bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grid organization development – A route to organizational excellence
Authors: Islam Rafaqat , Mahmood Shafi Khalid , Ansari Sarfraz Hussain
Published: February 2025

The pursuit of organizational excellence has been a central concern since the rise of industrialization, gaining prominence during and after World War II. Grid Organization Development (Grid OD), developed by Blake and Mouton, is a theory-centered approach that aims to maximize organizational effectiveness through structured interventions. This article explores the principles of Grid OD, contrasting it with technique-centered and process-centered OD approaches. Grid OD is grounded in the Managerial Grid model, which categorizes leadership styles based on concerns for production and people. Through a systematic six-phase training process, Grid OD fosters individual change, team development, intergroup harmony, organizational goal-setting, and planned implementation. The study critically reviews the framework’s strengths, its broad global application, and its impact on leadership effectiveness, productivity, and corporate culture. Blake and Mouton argue for the superiority of their approach, countering situationalists perspectives and advocating for the universal applicability of the 9,9 leadership style. This paper underscores the significance of Grid OD in achieving sustainable organizational success.
Pengaruh Kecerdasan Emosional Dan Komunikasi Interpersonal Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb) Organisasi Santri(Studi Kasus PPP. Al-Fathimiyyah Bahrul Ulum Tambakberas Jombang)
Authors: Septian Ragil Anandita  , Della Rachmadani P. R  , Khotim Fadhli
Published: February 2025

This research aims to determine the influence of emotional intelligence and interpersonal communication on organizational citizenship behavior. The research method used is a quantitative method with a cross-section approach and data is obtained from the results of the distribution of questionnaires or questionnaires. The sampling technique used saturated sampling and the number of samples used was 60 respondents. In the hypothesis of this study, it is to determine the influence of independent and bound variables both partially and simultaneously, so that the tests that are rigorously tested are descriptive analysis of classical assumption tests and multiple linear regression analysis using the SPSS Statistics 23 application. The results of the study showed that: 1) Emotional intelligence had a positive but insignificant effect on the organizational citizenship behavior of the student organization 2) Interpersonal communication had a positive and significant effect on the organizational citizenship behavior of the student organization 3) Emotional intelligence and interpersonal communication had a simultaneous effect on the organizational citizenship behavior student organizations.
Rare, nodular type of erythema elevatum diutinum – case report
Authors:   Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine Department of Dermatology Venereology and Dermatooncology, Nagy-Blága Kincső , Kuroli Enikő , Bánvölgyi András , Gergely László Hunor , Medvecz Márta , Holló Péter
Published: February 2025

Erythema elevatum diutinum is a rare form of cutaneous
vasculitis, which can be associated with autoimmune, infective and hematological diseases. The disease usually
appears bilaterally, with symmetrical livid-reddish or redbrownish papules and plaques on the extensor surfaces, in
the late, chronic, stage nodules also develop. The authors
present the case of a young man, who previously has been
treated for Crohn's disease, in whom erythema elevatum
diutinum was confirmed during the histological examination of his skin symptoms with an unusually extensive and
varied clinical appearance. Although dapsone can be used
as a first-line therapeutic modality for its treatment, its nodular form remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.
A role for RNA knots in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Galli Silvia , Di Antonio Marco
Published: February 2025

The buildup of knot-like RNA structures in brain cells may be the key to understanding how uncontrolled protein aggregation drives Alzheimer’s disease.
Immunoglobulin M regulates airway hyperresponsiveness independent of T helper 2 allergic inflammation
Authors: Hadebe Sabelo , Savulescu Anca Flavia , Khumalo Jermaine , Jones Katelyn , Mangali Sandisiwe , Mthembu Nontobeko , Musaigwa Fungai , Maepa Welcome , Ndlovu Hlumani , Ngomti Amkele , Scibiorek Martyna , Okendo Javan , Brombacher Frank
Published: February 2025

Allergic asthma is a disease driven by T helper 2 (Th2) cells, eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and IgE-secreting B cells. Asthma is largely controlled by corticosteroids and β
2
adregenic receptor agonists that target and relax airway smooth muscle (ASM). Immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotype secreted by naïve B cells is important for class switching but may have other undefined functions.We investigated the role of IgM in a house dust mite (HDM)-induced Th2 allergic asthma model.We sensitised wild-type (WT) and IgM-deficient (IgM
-/-
) mice with HDM and measured AHR, and Th2 responses. We performed RNA sequencing on the whole lung of WT and IgM
-/-
mice sensitised to saline or HDM. We validated our AHR data on human ASM by deleting genes using CRISPR and measuring contraction by single-cell force cytometry.We found IgM to be essential in AHR but not Th2 airway inflammation or eosinophilia. RNA sequencing of lung tissue suggested that IgM regulated AHR through modulating brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2-like protein 1 (
Baiap2l1
) and other genes. Deletion of
BAIAP2L1
led to a differential reduction in human ASM contraction when stimulated with TNF-α and Acetylcholine, but not IL-13.These findings have implications for future treatment of asthma beyond current therapies.
Blockchain and explainable-AI integrated system for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) detection
Authors: Jaganathan Gowthami , Natesan Shanthi
Published: February 2025

