bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of β‐catenin expression in canine osteosarcoma
Authors: Stein T. J. , Holmes K. E. , Muthuswamy A. , Thompson V. , Huelsmeyer M. K.
Published: August 2010

Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most frequently occurring malignant primary bone tumour in dogs and children and arises from cells of the osteoblast lineage. Inappropriate Wnt signalling activity has been implicated in human OSA. Altered expression of β‐catenin, an integral member of the Wnt signalling pathway, has been associated with numerous human cancers, including OSA. In this study, 30 of the 37 primary canine OSA tissues and 2 of the 3 metastatic OSAs were positive for β‐catenin expression as determined by immunohistochemistry, whereas 2 normal bones stained negative for β‐catenin. No mutations were identified in exon 3 of β‐catenin in the three OSA cases in which DNA sequencing was performed. Finally, there was no relationship between β‐catenin expression and overall survival time or disease‐free interval. Our results indicate β‐catenin is frequently expressed within the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells in canine OSA but contains no detectable mutations in exon 3, similar to human OSA.
Some Uses of Calcium Alginate Rayon
Authors: JOHNSON A. , SPEAKMAN J. B.
Published: August 2010

Calcium alginate rayon, which is readily spun, possesses satisfactory elastic properties for weaving and knitting, but is dissolved by dilute solutions of alkali. After a number of alkali‐resistant alginate rayons had been developed9, attention was turned to the possibility of using calcium alginate rayon to produce special types of fabric by taking advantage of its defect. With the help of the rayon, simplified methods of making crêpes, astrakhans and pile fabrics have been evolved, and new methods of ornamentingtextile materials developed. In addition, a general method of making fabrics composed of entirely twistless yarns has been discovered. The special merit of these processes is that they can be carried out with all ordinary types of textile fibre, without introducing an extra process into the finishing routine, because calcium alginate rayon can be removed from fabrics by a normal scouring process.
Some Factors affecting the Dyeing of Viscose Rayon III–The Volume Swelling
Authors: PRESTON J. M. , MHATRE S. H. , NARASIMHAN K. I.
Published: August 2010

Viscose rayon fibres have been spun with a range of volume swelling values from 60 to 150%, and their dyeing properties investigated. The dyeing was done with Sky Blue FF, and the results have been correlated with the calculated values derived from Marshall and Peters' equations18.
A New Method for the Dyeing of Mineral Khaki
Authors: Daruwalla E. H. , Nabar G. M.
Published: August 2010

A new continuous single‐bath process for the dyeing of mineral khaki on cellulosic textiles is described. The process consists in mixing the salts of chromium and iron with caustic soda in presence of an inhibiting agent such as glycerol to obtain a clear solution. The material is then impregnated with the clear solution, to which a coagulating agent which does not operate in the cold is added. The coagulation of the colloid, resulting in the precipitation of the hydroxides, is brought about by steaming the dried impregnated cloth. Dyeings having very satisfactory fastness properties are obtained.
The Adsorption of Some Organic Vapours by Wool and Nylon
Authors: Chipalkatti H. R. , Chipalkatti V. B. , Giles C. H.
Published: August 2010

Vapour‐phase adsorption experiments have been made with a number of organic compounds on nylon and wool fibres. Preliminary tests showed that all hydroxylic compounds have very considerably greater affinity for the fibres than have other polar substances. Rate curves and/or isotherms have been determined for acetic acid, ethanol, methanol, phenol, and other compounds. It is shown that in absence of air and moisture the fibres are stable for long periods at temperatures as high as 150d̀ c., so that adsorption tests can be made with substances of high boiling point, e.g. ß‐naphthol. At these temperatures each successive adsorption‐desorption cycle produces a rise in the adsorptive capacity of the fibre, and sometimes in the rate of diffusion of the adsorbate. The results appear to indicate a mechanism by which hydroxylic compounds are adsorbed as a monolayer on localised sites, probably by hydrogen bonding at the oxygen atoms of the amide or peptide groups.
Celebration of the Centenary of the Discovery of Mauve by W. H. Perkin
Authors: HOOPER C. J. W.
Published: August 2010

The various methods adopted to commemorate in 1956 the centenary of the discovery by William Henry Perkin of Mauve, the first coal‐tar dye to be manufactured and applied on a large scale, are out‐lined, and a bibliography is given of the most important articles which have appeared.
Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Fading
Authors: CUNLIFFE P. W.
Published: August 2010

Results are presented of experiments carried out in 1931 on the influence of temperature and humidity on the degree of fading of eighteen dyes on wool cloth.
The Influence of Histological Factors on the Attack of the Wool Fibre by Various Reagents
Authors: ELLIOTT R. L. , ROBERTS J. B.
Published: August 2010

