bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel broadband dual‐polarized dipole antenna
Authors: Huang Hua , Niu Zhongqi , Bai Bing , Zhang Jinfeng
Published: November 2010

A novel broadband dual‐polarized cross‐pair dipole antenna is presented in this article.Two pairs of a folded dipole antenna are used as ±45° polarization element, respectively. With such a cross pair of folded dipoles, a polarization diversity antenna is constructed. A prototype antenna has been fabricated and tested. Results of simulation and measurement agree well and show the antenna exhibits encouraging properties, e.g., 10‐dB impedance bandwidth of 87.3% from 800 to 2040 MHz, which is much wider than that of conventional cross‐pair antennas, as well as a half‐power beamwidth within 65 ± 5° in the horizontal plane. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:148–150, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25659
Reflection loss and bandwidth performance of X‐band infinite reflectarrays: Simulations and measurements
Authors: Abbasi Muhammad Inam , Ismail Muhammad Y.
Published: November 2010

A technique for the measurement of scattering parameters of an infinite reflectarray is presented which takes into account effects of mutual coupling. Infinite reflectarrays designed at 10 GHz with different substrate thicknesses have been analyzed in which maximum 10% and 20% bandwidth values from resonance are shown to be 157 MHZ and 250 MHz, respectively, constructed on 0.508‐mm thick substrate. Moreover, a figure of merit (FOM) has been defined which decreases from 0.320 to 0.26 °/MHz as the substrate thickness is increased from 0.127 to 0.508 mm, and the results demonstrate a significant decrease in the slope of reflection phase curve. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:77–80, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25662
New and accurate synthesis formulas for asymmetric conductor‐backed coplanar waveguides
Authors: Kaya S. , Guney K. , Yildiz C. , Turkmen M.
Published: November 2010

New and accurate synthesis formulas for the asymmetric conductor‐backed coplanar waveguide (ACBCPW) are presented. They are obtained by using a differential evolution and particle swarm optimization algorithms. The synthesis formulas are useful to microwave engineers for accurately calculating the physical dimensions of ACBCPWs. The results of the synthesis formulas are compared with the quasi‐static analysis, a full‐wave electromagnetic simulator IE3D, and experimental results obtained in this work. The average percentage errors of the synthesis formulas found by using differential evolution and particle swarm optimization algorithms are calculated to be 0.56% and 0.93%, respectively, for 3024 ACBCPW samples having different electrical parameters and physical dimensions, compared with the results of respective quasi‐static analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:211–216, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25666
Spectrum sensing cognitive‐wave‐radio for interference identification in wireless communications
Authors: Xu Yansheng , Aljerjawi M. , Nerguizian C. , Bosisio R. G.
Published: November 2010

Physical layer of cognitive‐wave‐radio receiver is investigated to identify interference signals, by spectrum sensing, in the presence of received QPSK data at 20 Mbps. The investigated cognitive‐wave‐radio receiver structure is based on existing wave radio physical layer (six‐port receiver interferometer) adapted for the receiver data active cancellation. For active cancellation of the received digital data, four outputs of the standard wave radio receiver are used in conjunction with three “single pole double throw” switches providing a single output of the “zero state time interval” for spectrum sensing of the interference signal. Two interference signals were tested: a 7‐dBm amplitude modulated interference and a wide band white noise with 0.01 mW/MHz. The microwave carrier of the QPSK signal is set at an amplitude of 16 dBm and a carrier frequency of 3.5 GHz. Once the interference signal spectrum is identified, the QPSK data are transmitted through the available channel. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:195–200, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25670
Planar triangular monopole antenna with multioctave bandwidth
Authors: Naser‐Moghadasi M. , Dadashzadeh G.R. , Abdollahvand M. , Zehforoosh Y. , Virdee B. S.
Published: November 2010

This article presents the results of a novel triangular monopole antenna that exhibits multioctave performance. This modification significantly improves the antenna's impedance bandwidth by 167% over an ultrawideband frequency. The antenna's simulated return‐loss and radiation patterns show very good correlation with the fabricated antenna's measured results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:10–14, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25673
Multioctave microstrip‐to‐coplanar waveguide vertical transition
Authors: Abbosh A. M.
Published: November 2010

A vialess vertical microstrip‐to‐coplanar waveguide (CPW) transition that covers a multioctave bandwidth is proposed. The proposed transition utilizes the magnetic coupling in a pair of mcirostrip‐to‐slotline transitions derived from the microstrip/CPW structure. The presented device is designed following simple design guidelines. The simulated and measured results show that the proposed transition can achieve a six‐octave bandwidth. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:187–189, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25675
Wideband bandpass filter using microstrip ring
Authors: Jung Dong‐Jin , Lee Jung‐Kyu , Chang Kai
Published: November 2010