In the modern era of digitalization, integration with blockchain and machine learning (ML) technologies is most important for improving applications in healthcare management and secure prediction analysis of health data. This research aims to develop a novel methodology for securely storing patient medical data and analyzing it for PCOS prediction. The main goals are to leverage Hyperledger Fabric for immutable, private data and to integrate Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques to enhance transparency in decision-making. The innovation of this study is the unique integration of blockchain technology with ML and XAI, solving critical issues of data security and model interpretability in healthcare. With the Caliper tool, the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain’s performance is evaluated and enhanced. The suggested Explainable AI-based blockchain system for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome detection (EAIBS-PCOS) system demonstrates outstanding performance and records 98% accuracy, 100% precision, 98.04% recall, and a resultant F1-score of 99.01%. Such quantitative measures ensure the success of the proposed methodology in delivering dependable and intelligible predictions for PCOS diagnosis, therefore making a great addition to the literature while serving as a solid solution for healthcare applications in the near future.
The Italian version of the extended Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (eBMRQ): a validation study and association with age, gender, and musicianship
Authors: Carraturo Giulio , Ferreri Laura , Cardona Gemma , Lorenzo-Seva Urbano , Rodriguez-Fornells Antoni , Brattico Elvira
Published: February 2025

Background

Music is a primary source of pleasure for humans. Nevertheless, there is large interindividual variability in how individuals experience and derive pleasure from music and music-related activities. With this study we propose and validate the Italian version of the extended Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (eBMRQ), the most in-depth and comprehensive tool for investigating the diverse characterization of individual sensitivity to pleasure in music. In addition, we aim to investigate eBMRQ scores as a function of age, gender, and musicianship across Italian population.

Methods

For the validation process of the Italian eBMRQ, we first conducted forward and backward translation from the original English eBMRQ version. The new Italian version was then administered to 1,012 participants who were fluent in Italian from the north and the south of Italy through online surveys (age range 18–86 years old; M = 34.9, SD = 16.9, females 74%). Unrestricted confirmatory analysis was computed for both six-factor and single-factor models. The effect of gender, age, and musicianship on eBMRQ scores was analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results

The quality assessment of the factor solution indicated that the Italian eBMRQ demonstrated acceptable quality and reliability, making it a valid tool for assessing sensitivity to music reward. All factors were significantly correlated with each other, in line with previous adaptations of the BMRQ. Our findings indicate that females reported higher music reward sensitivity compared to males, except for Social Reward subscale. Moreover, individual reward sensitivity was significantly higher among musicians and amateurs compared to non-musicians, although this trend did not emerge for Sensory-motor and Mood Regulation subscales. Also, overall musical reward sensitivity was negatively associated with age.

Conclusions

The results obtained suggest the feasibility of applying the Italian version of eBMRQ as a reliable tool in the field of affective and clinical music-related research. Furthermore, the significant associations we have highlighted between eBMRQ scores, gender, age, and musicianship contribute to emphasizing the significant impact of individual factors on music reward sensitivity.
Formação política e histórica dos povos indígenas: territórios e territorialidades no Brasil Império
Authors: Simões Bruna Monique Machado , Nascimento Vinicíus Amarante , Conceição Daniel Bergue Pinheiro
Published: February 2025

O artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar os povos indígenas no processo de formação política e histórica dos territórios e de suas territorialidades no Brasil Império através da Lei de Terras. A escolha do período imperial justifica-se por ser o início da construção do Estado e da formação da identidade brasileira. As legislações/decretos/avisos/leis provinciais são um dos pilares para a sua consolidação, bem como o delimitador dos acessos/afastamentos a uma ampliação da participação política. A pesquisa se baseia em uma abordagem qualitativa, por se tratar de um estudo histórico. A metodologia pela qual optamos para a realização do estudo foi a da pesquisa bibliográfica. As conclusões são de que o Estado teve papel fundamental e ativo na descaracterização dos territórios e territorialidades dos povos indígenas, em nenhum momento se mostrando ativo para a proteção de seus donos originários.
Profiling Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) in Rajasthan: Insights into their Impact and Operations
Authors: Sharma Latika , Yadav Narendra , Bonny Binoo P
Published: February 2025

Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) reveal a transformative model to empower farmers by fostering collective action and ensuring fair returns for their produce. The main aim of the Farmer Producer Company is to ensure a better income for the producers through an organization of their own. Small producers do not have the volume individually to get the benefit of economies of scale.
Methodology: This study examines the profiling of Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) in Rajasthan, highlighting their significance in enhancing the well-being of smallholder farmers. The study was conducted during 2022-23 in Rajasthan with a sample of 30 FPCs. 30 FPCs were selected in proportion based on their business activities.
Findings: The analysis reveals that 95 percent of FPCs in Rajasthan have been established for 5 to 10 years. A significant proportion of these organizations, 77 percent, have an annual turnover of up to 50 lakh INR, while 70 percent possess share capital ranging from 5.1 to 9.9 lakh INR. Community engagement is evident, as 46.67 percent of FPCs have between 500 to 750 shareholders. Gender diversity within these organizations is notable, with 30 percent of board members are female, suggesting a need for increased promotion of women's participation. The profile of CEOs is constitute of age, annual income, experience etc. among these constitutes nearly 70 percent CEO have on an average 7.5 year experience and are over 35 years old, with most being full-time, paid executives earning up to 4 lakh INR annually. The study also identifies garlic as the region's predominant produce procured by FPCs. These findings underscore the pivotal role of FPCs in fostering agricultural development and community involvement in Rajasthan.
Generative AI in Strategic Business Planning: Boosting Efficiency and Competitive Advantage in Business Organizations
Authors: Maduka Lauret Kambili
Published: February 2025

Aim: This study investigates the application of generative AI in strategic business planning, with a particular focus on its potential to enhance operational efficiency and economic competitiveness in businesses organizations.
Problem Statement: Before the advent of generative AI, businesses relied on traditional methods for routine tasks, business planning, and decision-making. These methods were often associated with significant challenges that hindered overall business efficiency.
Significance of the Study: The application of generative AI plays a vital role in strategic planning and decision making of businesses. Recently, generative AI has transformed from a revolutionary concept to a transformative dynamism across various industries. This technology has shown incomparable competences in all ways.
Methodology: This review article is based on an analysis of information gathered from high-impact journal publications.
Discussion: This study critically examines the role of AI in strategic business planning and the techniques required for its effective implementation. Generative AI enhances competitiveness by facilitating product development and innovation, optimizing sales and marketing strategies, and enabling data-driven decision-making. However, several challenges must be addressed, including legal and ethical considerations, implementation and integration hurdles, and the need for continuous adaptation and learning. The future of generative AI in strategic business decisions is expected to include advancements in AI technologies, increased collaboration between AI and human intelligence, industry-specific AI applications, and the development of ethical AI governance frameworks. Businesses that integrate AI technologies—such as operational optimization, personalized customer interactions, and predictive analytics—stand to achieve significant improvements in customer satisfaction, innovation, and overall efficiency.
Conclusion: The application of generative AI has demonstrated a positive impact on strategic business planning and has proven essential for businesses striving to remain competitive in dynamic markets. However, addressing the associated challenges is imperative to ensure the successful implementation and integration of AI into business strategies for sustainable growth and decision-making.
Incidence and Risk Factors of Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Salehin Sadique , Shakil Mahedi Afroz , Ara Mst Anjuman , Akter Noorjahan , Rime Sharmin Akter
Published: February 2025

Background: Among the most prevalent malignant neoplasms worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major threat to human life and health. The second most common cause of death for cancer patients receiving medical and surgical treatment is venous thromboembolism (VTE). Patients with colorectal cancer who have radical surgery run the risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). The current study analyzes the incidence and risk factors associated with post-operative VTE after colorectal cancer surgery(CRC) within 90 days of postoperative period.
Methods and Materials: This was a prospective cross sectional study conducted in a tertiary medical college and hospital of Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2023.There was no VTE prophylaxis guideline in the institute. None of the patient received any standard VTE prophylaxis in the perioperative period. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 26.0.  Statistical significance was defined as a p-value of < 0.05. Multivariable analysis using a binary logistic regression model was used to verify the independent risk factors for VTE in the post-operative patients.  Variables identified as having a potential association (p < 0.05) in a univariate analysis were entered into each multivariable analysis model.
Results:  A total of 86 patients who underwent surgery for CRC were included in the study. The included patients were divided into two groups: VTE and non-VTE group. Out of 86 patients, 7(8.13%) patients presented with DVT. Two patients (2.3%) had pulmonary embolism and both of them died in the post-operative period. Advanced age (OR-1.876 95% CI: 1.765–1.975) elevated Caprini score (OR-1.564, 95%CI: 0.85-1.72), elevated d-dimer (OR-1.446,95% CI: 1.130-0.1.849), advanced stage of disease (OR-1.94, 95% CI: 1.87-1.213), prolong duration of surgery OR-1.277,95% CI;0.87-1.312) and presence of inflammatory bowel disease(OR-1.34,95% CI:1.29-1.41) were independent predictors of postoperative VTE (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The current study showed post-operative VTE is a grave complication after malignant colorectal surgery. There were several factors for development of post-operative VTE in CRC patients. So further large scale multicenter study should be conducted to identify the predictors of post-surgical VTE.
Description of a New Species of Piezodorus sp. Fieber (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) from India with Identification Key
Authors: Hassan Md Ehtashamul , Shree Pragya , Kumar Rahul
Published: February 2025

