bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An A to Z of Diasporic Life
Authors: Král Françoise
Published: July 2020

‘Diaspora’ often rhymes with nostalgia for reasons linked to the very nature of diasporic living, from the original moment of ‘unmooring’ from the homeland, to the process of rerooting of diasporic populations in the host country. The shaping of the collective memory of a diaspora, which marks the specificity of diasporas as opposed to other forms of migrations and their more individual trajectories, takes various forms: the forced erasure of history in formerly colonized countries (Memmi) often leaves an indelible mark which the trauma of loss and the sometimes dramatic contexts of diasporic unmooring reinforce. Memory builds up in a rhizomatic way, randomly weaving together fragments of different contexts, creating a storebank of jarring polarities. The following text seeks to evidence the constitutive iteration of the diasporic psyche from the initial moment of uprooting and displacement which signals the start of diasporic living. It revolves around the forming of a collective memory, passed on and transmitted to younger generations, and which holds the members of the diaspora together. The form of the A to Z imposes strict formal constraints, which the free-floating associations seek to challenge. The following ABC is by no means an exhaustive presentation of diasporic experience as a whole — how could it be — but a personal take on contemporary diasporic writers and artists mainly from the West Indies and South Asia through references and allusions to their works.
‘The Language of the Future’ and the Crisis of Modernity: Mina Loy’s ‘Aphorisms on Futurism’
Authors: Bozhkova Yasna
Published: July 2020

This paper focuses on Mina Loy’s “Aphorisms on Futurism,” written in Florence while she was involved with Futurist leaders F.T. Marinetti and Giovanni Papini, and first published in 1914 in Alfred Stieglitz’s Camera Work. In Loy’s “Aphorisms” emerges the utopian idea of a poetic “language of the Future,” which reflects the Futurist project to destroy language, replacing a traditional syntax that has become obsolete with a telegraphic language of modernity. On her own copy of “Aphorisms,” Loy later replaced the word “Futurism” with the word “Modernism,” suggesting, perhaps with a certain irony, that the project of a poetic “language of the Future” extends beyond the aesthetics of Italian Futurism to the Modernist movement as a whole, yet pinpointing the problem of Modernism as a chain reaction of “isms,” each with its own agenda of radical experimentation in search of a new poetic language of modernity. Taking this key later revision as its departure point, this paper reads Loy’s text with a double focus: on the one hand, situating it in the context of its composition and reading it through the prism of Futurism’s incendiary rhetoric, and on the other, within a broader definition of Modernism, tracing how this violent call for destruction of traditional discourse later collapses into a poetics of silence, whose dimensions are both aesthetic and historical. The ironic ambivalence of “Aphorisms” is already inherent in its strategic generic ambiguity: it reads both as a Futurist manifesto and as a series of aphorisms, oscillating between the revolutionary rhetoric of the manifesto and the ironic silence of the aphorism, which becomes a key vehicle for reflecting ambivalently on the crisis of modernity. Finally, this paper also suggests that the aesthetic principles outlined in Loy’s “Aphorisms” can be used as an interpretative lens through which to examine her poetic strategies of extreme concision and density.
Short and sweet? Structuring Humor and Morality in American Sitcoms
Authors: Wells-Lassagne Shannon
Published: July 2020

Seinfeld (NBC, 1989-1998), perhaps the most popular sitcom of recent years, famously insisted it was a show about nothing, about the pettiest details of everyday life. Though Seinfeld remains most outspoken about its obsession with trivia, the series in fact simply exaggerated one of the founding principles of the situation comedy: its humor is rooted in the mundane nature of the everyday. This focus on minutiae extends to the very nature of its humor; from The Honeymooners (CBS, 1955-1978) to Modern Family (ABC, 2009-present), show writers have relied on quick repartee and clever one-liners to keep the audience laughing. Interestingly, the rapid-fire nature of this fundamentally domestic comedy is in marked contrast to the very serious aspects of the sitcom, the morally motivated soliloquies that intend to teach characters a lesson. The disparity of bursts of humor and extended principled soliloquies constitute the crux of this paradoxical art form, whose unity stems from its relatability (whether it be in terms of inside jokes about the American Zeitgeist or the familiarity of its characters and setting). I would like to examine this structural dichotomy, both as it was established by classic sitcoms, and as it has been redefined and subverted by more contemporary versions.
Things Are Going to Change: Genre Hybridization in Shaun of the Dead
Authors: Baillon Jean-François , Labarre Nicolas
Published: July 2020

