bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantification of Potentially Odorous Volatile Organic Compounds from Asphalt Binders Using Head-Space Gas Chromatography
Authors: Lange CR , Stroup-Gardiner M
Published: March 2005

A gas chromatograph (GC) methodology was developed that considers film thickness, aggregate surface area, and mix temperatures, since these variables are expected to influence the production of potentially odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Fifteen grams of 3 mm diameter glass beads (used to simulate a single fine size aggregate) is placed in a standard GC vial, and then coated with 0.5 g of asphalt to produce a film thickness of about 11 µm. This is representative of a typical dense graded hot mix asphalt (HMA) film thickness. The sealed vials are stored in the headspace sampler oven at the desired test temperature for 1 h. During this time, the maximum agitation option on the automated headspace sampler is used to simulate the exposure of the aggregate surface to air when the mix is either mixed in the rotary drum dryer, loaded into the haul trucks, or transferred from the trucks into the paver.

This methodology was used to identify and quantify more than 80 VOC compounds found in the vial headspace at 170°C (338°F); this temperature is at the high end of typical temperatures for the majority of HMA production operations. Individual compounds were grouped based on common characteristics: alkanes, heterocyclics, phthalates, aromatics, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), sulfur-containing, chlorinated, and organic acids. Of these groups, the aromatic, sulfur-containing, heterocyclics, and organic acid compounds have the highest potential for generating odors sometimes associated with HMA production operations. Five pairs of asphalt binders (one with and one without odor complaints) were evaluated using this methodology. In all cases, the asphalt with the reported complaints had either more compounds that exceeded odor thresholds or higher concentrations, or both.
Determination of Formaldehyde Evolved During the Curing of Melamine-Formaldehyde-Based Coatings
Authors: Phillips J H , Patterson J E
Published: March 2005

Total formaldehyde in a coating is composed of both “free” and “cure” formaldehyde. It has been recognized for many years that certain coatings can contain free formaldehyde, which is present prior to the cross-linking reaction. Cure formaldehyde is generated as a byproduct during polymer cross-linking of certain coatings. Formaldehyde has been designated a Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) by the USEPA and will contribute to the Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) content of the coating.

ASTM Task Group D01.21.51A on “Cure Formaldehyde” has been working since 1998 to develop a simple method for determining the amount of cure formaldehyde emitted from coatings. Method development involved real time monitoring of formaldehyde by FT-IR to determine the effect of time, temperature, humidity, air flow, and film thickness on the cure reaction. The proposed ASTM method involves heating a thin film of coating for thirty minutes in a constant humidity purge chamber after solvent evaporation. Formaldehyde evolved during the curing process is collected on DNPH/Silica adsorbent tubes.
Determination of Thermal Properties of Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Mamlouk MS , Witczak MW , Kaloush KE , Hasan N
Published: March 2005

Rational analyses of pavement response require knowledge of the thermal properties of asphalt mixtures. These properties have not been reported thoroughly in the literature and researchers typically depend on assumed values. In the first part of this study, a laboratory test was developed to determine the thermal coefficients of expansion and contraction of several types of asphalt mixtures. The thermal coefficient values were dependent on material type and method of compaction. The coefficients of thermal expansion were slightly larger than the coefficients of thermal contraction. Hot mix asphalt (HMA) showed lower thermal coefficients than the asphalt rubber mix.

In the second part of the study, a heat flow computer program was used to simulate lab temperature measurements and calculate the volumetric heat capacity (C) and thermal conductivity (k) values of HMA. No unique C and k values were found, but a linear relationship between C and k values was obtained. A band of possible optimum C and k values was developed. The program was used to estimate the required stabilization times to change test specimen temperatures according to the dynamic modulus (E*) test protocols.
Isotropic Fractionator: A Simple, Rapid Method for the Quantification of Total Cell and Neuron Numbers in the Brain
Authors: Herculano-Houzel Suzana , Lent Roberto
Published: March 2005

Stereological techniques that estimate cell numbers must be restricted to well defined structures of isotropic architecture and therefore do not apply to the whole brain or to large neural regions. We developed a novel, fast, and inexpensive method to quantify total numbers of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the brain or any dissectable regions thereof. It consists of transforming highly anisotropic brain structures into homogeneous, isotropic suspensions of cell nuclei, which can be counted and identified immunocytochemically as neuronal or non-neuronal. Estimates of total cell, neuronal, and non-neuronal numbers can be obtained in 24 h and vary by <10% among animals. Because the estimates obtained are independent of brain volume, they can be used in comparative studies of brain-volume variation among species and in studies of phylogenesis, development, adult neurogenesis, and pathology. Applying this method to the adult rat brain, we show, for example, that it contains ∼330 million cells, of which 200 million are neurons, and almost 70% of these are located in the cerebellum alone. Moreover, contrary to what is commonly assumed in the literature, we show that glial cells are not the majority in the rat brain.
A Differentially AutoregulatedPet-1Enhancer Region Is a Critical Target of the Transcriptional Cascade That Governs Serotonin Neuron Development
Authors: Scott Michael M. , Krueger Katherine C. , Deneris Evan S.
Published: March 2005

