bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and numerical investigations of electron transport enhancement by electron-cyclotron plasma-wave interaction in tokamaks
Authors: Cazabonne J , Donnel P , Coda S , Decker J , Di Giannatale G , Iantchenko A , Kumar U , Peysson Y , Porte L , Rienäcker S , Tema-Biwole A , Villard L
Published: August 2023

Energy transfer from electron-cyclotron (EC) waves to the plasma is being routinely used in tokamaks to heat and drive current through the electron channel. Technical applications such as magnetohydrodynamic mode mitigation require power deposition with a high degree of localization. However, observations made in tokamaks show a broader distribution of suprathermal electrons than predicted by standard drift-kinetic codes. The present paper explores a possible wave-induced increase of electron turbulent transport that may explain the experimental data, using power-modulated EC waves in the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV). In particular, an indirect measurement of the suprathermal electron population via hard x-rays exhibits an enhanced radial transport with increased wave power. This correlates well with the measured increase of the density fluctuation level during the power pulses, associated with the destabilization of ion temperature gradient modes and trapped electron modes and with stiff electron profiles. Forward bounce-averaged drift-kinetic simulations show that a radial diffusion model directly proportional to the wave power deposition is required to match the experimental data. The power dependency is confirmed by global flux-driven gyro-kinetic simulations using a realistic EC power source, computing turbulent transport from first principles and showing a radial increase of electron transport with increased wave power.
Investigation on transient process of dense hydrogen microdischarge by dual-wavelength laser interferometry
Authors: Gao J K , Chen Y , Ma Y , Zhu X D , Ding W X , Zhuang G
Published: August 2023

In this paper, the transient process of single-pulse hydrogen microdischarge with peak discharge current of

45 A

at constant pressure of

1300 Pa

is investigated by dual-wavelength laser interferometry. It is found that the phase shift signals related to electrons and excited H (n = 2) atom appear almost simultaneously after breakdown, with a delay of 700 ns compared with the current signal. The velocity of the ionization wave is thus estimated to be on the order of

 1

0

3

 m

s

−
1

. Subsequently, the current and phase signals increase rapidly, indicating that the energy deposited is applied to heat electron and gas, and strong molecular ionization and atomic excitation process occur in microdischarge. The phase signal for excited H (n = 2) atoms shows the maximum value at

t
=
7

.84 

μ

s

and then decreases rapidly, while the current reaches the peak at

t
=
10

 

μ

s

. In the duration between these two peaks the electronic degrees of freedom (DOF) continue to gain energy from the external field, but the energy transferred to the atomic DOF decreases. After

t
=
10

 

μ

s

, the current drops first rapidly, and then slowly decreases until the end of the discharge. In discharge attenuation process, the energy flowing into all DOF decreases. The phase-shift dispersion curve is obtained by changing laser frequency. Through the global optimized fitting of the phase shift curve, the average line-of-sight density of excited H (n = 2) atoms is estimated to be

n
a

=
1.

84

(
±

0

.

21

)
×

1

0

12

 c

m

−

3

in microdischarge, and the corresponding broadening information is given.
Development and evaluation of a magnetorheological fluid-based clutch with hybrid excitation
Authors: Wu Jie , Huang Hao , Xie Hongyang
Published: August 2023

This article presents the development and control of a hybrid excitation magnetorheological (MR) fluid clutch with improved magnetic cores. The clutch adopts a hybrid excitation design with coils and permanent magnets. To obtain an increased torque, an improved magnetic core shape of the permanent magnet is adopted in the clutch. Furthermore, simulation is used to test the magnetic field in the fluid gaps. Then, a prototype is manufactured, and a test bed is built. Experiments prove that the designed hybrid excitation MR clutch has an improved torque. In order to achieve accurate torque output, a genetic algorithm (GA) optimized fuzzy proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller is presented and compared with the other two controllers, and the effectiveness is verified by simulations and experiments. It turns out that the proposed GA optimized fuzzy PID controller is effective in improving the torque tracking accuracy and can be used for torque control of MR clutches.
Efficiency improvement in InP thin film solar cell using dielectric nanobars
Authors: Khosravi Saba
Published: August 2023

In this paper, to significantly improve the conversion efficiency in a 1 μm InP thin film solar cell, array of perpendicular TiO
2 nanobars and backside grating are employed. TiO
2 nanobars are coated with a desired anti-reflector (AR) and partially embedded in the InP film to achieve strong light trapping. Optimizing the size of TiO
2 nanobars leads to an enhancement of 41.5% in the photocurrent current density, J

ph
, and 49.3% in power conversion efficiency, PCE, related to the conventional InP film. For boosting the long wavelength absorption, a back reflector (BR) structure including six SiO
2 layers with Si nanopyramid arrays is applied at the backside of the absorption film. Compared to the 1 μm InP thin film solar cell, the J

ph 
and PCE are improved by 52.7% and about 59%, respectively. Finite-Difference-Time-Domain (FDTD) and Finite-Element-Method (FEM) are used to obtain the results.
Effect of ferromagnetic cobalt on characteristics of coercive Aluminium substituted BaFe11.5Al0.5O19 hexaferrites
Authors: Ijaz Muhammad , Asif Sana Ullah , El-Zahhar Adel A , Saleh Ebraheem Abdu Musad , Ullah Hafeez
Published: August 2023

