bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘A magnified piece of thermodynamics’: the
Promethean iconography of the refrigerator in
Paul Theroux's The Mosquito Coast
Authors: HIGGINSON IAN , SMITH CROSBIE
Published: July 2002

Refrigeration has become so well established over the last 125 years that today a crude ice maker
becomes a boon for primitive people in the jungle or desert. Only a total dislocation in energy
sources will quickly loosen the connections between people and cooling. A few centuries ago,
Hippocrates (460–377? B.C.) observed: ‘most men would rather run the hazards of their lives or
health than be deprived of the pleasure of drinking out of ice’ … In the U.S.A. [today], 750 million
frozen Eskimo Pies are sold annually and seven ice cream plants are said to be operating in
Moscow … Like the men of Hippocrates, a lot of people will resist any curtailment in food and
freezing operations. They have come to expect these for survival in our present social and
industrial orders.

These remarks, asserting the extent to which the people of the United States of America
regarded refrigeration not as an optional luxury but as a necessity for survival even at the
height of the energy crisis of the late 1970s, formed part of a contribution to a massive
11-volume international compendium, Alternative Energy Sources, produced in 1978 in
response to Western concerns about rising oil prices and falling reserves. An enthusiastic
advocate for geothermal energy, the contributor's perception provides a vivid contextual
starting point for our study of Paul Theroux's novel The Mosquito Coast (1981). In this
novel the central narrative focuses upon a New England family's rejection of post-war
American consumer society with its imperative to ‘build automobiles that would fail
within five years and refrigerators that would fail in ten’. The novel indeed explores some
of those very kinds of alternative energy sources which had been exciting scientists and
inventors (often on or beyond the fringes of scientific orthodoxy) since the early 1970s
when journals such as The Ecologist had begun to prophesy an end to energy-driven
economic growth in the western world.
RELATIONSHIP OF FLOWER AND POD NUMBERS PER INFLORESCENCE WITH SEED YIELD IN LENTIL
Authors: TAMBAL H. A. A. , ERSKINE W. , BAALBAKI R. , ZAITER H.
Published: July 2002

This study, quantifying variation in flower and pod production in lentil (Lens culinaris), aimed to answer the question: Will selection for more pods per inflorescence increase seed yield? In Season 1 (1992–93) all open flowers were tracked to maturity in a field experiment with two lentil genotypes sown on two dates. Genotype Talia 2 had a higher rate of flower abortion than pod abortion, in contrast to genotype ILL 2581 which showed the reverse. Flower abortion accounted for 15% of flowers opened in early sowing and increased to 22% in the late sowing. Pod abortion was 19% (of flowers opened) in early sowing and 23% in the late sowing. These are the first quantitative estimates of flower and pod abortion in lentil. From the data, a rapid sampling method was developed to estimate the average number of pods per inflorescence at maturity. In Season 2 (1993–94) an experiment was conducted at two locations to estimate the average number of pods per inflorescence of 81 genotypes and to relate this to seed yield. Although the broad-sense heritability (h2) of the number of pods per inflorescence was 0.68 and its phenotypic correlation with seed yield was r = 0.71, the highest-yielding genotypes were not those with the most pods per inflorescence. Selection for the number of pods per inflorescence cannot be recommended for increasing seed yield in lentil.
Error tolerant parent identification from a finite set of

individuals
Authors: SANCRISTOBAL MAGALI , CHEVALET CLAUDE
Published: July 2002

We consider using microsatellites for paternity checking and parent

identification in different

population structures, and allowing for possible typing errors or mutations.

Statistical rules derived

from the Bayesian and the sampling approaches are discussed in the case

involving the choice of

the true father–mother pair among a finite set of possible

parental pairs. General situations are

investigated by means of random simulations, in order to characterize the

joint influences of the

number and polymorphism of typed loci, the population structure and size,
and

error rates.

Approximate expressions are provided that give the efficiency of a set
of

markers for identifying

the parents in various mating schemes. The importance of a non-zero value
for

the typing error rate in the likelihood is highlighted.
Clines in polygenic traits
Authors: BARTON N. H.
Published: July 2002

This article outlines theoretical models of clines in additive polygenic traits, which are maintained
by stabilizing selection towards a spatially varying optimum. Clines in the trait mean can be
accurately predicted, given knowledge of the genetic variance. However, predicting the variance is
difficult, because it depends on genetic details. Changes in genetic variance arise from changes in
allele frequency, and in linkage disequilibria. Allele frequency changes dominate when selection is
weak relative to recombination, and when there are a moderate number of loci. With a continuum
of alleles, gene flow inflates the genetic variance in the same way as a source of mutations of small
effect. The variance can be approximated by assuming a Gaussian distribution of allelic effects;
with a sufficiently steep cline, this is accurate even when mutation and selection alone are better
described by the ‘House of Cards’ approximation. With just two alleles at each locus, the
phenotype changes in a similar way: the mean remains close to the optimum, while the variance
changes more slowly, and over a wider region. However, there may be substantial cryptic
divergence at the underlying loci. With strong selection and many loci, linkage disequilibria are the
main cause of changes in genetic variance. Even for strong selection, the infinitesimal model can be
closely approximated by assuming a Gaussian distribution of breeding values. Linkage
disequilibria can generate a substantial increase in genetic variance, which is concentrated at sharp
gradients in trait means.
Interrelations between effective population size and other
pedigree tools for the management of conserved populations
Authors: CABALLERO ARMANDO , TORO MIGUEL A.
Published: July 2002

