bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EIDM: deep learning model for IoT intrusion detection systems
Authors: Elnakib Omar , Shaaban Eman , Mahmoud Mohamed , Emara Karim
Published: March 2023

Internet of Things (IoT) is a disruptive technology for the future decades. Due to its pervasive growth, it is susceptible to cyber-attacks, and hence the significance of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) for IoT is pertinent. The viability of machine learning has encouraged analysts to apply learning techniques to intelligently discover and recognize cyber attacks and unusual behavior among the IoTs. This paper proposes an enhanced anomaly-based Intrusion Detection Deep learning Multi-class classification model (EIDM) that can classify 15 traffic behaviors including 14 attack types with the accuracy of 95% contained in the CICIDS2017 dataset. Four state-of-the-art deep learning models are also customized to classify six classes of network traffic behavior. An extensive comparative study in terms of classification accuracy and efficiency metrics is conducted between EIDM and several state-of-the-art deep learning-based IDSs showing that EIDM has achieved accurate detection results.
Shape analysis of sand particles based on Fourier descriptors
Authors: Yan Tianxi , Liu Yahong , Wei Dong , Sun Xiaofan , Liu Qing
Published: March 2023

Particle shape greatly influences the mechanical behavior of geotechnical materials. For a specific material, for example, a sand particle, it remains an open question how to provide a comprehensive quantitative information about the particle shape. While Fourier descriptors, as a sequence of good shape descriptors, are well addressed in the literature, approaches mainly aim at pattern recognition in the field of computer vision. In this paper, Fourier descriptors are used to analyze the particle shape of geotechnical material. A total of 600 sand particles were collected from the Hutuo River, the main water resource of Shijiazhuang County, Hebei Province. Several shape descriptors, elongation, circularity, convexity, and roughness, are identified and further analyzed statistically. The Andrews plot of Fourier descriptors can be used to discriminate the sand samples. And it is convenient to use Fourier descriptors to reconstruct sand particles. A functional relationship between Fourier descriptorsDkandk, the frequency of thekth components is proved to exist. Moreover, the relationship between shape descriptors and Fourier descriptors is investigated in a correlation analysis. The elongation has a moderate correlation with Fourier descriptors ofD1.
The characteristics of PM emissions from construction sites during the earthwork and foundation stages: an empirical study evidence
Authors: Yan Hui , Li Qiqi , Feng Kailun , Zhang Lei
Published: March 2023

The bulk of the particulate matter (PM) emissions generated during construction projects are significantly released during the earthwork and foundation stages. To reduce and control these emissions, it is necessary to have reliable data on their characteristics. However, construction PM are poorly characterized because their composition depends on several factors (e.g., weather and reduction measures) and various on-site activities whose effects may interact. To address these challenges, a long-term quantitative empirical study using advanced statistical methods was performed on a real construction project during the whole earthwork and foundation stages. The upwind-downwind method was used to collect data on PM emissions throughout the earthwork and foundation construction process, and correlation analysis, paired samples t-test, and partial least squares regression (PLS) were used to analyze TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 emissions and their relationships with various influencing factors. The results showed that both earthwork and foundation constructions generate substantial PM emissions because there were differences with statistical significances in the PM levels measured upwind and downwind of the construction site. TSP and PM10 emissions correlated moderately with humidity and wind speed. However, temperature and atmospheric pressure did not correlate significantly with any of the measured emissions. The main activities responsible for PM emissions during the earthwork and foundation construction stages were hammer piling, waste stacking, and materials transportation. Water spraying was found to effectively reduce TSP and PM10 emissions, while the use of a fog cannon more effectively reduced PM2.5 emissions. Construction PM is an important source of atmospheric pollution in cities; the findings presented herein provide cornerstone and knowledge to guide efforts for reducing its impact.
‘Thinking About How We Think’: Using Bourdieu’s Epistemic Reflexivity to Reduce Bias in International Business Research
Authors: Guttormsen David S. A. , Moore Fiona
Published: March 2023

The paper advances epistemic reflexivity as a methodological process for dealing with knowledge biases in International Business research. By drawing upon Bourdieu’s (1989) reflexive sociology, the paper develops an epistemic form of reflexivity that moves beyond the limiting focus on the researcher’s social background and interpersonal relations with the researched, towards the conditions of knowledge production contained in the researcher’s subjective role as well as intellectual bias and positioning. Such an approach enhances trustworthiness and credibility in all research processes (qualitative, quantitative, mixed and multimethod), through a systematic exploration of social scientific claims. This can be achieved by the IB researcher scrutinising their own Self, cultural practices, biases and ‘unthought categories of thought’, which, if not problematised, may limit our understanding of other peoples’ ‘social reality’ and the IB phenomena that we investigate. The paper contributes to IB research methods literature by developing an epistemic theoretical foundation for reflexivity in addition to devising a methodological process for researchers to intellectually engage with, comprising of six reflexive, self-interrogating ‘thinking tasks’.
Four-dimensional quantitative analysis using FDG-PET in clinical oncology
Authors: Tamaki Nagara , Hirata Kenji , Kotani Tomoya , Nakai Yoshitomo , Matsushima Shigenori , Yamada Kei
Published: March 2023

