bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ca–Si Modifiers on the Carbide Precipitation of As‐Cast Hadfield Steel
Authors: El‐Fawkhry Mohamed K. , Fathy Ayman M. , Eissa Mamdouh M.
Published: December 2013

In the present work, the effect of different Ca–Si percentage that were added to Hadfield steel on the microstructure, hardness, wear abrasion resistance, and impact toughness are investigated. The optical microscope results verify avoiding of cementite network forming with increasing of Ca–Si modifiers. The results obtained by SEM show that SiO2, CaO acts as nuclei for austenite and carbide eutectic formation. The eutectic‐formed affects on hardness, wear abrasion resistance, as well as linear enhancing of impact toughness of as‐cast condition more than 200%.
Coherent l1‐SVD method for DOA estimation of wideband signals
Authors: Atashbar Mahmoud , Kahaei Mohammad Hossein
Published: December 2013

The l1‐SVD is an efficient method for spatial sparsity based direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of narrowband signals. We propose a coherent strategy for extension of the l1‐SVD method to wideband signals. In this method, focusing matrices are used for transferring different frequency bins data to the reference bin, and then the transformed data are combined. Finally the l1‐SVD is applied for the combined data. The proposed method outperforms the non‐coherent strategy with a lower computational burden. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Syntheses and Characterization of Polyfunctional Organotin Chlorides
Authors: Eußner Jens P. , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: December 2013

We report the syntheses and crystal structures of novel organotin chloride complexes with functional organic substituents from HSnCl3·2Et2O (1–3). Whereas Cl3SnCHPhCH2C(O)(CH)2Ph (1) was synthesized in a traditional route from HSnCl3·2Et2O and dibenzylideneacetone, C6H5Cl5O4Sn2 (2) and C8H9Cl5O4Sn2 (3) represent products of a condensation reaction of mononuclear organotintrichlorides that comprise both C=C and C=O functional groups and additionally exhibit characteristic intramolecular donor‐acceptor interactions. Due to the condensation, compounds 2 and 3 combine SnCl2 with SnCl3 groups within one molecule.
Exploitation of the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) genome sequence for discovery of new natural products and biosynthetic pathways
Authors: Challis Gregory L
Published: December 2013

Streptomyces, and related genera of Actinobacteria, are renowned for their ability to produce antibiotics and other bioactive natural products with a wide range of applications in medicine and agriculture. Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) is a model organism that has been used for more than five decades to study the genetic and biochemical basis for the production of bioactive metabolites. In 2002, the complete genome sequence of S. coelicolor was published. This greatly accelerated progress in understanding the biosynthesis of metabolites known or suspected to be produced by S. coelicolor and revealed that streptomycetes have far greater potential to produce bioactive natural products than suggested by classical bioassay-guided isolation studies. In this article, efforts to exploit the S. coelicolor genome sequence for the discovery of novel natural products and biosynthetic pathways are summarized.
Arthroscopic Subscapularis Bankart Technique as a Salvage Procedure for Failed Anterior Shoulder Stabilization
Authors: Chaudhury Salma , Delos Demetris , Dines Joshua S. , Altchek David W. , Dodson Christopher C. , Newman Ashley M. , O'Brien Stephen J.
Published: December 2013

Background

Shoulder instability is a relatively common problem. Even with contemporary surgical techniques, instability can recur following both open and arthroscopic fixation. Surgical management of capsular insufficiency in anterior shoulder stabilization represents a significant challenge, particularly in young, active patients. There are a limited number of surgical treatment options. The Laterjet technique can present with a number of intraoperative challenges and postoperative complication.

Description of Technique

We report an arthroscopic subscapularis tenodesis technique as a salvage procedure for challenging glenohumeral instability cases. Sutures are passed through the subscapularis tendon and capsule before they are tied as one in the subdeltoid psace. The rotator interval is closed with superior and medial advancement of anterior and inferior tissue. This technical note carefully describes this procedure with useful technical tips, illustrations, and diagrams.

Patients and Methods

Two clinical cases are described involving patients with recurrent instability following failed surgery who were successfully managed with this procedure.

Results

Both cases described resulted in improved shoulder stability, range of motion, and function following management with this surgical technique. This arthroscopic subscapularis tenodesis procedure is proposed as a useful alternative repair technique for cases of recurrent instability after failed surgery with isolated capsular insufficiency.

Conclusion

It is believed that this arthroscopic subscapularis tenodesis technique can potentially provide similar outcomes to open bone block stabilization procedures, while reducing the risks associated with those procedures.
Reconstruction of Swan Neck Deformities after Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Froelich John M. , Rizzo Marco
Published: December 2013

Background

The authors report the use of a single slip of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) as a hemitenodesis through the A2 pulley in treating swan neck deformities after previous unconstrained proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) arthroplasty.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was undertaken to identify non-constrained PIP joint arthroplasties that underwent a subsequent soft tissue hemitenodesis for swan neck deformities. The range of motion (ROM), implant design, preoperative diagnosis, and surgical approach were collected. The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire and patient satisfaction questionnaire were collected.

