bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Constituents of Excoecaria acerifolia and Their Bioactivities
Authors: Zhao Yan-Li , He Qiu-Xia , Li Yang , Wang Si-Feng , Liu Ke-Chun , Yang Yong-Ping , Li Xiao-Li
Published: March 2010

A new kaurane diterpenoid, 3α,18-dihydroxy-3β,20-epoxykaur-15-ene (1), was isolated from the aerial parts of Excoecaria acerifolia (Euphorbiaceae) together with 16 known compounds. Their structures were identified by extensive spectral analysis, especially 2D NMR techniques. Antiangiogenic effects of compounds 1-6 and 9-17 were evaluated using a zebrafish model, with compound 9 being active in this bioassay. At the same time, compounds 4, 6, 10, 11 showed activity in inhibiting the growth of A549 lung cancer cells, and the compound 10 also showed apoptosis-inducing effects on A549 lung cancer cells.
Alphavirus Entry and Membrane Fusion
Authors: Kielian Margaret , Chanel-Vos Chantal , Liao Maofu
Published: March 2010

The study of enveloped animal viruses has greatly advanced our understanding of the general properties of membrane fusion and of the specific pathways that viruses use to infect the host cell. The membrane fusion proteins of the alphaviruses and flaviviruses have many similarities in structure and function. As reviewed here, alphaviruses use receptor-mediated endocytic uptake and low pH-triggered membrane fusion to deliver their RNA genomes into the cytoplasm. Recent advances in understanding the biochemistry and structure of the alphavirus membrane fusion protein provide a clearer picture of this fusion reaction, including the protein’s conformational changes during fusion and the identification of key domains. These insights into the alphavirus fusion mechanism suggest new areas for experimental investigation and potential inhibitor strategies for anti-viral therapy.
Effects of historical demography and ecological context on spatial patterns of genetic diversity within foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana; Pinaceae) stands located in the Klamath Mountains, California
Authors: Eckert Andrew J. , Eckert Melissa L. , Hall Benjamin D.
Published: March 2010

The density and dispersion of individuals, nonequilibrium demographics, and habitat fragmentation all affect the magnitude and extent of spatial genetic structure within forest tree populations. Here, we investigate the link between historical demography and spatial genetic structure within ecologically contrasting stands of foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana) in the Klamath Mountains of northern California. We defined two stand types a priori, based largely on differences in foxtail pine density and basal area, and for each type we sampled two stands. Population expansions, likely from Pleistocene bottlenecks, were detected in three of the four stands. The magnitude and extent of spatial autocorrelation among genotypes at five nuclear microsatellites differed dramatically among stands, with those having lower foxtail pine density exhibiting strong patterns of isolation by distance. Moran's I statistics were 7‐fold higher for the first distance class (<25 m) in these stands relative to those observed in stands with higher foxtail pine density (I25 = 0.14 vs. 0.02). We conclude that differences in spatial genetic structure between stand types are due to differences in ecological attributes that affected expansion from inferred bottlenecks.
Cardiac Function and Structure in Longitudinal Analysis of Echocardiography in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Io Hiroaki , Ro Yuuki , Sekiguchi Yoshimi , Shimaoka Tetsutaro , Inuma Jiro , Hotta Yoko , Aruga Seiki , Inami Yuko , Sato Michiko , Kobayashi Takashi , Masuda Atsumi , Kaneko Kayo , Hamada Chieko , Ohtaki Eiji , Horikoshi Satoshi , Tomino Yasuhiko
Published: March 2010

♦ Background

Echocardiography is widely used for the evaluation of cardiac structures and function. The prognostic value of assessment of left cardiac atrium (LA) size in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is still unclear. The objective of the present study is to investigate prospectively a longitudinal monitoring of echocardiography parameters after start of PD. We also investigated a correlation study among plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) level, LA size, and cardiac function undergoing aggressive treatment.

♦ Methods

Correlation among plasma ANP, LA size, and cardiac function was prospectively analyzed by Doppler echocardiography in 32 PD patients in Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo. Measurement of these parameters was performed at 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after start of PD. All patients were treated with an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker to control blood pressure to less than 140/90 mmHg. Other antihypertensive drugs such as diuretics and/or calcium channel blockers were added if blood pressure rose to over 140/90 mmHg. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were targeted at 10.0 g/dL and 30.0% respectively with recombinant human erythropoietin treatment. A diuretic was added or patients decreased their water intake if ANP was more than 43.0 pg/mL or LA diameter (LAD) more than 39 mm, and for other basic markers of volume status. Cardiac function was measured before and after drainage of PD fluid to evaluate the influence of cardiac function.

♦ Results

LAD at start of dialysis (36 ± 4.6 mm) decreased significantly to 33 ± 3.3 mm ( p < 0.05), 33 ± 3.2 mm ( p < 0.05), and 33 ± 3.6 mm ( p < 0.05) after 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Ejection fraction after 6 months was significantly increased compared with that at start of dialysis ( p < 0.05). Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) after 6, 12, and 24 months was significantly decreased compared with that at start of dialysis ( p < 0.05). ANP was 56 ± 39 pg/mL at start of dialysis and decreased significantly to 33 ± 19 pg/mL after 24 months ( p < 0.05). ANP was significantly correlated with LAD ( r = 0.412, p < 0.01), transmitral A wave flow velocity ( r = 0.429, p < 0.01), and LVMI ( r = 0.426, p < 0.01). Instillation of the dialysis fluid did not affect any parameters except inferior vena cava dimension.

