bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silk Degumming
Authors: Walters Roy H. , Hougen O.A.
Published: July 2007

The chemical properties of sericin are reviewed. When alkalies or soap react upon sericin a progressive degradation of the sericin particle takes place in solution after the sericin leaves the silk. The grams of sericin combining with one gram equivalent of soap or alkali when a point of equivalence is attained in solution may be expressed by the equation B = — 1000 log10R — 2180 where B is the binding weight of sericin R is the initial ratio of gram equivalents of total soap or alkali per gram of total sericin initially present.

This same relationship holds for solutions of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium silicate and sodium, oleate for values of B from 140 to 2100, the experimental range. The point of equivalence is taken as neutrality with phenolphthalein when the sericin solution is titrated with standard sodium hydroxide or sulphuric acid in a 40% alcoholic solution. At this point of equivalence sodium-sericin still possesses degumming power so that the values of B just noted do not apply to the binding weight or sericin as it is just removed from the silk.
Dichroism of Dyed Fibres as a Means of Studying Micellar Arrangement
Authors: Morey D.R.
Published: July 2007

WHY certain types of dyes are adsorbed by cellulose in a definite oriented manner, and how the orientation or alignment of the micelles or crystalline portions is reflected or imitated by such dye molecules as well as how this dye alignment may manifest itself through the phenomenon of dichroism, or of polarized fluorescence, have been discussed.1 Although, for reasons which will shortly appear, the quantitative studies made by the author have been based solely on polarized fluorescence, 2 the phenomenon of dichroism may also be used to advantage in fibre structure studies. This article takes up its use as a quantitative tool, and its advantages and disadvantages when compared with the polarized fluorescence method.
Methylene Blue Absorption as a Quantitative Measure of Wool Damage
Authors: Elmquist Ruth E. , Hartley Olive P.
Published: July 2007

The absorption of methylene blue from buffered solutions is proposed as an index to wool deterioration, since it can be measured quantitatively by a simple titrimetric procedure. Exyerimental results are given for material damaged progressively under controlled conditions of laundering, and for fabrics containing wools of different grades and different dyeings. A linear relationship was found to exist between absorption and tensile strength. The reworked wool that was tested absorbed nearly four times as much methylene blue as the new serge used in the experiments. Optimum test conditions were determined and are discussed critically.
The Deterioration of Silks by Light of Different Wave-Lengths
Authors: Bruner Esther , Goehring Mina
Published: July 2007

The effect of light rays of different wave lengths upon certain unweighted and weighted silk fabrics is discussed. Specimens of each silk were exposed to the entire spectrum given by an S-1 Sun Lamp and to limited regions of the spectrum. Glass filters were used to filter out the undesired rays. Tensile strengths of specimens after exposure to light rays were compared with those before exposure in order to determine the deterioration taking place.

X-ray diffraction patterns of the silks were made. Lead-weighted silk gave a typical powder pattern; 50 % tin-weighted silk gave slight evidence of fibreing; 43% tin-weighted gave a much stronger fibre pattern. Diagrams of the unweighted silk before exposure to the light source and after exposure to the entire spectrum appeared similar, but photometric analysis indicated that exposure of silk to light results in a decrease in fibre orientation causing the long fibre are to expand toward the character of a powder pattern.
The Disposal and Recovery of Textile Waste Liquors
Authors: Campbell Maxwelton S.
Published: July 2007

The effect of coagulants on the waste liquors from the process of printing cotton goods is investigated. Treatment by coagulation with 4.5 pounds of lime per thousand gallons, using recirculated sludge as an aid to coagulation, followed by rapid sand filtration produces a clear and sparking effluent suitable for discharge into streams containing fish and plant life, or for discharge into sewage treatment plants.
Micro-Determination of Cotton Fibre Maturity in Polarized Light
Authors: Schwarz E.R. , Hotte G.H.
Published: July 2007

Recent work described by Pattee1 and based on previous findings by Schwarz 2 and Herzog 3 has evoked a certain amount of comment and criticism. In this brief discussion, therefore, certain data are presented in support of the method proposed by Pattee and in some measure an amplification and clarification of his technique. It is shown that the determination of the degree of maturity of a sample of cotton by means of polarized light has certain advantages over the older swelling technique described by Clegg4 and recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture and the American Society for Testing Materials.

