bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tunable Bound States in the Continuum in a Reconfigurable Terahertz Metamaterial
Authors: Huang Yuwei , Kaj Kelson , Chen Chunxu , Yang Zhiwei , Averitt Richard D. , Zhang Xin
Published: July 2023

Bound states in the continuum (BIC) is an exotic concept describing systems without radiative loss. BICs are widely investigated in optics due to numerous potential applications including lasing, sensing, and filtering, among others. This study introduces a structurally tunable BIC terahertz metamaterial fabricated using micromachining and experimentally characterized using terahertz time domain spectroscopy. Control of the bending angle of the metamaterial by thermal actuation modifies the capacitance enabling tuning from a quasi‐BIC state with a quality factor of 26 to the BIC state. The dynamic response from the quasi‐BIC state to the BIC state is achieved by blueshifting the resonant frequency of the LC mode while maintaining a constant resonant frequency for the dipole mode. Additional insight into the tunable electromagnetic response is obtained using temporal coupled mode theory (CMT). The results reveal the effectiveness of bi‐layer cantilever‐based structures to realize tunable BIC metamaterials with potential applications for nonlinear optics and light‐matter control at terahertz frequencies.
Bio‐Inspired Homologous Magnesium‐Based Reflective Filters with Angular Heterochromatic Structural Colors
Authors: Bu Yu , Ou Weihui , Bu Xiuming , Xiao Xufen , Chen Yingxian , Mao Zhengyi , Lu Jian
Published: July 2023

The existing color filter implementation schemes are prone to introduce prestress during the preparation process due to the large difference in thermal expansion coefficients of different layers of materials, resulting in poor mechanical stability. Inspired by beetle forewings’ structure, it is proposed to construct asymmetric Fabry–Perot (F‐P) angular heterochromatic structural colors utilizing homologous materials through a continuous deposition method of magnetron sputtering technology. The fabricated large‐area F‐P‐type reflective filters not only exhibit high color saturation but also achieve good bonding ability between the layers with a steady‐state friction coefficient of ≈0.1. The large‐area reflective filter can achieve different colors such as blue, yellow, violet, and green, which is in agreement with the simulation results. This work not only provides a new design method for advanced decorative applications but also provides protection to the substrate.
Advancements in Asymmetric Catalytic Approaches Involving Benzoxazinone Derivatives
Authors: Zhang Rui‐Lin , Qiu Kai‐Xiong , Gao Hong‐Fei , Yu Fang , Sun Zhong‐Wen
Published: July 2023

Chiralaza‐heterocycles, as a sort of key frameworks of natural productset al, are deeply concerned by synthetic chemists. In recent years, catalytic asymmetric reactions of several types of zwitterionic intermediates, originating form benzoxazinone derivatives, have become a popular and efficient approach to obtain chiralaza‐heterocycles. Given that, this review attempts to summarize recent development in the field of catalytic asymmetric reactions of benzoxazinone derivatives as a powerful dipole precursors for the construction ofaza‐heterocycles. In the past years, various benzoxazinone derivatives and their catalytic asymmetric reactions have been developed. Herein, this review is organized by the types of benzoxazinone derivatives and their catalytic asymmetric reactions to display their important synthetic potentials and values.
Highly Efficient Van Der Waals Heterojunction on Graphdiyne toward the High‐Performance Photodetector
Authors: Do Dinh Phuc , Hong Chengyun , Bui Viet Q , Pham Thi Hue , Seo Sohyeon , Do Van Dam , Phan Thanh Luan , Tran Kim My , Haldar Surajit , Ahn Byung‐wook , Lim Seong Chu , Yu Woo Jong , Kim Seong‐Gon , Kim Ji‐Hee , Lee Hyoyoung
Published: July 2023

Graphdiyne (GDY), a new 2D material, has recently proven excellent performance in photodetector applications due to its direct bandgap and high mobility. Different from the zero‐gap of graphene, these preeminent properties made GDY emerge as a rising star for solving the bottleneck of graphene‐based inefficient heterojunction. Herein, a highly effective graphdiyne/molybdenum (GDY/MoS2) type‐II heterojunction in a charge separation is reported toward a high‐performance photodetector. Characterized by robust electron repulsion of alkyne‐rich skeleton, the GDY based junction facilitates the effective electron–hole pairs separation and transfer. This results in significant suppression of Auger recombination up to six times at the GDY/MoS2 interface compared with the pristine materials owing to an ultrafast hot hole transfer from MoS2 to GDY. GDY/MoS2 device demonstrates notable photovoltaic behavior with a short‐circuit current of −1.3 × 10−5 A and a large open‐circuit voltage of 0.23 V under visible irradiation. As a positive‐charge‐attracting magnet, under illumination, alkyne‐rich framework induces positive photogating effect on the neighboring MoS2, further enhancing photocurrent. Consequently, the device exhibits broadband detection (453–1064 nm) with a maximum responsivity of 78.5 A W−1 and a high speed of 50 µs. Results open up a new promising strategy using GDY toward effective junction for future optoelectronic applications.
Hyper α2,6‐Sialylation Promotes CD4+ T‐Cell Activation and Induces the Occurrence of Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Fan Qingjie , Li Mechou , Zhao Weiwei , Zhang Kaixin , Li Ming , Li Wenzhe
Published: July 2023

