bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propagation of acoustic pulses in material with hysteretic nonlinearity
Authors: Gusev Vitalyi
Published: July 2002

Evolution equations for propagation of both unipolar and bipolar acoustic pulses are derived by using hysteretic stress-strain relationships. Hysteretic stress-strain loops that incorporate quadratic nonlinearity are derived by applying the model of Preisach–Mayergoyz space for the characterization of structural elements in a micro-inhomogeneous material. Exact solutions of the nonlinear evolution equations predict broadening in time and reduction in amplitude of a unipolar finite-amplitude acoustic pulse. In contrast with some earlier theoretical predictions, the transformation of the pulse shape predicted here satisfies the law of “momentum” conservation (the “equality of areas” law in nonlinear acoustics of elastic materials). A bipolar pulse of nonzero momentum first transforms during its propagation into a unipolar pulse of the same duration. This process occurs in accordance with the “momentum” conservation law and without formation of shock fronts in the particle velocity profile.
Sound scattering and localized heat deposition of pulse-driven microbubbles
Authors: Hilgenfeldt Sascha , Lohse Detlef , Zomack Michael
Published: July 2002

The sound scattering of free microbubbles released from strongly driven ultrasound contrast agents with brittle shell (e.g., Sonovist®) is studied numerically. At high peak pressure of the driving pulses, the bubbles respond nonlinearly with cross sections pronouncedly larger than in the linear case; a large portion of the energy is radiated into high frequency ultrasound. Subsequent absorption of these high frequencies in the surrounding liquid (blood) diminishes the effective scattering cross section drastically. The absorption results in highly localized heating, with a substantial temperature rise within the first few μm from the bubble surface. The maximum heating in 1 μm distance is strongly dependent on driving pressure. Temperature elevations of more than 100 K can be achieved for amplitudes of Pa≈30 atm, which coincides with the highest pressures used in ultrasound diagnostics. The perfectly spherical collapses assumed here occur rarely, and the heating is highly localized and transient (∼10 μs). Therefore, a thermal hazard would only be expected at driving pressures beyond the diagnostic range.
Mesoscopic domain theory for textured liquid crystalline polymers
Authors: Larson Ronald G. , Doi Masao
Published: July 2002

Here we present a mesoscopic theory of the low-flow-rate rheological properties of textured or polydomain samples of liquid crystalline polymers. In this theory, the Leslie–Ericksen equations are assumed to apply to each domain; these equations are averaged over a spatial region, large compared to a single domain, yet small compared to bulk dimensions. Along with these averaged equations, phenomenological expressions are postulated that allow us to obtain a relatively simple set of coupled equations for the domain size and the mesoscopic orientation and stress tensors. The values of the Leslie–Ericksen viscosities that appear in the equations are obtained from the Doi theory for nematic polymers. We apply the theory to several shear flows, namely recoverable shear after cessation of steady shearing, and step reversal and step increase of shear rate. In each case promising agreement is found between the predictions of the mesoscopic theory and measurements on lyotropic liquid crystalline polymers.
The effect of molecular mass and temperature on the slip of polystyrene melts at low stress levels
Authors: Mackay Michael E. , Henson David J.
Published: July 2002

The slip of monodisperse polystyrene melts next to a solid, inhomogeneous, metal substrate (stainless steel) is measured at small stress levels for a variety of temperatures. A critical stress, below which no slip occurs, is not seen and the polystyrene melts used here slip at all stress levels. The slip velocity is quantified by the slip length (b, equal to the slip velocity divided by the shear rate) and friction coefficient (k, equal to the slip velocity divided by the shear stress). The slip length shows complicated dependence with both the molecular mass and temperature, however, when converted to the friction coefficient a master curve with molecular mass results for temperatures above 170 °C. The data are compared to contemporary theories for slip. It is concluded that none of the present theories accurately represent the data and that the number of adsorbed molecules are in a dynamic equilibrium which affects the slip behavior. Analysis of the force on the adsorbed molecules during shear demonstrates this may cause adhesive failure which contributes to the slip.
Trends in Use of Oral Anticoagulants in Older Adults With Newly Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation, 2010-2020
Authors: Ko Darae , Lin Kueiyu Joshua , Bessette Lily G. , Lee Su Been , Walkey Allan J. , Cheng Susan , Kim Erin , Glynn Robert J. , Kim Dae Hyun
Published: November 2022

Importance

Undertreatment of older adults with atrial fibrillation with anticoagulation therapy is an important practice gap. It has been posited that the availability of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) would improve oral anticoagulant (OAC) initiation in older adults with atrial fibrillation given their superior safety profile compared with warfarin.

Objectives

To systematically examine trends in OAC initiation and nonadherence in older adults with atrial fibrillation and coexisting geriatric conditions.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study uses administrative claims data from Optum’s Clinformatics Data Mart from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2020. Participants included beneficiaries of Medicare Advantage plans aged 65 years and older with atrial fibrillation and elevated risk of ischemic stroke. Data analysis was performed from October 2021 to October 2022.

Exposures

Coexisting dementia, frailty, and anemia.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcomes were OAC initiation within 12 months after the first diagnosis of atrial fibrillation per year and nonadherence with OAC per year (defined as <80% of proportion of days covered among patients newly started on OAC in each year).

