bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell Saver en Obstetricia. Primer caso reportado en Chile.
Authors: Vergara Carolina , Soto Diego , Fernández Camila , Balde Detlef , Brañes Jorge , Lacassie Hector J.
Published: August 2018

La hemorragia obstétrica representa un desafío para el equipo médico, aportando con importante morbilidad y mortalidad a las pacientes embarazadas.El manejo adecuado, precoz y expedito beneficia el logro de resultados favorables para la madre e hijo; es por esto que debemos reconocer activamente aquellas pacientes en riesgo de presentar un sangrado obstétrico significativo.Presentamos el primer caso reportado en Chile de una paciente embarazada con mala inserción placentaria, sometida a cesárea y de cómo se realizó el manejo del sangrado intraoperatorio, con énfasis en el uso de Cell Saver como técnica ahorradora de sangre.
Hematoma subcapsular hepático asociado a síndrome de HELLP en el puerperio
Authors: Muñoz López Camila Fernanda , Luco López Valentina Teresa , Pérez Méndez Maria Victoria
Published: August 2018

El hematoma subcapsular hepático es una complicación grave del embarazo, asociada a preeclampsia severa o síndrome de HELLP. Al ser poco frecuente se requiere un alto índice de sospecha para realizar el diagnóstico precozmente, lo que determinará su pronóstico. A pesar de los avances en cirugía y medicina intensiva es una patología que sigue teniendo una elevada morbimortalidad materno fetal. Damos a conocer el caso de una paciente que cursó un embarazo sin incidentes hasta el parto, posterior a lo cual presenta síndrome de HELLP y un hematoma subcapsular hepático, que evolucionó favorablemente con tratamiento conservador.
Epigenetic Reprogramming with Antisense Oligonucleotides Enhances the Effectiveness of Androgen Receptor Inhibition in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Xiao Lanbo , Tien Jean C. , Vo Josh , Tan Mengyao , Parolia Abhijit , Zhang Yajia , Wang Lisha , Qiao Yuanyuan , Shukla Sudhanshu , Wang Xiaoju , Zheng Heng , Su Fengyun , Jing Xiaojun , Luo Esther , Delekta Andrew , Juckette Kristin M. , Xu Alice , Cao Xuhong , Alva Ajjai S. , Kim Youngsoo , MacLeod A. Robert , Chinnaiyan Arul M.
Published: August 2018

Advanced prostate cancer initially responds to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but the disease inevitably recurs as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although CRPC initially responds to abiraterone and enzalutamide, the disease invariably becomes nonresponsive to these agents. Novel approaches are required to circumvent resistance pathways and to extend survival, but the mechanisms underlying resistance remain poorly defined. Our group previously showed the histone lysine-N-methyltransferase EZH2 to be overexpressed in prostate cancer and quantitatively associated with progression and poor prognosis. In this study, we screened a library of epigenetic inhibitors for their ability to render CRPC cells sensitive to enzalutamide and found that EZH2 inhibitors specifically potentiated enzalutamide-mediated inhibition of proliferation. Moreover, we identified antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) as a novel drug strategy to ablate EZH2 and androgen receptor (AR) expression, which may have advantageous properties in certain settings. RNA-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing demonstrated that EZH2 inhibition altered the AR cistrome to significantly upregulate AR signaling, suggesting an enhanced dependence of CRPC cells on this pathway following inhibition of EZH2. Combination treatment with ASO targeting EZH2 and AR transcripts inhibited prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo better than single agents. In sum, this study identifies EZH2 as a critical epigenetic regulator of ADT resistance and defines ASO-based cotargeting of EZH2 and AR as a promising strategy for the treatment of CRPC.

Significance: Simultaneous targeting of lysine methyltransferase EZH2 and the AR with ASO proves a novel and effective therapeutic strategy in patients with CRPC. Cancer Res; 78(20); 5731–40. ©2018 AACR.
ERBBal Remedies: Combination Therapy for EGFR-mutant Lung Cancers
Authors: Fan Pang-Dian , Yu Helena A.
Published: August 2018

Multiple members of the ERBB/HER family of the receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in mediating acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors that are used to treat EGFR-mutant lung cancers. New single agents and combination therapies targeting the ERBB/HER family members are being investigated to either prevent or overcome the emergence of acquired resistance. Clin Cancer Res; 24(22); 5499–501. ©2018 AACR.

See related article by Romaniello et al., p. 5610
Tumor Antigen Escape from CAR T-cell Therapy
Authors: Majzner Robbie G. , Mackall Crystal L.
Published: August 2018

Emerging data from chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell trials in B-cell malignancies demonstrate that a common mechanism of resistance to this novel class of therapeutics is the emergence of tumors with loss or downregulation of the target antigen. Antigen loss or antigen-low escape is likely to emerge as an even greater barrier to success in solid tumors, which manifest greater heterogeneity in target antigen expression. Potential approaches to overcome this challenge include engineering CAR T cells to achieve multispecificity and to respond to lower levels of target antigen and more efficient induction of natural antitumor immune responses as a result of CAR-induced inflammation. In this article, we review the evidence to date for antigen escape and downregulation and discuss approaches currently under study to overcome these obstacles.

