bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fired Clay Figurines from San Diego County, California
Authors: True D. L.
Published: April 2006

In San Diego County clay figurines occur sporadically throughout most of the intermediate valleys, inland valleys, and mountain regions, and although of rather wide areal distribution they seem to be numerically rare. In addition to those described in this report, specimens are known to be in the possession of the Museum of Man, San Diego, and the Cuyumaca State Park Museum. A probable fragment was found by B. F. McCown in the excavations at Temecula. Other finds are occasionally reported but have not been documented or described.
The Denbigh Flint Complex
Authors: Giddings J. L.
Published: April 2006

A thin layer of pebbles and flinty artifacts isolated during the summers of 1948 and 1949 at the bottom of a site on Cape Denbigh, on the north Bering Sea coast of Alaska, furnishes concrete evidence in support of theories of a Bering Strait gateway to America in remote times. The flint complex from the old layer holds little in common with what we think of as Eskimo. For descriptive parallels it will be necessary to draw upon sources far removed from the Bering Strait and out of the general range of recent cultures. This specific cultural horizon appears to furnish a strong linkage of American archaeology with that of the Old World.
Pinto Basin Points in Utah
Authors: Botelho Eugene
Published: April 2006

A little-known territory is the Four Corners area, where the states of Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado join. There are few roads in this area, and it is inhabited chiefly by Navaho Indians, still living in primitive conditions. It was while I was living in this region — maintaining a small school, a very active clinic, a chapel, and a sort of hostel for travelers passing through on horse or in wagon from trading posts or going from one hogan to another — that certain artifacts came to light.

The first points submitted for classification to H. Marie Wormington, of the Denver Museum, included Yuma, Silver Lake, and Pinto Basin types, among others. During the 1951-53 period, a large number of points were sent to Dr. Wormington. Many were points I picked up, but a good percentage came as the result of training Navaho shepherds and certain of my pupils to recognize the Pinto Basin types.
Copper Specimens from Yadkin River in Piedmont, North Carolina
Authors: Rights Douglas L.
Published: April 2006

In the upper Piedmont region of North Carolina, along the Yadkin River, specimens of copper have been found at three village sites.

As illustrated, the largest specimen appears to be a copper breast plate. Five tubular beads are represented. Seven pieces are roughly cone-shaped and could be classified as decorative bangles, although those which are more proportional and smoothly finished could have been used as arrow tips. The two triangular pierced pendants were found at sites forty miles apart. The copper hawk's bell, a trader's piece evidently of English origin, still rings merrily when shaken. A broken half of the same design was found forty miles away at a other site. Two fragments of unfinished copper are illustrated (Fig. 135).
Salvage Archaeology on Highway 66 in Eastern Arizona
Authors: Wasley William W.
Published: April 2006

Between May 11 and June 10, 1959, the Arizona State Museum conducted salvage excavations along a section of U.S. Highway 66 from the Arizona-New Mexico state line westward through Lupton for about 5.8 miles. Work in 10 sites with heavy equipment and a large crew of Navajo laborers resulted in the excavation of 16 pit houses, 43 surface rooms, 7 kivas (two only partially excavated), 6 trash deposits, 18 burials, and 21 miscellaneous architectural features. These ranged from Basket-maker III to Pueblo III, with no Pueblo I representation, and included an early Basketmaker III village with Mogollon affiliations. It was possible to clarify the definition of the White Mound phase and to demonstrate a specific front-oriented village plan for the Wingate phase. This intensive excavation produced a large quantity of material and data, thus raising the problems of how to accomplish the analysis of them and the publication of the results. This preliminary report is only a partial answer.
Burins from Texas
Authors: Epstein Jeremiah F.
Published: April 2006

Burins have recently been discovered in several Texas sites, in Central Texas, associated with Angostura points and in the Trans-Pecos area, in a Desert Culture context. A few parallels are seen with Alaskan burins. The data indicate that in Texas, burins are part of the paleo-Indian and Archaic complexes. There is also a possibility that they were made as late as the 16th century along the Rio Grande.

Burins have been considered a significant trait of many early lithic complexes in northern North America ever since Giddings (1951) discovered them at Cape Denbigh. Within the past year burins have also been recognized in the Archaic and paleo-Indian cultures in the Trans-Pecos and Central parts of Texas.
Ecological Interpretation in Archaeology: Part II
Authors: Meighan C. W. , Pendergast D. M. , Swartz B. K. , Wissler M. D.
Published: April 2006

In a previous paper (Meighan and others 1958), we considered techniques whereby the archaeologist can derive conclusions concerning prehistoric man's relationship to his environment. We limited our study to hunting and gathering societies since we felt that these were most directly and intimately affected by environment. In the present discussion, we have attempted to expand our study to include archaeological communities marked by the presence of agriculture, domestic animals, or both. Our inquiry can be phrased thus: what physical remains associated with agricultural communities can be used as evidence for ecological inferences? The answers to this question are neither as numerous nor as obvious as we first supposed, yet such answers are basic to an understanding of culture history.
The Type-Variety Method of Ceramic Classification as an Indicator of Cultural Phenomena
Authors: Gifford James C.
Published: April 2006

This discussion deals with the theoretical reasoning that underlies the type-variety method of ceramic analysis. Not only do pottery "types" and “varieties” embody sets of recognizably distinct attributes and impart particular cultural, areal, and temporal connotations, but they are also meaningful entities of cultural interpretation.