Magnetic and structural characteristics of M-type barium hexaferrite nanoparticles can be tuned by doping different di or trivalent metal ions. Here BaFe11.5−xAl0.5CoxO19 hexaferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel process, and the influence of doping concentrations on M-type BaFe11.5−xAl0.5CoxO19 hexaferrite nanoparticles was deliberated. The XRD analysis confirms the formation of ferrites successfully. When the doping level increased, the grain dimension (D) initially reduced and then increased. Similarly, the lattice constants ‘a’ and ‘c’ decreased initially and then increased. The findings indicated that the (Mr/Ms) ratio decreased initially as the doping content increased, but at higher doping ranges, it started to rise. At the same time, coercivity (Hc) and magneto-crystalline an-isotropy field (Ha) increased as the doping level increased. Excellent magnetic characteristics were obtained for BaFe11.5−xAl0.5CoxO19 hexaferrites at doping content of (x = 1.5), with magnetic moment 10.80 μ
B, saturation magnetization 57.35 emu g−1, and coercivity 5.21 kOe along anisotropic applied field of 1.62 kOe. The findings mentioned above imply that magnetic characteristics of M-type Barium hexaferrites can be significantly improved upon doping of Cobalt against Aluminium substituted hexaferrites, which will make such types of Ba-hexaferrites very useful in various magnetic applications.
An empirical analysis of ZnO/Ag nanocomposites thin film organic solar cell with optical and structural properties
Authors: Jerome Immanuel A , Samuel Vimala Rani , Yamuna Devi M M , Amalorpava Mary Rajee S
Published: August 2023

For organic solar cells (OSCs), a novel polymer donor (PMMA) and a new small molecule acceptor (Ag NPs) were devised and produced. The effects of the donor and acceptor on the absorption spectra, molecular energy levels, and charge mobilities were thoroughly investigated. The results showed that the PMMA/ZnO/Ag NPs OSCs exhibited a high power conversion efficiency of 5.7%, which is attributed to the complementary absorption spectra, matched energy levels, and efficient charge transport. These findings suggest that PMMA and Ag NPs are promising materials for the development of high-performance OSCs. The PMMA-based OSC device demonstrated with a thickness of 200–300 nm achieving an efficiency of over 5.7%, indicating the promise of photovoltaic OSCs in practical applications. The findings were used to regulate nanomorphology and ultimately improve solar cell performance.
Thick accretion disk configurations around a compact object in the brane-world scenario
Authors: Wei Yunzhu , Chen Songbai , Jing Jiliang
Published: August 2023

We have studied the equipotential surfaces of a thick accretion disk around a Casadio–Fabbri–Mazzacurati compact object in the brane-world scenario, which possesses a mass parameter together with a parameterized post-Newtonian (PPN) parameter. With the increase in the PPN parameter, the size of the thick accretion disk decreases, but the corresponding Roche lobe size increases. Thus, the larger PPN parameter yields the larger region of existing bound disk structures, where the fluid is not accreted into the central wormhole. Moreover, with the increase in the PPN parameter, the position of the Roche lobe gradually moves away from the central compact object, and the thickness of the region enclosed by the Roche lobe decreases near the compact object but increases in the region far from the compact object. Our results also show that the pressure gradient in the disk decreases with the PPN parameter. These effects of the PPN parameter on the thick accretion disk could help one to further understand compact objects in the brane-world scenario.
Fiber laser cavity with dynamically transformable topology for switchable bidirectional pulse generation
Authors: Nyushkov B N , Smirnov S V , Ivanenko A V , Khudozhitkova D A , Bednyakova A E
Published: August 2023

We propose and study a novel type of fiber laser cavities which features dynamically transformable topology and enables pulse-to-pulse directional switching of the intracavity laser power flow. The key element of the proposed fiber cavity configuration is a fast 2 × 2 waveguide electrooptic switch (WEOS) which links a Sagnac-like (bidirectional) passive fiber loop with a unidirectional fiber loop incorporating an optical amplifier (OA) (rare-earth- or semiconductor-based). Electronic control of the WEOS port-to-port transmittance enables reversable gradual transformation of the laser cavity topology. This transformation results in directional switching of the laser radiation circulation in the Sagnac fiber loop. Proper dynamics of such transformation allows obtaining of complementary pulse trains from the counter-directional outputs in the Sagnac fiber loop. We validated this capability in a proof-of-concept transformable fiber cavity employing a semiconductor OA. The proposed cavity configuration enables switchable bidirectional pulse generation in various regimes including mode-locked ones.
Synthesis and characterizations of zinc peroxide by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) and zinc oxide nanoparticles by simple and low-temperature heating treatment
Authors: Perdana M Y , Hassan M , Ramelan A H , Gondal M A
Published: August 2023