Positron emission tomography (PET) with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has been commonly used in many oncological areas. High-resolution PET permits a three-dimensional analysis of FDG distributions on various lesions in vivo, which can be applied for tissue characterization, risk analysis, and treatment monitoring after chemoradiotherapy and immunotherapy. Metabolic changes can be assessed using the tumor absolute FDG uptake as standardized uptake value (SUV) and metabolic tumor volume (MTV). In addition, tumor heterogeneity assessment can potentially estimate tumor aggressiveness and resistance to chemoradiotherapy. Attempts have been made to quantify intratumoral heterogeneity using radiomics. Recent reports have indicated the clinical feasibility of a dynamic FDG PET-computed tomography (CT) in pilot cohort studies of oncological cases. Dynamic imaging permits the assessment of temporal changes in FDG uptake after administration, which is particularly useful for differentiating pathological from physiological uptakes with high diagnostic accuracy. In addition, several new parameters have been introduced for the in vivo quantitative analysis of FDG metabolic processes. Thus, a four-dimensional FDG PET-CT is available for precise tissue characterization of various lesions. This review introduces various new techniques for the quantitative analysis of FDG distribution and glucose metabolism using a four-dimensional FDG analysis with PET-CT. This elegant study reveals the important role of tissue characterization and treatment strategies in oncology.
Advanced Neuromonitoring Modalities on the Horizon: Detection and Management of Acute Brain Injury in Children
Authors: Ko Tiffany S. , Catennacio Eva , Shin Samuel S. , Stern Joseph , Massey Shavonne L. , Kilbaugh Todd J. , Hwang Misun
Published: March 2023

Timely detection and monitoring of acute brain injury in children is essential to mitigate causes of injury and prevent secondary insults. Increasing survival in critically ill children has emphasized the importance of neuroprotective management strategies for long-term quality of life. In emergent and critical care settings, traditional neuroimaging modalities, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), remain frontline diagnostic techniques to detect acute brain injury. Although detection of structural and anatomical abnormalities remains crucial, advanced MRI sequences assessing functional alterations in cerebral physiology provide unique diagnostic utility. Head ultrasound has emerged as a portable neuroimaging modality for point-of-care diagnosis via assessments of anatomical and perfusion abnormalities. Application of electroencephalography and near-infrared spectroscopy provides the opportunity for real-time detection and goal-directed management of neurological abnormalities at the bedside. In this review, we describe recent technological advancements in these neurodiagnostic modalities and elaborate on their current and potential utility in the detection and management of acute brain injury.
Opposition zum Beschulungsnormativ
Authors: Böder Tim
Published: March 2023

Das Wichtigste in Kürze: Der Beitrag stellt Ergebnisse einer Studie zu Eltern vor, die sich der so genannten „Freilernerbewegung“ in Deutschland zuordnen und sich dem gesellschaftlich tief verankerten Beschulungsnormativ entgegenstellen.
Evaluating caprine remains of the Swedish Funnel Beaker culture through ZooMS
Authors: Sjögren Karl-Göran , Buckley Michael , Vretemark Maria , Axelsson Tony
Published: March 2023

In northern Europe, the first indications of a Neolithic lifestyle appear around 4000 cal BC from northern Germany up to middle Sweden and south-eastern Norway in an apparently short period of time, largely carried by immigrant populations bringing new species of plants and animals into the region. However, the nature of this domestication “package” is not everywhere the same, whereby both environmental and cultural filters acted on the particular set of species cultivated and bred in different regions. In Neolithic Scandinavia, cattle, pigs, and caprines (sheep and goat) are all present in varying proportions, with cattle more prominent in Denmark and pigs more prominent in more northerly areas. However, little is known about the ratio of sheep to goat remains within this region, largely due to difficulties in morphologically separating the two species. In this paper, we report the results from ZooMS analysis of 45 sheep/goat bone samples from two recently excavated Funnel Beaker settlements in Karleby, Falbygden, Sweden. The ZooMS analyses gave a clear and somewhat surprising result: 33 of the samples were classed as sheep, one as deer, and none of them as goat. In all likelihood, goats have not been present at all on these sites. A survey of the literature shows that while small numbers of goats are likely present in Denmark from the Early Neolithic, their presence in Sweden at this time is ambiguous and the few claims merit reassessment. Furthermore, the low numbers in Scandinavia compared to central and southern Europe suggests an overall geographic trend, with decreasing proportions of caprines as well as goats in the north.
Predicting Adolescents’ Physical Activity Intentions: Testing an Integrated Social Cognition Model
Authors: Balla Jessica , Polet Juho , Kokko Sami , Hirvensalo Mirja , Vasankari Tommi , Lintunen Taru , Hagger Martin S.
Published: March 2023

Background

Few adolescents meet guideline levels of physical activity associated with good health, highlighting the need for intervention. Interventions promoting adolescents’ physical activity should be guided by research applying behavioral theory to identify potentially modifiable correlates and associated processes. We applied an integrated social cognition model to identify theory-based constructs and processes that relate to physical activity intentions in a secondary analysis of two samples of Finnish adolescents using a correlational design.