α2,6‐sialylation, catalyzed by α2,6‐sialyltransferase (ST6GAL1), plays a pivotal role in immune responses. However, the role of ST6GAL1 in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unknown. ST6GAL1 mRNA is highly expressed in UC tissues compared with the corresponding adjacent normal tissues, and α2,6‐sialylation is significantly increased in the colon tissues of patients with UC. The expression of ST6GAL1 and proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐6, IL‐17, and interferon‐gamma, is also increased. The number of CD4+ T cells increases in UC patients. St6gal1 gene knockout (St6gal1−/‐) rats are established by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)‐associated gene knockout system. St6gal1 deficiency reduces the levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and alleviates colitis symptoms in UC model rats. Ablation of α2,6‐sialylation inhibits the transport of the TCR to lipid rafts and suppresses CD4+ T‐cell activation. The attenuation of TCR signaling downregulates the expression of NF‐κB in ST6GAL1‐/‐ CD4+ T‐cells. Moreover, NF‐κB could bind to the ST6GAL1 promoter to increase its transcription. Ablation of ST6GAL1 downregulates the expression of NF‐κB and reduces the production of proinflammatory cytokines to relieve UC pathogenesis, which is a potential novel target for the clinical treatment of UC.
Clinical, biochemical, and molecular characterization of mucopolysaccharidosis type III in 34 Egyptian patients
Authors: Almenabawy Nihal , Ramadan Manal , Kamel Mona , Mahmoud Iman G. , Amer Fawzia , Shaheen Yara , Elnaggar Walaa , Selim Laila
Published: July 2023

Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by progressive neurocognitive deterioration. There are four MPS III subtypes (A, B, C, and D) that are clinically indistinguishable with variable rates of progression. A retrospective analysis was carried out on 34 patients with MPS III types at Cairo University Children's Hospital. We described the clinical, biochemical, and molecular spectrum of MPS III patients. Of 34 patients, 22 patients had MPS IIIB, 7/34 had MPS IIIC, 4/34 had MPS IIIA, and only 1 had MPS IIID. All patients presented with developmental delay/intellectual disability, and speech delay. Ataxia was reported in a patient with MPS IIIC, and cerebellar atrophy in a patient with MPS IIIA. We reported 25 variants in the 4 MPS III genes, 11 of which were not previously reported. This is the first study to analyze the clinical and genetic spectrum of MPS III patients in Egypt. This study explores the genetic map of MPS III in the Egyptian population. It will pave the way for a national registry for rare diseases in Egypt, a country with a high rate of consanguineous marriage and consequently a high rate of autosomal recessive disorders.
Survival rates and mortality risks of Plecturocebus cupreus at the California National Primate Research Center
Authors: Zablocki‐Thomas Pauline , Rebout Nancy , Karaskiewicz Chloe L. , Bales Karen L.
Published: July 2023

This article describes survivorship and explores factors affecting mortality risks in a captive colony of coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) housed at the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), at UC Davis, in Davis, CA. We analyzed data collected on individuals since the colony's creation in the 1960s, with a sample of 600 animals with partially complete information (date of birth, age at death, body mass, parental lineage). We used three methods: (1) Kaplan–Meier regressions followed by a log‐rank test to compare survival in male and female titi monkeys, (2) a breakpoint analysis to identify shifts in the survival curves, and (3) Cox regressions to test the effect of body mass change, parental pair tenure, and parental age on mortality risk. We found that males tend to have a longer median lifespan than females (14.9 and 11.4 years; p = 0.094) and that survival decreases earlier in males than in females during adulthood (9.8 and 16.2 years). A body mass loss of 10% from adulthood to the time of death led to a 26% higher risk of dying (p < 0.001) as compared to an individual with stable body mass. We found no evidence of sociobiological factors on mortality risks (parental age, parental pair tenure), but an exploratory analysis suggested that a higher rate of offspring conceptions increases mortality risks. This description of factors influencing survival and mortality in titi monkeys is a first step toward understanding aging in this species to consider titi monkeys as a primate model for socioemotional aging.
Prevalence and impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms in normal aging and neurodegenerative syndromes: A population‐based study from Latin America
Authors: Rodriguez Salgado Ana M. , Acosta Isaac , Kim Dani J. , Zitser Jennifer , Sosa Ana Luisa , Acosta Daisy , Jimenez‐Velasquez Ivonne Z. , Guerra Mariella , Salas Aquiles , Valvuerdi Adolfo , Llibre‐Guerra Juan C. , Jeyachandran Christine , Contreras Ricardo López , Hesse Heike , Tanner Caroline , Llibre Rodriguez Juan J. , Prina Matthew , Llibre‐Guerra Jorge J.
Published: July 2023

BACKGROUND

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) are common in neurodegenerative diseases; however, little is known about the prevalence of NPSs in Hispanic populations.

METHODS

Using data from community‐dwelling participants age 65 years and older enrolled in the 10/66 study (N = 11,768), we aimed to estimate the prevalence of NPSs in Hispanic populations with dementia, parkinsonism, and parkinsonism‐dementia (PDD) relative to healthy aging. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI‐Q) was used to assess NPSs.

RESULTS

NPSs were highly prevalent in Hispanic populations with neurodegenerative disease; approximately 34.3%, 56.1%, and 61.2% of the participants with parkinsonism, dementia, and PDD exhibited three or more NPSs, respectively. NPSs were the major contributor to caregiver burden.

DISCUSSION

Clinicians involved in the care of elderly populations should proactively screen for NPSs, especially in patients with parkinsonism, dementia, and PPD, and develop intervention plans to support families and caregivers.

