bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Better Way to Think About Business
Authors: Solomon Robert C
Published: November 2023

Is business ethics a contradiction in terms? Absolutely not, says Robert Solomon. In fact, he maintains that sound ethics is a necessary precondition of any long-term business enterprise, and that excellence in business must exist on the foundation of values that most of us hold dear. Drawing on twenty years of experience consulting with major corporations on ethics, Solomon clarifies the difficult ethical choices all people in business are faced with from time to time. He takes an “Aristotelian” approach to ethical questions, reminding readers that a corporation--like an individual--is embedded in a community, and that corporate values such as fairness and honesty are meaningless until transformed into action. Values--coupled with action--become virtues, and virtues make possible any good business corporate relationship. Without a base of shared values, trust and mutual benefits, today’s national and international business world will fall apart. In keeping with his conviction that virtue and profit must thrive together, Solomon both examines the ways in which deficient values actually destroy businesses, and debunks the pervasive myths that encourage unethical business practices. Complete with a working catalog of virtues designed to illustrate the importance of integrity in any business situation, this compelling handbook contains a goldmine of wisdom for either the small business manager or the corporate executive struggling with ethical issues.
Emotional Response as Conceptual Coherence
Authors: Niedenthal Paula M , Halberstadt Jamin B
Published: November 2023

Why do certain stimuli seem to belong in groups whereas others do not? How do categories cohere? Interested theorists in cognitive science have offered several answers. Some propose that perceptual or structural similarity is the “glue” that binds objects and events. However, others have claimed that similarity is insufficient to account for the acquisition and use of categories (e.g., Goodman, 1972; Quine, 1977; but see Goldstone, 1994b; Medin, Goldstone, & Gentner, 1993) and have proposed more abstract forms of coherence. Barsalou (1983, 1985, 1987), for example, suggests that objects or events cohere because they facilitate a common goal or serve the same function, such as getting one to a high, nearly inaccessible place or holding belongings together. Murphy and Medin (1985) explain coherence as the basis of a common causal theory. Similarity, goals, and theories have all been tested as bases of conceptual coherence. Measures of coherence include the speed with which a concept is learned, the treatment of plausible members as equivalent, and perhaps the concept’s relation to linguistic structure (e.g., Medin, 1989; Murphy & Medin, 1985; Rosch, 1975).
Communications Technology and Democracy
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: November 2023

Like other new technologies, the Internet has been pro­ claimed the instigator of a social revolution.1 “Today we are witnessing the early, turbulent days of a revolution as significant as any other in human history,” one industry executive opines. ‘½. new medium of human communications is emerging, one that may prove to surpass all previous revolutions-the printing press, the telephone, the television, the computer-in its impact on our economic and social life.”2 Admittedly, the Internet has already influenced American life. The most coveted activity of most Americans-leisure-increasingly has included the Web. Time spent online has increased dramatically. By 1997, 85 percent of users said they go online at least daily.3 In 1996, half of users said they were online at least 10 hours a week. One-fifth said they stayed online more than 20 hours per week. Indeed, use can exceed access: America Online was severely criticized and even sued by some of its customers for dumping millions of disks in direct mail campaigns and offering unlimited access time without sufficiently increasing their ability to handle new customers.4 Online services are rushing to increase telephone connections to meet the growing demand.
The Virtual Public
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: November 2023

So far in this book, the Internet has been described as a communication link between policy makers, the media, or interest groups and the public. Yet, the Internet has produced still another form of political interaction-dialogue among individual citizens. This interaction, via Usenet groups and other bulletin boards, offers a form of virtual association. Hundreds of thousands of messages like those above are posted daily on a multitude of forums. Clearly, an e-mail address and Internet access can offer a window on a world of wide-ranging discussion.
When Women Lead
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon
Published: November 2023

Until recently, the study of legislative leadership has been the study of men. Scholars have taught students that legislative leadership is transactional, a kind of competitive bargaining procedure to broker particular interests. When Women Lead: Integrative Leadership in State Legislatures brings to light the important contributions that women as legislative leaders make to the institutions in which they operate. Cindy Simon Rosenthal shows us how (and where) women are “integrating” the ranks of the legislative hierarchy, a forum in which they have been all but absent. She also argues that women are “doing leadership” in an innovative, inclusive style that subtly redefines both the appearance and meaning of political leadership. Contradicting the assumption that legislative leadership is inherently transactional, Rosenthal posits an integrative style emphasizing collaboration, shared problem-solving, and consensus. Further, she argues that women committee chairs come to their roles from different life experiences, and so employ motivations, tactics, and visions of leadership that differ in important ways from their male counterparts. Her findings suggest that women tend to see political leadership as something more than the act of satisfying particular interests. This study of women who chair state legislative committees examines one of America’s largest cohorts of women in institutional leadership roles, thus making an important contribution to our understanding of gender, organizational leadership, and state legislatures. Rosenthal ably demonstrates that legislatures are not gender-neutral and that legislative leadership must be understood within a gendered context. Numbers and power therefore constitute critical variables throughout this study. While stereotyping has not disappeared in some states, women across the country--as illustrated in When Women Lead--are effectively redefining the framework and the assumptions central to political leadership in other locales.
Remembering Actions: A Specific Type of Memory?
Authors: Zimmer Hubert D , Cohen Ronald L
Published: November 2023

