bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Backscatter Anisotropy in Assessing Hepatic Steatosis Using Ultrasound Hepatorenal Index
Authors: Gao Jing , Wilde Ben , Kripfgans Oliver D. , Chen Johnson , Rubin Jonathan M.
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To discuss challenges in assessing hepatic steatosis using ultrasound hepatorenal index (HRI).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed HRI and liver magnetic resonance imaging‐based proton density fat fraction (MRI‐PDFF) in 134 adult participants (53 men and 81 women, mean age 55 years). The diagnostic performance of HRI for determining hepatic steatosis was tested by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) using liver MRI‐PDFF as the reference. Regression plots were employed to compare the sampling sites in liver and kidney that were used to calculate HRIs.

Results

In 11 of 134 cases (8.2%), we failed to acquire HRI measurements. In the remaining 123 cases, AUROC for HRI (cutoff: 1.69 ± 0.13 [mean ± standard deviation]) for defining the HRI threshold for diagnosing hepatic steatosis was 0.83. In 60 of 123 cases (49%) with HRI measurement IQR/median >0.3, slopes of the regression lines in the liver showed backscatter intensity changes consistent with signal attenuation. However, in the kidney, the backscatter intensity was inverted yielding position‐dependent HRI cutoff values, mid‐pole = 2.24 ± 0.20 and upper pole = 1.08 ± 0.16.

Conclusions

HRI is used to estimate liver steatosis based on backscattered ultrasound. In order to compensate for effects such as body habitus and transducer frequency, the liver backscatter is divided by backscatter from a corresponding region at the same depth in the right renal cortex. Theoretically, this compensation should make HRI sampling position independent. Yet, due to renal cortical backscatter anisotropy, this compensation method does not work in general, potentially producing inaccurate liver fat estimates.
Satisfactory 10‐year survivorship of medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy for isolated medial compartment osteoarthritis and varus alignment: An analysis from a high‐volume institution
Authors: Ayet Cristian A. Brito , Mancino Fabio , Lim Yoong P. , Qian Kevin , Jacob George , Parker David A.
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) is a reliable joint‐preserving surgical procedure for isolated medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) and overload. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long‐term survivorship and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing MOWHTO and to identify the risk factors associated with an increased risk of failure.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of prospectively collected patients who underwent MOWHTO for isolated medial OA and overload between 2002 and 2023. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and Tegner activity score. Radiographic analysis included hip–knee–ankle (HKA) angle and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA). Survivorship was intended from conversion to total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

Four hundred thirty‐one patients who underwent MOWHTO were included for analysis. Males were 82.5%, and the mean age was 49.1 ± 8.0 years. The KOOS increased in any subsection at mean 5.7 ± 4.5 years of follow‐up (p < 0.001). Complication rate was 35.9% and reoperation rate was 25.5% at mean 9.6 years of follow‐up. Removal of metal hardware due to pain and/or discomfort was the main cause of reoperation in 22% of the patients. The cumulative rate of conversion to TKA at 5 years was 2.2%, at 10 years 17.8% and at 15 years 37.1%. Age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.05, p = 0.017), wedge thickness (OR: 1.08, p = 0.015), medial femoral condyle OA (OR: 3.41, p = 0.029), medial tibial plateau OA (OR: 2.04, p = 0.044), post‐operative HKA (OR: 1.25, p = 0.031) and post‐operative MPTA (OR: 1.26, p = 0.04) were associated with an increased risk of failure.

Conclusion

MOWHTO yields satisfactory 10‐year survivorship in patients with medial compartment isolated knee OA and overload. Age, preoperative stage of OA, cartilage wear and post‐operative alignment are relevant patient‐related risk factors for reduced survivorship.

Level of Evidence

Level III, retrospective cohort study.
Melanin‐Inspired Maleimide Coatings on Various Substrates for Rapid Thiol Functionalization
Authors: Park Suho , Bisht Himani , Park Seongchul , Jeong Jaehoon , Hong Yubin , Chu Daeun , Koh Minseob , Hong Daewha
Published: February 2025

In this study, a substrate‐independent maleimide film is developed that can be formed under mild aqueous conditions (pH 7.4), and which allows rapid and efficient external thiol immobilization onto the coated surfaces. For the coating block, tyrosine‐conjugated maleimide (Tyr‐Mal) containing a phenolic amine moiety is prepared as a substrate‐independent dormant coating precursor, wherein the maleimide component permits a rapid Michael addition reaction with the thiol moiety of interest. By mimicking natural melanogenesis, Tyr‐Mal acts as a substrate for tyrosinase under physiological conditions (pH 7.4) to form a melanin‐inspired maleimide (Mel‐Mal) film on various substrates, including living cell surfaces. The resulting film undergoes a rapid surface reaction (< 30 min) with external thiol groups under mild aqueous conditions. Considering that a typical polydopamine film requires a long reaction time (≈3 h) under alkaline conditions (pH 8.5) to achieve thiol functionalization with low efficiency, the current surface platform demonstrates significant improvements in terms of its reaction kinetics and usability. Moreover, considering that thiol functionalization and surface coating are performed under mild aqueous conditions, it is expected that the developed Mel‐Mal film will be a useful tool in the fields of cell surface engineering, microarrays, and high‐throughput screening.
Corrosion Behavior of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy in High‐Temperature Deionized Water
Authors: Liu Yan , Huang Hualiang
Published: February 2025