An investigation, including optical and electron microscope studies, of the sequence of attack of various reagents on wool has revealed significant variations in the stability of the histological components of the fibre. In particular, further information has been obtained about the resistant membranes, together with additional evidence of a tubular resistant membrane lying immediately beneath the cuticular layer, and completely surrounding the cortex. This membrane is identified with the subcuticular membrane of Alexander and Earland1. The lability of the orthoeortex, and the greater stability of the paracortex, towards hydrolytic reagents, have also been confirmed. Observations on the action of oxidising agents, such as N‐chlorourea and acid potassium permanganate, are also included. Details are given of a new rapid technique for obtaining fibre replicas for electron‐microscopic examination.
Flash Photolysis of Vat Dyes
Authors: Bridge N. K. , Maclean W. M.
Published: August 2010

A brief outline is given of the methods which have been used to investigate the procesaea occurring when fading and phototendering take place. The results obtained using model systems and the technique of flash photolysis are extended in this work to the more complex problem of commercial vat dyes in solution. It is shown that closely similar species exist in these latter solutions, namely the semiquinone radical and radical‐ion, and that the reactions taking place on light absorption, as well as the behaviour of the radicals under various conditions, are similar to those obtained for simple quinones. Active tenderers are found to yield, on illumination, greater amounts of radicals with longer lifetimes than inactive dyes. These results are considered to be a justification for using the above methods to help understand the practical case of vat dyes on fibres.
Dyeing Unions containing Acrylic Fibres
Authors: Kramrisch B.
Published: August 2010

Meetings of the Midlands Section held at the College of Technology, Leicester, on 1st October 1958, Mr, A. S. Cluley in the chair; of the Bradford Junior Branch held at the Bradford Institute of Technology on 6th November 1958, Mr. R. S. Harding in the chair; of the One‐day Conference of the West Riding Section held at the Bradford Institute of Technology on 7th November 1958, Mr. R. Heaton in the chair; of the Northern Ireland Section held in the Grosvenor Booms, Belfast, on 9th December 1958, Mr. W. J. Macnab in the chair; of the Scottish Section held at the St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 13th January 1959, Mr. W. G. B. Grant in the chair; and of the Scottish Junior Branch held at the Technical College, Paisley, on 11th March 1959, Mr. C. McNeil in the chair

Methods of producing solid dyeings, two‐colour effects, and reserve effects on unions containing the acrylic fibres Orion 42, Courtelle, and Acrilan 16 and the acrylic eopolymer Acrilan along with wool, cotton, and cellulosic rayons are described. Reference is made also to the dyeing of unions of Acrilan with silk, nylon, Acrilan 16, Courtelle, and Orion 42 and furthermore unions of the latter three fibres with cellulose triacetate.
The Determination of Colour Fastness to Dry‐heat Pleating and Setting
Authors: Subcommittee Heat Treatments
Published: August 2010

The possibility of using existing tests for the measurement of colour fastness to dry‐heat setting, or pleating, is discussed. A new test for measuring colour fastness to dry‐heat setting and pleating is described, and factors influencing the results obtained with the new test have been investigated. The new test has been compared with other proposed tests for measuring colour fastness to dry‐heat setting and pleating and good agreement has been found.
Fibre‐surface Contaminants on Wool and Their Effect on Shrinkproofing
Authors: Faenworth A. J.
Published: August 2010

Normally processed wool fabric contains a small amount (about. 0.5–1%) of wax (shown by Täuber to be strongly adsorbed components of wool wax) which is removed by extraction with alcohols but. not by many other solvents. This wax contaminant affects resin adhesion, some shrinkproofing reactions, and dyeing rates. Ethanolic solutions of reducing agents and aqueous solutions of oxidising agents are able to shrinkproof unextracted fabric, despite the presence of residual wax. Their effectiveness is not due to removal of the natural contaminant during treatment.

Small amounts of lubricant‐type surface contaminants, applied after mild chemical shrinkproofing treatments, restore the felting power of the treated wool. The effect appears to be due to modification of frictional properties by a lubricating action, although the restoration of the felting power occurs without alteration of the frictional coefficients measured by the capstan method. This raises doubts as to the relationship between such measurements and felting mechanism. More severe shrinkproofing treatments are generally unaffected by contaminants applied after treatment. Deliberately applied contaminants present before treatment can prevent the shrinkproofing reaction from occurring with both oxidising and reducing agents.
Haematein and its Derivatives
Authors: Feather P. , Inman E. , Peters A. T.
Published: August 2010

A crystalline hydrochloride of Haematein has been prepared, and this is the first record of a salt from which Haematein is readily recoverable. A mechanism of the action of strong acids on Haematein is proposed, and salts of isohaematein are examined. Haematein is converted into solid products, very soluble in cold water, by interaction with sodium bisulphate or sodium thioglycollate; the structures of such addition products are discussed. The thioglycollate derivative dyed mordanted wool a fast black of excellent colour value.
Colour Differences in Azo Pigments I—The Effect of Precipitation Conditions
Authors: Hildreth J. D. , Patterson D.
Published: August 2010

The variability in colouring properties, both hue and strength, between batches of the same dye or pigment is a constant source of difficulty to colorant manufacturers, but there is very little published information on the subject. Three azo pigments (Toluidine Red, Hansa Yellow G, and Parachlor Red) were selected for an investigation of the effects of changes in the coupling conditions used in their preparation on the hue of the resulting pigments. The colour differences were measured instrumentally in NBS units. The effect of a given change in conditions differed from pigment to pigment. The differences in colouring properties found between samples of the same pigment made under various conditions are ascribed to physical and not chemical causes.
Consumer Colour–fastness Requirements in Relation to Standard Test Methods and Labelling
Authors: LENZ J. A.
Published: August 2010

