bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Uncertainties in Atomic Data into the Analysis of Solar and Stellar Observations: A Case Study in Fe xiii
Authors: Yu Xixi , Zanna Giulio Del , Stenning David C. , Cisewski-Kehe Jessi , Kashyap Vinay L. , Stein Nathan , van Dyk David A. , Warren Harry P. , Weber Mark A.
Published: October 2018

Information about the physical properties of astrophysical objects cannot be measured directly but is inferred by interpreting spectroscopic observations in the context of atomic physics calculations. Ratios of emission lines, for example, can be used to infer the electron density of the emitting plasma. Similarly, the relative intensities of emission lines formed over a wide range of temperatures yield information on the temperature structure. A critical component of this analysis is understanding how uncertainties in the underlying atomic physics propagate to the uncertainties in the inferred plasma parameters. At present, however, atomic physics databases do not include uncertainties on the atomic parameters and there is no established methodology for using them even if they did. In this paper we develop simple models for uncertainties in the collision strengths and decay rates for Fe xiii and apply them to the interpretation of density-sensitive lines observed with the EUV (extreme ultraviolet) Imagining spectrometer (EIS) on Hinode. We incorporate these uncertainties in a Bayesian framework. We consider both a pragmatic Bayesian method where the atomic physics information is unaffected by the observed data, and a fully Bayesian method where the data can be used to probe the physics. The former generally increases the uncertainty in the inferred density by about a factor of 5 compared with models that incorporate only statistical uncertainties. The latter reduces the uncertainties on the inferred densities, but identifies areas of possible systematic problems with either the atomic physics or the observed intensities.
Toward the Measurement of the Mass of Isolated Neutron Stars: Prediction of Future Astrometric Microlensing Events by Pulsars
Authors: Ofek Eran O.
Published: October 2018

The mass of single neutron stars (NSs) can be measured using astrometric microlensing events. In such events, the center-of-light motion of a star lensed by an NS will deviate from the expected nonlensed motion and this deviation can be used to measure the mass of the NS. I search for future conjunctions between pulsars, with measured proper motion, and stars in the GAIA-DR2 catalog. I identify two candidate events of stars involving lensing by a foreground pulsar in which the estimated light deflection of the background star will deviate from the nonlensed motion by more than 10 μas. PSR J185635−375435 passed ≅4.″1 from a 19.4 G magnitude star on J2014.9 with an estimated deflection of 13 μas, while PSR J084606−353340 may pass ∼0.″2 from a 19.0 G magnitude star on J2022.9 with an estimated deflection of 91 μas. However, the proper motion of the second event is highly uncertain. Therefore, additional observations are required in order to verify this event. I briefly discuss the opposite case, in which a pulsar is being lensed by a star. Such events can be used to measure the stellar mass via pulsar timing measurements. I do not find good candidates for such events with predicted variations in the pulsar period derivative (

), divided by 1 s, exceeding 10−20 s−1. Since only about 10% of the known pulsars have measured proper motions, there is potential for an increase in the number of predicted pulsar lensing events.
Constraining the Limiting Brightness Temperature and Doppler Factors for the Largest Sample of Radio-bright Blazars
Authors: Liodakis Ioannis , Hovatta Talvikki , Huppenkothen Daniela , Kiehlmann Sebastian , Max-Moerbeck Walter , Readhead Anthony C. S.
Published: October 2018

Relativistic effects dominate the emission of blazar jets, complicating our understanding of their intrinsic properties. Although many methods have been proposed to account for them, the variability Doppler factor method has been shown to describe the blazar populations best. We use a Bayesian hierarchical code called Magnetron to model the light curves of 1029 sources observed by the Owens Valley Radio Observatory’s 40 m telescope as a series of flares with an exponential rise and decay, and estimate their variability brightness temperature. Our analysis allows us to place the most stringent constraints on the equipartition brightness temperature, i.e., the maximum achieved intrinsic brightness temperature in beamed sources, which we found to be

. Using our findings, we estimated the variability Doppler factor for the largest sample of blazars, increasing the number of available estimates in the literature by almost an order of magnitude. Our results clearly show that γ-ray loud sources have faster and higher amplitude flares than γ-ray quiet sources. As a consequence, they show higher variability brightness temperatures and thus are more relativistically beamed, with all of the above suggesting a strong connection between the radio flaring properties of the jet and γ-ray emission.
Monte Carlo Population Synthesis on Massive Star Binaries: Astrophysical Implications for Gravitational-wave Sources
Authors: Ablimit Iminhaji , Maeda Keiichi
Published: October 2018

