bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘It ain't (only) what you do, it's the way that you do it’: A mixed method approach to the study of inspiring teachers
Authors: Sammons Pam , Kington Alison , Lindorff Ariel , Ortega Lorena
Published: October 2018

This paper draws on findings from a study of ‘inspiring’ teachers in order to illustrate the way in which the chosen mixed methods design contributed to the success of the research in addressing its research aims. The study investigated the concept of ‘inspiring’ and ‘inspirational’ teaching through recruiting a purposive sample of 17 primary and secondary school teachers in England drawn from nine schools in a single Multi‐Academy Trust (MAT). The aim of the study was to integrate and synthesise evidence from a range of perspectives using multiple methods involving a combination of descriptive and numeric data, in order to increase knowledge and understanding of what it means to be ‘inspiring’ within the current educational landscape. The study fits with the ‘numbers and a narrative’ tradition reflecting the growing popularity of mixed methods (Gorard & Smith, ) and adopted an equal‐status, sequential research design that comprised integration of multiple methods including semi‐structured interviews with teachers, classroom observations including both descriptive field notes and systematic observation schedules that tapped features associated with effective practice, numeric ranking sheets for teachers and head teachers and a student questionnaire survey that included rating scales and open‐ended response questions. The findings reveal clear associations between effective and inspiring practice but also identify particular features that distinguish inspiring practitioners and their practice. Findings concerning the socio‐emotional component are highlighted in particular in relation to the emphasis these teachers placed on creating positive relationships with students and a safe supportive classroom climate.
School‐based interventions for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review with multiple synthesis methods
Authors: Moore Darren A. , Russell Abigail E. , Matthews Justin , Ford Tamsin J. , Rogers Morwenna , Ukoumunne Obioha C. , Kneale Dylan , Thompson‐Coon Jo , Sutcliffe Katy , Nunns Michael , Shaw Liz , Gwernan‐Jones Ruth
Published: October 2018

Non‐pharmacological interventions for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder are useful treatments, but it is unclear how effective school‐based interventions are for a range of outcomes and which features of interventions are most effective. This paper systematically reviews randomised controlled trial evidence of the effectiveness of interventions for children with ADHD in school settings. Three methods of synthesis were used to explore the effectiveness of interventions, whether certain types of interventions are more effective than others and which components of interventions lead to effective academic outcomes. Twenty‐eight studies (n = 1807) were included in the review. Eight types of interventions were evaluated and a range of different ADHD symptoms, difficulties and school outcomes were assessed across studies. Meta‐analyses demonstrated beneficial effects for interventions that combine multiple features (median effect size g = 0.37, interquartile range 0.32, range 0.09–1.13) and suggest some promise for daily report card interventions (median g = 0.62, IQR = 0.25, range 0.13–1.62). Meta‐regression analyses did not give a consistent message regarding which types of interventions were more effective than others. Finally, qualitative comparative analysis demonstrated that self‐regulation and one‐to‐one intervention delivery were important components of interventions that were effective for academic outcomes. These two components were not sufficient though; when they appeared with personalisation for individual recipients and delivery in the classroom, or when interventions did not aim to improve child relationships, interventions were effective. This review provides updated information about the effectiveness of non‐pharmacological interventions specific to school settings and gives tentative messages about important features of these interventions for academic outcomes.
Myomectomy scar ectopic pregnancy following a cryopreserved embryo transfer
Authors: Ishiguro Tatsuya , Yamawaki Kaoru , Chihara Makoto , Nishikawa Nobumichi , Enomoto Takayuki
Published: October 2018

Case

A 40 year old woman with a history of a myomectomy visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan, following 2 years of infertility. Magnetic resonance imaging detected an abnormal endometrial‐like pseudo‐cavity. A hysterosalpingography also revealed an abnormal accumulation of contrast medium at the myometrial scar site. A transvaginal ultrasound showed a thin myometrium at the lower uterine body. The patient conceived via in vitro fertilization under a luteal phase down‐regulation protocol (long protocol) for controlled ovarian stimulation, followed by a cryopreserved embryo transfer during her natural ovulation cycle. After the embryo transfer, the gestational sac was located at the subserosal site of the myomectomy scar.

Outcome

An emergent laparoscopic operation was performed and the embryo was removed successfully via laparoscopy under transvaginal ultrasonography.

Conclusion

A subserosal uterine pregnancy is a rare form of intramural pregnancy, which is a rare subtype of an ectopic pregnancy, which could occur at the myomectomy site, especially after an embryo transfer. It is believed that this rare ectopic pregnancy resulted from embryo implantation under the serosa through a micro‐sinus tract that was a site of suture failure of the myomectomy scar and was partially affected by the embryo transfer. Clinicians should consider the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy after uterine surgery, including a myomectomy.
Rely on data to set, share strategy
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: October 2018

When MJ Knoll‐Finn, senior vice president for enrollment management at New York University, makes decisions about her unit's direction, she is guided by strategy and informed by data. And the same is true about the decisions that have guided her career.
Key Factors for Simultaneous Improvements of Performance and Durability of Core‐Shell Pt3Ni/Carbon Electrocatalysts Toward Superior Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell
Authors: Zhao Xiao , Takao Shinobu , Kaneko Takuma , Iwasawa Yasuhiro
Published: October 2018

