bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Changing Shape of Conflict
Authors: Klutznick Philip M.
Published: September 2018

There is nothing novel about change. The reality is that the only certainty is change. Some recent changes have created an atmosphere in which a worldwide war is the more likely to develop or, conversely, out of which the prospect for a better world order is being generated.

It is sometimes difficult to realize that a number of wars have actually taken place since World War II. Recently a magazine compiled a list of forty. Even then it excluded some border differences which might have been listed as wars. Not all of these were large-scale wars, but the number of serious conflicts remains impressive. These wars took place when it is generally accepted that an uneasy peace exists. Most of these, in a different era, could have precipitated a worldwide conflict. Why not since 1945?
An Open Letter to the American Hierarchy
Authors: Merton Thomas
Published: September 2018

You are about to return to Rome, as this is written, for the most decisive session of the Second Vatican Council. Schema XIII on the Church in the Modern World is from a pastoral viewpoint, of such unique importance that one may believe the whole work of the Council stands or falls with it. You who have listened with patience to so many opinions will surely bear charitably with yet one more expression of Christian concern. It is written not in order to defend a merely partisan view, but to insure that the great work done by the previous sessions is not prejudiced by any ambiguity or hesitation in confronting one of the most crucial problems of our time.
The Burden of Freedom
Authors: Quade Quentin L.
Published: September 2018

It is the continuing concern of worldview and its sponsoring organization, The Council on Religion and International Affairs, to probe the relationship among religion, ethics and foreign policy. Most of this concern seems to be directed toward analysis and evaluation of substantive policy issues, which are, of course, vitally important. But it may be equally important to investigate the process of religion-ethics- policy interaction, This essay examines one aspect of that process: how ethical consciousness can pervade the decision-making process. This problem will be approached by looking at three interrelated questions: a) what are the political responsibilities which flow to the individual in the free society? b) what is the character of those responsibilities? c) how can we best fulfill those responsibilities?

We are inclined to define the free society as one which provides a free condition for individuals and social groups.
A Theory of Coexistence
Authors: Quade Quentin L.
Published: September 2018

We can learn certain things from the Communist system, and one of the most important of these is the dependence of successful practice on theory. Theory serves to guide, integrate, and rationalize a series of actions, and without it those actions tend to be atomistic and fruitless.

Indeed, the classic failures of our confrontations with Communist countries can be traced at least in part fo a theoretical misperception of what the Communists were, and the lack of a guiding theory on our part. It is possible, for example, to interpret the unhappy decisions of the World War II period as resulting from a mismatch of opponents: the Soviet Union's inferior power position was more than compensated for by a relatively coherent and creative theory of the world, while the superior strength of the United States was substantially negated because this country followed a policy path that may be described as a kind of political existentialism.
The Bases for a U.S. Victory
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

The American liberal would, I am sure, indignantly reject any supposition that he looks down upon the non-white races and that in his heart of hearts he has contempt for the underdeveloped countries and their population. In his rather narrow view all that the “underdeveloped man,” in this case the South Vietnamese, wants is food and peace at any price; therefore American presence in Saigon, the liberal says, which is motivated by selfish imperialism, merely delays the desired and reasonable dénouement.

A similar contempt is apparent in President Johnson's offer of one billion dollar aid to Southeast Asia if only Peking and Hanoi show willingness to settle the war in Vietnam.
Christian Responsibility in Vietnam
Authors: West Charles
Published: September 2018

Let me start with three observations on which I think all sides agree. First, the present struggle in Vietnam represents a profound conflict of moral responsibility. It is this which makes peace by negotiation so difficult. If the issues were defined in terms of the interests of opposing powers alone, the disproportion of the means now being used to any conceivable rational end would long since have led to compromise. The fact is, however, that all sides in the conflict are driven by a profound sense of obligation to purposes in which they believe, and which transcend their, interests. For Ho Chi Minh and the Communist leadership in Vietnam the war is part of the struggle of exploited peoples all over the world to overthrow their imperialist and capitalist enemies in order to build a socialist society. For a great majority of non-Communists in the Eastern world, and a large number in the West, it represents the struggle of a nationalist movement with democratic tendencies to establish control by the people of Vietnam over their own country.
Wars Will Occur As Long As…
Authors: Zahn Gordon
Published: September 2018

It might be well to begin with a confession. I have something of an intellectual “investment” in the book I propose to discuss here. Carl Amery's principal thesis finds a rather neat summary in the title given the English edition of his book, Capitulation: The Lesson of German Catholicism (Herder and Herder, 1967). In the course of developing his thesis and teaching the “lesson,” he reinforces and broadens the findings of some of my own published efforts of the past and, to make matters more embarrassing under the circumstances, includes a generous number of citations from those works. The occasional differences in interpretation between us are minor; and in the general implications he draws from the history of the “capitulation” of German Catholics of all ranks to the demands of National Socialism we are in almost total agreement.
Eastern Christians and Hostile States
Authors: Calian Carnegie Samuel
Published: September 2018

