bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF PHENYLBUTAZONE ON LEUKOCYTE CHEMILUMINESCENCE AND FUNCTION
Authors: Solberg Claus O. , Allred Craig D. , Hill Harry R.
Published: August 2010

The effect of phenylbutazone on human leukocyte chemiluminescence, phagocytosis and intracellular killing of bacteria has been examined. A marked reduction of chemiluminescence and intracellular killing of bacteria was observed. The effect on phagocytosis was less pronounced. High drug concentrations nearly abolished light emission, and concentrations equivalent to those obtained in plasma during therapy caused a 25–30% reduction. The effect occurred within less than 10 minutes. No permanent effect upon resting cells was observed. Phenylbutazone reduced the effect of sodium azide on leukocyte chemiluminescence, indicating that the drug might also inhibit myeloperoxidase dependent chemiluminescence. Whether these impairments of leukocyte function also take place in vivo resulting in enhanced susceptibility to infection remains unknown.
PROTEIN A REACTIVITY OF WHOLE RABBIT IgG AND OF FRAGMENTS OF RABBIT IgG
Authors: Endresen Curt
Published: August 2010

Approximately 15 per cent of the total IgG in normal rabbit serum reacted with protein A. When this protein reactive IgG fraction was treated with acid at pH 2.7 and then digested with plasmin, thus splitting the rabbit IgG between the CH2 and CH3 domains, both the isolated Facb and the pFc' fragments were protein A non‐reactive. This results indicates that at least one intact Fc chain is necessary to fulfil the protein A‐Fc interaction. Traces of protein A reactive rabbit F(ab')2 fragments isolated from normal IgG were also found. These fragments mixed with normal rabbit IgG precipitated protein A.
URAEMIC TOXINS OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT INHIBITING HUMAN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES CULTURED IN VITRO
Authors: JöRstad S. , Kvernes S.
Published: August 2010

Uraemic plasma and normal serum were separated into fractions of different molecular sizes by means of molecular filtration through Pellicon filters and liquid chromatography on Sephadex G‐15. The amount of substance was considerably higher in uraemic fractions than in comparable normal fractions. When normal human mononuclear phagocytes were cultured in the presence of the uraemic fraction containing the largest molecules, detachment of phagocytes from the glass coverslips was significantly increased. The digestion capacity of the remaining cells was decreased. The results indicate that substances in uraemic plasma responsible for the impaired function of human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro consist of molecules of a molecular weight higher than 10 000.
THE REACTIVITY OF HUMAN PLATELETS IN THE 125I‐LABELLED STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A TEST
Authors: KekomäKi Riitta
Published: August 2010

Stored platelets have been employed in the testing of various antiplatelet antibodies and platelet unrelated immune complexes. The antisera included sera containing ABO‐, HLA‐ or platelet specific (Zw) antibodies and serum from an adult patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Use was made of 125I‐labelled staphylococcal protein A (IPA) for the detection of platelet bound IgG. The reactivity of cells with the ITP serum and sera from healthy blood donors increased after storage for a few days, and declined after a highly reactive period extending over some weeks. In some cases predilution of the serum increased the probability of discovering weak antibodies. The normal components of the serum modified the platelet‐antibody reaction, but all the various kinds of platelet reactive activities could be detected by this single test.
EVIDENCE FOR NON‐SPECIFICALLY BOUND IgG IN HUMAN TUMOURS
Authors: Wesenberg Finn , TöNder Olav
Published: August 2010

Heat eluates of homogenized human malignant and normal tissues were prepared using the continuous flow elution technique. IgG antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes served as marker antibodies for non‐specifically bound IgG. Eluates of all of the 13 malignant tumours tested contained IgG. Most were eluted at 56° C., but considerable amounts also at 37° C and 45° C. Marker antibodies were present in eluates of 4 of the tumours, indicating that at least parts of the IgG associated with malignant human tumours are non‐specifically bound. Eight tumours contained too little IgG to detect marker antibodies, and one contained high amounts of IgG without marker antibodies. Eluates of normal organs contained either no or only small amounts of IgG, although apparently normal kidneys from older individuals contained some more IgG. Marker antibodies were detected in some of the eluates indicating nonspecific binding.
T‐LYMPHOCYTES TRANSFER STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS IN MICE
Authors: Buschard Karsten , Rygaard JöRgen
Published: August 2010

Diabetes mellitus induced by low dose treatment with streptozotocin in BALB/c mice was passively transferred to syngeneic recipients with a predominantly T‐lymphocyte fraction of spleen cells. This fraction was prepared by density centrifugation and passage through an antimouse immunoglobulin coated column. Variation in numbers of injected cells in the range of 103 to 107 showed that the smaller cell numbers gave the highest blood sugar values. Athymic nude recipients of BALB/c background also developed diabetes following similar transplants. A preliminary result was that the highest blood sugars were seen after transplantation of T‐lymphocytes treated by low dose irradiation (200 R). This may reflect a specific effect on T‐suppressor lymphocytes.
FORMATION OF COMPLEXES COMPOSED OF Cr, Cs, AND C INACTIVATOR IN HUMAN SERUM ON ACTIVATION OF C1
Authors: Laurell Anna‐Brita , Johnson U. , Martensson U. , SjöHolm A. G.
Published: August 2010