Genetic parameters widely used to monitor genetic variation in conservation programmes, such as
effective number of founders, founder genome equivalents and effective population size, are
interrelated in terms of coancestries and variances of contributions from ancestors to descendants.
A new parameter, the effective number of non-founders, is introduced to describe the relation
between effective number of founders and founder genome equivalents. Practical recommendations
for the maintenance of genetic variation in small captive populations are discussed. To maintain
genetic diversity, minimum coancestry among individuals should be sought. This minimizes the
variances of contributions from ancestors to descendants in all previous generations. The method
of choice of parents and the system of mating should be independent of each other because a
clear-cut recommendation cannot be given on the latter.
Evidence for a glacial origin of Neoproterozoic III striations at Oaibaččannjar'ga, Finnmark, northern Norway
Authors: RICE A. H. N. , HOFMANN C.-C.
Published: July 2002

The origin of the famous late Precambrian striated pavement at Oaibaččannjar'ga
(Bigganjargga), northern Norway, remains controversial. Most investigators have accepted a glacial
formation, but some prefer a soft-sediment mechanism. However, a newly discovered c. 2.5 mm thick
zone of brecciation under rare polished striations indicates a hard substrate during formation and thus
a glacial origin for the striations. Other points indicating that the striations formed in a hard substrate
are: (1) the striated platform (in the Veidnesbotn Formation) is c. 150 Ma older than the overlying
diamictite (Smalfjord Formation); having been buried to c. 2.5 km depth, cementation should have
started before Smalfjord times; (2) the marked irregularity of the sub-Smalfjord Formation palaeotopography
on Skjåholmen; (3) the presence of rounded Veidnesbotn Formation boulders in the diamictite
above the striations. Imprints of clasts appearing to lie across the striations are re-interpreted
as relicts of mud-flakes within the Veidnesbotn Formation which were cut across and quarried-out
during pavement formation. The origin of the overlying diamictite (tillite vs. debris-flow) is not
constrained by the presence of glacial striations and most probably was deposited some time after
striation formation.
Generation of anorthositic magma by H2O-fluxed anatexis of
silica-undersaturated gabbro: an example from the north
Norwegian Caledonides
Authors: SELBEKK R. S. , SKJERLIE K. P. , PEDERSEN R. B.
Published: July 2002

The Skattøra migmatite complex in the north Norwegian Caledonides consists of migmatized
slightly nepheline-normative metagabbros that are net-veined by numerous (up to 90%)
anorthositic and leucodioritic dykes. The average chemical composition of 17 anorthosite dykes is
(wt %) 58.4% SiO2, 0.2% TiO2, 23% Al2O3, 1.8% FeOt, 0.7% MgO, 6.3% CaO, 7.8% Na2O, 0.2%
K2O. A migmatite leucosome and a dyke have been dated by the U/Pb method on titanite to 456±4 Ma.
In low melt fraction areas minor leucosomes are orientated parallel to the foliation. More intense anatexis
formed stromatic to schlieric migmatites. The leucosomes are commonly connected to dykes, suggesting
that melt segregated and left its source. Dyke thicknesses range from a few centimetres up to
several metres. In general, early dykes are parallel to the foliation in the host rock, while the later dykes
cut the foliation. Plagioclase (An20–50) is the dominant mineral (85–100%) in the dykes and the leucosome,
but 0–15% amphibole is generally present. Field relations, geochemistry and preliminary melting-experiments strongly suggest that the anorthosites originated by H2O-fluxed anatexis of the
gabbroic host rock.
Himalayan Forelands: palaeontological evidence for Oligocene detrital deposits in the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan)
Authors: WELCOMME JEAN-LOUP , BENAMMI MOULOUD , CROCHET JEAN-YVES , MARIVAUX LAURENT , MÉTAIS GRÉGOIRE , ANTOINE PIERRE-OLIVIER , BALOCH IBRAHIM
Published: July 2002

In the southwestern Sulaiman geological province (Balochistan, Pakistan), terrestrial detrital
facies from the Bugti Hills region have yielded the richest Tertiary vertebrate faunas to be found in
Asia thus far. New fossils from five successive and distinct ‘bone beds’ bridge the supposed Oligocene
sedimentary hiatus within the Sulaiman geological province; the lowermost continental levels of the
previously described Miocene Chitarwata Formation, known as the Bugti Member, are Oligocene in
age in the Bugti area. Neither a mixture of heterochronic faunal elements nor endemism of any fauna
is evident in this area. Additional microfaunal material from the Bugti Member constrains an
Oligocene age for the lower Chitarwata Formation in Zinda Pir (northeast of the Bugti Hills). This
Oligocene transition between the marine Kirthar (Eocene) and continental Siwalik (Miocene) deposits
consists of a regressive fluvio-deltaic system occupying a vast floodplain. It represents an early-stage
molasse in the palaeo-Indus Basin which drained western orogenic highlands resulting from the collision
between the Indian and Eurasian plates.
Carbon isotope geochemistry and palaeontology of Neoproterozoic

to early Cambrian siliciclastic successions in the East European

Platform, Poland
Authors: STRAUSS HARALD , VIDAL GONZALO , MOCZYDŁOWSKA MAŁGORZATA , PACZEŚNA JOLANTA
Published: July 2002

