bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactions of 1,4-Dimethyl-4-nitro-cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl Acetates With Nitrogen Dioxide; the Formation of Polynitro Cyclohexenyl Esters
Authors: Abell AD , Hartshorn MP , Maclennan ME , Robinson WT , Wright GJ
Published: September 2010

Reactions of the epimeric 4-nitrocyclohexa-2,5-dienyl acetates (10) and (11) with nitrogen dioxide in acetic anhydride give closely similar mixtures of the nitro aromatic compounds (12)-(15), three polynitro nitrate esters (16)-(18), and two polynitro acetates (19) and (20). X-Ray crystal structure determinations are reported for compounds (16)-(18).
Synthesis of Casein-Related Peptides and Phosphopeptides. IX. A Modified Method for the Synthesis of Ser(P) Peptides by Using Ppoc-Ser(PO3bzl2)-OH
Authors: Perich JW , Alewood PF , Johns RB
Published: September 2010

Benzyl phosphate groups were found to be sensitive to acid conditions, and a stability study with dibenzyl isobutyl phosphate under various acid conditions is described. While extensive acidolytic debenzylation of the dibenzyl phosphorotriester occurred on treatment with either 4 M hydrogen chloride/ dioxan or 50% trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane, only minor benzyl loss occurred with the use of formic acid or 1 M hydrogen chloride/acetic acid. Minimization of benzyl phosphate loss during the synthesis of a Ser(PO3Bzl2)-containing tripeptide was effected by the use of 98% formic acid (or 1 M hydrogen chloride/acetic acid) for the cleavage of the Boc group from Boc -Ser(PO3Bzl2)- Leu-OBzl . In an alternative procedure, the protected 2-phenylisopropyloxycarbonyl derivative, Ppoc -Ser(PO3Bzl2)-OH was prepared by an efficient four-step procedure and was used in a solution-phase peptide synthesis for the high yielding preparation of Boc-Glu ( OBzl )-Ser(PO3Bzl2)- Leu-OBzl . The protected Ser(PO3Bzl2) tripeptide was deprotected by palladium- catalysed hydrogenolysis in formic acid and gave Glu -Ser(P)-Leu in near-quantitative yield.
Conversion of Manoyl Oxide Into 12-β-Hydroxymanoyl Oxide
Authors: Cambie RC , Moratti SC , Rutledge PS , Woodgate PD
Published: September 2010

The C12 position of manoyl oxide (1) has been functionalized by conversion of (1) into the alcohol (6), followed by oxidation with lead tetraacetate, thereby providing a partial synthesis of the natural product 8α,13-epoxylabd-14-en-12β-ol (3).
Synthesis of Casein-Related Peptides and Phosphopeptides. XIII. Solid Phase Synthesis of GLu-Ser(P)-Leu Through Global Phosphorylation of a Resin-Bound Seryl-Containing Peptide
Authors: Perich JW , Johns RB
Published: September 2010

The solid phase synthesis of CF3CO2H.H-Glu-Ser(P)-Leu-OH by the 'global' 'phosphite-triester' phosphorylation of a polystyrene resin-bound seryl -containing peptide by using either dibenzyl or di -t-butyl N,N- diethylphosphoramidite is described. The seryl -containing peptide resin was prepared by successive dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/1H-benzotriazol-1-ol couplings of Fmoc -Ser(But)-OH and Z- Glu ( OBzl )-OH to Boc-Leu-resin (polystyrene) followed by cleavage of the seryl t-butyl ether group with 90% CF3CO2H/CH2Cl2. The seryl hydroxy group was phosphorylated by the use of either dibenzyl or di -t-butyl N,N-diethylphosphoramidite/1H- tetrazole followed by m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid oxidation of the resultant phosphite triester. With benzyl phosphate protection, the protected Ser(PO3Bzl2)-containing peptide resin was deprotected by high-pressure hydrogenation with palladium acetate. In the case of t-butyl phosphate protection, the t-butyl groups were first cleaved by treatment with 10% CF3CO2H/CH2Cl2 and the Ser(PO3H2) tripeptide was then cleaved from the resin support by high-pressure hydrogenation in the presence of palladium acetate.
Electrostatic Energy in Inorganic and Organic Salts Containing Octahedral SnCl62- Ion
Authors: Dokurno P , Lubkowski J , Czerminski J , Blazejowski J
Published: September 2010

Hexachlorostannic acid is a precursor of derivatives of an ionic nature. The electrostatic part of the lattice energy in alkali metal salts and nitrogen organic base salts containing the SnCl62- ion was determined by adopting the Ewald method. This approach requires knowledge of the complete or at least partial crystal structures of the compounds. In the case of incomplete structures the MNDO geometry optimization procedure was successfully applied to find the unknown positions of atoms, and thus permitted a wider representation of compounds to be considered. The crystal lattice energy calculations were carried out by taking from four different literature sources data regarding charge distribution in SnCl62-. It was further assumed that the positive charge in cations was located either directly on certain atoms or distributed between all the atoms in these ions. These latter net atomic charges were evaluated by applying INDO and MNDO methods. The electrostatic energies derived compare well with published values of the crystal lattice energy; this implies that, in the case of the compounds examined, the main contribution to the cohesive forces is made by Coulombic interactions.
Compounds of Cobalt(III) With trans-6,13-Diamino-6,13-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane
Authors: Curtis NF , Siriwardena A
Published: September 2010