This article on comics purports to examine genre dynamics in Shaun of the Dead (Wright 2005). In particular, it seeks to detail the interactions between the romantic-comedy elements present in the film and its ostensible alignment with the zombie genre in the Romero mold. The article argues that a close analysis of the film’s narrative structure belies the apparent balance between the two genres, which the filmmakers sought to keep “separate and intact”. Through an analysis of the role of repetitions, references and influences, the article details the inscription of the zombie plot in the pliable structure of the romantic-comedy, along with the effect of this inscription on the subtext of the zombie genre.
Gender and Race Trouble: The Emperor Jones by The Wooster Group
Authors: Jouve Emeline
Published: July 2020

This paper is a study of The Wooster Group’s staging of identity-related tensions in Eugene O’Neill’s The Emperor Jones. Using Judith Butler’s theories on performativity as an analytical framework, this paper shows how Elizabeth LeCompte’s iconoclastic American company deconstructs O’Neill’s 1920 work to “trouble” the traditional configurations of both gender and race. By playing with the codes of representation, The Wooster Group sheds light on the artificiality of the conventional binary system opposing the masculine to the feminine and Whites to Blacks. As they subvert traditional signs and symbols, The Wooster Group creates an “aesthetic of resistance,” this paper argues, opening onto a reconfiguration of gender and race identities.
‘The deformed imp of the devil’: John Foxe and the Protestant fashioning of the Catholic enemy
Authors: Fernandes Isabelle
Published: July 2020

John Foxe’s Acts and Monuments (first English edition 1563) played a seminal role in the fashioning of a Protestant national identity. The nearly 300 victims who were burnt at the stake during the Marian Catholic years (1553-1558) were transformed in the crucible of the Foxeian narratives into heroes. Thanks to a reversal strategy the martyrs became victors in the ongoing fight against Antichrist and his supporters, the Catholics. Foxe’s purpose in this war for God was to create an enduring image of the enemy so as to fuel hatred to keep the fight going. The martyrologist left a long-lasting imprint in the English collective psyche as testified by the Catholic hysteria that raged during the post-Civil Wars era. The construction of an English Protestant identity was achieved thanks to a combination of self-definition and opposition. This construction partook in the pseudo-martyr debate: if both groups agreed on the definition and meaning of martyrdom, they disagreed on what they understood as true faith. Part of Foxe’s strategy to create the enemy image implied the analogical association between Protestants and apostolic and primitive figures, on the one hand, and between Catholics and evil forces through the commonplace recycling of biblical imagery that instantly evoked reminiscences of violence and barbarity, on the other. The martyrologist also resorted to the metaphor of the world as a stage to turn Catholics into puppets. The depriving of the opponents’ pith and life was brought to its logical consequence with the trope of animal-like creatures, eating the lambs of God. As expected in such a context of religious strife Foxe turned Catholics into cannibals. What was at stake with Foxe, as with all Protestant European narratives of the early modern period (Crespin, Van Haemstede), was the creation of an enemy image to survive to the persecutions that had taken such a toll, and was continuing to do so, onto their co-religionists. The discourses also naturally aimed at proselytizing as much as possible with familiar victims. With the fashioning of a “society of martyrs” Foxe constructed an “imagined community” (B. Anderson) whose mission was to weather the storms of violence and persecutions to uphold Christian values (the true Church) and national values (fighting against the Pope, the Spaniards and Mary, the semi-English Queen). Because the two sides of the religious divide shared the same roots uncanny resemblances can nevertheless be spotted, as with the frontispiece to Foxe’s work which creates a mirroring image between victims and victimizers. The erstwhile brothers had become ‘deformed imps of the devil’; what was familiar had become alien, other, external and frightening.
The “Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies
Authors: Dafaure Maxime
Published: July 2020

In this essay, I discuss how the alt-right has brought back into fashion traditional tenets of the reactionary, xenophobic, and often racist far-right, as demonstrated by George Hawley, and how it has managed to make these tenets appear as novel, provocative, and updated to the 21st century U.S. society and digital environment. I argue that to do so, alt-righters relied heavily on the creation, and sometimes reappropriation, of enemy images, with the ultimate goals of provoking outrage, instilling fear and/or hatred towards specific groups, reinforcing a sense of belonging within their own community, or more broadly manipulating collective perceptions and representations, first online then in real life. Indeed, the election of Donald Trump was hailed by the online alt-right as one of their major successes. With the help of irony, subversion, and often carefully engineered propaganda-like messages and images, the alt-right, it boasts, “meme’d into office” the Republican candidate. This paper consequently leads to an analysis of real-life repercussions of such adversarial rhetoric, notably through examples of recent far-right domestic terrorism in the US, and to a reflection on their place in an age of post-truth, fake news, and alternative facts. This contribution focuses on several enemy images. The first is that of the civilizational enemy from the outside, which uses the traditional process of othering. This theme is linked to Trump’s campaign and to his attacks against two major “enemies” of the U.S., namely Hispanics and Muslims. With the alt-right, refugees for example become “rapefugees,” which easily appeals to rampant islamophobia. The second enemy image created by the alt-right consists in its ideological opponents. Here, the function of the enemy image is to discredit opponents and their views (“cuckservative,” “feminazi,” or the sarcastic “Social Justice Warrior”). The third enemy image establishes a link between the first two. It depicts what I would call the “enemy within,” a common thread (or threat) in far-right ideologies. Indeed, cultural Marxism, a widespread conspiracy theory among the alt-right, is what its proponents believe to be the hidden reason for the perceived decline of the Western civilization. According to this worldview, the ideological opponents push a conspiracy against the West and its values. The recurring claims of a liberal bias among the media and academia also belong to this conspiracy theory. It also embraces elements of anti-Semitism, as well as traditional aspects of anti-communism, reminiscent of the historical Red Scares. Such a theory thus provides its believers with a broader narrative, as well as with a common enemy to rally against, and therefore builds a form of intersectionality among various online fringe groups.
Crossing Enemy Lines in Ken Loach’s Ae Fond Kiss/Just A Kiss
Authors: Chick Kristine
Published: July 2020

