bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEREOLOGICAL NIHILISM AND THE PROBLEM OF EMERGENCE
Authors: Cornell David
Published: February 2022

Mereological nihilism is the view that there are no composite objects; everything in existence is mereologically simple. The view is subject to a number of difficulties, one of which concerns what I call the problem of emergence. Very briefly, the problem is that nihilism seems to be incompatible with emergent properties; it seems to rule out their very possibility. This is a problem because there are good independent reasons to believe that emergent properties are possible. This paper provides a solution to the problem. I will show that nihilism and emergence are perfectly compatible, providing one accepts a novel understanding of how objects can instantiate properties: what I call irreducibly collective instantiation.
RECENT WORK ON INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL REASONS
Authors: Brunero John
Published: February 2022

This paper examines some recent arguments for intemalism that (i) appeal to an analogy between practical and theoretical reasons, (ii) look toward our practices of reasoning with others, or (iii) tie reasons to good deliberation. The conclusion of this paper is a skeptical one: none of these new arguments gives us sufficient reason to think that internalism is true.
I’D DO ANYTHING TO CHANGE THE PAST (BUT I CANT DO "THAT")
Authors: Smith Nicholas J. J.
Published: February 2022

This paper addresses a worry about backwards time travel. The worry is that there is something mysteriously inexplicable about the combination of commonplace events that will inevitably conspire to prevent the time traveler from doing something impossible such as killing her younger self. The worry is first distinguished from other problems for backwards time travel concerning its alleged impossibility or improbability. It is then shown that the worry is misplaced: there is in fact no real problem here. Yet the worry has been widely expressed—so a suggestion is also made as to why it is so easy to get into the position of thinking that there is a genuine problem here, when in fact there is not. Finally, in light of the resolution of the inexplicability worry, a new way of dealing with the other two problems for backwards time travel—concerning its alleged impossibility and improbability—is proposed.
LOVE AND ATTACHMENT
Authors: Wonderly Monique
Published: February 2022

It is not uncommon for philosophers to name disinterestedness, or some like feature, as an essential characteristic of love. Such theorists claim that in genuine love, one’s concern for her beloved must be noninstrumental, non-egocentric, or even selfless. These views prompt the question, "what, if any, positive role might self-interestedness play in genuine love?" In this paper, I argue that attachment, an attitude marked primarily by self-focused emotions and emotional predispositions, helps constitute the meaning and import of at least some kinds of adult reciprocal love. In this way, attachment represents a type of self-interestedness that not only contributes positively to such relationships but is also essential to them.
POWER WORLDS AND THE PROBLEM OF INDIVIDUATION
Authors: Tugby Matthew
Published: February 2022

Is it metaphysically possible for a world to contain power properties but no nonpower properties? Recently, much progress has been made by powers theorists to defend the coherence of such a possibility. But unfortunately, it remains unclear how the powers in a power world are individuated. The problem is that the most obvious principle of individuation for properties in a power world is one that is circular. In this paper, it is argued that this circularity is generated by a modal assumption, which is that different families of powers exist in different possible worlds. By rejecting this assumption, a noncircular principle of individuation for power properties can be formulated. Moreover, this solution is not ad hoc because there are independent reasons for rejecting the aforementioned modal assumption.
SWEEPING ENDURANTISM IS A MISCHARACTERIZATION OF ENDURANTISM
Authors: Daniels Paul R.
Published: February 2022

Endurantism is commonly characterized as a sweeping thesis, according to which enduring objects persist by sweeping or moving through time. I argue that the endurantist should resist this characterization as it makes her view incompatible with eternalism, the moving spotlight theory, and the growing block theory. Moreover, even the presentist endurantist should resist this characterization as it undermines the modal analogy. As a result, those who argue against endurantism should avoid characterizing endurantism in this way. Through this discussion we can better understand the endurantist picture and appreciate why caution is needed when characterizing the nature of enduring objects.
IN DEFENSE OF NON-CAUSAL LIBERTARIANISM
Authors: Widerker David
Published: February 2022

Non-Causal Libertananism (NCL) is a libertarian position that aims to provide a non-causal account of action and freedom to do otherwise. Non-Causal Libertarianism has been recently criticized from a number of quarters, notably from proponents of free will skepticism and agent-causation. The main complaint that has been voiced against NCL is that it does not provide a plausible account of an agent’s control over her action, and, therefore, the account of free action it offers is inadequate. Some critics (mainly agent-causationists) have even gone so far as to claim that NCL does not offer a plausible account of action. This paper is intended to defend NCL against these charges. It addresses specifically, The Disappearing Agent Objection, Peter van Inwagen’s Mind Argument, and some objections by Randolph Clarke.
THE THREAT FROM MANIPULATION ARGUMENTS
Authors: Matheson Benjamin
Published: February 2022

Most seem to presume that what is threatening about manipulation arguments is the "no difference" premise—that is, the claim that there are no responsibility-relevant differences between a manipulated agent and her merely causally determined counterpart. This presumption underlies three recent replies to manipulation arguments. These replies, however, fail to appreciate the true threat from manipulation arguments—namely, the manipulation cases that are allegedly counterexamples to the leading compatibilist conditions on moral responsibility. This paper argues that if there is a counterexample to all the leading compatibilist conditions on moral responsibility, then this is sufficient to undermine compatibilism.
IN DEFENSE OF THE ARGUMENT FOR EMOTIONAL ASSENT
Authors: Smith Martin
Published: February 2022