Compounds are described of cobalt(III) with the macrocycle trans-6,13-diamino-6,13-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane ( diam ) of the types [Co(diam-N6)]3+, with diam in octahedral coordination, with the primary amino substituents coordinated trans; [Co(diam-N5)X]2,3+ and [Co(diamH-N5)X]3,4+, with diam in square pyramidal pentacoordination , with a ligand X,X-coordinated trans to the primary amino substituent and with the non-coordinated amino substituent neutral or monoprotonated, respectively; and trans-[Co(diamH-N4)X2]2+ and trans-[Co(diamH2-N4)X2]3+, with diam in planar tetracoordination, with trans ligands X-, and with one or both amino groups protonated , respectively. The diam and [Co(H2O)6](ClO4)2 in water exposed to the air react to sequentially form [Co( diam )]2+, trans-[{Co(diam-N5)}2(O2)]4+, trans-[Co(diam-N5)(OH)]2+ and [Co(diam-N6)]3+ cations. The μ- peroxo or hydroxo compounds can be used to prepare other N5-cations including [Co(diamH-N5)(H2O)]4+, [Co(diamH-N5) Cl ]3+ and [Co(diam-N5) Cl ]2+. [Co(diamH2-N4)]4+ formed by reduction of [Co(diam-N6]3+ with zinc amalgam in hydrochloric acid reoxidizes in air to form trans-[Co(diamH2-N4)Cl2]3+ and a [Co(diamH-N5) Cl ]2+ cation isomeric with that obtained from the hydroxo compound. The N4-tetra- and N5-penta-coordinated forms are stable in acid solution, but in base convert sequentially into the N6-hexacoordinated form in equilibrium with trans-[Co(diam-N5)(OH)]2+. Preparations, spectroscopic properties, and interconversion reactions of compounds of these cations, and some bromo, thiocyanato and acetato analogues are reported.
Subpicrolichenic Acid and Superpicrolichenic Acid, Two New Depsones From Pertusaria Lichens
Authors: Elix JA , Calanasan CA , Archer AW
Published: September 2010

The new depsones, subpicrolichenic acid (2) and superpicrolichenic acid (4) have been shown to co-occur with picrolichenic acid (1) in the lichens Pertusaria amara and P. Truncata respectively. The assigned structures were confirmed by unambiguous synthesis.
Synthesis of 2-Substituted Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines
Authors: Quinn RJ , Scammells PJ , Kennard CHL , Smith G
Published: September 2010

The reaction of 1-acetyl-2-phenylhydrazine with ethoxymethylenemalononitrile yielded [(4-cyano-1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl)aminomethylene]propanedinitrile. Hydrolysis followed by annulation with methyl isocyanate provided a synthetic route to 2-phenylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines.
Crystal-Structure of Naltrexone Hydrochloride: Implications for Location of the Nicotinic Receptor Noncompetitive Inhibitor Binding Site
Authors: Ledain AC , Madsen BW , Skelton BW , White AH
Published: September 2010

The opiate receptor antagonist naltrexone is also a non-competitive blocker of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ion channel complex. This blockade is usually thought to be due to physical occlusion of the channel pore. However, the most recent structural data for the nicotinic receptor show that the pore is generally 20-25 A in diameter, with a much narrower section in the plane of the membrane which is presumed to be the gating region. We have completed a single-crystal X-ray structure determination of naltrexone hydrochloride, (C20H24NO4)+Cl-.4H2O, at room temperature. Crystals are orthorhombic, P212121, a 18.099(5), b 15.926(6), c 7.768(11) A, Z 4; the structure was refined to a residual of 0.056 for 1988 'observed' reflections. The maximal dimension of this molecule (c. 11 - 6 A) suggests that physical occlusion of the channel pore can only occur if binding is directly in the gating region.
The Chemistry of Pyrrolic Compounds. LXVII. A New Demethyl Analog of DPEP (Deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin)
Authors: Clezy PS , Fookes CJR , Prashar JK , Salek A
Published: September 2010

A new demethyl analogue of DPEP, present as a nickel(II) complex in the Julia Creek oil shale deposit of North Queensland, has been shown by ring synthesis to lack a methyl group in ring A. This is now the third demethyl analogue of DPEP to be identified.
Untenic Acid, a Novel Ca2+-ATPase Activator From an Okinawan Marine Sponge
Authors: Shoji N , Umeyama A , Kishi K , Arihara S , Ohizumi Y , Kobayashi J
Published: September 2010

A novel furanoterpene, untenic acid (1), which activates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, has been isolated from an Okinawan marine sponge of the Spongiidae family, and characterized on the basis of spectroscopic data.
Intramolecular Oxidative Coupling of Aromatic Compounds. IV. Oxidation of Non-Phenolic Substrates
Authors: Krauss AS , Taylor WC
Published: September 2010

Intramolecular non- phenolic coupling of (2RS,3SR)-1,4-bis(4-benzyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethylbutan-1-one (6) failed. Oxidation of the derived butane(9) gave the aryltetralin (14) in low yield.
The Preparation and Crystal-Structure of N3,N4-Dimethylpyrrole-3,4-dicarboxamide Monohydrate
Authors: Arnold DP , Nitschinsk LJ , Smith G , Kennard CHL
Published: September 2010

The crystal structure of N3,N4-dimethylpyrrole-3,4-dicarboxamide monohydrate has been determined and refined to a residual of 0.034 for 1015 observed reflections. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/n with Z 4 in a cell of dimensions a 7.367(2), b 19.984(4), c 7.621(2) �, β 117.84(1)�. The pyrrole ring and the substituent amide side chains are essentially coplanar. The side chains are syn-syn related with an intramolecular hydrogen bond between a carbonyl oxygen of one group and the amide hydrogen of the other [O…N, 2.718(2) � ]. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is also found between the pyrrole NH group and a carbonyl oxygen [N…O, 2.770(2) � ] and between the lattice water and three separate amide residues [N…O, 2.878(2); OH…O, 2.747, 2.865(2) � ].
Synthesis of 4,6-Dialkylpyrimidine-5-carbonitriles
Authors: Mcfadden HG , Huppatz JL
Published: September 2010

