bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
USE OF FLEXIBLE FORMS OF EMPLOYMENT IN CHOSEN COUNTRIES OF EUROPEAN UNION DURING THE YEARS 2007-2011
Authors: Zieliński Mariusz
Published: November 2022

The article analyses the main trends on the labor market in Poland and other chosen countries in European Union. The research problem has been formulated as follows: economic crisis have an major influence on changes in level and structure of employment. The theoretical part of the article presents characteristics changes on the labor market from point of view of influence of prosperity conditions on flexible forms of employment. The practical part of the article is based on method of statistical analysis. Statistical analysis embraces changes in level and structure of employment, especially level of part-time employed, temporary employed, self-employed. Statistical data show that economic crisis in European Union caused fall in level of employment, increase in level of part-time employment and fall in level of temporary employment and self-employed.
FORMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EMPLOYING OF DRIVERS IN ROAD TRANSPORT
Authors: Niewiadomski Paweł
Published: November 2022

A candidate for the position of the driver is required to meet a number of formal requirements when applying for a job. First, it must complete the appropriate prescribed statutory age, which in the case of drivers employed for the transport of persons or goods by road has increased by three years compared to other drivers. Second, it must obtain a driving license in the category, which will entitle him to drive. Getting a driving license category for the carriage of passengers or goods by road, requires far more skill than getting a standard driving license category B. Thirdly, the candidate for the position of the driver must undergo a mandatory qualification course and also occasionally participate in periodic training, the positive completion entitles you to continue to work as a driver. Fourth, the candidate must pass a series of compulsory health tests and psychological, which scope is much broader than the scope of research which are subject to “ordinary “ employees. Author in the article describes and analyzes in detail legal requirements for candidates who want to work as a drivers in road transport.
EMPLOYEE CLAIMS AIMING HOLDING OR RECOVERING THE EMPLOYMENT ARE ENTITLEMENTS MOST OFTEN CHOSEN BY EMPLOYEES IN CASE OF UNLAWFUL TERMINATION BY THE EMPLOYER OF THE EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT
Authors: Klonowska Magdalena
Published: November 2022

Employees often pursue claims aiming holding or recovering employing in case of unlawful termination of employment contract of indefinite duration or in case of terminate the contract immediately. Employees more often demand reinstatement for the work than compensations because reinstating causes the reactivation of the same employment on principles applying at the time of terminations of an employment contract. However, there are situations when claims efforts to maintain or recover the employment are impossible or pointless, for examplez: conflict with the employer, loss of trust between the parties of the employment, the bad economic situation of the employer or also other causes which are making it impossible to continue employing the employee on the same position. In such cases, employees should remember that they are entitled to an alternative claim – to obtain compensation from the employer.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG STUDENTS AND GRADUATES IN SILESIA VOIVODESHIP
Authors: Żurek Marzena
Published: November 2022

The purpose of this paper is to answer the question of whether young people, students and university graduates in Silesia are enterprising, and if so, to what extent. The paper drew attention to the knowledge of projects supporting the development of entrepreneurship and participation the respondents in these projects. Also presented definitions of entrepreneurship, characteristics of entrepreneurial and the barriers and opportunities for the development of entrepreneurship.
INSTITUTIONAL-SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROVIDERS OF ACCOMMODATION AND CATERING SERVICES IN THE SELECTED DISTRICTS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN POLAND
Authors: Kuźmicki Marek , Szepeluk Adam
Published: November 2022

The aim of the study is to determine the feasibility of development of accommodation facilities and gastronomic establishments and catering points operating in the north-eastern Poland, resulting from institutional and systemic solutions existing in the country. From the perspective of the traders in the market of accommodation and catering the most burdensome part of the institutional environment-system is currently the tax system. In this area, the legislative branch should make a change which in consequence will improve the cost-effectiveness of conducting economic activity. Availability of capital depending on the conditions offered by financial institutions has been identified as a more favourable factor for the development of studied subjects than the right policy at the level of central and local government, as well as the active promotion of communes and districts. Highly rated element of institutional and systemic environment are EU support programs.
STRATEGIC ALLIANCES IN POLAND – USE OF OPPORTUNITIES OR MISSED CHANCES
Authors: Janusik Stefan
Published: November 2022

This paper is focused on genesis of strategic alliances and its historical changes. Next, idea of external development through strategic alliances with division into its basic types were described. Finally, historical cases of alliances of polish companies were analyzed.
PRODUCT ECOINNOVATION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT
Authors: Kurzak Anna
Published: November 2022

