bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surfactant structure and micellar rate enhancements: Comparison within a related group of one-tailed, two-tailed and two-headed anionic surfactants
Authors: Jobe DJ , Reinsborough VC
Published: March 2006

Rate enhancements for the
reaction between Ni2+(aq) and
pyridine-2-azo-p-dimethylaniline (pada) have been investigated by the stopped-flow technique
in micellar solutions of a related group of anionic surfactants: the sodium alkoxycarbonylmethanesulfonates, the sodium 1,2-bis(alkoxy-
carbonyl)ethanesulfonates, and the disodium 4-alkyl3-sulfonatosuccinates. The second group
differs from the first in having an extra identical tail and the third from the
first by having an extra polar head. The hexyl, octyl and decyl members of each
group were chosen for study except for the second group where the decyl member proved insoluble. The kinetic analysis
revealed that adding a second tail did not dramatically increase the binding of
pada to the micelles so that rate enhancements were
not much increased. Adding a second head decreased the binding of Ni2+
ion to the micelles so that the third group appears to have no advantages in
rate enhancements.
Observation of 13C rearrangement in [13C2]biphenylene formed from benzyne on pyrolysis of [1,6-13C2]phthalic anhydride and [2a,3-13C2]benzocyclobutenedione
Authors: Barry M , Brown RFC , Eastwood FW , Gunawardana DA , Vogel C
Published: March 2006

Examination of [13C2]biphenylene formed by gas phase pyrolysis of doubly labelled benzyne precursors shows
that the principal pyrolytic process leads to overall
1,2→1,3 rearrangement of the C6H4 carbon skeleton
either in an intermediate C7H4O before decarbonylation or in benzyne
itself. A minor process involves an apparent 1,3-hydrogen shift. [1,2-13C2]Ethyne-1,2-diylbistrimethylsilane
was acylated with 3-(2,5-dihydro-1,1-dioxothien- 2-yl)propanoyl
chloride and the resulting ketone was desilylated to
yield 5-(2,5-dihydro-1,l-dioxo-thien-2-yl)[1,2-13C2]pent-1-yn-3-one.
Thermal elimination of sulfur dioxide and cyclization followed by
dehydrogenation yielded [7,7a-13C2]-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one which was oxidized and
dehydrated to give [3a,4-13C2]isobenzofuran-1,3-dione.
This doubly labelled phthalic
anhydride was diluted to approximately 5% 13C2 and the
resulting material was converted via benzenediazonium-
2-carboxylate into biphenylene at 84�, and pyrolysed at 830� to yield biphenylene,
and a sample diluted to 7.5% was converted into [2a,3-13C2]benzocyclobutenedione which was pyrolysed
at 650�, 750� and 830� to yield further samples of biphenylene.
The biphenylene samples were examined by mass
spectrometry at 20 eV to determine their isotopic composition and by 13C
n.m.r. spectroscopy to determine the distribution of labelling.
The regiospecific synthesis of an anthraquinone based upon the elaboration of the adduct of 1-acetoxyisobenzofuran with p-benzoquinone monoacetal
Authors: Russell RA , Evans DAC , Warrener RV
Published: March 2006

1-Acetoxyisobenzofuran (4) reacts regiospecifically with 4,4-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-dienone (p-benzoquinone monoacetal)
(6) to yield a single [4π+2π] cycloadduct with endo
stereochemistry. Treatment of this adduct (7) with sodium methoxide
formed 1,10-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethoxy-4a,10- dihydroanthracen-9(4H)-one (12),
which was oxidized by the Corey-Fleet reagent to afford
1-hydroxy-4-methoxyanthracene-9,10-dione. This model reaction illustrates the
potential of this approach to the regiospecific
synthesis of anthraquinones. Attempts to introduce
methoxy substituents into the anthraquinone by using 4- and
7-methoxy-1-acetoxyisobenzofuran, isobenzofurans
described for the first time, were less successful. This limitation is
discussed.
Constituents of Boesenbergia pandurata (syn. Kaempferia pandurata). III. Isolation and synthesis of (±)-boesenbergin B
Authors: Mahidol C , Tuntiwachwuttikul P , Reutrakul V , Taylor WC
Published: March 2006

A new chalcone derivative (�)-boesenbergin
B and the known (�)-panduratin A have been isolated from Boesenbergia pandurata Schl. (syn. Kaempferia pandurata Roxb.; family Zingiberaceae). Spectroscopic studies have established the
structure (�)-(E)-1-[5'-hydroxy-7'-methoxy-2'-methyl-
2'-(4''-methylpent-3''-enyl)-2'H-l-benzopyran-6'-yl]-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one
for boesenbergin B. A simple synthesis of boesenbergin B has been achieved and
its acid-catalysed cyclization has been studied.
Cyclopentadienyl-ruthenium and -osmium chemistry. XXIII. Synthesis and reactions of some hydrido complexes containing ruthenium or osmium, and related chemistry
Authors: Bruce MI , Humphrey MG , Swincer AG , Wallis RC
Published: March 2006

The hydrido
complexes HM(PPh3)2(η-C5H5) (M
= Ru, Os), HFe(dppe)(η-C5H5), HRu(L2)(η-C5H5) (L2
= dppe, dppm or dpae), HRu(AsPh3),(η-C5H5),
HRu(L)(PPh3)(η-C5H5)
[L = CNBut, P(OPh)3]
have been obtained from reactions between the analogous chloro
complexes and NaOMe/MeOH; RuCI[P(OPh)3]2(η-C5H5)
affords the cyclometallated
Ru[(C6H4O)P(OPh)3)2][P(Oph)3]η-C5H5)
under these conditions.
Reactions between HRu(PPh3)2(η
C5H5) and HX or CHX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) afford
the corresponding halo complexes RuX(PPh3)2(η-C5H5);
CS2 reacts with HRuL2(η-C5H5)
(L = PPh3, L2 = dppe) to give
the corresponding dithioformato derivatives.
Ligand-exchange reactions of HRu(PPh3)2(η
-C5H5) with CO or dppe proceed
with difficulty at temperatures of c. 150-200�C in an autoclave.
Pyrazine chemistry. II. Reduction of 3,6-Dibenzylidenepiperazine-2,5-diones
Authors: Marcuccio SM , Elix JA
Published: March 2006