Highlights

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) are highly prevalent in Hispanic populations with neurodegenerative diseases.

In healthy Hispanic populations, NPSs are predominantly mild and not clinically significant.

The most common NPSs include depression, sleep disorders, irritability, and agitation.

NPSs explain a substantial proportion of the variance in global caregiver burden.
Second Harmonic Generation in 1D Nonlinear Plasma Photonic Crystals
Authors: Yang Cheng , Guo Chu‐Ming , Peng Chuan , Zhang Hai‐Feng
Published: July 2023

In this paper, a 1D nonlinear plasma photonic crystal (NPPC) structure composed of polarized ferroelectric crystals and nonlinear plasma periodic alternation is proposed. The transfer matrix method is employed to analyze the second harmonic generation (SHG) problem of this structure. In the designed NPPCs, the fundamental wave (FW) operates in the gigahertz (GHz) band and the nonlinear plasma is controlled by an external high‐intensity control wave (CW). Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effects of different incident angles and external CW intensities on the total conversion efficiency (T‐con) of the second harmonic wave (SHW). Additionally, the internal electric field distribution and incident light intensity within the nonlinear structure are analyzed. The importance of the relationship between the FW frequency and photonic band gap (PBG) in enhancing SHG is summarized. The results demonstrate that the optimal structure can be obtained by changing the structural parameters, such that the FW and SHW are tuned to the edge of the PBG. At this point, the electromagnetic field density is large, the group velocity is small, the local field is enhanced, and the nonlinear optical interaction is increased, resulting in a significant increase in the T‐con of the SHW.
Dispersion Energy‐Stabilized Boron and Phosphorus Lewis Pairs
Authors: Sieland Benedikt , Stahn Marcel , Schoch Roland , Daniliuc Constantin , Spicher Sebastian , Grimme Stefan , Hansen Andreas , Paradies Jan
Published: July 2023

An isostructural series of boron/phosphorus Lewis pairs was systematically investigated. The association constants of the Lewis pairs were determined at variable temperatures, enabling the extraction of thermodynamic parameters. The stabilization of the Lewis adduct increased with increasing size of the dispersion energy donor groups, although the donor and acceptor properties of the Lewis pairs remained largely unchanged. This data was utilized to challenge state‐of‐the‐art quantum chemical methods, which finally led to an enhanced workflow for the determination of thermochemical properties of weakly bound Lewis pairs within an accuracy of 0.6 to 1.0 kcal mol−1 for computed association free energies.
Performance‐Deskriptoren für Katalysatoren auf Basis von Molybdän‐, Wolfram‐ oder Rheniumoxiden für die Metathese von Ethen mit 2‐Buten zu Propen
Authors: Zhang Qiyang , Xiao Tianci , Liu Chengyuan , Otroshchenko Tatiana , Kondratenko Evgenii V.
Published: July 2023

Die Metathese von Ethen mit 2‐Butenen zu Propen ist ein etablierter großtechnischer Prozess. Allerdings sind die Grundlagen der In situ‐Umwandlung von geträgerten WOx‐, MoOx‐ oder ReOx‐Spezies in katalytisch aktive Metallcarbene und deren intrinsische Aktivität sowie die Rolle metatheseinaktiver Cokatalysatoren noch ungeklärt, was sich nachteilig auf die Katalysatorentwicklung und Prozessoptimierung auswirkt. Die Studie liefert die erforderlichen Grundlagen basierend auf steady‐state isotopic transient kinetic analysis. Zum ersten Mal wurden die stationäre Konzentration, die Lebensdauer und die intrinsische Reaktivität von Metallcarbenen bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse können direkt für das Design und die Herstellung von Katalysatoren für die Metathese‐Reaktion und Cokatalysatoren verwendet werden, was die Möglichkeit zur Optimierung der Propenproduktivität eröffnet.
In Situ Electrochemical Activation of Hydroxyl Polymer Cathode for High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc–Organic Batteries
Authors: Sun Qi‐Qi , Sun Tao , Du Jia‐Yi , Xie Zi‐Long , Yang Dong‐Yue , Huang Gang , Xie Hai‐Ming , Zhang Xin‐Bo
Published: July 2023

The slow reaction kinetics and structural instability of organic electrode materials limit the further performance improvement of aqueous zinc‐organic batteries. Herein, we have synthesized a Z‐folded hydroxyl polymer polytetrafluorohydroquinone (PTFHQ) with inert hydroxyl groups that could be partially oxidized to the active carbonyl groups through the in situ activation process and then undertake the storage/release of Zn2+. In the activated PTFHQ, the hydroxyl groups and S atoms enlarge the electronegativity region near the electrochemically active carbonyl groups, enhancing their electrochemical activity. Simultaneously, the residual hydroxyl groups could act as hydrophilic groups to enhance the electrolyte wettability while ensuring the stability of the polymer chain in the electrolyte. Also, the Z‐folded structure of PTFHQ plays an important role in reversible binding with Zn2+ and fast ion diffusion. All these benefits make the activated PTFHQ exhibit a high specific capacity of 215 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, over 3400 stable cycles with a capacity retention of 92 %, and an outstanding rate capability of 196 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1.
Lattice Compression Revealed at the ≈1 nm Scale
Authors: Xu Ziwei , Dong Hongwei , Gu Wanmiao , He Zhen , Jin Fengming , Wang Chengming , You Qing , Li Jin , Deng Haiteng , Liao Lingwen , Chen Dong , Yang Jun , Wu Zhikun
Published: July 2023

