bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Provincial Rights and Responsibilities
Authors: Javed Burki Shahid
Published: July 2019

This article suggests that Pakistan requires a different development
paradigm. The analysis begins by giving a quick overview of some of the
larger economies of the region and assesses the divisions that have
developed between the people as a result of national strategies. The paper
goes on to present a brief history of the previous attempts at
decentralization in Pakistan and a discussion of how these were thwarted.
This is followed by a discussion of how decentralization can be successful
in Pakistan after the 18th Amendment and the 7th NFC Award.
Dynamics of Circular Debt in Pakistan and Its Resolution
Authors: Sajid Ali Syed , Badar Sadia
Published: July 2019

This paper examines the circular debt problem in the Pakistani
energy sector. After presenting the profile of the energy sector in Pakistan,
the paper explains why circular debt has emerged in the sector. Two
principal reasons are discussed for the circular debt problem: First,
consumer tariffs were insufficient to recover the rising costs of power
generation and the government (due to fiscal constraints) was not
compensating PEPCO for the resulting losses. Second, PEPCO has faced
significant problems in recovering dues from consumers. In order to resolve
the circular debt problem, sharp adjustments in power tariffs may be
required combined with the need by the government to explicitly recognize
the costs of power subsidies in the budget.
Estimating Residential Electricity Demand Responses in
Pakistan’s Punjab
Authors: Chaudhry Theresa
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we aim to understand residential electricity demand
responses to changes in income, in order to assist policymakers in
managing demand for electricity and evaluating tariff increases associated
with proposed projects for increasing supply, while minimizing the impact
on poverty.
Impact of Monetary and Macroeconomic Factors on Wheat
Prices in Pakistan: Implications for Food Security
Authors: Mushtaq Khalid , Abdul Ghafoor Abdul Ghafoor , Abedullah Abedullah , Ahmad Farhan
Published: July 2019

This paper attempts to evaluate the impact of monetary and
macroeconomic factors on real wheat prices in Pakistan for the period 1976-2010,
using Johansen’s co-integration approach. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test
reveals that all the variables used are first-difference stationary, except the trade
openness indicator, which is second-difference stationary. There is also a longrun
equilibrium relationship among these variables. The results indicate that real
money supply, openness of the economy, and the real exchange rate have a
significant effect on real wheat prices in the long run. The impulse response
function shows that a trade openness shock impacted wheat prices to some extent
and that it took three to four years for prices to become stable, following the
shock. The findings of the study suggest that the policy thrust should focus on
increasing wheat supply in the country by enhancing production or by
liberalizing trade. Efforts should also be directed toward stabilizing the value of
the Pakistani rupee against foreign currencies, especially the US dollar.
The Role of Education and Income in Poverty Alleviation:
A Cross-Country Analysis
Authors: Zamurrad Janjua Pervez , Ahmed Kamal Usman
Published: July 2019

The existing literature on education and poverty considers mostly primary data from an income point of view. However, the benefits of education vary from a direct income effect to positive externalities, which can help reduce poverty. This paper uses panel data for 40 developing countries for the period 1999 to 2007, and estimates coefficients by applying the random effect generalized least squares (GLS) technique. The study concludes, first, that income growth plays a moderately positive role in alleviating poverty, but that income distribution does not play a key role in poverty alleviation in the sample overall. Second, it concludes that education is the most significant contributor to poverty alleviation.
Pakistan 2011: Policy Measures for the Economic Challenges
Ahead
Authors: Amjad Chaudhry Shahid
Published: July 2019

Pakistan faces economic challenges in the summer of 2011 with regard to
its balance of payments and its public finances, resulting primarily from the
suspension of an ongoing International Monetary Fund (IMF) program, the
associated cessation of program lending by other multilateral financial institutions,
and the termination of the US’s cash logistics support. This paper argues that these
challenges can be met without resorting to a new program with the IMF. The
policy measures recommended with regard to the balance of payments are: (i) to
allow the orderly depreciation of the exchange rate in the foreign exchange
interbank market by about 5–15 percent or to PKR90–100/US dollar, (ii) to impose
import surcharges of 10–20 percent on nonessential imports, and (iii) to re-impose
measures originally imposed to increase the cost of import letters of credit. Public
finance-related policy measures recommended on the expenditure side are: (i) to
gradually reduce the State Bank of Pakistan’s policy rate by 300 basis points in the
fiscal year (FY) 2012 from its present level of 13.5 percent, thereby reducing the
interest burden on public debt; and (ii) to utilize these savings to restart the stalled
public sector infrastructure development program. These measures will also
stimulate economic activity. On tax policy, the paper recommends that: (i) the sales
tax rate be increased from its present 16 percent to 18 percent, (ii) custom duties be
increased by 10–20 percent on nonessential imports (as also recommended for the
balance of payments, and (iii) regulatory and excise duties be increased and their
original (FY2011) coverage restored.
Interest Margins and Banks’ Asset-Liability Composition
Authors: Khawaja Idrees
Published: July 2019

This article examines the determinants of banks’ interest margins. The
results suggest that short-term government bonds (floating debt) and the large
share of interest-insensitive deposits held by banks are the key determinants of
the interest margin. This is in contrast to the popular perception that the market
power of the oligopolistic industry contributes to banks’ high interest margins.
While a behavioral change—a greater inclination to save and an increase in
output—might reduce the share of interest-insensitive deposits, the reduction in
government debt depends on the state of certain macro-variables and
macroeconomic management. Given these determinants and the possible ways of
containing margins, the containment process is a tall order. The study also
implicitly confirms that government borrowing is crowding out private
investment.
The Impact of Bank Governance on Bank Performance in
Pakistan
Authors: A. Burki Abid , Ahmad Shabbir
Published: July 2019

