bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Anthropology of Art: Varmints, Videos, Bowerbirds, and More
Authors: Field Karen L.
Published: November 2004

George E. Marcus and Fred R. Myers. eds. The Traffic in Culture: Refiguring Art and Anthropology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. 380 pp.

Ellen Dissanayake Homo Aestheticus: Where Art Comes From and Why. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995. xx. 297 pp.
Unification of Mind, Language, and the Moving Body
Authors: Sweet Jill D.
Published: November 2004

Brenda Farnell. Do You See What. Mean?: Plains Indian Sign Talk and the Embodiment of Action. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995. ix. 382 pp.
Beyond the Global: Intimacy and Distance in Contemporary Fieldwork
Authors: Bamford Sandra
Published: November 2004

In this article, I reflect upon the meaning of the "global" in contemporary debates concerning the nature of cross‐cultural dialogues. I argue that the "global" is made up of competing dialogues, positions, and meanings that are themselves often set in opposition to one another. Drawing upon my own research among the Kamea of Papua New Guinea, I discuss how the existence of competing perspectives in contemporary fieldwork situations complicates our discipline's traditional maxim of "noninterference."
Interpreting "Indigenous Articulations"
Authors: Morrow Phyllis
Published: November 2004

Ann Fienup‐Riordan. Boundaries and Passages: Rule and Ritual in Yup'ik Eskimo Oral Tradition. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. xxiv. 389 pp.
Little Brazil
Authors: Wilson Tamar Diana
Published: November 2004

Maxine L. Margolis. Little Brazil: An Ethnography of Brazilian Immigrants in New York City. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994. 329 pp.
There Are No Peripheries to Humanity: Northern Alaska Nuclear Dumping and the Iñupiat's Search for Redress
Authors: Turner Edith
Published: November 2004

Arctic nations are beginning to band together to prevent their sparsely inhabited lands from being used as a rubbish dump for pollutants (see Schneider 1996), and for what metropolitan countries are most scared of and most want to dump elsewhere —nuclear waste. But in the moral climate of the earth, no human community is expendable. One may not touch even arctic lands. A young university student does not have to die because a government chooses to kill her, as happened when the Atomic Energy Commission dumped experimental nuclear material near her village. She was innocent. "Center" and "periphery" are no more: not only has economic globalization reached us, but the value system of the globe also.
Arrow and Mirror: Interactive Consciousness, Ethnography, and the Tibetan State Oracle's Trance
Authors: Ellingson Ter
Published: November 2004

Oracles and shamans are ambivalent figures, for both members of their own societies and outside observers confronted with their extraordinary status and behavior. Ethnographic narratives dating from the earliest periods of European contact onward suggest that interaction with Tibetan oracles has often evoked departures from "ordinary" consciousness which are no less remarkable in foreign observers than in the oracle himself and his Tibetan assistants and audience. Thus, processes of interaction, ethnographic observation, and professional communication require consideration in this study. Trance induction in the Tibetan State Oracle is a complex, multimedia process that resists unitary explanation by widely‐used anthropological theories of trance, or even within the Oracle's own tradition, where the existence of multiple interpretations is considered normal. Moreover, with the Oracle's experiences traditionally conceived as being inaccessible at one level to observers, and at another level even to the Oracle himself, the results of any given induction remain problematic for cultural insiders as well as foreign ethnographers. For Tibetan participants, the "consciousness" of the Oracle's trance is constructed as an interactive process rather than an individual state; and ethnographers, too, become involved in this interactive process of constructing shifts of consciousness, in both their participant‐observation in the field and their participation in processes of communication to professional audiences. The range and effects of these interactions are explored through a theoretical stance that treats culture as configurations of flowing and changing energies, and juxtaposes metaphors of the Oracle's mirror and a video recording, which latter was made at the Oracle's request and is used here to provide images for visualizing the interactions discussed in the text.
"Daddy, Let's Talk"
Authors: Zulaika Joseba , Zulaika Garazi
Published: November 2004

What follows are brief selections from a transcript of taped conversations between an anthropologist father, Joseba Zulaika, and his six‐year‐old daughter, Garazi. They are real life dialogues. They are offered as an ethnographic instance of the experience of anthropologists and members of their families shifting between field and home. In this case, they concern two worlds, the Basque Country in Spain as thefieldwork and native country, and Reno, Nevada, the site of Zulaika's academic and adopted lifestyle. The family moves back and forth almost annually from the United States to Spain. The extract below is the raw stuff of this special issue and is presented with no anthropological vocabulary. We leave Garazi's remarks for what they are.
Infants, Ancestors, and the Afterlife: Fieldwork's Family Values in Rural West Africa
Authors: Gottlieb Alma , Graham Philip , Gottlieb‐Graham Nathaniel
Published: November 2004

