bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Study of the Effects of a Modified Mindfulness Intervention on Binge Eating
Authors: Smith Bruce W. , Shelley Brian M. , Leahigh Lisa , Vanleit Betsy
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of a modified mindfulness intervention for reducing binge eating. Participants ( n = 25) were recruited from the general public for a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) course. The standard MBSR format was modified to include brief eating exercises. There was no control group. Participants completed the Binge Eating Scale and other self-report measures before and after the course. There was a decline in binge eating as well as state anxiety and depressive symptoms. Reduced binge eating was related to increased self-acceptance and reduced state anxiety. The results are discussed with regard to laying the foundation for future research on the effects of mindfulness on eating.
Integrating smoking cessation into mental health care for post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: McFall Miles , Saxon Andrew J. , Thaneemit-Chen Surai , Smith Mark W. , Joseph Anne M. , Carmody Timothy P. , Beckham Jean C. , Malte Carol A. , Vertrees Julia E. , Boardman Kathy D. , Lavori Philip W.
Published: April 2007

Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with a high prevalence of smoking, heavy cigarette consumption and low cessation rates.

Purpose This manuscript describes the design of a randomized, multisite effectiveness trial to test whether integrating smoking cessation treatment into mental health care (integrated care) improves prolonged abstinence rates among veterans with PTSD, compared with referral to specialized smoking cessation clinics (usual standard of care). Secondary objectives are to assess the cost-effectiveness of integrated care relative to usual standard of care, identify treatment variables that mediate differences between conditions in outcome and determine whether smoking cessation is associated with worsening PTSD and/or depression.

Methods Following randomization, subjects (projected n = 1400) from 10 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) medical centers complete follow-up assessments every three or six months for up to four years. Endpoints include 1-year prolonged abstinence at 18 months postrandomization, 7- and 30-day point-prevalence abstinence and measures of depression, PTSD and economic outcomes.

Results This study is unique in providing the largest scale test of the feasibility and effectiveness of having mental health clinicians implement evidence-based smoking cessation treatment in psychiatric care settings for veterans with PTSD. It incorporates methodological features that are desirable for cessation treatment trials, including: a) assessment of clinically meaningful long-term smoking outcomes; b) a manual guiding delivery of the experimental intervention; c) independent ratings of clinician competence and treatment adherence and d) methods for training clinicians that would enhance implementation of tobacco cessation treatment in large health care systems.

Limitations Use of an exclusively VHA sample with few females limits generalizability. Conclusions The process for meeting challenges in designing this study may provide planning of other large-scale clinical effectiveness trials in tobacco control.

Findings have potential to initiate system-wide change in clinical practice patterns for tobacco cessation treatment involving patients with mental disorders. Clinical Trials 2007; 4: 178—189. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Expression of ectonucleotidase CD39 by Foxp3+ Treg cells: hydrolysis of extracellular ATP and immune suppression
Authors: Borsellino Giovanna , Kleinewietfeld Markus , Di Mitri Diletta , Sternjak Alexander , Diamantini Adamo , Giometto Raffaella , Höpner Sabine , Centonze Diego , Bernardi Giorgio , Dell'Acqua Maria Luisa , Rossini Paolo Maria , Battistini Luca , Rötzschke Olaf , Falk Kirsten
Published: April 2007

In the immune system, extracellular ATP functions as a “natural adjuvant” that exhibits multiple proinflammatory effects. It is released by damaged cells as an indicator of trauma and cell death but can be inactivated by CD39 (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 [NTPDase 1]), an ectoenzyme that degrades ATP to AMP. Here, we show that CD39 is expressed primarily by immune-suppressive Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. In mice, the enzyme is present on virtually all CD4+CD25+ cells. CD39 expression is driven by the Treg-specific transcription factor Foxp3 and its catalytic activity is strongly enhanced by T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation. Activated Treg cells are therefore able to abrogate ATP-related effects such as P2 receptor-mediated cell toxicity and ATP-driven maturation of dendritic cells. Also, human Treg cells express CD39. In contrast to mice, CD39 expression in man is restricted to a subset of Foxp3+ regulatory effector/memory-like T (TREM) cells. Notably, patients with the remitting/relapsing form of multiple sclerosis (MS) have strikingly reduced numbers of CD39+ Treg cells in the blood. Thus, in humans CD39 is a marker of a Treg subset likely involved in the control of the inflammatory autoimmune disease.
Congestive heart failure is a rare event in patients receiving imatinib therapy
Authors: Atallah Ehab , Durand Jean-Bernard , Kantarjian Hagop , Cortes Jorge
Published: April 2007