Mg alloy corrosion is mainly related to water in ethylene glycol coolant. Meanwhile, engine works, the temperature of coolant reaches 80°C–110°C. Thus the corrosion behavior of AZ31B Mg alloy in high‐temperature deionized water was investigated using weight loss tests, optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the results revealed that its corrosion rate at 90°C was higher than that at 30°C due to the intense hydrogen evolution and its serious destruction to corrosion product film. At 90°C, with raising soaking period, its corrosion rate significantly decreased because of the generation of a more complete corrosion product film. High temperature could cause inner layer MgO to convert into Mg(OH)2, and corrosion products were composed of inner layer MgO and outer layer Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)3.
High Refractive Index Aromatic and Ether‐Containing Polythioureas: Improving Transparency and Mechanical Properties via Reciprocal Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Watanabe Seigo , Tsunekawa Yoshino , Oyaizu Kenichi
Published: February 2025

A series of aromatic‐aliphatic polythiourea copolymers bearing highly polarizable poly(4,4′‐phenylsulfide thiourea) and hydrogen bond (H‐bond) acceptor poly(ether thiourea) units are synthesized. The copolymers are highly refractive (nD = 1.78 at maximum) as a result of high sulfur content and lack of crystallinity and exhibit improved visible transparency (over 95%T in 1 µm thickness) compared to all‐aromatic polythioureas. Further, the copolymers display higher fracture strength upon introducing 20–25 mol% of the poly(ether thiourea) unit, despite the inherent flexibility of ether groups. A detailed spectroscopic investigation indicates that this unique toughening behavior is attributed to the reciprocal (well compatible) intermolecular H‐bonds intersected between aromatic and aliphatic thiourea moieties, as well as dynamic H‐bond slipping/swapping between ether units and thiourea counterparts during the stretching process. These findings provide a rational strategy for simultaneously satisfying superior optical and mechanical properties, broadly applicable to various H‐bond containing high refractive index polymers.
Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers with Controlled Terminal Structures by Direct Arylation Polycondensation and Correlation Between Terminal Structures and Emission Properties
Authors: Hu Ziwei , Yasuda Takeshi , Kanbara Takaki , Kuwabara Junpei
Published: February 2025

Conjugated polymers are promising semiconducting materials for applications in organic electronic devices such as organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Recent advances in direct arylation polycondensation have enabled the synthesis of defect‐free polymers in the main chain; however, terminal groups have not been fully investigated. This research focuses on the synthesis of polymers with controlled terminal groups and the evaluation of their effects on photophysical and OLED properties. Investigation of the monomer feed ratio and terminal treatment methods allows the synthesis of three polymers with different terminal groups. The terminal groups affect the photoluminescence quantum yield in the thin‐film state and the external quantum efficiency in OLEDs. These findings indicate that a small percentage of terminal groups in the polymer material has a significant impact on the device properties.
Single‐Layer Reflectarray Providing Broadband Linear‐to‐Circular Polarization Conversion
Authors: Gharbieh Samara , Loison Renaud , Jrad Akil , Harmouch Ali , García‐Vigueras María
Published: February 2025

This paper introduces a single‐layer reflectarray (RA) design capable of converting incoming linearly polarized waves into outgoing circularly polarized ones while focusing the beam. The design employs nonresonant unit cells, extending the classical concept of meander‐line polarizers. These new unit cells enable a 360° phase range while maintaining a 90° phase difference between the two orthogonal components of the reflected field. The RA, based on this concept, is designed, manufactured, and measured, achieving a 38.2% bandwidth with an axial ratio below 2 dB.
A Novel Neural Network Model and Two New Algorithms for Solving Multiobjective Linear Optimization Problems
Authors: Abkhizi Mahboobe , Ghaznavi Mehrdad , Noori Skandari Mohammad Hadi
Published: February 2025

