bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new technique for efficient and accurate analysis of FSSs, EBGs and metamaterials
Authors: Mittra Raj , Pelletti Chiara , Tsitsas Nikolaos L. , Bianconi Giacomo
Published: February 2012

The article presents a numerically efficient and accurate technique for the analysis of doubly‐infinite periodic arrays, which find applications as frequency selective surfaces, electronic bandgap structures and metamaterials that often utilize periodic elements with fine features. The method derives its efficiency by projecting the solution to the infinite array problem from that of a corresponding truncated array of relatively small size, typically comprising of only four to six rings. Furthermore, it reduces the matrix size needed to solve for the induced current to only two or three. Another feature of the method is that it involves reciprocity principle to compute the reflection and transmission coefficients of the array, using a technique that avoids the need to integrate the currents induced on the unit cell via the periodic Green's function, as well as the evaluation of the latter integral in the far‐field. The results derived are compared with commercial software tools to assess the validity of the approach and to demonstrate the time advantage of the present scheme over the existing techniques. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1108–1116, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26730
Compact self‐similar triple‐band antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications
Authors: Liu W. X. , Yin Y.Z. , Xu W. L.
Published: February 2012

A compact triple‐band antenna for wireless local area network/worldwide interoperation for microwave access (WLAN/WiMAX) applications is presented. The proposed antenna can generate three operating bands to cover 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz for WLAN system and 2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz for WiMAX system using double self‐similar coupled ring elements. Measured results show that the proposed antenna has good omnidirectional radiation characteristics and enough gain across the operation bands retaining a compact size (25 × 38 mm2) and a simple structure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1084–1087, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26732
Fiber bending sensor based on a two mode fiber
Authors: Chen Daru , Xu Fei , Hu Gufeng , Chen Lingxia , Peng Baojin
Published: February 2012

A fiber bending sensor by splicing a segment of two mode fiber to the single mode fiber is proposed.The two mode fiber with an external diameter (fiber core diameter) of 145 μm (17.65 μm) can only support the fundamental mode (LP01 mode) and the second mode (LP11 mode), which results in an interfering spectrum of the fiber bending sensor. The interfering spectrum has an extinction ratio of about 10 dB in 1.55 μm window, and the fiber bending curvature is measured corresponding to the shift of the interfering spectrum. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1047–1049, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26734
UWB monopole antenna with circular polarization
Authors: Rahim Sharul Abdul , Danesh Sh. , Okonkwo Uche Anicetus , Sabran Mursyidul , Khalily Mohsen
Published: February 2012

In this article, ultra‐wideband (UWB) monopole antenna with circular polarization (CP) is designed and implemented. The proposed antenna consists of an asymmetric shaped radiator fed by a microstrip line and a limited ground plane on the back side of the substrate. The overall size of proposed antenna is 28 mm × 29 mm, which is suitable for mobile devices. The antenna is fabricated on inexpensive FR4 a dielectric constant of, loss tangent tan δ = 0.019 with thickness of 1.6‐mm. The measured results show that the proposed monopole antenna has a very wide bandwidth from 2.98 to 10.93 GHz that covers the UWB application range and defined by 10‐dB return loss. Furthermore, a very wide CP bandwidth of 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidth that ranges from 7.18 to 10.01 GHz is achieved. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:949–953, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26741
A fast design approach of compact microstrip multiband bandpass filters
Authors: Hejazi Zuhair M.
Published: February 2012

A simplified technique is used to design multiband bandpass filters using a compact ultrawideband (UWB) microstrip bandpass filter with spiral‐shaped λg/2 resonators, spaced apart by λg/4.Pairs of transmission zeros are generated on predefined locations in the UWB to create dual‐, triple‐, or quad‐band bandpass filters, as desired. The bandwidth and location of the sub‐bands can be easily controlled by the locations of the transmission zeros. These are generated by inserting additional resonators with predicted lengths. Highly selective quasielliptic multiband controllable responses can be achieved. Equations for fast calculations of filter dimensions are derived. Measurements show excellent agreement with the simulations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1075–1079, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26742
A compact square microstrip antenna for circular polarization
Authors: Gautam A. K. , Benjwal Pramod , Kanaujia B.K.
Published: February 2012

A compact square microstrip antenna with four slits and a pair of truncated corner for circular polarization is proposed. Theoretical modal for an antenna is developed using modal cavity model and result are validated with MOM‐based simulator and earlier reported experimental results. A good agreement between the simulated, theoretical model and measured results is obtained. The proposed antenna shows about 39% reduction in antenna size as compared with the conventional circular polarized antenna. Antenna shows consistent return loss and radiation pattern for entire frequency range. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:897–900, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26746
Difficulties with telephone‐based surveys on alcohol consumption in high‐income countries: the Canadian example
Authors: Shield Kevin D. , Rehm Jürgen
Published: February 2012