Reference is made to the relation between the results obtained in standard methods of testing colour fastness and the effects of normal use by the consumer, particularly in regard to the testing of fastness to washing, light, sea–water and chlorinated water, and rubbing. The importance of care labelling of textile articles is stressed and the advisability of adopting graded standards of performance is discussed.
The Relation between Dye Concentration and Reflectance–Amendments to the Kubelka–Munk Equation
Authors: LOVE R. B. , OGLESBY S. , GAILEY I.
Published: August 2010

The basic Kubelka–Munk formula used in our recipe–prediction work (Eqn 1) relates the reflectance and concentration at every wavelength for every dye. In practice, the equation is satisfactory in most instances, but for some dyes at certain wavelengths the agreement between prediction and actual dyeings is very poor. To use the equation, one parameter, the absorption coefficient, is required for every wavelength for every dye. The discrepancy cannot be overcome by changing the value of the absorption coefficients for the particular dye. A more complicated equation (Eqn 3) is shown to be of little help in overcoming the difficulties. A more general relation (Eqn 7), including two parameters at each wavelength, is found to hold extremely well for dyeings of single dyes. The extension of this equation to mixtures of dyes is considered and alternative equations are suggested. A computer programme has been written to predict recipes with the suggested alternative formulae for mixtures of dyes. This has shown that such amendments to the theory are likely to slow down the rate of recipe prediction on a digital computer by a factor of about four.
Testing and Analysis of Fibres and Finishes
Authors: LINDLEY F. W.
Published: August 2010

Presented at a Symposium on ‘Modern Methods of Control in Dyeing and Finishing’ held by the Scottish Region in the Royal College of Science and Technology, Glasgow, on 3rd April 1964, Mr D. B. F. McAndrew in the chair

At every stage of textile processing and use it is an advantage to know the identity of the materials being dealt with. The paper refers to established schemes for fibre identification and outlines some of the techniques that can be used to identify fibres. It is emphasised that many fibres can be identified by fairly simple tests needing only inexpensive equipment. The effects of finishing treatments on the results of fibre identification should always be taken into account. Identification of textile finishing agents is becoming more and more difficult. New processes are continually being developed, but here again much can be done with simple equipment, using the procedures laid down in a number of identification schemes. Several schemes are based on extraction in a range of solvents, each of which is known to attack a certain group of finishes. An alternative scheme can be applied when only a small amount of fabric is available. In some instances the simple schemes for identification of fibres and finishes are not adequate and more complex methods must be used. Infrared analysis is growing in importance in dealing with these more difficult cases.
Some Modern Methods of Testing Colour Vision
Authors: JORDINSON F.
Published: August 2010

The use of anomaloscopes as an aid for studying the various types of defective colour vision is discussed, with special reference to the Nagel and Pickford instruments. Two confusion tests, the Dvorine (American) and the Velhagen (German), are described and compared with the better‐known Ishihara test.
The Evolution of Techniques for the Winch Dyeing of Carpets— Some Practical Observations
Authors: PARK J.
Published: August 2010

The evolution of techniques for the piece dyeing of tufted carpets is discussed. Most of the development work was carried out on nylon and the piece dyeing of nylon tufted carpets is now well established. The application of the method to viscose rayon, polyester and some other fibres is discussed. Only a small number of dyes are required for each fibre to give a wide range of dyeings of adequate fastness properties.
Colour Measurement and Colour Tolerance in Relation to Automation and Instrumentation in Textile Dyeing
Authors: MARSHALL W. J. , TOUGH D.
Published: August 2010

An important problem associated with the introduction of automation in the dyehouse is that of the establishment and acceptance of numerically defined colour‐tolerance limits. This is dependent not only on agreement between supplier and consumer but also on the availability of instruments that can measure colour differences with sufficient accuracy. The manner in which these differences can be used to provide feed‐back information to modify dye formulations to give a more exact colour match is demonstrated. Alternatively, similar information can be fed forward to allocate material automatically into slightly ‘off‐shade’ but still acceptable colour lots. Attention is drawn to the need to differentiate between colour differences caused by process variables and those attributable to dye formulation. It is suggested that a greater awareness of sources of colour variation and associated costs in the dyeing process is needed to enable the requirements and value of instrumentation and automation to be assessed.
A Method of Determining the Amount of Tryptophan in Wool by Hydrolysis with Sulphuric Acid for Short Periods
Authors: CEGARRA J. , GACÉN J.
Published: August 2010

A method is described for determining the tryptophan content of proteins, particularly wool. The wool is hydrolysed in sulphuric acid for 2 h at 70°C and the tryptophan is determined colorimetrically. The method is quicker and more reproducible than previously used methods. The tryptophan contents of wool that had been modified by heating, treatment with chlorine, bleaching with hydrogen peroxide or exposure in a Fade‐Ometer, determined using this method, are compared with those determined by other methods.
An Electron Microscope Study of Wools Subjected to some Shrink‐resist Processes
Authors: Blakey P. R. , Perfitt W.
Published: August 2010