In the West, negative stereotypes of Muslims and Islam are not limited to the post-9/11 era, and surface not only in the media and non-fiction but also in literature, fine art, film, and children’s cartoons. This article focuses on depictions following 9/11, specifically on the ways in which the dominant image of the Muslim as ‘enemy’ can be subverted in film through an analysis of Ae Fond Kiss (dir. Ken Loach, 2004). It focuses on questions of identity, and the emergence of what social anthropologists such as Vertovec (1997) label ‘new ethnicities’ (the development of hybrid or syncretic cultural identities). The acknowledgement of new ethnicities can serve to counter facile negative stereotyping and the entrenched bias that sometimes permeate mainstream British media and culture.
Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know? Hoodies in Contemporary British Horror Cinema
Authors: Marin-Lamellet Anne-Lise
Published: July 2020

The late 2000s and early 2010s saw the rise of a new subgenre in British horror cinema now often referred to as hoodie horror. Government and media campaigns against antisocial behaviour or Broken Britain under Blair and Cameron’s premierships undoubtedly helped revive the stereotype of a rebellious and dangerous youth, also a great cinematic trope, which culminated with the summer riots of 2011. The enemy image of the hoodie thus gelled on and off screen around the powerful symbol of that garment. Because of the possibilities offered by genre films, the often claimed “feral” nature of these creatures is sometimes taken in a literal sense and young people from sink estates are presented as amoral and bloodthirsty monsters causing the general collapse of society. These gangs of predators appear to be fascinated by their own evil image that they proudly advertise through the use of social media. Hoodies are thus othered, but they also ironically reclaim that enemy image. Hoodie horror has sometimes been criticised because of its perceived conservative or even reactionary and/or racist overtones. Allegedly feeding on and fuelling moral panic, it may perpetuate clichés about a so-called new underclass, thereby further blurring the thin boundary between reality and fantasy for spectators. As a by-product of neoliberalism, it is deemed to depoliticise or deny the wider social context in order to better essentialise evil through the construction of a new folk devil. To a certain extent, this cycle of films does reinforce the horrific character of poor British youths, presenting them not only as culturally but also biologically different. However, this interpretation has to be mitigated. Many of these films play with the conventions of a subgenre inspired by several American models in order to somehow subvert and question the enemy image given to hoodies as they implicitly point to the society that generates, to better demonise, these new evil hordes. By putting the media and their effects into perspective, by looking at the other side i.e. the victims of hoodies (Middle England, “us”, spectators) and questioning their own values and attitudes, these films finally advocate sotto voce a discourse that is quite pessimistic but not as cynical and hostile towards these youths as expected. The worst enemy of the nation may be the excommunicators.
The Enemy Within: The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Enemy Pictures
Authors: Maheo Olivier
Published: July 2020

Photography has played an obvious role in black liberation movements. In the fight for civil rights, both the supporters of segregation and its opponents forged a stereotyped picture of their enemy. Our hypothesis is that the photographs from the mainstream media played an ambiguous role. They participated in the creation of two types of enemy shown as a threat to democracy: the hateful and violent white supporter of segregation, on the one hand, and the hateful and violent black nationalists, on the other. Their images testified against racism, but also circumscribed the movement to narrow legal objectives. The northern media created a two-sided picture of the black activists. First, to exonerate the northern liberals, they offered a reassuring view of racism in which the enemy was the violently racist white-trash barbarians from the Old South. In these pictures the southern activists are helpless victims, as was the case with Rosa Parks in the most widely distributed pictures of her. Second, the black nationalists were later portrayed as hateful and violent and disrespectful of American values. In doing so, the Northern media forged a dichotomy between a supposed peaceful and nonviolent movement before 1964, and a violent and useless black power era after 1965. But history is more complex than suggested by these well-known pictures.
Changes in Official Poverty and Inequality Rates in the Anglophone World in the Age of Neoliberalism
Authors: Sowels Nicholas
Published: July 2020

