bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hegemony and the crisis of legitimacy in Gramsci
Authors: Martin James
Published: March 2007

Gramsci's concept of hegemony is often believed to be a political account of legitimation. His Marxist critics go on to accuse him of failing to offer a properly structural account of bourgeois legitimation. I argue that Gramsci's theory attempted to straddle both economic and political accounts. In so doing, he presupposed the absence of effective authority in the Italian state. In such conditions, his project was to the orize the way in which economic classes became agents that would institute political order. The difficulties in applying Gramsci's formu lation today lie in this combined economic and political account and the assumption of 'organic crisis' that supported it.
The space of memory: in an archive
Authors: Steedman Carolyn
Published: March 2007

By considering the experience of historians in national and regional archives, the relationship of memory to history and historical practice is discussed. The professional experience of historians is connected to wider social and psychological uses of the past, and of history in Euro pean societies, over the 200 years since official archives were inaugur ated.
Housing submarkets for the urban poor - the case of Greater Khartoum, the Sudan
Authors: Ahmad Adil Mustafa
Published: March 2007

Housing submarkets for the urban poor: the case of Greater Khartoum, the Sudan identifies ten housing submarkets as those most widely used by the city's poorer groups. The city's land classification system is described, as this is a key issue in understanding how these submarkets are shaped. In the three decades after independence, official attitudes have ranged from extensive demolition of squatter settlements under military rule to selective demolition and resettlement in planned peripheral settlements and some upgrading under elected governments. A section of the article describes community efforts to improve living conditions in the small peripheral settlement of Jabra, while a final section examines the extensive rental housing market of Umbadda, a settlement with a population of some 180,000 in 1983.
Old wine in new bottles? An overview of Africa's urban problems and the "urban management" approach to dealing with them.
Authors: Stren Richard E.
Published: March 2007

Old wine in new bottles? An overview of Africa's urban problems and the "urban management" approach to dealing with them considers the conventional "urban management' approach which is promoted as the solution to Africa's urban problems. Drawing from a research programme which brought together teams from many different African cities, it describes the failings of current urban management in the region and suggests some principles to guide future action including more adaptive and less sectoral urban management, and more decentralized decision making.
Food for thought: making women visible
Authors: Sayne Pamela L.
Published: March 2007

Food for Thought: Making Women Visible stresses the importance of using a gendered analysis in addressing the problems facing human settlements and the global environment. Women, particularly those involved in the subsistence sector, have much to teach about the achievement of sustainable development.
Primary environmental care: an alternative paradigm for development assistance
Authors: Pretty Jules N. , Guijt Irene
Published: March 2007

Primary environmental care: an alternative paradigm for development assistance examines the process by which local groups or communities organize themselves so as to apply their skills and knowledge to the care of natural resources and environment while satisfying livelihood needs. It stress environment and development aspects given little attention within many global debates on this issue: combining ecological sustainability with meeting the livelihood needs of poorer groups.
The People's Dialogue on Land and Shelter: community-driven networking in South Africa's informal settlements
Authors: Bolnick Joel
Published: March 2007

The People's Dialogue on Land and Shelter: communitydriven networking in South Africa's informal settlements describes a network which links representativesfrom illegal and informal settlements. The paper describes the evolution of the Dialogue from a workshop to a permanent process of internal and international exchange programmes linking squatter communities and a community based credit scheme.
The impact on health urban environments
Authors: Satterthwaite David
Published: March 2007

The impact on healt of urban environments reviews the range and variety of environmental hazards present in urban areas including biological pathogens, chemical pollutants, physical hazards and psychosocial stressors and their impact on human health. It also discusses how and why it is low-income groups (and within such groups women and children) who generally bear most of the health burden.
Evictions and fear of evictions in the Philippines
Authors: Murphy Denis , Anana Ted
Published: March 2007

Evictions and fear of evictions in the Philippines reviews the scale of evictions in urban areas in Asia and describes in detail recent evictions in Manila and the efforts made to halt them. It also considers the impact of evictons on those evicted or threatened with eviction. The article includes a case history of a recent eviction by the people of "Muelle de la Industria" in Manila and the actions they took to fight against this eviction.
Promoting community based approaches to social infrastructure provision in urban areas in Nigeria
Authors: Uduku N. O.
Published: March 2007

This paper points to the inadequacies in the provision of social infrastructure (including schools, health care facilities and water and sanitation) in urban areas of Nigeria but also to how little attention has been paid to long-established traditions of self help and community organization that formerly provided such infrastructure and that continue to do so in some instances. It presents a historical and regional perspective to infrastructure and service provision in urban areas, covering the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods. Case studies are also given for infrastructure and service provision in an urban centre from each of Nigeria's main regions: Lagos (from the south west), Kaduna (from the north) and Umuahia (from the south east). The paper then considers different possibilities for improving infrastructure and service provision and the institutional changes they imply and discusses possible areas for further research.
The anhedonias: a conceptual history
Authors: Berrios G.E. , Olivares J.M.
Published: March 2007

Background. The term and concept of 'anhedonia' refer to a group of clinical phenomena whose common denominator is the complaint of a putative incapacity to 'experience pleasure'. Linked to disorders such as schizophrenia and depression, anhedonia remains difficult to define and measure.

