bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do Not Forget the Dreaming: Communicating Climate Change and Adaptation, Insights from Australia
Authors: Nursey-Bray Melissa , Palmer Robert , Chischilly Ann Marie , Rist Phil , Yin Lun
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, the experience of Indigenous peoples in Australia is explored, and the ways in which they have responded to the challenge of climate change. A wide range of adaptation mechanisms have been implemented which are nonetheless, as in the United States, inextricably connected to an ongoing legacy of colonial invasion. Indigenous adaptation in Australia is more than responding to climate change, but an ever-continuing adaptation to colonial history. The essential role of communications is explored.
Old Ways for New Days
Authors: Nursey-Bray Melissa , Palmer Robert , Chischilly Ann Marie , Rist Phil , Yin Lun
Published: September 2022

Indigenous peoples, as innovators and leaders of climate adaptation in their territories, have applied “old ways to new days”, both as a process, as well as in practice. Western scientists and policy makers need to work together effectively with Indigenous peoples to not only respond to climate change both on their territories and places they live. Further, in order for Indigenous knowledge to more broadly contribute to adaptation per se, conventional characterisations of vulnerability and resilience must be thrown off in favour of Indigenous survival, agency and world views. Governance spaces need to be created, on equitable terms, for Indigenous peoples to participate in and contribute to adaptation policy and decision making.
The Impact of Voluntary Family Planning Programs on Contraceptive Use, Fertility, and Population
Authors: Bongaarts John , Hodgson Dennis
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the long-standing debate about the effects of family planning programs on contraceptive behavior and fertility. We begin with a brief overview of the main rationale for family planning, namely the removal of obstacles to practicing contraception by women who want to space or limit their births. The central sections of the chapter then discuss the evidence on the effects of family planning programs. Three sources of evidence are examined: (1) controlled experiments; (2) natural experiments; and (3) statistical studies. These sources provide broadly comparable estimates of the effects of a high-quality family planning program: an increase of 25–35% in contraceptive prevalence and a decline of about 1.5 births per woman in the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) compared to a population without family planning support. The statistical analyses examine the roles of family planning programs in changing contraceptive demand and its satisfaction and the pattern of wanted and unwanted fertility. Demand refers to the proportion of women who do not want to get pregnant and its satisfaction refers to the proportion of women with a demand that practice contraception. As expected, family planning programs raise the satisfaction of demand for contraception and reduce unwanted fertility. Contrary to common conclusions made in economic theories of fertility, family planning programs have a substantial impact on demand for contraception and on wanted fertility. We conclude with a discussion of the criticisms of family planning programs and the claims that these programs have at best a small impact and are not cost-effective.
Future Perspectives of Financing Investment in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
Authors: Ishiwatari Mikio , Sasaki Daisuke
Published: September 2022

It is widely recognized that investment is crucial to mitigating disaster damage and adapting to the effects of climate change. This point was emphasized in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and successive agreements on climate change. The preceding chapters of this book identified various issues that need to be resolved and proposed policies and approaches accordingly. This chapter synthesizes the major findings and proposes innovative approaches to attain sustainable progress toward a resilient future in the Asian region. There are research gaps in many areas of investment in disaster risk reduction. There is a need to develop the estimating methods and the database of investments. The activities that constitute disaster management phases need to be well-coordinated and further developed. The trend in the increasingly adverse allocation of investment between ex-ante before disaster occurrence and response and recovery following disasters needs to be reversed. Since policy- and decision-makers must justify the allocation of budget among various priority activities, the methods to analyze the benefits of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation need to be improved. To overcome the paucity of finance, further research should be aimed at developing innovative approaches, such as green infrastructure, partnerships with the private sector, and burden-sharing mechanisms.
Intraoperative revision rates due to three-dimensional imaging in orthopedic trauma surgery: results of a case series of 4721 patients
Authors: Keil Holger , Beisemann Nils , Swartman Benedict , Schnetzke Marc , Vetter Sven Yves , Grützner Paul Alfred , Franke Jochen
Published: September 2022

Purpose

Intraoperative 3D imaging has become a valued tool in assessing the quality of reduction and implant placement in orthopedic trauma surgery. In our institution, 3D imaging is used routinely since 2001. To evaluate the intraoperative findings and consequences of this technique, intraoperative revision rates in cases with 3D imaging were analyzed.

Methods

All operative procedures carried out with intraoperative 3D imaging between August 2001 and December 2016 were included. The scans were assessed intraoperatively and documented thereafter. In case of malreduction or misplaced implants, an immediate revision was performed. The number of scans per case as well as the findings and consequences drawn regarding the anatomical region were analyzed.

Results

4721 cases with 7201 3D scans were included in this study. The most common anatomical regions were the ankle (22.3%), the calcaneus (14.8%) and the tibial head (9.5%).

In 19.1% of all cases, an intraoperative revision was performed. The highest revision rates were found with 36.0% in calcaneal fractures, 24.8% in fractures of the tibial plateau, 22.3% in injuries of the ankle.

In 52.0% of revisions, the reduction was improved regarding intra-articular steps or joint congruency. In 30.5% an implant was corrected.

