bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in cervical spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Luo Hua , Yang Yu , Wang Zhitao , Ma Lingping , Xie Chengxin
Published: May 2024

Background

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic drug associated with reduced blood loss in a range of surgical specialties. This meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of TXA in cervical surgery, focusing on its effects on intraoperative blood loss and related outcomes.

Methods

We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases to identify all literature related to TXA used in cervical spinal surgery. Intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, total blood loss, postoperative hematological variables, and complications were analyzed.

Results

Eight trials met the inclusion criteria. The pooled results showed that intraoperative blood loss, total blood loss, and postoperative drainage volume were significantly lower in the TXA group than in the control group. The hemoglobin and hematocrit on postoperative day 1 was significantly higher in the TXA group than in the control group. There was no significant difference in complications between the two groups.

Conclusion

The available evidence indicates that TXA effectively reduces blood loss in cervical spinal surgery while maintaining a favorable safety profile, without increasing associated risks.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023459652.
Chlamydia pneumoniae in Alzheimer's disease pathology
Authors: Subedi Lalita , Gaire Bhakta Prasad , Koronyo Yosef , Koronyo-Hamaoui Maya , Crother Timothy R.
Published: May 2024

While recent advances in diagnostics and therapeutics offer promising new approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and treatment, there is still an unmet need for an effective remedy, suggesting new avenues of research are required. Besides many plausible etiologies for AD pathogenesis, mounting evidence supports a possible role for microbial infections. Various microbes have been identified in the postmortem brain tissues of human AD patients. Among bacterial pathogens in AD, Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) has been well characterized in human AD brains and is a leading candidate for an infectious involvement. However, no definitive studies have been performed proving or disproving Cp's role as a causative or accelerating agent in AD pathology and cognitive decline. In this review, we discuss recent updates for the role of Cp in human AD brains as well as experimental models of AD. Furthermore, based on the current literature, we have compiled a list of potential mechanistic pathways which may connect Cp with AD pathology.
Undernutrition and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zewude Shimeles Biru , Beshah Mekonen Haile , Ahunie Mengesha Assefa , Arega Dawit Tiruneh , Addisu Dagne
Published: May 2024

Background

Maternal undernutrition is a major public health concern due to its association with mortality and overall disease burden for mothers and their children. Maternal nutrition determines pregnancy outcomes since reduced intake of nutrients influences gestational age length, placental function, and fetal growth during pregnancy. The complexity of the intergenerational aspects of maternal nutrition may also confound the design of interventions. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia.

Methods

We identified the literature from PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and CINAHL databases. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel and then exported to Stata version 17 statistical software for analysis. The I2and Q-statistic values detect the level of heterogeneity, and meta regression was performed to investigate between-study heterogeneity using more than one moderator. JBI quality assessment tools were used to include relevant articles. Evidence of publication bias was indicated using the funnel plot and Egger's linear regression test. The effect size was expressed in the form of point estimates and an odds ratio of 95% CI in the fixed-effect model.

Result

In total, 19 studies fulfill the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of undernutrition among pregnant women was 32% (95% CI 31.3–33.2 I2= 97.5%, P < 0.0). Illiteracy (AOR = 3.6 95% CI; 2.3–5.6), rural residence (AOR = 2.6 95% CI; 1.2–3.5), a lack of prenatal dietary advice (AOR = 2.6 95% CI; 1.8–3.7), household food insecurity (AOR = 2.5 95% CI; 1.9–3.2), and low dietary diversity score (AOR = 3.7 95% CI; 2.2–5.9) appear to be significantly associated with undernutrition among pregnant women.

Conclusion

The review showed that the prevalence of undernutrition is still high among pregnant women. Illiteracy, rural residence, a lack of prenatal dietary advice, household food insecurity, and low dietary diversity score were significantly associated with undernutrition during pregnancy. Interventions should focus on educating the public and helping families access food or supplements they need through local markets, health systems, and community-based support, as undernutrition is caused by numerous interconnected causes.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#myprospero, identifier: CRD42023417028.
Designing an effective dissolution test for bilayer tablets tailored for optimal melatonin release in sleep disorder management
Authors: Bassetto Rebecca , Amadio Emanuele , Ciampanelli Francesco , Perin Stefano , Ilari Pietro , Gaballo Paolo , Callegari Martina , Feltrin Sara , Gobbo Jacopo , Zanatta Samuele , Bertin Walter
Published: May 2024