This study attempts to investigate the impact of changes in bank
governance on bank performance in Pakistan. Governance changes entail the
privatization and restructuring of state-owned banks, and the merger and
acquisition of private and foreign banks. Using the concept of frontier efficiency,
we adopt an empirical framework that allows us to study the impact of all
governance reform variables in the same model. First, we estimate a stochastic
cost frontier model using unbalanced panel data on commercial banks for the
period 1991–2005. Second, we decompose banks’ total factor productivity (TFP)
change into its different components, using the estimated frontier. In general, the
results show an improvement in banks’ cost efficiency following changes in bank
governance. We note that governance changes bring about an improvement in
banks’ TFP vis-à-vis that of banks that did not undergo governance changes. We
find a declining trend in TFP change (TFPC), which could be a consequence of
the banking industry’s increased profitability. We also note that bank selection
for governance changes has a mixed effect on TFPC, while bank consolidation
seems to be more effective in improving TFPC.
An Evaluation of Mutual Fund Performance in an Emerging
Economy: The Case of Pakistan
Authors: Mahmud Mahreen , Mirza Nawazish
Published: July 2019

This article examines the performance of Pakistan’s mutual fund
industry during 2006–10, a period characterized both by bullish and bearish
markets. An analysis of fund types reveals that Islamic funds have shown strong
growth in spite of their lackluster performance compared to conventional funds.
Income funds appear to have suffered as a consequence of the underdeveloped
bond market, and very high t-bill rates have resulted in negative excess returns
during the period. For stock funds, market indices and size are significant factors
that indicate a preference for large-cap stocks of managers. With consistently
negative or insignificant alphas, no fund manages to outperform the market.
Financing Constraints: Determinants and Implications for
Firm Growth in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Hamna , Hamid Naved
Published: July 2019

This study has a twofold objective: (i) to investigate the determinants of
firm growth, specifically the extent to which finance constrains enterprise
growth; and (ii) to explore the determinants of external financial access in
Pakistan. External financial access is defined as access to credit through
institutional sources such as private commercial banks, nonbank financial
institutions, and state-owned banks and agencies. The study uses data from the
second round of the Investment Climate Assessment Survey conducted by the
World Bank in FY 2007. The methodology entails using an instrumental variable
approach to estimate the impact of external financial access on firm growth while
employing a probit model to explore the determinants of external financial access.
The results suggest the following: First, finance is a binding constraint to firm
growth in Pakistan—a 10 percent increase in the working capital financed
through external sources is predicted to increase the average annual growth rate
by 5.6 percentage points. Second, financial depth is important for access—across
the country, access is better where there is greater penetration of financial
infrastructure. Third, a range of internal factors such as size, export status,
quality of human capital, and organizational form emerge as important
determinants of external financial access in Pakistan.
Pakistan, Growth, Dependency, and Crisis
Authors: McCartney Matthew
Published: July 2019

Compared to the historical and even contemporary experience of India,
Pakistan has long been regarded as a “dependent” economy. Gross domestic product
growth in Pakistan is typically argued to be contingent on external factors: trade,
financial flows, and the interdependence of asset markets. Beyond the rhetoric, there
is only ambiguous and contradictory empirical evidence to support this view. This
paper offers a new methodology, that of case studies of growth and stagnation, to test
the hypothesis of dependency. The results show that growth in Pakistan is influenced
by external factors, but that growth is driven primarily by the dynamics of the
domestic economy.
The Capital Account and Pakistani Rupee Convertibility:
Macroeconomic Policy Challenges
Authors: Irfan ul Haque Irfan ul Haque
Published: July 2019

Pakistan embarked on the liberalization of its capital account more than
two decades ago. Today, it is an economy with a capital account that is, by and
large, free of restrictions, and a convertible currency. However, its actual
integration into the global economy in comparison to other emerging market
economies has remained rather limited. The opening of a capital account appeared
to have improved the country’s access to private foreign capital, but because of
domestic security and economic and political concerns, the inflow of private
capital has fallen in recent years. Although capital outflows were not a major
cause for the decline in foreign exchange reserves during Pakistan’s economic
crisis of 2008, the open capital account and rupee convertibility have made it
more vulnerable to outside shocks. This article identifies three areas where
policymakers in Pakistan face serious challenges, i.e., macroeconomic
management; controlling tax evasion, which the Pakistani rupee’s convertibility
has made easier; and minimizing the real cost of portfolio investment to the
country. The article offers ideas on how these challenges could be met.
Government Budget Deficits and the Development of the
Bond Market in Pakistan: Issues and Challenges
Authors: Y. Uppal Jamshed
Published: July 2019

This article examines how better discipline can be brought to fiscal policy,
first, through enhanced institutional checks and balances, and second, through
better market discipline. We examine the political institutions and budgetary
processes that can affect fiscal policy in Pakistan. A sound fiscal policy feeds bond
market development, while the bond market provides signals in relation to the
prudent conduct of fiscal policy. A common dimension in this mutual
relationship is the governance environment. The article concludes that instilling
fiscal discipline will remain intractable unless approached comprehensively.
Long-term solutions must be found in the development of political institutions
and improved governance. An active and liquid bond market can play a crucial
role in bringing about fiscal discipline. The real challenge lies in summoning the
political will and raising public awareness to implement the required measures.
Pengaruh Leader Member Exchange (LMX) dan Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Manajerial (Studi Pada Politeknik Negeri Malang)
Authors: Asdani Andi
Published: July 2019

