bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subjektivní vnímání proměny role ředitele školy a obtížné prvky výkonu této profese v současné době
Authors: Trojan Václav , Svobodová Zuzana
Published: August 2019

Studie se zabývá subjektivním vnímáním proměny ředitelské role po roce 2000 a reflektuje zároveň obtížné prvky výkonu této profese v současné době. V te-oretické části vymezuje zásadní mezníky, které nově definovaly autonomní pozici českých škol a s tím i autonomní roli jejich ředitelů. Popisuje strategické dokumenty, které cílily na standardizaci vstupního a průběžného vzdělávání a podpory ředite-lů škol, což nikdy nebylo systémově uskutečněno. Výsledky kvalitativního výzkumu založeného na datech získaných z ohniskové skupiny představují subjektivní názory zkušených ředitelů pražských základních a středních škol na vývoj jejich role, popisu-jí problémy, které ředitelé vnímají, a trendy, které dále určují jejich práci. Ředitel školy je základním faktorem úspěchu každé školy a jeho postavení je vzhledem k neobvykle vysoké míře kurikulární i zdrojové autonomie české školy specifické. Ukazuje se, že postupným vývojem a přidáváním dalších povinností a zároveň neexistující systémo-vou podporou ředitele byla vytvořena náročná situace, ve které současní ředitelé škol vnímají řadu problémů, jako je například nedostatek času na řízení pedagogického procesu, nedostatek pracovníků, nadbytek zbytečných byrokratických činností a ne-důvěra v systém jako takový.
Exigência de proteína bruta para codornas europeias
Authors:   Universidade de São Paulo, Merseguel Carlos Eduardo Belinghausen , Burbarelli Maria Fernanda de Castro ,   Universidade de São Paulo, Polycarpo Gustavo do Valle ,   Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Bordin Roberto de Andrade ,   Faculdade de Tecnologia Estadual, Mogi das Cruzes, Moro Maria Estela Gaglianone ,   Universidade de São Paulo, Albuquerque Ricardo ,   Universidade de São Paulo
Published: August 2019

A precisão no atendimento das exigências nutricionais é de grande importância na produção de codornas, porém há ausência de consenso quanto às recomendações de proteína bruta (PB) para codornas de linhagens específicas para corte. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a exigência de PB para codornas europeias sobre o desempenho e sobre as características de carcaça. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, sendo cinco níveis de PB para machos e fêmeas. Na fase inicial (1 a 21dias), foram utilizadas 1.800 codornas e níveis de PB de 20,0, 22,5, 25,0, 27,5 e 30,0%, com seis repetições contendo 30 aves cada. Na fase de crescimento (22 a 45 dias), foram usadas 1.620 codornas e níveis de PB de 17,5, 19,5, 22,0, 24,5 e 27,0%, com seis repetições contendo 27 aves cada. As dietas foram fareladas a base de milho e farelo de soja. O desempenho das codornas foi avaliado ao final de cada período, e o rendimento de carcaça no 45º dia. Aos 21 dias houve maior ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar, independentemente do sexo, com 25,50% e 27,06% de PB, respectivamente. No período de 22 a 45 dias, observou-se somente efeito do sexo, sendo que as fêmeas obtiveram desempenho superior. Com relação às características de carcaça, os machos obtiveram maior rendimento de carcaças (quente, fria e dorso); já as fêmeas, apresentaram maior rendimento de cortes (peito, moela e fígado).
Controle do vigor em pereira ‘Abate Fetel’ por meio da poda radicular
Authors:   Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Würz Douglas André , Gonçalves Mayra ,   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Daboit Rafael , Rufato Leo ,   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Kretzschmar Aike Anneliese ,   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina
Published: August 2019

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de poda radicular sobre o crescimento vegetativo, produção e qualidade de frutos de pereira Abate Fetel. O experimento foi conduzido durante as safras 2007 e 2008. Os tratamentos consistiram em: poda radicular a 20 cm da planta, 35 cm e controle sem realização de poda radicular. A poda radicular apresentou controle do vigor e na manutenção de características vegetativas, no entanto, não influenciou os índices produtivos e físico-químicos dos frutos. Conclui-se que a poda radicular promove controle do vigor em pereira Abate Fetel.
Tratamento de sementes sobre a germinação, o vigor e o desenvolvimento do trigo
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Pereira Fernando Sartori , Stempkowski Lucas Antonio ,   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Valente Juliana Borba ,   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Kuhnem Paulo Roberto ,   Biotrigo Genética, Lau Douglas ,   Embrapa Trigo, Casa Ricardo Trezzi ,   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Silva Fabio Nascimento da ,   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina
Published: August 2019

