bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The sequestration sink of soot black carbon in the Northern European Shelf sediments
Authors: Sánchez‐García Laura , Cato Ingemar , Gustafsson Örjan
Published: November 2011

To test the hypothesis that ocean margin sediments are a key final repository in the large‐scale biogeospheric cycling of soot black carbon (soot‐BC), an extensive survey was conducted along the ∼2,000 km stretch of the Swedish Continental Shelf (SCS). The soot‐BC content in the 120 spatially distributed SCS sediments was 0.180.130.26% dw (median with interquartile ranges), corresponding to ∼5% of total organic carbon. Using side‐scan sonar constraints to estimate the areal fraction of postglacial clay sediments that are accumulation bottoms (15% of SCS), the soot‐BC inventory in the SCS mixed surface sediment was estimated at ∼4,000 Gg. Combining this with radiochronological constraints on sediment mass accumulation fluxes, the soot‐BC sink on the SCS was ∼300 Gg/yr, which yielded an area‐extrapolated estimate for the Northern European Shelf (NES) of ∼1,100 Gg/yr. This sediment soot‐BC sink is ∼50 times larger than the river discharge fluxes of soot‐BC to these coastal waters, however, of similar magnitude as estimates of atmospheric soot‐BC emission from the upwind European continent. While large uncertainties remain regarding the large‐scale to global BC cycle, this study combines with two previous investigations to suggest that continental shelf sediments are a major final repository of atmospheric soot‐BC. Future progress on the soot‐BC cycle and how it interacts with the full carbon cycle is likely to benefit from14C determinations of the sedimentary soot‐BC and similar extensive studies of coastal sediment in complementary regimes such as off heavily soot‐BC‐producing areas in S and E Asia and on the large pan‐Arctic shelf.
The response of Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, to the Denali earthquake rock avalanches
Authors: Shugar Dan H. , Rabus Bernhard T. , Clague John J. , Capps Denny M.
Published: November 2011

We describe the impact of three simultaneous earthquake‐triggered rock avalanches on the dynamics of Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, by using spaceborne radar imagery and numerical modeling. We determined the velocities of the glacier before and after landslide deposition in 2002 by using a combination of ERS‐1/ERS‐2 tandem, RADARSAT‐1, and ALOS PALSAR synthetic aperture radar data. Ice velocity above the debris‐covered area of the glacier increased up to 14% after the earthquake but then decreased 20% by 2005. Within the area of the debris sheets, mean glacier surface velocity increased 44% within 2 years of the landslides. At the downglacier end of the lowest landslide, where strong differential ablation produced a steep ice cliff, velocities increased by 109% over the same period. By 2007, ice velocity throughout the debris area had become more uniform, consistent with a constant ice flux resulting from drastically reduced ablation at the base of the debris. Without further analysis, we cannot prove that these changes resulted from the landslides, because Black Rapids Glacier displays large seasonal and interannual variations in velocity. However, a full Stokes numerical ice flow model of a simplified glacier geometry produced a reversal of the velocity gradient from compressional to extensional flow after 5 years, which supports our interpretation that the recent changes in the velocity field of the glacier are related to landslide‐induced mass balance changes.
Late Neogene exhumation and relief development of the Aar and Aiguilles Rouges massifs (Swiss Alps) from low‐temperature thermochronology modeling and 4He/3He thermochronometry
Authors: Valla Pierre G. , van der Beek Peter A. , Shuster David L. , Braun Jean , Herman Frédéric , Tassan‐Got Laurent , Gautheron Cécile
Published: November 2011

The late Neogene–Quaternary exhumation history of the European Alps is the subject of controversial findings and interpretations, with several thermochronological studies arguing for long‐term steady state exhumation rates, while others have pointed to late Miocene–Pliocene exhumation pulses associated with tectonic and/or climatic changes. Here, we perform inverse thermal‐kinematic modeling on dense thermochronological data sets combining apatite fission track (AFT) data from the literature and recently published apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He (AHe) data along the upper Rhône valley (Aar and Aiguilles Rouges massifs, Swiss Alps) in order to derive precise estimates on the denudation and relief history of this region. We then apply forward numerical modeling to interpret cooling paths quantified from apatite 4He/3He thermochronometry, in terms of denudation and relief‐development scenarios. Our modeling results highlight the respective benefits of using AFT/AHe thermochronology data and 4He/3He thermochronometry for extracting quantitative denudation and relief information. Modeling results suggest a late Miocene exhumation pulse lasting until ∼8–10 Ma, consistent with recently proposed exhumation histories for other parts of the European Alps, followed by moderate (∼0.3–0.5 km Myr−1) denudation rates during the late Miocene/Pliocene. Both inverse modeling and 4He/3He data reveal that the late stage exhumation of the studied massifs can be explained by a significant increase (∼85–100%) in local topographic relief through efficient glacial valley carving. Modeling results quantitatively constrain Rhône valley carving to 1–1.5 km since ∼1 Ma. We postulate that recent relief development within this part of the Swiss Alps is climatically driven by the onset of major Alpine glaciations at the mid‐Pleistocene climate transition.
Controls on mass balance sensitivity of maritime glaciers in the Southern Alps, New Zealand: The role of debris cover
Authors: Anderson Brian , Mackintosh Andrew
Published: November 2011

