bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthropogenic climate change
Authors: Dáttilo Wesley , González-Tokman Daniel
Published: March 2024

The rapid increase in the Earth’s global temperature in the last decades has drawn the attention of people around the world. The impact of human-induced global warming is becoming increasingly evident, emphasizing the urgent need to take effective measures to mitigate its consequences and secure a sustainable future for our planet. This chapter introduces the causes and consequences of anthropogenic climate change and identifies important trends, biases and gaps in the literature. Moreover, the authors make a call to action and research on climate change and point out the need for collective action that encompasses different actors from different sectors of society in order to protect biodiversity and human wellbeing. In short, climate change, resulting from various human activities, poses a pressing global challenge as it leads to changes in the natural dynamics of the planet in different ways (e.g., frequency of cyclones, severity of heat waves, extreme dry periods, severe storms, rising temperatures of ocean water and melting glaciers), causing significant and detrimental changes to Earth's ecosystems and weather patterns, all of which have direct influence on biodiversity and human life.
Healthcare Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Future Directions, and Anticipated Medical Workforce Needs
Authors: Hewson Thomas , Mahalingappa Sridevi Sira , Ramkisson Roshelle , Chaturvedi Santosh Kumar
Published: March 2024

A large proportion of the worldwide mental health burden exists in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This chapter explores health system challenges in LMICs, including workforce difficulties, and how addressing these is vital to lowering health inequalities. The pivotal role of undergraduate medical education in building a workforce equipped for addressing mental morbidity in LMICs is discussed. We explore how recruitment into medical schools and the design and delivery of undergraduate psychiatry curricula may shape the future skillsets and career destinations of doctors. Examples of innovative practice to build the capacity of medical schools and mental health services in LMICs are highlighted, including collaboration between high- and low-income countries and global academic networks. Interventions for supporting medical student wellbeing are additionally explored, which has important implications for workforce retention.
Measuring Wellbeing
Authors: Simons Gemma , Effah Raymond
Published: March 2024

To answer how we should measure medical student wellbeing a methodological systematic review that looks at how we have done this until now was conducted. In the 182 studies included in the systematic review operational definitions of wellbeing were not used and this led to heterogeneity. For example, 31.3% of studies while listing wellbeing as either an aim of measurement, or as an intended outcome in the methods, captured a different concept as an outcome in the results section. The outcomes used to measure wellbeing were either positive concepts (52%), negative concepts (42%), or student-specific neutral concepts (6%). Thirty-seven new, untested, outcome measurement instruments were used and 85, previously developed outcome measurement instruments were used, with the GHQ-12 being used most frequently. With an operational definition of wellbeing and a core outcome set with valid, reliable, and practical measurement instruments, medical student wellbeing research could move away from repeatedly measuring what is wrong, but instead identify and develop the contexts and mechanisms that are right.
Brazil
Authors: Blaas Israel Kanaan , Castaldelli-Maia João Mauricio
Published: March 2024

This chapter shows how medical education can have significant negative effects on medical students’ wellbeing due to excessive workload and high levels of stress, competitiveness, sleep deprivation, and alcohol and drug use. Several studies in Brazil have found equal or higher rates of anxiety, depression, alcohol, and other drug use, and burnout than in other parts of the world. To date, efforts to improve student mental health have largely focused on improving access to mental health providers, reducing stigma and other barriers to mental health treatment, and implementing ancillary wellness programmes and curricular changes that are appropriate to the school’s context and mission.
Denmark
Authors: Kjær Jesper Nørgaard
Published: March 2024

Even though Denmark is a high-income group country and has a welfare state, high levels of psychological distress, and burnout were found among students attending medical school. The main cause of distress was studying and one in four had either paused a whole semester or prolonged their time at medical school by taking fewer classes than required. Alcohol use was problematic for almost one in five males. While at medical school, 16% reported being diagnosed with a mental disorder. The most prevalent were depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and stress-related disorder. Initiatives to improve medical student wellbeing are presented in the chapter.
Egypt
Authors: Okasha Tarek , Shaker Nermin , El-Gabry Dina Aly
Published: March 2024

Egyptian university students face many psychosocial stressors, both academic and non-academic, which significantly contribute to the development of chronic stress symptoms. Egyptian university medical students particularly face major difficulties, including long teaching hours, lack of recreation time, learning difficulty, language-based obstacles with absorbing the curriculum, irregular schedules, high frequency of tests, peer competition, and anxiety related to academic performance, achievement, and fear of failure. Although epidemiological data on the psychological health of undergraduate students in Egyptian universities remains scarce, however, some research regarding mental wellbeing among medical students has been conducted at different universities in different cities across Egypt. In this chapter, mental health and wellbeing, frequency of burnout syndrome, depression, and anxiety among Egyptian medical university students will be discussed.
Morocco
Authors: Chelieh Maha Lemtiri , Abouqal Redouane , Belayachi Jihane
Published: March 2024