Lattice tuning at the ≈1 nm scale is fascinating and challenging; for instance, lattice compression at such a minuscule scale has not been observed. The lattice compression might also bring about some unusual properties, which waits to be verified. Through ligand induction, we herein achieve the lattice compression in a ≈1 nm gold nanocluster for the first time, as detected by the single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. In a freshly synthesized Au52(CHT)28 (CHT=S‐c−C6H11) nanocluster, the lattice distance of the (110) facet is found to be compressed from 4.51 to 3.58 Å at the near end. However, the lattice distances of the (111) and (100) facets show no change in different positions. The lattice‐compressed nanocluster exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) compared to that exhibited by the same‐sized Au52(TBBT)32 (TBBT=4‐tert‐butyl‐benzenethiolate) nanocluster and larger Au nanocrystals without lattice variation, indicating that lattice tuning is an efficient method for tailoring the properties of metal nanoclusters. Further theoretical calculations explain the high CO2RR performance of the lattice‐compressed Au52(CHT)28 and provide a correlation between its structure and catalytic activity.
Cooperative Ni(Co)‐Ru‐P Sites Activate Dehydrogenation for Hydrazine Oxidation Assisting Self‐powered H2 Production
Authors: Hu Yanmin , Chao Tingting , Li Yapeng , Liu Peigen , Zhao Tonghui , Yu Ge , Chen Cai , Liang Xiao , Jin Huile , Niu Shuwen , Chen Wei , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong
Published: July 2023

Water electrolysis for H2 production is restricted by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Using the thermodynamically more favorable hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) to replace OER has attracted ever‐growing attention. Herein, we report a twisted NiCoP nanowire array immobilized with Ru single atoms (Ru1−NiCoP) as superior bifunctional electrocatalyst toward both HzOR and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), realizing an ultralow working potential of −60 mV and overpotential of 32 mV for a current density of 10 mA cm−2, respectively. Inspiringly, two‐electrode electrolyzer based on overall hydrazine splitting (OHzS) demonstrates outstanding activity with a record‐high current density of 522 mA cm−2 at cell voltage of 0.3 V. DFT calculations elucidate the cooperative Ni(Co)−Ru−P sites in Ru1−NiCoP optimize H* adsorption, and enhance adsorption of *N2H2 to significantly lower the energy barrier for hydrazine dehydrogenation. Moreover, a self‐powered H2 production system utilizing OHzS device driven by direct hydrazine fuel cell (DHzFC) achieve a satisfactory rate of 24.0 mol h−1 m−2.
Performance Descriptors for Catalysts Based on Molybdenum, Tungsten, or Rhenium Oxides for Metathesis of Ethylene with 2‐Butenes to Propene
Authors: Zhang Qiyang , Xiao Tianci , Liu Chengyuan , Otroshchenko Tatiana , Kondratenko Evgenii V.
Published: July 2023

The metathesis of ethylene with 2‐butenes to propene is an established large‐scale process. However, the fundamentals behind in situ transformation of supported WOx, MoOx, or ReOx species into catalytically active metal‐carbenes and the intrinsic activity of the latter as well as the role of metathesis‐inactive cocatalysts are still unsolved. This is detrimental for catalyst development and process optimization. In this study, we provide the required essentials derived from steady‐state isotopic transient kinetic analysis. For the first time, the steady‐state concentration, the lifetime, and the intrinsic reactivity of metal carbenes were determined. The obtained results can be directly used for the design and the preparation of metathesis‐active catalysts and cocatalysts, thereby opening up possibilities for optimizing propene productivity.
A Paramagnetic Compass Based on Lanthanide Metal‐Organic Framework
Authors: Jia Hao , Yin Baipeng , Chen Jiaying , Zou Ye , Wang Hong , Zhang Yu , Ma Tongmei , Shi Qiang , Yao Jiannian , Bai Shuming , Zhang Chuang
Published: July 2023

Macroscopic compass‐like magnetic alignment at low magnetic fields is natural for ferromagnetic materials but is seldomly observed in paramagnetic materials. Herein, we report a “paramagnetic compass” that magnetically aligns under ∼mT fields based on the single‐crystalline framework constructed by lanthanide ions and organic ligands (Ln‐MOF). The magnetic alignment is attributed to the Ln‐MOF's strong macroscopic anisotropy, where the highly‐ordered structure allows the Ln‐ions’ molecular anisotropy to be summed according to the crystal symmetry. In tetragonal Ln‐MOFs, the alignment is either parallel or perpendicular to the field depending on the easiest axis of the molecular anisotropy. Reversible switching between the two alignments is realized upon the removal and re‐adsorption of solvent molecules filled in the framework. When the crystal symmetry is lowered in monoclinic Ln‐MOFs, the alignments become even inclined (47°‐66°) to the field. These fascinating properties of Ln‐MOFs would encourage further explorations of framework materials containing paramagnetic centers.
Effect of the melt flow index of compatibilizer on the melt processing and properties of highly filled magnesium hydroxide/linear low density polyethylene composites
Authors: Li Rujie , Sun Beibei , Dang Li , Pan Tongtong , Xu Jiajun , Xu Shiai
Published: July 2023