This article reviews the evolution of inequality and poverty in the Anglophone countries (the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland) since the shift to neoliberal economic policies in the late 1970s. It provides brief summaries of the key definitions of inequality and poverty, which are separate but related phenomena. The article confirms the general impression that inequality has risen more quickly in this country group than in other developed countries. This is especially so for the United States, although Ireland is a notable exception with unchanged inequality levels. The article goes on to identify key policy characteristics of neoliberalism which have favoured capital over labour, and how they have contributed to consolidating the economic structure of these countries as “liberal market economies”. This in turn has impacted inequality, especially through strong cuts in top income tax rates.
How To “Talk Left and Walk Right” in South Africa: Access to Medicines in the Neoliberal Era
Authors: Pelletan Charlotte
Published: July 2020

One of the modalities of access to medicines in South Africa consists in the paradoxical delegation of regulatory functions to non-state actors — namely, but not only, industry. Drug policies in neoliberal globalized states are characterized by their insertion into a global trade system which promotes a growing commodification of medicines. At the same time, calls for the reform of national drug policies rise significantly. State formation in South Africa has been characterized by continuous negotiations and compromises with business, which at first sight questions the possibility of access policies. Opening the black box of the South African state amounts to demonstrating the state’s ability to roll out a political project which endeavours to have the pharmaceutical industry adopt the notion of universal access in a neoliberal context. This article attempts to shed a light on access mechanisms through the analytical deconstruction of the public market of antiretroviral medicines as a set of intertwined social relations. In South Africa, the role of industry, as heterogeneous as it is, has been deeply ambiguous and often denounced by civil society. Still, its role has been critical to ensure the supply of medicines. As a result, the Department of Health has been broadly dependent on industry, regarding the innovation agenda, the security of supply and industrial policy.
Post-2008 Films: The Financial Crisis in Fictions and Documentaries
Authors: Feyel Juliette , Fourton Clémence
Published: July 2020

The 2008 crisis has been represented in many fiction and documentary films. This paper analyses these representations in order to present the aesthetic and political characteristics of widely circulated narratives of the crisis. This paper analyses 8 films, starting with an overview, then a structural comparison of these films, isolating the common features of this sub-genre in terms of tropes, characterization and narrative strategy. The paper then assesses the films’ critical dimension against the complexity of their depiction of the 2008 neoliberal crisis and the space granted to anticapitalist voices. Both fictions and documentaries reveal a didactic dimension, but they differ as to their critical dimension. Fictions, with their brilliant casts and alluring dramatization, did well at making a dry topic both accessible and visually attractive, with the risk of glamorizing a topic of both ethical and ideological importance. Documentaries offer a much more critical view, especially when they address the crisis as a worldwide phenomenon revealing the shortcomings of neoliberalism, and when they display popular dissent directed at capitalism. These films armed their viewers with technical knowledge about finance, but for the most part did not encourage viewers to question capitalism as such.
Traces of the Body in Digital Performance
Authors: Fletcher Jerome
Published: July 2020

It is still the case that in many discussions about digital literature, the digital textwork is thought of as some sort of immaterial, disembodied, dematerialised object. In this paper, the author seeks to counter that view strongly by presenting a series of digital textworks which exemplify the performativity of form. They display the multiple ways in which the body (and by extension, subjectivity) is a necessary and vital element in the composition, distribution, reception and realisation of digital text. The question which arises from this is not so much is there a body present, but what are the myriad, embodied functions — technical and creative — which operate within the digital environment?
Alexa and the Intersectional Interface
Authors: Munn Luke
Published: July 2020

The interface, Francois Dagognet wrote, is a “fertile nexus.” Rather than an immaterial surface or an impartial gateway, the interface itself continually draws upon political, social and cultural sources, all which work to encourage particular productivities while suppressing or negating others. This article explores the specific properties of Amazon Alexa, the “digital assistant” for the home who plays music, delivers news, tells jokes, and plays games. Of course, Alexa interfaces with content — a deluge of diverse applications and information are smoothly brought together through her consistent voice and coherent personality. But Alexa also interfaces with history — she is part of a longer genealogy of gendered interfaces from Siri and Cortana all the way back to Bell Labs, a genealogy predicated on a subjectivity of subservience. Alexa also interfaces with capital — the “Skills” she can learn, and which the user must remember and repeat, are based on a landscape of corporate brands and commercial products. Finally, Alexa interfaces with culture — the predominantly white male culture of contemporary software production shapes the type of sexuality and subjectivity embodied by the bot. Following Alexander Galloway, the interface can thus be understood less as a mere palimpsest of previous traces, and more as a generative performance in the present. The runaway success of Alexa has established her as a universal mediator for the smart home and a model for the internet of things. As the prototype of a technical vision, Alexa’s performative interfacing — and the politics enacted through it — need critical examination.
Virtually Treatable: Temporalities and Encodings of Traumatic Experiences
Authors: Friedman Michael , Friedrich Kathrin
Published: July 2020