Company organizations that aim to remain capable of acting in an increasingly competitive environment for long time, they should also have strong and powerful human resources. Competent human resources are needed in a competitive environment. The purpose of this research is to analyze and explain the influence of leader member exchange (LMX) and organizational culture on managerial performance. The population in this research were employees at the Managerial Level at Malang State Polytechnic. The sampling technique used is the survey method. The results of this research show that LMX variables have a significant effect on managerial employee performance. Organizational culture has a significant influence on organizational performance. And also, the culture variable has a significant influence on managerial performance.
DESKRIPSI PERSEPSI GURU MATEMATIKA BERSTATUS SERTIFIKASI TERHADAP KESULITAN BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA PADA SMP NEGERI
Authors: Kamariah Kamariah
Published: July 2019

Kesulitan belajar matematika dapat dialami oleh siswa dengan tingkat kemampuan manapun dari kalangan atau kelompok manapun. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan persepsi guru matematika berstatus sertifikasi terhadap kesulitan belajar matematika siswa pada SMP Negeri. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data nontes melalui kuesioner terbuka, dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa          persepsi guru Matematika mengenai penyebab kesulitan belajar dominan mengungkap penyebab psikologis, di antaranya rendahnya minat atau motivasi sebagai penyebab kesulitan belajar Matematika siswa; persepsi guru Matematika mengenai gejala yang menjadi indikator adanya kesulitan belajar Matematika yang paling banyak diungkap adalah rendahnya kemampuan siswa dalam menyelesaikan tugas-tugas yang diberikan oleh guru; dan persepsi guru mengenai cara yang dilakukan untuk menyelidiki adanya kesulitan belajar Matematika yang paling umum dilakukan adalah melalui dokumentasi dengan melihat hasil tes atau tugas masing-masing siswa.
Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Infeksi Silang pada Tindakan Ekstraksi Gigi di Poli Gigi Rumah Sakit Siloam Manado
Authors: Gabriele Rachel , Wowor Vonny N. S. , Supit Aurelia
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Prevention and control of cross infection is very important for dental health workers, especially in dental extraction because this action is directly related to blood and saliva. The risk of infection requires thorough attention of dental health workers. This study was aimed to determine the level of prevention and control of cross infection in dental extraction at Dental Clinic of Siloam Hospital Manado. This wass an observational descriptive study, with a total samples of 30 operators. The results showed that the prevention and control of cross infection before dental extraction performed was 61.71%; during dental extraction was 73.34%; and after dental extraction was 92.08%. Generally, the prevention and control of cross infection in dental extraction only achieved 75.71%. In conclusion, the prevention and control of cross infection in dental extraction at Siloam Hospital, Manado was still below maximum level.Keywords: prevention control of cross infection, dental extraction Abstrak: Pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi silang merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi tenaga kesehatan gigi, terlebih lagi pada ekstraksi gigi, karena tindakan ini berhubungan langsung dengan darah dan saliva. Risiko infeksi mengharuskan tenaga kesehatan gigi memerhatikan tindakan pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi silang pada tindakan ekstraksi gigi di poliklinik gigi Rumah Sakit Siloam Manado. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif observasional, dengan jumlah subyek sebanyak 30 operator. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi silang sebelum tindakan ekstraksi gigi dilakukan sebesar 61,71%; selama tindakan ekstraksi gigi sebesar 73,34%; dan setelah tindakan ekstraksi gigi sebesar 92,08%. Secara umum, pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi silang pada tindakan ekstraksi gigi hanya dilakukan sebesar 75,71%. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi silang pada tindakan ekstraksi gigi di poliklinik gigi Rumah Sakit Siloam Manado belum maksimal.Kata kunci: pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi silang, ekstraksi gigi
ISOLASI DAN KARAKTERISASI BAKTERI INDIGENOUS (Bacillus Cereus FRANK.) SEBAGAI AGENSIA PENGENDALI HAYATI HAMA KUBIS
Authors: Salaki Christina L.
Published: July 2019

B. cereus strains were isolated from three district of North Sulawesi. The B. cereus strains are potentialindigenous bacteria for biological control agent against P. xylostella. The B. cereus strains were isolatedusing Ohba and Aizawa methods. Two hundred and two isolates putatively were isolated and identifiedas member of species B. cereus. Subseguently, representing isolates were selected to be screened forthe ability to kill P. xylostella. The screening test was conducted by using leaf depped methods with theconcentration of 1,22x108 spore/ml. The potential to kill test insect was assessed by mortality value. Theresult indicated that 10 isolates out of 15 of could produce mortality of insect from 50 to 100% afterexposure of 96 hours. It was confirmed that based on symptoms produced as well as bacterialcharacteristics reisolated from cadaver of test insect, the death of the test insects was certainly causedby application of bacterial isolates. It could be concluded that indigenous bacterial isolates identified tobe member of B. cereusare potential for biological control agent against P. xylostella. ABSTRAKUntuk memperoleh bakteri yang berpotensi sebagai agensia pengendali hayati hama Plutela.xylostelladilakukan isolasi dan karakterisasi bakteri indigenous. (Bacillus cereus) yang diperoleh dari sampeltanah yang berasal dari tiga kabupaten di Sulawesi utara. Bakteri diisolasi dengan metode Ohba danaizawa. Dari 103 sampel tanah yang digunakan dapat diperoleh 202 isolat yang diidentifikasi sebagaianggota spesies B.cereus. Sebanyak 15 isolat dipilih untuk mewakili seluruh isolat dalam sereening ujikemampuan membunuh P.xylostella. Pengujian dilakukan dengan metode pencelupan daun (leafdipped method) pada konsentrasi 1,22x108 spora/ml. Kemampuan membunuh serangga uji dinyatakandengan nilai mortalitas setelah pendedahan selama 96 jam. Ternyata hanya 10 isolat yang dapatmenimbulkan mortalitas serangga uji dengan kisaran 50%-100%. Berdasarkan gejala penyakit yangmuncul, karakteristik bakteri hasil reisolasi dari cadaver serangga mati menunjukkan bahwa kematianserangga uji dipastikan disebabkan oleh isolat bakteri yang diberikan. Disimpulkan, bahwa isolat bakteriindigenous anggota spesies B.cereus yang diperoleh berpotensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi kandidatagensia pengendali hayati bagi serangga hama kubis P.xylostella.
JENIS PARASITOID TELUR HAMA Conopomorpha cramerella PADA TANAMAN KAKAO DI SULAWESI UTARA
Authors: Kandowangko D. , Engka R. , Rimbing J.
Published: July 2019

