bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specificity of Cytotoxic Heterologous Antiserum to Cultured Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Miller Gail Lorenz , Wilson Jean E.
Published: December 2022

Rabbit antisera prepared against representative cultures of human cancer cells (SV40 virus-transformed, HeLa, and EB2 cells) showed high cytotoxic specificity for homologous cells when tested against these and cells of other lines and strains. Similar results were observed with antisera against a new cell culture originating from human lung cancer. Antisera against cultures of normal human cells also showed specificity, but relatively low titers. Cross-reactions were observed between HeLa cell antiserum and J-111 cells and also between EB2 antiserum and EB3 cells and a new cell culture originating from human lymphosarcoma.

The cytotoxic activity of the antisera was absorbed by cells of human lines or strains other than those used to produce the antisera, but more effectively by homologous than heterologous cells. The apparent ambiguity arising from the simultaneous occurrence of high specificity of antisera with respect to cytotoxicity and low specificity with respect to absorption is discussed.
γ Globulin Synthesis in Pregnant Rabbits
Authors: Aronson Natalie
Published: December 2022

Five days before to 2 weeks after parturition the popliteal lymph node cells of rabbits were more active with respect to synthesis of γ globulin than the corresponding cells of non-pregnant female or male rabbits. The increased activity associated with pregnancy was less conspicuous in mesenteric lymph node cells.

Many of the rabbits used in this study, both pregnant and non-pregnant, had callous-like lesions on their hind foot pads. In the pregnant animals, unlike the non-pregnant controls, the presence of these lesions was associated with especially enhanced γ globulin synthesis. However, even in the absence of grossly detectable foot pad lesions, the γ globulin synthesis of popliteal lymph node cells of pregnant animals was still significantly greater than that of the controls.

In two experiments the enhanced activity of popliteal nodes was duplicated in non-pregnant animals by injections of estrogens, but the stimulatory effect was not consistently elicited.

The enhanced activity of the isolated popliteal lymph node cells was correlated with an increase in the frequency of γ globulin containing cells, as measured by fluorescein-labeled antibody, but was not reflected in the total levels of serum γ globulin.
Synthesis and Secretion of Immunoglobulins by Established Cell Lines of Human Hematopoietic Origin
Authors: Matsuoka Y. , Takahashi M. , Yagi Y. , Moore G. E. , Pressman D.
Published: December 2022

The production of immunoglobulins by three established human hematopoietic cell lines has been studied. RPMI no. 8235 produced only κ type IgG, RPMI no. 4666 produced κ type IgA and free κ type light chains indicating an imbalance of heavy and light chain synthesis. These two cell lines are both derived from the buffy coat of patients with chronic myelogeneous leukemia. The third cell line RPMI no. 8226, which is derived from the buffy coat of a patient with multiple myeloma, produced only free λ type light chains very actively without any indication of the production of heavy chains, and appears to be a culture of cells belonging to a malignant plasma cell line.

The immunoglobulins produced by these cell lines resemble pathologic immunoglobulins produced in individuals with multiple myeloma. Each immunoglobulin was of a single light chain type and showed a well defined electrophoretic mobility.

The time course of immunoglobulin accumulation and cell proliferation indicated that the cells were able to synthesize and secrete immunoglobulins actively only while they were able to proliferate. In their most active phases, the cells of both RPMI nos. 8235 and 4666 synthesized and secreted about 3 µg of immunoglobulins per 105 cells per day, whereas the cells of RPMI no. 8226 produced about 20 µg of light chains per 105 cells per day.
Transfer with RNA Extracts of the Cell Migration Inhibition Correlate of Delayed Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Jureziz R. E. , Thor D. E. , Dray S.
Published: December 2022

When guinea pig nonsensitive peritoneal exudate cells were incubated with RNA extracts obtained from the lymph nodes and spleens of guinea pigs sensitive to PPD or coccidioidin, the migration of these cells from capillary tubes was specifically inhibited by the antigen to which the RNA donor was sensitive. Neither the antigen alone nor RNA extracts from unimmunized guinea pigs were able to convert these cells to a state of sensitivity.
Antibody Activity Associated with the Fluorescent Polypeptide Chains of Human Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Evans Charles H. , Herron Sharon B. , Goldstein Gerald
Published: December 2022

Direct immunofluorescent staining has been demonstrated with a conjugated human antistreptococcal IgG and its γ and light fluorescent polypeptide chains in 0.05 M sodium phosphate-0.02% sodium dodecyl sulfate, pH 7.5.

The activities of the IgG and its isolated γ and light chains are immunologically specific as indicated by the markedly greater inhibition of immunofluorescent staining of the streptococci by the unlabeled autologous IgG than by either homologous or heterologous inhibition with anti-staphylococcal serum or IgG.