The Moroccan healthcare system faces many issues like a shortage of human resources, geographical inequality of healthcare services and lack of medical infrastructures. To overcome those issues, Morocco is undergoing reform on a governmental, infrastructure, and human resources level. This reform includes the curriculum and medical studies. A literature review shows that medical students face many psychological issues and the different forms of psychological stress interact with each other. The bibliometric analysis related to ‘medical studies in Morocco’ shows that mental health is the main topic, which proves that mental health is a concerning theme. Interventions to support the mental health of Moroccan medical students are still few and more interventions both institutional and personal should be established.
Supporting the Wellbeing of Medical Students with Disabilities and Long-Term Health Conditions
Authors: Barham-Brown Hannah S.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Emergence of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Mason Colin
Published: March 2024

How entrepreneurial ecosystems emerge and evolve has received little consideration in the literature. There is also a focus on successful, large city ecosystems. This chapter discusses these gaps by means of a study of a case study of Atlantic Canada—a small, peripheral, economically underdeveloped region that has nevertheless experienced a surge in tech start-ups since the early 2010s, along with a growth in venture capital investment. This can be attributed to the emergence of an entrepreneurial ecosystem that is supporting and resourcing entrepreneurial activity. This chapter provides an analysis of the emergence and evolution of the key elements in the region’s ecosystem. It highlights the key role of exits, ‘blockbuster’ entrepreneurs, universities, large companies, government, pipelines, and leadership.
Unintentional Innovation
Authors: Brail Shauna , Breznitz Shiri
Published: March 2024

Universities play a pivotal role in local economies. They are training grounds for talent and research, while university leaders, faculty, researchers, and students are increasingly expected to engage with public, private, and community partners through a wide range of efforts. One area in which there appears to be significant new demand for engagement with university actors is connected to the field of urban innovation. However, there is a paucity of scholarly research on the role that universities play in urban innovation and the forms that this work takes. This is what we are examining in this chapter. In particular, we aim to explore the connections between urban innovation and universities. Developing a deeper understanding of the intentional and unintentional innovation stemming from university inputs with respect to urban innovation will contribute to existing literature on urban innovation and allow us to understand the ways in which universities can and do contribute to urban innovation.
The Evolution of an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in St. Louis, United States
Authors: Motoyama Yasuyuki
Published: March 2024

While studies of entrepreneurship and local systems—so-called entrepreneurship ecosystems—have grown exponentially in the past decade, most have been cross-sectional, and we still have limited understanding about the evolution of the ecosystem. Building upon the author’s earlier work, this chapter conducts an exploratory analysis of St. Louis, Missouri, over about fifteen years, during which the stakeholders in the region gained confidence as an upcoming entrepreneurial hub with increased venture capital investment and successful exits. The region has also experienced substantial transformation with privatization of support services and major reorientations by non-profit organizations, partially induced by a radical reduction in government funding. As a result, many organizations have pursued niche strategies with sectors and between districts inside the city. Given that the new entrepreneurial community emerged around Caucasian male entrepreneurs, the inclusion of women and minorities has become a pressing regional issue. Overall, the highly complex evolution, with many actors within the ecosystem, suggests that ecosystems do not follow linear patterns of nascence, growth, and maturity, but rather develop in a unique, highly complex way.
The Systematic Structure of Wolff’s German Ethics in Context
Authors: Schwaiger Clemens
Published: March 2024

In the present chapter I investigate the secret of the success of the German Ethics. In contrast to other contemporary compendia, the arrangement of the German Ethics is completely original. Universal practical philosophy, the topic of the book’s first, foundational part, was an influential Wolffian innovation. The subdivision of specialized ethics into duties to oneself, to God, and to others, recalls the triad of duties made popular by Pufendorf, more than anyone else, but is surprising in that it prioritizes duties to self for the first time. Finally, I investigate Wolff’s intense study of an edition of Chinese classics made by François Noël, on the basis of which the (in)famous rectoral address came into being around the same time as the German Ethics. My conclusion is that Confucian moral philosophy served as a kind of catalyst for the formation of Wolff’s intellectualist ethics of perfection.
Religion, Revolt, and Rome in Chariton, Xenophon of Ephesus, and Apuleius
Authors: Cioffi Robert
Published: March 2024

