bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Prophylactic and Anticoccidial Effects of Black Seed and Garlic Extracts in Rabbits
Authors: Kuraa Huda Mohammed Mohammed , Nageib Basem Refat , El-Hendy Abeer Hashem Mostafa , Hassanin Ahmed Abdel-Fattah Ahmed
Published: October 2021

The present study was carried out to discover the protective and curative effects of alcoholic extracts of garlic (Allium sativum) and black seeds (Nigella sativa) in rabbits experimentally infected by Eimeria magna using in vivo, in vitro, and histopathological examination. Overall oocysts number per gram was significantly lower in the garlic treatment and pretreatment groups, compared to the control positive, sulfadimidine treatment, and black seed treatment groups. At the end of the experiment, the oocyst disappeared in garlic pretreatment, garlic treatment, and black seed pretreatment groups. While oocyst counts of control positive and sulfadimidine groups were increasing oocysts similarly at the end of the experiment with repeated cycles. In vitro sporulation inhibition of garlic extract showed significant efficacy on E. magna oocysts in comparison with black seed extract and high significant efficacy of sporulation inhibition, compared to sulfadimidine. While black seed extract showed high significant efficacy of sporulation inhibition, compared to sulfadimidine. Body weight gain increased in control negative, garlic pretreatment, and garlic treatment groups in comparison with other groups. The results showed that there were no significant differences in erythrocytes counts in all experimental groups while leukocyte counts showed a significant decrease in control positive and sulfadimidine groups, compared to the other groups. Similarly, the histopathological examinations on days 14 and 28 post-infection revealed pathological changes in intestinal villi of the control positive group that appeared thickened and deformed with hypertrophied enterocytes containing numerous developmental stages of E. magna. Both garlic and black seed extract had beneficial effects on improving the lesions grossly and microscopically. The results obtained in the present study proved that garlic pretreatment had a better effect on a prophylaxis and treatment for coccidiosis than garlic treatment and both had more beneficial effects, compared to black seed extract. Therefore, it is recommended to use garlic as a natural feed additive in rabbit feeding as a prophylaxis and treatment for coccidiosis to minimize the economic losses caused by this parasite.
Production of Newcastle Disease Polyclonal Antibody as the Alternative of Immunohistochemistry Primary Antibody against Newcastle Disease in Poultry
Authors: Kholish Naf’an Muhammad , Kurniasih Kurniasih , Untari Tri , Prakoso Yos Adi
Published: October 2021

Newcastle disease (ND) is the most pathogenic viral infection in poultry. Furthermore, the availability of laboratories that support the molecular diagnosis of ND is still limited in Indonesia. The present study aimed to produce ND polyclonal antibody as the alternative of immunohistochemistry primary antibody against ND in poultry. Two adult male New Zealand White rabbits weighed 2.5 kg were vaccinated seven days after the adaptation using intraperitoneal injection of the ND live vaccine at multilevel doses weekly. The serum was collected inactivated, and purified in the sixth week. A total number of 31 chicken samples were collected and their samples of brain, lung, spleen, and intestine were tested using immunohistochemistry and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain reaction (RT-PCR). The result showed that 19/31 (61%) were positive against immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR and a total of 12/31 (39%) were negative. Based on the obtained results, immunohistochemistry using ND polyclonal antibody had a similar accuracy with RT-PCR. It can be concluded that ND polyclonal antibody produced by vaccination in the rabbit could be used as the alternative immunohistochemistry primary antibody for diagnosing ND in poultry.
Molecular Characterization of Chicken Anaemia Virus Circulating in Commercial Poultry Flocks in Egypt during 2020
Authors: Abdelhalim Ahmed , Samir Abdelhafez , Yehia Nahed
Published: October 2021

Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV) is an extremely contagious immunosuppressive disease causing high economic losses in poultry production. In the present study, tissue samples (bone marrow, thymus, and spleen) were collected from 86 different broiler chicken farms located in fourteen governorates in Egypt during 2020. They suffered from retard growth, weakness, and a drop in egg production with an observed mortality rate ranged 5-15%. A total of 26 samples were positive for CAV using PCR in six governorates in Lower Egypt with a 30% incidence rate, especially in Sharkia (78%), Ismailia (62.5%), and Alexandria (60%). The viral protein1 (VP1) gene of CAV was genetically characterized by sequencing of 10 selected viruses in six governorates. revealing that all Egyptian strains were clustered into two groups (A, B) that was distinct from vaccine strains (Del-Ros, Cux-1, and 26PA) which were clustered in group C. The seven Egyptian viruses in this study (A-Egypt-AN1-2020 to A-Egypt-AN7-2020) were clustered with the viruses from Japan, Argentina, and Malaysia in group A, and the other three viruses (A-Egypt-AN8-2020, A-Egypt-AN9-2020, A-Egypt-AN10-2020) were clustered with the viruses from Nigeria, and India in group B. The Egyptian viruses in the current study acquired new specific mutations clustering them into new subgroups (2A, 2B). By mutation analysis comparing with Del-Rose reference strains, V75I, M97L, and K139Q, E144Q were recorded in all viruses in the group A and B. All Egyptian viruses in the current study had specific new mutations at Y13N, H22N. Moreover, mutation at G74E in Egyptian viruses recorded in the current study was related to sub group 2A, I83V in three strains (A/Egypt/AN1/2020, A/Egypt/AN2/2020, A/Egypt/AN4/2020), and S140A in the hypervariable region was found in four strains (A/Egypt/AN1/2020, A/Egypt/AN2/2020, A/Egypt/AN4/2020 and A/Egypt/AN5/2020) in subgroup 2A. Furthermore, Q139 and Q144 amino acid substitutions, which are important in viral replication, were observed in all viruses. The field viruses in the study were distinct from the vaccinal strains by phylogenetic analysis and A.A. identity. In conclusion, the CAV was continuously circulating in Egypt from different genotypes. It acquired new specific mutations clustering them in a new subgroup, and it was distinct from vaccinal strains. Therefore, it is important to conduct continuous monitoring on the genetic evolution of CAV and further studies on the pathogenicity of the virus and the vaccine efficacy.
The Effect of Lipopolysaccharide Subunit Vaccine of Brucella abortus on Montanide ISA 70 Adjuvant on Sheep
Authors: Khusnia Faizatul , Suwarno . , Yunus Muhammad
Published: October 2021

Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in the entire world. This disease results in serious economic loss and public health problems. The disease is caused by gram-negative bacteria of the genus Brucella. There is a need to perform control programs, such as conducting a vaccination program on livestock. One of the vaccine components that can be used is B. abortus lipopolysaccharide. The present study aimed to find out the effect of B. abortus lipopolysaccharide subunit vaccine in adjuvant Montanide ISA 70 against antibody titer and interferon-gamma (IFN- γ) level by administrating different doses and different post-vaccination sampling times. B. abortus lipopolysaccharide was used in the current study as an antigen and Montanide ISA 70 as an adjuvant. The samples were divided into three groups, each containing six sheep. In the control group (P0), the samples received no treatment. In the first treatment group (P1), the samples were subjected to the injection of B. abortus lipopolysaccharide subunit in Montanide ISA 70 adjuvant of 50 mg/ml. Regarding the second treatment group (P2), the samples had an injection of B. abortus lipopolysaccharide subunit vaccine in 100 mg/ml. The results showed that the administration of B. abortus lipopolysaccharide subunit vaccine in the Montanide ISA 70 adjuvant could influence the formation of antibodies and IFN-γ secretion on sheep. The administration of a dose of 100 μg/ml indicated a greater antibody titer, compared to the dose of 50 μg/ml. The administration of the vaccine at a dose of 50 μg/ml revealed a greater IFN-γ level value in comparison with the dose of 100 μg/ml. The result of the study on IFN-γ level indicated the control group had a greater IFN-γ level rather than the treatment group. In Conclusion, The administration of B. abortus lipopolysaccharide subunit vaccine in Montanide ISA 70 adjuvant could influence the formation of IFN-γ antibody and secretion on sheep.
Effect of Lysine Supplementation in Commercial Feed on Energy Retention and Feed Conversion Ratio of Carp (Osphronemus gouramy)
Authors: Thaiin Ataina , Agustono . , Anam Al Arif Mohammad
Published: October 2021

The long period of raising carp (Osphronemus gouramy) causes the need for excessive feed. One way that can accelerate the growth of this fish in order to shorten the maintenance period is by the addition of essential amino acids, such as lysine. However, this certainly gives its own influence on energy retention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the influences of addition of lysine in feed on energy retention and feed conversion ratio of carp. The research method used an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments and four replications. The treatments used were the addition of Lysine 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% to the feed. The present experiment was conducted for a year. The results showed that the addition of lysine as much as 2% in commercial feed can increase the energy retention of carp (Osphronemus gouramy). Moreover, the addition of lysine by giving up to 2.5% cannot reduce the feed conversion ratio in carp (Osphronemus gourami) rearing. It can be concluded that the use of lysine has different effects related to the increase in retention and decrease conversion ratio in carp.
Veterinarians and Wildlife Biologists Should Join Forces to End Inhumane Mammal Trapping Technology
Authors: Proulx Gilbert
Published: October 2021

Current mammal trapping standards uphold the use of inhumane trapping technology. For example, killing neck snares for the capture of canids, and rotating-jaw traps, and steel-jawed leghold traps for procyonids and mustelids, are being used by trappers despite decades of research showing that they are inhumane, and cause serious injuries and distress in captured animals. Many wildlife biologists unsuccessfully raised concerns about inhumane mammal trappings. This short communication stresses the need for veterinarians and wildlife biologists to work together to improve the fate of mammals captured in killing or restraining traps, and modify mammal trapping standards on the basis of animal welfare science.
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Fowl Adenoviruses Associated with Inclusion Body Hepatitis-hydropericardium Syndrome in Broiler Chickens in Egypt
Authors: Al Naguib Mostafa G. , Morsy Eman A. , Samir Mahmoud , Khattab Marwa S. , Khelfa Diaa G. , Abdel-Alim Gomaa A.
Published: October 2021