The γ chains retain 12% while the light chains retain only 0.3% of the activity of the intact IgG, as judged by comparison of the intensity of immunofluorescence with the protein concentrations of the fluorescent IgG and the polypeptide chains.
Primary Stimulation of Rats and Mice with Hemocyanin in Solution and Adsorbed on Bentonite
Authors: Gallily Ruth , Garvey Justine S.
Published: December 2022

Soluble KLH was found to be a poor immunogen in rats and mice whereas particulate KLH (KLH coated on bentonite particles) behaved as a potent immunogen, eliciting anti-KLH in high titers. Formation of 19 S antibody preceded that of 7 S. Exposure of mice to a 450 r sublethal dose of x-irradiation 2 days before the injection of particulate KLH abolished their ability to produce detectable amounts of anti-KLH antibody. Soluble and particulate 35S-KLH were both taken up by macrophages in vitro, but the uptake differed in efficiency: that of the particulate was much greater.
Enhancement of Influenza Virus Multiplication by Chicken Serum
Authors: Tamm Igor
Published: December 2022

Chicken serum increases the yield of influenza B (Lee) virus several-fold in suspension cultures of chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in vitro. The mean increase in virus yield at a serum concentration of 23% is 550%. Serum allows the production of an additional amount of 300 to 450 hemagglutinating units (HAU) of virus per 3.8 cm2 of CAM in membranes whose yield in the absence of serum varies from 25 to 160 HAU/3.8 cm2. The percent increase in yield in the presence of serum is inversely related to the yield of virus in untreated controls.

The extent of enhancement of virus yield is similar in CAM from 7- and 10-day-old embryonated eggs, but in CAM from 13-day-old eggs and older, chicken serum inhibits viral multiplication.

The enhancing activity is approximately 50% dialyzable, and is inactivated to the extent of 40% by heating at 65°C for 30 min. The activity is not inactivated by treatment with trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, pronase, or deoxyribonuclease I.

In some chicken sera there is present a heat labile inhibitor of Lee virus multiplication. Inhibition of virus multiplication by such sera may be slight or marked. After heating at 65°C for 30 min, such sera enhance the multiplication of virus.
The Allergic Response of Rabbit Platelets
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Secchi Antonio G. , Osler Abraham G.
Published: December 2022

The allergic response of rabbit platelets is characterized by increased membrane permeability to potassium (as measured by efflux of intracellular 86Rb) and is followed by the release of histamine. The same sequence has been observed under all experimental conditions. The efflux of 86Rb under the impact of an allergic reaction follows first order kinetics and is highly suggestive of membrane damage. No terminal, temperature-insensitive step has been detected. The available evidence suggests that the involvement of a platelet in the reaction sequence inevitably leads to the release of its histamine store, i.e., it reacts in an “all-or-none” fashion.
Studies of an Additional Kindred with Hereditary Deficiency of the Second Component of Human Complement (C2) and Description of a New Method for the Quantitation of C2
Authors: Cooper Neil R. , ten Bensel Robert , Kohler Peter F.
Published: December 2022

The present paper reports studies of a third kindred which manifests the hereditary C2 deficiency trait. The homozygous individual had no detectable hemolytic serum complement or C2 activity, although C2 could be detected by immune adherence; three heterozygous members of the family had 60 to 70% of the normal serum C2 titers. Normal or elevated serum C1, C3, C4 and C5 levels were obtained in all members of the kindred. There was no evidence for a C2 inhibitor in the propositus' serum; in addition, the deficiency could be corrected by the addition of purified C2.

An analytical technique which permits quantitation of very small amounts of C2 was developed and applied to the measurement of C2 in the serum of members of the family. It is based upon the quantitation of C3 uptake by EAC1, 4 as a function of C2 concentration, i.e., the immediate reaction product of a C2-dependent reaction is measured. The serum C2 level was found to be 0.5 to 4% of normal in the homozygous individual and 60 to 70% of normal in the heterozygotes. When normal sera were assayed by this technique, the C2 titers obtained were in good agreement with the values obtained by hemolytic titrations.
Strain MC29 Avian Leukosis Virus: Immunologic Relationships to Other Avian Tumor Viruses
Authors: Fritz Robert B. , Langlois A. J. , Beard D. , Beard J. W.
Published: December 2022

Previous studies showed that avian leukosis virus strain MC29 caused myeloid hematopoietic tissue neoplasms (myelocytomatosis) and an unusual spectrum of other avian virus-induced growths. In the present work, antigenic relationships between strain MC29 and established leukosis strains were investigated. MC29 antiserum prepared in the chicken effectively neutralized R and ES4 strains and exerted less, but distinct effect on BAI A in tests in chickens. Antiserums against RPL 12, BAI A, R, and ES4 strains neutralized MC29 in tissue culture. Under similar conditions MC29 immune serum neutralized RSV, but RSV antiserum was less effective against MC29. MC29 virus and virus-infected cells fixed complement in the presence of hamster anti-gs immune serum and exhibited the same immuno-precipitation reactions as BAI strain A virus and infected cells in tests with the same serum. MC29 virus was positive for Rous interference factor (RIF). These results together with the characteristic MC29 tumor spectrum show the kinship of the strain to the family of avian leukosis agents.
Role of Fumaropimaric Acid in Guinea Pig Complement Dependent and Non-Complement Dependent Biologic Reactions
Authors: Glovsky M. Michael , Ward Peter A. , Becker Elmer L. , Halbrook Noah J.
Published: December 2022

Fumaropimaric acid, one of a newly discovered group of potent, complement inhibitors has been shown to block the hemolytic activity of undiluted guinea pig serum when added in vitro, and after intravenous injection into guinea pigs. It also dissociates the activated trimolecular C′(5,6,7)a complex, preventing its chemotactic activity.