The Dylan process and the Wurlan process were used to produce shrink‐resistant wools. The effects of the two processes on the structure of wool were compared using the electron microscope. The Dylan treatment causes chemical degradation of the cuticle and cell membranes, which are therefore more easily deformed. Transverse sections of Wurlanised wool appear to be unmodified internally, and the nylon film varies in thickness from ca 500 Å on the surface of the wool scales to ca 5500 Å at the scale edges, giving almost complete scale masking.
Dyes and Pigments Containing Organosilicon Functional Groups
Authors: Hemzawi H. , Jones F.
Published: August 2010

Colouring matters based on the 1‐aminoanthraquinone chromogen and containing organosilicon functional substituent groups have been prepared. Their physico‐chemical properties and their possible applications, particularly to glass fibres, have been examined. The dyes were obtained generally by reacting 1‐chloro‐ or l‐amino‐4‐methoxyanthraquinone with γ‐aminopropylalkylalkoxysilanes in an inert solvent. Chromatography was used for purification. The products were amorphous, glass‐like solids and, by elemental analysis, Zeisel tests and absorption spectrophotometry, were shown to be cyclic polysiloxanes of moderate heat stability. They are suitable for colouring glass fibres. Although their wet fastness on glass is moderate to good, their fastness to light is very low.
The Structural Causes of Variations in Dyeing Properties of Terylene Yarn Subjected to Dry and Wet Heat
Authors: Warwicker J. O.
Published: August 2010

The dye uptake of Terylene (TCI) subjected to dry and live‐steam heat can be characterised by a constant defined as the uptake divided by the square root of time (A/t), as in equations for diffusion. This constant is found to decrease to a minimum with increase in temperature of dry heating and then to increase to a value greater than that for the unheated yarn at high temperatures of preheating. Steam preheating also affects the constant and, at the higher temperatures of steam heating, shows similar tendencies to those found for dry heat but to a less extent. These results were obtained under conditions that allow free shrinkage during dyeing. However, if dyeing is carried out with the material under tension, although the general tendency is the same, the dye‐uptake constant is greater than that for the corresponding samples dyed in the absence of tension and is greater than that of the unheated yarn for most of the samples. Measurement of parameters indicative of structural changes in fibres, e.g. moisture regain, density, X‐ray orientation and X‐ray lateral order, shows that these variations in dyeing properties cannot be explained on the basis of a fringe‐micellar network theory of structure. An explanation is advanced which postulates a structure with rod‐like morphological units separated by narrow voids, the size, amount and tortuosity of which govern the accessibility of the dye.
The Effects of Association on the Beer's Law Behaviour of Dye Solutions
Authors: Duff D. G. , Giles C. H.
Published: August 2010

Apparent deviations from Beer's law that exist with many dyes in aqueous solution have been measured over an extended concentration range. Three types of ‘curve’ can be distinguished: A, linear, generally found in solutions <10‐1 M; B, concave to the concentration axis; C, a new and composite type having a lower portion of type B and an upper of type A (positive slope). C is observed with some surface‐active dyes and appears to be caused by micellisation. Where the size distribution of the absorbing species does not change over the concentration range under study, e.g. as for aqueous dispersions of pigments, no deviations from Beer's law are observed. Dyes that show marked deviations from the law in aqueous solution due to aggregation phenomena may exhibit ideal behaviour over a thousand‐fold concentration range in organic solvents.
Recent Developments in Dyeing Machinery for the Woollen, Worsted and Allied Textile Industries
Authors: Limbert Kenneth
Published: August 2010

Recent developments in several dyeing machines now in more common use in the woollen, worsted and allied textile industries are reviewed. The review takes into account the continuing change from woven to knitted fabrics and the growing use of mechanical aids to increase the efficiency of production. Reference is made to batchwise and continuous machines for loose material and sliver and to jet dyeing.
Approaches to the Batchwise Dyeing of Polyester—Cellulose Blends in Woven and Knitted Piece Goods
Authors: NORRIS ROGER T. , WARD ALAN
Published: August 2010

One‐ and two‐bath dyeing procedures for polyester‐cellulosic fabrics are compared, mainly from the practical dyers' viewpoint. Particular attention is paid to the ease of control of dyeing, coupled with economic factors. Dye selection and laboratory control are also discussed.
Adsorption of Urea and Thiourea by Wool
Authors: BLAGROVE ROBERT J.
Published: August 2010

The adsorption of urea and thiourea by wool has been measured. Although both compounds rapidly penetrated wool fabric, there was only a small degree of apparent binding by urea. This contrasts with a much higher degree of apparent binding by thiourea, perhaps because of its greater potential for bonding of the van der Waals' type. There is an indication that the concentration of urea in the fibre phase is less than in the bulk solution at urea concentrations greater than 5 M.
Problems associated with the Heat Setting of Nylon, Acrylic and Polyester Carpet Yarns
Authors: Dawson Timothy L.
Published: August 2010