A careful look at a map of the world will indicate the puzzling and perplexing situations in which the churches of Eastern Orthodoxy find themselves. (The term Eastern-Orthodoxy as used here includes the three basic branches of Eastern Christendom: (1) the Byzantine or Chalcedonian churches, the most numerous, (2) the “monophysite” or non-Chalcedonian churche's, and (3) the Eastern Catholic or Uniate churches, the least numerous.) In approximate terms the Eastern churches seem to be facing two contrasting contexts—communism and Islam. Whether it be communism or Islam, the Eastern churches are confronted with alien and competitive systems of thought which threaten their survival. How has the contemporary—and the historic stance —of Eastern Christians prepared them to face this threat, which finds support in the state?
American Religion and the War
Authors: Neuhaus Richard John
Published: September 2018

Before discussing Vietnam: Crisis of Conscience and the effort it represents, it is well to say something about the diversity within the religious community and its concern for peace. Most of what follows does not deal, for instance, with those who espouse the position of absolute pacifism nor with the historic “peace churches” such as the Friends, Mennonites and others. (But even in these instances discretion is necessary since some of the “peace churches” [e.g., the Friends] are active in the political sphere and some of the groups originally formed by pacifist impetus [e.g., Fellowship of Reconciliation] are increasingly open to those who enter the quest for world peace from a different direction.)
The Religious Situation in East Asia
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

We are slowly being conditioned to believe that with decolonization in the political sphere, the “third world” is getting rid of the Christian religion which had come to Asia and Africa—so the story goes—as an auxiliary force of white imperialism. This is a biased and false picture, born perhaps not so much of wishful thinking as of an erroneous logic of history.“ This logic concludes: if Asians and Africans come once again into their own, they ought to reassert their religious personality too.

My own observations as a traveler in Asia and Africa are inevitably personal and partial. Because I had more ready access to Catholic sources of information, for example, my comparisons and references most frequently involve Catholicism, although many of the generalizations would apply to Protestantism as well. In any case I found that, as always, the reality proved to be far more complex than the general assumptions.
The Catholic Left in Britain
Authors: Wicker Brian
Published: September 2018

A number of recent books and articles have drawn attention to the emergence in Britain of a Catholic group of left-wing thinkers and writers who have a noticeable influence on Catholic life and thought today. In this article I propose to sketch the origins of this movement, and then to consider the kind of argument that is now going on—and which will go on more intensely in the future—concerning the significance of a Catholic Left.
How United is Latin America?
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

I am certainly not the first traveler in Latin America struck by the diversity of its countries. The cliche has it that so many distinct entities were set up between 1810 and 1825 merely because the peoples of the continent could not comprehend Bolivar's admonitions that strength lies in unity. Whatever the validity of Bolivar's dream for South America, it is quite obvious why there are some twenty countries there instead of one or two, as is the case with the North American part of the liemisphere. Practically everything is a dividing factor south of the Rio Grande: geography and the configuration of the land, the ethnic composition of the populations, the historical antagonisms, the economic jealousies.
The Nuclear Obsession: II. Proliferation, and U.S. Allies
Authors: Walker Jack
Published: September 2018

If anything has been adopted as the single, most important, immediate objective of the U.S, “Foreign Policy Establishment,” it is the conclusion, with the Soviet Union, of a treaty designed to discourage the spread of nuclear weapons to countries that do not already possess them. I use the word “discourage,” because it seems clear that the treaty itself is not intended to produce anything more than an abstention, on the part of the U.S. and the USSR, from active participation in the act of proliferation. There is to be no commitment, or so it would appear, to joint action (economic, political, or military) to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons.
An Explosive Principle
Authors: Zahn Gordon
Published: September 2018

It is with some misgiving that I presume to comment on the Freedom House advertisement, for I rather suspect its message was not addressed to the likes of me in (he first place. It is most unlikely that my personal conviction that the war in Vietnam is an unjust war quite undeserving of.the active or direct support of any religiously motivated American would qualify me as a “moderate” in their eyes. On the other hand, since I support the principle they choose to condemn as some kind of a “fantasy,” I feel this gives me something of a right to present these comments as an unsought, and probably unwanted, rebuttal.
The Issue of Peace; The Voice of Religion
Authors: Bennett John C.
Published: September 2018

A statement on religion and peace should begin with some affirmations about the bases that our churches and synagogues have for speaking and acting in the sphere of international relations.

