bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of thoracic ultrasonography and thoracic radiography to detect lung lesions in hospitalized dairy calves
Authors: Berman J. , Fecteau G. , Francoz D. , Buczinski S. , Masseau I.
Published: February 2023

The detection of lung lesions in dairy calves is commonly achieved using thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) and radiography (TR). However, it remains unclear from the literature if one diagnostic procedure is superior to another. The main objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of TUS and TR to detect lung lesions in dairy calves with the hypothesis that TUS and TR have similar Se and Sp.
Chute behavior of cattle handled using acclimation and low-stress handling techniques
Authors: Lieman S. , DiRusso G. , Dewell R. D. , Parsons R. L. , Millman S. T. , Dewell G. A.
Published: February 2023

Bovine Respiratory Disease is a multifactorial syndrome, which negatively impacts performance and welfare among cattle on feed. BRD is associated with viral and bacterial pathogens; but other causal factors include management techniques and environmental stresses. Immune systems of many species, including bovids, have the capability to become compromised by stress. Low-stress cattle handling (LSCH) and acclimation methods are thought to lower stress and may potentially benefit the health and performance of feedlot cattle. Low stress handling methods use the natural behavior and innate responses of cattle to minimize negative consequences due to handler interactions. Acclimation methods familiarize cattle with their environment and, therefore, decrease stress. It was hypothesized that cattle that were acclimated and handled with LSCH techniques would vocalize less and display calmer behavior in a squeeze chute compared to cattle that had not been acclimated and had been handled conventionally.
“If it ain’t broke don’t fix it”
Authors: Belage Emile , Croyle Stephanie L. , Jones-Bitton Andria , Dufour Simon , Kelton David F.
Published: February 2023

A large part of preventing mastitis on dairy farms is achieved through the use of recommended milking practices (RMPs) that have been established and promoted by industry and milk quality organizations such as the National Mastitis Council and the Canadian Bovine Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Network. These practices include use of milking gloves, foremilk stripping, use of pre and post milking teat disinfectants, drying teats prior to milking, and use of automatic takeoffs on milking machines. However, many producers do not adopt these measures, or they only do so partially. This study aimed to explore the attitudes and perceptions of Ontario dairy farmers towards barriers for implementation of RMPs, and to investigate what motivates behavior change in relation to milking hygiene.
Comparison of group versus individual calf rearing for a summary measure of health
Authors: Sischo William , Trombetta Sophie , Parrish Lindsay
Published: February 2023

Rearing calves in small groups has been suggested to provide benefits to health, growth and social development as compared to individually reared calves. This study assessed the impact of individual versus group housing on average daily gain (ADG), preweaning disease, and representative fecal microbiomes based on Bifidobacterium which are believed to have a positive association with calf health.
Involving veterinarians in the implementation of biosecurity practices on dairy farms
Authors: Denis-Robichaud J. , Kelton D. F. , Bauman C. A. , Barkema H. W. , Keefe G. P. , Dubuc J.
Published: February 2023

On dairy farms worldwide, the adoption of biosecurity practices is limited. In order to reduce the risk of introduction and spread of diseases, the Canadian industry is aiming to implement farm-based biosecurity plans and strategies. Herd veterinarians are likely to be involved in the development of the farm biosecurity plan, but it is unclear what role veterinarians already have in regard to biosecurity, and what are the barriers to their involvement. The objective of this study was to describe the perception of veterinarians regarding biosecurity implementation on dairy farms, and to compare it to the perception of producers.
survey of gross pathologic conditions of cattle presented for slaughter in the southeastern United States
Authors: Mudd Daniel L. , Caldwell Marc , Collins Samantha
Published: February 2023

According to the United States Department of Agriculture, cattle slaughtered in 2017 totaled 32.2 million animals and approximately 6.4 million animals were adult cull cattle (USDA 2016; USDA-NASS 2016). This harvest accounts for an estimated 5.4 billion pounds of beef or 20.7% of the 2017, US beef production. In the Southeastern US, the production of beef from cull cattle included 583,300 animals or approximately 90% of the total animals harvested in the region. Establishing the prevalence of diseases within this population is necessary for improving the quality and profitability of this sector of the industry. The objectives of this study were; 1) determine the prevalence of gross pathologic conditions, 2) characterize the type and frequency of conditions eliciting carcass condemnation, and 3) evaluate the extent of carcass bruising in cull cattle presented to slaughter and originating from farms in the southeastern United States.
Is diamine oxidase, which is an indicator for disease assessment in diarrheal calves, influenced by the serum copper concentration?
Authors: Fukuda T. , Tsukano K. , Otsuka M. , Nishi Y. , Nishi Y. , Suzuki K.
Published: February 2023

Diarrhea remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in beef calves. Calf diarrhea is problematic because it reduces productivity at the production site.

