bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anarchism, Iran
Authors: Melis Rachel
Published: September 2017

Historians have noted the presence of at least a few self‐identified anarchists in colonial‐era Iran, from the Armenian revolutionary Alexander Atabekian (1868–ca. 1940?), who began publishing his journal
Hamayankh
(Commune) from Rasht, to a protest staged by unnamed “Iranian anarchists” in Rasht against the 1909 execution of Francisco Ferrer y Guardia (Bonakdaria 2005: 337; Selbuz 2006). Nonetheless, anarchist movements in Iran are difficult to chronicle for a number of reasons, not the least of which is that a wide spectrum of political movements has come to define Iranian revolutionary practices. These movements illustrated a broad range of political and religious ideologies marked by a mix of nationalist, socialist, communist, and secularist tendencies, though they shared the common goal of resisting a repressive regime. Many events ranging from the Tobacco Protest of 1891, the Constitutional Revolution (1906–9), and the secular oil nationalization movement (1951–3) to the Revolution of 1978–9 could be considered to have an anti‐authoritarian character, though it is unclear whether those who participated in these events would have self‐identified with anarchist ideology.
Ascaso Abadía, Francisco (1901–1936)
Authors: Lee Andrew H.
Published: September 2017

An important figure in both the Spanish anarchosyndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Labor Confederation, CNT) and the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (Iberian Anarchist Federation, FAI) from 1922 until his death, Ascaso Abadía is associated with Buenaventura Durruti and Juan García Oliver, fellow members of the group Solidarity (Los Solidarios, later Nosotros [We]), who were together nicknamed “the three musketeers.” Imprisoned in 1923 for the assassination of Zaragoza's archbishop, Ascaso escaped, joining Durruti in France and traveling to the Americas. They returned to Europe by April 1926, and by 1931 Ascaso was back in Spain as one of the leading radicals of the movement. Deported to Africa in 1932, he returned with enhanced prestige, battling moderate forces both as an editor of
Solidaridad Obrera
(Workers' Solidarity) and as secretary of the Catalan CNT during 1934–5. Critical of the policies of the Asturian CNT, he opposed alliances with political organizations. Ascaso supported the formation of armed militia from CNT members and was at the forefront of the street battles in the 1936 Spanish Revolution; he died on July 20 during the struggle for Barcelona's Atarazanas Barracks.
Belgium, Post‐World WarIIRoyal Question
Authors: Verschueren Nicolas
Published: September 2017

At the end of World War II, a major crisis known as the Royal Question split Belgium. The question was whether, after the controversial position he had taken during the war, King Leopold III should return to the country. As his father, Albert I, had done in 1914, Leopold III took command of the Belgian army fighting against German troops, while Belgian ministers chose to go into exile in London. After the surrender, Leopold III considered it his duty to share the fate of the Belgian population. Belgian ministers Hubert Pierlot and Paul‐Henri Spaak were skeptical of the king's position and insisted he join them in London. The king's choice to remain in Belgium disappointed the allied government and was perceived as a surrender and betrayal. During the occupation, Leopold III was confined to his castle in Laeken, which was guarded by German officers, and his actions were unclear, feeding suspicions. Furthermore, the king, a widower since 1935, began a relationship with Liliane Baels and married her on September 11, 1941. This event shocked the population and Leopold III lost his image as a fighting king sharing his people's fate. The division between the king and the Belgian government exiled in London deepened.
Bjørneboe, Jens (1920–1976)
Authors: Kuhn Gabriel
Published: September 2017

Born on October 9, 1920 in Kristiansand, Norway, Jens Ingvald Bjørneboe was a prominent poet, fiction writer, and critical essayist who became a leading figure in the resurgence of Norwegian anarchism from the 1950s to early 1970s. Bjørneboe's early works were influenced by liberalist thought and Rudolf Steiner's anthroposophy, but he soon focused more on syndicalist and anarchist traditions.
B
olivia, Popular Anti‐Oligarchic Struggles, Early 20th Century
Authors: Cusicanqui Silvia Rivera
Published: September 2017

The official history of pre‐revolutionary Bolivia (1870–1950) was grafted on the idea of progress and civilization as the goal for a decent country, culturally homogeneous and politically apt for the exercise of citizenship and individuality. Nevertheless, this discourse was a mask for the underlying colonial nature of Bolivian society. In the western Andean region of the country, landlords owned big
latifundia
, with serfs in charge of all labor and in control of the technology of production. The colonial–feudal nature of the landed elite was further masked by their alliance with the mining and banking capital, forming what Bolivians know as the
rosca
or oligarchy: a tight class and caste alliance of landowners, miners, bankers, and big import–export businessmen (all of them linked to foreign capital). Most of the haciendas in the
altiplano
(high plateau) and valleys were created or expanded after the “Law of Expropriation” (passed on October 5, 1874 and applied fully only after the war with Chile (1879–80), and more intensively during the period between 1881 and 1883). This law abolished the Indian
ayllu
or corporate community and distributed individual land titles, which were coercively sold to members of the
rosca
who became partners with mining and other businesses, using their land as an asset. The law included a liberal tax reform – which was never implemented – that attempted to change the colonial head‐tax called
tributo
(later renamed
contribución indigena
) for a universal tax on property. The reluctance of the landed elite to pay taxes and the security of the previous system prevailed – the old colonial tax was maintained under the new denomination of
contribución territorial
.
Althusser, Louis (1918–1990)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