When Nathaniel, a six‐year‐old Euro‐American boy, was assigned the identity ofDenju, a revered village ancestor in a rural Beng village in Cote d'lvoire, what did it mean ‐ for the child, for his parents, for his village friends, for the conduct of his mother's anthropological research? Likewise, when Nathaniel's father, Philip Graham, learned in the village the news of his own father's passing, what did it mean to Graham ‐ and for the writing of his novel‐in‐progress ‐ to discover that his village neighbors were certain that the soul of his deceased father had entered the Beng afterlife and become friends with Denju, the ancestor for whom his son had been named? How did such family sagas combine in unexpected ways to shape Alma Gottlieb's field research project on the cultural construction of infancy? Making use of the three distinct voices of mother I anthropologist, father/writer, and son/student, this article explores how a range of cultural, literary, political, and psychological issues intersected in unexpected ways during fieldwork, recasting the experiences of one North American family of three people living in a rural village in West Africa.
Interviews of the Unspoken: Incompatible Initiations in Senegal Fieldwork
Authors: Tilburg Mariette van
Published: November 2004

The main themes in this article are the practice of asking questions during fieldwork and the confrontation with the "unspeakable" around the subject of pregnancy and birth while doing fieldwork. As 1 entered the field, a Diola village in the rural Casamance region of Senegal, I was aware of the existence of silence and secrecy on these topics. Pregnant myself, I assumed that my pregnancy would aid communication and rapport. This was not so. As my pregnancy advanced, the flow of information became increasingly restricted and secret. Only reflexively was I able to recognize the ethnocentric assumptions with which I had entered the field and to recognize the complex dimensions of the silence and secrecy that had surrounded me.
Connecting "Auto" to "Ethno" in Writing Self and Other
Authors: Ellis Carolyn
Published: November 2004

Deborah E. Reed‐Danahay. ed. Auto/Ethnography: Rewriting the Self and the Social. Oxford: Berg, 1997 277 pp.
An Anthropology for the Next Century
Authors: Denzin Norman K.
Published: November 2004

Michael Jackson. Minima Ethnographica: Intersubjectivity and the Anthropological Project. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. 242 pp.
Ethnographic Alternatives
Authors: Angrosino Michael V.
Published: November 2004

Anna Banks and Stephen P. Banks eds. Fiction and Social Research: By Ice or Fire. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 1998. 272 pp.
Also Chosen: Jews in the Imagination and Life of a Black Sanctified Church
Authors: Crumbley Deidre Helen
Published: November 2004

"The Church," an unaffiliated sanctified community, was founded in Philadelphia between World Wars I and II by participants in the Great Migration of Blacks from the rural South. Generally lacking in specialized labor skills, they arrived in Philadelphia at a time when industry was shifting to the suburbs. Founding members who referred to each other as "saints" settled in the inner city, and most worked for, or were clients of, Jews. Yet, in spite of the middleman role of Jews in their community, the saints shared positive sentiments toward Jews, invoking them as role models of success.

This article investigates the subversion of potential anti‐Semitism by assessing the interplay of sociohistorical conditions of urban migration with the belief in chosenness held by the saints. For the founding saints, salvation came through Jesus Christ; but it also came by the law, which they interpreted to include selected Levitical laws. Thus, they believed that they were effectively "grafted" into a contractual relationship with God, similar to the covenant God had with ancient Israel. Like the Jews, the saints saw themselves as chosen, and through compliance with divine law they would be blessed in every aspect of life.

Being chosen was also associated with holiness effected by separation from "The World." This socially distanced the saints—already physically distanced from their southern communities—from the larger Black community that could have provided Black role models. Jews, who were visibly successful, filled this gap. Feeling just as chosen as Jews, the saints harbored less anti‐Semitic resentment. As both groups shared the same love and bounty of the law, the boundaries between the saints and "Jews as other" were blurred.
The Construction of Race
Authors: Rodriguez Cheryl R.
Published: November 2004

Lee D. Baker. From Savage to Negro: Anthropology and the Construction of Race, 1896–1954. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. xi. 325 pp.
(Re)Inventing Modes of "Ethnographic Showing"
Authors: Springwood Charles Fruehling
Published: November 2004

Barbara Kirshenblatt‐Gimblett. Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. xviii. 326 pp.
Boundaries, Control, and the Cyborg
Authors: McAdams Melinda J.
Published: November 2004

N. Katherine Hayles. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. xiv. 350 pp.
"A Boggy, Soggy, Squitchy Picture, Truly'': Notes on Image Making in Anthropology and Elsewhere
Authors: Pesmen Dale
Published: November 2004

In order to raise questions about coherence and about aspects of ethnographic practices, this essay moves between thoughts on a passage from Melville's Moby Dick, anthropology based onfieldwork in Russia in the 1990s, and descriptions of a couple of experiments in painting.
Whole Foods: Revitalization through Everyday Synesthetic Experience
Authors: Sutton David
Published: November 2004

