bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial essences and historical invisibility: Chinese opera in New York, 1930
Authors: RAO NANCY YUNHWA
Published: October 2003

Describing the performances of two Chinese opera groups – the visiting famous opera singer Mai Lan-fang and his troupe on Broadway and the local San Sai Gai troupe in Chinatown – and their reception by non-Chinese Americans, this essay tracks various formations and effects of Chinese images in 1930s New York that were deeply imprinted in popular imagination. The regrettable invisibility of Chinese opera in American music history is a result of such a pre-constructed concept of Chineseness.
Permeable boundaries in Mozart's Don Giovanni
Authors: ZEISS LAUREL ELIZABETH
Published: October 2003

Permeable boundaries form the musical ‘thread’ of Don Giovanni– a compositional strategy fundamental to the opera's character. Customary cadential borders get omitted or blurred; material heard early in the opera prominently returns; and all the accompanied recitative-set piece pairs act as ‘composite pieces’ – scenes in which musical material as well as dramatic function bind the accompanied recitative and aria or duet together and fuse them into one entity. ‘Permeability’ is heightened in Don Giovanni due to the supernatural elements of the plot, the title character's refusal to to submit to society's strictures, Gluck's association with the story, and Mozart's propensity for musical one-upmanship. Yet it is by no means unique to that work. Studying the relationships between accompanied recitatives and adjacent numbers reveals a ‘middleground’ of musical continuity that lies between long-range tonal plans and the motivic and tonal unities of individual numbers. Hence these passages challenge, as well as complement, some of our underlying assumptions about operatic form, and urge us to expand our definition of a ‘number’.
Error-specific and individualised feedback in a Web-based language
tutoring system: Do they read it?
Authors: HEIFT TRUDE
Published: October 2003

This paper discusses learners’ responses to
metalinguistic feedback and their strategies in error correction in a Web-based
Intelligent Language Tutoring System (ILTS) for German. The system consists of a
grammar and a parser which analyses student input and provides error-specific
feedback to grammar and vocabulary exercises. Furthermore, the ILTS employs a
Student Model that matches feedback messages to learner expertise and provides
remedial exercises. Two beginner German classes, 33 students in all, used the ILTS
for grammar practice, submitting a total of 4405 sentences for analysis. The
results indicate that for the vast majority of sentences (79.5%) students read
and attended to system feedback. Moreover, as iterations increased students paid
more attention to the feedback messages.
Creating a grammar checker for CALL by constraint relaxation:
a feasibility study
Authors: VANDEVENTER ANNE
Published: October 2003

Intelligent feedback on learners’ full written
sentence productions requires the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP)
tools and, in particular, of a diagnosis system. Most syntactic parsers, on which
grammar checkers are based, are designed to parse grammatical sentences and/or
native speaker productions. They are therefore not necessarily suitable for
language learners. In this paper, we concentrate on the transformation of a
French syntactic parser into a grammar checker geared towards intermediate to
advanced learners of French. Several techniques are envisaged to allow the
parser to handle ill-formed input, including constraint relaxation. By the
very nature of this technique, parsers can generate complete analyses for
ungrammatical sentences. Proper labelling of where the analysis has been able to
proceed thanks to a specific constraint relaxation forms the basis of the error
diagnosis. Parsers with relaxed constraints tend to produce more complete,
although incorrect, analyses for grammatical sentences, and several complete
analyses for ungrammatical sentences. This increased number of analyses per
sentence has one major drawback: it slows down the system and requires more
memory. An experiment was conducted to observe the behaviour of our parser in the
context of constraint relaxation. Three specific constraints, agreement in number,
gender, and person, were selected and relaxed in different combinations. A learner
corpus was parsed with each combination. The evolution of the number of correct
diagnoses and of parsing speed, among other factors, were monitored. We then
evaluated, by comparing the results, whether large scale constraint relaxation is
a viable option to transform our syntactic parser into an efficient grammar
checker for CALL.
CSCL – a tool to motivate foreign language learners: The Finnish application
Authors: LEHTONEN TUIJA , TUOMAINEN SIRPA
Published: October 2003

This article discusses the applications of the theory of Computer Supported
Collaborative Learning (CSCL) to teaching and learning a foreign language, in this case, one of
the ‘Less Commonly Taught Languages’, Finnish. The ‘Virtually Finnish’
project was based on the idea of creating a larger, virtual Finnish learning community among the
second-year Finnish language students in five US universities during the fall semester, 2001. CSCL
was chosen as a base, as its principal goal is to aid the learners in sharing and distributing
their knowledge to the whole learning community. In addition to discussing the set up and the
content of the project, the students’ feedback about their language learning experience
in the CSCL-environment will be examined. Furthermore, the conclusions, and the realization of our
goals from the perspective of CSCL, as well as the students’ feedback on the collaborative
process will be discussed. Based on the knowledge gained from limited feedback, a discussion of
tools to aid language students in becoming a part of motivating and authentic collaboration
projects on-line will be discussed. Looking at the students’ work on-line, as well as the
feedback received, it was realized that certain skills crucial for communication have been
neglected in teaching. Furthermore, it was realized that teaching on-line learning strategies in
addition to teaching the target language is crucial. Future plans, and ideas for research in the
area of CSCL will be shared in anticipation of inspiring others to undertake further
research.
Science of risk factors in fallers: impact of cognitive dysfunction
Authors: Shaw FE , Kenny RA
Published: October 2003