Method. This paper explores the historical frames in which anhedonia was originally constructed; and is fully based on primary sources. It makes use of the 'conceptual method', i.e. it differentiates the history of the word from that of the behaviours and concepts involved.

Results. Historical analysis shows that the boundaries of 'anhedonia' have been fuzzy since the time of Ribot, and that this has made it conceptually unstable. One reason for this instability pertains to the fact that from the start its definition has been parasitical upon the (itself evolving) concept of 'pleasure'. Another that it is defined negatively, i.e. as a reduction or abolition in a putative unitary function. Yet another, that there is little evidence that anhedonia itself is a unitary phenomenon.

Conclusions. It is concluded that at this stage it might be advisable to refer to the concept in the plural (the anhedonias); that a definition should be formulated that it is less dependent upon the ongoing concept of pleasure; and that far more empirical research is needed to find out whether anhedonia is more than a final common pathway.
Seignot's paper on the treatment of Tourette's syndrome with haloperidol*
Authors: Rickards Hugh , Hartley Nicola , Robertson Mary M.
Published: March 2007

The paper of Seignot in 19611 is the first clinical description of the use of haloperidol to treat the symptoms of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS). It is widely quoted in literature about GTS. However, it is not widely known that the single case involved had been subject to a frontal lobectomy prior to treatment with haloperidol. We present a translation of that paper and a discussion of its significance.
Baby Entertainer, Bumbling Assistant and Line Manager: Discourses of Fatherhood in Parentcraft Texts
Authors: SUNDERLAND JANE
Published: March 2007

In this paper I report on an investigation of discoursal asymmetry in parentcraft texts, in terms of the ways in which the father is represented and backgrounded. In particular, I suggest that it is possible to see one dominant, overarching discourse: `Part-time father/mother as main parent'. This dominant discourse can be seen as being `shored up' (as well as, to an extent, challenged) by other, usually complementary, discourses: `father as baby entertainer', `father as mother's bumbling assistant', `father as line manager', `mother as manager of the father's role in childcare', and `mother as wife/partner'. These discourses are characterized by recurring and non-recurring linguistic presences - and, importantly, absences (Van Leeuwen, 1995, 1996). Looking in particular at the following linguistic items from three different semantic fields - mother/father/wife/husband/partner; play/fun/help; and share - I illustrate how different discourses, with their salient linguistic presences and absences, can organize a text in supporting and potentially destabilizing ways.
Some have Credit Cards and others have Giro Cheques: `Individuals' and `People' as Lifelong Learners in Late Modernity
Authors: PIPER ALISON
Published: March 2007

This article examines and interprets the linguistic behaviour of `individuals' and `people' in the official literature of lifelong learning, in the light of theories of individualization in late modern culture and society, particularly those of Beck and Giddens. Using a 950,000-word corpus of recent government and academic publications on lifelong learning, it presents a concordance-based analysis of `individuals' as members of institutionalized collectivities, as agents, as rational citizens, and as consumers. It compares `individuals' with `people' and, for reference, presents a comparison with both words as they occur in the British National Corpus. The study concludes that close analysis of a corpus can provide valuable evidence for the constituent potential of language in theories of society and culture, and that the differences between `individuals' and `people' demonstrate that the discourse of lifelong learning has close affinities with contemporary sociocultural models of individualization, consumption and production, and with the risk society.
Voices of Homeless People in Street Newspapers: A Cross-Cultural Exploration
Authors: TORCK DANIÈLE
Published: March 2007

This study is a discourse analysis of four street newspapers from Europe and the United States. Street newspapers (SNPs), which are sold on the street by homeless people, usually claim to make society aware of homelessness and related issues, to be a platform for homeless people and to help them regain independence and self-respect. This analysis will question this claim. It describes the framing of homeless people's voices and homelessness issues in these newspapers by looking at their objectives, topics and text genres, and at the (self)-representation of homeless people in texts written by them, or about them. The European SNPs give a limited platform to homeless people's voices, and tend to limit these to personal narratives and poetry. In contrast the American street newspaper, written by (former) homeless people gives a wide and diversified platform to the issues surrounding homelessness and to the individuals concerned. However, it is not completely free of a certain emphasis on feelings and pathos, which is also observed, with variations, in the European SNPs, and in many ways evokes traditional political and media discourse on poor and marginal people, reinforcing the negative social ethos of the homeless.
Reporting the Same Events? A Critical Analysis of Chinese Print News Media Texts
Authors: FANG YEW-JIN
Published: March 2007