The Pet-1 [pheochromocytoma 12 ETS (E26 transformation-specific)] gene plays a critical role in the development of serotonin (5-HT)-modulated behaviors via its control of embryonic 5-HT neuron differentiation.Pet-1transcription is induced exclusively in 5-HT neuron postmitotic precursors before the appearance of transmitter, and its restricted expression is maintained in the adult. However, the mechanisms that directPet-1expression to this single CNS neuronal cell type are unknown. Here, we show, using transgenic methods, that genomic sequences upstream, but not downstream or within the Pet-1-coding region, are sufficient for 5-HT neuron-specific transgene expression. Enhancer sequences within a 40 kb upstream fragment directed position-independent lacZ (β-d-galactosidase) transgene expression to the developing hindbrain before the appearance of 5-HT. Moreover, virtually all of the 5-HT neurons in the adult were lacZ positive in all of the lines examined. Transgene expression in 5-HT neurons was maintained when the 40 kb fragment was truncated on its 5′ end to either 12 or 1.8 kb, although position independence was then lost. Analysis of transgene expression inPet-1null mice indicated thatPet-1was required to maintain the activity of thePet-1enhancer region in a subset of 5-HT neurons. These findings suggest that a conserved 1.8 kb region immediately flanking the Pet-1-coding region is a critical genomic target of the transcriptional cascade that governs 5-HT neuron development and provide additional evidence for 5-HT neuron heterogeneity at the genetic level. We discuss the potential application of thePet-1transgenes reported here to the selective genetic manipulation of 5-HT neurons.
Pana Wave The New Aum Shinrikyô or Another Moral Panic?
Authors: Dorman Benjamin
Published: March 2005

Since the Aum Shinrikyô affair of 1995, the Japanese authorities have been quick to demonstrate that they are firmly in control in situations involving religious groups that espouse millennial ideas, or other groups rumored to be acting against social norms. In April 2003 the Japanese mass media began reporting intensely on a virtually unknown new religious movement named Pana Wave. A massive police investigation was launched immediately on the premise that the group appeared to resemble Aum Shinrikyô in its early days. Although the press coverage and police involvement again raised the public's fears over dangerous religious groups, the media dropped the story quickly after the investigation yielded little more than vehicle violations. The Pana Wave affair represents a post-Aum Shinrikyô moral panic in which the reaction to the perceived threat far outweighed the reality of the situation.
Outside the Frame: Assessing Partnerships between Arts and Historical Organizations
Authors: Stanton Cathy
Published: March 2005

Using as a case study a 2003 exhibit created jointly by the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art (MASS MoCA) and Historic New England/Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, this article investigates collaborations between contemporary art museums and historical institutions, focusing on the place these organizations occupy in the culture-based "new economies" of many postindustrial places. While cautioning against the ways in which such projects can cast history in a purely aesthetic light while contributing to the socioeconomic inequities that characterize postindustrial economies, the article also argues that arts/history partnerships offer opportunities to create innovative critical statements and to reach new and diverse audiences.
Participation of prolactin receptors and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and MAP kinase pathways in the increase in pancreatic islet mass and sensitivity to glucose during pregnancy
Authors: Amaral Maria E C , Cunha Daniel A , Anhê Gabriel F , Ueno Mirian , Carneiro Everardo M , Velloso Lício A , Bordin Silvana , Boschero Antonio C
Published: March 2005

Prolactin (PRL) exerts its biological effects mainly by activating the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (JAK/STAT5) signaling pathway. We have recently demonstrated that PRL also stimulates the insulin receptor substrates/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (IRSs/PI3K) and SH2-plekstrin homology domain (SHC)/ERK pathways in islets of neonatal rats. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of the PI3K and MAP kinase (MAPK) cascades in islet development and growth in pregnant rats. The protein expression of AKT1, p70S6K and SHC was higher in islets from pregnant compared with control rats. Higher basal levels of tyrosine phosphorylation were found in classic transducers of insulin cell signaling (IRS1, IRS2 and SHC). Increased levels of threonine/tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and serine phosphorylation of AKT and p70S6K were also detected. To assess the participation of PRL in these phenomena, pregnant and control rats were treated with an antisense oligonucleotide to reduce the expression of the PRL receptor (PRLR). Phosphorylation of AKT was reduced in islets from pregnant and control rats, whereas p70S6K protein levels were reduced only in islets from treated pregnant rats. Finally, glucose-induced insulin secretion was reduced in islets from pregnant but not from control rats treated with the PRLR antisense oligonucleotide. In conclusion, downstream proteins of the PI3K (AKT and p70S6K) and MAPK (SHC and ERK1/2) cascades are regulated by PRL signaling in islets from pregnant rats. These findings indicate that these pathways participate in the increase in islet mass and the sensitivity to glucose during pregnancy.
Long-term effects of HIV-1 protease inhibitors on insulin secretion and insulin signaling in INS-1 beta cells
Authors: Schütt M , Zhou J , Meier M , Klein H H
Published: March 2005

