bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning from deregulation: The asymmetric impact of lockdown and reopening on risky behavior during COVID‐19
Authors: Glaeser Edward L. , Jin Ginger Z. , Leyden Benjamin T. , Luca Michael
Published: May 2021

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, states issued and then rescinded stay‐at‐home orders that restricted mobility. We develop a model of learning by deregulation, which predicts that lifting stay‐at‐home orders can signal that going out has become safer. Using restaurant activity data, we find that the implementation of stay‐at‐home orders initially had a limited impact, but that activity rose quickly after states' reopenings. The results suggest that consumers inferred from reopening that it was safer to eat out. The rational, but mistaken inference that occurs in our model may explain why a sharp rise of COVID‐19 cases followed reopening in some states.
Sugar reduction in products targeted at children: Why are we not there yet?
Authors: Velázquez Ana Laura , Vidal Leticia , Varela Paula , Ares Gastón
Published: May 2021

Sugar intake among children has raised concern worldwide as it exceeds nutritional recommendations. Sugar contributes to the daily energy intake, without providing additional nutritional value and is associated with several negative health outcomes. Sugars added to foods during industrial processing have been identified as the main source of sugar in children's diets. The present work critically discusses the role of the food industry in contributing to children's excessive sugar intake worldwide, and the strategies that have been encouraged or implemented to reduce the sugar content in products targeted at children. The risk of the current sugar reduction practices in products targeted at children is discussed based on recent scientific evidence. Children's heightened preference for sweetness may not justify the availability of highly sugary products for children. Although research suggests that children readily accept less sweet products, there is still some wariness in the food industry to reduce sweetness intensity. This has strengthened the use of non‐nutritive sweeteners (NNS), focusing on maintaining the sweetness level. However, emerging evidence suggests that this may not be the best approach.

Practical applications

Research shows that significant sugar reduction is feasible in products targeted at children without affecting hedonic perception, even if sweetness is reduced. The scientific evidence discussed in the present work challenges traditional approaches to sugar reduction and gives real life, practical recommendations for practitioners. All stakeholders (industry, food and health researchers, and policy makers) involved in the reformulation of products targeted at children are encouraged to prioritize children's best interest and protect their right to a healthy diet.
Exploring how physician educators approach politically charged topics with learners
Authors: Zaidi Zareen , Henderson Rebecca R. , O’Brien Bridget C.
Published: May 2021

Context

Medical educators hold and encounter different beliefs and values on politically charged health‐related topics such as reproductive rights and immigration. Their views on these topics have implications for how they approach them with learners, yet little work has explored medical educators’ views and pedagogical approaches. In this study, we used Hess's approaches to controversial topics (avoidance, denial, privilege, balance) as a guiding conceptual framework to explore physician educators’ views on and approaches to politically charged topics. We used this understanding to provide guidance on how best to address politically charged issues within medical education.

Method

We used a constructivist qualitative approach to explore medical educators’ approaches to politically charged topics. We interviewed 37 physician educators from two medical schools in different regions of the United States. In these semi‐structured interviews, we presented participants with vignettes depicting politically charged topics arising in an educational setting. Participants described and explained their response to each vignette. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using constructivist‐oriented thematic analysis.

Results

Participants were thoughtful about preparing learners for participation in a professional community that holds certain responsibilities to a politically and culturally diverse society. Although some adopted clear approaches on politically charged topics and declared their stance on the topic to learners, others took a balanced approach, focused only on the medical aspects and withheld their views. The context and location of practice played a role in the approaches participants adopted. Additionally, they had varied views on which topics had a place in medical education.

Conclusion

Our findings provide insights that can help guide medical educators and training programmes in decisions about their role in facilitating conversations about politically charged, health‐related topics and helping learners form their own perspectives and approaches to such topics.
Impatiens rapiformis, a new species of Impatiens with root tuber from Yunnan, China
Authors: Song Yong‐Xiu , Peng Shuai , Cong Yi‐Yan , Zheng Yi‐Ming
Published: May 2021

Impatiens rapiformis (Balsaminaceae), a new species from Malipo County, Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is superficially similar to I. apalophylla, I. malipoensis and I. guizhouensis, but differs by having cylindric or subfusiform root tuber, elliptic or obovate‐oblong leaf blades and falcate outer lateral sepals. The characters of its seed micromorphology and pollen morphology under SEM are given. A preliminary molecular phylogenetic study suggests that I. rapiformis should be placed in I. subg. Clavicarpa.
Treatment of mild Class II malocclusion in growing patients with clear aligners versus fixed multibracket therapy: A retrospective study
Authors: Dianiskova Simona , Rongo Roberto , Buono Raffaele , Franchi Lorenzo , Michelotti Ambra , D’Antò Vincenzo
Published: May 2021

Objective

To compare the dental and skeletal effects of intermaxillary elastics on the correction of mild Angle's Class II division 1 malocclusion with clear aligner treatment (CA) versus fixed multibracket (FMB) in growing patients.