Older people with cognitive impairment and dementia are at increased risk of falls
and their adverse consequences when compared with cognitively intact older adults.
Using prospectively gathered data, approximately three-quarters of older people with
cognitive impairment and dementia can expect to fall each year, double
the fall-risk of cognitively normal older people. In addition, compared
with their cognitively normal counterparts, people with cognitive impairment and
dementia have an increased annual incidence of fractures, and are less
likely to make a good functional recovery after a fall. The prevalence of dementia
in the United Kingdom is about 5% of the population aged over 65, and 15%
of those aged over 80. Falls in patients with cognitive impairment and dementia
represent a significant health problem in the UK.
Locus Solum: From the rules of logic to the logic of rules
Authors: GIRARD JEAN-YVES
Published: October 2003

Go back to An-fang, the Peace Square at An-Fang, the Beginning Place at An-Fang, where
all things start (…) An-Fang was near a city, the only living city with a pre-atomic name
(…) The headquarters of the People Programmer was at An-Fang, and there the mistake
happened: A ruby trembled. Two tourmaline nets failed to rectify the laser beam. A
diamond noted the error. Both the error and the correction went into the general computer.
Cordwainer SmithThe Dead Lady of Clown Town, 1964.
Algebraic properties of processes for Local Action
Systems
Authors: VERLINDEN NICO , JANSSENS DIRK
Published: October 2003

Graph rewriting has been used extensively to model the behaviour of concurrent systems
and to provide a formal semantics for them. In this paper, we investigate processes for Local
Action Systems (LAS); LAS generalize several types of graph rewriting based on node
replacement and embedding. An important difference between processes for Local Action
Systems and the process notions that have been introduced for other systems, for example,
Petri nets, is the presence of a component describing the embedding mechanism. The aim of
the paper is to develop a methodology for dealing with this embedding mechanism: we
introduce a suitable representation (a dynamic structure) for it, and then investigate the
algebraic properties of this representation. This leads to a simple characterization of the
configurations of a process and to a number of equational laws for dynamic structures. We
illustrate the use of these laws by providing an equational proof of one of the basic results
for LAS processes, namely that the construction yielding the result graph of a process
behaves well with respect to the sequential composition of processes.
The temporal logic of coalgebras via Galois algebras
Authors: JACOBS BART
Published: October 2003

This paper introduces a temporal logic for coalgebras. Nexttime and lasttime operators are defined for a coalgebra, acting on predicates on the state space. They give rise to what is called a Galois algebra. Galois algebras form models of temporal logics like Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) and Computation Tree Logic (CTL). The mapping from coalgebras to Galois algebras turns out to be functorial, yielding indexed categorical structures. This construction gives many examples, for coalgebras of polynomial functors on sets. More generally, it will be shown how ‘fuzzy’ predicates on metric spaces, and predicates on presheaves, yield indexed Galois algebras, in basically the same coalgebraic manner.
A Nordic Alternative to Europe? The Interdependence of Denmark's Nordic and European policies, 1945–1998
Authors: Laursen Johnny N. , Olesen Thorsten B.
Published: October 2003

This article examines the interaction between Danish European and Nordic attitudes and policies in the postwar period. Attention is primarily dedicated to an analysis of how Nordic attitudes and policies have influenced Denmark's relations with Europe, and especially with the EEC/EU project. The article highlights how this interaction has moved through several different phases, and how priorities have shifted over time, with the Nordic policies functioning as an alternative to, as a platform for, and as a supplement to, Danish European policies. Despite the fact that most of the political elite early on lost belief in Norden as an alternative to Europe, this idea, stimulated by the intensive official and private cultivation of Nordic co-operation, kept its attraction among broad segments of the population. As a consequence a schism has developed between elite and popular attitutudes twoards European integration, and part of this schism must be explained with reference to how the vision of a Nordic alternative has continued to serve as a de-legitimiser of Danish involvement with the EEC/EU. However, this interdependence may be entering a new phase as a result of Finland and Sweden entering the EU in 1995.
The Lingua Franca of Human Rights and the Rise of a Global Bioethic
Authors: KNOWLES LORI P.
Published: October 2003

Globalization is often discussed as if it were a
recent phenomenon relating primarily to the development
of world financial markets and improvements in information
and travel technologies. But globalization is an ancient
process, beginning with mercantile and cultural exchanges
and facilitated by advances in transportation. In the twentieth
century, the results of globalization can be seen in the
rise of global capitalism and in the construction of a
global economy. Most recently, the process of globalization
has moved beyond the world of finance, however, into areas
still traditionally thought of as national concerns, such as
culture and healthcare. It is no surprise, therefore, that
increasingly the challenges the United States is confronting
in healthcare, biotechnology, and the environment are simultaneously
faced by the international community as a whole. In the wake
of the HIV pandemic, growing environmental consciousness,
and a series of sensational advances in biotechnology, there
is a dawning realization that problems such as improving
public health, regulating advances in biotechnology, and
achieving sustainable environmental development transcend
national borders. In other words, bioethics concerns are
global in nature.
Before Pigs' Germs Fly: Xenotransplantation and a Call
for Federal Action
Authors: HERZ SUSAN E.
Published: October 2003