It remains a big challenge to remarkably improve both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and long‐term durability of Pt−M bimetal electrocatalysts simultaneously in the harsh cathode environment toward widespread commercialization of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC). In this account we found double‐promotional effects of carbon micro coil (CMC) support on ORR performance and durability of octahedral Pt3Ni nanoparticles (Oh Pt3Ni/CMC). The Oh Pt3Ni/CMC displayed remarkable improvements of mass activity (MA; 13.6 and 34.1 times) and surface specific activity (SA; 31.3 and 37.0 times) compared to those of benchmark Pt/C (TEC10E20E) and Pt/C (TEC10E50E‐HT), respectively. Notably, the Oh Pt3Ni/CMC revealed a negligible MA loss after 50,000 triangular‐wave 1.0–1.5 VRHE (startup/shutdown) load cycles, contrasted to MA losses of 40 % (TEC10E20E) and 21.5 % (TEC10E50E‐HT) by only 10,000 load cycles. It was also found that the SA increased exponentially with the decrease in the CO stripping peak potential in a series of Pt−M/carbon (M: Ni and Co), which predicts a maximum SA at the curve asymptote. Key factors for simultaneous improvements of performance and durability of core‐shell Pt3Ni/carbon electrocatalysts toward superior PEFC is also discussed.
Cerebral–placental–uterine ratio as novel predictor of late fetal growth restriction: prospective cohort study
Authors: MacDonald T. M. , Hui L. , Robinson A. J. , Dane K. M. , Middleton A. L. , Tong S. , Walker S. P.
Published: October 2018

Objective

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a major risk factor for stillbirth and most commonly arises from uteroplacental insufficiency. Despite clinical examination and third‐trimester fetal biometry, cases of FGR often remain undetected antenatally. Placental insufficiency is known to be associated with altered blood flow resistance in maternal, placental and fetal vessels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of individual and combined Doppler blood flow resistance measurements in the prediction of term small‐for‐gestational age and FGR.

Methods

This was a prospective study of 347 nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy at 36 weeks' gestation in which fetal growth and Doppler measurements were obtained. Pulsatility indices (PI) of the uterine arteries (UtA), umbilical artery (UA) and fetal vessels were analyzed, individually and in combination, for prediction of birth weight < 10th, < 5th and < 3rd centiles. Doppler values were converted into centiles or multiples of the median (MoM) for gestational age. The sensitivities, positive and negative predictive values and odds ratios (OR) of the Doppler parameters for these birth weights at ∼ 90% specificity were assessed. Additionally, the correlations between Doppler measurements and other measures of placental insufficiency, namely fetal growth velocity and neonatal body fat measures, were analyzed.

Results

The Doppler combination most strongly associated with placental insufficiency was a newly generated parameter, which we have named the cerebral–placental–uterine ratio (CPUR). CPUR is the cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) (middle cerebral artery PI/UA‐PI) divided by mean UtA‐PI. CPUR MoM detected FGR better than did mean UtA‐PI MoM or CPR MoM alone. At ∼ 90% specificity, low CPUR MoM had sensitivities of 50% for birth weight < 10th centile, 68% for < 5th centile and 89% for < 3rd centile. The respective sensitivities of low CPR MoM were 26%, 37% and 44% and those of high UtA‐PI MoM were 34%, 47% and 67%. Low CPUR MoM was associated with birth weight < 10th centile with an OR of 9.1, < 5th centile with an OR of 17.3 and < 3rd centile with an OR of 57.0 (P < 0.0001 for all). CPUR MoM was also correlated most strongly with fetal growth velocity and neonatal body fat measures, as compared with CPR MoM or UtA‐PI MoM alone.

Conclusions

In this cohort, a novel Doppler variable combination, the CPUR (CPR/UtA‐PI), had the strongest association with indicators of placental insufficiency. CPUR detected more cases of FGR than did any other Doppler parameter measured. If these results are replicated independently, this new parameter may lead to better identification of fetuses at increased risk of stillbirth that may benefit from obstetric intervention. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Advances and challenges in deep generative models for de novo molecule generation
Authors: Xue Dongyu , Gong Yukang , Yang Zhaoyi , Chuai Guohui , Qu Sheng , Shen Aizong , Yu Jing , Liu Qi
Published: October 2018

The de novo molecule generation problem involves generating novel or modified molecular structures with desirable properties. Taking advantage of the great representation learning ability of deep learning models, deep generative models, which differ from discriminative models in their traditional machine learning approach, provide the possibility of generation of desirable molecules directly. Although deep generative models have been extensively discussed in the machine learning community, a specific investigation of the computational issues related to deep generative models for de novo molecule generation is needed. A concise and insightful discussion of recent advances in applying deep generative models for de novo molecule generation is presented, with particularly emphasizing the most important challenges for successful application of deep generative models in this specific area.