In this article, the Pareto front of multiobjective linear optimization problems (MLOPs) is approximated via a new neural network (NN) model. Karush‐Kuhn‐Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions for multiobjective linear optimization problems are applied to construct this neural network model. Compared with the available models in the literature, the proposed approach employs the KKT optimality conditions of the main MLOP, not a scalarized problem related to the MLOP. The stability of the suggested NN model in the sense of Lyapunov, is proved. Also, it is shown that the proposed NN is globally convergent to an efficient solution of the main MLOP. Moreover, we present two algorithms to attain some nondominated points with equidistant distribution throughout the Pareto front of bi‐objective and three‐objective optimization problems. In the suggested algorithms we apply some filters to attain a uniform approximation of the Pareto front. Illustrative results are provided to clarify the validity and performance of the introduced model for different categories of MLOPs. Numerical results satisfy the presented theoretical aspects. In order to have a comparison with other methods, three indicators, including Hypervolume (HV), Spacing, and Even distribution (EV), are utilized. Finally, we apply the proposed idea for the sustainable development of a multinational company in automotive engineering.
Enhancing Electrical and Magnetic Properties in SLA 3D Printed Resin Composites With Nano MWCNT, TiN, and c‐BN Powders
Authors: Alshihabi Mamoun , Kayacan Mevlüt Yunus
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the potential applications of nanocomposites formed by integrating novel materials such as multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), titanium nitride (TiN), and cubic boron nitride (c‐BN) with UV resin. The objective is to explore their utilization in modern manufacturing technologies, emphasizing the development of multifunctional composites. This research addresses a critical gap where current composite materials often fail to meet the stringent performance demands for advanced electronic and magnetic applications, particularly at high frequencies. To ensure homogeneity, MWCNT, TiN, and c‐BN nano powders were thoroughly mixed with the resin. Subsequently, stereolithography (SLA) technology was used to manufacture WR‐284 electromagnetic samples from these mixtures. The results demonstrate that the 1% MWCNT sample enhances magnetic permeability (μ′) to values above 1.08 at higher frequencies and significantly reduces dielectric losses, with the imaginary part (μ″) reaching positive values up to 0.07. Similarly, the 1% c‐BN sample shows a high and stable increase in magnetic permeability, with μ′ values consistently above 1.05 and μ″ values reducing energy loss to 0.06. These findings highlight the balance between energy storage and dielectric losses across different modified samples, offering valuable insights into their potential applications. This study fills significant gaps in our understanding of material science and paves the way for innovative industrial applications, particularly in areas requiring efficient magnetic field propagation and minimal energy loss.
Rational construction of polyester/polydimethylsiloxane/boron nitride composite with enhanced thermal conductivity and mechanical properties
Authors: Chen Shaoyang , Yang Xudong , Cong Hongmin , Fang Ye , Wang Yang , Yan Chao
Published: February 2025

With the swift evolution of information technology, the heat dissipation of high‐power devices cannot be ignored, and the innovative polymer materials with high thermal conductivity have become the new center of relevant research. Herein, polyester/polydimethylsiloxane/boron nitride (PET/PDMS/BN) composites with excellent mechanical properties, flame retardant performance, and thermal conductivity were prepared by the method of multi‐layer coating. Firstly, boron nitride/polydimethylsiloxane (BN/PDMS) slurries were mechanically stirred and were coated on polyester (PET) fiber cloths, which later were fully immersed and wrapped up by slurries. Composites then became thick enough with multi‐layer PET fiber cloths overlapping each other. Fixated by the smooth and flat acrylic board, PET/PDMS/BN composites were obtained after curing at a certain temperature. Besides, drawbacks like sedimentation and agglomeration caused by the overwhelming quantity of fillers in traditional composites could be avoided through this process, which was beneficial for improving the thermal conductivity. The in‐plane thermal conductivity could be up to 1.99−1W/m·K−1 at 40 wt% filler content, and when the filler content was 60 wt%, the out‐of‐plane thermal conductivity could be 1.01 −1W/m·K−1, demonstrating an enhanced in‐plane orientation. Moreover, this work still succeeded in maintaining a robust structure with a high filler content, which enhanced the potential for industrial applications of composites.

Highlights

Raw materials are cheap, and the preparation procedure is simple and convenient.

PET/PDMS/BN excels in flexibility and mechanical properties.

The in‐plane thermal conductivity of PET/PDMS/BN is 1.99 Wm−1 K−1 (40 wt% BN).

PET/PDMS/BN adjusts well with various roughnesses surfaces in practical usages.

The synergy between thermal conductivity and flame retardancy is impressive.
Quality Control of Shenqi Tongmai Oral Liquid Based on Quantitative Analysis of Multicomponents by Single Marker, Molecular Docking, and Multivariate Statistics
Authors: Li Qian , Wang Li , Tan Liuping , Tao Xiaojing , Zhang Bei , Pei Jingnan , Li Qiuping
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Shenqi Tongmai oral liquid (SQTM) is famous for its remarkable effect in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the SQTM quality evaluation system has not been established.

Objective

The objective of this study is to establish a method for the determination of nine components of SQTM and to screen quality control indicators to comprehensively evaluate the quality of SQTM.

Methods

The fingerprints of SQTM were established, and the contents of nine components in 17 batches of SQTM were determined based on quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (QAMS). The antioxidant activity of samples was determined by the DPPH method and hydroxyl method, and the correlation between the content of nine components and antioxidant activity was analyzed by gray relational analysis (GRA), bivariate correlation analysis (BCA), and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The antioxidant activity of the monomers was confirmed through molecular docking techniques and in vitro experiments.

Results

There was no significant difference in the content between the QAMS method and the external standard method (p > 0.05). The findings from multivariate statistics, molecular docking, and in vitro validation indicated that rosmarinic acid, luteolin, and protocatechualdehyde exhibited significant antioxidant activities, which were important pharmacodynamic components that exerted antioxidant effects and could serve as quality markers (Q‐Markers).