Imagine that you came home from the office or from a day trip and someone asked you what had happened during the day. What would you tell him or her? You would probably describe the events that had happened and you would talk about the things you had done. Similarly, if you described your working day, it is very likely that you listed a series of activities that you had performed over the course of the day.
Action Memory: A System-Oriented Approach
Authors: Engelkamp Johannes
Published: November 2023

This chapter explains why action phrases such as “brush your teeth” are better retained when we perform them than when we only listen to them or watch and imagine them, respectively. This memory advantage of performing actions is called subject-performed task effect (SPT effect). Although there are some boundary conditions for this SPT effect (e.g., Engelkamp & Zimmer, 1997; Zimmer & Engelkamp, 1999), this effect is very robust and has been demonstrated in numerous experiments (see Engelkamp, 1998, for a comprehensive review). In trying to explain this effect, it is proposed that more than one memory system is involved. Demonstrating that one needs several systems to explain the SPT effect is the topic of this chapter.
“The Nation’s Child ... is Dead” The Lindbergh Case
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

The child was born at an inauspicious time, at the beginning of the most serious economic depression in American history, on June 22, 1930, to parents who were young, handsome, rich, and very famous. Blond and blue-eyed like his father, he was the picture of privilege. The first grandchild on one side of a rich and powerful international banker and ambassador, he was on the other side a grandchild of a quirky, maverick populist and isolationist congressman from Minnesota. After his birth, his parents began to build a mansion, an aerie, far from the madding crowds, to protect them selves and him from the curiosity that had become his birthright and from the cult of celebrity that was beginning to define mass society in the twentieth century.
“Missing”
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

Just before 8 A.M. on Friday, May 25, 1979, six-year-old Etan Patz emerged confidently from his parents’ co-op apartment in the SoHo district of New York to begin the two-block walk to the school bus stop. Etan had been eager for some time to do this on his own as a sign of a new maturity, and his mother had finally assented. She watched him briefly from her loft’s third floor fire escape as he proceeded from their home on 113 Prince Street to the intersection of Wooster. She then turned back into the apartment, and Etan vanished into the New York crowds.
The Structure of Tone
Authors: Bao Zhiming
Published: November 2023

This book argues a fresh theory about the structure of tone. Bao investigates a wide range of tone sandhi data from various Chinese dialects and other Asian tone languages, providing empirical support for his proposal that tone is a formal entity which consists of register and contour. Bao establishes a clear typological distinction between register tone languages and contour tone languages whose contour tones have a more complex structure.
Cognition in Emotion: Always, Sometimes, or Never?
Authors: Clore Gerald L , Ortony Andrew
Published: November 2023

A not uncommon reaction to claims about the role of cognition in emotions is to agree with the proverbial farmer, who, when asked for directions to the city, replied “You can’t get there from here.” Certainly, emotions have many characteristics that seem to justify skepticism about any involvement of cognition in them. For example, the fact that we can be surprised by our own emotions suggests that we sometimes have little insight into them, and the fact that emotions occur automatically suggests that we have little control over them. We cannot, for instance, simply decide to feel an emotion the way we can decide to think about one. Furthermore, it is not unusual for people to report emotional reactions that conflict with cognitive ones. For example, in a vivid account of his struggle with anxiety and depression, one author (Solomon, 1998) recalls lying frozen in bed, crying because he was too frightened to take a shower while at the same time knowing full well that showers are not scary. One of our goals in this chapter is to examine the implications of such observations for the idea that emotions always involve cognitive appraisal processes; we argue that a cognitive account of emotion has implications that are both more fundamental and less restrictive than the skeptical view that emotions do not necessarily involve cognition seems to imply.
Measuring Emotion: Behavior, Feeling, and Physiology
Authors: Bradley Margaret M , Lang Peter J
Published: November 2023