This article examines the discourse strategies of several Chineselanguage news reports in two ideologically opposed newspapers, namely mainland China's official mouthpiece People's Daily, and Taiwan's KMT (Nationalist Party) newspaper Central Daily News, on two separate controversial events. Two case studies comparing how the People's Daily and Central Daily News reported the civil unrest in South Africa (22-8 March 1985) and in Argentina (31 May-1 June 1989) are presented, critically analysing how various textual elements might be employed for justificatory purposes - in this case, the justification and legitimization of certain foreign policies adopted by the regimes in China and Taiwan. The article investigates how discourse features, such as lexical choices, grammatical elements, headlines and thematic structures, may be varied or manipulated in the construction of a version of political reality written for the two different readerships.
The Manufacture of `Public Opinion' by Reporters: Informal Cues for Public Perceptions of Protest Groups
Authors: McLeod Douglas M. , Hertog James K.
Published: March 2007

This study examines how conceptions of `public opinion' are embedded within news-coverage of social protests at two levels: the micro-level in terms of informal characterizations of public opinion and the macro-level in terms of general conceptions of public opinion. At the micro-level, public opinion is brought into news stories in a variety of ways, including: statements about public opinion, depictions of compliance with or violation of social norms and laws, and portrayals of bystanders as symbols for public reaction. At the macro-level, coverage may have an underlying conception of public opinion as (1) aggregated individual opinion, (2) attempts of various groups to affect public policy and (3) a mechanism of social control. This case study of mainstream and alternative media coverage of three anarchist protests reveals differences at both the micro-descriptive and macro-conceptual levels.
News as an Ideological Framework: Comparing US Newspapers' Coverage of Labor Strikes in South Korea and Poland
Authors: Lee Junghi , Craig Robert L.
Published: March 2007

Discourse analysis comparing US newspapers' news-coverage of Polish and South Korean labor disputes demonstrates some of its ideological aspects. Like Herman and Chomsky's (1988) analyses of other US foreign correspondence, it shows the `us-them' dichotomy and anti-communist filter in operation. The comparison also reveals the pro-management/anti-labor framework that operates in the South Korean case. The authors argue that this framework is the root of the anti-communist filter.
Power, Distance and Solidarity: Models of Professional-Client Interaction in an Israeli Legal Aid Setting
Authors: Bogoch Bryna
Published: March 2007

It has been suggested that professional-client relationships have changed from the traditional authoritarian model, marked by professional dominance, neutrality and distance, to a participatory, client-centered model that is responsive to the lifeworld of the client. In addition to the effects of the proletarianization and deprofessionalization processes that have been said to diminish professional control, it was expected that the participatory model would prevail in Israel because of ideological commitment to egalitarian, solidary and informal relationships even between strangers. Nineteen lawyer-client conversations in an Israeli legal aid office were analyzed, focusing on five features that reflect the power, distance and solidarity dimensions of these models: (1) conversational openings; (2) professional register; (3) topic control; (4) the expression of emotion; (5) forms of address. Results showed that lawyer-client behavior in Israel resembled the authoritarian model rather than the participatory one. Strategies that were often associated with positive politeness were used by the lawyer for distancing and resulted in interactionally threatening moves. In addition, the sex of the participants and the constraints of bureaucratic practice also affected the model of professional behavior evidenced by these lawyers and clients.
`Suit, Tie and a Touch of Juju'—The Ideological Construction of Africa: A Critical Discourse Analysis of News on Africa in the British Press
Authors: Brookes Heather Jean
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the ideological construction of Africa through a critical discourse analysis of news on Africa in the British press. Through a comparative analysis of two British papers with opposing ideological positions, it demonstrates that there is a stereotypical, naturalized and dominant discourse on Africa. The analysis illustrates how the features of this discourse combine to produce particular meanings which give rise to a neo-colonial racist representation of Africa and Africans. The role of this discourse in reproducing the racist perceptions of Africa and Africans in Western society and in maintaining Western hegemony is discussed; and the question of this discourse's relationship to other racist discourses in European society is also raised. This paper argues that the entrenched stability of this discourse holds little possibility for challenge or transformation.
The Construction of Moral Agency in the Narratives of High-School Drop-Outs
Authors: Rymes Betsy
Published: March 2007