In the healthy state, the intestinal villi absorb water and glucose, but when the intestinal epithelium is impaired diarrhea develops, and damage to intestinal villi reduces productivity. It is known that diamine oxidase (DAO) is produced by mucosal epithelial cells of the small intestine and is involved in the control of cell proliferation. Therefore, DAO activity has been used as a biomarker of intestinal villi status. However, as DAO is a copper (Cu)-containing enzyme, it may be reduced by copper deficiency. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the serum DAO activity level and Cu concentration in diarrheal calves, and to examine whether DAO can be used to evaluate the pathological condition of diarrhea without being affected by the serum copper concentration. In addition, we examined the sequential changes in serum DAO activity in healthy calves according to the days after birth.
field study to investigate the effect of Zuprevo administered alone or in combination with Banamine Transdermal on the health and wellbeing of transported feedlot calves on arrival at the feedlot
Authors: Martin M. S. , Kleinhenz M. , Kleinhenz K. , Reppert E. , Parks T. , Baysinger A.
Published: February 2023

Long distance transportation can be a significant source of stress to cattle and is associated with increased risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has been shown to reduce stress following long distance transport. The objective of this study was to compare production parameters, morbidity, and mortality between calves receiving either tildipirosin alone or in combination with transdermal flunixin on arrival at the feedlot.
Effects of feeding supplemental amino acid complexed zinc for mitigation of liver abscesses in feedlot cattle
Authors: Ashworth C. D. , Hansen S. L. , Lundy E. L. , Branine M. E.
Published: February 2023

Liver abscesses (LA) in feedlot cattle continue to be an issue compromising beef productivity, health and food safety. Ruminal acidosis resulting from the feeding of highgrain finishing diets may compromise ruminal epithelial integrity and predispose cattle to liver abscesses. Dietary zinc (Zn) is known to promote epithelial integrity and may provide an alternative method for reducing LA. Two research projects were conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary Zn supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and metabolism and LA prevalence and formation in response to a mild acidosis challenge (Study 1). In a second study (Study 2), effects of dietary Zn source and concentration on LA prevalence were evaluated in a longitudinal, retrospective pooled study analysis.
Survey of cattle health record-keeping methods by Mississippi cow-calf producers
Authors: Jumper W. Isaac , Smith David R. , Wills Robert W. , Huston Carla L.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to determine demographic characteristics associated with the use of cattle health record systems by Mississippi cow-calf producers.
Confidence comes with time and the time is now!
Authors: Hilton W. Mark
Published: February 2023

A lack of confidence is a common concern among recent veterinary graduates. We as professionals can build our confidence through practice, asking questions, discovering more about the client’s business, and asking their goals. All of these things add to the building of trust between doctor and client. As trust grows, our confidence grows.
Overcoming imposter syndrome
Authors: Ruple Audrey
Published: February 2023

Feeling like an imposter is commonly reported by veterinary students and new graduates. In fact, this phenomenon is frequently reported by high-achievers in many professions. Several characteristics have been attributed to this complex syndrome, including self-criticism, feelings of insecurity, and the overwhelming surety that one does not really belong in this profession. The imposter syndrome is also a predictor of psychological distress and can negatively impact career advancement. Understanding how this syndrome arises can help to develop strategies that can be useful in overcoming it. This paper introduces some of the causes of imposter syndrome as well as some approaches that can be utilized by veterinarians to increase their resilience and coping skills in order to overcome imposter syndrome.
How to make money in food animal practice plus stuff they might not have taught you in school
Authors: Midla Lowell T.
Published: February 2023

On the day that you graduate from veterinary school, you have the greatest amount of knowledge that you will ever have. However, you are not the best veterinarian that you will ever be on the day that you graduate. As you progress through your practice career, you will gain wisdom. Wisdom is gained through experience, but only if you pay attention and learn from your mistakes. You may not be the best veterinarian that you ever were on the day that you retire due to your knowledge both being lost over time and becoming outdated. However, you can always be improving as a veterinarian through continuing education, learning from clients, peers, and experience, and most importantly: curiosity. “Semper curiosus!”
chance to cut is a chance to cure
Authors: Homerosky Elizabeth R.
Published: February 2023

A rumenostomy is a quick and easy surgery that can help remedy recurrent bloat refractory to medical therapy. This clean-contaminated surgery is particularly useful among cattle experiencing chronic vagal indigestion, and is a common surgery performed in feedlot cattle. Preoperative analgesia should be provided; however, choice of antibiotic therapy is generally left to the discretion of the surgeon. Following local anesthesia and surgical prep of the left paralumbar fossa, a circular incision is made through the skin. Muscle layers are removed or bluntly dissected and the peritoneum is incised to visualize the rumen. The rumen wall is exteriorized and stay sutures are applied to reduce the risk of rumen contents contaminating the abdomen. A stoma into the rumen is created and a tight seal between the rumen wall and skin is achieved via several different suture pattern options. Patient prognosis is generally good regardless of surgical technique,pending no severe underlying medical conditions are present.
How to assist your beef clients with bull buying decisions using herd goals and Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs)
Authors: Hilton W. Mark
Published: February 2023

