bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Thinking Styles to Vocational Purpose beyond Self-Rated Abilities
Authors: Zhang Li-Fang
Published: December 2005

The present study predicted vocational purpose from thinking styles, a construct at the interface of intelligence and personality. 233 students majoring in history and computer science from a large research-oriented university in the People's Republic of China completed the Thinking Styles Inventory and the Iowa Vocational Purpose Inventory. The participants also rated their own analytical, creative, and practical abilities. In general, results indicated that thinking styles contributed to vocational purpose beyond self-rated abilities. Specifically, the more creativity-generating and complex thinking styles tended to contribute positively to vocational purpose, whereas the more conforming and simplistic thinking styles tended to contribute negatively to vocational purpose. This article points to the need theoretically for integrating the construct of thinking style into the definition of differential psychology. Practical data argue for a collaborative working relationship between teachers and vocational counselors in institutions of higher education.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Mirowsky-Ross 2 × 2 Index of the Sense of Control
Authors: Wolinsky Fredric D. , Metz Stacie M. , Tierney William M. , Wyrwich Kathleen W. , Babu Ajit N. , Kroenke Kurt
Published: December 2005

This study investigated the short-term stability of the 1991 Mirowsky-Ross 2 × 2 Index of the Sense of Control. From an ongoing longitudinal study, 304 subjects were randomly selected for test-retest interviews occurring 1 to 4 days after their regularly scheduled first follow-up interview. Test-retest reliability was assessed at the item level using percent agreement and weighted kappa. At the scale score level, reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient ( ICC). ICCs were also calculated within categories of demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and functional status characteristics. There was moderate to substantial item-level agreement (mean weighted kappa = .51; weighted kappa range =.38 to .66). At the scale score level there was substantial agreement ( ICC =.71). No appreciable differences in ICC values were found in the demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and functional comparisons of status characteristics. Thus, this sense of control measure has acceptable test-retest reliability and is appropriate for use in longitudinal research.
Self-Defeating Personality and Memories of Parents' Child-Rearing Behaviour: A Replication
Authors: Rubino I. Alex , Pezzarossa Bianca , Della Rosa Alberto , Siracusano Alberto
Published: December 2005

A recent study of correlations of self-defeating personality and memories of parents' child-rearing behaviour has been replicated on a larger sample. Nonclinical volunteers (145 women and 114 men) were administered Schill's Self-defeating Personality Scale and a short version of the EMBU-Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (own memories of parental education) scale. Replicating previous findings, memories of rejecting or nonsupportive parents were significantly correlated with scores for the Self-defeating Personality Scale for both women (rejecting mother, r = 24; supportive mother, r = –.29; rejecting father, r = .23; supportive father, r = –.36) and men (rejecting mother, r = 40; rejecting father, r = .41; supportive father, r = –.28). Memories of an overinvolved parent were significantly correlated with self-defeating personality scores only among men (mother: r = .41; father: r = .36) as in the original study.
Designing Personable and Informative Job Recruiting Web Sites: Testing the Effect of the Design on Attractiveness and Intent to Apply
Authors: Thoms Peg , Goodrich Jana , Chinn Susan J. , Howard Gary
Published: December 2005

To date, most of the limited research conducted about the efficacy of corporate job recruiting web sites has been either anecdotal or based on field surveys. In this study, the effects of using a photograph, a friendly text message, and a list of job tasks in job descriptions were measured on undergraduates' ratings of the Personableness and Informativeness of recruiting web sites. In addition, the relationships between ratings of Personableness and Informativeness on perceptions of organizational Attractiveness and Intent to Apply were tested. Use of a photograph increased ratings of both Personableness and Informativeness. Additional results are provided and directions for research suggested.
Interest in Sports and Belief in Sports Superstitions
Authors: McClearn Duane G.
Published: December 2005

51 nonathletes, students (45 women) at a medium-sized southern university, were administered a survey containing three scales: an Interest in Sports Scale, a Belief in Sports Superstitions Scale, and Tobacyk and Milford's Paranormal Belief Scale (1983). Scores on the Interest in Sports Scale were significantly correlated with scores on the Belief in Sports Superstitions Scale, which measured adherence specifically to sports superstitions, but not with scores on the Paranormal Belief Scale, which measured a wide variety of irrational beliefs. Thus, participants with high interest in sports showed a tendency to subscribe to the type of irrational belief associated specifically with sports. Scores on the Belief in Sports Superstitions Scale were positively correlated with scores on the Paranormal Belief Scale.
A Failure to Replicate Alcohol-Induced Laboratory Aggression among College Men without Evidence of Personality Disturbance
Authors: Bailly Matthew D. , King Alan R.
Published: December 2005