Zinc peroxide (ZnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have interesting properties. Thus, they have the potential to be applied as optoelectronic devices. Pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) method is one of the top-down synthesis methods which have several advantages, such as its low cost, no need for a vacuum environment, and relatively fast synthesizing nanoparticle materials. Nd-YAG laser with a second harmonic generator was used as the laser beam source for the experiment. The mixture of zinc powder, deionized water, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxidizing agent was treated by the PLAL method. Heating treatment was applied to the samples. X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectrophotometry, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) were applied as the sample characterization methods. X-Ray diffraction characterizations confirmed ZnO2 nanocrystal and ZnO nanocrystal, which were synthesized from ZnO2 through an annealing process. From UV-vis spectrophotometry, the values of 4.57 eV and 3.33 eV were obtained as the bandgap energy for ZnO2 and ZnO, respectively. FTIR spectra shows absorption peaks for ZnO2 and ZnO.
Optimization of photoanode on dye-sensitized solar cell structure using k-nearest neighbor method
Authors: Paramitha T , Supriyanto A , Marcus S , Purwanto A , Widiyandari H , Aliwarga H K , Kisdina R H , Nisa S S , Subekti N Y S , Kisdina R T
Published: August 2023

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have recently gained significant attention in a number of markets and are recognized as a better option for energy generation than conventional ones, providing clean, sustainable, and renewable green energy. Several studies have focused on photoanode optimization using machine learning. Photoanode produces performance results in the form of Voc and Isc, which are then used as model training and validation data. The highest predictive results were obtained for A3+A2 (TiO2 18NR-T and TiO2 R/SP). The TiO2 layers combinations were prepared according to the optimization training performed was carried out with an efficiency of 2.630%.
Synthesis and characterization of complex of copper(II) with hydantoin
Authors: Dewi M H C , Syaima H , Wahyuningsih S , Lestari W W , Rahardjo S B
Published: August 2023

This study aims to find out the way of synthesis, formulas, electronic spectra, magnetic properties, and infrared spectra formed from copper(II) with hydantoin. Copper(II)-hydantoin complex has been synthesized with a mole ratio of 1:2 metal to ligand in methanol. The empirical formula of the complex estimated from the analysis of copper content in the complex was Cu(hydantoin)3SO4(H2O)n (n = 3, 4 or 5). Electrical conductivity showed the ratio of the cation: anion charge in the complex was 1:1. Thermal analysis estimated the existence of four water molecules as both ligand and hydrate. The proposed formula of the complex was [Cu(hydantoin)3(H2O)]SO4·3H2O. The electronic spectra showed an absorption peak at 795 nm. Measurement of magnetic moment with Magnetic Susceptibility Balance (MSB) shows that the complex is paramagnetic with μeff of 1.81 B.M. This indicates that the complex has a square planar structure. IR spectra data showed a shift in the absorption of one of the N-H functional groups on the hydantoin which showed coordination on the central atom.
Doping of magnesium and aluminum ions on tio2 as photoanode using the doctor blade method to increase dssc efficiency
Authors: Anisa S D N , Nurosyid F , Iriani Y , Puspitasari N D , Riyadi U
Published: August 2023

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most commonly used photoanode material for working electrodes in DSSC. TiO2 was chosen because of its stable performance. The electron transport process in the pores of TiO2 nanoparticles occurs randomly. Thus, it will cause a charge recombination process, decreasing the device’s performance. TiO2 needs to be modified by the addition of doping. The dopings used in this study are magnesium and aluminum ions with varying concentrations of 4%, 5%, and 6% using the doctor blade method. The characterizations carried out include absorbance and bandgap with UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Morphology with SEM, and efficiency of DSSC with I-V Keithley Meter. The results of UV-Vis characterization obtained the highest absorbance peak when Al and Mg-doped in the wavelength range (250-600) nm. The band gap energy value is at 5% concentration of Mg doping in 1.9 eV and 5% doping of Al concentration in 2.4 eV. The results of the SEM test showed that morphological results obtained greater agglomeration along with the addition of doping. Efficiency results were obtained when doping Al concentrations of 4%, 5%, 6% respectively are 0.205%, 0.415%, 0.275% and when doping of Mg concentrations are 4%, 5%, 6% respectively 0.03%, 0 0.06%, 0.018%.
The effect combination of porang tuber starch-manitol on the physical properties of bajakah root (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) dried aquous extract lozenges
Authors: Ermawati D E , Rahmasari M , Susanto N C A
Published: August 2023

