bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Regeneration of Carbonyl Compounds from Oximes, Tosylhydrazones, 1,3‐Dithiolanes, and 1,3‐Dithianes Using Cupric Nitrate Supported on Silica Gel.
Authors: LEE J. G. , HWANG J. P.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Acidic Cleavage of Ketals in the Presence of tert‐ Butyldimethylsilyl Ethers.
Authors: ZIMMERMANN K.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Expedient Method for the Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Aspartic Acid Protease Inhibitors Directed Toward the Generation of Libraries.
Authors: KICK E. K. , ELLMAN J. A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Chemical Diversity: Solid Phase Synthesis of Libraries of C2 Symmetric Inhibitors of HIV Protease Containing Diamino Diol and Diamino Alcohol Cores.
Authors: WANG G. T. , LI S. , WIDEBURG N. , KRAFFT G. A. , KEMPF D. J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Optimization of Organic Reactions of Solid Phase Using the Multipin Approach: Synthesis of 4‐Aminoproline Analogues by Reductive Amination.
Authors: BRAY A. M. , CHIEFARI D. S. , VALERIO R. M. , MAEJI N. J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetramethyl Ethene‐1,1,2,2‐tetracarboxylate: Oxidative Homocoupling of Dimethyl Malonate in the Presence of Magnesium Oxide.
Authors: SKARZEWSKI J. , ZON J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Putative Diol Epoxide Metabolites of 4H‐ Cyclopenta(def)chrysene.
Authors: DAI W. , ABU‐SHQARA E. , HARVEY R. G.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Substitution at Phenyl‐Substituted γ‐Lactols with Organometallic Compounds.
Authors: SCHMITT A. , REISSIG H.‐U.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of 1,3‐Dioxolan‐2‐ylidenemalonic Acid, Monoalkyl 1,3‐Dioxolan‐2‐ylidenemalonates and α‐Cyano‐1,3‐ dioxolan‐2‐ylideneacetic Acid.
Authors: RUTAR A. , TRATAR F. , KIKELJ D.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Haloacetylated Enol Ethers. Part 3. Synthesis of 4,5,6,7‐Tetrahydro‐3‐ halomethyl(2,1)benzoisoxazoles.
Authors: MARTINS M. A. P. , FLORES A. F. C. , FREITAG R. , ZANATTA N.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,3,5,6‐Tetrasubstituted Pyridines from Enamines Derived from N,N‐Dimethylformamide Dimethyl Acetal.
Authors: ABU‐SHANAB F. A. , REDHOUSE A. D. , THOMPSON J. R. , WAKEFIELD B. J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Enantiomers of a Conformationally Restricted Muscarone Analogue.
Authors: WU E. S. C. , MACK R. A. , KOVER A. , LOCH J. T. III , MULLEN G. , MURRAY R. J. , GORDON J. C. , MACHULSKIS A. C. , MCCREEDY S. A. , BLOSSER J. C.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Haloacetylated Enol Ethers. Part 4. Synthesis of 4‐Trihalomethyl‐2‐ methylthiopyrimidines.
Authors: MADRUGA C. C. , CLERICI E. , MARTINS M. A. P. , ZANATTA N.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Double‐Layered Tetrathiafulvalene as a Novel Electron Donor.
Authors: MATSUO K. , TAKIMIYA K. , ASO Y. , OTSUBO T. , OGURA F.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformational Features and Chemical Behavior of 5H,7H‐Dibenzo(b,g)(1, 5)dithiocin Oxides: 1,5‐Oxygen Shift via a Dithiodication Intermediate.
Authors: OHKATA K. , OKADA K. , AKIBA K.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiono, Selenothiono, and Dithiocarboxylic Ester Complexes from Pentacarbonyl(thiobenzaldehyde)tungsten and π‐Donor Substituted Alkynes and Decomplexation of the Esters.
Authors: FISCHER H. , TREIER K. , TROLL C.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimalarial Activities of Structurally Simplified 1,2,4‐ Trioxanes Related to Artemisinin.
Authors: POSNER G. H. , OH C. H. , GERENA L. , MILHOUS W. K.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Controlled Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Reactions of Phenyl‐Substituted Prostaglandin F2α Analogues.
Authors: LILJEBRIS C. , RESUL B. , HACKSELL U.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent Materials: Is There Still News?
Authors: BLASSE G.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyfunctional Indole‐3‐carbinol Derivatives: 1‐(Indol‐3‐yl)glycerols and Related Compounds, β‐Hydroxytryptamines and Ascorbigens. Chemistry and Biological Properties
Authors: PREOBRAZHENSKAYA M. N. , KOROLEV A. M. , ISAEVA N. N. , LAZHKO E. I. , LOMIDZE L. A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrate‐Protein Interactions: Basis of Glycobiology
Authors: LEE Y. C. , LEE R. T.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Antiinsectan Natural Products from Fungal Sclerotia
Authors: GLOER J. B.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Image processing applications performance study on Cell BE and Blue Gene/L
Authors: El‐Moursy Ali A. , Sibai Fadi N.
Published: September 2010

