bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moth pheromone‐selective projection neurons with cell bodies in the antennal lobe lateral cluster exhibit diverse morphological and neurophysiological characteristics
Authors: Lee Seong‐Gyu , Celestino Christine Fogarty , Stagg Jeffrey , Kleineidam Christoph , Vickers Neil J.
Published: February 2019

Olfactory projection neurons convey information from the insect antennal lobe (AL) to higher brain centers. Previous reports have demonstrated that pheromone‐responsive projection neurons with cell bodies in the moth medial cell cluster (mcPNs) predominantly have dendritic arborizations in the sexually dimorphic macroglomerular complex (MGC) and send an axon from the AL to the calyces of the mushroom body (CA) as well as the lateral horn (LH) of the protocerebrum via the medial AL tract. These neurons typically exhibit a narrow odor tuning range related to the restriction of their dendritic arbors within a single glomerulus (uniglomerular). In this study, we report on the diverse physiological and morphological properties of a group of pheromone‐responsive olfactory projection neurons with cell bodies in the AL lateral cell cluster (MGC lcPNs) of two closely related moth species. All pheromone‐responsive lcPNs appeared to exhibit “basket‐like” dendritic arborizations in two MGC compartments and made connections with various protocerebral targets including ventrolateral and superior neuropils via projections primarily through the lateral AL tract and to a lesser extent the mediolateral antennal lobe tract. Physiological characterization of MGC lcPNs also revealed a diversity of response profiles including those either enhanced by or reliant upon presentation of a pheromone blend. These responses manifested themselves as higher maximum firing rates and/or improved temporal resolution of pulsatile stimuli. MGC lcPNs therefore participate in conveying diverse olfactory information relating to qualitative and temporal facets of the pheromone stimulus to a more expansive number of protocerebral targets than their mcPN counterparts.
Gold Nanorattles with Intense Raman In Silica Nanoparticles (Nano‐IRIS) as Multimodal System for Imaging and Therapy
Authors: Ahlawat Monika , Sarkar Ankita , Roy Shounak , Jaiswal Amit
Published: February 2019

Hybrid colloids consisting of silica coated plasmonic core‐shell metal nanoparticles have driven progress in plethora of applications and are under intense investigation in diverse fields of research. In this regard, we have designed a multifunctional nanocomposite consisting of 1,4‐benzenedithiol (BDT) tagged gold nanorattles (Au‐NRT) as core embedded within a solid silica shell with an additional mesoporous silica shell coating forming an “IRIS” like morphology, referred to as Nano‐IRIS. The nanorattle structure with a solid gold octahedron core and porous cubic gold shell serves as an excellent SERS probe due to the presence of intrinsic electromagnetic (EM) hot‐spots. The intelligent design of incorporating a solid SiO2 layer in the core‐shell Nano‐IRIS structure helped in incorporating two different imaging functionalities, namely SERS and fluorescence‐based bioimaging into a single nanoplatform, thereby imparting a multimodal imaging attribute to Nano‐IRIS. The solid SiO2 layer not only helped in keeping the Raman reporter intact in the pores of AuNRT but also maintained the distance between the gold surface and the fluorescent drug Doxorubicin (DOX) encapsulated inside the mSiO2 layer to achieve fluorescence imaging without quenching. Additionally, Nano‐IRIS also emerged as a drug delivery system demonstrating highly efficient concentration dependent chemotherapy via ROS production and oxidative DNA damage.
Secure communication in cognitive radio networks with untrusted AF relays
Authors: Sharma Shashibhushan , Dhar Roy Sanjay , Kundu Sumit
Published: February 2019

In this paper, two underlay based cognitive cooperative radio networks, each with one secondary source (SS), one secondary destination (SD), N untrusted secondary amplify and forward relays (USAFRs), one primary transmitter, and one primary receiver (PU‐RX), are considered for evaluating the secrecy performance. The SS sends the information to the SD in two time slots via multiple USAFRs in the absence of direct link between SS and SD. In the first time slot, SS and SD transmit the message and jamming signal to multiple USAFRs, respectively. In the second slot, a selected USAFR amplifies and forwards the combined received signals to the SD. The transmit powers of the secondary nodes are chosen so as to maintain the overall interference at PU‐RX below a specified limit. The transmit power of a selected USAFR is derived using the harvested energy from the RF signals of SS and SD. Two network scenarios of eavesdropping by USAFRs are studied: in one case, all USAFRs eavesdrop; while in the second case, only the selected USAFR eavesdrops the message during forwarding of the signal and power is allocated to secondary nodes on the basis of outage threshold of primary network. We investigate the secrecy outage probability (SOP) in both of the networks under several physical parameters. Analytical framework for evaluating SOP for both the cases are given while SOP in single integration form is given for the second case. MATLAB simulation results are presented for both the cases.
Patterns of sexual size dimorphism in stingless bees: Testing Rensch’s rule and potential causes in highly eusocial bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponini)
Authors: Quezada‐Euán José Javier G. , Sanabria‐Urbán Salomón , Smith Corey , Cueva del Castillo Raúl
Published: February 2019