♦ Conclusions

This study demonstrates a reduction in LA size and LVMI in PD patients followed over 24 months. Left ventricular structure, contraction, and compliance were well preserved in PD patients undergoing aggressive treatment based on measurements of plasma ANP and LAD.
Emergence of New Alleles of the MSP-3α Gene in Plasmodium vivax Isolates from Korea
Authors: Nam Deok Hwa , Oh Jun Seo , Nam Myoung Hyun , Park Hae Chul , Lim Chae Seung , Lee Won Ja , Sattabongkot Jetsumon , Klein Terry A. , Ayala Francisco J.
Published: March 2010

Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Plasmodium vivax PvMSP-3α gene was conducted on blood from 143 malaria patients admitted to Korea University Medical Center from 1996 to 2007 in the Republic of Korea (ROK). From 1996 to 2002, the PvMSP-3α alleles were of two types, SKOR-67 (2.53 kb) and SKOR-69 (1.78 kb), which differed in length and amino acid sequence. Two new variants with similar size to SKOR-67 were first observed in 2002 and in 2006–2007 accounted for nearly 50% (25/51) of the sampled isolates. The new variants had the same amino acid sequence as SKOR-69 in the N-terminal region, but in Blocks I and II and in the C-terminal region, they were similar to previously reported isolates from Thailand, Papua New Guinea, India, Brazil, and Ecuador strains.
Clinical Assessment of Self-Reported Acute Flaccid Paralysis in a Population-Based Setting in Guatemala
Authors: Sejvar James J. , Lindblade Kim A. , Arvelo Wences , Padilla Norma , Pringle Kimberly , Zielinski-Gutierrez Emily , Farnon Eileen , Schonberger Lawrence B. , Dueger Erica
Published: March 2010

Historically, poliovirus infection has been an important cause of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) worldwide; however, successful elimination of wild-type poliovirus in much of the world has highlighted the importance of other causes of AFP. Despite the evolving etiology, AFP surveillance in most developing countries still focuses on poliovirus detection and fails to detect many AFP cases, particularly among adults. We assessed 41 subjects self-reporting symptoms suggestive of AFP during a population-based health survey in the Department of Santa Rosa, Guatemala. Thirty-five (85%) of the suspected cases were not hospitalized. Most subjects (37) did not have features consistent with AFP or had other diagnoses explaining weakness. We identified two adults who had not received medical attention for a clinical illness consistent with Guillain-Barré syndrome, the most important cause of non-poliovirus AFP. Usual surveillance methods for AFP, particularly in developing countries, may underestimate the true burden of non-poliovirus AFP.
Transmission and Cross-Mating of High-Level Resistance Plasmodium falciparum Dihydrofolate Reductase Haplotypes in The Gambia
Authors: Kheir Amani , Nwakanma Davis , Al-Gazali Aisha , Akbarova Yagut , Al-Saai Salma , Swedberg Göte , Babiker Hamza A.
Published: March 2010

A high-level pyrimethamine resistance Plasmodium falciparum lineage with triple dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) mutations prevails across Africa. However, additional minority lineages were seen. We examined transmission success of mutant dhfr haplotypes among 22 children in The Gambia and 60 infected Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes fed on their blood. Additional polymorphic genes of the gametocyte-specific protein (pfg377) and merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) were examined. Similarities were seen between pfg377 and MSP-1 alleles in children and mosquitoes and evidence of cross-mating between different parasite genotypes was seen in some infected mosquitoes, reflecting high transmission success of existing clones. With regard to dhfr, 16 haplotypes were seen among the children: 2 carried double mutations and 14 carried triple mutations. However, only nine haplotypes, all with triple mutations, were detected among mosquitoes. A single triple-mutant dhfr haplotype, similar to that in other countries in Africa, predominated among children (42%) and mosquitoes (60%), supporting the hypothesis of migration of this haplotype across Africa. However, evidence of cross-mating between the above haplotypes signifies the role of local evolution.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Teaching Methods Regarding Prevention of Human Epilepsy Caused by Taenia solium Neurocysticercosis in Western Kenya
Authors: Wohlgemut Jared , Dewey Cate , Levy Mike , Mutua Florence
Published: March 2010

Taenia solium neurocysticercosis is a major cause of adult-onset epilepsy in developing countries. A questionnaire was administered to 282 Kenyan farmers, followed by a workshop, a second questionnaire, one-on-one training, and a third questionnaire. People who attended workshops were more likely to know how T. solium causes epilepsy in humans in the third visit than the second (P = 0.001). The likelihood that farmers would tether their pigs 100% of the time, limiting exposure to tapeworm eggs, increased after the first (P < 0.001) and second visits (P < 0.001). Farmers were more likely to have heard of Cysticercus cellulosae in the second (P = 0.001) and third visits (P = 0.007), and to know how pigs acquire infection in the second (P = 0.03) and third visits (P = 0.003). Farmers with at least a grade 8 education were more likely to know how T. solium is transmitted to humans in the second (P = 0.001) and third visits (P = 0.009), and were more likely to understand the relationship between epilepsy and T. solium in the second (P = 0.03) and third visits (P = 0.03). Grade 8 education may enhance learning from written material. Workshops followed by individual on-farm training enhanced knowledge acquisition and behavior changes. Training local government extension workers contributed to the sustainability of this project.
Evaluation of the Role of School Children in the Promotion of Point-of-Use Water Treatment and Handwashing in Schools and Households—Nyanza Province, Western Kenya, 2007
Authors: Blanton Elizabeth , Ombeki Sam , Oluoch Gordon Otieno , Mwaki Alex , Wannemuehler Kathleen , Quick Rob
Published: March 2010