The mechanism by which chronic treatment with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-1 protease inhibitors leads to a deterioration of glucose metabolism appears to involve insulin resistance, and may also involve impaired insulin secretion. Here we investigated the long-term effects of HIV-1 protease inhibitors on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from beta cells and explored whether altered insulin secretion might be related to altered insulin signaling. INS-1 cells were incubated for 48 h with different concentrations of amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir or saquinavir, stimulated with 20 mM d-glucose, and insulin determined in the supernatant. To evaluate insulin signaling, cells were stimulated with 100 nM insulin for 2 min, and insulin-receptor substrate (IRS)-1, -2 and Akt phosphorylation determined. Incubation for 48 h with ritonavir, nelfinavir and saquinavir resulted in impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion at 2.5, 5 and 5 μM respectively, whereas amprenavir or indinavir had no effects even at 20 and 100 μM respectively. The impaired insulin secretion by ritonavir, nelfinavir and saquinavir was associated with decreased insulin-stimulated IRS-2 phosphorylation, and, for nelfinavir and saquinavir, with decreased insulin-stimulated IRS-1 and Thr308-Akt phosphorylation. No such effects on signaling were observed with amprenavir or indinavir. In conclusion, certain HIV-1 protease inhibitors, such as ritonavir, nelfinavir and saquinavir, not only induce peripheral insulin resistance, but also impair glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from beta cells. With respect to the long-term effect on beta-cell function there appear to be differences between the protease inhibitors that may be clinically relevant. Finally, these effects on insulin secretion after a 48 h incubation with protease inhibitor were associated with a reduction of the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of insulin signaling parameters, particularly IRS-2, suggesting that protease inhibitor-induced alterations in the insulin signaling pathway may contribute to the impaired beta-cell function.
Both estrogen and raloxifene protect against β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in estrogen receptor α-transfected PC12 cells by activation of telomerase activity via Akt cascade
Authors: Du Botao , Ohmichi Masahide , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Kawagoe Jun , Ohshima Chika , Igarashi Hideki , Mori-Abe Akiko , Saitoh Maki , Ohta Tsuyoshi , Ohishi Akira , Doshida Masakazu , Tezuka Naohiro , Takahashi Toshifumi , Kurachi Hirohisa
Published: March 2005

Although estrogen is known to protect against β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity, the mechanisms responsible for this effect are only beginning to be elucidated. In addition, the effect of raloxifene on Aβ-induced neuro-toxicity remains unknown. Here we investigated whether raloxifene exhibits similar neuro-protective effects to estrogen against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and the mechanism of the effects of these agents in PC12 cells transfected with the full-length human estrogen receptor (ER) α gene (PCER). Raloxifene, like 17β-estradiol (E2), significantly inhibited Aβ-induced apoptosis in PCER cells, but not in a control line of cells transfected with vector DNA alone (PCCON). Since telomerase activity, the level of which is modulated by regulation of telomerase catalytic subunit (TERT) at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, is known to be involved in suppressing apoptosis in neurons, we examined the effect of E2 and raloxifene on telomerase activity. Although both E2 and raloxifene induced telomerase activity in PCER cells, but not in PCCON cells, treated with Aβ, they had no effect on the level of TERT expression. These results suggest that neither E2 nor raloxifene affects the telomerase activity at the transcriptional level. We therefore studied the mechanism by which E2 and raloxifene induce the telomerase activity at the post-transcriptional level. Both E2 and raloxifene induced the phosphorylation of Akt, and pre-treatment with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, attenuated both E2− and raloxifene-induced activation of the telomerase activity. Moreover, both E2 and raloxifene induced both the phosphorylation of TERT at a putative Akt phosphorylation site and the association of nuclear factor κB with TERT. Our findings suggest that and raloxifene exert neuroprotective effects by E2 telomerase activation via a post-transcriptional cascade in an experimental model relevant to Alzheimer’s disease.
Eliminating the Medicare Coverage Gap for Intranasal Naloxone and Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Authors: Kleinman Robert A. , Barnett Brian S.
Published: February 2025

This Viewpoint explores how FDA approval of intranasal naloxone and nicotine replacement therapy as over-the-counter drugs adversely affects Medicare patients because the treatments are no longer covered and urges policymakers to address this coverage gap.
Sodium Reduction Legislation and Urinary Sodium and Blood Pressure in South Africa
Authors: Gaziano Thomas , Kapaon David , du Toit Jacques D. , Crowther Nigel J. , Wade Alisha N. , Fabian June , Riumallo-Herl Carlos , Roberts-Toler F. Carla , Gómez-Olivé Xavier , Tollman Stephen
Published: February 2025

Importance

Reductions in dietary salt are associated with blood pressure reductions; however, national governments that have passed laws to reduce sodium intake have not measured these laws’ impact.

Objective

To determine if South African regulations restricting sodium content in processed foods were associated with reductions in sodium consumption and blood pressure.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The HAALSI (Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa) study is a population-based cohort study among adults aged 40 years or older randomly selected from individuals living in rural Mpumalanga Province in South Africa. This study incorporated 3 waves of data (2014/2015, 2018/2019, and 2021/2022) from the HAALSI study to examine how 24-hour urine sodium (24HrNa) excretion changed among a population-based cohort following mandatory sodium regulations. Spot urine samples were collected across 3 waves, and data analysis was performed from 2023 to 2024.

Exposures

South African regulations introduced in 2013 that reduced levels for the maximum amount of sodium in milligrams per 100 mg of food product by 25% to 80% across 13 processed food categories by 2019.

Main Outcomes and Measures

24HrNa was estimated using the INTERSALT equation, and generalized estimating equations were used to assess changes in sodium excretion and blood pressure.