Results

There were 12 patients with 14 procedures reviewed. There were seven surface replacement arthroplasties (SRA) (cobalt chrome on polyethylene) and eight pyrocarbon prostheses. The primary diagnosis for the initial joint arthroplasty was osteoarthritis (8), post-traumatic (2), and rheumatoid arthritis (5). The primary dorsal approach was a longitudinal split in eleven cases, Chamay in two, and unknown in one case. Nine of the 14 revision procedures had a concomitant dorsal approach to the joint. The average final position intra-operatively was 24.2° of flexion (range 15°–40°). Final ROM was 39° with average follow-up of 30 months. The average postoperative radiographic position was 20.3° flexion with an average of 24.8° hyperextension preoperatively. There was one failure secondary to implant loosening requiring fusion.

Discussion

For patients with a swan neck deformity after PIP arthroplasty, a FDS hemitenodesis provides a treatment option with a low revision rate, retained motion, and maintenance of the original implant with no shortening of the digit.
Prospective Randomized Comparison of Single-Incision and Two-Incision Carpal Tunnel Release Outcomes
Authors: Castillo Tiffany N. , Yao Jeffrey
Published: December 2013

Background

This study analyzes both the subjective and objective symptom and functional outcomes of patients who underwent either traditional single-incision or two-incision carpal tunnel release (CTR).

Methods

From 2008 to 2009, patients with isolated carpal tunnel syndrome were randomized to undergo either single-incision or two-incision CTR by a single surgeon at a university medical center. Pre-operatively, participants completed a Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Questionnaire, Brigham and Women's Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BWCTQ), as well as grip and pinch strength and Semmes–Weinstein monofilament sensation testing. At 2 weeks, 6 weeks and at least 6 months post-operatively, these measurements were repeated along with assessment of scar tenderness and pillar pain. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software to perform non-parametric tests and Pearson's correlations. Significance was set at p =0.05.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference between the single- and two-incision CTR groups with respect to pre- and post-operative DASH scores, BWCTQ scores, grip strength, pinch strength, scar tenderness, or pillar pain. The only statistically significant difference was improved sensation by Semmes-Weinstein in the single-incision group in the second finger at 6 weeks post-operatively and in the third finger at 6 months post-operatively.

Conclusions

The preservation of the superficial nerves and subcutaneous tissue between the thenar and hypothenar eminences may account for reports of less scar tenderness and pillar pain among recipients of two-incision CTR compared to single-incision CTR in the early post-operative period. However, there is similar post-operative recovery and improvement in grip and pinch strength and sensation after 6+ months post-operatively.
Oxovanadium–salen and –salan complexes as effective labels for electrochemical immunosensing: a case study for estradiol detection
Authors: Kanso H. , Inguimbert N. , Barthelmebs L. , Istamboulie G. , Thomas F. , Calas-Blanchard C. , Noguer T.
Published: December 2013

The principle of an electrochemical estradiol immunosensor.
A simple route to azaborinylphosphines: isoelectronic B–N analogues of arylphosphine ligands
Authors: Bailey Jonathan A. , Haddow Mairi F. , Pringle Paul G.
Published: December 2013

Azaborinylphosphines are readily prepared by the reaction of silylphosphines with a chloroborane under mild conditions; they are shown to contain P–B bonds that are sufficiently robust to allow these ligands to be used in homogeneous catalysis.
An omega-like DNA nanostructure utilized for small molecule introduction to stimulate formation of DNAzyme–aptamer conjugates
Authors: Liu Bingqian , Zhang Bing , Chen Guonan , Tang Dianping
Published: December 2013

A novel, label-free omega-like DNA nanostructure was for the first time utilized for the homogenous electronic monitoring of small molecules (ATP used in this case) accompanying the formation of DNAzyme–aptamer conjugates upon target analyte introduction.
Synthesis, structure and reactivity of Ni site models of [NiFeSe] hydrogenases
Authors: Wombwell Claire , Reisner Erwin
Published: December 2013

A series of structural models of the Ni centre in [NiFeSe] hydrogenases display reactivity relevant to the enzyme.
Engineering of Ru(ii) dyes for interfacial and light-harvesting optimization
Authors: Lobello Maria Grazia , Wu Kuan-Lin , Reddy Marri Anil , Marotta Gabriele , Grätzel Michael , Nazeeruddin Mohammad K. , Chi Yun , Chandrasekharam Malapaka , Vitillaro Giuseppe , De Angelis Filippo
Published: December 2013

A new ruthenium dye sensitizer based on a dissymmetric bipyridine ligand has been synthesized and employed in dye-sensitized solar cells for enhanced interfacial and optical properties.
Insights into the role of the beta-2 microglobulin D-strand in amyloid propensity revealed by mass spectrometry
Authors: Leney Aneika C. , Pashley Clare L. , Scarff Charlotte A. , Radford Sheena E. , Ashcroft Alison E.
Published: December 2013

Characterising the differences between oligomers formed from the amyloidogenic protein β2-microglobulin and its mutant H51A using ESI-IMS-MS.
Investigation of LKB1 Ser431 phosphorylation and Cys433 farnesylation using mouse knockin analysis reveals an unexpected role of prenylation in regulating AMPK activity
Authors: Houde Vanessa P. , Ritorto Maria Stella , Gourlay Robert , Varghese Joby , Davies Paul , Shpiro Natalia , Sakamoto Kei , Alessi Dario R.
Published: December 2013