Controllling of pestpopulationon cocoa fruitis moreeffectiveandefficientusingeggparasitoid.Parasitoidtype on cocoa fruit pestC. cramerella in North Sulawesi has not been investigated. Investigation ofparasitoid type on cocoa fruit pestC. cramerella in North Sulawesi was initiated by collecting cacao podsto observethe eggs ofCoryra cephalonicaandtrapingof itseggs. Samples of cocoa fruits were collectedthree times. Each collecting samples, the cocoa fruitswere gathered between 45-80each time.TheCoryra cephalonicaeggswere trapped between4000-600of each trapping. The result showed that only1-2eggsthat grew into theperfect stage, whereas eggs which were not grown to perfect stage were6-14eggs. The rest of the eggs were not grown.The finding indicated thatparasitoid type on cocoa fruitpestC. cramerella in North Sulawesiwas not found. Rainy season during collecting samples could causethe eggs of C. cramerellanot grown. ABSTRAKUntuk menekan populasi hama penggerek buah kakao yang lebih efektif dan efisien dapat dilakukandengan menggunakan parasitoid telur. Jenis parasitoid hama penggerek buah kakao, C. cramerella diSulawesi Utara belum diketahui. Untuk mendapatkan data parasitoid dilakukan pengambilan contohbuah untuk mengamati telur-telur C. cephalonica dan traping telur Coryra cephalonica. Lokasi penelitianadalah Desa Kumu Kabupaten Minahasa, Desa Sapa dan Pungkol Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan.Penelitian dilakukan selama tiga kali dengan mengambil contoh buah kakao 45 - 80 buah perpengambilan dan traping telur berkisar 4000 – 600 butir per peletakkan. Dari sejumlah telur yangditemukan hanya 1 – 2 butir yang berkembang menjadi sempurna, sedangkan telur yang tidakberkembang secara sempurna lebih tinggi berkisar antara 6 – 14 butir. Jumlah telur yang tidakberkembang secara sempurna cukup tinggi, hal ini merupakan salah satu faktor pembatas, sehinggabelum ditemukan parasitoid telur hama penggerek buah kakao. Selama penelitian berlangsung terjadimusim hujan, hal ini yang mungkin berpengaruh terhadap perlkembang telur C. cramerella.Pengambilan contoh pertama terdapat bekas telur-telur C. cramerella yang terparasit dan pada periodeterjadi musim kemarau. Demikian pula dengan melakukan traping telur, C. cephalonica padapertanaman kakao diketiga lokasi sebanyak 3 kali untuk setiap lokasi belum ditemukan parasitoid yangmemarasit telur C. cephalonica.
SIMULASI BIOMASSA AKAR, BATANG, DAUN DAN BIJI JAGUNG HIBRIDA PADA BEBERAPA PERLAKUAN PEMBERIAN NITROGEN
Authors: Paat Frangky J.
Published: July 2019

