bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of weighted essentially non‐oscillatory scheme for unsteady and steady compressible flow in pressure‐based algorithm
Authors: Balaj Mojtaba , Djavareshkian Mohammad Hassan
Published: February 2021

A pressure‐based semi‐implicit procedure has been developed for the computation of compressible flows on a system with collocated finite volume formulations. The method includes the implementation of a high‐order accurate weighted essentially non‐oscillatory scheme within the pressure‐based algorithm which employs an approximate Riemann solver for the computation of the cell face inviscid fluxes. The developed scheme is applied to the computation of unsteady compressible flow through a shock tube which experiences various Mach numbers, and the computations are compared with an analytical solution. The computations indicate that the developed procedure leads to sharp discontinuity representation without creation of spurious oscillations. Then, the developed numerical method is utilized to investigate unsteady two‐dimensional flow for a lax configuration and the results are compared with the results of the similar scheme in the density‐based algorithm. At the end, the investigation of steady compressible flows in bump and wedge channel is considered. The simulations show a considerable improvement over the existing pressure‐based method. The investigations show that the developed method is suitable for studying compressible steady and unsteady flows.
Vapor–liquid behavior of phenol and cumene in ternary and quaternary mixtures
Authors: Sprakel Lisette MJ , Bargeman G , Sanchez Lara G , Schuur B
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

Although phenol is a key intermediate in the plastics and polycarbonate industry, it is also a toxic component that requires removal from dilute aqueous streams, potentially by liquid–liquid extraction (LLX). For LLX, cumene is suggested as a solvent as it is already present in processes in the polycarbonate industry. For the recovery of cumene from phenol by distillation, knowledge on vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) behavior is important, in combination with how this is affected by other components possibly present as an impurity or explicitly added as a solvent. This was investigated in this work.

RESULTS

The binary cumene–phenol system shows a tangent pinch in the binary VLE diagram. Addition of a range of impurities and solvents showed that hydrogen bond accepting compounds strongly improve the relative volatility of the mixture, whereas dodecane, not capable of forming hydrogen bonds, has a negative effect on the relative volatility.

CONCLUSION

Addition of polar components with hydrogen bonding abilities, i.e. ketones or ethers, affected the relative volatility of cumene over phenol the most positively. Combining two types of components results in similar effects, and clear synergistic effects could not be shown based on current VLE measurements. Addition of an apolar component in combination with polar components with hydrogen abilities had only a minor effect on the relative volatility. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
The Complex Genetic Landscape of Hereditary Ataxias in Turkey and Implications in Clinical Practice
Authors: Vural Atay , Şimşir Gülşah , Tekgül Şeyma , Koçoğlu Cemile , Akçimen Fulya , Kartal Ece , Şen Nesli E. , Lahut Suna , Ömür Özgür , Saner Nazan , Gül Tuğçe , Bayraktar Elif , Palvadeau Robin , Tunca Ceren , Pirkevi Çetinkaya Caroline , Gündoğdu Eken Aslı , Şahbaz Irmak , Kovancılar Koç Müge , Öztop Çakmak Özgür , Hanağası Haşmet , Bilgiç Başar , Eraksoy Mefkure , Gündüz Ayşegül , Apaydın Hülya , Kızıltan Güneş , Özekmekçi Sibel , Siva Aksel , Altıntaş Ayşe , Kaya Güleç Zeynep E. , Parman Yeşim , Oflazer Piraye , Deymeer Feza , Durmuş Hacer , Şahin Erdi , Çakar Arman , Tüfekçioğlu Zeynep , Tektürk Pınar , Çorbalı M. Osman , Tireli Hülya , Akdal Gülden , Yiş Uluç , Hız Semra , Şengün İhsan , Bora Elçin , Serdaroğlu Gül , Erer Özbek Sevda , Ağan Kadriye , İnce Günal Dilek , Us Önder , Kurt Semiha G. , Aksoy Dürdane , Bora Tokçaer Ayşe , Elmas Muhsin , Gültekin Murat , Kumandaş Sefer , Acer Hamit , Kaya Özçora Gül D. , Yayla Vildan , Soysal Aysun , Genç Gençer , Güllüoğlu Halil , Kotan Dilcan , Özözen Ayas Zeynep , Şahin Hüseyin A. , Tan Ersin , Topçu Meral , Topçuoğlu Esen Saka , Akbostancı Cenk , Koç Filiz , Ertan Sibel , Elibol Bülent , Başak A. Nazlı
Published: February 2021

