bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrouver la ville à la campagne : la villégiature à Montréal au tournant du XXe siècle
Authors: Aubin-Des Roches Caroline
Published: September 2013

Cet article porte sur les représentations de la villégiature à Montréal au tournant du XXe siècle. S’inscrivant dans le contexte d’urbanisation et d’industrialisation de cette époque, la villégiature correspond à la recherche de la nature par l’urbain et à son désir de rompre avec le rythme de la ville par le biais des vacances. L’examen de journaux montréalais entre 1895 et 1910 montre qu’en dépit de sa volonté de fuir la ville et ce qu’elle suppose (pollution, stress), le villégiateur désire reproduire plusieurs éléments urbains en villégiature. Ceci révèle l’existence de plusieurs contradictions. D’une part, l’exaltation d’une nature champêtre s’accompagne d’un désir de modifier la campagne pour la rendre plus belle et plus confortable, selon les critères et les besoins des villégiateurs. D’autre part, l’idéalisation des vacances et du temps libre se jumelé à la crainte de la vacuité et à la confection d’un emploi du temps calqué à l’image du rythme organisé de la vie urbaine. Considérée dans un tel contexte, la villégiature est un révélateur d’une période en turbulence et permet de saisir l’emprise des changements urbains et industriels sur la mentalité urbaine.
Produce and Protection: Covent Garden Market, the Socioeconomic Elite, and the Downtown Core in London, Ontario, 1843–1915
Authors: Gouglas Sean
Published: September 2013

This article evaluates the historical significance of the farmers' market in London, Ontario, the centre-piece of the city's booster activity. The author uses a systematic analysis of mercantile credit reports, city directories, and assessment rolls, combined with anecdotal evidence from local newspapers, diaries, and council records. The paper argues that Covent Garden Market initiated and entrenched economic and social patterns of development that privileged a minority of the city's merchants. Capitalizing on their initial advantage of location, these merchants and councillors maintained their hold on the market's monopoly of place by rigorously enforcing and tightening market regulations, maintaining a constant police presence, and petitioning the town for a rigid enforcement of the market by-laws. The market enhanced the economic influence of this elite under the pretense of protecting the general populace from unscrupulous vendors. The market proved a social and economic arena, a centre of urban and rural relations, outside of which economic failure proved a real possibility.
Dynamique de croissance et de changement à Montréal de 1792 à 1819: le passage de la ville préindustrielle à la ville industrielle
Authors: Massicotte Daniel
Published: September 2013

Dynamique de croissance et de changement à Montréal de 1792 à 1819: le passage de la ville préindustrielle à la ville industrielle1 Daniel Massicotte Résumé: Entre 1192 et 1819, Montréal connaît une période de transformation majeure. Rompant avec la ville préindustrielle, elle devient une ville en voie d'industrialisation. Les premiers flux d'immigrants britanniques suite à l'ouverture du Haut-Canada amorcent une croissance démographique et un mouvement d'urbanisation sans précédent pour cette ville. En résulte un brassage ethnique et linguistique qui modifie en profondeur la société montréalaise. Le mode d'habitat subit une mutation considérable car de ville de propriétaires, Montréal devient ville de locataires. Le phénomène de pauvreté est en croissance et accélère le fossé social entre riches et pauvres. Cette polarisation fondée sur les niveaux de richesse s'inscrit dans une ségrégation de l'espace urbain. La structure économique est en transition car de ville de services, Montréal devient une ville de fabrication connaissant une diversification économique liée à l'implantation d'un capitalisme industriel et financier Elle est également engagée dans une modernisation de ses services (eau courante, éclairage, ébouage, police). L'abandon des anciens symboles qu'étaient les fortifications et l'adoption des nouveaux symboles que sont le moteur à vapeur et les canaux complètent le tableau d'un Montréal engagé dans le passage de la ville préindustrielle à la ville industrielle.
The Urban Maps and Plans of Joseph Bouchette, Surveyor General of Lower Canada 1804 to 1841
Authors: Ferley Paul
Published: September 2013

This paper examines the urban maps and plans published by Joseph Bouchette, Surveyor General of Lower Canada, from 1804 to 1841. It employs the approach advocated by such analysts asJ.R Harley that maps not be regarded exclusively as a "mirror" but also as a "text. " The former, more restrictive, approach demands that maps should reflect the most current information available of the region depicted, a requirement that Bouchette's urban maps did not always meet. However, using the latter approach, Bouchette's maps illustrate the various socio-economic forces prevalent in the first half of the 19th century that had an impact on urban areas in British North America. As well, the failure by Bouchette to include the most recent developments in his urban maps can be viewed as reflecting the priorities and interests of the colonial authorities. These interests seemed to place a greater priority on detailing the topography and political boundaries of the surrounding hinterland as opposed to conveying information on existing urban areas.
"People and Government Travelling Together": Community Organization, Urban Planning and the Politics of Post-War Reconstruction in Toronto 1943–1953
Authors: Brushett Kevin
Published: September 2013