Avian adenoviruses are an extremely diversified group of pathogens that recently triggering a variety of problems for poultry production. In particular, Inclusion Body Hepatitis-Hydropericardium Syndrome (IBH-HPS), which has been observed in broiler birds from 3 to 6 weeks of age and is associated with anemia, hemorrhagic disorders, hydropericardium, and high mortality. The disease has been reported worldwide, and recently it was reported in many Egyptian farms, causing severe economic losses. Therefore, the current study aimed to isolate, and genetically type the most common Adenovirus serotypes associated with this syndrome in Egyptian farms. A total of 50 broiler chicken farms (3-6 weeks old) located in different Egyptian governorates were examined. Macroscopically, the diseased flock revealed hydropericardium, enlarged friable livers with ecchymotic hemorrhages, and varying mortality rates (1 to 7.5%). Histopathologically, severe diffuse necrotizing enteritis, hepatitis, pericarditis, and diffuse lymphoid depletion of the spleen were the most prominent lesions. Liver tissues and cloacal swabs were collected from all examined flocks for FAdVs detection by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the L1 loop in the hexon gene. The PCR products were sequenced for typing of the detected viruses. It was found that 10 out of 50 flocks examined were PCR positive for FAdVs (20%). Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced genes revealed that the obtained viruses clustered with reference strains belonging to FAdV type D and E serotype 2, 11, and 8a respectively. The isolation of both FAdV type D and FAdV type E were carried out on a primary cell culture chicken embryo liver cell (CEL) and the presence of these viruses was confirmed by PCR after the appearance of cytopathic effect (CPE). From this study, it could be concluded that both FAdVs types D and E are the most common adenoviruses circulating in poultry farms suffering from hydropericardium and inclusion body hepatitis.
Molecular Identification of Trypanosoma theileri and Biology of Trypanosomes
Authors: Fentahun Tewodros , Paeshuyse Jan
Published: October 2021

Trypanosoma theileri (T. theileri ) is a non-pathogenic, cosmopolitan, and commensal protozoa of cattle. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the biology and feasibility of T. theileri as a model candidate for the discovery of a novel drug. In the present study, the isolates of T. theileri obtained from the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM) in SDM 79 were cultivated at 26oC. Eight experiments with different inoculum and different times were grown. The growth curve was plotted to check the growth trends. The doubling time in the logarithmic phase was determined to be 17.43 hours. In addition, an experimental infection was done on a 3-month-old Holstein Friesian calf to isolate the blood-streaming shape; however, it was not successful after the blood buffy coat smear and PBMC culture in RPMI 1640 and HMI 9. Furthermore, the viability was determined by quantitative colorimetric Resazurin assay in 96-well fluorescence Microplates containing 0.4 to 2.4 mM of Resazurin. On the other hand, the response to Pentamidine (1-100 ng/mL) showed a strong negative correlation between the fluorescence signal and the highest Pentamidine concentration. IC50 was 9.25 ng/mL. Genomic DNA was extracted using the phenol-chloroform method. The gradient PCR amplification using T. theileri specific PCR (Tth625-PCR) primers was detected at 465 base pair (bp). In addition, the full-length 18S rDNA sequence was detected at 730 bp. In the silico analysis using common anti-trypanosome drug targets, no significant similarity could be found on either the DNA or the protein level. Nevertheless, homologous sequences have been identified among the drug targets for Ornithine decarboxylase. Therefore, the analysis might show the possibility of using T. theileri as a model for the search of new drugs once they have entire genome sequences. Analysis of the whole genome and transcriptome indicated a phylogenetic relationship between T. theileri and other pathogenic trypanosomes which can be the basis for novel drug development.
Concurrent Respiratory Disease in Broiler Chickens in Egypt during 2020
Authors: Yehia Nahed , Amer Fatma , Samir Abdelhafez , Samy Mohamed , Sedeek Ahmed , Rebie Neveen , Mohammed Wafaa , Hagag Naglaa
Published: October 2021

Poultry production has been affected by multiple respiratory diseases triggering serious economic losses in Egypt. The current study aimed to investigate the situation and genetic evolution of respiratory diseases in Egypt during 2020. A total of 53 samples were collected from infected flocks suffering from respiratory signs and variable mortality rates from nine governorates in Egypt during 2020. The collected samples were examined for the detection of respiratory disease viruses (Avian influenza virus (AIV (H5N8, H9N2), Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) by rRT-PCR. The single infection was confirmed in 90.6% (37.7% I.B, 30.2% AIV (H5N8), 9.4% I.B and 5.7% NDV) and co-infection of HPAIV (H5N8) + I.BV and LPAIV (H9N2) +IBV were detected in 3.8% of nine governorates. The HA gene of HPAIV (H5N8) was cluster to clad 2.3.4.4.1b in a new branch with characteristic specific mutations especially in T140A in antigenic site A and R72S in the receptor-binding site, compared to A/duck/Egypt/F446/2017 with low A.A identity percent with vaccinal strains of H5N1 and H5N2 reaching to 91.9-94% and 84.6%, respectively. The HA gene of AIV (H9N2) belonged to A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97-like virus clustered with group B with a specific mutation (212I) that may affect the human transmission of the virus. The HVRs of S1 gene of IBV cluster to GI23 (Egy Var I) clad with multiple mutations in HVR1 and HVR2, compared to IBV/CU/4/2014 and low identity percent (68.3-78.8%) with vaccine strains (H120, M41, 4/91). In conclusion, respiratory disease continues to circulate and rapidly evolve in Egypt during 2020.
Molecular Detection and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Salmonella Species Isolated from Goat Feces in Sylhet District of Bangladesh
Authors: Sabur Md. Abdus , Das Mouri Rani , Uddin Md Bashir , Rahman Md. Mahfujur , Islam Md. Rafiqu , Chowdhury Md. Shahidur Rahman , Hossain Md. Mukter
Published: October 2021