Significance: Antigen escape and downregulation have emerged as major issues impacting the durability of CAR T-cell therapy. Here, we explore their incidence and ways to overcome these obstacles in order to improve clinical outcomes. Cancer Discov; 8(10); 1219–26. ©2018 AACR.
The Clinical Significance of Body Weight Loss in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients
Authors: Nakatsuka Yoshinari , Handa Tomohiro , Kokosi Maria , Tanizawa Kiminobu , Puglisi Silvia , Jacob Joseph , Sokai Akihiko , Ikezoe Kohei , Kanatani Kumiko T. , Kubo Takeshi , Tomioka Hiromi , Taguchi Yoshio , Nagai Sonoko , Chin Kazuo , Mishima Michiaki , Wells Athol U. , Hirai Toyohiro
Published: August 2018

Background: The significance of the nutritional status in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is largely unknown. Temporal body weight (BW) change, a dynamic index of nutrition status, can detect the malnutrition more accurately than the conventional single-point body mass index evaluation. Objective: To investigate how the temporal BW change influences the clinical courses of IPF. Methods: This multicenter study enrolled IPF patients from four referral hospitals of interstitial lung diseases in Japan (the Japanese cohort, the derivation cohort) and the Royal Brompton Hospital (the UK cohort, the validation cohort). The annual rate of BW change from the initial presentation was evaluated. A > 5% decrease of BW was defined as a significant BW loss. Results: Twenty-seven out of 124 patients in the Japanese cohort and 13 out of 86 patients in the UK cohort showed significant BW loss. Patients with BW loss showed significantly worse survival in both cohorts. Multivariate analyses revealed that BW loss was an independent factor for decreased survival (Japanese cohort: p = 0.047, UK cohort: p = 0.013). A 6.1% loss of BW was chosen as the optimal cutoff value to predict the 2-year mortality from the initial presentation. The stratified analysis revealed that a 6.1% or greater BW loss could predict worse survival specifically in cases without a greater than 10% decline in forced vital capacity (FVC). Conclusions: BW loss is independently associated with the survival of IPF patients, particularly when a decline in the FVC was not observed. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying BW loss in IPF.
Retinal Morphology and Visual Specializations in Three Species of Chimaeras, the Deep-Sea R. pacifica and C. lignaria, and the Vertical Migrator C. milii (Holocephali)
Authors: Garza-Gisholt Eduardo , Hart Nathan S. , Collin Shaun P.
Published: August 2018

The majority of holocephalans live in the mesopelagic zone of the deep ocean, where there is little or no sunlight, but some species migrate to brightly lit shallow waters to reproduce. This study compares the retinal morphology of two species of deep-sea chimaeras, the Pacific spookfish (Rhinochimaera pacifica) and the Carpenter’s chimaera (Chimaera lignaria), with the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii), a vertical migrator that lives in the mesopelagic zone but migrates to shallow water to reproduce. The two deep-sea chimaera species possess pure rod retinae with long photoreceptor outer segments that might serve to increase visual sensitivity. In contrast, the retina of the elephant shark possesses rods, with an outer-segment length significantly shorter (a mean of 34 µm) than in the deep-sea species, and cones, and therefore the potential for color vision. The retinal ganglion cell distribution closely follows that of the photoreceptor populations in all three species, but there is a lower peak density of these cells in both deep-sea species (215–275 cells/mm2 vs. 769 cells/mm2 in the elephant shark), which represents a significant increase in the convergence of visual information (summation ratio) from photoreceptors to ganglion cells. It is evident that the eyes of deep-sea chimaeras have increased sensitivity to detect objects under low levels of light, but at the expense of both resolution and the capacity for color vision. In contrast, the elephant shark has a lower sensitivity, but the potential for color discrimination and a higher visual acuity.
Egyptian Canopic Jars at the Crossroad of Medicine and Archaeology: Overview of 100 Years of Research and Future Scientific Expectations
Authors: Senti Sidney , Habicht Michael E. , Rayo Enrique , Eppenberger Patrick E.  , Rühli Frank J. , Galassi Francesco M.
Published: August 2018

Ancient Egyptian human remains have been of interest in the fields of both medical and Egyptological research for decades. However, canopic jar holders for internal organs (liver, lungs, stomach, intestines) of Egyptian mummies appear to be but a very occasional source of data for such investigations. The few medical approaches focusing on the content of these jars are summarized and listed according to pathogens and diseases to give a structured overview of this field of study. An extensive search of the literature has been conducted from different bibliographic databases with a total of n = 26 studies found. The majority of diseases found consisted of infectious diseases and internal medicine conditions such as schistosomiasis or emphysema. These are just 2 examples of many that, instead of primarily affecting bone, muscle or skin, specifically target internal organs. Hence, a better understanding of the evolution of diseases that still affect mankind could be gained. In conclusion, this reassessment shows that canopic jars represent a highly underestimated source for histological, radiological and ancient DNA examination of Ancient Egyptian remains and should, thus, be more and more brought back into the focus of retrospective medical research.
Short-Term Effects of Elastic Chest Wall Restriction on Pulmonary Function in Children with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Roethlisberger Katrin , Nyilas Sylvia , Riedel Thomas , Wolfensberger Jeremy , Singer Florian , Latzin Philipp
Published: August 2018