When injected intravenously in doses of 600 mg/kg or less, fumaropimaric acid suppresses the complement dependent, systemic Forssman, cutaneous Forssman and reversed passive Arthus reactions. In the last reaction it was shown that complete inhibition could occur despite no interference with the formation of tissue-bound antigen-antibody complexes or the fixation of C′3 in vessel walls. Although the lysis of sensitized erythrocytes incubated with serum from guinea pigs injected with the drug was inhibited, this did not prevent the complement reaction from proceeding to and possibly through the EAC′la (4,2)a step. Thus, the ability of C′3 to be bound in sites of the Arthus reaction inhibited by fumaropimaric acid might indicate a block in the in vivo reaction beyond the C′3 step.

It is not clear, however, whether the suppression of any of these complement dependent reactions is due to the effect of fumaropimaric acid on the complement system or on some other function(s) necessary for the expression of these responses.

The PCA reaction in guinea pigs was markedly but incompletely inhibited by fumaropimaric acid. No difference was noted in the effects of the drug on the homocytotropic reaction caused by non-complement-fixing guinea pig antibodies or the heterocytotropic reaction caused by complement-fixing rabbit antibodies. In view of the evidence that guinea pig PCA given by these antibodies is not complement dependent, it is unlikely that fumaropimaric acid exerts its partial suppressive effect on the PCA by interferring with complement. Evidence is cited that makes it unlikely that the demonstrated direct antihistaminic effect of fumaropimaric acid is responsible for the suppression of the PCA.
The Effect of Immunologically Induced Lymphopenia on Antibody Formation
Authors: Baum John , Liebermann George , Frenkel Eugene P.
Published: December 2022

The immunologic responsiveness of rats was studied following selective destruction of the lymphocyte mass by means of rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte globulin (ALG). ALG pre-treatment of rats before antigenic stimulation by sheep erythrocytes completely suppressed antibody formation. Repeated immunization of these animals well beyond the period of induced peripheral lymphocytopenia resulted in some antibody production but of only the IgM type.

By contrast, administration of the soluble antigen KLH after pre-treatment with ALG caused marked enhancement of antibody production in comparison with control groups pre-treated with saline and normal rabbit globulin. Some possible mechanisms of such enhanced response were discussed.
The Immunologic Memory of Laf1 Mice Following a Single Injection of Sheep Red Cells
Authors: Radovich Jevrosima , Hemingsen Helen , Talmage David W.
Published: December 2022

The effect of a single injection of sheep red cells into LAF1 adult mice on the capacity of spleen cells to produce an immune response in x-irradiated recipients has been studied, using the linear cell dose response assay obtained by adding normal bone marrow cells and the direct and indirect Jerne plaque techniques. By assaying the immune capacity of the spleen cells at frequent intervals the following changes were demonstrated: an initial fall, a marked logarithmic rise, a more modest rise, a second fall and then a rebound. A greater memory in the indirect plaque-forming cell system became apparent only after day 30.
Immunoglobulin and Specific Antibody Synthesis in a Chronic Inflammatory Focus: Antigen-Induced Synovitis
Authors: Jasin Hugo E. , Ziff Morris
Published: December 2022

Incorporation of 14C amino acids into immunoglobulin and specific antibody (anti-BSA) was measured simultaneously in synovial membrane, buffy coat cells and spleen cells of rabbits, utilizing a coprecipitation technique. When immunoglobulin synthesis was measured in the synovial membranes of normal rabbits, small but significant amounts of newly-synthesized immunoglobulin were detected. In one of these animals undergoing a secondary response to BSA, 39.3% of the radioactive γ globulin synthesized by the synovium was accounted for as anti-BSA. At the same time, 28.4% and 67.2% of the immunoglobulin synthesized by the buffy coat and spleen-cells was also anti-BSA. It was concluded that antibody-forming cells of the recirculating lymphocyte pool enter normal tissue.

A synovial inflammatory reaction was produced by three intra-articular injections of BSA. This was dependent on the appearance of systemic immunity to BSA since no synovitis developed in immunologically tolerant animals. When immunoglobulin and anti-BSA synthesis was measured in two rabbits with synovitis induced by such intra-articular injections, the fraction of γ globulin synthesized in synovium in the form of specific antibody was found to be 18.2% and 42.2%, respectively, while the fraction found for the spleen cells of the same animals was similar, i.e., 23.7% and 43.7%, respectively. This similarity in specific antibody synthesis in synovium and spleen indicated that the antibody-forming cell populations in both sites were similar.

The synovial membranes of two rabbits given three intra-articular injections of PHA or SLS synthesized large amounts of γ globulin. This correlated well with the histologic appearance of the tissues, which were infiltrated with lymphocytes and plasma cells. When the amount of anti-BSA synthesized during a secondary response was measured in the synovial membranes, large amounts of radioactivity were accounted for as anti-BSA. The elevated level of synthesis of anti-BSA appeared to be a consequence of the accumulation of specifically committed cells in nonspecifically induced synovial inflammatory foci.

These observations indicate (1) that immunoglobulin and specific antibody-synthesizing cells accumulate in chronic inflammatory foci produced by local injection of antigen or nonspecific inflammatory agents and (2) that the specificity of such antibody-producing cells reflects the overall immune status of the host.
Correlation between the Neutralizing Activity of Human Serum against Herpes Simplex Virus and a Simian Herpesvirus (SA8)
Authors: Hampar B. , Stevens D. A. , Martos L. M. , Ablashi D. V. , Burroughs M. A. K. , Wells G. A.
Published: December 2022

Cross-neutralization tests were carried out between various Group A and Group B herpesviruses using rabbit or rooster antisera. The viruses studied included herpes simplex, SA8 (a simian herpesvirus isolated from vervet monkeys), SA6 (a simian cytomegalovirus isolated from vervet monkeys), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and pseudorabies. Reciprocal cross-reactivity was found between HSV and SA8 (both Group A herpesviruses), but not between other virus pairs.

