bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproduction and Transformation of Cultural Forms in Sport A Contextual Analysis of Rugby
Authors: Donnelly Peter , Young Kevin M.
Published: March 2007

This paper provides an examination of the cultural development of Rugby football in England and North America, and an account of the simultaneous transformation of the game since 1965 in both settings. At a time of active cultural exchange across the North Atlantic, English Rugby began to adopt the trappings of rationalized North American spectator sports; while the simultaneous reappearance of Rugby in North America - replete with the traditional cultural characteristics of the English game - is interpreted as a form of resistance to those same rationalized spectator sports. Suggestions for the contextual analysis of sport are made, using Rugby as a specific example.
The Action-Theoretical Perspective1
Authors: Nitsch Jürgen R.
Published: March 2007

In view of the increasing variety of action-theoretical concepts on the one hand and their growing importance in social and sport sciences on the other, it is the aim of this contribution to outline the action-theoretical perspective against its historical background and with its basic assumptions, and to indicate intentions and achievements as well as deficiencies. Four basic assumptions are considered to be characteristic of the action-theoretical perspective: the conception of action as a system process (system postulate), as being intentional, i.e., goal-, purpose- and value-oriented (intentionality postulate), as psychologically regulated (regulation postulate), and as a process that can only be fully understood in the context of biological, psychological and societal development (developmental postulate).
Social Research on Sports in Finland
Authors: Heinilä Kalevi
Published: March 2007

In this survey the author links the social science research on sports with the historical development of sports in Finland and with society at large. Apart from the basic task of discerning truths and facts based on the empirical reality of sports, social science research also has a critical and evaluative role in exploring problematic or neglected issues in physical culture. Is also challenges traditional wisdom in the mainstreams of sports, and contributes to a new policy and the planning of sports for man in society.
The Influence of Physical Culture on the Personality of Soviet Students
Authors: Novikov Boris
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the theoretical analysis of the physical culture of Soviet students from a sociological and philosophical point of view. We consider the results of an inter disciplinary investigation of students, different physical states, value orientations and individual sport activities. The formation and development of physical culture on an individual basis are analyzed with respect to the influence of subjective and objective factors which, in some cases, prevent and facilitate its actualization in a person's physical activities.
Body Culture as Paradigm The Danish Sociology of Sport
Authors: Eichberg Henning
Published: March 2007

Danish sports research has historical roots of its own. More particularly; it involves: a preponderance of the natural science approach based on the importance of Swedish gymnastics, the plurality of sport organisations in Denmark, the "nonsynchronicities" of industrial culture and a weighty "popular", democratic tradition of sports. This led in the seventies and eighties, when the sociology of sports began to develop in Denmark, to the crystallization of a special paradigm: body culture as the frame for a critical study of sports. This happened in contrast to the dominant positivistic tendencies in the Swedish and Norwegian sociology of sport. But the critical engagement, too, is open to an integration into "hybrid research", a characteristic phenomenon of Scandinavian bureaucratic welfare corporatism.
Sport, Hegemony and Subcultural Reproduction: The Process of Accommodaton in Bicycle Road Racing
Authors: Williams Trevor
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the paper is to show how the concept of hegomony has some purchase on micro levels of observation. This is done by clarifying the ways in which an hegemonic order seeks to secure consent among a subordinate group of male cyclists. There are three parts to the study. First, the dominant ideological themes of technological fetishism, individualism and collectivism are outlined in the context of professional cycling. Second, the practices of Canadian male amateur cyclists are discussed with respect to their attempts at subcultural reproduction and particularly an inherent ideological conflict over the primacy of individualism and collectivism within the competitive structure of road racing. Third, the subcultural responses negotiated by the cyclists are examined as a series of accommodations. As a subordinate group, the cyclists set the common sense of the dominant order against the practical concerns and concrete situations of the sport and reproduce a fragile and highly conditional version of that order.
Gender on the Sports Agenda
Authors: Hargreaves Jennifer A.
Published: March 2007

This paper is a reaction to the general neglect of an adequate treatment of gender relations in the sociology of sport. It looks at the limitations of analyses of female sport and at the possibilities of producing a potentially authentic sociology of female sport which combines theory with sporting practice. I argue that analysing sport is an inherently controversial affair.

The focus of the paper is female sport in capitalist societies, and, more specifically, in the UK. I argue that theory should question popular assertions about female sport by looking at complexities and contradictions. I discuss the relevance of feminist theories to sport and the particular problem of working out the relationship between capitalist relations and gender relations in sport.

A number of issues are discussed which have theoretical and practical dimensions — for example, the male/female distinction in sport, the desire for equality of opportunity with men in sport, the philosophy of separate development, and the concern for qualitatively different models of sport for both sexes.

