existing pictorial scales with a view to identifying suitable methodological approaches for developing such scales. The review showed that the development and especially validation of many pictorial scales did not follow a stringent methodological approach. A category system is proposed, which allows the classification of different types of pictorial scales. Finally, we present a first draft of a theoretical framework, which can provide guidance for the future development of pictorial scales. The present work carries the implication that a specific methodological approach is needed, which focuses more strongly on the particular needs of designing pictorial scales (e.g., testing the comprehensibility of pictures).
Gestational diabetes mellitus prediction? A unique fatty acid profile study
Authors: Ogundipe Enitan , Samuelson Saidee , Crawford Michael A.
Published: September 2020

Objective

To elucidate whether women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a unique fatty acid profile compared to women considered normal healthy controls (NHC).

Methods

Three hundred pregnant women were randomized to a control group (NHC) (n = 50) and to one of three high risk groups (n = 250), one of which was GDM (n = 50). At recruitment participants’ booking bloods were taken and analyzed for lipid profiles. The GDM group’s fatty acid profile is reported here.

Results

GDM women compared to NHC had elevated levels of omega 6 (n-6) fatty acids compared to omega 3 (n-3) fatty acids (p = 0.01), of linoleic acid (LA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) p = 0.001, sequentially distorted levels of n-6 fatty acids LA and arachidonic acid (ArA) p = 0.035, as well as significantly depressed levels of n-3 DHA (p = 0.01).

Conclusion

This paper shows that GDM women have a unique fatty acid profile with elevated levels of n-6 fats, depressed levels of n-3 fats and an abnormal pattern of sequential n-6 metabolism. This profile probably results from a combination of factors including underexpression and or poor utilization of desaturase enzymes, suboptimal dietary fatty acids intake, poor micronutrient status or dysbiosis of the microbiome. These results help inform development of a clinical predictive tool.
Breastfeeding and maternal eating behaviours are associated with child eating behaviours: findings from the ROLO Kids Study
Authors: Yelverton Cara A. , Geraghty Aisling A. , O’Brien Eileen C. , Killeen Sarah Louise , Horan Mary K. , Donnelly Jean M. , Larkin Elizabeth , Mehegan John , McAuliffe Fionnuala M.
Published: September 2020

Background

Child eating behaviours can negatively contribute to the development of childhood obesity. This study investigated associations between breastfeeding habits, maternal eating behaviours and child eating behaviours, in 5-year-old children.

Methods

Secundigravida women were recruited to the ROLO dietary randomised controlled trial (Dublin, Ireland) and were followed up with their children to 5 years of age. Breastfeeding exposure and duration were obtained at postnatal and infant follow-up at 2 and 6 months and 2 and 5 years. At 5 years, maternal and child eating behaviours were measured using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, respectively. Regression determined associations between breastfeeding habits and maternal eating behaviours with child eating behaviours, controlling for RCT group, maternal education level, maternal BMI at 5 years, childcare exposure and child BMI centile at 5-year follow-up.

Results

There were 230 mother and child pairs analysed. One hundred and fifty-eight mothers had initiated breastfeeding. Median breastfeeding duration was 22 (IQR 33) weeks. Children who were never breastfed were more likely to express a desire to drink (B = −1.01,p = 0.022). Longer breastfeeding duration was associated with lower food responsiveness (B = −1.71,p = 0.003). Maternal uncontrolled eating was positively associated with child food responsiveness, emotional overeating and emotional undereating (B = 0.21,p < 0.001;B = 0.14,p = 0.005;B = 0.14,p = 0.005, respectively). Maternal emotional eating was associated with child emotional overeating and undereating (B = 0.27,p < 0.001,B = 0.29,p = 0.004, respectively).

Conclusion

Not breastfeeding and short breastfeeding duration may contribute to the development of obesogenic eating behaviours in children, alongside maternal eating behaviours including uncontrolled and emotional eating. These ‘food approach’ eating behaviours may increase risk of overweight/obesity as they are associated with increased energy intake, hence the importance of research surrounding eating behaviours.
Enhancement of trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a with engineered crRNA enables amplified nucleic acid detection
Authors: Nguyen Long T. , Smith Brianna M. , Jain Piyush K.
Published: September 2020

The CRISPR-Cas12a RNA-guided complexes have tremendous potential for nucleic acid detection but are limited to the picomolar detection limit without an amplification step. Here, we develop a platform with engineered crRNAs and optimized conditions that enabled us to detect various clinically relevant nucleic acid targets with higher sensitivity, achieving a limit of detection in the femtomolar range without any target pre-amplification step. By extending the 3′- or 5′-ends of the crRNA with different lengths of ssDNA, ssRNA, and phosphorothioate ssDNA, we discover a self-catalytic behavior and an augmented rate of LbCas12a-mediated collateral cleavage activity as high as 3.5-fold compared to the wild-type crRNA and with significant improvement in specificity for target recognition. Particularly, the 7-mer DNA extension to crRNA is determined to be universal and spacer-independent for enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of LbCas12a-mediated nucleic acid detection. We perform a detailed characterization of our engineered ENHANCE system with various crRNA modifications, target types, reporters, and divalent cations. With isothermal amplification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using RT-LAMP, the modified crRNAs are incorporated in a paper-based lateral flow assay that can detect the target with up to 23-fold higher sensitivity within 40–60 min.
Polariton condensation and surface enhanced Raman in spherical ZnO microcrystals
Authors: Volkov Victor V. , Oliver Daniel J. , Perry Carole C.
Published: September 2020