The “mass balance sensitivity” of a glacier provides a means for assessing its response to future warming and contribution to sea level rise. Many studies have concluded that the first‐order control on mass balance sensitivity is climatic, where higher‐precipitation (and less continental) glaciers are most sensitive while lower‐precipitation (and more continental) glaciers are least sensitive. The Southern Alps in New Zealand experience a limited range of continentality (9–13 K) but strong gradients in precipitation (2.5–11 m a−1). Using an energy balance model applied on a regional scale we find that the central Southern Alps glaciers are very sensitive to temperature change (1.9 m w.e. a−1 K−1, with a range of −1.1 to −4.0 m w.e. a−1 K−1) and that an 82% increase in precipitation is required to offset a 1 K warming. Spatial variations in mass balance sensitivity cannot be simply explained as a function of precipitation. Topographic effects are important, and we find that debris cover reduces mass balance sensitivity. Mass balance amplitude, which takes into account debris cover, hypsometry and other topographic characteristics, is a better predictor of mass balance sensitivity than precipitation. The mass balance gradient is almost as good a predictor indicating that hypsometry is not a necessary component of sensitivity calculations. Estimating mass balance sensitivity as a function of mass balance gradient allows for parameterizations of mass balance sensitivity based on glacier inventory data. This provides a simple and robust way to assess glacier mass balance sensitivity on a global scale, which may refine future predictions of valley glacier melt and its contribution to sea level rise.
Anatomy of a 10 km scale sheath fold, Mount Hay ridge, Arunta Region, central Australia: The structural record of deep crustal flow
Authors: Bonamici Chloë E. , Tikoff Basil , Goodwin Laurel B.
Published: November 2011

Mount Hay ridge, Arunta Region, central Australia, exposes a 10 km scale, antiformal sheath fold formed in the deep crust (P ≈ 0.6–0.9 GPa) in Proterozoic time. Tilting and exhumation during the Devonian Alice Springs orogeny resulted in an oblique cross section, such that the once subhorizontal sheath fold now has a moderately dipping, gently folded axial plane and overturned southern limb. Fabric types (e.g., S = L, L > S) were mapped in the field, and finite strain data were collected from a widely distributed gabbroic granulite unit. Fabric and finite strain data sets exhibit remarkable correspondence and confirm the common assumption that fabric type is directly related to finite strain type for deep crustal rocks. Both data sets reveal a distinct pattern of oblate strain on fold limbs grading into prolate strain in the fold hinge. There is no field evidence for significant strain localization, and measured strain magnitudes are consistent across the fold. Thus, we infer that different structural domains record different though coeval strain paths and that strain compatibility was maintained across domain boundaries. The uniformity of foliation, lineation, and mesoscale fold orientations across Mount Hay and the consistent magnitude of maximum stretch across structural domains indicate that the sheath fold and subsidiary structures formed during a single, progressive deformational event. Based on its geometry, the inferred scale of the enclosing shear zone (≥8 km in thickness), and regional tectonic correlations, we infer that the Mount Hay sheath fold formed in a subhorizontal, crustal‐scale flow zone during the Paleoproterozoic Strangways orogeny (1740–1690 Ma). The record of deformation is consistent with fold formation either on one side of a channel or through detachment flow.
Assessment of local hydraulic properties from electrical resistivity tomography monitoring of a three‐dimensional synthetic tracer test experiment
Authors: Camporese M. , Cassiani G. , Deiana R. , Salandin P.
Published: November 2011

In recent years geophysical methods have become increasingly popular for hydrological applications. Time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) represents a potentially powerful tool for subsurface solute transport characterization since a full picture of the spatiotemporal evolution of the process can be obtained. However, the quantitative interpretation of tracer tests is difficult because of the uncertainty related to the geoelectrical inversion, the constitutive models linking geophysical and hydrological quantities, and the a priori unknown heterogeneous properties of natural formations. Here an approach based on the Lagrangian formulation of transport and the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation technique is applied to assess the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity K by incorporating time‐lapse cross‐hole ERT data. Electrical data consist of three‐dimensional cross‐hole ERT images generated for a synthetic tracer test in a heterogeneous aquifer. Under the assumption that the solute spreads as a passive tracer, for high Peclet numbers the spatial moments of the evolving plume are dominated by the spatial distribution of the hydraulic conductivity. The assimilation of the electrical conductivity 4D images allows updating of the hydrological state as well as the spatial distribution of K. Thus, delineation of the tracer plume and estimation of the local aquifer heterogeneity can be achieved at the same time by means of this interpretation of time‐lapse electrical images from tracer tests. We assess the impact on the performance of the hydrological inversion of (i) the uncertainty inherently affecting ERT inversions in terms of tracer concentration and (ii) the choice of the prior statistics of K. Our findings show that realistic ERT images can be integrated into a hydrological model even within an uncoupled inverse modeling framework. The reconstruction of the hydraulic conductivity spatial distribution is satisfactory in the portion of the domain directly covered by the passage of the tracer. Aside from the issues commonly affecting inverse models, the proposed approach is subject to the problem of the filter inbreeding and the retrieval performance is sensitive to the choice of K prior geostatistical parameters.
Mechanistic implications for LDL receptor degradation from the PCSK9/LDLR structure at neutral pH
Authors: Surdo Paola Lo , Bottomley Matthew J , Calzetta Alessandra , Settembre Ethan C , Cirillo Agostino , Pandit Shilpa , Ni Yan G , Hubbard Brian , Sitlani Ayesha , Carfí Andrea
Published: November 2011