A reinvestigation of the
reduction of 3,6-dibenzylidenepiperazine-2,5-dione (1) with zinc and acetic
acid established that this reaction gave
(Z)-6-benzyl-3-benzylidenepiperazine-2,5-dione (10). When a mixture of acetic
acid and hydrochloric acid was used in the reduction, a mixture of trans- (12) and cis-3,6-dibenzylpiperazine-2,5-dione (5) was obtained. Direct
catalytic reduction of 3,6-di(2-chloro- benzy1idene)piperazine-2,5-dione (2) to
(�)-cis-3,6-di(2-chlorobenzyl)piperazine-2,5-dione
(6) was also accomplished.
Land market feedbacks can undermine biodiversity conservation
Authors: Armsworth Paul R. , Daily Gretchen C. , Kareiva Peter , Sanchirico James N.
Published: March 2006

The full or partial purchase of land has become a cornerstone of efforts to conserve biodiversity in countries with strong private property rights. Methods used to target areas for acquisition typically ignore land market dynamics. We show how conservation purchases affect land prices and generate feedbacks that can undermine conservation goals, either by displacing development toward biologically valuable areas or by accelerating its pace. The impact of these market feedbacks on the effectiveness of conservation depends on the ecological value of land outside nature reserves. Traditional, noneconomic approaches to site prioritization should perform adequately in places where land outside reserves supports little biodiversity. However, these approaches will perform poorly in locations where the countryside surrounding reserves is important for species’ persistence. Conservation investments can sometimes even be counterproductive, condemning more species than they save. Conservation is most likely to be compromised in the absence of accurate information on species distributions, which provides a strong argument for improving inventories of biodiversity. Accounting for land market dynamics in conservation planning is crucial for making smart investment decisions.
Construction and properties of a herpes simplex virus 1 designed to enter cells solely via the IL-13α2 receptor
Authors: Zhou Guoying , Roizman Bernard
Published: March 2006

Current design of genetically engineered viruses for selective destruction of cancer cells is based on the observation that attenuated viruses replicate better in tumor cells than in normal cells. The ideal virus, however, is one that can infect only cancer cells by virtue of altered host range. Such a virus can be made more robust than the highly attenuated viruses used in clinical trials. Earlier, we reported the construction of a recombinant herpes simplex virus 1 (R5111) in which the capacity to bind heparan sulfate was disabled and which contained a chimeric IL-13-glycoprotein D that enabled the virus to infect cells expressing the IL-13α2 receptor (IL-13Rα2) commonly found on the surface of malignant glioblastomas or high-grade astrocytomas. In the earlier report, we showed that the recombinant R5111 was able to enter and infect cells via the interaction of the chimeric glycoprotein D with IL-13Rα2 but that the virus retained the capacity to bind and replicate in cells expressing the natural viral receptors HveA or nectin-1. Here, we report the construction of a recombinant virus (R5141) that can only enter and replicate in cells that express the IL-13Rα2. The recombinant R5141 does not depend on endocytosis to infect cells. It does not infect cells expressing HveA or nectin-1 receptors or cells expressing IL-13Rα2 that had been exposed to soluble IL-13 before infection. The studies described here show that the host range of herpes simplex viruses can be altered by genetic manipulation to specifically target cancer cells.
The Berry-Esseen bound for character ratios
Authors: Shao Qi-Man , Su Zhong-Gen
Published: March 2006

Letλ\lambdabe a partition ofnnchosen from the Plancherel measure of the symmetric groupSnS_n, letχλ(12)\chi ^\lambda (12)be the irreducible character of the symmetric group parameterized byλ\lambdaevaluated on the transposition(12)(12), and letdim⁡(λ)\dim (\lambda )be the dimension of the irreducible representation parameterized byλ\lambda. Fulman recently obtained the convergence rate ofO(n−s)O(n^{-s})for any0>s>120> s>\frac 12in the central limit theorem for character ratios<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartFraction left-parenthesis n minus 1 right-parenthesis Over StartRoot 2 EndRoot EndFraction StartFraction chi Superscript lamda Baseline left-parenthesis 12 right-parenthesis Over dimension left-parenthesis lamda right-parenthesis EndFraction">(n−1)2χλ(12)dim⁡(λ){(n-1) \over \sqrt {2} } \, {\chi ^\lambda (12) \over \dim (\lambda )}by developing a connection between martingale and character ratios, and he conjectures that the correct speed isO(n−1/2)O(n^{-1/2}). In this paper we confirm the conjecture via a refinement of Stein’s method for exchangeable pairs.
Entire pluricomplex Green functions and Lelong numbers of projective currents
Authors: Coman Dan
Published: March 2006

Let

T
T

be a positive closed current of bidimension (1,1) and unit mass on the complex projective space

P

n

{\mathbb P}^n

. We prove that the set

V
α

(
T
)

V_\alpha (T)

of points where

T
T

has Lelong number larger than

α
\alpha

is contained in a complex line if

α
≥
2

/

3

\alpha \geq 2/3

, and

|

V
α

(
T
)
∖
L

|

≤
1

|V_\alpha (T)\setminus L|\leq 1

for some complex line

L
L

if

α
≥
1

/

2

\alpha \geq 1/2

. We also prove that in dimension 2 and if

α
≥
2

/

5

\alpha \geq 2/5

, then

|

V
α

(
T
)
∖
C

|

≤
1

|V_\alpha (T)\setminus C|\leq 1

for some conic

C
C

.
Failure of Krull-Schmidt for invertible lattices over a discrete valuation ring
Authors: Beneish Esther
Published: March 2006