Accurate information concerning alcohol consumption level and patterns is vital to formulating public health policy. The objective of this paper is to critically assess the extent to which survey design, response rate and alcohol consumption coverage obtained in random digit dialling, telephone‐based surveys impact on conclusions about alcohol consumption and its patterns in the general population. Our analysis will be based on the Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey (CADUMS) 2008, a national survey intended to be representative of the general population. The conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) ignoring people who are homeless, institutionalized and/or do not have a home phone may lead to an underestimation of the prevalence of alcohol consumption and related problems; (2) weighting of observations to population demographics may lead to a increase in the design effect, does not necessarily address the underlying selection bias, and may lead to overly influential observations; and (3) the accurate characterization of alcohol consumption patterns obtained by triangulating the data with the adult per capita consumption estimate is essential for comparative analyses and intervention planning especially when the alcohol coverage rate is low like in the CADUMS with 34%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐diffusion in a hyaluronic acid–albumin–water system as studied by NMR
Authors: Filippov Andrey , Artamonova Marina , Rudakova Maya , Gimatdinov Roustam , Skirda Vladimir
Published: February 2012

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an anionic biopolymer that is present in many tissues and can be involved in cancerous neoformations. HA can form complexes with proteins (particularly, serum albumin) in the body. However, HA structures and processes involving HA have not been extensively studied by NMR because the molecule's rigid structure makes these studies problematic. In the current work, self‐diffusion of HA and bovine serum albumin (BSA), and water in solutions was measured by 1H pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG NMR) with a focus on the HA‐BSA‐D2O systems at various concentrations of BSA and HA. It was shown that in the presence of even a small amount of HA, the self‐diffusion coefficient (SDC) of BSA decreases. To explain this fact, three hypotheses were proposed and analyzed. The first one was based on the effect of slowing down of water mobility in the presence of HA. The second hypothesis suggested an effect of mechanical collisions of BSA with HA molecules. The third hypothesized that BSA and HA molecules form a complex where BSA molecules reduced in mobility. It was shown that the third mechanism is the most likely. The state of the BSA molecules in the BSA‐HA‐D2O system corresponds to a ‘fast exchange’ condition from the NMR point of view: BSA molecules reside in the ‘free’ and ‘bound’ (with HA) states for much shorter time than the diffusion time of the PFG NMR experiment, 7 ms. The fractions of ‘bound’ BSA molecules in the BSA‐HA complex were estimated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective block diagonal preconditioners for Biot's consolidation equations in piled‐raft foundations
Authors: Chaudhary K. B. , Phoon K. K. , Toh K. C.
Published: February 2012

The finite element (FE) simulation of large‐scale soil–structure interaction problems (e.g. piled‐raft, tunnelling, and excavation) typically involves structural and geomaterials with significant differences in stiffness and permeability. The symmetric quasi‐minimal residual solver coupled with recently developed generalized Jacobi, modified symmetric successive over‐relaxation (MSSOR), or standard incomplete LU factorization (ILU) preconditioners can be ineffective for this class of problems. Inexact block diagonal preconditioners that are inexpensive approximations of the theoretical form are systematically evaluated for mitigating the coupled adverse effects because of such heterogeneous material properties (stiffness and permeability) and because of the percentage of the structural component in the system in piled‐raft foundations. Such mitigation led the proposed preconditioners to offer a significant saving in runtime (up to more than 10 times faster) in comparison with generalized Jacobi, modified symmetric successive over‐relaxation, and ILU preconditioners in simulating piled‐raft foundations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, structure and solid state properties of benzannulated phenalenyl based neutral radical conductor
Authors: Bag Pradip , Itkis Mikhail E. , Pal Sushanta K. , Bekyarova Elena , Donnadieu Bruno , Haddon Robert C.
Published: February 2012

We report the preparation, crystallization, and solid state characterization of a new benzannulated phenalenyl radical; a distinctive feature of this molecular solid is the absence of any well defined conducting pathway(s). In the solid state, the radicals exist as π‐dimer and the requisite C···C contacts between dimers are all larger than the sum of the van der Waals distances. The magnetic susceptibility measurement indicates that, in the solid state, the radical remains paramagnetic and the fraction of Curie spins is 0.55 per molecule. Pressed pellet conductivity measurements indicate a value of σRT = 0.5 × 10−6 S/cm. The conductivity value is comparable with those of similarly packed phenalenyl based neutral radicals. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient, companion, and oncologist agreement regarding information discussed during triadic oncology clinical interactions
Authors: Eggly Susan , Penner Louis A. , Hagiwara Nao , Gonzalez Richard , Harper Felicity W. K. , Heath Elisabeth I. , Albrecht Terrance L.
Published: February 2012

Background

Although people with cancer want and need information from their oncologists, patients and oncologists often disagree about what information was discussed during clinical interactions. Most patients have companions present during oncology visits; we investigated whether companions process information more accurately than patients. Specifically, we examined whether patients and companions differed in agreement with oncologists about what was discussed. We also investigated the effect of topic on agreement and patient/companion self‐reported understanding of discussions.