Bajakah root infuse was consumed to restore energy by Kalimantan people because it contains antioxidant, but it is not practical and efficient. Lozenges are preferred drug delivery for all ages compared to conventional tablets. Mannitol is a choice filler for lozenges because cold and sweet taste. It has hygroscopic properties, so it needs to be combined with starch. This study aimed to determine the effect of porang tuber starch in combination with mannitol on the physical properties of bajakah root dried extract lozenges. Bajakah roots were extracted using infundation and dried using a freeze dryer. The antioxidant activity of it was using the DPPH method. Porang tuber starch was extracted using water at a ratio of 1:3. Lozenges of bajakah were made with ratio of porang tuber starch-mannitol (1: 9) as filler using the dry granulation method. Physical properties were tested, including flow time, angle of repose, weight uniformity, hardness, brittleness, disintegration time, and dissolution time. The IC50 value obtained is 0.155 mg/mL. The proportion of porang tuber starch-mannitol (1: 9) resulted the physical properties namely a flow time of 4.87±0.76 seconds; angle of repose 28.91±0.99°; weight uniformity that met the requirements; hardness 10.03±2.06 Kg; friability 0.98%; disintegration time 8.34±1.89 minutes. The dissolution efficiency at 60 minutes resulted in 82.66%. It has met the requirements of the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia 5th Ed.
Fabrication and Characterization of LiCoO2 and LiNi1Mn1Co1O2 as Cathode Material in Battery
Authors: Fuady M.I.A. , Lestari I.D. , Ramelan A.H.
Published: August 2023

The transition from conventional vehicles to electric vehicles is caused by the increase in greenhouse gas emissions contributed by burning fossil fuels in conventional vehicles. As electric storage, lithium-ion batteries are used in electric vehicles. In this paper, the cathode material battery of LiCoO2 and LiNi1Mn1Co1O2 were fabricated and characterized. The characterizations of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and Charge-Discharge (CD) were conducted to examine functional groups, material crystallinity, morphology, composition, and capacity of the LiCoO2 and LiNi1Mn1Co1O2 batteries. The results of FTIR indicate the battery contains oxalate. XRD results show a curve with narrow and sharp peak indicating the battery has high crystallinity. LiCoO2 composition is form of O, and Co with even distribution and radius in the range of 2 – 5 μm. For LiNi1Mn1Co1O2 is form of N, Mn and Co with atomic composition ratio of N : Mn : Co close to 1:1:1 and range of radius 30-40 μm. The specific capacity of LiCoO2 batteries is kept as 105.73 mAh/g and 291.05 mAh/g for LiNi1Mn1Co1O2 batteries.
Reconstruction of missing data of the PandaX-III
experiment TPC using neural network
Authors: Lobasenko A.
Published: August 2023

The PandaX-III is a Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay (NLDBD) experiment which uses a Time
Projection Chamber (TPC) detector with a readout plane formed of Micromegas modules, which allows
reconstruction of track topology for the background discrimination as well as reconstruction of
the energy of the events. In NLDBD experiments, in order to achieve the highest sensitivity to the
decay, it is necessary for the detector to have a high energy resolution, the background level
should be low, and techniques for background discrimination must be applied as well. In reality,
inhomogeneous signal gain at each module and the presence of missing channels lead to an incorrect
energy reconstruction of the events. In this work, a method based on a Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNN) aiming to reconstruct the kinematics of the event from imperfect data with missing
channels is presented. Preliminary results of the reconstruction of the missing data using CNN
are showing an increase in detection efficiency. The detection efficiency was evaluated on the
simulated data with three channels randomly chosen per Micromegas module and artificially set as
missing. Direct reconstruction of the energy gives the efficiency of 78%, while after applying
CNN it increases to 86%, providing a promising application of this technique.
Extracting relaxational features from measurements of sound speeds for gas sensing
Authors: Zhang X. , Zhang K. , Pan C. , Jia C.
Published: August 2023

In recent years, gas sensing methods by jointly measuring
acoustic relaxation absorption and sound speeds have become a
research focus in acoustic fields. However, the existing methods are
difficult to be employed in practical gas detection due to complex
measurement processes and large measurement errors when measuring
the sound relaxational absorption. Furthermore, the acoustic
relaxation absorption spectrum's small signal is hard to be measured
because of the noise and large classical relaxation in the
high-frequency range. In this paper, a gas sensing method is
proposed by only measuring the sound speeds at the three
frequencies, avoiding the problems of measuring the acoustic
absorption spectrum. First, sound speeds are measured at three
frequency points; second, the relaxation strength and the relaxation
time of the acoustic relaxation features are extracted; finally, the
absorption spectral peak is acquired and located for gas
detection. The simulation results verify the feasibility of our
method, and the detection errors from the measurement errors of
sound speeds can be eliminated effectively. Thus, our work provides
a high-accurate and simple acoustic method for gas sensing.
Global risk of heat stress to cattle from climate change
Authors: North Michelle A , Franke James A , Ouweneel Birgitt , Trisos Christopher H
Published: August 2023

