bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteochondrosis dissecans des Ellenbogengelenks
Authors: Khakzad Thilo , Thiele Kathi
Published: October 2020

Die Osteochondrosis dissecans (OD) ist eine weiterhin nicht vollständig verstandene Erkrankung, die in verschiedenen Gelenken auftreten kann. Der Ellenbogen, vornehmlich das Capitulum, stellt den zweithäufigsten Manifestationsort der OD dar. Auch wenn die OD eine seltene Erkrankung ist, erzeugt sie bei den meist jungen Patienten einen hohen Leidensdruck. Schmerzen, Bewegungseinschränkungen bis hin zur vollständigen Destruktion des Ellenbogengelenks können resultieren. Die unspezifischen Symptome der OD sorgen für eine häufig verspätete Diagnosestellung. Allgemeingültige Therapieempfehlungen speziell für den Ellenbogen sind rar. Die geeignete Therapiewahl hängt dabei entscheidend von dem Schweregrad und der Qualität der osteochondralen Läsion ab. Ebenso ist die genaue Beschreibung und Klassifikation des Defekts aufgrund unterschiedlichster Klassifikationssysteme aktuell erschwert. Diese basieren meist auf bildgebenden Verfahren wie dem nativem Röntgenbild oder der Magnetresonanztomographie. Die konservative Therapie ist nur bei stabilen Läsionen empfohlen. Sie beinhaltet eine mehrmonatige Sportkarenz und manuelle Therapie bis zur Beschwerdelinderung. Das operative Spektrum ist groß und reicht von arthroskopischem Débridement und Mikrofrakturierung, offenen Umstellungsosteotomien, neueren autologen Verfahren wie der autologen Chondrozytentransplantation (ACT) und der matrixinduzierten Chondrogenese (AMIC) bis hin zum osteochondralen Transfer (OATS). Ist die Indikation gut gestellt, lassen sich für die meisten Therapien hohe Erfolgsquoten generieren. Mit diesem Übersichtsartikel wurde der Versuch unternommen, die jeweiligen Indikationsschwerpunkte aus der aktuellen Literatur zu extrahieren und eine übersichtliche Behandlungsempfehlung vorzulegen.
Flipped classroom as a reform-oriented approach to teaching mathematics
Authors: Cevikbas Mustafa , Kaiser Gabriele
Published: October 2020

Innovative methods can change the paradigm of teaching mathematics and inspire teachers to espouse new ideas and gain new experiences. The flipped classroom (FC) is currently an innovative pedagogical approach that has high potential to transform the teaching of mathematics. In the case study described in this paper, we investigated one mathematics teacher’s transformation of teaching in two mathematics classrooms through implementing interventions based on FC methods; furthermore, we identified several key points of FC design as well as challenges and opportunities afforded by teaching mathematics in FCs. The results of the study showed that the tasks posed by the teacher, the implemented discourse, teacher feedback and scaffolding, and the teaching–learning environment were changed in FCs, although the approaches used by the teacher to analyze the tasks and students’ learning were similar to those used in non-FCs, which points out the strengths of traditional teaching approaches. The study indicates that although teaching mathematics in FCs created some difficulties for teaching, well-designed FCs offered a great opportunity to promote students’ mathematical thinking and understanding. Overall, the results highlight that through FC, teachers can develop students’ mathematical potential with FCs.
Autopsy findings in COVID-19-related deaths: a literature review
Authors: Maiese Aniello , Manetti Alice Chiara , La Russa Raffaele , Di Paolo Marco , Turillazzi Emanuela , Frati Paola , Fineschi Vittorio
Published: October 2020

Although many clinical reports have been published, little is known about the pathological post-mortem findings from people who have died of the novel coronavirus disease. The need for postmortem information is urgent to improve patient management of mild and severe illness, and treatment strategies. The present systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) standards. A systematic literature search and a critical review of the collected studies were conducted. An electronic search of PubMed, Science Direct Scopus, Google Scholar, and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) from database inception to June 2020 was performed. We found 28 scientific papers; the total amount of cases is 341. The major histological feature in the lung is diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membrane formation, alongside microthrombi in small pulmonary vessels. It appears that there is a high incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism among COVID-19 decedents, suggesting endothelial involvement, but more studies are needed. A uniform COVID-19 post-mortem diagnostic protocol has not yet been developed. In a time in which international collaboration is essential, standardized diagnostic criteria are fundamental requirements.
Pro Domo Sua: Narratives of Sexual Abstinence
Authors: Poppi Fabio Indìo Massimo
Published: October 2020

Sexual abstinence is generally interpreted as a health-promotion practice, in particular to avoid HIV/AIDS risk and unwanted pregnancy and parenthood. This paper offers insight into narratives and interactional fantasizing that challenge common conceptions of sexual abstinence. The data come from several interviews and group discussions conducted in a netnographic context, altogether involving 21 European, middle‐ and upper‐middle‐class women who have never engaged in sexual intercourse or who are sexually experienced but have discontinued sexual practices for some reason. The women’s narratives and interactional fantasizing about sexual abstinence can reveal positive societal effects such as opposing sexualisation of culture and pressure for sex, but also more individual perspectives such as promoting self-esteem, psycho-physical well-being, work productivity and career prospects. Narratives and interactional fantasizing seem to play an important role in examining how sexual abstinence can impact society, especially people’s perception of sexuality and gender roles.
Public Attitudes Towards Multiculturalism and Interculturalism in Australia
Authors: Elias Amanuel , Mansouri Fethi , Sweid Reem
Published: October 2020

