bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Love and Power
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

Michael Perry, a leading constitutional theorist, here continues his inquiry into the role of morality in American public life that began with his critically acclaimed Morality, Politics, and Law. In this sequel, he addresses the proper relation of moral convictions to the politics of a morally pluralistic society, focusing on religious morality. Perry devises a theory of `ecumenical politics’ in which moral values can be brought to bear in a productive way on political deliberation. `There is no question in my mind that it will have a large, diverse, and eager audience.’ Milner S. Ball, University of Georgia Law School.
Introduction
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

This book is about the proper relation of morality to politics in a morally pluralistic society like the United States. More precisely, it is about the proper relation of a person’s moral beliefs to her political choices and, especially, to her public deliberation about and her public justification of political choices. I am principally concerned here with religious morality-with moral beliefs religious in character-because the problem of the proper relation of religious morality to politics poses the issues I want to address about morality and politics in their most controversial and difficult form. The constructive part of my argument (as distinct from the critical part), therefore, is directed mainly at religious-moral beliefs. However, much of what I have to say about the proper relation of religious morality to politics is meant to apply not just to religious morality but to morality generally, including secular morality.
Politics and the Question of the “Truly, Fully” Human
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of the preceding chapter I asked whether disputed beliefs about human good should play any role in public deliberations about, or public justifications of, contested political choices. Arguments like those developed by Bruce Ackerman and Thomas Nagel are largely to the effect that disputed beliefs about human good should play no or at most a marginal role in political justification. The basic problem with that position, as I indicated in my comments on Ackerman’s and Nagel’s arguments, is that a politics-a practice of political justification-from which disputed beliefs about human good are excluded (because, as in Ackerman’s argument, they are not shared or because, as in Nagel’s, they fail certain epistemological criteria) is impossibly restrictive: Such a politics is bereft of the normative resources required for addressing, much less resolving, the most fundamental political-moral issues that engage and divide us. Only a politics in which beliefs about human good, including disputed beliefs, have a central place is capable of addressing our most basic political questions. In this chapter I illustrate the point, which is important and merits separate treatment. Specifically, I argue that a politics from which disputed beliefs about human good are excluded cannot address a political-moral question that, at the close of the twentieth century, is indisputably and appropriately at the very heart of domestic and international politics: Are there human rights and, if so, what are they?
Ecumenical Politics
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1, when criticizing Ackerman’s and Nagel’s respective positions, I explained that a practice of political justification that tolerates only neutral or impartial arguments is not itself neutral or impartial. More troubling, however, is the fact that, as I explained in chapter 1 and illustrated in chapter 2, a practice of political justification, like Ackerman’s and Nagel’s practices, that excludes or marginalizes disputed beliefs about human good is bereft of the normative resources required for addressing, in more than a superficial way, much less resolving, the most fundamental politicalmoral questions that engage and divide us, like questions about human rights. An ideal of politics (political justification) that, like Ackerman’s or Nagel’s ideal, requires us to stand mute before such profound and profoundly difficult questions could scarcely be less adequate to the reality of political conflict and crisis in the modern world. The ideal of politics I begin elaborating and defending in this chapter is one in which beliefs about human good, including disputed beliefs, are central. I call this ideal “ecumenical” politics. In ecumenical politics beliefs about human good play a basic role in public deliberations about, and public justifications of, contested political choices.
Introduction
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J
Published: November 2023

We begin this chapter with an extended example based on the linear expenditure system (LES). We use the LES to introduce the four aspects of demand system specification that we discuss in detail in the next four chapters: functional form specification (Chapter 2), the role of demographic variables (Chapter 3), dynamic structure (Chapter 4), and stochastic structure (Chapter 5). In Chapters 6 and 7 we present estimates based on these specifications using household budget data and per capita time series data.
Functional Form Specification
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J
Published: November 2023

Functional form specification is a central aspect of empirical demand analysis. Our primary objective in this chapter is to elucidate the relationships among particular parametric forms by showing that particular functional forms can be viewed as members of families or classes of functional forms. Our secondary objective is to demonstrate how particular forms can be constructed from a set of basic building blocks.
Demographic Specification
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J
Published: November 2023

Demographic variables such as family size and age composition are major determinants of household consumption patterns. In this chapter we describe five general procedures for incorporating demographic variables into theoretically plausible demand systems. The procedures are general in the sense that they do not assume that the original demand system has a particular functional form, but can be used in conjunction with any complete demand system. In Chapter 6 we use these procedures to incorporate a single demographic variable, the number of children in the family, into a “generalized CES” demand system and two demo graphic variables, the number and age of children, into the QES and GTL.
Per Capita Time-Series Data
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we use aggregate time-series data to study several issues in demand system estimation. In Section 1 we investigate alternative demand system specifications and alternative estimation procedures. In Section 2 we examine the effects of pooling data from different countries for demand system estimation.