Born in 1918 in Birmandreïs, a city in French‐colonized Algeria, Louis Pierre Althusser, the leader of the French structural Marxist intellectual movement, grew up in the French port city of Marseilles, where he, his mother, and sister moved upon the death of his father in World War I. While he anticipated attending the prestigious École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in Paris, he was conscripted into the French Army at the start of World War II, delaying his enrollment. The surrender of France to Germany in 1940 saw his entire artillery regiment relegated to a prisoner of war camp in North Germany, where Althusser spent the duration of the war.
Anti‐capitalism
Authors: Tormey Simon
Published: September 2017

Anti‐capitalism, as the term implies, is defined less in relation to an ideal state of affairs than in terms of opposition to a political, economic, and social system, capitalism. Anti‐capitalism cannot in this sense be reduced to a singular “ideology” like socialism or communism with a clear lineage or morphology that could be unpacked in a more or less uncomplicated fashion. Instead it applies at one level to all those who stand in opposition to the form of ownership, economic relations, and systems of reward and entitlement associated with the post‐feudal, mercantile order that emerged in Europe over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
B
errigan Brothers
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

Daniel and Philip Berrigan were Catholic civil rights and peace activists who stridently opposed the US military expedition in Indochina. Daniel (b. 1921) and Philip (1923–2002) were born in rural Michigan, the sons of a labor union worker. Daniel entered the Catholic Jesuit order after graduating from high school and completed the rigorous 12‐year program. He was ordained as a priest in 1952. Philip was conscripted into the army during World War II after one semester of college and served in the Battle of the Bulge in 1945. On returning home after the war, he also enrolled in a seminary and was ordained in the Josephite Order in 1955, vowing to serve urban residents and further racial and social justice. While Daniel's early work focused on outreach toward students on college campuses, Philip, who was exposed to racist Jim Crow laws during boot camp, was active in civil rights protests, including sit‐ins and bus boycotts.
B
iehl,
J
anet (b. 1953)
Authors: Price Andy
Published: September 2017

Janet Biehl is a prominent writer and publisher on social ecology and a leading activist in the US green movement. She is also the editor and curator of the body of revolutionary socialist ideas developed and elaborated by the prominent ecologist Murray Bookchin, with whom she collaborated closely during the last 15 years of his life. She edited and published essays and articles with Bookchin from 1990 until his death in July 2006. From 1990 until his death, the two lived together in Burlington, Vermont. Biehl and Bookchin were activists in the Burlington Greens and the Left Green Network, among other US green groups over the same period. Biehl and Bookchin were publishers of the prominent newsletter
Green Perspectives
.
B
olten,
V
irginia (ca. 1870–ca. 1960)
Authors: Tarcus Horacio
Published: September 2017

Virginia Bolten, a feminist and anarchist worker called “Rosario's Louise Michel,” was born in San Luis, Argentina, the daughter of an exiled German liberal. As a teenager, after her parents divorced, she moved to Rosario, the main industrial city after Buenos Aires, known as the “Argentine Chicago.” Initially employed in a workshop as a shoemaker, she subsequently entered the big Argentine Sugar Refinery and was arrested for the first time for distributing anarchist pamphlets among female refinery workers.
Brousse,Paul (1844–1912)
Authors: Adams Matthew S.
Published: September 2017

A nineteenth‐century French socialist and anarchist member of the Jura Federation, Paul Brousse popularized the notion and practice of “propaganda by the deed,” a means of encouraging mass insurrection through public displays of disruption, destruction, and even violence. Described by Kropotkin as “full of mental activity, uproarious, sharp, lively” and “ready to develop any idea with a geometrical logic,” Brousse was an important figure in the Jura Federation of the First International after his arrival in Switzerland in 1873 (Kropotkin 1899/1978: 270).
Browder,Earl (1891–1973)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

Earl Browder, the leader of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) from 1935 to 1945, was the son of a former schoolteacher who ceased work due to a disability. Browder was born in 1891 in Wichita, Kansas. Forced to quit school at the age of 10 in order to go to work at the local dry goods store, he pursued his education as a correspondent student while working. At the age of 15, he joined theSocialist Party of America(SPA). Later, in 1912 when a schism split the organization, Browder left the SPA to join the more radical Syndicalist League of North America, where he became acquainted with its founder, William Z. Foster.
A
gee,
P
hilip (1935–2008)
Authors: Ness Immanuel
Published: September 2017

Philip Agee, an agent of the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), resigned from the organization and went on to become a leading conscientious objector to its policies of repression that defended imperialism, corrupt military regimes and oligarchs, and predatory capitalism, for nearly 40 years from 1969 to his death in 2008. He was born on July 19, 1935 in Tampa, Florida, the son of a businessman who provided laundry services to the US military. He graduated from the University of Notre Dame with honors.
A
pel,
K
arl‐Otto (1922–)
Authors: Socha Bailey
Published: September 2017