Results

Among 5059 adults 40 years or older, mean (SD) age was 62.43 years (13.01), and 2713 participants (53.6%) were female. Overall mean (SD) estimated 24HrNa excretion at baseline was 3.08 g (0.78). There was an overall reduction in mean 24HrNa excretion of 0.22 g (95% CI, −0.27 to −0.17; P < .001) between the first 2 waves and a mean reduction of 0.23 g (95% CI, −0.28 to −0.18; P < .001) between the first and third waves. The reductions were larger when analysis was restricted to those with samples in all 3 waves (−0.26 g for both waves 2 and 3 compared to wave 1). Every gram of sodium reduction was associated with a −1.30 mm Hg reduction (95% CI, 0.65-1.96; P = .00) in systolic blood pressure. The proportion of the study population that achieved ideal sodium consumption (<2 g per day) increased from 7% to 17%.

Conclusion and Relevance

In this cohort study, following South African regulations limiting sodium in 13 categories of processed foods, there was a significant reduction in 24HrNa excretion among this rural South African population, which was sustained with reductions in blood pressure consistent with levels of sodium excreted. These results support the potential health effects anticipated by effective implementation of population-based salt reformulation policies.
Firearm Type and Number of People Killed in Publicly Targeted Fatal Mass Shooting Events
Authors: Barnard Leslie M. , Wright-Kelly Erin , Brooks-Russell Ashley , Betz Marian E.
Published: February 2025

This cohort study examines mass shootings in the US to evaluate if assault weapons were associated with a higher number of injuries and deaths.
Benchmarking MapRT and first clinical experience: A novel solution for collision‐free non‐coplanar treatment planning
Authors: Gonod Mathieu , Achag Ilyas , Farah Jad , Aubignac Léone , Bessieres Igor
Published: February 2025

In recent years, complex re‐irradiations and stereotactic treatments have triggered the use of non‐coplanar treatments for better dose conformality, entailing risks of collision between the machine and the patient, couch, or immobilization device. To ensure the plans deliverability without collisions, time‐consuming actions are typically performed, including dry runs, in‐room couch rotations, and beam configuration tests during planning. To overcome these challenges, a new tool called MapRT (VisionRT Ltd., London, UK) was developed. MapRT predicts a clearance map based on a patients' 3D model (acquired with dedicated cameras at the CT simulation) and pre‐established machine models. This work evaluates the accuracy of MapRT using a 30 × 35 × 40 cm3 phantom and 64 gantry/couch collision coordinates on a Truebeam Linac (Varian, Palo Alto, USA). Collision coordinates were recorded for gantry and couch rotations. The agreement of real collision coordinates and MapRT's predictions was evaluated for different buffer margins around the couch/patient models customizable in MapRT. Results of the first clinical implementation of MapRT were also reported. With no buffer margin, MapRT's predictions and experimental collision coordinates showed small average differences but with large standard deviations for gantry (‐0.5°±6.2°) and couch (‐0.1°±4.8°) collision coordinates. When excluding the kV imaging components, these values were of ‐0.8°±3.5° for gantry and 0.4°±4.4° for couch. Finally, a 3 cm buffer margin allows for 100% accurate predictions by MapRT of gantry‐to‐phantom and gantry‐to‐couch collisions. Among the ∼900 treatment plans checked with MapRT, 22 collisions could be avoided while another 6 plans still incurred a collision but these are mainly due to users' oversights. MapRT easily predict collisions in complex treatment planning. This work demonstrated its reliability using a 3 cm buffer margin. MapRT is a promising tool for increasing security, time saving and workflow improvement.
Controllable Construction of Hollow Ni/NiO@PPy Particles for Broadband and Highly Efficient Microwave Absorption
Authors: Peng Yaning , Meng Xiangwei , Wei Haotian , Tao Liting , Wei Zengxi , Sun Qian , Zhao Shuangliang
Published: February 2025

Microwave‐absorbing materials are widely used in electromagnetic protection and military stealth fields. Hollow structure materials, as efficient microwave absorbing materials, have garnered considerable attention, since they are beneficial to multiple reflection and enhance the attenuation loss of microwaves. Herein, a strategy is proposed to prepare hollow Ni/NiO@PPy particles using a water‐soluble template method combined with in situ polymerization process. The cuboid hollow Ni/NiO@PPy particles are constructed with Na2SO4 as templates and then filled into epoxy resin to form composite films with excellent microwave absorption properties. The Ni/NiO@PPy composite film under optimal conditions exhibits a minimum reflection loss value of −72.14 dB and the absorption rate is more than 99.99% with filling content of 10 wt.%. By adjusting the film thickness, an effective absorption bandwidth of 15.94 GHz can be achieved, which almost completely covers the S, C, X, and Ku bands. The CST simulation results confirm the outstanding radar cross‐section attenuation of the composite film. Remarkably, with an ultra‐low filling content of 2.5 wt.%, the composite film still achieves an absorption rate of 99.90%, demonstrating highly efficient microwave absorption with ultra‐low filling content.
Macrophage Membrane‐Camouflaged Nanozymes for Combating the Oxidative Stress‐Microvascular Perfusion Negative Feedback in Ischemia‐Reperfusion Induced Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Xia Fan , Xiang Shanshan , Qiu Yihe , Lou Haiya , Wang Shuaifei , Liu Yupeng , Yu Fangying , Li Shiyan
Published: February 2025