This paper defends the argument that the irrationality of recalcitrant emotions can only be explained by understanding emotions as yielding a distinctly nonjudgmental assent. The four premises of the argument are identified, and the three controversial premises are defended against recent rejoinders. Particular attention is given to defending the argument from theorists who advocate that (nonassentist) perceptualist models either adequately explain the irrationality of recalcitrant emotions or show that recalcitrant emotions are not, in fact, irrational.
ODORS, OBJECTS, AND OLFACTION
Authors: Cavedon-Taylor Dan
Published: February 2022

Olfaction represents odors, if it represents anything at all. Does olfaction also represent ordinary objects like cheese, fish, and coffee beans? Many think so. It is argued here that such a view is in error. Instead, we should affirm an austere account of the intentional objects of olfaction: olfactory experience is about odors, not objects. Visuocentric thinking about olfaction has tempted some philosophers to say otherwise.
FAITH, BELIEF, AND CONTROL
Authors: Rettler Lindsay
Published: February 2022

In this paper, I solve a puzzle generated by three conflicting claims about the relationship between faith, belief, and control: according to (1) the Identity Thesis, faith is a type of belief, and according to (2) Fideistic Voluntarism, we sometimes have control over whether or not we have faith, but according to (3) Doxastic Involuntarism, we never have control over what we believe. To solve the puzzle, I argue that the Identity Thesis is true, but that either (2) or (3) is false, depending on how we understand "control." I distinguish two notions of control: direct intention-based control and indirect reflective control. I argue that though we have direct intention-based control over neither belief nor faith, we have indirect reflective control over each of them. Moreover, indirect reflective control helps explain how we can be held accountable for each.
INSTANTIATION IN TROPE THEORY
Authors: Fisher A. R. J.
Published: February 2022

The concept of instantiation is realized differently across a variety of metaphysical theories. A certain realization of the concept in a given theory depends on what roles are specified and associated with the concept and its corresponding term as well as what entities are suited to fill those roles. In this paper, the classic realization of the concept of instantiation in a one-category ontology of abstract particulars or tropes is articulated in a novel way and defended against unaddressed objections.
FAILURE OR BOREDOM: THE PENDULUM OF COMPOSITION AS IDENTITY
Authors: Calosi Claudio
Published: February 2022

This paper provides new arguments for the following claim: either (i) strong composition as identity cannot retain the full strength of both the logical principles of one-one identity (namely, Equivalence and Leibniz’s law) and its semantical principles (namely, Coreferentiality) or (ii) it only delivers cases of boring composition in that it entails mereological nihilism.
IS EPISTEMIC PERMISSIVISM INTUITIVE?
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan
Published: February 2022

In recent debates over permissivism and uniqueness—two theses concerning the relationship between evidence and epistemic rationality—some philosophers have claimed that permissivism has an intuitive advantage over uniqueness. I examine the cases alleged to intuitively motivate permissivism and suggest they do not provide prima facie support for permissivism. I conclude by explaining how my discussion bears on whether permissivism can defeat skeptical arguments based on recognized peer disagreement and the historical contingency of our beliefs.
A MINIMALIST EXPLANATION OF TRUTH’S ASYMMETRY
Authors: Dodd Julian
Published: February 2022

Suppose that Eleanor is drowsy. Truth’s asymmetry is illustrated by the following fact: while we accept that  is true because Eleanor is drowsy, we do not accept that Eleanor is drowsy because is true. This asymmetry requires an explanation, but it has been alleged, notably by David Liggins, that the minimalist about truth cannot provide one. This paper counteracts this pessimism by arguing that the minimalist can successfully explain the asymmetry conceptually, rather than metaphysically. It then goes on to defend this account against objections, in the end concluding that explaining truth’s asymmetry is no problem for the minimalist.
DISAGREEMENTS ABOUT TASTE VS. DISAGREEMENTS ABOUT MORAL ISSUES
Authors: Stojanovic Isidora
Published: February 2022

The aim of this paper is to argue against a growing tendency to assimilate moral disagreements to disagreements about matters of personal taste. The argumentative strategy adopted in the paper appeals to a battery of linguistic criteria that reveal interesting and important differences between predicates of personal taste and moral predicates. The paper further argues that these semantically tractable differences have an impact on the nature of the corresponding disagreements.
EVIDENCE AND SELF-FULFILLING BELIEF
Authors: Antill Gregory
Published: February 2022

This paper considers the relationship between evidence and self-fulfilling beliefs—beliefs whose propositional contents will be true just in case—and because—an agent believes them. Following Grice (1971), many philosophers hold that believing such propositions would involve an impermissible form of bootstrapping. This paper argues that such objections get their force from a popular but problematic function-model of theoretical deliberation, and that attending to the case of self-fulfilling belief can help us see why such a model is mistaken. The paper shows that on a revised model of theoretical deliberation our evidence will problematically underdetermine any appropriate doxastic attitude: when belief in a proposition is self-fulfilling, our evidence is insufficient to support belief, disbelief, or even suspended judgment toward that proposition.
CONCEPT DESIGNATION
Authors: Båve Arvid
Published: February 2022