Eusocial insects offer a unique opportunity to analyze the evolution of body size differences between sexes in relation to social environment. The workers, being sterile females, are not subject to selection for reproductive function providing a natural control for parsing the effects of selection on reproductive function (i.e., sexual and fecundity selection) from other kinds of natural selection. Patterns of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and testing of Rensch's rule controlling for phylogenetic effects were analyzed in the Meliponini or stingless bees. Theory predicts that queens may exhibit higher selection for fecundity in eusocial taxa, but contrary to this, we found mixed patterns of SSD in Meliponini. Non‐Meliponaspecies generally have a female‐biased SSD, while all analyzed species ofMeliponashowed a male‐biased SSD, indicating that the direction and magnitude of the selective pressures do not operate in the same way for all members of this taxon. The phylogenetic regressions revealed that the rate of divergence has not differed between the two castes of females and the males, that is, stingless bees do not seem to follow Rensch's rule (a slope >1), adding this highly eusocial taxon to the various solitary insect taxa not conforming with it. Noteworthy, whenMeliponawas removed from the analysis, the phylogenetic regressions for the thorax width of males on queens had a slope significantly smaller than 1, suggesting that the evolutionary divergence has been larger in queens than males, and could be explained by stronger selection on female fecundity only in non‐Meliponaspecies. Our results in the stingless bees question the classical explanation of female‐biased SSD via fecundity and provide a first evidence of a more complex determination of SSD in highly eusocial species. We suggest that in highly eusocial taxa, additional selection mechanisms, possibly related to individual and colonial interests, could influence the evolution of environmentally determined traits such as body size.
Phenotypic and genetic diversity in aposematic Malagasy poison frogs (genus Mantella)
Authors: Klonoski Karina , Bi Ke , Rosenblum Erica Bree
Published: February 2019

Intraspecific color variation has long fascinated evolutionary biologists. In species with bright warning coloration, phenotypic diversity is particularly compelling because many factors, including natural and sexual selection, contribute to intraspecific variation. To better understand the causes of dramatic phenotypic variation in Malagasy poison frogs, we quantified genetic structure and color and pattern variation across three closely related species, Mantella aurantiaca, Mantella crocea, and Mantella milotympanum. Although our restriction site‐associated DNA (RAD) sequencing approach identified clear genetic clusters, they do not align with current species designations, which has important conservation implications for these imperiled frogs. Moreover, our results suggest that levels of intraspecific color variation within this group have been overestimated, while species diversity has been underestimated. Within major genetic clusters, we observed distinct patterns of variation including: populations that are phenotypically similar yet genetically distinct, populations where phenotypic and genetic breaks coincide, and populations that are genetically similar but have high levels of within‐population phenotypic variation. We also detected admixture between two of the major genetic clusters. Our study suggests that several mechanisms—including hybridization, selection, and drift—are contributing to phenotypic diversity. Ultimately, our work underscores the need for a reevaluation of how polymorphic and polytypic populations and species are classified, especially in aposematic organisms.
Electrochemical Monitoring of Methotrexate Anticancer Drug in Human Blood Serum by Using in situ Solvothermal Synthesized Fe3O4/ITO Electrode
Authors: El‐Said Waleed A. , Abdel‐Rahman Mona A. , Sayed Eman M. , Abdel‐Wahab Aboel‐Magd A.
Published: February 2019

Here, we reported on a one‐step fabrication of magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles/indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode based on the direct growing of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the ITO surface by using a solvothermal process. The modified electrode was used as electrochemical methotrexate (MTX) biosensor with high sensitivity based on cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry techniques. The results demonstrated a linear relationship between the MTX concentration and its oxidation current peak over a wide range from 10−5 to 10−14 mole/L with a limit of detection of 0.4×10−15 M based on the square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique. In addition, Fe3O4/ITO electrode showed a good capability for measuring very low concentrations of MTX drug dissolved in human serum solution. Also, Fe3O4/ITO electrode was used for detecting MTX in blood serum samples collected from patients after their treatment with MTX. The prepared electrode showed the higher sensitivity that higher than the Viva‐E instrument, which opens the door for developing a cheap, simple and higher sensitive MTX sensor.
Sensitive detection of hydroxymethylcytosine levels in normal and neoplastic cells and tissues
Authors: Krais Annette M. , Park Yoon Jung , Reifenberger Guido , Meister Michael , Plass Christoph , Schmeiser Heinz H.
Published: February 2019

A new sensitive analytical method using capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence (CE‐LIF) was applied for the simultaneous detection of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation levels in human cancers of different origin. DNA hydroxymethylation, measured as 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) levels, was decreased in gliomas with mutation in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene when compared to IDH1‐wildtype gliomas. Independent from IDH1 mutation, 5hmC levels were decreased in lung carcinomas when compared to normal lung tissue. Reduced DNA hydroxymethylation was also observed upon dedifferentiation in cultured murine embryonic fibroblasts. Our data show that reduced DNA hydroxymethylation is related to cellular dedifferentiation and can be detected in various types of cancers, independent from the IDH1 mutation status. Quantitative determination of altered 5hmC levels may therefore have potential as a biomarker linked to cellular differentiation and tumorigenesis.
Randomized trial of add‐on triheptanoin vs medium chain triglycerides in adults with refractory epilepsy
Authors: Borges Karin , Kaul Neha , Germaine Jack , Kwan Patrick , O'Brien Terence J.
Published: February 2019

Objective

To investigate the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of add‐on treatment of the triglycerides of heptanoate (triheptanoin) vs the triglycerides of octanoate and decanoate (medium chain triglycerides [MCTs]) in adults with treatment‐refractory epilepsy.