The growing intellectual and policy debate around optimal approaches to diversity governance, particularly in relation to criticism of multiculturalism, is now entering a new phase characterised by advocating alternative conceptual and policy paradigms most notably interculturalism. Proposing a conceptual complementarity approach, rather than dogmatically oppositional stances, this paper approaches interculturalism as offering heuristic additive values to multiculturalism. As the paper shows, the Australian context indeed offers an optimal case study for conceptualising and engaging with interculturalism within an otherwise resilient multicultural framework. Australia’s unique and strong multicultural ethos has combined with successful intercultural strategies at different levels of diversity governance, policy and practice across various sectoral terrains. This paper uses an online national survey to examine the public understanding of and attitudes towards multiculturalism and interculturalism as supposedly distinct yet interconnected policy tools relating to the ever-changing diversity governance agenda.
The distribution and host range of Thecaphora melandrii, with first records for Britain
Authors: Smith Paul A. , Lutz Matthias , Piątek Marcin
Published: October 2020

Thecaphora melandrii(Syd.) Vánky & M.Lutz infects species in the Caryophyllacaeae forming sori with spore balls in the floral organs. We report new finds from Britain, supported by phylogenetic analysis, that confirm its occurrence onSilene unifloraRoth. We review published and web accessible records and note the relatively few records of this smut, its sparse distribution, confined to Europe but scattered predominantly from central to eastern Europe. Analysis of the rDNAITSand28Ssequences demonstrates little variability among specimens, even those parasitising different host genera, which suggests that the species has evolved relatively recently. SomeMicrobotryumspecies infect the same host plants, and we found two species,M. lagerheimiiDenchev andM. silenes-inflatae(DC. ex Liro) G.Deml & Oberw., in the same locations asT. melandrii, identified by morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis. These species may form a stable multi-species community of parasites ofSilene uniflora.
Schadensaggregation in der Rückversicherung – die Principles of Reinsurance Contract Law (PRICL) als Mittel zur Schaffung höherer Rechtssicherheit?
Authors: William Oliver D.
Published: October 2020

Kaum eine Rechtsordnung kennt Regeln für die Schadenaggregation in der Rückversicherung. Eine Ausnahme bietet das englische Recht, wo sich diesbezüglich eine reiche Rechtsprechung entwickelt hat.

Eine Analyse dieser Rechtsprechung zeigt, dass im Bereich der Schadenaggregation in der Rückversicherung terminologische Unsicherheiten bestehen und dass die von der Rechtsprechung entwickelten Beurteilungsmassstäbe nicht geeignet sind, Rechtssicherheit herzustellen. Dieser Zustand wird der Bedeutung der nichtproportionalen Rückversicherung nicht gerecht.

Mit dem Ziel, den Rückversicherungsmärkten mehr Rechtssicherheit zu bieten, schlägt Kapitel 5 der Principles of Reinsurance Contract Law (PRICL) neu konzipierte Regeln zur Schadenaggregation vor.
Die Rolle des Internets im Radikalisierungsprozess einer jihadistischen Straftäterin – eine Einzelfallstudie
Authors: Baehr Dirk
Published: October 2020

Anhand der Einzelfallstudie des Radikalisierungsprozesses einer jihadistischen Straftäterin möchte dieser Beitrag die besondere Rolle des Internets bei Radikalisierungen von Extremisten aufzeigen. Die Straftäterin war in den Jahren 2007 bis 2010 einePropagandistin, die über das Internet mehrere terroristische Vereinigungen unterstützte, indem sie deren Videobotschaften online verbreitete. In der Einzelfallstudie wird aufgezeigt, wie sich die Jihadistin durch virtuelle Kontakte, Propagandaaktivitäten sowie ihre Zusammenarbeit mit zahlreichen Jihadisten im Ausland über das Internet radikalisierte.
Jackal in hide: detection dogs show first success in the quest for golden jackal (Canis aureus) scats
Authors: Hatlauf Jennifer , Böcker Felix , Wirk Lea , Collet Sebastian , Schley Laurent , Szabó Laszló , Hackländer Klaus , Heltai Miklós
Published: October 2020

Golden jackal (Canis aureus) monitoring in central Europe generates more interest and becomes increasingly important with the species’ appearance in areas where it was previously unestablished. For genetic monitoring of golden jackals via scat collection, the distinction of jackal scats from those of related species such as the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is crucial: if done incorrectly, it can falsify diet studies or inflate costs of DNA analyses. In this study, we tested the potential benefits of using domestic dogs to specifically find jackal scats. We used trained scat detection dogs to locate and identify golden jackal scats in an area of dense shrubland, with the species’ presence previously confirmed via bioacoustic monitoring. On a total of 133 km of transects covering at least two golden jackal groups, two human-dog teams found 34 putative golden jackal scats. A total of 26 of these were successfully genetically analysed, of which 19 were attributed to 13 individual golden jackals, an accuracy rate of 73%. Our results show that detection dogs can successfully differentiate golden jackal scats from other species. This tool can be applied to detect golden jackal presence and establish more reliable estimates of group number and size than previously determined through bioacoustic stimulation. By combining both methods, questions about family structures and kinship, seasonal differences in habitat use and territory sizes can be answered. The regular use of detection dogs can present an efficient method to monitor golden jackals on a long-term basis and to learn more about their behaviour and population dynamics.
Familial non-medullary thyroid cancer: a critical review
Authors: Capezzone M. , Robenshtok E. , Cantara S. , Castagna M. G.
Published: October 2020

