bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROFESSIONAL QUALITY EDUCATION BASED ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP THROUGH INTENSIVE INTERNSHIPS PROGRAM ABROAD
Authors: Isdarmanto Isdarmanto
Published: May 2021

The phenomenon is very significant growth in tourism has been able to create business opportunities so high, but it still not fully captured well by the majority of higher education institutions in particular tourism. In fact their educational programs are still oriented in learning programs for development through academic curriculum that prepares graduates only in accordance with the needs of industry. Most graduates oriented as job seekers, but not as the creator of the workplace (job creators). It is necessary for the implementation of innovative educational development program that is able to change the mindset and creativity of graduates integrated focus on aspects of entrepreneurship. Needs and challenges for students who have the competence and dare to create business opportunities that are relevant to the development of a highly competitive global business. Relevant education programs for students expected to be able to understand the business opportunities in entrepreneurship. The education program should be directed by a model of entrepreneurial opportunities through an integrated approach and an internship program in abroad more professional and international perspective. The internship program with overseas by working practices more effective and more facilitated with infrastructure which more adequate. By coaching and mentoring through effective and professional in the international scale indeed. Entrepreneurial education program with the apprenticeship starts from: academic learning, social learning, mental switching, cross cultural learning, and the development of the motivation for the students to have a serious intent in entrepreneurship, or graduates capable more critical thinking to face the highly prospective business opportunities in tourism this time.

Keywords: Business opportunities; internships; entrepreneurship education
ANALISIS POTENSI PANTAI GLAGAH SEBAGAI EKOWISATA UNGGULAN DI KABUPATEN KULONPROGO
Authors: Isdarmanto Isdarmanto , Soebyanto Oentoeng
Published: May 2021

Glagah Beach is one of the most potential beaches and has the uniqueness as the charm and excellence of other southern seas. Glagah Beach located in Kulon Progo Regency is the only beach in Java that has a breakwater and has a lagoon on the edge of the sea separated by the sea so that large waves do not reach the lagoon. According to the typology of Glagah beach it self can be included in the classification of marine deposition coast. This is because the beach is formed due to the deposition deposition of river sedimentation material to the sea. This condition can be indicated by the emergence of a barrier coast emerging due to sedimentation from the river that empties into the location, then subject to marine effects that result in the formation of the lagoon. The process of sedimentation that occurs due to the flow and sedimentation of the river mouth that causes sedimentation in the coastal area. Qualitative research methods used with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews, documents, and various sources of data so it can be more clearly known geographical aspects of Glagah Beach, tourism profile, tourist visit conditions, tourism potential Glagah Beach, and to know the constraints which faced Glagah Beach tourism object and how the development strategy of Glagah Beach tourist attraction area in the future. Glagah Beach is a natural attraction that has the privilege and excellence compared to other beaches in Yogyakarta that need to keep the sustainability and need to be managed more effectively by the community and the local government as a policy holder so Glagah Beach became one of the leading ecotourism object which is interesting in Kulon Progo Regency Yogyakarta.

Keywords: Glagah Beach; Sea Lagoon; Barrier Coast
PERSEPSI KUALITAS LAYANAN MUSEUM SEBAGAI SARANA EDUKASI MASYARAKAT (STUDI KASUS: MUSEUM GUNUNG API MERAPI YOGYAKARTA)
Authors: Kiswantoro Amin , Damiasih Damiasih
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study is to determine the development of agrotourism Kampoeng Kopi Banaran and to analyze employee performance in supporting the development of agrotourism in Kampoeng Kopi Banaran, in Semarang Regency. In particular the goal is to find out how management efforts in developing agrotourism Kampoeng Kopi Banaran, management of human resources, employee performance in supporting the development of agrotourism.The study is mixed methods using 56 respondents as samples. While data analysis in this research using multiple regression analysis using F test and t test. The results of the data analysis of socio-demographic explain that influence on the performance showed that age, gender, education, family status, employment status and work experience positively affect employee performance. While F-test states that jointly age, gender, education, family status, employment status and work experience affect the performance. t test in this research shows there is no significant influence of gender on the performance, no significant influence of the family status on the performance. The conclusions of this study are that there is a positive and significant influence of socio-demographic on emplyoee performance and there is a positive and significant influence between employee performance against agrotourism understanding in Kampoeng Kopi Banaran.