Most histories of urban planning, urban politics, and the development of the welfare state have largely neglected both the existence and the importance of citizen participation in any period prior to the 1960s. The establishment of the Toronto Reconstruction Council/Civic Advisory Council in 1943, and the Community Council Coordinating Committee (4C's) in 1947, however, illustrates the importance of popular involvement in city and social planning during a crucial period in the history of Toronto and Canada as a whole. Organized by the local state both the Reconstruction Council and the 4C's tried to harness the tremendous surge of local activism and social idealism engendered by Torontonians' own attempts to tackle the social problems caused by a decade and a half of depression and war, as well as by their hopes for post-war reconstruction. Intended in many ways to manufacture consent for civic reconstruction plans, the agenda of these two organizations was often captive to the demands made by ordinary Torontonians out of necessity and self-interest. This article examines Toronto's unique experiment to harness citizen and community participation in aid of social and urban planning schemes. It argues that the rise and subsequent fall of the community organization movement represented a crucial turning point turning in citizen participation in urban planning politics. The formation of the TRC/CAC and the 4Cs represented a plastic moment in Toronto urban planning politics when the ideals of local democracy and citizen participation seemed achievable. However, the community organization movement foundered on the very divisions it hoped to overcome: class, ethnicity, and most importantly political Ultimately the failure of these two organizations to incorporate genuine citizen participation in social and urban planning schemes, as the case of the Regent Park slum clearance and public housing project illustrates, haunted city planning politics for the next two decades.
La construction sociale d’un compromis (1945–1970) : prélude à la rénovation urbaine dans le quartier Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Québec
Authors: Séguin Anne-Marie
Published: September 2013

Cet article montre pourquoi la rénovation urbaine dans le quartier Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Québec apparaît comme un compromis acceptable pour de nombreux groupes de la société civile au début des années I960. Pour comprendre cet épisode de transformation urbaine, il importe de retourner aux décennies 1940 et 1950 alors que se déploie à l'échelle nord-américaine un nouveau mode de développement, lefordisme qui contribue à la marginalisation économique de la région de Québec. Ce dernier permet également Vémergence de nouvelles pratiques de consommation, notamment dans le domaine de l'habitat. Aux yeux de certains, la rénovation urbaine apparaît comme un moyen de redynamiser l'économie régionale. Pour les autres, elle constitue un moyen d'enrichir l'assiette fiscale afin de répondre à des demandes sociales pressantes ou encore d'améliorer le cadre résidentiel de quartiers jugés vétustés. Enfin, pour le gouvernement du Québec, elle offre un moyen de marquer un changement de régime et la volonté de modernisation de l'État québécois.
The Politics of Transportation Services in Suburban Montreal: Sorting Out the "Mile End Muddle," 1893–1909
Authors: Boone Christopher G.
Published: September 2013

The rapid spread of electric streetcar technology in the 1890s brought not only passengers to the suburbs but streetcar politics too. Beyond Montreal's city limits in the Village of Mile End, the politics of streetcar services was particularly virulent and indeed often comical The contest between competing streetcar firms, and divisions within the council, culminated in early March 1893 when the Mayor of Mile End tore up a half-mile of the Montreal Street Railway Company's track. Though residents had long clamoured for streetcar service, most applauded the Mayor's heroics. This paper is an attempt to make sense of the 'Mile End Muddle,' as the newspapers dubbed the strange sequence of events, and to explain the relative weakness of the council and residents in the contest for streetcar service. I aim to show that the council and residents of Mile End, though vociferous and often violent, were unable to secure any significant degree of control of the actions of the MSRC and the Park & Island Railway Company. Although Mile End had the legal right, as a municipal corporation, to regulate streetcar services in its domain, in practice it and its venal councillors were small players in the battle for a streetcar franchise. Without the tax base to threaten public ownership of streetcar services, the town of Mile End was unable to defy the interests of heavily capitalized streetcar companies. By dividing the territory of greater Montreal betweem them, the MSRC and Park & Island effectively undermined the negotiating power of suburban councils to regulate a critical urban service.
"The New Spirit : Modern Architecture in Vancouver, 1938–65"
Authors: McKay Sherry
Published: September 2013

Playing to a home audience between November 8,1997 and January 18,1998, the "New Spirit: Modern Architecture in Vancouver, 1938-1965," won popular appeal as it regaled local visitors with the city's well-known as well as less-familiar buildings and practitioners, as exemplified by the inclusion of both the B. C. Electric Head Office by Thompson, Berwick and Pratt and the Sky Bungalow by Fred Hollingsworth. The exhibition, initiated at the Canadian Centre for Architecture in March 1997 and concluding at Calgary's Nickel Art Gallery in April 1998, is neither overwhelming in size, nor overly exclusive in its selection of material.
Les Services Urbains Sous Surveillance Politique : le pouvoir municipal et l’établissement du service de transport en commun à Montréal, 1860–1880
Authors: Fougères Dany
Published: September 2013

