bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Offene Verletzungen und Frakturen – Notfallbehandlung und definitive Versorgung
Authors: Kamin Konrad , Notov Dmitry , Al-Sadi Onays , Kleber Christian , Bönke Florian , Dragu Adrian , Schaser Klaus-Dieter
Published: November 2021

Eine erfolgreiche Behandlung von offenen Verletzungen von Frakturen hängt von vielen Einflussfaktoren ab (Inflammation, Perfusion, Kompartmetsyndrom). Neben lokalen Besonderheiten der verletzten Körperregion spielen patientenbezogene Grunderkrankungen eine wesentliche Rolle (Stoffwechselerkrankungen, Arteriosklerose). Der therapeutische Erfolg wird häufig nur interdisziplinär erzielt.Die initiale Therapie findet idealerweise schon am Unfallort statt. Luxationsfrakturen müssen zwingend reponiert und geschient werden, offene Frakturen im Anschluss steril abgedeckt. Neben der Stabilisierung der Vitalfunktion muss eine vollumfängliche körperliche Untersuchung und Diagnostik mit Gefäßdarstellung und Fotodokumentation im Schockraum stattfinden. Hier wird auch der Tetanusschutz eruiert und eine kalkulierte antimikrobielle Therapie eingeleitet.Offene Frakturen werden dann nach dem Damage Control Prinzip im OP exploriert, debrediert und transfixiert. Manifeste
oder drohende Kompartmentsyndrome müssen gespalten werden, ggf. muss mithilfe der Gefäßchirurgie eine Revaskularisation angestrebt werden. Sollte eine plastisch-chirurgische Expertise vor Ort sein, so ist diese so früh wie möglich einzubinden. Häufig wird das Ausmaß des sekundären Gewebsschadens erst durch weitere Débridements und Gewinnung von Gewebeproben sichtbar. Der geeignete Zeitpunkt für die definitive Osteosynthese hängt vom Gesamtzustand des Patienten ab. Diaphysäre Frakturen werden in der Regel mit einem Verriegelungsmarknagel weichteilschonend operativ versorgt. Gelenk- oder metaphysäre Frakturen werden hingegen durch winkelstabile Plattensysteme stabilisiert. Der vital bedrohte Patient oder Patienten mit einem ausgedehnten Weichteilschaden können von einem Ilizarov-Hybridfixateur profitieren. Limitierend für jede Osteosynthese sind die Weichteilverhältnisse. Sollte die temporäre Weichteildeckung notwendig werden, so wird im eigenen Vorgehen zunächst ein
Epigard gewählt mit second look nach 24 Stunden und Wechsel auf einen Vakuumversiegelungssystem (V. A. C. Therapy). Mittels plastisch-chirurgischer Konsultation lässt sich schon frühzeitig die optimale Deckung der posttraumatischen Defekte planen.
Single-Anastomosis Procedures in Metabolic Surgery
Authors: Qudah Yaqeen , Barajas-Gamboa Juan S. , Sun Helen , Del Gobbo Gabriel Díaz , Kroh Matthew , Corcelles Ricard
Published: November 2021

The most effective long-term treatment for severe obesity is bariatric surgery with improvement or resolution of obesity-related comorbidities. Single-anastomosis procedures including single-anastomosis duodenoileal bypass and one-anastomosis gastric bypass are relatively new procedures that are gaining popularity worldwide. These surgical techniques are perceived to be less complex with a shorter learning curve in comparison to the standard biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; however, long-term outcomes and complications remain controversial. This article aims to review one-anastomosis procedures, evaluate their outcomes, and review potential complications.
A single shot gamma-induced positron spectroscopy based on laser wakefield accelerator
Authors: Yan Yonghong , Yu Minghai , Wang Shaoyi , Tan Fang , Yang Yue , Zhang Xiaohui , Wu Yuchi , Su Jingqin , Zhou Weimin , Gu Yuqiu
Published: November 2021

Single shot gamma-induced positron annihilation spectroscopy (GiPS) based on a laser wakefield accelerator is proposed. In this spectroscopy, a large number of gamma rays generated by laser-wakefield accelerated electrons are injected into a sample in a very short time (<2 ps), and the positron lifetime is detected by measuring the time profile of the annihilation radiation (511 keV gamma ray) from the sample. The processes including gamma-ray production, shielding, annihilation generation, and annihilation detection were simulated by using the Monte Carlo method. The results show that up to 1010 gamma rays with a duration of 1.4 ps can be produced per shot with a 45 TW laser system. A Cherenkov radiator PbF2 was used to detect the annihilation radiation, and its optimal thickness of 15 mm was obtained. A whole process simulation with optimized parameters was conducted. A low statistical fluctuation lifetime spectrum can be produced, which confirms the feasibility of single shot GiPS with a typical 45 TW laser system.
General relationship between salt concentration and x-ray absorption for binary electrolytes
Authors: Steinrück Hans-Georg
Published: November 2021