Conclusion

Intraoperative revision due to results of 3D imaging was performed in almost one-fifth of cases. This illustrates the improved possibilities to detect malreduction and implant misplacements intraoperatively and thus the abilities to improve surgical outcome.

Level of evidence

III.
A new honey adulteration detection approach using hyperspectral imaging and machine learning
Authors: Phillips Tessa , Abdulla Waleed
Published: September 2022

This paper develops a new approach to fraud detection in honey. Specifically, we examine adulterating honey with sugar and use hyperspectral imaging and machine learning techniques to detect adulteration. The main contributions of this paper are introducing a new feature smoothing technique to conform to the classification model used to detect the adulterated samples and the perpetration of an adulterated honey data set using hyperspectral imaging, which has been made available online for the first time. Above $$95\%$$

95
%

accuracy was achieved for binary adulteration detection and multi-class classification between different adulterant concentrations. The system developed in this paper can be used to prevent honey fraud as a reliable, low cost, data-driven solution.
The Surgical Anatomy of the Jowl and the Mandibular Ligament Reassessed
Authors: Minelli Lennert , Yang Hun-Mu , van der Lei Berend , Mendelson Bryan
Published: September 2022

Introduction

A visible jowl is a reason patients consider lower facial rejuvenation surgery. The anatomical changes that lead to formation of the jowl remain unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the anatomy of the jowl, the mandibular ligament and the labiomandibular crease, and their relationship with the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve.

Materials and Methods

Forty-nine cadaver heads were studied (16 embalmed, 33 fresh, mean age 75 years). Following preliminary dissections and macro-sectioning, a series of standardized layered dissections were performed, complemented by histology, sheet plastination and micro-CT.

Results

The jowl forms in the subcutaneous layer where it overlies the posterior part of the mandibular ligament. The mandibular ligament proper exists only in the deep, sub-platysma plane, formed by the combined muscular attachment to the mandible of the specific lower lip depressor muscles and the platysma. The mandibular ligament does not have a definitive subcutaneous component. The labiomandibular crease inferior to the oral commissure marks the posterior extent of the fixed dermal attachment of depressor anguli oris.

Conclusion

Jowls develop as a consequence of aging changes on the functional adaptions of the mouth in humans. To accommodate wide jaw opening with a narrowed commissure requires hypermobility of the tissues overlying the mandible immediately lateral to the level of the oral commissure. This hypermobility over the mandibular attachment of the lower lip depressor muscles occurs entirely in the subcutaneous layer to allow the mandible to move largely independent from the skin. The short, elastic subcutaneous connective tissue, which allows this exceptional mobility without laxity in youth, lengthens with aging, resulting in laxity. The development of subcutaneous and dermal redundancy constitutes the jowl in this location.

Level of Evidence IV

"This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266."

Graphical Abstract
Sensitivity of simulated mesoscale convective systems over East Asia to the treatment of convection in a high-resolution GCM
Authors: Li Puxi , Muetzelfeldt Mark , Schiemann Reinhard , Chen Haoming , Li Jian , Furtado Kalli , Zhuang Moran
Published: September 2022

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) downstream of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) exhibit unique precipitation features. These MCSs can have damaging impacts and there is a critical need for improving the representation of MCSs in numerical models. However, most global climate models are typically run at resolutions that are too coarse to reasonably resolve MCSs, and it is still unclear how well higher-resolution global models can reproduce the precipitation characteristics of MCSs. In this study, the sensitivity of MCSs simulated by a global high resolution (~ 10 km), atmosphere-only climate model to different treatments of convection (with and without parametrized convection, and a hybrid representation of convection) have been investigated. The results show that explicit convection (i.e., non-parameterized) can better reproduce the observed pattern of MCS precipitation over the East Asian Summer Monsoon region. In general, explicit convection better simulates the diurnal variability of MCSs over the eastern China, and is able to represent the distinctive diurnal variations of MCS precipitation over complex terrain particularly well, such as the eastern TP and the complex terrain of central-northern China. It is shown that explicit convection is better at simulating the timing of initiation and subsequent propagating features of the MCS, resulting in better diurnal variations and further a better spatial pattern of summer mean MCS precipitation. All three experiments simulate MCS rainfall areas which are notably smaller than those in observations, but with much stronger rainfall intensities, implying that these biases in simulated MCS morphological characteristics are not sensitive to the different treatment of convection.
The Application of Role-Based Framework in Preventing Internal Identity Theft Related Crimes: A Qualitative Case Study of UK Retail Companies
Authors: Okeke Romanus Izuchukwu , Eiza Max Hashem
Published: September 2022

This paper aims to examine the challenges of preventing internal identity theft related crimes (IIDTRC) in the UK retail sector. Using an in-depth multiple case studies of a selected number of cross-functional management teams in the UK retail companies, management roles were analysed. We used semi-structured interview as a qualitative data collection technique and used Nvivo aided thematic analysis and interpretivism underpinned by Role-Based Framework (RBF) for analysis. Our findings revealed that vagueness of roles and lack of clarity in sharing data security responsibilities are the major challenges of preventing IIDTRC in UK retail companies. We suggest an application of RBF which provides a conceptual analysis for cross-functional management team to address the challenges of preventing IIDTRC. RBF enables clarity of shared roles where both information security and crimes prevention teams work in unison is required to prevent IIDTRC to maximise internal data security. Contributions for policymakers are offered in this paper.
Promoting Gender Equality: A Systematic Review of Interventions
Authors: Guthridge Michaela , Kirkman Maggie , Penovic Tania , Giummarra Melita J.
Published: September 2022