The effect of acute alcohol intoxication on laboratory-induced aggression among men has been fairly well established. The present study hypothesized that alcohol effects on Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP) responding would not be replicated among “low-risk” college men distinguished by their absence of personality disorder features. Participants were assigned to either Alcohol ( n = 18), Placebo ( n = 7), or Time ( n = 8) comparison groups with each completing 25-min. sessions during the baseline, ascent, peak (70 mg%), and descent (40 mg%) phases of absorption and elimination process. Participants assigned to the Alcohol condition received a .80 ml/kg dose of 95% ethanol mixed with soda in a 1:5 ethanol/soda ratio. As hypothesized, alcohol was associated with stable Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm responding across the course of absorption, peak, and elimination for all three groups. Aggression Paradigm responding was least variable among the men administered alcohol. The present procedure served to identify a subset of “low-risk” college men whose Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm responding was not adversely affected by alcohol. The extent to which aggressive personality dispositions contribute to alcohol-induced laboratory aggression remains to be identified. Low-risk college drinkers warrant systematic examination to specify what factors attenuate their reactions to alcohol and other situational provocations.
Cultural Differences in Altruistic Behavior: Quasi Replication of Uranowitz's “Foot-in-the-Door with Implicit Demand”
Authors: Pascual Alexandre , Guéguen Nicolas
Published: December 2005

A study was designed to validate in France the so-called foot-in-the-door technique with implicit demand described by Uranowitz in 1975, a test of altruistic behavior shown previously to have a positive effect on compliance. However, in conditions of a high-justification request, Uranowitz did not obtain the subjects' compliance. In the present study of foot-in-the-door with implicit demand, subjects complied with the request whatever the justification. This result can be interpreted as differences in perceptions of the justifications among subjects of our study and those of Uranowitz.
Sex Differences in Processing Printed Advertisements
Authors: Putrevu Sanjay
Published: December 2005

The success of using biological sex to divide or segment markets requires a thorough understanding of how men and women process and respond to advertisements and other persuasive communications. Toward this end, this research ( N = 64; 32 men and 32 women) studied how college-age men and women respond to printed advertisements. There were no differences between the sexes in recall and recognition of claims in advertisements, but men and women generated different types of message relevant thoughts—women generated more category thoughts and men generated more attribute thoughts, suggesting that, while women and men might not differ in the depth of processing, they might use different processing styles.
Sexual Frequency and Salivary Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Authors: Charnetski Carl J. , Brennan Francis X.
Published: December 2005

112 college students reported the frequency of their sexual encounters and were divided into four categories: none, infrequent (less than once a week), frequent (one to two times per week), and very frequent (three or more times per week). Participants also described their overall sexual satisfaction. Saliva samples were collected and assayed for salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA). Individuals in the frequent group showed significantly higher levels of IgA than the other three groups, which were comparable. Data on length of relationship and sexual satisfaction were not related to the group differences.
Preliminary Investigation of Thiamine and Alcohol Intake in Clinical and Healthy Samples
Authors: Stacey Phillip S. , Sullivan Karen A.
Published: December 2005

Insufficient thiamine intake during heavy alcohol dependence has been well established as a precursor to alcohol-related brain damage, including Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. This study compared the alcohol and thiamine intakes of 35 alcohol-dependent patients upon admission for detoxification with 49 healthy young undergraduates. Subjects were interviewed using a retrospective diary that recorded alcohol and food and vitamin consumption for the previous seven days. As predicted, the clinical group consumed significantly less thiamine than the healthy group, and well below the minimum safe daily intakes. Findings have implications for the prevention of alcohol-related brain damage and public health policy.
Psychometric Properties of the Life Orientation Test-Revised in Samples of Japanese Students
Authors: Nakano Keiko
Published: December 2005

The Life Orientation Test–Revised (Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994) is a widely used self-report measure of optimism. The present study examined the test's psychometric properties in a Japanese cultural context. 448 Japanese university students completed a Japanese version of the Life Orientation Test–Revised along with measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and depression. Exploratory factor analysis yielded the same two factors, positively phrased optimistic items and negatively phrased pessimistic items, as Scheier and Carver reported. Internal consistency of optimism and pessimism was acceptable. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Life Orientation Test–Revised with another group of 205 Japanese university students showed the superiority of a two-factor model of optimism–pessimism. The bidimensionality was partly due to the difference in responses between positively and negatively worded items. The Japanese data provide additional psychometric support for the Life Orientation Test–Revised and enhance the generalization of prior findings on U.S. samples to Japanese samples.
Preliminary Study of Smoking and Alcohol Use among Students in Southern Sri Lanka
Authors: Perera Bilesha , Torabi Mohammad R.
Published: December 2005