Background

Familial non-medullary thyroid carcinoma (FNMTC), mainly of papillary histotype (FPTC), is defined by the presence of the disease in two or more first-degree relatives in the absence of other known familial syndromes. With the increasing incidence of PTC in the recent years, the familial form of the disease has also become more common than previously reported and constitutes nearly 10% of all thyroid cancers. Many aspects of FNMTC are debated, concerning both clinical and genetic aspects. Several studies reported that, in comparison with sporadic PTCs, FPTCs are more aggressive at disease presentation, while other authors reported no differences in the clinical behavior of sporadic and familial PTCs. For this reason, recent guidelines do not recommend screening of family members of patients with diagnosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). FNMTC is described as a polygenic disorder associated with multiple low- to moderate-penetrance susceptibility genes and incomplete penetrance. At the moment, the genetic factors contributing to the development of FNMTC remain poorly understood, though many putative genes have been proposed in the recent years.

Purpose

Based on current literature and our experience with FNMTC, in this review, we critically discussed the most relevant controversies, including its definition, the genetic background and some clinical aspects as screening and treatment.
Pre-operative micronutrient deficiencies in patients with severe obesity candidates for bariatric surgery
Authors: Pellegrini M. , Rahimi F. , Boschetti S. , Devecchi A. , De Francesco A. , Mancino M. V. , Toppino M. , Morino M. , Fanni G. , Ponzo V. , Marzola E. , Abbate Daga G. , Broglio F. , Ghigo E. , Bo S.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

In patients with obesity, micronutrient deficiencies have been reported both before and after bariatric surgery (BS). Obesity is a chronic pro-inflammatory status, and inflammation increases the risk of micronutrient malnutrition. Our objective was to assess in pre-BS patients the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and their correlation with blood values of C-reactive protein (CRP).

Methods

Anthropometric data, instrumental examinations, and blood variables were centrally measured in the first 200 patients undergoing a pre-BS evaluation at the “Città della Salute e della Scienza” Hospital of Torino, starting from January 2018.

Results

At least one micronutrient deficiency was present in 85.5% of pre-BS patients. Vitamin D deficiency was the most prevalent (74.5%), followed by folate (33.5%), iron (32%), calcium (13%), vitamin B12 (10%), and albumin (5.5%) deficiency. CRP values were high (> 5 mg/L) in 65% of the patients. These individuals showed increased rate of iron, folate, vitamin B12 deficiency, and a higher number of micronutrient deficiencies. In a multiple logistic regression model, increased CRP levels were significantly associated with deficiencies of vitamin B12 (OR = 5.84; 95% CI 1.25–27.2; p = 0.024), folate (OR = 4.02; 1.87–8.66; p < 0.001), and with the presence of ≥ 2 micronutrient deficiencies (OR = 2.31; 1.21–4.42; p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Micronutrient deficiencies are common in patients with severe obesity undergoing BS, especially when inflammation is present. In the presence of increased CRP values before surgery, it might be advisable to search for possible multiple micronutrient deficiencies.
Resolving and Parameterising the Ocean Mesoscale in Earth System Models
Authors: Hewitt Helene T. , Roberts Malcolm , Mathiot Pierre , Biastoch Arne , Blockley Ed , Chassignet Eric P. , Fox-Kemper Baylor , Hyder Pat , Marshall David P. , Popova Ekaterina , Treguier Anne-Marie , Zanna Laure , Yool Andrew , Yu Yongqiang , Beadling Rebecca , Bell Mike , Kuhlbrodt Till , Arsouze Thomas , Bellucci Alessio , Castruccio Fred , Gan Bolan , Putrasahan Dian , Roberts Christopher D. , Van Roekel Luke , Zhang Qiuying
Published: October 2020

Purpose of Review

Assessment of the impact of ocean resolution in Earth System models on the mean state, variability, and future projections and discussion of prospects for improved parameterisations to represent the ocean mesoscale.

Recent Findings

The majority of centres participating in CMIP6 employ ocean components with resolutions of about 1 degree in their full Earth System models (eddy-parameterising models). In contrast, there are also models submitted to CMIP6 (both DECK and HighResMIP) that employ ocean components of approximately 1/4 degree and 1/10 degree (eddy-present and eddy-rich models). Evidence to date suggests that whether the ocean mesoscale is explicitly represented or parameterised affects not only the mean state of the ocean but also the climate variability and the future climate response, particularly in terms of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the Southern Ocean. Recent developments in scale-aware parameterisations of the mesoscale are being developed and will be included in future Earth System models.