Method

Participants in the first sample (n = 455) completed self-report measures of social cognition constructs from theory of planned behavior, habit, self-discipline, and past and current physical activities. Participants in the second sample (n = 3878) completed identical measures plus measures of socio-structural and socio-environmental factors. Participants from the first sample also wore accelerometers for 1 week. Hypothesized model effects were tested using variance-based structural equation modeling in data from the first sample and subsequently confirmed in a pre-registered analysis of data from the second sample.

Results

Across both samples, habit, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and self-reported past behavior were associated with physical activity intention. Effects of self-reported past physical activity on intention were partially mediated by social cognition constructs. Effects of accelerometer-based physical activity were small by comparison. Effects of socio-structural and socio-environmental factors on intention in the second sample were partially mediated by the social cognition constructs.

Conclusion

Results corroborate beliefs and habit as consistent correlates of adolescents’ physical activity intentions and provide preliminary evidence that social cognition constructs account for effects of socio-structural and socio-environmental factors on intentions.
Immediate and long-term effects of induced brood interruptions on the reproductive success of Varroa destructor
Authors: Gabel Martin , Scheiner Ricarda , Büchler Ralph
Published: March 2023

The parasitic mite Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman) spends the dispersal phase of its life cycle on adult honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). The meaning of this phase for both bees and mites is still not well understood. This especially applies to prolonged dispersal phases as a result of brood interruptions. Hence, it is highly important to unravel this phase for understanding the underlying biological mechanisms and implementing this knowledge in beekeeping practice and research efforts. We investigated the effects of brood interruptions on honeybee colonies and the mites naturally infesting them. Reproduction parameters, brood infestation and recapping frequency were monitored over 60 days after brood interruptions of varying durations. Our results show that recapping frequency and mite non-reproduction increased during the interruption of egg laying. The duration of interruption and the time elapsed afterwards additionally affected the occurrence of reproductive failure. Hence, the reproduction of mites was affected by brood breaks immediately and in the long run.
Accounting for diversity while assessing sustainability: insights from the Walloon bovine sectors
Authors: Riera Anton , Duluins Océane , Schuster Monica , Baret Philippe V.
Published: March 2023

Livestock production is confronted with significant challenges across all dimensions of sustainability. There is an urgent need to identify sustainable livestock systems that are environmentally friendly, economically viable for farmers, and socially acceptable. To this end, diversity assessments and data-driven indicator-based sustainability assessments can be helpful tools. These two mutually reinforcing approaches each have their own dilemmas and strengths; however, their combination is not straightforward. In this paper, we propose a method that simultaneously assesses the diversity and sustainability of production systems within one agricultural sector, without compromising either aspect, while overcoming the dilemmas of diversity and sustainability assessments. We test our method on the Walloon dairy and beef sectors (Belgium) and base our assessment on data from the European Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). We apply relevant classification criteria to the sample farms to group them into production systems. The core data was complemented with calculated environmental indicators to perform a comprehensive sustainability assessment, including structural, socio-economic, and environmental indicators. Our results confirm the importance of complementing sustainability assessments with diversity assessments. Our case study results show that a diversity of livestock systems coexist and that it is possible to overcome trade-offs between economic and environmental performances. Extensive grass-based systems present the best combination of economic and environmental results, which highlights the importance of preserving grassland resources at the regional level. The proposed method proves effective to improve the relevance of FADN data and supports the ongoing call to transform the FADN into a more comprehensive database that satisfactorily covers all dimensions of sustainability.
U.S. health professionals’ perspectives on orthorexia nervosa: clinical utility, measurement and diagnosis, and perceived influence of sociocultural factors
Authors: Sanzari Christina M. , Hormes Julia M.
Published: March 2023

Purpose

This study examined U.S. health professionals’ perspectives on the clinical utility, measurement, and etiology of orthorexia nervosa (ON).

Methods

Participants (n = 100) were U.S. health professionals with experience working clinically with eating disorders, including trainees, Ph.D. psychologists, social workers/mental health counselors, and medical health professionals. After reviewing the proposed ON criteria, participants responded to questions regarding the clinical utility, diagnosis, and measurement of ON, and sociocultural influence on the emergence of ON. Views of ON as a useful diagnostic category were examined as a function of participants’ current involvement in clinical versus research activities.