The present study aimed at the molecular detection of Salmonella species from feces of goats and the characterization of the isolated Salmonella by biochemical and antimicrobial sensitivity techniques. A total of 220 goat feces samples were collected, of which 27 (12.27%) were positive for Salmonella by conventional culture methods and 20 (9.09%) by biochemical and PCR techniques. The prevalence was higher in goats under one year of age (20%), compared to older animals aged one to two years (7.8%) and more than two years of age (4.7%), respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of diarrheic goats was significantly higher (38.46%) than healthy animals (2.76%). DNA was extracted from Salmonella strains and amplified by PCR using the specific primers of Salmonella invasion gene (invA gene). The antibiotic sensitivity test indicated that Ciprofloxacin (100 percent sensitivity), Gentamycin (100 percent sensitivity), and Neomycin (100 percent sensitivity) were the most effective antibiotics for the majority of Salmonella isolates. On the other hand, Salmonella isolates were found to have substantially high resistance to Erythromycin (100%), Amoxicillin (100%), Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (81.48%), Streptomycin (62.96%), and Tetracycline (55.56 percent). Since the rate of Salmonella carriers was relatively high, eating goat meat could increase the risk of foodborne salmonellosis.
Effect of Processed Lemon Pulp with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Zaribi Goats Diet on Milk Production, Nutrients Digestibility, Blood Parameters, and Reproductive Performance
Authors: Sayed Haiam Abd Elsalam , El-Maghraby Mahmoud Metwaly , Elbadawy Mohamed Mahmoud
Published: October 2021

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of replacing concentrate feed (CFM) mixture with different levels of treated lemon pulp (TLP) on milk production and composition, nutrients digestibility, and blood parameters of Zaribi goats. A total of 24 Zaribi female goats at the end of the pregnant period were divided into three groups of eight according to live weight. Concentrate feed mixture and clover hay at a rate of 50:50 were offered twice a day. Treatedlemon pulp replaced CFM at rates 0%, 25%, and 50 % in diets of R1, R2, and R3 treatment groups, respectively. The feeding trial lasted 90 days. Dry matter digestibility and Nitrogen free extract digestibility were significantly raised by the increased level of TLP in groups R2 (72.37% and 70.36%) and R3 (72.28% and 70.30%), compared to (70.99% and 68.51%) in R1, respectively. The same trend was observed for organic matter digestibility (OMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD), crude fiber digestibility (CFD), and ether extract digestibility (EED) with R3, compared with either R1 or R2. However, there were insignificant differences between R1 and R2 in terms of OMD, CPD, and EED but CFD was significantly higher in R2, compared to R1. There was a significant increase in the milk yield by the increased level of TLP in the diet and for R2 (1448.4g/h/d) and R3(1558.7g/h/d), while it was reported as 1377.6 g/h/d in the control group. Feeding dams on the R3 diet had a significant effect on improving total antioxidant capacity by 63.5%, compared with control. The results of the present study indicated that the replacement of CFM by TLP decreased the costs of feed and increase milk production for the replacement level by 50% (R3). Moreover, no adverse effects were noticed on nutrients digestibility and blood parameters of the investigated samples.
The Effects of Borax (NA2B4O710H2O) on Histopathology of Wistar Rats’ Cerebrum (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Elfan Fernanda , Kuncorojakti Suryo , Triakoso Nusdianto
Published: October 2021

The present study aimed to determine the effects of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O) addition on the changes of histological cerebrum imaging in the brains of white mice (Rattus norvegicus). The current research was an experimental study with randomization of 24 white mice that were divided into four treatment groups with five replications. Borax was dissolved for each treatment with a dose of 19 mg/mouse/day, 26 mg/mouse/day, and 37 mg/mouse/day, and it was administered orally for 14 days. Then, it was analyzed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The statistical analysis results suggested that there were significantly different results in each treatment group. The control treatment with an administration dose of 26 mg/rat/day had a significantly different result in the worst cloudy swelling degeneration of cerebrum in histopathology imaging on Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Using the Mann-Whitney test, it was found that the dose of borax at 37 mg/rat/day led to significant difference, compared to the other treatment groups, which means that 37 mg/rat/day of borax caused the worst pyramidal cell necrosis in histopathology imaging of the cerebrum on white mice. Borax exposure on Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) can cause cloudy swelling at a dose of 26mg/head/day, and pyramidal cell necrosis at a dose of 37 mg/head/day.
Cross Reaction of Haemonchus contortus Protein with Toxocara vitulorum Anti-L2 Serum Using Western Blot Technique
Authors: Asmorowati Rani Wilujeng , Kusnoto . , Eliyani Hana
Published: October 2021

