bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late Holocene geomorphic record of fire in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests, Kendrick Mountain, northern Arizona, USA
Authors: Jenkins Sara E. , Hull Sieg Carolyn , Anderson Diana E. , Kaufman Darrell S. , Pearthree Philip A.
Published: November 2018

Long-term fire history reconstructions enhance our understanding of fire behaviour and associated geomorphic hazards in forested ecosystems. We used 14C ages on charcoal from fire-induced debris-flow deposits to date prehistoric fires on Kendrick Mountain, northern Arizona, USA. Fire-related debris-flow sedimentation dominates Holocene fan deposition in the study area. Radiocarbon ages indicate that stand-replacing fire has been an important phenomenon in late Holocene ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and ponderosa pine–mixed conifer forests on steep slopes. Fires have occurred on centennial scales during this period, although temporal hiatuses between recorded fires vary widely and appear to have decreased during the past 2000 years. Steep slopes and complex terrain may be responsible for localised crown fire behaviour through preheating by vertical fuel arrangement and accumulation of excessive fuels. Holocene wildfire-induced debris flow events occurred without a clear relationship to regional climatic shifts (decadal to millennial), suggesting that interannual moisture variability may determine fire year. Fire-debris flow sequences are recorded when (1) sufficient time has passed (centuries) to accumulate fuels; and (2) stored sediment is available to support debris flows. The frequency of reconstructed debris flows should be considered a minimum for severe events in the study area, as fuel production may outpace sediment storage.
Built structure identification in wildland fire decision support
Authors: Calkin David E. , Rieck Jon D. , Hyde Kevin D. , Kaiden Jeffrey D.
Published: November 2018

Recent ex-urban development within the wildland interface has significantly increased the complexity and associated cost of federal wildland fire management in the United States. Rapid identification of built structures relative to probable fire spread can help to reduce that complexity and improve the performance of incident management teams. Approximate structure locations can be mapped as specific-point building cluster features using cadastral data records. This study assesses the accuracy and precision of building clusters relative to GPS structure locations and compares these results with area mapping of housing density using census-based products. We demonstrate that building clusters are reasonably accurate and precise approximations of structure locations and provide superior strategic information for wildland fire decision support compared with area density techniques. Real-time delivery of structure locations and other values-at-risk mapped relative to probable fire spread through the Wildland Fire Decision Support System Rapid Assessment of Values at Risk procedure supports development of wildland fire management strategies.
A method for estimating the amount of dead grass fuel based on spectral reflectance characteristics
Authors: Zhengxiang Zhang , Hongyan Zhang , Zhiqiang Feng , Xuedong Li , Yunzhi Bi , Dongkai Shi , Daowei Zhou , Yong Wang , Jianjun Zhao
Published: November 2018

Estimation of the amount of dead grass fuel is essential for the assessment of risk of grassland fires. This paper develops a method to estimate the amount of dead grass fuel based on spectral reflectance. Samples of soil and dead grass were collected in the Songliao Plain, China. The spectral reflectance of these samples at different densities and at various wavelengths (350–2500 nm) was measured in the laboratory. A new spectral index for dead grass was designed based on the equivalent bands of a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite image. In the short-wave infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, an absorption feature associated with cellulose and lignin was observed at ~2100 nm in the spectra of dead grass. This absorption feature was not present in the spectra of soil. This observation provides a basis for discriminating between dead grass and soil. The dead grass fuel index created using bands 6 and 7 of MODIS correlated significantly with the field measurements of the mass of dead grass fuel (R2 = 0.84). Hence, the dead grass fuel index can be used to produce an estimate of the amount of dead grass fuel, via the regression function identified above. Such methods of estimating the amount of dead grass fuel can contribute to studies of grassland fire hazard.
Changes in the Ovaries and Uterus of the Dugong, Dugong dugon (Sirenia:Dugongidae), with Age and Reproductive Activity
Authors: Marsh H , Heinsohn G.E , Channells P.W
Published: November 2018

The uterus and ovaries from 49 dugongs of a variety of ages and levels of reproductive activity have been
studied macroscopically and histologically. The ovaries are large, flattened, ovoid organs in which the
germinal epithelial surface is almost two-dimensional. Numerous Graafian follicles develop in the
ovaries of a female approaching oestrus; at least several of these follicles rupture; some corpora lutea
may result from luteinized follicles; a second generation of corpora lutea may form in the presence of the
first. Thus the dugong seems to be polyovular and polyoestrus. The large number (up to 30+) of corpora
lutea persist throughout pregnancy and subsequently regress to brown corpora albicantia which seem to
persist for at least several years. Ovarian pathology and parasites are documented. The cycle of
endometrial changes in the bicornuate uterus is described. Conspicuous scars (deposits of
haemosiderin) mark the sites of previous (zonary) placental attachments and probably persist for life.
The high proportion of mature females sampled that were neither pregnant nor lactating, and the
observed high frequency of sterile cycles, suggest that fecundity is low in north Queensland populations
of dugongs.
Psychology of Music: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Margulis Elizabeth Hellmuth
Published: November 2018