More than four decades have passed since the United Nation’s Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted. Now is an opportune time to consider whether the interventions seeking to realise CEDAW’s aspirations have brought us closer to achieving gender equality. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesise evidence for the effectiveness of social justice, cognitive, or behaviour-change interventions that sought to reduce gender inequality, gender bias, or discrimination against women or girls. Interventions could be implemented in any context, with any mode of delivery and duration, if they measured gender equity or discrimination outcomes, and were published in English in peer-reviewed journals. Papers on violence against women and sexuality were not eligible. Seventy-eight papers reporting qualitative (n = 36), quantitative (n = 23), and multi-methods (n = 19) research projects met the eligibility criteria after screening 7,832 citations identified from psycINFO, ProQuest, Scopus searches, reference lists and expert recommendations. Findings were synthesised narratively. Improved gender inclusion was the most frequently reported change (n = 39), particularly for education and media interventions. Fifty percent of interventions measuring social change in gender equality did not achieve beneficial effects. Most gender mainstreaming interventions had only partial beneficial effects on outcomes, calling into question their efficacy in practice. Twenty-eight interventions used education and awareness-raising strategies, which also predominantly had only partial beneficial effects. Overall research quality was low to moderate, and the key findings created doubt that interventions to date have achieved meaningful change. Interventions may not have achieved macrolevel change because they did not explicitly address meso and micro change. We conclude with a summary of the evidence for key determinants of the promotion of gender equality, including a call to address men’s emotional responses (micro) in the process of achieving gender equality (micro/meso/macrolevels).
Interpersonally-Based Fears and Problematic Social Networking Site Use: The Moderating Role of Online Social Support
Authors: Casale Silvia , Akbari Mehdi , Bocci Benucci Sara , Seydavi Mohammad , Fioravanti Giulia
Published: September 2022

Within the Compensatory Internet Use Theory (CIUT) framework, online activities may compensate for psychosocial problems. However, those who attempt to satisfy their needs or mitigate their fears via Social Networking Sites (SNSs) may be at heightened risk for problematic use of SNSs (PSNSU), especially in cases when these fears have an interpersonal basis, and the individual effectively finds online social support. The current study hypothesizes that interpersonally-based fears (i.e., fear of no mattering, fear of intimacy, and fear of negative evaluation) predict PSNSU, and online social support moderates these associations. Four hundred and fifty Italian participants (Mage = 27.42 ± 7.54; F = 73.5%) take part in the study. As examined by path analysis, the three interpersonal fears were positively associated with PSNSU, and online social support significantly moderates the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and PSNSU. The model accounted for 19% of the variance of PSNSU and showed good fit indices. The associations' strengths decrease as age increases. Overall, the current study finds further support for the theory that motivations need to be taken into account when it comes to internet uses (i.e., CIUT) and extends our understanding by highlighting that online social support might reinforce the link between the fear of being negatively evaluated and PSNSU.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of the Population of Phytophthora infestans in Bangladesh Between 2014 and 2019
Authors: Islam Md. Huzzatul , Shanta Sangee Sarkar , Hossain Muhammad Iqbal , Hossain Muhammed Ali , Hossain Md. Monower , Rahaman Ebna Habib Md. Shofiur , Al Mahmud Abdullah , Akhond Md. Abdullah Yousuf , Sullivan Louise , Cooke David E. L. , Kessel Geert J. T. , Cooke Louise R. , Islam Md. Rashidul
Published: September 2022

In Bangladesh, the third largest producer of potatoes in Asia, late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is the major constraint to production. Nevertheless, there is a lack of published information on the pathogen population. A collection of 69 isolates obtained from samples of infected potato foliage collected in 2018–2019 varied significantly in their aggressiveness to detached potato leaflets and tuber slices of cv. Diamant. On leaflets, most isolates were highly aggressive, colonizing more than half the surface in 7 days. On tuber slices, while some isolates were highly aggressive, those collected in 2019 were less so. There was a significant effect of the locations from which the isolates were obtained on aggressiveness to both leaflets and tuber slices, but aggressiveness to leaflets and to tuber slices was not significantly correlated. All isolates were A2 mating type and either intermediate (38%) or resistant (62%) in sensitivity to the fungicide metalaxyl. A subset of 24 isolates all had mitochondrial DNA haplotype Ia.