Sera from certain healthy (normal) humans were shown to contain neutralizing antibodies against both HSV and SA8, but not against IBR or PRV. The neutralizing activity of these human sera against HSV and SA8 was localized in the 7 S antibody fractions. The results suggested that neutralization of SA8 by human serum was due to a heterotypic response between SA8 and antibody to HSV, rather than to immunogenic exposure of these individuals to SA8.
A Study of the Antigenicity of Formaldehyde- and Glutaraldehyde-Treated Bovine Serum Albumin and Ovalbumin-Bovine Serum Albumin Conjugate
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A.
Published: December 2022

Chemical, conformational and antigenic studies of bovine serum albumin (BSA) treated with formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, as well as a conjugate formed by intermolecular cross-linking of ovalbumin (OA) to BSA, were undertaken. Formaldehyde reacted predominantly with the free amino groups and caused intramolecular cross-links with no apparent change in shape or antigenicity of the molecule. Glutaraldehyde caused intermolecular cross-linkages which formed soluble aggregates; such modified proteins were antigenic in rabbits and produced antibodies with two specificities, one directed against antigenic determinants on BSA and the other against newly acquired groups arising from the modification. Anti-OA-BSA conjugate contained antibodies against antigenic determinants of BSA, OA, and glutaraldehyde-treated BSA and OA.
Molecular Heterogeneity of Immunoglobulin-M (γM-Globulin)
Authors: Solomon Alan
Published: December 2022

Low-molecular weight 7 S protein with γM antigenic determinants (LMW-γM) has been identified in normal human serum and in sera obtained from patients with a variety of disease states. In particular, LMW-γM protein was detected in approximately 50% of patients with lymphoproliferative disorders who had 19 S-macroglobulinemia (HMW-γM).

Several types of techniques were employed to separate and distinguish these two molecular forms of γM protein found in fresh serum. These included sucrose density ultracentrifugation, gel filtration and immuno-gel filtration. This protein could also be detected directly in serum, and its level determined by immunodiffusion in 7% agarose gels.

A third type of protein with γM antigenic determinants was also detected in certain sera. This γM component, which sedimented more slowly than LMW-γM and was antigenically deficient when compared with both LMW-γM and HMW-γM or with the monomeric subunit of HMW-γM appeared to result from proteolytic cleavage of HMW-γM protein.
Enhancing Antibody
Authors: Zimmerman Barry , Feldman Joseph D.
Published: December 2022

Enhancing sera were produced in Lewis rats by several different immunizing schedules involving bilateral skin grafting and multiple injections of spleen cells. Test grafts from Buffalo (Bf) and Brown Norway (BN) donors were placed on Lewis neonates 2 to 5 and 10 to 12 days old and enhancing sera were injected once intraperitoneally at this time. Significant prolongation of graft survival was obtained with enhancing sera against Bf and BN grafts in from 10% to 60% of the trials. The viability of several grafts was extended beyond 30 days. Enhancing activity resided in the IgG fraction and was specifically effective for the grafts of the immunizing strain.
Studies on IgA
Authors: Zschocke Rainer H. , Grieble Hans G. , Bach Gerhard L. , Anderson Truman O.
Published: December 2022

A new fractionation procedure is presented for the isolation of IgA from pooled normal human plasma. The method involves seven definable steps including ammonium sulfate precipitation of euglobulins, dialysis against Veronal buffer, a batch separation on DEAE-Sephadex A 50 followed by cold ethanol and ammonium sulfate precipitation, and semifinal resolution on TEAE-cellulose. The final key step utilizes immunospecific removal of residual traces of IgG on a bromoacethyl cellulose absorbent. From 350 ml of plasma 77 mg of purified IgA are obtained. The end product is pure by immunoelectrophoretic criteria and is representative of IgA in native plasma in terms of electrophoretic heterogeneity.
In Vitro and In Vivo Properties of Antimacrophage Sera
Authors: Hirsch M. S. , Gary G. W. , Murphy F. A.
Published: December 2022

Rabbit anti-mouse macrophage sera (AMS) were used to study in vitro and in vivo responses of mouse macrophages. AMS treatment of macrophages in vitro reduced their adherence to plastic dishes and interfered with their capacity to phagocytose zymosan particles. Clearance of colloidal carbon from peripheral blood of mice was reduced by intraperitoneal and intravenous inoculation of AMS. Pretreatment of mice with AMS hastened morbidity and mortality following infection with vesicular stomatitis virus; the earlier signs of infection were associated with more rapid appearance of high titers of virus in brain tissue.
Latex Reagent for Determining IgM Levels in Cord and Newborn Sera
Authors: Sever John L. , Shanbrom Edward , Steinmeier Robert , Schacher Steven A. , McCracken George , Fuccillo David A.
Published: December 2022

A rapid (5 min) latex method for determining serum IgM levels was developed and set to detect levels of approximately ≥20 mg%. The method was accurate with sera from adults, serially diluted adult specimens, and sera from children with congenital infections. When used in a study of 500 cord serum specimens in a random sample of patients, the latex and gel methods were in good agreement. There were, however, 25 instances in which conflicting results were obtained. The variability inherent in both methods was sufficient to account for these differences. The full latex method clearly distinguished levels of 10 mg% and 30 mg% IgM and became positive between 15 and 30 mg%. The same degree of variation was found with the gel method. The variability of both methods must be considered in clinical applications.
Characteristics of Some “Natural” Autoantibodies in Rabbits
Authors: Rose Noel R. , Brinckerhoff Constance E.
Published: December 2022

Autoantibodies to pancreas, ileum, kidney and liver extracts were formed in the sera of three of eighteen rabbits immunized with pooled rabbit pancreas extract. The autoantibodies were shown to be present in the serum prior to immunization, although injection of pooled rabbit pancreas extract with complete Freund's adjuvant increased their titer.