CI subcomponent complexes in normal serum incubated with Clq binding substances or with proteolytic enzymes were studied by crossed Immunoelectrophoresis. Cr, Cs, trypsin. Heat aggregated IgG, immune complexes, cell‐bound antibody or complexes of C‐reactive protein with‐ protamine sulphate gave rise to dissociation of CI and the appearance of Cls protein in the 02 position. In contrast, plasmin, DNA and endotoxin did not affect the normal Cls protein pattern. Following incubation with Cr, Cs, trypsin, or complexes containing C‐reactive protein, the Cq in serum was found in a cathodal position similar to that of purified Cq. The Cs protein in the α2 position was shown to be part of a complex composed of Cr, Cs and C inactivator proteins. Cr in the complex was only detected immunochemically by using anti Cr and anti Cls in combination. The complex had a molecular weight of about 5 105 daltons. The results show that complexes of Cr, Cs and C inactivator proteins in serum are formed on C activation, implying that the complexes contain activated Cr and Cs (Cr‐Cs‐C IA). Cr‐Cs complexes with (Si mobility were not formed in vitro, β1 Clr‐Cls complexes in pathological sera could be converted to Cr‐Cs‐C IA by treatment with Cr and Cs and also, provided Clq was available in serum, by treatment with heat aggregated IgG. It was concluded that β1 Cr‐Cs complexes in serum contain Cr and Cs in proenzyme form.
CELL SURFACE MARKERS IN CORD BLOOD LEUCOCYTES AFTER STIMULATION WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE B
Authors: SchröDer J. , Turunen O. , Lundqvist C. , De La Chapelle A.
Published: August 2010

T‐ and B‐lymphocyte markers were studied in cord blood cells cultured with lipopolysaccharide B (LPS). Cells cultured with leucoagglutinin (LA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were used as controls. LPS‐induced lymphoblasts were negative for surface Ig. positive for intracellular Ig and did not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). LA‐activated cells formed rosettes with SRBC, while PWM cultures showed a varying proportion of surface Ig‐positive or SRBC rosetting cells, dependent on the time of culture. About 5096 of both LA‐ and LPS‐activated lymphoblasts formed EA rosettes (specific for Fc receptors) and EAC rosettes (specific for complement receptors). The response of foetal cells to LPS was reduced when lymphocytes obtained from Isopaque‐Ficoll gradients were passed through nylon wool columns, whereas this procedure led to an increased response to LA. Thus LPS‐activated foetal leucocytes are B lymphocytes expressing intracellular but not surface Ig.
TRANSFER OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION BY SPLENIC CELLS FROM DOCA‐SALT HYPERTENSIVE AND RENAL HYPERTENSIVE RATS TO NORMOTENSIVE RECIPIENTS
Authors: OLSEN FINN
Published: August 2010

Arterial hypertension was transferred from DOCA‐salt hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats to normotensive rats by intravenous injection of splenic cells. Thirteen normotensive recipients were injected intravenously with splenic cells from the hypertensive donors. Eleven developed arterial hypertension (85%), that is, with a systolic blood pressure exceeding 140 mm Hg. Three of the recipients developed hypertensive levels up to 155–160 mm Hg, which was almost up to the levels in the donors. The increase of the blood pressure in the recipients was significant when compared to controls injected intravenously with splenic cells from normotensive donors (p < 0.001). Skin tests, performed by intracutaneous injection of homogenized common carotid arteries in half of the recipients, showed positive reactions 24 hours after the injection. Microscopical examination of heart and kidney from the other half demonstrated mononuclear infiltration into arterial and arteriolar walls and exudative changes in these walls. Due to exudative thickening of the vessel walls the lumina were narrowed. The hypothesis is advanced that the recipient rats developed arterial hypertension as a result of a transferred delayed hypersensitivity directed against the arterial walls. This hypersensitivity reaction caused insudation of plasma components into the arterial walls, narrowing of their lumina and an increased peripheral resistance to the blood flow, so that arterial hypertension developed.
THE EFFECT OF HUMAN MILK FRACTIONS ON ROTAVIRUS IN RELATION TO THE SECRETORY IgA CONTENT
Authors: OTNÆSS ANNE‐BRIT , ØRSTAVIK IVAR
Published: August 2010

Human milk from healthy Norwegian women was fractionated by ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel filtration. The protein content, lactoferrin and secretory IgA were measured. Specific anti‐rotavirus IgA, detected by indirect immunofluorescence was found in one out of five milk samples before fractionation, while a more concentrated immunoglobulin fraction from the other four milk samples contained such IgA. Before fractionation, 3 of 5 milk samples neutralized human rota‐virus infection of LLC‐MK2 cells, whereas concentrated, IgA‐rich fractions of all 5 milk samples neutralized human rotavirus. Some fractions without detectable IgA also neutralized human rotavirus. This suggests that human milk contains rotavirus specific IgA as well as rotavirus neutralizing activity of non‐immunoglobulin nature.
EXPERIMENTAL ESCHERICHIA COLI 06 INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: AHLSTEDT S.
Published: August 2010

The susceptibility to intraperitoneal infection with E. coli 06:k2 bacteria and the increase of resistance after immunization and immune serum injection was analysed in eight mouse strains (CBA, A/J, C3H, C3H/HeJ, C57 B1/6J congenitally athymic C57 B1 nu/nu and their heterozygous nu/+ litter mates as well as NMRI mice). A different susceptibility to the infection was found among the strains. This was not related to endotoxin resistance or thymus deficiency or to the ability of the animals to form antibodies as measured with the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA. Immunization of the animals with 5 times 107 E. coli 06:K13 bacteria resulted in a smaller increase in resistance in the less susceptible CBA mice than in the more susceptible A/J or C3H/HeJ mice. This pattern was further accentuated after repeated immunization. The development of resistance by immunization seemed independent of T‐cells, since the nu/nu mice were as resistant as the nu/+ mice. The nu/nu mice, however, formed less antibodies after vaccination than did their nu/+ litter mates. The lowest antibody responses were noted in the NMRI mice, but this was accompanied with similar increase in resistance compared with the other strains forming 10‐fold more 06 antibodies. Immunization with as little as 102–104 bacteria also resulted in a rise in resistance. This was, however, accompanied by a minute increase in antibody titer. Despite content of minute antibody levels administration of such immune serum gave protection of the recipients. It was concluded that very small amounts of antibodies would provide protection against E. coli infection varying from one mouse strain to another.
IN VITRO STIMULATION OF BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES FROM MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE INFECTED PATIENTS WITH PNEUMONIA AND WITH DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: MOGENSEN HANS HENRIK , LIND KLAUS
Published: August 2010