A recent preclinical study suggested that imatinib may be cardiotoxic in some patients. We reviewed all reported serious adverse events of cardiac adverse events occurring in patients on clinical trials involving imatinib. Among 1276 patients enrolled, 22 (1.7%) were identified as having symptoms that could be attributed to systolic heart failure. The median age was 70 years (range, 49 to 83 years). The median time from start of imatinib therapy was 162 days (range, 2-2045 days). At the time these events were reported, 8 (0.6%) were considered possibly or probably related to imatinib. A total of 18 patients had previous medical conditions predisposing to cardiac failure: congestive heart failure (CHF; 6 [27%] patients), diabetes mellitus (6 [27%] patients), hypertension (10 [45%] patients), coronary artery disease (CAD; 8 [36%] patients), arrhythmia (3 [14%] patients), and cardiomyopathy (1 [5%] patient). Of the 22 patients, 11 continued imatinib therapy with dose adjustments and management for the CHF symptoms without further complications. Imatinib therapy as a causal factor of CHF is uncommon, mainly seen in elderly patients with preexisting cardiac conditions. Patients with previous cardiac history should be monitored closely and treated aggressively with standard medical therapy, including diuretics, if they develop symptoms suggestive of heart failure.
Leishmania majorinduces distinct neutrophil phenotypes in mice that are resistant or susceptible to infection
Authors: Charmoy Mélanie , Megnekou Rosette , Allenbach Cindy , Zweifel Christine , Perez Cynthia , Monnat Katia , Breton Mélanie , Ronet Catherine , Launois Pascal , Tacchini-Cottier Fabienne
Published: April 2007

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are key components of the inflammatory response contributing to the development of pathogen-specific immune responses. Following infection with Leishmania major, neutrophils are recruited within hours to the site of parasite inoculation. C57BL/6 mice are resistant to infection, and BALB/c mice are susceptible to infection, developing unhealing, inflammatory lesions. In this report, we investigated the expression of cell surface integrins, TLRs, and the secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines by PMN of both strains of mice, in response to infection with L. major. The parasite was shown to induce CD49d expression in BALB/c-inflammatory PMN, and expression of CD49d remained at basal levels in C57BL/6 PMN. Equally high levels of CD11b were expressed on PMN from both strains. In response to L. major infection, the levels of TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9 mRNA were significantly higher in C57BL/6 than in BALB/c PMN. C57BL/6 PMN secreted biologically active IL-12p70 and IL-10. In contrast, L. major-infected BALB/c PMN transcribed and secreted high levels of IL-12p40 but did not secrete biologically active IL-12p70. Furthermore, IL-12p40 was shown not to associate with IL-23 p19 but formed IL-12p40 homodimers with inhibitory activity. No IL-10 was secreted by BALB/c PMN. Thus, following infection with L. major, in C57BL/6 mice, PMN could constitute one of the earliest sources of IL-12, and in BALB/c mice, secretion of IL-12p40 could contribute to impaired, early IL-12 signaling. These distinct PMN phenotypes may thus influence the development of L. major-specific immune response.
Expression of human GITRL on myeloid dendritic cells enhances their immunostimulatory function but does not abrogate the suppressive effect of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Tuyaerts Sandra , Van Meirvenne Sonja , Bonehill Aude , Heirman Carlo , Corthals Jurgen , Waldmann Herman , Breckpot Karine , Thielemans Kris , Aerts Joeri L
Published: April 2007

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) have been described as an important hurdle for immunotherapy. Engagement of glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-related protein (GITR) has emerged recently as an important mechanism to control the suppression of CD4+CD25+ Treg. Furthermore, it has been documented extensively that GITR ligation is costimulatory for naive and activated T cells in the murine setting. However, little is known about the role of the human GITR ligand (huGITRL). We wanted to explore whether huGITRL could enhance antigen-specific T cell priming by dendritic cells (DC). First, we confirmed the endogenous expression of GITRL on HUVEC. We also detected GITRL expression on EBV-B cell lines, whereas no GITRL expression was observed on human monocyte-derived DC. Electroporation of GITRL mRNA in monocyte-derived DC resulted in a strong and long-lasting surface expression of GITRL. In contrast to data obtained in mice, no significant abrogation of Treg suppression by GITRL-expressing human DC was observed. Consistent with our mouse data, we showed that huGITRL is costimulatory for responder T cells. Furthermore, we found that GITRL-expressing DC primed increased numbers of Melan-A-specific CD8+ T cells. We conclude that although huGITRL is not capable of alleviating Treg suppression of responder T cells, huGITRL overexpression on monocyte-derived DC enhances their capacity to induce antigen-specific T cell responses. Thus, GITRL incorporation in DC might improve the antitumor immune response after vaccination.
The Troll in Toll: Mal and Tram as bridges for TLR2 and TLR4 signaling
Authors: Sheedy Frederick J , O’Neill Luke A J
Published: April 2007

Signaling by two of the most important bacteria-sensing TLRs, TLR2 and TLR4, involves two adaptor proteins, MyD88 adaptor-like (Mal) and Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (Trif)-related adaptor molecule (TRAM). Recently, new insights into the functioning of these two adapters have emerged. Mal is required by both TLRs to act as a bridge to recruit the adaptor MyD88, leading ultimately to NF-κB activation. Similarly, TRAM acts as a bridge to recruit TRIF to the TLR4 complex, leading to activation of the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 3. Consistent with Mal and TRAM being key points of control, recent evidence suggests that they are subject to regulation by phosphorylation. Further, a variant in Mal in humans has been found to protect against multiple infectious diseases. Finally, another TIR domain-containing adaptor, sterile α and HEAT/armadillo motif protein (SARM), has been shown to act as an inhibitor of TRIF-dependent signaling. These recent discoveries add to the complexity of TLR signaling and highlight specific control mechanisms for TLR2 and TLR4 signaling.
Effect of Intravenous Albumin Infusion on Brain Salicylate Concentration
Authors: Curry Steven C. , Pizon Anthony F. , Riley Bradley D. , Gerkin Richard D. , Bikin Dale S.
Published: April 2007