Background

The genetic and epidemiological features of hereditary ataxias have been reported in several populations; however, Turkey is still unexplored. Due to high consanguinity, recessive ataxias are more common in Turkey than in Western European populations.

Objective

To identify the prevalence and genetic structure of hereditary ataxias in the Turkish population.

Methods

Our cohort consisted of 1296 index cases and 324 affected family members. Polymerase chain reaction followed by Sanger sequencing or fragment analysis were performed to screen for the trinucleotide repeat expansions in families with a dominant inheritance pattern, as well as in sporadic cases. The expansion in the frataxin (FXN) gene was tested in all autosomal recessive cases and in sporadic cases with a compatible phenotype. Whole‐exome sequencing was applied to 251 probands, selected based on the family history, age of onset, and phenotype.

Results

Mutations in known ataxia genes were identified in 30% of 1296 probands. Friedreich's ataxia was found to be the most common recessive ataxia in Turkey, followed by autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay. Spinocerebellar ataxia types 2 and 1 were the most common dominant ataxias. Whole‐exome sequencing was performed in 251 probands with an approximate diagnostic yield of 50%. Forty‐eight novel variants were found in a plethora of genes, suggesting a high heterogeneity. Variants of unknown significance were discussed in light of clinical data.

Conclusion

With the large sample size recruited across the country, we consider that our results provide an accurate picture of the frequency of hereditary ataxias in Turkey. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Self‐Monitoring via Digital Health in Weight Loss Interventions: A Systematic Review Among Adults with Overweight or Obesity
Authors: Patel Michele L. , Wakayama Lindsay N. , Bennett Gary G.
Published: February 2021

Objective

Self‐monitoring is a core component of behavioral obesity treatment, but it is unknown how digital health has been used for self‐monitoring, what engagement rates are achieved in these interventions, and how self‐monitoring and weight loss are related.

Methods

This systematic review examined digital self‐monitoring in behavioral weight loss interventions among adults with overweight or obesity. Six databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses) were searched for randomized controlled trials with interventions ≥ 12 weeks, weight outcomes ≥ 6 months, and outcomes on self‐monitoring engagement and their relationship to weight loss.

Results

Thirty‐nine studies from 2009 to 2019 met inclusion criteria. Among the 67 interventions with digital self‐monitoring, weight was tracked in 72% of them, diet in 81%, and physical activity in 82%. Websites were the most common self‐monitoring modality, followed by mobile applications, wearables, electronic scales, and, finally, text messaging. Few interventions had digital self‐monitoring engagement rates ≥ 75% of days. Rates were higher in digital‐ than in paper‐based arms in 21 out of 34 comparisons and lower in just 2. Interventions with counseling had similar rates to standalone interventions. Greater digital self‐monitoring was linked to weight loss in 74% of occurrences.