Underlying all else that we may say or do here is the Biblical faith that God is Lord of our nation and of all nations. As the prophet said, “all the nations are us nothing before him, they are accounted by him as less than nothing and emptiness” (Is. 40:17). As Amos said earlier: “Did I not bring up Israel from the land of Egypt, and the Philistines from Canhtor and the Syrians from Kir?” (9:7). The faith that all nations are under the judgment and providence and mercy of God is central to Biblical religion. Since it is the nation that so easily becomes the ultimate object of loyalty for its citizens, this faith in God transcending the nation is always a warning against national idolatry. And in our time it is political idolatry, the worship of any social group or system, that is the greatest obstacle to the tolerance and humaneness which are essential conditions for decent relations among nations, essential conditions for peace.
Political Reality and Human Reality
Authors: Cogley John
Published: September 2018

Even today, politics is based on power relationships and the kind of calculations that have been canonized since the rise of the nation-state. Get a group of Washington practitioners together and you will still hear echoes of the old saw that “politics is the art of the possible.”

But this kind of thinking, in our new situation, has already brought mankind to the brink of disaster and promises to destroy political life altogether. It is so clearly anachronistic, at least to the young, that the newest postwar generation to come to maturity simply refuses to play the game. To their ears, even the soaring political rhetoric of John F. Kennedy sounds hollow and unconvincing. I recently heard a brilliant college student charge that the President's famous “Ask not what your country can do for you …” smacked of fascism. Taken literally that, of course, was nonsense; yet I think I know what the young man was trying to get at.
For God or Country?
Authors: Bock Paul
Published: September 2018

When churches speak to their own people and to the nations on matters of international affairs, how much do their pronouncements reflect the political policies of various countries and power blocs? Is the voice of a national or regional church body likely to be very different from that of an international ecclesiastical organization? A single example will, admittedly, yield onlv partial answers, but they may suggest what a fuller studv would disclose.

Consider the ways in which churches have dealt with the question of disarmament and arms control. Statements have been made by three representative groups: (1) The Christian Peace Conference centered in Prague. Czechoslovakia: (2) the National Council of Churches in the U.S.A. and one of its member churches, the United Church of Christ: and (3) the World Council of Churches. These are representative church bodies from both sides of the iron curtain and an international body which has member churches in virtually all parts of the world.
The Climate of Nihilism
Authors: Murchland Bernard
Published: September 2018

I have never been convinced of the Marxian belief that thought is the outcome of social conditions, particularly the modes of production and exchange. It seems to me that the opposite is more nearly true, that the social substance in any given age is primarily defined by its climate of ideas, its philosophical worldview, if you will. The structures of society derive their being as well as their significance from the prevailing philosophy; truth is always a function of a state of consciousness, of the way we view things.
Spirituality and Politics
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

While in Florence recently, I came across an essay, “'Spiritucl'—'Spiritualité'” (Chriatus, October, 1969) by my colleague, the French Jesuit Charles Bernard. These terms have a long and intricate history, yet, as Bernard suggested, there are many types of spirituality in the Christian world that are present by right and by necessity within the overarching structure of the same faith. On my return to Rome, 1 remarked to Bernard, a propos his essay, that I had the impression that spirituality was becoming an ever more important subject in the contemporary world. That is correct, he told me. for our current problems are at bottom spiritual ones out of which our public difficulties arise.
Violence and the Peace Movement: The Relevance of Camus
Authors: Pickus Robert
Published: September 2018

We can count on injustice in human affairs; on the presence of privilege, exploitation and violence. Violence, which in its ability to turn a human being into a thing, a corpse, offers the final unalterable injustice.

But we can count, too, on men and on social movements to challenge, and by challenging to limit, this grim reality. In one time a revived religious or political tradition, in another a movement of the oppressed, but in every time, men affirming dignity and brotherhood and the superiority of the human person over all the political, economic and social mechanisms which oppress him.
The Christian and Politics
Authors: Riga Peter J.
Published: September 2018

After centuries of discussions and disputes over the church-state relationship, it would seem that there is little to say about the “Christian and politics.” The reality is that the relationship is more disputed today than it has ever been. Nor has the theology of the secular, so extensively developed over the past few years, increased the area of agreement about the perspective from which the Christian should look at the political order, how he can speak to it and to what extfent the emphasis should be placed on “Christian” or on “politics.”