Background:Salicylate poisoning appears to result in death, despite supportive care, once a critical brain salicylate concentration is reached. The binding of salicylate to albumin is saturable; free plasma salicylate concentrations rise disproportionately to total drug levels. Because unbound salicylate distributes into the brain, the authors questioned whether an intravenous (IV) infusion of albumin would cause a redistribution of salicylate from the brain back into the plasma, which might allow enough time for hemodialysis to be instituted.

Objectives:To determine if IV albumin infusion would lower brain salicylate concentrations through redistribution in a porcine model of acute salicylate poisoning.

Methods:In a randomized controlled trial, 17 swine under anesthesia and controlled ventilation received 400 mg/kg of sodium salicylate IV over 15 minutes. At 60 minutes, nine animals received 1.25 g/kg albumin (25% solution) IV over 15 minutes, while eight control animals received an equal volume of normal saline (5 mL/kg). Arterial pH was maintained between 7.45 and 7.55. Serial measurements of serum albumin as well as free and total salicylate concentrations were obtained, and urine was collected for measurement of total salicylate excretion. At 180 minutes, animals were killed and brains harvested for measurement of brain salicylate concentrations.

Results:Average peak serum total salicylate concentrations of 105.5 and 109 mg/dL were achieved in control and albumin‐treated animals, respectively. Albumin infusion was accompanied by statistically significant increases in serum total salicylate concentrations (median from 79.5 to 86.9 mg/dL at 75 minutes), while levels decreased slightly in control animals. Serum free salicylate concentrations decreased slightly in albumin‐treated animals, but the difference was not statistically significant. Median brain salicylate concentrations were about 14% lower in the albumin treatment group (17.8 mg/100 g brain) compared with controls (20.5 mg/100 g brain); this approached statistical significance (p = 0.075). Median urinary salicylate excretion was higher in the albumin‐treated group (0.83 vs. 0.48 g; p = 0.072), with similar urinary pH and volumes in both groups.

Conclusions:In this animal model of salicylate poisoning, IV infusion of 1.25 g/kg albumin was accompanied by a 14% decline in median brain salicylate concentrations, which approached statistical significance.
U.S. Emergency Department Visits for Supraventricular Tachycardia, 1993–2003
Authors: Murman David H. , McDonald Alden J. , Pelletier Andrea J. , Camargo Carlos A.
Published: April 2007

Background:Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is often described as a recurrent condition that leads to emergency department (ED) visits. However, the epidemiology of ED visits for SVT is unknown.

Objectives:To define the frequency of SVT in U.S. EDs and to analyze patient characteristics, ED management, and disposition for such visits.

Methods:The authors analyzed data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1993–2003. SVT cases were identified by using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 426.7 or 427.0 in any of the three diagnostic fields.

Results:Of the 1.1 billion ED visits over the 11‐year study period, an estimated 555,000 (0.05%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.04% to 0.06%) were related to SVT. The annual frequency and population rate appear stable between 1993 and 2003 (p for trend = 0.35). Compared with non‐SVT visits, those with SVT were more likely to be older than 65 years of age (26% vs. 15%, p < 0.01) and female (70% vs. 53%, p < 0.01). Electrocardiograms were documented for most visits (91%; 95% CI = 85% to 96%). Approximately half of the patients (51%; 95% CI = 40% to 61%) received an atrioventricular nodal blocking medication, most frequently adenosine (26%; 95% CI = 17% to 36%). SVT visits ended in hospital admission for 24% (95% CI = 15% to 34%). At the other extreme, 44% (95% CI = 32% to 56%) were discharged without planned follow‐up.

Conclusions:Supraventricular tachycardia accounts for approximately 50,000 ED visits each year. Higher visit rates in older adults and female patients are consistent with prior studies of SVT in the general population. This study provides an epidemiologic foundation that will enable future research to assess and improve clinical management strategies of SVT in the ED.
Emergency Department Visits for Pediatric Trampoline‐related Injuries: An Update
Authors: Linakis James G. , Mello Michael J. , Machan Jason , Amanullah Siraj , Palmisciano Lynne M.
Published: April 2007

Objectives:To describe the epidemiology of emergency department (ED) visits for trampoline‐related injuries among U.S. children from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2005, using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) and to compare recent trampoline injury demographics and injury characteristics with those previously published for 1990–1995 using the same data source.

Methods:A stratified probability sample of U.S. hospitals providing emergency services in NEISS was utilized for 2000–2005. Nonfatal trampoline‐related injury visits to the ED were analyzed for patients from 0 to 18 years of age.