This article is categorized under:

Computer and Information Science > Chemoinformatics

Computer and Information Science > Computer Algorithms and Programming
Forced vibrations of nonlinear symmetrical and asymmetrical rotating shafts mounted on a moving base
Authors: Shahgholi Majid , Payganeh Gholamhassan
Published: October 2018

This paper deals with the combinational resonances of symmetrical and asymmetrical rotating shafts with base motions. The nonlinearities are owing to the large amplitude of the hinged‐ hinged the shaft. Generally, the asymmetrical shaft has unequal principal mass moments of inertia and flexural stiffnesses. The system is exposed to three sources of excitation as a result of the asymmetry of the shaft, dynamic imbalances, and base excitations. Using the variational approach the nonlinear governing equations of motion and related boundary conditions are derived in the complex form. These equations of motion are analyzed by the use of the perturbation method. It is shown that three combinational resonances occur in the system. In the two cases of combinational resonances the asymmetry of shaft has no effect on the steady‐state responses. However, in one case of the combinational resonances, the asymmetry of the shaft has a significant effect. Also, in each case, the steady‐state solutions and their stability are investigated. The effect of various parameters such as damping coefficient, eccentricities, and asymmetry of the shaft on the periodic solutions, the stability of the solutions and bifurcations are probed. Additionally, the analytical results are verified by the numerical simulations that are obtained a good agreement between these results.
Upscaling of a diffusion problem with interfacial flux jump leading to a modified Barenblatt model
Authors: Bunoiu Renata , Timofte Claudia
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we study the homogenization of a diffusion problem in a highly heterogeneous composite medium formed by two constituents separated by an imperfect interface, where both the temperature and the flux exhibit jumps. The presence of the flux jump leads to a modified stationary Barenblatt model. Besides, we discuss two different geometrical settings, providing a mathematical justification for a physical phenomenon which is explained by the connectivity properties of the constituents.
Exploring non minimal Universal Extra Dimensional model at the LHC
Authors: Ganguly Nabanita , Datta Anindya
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We study the collider phenomenology of non minimal universal extra dimensional (nmUED) model in the context of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. nmUED is an incarnation of the Standard Model in 4 + 1 space-time dimensions compactified on an S
1/Z
2 orbifold supplemented with boundary localized operators with unknown coefficients. These coefficients parametrize the radiative corrections which are somehow arbitrary due to the lack of knowledge of the cut-off scale of such effective theory. It is possible to tune the masses and couplings of the Kaluza Klein (KK) excitations by tuning these parameters. Two scenarios with different mass hierarchies among the KK-excitations have been considered. A detailed study of production cross-sections and different decay modes of KK-particles are also presented. We calculate the correlated bounds on masses of KK-particles using the LHC "Image missing" data (in case of production of strongly interacting particles) and "Image missing" data (in case of electroweak productions). We work in a KK-parity conserving scenario where the lightest KK-particle is a potential dark (DM) matter candidate. We use the additional constraints coming from the observed DM relic density of the universe to identify the allowed parameter space. The current status of a nmUED model in the light of DM direct detection data is also examined. The present investigation reveals that production and subsequent leptonic decays of KK-electroweak gauge bosons as massive as 1 TeV, lead to observable trilepton signature with a luminosity of 1 ab−1 which will be realized in near future.
Localized 4σ and 5σ dijet mass excesses in ALEPH LEP2 four-jet events
Authors: Kile Jennifer , von Wimmersperg-Toeller Julian
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We investigate an excess observed in hadronic events in the archived LEP2 ALEPH data. This excess was observed at preselection level during data-MC comparisons of four-jet events when no search was being performed. The events are clustered into four jets and paired such that the mass difference between the two dijet systems is minimized. The excess occurs in the region M
1 + M
2 ∼ 110 GeV; about half of the excess is concentrated in the region M
1 ∼ 80 GeV, M
2 ∼ 25 GeV, with a local significance between 4.7σ and 5.5σ, depending on assumptions about hadronization uncertainties. The other half of the events are in a broad excess near M
1 ∼ M
2 ∼ 55 GeV; these display a local significance of 4.1-4.5σ. We investigate the effects of changing the SM QCD Monte Carlo sample, the jet-clustering algorithm, and the jet rescaling method. We find that the excess is remarkably robust under these changes, and we find no source of systematic uncertainty that can explain the excess. No analogue of the excess is seen at LEP1.
Pulling out all the tops with computer vision and deep learning
Authors: Macaluso Sebastian , Shih David
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We apply computer vision with deep learning — in the form of a convolutional neural network (CNN) — to build a highly effective boosted top tagger. Previous work (the “DeepTop” tagger of Kasieczka et al) has shown that a CNN-based top tagger can achieve comparable performance to state-of-the-art conventional top taggers based on high-level inputs. Here, we introduce a number of improvements to the DeepTop tagger, including architecture, training, image preprocessing, sample size and color pixels. Our final CNN top tagger outperforms BDTs based on high-level inputs by a factor of ∼ 2-3 or more in background rejection, over a wide range of tagging efficiencies and fiducial jet selections. As reference points, we achieve a QCD background rejection factor of 500 (60) at 50% top tagging efficiency for fully-merged (non-merged) top jets with p