There have been few political systems in man's history which have not appealed to God in one way or another for their justification or foundation or mission.
The Contemporary Crisis and the Will of America
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

These past years have rung with growing clashes of arms and men. Surely we can observe with more than literary justice that our generation is filled with wars and rumors of war, with violence, strife and hatred. Even though psychologically and spiritually we pass from Nigeria to Palestine to Vietnam to China, and even to Detroit, we are uneasily aware that the scope of unrest today is both world-wide and of universal significance. No one can long remain objective and calm in the face of our news media which make the whole planet so visible before us. We are often tempted to wish that Asian news still had to be sent to San Francisco via a slow-moving clipper ship rather than via instantaneous radio and television.
Mission to Hanoi, Part II
Authors: Berrigan Daniel
Published: September 2018

Sunday, February 11th. The whole day was passed in the company of a certain Colonel Lao, spit and polish, genial, a little self-conscious in his well-cut uniform. He was a Vietnamese representative on the war crimes tribunal and had worked for almost a year on the commission in Vietnam and had attended the Stockholm tribunal.

One six-hour exchange. Perhaps one should not dignify it by a word which does not express what we endured at ten-thousand miles remove from the military mind. Colonel Lao began by expressing, with typical Asian tentativeness, his understanding that we were perhaps quite well-acquainted with the history of his country leading up to the American invasion.
Diary of a Trip to Asia
Authors: Tillman Seth
Published: September 2018

Early last December Dr. Tillman, a consultant to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, set out on a trip to Asia to study the Peace Corps and the Fulbright program in that area, worldview is pleased to have been granted permission to publish portions of the diary he kept on his journey, printed for the use of the Foreign Relations Committee. (Excerpts from Dr. Tillman's "Latin American Diary," chronicling an earlier journey undertaken for a similar purpose, appeared in the Summer, 1967 issue.)
Ethics For The New Man
Authors: Murchland Bernard
Published: September 2018

Nothing stays fixed very long in our world. Change is the natural context of our lives. Some would claim that it is the very philosophical climate of the times. The spontaneous operation of the modern consciousness is to strain anxiously toward the possible, the not-yet. This is now so habitual a stance that we sometimes forget it is a relatively recent one. It is our principal heritage from the nineteenth century. Before then, change had never been experienced as 50 vital a factor in cultural life. That century, if we agree with J. S. Mill, was marked by a transition from a prevailing worldview that was relatively static and timeless to one predicated upon constant and even violent change.
The Present Tragedy of America
Authors: Morgenthau Hans
Published: September 2018

It is, of course, trivial to say that the foreign policy of the United States is not only in a political and military crisis — and financial crisis you might add — but also in a moral crisis. This moral crisis has particular significance for the United States. Take, by way of contrast, the moral crises through which Soviet foreign policy has passed since the end of the second world war. Take, for instance, the moral crisis which it faced in consequence of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and the moral crisis it is still facing by virtue of its invasion of Czechoslovakia last year. Obviously those crises considerably decreased the prestige and influence of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union has emerged from tbose crises as something different from what it was before. For the Soviet Union today can no longer claim to be the fatherland of socialism, the disinterested vanguard of the international proletariat.
Violence, Disruption and Coercion: Not Here, Not Now
Authors: Quade Quentin L.
Published: September 2018

I claim no novelty for the following reflections on violence and coercion. Certainly there is no new data presented here. I offer, rather, simply a discussion of values and how to value certain things, and even in this sense I doubt that newness will appear. This, however, is no apology. For regarding value and how to value, I am increasingly convinced that much of our responsibility consists in rediscovery rather than discovery.
On Re-Reading John Dewey
Authors: Murchland Bernard
Published: September 2018

Leo Tolstoy once remarked that “certain questions are put to mankind, not that men should answer them, but that they should go on trying.” The highly complex Middle East situation in which we must deal with the rights of Jews and Arabs against the background of a power struggle between a Russia and an America with nuclear weapons often seems to be one of those questions. I do not here propose to offer any final answer. But I will try to state clearly what I conceive to be some misconceptions blockinga possible solution.
Revolutionary War: Challenge to Just War
Authors: Willenz Eric
Published: September 2018

The doctrine of the "just war" has a hallowed place in the history of political and legal thought, while its more inflammatory counterpart, "revolutionary war," cannot call upon such a long and distinguished pedigree. This is not so surprising as it may at first seem since the doctrine of the "just war," or its momentary variation, has proved flexible enough to accommodate all sorts of wars for every kind of reason. I am prepared to argue that the claimants for either doctrine base their reasons for waging wars on similar, if not identical, principles. Hence the concept of "revolutionary war," to the extent that it may be a discernible and separate concept, can be subsumed in most cases under the general category of the "just war." What has happened in the long history of institutionalized warfare among nations is that the underlying reasons for legitimizing war have been overwhelmed by legal norms — a legal edifice so to speak — that have of necessity favored the established authorities.
New Focus on Human Rights
Authors: Inman John R.
Published: September 2018

Historic and fundamental issues of human rights will remain with us as long as man is his less than perfect self. No end is foreseen to the struggle between the evil in man's nature and his ideals of justice. But to these traditional problems of human rights a new element has been added. There are new challenges to the interrelation of men — challenges at once novel, frightening and complex. They hold enormous promise for good and evil. We have not begun to think out their implications; indeed, we have just become dimly conscious of them.
In Defense of the Student
Authors: Murchland Bernard
Published: September 2018