Results:In 2000–2005, there was a mean of 88,563 ED visits per year for trampoline‐related injuries among 0–18‐year‐olds, 95% of which occurred at home. This represents a significantly increased number of visits compared with 1990–1995, when there was an average of 41,600 visits per year. Primary diagnosis and principal body part affected remained similar between the two study periods.

Conclusions:ED visits for trampoline‐related injuries in 2000–2005 increased in frequency by 113% over the number of visits for 1990–1995. Trampoline use at home continues to be a significant source of childhood injury morbidity.
Histological characteristics of the intestinal mucosa of the rat during the first year of life
Authors: Vigueras R. M. , Rojas-Castañeda J. , Hernández R. , Reyes G. , Alvarez C.
Published: April 2007

In spite of the widespread use of rats in gastrointestinal research, there is a lack of information on the qualitative and quantitative histological characteristics. Therefore, a study was performed in 69 male Wistar rats with ages ranging from one day to one year old. The features studied included: height and number of villi in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and depth and number of crypts in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon and rectum. Morphometric observations were expressed in a mathematical logarithmic curve that showed a normal pattern of intestinal growth for each intestinal level. The number of villi in the small intestine decreased from 1 to 35 days of age, whereas the other intestinal parameters all increased during the same period. After 35 days the rates of increase or decrease were lower. The quantification of these intestinal changes provides a new complementary pattern as a reference for research as indicators of normality or malfunction in the rat intestine.
Environmental enrichment of laboratory animals used in regulatory toxicology studies
Authors: Dean S. W.
Published: April 2007

There is a wealth of information in the published literature which describes a multitude of approaches to enriching the environment of laboratory animals. This paper attempts to review the various methods of enrichment through social contact, enhancement of the environment and diet, and improvements in husbandry. It attempts to place the various enrichment initiatives within the context of a laboratory which conducts regulatory toxicology, describes some of the experiences in the author's own laboratory and attempts to highlight those ideas which might prove practical to implement in the future. The aim is to demonstrate that a creative approach to environmental enrichment is indeed compatible with regulatory toxicology. It is hoped that this will encourage those responsible for the care and welfare of animals in such a laboratory to challenge historical practices and include environmental enrichment as a fundamental necessity of study design.
Electrophysiology and pathology evaluation of the Yucatan pig as a non-rodent animal model for regulatory and mechanistic toxicology studies
Authors: Jones R. D. , Stuart B. P. , Greufe N. P. , Landes A. M.
Published: April 2007

Six male and six female Yucatan pigs were utilized to investigate the feasibility of this species as a non-rodent model for routine regulatory and mechanistic toxicology studies. This study evaluated disease surveillance and computerized electrophysiology, along with possible gross and micropathology changes. Two pigs were used as sentinel animals to evaluate the microbiological status of the vendor upon arrival; the other pigs were maintained as biomonitors and to provide baseline clinical chemistry, urinalysis, pathology and electrophysiology data. The electrophysiology tests conducted included electrocardiography (ECG), electroretinography (ERG) and quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG), which achieved consistent baseline values with acceptable intra subject variation. Tissue cholinesterase and histochemical staining were done to determine their suitability for testing cholinesterase compounds. Evaluation of the serum chemistry profile demonstrated increased CPK and LDH, which was likely associated with slight haemolysis or minor subclinical muscle stress during handling. There were no additional clinical chemistry changes or findings in haematology, urinalysis parameters or gross pathology. Micro pathology found an absence of background lesions which would interfere with routine toxicology studies, except for a mild rhinitis. The aetiological agent was identified by electron microscopy as being consistent with inclusion body rhinitis of swine, previously unreported in miniature swine. This would most notably interfere with inhalation studies. The anatomical and physiological similarities of the Yucatan pig, along with its ability to accept the performance of electrophysiology tests allow this species to be considered as a suitable model for organ system testing in toxicology studies.
Allometric comparison of recommendations of minimum floor areas for laboratory animals
Authors: Hackbarth H. , Bohnet W. , Tsai P.-P.
Published: April 2007

The recommendations for minimum floor area given in the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (1986), as well as in the Publication on the Planning and Structure of Animal Facilities for Institutes Performing Animal Experiments of the Society for Laboratory Animal Science (GV-SOLAS 1989), are plotted in a double logarithmic system in order to get an allometric function of recommended floor area to body weight. Both recommendations correspond very well with the so-called metabolic body weight seen at the allometric exponent of 0.73 and 0.70 respectively. Thus the recommendations in general attribute the floor space according to the metabolic body weight of the animal. Nevertheless, despite this general rule, some species are recommended less space than others when measured on this allometric scale. Thus it must be questioned why, for example, rabbits, chicken and pigs are recommended less space than other species. The general allometric measure seems at least to be a good scale for the comparison of recommended floor space, and for the discussion of species-specific needs for more or less space.
Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay for the mouse leptin receptor (Leprdb) mutation
Authors: Horvat S. , Bünger L.
Published: April 2007