Conclusion

The study elucidated the Q‐Markers of SQTM and provided a relatively comprehensive approach for the assay of SQTM, which is a promising advance in the quality control of SQTM.
Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS): A Turkish Adaptation Study
Authors: Koçak Aylin , Mouratidis Athanasios , Alp Christ Ayşenur , Michou Aikaterini , Sayıl Melike
Published: February 2025

This two‐wave study aimed to adapt the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) to the Turkish language and cultural context. At Time 1, participants included 1033 Turkish high school students (Mage = 15.91, SD = 0.36; 41.9% female) from 26 public schools located in Ankara, Türkiye. At Time 2, 849 students continued to participate in the study. A series of CFA provided support to the originally proposed six‐factor solution of the BPNSFS and its time invariance along a 6‐month period. The results also revealed that in addition to the six‐factor model, the Multi‐Trait, Multi‐Method (MTMM) model could also be used in future research. In addition, testing the reliability and validity of the scale, regression analyses showed that satisfaction of the three needs positively predicted life satisfaction and negatively predicted depressive feelings, while an opposite trend was observed for the need frustration. Our findings suggest that the Turkish version of the scale is reliable and carries similar psychometric features to the original version.
Double the Double: Revisiting BCL11B's Multimerization
Authors: Susemihl Anne , Geist Norman , Grabarczyk Piotr , Schmidt Christian A. , Delcea Mihaela , Schulig Lukas
Published: February 2025

The transcription factor B Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia 11B (BCL11B) exerts a bi‐directional function in cancer, with its role as an emerging therapeutic target in cancer treatment being particularly intriguing. BCL11B knockouts in cultured T cells revealed the acquisition of properties characteristic of natural killer cells, hinting at its importance in innate versus adaptive immune regulation. Our previous studies using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer‐assisted Fluorescence‐Activated Cell Sorting and Hybrid Solvent Replica‐Exchange Simulations indicated that BCL11B forms dimers, with this being a prerequisite for its activity. However, size exclusion chromatography and crosslinking experiments have challenged this view, suggesting that BCL11B forms tetramers instead. An atypical CCHC zinc finger motif within the N‐terminal region of the protein mediates multimerization and a novel 3D structure is presented based on extensive replica‐exchange simulations in strong agreement with experimental data. The physiological relevance of multimer formation of this zinc finger protein has been demonstrated previously. Therefore, understanding the nature of BCL11B's multimerization could potentially enhance our ability to target this protein effectively, hopefully paving the way for novel BCL11B‐targeted therapies.
Exploring Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Novel Drug Delivery System for Hesperetin (Anticancer Drug): Insights From DFT Calculations and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Ilyas Mubashar , Khan Maroof Ahmad , Kalsoom Shehwas , Abbas Muhammad , Perveen Mehvish , Iqbal Javed , Muhammad Shabbir , Li Hui
Published: February 2025

In the present work, density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to explore the interaction between Hesperetin (HST), an anticancer drug, and 2D graphitic carbon nitride (GRP) nanocarrier designed for targeted drug delivery. The B3LYP/B3LYP‐D3 functionals and the 6‐31G (d,p) basis set were used for DFT calculations in both gaseous and solvent environments. The outcomes reveal exothermic adsorption (adsorption energy = −0.18 eV) of HST on the GRP nanocarrier, suggesting increased stability for enhanced drug delivery in biological systems. Calculations of orbital energy and density of state (DOS) demonstrate a reduced HOMO–LUMO energy gap (3.15 eV) of GRP upon interaction with HST. In an aqueous medium, the HST@GRP complex exhibits a higher dipole moment (3.48 D) compared to the gas phase (1.60 D), facilitating effective drug transportation. Charge decomposition analysis (CDA) identifies an orbital overlap between HST and GRP, supported by natural bond orbitals showing evidence of charge transfer. Computational UV–visible spectra closely match with experimental data. The elucidation of the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism explains fluorescence quenching. In summary, these findings suggest the potential of GRP as an efficient nanocarrier for HST drug delivery, encouraging further exploration of 2D nanomaterials in drug transport systems.
Direct Tumour Seeding Following Medical Thoracoscopy in EGFR‐Mutated Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Iwasaki Kazuhiko , Okazaki Akihito , Matsuda Yasuhiko
Published: February 2025

This case demonstrates the risk of tumour seeding after medical thoracoscopy for EGFR‐mutated lung adenocarcinoma. Clinicians should balance the diagnostic benefits against potential complications, closely monitor intervention sites, and consider early local control strategies such as radiation therapy to effectively manage procedure‐related risks.
Containment Control for Non‐Linear Multi‐Agent Systems Under Distributed Event‐Triggering Intermittent Schemes
Authors: Ma Zhihan , Ding Dong , Tang Ze
Published: February 2025

This research investigates the global and exponential leader‐following consensus issue in multi‐agent systems (MASs) that possess nonlinear dynamics, state time‐varying delay, and communication time‐varying delay. It focuses on the consensus scenarios with a single leader and multiple leaders, respectively. An effective distributed intermittent control strategy based on tracking error at control instant is proposed in order to realize the consensus. A novel approach is developed to automatically design the intermittent control sequences by utilizing an event‐triggered mechanism (ETM) with a predetermined detection period. Sufficient criteria are obtained through the utilization of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, general inequalities based on free matrices, the extended Halanay inequality, as well as mathematical induction. Ultimately, two numerical simulations are exploited to prove the effectiveness and validity of the main findings.
Adaptive Tracking Control of Switched Stochastic Non‐Linear Systems With Full State Constraints: A MDADT Switching Method
Authors: Kong Meng‐Ru , Wang Yan‐Wu , Zeng Ze‐Hong , Liu Xiao‐Kang
Published: February 2025