Results

Participants mostly (71.9%) agreed that ON should be a distinct clinical diagnosis. Participants who endorsed ON as a valid diagnosis spent more time on clinical work and less time engaged in research compared to participants who disagreed (both ps < 0.05). Approximately 27% of participants believed additional components should be added to the proposed ON diagnostic criteria. Participants indicated that sociocultural factors have considerable influence on the development of ON, namely the diet and weight loss industry, and the perceptions that biological/organic/vegan and low fat/low carb/gluten free food are the healthiest.

Conclusion

Professionals who spent more time working clinically with eating disorders were more likely to endorse ON as a unique disorder, and professionals who spent more time on research were more likely to disagree. To the extent that professionals who spend more time on research may shape the narrative around ON more visibly, this study underscores the importance of listening to practitioners' experiences in applied settings.

Level of evidence: Level V: Opinions of authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.
Online Formation of Companies in Lithuania in a Comparative Context: Implementation of the Digitalisation Directive and Beyond
Authors: Bitė Virginijus , Romashchenko Ivan
Published: March 2023

For many years, paper was the main format for the registration of companies. The Digitalisation Directive, adopted in 2019, obliged European Union (EU) Member States to provide founders with the option to form private companies digitally. Although for Lithuania, where online formation of legal entities had already existed even before 2019, these regulatory developments did not bring about radical change, they forced the national legislator to introduce the required amendments. This article aims at studying the provisions of the Digitalisation Directive and the results of its implementation in Lithuania to suggest possible improvements in the online registration of companies. The laws of both EU jurisdictions (Estonia, Latvia, and Poland) and one non-EU jurisdiction (Ukraine) with experience of online registration of companies are investigated in comparison with Lithuanian law. In addition, the results of a survey Among Lithuanian law firms are presented and contribute to the analysis and interpretation of the legislation at hand. The article’s conclusions about the state of implementation of the Digitalisation Directive and the recommended steps beyond the Directive’s transposition provide for further enhancement of statutes and practices in this area.
Assessment of the petrophysical properties and hydrocarbon potential of the Lower Miocene Nukhul Formation in the Abu Rudeis-Sidri Field, Gulf of Suez Basin, Egypt
Authors: Farouk Sherif , Sen Souvik , Belal Nancy , Omran Mohammad A. , Assal Ehab M. , Sarhan Mohammad A.
Published: March 2023

Lower Miocene rift sediments of the Nukhul Formation are one of the prominent hydrocarbon producers in the Gulf of Suez basin. In this study, we focused on the oil producing Nukhul sandstones of the Abu Rudeis-Sidri Field, located in the east central Gulf of Suez. Nukhul Formation is characterized by the prominent low amplitude seismic reflectors and represents the youngest identified reflector (Lower Miocene) in the study area. Petrophysical assessment was carried out using wireline logs to infer the reservoir characteristics. The Nukhul sandstone reservoir exhibits lower shale volume (< 0.1 dec dominantly), 0.07–0.16 dec total porosity and effective porosity up to 0.13 dec within the Nukhul sandstone interval. Bulk density-neutron porosity cross plot infers primarily sandstone matrix with the influence of carbonates, which characterizes the studied reservoir as calcareous sandstones. Spectral gamma ray data indicates montmorillonite as the principal clay phase along with minor kaolinite and illite. The calculated water saturation of the reservoir zone in the three productive wells ranges between 0.17 and 0.34 dec (i.e., the hydrocarbon saturation equals 0.66–0.87 dec). A small range of bulk volume of water (0.011–0.03 dec) indicates superior quality of the hydrocarbon-bearing sandstone intervals. Absence of productive sands in one of the studied wells, drilled in the hanging wall implied structural control on hydrocarbon accumulation in the study area. This study provides crucial insights regarding the quantitative petrophysical characteristics, reservoir quality distribution and hydrocarbon potential of the Lower Miocene Nukhul clastic reservoir.
A note on Halász’s Theorem in $${\mathbb {F}}_q[t]$$
Authors: Afshar Ardavan
Published: March 2023

In the setting of the integers, Granville, Harper and Soundararajan showed that the upper bound in Halász’s Theorem can be improved for smoothly supported functions. We derive the analogous result for Halász’s Theorem in $${\mathbb {F}}_q[t]$$

F
q

[
t
]

, and then consider the converse question of when the general upper bound in this version of Halász’s Theorem is actually attained.
An investigation on responses of thermoelastic interactions of transversely isotropic thick circular plate due to ring load with memory-dependent derivatives
Authors: Kaur Iqbal , Singh Kulvinder
Published: March 2023