The protein PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) is a key regulator of low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) levels and cardiovascular health. We have determined the crystal structure of LDLR bound to PCSK9 at neutral pH. The structure shows LDLR in a new extended conformation. The PCSK9 C‐terminal domain is solvent exposed, enabling cofactor binding, whereas the catalytic domain and prodomain interact with LDLR epidermal growth factor(A) and β‐propeller domains, respectively. Thus, PCSK9 seems to hold LDLR in an extended conformation and to interfere with conformational rearrangements required for LDLR recycling.
Cytochrome c-mediated formation of S-nitrosothiol in cells
Authors: Broniowska Katarzyna A. , Keszler Agnes , Basu Swati , Kim-Shapiro Daniel B. , Hogg Neil
Published: November 2011

S-nitrosothiols are products of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism that have been implicated in a plethora of signalling processes. However, mechanisms of S-nitrosothiol formation in biological systems are uncertain, and no efficient protein-mediated process has been identified. Recently, we observed that ferric cytochrome c can promote S-nitrosoglutathione formation from NO and glutathione by acting as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. In the present study, we show that this mechanism is also robust under oxygenated conditions, that cytochrome c can promote protein S-nitrosation via a transnitrosation reaction and that cell lysate depleted of cytochrome c exhibits a lower capacity to synthesize S-nitrosothiols. Importantly, we also demonstrate that this mechanism is functional in living cells. Lower S-nitrosothiol synthesis activity, from donor and nitric oxide synthase-generated NO, was found in cytochrome c-deficient mouse embryonic cells as compared with wild-type controls. Taken together, these data point to cytochrome c as a biological mediator of protein S-nitrosation in cells. This is the most efficient and concerted mechanism of S-nitrosothiol formation reported so far.
The Promoter Variant -803 G>A in the RBP4 gene is not Associated with BMI, Metabolic Parameters or Blood Pressure in Caucasian Children
Authors: Friebe D. , Kovacs P. , Neef M. , Blüher S. , Schleinitz D. , Kiess W. , Körner A.
Published: November 2011

Studies in adults identified the -803 G>A promoter polymorphism (rs3758539) in the RBP4 gene (RBP4) as a functional variant conferring an increased risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

We genotyped this polymorphism in a cohort of 304 lean and 283 obese children to assess a potential association with early onset obesity and blood pressure and evaluated the effect of this SNP on metabolic parameters in a smaller subset.

The allele frequency of -803 G>A was similar in obese compared to lean subjects (0.159 vs. 0.191, P=0.318). We did not detect an association of the variant with adiposity parameters nor with parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism or blood pressure in quantitative analyses.

Our study revealed that the promoter polymorphism -803 G>A in RBP4 is not associated with BMI, metabolic parameters or blood pressure in Caucasian children.
Ultrathin ALD-Al2O3 layers for Ge(001) gate stacks: Local composition evolution and dielectric properties
Authors: Swaminathan Shankar , Sun Yun , Pianetta Piero , McIntyre Paul C.
Published: November 2011

Correlations among physical and electrical properties of atomic layer deposited (ALD)-Al2O3 on H2O-prepulsed Ge(100) have been investigated to evaluate Al2O3 as an ultrathin interface passivation layer for higher-k/Al2O3/Ge gate stacks. In situ XPS in the ALD environment provides insights into the local composition evolution during the initial stages of ALD, evidencing (a) an incubation regime that may limit the minimum achievable capacitance equivalent thickness (CET) of these gate stacks, and (b) residual hydroxyl incorporation in the film consistent with the observed dielectric constant ∼7.2. Thickness scaling of the CET is consistent with a nearly abrupt interface as measured by synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy (SRPES). SRPES studies also reveal that forming gas anneal provides passivation through monolayer-level formation of stoichiometric GeO2, suggesting a complex chemical interaction involving residual -OH groups in the as-grown ALD-Al2O3. Valence and conduction band offsets of prepulsed ALD-Al2O3 with respect to Ge are calculated to be 3.3 ± 0.1 and 2.6 ± 0.3 eV, indicating that these layers offer an effective barrier to hole and electron injection.
Positive exchange bias in as-deposited ion-beam sputtered IrMn/CoFeB system
Authors: Fulara Himanshu , Chaudhary Sujeet , Kashyap Subhash C. , Pandya Dinesh K.
Published: November 2011