When surgeons transplant animal organs into humans, people
who did not receive the organs incur risks. These third parties
may stand near or far in time or space. No one knows the
likelihood, breadth, or nature of the risks in question. The
common wisdom among infectious-disease specialists is that in
the best of xenotransplant conditions, such third-party risk
may be minimized but not eliminated.
Response to “Cutting Bodies to Harvest Organs”
by John Portmann (CQ Vol 8, No 3)
Authors: Zutlevics T.L.
Published: October 2003

John Portmann attributes the current shortage of organs
for transplantation to the dual effects of bioethics'
reverence for autonomy and a general anxiety in the public about
cutting bodies. Contrary to Portmann, I argue that attributing even
partial blame to autonomy for organ shortages wrongly locates the
problem. Indeed, there is reason to believe that waiting lists
would be considerably shortened by respecting people's
autonomy. I also question Portmann's explanation of the
general aversion to organ donation in terms of a deep-seated
anxiety about cutting bodies.
Bioethics and Healthcare Reform: A Whig Response to Weak Consensus
Authors: TROTTER GRIFFIN
Published: October 2003

Contemporary bioethics begins with the perception that
medical values are a matter of public, rather than merely
professional, interest. Such was the message of delegates in
Helsinki and of the New Jersey court that decided for Quinlan.
It is a theme that lurks within almost every major bioethical
treatise since the first edition of Principles of Bioethics.
This perception also undergirds the increasingly popular suggestion
that moral authority in the patient-physician relationship resides
neither in the medical profession, nor in the singular will
of the patient, but in moral communities that link both parties
with higher social orders.
Bioethics and Graduate Medical Education: The Great Match
Authors: ISERSON KENNETH V.
Published: October 2003

Given the money, prestige and power at stake in high-level
sports, ethical lapses are hardly surprising. Nor are the rules,
people, and organizations we entrust to punish infractions and
ensure fair play. Similarly, the high stakes involved in medical
education invite ethical slips. Yet, there are not only few
referees in this all-important “game,” but also
the subject itself has been almost entirely off-limits in the
academic literature.
Helping Residents Live at Risk
Authors: BROWNE ALISTER
Published: October 2003

Residents in long-term care facilities and rehab hospitals
sometimes ask healthcare professionals (HCPs) to help them do
things that HCPs judge to be on balance harmful. A person with
respiratory problems may ask for a cigarette, a diabetic for
alcohol, a dysphagiac for food or fluids by mouth, a person
at risk for falling for her walker, and so on. These requests
raise two kinds of problems. The first pits residents against
HCPs. Should HCPs ever help residents do what they consider
harmful? The second pits HCPs against HCPs. If HCPs disagree
among themselves—some thinking that the resident should
receive the assistance, others thinking not—what should
be done?
Singularity Probabilities for Random Matrices over Finite Fields
Authors: KAHN JEFF , KOMLÓS JÁNOS
Published: October 2003

Fix q and let Mn be an n × n
matrix with entries drawn independently from the finite field
Fq according to some distribution μn.
It is shown that, except in certain pathological cases,
the probability that Mn is nonsingular is asymptotically the same as for uniform entries;
that is,

[Formula here]
Poisson Approximation for the Non-Overlapping Appearances of Several Words in Markov Chains
Authors: CHRYSSAPHINOU OURANIA , PAPASTAVRIDIS STAVROS , VAGGELATOU EUTICHIA
Published: October 2003

Let X1, …, Xn be a sequence of r.v.s
produced by a stationary Markov chain with state space an alphabet Ω
= {ω1, …, ωq}, q [ges ] 2. We consider a set of words
{A1, …, Ar}, r [ges ] 2,
with letters from the alphabet Ω. We allow the words to have self-overlaps as well as
overlaps between them. Let [Escr ] denote the event of the appearance of a word from the set
{A1, …, Ar} at a given position.
Moreover, define by N the number of non-overlapping (competing renewal) appearances of
[Escr ] in the sequence X1, …, Xn. We derive a bound
on the total variation distance between the distribution of N and a Poisson distribution
with parameter [ ]N. The Stein–Chen method and combinatorial arguments concerning the
structure of words are employed. As a corollary, we obtain an analogous result for the i.i.d.
case. Furthermore, we prove that, under quite general conditions, the r.v. N converges in
distribution to a Poisson r.v. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the performance
of the bound in the Markov case.
The ‘Burnside Process’ Converges Slowly
Authors: GOLDBERG LESLIE ANN , JERRUM MARK
Published: October 2003