A well-preserved stratigraphic record of the organic carbon

isotopic composition across the Precambrian–Cambrian transition

has been obtained from a sequence of entirely detrital rocks

underlying the Lublin Slope, East European Platform, Poland. The

observed δ13C pattern for organic carbon is

comparable to isotope data determined for coeval carbonate platform

sequences elsewhere. These results underline the truly global nature

of these secular variations within the carbon cycle during the

terminal Proterozoic and early Cambrian, largely independent of host

lithology and facies. The direct combination of micropalaeontological

and geochemical results from sedimentary organic matter allows a

detailed interpretation of the isotope record as probably caused by

secular changes in the net balance of burial and erosion rates of

repositories of organic carbon. Furthermore, these variations appear

to be directly correlatable with changes in the diversity and

abundance of the biota and radiation/extinction events.
Terranes and terrane boundaries in the Sudetes,

northeast Bohemian Massif
Authors: CYMERMAN Z. , PIASECKI M. A. J. , SESTON R.
Published: July 2002

In the Sudetes, seven distinct lithostratigraphic terranes exhibit
a

symmetric distribution. A

central region of basinal/oceanic and ophiolitic rocks, the

Central Sudetic terrane is bordered, respectively

to the northwest and southeast, by the sialic Saxothuringian and Moldanubian

terranes. These exhibit contrasting

metasedimentary/metavolcanic successions and tectonic-metamorphic sequences,

but both are characterized by Palaeozoic plutonism. These are in turn bordered
(again

respectively to the northwest and

southeast) by the Lusatian and Moravian terranes, which are also sialic,
but

contain Cadomian granitoids

and represent rifted and now widely separated fragments of Gondwana. Along

the southwestern flank of the

Sudetes, the Barrandian terrane, largely covered by younger sediments,
extends

to the southwestern margin

of the Bohemian Massif. The Sowie Góry terrane forms a klippe of
high

grade gneisses tectonically

emplaced on top of low-grade, sheared ophiolites of the Central Sudetic
terrane.

The Sowie Góry terrane

exhibits a history of three distinct, probably multi-orogenic, regional

metamorphic events: an early high-pressure

granulite/eclogite metamorphism followed by medium- to low-pressure
granulite,

and in turn

by amphibolite facies metamorphism. All the terrane boundaries are complex

zones of ductile to brittle

shearing, modified by later brittle movements. Some, such as the Leszczyniec

shear zone, mark lines of old,

pre-Variscan rift and suture zones, reactivated and overprinted during
a

series of Variscan ductile to brittle

events of extensional shearing with related metamorphism and plutonism.
The margins of Avalonia
Authors: COCKS L. R. M. , MCKERROW W. S. , VAN STAAL C. R.
Published: July 2002

During Cambrian and earliest Ordovician times, Avalonia was an
area

forming an integral part

of the huge Gondwanan continent, probably along the northern margin of

Amazonia, until in early

Ordovician (late Arenig or Llanvirn) time it split off from Gondwana, leaving

a widening Rheic Ocean to its

south. Today, its southern margin with Gondwana extends northeast from
east of

Cape Cod, Massachusetts,

through Nova Scotia north of the Meguma terrane, and thence below sea level

to the south of

Newfoundland. On the eastern side of the present Atlantic, the southern
margin

may separate southwest

Portugal from the rest of the Iberian Peninsula; it can be traced eastwards

with more certainty from the south

Cornwall nappes to a line separating the Northern Phyllite Belt (on the
southern

margin of the

Rhenohercynian terrane) and the Mid-German Crystalline High. There is no

certain evidence of Avalonian

crust to the northeast of the Elbe Line. The northern margin of Avalonia

extends westwards from south of

Denmark to the British Isles, where it merges with the Iapetus Ocean suture

between Scotland and England.

Traced westwards, it crosses Ireland and reappears in northern Newfoundland
to

the east of New World

Island, where it may follow the trace of the Dog Bay Line and the Cape
Ray Fault.

Recent work suggests

that the northern margin of Avalonia may clip the northern tip of Cape

Breton Island in Nova Scotia, and

then enter the North American mainland at the Bay of Chaleur; it may then
be

traced from north and west of

the Popelogan and Bronson Hill arcs to Long Island Sound near Newhaven,

Connecticut. The Cambrian to

Devonian faunas reflect the history of Avalonia: initially they were purely

Gondwanan but, as Ordovician

time proceeded, more genera crossed firstly the Tornquist Ocean as it narrowed

between Avalonia and

Baltica to close in latest Ordovician and early Silurian times, and secondly

the Iapetus Ocean, so that by the

early Silurian most of the benthic shelly faunas, apart from the ostracods,

were the same round the adjacent margins of all three palaeocontinents.
The age and stratigraphy of fore-arc magmatism on
Alexander Island, Antarctica
Authors: MCCARRON JOE J. , MILLAR IAN L.
Published: July 2002

Fore-arc magmatic sequences associated with high Mg number andesite
lavas unconformably
overlie LeMay Group accretionary complex in Alexander Island. High-resolution
40Ar/39Ar, U–Pb zircon,
fission track and K–Ar ages demonstrate that subduction-related
fore-arc magmatism migrated northwards
along the length of Alexander Island between c. 80 Ma and c.
46 Ma. The magmatic rocks represent a third
of the western margin of the Antarctic Peninsula magmatic arc and are
critical to the understanding of the
final phase of subduction along the southern Antarctic Peninsula margin.
The onset of late Cretaceous magmatism
is recorded by poorly exposed volcanic rocks on Monteverdi Peninsula
(79.7±2.5 Ma). In central
and northern Alexander Island, the magmatic rocks can be distinguished
by the proportion, range and types
of lithofacies present, and by the periods of magmatism represented.
The volcanic rocks of the Colbert
Mountains range in age from c. 69–62 Ma and are
dominated by large volume dacitic and rhyolitic crystal-rich
ignimbrites interpreted as caldera-fill deposits. Elgar Uplands sequences
range in age from c. 55–50 Ma,
and contain approximately equal proportions of pyroclastic deposits
and less evolved (basaltic-andesite and
andesite) lavas including high Mg number andesite lavas near the base of
three sequences. The volcanic
rocks of Finlandia Foothills probably represent the youngest calc-alkaline
units on Alexander Island
(48±2 Ma). The sequence is lithologically similar to the Elgar
Uplands and also contains high Mg number
andesite lavas, but it is dominated by polymict conglomerates, with
minor lavas, which were deposited in a
graben associated with regional extension. Plutonic rocks exposed in the
Rouen Mountains, adjacent to the
Elgar Uplands, yielded a U–Pb age of 56±3 Ma which is
in discordance with a previously published Rb–Sr
age (46±3 Ma), probably due to hydrothermal perturbation of the
Rb–Sr system. Northwards migration
of magmatism was caused by the progressive collision and subduction of
three ridge segments prior to
the previously reported ridge crest–trench collisions that occurred
c. 20–30 Ma later and following which subduction ceased.
Principal characteristics of the Upper Silesian Block and