What are emotions? What are feelings? How can they be both central events of our experience as human beings and ephemera that seem to occur unbidden by the mind and beyond our control? Do feelings prompt behavior, or is a feeling merely the shadow of an action? Why is the expectation of pain often worse than the pain itself? Philosophers have searched for answers to such questions over centuries of thought and study. All of us wonder why emotion is sometimes so destructive, and so often the focus of mental disorder. Is a wholly rational consciousness the true ideal? Are emotions of any use?
No One Was Turned Away
Authors: Opdycke Sandra
Published: November 2023

For more than a century, New York City’s public hospitals have played a major role in ensuring that people of every class have had a place to turn for care. This comparison of the history of Bellevue Hospital with that of the private New York Hospital illuminates the unique contribution that public hospitals have made to the city and confirms their continued value today. Portraying the hospital as an urban institution that reflects the social, political, economic, demographic, and physical changes of the surrounding city, this book links the role of public hospitals to the ongoing debate about the place of public institutions in American society.
Toward a Reconceptualization of the Coming-Out Process for Adolescent Females
Authors: Schneider Margaret S
Published: November 2023

The modem wave of psychological research on sexual orientation began with Evelyn Hooker’s study comparing a nonclinical sample of gay men with a nonclinical sample of heterosexual men on a variety of psychological characteristics (Hooker, 1957). It provided the impetus for a line of research comparing gay men and lesbians to heterosexual men and women on a variety of psychological characteristics. These studies demonstrated that homosexuality was not a mental illness and, in and of itself, posed no barrier to the ability of an individual to be a productive and healthy member of society (see Gonsiorek, 1982). This resulting line of research eventually formed the basis for removing homosexuality from the DSM-II (Bayer, 1981). It provided the scientific foundation for viewing a gay or lesbian sexual orientation as a normal variant of psychosexual development. While there had been considerable theorizing about the etiology of homosexuality using a disease model, this new perspective invited the question of how a same-sex sexual orientation develops in a social context in which same-sex desire is stigmatized and everyone is assumed to be heterosexual.
The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths in University Communities
Authors: Evans Nancy J
Published: November 2023

The college years are a time of self-exploration, personal growth, and determination of the roles one will assume in society. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual students face the added challenge of resolving issues related to their sexual orientation. Until students develop a sense of themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual people, addressing the other developmental tasks is difficult. Career decision making, establishing close friendships and intimate relationships, and determining a personal set of religious beliefs and values are issues greatly influenced by how one chooses to live one’s life with regard to sexual orientation. As a result of the hostile climate facing gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals in our society, the task of lesbian/ gay /bisexual identity development and the decisions associated with this process can contribute to significant psychological stress and mental health problems (Buhrke & Stabb, 1995; Evans & D’Augelli, 1996). Isolation and feelings of being different from their heterosexual peers are commonplace among lesbian, gay, and bisexual students (D’Augelli, 1993). Without support, the development of a healthy identity is particularly challenging (Slater, 1993).
Retrieval Strategies as a Rehabilitation Aid for Cognitive Loss in Pathological Aging
Authors: Camp Cameron J , Bird Michael J , Cherry Katie E
Published: November 2023

Research on memory interventions for persons with dementia and other cognitive impairments is rapidly expanding, as the existence of this volume testifies. In this chapter, we will describe the use of active retrieval strategies as an aid in cognitive rehabilitation for pathological aging. More than 20 years have passed since the original research on which this chapter is based was published. In the late 1970s, Landauer and Bjork (1978) described a technique designed to allow new in formation, such as the name of a person in a photograph, to be learned efficiently. They called this phenomenon “spaced retrieval” (SR). Their study was published as a book chapter—part of the proceedings of the first Practical Aspects of Memory conference held in the United Kingdom. Today, SR is being implemented as a rehabilitation aid for cognitive loss associated with an increasingly diverse set of pathologies found in older adults. The SR technique described by Landauer and Bjork has been shown to allow persons with profound memory deficits characteristic of dementia to be able to learn new information and successfully recall it across clinically meaningful periods of time (days, weeks, months). Interventions using this approach, in combination with other techniques, can alleviate behavioral problems associated with dementia in real-world settings. Use of SR by therapists in different disciplines has recently been noted.
Blessed Assurance: Religion, Personal Empowerment, and African-American Political Activism
Authors: Harris Fredrick C
Published: November 2023

One minister in brooklyn, new york, asked by a newspaper reporter whether he felt “scared” organizing to rid a half-abandoned apartment building of drugs and prostitution, mentioned a source of political empowerment that scholars rarely acknowledge. Reverend Hardy Smallwood answered that it was “but the grace of God” that kept him from danger.1 He noted that he could not have succeeded alone; it was the “police and community working together” that made his organizing effective. Police and sympathetic neighbors may well have provided the minister with earthly reassurances in the face of the dangers of vengeful drug dealers and pimps, but Reverend Smallwood made it quite clear that, more than anything else, his belief in divine protection was what enabled him to overcome fears of retribution for his political activism. Game theorists, following self-interest models of political action, argue that the promise of cooperation with others can move some people to participate in collective action. Likewise, for activists like Reverend Smallwood, the perceived cooperation of a divine force-what could be described as sacred assurance-may provide incentives for participation.
Ties That Bind: Linking Religion and Intermediary Resources to Political Action
Authors: Harris Fredrick C
Published: November 2023