4,6-Dialkylpyrimidine-5-carbonitriles were synthesized from 2-(1-ethoxyalkylidine)-3-oxoalkane-nitriles and bidentate nucleophiles such as thiourea in the presence of sodium ethoxide. The synthesis was found to be limited to dialkylpyrimidines where both alkyl groups contained between one and three carbons. Subsequent derivatization of the 2-thioxo function provides scope for the synthesis of a variety of novel pyrimidines.
Preparation and Crystal Structure of CsNa2 [BO3] and RbNa2 [BO3]
Authors: Schlager M , Hoppe R
Published: September 2010

Colourless single crystals of hitherto unknown CsNa2 [BO3] and RbNa2 [BO3] have been prepared by exchange reactions from intimate mixtures of Li3 [BO3], Na2O, CszO and Rb2O respectively. The new compounds are isostructural with KNa2 [BO3]. The structure determination from four-circle diffractometer data confirms the orthorhombic space group Pmmn with Z = 2. CsNa2 [BO3]: a = 626.33(4), b = 579.67(4), c = 560.09(5) pm (R = 2.0%, Rw = 1.8%). RbNa2 [BO3]: a = 613.3(2), b = 568.0(2), c = 554.9(2) pm (R = 6.0%, Rw = 4.0%). A characteristic feature of the structure is face-sharing of trigonal planar [BO3] groups with distorted anticuboctahedra of [MOI2]. The Madelung Part of the Lattice Energy (MAPLE), Effective Coordination Numbers ( ECoN ), Mean Fictive Ionic Radii (MEFIR) and Charge Distribution (CHARDI) are calculated and compared with results for KNa2 [BO3].
Structural Study of an Unusual Diels-Alder Adduct
Authors: Ghisalberti EL , Skelton BW , White AH
Published: September 2010

The structure of the compound obtained on heating the naturally occurring clerodane furanoditerpene (1) had been formulated as (2) on the basis of spectroscopic studies. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study on the dihydro derivative of (2) has confirmed this and provides support for the stereochemistry previously assigned to (1) on the basis of chemical evidence.
The Synthesis and Reactions of Some 1,4,2-Oxathiazin-6(5H)-ones
Authors: Johnson WM , Littler SW , Skene CE
Published: September 2010

Several derivatives of the novel 1,4,2-oxathiazin-6(5H)-one system were prepared by reaction of mercapto carboxylic acids with substituted carbohydroximoyl chlorides and subsequent cyclization of the resulting oxime acid with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide . The stability of the 1,4,2-oxathiazin-6(5H)-one system to acid and base conditions as well as to various nucleophiles was investigated.
The Alkaloids of Uncaria glabrata
Authors: Arbain D , Putri MM , Sargent MV , Syarif M
Published: September 2010

The isolation of the indole alkaloids uncarine E (17), C (16), D (21), glabratine (29) and deoxycordifoline (30) from the fresh bark of Uncaria glabrata DC. ( Rubiaceae ) is reported. The high-field 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra of these uncarines as well as uncarine B (14) and mitraphylline (12) are recorded and interpreted.
Coplanarity in 2,6-Dimethylazobenzenes: a 13C N.M.R. Study
Authors: Byrne CJ , Happer DAR
Published: September 2010

A number of 3- and 4-X-2′,6′-dimethylazobenzenes and 4-X-2,6-dimethylazobenzenes have been prepared, and their 13C N.M.R . Spectra have been measured. Comparison of the effect of X on the 13C N.M.R . chemical shifts for C4′ with that for the corresponding azobenzenes has been used as a probe for exploring the influence of the two introduced ortho-methyl groups on the degree of coplanarity of the azobenzene system and the efficiency of transmission of electronic effects from one ring to the other. The results support previous studies that have suggested that the methyl groups have a substantial effect on the planarity of the system, but, surprisingly, suggest that such loss of planarity has relatively little effect on the efficiencies of transmission of both polar and resonance effects between the two rings.
Synthesis of Some Benzo[b][1,6]naphthyridines and Benzo[b][1,7]naphthyridines
Authors: Chen QP , Deady LW
Published: September 2010

Pfitzinger (1-benzylpiperidin-4-one with 7-methylisatin) and Friedlander (3-aminopyridine-4-carbaldehyde with 2-methylcyclohexanone) syntheses, respectively, were used to prepare the title 'azaacridines' containing a methyl substituent peri to the central nitrogen. Oxidation of this group gave the corresponding aldehyde and carboxylic acid. In the [1,6] case, especially, the 10-position was also easily oxidized to give acridone analogues. Nitration occurred exclusively in the benzenoid rings.
Cyclization of Alkoxyiminyl Radicals Onto Olefins: Formation of 2-Alkoxy-Delta(1)-Pyrrolines, 4,5-Dihydrooxazoles and 5,6-Dihydrol-4h-1,3-Oxazines
Authors: Glover SA , Hammond GP , Harman DG , Mills JG , Rowbottom CA
Published: September 2010

Alkoxyiminyl radicals, generated by photolysis of N-bromo imidates, undergo exo-1,5 and exo-1,6 cyclization onto olefins on the O-alkyl side chains giving good yields of 4,5-dihydrooxazoles and 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazines, respectively. exo-1,5 Cyclization onto an olefin on the iminyl side chain gives 2-alkoxy-Δ1-pyrrolines. 4,5-Dihydrooxazole formation is more favourable than cyclization to 2-alkoxy-Δ1-pyrrolines and both reactions are irreversible. These preferences are supported by MNDO molecular orbital calculations which predict that both processes are exothermic but cyclization onto the O- alkenyl side chain has a lower ΔH‡.
Reassignment of the Compounds Reported to be 4,5-Dihydro-3H-1-benzazepin-5-ols as 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-2,5-epoxy-1H-1-benzazepines and 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-1,6-benzodiazocines as 2,3,3a,4-Tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazoles
Authors: Anastasiou D , Campi EM , Fallon GD , Jackson WR
Published: September 2010