1.

“Varieties” that have been tested by continued close study and by increases in knowledge concerning their nature and range of variation are close approximations and reliable indicators of original ceramic manifestations due to individual or small social group variation in a society.

2.

Ceramic "types" represent the combining of a number of attributes into abstract conceptions which, when executed in clay by potters, are acceptable to them and a majority of others within their cultural configuration. Types are summations of individual or small social group variation consistent with boundaries imposed by the interaction of individuals on a societal level and determined by the operative value system present in any society. Pottery types are therefore representative of cultural phenomena.

3.

Ceramic types are cultural derivatives and can be related one to another through space and time. Relationships of this kind are recognized as “ceramic systems” and “ceramic sequences.”
The Paleo-Eskimo Culture of Northeast Greenland Elucidated by Three New Sites
Authors: Knuth Eigil
Published: April 2006

Prinsesse Ingeborg Halvø is a low peninsula, situated on lat. 81°35'N., long. 16°35'W. in northernmost east-Greenland. From the west it wedges into the large local icecap Flade Isblink, which forms the easternmost corner of Greenland. The peninsula lies 70 miles southeast of the northernmost region in Greenland, Pearyland, separated from it by a bay, the joint mouth of two big fjords: Danmarks Fjord and Independence Fjord. The latter cuts its way westward from the Greenland Sea as the southern border of Pearyland (Fig. 101).

At three places on Prinsesse Ingeborg Halvo (Fig. 102, A, B, C) paleo-Eskimo flint implements were spotted by the author of this article during the summer of 1952. The localities were all situated at a height of 40-50 feet above sea level and at a distance of 370-810 yards from the present coastline. Thus, from a geological point of view they belonged to the same horizon in the system of old raised beach terraces of the peninsula.
Comment on A. C. Spaulding, “Statistical Techniques for the Discovery of Artifact Types”
Authors: Ford James A.
Published: April 2006

First let me say that I am thoroughly sympathetic to all efforts toward development of more accurate methodology. But the application of statistics and other techniques to our problems, without regard for basic culture theory, cannot be regarded as an advance in technique.

For years there have been arguments as to whether cultural types — pottery types to be specific — were pre-existing units in culture history that could be discovered by a good archaeologist and missed by an incompetent one. I have been on the negative side in these debates — which arise, it seems to me, because people are talking about two different things.

It is well known that any given culture is a classificatory device which offers its bearers patterned ways of meeting the problems of existence.
An Olmec Design on an Early Peruvian Vessel
Authors: Coe Michael D.
Published: April 2006

Although it has been considered possible that certain elements originating in the Olmec culture of Mexico were added to older Peruvian traditions to produce the Chavin civilization, the radiocarbon dates on Olmec and Chavin make them approximately coeval. A black-ware bottle found at Kotosh, in the central Peruvian highlands, bears a design of an ear of maize, a motif of probable Olmec origin. Since this vessel was from a phase immediately preceding the Chavin horizon, it is suggested that the Olmec culture began earlier than did Chavin and, in fact, could have been the progenitor for civilization in the Andean Area.
The Renaissance Attitude Toward Interpretation in Instrumental Performance
Authors: Horsley Imogene
Published: April 2006

Most of our performances of Renaissance ensemble music mirror only too exactly the blank appearance of the original parts. The normal reaction of the conscientious instrumentalist who has been brought up on scores sprinkled with signs indicating just how each note is to be played—as well as what tone is be to sounded and for how long—is to conclude that, if no ‘expression’ signs are present, then the composer was concerned only with pitch and duration, and that to produce anything more would be to mispresent his intentions. The resulting ‘abstract’ performance is inadvertently encouraged by those musical scholars who stress the new emphasis on expression of emotion found in the Baroque period (always in contrast to the music of earlier periods) and by the many musicologists who look at early instrumental music primarily to search for traces of its liberation from the tyranny of vocal style.
Thomas Watson's Adaptation of an Epigram by Martial
Authors: Austin Warren B.
Published: April 2006

The lively Neo-Latin epigram appended to Thomas Watson's Amyntas merits more than passing mention as ‘an interesting set of verses'. It offers an illuminating case of Elizabethan literary criticism in action and one that involves a highly provocative problem in identification.

The poem is an imitation of an epigram of Martial. The Roman poet had satirized, in his usual uninhibited fashion, a certain meddlesome moralist who was too busy decrying the vices of other men to put his own house in order. Adapting Martial's format adroitly to his purposes, Watson makes it the vehicle for a sharp attack on a contemporary literary critic who has exasperated him by carping continually at his writings:

In invidum quendam, sub Oli nomine, quern taxat Martialis.

Epigramma.

Antigonen Sophoclis malè vertimus? Ole quid ad te,

Quid faciat versu nostra Thalia suo?

Peccavi patriis in rithmis? Ole quid ad te?