It is also shown that the fibres selected by means of their characteristic behavior in the polarizing microscope have cross-sections which are definitely separable by measurement and appearance into distinct groups. Further, it is demonstrated that the wall thickness of the smallest cotton fibre (Sea Island) in the mature state is greater than the wall thickness of either the fully immature or the partially immature fibres of the coarsest type (Indian). Thus the objection to the polarized light method raised by certain workers, namely that the technique will not allow of distinguishing between a small-diameter mature fibre and a large-diameter immature fibre, is shown to be unfounded.
Interpretation of Data Obtained with Spectrophotometers of the Polarizing Type
Authors: Nutting Robert D.
Published: July 2007

Many spectrophotometers utilize polarizing prisms and determine the reflection factor of the sample by plane polarized light. In general, the reflection factor of the sample is independent of the azimuth of the plane of polarization but there are some materials, notably textiles, for which the reflection factor depends upon the azimuth. It can be shown mathematically that, if the reflection factor is determined for two azimuths at right angles to one another, the arithmetic average of the two values is the reflection factor for ordinary, or unpolarized light. This is true regardless of the azimuths selected. Experimental data are presented which indicate the applicability of this principle to the measurement of the color of textile fabrics.
Silk Fibroin Dispergation
Authors: Kise Mearl A.
Published: July 2007

By means of specially developed techniques for using the glass clectrode, the ninhydrin test and the method for the determination of amide nitrogen, several properties, including the isoelectric points, the acid-base titration curves, the amide nitrogen, amino nitrogen, and the specific rotations of a number of samples of regenerated fibroin were compared. The samples which had been dispersed in lithium bromide solution, resorcinol, hydrochloric acid or alkaline glycerol copper sulfate solution, representing the various types advocated in, practice, were compared with untreated samples under exactly the same conditions. The following conclusions were reached:

1. Regenerated fibroin, obtained from the solutions mentioned, had essentially the same chemical characteristics as undispergated fibroin. This result was in agreement with that of Abderhalden and Brackman.23 These investigators reported no change in the particle size of fibroin exposed to lithium bromide solutions various lengths of time and at various temperatures. This conclusion also gave further credence to the work of von Weimarn in which, under proper spinning conditions, regenerated fibres were obtained having a tensile strength as high as that of the original fibres.

2. The exposure of silk fibres to the action of water at temperatures as high, as 130° had a deteriorating effect upon the protein when the action was prolonged. A portion of the fibroin was decomposed, the fibres were weakened and became more easily disintegrated mechanically and more readily dispergated. These effects would be of use in the dispergation of the more difficultly dispersed silks, provided the decomposition which was produced was not sufficient to affect materially the physical properties of the resulting regenerated fibres.

3. In the regeneration of fibroin containing small amounts of decomposition products of the protein, there was a tendency for the protein decomposition products to remain dispersed unless the coagulation was very thorough. This is desirable in the respinning of silk fibres.

4. The titration curve for silk fibroin showed a large base combining power compared to the acid combining power. This is due, possibly, to the large number of acidic tyrosine hydroxyl groups present in fibroin.

5. The electrometric titration curves indicated an isoelectric point of about pH 3.2 for the silk fibroin of Italian yellow silk.
Micro-Analysis of Textile Fibres
Authors: Osborne G. Gordon
Published: July 2007

It would be extremely interesting and very worthwhile to show by means of photomicrographs the fissure openings in a single Manila cell. This has not been easy since the breaks that occur and can be seen are rare, as they must have openings parallel to the line of sight. Furthermore, the magnification must be high and, oven though it is possible to view the specimen clearly, it is hard to obtain the same results photographically. Such a specimen is, however, illustrated in Fig. 17. The pictures were taken with a 1.8 mm. oil immersion objective and a 10x ocular from a Canada balsam mount between crossed nicols and with a first order red selenite.
Degradation of Weighted Silk Fibroin By Acid and Alkali
Authors: Ross Jeanette E. , Johnson Ruth L. , Edgar Rachel
Published: July 2007

The degradation of plain-woveit fabrics of iron-weighted, lead-weighted, tin-weighted, tin-lead-weighted, and zinc-weighted silks by hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide in 10 hours at 40° C. has been, followed by determining the weight, ash, nitrogen, wet warp breaking strength, and elongation at breaking load of the residual fabrics. These data show weighting is not a factor of the acid or alkaline degradation of silk fibroin and quantitatively compare the degradation of the five weighted silks.
Rapid Microscopical Measurement of Diameters in Cross-Section
Authors: Mennerich Fred A.
Published: July 2007

Horizontal micro-projection of the cross-sectional image on. to a vertical ground glass screen presents a method whereby a representative field can be measured systematically. The shadow of a coördinate scale is superimposed without magnification upon the same ground glass screen. The observer sits behind the screen; therefore shadows cast by his body do not blot out part of the projected image.

By means of a transparent scale, which has special rulings on it that are at right angles to cach other, both the minor and major diameters of a fibre in cross-section can be measured directly in microns with one setting of the scale. Only five minutes are required to measure 100 fibres.