This study was aiming to assess growth of roots, stems, leaves and seeds of hybrid corn atdifferent application of nitrogen using a simulation model approach. The research wasconducted at the experimental garden in the village of Kakas Tountimomor Minahasa Region.The result showed that after 49 days of planting, optimum root biomass was 1050 kg / ha.Application of fertilization 92 kg/ ha produced the highest production which was 43.8 kg / ha.Field measurement showed that application of fertilization 92 kg / ha resulted steem biomass170.6 kg / ha. Simulation model revealed that stem biomass at the age of 70 HST allocated thehighest photosyntate which was 1300 kg / ha. The highest leaves biomass production wasdetected at the level of nitrogen fertilization 92 kg / ha resulting total production of 53.2 kg / ha.Optimalitation of biomass allocated to leaves until the flowering phase was 49 days afterplanting producing 3000 kg / ha. Field measurements for the highest seed biomass productionwas 54.9 kg/ha accounted by 92 kg N / ha. Simulation model of seed biomass showed thatseed filling stage was in between anthesis stage (75 HST) and physiological ripening (105HST) accounted 4500 kg/ha. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pertumbuhan organ akar, batang, daun dan bijijagung hibrida dalam tiap-tiap perlakuan pemberian nitrogen melalui pendekatan modelsimulasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan dikebun percobaan di desa Tountimomor Kecamatan KakasKabupaten Minahasa. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa model dapat mensimulasi titikoptimum biomassa akar yaitu 1050 kg/ha pada umur tanam 49 hari setelah tanam.Pemupukan nitrogen dengan taraf 92 kg/ha menghasilkan produksi tertinggi 43.8 kg/ha. Hasilpengukuran lapang pada taraf pemupukan 92 kg N/ha menghasilkan biomassa batang 170.6kg/ha. Hasil simulasi model biomassa batang pada umur tanam 70 hst menghasilkan alokasiproporsi fotosintesis tertinggi 1300 kg/ha. Hasil produksi biomassa daun tertinggi dihasilkanpada taraf pemupukan nitrogen 92 kg/ha dengan total produksi 53.2 kg/ha. Optimalisasiproporsi biomassa yang dialokasikan ke daun sampai pada fase pembungaan yaitu 49 harisetelah tanam dengan bobot 3000 kg/ha. Hasil pengukuran lapang untuk produksi biomassabiji tertinggi 54.9 kg/ha pada taraf pemupukan 92 kg N/ha. Hasil simulasi model biomassa bijimenunjukkan bahwa setelah fase anthesis yaitu 73 hst, fase pengisian biji mulai berlangsunghingga matang fisiologis pada 105 hari setelah tanam dengan total biji 4500 kg/ha.
TABEL HIDUP Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera; Curculionidae) PADA BERAS
Authors: Manueke Jusuf , Tulung Max , Pinontoan Odi R. , Paat Frangky J.
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT The problem in postharvest pests must be handled seriously since recent research were not comprehensively resolved it. Sitophilus oryzae was a major pest and serious problem on post harvest products. The reseach aimed  to develop a life table of S. oryzae on rice. The life table is a part of life history that consists of important information about the living organism. This information can be used for predicting population growth. By developing life table database, information on mortality, life expectancy, and the development ability of S. oryzae can be obtained. Results showed that mortality index of eggs was 0.4;  larvae was 0,54, and pupae was 0,32, and adult was 1,0. Life expectancy index of eggs was 1.65; larvae was 1.42; pupae was 1.51 pupae; and adults was 1.0. One female was able to give rise 32.56 females or 58.57 males and females of the next generation. Keywords : Life table, Sitophilus oryzae,  mortality index,  life expectancy
DIAGNOSIS DAN INSIDENSI PENYAKIT ANTRAKNOSA PADA BEBERAPA VARIETAS TANAMAN CABE DI KOTA BITUNG DAN KABUPATEN MINAHASA
Authors: Ratulangi Max M. , Sembel Dantje Terno , Rante Caroulus S. , Dien Moulwy F. , Meray E. R , Hammig M. , Shepard M. , Carner G. , Benson E.
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT   This study was carried out in the laboratory and in the field at City of Bitung, Districts of Minahasa.  The cause of disease was studied in the laboratory and the percentage of insidence of disease was carried out in the field. Results showed that the cause of antracnose disease in North Sulawesi was Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz & Sacc. in Penz (Cg). Computation of the antracnose disease insidence showed that variety white hot chili has the highest disease insidence which is 16.50% followed by green hot chili 10.13%, and the lowest is curled chili which is 9.03%.  The different in this rate is affected by pathogen, host plant and the environment. Field observation showed that this disease has already spread at all chili plantation at the City of Bitung and District of Minahasa. Keywords: Chili, antracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
PENYEBARAN POPULASI HAMA Paraeucosmetus sp. DI KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA
Authors: Salaki Christina , Senewe Emmy
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT Insects Paraeucosmetus sp. Brazilians is a destructive pest of rice grain content of the rice plant to mature milk. Population and the level of this pest has spread in several locations rice production centers. This study aims to determine the spread and intensity of pest populations Paraeucosmetus sp. in rice plants by altitude in Southeast Minahasa district (District Ratatotok Ratahan and Tombatu). The study used purposive sampling method at altitude 0-300 m asl, 301-600 m above sea level and> 601 m asl. The results showed that the presence of pests Paraeucosmetus sp. spread evenly by altitude in Southeast Minahasa regency with the intensity of attacks categorized as mild attacks. Keywords: Distribution of population, Paraeucosmetus sp.
PENGENDALIAN HAMA KUMBANG LOGONG (Sitophylus oryzae L.) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN EKSTRAK BIJI PANGI (Pangium edule Reinw.)
Authors: Sakul Ernest H. , Manoppo Jacklin S.S. , Taroreh Dalvian , Gerungan Revfly I.F. , Gugule Sanusi