Non tua, quae scripsit, sed mea pluma fuit.

Vulnus amatori sanavimus? Ole quid ad te?

Est illo solus carmine laesus Amor.

Non dignè psalmos transcripsimus? Ole quid ad te?

Non tua proptereà, sed mea fama perit.

Phyllida tarn ploro iuvenillius? Ole quid ad te?

Non tua, quam ploro, sed mea Phyllis erat.

Noster hiat versus, vel claudicat? Ole quid ad te?

Forsan at exemplis linea nulla caret.
The Renaissance: A Synthesis
Authors: Ferguson Wallace K.
Published: April 2006

Much of the current confusion regarding the character and chronological boundaries of the Renaissance arises from the fact that it has most commonly been regarded by specialists from the point of view of their own particular field of interest. What is needed at this point is, I think, a comprehensive interpretation, a synthesis that will include all aspects of Renaissance civilization, the economic, political, and social, as well as the intellectual and aesthetic. This is especially important for its bearing on the problem of causation, even in the most restricted fields. Each branch of culture may develop to a certain extent independently along lines dictated either by its own inner logic or by the contribution of individual genius, but the general direction it follows cannot be fully understood or explained without relating it to the total complex of contemporary civilization.
Recent Literature of the Renaissance
Authors: Shaaber M. A.
Published: April 2006

The bibliography published annually in the April issue of Studies in Philology since 1917, is well known to all students of the subject. So well known, in fact, that, in the opinion of the editor of the Renaissance News, it is in danger of being taken for granted, and he has therefore commissioned me to review ‘Recent Literature of the Renaissance.’ As a grateful user of the bibliography, I am glad to testify to what everybody knows, that it has saved me incalculable trouble and drudgery and led me to some of the most interesting data and fertile ideas which I have absorbed in twenty-five years. As the compilers of such a bibliography labor toilsomely for the most meager reward, our gratitude cannot be too often or too strongly expressed.
Ovid and the Indifferent Lovers
Authors: Candelaria Frederick H.
Published: April 2006

The widespread influence of Ovid's Amoves in the Renaissance is well known. In this note, I hope to show how, directly or indirectly, the fourth elegy of the second book brings together four poets not ordinarily associated. Ovid's elegy may well have served Marlowe, Donne, Suckling, and Herrick as a model for a pose that became a commonplace in Renaissance poetry, the stance of the indifferent lover.
Who Were the Eight Saints?
Authors: Trexler R. C.
Published: April 2006

The immediate occasion for the hostilities which broke out in 1375 between Florence and the church was the plundering activity of the English mercenary company under John Hawkwood. This ‘santa compagnia’, employed by the church during its struggle with the Visconti, was now without income and consequently moved into Tuscany, plundering and robbing. The costs of ransoming Florentine territory by a series of payments to Hawkwood were met by loans forced partly from the clergy of Florence and Fiesole.

To carry out this task of collecting taxes from reluctant citizens and clergy, the government appointed a balia, or commission, of eight men.
The Identity of ‘Zuan Piero’
Authors: Mumford Ivy L.
Published: April 2006

In a long letter written from London on May 19, 1517, to Alvise Foscari in Venice, Nicolo Sagudino describes a number of incidents showing how Italian musicians were faring at the court of Henry VIII. Among those he mentions were the Venetian organist, Dionisio Memo; and a lutenist, Zuan Piero. Memo had composed a vocal quartet for the king with a Latin title beginning:

Memor est verbi tui

Servo tuo perpetuo

In quo mihi spem dedisti.

He had also brought to the court ‘a lad, so excellent a performer on the lute, that his majesty never wearied of listening to him’. The lad's identity is unknown, but the king's delight at his skill on the lute was the despair of Zuan Piero, who thought of returning to Italy because of it.
The Idea of Progress: Some Elizabethan Considerations
Authors: Strathmann Ernest A.
Published: April 2006

If we investigate Elizabethan thought on the nature of human progress only in terms of J. B. Bury's strict definition of that idea as “a theory which involves a synthesis of the past and a prophecy of the future,” the results are likely to be no more fruitful than Bury found them. By these terms, a complete grasp of the idea of progress requires “an interpretation of history which regards men as slowly advancing … in a definite and desirable direction, and infers that this progress will continue indefinitely.”

Admittedly many Elizabethan concepts were unfavorable to the idea of progress. The Fall of Man accounted not only for original sin but also for intellectual and physical imperfections. It was a common belief, supported by the prophecies of Daniel and other religious teachings, that the end of the world was imminent.
Nashe's ‘Brightnesse falls from the ayre’
Authors: Morris Harry
Published: April 2006

With all the immense learning and imagination we have been taught to expect, William Empson, in Seven Types of Ambiguity, provides more than seven readings of ‘Brightnesse falls from the ayre’, the third line in the third stanza of Thomas Nashe's ‘Song’ from Svmmers Last Will and Testament. Yet only in what appears to be his ninth ambiguity does Mr. Empson even approach Nashe's meaning. Possibly the line is obscure, but it does not present the difficulties that R. B. McKerrow implies nor the indirections that Mr. Empson records. McKerrow suspected ‘that the true reading’ for ayre ‘is “hayre” ‘ and admitted candidly that hair would give ‘a more obvious, but far inferior, sense’. Mr. Empson calls the verse ‘an example of ambiguity by vagueness’ and believes that ‘evidently there are a variety of things the line may be about’.
Thomas More's ‘Utopia’ and Protestant Polemics
Authors: Pineas Rainer
Published: April 2006