The use of a bundle sizer is described for obtaining the same number of fibres. This instrument is intended for use with metal cross-sectioning plates and facilitates making of the same size sections.
Creep in Single Fibres of American Delta Cotton
Authors: Steinberger R.L.
Published: July 2007

The constant stress elongation or creep of single filaments of American Delta cotton, crop of 1935-36, has been measured at relative humidities ranging from 0% to 100% and at a temperature of 28° C. The cotton is similar to the rayons of the cuprammonium and acetate types in that for certain, ranges the extension, e = k log t +c, but the constant k tends towards smaller values with increasing time, while in the acetate rayon the reverse is true.
An Outline of Some Fundamentals of Textile Physics
Authors: Saxl Irving J.
Published: July 2007

This paper attempts to discuss some of the fundamental phenomena underlying the physical analysis of textile materials as far as their mechanical properties are concerned. While the significant, mechanical terms used in physics and the engineering sciences have been found of practical value in other fields of applied physics such as electricity (the manufacture of electric cables) or mechanical engineering (wire rope), no full use of their potentialities has been made in textile research as yet. A discussion of some of the basic concepts is therefore, perhaps justified, particularly in view of the fact that textile materials are primarily physical materials. Such terms as tensile strength, percentage elongation, index of refraction, elasticity, etc., have been recognized for a long time in the textile industry. In the work with textile materials, an understanding of some of the physical phenomena underlyiny many textile problems will be found helpful.
Torque Relaxation and Torsional Energy in Crêpe Yarn
Authors: Steinberger R.L.
Published: July 2007

Earlier work has shown that there is a relation between the character of the pebble in rayon crêpe and the untwisting torque exerted by the yarn when wetted. In the present paper the torsional internal energy in twisted viscose yarn is investigated in detail. The torque released when thrown and set yarn is wetted is found to be independent of the commercial variation in filament number and twist. In twisting a parallel filament yarn the resisting torque due solely to internal stresses is directly proportional to the turns twist, and the corresponding torsional internal energy increases as the square of the twist. The relaxation of torque follows a simple law, the same for both the dry and wet conditions except for the constants of the equations. The torque falls off directly as the logarithm of the time. An explanation for the formation of kinks is given.
The Adsorption of Oxygen by Mercerized Cotton
Authors: Salley D.J.
Published: July 2007

An investigation has been made of the take-up of oxygen by mercerized cotton at liquid air temperatures and in the range from 0° C. to 110° C. A rapid van der Waal's adsorption of the usual type was observed at liquid air temperatures. From 0° C. to 80°C. an adsorption proceeding at a slow rate was found, while at still higher temperatures, oxidation was observed to set in. The effect of the ash content of the material on the adsorption and on the oxidation was also studied.
Formaldehyde as a Protective Agent for Wool
Authors: Barr Florence , Edgar Rachel
Published: July 2007

1. The degradation of a formaldehyde-wool, in one hour at 100° C. by 50 volumes of water, 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 N hydrochloric acid, in 10 hours at 25° C. by 50 volumes of water or 6 N acid, in 10 hours at 40° C. by 50 volumes of water, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30 or 0.40 N sodium hydroxide, and in five minutes at 15° C. by 50 volumes of 38% sodium hydroxide, has been measured by the weight, nitrogen, total sulfur, sulfate sulfur, wet strength and elongation at breaking load of the residual keratin after rinsing.

2. The formaldehyde-wool lost the same weight, four % less nitrogen, and 17% more sulfur than the wool during one hour at 100° C. in 0.75 N acid. In 0.25 N acid the wool lost 88% and the formaldehyde-wool 56% in wet strength ; at 0.5 N these values were 100 and 75. 3. The percentage losses by wool (a) and formaldehyde-wool (b) after 10 hours at 40° C. in 6 N acid were: Weight (a, 5 ; b, 1.4), nitrogen (a, 5; b, 1), total sulfur (a, 0; b, 11), wet strength (a, 75 ; b, 50).

4. Residues of the formaldehyde-wool from 10 hours' treatment in dilute alkali at 40° C. were nearly constant in total nitrogen, greater in weight than those of wool, and of a measurable wet strength at 0.2 N, a concentration four times that beyond which the untreated fabric failed. The non-sulfate sulfur of the residual formaldehyde-wool, a decreasing logarithmic function of the concentration of alkali, y = axB, coincided with that of wool at 0.05 and 0.1 N alkali.

5. The percentage losses of non-sulfate sulfur, weight, and wet strength in concentrated sodium hydroxide were the same for the formaldehyde-treated as for the untreated wool ; the total nitrogen of the formaldehyde-wool was not changed by mercerization.
X-Ray Analysis of Textile Fibres Part V. Relation of Orientation to Tensile Strength of Raw Cotton
Authors: Sisson Wayne A.
Published: July 2007

In a previous paper5 describing an X-ray method for quantitative comparison of crystalline orientation in cellulose fibres, data were presented which suggested a relationship between orientation and the tensile strength of three commercial samples of cotton cord. Through informal co-operation with Dr. C. M. Conrad2, it was possible to further establish this relationship on ten specially selected samples of raw cotton varying widely in tensile strength.3 A brief summary of the results, and a detailed description of the technique employed in obtaining the results are given in the present paper.
Microbiology of Textile Fibres
Authors: Prindle Bryce
Published: July 2007

1. As measured by means of bacterial counts on nutrient agar plates, there was no increase in the number of molds in a single series of samples incubated at relaat relative humidities of 70 to 95% at 25° C.