Methods

Patients with companions were invited to participate on first visits to a cancer center in Detroit, MI. Patients, companions, and oncologists independently completed questionnaires immediately following visits. Participants were asked whether five topics were discussed (diagnosis, prognosis, metastasis, treatment/treatment goals, and side effects) and, if discussed, what oncologists said. Participants were also asked to estimate their own and each other's understanding of discussions.

Results

A total of 66 patient–companion–oncologist triads participated. Agreement was higher regarding whether topics were discussed than what oncologists said. Agreement did not differ by dyad type. Patients, companions, and oncologists were equally likely to be the source of triadic disagreements. Agreement was high about diagnosis (>90%) but much lower about other topics, particularly side effects. Patients and companions reported greater understanding of discussions than oncologists estimated and more accurately estimated each other's understanding than did oncologists.

Conclusions

Companions and patients showed similar levels of agreement with oncologists about what they discussed during visits. Interventions are needed to improve communication of information to both patients and companions, especially about particular topics.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making a Living in Rural Vietnam from (Im)mobile Livelihoods: a Case of Women's Migration
Authors: Thao Vu Thi
Published: February 2012

Women's labour has come to play a remarkable role in Vietnam's development since the introduction ofrenovation in the 1980s. Although many rural households send their women members to cities to seek an off‐farm income, other households seem to be immobile. Drawing on a case study of women's migration in two rural villages located in the Red River Delta, this paper explores how mobility, immobility, and gendered life courses interact in shaping household livelihoods. The findings highlight the intermingling of mobility and immobility in constructing the livelihoods of both mover and stayer households over the gendered life course. Although women work in the informal sector, their migration not only secures but also enhances household livelihoods. The paper also reveals the diverse backgrounds of stayer households and their activeness in making a living. Given its emphasis on gendered life courses, the paper provides a more nuanced understanding of the economic impacts of migration at the household level. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Droplet growth in warm turbulent clouds
Authors: Devenish B. J. , Bartello P. , Brenguier J.‐L. , Collins L. R. , Grabowski W. W. , IJzermans R. H. A. , Malinowski S. P. , Reeks M. W. , Vassilicos J. C. , Wang L.‐P. , Warhaft Z.
Published: February 2012

In this survey we consider the impact of turbulence on cloud formation from the cloud scale to the droplet scale. We assess progress in understanding the effect of turbulence on the condensational and collisional growth of droplets and the effect of entrainment and mixing on the droplet spectrum. The increasing power of computers and better experimental and observational techniques allow for a much more detailed study of these processes than was hitherto possible. However, much of the research necessarily remains idealized and we argue that it is those studies which include such fundamental characteristics of clouds as droplet sedimentation and latent heating that are most relevant to clouds. Nevertheless, the large body of research over the last decade is beginning to allow tentative conclusions to be made. For example, it is unlikely that small‐scale turbulent eddies (i.e. not the energy‐containing eddies) alone are responsible for broadening the droplet size spectrum during the initial stage of droplet growth due to condensation. It is likely, though, that small‐scale turbulence plays a significant role in the growth of droplets through collisions and coalescence. Moreover, it has been possible through detailed numerical simulations to assess the relative importance of different processes to the turbulent collision kernel and how this varies in the parameter space that is important to clouds. The focus of research on the role of turbulence in condensational and collisional growth has tended to ignore the effect of entrainment and mixing and it is arguable that they play at least as important a role in the evolution of the droplet spectrum. We consider the role of turbulence in the mixing of dry and cloudy air, methods of quantifying this mixing and the effect that it has on the droplet spectrum. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office
Biologically inspired tree‐climbing robot with continuum maneuvering mechanism
Authors: Lam Tin Lun , Xu Yangsheng
Published: February 2012

Treebot is the first tree‐climbing robot that is capable of climbing from a tree trunk to a branch. The robot employs several design principles adapted from arboreal animals, including claw gripping and inchworm locomotion, with a certain artificial optimization to achieve high maneuverability on irregular‐shaped trees. Treebot is composed of a pair of tree grippers that permits Treebot to attach to a wide variety of trees with a wide range of gripping curvature, and a novel continuum maneuvering structure that provides high maneuverability and adaptability. In the robot actuation, only five actuators are necessary. Although Treebot weighs only 600 gr, it has a payload capability of 1.75 kg, which is nearly three times its own weight. This paper describes the design process and specifically addresses the robot locomotion and optimization of gripping force. Experimental results demonstrate the robot's ability to climb trees with high maneuverability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An investigation on the behavior of stiffened coupled shear walls considering axial force effect
Authors: Hadidi Ali , Farahmand Azar Bahman , Khosravi Hossein
Published: February 2012