Keywords: merapi volcano museum, MGM, tourist perception, service quality
ANALISA TINGKAT KEPUASAN WISATAWAN TERHADAP SARANA TRANSPORTASI DALAM UPAYA MENCIPTAKAN KAWASAN WISATA TERINTEGRASI DI YOGYAKARTA (STUDI KASUS) TAMANSARI, KRATON, TITIK NOL KILOMETER DAN MALIOBORO
Authors: Sulistyo Agung , Ayu Salindri Yerika
Published: May 2021

The process of assessing the satisfaction of tourists must be done an organization or business. By knowing the attitude of tourists, Local Government can issue policies related to services for tourists and can find out how far the level of customer satisfaction with the service. Fishbein method is used to determine the attitude of tourists to a particular object or product (such as brand, service, etc.). Based on data analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that Si Thole tourism service is considered good based on tourist attitude. with attributes include: low cost, ease of access, precise purpose, quality human resources services and provide comfort for tourists. This can be seen through Fishbein analysis that has been done and obtained the mean value of 79.49. The mean values are at neutral answer intervals and agree or are on the right side indicating a positive value.Keywords: Transportation Performance Tourism, Si Thole, Fishbein Method
HOW INDONESIAN TOURIST MOTIVATION CAN ENCOURAGE THE DESIRE HAVE BEEN TO BANGKOK, THAILAND
Authors: Ningrum Lestari , Dito Dwiseptian Anggi
Published: May 2021

Compared to other ASEAN countries, Thailand excels in terms of tourism growth in 2016. The period of January to October 2016, 27.076.308 Indonesian tourists visited Thailand, while Thailand’s tourists visit to Indonesia only 9.403.614. Why it happened? Whereas Indonesia including the 6 most beautiful country sites version Rough Guides, beating some countries such as the UK, Switzerland and Finland, and was chosen because of the cluster of gathering, cultural diversity, volcanoes, and even Indonesia became the only Asian country in the top 10 Tourism is worldwide. Tourism is currently experiencing a shift in the role. For many cities in Indonesia, travel has become a primary need. Motivational factors are also related to visitor’s satisfaction because different destination may have different factors that attract visitor to the place. The research method used in this study is descriptive with quantitative approach. The research instrument is questionnaire with 5-point likert scale, distributed either directly on the site with 397 respondents who have ever travelled to the locations under study. The aim of research how Indonesian tourist motivation can encourage the desire been to Bangkok Thailand The results showed that the motivation of the traveller physical, the strongest impulse to travel to Bangkok is with the aim to refreshing.Key works: Tourism, travel motivational
STRATEGI PELESTARIAN TRADISI JAMASAN PUSAKA SUROLOYO SEBAGAI ASET BUDAYA TRADISIONAL DI KULON PROGO YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Sarbini Sarbini , Hapsari Indri Shaila
Published: May 2021

This research aims to determine the strategy for preserving the Jamasan Pusaka tradition, the roles of the community and the government, and what obstacles are faced in the effort to preserve the Jamasan Pusaka Tradition. The research method uses qualitative research and data analysis using SWOT analysis. Based on the research conducted, the researcher found that the preservation of the Jamasan Pusaka tradition in Suroloyo is the only Jamasan Pusaka tradition that is in Kulon Progo. In addition, this tradition is carried out at the Puncak Suroloyo Tourism Object on the first of Suro with promotional efforts to attract tourists to witness. In an effort to preserve the jamasan heritage tradition, it can be said that it is good because the surrounding community is still carrying out this tradition until now and especially this event has been promoted in various media, both social media and print media so that tourists who don't know can watch it. In addition, the community plays an important role in the Jamasan Pusaka Tradition event where the community still carries out this tradition until now and the Government is very helpful. The obstacle in preserving the Jamasan Pusaka Tradition is because many young people, both the community and tourists, do not know what the purpose, potential, and heirlooms are used in this traditional event.

Keywords: Jamasan Pusaka Tradition, Preservation, Culture, SWOT Analysis
1968’DEN GÜNÜMÜZE DEĞİŞEN SOSYAL BİLGİLER PROGRAMLARINDA EKONOMİ KONULARININ YERİ
Authors: AKHAN Nadire Emel , ÖZKAN Fatih
Published: May 2021

1968’den günümüze değişen Sosyal Bilgiler programlarında ekonomi konularının yerinin incelenmesinin amaçlandığı bu araştırmada, 1968, 1971 ilkokul programları ile 1995, 1998, 2005 ve 2018 tarihli ilköğretim Sosyal Bilgiler programları incelenmiştir. Bu programlarda yer alan ekonomi ile ilgili amaçlar ve programların ders kitabı içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın konusunun tarihsel bir perspektife sahip olması nedeniyle tarama modeli içerisinde yer alan tarihsel yöntem kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen dökümanlar (1968’den günümüze yayınlanmış olan Sosyal Bilgiler Programları) betimsel analiz yöntemine dayalı olarak çözümlenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, 2005 Sosyal Bilgiler Programı ile multidisipliner bir yapının ortaya konulduğu kabul edilse de, 2005 öncesinde de Sosyal Bilgiler programlarının muhtevasında birçok disiplinin olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bu sosyal bilimler disiplinlerinden birisi de ekonomi’dir. 1968’den günümüze kadar yapılan Sosyal Bilgiler Programı incelendiğinde, programlarda “Ekonomi” ile ilgili konu ve kavramların yer aldığı görülmüştür. 1968’den 2018’e kadar yayınlanan programlarda süreç içerisinde ünitelerin ve konularının dağılımı değişse de ders kitaplarına yansıyan içeriğin birbirine yakın olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Early Childhood Psychological Development in Interacting with New Friends
Authors: Andrejevaité Simonna , Špokaitė Edita
Published: May 2021