There is a long tradition of thinking about music as a product of the human mind. Whether considering composition, performance, listening, or appreciation, the constraints and capabilities of the human mind play a formative role. The field that has emerged around this approach is known as the psychology of music. It seeks to answer fundamental questions of broad and enduring interest—questions like “What is musicality?” and “How does music move us?” The Psychology of Music: A Very Short Introduction explores how the psychology of music confronts these questions. It connects the science to larger humanistic questions about music that are of interest to practicing musicians, music therapists, musicologists, and the general public alike.
6. Conclusion
Authors: Sharr Adam
Published: November 2018

It took until the first half of the 20th century for architects’ ideas to mature, in conjunction with the new materials of steel, reinforced concrete, and electric light, into the distinctive imagery now recognized as modern architecture. But that imagery was only the outward sign of new ways of organizing structure, space, and surface. The Conclusion clarifies that, for much of the 20th century, modern architecture stood for the place of the future—as related to the past—in the present. But the associations of those ideas about future, present, and past always remained complex, changing, and contested. For all its global effects, modernity was never a unified phenomenon.
4. Seismic waves
Authors: Goldsmith Mike
Published: November 2018

Sound waves travel very easily underground, often for many thousands of kilometres. These are usually referred to as a kind of seismic wave and are most often triggered by earthquakes, which result from a sudden slip of tectonic plates, down to about 700 kilometres below the Earth’s surface. ‘Seismic waves’ describes the four types of seismic wave generated by earthquakes: P-waves (primary waves), S-waves (shear waves), Love waves (usually the most powerful and destructive of seismic waves), and Rayleigh waves, which are created when P and S waves reach the Earth’s surface together, combining to form undulating ground rolls. Free vibrations and star waves are also described.
8. Gravitational waves
Authors: Goldsmith Mike
Published: November 2018

In 1916, Einstein published his theory of general relativity, which incorporated fundamentally new ideas about the nature of gravity, including that gravitational effects take time to travel. He also showed that under some circumstances, objects lose energy by emitting ‘ripples’ in time and space: gravitational waves. ‘Gravitational waves’ explains how these waves are very weak and only the most powerful events in the Universe generate strong enough versions to be detected. Gravitational waves differ from other kinds of waves as their only effect is to cause objects to move together and then apart again. They provide a unique new window on the Universe, allowing us to look deeper and further than ever before.
6. Where are we going?
Authors: Fairhurst Michael
Published: November 2018

‘Where are we going?’ looks at some other biometric modalities that may achieve a higher profile in future, including hand-based biometrics, keystroke dynamics, ear-shape biometrics, and electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram measurements. It then discusses the problem of ageing in the design and use of biometric systems before considering human interaction with biometric systems and the impact of the usability of systems on their success. Biometrics systems are increasingly and manifestly having an impact on everyday life. Properly understood and sensitively applied, these can improve our security, increase our confidence in processes that are designed to dovetail into the way modern society works, and enhance the convenience and power of technology, for the benefit of everyone.
5. Inconsistencies about madness
Authors: Dunn Michael , Hope Tony
Published: November 2018

‘Inconsistencies about madness’ examines the different standards used in enforcing treatment and secure accommodation for those with and without mental disorder and considers the links with criminal acts. It is argued that those with mental disorder are subject to a double injustice. Under legislation such as the UK’s Mental Health Act, they are discriminated against not only for the protection of others but also for the protection of themselves. It may be right or wrong to impose life-saving treatment on a patient who has the capacity to refuse treatment, but what is not right is to change the answer depending on whether or not the person has a mental disorder.
Typography: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Luna Paul
Published: November 2018

Typography: A Very Short Introduction offers a broad definition of typography as design for reading, whether in print or on screens, where a set of visual choices are taken to make a written message more accessible, more easily transmitted, more significant, or more attractive. Considering the development of letterforms and the shapes of letter we use, it discusses the history behind our modern day letters and fonts, before considering the issues behind key typographic decisions, and the differences between printed and on-screen typography. Presenting any piece of typography as a fundamental design choice, this Very Short Introduction introduces the options available today, and explores the reasons why key typographic decisions are made.
6. Emotion or information?
Authors: Luna Paul
Published: November 2018