Settings and sample population

The study sample consisted of 49 consecutively patients (mean age ± SD 12.9 ± 1.7 years), 32 females and 17 males referred from the School of Orthodontics of the University of Bratislava Comenius (Slovakia). All patients were treated with a non‐extraction orthodontic treatment, 25 with FMB and 24 with CA.

Methods

The cephalometric analysis was performed at the beginning (T0) and the end of the treatment (T1). The t test for unpaired data was carried out to compare cephalometric values at T0 and changes at T1‐T0 between the two groups. The level of significance was set as P < .0035.

Results

The two groups showed no statistically significant differences (ANPg = −0.1°; P = .762) in the correction of the sagittal intermaxillary relation. The analysis of vertical skeletal changes showed no statistically significant effects on mandibular inclination (SN/MP = 0.1°; P = .840). The two treatments had a statistically significant and clinically relevant difference in controlling the inclination of the lower incisors (L1/GoGn = 4.8°, CAG = −0.5°± 3.9°; FMB = 4.3°± 5.8°; P < .001).

Conclusions

Class II elastics combined with CA and FMB produce a similar correction on sagittal discrepancies in growing patients. CA presented a better control in the proclination of the lower incisors. CA and elastics might be a good alternative in the correction of mild Class II malocclusion in cases where a proclination of lower incisors is unwanted.
Association between maternal ritodrine hydrochloride administration during pregnancy and childhood wheezing up to three years of age: The Japan environment and children's study
Authors: Murata Tsuyoshi , Kyozuka Hyo , Yasuda Shun , Fukuda Toma , Yamaguchi Akiko , Maeda Hajime , Sato Akiko , Ogata Yuka , Shinoki Kosei , Hosoya Mitsuaki , Yasumura Seiji , Hashimoto Koichi , Nishigori Hidekazu , Fujimori Keiya ,   The Japan Environment, Children’s Study (JECS) Group
Published: May 2021

Background

The effects of maternal ritodrine hydrochloride administration (MRA) during pregnancy on fetuses and offspring are not entirely clear. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between MRA and childhood wheezing using data from a nationwide Japanese birth cohort study.

Methods

This study analyzed the data of the participants enrolled in the Japan Environment and Children's Study, a nationwide prospective birth cohort study, between 2011 and 2014. Data of women with singleton live births after 22 weeks of gestation were analyzed. The participants were divided according to MRA status. Considering childhood factors affecting the incidence of wheezing, including smoking environment and childhood viral infections, a logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratios for “wheezing ever,” diagnosis of asthma in the last 12 months, and “asthma ever” in women with MRA, with women who did not receive MRA as the reference. Additionally, participants were stratified by term births, and odds ratios for outcomes were calculated using a logistic regression model.

Results

A total of 68,123 participants were analyzed. The adjusted odds ratio for wheezing was 1.17 (95% confidence interval, 1.12–1.22). The adjusted odds ratios for the other outcomes did not significantly increase after adjusting for childhood factors. The same tendency was confirmed after excluding women with preterm births.

Conclusion

MRA was associated with a slightly increased incidence of childhood wheezing up to three years, irrespective of term or preterm birth status. It is important that perinatal physicians consider the potential effects of MRA on the offspring's childhood health.
Clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of endometrial neuroendocrine carcinomas reveal preexisting endometrial carcinoma origin
Authors: Ono Kyoko , Kasajima Rika , Katayama Kayoko , Miyagi Yohei , Yokose Tomoyuki
Published: May 2021

Endometrial neuroendocrine carcinoma is a rare disease with unknown clinicopathological and molecular characteristics. Therefore, we conducted the present study to elucidate the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of endometrial neuroendocrine carcinoma, as compared to conventional endometrial carcinoma, and to determine the origin of the former. We analyzed 22 endometrial neuroendocrine carcinomas and 22 conventional endometrial neoplasia cases with respect to clinical, histological and genetic features. Of these, 21/22 neuroendocrine carcinoma cases were admixed carcinomas, with 15 admixed with endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Genetic analysis of hotspot mutations in 50 cancer‐related genes revealed that the neuroendocrine carcinoma group carried mutations in PIK3CA (12/22 cases; 54%) and PTEN (8/22 cases; 36%), commonly encountered in endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Comparative statistical analysis of neuroendocrine carcinoma and conventional endometrial neoplasia cases showed a significant trend only in PIK3CA mutation. Moreover, in six mixed‐type neuroendocrine carcinoma cases, macrodissection was used to separate the neuroendocrine carcinoma and endometrioid adenocarcinoma components for next‐generation sequencing, which revealed several mutations common among the two. These findings suggest that endometrial neuroendocrine carcinoma could originate from conventional endometrial neoplasia, especially endometrioid adenocarcinoma.
The Effect of Reframing the Goals of Family Planning Programs from Limiting Fertility to Birth Spacing: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Naz Saman , Acharya Yubraj
Published: May 2021