Cattle farming is a major source of global food production and livelihoods that is being impacted by climate change. However, despite numerous studies reporting local-scale heat impacts, quantifying the global risk of heat stress to cattle from climate change remains challenging. We conducted a global synthesis of documented heat stress for cattle using 164 records to identify temperature-humidity conditions associated with decreased production and increased mortality, then projected how future greenhouse gas emissions and land-use decisions will limit or exacerbate heat stress, and mapped this globally. The median threshold for the onset of negative impacts on cattle was a temperature-humidity index of 68.8 (95% C.I.: 67.3–70.7). Currently, almost 80% of cattle globally are exposed to conditions exceeding this threshold for at least 30 days a year. For global warming above 4°C, heat stress of over 180 days per year emerges in temperate regions, and year-round heat stress expands across all tropical regions by 2100. Limiting global warming to 2°C, limits expansion of 180 days of heat stress to sub-tropical regions. In all scenarios, severity of heat stress increases most in tropical regions, reducing global milk yields. Future land-use decisions are an important driver of risk. Under a low environmental protection scenario (SSP3-RCP7.0), the greatest expansion of cattle farming is projected for tropical regions (especially Amazon, Congo Basin, and India), where heat stress is projected to increase the most. This would expose over 500 million more cattle in these regions to severe heat risk by 2090 compared to 2010. A less resource-intensive and higher environmental protection scenario (SSP1-RCP2.6) reduces heat risk for cattle by at least 50% in Asia, 63% in South America, and 84% in Africa. These results highlight how societal choices that expand cattle production in tropical forest regions are unsustainable, both worsening climate change and exposing hundreds of millions more cattle to large increases in severe, year-round heat stress.
Dust sources over the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Gandham Harikishan , Dasari Hari Prasad , Saharwardi Md Saquib , Karumuri Ashok , Hoteit Ibrahim
Published: August 2023

This study explores the characteristics of crucial dust sources and changes in their emissions over the Arabian Peninsula (AP) over the 2000–2022 period using high-resolution dust aerosol optical depth data from the Moderate Resolution Imagining Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol measurements onboard Terra and Aqua platforms. The MODIS dust retrievals successfully unravel the hitherto-unexplored key dust source regions and spatial heterogeneity in dust emissions. Critically, MODIS-defined dust sources display a robust geomorphological signature. In Iraq, the Tigris and Euphrates River basins contain extensive dust sources; the Euphrates dust sources are stronger and more widespread. Localized dust sources are noticed over Syria. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the eastern province particularly facilitates extensive dust activity. Oman is the prominent dust source in the southern AP due to the presence of intruding sand dunes. Dust emissions in the Iraq and KSA regions exhibit a significant negative correlation with the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index, a drought index, establishing that the local droughts enhance the dust emissions in these regions. The recent sustained droughts from 2008 to 2013 caused a remarkable escalation in the dust emissions in these regions through the modification of land surface conditions.
Constraining decadal variability regionally improves near-term projections of hot, cold and dry extremes
Authors: De Luca P , Delgado-Torres C , Mahmood R , Samso-Cabre M , Donat M G
Published: August 2023

Hot, cold and dry meteorological extremes are often linked with severe impacts on the public health, agricultural, energy and environmental sectors. Skillful predictions of such extremes could therefore enable stakeholders to better plan and adapt to future impacts of these events. The intensity, duration and frequency of such extremes are affected by anthropogenic climate change and modulated by different modes of climate variability. Here, we use a large multi-model ensemble from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and constrain these simulations by sub-selecting those members whose global sea surface temperature anomaly patterns are most similar to observations at a given point in time, thereby phasing in the decadal climate variability with observations. Hot and cold extremes are skillfully predicted over most of the globe, with also a widespread added value from using the constrained ensemble compared to the unconstrained full CMIP6 ensemble. On the other hand, dry extremes only show skill in some regions with results sensitive to the index used. Still, we find skillful predictions and added skill for dry extremes in some regions such as Western North America, Southern central and Eastern Europe, Southeastern Australia, Southern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. We also find that the added skill in the constrained ensemble is due to a combination of improved multi-decadal variations in phase with observed climate extremes and improved representation of long-term changes. Our results demonstrate that constraining decadal variability in climate projections can provide improved estimates of temperature extremes and drought in the next 20 years, which can inform targeted adaptation strategies to near-term climate change.
Stability condition of the steady oscillations in aggregation models with shattering process and self-fragmentation
Authors: Fortin Jean-Yves , Choi MooYoung
Published: August 2023

We consider a system of clusters of various sizes or masses, subject to aggregation and fragmentation by collision with monomers or by self-disintegration. The aggregation rate for the cluster of size or mass k is given by a kernel proportional to k

a
, whereas the collision and disintegration kernels are given by

λ

k

b

and

μ

k

a

, respectively, with

0
⩽
a
,
b
⩽
1

and positive factors λ and µ. We study the emergence of oscillations in the phase diagram

(
μ
,
λ
)

for two models:

(
a
,
b
)
=
(
1
,
0
)

and

(
1
,
1
)

. It is shown that the monomer population satisfies a class of integral equations possessing oscillatory solutions in a finite domain in the plane

(
μ
,
λ
)

