bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative evaluation of soft tissue changes in Class I borderline patients treated with extraction and nonextraction modalities
Authors: Yashwant V. Aniruddh , K. Ravi , Arumugam Edeinton
Published: September 2016

Abstract Objective: To compare soft tissue changes in Class I borderline cases treated with extraction and nonextraction modalities. Methods: A parent sample of 150 patients with Class I dental and skeletal malocclusion (89 patients treated with premolar extraction and 61 patients without extraction) was randomly selected and subjected to discriminant analysis which identified the borderline sample of 44 patients (22 extraction and 22 nonextraction patients). Pretreatment and post-treatment cephalograms of the borderline subsample were analyzed using 22 soft tissue parameters. Results: Upper and lower lips were more retracted and thickness of the upper lip increased more in the borderline extraction cases (p < 0.01). The nasolabial angle became more obtuse and the interlabial gap was reduced in the borderline extraction cases (p < 0.01). Lower lip, interlabial gap and nasolabial angle showed no changes in the borderline nonextraction cases. Conclusion: The soft tissue parameters which can be used as guideline in decision making to choose either extraction or nonextraction in Class I borderline cases are upper and lower lip protrusion in relation to the E-plane and Sn-Pg' line, lower lip protrusion in relation to the true vertical line (TVL), upper lip thickness, nasolabial angle and interlabial gap.
Cleansing orthodontic brackets with air-powder polishing: effects on frictional force and degree of debris
Authors: Leite Brisa dos Santos , Fagundes Nathalia Carolina Fernandes , Aragón Mônica Lídia Castro , Dias Carmen Gilda Barroso Tavares , Normando David
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT Introduction: Debris buildup on the bracket-wire interface can influence friction. Cleansing brackets with air-powder polishing can affect this process. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frictional force and amount of debris remaining on orthodontic brackets subjected to prophylaxis with air-powder polishing. Methods: Frictional force and debris buildup on the surface of 28 premolar brackets were evaluated after orthodontic treatment. In one hemiarch, each bracket was subjected to air-powder polishing (n = 14) for five seconds, while the contralateral hemiarch (n = 14) served as control. Mechanical friction tests were performed and images of the polished bracket surfaces and control surfaces were examined. Wilcoxon test was applied for comparative analysis between hemiarches at p < 0.05. Results: Brackets that had been cleaned with air-powder polishing showed lower friction (median = 1.27 N) when compared to the control surfaces (median = 4.52 N) (p < 0.01). Image analysis showed that the control group exhibited greater debris buildup (median = 2.0) compared with the group that received prophylaxis with air-powder polishing (median = 0.5) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Cleansing orthodontic brackets with air-powder polishing significantly reduces debris buildup on the bracket surface while decreasing friction levels observed during sliding mechanics.
Digital orthodontic radiographic set versus cone-beam computed tomography: an evaluation of the effective dose
Authors: Chinem Lillian Atsumi Simabuguro , Vilella Beatriz de Souza , Maurício Cláudia Lúcia de Pinho , Canevaro Lucia Viviana , Deluiz Luiz Fernando , Vilella Oswaldo de Vasconcellos
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the equivalent and effective doses of different digital radiographic methods (panoramic, lateral cephalometric and periapical) with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Precalibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed at 24 locations in an anthropomorphic phantom (Alderson Rando Phantom, Alderson Research Laboratories, New York, NY, USA), representing a medium sized adult. The following devices were tested: Heliodent Plus (Sirona Dental Systems, Bernsheim, Germany), Orthophos XG 5 (Sirona Dental Systems, Bernsheim, Germany) and i-CAT (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, USA). The equivalent doses and effective doses were calculated considering the recommendations of the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP) issued in 1990 and 2007. Results: Although the effective dose of the radiographic set corresponded to 17.5% (ICRP 1990) and 47.2% (ICRP 2007) of the CBCT dose, the equivalent doses of skin, bone surface and muscle obtained by the radiographic set were higher when compared to CBCT. However, in some areas, the radiation produced by the orthodontic set was higher due to the complete periapical examination. Conclusion: Considering the optimization principle of radiation protection, i-CAT tomography should be used only in specific and justified circumstances. Additionally, following the ALARA principle, single periapical radiographies covering restricted areas are more suitable than the complete periapical examination.
Orthodontic camouflage of skeletal Class III malocclusion with miniplate: a case report
Authors: Farret Marcel Marchiori , Farret Milton M. Benitez , Farret Alessandro Marchiori
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT Introduction: Skeletal Class III malocclusion is often referred for orthodontic treatment combined with orthognathic surgery. However, with the aid of miniplates, some moderate discrepancies become feasible to be treated without surgery. Objective: To report the case of a 24-year-old man with severe skeletal Angle Class III malocclusion with anterior crossbite and a consequent concave facial profile. Methods: The patient refused to undergo orthognathic surgery; therefore, orthodontic camouflage treatment with the aid of miniplates placed on the mandibular arch was proposed. Results: After 18 months of treatment, a Class I molar and canine relationship was achieved, while anterior crossbite was corrected by retraction of mandibular teeth. The consequent decrease in lower lip fullness and increased exposure of maxillary incisors at smiling resulted in a remarkable improvement of patient's facial profile, in addition to an esthetically pleasing smile, respectively. One year later, follow-up revealed good stability of results.
Class II malocclusion associated with mandibular deficiency and maxillary and mandibular crowding: follow-up evaluation eight years after treatment completion
Authors: Aidar Luís Antônio de Arruda
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT This report describes the correction of a clinical case of malocclusion with anteroposterior discrepancy and transverse, sagittal and vertical deficiencies. A nonextraction technique was used to preserve space in the dental arches and control facial growth for the correction of the sagittal skeletal relationship and of overbite. The mechanics adopted efficiently corrected malocclusion: all functional and esthetic goals were achieved, and results remained stable eight years after treatment completion. This case was presented to the Committee of the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics (BBO) as part of the requirements necessary to obtain the BBO Diploma.
Using the Portuguese version of the Bicultural Scale in Brazil
Authors: Zubaran Carlos , Foresti Katia , Persch Karina Nunes
Published: September 2016

