bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Nichols John
Published: June 2015

The subtitle of this eight-volume set is Consisting of Authentic Memoirs and Original Letters of Eminent Persons, and Intended as a Sequel to the 'Literary Anecdotes', which had been published in nine volumes by the author, editor and publisher John Nichols (1745–1826) between 1812 and 1815, and are also reissued in this series. Like its predecessor set, these 'illustrations' are a useful source of biographical material on authors and publishers at a time when many of the literary genres we take for granted, such as the novel, the autobiography and the analytical history, were first being developed. The volumes were published between 1817 and 1858, the project being continued after Nichols' death by his son and grandson. Among the 'eminent persons' included in Volume 5 are Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and the Chinese sculptor Chitqua, who visited London in 1769.
Wagner at Home
Authors: Gautier Judith
Published: June 2015

Daughter of the poet Théophile Gautier, Judith Gautier (1845–1917) grew up among Europe's literary avant-garde, quickly establishing her own career as a writer. An unapologetic admirer of Richard Wagner from an early age, she described her moment of revelation on playing through the overture to The Flying Dutchman as 'vertigo of the spirit'. Her enthusiasm led to several works on the composer, including a translation of his poem for Parsifal, during the composition of which an intense intimacy developed between them (gently, but firmly, defused by Cosima). Reissued here is the 1910 English translation by Effie Dunreith Massie of Gautier's highly charged account of her first two visits to Wagner and Cosima in Switzerland in 1869 and 1870. Gautier describes the idyllic atmosphere and offers the reader an effusive pen-portrait of Wagner's complex personality. The work also features facsimile pages of Wagner's letters to Gautier, showing part of the score for Parsifal.
Beethoven's Letters
Authors: Beethoven Ludwig van
Published: June 2015

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) was a prolific letter writer. Often written in great haste - he regularly signed off 'in der Eile' - his correspondence allows us to follow his anxieties and preoccupations. From his first letter, written at the age of thirteen, wherein he declared his lifelong commitment to the craft of music, through the poignant 'Heiligenstadt Testament', up to the final codicil to his will, these documents reveal the human figure behind some of the greatest music ever written. In this two-volume English translation of 1909, John South Shedlock (1843–1919) retains as far as possible the idiosyncratic and error-ridden texts as written by the great composer. Volume 1 covers the years to 1816, and includes the heartbreaking unsent 1802 letter to his brothers in which Beethoven reveals his misery over his increasing deafness and his determination to overcome his physical and emotional weaknesses.
Beethoven's Letters
Authors: Beethoven Ludwig van
Published: June 2015

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) was a prolific letter writer. Often written in great haste - he regularly signed off 'in der Eile' - his correspondence allows us to follow his anxieties and preoccupations. From his first letter, written at the age of thirteen, wherein he declared his lifelong commitment to the craft of music, through the poignant 'Heiligenstadt Testament', up to the final codicil to his will, these documents reveal the human figure behind some of the greatest music ever written. In this two-volume English translation of 1909, John South Shedlock (1843–1919) retains as far as possible the idiosyncratic and error-ridden texts as written by the great composer. Spanning the period 1816–27, Volume 2 finds Beethoven concerned over his financial situation and the poor printing of his music, and includes the final codicil to his will, written just three days before his death.
Letters of Richard Wagner to Emil Heckel
Authors: Wagner Richard
Published: June 2015

A great admirer of Richard Wagner, the music publisher Emil Heckel (1831–1908) founded the first Wagner Society in Mannheim in 1871. His purpose was to inspire others to help raise the necessary funds for the inaugural Bayreuth Festival. William Ashton Ellis (1852–1919) abandoned his medical career in order to devote himself to his Wagner studies. Best known for his translations of Wagner's prose works, he published in 1899 this English translation of Heckel's memoirs (originally edited by his son Karl), interwoven with letters from Wagner to Heckel, who is described by the composer as his 'energetic friend'. Notwithstanding the stylistic idiosyncrasies of the translation, the work provides a valuable first-hand account of the progress made towards establishing what would become one of the world's most prestigious music festivals. The letters span the years 1871 to 1883.
Facts and Arguments for Darwin
Authors: Müller Fritz
Published: June 2015

Known for developing the concept of Müllerian mimicry, whereby poisonous species with a common predator display similar warning signals, the naturalist Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller (1821–97) spent most of his working life in Brazil. Having emigrated from Germany, owing partly to his radical atheism, he became a strong early supporter of Darwinism. Drawing on his studies of crustaceans, he originally published this work in German as Für Darwin (1864), and sent the great naturalist a copy. Müller became a regular correspondent, and Darwin supported the translation of Müller's work, firstly for his personal use and also in the published 1869 version that is reissued here, rendered into English by the naturalist William Sweetland Dallas (1824–90), with several updates by Müller. Using case studies of crustaceans to provide evidence for certain aspects of Darwinian theory, Müller draws up evolutionary classifications of the various species examined.
Political Identity and Conflict in Central Angola, 1975–2002
Authors: Pearce Justin
Published: June 2015

