bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electroantennogram responses of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, to the volatile constituents of nectarines
Authors: Light D. M. , Jang E. B. , Flath R. A.
Published: April 2011

Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from laboratory‐reared, male and female Ceratitis capitata (medfly) in response to individual volatiles identified from ripe nectarines. Uniformity in EAG response between the sexes was observed for most test compounds. Only 10 volatiles, of the 44 nectarine volatiles tested, elicited significantly different EAG responses between the sexes. No correlation was observed between the magnitude of antennal responsiveness and the concentration of a particular volatile in the headspace odor of ripe nectarines. The most abundant (‘major’) nectarine volatiles were among the least EAG stimulatory compounds tested. And certain ‘minor’ and ‘trace’ volatiles were the most potent compounds in eliciting EAGs. Moreover, the magnitude of antennal response to a nectarine volatile was related to the functional‐group, chain‐length, and unsaturation of the compound. The degree of potency of the compounds was as follows: six‐carbon unsaturated aldehydes and alcohols > methyl and ethyl hexanoates and octanoates ≥ hexenyl acetates and monoterpenes > shorter chain‐length acetates and alcohols > lactones. Unsaturated aldehydes, alcohols, and acetates generally elicited larger EAGs than their saturated analogs, with the (E)‐2‐isomers being the most potent isomeric configurations. In addition, medfly antennae exhibited ‘long recovery’ periods (i.e., > 10 sec.) for the EAG tracings to return to baseline potential after stimulations with certain classes of compounds, e.g., C6 to C8 acid esters, monoterpenes, and hexen‐1‐ols. The potential adaptiveness to medflies for selective sensitivity to these volatiles is discussed.
Some effects of rearing the yellow dung fly Scatophaga stercoraria in cattle dung containing ivermectin
Authors: Strong L. , James S.
Published: April 2011

Ivermectin was added to cattle dung in controlled concentrations like those found in the pats of injected cattle, and the medium was used to rear larvae of the dung fly Scatophaga stercoraria. Ivermectin at 0.036 ppm (wt/wet weight) debilitates 50% of the larvae within 48 h. At 0.015 ppm, 50% of the larvae are unable to pupariate, while at 0.001 ppm, 50% of the larvae fail to reach the adult stage. Adults produced from larvae reared in pats containing 0.0005 ppm ivermectin show high levels of fluctuating asymmetry in wing characteristics as well as deformities in the wing veins themselves. The data are discussed in relation to the effects of excreted ivermectin on pastureland biology.
Optimization of bioassay conditions for the olive bark beetle Phloeotribus scarabaeoides
Authors: Peña A. , Kelly D. R. , Szauman‐Szumski C. , Campos M.
Published: April 2011

Bioassay conditions with a glass olfactometer for the olive bark beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides Bern. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), have been investigated. The best temperatures and light intensities were between 17 and 28 °C and 1000 and 1500 lux, respectively. The best response was obtained with newly emerged individuals from reproduction galleries with no feeding period.
Relationship between males caught with low pheromone doses and larval infestation of Argyrotaenia pulchellana
Authors: Faccioli G. , Antropoli A. , Pasqualini E.
Published: April 2011

Sex pheromone traps for Argyrotaenia pulchellana Haw. (Lep. Tortricidae) were loaded with two low pheromone doses (0.1 and 0.01 mg) and tested in apple and pear orchards of northern Italy's Emilia‐Romagna Region to estimate the relationship between male catches and subsequent larval infestation. While the lower dose captured fewer males, it registered an enhanced correlation to larval populations and a decrease in the number of episodes of high catches associated with no infestation. In all likelihood, the pheromone traps baited at the lower dose have a smaller active space and captured only males within the orchard. Lures with 0.01 mg of pheromone can be replaced every 6 weeks, just as the 1 mg lures now in widespread use in Italy. A threshold of 65 adults captured from the beginning of flight is proposed for the Emilia‐Romagna IPM project.
Observations on egg‐laying behaviour of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar)
Authors: Koppenhöfer A. M.
Published: April 2011

Banana weevil females laid on an average 2.7 eggs/week in rhizome material and 0.7 eggs/week in pseudostem material in the laboratory. At extremely high weevil population densities the egg‐laying activity declined. Under controlled field conditions 0.7 eggs/week were laid in banana suckers and 1.3 eggs/week in stumps of harvested suckers. 25% of the weevil stages found in suckers in the field were eggs of which 78% were laid in the rhizome and 22% in the pseudostem base. The majority of eggs was deposited in the crown area of the rhizome followed by the remaining surface area of the rhizome, the walls of abandoned larval tunnels in rhizome and pseudostem and the leaf sheaths. 58% of the eggs found were considered accessible to egg predators.
Synthetic molecules designed as potential inhibitors in ecdysone biosynthesis
Authors: Roussel Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2011

For fundamental studies as well as applied research, we have set up a programme for the synthesis of irreversible and selective inhibitors of ecdysone biosynthesis. Suicide substrate type inhibitors have been synthesized in order to react in the last steps of ecdysone biosynthesis on C‐22 and C‐25 hydroxylases which are cytochrome P‐450‐dependent monooxygenases. The most active inhibitors are formed of a steroid nucleus on which a short side chain, with an acetylenic or an allenic function closely linked to an hydroxyl group, has been grafted. The exact form of the steroid nucleus (as in cholesterol, 7‐dehydrocholesterol, 3‐dehydrocholesterol or a molecule with a saturated B cycle) did not appear essential for the activity of the chemicals. These molecules injected in vivo in larvae of Locusta migratoria induced some morphological modifications of the adults and a very slight delay in metamorphosis.