Central to this paper is the problem about how we might explain theoretically the relationship between the possibilities and the limitations of female sport which have important practical and ethical implications. The focus is on the female, but the issues are relevant to males as well.
Violence in the Workplace of Professional Sport from Victimological and Cultural Studies Perspectives
Authors: Young Kevin
Published: March 2007

Although the past few decades have seen a considerable growth in the number of victimological studies, these studies have generally been based on traditional notions of crime and victim. Consequently, victimology has offered only a very narrow and limited victim agenda which requires expansion. While criminologists are paying increasing attention to the victimization of workers in general, so far little attention has been paid to ways in which professional athletes may be victimized. The paper explores the possibility of including the work of piofessional athletes in the new victim agenda, and critically assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the 'new victimologies' using a cultural studies approach.
Individual and Team Sports in the Olympics: A Question of Balance)
Authors: Boutilier Mary A. , Giovanni Lucinda F. San , University Seton Hall
Published: March 2007

This study examines the distribution of individual and team sports in the Olympics. Both types of sports contain important differences in instrumental and expressive behaviors for participants and cultural meanings for spectators. Data underscore a predominance of individual sports; six social forces explain this preference. A classification of team sports is created based on the dimensions of specialization, interdependence, and face-to-face competition. A proposal to increase the number of Olympic team sports is defended as a way to increase international understanding.
Media Portrayals of Male and Female Olympic Athletes: Analyses of Newspaper Accounts of the 1984 and the 1988 Summer Games
Authors: Lee Judy
Published: March 2007

This paper provides an analysis of media portrayals of male and female athletes in the 1984 and the 1988 Summer Olympics Games as reflected in the Globe and Mail in Canada and the New York Times in the United States. Quantitative content analyses, supplemented by some qualitative analysises, are employed to test the general hypothesis that men receive more attention, and more favourable portrayals than women in sports news in the mass media.
Structure and Evolution of the Field of Sports in France (1960-1990) A "functional" , historical and prospective analytical essay
Authors: Defrance Jacques , Pociello Christian
Published: March 2007

Starting from a macro-sociological analysis of the structure of the Field of Physical activities and Sports in France, we endeavour to draw some elements of prospection. Four main functions of sports are delineated, with the institutions and organizations on which they bear. Stakes, alliances and conflicts of functions are shown. A cursory picture of the transformations of the field of Sports in France from 1960 until now shows how some institutions, and the functions they favour, are reinforced, and others weakened. Through this dynamic brief survey, we select some aspects of the evolution, which would mark the sports sector in the next years. The model will be transposed to other countries.
Cultural Dissents and Technical Innovations in the'Whiz'Sports
Authors: Midol Nancy
Published: March 2007

The way the French perceived the Californian myth in the sixties led them to develop the fun movement around the key concept of the "whiz", that is, speed, fluidity, entertainment, freedom linked to the imaginary notion of "kick" which stands for new sensations, a sense of harmony, of risk, a taste for the extreme. Whether it be snow or sea surfing, fun board, skate board, paragliding, parascending, bungee jumping etc., whether it be on snow, water, concrete or in the air, fun space is a "sport" — by which is meant a space situated mid-way between myth and reality - where the whiz stars embody contradictory values.
Sports without Facilities: The Use of Urban Spaces by Informal Sports
Authors: Bach Lüder
Published: March 2007

People in urban environments have begun to reinterpret certain physical or recreational activities as sports, such as riding your bicycle to work, skate-boarding on the supermarket's parkinglot, or playing ball in open spaces between buildings. To engage in such informal sports activities, people temporarily take possession of empty lots or building space, areas which are primarily used for other activities. However, such primary use allows for other uses also, in this case sports activities. Instead of demanding outdoor sites or indoor spaces especially created or officially designated for sports, individuals temporarily redesignate such areas to become "informal sports facilities." For this reason, urban development planning and municipal sports policy should, in the future, conceptionalize and recognize such informal sports facilities as a new measure to parallel the traditional facilities created for athletic events. This presupposes, however, that the demand for spontaneous use, as characteristic of informal sports activities, is officially accepted and supported by municipalities and legislators.
The IOC and South Africa: A Lesson in Transnational Relations
Authors: MacIintosh Donald , Cantelon Hart , Mcdermott Lisa
Published: March 2007