Chapter 1 examines the depictions of Egypt in Chariton’s Chaereas and Callirhoe and Xenophon’s An Ephesian Tale. Chariton’s protagonists never set foot in Egypt, but a sudden Egyptian revolt against the Persian king plays a decisive role in the narrative. The revolt reflects a wider emphasis on Egypt’s resistance to being ruled by outsiders, which Chariton coopts in his narrative of imperial resistance. For Xenophon, Egypt is characterized both as a site of individuals’ resistance to imperial administrators and as a location of religious and cultural influence in the eastern Mediterranean, from a Sicilian fisherman who mummifies his wife to the goddess Isis. These tendencies become even clearer in comparison with the so-called Isis book of Apuleius’ The Golden Ass, where the centrality of Rome represents a stark contrast to Xenophon. Chariton’s and Xenophon’s pictures of Egypt are, thus, united by an emphasis on its cultural and political independence and influence.
The Lives of Others
Authors: Cioffi Robert
Published: March 2024

Chapter 3 focuses on the Boukoloi (“Cowherds”) in Leucippe and Clitophon. These semi-nomadic pastoralists were imagined to be ungovernable bandits who spoke a non-Greek language, practiced human sacrifice, and fomented rebellions in Egypt against Roman imperial governance. This chapter, informed by the work of James C. Scott, seeks to read the Boukoloi against the grain, understanding the features that appear in Achilles Tatius’ description as “culturally primitive” to be adaptive responses to and a means of resisting Roman power. Furthermore, the Boukoloi help to put Achilles Tatius in dialogue with Demotic Egyptian literature. Such a comparison reveals how Greek and Egyptian traditions use their own culturally distinct literary forms to incorporate these recalcitrant rebels into their narratives. Taken together with Chapter 2, the human and animal worlds of the Nile Delta demonstrate how the representation of place in both Greco-Roman and Egyptian accounts is a potent means to express not only the reaches of imperial power but also its limits.
Epilogue
Authors: Cioffi Robert
Published: March 2024

The book concludes with an epilogue that shows how the history of the novels’ readership has shaped our contemporary, scholarly understanding of the ancient genre and how critical attention to some of the oldest questions about the Greek novels can prompt new avenues for their interpretation. On the one hand, the ancient novels’ interests in Egypt and Ethiopia were central to the genre’s earliest Western European readers and interpreters, as they mapped the exploration and colonization of the Americas onto the travels of the ancient novels’ fictional protagonists. On the other, such a comparison shows how the novels’ narratives themselves already resisted the very ideas that they had put in motion.
The Formation of the Lib-Lab Pact, 1976–1977
Authors: Wager Alan
Published: March 2024

The Lib-Lab Pact, a parliamentary agreement forged between a minority Labour government and the Liberal Party, was the first formal cross-party agreement in post-war Britain. It ran from 23 March 1977 to June 1978, and led to the Liberal Party being consulted on the government’s activity as well as having some legislative input, particularly in forcing a free vote on a proportional method of election to the European Parliament. David Steel, the Liberal leader, pinned his hopes of political reform on cross-party co-operation, but the pact struggled to be effective—primarily as Jim Callaghan’s Labour Party was determined that the institutional legacy of co-operation would be limited. Indeed, it became a salutary lesson in the dangers to smaller parties of political co-operation without effective policy concessions—and, in its creation, the pact demonstrated the pathologies in Westminster that make political alliances so difficult.
Public Takeovers
Authors: Recalde Castells Andrés , Winner Martin
Published: March 2024

After initial reflections on the feasibility of including takeover regulation in the project of a European Capital Markets Code, the paper sets out the main features of European regulation as laid down in Directive 2004/25/EC (TOD) and considers strategies for further harmonization. The TOD was designed as a minimum directive, allowing member states to deviate from the standards achieved. This applies in particular to the mandatory bid and the powers of directors to block a takeover bid. In both cases, it is apparent that member states are increasingly deviating from the minimum standards achieved, which leads to a lack of coherence and frustrates the goal of a level playing field in European regulation for the market of corporate control. The paper does not advocate for greater harmonization in these areas nor for the regulation of new issues. The proposals for progress on harmonization are limited to areas where there are good arguments for more ambitious legislation and where there are also realistic chances of achieving these goals. This would be the case for pure securities regulation provisions such as supervision or the disclosure requirements. ESMA can play an important role in aligning national practices by collecting information on divergences, as it has done on shareholder cooperation and acting in concert. However, its limited powers would make it difficult to issue guidelines or recommendations.
Drivers of manufacturing export performance and competitiveness in Tanzania
Authors: Misati Roseline , Ngoka Kethi
Published: March 2024