We derive a general relationship between salt concentration and x-ray absorption for binary electrolytes. Volume and mass conservation are considered. The relationship can be used to measure salt concentration profiles via x-ray absorption imaging during cell polarization and relaxation. In conjunction with concentrated solution theory, the derived relationship is as a powerful tool to accurately determine transport coefficients such as cation transference number in ion battery electrolytes and to test thermodynamic models. The relationship is electrolyte-agnostic, as long as the product between mass attenuation coefficient, inverse partial molar volume, and molar mass of the solvent and that of the salt are not equal.
Genetic interaction and inheritance of important traits in durum (
Authors: Mohammadi Majid , Mirlohi Aghafakhr , Majidi Mohammad Mahdi , Esmaeilzadeh Moghaddam Mohsen , Rabbani Farzaneh , Noori Fatemeh
Published: November 2021

Emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum) is an important gene source for wheat improvement but less studied in crosses with its descendant species durum (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum), especially in respect to the type of genetic components, intergenic interactions and the genetic mechanisms governing responses to drought. In this study, generation means analysis was performed using F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2 from two different crosses of emmer × durum. Seeds were planted in a RCBD design with three replications under two water regimes. Results showed that there was a highly considerable difference between generations for all studied traits. The presence of significant mean parameter for all the traits, indicated the quantitative inheritance of the traits. Estimating the number of effective genes, polygenic control of the traits were confirmed. In moisture stress condition, epistatic effect for grain yield and yield-related traits illustrated the importance of epistasis in plant adaptation and performance stability. The additive × additive effect, which is fixable, was remarkable in both crosses. Under both water regimes, narrow-sense heritability was relatively high and estimates of gain from selection were positive for most of the traits. Among generations studied, the backcrosses were superior for drought tolerant indices. Based on the results, emmer wheat seems to have genetic potential for durum improvement.
Factors influencing the jump momentum – sprint momentum correlation: a data simulation
Authors: McErlain‐Naylor Stuart A. , Beato Marco
Published: November 2021

Jump take‐off momentum has previously been proposed as an alternative test to predict sprint momentum. This study used a data simulation to replicate and systematically investigate relationships reported in previous studies between body mass, vertical jump performance, and sprint performance. Results were averaged for 1000 simulated data sets in each condition, and the effects of various parameters on correlations between jump momentum and sprint momentum were determined. The ability of jump take‐off momentum to predict sprint momentum is greatest under relatively high inter‐individual variation in body mass and relatively low inter‐individual variation in jump height. This is largely due to the increased emphasis on body mass in these situations. Even under zero or a small negative (r = −0.30) correlation between jump height and sprint velocity, the correlation between the two momenta remained very large (r ≥ 0.76) on average. There were no investigated conditions under which jump momentum was most frequently a significantly (p < 0.05) greater predictor of sprint momentum compared to simply using body mass alone. Furthermore, between‐individual correlations should not be used to make inferences or predictions for within‐individual applications (e.g. predicting or evaluating the effects of a longitudinal training intervention). It is recommended that any rationale for calculating and/or monitoring jump take‐off momentum should be separate from its ability to predict sprint momentum. Indeed, body mass alone may be a better predictor of sprint momentum.

Highlights

This study replicated and systematically perturbed relationships reported in the literature to investigate factors contributing to correlations between jump momentum and sprint momentum.

The ability of jump take‐off momentum to predict sprint momentum is greatest under relatively high inter‐individual variation in body mass and relatively low inter‐individual variation in jump height. This is largely due to the increased emphasis on body mass in these situations.

Even under zero or a small negative correlation between jump height and sprint velocity, the correlation between the two momenta remained very large on average. There were no investigated conditions under which jump momentum was a better predictor of sprint momentum compared to simply using body mass alone.

It is recommended that any rationale for calculating and/or monitoring jump take‐off momentum should be separate from its ability to predict sprint momentum. Indeed, body mass alone may be a better inter‐individual predictor of sprint momentum if such a prediction were deemed necessary.
Intestinal epithelial tuft cell induction is negated by a murine helminth and its secreted products
Authors: Drurey Claire , Lindholm Håvard T. , Coakley Gillian , Poveda Marta Campillo , Löser Stephan , Doolan Rory , Gerbe François , Jay Philippe , Harris Nicola , Oudhoff Menno J. , Maizels Rick M.
Published: November 2021

Helminth parasites are adept manipulators of the immune system, using multiple strategies to evade the host type 2 response. In the intestinal niche, the epithelium is crucial for initiating type 2 immunity via tuft cells, which together with goblet cells expand dramatically in response to the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. However, it is not known whether helminths modulate these epithelial cell populations. In vitro, using small intestinal organoids, we found that excretory/secretory products (HpES) from Heligmosomoides polygyrus blocked the effects of IL-4/13, inhibiting tuft and goblet cell gene expression and expansion, and inducing spheroid growth characteristic of fetal epithelium and homeostatic repair. Similar outcomes were seen in organoids exposed to parasite larvae. In vivo, H. polygyrus infection inhibited tuft cell responses to heterologous Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection or succinate, and HpES also reduced succinate-stimulated tuft cell expansion. Our results demonstrate that helminth parasites reshape their intestinal environment in a novel strategy for undermining the host protective response.
Signature required: The transcriptional response to tuberculosis
Authors: Barry Clifton E. , Mayer-Barber Katrin D.
Published: November 2021