Through ethnographic, discourse and grammatical analysis, this article discusses the narratives of two high-school drop-outs and describes the various resources these young people use to fashion their identities through the telling of their stories. Through analysis of both clause-level expression of grammatical agency and discursive and cultural contextualization of agentive actions, it is shown that these young people, despite their apparent limited agency in the larger society, express moral agency through their active narration of the events of their lives. It is not only the content of their narratives, but also the way these stories are told that indicate the moral agency of the speakers. A conceptualization of moral agency is developed as it relates not to static universals, but to the shared particulars among this peer group and the common language they use to talk about their experiences.
The Linguistic Construction of Reality in the Black Book of Polish Censorship
Authors: Galasiński Dariusz , Jaworski Adam
Published: March 2007

The Black Book of Polish Censorship is an important document of censorial practices in Poland in the 1970s. It is a collection of censoring regulations which worked preventively to silence or distort those aspects of Polish life which were uncomfortable for the communist establishment. Although the role of censorship in totalitarian regimes is well known, the linguistic mechanisms by which (a) information flow was controlled and (b) preferred constructions of reality were mediated, have not been studied. Arguing that the language of the Black Book was indicative of the organization of power in the Polish censorial institutions and in the country as a whole, we also demonstrate how censorship regulated the flow of information in such a way that the only acceptable version of reality was represented in the media, and that the censors posited themselves as gatekeepers of information.
`Good Girls go to Heaven; Bad Girls...' Learn to be Good: Quizzes in American and Brazilian Teenage Girls' Magazines
Authors: Ostermann Ana Cristina , Keller-Cohen Deborah
Published: March 2007

This article examines 15 quizzes in teenage girls' magazines: the American ` Teen, Seventeen and Sassy, and the Brazilian Capricho, over the period 1994-5. It argues that the genre quiz, an apparently playful feature in these magazines, is not as harmless as it appears to be. In addition to encouraging girls towards self-scrutiny, quizzes work as `disciplinary instruments', aiming at the heterosexist socialization of teenage girls. Analysis of the macro-structure of the quizzes reveals a problem-solution structure is used to accomplish this. The producers of these texts judge, evaluate, and classify girls as either `good' or `bad', and tend to prescribe and proscribe types of behavior from a heterosexist perspective. The high informality and ludic appearance of quizzes, therefore, disguise what seems to be an important agenda: to discipline girls to be `good'.
Implicit Cognition and the Social Unconscious
Authors: Steele Robert S. , Morawski Jill G.
Published: March 2007

Considerable work in social psychology has explained social phenomena in terms of individual mental processes, and researchers more recently have suggested that many of these intrapsychic processes transpired beyond the awareness of individual subjects. Through these extensive research programs the social recedes and the individual constitutes the locus of psychological activity; such studies thus affirm individual centered ideologies and policies while obscuring social processes and structures. The paradigm of implicit social cognition entails an example of how features of the social world are reconfigured and interpreted as psychological events of individuals. Critical reading of this paradigm both elucidates the technical, rhetorical and theoretical routines through which this relocation is made and shows how that empirical research actually demonstrates the social unconscious. Reappraisal of implicit social cognition research with its demonstrations of dynamic social processes affords supportive evidence for extant feminist studies of the unconscious social gender biases structuring cultural beliefs and practices.
Wittgenstein's Legacy and the Challenge to Psychology
Authors: van der Merwe W. L. , Voestermans P. P.
Published: March 2007

The present resurgence of interest in Ludwig Wittgenstein is related to the growing concern in the philosophy and methodology of the behavioural sciences with the role played by conceptual frameworks, models and metaphors in the mediation of our experience of the world. It is also related to Wittgenstein's notion of `forms of life' as a new focus of empirical research. In the first part of this article we distinguish between and explain Wittgenstein's initial understanding of language as the symbolic representation of sensory experience and his eventual under-standing of the dialectic of language-games and forms of life. In the second part, the cue of his linking of language to experiential forms of life, even to what can be called the `body-subject' in Merleau-Ponty's terminology, will be taken up and further improvised in order to show the challenge with which Wittgenstein's legacy confronts present-day psychology. In this science one has to come to grips with meaning-giving (and taking, for that matter) as an experiential affair. This task requires an analysis of people's culturally informed body, their bodily structured sentiments and the use of language confined to these bodily and affective structures, and of the way these structures are framed by people's forms of life, in order to fully understand what presses people to experience the world in this and not the other way.
Emotional Intensity
Authors: Ben-Ze'ev Aaron
Published: March 2007