The LKB1 tumour suppressor protein kinase functions to activate two isoforms of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and 12 members of the AMPK-related family of protein kinases. The highly conserved C-terminal residues of LKB1 are phosphorylated (Ser431) by PKA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) and RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) and farnesylated (Cys433) within a CAAX motif. To better define the role that these post-translational modifications play, we created homozygous LKB1S431A/S431A and LKB1C433S/C433S knockin mice. These animals were viable, fertile and displayed no overt phenotypes. Employing a farnesylation-specific monoclonal antibody that we generated, we established by immunoprecipitation that the vast majority, if not all, of the endogenous LKB1 is prenylated. Levels of LKB1 localized at the membrane of the liver of LKB1C433S/C433S mice and their fibroblasts were reduced substantially compared with the wild-type mice, confirming that farnesylation plays a role in mediating membrane association. Although AMPK was activated normally in the LKB1S431A/S431A animals, we unexpectedly observed in all of the examined tissues and cells taken from LKB1C433S/C433S mice that the basal, as well as that induced by the AMP-mimetic AICAR (5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside), AMPK activation, phenformin and muscle contraction were significantly blunted. This resulted in a reduced ability of AICAR to inhibit lipid synthesis in primary hepatocytes isolated from LKB1C433S/C433S mice. The activity of several of the AMPK-related kinases analysed [BRSK1 (BR serine/threonine kinase 1), BRSK2, NUAK1 (NUAK family, SNF1-like kinase 1), SIK3 (salt-inducible kinase 3) and MARK4 (MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4)] was not affected in tissues derived from LKB1S431A/S431A or LKB1C433S/C433S mice. Our observations reveal for the first time that farnesylation of LKB1 is required for the activation of AMPK. Previous reports have indicated that a pool of AMPK is localized at the plasma membrane as a result of myristoylation of its regulatory AMPKβ subunit. This raises the possibility that LKB1 farnesylation and myristoylation of AMPKβ might promote the interaction and co-localization of these enzymes on a two-dimensional membrane surface and thereby promote efficient activation of AMPK.
Circulating PCSK9 is a strong determinant of plasma triacylglycerols and total cholesterol in homozygous carriers of apolipoprotein ε2
Authors: Brouwers Martijn C. G. J. , van Greevenbroek Marleen M. J. , Konrad Robert J. , Troutt Jason S. , Schaper Nicolaas C. , Stehouwer Coen D. A.
Published: December 2013

Homozygous carriers of the apolipoprotein ε2 allele are at risk of type III hyperlipidaemia, but do not necessarily develop this lipid disorder. In the present study, we have investigated the role of circulating PCSK9 (pro-protein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9), an important regulator of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor expression, in the development of this hyperlipidaemic phenotype. In an observational study, plasma PCSK9 was measured in homozygous carriers of apolipoprotein ε2 (ε2/ε2; n=12), normal controls (n=72) and hypertriglyceridaemic patients with FCHL (familial combined hyperlipidaemia; n=38), who served as a hyperlipidaemic reference group. Cholesterol, triacylglycerols (triglycerides) and apolipoprotein B content in VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) and LDL particles was determined by ultracentrifugation in ε2/ε2 and FCHL patients. Median circulating PCSK9 levels did not differ between ε2/ε2 carriers compared with controls and hypertriglyceridaemic FCHL patients (84.5 compared with 82.0 and 84.9 ng/ml; P=0.2 and 0.6 respectively). Circulating PCSK9 was associated with total cholesterol and triacylglycerols levels in ε2/ε2 carriers (P<0.05). These associations were stronger in ε2/ε2 carriers when compared with controls (P values for interaction=0.01 and 0.02 respectively). A direct comparison with FCHL patients demonstrated a similar discrepancy for the association with plasma triacylglycerols and also VLDL-apolipoprotein B, cholesterol and triacylglycerols (P value for interaction=0.01, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.03 respectively). Plasma PCSK9 is associated with type III hyperlipidaemia. Its strong relationship with plasma triacylglycerols and total cholesterol distinguishes ε2/ε2 carriers from controls and another type of dyslipidaemia, which provides valuable information regarding the pathogenesis of this complex dyslipidaemia. Furthermore, these results suggest that patients with type III hyperlipidaemia may benefit from PCSK9-antagonizing therapy.
On impact of relay placement for energy‐efficient cooperative networks
Authors: Liu Shili , Jin Shi , Zhu Hongbo , Wong Kai‐Kit
Published: December 2013

This study considers communication from a source to a destination with the aid of a set of cooperative relaying nodes. Unlike previous studies in energy efficiency, the authors studied the effect of relay placements together with different relay‐selection timing on the performance. The cooperative relaying schemes for a general relay placement and some specialised relay placements are characterised and analysed by a Markov chain model. They derive the expressions for the throughput and the expected energy consumption for both proactive and reactive relay selection for different relay placements and densities. By using the analytical expressions, the authors find the optimal relay locations for different relay‐selection schemes to achieve higher energy efficiency with the consideration of system throughput. The performance improvements offered by the authors proposed relay placement are demonstrated by numerical results. Moreover, the two new cooperative relaying schemes with selection combining for a certain relay placement are discussed. Their throughput and energy consumption are also derived and compared with the existing techniques.
Mode-locked red-emitting semiconductor disk laser with sub-250 fs pulses
Authors: Bek R. , Kahle H. , Schwarzbäck T. , Jetter M. , Michler P.
Published: December 2013

