bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arrhythmia Recognition and Classification Using Kernel ICA and Higher Order Spectra
Authors: Raghu N.  , Manjunatha K. N.  , Kiran B.
Published: February 2023

The conventional methodologies of arrhythmia identification are based on morphological features or certain transformation technique. These conventional techniques are partially successful in arrhythmia identification, because it treats heart as a linear structure. In this chapter, ECG based arrhythmia identification is assessed by employing MIT-BIH arrhythmia dataset. The proposed approach contains two major steps: feature extraction and classification. Initially, a combination of non-linear and linear feature extraction is carried-out using Principal Component Analysis, Kernel Independent Component Analysis and Higher Order Spectrum for achieving optimal feature subsets. The linear experiments on ECG data achieves high performance in noise free data and the non-linear experiments distinguish the ECG data more effectively, extract hidden information and also helps to attain better performance under noisy conditions. After finding the feature information, a binary classifier Support Vector Machine is employed for classifying the normality and abnormality of arrhythmia.
Navigating Through the Affordances and Challenges of Online Learning
Authors: Moosa Moeniera
Published: February 2023

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic-related lockdown, first-year university students have had limited opportunity to interact in person with peers and the larger university community. The mandated lockdown compelled universities to move to emergency remote teaching. This move led to an onslaught of epistemological, psychosocial, emotional, and economic obstacles for many first-year students. It is against this background that this chapter explores the affordances and challenges that first-year students at a university in Johannesburg, South Africa encountered with online learning. These experiences will serve as the foundation for a discussion of the types of pedagogical approaches that should be used in the future with first-year students.
From the Choice of a Learning Management System to the Installation of a Platform in a Server
Authors: Ouariach Soufiane , Khaldi Maha , Mohamed Erradi , Khaldi Mohamed
Published: February 2023

The number of learning management systems available to schools has grown significantly. These systems are called learning management systems or LMSs. They allow companies and schools to learn remotely and globally via the internet. This work is divided into three areas. The work first involves the definition of e-learning platforms, the definitions of e-learning management systems CMS, LMS, and LCMS, then a comparison between different LMS to choose the most suitable one for our research. Second, the work involves selecting and justifying the choice of an e-learning platform, for which the authors propose a comparative study of the six most used platforms (Canvas, Chamilo, Claroline Connect, Ilias, Moodle, and WordPress). At the end, they present an overview of the possibilities of the Moodle platform. Third, the work involves installing the Moodle platform on a server based on a set of technical tools through containerization technology. Then the authors propose the configuration of the Moodle platform according to their project's context and situation.
Operationalization of a Student-Centered Learning Environment Fostering Self-Regulated Project-Based Learning
Authors: Zarouk Mohamed Yassine
Published: February 2023

The authors proposed an integrated theoretical framework in order to guide higher education students to approach curricular units in form of PBL, with the aim of preparing them as future project managers. The framework defines a set of general requirements (dimensions, components, actors, and context) based on a theoretical model of SRL/PBL and operating according to a functional architecture. The architecture describes the chain of several PBL activities to carry out. It is multidimensional, cyclical, and takes place in three phases: forethought, performance, and reflection. Each phase is a dynamic and reciprocal series of the individual and collective activities of tools, strategies, and outcomes.
Performance Evaluation of Extracted Asphalt Binders from Field Cores Containing Recycled Components: Load- and Non-Load-Associated Cracking Resistance
Authors: Deef-Allah Eslam , Abdelrahman Magdy
Published: February 2023

Modifying asphalt mixtures with recycled components is common practice due to their environmental and economic merits. However, due to the oxidized air-blown asphalt binders in recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) and aged binders in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), adopting RAP and/or RAS as recycled components in asphalt mixtures influences the performance of the overall asphalt binder in these mixtures. The percentages of recycled components and performance grade (PG) of virgin asphalt binders (VABs) in the asphalt mixtures govern the performance of the overall asphalt binder. Therefore, the main idea of this study was to investigate the effect of the percentages of RAP/RAS and PGs of the VABs on the load- and non-load-associated cracking resistance of the extracted asphalt binders (EABs) from field cores. Rheological tests were performed on the EABs to assess the load-associated cracking (fatigue cracking) and non-load-associated cracking (low-temperature and block cracking) resistance. The VAB's PGs, mixtures' ages, and the percentages of RAP/RAS affected the EABs' cracking resistance. When compared to EABs from mixtures with lower amounts of RAP, employing RAS in the asphaltic mixtures improved EABs' resistance to fatigue and block cracking. However, using RAS deteriorated EABs' resistance to low-temperature cracking. Increasing the RAP's percentage in the asphaltic mixtures decreased the cracking resistance of the EABs. Strong relationships were established between EABs' load- and non-load-associated cracking resistance.
A Review on Self-Healing Concrete
Authors: Jaf Dilshad Kakasor , Abdulrahman Payam Ismael
Published: February 2023