We argue that a more complete picture of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in the emerging globalized world is possible by considering the IOC as a transnational organization. In this paper, we demonstrate the importance of paying attention to a non- governmental entity (the IOC) in its interactions with a national government (South Africa) as well as the fragile and often paradoxical nature of transnational behavior. We illustrate how both the internal and external forces that were brought to bear on the IOC forced it to reconsider whether the South African Olympic and National Games Association (SAONGA) could actually deliver on the mandate required of all National Olympic Committees. From an initial position of confidence in SAONGA, the IOC slowly moved to one in which it was clear that the South Africans would have to be expelled from the Olympic movement. The re instatement of South Africa only came with the guarantee that the transnational goal of Olympism could be met in that country.
Metaphors of Mixed Team Play
Authors: Viejola Soile
Published: March 2007

This text deals with the question of "translating women" into the configuration of team sports. In this perspective, genders are defined as social faces - embodied and numbered in various social sites/discourses. Genders are perceived as reciprocal face-rituals; through these rituals participants claim and negotiate the social faces appropriate to each sex. The approach adds face and number as relevant dimensions to the sociological analyses of gendered sport.
Of Sport, Time and Money: An Economic Approach to Sport Participation
Authors: Taks Marijke , Renson Roland , Vanreusel Bart
Published: March 2007

Sport is a time consuming activity and... "time is money". In this socio-economic study on sport participation in Flanders (Belgium), the price of time is calculated by the wages earned by the sport participants. For each of the fifteen sports selected, representative quotas of sixty male participants were interviewed by questionnaire (n=900). The different sports show different time consumption rates and their practitioners have quite divergent income levels. Consequently, the price of time differs considerably from one sport to another. However, further analysis shows that time does not really affect the hierarchy of financial costs of sports. It is therefore doubtful that the price of time for certain sports has a major influence on the consumers' choice for a particular sport.
Values in Children's Sport: Spontaneously Expressed Values Among Young Athletes
Authors: Lee Martin J. , Cockman Michael
Published: March 2007

Values are considered to be a major influence on sport behaviour. The values underlying sports participation among young (12-16 yrs) football and tennis players (n=93) were examined by discussion of sport-specific moral dilemmas. Eighteen sport-relevant values which showed good correspondence with recent formulations of value structures were identified. Moral dilemmas in sport are explained as a conflict between competing types of values. It is suggested that examination of the values of significant others may explain value development in young athletes.
The Role of the Nurse Practitioner in the Evaluation of Long Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Authors: Hobbie Wendy L.
Published: March 2007

More children survive cancer today than ever before. Accordingly, there is an ever growing need for nurse specialists to care for these long term sur vivors (LTS) of childhood cancer.

In 1983, a Follow-up Clinic for LTS was estab lished at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Cancer Research Center. A nurse practitioner (NP) was hired to identify the eligible patients, inform them of the available service, and provide them with the specialized care that was necessary. Recently, the role of the NP has been greatly expanded and currently consists of three major components: clinician-caregiver, educator, and researcher.

As the clinician-caregiver, the NP must be knowledgeable about late effects of therapy, demonstrate clinical expertise, and have a broad background in human growth and development. As an educator he or she must provide information to the public (teachers and the general community), to the medical community, to parents, and to patients. As a researcher, the NP must collect and analyze data, plan future studies, and write grant proposals. The multi-faceted role of the NP working with long term survivors of childhood cancer will continue to expand in the future. It is important that nurse practitioners be attuned to the importance of follow-up care and realize that they play a critical role as coordinators of care for these children and their families. The entire text of this presentation can be found in the article by Wendy L. Hobbie entitled "The Role of the Pediatric Oncology Nurse Specialist in a Follow-up Clinic for Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer", Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1986.
"Don't Bump My Bed, Don't Touch My Feet!"
Authors: Caswell L. Jane , Eland Joann M.
Published: March 2007

The case history of a 14-year-old male pediatric oncology patient is presented to illustrate a complex problem in pain management. The patient had multifocal osteosarcoma and was treated with chemotherapy. Because his disease was never under control and always advancing, his pain was constantly changing. The numerous pathologies that caused his pain, its various characteristics, and the attempts made to alleviate it varied. Methods to assess and strategies to relieve pain, as well as the evaluation of pain relief interventions, are described.
Writing Internships: Building Bridges Between Academia and Business
Authors: Bosley Deborah
Published: March 2007

