bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
p(C) Analysis Facilitates Dementia Diagnosis
Authors: Absher John R. , Sultzer David L. , Mahler Michael E. , Fishman Julianne
Published: March 2007

A modified receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis technique was applied to a sample of 161 consecutive volunteers seen in a dementia clinic. Clinical, imaging, neuro- psychological, and laboratory evaluation guided experienced clinicians in clinical diagnosis, taken as the "gold standard." Two symptom inventories, the Hachinski Ischemic Score and the Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type Inventory, were obtained by clinicians who were blind to final clinical diagnosis; scores on these inventories correlate with the likelihoods of multi- infarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease, respectively. A disjunctive sequential testing strat egy was analyzed such that subthreshold scores on the first test identified patients for whom the second test was considered. Both tests were analyzed at all possible cutoff-point com binations and in both possible testing sequences. Diagnoses based on these tests were compared with the clinical "gold standard" diagnoses to determine the accuracy of the testing procedures. The best strategy correctly classified 154/161 (95.6%) of the dementia patients and required cutoff points (5 for the HIS and 10 for the Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type Inventory) that were lower than those usually recommended for either test used alone (i.e., 7 and 14, respectively). The Hachinski Ischemic Score-then Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type Inventory testing sequence was superior to the reverse strategy. A sensitivity analysis (varying prevalences of Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, and other dementias) revealed similar test performances across a wide range of prevalences. These data suggest that simple clinical tests that take approximately 30 minutes to administer can produce diagnostic classifications of dementia that are similar to those of clinicians experienced in dementia diagnosis. Key words: dementia; multi-infarct; Alzheimer's disease; diagnostic tests; ROC analysis. (Med Decis Making 1994;14:393-402)
The Marketing Professor--Practitioner Gap: a Possible Solution
Authors: Peters William H.
Published: March 2007

The marketing literature clearly substantiates that there is a gap in understanding and communications between marketing managers and pro fessors of the subject in the United States. The literature is re viewed and a unique approach to interacting with the business community that has been used by the Manchester Business School in England is described.
Utilizing an Overseas Seminar for Experiential Activities in International Marketing
Authors: Raveed Sion , Brenestuhl Daniel C.
Published: March 2007

Foreign markets are becoming increasingly important to many U.S. firms. These firms will need international marketers who are able to understand and assimilate the many complex issues found in the international environ ment. For this reason it is very hard for marketing students to gain the experience they will need to become effective international marketers solely in the class room. This paper describes an international marketing seminar which takes students overseas. During the seminar students have an opportunity to interact directly with business executives who have day to day responsibility for their firms' international market ing activities. This article describes the seminar and how a faculty member can organize one.
Causal Modeling of Students' Attitude and Choice of Majors in Business Administration
Authors: Terpening Willbann D. , Gaertner James F. , Pitts Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Emphasizing the student as consumer, this study investigates a causal model of student attitudes and choice of a major in business administration. The impact of aca demic, vocational, and social influence factors on both attitude and choice were studied. Separate causal models are examined for the four majors of marketing, man agement, finance, and accounting. Although there were many differences between majors, the academic factors appear to have the greatest effect on attitude and choice.
Kinematic Models for Model-Based Compliant Motion in the Presence of Uncertainty
Authors: Bruyninckx Herman , Demey Sabine , Dutré Stefan , De Schutter Joris
Published: March 2007

This article presents a systematic and fully general model- based approach to compliant robot motion, taking into account uncertainties in the geometry of the manipulated object and the environment with which it is in contact. The emphasis is not on control but on modeling, instantaneous motion specification, and on-line uncertainty identification. The presented models are intuitive and yet sufficiently flexible to deal with multiple and time-varying motion constraints between nonpolyhedral objects.

The description of the interaction between the manipulated object and its environment starts from first- and second-order approximations of the objects' geometry at the contact points. From these geometric descriptions, the manipulated object's motion freedom—and its dual, the set of possible reaction forces—is modeled up to second order (i.e., accelerations) using the similarity with the kinematics of manipulators. Geometric uncertainties of the manipulated object and the environment, also up to second order (i.e., curvature), are integrated into these kinematic models.

The on-line identification of uncertainties is based on the measured motion and/or the reaction forces. Two basic con cepts underlie the identification approach: consistency and reciprocity. These concepts give rise to linear identification equations in the uncertainty parameters by applying them to the first-order series expansions of the mathematical representa tions of the motion constraints. Both approaches are shown to be equivalent.