In the adult stage, Haemonchus contortus worms infect the abomasum host causing anemia and even death in animals. However, identifying the H. contortus protein can be used as a reference for the diagnosis of diseases. The diagnosis is performed by serological cross-reaction between H. contortus protein and anti-L2 Toxocara vitulorum (T. vitulorum) serum using the western blot technique. The main purpose of the current research was to identify the cross-reaction between H. contortus proteins and anti-L2 T. vitulorum serum using the western blot technique. T. vitulorum worms were collected from the intestine of cattle and H. contortus worms were collected from the abomasum of goats. The first step was making antibodies by oral infection of rats with infective eggs (L2) of T. vitulorum. The blood was taken 21 days after infection. Then, the blood was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes to get the serum. The second step was making homogenates from the whole worm extract of H. contortus. After crushing the worms, it was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 minutes and the supernatant was taken. The supernatant was then analyzed using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with coomassie brilliant blue staining. The third step was the analysis of H. contortus protein with serum anti-L2 T. vitulorum using the western blot technique. From the H. contortus homogenates analysis using SDS-PAGE, 16 protein bands were obtained. The cross-reactions were 141.3, 81.3, 64. 6, 51.3, 46.8, and 38 kDa. The data from cross-reactions suggested that the H. contortus protein cannot be used as a diagnostic material. It is serologically Haemonchosis because it caused false positives with diagnostic Toxocariasis.
Analisis Akuntansi Pendapatan Berdasarkan PSAK 72 Pada PT. Nexusled Cahaya Lestari
Authors: Yuli Pratiwi  , Putri Rizqi Fadhlina
Published: October 2021

Penelitian yang dilakukan penulis bertujuan untuk untuk menganalisis dan mengetahui bagaimana penerapan, pengakuan dan pengungkapan PSAK No. 72 pada PT. Nexusled Cahaya Lestari. Jenis penelitian bersifat deskriptif dengan obyek penelitian adalah data keuangan PT. Nexusled Cahaya Lestari. Dengan data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder yaitu berupa data yang diperoleh dari data laporan keuangan perusahaan, berupa laporan laba rugi dan laporan neraca. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsep penerapan pendapatan di perusahaan sebagian penerapannya mengakui sesuai dengan konsep acrual basic namun sebagian belum sepenuhnya dimana pada saat terjadinya transaksi digunakan cash basic, Pendapatan perusahaan bersumber dari pendapatan operasional yakni pendapatan atas penjualan barang dan jasa dan Penerapan pengakuan pendapatan PT. Nexusled Cahaya Lestari belum efisien sebagai pendapatan PT. Nexusled Cahaya Lestari berdasakan Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (PSAK) Nomor 72 dalam mencatat laporan laba Rugi.
Estimasi Fungsi Permintaan Dan Elastisitas Permintaan Beras di Kota Medan
Authors: Saragi Cyprianus PH. , Sinaga Palentina Pia
Published: October 2021

Padi yang setelah digiling berubah menjadi beras, merupakan salah satu komoditas pertanian yang ada di Kota Medan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan beras di Kota Medan. dan menganalisis elastisitas permintaan beras di Kota Medan. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data time series ( tahun 2000 - tahun 2019), analisis data dengan menggunakan regresi linier berganda. Koefisien determinasi (R2)Â  sebesar 0,72 menunjukkan bahwa sekitar 72% permintaan beras di Kota Medan dijelaskan oleh harga beras, harga jagung, harga ubi kayu, harga telur, pendapatan per kapita, dan jumlah penduduk, sedangkan 28% sisanya dijelaskan oleh variabel lain yang tidak dimasukkan dalam model. Hasil uji over-allÂ  menunjukkan bahwa harga beras, harga jagung, harga ubi kayu, harga telur, pendapatan per kapita, dan jumlah penduduk secara simultan berpengaruh nyata terhadap permintaan beras. Berdasarkan uji parsial, variabel harga jagung, harga ubi kayu, pendapatan per kapita, dan jumlah penduduk berpengaruh positif dan signifikan sedangkan variabel harga beras dan harga telurÂ  berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan. Elastisitas harga beras adalah inelastis, elastisitas silang dari jagung dan ubi kayu dengan beras bertanda positif atau substitusi serta elastisitas silang antara telur dengan beras bertanda negatif atau komplementer, dilihat dari elastisitas pendapatan beras adalah barang normal.Â
Peningkatan Efisiensi Agribisnis Kentang melalui Introduksi Bibit Granola 4 di Desa Bandar Hinalang Kecamatan Purba Kabupaten Simalungun
Authors: Deras Stefanus
Published: October 2021

Perbaikan efisiensi agribisnis kentang saat ini menjadi alternatif penting tanpa harus melalui perluasan areal. Introduksi bibit kentang Granola 4 (G4) bersertifikasi dengan rekomendasi penggunaan sarana produksi dan alokasi tenaga kerja yang optimal mampu mendongkrak efisiensi agribisnis kentang pada tingkat usahatani. Tujuan kajian ini untuk membandingkan tingkat efisiensi ekonomi agribisnis kentang G4 bersertifikasi dan non sertifikasi pada tingkat usahatani dengan efisiensi yang dihitung dari rekomendasi Balai Benih Kentang. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 5 responden petani kentang G4 bersertifikasi dan 15 petani G4 non sertifikasi.Â  Hasil analisis menunjukkan efisiensi agribisnis kentang G4 bersertifikasi sebesar 0,31 lebih kecil dari pada efisiensi agribisnis kentang G4 non sertifikasi sebesar 0,43.Â  Data memperlihatkan jumlah pemakaian sarana produksi dan tenaga kerja melebihi rekomendasi, berimplikasi pada berkurangnya efisiensi. Kedua angka efisiensi yang diukur dengan B/C ratio lebih kecil daripada efisiensi agribisnis kentang G4 bersertifikasi dengan rekomendasi pemakaian pupuk anorganik tunggal sebesar 2,22 dan pupuk majemuk sebesar 1,998.Â  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disarankan efisiensi teknis produksi kentang G4 dan efisiensi harganya masih dapat ditingkatkan dengan pengalokasian penggunaan sarana produksi dan tenaga kerja sesuai rekomendasi pemakaian pupuk anorganik tunggal maupun majemuk, dengan kriteria tepat dosis, tepat waktu, tepat cara, tepat harga, dan tepat lokasi, dan mengurangi pemakaian pupuk berlebihan.
Margin Pemasaran dan Transmisi Harga Komoditi Jahe
Authors: Hutauruk Julia
Published: October 2021