This brief chapter provides a statistical conclusion to my quantitative analyses in chapters 5 and 6 by examining the combined effects of religion’s macro and micro resources on black political mobilization. I consider here the multidimensionality of religious beliefs and practices and estimate not only the direct effects of different religious factors on political action but their indirect impact-through intermediary resources that are psychological and organizational in nature.1 Intermediary resources, like participation in social organizations and feelings of political empowerment, foster political participation by linking individuals to political action.
An Environment for New Media
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana
Published: November 2023

Historically, the American media have undergone distinct periods of intense, almost cyclical transition. The media continually are reacting and adapting to changes in technological, economic market, cultural, and political forces. The changes within the media business that the United States now is experiencing represent yet another stage in an ongoing process of journalistic evolution.
Audience Attitudes
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, there are a variety of characteristics that set the audiences for new media apart from other citizens. They are demo graphically more specialized than the audiences for newspapers, television news, and radio news. They use new media to gratify particular needs, some of which are not met satisfactorily by the mainstream press. New media users welcome the opportunity to obtain a different variety and style of information that is offered through these sources and to participate in discussions that occur in a public forum. Further, the information disseminated via new media and received by audience members is often opinionated, even highly ideological, in content.
Whitman and the Gay American Ethos
Authors: Killingsworth M Jimmie
Published: November 2023

Historical critics have gradually come to see that Walt Whit ‘s striking images of the ‘‘body electric”-the human arged with sexual energy, open to entreaties of companions male and female, driven by consuming desire, containing the sources of psychological, as well as political, power-were not exclusively the product and property of an inspired individual but were “socially constructed.” During Whitman’s time, the sexualized body became an increasing source of both anxiety and fascination, fully acknowledged and explicitly voiced in medical writings, social purity pamphlets, self-help books, and popular science, as well as pulp fiction, pornography, and under ground confessional literature. Only a literary history focused entirely on the literature of parlors, schoolrooms, and highbrow literary journals could view Whitman’s “poetry of the body” as unalloyed in its originality.
Emerson and Religion
Authors: Robinson David M
Published: November 2023

This belief in the presence and power of the soul is the core of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s religious thought and the vital principle his entire intellectual achievement. His doctrine of the soul developed in the 1820s and 1830s as he fused the Unitarian theology of self-culture with the spiritual and idealistic doctrines from several Neoplatonic, oriental, and European Romantic sources, and as his interest was kindled in the new scientific discoveries of his day. His doctrine of the soul blossomed into a passionate and visionary expression of the premises of Transcendentalism in key works of the late 1830s and early 1840s.
Investigations
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

It may be that I have stumbled upon an adequate description of life itself. These modest yet profound words trumpet an imminent paradigm shift in scientific, economic, and technological thinking. In the tradition of Schrödinger’s classic What Is Life?, Kauffman’s Investigations is a tour-de-force exploration of the very essence of life itself, with conclusions that radically undermine the scientific approaches on which modern science rests--the approaches of Newton, Boltzman, Bohr, and Einstein. Building on his pivotal ideas about order and evolution in complex life systems, Kauffman finds that classical science does not take into account that physical systems--such as people in a biosphere--effect their dynamic environments in addition to being affected by them. These systems act on their own behalf as autonomous agents, but what defines them as such? In other words, what is life? Kauffman supplies a novel answer that goes beyond traditional scientific thinking by defining and explaining autonomous agents and work in the contexts of thermodynamics and of information theory. Much of Investigations unpacks the progressively surprising implications of his definition. Significantly, he sets the stages for a technological revolution in the coming decades. Scientists and engineers may soon seek to create autonomous agents--both organic and mechanical--that can not only construct things and work, but also reproduce themselves! Kauffman also lays out a foundation for a new concept of organization, and explores the requirements for the emergence of a general biology that will transcend terrestrial biology to seek laws governing biospheres anywhere in the cosmos. Moreover, he presents four candidate laws to explain how autonomous agents co-create their biosphere and the startling idea of a “co-creating” cosmos. A showcase of Kauffman’s most fundamental and significant ideas, Investigations presents a new way of thinking about the fundamentals of general biology that will change the way we understand life itself--on this planet and anywhere else in the cosmos.
Reparations, Truth, and Reconciliation
Authors: Soyinka Wole
Published: November 2023