Samples of P. infestans DNA (124) from infected potato foliage obtained from Bangladesh (2014–2019) were genotyped by 12-plex SSR. The vast majority (95%) were assigned to EU_13_A2, which was present in every year in which samples were collected. Numerous EU_13_A2 variants were identified, many specific to Bangladesh. Six samples (from 2017 to 2019) had genotypes distinct from EU_13_A2 and with no close match to known European lineages. It is concluded that the current P. infestans population of Bangladesh is dominated by the aggressive lineage EU_13_A2, also dominant in India and Pakistan. The implications of this for control of late blight are discussed.
A stakeholders’ pathway towards a future land use and food system in Germany
Authors: Rasche Livia , Schneider Uwe A. , Steinhauser Jan
Published: September 2022

Food systems contribute considerably to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and influence land use. In Germany, many strategies have been proposed by policy-makers to reduce negative impacts and make the food system more sustainable. It is unclear how close the suggested policies, when bundled, will bring the food and land use system towards the targeted goals; and what stakeholders from non-policy-making organizations consider realistic changes in the German food system. We thus surveyed different stakeholder groups on their opinions about realistic changes in the food and land use system in Germany up to 2050, developed four stakeholder pathways, and used an accounting tool to determine the effect of each pathway on indicators such as land use, GHG emissions, and biodiversity conservation potential. The assessment showed that GHG emissions from agricultural activities and land use are reduced from 66 to − 2–22 TgCO2e by 2050, while the area where natural processes predominate increases from 19 to 27–32%, and the resilience of the food system is not negatively influenced. The change is caused mainly by a diet-change-induced reduction of livestock production and agricultural area transformation into areas with higher carbon sequestration rates. If followed, the common stakeholder pathway (based on all stakeholder responses) would thus lead towards a sustainable food and land use system, but only if the underlying assumption of a drastic diet change towards more plant-based products comes true. Stakeholders from the academic and public sectors were more likely to assume that such a change was realistic than stakeholders from the private sector.
Controllability of nonlinear integral equations of Chandrasekhar type
Authors: Cardinali Tiziana , Matucci Serena , Rubbioni Paola
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we study the controllability of two problems involving the same Chandrasekhar-type integral equation, but under different kinds of controls. A viability condition is imposed as well. We provide existence results of continuous trajectories coupled to continuous controls. Then, in the non-viable case, we investigate the optimal estimates to be taken in view of the existence of solutions for both problems. The last part of the paper deals with the application of the previous results to the classical Chandrasekhar equation, first showing the existence of a viable continuous solution, then providing also uniqueness and approximability. Two examples of controllability problems governed by this equation are given.
Untangling unexpected terrestrial conservation challenges arising from the historical human exploitation of marine mammals in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Convey Peter , Hughes Kevin A.
Published: September 2022

Intensive human exploitation of the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) in its primary population centre on sub-Antarctic South Georgia, as well as on other sub-Antarctic islands and parts of the South Shetland Islands, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries rapidly brought populations to the brink of extinction. The species has now recovered throughout its original distribution. Non-breeding and yearling seals, almost entirely males, from the South Georgia population now disperse in the summer months far more widely and in higher numbers than there is evidence for taking place in the pre-exploitation era. Large numbers now haul out in coastal terrestrial habitats in the South Orkney Islands and also along the north-east and west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula to at least Marguerite Bay. In these previously less- or non-visited areas, the seals cause levels of damage likely never to have been experienced previously to fragile terrestrial habitats through trampling and over-fertilisation, as well as eutrophication of sensitive freshwater ecosystems. This increased area of summer impact is likely to have further synergies with aspects of regional climate change, including reduction in extent and duration of sea ice permitting seals access farther south, and changes in krill abundance and distribution. The extent and conservation value of terrestrial habitats and biodiversity now threatened by fur seal distribution expansion, and the multiple anthropogenic factors acting in synergy both historically and to the present day, present a new and as yet unaddressed challenge to the agencies charged with ensuring the protection and conservation of Antarctica’s unique ecosystems.
Disciplining Rules? Compliance, the Rules of Interpretation, and the Evaluative Dimension of Articles 31 and 32 of the VCLT
Authors: Peat Daniel
Published: September 2022

In what way do Articles 31 and 32 of the VCLT constitute ‘rules’ of interpretation? In this article, I explore whether these provisions might be considered to be ‘disciplining rules’, to use Owen Fiss’ terminology. Such rules perform both directive and evaluative roles, guiding the interpreter as well as acting as a benchmark against which to evaluate interpretation. Yet, both the history and the practice of the VCLT provisions suggest that Articles 31 and 32 sit uneasily with the concept of disciplining rules. Instead, I suggest that they might better be thought of as rules in a looser, non-legal sense of the term, adherence to which signals membership to a certain community.
Adjoint pairs and unbounded normal operators
Authors: Schmüdgen Konrad
Published: September 2022

An adjoint pair is a pair of densely defined closed linear operators
A,B on a Hilbert space such that $$ \langle Ax,y\rangle = \langle x,By\rangle$$

⟨
A
x
,
y
⟩
=
⟨
x
,
B
y
⟩

for $$x \in \mathcal{D} (A),y \in \mathcal{D} (B) $$

x
∈
D
(
A
)
,
y
∈
D
(
B
)

. We consider adjoint pairs for which 0 is a regular point for both
operators and associate a boundary triplet to such an adjoint pair. Proper
extensions of the operator B are in one-to-one correspondence $$Tc\leftrightarrow \mathcal{C} $$

T
c
↔
C

to closed subspaces $$\mathcal{C} $$
C
of $$ \mathcal{N}(A^{*}) \oplus\mathcal{N}(B^{*})$$