Heat‐set yarns are being used increasingly in cut‐pile carpets, and these treatments entail particular attention to dye selection, whether the fibre is dyed before or after setting. Some of the adverse effects of heat setting e.g. colour changes due to dye instability, are immediately obvious, but others, e.g. an increased sensitivity of the dye to certain agencies encountered during wear, are more insidious. A number of these effects have been studied with particular reference to variations in the setting temperatures appropriate to each fibre.
Package Dyeing of Carpet Yarns
Authors: Limbert Kenneth
Published: August 2010

Presented at the half‐day symposium ‘Package Dyeing ‐ A Growth Area in Dyeing’, held by the Manchester Region, at Lancashire County Cricket Club, Old Trafford, Manchester, on 2 October 1974.

Platt Longclose equipment for dyeing carpet yams in package form is described. The economic advantages of package dyeing in comparison with hank dyeing are indicated.
The Finishing of Wool Tops with Bunte Salt Polyamide Polymers
Authors: COCKETT K. R. F. , LEWIS D. M.
Published: August 2010

Hercosett 57 can be readily converted to a Bunte salt terminated polymer which exhibits different ionic character both in solution and at the fibre surface; in alkaline solution it behaves as an anionic polymer, but in weakly acidic solution it possesses amphoteric properties. Because of this overall change in ionic character the polymer can be applied to chlorinated wool tops from baths set at pH 3.5, in marked contrast to Hercosett 57 where bath pH values of 8.0 are required. The dyeing properties of yarns produced from these tops will be described with special emphasis on the differential dyeing possibilities offered by mixing these yarns with the more usual Hercosett 57 treated yarns. Soiling properties of the new finish have also been evaluated.
The Solubilization of Disperse Dyes by Dispersing Agents at 127°C
Authors: DATYNER ARVED
Published: August 2010

The solubilities in water at 127°C of eight disperse dyes of various structures have been determined, as well as the effect of eleven different dispersing agents on the solubilization of these dyes. A special cell was designed for these experiments. While the solubilities of six of the eight dyes are similar and those of the remaining two larger by approximately one order, solubilization by dispersing agents covers a wide range of values. No clear pattern of dye‐dispersing agent interaction has emerged from the work, especially with regard to the effects of dye structure, and a more detailed investigation is therefore being undertaken.
A Technical and Economic Appraisal of Yarn Package Dyeing
Authors: Chaplin H. , Park J. , Thompson T. M.
Published: August 2010

A technical and economic appraisal has been made of dyeing a variety of yarns in package form. The philosophy of package dyeing has been discussed and package presentation has been considered. Future developments in the package dyehouse have been outlined together with possible processing routes.

Although this study is concerned only with package dyeing, it is felt that some of the conclusions reached may, unfortunately, be equally valid for other sections of the UK dyeing and finishing industry.

Greenfield studies have been undertaken, allowing for a number of processing options, from which detailed costings have been prepared. Based on these and taking current market conditions into consideration, the future of the yarn commission dyer seems uncertain. A greenfield dyehouse may only be feasible if it is used to service a yam production facility manufacturing high revenue products by modern techniques. Elimination of processes, especially winding, is essential.
Biodegradability of Azo and Triphenylmethane dyes by Pseudomonas pseudomallei 13NA
Authors: Yatome Chizuko , Ogawa Toshihiko , Koga Daishuke , Idaka Eiichi
Published: August 2010

Biodegradability of dyes by Pseudomonas pseudomallei 13NA was examined by spectrophotometric and thin layer chromatographic methods. The results are summarized as follows:

Pseudomonas pseudomallei 13NA intact cells were responsible for the decolorization of p–aminoazobenzene, C. I. Acid Orange 7, C. I. Acid Orange 12, C. I. Acid Orange 20, C. I. Acid Red 88, C. I. Direct Red 28, C. I. Direct Yellow 4, C. I. Basic Violet 1, C. I. Basic Violet 3 and C. I. Basic Orange 21.

The half–decolorization time of the azo dyes used in this experiment showed good correlation with their molecular weights.

The detection of the reaction products of p–aminoazobenzene and C. I. Basic Violet 3 was examined by spectrophotometric and thin layer chromatographic methods. The results indicate the possibility of biodegradation of these dyes by Pseudomonas pseudomallei 13NA.
Factors Affecting Dye Transfer in Conventional Printing with Disperse Dyes
Authors: Biedermann W , Ischi A
Published: August 2010

The conventional printing of polyester materials with disperse dyes and alginate thickeners has been studied. The factors governing dye transfer were investigated using isolated films of the thickener. Alginates block dye transfer completely. Special geometrical conditions in the thickener layer are postulated and substantiated to explain the printing process (G model, d/l ratio). A major factor is direct contact between dye and substrate.

The geometrical model explains only some of the facts. At high concentrations of dye, structural changes (S effect), also reported by other authors, are observed in the alginate la yer. These changes make it easier for the dye to escape from inside the layer. Fixation accelerants are especially useful for demonstrating the S effect.