This study examines the main constraints to manufacturing export competitiveness in Tanzania. Using panel data for the period 1997–2018, the study shows that supply-side factors dominate demand-side factors in explaining manufacturing export competitiveness. Specifically, the results reveal that foreign direct investment and tariffs have a negative and significant effect on export competitiveness in Tanzania, while infrastructure, total investment, labour productivity, and high institutional quality enhance manufactured exports. The study indicates scope for quality upgrading through technology diffusion as well as deeper integration of Tanzania’s nascent global value chains by building on existing competencies and negotiating deep trade agreements to increase market reach. Accordingly, measures to increase investment in infrastructure, strengthen institutional frameworks, and further develop human capital can boost export competitiveness in Tanzania. In addition, export competitiveness can be enhanced through reduction of tariffs and incentives to use cheaper value-adding intermediate inputs.
Faith and Doubt in Epistemology
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan
Published: March 2024

Epistemic anxiety is a felt epistemic dissatisfaction, which tends to make someone feel the need to seek out more evidence before closing a question. As Jennifer Nagel has emphasized, epistemic anxiety often plays beneficial roles in helping us recognize when to think more slowly and deliberately. But like any psychological tendency, it can misfire. When it does, it further contributes to the negative bias in epistemology. This chapter highlights the importance of epistemic faith. This need not contrast with evidence-based thinking; sometimes following the evidence is itself an act of faith. When one is employing a proper epistemic method but feels an understandable anxiety about whether one is doing so, it is sometimes proper—epistemically, as well as morally—to put faith in one’s judgments, despite feelings of epistemic anxiety. Central case studies discussed in this chapter include basic perception, the epistemology of logic, induction, trust in the scientific community, recognizing racism, and standpoint theory.
A Fictionalist Theory of Universals
Authors: Tim Button , Robert Trueman
Published: March 2024

Universals are putative objects like wisdom, morality, redness, etc. Although we believe in properties (which, we argue, are not a kind of object), we do not believe in universals. However, a number of ordinary, natural language constructions seem to commit us to their existence. In this paper, we provide a fictionalist theory of universals, which allows us to speak as if universals existed, whilst denying that any really do.
Against Second-Order Logic
Authors: MacBride Fraser
Published: March 2024

Is second-order logic logic? Famously Quine argued second-order logic wasn't logic but his arguments have been the subject of influential criticisms. In the early sections of this paper, I develop a deeper perspective upon Quine's philosophy of logic by exploring his positive conception of what logic is for and hence what logic is. Seen from this perspective, I argue that many of the criticisms of his case against second-order logic miss their mark. Then, in the later sections, I go beyond Quine to develop a novel case that quantification into polyadic predicate position, understood as requiring quantifiers to range over relations, isn't intelligible.
Against Second-Order Primitivism
Authors: Pickel Bryan
Published: March 2024

In the language of second-order logic, first- and second-order variables are distinguished syntactically and cannot be grammatically substituted. According to a prominent argument for the deployment of these languages, these substitution failures are necessary to block the derivation of paradoxes that result from attempts to generalize over predicate interpretations. I first examine previous approaches which interpret second-order sentences using expressions of natural language and argue that these approaches undermine these syntactic restrictions. I then examine Williamson’s primitivist approach according to which second-order sentences are not offered readings in a previously understood language. I argue that the syntactic restrictions alone do not block the derivation of the paradox, unless they are backed by a principled reason that the language cannot be expanded to allow the grammatical substitution of first- and second- order variables. I argue that there is neither a syntactic nor a semantic principle that prohibits such an expansion.
Introduction
Authors: Owen David
Published: March 2024

This chapter outlines the political and philosophical significance of internal displacement, reconstructs the development of the category of the ‘internally displaced person’ (IDP) as an object of international concern, identifies some of the main philosophical questions raised by internal displacement, and describes the structure of the volume. First, it outlines the development of the international order’s conceptualization and treatment of internal displacement. Then, it draws out some of the main philosophical questions raised by internal displacement through a discussion of the 1998 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. Finally, it describes the structure of the volume and draws connections between the chapters that follow.
Anticipatory and Reactive Displacement
Authors: Draper Jamie
Published: March 2024

This chapter outlines and explores a distinction between two forms of displacement: anticipatory and reactive displacement. The distinction between reactive and anticipatory displacement is helpful in orienting our moral reflection on displacement in three ways. First, it helps us to diagnose the different harms associated with different forms of displacement. Anticipatory and reactive forms of displacement both impinge upon our ability to form and pursue life-plans, but do so in different ways. Second, it helps us to explain why different responses to displacement are warranted. Different sets of rights and duties can be justified in response to the different harms of anticipatory and reactive displacement. And finally, it yields plausible judgements about the moral differences between different cases of displacement. The upshots of this distinction are explored through an examination of the case of gentrification.
When is Climate-Change Related Internal Displacement of International Concern?
Authors: Lister Matthew
Published: March 2024