The analysis of emotional intensity is crucial in understanding emotions; however, it has received little systematic attention in psychological and philosophical literature. This paper provides a general framework for the understanding of emotional intensity. It begins by a brief characterization of typical emotions and a discussion on the complexity of the concept of emotional intensity. In discussing variables of emotional intensity, two major groups are proposed: the event's impact, which includes the variables of the strength, reality and relevance of the event, and background circumstances, which includes the variables of accountability, readiness and deservingness. A clear positive correlation between each variable and emotional intensity is suggested.
Feminism, Psychology and Matters of the Body
Authors: Bayer Betty M. , Malone Kareen Ror
Published: March 2007

Psychology's renewed interest in the body, even within feminist theory, has brought with it several philosophical and theoretical challenges. These challenges stem mainly from questions about how to celebrate a return to the body when conceptions of the meaning of `woman' have been tied historically to women's bodies. That is, for feminists, any return to the body requires a two-fold examination. It requires first an inquiry into the part of reigning epistemological assumptions in psychology's fastening of women's bodies to women's psyches, and its construction of women's psychological problems as rooted in their bodies. And, second, it necessitates attention to those ways in which women's bodies have confronted age-old mind-body splits. Only by this twinned appreciation of the body both as the site of oppression and as the possibility for emancipation can feminists move beyond repeating yet another variation of woman as body.
Critical Thought, Institutional Contexts, Normative Projects
Authors: Michael Mike , Kendall Gavin
Published: March 2007

While we welcome Gergen's (1997) comments, we dispute a number of his criticisms. First, actor-network theory (ANT) does not reduce persons to autonoma. Rather, its prime aim is to account for the emergence of persons within a network. Similarly, ANT does not draw back from attributing responsibility; rather, it examines how the responsibility of actors (whether they be `bad' decision-makers or `entrepreneurial' scientists) is established. Next, contrary to Gergen's view of institutional pressures as `occupational hazards', we reassert the importance of seeing these as partially constitutive of academic (postmodern psychological) activity. Finally, while we agree with Gergen that all academic `tellings' privilege some form of ontology, we argue that this does not warrant an exclusively cultural ontology.
Some Problems Concerning a Relational Concept of Mind
Authors: Meyering T. C.
Published: March 2007

In discussing Looren de Jong's `Some Remarks on a Relational Concept of Mind' (1997), this paper signals some foundational problems for ecological psychology, indeed for any psychology trying to incorporate a `relational' concept of mind. Central to Gibson's theory is the notion of function. But how scientifically viable are (teleo)functional explanations? Specifically, the paper critically examines whether such ('broad') functional categories as sensitivity-for-affordances (a crucial notion in Gibson's theory) but also Marr's `solid-object detection' or Churchlands' `food-detection' are respectable psychological categories that are grounded in some causally explanatory theory; or whether they have no more than folk-psychological significance. A third, more intriguing, option would be that these categories are indeed causally inert, but nevertheless do generate unadulterated `functional' explanations that are scientifically respectable without being causally explanatory. To defend this third option the standard appeal to multiple realizability is shown to be inadequate. Instead the notion of multiple supervenience is developed. It is argued that this notion effectively justifies the use of teleofunctional explanations compatibly with naturalist constraints on psychological theory formation.
The Concept of Organism and the Concept of Mind
Authors: McDonough Richard
Published: March 2007

The first section reviews the traditional debate between mechanism and organicism in the accounts of the `life sciences', including psychology, and identifies a neglected strand in the organicist tradition tracing to Hegel, Goethe, and others. The second section reviews certain standard arguments against organicism. The third section sketches the notion of an organism as a certain kind of relational logical system. The fourth section develops the central argument of the paper, namely the argument that an organism, so understood, cannot, in principle, be explained mechanically. The fifth section applies the results of this argument to mental and linguistic phenomena. The sixth section sketches the shape of an organic science of psychology.
Alternative Interpretations
Authors: Corbin Juliet M.
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to clarify the divisions that have emerged in interpretations of grounded theory following the publication of Strauss and Corbin's Basics of Qualitative Research (1990). In particular I examine our use of the term `experience', our meaning of `hypothesis testing', the integration of macro-conditions into the analysis, and the relation of structure to process. I conclude by quoting from a memo written by Strauss concerning these issues in our own and Glaser's work.
Towards Household History: A Reply to Dehue
Authors: van Rappard J. F. Hans
Published: March 2007

It is maintained that in contradistinction to the natural sciences, in psychology (and other human sciences) `history is not past tense'. This is borne out by the contemporary relevance of a specific part of the history of psychology, which focuses on the internal-theoretical significance of history for the conceptual `household' of the discipline. From this perspective, several issues in the Danziger-Van Rappard-Dehue debate are addressed.
Derrida and Psychology
Authors: Hepburn Alexa
Published: March 2007