This book examines the internal politics of the war that divided Angola for more than a quarter-century after its independence. It emphasises the Angolan people's relationship to the rival political forces that prevented the development of a united nation, an aspect of the conflict that has received little attention in earlier studies. Drawing upon interviews with farmers, town dwellers, soldiers and politicians in Central Angola, Justin Pearce examines the ideologies about nation and state that elites deployed in pursuit of hegemony and traces how people responded to these attempts at politicisation. The book not only demonstrates the potency of the rival conceptions of state and nation in shaping perceptions of self-interest and determining political loyalty, but also shows the ways in which allegiances could and did change for much of the Angolan population in response to the experience of military force.
The Diary of John Evelyn
Authors: Evelyn John
Published: June 2015

The Stuart writer and gardener John Evelyn (1620–1706), whose two-volume Sylva is also reissued in this series, kept a diary from the age of eleven, and in the 1680s began to compile this memoir from his records. It was first published in 1818 in an edition by the antiquarian William Bray; this three-volume version of 1906 was edited by Austin Dobson (1840–1921), the author and poet who also wrote the volume on Henry Fielding in the 'English Men of Letters' series, among many other literary biographies. In an extensive preface, Dobson explains his reasons for revisiting a work which had already received much editorial attention, and his introduction gives a short biography of its author. Volume 3 covers the period from 1677, including the death of Charles II and the Glorious Revolution, and ending with notes made a few weeks before Evelyn's death in 1706.
Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie
Authors: Oppert Julius
Published: June 2015

Born in Hamburg to Jewish parents, Julius Oppert (1825–1905) later moved to France, where he established a reputation as a remarkably gifted Assyriologist, making significant contributions to the decipherment of cuneiform Akkadian. Between 1851 and 1854, he accompanied the orientalist Fulgence Fresnel (1795–1855) on the French expedition to Mesopotamia. In recognition of his role, involving important excavations at the site of the ancient city of Babylon, Oppert was granted French citizenship. In May 1855, however, a great many of the discovered antiquities were lost when the raft transporting them sank in the Tigris under the weight of its priceless cargo. The present work appeared in two volumes between 1859 and 1863; the publication of the second volume preceded that of the first, as Oppert prioritised the analysis of the cuneiform inscriptions. Volume 1 (1863) contains an account of the journey and the archaeological results.
A Classical Tour through Italy and Sicily
Authors: Hoare Richard Colt
Published: June 2015

After the death of his wife, antiquarian Sir Richard Colt Hoare (1758–1838) left his only child in England and embarked on a series of journeys through continental Europe in pursuit of 'novelty, pleasure and information' in order to assuage his grief. At the end of the 1780s he deliberately diverged from the more conventional tourist trail in favour of a route through the then less-documented areas of Italy and down into Sicily, using classical authors as his guides. This work, first published in 1819, draws heavily on his daily journal entries to elucidate areas and points of interest that he felt had been overlooked in previous guides to Italy. Quotations from Horace, Tacitus and Pliny pertaining to ancient sites and practices are frequently included in Hoare's narrative, and he meticulously recreates the journey from Rome to Brundisium described by Horace in his Satires.
Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land
Authors: Stephens John Lloyd
Published: June 2015

The American writer and diplomat John Lloyd Stephens (1805–52) was effectively the founder of Mesoamerican archaeology, through his rediscovery of the Mayan civilization (his two-volume Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan is also reissued in this series). But before that, having qualified and practised as a lawyer in New York, he went on a two-year journey through Egypt and the Near East, publishing an account of his experiences in 1837 (under the name of George Stephens): this reissue is of the expanded 1838 edition. The work was extremely popular, possibly because, as he states in the preface, Stephens writes 'without perplexing himself with any deep speculations upon the rise and fall of empires', nor does he give much archaeological detail. Volume 1 begins with Stephens' arrival at Alexandria in Egypt, and his journey down the Nile to the Cataracts; it ends with a visit to St Catherine's monastery in Sinai.
New Light on the Early History of the Greater Northwest
Authors: Henry Alexander , Thompson David
Published: June 2015

During the 1890s Elliott Coues (1842–1899), one of America's greatest ornithologists, edited several exploration narratives about the American Northwest, including Lewis and Clark's Travels. Coues tracked down the manuscript journals of two of Lewis and Clark's contemporaries, fur trader Alexander Henry (1765–1814) and geographer David Thompson (1770–1857), employees of the Northwest Company. Coues' abridged and edited version of Henry's text, accompanied by notes that draw heavily on Thompson's scientific records, appeared in 1897 in three volumes; in this reissue the index volume is included in Volume 2. Despite the deep prejudice evident in Henry's writing, Coues judged it a reliable account of his unscrupulous business dealings, and of the harsh realities he observed among many different First Nations peoples. Volume 1 covers the period from 1799 to 1808, when Henry travelled along the Red River and set up the Pembina River trading post.
Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas his Pilgrimes
Authors: Purchas Samuel
Published: June 2015