Conclusions

Self‐monitoring via digital health is consistently associated with weight loss in behavioral obesity treatment.
Registration of ‘Yellowstone’ yellow bean
Authors: Kelly James D. , Awale Halima E. , Wiersma Andrew T. , Cichy Karen A. , Wright Evan M.
Published: February 2021

‘Yellowstone’ yellow bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. no. CV‐340, PI 695270), developed by Michigan State University AgBioResearch, was released in 2020 as a determinate, virus‐resistant cultivar with highly desirable vibrant dry seed coat color. Yellowstone was developed using the pedigree breeding method to the F3 generation followed by pure line selection for disease, agronomic, and quality traits. In 4 yr of field trials, Yellowstone yielded 2,902 kg ha−1, flowered in 41 d, and matured in 94 d on average. Plants averaged 47 cm in height, with a lodging resistance score of 1.8 and seed weight of 46 g per 100 seed. Yellowstone is well adapted to growing conditions in Michigan and produces seed with an intense yellow seed coat color under local conditions. Yellowstone is resistant to lodging, which also contributes to the avoidance of white mold. Yellowstone exhibits the top necrosis reaction to strain NL 3 of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus conditioned by the I gene. Yellowstone produces seed that exceeds industry standards for export and packaging, and canning quality was rated acceptable for the yellow bean seed class.
Crystallographic molecular replacement using an in silico‐generated search model of SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF8
Authors: Flower Thomas G. , Hurley James H.
Published: February 2021

The majority of crystal structures are determined by the method of molecular replacement (MR). The range of application of MR is limited mainly by the need for an accurate search model. In most cases, pre‐existing experimentally determined structures are used as search models. In favorable cases, ab initio predicted structures have yielded search models adequate for MR. The ORF8 protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 represents a challenging case for MR using an ab initio prediction because ORF8 has an all β‐sheet fold and few orthologs. We previously determined experimentally the structure of ORF8 using the single anomalous dispersion (SAD) phasing method, having been unable to find an MR solution to the crystallographic phase problem. Following a report of an accurate prediction of the ORF8 structure, we assessed whether the predicted model would have succeeded as an MR search model. A phase problem solution was found, and the resulting structure was refined, yielding structural parameters equivalent to the original experimental solution.
Social innovation within transnational flows of knowledge: The example of student mobility from Bulgaria
Authors: Glorius Birgit
Published: February 2021

Taking the example of Bulgarians who studied abroad, this paper explores the motives and practices of graduates regarding socially innovative knowledge transfer in order to deliver social benefits for the local community. The paper shows how both stayers and returnees act within a transnational social space, which develops and deepens during and after student mobility. Engaging in socially innovative knowledge transfer is motivated by altruistic stances, by a feeling of loyalty towards the home country and by the desire to lead a meaningful life. The effectiveness of knowledge transfer is related to framing conditions such as local knowledge and the existence of social networks, notably transnational social networks. The results show that the mobility of highly qualified young adults from and to Bulgaria aligns with major European mobility regimes, with an increase of circulatory mobility processes and thus an increase of circulating knowledge and social innovation.
Hesperidin‐rich ethanol extract from waste peels of Citrus limetta mitigates rheumatoid arthritis and related complications
Authors: Babu Vineet , Binwal Monika , Ranjana  , Kumari Renu , Sen Sumati , Kumar Akhilesh , Mugale Madhav N. , Shanker Karuna , Kumar Narendra , Bawankule Dnyaneshwar U.
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study is to explore the possible pharmacological effects of fruit waste that may have a key role in converting the fruit waste into pharmaceutical agents. Citrus limetta (Rutaceae) is an important commercial citrus fruit crops used by juice processing industries. C. limetta peels are perishable waste material, which creates a big challenge in juice processing industries. Initial pharmaco‐chemical profile of peels' extracts revealed that the ethanol extract (ClPs) has promising anti‐inflammatory activity and rich in hesperidin content. In vivo experimental pharmacology profile of ClPs against arthritis and related complications revealed that oral administration of ClPs significantly reduced the arthritis score and arthritis index in elbow and knee joints against collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. Biochemical parameters include pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐17A), and C‐RP level in blood serum of CIA rats further confirmed the anti‐arthritic profile of ClPs. Further individual experiments related to arthritis‐related complications in experimental animals demonstrated the analgesic, anti‐inflammatory, and antipyretic potential of ClPs in dose‐dependent manner. The result of this study suggests the suitability of ClPs as a drug‐like candidate for further investigation toward the management of arthritis and related complications.
16.2: Invited Paper: Evaluate the Repeatability and Reliability of Heterophoria Measurement Based on Display
Authors: Zheng Fuhao , Chen Bingzhen , Huang Pingping , Mei Jianhui , Chen Yuanyuan , Chen Shuang , Hou Fan , Chen Hao , Wang Yuwen
Published: February 2021