Two image processing applications, edge detection and image resizing, are studied in this paper on two HPC platforms namely the Cell BE and the Blue Gene/L machines. In this paper we focus on the performance scalability of the studied applications. Our results show that the scale of the problem to be solved highly affects the fitness of the platform. If the data set size is to fit into the Cell core, the fast on‐chip inter‐core communication of a multi‐core system pays back for its high technology design. On the other hand, the overhead of the distant communication in the massively parallel Blue Gene/L machine will only show its benefits for huge data set size that otherwise mandates multiple round‐trip data communications between the local memory of a core and main memory. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 2‐Azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanes through Stereoselective Cyclopropanation Reactions
Authors: Suárez del Villar Irene , Gradillas Ana , Pérez‐Castells Javier
Published: September 2010

Unsaturated δ‐lactams are cyclopropanated with the aid of diazo compound decomposition catalysed by metal complexes. A study of the reaction conditions, stereochemical outcome and group protection is reported. The resulting bicyclic products are related to bioactive compounds. Transformation into thiolactams facilitates the separation of the different isomers obtained and the removal of the protecting group. The cyclopropanation reaction works with diverse diazo compounds.
From the outside in: The negative spillover effects of boundary spanners' relations with members of other organizations
Authors: Ramarajan Lakshmi , Bezrukova Katerina , Jehn Karen A. , Euwema Martin
Published: September 2010

Contrary to much boundary spanning research, we examined the negative consequences of boundary spanning contact in multi‐organizational contexts. Results from a sample of 833 Dutch peacekeepers show that employees' boundary spanning contact with members of other organizations was associated with reports of negative relationships with external parties (e.g., work‐specific problems, culture‐specific problems). These negative relationships also had a spillover effect such that they mediated the effect of boundary spanning contact on boundary spanners' negative attitudes toward their own jobs and organization (e.g., job attractiveness and confidence in the organization). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology of Semicrystalline Diblock Copolymer Thin Films upon Directional Solvent Vapor Flow
Authors: Metwalli Ezzeldin , Perlich Jan , Wang Weinan , Diethert Alexander , Roth Stephan V. , Papadakis Christine M. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter
Published: September 2010

The possibility of achieving templates of highly ordered nanostructures with crystalline nano‐objects embedded inside an amorphous matrix is addressed. Atomic force microscopy and grazing incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS) are used to probe the morphology at the surface and inside thin films of the diblock copolymer polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) P(S‐b‐EO). Directional benzene vapor flow introduces the orientation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) cylinders inside the PS matrix. Within a limited film thickness regime, the cylinders are oriented parallel to the sample surface in domains of several micrometers due to shearing effects caused by the flow of benzene vapor parallel to the polymer surface. The crystallization of the PEO block by the benzene vapor treatment is also observed and crystals with sizes that approach that of the confined PEO domains are formed. Perpendicular orientation of the PEO crystalline stems with respect to the PEO cylindrical nanodomains is deduced from grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction. X‐ray reflectometry and scanning electron microscopy complement the investigation.