A new pentatomid bug, Piezodorus brevis sp. nov. belonging to the family Pentatomidae from India is described and illustrated. Stink bugs (Piezodorus sp.; Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are an economically important group of insects in agriculture specially beans. This study is based on the eight samples collected in field surveys from Pipalkhuta of Amravati District of Maharashtra (India). Morphological and taxonomical identification were carried out with male and female genitalia. Piezodorus brevis sp. nov. was described based on the morphology of both male and female genitalia. A key to the Indian species of the genus Piezodorus Fieber is provided. Genitalia along with external morphological characteristics demonstrate that this new species differs from all other Piezodorus species. Piezodorus brevis sp. nov. strengthens the importance of systematic taxonomy for revealing previously unknown biodiversity.
The Effect of using Organic and Minerals Fertilizers on Some Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Sandy Soil & Quality Productivity of Lupine (Lupinus termis L.) Yield
Authors: Kamel Gihan H. , Zahran Sammar. F. , Mohaseb Mohamed. I. , Shaban Khaled A. H. , Monsef Omaima Abdel , Hassan El-Sayed. A.
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of compost and biochar amendment as improvement in physical - chemical properties of sandy Loam soil and, So, maintaining the sustainability of (Lupinus termis L.)  growing systems, a field experiment was carried out during the two successive winter seasons of 2021/ 2022 and 2022/ 2023 respectively, at the Ismailia Agriculture Research Station Agriculture Research center (ARC) – Egypt, (30o 35’ 41.9" N latitude 32o 16’ 45.8" E longitude .the super  effect  of compost and biochar amendment with different rates of mineral nitrogen on some chemical and physical properties and productivity of Lupine (Lupinus termis L.) under sandy Loam soil , the study design was a split block design in improving some physical and chemical properties of sandy Loam soil. Results showed that the available macronutrients N, P and K all Comparisons Test of Compost and Biochar for Mineral are significantly different from one another, while, all Comparisons Test of Rates of N and all treatments are no significant pairwise differences among the means, the impact of different rates of Mineral, compost and biochar treatment on soil pH by rates of N (0,20,40and 60 kg/fed), the results explained that no significant different between all treatments. But ,OM results showed that, compost or biochar compost were slightly increase organic matter content as compare with control and (CEC), results obtained  that compost or biochar compost were slightly increase   in CEC, this results due to decompose and release more carboxyl and hydroxyl phenolic groups, the main Effect of mineral, compost and biochar obtained in physical and chemical properties soil, The extra influence prosity was in The effect of Mineral-N, the results obtained that, Biochar treatment is significantly affected, but all treatments, there are no significant pairwise differences among the means. the values of drainable pores (DP) and water holding pores (WHP) were higher value in compost > biochar than the other pores in compost, Biochar treatments and the effect of physical properties on slowly drainable pores (SD) and (FC)field capacity were are no significant pairwise differences among the means, the application of all amendments decreased soil HC (cmh-1) values when compared to the control. the results observation that compost>Biochar>minerals and The effect of Mineral-N was followed the pattern of   N60> N40   > N20 > N0, as results showed that, all two means are significantly different from one another. obtained that, the value of bulk density is decreased by adding treatments compost > biochar > minerals treatment there are no significant, finally, results obtained the effect of compost, biochar on improving sandy loamy soil, more than, The effect of Mineral-N.
Genetic Variability, Virulence and Epidemiology of Dengue Virus in Africa
Authors: J. O. Olayiwola , S. A. Soyemi , A. S. Bakarey , A. E. Alaba
Published: February 2025