A simple design for a wideband bandpass filter is presented.A compact filter structure is achieved by placing a microstrip ring between two parallel coupling gaps. 3D electromagnetic simulation and measurement of the proposed filter validate its wideband characteristics. The proposed filter exhibits good insertion loss <1.2 dB and group delay variation <0.2 ns. Both simulated and measured results show good agreement. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:154–155, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25678
Demodulation of the FBG temperature sensor with the tunable twin‐core fiber
Authors: Zou Yi , Dong Xiaopeng
Published: November 2010

A novel linear edge filter based on a piece of tunable twin‐core fiber is proposed in this article.The transmission spectrum of the twin‐core fiber can be adjusted by pulling and twisting the twin‐core fiber to match the central wavelength of the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) used for the temperature sensor. The feasibility of the method is analyzed and demonstrated experimentally. This demodulation filter, which is based on the all‐fiber component, can be designed and adjusted according to the measurement sensitivity and range of FBG temperature sensor, so its characteristics of compact scheme and low cost would make this method more applicable. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:81–84, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25681
Melanoma Immunotherapy
Authors: Sivendran Shanthi , Glodny Bradley , Pan Michael , Merad Miriam , Saenger Yvonne
Published: November 2010

Melanoma immunotherapy has been an area of intense research for decades, and this work is now yielding more tangible results for patients. Work has focused on 4 main areas: cytokine therapy, administration of immune‐modulating antibodies, adoptive T‐cell therapy, and vaccines. Cytokine therapy is an established treatment for advanced melanoma, and immune‐modulating antibodies have recently emerged as an exciting new area of drug development with efficacy now established in a phase III trial. Adoptive T‐cell therapy provides the proof of principle that T cells can attack and eliminate tumors. It has been challenging, however, to adapt this treatment for widespread use. Vaccines have generally yielded poor results, but intratumor pathogen‐based strategies have shown encouraging results in recent trials, perhaps due to stronger immune stimulation. A review of the field of melanoma immunotherapy is provided here, with emphasis on those agents that have reached clinical testing. Novel strategies to induce the immune system to attack melanomas are reviewed. In the future, it is envisioned that immunotherapy will have further application in combination with cytotoxic and targeted therapies. Mt Sinai J Med 77:620–642, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Molecular Targeted Therapies
Authors: Bayraktar Soley , Rocha‐Lima Caio M.
Published: November 2010

Patients with pancreatic cancer normally present with advanced disease that is lethal and notoriously difficult to treat. However, clinical developments over the past decade have been modest and advances are incremental at most. The core drug and the backbone of treatment in all settings of pancreatic adenocarcinoma—adjuvant, locally advanced, and metastatic—remains gemcitabine. The past decade of research focused initially on combining cytotoxic therapies with gemcitabine, and during that time a large number of studies have been published that aimed to target the molecular abnormalities implicated in pancreatic tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and resistance to apoptosis. This research is of particular importance, as data suggest that a large number of genetic alterations affect only a few major signaling pathways and processes involved in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Although laboratory results of targeted therapies have been impressive, until now only erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has demonstrated marginal survival benefit in combination with gemcitabine in phase III clinical trials. Even though the failures of targeted therapies in the clinical setting are discouraging, it is reasonable to surmise that major progress will evolve as the molecular biology of pancreatic adenocarcinoma continues to be unraveled. This review describes some of the important developments and targeted agents for pancreatic cancer that have been tested in clinical trials. Mt Sinai J Med 77:606–619, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Genetics of Prostate Cancer Risk
Authors: Pomerantz Mark M. , Freedman Matthew L.
Published: November 2010

table 2 check and delteFor decades, physicians and researchers have recognized that family history is a significant risk factor for prostate cancer. The identification of the genes responsible for inherited risk, however, proved difficult. With the sequencing of the human genome and the completion of the initial phases of the International HapMap Project, the tools are available to scan the entire genome and find genetic markers for disease. Since 2006, more than 30 inherited variants strongly associated with prostate cancer have been reported. As the inherited component of the disease is revealed, efforts are ongoing to translate genetic findings into the clinic. Mt Sinai J Med 74:643–654, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: New Translational Therapies
Authors: Mascarenhas John , Hoffman Ronald
Published: November 2010

The myeloproliferative neoplasms represent a diverse group of hematologic malignancies that have been the subject of intense investigation over the last decade. Although clinical trials of the much anticipated small molecule inhibitors of Janus kinase 2 have shown that these experimental agents are successful in palliating many of the symptoms associated with the myeloproliferative neoplasms, they have not been reported to affect the disease initiating hematopoietic stem cell population or to alter the natural history of these disorders. Investigators remain optimistic that new information about the genetic and cellular origins gained from the efforts of numerous laboratories will ultimately translate in to the identification of new drug targets and more effective therapies. We hypothesize that ultimately, the use of combinations of drugs including chromatin modifying agents, immunomodulatory agents, anti‐apoptotic agents, cellular therapies and monoclonal antibodies will be required to effectively treat patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Mt Sinai J Med 77:667–683, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Lung Adenocarcinoma: Lessons in Translation from Bench to Bedside
Authors: Sangodkar Jaya , Katz Suzanna , Melville Heather , Narla Goutham
Published: November 2010

Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer‐related death in the United States and worldwide, accounting for approximately a third of all cancer diagnoses and deaths. The American Cancer Society estimates 159,390 deaths from lung cancer in the United States for 2009 alone. The high mortality rate associated with lung cancer has prompted numerous exhaustive efforts to identify novel therapeutic targets and treatment modalities for this deadly disease. The characterization of signaling pathways underlying the development and progression of lung cancer, particularly lung adenocarcinoma, has been instrumental in developing novel therapeutic strategies to target aggressive metastatic disease. This paradigm is best illustrated in lung adenocarcinoma by recent studies of the epidermal growth factor receptor, which has been identified to be a critical diagnostic and therapeutic target. Our understanding of the central role of epidermal growth factor receptor in the development and progression of lung adenocarcinoma has led to the development of molecular agents against this key oncogene that have demonstrated significant clinical efficacy against the disease. Despite these successes, de novo or acquired resistance to these anti–epidermal growth factor receptor agents invariably develops, either through additional mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor, or abnormal regulation of downstream signaling pathways. Thus, it is necessary to further investigate the molecular determinants of treatment resistance and to develop novel therapeutic strategies directed specifically against the molecular drivers of metastatic chemoresistant lung cancer. Given the heterogeneity and convergence of signaling pathways underlying both disease etiology and chemoresistance, future efforts to administer rationally designed agents against multiple molecular targets could serve to improve both first‐line and second‐line therapies for patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Mt Sinai J Med 77:597–605, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Bacterial overgrowth syndrome in myotonic muscular dystrophy is potentially treatable
Authors: Tarnopolsky Mark A. , Pearce Erin , Matteliano Andre , James Cindy , Armstrong David
Published: November 2010

Over one third of patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy type 1 (DM1) have gastrointestinal complaints. The cause is multifactorial, and treatment options are limited. Twenty DM1 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms were screened over a 2‐year period using glucose breath hydrogen testing (GBHT) to evaluate the prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Sixty‐five percent of patients had a positive GBHT, and diarrhea was the most common presenting symptom. Ciprofloxacin was the most common antibiotic used for treatment, and 70% of patients reported a good response to the initial course of treatment. Although the causes of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with DM1 are multifactorial, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is an important diagnostic consideration that is easily diagnosed using glucose breath hydrogen testing and often shows a good response to treatment with common antibiotics. Muscle Nerve 42: 853–855, 2010
A novel deletion mutation in GJB1 causes X‐linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease in a Han Chinese family
Authors: Lin Pengfei , Mao Fei , Liu Qiji , Yang Wanling , Shao Changshun , Yan Chuanzhu , Gong Yaoqin
Published: November 2010

X‐linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease CMT (CMTX) is predominantly caused by mutations in the GJB1 gene that encode connexin32. We describe the clinical findings and the identification of a novel mutation in GJB1 in a large Han Chinese family with CMTX. Linkage to GJB1 was determined by genotyping five polymorphic markers flanking GJB1. Sequence alterations were determined by directly sequencing the coding region of the GJB1 gene. The affected members have variable clinical manifestations. Linkage analysis confirmed the cosegregation of the disease with the GJB1 locus. Sequencing of the GJB1 gene revealed a 1‐basepair deletion (c.110delT) in the coding region. The frameshift begins at amino acid 37 and generates a premature stop codon at position 83. The shortened peptide is unlikely to be functional, as it lacks most of the functional domains. The CMTX in this family is caused by a novel loss of function mutation. Muscle Nerve 42: 922–926, 2010
Validity and reliability of the purdue pegboard test in carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Amirjani Nasim , Ashworth Nigel L. , Olson Jaret L. , Morhart Michael , Chan K. Ming
Published: November 2010

There is a paucity of validated tests to quantify hand function impairment due to carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The aim of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) in CTS patients. We compared 190 CTS patients with 122 healthy, age‐matched controls. CTS severity was determined based on electrophysiologic parameters and the Levine Self‐Assessment Questionnaire. The time to complete the PPT and the test–retest reliability were tested. The test–retest reliability was high with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.91. Compared to healthy controls, the CTS patients were significantly slower. Although the functional performance generally declined with increasing severity of electrophysiologic abnormalities, the correlation between hand function decline and symptom severity in the young and middle‐aged groups was low. We conclude that the PPT is a valid and reliable tool to quantify functional impairment caused by CTS. It can be a useful outcome measure in young and middle‐aged patients. Muscle Nerve , 2011
Continuous endurance‐type exercise training does not modulate satellite cell content in obese type 2 diabetes patients
Authors: Snijders Tim , Verdijk Lex B. , Hansen Dominique , Dendale Paul , van Loon Luc J.C.
Published: November 2010