O tratamento de sementes (TS) é uma importante ferramenta no manejo de doenças na cultura do trigo, embora poucos produtos sejam indicados para esse fim. Por isso, a pesquisa deve realizar trabalhos relacionados à efetividade de diferentes produtos no TS e também o possível efeito fitotóxico. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar testes fisiológicos em sementes e avaliar o desenvolvimento de duas cultivares de trigo (BRS Guamirim e TBIO Toruk), submetidas a 13 diferentes tratamentos de sementes. Para cada tratamento foram analisados a germinação e o vigor. As sementes tratadas também foram semeadas a campo, onde se determinou a emergência a campo e massa fresca de raiz e parte aérea. As sementes tratadas com azoxistrobina e Bacillus amyloliquefaciens resultaram em decréscimo na germinação da cultivar TBIO Toruk. Na análise do vigor houve diferença entre os tratamentos testados para as duas cultivares, sendo que houve redução do vigor em sementes tratadas com dimetomorfe para TBIO Toruk e azoxistrobina para a cultivar BRS Guamirim. As sementes submetidas ao tratamento Carboxamida A resultaram em plântulas com maiores valores de massa fresca de raiz e parte aérea. Os resultados apresentados permitem a seleção de produtos com baixa ou ausência de fitotoxidade para incorporação no manejo de doenças no trigo.
Glicerina bruta como alimento energético para vacas de leite
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Goiás, Zacaroni Ozana de Fátima , Souto Cristielle Nunes
Published: August 2019

A glicerina bruta é um resíduo oriundo da produção de biodiesel. Com o aumento da demanda por biodiesel nos últimos anos, houve também um aumento na produção de glicerina, um co-produto que não é utilizado pelas indústrias. Assim, novas alternativas podem ser viáveis, como o uso na alimentação de vacas leiteiras. O uso da glicerina na dieta dos animais demonstra ser uma alternativa viável no que diz respeito aos aspectos nutricionais e econômicos. Nosso objetivo nesta revisão foi abordar a utilização da glicerina em dietas de vacas leiteiras e seus possíveis efeitos sobre a produção de leite. Em vários estudos, é possível observar que a glicerina bruta pode ser incluída na dieta de ruminantes sem causar efeitos negativos sobre o metabolismo, fermentação ruminal e produção de leite. Estudos sobre os efeitos deletérios da inclusão de glicerina em bruto com alto teor de metanol na dieta de vacas leiteiras devem ser realizados.
La réception de Faïza Guène en Suède : la banlieue française en traduction
Authors: Aronsson Mattias
Published: August 2019

L’article traite de la réception de l’oeuvre de Faïza Guène en Suède. Le corpus est composé de comptes rendus écrits par des critiques littéraires et publiés dans la presse entre 2006 (l’année de la première traduction de Guène en suédois) et 2016, ainsi que de comptes rendus rédigés par des blogueurs et publiés sur Internet pendant la même période. Nous examinons les thèmes les plus importants de cette réception ainsi que les références littéraires présentes dans les comptes rendus du corpus. Comme l’objectif du compte rendu d’une oeuvre traduite est de présenter un auteur étranger à un nouveau public, il est intéressant d’étudier les stratégies employées par les critiques : dans quels contextes littéraires et sociaux choisissent-ils d’inscrire Faïza Guène? Quels sont les arguments et références utilisés? Quelles différences y a-t-il entre les comptes rendus publiés dans la presse papier et ceux publiés dans la blogosphère? Les résultats montrent que les thèmes récurrents dans la réception suédoise incluent le succès de Kiffe kiffe demain en France, l’humour présent dans les textes de Guène et le milieu socioculturel dans lequel se déroulent ses récits. Les critiques littéraires discutent souvent du style, des dialogues et des portraits des personnages principaux dans les romans de l’auteure, et les avis sont divisés en ce qui concerne ces aspects de son écriture. Les références à d’autres écrivains associent l’oeuvre de Guène aux genres de la littérature migrante, de la littérature jeunesse et, à un moindre degré, de la littérature prolétarienne. Les opinions des blogueurs ne se distinguent pas de manière significative de celles exprimées dans la presse papier, mais le ton employé dans la blogosphère s’avère parfois plus subjectif que celui que l’on rencontre dans les comptes rendus traditionnels.
La traduction intersémiotique dans les dictionnaires du français argotique
Authors: Kourdis Evangelos
Published: August 2019

Cet article porte sur l’utilisation de l’illustration en tant que traduction intersémiotique dans les dictionnaires du français argotique. Bien que la présence de l’illustration puisse connoter l’insuffisance de la traduction intralinguale sur laquelle les dictionnaires argotiques du français s’appuient, nous allons voir que l’illustration devient un dispositif de médiation intraculturelle pour le lecteur francophone. Nous examinerons aussi les différents types d’illustration utilisés par les rédacteurs de dictionnaires. Le rôle de l’illustration dans les dictionnaires du français argotique étudiés semble être celui de fournir une orientation sémantique pour le traitement des lexèmes argotiques et leur consolidation dans la mémoire collective culturelle. De même, les diverses formes des illustrations montrent leur valorisation dans la communication intralinguale.
Traduire la banlieue : défis et obstacles
Authors: Vitali Ilaria
Published: August 2019