From within the same continent, two strategies of confrontation with one’s history. They are off-springs of the same age, sprung from minds of a shared identity, and they appear to complement yet contradict each other. Both depend on a process of baring the truth of one’s history in order to exorcise the past and secure a collective peace of mind, the healing of a bruised racial psyche. Both concepts even appear to play a game with each other—in the mind at least—since some form of mental reconciliation appears to be provoked for their cohabitation. How on earth does one reconcile reparations, or recompense, with reconciliation or remission of wrongs? Dare we presume that both, in their differing ways, are committed to ensuring the righting of wrongs and the triumph of justice?

The undeniable differences merely complicate matters—one proposal originates from a history of Africa that has become somewhat remote, attenuated by time and becoming blurred by global relationships, while the other owes its birth to an ordeal that is so immediate that both victims and violators are alive and locked within the necessity of cohabitation. This contrast in itself provides a paradox—in expectations. If anything, it is the latter condition, the contemporary one, that should mandate a call for reparations in one form or another. The victims are alive and in need of rehabilitation while their violators—as a recognizable group—pursue a privileged existence, secure in the spoils of a sordid history. Indeed, it is within the enclosure of that nation called South Africa that the principle of reparations presents itself as something quite practical and feasible, indeed, clamorous, unlike the context of slavery that continues to be increasingly contumacious in the determination of responsibilities.
The Ebb and Flow of Cultures
Authors: Smith Nigel J H
Published: November 2023

How many people inhabited Amazonia at the time of first contact with Europeans? More importantly to this discussion, what was their impact on the environment, particularly on biodiversity? Answers to these two questions can tell us a lot about the region’s potential for sustaining population growth and development. We can also derive lessons from the legacy of natural resource exploitation during the colonial period, as well as from the boom-and-bust cycles over the last century or so. The Amazon floodplain has often been considered sparsely settled, or inhabited only briefly by advanced cultures that arrived in the region and then soon declined. The region has thus been portrayed as largely empty, little toucheduntil recently-by human activities. Yet nearly a century ago, 0. F. Cook, an ecologist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, pointed out that few forests in the New World can be considered virgin.1 Dense populations in many tropical forest regions of the Americas have resulted in substantial transformation of woodlands.
The Emergence and Impact of Livestock Raising
Authors: Smith Nigel J H
Published: November 2023

Apart from the Muscovy duck and some stingless bees, no truly domesticated animals appear to have been kept by indigenous peoples in Amazonia. Abundant sources of animal protein along the rivers, especially along muddy rivers such as the Amazon, may have dissuaded groups from taking the trouble to tame, house, and feed animals. Many mammals and birds were kept as pets, but these were usually captured in the wild while still young. Some “pets” were eventually eaten, but others, particularly parrots, macaws, and harpy eagles, were kept to supply feathers for ornamental wear. Several Indian groups once kept thousands of giant river turtles in aquatic corrals along the Amazon, but these “river cattle” were captured after laying eggs on beaches at low water, rather than raised in captivity.
John Hughlings Jackson
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

This book traces the life and scientific career of Dr. John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911), the English physician who pioneered the development of neurology as a medical specialty during the reign of Queen Victoria. Jackson made a number of scientific discoveries in several areas of higher nervous activity and language, and contributed greatly to the study of various types of epilepsy. He isolated the form of epilepsy associated with localized convulsive seizures, known as Jacksonian epilepsy. His research on epilepsy stretched across a broad spectrum and included uncinate attacks, intellectual aurae, and many other manifestations, which are now collectively covered by the term temporal lobe epilepsy. He was also among the first to recognize the pattern of disease of the cerebellum. Jackson's research was not limited to epilepsy, and encompassed studies in aphasia and neuro-ophthalmology. Following the concepts of the philosopher Herbert Spencer, Jackson devised a hierarchy of the nervous system with positive and negative manifestations of neurological activity. His work was based on a detailed, insightful evaluation of the clinical symptoms of diseases of the brain, coupled with meticulous, repeated studies of their phenomena. Jackson's observations of localized brain lesions led to the first cases of neurosurgical ablation of brain tumours. Much of his original work still forms the foundation of our contemporary understanding of the dissolution of language caused by disease. A straightforward, comprehensive account of the life of an eminent physician, John Hughlings Jackson: Father of English Neurology is written as a monument to a man who aroused the deepest respect and affection in his students and colleagues. Neurologists, neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, pathologists, neuroscientists, residents and medical students will find this book a source of inspiration, and will relish its rare description of medicine in 19th century England.
Geographic Information Systems for Transportation
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung
Published: November 2023