The application of highly filled composites is limited by their poor processing and rheological properties due to the high loading of fillers. One possible solution to this problem is to use maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) with high melt index as compatibilizer and lubricant. Herein, magnesium hydroxide (MH)/linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) composites with 60 wt% of MH were prepared using MAPP with three different melt flow indexes (MFI). The equilibrium torque and melt flow index tests show that the addition of MAPP with high MFI significantly improves the processability and flowability of MH/MAPP/LLDPE composites. The rheological studies show that it also leads to a substantial reduction in the viscosity and therefore MH/MAPP/LLDPE composites exhibit more solid‐like responses. The scanning electron microscopy shows that a transition layer is formed at the MH‐LLDPE interface. The flame retardancy test shows that the addition of MAPP slightly reduces the flame retardancy of the composites as evidenced by the reduced limiting oxygen index and increased total heat release. Cone calorimeter test shows that the simultaneous addition of MH and MAPP has a synergistic smoke suppression effect.
Optimization of mode‐I fracture toughness using the Taguchi method in cellulosic fiber‐Grewia Optiva reinforced biocomposites
Authors: Chauhan Sonika , Gope Prakash Chandra
Published: July 2023

In this study, underutilized Himalayan natural fiber Grewia Optiva fiber of different lengths was used as reinforcement material. The Taguchi method was applied for the optimization of fiber length, fiber weight percentage, and fiber orientation for epoxy‐based Grewia Optiva fiber reinforced composite. The influences of fiber weight percentage at four levels (10–35 wt%), fiber length at four levels (3–45 mm), and fiber orientation at two levels (unidirectional and random to the loading axis) on the mode I fracture toughness was investigated using L16 orthogonal arrays. It was found that the optimum conditions are 30 wt% of fiber, 45 mm fiber length, and fiber orientated normal to the loading axis. The mode‐I fracture toughness at optimum condition was found as 2.122 ± 0.094 MPa. The tensile, flexural, and impact strength corresponding to optimum fiber, and composite processing conditions are 336.32%, 136.93%, and 308.28% higher as compared to pure epoxy. Scanning electron micrographs of the fractured surfaces indicate good bonding of fiber and matrix and show the major fracture mechanisms such as fiber pull‐out and fiber‐matrix debonding. The fiber breaking and matrix cracking are found as a minimum.
Metal ion‐mediated immobilization of catalase on poly(ε‐caprolactone)/polyethyleneimine electrospun nanofibers
Authors: Çetin Kemal
Published: July 2023

A common industrial byproduct known as hydrogen peroxide, which is an essential intermediate, is associated with oxidative damage to brain cells and a number of neurodegenerative disorders. Although catalases are enzymes capable of decomposing hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, the low stability of free enzymes limits their industrial use. In the current study, poly(ε‐caprolactone)/polyethyleneimine nanofibers were fabricated using the electrospinning process and catalase was subsequently immobilized via coordination of Cu2+ ions. The characterization of the catalase‐immobilized nanofibers and their catalytic activity for hydrogen peroxide decomposition was evaluated by comparing the free catalase. The studies conducted in the pH range of 5.0–8.5 revealed that the catalase‐immobilized nanofibers had their highest levels of enzyme activity at pH 7.0. When compared to free catalase, it was shown that the thermal stability and storage stability of catalase‐immobilized nanofibers were significantly improved. Catalase‐immobilized nanofibers showed significant reusability, where activity was maintained by around 60% after five repeating cycles. The findings showed that catalase‐immobilized PCL/PEI‐Cu2+ nanofibers had a high potential for various industrial applications as a substitute for the existing techniques.
Improved image processing for 3D virtual object construction from serial sections reveals tissue patterns in root tips of Zea mays
Authors: Miki Yasushi , Saito Susumu , Niki Teruo , Gladish Daniel K.
Published: July 2023

Premise

Previously we described methods for generating three‐dimensional (3D) virtual reconstructions of plant tissues from transverse thin sections. Here, we report the applicability of longitudinal sections and improved image‐processing steps that are simpler to perform and utilize free applications.

Methods

In order to obtain improved digital images and a virtual 3D object (cuboid), GIMP 2.10 and ImageJ 2.3.0 running on a laptop computer were used. Sectional views of the cuboid and 3D visualization were realized with use of the plug‐ins “Volume Viewer” and “3D Viewer” in ImageJ.

Results

A 3D object was constructed and sectional views along several cutting planes were generated. The 3D object consisted of selected tissues inside the cuboid that were extracted and visualized from the original section data, and an animated video of the 3D construct was also produced.

Discussion

Virtual cuboids can be constructed by stacking longitudinal images along the transverse depth direction or stacking transverse images vertically along the organ axis, with both generating similar 3D objects. Which to use depends on the purpose of the investigation: if the vertical cell structures need close examination, the former method may be better, but for more general spatial evaluations or for evaluation of organs over longer tissue distances than can be accommodated with longitudinal sectioning, the latter method should be chosen.
The roles of enteroendocrine cell distribution and gustatory receptor expression in regulating peptide hormone secretion in the midgut of Bombyx mori larvae
Authors: Toyam Tomoko , Yamagishi Takayuki , Sato Ryoichi
Published: July 2023