The majority of humans infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis never experience clinical symptoms or signs, but predicting those who will remains out of reach. Here, we discuss recent studies that reveal patterns and pathways that determine who is at highest risk for progression.
Intensity and anisotropies of the stochastic gravitational wave background from merging compact binaries in galaxies
Authors: Capurri Giulia , Lapi Andrea , Baccigalupi Carlo , Boco Lumen , Scelfo Giulio , Ronconi Tommaso
Published: November 2021

We investigate the isotropic and anisotropic components of the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background (SGWB) originated from unresolved merging compact binaries in galaxies. We base our analysis on an empirical approach to galactic astrophysics that allows to follow the evolution of individual systems. We then characterize the energy density of the SGWB as a tracer of the total matter density, in order to compute the angular power spectrum of anisotropies with the Cosmic Linear Anisotropy Solving System (CLASS) public code in full generality. We obtain predictions for the isotropic energy density and for the angular power spectrum of the SGWB anisotropies, and study the prospect for their observations with advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave and Virgo Observatories and with the Einstein Telescope. We identify the contributions coming from different type of sources (binary black holes, binary neutron stars and black hole-neutron star) and from different redshifts. We examine in detail the spectral shape of the energy density for all types of sources, comparing the results for the two detectors. We find that the power spectrum of the SGWB anisotropies behaves like a power law on large angular scales and drops at small scales: we explain this behavior in terms of the redshift distribution of sources that contribute most to the signal, and of the sensitivities of the two detectors. Finally, we simulate a high resolution full sky map of the SGWB starting from the power spectra obtained with CLASS and including Poisson statistics and clustering properties.
Disparities in the body, chest, and wing morphometric among three subspecies of local male chickens for genetic breeding
Authors: Putranto H D , Nurmeiliasari  , Yumiati Y , Nur A M
Published: November 2021

Local chickens in developing countries, including Indonesia, have great potential to be developed into natural superior breeds to support food security and improve farmer welfare. Meanwhile, the major endemic subspecies found in the Bengkulu province are burgo and kampung chicken, as well as ketarras which are recently bred intensively. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the disparities in the morphometrics of three subspecies of local male chickens specifically on the body weight, length, chest girth and length, as well as wing span. Based on the results, the male burgo chicken morphometrical size was significantly smaller than ketarras, while the ketarras chicken was significantly smaller than kampung (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the average body weights for the burgo, ketarras and kampung chicken were 1.0, 1.2 and 1.9 kg cock-1, respectively, while the average of body length, chest and chest length, as well as wing span were 29.9, 40.0, 47.7 cm cock-1; 26.2, 30.1, 36.3 cm cock-1; 12.6, 17.8, 20.3 cm cock-1, and 34.4, 41.9, 55.9 cm cock-1, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the burgo and kampung chicken have the smallest and biggest morphometric sizes respectively.
The role of organic fertilizer from natural dye waste and mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth of Indigofera tinctoria L.
Authors: Budiastuti M T S , Supriyono  , Manurung I R , Setyaningrum D , Nurmalasari A I , Arista N I D
Published: November 2021

Management of Indigofera tinctoria as a natural dye produces organic waste that has not been utilized. One of the proper managements of organic waste is to process it into organic fertilizer. This study examines the role of organic fertilizer waste and mycorrhizae on the growth and yield of Indigofera tinctoria. The study used a completely randomized block design with two factors: organic waste fertilizer and mycorrhizae. The results showed that organic fertilizers and mycorrhizae did not affect the net assimilation and leaf area indexes. The combination of organic fertilizers with mycorrhizae supports leaf growth. The combination of 400 g.plant−1 organic fertilizer and 10 g.plant−1 mycorrhizal fertilizer increased the number of leaves by 257%. Organic fertilizer has a significant effect on the fresh weight of the crown, fresh weight and root biomass. Organic fertilizer dose of 200 g.plant−1 increased fresh root weight, root biomass and fresh crown weight by 68.5%, 68.29% and 63.27% respectively. Mycorrhizae 10 g.plant−1 increased root length by 23.54%. Leaf growth correlated with length, fresh weight and root biomass. Organic fertilizer from the extraction of Indigofera tinctoria is an effort to achieve zero waste to support plant growth.
Local wisdom in the preservation and diversification of medicinal plant use (A case study of the Lawu mountainside community on the island of Java, Indonesia)
Authors: Wibowo A , Setyawati A , Masyithoh G , Rahayu E S
Published: November 2021

The Lawu mountainside community uses local wisdom in its preservation of medicinal plants. The goal of this research is to describe the role of local wisdom in preserving and diversifying the use of medicinal plants. The research uses a qualitative method with an explorative approach to explore local wisdom and the optimization of medicinal plants. The research results show that the Lawu mountainside community, who use a wealth of local wisdom in the preservation and optimization of the diversification of medicinal plant use, supported by the potential of natural beauty, have managed to preserve and transfer this local wisdom to the younger generation and create a tourism site to attract visitors. This has had implications on economic and social cultural aspects. In the economic aspect, it has led to a development in the local economy, while in the social cultural aspect, it has brought about an internalization of ecological values in management of the natural environment.
EIA in developing countries: How does environmental impact assessment (EIA)/(AMDAL) support neoliberal mining? (a case study in Indonesia)
Authors: Kumayza T
Published: November 2021