Beef cow-calf veterinarians are relied upon more and more to provide advice and consulting to their clients. While issues of health are the mainstay of many conversations, progressive producers are asking their herd health veterinarians about non-health subjects that have a financial impact on their herds. Providing unbiased information on improving the genetics of a herd can make a significant impact on the producer’s bottom line.
toolbox for troubleshooting dairy nutrition problems
Authors: Oetzel Garrett R.
Published: February 2023

Nutrition is a crucial determinant of dairy cow health and productivity. Veterinarians can leverage their regular access to cows and feed bunks to provide herd owners with regular evaluation and monitoring of nutritional management. The 5 areas in which dairy veterinarians can have the most impact on nutritional management are particle length of total mixed rations, sorting of total mixed rations, adequacy of eating space, adequacy of feed refusals, and appropriate timing of feed deliveries. The pre- and post-fresh groups are the highest priority pens for evaluation and monitoring. The most common problems that may be encountered are inappropriate proportion of long particles in the total mixed rations, excessive sorting of the total mixed rations, insufficient bunk space for all of the cows to eat at the same time, insufficient targeted feed refusals such that cows do not have full access to feed throughout the day, and lack of fresh feed in the bunk when cows return from the parlor after the first milking of the day.
Untangling conflicting messages
Authors: Kaplan Ray M.
Published: February 2023

Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle has been worsening over the past 2 decades and is now a global problem. Though the problem was originally seen primarily in Cooperia, which is not a highly pathogenic species, we now know that other more pathogenic species have become drug resistant as well. With no new classes of anthelmintics in the cattle product pipeline, we will need to be better stewards of the drugs we have now, as they will need to last us for a long time. Thus, there is a need to use our anthelmintics differently and smarter than in the past. In this paper we present several strategies for improving the sustainability of parasite control in cattle that will both reduce the development of resistance while maintaining good productivity. Furthermore, we should not just assume a drug works or does not work; testing using the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) should be performed on every farm. This is the only way to make evidence-based decisions on optimal drug choices. Optimally, the strategies promoted here should have been instituted years ago. However, it is not too late, and the sooner these strategies are implemented widely, the more successful the beef industry will be in controlling parasites both now and in the future.
Emerging topics in dairy cattle welfare
Authors: Treichler Brandon
Published: February 2023

Since cattle were domesticated thousands of years ago, production practices and cattle care have continued to evolve, improve, and progress. What is emerging, is the ethical concerns of society for how the global dairy industry cares for cattle, our scientific understanding of the impact of production practices on the cattle as well as science that provides a better understanding of the needs of the cattle in our care, and practices that help to best meet those needs. These factors create an opportunity for the industry to make production decisions that benefit the dairy, consumers of dairy products, and most importantly the cattle in our care. Veterinarians, as trusted experts in the care of cattle by both producers and consumers, can provide a key link in opening the discussions on welfare topics with producers and helping to illuminate these animal care opportunities at the production level. This presentation will highlight several of these “emerging” topics and provide discussion of the mutual benefits that can be realized by proactively addressing those areas, in order to help bovine veterinarians successfully facilitate those conversations.
Interpreting small ruminant milk quality reports
Authors: Mongini Andrea
Published: February 2023

Small ruminant dairies have milk quality requirements similar to cattle. Producers often look to veterinarians to help manage milk quality issues. It is important to fully understand the differences between dairy sheep and goats vs cattle in order to provide helpful consultation. This talk will cover the milk quality requirements, common deviations, why they occur, and how to best remedy the various counts when in violation.
Job, career or calling
Authors: Rooker Eric J.
Published: February 2023

Our current job market identifies 3 distinct groups when studying an employee’s career development goals: the job, the career, or the calling. Every employee fits into one of these categories regardless of age, gender, tenure or skill. Experts have identified an equal 3-way split between said groups, with one-third of employees representing each group.

As employers, it is our job to identify an employee’s position in these groupings and engage them accordingly. While some employees will be content to remain within their current grouping, others, if presented with appropriate guidance, can be motivated to progress upward through the groups. Our goal as employers is to help the employee succeed in this mission.

To assist with this mission, a system known as “Job Crafting” can be utilized. Job crafting is the use of an autonomy technique which encourages self-management; this means the employee creates a job description that is personalized to their strengths and interests. This design yields a more engaged employee as well as improved job satisfaction, which in turn potentiates the progression from a job, to a career and finally to a calling.
Student expectations for their first veterinary job
Authors: Brick Troy A.
Published: February 2023

Veterinary practice owners have a list of requirements, qualities, and needs they are looking for in a new associate. New graduates have the same type of list and it important to consider the wants and needs of the new graduate that you are targeting for the practices open position. There is data being prepared that examines what is most important to the new graduate as they begin to search for their first veterinary job after graduation.
contemporary look at performance evaluation
Authors: Oster Kurt A.
Published: February 2023

One of my favorite mentors would frequently tell me to look through the windshield, not in the rear-view mirror. He liked to focus his team on what was in front of us and where we were heading, rather than spending time rehashing where we had already been. I think that is a great metaphor for the career dialogue that tends to look at employee performance with an eye on the future, rather than an anchor to the past.