This article explores the role of food and eating as part of migrant responses to displacement and strategies for reconstituting community and re‐creating cultural continuity. Drawing on Fernandez's concept of "the return to the whole," this paper considers the nature of the cultural revitalization achieved through food events, through particular food sent "from home." Attention is paid to processes of invocation, structural repetition, and synesthesia, concepts developed by Fernandez in his work on religious revitalization movements.
Anthropology's Epiphanies: Some Things I Learned from James Fernandez
Authors: Behar Ruth
Published: November 2004

During the course of this decade, I have been traveling incessantly to Cuba, the place of my birth and earliest childhood. One truth that stays with me is the belief, enunciated frequently by babalawos, leaders of the Afro‐Cuban Santeria religion, that nothing in this world happens by chance. I believe it is not by chance, but rather by the ineffable wisdom that guides us on our life's journey that I have had the good fortune to be associated with James Fernandez for the past 22 years. I know that after I received my Ph.D. and became an anthropologist in my own right, Jim and I became colleagues, but I will always be his student and always his ahijada, a goddaughter to this quite powerful babalawo of anthropology, who initiated me into the rituals of our profession. It is impossible for me to speak of Jim impersonally, as James Fernandez, or even simply textually, by citing his work, because the things I have learned from him have come to me from knowing the man and knowing the work, and the two are as inseparable as fingernail and flesh, "como una y carne," to use a popular Spanish metaphor. I consider my article a quest to understand the meaning of mentorship—of how it is that we learn from our teachers and are given the tools to become teachers ourselves.
Positioning Media Ethnography at Disciplinary Intersections
Authors: Pimplaskar Uma
Published: November 2004

Positioning Media Ethnography at Disciplinary Intersections. Purnima Mankekar. Screening Culture, Viewing Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood, and Nation in Postcolonial India. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000. 429 pp.
A New Look at Women's Work in the Caribbean
Authors: Crespo Elizabeth
Published: November 2004

Carla Freeman. High Tech and High Heels in the Global Economy—Women, Work and Pink‐Collar Identities in the Caribbean. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000. xiii. 334 pp.
The Face at the Bottom of the Well
Authors: Saraydar Stephen C.
Published: November 2004

John Dominic Crossan. A Long Way from Tipperary:. Memoir. New York: Harper‐Collins, 2000. xxi. 216 pp.
My Friend Amsatou Barry
Authors: Rohatynskyj Marta
Published: November 2004

This is a narrative account of my relationship with a Fulbe woman in Burkina Faso who at first acted as my anthropological informant and then became my friend. I consider a number of related issues: the responsibility that anthropologists feel for their informants in such settings, our overlapping and diverging identities, racism and sexism in the context of a multiethnic community, and the basis of our friendship. The narrative shows how class and race determined the outcome of our common experience of pregnancy and the nature of the support and comfort we were able to give each other. It is a memorial to a friend and an evocation of universal sisterhood.
Woman/Women in “the Discourse of Man”: Edie Turner and Victor Turner's Language of the Feminine
Authors: Babcock Barbara A.
Published: November 2004

Although much has been said about the dialectic of structure and antistructure, of system and process, of reason and passion, and of poetry and science in Victor Turner's anthropology, it is rarely noted that such oppositions are profoundly gendered.

Like Nietzsche's philosophy, Turner's anthropology may be described as “gynesis”—a putting of Woman into discourse. That which disrupts reason and structure is feminine by definition, and the figure of Woman has been deployed to deconstruct “the discourse of man” for thousands of Western centuries—in Turner's words, “communitas wears a skirt.” And liminality and antistructure as well as communitas are repeatedly described in conceits of conception such as “seedbeds of cultural creativity,” fons et origo, “fructile chaos,”“regenerative abyss,” and “storehouse of possibilities.” If Woman is figuratively significant in Turner's texts, women literally inhabit the interstices of the anthropology that he lived and wrote. Of these, the undisciplined/disciplined and devoted Edie is, of course, the most important. But in addition to her profound and unquestionable presence, there are the echoes of other thinking women—Victor's actress mother, Dorothy Emmett, Monica Wilson, Mary Douglas, Sally Falk Moore, Barbara Myerhoff, Natalie Zemon Davis, and me. What are the meanings of this matrilineage, the relationship of Woman and women, and the reasons of Turner's unreason?
Books Can Be Deceiving: Edith Turner and the Problem of Categories in Anthropology
Authors: Engelke Matthew
Published: November 2004

This article situates Edith Turner's first book, The Spirit and the Drum, in relation to feminist and postmodern work within anthropology. Drawing on each tradition, the author shows how Turner's work fits easily into neither, suggesting, rather, that such categorizations fail to capture the richness and depth of the work.
Breathing Life into Language
Authors: Quinn Eileen Moore
Published: November 2004

Rex Lee Jim Dúchas/Táá Kóó Diné:. Trilingual Poetry Collection in Navajo, Irish and English. Diarmuid O'Breasláin, Irish trans. Belfast: An Clochán, 1998. 84 pp.
“After Genres”: A Biography That Illuminates Ethnography
Authors: Garces Christopher Eric
Published: November 2004