Background: Elastic chest wall restriction introduced by Chevaillier is thought to reduce existing hyperinflation and improve mucus clearance from peripheral airways. In healthy adults, restriction decreases the functional residual capacity (FRC) and forced vital capacity (FVC), while ventilation inhomogeneity (lung clearance index [LCI]) increases. Pulmonary function response to restriction is unknown in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Objectives: To examine short-term effects of elastic chest wall restriction on pulmonary function in children with CF. Methods: Pulmonary function was first assessed twice 15 min apart at baseline and then again following 15 min of elastic chest wall restriction in 20 school-aged children with CF (12.3 ± 3.4 years). Primary outcomes were LCI from nitrogen multiple-breath washout, residual volume (RV), and FRC from plethysmography. Secondary outcomes were FVC and end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI) from electrical impedance tomography. Endpoints were test-retest reliability at baseline and lung function response to restriction, both on group and individual levels. Results: Test-retest reliability was excellent (intra-class correlation coefficients range 0.84–0.99). Following restriction, FRC significantly declined on average (95% CI) by –0.09 (–0.17 to –0.02) L. Similarly, FVC declined while LCI did not change. RV and EELI declined, but this did not reach statistical significance. On the individuals’ level, heterogeneous changes in pulmonary function occurred following elastic chest wall restriction. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the application of elastic chest wall restriction is safe, induces the intended decline in resting lung volume but does not systematically alter ventilation inhomogeneity in children with CF.
miR-146a Mimics Attenuate Allergic Airway Inflammation by Impacted Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in an Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma Mouse Model
Authors: Han Shuguang , Ma Chenhui , Bao Liang , Lv Lei , Huang Mao
Published: August 2018

Background: The prevalence of allergic asthma has increased dramatically. Previous studies have found that the microRNA 146a (miR-146a) expression in asthma inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis of bronchial smooth muscle cells. We aimed to investigate the effect of miR-146a mimics on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in a mouse model. Methods: Inflammatory cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured by flow cytometry. Levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum and cytokines in BALF were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For monitoring the airway, the Penh value (% baseline) was measured using a whole-body plethysmograph. Results: In OVA-induced asthmatic mice, miR-146a significantly suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells in BALF and decreased the levels of OVA-specific IgE and T helper 2 cell type cytokines. In addition, miR-146a inhibited the OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and the group 2 innate lymphoid cell responses. Moreover, the effects of miR-146a mimics were dependent on interleukin 33 stimulation. Conclusions: Our results suggest that miR-146a mimics might serve as an attractive candidate for further preclinical studies as an anti-inflammatory treatment of asthma.
Omalizumab Updosing for Better Disease Control in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Patients
Authors: Kocatürk Emek , Deza Gustavo , Kızıltaç Kübra , Giménez-Arnau Ana M.
Published: August 2018

The recommended dose of omalizumab for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is 300 mg every 4 weeks, but there is no recommendation for patients who do not benefit from this dose. Our aim is to present the experiences on the use of doses of omalizumab higher than those recommended for CSU patients and to propose a protocol for updosing. This was a retrospective analysis of patients treated with omalizumab for CSU from 2 urticaria centers in Istanbul and Barcelona. The weekly urticaria activity score and/or the Urticaria Control Test (UCT) were used to monitor response. In Barcelona, a stepwise updosing regimen was preferred (450 mg first, then increasing to 600 mg), while in Istanbul, direct updosing to 600 mg was chosen. In Istanbul, 81 (88%) patients were treated with 300 mg, while 11 (12%) received 600 mg of omalizumab. In Barcelona, 7 (8.8%), 45 (56.3%), 17 (21.3%), and 11 (13.8%) patients received 150, 300, 450, and 600 mg of omalizumab, respectively. Urticaria control was achieved in 82.6% of the patients with 300 mg and in 8.7% of the patients with 600 mg in Istanbul, while it was achieved with 150 mg in 10%, with 300 mg in 48.8%, with 450 mg in 16.3%, and with 600 mg in 6.3% of the patients in Barcelona. In total, 123 (71.5%) patients responded to 150–300 mg and 26 (15.1%) to 450–600 mg. When responders to 150–300 mg (n = 123) were compared with responders to 450–600 mg (n = 26), BMI was found to be higher, and pre-omalizumab UCT was found to be lower in patients receiving updosed omalizumab (p = 0.029). Baseline data of the patients, especially BMI and pre-oma UCT, might be useful to determine if the patient will require higher doses of omalizumab. We recommend a stepwise approach starting from 450 mg and then updosing to 600 mg in CSU patients who do not respond or partially respond to 300 mg of omalizumab after 3–6 months of treatment.
Determining Physical and Mental Health Conditions Present in Older Adult Refugees: A Mini-Review
Authors: Frost Caren J. , Morgan Nathaniel J. , Allkhenfr Hayder , Dearden Susan , Ess Rebekah , Albalawi Wafi Fawzan , Berri Allyson , Benson L. Scott , Gren Lisa H.
Published: August 2018