Małopolska Block border zone (southern Poland)
Authors: BUŁA ZBIGNIEW , JACHOWICZ MONIKA , ŻABA JERZY
Published: July 2002

The Upper Silesian and Małopolska blocks are situated near

the southwestern boundary of the East

European Platform within the Trans-European Suture Zone. The Lower Palaeozoic

lithologies of the blocks

reveal different stratigraphic and diastrophic development. In the Upper

Silesian Block, unmetamorphosed

and gently folded Lower Cambrian to Ordovician sedimentary rocks rest on
a

Cadomian basement. The

Lower Cambrian is represented by an older (sub-Holmia) Borzęta

Formation and a younger (Holmia)

Goczałkowice Formation. The thickness of the Cambrian lithologies

increases from the southwest towards

the lateral part of the block. In the Małopolska Block Palaeozoic

and Precambrian lithologies are represented

by regionally metamorphosed and intensely folded Lower Cambrian–Vendian

clastic rocks which

are unconformably overlain by Ordovician–Lower Silurian carbonates
and Upper

Silurian clastic rocks. The

crystalline basement of the Małopolska Block has yet to be

recognized. The Lower Palaeozoic sediments of

both blocks are overlain by Devonian and Carboniferous rocks. The blocks
are

in direct contact along a narrow

tectonic zone, a part of the largely concealed Hamburg–Kraków

fault zone, in which tectonic evolution has

taken place spasmodically with strike-slip movements predominating.
Geochemistry and 40Ar–39Ar geochronology

of the mafic metavolcanic rocks from the Rýchory Mountains complex
(west

Sudetes, Bohemian Massif): palaeotectonic significance
Authors: MALUSKI HENRI , PATOCČKA FRANTIšEK
Published: July 2002

The mafic metavolcanic rocks (blueschists and greenschists) of
the

Rýchory Mountains crystalline

complex (West Sudetes) experienced sea-floor hydrothermal alteration

(spilitization?) prior to

regional metamorphism. The metabasite geochemistry (namely trace element
and

REE abundances) indicates

that the protolith was comparable in composition with (1) tholeiitic to

transitional ocean-floor basalts

and (2) transitional and alkaline intra-oceanic island basalts. Two main

metamorphic events affected the

Rýchory Mountains metabasites. In an earlier high pressure–low

temperature metamorphic event, the rocks

experienced blueschist facies metamorphism. The results of

40Ar–39Ar geochronology studies on phengites

from the mafic blueschists date the end of the earlier metamorphism to
360 Ma.

The greenschist metamorphic

overprint followed around 340 Ma. The elongated bodies of mafic metavolcanic

rocks are situated

within the prominent NNE–SSW Leszczyniec shear zone following the
trend

of the Rýchory Mountains and

the Rudawy Janowickie Mountains. Both the geochemical affinities and the

blueschist facies metamorphism

of the metabasites suggest that this shear zone evolved from the Variscan

suture dividing western and central

terranes of the West Sudetes. According to the radiometric age for the
end

of the high pressure–low temperature

metamorphism, the terranes accreted during the Famennian. A considerable

time-span between the formation

of the metabasite protolith and the blueschist metamorphism may indicate

long-lasting subduction

of a large oceanic plate between Gondwana and Laurussia, possibly accompanied

by terrane accretion, prior to the Variscan orogeny.
Taphonomy of the insects from the Insect Bed
(Bembridge Marls), late Eocene, Isle of Wight, England
Authors: McCOBB L. M. E. , DUNCAN I. J. , JARZEMBOWSKI E. A. , STANKIEWICZ B. A. , WILLS M. A. , BRIGGS D. E. G.
Published: July 2002

The environmental setting and taphonomy of the insect fauna of
the
Insect Bed, Bembridge
Marls (late Eocene; 36 Ma) of the Isle of Wight is described. Cluster
analysis of taxonomic data on
the insect fauna of a diversity of modern tropical environments, together

with that of the Bembridge
Marls, shows that the insects of the latter are characteristic of a
primary sub-tropical/tropical forest
subject to significant seasonal rainfall. A similar approach indicates

that the sample of taxa preserved
in the Insect Bed is biased toward insects from leaf litter and lower
herbage microhabitats. External
ornamentation of the cuticle is preserved on a micron scale, and the
individual microfibrils of the procuticle
can be distinguished. The insects of the Bembridge Marls are remarkable
in preserving cuticle
and mineralized internal tissues in a largely uncompacted state.
Chemical analysis (py-GC/MS)
reveals that the cuticle is composed of an aliphatic polymer,
possibly due to polymerization of cuticular
waxes during diagenesis. No chitin was detected. The soft tissues,
which include sarcolemma and
muscle fibres, are preserved through replacement in calcite.
Cleavage–fold relationships in the Lower Cambrian
Tubize Group, southeast Anglo-Brabant Fold Belt (Lembeek, Belgium)
Authors: SINTUBIN M. , BRODKOM F. , LADURON D.
Published: July 2002