We are surrounded by a typographic environment. Typography is present not just in the printed matter that we read, but also in all our interactions with computers and mobile devices, with street signs and shop fronts. Typography has multiple personalities. As well as identifying and imparting information, typography is associative, and designers use it to influence our view of the messages we are reading. In this way, typography can be considered a creative endeavour. Typography is also the mechanized presentation of language. In this way, it is subservient to the structures of the messages it presents. ‘Emotion or information?’ considers how these different aspects of typography can be reconciled.
Building the Arrow of Time… Over Time: A Sequence of Brain Activity Mapping Imagined Events in Time and Space
Authors: Gauthier Baptiste , Pestke Karin , van Wassenhove Virginie
Published: November 2018

When moving, the spatiotemporal unfolding of events is bound to our physical trajectory, and time and space become entangled in episodic memory. When imagining past or future events, or being in different geographical locations, the temporal and spatial dimensions of mental events can be independently accessed and manipulated. Using time-resolved neuroimaging, we characterized brain activity while participants ordered historical events from different mental perspectives in time (e.g., when imagining being 9 years in the future) or in space (e.g., when imagining being in Cayenne). We describe 2 neural signatures of temporal ordinality: an early brain response distinguishing whether participants were mentally in the past, the present or the future (self-projection in time), and a graded activity at event retrieval, indexing the mental distance between the representation of the self in time and the event. Neural signatures of ordinality and symbolic distances in time were distinct from those observed in the homologous spatial task: activity indicating spatial order and distances overlapped in latency in distinct brain regions. We interpret our findings as evidence that the conscious representation of time and space share algorithms (egocentric mapping, distance, and ordinality computations) but different implementations with a distinctive status for the psychological “time arrow.”
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with concomitant mitral stenosis
Authors: Asami Masahiko , Windecker Stephan , Praz Fabien , Lanz Jonas , Hunziker Lukas , Rothenbühler Martina , Räber Lorenz , Roost Eva , Stortecky Stefan , Pilgrim Thomas
Published: November 2018

Aims

Multivalvular disease is of increasing concern in elderly patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The objective of the present analysis was to investigate the impact of concomitant mitral stenosis (MS) on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing TAVR for severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS).

Methods and results

Among 1339 patients undergoing TAVR between August 2007 and December 2015, adequate echocardiographic data for the assessment of severity and aetiology of MS was available in 971 (72.5%) patients. Patients were stratified according to degree and aetiology of concomitant MS. Mitral stenosis was documented in 176 (18.1%) TAVR patients (mean mitral valve area 1.9 ± 0.4 cm2) and considered degenerative in 110 (62.5%) and rheumatic in 66 (37.5%) patients, respectively. Mitral stenosis was categorized as moderate/severe in 28 patients (2.9%). Baseline characteristics were comparable between patients with vs. without MS. At 1 year, patients with MS were at increased risk of cardiovascular death [36 (21.4%) vs. 66 (8.7%); adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj) 3.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.38–5.56] and disabling stroke [12 (7.1%) vs. 23 (3.0%); HRadj 2.98, 95% CI 1.46–6.09] as compared to patients without MS. Differences in cardiovascular death and disabling stroke emerged within 30 days of the index procedure and were largely driven by a difference in patients with rheumatic MS [cardiovascular death: 7 (10.6%) vs. 24 (3.2%), HRadj 4.80, 95% CI 1.98–11.6; disabling stroke: 4 (6.1%) vs. 16 (2.0%), HRadj 4.18, 95% CI 1.34–13.0].

Conclusion

Concomitant MS was documented in approximately one-fifth of patients undergoing TAVR for severe, symptomatic AS and associated with a three-fold increased risk of cardiovascular adverse events at 1 year. The difference emerged early and was largely driven by patients with rheumatic MS.
A general aerosol-assisted biosynthesis of functional bulk nanocomposites
Authors: Guan Qing-Fang , Han Zi-Meng , Luo Tong-Tong , Yang Huai-Bin , Liang Hai-Wei , Chen Si-Ming , Wang Guang-Sheng , Yu Shu-Hong
Published: November 2018

Although a variety of nanoparticles with better-than-bulk material performances can be synthesized, it remains a challenge to scale the extraordinary properties of individual nanoscale units to the macroscopic level for bulk nanostructured materials. Here, we report a general and scalable biosynthesis strategy that involves simultaneous growth of cellulose nanofibrils through microbial fermentation and co-deposition of various kinds of nanoscale building blocks (NBBs) through aerosol feeding on solid culture substrates. We employ this biosynthesis strategy to assemble a wide range of NBBs into cellulose nanofibril-based bulk nanocomposites. In particular, the biosynthesized carbon nanotubes/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites that consist of integrated 3D cellulose nanofibril networks simultaneously achieve an extremely high mechanical strength and electrical conductivity, and thus exhibit outstanding performance as high-strength lightweight electromagnetic interference shielding materials. The biosynthesis approach represents a general and efficient strategy for large-scale production of functional bulk nanocomposites with enhanced performances for practical applications. Industrial-scale production of these bulk nanocomposite materials for practical applications can be expected in the near future.
Efficacy of a Postprescription Review of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents With Feedback: A 4-Year Experience of Antimicrobial Stewardship at a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Honda Hitoshi , Murakami Shutaro , Tagashira Yasuaki , Uenoyama Yuki , Goto Kaoru , Takamatsu Akane , Hasegawa Shinya , Tokuda Yasuharu
Published: November 2018

Background

An inpatient antimicrobial stewardship program is vital for judicious antimicrobial use. We began a hospital-wide, postprescription review with feedback (PPRF) in 2014; the present study evaluated its impact on antimicrobial consumption and clinical outcomes over 4 years.