In our present program of higher education the student is by and large the odd man out. This holds particularly in the larger university complexes where the iron law is that the student is made for the system. The symptoms of the student's discontent with this predicament are obvious enough: restlessness, estrangement, apathy and, increasingly, outright rebellion. According to a report by the National Student Association there were 221 major demonstrations at 101 campuses in the first six months of this year.
The Neutrality Issue
Authors: Murchland Bernard
Published: September 2018

I write, as a number of colleges, my own included, arc in political recess. It is obvious that student enthusiasm has waned considerably since last spring when emotions ran high and momentous crises shook campuses across the land. Only a minority of institutions are in recess; an even smaller minority of students are actually engaged in campaign work, and they aren t likely to make much difference one way or the other. Shall we then put the whole matter out of mind (as many educators are doing) and look forward to a return of normalcy, to smooth sailing in the placid academic waters of yore?
The Church as Accomplice: Reflections on my Lai
Authors: Zahn Gordon
Published: September 2018

It is not an easy charge to make. But the facts are there for all to see. They have been there for quite some time, however few may be disposed even now to acknowledge them, and they lend themselves to a sad conclusion: that the Christian churches of America—and this applies with special force to my own Roman Catholic communion—have permitted themselves to become fully responsible accomplices to war crimes and atrocities that have been committed by our nation and her allies in Vietnam.

Past ignorance and timidity masquerading as prudence may explain but can no longer justify a posture of Olympian detachment.
Six on Vietnam
Authors: Little David
Published: September 2018

There are many discouraging things about the ongoing debate over Vietnam. One is the bewildering tendency of participants to try to rest their case on concepts and arguments that are themselves in question. An example is the frequent reference to "national interest" and "national security" as though they clinched the debate. On close inspection, such terms are found to mislead and becloud.

In the widely acclaimed book, The Limits of Intervention, Town send H copes rests his conclusions on these same dubious notions, His thesis is that the "limits of intervention" are defined for the United States by its "vital national interest."
Reckless Rhetoric and Foreign Policy
Authors: Lefever Ernest W.
Published: September 2018

The reckless attack on United States foreign policy by the more extreme American critics during the past few years has far exceeded in shrillness and volume the irresponsible outhurst of the Joe McCarthy era. There has been an alarming deterioration in the quality of dialogue and debate on the vital issues of war and peace. This disquieting development cannot be explained, much less justified, as a plausible response to the occasional imprudent official statements that sectors of the press delight in exploiting. The virulent critics who attack the motives of the President and other high officials without substantiating evidence subvert civility and fair play and appear to reflect a profound and perhaps unconscious alienation from the mainstream of Western morality.
Gandhi, Without the Myth
Authors: Forest James H.
Published: September 2018

That power ultimately comes from the barrel of a gun is not the hypothesis of Chairman Mao alone; it is a conviction common to Richard Nixon, Eldridge Cleaver, Hubert Humphrey, Andre Kosygin, Georges Pompidou, Jerry Rubin, Edward Heath, the editor of the New York Times, Al Capp, and more than several archbishops. To name a few! In fact, across generational and cultural, political and economic frontiers, a belief in the final efficacy of violence seems, ironically, to be one of the few ties that bind us. Century upon century, at least as far back as Cain, violence has been the principal means to public power and vies with sex as a source of stimulation and satisfaction.
The New South Africa
Authors: Shepherd George W.
Published: September 2018

Almost unnoticed by the policy-makers of the rest of the world, a new South Africa has emerged. Despite the attempts to ostracize and isolate South Africa, this country of twenty million blacks Riled by four million whites has industrialized its economy, consolidated its control over African rebellion at home, and launched an expansionist program in Africa that may well be the primary source of conflict on the African continent in the next decade.
My Lai: A Reflection
Authors: Riga Peter J.
Published: September 2018

I think there are certain situations and events in human life that are so horrendous and evil that a sensitive human being is left speechless and painfilled to the point of numbness. Such were the actions at Nagasaki, Hiroshima, Dachau, Dresden, Bataan, Sharpeville; now we may add another name in the long list of human brutality of the twentieth century —My Lai.