Dengue Fever is one of the neglected tropical diseases that results in case of approximately 100 million per year with over 5 billion individuals at risk of infection and re-infection. It is now one of the most prominent vector-borne diseases of humans in subtropical and tropical parts of the globe with four dengue virus strains (DEN-1, 2, 3 and 4) being reported based on their genomic variants. Transmission to humans is mainly through theinfective female Aedes mosquito bite which can be enhanced due to the climate of the tropic and subtropics.Thevirulence of DENV is function of its genetic variability andthe elevation many cytokines level and chemical mediators, which responsible for capillary leakage and shock. This situation enhances the progression of DF to DHF and DSS in the infected patients. TNF- α and cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-8)that are secreted downstream of TNF- α as the inflammatory cascade, contribute to the disease severity. Marked IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ are then produced by T cells due to the immune activation that occurs during DENV-infections in the patients with DHF and DSS than the patients with DF. Genetic diversities in the DENV is important in the understanding of viral virulence and mechanisms of its pathogenicity. This will help in the control of the virus especially in vaccine development and preparedness towards any emerging or re-emergence of the virus.
A Case Report on Dapsone Induced Dress Syndrome
Authors: Sahana H.P. , G Jahnavi , D Nagarjuna , Meghasri RS
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic syndrome is a severe idiosyncratic drug induced reaction. DRESS syndrome should be considered in any patient with skin eruption, fever, eosinophilia or liver and hematological abnormalities.
Case Description: This is a case report of dapsone induced DRESS syndrome of which a 24 years female patient was admitted in hospital with chief complains of low grade fever since one month, yellowish discoloration of eyes since 15 days, giddiness since two weeks, malaise and myalgia since 4 days, painful lesion on tongue since one week, burning sensation of palms and stomach with blurring of vision. Her past history revealed that known case of lepromatous leprosy since one month and for that using dapsone 100 mg, so based on patient signs and symptoms and past history, physicians advised CBC, LFT, RFT and biochemistry, serum electrolytes and retic count, HBSAG, HCV, vitamin b12, serum folic acid, abdomen pelvic sonography and AFB staining. In which CBC, RFT, LFT were abnormal. AFB staining shows AFB morphologically resembling that of mycobacterium leprae seen and confirmed final diagnosis. The treatment initiated with suspected drug dapsone was withdrawn and further supportive treatment was given such as cefotaxime, pantoprazole, Urso deoxy cholic acid, IV fluid, iron folic acid tablets and vitamin b complex tablets and blood transfusion of packed red blood cells was performed to normalize the decreased hemoglobin and red blood cells. For management of leprosy minocycline was included as a alternative drug. After treatment, the outcome of patient condition were improving and her symptoms got reduced.
Conclusion: The management of this syndrome with prompt discontinuation of the culprit drug and supportive therapy was initiated. Therefore clinicians who are prescribing dapsone for different clinical conditions should have awareness about DRESS syndrome and it’s presentation of potentially becoming fatal.
Recreating Herschel's actinometry: An essay in
the historiography of experimental practice
Authors: VOSKUHL ADELHEID
Published: July 2002

... and signs and the signs of signs are used only when we
are
lacking things.

Brother William of Baskerville in The Name of the Rose by Umberto
Eco

Recreating, as part of doing history, can be a way of reflecting
what creating is as part of
science. Discussions revolving around historical understanding of the
scientific enterprise
have recently included strong commitments to turn scientific practice into
one of the main
objectives of historical study. One specific methodological approach to
face
up to this
assignment is integrating the reconstruction and reperformance of past
experiments into
the historical analysis of the doing-part in science. This paper deals
with the doing-part in
history, that is, with the historiographical consequences that might stem
from this
reconstruction and reperformance of past experimentation. In the course
of a four-month period of research I worked with a replica of the so-called
‘actinometer’, an instrument to
measure the intensity of solar radiation, which was invented by John
Herschel in 1824. On
the basis of this example, I try to trace how recent performances of
experimental activities
can contribute to historical understanding of human agency in scientific
practice.
A garden enclosed: botanical barter in Sydney, 1818–39
Authors: ENDERSBY JIM
Published: July 2002

The creators of Sydney's botanic garden were a varied group of people with diverse
agendas and interests, only some of whom saw themselves as men of science. While several were
trying to advance botany, others were more concerned with self-advancement or financial gain.
Yet they collaborated, almost unintentionally, to found Australia's first scientific institution.
Exchanges of plants were crucial to forming and maintaining the relationships between these
different figures. Studying these exchanges allows hitherto neglected figures to take their place in
the garden's story alongside well-known ones. This study also takes issue with the notion that
British colonial botanic gardens were established as part of a botanical empire, with Kew Gardens
at its centre. It also seeks to extend Susan Leigh Star and James R. Griesemer's idea of ‘boundary
objects’, by suggesting that relationships based on barter, gift-exchange or patronage rather than
cash played a key role in mediating between the participants in colonial scientific institutions.
Nuisance, local authorities and neighbours from hell
Authors: O'Sullivan Janet
Published: July 2002

ONE of the most difficult current problems for tort lawyers is the extent to which the normal rules of tort, developed over decades of litigation between private individuals, should apply in undiluted form to local and other public authorities. Most individuals have never seen a child drowning in a puddle or about to walk off a cliff, and would not hesitate to help them if they did, but public authorities, empowered by Parliament, are faced every day with the delicate and expensive task of protecting others from harm. It has become all too apparent, as the courts (domestic and European) grapple with the thorny question of when a common law duty of care should exist in the context of the careless exercise of, or failure to exercise, statutory powers, that the ordinary rules of negligence liability need considerable refinement to operate sensibly in such a political field. Moreover those difficulties and differences do not disappear merely because a tort other than negligence is involved, and this has been amply illustrated in three recent cases, each involving actions against local authorities in the tort of nuisance.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION, INCIDENCE AND SPREAD OF FUSARIUM WILT OF COTTON IN TANZANIA
Authors: Hillocks R. J. , Kibani T. H. M.
Published: July 2002