Although many business curricula at baccalaureate institutions offer a diver sity of internships for their students, English departments generally offer only traditional teaching internships. Because of an increase in the placement of business majors and a decrease in the placement of liberal-arts majors, a con cern for the "marketability" of English majors, and a decline in enrollment in English departments, these departments nationwide have looked for ways to increase the visibility of their curricula. Writing internships can offer liberal- arts students the "pre-professional" experience needed to increase their employability and help generate new interest in English as a career avenue. This article is a chronicle of such a program at Millikin University.
Ant-Based Load Balancing in Telecommunications Networks
Authors: Schoonderwoerd Ruud , Holland Owen E. , Bruten Janet L. , Rothkrantz Leon J. M.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a novel method of achieving load balancing in telecommunications networks. A simulated network models a typical distribution of calls between nodes; nodes carrying an excess of traffic can become congested, causing calls to be lost. In addition to calls, the network also supports a population of simple mobile agents with behaviors modeled on the trail-laying abilities of ants. The ants move across the network between randomly chosen pairs of nodes; as they move, they deposit simulated pheromone as a function of their distance from their source node and the congestion encountered on their journey. They select their path at each intermediate node according to the distribution of simulated pheromone at each node. Calls between nodes are routed as a function of the pheromone distributions at each intermediate node. The performance of the network is measured by the proportion of calls that are lost. The results of using ant-based control (ABC) are compared with those achieved by using fixed shortest-path routes, and also those achieved by using an alternative algorithmically based type of mobile agent previously proposed for use in network management. The ABC system is shown to result in fewer call failures than the other methods, while exhibiting many attractive features of distributed control.
Growing a Unified Social Science
Authors: Borges Bernhard
Published: March 2007

Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up, by Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996. 208 pages, $39.95 hardcover (ISBN 0-262- 05053-6); $18.95 paperback (ISBN 0-262-55025-3); $59.95 CD-ROM + paperback (ISBN 0-262-55026-1). Websites: http://www.brook.edu/pub/booknote/society.htm and http:// mitpress.mit.edu/mitp/recent-books/sci/epsgh.html
An Ethnographic Summary of the Tsimihety of Madagascar
Authors: Wilson Peter J.
Published: March 2007

A brief cultural surnmary of the Tsimihety, a Malagasy-speaking people inhabiting the escarpment area of northeastern Madagascar. Bascd on anthropological field work.
Rating Hologeistic Method
Authors: Sipes Richard G.
Published: March 2007

This paper pracides a checklist for evaluating the methodology of a cross- cultural correlation study. An integral scoring system permits an overall measure of rigor for each study and a means of rating groups of studies. The checklist can be used by a cross-cultural researcher to avoid errors and omissions. Several methodological steps are introduced which have not yet been used in published studies. Some common deficiencies in study presentation are discussed. (Ethnology; methodology; quality control; re search design; surveys, cross-cultural.)
A Typology of Evolutionary Theories
Authors: Otterbein Keith F.
Published: March 2007

A typology of evolutionary theories, derived from Steward's (1955) uni lincar, universal, and multilinear evolution, and from Sahlins' (1960) spe cific and general evolution, is developed in this article. Two attributes, the unit of analysis and the number of sequences, are found to be common to all five theories. The attributes are used to construct the typology. It is shown that unilinear and general evolution are the same theory, while universal, multilinear, and specific evolution are distinct theories.
The Ecology of East African Homicide
Authors: Bolton Ralph , Vadheim Constance
Published: March 2007

Recent investigations suggest that high levels of environmental stress increase individual susceptibility to hypoglycemia, which, in turn, raises the level of aggression in a society. In this paper we examine various eco logical factors which might be functioning as stressors in the environment of thirty-four East African tribes. Using homicide rates as our indicator of aggressiveness, we test a set of hypotheses dealing with the relationships between these stressors and tribal levels of aggressivity.
An Evaluation of Alternative Theories of Matrilocal Versus Patrilocal Residence
Authors: Ember Carol R.
Published: March 2007

This paper evaluates two alteniative theories of the conditions favoring matrilocality-one proposed by M. Ember and C. R. Ember and the other by Dicale. New cross-cultural evidence relating type of warfare to societal size suggests that warfare is more likely to play a role in determining residence than vice versa, contrary to Dicale's theory. A new model, taking Divale's findings into account, is presented.
Temporal Focus and Random Error in Cross-Cultural Hypothesis Tests
Authors: Divale William Tulio
Published: March 2007