Abstract Introduction: Brazil has received influxes of people, mainly from Africa, Europe and Japan, forming one of the most heterogeneous populations in the world. Some groups, particularly in Southern Brazil, have retained their original cultural traditions, whilst acquiring elements of the typical local Brazilian cultural identity. This is the first study designed to formally evaluate biculturality in Brazil. Objective: To psychometrically assess and validate the Portuguese version of the Bicultural Scale (BS) in Brazil. Methods: The BS was adapted and translated to Portuguese and tested for the first time in Brazil in a sample of descendants (n = 160) from four immigrant groups and respective locations in Southern Brazil. A series of psychometric tests were conducted in order to examine the validity of the Portuguese version of the BS. Analyses of variance across scores for all subgroups were also conducted. Results: Factor analysis revealed two main factors contributing to most of the variance in scores. The 10 items measuring affiliation with minority cultural characteristics and the typical Brazilian culture yielded Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.69 and 0.78 respectively, whereas the overall Cronbach's alpha for all 20 items of the BS was 0.67. There was a significant correlation between items related to the typical Brazilian culture and the generation since immigration of research participants (r = 0.23, p = 0.004). The mean time taken to complete the questionnaire was 7.4 minutes. Conclusion: The results indicate that the Portuguese version of the BS is a valid, reliable and easy-to-use instrument to assess biculturality experienced by descendants of immigrants in southern Brazil.
Uso de substantivos e verbos por pré-escolares com alteração específica de linguagem
Authors: Verreschi Marianne Querido , Cáceres-Assenço Ana Manhani , Befi-Lopes Debora Maria
Published: September 2016

RESUMO Objetivos Comparar o uso funcional de verbos e substantivos por crianças com alterações específicas de linguagem (AEL) falantes do Português Brasileiro e investigar se o uso destes tipos de palavras difere das crianças em desenvolvimento típico de linguagem (DTL). Além disso, comparar a utilização de cada tipo de verbo entre os grupos. Método Participaram do estudo 80 pré-escolares, 20 com AEL e 60 com DTL. A faixa etária dos sujeitos com AEL variou entre 3 e 6 anos, e do grupo com DTL variou entre 2 e 4 anos. O pareamento dos sujeitos foi baseado na idade linguística expressiva. A amostra de fala foi eliciada por meio de interação lúdica, e dessa amostra foram selecionados os substantivos e verbos produzidos. Resultados Os pré-escolares com AEL utilizaram mais verbos do que substantivos em fala espontânea. O uso de substantivos não diferiu entre os grupos, mas nos verbos o subgrupo de 3 anos com AEL os utilizou com mais frequência que seus pares. Os tipos de verbos mais utilizados por sujeitos com AEL foram de ligação, intransitivo e transitivo direto. A comparação entre os grupos neste aspecto diferiu pontualmente para os verbos transitivo direto, bitransitivo e de ligação; apenas o verbo transitivo circunstancial foi mais utilizado pelos sujeitos em DTL para todas as idades. Conclusão O uso de substantivos e verbos em crianças com AEL respeita o padrão do desenvolvimento típico, mas ocorre de forma mais lenta. O uso de verbos com menos complementos é predominante nesta população.
Processo de trabalho, atuação e perfil de profissionais de uma Rede de Saúde Auditiva: referência para satisfação
Authors: Escarce Andrezza Gonzalez , Lemos Stela Maris Aguiar , Carvalho Sirley Alves da Silva
Published: September 2016

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a correlação entre satisfação de profissionais da Rede de Atenção à Saúde Auditiva de duas microrregiões de Minas Gerais com perfil sociodemográfico, processo de trabalho e atuação no serviço de saúde. Método Estudo observacional analítico do tipo transversal, com amostra não probabilística composta por 34 profissionais vinculados aos Serviços de Atenção à Saúde Auditiva de duas microrregiões de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas individuais no município de atuação do profissional. Foram realizadas associações entre a variável resposta Satisfação do Profissional com as variáveis explicativas Dados sociodemográficos, Rotina de trabalho e Ações desenvolvidas. Resultados Profissionais com pós-graduação estavam mais satisfeitos com política de Recursos Humanos e atividades desenvolvidas e os concursados com política salarial e agenda. Já a análise de correlação entre processo de trabalho e satisfação revelou correlação positiva de magnitude moderada entre os itens Ações de promoção de saúde e Satisfação com equipamentos de diagnóstico e Satisfação com manutenção de equipamentos. Conclusão O presente estudo evidenciou maior nível de satisfação entre os profissionais com pós-graduação (política de recursos humanos e atividades desenvolvidas) e concursados (política salarial e agenda). Destaca-se a importância do estudo, devido ao papel fundamental que o profissional de saúde desempenha dentro da Rede. Além disso, o estudo do grau de satisfação pode proporcionar busca por melhorias, uma vez que o profissional satisfeito não só melhora a qualidade do serviço, como também apresenta maior criatividade, comprometimento e rendimento.
Impacto do distúrbio específico de linguagem e do tipo de escola nos diferentes subsistemas da linguagem
Authors: Puglisi Marina Leite , Befi-Lopes Debora Maria
Published: September 2016