In most of tall buildings, the main contribution of lateral loads is carried by coupled shear walls. In some cases, the necessary stiffness to withstand the lateral load may not be afforded due to low depth of connecting beams. In order to increase the capacity of the coupled shear walls, beams with high stiffness are added to the system at particular levels. Hence, stiffened coupled shear walls (SCSW) will be produced. Such walls are under axial load resulting from their weight, and this axial load affects the behavior of walls because of their excessive height. In this paper, a new method considering the effect of axial force for geometrically nonlinear analysis of the SCSW has been presented. A computer program has been developed in matlab, and numerical examples have been solved to demonstrate the reliability of this method. The results of the examples show the agreement between the present method and the other methods given in the literature. The effects of the various positions and rigidities of the stiffening beam on the internal forces and the lateral deflection of the structure considering axial force effect have also been investigated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term and long‐term climate mitigation policy in Italy
Authors: Massetti Emanuele
Published: February 2012

This article briefly discusses climate mitigation policy in Italy. It first reviews the recent policy action and then assesses the challenges ahead. It shows that emissions in 2012 will be below the Kyoto target only if the carbon intensity of the economies continues to decline at the pre‐crisis rate. Even in this favorable case, the use of Kyoto mechanisms will likely be necessary to compensate for the high emissions of 2008. This article then examines the implications of reducing emissions in 2050 by 80% with respect to the present level, as proposed by Major Economies Leaders during the 2009 G8 meeting. In particular, the article focuses on the transformations needed in the power sector. Scenarios developed using the integrated assessment model World Induced Hybrid Technical Change (WITCH) and an analysis of historical data show that (1) electricity in 2050 must come with zero (or possibly negative) emissions, and therefore, absent nuclear power and (2) carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) must play a major role in future power supply, even with a massive development of wind and photovoltaic. The article then proposes five pillars on which a sensible, long‐term, ambitious Italian climate mitigation policy should rest.WIREs Clim Change2012, 3:171–183. doi: 10.1002/wcc.159

This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior

Policy and Governance > National Climate Change Policy
Changes in climate and weather extremes in the 21st century
Authors: Rummukainen Markku
Published: February 2012

Climate and weather extremes are sporadically recurring events that may have major local or regional impacts on the society and the environment. These events are typically related to unusually high or low temperature, prolonged dry or wet conditions, heavy precipitation, or extreme winds. Extreme events are part of the overall climate and weather alongside average conditions and variability, and thus are not unexpected as such. Climate change is expected to affect not only means but also variability and extremes. Some inferences can be based on past and present observations, but analyses of especially rare events are hampered by the availability of long time series. Over time, depending on how far the on‐going global warming takes us from the present and the past climate conditions, the weather and climate statistics may well come to shift in ways that are well outside observational data. This may lead to shifts in frequency, intensity and geographical distribution of different extremes. Indeed, projected changes in some extremes over the 21st century are quite robust, such as generally increasing warm and decreasing cold extremes. Possible changes in some other aspects, for example storms, remain much more uncertain. Science‐based information both on robust findings and on relevant uncertainties on changing extremes can provide useful information for sectorial planning, disaster risk prevention and overall reduction of societal vulnerability related to climate and weather. WIREs Clim Change 2012, 3:115–129. doi: 10.1002/wcc.160

This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
Annual fish: developmental adaptations for an extreme environment
Authors: Berois Nibia , Arezo María J. , Papa Nicolás G. , Clivio Graciela A.
Published: February 2012

Annual fish are freshwater teleosts found in South America and Africa that are exposed to an extremely variable environment. They develop and reproduce in seasonal ponds that dry during the summer eliminating the entire adult population. Remarkably, desiccation‐resistant embryos survive in these dry ponds that hatch during the next rainy season when the ponds are recreated. Among vertebrates, they represent one of the most remarkable extremophiles. They share several features with other fish models; however, they exhibit unique traits related to their peculiar life cycle. Epiboly is temporally and spatially uncoupled from organogenesis, and the embryos can undergo reversible developmental arrests (diapauses). These attributes make them a useful model to study diverse topics in developmental biology using a comparative and evolutionary approach. In this article, different aspects related to annual fish biology, taxonomy and phylogenetic considerations, reproductive strategy, and developmental characteristics with special focus on arrests, are summarized. The current challenge is to document and determine the factors that generate such high diversity and unique adaptations of annual fish. To understand this complexity, interdisciplinary approaches are being employed taking into consideration evolutionary biology, ethology, reproductive strategies, regulation of developmental mechanisms, and senescence. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:595–602. doi: 10.1002/wdev.39

This article is categorized under:

Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems
Twisted masses and enhanced symmetries: the A&D series
Authors: Orlando Domenico , Reffert Susanne
Published: February 2012

Abstract

We study new symmetries between A and D type quiver gauge theories with different numbers of colors. We realize these gauge theories with twisted masses via a brane construction that reproduces all the parameters of the Gauge/Bethe correspondence.
Surgical Inflammation Induces Hepcidin Production after Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Park Kyung Hwa , Sawada Tokihiko , Kosuge Takayuki , Kita Junji , Shimoda Mitsugi , Tomosugi Naohisa , Kubota Keiichi
Published: February 2012

Background

Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron homeostasis, is also a marker of acute inflammation. In the present study we investigated the changes in the serum hepcidin level and correlations between hepcidin and other markers of acute inflammation during the perioperative period in patients after abdominal surgery.