The only references by Reformers to More's Utopia listed in R. W. Gibson's St. Thomas More: A Preliminary Bibliography (New Haven, 1961) are two by Tyndale and two by Foxe. Actually Tyndale makes five direct references to Utopia and a large number of indirect references. At least two other Reformers besides the two listed who refer to Utopia are John Frith and William Roy. Each of the direct and indirect references to the Utopia made by Reformers is polemical. The usual point made is that since More has once passed off fiction as truth, he is quite capable of continuing to do so—especially in religious controversy.

Tyndale uses More's authorship of the Utopia to attack both More himself and the Catholic Church in general. For instance, he very conveniently dismisses an entire chapter of More's Dialogue by saying that it ‘is as true as his story of Utopia & all his other Poetrie….’ Here the reference serves as shorthand; it saves Tyndale from the necessity of entering into extended argument.
Influence or Coincidence—a Question for Students of Machiavelli?
Authors: Robbins Caroline
Published: April 2006

The historian, most especially the historian of ideas, since he cannot undo the processes of time, is always in difficulties over problems of causation, transmission, and migration. Hume determined to leave speculation aside and observe only sequence. We cannot decide what the intellectual climate of Stuart England would have been like without the Advancement of Learning, or the Authorized Version, or of Western Europe without The Discourse on Method. Yet certain coincidences tempt investigation. Machiavelli, for two or three centuries a familiar name of both authority and reproach, was very widely read, if even more widely misrepresented and oversimplified. Scholarship has been occupied with his legend. Yet little attention has been focused on the identity of many of the ideas of the Discorsi with the commonplaces of political writers between the Renaissance and the French Revolution in England and France.
The Mating Palm Trees in Du Bartas' ‘ Seconde Sepmaine’
Authors: Hallowell Robert E.
Published: April 2006

In his ‘Préface sur la Franciade, touchant le Poëme Heroïque’ Ronsard summed up his theories on the epic for the ‘lecteur apprentif’ about to undertake the arduous task of reading his Franciade and asserted that the epic poet should be a walking encyclopedia of philosophical, medical, botanical, anatomical, and juridical knowledge. Furthermore, he advised the prospective reader or budding poet not to neglect any fact or story pertaining to the nature and properties of trees, flowers, plants, and roots. None of Ronsard's admirers heeded more fully this ancient conception of poetry, which was to have as its aim the popularization of all human knowledge, than did Du Bartas, whose catalogs of plants, animals, and precious gems remind us of classical and medieval bestiaries, herbals, and lapidaires.
Thomas Lodge's Letters to William Trumbull
Authors: Houppert Joseph W.
Published: April 2006

Modern biographers of Thomas Lodge have presented a remarkably clear record of his activities, both as writer and physician. However, the period of Lodge's second exile still remains obscure. Although Lodge's biographers agree that because of his Catholicism he fled to the continent during the first decade of the seventeenth century, none has been able accurately to record these years abroad. For example, Lodge's recent scholarly biographer, Charles Sisson, says that this second exile may have begun as early as May 8, 1604. But this statement is inaccurate, for on January 9, 1605/06 Lodge was indicted in London for recusancy, along with Ben Jonson and Edmund Boulton. Professor Sisson also argues that ‘Lodge was allowed to return [to England] early in 1611, as appears from an Act of the Privy Council of 28 January 1611, protecting him from indictment for recusancy, and from the letter dated 17 January 1611 in which he expressed his thanks to Sir Thomas Edmondes for help in bringing about his repatriation.’ But Lodge had returned to London as early as September 21, 1609 as will appear below.
Was sind Hamitensprachen?
Authors: Vycichl Werner
Published: April 2006