Reexamination of the 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra of the supposed 4,5-dihydro-3H-1-benzazepin-5-ols (1) has led to a reassignment of their structure as 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2,5-epoxy-1H-1-benzazepines (3) and the new structure has been confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray structure determination of the 5-phenyl derivative (3; R1 = H, R2 = Ph). Similar examination of the n.m.r. spectra of the supposed 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1,6-benzodiazocines (2) has led to their reassignment as the pyrrolo [1,2-a] benzimidazoles (4).
Structural, Magnetic and Mössbauer Spectral Studies of Salts of Bis[2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine]iron(II)—a Spin Crossover System
Authors: Sugiyarto KH , Craig DC , Rae AD , Goodwin HA
Published: September 2010

The magnetic and Mossbauer spectral properties of hydrated and anhydrous complex salts [Fe( bpp )2] X2, where bpp = [2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine] and X = PF6, BF4, Br, I, NO3, are indicative of a temperature-induced singlet (1A1) ↔ quintet (5T2) transition in the complex cation. The nature of the transition depends on the anion and the degree of hydration. The transition is displaced to lower temperatures in the anhydrous species and for the hydrated is only partial above room temperature. The transition in the hydrated hexafluorophosphate salt occurs in two steps, and that in the anhydrous hexafluorophosphate is incomplete, a high residual fraction of quintet state species being retained below the transition temperature. For the anhydrous complexes the transition is discontinuous and that in the complex iodide is associated with a narrow thermal hysteresis with transition temperatures Tc ↓ = 203 K and Tc ↑ = 205 K. The structures of [Fe( bpp )2]I2.4H2O and [Fe( bpp )2][BF4]2.3H2O have been determined at 298 K. Both complex salts are essentially low spin at this temperature and have an average Fe-N distance of 1.95 Ǻ. The structures reveal in both instances an extended hydrogen-bonded network involving the uncoordinated >NH groups of the ligands, the anions and lattice water. It is suggested that it is this bonding which is responsible for the favouring of the singlet state in the hydrated salts. Bis [2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine]iron(II) diiodide tetrahydrate : triclinic, space group Pī , a 8.276(8), b 8.305(7), c 21.941(27) Ǻ, α 98.11(5), β 90.08(6), γ 90.82(6)°, Z 2. Bis [2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine]iron(II) bis ( tetrafluoroborate ) trihydrate : monoclinic, space group C2/c, a 31.222(15), b 14.456(3), c 12.907(5) Ǻ, β 99.40(2)°, Z 8.
N-Alkylation and Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of 2-Methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-5-ol and Related Compounds
Authors: Brown RFC , Mcgeary RP
Published: September 2010

2-Methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-5-ol (1), its acetate (2), and related compounds have been subjected to N- alkylation and electrophilic substitution reactions. Bromination , nitration, nitrosation , acylation and Mannich and related reactions show a preference for 3-substitution and 3,4-disubstitution. Nitration of (1) gives 4-substitution and 3,4-disubstitution. Reductions of nitro and nitroso compounds and some transformations of a Mannich base are described.
Pigments of Fungi. XXXIV. Synthesis of Austrocorticinic Acid, (±)-Austrocorticin and the Methyl Ester of Austrocorticone
Authors: Cotterill AS , Gill M
Published: September 2010

Austrocorticinic acid (1) is synthesised via the isophthalic acid (8) which is available in 37% yield over three steps from ethyl (3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)acetate (12). Intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation of the acid (8) yields the anthrone (6) which, as the ester (7), is smoothly oxidized to methyl austrocorticinate (14). Hydrolysis of (14) gives (1). Bromination of (15) gives the benzylic bromide (16) that is converted into racemic austrocorticin rac-(2) via the trifluoroacetate (18), and into the methyl ester (21) of austrocorticone (3) by oxidation with dimethyl sulfoxide.
A Cyclic Voltammetric Study of the Dissolution of Tellurium
Authors: Jayasekera S , Ritchie IM , Avraamides J
Published: September 2010

A cyclic voltammetric study of the oxidation and reduction of elemental tellurium over the pH range 0-14 has been undertaken with tellurium disk electrodes which could be rotated. In both oxidation and reduction, the behaviour of tellurium is largely that expected from the predictions of the E-pH diagram for this element. Exceptions to this general principle were observed during the oxidation of tellurium at both low and high pH where it was found that tellurous acid was relatively quick to form and slow to dissolve; this led to a type of passivation behaviour. On the reduction side, the system behaved in a complex, fashion between pH 8 and 11 with both HTe - and Te22- being formed.
Pigments of Fungi. XXXVII. Pisoquinone, a New Naphthalenoid Pulvinic Acid From the Fungus Pisolithus arhizus
Authors: Gill M , Kiefel MJ
Published: September 2010

A new naphthalenoid pulvinic acid, pisoquinone (3), is isolated and characterized from a white skinned variant of the ectomycorrhizal gastromycete Pisolithus arhizus. The structural elucidation is facilitated by analysis of the 13C n.m.r. spectrum of norbadione A (2) and that of its naturally occurring potassium salt (1), assignments of which are reported here for the first time.
Occupational safety management: The role of causal attribution
Authors: Gyekye Seth Ayim
Published: September 2010

The paper addresses the causal attribution theory, an old and well‐established theme in social psychology which denotes the everyday, commonsense explanations that people use to explain events and the world around them. The attribution paradigm is considered one of the most appropriate analytical tools for exploratory and descriptive studies in social psychology and organizational literature. It affords the possibility of describing accident processes as objectively as possible and with as much detail as possible. Causal explanations are vital to the formal analysis of workplace hazards and accidents, as they determine how organizations act to prevent accident recurrence. Accordingly, they are regarded as fundamental and prerequisite elements for safety management policies. The paper focuses primarily on the role of causal attributions in occupational and industrial accident analyses and implementation of safety interventions. It thus serves as a review of the contribution of attribution theory to occupational and industrial accidents. It comprises six sections. The first section presents an introduction to the classic attribution theories, and the second an account of the various ways in which the attribution paradigm has been applied in organizational settings. The third and fourth sections review the literature on causal attributions and demographic and organizational variables respectively. The sources of attributional biases in social psychology and how they manifest and are identified in the causal explanations for industrial and occupational accidents are treated in the fifth section. Finally, conclusion and recommendations are presented. The recommendations are particularly important for the reduction of workplace accidents and associated costs. The paper touches on the need for unbiased causal analyses, belief in the preventability of accidents, and the imperative role of management in occupational safety management.
Anwendung der Leitungsanaesthesie der Zungennerven bei der Künstlichen MKS‐Virus‐Infektion der Rinder
Authors: Zimmermann Th. , Garbe H.‐G.
Published: September 2010