The positive exchange bias (PEB) at room temperature in bottom pinned as-deposited IrMn(15 nm)/ CoFeB(10 nm) ion-beam sputtered bilayers is reported without any field cooling protocol. The necessary antiferromagnetic coupling of the interfacial spins and uniaxial exchange anisotropy in amorphous ferromagnetic CoFeB are caused by the energetic sputtered atoms that modify the local magnetic microstructure in situ. On magnetic annealing, enhancement in the coercivity and disappearance of PEB is observed due to the irreversible changes in the interfacial spin structure and CoFeB layer changing to ordered bcc (110).
Reconstruction dependent reactivity of As-decapped In0.53Ga0.47As(001) surfaces and its influence on the electrical quality of the interface with Al2O3 grown by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Molle A. , Lamagna L. , Grazianetti C. , Brammertz G. , Merckling C. , Caymax M. , Spiga S. , Fanciulli M.
Published: November 2011

Tuning the desorption temperature of an As cap layer allows to achieve In0.53Ga0.47As(001) surfaces with (2 × 4) and (4 × 2) reconstructions which exhibit different chemical reactivity upon exposure in atmospheric pressure. Trimethyl-Al based atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 films on the two exposed surfaces causes a non-equivalent interface composition. This behavior is associated with a worse electrical quality of the interface with the exposed (4 × 2) In0.53Ga0.47As reconstruction.
Does post-mining rehabilitation restore habitat equivalent to that removed by mining? A case study from the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia
Authors: Gould Susan F.
Published: November 2011

Context
Rehabilitation is increasingly being promoted as a strategy for minimising and even reversing biodiversity loss. Many rehabilitation strategies that aim to provide habitat focus entirely on establishing vegetation. Successful vegetation establishment, however, does not necessarily provide habitat that is ecologically equivalent to that removed by vegetation clearing. Quantitative understanding of faunal responses to rehabilitation is required if rehabilitation techniques are to be refined and deliver desired biodiversity outcomes.

Aims
I aimed to assess the extent to which post-mining rehabilitation restores bird habitat equivalent to that removed in the mining process on the Weipa bauxite plateau.

Methods
The composition, abundance and richness of bird assemblages were compared between native forest sites and a 23-year chronosequence of post-mining rehabilitation sites. Native forest sites were made up of three Weipa bauxite plateau land units, including the land unit that represents pre-mining native forest, and two land units that are considered to be potential analogues for the post-mining landscape.

Key results
Bird abundance and bird species richness increased with rehabilitation age. Bird species richness in the two oldest age classes of mine rehabilitation was similar to values obtained from pre-mining native forest and post-mining landscape analogue sites. The composition of bird assemblages, however, was significantly different. Of all the bird species observed, 25% occurred exclusively in native forest sites, 19% occurred exclusively in mine-rehabilitation sites, and the remaining 56% were recorded in both native forest and mine-rehabilitation sites. Site bird-detection rates were significantly related to site vegetation structure, with inter-specific differences in bird response.

Conclusions
Post-mining rehabilitation at Weipa has partially made up for the loss of habitat caused by clearing for mining. Twenty-three years after rehabilitation commenced, however, a clear residual impact on biodiversity remains, with a third of native forest birds absent from mine rehabilitation, including several native forest specialists.

Implications
Rehabilitation can partially make up for biodiversity losses caused by the initial loss of habitat. There is no evidence, however, that rehabilitation can achieve ‘no net loss’. Reliance on rehabilitation to achieve conservation outcomes does not address the fact that many fauna species require resources that are found only in mature forest.
ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Dense Magnetized Plasma and Plasma Diagnostics: an executive summary
Authors: Gribkov V.A. , Mank G. , Markowicz A. , Miklaszewski R. , Tuniz C. , Crespo M.L.
Published: November 2011

The Workshop on Dense Magnetized Plasma and Plasma Diagnostics was held from 15 to 26 November 2010 at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy. It was attended by 60 participants, including 15 lecturers, 2 tutors and 37 trainees, representing 25 countries.
Self-filtering extremely inclined X-ray crystal monochromator
Authors: Hrdá Jaromíra , Hrdý Jaromír
Published: November 2011

It is shown that an extremely inclined X-ray double-crystal monochromator can diffract a beam with the required wavelength and at the same time may reflect a great deal of unwanted radiation in a broad range of Bragg angles. This is a generalization of the idea of Cowan & Brennan [Rev. Sci. Instrum.(1989),60, 1987–1990], which partially solves the radiation heat load problem. The properties of such a device are discussed. It is shown that in some cases the diffracted beam may be significantly broadened as a result of refraction effects. In these cases a four-crystal arrangement or an additional mirror is necessary.
Influence of cold-rolling reduction on retained austenite texture in cold-rolled and intercritically annealed TRIP-assisted steel
Authors: Emadoddin E. , Akbarzadeh A. , Petrov R. , Kestens L. , Pirgazi H.
Published: November 2011