Contraceptive prevalence in Pakistan has plateaued near 34 percent for over a decade, suggesting that fertility levels are likely to stay high unless effective interventions are designed. We evaluate the Family Advancement for Life and Health 2007–2012 (FALAH), a family planning project implemented in 31 districts of Pakistan. Deviating from previous programs, FALAH emphasized birth spacing—as opposed to limiting family size—as the primary purpose of contraceptive use. We use Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey to evaluate FALAH's impact on continuous and binary measures of birth intervals. To estimate the causal effects of the project, we compare the outcomes for multiple children born to the same mother before and after the project. We find that FALAH increased interbirth intervals by 2.4 months on average and reduced the proportion of short birth intervals by approximately 7.1 percentage points. This finding suggests that birth spacing as a goal of contraceptive use may resonate better with Pakistani couples than limiting family size. The project's effects were more pronounced for women with high education, in rural areas, and in the middle of the wealth distribution.
Internet Memes as Protest Media in Populist Hungary
Authors: Lukács Gabriella
Published: May 2021

Scholars propose that memes are efficient tools of political mobilization as they stimulate large masses to take up a cause. Focusing on what is called O1G activism in Hungary, I demonstrate that the role of memes in political activism is conditioned by the particular sociopolitical contexts in which they are produced. In Hungary, activists used social media to assemble databases of O1G memes, but this strategy was not conducive to building narrative capacity. These databases, however, galvanized other prominent developments. They helped make the domain of politics more inclusive by reconfiguring the affective tone of engagement from confrontation to conversation.
THE AUTHOR OF THE EPIC: TOLKIEN, EVOLUTION, AND GOD'S STORY
Authors: Freeman Austin M.
Published: May 2021

I argue that, because God is the author of history and has a purpose for his creation, evolution has a plot and can be analyzed with tools drawn from literary criticism. This necessitates engagement with the “epic of evolution” genre of scientific literature. I survey several prominent versions of the epic and distinguish between a purely naturalistic epic of evolution and a goal‐oriented Christian epic of evolution (CEE). In dealing with CEE, I use the thought of J. R. R. Tolkien, along with Kevin Vanhoozer and Dorothy Sayers, to discuss the ways in which we can theologically legitimate speaking of God as the “author” of evolutionary history.
Residual categories for (co)adjoint Grassmannians in classical types
Authors: Kuznetsov Alexander , Smirnov Maxim
Published: May 2021

In our previous paper we suggested a conjecture relating the structure of the small quantum cohomology ring of a smooth Fano variety of Picard number 1 to the structure of its derived category of coherent sheaves. Here we generalize this conjecture, make it more precise, and support it by the examples of (co)adjoint homogeneous varieties of simple algebraic groups of Dynkin types $\mathrm {A}_n$ and $\mathrm {D}_n$, that is, flag varieties $\operatorname {Fl}(1,n;n+1)$ and isotropic orthogonal Grassmannians $\operatorname {OG}(2,2n)$; in particular, we construct on each of those an exceptional collection invariant with respect to the entire automorphism group. For $\operatorname {OG}(2,2n)$ this is the first exceptional collection proved to be full.
Embedding Liberalism
Authors: Germann Julian
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the long-term development of German capitalism from the vantage point of uneven and combined development. It argues that Germany’s postwar social market economy was built upon an externally oriented developmental model inherited from its belated insertion into the world market, and used to enroll capital and labor in a global export offensive. The underlying vision of Germany as the workshop of an advanced industrial and newly industrializing world coincided with the postwar plans of the United States for an open, multilateral global economy. And yet the chapter cautions that the prevailing image of Germany as a liberal “trading state” (Handelsstaat) that had traded power for wealth as its prime objective fails to capture the novel ways in which the German state, from the crisis of the 1970s onward, has come to exert its influence internationally to sustain this export-led social model.
Unwinding Bretton Woods
Authors: Germann Julian
Published: May 2021

This chapter asks how German policymakers responded to the monetary turbulences that signaled the end of the golden age of capitalism from the mid-1960s onward. To address this question, the chapter challenges the popular view that Bretton Woods died at the hands of a declining US hegemon and zooms in on the actions of its allies: while French attempts to push the US toward monetary reform destroyed the dollar-gold standard as early as March 1968, German efforts to protect themselves from the abuse of dollar seignorage upended the regime of fixed exchange rates three years later. The chapter argues that, unlike elsewhere in the advanced industrialized world, the shift toward floating enabled the German state to double down on price stability and restabilize its embedded liberal compromise—an experience that framed how German policymakers would respond to the wider economic turmoil of the 1970s.
Disciplining the Hegemon
Authors: Germann Julian
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that in order to protect its export model from the dangers of imported inflation, Germany strove to commit the US to monetary and fiscal rigor. To this end, German officials blocked the attempts of the Carter administration to organize a global Keynesian expansion, and scaled back their foreign exchange interventions in support of a weakening dollar. Both actions helped push the US into the Volcker Shock, which deflated the world economy and launched the attack on organized labor. The chapter concludes that the neoliberal experiment in the US, paralleled and reinforced by similar attempts in the UK, was late and lucky. Rather than the outcome of a decade-long domestic shift—seamless and sealed off from the world outside the Anglo-American heartland—the neoliberal counter-revolution was driven in part by the external pressures imposed by Germany, and subsequently sustained by a bout of Japanese investment.
The Philosophy of Nature in Diderot and Rousseau
Authors: Cuillé Tili Boon
Published: May 2021