Section 1 begins by examining alternative specifications of functional form, of dynamic structure, and of stochastic structure. The functional forms we consider are those estimated using household budget data in Chapter 6, Section 2-the LES, QES, BTL, and GTL. The dynamic structures we consider are “dynamic translating” and “dynamic scaling.” Both are general procedures in that they do not require the demand system to have a particular functional form, but can be used in conjunction with any complete demand system.
Spain
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Spain is one of Europe’s largest countries, but its many problems during this century have kept it out of the mainstream of European politics and economics. The democratic governments that followed the Franco dictatorship inherited an unusually varied broadcast structure. After a phase of centralizing government control, Spanish television, even without cable distribution, is beginning to open up and join the evolution in the rest of Europe.
Turkey
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Despite several attempts to reduce the government’s influence, the development of Turkish broadcasting has often been strictly controlled by a series of autocratic regimes. As a result, the Turkish broadcast institution has periodically functioned with a general at its head, and broadcast policy has been characterized by restrictiveness and censorship, with slow opening arriving only recently.
The Village of the l920s
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

Russia’s population-about 140 million on the eve of the First World War-was still four-fifths rural and predominantly peasant at the time of the Bolsheviks’ October 1917 revolution. In European Russia, just under half of the rural population was literate, but this masked a broad divergence between the almost universal literacy of young males and the much lower literacy of women and older men. The oldest peasants still had memories of serfdom, which was abolished only in 1861, and vestiges of this institution affected many aspects of the peasants’ lives up to the early twentieth century.1 The old serf categories were still often used in official documents to identify a peasant’s social position. The 1897 population census required respondents who were of the peasant estate to list their pre-1861 serf category: “manorial peasant,” “state peasant,” “monastery peasant,” and so on. Many peasants claimed in 1897 that they were unable to remember this status, according to a census taker.
On the Margins
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

While kolkhozniks whose primary occupation was agriculture occupied the central place in the village, they were not its only inhabitants. In the first place, there were the independent peasants who remained outside the kolkhoz (edinolichniki). Independents were a short-lived phenomenon, historically speaking. But as long as they existed, they constituted an alternative peasant “estate” with different rights and obligations from kolkhozniks. This provided kolkhozniks with a basis of comparison for assessing their own situation, and also offered a spectrum of possibilities for manipulation and evasion of kolkhoz rules, especially in cases where the same household contained both kolkhozniks and independents. The great distinguishing characteristic of independents was that, unlike kolkhozniks, they were allowed to own a horse. In the second place, there were kolkhozniks who were not primarily employed in agriculture but worked at various crafts. In general, the economic structure of the kolkhoz was not encouraging to craftsmen, and many traditional village crafts withered in the 1930s. The village miller had usually been deported as a kulak; the village blacksmith had often left to work in the town. The smiths that remained had an anomalous and often prickly relationship with the kolkhoz.
The Mice and the Cat
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

The “mice” of the chapter title are Russian peasants, whose subaltern strategies in the 1930s are the subject of this book. The “cat” is the predator-boss, the other side of the equation of dominance and subordination. The symbolism of the cat and the mice was used in Russian woodcuts of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, where the cat was traditionally identified with Peter the Great. In our story, the cat is often Stalin, the national personification of vlast’ (power). But there were also many lesser cats. For the peasants, the most important of these were the “little Stalins” of the raion who personified vlast’ at the local level. This chapter deals with two aspects of the relationship of mice and the cat, both associated with representation. The subject of the first section is rumors, especially those concerned with power and politics. Rumor is as much a medium for the expression of popular opinion as for the dissemination of information. In the rumors that circulated in the countryside in the 1930s, Russian peasants tried to interpret national and even international events and, like Kremlinologists, carefully analyzed the pronouncements of the rulers to discern their real meaning and the motives behind them. Need-less to say, this Kremlinological approach implied a profound skepticism on the part of the peasants about the truth of anything “they” (the bosses, the party propagandists, the newspapers) said.
Legislative Delegation, Pragmatic Formalism, and the Values of Democracy
Authors: Redish Martin H
Published: November 2023