The newly developed multiphase transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels are of interest for industrial applications because of their excellent combination of high strength and ductility. Their performance can be successfully controlled by designing an optimum balance in the volume fractions of ferrite, bainite and retained austenite. The characteristics of the retained austenite are considered to be the main key to achieving the desired final properties. Against this background, the effects of retained austenite characteristics, such as volume fraction, carbon concentration, size and shape, on the behaviour of TRIP steels have been studied. The crystallographic orientation of the retained austenite was measured by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The effect of initial cold-rolling reduction on the microtexture development of the retained austenite was studied on an aluminium-containing TRIP steel. The results show that, by increasing the cold-rolling reduction before the final austempering, the main components of the face-centred cubic phase,i.e.copper, brass and Goss, dominate the texture of the retained austenite. In contrast, the copper and Goss components of the retained austenite are absent in the texture of lightly deformed sheets. The features of the preferred orientation of the retained austenite are discussed and explained in terms of the annealing texture of the recrystallized ferrite and bainite.
ANODE: anomalous and heavy-atom density calculation
Authors: Thorn Andrea , Sheldrick George M.
Published: November 2011

The new programANODEestimates anomalous or heavy-atom density by reversing the usual procedure for experimental phase determination by methods such as single- and multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction and single isomorphous replacement anomalous scattering. Instead of adding a phase shift to the heavy-atom phases to obtain a starting value for the native protein phase, this phase shift is subtracted from the native phase to obtain the heavy-atom substructure phase. The required native phase is calculated from the information in a Protein Data Bank file of the structure. The resulting density enables even very weak anomalous scatterers such as sulfur to be located. Potential applications include the identification of unknown atoms and the validation of molecular replacement solutions.
Advances in the VLD algorithm
Authors: Burla Maria Cristina , Carrozzini Benedetta , Cascarano Giovanni Luca , Giacovazzo Carmelo , Polidori Giampiero
Published: November 2011

The VLD algorithm relies on the properties of the difference Fourier synthesis and is designed for solving crystal structures in the correct space group, starting from random models. The standard approach has been modified by integrating it with the RELAX procedure, for translating to the correct position misplaced but correctly oriented models. A better control of the parameters and additional phase refinement cycles were able to improve the quality of the solutions and to make superfluous, for macromolecules and medium-sized molecules, the least-squares refinement cycles that, in the standard VLD approach, follow the phasing step. As a result, the efficiency of the new VLD algorithm is strongly increased; it has been checked using a wide variety of practical cases and compared with the effectiveness of direct methods.
A tensile stage for high-stress low-strain fibre studies
Authors: Pauw Brian R. , Vigild Martin E. , Mortensen Kell , Andreasen Jens W. , Klop Enno A.
Published: November 2011

Determining the effects of stress on the internal structure of high-performance fibres may provide insight into their structure–property relationships. The deformation of voids inside a poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) fibre upon application of stress is one such effect which may be observed usingin situsmall-angle X-ray scattering. For this purpose, a compact in-vacuum stretching device is described here, capable of applying a force of up to 500 N using specially designed fibre clamps. Furthermore, a small radiative heater is placed around the fibre at the measurement position, so that the effects of the application of heat during tensile load can also be determined. Initial results show a slight but significant effect of stress and heating on the internal void structure of PPTA fibres. The effects on the void structure of heating and stress appear to be markedly different.
ShelXle: a Qt graphical user interface forSHELXL
Authors: Hübschle Christian B. , Sheldrick George M. , Dittrich Birger
Published: November 2011

ShelXleis a graphical user interface forSHELXL[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008).Acta Cryst.A64, 112–122], currently the most widely used program for small-molecule structure refinement. It combines an editor with syntax highlighting for theSHELXL-associated .ins (input) and .res (output) files with an interactive graphical display for visualization of a three-dimensional structure including the electron density (Fo) and difference density (Fo–Fc) maps. Special features ofShelXleinclude intuitive atom (re-)naming, a strongly coupled editor, structure visualization in various mono and stereo modes, and a novel way of displaying disorder extending over special positions.ShelXleis completely compatible with all features ofSHELXLand is written entirely in C++ using the Qt4 and FFTW libraries. It is available at no cost for Windows, Linux and Mac-OS X and as source code.
SAAF: small-angle neutron scattering data analysis using analytical functions
Authors: Zhao Jinkui
Published: November 2011

SAAFis a tool for analyzing small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data using analytical model functions. It is implemented in Perl and usesGnuplotas its engine for curve fitting and data display. A set of standard models is provided with the program. New models are easy to implement at the user level. One of its features is the ability to perform de-smearing on data sets with variable and convoluted instrument resolutions. For SANS experiments, data de-smearing is often required, especially for data with small neutron scattering vector (Q) values or sharp scattering features. On time-of-flight instruments, the uncertainty inQis a convolution of the contributions from neutrons with different wavelengths and beam intensities.SAAFis designed to take suchQresolution into account for data de-smearing. The program is part of the tool set offered at the EQ-SANS diffractometer at the Spallation Neutron Source. It is available in source form and is portable to multiple computer platforms.
Randomised clinical trial: comparative study of 10‐day sequential therapy with 7‐day standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in naïve patients
Authors: Park H. G. , Jung M. K. , Jung J. T. , Kwon J. G. , Kim E. Y. , Seo H. E. , Lee J. H. , Yang C. H. , Kim E. S. , Cho K. B. , Park K. S. , Lee S. H. , Kim K. O. , Jeon S. W.
Published: November 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 56–65

Background  The eradication rates following standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection are declining worldwide. Recent studies have shown that sequential therapy for H. pylori infection yields high cure rates.