The paper proposes a way for adherents of Fregean, structured propositions to designate propositions and other complex senses/concepts using a special kind of functor. I consider some formulations from Peacocke’s works and highlight certain problems that arise as we try to quantify over propositional constituents while referring to propositions using “that”-clauses. With the functor notation, by contrast, we can quantify over senses/concepts with objectual, first-order quantifiers and speak without further ado about their involvement in propositions. The functor notation also turns out to come with an important kind of expressive strengthening, and is shown to be neutral on several controversial issues.
ON CHRISTIAN THEISM AND UNRESTRICTED COMPOSITION
Authors: Inman Ross , Pruss Alexander
Published: February 2022

Our aim in this paper is to bring to light two sources of tension for Christian theists who endorse the principle of unrestricted composition (UC), that necessarily, for any objects, the xs, there exists an object, y, such that the xs compose y. In Value, we argue that a (concrete) composite object made of wholly valuable parts is at least as valuable as its most valuable part, and so the mereological sum of God and a wholly valuable part would be at least as valuable as God; but Christian theism arguably demands that no concrete object other than God can be as valuable as God. And in Creation, we argue that the conjunction of theism and unrestricted composition, together with the claim that every concrete entity that is numerically distinct from God is created by God, implies that God is created by God. We conclude by examining the prospects of restricting the thesis of unrestricted composition to the domain of material or spatiotemporal objects as a way to sidestep the above arguments against the conjunction of Christian theism and unrestricted composition.
ABILITY AND THE PAST
Authors: Yao Bokai
Published: February 2022

Two principles regarding agents’ specific ability are proposed. The first claims that ordinary agents (i.e., agents who are not backward time traveler) always lack the ability to do otherwise in the past, while the second principle observes that it is at least possible for some agent to have the ability to perform some action in the past. These two principles further give rise to three desiderata for a true account of ability. Two accounts of ability in the literature—the conditional analysis and the dispositional account—are then examined but they both fail to meet the desiderata simultaneously. A modal principle of ability is motivated at the end.
PERFECTION IN THE BALANCE OF DESCARTES’S EPISTEMOLOGICAL PROJECT
Authors: Thompson Jemimah
Published: February 2022

This article redresses the function of the theodicy in Descartes’s epistemological project. In the Fourth Meditation, Descartes establishes the meditator’s knowledge as attainable through the proper use of the freedom of the will in the act of judgment. This freedom implies a will that is at once perfect in its likeness to God’s own will and only perfectible in its propensity to err in its judgments. The theodicy is thus necessary to sustain the balance between the (unlimited) perfection of God and the (limited) perfection of the meditator.
REASON, SENTIMENT, AND AUTONOMY IN THE MORAL PHILOSOPHY OF RALPH CUDWORTH
Authors: Kaldas Samuel M.
Published: February 2022

Ralph Cudworth’s moral philosophy seems to switch between two contradictory positions about morality. In his early Sermons, he seems to ground morality in the passionate love that arises in any heart inflamed by the Holy Spirit. But in his later Treatise, he seems to insist that moral truths can only be accessed through dry, a priori abstraction. I argue that closer attention to Cudworth’s wider project resolves the apparent contradiction: Cudworth’s consistent view is that moral truths are apprehended through a special kind of cognition that combines the universality and objectivity of reason with the benevolent passion of moral sentiments.
PROMISSORY OBLIGATION
Authors: Shaver Robert
Published: February 2022

Henry Sidgwick grounds promissory obligation in an obligation not to disappoint expectations. After explaining the view, I note the two standard current objections to expectation views—creating expectations is neither necessary nor sufficient for promissory obligation. I then suggest how Sidgwick (or any expectation theorist) could respond: one should agree that raising expectations is not sufficient for promissory obligation, and one can find harms, other than disappointed expectations, to explain why there is promissory obligation in cases in which expectations are not raised.
AUTHORITY AND COERCION IN LOCKE
Authors: Venezia Luciano
Published: February 2022

An externalist reading of Locke’s account of political authority and obligation closes a gap between his political theory and his moral theory. In this view, the magistrate’s authoritative directives create binding duties. Contrary to the internalist interpretation, however, my externalist reading holds that the reasons motivating subjects to obey the law are not linked to the magistrate’s authority. Instead, the relevant motivations are sanctions for noncompliance introduced by the law. Accordingly, I argue that legal coercion plays a central role in Locke’s political theory, while the internalist view holds that it mainly addresses the recalcitrant.
THE LIMITS OF SYMPATHETIC CONCERN AND MORAL CONSIDERATION IN ADAM SMITH
Authors: Pollock Ryan
Published: February 2022

Adam Smith thinks it possible to sympathize with certain nonsentient beings, such as the human dead. Consequently, some commentators argue that Smith’s theory supports ecocentrism. I reject that Smith’s theory has this implication. Sympathizers in Smith’s theory can imagine themselves as nonsentient beings, but they will lack the relevant evaluative concerns. The situation of a nonsentient being, as that being confronts the situation, remains inaccessible to the sympathizer. I will also address the limits of sympathetic concern within Smith’s theory, highlight a related problem about how our efforts to sympathize with others should be constrained, and suggest a solution.
BEING MORE (OR LESS) BLAMEWORTHY
Authors: Coates D. Justin
Published: February 2022