We report on passive mode locking of a semiconductor disk laser emitting pulses shorter than 250 fs at 664 nm with a repetition frequency of 836 MHz. A fast saturable absorber mirror fabricated by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy in a near-resonant design was used to enable the mode locking operation. It includes two GaInP quantum wells located close to the surface and an additional fused silica coating. The emission spectrum shows the superposition of a soliton-like part and a smaller “continuum” part.
Chiral symmetry restoration at large chemical potential in strongly coupled SU(N) gauge theories
Authors: Tomboulis E. T.
Published: December 2013

We show that at sufficiently large chemical potential SU(N) lattice gauge theories in the strong coupling limit with staggered fermions are in a chirally symmetric phase. The proof employs a polymer cluster expansion which exploits the anisotropy between timelike and spacelike directions in the presence of a quark chemical potential μ. The expansion is shown to converge in the infinite volume limit at any temperature for sufficiently large μ. All expectations of chirally non-invariant local fermion operators vanish identically, or, equivalently, their correlations cluster exponentially, within the expansion. The expansion itself may serve as a computational tool at large μ and strong coupling.
Current heating induced spin Seebeck effect
Authors: Schreier Michael , Roschewsky Niklas , Dobler Erich , Meyer Sibylle , Huebl Hans , Gross Rudolf , Goennenwein Sebastian T. B.
Published: December 2013

A measurement technique for the spin Seebeck effect is presented, wherein the normal metal layer used for its detection is exploited simultaneously as a resistive heater and thermometer. We show how the various contributions to the measured total signal can be disentangled, allowing to extract the voltage signal solely caused by the spin Seebeck effect. To this end, we performed measurements as a function of the external magnetic field strength and its orientation. We find that the effect scales linearly with the induced rise in temperature, as expected for the spin Seebeck effect.
Formation and 2D-patterning of silver nanoisland film using thermal poling and out-diffusion from glass
Authors: Chervinskii S. , Sevriuk V. , Reduto I. , Lipovskii A.
Published: December 2013

We fabricated silver nanoisland films and patterned silver nanoisland films using out-diffusion of silver from glass in the course of the ion-exchanged glass substrate annealing in reducing hydrogen atmosphere. The choice of the annealing conditions allows to provide prevailing of silver nanoisland formation over the formation of silver nanoparticles in the bulk of the glass. The procedure of the patterned film formation includes (i) silver-sodium ion exchange in the glass, (ii) thermal poling of the ion-exchanged glass with a profiled anodic electrode, and (iii) annealing the glass in hydrogen. The formation of silver nanoislands in unpoled regions on the glass surface allowed us to avoid any post-processing of very fragile silver island film in formation of 2D-patterned nanoisland structures. Poling of the glass with properly profiled electrode was used for the formation of random chains and ordered arrays of separate silver nanoislands. Depending on processing parameters, a typical island size in the films and chains varied from several to tens of nanometers, and was down to 200 nm in the arrays.
High-efficiency gigahertz frequency doubling without power threshold in thin-film Ni81Fe19
Authors: Cheng C. , Bailey W. E.
Published: December 2013

We demonstrate efficient second-harmonic generation at moderate input power for thin film Ni81Fe19 undergoing ferromagnetic resonance. Powers of the generated second-harmonic are shown to be quadratic in input power, with an upconversion ratio three orders of magnitude higher than that demonstrated in ferrites [W. P. Ayres et al., J. Appl. Phys. 27, 188 (1956)], defined as ΔP2ω/ΔPω∼4×10−5/W·Pω, where ΔP is the change in the transmitted rf power and P is the input rf power. The second harmonic signal generated exhibits a significantly lower linewidth than that predicted by low-power Gilbert damping and is excited without threshold. Results are in good agreement with an analytic, approximate expansion of the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation.
Exocentric Pointing in the Visual Field
Authors: van Doorn Andrea , Koenderink Jan , Wagemans Johan
Published: December 2013

“Exocentric pointing in the visual field” involves the setting of a pointer so as to visually point to a target, where both pointer and target are objects in the visual field. Phenomenologically, such pointings show systematic deviations from veridicality of several degrees. The errors are very small in the vertical and horizontal directions, but appreciable in oblique directions. The magnitude of the error is largely independent of the distance between pointer and target for stretches in the range 2–27°. A general conclusion is that the visual field cannot be described in terms of one of the classical homogeneous spaces, or, alternatively, that the results from pointing involve mechanisms that come after geometry proper has been established.
FeON-FeOFF: the Helicobacter pylori Fur regulator commutates iron-responsive transcription by discriminative readout of opposed DNA grooves
Authors: Agriesti Francesca , Roncarati Davide , Musiani Francesco , Del Campo Cristian , Iurlaro Mario , Sparla Francesca , Ciurli Stefano , Danielli Alberto , Scarlato Vincenzo
Published: December 2013