Methods

After an 8‐week prospective baseline period, people with drug‐resistant epilepsy were randomized in a double‐blind fashion to receive triheptanoin or MCTs. Treatment was titrated over 3 weeks to a maximum of 100 mL/d to be distributed over 3 meals and mixed into food, followed by 12‐week maintenance before tapering. The primary aims were to assess the following: (a) safety by comparing the number of intervention‐related adverse events with triheptanoin vs MCT treatment and (b) adherence, measured as a percentage of the prescribed treatment doses taken.

Results

Thirty‐four people were randomized (17 to MCT and 17 to triheptanoin). There were no differences regarding (a) the number of participants completing the study (11 vs 9 participants), (b) the time until withdrawal, (c) the total number of adverse events or those potentially related to treatment, (d) median doses of oils taken (59 vs 55 mL/d, P = 0.59), or (e) change in seizure frequency (54% vs 102%, P = 0.13). Please note that people with focal unaware seizures were underrepresented in the triheptanoin treatment arm (P = 0.04). The most common adverse events were gastrointestinal disturbances (47% and 62.5% of participants). Five people taking on average 0.73 mL/kg body weight MCTs (0.64 mL/kg median) and one person taking 0.59 mL/kg triheptanoin showed >50% reduction in seizure frequency, specifically focal unaware seizures.

Significance

Add‐on treatment with MCTs or triheptanoin was feasible, safe, and tolerated for 12 weeks in two‐thirds of people with treatment‐resistant epilepsy. Our results indicate a protective effect of MCTs on focal unaware seizures. This warrants further study.
Individual goal‐oriented cognitive rehabilitation to improve everyday functioning for people with early‐stage dementia: A multicentre randomised controlled trial (the GREAT trial)
Authors: Clare Linda , Kudlicka Aleksandra , Oyebode Jan R. , Jones Roy W. , Bayer Antony , Leroi Iracema , Kopelman Michael , James Ian A. , Culverwell Alison , Pool Jackie , Brand Andrew , Henderson Catherine , Hoare Zoe , Knapp Martin , Woods Bob
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To determine whether individual goal‐oriented cognitive rehabilitation (CR) improves everyday functioning for people with mild‐to‐moderate dementia.

Design and methods

Parallel group multicentre single‐blind randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing CR added to usual treatment (CR) with usual treatment alone (TAU) for people with an ICD‐10 diagnosis of Alzheimer, vascular or mixed dementia, and mild‐to‐moderate cognitive impairment (Mini‐Mental State Examination [MMSE] score ≥ 18), and with a family member willing to contribute. Participants allocated to CR received 10 weekly sessions over 3 months and four maintenance sessions over 6 months. Participants were followed up 3 and 9 months post randomisation by blinded researchers. The primary outcome was self‐reported goal attainment at 3 months. Secondary outcomes at 3 and 9 months included informant‐reported goal attainment, quality of life, mood, self‐efficacy, and cognition and study partner stress and quality of life.

Results

We randomised (1:1) 475 people with dementia; 445 (CR = 281) were included in the intention to treat analysis at 3 months and 426 (CR = 208) at 9 months. At 3 months, there were statistically significant large positive effects for participant‐rated goal attainment (d = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.75‐1.19), corroborated by informant ratings (d = 1.11; 95% CI, 0.89‐1.34). These effects were maintained at 9 months for both participant (d = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.71‐1.17) and informant (d = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.73‐1.2) ratings. The observed gains related to goals directly targeted in the therapy. There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes.

Conclusions

CR enables people with early‐stage dementia to improve their everyday functioning in relation to individual goals targeted in the therapy.
Aberrant Super‐Enhancer Landscape in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Tsang Felice Ho‐Ching , Law Cheuk‐Ting , Tang Tsz‐Ching Chloe , Cheng Carol Lai‐Hung , Chin Don Wai‐Ching , Tam Wing‐Sum Vincy , Wei Lai , Wong Carmen Chak‐Lui , Ng Irene Oi‐Lin , Wong Chun‐Ming
Published: February 2019

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells exploit an aberrant transcriptional program to sustain their infinite growth and progression. Emerging evidence indicates that the continuous and robust transcription of oncogenes in cancer cells is often driven by super‐enhancers (SEs). In this study, we systematically compared the SE landscapes between normal liver and HCC cells and revealed that the cis‐acting SE landscape was extensively reprogrammed during liver carcinogenesis. HCC cells acquired SEs at multiple prominent oncogenes to drive their vigorous expression. We identified sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) as an SE‐associated oncogene, and we used this gene as an example to illustrate the impact of SEs on the activation of oncogenes in HCC. Concurrently, we also showed that the critical components of the trans‐acting SE complex, namely, cyclin‐dependent kinase 7 (CDK7), bromodomain‐containing protein 4 (BRD4), E1A binding protein P300 (EP300), and mediator complex subunit 1 (MED1), were frequently overexpressed in human HCCs and were associated with the poor prognosis of patients with HCC. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene‐editing system and specific small‐molecule inhibitors, we further demonstrated that HCC cells were highly sensitive to perturbations of the SE complex. The inactivation of CDK7, BRD4, EP300, and MED1 selectively repressed the expression of SE‐associated oncogenes in HCC. Finally, we demonstrated that THZ1, which is a small‐molecule inhibitor of CDK7, exerted a prominent anticancer effect in both in vitro and in vivo HCC models. Conclusion: The SE landscape and machinery were significantly altered in human HCCs. HCC cells are highly susceptible to perturbations of the SE complex due to the resulting selective suppression of SE‐associated oncogenes. Our results suggest that targeting SE complex is a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment.
Exosomal Interferon‐Induced Transmembrane Protein 2 Transmitted to Dendritic Cells Inhibits Interferon Alpha Pathway Activation and Blocks Anti–Hepatitis B Virus Efficacy of Exogenous Interferon Alpha
Authors: Shi Ying , Du Lingyao , Lv Duoduo , Li Hong , Shang Jin , Lu Jiajie , Zhou Lingyun , Bai Lang , Tang Hong
Published: February 2019