T
in the 800-900 GeV (350-450 GeV) range. Our CNN can also be straightforwardly extended to the classification of other types of jets, and the lessons learned here may be useful to others designing their own deep NNs for LHC applications.
Failure of perturbation theory near horizons: the Rindler example
Authors: Burgess C. P. , Hainge Joshua , Kaplanek Greg , Rummel Markus
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Persistent puzzles to do with information loss for black holes have stimulated critical reassessment of the domain of validity of semiclassical EFT reasoning in curved spacetimes, particularly in the presence of horizons. We argue here that perturbative predictions about evolution for very long times near a horizon are subject to problems of secular growth — i.e. powers of small couplings come systematically together with growing functions of time. Such growth signals a breakdown of naive perturbative calculations of late-time behaviour, regardless of how small ambient curvatures might be. Similar issues of secular growth also arise in cosmology, and we build evidence for the case that such effects should be generic for gravitational fields. In particular, inferences using free fields coupled only to background metrics can be misleading at very late times due to the implicit assumption they make of perturbation theory when neglecting other interactions. Using the Rindler horizon as an example we show how this secular growth parallels similar phenomena for thermal systems, and how it can be resummed to allow late-time inferences to be drawn more robustly. Some comments are made about the appearance of an IR/UV interplay in this calculation, as well as on the possible relevance of our calculations to predictions near black-hole horizons.
Dark matter as a remnant of SQCD inflation
Authors: Bhattacharya Subhaditya , Saha Abhijit Kumar , Sil Arunansu , Wudka Jose
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We propose a strongly coupled supersymmetric gauge theory that can accommodate both the inflation (in the form of generalized hybrid inflation) and dark matter (DM). In this set-up, we identify the DM as the Goldstones associated with the breaking of a global symmetry (SU(4) × SU(4) → SU(4)) after inflation ends. Due to the non-abelian nature of this symmetry, the scenario provides with multiple DMs. We then construct a low energy theory which generates a Higgs portal like coupling of the DMs with Standard Model (SM), thus allowing them to thermally freeze out. While the scales involved in the inflation either have a dynamical origin or related to UV interpretation in terms of a heavy quark field in the supersymmetric QCD (SQCD) sector, the DM masses however are generated from explicit breaking of the chiral symmetry of the SQCD sector. We discuss DM phenomenology for both degenerate and non-degenerate cases, poised with DM-DM interactions and find allowed region of parameter space in terms of relic density and direct search constraints.
The effects of legal versus business education on decision making in public administrations with a Weberian tradition
Authors: Rosengart Tim , Hirsch Bernhard , Nitzl Christian
Published: October 2018

We analyse the socialization effects of a university education on decision making in a public-sector context with a Weberian tradition. The results of our vignette study of 331 law and business students and 155 professionals in German public administrations show that business students—in contrast to law students—make decisions significantly more in line with private-sector logic. This phenomenon is not observed for professionals. Individuals’ transformations from student to professional status appear to be affected by particularly strong internal and external pressures to socialize, which widely neutralizes the differences between legal and business professionals.
INFERENCE FOR OPTION PANELS IN PURE-JUMP SETTINGS
Authors: Andersen Torben G. , Fusari Nicola , Todorov Viktor , Varneskov Rasmus T.
Published: October 2018

We develop parametric inference procedures for large panels of noisy option data in a setting, where the underlying process is of pure-jump type, i.e., evolves only through a sequence of jumps. The panel consists of options written on the underlying asset with a (different) set of strikes and maturities available across the observation times. We consider an asymptotic setting in which the cross-sectional dimension of the panel increases to infinity, while the time span remains fixed. The information set is augmented with high-frequency data on the underlying asset. Given a parametric specification for the risk-neutral asset return dynamics, the option prices are nonlinear functions of a time-invariant parameter vector and a time-varying latent state vector (or factors). Furthermore, no-arbitrage restrictions impose a direct link between some of the quantities that may be identified from the return and option data. These include the so-called jump activity index as well as the time-varying jump intensity. We propose penalized least squares estimation in which we minimize theL2distance between observed and model-implied options. In addition, we penalize for the deviation of the model-implied quantities from their model-free counterparts, obtained from the high-frequency returns. We derive the joint asymptotic distribution of the parameters, factor realizations and high-frequency measures, which is mixed Gaussian. The different components of the parameter and state vector exhibit different rates of convergence, depending on the relative (asymptotic) informativeness of the high-frequency return data and the option panel.
Nurses' Use of Global Information Systems for Provision of Outreach Reproductive Health Services to Internally Displaced Persons
Authors: Shaikh Masood A.
Published: October 2018

Introduction:

A long and protracted civil war compounded by the occurrence of nature-related disasters have forced thousands of Somalis to take refuge in camps for internally displaced persons (IDPs) to escape violence and seek shelter. Dwellers of these camps have limited accessibility to and affordability of the fractured healthcare facilities located in nearby towns. A free, outreach, mobile, reproductive healthcare delivery system staffed with nurses and using an ambulance guided by a global information systems (GIS) map was established to address the accessibility and affordability issues hindering provision of quality reproductive healthcare to the women in the IDP camps and in the outskirts of Baidoa City, Somalia.