N

(

A

∗

)

⊕
N

(

B

∗

)

. In the case when B is formally
normal and$$\mathcal{D}(A) =\mathcal{D}(B) $$

D
(
A
)
=
D
(
B
)

, the normal operators $$Tc $$

Tc

are characterized.
Next we assume that B has an extension to a normal operator with
bounded inverse. Then the normal operators $$Tc$$

Tc

are described and the
case when $$\mathcal{N}(A^{*}) $$

N
(

A

∗

)

has dimension one is treated.
Lebesgue type decompositions and Radon–Nikodym derivatives for pairs of bounded linear operators
Authors: Hassi Seppo , De Snoo Henk
Published: September 2022

For a pair of bounded linear Hilbert space operators A and B
one considers the Lebesgue type decompositions of B with respect to
A into an almost dominated part and a singular part, analogous to the
Lebesgue decomposition for a pair of measures in which case one speaks of
an absolutely continuous and a singular part. A complete parametrization
of all Lebesgue type decompositions will be given, and the uniqueness of
such decompositions will be characterized. In addition, it will be shown
that the almost dominated part of B in a Lebesgue type decomposition has
an abstract Radon–Nikodym derivative with respect to the operator A.
An Epistemological Disjunctivist Account of Memory Knowledge
Authors: Kwok Chung Him , Ryan Shane , Mi Chienkuo
Published: September 2022

This paper explores the prospects for a Pritchardean epistemological disjunctivist account of memory knowledge. We begin by providing an overview of Duncan Pritchard's epistemological disjunctivist account of perceptual knowledge, as well as the theoretical advantages of such an account. Drawing on that account, we present and motivate our own Pritchardean epistemological disjunctivist account of memory knowledge. After distinguishing different sorts of memory and the different roles that memory can play in knowledge acquisition, we set out our account and argue that the case for epistemological disjunctivism enjoys parity with the case for epistemological disjunctivism of perceptual knowledge. We also consider objections to our account. The first is from Joe Milburn and Andrew Moon, who argue against a general epistemological disjunctivism of memory on the basis of differences in memory types. The second objection arises from a Radford-like case whereby one's true belief is from memory even though one lacks rational support that is reflectively accessible to one.
What is robust control in quantum technology?
Authors: Shermer Sophie
Published: September 2022

Technology is the product of understanding physical processes and learning how to control them in order to achieve desired objectives. To be practically usable, technology requires a degree of reliability, which can be achieved by robust system design and control [1].
Amino acid oxidation methods to determine amino acid requirements: do we require lengthy adaptation periods?
Authors: Szwiega Sylwia , Pencharz Paul B. , Ball Ronald O. , Tomlinson Christopher , Elango Rajavel , Courtney-Martin Glenda
Published: September 2022

Determination of indispensable amino acid (IAA) requirements necessitates a range of intakes of the test IAA and monitoring of the physiological response. Short-term methods are the most feasible for studying multiple intake levels in the same individual. Carbon oxidation methods measure the excretion of 13CO2 in breath from a labelled amino acid (AA) in response to varying intakes of the test AA following a period of adaptation. However, the length of adaptation to each AA intake level has been a source of debate and disagreement among researchers. The assertion of the minimally invasive indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique is that IAA requirements can be estimated after only a few hours (8 h) of adaptation to each test AA intake, suggesting that adaptation occurs rapidly in response to dietary adjustments. On the contrary, the assertion of most other techniques is that 6–7 d of adaptation is required when determining IAA needs. It has even been argued that a minimum of two weeks is needed to achieve complete adaptation. This review explores evidence regarding AA oxidation methods and whether long periods of adaptation to test IAA levels are necessary when estimating IAA requirements. It was found that the consumption of experimental diets containing lower test IAA intake for greater than 7 d violates the terms of a successful adaptive response. While there is some evidence that short-term 8 h IAAO is not different among different test amino acid intakes up to 7 d, it is unclear whether it impacts assessment of IAA requirements.
Indigenous peoples in Russian Arctic labour market
Authors: Pitukhina Maria , Valery Gurtov
Published: September 2022

The article is dealing with indigenous peoples’ sustainability issues in Russian Arctic labour market. There we surveyed 74 indigenous communities and 32 municipal unitary enterprises in the Arctic. Obtained data helped to identify demanded occupations for indigenous peoples in the Russian Arctic for the period of 2035. It turned out that 75% of respondents continue working in occupations that are traditional for indigenous peoples (reindeer farmer, coastal fisherman, whale hunter etc.) in the Russian Arctic, 25% continue working in occupations demanded in Arctic labour market mainly in social sphere (doctor, teacher and kindergarten teacher). Both Rosstat data and indigenous peoples’ surveys’ results indicated that indigenous peoples are usually not enrolled in vocational educations programmes. After graduating both schools and boarding schools, indigenous peoples usually do not continue their education. They also have a high disposal rate at tertiary vocational education organisations in case they are enrolled. Unequal access to education as well as labour market is a strong characteristic of indigenous peoples in the Russian Arctic.
A five-bar mechanism to assist finger flexion-extension movement: system implementation
Authors: Zapatero-Gutiérrez Araceli , Castillo-Castañeda Eduardo , Laribi Med Amine
Published: September 2022