Murdock and White (1969) have argued that in cross-cultural hypothesis tests where the variables measured are not focused (pinpointed in space and time to a single local community), we cannot assume functional relation ships between those variables. Since most of the published cross-cultural studies do not report focusing, Murdock and White cast doubt on the find ings of a few hundred studies. I argue that focusing should be used to increase data quality, but that a lack of focus only increases the amount of random measurement error, which tends to lower correlations. Therefore, if focusing is not applied and a significant correlation is found, it means that the actual association is probably even higher than the one found. This was tested by coding two variables, once with and once without a temporal focus. Both correlations were statistically significant, but the time- focused correlation was 23 percent higher. The test was then repeated on a second sample, drawn from a different universe, and similar results were found. In this instance, the time-focused correlation was 13 percent higher.
Data Quality and Modes of Marriage: Some Holocultural Evidence of Systematic Errors
Authors: Schaefer James M. , Evascu Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the problem of data quality in global correlational studies and suggests that control variables investigating potential sources of systematic error help researchers avoid reporting spurious correlations. The technique is applied in a study of the substantive correlates of societal organization and mode of marriage. Test results indicate that one category of the Ethnographic Atlas has links with quality related traits. Suggestions are made regarding quality control procedures, problems, and interpretations. [Accepted for publication: November 1975.]
Cross-Cultural Patterning of Some Sexual Attitudes and Practices1
Authors: Broude Gwen J.
Published: March 2007

The degree of regularity in the patterning of sexual attitudes and prac tices within and across cultures is examined. The findings suggest that societies are not entirely consistent in their management of sexuality in all its manifestations. Rather, sexual attitudes and practices appear to cluster into more or less discrete dimensions. Three such dimensions are isolated in this study, and each is interpreted as representing a different underlying preoccupation concerning sexuality.
Tradition and Evolution in Song Style: A Reanalysis of Cantometric Data
Authors: Erickson Edwin E.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of a reanalysis, using multivariate tech niques, of song-style data reported by Alan Lomax and his associates over the past decade. Lomax et al. have framed out an elaborate case for a causal connection between general cultural evolution and various fea tures of song style, such as text wordiness and melodic embellishment, as measured by the cantometric coding system. In the present paper, certain of these hypotheses are tested with models which include explicit vari ables of societal location. The results of these tests provide considerable support for a diffusional-historic, as opposed to a functional-evolutionary, explanation of song-style variance. On the other hand, certain of Lomax's hypotheses relating vocul qualities to the degree of pi-eiiiat-ital sexual free dom per society received at least moderate support.
Advantages of the Comparative Method of Anthropology
Authors: Rohner Ronald P.
Published: March 2007

Reflecting anthropology's deep idiographic disposition, approximately 80 percent of anthropological research falls on the idiographic node of the idiographic-nomothetic continuum. Increasing numbers of anthropolo gists, however, are beginning to recognize the importance of cross-cultural, comparative, nomothetic research. Comparativists use five principal meth odologies in their research. These research designs vary in their relative power, i.e. in their ability to eliminate false hypotheses about worldwide relationships. The power as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each methodology are discussed.
Male-Fenlale Bonding: A Cross-Species Study of Mammals and Birds
Authors: Ember Melvin , Ember Carol R.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a new way of testing adaptational theories about species-wide traits. The major concern here is why nearly all human so cieties have had the custom of marriage. Data from a random sample of mammal and bird species are used to test several possible explanations of marriage (viewed cross-specifically as male-female bonding). The results suggest that male-female bonding may be selectively favored in humans and other animals when mothers' feeding requirements interfere with their baby-tending. The duration of the bond seems to be predicted by the duration of dependency, and polygynous rather than monogamous bonding seems to be predicted by an excess of females.
Spatial Autocorrelation Models for Galton's Problem
Authors: Loftin Colin , Ward Sally K.
Published: March 2007

The effects of Galton's problem are discussed within a framework provided by the linear regression model. We examine five illustrative diffusion models and evaluate alternative estimation procedures (es pecially Naroll's linked pairs test and Wirsing's second order partial correlation). While no one procedure is adequate for all models, the specification of a diffusion model provides guidance in the selection of an appropriate estimation procedure.
The Structure of Division of Labor: A Tentative Formulation
Authors: Segal Edwin S.
Published: March 2007

This article applies graph theory and blockmodeling to division of labor data de veloped from the Standard Cross- Cultural Sample. Treating the statistical relation ships as elements of a directed graph leads to several conclusions: 1) The extent of women's participation in activities within the household maintenance domain is a major precondition for the organization of other labor by women. 2) Patterns of division of labor for men and women have different structures. 3) Some gender based aspects of division of labor are more efficiently explained by functional rela tionships among the activities themselves.
Internal Replication, the Systems Concept, And Sources of Validity in Nonexperimental Research
Authors: White Douglas R. , Pesner Robert
Published: March 2007

A probabilistic and nonparametric measure of replication (White and Pesner 1979) or probability that two bivariate distributions come from the same population, is presented for use in hypothesis testing. It is argued that relationships can be regarded as invariant within a specified system to the extent that they replicate not only regionally but with respect to third factors specified as inflection points or limits on invariant relationships: relationships are intrasystemically invariant and inter- systemically variant. System boundary conditions should show a high density of "interaction effects" for relationships which vary from system to system, or which fail to replicate cross-systemically. A heuristic system is proposed to decompose the variables and cases of an empirical population into component systems with inva riant properties. The procedures are based on the measure of replication and group significance tests.
Epsitemology and Ontology in Cross-Cultural Research
Authors: Rosenblatt Paul C.
Published: March 2007