Methods:

All 14 IDP camps in Baidoa City were visited to determine the number of families/huts, and to acquire their global positioning system (GPS) central point locations. Global information systems (GIS) shape files containing major roads, river, and dwellings, and straight-line distances from the base clinic to each IDP camp were computed. The objective of creating and using this specially designed map was to help nurses in determining which camps realistically could be visited on a given day, and how best to access them considering the security situation and the condition of rain-affected areas in the city.

Results:

Use of the GIS map was instrumental in facilitating the delivery of healthcare services to IDPs and ensuring that resources were adequately utilized. Free healthcare services were provided each work day for the month long duration of the project; 3,095 consultations were provided, inclusive of 948 consultations for children under the age of 16 years, and delivery of three babies.

Conclusions:

Creation and use of a simple, need-specific GIS map in this pilot project effectively aided the logistical planning and delivery of mobile, outreach reproductive health services by directing the ambulance and nurses safely to accessible IDP camps in an area marred with long and protracted disasters from both natural and human causes.
Passive Recovery of Wood Loads in Rivers
Authors: Stout J. C. , Rutherfurd I. D. , Grove J. , Webb A. J. , Kitchingman A. , Tonkin Z. , Lyon J.
Published: October 2018

A growing worldwide body of literature is demonstrating the geomorphic and ecological roles played by wood in rivers. After more than a century of removing wood from rivers in many parts of the world, researchers and managers are now interested in returning the load of wood back to a more natural condition. The mechanical placement of wood in rivers is expensive, and so it is useful to know how long it will take for in‐stream wood loads to passively recover a target load by recruitment from riparian forests. Of fundamental interest to managers and researchers alike are the questions: (1) can a river passively recover to a preremoval load of wood, and (2) if so, how long will recovery take? We address these questions using the example of the anabranching King River, Northeast Victoria, Australia, which was desnagged twice: once in 1957 and again in 1980. We predict a recovery time of 255 ± 23 years using a complete census of recovering wood loads to develop and parameterize a mass balance delivery model run in a Monte Carlo simulation. Our results indicate that with a healthy supply of riparian vegetation and minimal interference from managers, rivers are likely to passively recover natural wood loads at least two and a half centuries after desnagging. Using the data and methods described in this paper, we develop a theory of recovery, conceptually describing the recovery process as a sequence of five stages that can be used to monitor and track wood loads through time.
No Direct Linkage Between Event‐Based Runoff Generation and Groundwater Recharge on the Maimai Hillslope
Authors: Gabrielli C. P. , McDonnell J. J.
Published: October 2018

Hillslope hydrological investigations in humid regions to date have focused mostly on runoff generation during events. The few papers that have also examined groundwater recharge processes associated with subsurface stormflow production have found strong linkages between episodes of runoff and recharge to the aquifer. But the range of climate, vegetation, and geological conditions examined thus far has been limited. Here we explore how geologic characteristics, timing of subsurface stormflow, and hydroclimatic conditions relate to the timing of bedrock groundwater recharge at the well‐studied Maimai watershed. We hypothesized that recharge would be determined by subsurface stormflow frequency in this system with high rainfall and little seasonality of the hydrologic response. Unexpectedly, isotopic analysis and noble gas measurements indicated that recharge occurred almost exclusively during winter months despite previous work at Maimai showing subsurface stormflow occurs in all seasons and rainfall‐runoff ratios are high year‐round. A sprinkler and dye experiment conducted directly on open bedrock identified groundwater recharge mechanisms and rates, and a simple empirical recharge model suggests almost 90% of recharge occurred from only 55% of annual precipitation. We found no correlation between the timing and magnitude of groundwater recharge and total precipitation, direct runoff or subsurface stormflow. The catchment effectively converted rainfall to runoff during all seasons, but the unfractured low permeability bedrock (2.3 × 10−8 m/s) required long durations of extended catchment wetness for appreciable recharge to occur—a condition satisfied only during winter months with lower evapotranspiration. These findings suggest the need to better understand the geologic controls of recharge in headwaters.
Exploring Cooperative Transboundary River Management Strategies for the Eastern Nile Basin
Authors: Wheeler Kevin G. , Hall Jim W. , Abdo Gamal M. , Dadson Simon J. , Kasprzyk Joseph R. , Smith Rebecca , Zagona Edith A.
Published: October 2018

A water resource modeling process is demonstrated to support multistakeholder negotiations over transboundary management of the Nile River. This process addresses the challenge of identifying management options of new hydraulic infrastructure that potentially affects downstream coriparian nations and how the management of existing infrastructure can be adapted. The method includes an exploration of potential management decisions using a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm, intertwined with an iterative process of formulating cooperative strategies to overcome technical and political barriers faced in a transboundary negotiation. The case study is the addition of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and considers how its operation may be coordinated with adaptations to the operations of Egypt's High Aswan Dam. The results demonstrate that a lack of coordination is likely to be harmful to downstream riparians and suggest that adaptations to infrastructure in Sudan and Egypt can reduce risks to water supplies and energy generation. Although risks can be substantially reduced by agreed releases from the GERD and basic adaptations to the High Aswan Dam, these measures are still insufficient to assure that no additional risk is assumed by Egypt. The method then demonstrates how improvements to water security for both downstream riparians can be achieved through dynamic adaptation of the operation of the GERD during drought conditions. Finally, the paper demonstrates how the robustness of potential management arrangements can be evaluated considering potential effects of climate change, including increased interannual variability and highly uncertain changes such as increases in the future persistence of droughts.
Mercury Mission Will Map Morphology and Measure Magnetics
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: October 2018