Preparation and characterization of polariton Bose–Einstein condensates in micro-cavities of high quality are at the frontier of contemporary solid state physics. Here, we report on three-dimensional polariton condensation and confinement in pseudo-spherical ZnO microcrystals. The boundary of micro-spherical ZnO resembles a stable cavity that enables sufficient coupling of radiation with material response. Exciting under tight focusing at the low frequency side of the bandgap, we detect efficiency and spectral nonlinear dependencies, as well as signatures of spatial delocalization of the excited states which are characteristics of dynamics in polariton droplets. Expansion of the photon component of the condensate boosts the leaky field beyond the boundary of the ZnO microcrystals. Using this, we observe surface polariton field enhanced Raman responses at the interface of ZnO microspheres. The results demonstrate how readily available spherical semiconductor microstructures facilitate engineering of polariton based electronic states and sensing elements for diagnostics at interfaces.
Structure of the TFIIIC subcomplex τA provides insights into RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex formation
Authors: Vorländer Matthias K. , Jungblut Anna , Karius Kai , Baudin Florence , Grötsch Helga , Kosinski Jan , Müller Christoph W.
Published: September 2020

Transcription factor (TF) IIIC is a conserved eukaryotic six-subunit protein complex with dual function. It serves as a general TF for most RNA polymerase (Pol) III genes by recruiting TFIIIB, but it is also involved in chromatin organization and regulation of Pol II genes through interaction with CTCF and condensin II. Here, we report the structure of the S. cerevisiae TFIIIC subcomplex τA, which contains the most conserved subunits of TFIIIC and is responsible for recruitment of TFIIIB and transcription start site (TSS) selection at Pol III genes. We show that τA binding to its promoter is auto-inhibited by a disordered acidic tail of subunit τ95. We further provide a negative-stain reconstruction of τA bound to the TFIIIB subunits Brf1 and TBP. This shows that a ruler element in τA achieves positioning of TFIIIB upstream of the TSS, and suggests remodeling of the complex during assembly of TFIIIB by TFIIIC.
Simultaneous TALEN-mediated knockout of chrysanthemum DMC1 genes confers male and female sterility
Authors: Shinoyama Harue , Ichikawa Hiroaki , Nishizawa-Yokoi Ayako , Skaptsov Mikhail , Toki Seiichi
Published: September 2020

Genome editing has become one of the key technologies for plant breeding. However, in polyploid species such as chrysanthemum, knockout of all loci of multiple genes is needed to eliminate functional redundancies. We identified six cDNAs for the CmDMC1 genes involved in meiotic homologous recombination in chrysanthemum. Since all six cDNAs harbored a homologous core region, simultaneous knockout via TALEN-mediated genome editing should be possible. We isolated the CmDMC1 loci corresponding to the six cDNAs and constructed a TALEN-expression vector bearing a CmDMC1 target site containing the homologous core region. After transforming two chrysanthemum cultivars with the TALEN-expression vector, seven lines exhibited disruption of all six CmDMC1 loci at the target site as well as stable male and female sterility at 10–30 °C. This strategy to produce completely sterile plants could be widely applicable to prevent the risk of transgene flow from transgenic plants to their wild relatives.
Statistical modeling and optimization of heterogeneous Fenton-like removal of organic pollutant using fibrous catalysts: a full factorial design
Authors: Morshed Mohammad Neaz , Pervez Md. Nahid , Behary Nemeshwaree , Bouazizi Nabil , Guan Jinping , Nierstrasz Vincent A.
Published: September 2020

This work focuses on the optimization of heterogeneous Fenton-like removal of organic pollutant (dye) from water using newly developed fibrous catalysts based on a full factorial experimental design. This study aims to approximate the feasibility of heterogeneous Fenton-like removal process and optionally make predictions from this approximation in a form of statistical modeling. The fibrous catalysts were prepared by dispersing zerovalent iron nanoparticles on polyester fabrics (PET) before and after incorporation of either polyamidoamine (PAMAM, –NH2) dendrimer, 3-(aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES, –Si–NH2) or thioglycerol (SH). The individual effect of two main factors [pH (X1) and concentration of hydrogen peroxide-[H2O2]μl (X2)] and their interactional effects on the removal process was determined at 95% confidence level by an L27 design. The results indicated that increasing the pH over 5 decreases the dye removal efficiency whereas the rise in [H2O2]μl until equilibrium point increases it. The principal effect of the type of catalysts (PET–NH2–Fe, PET–Si–NH2–Fe, and PET–SH–Fe) did not show any statistical significance. The factorial experiments demonstrated the existence of a significant synergistic interaction effect between the pH and [H2O2]μl as expressed by the values of the coefficient of interactions and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Finally, the functionalization of the resultant fibrous catalysts was validated by electrokinetic and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The optimization made from this study are of great importance for rational design and scaling up of fibrous catalyst for green chemistry and environmental applications.
Oblique collision of ion acoustic solitons in a relativistic degenerate plasma
Authors: El-Labany S. K. , El-Taibany W. F. , Behery E. E. , Abd-Elbaki Rami
Published: September 2020