The consistency of children's interactions has an impact on their subsequent social growth. It can be shown that children who avoid contact with their peers also exist; children who barely socialize with their friends, choose to be lonely, are reserved, and lack self-confidence. Meanwhile, children can develop the ability to facilitate and sustain social connections, as well as dispute resolution skills such as taking turns playing, negotiating, and even negotiation, by their partnerships with their peers. When engaging in these types of tasks, children often undergo a pattern of synchronization between their comprehension, execution, and desired outcome. Children may create bonds through this experience, and can offer a sense of comfort away from family members.
LEARNING REGIONS IN SLOVENIA FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Vovk Korže Ana
Published: May 2021

Learning Regions in Slovenia are in place for understanding sustainable development at local and regional level. In recent years, municipalities and various organizations have established over Slovenia at the different settings that need to connect to a joint bid. The school is growing experiential education and increase the usefulness of the knowledge in practice. New challenges in education are emphasized by the European Commission, which encourages Member States to responsibly carry out the educational process. The emphasis is on broad capabilities that open the door to different activities. More attention should be paid to the intergenerational cooperation, where in addition to the practice education and responsibility is also imparted.
Keywords: learning regions, municipalites, self-sufficient supply, sustainable development, Slovenia.
Sentiment Analysis of Film Reviews using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Hasabnis Shubhang , Ware Lalit
Published: May 2021

A huge amount of data is generated everyday on the web and it is only going to increase as more and more people start using the internet. Because of social networking platforms, more and more people are able to express their opinion and their views on different topics such as writing reviews about what movies they watched on different social media platforms including sites like IMDB. Sorting through these reviews manually to determine whether a certain review is positive or negative is an impossible tasks. Hence, the need to automate this arises. To provide a solution to such problems there are many ways including Sentimental Analysis. Sentiment Analysis deals with interaction between machine such as computers and natural languages used by human beings in short we can say training machine in accordance to the problem statement. We can derive high quality information by using simple text entered by the user through different patterns and trends leading towards the output we expect by the various evaluations and interpretations, thus we categorise and cluster our text in respect to the problem statement we are dealing with. After that we compute our output by using the dataset we have using different models, algorithms, mathematical computations with comes under the category of computational linguistics. This field is mainly applied when we have to take reviews or survey from our customers on products or services. Sentimental Analysis is a relatively new variant in the research area. It basically refers to as the opinions or views of the different data that is being collected using surveys, comments and reviews over the web.
NOVOS INDÍCIOS DA INFLUÊNCIA DO CONTATO ENTRE LÍNGUAS PARA O PREDOMÍNIO DA NÃO-REALIZAÇÃO DO PRONOME REFLEXIVO NO PORTUGUÊS AFRO-BRASILEIRO
Authors: Souza Jurgen Alves de , Silva Jorge Augusto Alves da , Moreira Jádilla Leite
Published: May 2021

Um recente estudo acerca do uso do pronome SE em uma comunidade quilombola do interior da Bahia demonstrou que a não-realização do pronome reflexivo é a estratégia de reflexivização predominante e relacionou esse fato ao contato entre línguas ocorrido nos períodos colonial e imperial, reforçando as conclusões de outro estudo, realizado há quase uma década, acerca das estruturas reflexivas do português falado em quatro comunidades rurais afro-brasileiras isoladas do interior da Bahia. O presente artigo faz uma análise constrastiva dos dois estudos, a fim de verificar se os dados empíricos de ambos realmente corroboram a tese da influência do contato entre línguas para o predomínio não-realização do pronome reflexivo no português afro-brasileiro. Os resultados da análise mostraram que, nos dois estudos, a frequência de realização, o condicionamento linguístico e o condicionamento social confirmam uma relação direta entre o predomínio da não-realização do pronome reflexivo no português afro-brasileiro e o contato entre línguas ocorrido no passado. Além disso, os dois estudos apontam que há, atualmente, um processo de mudança em curso na direção ao incremento da realização do pronome reflexivo no português afro-brasileiro, revertendo a mudança ocorrida no passado que gerou o predomínio da não-realização.
Investigando a Startup Enxuta: uma discussão sobre a metodologia de uma Organização da Sociedade Civil na perspectiva da Tecnologia Social
Authors: Nunes Nei Antonio , Pazetto Alexandre Zawaki , Guerra José Baltazar Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade , Lopes Alex Daronch
Published: May 2021