. We evaluate analytically this domain and give an estimate of the oscillation frequency. In particular, these oscillations are found to occur generally for small but nonzero values of the parameter µ, far smaller than λ.
The cost of stochastic resetting
Authors: Sunil John C , Blythe Richard A , Evans Martin R , Majumdar Satya N
Published: August 2023

Resetting a stochastic process has been shown to expedite the completion time of some complex tasks, such as finding a target for the first time. Here we consider the cost of resetting by associating to each reset a cost, which is a function of the distance travelled during the reset event. We compute the Laplace transform of the joint probability of first passage time

t

f

, number of resets N and total resetting cost C, and use this to study the statistics of the total cost and also the time to completion

. We show that in the limit of zero resetting rate, the mean total cost is finite for a linear cost function, vanishes for a sub-linear cost function and diverges for a super-linear cost function. This result contrasts with the case of no resetting where the cost is always zero. We also find that the resetting rate which optimizes the mean time to completion may be increased or decreased with respect to the case of no resetting cost according to the choice of cost function. For the case of an exponentially increasing cost function, we show that the mean total cost diverges at a finite resetting rate. We explain this by showing that the distribution of the cost has a power-law tail with a continuously varying exponent that depends on the resetting rate.
A scalable human iPSC-based neuromuscular disease model on suspended biobased elastomer nanofiber scaffolds
Authors: Cheesbrough Aimee , Harley Peter , Riccio Federica , Wu Lei , Song Wenhui , Lieberam Ivo
Published: August 2023

Many devastating neuromuscular diseases currently lack effective treatments. This is in part due to a lack of drug discovery platforms capable of assessing complex human neuromuscular disease phenotypes in a scalable manner. A major obstacle has been generating scaffolds to stabilise mature contractile myofibers in a multi-well assay format amenable to high content image (HCI) analysis. This study describes the development of a scalable human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-neuromuscular disease model, whereby suspended elastomer nanofibers support long-term stability, alignment, maturation, and repeated contractions of iPSC-myofibers, innervated by iPSC-motor neurons in 96-well assay plates. In this platform, optogenetic stimulation of the motor neurons elicits robust myofiber-contractions, providing a functional readout of neuromuscular transmission. Additionally, HCI analysis provides rapid and automated quantification of axonal outgrowth, myofiber morphology, and neuromuscular synapse number and morphology. By incorporating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-related TDP-43G298S mutant motor neurons and CRISPR-corrected controls, key neuromuscular disease phenotypes are recapitulated, including weaker myofiber contractions, reduced axonal outgrowth, and reduced number of neuromuscular synapses. Treatment with a candidate ALS drug, the receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1)-inhibitor necrostatin-1, rescues these phenotypes in a dose-dependent manner, highlighting the potential of this platform to screen novel treatments for neuromuscular diseases.
DWH24: a new antibody for fluorescence-based cell death analysis
Authors: Ryschich Anna , Dong Yan , Schäfer Michael , Ryschich Eduard , Karakhanova Svetlana
Published: August 2023

Antibodies have gained considerable importance in laboratory and clinical settings. Currently, antibodies are extensively employed for the diagnosis and treatment of several human diseases. Herein, using targeted and cell immunisation approaches, we developed and characterised an antibody clone, DWH24. We found that DWH24 is an IgM κ type antibody that enables excellent visualisation and quantification of dead cells using immunofluorescence, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. This property was proved by the spontaneous cell death of several tumour cell lines and stimulated T cells, as well as after chemo- and photodynamic therapy. Unlike conventional apoptosis and cell death markers, DWH24 binding occurred in a Ca2+- and protein-independent manner and enabled live imaging of cell death progress, as shown using time-lapse microscopy. The binding specificity of DWH24 was analysed using a human proteome microarray, which revealed a complex response profile with very high spot intensities against various proteins, such as tropomyosin variants and FAM131C. Accordingly, DWH24 can be employed as a suitable tool for the cost-effective and universal analysis of cell death using fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry.
Spatial matching relationship between health tourism destinations and population aging in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration
Authors: Shi Song , Liu Guilin
Published: August 2023

In order to address population aging and the healthy China strategy, this paper takes three provinces and one city in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration as the empirical target. Firstly, using the 2010 and 2020 census data, and taking the aging coefficient and the density of the elderly population as the basic research indexes, this paper adopts the center of gravity migration model and the standard deviation ellipse to outline the spatial evolution path of the aging coefficient and the density of the elderly population. Second, using the data of recreational tourism sites in each prefecture-level city of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2016 to 2022, the closest neighbor index is used to judge the overall distribution characteristics of recreational tourism sites, and the judgment results are further verified with the help of Tyson polygonal analysis. Finally, based on the cross-section data of the elderly population in 2020, the spatial distribution of recreation and tourism sites and the elderly population are matched by the geographic concentration index, the center of gravity model and the matching coefficient. The results show that (1) the degree of population aging is deepening, and the characteristics of spatial Agglomeration are obvious, but the development speed among regions is inconsistent; (2) the distribution of health tourism destinations is wide and uneven between regions, showing the characteristics of ‘overall dispersion and local concentration’; (3) the spatial distribution of health tourism destinations and the elderly population shows a certain matching relationship, but the matching degree is not high. With the Yangtze River as the boundary, the distribution of health tourism destinations is ‘high in the south and low in the north’ and assumes a ladder shape from south to north, with obvious regional differences. Overall, health tourism lags behind the development process of aging.
Ab initio calculation of electron-phonon linewidths and molecular dynamics with electronic friction at metal surfaces with numeric atom-centred orbitals
Authors: Box Connor L , Stark Wojciech G , Maurer Reinhard J
Published: August 2023