455 students, ages 15–19 years and living in a southern district of Sri Lanka, were self-administered a questionnaire to identify the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use and to assess student attitudes toward the alcohol and tobacco industries. The current prevalence of smoking was 10.6% among men and 0.0% among women. The current prevalence of alcohol use was 21.2% among men and 3.3% among women. A significantly higher proportion of men than women expressed favorable attitudes toward the alcohol industry (27% versus 7%) and the tobacco industry (13% versus 5%). Given that aggressive marketing strategies are used by these industries to promote their products among young people, epidemiological studies of the substances using scientifically sound methods to formulate effective prevention strategies are essential.
Condom Use History as a Determinant of University Students' Condom Evaluative Index
Authors: McDermott Robert J. , Noland Virginia J.
Published: December 2005

Researchers examined the mean sum scores of 15 semantic differential scales to specify the evaluative index assigned to the term condom by 173 undergraduate students at a large public university. Of interest was whether evaluative indices were different for men and women, and for condom ever-users versus never-users. There was no sex difference in semantic evaluation of condom. However, the mean sum score of persons with prior condom experience reflected a significantly more positive rating compared to persons who were never-users. Because use of condoms is associated with an evaluative index that is statistically more favorable, encouraging sexually active young adults to try condoms may promote consistency of use, and thereby reduce undesired pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections.
Structure of Attitudes toward Illegal Immigration: Development of Cross-National Cumulative Scales
Authors: Van Der Veer Kees , Ommundsen Reidar , Larsen Knud S. , Van Le Hao , Pernice Regina E. , Krumov Krum , Romans Gerardo Pastor
Published: December 2005

This research examined the possibility of developing Mokken cumulative scales measuring attitudes toward illegal immigrants in a 9-nation sample. A total of 1,407 respondents primarily from national and regional universities participated in the surveys including the 20-item Illegal Immigration Scale. The scales displayed acceptable reliability with coefficients alpha ranging from .79 to .93. A Procrustes analysis yielded coefficients of congruence with the previously established three-factor solution. The amount of variance accounted for varied between 33.1 and 54.7%, supporting the presence of other factors in attitudes toward illegal immigrants. Mokken scale analysis yielded robust and economical scales in two clusters of national samples.
Technical Analysis of the Slosson Written Expression Test
Authors: Erford Bradley T. , Hofler Donald B.
Published: December 2005

The Slosson Written Expression Test was designed to assess students ages 8–17 years at risk for difficulties in written expression. Scores from three independent samples were used to evaluate the test's reliability and validity for measuring students' written expression. Test-retest reliability of the SWET subscales ranged from .80 to .94 ( n = 151), and .95 for the Written Expression Total Standard Scores. The median alternate-form reliability for students' Written Expression Total Standard Scores was .81 across the three forms. Scores on the Slosson test yielded concurrent validity coefficients ( n = 143) of .60 with scores from the Woodcock-Johnson: Tests of Achievement–Third Edition Broad Written Language Domain and .49 with scores on the Test of Written Language–Third Edition Spontaneous Writing Quotient. Exploratory factor analytic procedures suggested the Slosson test is comprised of two dimensions, Writing Mechanics and Writing Maturity (47.1% and 20.1% variance accounted for, respectively). In general, the Slosson Written Expression Test presents with sufficient technical characteristics to be considered a useful written expression screening test.
Self-Regulation, Engagement, Motivation, and Performance in a Simulated Quality Control Task
Authors: Schell Kraig L. , Melton Ellen C. , Woodruff Abbie , Corbin G. Brandon
Published: December 2005

This study examined how self-regulation and task-related motivation were related to the accuracy of error detection and task engagement in a simulated quality control task that mimicked prescription-checking behavior in a pharmacy. Ninety-one participants completed measures of self-regulation, task engagement, and task-related motivation and then checked 80 simulated scripts with inserted error ratios ranging from 26% to 38%. Motivation and task engagement were assessed at the beginning of the task, the midpoint of the task, and after the task was over. Performance was measured in terms of sensitivity (error detections) and specificity (false alarm responses). Results indicated that motivation was correlated with higher sensitivity, while self-regulation was correlated with lower specificity. Higher mid-task motivation and higher self-regulation were also predictive of greater task engagement at the midpoint of the task only. Results are discussed and future research directions are proposed.
An Argument for a Qualitative Research Approach to Hypnotic Experiencing and Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis
Authors: Woodard Fredrick James
Published: December 2005

An argument for the significance of a qualitative research approach to hypnotic experiencing and a perceptually oriented view of hypnosis is presented with hypnosis framed in phenomenological, humanistic, and perceptual terms. An outline of threads of thought in Popper's writings are consistent with such a perspective. Qualitative approaches are noted and support for theoretical discussions leading to deeper understanding of issues of hypnotic experiencing, such as unconscious processes, nonlinear experiences, and researchers' countertransference are examined. Some limitations of current quantitative approaches to examining hypnotic experiencing and myths about qualitative research are discussed.
Perceived Barriers to Research among Substance Use Treatment Providers
Authors: Oggins Jean
Published: December 2005