Karl‐Otto Appel was born on March 15, 1922 in Dusseldorf, Germany. During World War II he served in the Wehrmacht and later attended the University of Bonn, where he wrote his dissertation on Martin Heidegger and was awarded his doctorate in 1950. He wrote his habilitation “The Idea of Language in the Tradition from Dante to Vico” in 1960 in Mainz, where he taught as a lecturer the following year. He taught at the universities of Kiel and Saarbrucken until 1972, and was a professor at the University of Frankfurt from 1972 to 1990.
Autonomia Operaia
Authors: Manicastri Steven
Published: September 2017

Autonomia Operaia (Workers’ Autonomy) was a workerist organization founded by Antonio Negri in 1973 upon the collapse of both Potere Operaio and subsequently of Lotta Continua (Donadio 2001: 50). The two workerist organizations dissolved because of a moment of crisis among the operaist movements of Italy. Due to the enormous success of the Hot Autumn, the unions reasserted themselves as a major player among workers’ organizations, despite the fact that the Hot Autumn strikes were invariably led by the workerist groups such as the aforementioned Potere Operaio and Lotta Continua. Autonomia Operaia was a decentralized grassroots organization, much in the same vein as Potere Operaio. It did not have a headquarters, making it difficult for the police to track it as a militant organization. The organization united workers, the unemployed, students, and other marginalized members of society with the single purpose of revolutionizing the Italian state (Donadio 2001: 53) Autonomia Operaia functioned under different principles than previous workerist organizations which were solely active within the factories, since it was perfectly capable of organizing different kinds of strikes outside the conventional norms.
B
adiou,
A
lain (1937–)
Authors: Socha Bailey
Published: September 2017

Alain Badiou was born on January 17, 1937 in Rabat, Morocco. His parents were both
agrégés
of the École Normale Supérieur (ENS), his father in mathematics and his mother in French literature. Badiou attended the ENS and was awarded an
aggregation
in philosophy in 1960. Badiou took part in protests against the Algerian War in Paris and he was a founding member of the Unified Socialist Party (PSU) that supported decolonization. He contributed to the
Cahiers pour l'Analyse
, a journal edited by a group of ENS graduates, and came under the influence of Louis Althusser and Jacques Lacan during this time. Badiou took active part in the 1968 protests and helped found the Union des communistes de France marxiste‐léniniste (UCF‐lm), a militant Maoist organization. After the death of Jacques Derrida in 2004, Badiou became one of the best‐known anti‐postmodern political and intellectual figures in the United States and Europe.
Battleship Potemkin
: Film as Celluloid Revolution
Authors: Bâ Saër Maty
Published: September 2017

Filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein (1898–1948) trained as an engineer and worked in the theater, but is also known for his teaching and prolific writing, e.g., on the theory and practice of film montage. This writing is in places elegantly violent in style and intention and supportive of the 1917 revolutions, as shown in Eisenstein's explanation of what mid‐1920s Soviet cinema should do: “The Soviet Cinema should smash into the skull… To smash with our cine‐fist into skulls, to smash through to the final victory and now, under the threat of the influx of … petty bourgeois philistinism into the Revolution, to smash as never before!” (quoted in Nesbet 2003: 49). At its most basic, montage is a matter of juxtaposing shots in unexpected ways so as to create new meanings and make film viewers understand concepts (abstract or not) that would have eluded them in a mimetic or realist filmic depiction of reality (Nichols 2005).
Battleship Potemkin
, Eisenstein's first and most celebrated film, foregrounds montage but needs to be understood first and foremost within the contexts of czarist Russia and the 1917 Revolution.
B
ernocchi,
P
iero (b. 1947)
Authors: Manicastri Anthony
Published: September 2017

Piero Bernocchi was one of the principal founders of the COBAS (Confederazione dei Comitati di Base), an Italian rank and file workerist organization created in 1987. He was born in 1947 and by 1968 he was already involved in protests in the engineering faculty of his school. He was also the director of Radio Città Futura, which during the 1970s was considered one of the “free radios” not monopolized by the RAI (Bonini 2001). The COBAS originated in the Italian autonomous Marxist movement of the 1960s and 1970s and successfully created a coalition among the various workerist organizations throughout Italy, involving themselves in education, public transportation, and various other public organizations. Piero Bernocchi is the acting spokesperson for the COBAS, and has been interviewed numerous times by the Italian media regarding the use of political violence employed by the COBAS. Bernocchi has repeatedly pointed out that there is a difference between political violence and self‐defense, which the working class has had to use in order to protect itself from fascist attacks by the state.
Desymmetrization of Cyclopentenediones via Organocatalytic Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling
Authors: Vetica Fabrizio , Bailey Stephen , Chauhan Pankaj , Turberg Mathias , Ghaur Adjmal , Raabe Gerhard , Enders Dieter
Published: September 2017

An enantioselective synthesis of cyclopentenediones bearing a pyrazole unit has been achieved through an organocatalytic Michael addition/oxidation process. This desymmetrization reaction led to the desired pyrazole‐cyclopentenediones with high yield and good enantioselectivities. The postulated cross‐dehydrogenative coupling‐mechanism has been investigated via preliminary control experiments.