BepiColombo may launch as early as this weekend. It seeks to unravel the mysteries of Mercury’s geologic and magnetic past and map the small planet’s cratered surface.
Assessing the Implicit Rain Impact on Sea State During Hurricane Sandy (2012)
Authors: Katsafados P. , Varlas G. , Papadopoulos A. , Spyrou C. , Korres G.
Published: October 2018

One of the most understudied and less understood phenomenon in air‐sea interaction studies is the effect of rain on the sea state and in turn the atmosphere's response to this surface forcing. In order to examine the entire process, a new parameterization scheme for rain‐induced sea surface roughness was incorporated in the two‐way atmosphere‐ocean wave coupled system Chemical Hydrological Atmospheric Ocean wave System (CHAOS). The simulation of the late October 2012 Hurricane Sandy indicates that the complex rain‐on‐ocean effect primarily modifies sea surface roughness and attenuates both the atmospheric flow and the ocean wave growth. The heterogeneity of roughness variations modulates the asymmetry of the hurricane and affects its central pressure and its track as well. Comparing with in situ and remotely sensed data, the consideration of rain‐on‐ocean effect reduces the root‐mean‐square error up to 8% and 11% for wind speed and significant wave height, respectively, and finally improves Sandy's track offshore eastern U.S. coastline.
Simultaneous Multispacecraft Probing of Electron Phase Space Holes
Authors: Tong Y. , Vasko I. , Mozer F. S. , Bale S. D. , Roth I. , Artemyev A.V. , Ergun R. , Giles B. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Russell C.T. , Strangeway R. , Torbert R. B.
Published: October 2018

We present a series of electron holes observed simultaneously on four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft in the plasma sheet boundary layer. The multispacecraft probing shows that the electron holes propagated quasi‐parallel to the local magnetic field with velocities of a few thousand kilometers per second with parallel spatial scales of a few kilometers (a few Debye lengths). The simultaneous multispacecraft probing allows analyzing the 3‐D configuration of the electron holes. We estimate the electric field gradients and charge densities associated with the electrons holes. The electric fields are fit to simple 3‐D electron hole models to estimate their perpendicular scales and demonstrate that the electron holes were generally not axially symmetric with respect to the local magnetic field. We emphasize that most of the electron holes had a complicated structure not reproduced by the simple models widely used in single‐spacecraft studies.
Towards Dynamical Seasonal Forecast of Extratropical Transition in the North Atlantic
Authors: Liu M. , Vecchi G. A. , Smith J. A. , Murakami H. , Gudgel R. , Yang X.
Published: October 2018

Extratropical transition can extend the threat of tropical cyclones into the midlatitudes and modify it through expansion of rainfall and wind fields. Despite the scientific and socioeconomic interest, the seasonal forecast of extratropical transition has received little attention. The GFDL High‐Resolution Forecast‐Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) model (HiFLOR) shows skill in seasonal forecasts of tropical cyclone frequency as well as major hurricanes. A July‐initialized 12‐member ensemble retrospective seasonal forecast experiment with HiFLOR in the North Atlantic is conducted, representing one of the very first attempts to predict the extratropical transition activity months in advance. HiFLOR exhibits retrospective skill in seasonal forecasts of basin‐wide and regional ET activity relative to best track and reanalysis data. In contrast, the skill of HiFLOR in predictions of non‐ET activity is limited. Future work targeted at improved predictions of non‐ET storms provides a path for enhanced TC activity forecasting.
Effect of ISO‐SSE Interaction on Accelerating the TS to Severe TS Development in the WNP Since the Late 1990s
Authors: Hong Chi‐Cherng , Tsou Chih‐Hua , Lee Ming‐Ying , Chang Chi‐Chun , Hsu Huang‐Hsiung , Chen Kuan‐Chieh
Published: October 2018

This study addressed the abrupt increase in the development speed of tropical storms (TSs) to severe TSs (≥ category 3, referred to as STSs) in the western North Pacific (WNP) during the late 1990s. Our investigation indicated that the TSs developed into STSs with a faster speed since the late 1990s. The eddy kinetic energy budget of synoptic‐scale eddy (SSE) indicated that the enhancement of energy conversion from intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) to SSE played a critical role in accelerating the TS‐to‐STS development. The increase of ISO‐SSE interaction was attributed to the mega La Niña–like mean state change. The anticyclone anomaly associated with mega La Niña and warm oceanic condition in the WNP substantially modified the mean TS genesis location (northwestward shift) and enhanced the ISO magnitude in the South China Sea and Philippine Sea, thereby amplifying the ISO‐SSE interaction in the WNP in the late 1990s.
Isotopic Composition of In Situ Soil NOx Emissions in Manure‐Fertilized Cropland
Authors: Miller David J. , Chai Jiajue , Guo Felix , Dell Curtis J. , Karsten Heather , Hastings Meredith G.
Published: October 2018