Este ensaio teórico investiga a metodologia Startup Enxuta, utilizada pelo Social Good Brasil, uma Organização da Sociedade Civil, na capacitação de empreendedores sociais, procurando indicar se esta metodologia se configura como uma Tecnologia Social. Conforme a literatura, por seu caráter crítico e propositivo, a TS se notabiliza por propor e propiciar Inovações Sociais geradoras de níveis de emancipação social. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados no ensaio foram a pesquisa bibliográfica e a analítica de categorias e documentos. A análise realizada partir dos cinco princípios da Startup Enxuta propostos por Ries (Origem; Centralidade do Empreendedor; Ciclo de Feedback; Tempo; e Enfoque na Contabilidade) evidencia a existência de limites na metodologia utilizada pelo SGB no que tange a instrumentalizar agentes sociais para a resolução de problemas sociais, o que obstaculiza a consecução de ações transformadoras e inclusivas. Isto porque, a lógica de mercado que a orienta pouco se identifica com o caráter crítico e propositivo da Tecnologia Social.
A psicanálise: Entre a arte e a clínica
Authors: Barbieri Lima Ana Carolina , Lopes Schulter Bianca , de Assis Lima Filho Francisco
Published: May 2021

In the center of Psychoanalysis and art surrounds points that are related to each other. During this article it will be analyzed a little about history of art and artists, focusing on the writer Leon Tolstoi, in which will be perceived a similar thought between Freud and Tostoi. Later on, there will appear notions of art in the psychoanalytic works of Freud and Lacan. Finally, in the topic implications of art for psychoanalysis, there will be perceptible approximations between such fields of knowledge. Thus, in essence, this entire article intends to update the theoretical, technical and ethical references of how art acts as a source of inspiration for the psychoanalytic clinic
Beatriz Allende
Authors: Harmer Tanya
Published: May 2021

This biography of Beatriz Allende (1942–1977)—revolutionary doctor and daughter of Chile’s socialist president, Salvador Allende—portrays what it means to live, love, and fight for change. Inspired by the Cuban Revolution, Beatriz and her generation drove political campaigns, university reform, public health programs, internationalist guerrilla insurgencies, and government strategies. Centering Beatriz’s life within the global contours of the Cold War era, Tanya Harmer exposes the promises and paradoxes of the revolutionary wave that swept through Latin America in the long 1960s. Drawing on exclusive access to Beatriz’s private papers, as well as firsthand interviews, Harmer connects the private and political as she reveals the human dimensions of radical upheaval. Exiled to Havana after Chile’s right-wing military coup, Beatriz worked tirelessly to oppose dictatorship back home. Harmer’s interviews make vivid the terrible consequences of the coup for the Chilean Left, the realities of everyday life in Havana, and the unceasing demands of solidarity work that drained Beatriz and her generation of the dreams they once had. Her story demolishes the myth that women were simply extras in the story of Latin America’s Left and brings home the immense cost of a revolutionary moment’s demise.
Capital in Self
Authors: Luskey Brian P.
Published: May 2021

Soldier recruitment, experienced and understood through the prism of consumer capitalism and narratives about fraud, forced northern families to create new circulations of credit and capital that connected army camps and distant homes. Some soldiers sought to build on this source of credit to speculate for more individual and family income. Others’ struggles with accumulating credit and capital led them to speak of their desire for black laborers as a means to increase their personal autonomy as employers and heads of household. Union soldiers could not take advantage of the “chattel principle,” which served as the foundation for human commodification in southern slavery. In the context of their other speculations about credit and wages, soldiers believed that becoming an employer meant earning economic and cultural capital and the independence it conferred. To many Union soldiers, personal autonomy could only be earned—and validated by peers—through the control of workers’ labor. American men arrived at recruiting offices driven by a variety of ideological and material forces. Their decisions to enlist and the government’s efforts to recruit them cannot be understood apart from the culture of capitalism from which northerners hailed and the flows of capital that the war would produce.
Seasons of Gold
Authors: Bigelow Allison Margaret
Published: May 2021

This chapter builds from the previous two chapters and concludes the section on Gold. It uses linguistic and visual analysis to show how Taíno and Afro-Taíno understandings of the relationship between plants, metals influenced the legal codes and daily operations of gold processing in La Española. By juxtaposing colonial petitions, imperial ordinances, and Taíno oral traditions, this chapter argues for a new reading of the Afro-Taíno influences in the colonial gold industry – the very sector that epitomized the extractive nature of the early modern Spanish empire.
A Republic in the Ranks
Authors: Fry Zachery A.
Published: May 2021