Aim  To compare the efficacy and tolerability of a sequential regimen as first‐line treatment of H. pylori infection with a standard triple regimen.

Methods  A total of 348 naïve H. pylori‐infected patients from six hospitals in Korea were assigned randomly to standard triple or sequential therapy groups. Standard triple therapy consisted of 20 mg of rabeprazole, 1 g of amoxicillin and 500 mg of clarithromycin, twice daily for 7 days. Sequential therapy consisted of a 5‐day dual therapy (20 mg of rabeprazole and 1 g of amoxicillin, twice daily) followed by a 5‐day triple therapy (20 mg of rabeprazole, 500 mg of clarithromycin, and 500 mg of metronidazole, twice daily).

Results  The intention‐to‐treat (ITT) and per‐protocol (PP) eradication rates were 62.2% (95% CI 54.8–69.6%) and 76.0% (95% CI 68.5–83.5%) in the standard triple group, and 77.8% (95% CI 71.4–84.2%) and 87.9% (95% CI 82.3–93.5%) in the sequential group, respectively. The eradication rate was significantly higher in the sequential group compared with the standard triple group in both the ITT and PP populations (P = 0.002 and P = 0.013 respectively), whereas the incidence of adverse events was similar.

Conclusions  Ten‐day sequential therapy is more effective and equally tolerated for eradication of H. pylori infection compared with standard triple therapy. Sequential therapy may have a role as first‐line treatment for H. pylori infection.
Flow behaviour of carrot puree: modelling the influence of time, temperature and potato flakes addition
Authors: Van Hecke Elisabeth , Nguyen Phong‐Uyen , Clausse Danièle , Lanoisellé Jean‐Louis
Published: November 2011

Rheological properties of carrot puree were investigated in the 1–1000 s−1 shear rate range with the objective of modelling the influence of time, temperature and addition of potato flakes on the flow behaviour. Carrot puree exhibited a shear‐thinning behaviour that was well described by the Ostwald‐de Waele (Power Law) model with a flow behaviour index of 0.34 (±0.02) at 20 °C. The time‐dependent behaviour was characterised by a second‐order Structural Kinetic Model. The decay of the structural parameter with time was found to be independent of shear rate. The Arrhenius model was used to explain the effect of temperature in the range from 4 to 60 °C. The dry matter was increased by adding potato flakes (0–5%). A power law model (for the concentration) and the Arrhenius relationship (for the temperature) were combined to simultaneously describe the effects of temperature and concentration. This study provides essential data for equipment and process design.
‘I can’t relate it to teeth’: a qualitative approach to evaluate oral health education materials for preschool children in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: ARORA AMIT , McNAB MICHELLE A. , LEWIS MATTHEW W. , HILTON GLEN , BLINKHORN ANTHONY S. , SCHWARZ ELI
Published: November 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 302–309

Background.  Early Childhood Caries is a significant public health issue worldwide. Although much is known about the aetiology of dental caries, there is limited evidence on the understanding of caregivers on readily available early childhood oral health education materials.

Aim.  The purpose of this study was to record how parents cope with dental health education materials for preschool children commonly available in New South Wales, Australia.

Design.  This qualitative study was nested within a large cohort study in South Western Sydney. English‐speaking mothers (n = 24) with young children were approached for a face‐to‐face, semi‐structured interview at their homes. Two dental leaflets designed by NSW Health to give advice on monitoring young children’s oral health were sent to mothers prior to the interview. Interviews were recorded and subsequently transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed by interview debriefing and a thematic coding.

Results.  Mothers generally reported that the leaflets were easy to read but noted that the information pertaining to bottle feeding was confusing. Furthermore, they were unable to understand terms such as ‘fluoride’ and ‘fissure sealants’. Early childhood nutrition and infant teething were inadequately addressed, and mothers preferred pictorial presentations to improve their understanding of oral health.

Conclusions.  Producers of health education leaflets should keep the messages simple and straightforward, avoid the use of medical jargon, and use pictorial aids to improve communication with parents.
Coherent electron emission from point sources
Authors: Serena P. A. , Escapa L. , Sáenz J. J. , García N. , Rohrer H.
Published: November 2011

We study the electron emission and propagation in ultrasharp tips field‐emission experiments. The intensity‐voltage characteristics as well as the angular spreading of the electron beam is analysed. We show that non‐coherent emission cannot explain the very narrow experimental electron beams. The properties of coherent electron sources and the beam spatial coherence width are discussed. The quantum mechanical current distribution of field‐emitted electrons from tubes seems to explain the experimental beam widths.
The importance of current density ‘focusing’ in STM image resolution
Authors: Aers G. C. , Leavens C. R.
Published: November 2011

In a previous paper we incorporated Tersoff and Hamann's model of an STM tip into Lang's transfer Hamiltonian result for the tunnelling current density and applied the resulting simple expression to Tersoff's six‐plane‐wave model of a monolayer of graphite. In this paper the results for a more realistic model of a graphite surface and a more complete selection of tip positions are presented. They support the previous conclusions that the normal component of the current density takes on both positive and negative values in a complex flow pattern and that its lateral falloff away from the (projected) tip position is much slower than expected from the extraordinary lateral resolution (∼1 Å) evident in the best STM images of graphite. This shows that sharp ‘focusing’ of the current density directly under the tip is not a necessary condition for high lateral resolution.
A combined scanning tunnelling and field ion microscope
Authors: Michely Th. , Besocke K. H. , Teske M.
Published: November 2011