We installed drinking water and handwashing stations in 17 rural schools and trained teachers to promote water treatment and hygiene to pupils. We gave schools flocculent-disinfectant powder and hypochlorite solution for water treatment. We conducted a baseline water handling survey of pupils' parents from 17 schools and tested stored water for chlorine. We trained teachers and students about hygiene, installed water stations, and distributed instructional comic books to students. We conducted follow-up surveys and chlorine testing at 3 and 13 months. From baseline to 3-month follow-up, parental awareness of the flocculent-disinfectant increased (49–91%, P < 0.0001), awareness of hypochlorite remained high (93–92%), and household use of flocculent-disinfectant (1–7%, P < 0.0001) and hypochlorite (6–13%, P < 0.0001) increased, and were maintained after 13 months. Pupil absentee rates decreased after implementation by 26%. This school-based program resulted in pupil-to-parent knowledge transfer and significant increases in household water treatment practices that were sustained over 1 year.
Evaluating Delivery Systems: Complex Evaluations and Plausibility Inference
Authors: Webster Jayne , Kweku Margaret , Dedzo McDamien , Tinkorang Kojo , Bruce Jane , Lines Jo , Chandramohan Daniel , Hanson Kara
Published: March 2010

Delivery system evaluation is poorly defined and therefore a barrier to achieving increased coverage of interventions. We use a pre- and post-implementation cross-sectional observational study with assessment of the intermediate processes to evaluate a new delivery system for insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in two regions of Ghana. In Volta Region, ownership of at least one net rose from 38.3% to 45.4% (P = 0.06), and 6.5% of respondents used a voucher in the purchase. In Eastern Region, ownership of a net rose from 13.7% to 26.0% (P < 0.001) and 0.5% of households used a voucher to purchase a net. Just 40.7% and 21.1% of eligible antenatal clinic (ANC) attendees were offered a voucher in Volta and Eastern Regions, respectively, and 36.0% and 30.7% used their voucher in the purchase of an ITN. Without attributing nets to the specific delivery system, in Eastern Region the success of the new system would be overestimated.
Identification of Norovirus as the Top Enteric Viruses Detected in Adult Cases with Acute Gastroenteritis
Authors: Liu Li-Juan , Liu Wei , Liu Yun-Xi , Xiao Hong-Jv , Jia Ning , Liu Gang , Tong Yi-Gang , Cao Wu-Chun
Published: March 2010

To elucidate the importance of the norovirus and other enteric viruses, and the difference of the genetic relatedness on norovirus between the outbreak and sporadic cases, a total of 557 stool samples, consisting of 503 sporadic cases and 54 samples of 4 outbreaks were collected and tested for norovirus and other enteric viruses in Beijing, China, July 2007–June 2008. The data showed norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus, were detected in 26.6%, 6.1%, 1.8%, and 0.5%, respectively. Norovirus was detected almost throughout the surveillance period, norovirus co-infecting with rotavirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus, respectively, were identified both in outbreak and the sporadic cases. GII.4/2006 was identified as the predominant strain circulating both in outbreak and sporadic cases. The results showed that norovirus was rather the important agent than other enteric viruses affected adults with acute gastroenteritis; no significant genetic relatedness of the dominant strains was found between the outbreak and sporadic cases.
Characteristic of Dengue Disease in Taiwan: 2002–2007
Authors: Lin Chien-Chou , Huang Yh-Hsiung , Shu Pei-Yun , Wu Ho-Sheng , Lin Yee-Shin , Yeh Trai-Ming , Liu Hsiao-Sheng , Liu Ching-Chuan , Lei Huan-Yao
Published: March 2010

Taiwan's dengue outbreaks have a unique type of transmission: starting by import from abroad in early summer, spreading out locally, and ending in the winter. This pattern repeats every year. Most of the dengue patients are adults, with dengue fever peaking in the 50–54 year age range, and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 60–64 year age range. Two patterns of dengue infection were found: DENV-2 in 2002 with 74% of secondary infection in contrast to non-DENV-2 (DENV-1 or DENV-3) in 2004–2007 with ~70% of primary infection. Secondary dengue virus infection increases disease morbidity, but not mortality in adults. The active serological surveillance shows two-thirds of the dengue-infected adults are symptomatic post infection. The Taiwanese experience of adult dengue should be valuable for countries or areas where, although dengue is not endemic, the Aedes aegypti vector exists and dengue virus can be introduced by travelers.
A Patient from Argentina Infected with Rickettsia massiliae
Authors: García-García Juan Carlos , Portillo Aránzazu , Núñez Manuel J. , Santibáñez Sonia , Castro Begoña , Oteo José A.
Published: March 2010

The first confirmed case of Rickettsia massiliae infection in the New World (Buenos Aires, Argentina) is described. To date, only two cases of human infection had been reported in Europe. The patient, a woman, had a fever, a palpable purpuric rash on the upper and lower extremities, and a skin lesion (eschar) on the right leg compatible with tache noire. When interviewed, she reported having had contact with dog ticks. After treatment with doxycycline for 12 days, her symptoms resolved. Rickettsia massiliae infection was diagnosed by molecular-based detection of the microorganism in a biopsy specimen of the eschar.
Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome—A First Case Report
Authors: Zheng Yishan , Yang Yongfeng , Zhao Wei , Wang Hong
Published: March 2010