With Freud’s groundbreaking essay “Beyond the Pleasure Principle,” the temporality and treatability of trauma, its triggers and its symptoms, obtained a special status. Not only did Freud imply that trauma cannot be represented, he also eventually stated that analysis itself can never reach a definitive conclusion — analysis is an endless process, literally interminable in Freud’s words. Moreover, the triggering of a trauma was arbitrary, and in no way apparent. This was due to the fact that according to Freud the trauma was triggered retroactively, regardless of when the trigger starts or stops being traumatic. On the background of this unique Freudian temporal retroactivity, this article constructs how new digital and virtual technologies of the 21st century prompt a new understanding of the temporality of the trauma. While the nature of Freudian trauma is temporally unpredictable, we claim that two current virtual reality (VR) technologies used by the US military promise exactly the opposite. The first, called Bravemind, offers soldiers a way to control their experienced traumas by codifying them in virtual scenarios with visual and haptic interfaces under the paradigm of virtual treatment; the second, STRIVE, prepares solders who have not yet been deployed on the battlefield for possible future traumas. In this sense, we claim that STRIVE offers a negative mirror-reflection of the Freudian conception of trauma, and with it, a new conception of trauma itself. For Freud trauma was triggered retroactively, its ontological status was unfixed and trauma itself — its content — unrepresentable. By contrast, with STRIVE the content of trauma is known in advance, and enacted even if it is uncertain whether the anticipated traumatic event will occur.
Dreaming-machine
Authors: Wojtaszek Marek
Published: July 2020

The intensified sensory contact with digital media and their capacity to pre-cognitively extract sensible data and industrially reengineer experience make our existence increasingly feel like a dream. Through an examination of the aesthetic and ontological dimensions of dreams, this article argues for a reading of digital cultural production in terms of diurnal insomnia. What can a dreaming body do? Addressing that question, this essay will recast its insomniac capacities in non-representational terms. Drawing on Gilles Deleuze’s philosophical framework, the essay disentangles the traditional Western conception of dreams and develops an alternative proposition of a dreaming-machine. In doing so, the essay will make references to the film Inception (dir. Christopher Nolan, 2010), which is read as an aesthetically adequate rendition of the insomniac revolution in dreaming. Probing the vigilancy potential of insomnia for the political economy of contemporary digital culture, the essay postulates an aesthetics of exhaustion. Far from an algorithmic lullaby, digital culture is recast as an aesthetic exercise in insomniac exhaustion that allows us to experiment with alternative manners of dreaming (of) ourselves, our worlds and lives beyond digital/digitized consciousness.
Raoul Walsh, between the Western and the Southern: Pursued (1947), Silver River (1948), Colorado Territory (1949)
Authors: Hatchuel Sarah
Published: July 2020

This essay analyses how three films directed by Raoul Walsh and released as Westerns at the end of the forties are, in fact, steeped in the codes of “Southern” films, recalling films such as Gone with the Wind and heralding The Night of the Hunter or Walsh’s own “Southern” Band of Angels. These “Westerns” merge classical themes of the genre (the conquest of the West, mining, railroad extension, attacks on stagecoaches, train robberies, outlaws — in a typically male world) with the themes of plantation films: nostalgia for a paradise lost, the predominance of the past, a clandestine or mixed-race identity, Gothic elements, dilapidated houses, graveyards and memento mori, and strong female characters. Pursued, located in the wild landscapes of New Mexico, is built on the hero’s quest to recover his identity, on the ghostly return of the repressed and on the recognition of the destroyed childhood home; the film re-plays the Civil War in a conflict against the Spaniards, while constructing a complex Scarlett-like female character. Silver River mixes the ruthless environment of the silver mines with more refined places such as steam boats, game houses and ballrooms; the character of Georgia, with a first name that connotes the South, represents a blend of the Southern Belle and Calamity Jane. Finally, Colorado Territory presents outlaw Wes McQueen as a runaway slave, emphasizes the uprooting of the Winslows after their departure from the Deep South to settle in the Far West, and dramatizes the direct opposition between two women — the Southern Belle, Julie Ann, and the Indian half-blood, Colorado, whose names assert their geographical origins. The meeting of the Western and the Southern seems to give rise to an intense confrontation between a male-coded world and a female-coded world, in a war of the sexes that challenges filmic and social norms.
Translations of Terroir: Constructing and Marketing a Sense of Place in the Basque Country
Authors: Lesh Kerri
Published: July 2020