Die intrakutane Zungeninjektion von Maul‐ und Klauenseuche‐Virus ist schmerzlos möglich, wenn eine Leitungsanaesthesie des Nervus lingualis und hypoglossus durch 10 ccm Tutocain stattfindet. Durch Injektion des Anaestheticums von der Mundhöhle her ist die Wirkung in 96,4% (Zimmermann), von der Kehlganggegend her in 90% (Garbe) der Fälle schnell zu erzielen.

The use of conduction anesthesia of the tongue nerves in artificial foot‐and‐mouth virus infection in cattle

It is possible to inject foot‐and‐mouth virus intracutaneously into the tongue without causing pain, if a preparatory conduction anesthesia of the nervus lingualis and hypoglossus is made, using 10 cc Tutocain. Injected through the mouth the anethetic takes quick effect in 96,4% of the cases (Zimmermann), injected from the outside of the throat the anethetic was effective in 90% (Garbe).

Emploi de l'anesthésie sur le trajet des nerfs de la langue pour l'inoculation artificielle du virus de la fièvre aphteuse à des bovins

L'inoculation dans la muqueuse de la langue du virus de la fièvre aphteuse est possible sans douleur, grâe à une anesthésie locale sur le trajet du nerf lingual et du nerf hypoglosse avec 10 cm3 de tutocaîne.

L'anesthésie peut être obtenue rapidement dans 96,4% des cas en faisant l'injection à partir de la cavité buccale (Zimmermann), et dans 90% des cas à partir de la région de l'auge (Garbe).

La aplicación de la anestesia de conducción de los nervios linguales en la infección artificial de los bóvidos con el virus de la glosopeda

La infección lingual intracutánea del virus de la fiebre aftosa se puede realizar sin provocar dolor cuando se efectua una anestesia previa de conducción de los nervios lingual e hipogloso con 10 c. c. de tutocaína. La acción se alcanza rápidamente mediante la inyección del anestésico desde la cavidad bucal en el 96,4% (Zimmermann), desde el conducto laríngeo en el 90% (Garbe) de los casos.
Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis Due To Botulism in Cattle in Turkey
Authors: Pamukcu A. M.
Published: September 2010

Bovine botulism due to Cl. botulinum type D was diagnosed in cattle in Turkey for the first time.

The toxin resulted in a hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis accompanied by a moderate degree of myelin breakdown.

These neuropathological changes were considered to be of a primary nature.

The distribution of the lesions in the central nervous system corresponded rather well with the symptoms of the disease.

Boviner Botulismus, ausgelöst durch Cl. botulinum Typ D, wurde in der Türkei zum ersten Male bei Rindern festgestellt.

Das Botulinustoxin verursachte eine haemorrhagische Encephalomyelitis, die einherging mit einer mäßigen Schädigung von Nervengewebe.

Die neuropathologischen Veränderungen waren primärer Natur.

Die Krankheitserscheinungen entsprachen der Lage der Schäden im Zentralnervensystem.

Une encéphalo‐myélite hémorrhagique causée par le botulisme chez le boeuf en Turquie

Le botulisme bovin, dû à Cl. botulinum Type D fut constaté pour la première fois chez le boeuf en Turquie.

La toxine botulinique provoqua une encéphalo‐myélite hémorrhagique accompagnée d'une dégénérescence assez peu prononcée du tissu nerveux.

Les lésions neuropathologiques furent considérées comme étant de nature primaire.

Les symptômes cliniques correspondaient à la distribution topographique des lésions dans le système nerveux central.

La encefalomielitis hemorrágica producida por el botullsmo en los bóvidos en Turquía

Por primera vez se diagnosticó en Turquía el botulismo bovino, cuyo agente etiológico es el Cl. botulinum tipo D.

La toxina botulínica produjo una encefalomielitis hemorrágica acompañada por un grado moderado de alteración mielínica.

Las alteraciones neuropatológicas eran de naturaleza primaria.

Los síntomas de la enfermedad coincidían con la localización topográfica de las lesiones en el sistema nervioso central.
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Hartwigk H. , Grund S.
Published: September 2010

Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Listeria monocytogenes Typ Paterson II ließen eindeutig eine peritriche Begeißelung mit einer Höchstzahl von 4 Geißeln erkennen. Die Anordnung der Geißeln blieb unklar, jedoch wurden in keinem Fall polare Geißeln beobachtet. Langgestreckte Geißeln waren selten, es herrschte die Reifenform vor. Die Geißeln ließen m. o. w. deutliche Einzelfasern erkennen. Es wird vermutet, daß die Grundform der Listeria‐Geißel die Spirale ist und die beobachtete Reifenform dutch Zusammenziehen der Spirale entsteht.

Electron microscope studies on Listeria monocytogenes

Examination of Listeria monocytogenes, Paterson Type 2, with the electron microscope shows clearly the existence of peritrichate flagella with at most four flagella. The arrangement of the flagella was not clear but in no case were they polar. Straight flagella were rare, most being of the mature type (spirals on top of each other). The flagella show loops of individual fibres within them. The basic flagellar form is considered to be spiral, the mature form being produced by fusion of the loops.