Concrete is one of the most used construction materials worldwide. It is known to be a strong and durable material at a reasonable price. The most well-known problem in concrete is the cracks, which affect the service life of the concrete structures and leads to consumes higher costs through maintenance. Cracks allow penetrating any ions into the concrete resulting in other big problems such as corrosion of steel reinforcement, sulphate attack, carbonation, alkali-aggregate reaction, etc. It is impossible to prevent the formation of cracks, therefore they can be controlled or repaired using a variety of methods. Nowadays, self-healing is one of the widely recognized techniques to improve concrete's long-term durability. Healing agents such as bacteria, chemical compounds, and polymers are utilized. In this method, with the help of a healing agent, the cracks start to heal autonomously during crack formation. Since Bacteria is the most used material for healing concrete, self-healing concrete is also known as bacterial-concrete or bioconcrete. This article provides an overview of self-healing concrete including describing the system, process, durability, and mechanical properties of healed concrete.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Dendrimers as Nanocarriers: A Review
Authors: Alrbaihat Mohammad
Published: February 2023

The process of mechanically activating chemical bonds usually involves applying external force. Since mechanical chemistry can be performed without solvents or with minimal amounts of solvent (catalytic quantities), it has become an imperative synthetic tool in multiple fields (e.g., physics, chemistry, and materials science) and is an attractive greener method for preparing diverse molecules. Catalysis, organic synthesis, solid-state medicinal preparation, metal complex synthesis, and many other chemistry fields have benefited from sustainable methods. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the benefits of using mechanochemical methods to produce a pharmaceutical crystal that is composed of dendrimer nanocrystals. Consequently, we describe and examine the importance of mechanical procedures in forming dendrimers and pharmaceutical crystals in this review.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of SnO2 Nanosheets
Authors: Hassan J.J.
Published: February 2023

Increasing the demand to explore the nanomaterials properties to be used in numerous applications have emerged considerable effort to developing synthesis methods. Herein, Tin oxide (SnO2) nanosheets have been prepared by a facile one step hydrothermal method using Teflon-lined steel at synthesis temperature of 120 C for 12 hours. As synthesis material were characterized by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) to revealing the morphology and structural properties. As a result, SnO2 nanosheets have been obtained with thickness around 15 nm with a clear sheets morphology. XRD pattern showed one phase structural with absence of impurities phases. Optical properties for nanosheets suspended in ethanol were investigated using steady state photoluminescence and UV-Vis absorption technics. The result showed four peaks centered at 380 nm, 445 nm, 475 nm, and 500 nm related to near band to band emission and defects states. Keywords: SnO2, Nanosheets, hydrothermal, XRD
Boosted Antimicrobial and Self-Cleaning Activities with MnO2/ ZnO Coated on Cotton Fabric
Authors: Lam Sze Mun , Lim Chiew Lin , Sin Jin Chung , Zeng Hong Hu
Published: February 2023

In this study, sheet-like MnO2/ZnO microflower (MnO2/ZnO) loaded on cotton fabric was prepared via a facile reflux-thermal deposition combined technique. The coated fabric and as-fabricated particles were analyzed through numerous characterization techniques including field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), tensile strength, Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) as well as photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The optical trait of the ZnO was significantly improved by the addition of MnO2 that extended reflectance edges in the visible light region. The treated cotton fabric greatly inhibited the growth of Escherichia Coli bacteria and Aspergillus Niger fungi as testified by the zone of inhibition surrounding the fabric samples. The self-cleaning outcomes also demonstrated that 3% MnO2/ZnO/fabric presented highest visible light photodegradation of phenol among the samples. The promising performance of the cotton fabric coated by MnO2/ZnO composite was related to the reactive oxygen species produced by the heterojunction photocatalytic mechanism under exposure of visible light.
Mechanical Properties of 202 Austenitic Stainless Steel Depending on Rolling Temperature and Rolling Degree
Authors: Lee Gum Hwa , Jeon Hyun , Nam Ki Woo
Published: February 2023

In this study, high-cost Cr and Ni components of 202 austenitic stainless steel were reduced, low-cost Mn was added, and the amount of martensite and the mechanical properties were evaluated according to the rolling temperature and rolling degree. Part of the austenite was deformed by rolling into α′-martensite. As the rolling degree was increased, more martensite was generated; and at the same rolling degree, as the rolling temperature decreased, more martensite was generated. Up to a rolling degree of 33 %, the amount of martensite rapidly increased; thereafter, it gradually increased. In particular, the amount of martensite at a rolling temperature of-196 °C was similar to that after the rolling degree of 33 %. As the rolling temperature decreased and the rolling degree increased, both the Vickers hardness and tensile (yield) strength increased, while the elongation rapidly decreased.
Negative Thermal Expansion of Sulphur-Doped Graphene Oxide
Authors: Figarova Sophia , Aliyev Elvin , Abaszade Reshad , Figarov Vagif R.
Published: February 2023