In 23 patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection (13 with pneumonia and 10 with an acute febrile, non‐bacterial disorder of the central nervous system (CNS)) and in 26 healthy control persons, thymidine incorporation of blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by killed MP was studied. The lymphocyte response to MP was significantly higher in the pneumonia patients than in the controls. In the patients with an acute disorder of the CNS, lymphocyte responses to MP tended to be low or normal in lack of pleocytosis in the spinal fluid, but were predominantly high when either pleocytosis or a pulmonary infiltrate was present. Lymphocyte responses to the mitogens PHA, PWM and Con‐A were normal in all groups. The lack of increased responses to MP antigen in some of the neurological patients, despite a current MP infection, may reflect an antigen‐specific depression or a lack of specific sensitization of their lymphocytes.
SOLID‐PHASE ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY OF IgM‐CLASS RHEUMATOID FACTOR: COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS FOR PREPARATION OF THE SOLID‐PHASE TARGET IgG
Authors: ZIOLA BARRY , TUOKKO HANNA
Published: August 2010

Three solid‐phase forms of human IgG were compared for their ability to function as the binding target in an enzyme immunoassay for IgM‐class rheumatoid factor (RF). IgG was either directly adsorbed to polystyrene beads (method A), or immunologically (method B) or covalently (method C) bound to protein adsorbed to beads. The data presented indicate that C is the method of choice for the preparation of the RF assay solid‐phase IgG.
LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS IN MAN: CHARACTERIZATION OF IN VIVO‐EDUCATED, ALLOREACTIVE, CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: JOHNSEN HANS E. , MADSEN MELVIN
Published: August 2010

Alloreactive cytotoxic lymphocytes present in peripheral blood of two normal humans have been studied by rosette fractionation experiments. It is shown that the effector cells have receptors for SRBC, low avidity FcR, are nylon non‐adherent and without CR. These results reveal a phenotype of membrane markers which is very much like the phenotypes of the major part of K cells, NK cells and the effector cells in mitogen induced cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, indicating a common ancestor in the immune system. From a functional point of view all these cytotoxic effector cells may be T cells, some specific others non specific, in parallel to T helper and suppressor lymphocytes.
LEUCOCYTE MOBILIZATION TO SKIN LESIONS
Authors: WANDALL J. H.
Published: August 2010

Leucocyte mobilization to a chamber covering a skin lesion was studies in healthy volunteers. IIIIndium‐labelled blood leucocytes accumulated in the chambers, indicating mobilization of leucocytes from the blood. The concentration of autologous serum in the chamber medium influenced the number of leucocytes mobilized, while heat inactivation of serum or the repeated use of the same serum had no effect on the counts. The use of zymosan‐treated serum increased the mobilization by up to 53%. The kinetics for the mobilization of leucocytes to chambers containing autologous serum was followed in healthy subjects. The mobilization showed a uniform pattern, viz. a lag phase of 2–4 hours and maximal migration rates after 20–24 hours. The cumulated counts were 74 × 106 leucocytes/cm2/24 hours and 200 × 106 leucocytes/cm2/48 hours. Females and males exhibited the same kinetics and cumulated counts. Chamber leucocytes were predominantly neutrophil granulocytes (85–100%) with 2.9–3.6 nuclear segments. The chamber technique provides a simple method permitting quantitation of in vivo mobilization of leucocytes from the blood to an inflammatory lesion.
LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: VARIATIONS IN ROSETTE TESTS USING ERYTHROCYTES FROM DIFFERENT SHEEP
Authors: NÆSS A. , NYLAND H.
Published: August 2010

Lymphocytes from 34 patients with active and with stable multiple sclerosis (MS) were examined by rosetting techniques. Patients with active disease had a relative lymphopenia (35 ± 9%). When tested with erythrocytes (E) from one out of three sheep used, patients with active MS had a decrease in Erosette forming cells (E‐RFC) compared to patients with stable disease and with healthy controls. Other tests (active E–, EAET–, EA–, and EAC–RFC) did not disclose any differences between patients and controls. The results suggest that the origin of the E may be of importance in E–RFC tests.
51CR‐RELEASE ASSAY FOR QUANTITATION OF MEMBRANE BOUND AND SOLUBILIZED THY‐1 ANTIGEN
Authors: CARLSSON SVEN , STIGBRAND TORGNY , WINBLAD BENGT
Published: August 2010

A method for quantitative determination of mouse Thy‐1 antigen is presented. Antigen to be assayed is incubated with anti‐Thy‐1 serum and remaining antibody activity is measured by adding 51Cr‐labelled thymocytes and complement. The detection limit corresponds to the amount of Thy‐1 antigen exposed on the surface of 25,000 thymocytes, which can be calculated to correspond to approximately 0.5 ng. The assay was designed to be performed in the presence or absence of detergent, and is therefore a useful tool for quantitation of Thy‐1 in purification procedures and studies on the biological significance of this membrane antigen.
FORSSMAN ANTIGEN IN BK VIRUS‐INDUCED TUMOR CELL LINES
Authors: KARJALAINEN H. E. , MÄNTYJÄRVI R. A.
Published: August 2010

