bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEMBERANTAS KEJAHATAN ATAS SATWA LIAR: REFLEKSI ATAS PENEGAKAN HUKUM UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 1990
Authors: Sembiring Raynaldo , Adzkia Wenni
Published: February 2021

AbstrakKejahatan atas satwa liar merupakan kejahatan yang bersifat transnasional dan terorganisasi yang telah mengakibatkan dampak negatif terhadap ekosistem Indonesia. Perkembangan kejahatan atas satwa liar yang saat ini juga merupakan kejahatan teroganisasi, lintas negara dan berbasis elektronik, membuat Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tidak lagi efektif dan telah gagal untuk mengatasinya. Kegagalan ini salah satunya disebabkan oleh rendahnya sanksi pidana yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990. Pada tataran praktek, rendahnya tuntutan Penuntut Umum dan putusan Majelis Hakim membuat tidak adanya efek jera bagi pelaku kejahatan atas satwa liar. Tulisan ini membahas secara spesifik mengenai perkembangan kejahatan atas satwa liar dan kegagalan penegakan hukum atasnya. Tulisan ini juga memberikan masukan konstruktif untuk perbaikan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 sebagai sarana untuk memberantas kejahatan atas satwa liar di Indonesia. AbstractWildlife Crime is a transnational and organized crime that has given the negative impact for Indonesia’s ecosystem. Evolution of wildlife crime as organized crime, transnational crime, and cyber crime makes Law No. 5 Year 1990 ineffective and has failed to combat it. This failure is caused by the lack of criminal sanction in Law No. 5 Year 1990. In the implementation, low of demand and verdict by prosecutor and judge couldn’t give the deterrent effect for the criminal. This paper discusses specifically about evolution of wildlife crime modus and the failure of law enforcement. This paper also gives input to revise Law No. 5 Year 1990 for combating wildlife crime in Indonesian context.
PERMEN KP NO.21/PERMEN-KP/2015 TENTANG KEMITRAAN PENGELOLAAN KAWASAN KONSERVASI PERAIRAN
Authors: Quina Margaretha
Published: February 2021

Pada 26 Juni 2015, Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan RI No. 21 PermenKP/2015 (“Permen KP No.21/2015”) tentang Kemitraan Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi Perairan diundangkan, delapan tahun setelah dimandatkan. Peraturan ini merupakan peraturan pelaksana dari ketentuan Pasal 18 ayat (2) Peraturan Pemerintah No. 60 Tahun 2007 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Ikan. Pasal 18 ayat (1) menetapkan bahwa dalam pengelolaan kawasan konservasi perairan, Pemerintah atau Pemerintah Daerah dapat “melibatkan” masyarakat. Pelibatan masyarakat ini dilakukan melalui kemitraan antara unit organisasi pengelola dengan kelompok masyarakat dan/atau masyarakat adat, lembaga swadaya masyarakat, korporasi, lembaga penelitian, maupun perguruan tinggi. Munculnya peraturan ini telah membawa ragam reaksi dan ekspektasi dari berbagai kalangan, terutama dalam kaitannya dengan perwujudan konservasi yang merangkul, bukan menyingkirkan masyarakat. Tulisan ini bermaksud menginformasikan materi muatan Permen 21/2015, dengan potensi maupun kekurangannya, agar masyarakat dapat semaksimal mungkin mengawasi dan mengambil bagian dalam pelibatan masyarakat dengan kemitran KKP. Tulisan ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk secara mendalam membedah pemaknaan kemitraan dalam hubungannya dengan teori pelibatan masyarakat.
Virtual Learning Environment for Open Online Learning
Authors: Dauksiene Estela , Tereseviciene Margarita , Volungeviciene Airina
Published: February 2021

Digital networked society is learning in various platforms, in different ways and at selected time and pace. What are the preferences of members of digital and networked society for the learning platforms? What resources should be used to better fulfil nowadays learner expectations? And how higher education institutions are preparing for that? These are the main research questions of this research. In order to answer the research questions, the theory analysis and quantitative research were performed. The results of the research findings of the preferred learning ways and requirements for virtual learning platform of the online learners who speak Lithuanian are discussed in the paper.
Informal Learning: Contributions of Technology in a Digital Society
Authors: Estevez Iris , Souto-Seijo Alba , Gonzalez-Sanmamed Mercedes , Iglesias Veronica
Published: February 2021

We live in a complex society, with multiple questions and challenges. Since computers and the Internet invaded our lives, our way of communicating and relating has changed drastically. The digital revolution is causing continuous changes in different contexts, and education is one of them. Nowadays, knowledge has expiration date, for this reason citizens have to assume that training is not a one-time activity that takes place at a certain time, but that life consists of a continuous learning. This fact, perhaps, in the case of teachers, has a greater importance, because they not only have the need to learn, but also the responsibility to teach in a changing environment. Different educational institutions must respond to the new challenges posed by the information society, but this formal education is not enough. According to González-Sanmamed, Sangrà, Souto-Seijo, Santos, and Estévez (2018), learning does not take place linearly or in specific spaces; nor can it be limited to the closed parameters of the formal training proposals. Nowadays, there are many possibilities to train and learn. For this reason, informal training models are becoming increasingly important, in addition to the classical formal training models.
Five Years of Kahoot! in the Classrooms – What does Research Tell Us?
Authors: Murawski Matthias , Hasan Md Tawhid , Bick Markus
Published: February 2021