Around 2015, cutting-edge businesses began ditching their annual performance reviews in favor of continuous performance dialogues. Within just a few short years, almost every Fortune 500 company adopted this new approach to performance management.

How did this new trend take over so quickly? The easy answer is that everyone hated the old process! Managers invested a lot of time in a process that yielded very little positive return. Employees felt undervalued and demotivated. Thus, a process that was supposed to improve employee performance, productivity and engagement was having exactly the opposite impact on your practice team. Learn how transitioning to an easier, more enjoyable process can yield more positive results for everyone and tips for implementing it in your practice.
Clinical tips
Authors: Hartnack Amanda
Published: February 2023

A C-section is a surgery that can be performed in the field to resolve difficult dystocias. When used early in the calving process, it is possible to obtain positive results, including a live calf and a reproductively sound cow. Tips for maximizing success during these sometimes challenging procedures will be covered.
On-farm use of point-of-care chemistry analyzers in bovine practice
Authors: Kreuder Amanda J.
Published: February 2023

Appropriate identification of acid-base and electrolyte disorders can improve patient care for many medical conditions of bovines. The increased portability of handheld blood gas and electrolyte chemistry point-of-care analyzers and relative affordability now allows practitioners ready access to the identification of these conditions animal-side. Increased use of this technology will enable practitioners to provide more individualized animal care on-farm with the goal of improving treatment outcomes.
Associations of serum calcium and subclinical hypocalcemia at calving with productive, reproductive and health outcomes in multiparous Jersey cows
Authors: Valldecabres A. , Silva-del-Río N.
Published: February 2023

The most appropriate blood calcium (Ca) threshold to define subclinical hypocalcemia is still under study. Currently, there is a wide range of suggested definitions, and variability on its reported associations with productive, reproductive and health outcomes, which have not been described in Jersey cows. Our aim was to evaluate the associations of serum Ca concentration and subclinical hypocalcemia at calving with subsequent lactation milk and energy-corrected milk yield, fat%, protein%, somatic cell count linear score, mastitis, herd removal, and pregnancy at 1st service and by 150 days-in-milk (DIM).
Inter-observer agreement between veterinarians and dairy farm caretakers
Authors: Portillo-Gonzalez R. , Pempek J. A. , Locke S. , Dietsch A. M. , Pereira R. V. , Habing G.
Published: February 2023

Antimicrobial use in food-producing animals may contribute to the development of drug-resistant bacterial infections in humans. Veterinarians prescribe and dispense antimicrobials, but farm caretakers are responsible for judging disease severity and initiating on-farm treatments. The objective of this study was to estimate the level of agreement on initiating on-farm antimicrobial treatment between farm caretakers and the respective farm veterinarians at different levels of disease severity
effect of vaccination with a Mannheimia haemolytica subunit vaccine on milk yield in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Overton Michael W. , Armfelt Mark A.
Published: February 2023

Many herds in the US use a mannheimia vaccine in lactating dairy cows as an aid in reducing the impact of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Producers often report significant post-vaccination milk drop following the use of some mannheimia vaccines. A review of the literature found no reports documenting milk loss following administration of mannheimia vaccines, but there were reports documenting milk loss from other vaccines of up to 4 lb (1.8 kg)/d for 3 d. This adds to the cost of vaccinating the lactating herd and should be considered when developing vaccination programs. If milk income over feed cost is $0.13/lb ($0.28/kg) then the 3-d milk loss can add up to decreased revenue from milk sales of $1.56 per cow. The objective of this study was to quantify the milk loss associated with the use of Mannheimia haemolytica subunit vaccine* (MHSV) in lactating dairy cows.
Determining associations of bovine respiratory disease intertreatment interval with case fatality risk and factors influencing intertreatment interval
Authors: White Brad , Amrine David , Larson Robert , Lubbers Brian , Smith Kristen
Published: February 2023

Judicious and appropriate antimicrobial therapy is a critical topic in beef cattle production. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most frequent syndrome requiring antimicrobial therapy in postweaned beef calves; however, little published information has described factors impacting the actual intertreatment interval (ITI) and potential associations of ITI with case outcomes. The objective of this retrospective research is to determine associations between ITI of first and second BRD treatment with antimicrobials with case fatality risk (CFR) and secondarily to identify factors influencing ITI in BRD cases treated at least twice with antimicrobials.
Utilizing leukocyte differentials at arrival to predict death in feedlot calves
Authors: Bate N. G. , Dantas F. G. , Hockett M. E. , Tsoi A. H. , Noel D. S.
Published: February 2023