Dans le but d'inhiber la biosynthèse de l'ecdysone au cours du développement chez l'Insecte, plus de 50 molécules ont été synthétisées selon la conception des substrats‐suicides. Deux enzymes des dernières étapes de la biosynthèse de l'ecdysone, parfaitement connues, les C‐22 et C‐25 hydroxylases, qui sont des monooxygénases à cytochrome P‐450, ont été choisies pour cibles.

A partir d'une molécule de base présentant à la fois un bon pouvoir inhibiteur et des caractéristiques d'activité de type substrat‐suicide, c'est‐à‐dire irréversibilité de l'action, spécificité de l'inhibition et sélectivité sur l'enzyme visé, de nombreuses modifications ont été introduites. Elles ont concernés notamment la longueur de la chaîne latérale, la nature et la position du groupement inhibiteur, la position du ou des groupements hydroxyles et la nature du noyau stéroïde.

Des divers résultats obtenus, il est possible de conclure que les meilleurs inhibiteurs, qui diminuent significativement la production d'ecdysone des glandes prothoraciques incubées in vitro, sont composés d'une chaîne latérale courte à groupement inhibiteur alcyne ou allénique dans le voisinage d'un groupement hydroxyle et d'un noyau stéroïde qui peut‐être, indifféremment, de type cholestérol, 7‐déshydrocholestérol, 3‐déshydrocholestérol ou porter un cycle B saturé. On peut noter que les noyaux qui se rapprochent le plus de celui des ecdystéroïdes diminuent ou empêchent l'activité.

Malheureusement, jusqu' à présent, ces molécules injectées in vivo chez des larves de Locusta migratoria n'ont qu'une action réduite: elles ne produisent, dans les meilleurs cas, que de rares retards de métamorphose et quelques modifications morphologiques chez les adultes.
Diploid males in the bumble bee Bombus terrestris
Authors: Duchateau M. J. , Hoshiba H. , Velthuis H. H. W.
Published: April 2011

The frequency of colonies that produce diploid males after brother‐sister (50%) and nephew‐niece (37.5%) matings proves that in B. terrestris the sex is determined by a single multi‐allelic sex locus. The diploid males which develop normally into adults make up 50% of the diploid brood. In the laboratory the growth rate of colonies with diploid males is influenced only slightly. Of 41 colony founding queens caught out of a natural population, all produced a colony without any diploid males. Therefore, the number of sex alleles in this population is estimated to be at least 24. This means that in commercial rearing systems for bumble bees, involving several generations, the occurrence of diploid males can largely be prevented by a good scheme for crossings.
Biological activity of maize leaf extracts against the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta
Authors: Okello‐Ekochu E. J. , Wilkins R. M.
Published: April 2011

Maize (Zea mays L.) leaf tissue of cv Bastille and cv Michoacan 12 was extracted with n‐hexane. The extracts were bioassayed against 5th instar African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by feeding the larvae on agar based media or sucrose impregnated glass fibre discs. The hexane extract of the ‘resistant’ cv Bastille exhibited feeding deterrency and toxicity which were not shown by the ‘susceptible’ cv Michoacan 12. The hexane extract of cv Bastille was adsorbed onto silica gel, the solution filtered off and the adsorbed component taken up into ethyl acetate. Bioassay of these fractions indicated that the toxic and deterrent action was retained in the ethyl acetate fraction. Preparative thin layer chromatography of the ethyl acetate fraction isolated two biologically active constituents. These were both growth inhibitors and lethal by ingestion to the 5th instar African armyworm. Implications for resistance in maize varieties to insect pests are discussed.
Role of photoperiod and temperature in the induction of overwintering pupal diapause in the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella
Authors: Trimble R. M.
Published: April 2011

The role of photoperiod and temperature in the induction of overwintering diapause in Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was examined in the laboratory and field using leafminers from commercial apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. P. blancardella exhibited a long‐day response to photoperiod: long daylengths resulted in uninterrupted development whereas short daylengths induced diapause. The estimated critical photoperiod for diapause induction was L14.25:D9.75. The larvae of leafminers destined to enter diapause took ca. 3x longer to complete development than the larvae of non‐diapausing leafminers. The development prolonging effect of photoperiod decreased with decreasing daylength. Temperature modified the diapause inducing effect of photoperiod. At L14.25:D9.75, diapause incidence was similar at 15 and 20 °C but was lower at 25 °C. Photoperiod also altered the normal relationship between development rate and temperature. At L14.25:D9.75, the duration of larval development of diapausing leafminers was similar at 15, 20 and 25 °C. Temperature alone is unlikely to have a role in the induction of diapause because leafminers exposed to natural late summer and fall temperature regimes and L16:D8 did not enter diapause.
Aphid activities during sieve element punctures
Authors: Prado Ernesto , Tjallingii W. Freddy
Published: April 2011