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Living with difference in rural Indonesia: What can be learned for national and regional political agendas?
Authors: Carnegie Michelle
Published: September 2010

Much research has sought to understand why mixed communities in Indonesia have been torn apart by violent conflict. By contrast, little is known about how people live together successfully in the mixed, low-conflict communities that exist in abundance throughout the Indonesian archipelago. This paper explores the inter-communal relations in the multiethnic, Christian-Muslim coastal village of Oelua in Roti, Nusa Tenggara Timur province. Mechanisms of agreement across ethnic, religious and livelihood differences have shaped and reproduced a low-conflict community — including transfers of land, labour, technology and surplus; use of customary law and conflict management; and social mixing and interpersonal relations. The findings suggest that there are lessons to be learned from communities like Oelua about how to foster social and economic inclusion, which could inform national and regional political agendas concerned with governing difference in a post-New Order Indonesia.
Unofficial contentions: The postcoloniality of Straits Chinese political discourse in the Straits Settlements Legislative Council
Authors: Goh Daniel P.S.
Published: September 2010

This paper reads the debates of the Straits Settlements Legislative Council to trace the political contentions over policies affecting the Chinese community in Malaya. These contentions brought the Straits Chinese unofficials to engage the racial ambivalence of British rule in Malaya, in which the Straits Chinese was located as both a liberal subject and an object of colonial difference. Contrary to conventional historiography which portrays Straits Chinese political identity as one of conservative loyalty to the Empire, I show that the Straits Chinese developed multiple and hybrid political identities that were postcolonial in character, which would later influence the politics of decolonisation and nation-building after the war.
Order statistics and extreme properties of spatially smoothed laser beams in laser-plasma interaction
Authors: Hüller S. , Porzio A.
Published: September 2010

The order statistics of intense speckles or “laser hot spots” are studied in the context of the so-called “optically smoothed” light beams of laser-matter interaction. We investigate theoretically and by means of numerical simulations the distribution function for the k-th most intense speckle maxima in the upper tail speckle distribution. From these distributions for each order k, a distribution function for the intense speckles as a function of their peak intensity can be established, which allows to compute their impact on nonlinear processes, like parametric instabilities. This is done for the example of stimulated Brillouin scattering, using the so-called independent hot spot model, for which the backscatter reactivity level is computed, which proves to be in very good agreements with numerical simulations. This result is of great interest for nonlinear processes, like instabilities, where extreme speckles play an important role.
UK policy for the conservation and rural economy of the hills and uplands
Authors: Waters G. F.
Published: September 2010

There has been a long history, nearly 50 years, of support by the government for farming in the upland areas and the modern schemes continue the essential features of support that have been developed over the years. However the justification for the support has changed with time, from maximizing production to more social issues. It is now being recognized that the hill farmer's efforts have helped create and maintain one of our most attractive national assets and it is this environmental benefit which increasingly provides much of the justification for continued public support for hill farming. So the government's policies are important in two respects: the vital rôle of economic support and the encouragement of farmers to manage their land with greater concern for the environment.

On the economic front, one of the most important ways that support is provided to upland farming is through HLCAs. Also vitally important are the EC sheepmeat regime and the changes made to that regime and the EC beef regime in the recent CAP reform settlement.

The government's encouragement of farmers to manage their land with greater concern for the environment is increasing in importance and there are a number of ways in which this encouragement is delivered. The government has built on the success of Environmentally Sensitive Areas. As well as ESAs, there are other schemes available to farmers such as the Farm and Conservation Grant Scheme. In addition, an opportunity to develop a coherent framework for the delivery of a number of environmental schemes has presented itself as a result of the CAP reform. However, Government support should not be thought of as the only source of extra income for hill farmers. The farmer and the farmer's family should use every opportunity open to them to maximize their income.
Grazing intensity and vegetation change
Authors: Milne J. A.
Published: September 2010

Change in the semi-natural vegetation of the hills and uplands of the UK is a relatively slow process. Whilst exogenous influences, such as climate and air quality, can influence the rate of change, the principal means whereby more rapid change can occur is through the actions of man in managing such resources to meet a range of objectives. Burning and grazing by large herbivores are the two most important management practices adopted and their interaction is central to the maintenance of vegetation in its current state and to its direction of change. This paper reviews how vegetation change associated with grazing occurs, how it can be measured, what the critical levels of grazing are for the most abundant species and what the implications of grazing are for nutrient supply for animal production systems.
Opportunities for genetic improvement of sheep and cattle in the hills and uplands
Authors: Simm G. , Conington J. , Bishop S. C.
Published: September 2010