The theoretical developments are illustrated by real-world experiments: the motion specification of a complex three-point contact situation between a cylindrical peg and the corre sponding chamferless hole; and force-controlled 2D contour tracking of an unknown object, with recursive identification of the curvature. Redundancy resolution and robot calibration are suggested as other potential applications.
Anthropologies of the South
Authors: Krotz Esteban
Published: March 2007

■ Traditionally, the southern part of the world has been considered largely as the privileged field for anthropological research carried out from the perspective of the North, where anthropology had its roots as a scientific disci pline. There is still little awareness that in the South an increasing number of particular anthropological traditions has emerged and consolidated during the last decades. This article tries to identify the principal reasons for the silencing of these processes and to point out some important elements for the charac terization of the new 'anthropologies of the South'. Their study will not only be a contribution to the knowledge of specific traditions of culture contact and anthropological sciences, but also to that of worldwide anthropology of which these specific anthropologies are a part.
Better Journals for the Library Profession
Authors: Borchardt D.H.
Published: March 2007

The following is a report of the Seminar organized by the IFLA Round Table of Editors of Library Journals, held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on 30-31 August 1982.
Copyright: Legal Protection of Databases
Authors: Norman Sandy
Published: March 2007

The following article continues the series of articles on copyright issues of interest to IFLA members. Sandy Norman, appointed by the IFLA Executive Board as IFLA's Copyright Advisor when IFLA's Copyright Committee was disbanded during the Barcelona Conference 1993, invites IFLA members to comment on these articles, to offer advice on acti vities IFLA should undertake, and to share their experiences, interests or questions on this important aspect of IFLA's professional work.
Providing Outsourced Internet Services to a Government Agency
Authors: John Nancy R.
Published: March 2007

Nancy John received her MLS from UCLA in Los Angeles, California in 1973. After working as a cataloguer at the National Gallery of Art Library, she was employed by the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle Library as Catalogue Librarian and Assistant Professor. She was appointed Manager of Library Systems at the University of Illinois at Chicago University Library in 1987, a position she still holds; and is also its Assistant University Librarian since 1980. Ms John has written, taught and lectured on a wide variety of topics including bibliographic control, the Internet, librarians' ethics, twinning of libraries, technical services, computer centres and libraries, art libraries, and copyright. She was a member of the Standing Committee on Cataloguing, 1987-1995; Chair of the Coordinating Board of Bibliographic Control, 1989-1993; member of the Professional Board from 1989 until 1993; and Chair of the Committee on Copyright Issues, 1991-1993. Ms John was elected to the Executive Board of IFLA in 1997, and is IFLA's Second Vice- President. She may be contacted at the University of Illinois at Chicago, University Library, Box 8198 m/c 234, Chicago, Illinois 60690, USA (fax: +(1-312) 4130424; e-mail: nrj@uic.edu).
Marrying Kinsmen in Pays Bigouden Sud, Brittany
Authors: Segalen Martine , Richard Philippe
Published: March 2007

This study addresses the question of kin marriage in the Pays Bigouden Sud, an area situated in the western part of Finistère, France. Reconstitu tion of genealogies, analysis of church dispensations, and intensive fieldwork yield evidence of a time-based marriage pattern, which expresses itself in marriages between affines belonging to lines within kindreds and takes the form of re-linking (renchainement ) of lines. The consanguineous marriage rate is low and involves mainly remote kin. Though peasants in this area are not propertied, there is a pronounced social hierarchy, and between 1770 and 1860 the wealthiest peasants experience a high percentage of affinal marriages. This pattern endures for almost another century as a result not only of the presence of socio-economic hierarchy but also of the use of kindred as a pool for spouses. It is hypothesized that this affinial marriage pattern is to be found in other peasant societies, but that we lack the suitable data (extensive bilateral genealogies) to identify it.
"No Inclination To Mix With Strangers": Marriage Patterns Among Highland Scots Migrants To Cape Breton and New Zealand, 1800-1916
Authors: Molloy Maureen
Published: March 2007

This article examines the structure and persistence of three large kin groups over five generations. These groups emigrated from Highland Scotland to Cape Breton, Canada, between 1800 and 1830 and subsequently to Waipu, in New Zealand, in the 1850's. They were characterised by extensive cousin and brother-sister exchange marriages, forms of marriage which, it is argued, were extant in Scotland in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. Brother-sister exchange marriages re mained very common in the first and second generation New Zealand-born, but cousin marriage occurred far less frequently in these generations. However, when the marriages of groups of cousins are examined, it is found that even apparently exogamous marriages commonly contributed to the formation of new, intensely inter-related kin groups. This article concludes that extensive kin ties provided a source of material and emotional support for emigrants facing dislocation and subsequent colonization.
Economic Structure, Religion, and Age At Marriage: Some Evidence From Alsace
Authors: McQuillan Kevin
Published: March 2007