A PCR-RFLP assay for genotyping at the mouse leptin receptor ( Leprdb) mutation site was developed using modified primers. The first modified primer creates an AceI restriction site in the mutant Leprdb allele to distinguish between the Leprdb and Lepr+ alleles whereas the second modified primer creates another AceI site in both alleles to serve as a control for restriction enzyme digestion. The assay is robust and works efficiently on unpurified lysates of mouse tissues and can be applied at any age of the animal. The assay may be used as a diagnostic tool for maintenance of stocks, introgression or other types of crosses involving the Leprdb mutation.
Sarcocystis muris-a rare case in laboratory mice
Authors: Tillmann T. , Kamino K. , Mohr U.
Published: April 2007

In a lifespan trans generation study under standard laboratory conditions using a total of 4682 CBA/J mice, unusual intramuscular inclusions were found in the diaphragm, heart and skeletal muscle of one mouse using light microscopy. Located within the myocytes, they caused no visible tissue reaction. Cross-sections of these spherical and cystic lesions showed numerous banana-shaped structures, identified as permanent parasitic bradyzoites, which permitted these infections to be diagnosed microscopically as sarcocystosis.
Interference of pain control employing opioids in in vivo immunological experiments
Authors: Piersma F. E. , Daemen M. A. R. C. , vd Bogaard A. E. J. M. , Buurman W. A.
Published: April 2007

Pain control (PC) in laboratory animals is supported by ethical as well as methodological considerations, aimed at preventing an interfering reduction in food and water intake and normalizing stress hormone levels. However, little is known about the immunomodulatory attributes of analgesics, which putatively prevents the routine implementation of PC inimmunological research. In an established murine model of endotoxemia we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of common clinical analgesics (the opioids fentanyl and buprenorphine). Additionally, a literature study was conducted to investigate the frequency of PC in laboratory animals used for immunological experimentation. In line with various reports, we observed interactions between the opioid analgesics and the immune system that altered the outcome of performed in vivo immunological experiments. Of 100 evaluated publications, none mentioned the use of PC, indicating its uncommon implementation. In conclusion, more studies on the interactions between the immune system and analgesics are needed to establish better criteria for adequate implementation. Finally, we propose that methodological sections in scientific journals should clearly document whether or not PC was employed. If PC is not used, the reason for not using it should be stated.
The generation of monoclonal antibodies in mice: influence of adjuvants on the immune response, fusion efficiency and distress
Authors: Ferber P. C. , Ossent P. , Homberger F. R. , Fischer R. W.
Published: April 2007

The objective of this study was to find a reliable alternative to Freund's adjuvant in order to reduce the distress imposed on the animals without impairing the fusion efficiency for immune-positive clones. For this purpose several commercially available adjuvants and adjuvant formulations representing different classes of molecules were compared. Humoral responses and animals' distress evaluated by clinical assessment and histopathological examinations were investigated and compared to fusion efficiencies. In a first set of experiments seven adjuvants were tested essentially to determine their potential to induce distress. Poly(A).poly(U) and GERBU were selected for further investigations due to their low overall toxicity. They were combined with five different antigens and compared to the classic Freund's adjuvant system (CFA/IFA) and to control immunizations without adjuvant. The results showed that adjuvants of very low toxicity could induce a high fusion efficiency. According to a standardized immunization protocol, GERBU induced polyclonal titres similar to Freund's whereas animals treated with poly(A).poly(U) did not attain titres higher than mice immunized with antigen in saline. Poly(A).poly(U) however, exhibited the best fusion efficiency, Freund and GERBU were slightly less efficient. Therefore poly(A).poly(U) and GERBU may serve as valuable alternatives to Freund's adjuvant for generating monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, these two adjuvants are very easy to use.
Superovulation in vesper mice, Calomys laucha-an important biomedical model for hantavirus and arenavirus (Rodentia-Sigmodontinae)
Authors: Lasserre A. , Cebral E. , Vitullo A. D.
Published: April 2007

Sigmodontine rodents are poorly studied and have not received much attention as a reproductive model. Renewed interest in the South American rodents has been stimulated by their link to endemic diseases that are transmitted to man. Calomys laucha acts as a reservoir of two dangerous viruses: an arenavirus named 'Junin virus', the aetiological agent of Argentinian haemorrhagic fever, and the huntavirus, both of which constitute serious sanitary problems. The aim of this study was to establish suitable conditions to superovulate the vesper mouse, Calomys laucha. We examined the hormonal doses, the time interval between hormones, the time-course of ovulation, and the effect of female age on the response to exogenous hormone administration. Female mice were injected with 5-5, 8-8 or 12-15 ill of PMSG/hCG, 48 h apart, at different age intervals (from 30 to > 120 days old). The best superovulation rate was obtained with 8-8 IU PMSG/hCG. Ovulation started about 10 h post-hCG and was completed during the next 4-5 h, and was achieved irrespectively from the oestrus cycle stage. The number of oocytes was influenced by the age of the females. The youngest females had only a superovulatory response. Females older than 61 days showed both ovulatory and superovulatory responses, although 91-120-day-old females had a high ovulatory response. Most of the occytes (96.5%) recovered were morphologically normal. The genus Calomys constitutes a reproductive model completely different from conventional laboratory rodents.
Beta-adrenoceptor inhibition for induction of acute cardiac failure in pigs
Authors: Petzold Thomas , Feindt Peter , Menger Michael D. , Gams Emmeran
Published: April 2007