Aphid salivation in sieve elements and phloem sap ingestion were linked to waveforms in the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG). Non‐viruliferous Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) on barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infected wheat could acquire the virus, which was used as an indication for phloem sap ingestion, whereas virus inoculation by viruliferous aphids on healthy plants was associated with salivation in sieve elements or other phloem cells. Probing was monitored and the waveforms recorded were related to ELISA results of test plants. The EPG patterns A, B, and C are indicative of the stylet pathway phase, whereas patterns E1 and E2 reflect the phloem (sieve element) phase with an unknown activity (E1) or with ingestion and concurrent salivation (E2). Aphids showing pathway and E1 rarely acquired virus, suggesting that little or no phloem sap ingestion can occur during these patterns, whereas those showing additionally pattern E2 did so substantially, indicating phloem sap ingestion. The main pattern related to virus inoculation was E1, although some aphids were able to inoculate plants during pathway. Pattern El clearly reflects the most important salivation into sieve elements. Pattern E2 had no clear contribution to virus inoculation, supporting the present hypothesis that during this pattern the saliva is mixed with the phloem sap in the single canal at the stylet tips and ingested immediately, without reaching the plant tissue. Sustained sap ingestion did not affect virus inoculation. So, BYDV inoculation mainly occurs during the first period of a sieve element puncture which is always formed by E1. Implications on persistent virus transmission are discussed.
Influence of pre‐emergence experience on response to host and host plant odours in the larval parasitoid Eupelmus vuilleti
Authors: Cortesero A. M. , Monge J. P.
Published: April 2011

The response to different host and plant species odours was investigated in Eupelmus vuilleti (Crw). This hymenopteran is a solitary ectoparasitoid of several species of bruchids developing inside Leguminosae seeds. The locomotor behaviour of females reared on Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) larvae developing in Vigna unguiculata (Walp) seeds was analysed using a tubular olfactometer. Females showed a specific sensitivity to the semiochemicals emanating from the host and the seed species on which they had developed. Odours from V. unguiculata seeds were attractive to the parasitoid and stimulated their locomotor activity. Odours from Vigna radiata (Wil) seeds had no effect on the locomotor behaviour. Odours from B. atrolineatus larvae were attractive to the females whereas odours from Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab), another bruchid species, had no effect. By isolating the females from the seed and the host at different developmental stages, we found that the specific sensitivity observed resulted from an early adult learning. This learning which occurs before the emergence from the seed while the imago is in the larval chamber of its host is dependent on contact with the seed and the host larval remains.
Genetic variability in the reactive distance in Trichogramma brassicae after automatic tracking of the walking path
Authors: Bruins E. B. A. W. , Wajnberg E. , Pak G. A.
Published: April 2011

Efficiency of hymenopterous parasitoids to control pests in a biological control release program probably increases with increasing searching ability of the females, which, in return, likely depends on the distance from which females perceive their hosts (i.e., reactive distance). In this study, we first analyse this hypothesis with the help of a stochastic model simulating the walking path of isolated Trichogramma females during their searching behaviour. Then, this reactive distance is estimated using automatic recording and analysis of the walking path of female wasps. Finally, the genetic variability for this trait is analysed in a Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hym.; Trichogrammatidae) population. Three types of hosts were used: Eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lep.; Pyralidae), eggs of Mamestra brassicae L. (Lep.; Noctuidae) and 0.45 mm glass beads. M. brassicae eggs are perceived from 4.01 ± 0.15 mm, which is a significantly longer perceptive distance than for E. kuehniella eggs (3.69 ± 0.10 mm) and glass beads (3.67 ± 0.10 mm). Moreover, whatever the host tested, a significant genetic variation is observed in this trait in the population studied.

The ecological and evolutionary implications and the agronomical importance of these results are discussed.
Seasonal acquisition of mineral nutrients by a chalcid gall on lowbush blueberry
Authors: Bagatto Giuseppe , Shorthouse Joseph D.
Published: April 2011

Seasonal accumulation of various mineral nutrients by galls of the chalcid Hemadas nubilipennis on lowbush blueberry were examined in various phases of gall development. Levels of copper, nickel, iron, and zinc were higher in tissues of galls in initiation phase compared to tips of ungalled shoots and in general were higher than galls in growth and maturation phases. Levels of manganese and magnesium in gall tissues decrease throughout the season compared to ungalled shoots. Levels of calcium are less in gall tissues in initiation phase compared to ungalled shoots, and elevated in maturation phase. Patterns of mineral concentration within galls at various phases of development are related to known physiological roles of minerals in plant nutrition; however, we conclude that patterns are variable and their significance in gall physiology requires further study.
Resource utilization and sex allocation in response to host size in two ectoparasitoid wasps on subcortical beetles
Authors: Urano T. , Hijii N.
Published: April 2011