Results

There were 21 603 to 51 236 patients per year (total for 2010-2020, 381 488 patients) in the OAC-eligible incident AF cohort (mean [SD] age, 77.2 [6.1] to 77.4 [6.8] years; 13 871 [51.8%] to 22 901 [49.8%] women). OAC initiation within 12 months after incident AF increased from 20.2% (5405 of 26 782 patients) in 2010 to 32.9% (7111 of 21 603 patients) in 2020. DOAC uptake increased from 1.1% (291 of 26 782 patients) to 30.9% (6678 of 21 603 patients), and warfarin initiation decreased from 19.1% (5114 of 26 782 patients) to 2.0% (436 of 21 603 patients). Older age (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% CI, 0.98-0.98), dementia (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.55-0.58), frailty (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.72-0.76), and anemia (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.74-0.77) were associated with lower odds of OAC initiation. During the study period, the median (IQR) proportion of days covered increased from 77.6% (41.0%-96.4%) to 90.2% (57.4%-98.6%), and OAC nonadherence decreased from 52.2% (2290 of 4389 patients) to 39.0% (3434 of 8798 patients).

Conclusions and Relevance

Since the introduction of DOACs, OAC initiation in older adults with has improved but remained suboptimal in 2020. Additional strategies are needed to improve stroke prophylaxis in all older adults with atrial fibrillation including those with coexisting dementia, frailty, and anemia.
Noise correlation and its impact on the performance of multi‐material decomposition‐based spectral imaging in photon‐counting CT
Authors: Tang Xiangyang , Ren Yan , Xie Huiqiao
Published: November 2022

Purpose

It has been known that noise correlation plays an important role in the determination of the performance of spectral imaging based on two‐material decomposition (2‐MD). To further understand the basics of spectral imaging in photon‐counting CT toward optimal design and implementation, we study the noise correlation in multi‐MD (m‐MD) and its impact on the performance of spectral imaging.

Method

We derive the equations that characterize the noise and noise correlation in the material‐specific (basis) images inm‐MD, followed by a simulation study to verify the derived equations and study the noise correlation's impact on the performance of spectral imaging. Using a specially designed digital phantom, the study of noise correlation runs over the cases of two‐, three‐, and four‐MD (2‐MD, 3‐MD, and 4‐MD). Then, the noise correlation's impact on the performance of spectral imaging in photon‐counting CT is investigated, using a modified Shepp–Logan phantom.

Results

The results in 2‐MD show that, in‐line with what has been reported in the literature, the noise correlation coefficient between the material‐specific images corresponding to the basis materials approaches −1. The results inm‐MD (m ≥ 3) are more complicated and interesting, as the noise correlation coefficients between a pair of the material‐specific images alternate between ±1, and so do in the case of 4‐MD. Them‐MD data show that the noise in virtual monochromatic imaging (a form of spectral imaging) is moderate even though the noises in material‐specific (basis) images vary drastically.

Conclusions

The observation of noise correlation in 3‐MD, 4‐MD, and beyond (i.e.,m‐MD) is informative to the community. The relationship between noise correlation and the performance of spectral imaging revealed in this work may help clinical medical physicists understand the fundamentals of spectral imaging based on MD and optimize the performance of spectral imaging in photon‐counting CT and other X‐ray imaging modalities.
Ultrafast Laser‐Induced Cathode/Electrolyte Interphase for High‐Voltage Poly(Ethylene Oxide)‐Based Solid Batteries
Authors: Tang Xiaoyu , Xu Xiaosa , Bai Miao , Zhang Min , Wang Heling , Wang Zhiqiao , Shao Ahu , Wang Hongqiang , Ma Yue
Published: November 2022

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based solid polymer electrolyte promises interfacial compatibility with the high‐capacity metallic anodes in all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs). However, the prototype construction is severely hindered by the parasitic ohmic resistance at the electrode‐electrolyte interface, insufficient ionic pathway of the high loading cathode, as well as the PEO oxidation tendency at the high voltage. Herein, a laser‐assisted strategy is presented toward ultra‐efficient cathode modification (completes within 240 s) by constructing continuous, multi‐scale artificial cathode/electrolyte interface (CEI). The tailorable, yet localized temperature gradient induced by the pulsed laser beam can customize the CEI species from the target precursor salts for the on‐demand protection purpose. Derived from the tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate, the proof‐of‐concept model achieves phosphorus‐rich, ion‐diffusion network across the high‐mass‐loading LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode, which enables the high‐rate operation of the ASSBs prototype as well as the extended shelf life at the oxidized idling state. Transmission‐mode operando X‐ray phase tracking unravels the electrochemical stability origin at the cathode/PEO interface due to the insulation of electron shuttling, where the layered to spinel phase transition and the lattice oxygen release are alleviated. This generic, readily tailorable, highly‐efficient laser processing strategy thus provides unprecedented opportunities to secure the varieties of energy‐dense, polymer‐based ASSBs.
Symbiotically Reinforced Bimetallic Photocatalysis in Conjugated Metal−Organic Framework Nanosheets
Authors: Li Jian‐Ming , Lin Qia‐Chun , Li Ning , Li Zhi‐Hua , Tan Guiping , Liu Shou‐Jie , Chung Lai‐Hon , Liao Wei‐Ming , Yu Lin , He Jun
Published: November 2022