Mit dem Terminus hamitisch im sprachwissenschaftlichen Sinne bezeichnet man seit Richard Lepsius eine Reihe afrikanischer Sprachgruppen, die charakteristische Erscheinungen mit dem Semitischen teilen. Bei Lepsius fungiert das grammatische Geschlecht als Hauptkriterium, ob eine afrikanische Sprache hamitisch sei oder nicht, und diese Unterscheidung trifft in der Tat überall dort zu, wo es alle Nomina umfasst und der Begriff ‘Männlich-Weiblich’ über ‘Gross-Klein’ dominiert. Als nichthamitisch erweist sich in diesem Sinne das Masai, wo en-duηani, das Femininum von ol-tuηani, ‘Mann’, nicht das ‘Weib’, sondern den ‘kleinen Mann’ bezeichnet. Dem-gegenüber ist Leo Reinisch, dessen hohe Verdienste in einer anderen Richtung liegen, nie zu einer Erkenntnis des inneren Gegensatzes zwischen dem Hamitischen, dem Nuba und den Nilotensprachen gekommen. Die Basis der modernen Hamitenforschung bildet Carl Meinhofs Werk über Die Sprachen der Hamiten, das erstmalig eine Scheidung der Sprachenwelt des nigritischen Afrikas von den Sprachen der hellen, lockenhaarigen Afrikaner bietet; diesem Prinzip zuliebe wurde allerdings auch das Ful (von Meinhof selbst dem Urbantu nahestehend gedacht) und wegen des grammatischen Geschlechtes auch das Masai in den Kreis der Betrachtung miteinbezogen, wodurch der Rahmen als zu weit gefasst erscheint. Dieser Umstand, noch mehr aber hemmungsloses Etymologisieren von semitistisch-ägyptologischer Seite haben denn auch Carl Brockelmann veranlasst, die Existenz eines hamitischen Sprachstammes überhaupt in Frage zu stellen. Nachdem aber Ernst Zyhlarz in seiner Arbeit über ‘Ursprung und Sprachcharakter des Altägyptischen’ die Schlüsselstellung des Ägyptischen in den Vordergrund gerückt hat, sei es im folgenden versucht, eine gedrängte Darstellung der Hamitenfrage nach dem gegenwärtigen Stande zu geben.
Migrancy and Urbanization in the Union of South Africa
Authors: Stent G. E.
Published: April 2006

There have been many movements of population in human history, and almost as many reasons for them. But all of them have one feature in common. They arose as a result of a change either in the external circumstances confronting a society or a section of it, or in the reactions of the people to their external circumstances. Migrations have always involved preferences, and occurred when preferences have changed. Perhaps the reception area has improved. Perhaps the other area has worsened. Perhaps both processes have occurred simultaneously. Whatever the causes of the change in relative preferences, whether it be the development of racial, political, or religious persecution, the occurrence or threat of war, the discovery of new continents or new sources of wealth, the effect of new medical techniques in enabling the opening up of hitherto uninhabitable countries, or the decline in fertility in the occupied area, it is the change that precedes the movement.
Combinatorial methods in the theory of dams
Authors: Takács Lajos
Published: April 2006

In this paper we shall be concerned with two mathematical models of infinite dams. In the first model independent random inputs occur at regular time intervals and in the second model independent random inputs occur in accordance with a Poisson process. The first model has already been studied by Gani, Yeo and others, and the second model by Gani and Prabhu, Gani and Pyke, Kendall, and others. For both models we shall find explicit formulas for the distribution of the content of the dam and that of the lengths of the wet periods and dry periods. The proofs are elementary and based on two generalizations of the classical ballot theorem.
On a telephone traffic system with several kinds of service distributions
Authors: Gastwirth Joseph L.
Published: April 2006

Let us suppose that telephone calls arrive at a telephone exchange according to a recurrent process. We shall assume that there are infinitely many lines available and that, therefore, no call is ever lost. Ordinarily, it is assumed that the holding times (the durations of the connections) are identically distributed, independent, random variables with an exponential distribution. The American folklore, however, assumes that women talk more than men. In this paper, we shall consider the possibility of calls requiring one of several (s) different exponential holding times.
The pseudo-transient distribution and its uses in genetics
Authors: Ewens W. J.
Published: April 2006

In genetics one frequently encounters variates which behave, to a close approximation, as diffusion variates with drift and diffusion coefficientsm(x),v(x), respectively, where after a suitable rescaling of the time axis,m(x) andv(x) are of the form
An asymptotic expansion for the tail of a binomial distribution and its application in queueing theory
Authors: Brockwell P. J.
Published: April 2006

An asymptotic expansion is derived for Sr(n)/Tr(n), where r and n are integers, and . Bounds for the remainder after kterms of the expansion are obtained and it is shown how the expansion may be applied in hypothesis testing and the study of the transient behaviour of a queue with batch arrivals.
Exact and limiting distributions of the number of lead positions in “unconditional” ballot problems
Authors: Engelberg Ora
Published: April 2006

In a ballot, candidate A scores a votes and candidate B scores b votes. Suppose the ballots are drawn out one at a time, and denote αr and βr the number of votes registered for A and B, respectively, among the first r votes recorded. Further, let Δa,b be the number of subscripts r satisfying the strict lead condition , let be the number of subscripts r satisfying the weak lead condition ; and suppose all possible () voting records are equally probable. The probability distributions of the number of strict and weak lead positions corresponding to and , respectively, have been determined in [4] for a≧b.
Political Science in Four Presidential Elections
Authors: Devine Donald J.
Published: April 2006

Political science has its laws, and they can predict what will happen in politics. One such law can predict whether George Bush will be reelected President in 1992.