In 2017, there were over 65 million displaced persons at the global level, with approximately 23 million of these people living as refugees around the world. In this same year, the US resettled 53,716 refugees, with the State of Utah receiving 954 of those refugees. Refugees, in general, often face health-related challenges upon resettlement. Since the health of aging refugee men and women is of growing concern, host communities face significant challenges in accommodating the health needs of a diverse refugee population. This study, a review of physical and mental health data from the Utah Department of Health, was undertaken in an effort to ascertain the prevalence of health conditions among refugee men and women 60 years and older arriving in Utah. Findings include information on diseases correlated with increasing age, such as hypertension, decreases in vision, arthritis, and low back pain, which are common among this population of refugees aged 60 years and older. Overall, most of the health conditions assessed affect women and men with a similar prevalence. Some notable exceptions are a history of torture and violence, and a propensity for tobacco use. When dealing with refugee men older than 60 years, providers should consider the psychological ramifications of having endured such atrocities, as well as introduction to evidence-based tobacco cessation programs. When working with refugee women of the same age, an increase in the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and urinary tract infections should be considered.
A Matter of Rules? A Longitudinal Study of Parents’ Influence on Young People’s Drinking Trajectories
Authors: Østergaard Jeanette , Järvinen Margaretha , Andreasen Asger Graa
Published: August 2018

Based on longitudinal survey data (2005, 2008, 2015), this paper investigates binge drinking among young people in Denmark. We analyse the relationship between parental alcohol rules in 2005 and the development of their children’s heavy episodic drinking from age 15 to 25/26 using a multilevel approach to repeated measures. Two hypotheses are tested. The first is that young people from families with “strict” alcohol rules have a lower level of binge drinking than young people from families with lenient rules. However, given the cultural pressure on adolescents to drink heavily in Denmark, we also expect parents to face challenges when trying to limit their children’s drinking. Hence, our second hypothesis is that youths with strict alcohol rules at age 15 show the steepest increase in heavy episodic drinking when going from early to late adolescence and thus gradually catch up with young people who had lenient rules. Both our hypotheses are confirmed: Strict alcohol-specific rules are associated with lower rates of binge drinking, but with time young people with strict rules close in on their peers’ alcohol use.
Artes e psicanálise
Authors:   Universidade de São Paulo. Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Gomes Mayra Rodrigues
Published: August 2018

O volume 2 da coleção Bordando o manto do mundo, Artes e Psicanálise, de Mayra Rodrigues Gomes, é a iniciativa da compreensão dos leitores para as “histórias” da autora, por um percurso que a todo momento fomenta discussões sobre a imagem, sobre representações e sobre identificações. Sempre enxergadas da perspectiva do arcabouço teórico da pesquisadora, que se dá no complexo cruzamento entre o campo das ciências da linguagem, os estudos da análise de discurso, o paradigma do estruturalismo e os pensamentos da psicanálise. Aqui observamos a fabulação como fio condutor da obra no emprego dos termos que desde já remetem à narrativa, a qual, ao fim e ao cabo, é uma das concretizações da fabulação; e, novamente, temática muito cara à autora, Mayra.
E la nave va
Authors: Campos Flavio De , Burlamaqui Luiz Guilherme
Published: August 2018

O ensaio tem como objetivo comparar as recentes crises políticas da Fifa e da CBF relacionando-as à crise política que culminou com o golpe jurídico-parlamentar que destituiu Dilma Rousseff da presidência da República em 2016. Com esse intuito, o texto procurou se debruçar sobre as denúncias de corrupção e lavagem de dinheiro, delações e prisões de autoridades e os desdobramentos e abalos às estruturas de poder das duas entidades organizadoras do futebol.
Haustório, haustor, apressório, extensor:
Authors: Teixeira-Costa Luiza , Ceccantini Gregório
Published: August 2018

A forma de vida parasitária em plantas está associada à formação de um órgão que pode ser genericamente denominado haustório, responsável pela conexão entre parasita e hospedeira. A grande diversidade de espécies parasitas - cerca de 1% das angiospermas viventes - somada à diversidade de potenciais hospedeiras, resulta numa multiplicidade de estruturas, tecidos e tipos celulares peculiares dessas interações. Entretanto, é frequente a observação de que toda esta variedade morfoanatômica seja abordada com o uso de poucos termos comuns e, até mesmo, com sinônimos, mas também com uso ambíguo e em estruturas de homologia dúbia ou não comprovada ontogeneticamente. O uso de publicações originalmente em outras línguas que o português (i.e. inglês, principalmente; espanhol; francês; italiano; alemão), com traduções literais, falsos cognatos e outras influências da linguística também promoveram confusões. De modo a promover uma utilização mais clara e precisa, além de realizar um resgate histórico das acepções originais dos termos, foi realizada uma compilação e reestruturação de termos do modo como vêm sendo abordados, de forma a promover um melhor entendimento da nomenclatura utilizada. Adicionalmente, estudos anatômicos e ontogenéticos têm sido realizados e confrontados com a literatura, e então resignificados sob uma perspectiva filogenética. Com base em nossos resultados e reflexões, apresentamos um glossário ilustrado e referenciado, com o qual sugerimos uma padronização de termos mais adequados na descrição da interface parasita-hospedeira de diversas famílias em língua portuguesa.
Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais:
Authors: Akemi-Borges Isabela , Pirani José Rubens
Published: August 2018

O estudo da família Phytolaccaceae é parte do levantamento da Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Esta família está representada naquela área pelos gêneros Microtea, Phytolacca e Seguieria, todos com apenas uma espécie na área. São apresentadas chave para gêneros, descrições e ilustrações das espécies, além de comentários sobre sua distribuição geográfica, fenologia e variabilidade.
Florística e aspectos fitogeográficos dos "campos" do Parque Estadual do Jaraguá, São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Beraldo Kyoshi , França Virgínia Gaiba , Heiden Gustavo , Pirani José Rubens
Published: August 2018