To regulate physiological homeostasis and behavior in Bombyx mori, more than 20 peptide hormones in the midgut of larvae are secreted upon detection of food substances at the lumen. Although it is logical to assume that the timings of peptide hormone secretions are regulated, little is known about the mechanisms. In this study, the distributions of enteroendocrine cells (EECs) producing five peptide hormones and EECs expressing gustatory receptors (Grs), as candidate receptors for luminal food substances and nutrients, were examined via immunostaining in B. mori larvae. Three patterns of peptide hormone distribution were observed. Tachykinin (Tk)‐ and K5‐producing EECs were located throughout the midgut; myosuppressin‐producing EECs were located in the middle‐to‐posterior midgut; and allatostatin C‐ and CCHamide‐2‐producing EECs were located in the anterior‐to‐middle midgut. BmGr4 was expressed in some Tk‐producing EECs in the anterior midgut, where food and its digestive products arrived 5 min after feeding began. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed secretion of Tk starting approximately 5 min after feeding began, suggesting that food sensing by BmGr4 may regulate Tk secretion. BmGr6 was expressed in a few Tk‐producing EECs in the middle‐to‐posterior midgut, although its significance was unclear. BmGr6 was also expressed in many myosuppressin‐producing EECs in the middle midgut, where food and its digestive products arrived 60 min after feeding began. ELISA revealed secretion of myosuppressin starting approximately 60 min after feeding began, suggesting that food sensing by BmGr6 may regulate myosuppressin secretion. Finally, BmGr9 was expressed in many BmK5‐producing EECs throughout the midgut, suggesting that BmGr9 may function as a sensor for the secretion of BmK5.
A fluidized‐bed‐riser adsorption system for continuous bioproduct recovery from crude feedstock
Authors: Herlevi Lisa‐Marie , Fernandez‐Lahore Marcelo , Ferreira Guilherme
Published: July 2023

In this work, a novel technique for continuous purification of biologics from a crude feedstock is demonstrated with equipment referred to as Fluidized Bed Adsorption System (FBRAS). The development and validation of such unit operations were performed utilizing lysozyme as a model protein and Relisorb™ SP405/EB as a carrier. The performance of FBRAS to carry out combined clarification and purification was evaluated by capturing of antifungal peptides directly from the lysed broth. The novel technique reduced the number of process unit operations from six to three without having an impact on purity. Overall productivity increased by 250% in comparison to the existing downstream processing routine.
Research trends on learning computer programming with program animation: A systematic mapping study
Authors: Yusuf Abdullahi , Noor Norah Md
Published: July 2023

Over the last few decades, computer programming has become an important field of endeavor due to rapid development in the information sector. Despite the importance of programming, there is a growing concern that it is relatively difficult. In the process, researchers have started employing media tools to reduce programming difficulties and motivate learners to approach programming problems. One of the common tools widely used is program animation—an instructional medium that incorporates animated characters. However, little is known about the research trends in this field of study. This article, therefore, employed a systematic mapping method to review this trend to find patterns and gaps left in the literature. The study extracted 48 articles published between 2000 and 2022 from four scientific databases (Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ERIC) and three digital libraries (ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, and Wiley Online Library). The review discovered important trends. First, there is a paucity of research evidence evaluating program animation in the context of secondary and elementary levels; the majority of the extracted studies focused on participants from tertiary institutions. A similar paucity of research evidence employing mixed methods and qualitative approaches was also noted. Scratch programs were used in recent research more often than other program animations. There is also too little evaluation of psychomotor variables. Finally, there exist inconsistent findings on the effect of program animation although plenty of studies revealed positive results in favor of these media tools. The study therefore recommends that future research should be conducted to fill these identified gaps.
Screening of in Vitro Inhibition of Lactoperoxidase Enzyme by Methyl Benzoate Derivatives with Molecular Docking Studies
Authors: Abul Nurgül , Gerni Serpil , Korkmaz Işıl Nihan , Demir Yeliz , Özdemir Hasan , Gülçin İlhami
Published: July 2023

Lactoperoxidase enzyme (LPO) is secreted from salivary, mammary, and other mucosal glands including the bronchi, lungs, and nose, which had functions as a natural and the first line of defense towards viruses and bacteria. In this study, methyl benzoates were examined in LPO enzyme activity. Methyl benzoates are used as precursors in the synthesis of aminobenzohydrazides used as LPO inhibitors. For this purpose, LPO was purified in a single step using sepharose‐4B‐l‐tyrosine‐sulfanilamide affinity gel chromatography with a yield of 9.91 % from cow milk. Also, some inhibition parameters including the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value and an inhibition constant (Ki) values of methyl benzoates were determined. These compounds inhibited LPO with Ki values ranging from 0.033±0.004 to 1540.011±460.020 μM. Compound 1 a (methyl 2‐amino‐3‐bromobenzoate) showed the best inhibition (Ki=0.033±0.004 μM). The most potent inhibitor (1 a) showed with a docking score of −3.36 kcal/mol and an MM‐GBSA value of −25.05 kcal/mol, of these methyl benzoate derivatives (1 a–16 a) series are established H‐bond within the binding cavity with residues Asp108 (distance of 1.79 Å), Ala114 (distance of 2.64 Å), and His351 (distance of 2.12 Å).
Hepatic segmental arterial mediolysis: A case report and brief literature review
Authors: Pokharel Ashbina , Karageorgiou Ioannis , Shah Sangam , Bhattarai Madhur , Acharya Indira , Bateman Judith
Published: July 2023

Key Clinical message

When evaluating patients with abdominal pain, it is important to consider SAM in the differential diagnosis, along with vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), atherosclerosis, mycotic aneurysms, and cystic medial degeneration.

Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM) is a rare arteriopathy which is an under‐recognized and commonly missed diagnosis of abdominal pain. We report a case of a 58‐year‐old female who presented with abdominal pain and was misdiagnosed with a urinary tract infection. The diagnosis was made with CTA and managed with embolization. Despite appropriate intervention and close hospital monitoring, further complications were inevitable. We conclude that though literature has shown better prognosis and even complete resolution after medical and/or surgical intervention, close follow up and monitoring is needed to avoid unexpected complications.
Ultra‐Microporous and Stable MOFs with Zero‐Linker Ligands for Gas Capture and Separation
Authors: Chan Shook Pui , Zhang Yugen
Published: July 2023

Zero‐linker ligands have maximized the size coordination efficiency of the metal ions in MOF framework which is important in constructing ultra‐microporous MOFs with high stability and density, a bridge between zeolites and traditional MOFs. This article highlighted several recently developed ultra‐microporous MOFs with zero‐linker ligands for gas capture and separation.
E‐64c‐Hydrazide Based Cathepsin C Inhibitors: Optimizing the Interactions with the S1’‐S2’ Area
Authors: Tromsdorf Nora , Ullrich Fabian T. H. , Rethmeier Markus , Sommerhoff Christian P. , Schaschke Norbert
Published: July 2023

The zymogens of the neutrophil serine proteases elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are converted proteolytically into their pro‐inflammatory active forms by the action of cathepsin C. The inhibition of this cysteine protease therefore is an interesting therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory disorders with a high neutrophil burden such as COPD. Based on E‐64c‐hydrazide as lead structure, we have recently developed a covalently acting cathepsin C inhibitor using a n‐butyl residue attached at the amine nitrogen of the hydrazide moiety to efficiently address the deep hydrophobic S2 pocket. To further optimize the affinity and selectivity profile of this inhibitor, the S1’‐S2’ area was now investigated by a combinatorial approach, showing that Nle‐tryptamide is a ligand superior to the initially used Leu‐isoamylamide. Using the neutrophil precursor line U937 as a cell culture model, this optimized inhibitor blocks the intracellular cathepsin C activity and thereby suppresses the activation of neutrophil elastase.
A Complex Reaction Network Model for Spontaneous Mirror Symmetry Breaking in Viedma Deracemizations
Authors: Noble‐Terán María E. , Cruz José‐Manuel , Cruz‐Rosas Hugo I. , Buhse Thomas , Micheau Jean‐Claude
Published: July 2023

Attrition‐enhanced chiral symmetry breaking in crystals, known as Viedma deracemization, is a promising method for converting racemic solid phases into enantiomerically pure ones under non‐equilibrium conditions. However, many aspects of this process remain unclear. In this study, we present a new investigation into Viedma deracemization using a comprehensive kinetic rate equation continuous model based on classical primary nucleation theory, crystal growth, and Ostwald ripening. Our approach employs a fully microreversible kinetic scheme with a size‐dependent solubility following the Gibbs–Thomson rule. To validate our model, we use data from a real NaClO3 deracemization experiment. After parametrization, the model shows spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking (SMSB) under grinding. Additionally, we identify a bifurcation scenario with a lower and upper limit of the grinding intensity that leads to deracemization, including a minimum deracemization time within this window. Furthermore, this model uncovers that SMSB is caused by multiple instances of concealed high‐order autocatalysis. Our findings provide new insights into attrition‐enhanced deracemization and its potential applications in chiral molecule synthesis and understanding biological homochirality.
Isolation and Micromass Culturing of Primary Chicken Chondroprogenitor Cells for Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Takács Roland , Juhász Tamás , Katona Éva , Somogyi Csilla , Vágó Judit , Hajdú Tibor , Barna Krisztina Bíróné , Nagy Péter , Zákány Róza , Matta Csaba
Published: July 2023

Much of the skeletal system develops by endochondral ossification, a process that takes place in early fetal life. This makes the early stages of chondrogenesis, i.e., when chondroprogenitor mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondroblasts, challenging to study in vivo. In vitro methods for the study of chondrogenic differentiation have been available for some time. There is currently high interest in developing fine‐tuned methodology that would allow chondrogenic cells to rebuild articular cartilage and restore joint functionality. The micromass culture system that relies on embryonic limb bud‐derived chondroprogenitor cells is a popular method for the study of the signaling pathways that control the formation and maturation of cartilage. In this protocol, we describe a technique fine‐tuned in our laboratory for culturing limb bud‐derived mesenchymal cells from early‐stage chick embryos in high density (Basic Protocol 1). We also provide a fine‐tuned method for high‐efficiency transient transfection of cells before plating using electroporation (Basic Protocol 2). In addition, protocols for histochemical detection of cartilage extracellular matrix using dimethyl methylene blue, Alcian blue, and safranin O are also provided (Basic Protocol 3 and Alternate Protocols 1 and 2, respectively). Finally, a step‐by‐step guide on a cell viability/proliferation assay using MTT reagent is also described (Basic Protocol 4). © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Micromass culture of chick embryonic limb bud‐derived cells

Basic Protocol 2: Transfection of cells with siRNA constructs using electroporation prior to micromass culturing

Basic Protocol 3: Qualitative and quantitative assessment of cartilage matrix production using dimethyl methylene blue staining and image analysis

Alternate Protocol 1: Qualitative assessment of cartilage matrix production using Alcian blue staining

Alternate Protocol 2: Qualitative assessment of cartilage matrix production using safranin O staining

Basic Protocol 4: Measurement of mitochondrial activity with the MTT assay
Risk from a top predator and forest structure influence scavenging by smaller carnivores
Authors: Jensen Alex J. , Saldo Elizabeth A. , Chapman Zoey G. , Butfiloski Joseph W. , Jachowski David S.
Published: July 2023