Dans une étude assez récente, Gisèle Sapiro (2012) mettait l’accent sur les obstacles à la traduction dans le domaine littéraire. En effet, si l’on parle souvent avec enchantement (et parfois de façon naïve) du « dialogue entre les cultures » prôné par la traduction littéraire, on s’intéresse moins aux conditions et aux obstacles que ce dialogue peut poser. La question est pourtant primordiale, surtout lorsqu’on étudie la traduction des romans d’écrivains dits « de banlieue ». De par leur spécificité, ces romans mobilisent des rapports de force d’ordre linguistique, social et culturel. En prenant appui sur une étude de cas constituée par la traduction italienne des romans de Saphia Azzeddine, cet article cherche à sonder les défis et obstacles posés par la traduction, que l’on peut diviser en deux catégories enchevêtrées et interdépendantes : les obstacles internes, liés aux difficultés traductives posées par l’emploi et le détournement de l’argot des cités; les obstacles externes, qui concernent les politiques éditoriales ainsi que les facteurs sociaux et économiques relatifs à la circulation des oeuvres dans le marché contemporain.
A community perspective on the concept of marine holobionts: current status, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Dittami Simon M , Arboleda Enrique , Auguet Jean-Christophe , Bigalke Arite , Briand Enora , Cardenas Paco , Cardini Ulisse , Decelle Johan , Engelen Aschwin H , Eveillard Damien , Gachon Claire M.M. , Griffiths Sarah M , Harder Tilmann , Kayal Ehsan , Kazamia Elena , Lallier François H , Medina Mónica , Marzinelli Ezequiel , Morganti Teresa , Núñez Pons Laura , Prado Soizic , Pintado José , Saha Mahasweta , Selosse Marc-André , Skillings Derek , Stock Willem , Sunagawa Shinichi , Toulza Eve , Vorobev Alexey , Leblanc Catherine , Not Fabrice
Published: August 2019

Host-microbe interactions play crucial roles in marine ecosystems, but we still have very little understanding of the mechanisms that govern these relationships, the evolutionary processes that shape them, and their ecological consequences. The holobiont concept is a renewed paradigm in biology that can help to describe and understand these complex systems. It posits that a host and its associated microbiota, living together in a stable relationship, form the holobiont, and have to be studied together as a coherent biological and functional unit to understand its biology, ecology, and evolution. Here we discuss critical concepts and opportunities in marine holobiont research and identify key challenges in the field. We highlight the potential economic, sociological, and environmental impacts of the holobiont concept in marine biological, evolutionary, and environmental sciences with comparisons to terrestrial sciences where appropriate. Given the connectivity and the unexplored biodiversity specific to marine ecosystems, a deeper understanding of such complex systems requires further technological and conceptual advances, e.g. the development of controlled experimental model systems for holobionts from all major lineages and the modeling of (info)chemical-mediated interactions between organisms. The most significant challenge is to bridge cross-disciplinary research on tractable model systems in order to address key ecological and evolutionary questions. This will be crucial to decipher the roles of marine holobionts in biogeochemical cycles, but also developing concrete applications of the holobiont concept e.g. to increase yield or disease resistance in aquacultures or to protect and restore marine ecosystems through management projects.
An Overview of Distributed Denial of Service Traffic Detection Approaches
Authors: Cvitić Ivan , Peraković Dragan , Periša Marko , Husnjak Siniša
Published: August 2019

The availability of information and communication (IC) resources is a growing problem caused by the increase in the number of users, IC services, and the capacity constraints. IC resources need to be available to legitimate users at the required time. The availability is of crucial importance in IC environments such as smart city, autonomous vehicle, or critical infrastructure management systems. In the mentioned and similar environments the unavailability of resources can also have negative consequences on people's safety. The distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks and traffic that such attacks generate, represent a growing problem in the last decade. Their goal is to disable access to the resources for legitimate users. This paper analyses the trends of such traffic which indicates the importance of its detection methods research. The paper also provides an overview of the currently used approaches used in detection system and model development. Based on the analysis of the previous research, the disadvantages of the used approaches have been identified which opens the space and gives the direction for future research. Besides the mentioned this paper highlights a DDoS traffic generated through Internet of things (IoT) devices as an evolving threat that needs to be taken into consideration in the future studies.
Determination of Applicable Adjacent Horizontal Curve Radii Using Operating Speed
Authors: Cvitanić Dražen , Maljković Biljana
Published: August 2019

Design of curves and their adjacent elements presents the greatest safety problem on rural two-lane roads. The use of the existing alignment consistency safety criteria (design, operating speed, and driving dynamic consistency) could have some shortcomings, especially in countries where the project or design speed is in use instead of (higher) operating speed. The consequence is that the designer should use smaller cross fall on curves than needed, while the calculated side friction is lower than in reality. Further, the existing graphs of adjacent curve radii do not take into account that there is a maximum operating speed achieved for a certain radius or long tangent above which it does not increase. This paper presents a methodology for determination of adjacent horizontal curve radii, with and without tangent between, based on the operating speed models which include dependence of operating speeds on tangents and curves on speed of adjacent alignment elements as well as maximum tangent and curve speed. The developed graphs of adjacent radii at the same time include the limiting values of driving dynamic consistency criteria, so the road designer does not need to calculate permissible and demand side friction for every combination of adjacent alignment elements.
RFRP3 influences basal lamina degradation, cellular death, and progesterone secretion in cultured preantral ovarian follicles from the domestic cat
Authors: Wilsterman Kathryn , Bentley George E. , Comizzoli Pierre
Published: August 2019