2. As measured by means of plate counts on Czapek's solution agar, there was a marked increase in the number of molds in a single series of samples incubated at relative humidities of 82 to 95%.

3. Of the many varied types present in the original myco-flora of the samples, only the Penicillia and Aspergilli grew over the range of humidities from 82 to 95% as evidenced by counts on Czapek's solution. agar. A single exception was noted in. the case of the sample incubated at 95% B.H., a large number of Actinomycetes being observed on nutrient agar plates made for counting bacterial flora.
Load-Versus-Compression Characteristics in Gelatins and Allied Sizing Materials
Authors: Saxl Irving J.
Published: July 2007

In view of the importance of taking load-versus-compression characteristics on gelatins and other textile auxiliaries, a precision instrument has been developed with which it is possible to make such tests with an accuracy of four significant figures.

The instrument described permits the quantitative determination of load-versus-compression characteristics during loading as well as unloading, the investigation of the time factor, of elastic hysteresis, and fatigue, phenomena, as well as the jell strength within gelatins, sizes and the like.
The Acetylation of Silk Fibroin by the Action of Ketene. Part II
Authors: Carr Edward
Published: July 2007

1. The study of the behavior of ketene towards silk fibroin has been continued.

2. The rate of absorption of ketene by fibroin increases with rise of temperature, and with increase of the concentration of ketene exposed to the fibre.

3. That ketene combines with the phenolic group of typosine, and the free α-amino groups in fibroin is evidenced by the failure of completely ketenized silk to respond to the characteristic Millon and Ninhydrin tests of protein respectively.

4. More ketene is absorbed by fibroin than can be accounted for by addition only in the known. phenolic and free amino groups. The results of acetyl analyses of fibroin, saturated with ketene, indicate the presence of other unidentified groupings in the protein molecule capable of combining with ketene.

5. The degree of acetylation of degummed silk fibroin reaches a maximum or limiting value of about 7% of acetyl groups.

6. Exhaustive treatment of silk fibroin with ketone gas produces a tan coloration of the fibre.
Problems Which Abrasion and Wear Testing Present
Authors: Ball Herbert J.
Published: July 2007

This is Part II of a paper read by Prof. Ball, who is Chairman of Committee D-13 of the American Society for Testing Materials, at the Papers Session of that Committee held in New York City, Oct. 21, 1937.

Part I was devoted to a description of the mechanical features, and essential information as to the operation of a selected, list of 11 abrasion and wear testing machines. Part I was published in the December, 1937, Bulletin of the A. S. T. M.
Breaking Strength of Dress Fabrics: Relation of Strip to Grab Test Results
Authors: Mereness Harry A.
Published: July 2007

Formulae are given for the strip-grab relations for some usual textile dress fabrics. The formulae were determined from graphs made by plotting several hundred breaking strength tests. Limits of correlation agreements are given.
The Distribution of Wax in Cocoon Silk
Authors: Bergmann Werner
Published: July 2007

The ether soluble fraction of silk, which consists mainly of silk wax, is not evenly distributed in the various strata of the cocoon. In yellow Italian and white Chinese cocoons the wax content decreases steadily from the external to the inside layers. The significance of these observations has been discussed.
Resiliency and Density of Some Upholstery Plant Fibres: Investigations on
Authors: Robinson Brittain B.
Published: July 2007

There is a scarcity printed information in reference to the degree of difference in the resiliency and density of various plant fibres used as filling materials by upholsterers. The filling capacity of such materials is important because if two fibres are equally resilient and have similar characteristics in many other respects an upholsterer would be more interested in the one with a greater filling capacity if the price were the same per pound. In the present study major differences in the resiliency and filling capacity, as studied in a small experimental press, between different fibres were determined. Differences due to grades or in the method used in preparing an individual fibre to loosen it up or the method of shredding leaf fibres were not determined.
Fundamental Properties of Textile Wastes. VIII. The Flotation of Colloidal Suspensions †
Authors: Magoffin J.E. , Clanton B.R.
Published: July 2007

Substances in colloidal suspension can be floated successfully, the floatability being dependent on the electrokinetic propeties of the substances involved. Floating agents must be charged oppositely to the particles to be floated, and must be capable of producing a water repellent coating on these particles.
Specifications of Test Samples Should be Complete and Accurate
Authors: Mereness Harry A.
Published: July 2007

It is urged that in all tests and researches having to do with finished. broad goods, four kinds of information, now frequently omitted, be furnished:

1. Yarn sizes.

2. Weight in ounces per square yard.

3. Breaking strength by both the "grab" and the "raveled strip" methods.

4. Yarn resistance to slippage.
Silk Wax and Certain Physical Properties of Raw Silk
Authors: Bergmann Werner
Published: July 2007

The ether-soluble fraction of a series of samples of raw silk has been determined. It has been expressed in terms of the E. S. No., which designates the number of milligrams of ether-soluble material obtainable from a 10 g. sample of silk. The E. S. Numbers of the silks which have been investigated fall between 30 and 100. The average E. S. No. is 55.