One of the key constitutional strategies of the New Deal—along with abandonment of both substantive due process1 and the concept of constitutionally reserved state power—was a dramatic relaxation of the so-called nondelegation doctrine. Under that doctrine, the Supreme Court had invalidated congressional delegations of its legislative power to other branches of the federal government. Such a relaxation was dictated by the social goals and political philosophy of the New Deal, which focused on the need for efficiency and expertise in the administration of governmental programs and which therefore called for substantial administrative discretion in substantive policymaking. The post-New Deal Supreme Court for the most part complied by substantially relaxing the constitutional limits on legislative delegation.
Conclusion: Liberalism, Constitutional Theory, and Political Structure
Authors: Redish Martin H
Published: November 2023

One reading the preceding chapters might conclude, not unreasonably, that their author adopts a general approach to constitutional interpretation consistent with the views of scholars of the political right. Those chapters, have, after all, argued that the Supreme Court should enforce constitutional limitations on federal power in order to preserve the values of federalism; abandon the limitations imposed by the dormant Commerce Clause on state power to regulate interstate commerce; enforce the constitutional separation of powers in at least a partially formalistic manner; and reinvigorate the limits of the nondelegation doctrine. For the most part, these are positions that are traditionally associated with politically conservative scholars and jurists.
The Power of Speech: Dialogue as History in the Russian Primary Chronicle
Authors: May Rachel
Published: November 2023

For the modern reader, medieval histories have an endearingly theatrical quality because they tend to emphasize direct speech and dialogue in place of reported action. Nowhere is this tendency more apparent than in the Russian Primary Chronicle (Povest’ vremennykh let), which covers political and social events of Kievan Rus’ from the ninth to early twelfth centuries. It is a striking feature of this work that the narrator almost never speaks for the characters. The episodes, written by a largely unnamed succession of monks, are peppered with quotations in the first person and present tense, which lend a dramatic cadence to the entire work.
“The Bard I Quote From”: Byron, Bakhtin, and the Appropriation of Voices
Authors: Macovski Michael
Published: November 2023

It is not surprising, then, that Hazlitt would type Don Juan as the “satire of a lord,” a privileged lampoon founded upon “some circumstance of external situation” (172). What is more striking, however, is that Hazlitt modulates this sociopolitical critique into a sweeping indictment of Byron’s style. Whereas Scott “shows us the crowd of living men and women, the endless groups,” Byron “holds no communion with his kind” and “casts his descriptions constantly in the mold of his own individual impressions.”
Marxism, Romanticism, and Postmodernism: An American Case History
Authors: Mack Anne , Rome Jay
Published: November 2023

To the degree that Marxist thought has (historically) also invested itself in a philosophy of historical determinism, its studies of cultural work have tended to be coherently, sometimes even rigidly, organized. Marxist thought has always been closely tied to teleologal, holist, and organic conceptions-a feature of Marxism that has proved extremely significant so far as the American appropriation of Marxist criticism is concerned. Its holism marries nicely with some essential commonplaces of mid- and late-twentieth-century American critical theory, most obviously with the synthetic emphases of the New Criticism and its various structuralist inheritors.
Marketing Management and the Behavioral Sciences
Authors: O’shaughnessy John
Published: November 2023

No serious student of marketing ignores the behavioural sciences. Everything that is done in marketing must take account of human behaviour: whether we seek to influence buyers, environmentalists, consumer groups, the government, competitors, or any other group whose decisions have an impact on market success or failure, we naturally turn for guidance to the behavioural sciences for sensitizing concepts, methods of inquiry, and relevant findings. Yet in turning to the behavioural sciences we encounter problems in evaluating claims when different scientists have different orientations giving rise to different conceptualizations of behaviour, different methods of inquiry, and different possible weaknesses in findings.
Teleological Explanation: Function Ascription
Authors: O’shaughnessy John
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the functional explanation, a mode of explanation that is common in sociology and anthropology. This is not surprising since the functional explanation fits the holistic methodology. The chapter first defines the term “function,” distinguishing it from words like “role” and “purpose” while showing its general indispensability in marketing. Next the functional explanation itself is defined and its grounding in the concept of system is discussed. Functional analysis, as a way of identifying functions, is then examined in general and specifically in cognitive psychology. Finally, after reviewing applications of functionalism (functional analysis and functional explanation) to marketing, we review the criticism of this approach.
Explanatory Systems of Sociology
Authors: O’shaughnessy John
Published: November 2023