Roy Richard Grinker. In the Arms of Africa: The Life of Colin M. Turnbull. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. xii. 354 pp.
Zarzian Microliths from Warwasi Rockshelter, Iran: Scalene Triangles as Arrow Components
Authors: Olszewski Deborah I.
Published: November 2004

The Zarzian Epipalaeolithic occupation at Warwasi yielded over 17,000 stone artifacts, with previous analyses resulting in a division of the Zarzian levels into four chronological units. Microliths comprise in excess of 35% of each of the unit assemblages, with geometric forms occurring in the top three units. The most common geometric is the scalene triangle (regular and elongated forms). A variety of metric and nonmetric attributes was recorded for various microlith forms. This paper discusses scalene triangles, elongated scalene triangles, and truncated bladelets. Truncated bladelets may represent unfinished or rejected attempts in the manufacture of the two scalene forms. Macroscopic examination failed to yield evidence of polish, suggesting that these microliths were not used to cut highly siliceous plants at Warwasi. Based on a comparison with attributes of Levantine lunate microliths, several preliminary hypotheses are offered regarding the manner in which scalene and elongated scalene triangles may have been hafted as arrow components.
Early Metalworking: A Heterarchical Analysis of Industrial Organization
Authors: Ehrenreich Robert M.
Published: November 2004

The study of prehistoric industries is examined from the perspective of heterarchy. The main metalworking traditions of Bronze Age and Iron Age Wessex In southern England are discussed. Bronzeworking during the earlier period seems to be organized in a hierarchical fashion. The concept of heterarchy illuminates the complex organization of ironworking in the Iron Age, however, an industry that was deliberately non‐hierarchical.
Heterarchy in Bronze Age Denmark: Settlement Pattern, Gender, and Ritual
Authors: Levy Janet E.
Published: November 2004

The social system of Bronze Age Denmark (c. 1500–500 BC) Is analyzed from the perspective of heterarchy. Special emphasis is placed on archeological evidence from habitation sites, Including direct evidence of economic activities and production control. The history of such research is reviewed to reveal the intellectual traditions of previous analyses. In addition, gender relations and the role of ritual in the social system are considered. The framing concept of heterarchy helps explicitly integrate evidence of domestic and ritual activities and emphasizes the importance of lateral as well as vertical relationships within the prehistoric society.
Heterarchical Paths to Evolution, The Role of External Economies
Authors: Small David B.
Published: November 2004

Heterarchy is a useful paradigm for reanalyzing aspects of social evolution. It supplies a fresh perspective on the concept of hierarchy and complexity. This study examines the effect of external trade on local social development. The Trobriands and the Yapese empire of the Carolines supply examples of the relationship between the evolution of hierarchy and centrality and the capture of external trade. If external trade is not captured as an economic armature for evolutionary development, external trade can serve as an alternative power base that works against the development of a strong hierarchy and centrality in evolution at home. The city‐states of ancient Greece, the Maya, and Mesopotamia supply archaeological examples of social development that did not capture larger regional external trade networks. These archaeological analyses question the assumed inherency of taxation and tribute in state level evolution.
Chapter 10. Rethinking the Historical Dimensions of Mortuary Practices: A Case from Nisky Hill Cemetery, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Authors: Small David B.
Published: November 2004

Recent work in cemetery archaeology has focused on the history of the social emulation. Work in Nisky Hill Cemetery in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, has continued that focus, but also has highlighted the nature of cemeteries as built landscapes. These landscapes provide contexts for additional uses of cemeteries by various community groups in strategies of competition and status construction. The potential for analyzing cemeteries within archaeological contexts is re‐evaluated with a look at a large and important Late Bronze Age cemetery in Greece.
Chapter 4. Body and Soul among the Maya: Keeping the Spirits in Place
Authors: Gillespie Susan D.
Published: November 2004

The prehispanic Maya are known to have commonly interred their dead beneath the floors or within the platforms of domestic structures. This custom has been interpreted as part of a larger complex of rituals and beliefs associated with ancestor veneration. By continually curating the bones of deceased family members within their own domestic space, the surviving members of the household may have strengthened their rights to material property believed to have been acquired by these ancestors. Maya residences have thus been considered domestic mausolea: “places of death.” However, archaeological interpretations of burial practices should take into account the likelihood of customs and beliefs regarding the proper disposition of the nontangible components of deceased persons along with their physical remains. These components include names and souls, which may have been the property of specific corporate groups who transferred them from the dead to the newly born as an expression of group continuity. Archaeological, historical, and ethnographic evidence from Maya peoples is examined here to suggest that residential interments may have served to ensure control over the souls of the dead. Ancestral spirits were important nontangible property belonging to prehispanic Maya corporate kin groups, known as “houses.” They were carefully safeguarded for reincarnation in subsequent generations, thereby perpetuating the kin group. Rather than a place of death, Maya domestic space is therefore better considered a place of curation, transformation, and regeneration of enduring social personae.
Thinking Big about Small Tools
Authors: Torrence Robin
Published: November 2004