The principles of genetic improvement apply to hill sheep and cattle in just the same way as they apply to other livestock species. However, the breeding goals often differ, and will continue to change in the light of new economic and political circumstances. Also, there are particular problems of implementing breeding programmes in some of these areas, which do not apply to other livestock species. In this paper we aim to review or discuss (i) the current structure of the livestock industry in the hills and uplands, (ii) strategies for genetic improvement, (iii) the results of relevant selection experiments and industry breeding schemes, (iv) some of the difficulties of implementing breeding programmes and possible solutions, and (v) new opportunities for the genetic improvement of animals in the hills and uplands.
Diversification of animal species in the hills and uplands
Authors: Russel A. J. F.
Published: September 2010

The options for diversification in the hills and uplands of the United Kingdom are constrained by environmental and nutritional factors to the production of meat, animal fibre or both meat and fibre from deer, sheep, goats and camelids. To be successful, novel animal systems must also produce a commodity for which there is a strong demand and be wholly acceptable as regards both animal welfare and environmental impact. Immediate economic viability is not a prerequisite as levels of support to traditional and alternative enterprises can be changed at any time. Red deer farming and fibre production from fine-wool sheep, Angora and cashmere goats, and guanacos are all considered to be technically possible on hill or upland resources. Fine wool and cashmere have the greatest potential for diversification as they are dual-product enterprises with a balance between meat and fibre which accords with predicted market demands. The realization of the potential of these enterprises will require financial support equivalent to that given to the traditional forms of production if they are to be competitive and constitute realistic opportunities for diversification.
Poor families, removals and ‘nurture’ in late Old Poor Law London
Authors: LEVENE ALYSA
Published: September 2010

The consideration of the removals aspect of settlement law – that is, the moving on of paupers or potential paupers to the parish where they ‘belonged’ – has focused almost exclusively on working-age adults and labour migration. This article focuses on how removal law affected families with children in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in two large London parishes. It finds that children were a sizeable presence among the removed population but that there were notable differences in family type between the two parishes. Furthermore, while most young children were kept with their mothers even if they did not share a settlement, others were removed alone, even after a change in settlement law in 1795 that should have assured their common claim in certain cases. The study sheds light on attitudes to poor children and their families, as well as on the exigencies brought about by economic circumstances and employment opportunities in the parish.
Vulnerable and unsteady: life histories and changes of residence of unwed mothers in Lyon at the end of the nineteenth century
Authors: BRUNET GUY , PINOL JEAN-LUC
Published: September 2010

This article is a study of single mothers in Lyon in the nineteenth century, including what happened to them after they gave birth to an illegitimate child. Unmarried mothers have been the subject of much previous research on different countries but such studies often begin with the last days of the pregnancy and stop a few days after the delivery. Our aim is to look at the life course of single mothers before pregnancy and after delivery. In Lyon, at the time the second French city in terms of population, we studied 2,000 unwed mothers, some of them multiparous, noting their extensive geographical mobility and the frequency of their moves within the city.
Demography and the midwives: deliveries and their dénouements in north Shropshire, 1781–1803
Authors: TOMKINS ALANNAH
Published: September 2010

This article uses the evidence of midwifery deliveries to investigate the strengths and shortcomings of parish registers, and to pose questions about infant and maternal mortality. It focuses on the delivery notebooks of Thomas Higgins, a man-midwife of north Shropshire, but also employs comparators from Staffordshire and Yorkshire. The research incorporates a technique for dealing with infants where neither a baptism nor a burial can be found. The findings include rare evidence about rates of stillbirth and maternal mortality, and suggest some adjustments to the assumptions made for conducting parish reconstitutions.
Ready-to-eat cereals and the burden of obesity in the context of their nutritional contribution: are all ready-to-eat cereals equally healthy? A systematic review
Authors: Kosti Rena I. , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B. , Zampelas Antonis
Published: September 2010

A significant increase in the prevalence of obesity has occurred worldwide and the importance of considering the role of diet in the prevention and treatment of obesity is widely acknowledged. A growing body of evidence encourages the consumption of ready-to-eat cereals (RTEC) as part of a healthful diet. Research has shown an inverse association between the consumption of RTEC and the rate of obesity. However, other findings claim that this association was only attributed to the consumption of whole-grain cereals and not the refined-grain ones. Although meta-analyses of clinical trials support the use of a low-glycaemic index diet on weight loss, findings from other studies on the effect of the dietary glycaemic index on body weight have not been consistent. Thus, further research into the role of glycaemic index in the prevention and management of obesity and chronic disease is needed. Moreover, significant differences have been observed in composition among the marketed RTEC. In light of the revealing protective role of whole-grain, fibre-rich, low-energy-dense and low-glycaemic index/glycaemic load foods against obesity, public health professionals could drive their efforts towards the promotion of even more healthier RTEC when issuing advice on weight management. It seems, however, that despite any differences in their composition, the frequent consumption of RTEC due to their nutritional contribution is recommended in moderation and under the current recommendations in the context of a healthy balanced diet.
Nucleosome dynamics and epigenetic stability
Authors: Korber Philipp , Becker Peter B.
Published: September 2010