This project aims to investigate the release performance of bilayer tablet (BL-Tablet) designed with both fast and slow-release technology, targeting sleep disorders. The tablet incorporates Melatonin, extracts of Eschscholzia californica and Melissa officinalis. In order to validate the effectiveness of the extended-release profile, an advanced dissolution test was herein proposed. This new method utilizes biorelevant intestinal fluid media and incorporates a stomach-to-intestine fluid changing (SIFC) system. To demonstrate the advantages of employing this method for assessing the controlled release profile of active ingredients, the dissolution results were compared with those obtained using the conventional EU Pharmacopoeia approach. Furthermore, the comparative analysis was extended to include a monolayer tablet version (ML-Tablet) lacking the slow-release technology. Technological characterization and bioaccessibility studies, including intestinal permeability test, were conducted as well to assess the pharmacological performance and bioavailability of active ingredients. The dissolution data recovered revealed that the two dissolution methods did not exhibit any significant differences in the release of ML-Tablet’s. However, the dissolution profile of the BL-Tablet exhibited notable differences between the two methods particularly when assessing the behavior of the slow-release layer. In this scenario, both methods initially exhibited a similar release pattern within the first approximately 0.5 h, driven by the fast-release layer of the tablet. Following this, distinct gradual and sustained releases were observed, spanning 2.5 h for the EU Pharmacopoeia method and 8 h for the new SIFC-biorelevant dissolution method, respectively. Overall, the novel method demonstrated a substantial improvement compared to conventional EU Pharmacopoeia test in evaluating the performance of a controlled slow-release technology. Remarkably, the prolonged release technology did not have an adverse impact on melatonin intestinal absorption, and, consequently, maintaining its potential bioavailability of around 78%. Concluding, this research provides valuable insights into how the innovative dissolution test can assist formulators in developing controlled release formulations.
A randomized double-blind active-controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of topical basil (Ocimum basilicum) oil in knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Askari Alireza , Hasheminasab Fatemeh Sadat , Sadeghpour Omid , Naghizadehd Mohammad Mehdi , Ravansalar Seyed Ali , Iraji Aida , Hashempur Mohammad Hashem
Published: May 2024

Background

Basil is a widely used herb in Persian medicine and is gaining recognition as a functional food worldwide.

Aim of the study

This trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of a traditional formulation of basil oil in comparison with diclofenac gel in treating knee osteoarthritis, considering its established anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-oxidative properties.

Materials and methods

One hundred eligible patients were equally randomized to the traditional basil oil (containing sesame oil) and diclofenac gel groups. They used their respective topical treatments thrice daily for 4 weeks. Various measurements were taken at the beginning of the study, 2, and 4 weeks after starting the intervention, including the 8-m walk test, knee pain (based on visual analog scale), flexion angle of the knee joint, analgesic consumption, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire.

Results

No significant differences were observed between the basil oil and diclofenac gel groups in any of the measured outcomes. However, significant improvements were noted within each group for most variables.

Conclusion

Topical application of the traditional formulation of basil oil appears to improve clinical symptoms and certain functional indicators of knee osteoarthritis to a similar extent as diclofenac gel. This suggests that basil oil could be considered an effective management option for this condition.

Clinical Trial Registration:https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/, identifier IRCT2017081711341N7.
The effects of chiropractic adjustment on inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot RCT
Authors: Amjad Imran , Niazi Imran Khan , Kumari Nitika , Duehr Jens , Shehzad Gulyana , Rashid Usman , Duehr Jenna , Trager Robert J. , Holt Kelly , Haavik Heidi
Published: May 2024

Background

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. We hypothesized that chiropractic adjustments could improve these symptoms by enhancing prefrontal cortex function. This pilot study aimed to explore the feasibility and efficacy of 4 weeks of chiropractic adjustment on inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children with ADHD.

Methods

67 children with ADHD were randomly allocated to receive either chiropractic adjustments plus usual care (Chiro+UC) or sham chiropractic plus usual care (Sham+UC). The Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Teacher Rating Scale (VADTRS), Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Teacher and Parents Rating Scale (SNAP-IV), and ADHD Rating Scale-IV were used to assess outcomes at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Feasibility measures such as recruitment, retention, blinding, safety, and adherence were recorded. Linear mixed regression models were used for data analysis.

Results

56 participants (mean age ± SD: 10.70 ± 3.93 years) were included in the analysis. Both the Chiro+UC and Sham+UC groups showed significant improvements in total and subscale ADHD scores at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups.

Conclusion

This pilot study demonstrated that it was feasible to examine the effects of chiropractic adjustment when added to usual care on ADHD outcomes in children. While both groups showed improvements, the lack of significant between-group differences requires caution in interpretation due to the small sample size. Further research with larger samples and longer follow-up periods is needed to conclusively evaluate the effects of chiropractic adjustments on ADHD in children.
Development and psychometric properties of a self-medication behavior inventory
Authors: Penagos-Corzo Julio C. , Ortiz-Barrero Melissa J. , Hernández-Ramírez Reneé , Ochoa-Ramírez Yavne , González Ehlinger Regina , Pérez-Acosta Andrés M.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Self-medication is a prevalent behavior with significant health implications. Understanding its psychosocial determinants can inform preventative strategies and interventions.

Methods

We evaluated the psychometric properties of the Self-Medication Behavior Inventory (SMBI-9) in a binational study with 779 Colombian and Mexican participants. Concurrent validity was assessed through correlations with related inventories, and confirmatory factor analysis tested the proposed four-factor model.