Richard Hakluyt's 12-volume Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, originally published at the end of the sixteenth century, and reissued by the Cambridge Library Collection in the edition of 1903–5, was followed in 1625 by Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas his Pilgrimes, now reissued in a 20-volume edition published in 1905–7. When first published in four folio volumes, the work was the largest ever printed in England. An Anglican priest, Samuel Purchas (1577–1626) was a friend of Hakluyt, and based his great work in part on papers not published by Hakluyt before his death. As well as being a wide-ranging survey of world exploration, it is notable as an anti-Catholic polemic, and a justification of British settlement in North America. Volume 1 considers ancient exploration, beginning with the navy of King Solomon, and moving to the classical period, before discussing the world's religions.
The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland, Anterior to the Anglo-Norman Invasion
Authors: Petrie George
Published: June 2015

Following in the footsteps of his father, George Petrie (1790–1866) devoted his early life to art. However, as he toured Ireland and painted historic monuments, his interest in his country's antiquities began to grow, and his research into the origin and uses of Irish round towers would help cement his reputation as a founding father of Irish archaeology. This second edition of his major work appeared in 1845, the same year as the first. It expands on his earlier essay on the same topic, which had won him a gold medal from the Royal Irish Academy in 1833. Petrie's illustrated study refuted the various contemporary theories about the round towers and put forward evidence-based arguments which later archaeologists have refined but broadly accepted. The Life and Labours in Art and Archaeology of George Petrie (1868), written by his friend William Stokes, is also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.
The Civilisation of the Period of the Renaissance in Italy
Authors: Burckhardt Jacob
Published: June 2015

On several journeys to Italy in the mid-nineteenth century, the Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt (1818–97) saw in the figures and events of the Italian Renaissance certain traits that he believed to be mirrored in the politics of his own day, notably some aspects of 'an unbridled egoism, outraging every right, and killing every germ of a healthier culture'. Revolutionary in his all-encompassing and unflinching examination of the Italian Renaissance, Burckhardt saw developments in statecraft and war as giving rise to the more publicised artistic progress of the era. First published in 1860, this work is considered to be his magnum opus on the subject, and is here reissued in the accessible two-volume English translation of 1878 by S. G. C. Middlemore. In Volume 1, Burckhardt considers three key themes: the state as a work of art, the development of the individual, and the revival of antiquity in education and philosophy.
A History of Law and Lawyers in the GATT/WTO
Authors: Azevêdo Roberto
Published: June 2015

How did a treaty that emerged in the aftermath of the Second World War, and barely survived its early years, evolve into one of the most influential organisations in international law? This unique book brings together original contributions from an unprecedented number of eminent current and former GATT and WTO staff members, including many current and former Appellate Body members, to trace the history of law and lawyers in the GATT/WTO and explore how the nature of legal work has evolved over the institution's sixty-year history. In doing so, it paints a fascinating portrait of the development of the rule of law in the multilateral trading system, and allows some of the most important personalities in GATT and WTO history to share their stories and reflect on the WTO's remarkable journey from a 'provisionally applied treaty' to an international organisation defined by its commitment to the rule of law.
Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas his Pilgrimes
Authors: Purchas Samuel
Published: June 2015

Richard Hakluyt's 12-volume Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, originally published at the end of the sixteenth century, and reissued by the Cambridge Library Collection in the edition of 1903–5, was followed in 1625 by Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas his Pilgrimes, now reissued in a 20-volume edition published in 1905–7. When first published in four folio volumes, the work was the largest ever printed in England. An Anglican priest, Samuel Purchas (1577–1626) was a friend of Hakluyt, and based his great work in part on papers not published by Hakluyt before his death. As well as being a wide-ranging survey of world exploration, it is notable as an anti-Catholic polemic, and a justification of British settlement in North America. Volume 11 focuses on journeys into central Asia by Marco Polo and the less well-known Franciscan missionary William of Rubruck, and also contains an Arabic life of Tamerlane.
Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas his Pilgrimes
Authors: Purchas Samuel
Published: June 2015

Richard Hakluyt's 12-volume Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, originally published at the end of the sixteenth century, and reissued by the Cambridge Library Collection in the edition of 1903–5, was followed in 1625 by Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas his Pilgrimes, now reissued in a 20-volume edition published in 1905–7. When first published in four folio volumes, the work was the largest ever printed in England. An Anglican priest, Samuel Purchas (1577–1626) was a friend of Hakluyt, and based his great work in part on papers not published by Hakluyt before his death. As well as being a wide-ranging survey of world exploration, it is notable as an anti-Catholic polemic, and a justification of British settlement in North America. Volume 12 contains Anthony Jenkinson's account of Russia, and narratives on China, Japan and the Philippines, by both merchants and Jesuit missionaries.
Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas his Pilgrimes
Authors: Purchas Samuel
Published: June 2015