Little is known about the cleavage–fold relationships in
the
Lower Palaeozoic Brabant Massif,
primarily because of the scarcity of suitable exposures. Moreover, to date,

folds have only been described in
the Ordovician and Silurian sequences along the southern extremity of the

basement. However, excavation
works for the construction of the TGV(railway)-track south of Brussels

created an opportunity to study
cleavage–fold relationships in the Lower Cambrian terrigenous
series (Tubize Group) in a more central part
of the Brabant Massif. The structural features observed seemed inconsistent

with the suspected regional
trends. Primarily, a divergent cleavage fan was observed in a region
thought to have a regular cleavage attitude.
The symmetrical but divergent disposition of the cleavage with regard
to the fold hinges is explained
by flexural folding of a pre-existing bedding-parallel compaction fabric.

Cleavage development and folding
are considered synchronous. The divergent cleavage fan reflects local
strain variations. Also the steeply
plunging hinge lines of the open, subangular folds are seemingly inconsistent

with the regional trend characterized
by subhorizontal fold hinges. Taking into account the structural position

of the fold assemblage in
the subvertical limb of a large-scale, upright, isoclinal fold structure,

the fold assemblage is interpreted as an
incongruous parasitic feature. The steeply plunging hinge lines are
considered to be caused by fold hinge
rotation during progressive coaxial deformation. Although this incongruous

fold assemblage with its divergent
cleavage fan is localized, it provides important information on both local

and regional deformation circumstances in this part of the Anglo-Brabant
Fold Belt.
Structural evolution of the northeast Asian continental margin:
an example from the western Koryak fold and thrust belt
(northeast Russia)
Authors: KHUDOLEY ANDREI K. , SOKOLOV SERGEI D.
Published: July 2002

The western Koryak fold and thrust belt consists of a set of
tectonostratigraphic terranes that
contain units ranging from Lower Palaeozoic to Cenozoic. Three deformational

events have been identified
in the study area. The first event structures are folds, domes and shear

zones with related high-pressure/low-temperature metamorphism. These

structures are early Carboniferous and are only recognized in the
metamorphic terranes. The second event structures are imbricate fans of

thrusts and folds with southeast
vergence, broken formation and serpentinite mélange. These are
latest Jurassic to early Cretaceous (early
Albian) and occur throughout the study area. During this event, thrusting

was accompanied by dextral
strike-slip faulting. The second event structures are overlapped by the

Upper Albian sedimentary rocks with
an angular unconformity at the base. During metamorphism associated with

the first and second deformational
events, some of the rocks were metamorphosed to blueschist grade and
were affected by strain with
axial ratios of up to 15[ratio ]1. The third deformational event is
characterized by significant sinistral strike-slip
displacement at higher crustal levels. This resulted in a new set of
structures and rotation of pre-existing
structures. The age of the sinistral strike-slip faults is interpreted
to
be late Cretaceous to Cenozoic. The
kinematics of the second and third deformational events correspond to
assumed proto-Pacific plate motions based on palaeomagnetic data.
Pre-Acadian copper mineralization
in the English Lake District
Authors: MILLWARD D. , BEDDOE-STEPHENS B. , YOUNG B.
Published: July 2002

The Ordovician sedimentary and igneous rocks of the English Lake
District host a widespread
suite of epigenetic metalliferous veins dominated by copper sulphides with
abundant arsenopyrite,
pyrite and accessory galena and sphalerite. New field and microstructural
evidence from examples
of this suite at Coniston, Wasdale, Honister, Newlands and Borrowdale shows
that the veins were
strongly cleaved during the Early Devonian (Emsian) Acadian orogenic event.
The principal evidence
includes the continuity of wall-rock cleavage fabrics with pressure solution
seams in the veins and consistently
orientated cleavage through enclosed, rotated wall-rock fragments and chloritic
mats. There is
also widespread complex intracrystalline deformation in quartz, cataclasis
of arsenopyrite and pyrite,
fracturing and/or buckling of bladed hematite, and growth of quartz
or mica-fibre strain fringes.
Chalcopyrite was partially or totally remobilized, enabling it to migrate
along quartz crystal boundaries,
and invade brecciated pyrite. Previous K–Ar Early Devonian age determinations
for the mineralization
are considered to have been reset. The pre-Acadian age of this mineralization,
its style and
relationship to the volcanic rocks permits a genetic link with the final
phases of Caradoc magmatism.
Mid-Cretaceous onlap history of the Market Weighton
structural high, northeast England
Authors: UNDERWOOD C. J. , MITCHELL S. F.
Published: July 2002

The mid-Cretaceous sediments of northeast England were deposited at the western margin
of the southern North Sea Basin, with sedimentation occurring in a range of tectonic settings. Detailed
analysis of the areal distribution and sedimentary facies of Aptian to earliest Cenomanian sediments
has allowed the pattern of onlap onto the Market Weighton structural high and changes in relative sea
level to be documented. Successive onlap episodes during the Early Aptian, Late Aptian and Early
Albian culminated in the final flooding of the structure during the Late Albian (varicosum Subzone).
Sea-level curves generated from coastal onlap patterns are difficult to relate to published ‘global’ sea-level
curves due to the high frequency of the fluctuations in relative sea level observed. Despite this,
detailed correlation and analysis of sedimentological events suggest that even the most expanded, basinal
succession is relatively incomplete. This study has also shown that the change from dominantly
syn-tectonic to dominantly post-tectonic sedimentation style occurred in the late Early Albian.
Yallalie: a buried structure of possible impact origin in the
Perth Basin, Western Australia
Authors: DENTITH M. C. , BEVAN A. W. R. , BACKHOUSE J. , FEATHERSTONE W. E. , KOEBERL C.
Published: July 2002