The construction of a combined scanning tunnelling and field ion microscope allowing the in situ preparation and analysis of the tunnelling tip is described. The apparatus is based on the Besocke type STM and includes a fast, automated sample approach, a sample transfer manipulator and a tip‐cooling mechanism for the FIM operation mode. The design is simple and needs a mechanical feedthrough only for sample transfer. A method has been developed to produce sharp tungsten tips with small clusters on the apex plane. Test‐run results of FIM and STM operation modes are discussed.
ON SOME NEW FORAMINIFERA PEOM THE LOWER GAULT OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: Khan M. H.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.

New Foraminifera from the Lower Gault of Southern England are described. The new species are Hormosina folkestonienais, Ammosphwoidina minuta, Nodosaria fontannesi var. flexocarinata, tristix gaultina, Vaginulina mariei, V. pseudodiscors, Ramulina fusiformis, Virgulina viscidus, Bolivina subcretacea, Valvulineria oveyi, V. parva, Ceratobulimina woodi. Certain new varieties are also described.
THE ACROSOME AND POST‐NUCLEAR CAP OF BULL SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Hancock J. L. , Trevan D. J.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A description is given of the development of the acrosome and post‐nuclear cap of normal bull spermatozoa and of the abnormal “knobbed” spermatozoa of certain sterile bulls.

The acrosome of the normal spermatid has two components—the “cap” and the “bead.” Evidence is presented that the acrosome of the mature spermatozoon has also two components—a PAS‐positive, silver‐negative component which is formed from the cap of the spermatid and a silver‐positive component which is formed from the bead. It is suggested that the equatorial segment is a gap between the silver‐positive component of the acrosome and the silver‐positive post‐nuclear cap.

In “knobbed” spermatozoa the bead persists, the silver‐positive component of the acrosome is not formed and no equatorial segment is detectable.

The development of the post‐nuclear cap of “knobbed” spermatozoa is normal.
A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTING EPSOM SALT ADULTERATION IN EAST INDIA TANNED LEATHERS
Authors: Mitra S. K. , Das B. M.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A new technique is presented for detecting Epsom salt adulteration in East India tanned leathers by microscopical examination.
A NOTE ON THE USE OF PLASTIC POSITIVE REPLICAS FOR LIGHT MICROSCOPY
Authors: Emerton H. W. , Page D. H.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The value of a two‐stage replica method for the light microscopy of surfaces is stressed and the method of replication is briefly described. The replica is made in an optically homogeneous transparent plastic and is metal shadowed to give a more informative image of good contrast. An attractive feature of the method is that it also permits selected areas of a specimen to be studied in the electron microscope.
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN DICTYOSOME AND CONTRACTILE VACUOLE IN SPONGES
Authors: Lutfy R. G.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

1. In the freshwater sponge Ephydatia, the osmiophile dictyosomes of the choanocytes are intimately related to the contractile vacuoles and show a great deal of morphological variation. In many cases the contractile vacuole itself possesses an osmiophile cortex. The condition here bears a general resemblance to the osmiophile vacuole‐reservoir complex of some flagellates.

2. In the marine sponge Grantia, the osmiophile dictyosomes still show morphological variations. The vacuoles or chromophobe areas of the dictyosomes increase in size under the effect of hypotonic solutions. However, in ordinary or control material, the vacuoles show quantitative variations, though to a much lesser extent.

3. The inference to be drawn from the above‐mentioned facts is that the sponge choanocyte dictyosome might be engaged in osmo‐regulation.