We come now to the explanatory modes in the various systems of sociology. Sociology is the study of society and societal relations. August Comte (1798-1857), in advocating a scientific study of society, was the first to use the term sociology. But there are many aspects of society that can be studied. Hence, not surprisingly, the focus of sociology has varied depending on the sociologist and the particular period in history. For Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) the focus was social cohesion. For Max Weber (1864-1920) it was types of social action; for example, the legal system represented rational action and religion no rational. After World War II, the writings of Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) dominated sociology-so much so that, as Alexander (1987) shows, subsequent sociologists defined themselves visa-a-visa the Parson Ian position.
Emotion: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: O’shaughnessy John
Published: November 2023

Chapters 7 and 8 reviewed psychology and sociology, showing how their explanatory modes fit the four categories of explanation discussed in Chapters 2 to 5. What was missing in these two chapters was any discussion of emotion and its relationship to buying. Yet, as Elster (1989a) says, emotions are the “stuff of life”-so much so that an affectively neutral experience (if we can even envisage such an experience) would be wooden and pointless. Buying is certainly not an affectively neutral experience but can at times be highly emotional. Because this is so, the distorting effects of emotion are commonly cited to explain deviations from what rational choice theory would predict. But this is to underestimate the influence and pervasiveness of emotion. This chapter draws together the fragments of theory drawn from the systems of psychology, sociology, and philosophy to seek a coherent overview.
Understanding Consumer Actions Using Social Science Sensitizing Concepts
Authors: O’shaughnessy John
Published: November 2023

In discussing the explanatory systems of psychology and sociology in Chapters 7 and 8, the focus was on how these systems go about investigating and explaining human behavior. In these and previous chapters explanations and findings useful in marketing were also presented. But to date the record here is more one of promise than of substantive achievement, though the potential is there. Of considerable importance, however, are the concepts developed to describe different facets of behavior. We refer to these concepts as sensitizing concepts since they direct our observation in what to look for if we are to interpret buyer behavior with some degree of subtlety and sophistication.
Bargaining or Problem Solving?
Authors: Nishiguchi Toshihiro
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 concluded that subcontracting relations in a sample of electronics producers from Japan were on the whole more asset specific than were those in a comparable sample from the United Kingdom and that strategy probably matters in determining the degree of asset specificity. This chapter qualitatively reinforces the findings of the last chapter.
Comparing Cigarette Policy And Illicit Drug And Alcohol Control
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

Tobacco is not the only habit-forming psychoactive substance that is regarded as a special problem for public policy in modem American life. Alcohol, prescription drugs, and a variety of currently illicit substances, including marijuana, heroin, and cocaine, are judged to pose significant challenges to public health and public order, and these substances are associated with a variety of public law strategies to minimize the damage they inflict.
Institutional And Historical Perspectives On Tobacco Tort Liability
Authors: Rabin Robert L
Published: November 2023

The 1950s are generally regarded as the last decade of America’s innocence-a period of relative quiescence in which political activism was at a low ebb. Postwar industrial growth had brought unprecedented economic prosperity, but misgivings about the costs of the new affluence-the development of a refined sensitivity to health and safety concerns that would strongly influence popular attitudes beginning in the next decade-had yet to arise.
Human Cardiovascular Control
Authors: Rowell Loring B
Published: November 2023

This new, comprehensive analysis of human cardiovascular control explains the control of pressure, vascular volume and blood flow during orthostatis and exercise. Analysis of the physical properties of the vascular system and their modification by mechanical, neural, and humoural factors is highlighted by novel graphical representations of basic concepts. Interactive effects of the vasculature on cardiac performance and factors that both control and limit oxygen transfer from lungs to cells are stressed. This complete account will prove invaluable for all medical students, physiologists and clinicians who wish to better understand the reflex and hormonal control of the human cardiovascular system.
Citizen and Consumer Participation
Authors: Breakey William R , Flynn Laurie , Tosh Laura Van
Published: November 2023

People who were not professionally trained in health or mental health have always played major roles in the development of improved mental health services. William Tulce, Dorothea Lynd Dix, Clifford Beers, the families of Gheel, and Bill W., the founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, for example, all made fundamental, lasting contributions. Countless other individuals and groups have contributed to the development of ideas and the progress of reforms. Yet, by and large, until relatively recently, official mental health service planning, policy making, and service provision has been dominated by professionals, and other major stake-holders have been largely excluded. The reasons for this exclusionary policy are complex but undoubtedly include the belief of physicians and other professionals that they are best able to understand the important issues in providing mental health services and also the stigma surrounding people with mental illnesses that exists within the helping professions just as it does in society at large (Fink and Tasman, 1992).
Assertive Community Treatment
Authors: Primm Annelle B
Published: November 2023