The negative regulators in the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway inhibit intrahepatic immune response, resulting in suboptimal therapeutic response to IFNα treatment in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Identifying the key negative factors and elucidating the regulating mechanism are essential for improving anti‐HBV (hepatitis B virus) efficacy of IFNα. From the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we downloaded and analyzed gene expression profiles of CHB patients with different responses to IFNα (GSE54747), and found that innate immune status was associated with the IFNα‐based therapeutic response in CHB patients. Through PCR array, we found higher baseline level of IFN‐induced transmembrane protein 2 (IFITM2) mRNA and lower baseline level of IFNα mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of CHB patients with suboptimal response to IFNα treatment. Increased IFITM2 protein was also found in the serum of IFNα nonresponsive patients. With further experiments, we found that overexpressing IFITM2 in Huh7 cells suppressed endogenous IFNα synthesis by inhibiting phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK), TANK‐binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3); knocking out IFITM2 enhanced activation of the endogenous IFNα synthesis pathway, exhibiting better inhibition on HBV replication. We also found that IFITM2 protein was shuttled by exosomes to dendritic cells (DCs), the main source of endogenous IFNα. Exosome‐mediated transport of IFITM2 inhibited synthesis of endogenous IFNα in DCs whereas the inhibitory effect was abolished when IFITM2 was knocked out. Furthermore, we demonstrated that both palmitoylation inhibitor and mutation on 70/71 sites of IFITM2 protein influenced its incorporation into exosomes. Mutated IFITM2 protein increased the effect of IFNα against HBV. Conclusion: Exosome‐mediated transport of IFITM2 to DCs inhibits IFNα pathway activation and blocks anti‐HBV efficacy of exogenous IFNα. The findings provide an explanation to the suboptimal response of CHB patients to IFNα treatment.
Incorporation of Core‐Twisted Perylene Bisimide Ligands into a Discrete Cp*Rh‐Based Molecular‐Rectangle via Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly
Authors: Zhang Le , Das Rajorshi , Han Ying‐Feng
Published: February 2019

A tetranuclear metallarectangle (2) derived from dinuclear rhodium(III) building block [Cp*2Rh2(μ‐η2‐η2‐C2O4)]Cl2 and imidazole‐based perylene bisimide ditopic ligand (1) (1=2,9‐bis(4‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)phenyl)‐5,6,12,13‐tetrachloroanthra‐[2,1,9‐def:6,5,10‐d′e′f′]diisoquinoline‐1,3,8,10(2H,9H)‐tetraone) in presence of silver triflate is reported. The self‐assembled metallarectangle 2 is fully characterized by NMR, ESI‐MS, UV‐vis absorption, fluorescence emission spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals a twisted conformational geometry of metallarectangle 2 caused by essential steric demands of the two side‐by‐side chlorine atoms. In addition, the analyzed structure also elaborates the intermolecular electrostatic interactions between the electron‐deficient diimide moiety of 2 and the electron‐rich planar phenanthrene molecule.
Serum exosomal microRNA let‐7i‐3p as candidate diagnostic biomarker for Kawasaki disease patients with coronary artery aneurysm
Authors: Wang Yan‐Fei , Lian Xin‐Lei , Zhong Jia‐Yong , Su Shi‐Xin , Xu Yu‐Fen , Xie Xiao‐Fei , Wang Zhou‐Ping , Li Wei , Zhang Li , Che Di , Yu Li , Huang Ping , Jia Hong‐Ling , Gu Xiao‐Qiong
Published: February 2019