A distinguishing and authenticating element of Basque culture is created with the use of its language, Euskara. Key words in this non-Indo-European language are commonly sighted to market local products such as milk, wine, and cider to create value and social distinction through linguistic commodification in the promotion of place. Meanwhile, the French word terroir, which has evolved to encompass both the physical and sociocultural changes in the food-producing regions worldwide, has been slowly integrated into global marketing techniques, to include the Basque case. This article aims to show how the concept of terroir in its various engagements has entered the food-producing sectors of milk, wine, and cider in the Basque Country with the hope of creating the same authenticating and identity-making results as it has for their French-speaking neighbors. Here I develop the concept of “linguistic terroir” as a means of framing how such engagement takes place. Specifically, I use research carried out in the Basque Country of Spain to illustrate the circumstances in which the concept of terroir is being employed to market the identity behind local products. In doing so, I provide a lens for examining and understanding key traits in the formation and marketing of Basque identity.
Extending terroir: Icelandic lamb production and the taste of land(rights)
Authors: Lally Anne Elyse
Published: July 2020

The term réttir in Iceland denotes a series of annual events occurring in the smaller towns and agricultural regions outside the capital of Reykjavík. Translated literally to “gathering,” the réttir season begins in early September and consists of the collective herding of Icelandic sheep from common agricultural lands throughout the country. The use of common pastures in the ecologically sensitive highlands region not only contributes to the specific taste of Icelandic lamb, but is also questioned in debates around soil conservation. Large swathes of the Icelandic highlands have experienced continual desertification since shortly after settlement in the 9th century, and historic grazing practice is implicated in scientific narratives of land degradation. However, réttir exists not just as a means of production, but as a strategy to maintain agrarian identities and ancestral land rights dating to the 13th century via practice. This paper extends the concept of terroir beyond taste to include the condensed meanings of landscape expressed through biological accruals of place in the bodies of livestock. Terroir indicates more than a taste of place, but exposes the larger multispecies entanglements of land rights, agricultural production, climate change, environmental conservation, and agrarian identities. In this sense, an ovine diet of subarctic grasses, scrubby willows, and glacial water not only constitutes muscles and fat as a biological process, but concomitantly exposes the topographical complexities of the Icelandic highlands.
Application of Data Mining Algorithms in Determination of Voting Tendencies in Turkey
Authors: Bayır Ali , Gülseçen Sevinç , Türkmen Gökhan
Published: July 2020

Political elections are influenced by a number of factors such as political tendencies, voters' perceptions, and preferences. The results of a political election could also be based on specific attributes of candidates: age, gender, occupancy, education, etc. Although it is very difficult to understand all the factors which could have influenced the outcome of the election, many of the attributes mentioned above could be included in a data set, and by using current data mining techniques, undiscovered patterns can be revealed. Despite unpredictability of human behaviors and/or choices involved, data mining techniques still could help in predicting the election outcomes. In this study, the results of the survey prepared by KONDA Research and Consultancy Company before 2011 elections in Turkey were used as raw data. This study may help in understanding how data mining methods and techniques could be used in political sciences research. The study may also reveal whether voting tendencies in elections could be a factor for the outcome of the election.
Influence of Mobile Apps on Household Saving-Spending Behavior
Authors: Deb Rajat , Mahto Priti Kumari , Deka Lina
Published: July 2020

The study has attempted to assess the influence of use of mobile apps on the household saving-spending behavior. Accessing a digital library, three research hypotheses have been framed, and for executing the study, an online survey has been conducted amongst the 107 employees of two leading private banks. A pre-test has affirmed the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Inferential statistics have indicated likely to reject all the null hypotheses, and it has to conclude that multiple determinants and use of mobile apps have significant influences on saving and spending behavior. Policy implications indicated and limitations have been acknowledged.
An Insight on the Class Imbalance Problem and Its Solutions in Big Data
Authors: Ahlawat Khyati , Chug Anuradha , Singh Amit Prakash
Published: July 2020

Expansion of data in the dimensions of volume, variety, or velocity is leading to big data. Learning from this big data is challenging and beyond capacity of conventional machine learning methods and techniques. Generally, big data getting generated from real-time scenarios is imbalance in nature with uneven distribution of classes. This imparts additional complexity in learning from big data since the class that is underrepresented is more influential and its correct classification becomes critical than that of overrepresented class. This chapter addresses the imbalance problem and its solutions in context of big data along with a detailed survey of work done in this area. Subsequently, it also presents an experimental view for solving imbalance classification problem and a comparative analysis between different methodologies afterwards.
Deep Learning Models for Semantic Multi-Modal Medical Image Segmentation
Authors: Mani V. R. S.
Published: July 2020