We consider the problem of sampling ‘unlabelled structures’, i.e., sampling combinatorial
structures modulo a group of symmetries. The main tool which has been used for this
sampling problem is Burnside’s lemma. In situations where a significant proportion of the
structures have no nontrivial symmetries, it is already fairly well understood how to apply
this tool. More generally, it is possible to obtain nearly uniform samples by simulating
a Markov chain that we call the Burnside process: this is a random walk on a bipartite
graph which essentially implements Burnside’s lemma. For this approach to be feasible,
the Markov chain ought to be ‘rapidly mixing’, i.e., converge rapidly to equilibrium. The
Burnside process was known to be rapidly mixing for some special groups, and it has even
been implemented in some computational group theory algorithms. In this paper, we show
that the Burnside process is not rapidly mixing in general. In particular, we construct an
infinite family of permutation groups for which we show that the mixing time is exponential
in the degree of the group.
Convergence of the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Game
Authors: DYER MARTIN , GOLDBERG LESLIE ANN , GREENHILL CATHERINE , ISTRATE GABRIEL , JERRUM MARK
Published: October 2003

We consider a stochastic process based on the iterated prisoner's dilemma game. During
the game, each of n players has a state, either cooperate or defect. The players are connected
by an ‘interaction graph’. During each step of the process, an edge of the graph is chosen
uniformly at random and the states of the players connected by the edge are modified
according to the Pavlov strategy. The process converges to a unique absorbing state in
which all players cooperate. We prove two conjectures of Kittock: the convergence rate is
exponential in n when the interaction graph is a complete graph, and it is polynomial in n
when the interaction graph is a cycle. In fact, we show that the rate is O(n log n) in the
latter case.
Urban charity, class relations and social cohesion: charitable responses to the Cotton Famine
Authors: Shapely Peter
Published: October 2003

This article is concerned with the Cotton Famine affecting the towns of north-west England between 1861–64. It examines charitable responses to the Famine and especially the impact of the charity relationship between recipient and donor. Understanding the complexities of this relationship, based on a reciprocal arrangement and establishing behavoural norms, leads to a wider appreciation of the role of charity in determining class cohesion and in managing the urban environment.
Colonial modernism and the flawed paradigms of urban renewal: uneven development in Bombay, 1900–25
Authors: Hazareesingh Sandip
Published: October 2003

This article explores the failure of urban renewal in Bombay city during the first quarter of the twentieth century. It shows how colonial rule structured a class-driven process of uneven urban ‘improvements’ that actually exacerbated the problems of congestion, bad housing and environmental blight. In this process, the new forces of modernity were selectively appropriated to accentuate the differentiation in built forms and urban spaces. Finally, through implicit comparisons with contemporary developments in Europe, it reveals the limitations of urban regeneration in a laissez-faire colonial capitalist environment where the search for quick returns by competing economic actors precluded the adoption of long-term policies and interventionist strategies necessary to create the good city life.
GANDOLF: a system for generating automated nowcasts of convective precipitation
Authors: Pierce C E , Hardaker P J , Collier C G , Haggett C M
Published: October 2003

During the past decade hydrologists have become increasingly aware of the problems of fluvial flood prediction during periods of intense convection, particularly in urbanised catchments whose rainfall‐runoff responses tend to be rapid. Existing approaches to deterministic, short‐range rainfall prediction are often deficient in their treatment of convective precipitation because they cannot resolve individual convective clouds or effectively model their evolution. In 1994 the UK Met. Office established a joint R&D programme with the Environment Agency (responsible for flood prediction in England and Wales) to explore the benefits of an Object‐Oriented conceptual Model (OOM) of convection in the nowcasting of fluvial floods. This involved the development of an automated nowcasting system (GANDOLF) designed to run the OOM during episodes of air mass convection. This paper describes the structure and function of the GANDOLF system and compares the performance of the OOM with that of two other precipitation models routinely used by Thames Region of the Agency. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Extraction of breakpoints from radar‐estimated rainfall fields
Authors: Sansom John , Thompson Craig S , Gray Warren R
Published: October 2003

The breakpoint format for rainfall data, by recording the rainrate and the times when the rainrate changes, consists of variable length periods during which rain of constant intensity fell. It is compact and retains a level of detail equivalent to that found in high temporal resolution data. However, breakpoint data are available only at the relatively few locations where automatic raingauges produce pluviographs. On the other hand, radar observations of rainfall provide precipitation data at a high spatial density but at poor time resolution. Advantage can be taken of this high spatial density to give more locations where breakpoints are available through interpolation between the radar images to provide precipitation data at sufficient temporal resolution for the extraction of breakpoints. The interpolation scheme, based on the PARAPLUIE method, detects the movement and evolution of precipitating echoes to provide additional interpolated radar images. Breakpoints, extracted at pixels of the images that contain raingauges, showed similar overall accumulations and characteristics when compared with those of the collocated raingauges. The similarity is particularly so for gauges within a 50 km radius of the radar where the spatial resolution of the radar and the temporal resolution of the raingauges are equivalent. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
River flow forecasting using a rainfall disaggregation model incorporating small‐scale topographic effects
Authors: Misumi R , Bell V A , Moore R J
Published: October 2003