Since the 1960s numerous psychiatric outreach and home care programs have been developed. Of these the Training in Community Living model, developed in Madison, Wisconsin (Stein and Test, 1980, 1985), has become the most highly recognized and frequently imitated model. Mobile treatment, assertive community treatment, and continuous care teams are synonymous, referring to a type of care and treatment provided to the severely and persistently mentally ill that incorporates mobility, assertiveness, and continuity. Assertive outreach and assertive (or intensive) case management employ similar methods and have similar goals, but assertive community treatment differs in that psychiatrists’ services are a built-in feature of the model and do not have to be brokered from other sources. In this chapter, the terms Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), Training in Community Living (TCL), Mobile Treatment, and Program for Assertive Community Treatment (PACT) will be used interchangeably to describe the model of care that incorporates outreach and care in the patient’s own environment, with case management functions provided by teams in which the inclusion of a psychiatrist is a key feature.
Emergency Services in the Community Psychiatry Network
Authors: Mollenhauer Mark N , Kaminsky Michael J
Published: November 2023

The Federal Community Mental Health legislation of the 1960s and 1970s mandated a psychiatry emergency service (PES) as one of the five basic components of the Community Mental Health Center (P.L. 88-164, 1963; P.L. 94-63, 1975), recognizing that hospital emergency departments had not traditionally responded adequately to the emergency mental health needs of communities. Since that time, clinical practice and legislation have further shaped and refined the role of the PES in the community system. The emergency service plays several broad roles: It is a high-volume point of entry into the service system; it is a back-up for other services outside their normal working hours; and it advocates for patients and for the mental health system itself with somatic physicians and other service agencies. All these roles depend on an experienced and well-trained staff that can make accurate psychiatric diagnoses, can understand the whole patient in terms of the social context from which she or he springs, and can use the community service network to develop an effective treatment plan for the patient. The resources needed to meet these requirements are costly and are most efficiently focused at one site rather than being distributed and duplicated throughout the community, especially since the narrowing of the CMHC mission during the 1980s (Hillard, 1994). The PES is where resources such as psychiatric and medical expertise, properly trained security staff, seclusion rooms, and 24-hour staffing are based. With these resources, and a collaborative relationship with a general emergency medicine department, the PES is able to respond instantly to behavioral emergencies of any magnitude. For the responses to be effective in the long term, the PES must be aware of and connected to the rest of the community network and must also be familiar with the life of the community it serves: its culture, its structure, its needs, its resources, and its temperament (Huffine and Craig, 1974).
Community Service Systems for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Bogrov Michael , Crowel Raymond L
Published: November 2023

Although in many ways the state of children’s community mental health services has changed little since Knitzer’s observation, there have been dramatic changes in certain aspects. These changes include an emphasis on the least restrictive setting, the introduction of care management, and the increased influence of the many stakeholders in the system. Mental health services have had to respond to state reform initiatives, such as family preservation, and other system reforms, as well as changes in funding and legal mandates. Prevention and early intervention approaches, as well as an expanded continuum of services, have resulted in improved services to children with serious emotional disturbances, but have presented challenging problems for clinicians. This chapter provides an overview of the issues, goals, and progress made in the field.
Homelessness and Mental Health Services
Authors: Fischer Pamela J , Colson Paul , Susser Ezra
Published: November 2023

The increase in numbers of homeless people in recent years is unprecedented, as is their rapid dispersal from pockets of the largest American cities, such as New York’s Bowery, to every community, however small (cf. London, 1907). Likened to “counting the grains of sand on the beach, as the tide moves in or out” (Snyder, 1984), accurate estimation of the size of the homeless population is fraught with problems unlikely to be resolved, so that a measure of the magnitude of the homelessness problem is best obtained not so much from the numbers of individuals who are homeless, but from the broad range of people who become homeless, the impact that homelessness has on those who are directly affected and on their entire communities, and the scale of the services needed to address their problems (Breakey and Fischer, 1990). The homeless population changes with the social and economic climate of the country. Until recently, alcoholic men clustered on skid rows comprised the bulk of the homeless population, but homelessness today defies easy categorization. Its heterogeneity may best be described in terms of subgroupings linked by impoverishment. Overarching sociodemographic characteristics include youthfulness, overrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities, particularly blacks and Hispanics, and an increasing proportion of women and children.
Money Markets In Hong Kong
Authors: Yan-Kl Richard , Yu-Hon Ho , Daniel Lui , Cheung Wai-Wah
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade, numerous changes have taken place in the banking sector. Hong Kong has been effectively transformed into an international financial center where not only financial transactions but also actual operations are carried out. The internationalization also brought with it an influx of foreign banks in the 1970s, especially when the Hong Kong government lifted the moratorium on bank licensing in 1978. Unlike Singapore, Hong Kong is an integrated financial center without any delineation between offshore and domestic banking business. Thus, foreign banks could always enter into the domestic market, provided that they had been granted a bank license. This fact has created intense competitive pressure in the domestic banking sector.
Weighing Risks
Authors: McMillan John
Published: November 2023