magnified image
Flow field design and optimization of high power density vanadium flow batteries: A novel trapezoid flow battery
Authors: Yue Meng , Zheng Qiong , Xing Feng , Zhang Huamin , Li Xianfeng , Ma Xiangkun
Published: September 2017

Vanadium flow battery (VFB) is one of the preferred techniques for efficient large‐scale energy storage applications. The key issue for its commercialization is cost reduction, which can be achieved by developing high power density VFB stacks. One of the effective strategies for developing high power density stacks is to enhance the mass transport by performing flow field design. Based on the maldistribution characteristics of concentration polarization inside a conventional rectangular flow battery (RFB), a novel trapezoid flow battery (TFB) was first proposed. Furthermore, a practical and general strategy, consisting of a stepping optimization method and an arithmetic progression model, has been developed for the TFB's structure optimization. By combining numerical simulation with charge‐discharge test of the magnified stacks, it was verified that mass transport enhancement and performance improvement of the optimized TFB, with significant increments in voltage efficiency and electrolyte utilization, allowed it to possess great superiority over the RFB. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 782–795, 2018
A systematic method to synthesize all dividing wall columns for n‐component separation: Part II
Authors: Madenoor Ramapriya Gautham , Tawarmalani Mohit , Agrawal Rakesh
Published: September 2017

We present a simple rule that, for the first time, enables exhaustive enumeration of dividing wall columns (DWCs) corresponding to any given thermally coupled distillation column‐configuration. With the successive application of our rule, every partition in a DWC can be extended all the way to the top and/or to the bottom of a column without losing thermodynamic equivalence to the original thermally coupled configuration. This leads to easy‐to‐operate DWCs with possible control/regulation of each and every vapor split by external means. As a result, we conclude that any given DWC can be transformed into a thermodynamically equivalent form that is easy‐to‐operate, and hence, there always exists at least one easy‐to‐operate DWC for any given thermally coupled distillation. Our method of enumerating and identifying easy‐to‐operate DWCs for an attractive thermally coupled configuration will contribute toward process intensification by providing ways to implement efficient and low‐cost multicomponent distillations. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 660–672, 2018
A systematic method to synthesize all dividing wall columns for n‐component separation—Part I
Authors: Madenoor Ramapriya Gautham , Tawarmalani Mohit , Agrawal Rakesh
Published: September 2017

We present an easy‐to‐use step‐wise procedure to synthesize an initial‐dividing wall column (i‐DWC) from any given n‐component basic distillation column sequence or its thermally coupled derivative. The procedure to be used is dependent on the nature of the distillation column sequence that is to be converted into a DWC, and comprises of an intuitive set of steps that we demonstrate through examples. It is noteworthy that, even for a ternary distillation, 15 potentially useful DWCs, some of which had been missing from the literature, have now been identified. This work significantly expands the search space of useful DWCs to separate any given multicomponent mixture. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 649–659, 2018
Spontaneous imbibition of liquids in glass‐fiber wicks. Part I: Usefulness of a sharp‐front approach
Authors: Zarandi M. Amin F. , Pillai Krishna M. , Kimmel Adam S.
Published: September 2017

Spontaneous imbibition of a liquid into glass‐fiber wicks is modeled using the single‐phase Darcy's law after assuming a sharp flow‐front marked by full saturation behind the front occurring in a transversely isotropic porous medium. An analytical expression for the height of the wicking flow‐front as a function of time is tested through comprehensive experiments involving using eight different wicks and one oil as the wicking liquid. A good fit with experimental data is obtained without using any fitting parameter. The contact‐angle is observed to be important for the success of the model—lower contact angle cases marked by higher capillary pressures were predicted the best. The proposed model provides a nice upper bound for all the wicks, thereby establishing its potential as a good tool to predict liquid absorption in glass‐fiber wicks. However, the sharp‐front model is unable to explain region of partial saturation, thereby necessitating the development of part II of this article series (Zarandi and Pillai, Spontaneous Imbibition of Liquid in Glass fiber wicks. Part II: Validation of a Diffuse‐Front Model. AIChE J, 64: 306–315, 2018) using Richard's equation. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 294–305, 2018
Reversible DNA–Protein Cross‐Linking at Epigenetic DNA Marks
Authors: Ji Shaofei , Shao Hongzhao , Han Qiyuan , Seiler Christopher L. , Tretyakova Natalia Y.
Published: September 2017

5‐Formylcytosine (5fC) is an endogenous DNA modification frequently found within regulatory elements of mammalian genes. Although 5fC is an oxidation product of 5‐methylcytosine (5mC), the two epigenetic marks show distinct genome‐wide distributions and protein affinities, suggesting that they perform different functions in epigenetic signaling. A unique feature of 5fC is the presence of a potentially reactive aldehyde group in its structure. Herein, we show that 5fC bases in DNA readily form Schiff‐base conjugates with Lys side chains of nuclear proteins in vitro and in vivo. These covalent protein–DNA complexes are reversible (t1/2=1.8 h), suggesting that they contribute to transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling. On the other hand, 5fC‐mediated DNA–protein cross‐links, if present at replication forks or actively transcribed regions, may interfere with DNA replication and transcription.
Construction and application of an electrochemical biosensor based on an endotoxin aptamer
Authors: Ying GuoQing , Wang MinJun , Yi Yu , Chen JianShu , Mei JianFeng , Zhang YanLu , Chen ShuQing
Published: September 2017