This study examines the effects of economic and cultural factors on age at first marriage, using marriage records for a sample of twenty-five communities located in the French region of Alsace. The findings indicate that in both agricultural and industrial settings, young people in predominantly Protestant communities married earlier than did those in predominantly Catholic villages. Significant differences also existed by occupation of the groom, though the effect of occupation varied by gender and religious affiliation.
Opportunity, Movement, and Marriage: U.S. Farm Sons at the Turn of the Century
Authors: Landale Nancy S.
Published: March 2007

The implications of historic changes in the American industrial structure for the marriage behavior of farm sons are examined using data from the 1880-1900 National Panel Study. The analysis focuses on migration and occupational placement as mechanisms through which the structure of local opportunities potentially affected family formation. The findings suggest that narrowing opportunities for farm ownership channeled the sons of U.S. farmers into farm labor and nonfarm occupations. These alternatives, in turn, reduced marriage chances during the early adult years. In contrast, inter-county migration between childhood and young adulthood increased the likelihood of marriage among the men in each occupation. Overall, the analysis demonstrates clear linkages between opportunity, occupations, migration, and nuptiality.
Anthropology and Family History: the Ottoman and Turkish Families
Authors: Gerber Haim
Published: March 2007

The kadi court records of the seventeenth-century Turkish city of Bursa are used to reconstruct, in an empirical way, the dominant family pattern for that period. An explanation for the identified pattern—the nuclear family—is then sought by means of comparisons with other family patterns in different socioeconomic and political contexts. The study also deals briefly with the implications of these findings for the current anthropological literature on the Turkish family.
Household Structure and Labor Markets in Postwar Japan
Authors: Mosk Carl
Published: March 2007

While cultural rules are important in determining the structure and size of households in populations, economic and demographic constraints are of equal, if not of greater, importance in determining household characteristics. This paper argues that the demand for labor having certain characteristics (related to skilling, monitoring costs, and the capacity to signal trainability to prospective employers) has played an important role in shaping household structure and size in prewar Japan both through its indirect impact upon the vital rates and through its direct impact on who stays in the household and who goes out on a temporary and/or permanent basis. The diffusion of rice cultivation agriculture and by-employments during the Tokugawa period changed the demand for farm household labor and led to a regime of moderate sized stem family households. Analysis of a data set with economic and demographic data for approximately 1,000 towns and villages circa 1930 bears out the importance of the demand for labor in conditioning household size and structure in prewar Japan.
Concubinage in Colonial Brazil: the Inequalities of Race, Class, and Gender
Authors: Nazzari Muriel
Published: March 2007

Colonial society's requirement that marriage must be endogamous meant that the only possible long-term sexual relationship between a man of superior status in regard to class and/or race and a woman of inferior status was concubinage. Focusing on racial differences, this study documents such inequality within concubi nage and also demonstrates that despite the strong Christian endorsement of marriage, the church also subscribed to the idea that marriage had to be endogamous. Thus, when confronted by single sexual partners who were highly unequal, the church did not oblige them to marry but instead attempted to separate them.
"A Sudden and Terrible Revelation": Motherhood and Infant Mortality in France, 1858-1874
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: March 2007

In 1874, legislators in France passed a law regulating the wet-nursing industry. Citing recent medical research into the causes and social costs of high infant mortality, the law's supporters met little opposition, despite the fact that the law challenged the tradition of paternal authority and familial autonomy that had been inscribed in French law since the promulgation of the Civil Code of 1804. Extending state power into the familial realm required a concerted effort by reformers, who concentrated on two issues: maternal responsibility for newborn infants and the social costs of early death. Because working women in urban areas used wet-nurses to preserve their wage-earning capacity, reformers capitalized on widespread opposition to women's labor outside the home. The law met little opposition in part because the issues of paternal authority had already been thoroughly debated several months earlier in the child labor law of 1874.
Leaving Home: the Experience of Migration From the Parental Home in Britain Since c. 1770
Authors: Pooley Colin G. , Turnbull Jean
Published: March 2007

Leaving the parental home for the first time is one of the most significant migration decisions in the life course, but relatively little is known about such events in the past. This article uses high-quality longitudinal data on the lifetime residential history of individuals to investigate changes in the age at leaving home both over time and between different groups of the population. The age at which men and women left the parental home fell from the late eighteenth century to the twentieth century, with women usually leaving home earlier than men before the twentieth century. Men were most likely to leave home for employment and women for marriage, and the number of men and women leaving home alone increased over time. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, it was quite common for the first move from the parental home to occur with a spouse and children after a period of coresidence with parents. The article sheds new light on an important life course transition and raises questions about the meaning of leaving home.
Rethinking Patriarchy and the Family in Seventeenth-Century England
Authors: Pollock Linda A.
Published: March 2007