Endurance‐type exercise training represents a cornerstone in type 2 diabetes treatment. However, the effects of prolonged continuous, endurance‐type exercise on muscle fiber characteristics remain equivocal. Fifteen obese male type 2 diabetes patients (61 ± 6 years) participated in a 6‐month continuous, endurance‐type exercise program. Muscle biopsies were collected before, and after 2 and 6 months of intervention. Muscle fiber type–specific composition, size, and satellite cell (SC) and myonuclear content were determined by immunohistochemistry. Although continuous endurance‐type exercise training lowered total body weight and reduced fat mass, no changes were observed in leg lean mass. At baseline, SC content was significantly lower in type II compared with type I muscle fibers. No change in SC content was observed after exercise training. Continuous endurance‐type exercise training lowers fat mass, but it does not increase leg lean mass and/or modulate muscle fiber characteristics in type 2 diabetes patients. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Numerical modelling of lumpy clay landfill
Authors: Najser J. , Mašín D. , Boháč J.
Published: November 2010

Two trial motorway embankments built on a landfill consisting of clayey lumps were monitored over the period of 3 and 5 years, respectively. The subsoil of the embankment was instrumented by hydrostatic levelling profiles, pore pressure transducers and depth reference points installed in boreholes. An advanced constitutive model for clays (hypoplastic model for clays with meta‐stable structure) was used for numerical modelling of both case histories. Basic hypoplastic model for clays was calibrated using isotropic compression tests and triaxial compression tests on reconstituted clay. Three additional model parameters describing the effects of lumpy structure were calibrated using oedometer tests on specimens prepared from scaled‐down lumpy material (material with smaller size of clay lumps). The performance of the model was evaluated by comparison with the results of the centrifuge model of self‐weight consolidated landfill. Finally, the hypoplastic model was used for simulation of both trial embankments and the results were compared with in situ measurements. The degradation of the lumpy structure of the upper layer of the in situ landfill due to weathering was back analysed using monitoring data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limiting equilibrium versus BS3D analysis of a tetrahedral rock block
Authors: Asadollahi Pooyan , Tonon Fulvio
Published: November 2010

In order to analyze the stability of a 3D rock block using a limiting equilibrium method, some simplifications must be introduced, such as neglecting the effects of deformability of the rock block, fractures, and the surrounding rock mass, the progressive failure and the mobilization of shear strength of fractures, and changes in in situ stresses with block displacement. These limitations may cause some errors when calculating the factor of safety of the block. This paper quantifies the error caused by these simplifications comparing the results against those obtained with a numerical method (BS3D). In addition, the effects of the normal stiffness of the fractures, dilatancy, the tunnel radius, and the block size on stability of the tetrahedron are investigated using the numerical tool to demonstrate the importance of the effects eliminated by the limiting equilibrium approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nationwide survey of bisphosphonate therapy for children with reactivated Langerhans cell histiocytosis in Japan
Authors: Morimoto Akira , Shioda Yoko , Imamura Toshihiko , Kanegane Hirokazu , Sato Takashi , Kudo Kazuko , Nakagawa Shinichiro , Nakadate Hisaya , Tauchi Hisamichi , Hama Asahito , Yasui Masahiro , Nagatoshi Yoshihisa , Kinoshita Akitoshi , Miyaji Ryosuke , Anan Tadashi , Yabe Miharu , Kamizono Junji
Published: November 2010

Background

Several studies have suggested that Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is responsive to treatment with bisphosphonates (BPs). However the efficacy and safety of BPs therapy for childhood LCH is unknown.

Procedure

Data on children with LCH who had received BPs therapy were collected retrospectively from hospitals participating in the Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group.

Results

Twenty‐one children with histologically proven LCH were identified. Of these, the case histories of 16 children who had been treated with pamidronate (PAM) for disease reactivation were analyzed in detail. The median post‐PAM therapy follow‐up period was 2.8 years (range: 0.9–9.3 years). The median age at commencement of PAM therapy was 9.4 years (range: 2.3–15.0 years). All children had one or more bone lesions but none had risk organ (RO) involvement. In the majority of the children, six courses of PAM were administered at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg/course at 4‐week intervals. In 12 of the 16 children, all active lesions including lesions of the skin (n = 3) and soft tissues (n = 3) resolved. Of these children, eight children had no active disease for a median of 3.3 years post‐PAM therapy (range: 1.8–9.3 years). Progression‐free survival (PFS) was 56.3 ± 12.4% at 3 years. PFS was significantly higher in children with a first reactivation compared with children experiencing a second or subsequent reactivation.

Conclusions

PAM may be an effective treatment for reactivated LCH with bone lesions. A prospective trial of the efficacy of PAM in recurrent pediatric LCH is warranted. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;56:110–115. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Childhood leukemia incidence in Brazil according to different geographical regions
Authors: de Souza Reis Rejane , de Camargo Beatriz , de Oliveira Santos Marceli , de Oliveira Juliana Moreira , Azevedo Silva Fernanda , Pombo‐de‐Oliveira Maria S.
Published: November 2010

Background

Resource‐rich countries tend to have a higher incidence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), whereas lower rates are seen in more deprived countries. This study describes the incidence of childhood acute leukemia in Brazil, an upper middle‐income country, based on data from 16 population‐based cancer registries (PBCRs).