Methods

Once-weekly PPRF for carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam was implemented. We tracked the data on each antimicrobial use as days of therapy (DOT) per 1000 patient-days (PD). Changes in the incidence of drug-resistant organisms, in-hospital mortality, and length of hospital stay per month were analyzed by an interrupted time series.

Results

Carbapenem use continued to decline in the preintervention and intervention periods (−0.73 and −0.003 DOT/1000 PD, respectively), and although monthly average use remained low in the intervention period (8.3 DOT/1000 PD), more importantly, the postintervention change in the slope diminished significantly. Piperacillin/tazobactam use showed a steeper decline in the intervention period, but the change in the slope was not statistically significant (change in slope: −0.20 DOT/1000 PD per month [P = .16]). Postintervention use of narrower-spectrum antimicrobials including ampicillin/sulbactam (change in slope: +0.58 DOT/1000 PD per month [P < .001]) increased. 

The antimicrobial cost and the monthly average length of hospital stay also declined (−37.4 USD/1000 PD per month [P < .001] and −0.04 days per month [P < .001], respectively), whereas few postintervention changes in the incidence of drug-resistant organisms were observed.

Conclusions

In our study, the 4-year PPRF for broad-spectrum antimicrobials coincided with a reduction in the use of targeted antimicrobials and resulted in an improvement in 1 patient-centered outcome, thus conferring the additional benefit of reducing expenditures for antimicrobials.
The City and Its Residents
Authors: Maier Harry O.
Published: November 2018

The chapter discusses the administration, economics, population, poverty, life expectancy, and practices of Roman imperial urban life and New Testament intersections with them, focusing chiefly on the eastern Mediterranean. It describes the Roman Empire as a network of cities hierarchically arranged according to differing kinds of privileges. It treats the architecture usually found in cities and the usual offices of city administration. It presents typical urban demography and population density. It considers taxation, urban poverty, and wealth distribution, presenting Christians as impoverished as a corrective to scholarship that has exaggerated their wealth. It discusses the artisan economy of cities and the lives of tradespeople as a backdrop for the settings of Christianity. The administration and organization of differing types of associations are considered as an analogy for conceiving Christian assemblies. It describes the integration of Jews in urban life, together with ad hoc rather than empire-wide policies of toleration. It discusses “god-fearers” as a term to describe non-Jews affiliated with synagogues, as well as a word used to describe the piety of devotees of other religions.
Theoretical Perspectives Guiding the Development and Evaluation of CTC
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Hawkins J. David , Catalano Richard F. , Farrington David P.
Published: November 2018

Prevention science recommends that EBIs should be based on theories that describe the causes of behavioral health problems. They should also be evaluated in high-quality research studies that examine implementation and outcomes both under ideal conditions, like scientist-led efficacy trials, and naturalistic conditions, such as effectiveness trials that rely on community agencies and staff. This chapter reviews the theories guiding the development of the CTC system, including life-course developmental theory, the Social Development Model, social disorganization theory, and the Diffusion of Innovations theory. CTC has been created and evaluated using a community-based participatory approach. The benefits and challenges of this approach are also discussed.
The Importance of Readiness and High-Functioning Coalitions in Community-Based Prevention
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Hawkins J. David , Catalano Richard F. , Farrington David P.
Published: November 2018

This chapter describes strategies for assessing community readiness to adopt a community-wide prevention approach. The challenges likely to arise when trying to raise awareness and support for EBIs are reviewed and recommendations for overcoming these obstacles are identified. The chapter also describes methods for establishing broad-based, high-functioning community coalitions, including how communities can structure local coalitions to be high functioning, recruit members, and decide upon the roles and responsibilities of coalition members. The methods used in the CTC system to foster community readiness and support the creation and maintenance of community coalitions are reviewed.
Increasing the Use of Evidence-Based Interventions to Reduce Youth Behavioral Health Problems
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Hawkins J. David , Catalano Richard F. , Farrington David P.
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses the challenges of identifying preventive interventions as effective and of assisting community coalitions to learn about and select EBIs that are a good fit for their community. The scientific standards used to determine intervention effectiveness by various lists of “what works” are compared, and the Blueprints for Healthy Youth Development is highlighted as the database used by coalitions implementing the CTC system. The importance of community resource assessments is also discussed, including the steps taken by CTC coalitions to evaluate their current resources, identify gaps in the delivery of preventive interventions, and determine if current services need to be expanded or new EBIs should be implemented.
Ensuring High-Quality Implementation and Sustainability of Evidence-Based Interventions and Coalitions
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Hawkins J. David , Catalano Richard F. , Farrington David P.
Published: November 2018