Richard Hakluyt's 12-volume Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, originally published at the end of the sixteenth century, and reissued by the Cambridge Library Collection in the edition of 1903–5, was followed in 1625 by Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas his Pilgrimes, now reissued in a 20-volume edition published in 1905–7. When first published in four folio volumes, the work was the largest ever printed in England. An Anglican priest, Samuel Purchas (1577–1626) was a friend of Hakluyt, and based his great work in part on papers not published by Hakluyt before his death. As well as being a wide-ranging survey of world exploration, it is notable as an anti-Catholic polemic, and a justification of British settlement in North America. Volume 19 continues with British exploration and settlement in North America, including Newfoundland and the colonies of Jamestown and Plymouth.
Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas his Pilgrimes
Authors: Purchas Samuel
Published: June 2015

Richard Hakluyt's 12-volume Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, originally published at the end of the sixteenth century, and reissued by the Cambridge Library Collection in the edition of 1903–5, was followed in 1625 by Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas his Pilgrimes, now reissued in a 20-volume edition published in 1905–7. When first published in four folio volumes, the work was the largest ever printed in England. An Anglican priest, Samuel Purchas (1577–1626) was a friend of Hakluyt, and based his great work in part on papers not published by Hakluyt before his death. As well as being a wide-ranging survey of world exploration, it is notable as an anti-Catholic polemic, and a justification of British settlement in North America. Volume 18 moves from South to North America, with accounts of French expeditions including that of Champlain, British planned colonies and John Smith's description of Virginia.
Constructive Controversy
Authors: Johnson David W.
Published: June 2015

Why do people make decisions based on their own perspective without considering alternative points of view? Do differences of opinion enhance or obstruct critical thinking? Is it wise to seek out people who disagree with you and listen to their objections to your conclusions? Focusing on the theory, research, and application of constructive controversy, this book analyses the nature of disagreement among members of decision-making groups, project teams, academic study groups, and other groups that are involved in solving problems. Johnson demonstrates that this theory is one of the most effective methods of enhancing creativity and innovation, decision making, teaching, and political discourse. The book includes entertaining and intriguing examples of how constructive controversy has been used in a variety of historical periods to advance creativity, achieve innovations, and guide democracies. It will be welcomed by students in the fields of social psychology, management/business studies, education, and communication studies.
Lake Habitations and Pre-Historic Remains in the Turbaries and Marl-Beds of Northern and Central Italy
Authors: Gastaldi Bartolomeo
Published: June 2015

The son of a Turin lawyer, Bartolomeo Gastaldi (1818–79) initially followed in his father's footsteps but then abandoned the law to pursue his passion for geology and palaeontology. Later one of the founders of the Italian Alpine Club, Gastaldi was especially interested in the geology and glaciology of the Alps in his native Piedmont. The mineral gastaldite is named after him. This work, first published in Italian in 1862, is reissued here in the 1865 English translation prepared by Charles Harcourt Chambers (1826–76) for the Anthropological Society of London. Its importance lies in the meticulous descriptions, by Gastaldi and others, of the human remains and artefacts discovered at Stone Age and Bronze Age settlements on the site of lakes and peat bogs to the south of the Alps. Featuring engraved illustrations throughout, the work also includes Gastaldi's summary of discoveries since his book's first appearance.
Buddhist China
Authors: Johnston Reginald Fleming
Published: June 2015

The British colonial administrator and scholar Sir Reginald Fleming Johnston (1874–1938) travelled extensively in the Far East, developing a keen intellectual interest in Chinese culture and spirituality. His fourteen-year posting to the relatively quiet port of Weihaiwei allowed him to indulge this interest and to travel to places not usually visited by Europeans. In 1918, he was appointed tutor to the young Puyi (1906–67), who had been China's last emperor before his forced abdication. Deeply interested in Mahayana Buddhism, Johnston played an important role in raising Western awareness of its philosophy and practice in China. This work, first published in 1913, provides valuable insight into the history of this branch of Buddhism as well as fascinating accounts of notable centres of Chinese monasticism. Among other works, Johnston's Confucianism and Modern China (1934) and Twilight in the Forbidden City (1934) are also reissued in this series.
The Roman Wall
Authors: Bruce John Collingwood
Published: June 2015

Brought up in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, John Collingwood Bruce (1805–92) was fascinated by the antiquities of the north of England, and made an especial study of the impressive ruins of the 'Roman Wall'. He published this work in 1851, using both the writings of medieval and recent historians, and his own and others' field surveys and excavations. It describes the route of the wall from the Solway to Wallsend, and the surviving structures such as forts and milecastles along its length. Bruce also discusses and illustrates the Roman artefacts discovered around the wall, from pottery and nails to funerary monuments, which give insights into the lives of the soldiers from across the Roman empire who were stationed at this northern outpost. His argument that Hadrian was the builder of the wall reminds us that, until the mid-nineteenth century, it was thought to have been the idea of the later emperor Septimius Severus.
The Woodcutters of the Netherlands in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Conway William Martin
Published: June 2015