Results

The SMBI-9 demonstrated high model fit (CFI = 0.995, TLI = 0.991) and invariance across countries. The factors-Social Influence, Attitude toward Medicine, Avoidance, and Prevention-varied significantly with knowledge of medicine, schooling, health insurance status and gender, underscoring the role of social and personal beliefs in self-medication practices.

Discussion

SMBI-9 emerged as a reliable tool for capturing the multifaceted nature of self-medication behaviors. Findings highlight the influence of social norms and personal attitudes, suggesting targeted approaches for behavioral interventions.
Evaluating the effectiveness of neurofeedback in chronic pain management: a narrative review
Authors: Diotaiuti Pierluigi , Corrado Stefano , Tosti Beatrice , Spica Giuseppe , Di Libero Tommaso , D’Oliveira Anderson , Zanon Alessandra , Rodio Angelo , Andrade Alexandro , Mancone Stefania
Published: May 2024

The prevalence and impact of chronic pain in individuals worldwide necessitate effective management strategies. This narrative review specifically aims to assess the effectiveness of neurofeedback, an emerging non-pharmacological intervention, on the management of chronic pain. The methodology adopted for this review involves a meticulous search across various scientific databases. The search was designed to capture a broad range of studies related to neurofeedback and chronic pain management. To ensure the quality and relevance of the included studies, strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. These criteria focused on the study design, population, intervention type, and reported outcomes. The review synthesizes the findings from a diverse array of studies, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case reports. Key aspects evaluated include the types of neurofeedback used (such as EEG biofeedback), the various chronic pain conditions addressed (like fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain, and migraines), and the methodologies employed in these studies. The review highlights the underlying mechanisms by which neurofeedback may influence pain perception and management, exploring theories related to neural plasticity, pain modulation, and psychological factors. The results of the review reveal a positive correlation between neurofeedback interventions and improved pain management. Several studies report significant reductions on pain intensity, improved quality of life, and decreased reliance on medication following neurofeedback therapy. The review also notes variations in the effectiveness of different neurofeedback protocols and individual responses to treatment. Despite the promising results, the conclusion of the review emphasizes the need for further research. It calls for larger, well-designed clinical trials to validate the findings, to understand the long-term implications of neurofeedback therapy, and to optimize treatment protocols for individual patients.
Gendered risks: access to and utilization of sexual and reproductive health services among young migrants in Southwestern Uganda: the role of the ‘lending a hand’ intervention
Authors: Kawuma Rachel , Tumwesige Edward , Asiimwe Allen , Bernays Sarah , Seeley Janet
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Young migrants may engage in risky behaviours due to social, economic, and psychological challenges as they try to “get by” in their new host communities. This can result in unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections including HIV, and poor mental health outcomes.

During a study to test the feasibility and acceptability of an early intervention to reduce the harm of patterns of risk associated with migration, we assessed access to and utilization of sexual and reproductive health services (SRH) among recent migrants (14–24 years) in south-western Uganda.

Methods

The intervention conducted in 2022/23 involved training peer supporters to provide referral advice and support to young people. Between March–November 2022, 20 young migrants (11 males and 9 females) were purposively selected to participate in two in-depth interviews each to explore their experiences during the intervention. Data were analysed thematically.

Results

Women engaged in transactional sex to supplement their low pay while men got involved in risky behaviour once they had earned some money. Many suffered from sexually transmitted infections-related symptoms, were at risk for HIV infection and some women had fears of unwanted pregnancy. While some tried to seek for SRH services from public facilities, poor health service delivery such as long queues and shortages of drugs, discouraged them from going there. Young people tried to access treatment from private facilities but could not afford the costs. The intervention increased knowledge about SRH and supported young people to access services from the public health facilities at no cost thus increasing utilization.

Conclusion

Sexual health risks were experienced differently by women and men. The women were likely to experience symptoms related to sexually transmitted infections (including HIV) much earlier than men and this could increase their likelihood to engage with SRH services. The intervention served to increase men's readiness to access SRH services by providing them at a time and place that is convenient. Recognizing the different risk profiles of young people is important in tailoring appropriate interventions to promote equitable access and utilization of SRH services for both genders in this vulnerable population.
A feasibility study of 4-D tomography of soft X-ray magnetosheath emissivities using multi-spacecraft measurements
Authors: Cucho-Padin Gonzalo , Connor Hyunju , Jung Jaewoong , Shoemaker Michael , Murphy Kyle , Sibeck David , Norberg Johannes , Rojas Enrique
Published: May 2024