As formações campestres e savânicas no Domínio da Mata Atlântica na região metropolitana de São Paulo são bem documentados mas ainda pouco estudados. O Parque Estadual do Jaraguá (PEJ), localizado na cidade de São Paulo, possui uma formação campestre em sua porção mais alta, entre 905 a 1125 m de altitude, vulnerável à perturbação antrópica. O primeiro levantamento florístico realizado no PEJ constatou 55 espécies arbustivo-arbóreas na formação denominada “campos”, sugerindo mais estudos na área. A recente descoberta da presença no PEJ de populações de uma espécie rara, Baccharis trineura Soria & Zardini, motivou este novo levantamento da flora vascular, buscando aprofundar a amostragem sobretudo no componente herbáceo-subarbustivo. A lista de espécies foi então comparada com inventários disponíveis de outras áreas com campos e cerrados de topo de morro das proximidades, inseridas no Domínio da Mata Atlântica. O presente estudo buscou ainda investigar se os campos do PEJ têm origem antrópica ou autóctone, e detectar se sua flora é mais relacionada à da Mata Atlântica circundante ou à do Cerrado. Ao longo de um ano, coletas quinzenais foram realizadas nos 37 hectares de campos do PEJ. Este levantamento registrou 242 espécies nativas de 50 famílias vasculares, dentre as quais 112 são típicas de cerrado e 34 são ruderais. A comparação desses dados com as outras listas florísticas mostra que a vegetação campestre do PEJ apresenta 51 espécies em comum com os do Parque Estadual do Juquery, 20 com o Núcleo Curucutu do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, 28 com a Estação Ecológica de Santa Bárbara, 16 com a Reserva Biológica de Moji Guaçu e 11 com o Parque das Furnas do Bom Jesus. Os resultados corroboram a suposição de que os campos do PEJ sejam autóctones, pelo contraste do elevado número de espécies nativas com a baixa taxa de espécies ruderais e exóticas, além da presença de espécies ameaçadas ou vulneráveis. O elevado número de espécies típicas da flora do Cerrado e a alta similaridade do PEJ com outras vegetações savânicas já estudadas na região, além do expressivo índice de pirófitas, indicam que a formação campestre do PEJ provavelmente constitua uma área disjunta de cerrado, um notório pirobioma. Uma breve discussão sobre provável natureza relictual essa formação campestre é apresentada.
A new species of Carlquistoxylon from the Early Cretaceous of Patagonia (Chubut province, Argentina): the oldest record of angiosperm wood from South America
Authors: Nunes Cristina I. , Pujana Roberto R. , Escapa Ignacio H. , Gandolfo María A. , Rubén Cúneo N.
Published: August 2018

An angiospermous wood from the Lower Cretaceous (upper Albian) of the Cerro Barcino Formation, Chubut Group, central Patagonia, Argentina, is described. Its estimated minimum diameter is 40 cm and it is significant as the oldest known angiosperm wood for South America.

It has indistinct growth ring boundaries, vessels solitary and in radial multiples, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, vessel-ray parenchyma pits oval to horizontally elongated, heterocellular rays, non-septate fibres, axial parenchyma absent, and abundant tyloses. Because this Albian wood has non-septate fibres we assign it to Carlquistoxylon, even though it has a general combination of characters similar to that of Paraphyllanthoxylon, which has septate fibres. The number of vessels per radial multiple, vessel tangential diameter and frequency, vessel-ray parenchyma pitting, and absence of axial parenchyma distinguish the fossil described here from the only previously known species of Carlquistoxylon: Carlquistoxylon nacimientense; therefore, a new species is erected. Because of the close similarities between this new specimen and Paraphyllanthoxylon species, comparisons with all the species included in both genera are provided. Systematic affinities for this wood are discussed considering previous discussions for both Paraphyllanthoxylon and Carlquistoxylon affinities. As the oldest described angiosperm wood in South America to date, this specimen provides critical information on the diversity and growth habit of Cretaceous angiosperms from the Southern Hemisphere.
Croton aemulus and C. graomogolensis (Euphorbiaceae): Two new species from Minas Gerais, Brazil, based on distinct lines of evidence and their relation to C. muscicapa and C. longibracteatus
Authors: BARBOSA BÁRBARA LAÍS RAMOS , OLIVEIRA REYJANE PATRÍCIA , MASCARENHAS ANA ANGÉLICA SILVA , DÓREA MARCOS DA COSTA , MARTINS FABIANO MACHADO , CARNEIRO-TORRES DANIELA SANTOS
Published: August 2018

Croton (Euphorbiaceae) includes more than 1,300 accepted species and new species of the genus are continuously being described, which are mainly from Brazil. Two new species, Croton aemulus and C. graomogolensis, are herein described, placed in C. sect. Barhamia subsect. Barhamia, and compared to C. muscicapa and C. longibracteatus. The new species are supported by their geographic distributions, ecology, and anatomical and morphological features. Both species are only known from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Croton aemulus occurs in cerrado de altitude (mountain savannah) and C. graomogolensis occurs in campo rupestre (rupestrian grasslands) vegetation.
A new species of Eriobotrya (Rosaceae) from Con Dao National Park, southern Vietnam
Authors: IDREES MUHAMMAD , DO TRUONG VAN , GAO XIN-FEN
Published: August 2018