Sustainable development means that economic growth leads to increased social cohesion (or care for the whole of society and quality of life) and also improves the quality of the environment, through, inter alia, limiting the harmful effects of production and consumption in the state of nature and protecting its resources. The dynamic development of the economy caused that very many walks of life came out to meet the expectations of society. So it happened in the case of marketing, which today takes on the characteristics of sustainability. One of its components, sustainable product affects, among others, on the environment, which improves the existence of society. In this article the author will analyze environmental produced by the product, which in fact is beneficial to the environment. Its production and use have less negative impact on people and the environment from the goods of not having the characteristics of sustainability. The base of development has become a query literature, direct observation, gravity issues and analysis of source materials relating to the company in question.
NEW SOCIAL ECONOMY - USE CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL AND CREATING CLUSTERS SOCIAL ECONOMY
Authors: Skoczek Regina
Published: November 2022

One of the key items of modern social economy is integration of excluded groups as well as forms of support and consolidation of this sector. The paper under presentation discusses synthetically some questions, viz. a comparison made between old and modern social economy, discerning a chance for social economy entities, in particular, in social cooperatives due to appropriate legal provisions regarding social clauses and through establishing social economy clusters which not only may contribute to the development of the third sector but also to improve social awareness in this field, since both those forms combine social and economic objectives.
THE EMPLOYERS’REQUIREMENTS AT THE STAGE OF ADVERTISEMENT FOR A JOB IN THE LOGISTICS DEPARTMENT
Authors: Żuchowski Ireneusz , Suska Wioletta
Published: November 2022

The article discusses the results of research on the requirements formulated by employers in job advertisements. There were analyzed 100 job advertisements for positions in the logistics industry. Studies have shown that employers already at the stage of notice formulate a number of requirements including detailed needs.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF TELEWORK USE IN THE SMALL BUSINESS SECTOR OF THE WARMIA AND MAZURY REGION
Authors: Szamrowski Piotr , Pawlewicz Adam
Published: November 2022

In this article the main attention focused on the analysis of the results of research on teleworking, taking into account the possibilities offered by this form of work for businesses and the advantages of its use in the opinion of the employees. The results show that home based teleworkers see many benefits of this form of employment. As main advantages indicated the possibility of saving the time needed to commute to work and reduced working time. At the same time the vast majority of them want to further continuity of employment in this form. Unfortunately, from the emplyer point of view the perspectives of development of telework in the surveyed enterprises are small. It consists of a number of factors of which the lack of control over the employee and complex legislation on home based telework are the most important. A majority of employers do not intend, therefore, to expand the scale of the use of telework in the future. This situation should be judged negatively because, as shown by numerous scientific studies from other research centers its use increases the effectiveness of the work, and thus contribute to improving the competitiveness of the company
TENDENCIES OF CHANGES IN LEVEL OF USE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION MENAS
Authors: Mickiewicz Bartosz
Published: November 2022

The paper presents level of use of chosen production means on example of mineral fertilizers, natural ones, pesticides and pasture. The way of use of production means was regulated by European and domestic law. In Poland the level of total use of nitrogenous only in small percentage exceeded 50% of European standards which have been fixed on level of 170 kg/ha. The research shows the efficiency of fertilizers use was limited by high level of acid soil. The level of use of calcium fertilizer was decreased a lot and reached 30% of calcium amount used in the end of 90’s.In the country there was fully introduced directive about purchase, trade, labelling and use of pesticides.
STRATEGIES OF MARKETING TRADE ENTERPRISES – SURVEY RESULTS
Authors: Rawski Marek
Published: November 2022

The publication contains selected of the research on the marketing strategies used by trades companies opereating of the Polish market. The basis for the formulated theses are the results of a survey conducted by the Department of Marketing at the University of Economics in 2013, on a sample of small and medium-sized and large enterprises. The dominant strategy of market selection are selective marketing. The dominant strategy of market simulation are strategy of high-quality. The author also stresses a significant variation of the strategies used, depending on specific characteristics of a market a given company operates on and features of that company.
FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT OF HOLDINGS ENGAGED IN OILSEED RAPE PRODUCTION IN THE OPINION OF THEIR OWNERS
Authors: Bełdycka-Bórawska Aneta
Published: November 2022

The aim of the study was to investigate and evaluate the development factors of farms engaged in oilseed rape production. The study used primary data from studies conducted its own in 2014 on a group of 73 households selected in a targeted manner. The study divided community because of the surface rape for the following groups: up to 10 hectares (20 households), 11-20 hectares (20 households), 21-30 hectares (13 households), 31-40 hectares (9 farms) and the area. 40 hectares (11 households). The study used survey method using a questionnaire interview. The research shows that in the development of farms engaged in the growing of rape the important meaning have EU policies for biofuels and the possibility of the use of funds under the RDP. The research shows that the most important opportunity are low-interest loans and funds from the EU. Among the barriers to farmers in the largest number of cases is a high demand for land and a small supply of land, which is strongly linked with the cultivation of oilseed rape.
CHANGES IN THE COLLECTIVE HEGEMONY OF STATE-POWERS AND TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN THE BEGINNING OF XXI CENTURY
Authors: Staszczak Dariusz Eligiusz
Published: November 2022

