bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An effective pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann model with extremely large density ratio and adjustable surface tension
Authors: Qin Zhangrong , Zhu Jianfei , Chen Wenbo , Li Chengsheng , Wen Binghai
Published: November 2022

The pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is versatile in modeling multiphase flows since the mesoscopic interaction potential enables it to directly describe the nonideal effect evading the tracking or integrating of phase interface. In this paper, we develop an effective pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann model to simultaneously realize the thermodynamic consistency, the extremely large density ratio, and the adjustable surface tension. Decoupling the mesh space from the momentum space by a scale factor, denser lattice nodes depict the transition region more accurately. The high-precision explicit finite difference method (EFM) further enhances the calculation accuracy of interaction force. The present model is validated to satisfy thermodynamic even at very low temperature, where the liquid–gas density ratio exceeds 1010. The spurious current can be suppressed to a very low level (<0.0007) despite the density ratio reaching tens of thousands. A modified pressure tension is introduced to tune the surface tension free from the influence of the density ratio. The numerical stability of multiphase simulations is significantly improved, and the droplet splashing is successfully reproduced at Reynolds number 25 000, while the density ratio is more than 10 000.
Optimization for energy response characteristics of plastic scintillators based on genetic algorithm
Authors: Li Zhongliang , Pan Ziheng , Hu Guang , Sun Weiqiang , Hu Huasi
Published: November 2022

To address the problem that the energy response of the plastic scintillator detector is very low in the low energy range, this paper proposes a method to optimize the energy response characteristics by combining the CaWO4 energy compensation layer and the genetic algorithm. First, the energy deposition of X/γ rays in a plastic scintillator with a CaWO4 energy compensation layer is modeled and simulated using MCNP software; then, the thickness and hollow radius of the compensation layer are optimized by using genetic algorithm to run this simulation program. The results show that after adding a CaWO4 compensation layer with a thickness of 45 µm and a hollow radius of 1 cm at the front of the plastic scintillator, its energy response characteristics are consistent in the range of 50 keV to 1.5 MeV, which meets the requirement of IEC 61584:2001 for the energy response coefficient less than ±30%. The maximum deviation of the energy response coefficient at the energy point of 0.662 MeV is reduced from 44% to 13%.
A macroscopic and mesoscopic model of Newtonian and non-Newtonian nanofluids with a two-energy equation method
Authors: Kefayati Gholamreza
Published: November 2022

We present an updated comprehensive macroscopic model of nanofluids, considering a revisited local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) condition to study the temperature difference between carrier fluid and nanoparticles. A new relation for thermal conductivity of solid and liquid phases in the LTNE condition is introduced which considers the possible particle aggregation. This model is thermodynamically consistent and covers the non-Newtonian models of nanofluids, including power-law and viscoplastic ones. A mesoscopic scheme based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) which satisfies the presented macroscopic equations is introduced and derived. This investigation is a further development of our recent studies[G. H. R. Kefayati and A. Bassom, “A lattice Boltzmann method for single and two phase models of nanofluids: Newtonian and non-Newtonian nanofluids,” Phys. Fluids 33, 102008 (2021); G. H. R. Kefayati, “A two- and three-dimensional mesoscopic method for an updated non-homogeneous model of Newtonian and non-Newtonian nanofluids,” Phys. Fluids 34, 032003 (2022).] for simulating and analyzing nanofluids by a two-phase model. To assess the present numerical method, it is studied for a benchmark problem of natural convection in a cavity. The dimensional and non-dimensional macroscopic equations for the mentioned benchmark are defined and the implemented non-dimensional relations of LBM are shown. The present approach is verified with the obtained results of the mixture approach and a previous two-phase model, which demonstrated the accuracy of the presented method. The results including the temperature distributions of the solid and fluid phases, the nanoparticles distributions, and fluid flow behavior as well as the yielded/unyielded sections for the viscoplastic nanofluids are shown and discussed for the defined non-dimensional parameters. It was also demonstrated that the previous proposed thermal conductivity model of nanofluids in the LTNE approach generates a significantly different value compared to experimental results, and the current suggested model produces reliable results to the experimental ones.
On the photorelease of nitric oxide by nitrobenzene derivatives: A CASPT2//CASSCF model
Authors: Giussani Angelo , Worth Graham A.
Published: November 2022

Nitroaromatic compounds can photorelease nitric oxide after UV absorption. The efficiency of the photoreaction depends on the molecular structure, and two features have been pointed out as particularly important for the yield of the process: the presence of methyl groups at the ortho position with respect to the nitro group and the degree of conjugation of the molecule. In this paper, we provide a theoretical characterization at the CASPT2//CASSCF (complete active space second-order perturbation theory//complete active space self-consistent field) level of theory of the photorelease of NO for four molecules derived from nitrobenzene through the addition of ortho methyl groups and/or the elongation of the conjugation. Our previously described mechanism obtained for the photorelease of NO in nitrobenzene has been adopted as a model for the process. According to this model, the process proceeds through a reactive singlet–triplet crossing (STC) region that the system can reach from the triplet 3(πOπ*) minimum. The energy barrier that must be surmounted in order to populate the reactive STC can be associated with the efficiency of the photoreaction. Here, the obtained results display clear differences in the efficiency of the photoreaction in the studied systems and can be correlated with experimental results. Thus, the model proves its ability to highlight the differences in the photoreaction efficiency for the nitroaromatic compounds studied here.
Thermodynamics of trans/gauche conformational equilibria and vibrational spectra of 1,2-dihaloethanes in various media
Authors: Katsyuba Sergey A. , Gerasimova Tatiana P.
Published: November 2022