There exists no apparent relation between the E. S. No. and the nature, boil-off, tenacity, elongation, cohesion and resistance to friction of raw silk.

The wetting properties of raw and dewaxed silk have been compared by means of the sinking test. It was found that in general removal of the wax reduces the sinking time from many seconds or even several minutes to a fraction of a second.
Effect of Size and Size Application on the Properties of Continuous . Filament Viscose Rayon
Authors: Yelland William E.
Published: July 2007

The operation of slashing is complex, involving a number of factors. These factors may be grouped roughly into two classes: (1) chemical, (2) physical or mechanical.

The chemical factors are those involving the nature of the sizing material and the softener used in the size mix. They are responsible for the stiffness and the co— hesion of the sized, warp yarns. These propertie,s appear, in the cases studied so far, to be closely related. On the other hand, the mechanical factor.s are concerned with the mechanical abuse to which the yarn is subjected before and during slashing. They are mainly responsible for the residual elongation which the sized yarn possesses. Although the breaking strength of the yarn is usually in— creased by sizing, this increase in strength is not proportional to the amount of size on the yarn.
Properties of Gelatins and Glues and Their Relation to Warp Sizing
Authors: Yelland William E.
Published: July 2007

Previous articles in this series have dealt with some of the properties of starches, both raw and modified. This article is intended to cover briefly properties of glues and gelatins, especially as related to the problem of rayon warp sizing. The confusion in the terminology re— lating to glues and gelatins is discussed. The difficul— ties, economic and otherwise, which may possibly occur when buying size in liquid or semi-liquid form are pointed out.
Technical Evaluation of Textile Finishing Treatments
Authors: Schiwarz E.R.
Published: July 2007

This is the first of a series of research progress reports by Prof. E. R. Schwarz on the "Technical Evaluation of Textile Finishing Treatments" that is being sponsored jointly through a co-operative research agree— ment between Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Color— ists. The A. A. T. C. C. is providing the funds so that M. I. T. can assign some of their personnel and equipment to the study of this problem. Wc note an increasing in— terest in the subject from both textile producers and tex— tile consumers. A general idea of the scope of the work and a more specific approach to the question of stiffness in fabrics is discussed here, together with a bibliograhy covering important work by others in this field.—K. H. BARNARD, Chairman, Sub-committee of A. A. T. C. C. on Permanent Finishes.
The Plasticity of Wool
Authors: le Roux P.L. , Speakman J.B.
Published: July 2007

The variations in plasticity among the fibers of a single staple of wool have been shown to be associated with variations in swelling in water and in 100% formic acid; as a rule, fibers with the lowest plasticity (primary follicles) show the least swelling, and fibers with the highest hest plasticity (secondary follicles) the greatest swelling. In the great majority of cases such differences of plasticity and swelling do not seem to be governed by difference in sulfur content, i.e., in the degree of cross-linking with cystine. They are, however, dependent on the relative proportions of accessible (amorphous) and inaccessible (crystalline) material in the fibers, the proportions of accessible material being deduced from the gain in dry weight of the fibers after exposure to D2O. Fibers showing the highest plasticity and swelling contain the greatest proportion of accessible material, and vice versa. Further, fibers of high plasticity contain more tyrosine than fibers of low plasticity, suggesting that the bulky side chains of tyrosine are one cause of main chain disorder in wool, just as in the case of silk.

The above observations have an important bearing on the assessment of wool quality. Using 20 Cape merino wools, which had been classified as good, ordinary, or common in quality by expert appraisers in South Africa, it has been shown that the good quality wools have the highest plasticity, even when comparison is restricted to groups of fibers of similar thickness. Since the behavior of wool at various stages of processing is de termined to some extent at least by the plasticity of the fibers, and since there is no necessary connection between plasticity and fineness of fiber, it must be concluded that the quality of wool cannot be defined in terms of dimensional characteristics alone. Not until breeding policy is based on knowledge of the substance of fibers as well as of their dimensions can there be any precise and effective link between the producer and user of wool.
Microscopical Observations on Partially Acetylated Cottons and Related Fibers
Authors: Tripp Verne W. , Giuffria Ruth , deGruy Ines V.
Published: July 2007

Effects of acetylation on the morphology and submicroscopic structu e of cotton have been studied by light and electron microscopy. The cross-sectional area of partially acetylated (PA) fibers increases with degree of substitution. The average refractive index of PA cotton decreases with increase in acetyl content, as do the indices measured parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis. Refractive index measurement appears to be a feasible method for estimating the chemical composition of PA cotton. At early stages of esterification, unevenness of reaction along the length of fibers may be demon strated by dyeing and swelling techniques.