Compared to monometallic counterparts, bimetallic two‐dimensional conjugated metal‐organic framework (2D c‐MOF) nanosheets possess preferable metal tunability and synergistic effect for performance optimization, yet rarely developed in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution to date. In this study, a feasible post‐synthetic strategy of second metal installation (SMI) is proposed and applied to construct a crystalline bimetallic 2D c‐MOF nanosheet, HTHATN‐Ni‐Pt‐NS. HTHATN‐Ni‐Pt‐NS exhibits high electrical conductivity and efficient hydrogen evolution with the rate of 47.2 mmol g−1 h−1, which is 13.5‐fold higher than that of pristine HTHATN‐Ni‐NS without PtII decoration under visible light irradiation. Experimental and theoretical analysis reveal that introduction of low amount of PtII provides catalytically active metal sites and optimizes the ΔGH* value of NiII centers, thus resulting in the enhanced performance of proton reduction. This study represents the first example of symbiotic bimetallic centers in MOF nanosheets highlighting SMI strategy as an efficient approach to construct photocatalysts.
Succinic Ester‐Based Shape Memory Gelatin Sponge for Noncompressible Hemorrhage without Hindering Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Zhu Ye , Zhang Lining , Duan Wanglin , Martin‐Saldaña Sergio , Li Chaowei , Yu Hongwen , Feng Luyao , Zhang Xianpeng , Du Baoji , Li Guanying , Zheng Xifu , Bu Yazhong
Published: November 2022

Shape memory sponges are very promising in stopping the bleeding from noncompressible and narrow entrance wounds. However, few shape memory sponges have fast degradable properties in order to not hinder tissue healing. In this work, based on cryopolymerization, a succinic ester‐based sponge (Ssponge) is fabricated using gelatin and bi‐polyethylene glycol‐succinimidyl succinate (Bi‐PEG‐SS). Compared with the commercially available gelatin sponge (Csponge), Ssponge possesses better water/blood absorption ability and higher mechanical pressure over the surrounding tissues. Moreover, in the models of massive liver hemorrhage after transection and noncompressive liver wounds by penetration, Ssponge exhibits a better hemostasis performance than Csponge. Furthermore, in a liver regeneration model, Ssponge‐treated livers shows higher regeneration speed compared with Csponge, including a lower injury score, more cavity‐like tissues, less fibrosis and enhanced tissue regeneration. Overall, it is shown that Ssponge, with a fast degradation behavior, is not only highly efficient in stopping bleeding but also not detrimental for tissue healing, possessing promising clinical translational potential.
Chiral‐Selective Antigen‐Presentation by Supramolecular Chiral Polymer Micelles
Authors: Jiang Hejin , Liu Rui , Wang Lu , Wang Xinyue , Zhang Mengmeng , Lin Sisi , Cao Zhenping , Wu Feng , Liu Yingbin , Liu Jinyao
Published: November 2022

Chirality is ubiquitous in biological systems, which is closely related to biological functions, life processes, and even the pathogenesis of diseases. However, the interface between the chirality of synthetic materials and organisms, particularly the immune system, remains poorly understood. Here, supramolecular chiral polymer micelles (SCPMs) are prepared by complexing antigenic proteins with chiral amino acid‐modified polyethyleneimine. The introduction of chirality not only reduces the toxicity of cationic polymer, but also benefits cell uptake and antigen presentation. Especially, D‐chirality presents the lowest cytotoxicity, while promoting the highest expression level of costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells compared to L‐chirality and achirality. The superiority of D‐chirality to stimulate dendritic cell maturation is supported by immunization with D‐SCPMs, which achieves significant antigen‐specific proliferation of T cells in the spleen, lymph nodes, and tumor of mice. Chirality‐mediated antigen processing and presentation are demonstrated by D‐SCPMs self‐assembled from chiral alkaline histidine or neutral phenylalanine modified polyethyleneimine and tumor associated ovalbumin or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike 1 antigenic protein. Immunoactivation enabled by D‐chirality opens a window to prepare potent nanotherapeutics for disease prevention and treatment.
Strategic Synthesis of 2D and 3D Conducting Polymers and Derived Nanocomposites
Authors: Abutalip Munziya , Zhigerbayeva Guldana , Kanzhigitova Dana , Askar Perizat , Yeszhan Yelriza , Pham Tri Thanh , Adilov Salimgerey , Luque Rafael , Nuraje Nurxat
Published: November 2022

In recent decades, there has been a great deal of interest in conducting polymers due to their broad applications. At the same time, various synthetic techniques have been developed to produce various nanostructures of the conducting polymers with their fascinating properties. However, the techniques for the manufacture of 2D nanosheets are either complex or expensive. No comprehensive approach for constructing 2D and 3D materials or their composites has been documented. Herein, a simple and scalable synthetic protocol is reported for the design of 2D, 3D, and related conducting polymer nanocomposites by interface manipulation in a bicontinuous microemulsion system. In this method, diverse bicontinuous thin layers of oil and water are employed to produce 2D nanosheets of conducting polymers. For the fabrication of 3D polypyrrole (PPY) and their composites, specially designed linkers of the monomers are applied to lock the 3D networks of the conducting polymers and their composites. The technique can be extended to the fabrication of most conducting polymer composites, being cost‐effective and easily scalable. The optimum electrical conductivity obtained for 2D PPY nanosheets is 219 S cm−1, the highest literature value reported to date to the best of knowledge.
Toward an Improved Understanding for Design of Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing Process‐Based 3D Printers—a Computational Study
Authors: Singhal Ishant , Tyagi Bobby , Chaudhary Riya , Sahai Ankit , Fayazfar Haniyeh , Sharma Rahul Swarup
Published: November 2022