Secondary or reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is frequently related to viral infections. However, the novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus associated HPS has never been reported. On October 10, 2009, a 17-year-old female child with no past medical history, complaining of severe asthenia, pneumonia, myalgia, and high fever, was admitted to our department, and H1N1 DNA was detected. Five days after her hospitalization, all signs and symptoms aggravated into HPS. After treatment for H1N1 influenza, the patient had a recovery and clearance of H1N1 infection 10 days after hospitalization. Three weeks later, the patient was discharged without any complaints, indicating the etiological role of H1N1infection in HPS.
A Silent Enzootic of an Orthopoxvirus in Ghana, West Africa: Evidence for Multi-Species Involvement in the Absence of Widespread Human Disease
Authors: Reynolds Mary G. , Carroll Darin S. , Olson Victoria A. , Hughes Christine , Galley Jack , Likos Anna , Montgomery Joel M. , Suu-Ire Richard , Kwasi Mubarak O. , Jeffrey Root J. , Braden Zach , Abel Jason , Clemmons Cody , Regnery Russell , Karem Kevin , Damon Inger K.
Published: March 2010

Human monkeypox has never been reported in Ghana, but rodents captured in forested areas of southern Ghana were the source of the monkeypox virus introduced into the United States in 2003. Subsequent to the outbreak in the United States, 204 animals were collected from two commercial trapping sites in Ghana. Animal tissues were examined for the presence of orthopoxvirus (OPXV) DNA using a real-time polymerase chain reaction, and sera were assayed for antibodies against OPXV. Animals from five genera (Cricetomys, Graphiurus, Funiscirus, and Heliosciurus) had antibodies against OPXV, and three genera (Cricetomys, Graphiurus, and Xerus) had evidence of OPXV DNA in tissues. Additionally, 172 persons living near the trapping sites were interviewed regarding risk factors for OPXV exposure, and their sera were analyzed. Fifty-three percent had IgG against OPXV; none had IgM. Our findings suggest that several species of forest-dwelling rodents from Ghana are susceptible to naturally occurring OPXV infection, and that persons living near forests may have low-level or indirect exposure to OPXV-infected animals, possibly resulting in sub-clinical infections.
Single nucleotide polymorphism associated with nonsyndromic cleft palate influences the processing of miR‐140
Authors: Li Ling , Meng Tian , Jia Zhonglin , Zhu Guiquan , Shi Bing
Published: March 2010

Nonsyndromic oral cleft is a common developmental malformation of humans. Embryonic development is regulated by microRNAs. MicroRNA‐140‐5p (miR‐140‐5p) was found to regulate palatal development. As sequence variants in miRNA genes are likely to affect miRNA expression and/or maturation, we investigated the miRNA‐140 gene and identified a SNP (rs7205289: C>A) located in precursor miRNA‐140. We carried out a case–control analysis in 557 patients with nonsyndromic oral clefts and 306 unaffected controls from west China and found that the frequency of minor allele (A allele) was significantly increased (P = 0.003 after Bonferroni correction) in nonsyndromic cleft palate (NSCP) patients in comparison with that in controls. We constructed expression vectors of primary miRNA‐140 (pri‐miR‐140) with the major and minor alleles of rs7205289. The vectors were transfected into HEK293 cells, and the mature forms of miR‐140 were detected by Northern blot. Compared to the vector with the C allele, the vector with the A allele was found to influence the miR‐140 processing, resulting in a significant decrease of miR‐140‐5p and an increase of miR‐140‐3p. These results suggest that the SNP located in pre‐miR‐140 contributes to NSCP susceptibility by influencing the processing of miR‐140. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Majewski Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism Type II (MOPD II): Expanding the vascular phenotype
Authors: Bober Michael B. , Khan Nadia , Kaplan Jennifer , Lewis Kristi , Feinstein Jeffrey A. , Scott Charles I. , Steinberg Gary K.
Published: March 2010

Majewski Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism, Type II (MOPD II) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder. Features include severe intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), poor postnatal growth (adult stature approximately 100 cm), severe microcephaly, skeletal dysplasia, characteristic facial features, and normal or near normal intelligence. An Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved registry was created and currently follows 25 patients with a diagnosis of MOPD II. Based on previous studies, a neurovascular screening program was implemented and 13 (52%) of these patients have been found to have cerebral neurovascular abnormalities including moyamoya angiopathy and/or intracranial aneurysms. The typical moyamoya pathogenesis begins with vessel narrowing in the supraclinoid internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral (A1) or middle cerebral (M1) artery segments. The narrowing may predominate initially on one side, progresses to bilateral stenosis, with subsequent occlusion of the vessels and collateral formation. We present four patients who, on neurovascular screening, were found to have cerebrovascular changes. Two were asymptomatic, one presented with a severe headache and projectile vomiting related to a ruptured aneurysm, and one presented after an apparent decline in cognitive functioning. Analysis of the registry suggests screening for moyamoya disease be performed at the time of MOPD II diagnosis and at least every 12–18 months using MRA or computerized tomographic angiography (CTA). We believe this is imperative. If diagnosed early enough, re‐vascularization and aneurysm treatment in skilled hands can be performed safely and prevent or minimize long‐term sequelae in this population. Emergent evaluation is also needed when other neurologic or cardiac symptoms are present. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasound diagnosis of severe mesomelic dysplasia in two fetuses, associated with increased neck translucency and tetralogy of Fallot in one and cystic hygroma in the other
Authors: Vseticka Jan , Gattnarova Zuzana , Marik Ivo , Kozlowski Kazimierz
Published: March 2010