Jahe merupakan komoditas tanaman obat yang banyak diminati saat ini baik oleh pasar dalam negeri maupun luar negeri. Tanaman jahe memiliki peluang potensial pada masa pandemi seperti saat ini karena jahe banyak dicari oleh masyarakat untuk dijadikan sebagai obat atau ramuan tradisional penambah daya tahan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya biaya pemasaran, sebaran harga, dan bagian yang diterima masing-masing lembaga dan transmisi harga serta efisiensi pada saluran pemasaran jahe di daerah penelitian. Penentuan daerah penelitian dilakukan secara Puposive atau sengaja yaitu di desa Amborgang. Dalam penelitian ini, metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dan tabulasi sederhana untuk margin pemasaran. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa ada 2 saluran pemasaran jahe yang terdapat di daerah penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa saluran yang paling efisien adalah saluran pemasaran IIA. Elastisitas transmisi harga menunjukkan bahwa kedua saluran tersebut adalah inelastis.
MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STUDENT TEAM ACHIEVEMENT DIVISIONS (STAD) MATA PELAJARAN IPS POKOK BAHASANKENAMPAKAN ALAM DAN BUDAYA DI KELAS IV SD NEGERI 055988 GUNUN
Authors: SAHPUTRA EDI
Published: October 2021

This study aims to describe the study of Classroom Action Research(PTK) using Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) learning model in IPSsubjects in class IV SD Negeri 055988 Gunung Ambat. The research approachused is quantitative and qualitative approach, with the subject of research that isthe fourth grade students of SD Negeri 055988 Gunung Ambat which amounts to31 students. Data collection techniques used are observation and test.The results of the research on the first cycle obtained the number ofteacher observation points as much as 28 with a percentage of 56%. Observationof student activity obtained by the number of points as much as 24 withpercentage 48% and many complete student in accordance with value of CriterionComplete (KKM)> 65 is counted 16 student with percentage 51,61%, while manystudent which not finished in other word not reach Criteria Completeness (KKM)<65 is as many as 15 students with a percentage of 48.38%. The average value ofstudents in the first cycle is 59.83 while the number of students in classicalcompleteness has not reached 75.00% is 51.61%, then continued on cycle II. Inthe second cycle of teacher activity observation results obtained the number ofteacher observation points as much as 39 percentage 78%. Observation of studentactivity obtained by the number of points as much as 38 with percentage 76% andmany complete student in accordance with value Criteria Completeness (KKM)>65 is as many as 27 student with percentage 87%, while many student which doesnot complete in other word does not reach Completeness Criterion KKM) <65 isas many as 4 students with 12.90% percentage. Based on the data analysis, it isconcluded that the implementation of Student Team Achievement Divisions(STAD) learning model on IPS lesson with the subject of natural and culturalappearance in class IV SD Negeri 055988 Gunung Ambat Learning Year2017/2018 has good categorization and learning outcomes increase.The limitation of this study is the Student Team Achievement Division(STAD) model of learning is a model that creates a comfortable learningenvironment for students, so that teachers creativity is required in conveyinglearning.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) PADA MATA PELAJARAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM TENTANG MATERI CAHAYA DAN SIFAT-SIFATNYA DI KELAS V SD KATOLIK SANTO IGNATIUS MEDAN TAHUN
Authors: BUATON HOTDIANA
Published: October 2021

This research is a Classroom Action Research (PTK) which aims to know theimplementation of learning and improve student learning outcomes by using theContextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) learning model in the subjects of NaturalSciences (IPA) with light matter and its properties in Class V SD Santo Catholic SantoIgnatius MedanLesson 2016-2017.Subjects in this study were the students of grade VSD Santo Catholic. Ignatius Medan Lessons Year 2016-2017 which amounted to 40people, consisting of 20 female students and 18 male students. The object of thisresearch is Classroom Action Research (PTK) by applying two cycles that are Cycle Iand Cycle II which includes planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. Theresults of this study indicate an increase in student learning outcomes in the subjects ofNatural Science (IPA) light material and the nature of class V SD Santo Catholic SantoIgnatius Medan. This is evident from the results of research conducted on the pretest ofstudents who got the complete value of 4 people or 10% while 36 students who did notcomplete or 90%. Then continued the research on the first cycle of students who got thecomplete value of 18 students or 45% while the students who did not complete as manyas 22 students or 55%, then there is an increase in the first cycle compared to thepreteSanto However, it has not met the completeness category that has been specified.Then proceeded on the second cycle of students who got a total score of 34 students or85% while students who are not complete as many as 6 students or 15%, then there is anincrease in cycle II compared to cycle I and has fulfilled the specified completeness.Furthermore, teacher activity on observation cycle I get an average of 58% and in cycleII has increased to 90%. While the activity of students on the learning process obtainedan average of 58% and in cycle II has increased to 81, 3%. Thus, it is concluded that byusing Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) learning model on Natural Sciencesubject (IPA) light material and its properties in class V SD Santo Ignatius Medan canimprove student learning outcomes. Therefore it is suggested for subsequent learning touse problem-based learning strategies so that student learning outcomes can increase.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPENUMBER HEAD TOGETHER (NHT) DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWAKELAS III-B PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPS DI SD NEGERI 064024 MEDAN SELAYANG TAHUN PEMBELAJARAN 2017/2018
Authors: BARUS KRISTINA SELLY BR
Published: October 2021