Understanding and improving 3D printing process models are very important for designing building defect‐free 3D printers. Most studies have failed to present detailed process design and modeling of material extrusion (MatEx)‐based additive manufacturing (AM) in a systematic approach that considers all process parameters such as nozzle diameter, nozzle angle, and velocity. It is studied that the accuracy and consistency of a MatEx 3D fabricated product depend on the pressure drop across various nozzle zones. This paper identifies the constraints affecting the performance of the MatEx AM process and presents mathematical modeling related to various process parameters. Also, the paper shows expressions for pinch wheel feed mechanism, liquefier, and nozzle geometry of the MatEx process in terms of independent variables, such as liquefier temperature, nozzle geometry, and feed rate. This will be helpful in computing the precise design parameters of MatEx‐based 3D printers. The complex mathematical expressions developed are pivotal for the effective regulation of the 3D printing process. It not only provides new and better designs for MatEx machines with precise operation and better resolution but also opens the scope for further scientific development to expand the capability of proposed approach for both specific applications and the field.
Electro‐Synthesis of Organic Compounds with Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Ali Tariq , Wang Haiyan , Iqbal Waseem , Bashir Tariq , Shah Rahim , Hu Yong
Published: November 2022

Electro‐organic synthesis has attracted a lot of attention in pharmaceutical science, medicinal chemistry, and future industrial applications in energy storage and conversion. To date, there has not been a detailed review on electro‐organic synthesis with the strategy of heterogeneous catalysis. In this review, the most recent advances in synthesizing value‐added chemicals by heterogeneous catalysis are summarized. An overview of electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction processes as well as paired electrocatalysis is provided, and the anodic oxidation of alcohols (monohydric and polyhydric), aldehydes, and amines are discussed. This review also provides in‐depth insight into the cathodic reduction of carboxylates, carbon dioxide, CC, C≡C, and reductive coupling reactions. Moreover, the electrocatalytic paired electro‐synthesis methods, including parallel paired, sequential divergent paired, and convergent paired electrolysis, are summarized. Additionally, the strategies developed to achieve high electrosynthesis efficiency and the associated challenges are also addressed. It is believed that electro‐organic synthesis is a promising direction of organic electrochemistry, offering numerous opportunities to develop new organic reaction methods.
California cannabis cultivation and processing workers: A qualitative analysis of physiological exposures and health effects
Authors: Beckman Stella , Castañeda Xóchitl , Rivas Likhi , Schenker Marc B.
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Cannabis is a multi‐billion‐dollar California industry, but little is known about the occupational hazards or health experiences of cannabis cultivation workers. Respiratory and dermal exposures, musculoskeletal hazards, and other agricultural hazards have been identified in previous research. Even in a post‐legalization framework, cannabis work is stigmatized and most cannabis is still produced illegally. Qualitative research is essential for establishing rapport with cannabis workers to understand their experiences and concerns.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured discussions with four focus groups including 32 cannabis workers total, and 9 key informants who were workers, industry experts, and business owners or managers. Transcribed results were analyzed to identify key themes on physiological exposures and health effects.

Results

The majority (81.3%) of focus group participants were seasonal migrant cannabis trimmers. Themes emerged of respiratory and dermal exposures and outcomes, musculoskeletal disorders, and physical hazards including living conditions. Workers reported respiratory symptoms and rashes from exposure to cannabis, mold, and pesticides. Musculoskeletal pain was ubiquitous due to inadequate seating and long shifts performing repetitive tasks. Seasonal workers experienced chronic exposure to cold conditions and unsanitary housing. Management‐level interviewees and other industry stakeholders described concerns and experiences that differed from those of workers.

Discussion

The results were consistent with existing research on cannabis worker health, with workers reporting respiratory and dermal exposure and symptoms, musculoskeletal hazards, and physical hazards associated with agricultural work. In addition, we found that workers were affected by substandard living conditions, remote and isolated work environments, and an absence of training.
Blue‐to‐UVB Upconversion, Solvent Sensitization and Challenging Bond Activation Enabled by a Benzene‐Based Annihilator
Authors: Zähringer Till J. B. , Moghtader Julian A. , Bertrams Maria‐Sophie , Roy Bibhisan , Uji Masanori , Yanai Nobuhiro , Kerzig Christoph
Published: November 2022

Several energy‐demanding photoreactions require harsh UV light from inefficient light sources. The conversion of low‐energy visible light to high‐energy singlet states via triplet‐triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA‐UC) could offer a solution for driving such reactions under mild conditions. We present the first annihilator with an emission maximum in the UVB region that, combined with an organic sensitizer, is suitable for blue‐to‐UVB upconversion. The annihilator singlet was successfully employed as an energy donor in subsequent FRET activations of aliphatic carbonyls. This hitherto unreported UC‐FRET reaction sequence was directly monitored using laser spectroscopy and applied to mechanistic irradiation experiments demonstrating the feasibility of Norrish chemistry. Our results provide clear evidence for a novel blue light‐driven substrate or solvent activation strategy, which is important in the context of developing more sustainable light‐to‐chemical energy conversion systems.
Synergistic effects of boron nitride sheets and reduced graphene oxide on reinforcing the thermal conduction, SERS performance and thermal property of polyimide composite films
Authors: Zhao Junyu , Wang Chunbo , Wang Chengyang , Zhang Ke , Cong Bing , Yang Lan , Zhao Xiaogang , Chen Chunhai
Published: November 2022