An electrochemical biosensor that used an aptamer as a biological element was constructed to detect endotoxin. Biolayer interferometry was used to obtain the affinity constant of an aptamer for lipopolysaccharide, which had an equilibrium dissociation constant of 22.9 nM. The amine‐terminated aptamer was then assembled on a gold electrode surface using 3‐mercaptopropionic acid as an intermediate linker. The modification of the gold electrode was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In the range of 0.001–1 EU/mL, the increase in electron transfer resistance of the biosensor was linear with the logarithmic value of the endotoxin concentration. The constructed biosensor exhibits sensitivity and a low limit of detection.
Robust Multi‐Objective Global Optimization of Stochastic Processes With a Case Study in Gradient Elution Chromatography
Authors: Freier Lars , von Lieres Eric
Published: September 2017

A novel algorithm for robust multi‐objective process optimization under stochastic variability of environmental variables is introduced and applied to a case study in gradient elution chromatography. Process variability is accounted for by simultaneously optimizing several scenarios with random but fixed values of the environmental variables. These iterative optimizations are synchronized by planning the same experiments for all scenarios. Experiments are designed by maximizing the cumulative expected hypervolume improvement as predicted by several Gaussian process regression models. A straightforward method is presented for estimating the expected Pareto front and its variability based on the resulting data that maintains traceability of the corresponding process parameters. This information is required for robust process optimization, that is, determination of Pareto optimal processes that fulfil specific minimal criteria with a certain confidence. The presented algorithm can generally be applied to both in silico and wet lab experiments but involves an increased experimental effort as compared to the deterministic case.
Fluorescence Lifetime and UV‐Vis Spectroscopy to Evaluate the Interactions Between Quercetin and Its Yeast Microcapsule
Authors: Pham‐Hoang Bao‐Ngoc , Winckler Pascale , Waché Yves
Published: September 2017

Quercetin is a fragile bioactive compound. Several works have tried to preserve it by encapsulation but the form of encapsulation (mono‐ or supra‐molecular structure, tautomeric form), though important for stability and bioavailability, remains unknown. The present work aims at developing a fluorescence lifetime technique to evaluate the structure of quercetin during encapsulation in a vector capsule that has already proven efficiency, yeast cells. Molecular stabilization was observed during a 4‐month storage period. The time‐correlated single‐photon counting (TCSPC) technique was used to evaluate the interaction between quercetin molecules and the yeast capsule. The various tautomeric forms, as identified by UV‐Vis spectroscopy, result in various lifetimes in TCSPC, although they varied also with the buffer environment. Quercetin in buffer exhibited a three‐to‐four longer long‐time after 24 h (changing from 6–7 to 18–23 ns), suggesting an aggregation of molecules. In yeast microcapsules, the long‐time population exhibited a longer lifetime (around 27 ns) from the beginning and concerned about 20% of molecules compared to dispersed quercetin. This shows that lifetime analysis can show the monomolecular instability of quercetin in buffer and the presence of interactions between quercetin molecules and their microcapsules.
Anterior cingulate cortex involved in social food‐foraging decision‐making strategies of rats
Authors: Zhong Xiaolin , Deng Sihao , Ma Wenbo , Yang Yuchen , Lu Dahua , Cheng Na , Chen Dan , Wang Hui , Zhang Jianyi , Li Fang , Li Changqi , Huang Hua‐Lin , Li Zhiyuan
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Decision making as a complex cognitive process involves assessing risk, reward, and costs. Typically, it has been studied in nonsocial contexts. We have developed a novel laboratory model used with rodents to detect food‐foraging decision‐making strategies in different social settings. However, the brain regions that mediate these behaviors are not well identified. Substantial evidence shows that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) participates in evaluation of social information and in decision making.

Methods

In this study, we investigated the effect of bilateral lesions in the ACC on established behaviors. Kainic acid (KA) was administered bilaterally to induce ACC lesions, and saline microinjection into the ACC was used in the sham group.

Results

In contrast to the sham‐lesioned animals, when faced with the choice of foraging under a social context, rats with ACC lesions preferred foraging for the less desirable food. Moreover, in these situations, the total amount of food foraged by the ACC‐lesioned group was less than the amount foraged by the sham group. Notably, neither social interactions nor social agonistic behaviors were affected by ACC lesions.