Let

p
p

be a prime greater than

3
3

, and let

N
N

be the semi-direct product of a group

H
H

of order

p
p

by a cyclic

C
C

group of order

p
−
1

p-1

, which acts faithfully on

H
H

. Let

R
R

be the localization of

Z
Z

at

p
p

. We show that the Krull-Schmidt Theorem fails for the category of invertible

R
N

RN

-lattices.
Strong compactness and a partition property
Authors: Matet Pierre
Published: March 2006

We show that if

Part
⁡
(
κ
,
λ
)

\operatorname {Part}(\kappa ,\lambda )

holds for every

λ
≥
κ

\lambda \ge \kappa

, then

κ
\kappa

is strongly compact.
Hyper-reflexivity of free semigroupoid algebras
Authors: Jaëck Frédéric , Power Stephen
Published: March 2006

As a generalization of the free semigroup algebras considered by Davidson and Pitts, and others, the second author and D.W. Kribs initiated a study of reflexive algebras associated with directed graphs. A free semigroupoid algebra

L

G

\mathcal {L}_G

is generated by a family of partial isometries, and initial projections, which act on a generalized Fock space spawned by the directed graph

G
G

. We show that if the graph is finite, then

L

G

\mathcal {L}_G

is hyper-reflexive.
On a conjecture about MRA Riesz wavelet bases
Authors: Han Bin
Published: March 2006

Let

ϕ
\phi

be a compactly supported refinable function in

L
2

(

R

)

L_2(\mathbb {R})

such that the shifts of

ϕ
\phi

are stable and

ϕ
^

(
2
ξ
)
=

a
^

(
ξ
)

ϕ
^

(
ξ
)

\hat \phi (2\xi )=\hat a(\xi )\hat \phi (\xi )

for a

2
π

2\pi

-periodic trigonometric polynomial

a
^

\hat a

. A wavelet function

ψ
\psi

can be derived from

ϕ
\phi

by
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="ModifyingAbove psi With caret left-parenthesis 2 xi right-parenthesis colon equals e Superscript minus i xi Baseline ModifyingAbove ModifyingAbove a With caret left-parenthesis xi plus pi right-parenthesis With bar ModifyingAbove phi With caret left-parenthesis xi right-parenthesis">

ψ
^

(
2
ξ
)
:=

e

−
i
ξ

a
^

(
ξ
+
π
)

¯

ϕ
^

(
ξ
)

\hat \psi (2\xi ):=e^{-i\xi }\overline {\hat a(\xi +\pi )} \hat \phi (\xi )

. If

ϕ
\phi

is an orthogonal refinable function, then it is well known that

ψ
\psi

generates an orthonormal wavelet basis in

L
2

(

R

)

L_2(\mathbb {R})

. Recently, it has been shown in the literature that if

ϕ
\phi

is a

B
B

-spline or pseudo-spline refinable function, then

ψ
\psi

always generates a Riesz wavelet basis in

L
2

(

R

)

L_2(\mathbb {R})

. It was an open problem whether

ψ
\psi

can always generate a Riesz wavelet basis in

L
2

(

R

)

L_2(\mathbb {R})

for any compactly supported refinable function in

L
2

(

R

)

L_2(\mathbb {R})

with stable shifts. In this paper, we settle this problem by proving that for a family of arbitrarily smooth refinable functions with stable shifts, the derived wavelet function

ψ
\psi

does not generate a Riesz wavelet basis in

L
2

(

R

)

L_2(\mathbb {R})

. Our proof is based on some necessary and sufficient conditions on the

2
π

2\pi

-periodic functions

a
^

\hat a

and

b
^

\hat b

in

C

∞

(

R

)

C^{\infty }(\mathbb {R})

such that the wavelet function

ψ
\psi

, defined by

ψ
^

(
2
ξ
)
:=

b
^

(
ξ
)

ϕ
^

(
ξ
)

\hat \psi (2\xi ):=\hat b(\xi )\hat \phi (\xi )

, generates a Riesz wavelet basis in

L
2

(

R

)

L_2(\mathbb {R})

.
An example of application of the Nielsen theory to integro-differential equations
Authors: Andres Jan , Fürst Tomáš
Published: March 2006

A new nontrivial example of an application of the Nielsen fixed-point theory is presented, this time, to integro-differential equations. The emphasis is on the parameter space so that no subdomain becomes invariant under the related solution (Hammerstein) operator. Thus, at least three (harmonic) periodic solutions are established to a planar integro-differential system.
The numerical index of the 𝐿_{𝑝} space
Authors: Ed-Dari Elmouloudi , Khamsi Mohamed
Published: March 2006

We give a partial answer to the problem of computing the numerical index of

L

p

[
0
,
1
]

L_{p}[0, 1]

for

1
>
p
>
∞

1>p>\infty

.
Hypercyclic subspaces in Fréchet spaces
Authors: Bernal-González L.
Published: March 2006

In this note, we show that every infinite-dimensional separable Fréchet space admitting a continuous norm supports an operator for which there is an infinite-dimensional closed subspace consisting, except for zero, of hypercyclic vectors. The family of such operators is even dense in the space of bounded operators when endowed with the strong operator topology. This completes the earlier work of several authors.
Evaluations of a class of double 𝐿-values
Authors: Terhune David
Published: March 2006

An analytic proof of an evaluation theorem for the “convolution"-type double

L
L

-values of non-principal characters is given. Along the way, Dirichlet character analogues of generalized single and double polylogarithms are defined. The monodromies of these functions play a pivotal role.
On the convergence of maximal monotone operators
Authors: Penot Jean-Paul , Zǎlinescu Constantin
Published: March 2006