Although 14.8% of US feedlots (39.3% of US feedlots with capacity of 1000 head or more) treated cattle with an injectable antimicrobial at arrival (USDA 2019), respiratory mortality rates have increased (Vogel et al, 2015). Interventions have been suggested to reduce mortality (Booker et al, 2017), but concerns over antibiotic resistance (Catry et al, 2003) have prompted a need for accurate identification of at-risk animals for more targeted application. As leukocyte differentials have been shown to be predictive of respiratory morbidity (Richeson et al, 2013), the objective of this study was to determine the relationship between leukocyte differentials and risk of respiratory mortality in feedlot cattle.
randomized control trial to evaluate propylene glycol alone or in combination with dextrose as a treatment for hyperketonemia in dairy cows
Authors: Capel M. B. , Bach K. D. , Knecht I. D. , Koebel K. J. , Mann S. , McArt J. A. A.
Published: February 2023

Postpartum dairy cows undergo a period of energy deficit that can lead to excessive lipolysis and formation of ketone bodies such as β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Cows that are hyperketonemic (HYK; blood [BHB] ≥1.2mmol/L) are at greater risk of adverse events during early lactation. Although 300 ml of oral propylene glycol (PG) has been shown to reduce these negative effects, the efficacy of intravenous (IV) dextrose is unclear. Our objective was to investigate the impact of IV dextrose as an adjunct therapy to PG on HYK resolution, disease incidence, and milk yield.
Efficacy of a stabilized liquid potassium sorbate preservative to reduce bacterial proliferation in colostrum or tank milk stored by refrigeration or at room temperature
Authors: Godden S. M. , Royster E. , Timmerman J. , O'Sell N.
Published: February 2023

Though critical to calf health and growth, colostrum exposure of dairy calves to infectious agents, potentially resulting in calfhood illness and/or reduced absorption of colostral antibodies. While FDA-approved preservatives such as potassium sorbate may represent 1 approach to reduce bacterial proliferation in stored colostrum or milk, efficacy studies are relatively limited. Objectives of this study were to describe the effect of a stabilized liquid potassium sorbate preservative product (Dam Fresh™, Solution BioSciences, Inc (SBS), Inc. Morristown, NJ) on 1) bacterial proliferation in bovine colostrum and milk when stored by refrigeration and at room temperature, and 2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in colostrum. We hypothesized that the preservative would reduce bacterial proliferation in stored milk and colostrum while having no negative effect on colostrum IgG levels.
Healthy people, healthy practice
Authors: Fonken Laurie
Published: February 2023

Veterinary professionals are highly committed and dedicated individuals who work hard to care for their patients, clients, colleagues, and communities. For those who devote their lives to the service of others, the physical, emotional, and spiritual demands can lead to exhaustion. Day-to-day work expectations and pressures can at times feel overwhelming and isolating, and have detrimental effects on personal and professional wellbeing. The natural response may be to work harder, to give more, until there is nothing left to give. The good news is that as caring individuals, you have the capacity to focus that care on yourself. With development of healthy practices, you can continue to effectively provide comprehensive and compassionate care for others, while taking care of yourself. This paper will address and define some of the main challenges to health and wellbeing and identify strategies and tools individuals can implement to address them.
LDA surgery tips and aftercare for recent grads
Authors: Earnest Scott
Published: February 2023

Correction of Left Displaced Abomasum (LDA) is one of the most common surgical procedures performed by livestock veterinarians. As a recent graduate, you can expect your surgical abilities and outcomes will be scrutinized by your clients. High quality outcomes start with a thorough physical examination, consideration of prognosis and future value to the dairy operation. Good restraint and sedation are paramount to patient and surgeon safety. Careful surgical prep and technique must be married to efficiency to maintain high surgical standards in a compromised environment. Aftercare and record keeping ensure a full recovery, and follow-up communication with clients will verify outcomes and build your credibility.
Zoonotic disease
Authors: Bickett-Weddle Danelle A.
Published: February 2023

Zoonotic diseases of cattle can negatively impact the people caring for them. Veterinarians understand the potential health risks associated with contracting a zoonotic disease and are critical to communicating to clients. Educating about disease exposure routes, of which there are 6, is one way to simplify the health message. Messages should be clear, short, action oriented, and free of scientific jargon to be understood by animal caretakers. Numerous resources exist to educate people about zoonotic disease prevention.
Buying into a practice
Authors: Brinson Patrick
Published: February 2023

Buying into a practice can be a scary proposition, but by doing 3 things you can set yourself up for success both professionally and financially. Upon graduating veterinary school, we have been consistently trained to use our left brain much more than our right. As we transition from mastering technical skills involved in routine bovine practice into more of a managerial or leadership role, we must grow and practice using our right brain. It is vital to first build a solid foundation as an associate based on work ethic, communication, and selflessness. Practicing leadership, reading to absorb new ideas and information, and learning from your colleagues and mentors is a great place to start.