To help understand substance use treatment providers' attitudes about research, 164 providers completed surveys about experiences with research, perceived barriers, and training needs. Providers tended to consider their agencies' lack of research expertise to be less of a barrier to research than their agencies' focusing on clinical work rather than research. Providers with good or neutral research experience were less likely than others to consider agency's lack of research focus a barrier. However, only providers with good research experience were less likely than others to consider agency's clinical focus a barrier to research. Providers with bad research experience were the least interested in getting further research training. Implications for research are discussed.
Predicting Self-Reported Exposure to Nerve Agents by Reserve Component Personnel during the First Persian Gulf War
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Webb Farrell J. , Bollman Stephan R. , Jurich Anthony P. , Reppert Earl J. , Castelo Carlos S. , Stever James A.
Published: December 2005

Approximately 13% of 654 Reserve Component Gulf War veterans (18% women, 65% ground forces, between 24 and 61 years of age, average 40.2 yr.) surveyed in the Ohio Desert Storm Research Project reported that they had probably been exposed to nerve or mustard gas agents, while another 32% thought such exposures were possible. Reports of exposure were found, through ordinary least squares regression analysis, to be associated with membership in ground forces (Army/Marine Corps) ( b = .29), geographical location ( b = .17), ethnic minority status ( b = .07), education ( b = –.10), intrinsic religiosity ( b = .10), and also reporting having had physiological reactions to vaccines or pyridostigmine bromide pills ( b = .24). Reports were not associated significantly with subjective health before the war, age, or sex.
Preliminary Study of Psychological Factors Affecting Clinic Attendance and Glycemic Control of Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ando Mikayo , Ando Shinichiro , Takeuchi Toshiaki
Published: December 2005

We studied 50 Japanese patients who were first diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Psychological functioning was assessed by using the Rorschach test and the Yatabe-Guilford Personality test. Analysis indicated that patients who discontinued clinic attendance during the 2-yr. study period had more depression, lower general activity and less extraversion, more negative self-attitudes, and more concern about being helpless than those who continued having regular followups. This study also found that patients who had worse glycemic control 2 yr. after being first diagnosed reported more inferiority feelings, lower general activity, more need for closeness to others, and more emotional demands than those who had better glycemic control. In conclusion, understanding the psychological functioning would be helpful in the management of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Frontal Lobe Dementia and Subcortical Vascular Dementia: A Neuropsychological Comparison
Authors: Moretti Rita , Torre Paola , Antonello Rodolfo M. , Cattaruzza Tatiana , Cazzato Giuseppe , Bava Antonio
Published: December 2005

We compared the performance of 40 patients with frontal lobe dementia to that of 40 patients with subcortical vascular dementia (80 patients including, 46 men and 34 women) in a set of tasks assessing attentional, executive, and behavioural tasks. The frontal lobe dementia represents an important cause for degenerative disruption and is increasingly recognised as an important form (up to 25%) of degenerative dementia among individuals of late-middle-age. The main involvement is the frontal-subcortical pathway, which is the final target of impairment even in subcortical vascular dementia. A wider involvement of the cortical (decisional) layers in frontal dementia, in contrast with the prominent and widespread involvement of the subcortical pathways (refinement and corrections programs) creates the different profiles of the two groups. Frontal patients have more difficulties in abstract reasoning, focusing attention, and implementing strategies to solve problems. They exhibit more profound behavioural alterations in personality and social conduct and show only moderate depression, and a total lack of insight concerning their clinical condition. In contrast, the patients with subcortical vascular dementia have poor general cognitive functions, high insight, and important depression and apathy as the principal and most salient characteristic of their behavioral conduct.
Factor Structure of the Self-Construal Scale in a Vietnamese-American Adolescent Sample
Authors: Lam Brian Trung
Published: December 2005

This study investigated the factor structure of the Self-construal Scale, an important measure of interdependent and independent self-construal. An exploratory factor analysis with the principal component method and varimax rotation supported Singelis' original two-factor model (1994) for a sample of 152 Vietnamese-American high school adolescents recruited from Little Saigon in Orange County, California. Implications for the conceptualization of self-construal and issues in research are discussed.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use by Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Elkins Gary , Rajab M. Hasan , Marcus Joel
Published: December 2005

82 psychiatric inpatients hospitalized for acute care were interviewed about their use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities. The clinical diagnoses of respondents included Depressive Disorder (61%), Substance Abuse (26%), Schizophrenia (9%), and Anxiety Disorders (5%). Analysis indicated that 63% used at least one CAM modality within the previous 12 mo. The most frequently used modality was herbal therapies (44%), followed by mind-body therapies such as relaxation or mental imagery, hypnosis, meditation, biofeedback (30%), and spiritual healing by another (30%). Physical modalities such as massage, chiropractic treatment, acupuncture, and yoga were used by 21% of respondents. CAM therapies were used for a variety of reasons ranging from treatment of anxiety and depression to weight loss. However, most respondents indicated they did not discuss such use with their psychiatrist or psychotherapist.
Higher-Order Factors of the Big Five Model of Personality: A Reanalysis of Digman (1997)
Authors: Mutch Christopher
Published: December 2005