Patterns of host resource utilization and sex ratio manipulation in relation to host size were investigated for two solitary ectoparasitoid wasps, Atanycolus initiator and Spathius brevicaudis (Hymenoptera Braconidae). Both species parasitize subcortical beetles on the trunks of Japanese pine trees. A. initiator is on average 8 times larger in body weight and has an ovipositor that is 3.7 times longer than that of S. brevicaudis. In both parasitoids, the size of emerging wasps was positively correlated with host size, but the host/wasp size regressions were linear for all three major host species in A. initiator, whereas in S. brevicaudis the regression was logarithmic for a relatively large host species. The sex ratios (proportion of males) of both parasitoids emerging from different host species decreased with increasing host size, but the overall sex ratio on each host species was male‐biased in A. initiator, while female‐biased in S. brevicaudis. How the proportion of host consumed changed in response to host size, differed between the two parasitoids for the same host species. In the field survey, the size and sex ratio of the emerging two parasitoids from a dead tree were closely related to host size. However, the spatial distribution of the two parasitoids depended on the bark thickness of the trunk. The data suggest that differences in the relative evaluation of host size and in ovipositor length may enable the coexistence of the two parasitoid wasps.
Life‐history parameters of western flower thrips on susceptible and resistant cucumber genotypes
Authors: Soria Carmen , Mollema Chris
Published: April 2011

The life‐history parameters reproduction rate, developmental time and age specific survival of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) [Thysanoptera:Thripidae], were determined on susceptible and resistant cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypes. Both newly emerged and F. occidentalis females of mixed ages showed a substantial reduction (36 to 50%) of the reproduction rate on all resistant genotypes, in particular after the second day. On the resistant genotypes 9127 and 9140, F. occidentalis had a prolonged developmental period. This was primarily due to a prolongation of the second larval stage. On all resistant genotypes, F. occidentalis suffered from high (82 to 97%) preadult mortality, predominantly at the second larval stage. It is concluded that the resistant genotypes do not cause an immediate intoxication of adult nor preadult thrips stages.
Phenolic glucosides as feeding cues for willow‐feeding leaf beetles
Authors: Kolehmainen J. , Julkunen‐Tiitto R. , Roininen H. , Tahvanainen J.
Published: April 2011

The effects of individual phenolic glucosides and total glucoside fractions on the feeding behaviour of three willow‐feeding leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were tested in the laboratory. Feeding preferences of the tested leaf beetles were strongly influenced by certain phenolic glucosides which are typical secondary compounds of willows (Salicaceae: Salix).

Two of the tested leaf beetles, Galerucella lineola and Lochmaea capreae showed rather similar responses to glucoside treatments. Both of them were strongly stimulated by total glucoside fractions from Salix triandra and by its major glucoside salidroside. The third species, Phatora vitellinae, was attracted most by the fractions from S. myrsinifolia and S. pentandra, and by two related salicylate glucosides, tremulacin and salicortin. Food selection pattern of the tested beetles in the laboratory concords fairly well with their distributions in the field and with the occurrence of phenolic glucosides in their host willows. Phenolic glucoside extracts stimulated more feeding than individual pure glucosides. This indicates that different compounds have synergistic effects in the feeding behaviour of leaf beetles. Our results clearly show that willow leaf beetles select their food based on phenolic glucosides of their host plants.
The effects of weed strips on aphids and aphidophagous predators in an apple orchard
Authors: Wyss Eric
Published: April 2011

Selected weeds were used to attract antagonists of apple aphids in an apple orchard near Berne, Switzerland. In the year before the experiment, in 1991, the apple aphids Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.) and Aphis pomi (DeGeer) and aphidophagous predators were homogenously distributed in the orchard. In April 1992, weed strips were sown between tree rows and along the border parallel to the first and the last row of trees in one part (the other part served as control). In both parts of the orchard, randomly chosen trees were controlled visually in weekly intervals in 1992 and 1993. During flowering of weeds more aphidophagous predators were observed on the apple trees within the strip‐sown area than in the control area. The most abundant and permanent aphidophagous predators were spiders, predaceous Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, and Chrysopidae. Both species of aphids were significantly less abundant in the area with weed strips than in the control area during the vegetation period. The effects of the weed strips on aphidophagous predators, and those of predators on aphids, are discussed.
Effect of bisabolangelone on development of Cydia pomonella larvae and oviposition of the females
Authors: Abivardi Cyrus , Benz Georg
Published: April 2011

The effects of bisabolangelone on the development of codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella L., and on ovipositional behaviour of the females were studied under laboratory conditions. Entry of the neonate larvae into apples and their development on a semi‐synthetic medium were completely inhibited when the larvae were exposed respectively to 10 μg a.i./cm2 and 20 μg a.i./ml of this compound. While concentrations of 1.25 to 5.0 μg a.i./ml bisabolangelone in the medium did not significantly affect larval development, exposure of the larvae to a higher rate (10 μg a.i./ml) resulted in 80% mortality during the first week. Nevertheless, the larvae which survived the treatments underwent further development until emergence of the adults. No significant changes in duration of larval or pupal periods were recorded.