We study the convergence of maximal monotone operators with the help of representations by convex functions. In particular, we prove the convergence of a sequence of sums of maximal monotone operators under a general qualification condition of the Attouch–Brezis type.
On the local structure of rank-one convex hulls
Authors: Székelyhidi László
Published: March 2006

In this note we prove that ifKKis a compact set ofm×nm\times nmatrices containing an isolated pointXXwith no rank-one connection into the convex hull ofK∖{X}K\setminus \{X\}, then the rank-one convex hull separates as\[Krc=(K∖{X})rc∪{X}.K^{rc}=\bigl (K\setminus \{X\}\bigr )^{rc}\cup \{X\}.\]This is an extension of a result of P. Pedregal, which holds for2×22\times 2matrices.
On homeomorphisms and quasi-isometries of the real line
Authors: Sankaran Parameswaran
Published: March 2006

We show that the group of piecewise-linear homeomorphisms of

R

\mathbb {R}

having bounded slopes surjects onto the group

Q
I
(

R

)

QI(\mathbb {R})

of all quasi-isometries of

R

\mathbb {R}

. We prove that the following groups can be imbedded in

Q
I
(

R

)

QI(\mathbb {R})

: the group of compactly supported piecewise-linear homeomorphisms of

R

\mathbb {R}

, the Richard Thompson group

F
F

, and the free group of continuous rank.
Nearly monotone spline approximation in 𝕃_{𝕡}
Authors: Kopotun K. , Leviatan D. , Prymak A.
Published: March 2006

It is shown that the rate of

L

p

\mathbb {L}_p

-approximation of a non-decreasing function in

L

p

\mathbb {L}_p

,

0
>
p
>
∞

0>p>\infty

, by “nearly non-decreasing" splines can be estimated in terms of the third classical modulus of smoothness (for uniformly spaced knots) and third Ditzian-Totik modulus (for Chebyshev knots), and that estimates in terms of higher moduli are impossible. It is known that these estimates are no longer true for “purely" monotone spline approximation, and properties of intervals where the monotonicity restriction can be relaxed in order to achieve better approximation rate are investigated.
Extending into isometries of 𝒦(𝒳,𝒴)
Authors: Rao T.
Published: March 2006

In this paper we generalize a result of Hopenwasser and Plastiras (1997) that gives a geometric condition under which into isometries from

K

(

ℓ
2

)

{\mathcal K}(\ell ^2)

to

L

(

ℓ
2

)

{\mathcal L}(\ell ^2)

have a unique extension to an isometry in

L

(

L

(

ℓ
2

)
)

{\mathcal L}({\mathcal L}(\ell ^2))

. We show that when

X
X

and

Y
Y

are separable reflexive Banach spaces having the metric approximation property with

X
X

strictly convex and

Y
Y

smooth and such that

K

(
X
,
Y
)

{\mathcal K}(X,Y)

is a Hahn-Banach smooth subspace of

L

(
X
,
Y
)

{\mathcal L}(X,Y)

, any nice into isometry

Ψ
0

:

K

(
X
,
Y
)
→

L

(
X
,
Y
)

\Psi _0 :{\mathcal K}(X,Y)\rightarrow {\mathcal L}(X,Y)

has a unique extension to an isometry in

L

(

L

(
X
,
Y
)
)

{\mathcal L}({\mathcal L}(X,Y))

.
On the invariant translation approximation property for discrete groups
Authors: Zacharias Joachim
Published: March 2006

Recently J. Roe considered the question of whether for a discrete group the reduced group

C
∗

C^*

-algebra

C
r
∗

(
Γ
)

C_r^*(\Gamma )

is the fixed point algebra of

{
Ad
(

ρ
t

)
∣
t
∈
Γ
}

\{\text {Ad}(\rho _t) \mid t \in \Gamma \}

acting on the uniform Roe algebra

U

C
r
∗

(
Γ
)

UC_r^*(\Gamma )

.

Γ
\Gamma

is said to have the invariant translation approximation property in this case. We consider a slight generalization of this property which, for exact

Γ
\Gamma

, is equivalent to the operator space approximation property of

C
r
∗

(
Γ
)

C_r^*(\Gamma )

. We also give a new characterization of exactness and a short proof of the equivalence of exactness of

Γ
\Gamma

and exactness of

C
r
∗

(
Γ
)

C_r^*(\Gamma )

for discrete groups.
A circle packing measurable Riemann mapping theorem
Authors: Williams G.
Published: March 2006

We prove a circle packing version of the Measurable Riemann Mapping Theorem in the spirit of Rodin and Sullivan’s Circle Packing Riemann Mapping Theorem. We also construct circle packing maps of the plane onto itself with prescribed dilatation.
The generalized Lichnerowicz problem: Uniformly quasiregular mappings and space forms
Authors: Martin Gaven , Mayer Volker , Peltonen Kirsi
Published: March 2006

A uqr mapping of annn-manifoldMMis a mapping which is rational with respect to a bounded measurable conformal structure onMM. Remarkably, the only closed manifolds on which locally (but not globally) injective uqr mappings act are Euclidean space forms. We further characterize space forms admitting uniformly quasiregular self mappings and we show that the space forms admitting branched uqr maps are precisely the spherical space forms. We further show that every non-injective uqr map of a Euclidean space form is a quasiconformal conjugate of a conformal map. This is not true if the non-injective hypothesis is removed.
Lê modules and traces
Authors: Massey David
Published: March 2006

We show how some of our recent results clarify the relationship between the Lê numbers and the cohomology of the Milnor fiber of a non-isolated hypersurface singularity. The Lê numbers are actually the ranks of the free Abelian groups—the Lê modules—appearing in a complex whose cohomology is that of the Milnor fiber. Moreover, the Milnor monodromy acts on the Lê module complex, and we describe the traces of these monodromy actions in terms of the topology of the critical locus.
KMS states on C*-algebras associated to expansive maps
Authors: Kumjian Alex , Renault Jean
Published: March 2006