We describe a distinctive new species of Eriobotrya condaoensis (Rosaceae) from Con Dao National Park, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, southern Vietnam, based on both morphological and molecular evidences. The new species is characterized by leaf blade oblong-oblanceolate, 8–12 × 4–6 cm, leaf margins crenate, both surface glabrous, secondary veins 6–7 pairs, bracts apically dentate and persistent, flowers sessile and yellowish, hypanthium funnel-shaped and brown tomentose, petals elliptic and 6–7 × 4–5 mm long, styles 2, free at base and 5–6 mm long, and ovary glabrous. Morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis based on nrDNA ITS sequences confirmed the distinctiveness of this new species in the genus.
Poecilia (Pamphorichthys) akroa, a new poeciliid species (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) from the Rio Tocantins basin, Brazil
Authors: FIGUEIREDO CARLOS AUGUSTO , MOREIRA CRISTIANO R.
Published: August 2018

A new species, Poecilia (Pamphorichthys) akroa, is described from the Rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil. The new species differs from the remaining species of the genus by the possession of 10 or 11 pectoral-fin rays, entire preopercular ramus and posterior portion of the supraorbital ramus of the cephalic sensory system enclosed in canals, a faint longitudinal band along the body, a single gonapophysis, a homogeneous reticulate color pattern on sides of body, urogenital region of females heavily pigmented, distalmost segments of the anterior branch (4a) of the fourth gonopodial ray fused into an elongated segment turned anteriorly, subdistal segments of anterior branch (5a) of fifth gonopodial ray simple, without anterior (ventral) projections, dorsal fin with pigmentation at its distal portion and with a basal black blotch, and chromatophores more concentrated on the posterior margin of the mid-ventral scale series of the caudal peduncle and ventrolateral margin of the adjacent scales forming a series of rhombi posterior to anal fin.
A Study of Ice Accretion on Aircraft Over the Canadian Rockies*
Authors: Benum Frank W. , Cameron Hugh
Published: August 2018

The results presented in this paper were obtained in a statistical investigation made to determine the meteorological conditions of air temperature and stability under which the occurrence of aircraft icing is most likely to occur over the route flown by a scheduled air line in the Rocky Mountain region of southern British Columbia. The investigation was limited to the fall, winter and spring seasons.

The results obtained show that, during the seasons studied, the greatest frequency of icing occurs at temperatures in the vicinity of 8°F. and that air masses most favourable for icing are originally potentially unstable, which instability is realized when they are lifted over the higher terrain of the region considered. Icing may occur with lift of stable air provided the relative humidities of the lower levels are near 100 per cent.
An Improved Ceiling-Light Clinometer*
Authors: Ives Ronald L.
Published: August 2018

Combination of a spirit-level type clinometer with a suitable illuminating system and battery produces an instrument better suited for ceiling light observations than the conventional unilluminated pendulum-type clinometer.
The Development of a New Wind-Measuring System
Authors: Wood Louvan E.
Published: August 2018

This paper describes a new light weight anemometer and wind vane, together with associated equipment. The characteristics of pitot static, bridled, cup wheel, and propeller anemometers are discussed and reasons given for using a propeller in the new equipment. This propeller anemometer is characterized by accuracy, linearity, and generally excellent performance as determined by wind tunnel and other tests. The anemometer is adaptable to wind speed measurement by means of magneto and voltmeter, disc and roller tachometer mechanism, contacts or electronic devices. While primarily designed for fixed station and marine use, the equipment is suitable where portability is required.
Temperature and the Probability of Aircraft Icing in the Alaskan-Aleutian Area*
Authors: Taylor Benjamin F. , Serbein O. N.
Published: August 2018

As a part of a general study of aircraft icing in the Alaskan-Aleutian area, six probability tables were constructed providing answers to the following three questions: First, given a temperature in a given place, altitude, and season, what is the probability of encountering visible moisture? Second, what is the probability of encountering aircraft ice at a fixed place, altitude, and season regardless of the presence or absence of visible moisture? Third, given a temperature in a given place, altitude, and season plus visible moisture, what is the probability of icing? Further, in the discussion of the results, possible explanations of the observed facts are advanced.
Dial Wind Indicators*
Authors: Ives Ronald L.
Published: August 2018

Electric clock powered, relay controlled indicators of wind speed and direction; designed to operate at a predetermined time or interval, and to retain the record of conditions at that time for a definite period, are here described.
The Temperature of the Upper Atmosphere*
Authors: Penndorf R.
Published: August 2018

The thermal structure of the stratosphere and ionosphere is more elaborate than has heretofore been assumed. No appreciable rise in temperature up to 30 km is indicated from direct observations. A temperature of + 50°C at a height of 50 km is supported by the results on anomalous sound propagation, and of research on ozone and meteors, as well as by the theory of atmospheric tides. At heights around 50 to 80 km, the temperature again falls to −70°C, and afterwards rises again to somewhere between + 60°C and + 160°C at a height of 100 km. At heights around 200 to 250 km, the temperature is probably between + 160°C and + 560°C. In the polar regions at 100 km, the temperature is about −40°C, showing the marked difference due to latitude. A new definition for the concept of temperature in the upper atmosphere is given, since allowance must be made for radiation density.
Tests of the Friez Aerovane in the Natural Wind at Blue Hill Observatory1
Authors: Conover John H.
Published: August 2018