The present investigation has focus on the variations in a transversely isotropic thick circular plate subjected to ring loading. The modified Green Nagdhi (GN) heat conduction equation with and without energy dissipation by introducing memory-dependent derivatives (MDD) with two temperatures has been used to model the problem. General solutions to the field equations have been found using the Hankel and Laplace transform. The analytical expressions of stress, conductive temperature, and components of displacement are obtained in the transformed domain. Physical solutions have been obtained using numerical inversion techniques. The effects of Kernel functions of memory-dependent derivatives have been depicted graphically. The present investigation also reveals some specific cases.
Great Gatsby and the Global South
Authors: Sakri Diding , Sumner Andy , Yusuf Arief Anshory
Published: March 2023

In the Global South economic mobility across generations or intergenerational economic mobility is in and of itself an important topic for research with consequences for policy. It concerns the 'stickiness' or otherwise of inequality because mobility is concerned with the extent to which children's economic outcomes are dependent on their parents' economic outcomes. Scholars have estimated levels of intergenerational mobility in many developed countries. Fewer estimates are available for developing countries, where mobility matters more due to starker differences in living standards. This Element surveys the area, conceptually and empirically; it presents a new estimate for a developing country, namely Indonesia; it discusses the 'Great Gatsby Curve' and highlights the different positions of developed and developing countries. Finally, it presents a theoretical framework to explain the drivers of mobility and the stickiness or otherwise of inequality across time. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Network Models for Data Science
Authors: Izenman Alan Julian
Published: March 2023

This text on the theory and applications of network science is aimed at beginning graduate students in statistics, data science, computer science, machine learning, and mathematics, as well as advanced students in business, computational biology, physics, social science, and engineering working with large, complex relational data sets. It provides an exciting array of analysis tools, including probability models, graph theory, and computational algorithms, exposing students to ways of thinking about types of data that are different from typical statistical data. Concepts are demonstrated in the context of real applications, such as relationships between financial institutions, between genes or proteins, between neurons in the brain, and between terrorist groups. Methods and models described in detail include random graph models, percolation processes, methods for sampling from huge networks, network partitioning, and community detection. In addition to static networks the book introduces dynamic networks such as epidemics, where time is an important component.
Development and implementation of a centralized surveillance infection prevention program in a multi-facility health system: A quality improvement project
Authors: Snyder Graham M. , Wagester Suzanne , Harris Patricia L. , Valek Abby L. , Hodges Jacob C. , Bilderback Andrew L. , Kader Fazrina , Tanner Colleen A. , Metzger Amy P. , DiNucci Susan E. , Colaianne Bonnie V. , Chung Ashley , Zapf Rachel L. , Kip Paula L. , Minnier Tamra E.
Published: March 2023

Objective:

To develop, implement, and evaluate the effectiveness of a unique centralized surveillance infection prevention (CSIP) program.

Design:

Observational quality improvement project.

Setting:

An integrated academic healthcare system.

Intervention:

The CSIP program comprises senior infection preventionists who are responsible for healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance and reporting, allowing local infection preventionists (LIPs) a greater portion of their time to non-surveillance patient safety activities. Four CSIP team members accrued HAI responsibilities at 8 facilities.

Methods:

We evaluated the effectiveness of the CSIP program using 4 measures: recovery of LIP time, efficiency of surveillance activities by LIPs and CSIP staff, surveys characterizing LIP perception of their effectiveness in HAI reduction, and nursing leaders’ perception of LIP effectiveness.

Results:

The amount of time spent by LIP teams on HAI surveillance was highly variable, while CSIP time commitment and efficiency was steady. Post-CSIP implementation, 76.9% of LIPs agreed that they spend adequate time on inpatient units, compared to 15.4% pre-CSIP; LIPs also reported more time to allot to non-surveillance activities. Nursing leaders reported greater satisfaction with LIP involvement with HAI reduction practices.

Conclusion:

CSIP programs are a little-reported strategy to ease burden on LIPs with reallocation of HAI surveillance. The analyses presented here will aid health systems in anticipating the benefit of CSIP programs.
How to Think About the Battle for the State at the WTO
Authors: Orford Anne
Published: March 2023

International trade law has long been the site of a battle over who or what the state can represent. Today, that battle is taking a new form. While for decades the WTO was considered a centerpiece of the international economic order, the policy landscape is now awash with claims that the US should abandon WTO disciplines, critiques of the WTO as the vehicle for a coherent neoliberalism, and concerns about the implications of trade law for domestic industry, democratic participation, climate action, and national security. While I am a long-standing critic of trade law’s excesses, I don’t see that sudden shift as a cause for celebration. In order to understand why, I argue that it is necessary to pay careful attention to the different forms the battle for the state at the WTO has taken. This article explores the conditions and stakes of three key moments in that battle – the negotiation of the GATT and the era of decolonization, the end of the Cold War and the creation of the WTO, and the recent transformations caused by the decline of US power, the rise of China, and the systemic shock of climate change. I conclude that we cannot automatically apply critiques developed in earlier eras to the current situation.
The motion of a layer of yield-stress material on an oscillating plate
Authors: Hinton Edward M. , Collis Jesse F. , Sader John E.
Published: March 2023