The historiography on the English family is divided between those who view the family as a sanctuary of emotional support and those who consider it an institution of female oppression, sibling jealousy, and intergenerational rivalry. The detailed archives of the Barrett-Lennard family reveal that this divide is mainly the product of a simplistic depiction of family life in the past, which fails to take into account the shifts in family relationships. Moreover, in examining patriarchy in the home, historians have concentrated on the marital relationship, excluding other male- female diads such as brother and sister. Finally, they have not yet thoroughly investigated patriarchy in action as opposed to in principle. Patriarchy was so long-lasting not because its harsh strictures were softened by affection but because the system contained within it the necessary structures for mitigation.
The Pan American Child Congresses, 1916 to 1942: Pan Americanism, Child Reform, and the Welfare State in Latin America
Authors: Guy Donna J.
Published: March 2007

The Pan American Child Congresses provided a catalyst for child-focused welfare policies in Latin America. Originally organized by Argentine feminists in 1916, the congresses soon attracted many physicians and legal specialists concerned with topics such as infant mortality, child abandonment, and juvenile delinquency. Although feminists insisted more than their male counterparts that Latin American governments solve all the problems of children, both groups agreed in principle on many issues. Furthermore, women's views became evident when Latin American male physicians met with their U.S. counterparts at a 1927 eugenics conference in Cuba and refused to endorse highly racist and authoritarian measures. Instead, they worked through the child congresses and with women from the U.S. Chil dren's Bureau. This led to protective legislation for children as well as a hemi spheric Children's Code in 1948, indicating a shift in focus from the obligations of the state to the rights of children.
The Soul and Forms of Georg Lukács
Authors: Crozier Michael
Published: March 2007

The critic is one who glimpses destiny in forms: whose most profound experience is the soul-content which forms indi rectly and unconsciously conceal within themselves.1 Georg Lukács, 1910.
What is Applied Gerontology? From the Program Department
Authors: Harvey Anne , Thompson James M.
Published: March 2007

What is applied gerontology? At the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), program design and delivery is a function not only of the utilization of research but also of the use of older volunteers and common sense in addressing the problems of aging. The authors argue that applied gerontology encompasses these elements and a definition is proposed.
Administration of the WISC-R Performance Scale to Hearing-Impaired Children Using Pantomimed Instructions
Authors: Courtney Audrey S. , Hayes Frusanna B. , Couch Kathy Watkins , Frick Max
Published: March 2007

The majority of practicing school psychologists involved in the evaluation of Hearing Impaired (HI) children are not fluent in methods of manual communication. Although other instruments are available for evaluation of the HI, the Performance Scale of the WISC-R is most frequently selected as the primary intellectual assessment tool. The present study addressed the efficacy of administering the WISC-R Performance Scale to HI children through pantomimed instructions. The sample consisted of 40 HI children between the ages of eight years and 0 months and 11 years and 11 months who were attending a public school for the deaf. Results were compared with a HI normative study. It was concluded that while there were some statistically significant differences between the groups, relevant information can be obtained by examiners employing pantomimed instructions. Cautions for interpretation of results obtained through modified administration procedures are also discussed.
Learning Disabled Children's Performance on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children: A Concurrent Validity Study
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Haddad Frederick A.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this investigation was to determine the concurrent validity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) with the WISC-R, PIAT, and WRAT. Results indicated a significant difference ( t = 2.8, p < .01) between the mean K-ABC Mental Processing Composite (88) and mean WISC-R Full Scale IQ (93) despite significant high correlations among these scores. The mean K-ABC Achievement score (85) did not differ significantly from the average PIAT Total or any of the subtests on the WRAT. Implications of these findings are discussed.
The Stability of Special Education Categorical Assignments
Authors: Givens Thelma S. , Davis Janice R.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the stability of psycho metric classifications as reflected by perfunctory reevaluations. Surprisingly, over 40% of a sample of 410 routine psychoeducational reaissessments of students in special education programs resulted in categorical changes. Students from educable mentally retarded classes were the most likely to be reclassified. Test data and rationale for observed changes are presented.
Futile Gestures: A Reply to Courtney, Hayes, Couch, and Frick Regarding Pantomimed Administration of the WISC-R Performance Scale
Authors: Braden Jeffery P.
Published: March 2007