Acetylation causes the surface of cotton to become smoother, and obliterates the micro- fibrillate pattern characteristic of scoured fibers. PA cotton fibers swell when embedded in methacrylic esters by polymerization. The swelling causes separation of the lamellae of the secondary wall, and permits electron microscopical observations on the interior elements of the fiber to be made on thin cross sections of the specimen.

Fragments of PA cotton obtained by wet- beating show progressive loss of the fibrillate character of unacetylated cellulose as the acetyl content increases. At high degrees of substitution, the PA cotton fragments resemble the spongy particles obtained from wet- beaten acetate rayon and Arnel.

The results of microscopical examination are considered in terms of fiber structure.
The Influence of Micronaire Fineness and Prior Treatments on the Cyanoethylation of Cotton
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Tallant John D.
Published: July 2007

Fiber fineness, as measured by the Micronaire, and prior treatments have been found to be important factors in determining the rate and extent of cyanoethylation of cotton. Fineness was found to be a good index of the rate of reaction for both raw and pressure- boiled cotton fibers. Prior treatment of yarn by ethanol extraction, pressure boiling with 2% caustic ethanolamine extraction, and mercerization—both slack and at constant length—affected the rate of cyanoethylation and the rot resistance of the product.
Experimental Evaluation of the Lateral-Order Distribution in Cellulose
Authors: Marchessault R.H. , Howsmon J.A.
Published: July 2007

The lack of agreement among various crystallinity and accessibility methods for cellu losic materials is explained in terms of the lateral-order distribution concept. A new definition of the order function is proposed which is more in keeping with recent infrared evidence showing that celluloses differ in distribution of hydrogen bond strengths rather than in actual number of hydrogen bonds.

Some of the physical and chemical methods which can give empirical-order distribu tion information for native and regenerated samples are reviewed critically and some data are compared with results based on conventional crystalline-amorphous delineation.
The Treatment of Wool with Acid Bromate Solutions
Authors: Statham Kenneth W.
Published: July 2007

A study has been made of the reaction of acid bromate solutions with wool. In hydrochloric acid solution, bromate and chloride ions react to give a mixture of bromine and chlorine, the halogens then reacting with the wool to produce unshrinkability. The reaction is activated by the addition of strong reducing agents, and in the majority of cases part of the bromate is reduced to bromide, the bromide then reacting with urf changed bromate to produce bromine. In the case of reactions involving aldehydes such as formaldehyde and glyoxal, a different mechanism is probably involved since addition of moderate amounts of silver salts does not affect the rate of reaction or the degree of unshrinkability produced.
Modified Acid Colloid Process for Controlling Wool Fabric Shrinkage
Authors: Nickerson R.F.
Published: July 2007

The influences of several process variables on the dimensional stabilization of wool fabrics with melamine resin acid colloid were studied in the laboratory. Preparation of acid colloid, different organic acids, curing temperature, and solids deposited were among the variables examined. It was found that low temperature curing with higher resin solids deposits is as effective as high temperature curing with lower solids in controlling wash shrinkage.
Idle Hands and Empty Pockets? Youth Involvement in Extracurricular Activities, Social Capital, and Economic Status
Authors: White Amanda M. , Gager Constance T.
Published: July 2007

Using data from the Survey of Adults and Youth, the authors examine the effect of economic status on youths' involvement in both school- and nonschool-related extracurricular activities. Specifically, they assess the association between four alternative measures of economic status—recipiency of food stamps, Aid to Families with Dependent Children/Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, family income, or financial worries—and youth participation in extracurricular activities. The authors use social capital to frame their analyses. Analyses reveal that youths' participation in both school- and nonschool extracurricular activities are constrained by family economic status net of time spent in paid work, watching television, and doing housework. Furthermore, the authors find that participation in extracurricular activities varies by age, sex, race, residence, and family structure. Last, race and sex interactions surface for school-related activities. Asian girls have higher participation rates than White girls and Asian boys. Implications of these results are discussed.
Television News and Political Advertising
Authors: McClure Robert D. , Patterson Thomas E.
Published: July 2007

This article examines the relationship between voter belief change and exposure to both political commercials and weeknight network news during the 1972 general election presidential campaign. The authors conclude that, while traditional media effects arguments adequately account for the minimal belief change associated with voter exposure to television news, they cannot account for the direct and dramatic belief change consistently and systematically associated with voter exposure to political advertising.
An Information Theory Measure for Television Programming
Authors: Watt James H. , Krull Robert
Published: July 2007