Almost every decision in business-for that matter, almost every decision in life-involves some uncertainty. There are not many sure things. Not everything that affects the ultimate outcome of the decision can be known at the time the decision must be made; risk-taking is inescapable. Reflecting this, the games to be analyzed later in this book will contain uncertainty as an essential ingredient. A seller does not know how highly a potential buyer values what is being negotiated over, so does not know how high the price can be driven without losing the sale. An employer does not know the ability of a new employee at the time of hiring. The owner of a firm cannot observe how assiduously the manager promotes the firm’s efficiency. A firm contracting to do some work cannot predict at the time of agreeing to a price exactly what its costs will be.
Town Mouse, Country Mouse
Authors: Silver Lee M
Published: November 2023

To most people, all small rodents are virtually indistinguishable from each other, and as such, they are lumped together and considered to be mice of one kind or another. In Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, one finds the following definition for a mouse: “any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats with pointed snout, rather small ears, elongated body and slender hairless or sparsely haired tail, including all the small members of the genus Mus and many members of other rodent genera and families having little more in common than their relatively small size”.6 In fact, the order Rodentia (in the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, and subphylum Vertebrata) is very old and highly differentiated with 28 separate families, numerous genera, and over 1,500 well-defined species accounting for 40% of all mammalian species known to be in existence today (Corbet and Hill, 1991). All families, subfamilies and genera in this order that contain animals commonly referred to as mice are listed in Table 2.1.
Non-breeding Mapping Strategies
Authors: Silver Lee M
Published: November 2023

In 1988, Amheim and his colleagues (Li et al., 1988) reported the extraordinary finding that unique DNA sequences could be amplified from isolated sperm cells. Amplification from the single DNA target locus that is present in haploid sperm cells represents the theoretical limit in sensitivity that is possible with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The implications of this experimental breakthrough were enormous, especially in the field of human genetics. For the first time, it became possible to consider the analysis of unlimited numbers of individual meiotic events derived from a single individual.
A Retrospective
Authors: Nelson Richard R
Published: November 2023

It is customary for a concluding chapter to summarize the findings presented in the text. However, here such an objective is impossible. The 15 country studies that make up the heart of this book cover an enormous amount of material. No other project has come remotely close to treating the range of countries considered here. Many of the individual studies stand as major contributions in their own right to the understanding of the innovation systems of particular countries going far beyond anything written on that subject before. To try to summarize would be absurd.
Race and the War on Drugs
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Three effects of the War on Drugs stand out. First, it was a failure. The street price of cocaine, the war’s signature drug, should have risen if dealing were becoming riskier and drugs less available; prices fell. Massive arrests and street-sweep tactics in many cities, backed up by harsh mandatory prison sentences, should have cleared out the drug dealers and made drugs harder to find; they did not. Most analysts and many police officials believe that arrested street dealers are nearly always replaced by others willing to take the risks and that drug sales are merely moved to other locations. Finally, there is no evidence that crime control efforts lowered levels of drug use in the United States. Drug use was declining years before the war was declared, and the war can claim no credit for the continuation of preexisting trends. There are reasons to believe that mass media and public education initiatives reduced drug use, especially among school-age people, but that is a different matter.
How Individual and Face-to-Face-Group Selection Undermine Firm Selection in Organizational Evolution
Authors: Campbell Donald T
Published: November 2023

A fully optimistic evolutionary theory of the firm and our encompassing economic institutions is patently wrong. We must avoid Herbert Spencer’s passive panglossian evolutionism: Let things alone and everything will optimize. Nor must we adopt the interventionist’s optimism, for when one intervenes by changing laws or discount rates, and so on, one is changing the selective system in many ways, most often unanticipated, and often destructive. We must avoid these extremes by a more complete and more vigorous selectionism. One must examine all of the selective and retentive forces at work, not just those that would predict improved adaptation. Where we find “clearly” effective organizational form, then selection at that level of organization, for that efficacy, is probably the best explanation. But this must not lead us into thinking that all selection processes lead to optimal organizational form. There are also selection processes at all other organizational levels. Those at the individual and face-to-face-group levels may lead to firm-level dysfunction, and may be parasitic or entropic in effect.
The Challenge of Community Evolution
Authors: Dimaggio Paul
Published: November 2023