The lack of specialized personnel and assistive technology to assist in rehabilitation therapies is one of the challenges facing the health sector today, and it is projected to increase. For researchers and engineers, it represents an opportunity to innovate and develop devices that improve and optimize rehabilitation services for the benefit of society. Among the different types of injuries, hand injuries occur most frequently. These injuries require a rehabilitation process in order for the hand to regain its functionality. This article presents the fabrication and instrumentation of an end-effector prototype, based on a five-bar configuration, for finger rehabilitation that executes a natural flexion-extension movement. The dimensions were obtained through the gradient method optimization and evaluated through Matlab. Experimental tests were carried out to demonstrate the prototype’s functionality and the effectiveness of a five-bar mechanism acting in a vertical plane, where gravity influences the mechanism’s performance. Position control using fifth-order polynomials with via points was implemented in the joint space. The design of the end-effector was also evaluated by performing a theoretical comparison, calculated as a function of a real flexion-extension trajectory of the fingers and the angle of rotation obtained through an IMU. As a result, controlling the two degrees of freedom of the mechanism at several points of the trajectory assures the end-effector trajectory and therefore the fingers’ range of motion, which helps for full patient recovery.
Forest land-cover trends in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, 1994–2017
Authors: López-García José , Navarro-Cerrillo Rafael María , Manzo-Delgado Lilia de Lourdes
Published: September 2022

The hibernation sites of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus, L.) were discovered in central Mexico in 1975 and, following the decree of a protected area in 1986, processes of deforestation and forest degradation were triggered on the socially owned land in question. Further deterioration has occurred since the expansion and designation of the area as the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in 2000. An innovative programme of economic incentives was established to compensate the affected properties in the core zone for curtailment of their forest use and to pay for environmental services; however, some of the agrarian communities were in disagreement with this programme. Orthophotographs from 1994 were compared with high-resolution satellite images from 2017 in order to determine forest-cover trends in the areas incentivized by Payment for Environmental Services to avoid deforestation and those areas that were not incentivized. The results show an overall recovery of 2% in forest area between 1994 and 2017, while a 5% increase in the deforested area is notable in the core zone. The findings indicate that, for the establishment of an effective protected area on social property lands, consensus must be achieved across all of the communities in order to avoid subsequent forest loss.
Supplementation of porcine in vitro maturation medium with FGF2, LIF, and IGF1 enhances cytoplasmic maturation in prepubertal gilts oocytes and improves embryo quality
Authors: Serrano Albal María , Silvestri Giuseppe , Kiazim Lucas G. , Vining Lucy M. , Zak Louisa J. , Walling Grant A. , Haigh Alexandra M. , Harvey Simon C. , Harvey Katie E. , Griffin Darren K.
Published: September 2022

In porcine in vitro production (IVP) systems, the use of oocytes derived from prepubertal gilts, whilst being commercially attractive, remains challenging due to their poor developmental competence following in vitro maturation (IVM). Follicular fluid contains important growth factors and plays a key role during oocyte maturation; therefore, it is a common supplementation for porcine IVM medium. However, follicular fluid contains many poorly characterized components, is batch variable, and its use raises biosecurity concerns. In an effort to design a defined IVM system, growth factors such as cytokines have been previously tested. These include leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), the combination of which is termed ‘FLI’. Here, using abattoir-derived oocytes in a well established porcine IVP system, we compared follicular fluid and FLI supplementation during both IVM and embryo culture to test the hypothesis that FLI can substitute for follicular fluid without compromising oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. We demonstrate that in oocytes derived from prepubertal gilts, FLI supplementation enhances oocyte meiotic maturation and has a positive effect on the quality and developmental competence of embryos. Moreover, for the first time, we studied the effects of follicular fluid and FLI combined showing no synergistic effects.
And of Clay We Are Created
Authors: Mirsajadi Ali-Reza
Published: September 2022

Iranian theatre director Zahra Sabri’s dramaturgy layers performers and puppets, puppets and puppeteers, collapsing distinctions between the inanimate and the animate in ways that allow spectators more freedom to interpret her work. Her 2012 Count to One enacts the creation, animation, and destruction of clay puppets while telling a story of three soldiers who refuse to follow orders to bomb a foreign city.
Breathing Bricks
Authors: Knapp Alex
Published: September 2022

For 100 days in 2015, performance artist Nut Brother dragged a vacuum cleaner through Beijing and formed the collected smog particles into a solid brick. Dust Project brings into sharp relief the harm related to the necessary act of breathing and the effects of anthropogenic climate change. As air quality declines, breathing marks the everyday entanglement with particulate matter and its attendant violences as a performance of endurance.
Kompetenzen erheben – Lernbedarf ermitteln
Authors: Jänicke-Stöger Tanja
Published: September 2022