4. From electron microscope work on the contractile vacuole cortices of protozoans, the parabasals of flagellates and the dictyosomes of Grantia choanocytes, it is quite clear that these structures have one thing in common, i.e. the presence in all of them of double lamellæ or flattened closed vesicles, a character which they share with the metazoan Golgi apparatus.
A SIMPLE PHOTOMULTIPLIER PHOTOMETER
Authors: Barer R. , Underwood R. G.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The great sensitivity of photomultipliers offers many advantages over photocell‐amplifier systems for the measurement or comparison of low levels of illumination. However, a highly stabilized power supply is generally considered to be essential. Tests have shown that for many purposes such supplies are not necessary. A simple and compact instrument based on a non‐stabilized power supply has been developed. An important feature is the incorporation of a device for ensuring that the same total voltage is applied to the photomultiplier every time a reading is taken. The instrument can thus be regarded as manually stabilized. It has found widespread applications as an exposure meter in phase‐contrast, interference, fluorescence and electron microscopy, and can be used as the basis for many types of instruments in which the measurement of very low light intensities is required.
COMPLEMENTARY LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE INVESTIGATIONS ON THE HABIT AND STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO LONG CHAIN COMPOUNDS
Authors: Keller A. , Bassett D. C.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The paper is divided into three parts. It begins by comparing the relative merits of the optical and electron microscopes in the study of crystals, being particularly concerned with the problem of examining specimens in all dimensional ranges. Special attention is given to the discussion of electron diffraction, especially to diffraction effects observed in images, e.g. Bragg fringes and moiré patterns and the methods of identifying the Bragg reflections contributing to them (i.e. dark ground and ghost image techniques). In the second part of the paper, the use of the techniques described is illustrated in the field of polymer morphology. A brief review is given of the subject, emphasizing the special role that co‐ordinated optical and electron microscopy has played in its establishment. Spherulites, sheaves and fibrils, and single crystals are discussed. In these last, the phenomenon of folded molecular chains and its necessary consequence of distinct crystal sectors are introduced. Finally, some new work is presented concerning the effects of changing the temperature during the growth of polymer single crystals. Such treatment produces various striking growth habits for which some explanation is offered. More importantly, these habits provide new information concerning the growth of fold‐containing crystals.
Preputial skin and glands in Ceratotherium and Diceros
Authors: CAVE A. J. E. , AUMONIER F. J.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The histology of the preputial skin and its appendages is described in the two African rhinoceros forms Ceratotherium and Diceros. Apocrine sweat glands occur in both. A feature of the Ceratotherium penis is the presence of distinctive surface papillae which are the mouths of eccrine sweat glands whose secretory tubules are embedded in a mass of subepidermal lymphoid tissue, an arrangement hitherto unrecorded for any mammal.
A theoretical assessment of a proposed technique of stereo‐tomography
Authors: LATHAM R. V.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The concept of stereo‐tomography is discussed with reference to a proposed experimental system built around the point‐projection X‐ray microscope. In this technique, the finite layer thickness of a conventional tomograph, fixed by the required optical resolution, is viewed stereoscopically. Using a simplified theory, relations are established between the experimental parameters to give the resolution obtainable for a required layer thickness and also the magnification requirements to satisfy the minimum condition for stereo‐acuity. A qualitative discussion of the main distortions to be found in the final image is included.
Ambulatory high‐resolution manometry, lower esophageal sphincter lift and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation
Authors: Mittal R. K. , Karstens A. , Leslie E. , Babaei A. , Bhargava V.
Published: November 2011

Background  Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) lift seen on high‐resolution manometry (HRM) is a possible surrogate marker of the longitudinal muscle contraction of the esophagus. Recent studies suggest that longitudinal muscle contraction of the esophagus induces LES relaxation.

Aim  Our goal was to determine: (i) the feasibility of prolonged ambulatory HRM and (ii) to detect LES lift with LES relaxation using ambulatory HRM color isobaric contour plots.

Methods  In vitro validation studies were performed to determine the accuracy of HRM technique in detecting axial movement of the LES. Eight healthy normal volunteers were studied using a custom designed HRM catheter and a 16 channel data recorder, in the ambulatory setting of subject’s home environment. Color HRM plots were analyzed to determine the LES lift during swallow‐induced LES relaxation as well as during complete and incomplete transient LES relaxations (TLESR).

Key Results  Satisfactory recordings were obtained for 16 h in all subjects. LES lift was small (2 mm) in association with swallow‐induced LES relaxation. LES lift could not be measured during complete TLESR as the LES is not identified on the HRM color isobaric contour plot once it is fully relaxed. On the other hand, LES lift, mean 8.4 ± 0.6 mm, range: 4–18 mm was seen with incomplete TLESRs (n = 80).

Conclusions & Inferences  Our study demonstrates the feasibility of prolonged ambulatory HRM recordings. Similar to a complete TLESR, longitudinal muscle contraction of the distal esophagus occurs during incomplete TLESRs, which can be detected by the HRM. Using prolonged ambulatory HRM, future studies may investigate the temporal correlation between abnormal longitudinal muscle contraction and esophageal symptoms.
Local adaptation and matching habitat choice in female barn owls with respect to melanic coloration
Authors: DREISS A. N. , ANTONIAZZA S. , BURRI R. , FUMAGALLI L. , SONNAY C. , FREY C. , GOUDET J. , ROULIN A.
Published: November 2011

Local adaptation is a major mechanism underlying the maintenance of phenotypic variation in spatially heterogeneous environments. In the barn owl (Tyto alba), dark and pale reddish‐pheomelanic individuals are adapted to conditions prevailing in northern and southern Europe, respectively. Using a long‐term dataset from Central Europe, we report results consistent with the hypothesis that the different pheomelanic phenotypes are adapted to specific local conditions in females, but not in males. Compared to whitish females, reddish females bred in sites surrounded by more arable fields and less forests. Colour‐dependent habitat choice was apparently beneficial. First, whitish females produced more fledglings when breeding in wooded areas, whereas reddish females when breeding in sites with more arable fields. Second, cross‐fostering experiments showed that female nestlings grew wings more rapidly when both their foster and biological mothers were of similar colour. The latter result suggests that mothers should particularly produce daughters in environments that best match their own coloration. Accordingly, whiter females produced fewer daughters in territories with more arable fields. In conclusion, females displaying alternative melanic phenotypes bred in habitats providing them with the highest fitness benefits. Although small in magnitude, matching habitat selection and local adaptation may help maintain variation in pheomelanin coloration in the barn owl.