This chapter reviews the importance of delivering community-based systems and EBIs with fidelity (i.e., in accordance with their implementation requirements) and sustaining these interventions over time. The chapter describes the training and technical support provided in CTC to ensure that coalitions take necessary actions to maintain their functioning in the long term and deliver EBIs in adherence to their core components and to their intended recipients. It is especially important that coalitions collect data on coalition functioning and EBI delivery and use these data when problems are identified. Examples of how CTC coalitions in the United States and other countries have engaged in these efforts are highlighted.
The Future of CTC and Community-Based Prevention*
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Hawkins J. David , Catalano Richard F. , Farrington David P.
Published: November 2018

Although there is growing consensus that community-based prevention efforts have great potential to reduce youth behavioral health problems, few such systems have been well evaluated and demonstrated to produce such outcomes. This chapter begins by reviewing the impact of one such system, Communities That Care. Next, the components of CTC that are responsible for producing desired changes in community norms and processes, and for its effectiveness and cost effectiveness in reducing youth behavioral health problems. The challenges that may be faced by communities in the United States and internationally when implementing CTC and similar community-based interventions are reviewed and solutions to these challenges are provided. The chapter concludes by describing recent developments in the implementation and evaluation of CTC, including the development of an on-line training system and international replications of CTC.
Bits and Pieces
Authors: McAlpine Kenneth B.
Published: November 2018

This book explores the development of and the social, cultural, and historical context of chiptune, a form of electronic music that emerged from the first generation of video game consoles and home computers in the 1980s. Through a combination of musical and procedural analysis and practitioner interviews, the book explores the role the technical constraints of early video game hardware played in shaping the sound of 8-bit video game music and the inventive approaches to coding and composition musicians used to circumvent them. It examines the sounds, culture, and personalities behind the music and shows how chiptune links as closely to the music of Bach as to the aggressive posturing of punk or the driving electronic sounds of house. The book begins by looking at chiptune’s roots in video game music and discusses how, as the sound chips that gave rise to its distinctive voice were superseded by more sophisticated hardware, chiptune moved underground to become an important part of the demoscene, a networked community of digital artists. It discusses chiptune’s reemergence in the late 1990s as a new wave of young musicians rediscovered these obsolete machines and began to use them as quirky and characterful musical instruments, in the process taking chiptune from the desktop and placing it centre stage. The book concludes by contemplating what lies ahead; as more people incorporate the chiptune sound into their work, will it ever hit the mainstream or will it remain firmly countercultural as part of the digital underground?
Introduction
Authors: McAlpine Kenneth B.
Published: November 2018

This chapter outlines the methodological approach that underpins the book and sets out the broad structure of the storyline that the later chapters explore. It outlines a chronological structure and groups the chapters together into three themed sections. The first explores the roots of chiptunes in 8-bit video games and shows how the specifications and constraints of the hardware shaped both the sound of 8-bit music and the working practices of those who wrote it. The second section discusses how, through a combination of new software interfaces and new musical contexts, chiptune became a defining characteristic of the demoscene, an underground community of digital arts practitioners. Finally, the third section charts the reemergence of chiptune as a live, performative form of music making and shows how, as it grew in popularity, around it grew other aspects of the music industry: online record labels, fandom, and cultural affiliation.
A First Listen, or Through a Glass Lightly
Authors: Lysaker John T.
Published: November 2018

Chapter 1: Chapter 1 argues that Music for Airports organizes the activity of sounds outside of traditional musical orders. Because it avoids phenomena like keys, rhythm, or harmonic relation, it requires fresh ears. Exercises in “close listening” then follow, attending to each of the album’s four tracks. Because the sounds relate to each other in a free, juxtaposed manner, each track has the feel of a painting. But their temporal dimension shows the limit of that analogy. As each track is interpreted, so too are the odd scores that adorn the back of Eno’s album. Because they do not provide instructions for performers, they are better regarded as hints for the listener.
1937
Authors: Steichen James
Published: November 2018

In 1937 Balanchine and Kirstein’s collaborative efforts achieved many successes. Balanchine created dances for the Rodgers and Hart musical Babes in Arms, working with a youthful cast that included tap dancers Duke McHale and the Nicholas Brothers. The American Ballet presented a well-received Stravinsky festival, which featured the composer as guest conductor and marked the American premiere of Balanchine’s Apollon Musagète. The festival also included the premieres of The Card Party and The Fairy’s Kiss, both of which were better received than Apollon. Soon after these projects, Balanchine and Kirstein made a decision to part ways, with Balanchine focusing on the American Ballet and his Broadway work and Kirstein devoting his attention to Ballet Caravan. This institutional drift would eventually lead to the collapse of the American Ballet in early 1938.
1939–1940
Authors: Steichen James
Published: November 2018