This paper assesses the role of deconstruction as an important orientation for critical and discursive psychologists. In order to understand what deconstruction involves, key aspects of Jacques Derrida's work are highlighted and explained, notably `undecidables' such as the trace, the supplement, differance. The ways in which undecidability can be incorporated into, and used to develop, critical and discursive work are explored. Previous attempts at incorporating deconstruction within critical psychology texts are examined, and it is suggested that the more radically anti-foundationalist features of a Derridean deconstruction are typically by-passed in this literature. It is argued that deconstruction in this broader sense offers political as well as critical possibilities. It is suggested that deconstruction provides a radical orientation to language and meaning, and a resource for showing us how identities and realities can be constituted in order to be recognizable as not constituted. It is concluded that deconstruction is important for the development of both critical and discursive psychology, allowing as it does a more profound reflection on both the supplementary character of psychological phenomena, and the processes of marginalization and exclusion which have put these subversive psychologies into play.
Using Regulation: An International Comparative Study of the Civil Aviation Industry in Britain and Spain
Authors: Lucio Miguel Martínez , Turnbull Peter , Blyton Paul , McGurk John
Published: March 2007

Although liberalization is widely interpreted as the triumph of markets over institutions, it does not spell the end of regulation. The capacity of national institutions to regulate the market has diminished, but liberalization has not completely closed the traditional `regulatory space' which industrial relations actors seek to exploit. At the same time, it has created new regulatory opportunities that have been mobilized to influence the pace and course of economic restructuring. This comparative study of the civil aviation industry in Britain and Spain shows how organized labour has used regulation to influence the economic restructuring programmes of the respective national flag-carriers, British Airways and Iberia.
The Invention of Works Councils in Hungary
Authors: Toth Andras
Published: March 2007

Works councils were introduced in Hungary in 1992, partly on the model of the German industrial relations system. The objective was to resolve a crisis of industrial relations in the transition to a market economy: the fragmentation of trade unions, the vacuum of institutionalization, and the representation gap for non-union workers. Drawing on case study research, this article evaluates the experience to date and concludes that the `artificial' imposition of an unfamiliar structure of employee representation has been only partly successful, though arguably contributing to the consolidation of industrial relations in a multi-union environment.
Still Engaging in Corporatism? Recent Italian Experience in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Regini Marino
Published: March 2007

This article argues that, in the 1990s, the long decline of concertation between governments and organized interests over economic policies has been reversed in several European countries. This can be seen most visibly in Italy, where highly successful tripartite agreements have been reached and major `reform laws' have been passed after negotiation with the social partners. This re-emergence of concertation calls into question some assumptions of neo-corporatist theory. In fact, concertation between governments and interest associations is developing more powerfully in countries which lack the supposed political and organizational `preconditions' of neo-corporatism, and to a large extent because of such differences. By challenging the assumptions of old neo-corporatist theory, this article offers an explanation not only of where this theory went wrong, but also of why recent attempts at concertation might be more successful than those of the 1970s.
Workers' Commitment to New Labour Institutions: Comparing Union Members in East and West Germany
Authors: Frege Carola M.
Published: March 2007

This article compares the attitudes of east and west German workers to their union and works council. The author's research in the clothing and textile industry examines to what extent union members in east Germany have individualistic or collectivist attitudes towards the newly established institutions of interest representation and whether these differ from those of their west German colleagues. The conclusion is that overall the east Germans display collectivist attitudes which do not differ significantly from those in the west.
Symbolic and other Cognitive Models of Temporal Reality
Authors: Jackson Janet L. , Akyürek Aladin , Michon John A.
Published: March 2007

Models of cognition that have reached a sufficient degree of formalization are not, as a rule, endowed with a `sense of time'. It is still a far cry to expect your robutler to pour your cup of coffee `later' in a way that suits the context in which you have used the term `later'. What type of representation is needed to build a system that is endowed with a proper sense of time? In this paper we first trace some conditions that have to be met if we are to answer this question. Also, a number of cognitive skills that require the explicit manipulation of a temporal representation are considered. We then attempt to show the potential of some popular approaches to cognition and action.
Counting Clocks, Owning Time
Authors: Smith Mark M.
Published: March 2007

Despite much excellent work on the historical evolution of the concepts of time and time-discipline, little is known about the incidence of clock and watch ownership in what have been perceived as `task-oriented' societies. This article attempts to expand our historical knowledge of mechanical timepiece ownership in both urban and rural areas of the antebellum South (pre-1865) in the USA. Moreover, it speculates as to what it meant to own a clock or watch in that society.
From War Time to Women's Time
Authors: Plain Gill
Published: March 2007