In this paper I explore graded attributions of blameworthiness—that is, judgments of the general sort, “A is more blameworthy for x-ing than B is,” or “A is less blameworthy for her character than B is.” In so doing, I aim to provide a philosophical basis for the widespread, if not completely articulate, practice of altering the degree to which we hold others responsible on the basis of facts about them or facts about their environments. To vindicate this practice, I disambiguate several related properties and identify the properties of being more (and less) blameworthy for an action (or for one’s character) with a complex set of relations between (i) what an agent deserves for her action and (ii) how good it is from the point of view of desert that she receives that response.
DOES AFFECTIVE EMPATHY REQUIRE PERSPECTIVE-TAKING OR AFFECTIVE MATCHING?
Authors: Schwan David
Published: February 2022

Affective empathy has been variously characterized. First, I argue that we have reasons to prefer a narrower account of affective empathy, which requires the cognitive mechanisms of perspective-taking. Second, I mount a challenge to the standard account of affective matching thought to be required for affective empathy. On one widely held view, affective empathy requires an actual affective match between the subject and the target of empathy. I reject this view. While empathy often involves an actual match, we also count as empathizing with the target if we share the fitting state in their situation. This wider account better captures a number of plausible cases of empathy, and it also better explains why we care about affective empathy.
MODESTY AS AN EXECUTIVE VIRTUE
Authors: Um Sungwoo
Published: February 2022

This paper aims to offer new insights into the virtue of modesty. It argues that modesty is best understood as an executive virtue with the moderate evaluative attitude at its center. The main goals include to describe the main features of this evaluative attitude and to distinguish it from other features that are only contingently associated with modesty. Then some distinctive features of modesty as an executive virtue are suggested and defended. Next, some of existing accounts are critically examined. Finally, this paper ends with the claim that modesty as a virtue does not depend on whether the agent has excellent qualities.
WHY CONSTITUTIVE MECHANISTIC EXPLANATION CANNOT BE CAUSAL
Authors: Gillett Carl
Published: February 2022

In his “New Consensus” on explanation, Wesley Salmon (1989) famously argued that there are two kinds of scientific explanation: global, derivational, and unifying explanations, and then local, ontic explanations backed by causal relations. Following Salmon’s New Consensus, the dominant view in philosophy of science is what I term “neo-Causalism” which assumes that all ontic explanations of singular fact/event are causal explanations backed by causal relations, and that scientists only search for causal patterns or relations and only offer causal explanations of singular facts/events. I argue that there are foundational, and fatal, flaws in the neo-Causal picture. The relations backing constitutive mechanistic explanations of activities of wholes using activities of parts, as well as other species of compositional explanation, cannot be causal relations. Treating them as causal or causation-like is therefore plausibly a category mistake. Compositional explanations in the sciences represent instead a sui generis kind of ontic explanation of singular fact/event backed by sui generis compositional relations. We thus need a pluralistic revision of Salmon’s New Consensus on explanation to reflect these findings.
SEMANTIC DIRECT REALISM
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: February 2022

The most common form of direct realism is Phenomenological Direct Realism (PDR). PDR is the theory that direct realism consists in unmediated awareness of the external object in the form of unmediated awareness of its relevant properties. I contrast this with Semantic Direct Realism (SDR), the theory that perceptual experience puts you in direct cognitive contact with external objects but does so without the unmediated awareness of the objects’ intrinsic properties invoked by PDR. PDR is what most understand by direct realism. My argument is that, under pressure from the arguments from illusion and hallucination, defenders of intentionalist theories, and even of relational theories, in fact retreat to SDR. I also argue briefly that the sense-datum theory is compatible with SDR and so nothing is gained by adopting either of the more fashionable theories.
THE POWER OF COLOR
Authors: Marmodoro Anna , Grasso Matteo
Published: February 2022

Are colors features of objects “out there in the world” or are they features of our inner experience and only “in our head?” Color perception has been the focus of extensive philosophical and scientific debate. In this paper we discuss the limitations of the view that Chalmers’ (2006) has characterized as Primitivism, and we develop Marmodoro’s (2006) Constitutionalism further, to provide a metaphysical account of color perception in terms of causal powers. The result is Power-based Constitutionalism, the view that colors are (multi-track and multi-stage) powers of objects, whose (full) manifestations depend on the mutual manifestation of relevant powers of perceivers and the perceived objects being co-realized in mutual interaction. After a presentation of the tenets of Power-based Constitutionalism, we evaluate its strengths in contrast to two other recent power-based accounts: John Heil’s (2003, 2012) powerful qualities view and Max Kistler’s (2017) multi-track view.
EPISTEMIC TEMPERANCE
Authors: Bloomfield Paul
Published: February 2022

The idea of epistemic temperance is introduced and explicated through a discussion of Plato’s understanding of it. A variety of psychological and epistemic phenomena (including confirmation bias, self-serving bias, etc.) are presented which arise due to epistemic intemperance, or the inappropriate influence of conations on cognition. Two cases familiar to philosophers, self-deception and racial prejudice, are discussed as the result of epistemic intemperance though they are not typically seen as having a common cause. Finally, epistemic temperance is distinguished from epistemic justice, as these have been conflated.
NONHUMAN ANIMALS ARE MORALLY RESPONSIBLE
Authors: Ferrin Asia
Published: February 2022