Etudes sur Listeria monocytogenes au microscope électronique

Des recherches effectuées au microscope électronique sur Listeria monocytogenes du type Paterson II permirent de voir nettement des cils péritriches au nombre maximum de 4. La position des cils est encore incertaine, mais en eucun cas on ne put observer des cils polaires. Les cils étaient rarement allongés, la forme circulaire étant prédominante. Des fibrilles isolées étaient plus ou moins nettement visibles dans les cils. On suppose que la forme normale des cils est une spirale et que les formes annulaires observées sont une conséquence de la rétraction des spirales.

Investigaciones sobre la Listeria monocytogenes realizadas con el microscopio electrónico

Las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en la Listeria monocytogenes tipo Paterson II, permitieron reconocer claramente la flagelación peritrica con un máximo de 4 flagelos. La disposición de los flagelos no se pudo aclarar, aunque en ningúno de los casos se observaron flagelos polares. Los flagelos alargados eran raros, predominando la forma de aro. Los flagelos permitieron reconocer unas fibras aisladas más o menos marcadas. Se sospecha, que la forma básica del flagelo de la Listeria es la espiral y que la forma en aro observada se forma por contracción de la espiral.
Nachweis von radioaktiv markiertem Schwefel (S35) im Kaninchenhaar und seine Beziehung zu gewissen Problemen des Haarwechsels
Authors: Lotmar Ruth
Published: September 2010

Die angeführten Untersuchungen an Kaninchenhaaren unter Verwendung von radioaktiv markiertem Schwefel wurden vor allem durchgeführt, urn die Brauchbarkeit der angewandten Isotopenmethode zur Bearbeitung verschiedener Probleme des Haarwuchses und Haarausfalles, des Stoffwechsels und Stoffaustausches zwischen Körperzellen und Haaren zu prüfen. Alle Haare, die zeitlich nach einer Injektion mit radioaktiv markierter Natriumsulfat‐Lösung gebildet werden — sei es nachwachsend an rasierten Hautpartien, sei es im Verlauf des natürlichen Haarwechsels —, erweisen sich als stark radioaktiv, während alle zeitlich vor einer solchen Injektion entstandenen Haare entweder inaktiv sind oder höchstens Spuren einer Radioaktivität zeigen. Unsere Ergebnisse lassen es als aussichtsreich erscheinen, bei künftigen, dem angedeuteten Problemkreis nahestehenden Untersuchungen radioaktiven Schwefel zur Markierung beizuziehen.

Demonstration of radioactive marked sulphur (S35) in rabbit hair and its relation to certain problems of change of coat

The experiments described were devised to ascertain the value of current methods with radioactive isotope markers for studying the various problems connected with change of hair and hair loss, metabolism of hair, and exchange of metabolites between body cells and hair. The results show that suitably designed techniques, using radioactive sulphur as a marker, can provide useful information.

La mise en évidence de soufre radio‐actif marqué (S35) dans le poils de lapin en rapport avec certains problèmes de la mue

Ces recherches sur des poils de lapin au moyen de soufre radio‐actif marqué furent exécutées avant tout pour éprouver les possibilités d'utilisation de la méthode des isotopes appliquée a l'étude de certains problèmes de la croissance et de la chute des poils ainsi que du métabolisme et des échanges entre les cellules corporelles et les poils. Les résultats que nous avons obtenu laissent entrevoir des possibilités intéressantes d'utiliser le soufre radio‐actif marqué pour des recherches futures dans les domaines touchant au problème que nous avons esquissé.

Identificación del azufre radiactivo marcado (S35) en el pelo de conejo y sus relaciones con ciertos problemas de la muda del mismo

Las investigaciones apuntadas se llevaron a cabo en los pelos de conejos empleándose azufre radiactivo marcado para estudiar ante todo la utilidad de la técnica de isótopos empleada en la revisión de varios problemas del crecimiento piloso y caída del pelo, metabolismo e intercambio de materias entre las células del organismo y los pelos. Nuestros resultados permiten considerar como prometedor recurrir, en futuras investigaciones y en problemas vecinos al marco delimitado, al azufre radiactivo para el marcaje.
Die Diagnostik der Trichomonadenseuche beim Zuchtstier
Authors: Hess E. , Margadant A.
Published: September 2010

Auf Grund eines Untersuchungsmaterials von 1847 Stieren (24,2% waren infiziert), wird die Technik der Spülflüssigkeitsentnahme sowie die mikroskopische und die kulturelle Diagnostik erörtert. Für den kulturellen Trichomonadennachweis werden drei Nährmedien zur gleichzeitigen Anwendung empfohlen. Auch wird eine Methode angegeben, welche einen objektiven Vergleich der Wertigkeit verschiedenster Nährmedien gestattet.

The diagnosis of trichomoniasis in the bull

Based on the examination of 1,847 bulls (24,2% of which were infected) the author discusses the technique of preputial lavage and microscopic and cultural diagnosis.

For the cultural demonstration of trichomoniasis, he recommends the simultaneous use of three different media. Finally, he describes a method for comparing objectively the value of different cultural media.

Le diagnostic de la trichomonose chez le taureau d'élevage

Disposant d'un matériel d'examen de 1847 taureaux (dont 24,2% étaient infectés), l'auteur discute la technique de prélèvement du liquide de lavage et du diagnostic microscopique et culturel. Pour déceler les Tricho‐monades à l'aide de cultures, il recommande l'emploi simultanté de trois milieux de culture différents. Enfin, il indique une méthode, qui permet une comparaison objective de milieux de culture les plus divers.