GIS data and tools are revolutionizing transportation research and decision making, allowing transportation analysts and professionals to understand and solve complex transportation problems that were previously impossible. Here, Miller and Shaw present a comprehensive discussion of fundamental geographic science and the applications of these principles using GIS and other software tools. By providing thorough and accessible discussions of transportation analysis within a GIS environment, this volume fills a critical niche in GIS-T and GIS literature.
GIS-T Data Models
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we discuss data models that are specifically oriented to GIS-T applications. We first discuss graph theory; this is the mathematical basis for representing networks, particularly in modeling. We will then discuss network representation of a transportation system, including the node-arc network model for representing a complex transportation system and logical data models for maintaining this representation in a computer database. We will then discuss linear referencing systems and the dynamic segmentation data model for recording and storing one-to-many relationships in a transportation network. Following this is a discussion of advanced data models for intelligent transportation systems and related applications, including data models that support navigation. Finally, we will review distributed and interoperable GIS-T data models.
Some Linguistic Aspects of Closure Cut-Off
Authors: Jasperson Robert
Published: November 2023

This chapter studies some phonetic and phonological aspects of an especially common form of cut-off in English, a form that I term here “closure cut-off.” Cut-off is one of several techniques for initiating same-tum repair, and the particular variety of cut-off that involves an articulatory closure-for example, a glottal stop-is especially common. The general notion of cut-off derives from research on repair in CA as well as in other fields. Conventionally transcribed with a dash or hyphen, cut-off has been described as a “non-lexical perturbation” in speech (Schegloff, Jefferson, and Sacks 1977), whose action is perceived as “abrupt” (e.g., Goodwin 1981; Atkinson and Heritage 1984; Schegloff 1992; Nakatani and Hirschberg 1993; Sparks 1994). Its articulation has been described as typically involving glottal or other stop closure (e.g., Hockett 1967; Jefferson 1974; Schegloff 1979; Goodwin 1981; Sparks 1994).
Whales, Candlelight, and Stuff Like That
Authors: Overstreet Maryann
Published: November 2023

This innovative work provides the first comprehensive account of general extenders (“or something,” “and stuff,” “or whatever”). Combining insights from linguistics, cognitive psychology, and interactional sociolinguistics, the author demonstrates that these small phrases are not simply vague expressions, but have a powerful role in making interpersonal communication work. The audience for this book includes linguists, scholars of English, teachers of English as a first and a second language, sociolinguists, psycholinguists, and communications researchers.
Introduction: Autonomic Psychophysiology
Authors: Stemmler Gerhard
Published: November 2023

The autonomic psychophysiology of emotion has a long thought tradition in philosophy but a short empirical tradition in psychological research. Yet the past 20 years or so have seen the accumulation of an impressive body of replicated findings in which autonomic variables acquire a well-validated psychological meaning. This is particularly true for research areas with well-developed experimental paradigms and an emergence of “minitheories” (some of which are reviewed in chapters 10, 13, and 14). The situation differs, however, if reverberations of specific emotions are sought in autonomic variables. Even though large-scale studies were initiated as long as 50 years ago, consensus among scholars about the psychological meaning of the registered somatovisceral “emotion” profiles is still low (see chapter 11). This ongoing debate is an indication that the field is still struggling with enormous complexities in understanding the psychobiology of emotions and even in studying it properly. An acknowledgment of today’s changing view of the physiology of the autonomic nervous system (see chapter 9) and of methodological considerations (see chapter 12) might play a role in overcoming those complexities. Considering the functions of emotions and the tasks performed by the brain in processing an external or an internally generated emotion stimulus might help to distinguish among research areas in which the activity of autonomic systems during emotion is assessed. All of the contributors to this section mention one or more functions of the emotions. The function of an emotion can be recognized by its goals. To begin with, we have to introduce the terms emotion goal, emotion strategy, emotion tactics, and emotion task. Briefly, an emotion stimulus initiates a processing cascade, which results in solutions for a series of emotion tasks. Emotion tasks prepare the organism for approaching the goal of an emotion. Emotion strategies lead the way to a goal, whereas emotion tactics are specific actions on this way. An emotion goal can be formulated on different levels of abstraction. The top level is a tribute to Charles Darwin: Emotions have the goal to secure survival and procreation. Still on a rather abstract level, emotions, defined as states elicited by rewards and punishers, function “as a mechanism for the genes to influence behavior . . . by specifying the stimuli or events that the animal is built to find rewarding or punishing, so that the genes specify the goals for action, not the actions themselves” (Rolls, 2000, p. 220). In another account, emotions deal with major adaptational dilemmas: The function of disgust is rejection; of anger, destruction; of fear, protection; of sadness, reintegration; of joy, reproduction (Plutchik, 1980). The goal of most (negative) emotions is to “maintain a relatively steady (or ‘normal’) state in the face of interpersonal challenges” (Plutchik, 1997, p. 20), for example, to reinstate one’s dominance or, even more specifically, to win a fight. Emotions provide the cognitive and bodily means to accomplish these goals.
Motivational Organization of Emotions: Autonomic Changes, Cortical Responses, and Reflex Modulation
Authors: Hamm Alfons O , Schupp Harald T , Weike Almut I
Published: November 2023