This paper bases on the idea of the global collective hegemony of state-powers and transnational corporations that stabilizes the economic and political world system Author stresses changes of this hegemony in the beginning of XXI century because of a relative drop of the economic position of the United States, Great Britain, France and Japan and because of the growth of the economic position and political power of China and Germany. Moreover, an increase of global importance of transnational corporations gives them opportunities to influence on the state politics.
ROLE AND MEANING OF AFFORESTATION POLICY IN PROCESS OF RURAL AREAS CREATION
Authors: Mickiewicz Bartosz , Pilvere Irina
Published: November 2022

The study characterized the new action of afforestation of agricultural land in RDP 2014-2020, which are depicted in the background of previous programming periods. It is a long-term activity because afforestation of agricultural land was implemented in the RDP 2004-2006 and RDP 2007-2013. The RDP 2004-2006 afforestation action was foreseen to cover 47.0 thousand. ha, in fact, it was made on 39.7 thousand. ha (84.5%), which represented 0.22% of agricultural land. On the afforestation of agricultural land there was provided financial support of € 91.7 million, including an EU contribution at 73.3 million euro (80%). In fact financial assistance was made in the amount of 384.5 million zł (96 million euro), realizing the proposals submitted by 28.5 thousand. beneficiaries. On average, per application it accounted for 13.5 thous. zł. In the next financial perspective 2007-2013 RDP for action related to afforestation there was planned to spend more than 2.0 billion zł (513.5 million euros), while payment execution was at the level of 553.6 million zł (26.9%). In the RDP 2014-2020 the rate of payments related to afforestation has been set at 300.9 million euros, including 191.4 million (63.63%) from the EAFRD and 108.7 million euros (36.37%) from the state budget. Comparing to the total amount of support that is provided on the RDP for 2014-2020 of EUR 13 513.3 million, financial instruments for afforestation and the creation of green areas represent 2.2%.
THE DEMOGRAPHY OF POLISH COUNTRY IN THE PERIOD OF 1989 – 2013
Authors: Kowgier Henryk
Published: November 2022

The aim of the study was to investigate and evaluate the development factors of demography of Polish country in the period of 1989-2013. In article statistical analysis was showed relating structure of demography of Polish country. Under the examination period concerns of constitutional transformation in Poland. Appropriate conclusions finish work.
INFLUENCE OF HUMAN CAPITAL QUALITY ON THE PROCESS OF AGRICULTURAL FARM MODERNIZATION
Authors: Brodzińska Katarzyna
Published: November 2022

The objective of this study is assessing the influence that human capital quality, has on the agricultural farm modernization process. The study was conducted amongst 62 owners of farmlands. The choice of control group was deliberate. The group comprised of farmers, who in last 5 years have had their farms modernized, or have been getting financial support given under CAP. The study has shown that vocational qualifications majorly influence their willingness to use subsidies, provided by EU and accordingly, the agricultural farm modernization process. What differentiated the study group from other polish farmers, was their level of formal education, as well as possessed agricultural qualifications. The group’s farmers were also relatively young people. As much as 84% of respondents are farmers not older than 45. As part of the investment, they have been purchasing more efficient agricultural equipment. These investments with no doubt, will prove effective in improving economic situation of these farms, and will strengthen their position on market.
SOCIAL CAPITAL AS ONE OF DETERMINANTS IN MANAGING LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Będzik Beata , Brelik Agnieszka
Published: November 2022

The process of local development should be non-accidental, or just controlled, but to deepening the processes of globalization and integration requires deliberate action, even programming the next steps, operations, and selection of appropriate instruments. This is the domain of local development management, whose effectiveness requires a careful analysis of local potential and adequate selection of tools that encourage this development. The more difficult is the task of the communities that can not benefit from the attractive location and values cherished in tourism. In such communities, management should focus on endogenous resources and support the creation of social capital through which access to other capital generating local development is easier, and their efficiency higher. The purpose of this article is to present the evolution of the understanding of local development and advance the development of tools and tangible hard towards irrational and soft local development management tools . It is argued that changes in local development tools leads to a conclusion that a key determinant of soft factors in the management of local development is social capital .
QUALITY OF BANKING SERVICES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE POLISH CUSTOMERS
Authors: Rudzewicz Adam
Published: November 2022