Animals are often presumed to lack moral agency insofar as they lack the capacities for reflection or the ability to understand their motivating reasons for acting. In this paper, I argue that animals are in some cases morally responsible. First, I outline conditions of moral action, drawing from a quality of will account of moral responsibility. Second, I review recent empirical research on the capacities needed for moral action in humans and show that animals also have such capacities. I conclude that though it may be difficult to engage in the practice of holding animals morally responsible, given the communication barrier and lack of mutual understanding, some animals nevertheless act in ways for which they are morally responsible.
HOW SUPEREROGATION CAN SAVE INTRAPERSONAL PERMISSIVISM
Authors: Li Han
Published: February 2022

Rationality is intrapersonally permissive just in case there are multiple doxastic states that one agent may be rational in holding at a given time, given some body of evidence. One way for intrapersonal permissivism to be true is if there are epistemic supererogatory beliefs—beliefs that go beyond the call of epistemic duty. Despite this, there has been almost no discussion of epistemic supererogation in the permissivism literature. This paper shows that this is a mistake. It does this by arguing that the most popular ways of responding to one of the major obstacles to any intrapersonally permissive all fall prey to the same problem. This problem is most naturally solved by positing a category of epistemically supererogatory belief. So intrapersonal epistemic permissivists should embrace epistemic supererogation.
TRUTH(MAKING) BY CONVENTION
Authors: Asay Jamin
Published: February 2022

A common account of the distinction between analytic and synthetic truths is that while the former are true solely in virtue of meaning, the latter are true also in virtue of the way of the world. Quine famously disputed this characterization, and his skepticism over the analytic/synthetic distinction has cast a long shadow. Against this skepticism, this paper argues that the common account comes close to the truth, and that truthmaker theory in particular offers the resources for providing a compelling account of the distinction that preserves the basic ideas behind it, and avoids the standard criticisms facing the distinction. In particular, it is argued that analytic truths are truths that ontologically depend in no way whatsoever upon what exists.
FREEDOM, FOREKNOWLEDGE, AND DEPENDENCE
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Law Andrew
Published: February 2022

Recently, several authors have utilized the notion of dependence to respond to the traditional argument for the incompatibility of freedom and divine foreknowledge. However, proponents of this response have not always been so clear in specifying where the incompatibility argument goes wrong, which has led to some unfounded objections to the response. We remedy this dialectical confusion by clarifying both the dependence response itself and its interaction with the standard incompatibility argument. Once these clarifications are made, it becomes clear both (1.) that the dependence response does not beg the question against the proponent of the incompatibility argument and (2.) that the dependence response advances the dialectic whether it is developed as a version of Ockhamism or as a version of multiple-pasts compatibilism.
PICTURES, PROPOSITIONS, AND PREDICATES
Authors: Gregory Dominic
Published: February 2022

Do representational pictures have propositional contents? The current paper argues that the characteristic contents of pictures are predicative rather than propositional: pictures characterize things as looking certain ways, and they thereby express properties of visual perspectives. The paper argues that the characteristic predicative contents of pictures are nonetheless able to feature in fully-fledged propositional contents once they are combined with contents of other suitable sorts. Various facts about communicative uses of pictures are then explained. The paper concludes by considering the bearing of its conclusions upon questions about the relationships between linguistic representation and pictorial representation.
THE NYĀYA ARGUMENT FOR DISJUNCTIVISM
Authors: Schiller Henry Ian
Published: February 2022

The Nyāya school of classical Indian epistemology defended (by today’s standards) a radical version of epistemic externalism. The school’s adherents also argued from their epistemological positions to an early version of disjunctivism about perceptual experience. In this paper, I assess the value of such an argument, concluding that a modified version of the Nyaya argument may be defensible.
LOCKE’S LIFE-WORLD
Authors: Lenz Martin
Published: February 2022

This paper argues for a new understanding of Locke’s view on secondary qualities. While they are commonly discussed with regard to their mind-dependence and contrasted with primary qualities, I will consider Locke’s teleological arguments for their indispensability. Secondary qualities, I submit, should be seen in the teleological framework according to which they are designed with regard to our needs and purposes. Having to account for cross-purposes and relativity to different kinds of beings, secondary qualities will be shown to provide the crucial ingredients of our life-world that make for a suitable and shared environment.
HEGEL’S CRITIQUE OF RATIONALIST METAPHYSICS IN THE “VORBEGRIFF” CHAPTER OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA LOGIC
Authors: Lebanidze Giorgi
Published: February 2022

The paper demonstrates that a detailed analysis of Hegel’s criticism of rationalist metaphysics in the “Vorbegriff” (Preliminary Conception) chapter of the Encyclopedia Logic can shed light on the following critical features of Hegel’s metaphysics: (1) advancing semantic holism as an alternative to semantic atomism; (2) renouncing the projection of a substance-attribute formal structure onto actuality; (3) dismissing sense perception as the source of conceptual content; and (4) rejecting dualist ontology.
EARLY SARTRE ON SELF-UNDERSTANDING, AFFECTIVITY, AND VALUE
Authors: Vanello Daniel
Published: February 2022

The aim of this paper is to reconstruct Sartre’s claim to the effect that self-understanding is constitutively dependent on affectivity. Affectivity is Sartre’s Schelerian-inspired term to refer to affective experience that, if appropriate, purports to disclose value-qualities as genuine properties of objects. The main argument of the paper is that self-understanding involves a process by which we conceptualize the projects we seek to realize and of which we are at first only nonconceptually aware. The process by which we conceptualize our projects relies on the ability to disclose value affectively.
FLOW AND WONDER IN THE ZHUANGIST IDEAL OF WANDERING
Authors: Songyao Ren
Published: February 2022