Diagnóstico de la tricomoniasis en el toro

Basándose en un material de análisis de 1.847 toros (el 24,2% estaba infestado), se discute la técnica de la recogida del líquido de lavado, así como los diagnósticos microscópico y de cultivo, para la identificación cultural de las tricomonas se recomiendan tres medios para ser empleados al mismo tiempo. También se indica una técnica que permite la comparación objetiva de la utilidad de los más diversos medios nutritivos.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen an Bullen über die Ausscheidung von P32 im Sperma
Authors: Bronsch K. , Leidl W.
Published: September 2010

An 6 Bullen wurde in 8 Versuchen die Ausscheidung einer einmal oral bezw. intramuskulär verabreichten Radiophosphatmenge im Ejakulat bestimmt. Das Maximum der Exkretion liegt nach oraler Gabe zwischen dem 15. und 19. Tag, nach i. m. Zufuhr beim 14. Tag. Die Radioaktivität ist zu dieser Zeit nur im Samenplasma und nicht in den Spermien enthalten. Zur Klärung der Ursache des späten Einbaus von P32 wurden teilweise auch die Ausscheidungsverhältnisse und die Organgehalte dieses Isotops bestimmt.

Experimental Studies in Bulls on Excretion of P32 in Semen

In each of 8 trials on 6 bulls the excretion of radioactive phosphate in ejaculates following a single oral or intramuscular administration was determined. The maximum level of excretion was found to occur between the 15th and 19th day after oral administration and on the 14th after intramuscular administration. The radioactivity has so far been found only in the seminal plasma and not in the spermatozoa. In order to clarify the factors associated with the delayed assimilation of P32 its rate of excretion in the feces and blood was determined; also a determination was made of the amount of the isotope contained in the brain, lungs, liver, kidney, muscles, testes, and seminal vesicles 21 days after oral administration.

Recherches expérimentales sur l'élimination de P32 dans le sperme de taureau

Au cours de 8 essais effectués sur 6 taureaux, on détermina l'élimination dans l'éjaculat d'une quantité de phosphate radioactif, administrée en une fois per os ou par injection intramusculaire. L'élimination maxima fut constatée entre le 15eme et le 19eme jour suivant l'administration par voie buccale et au 14eme jour après l'administration par voie intramusculaire. La radioactivité n'existe à ce moment que dans le plasma spermatique et non dans les spermatozoides. Pour éclaircir la cause de l'incorporation tardive du P32 on détermina partiellement les conditions d'élimination et la teneur des organes en cet isotope.

Estudios experimentales realizados en toros sobre la eliminaciôn de P32 en el esperma

En 6 toros se determinó en 8 ensayos la eliminación por el semen de una cantidad de fosfato radioactivo administrado una vez por vía oral o intramuscular. El máximo de la excreción tras la administración oral de encuentra entre los días 15° y 19°, tras la inyección intramuscular se obtiene el día 14°. En este tiempo, la radioactividad sólo existe en el plasma seminal y no en los espermatozoides. Con el fin de aclarar la causa de la incorporación tardía del P‐32 también se determinaron en parte las condiciones de eliminación y el contenido de este isótopo en otros órganos.
Die Kultivierung des SEP‐Agens im Dottersack des Bruteies
Authors: Dinter Z. , Wesslén T. , Lannek N.
Published: September 2010

Die in Gewebekulturen isolierten SEP‐Stämme ließen sich im Brutei züchten, wenn sie in den Dottersack 5‐ bis 7tägiger Hühnerembryonen überimpft wurden.

Auf diese Weise gelang auch die Isolierung des SEP‐Agens aus Lungen, aus denen sie bisher in Gewebekulturen mißlang.

Cultivation of the agent causing enzootic pneumonia of swine in the yolk sac of the incubated egg

Strains of the infective agent of SEP isolated in tissue culture can be cultivated in the developing egg by transferring them to the yolk sac of 5 to 7 day embryos. In this way the infective agent could be isolated from lungs from which hitherto it could not be abtained in tissue cultures.

La culture du virus SEP dans le sac vitellin de l'oeuf en incubation

Les souches SEP isolées en cultures de tissus peuvent être cultivées dans l'oeuf en incubation quand on les repique dans le sac vitellin d'embryons de poulets de 5 à 7 jours.

De cette façon, il fut possible d'isoler également l'agent SEP à partir du poumon, ce qui avait échoué jusqu'ici en cultures de tissus.

Las cepas virósicas de la neumonía enzoótica del cerdo aisladas en medios hísticos se pudieron cultivar en huevos incubados, reinoculándose en el saco vitelino de embriones de gallina de 5 a 7 días de edad.

De esta forma se logró aislar también el virus de la neumonía enzoótica del cerdo a partir de los pulmones, de los cuales hasta la fecha resultó imposible el aislamiento en cultivos hísticos.
Neue Untersuchungen zur Funktion des Präputialbeutels des Schweines
Authors: Meyen J.
Published: September 2010

Nach Diskussion der in der Literatur gegobenen einheitlichen anatomischen und histologischen Daten und uneinheitlichen funktionellen Deutungen des Präputialbeutels und nach nomenklatorischen Bemerkungen wird dieses Organ erneut funktionell‐anatomisch untersucht. Danach ergibt sich, daß die äußere Haut, die Vorhaut und vor allem das Vorhautdivertikel mit seiner hornsezernierenden Wandung und den Beziehungen, die die kranialen Präputialmuskeln als Präputialbeutelmuskeln zu diesem Organ aufnehmen, ein funktionelles System bilden. Der Präputialbeutel dürfte hiernach mit Preuss die Funktion eines Schmierbeutels haben.

New studies on the function of the preputial sac of the pig

After discussing published work on the anatomy and histology of the preputial sac, and the differences of opinion regarding its function and nomenclature, the author describes his own anatomical and physiological investigations. He concludes that the outer skin, the prepuce and above all the preputial diverticulum with its keratinising wall as well as the action of the preputial muscles on the prepuce show that the whole constitutes a functional system. The organ should therefore be regarded, as Preuss regarded it, as a lubricating pouch.

Nouvelles études sur la fonction du diverticule préputial du porc

Après discussion des données de la littérature concernant de diverticule préputial, concordantes du point de vue anatomique et histologique, mais discordantes dans l'interprétation fonctionnelle et après avoir fait quelques remarques sur la nomenclature, l'auteur fait une étude anatomique et physiologique de cet organe. Il en conclut qu'il existe un système fonctionnel comprenant la peau, le prépuce et surtout le diverticule préputial avec sa paroi kératinisante grâce aux relations qui existent entre les muscles antérieurs du prépuce et le diverticule. Cet organe devrait donc avoir, comme le pense Preuss la fonction d'une poche lubrifiante.