After deciding that you are a good cultural fit and would like to purchase a practice, you must have an accurate valuation based on the true profitability of the business, complete a feasibility analysis, and create a buy-in/buy-out agreement that is fair for both sides of the transaction. The holy grail of practice ownership is that you are acquiring equity while having the business actually pay for your buy-in.
FARM Program
Authors: Brennan David T.
Published: February 2023

Helping dairy producers become compliant with FARM Program is an excellent way to become a valuable member of the management team on a dairy. Not only will you build trust and appreciation with your dairy producers, but you will gain billable hours for your dairy practice. This starts with reviewing the FARM Program book that each processor provides their dairy clients. From there, it involves creating and reviewing many required FARM Program protocols. Mock FARM evaluations can be performed to evaluate how a dairy will score on hygiene, body condition, hock and knee scores, and lameness. This information can be used for management and facility decisions to achieve FARM compliance during future evaluations.
Ancillary bovine respiratory disease therapy
Authors: Apley Michael D.
Published: February 2023

Ancillary therapeutics are often administered along with an antimicrobial for the treatment of the bovine respiratory disease complex. For non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the majority of clinical trial evidence supports a clear effect of a more rapid decrease in rectal temperature along with some evidence for more rapid improvement in clinical signs as compared to antimicrobials alone. However, there is no clear, consistent clinical evidence to support that NSAIDs result in increased treatment success, reduced case fatality, or improved post-treatment average daily gain as opposed to an antimicrobial alone. It should also be noted that the lumping of all NSAIDs together as a group can result in incorrectly attributing or not attributing important properties to individual drugs. The publicly available information on steroids and vitamin C is much more limited. The only clinical trials involving ancillary therapy with steroids are either negative or neutral. Two trials concerning the use of vitamin C were reviewed, one showing no effects and one presenting a large difference in mortality during the subsequent feeding period, but without enough details to evaluate either internal or external validity.
Records, chute-side reports, what can new grads do?
Authors: Bolinger John D.
Published: February 2023

The ability to capture data chute-side can give the veterinarian a great opportunity to help producers beyond just utilizing their technical skills. This data can be turned into Management Event Reports that are designed to highlight key information for a specific event, such as pre-breeding/turnout, pregnancy diagnosis and weaning, heifer development, and bull breeding soundness exams. These reports can be created chute-side using a tablet and printed onsite, allowing the veterinarian to provide instant information to further discussions with producers.
clueless funny farm
Authors: Smith Chelsea Bland
Published: February 2023

Managing novice cattle/livestock clients is becoming more common for multiple reasons, such as the increase in homesteading or an individual wanting cattle because a distant family member had cows. This talk covers how to provide proper client education and help those clueless livestock producers make the appropriate decisions for their livestock.
Fluid therapy in calves
Authors: Smith Geoffrey
Published: February 2023

Diarrhea is the leading cause of calf mortality prior to weaning in both beef and dairy calves. Therefore, both veterinarians and producers should put some effort into designing rational and efficacious protocols both for the prevention and treatment of diarrhea. The primary goals of treating calf diarrhea are to 1) correct free water and electrolyte abnormalities; 2) correct acid-base deficits (acidemia); 3) provide nutritional support; and 4) eliminate and/or prevent E. coli bacteremia. This pre­sentation will focus on both oral electrolyte and intravenous fluid therapy in calves with diarrhea. Practical approaches to correcting dehydration and metabolic acidosis on-farm will be emphasized.
Bull breeding soundness and cryopreservation of semen
Authors: Armstrong Chance
Published: February 2023

The Society for Theriogenology (SFT) adopted the current form for the bull breeding soundness evaluation (BSE) in 2018. The BSE consists of four parts: a physical exam, a minimal scrotal circumference by the age of the bull, minimum progressive motility of 30%, and minimum morphology of 70% normal cells. A bull deemed to be a satisfactory potential breeder should unequivocally meet or exceed these four requirements. These standards as set forth by the SFT, give the veterinar­ian an objective approach to evaluating a bull. It has been said that “rarely are bulls infertile, but there are a lot of sub-fertile bulls”. Identification of these sub-fertile bulls by veterinarians, allows cattle producers to negate a potential negative impact on the overall productivity of the herd due to poor reproductive efficiency.

Each part of the exam should be of equal importance to the vet­erinarian and no part should be omitted if an accurate assess­ment of the bull is to be determined. Carson et al in review of BSE trends for the past 20 years, deemed that overwhelmingly the most common cause of unsatisfactory or deferred classi­fication of bulls was due to unacceptable semen morphology. The preparation and interpretation of the morphology slide must be proficient and consistent for the results of the exam to be valid.