Based on the results from factor analyses conducted on 14 different data sets, Digman proposed a model of two higher-order factors, or metatraits, that subsumed the Big Five personality traits. In the current article, problems in Digman's analyses were explicated, and more appropriate analyses were then conducted using the same 14 correlation matrices from Digman's study. The resultant two-factor model produced improper solutions, poor model fit indices, or both, in almost all of the 14 data sets and thus raised serious doubts about the veracity of Digman's proposed model.
Self-Pluralism and Dissociation
Authors: Suszek Hubert
Published: December 2005

The study examined the relationships among self-pluralism and dissociative experiences. 100 students were assessed using the Self-pluralism Scale and the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Scores on self-pluralism were positively correlated with others: overall Dissociation ( r = .50), Absorption ( r = .54), Depersonalization ( r = .43) and Amnesia ( r = .28).
Intensity and Prevalence of Current Fears among Iranian University Students
Authors: Mazidi Mohammad
Published: December 2005

The intensity and prevalence of fears were assessed in Iranian university students by applying the Fear Survey Schedule for Children, II. Analysis indicated that the intensity and prevalence of fears varied by students' sex, field of study, and birthplace. Results are discussed in relation to previous findings, and a few recommendations together with some educational implications were noted.
Neuropsychological Correlates of Greek Alcoholic Patients Who Report Memory Disturbances
Authors: Liappas Ioannis , Theotoka Ioulia , Kapaki Elisabeth , Ilias Ioannis , Paraskevas George P. , Rabavilas Andreas D.
Published: December 2005

We studied 40 male and 37 female ( M age = 63 yr.) Greek alcoholic patients and an equal number of control subjects. Both groups were evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Syndrome Short Test, the Verbal Fluency Test (Category & Letter), the Clock Test, and the Digit Span (Forward and Backward from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised). Alcoholic patients had statistically significant lower scores on MMSE, Verbal Fluency Test, and Digit Span, and higher scores on the Syndrome Short Test, while positive correlations were found among MMSE, Verbal Fluency Test, Clock Test, Digit Span-Backward, and age. These findings point to frontal lobe dysfunction in Greek alcoholic patients which is not different from that shown in patients from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
Differences in Readers' Response towards Advertising versus Publicity
Authors: Putrevu Sanjay
Published: December 2005

Publicity is assumed to have higher credibility than advertising prompting communication specialists to call for its use alongside traditional advertising to achieve overall communication goals. To test the differences in readers' response towards advertisements and publicity, a sample of students ( N = 104; 52 men and 52 women) were shown printed messages identified as advertising or publicity. The publicity format appeared to be associated with deeper processing because participants had higher recall, more message-relevant thoughts, and better discrimination for the publicity message. In addition, participants rated the publicity message higher on Source Credibility, Brand Attitude, and Purchase Intent than a comparable advertisement.
Preliminary Study of Police Experience of Misconduct in Their Colleagues
Authors: Simlot Rupendra , Ramos Orlando , Lester David
Published: December 2005

A pilot study of 33 male and 2 female municipal police officers, most between 30 and 40 years old, found that those whose colleagues more often engage in misconduct experience more excitement and more stress in their work.
Cognitive Self-Consciousness and Meta-Worry and Their Relations to Symptoms of Worry and Obsessional Thoughts
Authors: De Bruin Gwendolijn Olivia , Rassin Eric , Muris Peter
Published: December 2005

The relation between cognitive self-consciousness and meta-worry, and their association with symptoms of worry and obsessional thoughts were examined. 53 undergraduate students completed the expanded version of the Cognitive Self-consciousness Scale, the Meta-worry subscale of the Anxious Thoughts Inventory, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and the Padua Inventory-Revised. Analysis showed that cognitive self-consciousness and meta-worry were moderately correlated ( r = .57). Further, both constructs were positively associated with symptoms of worry and obsessional thoughts. When controlling for cognitive self-consciousness, meta-worry remained significantly correlated to both types of symptoms. Yet, when controlling for meta-worry, correlations between cognitive self-consciousness and symptoms of worry and obsessional thoughts clearly attuned and were no longer significant. These findings suggest that meta-worry is more important for understanding excessive, intrusive thought patterns than the mere tendency to monitor one's thoughts.
Students' Ratings of Teaching Effectiveness: A Laughing Matter?
Authors: Adamson Gary , O'Kane Damian , Shevlin Mark
Published: December 2005