The interaction (oblique collision) of two ion acoustic solitons (IASs) in a magnetized relativistic degenerate plasma with relativistic degenerate electrons and non-degenerate cold ions is studied. The extended Poincaré–Lighthill–Kuo (PLK) method is used to obtain two Korteweg deVries (KdV) wave equations that describe the interacting IASs, then the phase shifts due to interaction are calculated. We studied influence of the fluid number density on the interaction process, interacting solitons phase shifts and also phase velocities. The introduced model is valid for astrophysical objects with high density matter such as white dwarfs, neutron stars, degenerate electrons gas in metals and laboratory degenerate plasma. An inverse proportionality between the phase shifts, phase velocity and the equilibrium electron fluid number density $$n_{eo}$$

n

eo

was established in the range $$10^{35}\,{\text {m}}^{-3}>n_{eo}>10^{38}\,{\text {m}}^{-3}$$

10
35

m

-
3

>

n

eo

>

10
38

m

-
3

. We found that the soliton waves get sharper (narrower) and higher with increasing the electrons fluid number density $$n_{eo}$$

n

eo

, and hence less spacial occupying. The phase shifts and the phase velocity remain approximately unchanged in the range of $$10^{35}\,{\text {m}}^{-3}<n_{eo}<10^{38}\,{\text {m}}^{-3}$$

10
35

m

-
3

<

n

eo

<

10
38

m

-
3

. The impact of the obliqueness angle $$\theta $$
θ
on the soliton interaction process is also studied.
Effects of an early life diet containing large phospholipid-coated lipid globules on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice
Authors: Ronda Onne A. H. O. , van de Heijning Bert J. M. , Martini Ingrid , Gerding Albert , Wolters Justina C. , van der Veen Ydwine T. , Koehorst Martijn , Jurdzinski Angelika , Havinga Rick , van der Beek Eline M. , Kuipers Folkert , Verkade Henkjan J.
Published: September 2020

We recently reported that feeding mice in their early life a diet containing a lipid structure more similar to human milk (eIMF, Nuturis) results in lower body weights and fat mass gain upon high fat feeding in later life, compared to control (cIMF). To understand the underlying mechanisms, we now explored parameters possibly involved in this long-term effect. Male C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice, fed rodent diets containing eIMF or cIMF from postnatal (PN) day 16–42, were sacrificed at PN42. Hepatic proteins were measured using targeted proteomics. Lipids were assessed by LC–MS/MS (acylcarnitines) and GC-FID (fatty-acyl chain profiles). Early life growth and body composition, cytokines, and parameters of bile acid metabolism were similar between the groups. Hepatic concentrations of multiple proteins involved in β-oxidation (+ 17%) the TCA cycle (+ 15%) and mitochondrial antioxidative proteins (+ 28%) were significantly higher in eIMF versus cIMF-fed mice (p < 0.05). Hepatic l-carnitine levels, required for fatty acid uptake into the mitochondria, were higher (+ 33%, p < 0.01) in eIMF-fed mice. The present study indicates that eIMF-fed mice have higher hepatic levels of proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism and oxidation. We speculate that eIMF feeding programs the metabolic handling of dietary lipids.
Development of microsatellite loci and optimization of a multiplex assay for Latibulus argiolus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), the specialized parasitoid of paper wasps
Authors: Kostro-Ambroziak Agata , Siekiera Anna , Czajkowska Magdalena , Pomorski Jan J. , Panagiotopoulou Hanna
Published: September 2020

Microsatellite loci are commonly used markers in population genetic studies. In this study, we present 40 novel and polymorphic microsatellite loci elaborated for the ichneumonid parasitoidLatibulus argiolus(Rossi, 1790). Reaction condition optimisation procedures allowed 14 of these loci to be co-amplified in two PCRs and loaded in two multiplex panels onto a genetic analyser. The assay was tested on 197 individuals ofL.argiolusoriginating from ten natural populations obtained from the host nests of paper wasps. The validated loci were polymorphic with high allele numbers ranging from eight to 27 (average 17.6 alleles per locus). Both observed and expected heterozygosity values were high, ranging between 0.75 and 0.92 for HO(mean 0.83) and from 0.70 to 0.90 for HE(mean 0.85). The optimized assay showed low genotyping error rate and negligible null allele frequency. The designed multiplex panels could be successfully applied in relatedness analyses and genetic variability studies ofL.argioluspopulations, which would be particularly interesting considering the coevolutionary context of this species with its social host.