Molecular motion at metallic surfaces is affected by nonadiabatic effects and electron-phonon coupling. The ensuing energy dissipation and dynamical steering effects are not captured by classical molecular dynamics simulations, but can be described with the molecular dynamics with electronic friction method and linear response calculations based on density functional theory. Herein, we present an implementation of electron-phonon response based on an all-electron numeric atomic orbital description in the electronic structure code FHI-aims. After providing details of the underlying approximations and numerical considerations, we present significant scalability and performance improvements of the new code compared to a previous implementation (Maurer et al 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 115432). We compare convergence behaviour and results of our simulations for exemplary systems such as H2 adsorption on Cu(111), and CO on Ru(0001) against existing plane wave implementations. We examine different expressions to calculate electronic friction and vibrational lifetimes for their reliability and ease of convergence. Finally, we show the capabilities of the new code by studying the contribution of interband and intraband excitations to the vibrational lifetime of aperiodic adsorbate motion in large, previously unfeasible, periodic surface models.
Photothermal superhydrophobic copper nanowire assemblies: fabrication and deicing/defrosting applications
Authors: Yang Siyan , Li Qixun , Du Bingang , Ying Yushan , Zeng Yijun , Jin Yuankai , Qin Xuezhi , Gao Shouwei , Wang Steven , Wang Zuankai , Wen Rongfu , Ma Xuehu
Published: August 2023

Ice and frost buildup continuously pose significant challenges to multiple fields. As a promising de-icing/defrosting alternative, designing photothermal coatings that leverage on the abundant sunlight source on the earth to facilitate ice/frost melting has attracted tremendous attention recently. However, previous designs suffered from either localized surface heating owing to the limited thermal conductivity or unsatisfied meltwater removal rate due to strong water/substrate interaction. Herein, we developed a facile approach to fabricate surfaces that combine photothermal, heat-conducting, and superhydrophobic properties into one to achieve efficient de-icing and defrosting. Featuring copper nanowire assemblies, such surfaces were fabricated via the simple template-assisted electrodeposition method, allowing us to tune the nanowire assembly geometry by adjusting the template dimensions and electrodeposition time. The highly ordered copper nanowire assemblies facilitated efficient sunlight absorption and lateral heat spreading, resulting in a fast overall temperature rise to enable the thawing of ice and frost. Further promoted by the excellent water repellency of the surface, the thawed ice and frost could be spontaneously and promptly removed. In this way, the all-in-one design enabled highly enhanced de-icing and defrosting performance compared to other nanostructured surfaces merely with superhydrophobicity, photothermal effect, or the combination of both. In particular, the defrosting efficiency could approach ∼100%, which was the highest compared to previous studies. Overall, our approach demonstrates a promising path toward designing highly effective artificial deicing/defrosting surfaces.
Material manufacturing from atomic layer
Authors: Wang Xinwei , Chen Rong , Sun Shuhui
Published: August 2023

Highlights

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) can offer many unique properties to achieve atomic-scale material manufacturing controllability.

The need of ALD for accurate material manufacturing is addressed.

The keys to achieve good ALD are summarized.

The status quo and future challenges of the ALD technology are presented.
Adaptive symplectic model order reduction of parametric particle-based Vlasov–Poisson equation
Authors: Hesthaven Jan , Pagliantini Cecilia , Ripamonti Nicolò
Published: August 2023

High-resolution simulations of particle-based kinetic plasma models typically require a high number of particles and thus often become computationally intractable. This is exacerbated in multi-query simulations, where the problem depends on a set of parameters. In this work, we derive reduced order models for the semi-discrete Hamiltonian system resulting from a geometric particle-in-cell approximation of the parametric Vlasov–Poisson equations. Since the problem’s nondissipative and highly nonlinear nature makes it reducible only locally in time, we adopt a nonlinear reduced basis approach where the reduced phase space evolves in time. This strategy allows a significant reduction in the number of simulated particles, but the evaluation of the nonlinear operators associated with the Vlasov–Poisson coupling remains computationally expensive. We propose a novel reduction of the nonlinear terms that combines adaptive parameter sampling and hyper-reduction techniques to address this. The proposed approach allows decoupling the operations having a cost dependent on the number of particles from those that depend on the instances of the required parameters. In particular, in each time step, the electric potential is approximated via dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) and the particle-to-grid map via a discrete empirical interpolation method (DEIM). These approximations are constructed from data obtained from a past temporal window at a few selected values of the parameters to guarantee a computationally efficient adaptation. The resulting DMD-DEIM reduced dynamical system retains the Hamiltonian structure of the full model, provides good approximations of the solution, and can be solved at a reduced computational cost.
Toric Periods and 𝑝-adic Families of Modular Forms of Half-Integral Weight
Authors: Vatsal V.
Published: August 2023