River flow forecasting using rainfall predictions from a mesoscale weather prediction model in combination with a physically‐based rainfall disaggregation model incorporating small‐scale topographic variability is demonstrated. Rainfall predicted by the UK Met Office Mesoscale Model on a 16.8 km grid is disaggregated onto a 2 km grid using a rainfall model which adds the effect of small‐scale topography. River flow is calculated by a distributed rainfall‐runoff model using the output from the rainfall model. A thunderstorm event on 7 June 1996 over the Brue catchment in Somerset, England is used to evaluate the models. The rainfall model successfully forecasts the band‐shaped rainfall field within the catchment and the error in the total amount of flow during the storm is only −12%. An error of −40% in the peak flow is attributed to the treatment of convective clouds in the model. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
A review and unification of conceptual models of cyclogenesis
Authors: Semple Adrian T
Published: October 2003

Extensive studies of extra‐tropical cyclones over the past sixty years have led to a plethora of conceptual models that describe the structure and evolution of storms. These conceptual (or structural) models blend observational, experimental and mathematical studies so as to represent the physical phenomena within a simple, yet flexible framework. The first three sections of this report review these conceptual models by stepping through the evolution of a mid‐latitude cyclone and aim to illustrate how at each stage, conceptual models give a description of the physical processes occurring within the system. The fourth section reviews a recent cyclone classification scheme in the context of these conceptual models and attempts to group the cyclone classes into those arising through similar mechanisms. Conceptual models are then combined with this classification scheme so as to offer a unified perspective of cyclogenesis out of which a cyclone continuum develops. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
A Non-Pocket Handbook of Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Lane Angela B. , Black F. William
Published: October 2003

The stated intent of this rather hefty book is
to “provide a readily available handbook for neuropsychology
interns, fellows, and practicing clinicians,” with
a focus on the “major differential diagnoses that
neuropsychologists are routinely asked to make,”
particularly in a hospital-based neuropsychological practice.
These are optimistic goals that are frequently, although
not always, fulfilled. The editors are to be commended
for their success in organizing a knowledgeable and erudite
group of contributors, who generally have conformed to
the recommended stylistic and content guidelines. However,
as is typical of most edited works, the stated intent(s)
of the book are rather unevenly addressed in both the scope
of the included topics and by the various authors. The
book includes 30 chapters divided into five sections: General
Issues (101 pp.), Pediatric Psychology (64 pp.), Geriatric
Psychology (66 pp.), Neurological Disorders (159 pp.),
and Neuropsychological Syndromes (225 pp.), and an appendix
of medical abbreviations. The result is a not-so-brief
handbook that is useful as a desk reference guide for students,
interns, fellows, and nonneuropsychological clinicians
working with neurological patients. For experienced neuropsychologists,
the book is likely to be of less value due to its intentionally
brief reviews of most topics.
Neurocognitive functioning in Lesch-Nyhan disease and partial
hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
Authors: SCHRETLEN DAVID J. , HARRIS JAMES C. , PARK KAREN S. , JINNAH HYDER A. , DEL POZO NATALIA OJEDA
Published: October 2003

Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is a rare, X-linked genetic disorder
that involves the nearly complete absence of an enzyme
(hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, or HPRT) that
is essential for purine salvage. In addition to hyperuricemia,
all patients with classic LND suffer from movement disorder
and compulsive self-injury, and most have mental retardation.
Patients with partial HPRT deficiency (variants) always have
hyperuricemia and often have neurologic abnormalities, but do
not self-injure and usually are described as having normal
intelligence. Here we compare 15 patients with LND to 9 variants
and 13 normal adolescents and adults. Testing revealed unambiguous
and qualitatively similar cognitive deficits in both patient
groups. The variants produced scores that were intermediate
between those of patients with LND and normal participants on
nearly every cognitive measure. We discuss these findings in
terms of what is known about the neuropathology of LND.
(JINS, 2001, 7, 805–812.)
Thumbs Down on These Rules of Thumb
Authors: Boone Kyle Brauer
Published: October 2003

The stated goal of this interpretative text is to provide a
large selection of possible score interpretations for a variety
of commonly used neuropsychological tests.
Awareness of naturalistic action errors in dementia
Authors: Giovannetti Tania , Libon David J. , Hart Tessa
Published: October 2003