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo teve o objetivo de explorar os efeitos do tipo de escola e do distúrbio específico de linguagem (DEL) sobre diferentes habilidades de linguagem, tanto do ponto de vista quantitativo quanto qualitativo. Método 204 crianças brasileiras de 4 a 6 anos participaram da pesquisa. As crianças foram recrutadas para formar três grupos: 1) 63 crianças em desenvolvimento típico de linguagem, estudantes de escola particular (DTPar); 2) 102 crianças em desenvolvimento típico de linguagem, estudantes de escola pública (DTPub); e 39 crianças com diagnóstico de DEL, estudantes de escola pública (DELPub). Todas as crianças foram avaliadas em provas de vocabulário expressivo, morfologia de número e compreensão morfossintática. Resultados Todos os subsistemas da linguagem foram susceptíveis tanto a questões ambientais (efeito tipo de escola) quanto orgânicas (efeito DEL). As relações entre as medidas de linguagem foram exatamente as mesmas para todos os grupos, indicando que o aumento do vocabulário ocorreu em função da idade, e se mostrou associado ao desenvolvimento das habilidades morfológicas e de compreensão morfossintática. As crianças com DEL apresentaram erros atípicos na prova de compreensão aos 4 anos, mas passaram a apresentar um padrão de erros semelhante ao do desenvolvimento típico com o aumento da idade. Conclusão O efeito tipo de escola foi marcado por diferenças quantitativas, enquanto o efeito DEL foi marcado por diferenças predominantemente quantitativas, mas também qualitativas.
LA COMPETENCIA MEDIÁTICA A TRAVÉS DE LOS CONTENIDOS CURRICULARES EN LA ETAPA DE EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA EN ESPAÑA
Authors: García Antonia Ramírez , Arellano Paula Renés , Fernández Natalia González
Published: September 2016

RESUMEN: En este artículo se revisó el currículo del cuarto curso de educación primaria en la normativa de todas las comunidades autónomas de España para comprobar la presencia o ausencia de la competencia mediática en el documento. El método utilizado fue el análisis de contenido. Los resultados muestran que todas las dimensiones de la competencia mediática quedan reflejadas en dichos contenidos. Asimismo, en todas las áreas del currículo, se aprecia una relación entre los descriptores de la competencia mediática y los contenidos curriculares.
HISTORIA ESCOLAR EN CONTEXTO INTERÉTNICO E INTERCULTURAL MAPUCHE
Authors: Turra Omar
Published: September 2016

RESUMEN: El artículo presenta resultados de una investigación que tuvo como propósito indagar, en las significaciones, respecto de la historia escolar y su enseñanza, que portan estudiantes Mapuches pertenecientes a las identidades territoriales Mapuche-Lafkenche (Tirúa) y Mapuche-pehuenche (Alto Biobío), en el contexto de su formación en el sistema escolar chileno. El estudio se realizó desde la metodología cualitativa con un diseño de estudio de casos, utilizándose como técnica de recogida de información el grupo de discusión. Los resultados evidencian una escasa valoración del sector de aprendizaje, débil significatividad de sus propuestas temáticas y presencia de conflictividad y discriminación en su enseñanza.
O DESENVOLVIMENTO PROFISSIONAL DOS PROFESSORES DA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR: REFLEXÕES SOBRE A APRENDIZAGEM PARA A DOCÊNCIA
Authors: Pryjma Marielda Ferreira , Oliveira Oséias Santos de
Published: September 2016

RESUMO: O desenvolvimento profissional do professor da educação superior é o tema deste estudo. Os estudos sobre a formação docente embasam a opção conceitual para a análise teórica. Esta se sustenta na ideia de que o desenvolvimento profissional é um processo mais vivencial e integrador do que a formação contínua. Entender como se deu a aprendizagem para a docência1 de professores que atuam em uma instituição pública brasileira de educação superior foi objetivo deste estudo. Compreender como as experiências profissionais são interpretadas por estes professores e analisar como estas contribuem para a sua constituição profissional complementaram esta proposta. A abordagem qualitativa, por meio de um questionário e a realização de grupos de discussão permitiu a coleta de dados. Os resultados revelam que os professores da Instituição de Ensino Superior pesquisada não escolheram a docência como profissão inicial; as experiências profissionais foram marcadas por tentativas e erros e a solução dos problemas ocorria a partir de suas próprias experiências; e a responsabilidade pelo fracasso e sucesso profissionais está atrelada ao perfil dos estudantes. A natureza complexa da universidade e da profissão docente é uma realidade. O professor, no contexto da universidade pesquisada, tende a analisar o seu papel profissional de forma reducionista, caracterizando a sua atividade como intelectual e a docência como secundária ou inexistente. A formação para a docência se constitui como um processo sólido para o desenvolvimento profissional docente.
CINEMA E EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NO PARQUE NACIONAL DA RESTINGA DE JURUBATIBA: REFLEXÕES E PRÁTICAS INTERDISCIPLINARES E TRANSVERSAIS
Authors: Fuentes Nathalia Moura Muzy , Costa Rafael Nogueira , Ruta Christine
Published: September 2016