The problem in the research is the low learning result of Social Science (IPS) of natural and artificial environment in class III, one of the causal factor is the instructional model used by the teacher is less varied. The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of learning and improvement of student learning outcomes by using cooperative learning model type Number Head Together (NHT). This research was conducted at State Elementary School 064024 Medan Selayang, with classroom action research. The subjects of the research are students of class III-B amounting to 25 students, while the object of research is to improve the learning result of Social Sciences (IPS) by using cooperative learning model type Head Head Together on Social Science subject. Data collection techniques used observations and tests. From the results of data analysis obtained the results of observation of the implementation of teacher activity learning in cycle I obtained the number of points 34 with a percentage of 68%. Observation of student activity cycle I obtained the number of points 26 with a percentage of 52%. The classical learning outcomes increased from 40.00% to 88.00% and the average value increased from 60.08 to 77.06. From the results of the study can be concluded the implementation of learning both categorized and student learningÂ  outcomes increased after using cooperative learning model type Number HeadÂ  together(NHT) on subjects Social Sciences material Natural and artificial environment in class III-B SD Negeri 064024 Medan Selayang.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE JIGSAW DI KELAS V SD NEGERI 050600 KUALA LANGKAT TAHUN PEMBELAJARAN 2017/2018
Authors: NOVA FITRI JAYANTI NOVA FITRI
Published: October 2021

This study aims to (1) improve mathematics learning outcomes by using jigsaw type cooperative learning model in grade 5 students of SD Negeri 050600 Kuala Langkat Learning Year 2017/2018. (2) Describe the constraints encountered by using jigsaw type cooperative learning model to improve mathematics learning outcomes. The results of this study indicate an increase in student learning outcomes on subjects mathematics material KPK and FPB class V Elementary School 050600 Kuala Langkat. This is evident from the results of research conducted on the pretest of students who got the complete value of 5 people or 21.73% while the students who did not complete as many as 18 people or 78.27%. Then continued research research on the first cycle of students who got the complete value of 14 people or 60.86% while the unfinished students as many as 9 people or 39.14%, then there is an increase in increase in cycle I compared to pretest. But this does not meet the specified category of mastery. Then proceeded on the second cycle of students who get a total score of 20 people or 86.95% while students who are not complete as many as 3 people or 13.05%, then an increase in cycle II compared to cycle I and has fulfilled the specified mastery . Furthermore, teacher activity on observation cycle I obtained an average of 60% and in cycle II increased to 78%. While the student activity on the learning process obtained an average of 58% and in the second cycle has increased to 84%. Thus obtained the conclusion that by using cooperative learning model type jigsaw on subjects mathematics material KPK and FPB in class V SDÂ  050600 Kuala Langkat can improve student learning outcomes. Therefore it is suggested for subsequent learning to use cooperative learning model of jigsaw type so that student learning result can increase
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DI KELAS VI SD NEGERI 066050 MEDAN TAHUN PEMBELAJARAN 2018/2019
Authors: Silaban Patri Janson
Published: October 2021

This study aims to improve student learning outcomes by applying the inquiry learning model on Mathematics Debit lessons in class VI of Public Elementary School 066050 Medan Learning Year 2018/2019. This research is a Classroom Action Research (CAR). The research was conducted in two cycles. The subjects in this study were students of class VI SD Negeri 066050 Medan who collected 33 students consisting of 16 male students and 17 female students. Data obtained from research results from tests of student learning outcomes and observations. The learning model applied in this study is a learning model which is a design of activities designed by students involved in learning to think critically and analytically in finding their own answers to the problems in question through scientific experiments.The results of this study indicate an increase in student learning outcomes in Mathematics subject matter discharge with the application of inquiry learning models in class VI SD 066050 Medan. This can be seen from improving student learning outcomes every cycle. In class students who received complete grades as many as 6 students (18.18%) while 27 students (81.82%) got incomplete scores, with an average learning outcome of 43.94. In the posttest cycle I increased to 19 students (57.58%) completed while 14 students (42.42%) received incomplete scores, with an average value of 68.79 learning outcomes. In the posttest cycle II increased to 29 students (97.88%) completed while 4 students (12.12%) received incomplete scores, with an average value of learning outcomes 82.12.The observation results of teacher activities in the implementation of learning in the first cycle obtained a value of 60% with sufficient categories and in the second cycle the results of observation of teacher activities increased to 85.72% with a very high quality category. The results of observations on students in the learning process in the first cycle obtained a value of 57.14% with sufficient categories and in the second cycle the results of observations of student activities increased to 85.72% with a very good category.By looking at the results of learning outcomes and observations that can conclude the inquiry learning model there is an increase in learning outcomes of class VI students at SD Negeri 066050 Medan. Therefore the teacher continues to apply the inquiry learning model to improve student learning outcomes with Mathematics and other subjects.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL SCIENTIFIC PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPA KELAS IV SD NEGERI 047166 SUKADAME TAHUN PEMBELAJARAN 2018/2019
Authors: GINTING ICHA TERESIA
Published: October 2021