Conclusions

These data suggest that the ACC is a key region underlying neural processing of social decision‐making, specifically tending to compete for foraging high predictive reward food.
Split high‐dose oral levothyroxine treatment as a successful therapy option in myxedema coma
Authors: Charoensri Suranut , Sriphrapradang Chutintorn , Nimitphong Hataikarn
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical Message

High‐dose intravenous thyroxine (T4) is the preferable treatment for myxedema coma. We describe the clinical course of a 69‐year‐old man who presented with myxedema coma and received oral levothyroxine (LT4) therapy (1 mg) in a split dose. This suggests split high‐dose oral LT4 as a therapeutic option in myxedema coma.
Hydrogen Peroxide Assisted Selective Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural in Water under Mild Conditions
Authors: Chen Ching‐Tien , Nguyen Chi Van , Wang Zheng‐Yen , Bando Yoshio , Yamauchi Yusuke , Bazziz Manar Tareq Saleh , Fatehmulla Amanullah , Farooq W. Aslam , Yoshikawa Takuya , Masuda Takao , Wu Kevin C.‐W.
Published: September 2017

An effective and selective method for the oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the liquid oxygen source and activated‐carbon‐supported ruthenium (Ru/AC) as the catalyst was developed. This reaction system allowed HMF to be oxidized in water under mild reaction conditions efficiently, as it was shown to have lower mass‐transfer resistance than gaseous oxygen‐assisted oxidation systems. In addition, we could selectively control the components of the oxidation products by adjusting the reaction conditions. We optimized several reaction parameters such as the reaction temperature (75 °C), time (t=1 or 6 h), base additive (sodium carbonate), and the HMF/catalyst ratio (50 or 10) to attain the desired products in maximum yields. Thus, 5‐formyl‐2‐furoic acid was obtained in a high yield up to 92 % with a HMF/catalyst ratio of 50 and a reaction time of 1 h, whereas 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid was obtained in a maximum yield of 91.3 % with a HMF/catalyst ratio of 10 and a reaction time of 6 h. A possible mechanism for the selective oxidation of HMF was also discussed. We envision that the H2O2‐mediated oxidation systems proposed in this study would be of great benefit to other organic oxidation systems.
Unidirectional growth of heavy meromyosin clusters along actin filaments revealed by real‐time fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Hirakawa Rika , Nishikawa Yusuke , Uyeda Taro Q.P. , Tokuraku Kiyotaka
Published: September 2017

Heavy meromyosin (HMM) forms clusters along actin filaments under low ATP concentrations. Here, we observed the growth of HMM clusters under low concentrations of ATP in real time using fluorescence microscopy. When actin filaments were loosely immobilized on positively charged lipid bilayers, clusters of HMM‐GFP were readily formed. Time‐lapse observation revealed that the clusters grew unidirectionally. When we used a mixture of actin filaments and copolymers of actin and acto‐S1dC, a chimeric protein of actin and the myosin motor domain, HMM‐GFP preferentially formed clusters along the copolymers. We thus suggest that binding of myosin motors carrying ADP and Pi induces unidirectional conformational changes in actin filaments and allosterically recruits more myosin binding. In contrast, when actin filaments and copolymers were anchored to glass substrate via stable biotin‐avidin linkage, higher concentrations of HMM‐GFP were required to form clusters than on the lipid bilayer. Moreover, actin filaments and copolymers were not discriminated regarding preferential cluster formation. This is presumably because the myosin‐induced cooperative conformational changes in actin filaments involve changes in the helical twist. Consistent with this, cofilin clusters, which supertwist the helix, were readily formed along loosely immobilized actin filaments, but not along those anchored via biotin‐avidin linkage.
Fluorophore Release from a Polymethinic Photoremovable Protecting Group Through a Nonlinear Optical Process
Authors: Rodríguez‐Romero Jesús , Guarin Cesar A. , Arroyo‐Pieck Andres , Gutiérrez‐Arzaluz Luis , López‐Arteaga Rafael , Cortés‐Guzmán Fernando , Navarro Pedro , Peon Jorge
Published: September 2017

The front cover artwork is provided by members of the Instituto de Química at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). The image represents a spatially localized photochemical cleavage induced by two‐photon absorption of NIR ultrashort laser pulses. A highly fluorescent species is formed in the process. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cptc.201700076.
Atom‐Transfer Radical Addition to Unactivated Alkenes by using Heterogeneous Visible‐Light Photocatalysis
Authors: Mao Liang‐Liang , Cong Huan
Published: September 2017

Heterogeneous visible‐light photocatalysis represents an important route toward the development of sustainable organic synthesis. In this study visible light‐induced, heavy metal‐free atom‐transfer radical addition to unactivated terminal olefins is carried out by using the combination of heterogeneous titanium dioxide as photocatalyst and a hypervalent iodine(III) reagent as co‐initiator. The reaction can be applied to a range of substrates with good functional‐group tolerance under very mild conditions. In addition to a number of commonly used atom‐transfer reagents, the relatively challenging chloroform is also suitable.
Glucocorticoid treatment earlier in childhood and adolescence show dose‐response associations with diurnal cortisol levels
Authors: Vestergaard Martin , Holm Sara K. , Uldall Peter , Siebner Hartwig R. , Paulson Olaf B. , Baaré William F.C. , Madsen Kathrine S.
Published: September 2017