Absorption with any autologous organ extract removed reactivity to all other autologous extracts, while absorption with allogeneic ileum or kidney removed activity to these extracts, but not to pancrease. Therefore, along with increased production of autoantibody, pancreas-specific isoantibodies were formed. However, no pancreas-specific autoantibodies were found following immunization with pooled rabbit pancreas extract.

Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation showed autoantibody in both 19 S and 7 S globulins. Heating the antisera to 65°C for 30 min destroyed their complement-fixing ability.
Immunogenicity of a Fragment of Human Serum Albumin
Authors: Lapresle Claude , Goldstein Irwin J.
Published: December 2022

A fragment (F1) of human serum albumin of molecular weight 6600 and carrying one of the determinant groups of HSA has been injected into rabbits and demonstrated to induce the formation of antibodies.

The rabbit immune sera were shown to agglutinate red blood cells sensitized with F1 as well as with HSA. Anti-F1 antibodies were isolated by adsorption on a column of insoluble F1-benzylcellulose conjugate. They were shown to consist solely of IgG. They precipitated slightly with F1 but not with HSA. They agglutinated red blood cells sensitized with F1 or HSA. Both F1 and HSA inhibited these agglutination reactions.
A Mathematical and Experimental Study of the Kinetics of Neutralization of Bacteriophage øX 174 by Antibodies
Authors: Krummel William M. , Uhr Jonathan W.
Published: December 2022

The kinetics of the in vitro neutralization of φX 174 by guinea pig antibody has been studied under dilute conditions. A mathematical model comprising a system of n differential equations has been constructed to represent this reaction. To account for the behavior of reaction samples in a bioassay, the model includes an infectivity function for the phage-antibody complexes. Experimental results show that dissociation can be neglected in the in vitro reaction. The model explains discrepancies such as departure from first-order kinetics that appear when a neutralization reaction is studied by “direct plating” and “decision tube” methods. Proceeding logically from the model, a new antibody assay, “complex inactivation (CI)” is described. Results from this assay support the model and suggest a more sensitive antibody detection system. Using the CI assay, phage neutralization experiments showed that over 99% of φX exhibit homogeneity in their association activity
The Immunosuppressive Effect of Passively Administered Antibody IgG Fragments
Authors: Cerottini Jean-Charles , McConahey Patricia J. , Dixon Frank J.
Published: December 2022

The immunosuppressive effect of hyperimmune anti-KLH IgG fragments on the primary response of rabbits to KLH has been studied using three different antibody fragment preparations: bivalent F(ab′)2, univalent Fab′, and a mixture of univalent and bivalent F(ab′)2 (F(ab′)2 reduced and oxydized).

The precipitating activities and antigen-binding capacities of these three antibody fragment preparations were compared on a molar basis with those of intact antibody IgG. The relative avidity of the fragments was very similar to that of intact antibody IgG as estimated by the effect of antigen dilution upon the binding capacity and by the dissociation rate of radiolabeled KLH-anti-KLH complexes in presence of an excess of unlabeled antigen.

Both bivalent and univalent fragments inhibited the primary response of rabbits to KLH. When immunosuppressive antibody preparations were injected intravenously, repeated injections of antibody fragments were necessary to reach a degree of immunosuppression as great as that produced by a single injection of antibody IgG, because the fragments were rapidly eliminated.

With a single intravenous injection of anti-KLH F(ab′)2, no greater than 85% suppression of the immune response was obtained despite a several-fold increase in the antibody dose injected, suggesting that KLH immunogenic molecules were not all accessible to passive antibody 1 day after antigen injection.

Despite an antigen-binding capacity, a relative avidity and a rate of elimination similar to those of bivalent F(ab′)2, univalent Fab′ injected intravenously had a lower immunosuppressive effect. On the other hand, Fab′ produced a much greater inhibition than did IgG or F(ab′)2 when these preparations were mixed in vitro with KLH before incorporation in adjuvant.
The Effect of Chlorphenesin on the Immune Response
Authors: Berger F. M. , Fukui G. M. , Goldenbaum E. G. , DmAngelo M. , Chandlee G. C.
Published: December 2022

Chlorphenesin administered jointly with sheep or chicken erythrocytes or with penicillin conjugates suppressed the antibody-producing capacity of isolated spleen cells as evaluated by the localized hemolysis in gel technique. The production of humoral antibodies was also depressed. The suppressive effect of chlorphenesin was dose-dependent and was also influenced by the concentration of the drug present in the chlorphenesin-antigen mixture. Administration of chlorphenesin before or after the antigen had little effect on the immune response. Chlorphenesin did not affect pre-existing antibodies and did not produce immunologic tolerance. The drug inhibited the immunologic responses to the antigen but nevertheless primed the animal, as evidenced by the rapid rise of antibodies after a booster injection of the antigen.