Nucleosome remodelling is an essential principle to assure that the packaging of eukaryotic genomes in chromatin remains flexible and adaptable to regulatory needs. Nucleosome remodelling enzymes spend the energy of ATP to alter histone–DNA interactions, to catalyse nucleosome displacement and reassembly, on histone exchange and on the relocation of histone octamers on DNA. Despite these dynamics, chromatin structures encode ‘epigenetic’ information that governs the expression of the underlying genes. These information-bearing structures must be maintained over extended periods of time in resting cells and may be sufficiently stable to resist the turmoil of the cell cycle to be passed on to the next cell generation. Intuitively, nucleosome remodelling should antagonize the maintenance of stable structures. However, upon closer inspection it becomes evident that nucleosome remodelling is intimately involved in the assembly of stable chromatin structures that correspond to functional states. Remodellers may even contribute structural information themselves. Their involvement can be seen at several structural levels: at the levels of positioning individual nucleosomes, homoeostasis of linker histones, histone variants and non-histone proteins, as well as the differential folding of the nucleosome fibre. All of them may contribute to the assembly of heritable epigenetic structures.
Non-Mendelian epigenetic heredity: gametic RNAs as epigenetic regulators and transgenerational signals
Authors: Cuzin François , Rassoulzadegan Minoo
Published: September 2010

Inheritance of epigenetic variations may account for a significant part of heritability in human and in mammalian models. Heritable epigenetic variations were reported in plants under the name ‘paramutation’ more than 50 years ago. Reports by E. Whitelaw and her colleagues and by our laboratory now describe a variety of situations resulting in epigenetic inheritance in mouse systems. In the three cases that we have analysed, a transcriptional increase is initiated by RNAs related to the locus, either microRNAs or transcript fragments. RNAs carried by the spermatozoon appear as the transgenerational signals responsible for paternal transmission. Extension from mouse models to human heredity, obviously speculative at present, is encouraged by the high load of RNA in human sperm.
MicroRNAs, epigenetics and disease
Authors: Silahtaroglu Asli , Stenvang Jan
Published: September 2010

Epigenetics is defined as the heritable chances that affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression can be through different mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and nucleosome positioning. MicroRNAs are short RNA molecules which do not code for a protein but have a role in post-transcriptional silencing of multiple target genes by binding to their 3′ UTRs (untranslated regions). Both epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, and the microRNAs are crucial for normal differentiation, development and maintenance of tissue-specific gene expression. These mechanisms also explain how cells with the same DNA content can differentiate into cells with different functions. Changes in epigenetic processes can lead to changes in gene function, cancer formation and progression, as well as other diseases. In the present chapter we will mainly focus on microRNAs and methylation and their implications in human disease, mainly in cancer.
Genomic imprinting and human disease
Authors: Hirasawa Ryutaro , Feil Robert
Published: September 2010

In many epigenetic phenomena, covalent modifications on DNA and chromatin mediate somatically heritable patterns of gene expression. Genomic imprinting is a classical example of epigenetic regulation in mammals. To date, more than 100 imprinted genes have been identified in humans and mice. Many of these are involved in foetal growth and deve lopment, others control behaviour. Mono-allelic expression of imprinted genes depends on whether the gene is inherited from the mother or the father. This remarkable pattern of expression is controlled by specialized sequence elements called ICRs (imprinting control regions). ICRs are marked by DNA methylation on one of the two parental alleles. These allelic marks originate from either the maternal or the paternal germ line. Perturbation of the allelic DNA methylation at ICRs is causally involved in several human diseases, including the Beckwith–Wiedemann and Silver–Russell syndromes, associated with aberrant foetal growth. Perturbed imprinted gene expression is also implicated in the neuro-developmental disorders Prader–Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome. Embryo culture and human-assisted reproduction procedures can increase the occurrence of imprinting-related disorders. Recent research shows that, besides DNA methylation, covalent histone modifications and non-histone proteins also contribute to imprinting regulation. The involvement of imprinting in specific human pathologies (and in cancer) emphasizes the need to further explore the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Epigenetics and transcriptional control in African trypanosomes
Authors: Rudenko Gloria
Published: September 2010