A complement‐mediated microcytotoxicity assay was used to detect Forssman antigen in BK virus (BKV) ‐induced tumor cells. BKT‐ 1B. a transplantable hamster tumor cell line, contained Forssman antigen as did some other hamster cell lines tested for comparison. A rat embryo cell line transformed by BKV in vitro was negative for Forssman antigen. The presence of Forssman antigen in hamster cell lines was confirmed by absorption experiments of rabbit Forssman antiserum with the tumor cells, although in quantitative terms the results obtained by the two techniques were somewhat different. Immunization of rabbits with tumor cells also induced production of Forssman antibody; a much weaker response was observed in hamsters and rats.
A »REVERSE« SOLID‐PHASE RADIO‐IMMUNOASSAY FOR IgM‐ANTIBODIES TO HEPATITIS A VIRUS
Authors: MEURMAN OLLI H. , MATTER LUKAS , KRISHNA RANGACHAR V. , KRECH ULRICH H.
Published: August 2010

A »reverse« solid‐phase radio‐immuno‐assay for IgM antibodies to hepatitis A virus (HAV) was developed. Anti‐human IgM immunoglobulins were bound on the wells of polyvinylchloride microliter plates. Serum specimens were incubated in the anti‐human IgM coated wells and bound IgM antibodies were then assayed for antigen specificity by subsequent incubations with HAV antigen and 125I‐labelled human anti‐HAV IgG. The test showed a high sensitivity and specificity for anti‐HAV IgM antibodies. No false‐positive reactions were observed either in the sera from patients with hepatobiliary disorders other than HAV infection or in the sera containing both rheumatoid factor and anti‐HAV IgG antibodies. In acute HAV infections specific IgM antibodies were present already in the first specimens taken within a few days after the onset of jaundice. The persistence of the IgM antibodies was from 4 to 6 months. IgM antibody titers up to 1,000,000 were observed in the acute phase of HAV infection. In routine diagnostic work the titration of the sera was not necessary, since a reliable qualitative result was obtained by testing the sera in a single diluton of 1:100. A similar »reverse« immuno‐assay principle may be adaptable for the diagnostic determination of IgM antibodies to different viral and microbial antigens.
NORMALLY‐OCCURRING PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES AGAINSTSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSIN HUMAN SERUM AND COLOSTRUM
Authors: ESPERSEN F. , SCHIØTZ P. O.
Published: August 2010

Crossed immunoelectrophoresis was used to study precipitating antibodies againstStaphylococcus aureusin sera from 263 normal persons and in 10 colostrum samples. A polyspecific protein‐A free S.aureusantigen preparation and a corresponding rabbit antiserum constituted the reference system. All the sera contained precipitins against 6–10S. aureusantigens. One of these was teichoic acid, and the titre of antibodies against cell wall teichoic acid varied from person to person, in contrast to other commonly occurring antibodies. The precipitin score, which expresses the number and titre of precipitins in each serum, increased with age. Colostrum contained 3 precipitins, which were not present in the corresponding maternal sera.
INDUCTION OF CHRONIC ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS BY REPEATED TRANSIENT HYPERTENSIVE RISES IN BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: OLSEN FINN
Published: August 2010

Repeated transient rises in blood pressure to hypertensive levels were induced by intravenous injections of angiotensin once or twice weekly. This procedure induced chronic arterial hypertension in five of fourteen rats (36%) within 4–6 weeks of starting the injections. Intracutaneous tests using homogenized common carotid arteries and histological examination of the kidneys gave support to the hypothesis that the transient rises in blood pressure to hypertensive levels resulted in a delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) reaction against components in small arteries and arterioles. This DHS reaction seemed to be responsible for an increased permeability of arterial vessels to plasma components causing exudative thickening of the walls of small arteries and arterioles and thereby narrowing of their lumina. When the lumina of small arteries and arterioles are narrowed, peripheral resistance to blood flow increases, and arterial hypertension results.
CELLULAR AND HUMORAL FACTORS IN HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY TO LEWIS LUNG CARCINOMA
Authors: GUNDERSEN STEIN , WIBE EINAR , GIDLUND MAGNUS , GODAL TORE
Published: August 2010

Cellular and humoral anti‐tumour reactivity in strains of mice highly susceptible (C57B1/6) or less susceptible (C57BI/6 × DBA/2 = B6D2F1) to Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) was investigated. Natural killer cell activity in a 51Cr release assay against this tumour could be demonstrated with a good correlation to in vivo susceptibility. This has not been demonstrated earlier for solid, spontaneous tumours. T‐cell deficiency (congenital athymic (nude mice)) did not affect the cumulative incidence of tumour take. However, the number of lung metastases was significantly reduced in nude mice. Treatment with antilymphocytic serum (ALS) increased the susceptibility to LLC in both strains. In a soft agar colony assay a marked reduction in the number of colonies was observed when tumour cells were incubated with serum from B6D2F1 mice as compared to serum from C57B1/6 mice, prior to seeding. Apparently naturally occurring cellular, as well as humoral effector mechanisms are involved in host resistance to Lewis lung carcinoma in the mouse.
EFFECT OF BCG VACCINATION ON MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAEMURIUM INFECTION IN A HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE INBRED MOUSE STRAIN
Authors: LØVIK MARTINUS , CLOSS OTTO
Published: August 2010