Gump in 2004 identified a positive significant relationship between awareness of daily class objectives and ratings of the instructor's overall teaching effectiveness. The idea that rating of teaching effectiveness can be related to other nonteaching related attributes of the lecturer was further examined. Correlations based on ratings of teaching effectiveness from 453 undergraduate students ( M = 21 yr., SD = 5.5; 73% women) showed that another nonteaching related variable, namely, how funny the instructor was perceived, was significantly related to indicators of teaching effectiveness.
Relationship between Short-Term Sexual Strategies and Sexual Jealousy
Authors: Mathes Eugene W.
Published: December 2005

In a classic study, Buss, Larson, Westen, and Semmelroth reported that men were more distressed by the thought of a partner's sexual infidelity (sexual jealousy) and women were more distressed by the thought of a partner's emotional infidelity (emotional jealousy). Initially, Buss and his associates explained these results by suggesting that men are concerned about uncertainty of paternity, that is, the possibility of raising another man's child while believing the child is their own. However, later they explained the results in terms of men's preference for short-term sexual strategies. The purpose of this research was to test the explanation of short-term sexual strategies. Men and women subjects were instructed to imagine themselves in a relationship which was either short-term (primarily sexual) or long-term (involving commitment) and then respond to Buss's jealousy items. It was hypothesized that, when both men and women imagined a short-term relationship, they would be more threatened by a partner's sexual infidelity, and, when they imagined a long-term relationship, they would be more threatened by a partner's emotional infidelity. Support was found for this hypothesis.
Measurement Error and the Correlation between Positive and Negative Affect: Spearman (1904, 1907) Revisited
Authors: Mutch Christopher , Tisak John
Published: December 2005

There has been considerable debate in the literature on the structure of affect, especially on the correlation between positive and negative affect and the effect of measurement error on this correlation. In this brief article, it is shown that, as Spearman (1904, 1907) noted, the extent to which the correlation between imperfect measures is attenuated by measurement error depends upon the reliabilities of the measures used.
Wais—III Norms for Working-Age Adults: A Benchmark for Conducting Vocational, Career, and Employment-Related Evaluations
Authors: Fjordbak Timothy , Fjordbak Bess Sirmon
Published: December 2005

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales are routinely used to assess threshold variables which correlate with subsequent job performance. Intellectual testing within educational and clinical settings accommodates natural developmental changes by referencing results to restricted age-band norms. However, accuracy in vocational and career consultation, as well as equity in hiring and promotion requires the application of a single normative benchmark unbiased by chronological age. Such unitary norms for working-age adults (18- to 64-yr.-olds) were derived from the WAIS–III standardization sample in accord with the proportional representation of the seven age-bands subsumed within this age range. Tabular summaries of results are given for the conversion of raw scores to scaled scores for the working-age population which can be used to derive IQ values and Index Scores.
Anchors Distort Estimates of Expected Duration
Authors: König Cornelius J.
Published: December 2005

This research explored the effect of presenting participants an anchor, which is a salient standard of comparison, before asking them to estimate the amount of time they believe they will need to complete a task (expected duration estimation). Such anchors can be assumed to be common in real-life situations, e.g., duration suggestions made by work colleagues. Participants were 32 students ( M age = 23.1 yr., SD = 3.2; 28 women) who received course credit for participating. In the presence or absence of one of two anchors they had to estimate how much time they would need to work on a catalogue task. Actual time needed for the task was also measured. As predicted, analysis showed that estimates of expected duration were distorted in the direction of the anchors, i.e., estimations were assimilated into the presented anchor value. The implications for time management are discussed.
Personal Information in Searching for Faces
Authors: Dunwoody Philip T. , Corl Kelli N. , Drews David R. , Widman David R.
Published: December 2005

Participants searched for a target on a television monitor either after they viewed pictures and received physical information about the target or received that information augmented by personal information. Based on a levels of processing perspective we predicted that the addition of personal information would stimulate deeper processing and result in better identification performance. Personal information did increase identification accuracy, as anticipated. Personal information also increased the duration of time spent on the search task relative to a distractor task, suggesting that personal information may have done more than deepen the processing at the time of encoding. In the current climate of terrorism, this increase in identification performance via a surveillance camera has clear applied significance.
Temporal Stability of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity Short-Form: Test-Retest Data over One Week
Authors: Lewis Christopher Alan , Cruise Sharon Mary , McGuckin Conor
Published: December 2005

This study evaluated the test-retest reliability of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity short-form. 39 Northern Irish undergraduate students completed the measure on two occasions separated by one week. Stability across the two administrations was high, r = .92, and there was no significant change between Time 1 ( M = 25.2, SD = 5.4) and Time 2 ( M = 25.7, SD = 6.2). These data support the short-term test-retest reliability of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity short-form.
Nigerian Undergraduate Education Majors' Conceptions of Mathematics
Authors: Arigbabu Abayomi A. , Mji Andile
Published: December 2005