The recently developed efficient protocols to implicit [Grimme et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 125, 4039–4054 (2021)] and explicit quantum mechanical modeling of non-rigid molecules in solution [Katsyuba et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 124, 6664–6670 (2020)] are used to describe conformational equilibria of 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane in various media. Two approaches for evaluation of trans/gauche free energy differences, ΔGt-g, are compared: (a) direct ΔGt-g computation in implicit solution; (b) the use, together with experimental intensities, of infrared absorption coefficients and Raman scattering cross sections computed for each explicitly modeled solution. The same cluster model of a solute surrounded by the first solvation shell of solvent molecules was used to simulate both Raman and IR spectra. The good agreement between the two approaches indicates the reliability of both methods. The importance of using correct absorption coefficients and Raman scattering factors for each medium is discussed. The ΔGt-g estimates from both implicit and explicit solvation simulations were combined with experimentally measured enthalpy differences ΔHt-g available in the literature to obtain condensed-state ΔSt-g estimates.
Kinetic modeling and experiments of a pulsed-bias plasma in a multipole plasma chamber
Authors: Nuwal Nakul , Yamauchi Toyofumi , Sharma Animesh , Levin Deborah A. , Rovey Joshua L.
Published: November 2022

A pulse of electron timescale applied to a planar electrode immersed in a homogeneous plasma in a multipole plasma chamber (MPC) is modeled using a fully kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) approach. In the time-explicit PIC simulations, we observed that the ion-sheath expansion is accompanied by electron timescale harmonic plasma oscillations at the sheath edge that decay after applying the pulse. First, we validate our PIC approach by comparing it with previous analytical and semi-empirical sheath expansion studies. Then, we compare our PIC results with experiments conducted in the MPC where similar electron frequency oscillations were excited when an electron timescale pulse was applied to a flat-conductor plate. In both PIC simulations and experiments, we find that the shape of the applied pulse dictates the amplitude of the sheath edge oscillations. In the PIC simulations, we observe that Landau damping has no discernible effect on these oscillations. However, in the experiments, the presence of a hot electron population results in a higher damping of electron oscillations. In both PIC simulations and experiments, the amplitude of the electron frequency oscillations decreases with the applied pulse width and these oscillations disappear for a linear pulse of a longer timescale of tpulse=1 μs (ωpetpulse=178), in the PIC simulations.
Geometrically driven aggregation of unsymmetrical dielectric particles
Authors: Olaya-Muñoz Daniel A. , Hernández-Ortiz Juan P. , Olvera de la Cruz Monica
Published: November 2022

Understanding electrostatic interactions among dielectric bodies in the atmosphere and aerosols is central to controlling their aggregation. Polarization effects, which are frequently ignored, are crucial to determine interactions when geometrical anisotropies are present due to surface-induced charge segregation. Here, we adopt a direct integral formulation that accounts for the problem of charged dielectric bodies immersed in a continuum media to explore particle aggregation via geometrical tuning. We show that by breaking the structural symmetry and modifying the close-contact surface between particles of equal charge, it is possible to obtain attractive regimes at short and long distances. We evaluate the electrostatic forces and energy of a set of dimers and trimers composed of spheres, oblates, and prolates in a vacuum, where no counter-ions are present, to construct a phase diagram with the conditions required to form stable aggregates as a function of the geometrical anisotropy. We found that it is possible to direct the aggregation (or dispersion) of two and three positive dielectric particles by adjusting their geometry and controlling the contact surface among them. Our results give insight into a way to control the aggregation of dielectric systems and offer a prospect for directing the assembly of complex particle structures.
In-liquid plasma discharge for one-step synthesis of MXene embedded TiO2 thin film on Ti foil as lithium-ion battery anode
Authors: Wu Jie , Yang Maolin , Lu Ping , Wei Kejian , Qu Yao , Zhang Yifan , Li Dejun
Published: November 2022