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis syndrome that leads to coronary artery aneurysm (CAA). While echocardiography is the most important imaging modality for coronary artery assessment, a specific diagnostic biomarker complementary for CAA has not been reported. We aimed to analyze the profiles of exosomal miRNAs extracted from the serum of KD patients and controls to identify candidate biomarkers for CAA. Serum samples from 39 healthy children, 42 CAA patients, 38 coronary artery dilatation (CAD) patients and 45 virus‐infected patients including 24 EBV patients and 21 ADV patients were randomly selected. Next generation sequencing was used to analyze serum exosomal miRNA to detect differentially expressed miRNAs. Biomarker candidates were validated by qRT‐PCR. One hundred (and) ninety‐six differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were detected in CAA patients and healthy children. There were 70 DEMs and 140 DEMs in CAA patients versus CAD patients, and in CAA patients versus virus‐infected patients, respectively. We selected the three most upregulated (let‐7i‐3p, miR‐17‐3p, and miR‐210‐5p) and the three most downregulated miRNAs (miR‐6743‐5p, miR‐1246, and miR‐6834‐5p) in the DEMs, which were expressed differentially in CAA patients versus healthy children, and in CAA patients versus virus‐infected patients, not in virus‐infected patients versus healthy children, as biomarker candidates. Excluded DEMs of CAD and virus‐infected patients, let‐7i‐3p was detected by sequence data analysis as a biomarker candidate for CAA patients, and then validated by qRT‐PCR in a larger set of clinical samples. As a biomarker candidate, let‐7i‐3p provides an additional means of diagnosing CAA patients. Additionally, miRNA biomarkers complement ultrasonic imaging, allowing for greater diagnostic precision. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 2019
T cell engineered with a novel nanobody‐based chimeric antigen receptor against VEGFR2 as a candidate for tumor immunotherapy
Authors: Hajari Taheri Fatemeh , Hassani Mahmoud , Sharifzadeh Zahra , Behdani Mehdi , Arashkia Arash , Abolhassani Mohsen
Published: February 2019

Solid tumors that are responsible for more than 85% of cancer death cases need angiogenesis for their growth and metastasis. Among antiangiogenic therapies, targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) that is over‐expressed on tumor vasculatures has been a promising strategy. In this study, we developed a second generation nanobody (VHH)‐based CAR T cell targeting VEGFR2‐expressing tumor cells. The CAR T cell was developed by linking the anti‐VEGFR2 VHH to a spacer, and signaling domains of CD28 and CD3 ζ. The T cells were activated with anti‐CD3 plus rIL‐2 and electroporated with a plasmid encoding the CAR construct. The expression of activation markers, CD69 and CD25, on CAR T cells upon coculturing with VEGFR2‐expressing cells were 41% and 48%, and the IL‐2 and IFN‐γ production were 470 pg/mL and 360 pg/mL, respectively. The expression of degranulation marker, CD107a, was 30% and the cytotoxic activity of the CAR T cells reached to more than 30% with E:T ratio of 9:1. The anti‐VEGFR2 CAR but not mock T cells mediated specific lysis of 293‐KDR cells expressing human VEGFR2 and might be considered as a candidate for adoptive T‐cell immunotherapy of solid tumors. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(9):1259–1267, 2019
Creation of a unique architectural structure of bioactive glass sub‐micron particles incorporated in a polycaprolactone/gelatin fibrous mat; characterization, bioactivity, and cellular evaluations
Authors: Fanaee Sajjad , Labbaf Sheyda , Enayati Mohammad Hossein , Baharlou Houreh Arezou , Esfahani Mohammad‐Hossein Nasr
Published: February 2019

In this study, submicron, monodispersed, spherical bioactive glass (BG) particles with a mean diameter of 720 ± 80 nm were produced through sol–gel process. The prepared BG particles were successfully incorporated into 70/30 (W/W) ratio of polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/GT) nanofibrous mats (250 ± 60 nm) through electrospinning to obtain a unique architectural structure for the first time. To enhance biodegradation and stability of the scaffolds, crosslinking using gluteraldehyde was applied. The structure, wettability, hydroxyapatite (HA) formation, cell adhesion, cell viability and osteogenic potential of the fibrous mats were evaluated. A continuous, uniform and hydrophilic structure of PCL/GT/BG was obtained. The fibers were found to be bioactive as they formed HA on their surface after immersion in simulated body fluid. The unique structure significantly reduced HA formation time to 5 days. For in vitro investigations, human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were cultured on PCL/GT and PCL/GT/BG fibrous mats. Results demonstrated good cell attachment after 4 and 24 h with no significant levels of cytotoxicity during 10 days of culture. Alizarin red staining was applied to quantitatively analyze the potential of PCL/GT/BG in osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2019.
Substance P inhibits high urea‐induced apoptosis through the AKT/GSK‐3β pathway in human corneal epithelial cells
Authors: Wang Peng , Me Rao , Yuan Ying , Yu Yunjie , Li Min , Ke Bilian
Published: February 2019

To investigate the effect of substance P (SP) on human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) that have been stressed by a high urea environment and to determine the relationship between SP and the protein kinase B (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) signaling pathway. An in vitro model of chronic renal failure (CRF)‐related dry eye was used to study HCECs that were treated with high urea concentrations. Cell proliferation was assayed using a cell counting kit‐8 test. Besides, cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the effects of SP and the AKT inhibitor perifosine on the urea‐treated HCECs were examined using immunofluorescence, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), and Western blot analysis. SP markedly reduced the number of apoptotic HCECs and decreased the cleaved caspase‐3 expression levels while contributing to increased cellular proliferation (P < 0.05). The Western blot analysis and qRT‐PCR experiments revealed that SP significantly increased the expression of p‐AKT and p‐GSK‐3β (P < 0.05); additionally, these increases were attenuated after the perifosine inhibition of the AKT signaling pathway (P < 0.05). These in vitro experiments demonstrated that SP may protect against the apoptotic damage of HCECs caused by the high urea condition. The underlying mechanism may be related to the activation of the AKT/GSK‐3β signaling pathway.
How useful is bone marrow study as an initial investigative tool without lymph node biopsy in malignant lymphoma?: Eleven years of experience at a single institution
Authors: Kwoun Woo‐Jae , Ahn Jeong‐Yeal , Park Pil‐Whan , Seo Yiel‐Hea , Kim Kyung‐Hee , Seo Ja Young , Lee Hwan Tae , Yoo Kuai‐Han
Published: February 2019

Background

Bone marrow (BM) study plays an important role as initial investigation specimen of lymphoma as well as staging lymphoma. This study aimed to investigate the utility of BM studies for classification of lymphoma and evaluate features of BM involvement by lymphoma over a period of 11 years.