Objective: To design a Heterophoria Test based on Display (DHT) for clinical work, and evaluate its reliability, repeatability and validity.

Methods: We recruited 30 students (9 males, 21 females, Age 24.62±2.65), from Wenzhou Medical University, randomly, excluding high myopia, strabismus, anisometropia, eye disease and history of ophthalmological surgery, to preform two experiments. The first one is that we use DHT, Von Graefe test (VG), modified Thorington test (MT), Maddox rod test (MR), and Prism‐neutralized objective cover test (POCT) to detect heterophoria for near(0.33m), middle(0.77m) and far distance(3m). We use ICC and Bland‐Altman Analysis to evaluate repeatability and reliability of DHT. The second is that we use DHT to detect the change of phoria before and after 20‐minute prism adaptation for middle distance (0.77m), to evaluate the validity of DHT “Fig. 1”.

Results: In the first experiment, the result of DHT has no statistic difference with MT, MR, and POCT(p>0.05). the result of VG has statistic difference with other measurements and shows more exophoria for far distance. There is no statistic difference among DHT, MR and POCT for middle distance. Except the result of DHT and POCT, MT and MR, having no statistic difference(p>0.05). Results of other methods are different with each other(p>0.05). ICC, mean difference and 95%LoA between DHT and MT, MR, VG, POCT for different distance are shown in Table 1. In terms to repeatability, ICC for 7 times measurement are 0.99, 0.97, 0.97 for far, middle and near distance, respectively. ICC, Mean difference and 95%LoA are shown in Table 1, too. In the second experiment, Heterophoria before prism adaptation has statistic difference with that after adaptation (t=5.016, p<0.001), compared with Karpicka's study using MT to detect the heterophoria difference (1) “Fig. 2”.

Conclude: DHT has fairly remarkable repeatability and reliability for far and middle distance. It is more userfriendly than MT, VG, POCT and MR. But the reliability of near measurement should improve in the future.
17.2: Invited Paper: Influence of Blue Light from Smartphone on Visual Fatigue
Authors: Tu Yan , Shi Yunyang , Wang Lili , Zhang Yin , Yang Yong
Published: February 2021

This study compared the visual fatigue caused by two smartphone displays with different blue light distributions based on a 90‐min video watching task. The results showed that the visual fatigue decreased when using low‐blue light display, reflected by subjective questionnaires, ocular results and electroencephalograph signals. The display with low blue light is recommended for reducing visual fatigue.
17.3: Error Analysis of Color Coordinates' Measurement Using Color Camera
Authors: Ning Qian , Hong Zhikun , Zhang Shengsen
Published: February 2021

In the field of display technology, the panels are mainly composed of pixels of three primary colors of red, green and blue, which have basically the same spectra in the same production batch due to the consistency of the production process. Thus, using commercially available color cameras to measure color coordinates of the panels is possible. However, actually the spectra of different panels of the same production batch or even different areas of the same panel are slightly different, which will lead to a certain error in principle. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of spectral shift of OLED panels on the accuracy of color coordinate measurement using simulated color camera response curve. We simulated multiple situations of different spectral shifts and then quantitatively analyzed the influence of spectral shift on the color coordinates based on the simulated color camera response curve and CIE1931 tristimulus values respectively.
34.3: Integrated Design Phase Process Flow Diagram for US Electronic Facility in China
Authors: Zhang Lan , Hu Hao , Fang Yi , Qiang Zhenyu
Published: February 2021