Herein, we report a robust and efficient approach to build a MXene embedded TiO2 composite thin film in situ on Ti foil via the plasma discharge process in aqueous solution. The plasma electron temperature fluctuates from 4000 K of the initial discharge to 6000 K of the stable discharge, accompanied by frequency variation of the acoustic signal. The fabricated composite film presents a porous morphology with 3D skeletal TiO2/MXene and uniformly distributed SiO2 nano-particles, which guarantees the superior Li storage performance when serves as the Li-ion battery anode. Its specific capacity can stabilize above 2300 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.1 A g−1, together with an excellent rate capability. This work provides a promising route for the one-step synthesis of binder-free oxide anodes without the anfractuous pretreatments or post-treatments.
Protective down-regulated states in the human brain: A possible lesson from COVID-19
Authors: Schiff Nicholas D. , Brown Emery N.
Published: November 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a large population of patients who are slow to recover consciousness following mechanical ventilation and sedation in the intensive care unit. Few clinical scenarios are comparable. Possible exceptions are the rare patients in post-cardiac arrest coma with minimal to no structural brain injuries who recovered cognitive and motor functions after prolonged delays. A common electroencephalogram (EEG) signature seen in these patients is burst suppression [8]. Biophysical modeling has shown that burst suppression is likely a signature of a neurometabolic state that preserves basic cellular function “during states of lowered energy availability.” These states likely act as a brain protective mechanism [9]. Similar EEG patterns are observed in the anoxia resistant painted turtle [24]. We present a conceptual analysis to interpret the brain state of COVID-19 patients suffering prolonged recovery of consciousness. We begin with the Ching model and integrate findings from other clinical scenarios and studies of the anoxia-tolerant physiology of the painted turtle. We postulate that prolonged recovery of consciousness in COVID-19 patients could reflect the effects of modest hypoxic injury to neurons and the unmasking of latent neuroprotective mechanisms in the human brain. This putative protective down-regulated state appears similar to that observed in the painted turtle and suggests new approaches to enhancing coma recovery [12].
Closing the loop between microstructure and charge transport in conjugated polymers by combining microscopy and simulation
Authors: Balhorn Luke , MacPherson Quinn , Bustillo Karen C. , Takacs Christopher J. , Spakowitz Andrew J. , Salleo Alberto
Published: November 2022

A grand challenge in materials science is to identify the impact of molecular composition and structure across a range of length scales on macroscopic properties. We demonstrate a unified experimental–theoretical framework that coordinates experimental measurements of mesoscale structure with molecular-level physical modeling to bridge multiple scales of physical behavior. Here we apply this framework to understand charge transport in a semiconducting polymer. Spatially-resolved nanodiffraction in a transmission electron microscope is combined with a self-consistent framework of the polymer chain statistics to yield a detailed picture of the polymer microstructure ranging from the molecular to device relevant scale. Using these data as inputs for charge transport calculations, the combined multiscale approach highlights the underrepresented role of defects in existing transport models. Short-range transport is shown to be more chaotic than is often pictured, with the drift velocity accounting for a small portion of overall charge motion. Local transport is sensitive to the alignment and geometry of polymer chains. At longer length scales, large domains and gradual grain boundaries funnel charges preferentially to certain regions, creating inhomogeneous charge distributions. While alignment generally improves mobility, these funneling effects negatively impact mobility. The microstructure is modified in silico to explore possible design rules, showing chain stiffness and alignment to be beneficial while local homogeneity has no positive effect. This combined approach creates a flexible and extensible pipeline for analyzing multiscale functional properties and a general strategy for extending the accesible length scales of experimental and theoretical probes by harnessing their combined strengths.
When fertile, women seek status via prestige but not dominance
Authors: Blake Khandis R.
Published: November 2022

Biological predictors of human dominance are hotly contested, with far-reaching implications for psychological sex differences and the placement of men and women in the social hierarchy. Most investigations have focused on dominance in men and testosterone, with diminished attention paid to dominance in women and other biological mechanisms. Investigating biological influences on other routes to status attainment popular among women—such as via prestige in addition to dominance—have also been neglected. Here, I examined whether status seeking via prestige and via dominance covaried with fertility probability in a citizen science project spanning 14 countries and 4 world regions. Across 4,179 observations, participants tracked their menstrual cycle characteristics, motivation for prestige and dominance, dominance contest outcomes, and three domains of self-esteem. Self-esteem is predicted by status within a group and helps individuals navigate social hierarchies. Bayesian mixed models controlling for menstruation indicated that the motivation to obtain status via prestige but not dominance peaked when conception was most likely, as did dominance contest losses and two self-esteem domains. Fertility appears to reorient female psychology toward prestige-based strategies to success, enhancing women’s desire for social capital through influence and admiration but not through fear, coercion, or intimidation. These insights fundamentally advance the understanding of the biological correlates of status seeking among women. They further suggest that fertility motivates not only mating competition but gaining rank and positive regard in social hierarchies.
Information flow, gating, and energetics in dimeric molecular motors
Authors: Takaki Ryota , Mugnai Mauro L. , Thirumalai D.
Published: November 2022

Molecular motors, kinesin and myosin, are dimeric consisting of two linked identical monomeric globular proteins. Fueled by the free energy generated by ATP hydrolysis, they walk on polar tracks (microtubule or filamentous actin) processively, which means that only one head detaches and executes a mechanical step while the other stays bound to the track. One motor head must regulate the chemical state of the other, referred to as “gating”, a concept that is still not fully understood. Inspired by experiments, showing that only a fraction of the energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to advance the kinesin motors against load, we demonstrate that the rest of the energy is associated with chemical transitions in the two heads. The coordinated chemical transitions involve communication between the two heads - a feature that characterizes gating. We develop a general framework, based on information theory and stochastic thermodynamics, and establish that gating could be quantified in terms of information flow between the motor heads. Applications to kinesin-1 and Myosin V show that information flow, with positive cooperativity, at external resistive loads less than a critical value,