In this chapter, the author paints a comprehensive picture of different deep learning models used in different multi-modal image segmentation tasks. This chapter is an introduction for those new to the field, an overview for those working in the field, and a reference for those searching for literature on a specific application. Methods are classified according to the different types of multi-modal images and the corresponding types of convolution neural networks used in the segmentation task. The chapter starts with an introduction to CNN topology and describes various models like Hyper Dense Net, Organ Attention Net, UNet, VNet, Dilated Fully Convolutional Network, Transfer Learning, etc.
Demystification of Deep Learning-Driven Medical Image Processing and Its Impact on Future Biomedical Applications
Authors: Udendhran R. , M. Balamurugan
Published: July 2020

The recent growth of big data has ushered in a new era of deep learning algorithms in every sphere of technological advance, including medicine, as well as in medical imaging, particularly radiology. However, the recent achievements of deep learning, in particular biomedical applications, have, to some extent, masked decades-long developments in computational technology for medical image analysis. The methods of multi-modality medical imaging have been implemented in clinical as well as research studies. Due to the reason that multi-modal image analysis and deep learning algorithms have seen fast development and provide certain benefits to biomedical applications, this chapter presents the importance of deep learning-driven medical imaging applications, future advancements, and techniques to enhance biomedical applications by employing deep learning.
A Sense of Place
Authors: Warner-Ault Ann , Kentengian Isabel Maria , Stauff Jon W.
Published: July 2020

Popular study abroad locations present challenges for faculty seeking to provide opportunities for meaningful engagement with the host community. The authors describe how a medium-sized state college in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. and the Universidad de Alcalá (UAH) partnered to develop a transformative semester-long study abroad program, promoting community engagement, language acquisition, and personal development. They describe how a resident faculty director can create spaces for intercultural learning in both traditional classrooms and off-campus sites through projects that develop an ethos of sustained engagement and deep reflections, thereby empowering students to immerse more deeply in their host community. Insights from Lave and Wenger's social learning community of practice model provide a novel way to frame study abroad praxis. The authors' experiences suggest that a study abroad community of practice, rather than serving to isolate members from the local community, can serve as a safe-space and catalyst for active engagement with it.
The Case of the International Research Center for the Development of Education (CIIDE)
Authors: Mendoza Pilar , Cardenas Riaño Fredy E. , Hoyos Ensuncho Maryluz , Reina Zambrano Juanita
Published: July 2020

The authors in this chapter describe the approach, purpose, and work of the International Research Center for the Development of Education (CIIDE per the acronym in Spanish) as an illustration of a glocanal internationalization effort involving research and flows of faculty and administrators between a non-elite university in the Global South and a research-intensive university in the Global North. CIIDE is a joint effort between the College of Education at the University of Missouri in the U.S. and the main campus of the Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios (UNIMINUTO) in Bogotá, Colombia. In this chapter, first, the authors review the two theoretical lenses informing the analysis of the conceptualization and work of CIIDE, which are the glocanal agency heuristics developed by Marginson and Rhoades (2002) and the work of George Mwangi (2017) on mutuality in internationalization. Then, the authors present the actual work of CIIDE, including its origins and daily operations, followed by an analysis of CIIDE´s glocanal agency heuristics and mutuality.
A Global American University
Authors: Sweeney Heather , Bonney Edwin Nii
Published: July 2020

Today's higher education institutions are engaged in fierce competition over research dollars, attracting students, and reputation. And the institutions of the Global North have begun to demonstrate a proactive desire to drive the academic exchange occurring on the global stage via the creation of strategic partnerships abroad. The purpose of this chapter is to understand the role played by American universities in the internationalization of higher education as national systems of education respond to globalization. Through a discourse analysis, the authors apply world systems theory to the analysis of a single U.S. institution with several American institutions abroad in multiple periphery societies and ask the following questions: How do U.S. higher education institutions define global education? And in what ways do U.S. higher education institutions contribute to the countries they operate in?
Bacterial Remediation of Chromium From Industrial Sludge
Authors: Roy Dipankar , Mitra Arup Kumar
Published: July 2020

Chromium-like heavy toxic metals seriously influence the metabolism of living organisms and cause permanent threatening of health. Microorganisms can help to detoxify those hazardous heavy metals in the environment by the process of bioremediation. Two bacterial genera were isolated from industrial sludge designated P1 and P2. From the 16srRNA study, it is revealed that P1 is Bacillus cereus and P2 is Enterobacter sp. They are deposited in NCMR and NCBI and received the accession no. MCC 3868 for P1 and MCC 3788 for P2. P1 is gram positive, motile, and P2 is gram negative, motile. Eighteen antibiotics have been taken for antibiotic assay; P1 is resistant to 12; P2 is resistant to 8 antibiotics. For growth pattern analysis in chromium, three parameters have been selected, and they are temperature, pH, and biomass. In LD50 and above parameters, total chromium uptake by those bacteria in stressed conditions have been recorded. The two bacteria are not antagonistic to each other so they are used to bioremediate chromium from their contaminated sites and also treated as consortium.
Analysis of the Web Pages as a Strategic Tool of the Most Popular Hotels Worldwide and Their Comparison in Different Countries
Authors: Asenova Martina , Llopis Juan , Gascó Jose , González Reyes
Published: July 2020