Procedure

Data were examined from 16 PBCRs in Brazilian cities located in five geographical regions during the period from 1997 to 2004. Incidence rates were analyzed according to gender, age, and type of leukemia. The Wilcoxon test was performed to evaluate for gender–age based difference between by leukemia type.

Results

The median age‐adjusted incidence rate (AAIR) of leukemia in children aged 0–14 years old was 53.3 per million. A different AAIR was found regarding ALL and myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) that ranged from 24.8 to 76.84 per 1,000,000 children. Manaus, although located in a poor area of Brazil, exhibited the highest AAIR (56.6 per million) of ALL. Goiania had the highest AAIR (24.5 per million) of MPD. The median age‐specific incidence rate (ASIR) for the 16 Brazilian PBCRs demonstrated a marked peak in incidence of ALL at age 3 years old, in both genders.

Conclusions

This population‐based study of childhood leukemia demonstrates that substantial regional differences exist regarding the incidence of acute leukemia in Brazil, which warrants further ecological study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;56:58–64. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of defect type on hydrogen passivation efficacy in multicrystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Bertoni M.I. , Hudelson S. , Newman B.K. , Fenning D.P. , Dekkers H.F.W. , Cornagliotti E. , Zuschlag A. , Micard G. , Hahn G. , Coletti G. , Lai B. , Buonassisi T.
Published: November 2010

We examine the effectiveness of hydrogen passivation as a function of defect type and microstructure at grain boundaries (GBs) in multicrystalline silicon. We analyze a solar cell with alternating mm‐wide bare and SiNx‐coated stripes using laser‐beam‐induced current, electron backscatter diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence microscopy, and defect etching to correlate pre‐ and post‐hydrogenation recombination activity with GB character, density of iron‐silicide nanoprecipitates, and dislocations. A strong correlation was found between GB recombination activity and the nature/density of etch pits along the boundaries, while iron silicide precipitates above detection limits were found to play a less significant role. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ab initio study of CX3‐substitution (X = H, F, Cl, Br, I) effects on the static electric polarizability and hyperpolarizability of diacetylene
Authors: Karamanis Panaghiotis , Maroulis George
Published: November 2010

We report a systematic ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) study of the electric properties of the X3CC≡CC≡CH (X = H, F, Cl, Br, and I) sequence of substituted diacetylenes. We rely on finite‐field Møller–Plesset perturbation theory and coupled‐cluster calculations with large, flexible basis sets. Our best values at the second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory level for the mean dipole polarizability and second hyperpolarizability are $\overline {{\alpha} } $/e2aE = 64.46 (CH3), 65.59 (CF3), 110.11 (CCl3), 138.90 (CBr3), 184.98 (CI3) and $\overline {{\gamma} } $/e4aE = 21020 (CH3), 13469 (CF3), 32708 (CCl3), 57599 (CBr3), and 105251 (CI3). For comparison, the analogous MP2 values for diacetylene [P.Karamanis and G.Maroulis, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2003, 376, 403.] are $\overline {{\alpha} } $/e2aE = 49.17, and $\overline {{\gamma} } $/e4aE = 16227. For the mean first hyperpolarizability we report $\overline {{\beta} } $/e3aE = −205.8 (CH3), −55.7 (CF3), 120.8 (CCl3), 443.8 (CBr3), and 725.4 (CI3). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermodynamic and kinetic effects of Lewis acid complexation on a Schiff base present in two tautomeric forms
Authors: Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José , Popelier Paul L.A.
Published: November 2010

The effect of complexation with Lewis acids on the tautomeric equilibrium of a derivative of pyridoxal has been explored using density functional theory. Three complexation sites (pyridine nitrogen, aromatic ring, and carbonyl group) have been considered. The tautomeric equilibrium can be modulated with the formation of complexes at the different sites. The changes observed in the geometric, energetic and electronic properties of the tautomers and transition states have been analyzed. Relationships have been found between those parameters, including a relationship between energetic and geometric parameters in agreement with the Hammond postulate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A longitudinal qualitative study of the experience of working following treatment for gynaecological cancer
Authors: Grunfeld E. A. , Cooper A. F.
Published: November 2010

Objective: There are an increasing number of gynaecological cancer survivors for whom returning to work is a realistic outcome. There is little research to date specifically examining the return to work experience of survivors of gynaecological cancers. The aim of this study was to explore gynaecological cancer survivors' experience of work over a 1‐year period post‐treatment.

Methods: A total of 55 gynaecological cancer survivors completed a semi‐structured interview following completion of their treatment and of these 36 also completed a follow‐up interview 12 months later. In total, 91 interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Framework analysis of the transcripts was undertaken.

Results: Three super‐ordinate themes were identified and these were labelled ‘Meaning of work’, ‘Disclosure of cancer diagnosis’ and ‘Readjustment’. Overall, there were few changes in working patterns between the two interview points with the majority of women returning to the same role. Although a desire to make work‐related changes was expressed at baseline, few women had initiated such changes 1‐year post‐treatment.