The primary goal of this work is to construct

p
p

-adic families of modular forms of half-integral weight, by using Waldspurger’s automorphic framework to make the results as comprehensive and precise as possible. A secondary goal is to clarify the role of test vectors as defined by Gross-Prasad in the elucidation of general formulae for the Fourier coefficients of modular forms of half-integral weight in terms of toric periods of the corresponding modular forms of integral weight. As a consequence of our work, we develop a generalization of a classical formula due to Shintani, and make precise the conditions under which Shintani’s lift vanishes. We also give a number of results on test vectors for ramified representations which are of independent interest.
Living with the Victorians
Authors: Hewitt Martin
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the legacies and afterlives of the Victorians, the many ways in which the Victorians have refused to be consigned to history and continued to be an active presence in the 20th century, and indeed remain so today. It asks why the Victorians should be uniquely present in this way, and explores this question by considering how Victorian Britain has been used as a sounding board, or an alter ego, by which all sorts of practices and values, the cultural canon, political values, and social and economic policy can be contextualized and evaluated. It examines how far, especially in Britain, the Victorians became both a source of nostalgia and repugnance, and traces these competing responses in the way the Victorians have been written about.
The Victorian as period
Authors: Hewitt Martin
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines why it makes sense to consider the reign of Queen Victoria, between 1837 and 1901, as a distinct historical period. While acknowledging that the longevity of the Queen herself eventually played a part in creating the continuities which contributed to this process, it argues that the identity of the Victorian period arose out of the largely accidental coincidence of the start and end of the Queen’s reign with two periods of very significant political, economic, and social change, one in the 1830s and the other in the years around 1900. Within this it explores the way the whole period can be usefully understood as comprising four different sub-periods, each marked off by further moments of significant transformation: the early Victorian period, which came to an end as the economy achieved greater stability in the years around 1848; a mid-Victorian period characterized by a political and cultural ‘equipoise’, which ended with the crises of the mid-1860s; and a ‘high Victorian’ period which lasted until the next moment of concentrated change in 1884 and 1885, which brought in a late-Victorian period marked by a certain fin de siècle anxiety and rebelliousness.
Victorianism
Authors: Hewitt Martin
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers the way in which the reputation of the Victorians and understandings of the Victorian period have been especially framed in terms of a particular set of attitudes or values and the behaviours associated with them, which came to be known as ‘Victorianism’, including prudery and sexual repression, repressive religiosity, individualism and the ‘gospel of self-help’, class snobbery and rigid etiquettes and social conventions, a complacent belief in progress and the superiority of British civilization, and a rather vulgar materialism. It explores the way that, like all good caricatures, these popular understandings of the Victorians contain a degree of truth, but also distort, exaggerate, and exclude other equally important ways of Victorian thinking and doing.
Victorian configurations
Authors: Hewitt Martin
Published: August 2023

This chapter acts as a complement to the previous two, seeking to understand, if ‘Victorianism’ is a rather unsatisfactory caricature, and the Victorian period was made up of a number of sub-periods, what was it that made the period distinct and different from those that went before and after, what were the elements of continuity across the 60 years which give it a coherent character? It argues that we can see these by thinking about the nature of Victorian society, not just its values, but its institutions, its technologies, and above all its experiences, which it groups into five themes: politics and the state, economy and society, geographies and spaces, belief and doubt, and the Victorians’ own sense of living in a single common culture.
Creative mindset reduces racial ingroup bias in empathic neural responses
Authors: Huo Tengbin , Shamay-Tsoory Simone , Han Shihui
Published: August 2023

Spontaneous racial categorization of other-race individuals provides a cognitive basis of racial ingroup biases in empathy and prosocial behavior. In two experiments, we investigated whether fostering a creativity mindset reduces racial ingroup biases in empathy and undermines spontaneous racial categorization of other-race faces. Before and after a creative mindset priming procedure that required the construction of novel objects using discreteness, we recorded electroencephalography signals to Asian and White faces with painful or neutral expressions from Chinese adults to assess neural activities underlying racial ingroup biases in empathy and spontaneous racial categorization of faces. We found that a frontal-central positive activity within 200 ms after face onset (P2) showed greater amplitudes to painful (vs. neutral) expressions of Asian compared with White faces and exhibited repetition suppression in response to White faces. These effects, however, were significantly reduced by creative mindset priming. Moreover, the creative mindset priming enhanced the P2 amplitudes to others’ pain to a larger degree in participants who created more novel objects. The priming effects were not observed in control participants who copied objects constructed by others. Our findings suggest that creative mindsets may reduce racial ingroup biases in empathic neural responses by undermining spontaneous racial categorization of faces.