Two stillborn male sibling fetuses born to the same parents had severe mesomelic dysplasia documented at ultrasound and confirmed by radiography and autopsy. The 17‐week‐old fetus with increased neck translucency had additional heart and great vessel anomalies consistent with tetralogy of Fallot. The 15‐week‐old fetus had a nuchal cystic hygroma. We posit that these sibs have a distinct, previously unreported skeletal dysplasia. The mode of genetic transmission could be autosomal recessive or X‐linked recessive. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of an interstitial 4q32 deletion in a patient with mental retardation and a complex chromosome rearrangement
Authors: Tzschach Andreas , Menzel Corinna , Erdogan Fikret , Istifli Erman Salih , Rieger Martin , Ovens‐Raeder Angela , Macke Alfons , Ropers Hans‐Hilger , Ullmann Reinhard , Kalscheuer Vera
Published: March 2010

Interstitial deletions of chromosome band 4q32 are rare. We report on a 22‐year‐old female patient with a de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome 4q32 and a balanced translocation t(2;5)(p21;q12.1). Clinical problems of the patient comprised mild to moderate mental retardation, psychosis, obesity, broad nasal root, sparse lateral eyebrows, thin upper lip, short philtrum, micrognathia, and strabismus. Analysis by whole genome array CGH using an Agilent 244K oligonucleotide array and subsequent FISH using BAC clones from the 4q32 region revealed an unexpectedly complex rearrangement comprising a deletion of approximately 10 Mb in 4q32.1q32.3 and the insertion of two small fragments of 0.8 and 0.11 Mb originating from the derivative chromosome 4q32 into derivative chromosome 5q. The breakpoints of the t(2;5) translocation were mapped by BAC‐FISH; no genes were disrupted by these breakpoints. The deleted interval in 4q32 harbored more than 30 genes, and haploinsufficiency of one or several of these genes is likely to have caused the clinical problems of the patient. Candidate genes for cognitive defects are GRIA2, GLRB, NPY1R, and NPY5R. In conclusion, this patient increases our knowledge about the phenotypic consequences of interstitial 4q32 deletions. Reports of patients with overlapping deletions will be needed to elucidate the role of individual genes and to establish genotype–phenotype correlations. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further delineation of the Kapur–Toriello syndrome
Authors: Robin Nathaniel H. , Rutledge Katherine D. , Ray Peter D. , Grant John H.
Published: March 2010

The Kapur–Toriello syndrome (KTS) is a rare multiple congenital anomaly syndrome, with presumed autosomal recessive inheritance based on the initial report of affected siblings. Here we report on a female with multiple anomalies, including cleft lip and palate, coloboma, mental retardation with cerebral atrophy, and imperforate anus who, upon re‐evaluation at 30 months, was recognized to have a columella that extended below the nares. This distinctive finding prompted the diagnosis of KTS. This is the 5th report of KTS, and the second female. Interestingly, both female cases also manifest an ano/rectal malformation, suggesting that this should be considered a component manifestation of this rare syndrome. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Severe pulmonary emphysema in a girl with interstitial deletion of 2q24.2q24.3 including ITGB6
Authors: Takatsuki Shinichi , Nakamura Rina , Haga Youichi , Mitsui Kazumasa , Hashimoto Takuji , Shimojima Keiko , Saji Tsutomu , Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: March 2010

Owing to the large size of chromosome 2, partial monosomy of the long arm of this chromosome gives rise to many specific phenotypes. We report on a 2‐month‐old girl with an interstitial deletion of 2q24.2q24.3, which was confirmed by microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization analysis. The patient showed delayed growth and mental retardation, early myoclonic seizures, and characteristic dysmorphic features including thick arched eyebrows, upslanting palpebral fissures, long eyelashes, depressed nasal bridge, short nose, long philtrum, small mouth, micrognathia, and low set ears. Her early myoclonic seizures were likely due to haploinsufficiency of SCN1A and SCN2A, which are included in the deletion region. When she experienced acute bronchopneumonia, she showed severe pulmonary emphysema. The deletion region of 2q24.2 includes the integrin β6 gene (ITGB6), which may prevent acute lung injury and pulmonary emphysema. Many previously reported patients with deletions of 2q24.2 showed poor outcomes because of respiratory failure. These observations suggest the possibility of a strong relationship between haploinsufficiency of ITGB6 and pulmonary dysfunction. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spinnability of low‐substituted hydroxyethylcellulose sodium hydroxide aqueous solutions
Authors: Li Dongmei , Zhou Xingping , Jinglan Yang , Yu Fangfang , Wang Xiaqin
Published: March 2010