The S concept is corroborated by kinetic observations and by the evidence of a system of channels inside the print film. Light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to identify the film structures and localise the dye.
The Development of a Generalised Equation to Determine Affinity. Part 1‐Theoretical Derivation and Application to Dyeing Cellulose with Anionic Dyes
Authors: Sumner Harry H
Published: August 2010

The more recent developments in the theoretical treatment of the dyeing of cellulosic materials with anionic dyes are described, and the usefulness of the derived equation in interpreting the effects of electrolytes and pH is illustrated.
A colour‐difference formula for surface colours under illuminant A
Authors: Luo M R , Rigg B.
Published: August 2010

The available experimental data for small colour differences between surface colours under illuminant A have been analysed in a manner similar to that used earlier for the comparable results under daylight. Chromaticity discrimination ellipses were calculated from the results for each colour centre. The size of the ellipses varied with chromaticity in an irregular manner suggesting that the visual results for the different centres were effectively on different scales. New experiments, carried out using a grey scale method for the visual assessments, allowed the relative sizes of ellipses to be adjusted. After adjustment the size of the ellipses varied much more systematically with chromaticity. Similar adjustments allowed all the results to be combined together and used to develop a new colour‐difference formula suitable for assessments under illuminant A. Values of ΔE from the new formula gave a better fit to the visual results than those from other formulae. Earlier formulae were intended to be used with results for daylight. Using chromatic adaption formulae to transform the illuminant A results to illuminant D65 improved the agreement, but the results were still not as good as those obtained with the new formula.
Relationship between set and bulk of package–dyed wool yarns
Authors: Cook J R , Fleischfresser B E
Published: August 2010

The loss of bulk in hand–knitting yarns as a result of package dyeing has been investigated. Simulated dyeing of packages, prepared with and without axial compression, has revealed a correlation between the bulk of the relaxed dyed yarns and the permanent longitudinal set imparted to the yarns. The strain in the yarn in the wet package, and hence the longitudinal set, is related to the hygral expansion of the yarn and the strain imposed on the yarn during winding of the package. The role of axial compression of the package in determining loss of bulk is also considered. Finally it is shown that by adding reagents to the dyebath that inhibit the setting reaction, the loss of bulk can be markedly decreased, provided also that the yarns are fully relaxed after being dyed.
Solvent‐assisted dyeing of acrylic fibres. Part 1 — effect of solvents on physical properties of fibres
Authors: Shukla S R , Hundekar R V , Saligram A N
Published: August 2010

Four different solvents, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, nitromethane and isoamyl alcohol, have been used to study their effect on the glass transition temperature and the swelling of acrylic fibres. Propylene carbonate provided the highest plasticising effect thereby reducing the glass transition temperature. Iso‐amyl alcohol showed a plasticising effect but caused shrinkage of the fibre instead of swelling. The treated fibres also showed a loss in tenacity. Possible explanations have been given.
Mass coloration of polyester and nylon 6 using perylene pigments
Authors: Choudhary Veena , Varma I K , Rao B V
Published: August 2010

The paper describes the mass coloration of polyester and nylon 6 using perylene‐based pigments having groups structurally similar to the substrate. For this purpose, five perylene‐based pigments were prepared by reacting 3,4,9,10‐perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (PTDA) with methylamine, ethanolamine, glycine, 4‐aminobutanoic acid and 6‐aminocaproic acid. Structural characterisation of these pigments was carried out by elemental analysis, and electronic, i.r. and mass spectroscopy. The pigments were found to be stable up to 360d̀ C and started decomposing above this temperature. Mass‐coloured polyester and nylon 6 fibres showed better pigment dispersion, darker shades and better fastness properties when compared with fibres produced by the chip coating method.
Effective health and safety management
Authors: Laird John
Published: August 2010

Since the introduction of COSHH, textile manufacturers have energetically set up new health and safety policies. But how much of this has been relevant? John Laird looks at the progress made so far and calls for better health and safety management in the future.
The polymorphism of CI Solvent Yellow 18
Authors: Whitaker A
Published: August 2010

Single‐crystal and X‐ray powder data have previously been reported for a sample of Cl Solvent Yellow 18 [4‐(2′, 4′‐dimethyl phenyl azo)‐5‐methyl‐2‐phenyl‐3H‐pyrazol‐3‐one]. However, two more polymorphs have been identified, both in commercial as‐received samples. The single‐crystal and X‐ray powder data are reported for one and the X‐ray powder data alone for the second of these. In the first case the powder pattern has been indexed from cell dimensions given by single‐crystal measurements.
Studies in degumming of silk with aliphatic amines
Authors: Gulrajani M L , Sinha Smita
Published: August 2010

The degumming action of triethylamine on raw crêpe silk has been evaluated and optimum conditions have been determined. Experiments have been carried out according to the Box and Behnken response surface design. The degumming action of three other amines has also been investigated.
The effects of cyclic terminal groups in aminoazobenzene dyes*
Authors: Hallas Geoffrey
Published: August 2010

The changes brought about by variations in ring size of cyclic terminal groups in aminoazobenzene dyes are described and discussed, with particular emphasis on spectroscopic behaviour.
Powder data for bromphenol blue
Authors: Whitaker A. , Woodisse S P
Published: August 2010