Using Walters’ version of the Ruelle-Perron-Frobenius Theorem we show the existence and uniqueness of KMS states for a certain one-parame- ter group of automorphisms on a C*-algebra associated to a positively expansive map on a compact metric space.
A hyperfinite inequality for free entropy dimension
Authors: Jung Kenley
Published: March 2006

If

X
,
Y

X, Y

, and

Z
Z

are finite sets of selfadjoint elements in a tracial von Neumann algebra and

X
X

generates a hyperfinite von Neumann algebra, then
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="delta 0 left-parenthesis upper X union upper Y union upper Z right-parenthesis less-than-or-equal-to delta 0 left-parenthesis upper X union upper Y right-parenthesis plus delta 0 left-parenthesis upper X union upper Z right-parenthesis minus delta 0 left-parenthesis upper X right-parenthesis period">

δ
0

(
X
∪
Y
∪
Z
)
≤

δ
0

(
X
∪
Y
)
+

δ
0

(
X
∪
Z
)
−

δ
0

(
X
)
.

\delta _0(X \cup Y \cup Z) \leq \delta _0(X \cup Y) + \delta _0(X \cup Z)- \delta _0(X).
All 𝑛-cotilting modules are pure-injective
Authors: Šťovíček Jan
Published: March 2006

We prove that all

n
n

-cotilting

R
R

-modules are pure-injective for any ring

R
R

and any

n
≥
0

n \ge 0

. To achieve this, we prove that

⊥
1

U

{^{\perp _1} U}

is a covering class whenever

U
U

is an

R
R

-module such that

⊥
1

U

{^{\perp _1} U}

is closed under products and pure submodules.
On Korenblum’s maximum principle
Authors: Wang Chunjie
Published: March 2006

Let

A
2

(

D

)

A^2(\mathbb {D})

be the Bergman space over the open unit disk

D

\mathbb {D}

in the complex plane. Korenblum’s maximum principle states that there is an absolute constant

c
∈
(
0
,
1
)

c\in (0,1)

, such that whenever

|

f
(
z
)

|

≤

|

g
(
z
)

|

|f(z)|\leq |g(z)|

(

f
,
g
∈

A
2

(

D

)

f,g\in A^2(\mathbb {D})

) in the annulus

c
>

|

z

|

>
1

c>|z|>1

, then

‖
f

‖

A
2

≤
‖
g

‖

A
2

\|f\|_{A^2}\leq \|g\|_{A^2}

. In this paper we prove that Korenblum’s maximum principle holds with

c
=
0.25018

c=0.25018

.
Upper and lower bounds for the first Dirichlet eigenvalue of a triangle
Authors: Freitas Pedro
Published: March 2006

We prove some new upper and lower bounds for the first Dirichlet eigenvalue of a triangle in terms of the lengths of its sides.
The product of a Baire space with a hereditarily Baire metric space is Baire
Authors: Moors Warren
Published: March 2006

In this paper we prove that the product of a Baire space with a metrizable hereditarily Baire space is again a Baire space. This answers a recent question of J. Chaber and R. Pol.
Hodge structures on posets
Authors: Hanlon Phil
Published: March 2006

Let

P
P

be a poset with unique minimal and maximal elements

0
^

\hat {0}

and

1
^

\hat {1}

. For each

r
r

, let

C
r

(
P
)

C_r(P)

be the vector space spanned by

r
r

-chains from

0
^

\hat {0}

to

1
^

\hat {1}

in

P
P

. We define the notion of a Hodge structure on

P
P

which consists of a local action of

S

r
+
1

S_{r+1}

on

C
r

C_r

, for each

r
r

, such that the boundary map

∂
r

:

C
r

→

C

r
−
1

\partial _r: C_r\to C_{r-1}

intertwines the actions of

S

r
+
1

S_{r+1}

and

S
r

S_r

according to a certain condition. We show that if

P
P

has a Hodge structure, then the families of Eulerian idempotents intertwine the boundary map, and so we get a splitting of

H
r

(
P
)

H_r(P)

into

r
r

Hodge pieces. We consider the case where

P
P

is

B

n
,
k

\mathcal {B}_{n,k}

, the poset of subsets of

{
1
,
2
,
…
,
n
}

\{1,2,\dots , n\}

with cardinality divisible by

k
k

(
k

(k

is fixed, and

n
n

is a multiple of

k
)

k)

. We prove a remarkable formula which relates the characters

B

n
,
k

\mathcal {B}_{n,k}

of

S
n

S_n

acting on the Hodge pieces of the homologies of the

B

n
,
k

\mathcal {B}_{n,k}

to the characters of

S
n

S_n

acting on the homologies of the posets of partitions with every block size divisible by

k
k

.
Isotopic families of contact manifolds for elliptic PDE
Authors: Agranovsky Mark , Narayanan E.
Published: March 2006

A test for a function to be a solution of an elliptic PDE is given in terms of extensions, as solutions, from the boundaries inside the domains belonging to an isotopic family. It generalizes a result of Ehrenpreis for spheres moved along a straight line.
On maximal operators on 𝑘-spheres in ℤⁿ
Authors: Avdispahić Muharem , Smajlović Lejla
Published: March 2006

A. Magyar’s result on

L

p

L^{p}

-bounds for a family of operators on

k
k

-spheres (

k
≥
3

k\geq 3

) in

Z

n

\mathbb {Z}^{n}

is improved to match the corresponding theorem for

2
2

-spheres.
The Kinesin KIF1C and Microtubule Plus Ends Regulate Podosome Dynamics in Macrophages
Authors: Kopp Petra , Lammers Reiner , Aepfelbacher Martin , Woehlke Günther , Rudel Thomas , Machuy Nikolaus , Steffen Walter , Linder Stefan
Published: March 2006