The Zhuangist ideal of wandering is characterized by the navigation of the plurality of daos in response to changing circumstances. In practice, this is achieved through a series of flows in skilled activities that have goals built into them, which are prescribed by objective constraints of the circumstances in relation to the agent’s own desires. Since flow cannot go on without interruption, detached reflection is called for when challenges interrupt an episode of flow. The emotion essential to moments of detachment is wonder—a cognitive emotion that prompts creative engagement with the novel, peculiar, and strange.
COWARDICE AND INJUSTICE
Authors: Zavaliy Andrei G.
Published: February 2022

Contrary to Greek tradition, Aristotle condemns suicide without qualification, citing two reasons for moral disapproval. First, suicide is an act of cowardice. Second, suicide involves an act of injustice toward the state. It is argued that the charge of cowardice is too strong even by Aristotle’s own standards. There is evidence that the philosopher recognized a distinction between the cases of self-murder that testify to a cowardly character and the cases when one may be pardoned. It is shown that a suicide acts unjustly toward the polis in a way analogous to desertion from an army.
A FEARFUL ASYMMETRY
Authors: McArthur Neil
Published: February 2022

Is John Locke a legal moralist? In his Letter concerning Toleration, Locke argues that, while the state should not punish people for their private religious beliefs, it is still permissible, indeed desirable, for magistrates to enforce prohibitions against people’s private sexual behavior. This suggests that he countenances moralist legislation. However, I argue that, in spite of his position on sexual liberty, Locke in fact holds a distinctive liberal conception of state power and of its scope in regulating people’s private behavior. I offer an interpretation of his views on sexual liberty that shows them to be compatible with this conception.
PERCEIVING LIFE AS GOOD AND OUR OWN
Authors: Murphy Allison
Published: February 2022

In EN IX.9, Aristotle explains the value human beings place on their lives in terms of a special self-directed perception that attends their actualization in perceiving and thinking. I argue that Aristotle understands this perception as one that synoptically grasps life as good and one’s own. I further show that Aristotle’s understanding of the nature of this perception is key to his central argument in IX.9: the perception accounts for the good person’s experience both of his individual life and of the life of his friend as choiceworthy.
BERKELEY ON PERCEPTUAL DISCRIMINATION OF PHYSICAL OBJECTS
Authors: Fields Keota
Published: February 2022

Commentators are divided over whether Berkeley holds that physical objects are immediately perceived by sense. As I read Berkeley, discrimination is necessary for perceiving physical objects by sense. He says that discrimination requires a perception of motion. Since motions can only be mediately perceived, according to Berkeley, physical objects can be perceived by sense only mediately. I defend this reading against three objections. I also propose a new objection to the claim that physical objects are immediately perceived for Berkeley. I argue that immediate perception is neither necessary nor sufficient to perceive an object by sense, according to Berkeley.
CHOOSING FOR NO REASON? AN OLD OBJECTION TO FREEDOM OF INDIFFERENCE
Authors: Schierbaum Sonja
Published: February 2022

I present a historical solution to the so-called Arbitrariness Objection (AO). The AO has been leveled against contemporary libertarian conceptions of free will and says that freedom of the will, conceived as freedom of indifference, implies that choices can be made for no reason. If successful, the AO would undermine the rationality of libertarian views, which is why a rebuttal of it is of systematic interest. I discuss the attempt of Christian August Crusius (1715–75) in order to explain that Crusius rejects the AO by showing that there is no choice without a reason.
CULTIVATING CRITICAL THINKING: INSIGHTS FROM AN ELITE LIBERAL ARTS COLLEGE
Authors: Tsui Lisa
Published: February 2022

Findings from this qualitative case study of an elite liberal arts college reveal that critical thinking development is facilitated by the intellectual ethos that faculty foster within the classroom, in this case one that emphasizes “thinking outside of the box,” student self-efficacy, and self-directed learning.
Gender Matters: The Role of Gender in Human and Machine Communication
Authors: Külcür Rakibe
Published: February 2022

Technology, including machines, is one of the forces that shapes our lives. As an example, all customer interactions are expected to be driven by Artificial Intelligence (AI) by 2025. The relationship between women and technology is complex and there are multiple aspects within the framework of machine and gender discourse. Firstly, gender relations inform and shape technology since gendered assumptions and norms dominated in society impact the design, development and production of technology. Secondly, women’s underrepresentation in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields have direct consequences since technology seems to be dominated by men. I argue that gender constitutes an integral part of technological production and requires attention. For this reason, the interlinkages between gender and technology should be integrated in discussions including machines. In this paper, my goal is to discuss these interlinkages and provide an overview on how machine and gender discourse have developed over the years. I aim to contribute to a greater understanding of machine and gender discourse in Turkey.
İrlanda Ulusal Bağımsızlık Savaşı: Bloody Sunday ve Hunger Filmlerinin İncelemesi
Authors: Karaburun Metin , Gülsün Mustafa
Published: February 2022