Large carcasses often attract multiple carnivore species, so subordinate carnivores must weigh the reward of a profitable meal with the risk of being attacked by dominant carnivores. These risk–reward trade‐offs are likely influenced by a variety of factors, including scale‐dependent risk from dominant carnivores (e.g., short‐ vs. long‐term risk) and the amount of carcass remaining. In the southeastern United States, human hunters provision a large amount of white‐tailed deer carrion, which appears to be an important food source for coyotes (a novel top predator), but we know little about how coyotes influence the scavenging behavior of smaller carnivores. In this study, we evaluated the relative importance of risk from coyotes, vulture activity, forest structure, and remaining food on bobcat, gray fox, raccoon, and opossum scavenging by deploying 71 deer carcasses within a managed forest in South Carolina during January 2020 and 2021. We found that coyotes only had direct effects on bobcat behavior, suggesting that competition for carcasses was greatest between these two species. However, the relative importance of long‐ versus short‐term risk from coyotes was dependent on the stage in the scavenging process. Effects from forest structure were also stage‐dependent, where tree density and age were related to carcass discovery for bobcats and raccoons, while minimal understory cover facilitated bobcat, gray fox, and opossum scavenging, despite short‐term risk from coyotes. Vulture activity appeared to serve as a cue for gray foxes to discover carcasses. Ultimately, we found that risk from coyotes had species‐specific and context‐dependent effects on smaller carnivore scavenging. This represents some of the first direct evidence of how coyotes alter smaller carnivore behavior in a region where coyotes are a novel top predator. However, forest structure (particularly understory cover) seemed to mediate risk from coyotes, highlighting how habitat can influence predator–predator interactions. Future research should also investigate these interactions during other times of the year and try to quantify how human‐provisioned carcasses influence populations and communities.
Report on current status of mangrove forests in India
Authors: Teja Kambhampati , Krishna Chinta Venkata Murali , Laskar Nirban , Harshith Kanumuri
Published: July 2023

There are positive effects on climate, water availability, and temperature that may be attributed to the presence of mangrove forests. In addition, mangroves provide natural infrastructure and protection to human communities that are located nearby by preventing erosion and absorbing the effects of storm surges caused by large weather events such as hurricanes. Regrettably, the disappearance of mangroves harms the ecology and the environment's viability. Using secondary sources and a descriptive approach to study, this article investigates the impact that the destruction of mangrove forests in India has had on the surrounding ecosystem. The research findings indicate that India's most significant contributors to environmental destruction are development activities and other reasons. Deforestation may lead to many negative outcomes, including changes in climate, a reduction in biodiversity, the destruction of habitat, and armed conflict.
How students perceive natural and human‐made risks on the island of Madeira (Portugal)
Authors: Martins Bruno , Nunes Adélia , Sousa Miguel , Hermenegildo Carlos
Published: July 2023

In this study the spatial perceptions of students about the likelihood of natural and environmental risks were examined, considering both mainland Portugal and island of Madeira. It intends to understand how students perceived the risks, taking into account the causal attributions, future tendency, and the support from public entities, as well as the willingness of attitudinal changes with respect to mitigating and reducing risks. The results suggest that students have a relatively low perception of analysed risks, considering the risk of forest fires, heatwaves, air and water pollution, and floods the most likely to occur, mainly as a consequence of climate change intensification. Gender proved to be the variable with the greatest influence on perception, particularly in terms of risk occurrence and personal perception of risk. These results could be important for the improvement of strategies and resources to be applied in the educational context in order to reduce disaster risk and strengthen the resilience of the community at large.
Strike‐slip deformation and expansion process of the Qilian fold‐and‐thrust belt: Inferred from gravitational potential energy
Authors: Zhang Zhihui , Pan Zhengyang
Published: July 2023

In this study, we present a new estimation of the gravitational potential energy (GPE) and explore its relationship with the present‐day stress and strain‐rate field in the Qilian fold‐and‐thrust belt (QFTB), to evaluate how the stress associated with GPE gives rise to tectonic deformation of the QFTB, and to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of stress transfer from the Indian–Eurasian collision belt to the QFTB. Significant features of the stress and deformation in the QFTB derived from our analysis include the following: (1) the stress pattern is verified by the results of the deviatoric stress being inverted by topographic stress modelling, suggesting that topographic stress associated with the lateral variations in crustal thickness and topography should be taken into account when considering the clockwise rotation of the stress field along the strike of the Qilian fold‐and‐thrust belt. (2) Our stress–strain results suggest that the strain derived from the Indian–Eurasian convergence propagated to the north of the Haiyuan Fault. By incorporating with recent seismological results, it is supposed that the Tibetan Plateau has extended to the southern Alxa block, and the Haiyuan Fault may not be the most northeastern crustal boundary of the Tibetan Plateau. (3) The comparison of surface strain, focal stress and topographic stress modelling illustrates that the Qilian fold‐and‐thrust belt is probably deforming in response to the far‐field effect of Indian–Eurasian convergence. The stress transfer from the collisional front to the Qilian fold‐and‐thrust belt appears to be continuous and progressive. Accordingly, we suggest that a diffuse model could better describe the deformation of the Qilian fold‐and‐thrust belt in which lateral expansion is accommodated evenly along the principal axes of stress as a consequence of horizontal lithospheric heterogeneity.