Most transcriptional regulators bind nucleotide motifs in the major groove, although some are able to recognize molecular determinants conferred by the minor groove of DNA. Here we report a transcriptional commutator switch that exploits the alternative readout of grooves to mediate opposite output regulation for the same input signal. This mechanism accounts for the ability of the Helicobacter pylori Fur regulator to repress the expression of both iron-inducible and iron-repressible genes. When iron is scarce, Fur binds to DNA as a dimer, through the readout of thymine pairs in the major groove, repressing iron-inducible transcription (FeON). Conversely, on iron-repressible elements the metal ion acts as corepressor, inducing Fur multimerization with consequent minor groove readout of AT-rich inverted repeats (FeOFF). Our results provide first evidence for a novel regulatory paradigm, in which the discriminative readout of DNA grooves enables to toggle between the repression of genes in a mutually exclusive manner.
Development of a single-shot CCD-based data acquisition system for time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at an X-ray free-electron laser facility
Authors: Oura Masaki , Wagai Tatsuya , Chainani Ashish , Miyawaki Jun , Sato Hiromi , Matsunami Masaharu , Eguchi Ritsuko , Kiss Takayuki , Yamaguchi Takashi , Nakatani Yasuhiro , Togashi Tadashi , Katayama Tetsuo , Ogawa Kanade , Yabashi Makina , Tanaka Yoshihito , Kohmura Yoshiki , Tamasaku Kenji , Shin Shik , Ishikawa Tetsuya
Published: December 2013

In order to utilize high-brilliance photon sources, such as X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), for advanced time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TR-PES), a single-shot CCD-based data acquisition system combined with a high-resolution hemispherical electron energy analyzer has been developed. The system's design enables it to be controlled by an external trigger signal for single-shot pump–probe-type TR-PES. The basic performance of the system is demonstrated with an offline test, followed by online core-level photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy in `single-shot image', `shot-to-shot image (image-to-image storage or block storage)' and `shot-to-shot sweep' modes at soft X-ray undulator beamline BL17SU of SPring-8. In the offline test the typical repetition rate for image-to-image storage mode has been confirmed to be about 15 Hz using a conventional pulse-generator. The function for correcting the shot-to-shot intensity fluctuations of the exciting photon beam, an important requirement for the TR-PES experiments at FEL sources, has been successfully tested at BL17SU by measuring Au 4fphotoelectrons with intentionally controlled photon flux. The system has also been applied to hard X-ray PES (HAXPES) in `ordinary sweep' mode as well as shot-to-shot image mode at the 27 m-long undulator beamline BL19LXU of SPring-8 and also at the SACLA XFEL facility. The XFEL-induced Ti 1score-level spectrum of La-doped SrTiO3is reported as a function of incident power density. The Ti 1score-level spectrum obtained at low power density is consistent with the spectrum obtained using the synchrotron source. At high power densities the Ti 1score-level spectra show space-charge effects which are analysed using a known mean-field model for ultrafast electron packet propagation. The results successfully confirm the capability of the present data acquisition system for carrying out the core-level HAXPES studies of condensed matter induced by the XFEL.
Creation of a ternary complex between a crown ether, 4-aminobenzoic acid and 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid
Authors: Boardman Nicole D. , Munshi Tasnim , Scowen Ian J. , Seaton Colin C.
Published: December 2013

The creation of ternary multi-component crystals through the introduction of 18-crown-6 to direct the hydrogen-bonding motifs of the other molecular components was investigated for 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (3,5-dnba) with 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-aba). The creation of a binary complex between 18-crown-6 and 4-aba (C12H24O6·2C7H7NO2)2and a ternary salt between 3,5-dnba, 18-crown-6 and 4-aba (C12H24O6·C7H8NO2+·C7H3N2O6−·C7H4N2O6) were confirmed by single-crystal structure determination. In both structures, the amino molecules bind to the crown ether through N—H...O hydrogen bonds, leaving available only a single O atom site on the crown with restricted geometry to potentially accept a hydrogen bond from 3,5-dnba. While 3,5-dnba and 4-aba form a binary co-crystal containing neutral molecules, the shape-selective nature of 18-crown-6 preferentially binds protonated amino molecules, thereby leading to the formation of the ternary salt, despite the predicted low concentration of the protonated species in the crystallizing solution. Thus, through the choice of crown ether it may be possible to control both location and nature of the available bonding sites for the designed creation of ternary crystals.
Molecular identification of the economically important freshwater mussels (Mollusca–Bivalvia–Unionoida) of Thailand: developing species‐specific markers from AFLPs
Authors: Vannarattanarat S. , Zieritz A. , Kanchanaketu T. , Kovitvadhi U. , Kovitvadhi S. , Hongtrakul V.
Published: December 2013