Sir William Martin Conway (1856–1937), well known as an alpinist (his The Alps from End to End is also reissued in this series), was by profession an art historian. Supported by Henry Bradshaw of the University of Cambridge, he pursued his interest in the woodcuts and early printed books of the Low Countries, publishing this work in 1884. The study considers both prints and books, noting instances of the reuse of the same blocks in different works by different printers. The first part surveys the craftsmen (many of whom are anonymous) by town, and the second is a comprehensive catalogue of the cuts, with short descriptions, ordered according to their makers. The final part is a catalogue of the books in which the cuts appeared. Particular attention is paid to the work of Gheraert Leeu, the most prolific Dutch printer of his time, who worked in Gouda and subsequently in Antwerp.
Memoirs of the Life and Works of Sir Christopher Wren
Authors: Elmes James
Published: June 2015

James Elmes (1782–1862), the son of a builder, trained at the Royal Academy Schools as an architectural designer, but his career encompassed publishing and writing on architecture as well. A friend of Benjamin Robert Haydon and his circle, he was the first publisher (in his Annals of Fine Arts) of Keats' most famous odes. This work - the first biography of Wren - was published in 1823, and is dedicated to the President and Fellows of the Royal Society, of which Wren was a founder member in 1660. Elmes based his work on the so-called 'Parentalia', or notes on the Wren family compiled by his son (also Christopher), and privately printed by his grandson Stephen in 1750. Elmes puts Wren's life and works into the context of the intellectual ferment of Restoration England, and combines the narrative of Wren's life with an architectural commentary on his most important works.
A Monograph of the British Fossil Corals
Authors: Milne-Edwards H. , Haime Jules
Published: June 2015

In the mid-nineteenth century, two outstanding French zoologists, Henri Milne-Edwards (1800–85) and Jules Haime (1824–56), carried out the most comprehensive study of coral taxonomy and classification that had yet been attempted. They covered all known examples, ranging from the oldest fossil corals to those living in modern oceans. Although many of the taxa have now been revised, and many forms since discovered, this integrated approach was not emulated until multi-author treatises appeared a century later. Originally published 1850–4, this monograph begins with an account of coral classification. The authors then deal with British corals, working stratigraphically downwards from the Crag (Plio–Pleistocene), through all the known coral-bearing strata of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic, continuing down to the 'Silurian', from which the Ordovician had not yet been separated. A magnificent achievement for its time, and still important for researchers, the work is embellished by 72 white-on-black engraved plates.
Early Modern China and Northeast Asia
Authors: Rawski Evelyn S.
Published: June 2015

In this revisionist history of early modern China, Evelyn Rawski challenges the notion of Chinese history as a linear narrative of dynasties dominated by the Central Plains and Hans Chinese culture from a unique, peripheral perspective. Rawski argues that China has been shaped by its relations with Japan, Korea, the Jurchen/Manchu and Mongol States, and must therefore be viewed both within the context of a regional framework, and as part of a global maritime network of trade. Drawing on a rich variety of Japanese, Korean, Manchu and Chinese archival sources, Rawski analyses the conflicts and regime changes that accompanied the region's integration into the world economy during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Early Modern China and Northeast Asia places Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese relations within the context of northeast Asian geopolitics, surveying complex relations which continue to this day.
A Monograph on the British Fossil Echinodermata from the Cretaceous Formations
Authors: Sladen W. Percy , Spencer W. K.
Published: June 2015

The magnificent monograph of the British Cretaceous echinoids (sea urchins) by Thomas Wright (1809–84) was to be followed by a similar work on the asteroids (starfishes). Sadly, Wright died in the early stages of this project, leaving only notes and some plates, but it was taken up by Walter Percy Sladen (1849–1900), who completed two parts before ill health interrupted his previous productivity. William Kingdon Spencer (1878–1955) became the third authority to be involved, finishing the work in a further three parts and also expanding the scope to include the ophiuroids (brittle stars). All three contributors were amateurs, variously a surgeon (Wright), independently wealthy (Sladen) and HM Inspector of Schools in Suffolk (Spencer). Originally published in five parts between 1891 and 1908, Sladen and Spencer's text, embellished by many fine plates, is a monument to two of the rarer, yet most attractive, groups of Cretaceous fossils.
Illustrations of Roman London
Authors: Smith Charles Roach
Published: June 2015