Çalışmada tarihsel araştırmalar ve içerik analizi yöntemlerinden yararlanılarak İrlanda Ulusal Bağımsızlık Savaşı’nın nedenleri, tarihsel gelişimi ve bu tarihi olayları merkezine almış Bloody Sunday (2002) ve Hunger (2008) filmleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma literatür taramasının yanı sıra amaçlı örneklem ile seçilmiş filmler üzerinden savaş, iç savaş, milliyetçilik ideolojileri, özgürlük ve bağımsızlık mücadelesi vb. özellikler üzerinden elde edilen çıkarımlara temellendirilmiştir. Bu temsiller, betimsel analiz yoluyla incelenmiştir. Böylece, filmlerde tarihi mücadelenin sebepleri, olayların gelişimi ve sürece etki eden unsurlar incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda Bloddy Sunday ve Hunger filmleri gerek tarihi belge niteliği taşıma özelliğinden gerek olayları çarpıcı ve gerçekçi bir şekilde ele alınışından dolayı dönemin olaylarını incelemek adına ipuçları sunmaktadır. Bloody Sunday filmi ile Kuzey İrlanda’daki sivil hakları savunan örgütlerin yürüyüşüne karşı yapılan müdahalelerin sebebinin, İngiliz Hükümetinin İrlanda’daki varlığını hissettirme isteği ve direnişi kırmaya yönelik uyguladığı yöntemler olduğu gösterilmiştir. Hunger filmine bakıldığında ise, mücadelenin önemli isimlerinden Bobby Sands’in hapishanede yaşadığı olayları ve Sands’in bu mücadelesinde onu besleyen düşüncenin yine bir bağımsızlık arayışı olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Finansal Okuryazarlık Düzeyi Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Örneği
Authors: Tüfekçi Merve Temizkan , Dilek Önder
Published: February 2022

Bu çalışma, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Fındıklı Uygulamalı Bilimler Yüksekokulu Finans ve Bankacılık Bölümü ile İlahiyat Fakültesi öğrencilerinin finansal okuryazarlık düzeylerini tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmaktadır. Bu amaçla 425 öğrenciye uygulanan anketlerden elde veriler t-testi ve ANOVA testine tabi tutulmuştur. Öğrencilerin cinsiyetleri, yaşları, eğitim gördükleri bölümleri, sınıfları, aile gelir düzeyleri, kredi kartı kullanma durumlarına göre finansal okuryazarlıkları arasında anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Hazırlık sınıfında öğrenim gören öğrencilerin 3. sınıf ile 5 ve üzeri sınıftaki öğrencilere göre finansal okuryazarlıklarının daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Aile geliri 7501-9000 TL arasında olanların finansal okuryazarlık düzeylerinin, 3000 TL ve altı gelire sahip olanlar ile 3001-4500 TL arasında gelire sahip olanlara göre daha fazla olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, Finans ve Bankacılık Bölümü öğrencilerinin %63, İlahiyat Bölümü öğrencilerinin ise %52 oranında finansal okuryazar oldukları tespit edilmiştir.
Batı Toplumları Açısından Din Suç İlişkisine Ekolojik Bakış Açısı: Ahlaki Topluluk Tezi
Authors: Demirel Fatma Takmaz
Published: February 2022

Tarih boyunca özellikle sosyolojik düzeyde din ve suç üzerine birçok araştırma yapılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalar çoğunlukla sosyal kontrol, sosyal öğrenme, rasyonel seçim teorisi, kontrol kuramı kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Ancak dinin suç davranışı üzerindeki sosyal etkisinin ekolojik incelemesi akademisyenler tarafından nispeten ihmal edilmiştir. Ahlaki topluluk tezine (moral community thesis) göre muhafazakâr toplumlarda bireylerin suç işleme oranı seküler toplumlara göre azdır ya da hiç yoktur. Bireyin suç/sosyal sapma davranışlarına yönelmesi çevrenin bireyin davranışları üzerindeki olumlu ya da olumsuz etkisi ile ortaya çıkmaktadır.Türkiye’de ahlaki topluluk tezi ile ilgili çalışma yok denecek kadar azdır. Dinin suç üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koyan çalışmalar çoğunlukla Amerika Bileşik Devletleri, Avrupa ve Çin’de uygulanmıştır. Türkiye’de ise dinin suç üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koyan birçok çalışma yapılmıştır ancak ahlaki topluluk tezini test eden çalışmalar yok denecek kadar azdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Ahlaki topluluk tezinin ne olduğunu ve literatürdeki yerini vurgulayarak, bundan sonra Türkiye’de din suç ilişkisi üzerine yapılacak çalışmalara yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırmaktır. Bu çalışma ile geleneksel literatür taraması kullanılmış ve konuya ilişkin çalışmalar ve elde edilen bulgulara odaklanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde genel olarak örneklemin çoğunlukla yetişkinler üzerine uygulandığını ve ahlaki topluluk tezinin destek bulduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların son yıllarda daha da arttığı görülmüştür.
Güven Teorisi Kapsamında Çevrimiçi Fayda ve Riskin Web Sitesinin Değerine Etkisinde Siteye Güvenin Aracı, Riskin Düzenleyici Etkileri
Authors: Durmuş İbrahim , Yıldız Emel
Published: February 2022