Although the choice of ocean resolution in Earth System models will always be limited by computational considerations, for the foreseeable future, this choice is likely to affect projections of climate variability and change as well as other aspects of the Earth System. Future Earth System models will be able to choose increased ocean resolution and/or improved parameterisation of processes to capture physical processes with greater fidelity.
Dramatische Dispositive
Authors: Bleumer Hartmut
Published: October 2020

Die Skizze schlägt vor, die Metapher des Dispositivs für historische Begriffsbildungen zu den Phänomenen des Spiels, frühen Dramas und Theaters zu nutzen. Die Anregung lautet: Die performative Medialität der Spielphänomene zwischen Stimme und Blick sowie Wort und Bild lässt sich über das Dispositiv als Doppelkonzept fassen, wenn man dazu das medientheoretische Dispositivverständnis des theatralen Rahmens nach Jean-Louis Baudry mit dem diskursiven Dispositivkonzept Michel Foucaults kombiniert, das sich als dramatisch-textuelles auffassen lässt. In der Korrelation dieser gegenläufigen Auffassungen müsste sich dann jener Ort genauer beobachten lassen, der durch die wechselseitigen Transgressionen beider Dispositive diesseits fester terminologischer Bestimmungen immer wieder ästhetisch emergiert und den insbesondere die mediävistische Forschung bei der Konstituierung ihrer Begriffe und Befunde immer schon vorausgesetzt hat. Der Vorschlag plädiert damit für eine stärkere Berücksichtigung der Paradoxie ästhetischer Begriffe mit Blick auf die frühen Formen von Spiel, Drama und Theater und deren ästhetische Blickregime.
Müller-Gang-Persistenzsyndrom mit synchronem Keimzelltumor in einem jungen Erwachsenen
Authors: Fischer Nicolas , Heidenreich Axel , Hoffmann Manuela A.
Published: October 2020

Das Anti-Müller-Hormon-Mangelsyndrom oder persistierendes Müller-Gang-Syndrom ist eine seltene autosomal-rezessive Mutation des Anti-Müller-Hormon-Gens oder seines Rezeptors. Phänotypische Unterschiede zwischen Patienten mit Hormonmangel oder Rezeptordefekten gibt es nicht. Berichtet wird von einem 24-jährigen Mann, der sich mit einem Anti-Müller-Hormon-Mangel mit bilateralem Kryptorchismus und einem Keimzelltumor vorstellte. Der Patient wurde einer Operation mit adjuvanter Chemotherapie unterzogen. Der Patient starb nach 3 Rezidiven innerhalb von 3 Jahren. Es werden die Auswirkungen einer verzögerten und fehlerhaften Therapie eines Keimzelltumors im Rahmen einer seltenen Erkrankung demonstriert. Wir empfehlen eine genetische Beratung aller Familienmitglieder der betroffenen Patienten.
A Survey on Probable and Improbable Decisions About Headache Treatment
Authors: Pohl Heiko , Gantenbein Andreas R. , Sandor Peter S. , Andrée Colette
Published: October 2020

The treatment of headache disorders is adapted to their severity. It is the aim of this study to evaluate the probability of treatment decisions being taken and to identify underlying principles influencing them. The study was internet-based and cross-sectional; participants completed the EUROLIGHT questionnaire anonymously. Inclusion criterion was the consent to participate. Participants were excluded if diagnostic questions had not been completed. We estimated probabilities based on relative frequencies and built binary logistic regression models to identify factors influencing decision-making. The survey was completed by 976 individuals; 636 completed the diagnostic questions. The probability of a patient to consult a GP or a neurologist was 0.26 and 0.20, respectively. Patients decided by a probability of 0.93 to take acute treatment. These treatment decisions, which were taken by patients alone increased in probability with increasing ictal burden (P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). The probability of treating migraine with triptans was 0.74; the probability to take a prophylactic treatment was 0.43. Neurologists were more likely than GPs to prescribe these medications (P = 0.006 and P < 0.001, respectively). We identified several principles underlying treatment decisions. Most patients decide to take acute treatment for headache attacks; they are less likely to treat their headache disorder interictally. Treatment decisions are less likely to be taken if more than one decision-maker is involved; if physicians are involved, severity of the headache disorder does not affect the probability of a treatment decision being taken. Overall, the more severely affected a headache patient, the less likely an adequate treatment.
Blind Application of Developed Smart Vibration-Based Machine Learning (SVML) Model for Machine Faults Diagnosis to Different Machine Conditions
Authors: Espinoza Sepúlveda Natalia F. , Sinha Jyoti K.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The development and application of intelligent models to perform vibration-based condition monitoring in industry seems to be receiving attention in recent years. A number of such research studies using the artificial intelligence, machine learning, pattern recognition, etc., are available in the literature on this topic. These studies essentially used the machine vibration responses with known machine faults to develop smart fault diagnosis models. These models are yet to be tested for all kinds of machine faults and/or different operating conditions. Therefore, the purpose is to develop a generic machine faults diagnosis model that can be applied blindly to any identical machines with high confidence level in accuracy of the predictions.

Methods

In this paper, a supervised smart fault diagnosis model is developed. This model is developed using the available measured vibration responses for the different rotor faults simulated on an experimental rotating rig operating at a constant speed. The developed smart vibration-based machine learning (SVML) model is then blindly tested to identify the healthy and faulty conditions of the rig when operating at different speeds.