X‐ray powder date are reported for bromphenol blue, 3, 3′, 5, 5′‐tetrabromophenol sulphonphthalein, C19H10Br4O5S. The powder data have been successfully indexed from single crystal data.
Crystal structures of azo colorants derived from pyrazolone: a review
Authors: Whitaker A.
Published: August 2010

The crystal structures of five azo colorants derived from pyrazolone have been determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. An examination of these crystal structures indicates the presence of certain common features. In the solid state the molecules do not exist in the azo form but in the form of the hydrazone tautomer. The hydrogen atom in the hydrazone group and one in one of the phenyl rings take part in intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which holds the molecule in a more or less planar configuration. The molecules stack in columns linked by van der Waals forces. Molecule dipole moments and shortest intermolecular distances in the crystal structures are tabulated in an attempt to explain the different solubilities of these solvent dyes and pigments.
A new approach to the dyeing of silk with sulphatoethylsulphone dyes
Authors: Lewis D M , Shao J Z
Published: August 2010

A new approach to the dyeing of silk with sulphatoethylsulphone dyes, based on ß‐elimination before dyeing, has been investigated. Some factors affecting both (β‐elimination and dyeing have been studied. The improved dyeing process shows a high degree of dyebath exhaustion and excellent fixation in the absence of salt, thus reducing the risk of environmental pollution from salt and dyes.
Investigation into the effect of UV/ozone treatments on the dyeability and printability of wool
Authors: Shao J. , Hawkyard C J , Carr C M
Published: August 2010

The effect of UV/ozone treatments on the surface and bulk properties of wool has been investigated. X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that the oxidative process causes extensive surface modification, while vibrational and electron spin resonance techniques show the formation of cysteic acid and free radical species. The beneficial effect of UV/ozone treatment on wool dyeing, printing and shrink–resist properties has been investigated.
Victims and Martyrs: Converging Histories of Violence in Amazonian Anthropology and U.S. Cinema
Authors: HIGH CASEY
Published: August 2010

Since the 1950s, indigenous Waorani people of Amazonian Ecuador have had a prominent place in the evangelical imagination in the United States and Europe because of their reputation for violence. Their symbolic status as “wild” Indians in popular imagination reached its peak in 1956, when five U.S. missionaries were killed during an attempt to convert the Waorani to Christianity. With the opening of a U.S.‐produced film in January 2006 about the history of Waorani spear killing, entitled End of the Spear, Waorani violence has become part of a truly global imagination. In juxtaposing the film's Christian‐inspired narrative with Waorani oral histories of violence, this article explores how indigenous ideas about predation and victimhood are related to the trope of martyrdom that has become prominent in Christian representations of the Waorani since the 1950s. It suggests that visual media such as popular film hold the potential to recontextualize ethnographic representations and allow us to rethink the ways in which Amazonian cosmologies are related to sociopolitical processes that transcend the temporal and spatial boundaries of ethnographic fieldwork. More generally, the article argues that new anthropological knowledge can be produced through the combination of fieldwork and attention to less conventional sources, such as historical missionary narratives and popular cinema.
Analysis of extra‐pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism in mallards Anas platyrhynchos using non‐invasive techniques
Authors: Kreisinger Jakub , Munclinger Pavel , Javůrková Veronika , Albrecht Tomáš
Published: August 2010

A method that was based on non‐invasive sampling of genetic material was used to determine the rates of extra‐pair paternity (EPP) and conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) in mallards. Maternal and offspring DNA were extracted from feathers in nest material and hatched eggshell membranes. Using 8 microsatelite loci, extra‐pair offspring were detected in 48% of nests and accounted for 9.3% of all offspring. In addition, 10.1% of the offspring were confirmed to result from CBP, and 24% of all nests contained at least 1 offspring from CBP. Rates of conspecific nest parasitism were higher than those of related species, which might have been due to higher breeding densities at our study site. The incidence of EPP was distributed randomly (i.e. did not deviate from bionomial distribution) throughout the population, indicating that variations in pre‐copulatory (e.g. female choice, mate guarding) or post‐copulatory processes (e.g. sperm competition, cryptic female choice) do not affect the distribution of EPP among breeding pairs markedly. Yet, our data provide evidence of variation in the risk of being parasitized among breeding females. The occurrence of CBP and EPP was unaffected by the timing of the breeding attempt or breeding synchrony.
Low variability and absence of phenotypic correlates of Clock gene variation in a great tit Parus major population
Authors: Liedvogel Miriam , Sheldon Ben C.
Published: August 2010