The hypothalamic neuropeptide RFRP3 can suppress hypothalamic GnRH neuron activation and inhibit gonadotropin release from the anterior pituitary. RFRP3 is also produced locally in the ovary and can inhibit steroidogenesis and follicle development in many vertebrates. However, almost nothing is known about the presence and regulatory action of RFRP3 in gonads of any carnivore species. Such knowledge is important for developing captive breeding programs for endangered carnivores and for inhibiting reproduction in feral species. Using the domestic cat as a model, our objectives were to (1) demonstrate the expression of feline RFRP3 (fRFRP3) and its receptor in the cat ovary and (2) assess the influence of fRFRP3 on ovarian follicle integrity, survival, and steroidogenesis in vitro. We first confirmed that fRFRP3 and its receptors (NPFFR1 and NPFFR2) were expressed in cat ovaries by sequencing PCR products from ovarian RNA. We then isolated and cultured preantral ovarian follicles in the presence of 10 or 1 µM fRFRP3 + FSH (1 µg/mL). We recorded the percentage of morphologically viable follicles (basal lamina integrity) over 8 days and calculated percentage survival of follicles on Day 8 (using fluorescent markers for cell survival and death). Last, we quantified progesterone accumulation in media. 10 µM fRFRP3 had no observable effect on viability, survival, or steroid production compared to follicles exposed to only FSH. However, 1 µM fRFRP3 decreased the percentage of morphologically viable follicles and the percentage of surviving follicles on Day 8. At the same time, 1 µM fRFRP3 increased the accumulation of progesterone in media. Our study shows, for the first time, direct action of RFRP3 on the follicle as a functional unit, and it is the first in a carnivore species. More broadly, our results support a conserved, inhibitory action of RFRP3 on ovarian follicle development and underscore the importance of comparative functional studies.
In vitro Inhibition of Alpha Amylase and Glucosidase of Digestive Snail Juice by Crude Extracts of Cashew Cakes
Authors: Ouattara Gninfanni Silvère , Soro Doudjo , Gonnety Tia Jean , Koffi Kouadio Ernest
Published: August 2019

The goal of this work was to study the effect of some solvents as extractants of total polyphenols from cashew cakes and test the ability of the extract with highest level of polyphenols to inhibit alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase from snail (Achatina ventricosa) digestif tract. For this purpose, water, water-methanol (50:50 v/v), water-ethanol (50:50 v/v) and water-acetone (55:45 v/v) were used as solvents. Extract with highest level of polyphenols was obtained using water-acetone (55:45 v/v). The average total phenols content varied respectively from 9179.89 ± 0.154 mg GAE / 100 g for the water-acetone extract to 55439.02 ± 0.117 mg GAE/100 g for the aqueous extract. The average flavonoid content ranged from 370.86 ± 0.015 to 200.88 ± 0.001 mg/100 g and that of condensed tannins ranged from 1852.09 ± 0.023 to 857.45 ± 0.050 mg/100 g. The in vitro inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes of the snail digestive tract allowed to determine the concentration of the extract that inhibits 50% of the enzymes (IC50). The IC50 of alpha-amylase was 0.24 mg / ml and that of alpha glucosidase was 1.44 mg / ml.

The results showed that cashew apple residue is a natural source that has potential application in the management of diabetes mellitus.
Production of Kunapajala and Sanjibani, Their Nutritional Contributions, Microbial and Pesticidal Effect
Authors: Chakraborty Bishal , Sarkar Indrajit , Kulukunde Swathi , Maitra Soumen , Khan Arpita Mandal , Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Sinha Abhas Kumar
Published: August 2019

A study on nutritional and microbial analysis of Kunapajala with different storage time interval was conducted in the Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry and the Department of Plant Pathology, UBKV, Coochbehar-736165, West Bengal during March, 2019. The motive of this work was to estimate the physicochemical properties, macro and micro nutrient content and various microbial load of Kunapajala with different storage time interval. Kunapajala had the highest P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu & Mn 40 days after preparation and it had highest N and S 20 days after preparation. It had the highest beneficial microbial load of Fungi, Actinomycetes, Pseudomonus, Phosphorus Solubilising Bacteria (PSB), Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Rhizobium and Trichoderma 40 days after preparation. So, continuous foliar and soil application of Kunapajala from 20 days after preparation to 40 days after preparation was beneficial to get maximum utilization. Moreover, Kunapajala can be used as an alternative against chemical fertilizers and pesticides to develop organic farming.
bla TEM, bla SHV and bla CTX-M-15 Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Produced by Acinetobacter baumanii, Enterobacter clocae and Proteus mirabilis from Pregnant Women in Three Secondary Health Care Facilities in South-south, Nigeria
Authors: Z. Uyanga Florence , O. Ekundayo Emmanuel , O. Nwankwo Emmanuel
Published: August 2019

Background/Purpose: Based on fact there is high urinary tract infection and increasing treatment failure among pregnant women and this has led to increased mortality and morbidity among pregnant women, and increased stay in the hospital.