Microtubules are important for the turnover of podosomes, dynamic, actin-rich adhesions implicated in migration and invasion of monocytic cells. The molecular basis for this functional dependency, however, remained unclear. Here, we show that contact by microtubule plus ends critically influences the cellular fate of podosomes in primary human macrophages. In particular, we identify the kinesin KIF1C, a member of the Kinesin-3 family, as a plus-end–enriched motor that targets regions of podosome turnover. Expression of mutation constructs or small interfering RNA-/short hairpin RNA-based depletion of KIF1C resulted in decreased podosome dynamics and ultimately in podosome deficiency. Importantly, protein interaction studies showed that KIF1C binds to nonmuscle myosin IIA via its PTPD-binding domain, thus providing an interface between the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons, which may facilitate the subcellular targeting of podosomes by microtubules. This is the first report to implicate a kinesin in podosome regulation and also the first to describe a function for KIF1C in human cells.
CASPAR: a hierarchical bayesian approach to predict survival times in cancer from gene expression data
Authors: Kaderali Lars , Zander Thomas , Faigle Ulrich , Wolf Jürgen , Schultze Joachim L. , Schrader Rainer
Published: March 2006

Motivation: DNA microarrays allow the simultaneous measurement of thousands of gene expression levels in any given patient sample. Gene expression data have been shown to correlate with survival in several cancers, however, analysis of the data is difficult, since typically at most a few hundred patients are available, resulting in severely underdetermined regression or classification models.

Several approaches exist to classify patients in different risk classes, however, relatively little has been done with respect to the prediction of actual survival times. We introduce CASPAR, a novel method to predict true survival times for the individual patient based on microarray measurements. CASPAR is based on a multivariate Cox regression model that is embedded in a Bayesian framework. A hierarchical prior distribution on the regression parameters is specifically designed to deal with high dimensionality (large number of genes) and low sample size settings, that are typical for microarray measurements. This enables CASPAR to automatically select small, most informative subsets of genes for prediction.

Results: Validity of the method is demonstrated on two publicly available datasets on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and on adenocarcinoma of the lung. The method successfully identifies long and short survivors, with high sensitivity and specificity. We compare our method with two alternative methods from the literature, demonstrating superior results of our approach. In addition, we show that CASPAR can further refine predictions made using clinical scoring systems such as the International Prognostic Index (IPI) for DLBCL and clinical staging for lung cancer, thus providing an additional tool for the clinician. An analysis of the genes identified confirms previously published results, and furthermore, new candidate genes correlated with survival are identified.

Availability: The software is available upon request from the authors.

Contact:  kaderali@zpr.uni-koeln.de

Supplementary information:
Market‐oriented institutions and policies and economic growth: A critical survey
Authors: De Haan Jakob , Lundström Susanna , Sturm Jan‐Egbert
Published: March 2006

Abstract.  This paper surveys recent evidence suggesting that market‐oriented institutions and policies are strongly related to economic growth, focusing on studies using the economic freedom (EF) indicator of the Fraser Institute. This index is critically discussed. Also various serious shortcomings of empirical studies using this index are identified. Nevertheless, there are strong indications that liberalization, i.e. an increase in the EF index, stimulates economic growth. This paper also reviews studies on the determinants of EF. Political liberalization is often found to enhance economic liberalization, whereas there is less evidence for causality running in the other direction.
Empirics of the Identification of Social Interactions; An Evaluation of the Approaches and Their Results*
Authors: Soetevent Adriaan R.
Published: March 2006

Abstract. Over the last decade, the study of social interactions in economic decision making has become an important area of research. The main objective of this paper is to survey the extent to which recent empirical contributions have succeeded in overcoming the identification problems as first formulated by Manski (1993). This discussion is followed by a comparison of empirical studies in three key areas of research: neighborhood effects, substance use among teenagers, and peer effects among university roommates. Finally, I discuss questions like: Can economists restrict attention to a specific subcategories of social interactions? How do we define social groups, and what is the importance of social interactions for public policy?
Equilibrium Exchange Rates in Transition Economies: Taking Stock of the Issues*
Authors: Égert Balázs , Halpern László , MacDonald Ronald
Published: March 2006

Abstract. In this paper, we present an overview of a number of issues relating to the equilibrium exchange rates of transition economies of the former soviet bloc. In particular, we present a critical overview of the various methods available for calculating equilibrium exchange rates and discuss how useful they are likely to be for the transition economies. Amongst our findings is the result that the trend appreciation usually observed for the exchange rates of these economies is affected by factors other than the usual Balassa–Samuelson effect, such as the behaviour of the real exchange rate of the open sector and regulated prices. We then consider three main sources of uncertainty relating to the implementation of an equilibrium exchange rate model, namely: differences in the theoretical underpinnings, differences in the econometric estimation techniques, and differences relating to the time‐series and cross‐sectional dimensions of the data. The ensuing three‐dimensional space of real misalignments is probably a useful tool in determining the direction of a possible misalignment rather than its precise size.
Can home‐made injectable opiates contribute to the HIV epidemic among injection drug users in the countries of the former Soviet Union?
Authors: Abdala Nadia , Grund Jean‐Paul C. , Tolstov Yanis , Kozlov Andrei P. , Heimer Robert
Published: March 2006

Aims  Home‐made preparation of heroin is common in countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU), and the addition of blood during its preparation and the use of contaminated syringes to distribute it may play a role in the rapid spread of HIV‐1 among injecting drug users (IDUs). This study was designed to determine the viability of HIV‐1 during these procedures.

Setting  Field observations of home‐made opiate manufacture in four FSU countries were used to develop a consensus protocol to replicate manufacture in the laboratory that included the addition of human blood contaminated with HIV‐1.