The sulfur content present in graphene oxide prepared by Hummers' method has only been addressed by few papers so far. By modified Hammers method we synthesized thermally stable in ambient environment multilayer sulphur-doped graphene oxide. The samples were heat treated in an electrical furnace setup at different ambient temperatures and their crystallite size and linear coefficient of thermal expansion were extracted from Raman band intensity peak ratio as a function of temperature. We found unusually large (in comparison with graphene oxide) contraction on heating of multilayer two weight percent sulphur-doped graphene oxide with carbon to oxygen ratio of 2.3 in a narrow temperature range (308-318 K) with the lowest value of the linear thermal expansion coefficient of -18 ppm 1/K. Based upon an examination of the synthesized sulphur-doped graphene diffractograms, it is suggested that negative thermal expansion stems from the phonon backscattering by the sulphur impurity sites and the edges of the layers. The obtained experimental results have potential practical applications for fabrication of solar cells, sensors, lubricators, thermal actuators and also wavelike (second sound) thermal transport structures.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nurses Working in Intensive Care Units: A Scoping Review
Authors: Kissel Katherine A. , Filipek Christine , Jenkins Jessica
Published: February 2023

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant system strain, requiring rapid redeployment of nurses to intensive care units. Little is known about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and surge models on nurses.

Objective

To identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nurses working in intensive care units.

Methods

A scoping review was performed. Articles were excluded if they concerned nurses who were not caring for critically ill adult patients with COVID-19, did not describe impact on nurses, or solely examined workload or expansion of pediatric intensive care units.

Results

This search identified 417 unique records, of which 55 met inclusion criteria (37 peer-reviewed and 18 grey literature sources). Within the peer-reviewed literature, 42.7% of participants were identified as intensive care unit nurses, 0.65% as redeployed nurses, and 72.4% as women. The predominant finding was the prevalence of negative psychological impacts on nurses, including stress, distress, anxiety, depression, fear, posttraumatic stress disorder, and burnout. Women and members of ethnic minority groups were at higher risk of experiencing negative consequences. Common qualitative themes included the presence of novel changes, negative impacts, and mitigators of harm during the pandemic.

Conclusions

Nurses working in intensive care units during the COVID-19 pandemic experienced adverse psychological outcomes, with unique stressors and challenges observed among both permanent intensive care unit and redeployed nurses. Further research is required to understand the impact of these outcomes over the full duration of the pandemic, among at-risk groups, and within the context of redeployment roles.
A Cross Sectional Study of Quality of Sleep, Burnouts, Anxiety and Depression in Rotatory Shift Workers of Sir T Hospital Bhavnagar
Authors: Gupta Dimple , Vala Ashok U , Ankur Abhinav , Ambaliya Chirag , Unadkat Krupa M , Panchal Bharat
Published: February 2023

Introduction:

Rotatory shift work is quite prevalent in the general population. The knowledge that effect does not depend on a single cause, but rather, diseases are multifactorial in origin, resulting in widespread interest towards the preventive aspect and focussing on the causative factors that directly or indirectly influence the health and well-being of shift workers.

Materials and Methods:

We analysed data from an observational, cross-sectional, single-centred, interview-based study of a total of 100 shift workers working in Sir T Hospital in Bhavnagar conducted from July 2020 to December 2021. The study was performed via face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires. We used the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) to evaluate sleep quality. To diagnose depression, anxiety and burnout, we used the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and Copenhagen burnout inventory (CBI), respectively. Statistical data were analysed using R software version 4.0.5 (R Development Core Team, Vienna, Austria).

Results:

A total of 100 participants were interviewed. The respondents are almost symmetric in terms of male and female, married and unmarried and rural and urban residence. The mean age of our sample is 36.98 ± 9.37 years. Around 15% of participants showed moderate/severe levels of depression (18%) and moderate/severe levels of anxiety (9%) using HAM-D and HAM-A, respectively. Using CBI subscales, 27% of respondents showed personal burnout, 54% showed work-related burnout and 20% showed client-related burnout. Sleep quality was poor among shift workers (45%) using the PSQI scale. Significant positive correlations are found between HAM D and personal burnout (r = 0.206, P = 0.040), work burnout with personal burnout (r = 0.243, P = 0.015) and client burnout (r = 0.246, P = 0.013). Furthermore, personal and client burnout shows a positive correlation (r = 0.271, P = 0.006). Although these correlations are still significant, they indicate low positive nature of the relationship between such variables.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of depression, anxiety, burnout and poor sleep quality was high. The effect on shift work mental health is multifaceted, dealing with several aspects of personal characteristics and working and living conditions. Further research is needed to support the mental well-being of shift workers and minimise workplace-related psychiatric disorders by developing short- and long-term strategies.
An In vitro Study to Evaluate the Depth of Reduction Achieved by Three Different Techniques for Porcelain Fused to Metal Crown Preparation
Authors: Devikaa TC , Mishra Sunil Kumar , Kumar Prince
Published: February 2023

Introduction:

A near-ideal preparation lays the foundation and is required for adequate retention and resistance for fixed partial dentures. It is advisable to achieve a near-ideal preparation for the longevity of the prosthesis.