It is easy to condemn the particular men who perpetrated this crime against God and man, just as it was easy for the Germans after World War II to stand apart from what their government had done, to insist that it was not they who released the gas jets; so too Americans today are horrified and condemn some few men as scapegoats since it is clear that it was not they who gave such orders or who pulled the triggers of the M-16's and the 50-calibers. In both cases, this facile rationale is an escape by a whole people from the responsibility for crimes committed in an atmosphere which, by their tacit or vocal consent, made it more likely that such crimes could be committed.
Modernization & Cultural Revolution
Authors: Mason Warren L.
Published: September 2018

The most perplexing problem which the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China raises for analysts concerns the view of history with which to interpret it. Most Westerners have a unilinear perspective which sees a straightforward transition from traditional society (with its agriculturally based economy, diffuse social relationships, and custom-bound orientation) to modern society (with its industrial economy, rational and functionally specific social relationships and secular mentality). This tends also to be the official view of the social sciences as they have developed in the West as well as that upon which governmental policies, journalistic commentary and individual judgement are most often based. Warren Mason teaches political science at Miami University in Ohio.
Force, Statecraft, and Africa
Authors: Acheson Dean
Published: September 2018

Ernest Lefever has given us, as we have learned to expect, a knowledgeable and perceptive study into the interrelation between political leaders and those who control the use of force in three states in tropical Africa-Ghana, the Congo, and Ethiopia. Despite many unique aspects of their condition and experience, his book should stimulate some thinking about the relationship as it exists in Asia and our own hemisphere. Indeed, reading his book, as I have just done, in conjunction with Khrushchev Remembers, Newhouse's De Gaulle and the Anglo Saxons, and Hill's God's Englishman (Oliver Cromwell) carries parallels even further.
Karl Barth and Thomas Merton: Grace as Demand
Authors: Clancy William
Published: September 2018

In the midst of the Church he opened his mouth; and the Lord filled him with the spirit of wisdom and understanding.

From the Mass for Doctors of the Church

One should not make too much of the fact that Karl Barth and Thomas Merton died on the same day. Barth was an old man, a Doctor of the Church in the highest tradition, and his historic task was surely accomplished. Merton was still “young,” a famous public and troubled seeker after God and man, and no one now will ever know what he might have become. Barth; one supposes, had not read Merton; and Merton, one suspects, had not read deeply in Barth. But the sadness and shock of reading their obituaries together in the New York Times last month brought to mind certain values to which they both bore witness—with whatever differences of temperament, generation and style.
U. S. - China Trade: The Political Dimensions
Authors: Barnett Robert W.
Published: September 2018

Only a yesterday or two ago most of us were resigned to apparent permanence of the seamless web of a China policy first fashioned by a Democratic Administration in 1950 and then made holy by two Republican administrations. Condemned by the United Nations in 1951, and charged ever since with monstrous abuse of China's great traditions, the People's Republic of China has been Washington's justification for heavy commitments of U.S. resources to extensive diplomatic and economic strategies.
White Myths and Black Panthers
Authors: Ruether Rosemary
Published: September 2018

Despite its creaking inefficiency and patent injustice, the American courts have twice proven their superiority to the myopia that reigns in the Justice Department. Although it can never restore to victims the brutal years lost in prison, the courts in New Haven and New York have managed to unravel two more of the Government's pet conspiracy indictments and released the victims. Let us hope that the labored victories won in the cases of Bobby Seale, Erica Huggins and the Panther Thirteen can be repeated in the case of the Government against Angela Davis if, as it seems, it is equally contrived.
Languages of Murder
Authors: Berger Peter L.
Published: September 2018

In early 1971, national attention was focused on two trials, the court-martial of Lieutenant William Calley for involvement in the Mylai massacre, and the trial of Charles Manson and associates for the Tate/LaBianca murders. Both trials were widely perceived as paradigmatic, though different people had different paradigms in mind. In the paradigm of the "Left," it was precisely American society that was on trial in Fort Benning. In the paradigm of the "Right," the Manson trial became the trial of the counter-culture. For some, those convinced of the imminent demise of American society, both trials together were paradigmatic of America's descent into a jungle of murderous irrationality (this last paradigm was especially prominent in foreign commentary, as, for example, in that of the German news magazine Der Spiegel).
The Roman Empire and Ours
Authors: Wilken Robert L.
Published: September 2018

Rome hulks large on the landscape of our historical memory. Among history's hills and valleys the Roman Empire stands out, a craggy peak dominating the horizon. Our civilization, like others, springs from many nations and peoples, but ancient Rome and the empire its people created have a continuing fascination for present-day Americans. The mummies of Egypt intrigue us by their mystery, and the pyramids impress us by their sheer massiveness, but to most of us Egypt is but an historical curiosity to contemplate in a museum on a Sunday afternoon. Likewise, our memory of Greece is piecemeal and-fragmented, transmitted to us as a melange of literary and intellectual masterpieces. College students read Plato and Aristotle for philosophy, Euripides and Sophocles for drama, and Homer for epic, but Greece conjures no political or military grandeur as a people or an empire.
Military Honor After Mylai
Authors: McWilliams Wilson Carey , Plotkin Henry
Published: September 2018

There was more than one crime involved in the tragedy of Mylai. Behind the immediate facts of the massacre lie a host of charges which ultimately amount to an indictment of America as a political society. Since we are prosecutors as well as defendants, we have been tempted to drop the charges and to lower the voice of outrage to a timorous whisper. But that murmur will be insistent and eventually maddening; nations, as well as individuals, can be pursued by the Furies. The accusations must be taken up and examined, for they reflect an inescapable crisis in our political life which taints the present and threatens the future.
Not by Power Alone
Authors: Reston James
Published: September 2018

These are hard days for men and women who believe in the moral judgments of history and cling, for all our doubts, to the Christmas ideal of world unity and brotherhood.