Building design is usually divided into four phases in the order of program conceptual, basis of design, design development, and issue for construction. Later phases are based on previous phases. As of Chinese convention today phase design chart does not include constraints from necessary inputs and approvals by the third parties. This could cause serious delay in schedule. In addition, it does not include internal process flow, responsibility of the team leaders among the designers, and expected deliverables that accountable for the design quality. This paper first introduces the traditional phase design diagram as of currently applied in China. Then, both inputs and approval from the outside stakeholders, between the phases, are presented and linked into the diagram to help the team to manage the schedule. In each phase, newly designed internal design process now includes major tasks assigned to the design team, in which standard deliverables are captured to improve the design quality. As a case study, an Integrated Design Phased Process (IDPP) flow diagram specifically designed for an US Facility in China is designed and analyized that greatly improve the design quality. IDPP can well apply to similar design works.
50.2: Invited Paper: Characterization of Co‐Fabricated Silicon TFT and MEMS Shutter Display
Authors: Fruehauf Norbert , Al Nusayer Sheikh Abdullah , Schalberger Patrick , Baur Holger , Jurgschat Clemens
Published: February 2021

Active matrix shutter type displays consisting of thin film transistors and pre‐stressed micro‐electro‐mechanical elements that were co‐fabricated in simple and robust four or five mask processes exhibit a unique combination of attractive features such as excellent optical characteristics, fast switching time and outstanding operating temperature range.
54.1: Invited Paper: Perovskite Light Emitting Diode
Authors: Li Danyang , Mu Lan , Yip Hin-Lap , Peng Junbiao
Published: February 2021

Metal halide perovskite materials occupy an increasingly important position in the field of optoelectronic materials due to their excellent light absorption properties, long carrier dispersion length and high mobility. However, the instability of perovskite materials is still a major factor constraining its development. So, its' important to improve the stability of perovskite materials in air and even to produce high‐performance LEDs in air. Here, we proposed a simple way to improve the stability of perovskite quantum dots and achieved the preparation of perovskite light‐emitting diodes in air. And green PQDs‐LED devices are fabricated by inkjet printing.
P‐1.11: Performance Improvement of a‐IGZO Thin‐Film Transistor By Using Ta2O5/SiO2 Double‐layer Gate Dielectric
Authors: Wang Ziwen , Hu Yonggao , Lin Qingping , Li Lei , Chang Kuan-Chang
Published: February 2021

a‐IGZO TFT devices are receiving great attention, not only the new display applications require higher mobility, but still need to overcome shortcomings such as high threshold voltage and high sub‐threshold swing. In this work, a double‐layer gate dielectric (Ta2O5/SiO2) a‐IGZO TFT device is proposed and compared with a single‐layer gate dielectric (SiO2) device. The results appeal that the mobility is effectively improved, the sub‐threshold swing is reduced, the On‐Off current ratio is increased, and the operating voltage is small. Comparisons of single‐layer and double‐layer gate dielectric structures are discussed through energy bandgap analysis. COMSOL simulations and analysis of the electric field and potential distributions of the devices are carried out to explain the reason for the performance improvement in principle.
P‐5.4: Analysis of Low Power Consumption Design of LCD in Circuits and Signal Transmission
Authors: Wang Lin , Xu Yang , Huang Lei , Liu Xuan , Yao Jiajun , Chen Xin
Published: February 2021

Liquid crystal display (LCD) is widely used in notebook computers, TVs, and PC monitors. Its performance, including panel contrast, panel refresh rate, and panel resolution, has made great breakthroughs in recent years. In the context of continuously improving functions, the power consumption of LCD is gradually increasing, especially the LCD that need to be applied to portable devices, which need to maintain superior performance while maximizing working endurance.