The motion of a finite layer of Bingham material on a solid plate that executes in-plane oscillations was reported previously by Balmforth et al. (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., vol. 158, issue 1–3, 2009, pp. 46–53). There, it was suggested that multiple yielded regions may arise within the material; this contrasts to start-up flow of the same material for which only one yielded region is generated. Here, we explore quantitatively the fluid physics of this oscillatory flow problem through analytical approximations and further numerical computation. Four new key topological properties concerning the generation and termination of the yielded regions are reported. It is shown that the existence of multiple yielded regions is equivalent to the layer never becoming entirely rigid during the periodic motion. For small inertia, the flow is approximately time-reversible with only a single yielded region generated at the plate. For large inertia, shear stress in the material decays rapidly as a function of distance from the plate. A thin zone of yielded material detaches periodically from the plate, and subsequently terminates within the layer. At high oscillation frequency, there can be any number

$N$

of distinct rigid regions, satisfying

$N= \lfloor 1- {\rm \pi}^{-1} \log B \rfloor$

where

$B$

is the Bingham number. It is also shown that for

$B>0.5370$

, there are at most one yielded region and one rigid region throughout the motion. These theoretical results can be used as a basis for oscillatory rheometry, allowing for measurement of the yield stress using existing apparatus.
The advanced flight deck
Authors: Wilson J. W. , Hillman R. E.
Published: March 2023

Twenty years ago, the electronic valve gave way to the transistor; now the transistor as a discrete component has been replaced by the integrated circuit, and micro-processors are emerging as cheap, reliable and basic elements of electronic architecture.

Each step has yielded a major reduction in the size of equipment needed to achieve a particular function or to improve performance—but in spite of miniaturisation, an increasing volume of avionics has been incorporated into succeeding generations of aircraft as requirements for greater precision and safety have arisen.

Application has already provided striking improvements in the quality and ease of communication and navigation, which in turn have brought about the demise of the dedicated radio operator and navigator. The trend will continue with more automation of flight control and system management, leading to two-crew operation of most short and medium range aircraft—providing, of course, that the cost of ownership of additional equipment is less than the costs of the displaced crew member, and that flight safety standards continue to improve.
Rear body influence on base pressure
Authors: Das Indushekher , Mishra J. N.
Published: March 2023

Little information is available on the behaviour of the base pressure on a body of revolution having a following body in its wake. A preliminary investigation for the case of axisymmetric rear body has been reported by Mishra and Chatterjee. Their experiments were conducted on a 20° included-angle blunt cone. Mishra and Das reported an investigation for the case of asymmetric rear bodies having the same diameter. These investigations indicate significant rear body effects on the base pressure.

In multistage rockets, the flow characteristics of upper stages could be seriously affected by the proximity of a lower stage after they separate from one another.
Status of European telecommunication satellite development
Authors: Howell T. F.
Published: March 2023

The current decade has seen a major effort by European countries to achieve competitive status in the field of com-munication satellite systems. Effort and investment has been channelled by governments either nationally (the Italian Sirio Programme), bilaterally (the Franco-German Symphonie Programme) as well as through the multinational ESA, the European Space Agency (the OTS/ECS and Marecs Programmes). Europe is now at the crossroads of moving from the technological and preoperational phase, that has resulted from such programmes, to the implementation of operational systems responding to its own requirements. In addition, a technological base has been created in European industry capable of enabling it to compete for the worldwide market for regional and domestic systems that is now developing.
Technical Note
Authors: Mohan S. R. , Stollery J. L.
Published: March 2023

It was proposed in Ref. 1 that cryogenic temperatures can be achieved by the adiabatic isentropic expansion of a gas. The scheme is shown in Fig. 1. High pressure gas contained in A expands by means of valve 1 and cools. Valve 2 is then opened along with nozzle valve to push cold test gas through the working section.

In the ideal case the process is isentropic. To achieve reservoir conditions of T=120K and P = 4·4 bars, the initial pressure needed would be 110 bars. However, because of heat transfer from the walls of the tube, the process is not ideal and the actual initial pressure needed is higher. The main parameters which affect the heat transfer are the internal surface area of the tube, the rate of expansion governed by the size of valve 1 and the initial pressure of the gas.
Ducted fan or the world’s first jet plane? The Coanda claim re-examined
Authors: Winter Frank H.
Published: March 2023