One of the current major trends in education is the integration of innovative technology. In this context, gamification – which encompasses the integration of game elements in non-gaming systems (Licorish, Owen, Daniel, George, 2018) – plays an important role. In this paper, we consider one specific game-based learning tool: Kahoot! (Existing literature uses both options, Kahoot and Kahoot!. We select the latter as the exclamation mark belongs to the term.), which can be classified as a student response system (Plump LaRosa, 2017). Although there are similar tools such as Socrative (www.socrative.com), Kahoot! proved to be the most played one. As stated on the company website (https://kahoot.com/company/, accessed January 29, 2019), Kahoot! reached more than 70 million unique monthly active users at the end of 2017. Around 60% of them were from the United States of America but the tool has been played all over the world. There are 60 million games available, and a total of 2 billion players have played on the Kahoot! platform since its launch. Aside from classroom settings, 97% of Fortune 500 companies use Kahoot! as of October 2018. Kahoot! was founded in Norway and published in September 2013. Thus, when preparing this article in late 2018, it has been in the classrooms for around five years.
Investigating the Impact of an AI-driven Discussion Platform on Educator Perceptions and Feedback
Authors: Heap Tania , Hudson Cassie , Archibald Audon
Published: February 2021

Asynchronous discussions are a popular element in online education, often used to replace the student-student and educator-student interactions that occur in physical classrooms. Most Learning Management Systems (LMSs), such as Canvas and Moodle, include native discussion tools that offer students and instructors the ability to interact and communicate at their own time and pace. Some specialized products offer a wider variety of discussion features that standard LMS tools may not have. In this study, we discuss the impact of an online discussion platform powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and gamified features. We conducted a qualitative study examining how AI elements affect the workflow, grading, and feedback experience of educators. Preliminary findings offer insights into the impact of the AI elements on graders’ perceptions, in particular on their perception of giving feedback and the perceived ambiguity of the way the AI assesses students’ post quality.
Byron and Antiquity, ‘
Et Cetera
– ’
Authors: Camilleri Anna
Published: February 2021

Byron’s interest in the classical past is manifest throughout his life and work. Alongside citations from and references to a remarkable catalogue of writers, thinkers, and historical figures, we also have extensive poetic responses to classical places, classical architecture, and to Greek and Roman art and sculpture. Yet it is clear that Byron’s classical pretentions are by no means underpinned by a thorough grasp of classical languages. His Greek in particular was extremely poor, and his Latin compositions barely better than the average eighteenth-century schoolboy’s. As I shall go on to demonstrate, this does not mean that attending to those moments when he does stray into classical allusion or composition is uninteresting, but it is Latin and not Greek that Byron engages with most frequently. Specifically, Byron’s less than proper Latin becomes a means by which he negotiates less than proper subject matter in his poetry.
Systematic Study of Acceleration Efficiency in Young Supernova Remnants with Nonthermal X-Ray Observations
Authors: Tsuji Naomi , Uchiyama Yasunobu , Khangulyan Dmitry , Aharonian Felix
Published: February 2021

Cutoff energy in a synchrotron radiation spectrum of a supernova remnant (SNR) contains a key parameter of ongoing particle acceleration. We systematically analyze 11 young SNRs, including all historical SNRs, to measure the cutoff energy, thus shedding light on the nature of particle acceleration at the early stage of SNR evolution. The nonthermal (synchrotron) dominated spectra in filament-like outer rims are selectively extracted and used for spectral fitting because our model assumes that accelerated electrons are concentrated in the vicinity of the shock front owing to synchrotron cooling. The cutoff energy parameter (ε
0) and shock speed (v
sh) are related as

ε

0

∝

v

sh

2

η

−
1

with a Bohm factor of η. Five SNRs provide us with spatially resolved ε
0–v
sh plots across the remnants, indicating a variety of particle acceleration. With all SNRs considered together, the systematic tendency of η clarifies a correlation between η and an age of t (or an expansion parameter of m) as η ∝ t
−0.4 (η ∝ m
4). This might be interpreted as the magnetic field becomes more turbulent and self-generated, as particles are accelerated at a greater rate with time. The maximum energy achieved in SNRs can be higher if we consider the newly observed time dependence on η.
Statistics of the Chemical Composition of Solar Analog Stars and Links to Planet Formation
Authors: Nibauer Jacob , Baxter Eric J. , Jain Bhuvnesh , Van Saders Jennifer L. , Beaton Rachael L. , Teske Johanna K.
Published: February 2021