The wide range of case studies presented in this book demonstrates that microliths have been selected in many different contexts to solve a number of different problems. Focusing on variability rather than homogeneity provides a useful way to learn how general processes operate in unique, historically contingent cases. Cost/benefit modeling demonstrates that artifacts with side‐hafted microliths are relatively expensive in time, energy, and raw material expenditure and are therefore only likely to have been adopted when the costs of failure were quite high. These tools may also have been selected because of their potential to satisfy a range of needs, and the gains from a multipurpose solution could have offset the costs. In contrast, in situations in which risks were low, end‐hafted microliths may have been used. Finally, historical trajectories should be considered as an important factor in the adoption, expansion, and preservation of particular patterns of behavior.
Pioneers of Microlithization: The “Proto‐Aurignacian” of Southern Europe
Authors: Kuhn Steven L.
Published: November 2004

In Eurasia, assemblages containing large numbers of microlithic artifacts date predominantly to the terminal Pleistocene or postglacial periods. Much earlier “proto‐Aurignacian” assemblages, found in several sites in southern Europe (Krems, Riparo Mochi, Grotta di Fumane, Arbreda Cave), date to between 33,000 and 39,000 B.P. Proto‐Aurignacian assemblages are typified by substantial numbers of microlithic artifacts, predominantly retouched bladelets. This pattern contrasts sharply with those of both the preceding Mousterian and later classic Aurignacian and Gravettian. Early florescence and subsequent decline of microlithic assemblages (also known to occur in southwest Asia and southern Africa) casts a different light on the processes of microlithization, forcing us to disassociate the general phenomenon from the historically unique, global spread of microlithic technologies near the end of the Pleistocene.
Book Reviews
Authors: Butler Caroline
Published: November 2004

When the Mines Closed: Stories of Struggles in Hard Times. Thomas Dublin. photographs by George Harvan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.
Shakespeare, Montaigne, and the Idea of Savagery
Authors: Glazier Jack
Published: November 2004

The European response to new geographical and ethnographic information in Renaissance travel literature is explored. Using Shakespeare's The Tempest and Montaigne's essays, the paper also examines depictions of the savage as an individual and savagery as a social form in order to compare artistic to more avowedly empirical representations. The views of the dramatist and the essayist are related to the modern anthropological perspective
Some Observations on Design and Interaction on a City Street
Authors: Satler Gail
Published: November 2004

THIS ARTICLE IS PART of a larger research project studying the relationship between social class and architectural design and scale in the city; more specifically, the relationship between working–class life and the visual morphology of the urban street. Using Fourteenth Street in Manhattan as the locus, I identify various zones of activity along the street and the interactions found within them and then consider what role design might play in retaining the presence of working–class street life and whether the search for human scale in design depends upon an understanding of social class and sociocultural dimensions interaction, [architecture and interaction, urban planning, visual scale and social class, urban design and redevelopment]
Dissonance of Formal and Informal Planning Styles, Or Can Formal Planners Do Bricolage?
Authors: Uzzell Douglas
Published: November 2004

Formal planners tend to justify their plans with non‐operational information and to rely upon power to implement them. "Generative" planning in informal enterprises tends to be based on operational information and implementation tends to be incremental and experimental. Formal interventions seeking to overcome disabilities of the informal sector not only fail but in many cases exacerbate them. This is due to dissonance that occurs between the two planning styles. Failure to plan generatively results from systemic constraints on the institutions sponsoring the interventions, including values and goals, and in part from the training, values, and world view of the formal planners. It is possible for formal planners to engage in generative planning, but joining informal players in generatively pursuing mutually defined goals may prove unacceptable, [planning styles, generative and regulative planning]
Development, Household Clusters, and Work–Wealth in Manta
Authors: Middleton Dewight R.
Published: November 2004

RECENT INVESTIGATIONS INTO household form and dynamics in changing political economies stress the emergent, task‐centered character of households. In this view, households are competitive arenas in which the divergent interests of state, group, and individual are negotiated and shaped by household members into uneasy alliances for survival or gain. This study of poor households in a developing Ecuadorian maritime sector considers these and related issues, [urban society, households, change, maritime communities, capital accumulation]
Introduction: New Directions in Contemporary Urban Development
Authors: Sieber R. Timothy
Published: November 2004

LATE‐20TH‐CENTURY GLOBAL ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING, and emerging conditions of postindustrialism and postmodernity in the advanced capitalist world, present new challenges and opportunities for urban anthropology. Recently evolving urban forms and arrangements offer arenas for gaining new perspective on many enduring issues in the anthropology of complex societies, particularly those centering on the relations between cities and their broader metropolitan, regional, national, and global contexts. More holistic approaches with greater attention to historical and structural rather than microethnographic processes can yield the middle‐range analyses necessary to explain contemporary developments, [postindustrial cities, urban analysis, urban development, urban anthropology]
Culture and Structure in The Truly Disadvantaged
Authors: Newman Katherine S.
Published: November 2004