Nuevas investigaciones sobre la función de la bolsa prepucial del cerdo

Después de discutir los datos anatómicos e histológicos uniformes y las interpretaciones funcionales desiguales sobre la bolsa prepucial que se encuentran en la bibliografía y tras unos comentarios relativos a la nomenclatura, este órgano es examinado de nuevo desde el punto de vista anatómicofuncional. De ello se infiere que la piel externa, el prepucio y sobre todo el divertículo prepucial con su pared secretora de orina y las relaciones que establecen los músculos prepuciales craneales para con este órgano, forman un sistema functional. Según esto, la bolsa prepucial debería ejercer, de acuerdo con Preuss, la función de una bolsa lubricante.
Eignung des komplementbindenden Antigens aus gereinigtem Psittakose‐Virus als Allergen bei infizierten Hühnern
Authors: Rott R. , Roots E.
Published: September 2010

Ein durch wiederholtes Einfrieren und Auftauen gereinigter Psittakose‐Virus‐Konzentrate gewonnenes komplementbindendes Antigen ergab bei experimentell infizierten Hühnern eine örtliche allergische Reaktion. Mit Hilfe dieser Reaktion war es möglich, Tiere als Träger von infektiösem Virus zu ermitteln.

Suitability of the complement‐fixing antigen from purified psittacosis virus as an allergen in infected hens

A complement‐fixing antigen produced by repeated freezing and thawing of a purified psittacosis virus concentrate gave a local allergic reaction in experimentally infected hens. With the help of this reaction it was possible to detect birds which were carriers of the virus.

Les possibilités d'utilisation de l'antigène fixant le complément obtenu à partir d'un virus purifié de la psittacose comme allergène chez des poules infectées

Un antigène fixant le complément, obtenu par congélation et dégel répétés d'un concentré de virus purifié de la psittacose donna chez des poules infectées expérimentalement une réaction allergique localisée. A l'aide de cette réaction, il fut possible de déceler des animaux porteurs d'un virus infectieux.

Idoneidad del antígeno fijador del complemento a partir de virus purificado de la psitacosis como alergeno en gallinas infectadas

Un antígeno fijador del complemento obtenido mediante repetidas congelaciones y fundiciones de concentrados purificados de virus de la psitacosis dió en gallinas infectadas experimentalmente una reacción alérgica local. Con ayuda de esta reacción resultó posible determinar animales como portadores de virus infeccioso.
Plasma‐transaminase and transferase activities in pigs affected with muscular and liver dystrophy
Authors: Orstadius K. , Wretlind B. , Lindberg P. , Nordström G. , Lannek N.
Published: September 2010

The plasma levels of glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and ornithine‐carbamyl transferase (OCT) were studied in 11 pigs with spontaneous liver dystrophy (LD) and 14 pigs with spontaneous muscular dystrophy (MD). LD is associated with elevations of all three enzymes. In MD, GOT and GPT are elevated but OCT is normal. This is in accordance with the observation that the content of OCT is very low in swine muscles. GOT and OCT are more specific than GPT, which may be elevated in other diseases, too, in pigs.

Plasma‐Transaminase‐ und Transferase‐Aktivitäten bei Schweinen mit Muskel‐ und Leberdystrophie

Bei 11 Schweinen mit spontaner Leberdystrophie und 14 Schweinen mit spontaner Muskeldystrophie wurden die Plasmaspiegel der Glutaminoxalessigsäure‐ (GOT), der Glutaminpyrovatsäure‐Transaminase (GPT) und der Ornithin‐Carbamyl‐Transferase (OCT) bestimmt. Leberdystrophie ist mit einer Erhöhung der 3 Fermente verbunden. Bei Muskeldystrophie sind GOT und GPT erhöht, während OCT normal ist. Dies stimmt mit der Beobachtung überein, daß der OCT‐Gehalt der Muskulatur beim Schwein sehr gering ist. GOT und OCT sind spezifischer als GPT, die auch bei anderen Krankheiten des Schweines erhöht sein kann.

L'activité de la transaminase et de la transférase dans le plasma sanguin des porcs atteints de dystrophie musculaíre et hépatique

Chez des porcs atteints de dystrophic spontanée du foie (11 cas) et de la musculature (14 cas), on détermina le taux sérique de la transaminase de l'acide glutamino‐oxalacétique (GOT), de la transaminase de l'acide glutamino‐pyruvique (GPT) et de la transférase de l'ornithine‐carbamyl (OCT). La dystrophic hépatique provoque une augmentation des trois ferments. Dans la dystrophic musculaire GOT et GPT sont augmentés, tandis que OCT est normal Cela correspond donc aux observations selon lesquelles la teneur en OCT de la musculature du porc est très faible. GOT et OCT sont plus spécifiques que GPT dont le taux peut aussi être augmenté dans d'autres maladies du porc.

Actividades transaminásica y transferásica plasmáticas en cerdos con distrofias distrofias muscular y hepática

En 11 cerdos con distrofia hepática espontánea y 14 cerdos con distrofia muscular espontánea, se determinaron los niveles plasmáticos de la ácido glutamin‐oxalacético‐transaminasa (GOT), de la ácido glutamin‐piruvático‐transaminasa (GPT) y de la ornitin‐carbamil‐transferasa (OCT). La distrofia hepática está ligada a un aumento de los tres fermentos. En la distrofia muscular se encuantran aumentadas GOT y GPT, mientras que OCT permanece normal. Esto coincide con la observación de que el contenido en OCT de la musculatura del cerdo es muy escasa. GOT y OCT son más específicas que GPT, la cual también puede hallarse aumentada en otras enfermedades porcinas.