There are important but unresolved processes in the standard formation scenarios of double compact star binaries (DCBs; black hole–black hole (BH–BH), BH–neutron star (BH–NS), NS–NS systems), such as mass transfer and the common envelope (CE) phase. We analyze the effects of different assumptions on key physical processes and binary initial conditions on massive star binary evolution with binary population synthesis (BPS), including a survey of proposed prescriptions for the mass transfer (q
cr) and the binding energy parameter (λ) in the CE phase. We find that q
cr clearly affects the properties of NS–NS systems while λ has an influence on the mass distributions of BH–BH systems. The merger rates of DCBs are increased by efficient CE ejection, which in our prescription is related to the binding energy parameter, including all the possible budgets to the energy content. It has been suggested that the difference in the properties of GW150914 and GW151226 may reflect different metallicity. We reproduce their properties with our BPS calculations and find that the property of BH–BH systems at low metallicity is sensitive to λ; the efficient CE ejection leads to a top-heavy mass distribution both for the primary and secondary BHs, which is favored to explain the nature of GW150914. The efficient CE ejection also leads to enhancement of both the BH–BH and NS–NS merger rates to the level consistent with the observational constraints from the detected gravitational-wave sources, including GW170817.
Compact Multi-planet Systems are more Common around Metal-poor Hosts
Authors: Brewer John M. , Wang Songhu , Fischer Debra A. , Foreman-Mackey Daniel
Published: October 2018

In systems with detected planets, hot Jupiters and compact systems of multiple planets are nearly mutually exclusive. We compare the relative occurrence of these two architectures as a fraction of detected planetary systems to determine the role that metallicity plays in planet formation. We show that compact multi-planet systems occur more frequently around stars of increasingly lower metallicities using spectroscopically derived abundances for more than 700 planet hosts. At higher metallicities, compact multi-planet systems comprise a nearly constant fraction of the planet hosts despite the steep rise in the fraction of hosts containing hot and cool Jupiters. Since metal-poor stars have been underrepresented in planet searches, this implies that the occurrence rate of compact multis is higher than previously reported. Due to observational limits, radial velocity planet searches have focused mainly on high-metallicity stars, where they have a higher chance of finding giant planets. New extreme-precision radial velocity instruments coming online that can detect these compact multi-planet systems can target lower-metallicity stars to find them.
Rhétorique de la composition
Authors: Noille Christine
Published: October 2018

La rhétorique n’est pas qu’un art d’écrire. Dans son principe comme dans son histoire, elle se double d’un art de lire (d’un art de l’analyse) qui envisage la syntaxe discursive du point de vue de sa disposition et expérimente dans le déploiement syntagmatique d’un énoncé les formes possibles de sa composition. C’est à ce titre que la rhétorique a pu prendre en charge une réflexion sur la morphologie narrative, en appréhendant la forme du récit du point de vue lectorial, comme processus formel de construction séquentielle. Le « moment » 1910-1920 voit précisément se développer une telle attention à la morphologie du roman en Allemagne, avec des rhétoriciens comme Schissel ou Dibelius. Certains des formalistes russes des années 1920 y feront explicitement référence. C’est l’histoire de cette rencontre entre rhétorique de la composition et poétique du roman que nous voudrions ici interroger.
Formalisme et poétique
Authors: Depretto Catherine
Published: October 2018

Boris Tomaševskij (1890-1957) fait partie des formalistes célèbres dont le livre Théorie de la littérature. Poétique (1925) passe pour un texte canonique. Or il est relativement peu étudié aujourd’hui, en Russie comme à l’étranger. Il a été cependant l’un des participants les plus actifs du formalisme et l’un de ses plus constants défenseurs. Cet article tient à rappeler son apport original à l’étude du vers et à montrer combien son évolution est solidaire de celle de l’Opojaz. Son exemple permet également de revoir la question du clivage entre formalismes pétersbourgeois et moscovite. Tomaševskij a marqué l’histoire du Cercle linguistique de Moscou et est proche, par ses travaux de métrique quantitative, d’un formaliste originaire de Moscou, Boris Jarxo (1889-1942), qui appliquait semblables méthodes à l’étude du théâtre occidental classique (Corneille). Si Tomaševskij n’a pas laissé d’œuvre théorique systématisant ses recherches, ses textes contiennent néanmoins des formules audacieuses qui attendent encore un commentaire.
La notion de faktura dans les arts visuels en Russie, années 1910-1920
Authors: Podzemskaia Nadia
Published: October 2018

La mise en évidence de la faktura par David Burljuk et Waldemar Matvejs (1912-1914), puis par Tatlin, Punin et Šklovskij, permettait d’extraire la matérialité de l’œuvre pour en faire une valeur en soi, qui devenait la notion par excellence de l’art actuel. Dans les années 1920, la réflexion théorique qui accompagnait la pratique constructiviste et productiviste optait pour une orientation « technique » et était basée sur une vulgate assez primitive du matérialisme. En revanche, de véritables recherches terminologiques furent conduites dans le contexte de l’INXUK et de la RAXN / GAXN, où la conception avant-gardiste de la faktura , fondée sur une confusion entre l’espace de l’œuvre et l’espace réel, était reprise de manière critique par le sculpteur Vladimir Domogackij et par les théoriciens Dmitrij Nedovič et Aleksandr Gabričevskij. Ces derniers portaient leur attention sur la faktura en tant qu’empreinte de la subjectivité du créateur, faisant de cette notion une sorte d’«  Urform  » de l’ aura de Walter Benjamin. Ainsi le débat sur la faktura menait-il à celui sur l’essence de l’œuvre d’art en tant que telle.
Un formalisme germano-russe : le cas de Viktor Žirmunskij (1891-1971)
Authors: Espagne Michel
Published: October 2018