The chapters in the section on community evolution are at once stimulating and sobering. They are stimulating because they stretch the frontiers of organizational ecology. They are sobering because taking communities seriously creates not just major opportunities but also vexing challenges to the ecological paradigm. The reason, I shall argue, is that careful attention to the community level frustrates our best efforts to render the world simple enough to analyze. In the spirit of devil’s advocacy, let me suggest the following proposition: Proposition: The virtue of organizational ecology has been its use of simplifying assumptions to cast light on complex processes. To advance to the community level is to open up a Pandora’s box of complexity.
What It Takes to Become a Globally Oriented Corporation
Authors: Hekman Christine R
Published: November 2023

Globalization of a corporation, whether large or small, requires a re structuring that starts from the deepest levels, the heart of the organization. Executives must rethink the company from a global perspective, beginning with an analysis that involves looking beyond national and cultural boundaries and barriers for resources, people, ideas, capital, and information.
The Accessibility of International Financial Markets
Authors: Weinstein Mark
Published: November 2023

My father once had a small business that involved importing and distributing ceramic tile. His purchase price was in yen, while he sold in dollars. After the international money market (IMM) opened, I suggested that he consider hedging his yen exposure. He declined, stating that he did not choose to speculate on a foreign currency. Of course, by not hedging he was speculating, but it took some time for him to see that. In the same way, it has taken time for farmers in Illinois to realize that, even if they sell their grain in the domestic market, what happens overseas plays a major role in the transaction. There is a world market for grain, and even those who do not participate in it directly are affect ed because the world market determines prices.
Diversification, Multidivisional Structure, and Restructuring
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A
Published: November 2023

When J. F. (Jack) Welch, Jr., took over General Electric in 1981, it was a different company from the one we know today. Between 1981 and 1989 Welch divested about $9 billion in assets, while acquiring $12 billion. He also squeezed 350 product lines into 13 large businesses, each in first or second place within its industry, while flattening the GE management hierarchy. In so doing, he moved the corporation from eleventh place ($12 billion) in 1980 to second place ($73 billion) among U.S. corporations in stock market value by the end of 1992.1 GE provides a prime example of the strategy we call “downscoping,” or reducing diversified scope. We will return to the GE example several times throughout this book. The GE approach is not without its problems, however (see chapter 5). GE is undergoing a major cultural change, directed by Welch, in order to overcome its problems and prepare for the twenty­first century. Downscoping thus involves more than scope reduction; it requires better internal controls and cultural adjustments to foster longer-term competitiveness and market value.
Corporate Governance and Diversification
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A
Published: November 2023

In chapter 2 we discussed the historical development of General Motors and some of the latest changes in management structure. As a result of the restructuring initiated by Stempel before he was forced to step down, by the year 1994 GM expects to close 21 plants and lay off approximately 74,000 employees. Many of these plant closings and employee layoffs will occur in their domestic U.S. auto operations. However, even with these significant changes, the board of directors became restless because of the continued huge losses of net profit, particularly in the North American operations. As a result, the board of directors, led by the outside board members, removed CEO Stempel from the chair of the executive committee of the board. Consequently, Stempel eventually resigned and was replaced as CEO by John Smith. One institutional owner of GM stock noted that “with the plant closings, they shook up the troops, but with this board action, they shook up the generals.”

In this chapter we examine how owners and boards of directors, which govern large firms such as GM, affect the strategies formulated by top executives. As boards become more active, their increased role may have both positive and negative outcomes for firm strategy and control. For example, as discussed in chapter 2, there was concern among the outside directors at General Motors that the company needed to make some major changes in its management and operations in order to become more competitive and to stem the tide of net losses. They were not pleased with former CEO Robert Stempel’s slow action and felt that quicker, more radical actions were necessary.
Acquisition Strategies and Innovation
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A
Published: November 2023