Design and measurement  Following the addition of HIV‐1‐contaminated blood during manufacture or storage, we attempted to recover viable HIV‐1. The recovery was measured by propagation of the virus in stimulated white blood cells from uninfected donors.

Findings  In experiments in which HIV‐1 contaminated blood was added during manufacture, no viable HIV‐1 was recovered. In experiments in which chornaya was introduced into HIV‐contaminated syringes, the percentage of syringes containing viable HIV‐1 was reduced. The reduction appeared to be related to the interaction of HIV‐1 contaminated blood with a component of the poppies. While HIV‐contaminated syringes used to dispense or inject home‐made opiates might transmit HIV, the ability of chornaya to reduce HIV viability seems to make this route of transmission less efficient.

Conclusions  The epidemic of HIV‐1 among IDUs in the FSU resulted more probably from recognized injection risk behaviors—including sharing syringes and drug solutions—than from opiate solutions harboring viable HIV‐1.
Bone health in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy (APECED): findings in 25 adults
Authors: Mäkitie O. , Sochett E. B. , Bondestam S. , Sipilä I. , Perheentupa J.
Published: March 2006

Objective  Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is characterized by chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and autoimmune destruction of endocrine organs. The resulting endocrinopathies and their treatment may impact bone health. The purpose of our study was to assess bone health and its correlates in adult patients with APECED.

Patients and methods  Twenty‐five adults (12 males) with APECED were prospectively assessed. Data on their previous medical history were collected from hospital records. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) for the lumbar spine (L1–L4), femoral neck and whole body as well as volumetric BMD (vBMD) for the lumbar spine (L2–L4) were measured with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Results  Mean age was 34 years (range 21–59 years). All patients had 1–4 autoimmune endocrinopathies, the most common being adrenocortical failure (20 patients) and hypoparathyroidism (18 patients). Osteopaenia or osteoporosis was present in 28%. The median (range) aBMD Z‐scores were for the lumbar spine −0·3 (−2·3 to +3·3) and for the femoral neck, −0·1 (−2·2 to +2·0). The BMD Z‐scores tended to be higher in patients with hypoparathyroidism than in patients with normal parathyroid function (at the lumbar spine +0·4 vs.–1·2, P = 0·016, and at the femoral neck +0·3 vs.−0·4, P = 0·090). Adrenocortical failure had a negative impact on BMD. Six patients had had low‐impact fractures and three were diagnosed with compression fractures.

Conclusions  Despite the complex endocrine problems, the overall prevalence of symptomatic osteoporosis is low in adults treated for APECED. Osteopaenia is frequently observed and warrants follow‐up. Treated hypoparathyroidism may have a positive, and adrenocortical failure a negative, impact on bone health.
No effect of B vitamins on ADMA levels in patients at increased cardiovascular risk
Authors: Spoelstra‐de Man A. M. E. , Teerlink T. , Brouwer C. B. , Rauwerda J. A. , Stehouwer C. D. A. , Smulders Y. M.
Published: March 2006

Objective  Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a recently identified potent cardiovascular risk factor. ADMA levels are increased in hyperhomocysteinaemia and the metabolism of ADMA is linked with that of homocysteine in several ways. Treatment with B vitamins effectively reduces homocysteine levels, but studies investigating the effect on ADMA levels are scarce and show conflicting results. In this study we evaluated the effect of treatment with B vitamins on ADMA levels in two high cardiovascular risk populations.

Methods  In study I, 110 siblings of patients with clinical atherosclerotic disease and postmethionine hyperhomocysteinaemia were treated with 5 mg of folic acid and 250 mg of pyridoxine or placebo, and were analysed after 1 year. In study II, 41 patients with type 2 diabetes and mild hyperhomocysteinaemia were analysed after 6 months treatment with 5 mg of folic acid or placebo.

Results  A correlation between baseline homocysteine and ADMA levels was found, which was partly due to confounding by renal function. Homocysteine levels decreased by 43% in study I and by 28% in study II. In both studies, treatment with B vitamins had no effect at all on ADMA, arginine/ADMA ratio and SDMA levels. This result was confirmed in multiple linear regression analyses with adjustment for baseline values and gender.

Conclusions  Our studies indicate that B vitamins, despite causing a substantial reduction in plasma homocysteine levels, have no beneficial effect on ADMA levels.
Treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole during adolescence increases near‐final height in boys with constitutional delay of puberty
Authors: Hero Matti , Wickman Sanna , Dunkel Leo
Published: March 2006

Objective  We investigated whether inhibition of oestrogen biosynthesis with the aromatase inhibitor, letrozole, during adolescence improves near‐final height in boys with constitutional delay of puberty.

Patients and methods  Seventeen boys with constitutional delay of puberty were randomized to receive testosterone (T) enanthate (1 mg/kg i.m.) every 4 weeks for 6 months in combination with placebo (Pl, n = 8), or the aromatase inhibitor letrozole (Lz, 2·5 mg/day orally) (n = 9), for 12 months. After treatment, patients were followed up until near‐final height. Height discrepancy was calculated as near‐final height minus mid‐parental target height.

Measurements  The primary end point was the difference in near‐final height between the groups treated either with T + Pl or T + Lz. Secondarily, height discrepancy and gain in height standard deviation score (SDS) were analysed in both groups.

Results  Boys treated with T + Lz reached a higher mean near‐final height than did boys on T + Pl (175·8 vs. 169·1 cm, respectively, P = 0·04). In T + Lz‐treated boys, mean near‐final height did not differ from their mid‐parental target height (175·8 vs. 177·1 cm, P = 0·38), whereas in T + Pl‐treated boys, mean near‐final height was lower than mid‐parental target height (169·1 vs. 173·9 cm, P = 0·007). T + Lz‐treated boys had a greater increment in height SDS over the pretreatment height SDS than T + Pl‐treated boys (+1·4 SDS vs.+0·8 SDS, P = 0·03).