SYNOPSIS

A new combination windmill anemometer and vane under the name of Aerovane, constructed by the Friez Instrument Division of Bendix Aviation Corp. was tested in the natural wind at Blue Hill Observatory. The anemometer was compared with a standard 3-cup, a 6-bladed duralumin windmill, a 3-bladed balsa windmill, and a pressure-tube anemometer. It was exposed to severe weather, including gale-driven rain, snow, sleet, hail, and freezing rain. The maximum wind measured was 94 mph. Although its starting speed of 2 mph is not as low as in other types, there are no essential differences, and its responsiveness to changes in speed and its capacity for indicating maximum gusts seems to be practically equal to those of mills and pressure-tube anemometers. The Aerovane, in common with other mill and pressure-suction types, appears to show no over-registration in gusty winds, an appreciable fault of the cup anemometer. The error due to variable angle of attack of the wind in its minor changes of direction seems to be held to negligible proportions, owing to the responsiveness but reduced overswing of the streamlined vane. Though it remains to be seen whether the Aerovane can hold together at maximum hurricane speeds that the cup anemometer can stand, the chances seem good because of the, aerodynamically speaking, “clean” lines of the instrument. The Aerovane seems to be the best all-purpose instrument for measuring wind yet devised.
The Forecasting Significance of High-Level Winds in Sub-Arctic Regions*
Authors: Oliver Vincent J.
Published: August 2018

The following report is an attempt to illustrate some of the marked changes in wind direction and velocity that occur in the layer of atmosphere between 20,000 and 60,000 feet above the surface and to suggest how these changes may be used in forecasting the weather on the northern fringes of the belt of westerlies.
Captive-Balloon Equipment for Low-Level Meteorological Soundings*
Authors: Anderson Lloyd J.
Published: August 2018

Meteorological equipment for taking detailed temperature and humidity soundings to 3000 ft. altitude is discussed. It consists of a captive balloon wired-sonde system using a ceramic temperature element and an electrolytic hygrometer strip. Similar equipment is also adapted for use in airplane soundings. Calibration techniques and results are discussed, together with a method for correcting the humidity strip to ± 1% R.H. Temperature accuracy is ± 0.1°C. The limitations of the balloon and airplane equipment are discussed and the two are found to be complementary.
The Coastal Sea Breeze in Relation to Diurnal Temperature Changes in the Lower Atmosphere (Southern California)
Authors: Leopold Luna B. , Beer Charles G. P.
Published: August 2018

A diurnal variation of temperature at constant levels in the lower atmosphere was observed at all stations in the Los Angeles basin area. The amplitude of the variation increases with height. This variation has been studied as a diurnal oscillation in the height of isentropic surfaces. The rise and fall of isentropic surfaces may indicate an appreciable diurnal change of vertical motion, but in the higher levels, are at least partly explained by errors in measurement of temperatures by radiosondes. In levels below 4,000 feet msl vertical motion of the right order of magnitude could be caused by the diurnal accumulation and depletion of air as a result of the sea-breeze regime.
Are All Diversity Ideologies Creatively Equal? The Diverging Consequences of Colorblindness, Multiculturalism, and Polyculturalism
Authors: Cho Jaee , Tadmor Carmit T. , Morris Michael W.
Published: August 2018

In three studies, we examined how diversity ideologies can differentially affect creativity. Building on past research establishing that embracing foreign ideas contributes to creativity in problem solving, we predicted that diversity ideologies would have consequences for cultural creativity through their differential impact on how people would make use of foreign knowledge. We found that colorblindness (the ethos of disregarding cultural differences) was associated with lower cultural creativity through reduced inclusion of foreign ideas. Polyculturalism (the ethos of fostering intercultural interaction) was associated with higher cultural creativity through greater inclusion of foreign ideas. Finally, we found that classical multiculturalism (the ethos of preserving separate cultural traditions) had no effects on creative problem solving. Results held across different populations of participants (Americans, Israelis), different measures of creativity (flexibility, novelty), and different ways of probing ideologies (individual differences, experimental priming). These results indicate that diversity ideologies not only affect how people treat foreign people but also how they treat foreign ideas, with implications for their creativity.
Elastoplastic constitutive model for hydraulic aperture analysis of hydro-shearing in geothermal energy development
Authors: Xiao Yong , Guo Jianchun , Wang Hehua , Lu Lize , Chen Mengting
Published: August 2018

Geothermal energy is renewable, clean and green energy generated and stored in the Earth’s crust. The most important consideration for geothermal energy development in non-hydrothermal scenarios is the use of hydraulic fracturing technology to establish an effective network pathway to conduct fluid from injectors to producers. Hydraulic fracturing in geothermal wells is referred to as hydro-shearing and the aim is to improve the conductivity of natural fractures. In this paper, linear elastic constitutive relationships and shear strength of discontinuities in the pre-peak region are initially considered. Based on the dynamic frictional weakening, a proved conductive aperture and the post-peak elastoplastic constitutive models are proposed to analyze the deformation and conductivity of the natural fracture. Simulation research has shown that the joint compressive strength (JCS) mainly affects the shear displacement and hardly affects the dilation. The joint roughness coefficient (JRC) is more important for decreasing the shear strength and improves the dilation aperture. To no one’s surprise, reducing the effective normal stress is the best way for increasing the shear displacement, dilation and conductivity of the natural fracture. Almost 90% of the slip displacement and dilation occurs after fracture shear failure. This displacement not only increases the hydraulic conductivity of the fracture, but also reduces the required surface pumping pressure.
Your Compliance Will Not Protect You: Agency and Accountability in Urban Teacher Preparation
Authors: Dover Alison G.
Published: August 2018