Each bank or any other company that wants to maintain a certain position on the market must find ways to convince the customer that only their services or goods are competitive. The key to success is to maintain the best quality of service. The main aim of this article is to characterize the quality of banking services on the Polish market. Data sources are the research and reports of many institutions connected with the banking sector. The best information technology in the bank, duly complied with prudential standards if sizable equity would have meant much less if the whole organism bank will not be set to promoting the quality and it will not be strategy focusing on its achievement. High maintenance costs and unfavorable customer interest, both deposits and loans -, according to customers are weaknesses of Polish banking. On the other hand, the main strengths of banks Poles include security, financial stability, and a large variety of offers. The studies many institutions confirm good results Polish banks in the dimension of trust and reputation. 87% of respondents claim that the choice of the bank was a good choice for them. Nine out of ten customers of the banks replied that in the past five years has not changed its bank. Services provided by banks in Poland are highly rated.
A GEOINFORMATIC ASSESSMENT OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DIVERSITY OF POLAND, BASED ON DATA FROM THE STATE REGISTER OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, SERVING AS THE BASIS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF AREAS OF TOURIST ATTRACTION
Authors: Lewandowicz Elżbieta , Witkowska-Dąbrowska Mirosława
Published: November 2022

The research aim was to distinguish areas characterised by different degrees of saturation with geographical objects identified as ones that determine landscape tourism values in Poland. The research was based on a spatial analysis of database created by the State Register of Geographical Names (Państwowy Rejestr Nazw Geograficznych), made available by the Main Geodetic and Cartographic Centre in Poland (Centralny Ośrodek Dokumentacji Geodezyjnej i Kartograficznej). The developed cartographic documentation of Poland reveals the country’s geographical diversity, thus implicating the varied potential of individual areas for tourism. The results of our analyses of the density of occurrence of non-standardised geographical names point to specific local values of areas located in eastern Poland, which deserve more detailed analysis and description. The method suggested herein for assessment of tourist attraction values can serve to distinguish areas attractive to tourists and to promote attributes which are known only locally.
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF TAXES AND REAL ESTATE LOCAL FEES IN REVENUE OWN MUNICIPALITY JEZIORANY AND DOBRE MIASTO
Authors: Manuel de Jesus Ilisio
Published: November 2022

Revenues from local taxes and fees on real estates are one of the basic components of revenue-own source in the budgets of municipalities in Poland. Their amounts have a very large impact on the municipal budget. This study characterized the notion of the community and principle functions, and described the concept of the budget and its components. Also, the aim of the study, spatial and substantial aspects, time and development, and presentation of research results are described. The areas of the research are characterized and the results are presented in the table. The total income compared with municipalities own revenues, as well as the share of own revenues in total income, the structure of total income and the share of revenues from property tax revenue of their own are presented. The research has shown that municipalities own revenues are a very important source of funding. The share of own revenues in total income in the municipality of  Dobre Miasto ranged from 40-50%, while it represented 27-33%  in the municipality of Jeziorany. Furthermore, the share of income from real estate taxes on their income in the municipality of Dobre Miasto and Jeziorany ranged from 27-29% and 17-22%, respectively. Revenues from property tax are an important resource of the municipal income.
THE PROJECT AS A TOOL TO BUILD COOPERATION BETWEEN SCHOOLS ON THE EXAMPLE OF SELECTED PRIMARY SCHOOL - CASE STUDY
Authors: Tomkiewicz Kamil
Published: November 2022

The object of the study was the Primary School in Marklowice Górne. The aim of the study was to definition the quantity and quality the interschool contacts in Primary School in Marklowice Górne. The research questions was as follows: How does Primary School in Markowice Górne organizes its interschool contacts with other schools? The research was conducted between September 2014 - June 2015. The collected research material allowed to answer the research question. The study confirmed the main thesis. The Primary School in Markowice Górne participates in diverse scope of projects on local and international levels. Students and teachers have shown great commitment to building and strengthening the cooperation between schools.
EFFECT OF THE PROGRAMME MODERNIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL FARM TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN PODLASKIE VOIVODESHIP IN 2007-2013 YEARS
Authors: Borusiewicz Andrzej , Zalewski Krzysztof , Drożyner Paulina
Published: November 2022

The purpose of the research was the analyses of EU funding of the modernization of farms in Podlaskie Voivodeship. The study proved that in the years 2007-2013 marked degree to raise, modernized farms. Built and modernized over 45 thousand m2 farm features nearly 550 thousand m2 of agricultural infrastructure and purchased more than 162 thousand pieces of equipment farmyard. The investments implemented under the measure Modernization of agricultural holdings were mainly to increase the scale of production, improvement of farming and animal breeding and to increase farmers awareness of safe and health work. It was found that EU aid has significantly contributed to improving the structure of farms in Podlaskie Voivodeship.
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES ON VILLAGES OF THE MAZOVIAN PROVINCE IN 2004-2015
Authors: Hornowski Andrzej
Published: November 2022