Methods

A total of 1162 cases of BM studies for lymphoma evaluation were reviewed for the incidence of lymphoma subtypes, the percentage of marrow involvement, the pattern of involvement and discordance with histopathologic diagnoses of lymph nodes and other tissues.

Results

A total of 255 of 1162 cases underwent BM study without pathologic information, and 108 cases show lymphoma involvement. Lymph node biopsy underwent in 66 cases, and 10 cases show discordant result between BM and lymph node biopsy. Seven discordant cases were due to insufficient further studies. Lymphoma was diagnosed only by BM study in 38 cases. Abnormal lymphocytes were found in BM aspiration in 34 cases. Also, abnormal clonal lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry in 26 cases. Four cases showed disease‐related chromosomal abnormalities. FISH analysis detected abnormal findings in two cases, however, discordant with other additional studies.

Conclusions

Discrepancies between the BM study and lymph node biopsy were due to insufficient further study and discordance of immunohistochemical stain result. BM study can be utilized as initial diagnosis of lymphoma by the combination of morphological feature, involvement pattern, and additional tests such as flow cytometry, chromosomal analysis, and FISH analysis. Thus, BM study with further analysis is an essential choice when lymph node biopsies are unavailable.
PrEP uptake preferences among men who have sex with men in China: results from a National Internet Survey
Authors: Han Jing , Bouey Jennifer ZH , Wang Liming , Mi Guodong , Chen Zihuang , He Ying , Viviani Tara , Zhang Fujie
Published: February 2019

Introduction

HIV incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) is high in China. Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising mean to prevent HIV transmission but it is not widely available in China. We conducted a large Internet‐based online survey to assess the willingness of Chinese MSM to take PrEP and associated factors to their uptake preferences.

Methods

Between 19 January and 6 February, 2017, 4581 MSM aged over 15 years were recruited via a social networking app to take an online PrEP survey. HIV status at the time of the survey being conducted was not one of recruitment criteria. Participants were asked if they had heard of PrEP, if they had concerns about PrEP, and if they would be ready to uptake PrEP should it be provided. When asked if participants were willing to take PrEP, they were asked to select from the following responses: “definitely not,” “probably not,” “not sure,” “probably yes,” and “definitely yes.” In the final analysis, we grouped these five‐level Likert scale responses into three‐level responses as “definitely yes,” “probably yes,” and “no (definitely not/probably not/not sure).” Descriptive analysis and multinomial logistic regressions were conducted to assess the associations of PrEP adoption readiness and uptake concerns with HIV risk behaviours and demographic characteristics.

Results

MSM from 33 geographical regions of China participated in the survey. The majority were younger than 25 (65.2%) and had attended college (68.6%). HIV prevalence was high (6.8%) and 43.3% reported a history of unprotected anal sex. Only 22.4% of participants had heard of PrEP. When asked if they would uptake PrEP, 26.0% said “definitely yes,” 49.6% were “probably yes,” and 24.4% said “no.” PrEP adoption readiness was associated with having previously heard of PrEP and expressing concerns about accessibility and cost. Worries about side effects, low perceived HIV risk, preference for condoms, and never having received HIV testing were negatively associated with PrEP uptake willingness.

Conclusion

Young and well‐educated Chinese MSM reported a low willingness to uptake PrEP despite being high‐risk for HIV. Effective education, especially through online mediums, will be critical to optimize this group's PrEP uptake.
Paraspinal Muscle DTI Metrics Predict Muscle Strength
Authors: Klupp Elisabeth , Cervantes Barbara , Schlaeger Sarah , Inhuber Stephanie , Kreuzpointer Florian , Schwirtz Ansgar , Rohrmeier Alexander , Dieckmeyer Michael , Hedderich Dennis M. , Diefenbach Maximilian N. , Freitag Friedemann , Rummeny Ernst J. , Zimmer Claus , Kirschke Jan S. , Karampinos Dimitrios C. , Baum Thomas
Published: February 2019

Background

The paraspinal muscles play an important role in the onset and progression of lower back pain. It would be of clinical interest to identify imaging biomarkers of the paraspinal musculature that are related to muscle function and strength. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) enables the microstructural examination of muscle tissue and its pathological changes.

Purpose

To investigate associations of DTI parameters of the lumbar paraspinal muscles with isometric strength measurements in healthy volunteers.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Twenty‐one healthy subjects (12 male, 9 female; age = 30.1 ± 5.6 years; body mass index [BMI] = 27.5 ± 2.6 kg/m2) were recruited.

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T/single‐shot echo planar imaging (ss‐EPI) DTI in 24 directions; six‐echo 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence for chemical shift encoding‐based water–fat separation.