For there is no unity in the world at the end of 1971, and far from supporting the religious mission of peace and goodwill on earth, the saddest and bitterest quarrels of contemporary history are between Moslem and Hindu on the subcontinent of South Asia, between Jew and Arab in the Middle East and between Protestant and Roman Catholic in Ireland.
The Assault on Class
Authors: Berger Peter L. , Berger Brigitte
Published: September 2018

Of all evils in American society, racial oppression is the most intolerable. Of all priorities for American society, the attainment of racial justice is the most urgent. This is so because the issue of race touches on the very heart of the moral values by which the society lives. Martin Luther King understood this, and the same understanding illuminates his idea of an integrated American society.

The ideal is not only the integration of black Americans in terms of all the rights and privileges promised by the society's political creed; and it is not at all integration that deprives blacks of their cultural identity, as King's detractors (including the posthumous ones) have falsely claimed.
A New China, the Old Politics
Authors: Edmund Clubb O.
Published: September 2018

An occurrence in 1968 far from China's borders may have contributed substantially to bringing about a change in Peking's foreign policy. On August 20-21, there was the startling intervention in Czechoslovakia by the USSR and four other Warsaw Pact powers. A warning letter the five had sent previously to the Czechoslovak Communist Party set forth a significant rationale: “… we cannot agree to have hostile forces push your country away from the road of socialism and create the danger of Czechoslovakia being severed from the socialist community… . The frontiers of the socialist world have moved … to the Elbe and the Bohemian Forest. We shall never agree to these historic gains of socialism … being placed in jeopardy.” The Brezhnev Doctrine of “limited sovereignty” had been born, and if it were judged warrant for taking action against unorthodoxy in Czechoslovakia, it was in logic equally applicable to China. In any event, Moscow's military action against the deviant Communist state was by itself an indication that, in some circumstances, the Soviet Union might be prepared to employ its armed forces elsewhere outside its borders.
Beyond Skinner
Authors: Bedau Hugo Adam
Published: September 2018

Ushered in with hosannahs of critical praise (“If you plan to read only one book this year, this is probably the one you should choose”—New York Times), B. F. Skinner's Beyond Freedom and Dignity has made the bestseller lists for six months. Now that “the growing international storm” (Newsweek) over the book has subsided, a second look is in order. What, precisely, did he say? How persuasive is the behaviorism he trumpets? How does his argument stand up scientifically and philosophically?

Skinner proposes to take us “beyond” freedom and dignity because, in his view, people have no freedom, and human dignity is an illusion. These ideals always were mythic, despite their honored place in the literature of our civilization. The “literature of freedom and dignity,” as Skinner describes it with barely concealed contempt, fosters a wholly false doctrine of the nature of man and nurtures our fear of the developing “science and technology of human behavior” because it reduces our opportunities for self-praise and self-esteem. These opportunities shrink as it becomes increasingly implausible to appeal to mysterious powers of the mind in order to explain heroic, clever or original conduct.
The End of the Cold War (and other clichés)
Authors: Lukacs John
Published: September 2018

The cold war is over." By 1972 this phrase has become a cliché, perhaps especially among knowledgeable people. In other times there would be nothing very wrong with this: for there are many clichés that are by no means untrue. (Where there is smoke there is fire.) Unfortunately, the movement of ideas has become so predictable, because of their total involvement with publicity, that clichés no longer merit even partial trust. (Where there is smoke there is smoke; and where there is fire there is fire.) For years I have borrowed Wilde's admirable aphorism about people who pursue the obvious with the enthusiasm of a shortsighted detective, until I found that, no matter how funny, it is no longer applicable: for the public cogitators and public prophets of our time have captured the obvious with all of the calculation that a farsighted young associate professor, in pursuit of a profitable academic career, can muster.
Projekt Wassertor
Authors: Berger Peter
Published: September 2018

At a recent meeting of the editors of Worldview Richard Neuhaus enlivened the proceedings by another one of his acutely perspicacious political opinions. He opined that the White House appointment of General Haig proves that the United States is adopting the Peruvian military model of development. He is wrong. The true import of the Watergate affair is more sinister: The government of the United States is being taken over by multinational corporations under the control of the West German tourist industry.