A recent report describing pantomimed administration of the WISC-R Performance Scale (WISC-R PS) to hearing-impaired (HI) children (Courtney, Hayes, Couch, & Frick, 1984) suggests that psychologists may use pantomimed administration procedures for assessing the intellectual potential of HI children. A critical review of the results and reasoning of Courtney et al. does not support this conclusion. Specifically, the interpretation of Courtney et al. that lower WISC-R PS subtest means are due to sampling procedures is contradicted by other studies demonstrating that lower subtest means are due to pantomimed administration. Most important, the suggestion that HI children may be assessed using pantomimed directions contradicts recommended practices, abrogates HI children's legal rights, and violates ethical psychological practice. Assessment procedures for psychologists lacking communication skills and expertise in deafness are presented as alternatives to pantomimed administration of the WISC-R PS.
WISC-R and K-ABC Performances of Hemiplegic Children
Authors: Lewandowski Lawrence J. , De Rienzo Paula J.
Published: March 2007

Three groups of 12 right hemiplegic, 12 left hemiplegic, and 12 control children 6 to 12 years in age were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), and the Finger Tapping Test (FTT). Children with left hemiplegia performed significantly below control children on both IQ measures. Children with right hemiplegia differed significantly from controls in Performance IQ test performance. Neither test completely reflected lateralized cognitive deficits in the hemiplegic children. Only the left hemiplegic group demonstrated a significant scale score difference with Simultaneous < Sequential. The groups did not differ in the number of children with scale score differences > 15. These findings suggest that congenital hemiplegia in children is not predictive of large intraindividual IQ scale differences, nor does it result in patterns of cognitive deficits found in adults with unilateral brain damage.
Sequential versus Simultaneous Processing on the K-ABC: Validity in Predicting Learning Success
Authors: Ayres Robert R. , Cooley Eric J.
Published: March 2007

The validity of the Mental Processing Scales of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) was examined by using two learning tasks as criteria. The learning tasks, which approximated reading instruction using unfamiliar symbols, were constructed and presented in a sequential or a simultaneous manner to 208 first-grade children. Correlations between the learning tasks established that they were distinctly different. Subjects who showed the largest differences between performance on the sequential and simultaneous learning tasks (N = 51) were then administered the Mental Processing Scales of the K-ABC. Correlational and analysis of variance (ANOVA) results indicated that the K-ABC Simultaneous Processing Scale was most strongly related to the sequential learning task. Several possible explanations for these paradoxical results are explored. There is an apparent discrepancy between the sequential and simultaneous measures of the K-ABC and the Kaufmans' proposed remedial instruction strategies. A central determinant of these results may be that although the sequential learning task required rather complex cognitive involvement, the sequential scales of the K-ABC focus only on simple operations of short-term encoding and recall.
Levels of Analysis in Interdisciplinary Child Assessment
Authors: Berninger Virginia W. , Thalberg Stanton P.
Published: March 2007

The levels of analysis approach to assessment is based on the general principle that any given mental or behavioral act can be analyzed at multiple levels, which range from the molecular and cellular structure of the brain, through neural events within specific brain systems, to formal structural properties of cognitive or behavioral functions. In accommodating this approach, assessments that utilize findings from multiple disciplines should: (a) describe a child at the educational, cognitive/linguistic, social/emotional, and neurological/medical levels; (b) identify those levels that may be placing constraints on other levels; and (c) determine those levels at which meaningful interventions can take place. In contrast to other approaches that focus on the personality and group dynamics of interdisciplinary teams, this position paper emphasizes the contribution of the paradigm (training and experience) of each discipline represented on a team.
Teacher and Observer Ratings of Children's Social Skills: Validation of the Social Skills Rating Scales
Authors: Elliott Stephen N. , Gresham Frank M. , Freeman Terry , McCloskey George
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the test-retest and inter-rater reliability and the construct validity of the Social Skills Rating Scales — Teacher (SSRS-T) with an elementary school sample. The SSRS-T is an experimental version of a new series of multi-rater, multi-factor scales for rating the frequency and importance of children's social behavior. The results of this study indicated that the SSRS-T has high (r = .90) test-retest reliability over a 6-week period, is internally consistent (r = .96), and has moderate (r = .65) interrater reliability. The construct validity of the SSRS-T was established by comparisons with the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist and Teacher Ratings of Academic Performance. Data are reported on grade level differences in social skills, teachers' ratings of the importance of behaviors, and the relationships between behavior ratings and direct observations. A discussion of future research and the further developments of the SSRS concludes the article.
K-ABC Simultaneous-Sequential Scales and Prediction of Achievement in Reading and Mathematics
Authors: Das J. P. , Mensink David
Published: March 2007