The African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is a unicellular parasite which causes African sleeping sickness. Transcription in African trypanosomes displays some unusual features, as most of the trypanosome genome is transcribed as extensive polycistronic RNA Pol II (polymerase II) transcription units that are not transcriptionally regulated. In addition, RNA Pol I is used for transcription of a small subset of protein coding genes in addition to the rDNA (ribosomal DNA). These Pol I-transcribed protein coding genes include the VSG (variant surface glycoprotein) genes. Although a single trypanosome has many hundreds of VSG genes, the active VSG is transcribed in a strictly monoalleleic fashion from one of approx. 15 telomeric VSG ESs (expression sites). Originally, it was thought that chromatin was not involved in the transcriptional control of ESs; however, this view is now being re-evaluated. It has since been shown that the active ES is depleted of nucleosomes compared with silent ESs. In addition, a number of proteins involved in chromatin remodelling or histone modification and which play a role in ES silencing {including TbISWI [T. brucei ISWI (imitation-switch protein)] and DOT1B} have recently been identified. Lastly, the telomere-binding protein TbRAP1 (T. brucei RAP1) has been shown to establish a repressive gradient extending from the ES telomere end up to the ES promoter. We still need to determine which epigenetic factors are involved in ‘marking’ the active ES as part of the counting mechanism of monoallelic exclusion. The challenge will come in determining how these multiple regulatory layers contribute to ES control.
Riemann–Hilbert problem to the modified Korteveg–de Vries equation: Long-time dynamics of the steplike initial data
Authors: Kotlyarov Vladimir , Minakov Alexander
Published: September 2010

We consider the modified Korteveg–de Vries equation on the line. The initial data are the pure step function, i.e., q(x,0)=0 for x≥0 and q(x,0)=c for x<0, where c is an arbitrary real number. The goal of this paper is to study the asymptotic behavior of the solution of the initial-value problem as t→∞. Using the steepest descent method and the so-called g-function mechanism, we deform the original oscillatory matrix Riemann–Hilbert problem to explicitly solving model forms and show that the solution of the initial-value problem has a different asymptotic behavior in different regions of the xt-plane. In the regions x<−6c2t and x>4c2t, the main terms of asymptotics of the solution are equal to c and 0, respectively. In the region −6c2t<x<4c2t, asymptotics of the solution takes the form of a modulated elliptic wave of finite amplitude.
Tuning of C60 energy levels using orientation-controlled phthalocyanine films
Authors: Mao Hong Ying , Wang Rui , Huang Han , Wang Yu Zhan , Gao Xing Yu , Bao Shi Ning , Wee Andrew Thye Shen , Chen Wei
Published: September 2010

The interface electronic structure of C60/CuPc and C60 heterojunctions on SiO2 and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite has been studied using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and synchrotron based photoelectron spectroscopy. Fermi level pinned to the negative integer charge transfer state of C60 molecules on the standing CuPc film has been observed, while nearly vacuum-level alignment is observed for C60 on the lying CuPc film. We also found small vacuum-level shifts for C60 on both standing and lying F16CuPc films, which can be attributed to the rearrangement of underlying F16CuPc molecules. With the use of orientation-controlled CuPc and F16CuPc thin films, C60 highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels relative to the substrate Fermi level can be tuned from 1.9 eV for C60 on the standing CuPc film to 1.0 eV on the standing F16CuPc film.
Slow molecular dynamics close to crystal surfaces during crystallization of a protein lysozyme studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Tanaka S.
Published: September 2010