The article presents the changes in the economic, social and organizational which took place in a typical villages with four randomly selected communes of the Mazovian province since the accession to the European Union by the end of 2015. In the last decade the Polish agricultural sector has made great progressive increase in the number and value of production and the decline in the number of farms. In the surveyed villages, together with the implementation of EU programs increased activity of farmers investing in their own farm.The main direction in the period surveyed in villages were investments in tractors and agricultural machinery and equipment. In the future, if the vision and mechanisms do not change it is possible to be expected to further increase the acreage of farms, which will lead to greater migration of people from rural areas in search of livelihood.
ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS IN ECOLOGICAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES
Authors: Paluch Łukasz , Płonka Aleksandra
Published: November 2022

The paper attempts to identify and assessment of knowledge of the local communities on the perceptron of ideas and principles of sustainable growth, especially in relation to environmentally sensitive areas. An interview questionnaire was the tool used to acquire information and empirical data, with a set of questions divided into categories. A survey with the use of the questionnaire was conducted among 400 respondents representing four local population groups. The geographic range of the research project covered four communes located in Małopolskie Voivodeship, namely: Krynica Zdrój, Łabowa, Muszyna and Piwniczna Zdrój. The studies carried out during 2014-2015 and analysis of their results constitute one of the stages that provide grounds for attempting at development of a logistics management model based on the objectives and rules of sustainable development that would serve the purpose of mitigating existing and future social issues or conflicts between socio-economic growth and environmental protection in environmentally sensitive areas.
YOUNG CONSUMERS BEHAVIOR ON THE MARKET OF POTATO CHIPS
Authors: Garbowska Bożena , Radzymińska Monika , Mozolewski Wacław
Published: November 2022

The article presents the results of quantitative research on the behavior of young consumers on the potato chips market. The subject of research were junior high school students (grades first, second and third),of the Province of Warmia and Mazury. The study involved 955 respondents from 15 schools.

I was concluded that the chips were a popular snack and purchased by more than 90% of secondary school students. It was found that students in village junior high schools buy chips more often compared to young people in cities. These products are purchased in supermarkets, discount stores, small shops and stores rural residential. For 26% of respondents, mainly young people living in a village, school is still place of chips consumption. The most important factors determining the purchase of chips are sequentially taste, package size and price.
CHANGING DATA PATTERNS IN CERTAIN ASPECTS OF ROAD TRANSPORT IN POLAND AND TURKEY
Authors: Michalcewicz-Kaniowska Małgorzata , Zajdel Małgorzata
Published: November 2022

The article features several aspects of road transport in Poland and Turkey. The study involved comparing data obtained from statistical offices in both countries (GUS - Główny Urząd Statystyczny in Poland, and the TUIK - Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu in Turkey). The following facets were analysed: vehicle numbers, road structure and length, and the number of passenger-kilometres. The data included the period from 2003 to 2013. The authors also attempted to provide future estimates. The fixed-base and variable-base indicators were defined, as well as the trend function, which illustrates the changes in the studied phenomenon. The research proved that road transport is the most important means of passenger transport in both countries. It is considerably more popular, and is developing more rapidly in Turkey, which is illustrated by the growing number of newly registered buses and coaches. The researchers also studied road infrastructure and determined that main roads are 4.66% of all roads in Poland and 8.06% in Turkey.
THE IMPORTANCE OF A SUSTAINABLE AND SMART GROWTH ECONOMY IN TOURISM
Authors: Roman Michał
Published: November 2022

The article aims to present the essence of sustainable and smart growth tourism. Smart and sustainable tourist industry may contribute to: improvement in the economic, territorial and social coherence of Poland, a rise in workforce qualifications, introduction of innovative services and use of modern management tools, rational adaptation and use of urban, rural and forested areas for tourism, an increase in social involvement and employment as well as co-operation between businesses, improvement in competitiveness of domestic tourism companies and services they provide (offers, tourist products).
WOMEN IN IT AS A KNOWLEDGE WORKERS
Authors: Woźniak Jacek
Published: November 2022

IT workers are professional group with high importance for economy, however dominated by men. The article presents discussions about women usefulness in this profession treated as one of the knowledge professions. Based on questionnaire study of opinion of 74 young female IT workers about their reason for choosing this profession, competencies they have, discrimination thy observed and career plans the issue of discrimination in Polish IT sector are discussed. The results show that 40% of respondents have some relatives in IT profession, and that they do not perceived strong discrimination in their professional life, with one important exception – their peers do not acknowledge their professional success and endower. Discussion of these perception are presented and some recommendation formulated, as well as future research agenda.
HUMAN CAPITAL - STRATEGIC ASPECT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Kwiecień Anna
Published: November 2022

The aim of the given paper is to identify human capital as an important factor determining sustainable development of the European Union including an influence of political and economic background on the growing importance of human resources and human knowledge in Poland as well as in the whole European Union. Therefore, the article presents crucial notion as sustainable development, features of modern economy and characteristics of human capital; the article points also at political and economic conditions which reinforce the role of human capital nowadays. 