Assessment

Paraspinal muscles at the lumbar spine were examined. Erector spinae muscles were segmented bilaterally; cross‐sectional area (CSA), proton density fat fraction (PDFF), and DTI parameters were calculated. Muscle flexion and extension maximum isometric torque values [Nm] at the back were measured with an isokinetic dynamometer and the ratio of extension to flexion strength (E/F) calculated.

Statistical Tests

Pearson correlation coefficients; multivariate regression models.

Results

Significant positive correlations were found between the ratio of extension to flexion (E/F) strength and mean diffusivity (MD) (P = 0.019), RD (P = 0.02) and the eigenvalues (λ1: P = 0.026, λ2: P = 0.033, λ3: P = 0.014). In multivariate regression models λ3 of the erector spinae muscle λ3 and gender remained statistically significant predictors of E/F (R2adj = 0.42, P = 0.003).

Data Conclusion

DTI allowed the identification of muscle microstructure differences related to back muscle function that were not reflected by CSA and PDFF. DTI may potentially track subtle changes of back muscle tissue composition.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:816–823.
Simulated ENSO's impact on tropical cyclone genesis over the western North Pacific in CMIP5 models and its changes under global warming
Authors: Tan Kexin , Huang Ping , Liu Fei , Murakami Hiroyuki , Hsu Pang‐chi
Published: February 2019

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays an important role in modulating the location of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the western North Pacific (WNP). This study evaluated the simulation of the ENSO's impact on WNP TC genesis in 10 CMIP5 models based on a TC detection method, and projected its changes under global warming using the historical and the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) simulations. The observed southeast–northwest shift role of ENSO in the WNP TC genesis location can be well reproduced in most of the models, although the strength of the ENSO's impact is underestimated as the underestimated climatological TC genesis frequency in these models. Moreover, we found the WNP TC during both El Niño and La Niña events shows an apparent eastwards shift under global warming. However, this eastwards shift of WNP TC genesis could be associated with the changes in climatological TC genesis but not the changes in the ENSO's impact. The projected changes in the ENSO's impact on WNP TC genesis is not as certain as we expected based on the previous conclusions of the robust changes in ENSO's impact on large‐scale environment. As a result, we suggest that both the TC genesis climatology and ENSO's impact on TC genesis simulated in the models need improvement in future to project the changes in ENSO's impact under global warming, and more models with 6‐hourly outputs used to detect TCs are needed to increase the confidence of multi‐model ensemble projections.
A conceptual peer review model for arXiv and other preprint databases
Authors: Wang LingFeng , Zhan YaQing
Published: February 2019

A global survey conducted by arXiv in 2016 showed that 58% of arXiv users thought arXiv should have a peer review system. The current opinion is that arXiv should adopt the Community Peer Review model. This paper evaluates and identifies two weak points of Community Peer Review and proposes a new peer review model – Self‐Organizing Peer Review. We propose a model in which automated methods of matching reviewers to articles and ranking both users and articles can be implemented. In addition, we suggest a strategic plan to increase recognition of articles in preprint databases within academic circles so that second generation preprint databases can achieve faster and cheaper publication.
Molecular Characterization of Microvesicular and Macrovesicular Steatosis Shows Widespread Differences in Metabolic Pathways
Authors: Kristiansen Maria N. B. , Veidal Sanne S. , Christoffersen Christina , Jelsing Jacob , Rigbolt Kristoffer T. G.
Published: February 2019

Simple steatosis is the hallmark of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, with lipid accumulating as either microvesicular or macrovesicular lipid droplets within hepatocytes. The present study used a combination of laser capture microdissection and RNAseq to characterize murine gene expression in nonsteatotic, microsteatotic, and macrosteatotic compartments collected from the same liver. The data indicate that microvesicular steatosis is intermediate to macrovesicular steatosis, showing a widespread and pronounced metabolic gene regulation of lipid export, gluconeogenesis, and de novo lipogenesis. Key enzymes, such as fatty acid synthase and fructose 1,6‐bisphosphatase as well as apolipoprotein C‐III, were identified to show clear expression differences between the compartments. Furthermore, increased expression of lipid particle formation genes provided a molecular description of the fusion of microsteatotic lipid compartments to produce macrosteatotic cells with a single enlarged lipid droplet.
Exact controllability of thermoelastic plate equation with memory
Authors: Liu Ruijuan , Chai Shugen , Cao Xiaomin
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we consider exact control problem for a coupled system of plate with Gurtin‐Pipkin equation. Using duality arguments, the problem is reduced to the obtention of suitable observability estimates for the dual system. Firstly, we obtain the observability inequality of the dual system by means of multiplier method. Then, we prove that the system is exactly controllable based on the Hilbert Unique Method.
Technical Note: T1 and T2 and complex permittivities of mineral oil, silicone oil, and glycerol at 0.35, 1.5, and 3 T
Authors: Gach H. Michael
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To identify an inexpensive, low‐dielectric liquid for large magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phantoms that can be used at multiple magnetic field strengths.

Methods

The T1 and T2 of four candidate phantom liquids (pure mineral oil, food‐grade white mineral oil, silicone oil, and glycerol) with low dielectric constants were measured at three field strengths (0.35, 1.5, and 3 T) and extrapolated for 7 T. The complex permittivities of the liquids were measured for frequencies from 13 to 600 MHz. Proton densities were calculated based on molecular weight, proton number, and density. The results were compared to the American College of Radiology (ACR) large MRI phantom electrolyte liquid (10 mM NiCl2 and 75 mM NaCl in water) and deionized water. The liquids were evaluated based on the NEMA standards (T1 < 1200 ms, T2 > 50 ms, proton density within 20% of water, and produces minimal dielectric artifacts). The radiofrequency (RF) wavelengths were computed for each liquid at the four field strengths to determine the risk of dielectric artifacts.