Unawareness of deficit is a common feature of degenerative dementia. The present study explored awareness and correction of naturalistic action errors in 54 dementia participants and 10 healthy controls while they performed a series of everyday tasks, such as toast preparation and gift-wrapping. Awareness for everyday task performance and cognitive functioning was also assessed with questionnaire discrepancy scores, and a neuropsychological test protocol was administered. Dementia participants were aware of and corrected a significantly smaller proportion of errors compared to controls (z = 4.59, p < 001). Awareness and correction of action errors was not significantly correlated with the number of naturalistic errors committed, questionnaire discrepancy scores, or neuropsychological test data. Within-group analyses showed awareness differed across error types, such that participants were aware of a greater proportion of substitution and sequence errors compared to omissions, perseverations, and action addition (i.e., utilization behavior) errors (z ≤ −3.2,p≤.002 for all analyses). Taken together these data suggest that error awareness and correction during the course of action is not related to error production or awareness measured via questionnaire discrepancy scores. Rather, direct assessment of error detection and correction may provide novel information about behavioral monitoring that can not be extrapolated from measures of dementia severity or traditional neuropsychological assessment.
Effects of the use of alcohol and cigarettes on cognition
in elderly adults
Authors: SCHINKA JOHN A. , VANDERPLOEG RODNEY D. , ROGISH MILES , GRAVES AMY BORENSTEIN , MORTIMER JAMES A. , ORDORICA PATRICIA ISBELL
Published: October 2003

The objective of this study was to examine the independent
and interactive effects of lifetime patterns of drinking and
smoking on cognitive performance in the elderly. A sample of
395 individuals with varying histories of alcohol and cigarette
use was drawn from the Charlotte County Healthy Aging Study,
a community-based, cross-sectional study of randomly selected
older adults of age 60 to 84. Dependent variables were the results
of a neuropsychological battery that provided measures of general
cognitive ability, executive function, and memory. Specifically,
we examined (1) differences in performance among groups of
abstainers, drinkers, and smokers, (2) the effects of lifetime
drinking and smoking dose on cognition within the group of users,
and (3) the effects of intensity of drinking and smoking on
cognition. Potential methodological confounds, such as age,
education, and medical history, were controlled by means of
sampling and covariance procedures. Analyses failed to provide
evidence for a beneficial J-curve or threshold effect
for drinking, but did not reveal any detrimental effect. No
detrimental effect of smoking was found in any analysis; nor
was there any evidence of an interaction between alcohol and
cigarette use on any cognitive measure. (JINS, 2002,
8, 811–818.)
A consideration of neuropsychologically normal schizophrenia
Authors: ALLEN DANIEL N. , GOLDSTEIN GERALD , WARNICK ERIN
Published: October 2003

Neuropsychological deficits are considered by many to be core
features of schizophrenia. However, about 20% of patients with
schizophrenia appear to have normal neuropsychological function.
This study investigates this subgroup by comparing a
“neuropsychologically normal” schizophrenia group
to a non-schizophrenic, non-brain damaged patient comparison
(PC) sample, and to patients with definitive brain damage who
performed normally on neuropsychological testing. All patients
completed the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
and were classified as neuropsychologically normal or impaired
using the Average Impairment Rating (AIR). In a sample of 113
patients with schizophrenia, 19.5% were classified as
neuropsychologically normal. The brain damaged neuropsychologically
normal group (BD-NN) consisted of 14.3% of 124 subjects. These
groups were compared with a patient non-schizophrenic, non-brain
damaged group who were selected on the basis of having an Average
Impairment Rating in the neuropsychologically normal range.
The neuropsychologically normal schizophrenic group performed
less well than the non-brain damaged, non-schizophrenic patient
comparison group on a number of tests, indicating that patients
in this group may not be completely neuropsychologically normal,
and would be better characterized as “high-functioning”
or near normal. The results are discussed in regard to possible
neurobiological differences between neuropsychologically impaired
and intact schizophrenic patients, and implications for course
and outcome. (JINS, 2003, 9, 56–63.)
Alternative brain organization after prenatal cerebral injury:
Convergent fMRI and cognitive data
Authors: STILES JOAN , MOSES PAMELA , ROE KATHERINE , AKSHOOMOFF NATACHA A. , TRAUNER DORIS , HESSELINK JOHN , WONG ERIC C. , FRANK LAWRENCE R. , BUXTON RICHARD B.
Published: October 2003

The current study presents both longitudinal behavioral data
and functional activation data documenting the effects of early
focal brain injury on the development of spatial analytic
processing in two children, one with prenatal left hemisphere
(LH) injury and one with right hemisphere (RH) injury. A
substantial body of evidence has shown that adults and children
with early, lateralized brain injury show evidence of spatial
analytic deficits. LH injury compromises the ability to encode
the parts of a spatial pattern, while RH injury impairs pattern
integration. The two children described in this report show
patterns of deficit consistent with the site of their injury.
In the current study, their longitudinal behavioral data spanning
the age range from preschool to adolescence are presented in
conjunction with data from a functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) study of spatial processing. The activation results provide
evidence that alternative profiles of neural organization can
arise following early focal brain injury, and document
where in the brain spatial functions are carried out
when regions that normally mediate them are damaged. In addition,
the coupling of the activation with the behavioral data allows
us to go beyond the simple mapping of functional sites, to ask
questions about how those sites may have come to mediate the
spatial functions. (JINS, 2003, 9, 604–622.)
The effects of normal aging on humor appreciation
Authors: Shammi Prathiba , Stuss Donald T.
Published: October 2003