Shells of certain freshwater mussel (Unionoida) species are highly demanded and serve as raw material for a range of decorative and pharmaceutical products. In Thailand, most animals for this purpose are currently harvested from wild populations, with unionoid culture still being in its infancy. Whilst reliable species identification is a prerequisite for developing a large‐scale industry, identification by morphological means is hampered by extensive phenotypic plasticity and poor knowledge of species delimitations. To facilitate alternative molecular identification, we developed species‐specific markers for the three Thai unionoids with considerable economic potential (CEP): that is, Chamberlainia hainesiana, Hyriopsis desowitzi and Hyriopsis myersiana. For this purpose, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprints using 24 specific primer pairs were generated for eight samples of each CEP species and four samples of the closely related, non‐CEP species Contradens contradens. Cloning and sequencing of 13 CEP species‐specific AFLP bands revealed fragment collision at three occasions. In total, 16 species‐specific primer pairs were designed and tested on 92 Thai specimens spanning seven species and four genera. Thereby, specificity of (1) three primers to C. hainesiana, (2) one primer to H. desowitzi + Hyriopsis bialata, (3) one primer to H. myersiana + H. bialata and (4) four primers to all three Hyriopsis species tested was confirmed. Respective multiplex PCR protocols are provided. The developed primers enable cheap, quick and reliable identification of the Thai CEP species by one to three PCRs and offer a tool for a range of additional applications within mussel culture and ecological and evolutionary research on these important organisms.
The analgesic efficiency of combined pregabalin and ketamine for total hip arthroplasty: a randomised, double‐blind, controlled study
Authors: Martinez V. , Cymerman A. , Ben Ammar S. , Fiaud J. F. , Rapon C. , Poindessous F. , Judet T. , Chauvin M. , Bouhassira D. , Sessler D. , Mazoit X. , Fletcher D.
Published: December 2013

Ketamine and pregabalin each provide postoperative analgesia, although the combination has yet to be evaluated. One hundred and forty‐two patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty were randomly assigned to receive ketamine alone, pregabalin alone, ketamine and pregabalin combined, or placebo. Pain scores at rest and on movement, morphine consumption, side‐effects, pressure pain thresholds and secondary hyperalgesia were evaluated. Mean (SD) total 48‐h morphine use was reduced in patients given ketamine alone (52 (22) mg) and pregabalin alone (44 (20) mg) compared with placebo (77 (36) mg) p < 0.001. Morphine use was further reduced in patients given both ketamine and pregabalin (38 (19) mg) with an interaction between ketamine and pregabalin (ANOVA factorial; p = 0.028). Secondary hyperalgesia was reduced by ketamine. There were no differences between groups in pain scores after surgery, pressure pain thresholds or side‐effects. The combination of pregabalin and ketamine has a small, beneficial clinical effect.
Predicting Individual Variation in Language From Infant Speech Perception Measures
Authors: Cristia Alejandrina , Seidl Amanda , Junge Caroline , Soderstrom Melanie , Hagoort Peter
Published: December 2013

There are increasing reports that individual variation in behavioral and neurophysiological measures of infant speech processing predicts later language outcomes, and specifically concurrent or subsequent vocabulary size. If such findings are held up under scrutiny, they could both illuminate theoretical models of language development and contribute to the prediction of communicative disorders. A qualitative, systematic review of this emergent literature illustrated the variety of approaches that have been used and highlighted some conceptual problems regarding the measurements. A quantitative analysis of the same data established that the bivariate relation was significant, with correlations of similar strength to those found for well‐established nonlinguistic predictors of language. Further exploration of infant speech perception predictors, particularly from a methodological perspective, is recommended.
Psychotropic Childhoods: Global Mental Health and Pharmaceutical Children
Authors: Mills China
Published: December 2013

While the World Health Organization calls to ‘scale up’ access to psychotropic drugs for children in the global South, research from the global North has found that long‐term use of psychotropic drugs may be at best ineffective, or at worst harmful. Questioning what counts as evidence within the Movement for Global Mental Health, this article maps the physical, psychological and sociopolitical effects of increasingly global psychotropic interventions into children's lives. This psychiatrisation will be read alongside colonisation, leading to the uncomfortable question of whether every child should have the right to a psychotropic childhood.
Mechanical resistance of screwless morse taper and screw‐retained implant‐abutment connections
Authors: Ugurel Cihan Sadi , Steiner Martin , Isik‐Ozkol Gul , Kutay Omer , Kern Matthias
Published: December 2013

Objective

The screwless morse taper (SMT) implant‐abutment connection is an alternative to conventional external or internal screw‐retained (ISR) connections. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate mechanical resistance of the SMT connection and to compare it with three different ISR connections.

Materials and Methods

Four implant systems were tested in this study: SMT system; Tasarimmed Octo (Istanbul, Turkey), ISR systems; Straumann Bone Level (Basel, Switzerland), Biohorizons Internal (Birmingham, AL, USA), and Dentsply Friadent Xive (Mannheim, Germany). Overall, 64 specimens with stylized single crowns were prepared: 32 for dynamic loading (DL) and 32 for static loading (SL). DL was carried out using a chewing simulator with 120 N at 1.75 Hz for 1.2 × 106 cycles, and SL was performed with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min with an angulation of 30°. Cycles until failure from DL and fracture/bending loads at SL were recorded. Statistical analyses were made with Dunn's multiple comparison.

Results

Median cycles until failure in DL were as follows: Octo 86,354 (24,810–153,875), Straumann 1,200,000 (1,156,618–1,200,000), Biohorizons 539,719 (437,224–858,732), Xive 139,411 (139,411–139,411). Median fracture/bending loads in Newton at SL were as follows: Octo 429.6 (404.5–482.7), Straumann 574.6 (544.6–629.9), Biohorizons 548.7 (532.9–567.3), Xive 431.5 (412.5–520.5). There were significant differences between the implant systems under both loading conditions (P ≤ 0.05) revealing that the Octo implant system's SMT connection showed significantly lower cycles to failures and lower fracture/bending loads compared with the ISR connections of the Straumann and Biohorizons implant systems. However, there was no significant difference compared with the Xive implant system.