Zusammenfassung. Im Rahmen des Projekts „Kompetenzzentrum Bad Kötzting“ wurden verschiedene Formate zur Unterstützung und Fortbildung von Pflegekräften entwickelt und begleitet. Dabei fielen große Kompetenzunterschiede bei den Teilnehmenden auf. Daher wurde ein Assessmentverfahren zur Ermittlung des Bildungsbedarfs entwickelt, um adressatengerechte Bildungsformate anbieten zu können.
Ausbildungszufriedenheit messen
Authors: Beerli Stefanie , Hediger Hannele , Panfil Eva-Maria
Published: September 2022

Zusammenfassung. Pflegestudierende sollen in klinischen Ausbildungen ihre beruflichen Kompetenzen entwickeln und vertiefen. Damit dies bestmöglich gelingt sind geeignete Lernumgebungen essenziell. Zu deren Bewertung werden in der Praxis verschiedene Instrumente angewendet. Nachfolgend präsentieren wir empirische Ergebnisse eines Vergleichs zweier Fragebögen, welche die klinische Lernumgebung mittels Zufriedenheitsbefragungen bewerten.
Volcanic Winters Ushered in the Jurassic Reign of the Dinosaurs
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: September 2022

Sediment cores from northwestern China reveal freezing conditions during the Late Triassic killed off many forms of life—but not dinosaurs.
Estimating Uranium and Thorium Abundance with Geoneutrinos
Authors: Rehnberg Morgan
Published: September 2022

Terrestrial electron antineutrino observations provide new constraints on the contributions of radiogenic heat in the mantle.
Wildfire Danger Prediction and Understanding With Deep Learning
Authors: Kondylatos Spyros , Prapas Ioannis , Ronco Michele , Papoutsis Ioannis , Camps‐Valls Gustau , Piles María , Fernández‐Torres Miguel‐Ángel , Carvalhais Nuno
Published: September 2022

Climate change exacerbates the occurence of extreme droughts and heatwaves, increasing the frequency and intensity of large wildfires across the globe. Forecasting wildfire danger and uncovering the drivers behind fire events become central for understanding relevant climate‐land surface feedback and aiding wildfire management. In this work, we leverage Deep Learning (DL) to predict the next day's wildfire danger in a fire‐prone part of the Eastern Mediterranean and explainable Artificial Intelligence (xAI) to diagnose model attributions. We implement DL models that capture the temporal and spatio‐temporal context, generalize well for extreme wildfires, and demonstrate improved performance over the traditional Fire Weather Index. Leveraging xAI, we identify the substantial contribution of wetness‐related variables and unveil the temporal focus of the models. The variability of the contribution of the input variables across wildfire events hints into different wildfire mechanisms. The presented methodology paves the way to more robust, accurate, and trustworthy data‐driven anticipation of wildfires.
A Process‐Model Perspective on Recent Changes in the Carbon Cycle of North America
Authors: Murray‐Tortarolo Guillermo , Poulter Benjamin , Vargas Rodrigo , Hayes Daniel , Michalak Anna M. , Williams Christopher , Windham‐Myers Lisamarie , Wang Jonathan A. , Wickland Kimberly P. , Butman David , Tian Hanqin , Sitch Stephen , Friedlingstein Pierre , O’Sullivan Mike , Briggs Peter , Arora Vivek , Lombardozzi Danica , Jain Atul K. , Yuan Wenping , Séférian Roland , Nabel Julia , Wiltshire Andy , Arneth Almut , Lienert Sebastian , Zaehle Sönke , Bastrikov Vladislav , Goll Daniel , Vuichard Nicolas , Walker Anthony , Kato Etsushi , Yue Xu , Zhang Zhen , Chaterjee Abhishek , Kurz Werner
Published: September 2022

Continental North America has been found to be a carbon (C) sink over recent decades by multiple studies employing a variety of estimation approaches. However, several key questions and uncertainties remain with these assessments. Here we used results from an ensemble of 19 state‐of‐the‐art dynamic global vegetation models from the TRENDYv9 project to improve these estimates and study the drivers of its interannual variability. Our results show that North America has been a C sink with a magnitude of 0.37 ± 0.38 (mean and one standard deviation) PgC year−1 for the period 2000–2019 (0.31 and 0.44 PgC year−1 in each decade); split into 0.18 ± 0.12 PgC year−1 in Canada (0.15 and 0.20), 0.16 ± 0.17 in the United States (0.14 and 0.17), 0.02 ± 0.05 PgC year−1 in Mexico (0.02 and 0.02) and 0.01 ± 0.02 in Central America and the Caribbean (0.01 and 0.01). About 57% of the new C assimilated by terrestrial ecosystems is allocated into vegetation, 30% into soils, and 13% into litter. Losses of C due to fire account for 41% of the interannual variability of the mean net biome productivity for all North America in the model ensemble. Finally, we show that drought years (e.g., 2002) have the potential to shift the region to a small net C source in the simulations (−0.02 ± 0.46 PgC year−1). Our results highlight the importance of identifying the major drivers of the interannual variability of the continental‐scale land C cycle along with the spatial distribution of local sink‐source dynamics.
An Improved Method of Surface Clutter Simulation Based on Orbiting Radar in Tianwen‐1 Mars Exploration
Authors: Hong Tiansheng , Su Yan , Dai Shun , Zhang Zongyu , Du Wei , Liu Chendi , Liu Shuning , Wang Ruigang , Ding Chunyu , Li Chunlai
Published: September 2022