Ethylene oxide was used to etherify alkali cellulose with a low substitution degree to replace carbon disulfide to generate cellulose xanthogenate by viscose technology. The resultant low‐substituted hydroxyethylcellulose (LSHEC), with molar substitution of 0.49, was used to attempt to spin LSHEC fibers under spinning and coagulation conditions identical to those used for industrial rayon fibers. The spinnability of LSHEC was investigated by the variation of the storage modulus, loss modulus, and complex viscosity with the concentration of the LSHEC spinning solutions and temperature. It was found that the dissolution of LSHEC in sodium hydroxide aqueous solutions was an exothermic process, whereas the gelation of LSHEC was an endothermic process. Spinning conditions, comprising the concentration of the spinning solutions and corresponding spinning temperatures, were derived from the gelation onset curve theoretically. Moreover, combinations of the concentration of the spinning solution and the temperature of the coagulation bath could be predicted by the gelation onset curve. Finally, LSHEC fibers were prepared under the spinning conditions based on the gelation onset curve. The as‐spun LSHEC fibers had dry and wet tensile strengths of 1.59 and 0.47 cN/dtex, respectively, with a 0.30 ratio of the wet tensile strength to the dry tensile strength. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of the silane modification of clay on the tensile properties of nylon 6/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Kim Eung Soo , Shim Jae Hun , Woo Ji Yoon , Yoo Kwang Sik , Yoon Jin San
Published: March 2010

A commercially available organomodified clay, Cloisite 25A, was modified with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3‐(glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, and 3‐isocyanate propyltriethoxysilane to enhance its interaction with the nylon 6 matrix. Composites made of nylon 6 and clays modified with the different silane compounds were prepared by melt mixing with a twin‐screw extruder. The dispersion and degree of exfoliation of the organomodified clays were evaluated from X‐ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy images of the corresponding composites. The tensile properties of the composites were measured, and their enhancement was attributed to the work of adhesion and interfacial tension of the composites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Sulfonated polyether sulfone‐poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend membrane for DMFC applications
Authors: Subramanian M. Sankara , Sasikumar G.
Published: March 2010

Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) proton exchange membranes were prepared by blending poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) (SPES). Using a diffusion cell and gas chromatographic technique, the effects of PVDF content on methanol permeability in the blended membranes were investigated. The thermal resistance and proton conductivity of the membranes were also determined by using a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and an impedance analysis technique respectively. The presence of sulfonic acid groups in SPES was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). It was found that the methanol permeability in the blended membranes decreased with PVDF content at the expense of proton conductivity. Blended membranes show methanol permeability values much lower than that of Nafion 115, whereas the proton conductivities of the membranes are comparable with that of Nafion. The thermal stability of these blended membranes is above 250°C, which is sufficiently high for use in DMFC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Surface polymerization of iron particles for magnetorheological elastomers
Authors: Fuchs Alan , Sutrisno Joko , Gordaninejad Faramarz , Caglar Mert Bahadir , Yanming Liu
Published: March 2010

Magnetorheological Elastomers (MREs) are synthesized from silicone RTV (room temperature vulcanizing) elastomer with magnetically soft iron particles. The iron particle concentration of the MREs is 70 wt %. To reduce the effect of oxidation on the MREs, the ATRP technique is used for surface polymerization of iron particles with fluorinated styrene as monomer. The mechanical properties of MREs are characterized using a mechanical testing instrument, and the surface coated polymer is characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray energy dispersive spectrometry (XEDS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the alignment of iron particles within MRE was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The MRE samples are characterized using the mechanical testing instrument at 0 Tesla (off–state) and applied magnetic field from 0.46 Tesla to 0.62 Tesla (on–state). The required force at 0.62 Tesla increased approx. 3% to achieve 20% strain after 72 h of oxidation for surface coated MRE. On the other hand, the required force for non‐surface coated MREs at 0.62 Tesla increased up to 17% to achieve 20% strain after 72 h of oxidation. MREs with surface coated iron particles have higher oxidation stability based on the force–displacement test results, and MREs have excellent potential to be used as intelligent materials with high durability for a vibration isolator. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and characterizations of tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) nanoparticles and UV‐curable Ta2O5‐acrylic nanocomposites
Authors: Huang Heh‐Chang , Hsieh Tsung‐Eong
Published: March 2010

Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) nanoparticles with the sizes in the range of 20–50 nm were prepared via a chemical route in which the oleic acid (OLEA) was adopted as the surfactant for the synthesis process. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the as‐synthesized Ta2O5 transforms from amorphous to hexagonal and orthorhombic structures at the temperatures of 700°C and 750°C, respectively, illustrating the suppression of recrystallization temperature of Ta2O5 due to the particle size reduction. UV‐curable nanocomposites containing the Ta2O5 nanoparticles and acrylic matrix were also prepared. Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) found an about 10–20°C improvement on the 5% weight‐loss thermal decomposition temperatures (Tds). Dielectric measurement showed that the dielectric constant of nanocomposite increases with the increase in the filler loading without severe deterioration of dielectric loss. The increment of dielectric constants was ascribed to the addition of high‐dielectric inorganic fillers as well as the presence of interfacial polarization at the organic/inorganic interfaces. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Telechelic siloxanes with hydrogen‐bonded polymerizable end groups. I. Liquid rubbers and elastomers
Authors: Leir C. M. , Galkiewicz R. K. , Kantner S. S. , Mazurek M.
Published: March 2010