The Union Army of the Potomac was a hotbed of political activity during the Civil War. It proved a source of constant frustration for Abraham Lincoln, and its commander, George B. McClellan, even secured the Democratic nomination for president in 1864. This book uses untapped sources to recast our understanding of soldier ideology and presents the most comprehensive view yet of the army’s political story. It recounts the struggle between Republicans and Democrats for political allegiance among the army’s rank and file, in the process showing that the army’s captains, majors, and colonels spurred a pro-Republican political awakening among the enlisted men that burst onto the public stage through newspaper editorials, unit resolutions, and letters to home front politicians. The book traces the heated campaigning and voting activity on the front lines during critical elections such as the 1864 presidential contest, highlighting how an army that had once revered McClellan renounced him for consorting with the forces of peace activism and treason. Union soldiers asserted themselves as the guardians of civic virtue and used the power of political organization to set the terms in a heated debate over wartime loyalty.
Copperheads and Half-Loyal Regular Officers
Authors: Fry Zachery A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses the political controversies that continued to swirl around General Meade in early 1864. His summons before the Congressional Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War opened the political rift within the high command. In the army's lower ranks, however, the principal issue was that of reenlistment and army reorganization, and this chapter dissects the results of an army-wide debate over whether to sign up again for the duration of the war or return home. Political considerations took a backseat in the debate. Those who did not reenlist included men from both Republican and Democratic political persuasions. The chapter also discusses efforts by junior officers, some of whom had left the army, to malign the high command and tie it to notions of Democratic disloyalty in the pages of exposé books and opinion pieces.
The Laywoman Project
Authors: Henold Mary J.
Published: May 2021

Summoning everyday Catholic laywomen to the forefront of twentieth-century Catholic history, Mary J. Henold considers how these committed parishioners experienced their religion in the wake of Vatican II (1962–1965). This era saw major changes within the heavily patriarchal religious faith—at the same time as an American feminist revolution caught fire. Who was the Catholic woman for a new era? Henold uncovers a vast archive of writing, both intimate and public facing, by hundreds of rank-and-file American laywomen active in national laywomen’s groups, including the National Council of Catholic Women, the Catholic Daughters of America, and the Daughters of Isabella. These records evoke a formative period when laywomen played publicly with a surprising variety of ideas about their own position in the Catholic Church.
While marginalized near the bottom of the church hierarchy, laywomen quietly but purposefully engaged both their religious and gender roles as changing circumstances called them into question. Some eventually chose feminism while others rejected it, but most, Henold says, crafted a middle position: even conservative, nonfeminist laywomen came to reject the idea that the church could adapt to the modern world while keeping women’s status frozen in amber.
Celia Sánchez Manduley
Authors: Sippial Tiffany A.
Published: May 2021

Celia Sánchez Manduley (1920–1980) is famous for her role in the Cuban revolution. Clad in her military fatigues, this “first female guerrilla of the Sierra Maestra” is seen in many photographs alongside Fidel Castro. Sánchez joined the movement in her early thirties, initially as an arms runner and later as a combatant. She was one of Castro’s closest confidants, perhaps lover, and went on to serve as a high-ranking government official and international ambassador. Since her death, Sánchez has been revered as a national icon, cultivated and guarded by the Cuban government. With almost unprecedented access to Sánchez’s papers, including a personal diary, and firsthand interviews with family members, Tiffany A. Sippial presents the first critical study of a notoriously private and self-abnegating woman who yet exists as an enduring symbol of revolutionary ideals. Sippial reveals the scope and depth of Sánchez’s power and influence within the Cuban revolution, as well as her struggles with violence, her political development, and the sacrifices required by her status as a leader and “New Woman.” Using the tools of feminist biography, cultural history, and the politics of memory, Sippial reveals how Sánchez strategically crafted her own legacy within a history still dominated by bearded men in fatigues.
For All My Bravado, Deeply Engrained Notions of Respectability Filled Me with Distress, 1926–1940
Authors: Saxby Troy R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Pauli Murray’s early adult years. Murray relocated to New York City to complete high school and undergraduate study at Hunter College. The Great Depression severely disrupted her education, but also facilitated her tramping across the country, often passing as a teenage boy. Gender identity concerns and the social stigma around homosexuality led Murray to seek gender reassignment and contributed to mental health problems, which were also exacerbated by a fear of hereditary insanity. Work on New Deal projects led to immersion in the labor movement and an interest in communism. These influences, and Gandhian civil disobedience, inspired Murray’s groundbreaking contributions to nonviolent direct-action civil rights protests, which included challenging segregated education by applying to the University of North Carolina and being arrested for violating segregated bus seating.
Such a State of Uncertainty, Caution, and Fear, 1946–1961
Authors: Saxby Troy R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Pauli Murray’s life during the Cold War era. Preferential treatment for returned servicemen and McCarthyism further disadvantaged Murray’s employment opportunities in the post-World War II period. Most notably, Cornell University denied her employment because of her “past associations.” Murray responded by writing Proud Shoes, a history of her maternal grandparents. Physical and mental health concerns continued to plague Murray, and as one of only a few independent black women lawyers in New York City, Murray struggled to make a living. In the late 1950s she became a corporate lawyer, wrote poetry, and then went to Ghana to teach law and explore her own racial identity.
Riders on the Storm
Authors: Reid Jack
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores how hitchhiking—with its promise of free, untethered, and spontaneous mobility—allowed youths of the late sixties and early seventies the ability to maintain a largely nomadic existence while living out the values of the hippie (or freak, as many self-identified) lifestyle. Within the national culture soliciting rides became closely connected to an increasingly politicized counterculture—one that sought to upend the Protestant work ethic and conventional sexual and gender norms. Notably, this radicalized youth culture and its dismissal of traditional values generated resentment among many, creating a deep cultural divide between young people and older, so-called straight Americans. Because of its association with the freak movement, the act of hitchhiking became a key point of confrontation. An increasingly mature regulatory state began cracking down on the practice, in part to reign in the counterculture and women’s liberation movement, but also to promote safer and more uniform traffic behavior. Still, these efforts did little to slow the growing popularity of the practice in the early 1970s.
Introduction
Authors: Erbig Jeffrey Alan
Published: May 2021