Results

The mineral oils were the only liquids to satisfy all of the NEMA guidelines. Excluding deionized water, silicone oil had the longest T1 and T2, and was the most expensive liquid ($200/L). Glycerol had the shortest T1 and T2, and the highest dielectric (excluding the ACR phantom electrolyte and deionized water). All of the liquids except silicone oil met the NEMA proton density guidelines.

Conclusions

Food‐grade white mineral oil is a good candidate for use in a phantom due to its relaxation times, low dielectric, high proton density, and low cost. Glycerol and deionized water are poor choices for phantom liquids due to their relaxation times and high dielectric constants.
Nonneutropenic fever in children with cancer: A scoping review of management and outcome
Authors: Allaway Zoe , Phillips Robert S. , Thursky Karin A. , Haeusler Gabrielle M.
Published: February 2019

To date, very few studies have addressed nonneutropenic fever (NNF) in children with cancer, and there are no consensus guidelines. This scoping review aims to describe the rate of bacteremia, risk factors for infection and management, and outcomes of NNF in this population. Across 15 studies (n = 4106 episodes), the pooled‐average bacteremia rate was 8.2%, and risk factors included tunneled external central venous catheter, clinical instability, and higher temperature. In two studies, antibiotics were successfully withheld in a subset of low‐risk patients. Overall outcomes of NNF appear favorable; however, further research is required to determine its true clinical and economic impact.
Ionic liquid microemulsion‐mediated in situ thermosynthesis of poly(ionic liquid)s and their adsorption properties for Zn(II)
Authors: Wang Aili , Li Shuhui , Zhang Liya , Chen Hou , Li Yanan , Hu Lihua , Peng Xiong
Published: February 2019

This paper reported the in situ fabrication of high‐performance poly(ionic liquid) adsorbents by using polymeric double‐ionic liquid microemulsions (PDILMs)‐mediated thermosynthesis. The PDILMs were successfully formed and their pseudo‐ternary phase diagram was presented. Subsequently, poly(ionic liquid)s were in situ thermosynthesized in PDILMs. The microstructure of the prepared poly(ionic liquid)s was characterized by FTIR, Tg, and DSC analyses. Besides, the influence of various parameters including the crosslinking agent amount, reaction time and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption behavior of poly(ionic liquid)s for Zn(II) was investigated in detail. The results indicated that poly(ionic liquid)s were successfully in situ polymerized within PDILMs, and designed polymers exhibited excellent adsorption property for Zn(II) from aqueous water. Adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms further revealed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model, and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were more suitable for the description of poly(ionic liquid)s for Zn(II) adsorption. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1036–1042, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Back‐contacted bottom cells with three terminals: Maximizing power extraction from current‐mismatched tandem cells
Authors: Rienäcker Michael , Warren Emily L. , Schnabel Manuel , Schulte‐Huxel Henning , Niepelt Raphael , Brendel Rolf , Stradins Pauls , Tamboli Adele C. , Peibst Robby
Published: February 2019

Multi‐junction cells can significantly improve the energy yield of photovoltaic systems over a single‐junction cell. The internal interconnection scheme of the subcells is an important aspect in determining the resulting levelized cost of electricity. For a dual‐junction cell, two approaches are commonly discussed: series‐connected tandem cells with two terminals or independently working subcells in a four‐terminal (4T) tandem device.

In this paper, we explore the working principle and the operation modes of a third, rarely discussed option: a three‐terminal (3T) tandem cell using a back‐contacted bottom cell with 3Ts. We use current–voltage measurements of illuminated 3T interdigitated back contact cells and confirm that the front and rear base contacts are at similar quasi‐Fermi level positions, which enables the bottom cell to either efficiently collect surplus carriers, in the case of a current‐limiting or carrier injecting top cell, or inject majority carriers, in the case of a current‐limiting bottom cell. As a result, no current matching is needed. The power output of an idealized 3T bottom cell without resistive effects is independent of the current density applied from the top cell. These characteristics of the 3T bottom cells enable a 3T tandem to operate as efficiently as a 4T tandem, while being compatible with monolithic design and not requiring intermediate grids.

We propose a simple equivalent circuit model including additional resistive effects, which describes a real 3T bottom cell and achieves excellent agreement to the experiment. We deduce design guidelines for a 3T bottom cell in different operation regimes.
Monitoring of user‐generated reviews via a sequential reverse joint sentiment‐topic model
Authors: Liang Qiao , Wang Kaibo
Published: February 2019

User‐generated reviews can serve as an efficient tool for evaluating the customer‐perceived quality of online products and services. This article proposes a joint control chart for monitoring the quantitative evolution of document‐level topics and sentiments in online customer reviews. A sequential model is constructed to convert the temporally correlated document collections to topic and sentiment distributions, which are subsequently used to monitor the topics that users are concerned about and the topic‐specific opinions in an ongoing product and service process. Simulation studies on various data scenarios demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed control chart in terms of both detecting shifts and identifying truly out‐of‐control terms.