The main idea behind this study is based on the analysis of the structure and content of the web pages of the most popular and powerful hotels in the world. The target is to offer a potential tool for current and future knowledge of the most relevant success factors of these firms. The present study has three main scopes. The first is an analysis of the most important hotels´ websites in terms of available information and content. The second one is the comparison between the websites of the most popular hotels worldwide per country. A third scope is a survey with end-users to support the findings. It could be concluded that the key items of the web pages of the most visited hotels can be used as a powerful tool for the formulation and implementation of different corporate strategies, and also be a source of benchmarking for making decisions.
Artificial Intelligence as an Enabling Tool for the Development of Dynamic Capabilities in the Banking Industry
Authors: Gallego-Gomez Cristina , De-Pablos-Heredero Carmen
Published: July 2020

Banks are investing in artificial intelligence (AI) to develop more innovative business models in order to face competition. The main objective of this paper consists in analyzing bank experiences when they introduce AI from the theory of dynamic capabilities and the resource-based view approach. Documentary research enables the description of experiences in three companies from the financial industry. It has been considered of interest to include different international experiences. For that reason, a firm providing debit and credit card services has been included, MasterCard, along with international banks such as Royal Bank of Scotland and Caixa Bank. Results show that AI enables firms to promote new relationships with customers, detect their needs or experiences, and adapt the service given by firms to be more competitive. AI also allows them to speed up responses to customers answers and doubts through its value chain. This research also shows that the proper implementation of AI permits a reconfiguration of traditional banking scenario. Detection, absorption, integration, and innovation are capabilities that allow these firms to build the managerial skills oriented to save costs, increase efficiency, and be more competitive.
An Analysis of the Media Coverage of the Socio-Economic Impacts Generated by Online Tourist Rental Platforms
Authors: Martín José María Martín , Prados-Castillo Juan F. , Aguilera Juan de Dios Jiménez , Martínez José Manuel Guaita
Published: July 2020

This work aims to determine, by means of a press analysis, the positioning of the media on the problems generated by the growth of tourist pressure in city centers and by the expansion of tourist accommodation intermediated online. The main objective of this work is to analyze, classify, and group the main press media and agencies and their positioning with respect to their coverage of socio-economic impacts linked to tourist accommodation platforms. Two different statistical techniques will be used, MultiDimensional Scaling and Hierarchical Ascending Classification (Clustering). Mainly, 24 impacts have been pinpointed, 12 positives and 12 negatives, which shows the great complexity of this phenomenon and the echo that the press makes of it. The impacts related to the ability to retain a dwelling in the tourist area are most frequently reported by the press, the increase in the price of rents/homes, the lack of regulation, the tourist pressure, or depopulation.
Demographic Determinants of Youth Entrepreneurial Success
Authors: Dzingirai Mufaro
Published: July 2020

Youth entrepreneurship has become an interesting phenomenon that has attracted much attention from academics, practitioners, and policymakers across the globe during recent years. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the demographic determinants of youth entrepreneurial success. Employing explanatory research design with a sample of 100 youth entrepreneurs in Gweru who completed the questionnaires, the hypotheses are analyzed using Pearson's correlation and regression analysis in an effort to empirically determine the influence of demographic factors on youth entrepreneurial success. The results show a strong and significant association between entrepreneurial experience and youth entrepreneurial success, a weak positive and significant association between educational qualification and youth entrepreneurial success, a weak negative association between age and youth entrepreneurial success, and a weak negative and significant relationship between gender and youth entrepreneurial success. These outcomes have significant implications for theory, practice, and future research.
Guest Socioeconomic Status and Hotel Green Technology
Authors: Memarzadeh Faranak , Anand Sulekha
Published: July 2020

To offer the most effective, sustainable service, hoteliers need a clear understanding of guests' viewpoints on hotels' green technology. Besides the guests' demographic information, which helps in understanding their preferred green-service, information on their socioeconomic status would provide the layout of the guests' mindset and their perceptions of the hotel's green technology. This study employed 210 participants to discover how managers can attain the business advantage of having guests' socioeconomic information. Utilizing the technology acceptance model (TAM), this study examined how the ease of use and usefulness of the green technology is affected by the level of income, education, or cultural background of the guests. The findings indicate that ease of use has a significant relationship with guests' education, and there is no relationship between ease of use and level of income or cultural background. Additionally, no relationship was found between usefulness and education, level of income, or ethnic background.