Upon infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) C3H mice develop a disease that has features in common with lepromatous leprosy in man. Intraperitoneal vaccination with a single dose of BCG four weeks before inoculation with MLM in the footpad significantly reduced the total bacillary load of the animals. In vaccinated animals there was a delay in the dissemination of bacilli to the popliteal lymph node, liver, and spleen. The growth rate of MLM in the footpad and the popliteal lymph node was not altered by BCG vaccination. Reduced dissemination of the bacilli seems to be a sensitive parameter of resistance in murine leprosy. The mechanism of the resistance observed is discussed mainly in relation to non‐specific macrophage activation and T‐cell mediated responses to cross‐reactive antigens.
LYMPHOCYTE CYTOTOXICITY AGAINST AUTOLOGOUS BLADDER TUMOR CELLS IN HUMANS, INVESTIGATED BY USE OF A CHROMIUM‐51 RELEASE ASSAY
Authors: JACOBSEN FLEMMING
Published: August 2010

A technique for isolation of a single cell suspension of viable tumor cells from bladder tumor biopsies is described. By application of the tumor cells as targets in a 51chromium release assay, the cytotoxicity of autologous lymphocytes was measured in 38 patients with transitional‐cell tumors of the urinary bladder. The lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity was evaluated in relation to the histological grade and clinical stage of the bladder tumors. No significant correlations were found between the autologous cytotoxicity and the grade or stage of the bladder tumors.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON IMMUNOLOGICALLY SPECIFIC AND NON‐SPECIFIC ABSORPTION OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ANTIBODIES IN SERUM FROM CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS
Authors: HØIBY NIELS , HERTZ JESPER BOËTIUS
Published: August 2010

A quantitative determination of anti‐Pseudomonas immunoglobulins was carried out by means of rocket‐line Immunoelectrophoresis in the serum from 19 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with chronic P. aeruginosa infection and with many precipitins against these bacteria (CF + P), from six CF patients without P. aeruginosa infection (CF‐P) and from nine normal persons. On an average P. aeruginosa antigens could absorb 7.7% of IgG, 8.49% of IgA and 29% of IgM from CF + P sera, whereas no detectable IgG and IgA and only 14.6% IgM were absorbed from normal sera and only 1.2% of IgG, 3.8% of IgA, but 29% of IgM was absorbed from CF‐P sera. The results show that most, if not all, of the P. aeruginosa precipitins belong to the IgG and IgA classes, but that these precipitins can account only for a part of the increased levels of immunoglobulins in CF + P patients. Staphylococcus aureus containing protein A (strain Cowan I) could absorb 95% of the precipitating antibodies against P. aeruginosa and 92% of IgG, 27% of IgA and 34% of IgM in CF + P patients. The absorption of P. aeruginosa precipitins by protein A points to a possible synergism between S. aureus and P. aeruginosa infections in the lungs of CF patients, since S. aureus may interfere with antibody‐mediated immune elimination of P. aeruginosa. Such a mechanism may also facilitate infections with other microorganisms in these patients.
LYMPHOCYTE BLAST TRANSFORMATION AND ANTIBODY RESPONSES AFTER VACCINATION WITH INACTIVATED MUMPS VIRUS VACCINE
Authors: ILONEN J. , SALMI A. , PENTTINEN K. , HERVA E.
Published: August 2010

Mumps antibody response and the development of cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) to mumps antigen as assayed by the lymphocyte blast transformation method were studied after immunization with an inactivated mumps vaccine in seven sero‐negative and ten sero‐positive subjects. The transformation response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mumps antigen generally appeared by 20 weeks post vaccination and reached levels found in sero‐positive subjects years after mumps infection. There was no clear‐cut correlation between the magnitude of blast transformation and antibody responses.
INFLUENCE OF IN VIVO HYDROCORTISONE ON SOME HUMAN BLOOD LEUCOCYTE SUB‐POPULATIONS
Authors: ONSRUD M.
Published: August 2010

The effect of in vivo hydrocortisone (OHO on various in vitro T cell responses was studied in five volunteers. Four hours after the administration of 300 mg OHC intravenously, the T cell response to soluble antigen (PPD) was only slightly depressed ‐ as was the response to alloantigen ‐ whereas the T cell response to autologous non‐T cells was nearly abolished. In vivo OHC caused a profound depression of the number of circulating monocytes, but those still remaining in circulation had retained their antigen presenting capacity. In vitro OHC‐treatment for four hours prior to PPD stimulation did not affect the antigen presenting capability of monocytes or the proliferative responsiveness of T Cells.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF BACTERIAL SPORES IN SKIN OF AN EGYPTIAN MUMMY
Authors: HINO HARUKO , AMMITZBØLL THORKIL , MØLLER RIGMOR , ASBOE‐HANSEN GUSTAV
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure of bacterial spores found in the skin of an Egyptian mummy was studied. The mummy was embalmed during year 100 to 300 of our era. The bacterial spores showed a characteristic appearance with a core, cortex, coat and exosporium. Their survival and species could not be established.
EXPERIMENTAL ENDOCARDITIS IN RABBITS
Authors: GUTSCHIK ERNÖ , MORTENSEN IDA , MØLLER SUSANNE
Published: August 2010

A previously described model of experimental Streptococcus faecalis endocarditis in rabbits without an indwelling catheter during the infectious processes was used to study the effect of long‐term treatment with antibiotics. Groups of animals infected with six different strains were treated for four weeks and the following parameters were determined: survival rate, bacterial concentration in blood and vegetations, signs at autopsy indicating congestive heart failure. Before the therapeutic experiments, the tolerance of the rabbit to long‐term exposure of the drugs penicillin and streptomycin was considered in a group of non‐infected animals. Two out of 20 rabbits died with enteritis during the penicillin exposure, and a general weight reduction was observed. Streptomycin was apparently completely harmless. There was no therapeutic effect of streptomycin on S. faecalis endocarditis due to strains all designated resistant to streptomycin by MIC, except in rabbits infected with a strain, which showed partial susceptibility to the drug by IC50. Regardless of the therapeutic effect, evidence was obtained for rapid development of increased resistance of the infecting strains towards streptomycin. After long‐term treatment with penicillin in either low or high dose some of the animals survived and the valves were sterilized in 37% of the animals after low‐dose and in 3996 after high‐dose. It was observed that congestive heart failure occurred with the greatest frequency and intenstity after infection with proteolytic strains.
PYROGENS FROM SURGEONS' STERILE LATEX GLOVES
Authors: KURE RAGNA , GRENDAHL HELGE , PAULSSEN JORUNN
Published: August 2010