THIS ARTICLE OFFERS a critical analysis of W. J, Wilson's landmark work on urban poverty, The Truly Disadvantaged. Wilson's book analyzes the relationship between macroeconomic change (primarily deindustrialization) and innercity "underclass" culture, utilizing survey‐research data exclusively. Four major issues link the domains of structure and culture: household formation and childbearing behavior, social isolation, institutional disintegration, and aspirations of inner‐city children. The article critiques Wilson's arguments in these four domains, utilizing both classic and recent ethnographies of daily life in the African‐ American community, and suggests a research agenda for urban anthropology that will put the field back in the center of current policy debates on poverty, [underclass, African Americans, poverty, inner cities]
A Dialogical Approach to the Problem of Field‐Site Typicality
Authors: Tobin Joseph
Published: November 2004

THE TYPICALITY OF NEIGHBORHOODS studied by anthropologists is a key methodological issue for those who deal with complex, differentiated urban systems. This article describes a video‐stimulated, multivocal solution to the problem of ethnographic field‐site typicality. As an example of this approach, the article reveals how the reactions of audiences in six Japanese cities to a video ethnography of a day in a Kyoto preschool worked to produce awareness of regional, class, and ideological differences in Japanese society, [ethnography, videotape, Japan, preschool]
Gentrification and Familism in Toronto: A Critique of Conventional Wisdom
Authors: Caulfield Jon
Published: November 2004

THE PROCESS LABELED "gentrification" has often been conceived as a nonfamilial housing form within the framework of a role‐emphasis model of residential choice. Exploratory fieldwork done in Toronto, however, suggests that some "gentrifiers" find inner‐city housing highly congruent with child rearing and that inner‐city residential preference is a holistic matter that is not reducible to role emphasis. These findings are interpreted in the context of an understanding of the construction of urban space that dissents from economistic paradigms and stresses the importance of the culture of everyday life, [gentrification, familism, housing, Toronto]
Performing Craft for Heritage Tourists in Southwest France
Authors: Terrio Susan J.
Published: November 2004

RECENT HERITAGE TOURISM initiatives have affected the gendered division of labor in craft confectionery businesses in southwest France. These initiatives blur the traditional boundary between the public space of the confectionery boutique controlled by artisanal wives and the private space of the adjoining workshop controlled by their craftsmen husbands. Tasks once performed by women such as the cultivation of a craft mystique and the education of consumers in the proper purchase and consumption etiquette of confectionery goods, are now increasingly performed by craftsmen themselves. The privileged arena of the boutique is being replaced by the workshop and the gentrified historic district as the new urban frontstages aimed at a tourist audience. [Artisanship, tourism, gender, family, France]
For Love and for Money: Romance Urbanizing Northeast Brazil
Authors: Rebhun L.A.
Published: November 2004

Rapid Urbanization and the expansion of an unstable capitalist economy have transformed gender relationships in Northeast Brazil. Changes in economic opportunity for women and for men, combined with shifts in informal reciprocal relationships modify power relations between the generations and between the genders. Greater freedom for daughters, combined with ongoing changes in concepts of respectability encourage men to attach discourses of passion and romance to marriage and pseudo‐marriage with women considered decent rather than to extra‐marital relationships as in the past, and let young women dream of love that is both exciting and respectable. [Brazil, love, development, urbanization]
Blank Architecture, Apartheid and After
Authors: Butler Shelley Ruth
Published: November 2004

Hilton Judin and Ivan Vladislavić“, eds. blank_ Architecture, Apartheid and After. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 1998.
Dressing Up Downtown: urban development and government public image in Qatar
Authors: Nagy Sharon
Published: November 2004

A COMPARISON OF TWO PROJECTS undertaken in Doha, the capital of Qatar, provides an example of how ideas and technologies recommended by foreign consultants are brought into existing local social and political contests and are sometimes transformed in the process. Rather than view urbanization as the handiwork of foreign planners and technicians, the essay argues that the actions leading to the selection and implementation of particular “foreign planned” projects are linked to, and influence, the complex relations between local government agencies and the public. [Planning, foreign consultants, politics, Doha, Qatar]
Mediterraneanism: the politics of architectural production in Algiers during the 1930s
Authors: McKay Sherry
Published: November 2004

MEDITERRANEANISM WAS A RALLYING CRY of architects in Algeria during the highly contested period of French colonization in the 1930s; it was then largely the discursive production of westem'educated architects, scholars and writers. Its definition was, and remains, semanticaUy unstable and politically volatile. During this period, Mediterranean architecture was characterized as a more inclusive form of regionalism, a more particularized practice of modernism than an earlier Algerian practice claimed by local, European architects. After setting out the historical and theoretical parameters of Mediterraneanism, the paper traces three mappings of this “Mediterranean” architecture. The contours of these “maps” highlight not only the disputed geography of Mediterranean architecture but also the political ramifications of the borders drawn in each instance. [Algeria, Algiers, architecture, Mediterraneanism, colonialism]
Rural‐Urban Obfuscations: thinking about urban anthropology and labor migration in Thailand
Authors: Mills Mary Beth
Published: November 2004