It is true that political science is not politics. This relationship between the two is no different than that between any science and the reality which it analyzes. Every science is a repository of abstractions which model the critical aspects of a much more complex underlying phenomena. While some political scientists have expected a one-to-one, deterministic relationship between the science and the material it studied, most anticipated the “deterministic randomness” (or “chaos”) paradigm becoming popular even in the physical sciences today. Deterministic, because the science assumes that there are intrinsic underlying laws; but random because, with the inherent complexity, much will necessarily remain unpredictable (in statistical terms, that there always will be an “e” in the equation).
Knowledge and Power
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: April 2006

The relation between knowledge and power was already complex when Plato wrote his Seventh Letter. It hasn't gotten any simpler since. Having served in three presidential campaigns (all losing), I am moved to offer a personal report from the front-line. Two opening caveats. I write in the mode of reckless generalization, knowing full well that counterexamples are legion, and I assimilate political scientists to the broader category of “intellectuals,” even though academic political science diverges in some respects from the classic sociological account of that class.

My point of departure is an inescapable fact: most politicians don't trust intellectuals. This is so for three reasons. Faced with a hostile world, politicians crave absolute loyalty, which they suspect intellectuals are constitutionally incapable of offering. Politicians prize realism, but they see intellectuals as infatuated with words that have become disconnected from the world. Politicians think that the quest for, and use of, power is the most serious thing in the world, and they have what amounts to contempt for intellectuals whom they see as shielded from the harsh realities of power. (This metaphysics of power ramifies through campaign organizations, whose “political” wings typically display a thinly veiled contempt for the “issues” shops.)
Party Platforms as Political Process
Authors: Walters Ronald W.
Published: April 2006

As a political scientist who has managed issues in presidential campaigns, I have noticed the tensions between theory and practice. This tension was most evident in the Democratic party's decision to devalue its platform in the 1988 presidential elections. The decision revealed a serious misunderstanding of the political function of a platform, and contributed to Dukakis' poor showing in the general elections.
Sprecheinheiten und Deren Rolle in Lautwandel Und Lautgesetz
Authors: Karsten Gustaf
Published: April 2006

Wesen und character des lautwandels sind von unseren hervorragendsten sprachforschern schon so vielfach und eingehend behandelt worden, dass es kühn erscheinen mag, wenn hier die sache nochmals zur sprache gebracht wird. Indessen wird die wichtigkeit des gegenstandes auch diesen neuen kleinen beitrag noch rechtfertigen. In der that, wer auch nur über einen einzigen sprachgeschichdichen fall ein eigenes urtheil haben will, der muss durchaus über gewisse fundamentale vorfragen sich zu möglichster klarheit durchgearbeitet haben. Es hilft nichts, andere an seiner start denken zu lassen und dann am ende einfach ja oder nein mitzusagen; der ganze vorgang will von jedem selbständig erfahren und durchdacht sein. Dabei geschieht es dann wohl, dass der nachfolgende hie und da ein wenig von dem pfade des führers abweicht. Soviel zur entschuldigung der folgenden bemerkungen; sind dieselben völlig verfehlt, so möge die schwierigkeit, nach männern wie Ascoli, Brugmann, Paul, Schuchardt u. a. noch etwas von belang vorzubringen, uns wenigstens als mildernder umstand angerechnet werden.
A Study of Lord Macaulay's English
Authors: Shepherd Henry E.
Published: April 2006

Nearly thirty years have elapsed since the death of Lord Macaulay (December, 1859), a period sufficient to have witnessed the rise, the decline, and the decay of many reputations less brilliant than his own. (The year 1859 was fruitful in the death of eminent men of letters : Hallam, DeQuincey, Irving, Prescott, Macaulay.) It is the fate even of the finest genius to incur detraction, and in our era, Macaulay has been the special victim of critics. He has provoked the polished cynicism of Mr. Matthew Arnold, the cautious censure of Bishop Stubbs, and received only the qualified approbation of one of his most discriminating biographers, the late Rector of Lincoln College. Save his nephew, Mr. Trevelyan, and Mr. Edward A. Freeman, few writers of our time are just in their appreciation of his genius, or in their estimate of his impress upon the character of our language. Yet his influence upon the fortunes of English speech was never more potent than at present, and may be discovered by the critical student in many phases of our literature where its agency was not suspected.—Let us endeavor to trace in detail some of the sources of Lord Macaulay's diction, some of the secret springs that impelled into activity the most perspicuous and fascinating prose style which has appeared in modern English literature.
Schizotypy and creativity in visual artists
Authors: Burch Giles St J. , Pavelis Christos , Hemsley David R. , Corr Philip J.
Published: April 2006

‘Every work of art is an uncommitted crime’Adorno (1951). Cited inJulius (2002).

Given the putative relationship between creativity and schizotypy/psychoticism, the current study set out to investigate differences in scores on a range of personality and creativity measures between visual artists and non‐artists. Results found that the visual artists group scored higher on measures of positive‐schizotypy, disorganized‐schizotypy, asocial‐schizotypy, neuroticism, openness and divergent thinking (uniqueness) than did the non‐artist group and lower on agreeableness. These findings lend support to other studies reporting higher schizotypy scores in artistic and creative cohorts, although provide some of the first evidence of higher unusual experiencesandimpulsive nonconformity scores on the Oxford‐Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O‐LIFE) in visual artists. The relationship between creativity and schizotypy is discussed in terms of unusual ideasanda propensity to endorse socially undesirable responses.
Gender differences in social representations of aggression: The phenomenological experience of differences in inhibitory control?
Authors: Driscoll Helen , Zinkivskay Ann , Evans Kelly , Campbell Anne
Published: April 2006