The Sun has been found to be depleted in refractory (rock-forming) elements relative to nearby solar analogs, suggesting a potential indicator of planet formation. Given the small amplitude of the depletion, previous analyses have primarily relied on high signal-to-noise stellar spectra and a strictly differential approach to determine elemental abundances. We present an alternative, likelihood-based approach that can be applied to much larger samples of stars with lower precision abundance determinations. We utilize measurements of about 1700 solar analogs from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2) and the APOGEE Stellar Parameter and Chemical Abundance Pipeline (ASPCAP DR16). By developing a hierarchical mixture model for the data, we place constraints on the statistical properties of the elemental abundances, including correlations with condensation temperature and the fraction of stars with refractory element depletions. We find evidence for two distinct populations: a depleted population of stars that makes up the majority of solar analogs including the Sun, and a not-depleted population that makes up between ∼10% and 30% of our sample. We find correlations with condensation temperature generally in agreement with higher precision surveys of a smaller sample of stars. Such trends, if robustly linked to the formation of planetary systems, provide a means to connect stellar chemical abundance patterns to planetary systems over large samples of Milky Way stars.
Dispersion and Rotation Measures from the Ejecta of Compact Binary Mergers: Clue to the Progenitors of Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Zhao Z. Y. , Zhang G. Q. , Wang Y. Y. , Tu Zuo-Lin , Wang F. Y.
Published: February 2021

Since the discovery of FRB 200428 associated with the Galactic SGR 1935+2154, magnetars have been considered to power fast radio bursts (FRBs). It is widely believed that magnetars could form by core-collapse (CC) explosions and compact binary mergers, such as binary neutron stars (BNSs), binary white dwarfs (BWDs), and neutron star–white dwarf (NSWD) mergers. Therefore, it is important to distinguish the various progenitors. The expansion of the merger ejecta produces a time-evolving dispersion measure (DM) and rotation measure (RM) that can probe the local environments of FRBs. In this paper, we derive the scaling laws for the DM and RM from ejecta with different dynamical structures (the mass and energy distribution) in the uniform ambient medium (merger scenario) and wind environment (CC scenario). We find that the DM and RM will increase in the early phase, while DM will continue to grow slowly but RM will decrease in the later phase in the merger scenario. We fit the DM and RM evolution of FRB 121102 simultaneously for the first time in the BNS merger scenario and find that the source age is ∼9–10 yr when it was first detected in 2012, and the ambient medium density is ∼2.5–3.1 cm−3. The large offsets of some FRBs are consistent with the BNS/NSWD channel. The population synthesis method is used to estimate the rate of compact binary mergers. The rate of BWD mergers is close to the observed FRB rate. Therefore, the progenitors of FRBs may not be unique.
Evolution of Galaxy Star Formation and Metallicity: Impact on Double Compact Object Mergers
Authors: Boco L. , Lapi A. , Chruslinska M. , Donevski D. , Sicilia A. , Danese L.
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we study the impact of different galaxy statistics and empirical metallicity scaling relations on the merging rates and properties of compact object binaries. Firstly, we analyze the similarities and differences of using the star formation rate functions versus stellar mass functions as galaxy statistics for the computation of cosmic star formation rate density. We then investigate the effects of adopting the Fundamental Metallicity Relation versus a classic Mass Metallicity Relation to assign metallicity to galaxies with given properties. We find that when the Fundamental Metallicity Relation is exploited, the bulk of the star formation occurs at relatively high metallicities, even at high redshift; the opposite holds when the Mass Metallicity Relation is employed, since in this case the metallicity at which most of the star formation takes place strongly decreases with redshift. We discuss the various reasons and possible biases giving rise to this discrepancy. Finally, we show the impact of these different astrophysical prescriptions on the merging rates and properties of compact object binaries; specifically, we present results for the redshift-dependent merging rates and for the chirp mass and time delay distributions of the merging binaries.
The effect of a traditional and a stick gang-line on the body position of working sled dogs
Authors: Pittet F. , McGowan C.M. , Hyytiäinen H.K.
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effect of two different gang-lines on the pulling angle of sled dogs. It was hypothesised that dogs would run with a straighter angle of pull (in relation to the main-line) in stick gang-lines (STICK) than they would do in traditional gang-lines (TRAD). Eight sled dogs, divided into two teams, ran a 3.1 km trail twice in both types of gang-lines, pulling a quadbike on dry ground. Each dog remained in its team in the same position (side of gang line, and forward or back in the line) for both runs, using both types of lines in randomised order between the runs. Markers were placed on the dogs and on the main lines, and the runs were recorded by a video camera. The dogs’ angle of pull measured from the video recordings was compared between the two conditions. Thirteen positional measurements for each dog during each run were taken. The dogs were used to running in TRAD and were not acclimatised to STICK. Data was analysed using Wilcoxon and Spearmans rho tests. Data regarding individual dogs (n=13), teams (n=52), dogs’ placements in teams (n=4), and gang-line related pulling angles (n=104) was analysed. Overall, the position of the dogs was straighter when pulling in STICK, than when pulling in TRAD, with a median of 19° (inter quartile range (IQR) 24.75°) and 32° (IQR 25.75°), respectively (P<0.001). Between the two teams, there was no significant difference in pulling positions when running in STICK (P=0.543), but there was in TRAD (P<0.001). In individual assessment, six of the eight dogs ran in a straighter position (P=0.003 to 0.046) in STICK. Dogs running in the front of both teams pulled significantly straighter when in STICK (21°; IQR 23.75) than in TRAD (median 39°; IQR 18; P<0.001).
The Ontology of Adult Learning
Authors: Welton Michael R.
Published: February 2021