Materials and Methods:

Thirty maxillary left central incisors were mounted on the acrylic block. The samples were divided into groups with ten specimens: Group A-Free hand, Group B-Index, and Group C-Depth gauge. Group A was prepared using the freehand method, Group B was prepared using the putty index, and Group C was prepared using depth gauge bur. An index was prepared before and placed back on the tooth after preparation, and the gap was filled with low-viscosity elastomer. The thickness of the impression was measured at five different points under the microscope. The statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance and Student’s t-tests.

Results:

The preparations (dimensions) achieved by the freehand method were 2.02 mm, 1.70 mm, 1.11 mm, 0.90 mm, and 0.60 mm respectively at five predetermined points. Similarly, for putty index these were 1.76 mm, 1.21 mm, 0.95 mm, 1.32 mm, 0.71 mm respectively at five predetermined points. Likewise, with depth gauge bur it were 1.88 mm, 1.35 mm, 0.77 mm, 1.09 mm, 0.73 mm, respectively, at five predetermined points. There was a significant difference between the Groups (P < 0.001). Intergroup comparisons between Group A, Group B and Group C showed a significant difference. Group A showed near-ideal preparation in the palatal cervical region compared to Group B and Group C.

Conclusion:

The freehand technique was the least effective of the three techniques. The use of depth gauge bur had yielded the preparation near the ideal and should be considered during tooth preparation.
Study of Clinical, Hematological, and Biochemical Profile of Under Five Hospitalized Children with Diarrhea from a Tertiary Care Institute in Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Bajaj Mohit , Gandhi Manoj Kumar , Kumar Pancham , Gowda Chiranth , Mahajan Swati
Published: February 2023

Background:

Diarrhea is still the second leading cause of death in children under 5. These deaths can be easily prevented by early recognition and appropriate intervention. Understanding of symptoms, signs, and complications of acute diarrhea is necessary in preventing these deaths. The main focus of this study was to study clinico-epidemiological and laboratory profile of under 5 hospitalized children with diarrhea.

Materials and Methods:

This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, of a tertiary care teaching hospital in North-west India from June 2016 to November 2018. Children presenting with acute watery diarrhea, between age of 1 month and 5 years, were enrolled in study. Clinical symptoms/signs along with demographic details and lab investigations of each case were studied.

Results:

Out of 179 admitted children, majority were males and maximum were in age group of 1–24 months. 136 (75.97%) children were exclusively breastfed till 6 months of age. Fever (88.82%), vomiting (74.30%), and oliguria (82.68%) were most common symptoms observed at admission. Depressed anterior fontanelle (63.12%), dry sunken eyes (80.45%), and/or delayed skin turgor (78.21%) were most common clinical signs observed. 140 (78.21%) children had some dehydration and 11 (6.15%) had severe dehydration. Severe features of bradycardia (2.23%), tachypnea (2.79%), and hypothermia (1.67%) were also noted. Deranged blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were observed in 48 (26.82%) and 15 (8.4%) children.

Conclusion:

Complications of diarrhea can be prevented by improving prevalent poor knowledge, attitude, and practices among parents regarding feeding and home-based interventions in diarrhea.
Monitoring the Level of Urinary Metabolites of Toluene and Xylene in Pregnant Women in Isfahan and Khansar and their Relationship with Demographic Factors and Air Quality Index
Authors: Paria Gholamreza , Hajizadeh Yaghoub , Ebrahimpour Karim , Tarrahi Mohammad Javad
Published: February 2023

Aim:

In this study, the levels of urinary metabolites of toluene and xylene isomers in pregnant women in Isfahan and Khansar cities and their associations with air quality index (AQI) and demographic factors were investigated.

Materials and Methods:

Depending on the population, 55 pregnant women from Isfahan and 15 pregnant women from Khansar, a total of 70 people were enrolled in the study and 140 urine samples were collected during their 1st and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy (autumn and spring). Urinary metabolites of hippuric acid (HA), ortho-, meta-, and para-methyl HA (o-m-p-MHA) were extracted by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method, derivatized and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. The results were statistically correlated with AQI level and demographic factors using appropriate statistical methods.

Results:

Mean urinary concentrations of HA, o-m-p-MHA in the 1st trimester of pregnancy were 371.2, 1.14, 2.48, and 1.97 mg/g cr, and those in the 3rd trimester were 582.1, 3.54, 6.93, and 2.43 mg/g cr, respectively. In the 1st trimester, the mean urinary level of ortho-MHA was significantly associated with the outdoor exposure time on workdays and fragrances use (P < 0.05). In the 3rd trimester, the mean concentration of HA was significantly correlated to age and outdoor exposure time on workdays (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The mean urinary concentrations of HA and MHA isomers in the 1st trimester of pregnancy in Isfahan were more than those in Khansar. Because the level of air pollution in Isfahan was higher than Khansar and that in autumn was higher than spring. In the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, the mean levels of MHA isomers in Isfahan were more than those in Khansar. Only the amount of p-MHA was significantly associated with AQI in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. Thus, women who lived in high-traffic urban areas with high AQI were more exposed to toluene and xylene compounds.
Study of Hybrid Performance of the Methods Applied for Recycling Aq Qala-Industrial Park Effluent
Authors: Shahamat Yousef Dadban , Moghiseh Zohreh , Noruzian Hamidreza
Published: February 2023

Aim:

Currently, recycling of secondary effluent can be used sustainably as a new water source to minimize the water consumption in areas which are exposed to water crisis. Hence, it is necessary to appraise hybrid advanced treatment technologies performance and to determine the best alternative for reusing secondary effluent of industrial park in full-scale.