Women are more likely than men to experience acts of aggression as expressive (a loss of self‐control) than as instrumental (control over others). We propose that this might arise from differences in behavioural restraint. If women have better inhibitory control, aggressive behaviour should occur less frequently yet should be experienced as more emotionally ‘out of control’ because women can tolerate higher levels of anger before inhibitory control is breached. Participants (N =606) aged 13–24 completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), the State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory‐2 (STAXI‐2) and Expagg. A more expressive view of aggression was associated with higher levels of STAXI anger control and higher levels of MPQ constraint. However, it was the harm avoidance component of constraint, rather than control versus impulsivity, that was the stronger predictor. While behavioural inhibition is built on an infrastructure of fear, the latter may be more important in explaining gender differences in social representations of aggression.
The orthographic uniqueness point and eye movements during reading
Authors: Miller Brett , Juhasz Barbara J. , Rayner Keith
Published: April 2006

Recent research found that naming and lexical decision times for words with an early orthographic uniqueness point (OUP) were faster than for words with a late OUP (Kwantes & Mewhort, 1999a; Lindell, Nicholls, & Castles, 2003). A word's OUP corresponds to the letter position in the word where that word is differentiated from other words. These results have been presented as evidence for sequential letter processing in visual word recognition (Kwantes & Mewhort, 1999a). In two experiments, we attempted to extend these results to a more natural reading situation by recording participants’ eye movements. Readers read sentences with early or late OUP words embedded in them. In both experiments, we manipulated the amount of parafoveal information available during reading. Readers did not show any consistent benefit for reading words with an early OUP regardless of the amount of preview available. Our results are at odds with the naming and lexical decision data and prove problematic for models that predict OUP effects.
Visuospatial working memory and the processing of spatial descriptions
Authors: Deyzac Emilie , Logie Robert H. , Denis Michel
Published: April 2006

The dual‐task paradigm was used to determine whether the spatial, visual and verbal components of working memory are engaged in the processing of spatial descriptions. Participants listened to route or survey descriptions of urban‐like spatial environments and then drew corresponding maps. The position of each new landmark was described either in terms of the direction to move toward this landmark (route descriptions) or its relative location with regard to the previously mentioned landmark (survey descriptions). Route and survey descriptions resulted in similar recall performance in the absence of an interfering task and landmarks were consistently less well recalled than their associated moves/locations. The pattern of interference resulting from the secondary tasks indicated that the processing of landmarks called upon both the visual and spatial components of working memory in the route perspective, whereas the processing of moves/locations essentially relied on the spatial component in both the route and the survey perspectives. The verbal component of working memory was only involved in the processing of landmarks in the survey perspective. The results suggest that distinct cognitive processes support memory for route and survey descriptions, and that distinct working memory resources support the processing of landmarks and landmark positions.
Segregation accuracy in item‐method directed forgetting across multiple tests
Authors: Goernert Phillip N. , Widner Robert L. , Otani Hajime
Published: April 2006

Two experiments examined recall across tests following item‐method directed‐forgetting instructions and the varying of presentation duration of items at study. For both immediate testing (Experiment 1) and delayed testing (Experiment 2), accurate recall of remember instruction items (R‐items) exceeded the accurate recall of forget instruction items (F‐items). However, some F‐items from study were inaccurately recalled as R‐items and R‐items from study as F‐items. Inaccurate recall persisted across tests for both immediate and delayed recall and increased across tests for immediate recall. We view the R‐item advantage in accurate recall as consistent with the account they receive more rehearsal at study than do F‐items. We view inaccurate recall as reflecting the bias to report items retrieved on an immediate test lacking instructional tags as F‐items. On delayed tests, items retrieved lacking instructional tags are first assessed against a criterion point on a memory‐strength continuum and those with strength above the criterion reported as R‐items and those below the criterion as F‐items.
The effect of word and character frequency on the eye movements of Chinese readers
Authors: Yan Guoli , Tian Hongjie , Bai Xuejun , Rayner Keith
Published: April 2006

Eye movements of native Chinese readers were monitored as they read sentences containing target words that varied in terms of word frequency and character frequency. There was an effect of word frequency on fixation times on a target word and it was comparable in size to that typically found with readers of English. Furthermore, character frequency also influenced fixation time on the target word. The effect of the initial character in two character words was more pronounced than that of the second character. However, word frequency modulated the effect of character frequency. The effect of character frequency was attenuated with high frequency target words while it was quite apparent with low frequency target words.
The distinctiveness effect in forenames: The role of subjective experiences and recognition memory
Authors: Brandt Karen R. , Gardiner John M. , Macrae C. Neil
Published: April 2006

We describe two experiments that tested the prediction that distinctive forenames would be better recognized than typical forenames and which investigated whether this distinctiveness effect, if obtained, occurred in subjective experiences of the recollective or familiarity components of recognition memory. To that end, the remember‐know paradigm was used to measure people's experiences of recollection or familiarity. The results revealed that distinctive forenames were more memorable than typical forenames and that that this distinctiveness effect was present only in the subjective experience of remembering. Additionally, the present research showed that these distinctiveness effects were present after retention intervals of both 1 and 7 days. These results replicate and extend past research on distinctiveness effects and also provide support for Rajaram's (1996) distinctiveness‐fluency account of the 2 states of subjective awareness.
Reading Gershom Scholem
Authors: Weidener Daniel
Published: April 2006