Studies of a range of taxa, including birds, have revealed latitudinal clines in allele length at the conserved Clock locus, a gene with known influences on behaviour and physiology. Such clines might reflect adaptation to seasonal variation, a suggestion supported by a recent within‐population analysis of blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus, which found associations between Clock genotype and timing of breeding in females. To test the generality of this pattern, we sequenced the polymorphic poly‐Q locus of the Clock gene in 521 female great tits Parus major, which were selected based on possession of extreme breeding phenotypes. In total, we identified five alleles with one allele accounting for 96% of allelic diversity in the sample set. Overall variability at the poly‐Q locus was very low, and the spatial distribution of Clock alleles across Wytham was highly homogenous. Our data further provide no evidence for a connection between Clock genotype and reproductive timing phenotype in female great tits; further, we found no effect of Clock genotype on reproductive success. Hence, these results are in contrast to the pattern found for the sympatric blue tit population inhabiting the same woodlands, suggesting that phenotypic effects of Clock are not general in passerine birds.
Immunogenetic and Immunological Problems of Allogeneic Haemopoietic Radio‐Chimaeras in Man
Authors: Mathé G. , Schwarzenberg L. , Amiel J. L. , Schneider M. , Cattan A. , Schlumberger J. R. , Tubiana M. , Lalanne Cl.
Published: August 2010

Allogeneic bone marrow grafting is described in 21 human leukaemic subjects. Failure of the graft occurred in 6 cases and take in 15 cases. In the latter group, all 15 cases were complicated by the secondary syndrome, which was fatal in 11 cases and controlled in 4 cases.

The immunogenetic and immunological factors determining the establishment and evolution of haematological radio‐chimaeras in man are discussed.

The choice of donor in fundamental. Three tests are considered to be effective in donor selection, the indirect histocompatibility test (the so‐called third man test proposed by us), the leucocyte antigen test and the reaction of donor and recipient leucocytes in the dermis of an irradiated hamster. When marrow from several donors is transfused, the recipient spontaneously selects that genetically nearest.

It seems likely there is more chance of finding a suitable donor among genetically related subjects than among those who are unrelated.

The frequency of graft take seems slightly less in recipients who have previously received blood transfusions.

Total bone marrow graft is associated with specific tolerance towards donor tissues. This is paralleled by the production in the chimaera of immunoglobulins produced by the graft.

The secondary syndrome seems, as in animals, to be related essentially to the graft versus host reaction. It is convenient to distinguish between its various manifestations, on the one hand, those lesions which are readily controlled such as hepatitis or erythrodermia associated with infiltration and proliferation of immunologically competent cells from the graft, and on the other hand immune insufficiency with regard to micro organisms, especially viruses and Candida albicans. This latter group, the mechanism of which is complex, still eludes attempts at preventive and curative control.

The use of multiple donors, the administration of cortisone during marrow transfusion and amethopterin and/or cyclophosphamide in the days following transfusions, all seem to have reduced the severity of the secondary syndrome, which however still cannot be satisfactory controlled.

The graft reaction against the leukaemic cells is utilised as an antileukaemic treatment. In the 4 patients who escaped acute secondary syndrome survival has been notably longer, the longest lasted 20 months, when death from zoster encephalitis supervened. There were no clinical signs of leukaemia or histological evidence of this at autopsy.
SERUM IRON INCREASE AS A MEASURE OF IRON ABSORPTION ‐ STUDIES ON THE CORRELATION WITH TOTAL ABSORPTION
Authors: Ekenved Gunnar , Norrby Anders , Sölvell Lermart
Published: August 2010

The correlation between the magnitude of the increase of serum iron after an oral dose of iron and the total absorption of iron was studied in 51 healthy subjects and 10 patients with iron deficiency anaemia.59Fe‐labelled solutions of ferrous sulphate (25–100 mg iron) were administered to the fasting subjects. The serum iron concentration was followed for 4–6 hours and the absorption was measured in a whole‐body counter.

Good correlation was found between the maximal increase of serum iron and the total amount of iron absorbed after a dose of iron given as a solution. The serum iron method may be used for comparisons of the absorbability of different doses of iron by performing cross‐over studies in groups of subjects. However, it was found that in an individual subject the serum iron method could not be used to determine the amount of iron absorbed from an oral dose of iron.
Isochromosome 17 in a Case of Chronic Erythroleukaemia
Authors: NAJFELD VESNA
Published: August 2010

In a patient with chronic erythroleukaemia an isochromosome 17q was identified in all bone marrow metaphases analyzed. In addition, these cells were characterized by hypodiploidy and the presence of 3 different marker chromosomes. Approximately 50 % of dividing cells in the marrow were bizarre‐looking polyploids. The identification by Giemsa banding of i(17q) in this case of erythroleukaemia supports the concept that there are common cytogenetic characteristics among malignant myeloproliferative disorders.
Renal disorders in haemophilia A and B.
Authors: Forbes Charles D. , Prentice Colin R. M.
Published: August 2010

Although haematuria is a relatively common symptom of hemophilia A and B, renal disease seemed to be a rarity and it has usually been held that this symptom was benign in nature. However detailed studies of renal function in a series of such patients using radiological and biochemical tests of renal function show significant differences compared to normal. These abnormalities seem to be associated with recurrent haematuria but do not appear to be related directly to replacement therapy with plasma concentrate and do not occur more frequently in patients who have received long term fibrinolytic inhibitors. Other rare renal disorders associated with haemophilia include nephrotic syndrome, trauma, acute tubular necrosis, analgesic nephropathy and chronic pyelonephritis.