Le formalisme russe n’est pas coupé de courants européens ni en particulier d’une pensée formaliste allemande, qui arrive notamment en Russie par l’intermédiaire du formaliste Viktor Žirmunskij. L’article évoque la traversée par Žirmunskij des sciences humaines allemandes lors de ses divers séjours dans le pays. Aleksandr Veselovskij, fondateur du comparatisme russe auquel se réfère volontiers Žirmunskij, avait déjà montré le chemin. Le cours prononcé par Žirmunskij dans les années 1940 et 1950 se divise en quatre grandes parties : une propédeutique littéraire (de la textologie à la biographie de l’écrivain), une théorie de la littérature, la poétique (art du mot, métrique, stylistique) et finalement le processus historico-littéraire. Le cœur du propos réside dans les parties consacrées à la poétique ; c’est là qu’apparaît sa dépendance à l’égard de la poétique historique. Il existe selon lui une continuité entre l’analyse du folklore et celle de la littérature, en particulier celle des épopées et des littératures médiévales.
L’évolution littéraire selon Tynjanov et Jakobson au tournant des années 1920-1930
Authors: Kubícek Tomáš , Valtat Nelly , Vallance Laurent
Published: October 2018

Cet article analyse les deux conceptions de l’évolution littéraire qui ont émergé des rencontres ayant suivi la conférence donnée en décembre 1928 par Tynjanov devant le Cercle linguistique de Prague. Tynjanov est alors engagé dans une reformulation de la méthode formelle. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il commence à employer la notion de fonction , son attention passant ainsi de l’ expression au sens . La fonction, dans l’usage qu’il en fait, est une notion logique. Il rejette l’autre sens du terme, celui d’une relation de but ou de visée intentionnellement réalisée par un élément du système. L’intention est, en effet, pour les formalistes russes, un concept qui réintroduit dangereusement la conscience subjective. L’école de Prague cherche, elle, à reformuler l’étude de l’histoire littéraire en prenant en compte la nature esthétique de l’œuvre littéraire. La fonction (qui affecte la compréhension d’une œuvre comme un type spécifique de communication) ainsi que la conception d’ensemble de l’histoire littéraire doivent être toutes deux redéfinies.
From the Formalist to the Semiotic Theory of Literature
Authors: Kroó Katalin
Published: October 2018

Cet article examine les origines de la sémiotique littéraire dans la théorie formaliste russe, se fondant sur deux cadres scientifiques majeurs pour définir la sémiotique de la littérature : son statut disciplinaire en lien avec la sémiotique culturelle, et le problème de la traduction et de la médiation sémiotiques. Ce travail porte notamment sur « Problèmes des études littéraires et linguistiques » de Jakobson et Tynjanov (1928), sur « De l’évolution littéraire » de Tynjanov (1927) et sur « Qu’est-ce que la poésie ? » de Jakobson (1933-1934). Il met en lumière deux conceptions de la sémiotique de la littérature, dont on peut faire remonter l’origine au formalisme russe : les sémiotiques littéraires et culturelles externe et interne. Ces deux approches complémentaires de sémiotique culturelle du discours littéraire sont formulées dans les termes de la médiation, des modèles de processus d’évolution historique et des structures intersémiotiques. Dans le cadre de ces deux méta-systèmes de sémiotique culturelle, les approches de la pragmatique sémiotique de Peirce et de la pragmatique sémiotique structuraliste forment un ensemble harmonieux.
Science et science infirmière : quels liens, quels enjeux et quelle évolution future pour la discipline infirmière ?
Authors: Missi Philomène Marie , Dallaire Clémence , Giguère Jean-François
Published: October 2018

Cet article examine les expressions science, discipline et savoir dans la perspective de l’utilisation et de l’avancement du savoir de la discipline infirmière. Il aborde la notion du savoir organisé comme fondement d’une science ainsi que l’usage de méthodes scientifiques comme impératif dans toute discipline qui vise à contribuer au monde des idées en s’appuyant sur la rationalité. L’article vise à retracer le lien existant entre la science et la science infirmière et à clarifier des enjeux scientifiques pour les soins infirmiers. Il vise également à amorcer une réflexion sur la compréhension du concept de diversité et sur la contribution effective de la formation doctorale en soins infirmiers à l’évolution future de cette discipline.
Pratique en milieu de psychiatrie légale : proposition d’un modèle interdisciplinaire
Authors: Holmes Dave , Perron Amélie , Jacob Jean Daniel , Paradis-Gagné Étienne , Gratton Sara-Michelle
Published: October 2018