This article proposes an adaptive tracking control scheme for a class of switched stochastic non‐linear systems subject to full state constraints (FSCs). A unified framework is established by integrating the adaptive backstepping technique with barrier Lyapunov functions (BLFs) to address the time‐varying full state constraints (TFSCs). Accordingly, utilizing the theorem of stochastic non‐linear systems, a new adaptive state feedback control scheme is developed for a class of switching signals with the mode‐dependent average dwell time (MDADT) property. The proposed adaptive controller is mode‐dependent while the adaptive laws are mode‐independent so as to facilitate an easy deployment of the controller. It is rigorously proven that all signals in the closed‐loop system are bounded in probability, the tracking error converges to a bounded compact set, and the TFSCs are not violated. Finally, simulation examples are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the controller.
Proportional Mean Residual Life Model With Varying Coefficients for Right Censored Data
Authors: Wang Bing , Song Xinyuan , Zhao Qian
Published: February 2025

The mean residual life provides the remaining life expectancy of a subject who has survived to a specific time point. This paper considers a proportional mean residual life model with varying coefficients, which allows one to explore the nonlinear interactions between some covariates and an exposure variable. In a semiparametric setting, we construct local estimating equations to obtain the varying coefficients and establish the asymptotic normality of the proposed estimators. Moreover, the weak convergence property for the local estimator of the baseline mean residual life function is developed. We conduct simulation studies to empirically examine the finite‐sample performance of the proposed methods and apply the methodology to a real‐life dataset on type 2 diabetic complications.
Jointly Modeling Time‐To‐Event and Longitudinal Data With Individual‐Specific Change Points: A Case Study in Modeling Tumor Burden
Authors: Alt Ethan M. , Qu Yixiang , Damone Emily Meghan , Liu Jing‐ou , Wang Chenguang , Ibrahim Joseph G.
Published: February 2025

In oncology clinical trials, tumor burden (TB) stands as a crucial longitudinal biomarker, reflecting the toll a tumor takes on a patient's prognosis. With certain treatments, the disease's natural progression shows the tumor burden initially receding before rising once more. Biologically, the point of change may be different between individuals and must have occurred between the baseline measurement and progression time of the patient, implying a random effects model obeying a bound constraint. However, in practice, patients may drop out of the study due to progression or death, presenting a non‐ignorable missing data problem. In this paper, we introduce a novel joint model that combines time‐to‐event data and longitudinal data, where the latter is parameterized by a random change point augmented by random pre‐slope and post‐slope dynamics. Importantly, the model is equipped to incorporate covariates across the longitudinal and survival models, adding significant flexibility. Adopting a Bayesian approach, we propose an efficient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithm for parameter inference. We demonstrate the superiority of our approach compared to a longitudinal‐only model via simulations and apply our method to a data set in oncology. The code for implementation is publicly available on https://github.com/quyixiang/chgptModel.
PVP Aided Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Porous CoMn2O4 for Catalytic Soot Oxidation
Authors: Vikram A. L. , Nithya R. , Nethaji S. , Dasari Harshini
Published: February 2025

The present study investigates the catalytic properties of spinel CoMn2O4 in soot oxidation when synthesized using the sol‐gel combustion method. The catalytic activity of the catalysts for soot combustion was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis. The phase formation of CoMn2O4 was confirmed using XRD analysis. A highly porous and flaky structure was observed using SEM analysis. BET validated the increased surface area. The results demonstrated that CoMn2O4 exhibited excellent catalytic activity for soot oxidation, with T50% at 440 °C. The cause of the high catalytic activity was linked to the synergistic interaction of Co and Mn ions, which facilitated the generation of oxygen vacancies and improved the adsorption of oxygen species on the catalyst's surface. The study shows that CoMn2O4 has the potential to be an effective catalyst for oxidizing soot in diesel engine exhaust.
Interface Engineering with BPhen:Cs2CO3 for High‐Performance and Stable Inverted Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Park Sujung , Wibowo Febrian Tri Adhi , Kim Dohui , Roe Jina , Lee Jin Hee , Seo Jung Hwa , Kim Jin Young , Jang Sung‐Yeon , Cho Shinuk
Published: February 2025

The widely used ZnO electron transport layer in inverted nonfullerene organic solar cells (nf‐OSCs) offers advantages such as excellent electron mobility and optical transparency. However, challenges arise from surface defects in solution‐processed ZnO, where oxygen‐containing defects can penetrate the photoactive layer, leading to photocatalytic reactions with nonfullerene acceptors under UV light, thereby compromising device stability. Another challenge is that most recent high‐efficiency nf‐OSCs employ conventional structures, while inverted structures exhibit comparatively lower performance. To develop stable and high‐performance inverted nf‐OSCs, interface modification is essential to mitigate photocatalytic issues and enhance the relatively lower power conversion efficiency (PCE). To overcome these limitations, we introduce bathophenanthroline (BPhen) doped with Cs2CO3. The BPhen:Cs2CO3 layer creates suitable energy levels, enhancing electron transport and reducing charge recombination. This approach significantly improves current density and fill factor, resulting in a notable enhancement in the PCE of pristine ZnO devices from 15.54% to 17.09% in PM6:Y6 inverted nf‐OSCs. Furthermore, ZnO/BPhen:Cs2CO3 devices exhibit excellent stability, retaining ~83% of their initial efficiency even after 1000 h without encapsulation, showcasing superior stability compared to pristine ZnO‐based devices.
Precipitation and Assembling Behavior of Alloying Elements of Piercing‐Plug Steel under High‐Temperature C2H5OH–H2O Atmosphere
Authors: Lu Lei , Zhang Junqi , Tian Qingchao
Published: February 2025