Jurgen Habermas offered a revolutionary way of thinking about the relationship between knowledge, learning, and the human condition in knowledge and human interests. He provided us with a powerful means of understanding the unity in diversity of human learning. The article presents a philosophical framework that enables vocational and adult educators to situate the orientation of their own educational practice within the three foundational cognitive interests that form irreducible orientations to the world.
T Cell Phenotyping in Individuals Hospitalized with COVID-19
Authors: Rupp Janine , Dreo Barbara , Gütl Katharina , Fessler Johannes , Moser Adrian , Haditsch Bernd , Schilcher Gernot , Matzkies Lucie-Marie , Steinmetz Ivo , Greinix Hildegard , Stradner Martin H.
Published: February 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become pandemic. Cytokine release syndrome occurring in a minority of SARS-CoV-2 infections is associated with severe disease and high mortality. We profiled the composition, activation, and proliferation of T cells in 20 patients with severe or critical COVID-19 and 40 matched healthy controls by flow cytometry. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis based on 18 T cell subsets resulted in separation of healthy controls and COVID-19 patients. Compared to healthy controls, patients suffering from severe and critical COVID-19 had increased frequencies of activated and proliferating CD38+Ki67+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, suggesting active antiviral T cell defense. Frequencies of CD38+Ki67+ Th1 and CD4+ cells correlated negatively with plasma IL-6. Thus, our data suggest that patients suffering from COVID-19 have a distinct T cell composition that is potentially modulated by IL-6.
A Functionally Distinct CXCR3+/IFN-γ+/IL-10+ Subset Defines Disease-Suppressive Myelin-Specific CD8 T Cells
Authors: Brate Ashley A. , Boyden Alexander W. , Jensen Isaac J. , Badovinac Vladimir P. , Karandikar Nitin J.
Published: February 2021

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the CNS. We have previously demonstrated that CNS-specific CD8 T cells possess a disease-suppressive function in MS and variations of its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), including the highly clinically relevant relapsing-remitting EAE disease course. Regulatory CD8 T cell subsets have been identified in EAE and other autoimmune diseases, but studies vary in defining phenotypic properties of these cells. In relapsing-remitting EAE, PLP178-191 CD8 T cells suppress disease, whereas PLP139-151 CD8 T cells lack this function. In this study, we used this model to delineate the unique phenotypic properties of CNS-specific regulatory PLP178-191 CD8 T cells versus nonregulatory PLP139-151 or OVA323-339 CD8 T cells. Using multiparametric flow cytometric analyses of phenotypic marker expression, we identified a CXCR3+ subpopulation among activated regulatory CD8 T cells, relative to nonregulatory counterparts. This subset exhibited increased degranulation and IFN-γ and IL-10 coproduction. A similar subset was also identified in C57BL/6 mice within autoregulatory PLP178-191 CD8 T cells but not within nonregulatory OVA323-339 CD8 T cells. This disease-suppressing CD8 T cell subpopulation provides better insights into functional regulatory mechanisms, and targeted enhancement of this subset could represent a novel immunotherapeutic approach for MS.
AT-RvD1 Mitigates Secondhand Smoke–Exacerbated Pulmonary Inflammation and Restores Secondhand Smoke–Suppressed Antibacterial Immunity
Authors: Bhat Tariq A. , Kalathil Suresh Gopi , Bogner Paul N. , Lehmann Paul V. , Thatcher Thomas H. , Sime Patricia J. , Thanavala Yasmin
Published: February 2021

Cigarette smoke is a potent proinflammatory trigger contributing to acute lung injury and the development of chronic lung diseases via mechanisms that include the impairment of inflammation resolution. We have previously demonstrated that secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure exacerbates bacterial infection-induced pulmonary inflammation and suppresses immune responses. It is now recognized that resolution of inflammation is a bioactive process mediated by lipid-derived specialized proresolving mediators that counterregulate proinflammatory signaling and promote resolution pathways. We therefore hypothesized that proresolving mediators could reduce the burden of inflammation due to chronic lung infection following SHS exposure and restore normal immune responses to respiratory pathogens. To address this question, we exposed mice to SHS followed by chronic infection with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI). Some groups of mice were treated with aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) during the latter half of the smoke exposure period or during a period of smoking cessation and before infection. Treatment with AT-RvD1 markedly reduced the recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage and levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Additionally, treatment with AT-RvD1 improved Ab titers against the NTHI outer membrane lipoprotein Ag P6 following infection. Furthermore, treatment with AT-RvD1 prior to classically adjuvanted immunization with P6 increased Ag-specific Ab titers, resulting in rapid clearance of NTHI from the lungs after acute challenge. Collectively, we have demonstrated that AT-RvD1 potently reverses the detrimental effects of SHS on pulmonary inflammation and immunity and thus could be beneficial in reducing lung injury associated with smoke exposure and infection.
Thoracoscopic treatment of a rare bilateral extralobar lung sequestration in a 3-years old girl
Authors: Bleve Cosimo , Conighi Maria Luisa , Biondini Diego , Ceccarelli Pier Luca , Giarraputo Leonardo , Savastano Sergio , Chiarenza Salvatore Fabio
Published: February 2021