Results and conclusions

Several scenarios are proposed and examined during the development of the SVML model. It is observed that scenario of the vibration measurements simultaneously from all bearings from a machine is capable to fully map the machine dynamics in the VML model. Therefore, this developed when applied blindly to the sets of data at a different machine speed, the results are observed to be encouraging. The results clearly show a possibility for a centralised vibration-based condition monitoring (CVCM) model for identical machines operating at different rotating speeds.
Lower nodule biomass with increased nitrogenase efficiency in Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings when grown under low soil phosphorus conditions
Authors: McCulloch Lindsay A. , Porder Stephen
Published: October 2020

Symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation is the largest non-anthropogenic N input to many terrestrial ecosystems. The energetic expense of symbiotic N fixation suggests soil phosphorus (P) availability may regulate symbiotic nitrogen fixation directly through nodule development and function, and/or indirectly through plant growth. Since P availability is heterogenous in the landscape, we sought to understand if symbiotic nitrogen fixation responds to both P availability and heterogeneity. To test how P availability affects symbiotic nitrogen fixation, we grew Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings under high (8.1 g P m−2) and low (0.2 g P m−2) conditions. Soil P heterogeneity was simulated by splitting roots into soil patches receiving P or no-P fertilizer. At the whole plant level, P availability limited seedling and nodule biomass. However, the low P treatment had higher nitrogenase efficiency (acetylene reduced (AR) g−1 nodule; a nodule efficiency proxy). High P seedlings had significantly more root and nodule biomass in the patches directly receiving P fertilizer, but patch proliferation was absent in the low P treatment. AR g−1 seedling did not differ between P treatments, suggesting P indirectly limited symbiotic nitrogen fixation through plant growth, rather than directly limiting symbiotic nitrogen fixation. This relatively consistent AR g−1 seedling across treatments demonstrates the ability of seedlings to respond to low P conditions with increased nitrogenase efficiency.
Assessment of Morpho-Dynamics through Geospatial Techniques within the Padma-Meghna and Ganges-Jamuna River Confluences, Bangladesh
Authors: Gazi Md. Yousuf , Roy Himel , Mia Md. Bodruddoza , Akhter Syed Humayun
Published: October 2020

Bangladesh is a low-lying riverine country with the mighty Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) major river system including their abundant tributaries and distributaries. Land erosion–accretion is a very common phenomenon in this riverine country. This process extensively erodes huge productive landmasses at the river confluence zones every year. The main objective of this study was to understand the confluence morpho-dynamics and identify the vulnerable areas near the Padma–Meghna Confluence (PMC) and Ganges–Jamuna confluence (GJC) due to confluence shifting and erosion–accretion phenomenon of those rivers. The present study utilized multi-temporal Landsat satellite images from 1972 to 2019 approximately ten years of interval. Results showed that the PMC indicated frequent variation in migration trend towards NW from 1972 to 1980, SE from 1980 to 2010, and then reversed towards NW direction from 2010 to 2019. On the other hand, the GJC confluence point moved NW direction (2.37 km) from the year 1972 to 1980, but from 1980 to 2019, the confluence shifted towards the SE direction. Due to the migration dynamics, huge changes happened in width and sand bars area of both confluences. In PMC, confluence width increased remarkably indicating erosive flow during 1972–1980, then progressively shortened up to 2019, indicating accretion. In contrast, GJC shows a significant accretional trend over the 47 years. The sand bar area of the PMC increased about 147.09 km2 throughout the study period. But, GJC shows an opposite scenario where the total sand bar area decreased about 51.02 km2 in the same period. From the vulnerability study of erosion–accretion scenarios, it is predicted that Paturia Ferry Ghat area, Aricha Ferry Ghat area, Arua, Baruria, Dashkin Saljana, Bhadiakola, Masundia, Khanganj and Nyakandi areas near GJC and Chandpur sadar, Srimandi, Sakhua, Bilaspur and char Atra near PMC are highly vulnerable zones. The outputs of the study will enable policy makers to take necessary measures to reduce the erosional severity on both confluence zones and could also provide a basis for proper land management.
Numerical Approach for the Estimation of Throat Heat Flux in Liquid Rocket Engines
Authors: Concio P. , Migliorino M. T. , Nasuti F.
Published: October 2020

The problem of prediction of heat flux at throat of liquid rocket engines still constitutes a challenge, because of the little experimental information. Such a problem is of obvious importance in general, and becomes even more important when considering reusable engines. Unfortunately, only few indirect experimental data are available for the validation of throat heat flux prediction. On the numerical side, a detailed solution would require a huge resolution and codes able to solve at the same time combustion, boundary layer with possible finite-rate reactions, expansion up to at least sonic speed, and in some cases radiative heat flux. Therefore, it is important to validate, with the few experimental data available in the literature, simplified CFD approaches whose aim is to predict heat flux in the nozzle in affordable times. Results obtained by different numerical models based on a RANS approach show the correctness and quality of the approximations made, indicating the main phenomena to be included in modeling for the correct prediction of throat heat flux.
Employee Involvement and Workplace Democracy
Authors: Frega Roberto
Published: October 2020