New trends in ethnographic rhetoric and in the study ofmeaningspointto major directions for growth in cross-cultural research. The new rhetoric makes possible comparative research with ethnographies that are rich in information on topics of interest, the study of ethnographer-informant relationships, and the compilation ofintensive case analyses from a number offocused ethnographies. The new rhetoric often documents with anecdote, making it more important than ever for comparativists to examine their methodologies for processing anecdote. Developments in meaning-focused ethnographic research push for a reassessment ofthe generality of variables studied comparatively, for research on cross-cultural variations in mean ings, and for study of entities derived from non-Western views of the world. There is also need in cross-cultural research for movement away from the analysis of isolated variables.
A Survey of Research on Moral Development in Japan
Authors: Naito Takashi
Published: March 2007

This article is a selective review of recent psychological research on the moral development of Japanese children and adolescents from a cultural point of view. The author begins with a short introduction to the characteristics of Japanese society suggested by social scientists. Based on the findings of current educational surveys, the problems of children and adolescents are discussed. Studies that use cognitive developmental approaches in researching moral development in Japan are also reviewed. Some of the findings support the characteristics of Japanese morality in the framework of this approach, but several studies suggest exceptions. The exceptions de rive from Japanese beliefs concerning nature, the social world, and the nature of the universe. Suggestions are made for future research.
Introduction: The Continuing Legacy of Raoul Naroll
Authors: Minturn Leigh
Published: March 2007

Communes are a type of close-knit community, with strong social norms that characterize moralnets. In her book Commitment and Community, Kanter (1972) analyzes historical data from 9 success ful and 21 unsuccessful communes in terms of a variety of customs. She identifies a number of customs that characterized successful nineteenth-century communes. Kanter's Commitment mechanisms are customs that would be expected to foster the traits of strong moralnets. Therefore, analysis of the correlation between the presence of these mechanisms and commune success may be regarded as a test of moralnet theory. If moralnet theory is correct, successful communes should practice these customs more frequently than unsuccesful communes. A sample of contemporary communes oper ating in the seventies was selected to test the predictive power of the scales over time, and assess their usefulness for describing twentieth-century communes. The mechanisms tested are the presence of strong leaders, cultural homogeneity of members joint investment, isolation, shared ideology, distinctive customs, and disciplinary action for deviency. Despite differences, the results of these analyses indicate that the commitment scales are robust; their patterns persist across samples, methods, and centuries.
On the Painfulness of Progress
Authors: Hays David G.
Published: March 2007

Raoul Naroll planned to call a book on cultural evolution Painful Progress. The progressiveness of evolution is apparent in data on longevity, economic inequality, and so forth. What Naroll intended to say about pain cannot be known, but he opened and closed The Moral Order by mentioning the pain of incomprehension. The author argues that progress causes such pain during periods of transition but alleviates this and other kinds of pain over the long term.
Improvements in Cross- Cultural Research Methods
Authors: Ember Carol R.
Published: March 2007

Raoul Naroll was concerned with methodological problems of cross-cultural research—preeminently data quality control and Galton's Problem. After briefly reviewing Naroll's approach to data quality control, this article discusses recommendations for dealing with random and systematic error as taught recently at the Summer Institutes in Comparative Anthropological Research. In connection with those institutes, a computer program, which tests for spatial autocorrelation in the context of multiple regression, has been developed to deal with Galton's Problem. Also discussed are the improvements brought about by the more widespread availability of multivariate statistical techniques.
Thwarting Disorientation and Suicide: An Examination of Naroll's Theory of Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: March 2007

The thwarting disorientation theory of suicide proposed by Raoul Naroll is described and, although similar to Durkheim's classic theory of suicide, is seen to be more dynamic and applicable to individual cases of suicide. Empirical tests of Naroll's theory, con ducted by him and by others, are reviewed and found to be supportive of the theory. Naroll's provocative notion that suicide may be used as an index of the quality of a culture is described and found to be consistent with the views of modern commentators concerned about the rising suicide rate in modern industrialized societies.
Cold Symptoms and Emotional Dissatisfaction Among Rural/Urban and Culturally Diverse High School Students
Authors: Divale William
Published: March 2007