Amdal regulation on mining exploitation according to Law No. 32 of 2009 aims to protect and manage the environment properly. This research reveals the paradox of EIA at the micro level (a case study) supporting the neoliberal agenda and facilitating economic development. This study aimed to explore how the practice of compensation for agricultural land at the scoping stage in the preparation of mining Amdal documents. The research was conducted in Mulawarman village, Kutai Kartanagara district, East Kalimantan province in the period 2004-2013. Historically, in the 2004-2013 period, Kutai Kartanegara Regency was the most massive in issuing mining business permits in Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that there was weak legal protection for agricultural land owners and unequal negotiation practices between companies and land owners without government supervision. The practice of compensation is a development tool rather than an environmental protection tool..
Circle of worry song video clip as a campaign medium to save the environment from damage
Authors: Ardianto D T , Riyanto B , Fajriani B
Published: November 2021

The Earth Day is commemorated every April 22nd to remind the importance of environmental protection. The environment that sustains our lives is getting weary over time. A group of filmmakers compiled a video clip consisting of environmental destruction events. This video clip is used as the background of a song entitled Circle of Worry. The purpose of this song clip production is to campaign for environmental protection. The video clip was made using creative collaboration method. The video was then distributed through social media and online platforms to reach broader audience, especially the younger generation. Through this media, it is hoped that the younger generation’s attention and awareness will emerge to better protect their environment.
Towards collective action in conflict resolution on environmental impacts due to coal mining in Indonesia
Authors: Sudarmo S
Published: November 2021

The Indonesian government has formally determined large-scale coal production to meet economic initiatives. This study uses the documentary method. The study found that coal mining activity has both positive and negative impacts. Coal mining creates environmental damage resulting in conflicts and advantaged and disadvantaged groups. The conflict resolution approach tends to be partial and has not resolved the problems associated with coal mining because the community tends to be victimized. Taking a participatory and inclusive collective action approach is essential to mitigate challenges coal mining entails because environmental problems require diverse stakeholders’ involvement. The commitment of coal mining entrepreneurs and the government’s concrete actions to minimize the negative impacts of coal mining cannot be further delayed which are to ensure the sustainability of Indonesia’s resources, human life, and the natural environment.
TDFragMapper: a visualization tool for evaluating experimental parameters in top-down proteomics
Authors: Dhenin Jonathan , Borges Lima Diogo , Dupré Mathieu , Chamot-Rooke Julia
Published: November 2021

Motivation

We present a new software-tool allowing an easy visualization of fragment ions and thus a rapid evaluation of key experimental parameters on the sequence coverage obtained for the MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry) analysis of intact proteins. Our tool can process data obtained from various deconvolution and fragment assignment software.

Results

We demonstrate that TDFragMapper can rapidly highlight the experimental fragmentation parameters that are critical to the characterization of intact proteins of various size using top-down proteomics.

Availability and implementation

TDFragMapper, a demonstration video and user tutorial are freely available for academic use at https://msbio.pasteur.fr/tdfragmapper; all data are thus available from the ProteomeXchange consortium (identifier PXD024643).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
An Examination of Intergenerational Contact Experiences Using 10,338 Journal Entries From 2,414 Young Adults
Authors: Lytle Ashley , Kowal Michael , Macdonald Jamie , Levy Sheri R
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives

With continued negative depictions of older adults and limitations on positive intergenerational contact, ageism is a significant social issue. Using a rich data set of journal entries, we examined sentiments, emotions, and optimal intergenerational contact conditions among volunteers in an intergenerational program.

Research Design and Methods

10,338 journal entries were analyzed from 2,414 young adult volunteers from GlamourGals Foundation, Inc., a U.S. nonprofit, which aims to reduce isolation by facilitating intergenerational contact. Applying the PEACE (Positive Education about Aging and Contact Experiences) theoretical model, each sentence was coded using sentiment analysis, emotional analysis, and supervised learning methods across 5 optimal intergenerational contact conditions.

Results

Out of 74,475 sentences, participants reported predominantly positive sentiments (64.2% positive, 29% neutral, and 6.8% negative) and more positive emotions (e.g., joy) than negative emotions (e.g., disgust). Nearly all participants (98.2%) wrote at least a sentence that included at least 1 of the 5 optimal intergenerational contact conditions. Moreover, positive sentiment was present in higher percentages when more instances of optimal contact conditions were reported (54.4% for none, 71.6% for 1 category, 81.5% for 2, 83% for 3, 89.2% for 4, 98.4% for 5).