Polyimide (PI) composite films with hybrid fillers containing hBN (hexagonal boron nitride) sheets and rGO (reduced graphene oxide) were successfully fabricated by in‐situ polymerization. Herein, hBN sheets and rGO were obtained by ball milling and chemical reduction, respectively. In PI composite films, hBN can be tightly attached onto the surface of rGO via π‐π interaction, which can benefit the construction of heat‐conduction pathways and reduce boundary of heat resistance. The results show that the addition of rGO and hBN could enhance the thermal conductivity by synergistic effects. Specially, hBN and rGO are at the weight ratio of 1:1 and at the total loading of 33 wt%, thermal conductivity of PI composites can reach up to 1.19 Wm−1 K−1, which is 5.61 times higher than that of pure PI. Thermal property and dynamic mechanical property of composite films were also investigated. Besides, compared with pure PI, mixed fillers have obvious surface‐enhanced Raman scattering signals, indicating the synergistic effect of the mixed fillers. Overall, this study gives insights into heat dissipative and high sensitivity analysis components which may be used in the field of high‐temperature micro fabrication.
Altered somatosensory functioning and mechanism‐based classification in breast cancer patients with persistent pain
Authors: Haenen Vincent , Dams Lore , Meeus Mira , De Groef An
Published: November 2022

Pain is one of the most frequent and persistent side effects of breast cancer treatment. Besides pain, breast cancer survivors (BCS) are prone to experience a myriad of other signs and symptoms related to altered somatosensory function, including for example, hypoesthesia, allodynia, and hyperalgesia, both at the local site of cancer and in remote body parts. Different breast cancer treatments can have a direct effect on somatosensory functioning, resulting in a wide range of these signs and symptoms. To our knowledge, currently no comprehensive overview exists on altered somatosensory functioning and resulting signs and symptoms in BCS with persistent pain. Investigating altered somatosensory functioning in this population could provide more insights in the underpinning pathophysiological mechanisms and consequently improve prevention and treatment in the future. Therefore, in this paper, first, normal somatosensory functioning is described. Second, quantitative sensory testing is presented as the recommend method to evaluate somatosensory functioning. Third, existing evidence on altered somatosensory functioning in BCS with persistent pain is summarized. Altered somatosensory functioning related to the most common cancer treatment modalities, including surgery and radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy are discussed. In addition, evidence on the presence of nociplastic pain as pain resulting from altered somatosensory functioning without evidence for nociception and/or neuropathy in BCS is summarized. At last, a discussion on this available evidence, limitations, and perspectives for clinical practice and for research are made.
Catalytic Mechanisms of Transfer Hydrogenation of Azobenzene with Ammonia Borane by Pincer Bismuth Complex: Crucial Role of C=N Functional Group on the Pincer Ligand
Authors: Zhu Qin , Zhang Shuoqi , Ma Jing , Zhu Jun , Li Shuhua , Zeng Guixiang
Published: November 2022

Transfer hydrogenation of azobenzene with ammonia borane mediated by pincer bismuth complex 1 was systematically investigated through density functional theory calculations. An unusual metal‐ligand cooperation mechanism was disclosed, in which the saturation/regeneration of the C=N functional group on the pincer ligand plays an essential role. The reaction is initiated by the hydrogenation of the C=N bond (saturation) with ammonia borane to afford 3CN, which is the rate‐determining step with Gibbs energy barrier (ΔG≠) and Gibbs reaction energy (ΔG) of 25.6 and −7.3 kcal/mol, respectively. 3CN is then converted to a Bi−H intermediate through a water‐bridged pathway, which is followed up with the transfer hydrogenation of azobenzene to produce the final product N,N′‐diphenylhydrazine and regenerate the catalyst. Finally, the catalyst could be improved by substituting the phenyl group for the tert‐butyl group on the pincer ligand, where the ΔG≠ value (rate‐determining step) decreases to 24.0 kcal/mol.
Computed tomography‐based radiomics prediction of CTLA4 expression and prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: He Hongchao , Jin Zhijia , Dai Jun , Wang Haofei , Sun Jianqi , Xu Danfeng
Published: November 2022

Objectives

To predict CTLA4 expression levels and prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) by constructing a computed tomography‐based radiomics model and establishing a nomogram using clinicopathologic factors.

Methods

The clinicopathologic parameters and genomic data were extracted from 493 ccRCC cases of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)‐KIRC database. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier analysis were performed for prognosis analysis. Cibersortx was applied to evaluate the immune cell composition. Radiomic features were extracted from the TCGA/the Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) (n = 102) datasets. The support vector machine (SVM) was employed to establish the radiomics signature for predicting CTLA4 expression. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), decision curve analysis (DCA), and precision‐recall curve were utilized to assess the predictive performance of the radiomics signature. Correlations between radiomics score (RS) and selected features were also evaluated. An RS‐based nomogram was constructed to predict prognosis.