The article shows that the concept of sustainable development is related to the concept of knowledge based economy. It has been believed that only a reasonable attitude towards economy which is based on information and knowledge can cause sustainable development and that human capital is the element which is visible and which joins development processes and which influences all its levels.
THE IDEA OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NATIONAL PERFORMANCES BY PARTICIPANTS OF EXPO 2015
Authors: Gębarowski Marcin
Published: November 2022

Universal expositions, referred to as Expo, are events organised every five years, during which usually about 150 countries strive to present their distinctive qualities and achievements in an attractive manner – devoting special attention to natural values, culture and science. However, expositions should not only focus on exhibitors’ unique features, but they should also comply with the main topic of an Expo event. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine – based on observation conducted during the exhibition event held in Milan – performances given by countries in the context of referring to the main motto of the Expo. In 2015, the slogan used for the event in question was: “Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life”, and it directly referred to the idea of sustainable development. The observation made it possible to distinguish four groups of national exhibitions. Pavilions of selected countries were classified under those groups, and if there were displays that clearly referred to the central theme of the Expo, as well as strongly emphasised national distinctive qualities, a detailed description was provided.
STATE AND PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Nuszkiewicz Krzysztof
Published: November 2022

The article presents the significance of renewable energy sources in selected countries of the European Community. These include the power of water, geothermal heat, sunlight, wind and biomass. Supporting the development of renewable energy resources has become an important objective of the European Union. Development of renewable energy resources use in the European Union has been given a priority status, both in political declarations as well as, most importantly, in the specific programmes implementation. Development of renewable energy industry is justified by a number of social, economic as well as ecological benefits.
MANAGING VALUE - EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON FOOTBALLERS VALUE DETERMINANTS ON THE EUROPEAN MARKET
Authors: Konopielko Łukasz , Sołtysiak Jakub
Published: November 2022

The aim of this paper is to analyse football players transfer values in the context of their sport and non-sport, particularly social media activity. Following a brief analysis and introduction to the peculiarities of the football transfer market, two regression models were tested using sample with 79 players. Out of 14 variables, only 4 were significant: contract length, performance index, leagues competition level and forwards position. The results, therefore, confirm that the sporting performance is not the sole determinant for the price. Additionally a number of opportunities for further research is presented.
ECOLOGICAL RESPONSIBILITY OF AGRIBUSINESS COMPANIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Wielewska Izabela
Published: November 2022

The aim of this study is to show the issue of ecological responsibility of agribusiness companies with reference to their sustainable development. Environmental protection has become an integral part of management within them. Research has been conducted using the method of the diagnostic survey, using a survey questionnaire, in August 2015 among 250 owners, managers or other persons dealing with the issues of environmental protection in the agribusiness companies of Pomorskie Province of Poland.

The research has shown that the activity of agribusiness companies includes different aspects, such as: expenses for environmental protection, ecological investments (recreating, modernizing and new) as well as increasing costs of its use. This forces the companies to apply different instruments, such as: assuming a strategy of sustainable development, working out systems of environmental management, or environmental audit. An important thing is also the legislative approach including, among others, prescriptive-control systems, economic incentives for the agribusiness companies, etc.
THE SENIORS FROM CZESTOCHOWA IN THE SOCIAL SPACE OF THE CITY
Authors: Pawlica Beata
Published: November 2022

The article presents the results of research conducted among seniors living in Czestochowa. The aim of this study was to examine, like his old age (in its different levels) deal seniors, what they are their main problems, what they expect of the immediate surroundings. The study was conducted in 2015 in the city of Czestochowa based on a standardized questionnaire interview.
APPLYING OF CHEMICALS AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Authors: Barszcz Agnieszka , Siemianowska Ewa , Wesołowski Andrzej , Kolankowska Ewelina , Choszcz Dariusz
Published: November 2022

Conception of sustainable development, widely promoted in various industrial branches, is the most important in agriculture because this production must have wide access to the natural resources of the environment. The publication presents problem of chemicals application in agriculture in the context of sustainable development conception. Three aspects were discussed: fertilization, pesticides and veterinary drugs.

Proper agricultural exploitation of soil should not degrade it and should not influence negatively the environment. Sensible fertilization should deliver enough nutrients to the plants and excess should not cumulate in the soil. Both fertilization and pesticides and veterinary drugs usage should be applied only when necessary because of economic and social purposes.
ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS OF RURAL COMMUNES
Authors: Stych Marek
Published: November 2022

The article presents an overview of issues related to so-called communal organizational units in rural communes. The paper opens with an analysis of the term “communal organizational unit” which allows multiple interpretation. Then other issues regarding those units are discussed, e.g. their public tasks. This will be referred to some of the organizational units functioning in Domaradz rural commune. The paper closes with some conclusions.
PROMOTING BRAND - CASE STUDIES
Authors: Caban-Piaskowska Katarzyna
Published: November 2022

The aim of the article is to identify how young artists - designers promote their work. Create producer, and in these cases their name, may in very many ways. Promoting the brand is usually the basis for the success of many designers. Artists - designers make very different products. Firstly, they are, of course, the clothes, but they can also be shoes, handbags other additives notions, moreover, jewelery, prints and prints on materials and textiles. All deal with the students and graduates of the Academy of Fine Arts in Lodz, the textile and garment.