A current low power consumption determination method is that the power consumption is less than 1w when the panel brightness is 150nit, the refresh rate is 48Hz, and the transmission mode is eDP1.3 or higher. We have produced a 13.3‐inch LCD with a backlight power consumption of 621mW and a panel logic power consumption of 372mW totaling 0.996W, which meets this requirement.

This article analyzes the circuit and signal transmission, mainly exploring the limit setting of IC in LCD, the high‐efficiency design method of LED Driver IC under the condition of lower current load, and the communication method between Tcon IC and Source Driver IC. Perform targeted optimization at the circuit design to achieve the purpose of reducing LCD power consumption.
P‐7.1: A Methodology of Color Gamut Mapping with the Modification of Color Temperature
Authors: Yang Hsueh-Yen , Li Xing , Cheng Ching-Pei , Li Xin-Hui
Published: February 2021

As the application of AMOLED becomes more and more popular, the technologies are needed to implement color management and gamut mapping. The paper proposes a mapping method to adjust the color gamut and color temperature. We add additional white color to achieve the control of color temperature when implementing gamut tuning flow. The original gamut is also separated into RGW/RWB/WGB and perform the multiply of 3x3 matrix to iterate its XYZ calculation respectively. In experiment result, the color ticks of specified gamut can fit its mismatch tolerance and implement desired gamut remapping.
P‐10.1: Low‐voltage flexible thin‐film transistor based on C3N4/polyvinylpyrrolidone composite electrolyte
Authors: Yang Yao-Hua , Chen Qi , Li Xi-Feng , Zhang Jian-Hua , Li Jun
Published: February 2021

The aqueous‐solution‐processed graphitic carbon nitride/polyvinylpyrrolidone (C3N4/PVP) composite dielectric membrane exhibits a large specific gate electric double layer capacitance of 2.68 μF/cm2 at 20 Hz. The indium zinc oxide (IZO) thin film transistor (TFT) fabricated on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate exhibits good electrical properties and high stability by using composite dielectric as gate dielectric. Flexible IZO‐TFT has a low threshold voltage of 0.28 V, a low subthreshold swing of 149 mV/decade. Finally, an inverter with a maximum voltage gain of 14.8 is obtained on basis of the flexible IZO TFT when VDD = 4 V. These flexible oxide‐based TFTs obtained using C3N4/PVP can be potentially applied in portable electronics with low power consumption.
P‐11.3: Development of coating polarizer based on polymerizable liquid crystal monomer and dichroic dye
Authors: He Rui , Cheng Wei , Deng Qian , Huang Chang-Chih , Liu Guanghui , Yuan Jianfeng , Li Zhifu
Published: February 2021

In this work we demonstrates the development of the coating polarizer based on guest‐host effect between polymerizable liquid crystal monomer and dichroic dye. By optimization the formulation of the guest dichroic dyes and host polymerizable liquid crystals as well as the additives, we have developed the coating polarizer film possesses a single transmittance of 32.5% and polarization efficiency of 99.3% with a thickness of 4.5um. Further optimizations should be done to improve the polarization properties to fulfill the application in display fields.
P‐12.1: Compound Semiconductor Micro‐LED Array and Its Novel Applications in Phototherapy
Authors: Zhanghu Mengyuan , Wang Yan , Liu Zhaojun
Published: February 2021

With the advent of Micro‐LED technology, Micro‐LED light source has been widely used in medical technology due to its unique superior performance. In the field of phototherapy, Micro‐LED has the characteristics of wide spectral range, good monochromaticity, low power consumption and high brightness, which has become the best choice for phototherapy technology. In this paper, we analyze the advantage of Micro‐LED in phototherapy, and optimized phototherapy eye mask, mainly for treating periocular fat granules and acne. Besides, we also introduce the application of Micro‐LED array in the treatment of neonatal jaundice.
P‐13.8: Fabrication of Al2O3/alucone Nanolaminates Using ALD/MLD and its Application to OLED Encapsulation
Authors: Chen Guixiong , Weng Yalian , Zhang Yongai , Wu Chaoxing , Yan Qun , Guo Tailiang , Zhou Xiongtu
Published: February 2021