Results

CTLA4 was significantly overexpressed in ccRCC tissues and was related to lower overall survival. A higher CTLA4 expression was independently linked to the poor prognosis (HR = 1.458, 95% CI 1.13–1.881, p = 0.004). The radiomics model for the prediction of CTLA4 expression levels (AUC = 0.769 in the training set, AUC = 0.724 in the validation set) was established using seven radiomic features. A significant elevation in infiltrating M2 macrophages was observed in the RS high group (p < 0.001). The predictive efficiencies of the RS‐based nomogram measured by AUC were 0.826 at 12 months, 0.805 at 36 months, and 0.76 at 60 months.

Conclusions

CTLA4 mRNA expression status in ccRCC could be predicted noninvasively using a radiomics model based on nephrographic phase contrast‐enhanced CT images. The nomogram established by combining RS and clinicopathologic factors could predict overall survival for ccRCC patients. Our findings may help stratify prognosis of ccRCC patients and identify those who may respond best to ICI‐based treatments.
Sewage Sludge Activated Carbon as an Adsorbent and Catalytic Support: Evaluation of Nitrate Removal and Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Rosa Clarissa H. , Schmitt Cristiane R. , Fonseca Cecilia S. , dos Santos João Henrique Z. , Lopes Toni J. , Rosa Gilber R.
Published: November 2022

This manuscript reports the valorization of sewage sludge with the production of activated carbon. Thus, a series of 11 adsorbents are produced, activated with different substances (salt, acid, and base), and their adsorptive properties are carefully evaluated. The C6 series of activated carbons prove to be very efficient for removing nitrate anions from aqueous medium and, due to this, it is evaluated as a catalytic support for palladium nanoparticles. The generated solid, named Pd@CA6F, is the first report of a catalyst containing activated carbon from sewage sludge that is efficient in the Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling. The catalytic system developed is eco‐friendly, phosphine‐free, and of low cost. Good yields are obtained in the coupling of aryl iodides with phenylboronic acid in a short time. The same catalyst load could be recycled for up to ten times.
Real‐world data using mHealth apps in rhinitis, rhinosinusitis and their multimorbidities
Authors: Sousa‐Pinto Bernardo , Anto Aram , Berger Markus , Dramburg Stephanie , Pfaar Oliver , Klimek Ludger , Jutel Marek , Czarlewski Wienczyslawa , Bedbrook Anna , Valiulis Arunas , Agache Ioana , Amaral Rita , Ansotegui Ignacio J. , Bastl Katharina , Berger Uwe , Bergmann Karl C. , Bosnic‐Anticevich Sinthia , Braido Fulvio , Brussino Luisa , Cardona Victoria , Casale Thomas , Canonica G. Walter , Cecchi Lorenzo , Charpin Denis , Chivato Tomás , Chu Derek K. , Cingi Cemal , Costa Elisio M. , Cruz Alvaro A. , Devillier Philippe , Durham Stephen R. , Ebisawa Motohiro , Fiocchi Alessandro , Fokkens Wytske J. , Gemicioğlu Bilun , Gotua Maia , Guzmán Maria‐Antonieta , Haahtela Tari , Ivancevich Juan Carlos , Kuna Piotr , Kaidashev Igor , Khaitov Musa , Kvedariene Violeta , Larenas‐Linnemann Désirée E. , Lipworth Brian , Laune Daniel , Matricardi Paolo M. , Morais‐Almeida Mario , Mullol Joaquim , Naclerio Robert , Neffen Hugo , Nekam Kristoff , Niedoszytko Marek , Okamoto Yoshitaka , Papadopoulos Nikolaos G. , Park Hae‐Sim , Passalacqua Giovanni , Patella Vincenzo , Pelosi Simone , Pham‐Thi Nhân , Popov Ted A. , Regateiro Frederico S. , Reitsma Sietze , Rodriguez‐Gonzales Monica , Rosario Nelson , Rouadi Philip W. , Samolinski Boleslaw , Sá‐Sousa Ana , Sastre Joaquin , Sheikh Aziz , Ulrik Charlotte Suppli , Taborda‐Barata Luis , Todo‐Bom Ana , Tomazic Peter Valentin , Toppila‐Salmi Sanna , Tripodi Salvatore , Tsiligianni Ioanna , Valovirta Erkka , Ventura Maria Teresa , Valero Antonio A. , Vieira Rafael José , Wallace Dana , Waserman Susan , Williams Sian , Yorgancioglu Arzu , Zhang Luo , Zidarn Mihaela , Zuberbier Jaron , Olze Heidi , Antó Josep M. , Zuberbier Torsten , Fonseca João A. , Bousquet Jean
Published: November 2022

Digital health is an umbrella term which encompasses eHealth and benefits from areas such as advanced computer sciences. eHealth includes mHealth apps, which offer the potential to redesign aspects of healthcare delivery. The capacity of apps to collect large amounts of longitudinal, real‐time, real‐world data enables the progression of biomedical knowledge. Apps for rhinitis and rhinosinusitis were searched for in the Google Play and Apple App stores, via an automatic market research tool recently developed using JavaScript. Over 1500 apps for allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis were identified, some dealing with multimorbidity. However, only six apps for rhinitis (AirRater, AllergyMonitor, AllerSearch, Husteblume, MASK‐air and Pollen App) and one for rhinosinusitis (Galenus Health) have so far published results in the scientific literature. These apps were reviewed for their validation, discovery of novel allergy phenotypes, optimisation of identifying the pollen season, novel approaches in diagnosis and management (pharmacotherapy and allergen immunotherapy) as well as adherence to treatment. Published evidence demonstrates the potential of mobile health apps to advance in the characterisation, diagnosis and management of rhinitis and rhinosinusitis patients.
A hierarchical decentralized architecture to enable adaptive scalable virtual machine migration
Authors: Hummaida Abdul R. , Paton Norman W. , Sakellariou Rizos
Published: November 2022