For the testing of heart assist devices most animal models of acute cardiac failure that are usually used show certain disadvantages. We therefore developed a new method using the β-adrenoceptor antagonist carazolol. We administered a bolus injection of 1 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 1 mg/kg/h in adult German 'Landrasse' pigs. Blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output and maximum left ventricular pressure rise time showed a significant ( P<0.05) reduction of the control value varying between 40% and 59%. The method is suitable for the testing of surgical approaches in heart failure.
Characterization of a cyanobacterial RNase P ribozyme recognition motif in the IRES of foot-and-mouth disease virus reveals a unique structural element
Authors: Serrano Paula , Gomez Jordi , Martínez-Salas Encarnación
Published: April 2007

Translation initiation driven by internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements is dependent on the structural organization of the IRES region. Picornavirus IRES are organized in structural domains, in which the terminal stem–loops participate in functional RNA–protein interactions. However, the mechanistic role performed by the central domain during internal initiation has not been elucidated yet. Here we show that the foot-and-mouth-disease virus IRES contains a structural motif that serves in vitro as substrate for the Synechocystis sp. RNase P ribozyme, a structure-dependent endonuclease that participates in tRNA precursor processing. Recognition of the IRES substrate was dose dependent, required high magnesium concentration, and resulted in the formation of cleavage products with 5′ phosphate and 3′ hydroxyl ends. Mapping of the core recognition motif indicated that it overlapped with the apical region of the central domain. Two IRES constructs containing nucleotide substitutions in the apical region of the central domain that reorganized RNA structure displayed an altered pattern of cleavage by the cyanobacterial ribozyme generating new cleavage events in nearby residues. From these data it is inferred that the central domain of the IRES region has evolved a tRNA structural mimicry that renders it a substrate for RNase P ribozyme reaction. Recognition of this motif was affected in defective IRES mutants with a local RNA structure reorganization, suggesting that its structural preservation is required for IRES activity.
A family of poly(U) polymerases
Authors: Kwak Jae Eun , Wickens Marvin
Published: April 2007

The GLD-2 family of poly(A) polymerases add successive AMP monomers to the 3′ end of specific RNAs, forming a poly(A) tail. Here, we identify a new group of GLD-2-related nucleotidyl transferases from Arabidopsis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Caenorhabditis elegans, and humans. Like GLD-2, these enzymes are template independent and add nucleotides to the 3′ end of an RNA substrate. However, these new enzymes, which we refer to as poly(U) polymerases, add poly(U) rather than poly(A) to their RNA substrates.
Reply Letters following Orthodontic Consultations: An Audit of Merseyside General Dental Practitioners’ Satisfaction
Authors: Waring David T , Harrison Jayne E
Published: April 2007

Objectives

To assess the opinions of general dental practitioners (GDPs) working within the National Health Service (NHS) in Merseyside regarding the length, format and appropriateness of consultant orthodontists’ letters sent in reply to referral letters.

Main outcome measures

These were GDPs’ satisfaction with the length, format and content of the reply letters; GDPs’ preferences for the information deemed necessary in such letters; GDPs’ awareness of the status of their patients and the actions they were requested to undertake.

Method

After piloting, questionnaires were mailed to 330 participating GDPs between August and October 2004.

Results

Two hundred and fifty-one (76%) questionnaires were returned. With one exception, the length of consultants’ letters was thought to be adequate. Of the responding GDPs 82% stated a preference for summaries of the diagnosis and treatment plan to be presented in a list format rather than as free text. Aspects of the treatment plan were thought to be more important than the information about the examination. Following receipt of the reply letter only 71% of GDPs were aware of what was happening to their patients and 75% knew what actions they were to undertake.

Conclusions

This audit provides evidence that GDPs consider that a significant portion of the information in consultants’ reply letters is not needed. Relevant information may be poorly communicated.
Synaesthesia, creativity and art: What is the link?
Authors: Ward Jamie , Thompson‐Lake Daisy , Ely Roxanne , Kaminski Flora
Published: April 2007

It has been suggested that individuals with synaesthesia may show heightened creativity as a result of being able to form meaningful associations between disparate stimuli (e.g. colour, sound). In this study, a large sample (N=82) of people with various kinds of synaesthesia were given two psychometric tests of creativity (Remote Associates Test, Alternate Uses Test) and were also asked about the amount of time engaged in creative arts (visual art, music). There was a significant tendency for synaesthetes to spend more time engaged in creative arts and this was, at least in part, dependent upon the type of synaesthesia experienced. For example, synaesthetes experiencing vision from music were far more likely to play an instrument than their other synaesthetic counterparts. There was no relationship between this tendency and the psychometric measures of creativity, but synaesthetes did outperform controls on one of the two psychometric measures (Remote Associates). We conclude that the tendency for synaesthetes to be more engaged in art is likely to have a different mechanism to psychometric measures of creativity, and that there is no direct link between them. Although synaesthetes may well perform better on some measures of creativity, we suggest that synaesthetes have better bottom‐up access to certain associations, but are not necessarily better able to use them flexibly (in divergent thinking).
Obstetric haemorrhage in Gimbie, Ethiopia
Authors: Duffy Shane
Published: April 2007

Key content

The leading cause of maternal death in developing countries is obstetric haemorrhage.