Bien que la pratique en milieux psycho-légaux soit, à notre avis, extrêmement complexe, et qu’elle nécessite l’apport de différentes disciplines, les modèles conceptuels ou théoriques associés à cette pratique professionnelle demeurent rares ou mal adaptés. La proposition d’un modèle de pratique interdisciplinaire faisant l’objet de cet article constitue une tentative visant à corriger cette lacune. Les objectifs de cet article sont : de faire état des écrits scientifiques sur le sujet, de rapporter le plus fidèlement possible notre démarche de consultation générale auprès d’employés exerçant dans une institution psycho-légale et, enfin, de proposer un modèle de pratique interdisciplinaire résultant de cette consultation générale au sein de l’organisation.
Initiation à la culture de recherche auprès des étudiants en soins infirmiers en formation initiale : état des lieux dans les ifsi lorrains
Authors: Szyba Conchita , Didry Pascale , Kaltenbach Anne , Phulpin Stephanie , Schuster Pierre , Zieleniewicz Marie Laure
Published: October 2018

Depuis 2009, le référentiel de formation des infirmiers positionne la recherche grâce à trois unités d’enseignement d’initiation à la recherche. Ainsi la recherche ouvre le début d’une nouvelle ère pour les infirmiers en France. Le développement et la pérennisation de la recherche va permettre l’émergence marquée d’une discipline en sciences infirmières. Des formateurs lorrains ont mené un état des lieux pour identifier les moyens mis en place dans leurs instituts de formation en soins infirmiers (IFSI) favorisant l’émergence d’une culture de recherche dès le début de la formation, par l’incitation à la lecture et à l’écriture. Une méthodologie mixte a été utilisée et l’enquête a été réalisée par un questionnaire auprès de 180 formateurs de 17 IFSI. Les résultats montrent une grande disparité des moyens des établissements, mais aussi des moyens pour inciter les étudiants à lire ou écrire des articles professionnels ou scientifiques. L’hétérogénéité des résultats semble due à l’éloignement géographique des IFSI des centres universitaires. Les travaux d’écriture des étudiants sont essentiellement les écrits professionnels prescrits du référentiel. Des axes pédagogiques ancrant la discipline au sein des IFSI et des axes méthodologiques concernant la lecture, l’écriture, et sa diffusion sont donc à encourager.
Complémentarité des rôles clinico-administratifs infirmiers en contexte hospitalier : une étude de cas
Authors: Bérubé Andrée-Anne , Roch Geneviève , Dallaire Clémence
Published: October 2018

Introduction et contexte : les rôles de l’infirmière-chef (IC) et de l’assistante infirmière-chef (AIC) d’une unité de soins en contexte hospitalier se veulent complémentaires, mais demeurent ambigus. L’étude de la complémentarité de ces rôles constitue une façon unique de les aborder. But : expliquer dans quelles circonstances s’exprime la complémentarité des rôles assumés par les IC et les AIC en contexte hospitalier. Méthode : étude de cas unique avec intégration complémentaire des données issues de 15 entretiens auprès d’IC et d’AIC et de sources documentaires (n = 80). Résultats : il ressort 15 composantes de rôle indépendantes ou interdépendantes avec potentiel de complémentarité. Cette complémentarité s’explique par trois avenues : 1) vision parcellaire de l’AIC à une vision d’ensemble de l’IC ; 2) communication bidirectionnelle ; 3) objectifs communs requérant la mobilisation d’équipe. Discussion et conclusion : l’étude de la complémentarité se veut novatrice et permet de comprendre à la fois le travail de l’IC et celui de l’AIC de même que la façon dont elles se complètent et que le travail de l’une augmente la valeur de celui de l’autre et vice versa, ce qui influence positivement la qualité des soins.
Adhésion au suivi après chirurgie bariatrique : identification des facteurs de non observance dans une cohorte de 207 patients obèses sévères opérés. Évaluation de l’adhésion du patient obèse sévère au suivi post chirurgie bariatrique
Authors: Vignot Marina , Oppert Jean-Michel , Basdevant Arnaud , Clément Karine
Published: October 2018

La chirurgie bariatrique est de plus en plus fréquemment proposée aux patients atteints d’obésité. Son succès dépend en partie de la qualité d’un suivi à long terme après l’intervention. Une étude descriptive rétrospective a été conduite afin d’identifier les facteurs influençant l’observance du patient à son agenda de suivi postopératoire dans une cohorte de 207 patients opérés en 2007 et 2008 et suivis dans un service de nutrition au sein d’un centre intégré de l’obésité. Les facteurs significativement associés à une moindre observance sont : le type de chirurgie et le lieu de résidence. Ces résultats permettent de discuter les pistes d’amélioration des pratiques et de positionner la place de la coordination des soins dans l’optimisation du suivi.
Proposition d’une méthode collaborative pour appréhender les pratiques et routines de capacité d’absorption de connaissances
Authors: De Benedittis Julien , Movahedian Fatemeh , Farastier Armelle , Front Agnès , Dominguez-Péry Carine
Published: October 2018