The relationship between K-ABC simultaneous and sequential scores and achievement in reading and math was investigated. Four of the K-ABC simultaneous tests that are nonverbal and two sequential tests were chosen, in addition to a new verbal simultaneous test. Subjects were 79 Grade 5 students. The relationship to school achievement was as follows: (1) a high simultaneous processing score was associated with reading decoding, comprehension, and math scores as obtained from the school records; (2) a high sequential score also was associated with comprehension and math; (3) multiple regression analyses showed a strong predictability of achievement by the simultaneous tests. By far the strongest predictor for reading was the new verbal simultaneous test. Use of this new test with the K-ABC simultaneous tests was recommended. It also was suggested that the predictability of achievement from processing tests may change as processing demands of achievement tests at higher or lower grades change.
Assessing the Commonality of the WISC-R and the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery with Learning-Disordered Children
Authors: Rattan Arlene I. , Rattan Gurmal , Dean Raymond S. , Gray Jeffrey W.
Published: March 2007

The present investigation examined the neuropsychological constructs that underlie the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). Data from administrations of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (HRNB) and WISC-R were gathered for 1,079 learning-disabled children. A multiple regression analysis was employed to examine the contribution of each HRNB measure in the prediction of individual WISC-R subtests. Overall, verbal auditory discrimination presented as the most salient underlying construct of the WISC-R Verbal subtests, followed by concept formation and nonverbal auditory discrimination. Neuropsychological measures of the HRNB that involved perceptual organization were found to play a key role in defining the underlying constructs of the WISC-R Performance subtests. Similar to the above procedure, a second analysis was performed to assess the neuropsychological underpinnings of Kaufman's three factors (Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, and Freedom from Distractibility). Of the three factors, the HRNB measures explained similar amounts in the Freedom from Distractability (21%) and the Perceptual Organization (20.9%) factors in contrast to the Verbal Comprehension (7.3 %0) factor. Overall, these results indicate an interrelationship among several basic neuropsychological processes and higher-level cognitive functioning as represented on the WISC-R.
A Note on the Word Identification Subtest of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests-Revised: Different Classification Consequences of Forms G and H
Authors: Saltstone Robert , Tayler Sheila M. , Fraboni Maryann
Published: March 2007

Forty-eight students, randomly selected from among fifth-grade children who were participating in a re-test estimation study, were administered Forms G and H of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests' Word Identification subtest in a counterbalanced format. Analyses of the data indicate that the two forms of the subtest are not parallel. While a correlation between the scores on the two forms of the subtest was high (r = .86), classification reliability was poor; statistically significant levels were reached for both grade classification and quartile classification inconsistencies between the forms. Implications of these findings for the subtest's use in Woodcock profiles are discussed.
One-Year Predictive Validity of New and Revised Conceptual Language Measurement
Authors: Zucker Steven , Riordan Jean
Published: March 2007

This study examined the 1-year predictive validity of several new and revised conceptual language measures. Seventy-five preschool children were administered the Boehm-PV or Boehm-R, the Bracken Basic Concept Scale (BBCS), and the PPVT-R. The K-ABC Achievement Scale (K-ABC ACH) and Metropolitan Readiness Tests (MRT) Pre-Reading Skills Composites were administered 1 year later and utilized as criterion measures of achievement. All of the conceptual language measures correlated significantly ( p < .01) with the K-ABC ACH and MRT composites over a 1-year period. Children found the K-ABC ACH significantly more difficult ( p < .001) than the MRT. Comparison of the K-ABC ACH and MRT resulted in a correlation of .49 (24% shared variance), which suggests that the tests are measuring somewhat different aspects of school-related achievement. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
IQ Terminology: Modification of Current Schemes
Authors: Fish Joseph
Published: March 2007

Test developers have presented classification schemes for intelligence test scores since Terman (1916) published the Stanford-Binet. There are currently a wide range of terms used to describe IQ intervals. These include statistical, diagnostic, and general terms. Among other problems, the terminology of some test publishers is not consistent with current standards for classification of mental retardation. This paper discusses the contributions of selected test developers to the development of classification schemes for intelligence test scores. Other issues related to classification and terminology are reviewed. A modification of existing IQ terminology is presented.
Classification of Risk Status in Preschool Screening: A Comparison of Alternative Measures
Authors: Hall John D. , Barnett David W.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the classification agreement associated with estimates of risk status across alternative measures for 84 caregivers and preschool children of low socioeconomic status. The study focused on the child variable of educational risk as measured by two instruments: Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning-Revised (DIAL-R) and Screening Children for Related Early Educational Needs (SCREEN). Family risk was measured by the Parenting Stress Index (PSI). Overall, the classification agreement for each comparison was low. The professional practice of preschool screening may require significant reappraisal with regard to classification problems related to risk status and developmental skills.
Further Validation of the Students' Life Satisfaction Scale: The Independence of Satisfaction and Affect Ratings
Authors: Huebner E. Scott
Published: March 2007