Heightened levels of glucocorticoids in children and adolescents have previously been linked to prolonged changes in the diurnal regulation of the stress‐hormone cortisol, a glucocorticoid regulated by the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal‐axis (HPA‐axis). To address this question, we examined the salivary cortisol awakening response (CAR) and daily cortisol output in 36 children and adolescents (25 girls/11 boys) aged 7–16 years previously treated with glucocorticoids for nephrotic syndrome or rheumatic disorder and 36 healthy controls. Patients and controls did not significantly differ in the CAR or diurnal cortisol output; however, sex‐dependent group differences were observed. Specifically, female patients had a higher CAR relative to female controls, while male patients had higher daily cortisol levels compared to male controls. Notably, CAR in female patients and daily cortisol levels in male patients showed a positive linear relationship with the mean daily glucocorticoid doses administered during treatment. The observed dose‐response associations suggest that glucocorticoid therapy during childhood and adolescence might trigger long‐term changes in HPA‐axis regulation, which may differ for males and females.
Toddler hand preference trajectories predict 3‐year language outcome
Authors: Nelson Eliza L. , Gonzalez Sandy L. , Coxe Stefany , Campbell Julie M. , Marcinowski Emily C. , Michel George F.
Published: September 2017

A growing body of work suggests that early motor experience affects development in unexpected domains. In the current study, children's hand preference for role‐differentiated bimanual manipulation (RDBM) was measured at monthly intervals from 18 to 24 months of age (N = 90). At 3 years of age, children's language ability was assessed using the Preschool Language Scales 5th edition (PLS™‐5). Three distinct RDBM hand preference trajectories were identified using latent class growth analysis: (1) children with a left hand preference but a moderate amount of right hand use; (2) children with a right hand preference but a moderate amount of left hand use; and (3) children with a right hand preference and only a mild amount of left hand use. Stability over time within all three trajectories indicated that children did not change hand use patterns from 18 to 24 months. Children with the greatest amount of preferred (i.e., right) hand use demonstrated higher expressive language scores compared to children in both trajectories with moderate levels of non‐preferred hand use. Children with the greatest amount of right hand use also had higher scores for receptive language compared to children with a right hand preference but moderate left hand use. Results support that consistency in handedness as measured by the amount of preferred hand use is related to distal language outcomes in development.
Origins of the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus): Impacts of ice‐olation and introgression
Authors: Walter Ryan P. , Roy Denis , Hussey Nigel E. , Stelbrink Björn , Kovacs Kit M. , Lydersen Christian , McMeans Bailey C. , Svavarsson Jörundur , Kessel Steven T. , Biton Porsmoguer Sebastián , Wildes Sharon , Tribuzio Cindy A. , Campana Steven E. , Petersen Stephen D. , Grubbs R. Dean , Heath Daniel D. , Hedges Kevin J. , Fisk Aaron T.
Published: September 2017

Herein, we use genetic data from 277 sleeper sharks to perform coalescent‐based modeling to test the hypothesis of early Quaternary emergence of the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) from ancestral sleeper sharks in the Canadian Arctic‐Subarctic region. Our results show that morphologically cryptic somniosids S. microcephalus and Somniosus pacificus can be genetically distinguished using combined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers. Our data confirm the presence of genetically admixed individuals in the Canadian Arctic and sub‐Arctic, and temperate Eastern Atlantic regions, suggesting introgressive hybridization upon secondary contact following the initial species divergence. Conservative substitution rates fitted to an Isolation with Migration (IM) model indicate a likely species divergence time of 2.34 Ma, using the mitochondrial sequence DNA, which in conjunction with the geographic distribution of admixtures and Pacific signatures likely indicates speciation associated with processes other than the closing of the Isthmus of Panama. This time span coincides with further planetary cooling in the early Quaternary period followed by the onset of oscillating glacial‐interglacial cycles. We propose that the initial S. microcephalus–S. pacificus split, and subsequent hybridization events, were likely associated with the onset of Pleistocene glacial oscillations, whereby fluctuating sea levels constrained connectivity among Arctic oceanic basins, Arctic marginal seas, and the North Atlantic Ocean. Our data demonstrates support for the evolutionary consequences of oscillatory vicariance via transient oceanic isolation with subsequent secondary contact associated with fluctuating sea levels throughout the Quaternary period—which may serve as a model for the origins of Arctic marine fauna on a broad taxonomic scale.
The little things that run: a general scaling of invertebrate exploratory speed with body mass
Authors: Hirt Myriam R. , Lauermann Tobias , Brose Ulrich , Noldus Lucas P. J. J. , Dell Anthony I.
Published: September 2017

Speed is a key trait of animal movement, and while much is already known about vertebrate speed and how it scales with body mass, studies on invertebrates are sparse, especially across diverse taxonomic groups. Here, we used automated image‐based tracking to characterize the exploratory (voluntary) speed of 173 invertebrates comprising 57 species across six taxonomic groups (Arachnida, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Entognatha, Insecta, Malacostraca) and four feeding types (carnivore, detritivore, herbivore, omnivore). Across all individuals, exploratory speed (mm/s) scaled with body mass (g) following a power‐law relationship with a scaling exponent of 0.19 ± 0.04 (mean ± SE) and an intercept of 14.33 ± 1.2. These parameters varied substantially with taxonomic group and feeding type. For the first time, we provide general empirically derived allometric scaling relationships of exploratory speed across broad taxonomic groups of invertebrates. As exploratory speed drives key components of species interactions, such as encounter and attack rates, or competition, our study contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of individual movement in population and community level processes.
Orthogonal fitness benefits of nitrogen and ants for nitrogen‐limited plants in the presence of herbivores
Authors: Pringle Elizabeth G. , Ableson Ian , Kerber Jennifer , Vannette Rachel L. , Tao Leiling
Published: September 2017