Upcoming heliophysics missions utilize state-of-the-art wide field-of-view (FOV) imaging technology to measure and investigate the space plasma environment on a global scale. At Earth, remote sensing of soft X-ray emissions, which are generated via the charge exchange interaction between heavy solar wind ions and exospheric neutral atoms, is a promising means to investigate the global magnetosheath structure, its response to varying solar wind conditions, and the spatiotemporal properties of the dayside magnetic reconnection. Data analysis techniques such as optical tomography can provide additional structural and time-varying information from the observed target and thus enhance the mission’s scientific return. In this work, we simulate multiple and simultaneous observations of the dayside magnetosphere using soft X-ray imagers located at long-distance vantage points to reconstruct the time-dependent, three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the magnetosheath using a dynamic tomographic approach. The OpenGCCM MHD model is used to simulate the time-varying response of the magnetosheath to solar wind conditions and, subsequently, generate synthetic soft X-ray images from multiple spacecraft vantage points separated along a common orbit. A detailed analysis is then performed to identify the nominal set of spacecraft that produces the highest fidelity tomographic reconstruction of the magnetopause. This work aims to (i) demonstrate, for the first time, the use of dynamic tomography to retrieve the time-varying magnetosheath structure and (ii) identify a nominal mission design for multi-spacecraft configurations aiming for optical tomography.
Sero-epidemiological investigation and cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants in cats and dogs, Thailand
Authors: Suwanpakdee Sarin , Ketchim Natthaphat , Thongdee Metawee , Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan Somjit , Tangsudjai Siriporn , Wiriyarat Witthawat , Julapanthong Pruksa , Trakoolchaisri Wachira , Buamas Supakit , Sakcamduang Walasinee , Okada Pilailuk Akkapaiboon , Puthavathana Pilaipan , Paungpin Weena
Published: May 2024

Epidemiological data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in companion animals have been thoroughly investigated in many countries. However, information on the neutralizing cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 variants in companion animals is still limited. Here, we explored the neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in cats and dogs between May 2020 and December 2021 during the first wave (a Wuhan-Hu-1-dominant period) and the fourth wave (a Delta-dominant period) of the Thailand COVID-19 outbreak. Archival plasma samples of 1,304 cats and 1,795 dogs (total = 3,099) submitted for diagnosis and health checks were collected at the Prasu-Arthorn Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom. A microneutralization test was used to detect neutralizing antibodies against the ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 and the Delta variants. A plasma sample with neutralizing titers ≥10 was considered positive. Our results showed relatively low seroprevalence with seropositive samples detected in 8 out of 3,099 individuals (0.26, 95% CI 0.11–0.51%). Among these cases, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies from both the ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 and the Delta variants were found in three out of eight cases in two cats (n = 2) and one dog (n = 1). Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies specific to only the ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 variant were exclusively found in one cat (n = 1), while antibodies against only the Delta variant were detected in four dogs (n = 4). Additionally, the neutralizing cross-activities against SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Beta, and Omicron BA.2) were observed in the seropositive cats with limited capacity to neutralize the Omicron BA.2 variant. In summary, the seropositivity among cats and dogs in households with an unknown COVID-19 status was relatively low in Thailand. Moreover, the neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 found in the seropositive cats and dogs had limited or no ability to neutralize the Omicron BA.2 variant. Thus, monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infection and sero-surveillance, particularly in cats, is imperative for tracking virus susceptibility to the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Unified Sufficient Conditions for Predefined-Time Stability of Non-Linear Systems and Its Standard Controller Design
Authors: Xiao Bing , Zhang Haichao , Zhao Shijie , Chen Zhaoyue , Cao Lu
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a unified Lyapunov-based predefined-time stability theorem that includes three sufficient conditions. The standard theoretical analysis method for achieving predefined-time stability of non-linear systems using this theorem is provided within the framework of Lyapunov theory. The developed Lyapunov-based theorem facilitates the establishment of equivalence between the existing Lyapunov theorems concerning predefined-time stability. Furthermore, when the presented sufficient conditions are relaxed, the predefined-time stability conclusion for non-linear systems degenerates into a finite-time one. Consequently, a standard non-singular sliding mode control framework based on the unified Lyapunov-based theorem is developed for a Lagrangian system to ensure its predefined-time stability. Exemplary numerical simulation results are subsequently given, in order to illustrate the convergence behavior of the system states and confirm that the controlled systems are predefined-time stable.
Improvement in the Accuracy and Efficiency of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics: Point Generation and Adaptive Particle Refinement/Coarsening Algorithms
Authors: Zhang Jun , Ding Yanchao , Wu Wei , Li Wenjie , Zhang Zhaoming , Jiao Yanmei
Published: May 2024