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT   The research was aimed to prove the effectiveness of seed extract pangi (Pangium edule Reinw.) In increasing mortality of rice-weevil or logong (Sitophylus oryzae L.) using the solvent n-hexane fraction and the fraction of ethanol, and then evaporated with a rotary evaporator to obtain viscous extract. This research was conducted in the Chemistry Laboratory of MIPA Manado State University and mini green house Gapoktan Pinaesaan Tonsealama Village during the months of January, February and March 2012 using an experimental method in a plastic box using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments were repeated four times, so the total experimental units were 24 units. Each plastic box filled with 20 of rice-weevil or logong adult and any treatment administered doses of: 2.5 ppm, 5.0 ppm, 7.5 ppm, 15 ppm, 30 ppm and 45 ppm. The results indicate that pangi seed extract is very effective in improving mortality of rice-weevil or logong, where the concentration of the extract  45 ppm is the best pangi seed extract. Test results of Phytochemical Test showed that secondary metabolite of pangi seed extract with n-hexane solvent contains alkaloid compounds and pangi seed extract with ethanol solvent containing phenolic compounds, saponins and tannins. Keywords : extracts, maseration, Pangium edule Reinw., Sitophylus oryzae L., n-heksan fraction, ethanol fraction, bioinsecticide ABSTRAK   Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efektifitas ekstrak biji pangi (Pangium edule Reinw.) dalam meningkatkan mortalitas kumbang logong dengan menggunakan pelarut fraksi n-heksan maupun fraksi etanol, kemudian dievaporasi dengan rotary evaporator guna mendapatkan ekstrak kental.  Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di laboratorium kimia FMIPA Universitas Negeri Manado dan  mini green house Gapoktan Pinaesaan Desa Tonsealama selama bulan Januari, Februari dan Maret 2012 dengan menggunakan metode eksperimen pada kotak plastik menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 6 perlakukan yang diulang sebanyak 4 kali sehingga total unit percobaan sebanyak 24 unit percobaan. Masing-masing kotak plastik diisi dengan 20  ekor kumbang logong dewasa dan setiap perlakuan  diberikan dosis 2,5 ppm, 5,0 ppm, 7,5 ppm, 15 ppm, 30 ppm, dan 45 ppm.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak biji pangi sangat efektif dalam meningkatkan mortalitas hama kumbang logong dimana pada konsentrasi  ekstrak sebesar 45 ppm merupakan konsentrasi ekstrak biji pangi yang terbaik dalam penelitian ini.  Hasil pemeriksaan uji fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa metabolit sekunder dari ekstrak biji pangi  dengan pelarut n-heksan mengandung senyawa alkaloid dan ekstrak biji pangi dengan pelarut etanol mengandung senyawa fenol, saponin dan tanin. Eugenia Volume 18 No. 3  Desember 2012 Kata kunci : ekstrak, maserasi, Pangium edule Reinw., Sitophylus oryzae L., fraksi n-heksan, fraksi etanol,  insektisida nabati
PENGGUNAAN INSEKTISIDA BOTANIS UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN HAMA PADA TANAMAN TOMAT
Authors: Rante C. S. , Sembel D. T. , Meray E. R.M. , Ratulangi M. M. , Dien M. F. , Kandowangko D. S.
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT   The experiment was conducted in the village of Touure, Tompaso District, Minahasa regency since April to August 2013. Designed studies using randomized block design with 3 treatments, namely fruit extract Bitung (treatment A), tuba root extract (treatment B) and water (control treatment), each treatment was repeated 3 times. Results showed that that the extract of Barringtonia asiatica and Derris elliptica has a botanical insecticide to control the properties of N. tenuis. Applications B. asiatica extract and D. elliptica were not significantly different, but both are significantly different from controls. In addition to N. tenuis found several Plant Pest Organisms (OPT) that attack tomato plants including pest Liriomyza sp., leafhoppers tomatoes., black stem base diseases, leaf spot diseases and viral diseases. Key words : Botanic Insecticide, Tomato pest control ABSTRAK   Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Toure, Kecamatan Tompaso, Kabupaten Minahasa sejak bulan April sampai dengan Agustus 2013.  Penelitian dirancang menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 3 perlakuan yaitu ekstrak buah bitung (perlakuan A), ekstrak akar tuba (perlakuan B) dan air (perlakuan kontrol) yang masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahwa ekstrak Barringtonia asiatica dan Derris elliptica memiliki sifat insektisida botanis untuk mengendalikan N. tenuis. Aplikasi ekstrak B. asiatica dan D. elliptica tidak berbeda nyata, namun keduanya berbeda nyata dengan kontrol.  Selain N. tenuis ditemukan juga beberapa Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman (OPT) yang menyerang tanaman tomat diantaranya hama Liriomyza sp., wereng tomat., penyakit pangkal batang hitam, penyakit bercak daun dan penyakit virus. Kata kunci : Insektisida botanis, pengendalian hama tanaman tomat
KLASIFIKASI KEMAMPUAN LAHAN PADA TANAH BERBAHAN INDUK TUFA TONDANO SEPANJANG JALUR JALAN BELANG-RATAHAN
Authors: Kamagi Yani , Lengkong Jeanne
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the class of land capability, land using, and conservation technique which could be applied at Tondano tuff derived soils along Belang-Ratahan road. The results showed that, four  classes of  land capability, were: a)  class III at 100 m (Watulinei), 200 m, and 300 m (Wawali) above sea level; b) class IV at 400 m (Lowu II) and 600 m (Pangu) above sea level; c) class VI at 700 m above sea level (Pangu), and  d) class VIII at 500 m and 800 m above sea level (Pangu). Most of the land using were not suitable, yet and there were no soil and water conservation technique applied, yet. Only at 700 m and 800 m above sea level that have been used suitable  as the nature reserved. Keywords: land capability, Tondano tuff
EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK BAWANG PUTIH DAN TEMBAKAU TERHADAP KUTU DAUN (Myzus persicae Sulz.) PADA TANAMAN CABAI (Capsicum sp.)
Authors: Tigauw Selviana M.I. , Salaki Ch. L. , Manueke J.
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT   The research was conducted in the village of Mapanget, Mapanget West District of Manado City for five months from February to June 2015. This study used a factorial design in a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors was garlic ekstrak and tobacco and repeated for three times. The result showed that each kind of  extracts garlic, tobacco and the combination of the two (synergistic) have the potential as the bioinsecticides against leaf aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.). For a single factor, the average percentage of the highest mortality of each extracts was garlic extract on concentration’s treatment 60% with 72,33% of death rate, tobacco extract on concentration’s treatment 60% with 76,33% of death rate of leaf aphids. As for the combination between garlic extract and tobacco extract, from 25 combinations that have been applied, there are 13 concentrations which effective to known as a bioinsecticide that have capability to caused mortality above 50% with the highest mortality percentage on 60%:60%  treatment which had 91,7% average of death rate. Keywords : effectiveness, bioinsecticides, Myzus persicae
PERSEPSI DAN PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM UPAYA REHABILITASI HUTAN DAN LAHAN DI KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW TIMUR
Authors: Mamuko Frida , Walangitan H. , Tilaar W.
Published: July 2019