Günümüzde hazır giyim ürünü satan web siteleri; teknolojik değişim ve gelişime bağlı olarak müşterilerine çeşitli alternatifler sunup ürünlerini pazarlamaktadırlar. Bu açıdan tüketiciler çevrimiçi alışverişlerinde web sitelerine ilişkin çeşitli davranışlar sergilerler. Bu davranışlar arasında tüketicilerin web sitelerine yönelik; çevrimiçi fayda, çevrimiçi risk, siteye güven ve sitenin değeri değişkenlerinin incelenmesi önemli sonuçlar ortaya koyabilecektir. Daha önce gerçekleştirilen çalışmalarda tüketicilerin web sitelerinde algıladıkları çevrimiçi riskler ve çevrimiçi faydalar kavramlarına değinilmiştir. Ancak incelenen çalışmalarda çevrimiçi faydaların ve çevrimiçi risklerin birlikte tüketicilerin web sitesine yönelik güvenlerini, bu güveninde web sitenin tüketici bakış açısındaki değerini nasıl etkilediğine yönelik bir çalışmaya rastlanılmamıştır. Bu açıdan çalışma ile literatüre yeni bir katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçlarında tüketicilerin web sitelerinden algıladıkları çevrimiçi risklerin siteye olan güvenleri üzerindeki etkisinde çevrimiçi riskler düzenleyici etkiye sahip olmuştur. Sitelerden hazır giyim ürünü satın alan tüketicilerin web sitesine yönelik çevrimiçi fayda anlayışları siteye olan güvenlerini pozitif ve anlamlı olarak etkilemiştir. Tüketicilerin web sitesine yönelik çevrimiçi riskleri siteye olan güvenlerini negatif ve anlamlı olarak etkilemiştir. Araştırmada tüketicilerin siteye yönelik güvenleri ise sitenin tüketici açısından değerini pozitif ve anlamlı olarak etkilemiştir. Araştırmada ayrıca tüketicilerin çevrimiçi risk algılarının sitenin değeri üzerindeki etkisinde siteye olan güvenlerinin tam aracı etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Ülke İmajının Yabancı Ürün Satın Alma İstekliliği Üzerindeki Etkisinde Tüketici Etnosentrizmi ve Ürün Yargılarının Rolü
Authors: Köroğlu Ali , Yıldız Salih
Published: February 2022

Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle uluslar arasında etkileşim artmış ve uluslararası işletmeler pazarda daha yaygın hale gelmiştir. Bu işletmelerin ulusal işletmelerle rekabet halinde olması tüketicileri satın alma kararı verirken ikilemde bırakabilmektedir. Kimi tüketiciler kalite, fiyat ve fayda gibi özelliklere vurgu yaparak yabancı işletmelere daha ılımlı bakabilirken, kimi tüketiciler yabancı ürün satın almanın ülkenin gelişimini olumsuz etkilediği düşüncesiyle yerli ürünlerin öncelikli olarak tercih edilmesi gerektiğini savunmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı menşe ülke imajının etnosentrizm, ürün yargısı ve yabancı ürün satın alma istekliliği üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Bu amaçla 396 katılımcıya anket uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS ve SPSS Process makrosu ile analize tabi tutulmuştur. Analiz sonucunda ülke imajının ürün yargısı ve satın alma istekliliği üzerinde pozitif, tüketici etnosentrizmi üzerinde negatif etkiye sahip olduğu; etnosentrizmin satın alma istekliliği üzerinde negatif, ürün yargılarının pozitif etkiye sahip olduğu; etnosentrizm ve ürün yargılarının ülke imajı ve satın alma istekliliği arasındaki ilişkide aracılık rolü bulunduğu sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
USO DO JAMBOARD® COMO RECURSO DIDÁTICO E AVALIATIVO NO ENSINO SUPERIOR
Authors: Silva Monteiro Sandrelena da , Roberto Lima Gustavo
Published: February 2022

Este texto aborda o uso de metodologias ativas no Ensino Remoto Emergencial, no contexto da Pandemia da COVID-19. Visa apresentar o uso da ferramenta Jamboard® da Google como recurso didático e avaliativo no âmbito de uma disciplina obrigatória nos cursos de licenciatura ao longo do 1º semestre letivo de 2021. Recorreu-se ao relato de experiência como metodologia, em uma dinâmica crítica reflexiva, de modo a contribuir para a problematização da prática pedagógica e para a formação inicial de professores. Dentre os resultados, destacam-se os desafios da educação em tempos pandêmicos, registros de pontos negativos no uso da ferramenta e, ainda, indícios da validade da proposta e eficácia do Jamboard® enquanto portfólio reflexivo e instrumento de avaliação processual, formativa e somativa.
Exponential smoothing constant determination to minimize the forecast error
Authors:   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Noor N. A. M. , Rahman N. H. A. ,   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Published: February 2022

One of the fundamental issues in exponential smoothing is to determine the smoothing constants. Researchers usually use the determination available in the statistical software. However, the result may not able to minimize the forecast error. For this study, the optimal values of smoothing constant are based on minimizing the forecast errors, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean squared error (RMSE). The double exponential smoothing method or Holt's method is chosen where two constant values must identify specifically the level and trend estimate, respectively. The real data set of tourism emphasize the number of international tourists visit Malacca from year 2003 to 2016 has been studied. The result shows that the values of level and trend obtained from this analysis is small and close to zero. This indicates that the level and trend react slowly towards the data. In addition, simulation also have been computed using the random walk model. The result suggested, by using optimal result available by statistical software is not recommended since the obtained smoothing constants do not minimize the forecast error.