Discussion and Implications

The present investigation applied a theoretical model to assess a long-standing community intergenerational program. Contact that provided one-to-one, cooperative, equal status interactions involving personal disclosure that was sanctioned by the program administrators was associated with positive sentiment. Future directions and implications are discussed.
Dorsal telencephalon-specific Nprl2- and Nprl3-knockout mice: novel mouse models for GATORopathy
Authors: Ishida Saeko , Zhao Di , Sawada Yuta , Hiraoka Yuichi , Mashimo Tomoji , Tanaka Kohichi
Published: November 2021

The most frequent genetic cause of focal epilepsies is variations in the GAP activity toward RAGs 1 complex genes DEP domain containing 5 (DEPDC5), nitrogen permease regulator 2-like protein (NPRL2) and nitrogen permease regulator 3-like protein (NPRL3). Because these variations are frequent and associated with a broad spectrum of focal epilepsies, a unique pathology categorized as GATORopathy can be conceptualized. Animal models recapitulating the clinical features of patients are essential to decipher GATORopathy. Although several genetically modified animal models recapitulate DEPDC5-related epilepsy, no models have been reported for NPRL2- or NPRL3-related epilepsies. Here, we conditionally deleted Nprl2 and Nprl3 from the dorsal telencephalon in mice [Emx1cre/+; Nprl2f/f (Nprl2-cKO) and Emx1cre/+; Nprl3f/f (Nprl3-cKO)] and compared their phenotypes with Nprl2+/−, Nprl3+/− and Emx1cre/+; Depdc5f/f (Depdc5-cKO) mice. Nprl2-cKO and Nprl3-cKO mice recapitulated the major abnormal features of patients—spontaneous seizures, and dysmorphic enlarged neuronal cells with increased mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling—similar to Depdc5-cKO mice. Chronic postnatal rapamycin administration dramatically prolonged the survival period and inhibited seizure occurrence but not enlarged neuronal cells in Nprl2-cKO and Nprl3-cKO mice. However, the benefit of rapamycin after withdrawal was less durable in Nprl2- and Nprl3-cKO mice compared with Depdc5-cKO mice. Further studies using these conditional knockout mice will be useful for understanding GATORopathy and for the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
EHR-based cohort assessment for multicenter RCTs: a fast and flexible model for identifying potential study sites
Authors: Nelson Sarah J , Drury Bethany , Hood Daniel , Harper Jeremy , Bernard Tiffany , Weng Chunhua , Kennedy Nan , LaSalle Bernie , Gouripeddi Ramkiran , Wilkins Consuelo H , Harris Paul
Published: November 2021

Objective

The Recruitment Innovation Center (RIC), partnering with the Trial Innovation Network and institutions in the National Institutes of Health-sponsored Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Program, aimed to develop a service line to retrieve study population estimates from electronic health record (EHR) systems for use in selecting enrollment sites for multicenter clinical trials. Our goal was to create and field-test a low burden, low tech, and high-yield method.

Materials and Methods

In building this service line, the RIC strove to complement, rather than replace, CTSA hubs’ existing cohort assessment tools. For each new EHR cohort request, we work with the investigator to develop a computable phenotype algorithm that targets the desired population. CTSA hubs run the phenotype query and return results using a standardized survey. We provide a comprehensive report to the investigator to assist in study site selection.

Results

From 2017 to 2020, the RIC developed and socialized 36 phenotype-dependent cohort requests on behalf of investigators. The average response rate to these requests was 73%.

Discussion

Achieving enrollment goals in a multicenter clinical trial requires that researchers identify study sites that will provide sufficient enrollment. The fast and flexible method the RIC has developed, with CTSA feedback, allows hubs to query their EHR using a generalizable, vetted phenotype algorithm to produce reliable counts of potentially eligible study participants.

Conclusion

The RIC’s EHR cohort assessment process for evaluating sites for multicenter trials has been shown to be efficient and helpful. The model may be replicated for use by other programs.
The Midwife’s Tale: Conscientious Objection to Abortion after Grimmark and Steen
Authors: Brzozowski Wojciech
Published: November 2021

In early 2020, the European Court of Human Rights decided two cases of Swedish midwives who had been denied employment following their refusal to assist in performing abortions because of their religious beliefs: Grimmark v Sweden and Steen v Sweden. Surprisingly to many, their applications were declared inadmissible. This comment aims to determine whether they should indeed have been rejected at the preliminary stage and what message that ruling sent to a wider public regarding the Court's stance on the issue of conscientious objection. The author arrives at the conclusion that the two applications could have legitimately been expected to be fully examined and finds the Court's decisions highly unsatisfactory: not only do they demonstrate a regrettable lack of consideration with regard to the applicants' claims, but they also contribute to the ongoing uncertainty as to the Court's views on the limits of accommodation of conscience-based claims in healthcare and beyond.
Shopping, Identity, and Place
Authors: Campo Enrico
Published: November 2021

The (almost) universal extension of capitalist production and distribution processes has spread the “culture of consumption” to virtually every corner of the globe. This chapter discusses the relationship between spaces of consumption—shopping malls in particular—and the processes of identity construction. It begins with a brief review of the first works to examine consumption and its spaces without viewing them as neutral backgrounds where the distribution of goods would take place, but rather as physical and symbolic spaces in their own right. Further on, recent approaches that have been most influenced by symbolic interactionism are also analyzed. These perspectives, by putting the actor’s point of view and their concrete daily practices at the center of research, understood the processes of identity negotiation and the practice of shopping as an ordinary, contextual, and situated activity.
An Intersectional Analysis of Labor Market
Outcomes
Authors: Brooks Jennifer D.
Published: November 2021