Denis Diderot and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were avid readers of Buffon’s Histoire naturelle and active participants in the quarrels prompted by Rameau’s operas. To date, scholarship has focused primarily on their theorization of physiological and moral sensibility. Chapter 2 investigates Diderot’s and Rousseau’s response to the spectacle of nature, focusing on the affinity between the inspiration of the artist and the identification of the spectator. Jan Goldstein has characterized “enthusiasm” and “imagination” as eighteenth-century smear words. These terms are recuperated in Diderot’s writings on painting and the theater and Rousseau’s writings on opera and the novel, however. Enthusiasm, like pity, necessitates a movement outside oneself that facilitates union with the other and the forging of the ideal model. The chapter concludes by considering the alternate forms of natural spectacle that Diderot and Rousseau envision in their writings.
The Poetics of Nature in Ossian and Staël
Authors: Cuillé Tili Boon
Published: May 2021

France’s frame of reference shifted northward when James Macpherson went in search of the Scots national epic, returning with poems attributed to the third-century bard Ossian. Though denounced as a hoax, Macpherson’s reconstruction of a lost epic from surviving fragments has since been compared to scientific endeavors such as geology and cartography. Chapter 4 explores Macpherson’s use of similes interrelating the natural and the spiritual realms and the relationship between melancholy and memory in the epics before turning to their favorable French reception. Both Napoleon and Germaine de Staël embraced France’s northern heritage, hailing Ossian as the new Homer. Privileging northern melancholy over southern enthusiasm, Staël looked to the philosophical poetry of the north as the source of French spiritual regeneration. Ironically, anxieties about the epics’ authenticity led to the establishment of the Académie Celtique and the science of folklore.
A Theater of Enchantment
Authors: Cuillé Tili Boon
Published: May 2021

The epilogue considers E.T.A. Hoffmann and François-René de Chateaubriand’s retrospective reflections on the marvelous in art and nature. Evidence that the marvelous survived the century can be found in the glories used to transport Greek gods, Christian angels, and Scots ghosts in opera, on altarpieces, and in history painting. The cognitive and emotional responses to the spectacle of nature, including wonder, enthusiasm, melancholy, and the “sentiment of divinity,” which contributed to the theorization of the sublime, also pertain to current discussions of environmental aesthetics.
A Quiet Upheaval
Authors: Methodieva Milena B.
Published: May 2021

The chapter traces the origins of the reform movement in Bulgaria to three interrelated developments: the emergence of an independent Muslim press which served as the means for the spread and coordination of reform initiatives, the rise to prominence of a younger generation of Muslims, most of them teachers and journalists, who were the primary driving force of these endeavors, and the spread of the Young Turk opposition organization to Bulgaria. The reformist Muslims saw a common cause with the Young Turks, many turning into sympathizers of the opposition organization. Young Turk anti-establishment rhetoric and their emphasis on the importance of modern science resonated with many reformist Muslims. This chapter presents the biographies of some of the most important figures involved in the events under discussion.
Negotiating Modernity
Authors: Methodieva Milena B.
Published: May 2021

The chapter explores in detail the activities of the reform movement. The first important task was the reform of Muslim education. Other initiatives included evening literacy and vocational training classes. The kıraathanes (reading rooms) were among the most important institutions linked to the reform movement; they were promoted as sites of new sociability. The chapter looks at the Muslims’ efforts to organize theater performances, and particularly, at the reception of the works of Namık Kemal. It explores the ideas about the role of women and the family. The convening of the Muslim Teachers’ Congresses and the establishment of the Muslim Teachers’ Association were among the major reform achievements. At the same time, it provides an insight into the critical reactions of some of the local Muslims.
Navigating Politics
Authors: Methodieva Milena B.
Published: May 2021

One of the most important goals was to encourage Muslims to participate in politics in the name of higher patriotic ideals. The Bulgarian political context presented opportunities and obstacles. Bulgaria was a parliamentary electoral democracy and Muslims became involved in political life from the very beginning. Although some Bulgarians were skeptical about Muslims participation in elections and the national assembly, Bulgarian political parties routinely courted Muslim votes. Certain prominent reformist figures argued for the establishment of a Muslim political party which would be the only proper advocate of Muslim interests, however, such ambitions were not realized. At the same time, reformers contested the position of the established Muslim leadership resorting to common tactics popular in the local political environment. The chapter looks at some of the major campaigns launched by Muslim reformers, as well as the actions of their Muslim adversaries.
Homeland, Nation, and Community
Authors: Methodieva Milena B.
Published: May 2021