An enigmatic buried structure, located in Mesozoic sedimentary rocks in the Perth Basin,
Western Australia, was discovered in 1990 by Ampol Exploration. The basin-like Yallalie structure
(centred on 30° 26′ 40.3″ S, 115° 46′ 16.4″ E)
is circular in plan view and about 12 km in diameter. High-resolution,
seismic-reflection profiles across the structure show a basin-shaped area of chaotic reflections
that extend to a depth of approximately 2 km below the surface. The structure has sharp
boundaries with surrounding faulted, but otherwise relatively undisturbed, rocks. In the centre of the
structure there is an uplifted area approximately 3–4 km across, similar to those described from complex
meteorite impact structures. The seismically defined structure coincides with a circular topographic
depression, and image processing of digital elevation data has allowed recognition of
concentric and radial structures extending as far as 40 km from the centre of the depression. Gravity
surveys show the structure to be associated with a positive gravity anomaly of about 30 gu.
Aeromagnetic surveys have defined annular anomalies associated with the central uplifted section, and
possibly margins, of the structure. A search for siderophile element enrichments (by neutron activation
analysis) in the rocks of the structure, which would indicate the presence of a meteorite component,
proved negative. Quartz grains in cores that penetrate the structure show the development of prismatic
cleavage fractures and irregular, slightly curved planes formed by brittle fracture. An allochthonous
breccia of Late Cretaceous rocks occurs a few kilometres west of the western margin of the structure.
Quartz grains from a thin veneer of Tertiary sediments that drape the structure are essentially undeformed.
However, multiple sets of closely spaced planar deformation features in quartz, characteristic
of highly shocked rocks, have yet to be observed in the rocks of the Yallalie structure and the
allochthonous breccia. The morphology of the Yallalie structure determined from topographic and
geophysical data suggests strongly that it is of impact origin. Geological and geochemical evidence is
equivocal, but is not inconsistent with this interpretation.
PROBLEMS RETURNING HOME: THE BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL

CASUALTIES OF THE GREAT WAR
Authors: LEESE PETER
Published: July 2002

Although returning shellshocked soldiers constitute a specific

subgroup, their situation

also illustrates the wider difficulties of Great War returnees. Whether

disabled or fully fit, each veteran

faced a cluster of problems related to the psychological and social

readjustment to civilian society.

Rightly or not, many felt that the promises for the postwar world were
unfulfilled.

War neurotic ex-servicemen faced two areas of difficulty. First, like all

returnees, they had to deal with a large and

unwieldy bureaucracy that paid little attention to the needs of individuals.

Second, Ministry of

Pensions policy for war neurotic ex-servicemen, guided by Sir John Collie,

tended to exacerbate the

faults in the system. Substantial political objectives were implicit in
the

establishment of the Ministry

of Pensions, not least because of the appointment of Collie – an

influential expert on malingering –

as one of its leading authorities. His approach conveniently fitted

into the government's agenda. Its

objectives were to uphold and support a restrictive military view of

shellshock and thereby limit

financial liability; and above all to preserve the existing distribution
of

wealth while maintaining a visible response to public concern.
THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE
IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY, 1916–1923
Authors: HART PETER
Published: July 2002

Based on a sample of about 5,000 members, this article offers the
first comprehensive
social profile of the IRA covering the entire period of the Irish revolution.
The picture that emerges is
of an organization composed largely of unpropertied, unmarried, young men
of the middling classes,
increasingly disproportionately dominated by urban, skilled, and socially
mobile activists. Officers
tended to be slightly older and of slightly higher social status than their
men. Sinn Fein activists were
older again but otherwise shared these characteristics, as did the IRA
in Britain. This dependence on
urban and skilled or white-collar members, the reverse of what republicans
and most historians have
believed, may be attributable to a combination of the greater risks and
greater organizational
opportunities faced by the IRA in towns. Nevertheless, the movement did
attract rural and labouring
members, and did to some extent transcend class and geographical boundaries.
IRA units were almost
never segregated along class lines, and were usually built around familial
and neighbourhood
networks. Also, as the revolution progressed, activists' previous
social identities were superseded by a
new and essentially egalitarian identity as comrades and guerrillas.
TODAY'S VIEW OF THE THIRD REICH AND THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN GERMAN HISTORIOGRAPHICAL DISCOURSE
Authors: SCHLIE ULRICH
Published: July 2002

This review summarises the current state of knowledge and present trends in German
historiography on the Third Reich. In Germany, assessment of the Nazi past has moved first from
silence, and then from an emotionally charged engagement, to the more critical analyses of today. There
has been a closer examination of the involvement of particular professional groups during the Nazi era,
such as historians and lawyers. The ideological background of Hitler and the Nazi elite are being
examined closely. Particular interest has also been shown in the ordinary aspects of living and coping
in Hitler's Germany, the daily struggle and the moral dilemmas. An enormous interest in the German
opposition against Hitler continues. In unified Germany, the memory of the struggle of the German
resistance is kept alive in public consciousness as a positive line of continuity.
IRISH IN THE CITY: RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS IN AMERICAN URBAN
HISTORY
Authors: GREENBERG AMY S.
Published: July 2002

Parish boundaries: the Catholic encounter with race in the
twentieth-century urban north. By John
T. McGreevy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Pp. vi+362.
ISBN 0-226-55873-8. $27.50.