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI)‐induced acute kidney injury (AKI), driving necrosis of proximal tubule cells, inflammation, and capillary rarefaction. Inadequate perfusion resulting from capillary rarefaction can, in turn, induce chronic tissue hypoxia and exacerbate ischemic acute tubular necrosis, leading to an “oxidative stress‐microvascular perfusion” negative feedback that further aggravate kidney damage. In this study, a macrophage membrane‐camouflaged manganese‐based antioxidant nanozyme (MB@LM) is developed for targeted delivery and oxidative stress relief in AKI therapy. By inheriting macrophage surface proteins, MB@LM selectively targets damaged renal tissues that overexpress adhesion molecules like intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1), facilitating enhanced accumulation at the injury site. The manganese‐based nanozyme core provides antioxidant enzyme‐mimicking activities, effectively reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting apoptosis. In IRI‐induced AKI mouse model, MB@LM treatment significantly reduces renal damage, restores renal microvascular perfusion as assessed by ultrasound imaging, and alleviated inflammation, demonstrating remarkable therapeutic efficacy. Overall, MB@LM represents a promising targeted therapy for AKI, offering precise delivery, potent antioxidant protection, and anti‐inflammatory effects to support renal recovery and improve outcomes for AKI.
Dual‐Defect Regulated G‐C3N4 for Piezoelectric Catalytic Tumor Therapy with Enhanced Efficacy
Authors: Yang Zhuang , Yuan Meng , Liu Bin , Ma Zhizi , Ma Jie , Ma Xinyu , Li Kai , Ma Ping'an , Cheng Ziyong , Lin Jun
Published: February 2025

Piezoelectric catalysis for tumor treatment is an emerging method for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the development and optimization of piezoelectric catalytic nanomaterials remain the major challenge. Herein, by regulating the internal and surface defects of graphene phase carbon nitride (defect‐engineered g‐C3N4), its piezoelectricity and sonocatalytic performance is enhanced, thus achieving efficient tumor treatment. By reducing bulk defects, the charges excited by ultrasound (US) within the defect‐engineered g‐C3N4 can migrate more rapidly to the material surface, thereby enhancing their participation in redox reactions. Increasing surface defects not only introduce more active sites on the surface of defect‐engineered g‐C3N4 but also enhance the asymmetry of the defect‐engineered g‐C3N4 structure, resulting in excellent piezoelectric properties. This defect‐engineered g‐C3N4 nanosheet can effectively generate ROS in tumor cells and induce tumor cell apoptosis under US stimulation. This work not only introduces a method to enhance the piezoelectric catalytic performance of g‐C3N4 but also expands the potential application of defect‐engineered piezoelectric materials to tumor treatment.
Advances in Photonic Materials and Integrated Devices for Smart and Digital Healthcare: Bridging the Gap Between Materials and Systems
Authors: Ban Seunghyeb , Yi Hoon , Park Jaejin , Huang Yunuo , Yu Ki Jun , Yeo Woon‐Hong
Published: February 2025

Recent advances in developing photonic technologies using various materials offer enhanced biosensing, therapeutic intervention, and non‐invasive imaging in healthcare. Here, this article summarizes significant technological advancements in materials, photonic devices, and bio‐interfaced systems, which demonstrate successful applications for impacting human healthcare via improved therapies, advanced diagnostics, and on‐skin health monitoring. The details of required materials, necessary properties, and device configurations are described for next‐generation healthcare systems, followed by an explanation of the working principles of light‐based therapeutics and diagnostics. Next, this paper shares the recent examples of integrated photonic systems focusing on translation and immediate applications for clinical studies. In addition, the limitations of existing materials and devices and future directions for smart photonic systems are discussed. Collectively, this review article summarizes the recent focus and trends of technological advancements in developing new nanomaterials, light delivery methods, system designs, mechanical structures, material functionalization, and integrated photonic systems to advance human healthcare and digital healthcare.
Manipulating Aggregation Kinetics toward Efficient All‐Printed Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Ren Junzhen , Wang Jianqiu , Qiao Jiawei , Chen Zhihao , Hao Xiaotao , Zhang Shaoqing , Hou Jianhui
Published: February 2025

The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of all‐printed organic solar cells (OSCs) remain inferior to those of spin‐coated devices, primarily due to morphological variations within the bulk heterojunction processed via diverse coating/printing techniques. Herein, cyclohexyl is introduced as outer side chains to formulate a non‐fullerene acceptor, BTP‐Cy, aimed at modulating the molecular aggregation in solution and subsequent film formation kinetics during printing. Investigations demonstrate that BTP‐Cy molecule with cyclohexyl side chains exhibits enhanced intermolecular π‐π stacking, optimal solution aggregation size, and favorable phase separation. Consequently, PB3:FTCC‐Br:BTP‐Cy‐based OSCs achieve remarkable PCEs of 20.2% and 19.5% via spin‐coating and blade‐coating, respectively. Furthermore, a 23.6 cm2 module exhibits a remarkable efficiency of 16.7%. This study offers a fresh perspective on tailoring the film formation kinetics of photoactive materials during printing through molecular design, paving a novel path to enhance the efficiency of all‐printed OSCs.
Multi‐Scale Modeling of a 3D Soft Magnetoelectric Patch for Wireless Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Suarato Giulia , Marrella Alessandra , Tommasini Anna , Fiocchi Serena , Chiaramello Emma , Parazzini Marta , Ravazzani Paolo
Published: February 2025

Magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) are able to locally generate high electric fields when activated with human‐safe, low‐intensity magnetic fields. However, when implanted as individual or randomly positioned small clusters, the induced electric fields decay very quickly with the distance, hampering effective tissue stimulation. Herein, a novel nano‐structured polymeric‐based MENPs‐loaded 3D system (ME‐Patch) is designed and optimized in terms of its electrical performances through a holistic and multi‐scale in silico framework, which spans from the multi‐physics modeling of the magnetoelectric phenomenon at the nanoscale to a functional assessment of the micrometric ME‐Patch stimulation ability in a realistic model of a human peripheral nerve. This study presents the theoretical applicability of a material‐based recipe for the fabrication of effective soft and biocompatible magnetoelectric devices, able to store and transfer the extremely localized effect of individual MENPs on tissue areas and trigger neuron action potential activation.
Room Temperature Dy Spin‐Flop Switching in Strained DyFeO3 Thin Films
Authors: Biswas Banani , Stramaglia Federico , Pomjakushina Ekatarina V. , Lippert Thomas , Vaz Carlos A. F. , Schneider Christof W.
Published: February 2025

Epitaxial strain in thin films can yield surprising magnetic and electronic properties not accessible in bulk. One materials system destined to be explored in this direction are orthoferrites with two intertwined spin systems where strain is predicted to have a significant impact on magnetic and polar properties by modifying the strength of the rare earth (R)‐Fe interaction. Here the impact of epitaxial strain is reported on the linear magneto‐electric DyFeO3, a canted bulk antiferromagnet with a high Néel temperature (645 K) exhibiting a Dy‐induced spin reorientation (SR) transition at ≈50 K and antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering of the Dy spins at 4 K. An increase in the spin transition of >20 K is found and a strictly linear, abnormal temperature magnetic response under an applied magnetic field between 100 and 400 K for [010]‐oriented DyFeO3 thin films with an in‐plane compressive strain between 2% and 3.5%. At room temperature and above, it is found that application of ≈0.06 T causes a spin‐flop of the Dy spins coupled to the AFM Fe spin lattice, whereby the Dy spins change from an AFM alignment to ferromagnetic (FM). The spin‐flop field gives a lower energy bound on the Dy‐Fe exchange interaction of ≈15 µeV.
Roll‐to‐Roll (R2R) Processing of Large‐Area Flexible Piezoresistive Films with Magnetically Z‐Aligned Nickel Microcolumnar Morphology
Authors: Moka Vidyanag Nagarpita , Dahl Jeffery , Yoon Jaewon , Cakmak Mukerrem
Published: February 2025

Flexible pressure sensors are highly sought after for applications like rehabilitation healthcare, advanced wearable electronics, automotive safety, etc. This work demonstrates a scalable method for fabricating functional piezoresistive films using external magnetic fields to engineer the columnar microstructures. The continuous roll‐to‐roll processing involves directed self‐assembly of ferromagnetic Nickel particles within a flexible elastomer to achieve quasi 1–3 composites with low particle concentrations. In this process, polymer precursor‐microparticle system is subjected to a spatiotemporal evolution of temperature and magnetic fields simultaneously. Offline techniques like in‐plane alignment, through‐thickness light transmission, and viscosity evolution determine the influence of transient process conditions on final column morphology. Real‐time visualization in the X‐Y plane quantified by image analysis allowed tracking of morphological evolution where columns are formed separated by particle depletion zones leading to optical transparency. This characteristic is used to determine the kinetics of column formation via out‐of‐plane light transmission during Z‐alignment. Isothermal and non‐isothermal rheokinetics identified the gel point required to “freeze” the column structures. The scalability of the process is demonstrated by producing a 5.18 m long and 15.24 cm wide piezoresistive film with columns in thickness direction. The piezoresistive performance of produced anisotropic films is demonstrated under continuous uniaxial loading‐unloading cycles.
Interlayer Transition Induced Infrared Response in WSe2/WS2 Van Der Waals Heterostructure Photodetectors with Polarization and Self‐Powered Effects
Authors: Zhou Jinggang , Chen Weiqiang , Lu Lidan , Zhu Bofei , Ren Guanghui , Pan Yuting , Ou Jianzhen , Zhu Lianqing
Published: February 2025

Van der Waals (vdWs) heterojunction photodetectors based on 2D transition metal dichalcogenides are widely utilized in optoelectronic detection, where the band structure of the heterojunction plays a crucial role in determining the performance of the photodetector. In this study, a WSe2/WS2 vdWs heterostructure photodetector with a type‐II band alignment is fabricated. Benefiting from the efficient separation of photogenerated carriers under the type‐II band alignment, the device exhibits remarkable self‐powered characteristics, achieving a responsivity of 0.32 A/W and a quantum efficiency of 76% at zero bias under 532 nm laser illumination, with a specific detectivity of 6.15 × 1013 Jones. Notably, due to the interlayer transitions of photogenerated carriers, the operating wavelength range of the detector is extended to the telecommunication band (i.e., 1550 nm). Furthermore, the device exhibits a significant ability to detect polarized light, achieving a photocurrent anisotropy ratio of 16 under a 532 nm laser line. This work provides a straightforward approach to realizing a photodetector that integrates self‐powered, broadband, and polarization‐sensitive detection functionalities.
High‐Efficiency Solution‐Processed Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Utilizing Multiple‐Resonance Emitters Incorporating Thiocarbazole Unit
Authors: Li Shihua , Li Maoqiu , Li Yanru , Chu Shaowen , Gao Yixuan , Yao Xiang , Ji Wen , Li Guangwu , Ren Zhongjie , Fei Zhuping
Published: February 2025