The article described three selected examples of promoting the brands of young artists. Described the designers use of social media, promote their products in a television program, as well as take part in prestigious exhibitions. These activities are aimed at increasing awareness of their names, creativity and products. As shown, the three selected examples, the road to recognition may vary.
PERSPECTIVE OF TKINKING AND DECISION-MAKING ABOUT RESOURCES IN PUBLIC MEDICAL ENTITIES
Authors: Szymaniec-Mlicka Karolina
Published: November 2022

The volatility of the environment forces public organizations to look for new strategies. One of the proposed in the literature strategy is resource-based strategy. The article presents the results of research conducted among public medical entities. The goal of conducted research was to identify the strategic orientation of the organizations and the time horizons of thinking and planning the resources. The results show that in the public medical entities dominated the resource orientation.
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AS A SOURCE OF ENTERPRISE INNOVATION – PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION OF EDUCATIONAL SECTOR FOR SME
Authors: Kroik Janusz , Ziembicki Paweł
Published: November 2022

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are dominant in Polish economy. However, they encounter barriers in knowledge transfer and knowledge management, which lead to reduced innovation and competitiveness level. The paper attempts to assess current state for education sector. The evaluation is based on surveys conducted in 2016 on large group of SMEs languages schools in Lower Silesia. The results showed, that awareness of knowledge transfer and knowledge management for the majority of SMEs are not professionally treated. SMEs show lack of interest and they are not convicted about benefits from knowledge transfer to improve processes. Results are related to A. Dereń research, which analysed companies from other sector in terms of intellectual capital management.
THE ROLE AND THE MEANING OF FAST TRANSFER SYSTEMS AND NON-CASH SETTLEMENTS IN POLAND
Authors: Czarnowska Kamila
Published: November 2022

The aim of the paper was to describe instant funds transfer systems in Poland given the increasing significance of non-cash settlements. The paper discusses the genesis of such systems and their growing significance on the payment services market.

The paper, in particular, illustrates the increase in the quantity and value of the transactions completed by instant funds transfer systems in Poland and examines the relationship between the volume of transactions in the Elixir system. The benefits of using instant inter-bank funds transfer services are also discussed.
MEANING OF CHOSEN SYSTEMS OF THE CULTIVATION IN THE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Authors: Chowaniak Maciej , Paluch Łukasz , Niemiec Marcin
Published: November 2022

Technological environmental effects eg. The benefits and costs are one of the most important elements of agricultural production conducted in a sustainable way. Because of the multidimensional of the problem they may have contextual character , for example. dependent on method and dose of fertilization, pesticide or tillage system. Very often the use of one of the production resources makes significant changes in the others, thereby limiting or improving their suitability for other activities carried out in the sphere of social and environmental. The aim of the study was evaluation of selected environmental costs of Tillage systems, as one of the elements of sustainable agriculture. Studies have shown that, No-till system compared to the traditional system of tillage has favorable impact on reducing losses of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, and decrease intensity of soil erosion.
INFLUENCE OF THE MEMBERSHIP OF STATES IN THE EURO ZONE ON BASIC MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS
Authors: Wójcik Andrzej
Published: November 2022

This article attempts to answer the question whether accession to the euro zone guarantees the improvement of macroeconomic indicators. The study used four indicators: changes in GDP, unemployment rate, changes in exports and wage developments in industry and services.

To answer the question analyzed the charts of selected variables, mid-term rates of change were counted as well as Czekanowski’s diagrams were deleted.
ASSESSMENT OF THE FUNCTIONING OF SELECTED PAYING AGENCIES IN POLAND AND THEIR IMPACT ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Mickiewicz Antoni , Mickiewicz Bartosz
Published: November 2022

The paper presents authors’ studies of two paying agencies – Agency of Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARMA) and Agricultural Market Agency (AMA). The aim of the study was to present EU regulations on the criteria for the accreditation of paying agencies. Then, in terms of cross-cutting there was presented the functioning of the agencies, whose role changed significantly after Polish accession to the EU. The leading role is played by the ARMA, which is responsible for the distribution of more than 90% of the payment means. AMA, except payment function, plays an essential role in the regulation of agricultural markets. The proposal of fusion of AMA and APA (Agricultural Properties Agency) (2016) and creation of a new agency for rural development is not justified according to structural differences, organizational and salary level.
PROMOTION OF BLUECASH FAST TRANSFER SERVICE IN BANKS
Authors: CZARNOWSKA KAMILA
Published: November 2022