The developing world has benefited little from the many medical advances of the last century.

Health interventions in developing countries need to involve community as well as health facility interventions (the ‘three delays’ model).

Learning objectives

To understand the challenges of improving maternal health globally, especially in Ethiopia.

To understand how developed countries can take the lead by funding change and by ethical recruitment from developing countries.

To understand how a small charity, Maternity Worldwide, has started to address maternal inequalities in developing countries.

Ethical issues

Safe motherhood is not a charity issue: it is a call for justice.

Developed countries have a responsibility not to actively recruit the scarce numbers of health care staff from developing countries.

Please cite this article as: Duffy S. Obstetric haemorrhage in Gimbie, Ethiopia. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:121–126.
Combining Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy for Schizophrenia
Authors: Kingdon David , Rathod Shanaya , Hansen Lars , Naeem Farook , Wright Jesse H.
Published: April 2007

Cognitive therapy (CT) is now recognized as an effective intervention for schizophrenia in clinical guidelines developed in the United States (APA, 2006; Lehman et al., 2004) and Europe (e.g., National Institute of Clinical Excellence, 2002). However, empirical studies of CT for schizophrenia, cited as the evidence base for these recommendations, have been conducted solely with patients treated with concurrent medication. It has been a priority in some studies to enhance collaboration with the use of medication and insight into the illness for the individual patient (Kemp, Hayward, Applewhaite, Everitt, & David, 1996); and in most studies, such collaboration has been an integral part of the CT intervention. This article discusses potential interactions between medication and therapy, briefly outlines commonly used medication regimens for schizophrenia, details possible methods to improve adherence to pharmacotherapy, and explores issues encountered in collaboration in combined pharmacotherapy and CT. Finally, we discuss strategies for managing situations in which clients do not want to take medication.
Efficacy of Various Treatments for PTSD in Battered Women: Case Studies
Authors: Stapleton Jennifer A. , Taylor Steven , Asmundson Gordon J. G.
Published: April 2007

Spousal abuse and other forms of domestic violence can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Little is known about how to best treat this form of PTSD. The current case series, based on data collected as part of a larger clinical trial, was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of exposure therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), or relaxation therapy. Three woman with battered-spouse-related PTSD were assigned to one of these treatments. The patient receiving exposure responded well to treatment and no longer met the criteria for PTSD at post-treatment or at 3-month follow-up. The battered women in the other two conditions continued to meet the criteria for PTSD at post-treatment and at follow-up. The patterns of treatment response were similar to those experienced by individuals with other forms of PTSD (N = 42) examined in the larger trial. The results of these case studies encourage further studies of exposure therapy for battered-spouse-related PTSD.
Schemas as Memories: Implications for Treatment
Authors: James Ian A. , Reichelt F. Katharina , Freeston Mark H. , Barton Stephen B.
Published: April 2007

Schemas are usually viewed as core dysfunctional beliefs, lying dormant until activated by a salient trigger (i.e., the diathesis-stress model). It is suggested that they are long-standing, stable themes that are specific to the individual. They are formed during childhood in an attempt by the person to cope with life events and environmental situations. Once schemas are active, they become the engine room of negative automatic thoughts and serve to bias information negatively. This prototypical description has a number of implications. Indeed, it clearly suggests that schemas are stored units of information that can be activated at some future time under the “appropriate” cueing conditions—in other words, they are memories. Developing this perspective, this article argues that therapists should have a broader concept of the nature of schemas and, rather than viewing them solely as cognitions, therapists should view them as stored multisensory representations. As such, schemas can be adequately described as representations of past experiences that are composed of cognitions and sensory features (olfactory, tactile, taste, etc.) that are both stored and retrieved as coherent units. Hence, when treating someone with depression, in addition to assessing the cognitions, one should determine whether there are sounds, tastes, body postures, and/or other sensory features associated with the patient’s experience of his/her depression. If such features are found to be present, they need to be assessed appropriately and duly targeted with suitable intervention strategies.
Combining Medication Treatment and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Basco Monica Ramirez , Ladd Gretchen , Myers Diane S. , Tyler David
Published: April 2007