Pyrogens have been detected in water extracts from surgeons' sterile latex gloves, using both the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test and the rabbit test. After the gloves were rinsed with pyrogen‐free water, the amount of pyrogens in extracts was markedly reduced. Pyrogens could also be detected in extracts from an angiographic catheter after it had been handled with latex gloves, whereas an unused catheter was free from pyrogens. The incidence of febrile reactions in our catheterization laboratory has been markedly reduced from 11.6 96 to 0.6 96 when rinsing the latex gloves prior to the catheterization was included in our routine procedure. So far the absence of pyrogens in surgeons' sterile gloves has not been demanded. Our observations indicate that such a requirement may be justified.
DIFFERENTIATION OF HAEMOPHILUS AEGYPTIUS AND HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: MAZLOUM H. A. , KILIAN M. , MOHAMED Z. M. , SAID M. D.
Published: August 2010

This study aimed at clarifying the relationship of Haemophilus aegyptius and Haemophilus influenzae isolated from acute conjunctivitis in Egypt. Twenty‐nine freshly isolated strains selected from a large clinical material were examined for morphological and growth characteristics, biochemical properties and susceptibility to selected antibiotics. H. aegyptius strains were clearly differentiated from strains of H. influenzae by their inability to grow on tryptic soy agar containing X + V factors, by their susceptibility to trooleandomycin, by a distinct bacillary morphology, and, in part, by not fermenting xylose. The results confirm that H. aegyptius is distinct from H. influenzae and provides reproducible means of differentiating the two species.
EFFECT OF A HOMOLOGOUS BETA‐INTERFERON PREPARATION ON DEGRADATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND ON LYSOSOMAL ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: ROLLAG HALVOR , MØRLAND BERIT , DEGREE MIKLOS
Published: August 2010

The degradation of 32P‐labelled E. coli and the activity of three lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase, cathepsin D and β‐glucuronidase, in mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) were tested after cultivation of the cells for 24 or 48 hours with 101104.7 U per ml of a homologous beta‐interferon preparation (IFN‐β). Low to moderate concentrations of IFN‐β did not influence bacterial degradation in MPM. However, a reduction in bacterial degradation by 20 per cent or more was seen when the MPM were pre‐treated with 104.7 U per ml for 24 hours or 103 U per ml of IFN‐β for 48 hours. Cultivation of the MPM with 102 U per ml of IFN‐β suppressed the activities of the lysosomal enzymes, provided that the cells were treated for 48 hours. The β‐glucuronidase activity was significantly reduced also after 24 hours. Increased release of β‐glucuronidase from MPM to the medium during cultivation with 102 U per ml of IFN‐β was also observed. Specific anti‐IFN‐β globulin abolished the suppression by IFN‐β on the lysosomal enzyme activities. A human IFN‐α preparation did not influence bacterial degradation or lysosomal enzyme activities in MPM.
FEASIBILITY OF AUTOMATED HEAD‐SPACE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY IN IDENTIFICATION OF ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
Authors: LARSSON LENNART , HOLST ELISABET
Published: August 2010

Neutral and acidic metabolites of some anaerobic bacteria cultured in a liquid growth medium were analysed by gas chromatography. Studies on the head‐space vapours above heated broth cultures, using a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica capillary column and a unit for automatic head‐space injection, enabled volatile alcohols and fatty acids to be readily detected. By contrast, when studying ether extracts of the same cultures, using a packed column, alcohols were only rarely registered, being more or less »hidden« under the solvent peak. Head‐space gas chromatography was thus found to provide more diagnostic information on anaerobes, as exemplified by the registration of volatile alcohols produced by Clostridium sporogenes. Being suited for automation, this technique should be considered as an alternative to the study of solvent extracts of broth cultures in gas chromatographic identification of anaerobic bacteria.
INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HYPERSPLENIC RATS TO INFECTION WITH PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: ALWMARK ANDERS , CHRISTENSEN POUL , GULLSTRAND PER , SCHALÉN CLAËS
Published: August 2010

Hypersplenism was induced in rats by intra‐peritoneal injections of methylcellulose. These rats developed an outsize spleen and had significantly depressed values for hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and platelet count. The rats given methylcellulose were also found to be more susceptible to a challenge with a standardized intravenous injection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and had a significantly higher mortality rate than the control rats.
STUDIES ON NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE STRAINS FROM TEST‐OF‐CURE SPECIMENS
Authors: ØDUM LARS , LIND INGA
Published: August 2010