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is the main agricultural export commodity from Tanzania. The most significant disease of the crop is fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum. Phytosanitary measures instituted at the cotton ginneries to prevent the distribution, for planting, of seed infected with the wilt fungus have become difficult to apply since economic liberalization and the entry of the private sector into cotton ginning and lint marketing. Surveys of cotton fields, ginneries and cotton buying posts were conducted in order to determine the factors affecting disease incidence and spread. In affected fields, disease incidence was generally less than 5%. Where it was greater than this, wilt symptoms were associated with root damage caused by the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). At a number of ginneries, herdsmen were allowed to remove seed husks that accumulate at the ginneries as a byproduct of oil extraction. The husks are used as cattle feed and this was identified as a potential source of disease spread. At the buying posts visited, there was no system for separating cotton varieties or for identifying seed cotton purchased from villages infected with fusarium wilt. As a result, seed subsequently distributed for planting is likely to be a source of infection for the spread of this disease. The implications of economic liberalization in the cotton sector are discussed with respect to seed distribution and management of fusarium wilt.
Palaeoenvironmental significance of storm coquinas in a
Lower Cretaceous coastal lagoonal succession (Vectis
Formation, Isle of Wight, southern England)
Authors: RADLEY JONATHAN D. , BARKER MICHAEL J.
Published: July 2002

Thin bioclastic limestone beds (‘coquinas’) in the Vectis Formation (Wealden Group, Lower
Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight, southern England, exhibit a range of biofabrics and internal stratigraphies.
These features are attributed to both simple and complex storm deposition of allochthonous
biogenic and siliciclastic materials in coastal lagoons and on adjacent mudflats. These modes of deposition
facilitated preservation of dinosaur trackways, desiccation cracks, shallow-tier trace fossils and in
situ bivalve colonies through rapid burial. The coquinas thus preserve a record of surficial muds, commonly
lost through reworking. The principal components of the coquinas comprise dispersed elements
from within the argillaceous ‘background’ facies. Some of these beds are laterally traceable for up to
27 km, providing the foundations for a high-resolution event-stratigraphic framework.
Complete maximal spacelike surfaces in an
anti-de Sitter space {\bf H}^{4}_{2}(c)
Authors: Cheng Qing-Ming
Published: July 2002

In
this paper, we prove that if M^2 is a complete maximal
spacelike surface of an anti-de Sitter space {\bf
H}^{4}_{2}(c) with constant scalar curvature, then S=0,
S={-10c\over 11}, S={-4c\over 3} or S=-2c,
where S is the squared norm of the second fundamental form of
M^{2}. Also

(1) S=0 if and only if M^2 is the totally
geodesic surface {\bf H}^2(c);

(2) S={-4c\over
3} if and only if M^2 is the hyperbolic Veronese
surface;

(3) S=-2c if and only if M^2 is the hyperbolic
cylinder of the totally geodesic

surface {\bf
H}^{3}_{1}(c) of {\bf
H}^{4}_{2}(c).

1991 Mathematics Subject Classifaction 53C40, 53C42.
FROM SOCIALIZATION TO CO-DETERMINATION: THE US, BRITAIN, GERMANY, AND PUBLIC OWNERSHIP IN THE RUHR, 1945–1951
Authors: VAN HOOK JAMES C.
Published: July 2002

The failure of the socialization of heavy industry in West Germany following the Second World War has often been ascribed to American reluctance to allow meaningful social reform in the face of an intensifying Cold War. But a closer look at the socialization issue during the latter half of the 1940s demonstrates the enormous complexity of transforming Germany's heavy industry. First, the British, who originally advocated socialization, i.e. the public ownership of heavy industry, had done so on security grounds. But when trying to reach out to ‘democratic’ Germans, such as social democrats and left wing members of the Christian democratic union, the British realized the difficulty of cultivating a meaningful consensus within western Germany concerning the fate of heavy industry. In the end, they therefore acceded to American arguments that socialization of such important industries should wait until the creation of a central German government. But once a central German government existed from 1949, socialization did not take place. The chief reason for this was that West German social democrats had already concluded in 1947 that American ‘domination’ of western Germany meant the stifling of social reform. They therefore ceded leadership over German affairs to a Christian democratic union decidedly more favourable to free enterprise. Instead, the social democrats and their trade union allies concentrated their efforts at social reform in the introduction and institutionalization of management–labour co-determination.
The effect of water stress on grain filling processes in wheat
Authors: AHMADI A. , BAKER D. A.
Published: July 2002

The effect of water stress, commencing from the late cell division period, on in vivo grain growth was studied in relation to grain sucrose, water status and in vitro starch synthesis. Detached ear experiments were conducted to assess the effect of sink dehydration on grain filling processes under non-limiting source conditions. Water stress caused premature grain desiccation and resulted in a marked decline in grain sucrose and reduced grain weight. Both sucrose uptake and conversion to starch in vitro were increased by mild water stress (solute potential (Ψs)−0·8 MPa). However, a decline in Ψs below this optimum resulted in reduced sucrose uptake and starch synthesis not attributable to a reduced supply of sucrose. Stressed grains which failed to accumulate dry matter in vivo showed significant starch synthesis when cultured in vitro. Grains from in situ and osmotically stressed plants showed a lower capacity for starch synthesis in vitro. The results indicate that grain filling processes under stress conditions are limited by (1) low substrate availability and low Ψs within the sink i.e. an unfavourable seed environment (non-lasting effect) and (2) reduced synthetic capacity of the sink (carry-over effect).
Grain weight in wheat cultivars released from 1920 to

1990 as affected by post-anthesis defoliation
Authors: KRUK B. C. , CALDERINI D. F. , SLAFER G. A.
Published: July 2002

Although it has been generally recognized that the difference in
yield

potential amongst wheat

cultivars released in different eras is related to differences in their

reproductive sink strength, there

have been few investigations about changes in source–sink ratios
as a

consequence of wheat breeding.