This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and distribution of blaTEM, blaCTX-M-15 and blaSHV genes among A. baumannii, P. mirabilis and E. clocae strains isolated from urine samples from pregnant women attending antenatal at three secondary health care facilities south-south Nigeria.

Methods: A. baumannii, P. mirabilis and E. clocae strains were isolated and identified using Microbact 24E. The disc diffusion and combined discs methods were used for testing antimicrobial susceptibility. The presence of ESBL was detected using Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) and CHROMagar respectively. Plasmid extraction was carried out following the protocol of ZR Plasmid Miniprep-Classic extraction kit. Finally, the frequency of resistant genes including blaTEM, blaCTX-M-15 and blaSHV in selected 50 ESBL producing isolates was studied by PCR and using designed primers.

Results: A total of 252 clinical isolates was collected from three secondary health care facilities in south-south, Nigeria. ESBLs were found in 231 (92%) isolates. blaCTX-M-15 was the commonest genotype (58.3%), followed by blaSHV (43.3%) and blaTEM (43.3%).

Conclusion: ESBL positive strains of Enterobacter clocae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Proteus mirabilis are increasingly found in isolates from pregnant women. The widespread use of antibiotics has caused shifts in bacterial development to overcome the existing mechanisms of combating bacterial infections. These strains become resistant to frequently used antibiotics and they can pass the gene to other bacterial strains, the quick detection of these strains in clinical laboratories an essential step. The frequency of genes encoded ESBL isolates of Enterobacter clocae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Proteus mirabilis may be due to abuse and misuse of antibiotics.
Evaluation of Hilo® Versus Daflon® in Patients Suffering from Hemorrhoids: A Randomized, Controlled, Open-labelled, Multicentric Study
Authors: Dewan Bhupesh , Prabhu Sarita
Published: August 2019

Aims: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of Hilo® and Daflon® 500 mg, in the treatment of hemorrhoids.

Study Design: It is a multicentric, randomized, comparative clinical trial conducted for the period of 15 days.

Place and Duration of Study: Janta Hospital and Maternity Centre, Varanasi; King George Memorial Hospital, Lucknow; Vijan Hospital and Research Centre, Nasik and Santosh Hospital, Bangalore between May 2018 and December 2019.

Methodology: 201 patients were screened and 200 patients with hemorrhoids (proctoscopy proven Grade I to III) were randomly assigned to receive either Hilo® capsules (n = 99) or Daflon® 500 mg tablets (n = 101). Assessment of hemorrhoidal symptoms was carried out in all patients on Day 7 and Day 15. Proctoscopic examination was carried out before the start of treatment i.e. on day 0 and at the end of treatment duration i.e. on day 15.

Results: The patients treated with Hilo® showed a statistically significant improvement in the clinical symptoms of bleeding, pain, itching, soiling, tenesmus, irritation after defecation and constipation on day 7 and day 15 as compared to baseline. The “mean total symptom score” reduced by 4.55 ± 2.07 vs 3.44 ± 2.00; P < .0001 on day 7 and 7.56 ± 2.40 vs 6.22 ± 2.55; P < .0001 on day 15 in the patients treated with Hilo® and Daflon® respectively. In Hilo® Group, 82.83% of patients assessed that the treatment with Hilo® made them ‘A lot better’ as compared to only 48.51% in Daflon® group. In the Hilo® group 20.2% of patients’ treatment outcome was assessed as ‘Excellent’ by the investigators as compared to only 0.99% of patients in Daflon® group. No major adverse events were reported in the study with the use of either product.

Conclusion: Hilo® is found to provide better reduction in clinical symptoms of patients suffering from hemorrhoids as compared to Daflon®.
A
llen, Justice Florence
E.
Authors: Lounsbury Camm
Published: August 2019

Justice Florence Ellinwood Allen had a long and illustrious legal career that spanned 45 years from 1914 to 1959. Her career included private practice and a number of judicial appointments that led to a position as the first woman to sit on a federal appeals court. Indeed, her career was marked by a number of firsts along with a history of activism for women's rights, particularly for the right to vote.
Anomie Theories of Female Offending
Authors: Trent Carol L.
Published: August 2019

Anomie theories are macro‐level explanations of crime and deviance that can be classified into three main perspectives – Durkheimian, Mertonian, and contemporary elaborations. Although the term anomie is applied in a different manner under these perspectives, central to each is the interplay of social structure and cultural value systems within a social collective, which when maladjusted can pressure individuals to commit crime and deviance. Although it is expected that girls and women would experience anomie differently compared to boys and men, these perspectives have been undertheorized and under‐researched with regard to gender.
B
edford
H
ills Correctional Facility
Authors: Denton Amanda N.
Published: August 2019

Located in Westchester County, New York, Bedford Hills Correctional Facility (BHCF) is the state's only maximum security prison that strictly houses adult female offenders. The correctional institution is best known for its innovative curriculums that focus on incarcerated women and their needs. Specifically, BHCF affords female inmates unique opportunities to maintain relationships with their families in spite of their confinement. Most notably, it is the first prison in the United States to establish a children's center where women live with their newborn children for extended periods of time while incarcerated.
Boot Camps
Authors: Bryson Jeff
Published: August 2019