The Conceptions of Mathematics Questionnaire by Crawford, et al. was administered to 130 southwest Nigerian undergraduate education majors who took mathematics. Coefficient as of .86 and .84 for the Fragmented and Cohesive subscales were similar to prior values. There were no statistically significant mean differences between men and women or between undergraduates taking mathematics with science and nonscience topics.
Relationship between Two Aspects of Perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms
Authors: Suzuki T.
Published: December 2005

In this study was investigated the relationship between two aspects of perfectionism (Concern over Mistakes and Personal Standards) and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. College students (57 men and 193 women: M age = 19.5 yr., SD = 1.9) majoring in psychology were from introductory psychology classes and a psychological assessment practice class. They completed the Padua Inventory, which assesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and the subscales of Concern over Mistakes and Personal Standards of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, which assess the tendency to be concerned about making mistakes and the tendency to set excessively high standards, respectively. Multiple regression analysis indicated that only the Concern over Mistakes scores predicted significantly all Padua Inventory subscale scores. Perhaps only being concerned over making mistakes may be associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The tendency to set high standards was not strongly correlated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Further, the relationship between setting high standards and having obsessive-compulsive symptoms reported in previous studies may be spurious. Further work is required to untangle these associations.
Sex Differences on a Measure of Conformity: Comments on a Recent Study
Authors: Avtgis Theodore A.
Published: December 2005

Reysen and Reysen's recent article made a contribution to understanding of sex differences by interpreting the results through the lens of conformity research. Reinterpretation could refer to differences in perceptual sensitivity. The results, then, are theoretically and empirically consistent with the literature.
Values of Fathers for Themselves and Their Newborns
Authors: Minton Judith , Shell Juanita , Solomon Linda Zener
Published: December 2005

The paternal role has been neglected in parenting research. The present study focused on the values of fathers of newborns. Values of fathers of newborns drawn from the inner-city lower-class were compared with values of fathers of newborns drawn from the middle class. Highest goals of fathers from both groups for themselves were economic (‘family security’); values for their children were morally focused (‘honest’). Inner-city fathers placed a higher value on a clean and obedient child, whereas middle-class fathers placed a higher value on a loving and imaginative child. When values of these fathers were compared with values of a similar sample of mothers of newborns, socioeconomic status remained an important predictor of values. Sex of parent was significant in the inner-city sample as these fathers placed a higher valuation on goals associated with autonomy than did inner-city mothers.
Strengths and Distress in Adults Who are Aging with HIV: A Pilot Study
Authors: Vance David E. , Woodley Robert A.
Published: December 2005

In this qualitative pilot study, distress and strengths associated with aging with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) were identified for 12 participants. Potential sources of distress were fear of death, financial worries, fear of disclosure, stigma, and long-term coping. Strengths were hardiness, renewed spirituality, social support, community service, and openness to aging. Ways of mitigating these barriers and accentuating these strengths can be explored by mental health professionals if extended with a representative larger sample.
Does Self-Consciousness Mediate the Relation between Self-Talk and Self-Knowledge?
Authors: Schneider Johann F. , Pospeschill Markus , Ranger Jochen
Published: December 2005

Building on Morin's understanding of the relations among self-talk, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge, this study examined the hypothesis that functional and dysfunctional self-consciousness mediate between self-talk and self-knowledge. A self-report questionnaire including 10 scales assessing different aspects of Self-talk, Self-consciousness, and Self-knowledge was administered to 200 German undergraduate university students (95 women, 105 men). Mediation analysis showed that the observed negative relationship between Self-talk and Self-knowledge was mediated by Dysfunctional Self-consciousness, while Functional Self-consciousness acted like a supressor variable. The discussion focuses on limitations of the present measures of Self-talk.
Oddities in Kirkpatrick, et al.'s Study of Children of Lesbian Mothers
Authors: Cameron Paul
Published: December 2005

Kirkpatrick, et al.'s 1976 study of what happened to 20 lesbians' children has received considerable attention, apparently later being matched with 20 heterosexuals' children. In 2004, Kirkpatrick generally acknowledged Schumm's caution that her findings are less impressive than are needed, yet, Kirkpatrick stated her “early findings have been reinforced” and that “no evidence of differences in the children grouped by the mother's sexual orientation” have been documented by subsequent research. Close examination of the data of these studies indicates that children from 13 lesbian mothers were compared with children from 13 divorced heterosexuals. Further, there are contradictions between the published reports regarding the nature of samples and various findings. Analysis of Kirkpatrick, et al.'s study suggests that children do less well when raised by homosexual parents.
Cross-Modality Priming for People's Adjectivized Names: Failure to Support the Adjectivization Hypothesis
Authors: Mukai Akira
Published: December 2005