La capacité d’absorption (ACAP) d’une organisation est considérée comme une capacité dynamique fondée sur des routines et des pratiques. Si les débats académiques soulignent l’importance de les étudier avec finesse, les méthodologies proposées aujourd’hui en Systèmes d’Information, et plus largement en Sciences de Gestion, ne sont pas satisfaisantes. Nous proposons de comparer les différentes méthodologies qui peuvent être mobilisées pour appréhender plus finement les routines et les pratiques d’ACAP. Sur la base des limites identifiées de ces méthodes, nous proposons l’approche collaborative ISEACAP ( I dentification S imulation Évaluation et A ssimilation pour les pratiques d’ ACAP ). Cette méthode s’inscrit dans les approches «  practice-based  » et s’appuie plus spécifiquement sur la co-production de savoirs en interaction directe avec les praticiens. ISEACAP favorise la description en finesse des pratiques d’ACAP à travers une méthode ludique et participative. L’article propose ainsi une nouvelle méthode de recherche collaborative qui permet conjointement, aux praticiens de s’engager activement dans une démarche réflexive de leurs pratiques, et aux chercheurs de mieux appréhender les mécanismes constitutifs de l’ACAP. Au-delà de l’absorption de connaissances, la méthode proposée ouvre des perspectives pour l’étude des pratiques et routines organisationnelles mobilisées (de manière consciente ou non) par les acteurs pour la création et le développement de toute capacité dynamique.
Des constructions de aller et de venir grammaticalisés en auxiliaires
Authors: Bres Jacques , Labeau Emmanuelle
Published: October 2018

Partant de la description sémantique de aller et de venir en tant que verbes de déplacement, l’article rend compte du processus général de grammaticalisation qui les auxiliarise. Il fournit ensuite un panorama des constructions dans lesquelles ces deux formes sont impliquées en tant qu’auxiliaires en français : dans un premier temps, les constructions aspectuo-temporelles d’ imminence-ultériorité et d’ antériorité proximales , illustrative , narrative , progressive , passive et d’ enchaînement temporel  ; dans un second temps, les constructions modales de l’ allure extraordinaire , de l’ extrême et de la mitigation du dire .
From Movement to Grammar: Spanish Verbal Periphrases Derived from Verbs of Movement
Authors: Garachana Mar
Published: October 2018

Cet article traite de périphrases verbales espagnoles issues de constructions grammaticales dans lesquelles un verbe de mouvement est associé à un autre verbe. L’objectif principal est d’analyser les valeurs des structures périphrastiques les plus fréquentes en espagnol. Ces expressions développent, à partir des sens spatiaux, des valeurs temporelles et aspectuelles, ainsi que des sens modaux qui sont souvent liés à l’expression de l’extraordinaire.
Discrimination Against People With HIV and AIDS in the Workplace
Authors: Nwanna Chinwe Rosabelle
Published: October 2018

The main thrust of the chapter was to explore the discrimination experienced by people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIV) in the workplace in Lagos State. A purposive sample of 80 PLHIV was selected from two local government areas (LGAs) of Lagos state: Epe, a rural setting, and Lagos Mainland, an urban one. Secondary data were obtained from internet sources while primary data were collected through structured interviews September 2005–April 2006. Data were analyzed using SPSS versions 11 and 13. Data between and within the rural and urban areas were also analyzed comparatively. The results indicate that PLHIV experienced instant dismissal from offices, mandatory HIV tests, alienation, denial of promotion, and exclusion from insurance schemes. This indicates that PLHIV's rights were violated. The study recommends intensive HIV education and enforcement of national HIV policy and international legal instruments in the workplace to protect PLHIV's rights.
The Nexus of Tamed Bureaucracy and Better Health Outcomes for Consumers in Nigeria's Health Institutions
Authors: Badru Fatai A.
Published: October 2018

Health institution is a typology of formal organization that is designed manifestly to ensure the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of the sick and the wounded. There are three levels of health institutions in Nigeria: the primary, secondary, and the tertiary/specialist care organizations. Their clienteles range from the infants, very young, adolescents, middle-aged, and the very old afflicted with acute or chronic health conditions, contagious or non-communicable disorders. A number of healthcare workers are involved in the process of patients/clients' care and treatment. The process and the divergent human resources in the healthcare industry tend to throw up “red-tapism” and complex bottlenecks resulting from specialization, hierarchy of authority, and chains of command of bureaucracy. The chapter relying on guided participant observation, desk research, and key informants interrogated this phenomenon. The chapter concludes that if bureaucracy is tamed, there is bound to be better health outcome for health consumers in health institutions in Nigeria.
Community Participation in the National Development Plan Through Primary Health Care
Authors: Mampane Johannes Ntshilagane
Published: October 2018

The chapter explores and describes community participation in the National Development Plan through Primary Health Care by using case studies of LGBT organizations in South Africa. Post-Apartheid and democratic South Africa has endorsed community participation as one of the fundamental pillars of the public Primary Health Care approach in its governance structures. This chapter focuses on the current major health issue in South Africa, the HIV epidemic, which is one of the leading causes of death in the country. Particular attention is paid to members of the LGBT community because of their discrimination in public healthcare facilities on grounds of their sexual orientation. The chapter relies on secondary sources of data collection from extant literature, textbooks, journal articles, and internet sources. Challenges to address LGBT community discrimination in HIV testing, prevention, treatment, care, and support were identified and solutions to uphold their human rights were proffered. These solutions are based on the principles of social justice, inclusion, diversity, and equality.
Social Organizations in Health
Authors: Filho Paulo Oliveira Vasconcelos
Published: October 2018