Majority of sequestrations fall into two categories: Intra-Lobar (ILS) and Extra-Lobar (ELS). Rarely the abnormal lung could be attached to the gastrointestinal tract, Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation (BPFM). We described a case of a girl of 3-years-old with antenatal diagnosis of left intrathoracic mass of the inferior lobe. Postnatal Computed-Tomography (CT) revealed a bilateral ELS with an isthmic bridge crossing the vertebral spine. She follows a MRI follow-up at 18months/30months confirming the lesion. Before surgery, a three-dimensional-CT-angiography was performed to study the mass, its blood supply and to plan surgery. She underwent to thoracoscopic resection. Two aberrant blood vessels were dissected from the thoracic aorta and ligated. The postoperative course was uneventful. She was discharged after 3 days. The rarity of our case is due to the bilateral extension. An appropriate preoperatory imaging study is necessary for the success of surgery while thoracoscopy is particularly appropriate in surgical treatment.
Cooling Capacity of Transpulmonary Cooling and Cold-Water Immersion After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia
Authors: Adams William M. , Butke Erin E. , Lee Junyong , Zaplatosch Mitchell E.
Published: February 2021

Context

Cold-water immersion (CWI) may not be feasible in some remote settings, prompting the identification of alternative cooling methods as adjunct treatment modalities for exertional heat stroke (EHS).

Objective

To determine the differences in cooling capacities between CWI and the inhalation of cooled air.

Design

Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting

Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 12 recreationally active participants (7 men, 5 women; age = 26 ± 4 years, height = 170.6 ± 10.1 cm, mass = 76.0 ± 18.0 kg, body fat = 18.5% ± 9.7%, peak oxygen uptake = 42.7 ± 8.9 mL·kg−1·min−1).

Intervention(s)

After exercise in a hot environment (40°C and 40% relative humidity), participants were randomized to 3 cooling conditions: cooling during passive rest (PASS; control), CWI, and the Polar Breeze thermal rehabilitation machine (PB) with which participants inspired cooled air (22.2°C ± 1.0°C).

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Rectal temperature (TREC) and heart rate were continuously measured throughout cooling until TREC reached 38.25°C.

Results

Cooling rates during CWI (0.18°C·min−1 ± 0.06°C·min−1) were greater than those during PASS (mean difference [95% CI] of 0.16°C·min−1 [0.13°C·min−1, 0.19°C·min−1]; P < .001) and PB (0.15°C·min−1 [0.12°C·min−1, 0.16°C·min−1]; P < .001). Elapsed time to reach a TREC of 38.25°C was also faster with CWI (9.71 ± 3.30 minutes) than PASS (−58.1 minutes [−77.1, −39.9 minutes]; P < .001) and PB (−46.8 minutes [−65.5, −28.2 minutes]; P < .001). Differences in cooling rates and time to reach a TREC of 38.25°C between PASS and PB were not different (P > .05).

Conclusions

Transpulmonary cooling via cooled-air inhalation did not promote an optimal cooling rate (>0.15°C·min−1) for the successful treatment of EHS. In remote settings where EHS is a risk, access and use of treatment methods via CWI or cold-water dousing are imperative to ensuring survival.

Trial Registry

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT0419026).
Effect of Supplemental Caudal Analgesia on Intraoperative Blood Glucose Levels in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Urological Surgery Under General Anesthesia
Authors: Sadhoo Apurva , Rajan Sunil , Jain Sowmya , Barua Kaushik , Kumar Lakshmi
Published: February 2021

Background:

The need for intra-operative dextrose supplementation in pediatrics remains a debate. Surgical stress responses lead to hyperglycemia, while regional anesthesia obtunds the stress response and thereby, hyperglycemia. We aimed to compare the effects of supplemental caudal analgesia on intraoperative blood glucose in children undergoing urological surgery under general anesthesia (GA). Intraoperative hemodynamics and opioid consumption were also compared.

Patients and Methods:

This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in children aged 5 months–6 years undergoing urological surgery, categorized as Group R (GA with caudal analgesia) or Group G (GA only). Blood sugars were measured until 2 h following intubation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test and Chi-square tests.

Results:

Age in Group R was lesser than Group G (P = 0.044), but weights were comparable. Random blood sugar (RBS) at 60 min (P = 0.008) and 90 min (P = 0.007) were significantly lower in Group R. The difference in RBS from the baseline was significantly higher in Group G at all time points. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were comparable except at HR 60 (P = 0.046) and MAP 60 (P = 0.014) with significantly higher values in Group G. Group R had significantly lower intraoperative fentanyl consumption with less frequent need for additional bolus.