A content-free measure of television program form is developed. This measure is created from a rigorous general theory construction viewpoint. The basic terms of the theoretical measure are created from iconic aspects of programming. These terms are mapped into variables by considering their human information-processing implications. The definitions of the variables are in information theory entropy terms. The variables are used to score 168 television programs, and the results used to factor analyze the variables, creating two independent dimensions called Dynamics and Unfamiliarity. As a validation, the viewing patterns of 149 adolescents on these two dimensions are compared to two other measures of programming content. The information theory dimensions of form are found to detect nonrandom viewing patterns as well or better than either of the other measures of content.
A Cognitive Developmental Study of Children's Attention To Television Commercials
Authors: Wartella Ellen , Ettema James S.
Published: July 2007

From a cognitive developmental theoretical foundation, an experiment was designed to study the role of stimulus complexity in children's attention to TV commercials. One hundred twenty nursery, kindergarten, and second-grade subjects' attention to twelve commercials was observed. The commercials were controlled for content and manipulated for visual and auditory complexity with an information theory measure of entropy level. We predicted and found that the largest difference in attention to high- versus low-complexity commercials is for nursery schoolers, although in one block of commercials the difference in attention to high- and low-complexity commercials is not statistically significant across the three age groups. The nursery schoolers also are less stable in their attention than are the older children. Further analyses examine the attention profiles of the three age groups and the role of the visual and auditory channels in drawing attention.
The Emergence of Source-Message Orientation as a Communication Variable
Authors: Stone Vernon A. , Hoyt James L.
Published: July 2007

In two experiments, persons were classified as source-oriented, intermediate, or message-oriented by a bipolar test Results of both experiments supported the prediction that source likability would increase attitude change more for source-oriented than for message-oriented persons. In Experiment I, the additional prediction that message informativeness would increase attitude change more for message-oriented than for source-oriented persons was supported only when the source was likable, when the source was unlikable, the results were reversed. In Experiment II, source expertness yielded no differences; however, its manipulation apparently was weak. Intermediate-oriented persons tended to respond in source-oriented ways to source variables and in message-oriented ways to message variables, indicating a need to conceptualize source-message orientation as a two-dimensional variable.
A Theory of Electronic Propinquity
Authors: Korzenny Felipe
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes a theoretical approach to mediated communication in organizations. It is argued that the man-machine interface in mediated human communication is better dealt with when a comprehensive theoretical approach is used, than when separate communication devices are tested as they appear in the market, such as video-teleconferencing. Propinquity is considered to be the system's trait which is essential for the continuation of the human communication system in organizations. In a structural-functional analysis, six propositions, 15 derived corollaries, and two-limits propositions are presented. The variables included in the propositions are: (a) perceived propinquity; (b) perceived bandwidth; (c) perceived complexity of the information; (d) perceived degree of mutual directionality of the channel; (e) communication skills; (f) perceived communication rules; (g) perceived number of choices among channels; (h) perceived conflict; and (i) perceived turbulence in the environment. Evidence from past research is used to support the perspective presented.
Understanding Presidential Rhetoric
Authors: Sigelman Lee , Miller Lawrence
Published: July 2007

In order to gain a perspective on the factors which shape presidential rhetoric, this article focuses on Lyndon Johnson's public statements about Vietnam during the final 18 months of his presidency. A model of the dynamics of Vietnam decision-making is formulated, and shifts in the "hawkishness" of presidential statements are seen as products of policy evolution. The content of presidential statements is also hypothesized to reflect the nature of the audience being addressed the importance of the statement, and mass media coverage. Analysis of the data (in the form of paragraphs coded from 77 separate presidential addresses) reveals strong support for policy flow and audience as shapers of presidential rhetoric.
"Levels of Measurement" Problem in Communication Research
Authors: Hewes Dean
Published: July 2007

This paper presents an investigation into an important scaling issue: the problem caused by the use of ordinal data in statistical procedures requiring at least interval-level data. Four elements of this problem are presented. First, a sketch of the various approaches to this problem is presented Second the pragmatic and theoretical consequences of violating interval assumptions are outlined. Third evidence is provided which suggests that violations of interval assumptions are widespread in social science research. Finally, a partial solution and two alternative routes to implementation are discussed
The Concept of Artistic Matrices
Authors: Cawelti John G.
Published: July 2007

This paper explores an alternative way of conceptualizing artistic processes in their social dimension. In particular, it sets out to redefine notions of different kinds of artistic processes such as those commonly dealt with under such rubrics as high and popular culture, mass and elite culture, folklore and fine arts. The paper begins with an extended critique of three generally accepted methods of defining different artistic processes: the concept of levels of taste and excellence; the idea of distinctive genres; and the theory of cultural evolution. In place of these accepted approaches, the paper suggests that we consider the arts as growing out of a variety of different matrices or patterns of process within the larger culture. The main body of the paper sets out to define the concept of artistic matrices and to present several model matrices based on this construct. Artistic matrices are defined as processes involving four major elements: the creator-performer, the medium, the symbolic structures and conventions, and the audience. Matrices differ in the definition of these four elements, in different distances between them, and in the presence or absence of mediating agencies within the matrix. On the basis of these definitions, four model matrices are presented: the communal, the mythical, the professional, and the reflexive. It is argued that these models provide a potentially more refined means of defining different cultural processes than the traditional concepts of folk, popular, mass, and elite cultures.
Communications Revolutions and the Enactment of Culture
Authors: Leed Eric J.
Published: July 2007