During the Second World War many women writers sought to reconceptualize temporal relations. Often this was part of a fictional strategy of `writing oneself out' of the temporal reality of war. Virginia Woolf and Elizabeth Bowen propose strongly contrasting conceptions of this alternative time, but both imagine a `women's time' that is other to the patriarchal linear temporality perceived as the time of war.
Reworking E. P. Thompson's `Time, Work-Discipline and Industrial Capitalism'
Authors: Glennie Paul , Thrift Nigel
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to lay foundations for a new account of the histories of times in England (and beyond). A disjuncture has arisen between much recent writing about time and the most influential general accounts of time and society in the historic and contemporary West. The latter emphasize a social and geographical diffusion of a modern time competence, stemming from intensified industrial work-discipline, and centred on clock time, whereas the former emphasize the multiple and qualitative nature of times. Through a discussion of major theoretical themes (the multiplicity of time-senses and of time-disciplines; the skilfulness of temporal practices; and symbolic facets of time), we point to central topics in a reformulated account of western time-senses.
Biological Toxins: A Bioweapon Threat in the 21st Century
Authors: GORKA SEBESTYÈN , SULLIVAN RICHARD
Published: March 2007

The last ten years have seen a resurgence in the socio-political focus on biological weapons (BWs) as a result of a perceived increase in the threat from nation-state and terrorist quarters. The formation of the Ad Hoc Committee, under the chairmanship of Ambassador Tibor Toth, to develop the 1975 Biological Weapons and Toxins Convention into a more effective and pragmatic international tool for combating the future threat of BWs has highlighted many issues, not least the difficulty of making informed threat assessments/risk stratifications in this field. There is also a vast corpus re-inforcing the potential of various microorganisms to be weaponized. The open literature has, by and large, focused on the hostile use of replicating biological agents: bacteria, viruses and rickettsiae. However, biological toxins have also been weaponized for assassination and mass destruction. The huge repertoire of biological toxins, coupled with their unique properties, evolving developments in toxin biomedical research and the complexity of the associated science necessitate a balanced understanding of their peaceful uses and potential misapplication on the part of those involved in policy decisions within this area. This article concludes that threat assessments of toxins as potential BWs will require a network of interdisciplinary expertise that crosses traditional boundaries and areas of responsibilities, with access to classified and unrestricted information, in order to tackle the evolving asymmetry of capabilities and motivation.
The Cultural Economy of Cities
Authors: Henriques Eduardo Brito , Thiel Joachim
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role that big cities play in an ongoing change towards a ‘global cultural economy’. Starting from Allen Scott’s argument that a handful of urban flagships may benefit from this shift, it looks for an alternative approach to the territorial dimension of the ‘culture-economy nexus’ based on a more complex understanding of urban culture. A broad theoretical discussion of Scott’s ideas, as well as on the key concepts of culture, economy and the city, is placed alongside two case studies of the development of the audiovisual (AV) media sector in two European metropolitan regions, Hamburg and Lisbon. The article concludes that the territorial dimension of the ‘culture-economy nexus’ is more than the mere concentration of culturally informed economic activity in a few urban ‘master hubs’. Rather, it can be characterized as a non-linear refracted shift, to a large extent moving along historically and culturally determined trajectories of cities and regions.
Uneven Redevelopment
Authors: Rodríguez Arantxa , Martínez Elena , Guenaga Galder
Published: March 2007

Since the mid 1980s, European cities and regions have become increasingly concerned with competitive restructuring and economic growth. This concern goes hand in hand with a rediscovery of the central role of cities in the performance of regional and national economies as a whole. But, in a context of radical transformation of production and demand conditions globally, the performance of cities is mediated by their capacity to lead a process of competitive redevelopment. To meet the challenges posed by the changing global competitive climate, the policy agenda of many cities has been drastically reorganized. On the one hand, the search for growth has transformed urban revitalization in one of the main domains of urban intervention. On the other, the new urban policy agenda is singularly framed in a language of competitiveness, improved efficiency, flexibility, entrepreneurship, partnership and collaborative advantage that underwrite the remaking of planning objectives, functions and instruments.