Functional siloxanes are widely used in the synthesis of model networks used in rubber elasticity studies, and various functional siloxanes are also used in the synthesis of silicone rubbers. We present here the results of studies of two classes of telechelic, free‐radically polymerizable siloxanes carrying either amide or urea groups attached at both ends of siloxane chain. The presence of polar, hydrogen‐bonding end‐groups favors the formation of aggregates which is reflected in the drastically increased viscosity of the resulting “liquid rubbers.” In addition, such aggregation accounts for high local concentrations of reactive groups thus making it possible to have high molecular weight precursors undergo facile room temperature polymerization. In this article, we study the effect of the nature of these functional groups on the viscosity of polymerizable “liquid rubbers,” finding that the different endgroups lead to dramatically different viscosities. We also study the silicone rubber films obtained by a UV‐initiated free‐radical polymerization of the liquid rubbers, using dynamic mechanical analysis and large‐strain uniaxial deformation. We find here that important properties such as plateau modulus and Young's modulus are highly dependent on both endgroup type and precursor molecular weight. The crosslinking of telechelic siloxanes in dilution was also studied to further explore the effect of crosslink density of the mechanical properties of the model networks. Finally, we evaluated the role of dangling ends within the networks through the incorporation of monofunctional macromers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
N‐pyrrolidine functionalized C60‐fullerenes/epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Richardson Mickey C. , Park Eun Su , Kim Jae Hyun , Holmes Gale A.
Published: March 2010

A series of functionalized C60‐fullerene/epoxy nanocomposites were prepared, and their respective ultimate tensile strengths were determined. The functionalization route of the fullerenes was performed using the Prato reaction, with modified amino acids, resulting in the formation ofN‐pyrrolidine rings across the [6,6] junctions. Characterization of the functionalized fullerenes was done using Laser Desorption Ionization Time‐of‐Flight (LDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were affected by the type of modified amino acid, the degree of functional group attachment, and the consequent degree of dispersion into the epoxy matrix. A specially blended diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy, having a low viscosity and high strain‐to‐failure was prepared by adding 1,4‐butanediol diglycidyl ether to DGEBA. The lower viscosity blended epoxy allowed for easier mixing of the fullerenes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Movement of sonically tagged bluespine unicornfish, Naso unicornis, in relation to marine reserve boundaries in Rodrigues, western Indian Ocean
Authors: Hardman Emily , Green John M. , Sabrina Desiré M. , Perrine Sydney
Published: March 2010

The lagoon fishery of Rodrigues has considerable socio‐economic importance; however, catches have declined by 50% in recent years. The bluespine unicornfish, Naso unicornis (Forsskål 1775) is an important component of the fishery.

To begin to assess whether marine reserves might benefit this species, sonic telemetry was used to track individual fish in one of Rodrigues' four marine reserves. Seven unicornfish were caught in the Grand Bassin reserve and tagged with abdominally implanted acoustic tags.

Over a period of 57 days their locations were determined up to 21 times using a hand held hydrophone and receiver. Individual minimum convex polygon (MCP) home ranges varied from ∼10 000 m2 to ∼274 000 m2 and were not correlated with fish size. Kernel estimates of core areas (50% utilization distribution) varied from ∼5000 m2 to ∼175 000 m2. All seven fish stayed within the marine reserve and the largest home range occupied less than ∼2% of the area of the marine reserve.

Fish remained on the outside edge of the lagoon on the shallow reef slope and among coral patches. These findings suggest that bluespined unicornfish biomass and numbers should increase if the Grand Bassin marine reserve is closed to fishing. Long‐term monitoring will, however, be required to demonstrate this outcome. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing the effects of offset and non‐offset circle hooks on catch rates of fish and sea turtles in a shallow longline fishery
Authors: Swimmer Yonat , Arauz Randall , Wang John , Suter Jenny , Musyl Michael , Bolaños Allan , López Andrés
Published: March 2010

This study compared the catch rates of targeted dolphinfish or mahimahi (Coryphaena hippurus), and sea turtles and other fish bycatch in a shallow‐set Costa Rican longline fishery using 14/0 circle hooks with and without a 10° offset. The effect of hook offset on hooking location and injury in captured sea turtles, specifically if the hooking was external, in the mouth, or in the esophagus was also evaluated.

Results were compared from six trips totalling 33 876 hooks with squid (Dosidicus gigas) used as bait. In total, mahimahi catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE, expressed as number caught per 1000 hooks) was similar between hook types (CPUE∼52).

Olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) were caught on all 42 sets. In total, 640 olive ridley turtles were caught and released alive. There were no significant differences in the number of sea turtles caught between hooks with and without an offset (CPUE∼19) nor between hook type and anatomical hooking location, suggesting similar levels of injury for turtles caught on each hook type.

These data suggest that a 10° offset on 14/0 circle hooks does not confer any selective advantages over hooks with no offset with respect to capture rates of mahimahi, sea turtles, sharks, or pelagic stingrays in a shallow set pelagic longline fishery. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Aberrant Expressions of Nuclear Matrix Proteins During the Apoptosis of Human Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Zhao Zhen‐Li , Li Qi‐Fu , Zheng Yan‐Bin , Chen Lan‐Ying , Shi Song‐Lin , Jing Guang‐Jun
Published: March 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate altered expressions of nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs) of human osteosarcoma (OS) MG‐63 cells during curcumin‐induced apoptosis of human OS MG‐63 cells. MG‐63 cells were cultured with curcumin (7.5 mg/L) for 72 hr. Morphological alterations of cells were captured using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and cell cycle distribution was estimated by flow cytometry. NMPs were selectively extracted and subjected to two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) analysis. Western blots were performed to determine changes in the expression levels of specific NMPs. The results demonstrated that typical characteristics of apoptosis were observed. Cellular chromatin agglutinated, cell nuclei condensed, and apoptotic bodies were formed after treatment with curcumin. The 2‐DE results displayed 27 NMPs, 21 of which were identified to have change in expression levels significantly during apoptosis. The altered expressions of three of these NMPs (nucleophosmin, prohibitin, and vimentin) were further confirmed by immunoblotting. These findings indicated that the apoptosis of MG‐63 cells was accompanied by the expression alteration of NMPs. Our results might help to reveal the relationship between NMPs and the regulation of gene expression in the process of apoptosis, as well as provide the basic concepts for future studies on the mechanisms of apoptosis and the therapy for bone diseases. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of the leucine‐rich repeat domain of cryopyrin/NALP3 in monosodium urate crystal–induced inflammation in mice
Authors: Hoffman Hal M. , Scott Peter , Mueller James L. , Misaghi Amir , Stevens Sean , Yancopoulos George D. , Murphy Andrew , Valenzuela David M. , Liu‐Bryan Ru
Published: March 2010