Mars Orbiter Subsurface Investigation Radar (MOSIR) is carried by China's first Mars probe, Tianwen‐1 orbiter, investigating the Martian subsurface stratification. Surface clutter from topography off‐nadir will overlap with the subsurface echoes, which affects the recognition of Martian subsurface reflections. Surface clutter simulation can effectively distinguish the nadir and off‐nadir radar echoes. In this paper, we choose the facet method to model the Mars surface topography and combine the roughness parameter with the radar backscatter function. We also provide an analytic expression of the echo phase considering the distance variation in the whole facet. The Chinese first Mars landing site is on Utopia Planitia, which is also one of the key investigating regions of MOSIR. Therefore, we also carried on surface clutter simulation of this region and generated simulation radargram with the Chirp Scaling algorithm. Furthermore, we use the contrast method to compensate for ionospheric error introduced by the NeMars Mars ionosphere model. Our surface clutter simulation program will significantly support MOSIR subsurface investigation, and provide a chance to verify the related data processing.
Eocene emergence of highly calcifying coccolithophores despite declining atmospheric CO2
Authors: Claxton L. M. , McClelland H. L. O. , Hermoso M. , Rickaby R. E. M.
Published: September 2022

Coccolithophores, a group of unicellular calcifying phytoplankton, have been major contributors to marine carbonate production since the calcite plates that they produce (coccoliths) first appeared in the fossil record over 200 million years ago (Ma). The response of this process to changes in environment on evolutionary timescales remains poorly understood, particularly in warm climates. Here we integrate a dataset consisting of carbon isotope ratios of size-separated coccolith calcite from marine sediments with a cell-scale model to interrogate cellular carbon fluxes and $$p_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}$$

p

CO

2

through the Eocene (~55–34 Ma), Earth’s hottest interval of the past 100 million years. We show that the large coccolithophores that rose to dominate the oceans through the Eocene have higher calcification-to-carbon fixation ratios than their predecessors while the opposite is true for smaller coccolithophores. These changes, which occurred in the context of increasing ocean alkalization, may have played a role in an apparent positive carbon cycle feedback to decreasing $$p_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}$$

p

CO

2

. Our approach also provides independent support of multiproxy-based evidence for general $$p_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}$$

p

CO

2

decline through the Eocene in step with temperature. Together, this challenges the emerging view that a general decline in $$p_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}$$

p

CO

2

reduces calcification on evolutionary timescales.
In-fibre second-harmonic generation with embedded two-dimensional materials
Authors: Ngo Gia Quyet , Najafidehaghani Emad , Gan Ziyang , Khazaee Sara , Siems Malte Per , George Antony , Schartner Erik P. , Nolte Stefan , Ebendorff-Heidepriem Heike , Pertsch Thomas , Tuniz Alessandro , Schmidt Markus A. , Peschel Ulf , Turchanin Andrey , Eilenberger Falk
Published: September 2022

Silica-based optical fibres are a workhorse of nonlinear optics, providing ready access to a range of nonlinear phenomena including solitons and self-phase modulation. However, they have one fundamental limitation: due to the amorphous nature of silica, they do not exhibit second-order nonlinearity, except for negligible contributions from surfaces. Here we demonstrate second-harmonic generation in functionalized optical fibres by using a monolayer of highly nonlinear MoS2 directly grown on the fibre’s core. The MoS2-functionalized fibre exhibits a second-order susceptibility (χ(2)) value of 44 pm V–1 and a second-harmonic generation conversion efficiency of 0.2 × 10–3 m−2 W−1. This approach is scalable and can be generalized to other transition metal dichalcogenides and a wide range of waveguide systems. Our results demonstrate a new approach towards efficient in-fibre second-harmonic generation sources and may establish a platform for χ(2)-based nonlinear fibre optics, optoelectronics, photonics platforms, integrated optical architectures and active fibre networks.
Industrialised fishing nations largely contribute to floating plastic pollution in the North Pacific subtropical gyre
Authors: Lebreton Laurent , Royer Sarah-Jeanne , Peytavin Axel , Strietman Wouter Jan , Smeding-Zuurendonk Ingeborg , Egger Matthias
Published: September 2022

The subtropical oceanic gyre in the North Pacific Ocean is currently covered with tens of thousands of tonnes of floating plastic debris, dispersed over millions of square kilometres. A large fraction is composed of fishing nets and ropes while the rest is mostly composed of hard plastic objects and fragments, sometimes carrying evidence on their origin. In 2019, an oceanographic mission conducted in the area, retrieved over 6000 hard plastic debris items > 5 cm. The debris was later sorted, counted, weighed, and analysed for evidence of origin and age. Our results, complemented with numerical model simulations and findings from a previous oceanographic mission, revealed that a majority of the floating material stems from fishing activities. While recent assessments for plastic inputs into the ocean point to coastal developing economies and rivers as major contributors into oceanic plastic pollution, here we show that most floating plastics in the North Pacific subtropical gyre can be traced back to five industrialised fishing nations, highlighting the important role the fishing industry plays in the solution to this global issue.