It is now widely expected that climate change will be serious enough that a very large number of people will be displaced from their homes because of events relating to or resulting from climate change. There is good reason to believe that a very large percentage—probably a significant majority—of displacement related to climate change will be, or could be, internal. This chapter argues that there are likely to be a large number of cases where internal displacement related to climate change is of international concern, and where, therefore, states have significant moral reasons to provide assistance. The author’s claim is that such internal displacement is of international concern when it threatens the basic human rights of those displaced, and when the local or domestic government cannot or will not take the necessary steps to meet the needs and protect the rights of those who are displaced.
Ending Internal Displacement
Authors: Bradley Megan
Published: March 2024

When does internal displacement end? On the face of it, ending internal displacement is an unquestionably laudable goal. In practice, however, efforts to resolve internal displacement are often highly coercive and raise a host of under-examined normative questions pertaining to the rights and obligations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), states, international organizations, and other actors involved in displacement situations. Using the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Framework as a springboard, this chapter offers a normative account of what durable solutions for IDPs entail. I contend that the resolution of internal displacement cannot be reduced to a focus on IDPs’ physical location, occupancy, or territorial rights. Rather, I argue for a rights-based approach centring respect for IDPs’ autonomy and their interest in developing and pursuing their life-plans. The chapter considers some related moral questions pertaining to the exercise of choice in the resolution of displacement, and whether the search for solutions for IDPs may legitimately be limited to the boundaries of their own countries.
Introduction
Authors: Doolan Yuri W.
Published: March 2024

In 1982, when the Amerasian Immigration Act was enacted to extend preferential immigration rights to children of US citizens illegitimately fathered in Asia, it defined the Amerasian as an “alien . . . born in Korea, Vietnam, Laos, [Cambodia], or Thailand after 1950 and before the date of enactment.” This introduction considers the law’s very specific geographic and temporal boundaries to reveal the Amerasian not as an objective descriptor for individuals of mixed Asian and American parentage, but as a deliberate articulation of Cold War geopolitics. Highlighting the Korean War as an origin site for this term and concept, it shows the process through which Americans transformed mixed race Koreans (and subsequent other groups) from bastard children of little significance into Amerasians worthy of rescue.
“Confucius’ Outcasts”
Authors: Doolan Yuri W.
Published: March 2024

By 1961, approximately 2,000 mixed race children remained in South Korea. These individuals were generally older and living with their mothers in camptowns, as the younger, more desirable children had already been sent to the United States for adoption. Seeking more pragmatic solutions, a small minority of international social workers rejected intercountry adoption as the ultimate solution and worked with indigenous agencies to integrate these children into South Korean society. Shortly after this effort got under way, however, relations between local programs and American agencies deteriorated. Labeling South Korean efforts ineffective, US humanitarians remained fixated on adoption and segregated institutional care, rather than integration. They used their professional and economic clout to dismantle indigenous efforts, employing a narrative of enduring South Korean racism to justify their means. Ultimately, the local integrationist movement failed, and the number of children being sent to the United States for adoption would continually rise.
Introduction
Authors: Devienne Elsa
Published: March 2024

The introduction argues that while the Los Angeles shoreline is today one of the most iconic landscapes in the United States, it was not always the case. In the late 1920s, the beaches of Los Angeles were dirty, crowded, and eroded. Pollution from untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and oil extraction was a critical issue. In addition, most of the coastline was private and inaccessible to the public. Beginning in the 1920s, and reaching a peak in the postwar years, reinventing the beach for the modern age became the obsession of a group of LA-based engineers, urban planners, businesspeople, politicians, and city leaders. In the postwar era, as the LA beach lobby implemented its vision of modern, orderly beaches, Hollywood embraced the beach and surfing lifestyle and turned it into an international sensation. As such, the introduction claims that Los Angeles came to embody the ideal modern beach in the twentieth century.
A Beach for the Suburban Age
Authors: Devienne Elsa
Published: March 2024

Chapter 4 explores the postwar beach modernization projects and the movement for the acquisition of public beaches. During World War II, California beaches became endowed with patriotic symbolism. The beach lobby picked up on the rhetoric and used it to raise funds for its program of beach acquisition and modernization. In the immediate aftermath of the conflict, Southern California positioned itself as the national leader for shoreline planning and public access to the coast. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, thanks to lobbying efforts at the state level, large sections of the shoreline were bought for the public, artificially widened, and cleaned up. These vast, empty beaches allowed the planners to proceed with the next step of their plan: adapting the coastline to the postwar suburbanite values of cleanliness, privacy, and respectability. Taking their cues from newly opened Disneyland, they built modern accommodations and family-friendly recreational spaces on the sands, hoping to prevent the white middle-class from “fleeing” the beach just as they had “fled” the city.
Who Has the Right to the Modern Beach?
Authors: Devienne Elsa
Published: March 2024