This article presents the results of a mixed-methods study that examined how state policy requiring the use of high-stakes teacher performance assessments (TPAs) affected candidates enrolled in urban teacher preparation programs in the Midwest. The data reveal that despite institutional pass rates above the national average, the edTPA process negatively affected candidates’ sense of self-efficacy, agency, and readiness to engage in culturally and contextually responsive teaching. The article concludes with an analysis of how TPA policies socialize preservice teachers to prioritize compliance over agency, with troubling implications for urban teachers, students, and school communities.
Colonial Specters: The Extramuro, History, Memory, and Urbanization in La Paz, Bolivia, 1900-1947
Authors: Sierra Luis M.
Published: August 2018

This essay examines the racialization of space and the role of memory in the twentieth-century urbanization of La Paz, Bolivia. Historical memory linked particular races to specific spaces; this in turn helped determine spending on infrastructure, hygiene, and other urban projects. The essay analyzes the ways in which the extramuro (outside the walls of the city) was marked as the place for undesirable, but necessary elements of the city, and as the point of origin for the filth and a whole host of diseases within the city. The relationship between La Paz and the discourses on indígenas in public space in the twentieth century takes center stage: these discourses marked indígenas as undesirable and yet redeemable. This essay analyzes the close connection between the construction of race and the urbanization of that same space. I conclude by reassessing the links between race, space, and memory in Bolivia.
Political Protestantism: The Detroit Citizens League and the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan
Authors: Fehr Russell MacKenzie
Published: August 2018

This article considers the rise of the Ku Klux Klan as a political force in Detroit in the 1924 and 1925 elections. In the 1910s, the Detroit Citizens League had risen in Detroit politics through its practice of the rhetoric of political Protestantism, designed to mobilize Protestant laymen through religious appeals. In the 1920s, this style of politics backfired on the Citizens League: after spending years focusing on Detroit’s business elite, Protestants abandoned the Citizens League in droves when that organization backed a Catholic for mayor. By turning to the Ku Klux Klan, many Protestant voters found an organization making the appeals that they had backed a decade before and which was better at incorporating them than the Citizens League. Ultimately, the Citizens League’s response to the Klan was complicated both by reluctance to further alienate past supporters and by an inability to unite politically with past foes.
If you build it will they come? The boom in purpose-built student accommodation in central Liverpool: Destudentification, studentification and the future of the city
Authors: Mulhearn Chris , Franco Michael
Published: August 2018

The wave of UK higher education expansion and the commodification of the student experience have reshaped many towns and cities not least in the development of large swathes of private purpose-built student accommodation. A growing body of research has explored the role of purpose-built student accommodation in the processes of studentification and destudentification of neighbourhoods. This study explores the huge and rapid development of purpose-built student accommodation in Liverpool and, for the first time, raises questions not just about its impacts but about its sustainability. The model upon which many of Liverpool’s purpose-built student accommodation projects are based generates hidden risks and carries a momentum that neglects wider market conditions. We conclude that there will be a disorderly end to Liverpool’s purpose-built student accommodation boom and consider the likely implications for a range of stakeholders.
Comparison of Logistic Regression and Bayesian Networks for Risk Prediction of Breast Cancer Recurrence
Authors: Witteveen Annemieke , Nane Gabriela F. , Vliegen Ingrid M.H. , Siesling Sabine , IJzerman Maarten J.
Published: August 2018

Purpose. For individualized follow-up, accurate prediction of locoregional recurrence (LRR) and second primary (SP) breast cancer risk is required. Current prediction models employ regression, but with large data sets, machine-learning techniques such as Bayesian Networks (BNs) may be better alternatives. In this study, logistic regression was compared with different BNs, built with network classifiers and constraint- and score-based algorithms. Methods. Women diagnosed with early breast cancer between 2003 and 2006 were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR) ( N = 37,320). BN structures were developed using 1) Bayesian network classifiers, 2) correlation coefficients with different cutoffs, 3) constraint-based learning algorithms, and 4) score-based learning algorithms. The different models were compared with logistic regression using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, an external validation set obtained from the NCR from 2007 and 2008 ( N = 12,308), and subgroup analyses for a high- and low-risk group. Results. The BNs with the most links showed the best performance in both LRR and SP prediction (c-statistic of 0.76 for LRR and 0.69 for SP). In the external validation, logistic regression generally outperformed the BNs in both SP and LRR (c-statistic of 0.71 for LRR and 0.64 for SP). The differences were nonetheless small. Although logistic regression performed best on most parts of the subgroup analysis, BNs outperformed regression with respect to average risk for SP prediction in low- and high-risk groups. Conclusions. Although estimates of regression coefficients depend on other independent variables, there is no assumed dependence relationship between coefficient estimators and the change in value of other variables as in the case of BNs. Nonetheless, this analysis suggests that regression is still more accurate or at least as accurate as BNs for risk estimation for both LRRs and SP tumors.