F
c

. When force exceeds

F
c

, effective information flow ceases. Interestingly,

F
c

, which is independent of the input energy generated through ATP hydrolysis, coincides with the force at which the probability of backward steps starts to increase. Our findings suggest that transport efficiency is optimal only at forces less than

F
c

, which implies that these motors must operate at low loads under in vivo conditions.
Theory of tip structure–dependent microtubule catastrophes and damage-induced microtubule rescues
Authors: Alexandrova Veronika V. , Anisimov Mikhail N. , Zaitsev Aleksandr V. , Mustyatsa Vadim V. , Popov Vladimir V. , Ataullakhanov Fazoil I. , Gudimchuk Nikita B.
Published: November 2022

Microtubules are essential cytoskeletal polymers that exhibit stochastic switches between tubulin assembly and disassembly. Here, we examine possible mechanisms for these switches, called catastrophes and rescues. We formulate a four-state Monte Carlo model, explicitly considering two biochemical and two conformational states of tubulin, based on a recently conceived view of microtubule assembly with flared ends. The model predicts that high activation energy barriers for lateral tubulin interactions can cause lagging of curled protofilaments, leading to a ragged appearance of the growing tip. Changes in the extent of tip raggedness explain some important but poorly understood features of microtubule catastrophe: weak dependence on tubulin concentration and an increase in its probability over time, known as aging. The model predicts a vanishingly rare frequency of spontaneous rescue unless patches of guanosine triphosphate tubulin are artificially embedded into microtubule lattice. To test our model, we used in vitro reconstitution, designed to minimize artifacts induced by microtubule interaction with nearby surfaces. Microtubules were assembled from seeds overhanging from microfabricated pedestals and thus well separated from the coverslip. This geometry reduced the rescue frequency and the incorporation of tubulins into the microtubule shaft compared with the conventional assay, producing data consistent with the model. Moreover, the rescue positions of microtubules nucleated from coverslip-immobilized seeds displayed a nonexponential distribution, confirming that coverslips can affect microtubule dynamics. Overall, our study establishes a unified theory accounting for microtubule assembly with flared ends, a tip structure–dependent catastrophe frequency, and a microtubule rescue frequency dependent on lattice damage and repair.
Neuropeptide FF indirectly affects testicular morphogenesis and functions in medaka
Authors: Tomihara Soma , Ikegami Kana , Shimomai Rinko , Umatani Chie
Published: November 2022

Testicular morphogenesis and functions are considered to be under the control of neural and endocrine systems. However, the available literature is mainly limited to mammals, and it remains unclear how they are regulated in teleost species. Here, we demonstrated that neuropeptide FF (NPFF) in the brain is responsible for the follicle-stimulating hormone expression in the pituitary, which facilitates the testicular morphogenesis and androgen synthesis, and subsequently contributes to successful spermatogenesis. The present findings give us important insights into the neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms underlying the testicular morphogenesis and functions in teleosts.
Assessing effective radiative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions over the global ocean
Authors: Wall Casey J. , Norris Joel R. , Possner Anna , McCoy Daniel T. , McCoy Isabel L. , Lutsko Nicholas J.
Published: November 2022

How clouds respond to anthropogenic sulfate aerosols is one of the largest sources of uncertainty in the radiative forcing of climate over the industrial era. This uncertainty limits our ability to predict equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS)—the equilibrium global warming following a doubling of atmospheric CO
2
. Here, we use satellite observations to quantify relationships between sulfate aerosols and low-level clouds while carefully controlling for meteorology. We then combine the relationships with estimates of the change in sulfate concentration since about 1850 to constrain the associated radiative forcing. We estimate that the cloud-mediated radiative forcing from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols is

−
1.11
±
0.43

W m
−2
over the global ocean (95% confidence). This constraint implies that ECS is likely between 2.9 and 4.5 K (66% confidence). Our results indicate that aerosol forcing is less uncertain and ECS is probably larger than the ranges proposed by recent climate assessments.
Trends in inequalities in the prevalence of dementia in the United States
Authors: Hudomiet Péter , Hurd Michael D. , Rohwedder Susann
Published: November 2022

This paper presents estimates of the prevalence of dementia in the United States from 2000 to 2016 by age, sex, race and ethnicity, education, and a measure of lifetime earnings, using data on 21,442 individuals aged 65 y and older and 97,629 person-year observations from a nationally representative survey, the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The survey includes a range of cognitive tests, and a subsample underwent clinical assessment for dementia. We developed a longitudinal, latent-variable model of cognitive status, which we estimated using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. This model provides more accurate estimates of dementia prevalence in population subgroups than do previously used methods on the HRS. The age-adjusted prevalence of dementia decreased from 12.2% in 2000 (95% CI, 11.7 to 12.7%) to 8.5% in 2016 (7.9 to 9.1%) in the 65+ population, a statistically significant decline of 3.7 percentage points or 30.1%. Females are more likely to live with dementia, but the sex difference has narrowed. In the male subsample, we found a reduction in inequalities across education, earnings, and racial and ethnic groups; among females, those inequalities also declined, but less strongly. We observed a substantial increase in the level of education between 2000 and 2016 in the sample. This compositional change can explain, in a statistical sense, about 40% of the reduction in dementia prevalence among men and 20% among women, whereas compositional changes in the older population by age, race and ethnicity, and cardiovascular risk factors mattered less.
Dynamics of plosive consonants via imaging, computations, and soft electronics
Authors: Kim Jin-Tae , Ouyang Wei , Hwang Hanul , Jeong Hyoyoung , Kang Soohyeon , Bose Sanjeeb , Kwak Sung Soo , Ni Xiaoyue , Kim Hyeonsu , Park Jaehong , Chen Hope , Soetikno Alan , Kim Joohee , Xu Shuai , Chamorro Leonardo P. , Rogers John A.
Published: November 2022