Chapter 6 explores the ways in which beach modernization and new policing techniques contributed to the construction of the beach, both literally and culturally, as an exclusive space for the white middle-class nuclear family. More specifically, it shows how an alliance of real estate interests and city officials combined planning and policing strategies in order to turn Ocean Park, a section of Santa Monica that was previously a haven for gay, Black, and working-class beachgoers, into a semiprivatized playground for the white middle class. This would also spell the end of world-famous Muscle Beach. Beach modernization had a knock-on effect on beach policing. By the mid-1960s, the increasing visibility of ethnic and racial minorities on the beach, rising crime rates, and fear of gang violence led to a notable increase in the number of lifeguards and officers on the beat.
Asian Students and Families
Authors: Lee Mo Yee , Xin Yitong , Liu Chang , Wang Yao
Published: March 2024

Asian students and their families counter unique challenges in the school setting despite the common stereotype of Asian Americans as the “model minority.” This chapter describes achievements and challenges encountered by Asian students and their families, particularly mental health issues, as suicide is the second biggest cause of death for Asian youth between the ages of 10 and 19. The discussion focuses on evidence-based practices, school–family partnership, and equity and inclusive practices, in addition to highlighting the importance of culturally tailored interventions and parent-centered practices. This chapter also provides evidence-informed school-based practices and recommendations on cultural adaptations.
Angelina Grimké, Appeal to the Christian Women of the South (selections)
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

Grimké’s Appeal is a landmark address in the history of American abolitionism. She calls on fellow southern Christian white women to commit themselves to ending the institution of chattel slavery. Central to that effort, she says, is persuading their fathers, husbands, and brothers that slaveholding is immoral. Christian ethics and the language of gender-based virtues organize her arguments.
Not Regular Blacks
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

The term “multiracials” will designate persons who conceive of themselves as racially mixed—without the presumption that they somehow are, except in the sense that they have mixed continental ancestry. This section argues that multiracialism (pursuit of recognition and affirmation for certain people as mixed race) has lent credence to racialist sensibilities. An odd feature of monoracial classification in America is that most persons counted as black/Negro have substantial European as well as African ancestry. The practice of assigning persons who have visible African ancestry to a monoracial “black” grouping does not and never tried to fully track the substantial components of their continental ancestry. A monoracial scheme emerged because of commitment to a rigid black-white social hierarchy, not because of faulty unrecognition of purported facts, experiences, or psychologies of race.
Geoancestry and Elective Identity
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

No matter the meaning(s) of “race,” Africa-identified descendants of American slavery constitute a national people, neither native nor immigrant. Questions of racial being are irrelevant. The neologism “geoancestry” is a mode of thought giving expression to the continental place(s) a person’s traceable ancestors originated from (in full or part). The modern idea of race became an ideological-rhetorical device of distraction from transatlantic slavery and European colonialism. Discarding race intrigue, the geoancestry concept stands for continental groupings that reflect Western practices of attaching importance to visible continental ancestry. A global Africa-identified grouping tracks visible African ancestry without presumption that its members have only or primarily African ancestry. Under this conception of geoancestral blackness, Black Americans constitute a subgroup of Africa-identified peoples and as such would have a “black” social identity.
Bound by Colored Politics?
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

Black nationalist-minded philosophers believe that Black Americans’ obligation to join in political solidarity follows from the principle that to will an end is to will the necessary means—the end being Black social equality. But some Whites and other non-Blacks also affirm this justice cause (“the Cause”). The argument in this section is that while the practical burdens of politics will fall more heavily on Black Americans, this does not translate into a duty for Blacks as such—a view that is at odds with the nationalist tradition. But this view is aligned with the tradition in affirming that Black Americans have ethically good reasons to support Black politics in unapologetic pursuit of Black social equality. Volunteers, not hostages, are needed. Black political solidarity skeptics are entitled to exercise the freedom to go their own way (without doing positive harm to the group).
François Guizot and Democracy’s “Capable” Aristocracy
Authors: Englert Gianna
Published: March 2024

This chapter provocatively positions François Guizot, the outspoken enemy of universal suffrage, as one of the nineteenth century’s most sophisticated democratic theorists. It analyzes Guizot’s definition of the “new democracy,” a type of equalized society rather than a political regime based in popular sovereignty. It demonstrates how Guizot’s new democracy informed his complex theory for a capable franchise, which was to be regulated by the standard of political capacity rather than by the notion of universal rights. It argues that Guizot’s democratic theory suffused his educational and pedagogical theories as well. As the first study to unite Guizot’s insights about elections to his educational recommendations, this chapter reveals the degree to which liberals wielded the dual weapons of political capacity and their novel democracy to quiet demands for equality and universality, whether they manifested in the world of politics or the sphere of education.
Tocqueville’s Other Democracy
Authors: Englert Gianna
Published: March 2024