The government's direct administration of public health facilities has proved to be bureaucratic and of low quality. Therefore, governments are trying new management models for some healthcare facilities using public-private partnerships (PPP). One kind of PPP is deployment of social organizations. Social organizations are nongovernmental nonprofit organizations created in Brazil, in the 1990s, engaged in such activities as teaching, research, technological development, or protection and conservation of the environment. Nonprofits enter PPPs created specifically for the purpose of running health facilities, and the state department of health monitors and evaluates contracts with them. This chapter's objective is to analyze the implementation process of the social organizations management program, focusing on the role played by factors such as administrative and financial autonomy, direction, innovative management practices, and gains in efficiency of the health facility. The chapter discusses differences between direct government management and administration by social organizations.
Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Maternal Health in Nigeria
Authors: Eshiet Idongesit
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses the feasibility of Nigeria achieving Target 3.1 of Sustainable Development Goal 3, which aims at reducing maternal deaths to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Maternal deaths occur due to lack of access to maternal healthcare, which encompasses the healthcare dimensions of family planning, preconception, prenatal, and postnatal care for women. Nigeria is presently the second largest contributor to maternal deaths globally, having a maternal mortality ratio of 814 per 100,000 live births. Will Nigeria achieve this goal by 2030? This chapter assesses the maternal health landscape of Nigeria and the measures taken by the government to address maternal health from the perspective of the feasibility of achieving SDG 3, Target 3.1 by 2030.
Innovation Cultural Factors in Australian Business Environment
Authors: Kang Kyeong , Burdon Stephen , Mooney Grant
Published: October 2018

This chapter presents research on innovation culture in Australian business organizations in the information technology sector, with a survey sent out the Australian Information Industry Association (AIIA) commercial members' executives. The survey was designed to determine organizational culture traits that determine innovation culture from the perspectives of their employees and competitors. Two hundred and forty-four responses were received from 102 organizations. A detailed analysis of the research data using qualitative and quantitative methods leads to the conclusion that the perceived innovation traits. This investigation confirmed that the employer organizations had very good innovation cultures, and this view was further confirmed by responses from their competitor organization. This chapter teases out some of the cultural factors that lead to these outcomes.
Importance of Women Employment in Economy
Authors: Aytekin Güner Koç
Published: October 2018

Women, who make up half of the world's population, are one of the key elements for social progress and development. However, women's participation in economic life, the level of utilization from social and economic development, unfortunately, is not directly proportional to the population. In a global sense, women live profound inequalities in many ways such as the economy, education, health, and social, which in turn significantly affects global development in a negative way. Women taking part in economic life ensures participation of them in the workforce at the ideal level and increases employment which is one of the main requirements of sustainable growth and development and is also the key to achieving a sustainable and balanced structure of growth and development. The low level of female employment at international standards leads to structural, economic, and social negativity in many aspects for a country. In this chapter, Turkey's case is discussed by investigating the place and the importance of women in the economy.
Contemporary Change Management and Leadership in Local and International Businesses
Authors: Gökmen Aytaç
Published: October 2018

Organizational change is to transfer the organization from its current position to the desired future state. This process involves the differentiation of the activities, processes, structure, and targets of the organization. It is significant for an organization to decide where it is supposed to be in the future and to comprehend how to get to that new status-quo. Increasing globalization, fast technological changes, necessity of a well-trained labor force, changing social and demographic structures have intensified the competition and organizational change has become inevitable. The elements of an effective change process are openness to change, willingness of the personnel, flexibility, adjustment capacity of the business, optimism, and effective planning of change. The change process affects the organizations at structural, managerial, and individual basis as a result of the success of the change process.
A Personal and Profound Approach to Building ESL Teachers' Assessment Literacy in the “Transitional Space”
Authors: Willoughby-Knox Brie
Published: October 2018

In an effort to improve assessment literacy learning in a Master of TESOL program, a progressive course—“Technology and New Literacies in TESOL”—has been developed. It runs concurrently with a traditional “Testing and Assessment” course, so that the student teachers' assessment literacy is grounded in fundamental concepts and then elevated by an exploration of technology-infused approaches to assessment. The structure of the course was inspired by Xu and Brown's teacher assessment literacy in practice (TALiP) framework, building the student teachers' assessment literacy through the levels set out. The chapter explains how the student teachers explored the possibilities of assessment through real-world examples, an array of technologies, and reflective practices. The result were a tangible set of tools and a broadened understanding of how assessment could and should be done in ESL classrooms.
Assessing Pre-Service Teachers' Assessment Literacy
Authors: Clark-Gareca Beth
Published: October 2018