A quantitative understanding of the coupled dynamics of flow and particles in aerosol and droplet transmission associated with speech remains elusive. Here, we summarize an effort that integrates insights into flow-particle dynamics induced by the production plosive sounds during speech with skin-integrated electronic systems for monitoring the production of these sounds. In particular, we uncover diffusive and ballistic regimes separated by a threshold particle size and characterize the Lagrangian acceleration and pair dispersion. Lagrangian dynamics of the particles in the diffusive regime exhibit features of isotropic turbulence. These fundamental findings highlight the value in skin-interfaced wireless sensors for continuously measuring critical speech patterns in clinical settings, work environments, and the home, based on unique neck biomechanics associated with the generation of plosive sounds. We introduce a wireless, soft device that captures these motions to enable detection of plosive sounds in multiple languages through a convolutional neural network approach. This work spans fundamental flow-particle physics to soft electronic technology, with implications in monitoring and studying critical speech patterns associated with aerosol and droplet transmissions relevant to the spread of infectious diseases.
Satellite mapping of urban built-up heights reveals extreme infrastructure gaps and inequalities in the Global South
Authors: Zhou Yuyu , Li Xuecao , Chen Wei , Meng Lin , Wu Qiusheng , Gong Peng , Seto Karen C.
Published: November 2022

Information on urban built-up infrastructure is essential to understand the role of cities in shaping environmental, economic, and social outcomes. The lack of data on built-up heights over large areas has limited our ability to characterize urban infrastructure and its spatial variations across the world. Here, we developed a global atlas of urban built-up heights circa 2015 at 500-m resolution from the Sentinel-1 Ground Range Detected satellite data. Results show extreme gaps in per capita urban built-up infrastructure in the Global South compared with the global average, and even larger gaps compared with the average levels in the Global North. Per capita urban built-up infrastructures in some countries in the Global North are more than 30 times higher than those in the Global South. The results also show that the built-up infrastructure in 45 countries in the Global North combined, with ∼16% of the global population, is roughly equivalent to that of 114 countries in the Global South, with ∼74% of the global population. The inequality in urban built-up infrastructure, as measured by an inequality index, is large in most countries, but the largest in the Global South compared with the Global North. Our analysis reveals the scale of infrastructure demand in the Global South that is required in order to meet sustainable development goals.
SLC7A8 is a key amino acids supplier for the metabolic programs that sustain homeostasis and activation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Panda Santosh K. , Kim Do-Hyun , Desai Pritesh , Rodrigues Patrick F. , Sudan Raki , Gilfillan Susan , Cella Marina , Van Dyken Steven J. , Colonna Marco
Published: November 2022

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are innate counterparts of T helper 2 (Th2) cells that maintain tissue homeostasis and respond to injuries through rapid interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 secretion. ILC2s depend on availability of arginine and branched-chain amino acids for sustaining cellular fitness, proliferation, and cytokine secretion in both steady state and upon activation. However, the contribution of amino acid transporters to ILC2 functions is not known. Here, we found that ILC2s selectively express
Slc7a8
, encoding a transporter for arginine and large amino acids.
Slc7a8
was expressed in ILC2s in a tissue-specific manner in steady state and was further increased upon activation. Genetic ablation of
Slc7a8
in lymphocytes reduced the frequency of ILC2s, suppressed IL-5 and IL-13 production upon stimulation, and impaired type 2 immune responses to helminth infection. Consistent with this,
Slc7a8-
deficient ILC2s also failed to induce cytokine production and recruit eosinophils in a model of allergic lung inflammation. Mechanistically, reduced amino acid availability due to
Slc7a8
deficiency led to compromised mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, as well as impaired activation of mammalian target of rapamycin and c-Myc signaling pathways. These findings identify
Slc7a8
as a key supplier of amino acids for the metabolic programs underpinning fitness and activation of ILC2s.
Nanocarbon reinforced aluminium matrix (NRAM) composites: Fabrication, structure and properties
Authors: Mondal Subrata , Barik Sougata , Mishra Debi Prasad
Published: November 2022