From 1939 to 1940 Balanchine and Kirstein continued their independent activities. Balanchine and Zorina took on additional projects on the stage and screen, including a film adaptation of On Your Toes, the romantic melodrama I Married an Adventuress, and a new stage musical by Irving Berlin, Louisiana Purchase. Balanchine also created dances for the short-lived revue Keep Off the Grass as well as serving as producer and director of Cabin in the Sky, for which he collaborated with Vernon Duke and choreographer Katherine Dunham and her dance company. Kirstein continued to tour with the company now billed as the American Ballet Caravan, which completed a second transcontinental tour that included the premieres of the ballets City Portrait and Charade. The company secured one final engagement in a ballet called A Thousand Times Neigh, presented at the World’s Fair Pavilion of the Ford Motor Company.
Main Findings and Future Directions in the Behavioral Science of Firearms
Authors: Pirelli Gianni
Published: November 2018

In the final chapter, the authors provide a full overview of the 30 main findings, or take-home messages, from this book. For each finding, the authors present an explanation as well as the implications related to practice, research, and policy. The findings are associated with the main points extracted from each chapter, particularly those that are empirically based and well grounded in the professional research and in professional practice standards. The authors end the chapter and, therefore, this book, with a call for a stepwise, multifaceted approach to addressing firearm-related problems, rooted in non-partisan and multidisciplinary ideals and facilitated by a collaboration between practitioners, academicians, researchers, policymakers, and members of firearm-related subgroups.
Mahalia Jackson and the Black Gospel Field
Authors: Burford Mark
Published: November 2018

Drawing on and piecing together a trove of previously unexamined sources, this book is the first critical study of the renowned African American gospel singer Mahalia Jackson (1911–1972). Beginning with the history of Jackson’s family on a remote cotton plantation in the Central Louisiana parish of Pointe Coupée, the book follows their relocation to New Orleans, where Jackson was born, and Jackson’s own migration to Chicago during the Great Depression. The principal focus is her career in the decade following World War II, during which Jackson, building upon the groundwork of seminal Chicago gospel pioneers and the influential National Baptist Convention, earned a reputation as a dynamic church singer. Eventually, Jackson achieved unprecedented mass-mediated celebrity, breaking through in the late 1940s as an internationally recognized recording artist for Apollo and Columbia Records who also starred in her own radio and television programs. But the book is also a study of the black gospel field of which Jackson was a part. Over the course of the 1940s and 1950s, black gospel singing, both as musical worship and as pop-cultural spectacle, grew exponentially, with expanded visibility, commercial clout, and forms of prestige. Methodologically informed by a Bourdiean field analysis approach that develops a more granular, dynamic, and encompassing picture of post-war black gospel, the book persistently considers Jackson, however exceptional she may have been, in relation to her fellow gospel artists, raising fresh questions about Jackson, gospel music, and the reception of black vernacular culture.
Introduction
Authors: Burford Mark
Published: November 2018

The book opens by unpacking Mahalia Jackson’s January 20, 1952, appearance on the nationally televised CBS variety show Toast of the Town, hosted by Ed Sullivan. Jackson’s performance of the W. Herbert Brewster gospel song “These Are They” raises a host of issues that situates her and contemporary performers within the black gospel field. The Sullivan appearance carried considerable significance for African Americans, introducing both Jackson and black gospel singing to a national television audience. The latter half of the chapter assesses the attribution of exceptionalism to black vernacular culture and the literature on Jackson and on gospel music, and closes by delineating a field analysis approach that helps identify forms of prestige that gave meaning to the practice of gospel singing after World War II.
Family Affairs, Part I
Authors: Burford Mark
Published: November 2018

Mahalia Jackson’s family story begins with her grandparents, Paul and Celia Clark, who were enslaved and emancipated in Central Louisiana. The Clarks, including Jackson’s mother Charity, eventually moved to the densely populated “Black Pearl” neighborhood in New Orleans, where Jackson was born in 1911. Jackson experienced poverty and onerous family responsibilities but also a rich social and cultural life of multi-ethnic New Orleans that included the church, jazz, the Mississippi riverfront, and Harlem Renaissance thought. Jackson the singer also emerged under the influence of the music of the Baptist church and the recordings of the vaudeville blues divas of the 1920s. Her life in New Orleans came to an end in 1931 when the twenty-year-old Jackson joined the Great Migration to Chicago, in search of greater opportunity.
Gospel According to Bill Russell
Authors: Burford Mark
Published: November 2018