Methods

Serum hepcidin, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), white blood cell (WBC) count, frequency of neutrophils, and C‐reactive protein (CRP) were measured preoperatively (Pre), and on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, 7, and 14.

Results

In patients undergoing gastrectomy, the median levels of hepcidin preoperatively and on POD 1, 3, 7, and 14 were 6.5, 53.1, 31.7, 15.6, and 4.0 ng/dl, respectively (p < 0.0001). The corresponding levels in colectomy patients were 8.5, 78.3, 60.1, 49.7, and 8.4 ng/dl, respectively (p = 0.0002); those in hepatectomy patients were 6.6, 16.3, 3.5, 13.4, and 3.4 ng/dl, respectively (p = 0.0022); and those in patients undergoing surgery for diffuse peritonitis were 24.8, 50.1, 43.1, 31.2, and 31.7 ng/dl, respectively (p = 0.4933). There were no significant decreases in Hb and Ht in the patients undergoing gastrectomy, colectomy, or surgery for diffuse peritonitis. The level of hepcidin was significantly correlated with the WBC count, frequency of neutrophils, and CRP level during the perioperative period for all four types of operation.

Conclusions

Like other inflammatory markers, an increase in the level of hepcidin (i.e., a hepcidin storm) occurs in the acute phase after gastrectomy, colectomy, hepatectomy, and surgery for diffuse peritonitis.
Young Adults with MSUD and Their Transition to Adulthood: Psychosocial Issues
Authors: Packman Wendy , Mehta Indira , Rafie Samantha , Mehta Jayanthi , Naldi Mariana , Mooney Kim Hart
Published: February 2012

Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive condition with an incidence of 1 in 185,000 births worldwide. Regardless of the type of MSUD, treatment includes immediate and lifelong dietary restriction of isoleucine, leucine and valine. There is little known about the psychosocial impact of MSUD on the developmental milestones of emerging adulthood. We used a qualitative case study approach to explore the human experiences of MSUD on young adults (n = 8) and parents (n = 8). All participants were administered a semi‐structured, qualitative interview as well as quantitative measures. Six core themes emerged: 1) lifelong strain of dietary management; 2) social isolation from peers and impact on dating; 3) impact of MSUD on academics and employment; 4) medical experiences and transition to adult care; 5) impact on family functioning; and 6) positive effects and growth. The results of this investigation highlight and expand awareness of the psychological and social needs of young adults with MSUD. This study calls for a collaborative, multidisciplinary effort in the treatment of these patients and their families.
An inertia ‘paradox’ for incompressible stratified Euler fluids
Authors: Camassa R. , Chen S. , Falqui G. , Ortenzi G. , Pedroni M.
Published: February 2012

The interplay between incompressibility and stratification can lead to non-conservation of horizontal momentum in the dynamics of a stably stratified incompressible Euler fluid filling an infinite horizontal channel between rigid upper and lower plates. Lack of conservation occurs even though in this configuration only vertical external forces act on the system. This apparent paradox was seemingly first noticed by Benjamin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 165, 1986, pp. 445–474) in his classification of the invariants by symmetry groups with the Hamiltonian structure of the Euler equations in two-dimensional settings, but it appears to have been largely ignored since. By working directly with the motion equations, the paradox is shown here to be a consequence of the rigid lid constraint coupling through incompressibility with the infinite inertia of the far ends of the channel, assumed to be at rest in hydrostatic equilibrium. Accordingly, when inertia is removed by eliminating the stratification, or, remarkably, by using the Boussinesq approximation of uniform density for the inertia terms, horizontal momentum conservation is recovered. This interplay between constraints, action at a distance by incompressibility, and inertia is illustrated by layer-averaged exact results, two-layer long-wave models, and direct numerical simulations of the incompressible Euler equations with smooth stratification.
On sloshing modes in a circular tank
Authors: Faltinsen Odd M. , Timokha Alexander N.
Published: February 2012

Employing the multipole-type functions given by Faltinsen & Timokha (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 665, 2010, pp. 457–479), we derive a Trefftz-type representation of the velocity potential for the liquid sloshing problem in a two-dimensional circular tank. This representation defines a continuation of the velocity potential into the ‘air’ area confined by the ‘dry’ tank surface. Its usage facilitates an effective approximation of the natural sloshing modes for all tank fillings.
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF TORSION POINTS MODULO PRIMES
Authors: CHEN YEN-MEI J. , KUAN YEN-LIANG
Published: February 2012

Let $\Bbb A$ be a commutative algebraic group defined over a number field K. For a prime ℘ in K where $\Bbb A$ has good reduction, let N℘,n be the number of n-torsion points of the reduction of $\Bbb A$ modulo ℘ where n is a positive integer. When $\Bbb A$ is of dimension one and n is relatively prime to a fixed finite set of primes depending on $\Bbb A_{/K}$, we determine the average values of N℘,n as the prime ℘ varies. This average value as a function of n always agrees with a divisor function.
PARTIAL ORDERS ON SEMIGROUPS OF PARTIAL TRANSFORMATIONS WITH RESTRICTED RANGE
Authors: SANGKHANAN KRITSADA , SANWONG JINTANA
Published: February 2012