Conclusions: Employees may experience difficulties due to residual symptoms, such as continuing fatigue, or as a result of unrealistic expectations about returning to full employment soon after treatment has completed. The results highlight the need for an intervention to support gynaecological cancer survivors to cope with long‐term residual symptoms and manage expectations about returning to work. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of uptake, translocation and metabolism on the differential selectivity between blackgrass and wheat for the herbicide pyroxsulam
Authors: deBoer Gerrit J , Thornburgh Scott , Gilbert Jeff , Gast Roger E
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: Wheat shows selectivity to pyroxsulam, a new broad‐spectrum herbicide with high activity on blackgrass. Studies were performed to establish whether uptake, translocation or metabolism were responsible for the differential activity in wheat compared with blackgrass. In addition, the effect of the safener cloquintocet‐mexyl on metabolism was evaluated in wheat and blackgrass shoots.

RESULTS: Root uptake of pyroxsulam in blackgrass was significantly higher than in wheat, suggesting a possible activity enhancement in blackgrass owing to root uptake. Translocation to foliage from root uptake as well as translocation out of treated foliage following foliar applications was low in wheat compared with blackgrass, likely owing to the rapid metabolism of pyroxsulam in wheat. Wheat metabolized pyroxsulam significantly faster than blackgrass to the less active O‐dealkylation product. Wheat shoots metabolized pyroxsulam faster when the safener cloquintocet‐mexyl was present, but cloquintocet‐mexyl did not increase the rate of metabolism in blackgrass.

CONCLUSIONS: The selectivity of pyroxsulam to wheat relative to blackgrass was connected primarily with differences in the rate of metabolism and generation of an inactive metabolite. Metabolism in wheat restricted subsequent movement of radioactivity out of the treated leaf. The rapid metabolism in wheat was increased by the addition of cloquintocet‐mexyl. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Traditional herbal remedies that influence cell adhesion molecule activity
Authors: Spelman K. , Aldag R. , Hamman A. , Kwasnik E. M. , Mahendra M. A. , Obasi T. M. , Morse J. , Williams E. J.
Published: November 2010

Many traditional medicines have demonstrated immune activity, however, research has largely neglected their effects on cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). This review reports on extracts from 37 medicinal plant species, similar to or replicating traditional preparations, that up‐ or downregulate either gene or protein activity of CAMs. The majority of the investigations werein vitro, primarily of the immunoglobulin superfamily of CAMs, specifically intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) and secondarily on the integrin (CD11b or MAC‐1) and selectin (E‐selectin and P‐selectin) families of CAMs. The following plant species have demonstrated modulation of multiple CAMs:Artemisia asiatica, Boswellia serrata, Canscora decussata, Cinnamomum povectum, Dehaasia incrassate, Ganoderma lucidum, Ginkgo biloba, Hypericum perforatum, Juglans regia, Lycopus lucidus, Panax notoginseng, Rheum undulatum, Salvia miltiorrhiza. Many other species have documented activity on one CAM. Currently there are limitedin vivo/ex vivoinvestigations, including a clinical trial onMahonia aquifolium. Although further evidence is needed, the data suggest that the reviewed botanical medicines may have the potential to provide therapeutic potential in disease processes involving CAMs. Additionally, the reported success of many of these plant extracts by traditional cultures and modern phytotherapists may involve the modulation of CAMs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deletion and contraction identities for the resistance values and the Kirchhoff index
Authors: Cinkir Zubeyir
Published: November 2010

We establish identities, which we call deletion and contraction identities, for the resistance values on an electrical network. As an application of these identities, we give an upper bound to the Kirchhoff index of a molecular graph. Our upper bound, expressed in terms of the set of vertices and the edge connectivity of the graph, improves previously known upper bounds. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Oxidative Stress Mediates the Effects of Raman‐Active Gold Nanoparticles in Human Cells
Authors: Thakor Avnesh S. , Paulmurugan Ramasamy , Kempen Paul , Zavaleta Cristina , Sinclair Robert , Massoud Tarik F. , Gambhir Sanjiv S.
Published: November 2010