Chlorphenesin was also able to suppress the tuberculin reaction in guinea pigs when administered at the time of challenge.
Graft Versus Host Inhibition
Authors: Bortin Mortimer M. , Rimm Alfred A. , Saltzstein Edward C.
Published: December 2022

Graft-vs.-host disease in B6D2F1 mice was evaluated by growth curves, weight, survival and simonsen spleen weight-gain assays. Mixing and incubating C57BL/6 adult spleen with neonatal liver cell suspensions was successful in preventing graft-vs.-host reactions by all of these tests in this “hot” graft-vs.-host parent-F1 hybrid combination. Incubating immunologically competent C57BL/6 spleen cells alone resulted in a significantly reduced but still strongly positive graft-vs.-host reaction as measured by the Simonsen assay. These results reflect a loss of immune capability and/or a loss of reactivity of adult spleen cells when incubated with neonatal liver.
Development of an Attenuated Mumps Virus Vaccine
Authors: Shramek Grace , Deinhardt Friedrich
Published: December 2022

The immunogenicity and virulence of mumps viruses for mammals decreases during adaptation to growth of the virus in avian cells. However, mumps viruses grown for more than 30 passages in embryonated hen's eggs and/or CEF cell cultures can still infect mammalian cells in culture and alter the immune status of guinea pigs by infecting them. The immune responses of guinea pigs to even the most attenuated mumps viruses are qualitatively different from the responses to inactivated mumps viruses.
Inhibition of the Lytic Effect of Guinea Pig Complement by Rabbit Complement
Authors: Kempf Raymond A. , Gigli Irma , Austen K. Frank
Published: December 2022

A sensitized target cell, either a rat peritoneal mast cell or a sheep erythrocyte, when exposed to normal rabbit complement or heat-inactivated rabbit complement, becomes resistant to lysis by guinea pig complement. The inhibition of lysis observed by pretreatment of sensitized sheep erythrocytes with rabbit complement is due to a functional incompatibility between the EAC1ra4ra intermediate that is generated, and C2gp either functionally pure or in guinea pig complement. The second inhibitory mechanism, produced by heat-inactivated rabbit complement, is due to the action of an altered form of C1ra which retains its binding capacity for the sensitized site but is lytically unreactive.
A Comparison of Seven Procedures to Detect the Primary Binding of Antigen by Antibody
Authors: Minden Percy , Anthony Bascom F. , Farr Richard S.
Published: December 2022

Seven procedures to detect and measure humoral antibody that depend entirely on the primary interaction between antigen and antibody were applied to the same human and rabbit antisera.

Two tests, the precipitation of soluble antigen-antibody complexes by 50% saturated ammonium sulfate and by heterologous anti-γ globulin provided quantitative data with respect to the amount of bovine serum albumin bound by an antiserum. The percentage of antigen bound by antibody as determined by either method was remarkably similar at various serum dilutions and at two antigen concentrations. Early primary rabbit antisera bound slightly less antigen when anti-γ globulin data were compared to the ammonium sulfate data. Sera were also studied for the effect of antigen dilution on a serum's binding capacity and the results obtained by precipitating antigen-antibody complexes with either ammonium sulfate or anti-γ globulin were again comparable. These data confirmed that the precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes with heterologous anti-γ globulin is a highly sensitive and reliable procedure especially if sera are from hyperimmunized subjects.

Two other quantitative tests that depend on the separation of antigen-antibody complexes from free antigen by ultracentrifugation or by electrophoresis in acrylamide gel were employed. Although data were based on objective determinations of radioactive antigen, results could be expressed only in terms of a serum dilution endpoint.

The remaining three tests, radio-immunoelectrophoresis, radio-immunodiffusion and radio-gel-electrophoresis were qualitative radio-autographic procedures. Radio-gel-electrophoresis depends on the natural migratory characteristics of different serum proteins on slides covered with agar. The results of these three tests were also expressed in terms of a serum dilution endpoint but depend on subjective visualization on sensitive x-ray film of radioactive antigen associated with antibody.

The procedures in which electrophoresis was involved appeared to be less sensitive than the other primary methods. Within the limits of comparison, the five other primary tests were remarkably similar to each other in sensitivity.

Data derived from the P-80 test which measures spontaneous precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes, a secondary manifestation of a primary reaction, were compared with data from the primary tests. The antigen-precipitating efficiencies of the antisera were estimated and expressed as the ratio of the precipitating capacity of a given antiserum determined by the P-80 test, to the serum's binding capacity as determined by a quantitative antigen-binding test.

As in previous studies, antibodies in human sera were sometimes not detected except by a primary binding test. Accordingly, it is suggested that if the interpretation of an experiment is dependent upon the presence or absence of detectable antibody, the protocol should include at least one primary test.
Immunochemical Studies on the Cross-Reactivity between Streptococcus Bovis, Strain S19, and Group A Streptococcal Carbohydrates
Authors: Kane Judith A. , Karakawa Walter W.
Published: December 2022

Terminal β-N-acetylglucosaminide residues are the prominent antigenic determinant of the cell-wall carbohyrate of S. bovis, strain S19. This carbohydrate gave a precipitin reaction with antisera of rabbits immunized with either Group A streptococci or S. aureus. The antigenic cross-reactivity among S19 carbohydrate, Group A carbohydrate and S. aureus teichoic acid is due to the fact that the immunodominant determinants of each antigen are terminal β-N-acetylglucosaminide residues. The antigenic similarity of these three antigens was emphasized by patterns of identity in double-diffusion studies in agar.
Studies on Brain Antigens
Authors: Hatcher Victor B. , Macpherson Catherine F. C.
Published: December 2022

Seventeen antigens were detected in saline extracts of bovine brain by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic experiments using antisera produced in rabbits by prolonged and intensive immunization with saline extracts of whole bovine brain or whole rat brain.