The uniqueness assertion is generally associated with Alexander’s (1950) psychosomatic hypotheses. The second assertion of sameness arguably finds its clearest statement in Mandler’s (1975) writings. Needless to say, these are both statements in extremis, and it would be difficult to find undiluted, unhedged versions of either in the contemporary literature. Nonetheless, they form the two poles around which participants in the debate over autonomic specificity have aggregated over the decades. In my view, both of these assertions are highly dubious.
Autonomic Specificity and Emotion
Authors: Levenson Robert W
Published: November 2023

Autonomic specificity refers to the notion that emotions can be distinguished in terms of their associated patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. This idea has a long history in psychology, tracing back at least to James’s (1884) writings on the nature of emotion. Moreover, it is an idea that has always been shrouded in controversy, attracting many critics along the way (e.g., Cacioppo, Klein, Berntson, & Hatfield, 1993; Cannon, 1927; Schachter & Singer, 1962; Zajonc & McIntosh, 1992). The controversy has been framed by two immoderate assertions: (1) Every emotion is autonomically unique; and (2) every emotion is autonomically the same. The uniqueness assertion is generally associated with Alexander’s (1950) psychosomatic hypotheses. The second assertion of sameness arguably finds its clearest statement in Mandler’s (1975) writings. Needless to say, these are both statements in extremis, and it would be difficult to find undiluted, unhedged versions of either in the contemporary literature. Nonetheless, they form the two poles around which participants in the debate over autonomic specificity have aggregated over the decades. In my view, both of these assertions are highly dubious. Regarding the first assertion of uniqueness, as I hope this chapter makes clear, it is highly likely that reliable autonomic differences only exist for a small number of emotions. Moreover, where these differences do exist, they are likely to be “prototypical” in nature, with particular occurrences of a given emotion showing variation around these central tendencies. Similarly, there is ample basis for rejecting the second assertion of no autonomic differences among emotions. An examination of the empirical literature reveals many studies that report evidence of autonomic specificity. A flurry of such studies appeared after Ax (1953) developed a paradigm for using “real life” inductions to study this issue in the laboratory. Another flurry appeared 30 years later following our report (Ekman, Levenson, & Friesen, 1983) that used directed facial actions and relived emotional memories to address the same question. In contrast, there are surprisingly few published empirical studies that report failures to find any evidence for autonomic specificity. Most of the support for the “sameness” position comes from a number of influential critiques that have either discounted autonomic specificity on a priori grounds (e.g., Cannon’s argument that the autonomic nervous system was structurally incapable of supporting specificity; Cannon, 1927) or that have criticized existing data (e.g., Zajonc & McIntosh, 1992) without presenting any new data. The other source of “support” for the sameness position has derived from studies that have followed the paradigm introduced by Schachter and Singer (1962) in which the autonomic nervous system is activated by using some nonemotional agent (e.g., injection of epinephrine). Participants’ emotional labeling of the resultant state is shown to be quite malleable, reflecting cues in the experimental environment.
Introduction: Genetics and Development
Authors: Goldsmith H Hill
Published: November 2023

In some more scientifically coherent future, almost every chapter in a handbook such as this would treat developmental issues in conjunction with its substantive focus, but the current reality is that developmental issues are the specialty of those, such as the authors represented in this section, who know the young organism well. A developmental perspective is largely missing from the treatment of many issues. However, this Handbook is distinctive in that nearly every section does have at least one chapter with significant developmental content. One reason for the missing developmental perspective in much of affective science is that emotional development has proved to be complex. In a simpler world, the essentials of emotional development might have been distilled into a story something like this: “Shortly after the neonatal period, all of a set of basic emotions would become apparent, at least in some form. These basic emotions would be discernible via facial expressions and rudimentary behavioral reactions to situations with the same formal features that elicit adult emotions (e.g., goalblocking, threat). The essential features of emotional development would concern how emotion is regulated and how appraisal of context becomes increasingly complex. Emotions that typically emerge in the second year of life or later could be understood via principles of straightforward combinations or differentiation of earlier, basic emotions. Genes would be more important for specification of early emotions, with later-emerging emotions and emotional regulation being largely molded by social experience. The individual differences aspect of emotionlargely understood as temperament—would be very stable and highly heritable. There would be unambiguous convergence of different measures of emotional individuality during development, such that the perspectives of parents and teachers, as well as objective behavioral recording, would be interchangeable.” Unfortunately, this simple scenario does not recognize the complexity that is emerging from recent research, such as that reviewed in this part. Instead, it seems probable that none of the statements in the preceding paragraph are unambiguously true, and some are demonstrably false.
Emotional Development During Infancy
Authors: Kopp Claire B , Neufeld Susan J
Published: November 2023