Let X be any set and P(X) the set of all partial transformations defined on X, that is, all functions α:A→B where A,B are subsets of X. Then P(X) is a semigroup under composition. Let Y be a subset of X. Recently, Fernandes and Sanwong defined PT(X,Y )={α∈P(X):Xα⊆Y } and defined I(X,Y ) to be the set of all injective transformations in PT(X,Y ) . Hence PT(X,Y ) and I(X,Y ) are subsemigroups of P(X) . In this paper, we study properties of the so-called natural partial order ≤ on PT(X,Y ) and I(X,Y ) in terms of domains, images and kernels, compare ≤ with the subset order, characterise the meet and join of these two orders, then find elements of PT(X,Y ) and I(X,Y ) which are compatible. Also, the minimal and maximal elements are described.
ON LATTICES OF RADICALS IN THE CLASS OF ALL FINITE GROUPS
Authors: KREMPA JAN , MALINOWSKA IZABELA AGATA
Published: February 2012

Lattices of radicals have been extensively studied, for example in the class of associative rings, leading to some interesting results. In this paper we investigate the latticeLof all radicals in the class of all finite groups. We also consider some of its important sublattices. In particular, we prove that the latticeLis closed to being modular, the latticeLhof all hereditary radicals is a Boolean algebra, and there exists a natural, useful projection of the latticeLontoLh.
I. BRITISH POLICY AND THE NATIONAL TRANSITIONAL COUNCIL OF LIBYA
Authors: Warbrick Colin
Published: February 2012

In February 2011,2 an uprising began in Benghazi in eastern Libya against the long-established Gaddafi3 Government. After initial military success by the rebels in the east, the government responded forcefully. In the light of threats made by the government to the lives of people in Benghazi, the Security Council authorized ‘any necessary measures’ to protect civilian lives in Libya and to enforce a no-fly zone over Libya's air space.4 Acting on this authorization, NATO forces intervened to enforce the no-fly zone and to protect civilians. The resolution precluded the occupation of Libya, so the NATO action was confined to aerial and some naval bombardment of regime targets in Libya. The combined effects of operations by the irregular forces of the rebels and the bombing by NATO eventually led to the defeat of Government forces and the death of President Gaddafi on 20 October 2011. However, the overthrow of the regime was principally the work of groups in the west and south-west, not formally associated with the original insurrection in the east. This note is not concerned with matters of legality of the use of force or the way in which the campaign was conducted by any of the participants.5 It deals with the diplomatic aspects of the development of relations between the United Kingdom, the Gaddafi Government of Libya and the ‘National Transitional Council’ (NTC). It raises some speculation about the implications in domestic law of the way British policy was conducted.
III. Australian Asylum Policy all at Sea: An analysis of Plaintiff M70/2011 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship and the Australia–Malaysia Arrangement
Authors: Wood Tamara , McAdam Jane
Published: February 2012

On 25 July 2011, the governments of Australia and Malaysia announced that they had entered into an ‘Arrangement’ for the transfer of asylum seekers.1 Its stated aim was to deter asylum seekers from travelling by boat to Australia by providing that the next 800 asylum seekers to arrive unlawfully would be transferred to Malaysia in exchange for the resettlement of 4,000 UNHCR-approved refugees living there.2 The joint media release by the Australian Prime Minister and Minister for Immigration lauded it as a ‘groundbreaking arrangement’ that demonstrated ‘the resolve of Australia and Malaysia to break the people smugglers’ business model, stop them profiting from human misery, and stop people risking their lives at sea’.3 The success of the Arrangement relied on Malaysia being perceived as an inhospitable host country for asylum seekers, with the Australian Government emphasising that it provided ‘the best course of action to make sure that we sent the maximum message of deterrence’.4 The Government also made clear that those transferred to Malaysia would ‘go to the back of the [asylum] queue’.5
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW: WIELDING THE SWORD OF UNIVERSAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE?
Authors: Stephen Christopher
Published: February 2012

Writing 62 years ago, Georg Schwarzenberger posited that international criminal law did not exist. As long as some States, those larger or more powerful, were held to a different standard, or, in fact, not held to account at all, it was premature to speak of such a thing. For Schwarzenberger, international criminal law was a misnomer withoutuniversalcriminal justice. This article considers whether that same criticism can be made of international criminal law today. Indeed, it asks whether this is a realistic expectation in the first place. The recently concluded Review Conference of the International Criminal Court in Kampala, Uganda is seen as an ideal juncture at which to do so. This article analyses what is meant by the term international criminal law and then selects two models; the International Criminal Court and the exercise of universal jurisdiction, to gauge the success, or failure, of international criminal law in satisfying Schwarzenberger's criterion.
60 YEARS OF LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP IN THE INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW QUARTERLY
Authors: REDGWELL CATHERINE
Published: February 2012