Ten of the antigens were species-specific and shared by other bovine organs, five antigens were organ-specific and common to the brains of other mammals, and two antigens had specificities that were both organ- and species-restricted (OSR antigens).

If bovine brain antigens were to be listed in the order of their prominence, the OSR antigens would be accorded a very low rank. In contrast, OSR antigens were major components of rat brain. Moreover, two bovine brain OSR antigens that are also characteristic components of bovine CSF could not be identified in brain extracts with any of our anti-BBE sera.
The Immune Response of Mice to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin Bound to Macrophages
Authors: Unanue Emil R.
Published: December 2022

A comparison was made of the immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) administered either in free form or after uptake by macrophages. It was found that either in the primary response or when priming for a secondary challenge, free KLH was more immunogenic than macrophage-bound KLH. These results should be compared with others using weaker immunogens, wherein the macrophage-bound antigen was more immunogenic than the free antigen. The effect of macrophages in the immune response appears to depend upon the type of antigen used.
A Method for the Immunoadsorption of Cells to an Antibodycoated Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Evans Warren H. , Mage Michael G. , Peterson Elbert A.
Published: December 2022

Reticulated polyester polyurethane foam was found to be a suitable matrix for the immunoadsorption of cells. The column used to support the foam was mounted in a horizontal position and slowly rotated about its long axis in order to permit maximal contact between cells and the foam surface while at the same time allowing free passage of unbound cells through the column. Bound cells were easily removed, intact, by gently squeezing the foam.

Untreated foam had a high affinity for guinea pig erythrocytes suspended in physiologic medium at pH 7.4. This nonspecific affinity was greatly reduced by pretreating the foam with various polyanions. Immunospecific binding of erythrocytes was achieved by adding anti-erythrocyte antibody to a gum arabic solution used to protect the foam. A 38-fold increase in binding of the cells was thus obtained. A single antibody-coated foam disk having a diameter of 1 in. and a thickness of ½ in. was capable of binding up to 3 × 108 guinea pig erythrocytes. The high specificity of this method was further demonstrated by the finding that erythrocytes coated with haptens were bound specifically to foam coated with their corresponding anti-hapten antibodies, with a low background of cross-reactivity.
Enrichment of Antibody Plaque-Forming Cells by Immunoadsorption to an Antigen-Coated Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Mage Michael G. , Evans Warren H. , Peterson Elbert A.
Published: December 2022

Spleen cells from mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes were passed through a horizontal rotating reticulum of open pore plastic foam to which sheep erythrocytes had previously been bound by means of specific antibody. Cells forming hemolytic antibody plaques were preferentially and specifically bound, which resulted in partial separation and a sixfold increase in their concentration.
Some Characteristics of the Antigenic Moiety of Calfskin Collagen
Authors: LeRoy E. Carwile
Published: December 2022

Precipitating antibodies to acid-soluble calf-skin collagen which quantitatively precipitate collagen from solution recognize antigenic determinants which are separable from the major collagen subunits by heat denaturation and ion exchange chromatography. This smaller portion of collagen which retains full antigenicity is collagenous in that immunologic activity is completely lost by collagenase digestion and in its content of hydroxyproline and glycine, the latter in just less than one residue out of three. Some molecular size and charge characteristics of the antigenic moiety are described.
Wasting Disease Induced with Cortisol Acetate
Authors: Jutila John W.
Published: December 2022

The extent of immunologic impairment and time of immunologic recovery was studied in germfree mice following the neonatal administration of cortisol acetate.

The hemolysin and hemagglutinin response to sheep erythrocytes was found to be markedly impaired for at least 30 days, but had fully recovered 50 days after cortisol treatment.

The ability to reject tail skin allografts was fully developed 20 days after cortisol treatment. The recovery of the homograft reaction appeared to be related to the time of functional recovery of the thymus and peripheral lymphoid system.

The ability of spleen cells from GF mice to elicit the GVH reaction was severely impaired for 10 days following treatment with cortisol. By day 30, the GVH reactivity of spleen cells from treated mice was comparable to that of control cells.