An adaptive particle refinement (APR) algorithm has been developed for the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method to augment the resolution of the region of interest to achieve high accuracy and simultaneously reduce the cost of computational resources. It is widely applied in the field of fluid-controlling problems involving large interface deformations, such as the two-phase flow and fluid–structure interaction because this algorithm can capture the interface with high accuracy. Nonetheless, existing APR algorithms widely encounter computational dispersion issues at the interface of regions of different particle resolutions. Moreover, traditional shifting algorithms applied in the APR processes also have difficulties in dealing with particles with different smooth lengths. In this work, an algorithm for fast particle generation was first developed based on the accelerated ray method, which accelerates the discretization of the flow field into particles. Then, a dynamic refinement/coarsening algorithm based on the APR algorithm is proposed to solve the computational dispersion problem that occurs at the refinement/coarsening interfaces. In addition, the shifting algorithm was improved in this work to ensure the particles are always well distributed during numerical calculations and, thus, can efficiently facilitate the adaptive particle refinement/coarsening processes. Comparative analysis indicates that the robust algorithms developed for the SPH method in this work can lead to more precise and reasonable flow fields compared with the conventional SPH adaptive methods.
The Effects of Tillage and the Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Yield of Maize Leaves
Authors: Xie Guangming , Liang Min , Chen Pei , Zhang Chang , Fan Mingyuan , Wang Chuangyun , Zhao Li
Published: May 2024

The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of the combined application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer using different tillage methods to delay the senescence of maize leaves. The yield and activities of GDH, CAT, APX, GR, and GSH enzymes in maize leaves were measured at different growth stages by using two tillage methods, three organic and inorganic combined applications (P1, P2, and P3), and four control treatments. (1) During the growth period, the R + S and R treatments were P1 treatments, with the highest enzyme activities noted for GDH, CAT, APX, GR, and GSH, which were 36.79–103.22% higher than those of CK. (2) The average yield of all R + S treatments was higher than that of R treatments, and the average yield of P1 treatment was the highest under R + S, which was 13,663.79 kg hm−2, which was 6.39%, 7.90%, and 14.67% higher than that of P2, P3, and CK, respectively, which was lower than that of R. The yield of P1 treatment was 2.53% higher. (3) There was a significant positive correlation between APX activity, CAT activity, GR activity, GDH activity, GSH activity, grain number per ear, ear length, and 100-grain weight of maize leaves at the grain filling stage, and a significant negative correlation between bald tip length and yield. The treatment details had the strongest enzyme activity and the highest yield when using the rotary tillage + subsoiling (R + S) P1 method, which was the most suitable tillage method and the best fertilizer ratio combination, which could be demonstrated and popularized in a large area in the dry farming area of spring maize in Shanxi Province.
Evaluation of Production and Pest Management Practices in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Ghana
Authors: Seidu Ahmed , Abudulai Mumuni , Dzomeku Israel , Mahama Georgie , Nboyine Jerry , Appaw William , Akromah Richard , Arthur Stephen , Bolfrey-Arku Grace , Mochiah M. , Jordan David , Brandenburg Rick , MacDonald Greg , Balota Maria , Hoisington David , Rhoads Jamie
Published: May 2024

The economic return for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Ghana is often low due to limitations in the availability of inputs or their adoption, which are needed to optimize yield. Six experiments were conducted in Ghana in 2020 and 2021 to determine the impact of planting date, cultivar, fertilization, pest management practices, and harvest date on peanut yield, financial return, and pest reaction. A wide range of interactions among these treatment factors were often observed for infestations of aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover); groundnut rosette disease (Umbravirus: Tombusviridaee); millipedes (Peridontopyge spp.); white grubs (Schyzonicha spp.); wireworms (Conoderus spp.); termites (Microtermes and Odontotermes spp.); canopy defoliation as a result of early leaf spot disease caused by Passalora arachidicola (Hori) and late leaf spot caused by Nothopassalora personata (Berk. and M. A. Curtis); and the scarification and boring of pods caused by arthropod feeding. Pod yield and economic return increased for the cultivar Chitaochi and Sarinut 2 when fertilizer was applied and when fertilizer was applied at early, mid-, and late planting dates. Pod yield and economic return increased when a combination of locally derived potassium soaps was used for aphid suppression and one additional hand weeding was used in the improved pest management practice compared with the traditional practice without these inputs. Pearson correlations for yield and economic return were negatively correlated for all pests and damage caused by pests. The results from these experiments can be used by farmers and their advisors to develop production packages for peanut production in Ghana.
Study of Wind Field and Surface Wind Pressure of Solar Greenhouse Group under Valley Topography Conditions
Authors: Gao Zixuan , Xu Jing , Wang Rui , Jiang Yi , Liang Zongmin
Published: May 2024