Conclusions:

Supplemental caudal analgesia blunts intraoperative increases in blood glucose levels and hemodynamics with a reduced analgesic requirement, compared to GA alone in children undergoing urological surgery.
Ropivacaine 0.75% for Peribulbar Block in Vitrectomy
Authors: Senapathi Tjokorda Gde Agung , Widnyana I Made Gede , Ryalino Christopher , Wibawa Ida Bagus Gita Dharma
Published: February 2021

Increased life expectancy will result in an increased number of elderlies scheduled for surgery. The vitreous undergoes the irreversible process of aging. Anesthesiologists must provide optimal perioperative care for patients posted for vitrectomy. Peribulbar block is one of the safest alternatives. Ropivacaine has a vasoconstriction effect that useful to minimize the increasing of intraocular pressure (IOP) after peribulbar injection. In this case report, we managed an 86-year-old patient who underwent vitrectomy procedure by peribulbar block. Peribulbar block provides blocks for ciliary, oculomotor, and abducens nerves. The needle is introduced into the extraconal space. The first injection is inferior and temporal, and the second injection is superior and nasal, between the medial third and lateral two-thirds of the orbital roof. The block provided adequate analgesia, akinesia, and decreased IOP.
Perioperative Management in Obstetric Patients with Suspected COVID-19 at Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Katipana Madyline Victorya , Wiryana Made , Aryasa E.M Tjahya , Pradhana Adinda Putra
Published: February 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge for health practitioners, where there are many suspected and confirmed patients with COVID-19, including obstetric patients. Perioperative treatment of COVID-19 patients must be under applicable standards, for both patients and the medical personnel. Personal protective equipment is essential for health workers who treat patients with COVID-19 to prevent the transmission of the virus. The method of delivery ideally should be adapted to the clinical condition of the patient. At the same time, the management of anesthesia for patients with cesarean sections should also be adjusted to the patient's clinical condition by taking into consideration the availability of facilities and infrastructure that we have. Through this report, we want to show how we manage COVID-19 in obstetric cases using the available resources in a third-world country.
Low-Cost Techniques for Bilateral Intermittent Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Using Intravenous Cannula Following Cesarean Section
Authors: Sumantri Syahrul Mubarak Danar
Published: February 2021

Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block was developed as part of multimodal postoperative analgesia for cesarean section (CS) parturient. While continuous TAP block could provide satisfactory analgesia, the cost of the standard perineural catheters may limit its routine application. We present case reports of novel utilization of intravenous (IV) cannula as an alternative to the standard perineural catheters for postoperative intermittent TAP block. The results showed the feasibility and beneficial effect of IV cannula-facilitated TAP block in providing opioid-sparing postoperative acute pain management in CS parturient with minimal complication regarding its off-label application.
Acute Kidney Injury Incidence Following Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Adil Andi , Setiawan Philia , Sembiring Yan Efrata , Arif Syafri Kamsul , Amin Hisbullah
Published: February 2021

Background:

Acute decline of renal function following cardiac surgery is a common and complex problem with an incidence of up to 30% in Europe and leading to increased mortality rate in immediate and long term. The aim of this study is to analyze risk factors regarding acute kidney injury (AKI) incidence following cardiac surgery.

Patients and Methods:

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Central General Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia. Serum creatinine level was measured to diagnose AKI. Hemoglobin level, blood transfusion, vasopressor, and inotropic needs before surgery were recorded. Hemodynamic parameters that included mean arterial pressure and heart rate were also recorded.

Results:

Of all 33 subjects who underwent adult cardiac surgery that included coronary artery bypass graft, heart valve, and congenital disease surgery, 21 (63.6%) patients had AKI and 12 (36.4%) patients did not. Several perioperative factor analyses between AKI and non-AKI group revealed that only age showed a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.047).

Conclusion:

Age is the most significant factor in AKI incidence following cardiac surgery. Further studies are required to analyze other perioperative factors that might induce AKI.
Fluid Management in Kidney Disease Patients for Nontransplant and Transplantation Surgeries
Authors: Sam Amal Francis , Sahu Sandeep , Ponnappan Karthik T.
Published: February 2021

Kidneys play an essential role in the regulation of water homeostasis, electrolyte balance, and acid–base balance. Anesthesiologists are frequently involved in the perioperative care of patients with kidney disease in elective and emergency scenarios. Fluid therapy is a main component of resuscitation to improve cardiac output, blood pressure, and perfusion pressure. This sometimes comes at a cost of increased risk of tissue edema due to fluid overload. Both during the transplant and nontransplant surgeries, the use or choice of fluid may influence the biochemical environment or homeostasis of human body and clinical outcomes. In this narrative review, we address the electrolyte and acid–base changes in renal disease, pharmacology of fluids, hemodynamic monitoring, and their applications.
Identification of Pathogens Potentially Associated with Non-Malarial Fever in Children: A Pilot Study in Peri-Urban Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Gildas Boris Hedible , Idrissa Dieng , Marie Louise Senghor , Cheikh Talla , Mamadou Aliou Barry , Fatoumata Diène Sarr , Rebecca Grant , Raymond Bercion , Diamilatou Thiam , Vincent Richard , Oumar Faye , Abdoulaye Seck , Muriel Vray
Published: February 2021