Conducting classroom assessments is a regular part of teachers' daily work. Despite the centrality of tests in K-12 classrooms, teacher candidates consistently demonstrate fundamental weakness in their understanding and implementation of assessment. Student teaching has the potential to be an important training ground for teacher candidates to grow in their assessment practices, and by focusing on assessment during the student teaching experience, teacher candidates can more easily develop a deeper understanding of the myriad ways to evaluate student learning. This chapter explores the assessment relationships between teacher candidates and their mentors (i.e., cooperating teachers, student teaching supervisors, and seminar instructors) and provides a framework through which intentional and incidental classroom assessment can be considered. Ways to teach assessment through planning, debriefing, and raising awareness through noticing are discussed, and recommendations are made to help teacher candidates build the foundation of a strong assessment repertoire.
Instructor-Generated Orthographic Assessments in Intensive English Classes
Authors: Humaidan Abdulsamad Y. , Martin Katherine I.
Published: October 2018

Orthographic knowledge, or knowledge of spellings, word forms, and conventions of print, is a crucial skill underpinning a range of literacy skills. Despite its importance, orthographic knowledge receives relatively little attention in second language contexts, including in adult English as a second language (ESL) programs. This chapter provides an overview of orthographic knowledge, its development in first language (L1), and what is understood about orthography in second language (L2). The chapter then reports detailed results of a qualitative interview study in which current and former ESL instructors shared their experiences, practices, and perspectives on orthographic instruction and assessment, including the development and use of instructor-generated assessments. The chapter concludes with a summary of results and suggestions for ESL orthographic instruction and assessment.
Summative Assessment in an IEP
Authors: White Benjamin J. , Patnaik Sumeeta
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to share an assessment model built specifically upon teacher collaboration and, more broadly, to encourage readers to consider the power of collaboration within an intensive English program (IEP). After examining traditional assessment challenges faced by IEPs, the chapter presents a collaborative assessment model, the basic premise of which is that teachers of the same students across three core courses within the same IEP level work together to create a common midterm and final exam. The model is examined in light of the five assessment principles of validity, reliability, practicality, authenticity, and washback. Finally, benefits and challenges of teacher collaboration are considered from the perspective of program administrators.
Dynamic Decision-Making Model
Authors: Steed Marlo Bruce
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to inform educational practitioners as to possible frameworks and models for effectively integrating 3D printing into instruction. This will focus on the conceptual ideas that overarch and guide the decisions for integrating 3D printing in education. Educators need a critical perspective and rationale so that the novelty of the tool doesn't overwhelm sound pedagogy. An understanding of how the features of 3D printing match up with the attributes of instructional approaches is the key to designing and orchestrating effective learning experiences. This chapter describes a model of decision making that takes into account the affordances, constraints, and approaches of 3D printing and details the implications for learning activities. The decision-making model will enable educators to effectively integrate 3D printing into educational contexts.
3D Printed Glitches
Authors: Kerestes James F.
Published: October 2018

3D printing is a common resource within the architecture and design disciplines in higher education. As is the case with all tools, there is a predetermined functionality and expected outcome when using additive manufacturing technology. There are also learning opportunities rooted in unforeseen equipment errors. The following chapter outlines alternate approaches for the use of 3D printing beyond mere representation and utilization in higher education design environments. Manufactured glitches enable students to analyze the predetermined functionality of the tools they engage with, and enter into a dialogue with technology as a medium for exploration and authorial exchange. To explore these concepts, a series of case studies that tested the parameters of glitches in both digital (three-dimensional modeling software) and physical mediums (rapid prototyping) was completed by a group of architecture and design students at a Midwestern University in the United States.
Girls and 3D Printing
Authors: Sullivan Pamela M. , Lantz Jessica L. , Adams Andrea H.
Published: October 2018

Using Guernsey's framework for technology use with young children, this case study examines two middle elementary grade female students as they experience 3D printing in a Makerspace environment. In this case study, the girls spent a day working with a Makerspace staff member to learn how to 3D print a design of their choice from Thingiverse. The case study provides a chance to analyze the reactions, discourse, and activities of two girls introduced to 3D printing in a makerspace. The authors sorted the verbalizations, behaviors, and actions of the two girls into a reflection on the concepts of content, context, and child put forth by Guernsey.
Civic Knowledge, Engagement, and Attitudes Among Lower-Secondary Students in 24 Countries
Authors: Schulz Wolfram
Published: October 2018

The ICCS 2016 study is a continuation and extension of ICCS 2009. The study explored the enduring and the emerging challenges of educating young people in a world where contexts of democracy and civic participation had changed and continue to change. In total, ICCS 2016 is based on test and questionnaire data from more than 94,000 students enrolled in their eighth year of schooling (Grade 8 or equivalent) at more than 3,800 schools in 24 countries. These student data were augmented by contextual questionnaire data from school principals of selected schools and more than 37,000 teachers.
Adult Learners
Authors: Deggs David
Published: October 2018