The challenges that food animal practitioners encounter re­garding remaining relevant in the livestock industry continue to surface, and the profession must find means to maintain their position in a changing world. Promoting ourselves as ex­perts and the benefits of a professional exam by a veterinarian are essential to suppressing emerging imitators that provide a mediocre version of this exam sometimes referred to as the “se­men check”.
Beef nutrition 101: What a veterinarian needs to know to work with a nutritionist
Authors: Linneen Sara
Published: February 2023

The disunion between veterinarians and nutritionists sup­porting the cattle industry is not new, albeit there are plentiful opportunities to improve. Successful operations need the per­spective and technical knowledge of both professionals to op­timize productivity. The need for improvement is magnified by the inability of the cattle industry to make strides in improving mortality rates that is most likely a reflection of management x health x nutrition interactions. Opportunity for veterinarians to support producers nutritionally is most prevalent among cattle segments not traditionally supported by trained nutri­tionists. These include cow-calf operations and confinement feeding operations with less than 500 head capacity. To facili­tate nutritional conversations with the nutritionists, a basic un­derstanding of the 6 classes of nutrients is critical. These class­es include water, carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins and minerals. A base level understanding of each nutrient paired with a broad idea of applied concepts associated with feeding will make for constructive two-sided conversations about nutri­tion between technical professionals.
Anaplasmosis: Practical principles for the diagnosis, treatment and control of field cases and outbreaks
Authors: Coetzee Johann
Published: February 2023

Anaplasmosis, caused by the rickettsial hemoparasite Ana­plasma marginale (Am), is the most prevalent tick-transmitted disease of cattle worldwide and a major obstacle to profitable beef production in the continental United States. Anaplasmosis is readily transmitted through biological and mechanical vec­tors such as ticks and biting flies and iatrogenically through needles and equipment contaminated with infected blood. Clinical anaplasmosis, characterized by anemia, icterus and fever, is associated with significant production losses, abor­tions and mortalities in cattle. It is estimated that the introduc­tion of anaplasmosis into a previously naïve herd can result in a 3.6% reduction in calf crop, a 30% increase in cull rate and a 30% mortality rate in clinically infected adult cattle. Further­more, a study has shown that 16% of pregnant carrier cows will transmit anaplasmosis in utero producing persistently infected offspring. The existence of both horizontal and vertical ana­plasmosis transmission has important implications for disease control in endemic areas. In this presentation, we will use case studies to examine strategies to treat and control anaplasmosis in beef and dairy herds.
latest on lameness treatments for practicing veterinarians
Authors: Cramer Gerard
Published: February 2023

As a recent graduate, treating lame cows can be a practice growth opportunity that allows you to show your clinical acu­men and be a gateway to providing more consultative services as part of a foot health team. To seize this practice growth op­portunity, practitioners need to have a clear understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of common foot disorders. Current treatment strategies are not overly complex, however, the ma­jority lack large-scale scientific evidence leading to a variety of opinions and approaches among stakeholders. There are some key principles that should be considered when treating lame cows to reduce pain as soon as possible and to prevent chronic­ity. These key principles include early and appropriate inter­vention and appropriate aftercare. Practitioners who seize this opportunity will become a valuable part of a farm’s team and greatly improve the welfare of cattle.
Dairy calf housing strategies to maximize welfare and meet producer goals
Authors: Knauer Whitney
Published: February 2023

Social housing of dairy calves during the pre-weaning period is slowly becoming more popular in the North American dairy industry. The current body of literature suggests that calves housed in a group (> 2 calves housed together) during the pre-weaning period can have improved growth, social and cogni­tive skills as compared to individually housed calves. However, there are distinct challenges to group housing, particularly as group size increases beyond 8 calves/group. Veterinarians can and should get involved in producer decision-making when changes to calf management are considered, and can play a key role in protocol development and monitoring programs to help drive success of these systems. The following discussion will describe the current best practices for calf rearing during the pre-weaning period, focusing on large group and pair housing.
Evaluating the decision to not use antibiotics for management of clinical mastitis
Authors: Wavrin Bill
Published: February 2023

Managers of livestock and their veterinarians take on a re­sponsibility that involves “the protection of animal health and welfare, the prevention and relief of animal suffering, the conservation of animal resources, and the promotion of public health.” Prima facie, everyone involved at all levels strives to reduce incidence of any disease. Despite this, it remains true that clinical mastitis still occurs at high frequency on most farms and over most species, including humans. When these disease events occur, a conflict arises among the competing in­terests of improving animal wellbeing (conservation) and com­promising future public and animal health through decreased effectiveness of available antimicrobial therapeutic modalities. It is well accepted that increased antimicrobial use intensity is associated with decreased antimicrobial efficacy in a range of circumstances. This discussion paper will visit that conflict and consider alternative resolutions.
Proceedings of the Fifth Recent Graduate Conference (2022). Front Matter
Authors: Gingrich II K. Fred
Published: February 2023

Officers of the AABP.
El Qhapaq Ñan del Qollasuyu: Puno – Desaguadero
Authors: Copa Mario
Published: February 2023