Cet article présente une analyse du cadre normatif dans lequel s'effectue l'implantation du service de transport en commun à Montréal entre 1860 et 1880. Nous abordons les conditions de mise en place et de fonctionnement de l'entreprise telles qu'elles sont déterminées dans les documents légaux sanctionnés par le Conseil municipal et les législateurs coloniaux. À Montréal, dans la seconde moitié du 19e siècle, les infra structures et les services urbains se multiplient au rythme de la croissance urbaine. La loi donne à la Corporation municipale le mandat d'administrer, par le biais de son Conseil élu, tout ce qui est jugé d'intérêt local. La multiplication des infrastructures et des services est, quant à elle, marquée par la présence de l'entreprise privée. À l'intérieur de cette dynamique, les compagnies dépositaires de services sont-elles libres de toutes obligations ou redevances face au pouvoir local ? Comment la Corporation municipale réagit-elle ? Nous serons à même de démontrer que l'établissement de ce type d'entreprise à l'intérieur des limites de la ville constitue une aventure juridico-politique où les caractéristiques de la cohabitation public-privé sont, certaines habituelles, d'autres singulières.
Maritime Fragmentation: Inherent or People-Made?
Authors: Sandberg L. Anders
Published: September 2013

The reasons behind Maritime industrial decline continue to be hotly debated. Capitalism and capitalists are blamed by some. Others favour cultural interpretations. Neo-classical economists see the process as a rational outcome of the decisions of profit-seeking capitalists. Regionalists blame discriminatory policies of the federal government. In a recent article in this journal, geographer Larry McCann, using the example of the rise and decline of the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company [Scotia], focusses on the fragmentation of the region.1 Fragmentation, McCann argues, refers to several conditions: a variegated coastline; large uninhabited forests; scattered areas of usable agricultural lands; cultural groups limited to original hearth areas; political, ethnic and religious diversity; dispersed and scattered resources that shift in relative value and quality; and income differentiation. It is McCann's thesis that Scotia was a tenuous affair. Its promoters struggled valiantly to integrate a series of diverse operations, succeeded for some time (fragmented integration), but in the end succumbed to three forces of fragmentation: dispersed and limited regional markets, increased costs of producing poor quality resources, and the minimal presence of external economies. McCann is careful to argue that, "[o]f course, no one explanation can be offered to account solely for the deindustrialization and urban population losses of this hinterland region." But he nevertheless feels that "the forces of fragmentation associated with the Maritime space economy shaped 'Scotia's' unwillingness to emphasize internal growth over external markets, and also contributed to the company's eventual demise."2
"This is Not a Company; It is a Cause": Class, Gender and the Toronto Housing Company, 1912–1920
Authors: Purdy Sean
Published: September 2013

Historians of public housing have recently drawn attention to the ways in which housing designs are not merely reflections of societal attitudes, but rather, form part of the dominant ideological and political agenda. This article takes its cue from these insights by exploring an early Canadian state-assisted housing venture, the Toronto Housing Company (THC). The purposes, development, layout and internal design ofRiverdale Courts, the major site of the THC endeavour, evolved through the interplay of class-specific and gendered practices, revealing reformers' recognition of the desire to rectify a perceived crisis in social order. The concentration on the quality and internal ordering of workers' homes went beyond purely economic grounds: the ideological role housing could play in regulating social consent was also a pivotal concern. This early case of social reform represents one facet of the state's and the reform movement's increasing engagement with the daily lives of workers through the attempt to shape a proficient, contented and internally-divided workforce.
The Culture of Rights Protection in Canadian Refugee Law: Examining the Domestic Violence Cases
Authors: Arbel Efrat
Published: September 2013

This article examines Canadian refugee law cases involving domestic violence, analyzed through a comparison with cases involving forced sterilization and genital cutting. Surveying 645 reported decisions, it suggests that Canadian adjudicators generally adopted different methods of analysis in refugee cases involving domestic violence, as compared with these other claims. The article argues that Canadian adjudicators rarely recognized domestic violence as a rights violation in itself but, instead, demonstrated a general predisposition toward finding domestic violence persecution in cultural difference. That is, adjudicators tended to recognize domestic violence claimants not as victims of persecutory practices but rather as victims of persecutory cultures. The article suggests that this approach establishes incorrect criteria by which to evaluate domestic violence claims, for two main reasons. First, this approach does not accord due weight to complex factors besides culture that make women vulnerable to persecution in domestic settings. Second, this approach erects legal and conceptual barriers for women who cannot authentically narrate their experience through the script of cultural vulnerability or who cannot present as “victims of culture”. The article posits that characterizing the violence suffered by refugee women as a product of culture does more than erect barriers for refugee claimants; it also operates as a protective device that suppresses the commonality of domestic violence across cultures and elides its domestic prevalence. The article concludes by suggesting that this approach replicates problematic assumptions about gender violence and gender difference that make it harder to address domestic violence both abroad and at home.
General Lossy External Cloak with New Structures
Authors: Ghasemi E. , Aghamohamadi F. , Abdolali A.
Published: September 2013