The article aims to bridge divides between political theory and management and organization studies in theorizing workplace democracy. To achieve this aim, the article begins by introducing a new definition of democracy which, it is contended, is better suited than mainstream accounts to highlight the democratizing potential of employee involvement. It then defines employee involvement as an offshoot of early twentieth-century humanistic psychologies, from which it inherits an emancipatory ambition. In a third step, the article presents employee involvement as a set of organizational practices liable to transform dominant patterns of authority and social interaction in the workplace. The article concludes by contending that, apart from representation/participation and the employee’s voice, employee involvement must be considered the third necessary pillar of workplace democracy, endowed with distinctive normative features that neither representation/participation nor voices can aptly capture.
Of dogs and men: a note on Liudprand's Greek (Rel. 1, 21–23)
Authors: Andrée Alexander
Published: October 2020

Unlike many of his contemporary Westerners, Liudprand of Cremona was proficient in Greek. His writings are full of Greek words and expressions, both written in Greek letters and transliterated into Latin. This note discusses an apparently corrupt passage in Liudprand's narrative of his embassy to Constantinople in 968, the Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana, and reviews conjectures proposed by editors of the text. A non-invasive solution to the problem is presented that takes both the textual tradition of the Relatio and Liudprand's use of Greek into account.
One British Thing: The Safety Razor
Authors: Deslandes Paul R.
Published: October 2020

This essay examines the history of the safety razor in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Britain. In so doing, it explores male shaving practices and the male investment in physical appearance in the age of industrial capitalism. In highlighting the history of a single material artifact to showcase the relationship between masculinity, good grooming, personal success, and notions of self-improvement, this essay also underscores the growing influence of American products in British life, the intricacies of the consumer economy, and the increasing sophistication of advertising practices.
Paupers Behaving Badly: Punishment in the Victorian Workhouse
Authors: Williams Samantha
Published: October 2020

The deterrent workhouse, with its strict rules for the behavior of inmates and boundaries of authority of the workhouse officers, was a central expression of the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, known widely as the New Poor Law. This article explores for the first time the day-to-day experience of the power and authority of workhouse masters, matrons, other officers of the workhouse, and its Board of Guardians, and the resistance and agency of resentful inmates. Despite new sets of regulations to guide workhouse officers in the uniform imposition of discipline on residents, there was a high degree of regional diversity not only in the types of offenses committed by paupers but also in welfare policy relating to the punishments inflicted for disorderly and refractory behavior. And while pauper agency was significant, it should not be overstated, given the disparity in power between inmates and workhouse officials.
Brain executive laterality and hemisity
Authors: Morton Bruce Eldine
Published: October 2020

Brain laterality refers to the asymmetric location of functional elements within the bilateral brain of animals and humans. Thus far, five lateralized functions have been recognized in humans: handedness, language ability, spatial skills, facial recognition, and emotion recognition. Recently, a sixth asymmetric functional element bearing on personality has been discovered. It is the larger side of the split bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This appears to be the final output element of the executive system of which, by logic, there can be only one. Which side is somewhat larger varies among the general population in a seemingly idiosyncratic manner, yet with a genetic basis because true-breeding lineages exist. Here, hemisity is binary measure where a person is inherently born either right brain or left brain oriented. This is determined by nine statistically robust sets of four biophysical tests, none of which depend upon personality, and five behavioral questionnaires. Crucially these hemisity methods have been validated by the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-based discovery that the larger side of the ACC is on the same side as one’s hemisity, making MRI the primary standard for hemisity determination (r = 0.96). There are at least 30 measurable differences in individual characteristics and behaviors between those persons whose hemsity is on the right compared to those with it on the left. The hemisity of 2929 individuals was determined by these methods. Large groups included 1428 junior and senior high schools students both in Hawaii and Utah. There were somewhat comparable numbers present for both types of hemisity. Hemisity of individuals was found stable from infancy to old age. There was no relation between hemisity and handedness. Larger corpus callosum (CC) size of male or female subjects was larger in right brainer that in left brainers. Twin studies demonstrate that CC size is inherited. Thirty-eight percent of individuals of both sexes were right brain oriented, while 62% of individuals of both sexes were left brain oriented. In pairings, there were more than twice as many couples with opposite hemisity. Of these couples, the right brain male and females were dominant. Reproductive outcomes of these were “Like father like son, Like mother like daughter.”
Dietary protein, exercise, ageing and physical inactivity: interactive influences on skeletal muscle proteostasis
Authors: Deane Colleen S. , Ely Isabel A. , Wilkinson Daniel J. , Smith Kenneth , Phillips Bethan E. , Atherton Philip J.
Published: October 2020