RESUMO : Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar a produção de cinema-documentário no campo da educação ambiental (EA) crítica, no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba. No presente estudo, é apresentada a metodologia utilizada para produção de quatro documentários sobre o Parque Nacional, e a análise dos discursos dos personagens dos documentários. O Parque Nacional foi caracterizado pelos personagens dos documentários, pelas contradições existentes na sua criação, implantação e gestão, pelos entraves existentes para o desenvolvimento local sustentável e pelos conflitos socioambientais. Os documentários demonstraram ser uma importante ferramenta pedagógica para a EA na criação de espaços para diálogos sobre as relações existentes entre a sociedade e o meio ambiente.
Identificação de áreas adequadas para a construção de aterros sanitários e usinas de triagem e compostagem na mesorregião da Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais
Authors: Felicori Thaís de Carvalho , Marques Eduardo Antonio Gomes , Silva Tatiana Quintão , Porto Bárbara Batista , Bravin Tamila Caliman , Santos Kássia Mara Cota
Published: September 2016

RESUMO A disposição final inadequada dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) em lixões é realizada em 60% dos municípios brasileiros. Ademais, a escolha das áreas para a implantação desses depósitos, comumente, não leva em consideração as restrições legais vigentes. Na Zona da Mata mineira, esse fator é agravado pela existência de extensas áreas de preservação permanente, que implica em reduzido número de áreas disponíveis para tratamento de resíduos. O consórcio intermunicipal, como forma de gestão compartilhada, é considerado uma alternativa prevista em lei para regularizar essa situação. Para nortear o consorciamento, a Fundação Estadual do Meio Ambiente (FEAM), por meio do Sistema Estadual de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos (SISEMA), subdividiu o estado em arranjos territoriais ótimos (ATOs). Considerando que as formas adequadas de tratamento de RSU mais adotadas no Brasil são aterros sanitários e usinas de triagem e compostagem, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar áreas para a implantação de aterros sanitários e usinas de triagem e compostagem na Zona da Mata. Ademais, foi realizado o cálculo estimado das áreas requeridas para atender aos ATOs através de consórcios e o número de áreas existentes que atendessem à extensão mínima calculada. Para tanto, foi construída uma extensa base de dados para a identificação das áreas restritas legalmente e realização de análises espaciais multicritério utilizando os softwares de geoprocessamento ArcGIS e IDRISI Taiga. As análises resultaram em número reduzido de áreas passíveis de serem utilizadas para o tratamento de resíduos dificultando, assim, a utilização dos ATOs como referência para a gestão de RSU.
Peripheral biomarkers of oxidative stress in aging and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Marcourakis Tania , Camarini Rosana , Kawamoto Elisa Mitiko , Scorsi Leandro Rodrigues , Scavone Cristoforo
Published: September 2016

Abstract Aging is associated with a greatly increased incidence of a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These conditions are associated with chronic inflammation, which generates oxygen reactive species, ultimately responsible for a process known as oxidative stress. It is well established that this process is the culprit of neurodegeneration, and there are also mounting evidences that it is not restricted to the central nervous system. Indeed, several studies, including some by our group, have demonstrated that increased peripheral oxidative stress markers are associated to aging and, more specifically, to AD. Therefore, it is very instigating to regard aging and AD as systemic conditions that might be determined by studying peripheral markers of oxidative stress.
A new Brief computerized cognitive screening battery (CompCogs) for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Fichman Helenice Charchat , Nitrini Ricardo , Caramelli Paulo , Sameshima Koichi
Published: September 2016

Abstract Screening tests for early diagnosis of dementia are of great clinical relevance. The ideal test set must be brief and reliable, and should probe cognitive components impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objectives: To develop a new Computerized Cognitive Screening test (CompCogs), and to investigate its validity for the early diagnosis of AD, and evaluate its heuristic value in understanding the processing of information in AD. Methods: The computerized neuropsychological performance battery, originally including six tests, was applied in forty seven patients with probable mild AD and 97 controls matched for age and education. This computerized neuropsychological test battery, developed with MEL Professional, allows control of timing and order of stimuli presentation, as well as recording of response type and latency. A brief-screening version, CompCogs, was selected using the most discriminative neuropsychological test variables derived from logistic regression analysis. Full battery administration lasted about 40 minutes, while the CompCogs took only 15 minutes. Results: CompCogs included the Face test (correct response) and Word and Forms with Short term memory tests (reaction time). CompCogs presented 91.8% sensitivity and 93.6% specificity for the diagnosis of AD using ROC analyses of AD diagnosis probability derived by logistic regression. Conclusions: CompCogs showed high validity for AD early diagnosis and, therefore, may be a useful alternative screening instrument.
Standardization of the normative group for the third version of the test of visual attention - TAVIS
Authors: Coutinho Gabriel , Mattos Paulo , Araújo Catia , Borges Manuela , Alfano Angela
Published: September 2016