Soil emissions represent ~25% of the global annual atmospheric budget of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The nitrogen isotopic composition of soil NOx emissions (δ15N‐NOx) is potentially useful to track soil emission contributions to NOx budgets, yet its in situ variations with fertilizer management and meteorology are unknown. We quantify in situ δ15N‐NOx distributions from liquid dairy manure‐fertilized cropland in State College, Pennsylvania at hourly resolution during spring 2016 and 2017. δ15N‐NOx (n = 37) ranged from −44.2 to −14.0‰ and was distinct between injected (−32.2 ± 12.1‰) and broadcast manure without tillage (−23.4 ± 2.1‰). δ15N‐NOx was not correlated with order of magnitude emission variations due to large changes in soil moisture. δ15N‐NOx differences between treatments were associated with nitrification and NO consumption contributions. Our results suggest that δ15N‐NOx can be a valuable observational tracer of soil emissions and varies with fertilizer management practices.
Understanding Rapid Adjustments to Diverse Forcing Agents
Authors: Smith C. J. , Kramer R. J. , Myhre G. , Forster P. M. , Soden B. J. , Andrews T. , Boucher O. , Faluvegi G. , Fläschner D. , Hodnebrog Ø. , Kasoar M. , Kharin V. , Kirkevåg A. , Lamarque J.‐F. , Mülmenstädt J. , Olivié D. , Richardson T. , Samset B. H. , Shindell D. , Stier P. , Takemura T. , Voulgarakis A. , Watson‐Parris D.
Published: October 2018

Rapid adjustments are responses to forcing agents that cause a perturbation to the top of atmosphere energy budget but are uncoupled to changes in surface warming. Different mechanisms are responsible for these adjustments for a variety of climate drivers. These remain to be quantified in detail. It is shown that rapid adjustments reduce the effective radiative forcing (ERF) of black carbon by half of the instantaneous forcing, but for CO2 forcing, rapid adjustments increase ERF. Competing tropospheric adjustments for CO2 forcing are individually significant but sum to zero, such that the ERF equals the stratospherically adjusted radiative forcing, but this is not true for other forcing agents. Additional experiments of increase in the solar constant and increase in CH4 are used to show that a key factor of the rapid adjustment for an individual climate driver is changes in temperature in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
The Role of Near‐Fault Relief Elements in Creating and Maintaining a Strike‐Slip Landscape
Authors: Harbert S. A. , Duvall A. R. , Tucker G. E.
Published: October 2018

Strike‐slip landscapes are often associated with a suite of characteristic geomorphic features that provide primary evidence for interpreting fault slip histories. Here we explore the role of shutter ridges, areas of relief advected laterally along faults, in generating two classic strike‐slip processes: progressive lateral offset of channels and stream capture. Landscape models and comparative analysis of the Marlborough Fault System, NZ, show that the length of channel offsets observable in a landscape is primarily controlled by the length of shutter ridges. In our simple landscape model, this scale is controlled by the drainage spacing, and therefore by the geometry of the mountain range. In a more complex landscape, this scale may be controlled by lithologic or structural contrasts. We also find that shutter ridge relief inhibits stream capture, especially at slow fault slip rates relative to hillslope erosion rates. In this case, lateral drainage advection enables streams to “outrun” capture.
The Uneven Nature of Daily Precipitation and Its Change
Authors: Pendergrass Angeline G. , Knutti Reto
Published: October 2018

A few days with heavy rain contribute disproportionately to total precipitation, while many days with light drizzle contribute much less. What is not appreciated is just how asymmetric this distribution is in time, and the even more asymmetric nature of trends due to climate change. We diagnose the temporal asymmetry in models and observations. Half of annual precipitation falls in the wettest 12 days each year in the median across observing stations worldwide. Climate models project changes in precipitation that are more uneven than present‐day precipitation. In a scenario with high greenhouse‐gas emissions, one fifth of the projected increase in rain falls in the wettest 2 days of the year and 70% in the wettest 2 weeks. Adjusting modeled unevenness to match present‐day unevenness at stations, half of precipitation increase occurs in the wettest 6 days each year.
Paleolatitude of the Hawaiian Hot Spot Since 48 Ma: Evidence for a Mid‐Cenozoic True Polar Stillstand Followed by Late Cenozoic True Polar Wander Coincident With Northern Hemisphere Glaciation
Authors: Woodworth Daniel , Gordon Richard G.
Published: October 2018