The 2000 SUNTA Anthony Leeds Prize in Urban Anthropology was awarded to Mary Beth Mills for Thai Women in the Global Labor Force: Consuming Desires, Contested Selves (1999). The book traces the movement of young women from rural Thailand into urban wage employment, primarily in the capital city of Bangkok. In her analysis Mills explores migration as one of the complex structures that link rural and urban places into a single social formation as well as the ideological conditions that underlie Thai labor mobility and shape its lived experience. The study seeks to make sense of ruralurban dichotomies and to acknowledge their meaningfulness for local actors without reifying the categories themselves. Mills argues that in order to get beyond what Anthony Leeds called the obfuscations of urban‐rural oppositions it is necessary to reframe our understandings of these terms to take account of their discursive meanings and powers. [Labor, rural–urban migration, Thailand]
Making Sense of NIMBY poverty, power and community opposition to homeless shelters
Authors: Lyon‐Callo Vincent
Published: November 2004

Local citizens mobilizing in opposition to the presence of homeless people and services is increasingly common in communities across the United States. Such "'not in my backyard" politics have often been understood as resulting from prejudice, bigotry, or misguided understandings. I argue for an analysis of these social movements through considering how particular strategies and practices come to seem "natural" to social actors while other possibilities are effaced. Analyzing these ''common sense" reactions thus must entail examining the interplay between discursively made representations of homeless people and historical, class, and power dynamics that impact on people within particular communities. [Ethnography, homelessness, inequality, NIMBY, Massachusetts]
The Surprise of Ethnography
Authors: Shweder Richard A.
Published: November 2004

This speech to an NIMH audience is about the process of discovery in ethnography and the hazards of presumptive universals in research on family life practices, emotions, moral development, and representations of the life cycle.
Beyond What Are Given as Givens: Ethnography and Critical Policy Studies
Authors: Stack Carol B.
Published: November 2004

This commentary argues for the importance of a move from ethnography to theory to a critical stance on public policy and welfare reform. Two examples illustrate the vital role of ethnography in creating social policies that respect the variety of human experiences. One is a study of block grants in the rural south, the other of fast‐food service workers in Oakland. These examples show the importance of using similar methods but with differences in ethnographic focus in order to address specific empirical problems and policy questions.
Families, Generations, and Self: Conflict, Loyalty, and Recognition in an Australian Aboriginal Society
Authors: Robinson Gary
Published: November 2004

The Tiwi, a society of former hunter‐gatherers of North Australia, are known for their system of polygamy in which females were usually betrothed before birth while males did not marry until their late thirties. Today, the Tiwi are monogamous and youths negotiate sexual relations sometimes in defiance of their parents and elders, sometimes with their assent. Tiwi family patterns show informal continuities with tradition in the motives underlying the sexual choices of young women and the often dramatic conflicts of young men. Drawing on psychoanalysis and family systems theory, the article examines the transmission of family patterns and conflicts across generations in a number of cases. On the one hand, the shift toward monogamy reflects individualization and informalization of social relations. On the other hand, separation and individuation for adolescents is difficult and uncertain, and their conflictual enmeshment in family relations often requires dramatic action.
Good Muslims and "Bad Muslims," "Good" Women and Feminists: Negotiating Identities in Northern Cyprus (Or, the Condom Story)
Authors: Killoran Moira
Published: November 2004

This article examines the intersection of a "good/bad Muslim" identity with national, cultural, and gender categories in northern Cyprus. It analyzes the cultural and historical articulation of a modern, Western "bad Muslim" identity, and describes "the condom story," an event where some Turkish Cypriot women attempted to transgress the social boundaries around gender roles. It is argued that the complex negotiations over a national identity (Cypriot and/or Turkish), a modern identity (Eastern and/or Western), and a religious identity (Muslim and/or secular) result in contradictory messages about gender and sexuality for Turkish Cypriot women. This examination of identity negotiations‐principally a bad Muslim identity, and of women's various attempts to subvert societal pressures‐ultimately reveals some of the cultural controls over women's gender identity, particularly their sexuality, in Turkish Cypriot society.
Comments by John and Beatrice Blyth Whiting
Authors: Whiting Beatrice Blyth
Published: November 2004

John and Beatrice Whiting both served as society presidents in the early years of the Society for Psychological Anthropology. John was the first president of the society, serving from 1978 to 1980; while Beatrice held the post in 1983.
Becoming a Moral Child: The Socialization of Shame among Young Chinese Children
Authors: Fung Heidi
Published: November 2004