Materials and Methods:

The secondary effluent (biological-treated) of the centralized industrial park wastewater treatment plant (Aq Qala, Golestan province, Iran) is introduced into combined systems such as (1) sand filter (SF) and membrane bioreactor (MBR), (2) SF, MBR and granular activated carbon (GAC) (3) SF and GAC (4) SF, MBR, GAC, and reverse osmosis (RO), as the hybrid advanced scenarios.

Results:

The effluent of SF/MBR/GAC/RO showed the highest quality (>99% removal efficiency). In this scenario, pH, silica, manganese, iron, total suspended solids, turbidity, total coliform, and chemical oxygen demand (COD), alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, and sulfate were determined 6.93 ± 0.19, 1.4 ± 0.6 mg/L, not detectable (ND), ND, <2 ± 0.2 mg/L, <1 Nephelometric Turbidity unit (NTU), ND and <2 ± 0.2 mg/L, 54.8 ± 1 2.5 mg/L, 50 ± 17 mg/L, 100 ± 14.89 mg/L, 68 ± 10.9 mg/L, and 44 ± 3.67 mg/L were observed in the range of product water standard for sensitive industries. Also, the maximum of efficiency of SF/MBR, SF/MBR/GAC, and SF/GAC systems was obtained 97.75% (as total coliforms), 62.65% (as COD), and 55.8% (as COD), respectively. Other parameters removed slight about 2% to 40%. However, hardness, alkalinity, and manganese concentrations not reduced after these systems (0% efficiency).

Conclusions:

The hybrid system of SF/MBR/GAC/RO was produced a clean and suitable water supply for the sensitive industries (e.g., intermediate-pressure boilers, cooling water, textile, etc.) of Aq Qala industrial park according to the environmental protection agency standards.
Nail-stem construct method for periprosthetic humeral fractures with recalcitrant nonunion after total elbow arthroplasty: A surgical technique
Authors: Chiang Yen-Sheng , Chen Shih-Hao , Liu Keng-Chang , Yang Chang-Chen , Chien Jui-Teng
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to describe the surgical technique using an innovative nail-stem construct in treatment of periprosthetic humeral fractures with recalcitrant nonunion after total elbow arthroplasty (TEA).

Materials and Methods:

Patients diagnosed with humeral recalcitrant nonunion in periprosthetic fractures and stem loosening after TEA were retrospectively recruited between 2018 and 2019. The demographic data and related clinical outcomes were recorded. We use a cutting length of the nail pushing into the humeral canal and then pull back distally to dock the tip of the humeral stem. The cement was packed into the humeral canal, and the periprosthetic bone defect was impacting with harvested allograft chip.

Results:

Patient age, gender, lesion site, number of previous surgeries, and the time period from the primary TEA to the nail-stem reconstruction were allocated. Moreover, the range of motion, degree of elbow stability, and level of pain were evaluated for each patient following this procedure. All the four patients achieved an optimal range of motion and secure stability with painless elbow at final follow-up.

Conclusion:

Our proposed nail-stem construct with double allogenous bone plate is a feasible alternative for revisional TEA in patients with implant loosening, periprosthetic humeral fractures, and recalcitrant nonunion.
Intraoperative optical coherence tomography-guided deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty
Authors: Lin Charles C. , Lee Wen-Shin
Published: February 2023

Gauging stromal dissection depth is crucial to successfully perform deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) surgery. Intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) offers a promising tool to aid DALK surgery but visualization of surgical maneuvers is impaired due to artifacts from metallic instruments. We describe a novel surgical technique utilizing suture-assisted iOCT guidance that facilitates clear visualization of corneal dissection planes during DALK. A stromal dissection tunnel is performed with a Fogla probe and its depth is subsequently identified by threading a 1 cm segment of 8-0 nylon into the tunnel. In contrast to the Fogla probe, the 8-0 nylon is conspicuously highlighted on iOCT. If the tunnel is too superficial, a separate, deeper stromal tunnel can be created and visualized again with the 8-0 nylon suture and iOCT. This iterative process facilitates a deep stromal dissection, increasing the probability of successful big-bubble formation and Descemet baring DALK surgery. This technique was utilized for a successful big-bubble DALK in a patient with severe keratoconus.
Case Report: Cutaneous Mycosis Caused by Purpureocillium lilacinum
Authors: Wang Ying , Bao Fangfang , Lu Xianmei , Liu Hong , Zhang Furen
Published: February 2023