Oviposition of the females in plastic beakers, whose inner surfaces were partially painted with two concentrations of bisabolangelone (1.25 to 5.0 μg a.i./cm2), was significantly reduced and the eggs were mainly laid on the parts painted with the ethanol solvent alone. When the inner surface of the cups was completely treated (i.e. top, bottom, and side) with similar concentrations of bisabolangelone, a dramatic reduction in oviposition occurred and the eggs were mostly laid on the bottom of the beakers. While this compound did not significantly influence egg hatch, it inhibited the normal upward movement of the adults in the cups and migration of the newly hatched larvae through perforations of the lids.
Factors influencing codling moth larval response to α‐farnesene
Authors: Bradley S. J. , Suckling D. M.
Published: April 2011

Behavioral responses of newly‐emerged codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) larvae to α‐farnesene were compared for a laboratory‐reared strain (‘lab’, 160 generations inbred) and a recently collected strain (‘wild’, 3 generations). Video recordings of single larvae placed 20 mm from Bond papers releasing a range of seven α‐farnesene concentrations were scored for head turning, head lifting, head direction, and movement across a Petri dish. The laboratory strain was significantly less successful at finding the treated papers than the wild strain. The lab strain was also significantly less active, shown by more random orientation, slower walking speed, less head turning and less head lifting. Both strains showed lower response to α‐farnesene concentrations less than 10−6 (w/v) α‐farnesene. Orientation, walking speed, and head turning rate were significantly higher in the presence of α‐farnesene concentrations > 10−7 w/v, for both strains. Head lifting did not show any effect from α‐farnesene. Head turning was associated with both head lifting and walking speed and this association improved with the presence of α‐farnesene. Increased attraction to odour source was correlated with improved direction finding at concentrations above 10−7 w/v. Activity factors such as head turning and walking speed influenced time to locate odour source more than orientation factors. Odour‐guided orientation to α‐farnesene in codling moth larvae was composed of both locomotory, and to a lesser extent, orientation responses, which increased in a directed fashion to the stimulus.
Foraging behaviour of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa on tomato leaflets
Authors: van Roermund H. J. W. , van Lenteren J. C.
Published: April 2011

Individual Encarsia formosa parasitoids were observed continuously until the parasitoids flew away, either on clean tomato leaflets, on leaflets with honeydew, or on leaflets with unparasitized and parasitized whitefly larvae. Encounters with unparasitized and parasitized whitefly larvae, and contact with honeydew arrested the parasitoids on the leaflet. The walking speed increased linearly from 0.179 to 0.529 mm/s between 15 and 25–30 °C. The walking activity showed another relationship with temperature: it was below 10% at 15 and 18 °C, and increased to about 75% at 20, 25 and 30 °C. It was not affected by host encounters or by 1 to 4 ovipositions. The total handling time of hosts was between 1.8–21.8% of the total time on the leaflet. Self‐superparasitism was not observed. Conspecific‐superparasitism did occur in 14% of the encounters with hosts containing a parasitoid egg, but was not observed anymore when the parasitoid egg had hatched. Experienced parasitoids superparasitized as often as naive females. The foraging behaviour of E. formosa from landing on a leaf until departure has now been quantified and is discussed.
Density‐dependent physiological phase in a non‐migratory grasshopper Aiolopus thalassinus
Authors: Heifetz Y. , Applebaum S. W.
Published: April 2011

Aiolopus thalassinus thalassinus (Fabricius) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is a non‐migratory grasshopper of widespread geographical distribution, also endemic in the Tel‐Arad region of the Northern Negev of Israel, where it is liable to sporadically damage agricultural crops. Periodic sampling in uncultivated ‘batha’ and agricultural fields, conducted during 1990/1991, indicate that A. thalassinus populations exhibit seasonal fluctuations in density. Local spatial and temporal distribution, within this region, are dependent on food availability. Field observations and laboratory studies suggest that the local population of A. thalassinus exhibits genetic heterochromy unaffected by density. The duration of nymphal developmental is 34 days for nymphs reared in isolation, whereas crowded nymphs complete their development within only 21 days. No striking density related changes in gross morphometric features are evident, but, in adults from isolated culture, an increased abundance of sensilla coeloconica, presumably involved in olfactory chemoreception, may be functionally related to enhanced (23.6‐fold higher) activity of nymphs reared under crowded conditions. This higher level of activity is correlated to higher levels of energy reserves in the haemolymph ‐ lipids and carbohydrates ‐ and to increased respiration. Finally, the individual food consumption of nymphs from crowded culture is almost 5‐fold higher than that of isolated nymphs and may increase the potential for crop damage. These results are similar to those obtained with the migratory locust Locusta migratoria and support the hypothesis that non‐migratory grasshoppers exhibit some density‐dependent physiological characteristics of locusts, but do not exhibit overt chromatic or morphometric phase characteristics.
Predators mediate host plant resistance to a phytophagous pest in cabbage with glossy leaf wax
Authors: Eigenbrode Sanford D. , Moodie Susan , Castagnola Thomas
Published: April 2011