Boot camp programs were developed with the promise of altering delinquent behavior by providing a regimented, quasi‐military intervention. Research suggests that the programs are no more effective than other programs, and may be less effective. There are several criticisms of boot camps, including lack of a theoretical foundation, high‐profile deaths and abuses, and lack of legal oversight, among others. Boot camps tend to criminalize victims, and have become less popular as a result of the high‐profile negative press.
Bride Burning
Authors: Kethineni Sesha
Published: August 2019

Bride burning in India has been linked to the practice of dowry, in which a groom is given cash, jewels, and other durable goods. The practice of dowry began in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries CE in northern India. As the demands for dowry spread to other parts of the country, dowry deaths increased. Official reports indicate one dowry‐related death each hour. Women were either committing suicide to end their torment or were burned to death by their husbands or his relatives. Legislative efforts have been ineffective in preventing dowry death due to a lack of enforcement.
Chemical Castration
Authors: Hignite Lance R.
Published: August 2019

Chemical castration is a treatment and/or punishment for specified sexual offenses and offenders throughout the world. In the US, six states have laws allowing the use of Depo‐Provera for specific convicted sex offenders. The drug temporarily diminishes sexual arousal, sperm production, and reduces deviant sexual thoughts in paraphilic sex offenders. Paraphilics are just one of four types of sexual offenders, but are thought to be the only group who benefit from chemical castration. Proponents of chemical castration argue that it is a humane treatment which helps to protect society from future offending. Opponents argue it is a punishment that is inhumane, unconstitutional, and disproportionately applied to male sex offenders.
Chivalry and Arrests
Authors: Wagner Brooke M.
Published: August 2019

Chivalry refers to a system of social norms between genders where men act as the protectors of women. Throughout the twentieth century, criminologists proposed that agents of the male‐dominated criminal justice system act upon chivalrous codes of behavior resulting in more lenient treatment of female offenders. Studies examining arrests and police decision‐making processes in reference to female offending are inconsistent, leaving the extent and magnitude of chivalry during the arrest process still unclear.
Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX
Authors: Kirven Stephane J.
Published: August 2019

Title IX was enacted as part of the United States Education Amendments of 1972. This legislation was enacted as a follow up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Similar to the antidiscrimination measures covering employment in Title VII, the primary purpose of Title IX was to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs or activities in schools that receive federal funding. While Title IX is best known for its impact on gender equity in athletics, the original statute made no reference to sport. This entry will present an overview of Title IX and its impact in advancing educational equity.
Co‐Correctional Prisons
Authors: Encalada Teresa M.
Published: August 2019

The first fully female prison was the Indiana Women's Prison, which opened in 1873. This prison was believed to be safer for the women as it separated them from the more severe and aggressive male inmates. Even though the prison system was segregated there was still violence within the inmate population among men, women, and juveniles. The prison system has evolved throughout the years and recently we have seen the return of co‐correctional prisons. This is primarily due to economic reasons and an inability to fill all beds. Another topic of discussion regarding these prisons is the treatment of LGBT – particularly transgender – individuals.
C
ooper,
P
aula
Authors: Pasko Lisa
Published: August 2019

Paula Cooper was an African American homicide offender, convicted in 1986 in Indiana for the murder of Ruth Pelke and consequently sentenced to death. Her case gained international attention and protest, since she was only 15 at the age of the offense and, at one point, was the youngest offender to be placed on death row. Eventually her sentence was set aside and she received a 60‐year term. After spending 28 years in prison, Cooper was paroled. Two years later, she was found dead of an apparent suicide.
Crack Mother Myths
Authors: Van Brown Bethany L.
Published: August 2019

The crack mother myth is the belief that when a mother uses crack cocaine while pregnant, she will have crack babies, who will be severely disabled and dysfunctional for their entire lives. During the 1980s and 1990s, US health experts, along with lay people, were in a collective panic about the allegedly growing crack epidemic. It was believed that the number of children exposed to crack cocainein uterowas growing almost uncontrollably, and the children of mothers who used crack cocaine were viewed as being sentenced to lives of physical and mental disability. More specifically, the crack mother myth functions to reinforce existing stereotypes about African American women and, specifically, African American mothers. Some scholars view the crack mother as an image that functions to reify African American female pathology. The crack mother can be described as a hypersexual, promiscuous, and hopelessly dysfunctional “bad” mother who threatens the mainstream by giving birth to numerous children that drain the government's resources.
Criminalization of Girls and Women
Authors: Magnus Amy M.
Published: August 2019

The criminalization of women and girls exists throughout the world. Because of a vastly patriarchal and paternal structure of government, economics, and social construction of gender and crime throughout the American landscape, this entry serves as a window for understanding how girls and women become criminalized by the American criminal justice system and how these experiences are inherently gendered. Discussed in this entry are the viewpoints of scholars who study social inequality in American society, particularly the relationship between gender, race, class, and crime. From this, some of the common mechanisms by which girls and women enter into and circulate throughout the criminal justice system are laid out to illustrate the unique experiences of girls and women as related to crime and social control.
Cyberbullying of Females
Authors: Muscari Mary
Published: August 2019