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was applied to the crystallization processes of egg-white lysozyme. Utilizing FCS’s high spatial resolution of about the laser wavelength used, the molecular dynamics close to crystal surfaces was investigated for both tetragonal single crystals and needlelike spherulites. When the FCS measurement was done at the point closer than 1 μm to the surface of a tetragonal single crystal, the relaxation time became several times longer than that in bulk solution, but the fluorescence intensity (thus concentration) was similar to that observed in bulk solution. On the other hand, the peculiar slow dynamics (a few orders of magnitude slower than that in bulk solution) of concentrated liquid states of the lysozyme molecules was observed in needlelike spherulites. We suggested that these observations could be explained by the formation of softly connected aggregates accumulating around the needlelike crystals, which could cause the instability of the crystal growth and thus the formation of spherulites. These aggregates gradually disappeared as the crystallization further proceeded. After the disappearance of the aggregates, the spherulites started to mature.
Amorphous silicon–indium–zinc oxide semiconductor thin film transistors processed below 150 °C
Authors: Chong Eugene , Chun Yoon Soo , Lee Sang Yeol
Published: September 2010

Amorphous silicon–indium–zinc–oxide (a-SIZO) thin film transistor (TFT) was investigated with the process temperature below 150 °C. The a-SIZO TFT exhibited a field effect mobility of 21.6 cm2/V s and an on/off ratio of 107. The stabilities of a-SIZO TFT and indium–zinc–oxide (IZO) TFT were compared, and a-SIZO TFT showed 3.7 V shift for threshold voltage (Vth) compared to 10.8 V shift in IZO TFT after bias temperature stress. Si incorporation into IZO-system as a stabilizer, which was confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, resulted in small shift in Vth in a-SIZO TFT without deteriorating mobility of higher than 21.6 cm2/V s.
Biofunctionalization and immobilization of a membrane via peptide binding (CR3-1, S2) by a Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Pandey R. B. , Heinz Hendrik , Feng Jie , Farmer Barry L.
Published: September 2010

A coarse-grained computer simulation model is used to study the immobilization of a dynamic tethered membrane (representation of a clay platelet) in a matrix of mobile peptide chains CR3-1:T1rpP2roS3erS4erT5yrL6euS7erP8roI9leP10roT11yrS12er and S2:H1isG2lyI3leA4snT5hrT6hrL7ysP8roP9heL10ysS11erV12al on a cubic lattice. Each residue interacts with the membrane nodes with appropriate interaction and executes their stochastic motion with the Metropolis algorithm. Density profiles, binding energy of each residue, mobility, and targeted structural profile are analyzed as a function of peptide concentration. We find that the binding of peptides S2 is anchored by lysine residues (L7ys,L10ys) while peptides CR3-1 do not bind to membrane. The membrane slows down as peptides (S2) continues to bind leading to its eventual pinning. How fast the immobilization of the membrane occurs depends on peptide concentration. Binding of peptide (S2) modulates the morphology of the membrane. The immobilization of membrane occurs faster if peptides (S2) are replaced by the homopolymer of lysine ([Lys]12 of the same molecular weight), the strongest binding residue. The surface of membrane can be patterned with somewhat reduced roughness with the homopolymer of lysine than that with peptide (S2).
A high-precision study of hindered diffusion near a wall
Authors: Sharma Prerna , Ghosh Shankar , Bhattacharya S.
Published: September 2010

A high-precision study of hindered diffusion of a sphere due to its proximity to a solid interface was performed using an optical tweezer combined with digital holography microscopy and a phase-sensitive detection technique. The study provides a confirmation, with high accuracy and no adjustable parameters, of Faxen’s law which describes the variation of the diffusivity of a sphere as a function of its distance from the wall in a Newtonian liquid due to hydrodynamic effects. This general technique is useful for application in microfluidics and lubrication of small devices with moving parts.
Tuning the coherent interaction in an on-chip photonic-crystal waveguide-resonator system
Authors: Pan Jun , Huo Yijie , Sandhu Sunil , Stuhrmann Norbert , Povinelli Michelle L. , Harris James S. , Fejer M. M. , Fan Shanhui
Published: September 2010

We experimentally demonstrated that the characteristics of the coherent interaction between two waveguide-coupled resonators can be drastically tuned by changing the propagation phase in the waveguide. In particular, the transmission line shape can be tuned between an electromagnetically induced transparency like optical resonance and a flat-top reflection filter.
Analytical technique for subwavelength far field imaging
Authors: Thongrattanasiri S. , Kuhta N. A. , Escarra M. D. , Hoffman A. J. , Gmachl C. F. , Podolskiy V. A.
Published: September 2010