The chapter explores the emergence of new ideas about community and belonging among Bulgaria’s Muslims. For many reformist Muslims the homeland was the most sacred ideal; it could be Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire or an abstract place. During the period under consideration “Muslim” was the most common term of self-designation regardless of the Muslims’ background. But at the beginning of the 20th century “Turk” started to acquire wider popularity within certain circles, while an argument between Turks and Tatars provides an opportunity to explore the different perceptions of identity. At the same time Bulgaria’s Muslims became increasingly aware of being part of a larger world in which many of their coreligionists shared similar challenges. The chapter looks specifically at the contacts with Crimean Tatars and the Muslims of Habsburg Bosnia, and visions of Pan Islamic unity. The chapter ends with the reactions to the Young Turk revolution.
Jewish Émigré Writers and the French Language
Authors: Elsky Julia
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides the historical and theoretical context of the book. It investigates Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe to France during the interwar period, and it traces the experiences of Jewish émigré writers in France from the interwar period through the Occupation. It places these authors within a new category of European Francophonie as a form of linguistic resistance to their rejection from French letters during the war. The writers in this book employed literary strategies, including multilingualism, heteroglossia, and transcription of accents in ways that blur the boundaries of belonging within national borders and within national languages, as well as the boundaries between Jewish and secular language.
Displacing Stereotypes
Authors: Elsky Julia
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents a counterexample by focusing on a writer who completely removed Jewish voice and Jewish characters from her wartime writing. In analyzing Irène Neìmirovsky’s writings about the exode and displacement in the Burgundy region, I argue that Neìmirovsky’s removal of Jewish voices, languages, and accents that were present in her interwar literature is not an expression of Jewish self-hatred but an attempt to show that Jews have been rejected from the nation. She also moves away from the stereotypes she wrote about and that were imposed on her in the press, which are also discussed in this chapter. However, the constant theme of absence and displacement in her wartime short stories points to this absence. The overwhelming sense of displacement marks a shift away from her interwar writing about ambivalence toward Jewishness. This is particularly true for her three short stories about the town of Montjeu.
Design and Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of a Novel Compact Mixing Chamber in Blast Furnace Ironmaking
Authors: Dutta Tanmay
Published: May 2021

Homogeneous mixing of hot air from the hot blast stove with suitable quantity of cold air in a mixing chamber is very essential to maintain uniform temperature of hot air at all tuyers of a blast furnace. Proper design of the mixing chamber is very important for stable and efficient operation of blast furnace, lower energy consumption, and lower carbon dioxide emission. Comprehensive understanding of the physics of the mixing process is very essential for efficient design of the mixing chamber. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are conducted to analyze the mixing of hot and cold air in a tangential cold gas inlet type and in a radial cold gas inlet type mixing chambers, which are commonly used in the industry. Results show that both types of mixing chamber produce very non-homogeneous mixture of cold and hot air despite having large mixing length in the long hot blast main. Also, design of a novel compact mixing chamber is presented and CFD analysis of this mixing chamber is conducted. The new mixing chamber is found to produce almost homogeneously mixed air stream within a very short length due to very high turbulence of the intensely swirling air flow. Also, the new mixing chamber is found to save large amount of high-quality thermal energy, which is wasted in the other two designs through the wall of the long hot blast main.
Chapter 8: Collective Action for Learning, Improvement, and Redesign
Authors: Lawson Hal A. , Jones Emily , Beddoes Zac , Estes Steven , Morris Stephanie A. , Mitchell Murray F. , van der Mars Hans , Ward Phillip
Published: May 2021

The pandemic, imperatives for human and civil rights, growing economic challenges, new accountability requirements, and distance-delivered learning technologies are reminders of novel 21st-century needs, problems, challenges, and opportunities. All demand a sense of urgency. Building on selected traditions and achievements, today’s futuristic planning offers timely opportunities to make history. Founded on the idea of aphysical education system—with roles and responsibilities for every stakeholder (e.g., teacher, teacher educator)—this new agenda transcends what individuals can accomplish. It requires collective action. Collective action necessitates special formations, such as professional learning communities; social networks; and partnerships among schools, communities, universities, and professional associations, both state and national. In turn, these formations require organizers and facilitators. Examples illustrate collective action’s potential, also indicating why it must be a shared priority for professional education, professional development, and professional associations.
High Proportion of Genome-Wide Homology and Increased Pretreatment
pvcrt
Levels in Plasmodium vivax Late Recurrences: a Chloroquine Therapeutic Efficacy Study
Authors: Rovira-Vallbona Eduard , Van Hong Nguyen , Kattenberg Johanna H. , Huan Ro Mah , Binh Nguyen Thi Huong , Ngọc Nguyen Thi Hong , Guetens Pieter , Hieu Nguyen Luong , Hien Nguyen Thị Thu , Sang Vu Thi , Long Nguyen Duc , Sauve Erin , Duong Tran Thanh , Xa Nguyen Xuan , Erhart Annette , Rosanas-Urgell Anna
Published: May 2021