Introducing heavy atoms to enhance spin‐orbit coupling represents an effective strategy for boosting the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rate constants of Multi‐resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) emitters. Nevertheless, the restricted diversity of molecular structures obstructs a thorough investigation of structure‐property relationships, thereby limiting the improvement of device performance, especially in the case of solution‐processed devices. Herein, an alkylthio‐substituted carbazole building block is designed and developed two new MR‐TADF emitters, namely BNCz‐2S and BNCz‐4S. Quantum simulations and photophysical studies have revealed that as the number of sulfur atoms increases, BNCz‐4S exhibits a higher photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), a smaller singlet‐triplet energy gap (ΔEST) and reorganization energy, along with a larger spin‐orbit coupling (SOC) constant and a higher reverse intersystem crossing rate (kRISC) constants compared to BNCz‐2S. Consequently, solution‐processing devices based on BNCz‐4S exhibit a higher external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 24.06%, which is in the first tier of reported solution‐processed MR‐TADF organic light‐emitting diodes (OLED) to date.
Theoretical Revelation of Cu3BiS3‐Based Thin Film PV Cell Exerting Various Carrier Transport Layers
Authors: Basu Sangita Rani , Ebon Md. Islahur Rahman , Mondal Bipanko Kumar , Hossain Jaker
Published: February 2025

Recently, Cu3BiS3 compound has exhibited great potential as a material for the absorber layer in solar cell applications owing to its favorable bandgap of 1.24 eV, abundance, high absorption coefficient, and capacity for cost‐effective production. This study demonstrates the detailed simulation of various kinds of Cu3BiS3 heterostructured solar devices using SCAPS 1D software. The CdS, In2S3, Zn(O,S), and ZnSe compounds are employed as electron transport layers (ETLs) in conjunction with Cu3BiS3 to determine the optimal condition. The n‐ZnSe/p‐Cu3BiS3 structure outperforms CdS, In2S3, and Zn(O,S) ETLs by providing a short circuit current (JSC) of 31.38 mA cm−2, an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.80 V, an 81.49% fill factor (FF), and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.45%. Adding different back surface field (BSF) layers, such as AlSb, BaSi2, CGS, and PEDOT:PSS, on the other hand, makes JSC, VOC, and FF much higher, which eventually improves PCE. Use of AlSb, CGS, BaSi2, and PEDOT:PSS as BSF layers raises the VOC in the range of 0.92 to 0.96 V. The presence of each BSF layer boosts the current by ≈5 mA cm−2. Finally, the PCE of Cu3BiS3 devices rise to ≈29.25% for AlSb, CGS, and PEDOT:PSS BSFs, and 28.69% for BaSi2 BSF.
A Coordination Polymer Gel as Dual Electrode Material: Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Coupled Dark CO2 Reduction to Ethanol
Authors: Maity Dipanjan , Barman Soumitra , Rahimi Faruk Ahamed , Jena Rohan , Das Tarak Nath , Verma Parul , Biswas Sandip , Dey Anupam , Ghosh Adrija , Maji Tapas Kumar
Published: February 2025

Developing photoelectrochemical catalysts to convert CO2 into chemical feedstocks presents a promising approach for clean energy storage by harnessing solar energy. This study examines the potential of a Zn‐based coordination polymer gel (CPG), incorporating terpyridine (TPY) and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) moieties (Zn‐TPY‐TTF CPG), for artificial photosynthesis. In this novel approach, Zn‐TPY‐TTF CPG serves as both photoanode and dark cathode material in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell. When combined with BiVO₄ (BVO) nanostructures to fabricate a heterojunction photoanode, Zn‐TPY‐TTF CPG significantly enhances PEC water‐oxidation, delivering a fourfold increase in photocurrent density at 0.6 V versus Ag/AgCl compared to pristine BVO. Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) confirms improved carrier separation and transport due to favorable band alignment between BVO and Zn‐TPY‐TTF CPG. PEC CO₂ reduction experiments in an H‐cell demonstrate a remarkable 43% Faradaic efficiency for ethanol production at 1.4 V versus Ag/AgCl. The simultaneous water‐oxidation and CO₂ reduction capabilities of Zn‐TPY‐TTF CPG position it as a highly promising candidate for solar energy conversion. Operando FTIR and Raman spectroscopy reveal crucial reaction intermediates, while Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations provide deeper insights into ethanol formation. This study highlights the potential of Zn‐TPY‐TTF CPG‐based PEC cells to mimic natural photosynthesis and produce valuable chemical products.
Differential Clinical and Immunological Impacts of Anti–T‐Lymphocyte Globulin (ATLG) vs. Anti‐Thymocyte Globulin (ATG) in Preventing Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease Post‐Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Comparative Study
Authors: Notarantonio Anne Beatrice , Morisset Stéphane , Piucco Romain , Pérès Michaël , Boulangé Laura , Alitcher Alizée , Brouard Jordan , Monchablon Lucile , Campidelli Arnaud , El Ouahabi Siham , Guisnel Charles , Moulin Charline , Kicki Céline , Roth‐Guepin Gabrielle , Feugier Pierre , Bittencourt Marcelo De Carvalho , Aarnink Alice , D'Aveni‐Piney Maud , Hergalant Sébastien , Pagliuca Simona , Rubio Marie Thérèse
Published: February 2025