Dietary protein is a pre-requisite for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass; stimulating increases in muscle protein synthesis (MPS), via essential amino acids (EAA), and attenuating muscle protein breakdown, via insulin. Muscles are receptive to the anabolic effects of dietary protein, and in particular the EAA leucine, for only a short period (i.e. about 2–3 h) in the rested state. Thereafter, MPS exhibits tachyphylaxis despite continued EAA availability and sustained mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling. Other notable characteristics of this ‘muscle full’ phenomenon include: (i) it cannot be overcome by proximal intake of additional nutrient signals/substrates regulating MPS; meaning a refractory period exists before a next stimulation is possible, (ii) it is refractory to pharmacological/nutraceutical enhancement of muscle blood flow and thus is not induced by muscle hypo-perfusion, (iii) it manifests independently of whether protein intake occurs in a bolus or intermittent feeding pattern, and (iv) it does not appear to be dependent on protein dose per se. Instead, the main factor associated with altering muscle full is physical activity. For instance, when coupled to protein intake, resistance exercise delays the muscle full set-point to permit additional use of available EAA for MPS to promote muscle remodelling/growth. In contrast, ageing is associated with blunted MPS responses to protein/exercise (anabolic resistance), while physical inactivity (e.g. immobilisation) induces a premature muscle full, promoting muscle atrophy. It is crucial that in catabolic scenarios, anabolic strategies are sought to mitigate muscle decline. This review highlights regulatory protein turnover interactions by dietary protein, exercise, ageing and physical inactivity.
Language use, home literacy environment, and demography: Predicting vocabulary skills among diverse young dual language learners in Norway
Authors: RYDLAND Veslemøy , GRØVER Vibeke
Published: October 2020

From a socio-cultural perspective, language offers a means for children to communicate with and learn from others through interaction: language is the medium through which young children are provided cognitive, social, and emotional support in interactions with caregivers, siblings, and peers; and children characterized as dual language learners (DLLs) have in common that they receive this developmental support in two different languages. However, due to variations in socioeconomic factors, ethnic/immigration background, and language socialization practices, DLLs display considerable variability in their first- and second-language proficiency (McCabe, Tamis-LeMonda, Bornstein, Cates, Golinkoff, Guerra, Hirsh-Pasek, Hoff, Kuchirko, Melzi, Mendelsohn, Páez & Song, 2013).
Montreal cognitive assessment for evaluating cognitive impairment in Huntington’s disease: a systematic review
Authors: Rosca Elena Cecilia , Simu Mihaela
Published: October 2020

Objective

This study aims to systematically review evidence of the accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for evaluating the presence of cognitive impairment in patients with Huntington’s disease (HD) and to outline the quality and quantity of research evidence available about the use of the MoCA in this population.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature review, searching four databases from inception until April 2020.

Results

We identified 26 studies that met the inclusion criteria: two case–control studies comparing the MoCA to a battery of tests, three studies comparing MoCA to Mini-Mental State Examination, two studies estimating the prevalence of cognitive impairment in individuals with HD and 19 studies or clinical trials in which the MoCA was used as an instrument for the cognitive assessment of participants with HD. We found no cross-sectional studies in which participants received the index test (MoCA) and a reference standard diagnostic assessment composed of an extensive neuropsychological battery. The publication period ranged from 2010 to 2020.

Conclusions

In patients with HD, the MoCA provides information about disturbances in general cognitive function. Even if the MoCA demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity when used at the recommended threshold score of 26, further cross-sectional studies are required to examine the optimum cutoff score for detecting cognitive impairments in patients with HD. Moreover, more studies are necessary to determine whether the MoCA adequately assesses cognitive status in individuals with HD.
Secondary school canteens in Australia: analysis of canteen menus from a repeated cross-sectional national survey
Authors: Haynes Ashleigh , Morley Belinda , Dixon Helen , Scully Maree , McAleese Alison , Gascoyne Claudia , Busbridge Rachelle , Cigognini Mia , Regev Ilona , Wakefield Melanie
Published: October 2020

Objective:

The current study aimed to assess the nutritional quality of Australian secondary school canteen menus.

Design:

Stratified national samples of schools provided canteen menus in 2012–2013 and 2018, which were systematically assessed against a ‘traffic light’ classification system according to the National Healthy School Canteen Guidelines. Items were classified as green (healthiest and recommended to dominate canteen menus), amber (select carefully) or red (low nutritional quality, should not appear on canteen menus), and pricing and promotional strategies were recorded.

Setting:

Australia.

Participants:

Canteen menus from 244 secondary schools (2012–2013 n 148, 2018 n 96).

Results:

A total of 21 501 menu items were classified. Forty-nine percent of canteen menus contained at least 50 % green items; however, nearly all (98·5 %) offered at least one red item and therefore did not comply with national recommendations. Snacks and drinks had the least healthy profile of all product sectors, and a large proportion of schools supplied products typically of poor nutritional quality (meat pies and savoury pastries 91·8 %, sugary drinks 89·5 %, sweet baked goods 71·5 %, ice creams 64·1 % and potato chips 44·0 %). Red items were significantly cheaper than green items on average, and many schools promoted the purchase of red items on canteen menus (52·8 %). There were few differences between survey waves.