El Qhapaq Ñan fue un instrumento de integración social, ambiental, económica, cultural, administrativo y político. Esa visión integradora, se fue equipando con arquitectura ritual y simbólica en los territorios donde se asentaban las sociedades, constituyendo un instrumento medular de cohesión social. Cieza, 1986[1556] expresaría esa admiración por la capacidad constructiva y exaltaría la grandeza de los caminos manifestando “[…] de qué manera se pudieron hacer caminos tan grandes y soberbios como por él vemos […] camino real como el que va de Quito al Cuzco sale del Cuzco para ir a Chile”. El objetivo del presente estudio contempla la evolución histórica en el espacio y tiempo del tramo Puno – Desaguadero a partir de la resolución y contrastación de fuentes históricas que incluye la relación y distanciamiento de tambos Inka, Colonial y Virreinal emplazados en el recorrido del denominado Urcosuyu.
Statistical evaluation of snow accumulation and depletion from remotely sensed MODIS snow time series data using the SARIMA model
Authors: Kumar Mohit , Tiwari Reet Kamal , Kumar Kamal , Rautela Kuldeep Singh
Published: February 2023

In the remote and challenging terrain of the Himalayan region, accurate measurement of cyclic snow accumulation and depletion is a significant challenge. To overcome this, an attempt has been made in the present study by applying a statistical analysis of MODIS snow time series data with the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model from 2003 to 2018 over the Beas river basin. The Box–Jenkins methodology of forecasting is based on the identification using seasonality, stationarity, ACF, and PACF plots; and estimation based on maximum likelihood techniques; and the last diagnostic checking based on the residual and error values have been used. Later, forecasting models have been proposed separately for the snow accumulation period (October–February) as (1,1,1) (0,1,3)19 and for the snow depletion period (March–September) as (1,1,1) (1,1,2)27 after calibration of the data (2003–2015) and the same were then validated using data (2016–2018). The accuracy assessment of the models has been checked using performance criteria like AIC, MSE, and RSS. The comparison of the forecasting models with the observed data showed a good agreement with R2 of 0.83 and 0.89 for snow accumulation and snow depletion, respectively. This research highlights the potential of utilizing satellite data and statistical modeling to address the challenges of monitoring snow cover in remote and inaccessible regions.
Assimilation versus optimization for SWAT calibration: accuracy, uncertainty, and computational burden analysis
Authors: Bayat Mehrad , Alizadeh Hosein , Mojaradi Barat
Published: February 2023

The accurate estimation of runoff by hydrological models depends on proper model calibration. Sequential Data Assimilation (DA), as an online method, is used to estimate complex hydrological models' states and parameters simultaneously. Although DA was applied for estimating the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model's state and/or parameter, the previous research did not pay attention to the model calibration by DA or the comparison between DA and popular SWAT calibration methods. This paper compares Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF), a well-known DA method, with Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI2), a popular SWAT calibration method, to calibrate the model. We test the impact of the selected objective function in the SUFI2 application. We evaluate the results based on the multiple deterministic and uncertainty-based Goodness of Fit (GOF) measures and compare all scenarios based on the simulation accuracy, computational burden, uncertainty assessment, and parameter ranges. Results show that under the SUFI2 application, some GOFs might be located in unsatisfactory ranges while the algorithm obtains (very) good results concerning the objective functions. On the other hand, EnKF simultaneously locates most GOFs in (very) good ratings. Moreover, we found that the selection of SUFI2's objective function and the specification of uncertainty's error in EnKF have significant effects on the results.
De principios y fines. Claves feministas para la reflexión bioética en contextos biotecnológicos
Authors: Lima Natacha Salomé
Published: February 2023

Desde la publicación de la estructura de la molécula de ADN, en 1953, hasta nuestros días, el conocimiento genético ha avanzado de forma exponencial. En un contexto de fragmentación de los sistemas de salud, con el impulso de los sectores privados para la comercialización de las técnicas y productos, y en la puja por la definición de una agenda para la gobernanza global, ¿cuál es el rol de la(s) bioética(s) y sus principios en la nueva era comandada por la fusión de las ciencias biológicas, las tecnologías de la información y la ingeniería genética? Para responder a este interrogante se describen, primero, las continuidades y rupturas que presentan las aplicaciones biotecnológicas emergentes —como CRISPR/Cas9—, las cuales nos enfrentan a desafíos clínicos, éticos, políticos y regulatorios; en segundo lugar, se analiza el enfoque principialista, los presupuestos del imperativo bioético y del principio precautorio como marcos deontológicos que han delimitado las discusiones sobre investigación e innovación responsable. La insuficiencia de los principios bioéticos tradicionales lleva a proponer, en el último apartado, una aproximación alternativa que, desde el prisma de las epistemologías feministas, interpela las prácticas y fomenta la construcción de saberes y conocimientos situados.