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated Raman‐active gold nanoparticles (PEG‐R‐AuNPs) consist of an interchangeable Raman organic molecule layer held onto a gold nanocore by a silica shell. PEG‐R‐AuNPs have been shown preclinically to increase the sensitivity and specificity of Raman spectroscopy, with picomolar sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities. Although clinical trials are being designed to use functionalized PEG‐R‐AuNPs in various applications (e.g., to target dysplastic bowel lesions during colonoscopy), the effects of these nanoparticles on human cells remain unknown. The occurrence and mechanisms underlying any potential cytotoxicity induced by these nanoparticles (0–1000 PEG‐R‐AuNPs/cell) are investigated in immortalized human HeLa and HepG2 cell lines at several time points (0–48 h) after exposure. Using fluorometric assays, cell viability (MTT), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (dichlorofluorescein diacetate), protein oxidation (protein carbonyl content), and total cellular antioxidant concentrations the concentrations (metmyoblobin‐induced oxidation of ABTS) are assessed. Analysis of lipid oxidation using an enzyme immunoassay (8‐isoprostane concentrations), gene expression of antioxidant enzymes using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions, and the intracellular location of PEG‐R‐AuNPs using transmission electron microscopy is also undertaken. PEG‐R‐AuNPs cause no cytotoxicity in either HeLa or HepG2 cells in the acute setting as ROS generation is balanced by antioxidant enzyme upregulation. Following prolonged exposures (48 h) at relatively high concentrations (1000 PEG‐R‐AuNPs/cell), nanoparticles are found within vesicles inside cells. Under these conditions, a minimal amount of cytotoxicity is seen in both cell lines owing to increases in cellular oxidative stress, most likely due to ROS overwhelming the antioxidant defenses. Evidence of oxidative stress‐induced damage includes increased lipid and protein oxidation. Although further in vivo toxicity studies are necessary, these initial encouraging results show that PEG‐R‐AuNPs cause minimal toxicity in human cells in the acute setting, which bodes well for potential future applications of these nanoparticles in living subjects.
Influence of α‐amylolysis on the formation of electron density inhomogeneities on the surface of starch granules
Authors: Sujka Monika , Jamroz Jerzy , Kwiatkowski Ryszard
Published: November 2010

Low‐temperature nitrogen adsorption and SAXS were used to analyze the granule surface of wheat and rice starches before and after an action of Bacillus subtilis α‐amylase. Results obtained by the first method showed that α‐amylolysis caused surface changes arising of new pores or enlarging diameters of pores already existing. According to the SAXS results, the action of enzymes caused complete sharpening of a solid skeletal boundary in the case of wheat starch granules. Partial sharpening of this boundary in the case of rice starch granules could be attributed to the relatively high content of proteins in rice starch.
Framing evolution discussion intellectually
Authors: Oliveira Alandeom W. , Cook Kristin , Buck Gayle A.
Published: November 2010

This study examines how a first‐year biology teacher facilitates a series of whole‐class discussions about evolution during the implementation of a problem‐based unit. A communicative theoretical perspective is adopted wherein evolution discussions are viewed as social events that the teacher can frame intellectually (i.e., present or organize as exchanges of an intellectual nature). Furthermore, we characterize teacher framing of evolution discussion in terms of five communicative components: focus, orientation, social structure, mood, and participatory nature. Our video‐based analyses revealed that the teacher paid little attention to the conceptual contents and history of evolutionary theory, framing evolution discussions as moderately playful and partially mandatory events focused mainly on student sharing of ideas (i.e., personal opinions) and polite communication of evolution. Within this framing, the teacher adopted the role of a neutral (though admittedly biased) facilitator with an intermediary expert status (less knowledgeable than evolutionary biologists) and who was legally required (though also inclined) to discuss evolution. The main significance of this study is that it provides new and useful insights into social phenomena such as respect, politeness, and humor in the context of evolution discussion as well as a robust theoretical framework for analyzing evolution discussion from a social perspective. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 257–280, 2011
Three‐dimensional cortical dipole imaging of brain electrical activity considering spherical and median planes
Authors: Hori Junichi , Koide Takeshi
Published: November 2010

Equivalent cortical dipole layer imaging is proposed for high‐resolution electroencephalogram (EEG) visualization. Equivalent dipole layer distribution parallel to the brain surface has been used in previous head models. In the present study, the additional dipole distribution on the median plane is introduced to identify the three‐dimensional (3D) position and orientation of dipole sources. The parametric Wiener filter (PWF) using statistical signal and noise information was applied to solve an inverse problem of cortical dipole imaging. Simulations were performed in an inhomogeneous, concentric, three‐sphere volume conductor head model under various signal conditions. Cortical dipole imaging provided localized brain electrical activity with better spatial resolution compared to the scalp potential map. These simulation results suggested that the depth and orientation of individual dipole sources could be observed by mapping on both spherical and median planes. We applied the proposed imaging technique to human experimental data of the visual evoked potential (VEP) and obtained reasonable results that coincide with physiological knowledge. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of visual perception
Authors: Johnson Scott P.
Published: November 2010

Processes of visual development that yield a view of the world as coherent and stable begin well before birth and extend over the first several years after the onset of visual experience. Infants are born capable of seeing and with specific preferences that guide the point of gaze to relevant portions of the visual scene to support learning about objects and faces. Visual development after birth is characterized by critical periods in many notable visual functions, and by extensive learning from experience and increasing control over eye movement systems.WIREs Cogni Sci2011 2 515–528 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.128

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics
Stata
Authors: Gutierrez Roberto G.
Published: November 2010