What parish are you from? A Chicago Irish community and race relations. By Eileen
M. McMahon. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995. Pp. xii+226. ISBN
0-8131-1877-8. $32.95.

The Boston Irish: a political history. By Thomas H.
O'Connor. London: Northeastern
University Press, 1995. Pp. xixx+363. ISBN 1-55553-220-9. £23.50.

The New York Irish. Edited by Ronald H. Bayor and Timothy J. Meagher. Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Pp. xxii+743. ISBN 0-8018-5199-8. $45.00.

The public city: the political construction of urban life in San Francisco,
1850–1900. By Philip
J. Ethington. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xvi+464. ISBN
0-8018-5199-8. £40.00.

Civic wars: democracy and public life in the American city
during the nineteenth century. By Mary
P. Ryan. London: University of California Press, 1997. Pp. xii+376.
ISBN 0-520-20441-7. £16.15.

Few events have had a greater impact on urban America than the Irish Catholic
exodus, which eventually brought one third of the Irish to the United States. Irish
Catholics were the first ethnic group to immigrate in large numbers to America's cities
and to experience overt discrimination. Overcoming that discrimination, they emerged
as the consummate political force in urban America. In the late nineteenth century,
Irish politicians and their political machines controlled a majority of America's large
cities, long before the election of John F. Kennedy as president brought the Irish
political presence to the national stage. At once integrated into American culture and
proud of their ethnic culture and identity, the Irish in America continue to have a clear
cultural presence in both positive and negative ways, in many American cities. The
Irish hold the best parades, but sometimes refuse to allow Irish homosexuals the right
to parade in them. The Irish are proud of their neighbourhoods, sometimes to the point
of physical violence.

For the first time in over two centuries, however, Irish immigration patterns have
reversed. Over the last two years, 13,000 more Irish moved back to Ireland from
America than went the other way. This watershed change provides a good opportunity
to reconsider the history of the Irish in America's cities, as the authors of some recent
publications demonstrate. This review will examine six current studies that illuminate
the Irish urban experience in America. The authors of these histories document the role
of the Irish and the Catholic church in urban racial disturbances in the twentieth
century; they reconsider the importance of the Irish to urban political culture; and they
explore the contested meanings of being Irish in urban America.
CHRISTIAN ECCLESIOLOGY AND THE COMPOSITION OF LEVIATHAN: A NEWLY
DISCOVERED LETTER TO THOMAS HOBBES
Authors: COLLINS JEFFREY R.
Published: July 2002

This communication presents a newly discovered letter to Thomas Hobbes. It offers
conclusive evidence that the letter was written by Hobbes's friend, the scientist and Anglican clergyman
Robert Payne, and strong evidence that the letter was in fact received by Hobbes in late 1649. The
discovered letter was part of a running controversy over questions of church government in which
Hobbes and Payne engaged during the composition of Leviathan. In it Payne tries unsuccessfully to
soften Hobbes's strident Erastianism, and to defend the beleaguered Church of England from his
criticisms. The letter thus sheds light on the political and religious context in which Leviathan was
composed. Moreover, the letter offers an indirect but intriguing glimpse at underlying assumptions of
Hobbes's religious thought.
METIN HEPER, İsmet İnönü: The Making of a Turkish Statesman, Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998). Pp. 280.
Authors: Vanderlippe John M.
Published: July 2002

İsmet İnönü had one of the longest public careers of any statesman of the 20th century, serving as soldier, diplomat, revolutionary, prime minister, president, and party leader in a career that spanned eight decades, from the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 to his retirement from politics, at age 88, a year before his death in 1973. Moreover, for most of his career, İnönü was at the very center of the events and decisions that shaped the Turkish Republic and its involvement in regional and global affairs. But as Metin Heper points out in his eloquent study of İnönü's career, this is a “neglected statesman.” One of the major lacunae of Western studies of modern Turkish history has been an English-language biography of İ smet İnönü. Heper's study is not a biography as such, but it has three main goals: to cover İnönü's entire career; to explore how his self-education and personality shaped his views on the state and democracy, and thus his policies; and to present a picture of İnönü free of the deification or vilification that marks much of the existing scholarship (p. ix).
Biohydrogenation and digestion of long chain fatty acids in steers fed on different sources of lipid
Authors: SCOLLAN N. D. , DHANOA M. S. , CHOI N. J. , MAENG W. J. , ENSER M. , WOOD J. D.
Published: July 2002