The hypothesis that negative emotional states can lower the immunological system's ability to ward off common colds was tested on a sample of 142 rural and urban students. The number of cold symptoms experienced was compared to scale scores of emotional dissatisfaction, stress, and depression. Emotional dissatisfaction at school and at home was correlated with more cold symptoms, as were stress and depression. Rural students exhibited more colds and emotional dissatisfaction than did urban students. Female students exhibited more emotional dissatisfaction, more stress, and more depression than did male students. Cultural background also proved significant: Europeans and Hispanics reported more cold symptoms than did African Americans and West Indians. West Indians also showed significantly more emotional satisfaction than did those from other cultures.
Death Symbolism in Matrilineal Societies: A Replication Study
Authors: Matlock James G.
Published: March 2007

In 1984, Somersan reported the results of a cross-cultural study of ancestral spirit, afterlife, and reincarnation beliefs in relation to descent groups. She claimed significance on each of four tests and described a pattern of "death symbolism" that seemed to typify matrilineal societies in contrast to those organized in other ways. None of her findings were supported in this replication study. However, an alternative hypothesis, contrasting unilineal and bilateral societies, was supported.
Cross-Cultural Correlates of the Ownership of Private Property: Zelman's Gender Data Revisited
Authors: Rudmin Floyd Webster
Published: March 2007

This is the fourth study of archival data in a program of cross- cultural research to identify the social institutions and behavioral norms that correlate with the practice of private ownership. Zelman's 1974 dissertation presented data on 145 variables for each of 60 societies. From these data, a composite measure of private ownership of productive land and of domestic animals correlated (p = .00125) with 22 variables or indices. Cultural characteristics and societal institutions replicating positive correlations with pri vate ownership in all four studies to date include: (a) 12 subsistence variables on grain agriculture and husbandry, (b) 9 stratification and gender role variables on classes, slavery, and work specializa tion, (c) 10 social control variables on political structure, law, and religious morality, (d) 8 community and architecture variables on populous settlements of substantial houses, (e) 7 marriage and family variables on patriarchal practices, and (f) 9 economic rela tions variables on commerce, money, war, and inheritance.
Is the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample Biased? A Simulation Study
Authors: Gray J. Patrick
Published: March 2007

The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) is one of Murdock's most important contributions to anthropology. Otterbein has ar gued that groups studied by ethnographers with personal ties to Murdock and societies congruent with Murdock's theories of social organization are overrepresented in the sample. The SCCS has become the most widely used sample in holocultural research and the presence of these biases would cast doubt on the research conducted with it. I selected a new standard sample from the Ethnographic Atlas randomly a thousand times to test the possibil ity that Murdock and White's selection of societies was biased and to identify the variables the bias affected. Results indicate that the only significant bias in the standard sample is one toward better described societies.
Cultural Influences on Childhood Participation in Adult Activities
Authors: Barry Herbert
Published: March 2007

Ethnographic reports on a world sample of societies were used for rating frequency of participation by children in adult activities and degree of permissive treatment of children. Although the correlation between the two measures of childhood is close to zero, frequent participation by children in adult activities has different meanings depending on whether children are treated permissively or puni tively. In societies where permissiveness is low, frequent participation by children is correlated with several measures of low cultural complexity, indicating greater need for child labor. In societies where permissiveness is high, frequent participation by children is correlated with absence of an initiation ceremony for adolescent girls and with a compact rather than dispersed settlement, indicat ing more opportunities for children to be granted adult privileges. Frequent participation by children in adult activities also has different meanings depending on whether the community is independent or subordinate to a government.
Self-Concept and Social Acceptance in Multiracial African Schools: A Test of the Insulation, Subjective Culture, and Bicultural Competence Hypotheses
Authors: Mpofu Elias , Watkins David
Published: March 2007

Self-concept and social acceptance were examined for a sample of 154 Black and 203 White Zimbabwean schoolchildren attending racially integrated schools. Marsh's Self-Description Question naire-1 and multiple measures of social acceptance were used. Although Black children had levels of global self-esteem compara ble with, or higher than, that of their White classmates, Black pupils taught by White teachers had significantly lower reading and academic self-esteem. Pupils in classes taught by Black teachers tended to choose for best friends peers in other classes significantly more than did pupils in classes taught by White teachers. Analysis by gender indicated that male pupils tended to have significantly higher physical ability, physical appearance, and math self-esteem and relatively higher levels of social participation than female students. Results partially supported the bicultural competence, subjective culture, and the insulation hypotheses on children's social status in multiracial school contexts.
"Now I Am Living in Norway": Immigrant Girls Describe Themselves
Authors: Stiles Deborah A. , Gibbons Judith L. , Lie Suzanne , Sand Therese , Krull Jodie
Published: March 2007