The introduction considers how autonomous Indigenous peoples in South America responded to the drawing of interimperial borders through their lands. Bringing together borderlands studies and histories of cartography, it argues that imperial border making transformed regional territorialities precisely because Native peoples engaged such efforts. In the Río de la Plata, Portugal’s and Spain’s invention of a border was an attempt to circumvent the territorial authority exercised by Indigenous peoples known Charrúas and Minuanes, whom members of the Luso-Hispanic boundary commissions routinely evaded as they traversed the region. Native responses to subsequent colonial efforts to materialize the imagined border derived from their own territorialities, and some Indigenous leaders leveraged imperial border making to expand their own kinship, tributary, and trading networks. Drawing upon hundreds of fragmented manuscripts dispersed in archives across three continents and representing them together via geographic information systems (GIS), this introduction centers Native ground and actions in the history of the border.
Conclusion
Authors: Erbig Jeffrey Alan
Published: May 2021

Following the formation of independent republics in southeastern South America, travellers, politicians and academics alike used the territorial imaginaries of the Madrid and San Ildefonso boundary commissions to envision national communities devoid of Native peoples. Whether narrating patriotic histories of territorial conquest or using colonial borders to catalogue Indigenous peoples who had routinely traversed them, postcolonial authors simultaneously appropriated Native pasts while denying the existence of their Indigenous contemporaries. Contradictory claims of Indigenous emigration emerged in Uruguay, northeastern Argentina, and southern Brazil, and Charrúas and Minuanes were reduced to bit players in or antecedents to the formation of national or subnational communities. By considering the interplay between territorial imaginaries and identity formation, the conclusion demonstrates how the re-emergence of Charrúas on a regional political scale since the late 1980s not only disrupts national mythmaking but fits within deeper historical patterns.
Náápi’s Place
Authors: Hall Ryan
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides an overview of Blackfoot origins and life on the northwest plains prior to the eighteenth century. Blackfoot people credit the ancestral spirit Náápi, or Old Man, with the creation of the northwest plains landscape, where they have lived for millennia at least. The Blackfoot developed durable religious traditions, hunting and gathering practices, and diplomatic connections that long sustained their way of life. Beginning in the 1720s, the arrival of horses and European metal goods through trade networks of Indigenous “middlemen” disrupted their traditional practices but also provided new opportunities that many Blackfoot people embraced. The concurrent arrival of horses and metal goods also led to increased conflict and warfare between Indigenous people in the region.
Redefining the Immigrant South
Authors: Quraishi Uzma
Published: May 2021

In the early years of the Cold War, the United States mounted expansive public diplomacy programs in the Global South, including initiatives with the recently partitioned states of India and Pakistan. U.S. operations in these two countries became the second- and fourth-largest in the world, creating migration links that resulted in the emergence of American universities, such as the University of Houston, as immigration hubs for the highly selective, student-led South Asian migration stream starting in the 1950s. By the late twentieth century, Houston’s South Asian community had become one of the most prosperous in the metropolitan area and one of the largest in the country.
Mining archives and using new oral histories, Uzma Quraishi traces this pioneering community from its midcentury roots to the early twenty-first century, arguing that South Asian immigrants appealed to class conformity and endorsed the model minority myth to navigate the complexities of a shifting Sunbelt South. By examining Indian and Pakistani immigration to a major city transitioning out of Jim Crow, Quraishi reframes our understanding of twentieth-century migration, the changing character of the South, and the tangled politics of race, class, and ethnicity in the United States
Prologue
Authors: Quraishi Uzma
Published: May 2021

The formation of the Indian middle class around the mid-nineteenth century and of policies of race-based U.S. immigration exclusion in the same time period bears some explanation, since these spatially distinct but temporally overlapping processes merged during the Cold War.
The historical development of these eventually entwining, transnational narrative strands forms the substance of this prologue. Concentrating on the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the prologue provides the foundational context on which to build a narrative of postwar South Asian immigration to the United States. It provides historical context of the histories of anti-Asian immigration law in the United States and Indian immigration.
U.S. Ideological Linkages with Indians and Pakistanis, 1950s–Mid-1960s
Authors: Quraishi Uzma
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 is an examination of the major public diplomacy programs of the USIA and foreign policy initiatives of the State Department in the 1950s and 1960s. In the early years of the Cold War, the United States implemented a wide range of programs in India and Pakistan, as well as other Third World countries. It inadvertently laid the foundation for migration networks between South Asia and the United States.
Riding Up the Oil Boom, Sliding Down the Oil Bust, Mid-1970s–1980s
Authors: Quraishi Uzma
Published: May 2021