This study aims to improve student learning outcomes in science subjects in grade IV SD Negeri 047166 Sukadame by using a Scientific model. Subjects in this study were fourth grade students totaling 28 students and the object of this study was to improve student learning outcomes by using a Scientific model. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (CAR) which is divided into 3 stages, namely general ideas, exploration, and action plans. Data collection techniques used are tests and observations, tests are given as many as 10 questions in multiple choice form. The questions given were pretest, post cycle I and post cycle II. While observation includes observing teacher activities and observing student activities in the learning process.The results of the study indicate an increase in student learning outcomes. In the pretest, it was found that the average value of 50 and the level of completeness in classical was 17.9%. In cycle I experienced an increase after using a Scientific model with an average value of 72.14, with a classical completeness level of 39.3%. And after the action taken and given post cycle II, it was obtained as many as 25 students who completed their learning outcomes and 5 students who did not complete their learning outcomes with the average posttest value of cycle II increased to 84.2% and the classical completeness level reached 82.1% . From the results obtained it can be concluded that the Scientific model can improve student learning outcomes in class IV SD Negeri 047166 Sukadame Learning Year 2018/2019. Based on the results of the study, the teacher is advised to use a Scientific model because it is proven to improve student learning outcomes.
PERBANDINGAN HASIL BELAJAR MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN THINK PAIR SHARE DENGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TEAMS GAMES TURNAMENT PADA TEMA PERISTIWA DALAM KEHIDUPAN DI KELAS V SD NEGERI NO. 064025 KECAMATAN MEDAN TUNTUNGAN TAHUN PEMBELAJARAN 2018/2019
Authors: PURBA HENY ROSA
Published: October 2021

This research aims to find out the comparison application of learning model Think Pair Sharewith Teams Games Turnamento study result of 5th grade students learning 1 and 5 of SD Negeri 064025, Medan Tuntungan subdistrict academic year 2018/2019 on. The types of research is experimental research with true experimental design method (Prates-Postes Control Group Design). The approach of research was quantitave. The population used in this study were 117 students of Elementary School 064025 in Medan Tuntungan Subdistrict. The research sample were the 60th students fifth grade A â€“ B classes. The sampling technique in research is cluster sample. Data collection techniques using tests namely pre-test and post-test. Tests are used to obtain student learning outcomes data. The analysis techniq ue used is by using Microsoft Exel and Statistic Program For Social Science (SPSS) ver. 21.0. The result showed that there was comparised about result study from application Think Pair Share with Teams Games Turnamen model. The results of the calculation of data analysis showed that the increase in the average value of the pre-post test results in the experimental group I through the application of the Think Pair Share Model was 16.63.While the increase in the average value of the pre-post test results in the experimental group II amounted to 11.86. The difference in the average value of the experimental group II experimental group is only 4.77. Through the acquisition of tcount (4.224) > ttable (1,671), H0 is rejected. This proves that there was a comparison of learning outcomes through of Think Pair Share Model with Teams Games Turnamen model the application.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INSIDE OUTSIDE CIRCLE PADA TEMA TEMPAT TINGGALKU DI KELAS IV SD NEGERI 068003 TAHUN PEMBELAJARAN 2018/2019
Authors: SITUMORANG SARI NAULI
Published: October 2021

This type of research is class action research (PTK). This research aims to improve students ' learning outcomes by using the Inside Outside Circle theme of my residence in the sub I'm proud of my place to stay class IV Elementary school 068003 Medan Year learning 2018/2019. The subject in this study was a grade IV student of SD Negeri 068003 Medan which numbered 22 people consisting of 12 male students and 10 female students. The study consists of two cycles namely cycle I and cycle II. Each cycle consists of a one-time meeting. To obtain data during the study post-test used twice in two cycles to determine the increase in student learning outcomes and the teacher activity observation sheet to determine the effectiveness of models used by teachers and sheets Students to learn the extent to which students can apply a learning model that is conceived in the learning process.The results showed that by using the Inside Outside Circle model in Cycle 1, the average student learning results were 64.54% or about 54.55% of students who completed the results of 12 students. The results on this I cycle have not yet reached the expected outcome level. It is done cycle II and the average value of student learning outcomes is 81.27% with a percentage of 90.90% of students who have completed a total value of 20 students. Thus there is an increase in student learning outcomes of 90.90%. Based on the results of the data obtained, it can be concluded that the use of the Inside Outside Circle model can improve the learning outcomes of grade IV students of elementary School 068003 Medan year of learning 2018/2019.
STUDENTSâ€™ RESPONSE THROUGH SELF-MONITORING ATTENTION TECHNIQUE IN WRITING SKIL
Authors: TARIGAN KARISMA E. , SIBURIAN ITA LESTARI
Published: October 2021

In writing process the students have to compose their writing by using their own choice of sentence structure and organize their own ideas in such a way that the reader can understand them. The aim of this study is to describe the studentsâ€™ response after having been taught by using self-monitoring attention technique. The data in this study is use descriptive data. The results of this study were 57.10% students strongly agree, 35.05% students agree, 6.35% students quite agree, 0.30% students disagree, and 1.30% students strongly disagree. Most of the students were more active and enthusiastic during the process of teaching and learning through self-monitoring attention technique