This study examined the role of generalist predators in producing higher mortality of Plutella xylostella L. (Plutellidae) larvae on glossy vs. normal‐wax cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. To test this, survival and feeding of P. xylostella were measured on individually caged glossy and normal‐wax plants with and without each of three generalist predators, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Chrysopidae), Orius insidiosus (Say) (Anthocoridae), and Hippodamia convergens Guerin‐Meneville (Coccinellidae). In the greenhouse, predators always significantly reduced survival of P. xylostella larvae on glossy plants, but never on normal‐wax plants. In the field, predators significantly reduced P. xylostella survival on glossy plants, but only C. carnea was effective on normal‐wax plants. In similar experiments with excised leaves, O. insidiosus and C. carnea were more effective predators on the glossy leaves, while H. convergens was equally effective on both kinds of leaves. Patterns for feeding were similar, but significance levels differed from those for P. xylostella survival. The greater effectiveness of predators on glossy plants is apparently due to the reported improved mobility of these animals on glossy leaf surfaces. The data also suggest that reduced mining by P. xylostella exposes the larvae to more predation on glossy plants and contributes some to the resistance. Regardless of the mechanism, resistance to P. xylostella on glossy B. oleracea appears to depend on the action of generalist predators for its full expression. This dependence on predation must be considered in the development and deployment of glossy insect‐resistant B. oleracea.
Saddle-point entropy states of equilibrated self-gravitating systems
Authors: He Ping , Kang Dong-Biao
Published: April 2011

In this Letter, we investigate the stability of the statistical equilibrium of spherically symmetric collisionless self-gravitating systems. By calculating the second variation of the entropy, we find that perturbations of the relevant physical quantities should be classified as long- and short-range perturbations, which correspond to the long- and short-range relaxation mechanisms, respectively. We show that the statistical equilibrium states of self-gravitating systems are neither maximum nor minimum, but complex saddle-point entropy states, and hence differ greatly from the case of ideal gas. Violent relaxation should be divided into two phases. The first phase is the entropy-production phase, while the second phase is the entropy-decreasing phase. We speculate that the second-phase violent relaxation may just be the long-wave Landau damping, which would work together with short-range relaxations to keep the system equilibrated around the saddle-point entropy states.
Relationships Among Insulin Resistance, Type 2 Diabetes, Essential Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Similarities and Differences
Authors: Reaven Gerald M.
Published: April 2011

Insulin resistance plays a major role in the pathogenesis and clinical course of patients with type 2 diabetes (2DM) and essential hypertension. However, the syndromes differ in prevalence of insulin resistance, and associated insulin secretory response. Essentially all patients with type 2 diabetes are insulin resistant, whereas only approximately 50% of those with essential hypertension are insulin resistant. Furthermore, 2DM develops when the pancreatic β‐cell can no longer maintain the degree of compensatory hyperinsulinemia needed to prevent hyperglycemia. In contrast, the compensatory hyperinsulinemia that prevents most insulin resistant individuals from developing 2DM acts on normally insulin sensitive tissues in a manner that predisposes to the development of essential hypertension. This review will discuss these similarities and differences in some detail, as well as exploring the relationship among insulin resistance and related metabolic abnormalities in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in patients with 2DM and essential hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:238–243. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are There Pleiotropic Effects of Antihypertensive Medications or Is It All About the Blood Pressure in the Patient With Diabetes and Hypertension?
Authors: Sica Domenic
Published: April 2011

Many small studies with varied surrogate end points and numerous preclinical data have suggested the likelihood of there being specific benefits that exceed simple blood pressure control with drug classes such as angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers, which may be particularly relevant to the patient with diabetes and hypertension. Large clinical trials, however, have provided only token support for this idea. Likewise, meta‐analyses that have incorporated varied clinical trials, albeit with somewhat heterogeneous data, have not been particularly forthcoming in their support of this concept. In the patient with diabetes and hypertension, tight blood pressure control, more so than using a specific drug class, is the most important aspect of therapy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:301–304. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevention Educational Program of Human Rabies Transmitted by Bats in Rain Forest Preserved Area of Southern Brazilian Coast
Authors: Kikuti M. , Paploski I. A. D. , Silva M. d. C. P. , de Oliveira E. A. , da Silva A. W. C. , Biondo A. W.
Published: April 2011

Guaraqueçaba city is a rain forest environmental protected area located on the southern coast of Brazil. Recently, the local Animal Health Service has noticed haematophagous bats feeding from humans and domestic animals, as well as bat colonies located in houses and public schools. In 2007, two non‐haematophagous bats were tested positive by direct immunofluorescence for rabies in a nearby city. Native fauna and environmental laws protect non‐haematophagous bats in Brazilian preserved areas such as Guaraqueçaba, making non‐haematophagous bat population control almost impossible. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate a simple and feasible educational protocol applied by a multi‐institutional task force in local elementary schools to prevent rabies transmitted by bats. Information was transmitted to children by video, lectures and oral question–answer section; evaluation was made by written questionnaires to teachers and students. Interinstitutional task force included public and animal health public services, a federal university and the city secretary of environment, of education, of agriculture and of animal health, and also participation of local community. Information was effectively absorbed by children when evaluated just after being given. As important, questionnaires showed that handling and playing with bats at day time was common in several elementary school students, exposing themselves to what may represent higher risk of rabies transmission than haematophagous bat feeding directly from humans. Training of teachers and students may effectively prevent rabies by bats in such communities. Insertion of this subject into science content of local elementary school educational programme was proposed in order to establish a continuing education programme on rabies transmitted by bats in environmental preserved areas.
Synaesthesia in its protean guises
Authors: Eagleman David M.
Published: April 2011