In response to the oil bust of the early 1980s and especially the much-delayed desegregation of Houston schools, neighborhood boundaries and demographics in the 1980s underwent reorganization. The overlapping processes of suburbanization from the mid-1970s and economic fallout in Houston in the 1980s contributed to sweeping change across the metropolis. These transformations nonetheless reinforced an entrenched culture of racial residential segregation.
Undelivered
Authors: Rubio Philip F.
Published: May 2021

For eight days in March 1970, over 200,000 postal workers staged an illegal "wildcat" strike--the largest in United States history--for better wages and working conditions. Picket lines started in New York and spread across the country like wildfire. Strikers defied court injunctions, threats of termination, and their own union leaders. In the negotiated aftermath, the U.S. Post Office became the U.S. Postal Service, and postal workers received full collective bargaining rights and wage increases, all the while continuing to fight for greater democracy within their unions. Using archives, periodicals, and oral histories, Philip Rubio shows how this strike, born of frustration and rising expectations and emerging as part of a larger 1960s-1970s global rank-and-file labor upsurge, transformed the post office and postal unions. It also led to fifty years of clashes between postal unions and management over wages, speedup, privatization, automation, and service. Rubio revives the 1970 strike story and connects it to today's postal financial crisis that threatens the future of a vital 245-year-old public communications institution and its labor unions.
Rising Expectations and Brewing Conflict
Authors: Rubio Philip F.
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at the low pay and poor working conditions in the late 1960s and the upsurge of rank-and-file postal worker reform campaigns against what they called “collective begging” of Congress. Chronic postal deficits and a sudden service breakdown in Chicago in 1966 led to the 1967 Kappel Commission that first explored a postal corporation model. The chapter also charts the growing postal worker anger at Congress; presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon; and their own national union leaders for ignoring their pleas for living wages. Militant rank-and-file organizing in New York led up to the wildcat strike that began there on March 18, 1970.
Introduction
Authors: Polk Khary Oronde
Published: May 2021

This introduction provides a framework for considering America’s military conscription of gender, racial, and sexual difference in the early to mid-twentieth century, and the unique role Black military workers played in the extension of U.S. empire. Beginning with the definition of militarism as conceived by Alfred Vagts, the author makes an appeal for both conservative and progressive scholars to focus on the study of the military. Immunity and contagion are introduced as key terms used to analyze the movement of African American soldiers around the world, and to show how their quests for citizenship rights was burdened by antiblack racism. A chapter breakdown demonstrates how race, nation, masculinity, and sexuality are important subjects in the archive of American militarism, and argues that a new chapter of African American life was brought into being through the imperial conscription of racial, gender, and sexual difference.
Introduction
Authors: Carico Aaron
Published: May 2021

The introduction distinguishes between emancipation and abolition to mount a critique of liberalism. It argues that the slave as a value-form survives within racial capitalism after 1865. Critically examining the usual periodization of U.S. slavery and slavery’s supposed containment within the U.S. South, the introduction posits cultural materialism as the methodology necessary to grasp the enduring vestiges of slavery as a national institution.
Laying Down Heads in Written and Oral Composition
Authors: Davis William L.
Published: May 2021

Chapter Two explores Joseph Smith's personal style of composition in relation to contemporary print conventions, as well as early American education and popular preaching methods and techniques. The chapter focuses on the method of "laying down heads," or the use of preliminary outlines to compose and deliver sermons. The chapter begins with a brief look at John Walker's popular system of composition in early American education, followed by an exploration of the techniques in relation to Congregationalist preaching styles practiced in the Connecticut River Valley, where Smith spent much of his childhood. Smith's older brother, Hyrum Smith, attended Moor's Indian Charity School, an institution created by Congregationalist preacher Eleazar Wheelock in conjunction with the formation of Dartmouth College. The preaching style taught at the school reflected the semi-extemporaneous style of the famous preacher, George Whitefield, and provides evidence of a Smith family member receiving formal instruction in preaching styles, delivery, and rhetorical performance.
Revival Sermons in the Burned-Over District
Authors: Davis William L.
Published: May 2021