The importance of humor in healthy aging is being recognized. We compared elderly and young participants on their comprehension and appreciation of, and reaction to, verbal and nonverbal humor tests. Cognitive processes—working memory, cognitive flexibility, verbal abstraction, and visual scanning—were studied in relation to humor. Results indicated a relative deficit in the elderly in the cognitive comprehension of humor—selecting punch lines to jokes and in a cartoon array test. Measures of cognitive function correlated with humor comprehension. In contrast to this deficit in comprehension, the elderly showed intact affective appreciation and emotional reactiveness. Because of the hypothesis of frontal lobe degeneration as a basis for changes with aging, we compared the elderly to patients with focal frontal lesions. In this comparison, the elderly were significantly better than the patients in their comprehension of humor. They also displayed intact appreciation of humor compared to patients with frontal lesions. This preliminary study suggests that preserved affective responsiveness may underlie the success in using humor as a coping mechanism in the elderly. (JINS, 2003, 9, 855–863.)
Sound compositions for expanding musicianship education
Authors: Regelski Thomas A.
Published: October 2003

Composing has been slighted at all levels of education. Following an analysis of the history and failure of compositional pedagogy for developing musicianship, a new rationale for such pedagogy is presented. This pedagogy is argued to be essential for preparing contemporary musicians and audiences to understand most properly what music ‘is’ and ‘is good for’, and for promoting ever-new conceptions of ‘music’ and of its evolving values. In addition to advancing general musicianship in relation to the standard repertory, the special contribution of pedagogy rooted in composing organised sound pieces is outlined in relation to a new praxial philosophy of music that is challenging the limited and limiting theory of music and its value provided by traditional aesthetic theory. The latter is seen to be a major impediment to new compositional modes that expand musical frontiers, while the praxial theory supports, as well as gains support from, various new attempts to organise sound for expressive and other purposes.
The vBow: a virtual violin bow controller for mapping gesture to synthesis with haptic feedback
Authors: Nichols Charles
Published: October 2003

The vBow, a virtual violin bow musical controller, has been designed to provide the computer musician with most of the gestural freedom of a bow on a violin string. Four cable and servomotor systems allow for four degrees of freedom, including the lateral motion of a bow stroke across a string, the rotational motion of a bow crossing strings, the vertical motion of a bow approaching and pushing into a string, and the longitudinal motion of a bow travelling along the length of a string. Encoders, attached to the shaft of the servomotors, sense the gesture of the performer, through the rotation of the servomotor shafts, turned by the motion of the cables. The data from each encoder is mapped to a parameter in synthesis software of a bowed-string physical model. The software also sends control voltages to the servomotors, engaging them and the cables attached to them with a haptic feedback simulation of friction, vibration, detents and elasticity.
LIQUIDITY, INTERBANK MARKET, AND THE SUPERVISORY ROLE OF THE CENTRAL BANK
Authors: Kim Young Sik
Published: October 2003

This paper provides an explanation for the supervisory role of the central bank in a monetary general equilibrium model of bank liquidity provision. Under incomplete information on the individual banks' liquidity needs, individual banks find it optimal to invest solely in bank loans holding no cash reserves, and rely on the interbank market for their withdrawal demands. Using the costly state verification approach under uncertainty in aggregate liquidity demands, the supervisory role of the central bank as a large intermediary arises as an incentive-compatible arrangement by which banks hold the correct level of cash reserves. First, it takes up a delegated monitoring role for the banking system. Second, it engages in discount-window lending at a penalty rate, where the discount margin covers exactly the monitoring cost incurred. Finally, under the central banking mechanism, currency premium no longer exists in the sense that currency is worth the same as deposits having an equal face value.
Development of Wet Environmental TEM (Wet-ETEM) for In
Situ Studies of Liquid-Catalyst Reactions on the Nanoscale
Authors: Gai Pratibha L.
Published: October 2003

We present the development of in situ wet environmental
transmission electron microscopy (Wet-ETEM) for direct probing
of controlled liquid–catalyst reactions at operating
temperatures on the nanoscale. The first nanoscale imaging and
electron diffraction of dynamic liquid hydrogenation and
polymerization reactions in the manufacture of polyamides reported
here opens up new opportunities for high resolution studies
of a wide range of solution–solid and
solution–gas–solid reactions in the chemical and
biological sciences.
Enhanced Compositional Contrast in Imaging of Nanoprecipitates
Buried in a Defective Crystal Using a Conventional TEM
Authors: Kaiser Ute , Chuvilin Andrey
Published: October 2003

In this article, we show that nanometer-sized precipitates
of atomic numbers higher than those of the surrounding crystalline
matrix can be clearly revealed in a conventional transmission
electron microscope by high-angle, centered dark-field imaging
after minimizing the diffraction contrast. The effect is similar
to that of Z-contrast STEM, albeit with a spatial resolution
limited to 1 nm. Its sensitivity to atomic number differences
between precipitates and matrix is about 10, which is demonstrated
for precipitates formed after Er, Ge, Cr, and Si ion implantation
into SiC.
The International Journal of Astrobiology
Authors: Wynn-Williams David D.
Published: October 2003

The launch of a new journal is appropriately like a space mission. It is the result of a
scientific need, the inspiration of a group of committed scientists and technologists, a
series of draft proposals, an approved mission protocol, and a launch. Today is the
launch day for a journal whose remit has only recently consolidated from diverse
disciplines. Cambridge University Press has an international reputation for
astronomy. To this we add extreme biology and its associated environmental research
to integrate astrobiology as: ‘the study of the origin, evolution, adaptation and
distribution of past and present life in the Universe’.