Student activism is mostly thought of as an activity that engages and motivates the traditional-aged students in American higher education to action. The emergence of student activism in the 1960s occurred when enrollment in American higher education was still primarily limited to youth from middle- and upper-class families. The demographics of American higher education have shifted, and the adult learner or non-traditional student now represents a significant amount, if not the majority, of most campus populations. The adult learner brings unique perspective to the higher education classroom based upon their real-world experiences that directly impacts their values, beliefs, and ideas about societal issues. Adult learners in American higher education have the potential to change the ways, means, and longstanding outcomes related to activism in American higher education.
Service and Philanthropy as College Student Activism for Fraternity and Sorority Members
Authors: Tull Ashley
Published: October 2018

College student activism is often thought of as a problem to be dealt with, focusing on the potentially damaging role that student protest can take on a campus. Activism, however, can be defined in a multitude of ways, including how students express themselves in their commitment to others. This notion of community service or service learning has taken on a major role on many college campuses, and can highlight the powerful and positive impact of student activism. This chapter explores the role of service and philanthropy as mechanisms for college students to express their beliefs and commitments to others. Specifically exploring those student behaviors in fraternities and sororities, activism among undergraduates can be a tremendous asset to an institution, to a community, and ultimately, to the students themselves.
Molecular Modelling Studies of Novel COX-2 Inhibitors
Authors: Puratchikody A. , Umamaheswari A. , Irfan Navabshan , Sriram Dharmaraj
Published: October 2018

Molecular modelling uses theoretical and computational chemistry, which offers insight into the nature of molecular systems. This chapter highlights the theoretical explanation of molecular modelling methods and describes the designing of novel tyrosine COX-2 inhibitors using molecular modelling as an example. As a first step, fragment-based drug design is used to design the novel tyrosine analogues and ligand-based drug design such as QSAR, and pharmacophore was used to identify the descriptors, ensemble of steric and electronic features, which is responsible for the selective COX-2 inhibition. The next step, structure-based drug design, was used to analyses intra- and intermolecular interactions in the drug receptor system to improve the binding affinity and pharmacokinetic properties. Finally, the pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties were predicted quantitatively using rationalization of observed structure-activity relationships and the results are reported.
Semantic Technologies for Medical Knowledge Representation
Authors: Shridevi S.  , Saleena B.  , V. Viswanathan
Published: October 2018

The ongoing rapid growth of diversity of data and their wide use to solve different complex tasks resulted in a significant number of semantic reference systems enriched with vocabularies, thesauri, terminologies, and ontologies. The extensive use of ontologies stemmed a new approach to build modern intelligent systems in reusing and sharing pieces of declarative knowledge. A lot of effort has been made to produce standard ontologies for medical knowledge representation. This chapter brings an overview of semantic knowledge representation frameworks such as RDF and OWL for developing ontology-based medical systems. The chapter presents the state of the art in ontology resources/systems so that it could be useful for learners and researchers involved in interdisciplinary research areas that include medicine and information technology. Also, a clinical use case is illustrated highlighting the role of ontology in the medical domain.
E-Commerce Models, Players, and Its Future
Authors: Yu Liguo
Published: October 2018

This chapter describes e-commerce, a trading business built on top of the internet. Different e-commerce models, such as B2B, B2C, C2C, and their major players are described. E-commerce companies like Amazon and Alibaba are used to explain the effect of e-commerce on the economy, society, and beyond. GMV, MAU, market capitalization, and other business data are presented and analyzed. Influential factors, such as user retention, government policy, payment method, and logistics, are also discussed. Finally, the emerging e-commerce model, emerging e-commerce market, and the future of e-commerce are illustrated.
Entrepreneurship Concept, Theories, and New Approaches
Authors: Saiz-Alvarez José Manuel , García-Vaquero Martín
Published: October 2018

This chapter deals with the concept and theories of entrepreneurship that can be defined as the type of business strategy focused on the creation of new business ideas, jobs, social wealth, and profit by optimizing the use of productive and commercial resources. Neoclassical and new Keynesian theories are briefly analyzed in the chapter, as well as psychological-based and modern theories, including the jack-of-all trades theory, o-ring theory, resources- and capabilities-based theory, and theory of the optimal triangle. The chapter finishes with the necessity of also including both social and solidarity-based entrepreneurship strategies, alongside the traditional classification made on this concept.
Usability Evaluation of Tourism Icons in India
Authors: Akolkar Rajshree Tushar , Bhutkar Ganesh D.
Published: October 2018

For evaluation of tourism icons in India, several usability evaluation methods from HCI domain are used. These methods include expert-based methods as well as user-based methods. The expert-based evaluation methods mainly include semiotic analysis and lexical analysis. The user-based methods include test without context, test with context along, with a comprehensive user survey. As the domain of e-governance is a public domain, the usability testing of these tourism icons requires a comprehensive user survey, which truly represents a public, who is likely to use such e-governance websites. This comprehensive survey is conducted with a large sample of more than 80 users including government servants, public sector employees, private sector employees, social workers, politicians, academicians, students, as well as foreign nationals. During the usability evaluation, icons are classified as icons, indices, and symbols. With the help of user survey, these tourism icons are categorized as “well-accepted,” “well-understood,” and “difficult to understand” icons.