Chloroquine (CQ) is the first-line treatment for
Plasmodium vivax
malaria in most countries where malaria is endemic. Monitoring
P. vivax
CQ resistance (CQR) is critical but remains challenged by the difficulty to distinguish real treatment failure from reinfection or liver relapse.
Adnaviria
: a New Realm for Archaeal Filamentous Viruses with Linear A-Form Double-Stranded DNA Genomes
Authors: Krupovic Mart , Kuhn Jens H. , Wang Fengbin , Baquero Diana P. , Dolja Valerian V. , Egelman Edward H. , Prangishvili David , Koonin Eugene V.
Published: May 2021

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has recently adopted a comprehensive, hierarchical system of virus taxa. The highest ranks in this hierarchy are realms, each of which is considered monophyletic but apparently originated independently of other realms.
Combined external and endoscopic transnasal approach with use of a diamond burr in the removal of a fishing harpoon hook traversing bilateral sphenoid sinuses in a 22-year-old man
Authors: Lacuata Jan Alexeis , Tirona - Remulla Agnes , Cabungcal Arsenio Claro , Santos Romiena Mae
Published: May 2021

A 22-year old construction worker was shot with a fishing harpoon gun on the left side of his face. He consulted at the emergency room 12 days postinjury, stable but with blurring of vision on the right. The shaft of the harpoon was protruding at the left preauricular area; the tip was neither visible nor palpable. Craniofacial CT scan and skull anteroposterolateral radiographs revealed the tip of the harpoon to be at the right orbital apex. A hook attached 1 cm from the tip was lodged in the sphenoid sinus. The hook was dismantled from the shaft via a combined external and endoscopic transnasal approach, enabling the shaft to be gently pulled. The hook, together with the tip, were removed endoscopically. The patient’s visual acuity improved. He was discharged after 2 days on oral antibiotics with no deficits on follow-up.
Chronic enteropathy-related malabsorption syndrome in an adult with common variable immunodeficiency and symptomatic norovirus infection of the gut
Authors: Jain Punit , Mishra Anand , Gupta Deepakkumar , Kulkarni Satish
Published: May 2021

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) causes a chronic debilitating syndrome in affected patients and often leads to high morbidity and mortality. Among its several presentations, chronic enteropathy leading to malabsorption syndrome continues to offer a major diagnostic dilemma. Lately, higher testing for norovirus infection in patients with CVID enteropathy has correlated its presence to chronic diarrhoeas, severe villous atrophy and malabsorption syndromes. There have been no such reports of its clinical and histopathological manifestations in CVID from India. Here, we demonstrate the significance of testing for norovirus in the gut with multiplex PCRs in an adult patient with a chronic undiagnosed CVID enteropathy and its response to monthly intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. Our patient responded after three cycles of monthly IVIG with a complete clinical recovery of his bowel functions, leading to a significant improvement in his quality of life and performance status.
Associations between low HDL, sex and cardiovascular risk markers are substantially different in sub-Saharan Africa and the UK: analysis of four population studies
Authors: Greiner Rosamund , Nyirenda Moffat , Rodgers Lauren , Asiki Gershim , Banda Louis , Shields Beverley , Hattersley Andrew , Crampin Amelia , Newton Robert , Jones Angus
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is widely used as a marker of cardiovascular disease risk, although this relationship is not causal and is likely mediated through associations with other risk factors. Low HDL is extremely common in sub-Saharan African populations, and this has often been interpreted to indicate that these populations will have increased cardiovascular risk. We aimed to determine whether the association between HDL and other cardiovascular risk factors differed between populations in sub-Saharan Africa and the UK.

Methods

We compared data from adults living in Uganda and Malawi (n=26 216) and in the UK (n=8747). We examined unadjusted and adjusted levels of HDL and applied the WHO recommended cut-offs for prevalence estimates. We used spline and linear regression to assess the relationship between HDL and other cardiovascular risk factors.

Results

HDL was substantially lower in the African than in the European studies (geometric mean 0.9–1.2 mmol/L vs 1.3–1.8 mmol/L), with African prevalence of low HDL as high as 77%. Total cholesterol was also substantially lower (geometric mean 3.3–3.9 mmol/L vs 4.6–5.4 mmol/L). In comparison with European studies the relationship between HDL and adiposity (body mass index, waist to hip ratio) was greatly attenuated in African studies and the relationship with non-HDL cholesterol reversed: in African studies low HDL was associated with lower non-HDL cholesterol. The association between sex and HDL was also different; using the WHO sex-specific definitions, low HDL was substantially more common among women (69%–77%) than men (41%–59%) in Uganda/Malawi.

Conclusion

The relationship between HDL and sex, adiposity and non-HDL cholesterol in sub-Saharan Africa is different from European populations. In sub-Saharan Africans low HDL is a marker of low overall cholesterol and sex differences are markedly attenuated. Therefore low HDL in isolation is unlikely to indicate raised cardiovascular risk and the WHO sex-based cut-offs are inappropriate.
Improving productivity, costs and environmental impact in International Eye Health Services: using the ‘Eyefficiency’ cataract surgical services auditing tool to assess the value of cataract surgical services
Authors: Goel Hena , Wemyss Thomas Alan , Harris Tanya , Steinbach Ingeborg , Stancliffe Rachel , Cassels-Brown Andrew , Thomas Peter Benjamin Michael , Thiel Cassandra L
Published: May 2021

Objective

Though one of the most common surgeries, there is limited information on variability of practices in cataract surgeries. ‘Eyefficiency’ is a cataract surgical services auditing tool to help global units improve their surgical productivity and reduce their costs, waste generation and carbon footprint. The aim of the present research is to identify variability and efficiency opportunities in cataract surgical practices globally.