Cloud computing is an established paradigm for end users to access resources. Cloud infrastructure providers seek to maximize accepted requests, meet Service Level Agreements (SLAs), and reduce operational costs by dynamically allocating Virtual Machines (VMs) to physical nodes. Many solutions have been presented to manage cloud infrastructure, however, these tend to be centralized and suffer in their ability to maintain Quality of Service (QOS) and support data centers with thousands of nodes. Decentralized approaches, with no central management, can manage large data centers. However, these tend to reduce the ability to obtain an optimal resource allocation across the data center. To address this, we propose a hybrid hierarchical decentralized architecture that achieves lower SLA violations and lowers network traffic. We used simulation to evaluate our proposal in practice with a variety of existing VM placement policies.
Acquisition method of target leveling height based on machine vision
Authors: Yin Qiang , Gu JiaXin , Song Shaoyun , Zhang Yonglin , Zhao Gang , Hao ZhiQiang
Published: November 2022

Grain leveling robot is a special equipment to realize grain surface leveling in granary. Whether the target height of grain leveling is clear or not has a great influence on the leveling effect and efficiency of grain surface. In this article, the deficiencies of existing grain leveling robots are summarized, and a method of obtaining target leveling height based on machine vision is proposed. Data were collected by RGB‐D camera, the depth matrix of the whole large granary was obtained by image stitching and edge detection, and then the target height of the grain leveling robot was obtained by the element method. It solves the problem of controlling the falling height of the robot by human subjective feeling, improves the efficiency and precision of the robot, optimizes the effect of the robot, and helps to realize the intelligent work of the robot.
Effect of Li Doping on Cu2SnS3/n‐Si Heterojunction Solar Cells: Experiments and Simulation
Authors: Houimi Amina , Gezgin Serap Yiğit , Mercimek Bedrettin , Kiliç Hamdi Şükür
Published: November 2022

Cu2SnS3(CTS) semiconductor material owns very interesting absorbing properties that allow it to be effectively utilized in many thin‐film‐based heterojunction solar cells. In this work, using the ball milling method, a mixture of pure elemental powders is used to synthesize CTS material. Homemade undoped and Li‐doped target pellets are used to form CTS‐doped and CTS‐undoped thin films. The crystallinity investigation of synthesized targets and thin films confirms the formation of CTS tetragonal phase. Compositional, morphologic, and optic studies are also made to examine the effect of Li atom incorporation on different properties of CTS thin films. These CTS thin films are also incorporated into heterojunction solar cells (Al/n‐Si/CTS/Ag and Al/n‐Si/Li0.03CTS/Ag). In addition,J–Vcharacteristics of both CTS and Li0.03CTS solar cells are demonstrated and discussed in details. The effect of CTS thin films' thickness on the performance is studied using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS‐1D) program. The results of the calculation are discussed in details and compared with the experimental results. An increase in efficiency is achieved in solar cells based on Li‐doped CTS thin films, and it is discussed in detail along with SCAPS‐1D simulation that is carried out depending on the thickness of CTS thin films.
Sealing ability in vitro study and biocompatibility in vivo animal study of different bioceramic based sealers
Authors: Haji Tara H. , Selivany Bahar J. , Suliman Abdulhaq A.
Published: November 2022

Introduction

The effectiveness of root canal therapy in endodontic practice is largely determined by providing a compact fluid‐tight closure at the apex of the root canal, which inhibits irritant entry and buildup, which leads to a biological breakdown of the attachment mechanism and failure. During obturation, along with gutta‐percha, root canal sealers are employed to fill voids and seal root canals. Root canal sealers come in a variety of shapes and sizes, each with its own set.

Aim

Evaluation of sealing ability in vitro study by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and biocompatibility in vivo animals study of BioRoot RCS and meta Biomed bio_ceramic sealer (CeraSeal RCS) and compared the findings with that of Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) sealer as control.

Materials and Methods

This study utilized two bio_ceramic sealers (BioRoot RCS and meta Biomed bio_ceramic sealer (CeraSeal RCS) and compared the findings with that of ZOE sealer as control. Biocompatibility was determined by examining histopathological biopsy specimens collected from rabbits. Each rabbit had four dentin tubes implanted into the subcutaneous tissues, one for BioRoot RCS, one for CeraSeal RCS, and one for ZOE RCS, with the fourth tube being empty haematoxylin and eosin were used to stain histological sections, and a light microscope was used to evaluate them. Extracted human single canal premolars were used to evaluate the sealing ability. The root canals were divided into three sections (coronal, middle, and apical). SEM was used to assess the adhesion quality at the sealer‐dentin interface.