Astrobiology has three main themes: (1) Origin, evolution and limits of life on Earth;
(2) Future of life, both on Earth and elsewhere; (3) Search for habitats, biomolecules
and life in the Solar System and elsewhere. These fundamental concepts require the
integration of various disciplines, including biology (especially microbiology),
chemistry, geology, palaeontology, and the physics of atmospheres, planets and stars.
We must also keep our minds wide open about the nature and limits of life. We can
safely assume a carbon-based system within Solar Systems as we know them, but our
concept of habitable zones expands yearly. We were taught that only the spores of
certain bacilli could survive temperatures above the boiling point of water, and yet we
now know that the deep-sea vent microbe Pyrolobus can survive an hour at 121 °C,
which is the temperature used for sterilising medical instruments. We know of
cyanobacteria which can not only live inside deep-frozen Antarctic rocks but also
survive on roof-tops in Jerusalem at 80 °C. The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans
tolerates lethal doses of nuclear radiation, and cyanobacteria inside Antarctic desert
sandstone receive so little moisture that their carbon turnover time (from its fixation by
photosynthesis to its release as carbon dioxide during respiration) is 10,000 years. Life
is tolerant, adaptable and tenacious.
Themed Section on Social Policy in Central Europe
Authors: Jordan Bill
Published: October 2003

The transition to democracy and markets in the post-communist countries has produced many losers. Survey research has indicated that the populations of most of these states look back to the later decades of these regimes as ones of relative security and prosperity. The gainers have been those who valued freedom, and possessed the material resources (because of political or mafia connections) or social capital (because of their experience in the second economy under communism) to use it to their advantage. The recent electoral victory of the former communists in Poland, and the routing of Solidarity, indicate the depth of anxiety about the social consequences and costs of transition.
Pig kidney transplantation in baboons treated intravenously with a bovine serum albumin‐Galα1‐3Gal conjugate
Authors: Gollackner Bernd , Knosalla Christoph , Houser Stuart , Mauiyyedi Shamila , Buhler Leo , Kawai Tatsuo , Duggan Mike , Sachs David H. , Awwad Michel , Cooper David K.C.
Published: October 2003

Abstract:The maintenance of depletion of antibody (Ab) reactive with Galα1‐3Gal (Gal) on pig vascular endothelial cells by the intravenous (i.v.) infusion of a synthetic Gal conjugate has been proposed as a means of delaying Ab‐mediated rejection of transplanted pig organs in primates. We have therefore studied the effect of the continuous i.v. infusion of bovine serum albumin conjugated to multiple synthetic Gal type 6 oligosaccharides (BSA‐Gal) on anti‐Gal Ab levels and on graft survival in baboons undergoing pig kidney transplantation.

Group 1 baboons (n = 3) underwent extracorporeal immunoadsorption of anti‐Gal Ab, a cyclophosphamide (CPP)‐based immunosuppressive regimen, and a non‐transgenic pig kidney transplant. Group 2 (n = 2) were treated identically to Group 1 but, in addition, received a continuous i.v. infusion of BSA‐Gal. Group 3 (n = 2) were treated identically to Group 2, but without CPP. A single baboon (Group 4) underwent extracorporeal immunoadsorption, a CPP‐based regimen, and continuous i.v. BSA‐Gal therapy for 28 days, but did not receive a pig kidney transplant.

Two of the transplanted pig kidneys in Group 1 were excised on post‐transplant days 7 and 13 for a rejected ureter, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), respectively. The third baboon died of sepsis on day 6. All transplanted ureters and kidneys showed some histopathologic features of acute humoral xenograft rejection. Group 2 baboons were euthanized on days 8 and 11, respectively, for liver failure. At autopsy, there were histopathological features of widespread liver necrosis, but the pig kidneys and ureters showed no features of rejection. The pig kidneys in Group 3 baboons were excised for renal vein thrombosis (day 9) and DIC (day 12); there were no histological signs of rejection in the pig kidneys or ureters, although there were focal areas of modest liver injury in one baboon on biopsy. The single Group 4 baboon showed no biochemical or histological features of liver injury. Anti‐Gal Ab levels returned in Group 1, but were maintained at negligible levels in the baboons in Groups 2 to 4 that received BSA‐Gal therapy.

Continuous i.v. therapy with BSA‐Gal is largely successful in maintaining depletion of circulating anti‐Gal antibodies and in preventing or delaying Ab deposition and acute humoral xenograft rejection in porcine grafts, but may be associated with liver injury when administered in the presence of a pig kidney transplant and CPP therapy. The mechanism of the hepatic injury remains uncertain.