Children's self-reports of global life satisfaction and positive and negative affect were analyzed via principal components analysis. Consistent with multidimensional theories of subjective well-being, satisfaction ratings were differentiated from affective ratings, which provides further support for the construct validity of the life satisfaction measure (SLSS). Implications of the findings for the conceptualization and assessment of children's mental health are discussed.
Construct Validity of the Test of Adolescent Language-2 (TOAL-2) and Implications
Authors: Stinnett Terry A.
Published: March 2007

The Test of Adolescent Language-2 has been proposed to reflect a multidimensional model of language and to include subtests that represent the dimensions of form, features, and content. Furthermore, the test authors indicate that individual subtests can be interpreted to determine intraindividual language strengths and weaknesses and that subtests can be combined to reflect specific composite language abilities. However, exploratory factor analysis conducted on the standardization subtest intercorrelation data indicated that the TOAL-2 is a one-factor instrument. Further analysis of the specific variance for each of the TOAL-2 subtests indicated that only the Listening/Grammar, Speaking/Grammar, and the Reading/Grammar subtests had adequate subtest specificity to be interpreted as separate and unique measures of language functioning. It also was suggested that the remaining TOAL-2 subtests be interpreted in the context of the underlying factor rather than as unique and separate language abilities. The rationally derived test model was not supported empirically, and practitioners should not attempt to interpret composite or subtest strengths and weaknesses as separate and unique language abilities.
Long-Term Predictive Validity of the Cognitive Ability Scales
Authors: Clemmer Susan Chown , Klifman Timothy J. , Bradley-Johnson Sharon
Published: March 2007

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the longterm predictive validity of the Cognitive Ability Scales (CAS), a test designed specifically for 2and 3-year-old children. The ability of the CAS to predict intelligence and reading and math achievement was evaluated with two samples of children (N = 20 and N = 30) enrolled in grades one through five. An interval of approximately 5 years was used. The CAS predicted performance on the Binet-IV and the WISC-R with correlations in the moderate range. Correlations of CAS Math results with the Test of Early Mathematical Ability and the K-TEA Math were also in the moderate range. Correlations of CAS Reading results with the Test of Early Reading Ability-2 and the K-TEA Reading, however, were in the low to moderate range. Thus, adequate long-term predictive validity for the CAS was demonstrated for intelligence and math performance.
The Relationship Between Test Anxiety and Seriousness of Errors in Algebra
Authors: Birenbaum Menucha , Gutvirtz Yaffa
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to discern via an error analysis the process that underlies the relationship between test anxiety (TA) and mathematics test performance, with gender as a mediator variable. Sarason's RTT questionnaire (as a measure of TA) and a diagnostic test in algebra were administered to 231 junior high school students. Error analysis of the algebra test yielded 35 mal-rules, which were classified into two categories of serious and nonserious errors. The main findings were: (a) TA was related significantly to serious errors and to the total test score, but not to non-serious errors; (b) Students in the low achievement group reported higher levels of TA and committed far more serious errors than students in the high achievement grouping; and (c) The above findings were more pronounced for girls than for boys, yet girls did not differ from boys with respect to achievement grouping and to the measures of test performance. However, girls outscored boys in the emotional component of TA.
Error-Prone Subtests and Error Types in the Administration of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition
Authors: Choi Hee-sook , Proctor Theron B.
Published: March 2007

The present study attempted to identify the most error-prone subtests and their error types in the administration of the S-B:IV. A checklist was developed to evaluate systematically the videotapes of S-B:IV administrations submitted by graduate students. Particularly problematic for the students in following the standardized procedures were the subtests Pattern Analysis, Copying, Paper Folding and Cutting, Quantitative, and Bead Memory. The most frequently occurring types of error were noted for each of the above subtests. The findings of this study have significant implications for both university trainers and practitioners.
Validity and Diagnostic Efficiency of the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test in Reevaluating Students with Learning Disability
Authors: Canivez Gary L.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the concurrent validity and diagnostic efficiency of the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT). Seventy-five students with learning disability were administered the K-BIT, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III), and Woodcock-Johnson-Revised Tests of Achievement (WJ-R ACH) as part of their triennial reevaluation. Correlations between the K-BIT and the WISC-III ranged from .18 (r2 = .03) to .82 (r2 = .67), M, = .62 (Mr2= .38). High levels of agreement were obtained between the K-BIT and WISC-III in identifying severe achievement-ability discrepancies on the WJ-R ACH. The K-BIT appears to be a promising general intellectual screening instrument when more comprehensive assessment is not possible or needed.
Effects of the Addition of Color to Assessment Instruments
Authors: Husband Troy H. , Hayden Davis C.
Published: March 2007