Chapter Three emphasizes Joseph Smith's exposure to Methodist sermon culture, within the context of exploring the preaching styles and oral performances of evangelical preachers in the Burned-Over District of Western New York. A close analysis of Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian preaching techniques illustrates the ubiquitous method of laying down heads and the practice of semi-extemporaneous sermon delivery. The chapter also addresses the extemporaneous preacher's method of preparation through the study of scriptures and other religious writings, as a way of "treasuring up the word of God" and building a mental storehouse of ideas for impromptu delivery. The chapter also explores the specific influence of Methodist sermon culture on Smith, who joined a local Methodist class and trained as a Methodist exhorter. Within this tradition, the influence of George Whitefield, John Wesley, and Adam Clarke are reviewed.
The King Follett Sermon
Authors: Davis William L.
Published: May 2021

Chapter Four provides a detailed analysis of Joseph Smith's famous funeral sermon, the King Follett discourse. The auditors' notes for this sermon reveal Smith's semi-extemporaneous preaching technique, which combines advanced preparation in the general outline of the sermon with the extemporaneous delivery of words in the moment of performance. The sermon also reveals Smith's familiarity with the common "doctrine and use" sermon pattern, as well as his use of resumptive repetition, concealed heads, and mnemonic cues. Turning to the sermon notes of Baptist preacher Abraham Marshall, the chapter continues with a discussion of mnemonic cues by illustrating the preaching technique of creating condensed, succinct sermon outlines, known as short notes, briefs, or sketches, which preachers extemporaneously amplified into fully developed sermons in the moment of performance. Finally, the chapter explores how Methodist preachers adapted these preaching techniques to structure their written compositions, with an emphasis on spiritual autobiographies. These oral and written techniques provide a historical context for understanding how Joseph Smith applied the same methodology in the construction and oral composition of the Book of Mormon.
Bolivia between Washington, Prague, and Havana
Authors: Field Thomas C.
Published: May 2021

Challenging the bipolar lens that dominated the framings of traditional Cold War studies, this chapter analyses the polarizing effects of the Cuban revolution on Bolivia’s nonaligned national revolution. Participation in Washington’s anticommunist Alliance for Progress pulled the rug out from Paz’s bold strategy of fence-riding, however, and his eager participation in President John F. Kennedy’s well-funded Alliance for Progress aid program led his government to bitterly break relations with Cuba in September 1964. Paz’s sudden abandonment of Third Worldism mobilized many local leftists and nationalist military officers, who pointed to his volte face as proof that the Bolivian revolution had been hallowed out by the many political and economic conditions that accompanied massive U.S. aid funding.
Brazil and Non-Alignment
Authors: Krepp Stella
Published: May 2021

Until the mid-1960s, Brazil played a leading role in inter-American affairs and the same holds true for its engagement with the non-aligned movement. This chapter attempts to shed light on the Brazilian role at the two non-aligned conferences in Belgrade 1961 and Cairo 1964. While only three years apart, the two conferences highlight two very distinctive experiences for Brazil and Latin America as a whole. In 1961, Brazilian politics teemed with reformist aspirations and expectations and this translated into a new attitude towards the emerging third world. Under the Quadros and later the Goulart government, Brazil followed an “independent foreign policy” and strengthened ties with both the socialist and decolonized countries, and participating in the non-aligned movement formed part of this new nexus of relationships. By 1964, however, this trend had been reversed, as a military coup in Brazil ushered in a new era in domestic and foreign policies.
Anti-Imperialist Racial Solidarity before the Cold War
Authors: Mcpherson Alan
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses Latin American nations’ efforts to create inter-American solidarity against U.S. military occupations in Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic from the 1910s to the 1930s. In their diplomacy, anti-occupation activists from these three nations were joined primarily by Cubans, Mexicans, and Uruguayans. It traces transnational outreach to three constituencies, in ascending order of success—the League of Nations, other Latin American governments, and Latin Americans in the United States. The question it asks is: What factors brought success or failure in these transnational anti-imperialist efforts in the early 20th century? Among the factors for success were cultural affinity among Latin Americans, direct diplomacy, fear of occupation, and racial solidarity. Among the factors contributing to failure were U.S. hegemony, poverty, and racial division. This chapter explains why anti-imperialism could be effective yet remained limited, and it allows comparison and contrast to Cold War-era solidarity.
Cuba, the United States, and the Uses of the Third World Project, 1959–1967
Authors: Gettig Eric
Published: May 2021

This essay analyzes the international history of the efforts of the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro to project itself as a leader of Third World internationalism after coming to power in January 1959. It begins by exploring revolutionary Cuba's first effort to convene and host a major international conference, a "Conference of Underdeveloped Nations" in Havana in 1960. Using a combination of the published Cuban press and several diplomatic archives – chiefly from the United States and United Kingdom, but also including a few Mexican and Venezuelan documents and the 47-page internal report of Cuban Ambassador Carlos Lechuga's tour of Latin America in January-February 1960, obtained from his family in Havana – the chapter analyzes the failure of Cuba's efforts to convene this conference, and the efforts of the Eisenhower administration to discourage Latin American governments from participating. At a time when Cuba's international orientation was very much in flux, the struggle over the conference became part of a larger contest over the future direction of the Revolution and over Latin American engagement with both the U.S. and the Third World.