Conclusion

The mechanical resistance of the screwless morse taper implant system is lower than that of the ISR implant systems that might result in more frequent clinical complications.
Influence of immediate loading on healing of implants installed with different insertion torques – an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Rea Massimiliano , Botticelli Daniele , Ricci Sara , Soldini Claudio , González Gladys González , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: December 2013

Objective

To evaluate the influence of different insertion torques on healing of implants loaded immediately or left unloaded.

Material and methods

In six Labrador dogs, all mandibular premolars and molars were extracted. After 4 months of healing, flaps were elevated, and two implant sites were prepared at each side of the mandible. The distal sites were prepared conventionally while the mesial sites were underprepared by 0.3 mm. As a consequence, different final insertion torques of about 30 Ncm at the distal and >70 Ncm at the mesial sites were recorded. Healing abutments were applied to the left and transmucosal abutments to the right side. Flaps were sutured, crown preparation of the upper right second and third premolars was performed, and impressions were taken. Within 24 h, crowns were cemented both to implants and teeth in the right side of the mouth. After 4 months, the animals were sacrificed and ground sections obtained for histological evaluation.

Results

A higher buccal bony crestal resorption and a more apical position of the coronal level of osseointegration were found at the loaded compared with the unloaded sites. MBIC% and percentages of peri‐implant mineralized tissue (MB%) were higher at the loaded compared with the unloaded sites. Moreover, a higher MBIC% was found at the lower compared with the higher final insertion torque.

Conclusions

Immediate loading does not seem to have a negative effect on osseointegration. High torque values for the immediate loading procedures were not necessary. Probably, low torque values, were sufficient to obtain primary stability and hence may provide better osseointegration than high torque value.
Relationship between cardiac function and resting cerebral blood flow: MRI measurements in healthy elderly subjects
Authors: Henriksen Otto M. , Jensen Lars T. , Krabbe Katja , Larsson Henrik B. W. , Rostrup Egill
Published: December 2013

Although both impaired cardiac function and reduced cerebral blood flow are associated with ageing, current knowledge of the influence of cardiac function on resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of cardiac function on CBF. CBF and cardiac output were measured in 31 healthy subjects 50–75 years old using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Mean values of CBF, cardiac output and cardiac index were 43·6 ml per 100 g min−1, 5·5 l min−1 and 2·7 l min−1 m−2, respectively, in males, and 53·4 ml per 100 g min−1, 4·3 l min−1 and 2·4 l min−1 m−2, respectively, in females. No effects of cardiac output or cardiac index on CBF or structural signs of brain ageing were observed. However, fractional brain flow defined as the ratio of total brain flow to cardiac output was inversely correlated with cardiac index (r2 = 0·22, P = 0·008) and furthermore lower in males than in females (8·6% versus 12·5%, P = 0·003). Fractional brain flow was also inversely correlated with cerebral white matter lesion grade, although this effect was not significant when adjusted for age. Frequency analysis of heart rate variability showed a gender‐related inverse association of increased low‐to‐high‐frequency power ratio with CBF and fractional brain flow. The findings do not support a direct effect of cardiac function on CBF, but demonstrates gender‐related differences in cardiac output distribution. We propose fractional brain flow as a novel index that may be a useful marker of adequate brain perfusion in the context of ageing as well as cardiovascular disease.
Stable numerosity representations irrespective of magnitude context in macaque prefrontal cortex
Authors: Moskaleva Maria , Nieder Andreas
Published: December 2013

Cognitively demanding tasks require neurons of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to encode divergent behaviorally relevant information. In discrimination tasks with arbitrary and learned categories, context‐specific parameters shape and adapt the tuning functions of PFC neurons. We explored if and how selectivity of PFC neurons to visual numerosities, a ‘natural’ abstract category, may change depending on the magnitude context. Two monkeys discriminated visual numerosities (varying numbers of dot items) in a delayed match‐to‐sample (DMS) task while single‐cell activity was recorded from the lateral PFC. During a given recording session, the numerosity task was either presented in isolation or randomly intermixed with DMS tasks with line lengths and colors as discriminative stimuli. We found that the context of numerosity discriminations did not influence the response properties of numerosity detectors. The numerosity tuning curves of selective neurons, i.e. the preferred numerosity and the sharpness of tuning, remained stable, irrespective of whether the numerosity task was presented in a pure numerosity block or a mixed magnitude block. Our data suggest that numerosity detectors in the PFC do not adapt their response properties to code stimuli according to changing magnitude context. Rather, numerosity representations seem to rely on a sparse and stable ‘labeled line’ code. In contrast to arbitrarily learned categories, numerosity as a ‘natural’ category may possess a privileged position and their neuronal representations could thus remain unaffected by magnitude context.
Withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs: Guidelines of the Italian League Against Epilepsy
Authors: Beghi Ettore , Giussani Giorgia , Grosso Salvatore , Iudice Alfonso , Neve Angela La , Pisani Francesco , Specchio Luigi M. , Verrotti Alberto , Capovilla Giuseppe , Michelucci Roberto , Zaccara Gaetano
Published: December 2013