This article is a commentary on the article ‘Defining synaesthesia’ (Simner, 2012).
Geometrically Exact Kirchhoff Beam Theory: Application to Cable Dynamics
Authors: Boyer Frédéric , De Nayer Guillaume , Leroyer Alban , Visonneau Michel
Published: April 2011

In this article, the finite element simulation of cables is investigated for future applications to robotics and hydrodynamics. The solution is based on the geometrically exact approach of Cosserat beams in finite transformations, as initiated by Simo in the 1980s. However, the internal basic kinematics of the beam theory is not those of Reissner–Timoshenko but rather those of Kirchhoff. Based on these kinematics, the dynamic model adopted is a nonlinear extension of the so-called linear model of twisted and stretched Euler–Bernoulli beams. In agreement with the investigated applications, one or both of the ends of the cable are submitted to predefined motions. This model is also implemented into a computational fluid dynamics code, which solves the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. Regarding this last point, an implicit/iterative algorithm including a conservative load transfer for the variable hydrodynamic forces exerted all along the beam length has been used to reach a stable coupling. The relevance of the approach is tested through three advanced examples. The first is related to the prediction of cable motion in robotics. Then, the two last illustrations deal with fluid-structure interaction (FSI). A 2D classical benchmark in FSI is first investigated, and, at last, a computation illustrates the procedure in a 3D case.
NEW TRAVELING WAVE SOLUTIONS FOR A CLASS OF NONLINEAR EVOLUTION EQUATIONS
Authors: BAI CHENG-JIE , ZHAO HONG , XU HENG-YING , ZHANG XIA
Published: April 2011

The deformation mapping method is extended to solve a class of nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs). Many types of explicit and exact traveling wave solutions, which contain solitary wave solutions, trigonometric function solutions, and Jacobian elliptic function solutions, are obtained by a simple algebraic transformation relation between the solutions of the NLEEs and those of the cubic nonlinear Klein–Gordon (NKG) equation.
THE CHARGED PARTICLES TRANSPORT BEHAVIOR OF THE NITROGEN PLASMA ION SOURCE WITH MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
Authors: YU HANJIANG , SUN FENGJIU , ZHANG JUN
Published: April 2011

A Monte Carlo simulation was presented to describe the electrons and heavy particles [Formula: see text] transport behaviors in the nitrogen glow discharge which happened between the two drilled electrodes of the plasma ion source. The probability of various electron-molecule collision process, the average energy and exit angle distribution of outgoing particles were calculated in different E/N. The results showed that they followed Boltzmann distribution approximately. Along with E/N increasing, the electron and the heavy particle average energy and the probability of electric excitation, dissociation, ionization, dissociative ionization collisions were increased. Comparing to the uniform electric field distribution, the ionization rate and the electron average energy would be enhanced obviously in the nonuniform electric field.
MOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY OF CHICAGO SKY BLUE ONTO SOLID SUBSTRATE
Authors: ISLAM MD. N. , DEY D. , BHATTACHARJEE D. , HUSSAIN SYED ARSHAD
Published: April 2011

Self-assembled films of organic dye Chicago Sky Blue 6B (CSB) have been fabricated onto solid substrate by electrostatic alternate adsorption of polycation ploy(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and CSB. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopic studies reveal the successful incorporation of CSB molecules into Layer-by-Layer (LbL) films and consequent formation of aggregates. This view is supported by FTIR spectroscopic studies. Scanning electron microscope picture confirms the formation of nanocrystalline aggregates in the LbL films. About 15 min is required to complete the electrostatic interaction between PAH and CSB molecules in one bilayer LbL film.
A STUDY OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PROTON BEAM IRRADIATED Al–Mg–Si ALLOY
Authors: GHAURI I. M. , AFZAL NAVEED , IDREES YASIR
Published: April 2011

In the present paper, the microstructure and tensile properties of Al – Mg – Si alloy irradiated with 2 MeV protons for 5, 10, 20, and 40 mins at 300 K are investigated. The microstructure of irradiated specimens, observed using metallurgical microscope, shows that aspirates are emitted out from the surface of irradiated specimens, which take the form of clusters and/or precipitates with increase of exposure time. The tensile behavior of irradiated specimens was investigated using universal testing machine and compared with that of unirradiated one. The yield stress, ultimate tensile stress and % elongations remain unchanged after 5 and 10 mins of irradiation. However with an increase of irradiation time up to 20 mins, an increase in yield stress, ultimate tensile stress and decrease in % elongation was observed. With further increase of exposure time to 40 mins, the increase in yield stress and decrease in plasticity became more prominent. The results of stress relaxation tests performed during the tensile deformation have also been presented. The XRD analysis reveals that the microstructural changes controlling the tensile properties in irradiated samples appear to be physical rather than chemical.
ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OFZnOTHIN FILMS PREPARED BY R.F. MAGNETRON SPUTTERING
Authors: ZHOU J. C. , LI L. , RONG L. Y. , ZHAO B. X. , CHEN Y. M. , LI F.
Published: April 2011