A tungsten (W) and cobalt (Co) bearing high‐alloy piercing‐plug steel is designed to improve the service life by employing a two‐stage oxidation–reduction surface treatment process under a C2H5OH–H2O atmosphere. Morphology, chemical composition, and phase constituents of the oxide scale are studied by using scanning electron spectroscope, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction, while the microstructure and hardness distribution of decarbonizing layer are studied with optical microscope and microhardness tester. It is shown that the W alloying element can precipitate at 1020 ºC as WC, WSi2, and W5Si3 to strengthen the steel, and the precipitations aggregate and assemble into a cluster in the inner oxide scale as the steel matrix lattice is destroyed by oxidation of ferrum (Fe) atoms. It is found that Me3O4 and FeO phases are present together with Ni and WSi2 with certain orientation relationship in the inner oxide scale, and both Co and nickel (Ni) exist as elementary substances in the oxide scale and show a cooperative precipitation behavior. It is noted that Co distribution in the outer oxide layer and W clustering with a hardness of 966.7 HV in the inner layer are the main factors for the improved service life of this steel piercing plug.
Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes between traumatic and nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea
Authors: Tang Ru , Zhang Shi‐Yao , Zhou Jia‐Yao , Gu Yue‐Long , Mao Song , Zhang Wei‐Tian
Published: February 2025

Objective

The aim of this study is to compare the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of patients with traumatic and nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea.

Methods

CSF rhinorrhea patients admitted between January 2007 and December 2022 were recruited and categorized into traumatic and nontraumatic groups. The clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of the two groups were compared.

Results

A total of 94 patients with traumatic and 49 patients with nontraumatic CSF rhinorrhea were included. The prevalence of meningitis was significantly higher in traumatic CSF rhinorrhea patients (p = 0.012). Multifocal defects were more frequent in the traumatic group, while sphenoidal defects were significantly correlated with nontraumatic CSF rhinorrhea. Frontal defects were commonly identified in CSF rhinorrhea patients with meningitis than in those without, though no statistical significance was reported. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that male sex, iatrogenic traumatic CSF leak, and pneumonitis are independent factors for development of meningitis. An endoscopic approach combined with an external incision was performed in one patient and 24 patients in nontraumatic and traumatic groups, respectively (p = 0.001). Combined vascularized grafts were more commonly used in patients with traumatic CSF rhinorrhea (p < 0.05). No statistical difference in the success rate (100% vs. 97.9%) was documented between the two groups.

Conclusions

Multifocal defects and meningitis were more prevalent in traumatic CSF rhinorrhea patients, leading to increased complexity in treatment management. Iatrogenic rather than accidental traumatic CSF rhinorrhea is an independent risk factor for development of meningitis. The endoscopic combined coronal extradural approach, in conjunction with various vascularized flaps, can effectively supplement skull base reconstruction, especially for complex traumatic CSF rhinorrhea.
Automatizing the search for mass resonances using BumpNet
Authors: Arguin Jean-François , Azuelos Georges , Baril Émile , Bessudo Ilan , Bilodeau Fannie , Borysova Maryna , Bressler Shikma , Calvet Samuel , Donini Julien , Dreyer Etienne , Chu Michael Kwok Lam , Mayer Eva , Meszaros Ethan , Kakati Nilotpal , Dias Bruna Pascual , Potdevin Joséphine , Shkuri Amit , Sprejer Eitan , Usman Muhammad
Published: February 2025

Abstract

The search for resonant mass bumps in invariant-mass distributions remains a cornerstone strategy for uncovering Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) physics at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Traditional methods often rely on predefined functional forms and exhaustive computational and human resources, limiting the scope of tested final states and selections. This work presents BumpNet, a machine learning-based approach leveraging advanced neural network architectures to generalize and enhance the Data-Directed Paradigm (DDP) for resonance searches. Trained on a diverse dataset of smoothly-falling analytical functions and realistic simulated data, BumpNet efficiently predicts statistical significance distributions across varying histogram configurations, including those derived from LHC-like conditions. The network’s performance is validated against idealized likelihood ratio-based tests, showing minimal bias and strong sensitivity in detecting mass bumps across a range of scenarios. Additionally, BumpNet’s application to realistic BSM scenarios highlights its capability to identify subtle signals while managing the look-elsewhere effect. These results underscore BumpNet’s potential to expand the reach of resonance searches, paving the way for more comprehensive explorations of LHC data in future analyses.
Scalar dark matter multiplet of global O(N) symmetry
Authors: Kim U-Rae , Lee Jungil , Nam Soo-hyeon
Published: February 2025