Thin film encapsulation (TFE) is vital for flexible organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this work, the Al2O3/alucone nanolaminates grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) were investigated as TFE for OLEDs. It was found that alucone film with the suitable thickness could better flatten Al2O3 film by filling the defects. The nanolaminates of 15/2.5 nm Al2O3/ alucone had high density to minimize the pass of water vapor, and the barrier properties were improved with the increasing number of dyads. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) could reached 1.44×10−4 g/m2/day with 5.5 dyads nanolaminates in a control environment of 25 °C, 60% RH. The lifetime (L/L0=0.5) of a green OLED could reached more than 380h using 5dyads nanolaminates as encapsulation layer. The result indicated a promising encapsulation method to prolong the lifetime of OLED.
P‐15.1: Research of Ultra‐low Reflection Metal for Metal Mesh
Authors: Liu Huan , Guo Zongjie , Zeng Ting , Yang Zhongzheng , Xu Zhanqi , Jiang Yu , Dong Wanru , Li Yongfei
Published: February 2021

This paper first theoretically simulates the change trend of Metal reflectance with various thicknesses of IZO and MoNbOxNy, and then experimentally produces an ultra‐low‐reflective Metal film layer: 60nm IZO + 45nm MoNbOxNy, with a reflectance of 4.97%. Furthermore, the reflectance uniformity is very excellent, the maximum & minimum values within the range of the average value ± 0.50%. Subsequently, this paper performed performance tests on IZO/MoNbOxNy Metal samples. The results are as follows: ① The reflectance in the whole band of 380nm ~ 780nm is stable, all within the range of 5% ~ 7%; ② Each film layer is well crystallized, and there is no abnormality in the microscopic morphology; ③ The adhesion is good; ④ The invisible performance Level is improved from Level 5 to Level 3. The indicators meet the requirements of the TP industry and can be used to make ultra‐low reflection and good invisible touch panels.
On information fraction for Fleming‐Harrington type weighted log‐rank tests in a group‐sequential clinical trial design
Authors: Kundu Madan G. , Sarkar Jyotirmoy
Published: February 2021

When comparing survival times of treatment and control groups under a more realistic nonproportional hazards scenario, the standard log‐rank (SLR) test may be replaced by a more efficient weighted log‐rank (WLR) test, such as the Fleming‐Harrington (FH) test. Designing a group‐sequential clinical trial with one or more interim looks during which a FH test will be performed, necessitates correctly quantifying the information fraction (IF). For SLR test, IF is defined simply as the ratio of interim to final numbers of events; but for FH test, it can deviate substantially from this ratio. In this article, we separate the effect of weight function (of FH test) alone on IF from the effect of censoring. We have shown that, without considering the effect of censoring, IF can be derived analytically for FH test using information available at the design stage and the additional effect due to censoring is relatively smaller. This article intends to serve two major purposes: first, to emphasize and rationalize the deviation of IF in weighted log‐rank test from that of SLR test which is often overlooked (Jiménez, Stalbovskaya, and Jones); second, although it is impossible to predict IF for a weighted log‐rank test at the design stage, our decomposition of effects on IF provides a reasonable and practically feasible range of IF to work with. We illustrate our approach with an example and provide simulation results to evaluate operating characteristics.
Oxamates as 1,2‐Diketone Equivalents: The Effect of Fluorine
Authors: Köhling Jonas , Kalinovich Nataliya , Pajkert Romana , Tverdomed Sergey N. , Lork Enno , Wagner Veit , Röschenthaler Gerd‐Volker
Published: February 2021