Most children who grow up with digital media embrace its benefits; however, some take advantage of the rapid and often anonymous nature of online communications to use it as a mechanism to bully others. Female bullies tend to engage in passive, relational aggression, and this extends to their online behavior, where they have a preference for gossiping and rumors. Research is unclear on how gender relates to the likelihood of being victimized by cyberbullying, but girls seem more likely to be victims. Victims of cyberbullying may exhibit signs of depression, substance abuse, school phobia, somatic complaints such as headaches and abdominal pain, or aggressive behaviors, and several studies have shown that youths who are bullied, as well as those who bully others, are at increased risk for suicidal thoughts, attempts, and completions, and this is especially true of cyberbully/victims.
Dating Violence Laws
Authors: Ivey Caroletta A. Shuler
Published: August 2019

Victims of dating violence experience physical, social, and psychological damage. This crime is very slow to receive the necessary attention that it deserves. The reason for this neglect is that it, like most domestic violence crimes, survives through secrecy. Nevertheless, it is necessary for its victims to no longer hide their pain, but to bring it to the forefront. Only 22 US states have tried to enact laws that will protect victims of dating violence, whether these victims are girls, women, boys, or men. However, none of these laws are stellar in their design and execution. Understanding the impact of this crime should help strengthen the laws passed to protect these victims.
Dowry Customs
Authors: Mathew Mathai Vairamon
Published: August 2019

The custom of dowry in Indian marriages is a deep‐seated cultural phenomenon. India's greatest social failures are the extraordinarily high levels of gender inequality and female deprivation. The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 that outlawed the practice has been remarkably unsuccessful in reducing the frequency of its occurrence. This Act did not eliminate the demand for dowry, which is still practiced openly in India by giving another name to it, such as share of the bride. Dowry as an ancient custom existed in India and other countries as a sign of a gift at the time of
Kanyadana
. The term
Kanyadana
means giving the bride as a gift to the bridegroom's family. Dowry is currently understood as a transfer of assets from the bride's family to the groom's family at the time of a marriage, when property and various gifts are transferred to the groom's family.
Female Alcohol Use, Abuse, and Offending
Authors: Lynn Tamara J.
Published: August 2019

Female alcohol use and abuse, including attitudes toward their use, has changed. Some implicate changes in ideology and attributes surrounding gender roles. Others focus on the aftermath of victimization, including mental health issues, for alcohol use among females. Regardless of what factors lead to female alcohol use and abuse, offending can be a consequence.
Female Drug Use, Abuse, and Offending
Authors: King Anna
Published: August 2019

Females make up about a third of all drug users. Gender disparities in drug usage decrease the younger the users are, and females in more developed nations tend to use illicit drugs more than females from other nations. Gender differences in drug use are most likely due to gender differences in social stigma for women who use drugs and to differential opportunities for men and women to use drugs. Females tend to use drugs such as opioids and tranquilizers at a greater rate than men; males are more likely to use cannabis, cocaine, and amphetamines. Even though prevalence of drug use is higher for males, women are just as likely as men to abuse drugs and to become addicted. Much of what we know about female drug use and abuse has emerged in the last 40 years; it was not until the 1980s that more researchers began to include females in their studies. Changes in sentencing over the last decades of the twentieth century caused a dramatic increase in the incarceration of women for drug crimes. Conditions of incarceration for women carry additional burdens of risk in regard to sexual exploitation and assault, a lack of proper medical health services, and estrangement from families, especially children.
Female Gang Violence
Authors: Bain Andy
Published: August 2019

In his original discussion of the gangs, Thrasher suggested that girls were an aside, they were not necessarily members, and believed that female gangs were certainly the exception rather than the norm. While – at least to a degree – Thrasher may have been correct in Chicago in the 1920s and 1930s, that same assuredness may not be as well placed today. Indeed, many research studies have found that the numbers of female members in gangs have been steadily increasing since the latter part of the twentieth century; there have been reports that female gang violence is growing, and this trend seems likely to continue. Yet this is not necessarily the whole picture, and may in fact be a “reported” trend brought about by media rather than an accurate representation.
Female Judges
Authors: Gill Rebecca D.
Published: August 2019

Women, today, are much more strongly represented in the American judiciary than ever before. The United States has a number of different methods of judicial selection. It is not clear that any one judicial selection system is responsible for the increase in the number of women judges. In terms of judicial output, the results of this increased gender diversity are mixed. Although women judges do not seem to speak in a completely “different voice,” it is clear that they bring important experiences and perspective to their decision‐making role.
Female Offenders on Death Row
Authors: Liu Siyu
Published: August 2019

Females constitute less than 2% of the current population of death row inmates in the United States. Currently, 55 death row inmates are female, 21 of them in California. The reasons for such a small proportion may be chivalrous treatment toward female defendants in the criminal justice system at different stages of processing, including their greater likelihood to receive mercy and be spared from the execution; and that women are much less likely than men to commit a capital murder. Notable female offenders on death row have included Velma Barfield, Guin Garcia, and Karla Faye Tucker.
Female Police Officers
Authors: Cordner AnnMarie
Published: August 2019