The article proposes a new reading of Gershom Scholems writings. Especially the diaries of the young Scholem should less be interpreted as a metaphysical or even kabbalistic speculations, but as a specific writing in the making. For Scholem's texts do not only speak about Zionism, Judaism, tradition etc., but actually perform a very complex relationship towards them by different rhetorical and literary techniques. Three close readings of Scholem's esoteric texts from different periods of his life show 1) how he relates himself to traditional Jewish writing on which he reflects and which he imitates, albeit with an ironical twist, thus claiming to be part of tradition and stands outside of it at the same time; 2) how he uses the poetical techniques of overdertermination, self-referentiality, and ambiguity to describe his research on Kabbalah as standing in-between historicist relativism and the continuation of tradition; 3) how Scholem, by semantic condensation and the interplay of metaphors produce texts which seem to be paradox and self evident at the same time - texts which attract the interest of readers who were thus lead to a deeper occupation with Kabbala and Scholem's major historiographic works. More generally, the article pleads for the use of literary categories in modern Jewish intellectual history, since those categories are especially apt to describe and analyze the complex and ambivalent relation of modern Jews towards tradition.
Rabban Gamliel, Aphrodite's Bath, and the Question of Pagan Monotheism
Authors: Yadin Azzan
Published: April 2006

The study discusses two passages from the early rabbinic corpus that describe encounters between sages and philosophers. Many of the classical and modern interpreters of these passages have understood them as embodying a tension between the Jewish world and the world of pagan philosophy. The present study suggests that though there is a clearly polemic aspect to these encounters, it is a more sophisticated polemic than has been previously recognized, one that assumes a high level of familiarity with philosophy on the part of the rabbinic sage. Indeed, the rabbi and the philosopher may be seen to share an anxiety concerning the proper representation of God, based on a series of shared assumptions regarding divine incorporeality. The interpretation offered here raises broader questions regarding the interrelations between (certain strata of) rabbinic society and pagan philosophy.
Synthesis of a novel protein‐based plastic using sub‐critical water technology
Authors: Abdelmoez Wael , Yoshida Hiroyuki
Published: April 2006

This article reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel biodegradable plastic synthesized from the serum albumin of bovine blood (BSA) by using the sub‐critical water technology in batch reactors. The optimum synthesis conditions were found to be in the range of 250‐275°C for a reaction time of 1 min using 160 g/L BSA as an initial concentration. After a reaction time of only 0.5 min, all water‐soluble BSA molecules were completely transformed into water‐insoluble solids without hydrolysis or decomposition. A variety of techniques have been used to study the nature of the formed solids. The obtained results reveled that such solids showed many plastic properties and could be processed to produce a biodegradable plastic. The produced solids were recovered, dried, and thermally processed to produce a plastic BSA (PBSA). In this way, it was possible to obtain a material with a variety of mechanical properties that might allow for its application in both the biomedical as well as the traditional biodegradable plastic fields. The average values of the yield strength and modulus of elasticity of the processed samples synthesized at 250°C for 1‐min reaction time were 31.2 and 780 MPa, respectively. The biodegradability was confirmed by measuring the methane gas production and weight losses during an anaerobic fermentation of the processed plastic samples. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Drop sizes during turbulent mixing of toluene–heavy oil fractions in water
Authors: Angle Chandra W. , Hamza Hassan A.
Published: April 2006

The properties of heavy oil emulsions produced in heavy oil extractions processes often fluctuate, thus making treatments difficult. We investigated whether oil‐phase ratios and flow conditions might influence these emulsions. We studied turbulent mixing effects on droplet sizes in real time, using a fully baffled stirred tank with a Rushton turbine in bench‐scale batch experiments. Breakup/coalescence of various volume fractions of toluene diluted heavy oil in model process water was measured at four mixing speeds. The range of oil volume fractions was 0.01 to 0.3, where 0.01 is the Kolmogorov limit and 0.3 the upper limit for oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions. Results showed that size distributions depended on mixing time, rpm, and oil fractions. Breakage dominated at low oil fraction 0.01 and high mixing intensities produced bimodal distributions. The persistence of finer droplets was attributed to reduced coalescence. Steady state was not reached. The middle range oil fractions (0.05, 0.1) approached steady state more quickly and followed a first‐order breakage model at 800 rpm. The size distributions narrowed before the end of the mixing time. The highest oil fractions and lowest mixing speeds produced the largest droplet sizes. Plots of d32 vs. rpm for 75 min mixing showed that as the volume fraction of oil phase increased the shapes of the curves changed from concave to linear to convex. The d32 vs. energy dissipation curves suggested that turbulent dampening reduced breakage. However, drop coalescence from erosive collisions as well as droplet surface elasticity were factors affecting droplet sizes. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006