Objective

The mechanism by which monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals intracellularly activate the cryopyrin inflammasome is unknown. The aim of this study was to use a mouse molecular genetics–based approach to test whether the leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) domain of cryopyrin is required for MSU crystal–induced inflammation.

Methods

Cryopyrin‐knockout lacZ (Cryo−Z/−Z) mice and mice with the cryopyrin LRR domain deleted and fused to the lacZ reporter (CryoΔLRR Z/ΔLRR Z) were generated using bacterial artificial chromosome–based targeting vectors, which allow for large genomic deletions. Bone marrow–derived macrophages from CryoΔLRR Z/ΔLRR Z mice, Cryo−Z/−Z mice, and congenic wild‐type (WT) mice were challenged with endotoxin‐free MSU crystals under serum‐free conditions. Phagocytosis and cytokine expression were assessed by flow cytometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. MSU crystals also were injected into mouse synovial‐like subcutaneous air pouches. The in vivo inflammatory responses were examined.

Results

Release of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), but not CXCL1 and tumor necrosis factor α, was impaired in CryoΔLRR Z/ΔLRR Z and Cryo−Z/−Z mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages compared with WT mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages in response to not only MSU crystals but also other known stimuli that activate the cryopyrin inflammasome. In addition, a comparable percentage of MSU crystals taken up by each type of bone marrow–derived macrophage was observed. Moreover, total leukocyte infiltration in the air pouch and IL‐1β production were attenuated in Cryo−Z/−Z and CryoΔLRR Z/ΔLRR Z mice at 6 hours postinjection of MSU crystals compared with WT mice.

Conclusion

MSU crystal–induced inflammatory responses were comparably attenuated both in vitro and in vivo in CryoΔLRR Z/ΔLRR Z and Cryo−Z/−Z mice. Hence, the LRR domain of cryopyrin plays a role in mediating MSU crystal–induced inflammation in this model.
Subchondral bone and cartilage damage: A prospective study in older adults
Authors: Doré Dawn , Quinn Stephen , Ding Changhai , Winzenberg Tania , Cicuttini Flavia , Jones Graeme
Published: March 2010

Objective

There is limited longitudinal evidence relating subchondral bone changes to cartilage damage and loss. The aim of this study was to describe the association between baseline tibial bone area and tibial subchondral bone mineral density (BMD) with tibial cartilage defect development and cartilage volume loss.

Methods

A total of 341 subjects (mean age 63 years, range 52–79 years) underwent measurement at baseline and ∼2.7 years later. Tibial knee cartilage volume, cartilage defects (graded on a scale of 0–4), and bone area were determined using T1‐weighted fat suppression magnetic resonance imaging. Tibial subchondral BMD was determined using dual x‐ray absorptiometry.

Results

In multivariable analysis, baseline bone area positively predicted cartilage defect development at the medial and lateral tibial sites (odds ratio [OR] 1.6 per 1 SD increase, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.0, 2.6, and OR 2.4 per 1 SD increase, 95% CI 1.4, 4.0, respectively) and cartilage volume loss at the medial tibial site (β = −34.9 per 1 SD increase, 95% CI −49.8, −20.1). In contrast, baseline subchondral BMD positively predicted cartilage defect development at the medial tibial site only (OR 1.6 per 1 SD increase, 95% CI 1.2, 2.1) and was not associated with cartilage loss.

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrated that bone area predicted medial and lateral cartilage defect development and medial cartilage volume loss, while subchondral BMD predicted medial defect development but not cartilage loss. These associations were independent of each other, indicating there are multiple mechanisms by which subchondral bone changes may lead to cartilage damage.
Measuring impact of twelve information scientists using the DCI index
Authors: Ahlgren Per , Järvelin Kalervo
Published: March 2010

The Discounted Cumulated Impact (DCI) index has recently been proposed for research evaluation. In the present work an earlier dataset by Cronin and Meho (2007) is reanalyzed, with the aim of exemplifying the salient features of the DCI index. We apply the index on, and compare our results to, the outcomes of the Cronin‐Meho (2007) study. Both authors and their top publications are used as units of analysis, which suggests that, by adjusting the parameters of evaluation according to the needs of research evaluation, the DCI index delivers data on an author's (or publication's) “lifetime” impact or current impact at the time of evaluation on an author's (or publication's) capability of inviting citations from highly cited later publications as an indication of impact, and on the relative impact across a set of authors (or publications) over their “lifetime” or currently.