There is a wind interference effect between greenhouses in a group arrangement of solar greenhouse groups. To ensure the structural integrity of greenhouse groups situated in valleys, it becomes imperative to analyze both the wind pressure distribution patterns and the wind interference effects. This arises from the recognition that the wind load coefficients applicable to solar greenhouse groups nestled within valleys deviate from those observed in flat plains. The application of the contour modeling method facilitated a realistic reconstruction of the authentic topography within the study area. Subsequently, a wind field simulation was executed specifically for the constructed valley. The resultant wind field data for the studied valley area were then obtained. In the valley, nine solar greenhouses were systematically arranged in a three by three configuration. Special attention was directed towards assessing the surface wind pressures derived meticulously from the simulated wind field and wind direction angle of 0°. The findings elucidate the following: (a) The wind speed ratio exhibits a diminution on the leeward side of the mountain as compared to the windward side, with a notably reduced wind speed ratio observed in proximity to the mountain. (b) An amplification effect is discernible in the peripheral zone adjacent to the leading row of greenhouses, proximate to the incoming airflow. Particular emphasis is warranted regarding the reversal of wind direction observed in the secondary row of greenhouses positioned along the north wall and front roof, specifically at a wind angle of 0°, owing to the pronounced influence of interference effects. Hence, when undertaking the design and construction of a cluster of solar greenhouses within the valley terrain of Tibet, meticulous consideration must be directed towards both the meticulous calculation of wind loads within the periphery of the greenhouses and the judicious selection of the grouping’s location.
Chemical Composition of Newborn Piglets with Different Weights at Birth in Sows with a High Reproductive Performance
Authors: Antonczyk Carina , Ratert Christine , Schwennen Cornelia , Kamphues Josef , Abd El-Wahab Amr
Published: May 2024

The present study aimed to quantify and update the data on the body composition (energy nutrients) of newborn piglets of different body weights at the time of birth, as well as of the placenta mass. Data were collected from newborn piglets (n = 25) from modern genetic lines which were stillborn or died within the first 24 h of life after being crushed to death with various body weights at birth (<0.8 kg (n = 5); 0.8–1.2 kg (n = 5); >1.2–1.6 kg (common birth weight, n = 10) and >1.6 kg (n = 5)). The placenta (n = 20) of sows from a conventional breeding farm were collected, too. The body composition of newborns of “normal” (>1.2–1.6 kg) and even lighter (0.8–1.2) weights still indicated a “normal” composition. In the case of a lower body weight of piglets <0.8 kg at birth, the crude ash (24.1%) and crude protein (8.21%) contents were higher, but the crude fat (16.1%), carbohydrate (57.4%), and gross energy (3.60%) contents were lower. The placental composition in comparison to the piglet body composition was characterized by higher crude protein contents (24.3%) and lower crude ash (31.6%), crude fat (9.08%), and carbohydrate (55.6%) contents. In conclusion, the energy and protein accumulation in the total mass of fetuses and placentas increased by 75% and 64%, respectively, in comparison to times in which the litter size varied around 10–12 piglets, essentially as a result of the larger fetal mass and not of a different body composition.
Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis (MIPO) of Comminuted Radial Fractures Using a Locking Plate Contoured on a 3D-Printed Model of the Feline Antebrachium: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Trębacz Piotr , Frymus Jan , Pawlik Mateusz , Barteczko Anna , Kurkowska Aleksandra , Czopowicz Michał
Published: May 2024

(1) Background: Due to the unique structural and functional characteristics of the forelimb in cats, fractures of the radius and ulna are best repaired using internal fixation and stabilization in accordance with AO principles. This study presents the results of reduction of 42 cadaveric comminuted feline radial fractures reduced by minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO). (2) Methods: Radius fractures were created on 21 pairs of forelimbs with intact bones. MIPO was then performed using two locking bone plates pre-contoured on 3D-printed bone models of the antebrachium of a male and a female cat. Pre- and postoperative radiographs were taken, and radius length and anatomical lateral distal radial angle (aLDRA) were measured. (3) Results: All fractures were classified as complex diaphyseal fractures of the radius. The radial bone length did not change significantly after surgery (F1,18 = 0.01, p = 0.933). However, the aLDRA was modified after surgery (F1,18 = 7.51, p = 0.013), but this change was only observed in females, in whom the aLDRA was significantly reduced (p = 0.035) compared to the value determined by the shape of the plate. In males, the pre- and postoperative aLDRA values were similar (p = 0.824). In 40 cases, alignment, adjacency of bone fragments, and apparatus were judged to be satisfactory. In two cases, the plate was fixed to the proximal radius and distal ulna due to misidentification of the distal radius. In both cases, revision surgery and correct fixation of the radius gave proper alignment, adjacency, and apparatus. (4) Conclusion: A pre-contoured plate on a 3D-printed model of the male and female domestic cat antebrachium was suitable for the reduction and stabilization of comminuted radial fractures in a cohort of domestic cat cadavers without the need to print individual antebrachial bone models for each patient.
The Effect of Inhibiting the Wingless/Integrated (WNT) Signaling Pathway on the Early Embryonic Disc Cell Culture in Chickens
Authors: Ren Wenjie , Zheng Dan , Liu Guangzheng , Wu Gaoyuan , Peng Yixiu , Wu Jun , Jin Kai , Zuo Qisheng , Zhang Yani , Li Guohui , Han Wei , Cui Xiang-Shun , Chen Guohong , Li Bichun , Niu Ying-Jie
Published: May 2024