Sixty‐seven out of 88 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated from test‐of‐cure (TOC) specimens during a five‐months period were included in the study. For 62 patients sufficient information was obtained in order to distinguish between relapse (34 ptt) and re‐infection (28 ptt). For comparison with strains from these two groups of patients, 63 urogenital and 21 pharyngeal gonococcal strains isolated during the same period of time were randomly selected and tested. The distributions according to susceptibility to penicillin for TOC strains and control strains corresponded to those found for the total number of TOC strains (275) and other strains (3,345) tested in 1979, respectively. The TOC strains did not differ from the control strains in sensitivity to the complement‐dependent bactericidal activity of normal human serum. However, gonococcal strains less susceptible to penicillin in vitro (MIC values within the range 0.1–2.0 μg/ml) were significantly more sensitive to the complement‐dependent activity of normal human serum (P <0.01) than strains fully susceptible to penicillin (MIC <0.01 μg/ml.) Penicillin‐resistant strains (MIC >2.0 μg/ml) did not differ from strains susceptible to <0.1 μg penicillin/ml and were slightly more serum‐resistant than the less susceptible strains (P <0.05). No difference in serum‐sensitivity of urogenital and pharyngeal isolates could be demonstrated. The level of bactericidal activity of homologous convalescent serum was unrelated to the presence of antibodies either to gonococcal pili or crude gonococcal antigen preparations. The sensitivity to normal human serum of a certain strain was not correlated with sensitivity to homologous convalescent serum.
A HEAT‐LABILE NECROTIC ACTIVITY IN SUPERNATANTS FROM CULTURES OF LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA
Authors: Berdal Bjorn P. , Olsvik Ørjan , Øgaard Alain A.
Published: August 2010

Crude, concentrated extra‐cellular supernatants from Legionella pneumophila produced a soft‐tissue necrosis, demonstrated by intraperitoneal or sub‐cutaneous injections into infant mice. The reaction was rapid and gave a hemorrhagic tissue necrosis within minutes. Being heat‐labile, this tissue reaction is different from those of a heat‐stable cytotoxin and a heat‐stable hemolysin previously described.
EFFECT OF PENICILLIN ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF A NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS STRAIN NOT LIBERATING FREE ENDOTOXIN
Authors: ANDERSEN BJØRG MARIT , SKJØRTEN FREDRIK , SOLBERG OTTO
Published: August 2010

A strain of Neisseria meningitidis which did not release filtrable endotoxin during in vitro growth was treated with 100 times MIC values of benzylpenicillin. After 2 h of exposure to penicillin, most of the bacterial cells were plasmolysed, and only a few bacteria were alive after 20 h. The peptidoglycan layer could be demonstrated in samples investigated after 2 h of penicillin treatment, but was undetectable after 20 h. Only a few outer cell wall structures, small enough to be filtered through a 0.45 μm filter were separated from the bacterial cells. Such structures could be observed in all samples studied, both untreated as well as treated cell cultures. This observation corresponded well to the very low content of free endotoxin in filtrates from the samples. Adhesiveness between completely divided cells and between aggregates of cells and cell wall structures was a characteristic finding in the untreated control cultures, but penicillin treatment seemed to amplify this tendency.
EFFECT OF HUMAN LEUKOCYTE INTERFERON ON PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES
Authors: MELBY KJETIL , MIDTVEDT TORE , DEGRÉ MIKLOS
Published: August 2010

The effect of homologous leukocyte interferon HuIFN on the phagocytic activity of human polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes was examined. The PMN cells were obtained from healthy donors and they were grown on coverslips. Escherichia coli labelled with 32P‐orthophosphate was phagocytized in the presence of fresh homologous serum during a 15 min incubation period. PMN cells pretreated with interferon for at least 3 hours ingested more bacteria as compared to untreated controls. This effect was dose dependent, the maximal effect being obtained with 103 units per ml. The effect was species specific and it was neutralized by antiinterferon globulin.
RESISTANCE TYPES IN ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE
Authors: SØGAARD PER
Published: August 2010

An investigation of the resistance types in Enterobacter cloacae is presented. The frequency of the different resistance types was determined. The strains were divided into three groups according to sensitivity to penicillin derivatives. The ampicillin‐carbenicillin‐sensitive (A‐s/Ca‐s) group 1 comprised 20 % of the E. cloacae strains received in this laboratory. The ampicillin resistant‐carbenicillin‐sensitive (A‐r/Ca‐s) group 2 comprised 38.596 of the strains and the A‐r/Ca‐r group 3 comprised 41.5% of the strains. Group 3 contained a high proportion of multi‐resistant strains. The log2 IC50 against ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin and mecillinam was determined for 28 strains. The group 3 strains were more ampicillin‐resistant than the group 2 ones. Group 1 and 2 did not differ as regards carbenicillin sensitivity. The cephalothin resistance increased from group 1 to group 2 and further on to group 3. Mecillinam sensitivity did not differ between the three groups. The ability to transfer ampicillin resistance was investigated in the 24 A‐r strains. The 8 group 2 strains were not able to transfer resistance, while 9 of 16 strains in group 3 could transfer A‐resistance with frequencies ranging from 10‐0.2 to 10‐5.7. Resistance to sulphonamide, tetracyline and streptomycin was also transferred, often with the same frequency as the ampicillin resistance.
POPULATION ANALYSIS OF SENSITIVITY TO AMPICILLIN AND CARBENICILLIN IN ESCHERICIA COLI AND ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE
Authors: SØGAARD PER
Published: August 2010

Population analysis of sensitivity to ampicillin (A) and carbenicillin (Ca) was carried out with four strains of E. coli and five strains of Enterobacter cloacae. The two A‐sensitive/Ca‐sensitive (A‐s/Ca‐s) E. coli strains were homogeneous as regards A‐sensitivity. From the A‐resistant/Ca‐s (A‐r/Ca‐s) E. coli strains, it was possible to select A‐r/Ca‐r mutants. Mutation frequency approx. 10‐7.5. When the inoculum of A‐s/Ca‐s E. coli was raised, it was possible to select A‐r/Ca‐s/cephalothin‐r variants with a frequency of approx. 10‐9.7. In this laboratory 5% (10‐1.3) of the received E. coli strains are A‐r/Ca‐s. These strains might consequently be mutants of the usual A‐s/Ca‐s E. coli, selected in an ampicillin environment. The two A‐s/Ca‐s E. cloacae strains developed mutants highly resistant to A, thereby differing from the A‐s/Ca‐s E. coli strains. The mutation frequency was approx. 10‐7.2. Likewise it was possible to select A‐r/Ca‐r E. cloacae strains from the usual A‐r/Ca‐s ones. Mutation rate approx.
HETEROGENEITY OF TYPE III GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI IN MOUSE PROTECTION TESTS
Authors: Lindén Viveka , Christensen Karen Kvist , Christensen Paul
Published: August 2010