Charles Roach Smith (1806–90), born on the Isle of Wight and educated in Hampshire, was apprenticed to a lawyer at fifteen, but a year later transferred to a chemist, where he prospered, moving to London and becoming wealthy from a firm of wholesale druggists and his own chemist's shop in Lothbury, in the City of London. Sewerage and other works in the City meant that Roman and medieval artefacts were regularly coming to light, and Smith's collection eventually numbered more than 5,000 pieces. He eventually sold it to the British Museum, at far less than its market value, so that it could remain intact. This book, published in 1859, describes the excavations, and uses the finds he and others acquired to illustrate 'the institutions, the habits, the customs, and the arts of our forefathers'. It remains an invaluable record of finds arising from the Victorian redevelopment of London.
Media Freedom as a Fundamental Right
Authors: Oster Jan
Published: June 2015

Domestic constitutions and courts applying international human rights conventions acknowledge the significance of the mass media for a democratic society, not only by granting special privileges but also by imposing enhanced duties and responsibilities to journalists and media companies. However, the challenges of media convergence, media ownership concentration and the internet have led to legal uncertainty. Should media privileges be maintained, and, if so, how is 'the media' to be defined? To what extent does media freedom as a legal concept also encompass bloggers who have not undertaken journalistic education? And how can a legal distinction be drawn between investigative journalism on the one hand and reporting on purely private matters on the other? To answer these questions, Jan Oster combines doctrinal and conceptual comparative analysis with descriptive and normative theory, and argues in favour of a media freedom principle based on the significance of the media for public discourse.
Making News in Global India
Authors: Udupa Sahana
Published: June 2015

In the decades following India's opening to foreign capital, the city of Bangalore emerged, quite unexpectedly, as the outsourcing hub for the global technology industry and the aspirational global city of liberalizing India. Through an ethnography of English and Kannada print news media in Bangalore, this ambitious and innovative new study reveals how the expanding private news culture played a critical role in shaping urban transformation in India, when the allegedly public profession of journalism became both an object and agent of global urbanization. Building on extensive fieldwork carried out with the Times of India group, the largest media house in India, between 2008 and 2012, Sahana Udupa argues that the class project of the 'global city' news discourse came into striking conflict with the cultural logics of regional language and caste practices. Advancing new theoretical concepts, Making News in Global India takes arguments in media scholarship beyond the dichotomy of public good and private accumulation.
A History of Greece
Authors: Bury John Bagnell
Published: June 2015

This book, originally published in 1900, was the major work of the classical historian J. B. Bury. It became a standard textbook on the topic of ancient Greek history to the death of Alexander the Great for almost a century, and in its updated form is still studied today. Bury had studied philosophy as well as classics at Trinity College, Dublin, and had travelled widely in Greece, but until the publication of this work was better known for his two-volume History of the Later Roman Empire (also reissued in this series), and many of his other works also deal with the Byzantine period. He describes in the preface his decision to limit the extent of his history: 'compression into a single volume often produces a more useful book'. This magisterial and very readable synthesis of political and military history encompasses nearly three millennia and the whole of the Mediterranean and Near East.
Fastorum libri sex
Authors: Ovid
Published: June 2015

Sir James Frazer (1854–1941) is best remembered today for The Golden Bough, widely considered to be one of the most important early texts in the fields of psychology and anthropology. Originally a classical scholar, Frazer also published this five-volume edition of Ovid's Fasti in 1929. It contains the text and a parallel English translation, with commentary on the six books, indexes, illustrations, and plans. Frazer's interest in Ovid's unfinished final poem arose from his wide-ranging studies of ancient literature and the origins of myth. The work describes the origins of the Roman calendar with its sacred days, and ranges from the deeds of major gods and heroes to the strange rites involved in placating the goddess of mildew. Volume 3 contains Frazer's commentary on Books III and IV, dealing with the Roman months of March and April. Other works by Frazer are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.
Representation in Congress
Authors: Hill Kim Quaile , Jordan Soren , Hurley Patricia A.
Published: June 2015

Representation in Congress provides a theory of dyadic policy representation intended to account for when belief sharing, delegate, responsible party, trustee, and 'party elite led' models of representational linkage arise on specific policy issues. The book also presents empirical tests of most of the fundamental predictions for when such alternative models appear, and it presents tests of novel implications of the theory about other aspects of legislative behavior. Some of the latter tests resolve contradictory findings in the relevant, existing literature - such as whether and how electoral marginality affects representation, whether roll call vote extremism affects the re-election of incumbents, and what in fact is the representational behavior of switched seat legislators. All of the empirical tests provide evidence for the theory. Indeed, the full set of empirical tests provides evidence for the causal effects anticipated by the theory and much of the causal process behind those effects.
Literature and the Politics of Post-Victorian Decadence
Authors: Mahoney Kristin
Published: June 2015