In this article we consider loss for all parts of external cloaks that are achieved by the different transformation functions. Each cloak has a different threshold for loss. We compare the simulation result with each other to find the best function for external cloaking.
Scattering forces on magneto-dielectric particles and the electromagnetic momentum density
Authors: Marques M. I. , Saenz J. J.
Published: September 2013

In this paper we analyze the non-conservative forces on  magneto-dielectric particles in special configurations where  the scattering force is not proportional to the average value  of the Poynting vector. Based on these results, we revisit  the concept of electromagnetic momentum density.
Tunable Nanoplasmonics
Authors: Swillam M. , Ismail Y. , Kotb R.
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we present novel mechanisms for tuning and controlling the response of novel plasmonic filter using metal-insulator-metal (MIM) configuration. These mechanisms allow for full control on the transmission response from these waveguide based structures. This control can be done electrically or mechanically. The applications and advantages of these novel schemes are discussed in details. Wideband tuning range has been obtained using these schemes.
Lectotypification of Acacia gardneri, A. obtecta, A. sparsiflora and A. whitei (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae)
Authors: Kodela Phillip G
Published: October 2013

This paper lectotypifies four Acacia species that were represented by a number of syntypes or confusing type

designations. Collections were examined at NSW and MEL, while mainly images and specimen data were

assessed for collections held elsewhere, including AD (data only), BM, BRI (data only), K, PERTH and US. The

location and assessment of herbarium specimens that potentially represented types was assisted by searching

records in Australia’s Virtual Herbarium (AVH 2013) and Global Plants (2013). The latter site enabled the

examination of images of a number of type specimens and their label details. Type citations by other authors

for these species were also addressed.
Insights into the subsurface structure of the Caloris basin, Mercury, from assessments of mechanical layering and changes in long‐wavelength topography
Authors: Klimczak Christian , Ernst Carolyn M. , Byrne Paul K. , Solomon Sean C. , Watters Thomas R. , Murchie Scott L. , Preusker Frank , Balcerski Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2013

The volcanic plains that fill the Caloris basin, the largest recognized impact basin on Mercury, are deformed by many graben and wrinkle ridges, among which the multitude of radial graben of Pantheon Fossae allow us to resolve variations in the depth extent of associated faulting. Displacement profiles and displacement‐to‐length scaling both indicate that faults near the basin center are confined to a ~ 4‐km‐thick mechanical layer, whereas faults far from the center penetrate more deeply. The fault scaling also indicates that the graben formed in mechanically strong material, which we identify with dry basalt‐like plains. These plains were also affected by changes in long‐wavelength topography, including undulations with wavelengths of up to 1300 km and amplitudes of 2.5 to 3 km. Geographic correlation of the depth extent of faulting with topographic variations allows a first‐order interpretation of the subsurface structure and mechanical stratigraphy in the basin. Further, crosscutting and superposition relationships among plains, faults, craters, and topography indicate that development of long‐wavelength topographic variations followed plains emplacement, faulting, and much of the cratering within the Caloris basin. As several examples of these topographic undulations are also found outside the basin, our results on the scale, structural style, and relative timing of the topographic changes have regional applicability and may be the surface expression of global‐scale interior processes on Mercury.
The differential of all two-loop MHV amplitudes in $ \mathcal{N}=4 $ Yang-Mills theory
Authors: Golden John , Spradlin Marcus
Published: September 2013

Abstract

We present an explicit analytic calculation of the differential of the planar n-particle, two-loop MHV scattering amplitude in
$ \mathcal{N}=4 $
super Yang-Mills theory. The result is expressed only in terms of the polylogarithm functions Li
k
(−x), for k = 1, 2, 3, with arguments x belonging to the special class of dual conformal cross-ratios known as cluster
$ \mathcal{X} $
-coordinates. The surprising fact that these amplitudes may be expressed in this way provides a striking example of the manner in which the cluster structure on the kinematic configuration space underlies the structure of amplitudes in SYM theory.
Effects of management and structural connectivity on the plant communities of organic vegetable field margins in South Korea
Authors: Kang Wanmo , Hoffmeister Mathias , Martin Emily A. , Steffan‐Dewenter Ingolf , Han Donguk , Lee Dowon
Published: September 2013

Field margins are an important component of the agri‐environment as they contribute to maintaining ecosystem functions and protecting biodiversity. Field margin structure, landscape attributes, and management practices have been examined as determinants of plant species diversity and composition for mainly cereal field margins; however, relatively little is known about their influence on vegetable field margins. We selected three types of field margins (each n = 4; non‐managed connected to forests, non‐managed isolated, and isolated and managed margins with mowing and organic herbicide) adjacent to organic vegetable crop fields and recorded the species richness and abundance of all vascular plants. The effects of structural connectivity, weed control management, and margin width on the community composition, species richness, and diversity were examined using multivariate statistical techniques. Plant community composition was clearly explained by structural connectivity between field margin and forest, as well as by weed control management. In contrast, species richness of functional guilds was influenced by connectivity and margin width, but not by weed control management. All communities had similar numbers of summer and fall blooming nectar‐ and pollen‐producing plants, an important source of pollination services. In addition, each community of field margin types, despite different species composition, had similar levels of Shannon diversity and evenness. Our results suggest that habitat arrangement is important for determining community composition in field margins. Management practices may be important in determining dominance patterns of individual species. A combination of various margin types and widths may be beneficial for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services.
Recovery of forest‐floor vegetation after a wildfire in a Picea mariana forest
Authors: Tsuyuzaki Shiro , Narita Kenji , Sawada Yuki , Harada Koichiro
Published: September 2013