Stata is general‐purpose statistical software. Currently in version 11, Stata is known for its wide range of statistical routines, ease of data management, and publication‐quality graphics. Stata is available on virtually all computing platforms, including Windows, Macintosh, and most varieties of Unix/Linux. It is designed to run on both 32‐bit and 64‐bit architectures and operating systems. Stata possesses both a command‐line interface and a point‐and‐click menu interface, with a one‐to‐one correspondence between the two. Stata appeals to researchers from a wide range of fields, with concentrations in the health sciences and in economics. Statistically, Stata strengths are in the areas of panel/longitudinal data, survival analysis, and the analysis of data from complex surveys. Users can program their own routines using a mixture of Stata's own interpretive language and the compiled matrix‐programming language Mata, included with all Stata installations. Stata is offered in three flavors: Stata/IC, a standard version adequate for most purposes; Stata/SE, an expanded version for use with larger (wider) datasets; and Stata/MP, a version with specialized code designed to make use of multiple cores/processors and run faster on systems that have them. WIREs Comp Stat 2010 2 728–733 DOI: 10.1002/wics.116

This article is categorized under:

Software for Computational Statistics > Command Languages

Software for Computational Statistics > Software/Statistical Software
3′ processing of eukaryotic precursor tRNAs
Authors: Maraia Richard J. , Lamichhane Tek N.
Published: November 2010

Biogenesis of eukaryotic tRNAs requires transcription by RNA polymerase III and subsequent processing. 5′ processing of precursor tRNA occurs by a single mechanism, cleavage by RNase P, and usually occurs before 3′ processing although some conditions allow observation of the 3′‐first pathway. 3′ processing is relatively complex and is the focus of this review. Precursor RNA 3′ end formation begins with pol III termination generating a variable length 3′ oligo(U) tract that represents an underappreciated and previously unreviewed determinant of processing. Evidence that the pol III‐intrinsic 3′ exonuclease activity mediated by Rpc11p affects 3′ oligo(U) length is reviewed. In addition to multiple 3′ nucleases, precursor tRNA (pre‐tRNA) processing involves La and Lsm, distinct oligo(U)‐binding proteins with proposed chaperone activities. 3′ processing is performed by the endonuclease RNase Z or the exonuclease Rex1p (possibly others) along alternate pathways conditional on La. We review a Schizosaccharomyces pombe tRNA reporter system that has been used to distinguish two chaperone activities of La protein to its two conserved RNA binding motifs. Pre‐tRNAs with structural impairments are degraded by a nuclear surveillance system that mediates polyadenylation by the TRAMP complex followed by 3′ digestion by the nuclear exosome which appears to compete with 3′ processing. We also try to reconcile limited data on pre‐tRNA processing and Lsm proteins which largely affect precursors but not mature tRNAs. A pathway is proposed in which 3′ oligo(U) length is a primary determinant of La binding with subsequent steps distinguished by 3′ endo versus exo nucleases, chaperone activities, and nuclear surveillance. WIREs RNA 2011 2 362–375 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.64

This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA Processing > tRNA Processing
Solvothermal Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Thermal Properties of the First Example of Selenidostannates with Mixed Ethylene Polyamine‐Coordinated Transition Metal Complexes as Counterions
Authors: Liang Jingjing , Chen Jiangfang , Zhao Jing , Pan Yingli , Zhang Yong , Jia Dingxian
Published: November 2010

The compounds [Ni(en)3]2Sn2Se6 (1), [Ni(en)(trien)]2Sn2Se6 (2), [Co(en)(trien)]2Sn2Se6 (3), and [Ni2(trien)2(μ‐trien)]Cl4·2H2O (4) (en = ethylenediamine, trien = triethylenetetramine) were solvothermally synthesized by the reactions of NiCl2·6H2O (or CoCl2·6H2O), tin and selenium in en, mixed en/trien and trien solvents, respectively. The selenidostannates 1–3 are composed of the [Sn2Se6]4– anion and [Ni(en)3]2+ or [M(en)(trien)]2+ (M = Co, Ni) complex cations. The large dinuclear complex cation [Ni2(trien)2(μ‐trien)]4+ seems to prevent the formation of the [Sn2Se6]4– anion in the tien solvent, which indicates the different structural directing effects of the complex cations on the formation of the [Sn2Se6]4– anion. As far as we know, compounds 2 and 3 are the first examples of [Sn2Se6]4– compounds containing transition metal complexes with mixed ammine ligands. In the crystal structures of 1–4, the cations and anions are connected to three‐dimensional supramolecular networks by N–H···Se or N–H···Cl, N–H···O, and O–H···Cl hydrogen bonds.
Crystal Structure and Raman Spectroscopic Study of K5[CuO2][CO3]
Authors: Ali Naveed Zafar , Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin
Published: November 2010

Air and moisture sensitive K5[CuO2][CO3] was prepared via the azide/nitrate route from stoichiometric mixtures of the precursors CuO, KN3, KNO3 and K2CO3. According to the single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of the crystal structure [P4/nbm, Z = 2, a = 7.4067(5), c = 8.8764(8) Å, R1 = 0.053, 433 independent reflections] K5[CuO2][CO3] represents an ordered superstructure of Na5[NiO2][CO3]. The structure contains isolated [CuO2]3– dumbbells and CO32– anions, with the latter not connected to the transition element. Raman spectroscopic measurements confirm the presence of CO32– in the structure.