In an effort to understand shame in Chinese terms, this ethnographic study examines parental beliefs and practices with respect to shame, as well as young children's participation in shaming events. Nine middle‐class Taiwanese families participated in this study. Interviews with the primary caregivers and longitudinal observations of spontaneous home interactions revealed that the socialization of shame was well underway by age two‐and‐a‐half. Two types of events were identified, most incidents of which were playful and involved the child's active participation.The child's rudimentary sense of shame was manipulated in order to teach right from wrong and to motivate the child to amend. These events were vivid illustrations of the practice of opportunity education.
The Corporeal Body in Virtual Reality
Authors: Murray Craig D. , Sixsmith Judith
Published: November 2004

This paper considers the experience of embodiment in current and (possible) future virtual reality applications. A phenomenological perspective is adopted to explore user embodiment in those virtual reality applications that both do and do not include a visual body (re)presentation (virtual body). Embodiment is viewed from the perspective of sensorial immersion,'where issues of gender, race, and culture are all implicated. Accounts of "disrupted" bodies (for example, phantom limb and dissociation of the self from the body, paralysis, and objectified bodies) are advanced in order to provide a context for understanding the ways in which embodiment in virtual reality environments may be instantiated. The explicit claim that virtual reality is an embodied experience and can facilitate the radical ransfiguration of the body and its sensorial architecture is explored and evaluated.
The "I" of Enthrallment
Authors: Stromberg Peter G.
Published: November 2004

The culture of the contemporary United States is powerfully shaped by the discourses of advertising and entertainment; cultural anthropologists must develop ways to analyze and understand these discourses. Here I suggest that the subject's engagement with advertising and entertainment may take the form of enthrallment, a mental state characterized by simultaneous engrossment and disbelief In this article, I describe one sort of entertainment activity, science‐fiction‐based, roleplaying games. I argue that enthrallment manifests itself here in a form of the first‐person pronoun that occurs in the speech of the players.
Japanese Cultural Psychology and Empathic Understanding: Implications for Academic and Cultural Psychology
Authors: Shimizu Hidetada
Published: November 2004

This article examines personally divergent ways that Japanese individuals understand and act on the cultural script of empathy (omoiyari). Through interviews with highschool students and observations of people in real‐life situations, I shall show the contradictory and multidimensional motives that do not always fit into the culturally idealized patterns of empathic behavior. In so doing, I shall critique Markus and Kitayama's and Wierzbicka's use of hypothetical problems and situations to generalize from cultural norm to individual subjects. Implications of the empathic and experiential approach to academic and cultural psychology are discussed.
Narrating Transgressions in Longwood: The Discourses, Meanings, and Paradoxes of an American Socializing Practice
Authors: Miller Peggy J. , Sandel Todd L. , Liang Chung‐Hui , Fung Heidi
Published: November 2004

The goal of this study is to deepen our understanding of a set of narrative practices in European‐American families in which young children's transgressions are downplayed or erased, a pattern that is cast in relief by the frequent, foregrounded narration of young children's transgressions in Taiwanese families. Evidence from the mothers'folk theories is used to illuminate these patterns, revealing that the pattern is reversed with respect to the narration of parental transgressions. The Taipei mothers treat parents' past misdeeds as undermining of adult authority and thereby not narratable to children, whereas the Longwood mothers regard parental misdeeds, including "hell‐raising," as highly repor table for their humor and their power to humanize parents. These findings are discussed in relation to contrasting ideals and understandings of the dynamics of selves over time.
The Schooling of Women: Maternal Behavior and Child Environments
Authors: LeVine Robert A. , LeVine Sarah E.
Published: November 2004

Beatrice Whiting was a member of the first generation of graduate students to be trained in psychological anthropology, and she has always presumed a broad range of connections between psychological and social processes. She salvaged the Six Cultures Study through an ecological analysis of its child‐observation material, and she stimulated further studies, using quantitative and qualitative methods, of the ways in which broad categories like sex, age, and education influence child development. This article presents in overview a crosscultural research program on the effects of women's schooling that was influenced by her ideas.
The Ties That Bind: Social Networks of Men and Women in a Kipsigis Community of Kenya
Authors: Harkness Sara , Super Charles M.
Published: November 2004

Beatrice Whiting's focus on cultural meanings implicit in everyday routines provided a focus for this study of men and women's social networks in a rural Kipsigis community of western Kenya. Using methods from social network analysis, the authors interviewed men and women of the community about the contexts of their encounters with other same‐sex community members. The data were analyzed using multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis in order to discern the bases of social interaction. Results indicate that mutual helping relationships, not kinship, clan, or age, are at the core of social life in this community.
Shaman/Scientist: Jungian Insights for the Anthropological Study of Religion
Authors: Smyers Karen A.
Published: November 2004

Anthropology still regards the experience of religion the same way it did when its interpretive paradigm was based on "scientific objectivity." To understand this situation, the work of C. G. Jung is helpful in two ways. First, by exploring how anthropology has dismissed Jung as a cultural universalist and/or mystic, often without an actual consideration of his writings, we see how he signifies what the field defines itself against. Second, Jung's empirical forays into the religious worldview provide us with both methodological and descriptive insights about that realm in which many of our informants (and even some anthropologists) live.