Recently, there is a significant demand of lightweight materials for advanced engineering applications namely automotive, sports, aerospace, electrical applications, etc. Aluminium or its alloy-based metal matrix nano-composite materials reinforced with various carbon based nanomaterials are considered to be one of the futuristic lightweight materials. Carbon nanomaterials have a few excellent properties which make them ideal nano reinforcing materials for various matrix phases. An attempt has been made in this article to review various carbon nanomaterials reinforced aluminium or its alloy matrix-based nano-composite materials, their fabrication, properties and prospective applications in various fields. This paper has identified a few challenges of the carbon nanomaterials reinforced aluminium matrix nanocomposites which can be undertaken by researchers in future.
Variations in microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted AlSi10Mg alloy with different heat treatments
Authors: Lv Changsheng , Zhang Yuhui , Wang Liquan
Published: November 2022

In the present study, the variations of precipitated phases, microstructure and mechanical properties of different heat treatments were investigated. The main precipitated phases were Al and Si in different heat-treated specimens. The horizontal microstructures of as-deposited and below 280°C annealing appeared the interwoven structures, and the vertical microstructures were fish-scale structures. As the annealing temperatures were higher than 280°C, the interwoven and fish-scale structures disappeared because the Si phase precipitated and coarsen along the boundaries. With regard to the specimen was heat-treated by solution + artificial aging (T6), the strengths increased and ductility decreased, respectively compared with those of specimens at 420°C for 2 h. Moreover, The AlSi10Mg specimen annealing at 280°C for 2 h has excellent strength and ductility. This investigation indicates that the microstructure and mechanical properties of SLM AlSi10Mg alloy be tailored by different heat treatment processes.
Effect of ball-burnishing on surface integrity and fatigue behaviour of 7175-T6 AA
Authors: Ozer Melika , Dalli Kübra , Ozer Alpay
Published: November 2022

The burnishing process was performed using different feed rates, rotational speed and penetration depth parameters to alloy Al 7175-T6. Surface roughness, fatigue life and hardness of the samples were determined. Microstructural examinations of the samples were performed. In the surface roughness measurements, occurred a linear increase in proportion to the increasing feed rate. The increase in the penetration depth affected negatively the surface roughness. Significant increases were acquired in the fatigue life of the burnished samples. The hardness values of the burnishing samples are higher than the hardness value of the base material. The rotational movement of the steel ball during the burnishing process were been caused the aspect ratio of the grains in the microstructure to change.
Human type I IFN deficiency does not impair B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination
Authors: Sokal Aurélien , Bastard Paul , Chappert Pascal , Barba-Spaeth Giovanna , Fourati Slim , Vanderberghe Alexis , Lagouge-Roussey Pauline , Meyts Isabelle , Gervais Adrian , Bouvier-Alias Magali , Azzaoui Imane , Fernández Ignacio , de la Selle Andréa , Zhang Qian , Bizien Lucy , Pellier Isabelle , Linglart Agnès , Rothenbuhler Anya , Marcoux Estelle , Anxionnat Raphael , Cheikh Nathalie , Léger Juliane , Amador-Borrero Blanca , Fouyssac Fanny , Menut Vanessa , Goffard Jean-Christophe , Storey Caroline , Demily Caroline , Mallebranche Coralie , Troya Jesus , Pujol Aurora , Zins Marie , Tiberghien Pierre , Gray Paul E. , McNaughton Peter , Sullivan Anna , Peake Jane , Levy Romain , Languille Laetitia , Rodiguez-Gallego Carlos , Boisson Bertrand , Gallien Sébastien , Neven Bénédicte , Michel Marc , Godeau Bertrand , Abel Laurent , Rey Felix A. , Weill Jean-Claude , Reynaud Claude-Agnès , Tangye Stuart G. , Casanova Jean-Laurent , Mahévas Matthieu
Published: November 2022

Inborn and acquired deficits of type I interferon (IFN) immunity predispose to life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. We longitudinally profiled the B cell response to mRNA vaccination in SARS-CoV-2 naive patients with inherited TLR7, IRF7, or IFNAR1 deficiency, as well as young patients with autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs due to autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1 (APS-1) and older individuals with age-associated autoantibodies to type I IFNs. The receptor-binding domain spike protein (RBD)–specific memory B cell response in all patients was quantitatively and qualitatively similar to healthy donors. Sustained germinal center responses led to accumulation of somatic hypermutations in immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. The amplitude and duration of, and viral neutralization by, RBD-specific IgG serological response were also largely unaffected by TLR7, IRF7, or IFNAR1 deficiencies up to 7 mo after vaccination in all patients. These results suggest that induction of type I IFN is not required for efficient generation of a humoral response against SARS-CoV-2 by mRNA vaccines.
Anomalous Hall effect in topological Weyl and nodal-line semimetal Heusler compound Co2VAl
Authors: Chatterjee Sudipta , Sau Jyotirmay , Ghosh Subrata , Samanta Saheli , Ghosh Barnali , Kumar Manoranjan , Mandal Kalyan
Published: November 2022