Abstract Despite the importance of objective measures of attention to clinical practice, there is a paucity of Brazilian standardized tests. Objective: The aim of the present study was the standardization of a normative group for the third version of a computerized test of visual attention (TAVIS-3), developed to evaluate children and adolescents in the 6 to 17 years age range. Methods: 631 students from 3 schools in Rio de Janeiro city were assessed with TAVIS-3, administered by experienced psychologists, following parents' authorization. Results: The normative groups were determined considering performance of different age groups: from 6 to 10 years (with scores for 5 different ages); from 11 to 12 and from 13 to 17 years. Three tasks (focused, shifted and sustained attention) were standardized for each age group. Conclusion: The standardization of a normative group for TAVIS-3 discriminated performance ranges for distinct age groups, allowing its use as a neuropsychological assessment of attention.
Subjective memory complaints and cognitive performance in a sample of healthy elderly
Authors: Caramelli Paulo , Beato Rogério Gomes
Published: September 2016

Abstract Memory loss is a major complaint among the elderly population. However, the clinical significance of this symptom is variable and also controversial in the scientific literature. Objective: To compare the cognitive performance of two groups of healthy elderly, one group with and the other without, subjective memory complaints (SMC). Methods: Sixty cognitively intact elderly individuals (39 females and 21 males), aged 69.9±6.3 years and with educational level of 8.5±5.5 years, were included in the study. Participants were submitted to the Mini-Mental State Examination and to the Cornell depression scale in order to rule out global cognitive impairment and depression, respectively. Moreover, they answered the MAC-Q, a questionnaire devised to evaluate subjective impression of memory function. Subsequently, they were submitted to the digit span forward and backward, the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery, and to the Frontal Assessment Battery. Results: Twenty-seven individuals had MAC-Q scores <25 and thus were classified as not having SMC, while 33 had MAC-Q scores ³25 and were considered to have SMC. No differences for age, gender, education and MMSE scores were found between the two groups. The comparison between the performance of the groups of complainers and non-complainers on the different cognitive tests yielded no significant difference, although there was a trend toward non-complainers performing better on incidental memory. Conclusions: The presence of SMC was not associated to objective memory impairment or to other cognitive deficits in this group of elderly individuals.
Assessment of memory complainers in São Paulo, Brazil: Three-year results of a memory clinic
Authors: Bottino Cássio Machado de Campos , Zucollo Pedro , Moreno Maria Del Pilar Quintero , Gil Gislaine , Cid Carla Garcia , Campanha Eduardo Vilodres , Rumi Demétrio Ortega , Camargo Cândida Helena Pires de
Published: September 2016

Abstract Memory clinics were established in the USA and European countries as services to attend patients who complain of cognitive deficits, referred by primary care doctors, specialists and other hospitals. Objective: We aimed to describe the clinical and cognitive profile of consecutively evaluated subjects during the initial three years of service of a memory clinic from a university hospital. Methods: Subjects were submitted to a clinical work-up for dementia, which included laboratory exams, cranial computerized tomography, cognitive tests, and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Diagnosis was made according to ICD-10 criteria. Results: We evaluated 104 subjects (67.3% females and 32.7% males), with mean age of 59.1 years, 88.8% aged 50 years or above. Mean schooling was 9.9 years. Patients were classified into 10 different primary diagnostic categories, namely Depression (26.9%), Alzheimer's disease (17.3%), Memory complaints without objective impairment (17.3%), Mild Cognitive Disorder - MCD (14.4%), and Anxiety (12.5%) the most frequent diagnosis. Comparing patients with dementia, MCD, Depression or Anxiety and Memory complainers, by age (below and above 60 years), dementia was more commonly diagnosed in older subjects, while a higher frequency of memory complainers was found in the younger group. Conclusions: This preliminary report from an outpatient group of referred patients with cognitive complaints showed a higher frequency of psychiatric disorders in this sample. The memory clinic approach should be considered as a model of service which can evaluate subjects with cognitive complaints effectively and improve the quality of care delivered to this patient group.
Involution of categorical thinking processes in Alzheimer's disease: Preliminary results
Authors: Mello Claudia Berlim de , Abrisqueta-Gomez Jacqueline , Xavier Gilberto Fernando , Bueno Orlando Francisco Amodeo
Published: September 2016

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disorder characterized by progressive losses in cognitive functions, including memory. The sequence of these losses may correspond to the inverse order of the normal sequence of ontogenetic cognitive acquisitions, a process named retrogenesis. One of the acquisitions that improve in normal development is the ability to retrieve previously acquired categorical knowledge from semantic memory in order to guide associative thinking and memory processes; consequently, children become able to associate verbal stimuli in more complex taxonomic ways and to use this knowledge to improve their recall. Objective: In this study, we investigated if AD-related deterioration of semantic memory involves a decrease in categorical thinking processes with progression of the disease, according to the retrogenesis hypothesis. Methods: We compared the performance of AD patients at mild and moderate stages, and of groups of 7, 10 and 14-year-old children in tasks of free association along with recall tasks of perceptually and semantically related stimuli. Results: ANOVAS showed a decrease in taxonomic associations and an increase in diffuse associations between mild and moderate stages, corresponding to the inverse order shown by the child groups. At the moderate AD stage, the pattern was similar to that of 7-year-old children. Both groups of patients performed worse than child groups in recall tasks. Conclusions: These results corroborate the hypothesis of an involution of the processes of categorical associative thinking in the course of the disease.
Dysexecutive mild cognitive impairment associated to frontal atrophy: Case report
Authors: Balthazar Marcio Luiz Figueredo , Damasceno Benito Pereira
Published: September 2016