In the present study, two field experiments, in which plots were fertilized
and

irrigated and lodging

and diseases were prevented, were carried out with seven cultivars (including
a

commercial hybrid)

representing different periods of plant breeding in Argentina from 1920
to 1990.

The cultivars were

defoliated during post-anthesis to analyse the response of grain weight
at

particular positions within

the spike (which have intrinsic differences in potential size).

Individual grain weight was virtually unaffected by defoliation in the
old

cultivars, but modern

cultivars exhibited a significant reduction in individual grain weight
for

several positions within the

spike, although this reduction was small (c. 15%) and many grains
were

unaffected. In addition, no

relationship was found between individual grain weight in the controls
and its

reduction due to defoliation.

We concluded that if the source–sink ratio is further reduced,
the grain

yield of modern wheats will

be simultaneously limited by the source and the sink. Future breeding should

therefore attempt to

improve simultaneously both sink and source strengths.
Association of casein haplotypes with casein composition and size of
micelles in milks from Simmental×Red Holstein cows
Authors: BRAUNSCHWEIG MARTIN , PUHAN ZDENKO
Published: July 2002

The casein micelles of bovine milk are large aggregates of roughly spherical shape
consisting of the four phosphoproteins αs1-, αs2-,
β- and κ-casein (CN). They are
polydisperse colloidal particles with weight-average diameters between about 50 and
500 nm (Horne, 1984). Since αs1-, αs2- and
β-CN are sensitive to calcium it is assumed
that they are located predominantly within the micelle, whereas κ-CN is mainly on
the surface of the micelles and serves as a stabilizer for the aggregates owing to its
hydrophilic C-terminus. Inorganic calcium phosphate interacts with the phosphate
groups of the caseins. This conformation of caseins, calcium and phosphate also
contains small amounts of magnesium and citrate. Of the dry matter of the micelle,
∼93% is casein and ∼7% inorganic components, mainly calcium and phosphate
(McMahon & Brown, 1984; Holt & Horne, 1996).

In several studies it has been demonstrated that milk with the κ-CN B variant has
on average smaller micelles than κ-CN A milk (Morini
et al. 1975; Nuyts Petit et al.
1997). Compared with κ-CN variants, there are only a few studies on the
association of αs1-, αs2- and
β-CN variants with casein content and micelle size. In the
milk of β-casein-deficient mice, casein micelles were smaller than in normal mouse
milk but still present. The lack of β-CN was partly compensated by an increased
whey protein content (Kumar et al. 1994). A comparison of the cheesemaking
properties of Tarentaise milks containing the A (A1 or A2, without distinguishing
between these variants) and C variants of β-CN revealed that the most significant
characteristic for discriminating the two types of milk is the average diameter of the
casein micelles: 293 nm in β-CN C type milk, 187 nm in the A type (Delacroix-Buchet
& Marie, 1994).

The objective of the present study was to investigate the micelle size and the
casein composition of milk from half sibs within Simmentals cross bred with Red
Holsteins (Simmentaler Fleckvieh, SI×RH) sires heterozygous for
A1A2 of β-CN.
Reconstruction of the global velocity field in the axisymmetric mixing layer utilizing the proper orthogonal decomposition
Authors: CITRINITI J. H. , GEORGE W. K.
Published: July 2002

Experimental data are presented from 138 synchronized channels of hot-wire anemometry
in an investigation of the large-scale, or coherent, structures in a high Reynolds
number fully developed, turbulent axisymmetric shear layer. The dynamics of the
structures are obtained from instantaneous realizations of the streamwise velocity
field in a single plane, x/D = 3, downstream of a round jet nozzle. The Proper
Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) technique is applied to an ensemble of these realizations
to determine optimal representations of the velocity field, in a mean-square
sense, in terms of an orthogonal basis. The coefficients of the orthogonal functions,
which describe the temporal evolution of the POD eigenfunctions, are determined by
projecting instantaneous realizations of the velocity field onto the basis.