The aim of the paper was to present BlueCash Fast Transfer System delivered by Blue Media S.A.. It also shows the characteristic of fast transfer service. The paper, in particular, illustrates forms of promotion used by banks to inform their customers about instant payment service. To collect data about forms of promotion, the author made a survey research with help of banks, which take part in instant funds transfer system.
AGRITOURISM AS A FORM OF NON-AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS IN RURAL AREAS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE PROVINCE
Authors: GĄSIOROWSKA-MĄCZNIK EDYTA
Published: November 2022

The aim of this article is to determine the conditions and opportunities for development of agrotourism in rural areas of Świętokrzyskie province and the identification of economic and noneconomic benefits from the development of agrotourism in rural areas in Świętokrzyskie province.Świętokrzyskie province is a region with one of the country's largest share of protectedareas in the total area (65%). The study included 39 rural and semi-urban areas, where the area is located in 90% of protected areas. Agritourism in the analyzed municipalities of Świętokrzyskie province accounted for approx. 3.5% of all non-agricultural businesses. These municipalities can thus be described as "municipalities missed opportunities" in which regardless of the particular and very attractive natural conditions, the function of tourism and recreation is not developed.
ROLE OF TURNOVER INDICATORS IN PLANNING FOR WORKING CAPITAL NEEDS OF AN ENTITY
Authors: Chrobak Gracjan
Published: November 2022

The objective of this paper is to present methods for determining a target amount of working capital on the basis of turnover indicators. It is to differentiate among them: net operating cycle, cost approach or cost participation in revenues method. On the other hand, planning for working capital requirements needs for costs and revenues estimates. The distribution of costs into variable and fixed elements implies forecasts possibilities. In the first case Excel’s algorithm “Add trend line” was used to construct non-linear trend curves. The latter were predicted based upon average values, showing the mean level of the phenomenon over time.
EVALUATION OF THE REGIONAL DIVERSITY OF COMPUTER SKILLS IN POLAND
Authors: Grześkowiak Alicja
Published: November 2022

Computer competences in regional terms - at the NUTS2 level, i.e. voivodeships are considered in this paper. The analyses were carried out on the basis of data provided by the Central Statistical Office of Poland and the outcomes of the survey on Human Capital. The dispersion and the degree of the spatial autocorrelation of variables describing various dimensions of digital skills were evaluated. The study indicates the existence of some disparities among regions in the field of computer skills. A bigger dispersion relates to the advanced skills. It was found that there are regions characterized by high values in each of the considered aspects, as well as regions with low values in each of them.
TOURISM AS A SECTOR OF ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Brelik Agnieszka
Published: November 2022

The purpose of the article was a critical analysis of the contribution of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinaryresearch on tourism. It stressed the importance of research on the economics of tourism highlighted the importance of public goods in rural tourism.
BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED MODELS FOR EFFICIENCY AND RISK EVALUATION
Authors: Grzeszczyk Tadeusz A. , Miłkowski Adam
Published: November 2022

The main aim of this article is to identify and present barriers to the implementation of integrated models for evaluation of efficiency and risk. Considerations were carried out on the example of the RAROC (Risk-Adjusted Return On Capital) model implementation in a commercial bank. At the beginning integrated models were presented, with particular emphasis on RAROC model, the manner of its determination and application possibilities. Then, important assumptions and barriers to implementation of the integrated model were shown. The evolutionary and adaptive conception of implementation of such models were outlined.
PROSUMERYZM AND CUSTOMER MIGRATION STRATEGY TO ONLINE CHANNEL – DO THEY HAVE SOMETHING IN COMMON?
Authors: Bondos Ilona
Published: November 2022

The aim of the article is to evaluate the possibilities of using prosumerism assumptions within the disadvantageous for clients variants of E-channel migration strategy. The author has attempted to demonstrate that the practice of respecting customers by leaving them at least a certain amount of freedom to decide and the possible involvement in certain areas of the service business can help to reduce the negative effects of E-channel migration strategy. The article presents the essence of prosumerism and one of its manifestations – price participation. The rest of article has pointed out the practical possibilities to adapt the theoretical assumptions for the increasingly popular strategy of e-channel migration strategy (strategy based on punishments and forced strategy).
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN AN ORGANIZATION – CHALLENGES FOR HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Authors: Stachowska Sylwia
Published: November 2022

The aim of the herein paper is to present the essence of knowledge management concept with the particular emphasis on the most significant challenges concerning the knowledge management in organization and its impact on the human resources management. The article presents an overview of the literature analysis within the aforementioned spectrum.