Recent work highlights the importance of intersectionality to the study of the economic and labor market inequalities of those with disabilities. Yet, little attention has been given to examining the causes and consequences of these intersectional effects. The current chapter expands on previous research by (1) examining how race/ethnicity, gender, and disability status work in tandem to shape employment probabilities among working-age adults with disabilities and (2) whether potential disparities among these groups can be explained by government assistance receipt. This chapter uses data from the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) to estimate a series of logistic regression models predicting employment from 16 race-gender-disability groups. Results provide evidence for a “spillover effect” where the disadvantages or advantages an individual acquires from the combination of their status-based characteristics spill over to affect their employment probabilities. This spillover effect may result from the multiplicative effects of race/ethnicity, gender, and disability status on institutions, including employment and government assistance, intertwining to create and maintain hierarchies of disadvantage, leading to overlapping institutions of oppression.
Infrastructures of Soviet Underground Culture
Authors: Parisi Valentina
Published: November 2021

Institutions of the late Soviet underground (here understood following Peter Bürger as the norms governing the production and reception of works of art) consisted of atypical, small-scale, ephemeral, self-organized infrastructures such as, for example, samizdat periodicals, readings, exhibitions, conferences held in private apartments. Geographically not limited to Moscow and Leningrad, they allowed participants to carry on their creative activities in an uncensored way; nevertheless, they were shaped in a complex dialectic with highbrown, authoritative forms such as thick journals or academic seminars. Alternative topographies were established and symbolically charged places were temporarily taken and appropriated. In the second half of the 1970s underground institutions underwent a gradual process of consolidation and served to the conceptualization of the so-called second culture in reference to neglected pre-revolutionary legacy and to Soviet official culture.
The Title IX Movement Against Campus Sexual Harassment
Authors: Cantalupo Nancy Chi
Published: November 2021

Beginning in 2009, hundreds of thousands of students and their allies began to mobilize against campus sexual assault, organizing around the groundbreaking civil rights statute, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, and achieving remarkable progress in advancing gender equality in only about a decade. Moving from the Title IX movement’s genesis during the Obama administration to the movement’s direct-action protests and litigation challenging regulations issued in May 2020 by then-Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos, this chapter tells the story of how Title IX and the student movement interacted from 2009 to 2020. During these years, the movement not only weathered backlash but also influenced later feminist movements such as #MeToo and nonfeminists’ understanding of sexual harassment, demonstrating the continued power and promise of both feminist law and feminist organizing.
Beyond Battered Women’s Syndrome
Authors: Buel Sarah M.
Published: November 2021

Feminist jurisprudence has amplified the voices of gender violence survivors long silenced by trauma and male-biased legal doctrine. In critiquing self-defense law’s treatment of survivors, some feminists pressed for recognition of a distinctive set of characteristics purportedly associated with survivors, termed “battered woman syndrome” (BWS). Intended to ameliorate the harsh effects of criminal law on survivors, BWS sought to explain why battered women responded as they did in terms that judges and juries might better relate to the legal requirements for self-defense. One argument is that the law of self-defense must be further recalibrated—beyond the problematic, operative lens of BWS—to better protect those who engage in survival crime. By instead utilizing “battering and its effects” as the framework for relevant evidence, the criminal justice system could become more responsive to survivors. Even beyond recalibrating the law of self-defense to better suit survivors, legal stakeholders can learn much from activists and feminist legal theory about pursuing gender and racial justice, by embracing diverse lenses to actually hear the raced, classed, and gendered narratives of survivors’ lives. Despite missteps with the development of BWS, feminist jurisprudence is gradually increasing understanding of, and empathy for, survival crime.
Search for host defense markers uncovers an apple agglutination factor corresponding with fire blight resistance
Authors: Chavonet Erwan , Gaucher Matthieu , Warneys Romain , Bodelot Antoine , Heintz Christelle , Juillard Anthony , Cournol Raphaël , Widmalm Göran , Bowen Joanna K , Hamiaux Cyril , Brisset Marie-Noëlle , Degrave Alexandre
Published: November 2021

Pathenogenesis-related (PR) proteins are extensively used as molecular markers to dissect the signaling cascades leading to plant defense responses. However, studies focusing on the biochemical or biological properties of these proteins remain rare. Here, we identify and characterize a class of apple (Malus domestica) PR proteins, named M. domestica AGGLUTININS (MdAGGs), belonging to the amaranthin-like lectin family. By combining molecular and biochemical approaches, we show that abundant production of MdAGGs in leaf tissues corresponds with enhanced resistance to the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of the disease fire blight. We also show that E. amylovora represses the expression of MdAGG genes by injecting the type 3 effector DspA/E into host cells and by secreting bacterial exopolysaccharides. Using a purified recombinant MdAGG, we show that the protein agglutinates E. amylovora cells in vitro and binds bacterial lipopolysaccharides at low pH, conditions reminiscent of the intercellular pH occurring in planta upon E. amylovora infection. We finally provide evidence that negatively charged polysaccharides, such as the free exopolysaccharide amylovoran progressively released by the bacteria, act as decoys relying on charge–charge interaction with the MdAGG to inhibit agglutination. Overall, our results suggest that the production of this particular class of PR proteins may contribute to apple innate immunity mechanisms active against E. amylovora.
Early Monitoring and Subsequent Gain of Tacrolimus Time-In-Therapeutic Range May Improve Clinical Outcomes After Living Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Yin Saifu , Huang Zhongli , Wang Zhiling , Fan Yu , Wang Xianding , Song Turun , Lin Tao
Published: November 2021

Background:

The early identification of recipients at high risk of graft loss is clinically relevant after kidney transplantation. The authors explored whether the earlier monitoring of tacrolimus (Tac) time-in-therapeutic range (TTR) is predictive of and a subsequent gain in TTR improves transplant outcomes.