High transparency and conductivity of transparent conducting oxide thin film are very important for improving the efficiency of solar cells. ZnO thin film is a better candidate for transparent conductive layer of solar cell. N-type ZnO thin films were prepared by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering on glass substrates. ZnO thin films underwent annealing treatment after deposition. The influence of the sputtering power on the surface morphology, the electrical and optical properties were studied by AFM, XRD, UV2450 and HMS-3000. The experimental results indicate that the crystal quality of ZnO thin film is improved and all films show higher c-axis orientation with increasing sputtering power from 50 to 125 W. The average transparency of ZnO thin films is higher than 90% in the range of 400–900 nm between the sputtering power of 50–100 W. After the rapid thermal annealing at 550°C for 300 s under N2ambient, the minimum resistivity reach to 10-2Ω⋅ cm .
STOCHASTIC RESONANCE IN A BISTABLE SYSTEM DRIVEN BY WEAK PERIODIC SIGNAL WITH MULTIPLE DELAYS
Authors: ZHANG HUI-QING , XU WEI , SUN CHUN-YAN , XU YONG
Published: April 2011

The phenomenon of stochastic resonance in a bistable system with multiple delays is investigated. The analytic expression of approximation stationary probability density is obtained by using small delay approximation based on probability density approach. Numerical simulation is performed and it is shown that the analytic results are in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulation. Then the expression of the signal-to-noise (SNR) is derived by using two-state theory. Finally, the effect of multiple delays on SNR is discussed. It is found that the stochastic resonance phenomenon can be suppressed or promoted when multiple delays are increased.
A gridless routing system with nonslicing floorplanning-based crosstalk reduction on gridless track assignment
Authors: Li Yih-Lang , Chang Yu-Ning , Cheng Wen-Nai
Published: April 2011

Track assignment, which is an intermediate stage between global routing and detailed routing, provides a good platform for promoting performance, and for imposing additional constraints during routing, such as crosstalk. Gridless track assignment (GTA) has not been addressed in public literature. This work develops a gridless routing system integrating a congestion-driven global router, crosstalk-driven GTA and an enhanced implicit connection-graph-based router. Initial assignment is produced rapidly with a left-edge like algorithm. Crosstalk reduction on the assignment is then transformed to a restricted nonslicing floorplanning problem, and a deterministic O-Tree based algorithm is employed to reassign each net segment. Finally, each panel is partitioned into several subpanels, and the subpanels are reordered using branch and bound algorithm to decrease the crosstalk further. Before detailed routing, routing tree construction is undertaken for placed IRoutes and other pins; many original point-to-point routings are set to connect to IRoutes, and can be accomplished simply with pattern routing. For detailed routing, this work proposes a rapid extraction method for pseudomaximum stripped tiles to boost path propagation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed gridless routing system has over 2.02 times the runtime speedup in average for fixed- and variable-rule routings of an implicit connection-graph-based router, NEMO. As compared with a commercial routing tool, this work yields an average reduction rate of 13.8% in coupling capacitance calculated using its built-in coupling capacitance estimator.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Ca-Substituted Li0.44MnO2
Authors: Fukabori Akihiro , Hayakawa Hiroshi , Kijima Norihito , Akimoto Junji
Published: April 2011

Ca-substituted Li0.44MnO2 samples were prepared from the Na-analogs via Na/Li ion-exchange in molten LiNO3 at 270°C. The Ca substitution was confirmed by using XRD, EDX and ICP analyses in not only the precursor sodium compounds but also the ion-exchanged samples. The electrochemical measurements between 2.0 and 4.8 V showed that the initial discharge capacity decreased from 187 mAh g−1 to 127 mAh g−1 due to the Ca substitution. On the contrary, the cycling performance was drastically improved by the Ca substitution; the discharge capacity retention rate increased from 72% in unsubstituted Li0.28MnO2 to 85% in Li0.24Ca0.05MnO2 after 50 cycles. The dQ/dE plots clearly indicated the decrement of the insertion and extraction reaction in the 4 V range by the Ca-substitution.
Urinary Incontinence in Hospitalised Elderly Patients: Do Nurses Recognise and Manage the Problem?
Authors: Zürcher Sabin , Saxer Susi , Schwendimann René
Published: April 2011

This study examined to what extent nurses recognize urinary incontinence (UI) in elderly hospital patients, what UI interventions nurses realize, and if elderly inpatients are willing to raise the topic during their hospital stay. A convenience sample of 78 elderly inpatients in a Swiss hospital were screened for UI and asked if they were willing to be questioned about UI during hospitalisation. Nursing records were analysed as to whether UI had been recognized, and to collect data on interventions. Forty-one patients (51%) screened positive for UI, of whom 10 (24%) were identified as such in their nursing records. The single intervention documented was the use of incontinence pads. Only 5 patients preferred not to be asked about UI at hospital. Nurses in the study hospital should systematically ask elderly patients about UI and provide them with information on interventions.