Evidence is presented to show that with a partial reconstruction of the velocity field,
using only the first radial POD mode, the large-scale structure is objectively educed
from the turbulent field. Further, it is shown that only five azimuthal Fourier modes
(0,3,4,5,6) are necessary to represent the evolution of the large-scale structure. The
results of the velocity reconstruction using the POD provide evidence for azimuthally
coherent structures that exist near the potential core. In addition to the azimuthal
structures near the potential core, evidence is also found for the presence of counter-rotating, streamwise vortex pairs (or ribs) in the region between successive azimuthally
coherent structures as well as coexisting for short periods with them. The large-scale
structure cycle, which includes the appearance of the ring structure, the advection
of fluid by the ribs in the braid region and their advection toward the outside of
the layer by a following ring structure, repeats approximately every one integral time
scale. One surprising result was that the most spatially correlated structure in the
flow, the coherent ring near the potential core which ejects fluid in the streamwise
direction in a volcano-like eruption, is also the one with the shortest time scale.
On the modelling of the subgrid-scale and filtered-scale stress tensors in large-eddy simulation
Authors: CARATI DANIELE , WINCKELMANS GRÉGOIRE S. , JEANMART HERVÉ
Published: July 2002

The large-eddy simulation (LES) equations are obtained from the application of
two operators to the Navier-Stokes equations: a smooth filter and a discretization
operator. The introduction ab initio of the discretization influences the structure of
the unknown stress in the LES equations, which now contain a subgrid-scale stress
tensor mainly due to discretization, and a filtered-scale stress tensor mainly due to
filtering. Theoretical arguments are proposed supporting eddy viscosity models for
the subgrid-scale stress tensor. However, no exact result can be derived for this term
because the discretization is responsible for a loss of information and because its
exact nature is usually unknown. The situation is different for the filtered-scale stress
tensor for which an exact expansion in terms of the large-scale velocity and its
derivatives is derived for a wide class of filters including the Gaussian, the tophat and
all discrete filters. As a consequence of this generalized result, the filtered-scale stress
tensor is shown to be invariant under the change of sign of the large-scale velocity.
This implies that the filtered-scale stress tensor should lead to reversible dynamics
in the limit of zero molecular viscosity when the discretization effects are neglected.
Numerical results that illustrate this effect are presented together with a discussion
on other approaches leading to reversible dynamics like the scale similarity based
models and, surprisingly, the dynamic procedure.
Oscillating foils of high propulsive efficiency
Authors: ANDERSON J. M. , STREITLIEN K. , BARRETT D. S. , TRIANTAFYLLOU M. S.
Published: July 2002

Thrust-producing harmonically oscillating foils are studied through
force and power
measurements, as well as visualization data, to classify the principal
characteristics of
the flow around and in the wake of the foil. Visualization data are obtained
using
digital particle image velocimetry at Reynolds number 1100, and force and
power
data are measured at Reynolds number 40 000. The experimental results are
compared
with theoretical predictions of linear and nonlinear inviscid theory and
it is found
that agreement between theory and experiment is good over a certain parametric

range, when the wake consists of an array of alternating vortices and either
very
weak or no leading-edge vortices form. High propulsive efficiency, as high
as 87%, is
measured experimentally under conditions of optimal wake formation. Visualization

results elucidate the basic mechanisms involved and show that conditions
of high
efficiency are associated with the formation on alternating sides of the
foil of a
moderately strong leading-edge vortex per half-cycle, which is convected
downstream
and interacts with trailing-edge vorticity, resulting eventually in the
formation of a
reverse Kármán street. The phase angle between transverse

oscillation and angular
motion is the critical parameter affecting the interaction of leading-edge
and
trailing-edge vorticity, as well as the efficiency of propulsion.
One-dimensional turbulence:
model formulation and application to
homogeneous turbulence, shear flows,
and buoyant stratified flows
Authors: KERSTEIN ALAN R.
Published: July 2002

A stochastic model, implemented as a Monte Carlo simulation, is used to compute
statistical properties of velocity and scalar fields in stationary and decaying
homogeneous turbulence, shear flow, and various buoyant stratified flows. Turbulent
advection is represented by a random sequence of maps applied to a one-dimensional
computational domain. Profiles of advected scalars and of one velocity component
evolve on this domain. The rate expression governing the mapping sequence reflects
turbulence production mechanisms. Viscous effects are implemented concurrently.

Various flows of interest are simulated by applying appropriate initial and boundary
conditions to the velocity profile. Simulated flow microstructure reproduces the
−5/3 power-law scaling of the inertial-range energy spectrum and the dissipation-range spectral collapse based on the Kolmogorov microscale. Diverse behaviours of
constant-density shear flows and buoyant stratified flows are reproduced, in some
instances suggesting new interpretations of observed phenomena. Collectively, the
results demonstrate that a variety of turbulent flow phenomena can be captured in a
concise representation of the interplay of advection, molecular transport, and buoyant
forcing.
Newmeyer's cyclic view of the history of
generative grammar
Authors: McCAWLEY JAMES D.
Published: July 2002

Frederick J. Newmeyer, Generative linguistics: a historical
perspective. London: Routledge, 1996. Pp. x+218.

In this book (henceforth, GL), Newmeyer has collected 11 of his articles
(including two co-authored ones), two of them previously unpublished, on
the history of generative grammar, supplemented by reprints of two sections
of Newmeyer 1986.