Methods:

The TTR within 3, 6, 9, and 12 months was evaluated. Multivariate Cox analyses were performed to explore when TTR was predictive of transplant outcomes. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on incremental TTR change [TTR gain (increase >10%), TTR stable (maintained within 10%), and TTR loss (decrease >10%)] and 4 groups based on predefined cutoff values [low–low (LL), low–high (LH), high–low (HL), and high–high (HH)] using 6- and 12-month TTRs. Death-censored graft loss and patient death were primary outcomes.

Results:

Nonlinear associations were observed between 6-, 9-, and 12-month TTR and death-censored graft and patient survival rates. In multivariate analysis, every 10% increase in 6-, 9-, and 12-month TTRs was associated with reduced patient death [hazard ratio (HR): 0.83; HR: 0.68; HR: 0.61, respectively] and graft loss (HR: 0.88; HR: 0.73; HR: 0.66, respectively). A nonlinear relationship was observed between transplant outcomes and incremental changes in TTR. TTR gain and stable TTR contributed to higher graft survival (HR: 0.20; HR: 0.21) and patient survival (HR: 0.14; HR: 0.15) rates than TTR loss, whereas the former 2 had comparable outcomes. Furthermore, compared with those in the HH group, the LL and HL groups had inferior graft survival (HR: 3.33; HR: 5.17) and patient survival (HR: 5.15; HR: 8.94) rates, whereas the LH group had similar outcomes (P = 0.63, P = 0.97). Nonadherence was the main controllable risk factor for low TTR.

Conclusions:

The 6-month TTR identified patients at higher risk of worse outcomes. The subsequent gain of TTR may contribute to better transplant outcomes.
Association of the Circulating Supar Levels with Inflammation, Fibrinolysis, and Outcome in Severe Burn Patients
Authors: Lin Jian-Chang , Chen Xiao-Dong , Xu Zhao-Rong , Zheng Lin-Wen , Chen Zhao-Hong
Published: November 2021

Background:

Hyperfibrinolysis and pro/anti-inflammatory imbalance usually occur in the early stage of severe burns. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is involved in fibrinolysis and inflammation. To date, the levels of circulating suPAR in non-survivors with severe burns remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the early association between circulating suPAR levels and biomarkers of fibrinolysis, pro/anti-inflammatory, and prognosis.

Methods:

Sixty-four consecutive Chinese patients with severe burns and 26 healthy volunteers were enrolled in a prospective observational cohort. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data were collected prospectively. Blood samples were collected at 48 h post-burn, and suPAR and biomarkers of pro/anti-inflammatory and fibrinolysis were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Important indicators between non-survivors and survivors were compared. Linear regression analysis was performed to screen variables associated with suPAR. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were performed to evaluate the prognostic value of suPAR.

Result:

Compared with the control group, the circulating suPAR levels in the survivors (P < 0.001) and non-survivors (P = 0.017) were higher. Compared with survivors, non-survivors had lower circulating suPAR levels at 48 h post-burn, and they showed a higher degree of fibrinolysis (higher D-dimer) and a lower TNF-α/IL-10 ratio. According to linear regression analysis, the variables independently associated with a lower suPAR level were lower platelet factor 4 (PF-4), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and TNF-α/IL-10 levels and a higher D-dimer level. Logistic regression and ROC analyses indicated that a suPAR level ≤ 4.70 μg/L was independently associated with 30-day mortality.

Conclusion:

Low circulating suPAR levels at 48 h post-burn in severe burn patients may reflect decreased TNF-α/IL-10 ratio and increased hyperfibrinolysis. suPAR can predict 30-day mortality in patients with severe burn.
The 28-Day Mortality Outcome of the Complete Hour-1 Sepsis Bundle in the Emergency Department
Authors: Prachanukool Thidathit , Sanguanwit Pitsucha , Thodamrong Fuangsiri , Suttapanit Karn
Published: November 2021

Introduction:

The Surviving Sepsis Campaign published the Hour-1 Sepsis Bundle in 2018. The first-hour management of patients with sepsis in the emergency department (ED) is important, as suggested in the Hour-1 Sepsis Bundle. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate 28-day mortality and delayed septic shock with use of a complete and incomplete Hour-1 Sepsis Bundle in the ED.

Methods:

This prospective cohort study included adult patients with sepsis from March to July 2019. We followed the sepsis protocol used in the ED of a tertiary care hospital.