This chapter turns to the best-known liberal observer of the democratic age: Alexis de Tocqueville. Yet it showcases an unseen side of Tocqueville. Although Tocqueville is renowned as the foremost theorist of democracy in America, where he depicted democracy as a “social state,” this chapter argues that he was also embroiled in deliberations over the character of political democracy in France. Tocqueville adopted a peculiar position on the French franchise. His initial ambivalence toward political capacity morphed into outright critiques of Guizot’s capacitarian rationale. This chapter argues that, by 1848, Tocqueville began to wage a war on political corruption in France, and he turned to universal suffrage to inject both vitality and morality into a degraded French democracy. This chapter thus provides a novel interpretation of a familiar figure in the liberal canon.
Animal Sacrifice and the Roman Emperor
Authors: Rives J. B.
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the role of animal sacrifice in fashioning the Roman emperor as the chief unifying feature of the empire. Because animal sacrifice allowed for maximum variety and flexibility, it was valuable for creating consensus around the emperor. The emperor could figure as the sacrificant, the one who offered the sacrifice, or the beneficiary, the one on whose behalf it was offered, or the recipient, the one to whom it was offered. Each role provided a different strategy for modeling the relationship between emperor and subjects. In imperial cult, the emperor was either beneficiary or recipient of the sacrifice. Sacrifices on his behalf represented him as a member of the human community but with a unique role in conveying the gods’ blessings. In contrast, offering sacrifices to the emperor located him above the community, as the one who provided the empire’s inhabitants with peace, stability, and prosperity. Images of the emperor as sacrificant on monumental reliefs and coins presented him as a member of a human community, mediating between that community and its gods and thus at the pinnacle of the empire’s sociopolitical hierarchy. These strategies constituted contrasting yet complementary ways of communicating and constructing the emperor’s superior power and status.
Theorizing Animal Sacrifice II
Authors: Rives J. B.
Published: March 2024

This chapter surveys two interrelated discourses of animal sacrifice that treated it as a matter of crucial philosophical importance. The first section examines the idea of a hierarchy of cult offerings correlated with a divine hierarchy of beings, according to which animal sacrifice is directed to beings at the lowest level. Platonic philosophers Porphyry and Iamblichus agreed on this conceptual framework but sharply disagreed on the value of animal sacrifice. Although the notion of a hierarchy of beings goes back to Plato, its correlation with a hierarchy of offerings perhaps originates with Apollonius of Tyana. The second section surveys the early Christian demonological discourse of animal sacrifice, whose basic elements were established in the mid-second century CE by Justin Martyr. Since the sacrificial interpretation of Jesus’s life and death left no room for actual sacrifice, Christian apologists utilized this demonological discourse to justify their rejection of it. These thinkers agreed that the popular understanding of animal sacrifice as a marker of piety was inadequate; only someone with the correct understanding of the cosmos could reveal its true significance. Integral to the production of these discourses were claims to social power on the part of those who shaped them.
The Obligations of Empire
Authors: Rives J. B.
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on imperial directives mandating participation in animal sacrifice. Decius’s decree of 250 CE, requiring all inhabitants to perform animal sacrifice, established it as a marker of self-identification with the empire but also prompted Christian leaders to insist that it was incompatible with Christian allegiance. Although Valerian’s directives of 257 and 258 had the goal of undermining Christian communities, he, too, required Roman subjects to engage in cult practices. In contrast, his son and successor Gallienus extended recognition to Christian associations and severed the connection between animal sacrifice and identification with Rome, adopting a policy of neutrality regarding religious adherence. The cycle was repeated in the early fourth century CE when the “Great Persecution” of Diocletian, Galerius, and Maximinus, with edicts abolishing Christian institutions and enforcing participation in animal sacrifice, was ended by Constantine and Licinius, who gave all people the right to engage in worship of their choice. Underlying these swings between imperial enforcement of animal sacrifice and religious neutrality was a shift in the social function and cultural significance of animal sacrifice, away from its role of structuring sociopolitical hierarchies and building cultural consensus and into a new role as marker of allegiance to the empire.
The Country
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the infrastructure, mountains, water resources, and forests of Nepal. It describes the history of names for Nepal. The basic data for Nepal are collected in the first section on infrastructure. A special focus is on the high peaks of the Himalaya, particularly Mount Everest, and the climbers who conquered them. This chapter also describes the impact of recurring earthquakes as well as the significance of water and forests. Water is one of the major resources of Nepal, which define the relations to India and China. Both water and forests have strong religious implications such as the sacredness of rivers or special trees.
The Religions
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: March 2024