In this article, we examine the rise of new urban policies in Bilbao (Spain), a city where two decades of manufacturing decline and economic restructuring are gradually giving way to so-called urban renaissance. During the 1990s, Bilbao has followed on the tracks of other old industrial cities adopting a revitalization strategy focused around large-scale and emblematic redevelopment projects. The article discusses one of these projects, Abandoibarra, a paradigmatic waterfront development that embodies the new logic of urban intervention.The first section of the paper presents an analysis of economic restructuring and sociospatial fragmentation dynamics in the city in the last two decades. The second section discusses changes in urban policy-making locating Bilbao’s regeneration strategy in the context of the ‘New Urban Policies’. The third section focuses on emerging governance dynamics and the critical role of new governance institutions in the management of Abandoibarra’s redevelopment scheme. Finally, the fourth part of the article attempts to provide an evaluation of the impact of the project, highlighting the shadows behind what is presented as a new success story in urban revitalization.
Audience Interpretations of (Former) East Germany’s Representation in the German Media
Authors: Hörschelmann Kathrin
Published: March 2007

Although there has been growing concern among analysts of German politics and society over the last 10 years about the persistence of a ‘cultural’,‘social’ or ‘psychological’ divide between (former) east and west Germany, most current research in this field shies away from a thorough investigation of the complex networks of socio-material, historical and spatial relations that contribute to the construction of social identities. Few studies exist on the impact of media representations and on the differential way in which many of the latter portray east and west Germans, while even less attention has been paid to people’s own interpretations and their capacity to negotiate between media representations and other social experiences in the process of identity formation.

In this paper I begin to address these issues by focusing on the interlink ages between (former) east and west German interviewees’ understanding of their ‘place’ in the unified nation and the interpretations they construct of representations in the televised media. My aim is to show both the significant role which images play in the formation of marginalized v. centred social positions and identities, and the way in which viewers’ embodiment in complex networks of social relations helps to reiterate as well as to contradict the meanings that they find constructed in media representations. The point of this paper is not to determine whether binary definitions of east and west German identities are ‘true’ or ‘false’, but how effective they are and on what basis they can be contested.
Innovation and Proximity
Authors: Kirat Thierry , Lung Yannick
Published: March 2007

The article focuses on the relationship between technological and organizational innovation, and territories. This relationship is connected to interactions between learning processes, institutions and spatial patterns of innovative activities. Starting from a conception of the economy as a learning and evolutionary process instead of a static allocative mechanism, we analyse the role of several types of proximity in innovative processes. If one considers innovation as a problem-solving oriented process, it may be analysed as grounded on non-market inter-actions, and knowledge-based. The article shows how geographical, organizational and institutional proximities relate to the operation of localized innovation systems. The institutional framework is of particular importance in this context owing to the fact that such innovation systems are grounded on collective action at a territorial level and rely upon shared patterns of behavioural and cognitive rules. The analysis of institutional proximity raises the problems of the embeddedness of interrelations between actors in a territorial framework, and the transferability of tacit knowledge. This framework is extended to the analysis of spatial patterns in the emergence and diffusion of industrial models. In our conception, the emergence of an industrial model has territorial foundations, but it is also dependent upon an institutional learning process. However, once stabilized and diffused, its relation to geography and territories evolves and transforms. We illustrate this analysis by referring to the emergence and diffusion of industrial models in the automobile industry. Finally, the framework is used to analyse the spatial effects of organizational changes in product development. These changes are both institutional and technological.
Minority Access to Literacy: An American Case Study
Authors: Gadsden Vivian L.
Published: March 2007

Despite the urgency felt about the need for eradicating illiteracy, both in developing and industrialised nations, little effort has been made towards understanding the nature and constraints of access faced by the minorities throughout the world; or of the speafic challenges that they face in acquiring literacy and developing literary abilities over time. The paper discusses some of the global issues of minority access to literacy and their manifestations within the United States, focusing on four categories of interest: (1) the relationship between literacy, minority access and human rights, (2) minorities and'standard forms of literacy expression, (3) minority access as a national dilemma in the United States, and (4) changing views of literacy access and develop ment. The implications for research, practice and policy are also spelled out.
Body Politics: (Re)Cognising the Female Suicide Bomber in Sri Lanka
Authors: De Mel Neloufer
Published: March 2007

The suicide bomber has been one of the most potent weapons of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in its 19-year separatist armed struggle against the Sri Lankan state. Of the 217 suicide attacks to date, 46 have been by women. This paper will analyse the representations of the LTTE female suicide bomber in literature, propa ganda, public debate and state security practice. It will argue that a discourse of morality already attenuating the act of suicide bombing lends itself to a particu larly gendered representation of the female suicide bomber that invariably twins her body to sexuality, in a scripting that also enables a patriarchal surveillance of her by the state and the LTTE.
Hundred Years of Russian Pacifism
Authors: Pavlova Tatiana
Published: March 2007

This paper offers a brief historical account of the pacifist movement in Russia. It reveals many interesting facts about Russia behind the Iron Curtain. The contribution of Leo Tolstoy towards the peace movement in Russia is an important highlight of the writing. It may be observed in the paper that almost every type of peace movement had been informed by some kind of faith in God or belief in spiritual principles. The author aspires for the revival of the peaceful and non-violent traditions in Russian culture, underpinned by Russia's spiritual potentials.