The utilization of chicken embryonic-derived pluripotent stem cell (PSC) lines is crucial in various fields, including growth and development, vaccine and protein production, and germplasm resource protection. However, the research foundation for chicken PSCs is relatively weak, and there are still challenges in establishing a stable and efficient PSC culture system. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of the FGF2/ERK and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways, as well as different feeder layers, on the derivation and maintenance of chicken embryonic-derived PSCs. The results of this study demonstrate that the use of STO cells as feeder layers, along with the addition of FGF2, IWR-1, and XAV-939 (FIX), allows for the efficient derivation of chicken PSC-like cells. Under the FIX culture conditions, chicken PSCs express key pluripotency genes, such as POUV, SOX2, and NANOG, as well as specific proteins SSEA-1, C-KIT, and SOX2, indicating their pluripotent nature. Additionally, the embryoid body experiment confirms that these PSC-like cells can differentiate into cells of three germ layers in vitro, highlighting their potential for multilineage differentiation. Furthermore, this study reveals that chicken Eyal–Giladi and Kochav stage X blastodermal cells express genes related to the primed state of PSCs, and the FIX culture system established in this research maintains the expression of these genes in vitro. These findings contribute significantly to the understanding and optimization of chicken PSC culture conditions and provide a foundation for further exploration of the biomedical research and biotechnological applications of chicken PSCs.
Sperm Incubation in Biggers–Whitten–Whittingham Medium Induces Capacitation-Related Changes in the Lizard Sceloporus torquatus
Authors: Sánchez-Rivera Uriel Ángel , Cruz-Cano Norma Berenice , Medrano Alfredo , Álvarez-Rodríguez Carmen , Martínez-Torres Martín
Published: May 2024

Sperm capacitation involves biochemical and physiological changes that enable sperm to fertilize the oocyte. It can be induced in vitro under controlled conditions that simulate the environment of the oviduct. While extensively studied in mammals, its approach in lizards remains absent. Understanding the mechanisms that ensure reproduction is essential for advancing the implementation of assisted reproductive technologies in this group. We aimed to perform a sperm analysis to determine if capacitation-related changes were induced after incubation with capacitating media. Fifteen males of Sceloporus torquatus were collected during the early stage of the reproductive season. The sperm were isolated from the seminal plasma and then diluted up to a volume of 150 μL using BWW medium to incubate with 5% CO2 at 30 °C for a maximum duration of 3 h. A fraction was retrieved hourly for ongoing sperm assessment. The sperm analysis included assessments of its motility, viability, the capacitation status using the chlortetracycline (CTC) assay, and the acrosome integrity with the lectin binding assay to detect changes during incubation. We found that total motility was maintained up to 2 h post incubation, after which it decreased. However, sperm viability remained constant. From that moment on, we observed a transition to a deeper and less symmetrical flagellar bending in many spermatozoa. The CTC assay indicated a reduction in the percentage of sperm showing the full (F) pattern and an increase in those exhibiting the capacitated (B) and reactive (RA) patterns, accompanied by an elevation in the percentage of damaged acrosomes as revealed by the lectin binding assay. In mammals, these changes are often associated with sperm capacitation. Our observations support the notion that this process may also occur in saurian. While sperm analysis is a valuable method for assessing certain functional changes, additional approaches are required to validate this process.
Prediction of Potential Suitable Distribution Areas for an Endangered Salamander in China
Authors: Tao Jiacheng , Hu Yifeng , Jiang Jianping , Yang Wanji , Zhao Tian , Su Shengqi
Published: May 2024

Climate change has been considered to pose critical threats for wildlife. During the past decade, species distribution models were widely used to assess the effects of climate change on the distribution of species’ suitable habitats. Among all the vertebrates, amphibians are most vulnerable to climate change. This is especially true for salamanders, which possess some specific traits such as cutaneous respiration and low vagility. The Wushan salamander (Liua shihi) is a threatened and protected salamander in China, with its wild population decreasing continuously. The main objective of this study was to predict the distribution of suitable habitat for L. shihi using the ENMeval parameter-optimized MaxEnt model under current and future climate conditions. Our results showed that precipitation, cloud density, vegetation type, and ultraviolet radiation were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of L. shihi. Currently, the suitable habitats for L. shihi are mainly concentrated in the Daba Mountains, including northeastern Chongqing and western Hubei Provinces. Under the future climate conditions, the area of suitable habitats increased, which mainly occurred in central Guizhou Province. This study provided important information for the conservation of L. shihi. Future studies can incorporate more species distribution models to better understand the effects of climate change on the distribution of L. shihi.
Short-Chained Linear Scorpion Peptides: A Pool for Novel Antimicrobials
Authors: Panayi Tolis , Diavoli Spiridoula , Nicolaidou Vicky , Papaneophytou Christos , Petrou Christos , Sarigiannis Yiannis
Published: May 2024