Purpureocillium lilacinum, widely used as a commercial biocontrol agent for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes, is an emerging opportunistic pathogen in humans and is increasingly reported, especially among immunocompromised patients. We report a classic case of cutaneous mycosis caused by P. lilacinum. A 51-year-old Chinese woman who received tacrolimus and glucocorticoid therapy for 3 years for nephrotic syndrome experienced recurrent papules, pustules, and ulceration on her right ring finger and subcutaneous nodules on her forearm 6 months ago. A lesion biopsy on the right ring finger revealed multiple epithelioid granulomas in the dermis and fat layer containing slender, pigmented fungal hyphae. The fungal culture showed the growth of violet floccose colonies. Lactophenol cotton blue culture stain demonstrated brush-like phialides, with a swollen basal part attached to chains of conidia. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA, alignment with GenBank, and use of a Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis led to the identification of P. lilacinum. Treatment with oral voriconazole was successful.
Improvements to the Gulf pipefish Syngnathus scovelli genome
Authors: Ramesh Balan , Small Clay M. , Healey Hope , Johnson Bernadette , Barker Elyse , Currey Mark , Bassham Susan , Myers Megean , Cresko William A. , Jones Adam Gregory
Published: February 2023

The Gulf pipefish Syngnathus scovelli has emerged as an important species for studying sexual selection, development, and physiology. Comparative evolutionary genomics research involving fishes from Syngnathidae depends on having a high-quality genome assembly and annotation. However, the first S. scovelli genome assembled using short-read sequences and a smaller RNA-sequence dataset has limited contiguity and a relatively poor annotation. Here, using PacBio long-read high-fidelity sequences and a proximity ligation library, we generate an improved assembly to obtain 22 chromosome-level scaffolds. Compared to the first assembly, the gaps in the improved assembly are smaller, the N75 is larger, and our genome is ~95% BUSCO complete. Using a large body of RNA-Seq reads from different tissue types and NCBI's Eukaryotic Annotation Pipeline, we discovered 28,162 genes, of which 8,061 are non-coding genes. Our new genome assembly and annotation are tagged as a RefSeq genome by NCBI and provide enhanced resources for research work involving S. scovelli.﻿
PENGARUH SISTEM TANAM DAN PEMBERIAN PUPUK ORGANIK LIMBAH SAGU TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN PADI (Oryza Sativa L.) KULTIVAR MEKONGGA
Authors: Wally Geissler
Published: February 2023

The program to increase food security is the government's main target in meeting the needs of the Indonesian people. Several programs have been carried out to achieve food security, including improving irrigation networks, optimizing land, and intensifying agriculture. Rice is a national food ingredient that is the main target, because it is still a staple food for almost all Indonesian people. Sorong Regency is part of West Papua Province which has relatively wide land potential for the development of agricultural commodities. This study aims to determine the cropping system and the effect of sago waste that is able to provide the highest productivity of the Mekongga cultivar rice plant in Sorong Regency. The research was conducted at the Experimental Ground of the Agrotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Engineering and Agriculture, Nani Bili Nusantara University, Sorong Regency. The research was carried out from July to November 2021. The research method used was an experimental method and the experimental design used was a single factor randomized block design, with nine treatments repeated three times. There are nine combinations of treatment systems for planting and giving sago waste. The results showed that the cropping system and the application of sago waste for rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cultivar Mekongga had a significant effect on plant heights of 42, 56, and 70 days after planting. The number of tillers at the age of 42, 56, and 70 DAP, the number of panicles per clump, the number of grains per panicle, the Legowo 4:1 planting system and with 300 grams of sago waste gave the highest number of grains per panicle.
Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Organik Cair (Poc) Urin Kelinci Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Caisim (Brassica chinensis L.)
Authors: Andriyani Liz Yanti , Daeng Baso , Lindongi Linda Ernawati , Malau Leonardo Hasoloan
Published: February 2023

This study aims to determine the effect of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) made from rabbit urine on the growth and yield of caisim. This research was conducted using a randomized block design (RAK) consisting of 5 treatments and 6 replications so that 30 experimental units were obtained. The treatments were A0 (control) without LOF, A1 (LOF 30 ml/l water), A2 (LOF 60 ml/l water), A3 (LOF 90 ml/l water), A4 (LOF 120 ml/l water). The results showed that the LOF treatment of rabbit urine at the concentration of 30-120 ml/liter of water gave a significant effect on the components of plant fresh weight and economic fresh weight, while it had no significant effect on the plant growth component. The appliction of LOF rabbit urine with a concentration of 30 ml/liter of water is sufficient enough to get the best fesh weight of caisim.
Public Misperceptions About Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus in Singapore
Authors: Lu Wei , Mak Belinda , Lim Seng-Gee , Aung Myat Oo , Wong Mee-Lian , Wai Chun-Tao
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic in Asia. Good public knowledge on disease transmission is one way of controlling spread of HBV. We aimed to study the general knowledge on HBV among the general public in Singapore, which is moderately prevalent with HBV.