This chapter deals with the very special forms of Buddhism and Hinduism in Nepal. With regard to Buddhism, topics such as the debated birthplace of the Buddha in Nepal, early forms of Buddhism in the Licchavi Period, the Tantric Vajrayana Buddhism, Buddhist life in many Newar monasteries in the Kathmandu Valley (a Buddhism without monks as it is often called), and Tibetan Buddhism among ethnic groups living in the high mountain regions are analyzed. Regarding Hinduism, a focus is on tutelary or protective deities of the kings, especially the relevance of Paśupati Temple as well as the cult of the goddesses and their rituals, processions, and festivals are highlighted. In conclusion, the question is discussed whether this strong religious diversity and its syncretism, which also include folk and shamanistic forms, are based on religious tolerance or ignorance.
Peter van Inwagen on the Consequence Argument
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer talk with Peter van Inwagen about the Consequence Argument for incompatibilism about free will and determinism. Next, they discuss the Mind Argument (for incompatibilism about free will and indeterminism) and the Replay Argument. Finally, van Inwagen explains what he takes to be the problem of free will, which can be expressed in a tetralemma: (1) The Consequence Argument shows that free will is incompatible with determinism. (2) The Mind Argument shows that free will is incompatible with indeterminism. (3) If there’s no free will, then nothing is anybody’s fault. (4) It is not the case that nothing is anybody’s fault. All four are plausible. But one of them must be false because they are incompatible. Thus, the problem of free will is figuring out which one has to go.
Michael McKenna on Source Compatibilism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer speak with Michael McKenna about source compatibilism, a compatibilist view according to which freedom and responsibility are compatible with determinism and according to which the ability to do otherwise is not essential to free and responsible agency. They go on to discuss two popular versions of source compatibilism—mesh theories and reasons-responsiveness theories—and some challenges for each. They conclude by discussing McKenna’s responses to some challenges to source compatibilism, focusing on the Manipulation Argument and McKenna’s hard-line reply to that argument, which is introduced in Chapter 8: Derk Pereboom on the Manipulation Argument.
The call to “decarbonize”
Authors: Moore Andrew
Published: March 2024

What is “decarbonization,” and how feasible and environmentally sensible is it in a variety of sectors? Decarbonization is yet another in a series of developments that increasingly distinguish human civilization from the “natural” world. The separation between human economies of energy and material and natural cycles is not only increasing in terms of quantity, but also in terms of quality: the materials that we are using in increasing amounts. “Unrecyclable” waste is increasingly becoming necessary fuel. The “hard-to-abate” areas of iron/steel manufacture, cement production, aviation and shipping pose hitherto insurmountable challenges for the replacement of hydrocarbon fuels: synthetic fuels are the immediate alternatives. Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture at source (and recycling in fuels and materials) must expand rapidly. Sinking CO2 semi-permanently is also a type of decarbonization, but it is very energetically costly and is advancing far too slowly.
Displaying Cultural Humility with Black Students
Authors: Duncan April D.
Published: March 2024

School social workers are ethically bound by the National Association of Social Workers code of ethics to champion the social justice rights of marginalized populations. This chapter challenges school social workers to acknowledge how individual and systemic biases contribute to racial trauma in Black students. It also discusses the current state of mental health in Black youth, including the double layer of trauma from the COVID-19 pandemic and the racial justice movement following the murders of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor. Implicit bias in school discipline, mental health care accessibility and treatment, and the playroom are also explored as contributing factors to racial trauma in Black students. The chapter also explains the importance of fostering cultural humility and inclusivity when working with Black students, along with play-based interventions to introduce dialogue on race in the playroom with Black students of all ages.
Play Therapy to Encourage Social-Emotional Expression in Black Boys
Authors: Duncan April D.
Published: March 2024

Black boys experience racial stressors that are related to stereotypes, bias, and socialization practices in the Black community and these contribute to racial trauma. This chapter discusses the current state of mental health in Black boys, along with the alarming rising rates of suicide. Socialization practices such as racial socialization messages and toxic masculinity are explored as racial stressors. It also delves into the stereotypes of Black boys and how they are correlated with racial disparities in school discipline and the juvenile justice system. The chapter explores the negative impact of community violence and adverse police contact among Black boys, along with maladaptive coping skills that are typically used a coping mechanism. It provides suggestions on ways to engage Black boys in play therapy along with music- and art-based interventions to use in individual and group play therapy to encourage social-emotional expression.