Seven strains of group B streptococci (GBS) type III isolated from neonatally‐infected infants were tested for mouse‐virulence. The LD50 varied between 105 and 107 colony‐forming units. Two antisera raised in rabbits against the type III reference strain D136C could only protect mice against 5 of the 7 GBS isolates.
SERUM ANTIBODIES TO ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS IN PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS DETECTED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
Authors: SCHØNHEYDER HENRIK , ANDERSEN PAUL , STENDERUP AKSEL
Published: August 2010

Aspergillus antibodies of the IgG, IgA and IgM class were determinded by the indirect immunofluorescence GIF) technique in sera from 11 patients with proven pulmonary aspergillosis (group I), 11 patients with suspected pulmonary aspergillosis (group II), 34 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (group III), 29 patients with lung infiltrates of non‐fungal aetiology (group IV), and 94 blood donors (group V). The antigen was cryostate sections of formaldehyde fixed mycelium. IgG antibody titres above 640 occurred in 73% in group I + II, 12% in group HI, 0% in group IV, and 22% in group V. The difference between group I + II and group V was statistically significant (p<0.001). IgA antibody titres above 80 were only found in patients in group I + II, suggesting that demonstration of such antibodies may be of diagnostic significance. IgM antibodies in titres between 10 and 160 were found in 100–65% in group I to V. Precipitating antibodies to a culture filtrate antigen occurred in all subjects in group I, in 9 (82%) in group II, and in 1–7% of subjects in group III to V. However, precipitin titres above 2 occurred only in group I and II. No correlation between precipitin titres and IIF titres of IgG and IgA antibodies was obtained, suggesting that the two methods reveal antibodies of different specificities.
A STUDY OF BACTEREMIAS IN DENMARK FROM 1977–1978
Authors: BRUUN B. , SLOTH K. , BENTZON M. WEIS , FREDERIKSEN W.
Published: August 2010

The results of blood cultures from a large number of Danish hospitals examined at Statens Seruminstitut in 1977 and 1978 have been analysed. Out of a total of 17, 518 cultures in 1977 and 17,820 in 1978, 1,626 from 830 patients and 1,544 from 832 patients yielded growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Cases of bacteremia with Enterobacteriaceae constituted approximately 50% of cases both in 1977 and 1978. Polymicrobial bacteremia occurred in 8.1% of bacteremic cases in 1977 and 7.5% of those in 1978. The microorganisms isolated and their frequencies were surprisingly similar to those found in 1965 and 1971 in an earlier investigation from this department. No change in antibiotic susceptibility was observed between 1977 and 1978. Retesting of 50 E. coli strains from 1965, 1971 and 1978 for susceptibility towards ampicillin, cephalotin, streptomycin and tetracycline indicated that no significant changes had occurred, contrary to the results of the earlier investigation. This fact stresses the importance of exploring the possibility of unnoticed methodological changes having occurred in the sensitivity testing systems before any conclusions can be drawn concerning apparent differences in antibiotic susceptibilities.
DEMONSTRATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI HEAT‐LABILE ENTEROTOXIN USING BACTERIAL CELL SONICATES
Authors: Olsvlk Ørjan , Berdal Bjorn Peter
Published: August 2010

Agar‐plate colonies of Escherichia coli were suspended in 0.5 ml distilled water and sonicated for 15 s. The sonicate was tested for E. coli heat‐labile enterotoxin by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sonication of enterotoxin‐producing E. coli cells gave detectable toxin concentrations, which correlated well with the results obtained using culture broth supernatants for toxin detection in the ELISA. By using sonicates of isolated bacterial colonies from primary isolation agar plates, the subcultivation on agar plates or in culture broth tubes can be omitted. This may reduce the possibility of losing the plasmids coding for enterotoxin production. The time needed for analysis of suspected toxin producing E. coli strains will be reduced accordingly. Suspensions with bacterial counts of 106 per ml or more of E. coli, gave detectable levels of heat‐labile enterotoxin in the sonicates.
ANTIBODIES TO COMMON VIRUSES IN SERA FROM PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Authors: BJERRUM OLE WEIS , MANSA BENDT
Published: August 2010

The results of screening for antibodies against rubella, morbilli, mumps, herpes simplex, rota and Epstein‐Barr virus in serum from patients with multiple myeloma are reported. Antibodies against herpes simplex virus were found in all samples, present in high titres in most samples. Antibody titres against the other five viruses were generally low. A possible association of common virusinfections and myelomatosis is discussed.
BACTERIAL ADHESIVENESS AND INVASIVENESS IN CELL CULTURE MONOLAYER
Authors: BUKHOLM GEIR , JOHANSEN BJøRN VIDAR , NAMORK ELLEN , LASSEN JøRGEN
Published: August 2010

A method, suitable for differentiating between invasiveness and adhesiveness of bacteria on cell cultures is reported. The method employs a combination of differential interference contrast microscopy and UV incident light microscopy applied on the same light microscope. The accuracy of the method is evaluated by use of scanning electron microscopy.