Scorpion venom peptides are generally classified into two main groups: the disulfide bridged peptides (DBPs), which usually target membrane-associated ion channels, and the non-disulfide bridged peptides (NDBPs), a smaller group with multifunctional properties. In the past decade, these peptides have gained interest because most of them display functions that include antimicrobial, anticancer, haemolytic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Our current study focuses on the short (9–19 amino acids) antimicrobial linear scorpion peptides. Most of these peptides display a net positive charge of 1 or 2, an isoelectric point at pH 9–10, a broad range of hydrophobicity, and a Grand Average of Hydropathy (GRAVY) Value ranging between −0.05 and 1.7. These features allow these peptides to be attracted toward the negatively charged phospholipid head groups of the lipid membranes of target cells, a force driven by electrostatic interactions. This review outlines the antimicrobial potential of short-chained linear scorpion venom peptides. Additionally, short linear scorpion peptides are in general more attractive for large-scale synthesis from a manufacturing point of view. The structural and functional diversity of these peptides represents a good starting point for the development of new peptide-based therapeutics.
Opportunities and Challenges of Soy Proteins with Different Processing Applications
Authors: Deng Zixiao , Kim Sung Woo
Published: May 2024

Soybean meal (SBM) is a prevailing plant protein supplement in animal diets because of its nutritional value and availability. This review paper explores the significance of SBM and processed soy products, emphasizing their nutritional and bioactive components, such as isoflavones and soyasaponins. These compounds are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and are associated with a reduced prevalence of chronic diseases. However, the presence of antinutritional compounds in SBM presents a significant challenge. The paper evaluates various processing methods, including ethanol/acid wash, enzyme treatment, and fermentation, which are aimed at enhancing the nutritional value of soy products. It highlights the significance to maintain a balance between nutritional enhancement and the preservation of beneficial bioactive compounds, emphasizing the importance of different processing techniques to fully exploit the health benefits of soy-based products. Therefore, this review illuminates the complex balance between nutritional improvement, bioactive compound preservation, and the overall health implications of soy products.
Ultrasound-Assisted Maillard Conjugation of Yeast Protein Hydrolysate with Polysaccharides for Encapsulating the Anthocyanins from Aronia
Authors: Dumitrașcu Loredana , Brumă (Călin) Mihaela , Turturică Mihaela , Enachi Elena , Cantaragiu Ceoromila Alina Mihaela , Aprodu Iuliana
Published: May 2024

Valorisation of food by-products, like spent brewer’s yeast and fruit pomaces, represents an important strategy for contributing to sustainable food production. The aims of this study were to obtain Maillard conjugates based on spent yeast protein hydrolysate (SYH) with dextran (D) or maltodextrin (MD) by means of ultrasound treatment and to use them for developing encapsulation systems for the anthocyanins from aronia pomace. The ultrasound-assisted Maillard conjugation promoted the increase of antioxidant activity by about 50% compared to conventional heating and SYH, and was not dependent on the polysaccharide type. The ability of the conjugates to act as wall material for encapsulating various biologically active compounds was tested via a freeze-drying method. The retention efficiency ranged between 58.25 ± 0.38%–65.25 ± 2.21%, while encapsulation efficiency varied from 67.09 ± 2.26% to 88.72 ± 0.33%, indicating the strong effect of the carrier material used for encapsulation. The addition of the hydrolysed yeast cell wall played a positive effect on the encapsulation efficiency of anthocyanins when used in combination with the SYH:MD conjugates. On the other hand, the stability of anthocyanins during storage, as well as their bioavailability during gastrointestinal digestion, were higher when using the SYH:D conjugate. The study showed that hydrolysis combined with the ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction has a great potential for the valorisation of spent brewer’s yeast as delivery material for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds.
Quarterly Percentual Change in Height, Weight, Body Fat and Muscle Mass in Young Football Players of Different Categories
Authors: Falces-Prieto Moisés , Martín-Moya Ricardo , Delgado-García Gabriel , Silva Rui Miguel , Ceylan Halil Ibrahim , de la Cruz-Márquez Juan Carlos
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this study was to compare the change of Body Composition (BC) (height, weight, body fat percentage and muscle mass) as a function of the trimester and category in a sample of young soccer players. Data collection was performed in five consecutive seasons (2016–2021). The sample consisted of 741 young male football players of different categories (Under 14 year old (U14), U15, U16, U17 and U18) belonging to a high-performance football academy. Considering the trimestral change of all the raw anthropometrics variables a set of new variables called the trimestral change in percentage (TC) of each raw variable was computed. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA (including the raw anthropometric variables as dependent and trimester and the age-category as independent) revealed differences for the anthropometric variables (p value < 0.001 in all cases), concluding that the effect of trimester reaches conventional levels of statistical significance. The trimester by age in contrast was significant (p < 0.05) in all raw variables except for the height. Considering the TC variables, the variable height-TC showed an increase (p value < 0.05) while the variable muscle mass-TC was near the significative value (p = 0.09). In this case the interaction trimester by age category was not significative (p > 0.05 in all cases). It seems that height suffers more changes in the first trimester but the weight, body fat percentage and muscle mass changes more in the second and third trimester. It is important to modulate the training load according to the trimester-specific response, although these improvements may vary according to factors such as genetics, diet, sleep and the specific training.