Predictable effects of resource availability on plant growth‐defense strategies provide a unifying theme in theories of direct anti‐herbivore defense, but it is less clear how resource availability modulates plant indirect defense. Ant‐plant‐hemipteran interactions produce mutualistic trophic cascades when hemipteran‐tending ants reduce total herbivory, and these interactions are a key component of plant indirect defense in most terrestrial ecosystems. Here we conducted an experiment to test how ant‐plant‐hemipteran interactions depend on nitrogen (N) availability by manipulating the presence of ants and aphids under different N fertilization treatments. Ants increased plant flowering success by decreasing the densities of herbivores, and the effects of ants on folivores were positively related to the density of aphids. Unexpectedly, N fertilization produced no changes in plant N concentrations. Plants grown in higher N grew and flowered more, but aphid honeydew chemistry stayed the same, and neither the density of aphids nor the rate of ant attraction per aphid changed with N addition. The positive effects of ants and N addition on plant fitness were thus independent of one another. We conclude that N was the plant's limiting nutrient and propose that addition of the limiting nutrient is unlikely to alter the strength of mutualistic trophic cascades.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Saegusa–Heck Reaction: Synthesis of β,β‐Diarylacroleins from Arylpropanals and Aryl Iodides
Authors: Xiao Li , Zheng Yilin , Xie Qiong , Shao Liming
Published: September 2017

An efficient and convenient Pd‐catalyzed Saegusa–Heck cascade protocol was developed, and its potential use in the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical β,β‐diarylacroleins in moderate to high yields was investigated.
Arylative Cyclization of Indole‐1‐carboxamides with 1,6‐Enynes for the Synthesis of Polycyclic Indole Scaffolds
Authors: Reddy Chatrala Ravikumar , Yarlagadda Suresh , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Reddy Basi V. Subba
Published: September 2017

A new alkyne annulation strategy has been developed for the synthesis of polycyclic indole derivatives through a cascade of C–H annulation and Michael addition reactions. This is the first report on sequential alkyne annulation and aza‐Michael addition reactions of indole‐1‐carboxamides with alkyne tethered substrates.
Bis‐Acetyl Carbazole: A Photoremovable Protecting Group for Sequential Release of Two Different Functional Groups and Its Application in Therapeutic Release
Authors: Venkatesh Yarra , Nandi Surajit , Shee Maniklal , Saha Biswajit , Anoop Anakuthil , Pradeep Singh N. D.
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we present fluorescent photoremovable protecting groups (FPRPG) based on bis‐acetyl carbazole for the release of two different functional groups such as carboxylic acids, alcohols, thiols, and amines in a sequential fashion. Dual‐arm caged bis‐acetyl carbazoles with different combinations of two unlike functional groups were synthesized. Photophysical studies showed that caged bis‐acetyl carbazoles are blue fluorescent and their emission properties are sensitive to the environment. Sequential photorelease of two different functional groups by bis‐acetyl carbazole was analyzed by HPLC, UV and emission spectroscopy. The mechanism of the dual release by bis‐acetyl carbazole was investigated and supported by TD‐DFT calculations. To demonstrate the applicability of the dual release ability of bis‐acetyl carbazole FPRPG, we synthesized a drug delivery system (DDS) in which one arm of bis‐acetyl carbazole is linked to the carboxylic functional group of chlorambucil (CBL) and the other arm is attached to the hydroxyl group of ferulic acid ethyl ester (FAEE). In vitro studies showed that our DDS presents excellent properties such as photoregulated dual drug delivery, cellular uptake, and biocompatibility.
Optimization of capillary zone electrophoresis for charge heterogeneity testing of biopharmaceuticals using enhanced method development principles
Authors: Moritz Bernd , Locatelli Valentina , Niess Michele , Bathke Andrea , Kiessig Steffen , Entler Barbara , Finkler Christof , Wegele Harald , Stracke Jan
Published: September 2017

CZE is a well‐established technique for charge heterogeneity testing of biopharmaceuticals. It is based on the differences between the ratios of net charge and hydrodynamic radius. In an extensive intercompany study, it was recently shown that CZE is very robust and can be easily implemented in labs that did not perform it before. However, individual characteristics of some examined proteins resulted in suboptimal resolution. Therefore, enhanced method development principles were applied here to investigate possibilities for further method optimization. For this purpose, a high number of different method parameters was evaluated with the aim to improve CZE separation. For the relevant parameters, design of experiments (DoE) models were generated and optimized in several ways for different sets of responses like resolution, peak width and number of peaks. In spite of product specific DoE optimization it was found that the resulting combination of optimized parameters did result in significant improvement of separation for 13 out of 16 different antibodies and other molecule formats. These results clearly demonstrate generic applicability of the optimized CZE method. Adaptation to individual molecular properties may sometimes still be required in order to achieve optimal separation but the set screws discussed in this study [mainly pH, identity of the polymer additive (HPC versus HPMC) and the concentrations of additives like acetonitrile, butanolamine and TETA] are expected to significantly reduce the effort for specific optimization.