Color has been incorporated in recent revisions of individually administered ability tests, yet, to date, no decisive evaluation of the effect that color has on test performance has been made. To this end, the Absurdities subtest of the Stanford-Binet, Fourth Edition (Thorndike, Hagen, & Sattler, 1986) and the Picture Completion subtest of the WISC-III (Wechsler, 1991) were administered in both a colored and a noncolored version to 80 children. The children were in either kindergarten/first grade or fifth/sixth grade and in either remedial assistance or regular educational placements. Grade differences in test performance were in the predicted direction; however, expected school placement differences were not obtained in all instances. For the Absurdities subtest, there were no differences between the colored and black and white versions; Picture Completion subtest results were complicated by several interactions. Clear student preferences existed for colored stimuli. In general, changing subtests to color appears advantageous.
The Effect of Word-Finding Difficulties on Intellectual Assessment
Authors: German Diane J.
Published: March 2007

Professionals believe that students' language and learning challenges frequently complicate interpretation of their intelligence test scores. One specific language difficulty that has the potential to affect students' cognitive test performance is difficulty in word finding. This investigation examined the influence of students' word-finding difficulties on their test performance on the WISC-R. Eighty-one fourth- and fifth-grade students with learning disabilities with WISC-R subscale scores on file were administered the Test of Word Finding (TWF). Classification of the LD sample by word-finding skills formed the basis for group comparisons. Initial analysis of variance using composite IQs as the unit of analysis indicated that students with word-finding difficulties earned significantly lower mean WISCR Verbal IQs than did students without word-finding difficulties, whereas mean differences in the Performance Scale IQs did not differ significantly. An initial multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), treating the 10 WISC-R subtests as the dependent variable set, was also statistically significant (p< .05). Univariate F tests and eta-squared values were used as post hoc indicators of variable importance to differentiate between students with and without word-finding difficulties in the LD population. Significant differences in word-finding group means emerged on the Information, Similarities ("large” effect range), and Comprehension subtests ("medium” effect range). Neither Vocabulary, Arithmetic, nor Performance subscale mean differences were statistically significant. A “retrieval deficit hypothesis” is presented as an explanation for the Verbal subtest score differences, suggesting that students' performance on these subtests appears influenced by students' word-finding difficulties. A Word-Finding adapted-assessment approach is presented as a practical solution to this assessment dilemma.
The Analysis of Three Natural Experiments Relating To Fire Death Rate
Authors: Banks Jerry , Montgomery Douglas C.
Published: March 2007

This article relates the incidence of fire deaths to a number of regressor variables that may have predictive or explanatory value. The data for these analyses arise in the setting of "natural experiments." That is, we analyze data as it arises in nature. Regression analysis is a statistical procedure for modeling and investigating the relationship between variables in this setting.
Model for Predicting Changes in the Strengths and Moduli of Timber Exposed To Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Do M.H. , Springer G.S.
Published: March 2007

A model is presented for predicting changes in the tensile, compressive, and shear strengths and moduli of timber exposed to high temperature. The strengths and moduli of southern pine exposed for predetermined lengths of time to either 100, 160, 245, 400, 600 or 800 °C were measured. The accuracy of the model was assessed by comparing the strengths and the moduli predicted by the model to the data.
Calculations of the Heat Release Rate by Oxygen Consumption for Various Applications
Authors: Parker W.J.
Published: March 2007

The calculation of heat release rate by oxygen consumption is based on the assumption that all materials release approximately the same amount of heat per unit mass of oxygen consumed. This technique is now being employed to determine the heat release rate of materials in various heat release rate cal orimeters. Other uses include the heat release rate of assemblies in the fire en durance furnaces and the total heat release rate in room fire tests. These dif ferent applications lead to different experimental procedures which require dif ferent formulas. The experimental choices or constraints include open or closed systems, paramagnetic or high temperature oxygen analyzers, CO2 analyzers or CO2 traps, and the use of a gas burner whose heat release rate must be deducted from the total. Various assumptions about CO levels in the exhaust duct and vitiation and humidity in the incoming air are made. General formulas for the heat release rate by oxygen consumption are developed in this paper from which the formulas for specific applications can easily be derived.
Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: Iv. Intoxication of Rats By Carbon Monoxide in the Presence of an Irritant
Authors: Hartzell G.E. , Stacy H.W. , Switzer W.G. , Priest D.N. , Packham S.C.
Published: March 2007

A mathematical model is described for the intoxication of rats by carbon monoxide which is a function of carbon monoxide concentration, time of ex posure and respiratory minute volume, the latter being dependent upon the con centration of an irritant, hydrogen chloride. Predictions of the model, which were verified experimentally, led to the conclusion that the overall effect of the presence of HCI on intoxication of rats by CO is relatively minor and appears to lie in a "window" of about 400 to 1000 ppm HCI and within a range of CO con centrations up to about 4000 ppm. The predominant effect is, therefore, on in capacitating rather than lethal conditions when modest time frames are in volved.