Methods and Analysis

9 global cataract surgical facilities used the Eyefficiency tool to collect facility-level data (staffing, pathway steps, costs of supplies and energy use), and live time-and-motion data. A point person from each site gathered and reported data on 1 week or 30 consecutive cataract surgeries. Environmental life cycle assessment and descriptive statistics were used to quantify productivity, costs and carbon footprint. The main outcomes were estimates of productivity, costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and solid waste generation per-case at each site.

Results

Nine participating sites recorded 475 cataract extractions (a mix of phacoemulsification and manual small incision). Cases per hour ranged from 1.7 to 4.48 at single-bed sites and 1.47 to 4.25 at dual-bed sites. Average per-case expenditures ranged between £31.55 and £399.34, with a majority of costs attributable to medical equipment and supplies. Average solid waste ranged between 0.19 kg and 4.27 kg per phacoemulsification, and greenhouse gases ranged from 41 kg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) to 130 kg CO2e per phacoemulsification.

Conclusion

Results demonstrate the global diversity of cataract surgical services and non-clinical metrics. Eyefficiency supports local decision-making for resource efficiency and could help identify regional or global best practices for optimising productivity, costs and environmental impact of cataract surgery.
Viability of preloaded Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty grafts with 96-hour shipment
Authors: Chen Conan , Solar Steven Jared , Lohmeier John , Terrin Staci , Baliga Satya , Wiener Batya Gold , Lewis Daniel Schouten , Chiang Eric , Barnes Kali Alexandra , Chaurasia Akash , Eghrari Allen O
Published: May 2021

Objective

To assess feasibility and compare the effects of 96-hour shipment of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) grafts as a scroll or a tri-fold on cell viability.

Methods and analysis

DMEK grafts were prepared at the Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Bank. Twenty pre-stripped DMEK grafts, paired from 10 donors, were either tri-folded in an endothelium-in configuration using microforceps and loaded into a plastic Treyetech cartridge, or suctioned in a scrolled endothelium-out configuration into a modified Jones Tube. Grafts were shipped via FedEx to a secondary location and back for 48 hours each way, resulting in a total shipping time of 96 hours. After shipping, grafts were removed from inserters onto glass slides and unfolded using viscoelastic with endothelium facing upwards. Calcein-AM stained grafts were imaged with a fluorescent microscope and endothelial cell loss (ECL) was measured using trainable segmentation in Fiji by a masked grader.

Results

A total of 20 grafts were shipped for 96 hours, split between preloaded tri-folded (n=10) and preloaded scrolled (n=10) tissues. No significant difference in ECL was observed across groups after prolonged shipping (14.8% vs 13.7% ECL respectively, p=0.68).

Conclusion

For preloaded DMEK after 96 hours, both scrolled and tri-folded tissue demonstrated clinically acceptable levels of ECL. The data suggest a wider window of time for endothelial cell viability and is promising for the prospect of international shipment of preloaded grafts.
Treatment for acute bronchiolitis before and after implementation of new national guidelines: a retrospective observational study from primary and secondary care in Oslo, Norway
Authors: Klem Nicolai , Skjerven Håvard Ove , Nilsen Beate , Brekke Mette , Vallersnes Odd Martin
Published: May 2021

Background

Acute bronchiolitis treatment guidelines changed in Norway in 2013, no longer recommending the use of nebulised epinephrine. We aimed to assess whether these changes were successfully implemented in both primary and secondary care. Secondary aims were to compare the difference in management of acute bronchiolitis patients in primary and secondary care between 2009 and 2017.

Methods

We retrospectively registered data on demographics, clinical features and management from electronic medical records of all infants (<12 months of age) diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis at a primary care centre (Oslo Accident and Emergency Outpatient Clinic) and a secondary care centre (Oslo University Hospital) in Norway in 2009, 2014 and 2017. All patient records were individually reviewed to ensure data accuracy.

Results

We included 680 (36.3%) patients from primary care and 1195 (63.7%) from secondary care. There was a reduction in the use of nebulised epinephrine from 2009 to 2017 from 66.9% to 16.1% of cases (p<0.001) in primary care and from 59.1% to 4.9% (p<0.001) in secondary care. In parallel, there was an increase in the use of nebulised saline treatment, from 0.8% to 53.8% (p<0.001) in primary care and from 39.3% to 65.3% (p<0.001) in secondary care. The decrease in the use of nebulised racemic epinephrine occurred earlier in secondary care than in primary care; 13.4% vs 56.1%, respectively, in 2014.