Conclusions  Our findings indicate that in adolescent boys an increase in adult height can be attained by use of aromatase inhibitors.
The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and secondary hyperparathyroidism in obese Black Americans
Authors: Yanoff Lisa B. , Parikh Shamik J. , Spitalnik Amanda , Denkinger Blakeley , Sebring Nancy G. , Slaughter Pamela , McHugh Theresa , Remaley Alan T. , Yanovski Jack A.
Published: March 2006

Context  Both obesity (body mass index, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and Black race are associated with a higher risk of vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism. We hypothesized the risk of hypovitaminosis D would therefore be extraordinarily high in obese Black adults.

Objective  To study the effects of race and adiposity on 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (iPTH).

Design, Setting and Participants  Cross‐sectional study of 379 Black and White adults from the Washington D.C. area. BMI ranged from 19·9 to 58·2 kg/m2.

Main Outcome Measures  Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D [25(OH)D < 37·5 nmol/l] and secondary hyperparathyroidism [25(OH)D < 37·5 nmol/l with iPTH > 4·2 pmol/l].

Results  Obese Black subjects had lower mean 25(OH)D, 40·3 (SD, 20·3) nmol/l, compared with obese Whites, 64·5 (29·7), P < 0·001, nonobese Blacks, 53·3 (26·0), P = 0·0025 and nonobese Whites, 78·0 (33·5), P < 0·001. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D increased with increasing BMI, and was greater (P < 0·001) in Blacks than Whites within all BMI categories examined. Among subjects with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, 59% of Blacks vs 18% of Whites had hypovitaminosis D (odds ratio 6·5, 95% confidence interval 3·0–14·2). iPTH was negatively correlated with 25(OH)D (r = –0·31, P < 0·0001), suggesting those with hypovitaminosis D had clinically important vitamin D deficiency with secondary hyperparathyroidism. For secondary hyperparathyroidism 35·2% of Blacks met the criteria, compared to 9·7% of Whites (OR 3·6, CI 1·5–98·8).

Conclusions  Obese Black Americans are at particularly high risk for vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Physicians should consider routinely supplementing such patients with vitamin D or screening them for hypovitaminosis D.
Differences in cortisol concentrations in South Asian and European men living in the United Kingdom
Authors: Reynolds Rebecca M. , Fischbacher Colin , Bhopal Raj , Byrne Christopher D. , White Martin , Unwin Nigel , Walker Brian R.
Published: March 2006

Objective  The metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in South Asians in Britain than in the general population. Furthering our understanding of the underlying mechanisms is important because of the increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with the metabolic syndrome. As it has been proposed that increased activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis might underlie the metabolic syndrome, we hypothesized that plasma cortisol levels would be higher in South Asians and that increased cortisol levels would be associated with cardiovascular risk factors comprising the metabolic syndrome. The aim of the study was to examine ethnic differences in cortisol levels and to compare the relationships between cortisol levels and cardiovascular risk factors in men from different ethnic groups.

Design  Cross‐sectional population‐based study, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. (Newcastle Heart project).

Participants  One hundred men, 40–67 years old, of European and South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) ancestry, with and without cardiovascular risk factors of the metabolic syndrome.

Measurements  Measurement of plasma cortisol and corticosteroid binding globulin in stored sera.

Results  After adjustment for age and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, mean cortisol was 27% (95% CI, 10%, 40%) lower in South Asians compared to Europeans. Cortisol levels were higher in all men with cardiovascular risk factors than those without.

Conclusions  Cortisol levels are lower in South Asian than in European men resident in the UK. Despite lower cortisol levels in South Asians, the relations between cortisol and cardiovascular risk factors remain strong.
Fractionated stereotactic conformal radiotherapy for secreting and nonsecreting pituitary adenomas
Authors: Minniti G. , Traish D. , Ashley S. , Gonsalves A. , Brada M.
Published: March 2006

Objective  To assess the medium‐term outcome in a cohort of patients with residual or recurrent pituitary adenoma treated with fractionated stereotactic conformal radiotherapy (SCRT).

Patients and methods  Ninety‐two patients (median age 50 years) with a residual or recurrent nonfunctioning (67) or a secreting (25) pituitary adenoma were treated between 1995 and 2003. Eighteen patients had a GH‐secreting, five PRL‐secreting and two an ACTH‐secreting pituitary adenoma. Vision was impaired in 39 patients, with visual field deficit (35) and/or reduced visual acuity (25). Sixty‐four patients had partial or complete hypopituitarism before SCRT. The treatment was delivered stereotactically by four noncoplanar conformal fixed fields using a 6‐MV linear accelerator to a dose of 45 Gy in 25 fractions.

Results  At a median follow‐up of 32 months (range 4–108) the 1, 3 and 5 years actuarial progression‐free survival is 99%, 98% and 98%, and overall survival is 98%. Three patients recurred 5 months, 1 year and 9 years after SCRT requiring surgery. In secreting adenomas, hormone levels declined progressively, becoming normal in more than a third of patients with GH‐secreting and PRL‐secreting pituitary tumours. 50% of baseline GH level was achieved in just under 2 years. The treatment was well tolerated with minimal acute toxicity. Hypopituitarism was the most common long‐term effect; 22% of patients had worsening of pituitary function. One patient developed unilateral quadrantopia without tumour progression.

Conclusion  SCRT as a high‐precision technique of localized irradiation achieves tumour and hormone control of pituitary adenomas comparable with previously published data on the efficacy of conventional radiotherapy. Despite the potential advantage of reducing the volume of normal brain irradiated, the theoretical benefit over conventional radiotherapy in terms of the reduction in long‐term morbidity has not yet been demonstrated and requires longer follow‐up. Potential effect on long‐term cognitive function has not been tested.