The significance of these results obtained in germfree mice is discussed in relation to the role of the thymus and the normal bacterial flora in immunologic recovery.
Immunoglobulins of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Lakin James D. , Patterson Roy , Pruzansky Jacob J.
Published: December 2022

Rhesus monkey IgG and IgM preparations containing anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) antibody were chromatographically separated from pooled hyperimmune serum, and IgM anti-BSA was separated from pooled sera drawn during the early primary response (IgM-p). Exposure of the antibody preparations to 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol did not markedly reduce the antibody activity in passive hemagglutination of the IgG or hyperimmune IgM (IgM-h) preparations. The hemagglutinating activity of IgM-p was completely destroyed. Alkylation of the reduced IgM-h molecules with iodoacetamide did not reduce the hemagglutinating activity of the mercaptoethanol-treated antibody. Analytical Sephadex chromatography and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation of reduced and alkylated IgM-h demonstrated that the 18 S macroglobulin had been degraded to subunits possessing antibody activity. These subunits were demonstrated to have a sedimentation coefficient of 8.0 S and a molecular weight of approximately 190,000. IgM-h anti-BSA stored at 4°C for 3 months was, in part, spontaneously reduced to 8.0 S subunits which retained antibody activity in passive hemagglutination. However, the total hemagglutinating activity of IgM-h significantly decreased during prolonged storage at 4°C.
Quantitative Precipitin Analysis of Influenza Virus Host Antigen and of Sulfated Mucopolysaccharides of Chicken Embryonic Allantoic Fluid
Authors: Lee Lucille T. , Howe Calderon , Meyer Karl , Choi Haing U.
Published: December 2022

The composition and immunologic reactions of sulfated mucopolysaccharide antigens from chicken chorioallantoic fluid were examined. Differences in NANA content between host antigen (HF) and saccharides from both vaccine supernatant fluid and from normal CA fluid were ascribed to the preparative methods used. Reduction of disulfide bonds altered the immunologic reactivity of HF without changing its qualitative analytical properties. The possible contributions of NANA, fucose and protein to the antigenic determinants of these macromolecules are considered.
Discrimination between Two Strains (Types) of Herpes Simplex Virus by Various Modifications of the Neutralization Test
Authors: Wheeler Clayton E. , Briggaman Robert A. , Henderson Richard R.
Published: December 2022

Two strains (or types) of Herpesvirus hominis, HF and HPF, have been shown to be immunologically related but antigenically distinct by a number of modifications of the neutralization test.

Various types of neutralization tests distinguished between the two strains (or types) equally well under the conditions described. The tests differed, however, in ease of performance and capacity for comparative expression of results. The multiplicity neutralization test with 50% plaque reduction and pN value determinations was preferable in most instances.

Neutralization of artificial mixtures of the two types of herpesvirus by antiserum to one or the other type was useful in detecting antigenic differences and similarities. Each virus was neutralized in artificial mixtures as though the other was not present. This test merits further consideration in studying viral genetics and mechanisms of cross-neutralization as well as in differentiation of related viruses.

In the kinetic neutralization test, antiserum which was either too concentrated or too dilute failed to discriminate between HF and HPF, suggesting the possibility of an optimal serum concentration for most effective discrimination between viruses by an antiserum.

Antiserum titers were decreased in tests requiring dilution of virus-antiserum mixtures, a four- to eightfold reduction in titer resulting from dilution to 10-4. This effect was noted with both homologous virus-antiserum and heterologous virus-antiserum mixtures so that differentiation between the two strains or types could still be accomplished despite dilution. The change in titer upon dilution was thought to be related to the “dilution effect” described in the 1920's and 1930's in which infectious virus was released by dilution of virus-antiserum mixtures.
Local Plasmacytopoiesis in Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Flax M. H. , Elliott J. H. , Daly J. J. , Willms-Kretschmer K. , McCarthy J. S. , Leskowitz S.
Published: December 2022

The cytologic features of delayed hypersensitivity reactions in the cornea revealed a vigorous plasmacytic response superimposed upon an initial “classic” delayed reaction. In hapten-specific delayed reactions (induced following systemic sensitization with azobenzenearsonate (ABA)-tyrosine conjugates by intracorneal injection of the hapten conjugated to a heterologous carrier protein), the plasmacytic response involved, in part, an accelerated primary reaction to the heterologous carrier. Local plasmacytopoiesis resulting from delayed reactions may be significant in the pathogenesis of cell-mediated allergic injury.
The Antibody Response of Guinea Pigs to Topical and Intramuscular Administration of Trachoma Antigens
Authors: Zakay-Rones Zichria , Levi Reuven , Maythar Bathia , Becker Yechiel
Published: December 2022

Guinea pigs were immunized with homogenates of purified trachoma elementary bodies either topically or intramuscularly. Topical administration induced the appearance of 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant antibodies in the eyes of the immunized animals, whereas the antitrachoma antibodies in the serum were sensitive to the reagent. No antibodies were detected in the eyes after intramuscular immunization. The serum antibodies were resistant to treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol.
Studies on the Relationship Between Structure of Human IgG and Anti-complementary Activity
Authors: Hirose S. , Tanimoto K. , Arata M. , Katsuta Y.
Published: December 2022

Aggregated human IgG which was prepared by incubation in 6 M urea and dialysis against saline (U-IgG) had anti-complementary activity and was capable of increasing vascular permeability and of reacting with rheumatoid factor (RF). U-IgG also fixed to the skin of the guinea pig.

U-IgG was treated with 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) with or without alkylation by monoiodoacetamide (MIA). Treatment of U-IgG with ME and MIA diminished its anti-complementary activity and its ability to fix to the skin of guinea pigs; reactivity with RF was not destroyed by this treatment.

U-IgG was separated into polymer type (pU-IgG) and monomer type (mU-IgG) by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. pU-IgG showed high anti-complementary activity, reactivity with RF and ability to increase vascular permeability. mU-IgG reacted weakly with RF, was not able to increase vascular permeability and had no anti-complementary activity. Both pU-IgG and mU-IgG fixed to the skin of the guinea pig.