Paleospin axis locations since 48 Ma inferred from the distribution of equatorial sediment accumulation rates on the Pacific plate, together with paleomagnetic poles from magnetic anomaly skewness, indicate that the Hawaiian hot spot was nearly fixed in latitude from 48 to 12 Ma, but ≈3° north of its current latitude. From 48 to 12 Ma in the Pacific hot spot reference frame, which we take to be equivalent to the global hot spot reference frame, the spin axis was located near 87°N, 164°E, recording a stillstand in true polar wander. Global hot spots shifted coherently relative to the spin axis since ≈12 Ma, consistent with an episode of true polar wander, which may continue today. The motion of the spin axis away from the Hawaiian hot spot and toward Greenland since ≈12 Ma coincided with, and may have contributed to, the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation.
Relationship Between the Orientation of Maximum Permeability and Intermediate Principal Stress in Fractured Rocks
Authors: Lang Philipp S. , Paluszny Adriana , Nejati Morteza , Zimmerman Robert W.
Published: October 2018

Flow and transport properties of fractured rock masses are a function of geometrical structures across many scales. These structures result from physical processes and states and are highly anisotropic in nature. Fracture surfaces often tend to be shifted with respect to each other, which is generally a result of stress‐induced displacements. This shift controls the fracture's transmissivity through the pore space that forms from the created mismatch between the surfaces. This transmissivity is anisotropic and greater in the direction perpendicular to the displacement. A contact mechanics‐based, first‐principle numerical approach is developed to investigate the effects that this shear‐induced transmissivity anisotropy has on the overall permeability of a fractured rock mass. Deformation of the rock and contact between fracture surfaces is computed in three dimensions at two scales. At the rock mass scale, fractures are treated as planar discontinuities along which displacements and tractions are resolved. Contact between the individual rough fracture surfaces is solved for each fracture at the small scale to find the stiffness and transmissivity that result from shear‐induced dilation and elastic compression. Results show that, given isotropic fracture networks, the direction of maximum permeability of a fractured rock mass tends to be aligned with the direction of the intermediate principal stress. This reflects the fact that fractures have the most pronounced slip in the plane of the maximum and minimum principal stresses, and for individual fractures transmissivity is most pronounced in the direction perpendicular to this slip.
Groundwater Is Key to Salmonid Persistence and Recruitment in Intermittent Mediterranean‐Climate Streams
Authors: Larsen Laurel G. , Woelfle‐Erskine Cleo
Published: October 2018

Juvenile coho salmon thrive in intermittent streams of the Pacific Northwest yet are in danger of increased mortality from drought and rising temperatures. With warmer temperatures and more frequent climate extremes projected, the need to understand how intermittent stream hydrology and biogeochemistry impact juvenile salmonid habitat and behavior is imperative. Previous investigations indicated that dissolved oxygen limits the persistence of coho salmon in intermittent streams, leading to the hypothesis that groundwater inflow would ultimately control patterns of salmon recruitment and persistence. Here we tested that hypothesis in paired tributaries of Salmon Creek, Sonoma County, CA during California's extreme drought of 2011–2017. We used the fluorescent fingerprint of dissolved organic carbon, together with a parallel factor analysis, to estimate groundwater influence in individual stream pools, corroborating those estimates with stable isotope and radon analyses. Repeat snorkel surveys provided fish counts in those pools at the beginning and end of the period of surface‐water disconnection. Results suggested that coho salmon fry preferentially selected pools with a groundwater inflow signal and persisted in pools maintaining that signal through the dry season. This groundwater inflow signal was distinct from hyporheic influence, which exhibited little correlation with fish distribution. Groundwater within pools was young, and spot measurements suggested that it was relatively oxygenated. Proportional groundwater contributions to pools increased as drought deepened. Results suggest that maintaining relatively high groundwater levels in coastal aquifers may be imperative to the persistence of vulnerable salmonid populations in a changing climate.
Low-level expression of SAMHD1 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts correlates with improved outcome upon consolidation chemotherapy with high-dose cytarabine-based regimens
Authors: Rassidakis George Z. , Herold Nikolas , Myrberg Ida Hed , Tsesmetzis Nikolaos , Rudd Sean G. , Henter Jan-Inge , Schaller Torsten , Ng Siok-Bian , Chng Wee Joo , Yan Benedict , Ng Chin Hin , Ravandi Farhad , Andreeff Michael , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Xagoraris Ioanna , Khoury Joseph D.
Published: October 2018

Sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) limits the efficacy of cytarabine (ara-C) used in AML by hydrolyzing its active metabolite ara-CTP and thus represents a promising therapeutic target. SAMHD1 has also been implicated in DNA damage repair that may impact DNA damage-inducing therapies such as anthracyclines, during induction therapy. To determine whether SAMHD1 limits ara-C efficacy during induction or consolidation therapy, SAMHD1 protein levels were assessed in two patient cohorts of de novo AML from The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (USA) and the National University Hospital (Singapore), respectively, using immunohistochemistry and tissue microarrays. SAMHD1 was expressed at a variable level by AML blasts but not in a broad range of normal hematopoietic cells in reactive bone marrows. A sizeable patient subset with low SAMHD1 expression (<25% of positive blasts) was identified, which was significantly associated with longer event-free (EFS) and overall (OS) survival in patients receiving high-dose cytarabine (HDAC) during consolidation. Therefore, evaluation of SAMHD1 expression level in AML blasts at diagnosis, may stratify patient groups for future clinical trials combining HDAC with novel SAMHD1 inhibitors as consolidation therapy.