Conclusions

Implementation of the new guidelines on the treatment of acute bronchiolitis was successfully implemented in both primary and secondary care.
Ectopic growth of the Chaetothyriales fungal symbiont on Ipomoea carnea
Authors: Noor Aziza Ibrahim , Nava Amy , Neyaz Marwa , Cooke Peter , Creamer Rebecca , Cook Daniel
Published: May 2021

Swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid, is an α-mannosidase and mannosidase II inhibitor that alters glycoprotein processing and causes lysosomal storage disease. Swainsonine is the toxic principle in several plant species worldwide and causes severe toxicosis in livestock grazing these plants. All swainsonine-containing plant taxa investigated to date are associated with fungal symbionts that produce swainsonine. Among the swainsonine-containing convolvulaceous species, Ipomoea carnea Jacq. is associated with a seed-transmitted symbiont belonging to the fungal order Chaetothyriales. The nature of this association was unclear; therefore, this association was investigated further using microscopy. Macroscopic and microscopic data reported here demonstrate that the Chaetothyriales symbiont associated with I. carnea grows ectopically on the adaxial (upper) surface of leaves as lacy mycelia in plants that contain swainsonine and was not present on plants lacking swainsonine that were derived from fungicide-treated seeds. Hyphae were not observed on the surface of any other tissues including the abaxial (lower) leaf surface, petiole, and stem. Mycelia were not visible in internal tissues below the epidermis, and there did not appear to be any hyphal extensions within the fibrovascular bundles or stomata. Longitudinal and (or) cross sections of the stems or petioles did not show evidence of hyphae growing between cells. These results suggest an epibiotic growth habit of the Chaetothyriales symbiont in association with I. carnea.
Two-component symplectic universal characters and integrable hierarchies
Authors: Li Chuanzhong
Published: May 2021

In this paper, we first construct a symplectic Schur function solution to a newly defined two-component symplectic Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy. As a generalization of a two-component symplectic Schur function, we construct two-component symplectic universal characters which satisfy quadratic equations in an infinite-dimensional integrable dynamic system called a two-component symplectic universal character hierarchy. Then, we define a modified symplectic universal character hierarchy whose tau function can be represented by free fermions in Clifford algebras.
An optimized laser ultrasonic synthetic aperture imaging method using differential technique
Authors: Hu Zhengliang , Huang Jinxing , Xu Pan , Lou Kang , Zhu Min , Zhu Hongna
Published: May 2021

Laser ultrasonic synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) is susceptible to multiple modes of ultrasonic generated by laser pulse. In this work, we propose an optimized synthetic aperture imaging method based on the differential technique, resulting in the effective detection of internal defects. The laser ultrasonic SAFT finite element model is established, and the models are calculated in the case of existing internal defect or not. Thereby, the original ultrasonic data containing the defect reflected waves and the differential data are obtained, and the internal defects are reconstructed by the delay superposition algorithm. The results show that the defect imaging is submerged in the high-amplitude background noise superimposed by the surface acoustic wave; when only the original data are used. However, the optimized SAFT imaging based on the differential technique can not only reduce the interference of other mode waves on the imaging area significantly, but also retain the defect reflected waves effectively. Moreover, the imaging and precise locating of multiple defects are realized, which pave the way for enhancing the internal defects detection ability of laser ultrasonic.
Large Amplitude Free Vibration Analysis of Nanobeams Based on Modified Couple Stress Theory
Authors: Estabragh Ehsan Raeisi , Baradaran Gholam Hossein
Published: May 2021

In this study, the large amplitude free vibration of nanobeams based on the modified couple stress theory was developed by using Total Lagrangian finite element formulation. In this study, Timoshenko beam theory has been used in free vibration analysis of nanobeams. Minimal kinematic assumptions have been used to model nanobeams. With this model, free vibration of nanobeams with small to large amplitude and with arbitrary boundary conditions can be analyzed. The numerical results obtained for free vibration based on the modified couple stress theory with small amplitude and the results obtained for free vibration with large amplitude without considering the modified couple stress theory are in good agreement with the similar results reported in previous research. Effects of the dimensionless length scale parameter, slenderness ratio, vibration amplitude and different boundary conditions on the nonlinear frequency ratio of nanobeams have been investigated. The results show the importance of considering nonlinear and size effects in the free vibration analysis of nanobeams with large amplitude.
Political technical communication and ideographic communication design in a pre-digital congressional campaign
Authors: Cheek Ryan
Published: May 2021

Building on the work of technical communication scholars concerned with social justice and electoral politics, this article examines the Coray for Congress (1994) campaign as a case study to argue in support of a more formal disciplinary commitment to political technical communication (PxTC). Specifically, I closely analyze the ideographic communication design of pre-digital PxTC artifacts from the campaign archive. The type of pre-digital political communication design products analyzed in this article are ubiquitous even today. The implications of four dominant ideographs are analyzed in this case study: , , , and <"see PDF">. Key takeaways for PxTC practitioners, educators, and scholars are discussed.