William “Bill” Russell (1905–1992) is best known as one of the preeminent experts on early jazz, having been a principal contributor to the seminal collection Jazzmen (1939). In the early 1950s, however, Russell, enthralled by Mahalia Jackson’s voice and New Orleans roots, became Jackson’s unlikely personal assistant in Chicago. During Russell’s intensive period of involvement with Jackson, he helped Jackson with musical and menial tasks while also maintaining a diary that detailed the gospel’s singer’s day-to-day activities. This was undertaken with an eye on what proved to be an aborted attempt to write Jackson’s biography. But Russell’s remarkable journal, documenting Jackson’s participation in a Chicago gospel scene that involved close and continuous interaction with singers, preachers, and congregations, offers a one-of-a-kind picture of Jackson the tireless church singer.
“Singing Comes as Natural as Breathing”
Authors: Burford Mark
Published: November 2018

The CBS radio program The Mahalia Jackson Show represented yet another breakthrough for Jackson and the black gospel field. Airing over the course of twenty episodes between September 1954 and February 1955, the program featured Jackson singing repertory that ranged from spirituals and gospel numbers to show tunes and sentimental parlor songs, backed by pianist Mildred Falls, organist Ralph Jones, and the vocal harmony of the Jack Halloran Quartet. The show was a turning point for Jackson as an artist and as a public figure, as she negotiated ambiguous and shifting performance contexts. But the show also spoke to its historical moment, highlighting the interdependence of Cold War and civil rights discourse voiced by the performances of a gospel singer asked to broker the often conflicting meanings of black religious song for a national audience.
Zenobia’s Likenesses
Authors: Andrade Nathanael
Published: November 2018

In many respects, Zenobia’s fame is a paradox. She has captured the medieval and modern imagination, but ancient sources actually say very little about her. The introductory chapter thus explores the textual, epigraphic, and material sources for Zenobia and outlines the challenges of writing a book about her. The overlying aim of the book is to create a likeness of Zenobia, a most elusive task because the sources are so scanty. But by using various later Roman and Byzantine texts, Jewish and Arab tales, and visual sources and inscriptions, the book may bring parts of her life to light. The introduction also communicates how the book narrates Zenobia’s various lived experiences at ancient Palmyra and the key role that Palmyra’s material culture plays in this task.
Social Landscape
Authors: Andrade Nathanael
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the kinship structures, civic ethos, agrarian production, and caravan trade of the Palmyrenes during the Roman imperial period. The social and economic landscape of Palmyra had an indelible impact on Zenobia’s experiences. It provided her with the resources that would one day enable her rule, and it defined her relationships with others for much of her life. As a Palmyrene, Zenobia belonged to a household, clan, and tribe. She was at once a Syrian, a Greek, and a Roman shaped by Arabian traditions. Altogether, she participated in Palmyra’s fully multicultural and multilingual world.
Legacy and Likenesses
Authors: Andrade Nathanael
Published: November 2018

For nearly two millennia after she lived, people have remembered Zenobia. In Europe, numerous writers and artists over the ages, including Edward Gibbon, have celebrated her as a figure of womanly virtue and an eastern queen. In the Middle East, she has been seen as a focal point for ideals of liberation and autonomy. Indeed, for the Arab world, she is a liberator from Western imperialism. Her varied likenesses have outlived all these figurations. They have even outlived the Assad regime’s politicizing of Zenobia and her Palmyra as well as the Islamic State’s destruction of its monuments and portraits. It is through all these narratives that Zenobia will continue to live and to die.
The 1980s
Authors: Cheffins Brian R.
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on the 1980s, a market-oriented decade that marked the demise of managerial capitalism. Entrepreneurial ability became more highly prized than managerial competence, and, primarily due to increased takeover activity, a managerial comfort zone from which public company executives had benefitted was substantially eroded. During “the Deal Decade” takeover bids, most conspicuously ones launched by flamboyant corporate “raiders,” provided executives eager to forestall an unwelcome approach with a potent incentive to bolster shareholder returns. Deregulation and liberalized access to capital simultaneously expanded the discretion available to public company executives and intensified competitive pressure on large firms formerly insulated by substantial barriers to entry.
The 2000s
Authors: Cheffins Brian R.
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyzes the 2000s, which for public companies and the executives who ran them was akin to “the decade from hell.” The stock market performed poorly, the number of public companies declined substantially, and scandals in the early 2000s and the financial crisis of 2008 greatly eroded confidence in big business. A deregulatory trend that began in the late 1970s was reversed, epitomized by the enactment of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. A casualty of the bad news for public companies was the imperial-style CEO who featured prominently as the 1990s drew to a close. Those running banks nevertheless enjoyed a corporate governance “free pass” in the mid-2000s that arguably contributed to the onset of the financial crisis.
The Future of the Public Company
Authors: Cheffins Brian R.
Published: November 2018