Self-esteem, self-descriptions, and self-portraits are studied among 561 adolescents (ages 12 through 16) attending schools in Norway. The participants included 199 adolescent children of immigrants and refugees to Norway who came from 29 different countries, with the largest percentage coming from Pakistan and Vietnam. Contrary to expectations, immigrant adolescent girls had, overall, more positive perceptions of self than did Norwegian girls. Immigrant girls endorsed the item, "I like most things about myself," from the American Association of University Women Survey (1990) more
ATOC: Sound Policy or Enviro-Vandalism? Aspects of a Modern Media-Fueled Policy Issue
Authors: Potter John R.
Published: March 2007

The recent debate surrounding the effects on marine mammals of the proposed Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) experiment has revealed sharp incongruities in approach by the public, their elected representatives and the scientists behind the program. Much of the current outcry has arisen as a byproduct of rapidly evolving environmental attitudes and information technology to which none of the key parties to the issue has yet fully adjusted. The process of dissemination and assimilation of scientific information that guides the progress of issues of increasing complexity is no longer in equilibrium with evolving technology. Specifically; this paper argues that there are two crucial components to an incipient instability in public and official response to emerging scientific policy issues: (1) The extremely rapid and broad dissemination of information made possible by the information highway, and (2) The great pressure to paraphrase and attempt to formulate a position without investing the full resources required to adequately comprehend the issues. The ongoing ATOC debate serves as an informative illustration of the vulnerability of scientific inquiry to policy shifts based on overly simplified analysis of complex scientific issues- analysis that may be abetted by recent advances in information technology.
Diffuse Axonal Injury: An Important Form of Traumatic Brain Damage
Authors: Gennarelli Thomas A. , Thibault Lawrence E. , Graham David I.
Published: March 2007

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a frequent form of traumatic brain injury in which a clinical spectrum of in creasing injury severity is paralleled by progressively increasing amounts of axonal damage in the brain. When less severe, DAI is associated with concussive syndromes; when most severe, it causes prolonged traumatic coma that is not related to mass lesions, increased intracranial pressure, or ischemia. Pathological investigations of DAI demonstrate widespread but heterogeneous microscopic damage to axons throughout the white matter of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and brainstem. There is a propensity for injury to occur in the central third of the brain, and the corpus callosum and brain stem are especially prone to injury. In these locations, traumatic axonal damage can occur in several degrees of severity, ranging from transient disturbances of ionic homeostasis to swelling, impairment of axoplasmic transport with secondary (delayed) axotomy and primary axotomy (tearing). A more detailed understanding of the processes involved in axonal damage is crucial to the development of effective treatment for the clinical syndromes of DAI. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:202-215, 1998
Resetting Virtual Absorbers for Vibration Control
Authors: Bupp Robert T. , Bernstein Dennis S. , Chellaboina Vijaya S. , Haddad Wassim M.
Published: March 2007

A novel class of controllers, called resetting virtual absorbers, is proposed as a means for achieving energy dissipation. A general framework for analyzing resetting virtual absorbers is given, and stability of the closed-loop system is analyzed. Special cases of resetting virtual absorbers, called the virtual trap-door absorber and the virtual one-way absorber, are described, and some illustrative examples are given.
Controlling Unstable Rolling Phenomena
Authors: Goodwine Bill , Stépán Gábor
Published: March 2007

The paper addresses dynamic and control issues related to a dynamical model called the classi cal shimmying wheel. The classical shimmying wheel models the rolling dynamics of many physical rolling systems such as aircraft nose wheels, motorcycles, automotive systems, and tractor-trailer systems. Such a system can exhibit undesirable unstable rolling motion, that is, shimmying, which can often lead to disastrous results. Prior work with this particular model has focused on the stability of the system as well as an analysis of the qualitative nature of its dynamics, including numerical observation of possible chaotic behavior. Such behavior is observed when the rolling element is allowed to slip under certain conditions, which is intended to realistically model real physical rolling systems. In cases where the rolling dynamics of the system arc un stable, the dynamics are characterized by the presence of an attractor wherein the system repeatedly switches back and forth between rolling and slipping. We present a slightly different, but more realistic, condition for the rolling element to switch from pure rolling to a slipping state and observe similar behavior. Additionally, we present a controller for the system designed using the method of feedback linearization. This controller stabilizes the purely rolling system but fails to always stabilize the system that is allowed to slip. We in vestigate the conditions under which the controller stabilizes the slipping system and propose an effective alternative control strategy for the slipping system for the case when the original controller fails to stabilize the system and where the uncontrolled rolling system is unstable. Finally, we investigate the stability of the system about operating points that are not equilibrium points, which models a physical system executing a turn.