Materials and Methods: Before conducting a public education seminar on liver diseases, a 16-point questionnaire survey was conducted among the participants. Misperceptions (if any) were identified, and factors associated with knowledge score were analysed by multivariate analysis.

Results: One hundred and ninety-two subjects completed the questionnaire. The mean age was 52 years, 78 (41%) were male, 183 (95%) were Chinese, 17 (9%) were known hepatitis B carriers and 73 (38%) had completed college education. The mean knowledge score was 10.7 (out of a maximum of 16). Most misperceptions were in the category of HBV transmission. At multivariate analysis, having college education was the only independent factor associated with a high knowledge score.

797Conclusion: Although HBV infection is moderately prevalent in Singapore, many misperceptions existed among the general public, especially on the mode of transmission. Better education was related to better knowledge of HBV. Further public education should be targeted to clear the misperceptions identified, and be specifically targeted to the less educated.

Key words: Chronic hepatitis B, Knowledge, Public health
Links between the Built Environment, Climate and Population Health: Interdisciplinary Environmental Change Research in New York City
Authors: Rosenthal Joyce Klein , Sclar Elliott D , Kinney Patrick L , Knowlton Kim , Crauderueff Robert , Brandt-Rauf Paul W
Published: February 2023

Global climate change is expected to pose increasing challenges for cities in the following decades, placing greater stress and impacts on multiple social and biophysical systems, including population health, coastal development, urban infrastructure, energy demand, and water supplies. Simultaneously, a strong global trend towards urbanisation of poverty exists, with increased challenges for urban populations and local governance to protect and sustain the wellbeing of growing cities. In the context of these 2 overarching trends, interdisciplinary research at the city scale is prioritised for understanding the social impacts of climate change and variability and for the evaluation of strategies in the built environment that might serve as adaptive responses to climate change. This article discusses 2 recent initiatives of The Earth Institute at Columbia University (EI) as examples of research that integrates the methods and objectives of several disciplines, including environmental health science and urban planning, to understand the potential public health impacts of global climate change and mitigative measures for the more localised effects of the urban heat island in the New York City metropolitan region. These efforts embody 2 distinct research approaches. The New York Climate & Health Project created a new integrated modeling system to assess the public health impacts of climate and land use change in the metropolitan region. The Cool City Project aims for more applied policyoriented research that incorporates the local knowledge of community residents to understand the costs and benefits of interventions in the built environment that might serve to mitigate the harmful impacts of climate change and variability, and protect urban populations from health stressors associated with summertime heat. Both types of research are potentially useful for understanding the impacts of environmental change at the urban scale, the policies needed to address these challenges, and to train scholars capable of collaborative approaches across the social and biophysical sciences. Key words: Adaptation, Cities, Planning, Urban heat island
Bone Generation in the Reconstruction of a Critical Size Calvarial Defect in an Experimental Model†
Authors: Por Yong-Chen , Barceló Carlos Raul , Salyer Kenneth E , Genecov David G , Troxel Karen , Gendler El , Elsalanty Mohammed E , Opperman Lynne A
Published: February 2023

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the optimal combination of known osteogenic biomaterials with shape conforming struts to achieve calvarial vault reconstruction, using a canine model.

Methods: Eighteen adolescent beagles were divided equally into 6 groups. A critical size defect of 6 x 2 cm traversed the sagittal suture. The biomaterials used for calvarial reconstruction were demineralised perforated bone matrix (DBM), recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP2) and autogenous platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The struts used were cobalt chrome (metal) or resorbable plate. The groupings were as follows: 1) DBM + metal, 2) DBM + PRP + metal, 3) DBM + PRP + resorbable plate, 4) DBM + rhBMP2 + metal, 5) DBM + rhBMP2 + PRP + metal, and 6) DBM + rhBMP2 + resorbable plate. Animals were euthanised at 3 months post-surgery. There was no mortality or major complications. Analysis was performed macroscopically, histologically, and with computed tomography (CT).

Results: There was complete bony regeneration in the rhBMP2 groups only. Non-rhBMP2 groups had minimal bony ingrowth from the defect edges and on the dural surface, a finding confirmed by CT scan and histology. PRP did not enhance bone regeneration. Shape conformation was good with both metal and resorbable plate.

Conclusion: rhBMP2 but not PRP accelerated calvarial regeneration in 3 months. The DBM in the rhBMP2 groups were substituted by new trabecular bone. Shape molding was good with both metal and resorbable plate.

Key words: Critical size calvarial defect, Cranial vault reconstruction, Metal struts, Resorbable plates, rhBMP2
Should Medical Research Have a Place in Future Clinical Training?
Authors: Bass Nicholas J , Vos Adrian
Published: February 2023

Aim: To determine the attitudes of training grade (Senior House Officer – SHO, Specialist Registrar – SpR) and non-training grade doctors (both Staff Grade and senior or Consultant level) towards the place of research in the curriculum for junior doctors and also the pursuit of research by senior (but non-academic) clinicians.