Magnetic topological semimetals (TSMs) with broken time-reversal symmetry are very rare and have drawn significant attention in condensed matter physics due to their numerous intriguing topological properties. Among these various magnetic TSMs, Co2-based full Heusler compounds are of current interest, since a few of these materials exhibit Weyl and nodal fermions in their topological band structure. In this work, we report a comprehensive study of anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in the ferromagnetic full Heusler compound Co2VAl. Recent studies indicate that the intrinsic AHE is closely related to the Berry curvature of the occupied electronic Bloch states. The present study of Co2VAl attempts to understand and explore the possibility of topology-induced AHE. The anomalous Hall resistivity

ρ

x
y

A

is observed to scale quadratically with the longitudinal resistivity ρ

xx
. Our experimental results also reveal that the anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC) is ∼85 cm−1 at 2 K with an intrinsic contribution of ∼75.6 S cm−1, and is nearly insensitive to temperature. The first principle calculations note that the Berry curvature originated from a gapped nodal line and symmetry-protected Weyl nodes near the Fermi level (

E

F

) is the main source of AHE in this compound. Thus, this investigation on Co2VAl discloses that it is a ferromagnetic Weyl and nodal-line TSM. The theoretically calculated AHC is in well agreement with the experimentally obtained AHC.
Assessment and clinical management of internal contamination
Authors: Dainiak Nicholas , Albanese Joseph
Published: November 2022

Internal contamination by radionuclides may occur through inhalation, ingestion and absorption through the skin or subcutaneous tissue. The clinical management of internalized radionuclides requires the integration of clinical signs and symptoms with dose estimates in biological tissues obtained from the face, nose, sputum, urine, faeces and/or skin. The assessment of ingested radionuclides includes bioassays of urine and faeces, and if available, whole body counting for radionuclides that emit penetrating x-rays or gamma-rays. An estimate of intake dose may be made at the time of initial patient evaluation by measuring radioactivity, converting counts/minute to depositions/minute with a specific gamma-ray constant, and comparing the amount to its annual limit on intake, clinical decision guide or derived reference level. Since nobody dies from internal contamination per se, medically unstable patients should be stabilized before addressing internal contamination. Whenever possible, internal contaminants should be physically removed as soon as possible after exposure. For inhaled internal contaminants, radionuclide-specific therapy may include the administration of an ion exchange resin (i.e. Prussian blue, PB) or chelating agent (i.e. diethylenetriamine pentaacetate, DTPA, that binds to radioactive plutonium, americium, and curium), or the physical removal of insoluble particles with a high activity radionuclide (192Ir, 90Sr, 210Po) by bronchioalveolar lavage. Decorporation with PB, DTPA and other agents is used to enhance excretion. The treatment of wounds contaminated with an actinide includes gentle irrigation, surgical excision of contaminated tissue and DTPA. The averted dose (i.e. the total effective dose averted by therapy) may be calculated for each exposure route.
CsPbI3/N-GQDs dual layer phosphor-converted white-LEDs with ultrahigh luminous efficiency and color rendering index
Authors: Dey Tamal , Ghorai Arup , Das Soumen , Ray Samit K
Published: November 2022

Phosphor-converted LEDs or pc-LEDs, as a solid-state lighting source, are attractive for next-generation display technologies because of their energy savings, and green environmentally friendly nature. Recently, white LEDs are being produced commercially by coating blue LED (440–470 nm) chips with various yellow-emitting phosphors. However, the LEDs produced by this technique often exhibit high correlated color temperature (CCT) and low color rendering index (CRI) values, due to sufficient red spectral components not being present, and thus aren’t suitable for commercial grade white illumination. To circumvent this drawback, our work reports for the first time the use of blue and green-emitting nitrogen-functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) coupled with red-emitting CsPbI3 NCs for phosphor-based LED applications. We deployed near-UV to visible excitable red-emitting perovskite CsPbI3 nanocrystals which contribute toward the red spectral component, thus greatly improving the CRI of the LEDs. CsPbI3 nanocrystals are optically excited by nitrogen-functionalized GQD with blue and green emissions in a remote double-layer phosphor stack technique. This double phosphor layer stacking greatly improves both the CRI and luminous efficiency of radiation (LER), which usually has a trade-off in previously reported phosphor stacks. A CCT of ∼5182 K providing daylight white tonality, with superior CRI (∼90%) and ultrahigh LER (∼250 lumens/watt) are reported, which are significantly higher than the established benchmarks.
Solutions to a nonlinear Dirac–Maxwell system: from periodic waves to soliton-like waves
Authors: Pan Chen , Yanheng Ding , Hua-Yang Wang
Published: November 2022

Using variational methods, we study the existence of stationary solutions to a periodic nonlinear Dirac–Maxwell system. Firstly, we prove the existence of n-periodic solutions to the system for all positive integers n. Then we use the concentration-compactness argument and the periodic approximation method for obtaining soliton-like solutions. We also investigate the existence of periodic ground states and soliton-like ground states, as well as their connection. Besides, results for the regularity of solutions and decay rate of the soliton-like solutions are given.
Simple demonstration of Ampere’s law
Authors: Kekule Tomáš
Published: November 2022

Demonstrating some physical principles of university physics is not always easy. The idea of a simple demonstration of Ampere’s law is presented. The induction of the magnetic field around the closed path is ‘made visible’ by measuring the voltage induced in the winding surrounding the path.
Arcs on speedskating straightaways: forces, energy and angular momentum
Authors: Nässén Nina , Nässén Hans-Åke , Pendrill Ann-Marie
Published: November 2022