Both anti‐T‐lymphocyte globulin (ATLG‐Grafalon) and anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG‐Thymoglobulin) prevent acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). Despite distinct manufacturing and biological characteristics, the two brands of rabbit anti‐lymphocyte globulins have never been compared in a prospective way. In this monocentric study, 114 adult patients transplanted with a matched related or unrelated donor after receiving either ATG (n = 50) or ATLG (n = 64) were included to compare their clinical outcomes and broad immune reconstitution parameters. The use of ATLG, compared with ATG, was associated with a 2‐fold reduction in Grade II–IV acute GvHD incidence (Cox HR = 0.29; 95% CI 0.14–0.62, p = 0.006), similar relapse incidence, and improved severe GvHD and relapse‐free survival (GRFS) (Cox HR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.29–0.91, p = 0.027). Biologically, reduced IL‐15 but increased IL‐21 serum concentrations and a significant reduction of PD1+ T cells, mainly across all differentiated stages of CD8+ T cells, were observed in the ATLG group. Immunosequencing of vβ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires showed similar quantitative characteristics in terms of clonality and diversity across the two groups but different qualitative features, with reduced hyper‐expanded T cell clones and higher variability in the distribution of complementarity‐determining region 3 (CDR3) lengths in the ATLG group. Altogether, these results suggest that ATLG more effectively regulates alloreactive T cell activation, leading to better prevention of acute GvHD while preserving the graft‐versus‐leukemia response. These findings led us to initiate a multicentric Phase III randomized trial comparing the two anti‐lymphocyte globulins.

Trial Registration: The biological REAL GREFFE study was registered in clinicaltrial.gov under the number: NCT03357172.
Vaccine Knowledge and Acceptance Among Hadzabe Hunter‐Gatherers in Tanzania
Authors: Shattuck Eric C. , Forman Jadyn , Shiju Shilpa , Herlosky Kristen N. , Mabulla Ibrahim A. , Crittenden Alyssa N.
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Vaccines are highly successful in preventing disease, but misinformation has fueled vaccine hesitancy globally, thereby reducing immunization rates and weakening herd immunity. Vaccine knowledge and hesitancy among hunter‐gatherers is a crucial area of research and intervention, as their mobile lifestyle exacerbates other challenges, such as marginalization and medical mistrust.

Methods

In our exploratory study, we surveyed 91 Hadzabe adults across six camps (mean age = 39, 46% female) about their knowledge of vaccines and their safety and efficacy. Differences between sexes and camps were tested using Fisher's exact tests.

Results

Half of participants reported not knowing what a vaccine is, while one‐third described vaccines as protecting health or preventing disease. About 32% were unsure about vaccine safety, while most Hadzabe adults strongly agreed vaccines are effective (65.3%). A majority (72%) agreed vaccines are important for children, yet only one‐third strongly agreed on their importance for adults. More females than males expressed uncertainty about the importance of adult vaccines (p = 0.03). Participants in our sample perceived vaccines as less effective and more safe than the general Tanzanian population, based on 2018 Wellcome data.

Discussion

In our sample, results indicate that while Hadzabe participants generally agree that vaccines are important, particularly for children, important gaps in vaccine knowledge remain. There is a clear need to communicate vaccine information to the Hadzabe community in a culturally appropriate manner. Such efforts are critical in safeguarding the health of Indigenous populations experiencing greater market integration, thereby supporting access to vaccines against diseases.
Bienotheroides wucaiensis sp. nov., a new tritylodontid (Cynodontia, Mammaliamorpha) from the Late Jurassic Shishugou Formation of Xinjiang, China
Authors: Liu Jiawen , Xu Xing , Clark James M. , Bi Shundong
Published: February 2025

The Shishugou Formation of the Middle to Late Jurassic in Xinjiang, China, has produced abundant tetrapod fossils including dinosaurs and tritylodontids. Bienotheroides is a genus of highly specialized tritylodontids, characterized by a short and wide snout, ventrally expanded zygomatic process, strongly reduced maxilla, short and flat basisphenoid, and maxillary teeth cusp formula 2‐3‐3. Here, we report a new tritylodontid, Bienotheroides wucaiensis sp. nov. from the lower Upper Jurassic level of the formation at Wucaiwan, Xinjiang, Northwest China, represented by a well‐preserved cranium and associated postcranial skeleton. Micro‐computed tomography and 3D reconstruction reveal the medial view of the cranial structure and the replacement upper incisors, providing new anatomical information of Bienotheroides. The absence of a septomaxilla in B. wucaiensis reveals the homoplastic evolution of this feature within tritylodontids, as it remains in basal mammaliaforms but is lost in later descendants.