Materials and Methods: A survey of a range of doctors from differing grades (above) was sent to all doctors of the employing Trust (comprising most of the regional training scheme) with a number of fixed questions but also an opportunity to provide free-text responses. Percentages of the fixed responses were estimated and free-text responses were grouped into main themes and miscellaneous items.

Results: Despite much criticism of the current protected research time for higher trainees in psychiatry in the UK and the anticipated abolition of this within the new training structure after August 2007, we found surprising and strong support for structured research training, experience and the opportunity to pursue this at senior level even for non-academic clinical consultants.

Conclusions: Urgent review of the new training grade curriculum is needed with emphasis on how to address the research opportunities for trainees and seniors without compromising clinical, teaching and managerial obligations. A better use of such opportunities was strongly supported rather than the proposed abolition, which seems to be fast approaching.

Key words: New Curriculum, Opportunities, Strategies, Survey
Radical Radiotherapy in Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) – Singapore National Cancer Centre Experience
Authors: Low John SH , Koh Wee-Yao , Yap Swee-Peng , Fong Kam-Weng
Published: February 2023

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of radical treatment for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with external beam radiation therapy.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective series of 23 patients with stage I NSCLC treated radically with radiotherapy from September 1997 to December 2004 at the National Cancer Centre, Singapore. Eighteen patients had 3D conformal radiotherapy and 5 patients had 2D planning. The median radiation dose delivered was 55 Gy (range, 50 to 67.5 in 20 to 33 fractions). The estimated median BED10 was 63.9 Gy (range, 57.6 to 70.1). Complete response (CR) rates, overall survival and cause-specific survival rates were analysed for evaluation of treatment results. Local regional failure was defined as disease in the ipsilateral lung and entire mediastinum. Recurrence at the contralateral lung and other distal organs was defined as distant metastases. Survival data were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and tested for significance with log-rank statistics.

Results: A total of 23 patients (16 males, 7 females) with a median age of 73 years (range, 45 to 88) were analysed. Six (26%) had stage IA and 17 (74%) had stage IB disease. Eleven patients refused surgery and 12 patients were medically inoperable. The median follow-up was 18.9 months (range, 6.2 to 117.4). The overall survival at 2 years and 3 years was 54.7% and 24.3% respectively. The overall cause-specific survival was 57.4% at 2 years and 25.6% at 3 years. Radiological CR was obtained in 6/23 patients (26%) and the median survival was 24.8 months as compared to 20 months in patients who attained partial response (PR) or unknown response (P = 0.24). The median survival for 12 patients who received a BED10 of ≥63.9Gy was not reached as compared to 20 months in 11 patients with BED10 of <63.9 Gy (P = 0.03). Sixteen patients died, 14 due to disease recurrence or progression and 2 of unrelated causes. Seven patients (29.2%) remained alive. The longest surviving patient had a follow-up time of 117.4 months. Four of these 7 patients were disease-free and 3 were alive with disease (2 with bone metastases and 1 with recurrence in the primary site).

Conclusion: Our data are consistent with the reported literature for stage I NSCLC treated with radical radiotherapy. Patients who received a higher dose of radiation have a better outcome. The 3-year cause-specific survival of 25.6% is less than ideal and further investigations into dose escalation with modern radiotherapy techniques and perhaps the addition of chemotherapy or new targeted agents to radiation are warranted to improve the outcome.

Key words: Dose fractionations, Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), Survival rates
Recent Advances in Pathophysiology and Current Management of Itch
Authors: Greaves Malcolm W
Published: February 2023

The neurophysiology of itch, the dominant symptom of skin disease, has previously received scant attention. Recent advances in the neurophysiology and molecular basis of itch include the use of microneurography to demonstrate the existence of a subset of itch-dedicated afferent C neurons distinct from neurons which transmit pain; use of functional positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain to reveal an itch-specific activation matrix, and new evidence of a functional “dialogue” between C neuron terminals and dermal mast cells in which recently described proteinase-activated receptor type 2 (PAR2) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors, proteases and endovanilloids play a major role. As a necessary prerequisite to diagnosis and management, a pathophysiologically based classification of itch is proposed. Recent advances in understanding of the pathomechanisms of itch of cholestasis include the role of opioids and opioid antagonists. Focusing on neurogenic itch (itch without visible rash), common causes are reviewed and guidelines for laboratory and radiological investigation are proposed. A stepwise approach to management of generalised itch is recommended, including broadband or narrow band ultraviolet (UV), tricyclics such as doxepin, opioid antagonists including naltrexone and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as paroxetine. For troublesome localised itches such as insect bite reactions, physical urticaria, lichen simplex chronicus or, less commonly, notalgia paraesthetica, brachioradial pruritus, local cooling devices which rely on the cooling action of dimethyl ethers on thermosensitive TRP voltage-sensitive ion channels are now commercially available for shortterm relief. Key words: Antipruritics, Neurophysiology, Pruritus