The 10 000 m speedskating event during the 2022 winter Olympics brought a new world record at 12 min and 30.74 s. In a document released after the competitions, the gold medalist Nils van der Poel describes his technique, including a focus on horizontal forces and a rapid sideways motion in connection with stride changes on the straight sections of the track (the ‘straightaways’). Based on a video of the race, together with his written description, we suggest that van der Poel makes use of the properties of angular momentum to increase his speed during a stride by a rapid inwards shift of the centre of mass.
Evolution of positive streamers in air over non-planar dielectrics: experiments and simulations
Authors: Meyer H K H , Marskar R , Mauseth F
Published: November 2022

We study positive streamers in air propagating along polycarbonate dielectric plates with and without small-scale surface profiles. The streamer development was documented using light-sensitive high-speed cameras and a photo-multiplier tube, and the experimental results were compared with 2D fluid streamer simulations. Two profiles were tested, one with 0.5 mm deep semi-circular corrugations and one with 0.5 mm deep rectangular corrugations. A non-profiled surface was used as a reference. Both experiments and simulations show that the surface profiles lead to significantly slower surface streamers, and also reduce their length. The rectangular-cut profile obstructs the surface streamer more than the semi-circular profile. We find quantitative agreement between simulations and experiments. For the surface with rectangular grooves, the simulations also reveal a complex propagation mechanism where new positive streamers re-ignite inside the surface profile corrugations. The results are of importance for technological applications involving streamers and solid dielectrics.
A novel image encryption scheme based on compressive sensing, elliptic curves and a new jerk oscillator with multistability
Authors: Gakam Tegue G A , Nkapkop J D D , Tsafack N , Abdel M A , Kengne J , Ahmad M , Jiang D , Effa J Y , Tamba J G
Published: November 2022

Compression and encryption are the two main steps generally used to ensure fast and secure transmission of digital images over public communication channels. Among the existing crypto compression approaches, those based on compressive sensing and chaotic systems possess good potential. Unfortunately, the present literature presents some limits including speed issue, security issue and reconstruction problem. These problems are mainly due to the poor performances of the measurement matrix exploited. Note that in some cases these measurement matrices are obtained from chaotic sequences with very poor dynamics. To solve this problem, we proposed in this paper, a novel image encryption scheme based on 2D compressive sensing, elliptic curves and a new septic jerk oscillator with multistability. The proposed scheme adopts the compression before encryption topology to reduce the processing time and is divided into two main parts. The first part concerns image compression using compressive sensing. The input image data is divided into 4 blocks. Then, each block is compressed using 2D compressing sensing based on the measurements matrices generated using chaotic sequences coming from the novel septic jerk system. Next, the compressed blocks are combined to form the compressed image. In the second part, to strengthen the security, elliptic curve theory is used to construct a simple and secure

8
×
8

S-box for digital image substitution. This S-box is combined with the septic chaotic solutions to change the pixel’s positions and values of the compressed image. The analysis of simulation test indicates that the proposed cipher has good compression effect, good reconstruction capability even for low compression ratio, is fast and highly secure compared to some recent schemes. As such the proposed work can be exploited to compress and secure data in Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications.
A color image encryption based on chaotic system and PSO-BP neural network and DNA mutation
Authors: Chu Ran , Zhang Shufang
Published: November 2022

A color image encryption based on the chaotic system, PSO-BP neural network and DNA mutation is proposed in this paper. Firstly, chaotic characteristics of the non-autonomous laser system are analyzed by phase diagram, Lyapunov exponent, and bifurcation diagram. Secondly, the hash value calculated by SHA-256 algorithm is used to change the initial conditions of chaotic system and generate chaotic sequence. Then, the color image is compressed by the back-propagation neural network based on particle swarm optimization. Based on dynamic encoding and decoding rules, image confusion and diffusion and DNA mutation are designed. Finally, experiments verify that the scheme can compress and encrypt color images, save transmission cost and improve the security performance, which is beneficial to the efficient transmission.
High-sensitive refractive index sensing and excellent slow light based on tunable triple plasmon-induced transparency in monolayer graphene based metamaterial
Authors: Zhou Xianwen , Xu Yiping , Li Yuhui , Cheng Shubo , Yi Zao , Xiao Guohui , Wang Ziyi , Chen Zhanyu
Published: November 2022

A patterned monolayer graphene metamaterial structure consisting of six graphene blocks and two graphene strips is proposed to generate triple plasmon-induced transparency (PIT). Triple-PIT can be effectively modulated by Fermi levels of graphene. The theoretically calculated results by coupled mode theory show a high matching degree with the numerically simulated results by finite-difference time-domain. Intriguingly, the high-sensitive refractive index sensing and excellent slow-light performance can be realized in the proposed graphene metamaterial structure. The sensitivity (S) and figure of merit can reach up to 5.7115 THz RIU−1 and 116.32, respectively. Moreover, the maximum group refractive index is 1036. Hence, these results may provide a new idea for designing graphene-based sensors and slow light devices.