We aimed to detect the trajectories of forest‐floor vegetation recovery in a Picea mariana forest after a wildfire. Since fire severity in boreal forests is expected to increase because of climate changes, we investigated the effects of ground‐surface burn severity, a surrogate for overall fire severity, on the revegetation. We annually monitored vegetation <1.3 m high in 80 1 m × 1 m quadrats at Poker Flat Research Range (65°12′N, 147°46′W, 650 m a.s.l.) near Fairbanks, interior Alaska, where a large wildfire occurred in the summer of 2004, from 2005 to 2009. Sphagnum mosses were predominant on the unburned ground surface. In total, 66 % of the ground surface was burned completely by the wildfire. Total plant cover increased from 48 % in 2005 to 83 % in 2009. The increase was derived mostly by the vegetative reproduction of shrubs on the unburned surface and by the immigration of non‐Sphagnum mosses and deciduous trees on the burned surface. Deciduous trees, which had not been established before the wildfire, colonized only on the burned surface and grew faster than P. mariana. Although species richness decreased with increasing slope gradient, these deciduous trees became established even on steep slopes. The wildfire that completely burned the ground surface distorted the revegetation, particularly on steep slopes. The restoration of the Sphagnum surface was a prerequisite after the severe wildfire occurred, although the Sphagnum cover had difficulty returning to predominance in the short term.
Efficacy of mifepristone for cervical priming for second‐trimester surgical termination of pregnancy
Authors: Searle Leigh , Tait John , Langdana Fali , Maharaj Dushyant
Published: September 2013

Objective

To determine whether mifepristone plus misoprostol was as effective as misoprostol with or without laminaria (depending on gestational age) for cervical preparation for second‐trimester termination of pregnancy.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was carried out among women who underwent surgical termination between 14 and 19 + 6 weeks of pregnancy. Those who received preoperative mifepristone were compared with those who did not. The study group received mifepristone plus misoprostol before dilation and evacuation of the uterus between May 2008 and September 2011. The comparison (non‐mifepristone) group received misoprostol with or without laminaria between January 2005 and April 2008.

Results

There was no difference between the groups in terms of difficulty of cervical dilation, with an overall relative risk for moderate–difficult dilation in the mifepristone group of 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.49–1.68). There was no difference between the groups with regard to complications arising from the procedure.

Conclusion

Mifepristone is effective for cervical priming prior to second‐trimester dilation and evacuation in both multiparous and primiparous women, without an increase in complication rates.
Effects of vaginal discharge on female sexual function
Authors: Gungor Ayse N.C. , Uludag Aysegul , Sahin Melih , Gencer Meryem , Uysal Ahmet
Published: September 2013

Objective

To assess the effects of vaginal discharge on female sexual dysfunction (FSD) by using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

Methods

In a study at a university hospital in Canakkale, Turkey, women affected by vaginal discharge and age‐matched healthy control women were recruited between January and December 2012. Women were grouped in accordance with their vaginal discharge complaints and each participant completed the FSFI questionnaire.

Results

A total of 114 women were included in the study. Women in the first group (n = 58) had no vaginal discharge or had physiologic vaginal discharge, those in the second group (n = 29) had abnormal vaginal discharge with itching, and those in the third group (n = 27) had abnormal vaginal discharge without itching. Compared with the first group, women in the second and third groups had higher FSFI scores for desire, arousal, orgasm, and pain, in addition to higher overall FSFI scores. Women with genital malodor had significantly higher FSFI scores than patients without genital malodor (23.83 ± 5.07 vs 21.15 ± 4.78; P = 0.008).

Conclusion

Women with abnormal vaginal discharges were found to have better FSFI scores for some domains. This finding may be attributed to the adverse effects of sexual intercourse on vaginal infections.
A qualitative assessment of Ugandan women's perceptions and knowledge of contraception
Authors: Morse Jessica E. , Rowen Tami S. , Steinauer Jody , Byamugisha Josaphat , Kakaire Othman
Published: September 2013

Objective

To determine Ugandan women's perceptions and knowledge of contraception.

Methods

Healthy prepartum women were recruited from a national referral and university teaching hospital to participate in 1 of 5 focus group discussions on contraception. Transcripts were translated and coded by 2 researchers using inductive and deductive methods.

Results

Forty‐six women participated in the focus group discussions. The major themes that emerged were around family planning as a method to space pregnancies and manage finances, as well as men's roles in decision making regarding contraception. Notable among the many incorrect notions about adverse effects of contraception were fears about cancer and infertility.