Any observer schooled in New Left methods of analysis should, of course, have suspected something like this from the beginning. Why alt these Germans? Only bourgeois social scientists can be satisfied with an explanation in terms of a Novaldan resurgence of ethnic genius.
Brazil: Nine Years of Military Tutelage
Authors: Tyson Brady
Published: September 2018

The "Brazilian Model of Development" has been the subject of a good deal of comment and analysis during the past few years Some of those who once looked widi hope upon the experiments of the "democratic left" of the fifties as a potentially viable and dynamic alternative to Communist and totalitarian models for less developed countries have now begun to consider that the "modernizing military managers" might offer a more relevant model. Indeed, current interest seems to be in comparing the Chilean and Brazilian models in terms of social and human cost and benefit, though it is certainly too early for any conclusive judgments of net results in either case.
The Drama of Chilean Politics
Authors: Sigmund Paul E.
Published: September 2018

What is happening in Chile? Aside from the widely publicized "March of the Empty Pots" in December, 1971, and the revelations about interference in the 1970 elections, the American press and media have carried almost nothing about developments in Chile since Salvador Allende's installation two and a half years ago as the first freely elected Marxist president in the Western Hemisphere. Until recently book publishers were doing no better, but now a surprising number of new books on Chile, of varying quality and political orientation, provides the basis for some preliminary judgments, on the nature of the changes that have been taking place there in recent years.
Civil Religion and Ethnic Americans
Authors: Greeley Andrew M.
Published: September 2018

My comments on ethnic Americans stem from a particular and specific frame of reference. First, I am a Catholic priest. Indeed, as another sociologist remarked (not intending a compliment): "He's nothing but a loudmouthed Irish priest." (May it be etched on my tombstonel) Still, these are my views, not the or even a "Catholic position." I very much doubt that there is a Catholic position on anything at this stage of the disorganization of the Roman Church. Secondly, I assay a tentative model, subject to empirical testing sometime in the future, about the "civil religion" of the Catholic ethnic. (I take it, by the way, that "ethnic" is merely a euphemism for "Catholic" when most people use it. Such does seem to me unfair to Scandinavians, German Protestants and even Anglo-Saxons, who, if The Christian Century is to be believed, are now ethnics too.)
Israel Developing
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: September 2018

I presented the following views at the American Jewish Congress Dialogue held at the Weizmann Institute at Rehovot, Israel, during the summer of 1971. Nothing was said during the Dialogue either to confront or confound my remarks, but—I hasten to add—the stated goals of the Dialogue were considerably at variance with my own remarks. This eccentric point of view may yet serve to stimulate real dialogue.
The American Heresy
Authors: Mclnerny Ralph
Published: September 2018

We are forced now to return to an earlier, Pascalian pessimism, to a model of history whose logic derives from a postulate of original sin. We can subscribe today, all too readily, to De Maistre's view that the barbarism of modern politics, the regress of educated, technologically inventive man into slaughter enact a working out of the eschatology of the Fall.” Thus George Steiner in his remarkable In Bluebeards Castle. Unfortunately, the return and subscription mentioned are only a literary flourish, for Steiner does not imagine that anyone would seriously agree with Pascal and De Maistre. He is wrong. Those for whom the dogma of Original Sin is not mere metaphor have always seen the landscape differently. The believer lives in a world he finds familiar but in which he does not feel at home. Where does an alien go to register?
Canada and the Crisis of Middle Powers
Authors: Holmes John W.
Published: September 2018

If the superpowers are, as is commonly suggested, passing through a time of crisis, so inevitably are the “middle powers,” for the states that for twenty-five years have been collectively but erratically referred to as middle powers are groping for their place in a system determined by the giants. At San Francisco in 1945 the middle powers seemed to have found a mission in frustrating the great power determination to brook as little interference as possible in their ordering of world politics. When the great powers fell apart, the middle-power front was also broken. Its members found their niches in alliance with the great powers or in a status they called nonalignment. Alignment and nonalignment make sense, however, only in relation to the great powers' division.
Intellectuals and Populism
Authors: Welt Smith Janet
Published: September 2018

There are now two stylish things to say about Populism. One is that the Populists were bad guys, the other that the Populists are again among us in such figures as John Lindsay and George McGovern, on the one hand, and George Wallace on the other. Unfortunately, the intellectuals talking about Populism know very little about it. Even Jack Newfield and Jeff Greenfield, in their wellintentioned but superficial little book, A Populist Manifesto, shudder at the nineteenth-century Populist reality which, they say, was “afflicted” with “paranoia and racism.”

The Populists, it will be remembered, were members of the People's Party, which existed from 1889 through the election of 1896.