Fever is one of the most common reasons for pediatric consultation in Africa. Malaria incidence has now dropped considerably, yet etiologies of non-malarial febrile diseases are poorly documented. This pilot study aimed to 1) identify pathogens potentially associated with non-malarial fever in children younger than 10 years in the suburbs of Dakar and 2) describe the epidemiological characteristics of these patients. During the study period, all eligible children (< 10 years of age, body temperature ≥ 38°C, negative result for the malaria rapid diagnostic test, living in Guediawaye/Pikine for the previous four calendar months, not receiving any anti-infectious treatment since the onset of fever, and with parent’s consent to participate) presenting to the health post in Medina Gounass located in Guediawaye on Mondays and Fridays were included. In total, 106 children participated in the study, and PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs, hemoculture, C-reactive protein, blood cell counts, and quantitative buffy coat from blood samples and coproculture from stool samples were performed. In 70 (66%) children, at least one pathogen was isolated. Viruses were identified in 55 children, most commonly enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, and adenoviruses, and dengue virus was identified in three children. Only five children had bacterial infections, and 10 had bacterial and viral coinfections. Ninety-seven children (92%) received prescription for antibiotics. Many strains of bacteria were found to be resistant to several antibiotics. Despite limitations, this pilot study showed that pathogens potentially associated with non-malarial fever in children younger than 10 years near Dakar were predominantly viruses, most commonly upper respiratory infections, although bacteria accounted for a small proportion.
Refugee Settlements and Cholera Risks in Uganda, 2016–2019
Authors: Bwire Godfrey , Orach Christopher Garimoi , Aceng Freda Loy , Arianitwe Sam Emmanuel , Matseketse David , Tumusherure Edson , Makumbi Issa , Muruta Allan , Merrill Rebecca D. , Debes Amanda , Ali Mohammad , Sack David A.
Published: February 2021

During 2016 to 2019, cholera outbreaks were reported commonly to the Ministry of Health from refugee settlements. To further understand the risks cholera posed to refugees, a review of surveillance data on cholera in Uganda for the period 2016–2019 was carried out. During this 4-year period, there were seven such outbreaks with 1,495 cases and 30 deaths in five refugee settlements and one refugee reception center. Most deaths occurred early in the outbreak, often in the settlements or before arrival at a treatment center rather than after arrival at a treatment center. During the different years, these outbreaks occurred during different times of the year but simultaneously in settlements that were geographically separated and affected all ages and genders. Some outbreaks spread to the local populations within Uganda. Cholera control prevention measures are currently being implemented; however, additional measures are needed to reduce the risk of cholera among refugees including oral cholera vaccination and a water, sanitation and hygiene package during the refugee registration process. A standardized protocol is needed to quickly conduct case–control studies to generate information to guide future cholera outbreak prevention in refugees and the host population.
Multi-Indicator and Multistep Assessment of Malaria Transmission Risks in Western Kenya
Authors: Zhou Guofa , Zhong Daibin , Lee Ming-Chieh , Wang Xiaoming , Atieli Harrysone E. , Githure John I. , Githeko Andrew K. , Kazura James , Yan Guiyun
Published: February 2021

Malaria risk factor assessment is a critical step in determining cost-effective intervention strategies and operational plans in a regional setting. We develop a multi-indicator multistep approach to model the malaria risks at the population level in western Kenya. We used a combination of cross-sectional seasonal malaria infection prevalence, vector density, and cohort surveillance of malaria incidence at the village level to classify villages into malaria risk groups through unsupervised classification. Generalized boosted multinomial logistics regression analysis was performed to determine village-level risk factors using environmental, biological, socioeconomic, and climatic features. Thirty-six villages in western Kenya were first classified into two to five operational groups based on different combinations of malaria risk indicators. Risk assessment indicated that altitude accounted for 45–65% of all importance value relative to all other factors; all other variable importance values were < 6% in all models. After adjusting by altitude, villages were classified into three groups within distinct geographic areas regardless of the combination of risk indicators. Risk analysis based on altitude-adjusted classification indicated that factors related to larval habitat abundance accounted for 63% of all importance value, followed by geographic features related to the ponding effect (17%), vegetation cover or greenness (15%), and the number of bed nets combined with February temperature (5%). These results suggest that altitude is the intrinsic factor in determining malaria transmission risk in western Kenya. Malaria vector larval habitat management, such as habitat reduction and larviciding, may be an important supplement to the current first-line vector control tools in the study area.
Ethnobotanical study of cultivated yellow nutsedge, (Cyperus esculentus L.) in Burkina Faso
Authors: Yamwemba Saïdou , Sawadogo Nerbéwendé , Ouedraogo Mahamadi Hamed , Neya Oble , Kiebre Zakaria , Nanema Romaric Kiswendsida , Sawadogo Mahamadou
Published: February 2021

The yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. is an herbaceous species whose tubers are the edible parts. The tubers are very popular with children, and can be eaten raw, fried or after processing into a drink (Horchata). However, it does not exist in Burkina, a centralized collection and studies on the genetic variability, the socio-cultural and economic aspects of this species. In order to identify the morphotypes and to welcome the peasant knowledge on the management of the, yellow nutsedge, a prospection followed by collection of tubers were carried out in the main areas of production of this crop. A total of 22 villages in eight districts were visited and 108 accessions of tubers were collected. It emerges from this study that the cultivation is mainly practiced by women (97% of farmers). The cultivated yellow nutsedge is adapted to drought and to several types of soil. In addition, farmers classify the tubers according to their shape and size. Thus, the spherical tubers are qualified as "small tubers the non-spherical tubers as" large tubers. The number of tubers produced per foot varies from 20 to 60. Farmers use phenotypic characters, sexual dimorphism and ethnicity to name accessions for sweet peas. Vernacular names and methods of producing yellow nutsedge vary by region and ethnicity. According to the respondents, 84.34% think that the nut is of Burkinabé origin, 9.26% Ghanaian, 1.85% from Mali and 5.35% have no answers. There is great diversity in local knowledge and accessions collected in Burkina.Keywords: Ethnobotany, tubers, accessions, morphotypes.
Temporal variation in body measurements in three Taurine cattle populations of Burkina Faso supports introgression of Zebu genes into West African Taurine cattle
Authors: Tapsoba Arnaud Stéphane Rayangnéwêndé , Yougbaré Bernadette , Traoré Fabiola Gnine , Béré Félicienne , Ouédraogo Dominique , Zoma Bienvenue Lassina , Sanou Moumouni , Soudré Albert , Dao Vincent , Tamboura Hamidou Hamadou , Bayala Balé , Traoré Amadou , Goyache Félix
Published: February 2021

A total of 769 adult females belonging to 3 taurine and one zebu cattle populations sampled in 3 provinces of Burkina Faso were assessed for 19 body measurements during two different years (2014 and 2018). The aim of this research was to identify temporal morphological variation in cattle bred in the humid southern zones to obtain empirical evidence supporting a possible introgression of zebu cattle genes into Gourounsi and Lobi taurine cattle breeds. Zebu cattle samples were used as out-group for both 2014 and 2018 subsets. Least square means of body measurements allowed to classify Burkina Faso taurine cattle into three subgroups according to body size (Gourounsi–Sanguié –GourS-, Gourounsi-Nahouri –GourN- and Lobi from the tallest to the smallest respectively). Principal Component Analysis suggested that in 2014, taurine populations were structured. Dispersion map constructed using the two first factors informed that the GourS population was well separated from both the Lobi and the GourN, which, in turn, overlapped. However, in 2018 a strong signal of homogenization was identified, with GourN partially overlapping the other two populations. Linear Discriminant Analysis suggested that about 20% of both GourS and GourN individuals were reciprocally misclassified. Clues for such increase have been pointed out by MANOVA analysis. Although on 2014, Lobi cattle was clearly smaller than Gourounsi and both GourS and GourN populations showed clear differences on body traits, on 2018 it could be assessed an increase in size in Lobi cattle and a strong homogenization signal within Gourounsi cattle. Zebu cattle gene flow southwards in Burkina Faso is likely to have caused these changes, suggesting a fast erosion of taurine cattle genetic background.

Keywords: Body traits, quantitative traits, Gourounsi cattle, Lobi, Burkina Faso.
Access to Justice for PWDs in Civil Proceedings before the Federal Courts of Ethiopia: The Law and Practice
Authors: Ashagre Aschalew
Published: February 2021

Persons with disabilities (PWDs) are among the most vulnerable groups to social, economic and political problems. Various UN General Assembly declarations on the rights of PWDS serve as soft laws for the protection of the rights of PWDs; and the international Bill of Rights can be applicable to their protection. In particular, the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) contains provisions that recognize and protect various aspects of the rights of PWDS. The Convention clearly declares the rights of PWDs to access to justice both in civil and criminal proceedings. Ethiopia is a party to this Convention, and in effect, it has an international duty to implement, among other things, the right of access to justice for PWDs in judicial proceedings. This article examines access for PWDs in the Federal Courts in civil proceedings. It focuses on the legal and practical problems in the implementation of the right to access to justice in spite of attempts made by the government in this regard. Additional legislative and institutional improvements are thus necessary –to the extent possible– in order to realize the rights of access to justice for PWDs since substantive rights will remain meaningless in the absence of access to justice.
The EU Maritime Regime and Challenges for Land-locked Developing States: Evidence from Ethiopia
Authors: Shale Tessema Elias
Published: February 2021

EU plays a dominant role in international maritime governance, and it has comprehensive maritime policies and strategies that have implications for third States. On the other hand, developing landlocked States (LLS) have the lowest bargaining power in the international maritime arena owing to their economic and geographic position. This article examines the implications of the EU maritime policy for developing LLS.  After analysis of primary and secondary data as well as empirical evidence from Ethiopia, it is argued that the EU maritime governance such as its port State control regime and maritime market access regulations could possibly make international maritime trade through the EU waters as well as global maritime trade unaffordable for developing LLS. In view of the inherent challenges encountered by developing LLS and the economic interest of these States, it is submitted that there is a need to accord differential treatment schemes in the maritime field to these States at global as well as at the EU level.