Conclusion

The results indicate that, among the study group of Ugandan women, decision making regarding family planning involves a complex negotiation among women, partners, and families. Furthermore, pervasive myths may hinder a woman's ability to choose safe and effective contraception. These findings are useful to healthcare providers and the greater public‐health community.
Patterns of Herding and their Occurrence in an Online Setting
Authors: Langley David J. , Hoeve Maarten C. , Ortt J. Roland , Pals Nico , van der Vecht Bob
Published: September 2013

When groups of consumers share information or express their opinions about products and services, their attitudes or behavior sometime align without centralized coordination, a phenomenon known as herding. Building on pattern-based explanations of herding from the cognitive science literature, we propose a framework to elucidate herding behavior based on three dimensions: the speed of contagion, i.e., the extent to which the behavior spreads in a given time, the number of individuals, i.e., the proportion of the whole population expressing the behavior, and the uniformity of direction, i.e., the extent to which the mass behavior is increasingly uniform with one variant becoming dominant. Based on these dimensions, we differentiate eight patterns of herding behavior from slowly diffusing, small and disparate groups through to rapidly spreading, massive herds expressing a convergent behavior. We explore these herding patterns in an online setting, measuring their prevalence using over four thousand streams of data from the online micro-blogging application, Twitter. We find that all eight patterns occur in the empirical data set although some patterns are rare, particularly those where a convergent behavior rapidly spreads through the population. Importantly, those occurrences that develop into the pattern we call “stampeding,” i.e., the rapid spread of a dominant opinion expressed by many people, generally follow a consistent development path. The proposed framework can help managers to identify such noteworthy herds in real time, and represents a first step in anticipating this form of group behavior.
Judgment is not color blind: The impact of automatic color preference on product and advertising preferences
Authors: Kareklas Ioannis , Brunel Frédéric F. , Coulter Robin A.
Published: September 2013

This research examines the colors white and black and highlights the importance of automatic preference for the color white over black in product choice and advertising contexts. Across three studies, we incorporate multiple Implicit Association Tests to assess automatic preferences for colors, products, races, and advertisements. In Study 1, we demonstrate an automatic color preference for white over black, show that this preference holds for Caucasian‐Americans and African‐Americans, and find that automatic color preference predicts automatic product preference of white over black‐colored products. Study 2 extends these findings by showing that actual behavioral product choice is best predicted by a combination of automatic and explicit color preferences. In the advertising domain, Study 3 demonstrates how automatic color preference influences advertising responses and how it explains the lack of in‐group preference by African‐Americans in previous implicit studies of racial preference. Collectively, our research draws attention to the need to disentangle white and black as designation of colors versus racial groups, and offers significant and novel contributions to the work on color and race in consumer psychology.
Non-normality and nonlinearity in combustion–acoustic interaction in diffusion flames – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Balasubramanian K. , Sujith R. I.
Published: September 2013

Recent investigations by L. Magri and M. P. Juniper have brought to light certain errors in the paper by Balasubramanian and Sujith (Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 594, 2008, pp. 29–57). The revision is available in a separate note (Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 733, 2013, pp. 681–683), which shows that these ducted diffusion flames exhibit a transient growth of order 1 to 10. These results are in contrast to those presented by Balasubramanian & Sujith (2008), who found the transient growth to be of order $1{0}^{5} $ to $1{0}^{7} $.
On the rotation of porous ellipsoids in simple shear flows
Authors: Masoud Hassan , Stone Howard A. , Shelley Michael J.
Published: September 2013

We study theoretically the dynamics of porous ellipsoids rotating in simple shear flows. We use the Brinkman–Debye–Bueche (BDB) model to simulate flow within and through particles and solve the coupled Stokes–BDB equations to calculate the overall flow field and the rotation rate of porous ellipsoids. Our results show that the permeability has little effect on the rotational behaviour of particles, and that Jeffery’s prediction of the angular velocity of impermeable ellipsoids in simple shear flows (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 102, 1922, pp. 161–179) remains an excellent approximation, if not an exact one, for porous ellipsoids. Employing an appropriate scaling, we also present approximate expressions for the torque exerted on ellipses and spheroids rotating in a quiescent fluid. Our findings can serve as the basis for developing a suspension theory for non-spherical porous particles, or for understanding the orientational diffusion of permeable ellipses and spheroids.
SN 2011fe: A Laboratory for Testing Models of Type Ia Supernovae
Authors: Chomiuk Laura
Published: September 2013