In Literature and the Politics of Post-Victorian Decadence, Kristin Mahoney argues that the early twentieth century was a period in which the specters of the fin de siècle exercised a remarkable draw on the modern cultural imagination and troubled emergent avant-gardistes. These authors and artists refused to assimilate to the aesthetic and political ethos of the era, representing themselves instead as time travellers from the previous century for whom twentieth-century modernity was both baffling and disappointing. However, they did not turn entirely from the modern moment, but rather relied on decadent strategies to participate in conversations concerning the most highly vexed issues of the period including war, the rise of the Labour Party, the question of women's sexual freedom, and changing conceptions of sexual and gender identities.
AGU Members Share Their Science on Capitol Hill
Authors: Strelich Lily
Published: June 2015

AGU members gathered in Washington, D. C., to meet with congressional members and staff and to share the value of Earth and space science and the policies that support research and innovation.
Global Warming "Hiatus" Never Happened, Study Says
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: June 2015

After digging into existing measurements of Earth surface temperatures, a team of scientists finds there was no "hiatus" in temperature rise, which was thought to have started in 1998.
Past Tense Production in Children With and Without Specific Language Impairment Across Germanic Languages: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Krok Windi C. , Leonard Laurence B.
Published: June 2015

Purpose

This study examined the extent to which children with specific language impairment (SLI) across Germanic languages differ from their typically developing (TD) peers in the use of past tense morphology.

Method

A systematic literature search identified empirical studies examining regular and/or irregular past tense production by English and non-English Germanic-speaking children with SLI and their TD peers. Data from qualifying studies were extracted and converted to Hedges'sgeffect sizes.

Results

Seventeen English and 8 non-English Germanic studies met inclusionary criteria. Comparing children with SLI and their TD age-matched (TDA) peers resulted in large combined effect sizes for English and non-English Germanic regular and irregular past tense production. Comparisons between children with SLI and their TD younger (TDY) peers also revealed large combined effect sizes for English and non-English Germanic regular past tense production. Effect sizes for studies comparing SLI and TDY irregular past tense production were large for non-English Germanic-speaking children and moderate for English-speaking children.

Conclusions

Results suggest that children with SLI across Germanic languages do indeed have more difficulty marking verbs for past tense than TDA and TDY peers. The findings suggest that the potential value of past tense production as a clinical marker of SLI may well extend beyond English.
A Computational Model Quantifies the Effect of Anatomical Variability on Velopharyngeal Function
Authors: Inouye Joshua M. , Perry Jamie L. , Lin Kant Y. , Blemker Silvia S.
Published: June 2015

Purpose

This study predicted the effects of velopharyngeal (VP) anatomical parameters on VP function to provide a greater understanding of speech mechanics and aid in the treatment of speech disorders.

Method

We created a computational model of the VP mechanism using dimensions obtained from magnetic resonance imaging measurements of 10 healthy adults. The model components included the levator veli palatini (LVP), the velum, and the posterior pharyngeal wall, and the simulations were based on material parameters from the literature. The outcome metrics were the VP closure force and LVP muscle activation required to achieve VP closure.

Results

Our average model compared favorably with experimental data from the literature. Simulations of 1,000 random anatomies reflected the large variability in closure forces observed experimentally. VP distance had the greatest effect on both outcome metrics when considering the observed anatomic variability. Other anatomical parameters were ranked by their predicted influences on the outcome metrics.

Conclusions

Our results support the implication that interventions for VP dysfunction that decrease anterior to posterior VP portal distance, increase velar length, and/or increase LVP cross-sectional area may be very effective. Future modeling studies will help to further our understanding of speech mechanics and optimize treatment of speech disorders.
CH3OH⋯(H2O)n [n = 1-4] clusters in external electric fields
Authors: Gurav Nalini D. , Kulkarni Anant D. , Gejji Shridhar P. , Pathak Rajeev K.
Published: June 2015

For hydrogen-bonded neutral molecular clusters, response to an externally applied electric field can critically affect molecular cooperativity. In this light, response of dilute methanol-water admixtures to an external, perturbative electric field is studied at the simplest molecular level in the cluster configurations CH3OH⋯(H2O)n with “n” chosen to range from 1 to 4, employing the M06-2X hybrid functional in conjunction with the 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set, well-suited for hydrogen bonding. Methanol is seen to favorably bond with the water molecules at its hydroxyl end up to certain characteristic maximum threshold field strengths beyond which the HOMO-LUMO energy-gap abruptly drops to zero culminating into a complete breakdown of the cluster. In the interim regime prior to breakdown, the electric field significantly alters the hydrogen bonding pattern primarily by elongating the cluster, resulting in a marked enhancement in its electric dipole moment leading to alterations in the molecular electrostatic potential. With the application of electric field, certain “exotic” O–H vibration bands appear that at the threshold field fall in the frequency range of 2510 cm−1–1880 cm−1 in the IR spectra, in contrast with their normal (zero-field) counterparts that occur in the range of ∼3300–3900 cm−1.
The Committee on Standards in Public Life: Twenty Years of the Nolan Principles 1995–2015
Authors: Bew Paul
Published: June 2015