This issue of the Quarterly marks 60 years of its publication, since 1958 under the auspices of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law. To mark the occasion the editorial board has taken the opportunity to reflect on the contribution the Quarterly has made in the key areas of legal scholarship represented in its pages (and accordingly in the composition of the editorial board), namely, public international law, private international law, comparative law, EU law and human rights law.
A survey on dairy heifer farm management practices in a Western-European plainland, the French Pays de la Loire region
Authors: LE COZLER Y. , RECOURSÉ O. , GANCHE E. , GIRAUD D. , DANEL J. , BERTIN M. , BRUNSCHWIG P.
Published: February 2012

Despite practical information and applied results from numerous experimental studies and/or field observations, there is a persistent gap between scientific recommendations and on-farm reality. There are numerous published reports on the impact of dairy heifer herd management conditions on short-term, medium-term and long-term performances, but few studies on actual dairy heifer herd management practices – particularly in France. In an attempt to address this shortfall, a survey was conducted in 2010 on 449 herds located in the second largest dairy production region, the Pays de la Loire region (Western France). Economic-related aspects of heifer farming were not addressed. The essentially qualitative survey information was collected by 107 independent agricultural technologists. A quantitative analysis based on a small set of the most representative key production criteria was also conducted on a representative sub-sample of 286 herds. Mean herd size, at 46·6 cows per farm, and milk production, at 7953 kg milk/cow/lactation, were close to French national averages (47·3 cows per farm and 8109 kg milk/cow/lactation). The survey covered nine core themes and confirmed an all-round lack of precise monitoring on animal growth, as reported in earlier studies performed outside France. Most of the farmers surveyed considered animal weight a useful indicator for estimating growth performance. However, very few actually weighed their animals, despite the fact that 0·80 of the farmers surveyed aimed to calve their heifers before 30 months of age, with 0·55 of them setting a minimum calving weight target of at least 610 kg. Mean calf age at weaning was 2·9 months, but in practice this was >3·5 months in 0·31 of cases. Although farmers differ on certain practices, common core foci emerged: weight or age targets for pre-determined growth and development stages (at weaning or at service), recycling non-marketable milk for feeding young calves, essentially visual oestrus detection methods, and others. Based on the farmers’ declarations, the estimated time spent rearing a heifer from birth to calving ranges from 12 to 15 h per animal, with most farmers spending an estimated 0–2 h/day rearing their heifers. While almost two-thirds of farmers stated that rearing heifers was a necessity, 0·36 of this survey population claimed they enjoyed the work, whereas 0·02 of the farmers felt the work was purely a chore. Mirroring the conclusions from other countries, dairy heifer herd performances could be improved through better animal monitoring and management.
Yi Kwang-su: The Collaborator as Modernist against Modernity
Authors: Shin Michael D.
Published: February 2012

During the Cold War, when South Korea was under a military dictatorship, the term “collaborator” (ch'inilp'a) often functioned as a kind of prohibition, indicating that a person or certain texts were not worthy of serious scholarly attention. Collaboration was also a politically taboo topic since many of the South Korean political and military elites, including President Park Chung Hee, were former collaborators. Criticism of collaborators could be seen as questioning the legitimacy of the regime. Though some important studies were published during this period, such as Im Chongguk's courageous Ch'inil munhaknon [On literature by collaborator writers] in 1966, it was not until after the victory of the democracy movement and the end of the Cold War that research on collaboration became active. During the past two decades, a variety of approaches to the issue have emerged. There have been, as one would expect, nationalist denunciations, but also attempts, influenced by cultural studies, to reconceptualize collaboration in ways that can produce new readings of their times. John Treat's article is an effort to contribute to this growing literature, and it offers an approach that has some similarities and important differences with recent studies on the topic. Similar to some of the work of younger South Korean scholars, he conceives of collaboration as “a structural feature of modernity” and situates the issue in a broader, more international context through his examination of texts by Jean-Paul Sartre and Henry James. Significantly, he also focuses on understanding the basic morality of collaboration. It is an attempt to return scholarly discussion to the basic question, one that has proven to be difficult and painful to face—why did Korean intellectuals collaborate with the Japanese empire?
Provision of undergraduate otorhinolaryngology teaching within General Medical Council approved UK medical schools: what is current practice?
Authors: Khan M M , Saeed S R
Published: February 2012

Objectives:

Despite longstanding concern, provision of undergraduate ENT teaching has not improved in response to the aims of the UK General Medical Council's initiativeTomorrow's Doctors. Previous studies have demonstrated poor representation of ENT within the undergraduate curriculum. We aimed to identify current practice in order to establish undergraduate ENT experience across UK medical schools, a timely endeavour in light of the General Medical Council's new 2011–2013 education strategy.