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a severe, recurrent psychiatric illness characterized by a chronic course of vacillating episodes of major depression and mania that impair functioning across many psychosocial domains (DSM–IV; DSM–IV-TR). Within each type of episode, changes occur in mood, cognitive processing, and regulation of vegetative functioning. Typical mood shifts include sadness (in depression) or euphoria (in mania). Either state can produce irritability, anxiety, and anger. In addition, both the process and the content of cognitive functioning are altered. Typical changes in process include decreased speed of thought in depression and increased speed of thought in mania. Content changes include negativity in depression and in mixed states, and grandiosity or paranoia in manic states. According to the cognitive-behavioral model of BPD (Basco & Rush, 2005), these changes in mood and cognition are accompanied by behavioral changes, typically increases in activity in mania and decreases in activity in depression. These behavioral changes, in turn, generally have a negative impact on the individual’s psychosocial functioning, such as slowed work productivity, neglect of household or family responsibilities, and reduced involvement in social activities, bring negative consequences to patients as well as those in their primary support groups. In mania, risk taking, disorganized behavior, sleep loss, and reduced medication adherence quickly exacerbate symptoms, reduce quality of functioning, and create significant psychosocial problems. BPD is sensitive to stress (Goodwin & Jamison, 1990). As symptoms alter functioning, new stressors are created as a consequence. Added stress exacerbates symptoms, and functioning may decline further.
When Head and Heart Do Not Agree: A Theoretical and Clinical Analysis of Rational-Emotional Dissociation (RED) in Cognitive Therapy
Authors: Stott Richard
Published: April 2007

In cognitive therapy, a dissociation sometimes occurs between a person’s rational belief and the way it “feels” to that person. This phenomenon, though widely recognized, has received little theoretical analysis or research. Clinical and nonclinical examples are presented, revealing a phenomenon that is a matter of more than mere curiosity. A variety of theoretical perspectives are investigated, including implicit/explicit cognitive processing, the generation of emotion, neuroscience, metacognition, the role of emotional memories, and compassion. The implications for cognitive therapy are considered briefly and some research avenues suggested. It is argued that an examination of this neglected phenomenon could aid cognitive case conceptualization and warrants further theoretical and clinical attention.
A Concurrent Test of the Anxiety Sensitivity Taxon: Its Relation to Bodily Vigilance and Perceptions of Control Over Anxiety-Related Events in a Sample of Young Adults
Authors: Zvolensky Michael J. , Forsyth John P. , Bernstein Amit , Leen-Feldner Ellen W.
Published: April 2007

The present investigation evaluated the Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) taxon using the 16-item Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Reiss, Peterson, Gursky, & McNally, 1986) and its relation with two theoretically relevant cognitive processes associated with panic vulnerability: bodily vigilance and perceived uncontrollability over anxiety-related events. Taxometric analyses of 589 young adults indicated that the latent structure of AS was taxonic with an estimated base rate ranging between 13% and 14%. As predicted, an 8-item ASI Taxon Scale accounted for significant variance above and beyond that accounted for by the full-scale ASI total score in terms of bodily vigilance and perceived controllability of anxiety-related events. Moreover, after accounting for the variance explained by the full-scale ASI total score, the total score for the 8 ASI items not included in the ASI Taxon Scale was associated with significant variance in these same dependent measures, but it was in the opposite direction from that predicted by contemporary panic disorder theory. Dichotomous taxon membership accounted for significant variance above total ASI scores for bodily vigilance but not perceptions of control for anxiety-related events. These findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications for the study of AS and panic vulnerability.
The Early Maladaptive Schemas of Self-Mutilators: Implications for Therapy
Authors: Castille Katie , Prout Maurice , Marczyk Geoffrey , Shmidheiser Maximillian , Yoder Stephanie , Howlett Beth
Published: April 2007

The present study explored the Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) of individuals who engage in self-mutilation. One hundred five participants (34 males and 71 females) from a community site and from two clinical sites participated in the study. Four EMS differentiated self-mutilators from nonmutilators: Mistrust/Abuse, Emotional Deprivation, Social Isolation/Alienation, and Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline. The following schemas were also found to differentiate repetitive self-mutilators from nonmutilators and from self-mutilators who had engaged in only one episode of self-mutilation: Emotional Deprivation, Social Isolation/Alienation, Defectiveness/Shame, and Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline. Finally, the Social Isolation/Alienation schema was found to be endorsed more strongly as the number of self-mutilative episodes increased. The results are largely in accord with the theoretical suppositions of schema theory. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed in the context of schema therapy.
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy With Eating Disorders: The Role of Medications in Treatment
Authors: Bowers Wayne A. , Andersen Arnold E.
Published: April 2007

Cognitive-behavioral therapy has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa, but there is less empirical data on its usefulness with anorexia nervosa or binge-eating disorder. The use of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is recommended as the first line of treatment for bulimia nervosa and strongly recommended in combination when medications alone have not been effective. Combined treatment also improves symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and dietary restriction. Empirical studies support the usefulness of CBT with binge-eating disorder and suggest higher remission rates with combined treatment. No single psychotherapy or medicine alone is effective in treating anorexia nervosa. CBT is typically used as part of a comprehensive treatment program with nutritional rehabilitation and prudent use of medication. Both CBT and medication may have benefits in maintaining gains for anorexia nervosa patients after inpatient treatment. More research on CBT alone and in combination with medication is needed to adequately understand the respective roles of these therapies in a comprehensive treatment of eating disorders.