Seven decades ago a small group of researchers sought to describe developmental trends in emotion expressions among infants and young children. What began as relatively modest research efforts evolved decades later into many hundreds of studies focused on broad research questions about infant emotional development. From the 1960s onward, research designs and coding systems have become more innovative and refined, and sophisticated analytic approaches have moved the field to causal inferences. Instead of the single emphasis that characterized initial attempts to define infant emotions, six research themes now dominate the field: (1) the development of emotion expressions and experiences (e.g., fear, pleasure) during the first two years of life and the way those expressions influence the growth of social relationships; (2) the perception of others’ emotion expressions and the role that increased understanding of these expressions has on self-organized behaviors; (3) the ways that development in other domains (e.g., cognition, motor development) influences the emotion repertoire; (4) the role that self-awareness has in emotion reorganization; (5) the impact of emotion language (e.g., mad, afraid) on young children’s understanding of their own emotions and its effect on their social interactions, including conflict situations; and (6) the meaning of emotion regulation for infants and toddlers and their caregivers, the way that emotion regulation changes during the first two years, and the role of individual differences in its manifestation. History has also witnessed a shift in how the meaning of emotions is conceptualized. Once viewed as disruptive and incompatible with reason, emotions are now viewed as essential to developmental organization. Solomon (1993), in his historical review, notes that the “most enduring metaphor of reason and emotion has been the metaphor of master and slave, with the wisdom of reason firmly in control and the dangerous impulses of emotion safely suppressed” (p. 3). Whether this perspective actually extended down to infancy is uncertain; however, developmental theorists from the 1970s on have emphasized the organizing nature of infant emotions (see Campos, Barrett, Lamb, Goldsmith, & Stenberg, 1983; Sroufe, 1979, 1996). Emotions are not simply noise but contribute to and benefit from development in other domains (Kagan, 1994). Studies of infant and toddler perception, cognition, language, and selfhood underscore this point.
Creative Expression and Communication of Emotions in the Visual and Narrative Arts
Authors: Oatley Keith
Published: November 2023

Art is social communication. Although one can imagine a lover improvising a poem privately into her lover’s ear, for the most part art is expressed in the form of objects that endure through time, and travel beyond the immediate. In this way, the emotions expressed in art can be thought of as extensions of the ephemeral and local expressions discussed elsewhere in this volume. This chapter is based on the movement of romanticism, by which emotions came into primacy in art and politics. Think of the Western history of ideas as having various phases: pre-classical, Greek, Roman, medieval. The modern period in Western history, which follows the medieval, began around 1400 with the start of Renaissance. Until the introduction of the printing press, around 1450, almost no one could read or write. With printing there occurred a great burgeoning of education and literacy. European life came to be dominated by commercial cities like Venice, London, and Amsterdam. World exploration and communication began. The Renaissance in art, architecture, and literature, as well as the beginnings of science, transformed the intellectual life of Europe and started to transform everyday life. About 1750, there began the era of romanticism, felt first in literary arts and politics. Scientific interest in emotions can be dated to more than a hundred years later, to Darwin’s book of 1872, The Expression of the Emotions. Romanticism started, let us say, when Jean-Jacques Rousseau, citizen of Geneva—he who coined that ringing phrase “Man is born free and is everywhere in chains”— came first to public notice with an essay that won a prize. In this essay he argued that the natural is far to be preferred to the artificialities of civilization, which promote inequality and idleness. He wrote: “Human nature was [in former times] basically no better than it is now, but men found security in being able to discern each other’s feelings and intentions, and this advantage . . . spared them many vices” (1750, p. 208). So, the romantic movement, as well as giving primacy to the emotions, was associated with the betterment of humanity. Its mood was responsible for the slogan of the French Revolution, “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.” Liberty was freedom from political repression and, as we might now say, from repression of emotions. It was freedom to create one’s own life. (Its modern versions are ideas of being oneself, even of being what one really wants to be.) Earlier, the American Revolution, influenced by these same currents, led to the Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, which includes the pursuit of an emotional state among human rights: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”