There is no question that the distinguished Rumanian inventor and aircraft designer, Henri Coanda (1886—1972), was a highly gifted and creative man. Many called him a genius. There have been at least five lengthy feature articles in various aeronautical or true adventure magazines extolling his remarkable career and bearing such flamboyant tides as, ‘The Jet-Propelled Genius and His Mighty Blow’ (True, December 1956); ‘The Amazing Dr. Coanda’ (Air Progress, August/September 1965); and ‘The Prowling Mind of Henri Coanda’ (Flying, March ] 967). These articles rightly praise Coanda’s multi-faceted pioneering achievements in pre-fabricated houses, soil regeneration, sea-water desalinisation, solar energy, the discovery of the ‘Coanda Effect’ which is well-known to aerodynamicists, his highly innovative aircraft designs such as a twin-engined machine of 1911 (also proclaimed by some as a world’s first), a vertical take-off aircraft, the 1934 ‘lenticular aerodyne’ (otherwise known as a flying saucer), and so on.
Structural integrity — the Accident Investigator’s view
Authors: Feltham R. G. , Smart K. P. R.
Published: March 2023

During the past decade the UK Accidents Investigation Branch has been involved in the investigations into three major accidents to public transport aircraft, each caused by catastrophic structural failure in flight. During the same period other accidents involving structural failure with less structural damage, but with potentially equally serious consequences, have been investigated.
The effect of trailing-edge strips on the unsteady aerodynamic forces on a control surface
Authors: Long G. , Farrell P. A.
Published: March 2023

A modification sometimes used to increase the effectiveness of a control surface is thickening of the trailing-edge by attaching small spanwise strips, normal to the upper and lower surface of the control, along the trailing-edge (see Fig. 1). While the effect of such a modification is fairly well known for steady flow, little evidence is available of the effect in unsteady flow. There are no theoretical methods of predicting the unsteady aerodynamic forces acting on an oscillating control surface which has trailing-edge strips (T-strips) attached and so flutter calculations are based on classical thin-liftingsurface theories. This practice is very dubious and two instances where flutter has occurred but has not been predicted by use of the classical unsteady aerodynamic forces, are described in Refs. 2 and 3.
Some measurements of gun blast on a Lightning aircraft
Authors: Mabey D. G.
Published: March 2023

Previous papers, described the blast loads measured on a long, flat plate near the muzzle of an isolated rifle mounted in a wind tunnel at subsonic and supersonic speeds. For this idealised configuration, these measurements confirmed the validity of the approximate theory due to Frank Smith to predict the level of the blast loads from guns mounted on static or moving aircraft.

However, for real aircraft the gun is generally installed in a blister or fairing and the fuselage adjacent to the muzzle may have considerable curvature. These features, which are different for every installation, modify the blast wave in a way not easily amenable to calculation.

In the present paper the blast loads on the fuselage of a typical fighter aircraft near the muzzle of a cannon were measured in flight at subsonic, transonic and supersonic speeds.
The training of synthetic trainer technicians in the Royal Air Force
Authors: Hector P. J. , Martin-Jones I. L. , Walton J. T.
Published: March 2023

1. The training of airmen for trades in the ground electronics engineering trade group of the Royal Air Force, and in the trade which maintains flight simulators and other synthetic aviation trainers, is carried out at No 1 Radio School which since the early 1950s has been based at RAF Locking near Weston-super-Mare, in the County of Avon. This paper explains the RAF's requirement for a trade dedicated to Synthetic Trainer maintenance and how the training of that trade was planned and implemented.

2. In the early days of flight simulators the equipment used—of the Link trainer variety—was relatively simple using electrical and electro-pneumatic techniques. Maintenance was undertaken by electricians who received specialist training on the type to which they were assigned. With the development of sophisticated aircraft electronic instrumentation, radar, communications and weapons systems after the Second World War, flight simulators increased in complexity and servicing tradesmen were drawn from a variety of trades which themselves gave experience in electronics which provided essential background to undertaking simulator maintenance. The seven trades which donated tradesmen are shown in Fig. 1 which illustrates the range of basic skills used.
New technology S61N simulator
Authors: Hatfield N. D.
Published: March 2023

The discovery of oil in the North Sea has resulted in a rapid expansion of helicopter operations in the United Kingdom.

The pilots currently flying to and from oil rigs have either VFR ratings only or hold Certificates of Instrument Flying Competence. With the congestion of traffic in the North Sea area, there is clearly a requirement for increasing safety without further increases to traffic from training flights.

According to Flight (2nd September 1978), legislation is to be introduced to establish an Instrument Rating (Helicopters) with effect from April 1979. Many of the pilots now flying will need further training to achieve this rating.