This experiment tested a prediction derived from Hollis and Valentine's 2001 adjectivization hypothesis, that having an adjectival form is the key factor that makes certain classes of proper names, i.e., country names, exhibit a common name-like pattern of long-term priming. The hypothesis predicted that, when adjectivized historical celebrity names, e.g., William Shakespeare/Shakespearean, were compared with nonadjectivized historical celebrity names, e.g., Emile Zola, cross-modality long-term priming in a familiarity decision task would occur only for nonadjectivized name stimuli. 32 students of literature, history, or philosophy (21 women and 11 men; age range 18–41 years, M age = 22.4 yr.) were tested. Priming was measured by latency of response. Analysis showed that the mean RT to primed items was faster than the mean RT to unprimed items when the prime task was presented in both visual and auditory modalities both for the adjectivized and nonadjectivized names. Contrary to the hypothesis, cross-modality priming was observed regardless of the adjectivization of name stimuli. The findings of the present experiment did not support the adjectivization hypothesis.
Lee Acculturation Dream Scale for Korean-American College Students
Authors: Lee Sang Bok
Published: December 2005

This study examined acculturation as represented in dream narratives of 165 Korean immigrant college students living in the USA. A total of 165 dreams were collected and evaluated using the Lee Acculturation Dream Scale, for which locations of dream contents were coded. 39% of the dreams took place in South Korea, while 38% were in the USA. Also, 16% of the dreams included both locations, whereas 7% had no specific dream location. The dreams contained overlapping dream messages, images, scenes, and interactions in both South Korea and the USA. A two-sample t test on the mean scores of the Lee Acculturation Dream Scale indicated no significant difference between men and women.
The Motivation Analysis Test: An Historical and Contemporary Evaluation
Authors: Bernard Larry C. , Walsh R. Patricia , Mills Michael
Published: December 2005

This is an historical review and contemporary empirical evaluation of the Motivation Analysis Test (MAT), one of the first tests to take a psychometric approach to the assessment of motivation. Reviews were quite positive, but the test is now over 50 years old. Nevertheless, it employs innovations in measurement not widely used in objective measurement then or now: (1) subtests with different formats, (2) disguised items, (3) speeded administration procedures, and (4) ipsative format and scoring procedures. These issues are discussed and a contemporary sample ( N = 360) obtained to evaluate the Motivation Analysis Test in light of its innovative characteristics.
Influence of Sex Differences in Leaders' Behavior
Authors: Moss Jennifer A. , Barbuto John E. , Matkin Gina S. , Chin Tzu-Yun
Published: December 2005

Sex differences in influence tactics were examined with a sample of 269 followers (67 men, 202 women) at a large midwestern national insurance company who rated the downward influence tactics used by their direct supervisors. Downward influence tactics are behaviors used by leaders to gain compliance from followers. One department within the organization was identified as a source for participants in the study. Participation was voluntary. The age range for the sample was 21 to 65 years, with the largest percentage falling in the 40–49 year range ( M = 3.8, SD = .8). Hierarchical linear modeling procedures were utilized to analyze the multiple level data (leader and follower) and to examine variables within the organization at different levels of analysis. Leader participants were asked to solicit their followers to complete an influence tactic measure, which consisted of the most reliable subscales taken from the Influence Behavior Questionnaire, Schriesheim and Hinkin Influence Measure, and the Profiles of Organizational Influence Strategies. The integrated measure resulted in a 45-item scale. It was hypothesized that, overall, followers would report that male leaders would use hard influence tactics more frequently than female leaders. On the other hand, followers would report that female leaders would use soft influence tactics more frequently than male leaders. When differentiating followers by sex, however, we expected that male followers would report more than female followers that their leaders use hard tactics more frequently. Also, we expected that female followers would report (more than male followers) that their leaders use soft tactics more frequently. Overall, followers reported that male leaders used significantly more personal appeal and consultation, so called “soft tactics,” with their followers than did female leaders. Female followers reported that their leaders (both male and female) used consultation and inspirational appeal more frequently. In contrast, male followers reported that their leaders used exchange, so called “hard tactics,” more frequently.
Pilot Assessment of Pain of Orthopaedic Patients in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Shuk Fong , Ho Samuel M. Y. , Poon Kam Wa , Ip Arthur , Cheung Ophelia Y. Y.
Published: December 2005

This pilot study examined the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the Chinese version of the Acute Lower Back Pain Screening Questionnaire. A sample of 45 acute low back pain patients (27 men and 18 women; mean age = 47.8) were recruited from the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of the Tuen Mun Hospital in Hong Kong. Three items of the original questionnaire were excluded from the analyses because response was low by 30 of the 45 patients. The questionnaire showed good internal reliability (Cronbach α =.88) and correlated significantly with other test scores: the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (α =.74), the Chinese (Hong Kong) SF-12 Health Survey (Mental subscale, α = −.47; Physical subscale α = −.62), and the Chinese Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Anxiety subscale, α = .42; Depression subscale, α −.43). The questionnaire could be used in research and clinical work to provide data on the multicomponents of a pain experience as well as psychosocial risk factors related to pain among the Chinese. Researchers might examine the course of change in chronic pain.