ABSTRAC The aim of this research are; to describe community perception and participation; analyze social and economy factors that influence perception and participation of community of the land and forest rehabilitation programme in East Bolaang Mongondow District. This research was conducted using survay analysis approach. Furthermore,analysis of perception and participation using Likert Scale. Survay was conducted to 102 respondents in 3 Sub Districts inculuding 7 villages in East Bolaang Mongondow District. The results of the research shows that perception level of respondents to the forrest and its function are 48% highly perception, medium perception 45.1 %, and 6.9 % low perception. Furthermore, perception level of respondents to the land and rehabilitation programme are 51% highly perception, medium perception 35%, and 10% respondents low perception. Rank Spearman Correlation analysis shows that perception level influenced by the education level.  Analysis results of the participation level shows that 36.27 % highly perception, 34.31 % medium perception, and 29.41 % low perception. Rank Spearman Correlation analysis also shows that participation level influenced by the education level of the respondents. Keywords : perception, participation, land rehabilitation
PRODUKSI JAGUNG (Zea mays saccharata L.,) BERBASIS KOMPOS JERAMI DAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DAUN GAMAL
Authors: Setiaaji Amalia S. , Polii-Mandang J. Sh. , Paulus Jeanne M.
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT   This study aims to assess the dose straw compost and liquid organic fertilizer spraying frequency Gliricidia leaves right on the growth and production of corn (Zea mays saccharata L.,) as well as the interaction between them. The treatment is carried out is designed in a factorial experiment in a randomized block design (RDB), which factor straw compost consists of 3 dose levels:         10 ton ha-1, 15 ton ha-1 and 20 ton ha-1, while the frequency factor spraying liquid organic fertilizer gliricidia leaves consists of 3 levels frequency: 5 days, 10 days and 15 days using three replications. The results showed that the frequency of spraying a liquid organic fertilizer Gliricidia leaves single influence on the diameter of the stem of the plant. Interaction straw compost and liquid organic fertilizer spraying frequency Gliricidia leaves no real effect on the growth and production of corn. Dose straw compost 10 tons ha-1 and the frequency of spraying liquid organic fertilizer Gliricidia leaves 15 days to produce the best production is 8.21 tons ha-1. Keywords: straw compost, gliricidia leaves liquid organic fertilizer, corn
APLIKASI MOL GAMAL PADA PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI PADI SAWAH METODE SRI (System of Rice Intensification)
Authors: Paulus Jeanne M. , Najoan Jemmy , Supit Paula C.
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT The aim of the research was to studied the application of gliricidia MOL on the growth and yield of lowland rice in the SRI method, and to get the best time of gliricidia MOL application on the growth and production of lowland rice. Field research has been conducted in Tara-Tara II Village, West Tomohon Subdistrict for five months starting from June 2017 until November 2017. Treatment in the experiment consists of one treatment factor, that was interval time of gliricidia MOL application, ie  : 0, 5 , 10, 15, and 20 days. The results showed that time application of gliricidia MOL have an effect on the number of productive tillers, the number of filled grain/panicle, the number  of empty grain/panicle, and the dry grain yield (GKP) / plot, but not affect the plant height. The best results were achieved in gliricia MOL application on interval time every 15 days with a values were : 28.66 productive tillers; 176.90 fillet grain/panicle; 19.80 empty grain/panicle (lowest); and 9.50 kg dry grain yield or equivalent to 7.92 ton/ha.Keywords: gliricidia MOL, production, lowland rice,  System of Rice Intensification  (SRI)
SISTEM AGROFORESTRI DATARAN TINGGI DAN DATARAN RENDAH KABUPATEN MINAHASA SELATAN PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA
Authors: Suli Andreas A.T. , Husain Jailani , Walangitan Hengki D.
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT South Minahasa Regency have a topography that varied from lowland to highland. Until now there has been no research on differences in the performance of agroforestry systems of lowland and highland agroecological zones. The purposes of this study were to analyze the diversity of plant species and to estimate the biomass amount of agroforestry systems at lowland and highland agroecological zones. The research was carried out from October to December 2017 at two different agroecological zones, namely; the highland (Mokobang Village) and the lowland (Blongko Village). The results showed that there were 21 plant species at lowland having 4 plant species in average, while 30 plant species were found in the highland with 6 plant species in average. The biomass of 0.25 to 13.11 Mg ha-1 with an average of 3.47 Mg ha-1 was found at lowland, whereas the highland contained 0.34 to 98.65 Mg ha-1 with an average of 27.40 Mg ha-1 biomass. It is concluded that in South Minahasa Regency the highland agroforestry system had more plant species and had more carbon sequestration than that of lowland.Keywords : agroforestry, highland zone, lowland zone
IDENTIFIKASI JENIS SERANGGA HAMA DAN TINGKAT KERUSAKAN PADA Diospyros Celebica Bakh.
Authors: Mokodompit Hendra S. , Pollo H. N. , Lasut M. T.
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT Diospyros celebica Bakh is luxury wood which is endemic to Sulawesi.  The Environment and Forestry Research and Development Istitute of Manado is implementing an ex situ conservation of D. celebica through planting it in  The Arboretum since  2012.  The D. celebica stand at the BP2LHK Arboretum in Manado was attacked by insects on the leaves, the leaf part is gnawed from the edge to the vein and midrib. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of insects which is pest to leaves of D celebica and calculate the level of damage caused. The study was conduct on the plot of D. celebica stands by census observation. Two types of insects were identified, namely leaf cutting bees (Megachile sp) and caterpillars from the order of Lepidoptera. The main insects that damage the leaves of D. celebica is leaf-cutting bee (Megachile sp) because this insect has no natural predators. The caterpillars of the order lepidóptera have a number of natural predators, such as Pycnonotus aurigaster, Centropus bengalensis, Phaenicophaeus calyorhynchus, Hypothymis azurea, and Oecophylla smaragdina. The results showed that the frequency of insect attacks on D. celebica leaves was 97.44%, there are 38 of 39 plant observed were attacked by insect. The intensity of insect attacks on stands of D. celebica is 11.54%, this result shows that pest control in stands is not yet necessary, since of the intensity of the attack is including minor damage.Keywords: insect, pests, Diospyros celebica Bakh., Intensity of damage
Analisis Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Sebagai Dasar Pengambilan Keputusan Berinvestasi Saham (Studi pada Indeks Bisnis-27 di Bursa Efek Indonesia)
Authors: Hasan Nurain , Pelleng Frendy A. O. , Mangindaan Joanne V.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study were: (1) To help investors pick efficient and inefficient stocks, (2) Investors know which stocks that have an optimal return and appropriate risk, (3) Investors know about CAPM metodh in determining the best investment decisions. CAPM is a model for estimating returns earned on risky securities or as a benchmark in evaluating the rate of return on an investment. The samples were selected by purposive sampling technique, the samples were determined by the specific criteria: (1) Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange belonging to the Business-27 stock index (2) Companies whose shares are included in the Business-27 stock index consistenly. The selection criteria in this study is choosing the efficient stocks in which individual return > expected return (Ri>ERi). Efficient collection of shares must be a priority in investment decisions made only efficient stocks that can be purchased. The results of this study indicate that: There are 18 stocks included on Efficient shares ie AKRA, BBCA, BBNI, BBRI, BMRI, CPIN, GGRM, INDF, INTP, PGAS, SMGR. These shares have a Ri> ERi value, investment decisions should be taken by investors was to buy efficient stocks. Based on data analysis there is a non-linear relationship between systematic risk and expected stock returns.
Pengaruh Hedonic Shopping Motives dan Promosi Penjualan Terhadap Impulse Buying Konsumen di Matahari Department Store Manado Town Square
Authors: Poluan Florensia Jovita , Tampi Johny R. E. , Mukuan Danny D. S.
Published: July 2019