The Italian League Against Epilepsy has issued evidence‐based guidelines to help practicing physicians in their decision to stop or withhold antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients achieving a prolonged period of seizure freedom. Six adult and two child neurologists, divided into four pairs, critically appraised 128 published reports and provided graded recommendations answering 15 key questions: length of the seizure‐free period after treatment initiation, difference in seizure‐free periods in children and adults, electroencephalography (EEG) pattern at the time of discontinuation, etiology of epilepsy, seizure type(s), patient's age and sex, family history of epilepsy, history of febrile seizures, epilepsy syndrome, seizure frequency before entering remission, duration of active epilepsy, tapering period, number and type of AEDs taken at time of discontinuation, combination of risk factors for recurrence, and length of patient monitoring after treatment discontinuation. Based on the available data, the following recommendations can be outlined: (1) antiepileptic treatment might be discontinued after a minimum period of 2 years of seizure freedom; shorter seizure‐free periods are associated to a higher risk of relapse; (2) in children, AED discontinuation could be considered after less than two seizure‐free years because of a marginally higher risk of relapse for early withdrawal; (3) factors, such as abnormal EEG (including epileptiform abnormalities) at the time of treatment discontinuation, a documented etiology of seizures (including mental retardation, perinatal insults, and abnormal neurologic examination), partial seizures, or an older age at disease onset, enhance the risk of relapse; however, patients should not be encouraged to withhold treatment unless a combination of two or more of these factors is present; (4) female sex, family history of epilepsy, history of febrile seizures, disease length/severity, and number and type of drugs taken should not influence the decision to stop treatment; (5) epilepsy syndrome should be always included in the decision process; (6) slow (at least 6 months) AED discontinuation should be encouraged; in any case the duration of the tapering period should be tailored to the patient's needs and preference; and (7) patient discontinuing treatment should be followed for no <2 years. As a general habit, the decision to stop treatment should be discussed and shared with each patient, taking into account social and personal complications of a seizure relapse and the medical complications of chronic AED treatment.
Almost 50 years of monitoring shows that climate, not forestry, controls long‐term organic carbon fluxes in a large boreal watershed
Authors: Lepistö Ahti , Futter Martyn N , Kortelainen Pirkko
Published: December 2013

Here, we use a unique long‐term data set on total organic carbon (TOC) fluxes, its climatic drivers and effects of land management from a large boreal watershed in northern Finland. TOC and runoff have been monitored at several sites in the Simojoki watershed (3160 km2) since the early 1960s. Annual TOC fluxes have increased significantly together with increased inter‐annual variability. Acid deposition in the area has been low and has not significantly influenced losses of TOC. Forest management, including ditching and clear felling, had a minor influence on TOC fluxes – seasonal and long‐term patterns in TOC were controlled primarily by changes in soil frost, seasonal precipitation, drought, and runoff. Deeper soil frost led to lower spring TOC concentrations in the river. Summer TOC concentrations were positively correlated with precipitation and soil moisture not temperature. There is some indication that drought conditions led to elevated TOC concentrations and fluxes in subsequent years (1998–2000). A sensitivity analysis of the INCA‐C model results showed the importance of landscape position, land‐use type, and soil temperature as controls of modeled TOC concentrations. Model predictions were not sensitive to forest management. Our results are contradictory to some earlier plot‐scale and small catchment studies that have shown more profound forest management impacts on TOC fluxes. This shows the importance of scale when assessing the mechanisms controlling TOC fluxes and concentrations. The results highlight the value of long‐term multiple data sets to better understand ecosystem response to land management, climate change and extremes in northern ecosystems.
Assessment of the oral health knowledge of healthcare providers in geriatric nursing homes: additional training needs required
Authors: Catteau Céline , Piaton Sophie , Nicolas Emmanuel , Hennequin Martine , Lassauzay Claire
Published: December 2013

Objectives

This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge of oral health and training needs of health workers in geriatric nursing homes.

Background

Providing daily oral care to dependent elderly people is the best way to prevent oral disorders. Because there are no dental hygienists in France, health workers play an important role in providing oral care in nursing homes and should have correct and adequate knowledge.

Materials and methods

Health workers from 8 geriatric nursing homes in Puy de Dôme (France) completed a 58‐item questionnaire. Oral health knowledge regarding dental decay, periodontal diseases, oral hygiene and denture care was assessed. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed.

Results

A total of 99 health workers took part in the study. The total mean score was significantly different if health workers had received training in oral disorders (49.3 ± 11.7 vs. 43.9 ± 10; p < 0.05) or in the maintenance of oral health (50.5 ± 10.5 vs. 42.9 ± 10; p < 0.01). The mean scores obtained in the ‘dental decay’ subsection and in the ‘oral and denture hygiene’ subsection were the lowest.

Conclusion

Geriatric nursing home staff need training in understanding the impact of oral health on general health. Theoretical knowledge of oral diseases has to be improved in order for health workers to understand oral hygiene procedures and to help them identify early oral disorders.