British Airways Helicopters have installed a simulator for the Sikorsky S61N helicopter at Dyce airport, Aberdeen to facilitate training of pilots to fly the aircraft most commonly used for oil rig work. The simulator will be used for many aspects of training including instrument training.
Rotor induced air movements and their effects on droplet dispersal
Authors: Parkin C. S.
Published: March 2023

The dispersal of droplets sprayed from an aircraft, be it fixed or rotary winged, is affected by influences which can be placed in four categories:

1. Particle characteristics e.g. terminal velocity.

2. Aircraft wake.

3. Meteorology.

4. Nozzle or atomiser position.

Although all four categories combine to produce a particular application the relative importance of each influence varies with particular circumstances. Large particles for instance, are little influenced by air movement and so aircraft wake and meteorology are unimportant. Small droplets, on the other hand, have low terminal velocities and are more easily affected by air movements. Situations where wake predominates over meteorology are usually those where flying heights and wind speeds are low. For example, in Ultra Low Volume spraying, Lawson and Uk (1979) found wake effects at low flying heights.
Fatigue detection in structural elements (bleeding structures)
Authors: Donald E. P.
Published: March 2023

Fatigue is a problem which all designers have to face. If they are starting on the design of an aeroplane, they will work out all the high loading cases first, make sure that the design will be good enough to meet them, then they will turn their thoughts to the survival of the proposed structure within the lower stress levels of everyday operations.

Some parts may see one cycle, some hundreds, many will see thousands, some millions and millions. All should function without cracking from fatigue.

If fatigue cracks do appear after some time, this indicates that while the design was reasonably close to optimum, it needs a little more material adding locally. The operator will probably groan at the cost and disruption the beefing-up operation will require, and the designer will be tempted to overdesign in the first place to avoid this situation.
Neoadjuvant tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer: a single centre case series
Authors: Yeo J J Y , Stewart K , Maniam P , Arman S , Srinivasan D , Wall L , MacNeill M , Strachan M , Nixon I
Published: March 2023

Objective

Primary surgical resection remains the mainstay of management in locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have recently shown promising results in patients with recurrent locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer. This study discussed four patients with locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer managed with tyrosine kinase inhibitors used prior to surgery in the ‘neoadjuvant’ setting.

Method

Prospective data collection through a local thyroid database from February 2016 identified four patients with locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer unsuitable for primary surgical resection commenced on neoadjuvant tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.

Results

All cases had T4a disease at presentation. Three cases tolerated tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for more than 14 months while the last case failed to tolerate treatment at 1 month. All patients subsequently underwent total thyroidectomy to facilitate adjuvant radioactive iodine treatment. Disease-specific survival remains at 100 per cent currently (range, 29–75 months).

Conclusion

Neoadjuvant tyrosine kinase inhibitors in locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer can be effective in reducing primary tumour extent to potentially facilitate a more limited surgical resection for local disease control.
Archaeological encounters: Ethics and aesthetics under the mark of the Anthropocene
Authors: Pétursdóttir Þóra , Sørensen Tim Flohr
Published: March 2023

What legitimizes archaeological work in an age of global climate change, socio-political crises and economic recession? On what topics should archaeology focus its research questions, and what forms of archaeological engagement are not merely justifiable but able to make a difference in light of such challenges? Today, there is a tendency, we argue, that archaeological responses to current challenges are expected to align with a specific mode of conduct, political stance and genre, where, for example, a very particular notion of activism, responsibility and ethics is dominating. There is no denial that current challenges call for immediate instrumental reactions, but we contend that valuable reactions can – or even must – vary, and that more fundamental and slow ontological and epistemological change should also be nested within these responses. In this article, we explore what it means to care – what it means to be concerned – in the Anthropocene through archaeological practice and aesthetic engagement. By highlighting the relations between ethics and aesthetics, we explore ways in which we get in touch with the objects of concern, placing undecidability and speculation as dispositions equally important to urgency and impact.
Evaluation of an intensive workshop on research methods in supportive oncology
Authors: Bryant Ashley Leak , Krok-Schoen Jessica L. , Cobran Ewan K. , Greer Joseph A. , Temel Jennifer S. , Pirl William F.
Published: March 2023

Objectives

Since 2015, the Harvard Workshop on Research Methods in Supportive Oncology has trained early-career investigators in skills to develop rigorous studies in supportive oncology. This study examines workshop evaluations over time in the context of two factors: longitudinal participant feedback and a switch from in-person to virtual format during the COVID pandemic.

Methods

We examined post-workshop evaluations for participants who attended the workshop from 2015 to 2021. We qualitatively analyzed evaluation free text responses on ways in which the workshop could be improved and “other comments.” Potential areas of improvement were categorized and frequencies were compiled longitudinally. Differences in participants' ratings of the workshop and demographics between in-person and virtual formats were investigated with t-tests and Chi-square tests, respectively.

Results

286 participants attended the workshop over 8 years. Participant ratings of the workshop remained consistently high without substantial variation across all years. Three main themes emerged from the “other comments” item: (1) sense of community; (2) passion and empowerment; and (3) value of protected time. Participants appeared to identify fewer areas for improvement over time. There were no significant differences in participant ratings or demographics between the in-person and virtual formats.

Signifinace of results

While the workshop has experienced changes over time, participant evaluations varied little. The core content and structure might have the greatest influence on participants’ experiences.