SN 2011fe is the nearest supernova of Type Ia (SN Ia) discovered in the modern multi-wavelength telescope era, and it also represents the earliest discovery of an SN Ia to date. As a normal SN Ia, SN 2011fe provides an excellent opportunity to decipher long-standing puzzles about the nature of SNe Ia. In this review, we summarise the extensive suite of panchromatic data on SN 2011fe and gather interpretations of these data to answer four key questions: (1) What explodes in an SN Ia? (2) How does it explode? (3) What is the progenitor of SN 2011fe? and (4) How accurate are SNe Ia as standardisable candles? Most aspects of SN 2011fe are consistent with the canonical picture of a massive CO white dwarf undergoing a deflagration-to-detonation transition. However, there is minimal evidence for a non-degenerate companion star, so SN 2011fe may have marked the merger of two white dwarfs.
Loss of a close family member the year before or during pregnancy and the risk of placental abruption: a cohort study from Denmark and Sweden
Authors: László K. D. , Ananth C. V. , Wikström A. K. , Svensson T. , Li J. , Olsen J. , Vestergaard M. , Obel C. , Cnattingius S.
Published: September 2013

Background

Maternal stress during pregnancy is associated with a modestly increased risk of fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. Since placental abruption shares similar pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors with fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia, we hypothesized that maternal stress may be implicated in abruption risk. We investigated the association between maternal bereavement during pregnancy and placental abruption.

Method

We studied singleton births in Denmark (1978–2008) and Sweden (1973–2006) (n = 5 103 272). In nationwide registries, we obtained data on death of women's close family members (older children, siblings, parents, and partners), abruption and potential confounders.

Results

A total of 30 312 (6/1000) pregnancies in the cohort were diagnosed with placental abruption. Among normotensive women, death of a child the year before or during pregnancy was associated with a 54% increased odds of abruption [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30–1.82]; the increased odds were restricted to women who lost a child the year before or during the first trimester in pregnancy. In the group with chronic hypertension, death of a child the year before or in the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with eight-fold increased odds of abruption (odds ratio 8.17, 95% CI 3.17–21.10). Death of other relatives was not associated with abruption risk.

Conclusions

Loss of a child the year before or in the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of abruption, especially among women with chronic hypertension. Studies are needed to investigate the effect of less severe, but more frequent, sources of stress on placental abruption risk.
Triumph and civil war in the late Republic
Authors: Lange Carsten Hjort
Published: September 2013

Many of the wars of the Late Republican period were largely civil conflicts, and there was thus a tension between the traditional expectation that triumphs should be celebrated for victories over foreign enemies and the need of the great commanders to give full expression to their prestige and charisma, and to legitimate their power. Most of the rules and conventions relating to triumphs thus appear to have been articulated as the development of Roman warfare brought new issues to the Senate's attention. This paper will examine these tensions and the ways in which they were resolved. The traditional war-ritual of the triumph and the topic of civil war have both received renewed interest in recent scholarship. However, attempts to define the relationship between them have been hampered by comments in the ancient evidence that suggest the celebration of a triumph for victory in a civil war was contrary to traditional practices. Nevertheless, as this paper will argue, a general could expect to triumph after a civil war victory if it could be represented also as over a foreign enemy (the civil war aspect of the victory did not have to be denied); only after a victory in an exclusively civil war was this understood to be in breach of traditional practices.
The marble plan of the Via Anicia and the Temple of Castor and Pollux in Circo Flaminio: the state of the question
Authors: Tucci P.L.
Published: September 2013

Much has been written in the past three decades about the marble plan found in the Via Anicia, which depicts the late Republican Temple of Castor and Pollux in Circo Flaminio, and its importance for the study of temple architecture and ancient cartography. Far less attention has been paid to the identification of the temple in the topography of the southern Campus Martius. In 1996 an excavation carried out in Piazza delle Cinque Scole brought to light the remains of a ‘monumental building’ that has been identified resolutely by the excavators as the Temple of Castor and Pollux. In this article, after a survey of what is known from the marble plan and previous excavations, I explain why my alternative location of the temple better fits the evidence from the Via Anicia plan and the 1996 excavation. I also shed new light on the area of the circus from the late Republican period to late antiquity and on transverse cella temples.
Marble use and reuse at Pompeii and Herculaneum: the evidence from the bars
Authors: Fant J.C. , Russell B. , Barker S.J.
Published: September 2013

The marble-clad surfaces of the numerous bars or shops (so-calledthermopolia) of Pompeii and Herculaneum are a vast and hitherto untapped source of information about marble use beyond the confines of public building and élite houses. Four field seasons of survey work have documented 49 bars at Pompeii and eight at Herculaneum with over 8,000 pieces of stone, mainly marble. This paper discusses the results of this project: first, the types of stone used on these bars and how they were displayed; second, what their quantities and distribution, within these cities and on individual bars, reveal about the pervasiveness of the wider pan-Mediterranean marble trade; third, what we can say about where these materials came from and how they were acquired, and what this in turn reveals about the economics of reuse of architectural materials in the Vesuvian cities.
A late antique statuary collection at Ostia's sanctuary of Magna Mater: a case-study in late Roman religion and tradition
Authors: Boin Douglas
Published: September 2013