In his recent memoir, William Waldegrave wrote that no country run by John Major and Robin Butler was likely to be in much danger of systemic corruption. The fact remains that a quarter of a century ago, John Major, with the guidance and support of his cabinet secretary, decided to establish the Committee on Standards in Public Life under the chairmanship of Lord Nolan. The apparent prevalence of ‘sleaze’ issues in public life—most notably the ‘cash for questions’ scandals involving Tory MPs—provoked the decision. Lord Nolan's committee immediately enunciated seven principles of public life: honesty, accountability, integrity, selflessness, openness, opportunity and leadership. Over the years, many of the Committee's recommendations have been accepted. There is today vastly greater transparency. The principles have been widely accepted; it is clear the public expects that they should be observed by public servants, including, perhaps especially, MPs. Yet it is equally clear that there is a widespread and still deepening mood of public cynicism on standards matters. The Committee is determined to defend the Nolan principles, but without more help from the political class it will be like Mrs Nupkins in The Pickwick Papers: inculcating moral lessons of great importance and generally ignored.
Gambling and gambling‐related problems in France
Authors: Valleur Marc
Published: June 2015

Aims

To provide an overview of the gambling landscape and gambling‐related problems in France, including the history, legislation, gambling policy and epidemiological data on excessive gambling.

Method

A literature review, using Medline, PsycInfo and Toxibase/OFDT databases, based on the systematic monitoring of scientific literature since 2008 (including French and international papers).

Results

Since 1776 and the creation of the royal lottery, state monopoly has been the main pillar of gambling policy in France. Increases in gambling venues and opportunities, growing evidence of gambling‐related problems, pressures from the European Commission and the growth of on‐line gambling have led to major changes in this policy: while land‐based gambling remains mainly in the form of a state monopoly, on‐line gambling was partially liberalized in 2010, and regulation authorities were established. The first epidemiological survey was conducted in 2010. Rates of problematic gambling in France are within the average of other European countries. Treatment has begun to be made available within addiction centres.

Conclusion

A majority of on‐line gamblers in France use legal websites, which was one of the initial goals of liberalization. Recent studies confirm that the prevalence of problem gambling in France is far higher among on‐line gamblers than among land‐based gamblers; however, this difference cannot be attributed only to greater addictiveness of on‐line gambling.
A Tale of Two Armies: Comparative Growth in the Mirror of the First World War
Authors: Cranfield John , Inwood Kris
Published: June 2015

Soldiers born during the late nineteenth century were taller in Australia than in Canada. A widening of the gap for those born in the 1890s supports the more optimistic interpretation of Australia's 1890s depression and is consistent with the ‘hazardous growth’ hypothesis of an inverse relationship between economic change and public health. The rural–urban stature gradient was steeper in Australia although Canada had greater stature inequality in all other dimensions. Native‐born soldiers were taller than the British‐born in both countries. We see no evidence of selective migration effects that would imply feedback from stature to growth.
Class I histone deacetylase inhibitors inhibit the retention of BRCA1 and 53BP1 at the site of DNA damage
Authors: Fukuda Takayo , Wu Wenwen , Okada Maiko , Maeda Ichiro , Kojima Yasuyuki , Hayami Ryosuke , Miyoshi Yasuo , Tsugawa Ko‐ichiro , Ohta Tomohiko
Published: June 2015

BRCA1 and 53BP1 antagonistically regulate homology‐directed repair (HDR) and non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ) of DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB). The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A directly inhibits the retention of 53BP1 at DSB sites by acetylating histone H4 (H4ac), which interferes with 53BP1 binding to dimethylated histone H4 Lys20 (H4K20me2). Conversely, we recently found that the retention of the BRCA1/BARD1 complex is also affected by another methylated histone residue, H3K9me2, which can be suppressed by the histone lysine methyltransferase (HKMT) inhibitor UNC0638. Here, we investigate the effects of the class I HDAC inhibitors MS‐275 and FK228 compared to UNC0638 on histone modifications and the DNA damage response. In addition to H4ac, the HDAC inhibitors induce H3K9ac and inhibit H3K9me2 at doses that do not affect the expression levels of DNA repair genes. By contrast, UNC0638 selectively inhibits H3K9me2 without affecting the levels of H3K9ac, H3K56ac or H4ac. Reflecting their effects on histone modifications, the HDAC inhibitors inhibit ionizing radiation‐induced foci (IRIF) formation of BRCA1 and BARD1 as well as 53BP1 and RIF1, whereas UNC0638 suppresses IRIF formation of BRCA1 and BARD1 but not 53BP1 and RIF1. Although HDAC inhibitors suppressed HDR, they did not cooperate with the poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib to block cancer cell growth, possibly due to simultaneous suppression of NHEJ pathway components. Collectively, these results suggest the mechanism by that HDAC inhibitors inhibit both the HDR and NHEJ pathways, whereas HKMT inhibitor inhibits only the HDR pathway; this finding may affect the chemosensitizing effects of the inhibitors.