Abstract

We study two types of models involving a scalar dark matter multiplet of global O(N) symmetry. These models are distinguished by the absence (Type I) or presence (Type II) of a scalar mediator with Z
2 symmetry. We derive the allowed regions for the dark matter mass and new scalar couplings based on constraints from Higgs invisible decay, the relic abundance of dark matter, and the spin-independent dark matter-nucleon scattering cross section. Within the allowed parameter space, we also discuss the vacuum stability of the Higgs potential and the perturbativity of the scalar couplings in both models. We find that the Type I model cannot achieve stable electroweak vacuum, whereas the Type II model can have both a stable vacuum and perturbative couplings up to the Planck scale.
Screen time and manic symptoms in early adolescents: prospective findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study
Authors: Nagata Jason M. , Zamora Gabriel , Al-Shoaibi Abubakr A.A. , Lavender Jason M. , Ganson Kyle T. , Testa Alexander , He Jinbo , Baker Fiona C.
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This study aimed to examine prospective associations between screen time and manic symptoms in early adolescents, and the extent to which problematic screen use (characterized by addiction, conflict, relapse, and withdrawal) mediates the association.

Methods

We analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 9,243; ages 10–11 years in Year 1 in 2017–2019; 48.8% female; 44.0% racial/ethnic minority). Participants reported daily time spent on six different screen subtypes. Linear regression analyses were used to determine associations between typical daily screen time (Year 1; total and subtypes) and manic symptoms (Year 3, 7 Up Mania scale), adjusting for potential confounders. Sleep duration, problematic social media use, and problematic video game use (Year 2) were tested as potential mediators.

Results

Adjusting for covariates, overall typical daily screen time in Year 1 was prospectively associated with higher manic symptoms in Year 3 (B = 0.05, 95% CI 0.03, 0.07, p < 0.001), as were four subtypes: social media (B = 0.20, 95% CI 0.09, 0.32, p = 0.001), texting (B = 0.18, 95%CI 0.08, 0.28, p < 0.001), videos (B = 0.14, 95% CI 0.08, 0.19, p < 0.001), and video games (B = 0.09, 95% CI 0.04, 0.14, p = 0.001). Problematic social media use, video game use, and sleep duration in Year 2 were found to be significant partial mediators (47.7%, 58.0%, and 9.0% mediation, respectively).

Conclusion

Results indicate significant prospective relationships between screen time and manic symptoms in early adolescence and highlight problematic screen use, video game use, and sleep duration as potential mediators. Problematic screen use may be a target for mental health prevention and early intervention efforts among adolescents.
Fatty infiltration of periarticular muscles in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Authors: Otaka Keiji , Osawa Yusuke , Takegami Yasuhiko , Iida Hiroki , Funahashi Hiroto , Imagama Shiro
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Muscle mass and fatty infiltration can be assessed on computed tomography (CT) images using the cross-sectional area (CSA) and computed tomography attenuation value (CTV). Femoral head collapse in osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) may affect both values. We investigated factors influencing the CSA and CTV of the periarticular muscles in patients with ONFH.

Methods

Overall, 101 patients with ONFH with unilateral hip pain (stage 2, 24 patients; stage 3 A, 49 patients; and stage 3B, 28 patients) were included. The CSA and mean CTV of the bilateral gluteus maximus (Gmax), gluteus medius (Gmed), gluteus minimus (Gmin), and iliopsoas (IP) muscles were measured using CT cross-sections. Bilateral comparisons and associations with Japanese Investigation Committee (JIC) stage were analysed. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate factors associated with the CSA and CTV.

Results

On the symptomatic side, the CSA was significantly lower for the Gmax, Gmed, and IP, whereas the CTV was significantly lower for all tested muscles (all p < 0.01). The CTV, but not the CSA, of the Gmax, Gmed, and Gmin was significantly associated with the JIC stage severity bilaterally (all p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed significant associations of the CTV with age, sex, and JIC stage (all p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Symptomatic ONFH leads to decreased muscle mass and increased fatty infiltration. Femoral head collapse progression is associated with a decrease in the CTV. Periarticular muscle assessment, including on the contralateral side, is important in patients with ONFH, particularly in older women.
Bacterial infection influences courtship behavior and mate choice in a wolf spider
Authors: Bauer-Nilsen Olivia , O’Toole Frank , Uetz George W.
Published: February 2025

Infection and parasitism are serious risks that can influence male behavior and subsequently influence female mate choice. This paper summarizes recent experiments investigating the relationship between infection stress, male courtship, female choice and avoidance of infected mating partners. We studied the Brush-legged Wolf Spider, Schizocosa ocreata, whose mating behavior, consisting of complex male courtship and female mate choice, highlights complex evolutionary conflict between the sexes at adulthood. Male and female S. ocreata were experimentally infected with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and placed together in triad mating trials. Previous studies with S. ocreata show this pathogen to be sexually transmissible during copulation, suggesting that the ability to detect active infection in potential mates and to avoid mating with them would be advantageous. In trials, one female—either infected or not (control) - was paired with two males—one infected and one control (uninfected). Results showed that control (uninfected) females chose to mate significantly more often with control (uninfected) males than infected males. Infected females, on the other hand, chose infected and control males with equal frequency, suggesting a potential cost of being infected for females—reduced infection avoidance. Male courtship display rates (“bounces”) were higher overall in the group of control (uninfected) males. Furthermore, control males presented with an infected focal female displayed significantly reduced rates of courtship when compared to a control (uninfected) focal female, suggesting male preference is absent in infected males. These results confirm that infection stress has observable impacts on mating success and behavior, but also suggest that the costs of infection may be more subtle than expected and present themselves in ways that are not as dramatic as might be predicted.
The Month-to-Year Precursory and Synchronous Inherent Connections between Global Oceanic Modes and Extreme Precipitation over China
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Zhang Yu , He Bian , Liu Yimin , Wu Guoxiong , Xu Jianjun , Bao Qing , Hu Wenting , Mao Jiangyu
Published: February 2025