Rumen biohydrogenation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is a significant limitation on any attempt to manipulate the PUFA content of ruminant products (meat or milk). This study examined rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA, the effects of PUFA on other aspects of rumen metabolism and fatty acid flow to and digestion in the small intestine of steers fed on different sources of lipid. Animals were fed ad libitum on grass silage and one of four concentrates (60:40 forage:concentrate on a dry matter basis) containing differing sources of lipid: megalac (rich in C16:0; M), linseed (rich in C18:3n-3; L), fish oil (rich in C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3; FO) and a mixture of linseed/fish oil (LFO). Diets were formulated so that total dietary oil intake was approximately 60 g/kg of the DM intake, approximately half of which was from the experimental test oil. Rumen NH3-N (P = 0·09) and total VFA concentrations (P = 0·007) were higher on L, FO and LFO compared to M. Dry matter intakes did not differ across treatments and averaged 7·2 kg/day. Intake and flow of fatty acids to the duodenum was 323, 438, 344 and 381 (S.E.M. 9·1; P < 0·001) and 432, 489, 412 and 465 (S.E.M. 18·5; P < 0·1) g/day for M, L, FO and LFO, respectively. Biohydrogenation of C18:1n-9 was lower than all the other unsaturated fatty acids and it was lower of FO and LFO compared to M and L, on average 66·1 and 72·2 %, respectively. Biohydrogenation of C18:2n-6 averaged 89·8 % across treatments and was lower (P < 0·05) on M compared to L and FO. Biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 averaged 92·1 % across treatments and was lowest on M (88·8 %) and highest on L and LFO (94·3 %). Biohydrogenation of C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 averaged approximately 91 and 89 % across the treatments, respectively. Small intestinal digestibilities of all fatty acids were high. In conclusion, feeding different sources of lipid with different fatty acid composition had significant effects on rumen function. The PUFA in whole linseed were only partially protected from biohydrogenation by the seed coat and in contrast to previous reports the C20 PUFA in fish oil were biohydrogenated to a large extent.
Agronomic performance of urea briquettes containing
diammonium phosphate in rainfed transplanted rice
on farmers' fields
Authors: DAFTARDAR S. Y. , WAGLE S. M. , SAVANT N. K.
Published: July 2002

Seventy-seven adaptive research trials were conducted, with the
participation of local farmers, on
their fields during the 1993 and 1994 wet seasons (southwest monsoon seasons) in
the warm subhumid
tropical zone on the west coast of India. The objective of the trials was to
compare the agronomic
and economic benefits of an improved management consisting of placing urea
briquettes containing
diammonium phosphate (UB–DAP) by hand (56 kg N/ha and 14 kg P/ha)
after controlled
transplanting using a modified 20×20 cm hill spacing with two other
practices: (i) the current
management system, consisting of random transplanting and two split applications
of prilled urea
(PU) and a basal application of single superphosphate (SSP) and (ii) the
farmers' traditional
management practices, involving random transplanting and broadcasting of
fertilizers. In spite of
marked variations in rainfall distribution patterns during the 1993 and 1994
seasons, the improved
management using UB–DAP increased grain yields by 2·14 t/ha (89%)
in 1993 and 1·23 t/ha (45%)
in 1994 over traditional management practices and by 1·56 t/ha (52%)
in 1993 and 0·83 t/ha (27%)
in 1994 over the current management system. These additional yields were
obtained at a 28–36%
lower plant population density (25 hills/m2v.
35–39 hills/m2). The use of a modified 20×20 cm
spacing could reduce by up to 50% the labour normally required for the
conventional placement of
UB by hand about 1 week after transplanting using the standard 20×20 cm
spacing (8–10
workdays/ha). The estimated value: cost ratios for the improved management
ranged from 4·9 (1994)
to 8·6 (1993) and increased further when the savings in seed input were
considered. Stochastic
dominance analysis of the yield data suggests that the improved management of
UB–DAP could be
risk-free and therefore would be preferred over the other two managements by
rice farmers and policy makers.
Effect of ionophores on in vitro caecal fermentation
in rabbits
Authors: MAROUNEK M. , šIMŮNEK J. , DUšKOVÁ D. , SKŘIVANOVÁ V.
Published: July 2002

Experiments were carried out at Uhříněves,
Czech Republic, in 1995 and 1996 to evaluate the effect
of salinomycin, monensin, lasalocid and maduramicin on in vitro
rabbit caecal fermentation. In
cultures supplied with starch, hemicellulose and pectin, all ionophores in the
range of concentrations
tested (1–10 μg/ml) stimulated methanogenesis. Ionophores at
5 μg/ml increased the production of
methane by 26–35% and decreased the production of acetate
(P<0·05). Significantly more acetate
was produced in mixotrophic acetogenic cultures of caecal micro-organisms
with glucose (2 mg/ml)
under hydrogen atmosphere than under nitrogen. The H2-dependent
formation of acetate was
blocked in cultures with ionophores. The stimulation of methanogenesis by
salinomycin, monensin,
lasalocid and maduramicin can thus be related to the inhibition of
acetogenesis, which is an
alternative method of H2 utilization in the rabbit caecum.
Lime loss rates from arable and grassland soils
Authors: CHAMBERS B. J. , GARWOOD T. W. D.
Published: July 2002

Lime loss rates were determined for 11 agricultural soils across
England (1987–92) under arable
cropping (six sites) and grassland management (five sites), receiving commercial
rates of fertilizer
inputs. Lime additions in the range 0–1500 kg ha−1

CaCO3 (250 kg ha−1 CaCO3 increments)
were
made annually to the sites. Soil pH (water and 0·01 m CaCl2)
and exchangeable calcium concentrations
were measured annually. The annual lime loss rates were calculated as the
amount of lime needed to
maintain the initial site pH or exchangeable Ca concentrations.

Lime loss rates based on soil water pH varied between 40 and
1270 kg ha−1 CaCO3, on the basis
of CaCl2 pH between 0 and 1370 kg ha−1
CaCO3, and exchangeable Ca between 0 and 1540 kg ha−1

CaCO3. There was a positive relationship between the lime loss
rate (based on water pH) and initial
soil pH value (r=0·75; P<0·01), and
a negative relationship with soil organic matter content
(r=0·63; P<0·05) was based on soil pH,

organic matter content and nitrogen (N) fertilizer input. Lime
loss rates were approximately double those predicted by previous models
developed in the 1970s,
reflecting the greater quantities of inorganic N fertilizer now being applied
to agricultural land.