We develop an analytical technique for retrieving the size and shape of subwavelength objects using far-field measurements. The approach relies on subwavelength diffraction gratings scattering evanescent information into the far field along with a numerical algorithm that is capable of deconvoluting this information based on the far-field intensity measurements. Several examples are presented, demonstrating resolution on the order of λ0/20. The developed method can be used at any frequency range, and may become a practical alternative to scanning near-field microscopy.
Charge transfer between the Au(111) surface and adsorbed C60: Resonant photoemission and new core-hole decay channels
Authors: Britton Andrew J. , Rienzo Anna , O’Shea James N. , Schulte Karina
Published: September 2010

The interaction of C60 with the Au(111) surface has been investigated using synchrotron radiation-based electron spectroscopy. Resonant photoelectron spectroscopy and autoionization spectroscopy have been used to probe the coupling between the molecule and the substrate. Three distinct high energy spectator Auger features were observed that are only evident for a monolayer of C60 chemisorbed to the Au(111) surface and not a multilayer or the clean surface itself. Combined with C 1s x-ray absorption and valence band spectra, the data suggest a decay process not previously reported for this system. This is a spectator decay channel involving electrons transferred from the gold substrate to the adsorbed molecule, either in the ground state or during the timescale of the core-hole lifetime. Both possibilities are considered in the interpretation of the results, which support, on balance, a ground state charge transfer.
Mature natural killer cells reset their responsiveness when exposed to an altered MHC environment
Authors: Joncker Nathalie T. , Shifrin Nataliya , Delebecque Frédéric , Raulet David H.
Published: September 2010

Some mature natural killer (NK) cells cannot be inhibited by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules, either because they lack corresponding inhibitory receptors or because the host lacks the corresponding MHC I ligands for the receptors. Such NK cells nevertheless remain self-tolerant and exhibit a generalized hyporesponsiveness to stimulation through activating receptors. To address whether NK cell responsiveness is set only during the NK cell differentiation process, we transferred mature NK cells from wild-type (WT) to MHC I–deficient hosts or vice versa. Remarkably, mature responsive NK cells from WT mice became hyporesponsive after transfer to MHC I–deficient mice, whereas mature hyporesponsive NK cells from MHC I–deficient mice became responsive after transfer to WT mice. Altered responsiveness was evident among mature NK cells that had not divided in the recipient animals, indicating that the cells were mature before transfer and that alterations in activity did not require cell division. Furthermore, the percentages of NK cells expressing KLRG1, CD11b, CD27, and Ly49 receptors specific for H-2b were not markedly altered after transfer. Thus, the functional activity of mature NK cells can be reset when the cells are exposed to a changed MHC environment. These findings have important implications for how NK cell functions may be curtailed or enhanced in the context of disease.
Dynamic deterministic effects propagation networks: learning signalling pathways from longitudinal protein array data
Authors: Bender Christian , Henjes Frauke , Fröhlich Holger , Wiemann Stefan , Korf Ulrike , Beißbarth Tim
Published: September 2010

Motivation: Network modelling in systems biology has become an important tool to study molecular interactions in cancer research, because understanding the interplay of proteins is necessary for developing novel drugs and therapies. De novo reconstruction of signalling pathways from data allows to unravel interactions between proteins and make qualitative statements on possible aberrations of the cellular regulatory program. We present a new method for reconstructing signalling networks from time course experiments after external perturbation and show an application of the method to data measuring abundance of phosphorylated proteins in a human breast cancer cell line, generated on reverse phase protein arrays.

Results: Signalling dynamics is modelled using active and passive states for each protein at each timepoint. A fixed signal propagation scheme generates a set of possible state transitions on a discrete timescale for a given network hypothesis, reducing the number of theoretically reachable states. A likelihood score is proposed, describing the probability of measurements given the states of the proteins over time. The optimal sequence of state transitions is found via a hidden Markov model and network structure search is performed using a genetic algorithm that optimizes the overall likelihood of a population of candidate networks. Our method shows increased performance compared with two different dynamical Bayesian network approaches. For our real data, we were able to find several known signalling cascades from the ERBB signalling pathway.

Availability: Dynamic deterministic effects propagation networks is implemented in the R programming language and available at http://www.dkfz.de/mga2/ddepn/

Contact:  c.bender@dkfz.de