Results:

We enrolled 593 patients, with 55.9% in the complete Hour-1 Sepsis Bundle group. The 28-day mortality was 3.9% overall and no significant difference between the complete and incomplete Hour-1 Sepsis Bundle groups (3.6% vs. 4.2%, P = 0.707). Complete Hour-1 Sepsis Bundle treatment was not associated with 28-day mortality (adjusted OR = 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72–5.74, P = 0.176) or delayed septic shock (adjusted OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.30–1.78, P = 0.499). Completion of each bundle did not affect outcomes of 28-day mortality and delayed septic shock.

Conclusions:

The complete Hour-1 Sepsis Bundle treatment in the ED was not significantly associated with 28-day mortality and delayed septic shock.

Trial registration:

The trial was registered in the Thai Clinical Trial Registry, TCTR 20200526013.
Limited impact of contact tracing in a University setting for COVID-19 due to asymptomatic transmission and social distancing
Authors: Stocks Daniel , Nixon Emily , Trickey Adam , Homer Martin , Brooks-Pollock Ellen
Published: November 2021

Contact tracing is an important tool for controlling the spread of infectious diseases, including COVID-19. Here, we investigate the spread of COVID-19 and the effectiveness of contact tracing in a university population, using a data-driven ego-centric network model constructed with social contact data collected during 2020 and similar data collected in 2010. We find that during 2020, university staff and students consistently reported fewer social contacts than in 2010, however those contacts occurred more frequently and were of longer duration. We find that contact tracing in the presence of social distancing is less impactful than without social distancing. By combining multiple data sources, we show that University-aged populations are likely to develop asymptomatic COVID-19 infections. We find that asymptomatic index cases cannot be reliably back-traced through contact tracing and consequently transmission in their social network is not significantly reduced through contact tracing. In summary, social distancing restrictions had a large impact on limiting COVID-19 outbreaks in universities; to reduce transmission further contact tracing should be used in conjunction with alternative interventions.
Large-scale algorithmic search identifies stiff and sloppy dimensions in synaptic architectures consistent with murine neocortical wiring
Authors: Jabri Tarek , MacLean Jason N.
Published: November 2021

Complex systems can be defined by “sloppy” dimensions, meaning that their behavior is unmodified by large changes to specific parameter combinations, and “stiff” dimensions whose change results in considerable behavioral modification. In the neocortex, sloppiness in synaptic architectures would be crucial to allow for the maintenance of asynchronous irregular spiking dynamics with low firing rates despite a diversity of inputs, states, and both short- and long-term plasticity. Using simulations on neural networks with first-order spiking statistics matched to firing in murine visual cortex while varying connectivity parameters, we determined the stiff and sloppy parameters of synaptic architectures across three classes of input (brief, continuous, and cyclical). Algorithmically-generated connectivity parameter values drawn from a large portion of the parameter space reveal that specific combinations of excitatory and inhibitory connectivity are stiff and that all other architectural details are sloppy. Stiff dimensions are consistent across input classes with self-sustaining synaptic architectures following brief input occupying a smaller subspace as compared to the other input classes. Experimentally estimated connectivity probabilities from mouse visual cortex are consistent with the connectivity correlations found and fall in the same region of the parameter space as architectures identified algorithmically. This suggests that simple statistical descriptions of spiking dynamics are a sufficient and parsimonious description of neocortical activity when examining structure-function relationships at the mesoscopic scale. Additionally, coarse graining cell types does not prevent the generation of accurate, informative, and interpretable models underlying simple spiking activity. This unbiased investigation provides further evidence of the importance of the interrelationship of excitatory and inhibitory connectivity to establish and maintain stable spiking dynamical regimes in the neocortex.

Author Summary

Connections between neurons are continuously changing to allow learning and adaptation to new stimuli. However, the ability of neural networks to vary these connections while avoiding excessively high- or low-activity states is still not well understood. We tackled this question by studying how changes in the parameters of connectivity within and between different neuronal populations impacted network activity in computational models. We identified specific combinations of parameters, deemed “stiff”, that must be maintained to observe activity consistent with recordings from murine visual cortex, while the rest of the parameters can be varied freely with minimal effects on activity. Our results agree with experimentally measured connectivity statistics demonstrating the importance of balancing opposing forces to maintain activity in a natural regime.
Fluorescent and bioluminescent calcium indicators with tuneable colors and affinities
Authors: Mertes Nicole , Busch Marvin , Huppertz Magnus-Carsten , Hacker Christina Nicole , Gürth Clara-Marie , Kühn Stefanie , Hiblot Julien , Koch Birgit , Johnsson Kai
Published: November 2021

We introduce a family of bright, rhodamine-based calcium indicators with tuneable affinities and colors. The indicators can be specifically localized to different cellular compartments and are compatible with both fluorescence and bioluminescence readouts through conjugation to HaloTag fusion proteins. Importantly, their increase in fluorescence upon localization enables no-wash live-cell imaging, which greatly facilitates their use in biological assays. Applications as fluorescent indicators in rat hippocampal neurons include the detection of single action potentials and of calcium fluxes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Applications as bioluminescent indicators include the recording of the pharmacological modulation of nuclear calcium in high-throughput-compatible assays. The versatility and remarkable ease of use of these indicators make them powerful tools for bioimaging and bioassays.

Graphical abstract