Abstract Non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) evolving to neurodegenerative diseases other than Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rarely well documented. We report a case of a 49 year-old woman who presented a slowly progressive attentional/dysexecutive syndrome sparing other cognitive domains and without significant impairment of daily life activities. Her mother had Parkinsonism and her brother, a psychotic syndrome. Brain CT/MRI showed frontal atrophy while brain SPECT showed moderate cortical hypoperfusion, mainly in the frontal lobes. Our case is an example of non-memory MCI whose neuropsychological data and brain imaging indicating high likelihood of progression to a non-AD dementia.
Neuropsychological alterations in mercury intoxication persist several years after exposure
Authors: Zachi Elaine Cristina , Taub Anita , Faria Marcília de Araújo Medrado , Ventura Dora Fix
Published: September 2016

Abstract Elemental mercury is a liquid toxic metal widely used in industry. Occupational exposure occurs mainly via inhalation. Previously, neuropsychological assessment detected deficits in former workers of a fluorescent lamp plant who had been exposed to elemental mercury vapor and were away from exposure for several years at the time of examination. Objectives: The purpose of this work was to reexamine these functions after 18 months in order to evaluate their progression. Methods: Thirteen participants completed tests of attention, inhibitory control, verbal/visual memory, psychomotor speed, verbal fluency, visuomotor ability, executive function, semantic knowledge, and depression and anxiety inventories on 2 separate occasions. Results: At baseline, the former workers indicated slower psychomotor and information processing speed, verbal spontaneous recall memory impairment, and increased depression and anxiety symptoms compared to controls (P<0.05). Paired comparisons of neuropsychological functioning within the exposed group at baseline and 1.5 years later showed poorer immediate memory performance (P<0.05). There were no differences on other measures. Conclusions: Although the literature show signs of recovery of functions, the neuropsychological effects related to mercury exposure are found to persist for many years.
The Cambridge Behavioural Inventory revised
Authors: Wear Helen J. , Wedderburn Catherine J. , Mioshi Eneida , Williams-Gray Caroline H. , Mason Sarah L. , Barker Roger A. , Hodges John R.
Published: September 2016

Abstract Neurobehavioural and psychiatric symptoms are common in a range of neurodegenerative disorders with distinct profiles which are helpful in the diagnosis and monitoring of these disorders. The Cambridge Behavioural Inventory (CBI) has been shown to distinguish frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), but it is lengthy. Objective: To develop a shorter version of the 81 item CBI. Methods: CBI data from 450 participants with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bv-FTD) (64), AD (96), PD (215) and HD (75) were analysed using Principal Components Analysis and measures of internal consistency (Cronbach alpha). Results: A reduced 45-item questionnaire was developed. The instrument identified distinct behavioural profiles and performed as well as the original version. Conclusions: A shorter (45 item) version of the CBI is capable of differentiating bv-FTD and AD from PD and HD. It may be useful in delineating the type and extent of problems in these disorders as well as monitoring therapeutic interventions.
Influence of age, gender and educational level on performance in the Brief Cognitive Battery-Edu
Authors: Nitrini Ricardo , Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi , Smid Jerusa , Carthery-Goulart Maria Teresa , Anghinah Renato , Areza-Fegyveres Renata , Bahia Valeria Santoro , Damin Antonio Eduardo , Formigoni Ana Paula , Frota Norberto Anízio Ferreira , Guariglia Carla , Jacinto Alessandro F. , Kato Eliane Mayme , Lima Edson Erasmo Pereira , Moreira Daniel , Nóbrega Ana Beatriz , Porto Claudia Sellitto , Senaha Mirna Lie Hosogi , Silva Mari Nilva M. , Souza-Talarico Juliana Neri , Radanovic Marcia , Mansur Leticia Lessa
Published: September 2016

Abstract The Brief Cognitive Battery-Edu (BCB-Edu) contains nine tests, seven of which are related to the memory of drawings, and has good accuracy in the diagnosis of cognitive impairment. Objectives: To evaluate the influence of age, gender and educational level on the performance in tests related to memory of drawings of the BCB-Edu in healthy subjects. Methods: Participants were adult volunteers; exclusion criteria were illiteracy, neurologic or psychiatric disorders, visual or hearing impairment, untreated chronic clinical conditions, alcoholism, use of drugs, and for those aged 65 or over, an informant report of cognitive or functional impairment. We evaluated 325 individuals (207 women), with a mean age of 47.1 (±16.8) years, ranging from 19 to 81, and a mean of 9.8 (±5.0) schooling-years. Univariate analyses, correlations and logistic regression were employed (a=0.05). Results: There were significant negative correlations between age and the scores in four of the seven tests. However, schooling-years were positively correlated to the scores, where schooling-years decreased with age in this sample (rho= -0.323; p<0.001). Logistic regression confirmed that gender influenced the learning of drawings, where women performed better, while age influenced incidental memory, immediate memory, learning and delayed recall of the drawings, and schooling-years influenced visual identification, immediate memory, learning, delayed recall and recognition of the drawings. Conclusion: Gender, age and education influence the performance on the memory of drawings of the BCB-Edu, although the extent of these influences differs according to the nature of the test.
Textual reading comprehension and naming in Alzheimer's disease patients
Authors: Rinaldi Juciclara , Sbardelloto Gabriela , Kristensen Christian Haag , Parente Maria Alice de Mattos Pimenta
Published: September 2016