Results

BioRoot and CeraSeal sealers have excellent sealing adaptation and biocompatibility, as well as rapid tissue recovery, while ZOE sealers have a slower recovery of inflammatory reaction results when compared to bio_root and ceraSeal sealers, as well as a less sealing adaptation than the two other bio_ceramic sealers.

Conclusion

In general, the two bioceramic sealers tested were biocompatible and capable of sealing or adhesion. While ZOE had less adherence ability and less biocompatibility.
Corporate social responsibility and circular economy from the perspective of consumers: A cross‐cultural analysis in the cosmetic industry
Authors: Kolling Camila , Ribeiro José Luis Duarte , Morea Donato , Iazzolino Gianpaolo
Published: November 2022

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and circular economy (CE) have assumed considerable importance in the efforts for sustainable development. However, some consumers do not positively respond to CSR and CE activities, and few studies have analyzed the consumers' perspective about the topics. This study investigates consumer knowledge and perception about CSR and CE and their willingness to pay (WTP) for products from companies that follow these concepts, examining differences according to demographic characteristics. We carried out a survey with 302 Brazilian and Italian consumers of cosmetic products. Our results show that most consumers have a low understanding of CSR and CE and a low perception of the socio‐environmental initiatives of companies that follow CSR and CE concepts. Nevertheless, most consumers show WTP for products from companies that follow these concepts. We identified demographic variables that allowed us to relate the profile of consumers with their knowledge about CSR and CE and their WTP. We provide insights for companies and policymakers in advancing toward CSR and CE.
Tuning the Carrier Transfer Behavior of Coaxial ZnO/ZnS/ZnIn2S4 Nanorods with a Coherent Lattice Heterojunction Structure for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Peng Jing , Liu Guorui , Jiao Xianhui , Xia Hongqiang , Li Jing , Ma Qingxiang , Jin Jun , Li Feng
Published: November 2022

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Feng Li at the Ningxia University. The image shows how the coherent lattice heterojunction interface can play a role in the efficient separation of photogenerated carriers of ZnO‐based photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The Research Article itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202201469.
Evaluation, design, and test of single switch high step‐up boost converter with autotransformer
Authors: Andrade António Manuel Santos Spencer , Faistel Tiago Miguel Klein , Guisso Ronaldo Antonio
Published: November 2022

In this article, different autotransformer structures are discussed, demonstrating their connection and voltage gain characteristics. In this sense, an autotransformer structure was chosen that presents a high voltage gain with a low transformation ratio (N), thus seeking to reduce the leakage inductance and volume. From there, this structure is integrated into the isolated boost converter, thus generating a new high step‐up DC‐DC topology. The proposed converter presents as main characteristics: high voltage gain, low voltage stress on the components, continuous input current, low number of components, simplicity of operation and control, and high efficiency. To validate the theoretical evaluations, a 200 W, 30 V/400 V prototype was built in the laboratory, achieving a maximum efficiency of 96.25%.
The geographic footprint of mutualism: How mutualists influence species' range limits
Authors: Fowler Joshua C. , Donald Marion L. , Bronstein Judith L. , Miller Tom E. X.
Published: November 2022

Understanding mechanisms that generate range limits is central to knowing why species are found where they are and how they will respond to environmental change. There is growing awareness that biotic interactions play an important role in generating range limits. However, current theory and data overwhelmingly focus on abiotic drivers and antagonistic interactions. Here we explore the effect that mutualists have on their partner's range limits: the geographic “footprint” of mutualism. This footprint arises from two general processes: modification of a partner's niche through environment‐dependent fitness effects and, for a subset of mutualisms, dispersal opportunities that lead suitable habitats to be filled. We developed a conceptual framework that organizes different footprints of mutualism and the underlying mechanisms that shape them, and evaluated supporting empirical evidence from the primary literature. In the available literature, we found that the fitness benefits and dispersal opportunities provided by mutualism can extend species' ranges; conversely, the absence of mutualism can constrain species from otherwise suitable regions of their range. Most studies found that the footprint of mutualism is driven by changes in the frequency of mutualist partners from range core to range edge, whereas fewer found changes in interaction outcomes, the diversity of partners, or varying sensitivities of fitness to the effects of mutualists. We discuss these findings with respect to specialization, dependence, and intimacy of mutualism. Much remains unknown about the geographic footprint of mutualisms, leaving fruitful areas for future work. A particularly important future direction is to explore the role of mutualism during range shifts under global change, including the promotion of shifts at leading edges and persistence at trailing edges.
New Water‐Soluble Au(III) Complexes with Xyloside‐Based Ligands: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Solution Studies and Catalytic Evaluation
Authors: Pascual Laura M. H. , Boudesocque Stéphanie , Dupont Laurent , Hénon Eric , Mohamadou Aminou , Plantier‐Royon Richard , Gatard Sylvain
Published: November 2022

A short and convenient approach to the original xyloside‐based ligands, has been achieved, usingd‐xylose as a starting material. The complexation properties of these ligands towards Au(III) cations were studied by different methods, such as multinuclear NMR, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis. A preliminary study using protometric titrations has been carried out in aqueous solution under various pH conditions, thus in order to investigate the binding of Au(III) cations to these ligands. Furthermore, molecular calculations were performed to obtain additional structural information. The catalytic activity of the most stable Au(III) complexes was evaluated for the homogeneous reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) to 4‐aminophenol (4‐AP) in the presence of NaBH4.