This essay examines first the instrumental biases which have been imported into the study of communication and culture by the fixation upon the "media" of communication. It goes on to examine traditional communications revolutions noting the salient difference between these and contemporary transformations of communicative practice. In conclusion, I raise the question of why changes in communication have always stimulated anxieties about the stability of social and psychic norms. To answer this question one must be aware of the symbolic values which the media—oral, literate, and electronic—have acquired. It is by manipulating these values that the history of communication can become a "myth" and an enactment of our contemporary cultural situation.
The Ideal of Conversation in the Study of Mass Media
Authors: Schudson Michael
Published: July 2007

Social scientists who study the mass media share a widely held "ideal of conservation" which assumes that face-to-face interpersonal communication is characterized by continuous feedback between participants, multichannel communication, spontaneous utterance, and egalitarian norms. Compared to this image of what face-to-face conversation is like, communication by mass media seems inferior. It is argued, however, that this "ideal of conversation" does not correspond closely to most actual conversations. It is argued further that the rise of the mass media is itself responsible for the development of an ideal of conversation and is responsible for making ideal conversations more often realized in practice. The contribution of the mass media to face-to-face conversation has been to make conversation, particularly between men and women and between adults and children, more egalitarian and to enlarge the possibility of spontaneous conversation. It is suggested, finally, that research on the mass media will be improved if it appraises the nature of conversation more realistically.
The Cross-Situational Consistency of Communicative Behaviors
Authors: Hewes Dean E. , Haight Larry
Published: July 2007

Personality traits are widely employed as antecedent variables in the explanation of communicative behaviors. This study explored the legitimacy of the use of traits by focusing on the conceptual and empirical justification for one assumption of the trait approach: "cross-situational consistency. " This assumption was not supported for the traits of "reticence" or 'predisposition toward verbal behavior." Evidence also raised questions concerning the general validity of this assumption for other, familiar trait variables. Alternative conceptualizations of the trait/behavior relationship were reviewed and briefly critiqued.
Content Analysis of Televised Communication Events
Authors: Jackson-Beeck Marilyn , Meadow Robert G.
Published: July 2007

Content analysis has been included In political communication research less often than would seem useful. Typically, when It is employed manifest content is measured alone, to the exclusion of other varieties of content. This paper advocates more extended treatment of content data. It develops a fourfold scheme for classifying communication content, both verbal and nonverbal, and it illustrates the utility of the scheme in political communication research. Two dimensions underlie the classification scheme: (1) message consciousness and (2) message ambiguity. Illustrative data-gathering and analyses are based on the first 1960 and 1976 televised presidential debates, and on American National Election Study data. Findings suggest a diversity of political communication research hypotheses to be tested and derived from an expanded perspective on content analysis of communication events. On a more general level, the benefits of content analysis in mass communication research are brought to life.
Rationale, Procedures, and Applications for Decomposition of Explained Variance in Multiple Regression Analyses
Authors: McPhee Robert D. , Seibold David R.
Published: July 2007

Publication of studies utilizing multiple regression (MR) statistical techniques is on the rise in communication journals, but researchers have been remiss in reporting an important aspect of MR results: identification of the unique and non-unique (joint, incremental, or common) influences of independent variables on the dependent variable. This article explicates three methods of decomposing R2 and demonstrates, both by analogy and contrast to ANOVA, the importance of partitioning MR explained variance. Particular attention is paid to the relevance of variance decomposition techniques for explanation, prediction, and control in communication theory as well as the interpretive and the evaluative roles variance decomposition analyses should have in communication research. Finally, the specific steps entailed in performing each partitioning method are reviewed, and worked examples are supplied from the message/attitude/behavior research literature.
A Strategy for the Prediction of Work Release Success
Authors: Brookhart Duane E. , Ruark J.B. , Scoven Douglas E.
Published: July 2007

Twenty-one pre-program characteristics were examined on each of 250 adult male felons who had participated in the Work Release Program of the Virginia Department of Corrections. Of these participants 119 were considered to have successfully completed the program (to expiration of sentence or release on parole), and 131 participants were considered to have been unsuccessful (removed from the program due to violations of regulations, new offenses, or escape). Analysis of the data indicated that successful participants could be significantly distinguished from unsuccessful participants on the basis of a linear predictive strategy utilizing eight of the pre-program characteristics. The data were interpreted as being of substantial value in the determination of an individual's suitability for participation in work release. The implications of the present research toward the development of an improved work release participant selection process were discussed.