The multiscale variability in summer extreme persistent precipitation (SEPP) in China from 1961 to 2020 was investigated via three extreme precipitation indices: consecutive wet days, total precipitation amount, and daily precipitation intensity. The relationships between precursory and concurrent global oceanic modes and SEPP were identified via a generalized linear model (GLM). The influence of oceanic modes on SEPP was finally investigated via numerical simulations. The results revealed that the climatological SEPP (⩾14 days) mainly appears across the Tibetan Plateau, Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, and South China coast. The first EOF mode for all three indices showed strong signals over the Yangtze River. Further analysis via the GLM suggested that the positive phases of the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) in autumn, ENSO in winter, the Indian Ocean Basin (IOB) in spring, and the western North Pacific (WNP) in summer emerged as the most effective precursory factors of SEPP, which could serve as preceding signals for future predictions, contributing 30.2%, 36.4%, 38.0%, and 55.6%, respectively, to the GLM. Sensitivity experiments revealed that SST forcing in all four seasons contributes to SEPP over China, whereas the winter and summer SST warming over the Pacific and Indian Ocean (IO) contributes the most. Diagnosis of the hydrological cycle suggested that water vapor advection predominantly originates from the western Pacific and IO in summer, driven by the strengthened subtropical high and Asian summer monsoon (ASM). The enhanced vertical water vapor transport is attributed to stronger upward motion across all four seasons. These findings are helpful for better understanding SEPP variabilities and their prediction under SST warming.
miRNome analysis reveals mir-155-5p as a protective factor to dengue infection in a resistant Thai cohort
Authors: Casadémont Isabelle , Ayala-Suárez Rubén , Modhiran Naphak , Tawfik Ahmed , Prot Matthieu , Paul Richard , Simon-Lorière Etienne , Díez-Fuertes Francisco , Ubol Sukathida , Alcamí José , Sakuntabhai Anavaj
Published: February 2025

Dengue virus (DENV) is a global health threat, with approximately 390 million infections annually, ranging from mild dengue fever to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. MicroRNA (miRNA) are crucial post-transcriptional regulators which may regulate host resistance to DENV infection. This study aimed to identify miRNAs involved in natural resistance to DENV infection. Individuals from a dengue-endemic area were classified as susceptible (SD) or resistant (RD) according to their anti-DENV antibody status. RD individuals were seronegative despite high local DENV infection prevalence. Monocytes susceptibility to DENV infection was assessed in vitro. The miRNome profiles of the monocytes from 7 individuals per group were assessed upon mock or DENV-2 infection. The antiviral effect of differentially expressed miRNAs was analyzed using miRNA mimics in HeLa cells followed by infection with DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 serotypes. We performed RNA-seq on miRNA mimic-transfected cells to identify miRNA-targeted genes interacting with DENV proteins. Monocytes from RD individuals exhibit lower DENV-2 production in vitro. The miRNAs miR-155, miR-132-3p, miR-576-5p were overexpressed in monocytes from RD group upon DENV-2 infection. The transfection of miR-155-5p mimic reduced DENV infection and viral production in HeLa cells, regulating 18 genes interacting with DENV proteins and downregulating target genes involved in interferon response, TP53 regulation, apoptosis, and vesicle trafficking (e.g. HSD17B12, ANXA2). Therefore, we show that monocytes from RD individuals show a distinct miRNA expression profile and reduced viral production. In vitro miR-155-5p upregulation induces an antiviral state, revealing potential therapeutic targets to treat dengue.
Structural basis for broad-spectrum binding of AT-9010 to flaviviral methyltransferases
Authors: Krejcova Katerina , Boura Evzen
Published: February 2025

AT-9010 (2'-methyl-2'-fluoro guanosine triphosphate) is a GTP analog whose prodrug, AT-752 is under consideration in human medicine as a potential antiviral drug against certain flaviviruses. It was previously believed to inhibit viral replication by acting primarily as a chain terminator. However, it was discovered recently that it also binds the GTP binding site of the methyltransferase (MTase) domain of the orthoflavivirus polymerase, thus interfering with RNA capping. Here, we investigated the binding of AT-9010 to Ntaya and Zika virus MTases. Structural analysis using X-ray crystallography revealed similar interactions between the base and sugar moieties of AT-9010 and key residues in both MTases, although differences in hydrogen bonding were observed. Our analysis also suggested that the triphosphate part of AT-9010 is flexible. Despite minor variations, the overall binding mode of AT-9010 was found to be the same for all of the flaviviral MTases examined, suggesting a structural basis for the efficacy of AT-9010 against multiple orthoflavivirus MTases.