Throughout the Mediterranean the study of the destruction, reuse, moving and preservation of statues has provided a window onto the transformation of Rome during a time of ascendant Christianity. The preservation of statuary collections is increasingly important in this regard. Archival research has revealed the discovery of one such collection at Ostia's Sanctuary of Magna Mater, a treasure trove of sculptures, reliefs and at least one bronze statue. All were well preserved, and several were found in the open spaces of the sanctuary. Together they span 500 years of history, stretching into the late fourth century. Unfortunately, the late antique significance of this group has never been acknowledged. This paper situates that collection within the social world of late antique Ostia, where many statues of both sacred and non-sacred subjects remained on display. The late fourth-century dedication, in particular, set alongside the earlier pieces, demonstrates that the ‘mood and motivations’ of traditional Roman religion, in Clifford Geertz's terms, also remained quite visible. The presence of this accumulated tradition, a hallmark of Rome's ‘civil religion’ for centuries, testifies to the high social status afforded one of Ostia's most historic sites, even during an increasingly Christian age.
Architecture and élite identity in late antique Rome: appropriating the past at Sant'Andrea Catabarbara
Authors: Kalas Gregor
Published: September 2013

The conversion of a fourth-century secular basilica into the church of Sant'Andrea Catabarbara in Rome during the 470s invites a discussion of how architectural adaptation contributed to the identity of its restorer, Valila. More than a century after the praetorian prefect of Italy, Junius Bassus, founded the basilica in 331, a Goth named Valila, belonging to the senatorial aristocracy, bequeathed the structure to Pope Simplicius (468–83). References to Valila's last will in the church's dedicatory inscription were inserted directly above Junius Bassus's original donation inscription, inviting reflections upon the transmission of élite status from one individual to another. The particularities of Valila's legacy as a testator, as indicated in the references to his will in the Sant'Andrea Catabarbara inscription and confirmed by a charter he wrote to support a church near Tivoli, suggest that he sought to control his lasting memory through patronage. Valila's concern for a posthumous status provides a context for interpreting the interior of the Roman church. Juxtaposed to the church's fifth-century apse mosaic wereopus sectilepanels depicting Junius Bassus, together with scenes of an Apollonian tripod and an illustration of the exposed body of Hylas raped by two nymphs originating from the earliest phase of the basilica. The article proposes that Valila nuanced his élite identity by preserving the fourth-century images and thereby hinted that preservation fostered both the accretion of physical layers and the accrual of multiple identities by a Gothic aristocrat in Rome.
Mitro-aortic aneurysms in children: single-centre experience and review of the literature
Authors: Magalhães Manuel , Bakero Luis , Fragata José , Paramés Filipa , Freitas Isabel , Rebelo Mónica , Martins José D. , Trigo Conceição , Pinto Fátima F.
Published: September 2013

Objectives: This publication aims to report the cases of four children with pseudoaneurysm of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa and carry out a review of the literature. Background: Pseudoaneurysm of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa is a very rare anomaly in children. It can be either congenital or acquired, namely, after bacterial endocarditis or cardiac trauma. This pathology does not usually cause specific symptoms but its outcome may be potentially fatal. Methods: We report the cases of four patients presenting with pseudoaneurysm of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa, referred for treatment in a paediatric cardiology clinic. Patient clinical notes were retrospectively reviewed for aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up, surgical treatment, and follow-up. Literature on the subject was extensively reviewed. Results: In three patients, pseudoaneurysm of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa was acquired, being secondary to bacterial endocarditis in two cases and establishing after mitral surgery in another case. The remaining patient had a “congenital” aetiology – no other cause could be traced. The diagnosis was achieved by transthoracic echocardiography for all patients, and confirmed in all by trans-oesophageal echocardiography, to better define morphological details and to access flow into the aneurysmal formation. All patients were submitted to corrective cardiac surgery. Of the patients, three survived and were cured by surgery, staying asymptomatic, and one died after repeated interventions, for persistent endocarditis. Conclusions: Pseudoaneurysm of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa is a rare but potentially fatal anomaly. In our experience, surgical cure was achieved for the majority of the cases, except for a case for which infection could not be locally eradicated, leading to multiple reinterventions.
USP2a alters chemotherapeutic response by modulating redox
Authors: Benassi B , Marani M , Loda M , Blandino G
Published: September 2013

Cancer cells are characterized by altered ubiquitination of many proteins. The ubiquitin-specific protease 2a (USP2a) is a deubiquitinating enzyme overexpressed in prostate adenocarcinomas, where it exhibits oncogenic behavior in a variety of ways including targeting c-Myc via the miR-34b/c cluster. Here we demonstrate that USP2a induces drug resistance in both immortalized and transformed prostate cells. Specifically, it confers resistance to typically pro-oxidant agents, such as cisplatin (CDDP) and doxorubicin (Doxo), and to taxanes. USP2a overexpression protects from drug-induced oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), thus impairing downstream p38 activation and triggering of apoptosis. The molecular mediator of the USP2a protective function is the glutathione (GSH). Through miR-34b/c-driven c-Myc regulation, USP2a increases intracellular GSH content, thus interfering with the oxidative cascade triggered by chemotherapeutic agents. In light of these findings, targeting Myc and/or miR-34b/c might revert chemo-resistance.