Abstract Among linguistic-cognitive failures, the retelling of stories and lexical disorders occur from the onset of AD. Recent studies have discussed whether lexical failures in AD patients include naming actions. Objectives: The aims of this study were to verify naming and reformulation of action difficulties in AD patients and their relationship with the retelling of stories. Our main questions were: Are there two linguistic abilities impaired in the early stages of AD? Is there some correlation between the capacity of naming actions and the retelling of stories? Methods: We assessed 28 elderly participants: 17 with probable AD and 11 control subjects, with schooling ³4 years. The textual reading comprehension was measured using four stories with descriptive and narrative textual structure. The lexical production was verified by 17 actions on video, assessed by the participants' first and second verbal emissions. Results: The results showed that the retelling of stories is a task that discriminates patients with AD from healthy individuals. The naming and reformulation of actions tasks did not show significant differences among the patients and their controls. A positive correlation was found between the difficulties in retelling stories and the reformulation of the naming of actions. Conclusions: These results confirm previous findings that show the preservation of naming actions in patients with AD, which involve familiar actions, and that the retelling of short stories is an instrument that discriminates patients with AD from healthy elders. Results also suggest that the difficulties in retelling are related a breakdown in reformulating information, perhaps stemming from mechanisms of decreased memory work.
Cognitive rehabilitation of neuropsychological deficits and mild cognitive impairment: A review of the literature
Authors: Miotto Eliane Correa , Serrao Valéria Trunkl , Guerra Gláucia Benutte , Lúcia Mara Cristina Souza de , Scaff Milberto
Published: September 2016

Abstract Neuropsychological rehabilitation is related to the treatment or optimization of disabilities, handicaps and cognitive deficiencies including emotional, behavioral and personality alterations, aiming at the best cognitive, neurobiological and social re-adaptation. Objective: The main aim of this paper is to review scientific studies published over the last five years on cognitive training with rehabilitation, focusing on elderly subjects with cognitive complaints and patients diagnosed with MCI. Methods: Data were generated from Medline, PsychoInfo and EMBASE including publications from 2002 to 2007 using the search terms "Mild Cognitive Impairment", "Cognitive Complaints", "Rehabilitation" and "Intervention Studies". Data collection criteria were restricted to the quality of evidence Class I. Results: Eight articles out of sixty eight previously selected were chosen because of their randomized studies, including techniques of cognitive rehabilitation in patients with cognitive complaints, MCI and neuropsychological training. Conclusions: The studies showing generalization of rehabilitation techniques to practical real life situations and use of an errorless learning approach were considered more effective in terms of maintaining treatment follow up, although further studies are recommended.
Neuropsychological rehabilitation program and behavioral disturbances in early-stage Alzheimer patients
Authors: Vieira Vera Lúcia Duarte , Brucki Sônia Maria Dozzi , Martins Anna Luiza Costa Marques , Canali Fabíola , Gois Luciano , Oliveira Maira Okada de , Bittencourt Beatriz Schlecht , Leite Lúcia Julieta Tonato , Abrisqueta-Gomez Jacqueline , Bueno Orlando Francisco Amodeo
Published: September 2016

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia and cholinesterase inhibitors are the available treatment in the mild stage. However cognitive rehabilitation has shown satisfactory results when combined with pharmacological treatment. Behavioral alteration is common in AD patients, which burdens caregivers and raises the risk of institutionalization. Providing caregivers guidance may enable them to assure better quality of life for patient and caregiver and lower institutionalization rates. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a neuropsychological rehabilitation program (NRP) combined with pharmacological treatment in early stage AD patients. Methods: We studied 12 AD patients (6 women), average age 75.42 (6.22) with 9.58 (5.6) years education in use of stable doses of cholinesterase inhibitors. Cognitive performance was evaluated using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer´s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive (ADAS-Cog). Caregivers responded to Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) at initial evaluation (T1), and after 8 months of rehabilitation program (T2). The program comprised two sessions every week and family guidance every fortnight. Results: MMSE (T1:23.25 (1.82)/T2:23.42 (2.81); ADAS-Cog (T1:17.11 (6.73)/T2:21.2 (8.59); NPI (T1:23.42 (23.38)/T2:19.83 (17.73); FAQ (T1:10.67 (7.24)/T2: 13.92 (6.92). Conclusions: These results show the importance of providing guidance and support for caretakers. Study limitations were the small number of patients and absence of a control group with only drug treatment to compare with combined pharmacological and rehabilitation treatments.
Cognitive deficits associated with optic aphasia: Neuropsychological contribution to a differential diagnosis
Authors: Rodrigues Melissa de Almeida , Adda Carla Cristina , Lucia Mara Cristina de Souza , Scaff Milberto , Miotto Eliane Correa
Published: September 2016