The seventh and concluding chapter of The Public Company Transformed extrapolates from trends the previous chapters have identified to speculate on the future trajectory of the public company. Salient developments from the 2010s are taken into account, with particular emphasis being placed on those implying a path different from what would be anticipated given events occurring from the mid-twentieth century through to the opening decade of the twenty-first century. This chapter argues radical departures from present day arrangements are unlikely any time soon. For instance, recent predictions of the imminent demise of the public company appear to be wide of the mark. That means the transformation of the public company the book has described should end up being part of a larger story yet to be written rather than being a public company epitaph.
Introduction
Authors: Kozelsky Mara
Published: November 2018

Crimea in War and Transformation is the first book in any language to examine the Crimean War from home front through demobilization, and in so doing it addresses a wide range of historical questions. The book argues that the Crimean War was a transitional conflict, ushering in not just modern technological warfare, but also new population policies characterized by fears of diversity. The war was transformative as well as transitional, as it completely changed Crimea’s population and physical environment. In generating the Great Reforms, it also produced change on an imperial scale. Finally, the book addresses the costs of war, and the fraught process of reconstruction. Areas of interest include military history; demobilization and reconstruction; Russian military-civilian policy; war and society; forced migrations/deportations; Russia’s religious policy; and Russia’s Great Reforms.
Civilians in the Line of Fire
Authors: Kozelsky Mara
Published: November 2018

The siege of Sevastopol and the two most famous battles of the Crimean War (Battle of Balaklava and Battle of Inkerman) occurred in October and November of 1854. This chapter shows how the siege and the battles impacted the civilian population living in or near the war zone. It begins with discussion of military strategy, the defense of Sevastopol and scuttling of the Black Sea Fleet. It offers a reassessment of Menshikov. Most of the chapter describes the civilian experience, including civilian construction of parapets in Sevastopol, and the failed civilian defense of Balaklava (which occurred weeks before the famous battle by the same name), as well as the devastation of civilians and landscapes near the battle zone.
Loving Necessity
Authors: Idris Murad
Published: November 2018

The desire to transform or “save” the enemy is fundamental to Erasmus’s understanding of peace, and he twins it with the desire to reform oneself. This chapter argues that theorists who look to Erasmus’s writings for his alleged (and allegedly secular) pacifism misunderstand his political theology of peace. The structures of Erasmus’s “universal peace” revolve around the distinction between Christianity and the Ottoman Empire (“the Turk”) and the providential primacy of Christians. He calls for peace, unity, and love; these additives overtake peace, and he defines each in opposition to the Turk. Erasmus privileges the Christian as the true subject of peace, and Christian speech and dialogue as an enactment of God’s Word. In this political theology, peace is necessary, but necessity also authorizes either Christian war or the conversion of the non-Christian.
Individualism
Authors: Khader Serene J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues that independence individualism, a form of individualism that is the object of decolonial feminist critique, is conceptually unnecessary for feminism, and in fact undermines transnational feminist praxis. Opposition to sexist oppression does not logically entail individualism. Adopting the specific form of individualism called “independence individualism,” which holds that individuals should be economically self-sufficient and that only chosen relationships are valuable is likely to worsen the gender division of labor and obscure the transition costs of feminist change. The perceived relationship between independence individualism and feminism is traceable to ideological assumptions that associate capitalism with liberation from tradition, and tradition with patriarchy. The concept of independence individualism is arrived at by examining the justificatory discourses behind ostensibly feminist policies that proclaim the value of the individual person while harming “other” women.
Precarious Work and Young Workers in the United States
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L.
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses how the growth of precarious work and the polarization of the US labor market have produced major problems for the employment experiences of young workers. A prominent indicator of young workers’ difficulties in the labor market has been the sharp increase in their unemployment rates since the Great Recession. Another, equally if not more severe, problem faced by young workers today is the relatively low quality of the jobs that they were able to get. Other problems include the exclusion of young workers from the labor market and from education and training opportunities; the inability to find jobs that utilize their education, training, and skills; and the inability to obtain jobs that provide them with an opportunity to get a foothold in a career that would lead to progressively better jobs and thus be able to construct career narratives.
Youth Unemployment and the Illicit Economy
Authors: Sánchez-Jankowski Martín
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on factors that led youth to initially participate in the illicit economy, stay involved, or decide to leave. Part of the cultural landscape that directly applies to employment has changed and will likely continue to change. Presently, there are individuals in both the lower and middle classes who think it is only acceptable to work at a job worthy of their labor. Therefore, it is now considered more acceptable to forgo working and assume the unemployment designation while waiting for the best job fit. This culture shift has expanded to such an extent as to currently allow individuals from divergent income groups the ability to justify their participation in the illicit economy. Ultimately, clear economic incentives pull individuals into this economy, but additional social and psychological factors influence involvement as well.