Conclusions:

There is considerable room for improvement in the nutritional quality of canteen menus in Australian secondary schools, including in the availability, pricing and promotion of healthier options. Additional resources and services to support implementation of national guidelines would be beneficial.
Facial Appearance and Electoral Success of Male Italian Politicians
Authors: Jaeger Bastian , Evans Anthony M. , van Beest Ilja
Published: October 2020

Abstract. People rely on the facial appearance of political candidates when voting. Here, we examine whether the perceived competence, trustworthiness, and attractiveness of male Italian mayoral candidates ( n = 150) predict their electoral success. Building on situational leadership theory, we also examine whether associations between apparent traits and electoral success are moderated by contextual factors. Specifically, we test whether trustworthy-looking politicians are more successful in Southern Italy where political corruption is a more salient issue. Across three preregistered studies ( N = 470), we find that attractive-looking candidates were more successful. Perceived competence and trustworthiness were not consistently associated with electoral success. Moreover, we do not find evidence that regional variation in corruption moderates the success of trustworthy-looking politicians.
Downscaling Satellite Retrieved Soil Moisture Using Regression Tree‐Based Machine Learning Algorithms Over Southwest France
Authors: Liu Yangxiaoyue , Xia Xiaolin , Yao Ling , Jing Wenlong , Zhou Chenghu , Huang Wumeng , Li Yong , Yang Ji
Published: October 2020

Satellite retrieved soil moisture (SM) shows great potential in hydrological, meteorological, ecological, and agricultural applications, while the coarse resolution limits its utilization in regional scale. The regression tree‐based machine learning algorithms reveal promising capability in SM downscaling. However, it lacks systematic study dedicated to intercomparisons of algorithms to explicitly illuminate their characteristics. In this study, comparisons are made to systematically evaluate performances of classification and regression tree (CART), random forest (RF), gradient boost decision tree (GBDT), and extreme gradient boost (XGB) in Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) SM downscaling in southwest France. The results show that the four algorithms downscaled SM are capable of capturing spatial distribution features of the original SMAP SM. The downscaled regions with favorable accuracy are mostly situated in the dominant Mediterranean climate zone with moderate vegetation coverage and mild topography variation. The best results are obtained by GBDT in grassland with R value of 0.77 and ubRMSE value of 0.04 m3/m3. The RF and XGB also achieve good performances. On the whole, the GBDT approach is robust and reliable, which could downscale SM with superior correlation and smaller bias than the others. Besides, it achieves higher accuracy than the original SMAP in grassland and shrubland. The feature importance index of each explainable variable fluctuates regularly among different seasons and models. This study proves the outstanding performance of GBDT in SMAP SM downscaling and is expected to act as a valuable reference for studies focusing on SM scale conversion algorithms.
2D Hydro‐Mechanical‐Chemical Modeling of (De)hydration Reactions in Deforming Heterogeneous Rock: The Periclase‐Brucite Model Reaction
Authors: Schmalholz Stefan M. , Moulas Evangelos , Plümper Oliver , Myasnikov Artem V. , Podladchikov Yuri Y.
Published: October 2020

Deformation at tectonic plate boundaries involves coupling between rock deformation, fluid flow, and metamorphic reactions, but quantifying this coupling is still elusive. We present a new two‐dimensional hydro‐mechanical‐chemical numerical model and investigate the coupling between heterogeneous rock deformation and metamorphic (de)hydration reactions. We consider linear viscous compressible and power‐law viscous shear deformation. Fluid flow follows Darcy's law with a Kozeny‐Carman type permeability. We consider a closed isothermal system and the reversible (de)hydration reaction: periclase and water yields brucite. Fluid pressure within a circular or elliptical inclusion is initially below the periclase‐brucite reaction pressure and above in the surrounding. Inclusions exhibit a shear viscosity thousand times smaller than for the surrounding. For circular inclusions, solid deformation has a minor impact on the evolution of fluid pressure, porosity, and reaction front. For elliptical inclusions and far‐field shortening, rock pressure inside the inclusion is higher compared to circular inclusions, and reaction‐front propagation is faster. The reaction generates a large change in porosity (∼0.1%–55%) and in solid density (∼2,300–3,500 kg m−3), and the reaction front exhibits steep gradients of fluid pressure and porosity. Reaction‐front propagating increases the weak inclusion's surface and causes an effective, reaction‐induced weakening of the heterogeneous rock. Weakening evolves nonlinear with progressive strain. Distributions of fluid and rock pressure as well as magnitudes and directions of fluid and solid velocities are significantly different. The models mimic basic features of shear zones and show the importance of coupling deformation and metamorphism. The applied MATLAB algorithm is provided.
A Decade of Annual Arctic DOC Export With Polar Surface Water in the East Greenland Current
Authors: Gonçalves‐Araujo Rafael , Stedmon Colin A. , de Steur Laura , Osburn Christopher L. , Granskog Mats A.
Published: October 2020

The export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the Arctic Ocean is expected to change due to warming and increased river runoff. Here we present a method to quantify DOC transport with the East Greenland Current combining synoptic and year‐round data (2009–2018). An algorithm based on quantitative and qualitative aspects of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was developed to provide DOC estimates. Combined with mooring‐derived monthly Polar Surface Water (PSW) volume transports, we estimate DOC exports for the period from 2003–2017. For much of the period DOC exports have been reasonably constant at 46.8 (±6.2) Tg yr−1, while the reduction in PSW export in recent years has resulted in lower annual DOC exports (below 39 Tg C yr−1). We now have a technique to resolve seasonal and annual fluctuations in Arctic carbon export, offering a significant improvement over earlier bulk estimates and represents a baseline to detect future change.