In the 1980s Philip Morris focused on acquisitions and increased its debt load, at least in the short run, through the purchase of General Foods and Kraft. Over time, Philip Morris focused more on product line extensions than on new product development.1 Executives at Philip Morris apparently preferred to let other firms take the risk of intense new product development. Also, CEO Michael A. Miles told The Wall Street Journal that he expected the company to continue to grow primarily through acquisitions, because the rate of growth of cigarette sales is decreasing and the food business is not growing as fast as in the past: “If the company expands operating earnings around 15 percent each year, it can still raise per share net income at that magical 20 percent rate by borrowing heavily for acquisitions, then tapping the cash-flow fountain to rapidly pay back debt.”2 Philip Morris continued to generate exceptional cash flows that it used to reduce its debt.
Leveraged Buyouts and Debt as a Restructuring Alternative
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A
Published: November 2023

Prior to being acquired in a leveraged buyout (LBO) in 1986, Beatrice Food Company had three major businesses—U.S. food, consumer products, and international food—and was arguably the largest packaged food and consumer products company in the United States. In August 1985 the LBO firm Kohlberg, Kravis, Roberts & Company made an offer to buy the company, and, after failing to elicit a white knight (a company, friendly to existing management, that offers a competing bid with the goal of defeating the original offer), Beatrice’s board accepted a sweetened offer in February 1986. The deal cost $8.2 billion and was hailed as “the deal of the century.”
Implementing Restructuring and Exercising Strategic Leadership
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A
Published: November 2023

Kodak has undergone restructuring four times since 1982—and it continues to do so. The company operates businesses in photography, chemicals, business machines, and pharmaceuticals. Since 1982 Kodak has reduced staff, divested businesses, and realigned its remaining businesses. Four times top executives have promised a new focus, greater efficiencies, and increased earnings. In fact, however, Kodak has reported tremendous variability in profits and in employee numbers. Its profits have increased by as much as 70 percent in some years and decreased by as much as 45 percent in others. The firm dropped to a low of 121,000 employees in 1986 and then in 1988 reached a high of 145,000 employees. In 1991 Kodak had an operating profit of $2.5 billion, compared to $1.88 billion in 1982 (1991 and 1982 are comparable because they both occurred during recessions).
Learning from the Past and Looking to the Future
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A
Published: November 2023

Merck & Company, Inc., develops, manufactures, and markets products in human and animal health and in specialty chemicals. It produces highly related products that are largely undiversified from the point of view of base technology and product development. Unlike many U.S. firms, Merck avoided the merger/acquisition craze of the 1980s, as well as the popular “leveraging up” among large firms, and instead focused its effort and its resources on internal research and development and on maintaining the quality of its products.
Inequality
Authors: Temkin Larry S
Published: November 2023

In this book Larry Temkin examines the concepts of equality and inequality, and addresses one particular question in depth: how can we judge between different sorts of inequality? When is one inequality worse than another? Temkin shows that there are many different factors underlying and influencing our egalitarian judgements and that the notion of inequality is surprisingly complex. He looks at inequality as applied to individuals and to groups, and at the standard measures of inequality employed by economists and others, and considers whether inequality matters more in a poor society than a rich one. The arguments of non-egalitarians are also examined. Temkin’s book presents a new way of thinking about equality and inequality which challenges the assumptions of philosophers, welfare economists, and others concerned with these notions on a practical as well as a theoretical level.
What Hath God Wrought
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

The Oxford History of the United States is by far the most respected multi-volume history of our nation. The series includes two Pulitzer Prize winners, two New York Times bestsellers, and winners of the Bancroft and Parkman Prizes. Now, in What Hath God Wrought, historian Daniel Walker Howe illuminates the period from the battle of New Orleans to the end of the Mexican-American War, an era when the United States expanded to the Pacific and won control over the richest part of the North American continent. Howe’s panoramic narrative portrays revolutionary improvements in transportation and communications that accelerated the extension of the American empire. Railroads, canals, newspapers, and the telegraph dramatically lowered travel times and spurred the spread of information. These innovations prompted the emergence of mass political parties and stimulated America’s economic development from an overwhelmingly rural country to a diversified economy in which commerce and industry took their place alongside agriculture. In his story, the author weaves together political and military events with social, economic, and cultural history. He examines the rise of Andrew Jackson and his Democratic party, but contends that John Quincy Adams and other Whigs--advocates of public education and economic integration, defenders of the rights of Indians, women, and African-Americans--were the true prophets of America’s future. He reveals the power of religion to shape many aspects of American life during this period, including slavery and antislavery, women’s rights and other reform movements, politics, education, and literature. Howe’s story of American expansion culminates in the bitterly controversial but brilliantly executed war waged against Mexico to gain California and Texas for the United States. By 1848 America had been transformed. What Hath God Wrought provides a monumental narrative of this formative period in United States history.