Women have worked in law enforcement for the last 180 years. Their role has changed significantly over time despite serious obstacles that needed to be overcome. This entry provides a better understanding of the role of women in policing; their history the challenges they have faced, and the organizations which provide support for them are reviewed.
Female Prison Experience
Authors: Fehrmann Sarah E.
Published: August 2019

Being incarcerated is an extraordinary experience in an extremely inhospitable and oppressive environment and involves a complex web of problems for prisoners. Both the pre‐institutional interpersonal experiences and identities women bring to prison and the prisons' inherent dilemmas, such as the inmate culture or the coercive nature of staff–inmate relationships, shape how women experience prison and
do their time
. Along with the feelings of restraint and deprivation that every prisoner encounters, plenty of women face a number of additional “pains of imprisonment” as a result of their unique backgrounds, circumstances, and sex‐ and gender‐specific needs, especially those inmates who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or menstruating. However, female prisoners are a heterogeneous group of individuals with a considerable diversity in characteristics and concerns. Thus, incarceration is experienced in many different ways because certain elements of the correctional setting might be very emotionally charged for some inmates, while for others it may not be significant. Many women actively shape their prison experience, exercising autonomy by choosing particular ways to adapt to their carceral lives, even though imprisonment generally mutes individual agency and rather encourages passivity. Particularly the deficiency of knowledge about female inmates' subjective accounts of prison experiences necessitates a continuing scholarly debate.
Female
SWAT
Officers
Authors: Boyer Cassandra , Troshynski Emily I.
Published: August 2019

Women have made great strides in policing, but have struggled to gain traction within the exclusively male‐dominated area of special weapons and tactics (SWAT) teams. As an elite policing unit that emphasizes physical fitness and use of force tactics, SWAT teams have largely been the domain of men. Women have had difficulty gaining access to SWAT teams because of the physical testing requirements for SWAT and the perception that these units are off limits to women. Women who have been admitted onto SWAT teams face the added hardships of feeling isolated by male teammates, working on an unpredictable schedule that may interfere with family duties, and receiving ill‐fitting or second‐rate equipment.
Female Victimization by Violent Crime
Authors: Poore Jane E. , Gunnison Elaine
Published: August 2019

Female victimization by violent crime is a critical topic to explore both nationally and internationally; yet, gaps in research still remain. This entry is devoted to providing a definition of violent crime victimization and statistics on female victimization, presenting a brief historical overview of how female victimization has been handled in the criminal justice system, and discussing policy implications.
Female Victimization in Africa
Authors: Bing Robert L. , Albano Brandy
Published: August 2019

This entry provides information about the victimization of females in Africa. Topics discussed include rape, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and female genital mutilation/cutting. Strategies for reduction or elimination of violence of women are explored.
Female Victimization in Northern and Western
E
urope
Authors: Posick Chad , Felix Shanna
Published: August 2019

In recent decades, violent crime has been on the downswing. This is true in northern and western Europe. However, more fine‐grained analyses indicate that the prevalence of victimization is different depending on the type of crime and the type of victim (male or female). Additionally,
changes
in victimization are rarely the same for males and females. Violent crime, including homicide, while down, is generally declining more for men than women. Rape and sexual assault victimization have seen increases depending on the source of data. While broad trends are similar across countries, international research shows that the specifics regarding the prevalence of victimization and changing rates can be different depending on the region. This calls for more work on the gendered nature of victimization in cross‐national criminological research.
Female Victimization in Islamic Nations
Authors: Barari Nastaran
Published: August 2019

As feminist theory expands in both Western and Islamic ideologies, the discussion on the position of women in Islamic nations has continued into the twenty‐first century. While Islamic feminists have attempted to transcend the restrictions normally placed on Islamic women in traditional societies, in their discourse as well as recent human rights activism, the emphasis on the troubled female status has been confined to religious orthodoxy and the reconstruction of the Qur'an from the feminine standpoint. These efforts to promote female rights do not acknowledge political sovereignty and shifts in distribution of power as a prerequisite for change in states where power has not traditionally been distributed nor delegated. An exploration of the politicization of Islam in response to Western influences and lawmakers' intentional discrimination against women is necessary to understand female victimization in Islamic nations where theocracy, autocracy, and patriarchy have combined to create a unique dilemma.
Female Victims with Mental Illness
Authors: Lynn Tamara J.
Published: August 2019

Early victimization of females has the potential to produce lifelong consequences, including mental health disorders, substance abuse issues, engagement in criminal behavior, and continued victimization as an adult. Gender‐specific intervention and programming efforts are crucial for supporting in females to overcome emotional, physical, and/or sexual abuse that led to the development of mental health disorders.
Female Wardens
Authors: Perry Alice Elizabeth
Published: August 2019

The climb to the top of the executive ladder, the role of warden, has remained an elusive goal for women. Women are woefully underrepresented in the executive suite of correctional facilities. There are a number of contributory factors; historically women were relegated to support positions in female prisons. It would take activists and litigation for women to achieve warden positions in both female and, where they had been severely curtailed, all‐male prisons.