Method:

Questionnaires were sent to ENT consultants, medical school deans and students. All schools with a clinical curriculum were anonymously represented. Our outcome measures were the provision of mandatory or optional ENT placements, and their duration and content.

Results:

A compulsory ENT placement was available to over half (53 per cent) of the students. Ten of the 26 participating schools did not offer an ENT attachment. The mean mandatory placement was 8 days. Overall, 38 per cent of students reported a satisfactory compulsory ENT placement. Most ENT consultants questioned considered that newly qualified doctors were not proficient in managing common ENT problems that did not require specialist referral.

Conclusions:

Little improvement in the provision of undergraduate ENT teaching was demonstrated. An increase in the proportion of students undertaking ENT training is necessary. Time and curriculum constraints on medical schools mean that optimisation of available resources is required.
Auditory verbal hallucinations in patients with borderline personality disorder are similar to those in schizophrenia
Authors: Slotema C. W. , Daalman K. , Blom J. D. , Diederen K. M. , Hoek H. W. , Sommer I. E. C.
Published: February 2012

Background

Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are frequently claimed to be brief, less severe and qualitatively different from those in schizophrenia, hence the term ‘pseudohallucinations’. AVH in BPD may be more similar to those experienced by healthy individuals, who experience AVH in a lower frequency and with a more positive content than AVH in schizophrenia. In this study the phenomenology of AVH in BPD patients was compared to that in schizophrenia and to AVH experienced by non-patients.

Method

In a cross-sectional setting, the phenomenological characteristics of AVH in 38 BPD patients were compared to those in 51 patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and to AVH of 66 non-patients, using the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS).

Results

BPD patients experienced AVH for a mean duration of 18 years, with a mean frequency of at least daily lasting several minutes or more. The ensuing distress was high. No differences in the phenomenological characteristics of AVH were revealed among patients diagnosed with BPD and those with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder, except for ‘disruption of life’, which was higher in the latter group. Compared to non-patients experiencing AVH, BPD patients had higher scores on almost all items.

Conclusions

AVH in BPD patients are phenomenologically similar to those in schizophrenia, and different from those in healthy individuals. As AVH in patients with BPD fulfil the criteria of hallucinations proper, we prefer the term AVH over ‘pseudohallucinations’, so as to prevent trivialization and to promote adequate diagnosis and treatment.
Ultraproducts of measure preserving actions and graph combinatorics
Authors: CONLEY CLINTON T. , KECHRIS ALEXANDER S. , TUCKER-DROB ROBIN D.
Published: February 2012

Ultraproducts of measure preserving actions of countable groups are used to study the graph combinatorics associated with such actions, including chromatic, independence and matching numbers. Applications are also given to the theory of random colorings of Cayley graphs and sofic actions and equivalence relations.
Social Commitment Robots and Dementia
Authors: Roger Kerstin , Guse Lorna , Mordoch Elaine , Osterreicher Angela
Published: February 2012

En 2010, 500 000 Canadiens étaient atteint d’une maladie liée à une démence. On estime que le nombre des malades va doubler en environ 25 ans. Pour cause de ce groupe démographique croissant, la démence de plus en plus (le plus souvent causée par la maladie d’Alzheimer) exercera un impact significatif sur notre communauté vieillissante et ses soignants. La démence est associée à des comportements difficiles tels que l’agitation, l’errance et l’agression. Les prestataires de soins doivent trouver des stratégies novatrices afin de faciliter la qualité de vie pour cette population; d’ailleurs, de telles stratégies doivent valoriser l’individu. Les robots socialement engagés – conçu spécifiquement à la communication et aux fins thérapeutiques – fournir un moyen d’atteindre cet objectif. Cet article décrit une étude dans laquelle Paro (un bébé phoque robotique) a été utilisé dans le cadre d’un programme de formation d’été pour étudiants. Les conclusions préliminaires suggèrent que l’integration des robots socialement engagés peuvent se révéler comme utiles cliniquement en milieux de soins de longue durée.
Modelling interrupted time series to evaluate prevention and control of infection in healthcare
Authors: GEBSKI V. , ELLINGSON K. , EDWARDS J. , JERNIGAN J. , KLEINBAUM D.
Published: February 2012

The most common methods for evaluating interventions to reduce the rate of newStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infections in hospitals use segmented regression or interrupted time-series analysis. We describe approaches to evaluating interventions introduced in different healthcare units at different times. We compare fitting a segmented Poisson regression in each hospital unit with pooling the individual estimates by inverse variance. An extension of this approach to accommodate potential heterogeneity allows estimates to be calculated from a single statistical model: a ‘stacked’ model. It can be used to ascertain whether transmission rates before the intervention have the same slope in all units, whether the immediate impact of the intervention is the same in all units, and whether transmission rates have the same slope after the intervention. The methods are illustrated by analyses of data from a study at a Veterans Affairs hospital. Both approaches yielded consistent results. Where feasible, a model adjusting for the unit effect should be fitted, or if there is heterogeneity, an analysis incorporating a random effect for units may be appropriate.