Abstract Optic aphasia is characterized by a deficit in naming objects presented visually, as a result of left occipito-temporal lesion. It differs from other neuropsychological disorders due to the nature of the deficits and impairment of cognitive function. A 52 year-old patient, admitted after an episode of sub-acute infarction in the territory of the left posterior cerebral artery involving the temporo-occipital region, was submitted to neuropsychological evaluation as part of a diagnostic investigation and presented specific characteristics of this disorder, as well as impairment to episodic memory. The relevance of the present case is justified not only due to the rarity of the disorder, but also because it highlights the importance of differential diagnosis in the treatment of patients.
Anti- Sporothrix spp. activity of medicinal plants
Authors: Waller Stefanie Bressan , Madrid Isabel Martins , Faria Renata Osório de , Cleff Marlete Brum , Mello João Roberto Braga de , Meireles Mário Carlos Araújo
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT Cases of sporotrichosis in humans and animals without satisfactory clinical response have increased, a warning sign of strains resistant to conventional antifungal agents. The urgent search for alternative therapies was an incentive for research on medicinal plants with anti-Sporothrix spp. properties. A bibliographic survey was performed based on scientific papers about in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of essential oils and extracts of plants in differents solvents against the fungal of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. The study methodology consisted of a literature review in Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pubmed, Bireme and Springer link with papers from 1986 to 2015. We found 141 species of plants that were investigated, of which 100 species were concentrated in 39 botanical families that had confirmed anti-Sporothrix activity. Combretaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae represented the botanical families with the greatest number of plants species with antifungal potential, using different methodologies. However, there are few studies with medicinal plants in experimental infection in animals that prove their activity in the treatment of sporotrichosis. It reinforces the need for further research related to standardization of in vitro methodologies and in vivo studies related to safety and to toxicity potential of these plants with anti-Sporothrix spp. activity.
Design and preparation of a novel colon-targeted tablet of hydrocortisone
Authors: Ren Yachao , Jiang Lei , Yang Shuman , Gao Sainan , Yu Hui , Hu Jie , Hu Dandan , Mao Wenbin , Peng Haisheng , Zhou Yulong
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to design a new colon-targeted drug delivery system based on chitosan. The properties of the films were studied to obtain useful information about the possible applications of composite films. The composite films were used in a bilayer system to investigate their feasibility as coating materials. Tensile strength, swelling degree, solubility, biodegradation degree, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigations showed that the composite film was formed when chitosan and gelatin were jointly reacted jointly. The results showed that a 6:4 blend ratio was the optimal chitosan/gelatin blend ratio. In vitro drug release results indicated that the Eudragit- and chitosan/gelatin-bilayer coating system prevented drug release in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and simulated gastric fluid (SGF). However, the drug release from a bilayer-coated tablet in SCF increased over time, and the drug was almost completely released after 24 h. Overall, colon-targeted drug delivery was achieved by using a chitosan/gelatin complex film and a multilayer coating system.
Phenobarbital loaded microemulsion: development, kinetic release and quality control
Authors: Figueiredo Kayo Alves , Neves Jamilly Kelly Oliveira , Silva José Alexsandro da , Freitas Rivelilson Mendes de , Carvalho André Luis Menezes
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT This study aimed to obtain and characterize a microemulsion (ME) containing phenobarbital (PB). The PB was incorporated in the proportion of 5% and 10% in a microemulsion system containing Labrasol(r), ethanol, isopropyl myristate and purified water. The physicochemical characterization was performed and the primary stability of the ME was evaluated. An analytical method was developed using spectrophotometry in UV = 242 nm. The kinetics of the in vitro release (Franz model) of the ME and the emulsion (EM) containing PB was evaluated. The incorporation of PB into ME at concentrations of 5 and 10% did not change pH and resistance to centrifugation. There was an increase in particle size, a decrease of conductivity and a change in the refractive index in relation to placebo ME. The ME remained stable in preliminary stability tests. The analytical method proved to be specific, linear, precise, accurate and robust. Regarding the kinetics of the in vitro release, ME obtained an in vitro release profile greater than the EM containing PB. Thus, the obtained ME has a potential for future transdermal application, being able to compose a drug delivery system for the treatment of epilepsy.
Influence of glucose and stirring in the fermentation process in order to produce anti- Candida metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp.
Authors: Escher Silvia Katrine Silva , Sousa Júnior José Jeosafá Vieira de , Dias Adrielle Leal , Amorim Elba Lúcia Cavalcanti de , Araújo Janete Magalí de
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the influence of glucose and stirring in the fermentation process in order to produce anti-Candida metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. MPO4 isolated from Amazon soil. The anti-Candida metabolites production was registered after 24 h of fermentation in stirred ISP2 medium, having antifungal inhibition halos between 12.3 mm and 25.3 mm, yielding higher production of anti-Candida agents after 96 h. Stirring was a determining factor for the production of anti-Candida secondary metabolites, since the absence of glucose reflected in the late production of the antifungal starting from Streptomyces sp.