This study is to determine: partial influence of Hedonic Shopping Motives on Impulse Buying; Partial influence of Sales Promotion on Impulse Buying; simultaneous influence of Hedonic Shopping Motives and Sales Promotions on Impulse Buying. Type of Research is quantitative research. The sample that used in this research were 100 respondents who were consumers in Matahari Department Store Manado Town Square. The sampling technique using is probability sampling and the method that using is purposive sampling. Methods of data collection by questionnaire. Data analysis using is multiple linear regression. The results showed that: There is significant partial effect of Hedonic Shopping Motives on Impulse Buying. There is no partial effect of Sales Promotions on Impulse Buying. There is simultaneous effect between Hedonic Shopping Motives and Sales Promotions on Impulse Buying. Based on the result, it shows that Matahari Department Store Manado Town Square management can use the hedon motivation from their consumer to increase their sales. The company should increase their sales promotion to get consumer attention and to make compete ability in Indonesia retail business
Studi Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Garam Terhadap Citarasa Peda Ikan Layang (Decapterus russelli)
Authors: Paparang Rastuti W
Published: July 2019

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui citarasa peda ikan layang (Decapterus russelli) yang diberi perlakuan variasi konsentrasi garam 10, 15 dan 20%. Peda merupakan salah satu produk olahan ikan secara tradisional yang dibuat dengan cara penggaraman kemudian diikuti dengan cara fermentasi. Jenis ikan yang umum dibuat peda antara lain adalah ikan layang. Di Sulawesi Utara ikan ini dikenal dengan nama ikan malalugis dan memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan karena jumlah produksinya yang cukup besar. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental dan parameter yang dianalisis adalah kadar air, lemak, tekstur dan citarasa. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa peda ikan layang dengan konsentrasi garam 20% memiliki nilai kadar air yang lebih rendah serta citarasa yang lebih disukai.
Gelatin Ikan: Sumber, Komposisi Kimia dan Potensi Pemanfaatannya
Authors: Agustin Agnes Triasih
Published: July 2019

Gelatin bagi Industri di Indonesia permintaan semakin meningkat, karena gelatin ini banyak dimanfaatkan pada industri farmasi, pangan dan non pangan. Permintaan meningkat untuk industry dapat dilihat dari adanya impor pada tahun 2002 dari 2.144 ton menjadi 6.233 ton pada tahun 2003, sewdangkan statistik  pada januari- desmber 2009, pemerintah mengimpor gelatin sebesar  3.124.255 kg dengan nilai impor mencapai US$ 16.741.918.  Gelatin ini diimpor dari Negara China, Jepang, Jerman, Perancis da Australia. Gelatin yang dimpor oleh pemerintah hamper 90%  yang digunakan, adapun gelatin impor diketahui diproduksi dengan bahan baku kulit babi, kulit sapid an tulang sapi. Gelatin dari ikan adalah hasil hidrolisa protein yang terdapat pada  tulang ikan , kulit ikan.