Oxamates as building blocks play an important role in organic and bioorganic chemistry as well as in coordination chemistry and material sciences. In this paper, we present new fluorinated derivatives, which are synthesized from selected fluorinated primary amines RFNH2 (RF=CH2CF3, CH2CHF2, CH2CF2CH3, CH(CF3)2, CH(CH3)CF3) or their hydrochlorides and ethyl oxalylchloride. Since oxamates can be considered as 1,2 diketones, we investigated their properties, geometries, effective charges at oxygen and nitrogen and the pKa values for the N−H grouping. In two cases, the molecular structures have been measured by XRD, observing almost planar arrangement of C2−N1−C3−C4 atoms. The effect of fluorine is discussed and compared with non‐fluorinated oxamates. The effective charges can be controlled by various alkyl substituents at nitrogen (branched or straight, fluorinated or non‐fluorinated) and could open a new field, especially when fluorinated, for multiple applications in material sciences (surfaces) and biochemical systems (enzymes).
Boundary element methods for acoustic scattering by fractal screens
Authors: Chandler-Wilde Simon N. , Hewett David P. , Moiola Andrea , Besson Jeanne
Published: February 2021

We study boundary element methods for time-harmonic scattering in$${\mathbb {R}}^n$$Rn($$n=2,3$$n=2,3) by a fractal planar screen, assumed to be a non-empty bounded subset$$\Gamma $$Γof the hyperplane$$\Gamma _\infty ={\mathbb {R}}^{n-1}\times \{0\}$$Γ∞=Rn-1×{0}. We consider two distinct cases: (i)$$\Gamma $$Γis a relatively open subset of$$\Gamma _\infty $$Γ∞with fractal boundary (e.g. the interior of the Koch snowflake in the case$$n=3$$n=3); (ii)$$\Gamma $$Γis a compact fractal subset of$$\Gamma _\infty $$Γ∞with empty interior (e.g. the Sierpinski triangle in the case$$n=3$$n=3). In both cases our numerical simulation strategy involves approximating the fractal screen$$\Gamma $$Γby a sequence of smoother “prefractal” screens, for which we compute the scattered field using boundary element methods that discretise the associated first kind boundary integral equations. We prove sufficient conditions on the mesh sizes guaranteeing convergence to the limiting fractal solution, using the framework of Mosco convergence. We also provide numerical examples illustrating our theoretical results.
Radical innovation and its regional impact—a roadmap for future research
Authors: Audretsch David , Fornahl Dirk , Klarl Torben
Published: February 2021

The aim of this paper is to introduce the special issue of Small Business Economics on “Radical Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and (Regional) Growth” and present a roadmap for future research in the area. This article argues that the link between the literature on radical innovation, entrepreneurship, and (regional) growth is still an underresearched topic. This paper also reviews the special issue’s contributions that allow for a more nuanced understanding of this important link.
Special Issue: Phonological and phonetic variation in spoken morphology
Authors: van de Vijver Ruben , Tomaschek Fabian
Published: February 2021

In recent years, more and more evidence is accumulating that there is a great deal of variation as a result of morphological complexity, both at the level of phonology and at the level of phonetics. Such findings challenge established linguistic models in which morphological information is lost in comprehension or production. The present Special Issue presents five studies that investigate the phenomenon in more detail, centered around the following questions: How do morphological relations affect articulatory and phonological properties of complex words? How do articulatory and phonological properties of complex words reflect their morphological relations? What do these two questions imply about theories that address morphological relatedness at the level of sounds?
Applications of the Bielecki renorming technique
Authors: Bessenyei Mihály , Páles Zsolt
Published: February 2021

The renorming technique allows one to apply the Banach Contraction Principle for maps which are not contractions with respect to the original metric. This method was invented by Bielecki and manifested in an extremely elegant proof of the Global Existence and Uniqueness Theorem for ODEs. The present paper provides further extensions and applications of Bielecki’s method to problems stemming from functional analysis and from the theory of functional equations.
SEOM clinical guidelines for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (2020)
Authors: González del Alba A. , Méndez-Vidal M. J. , Vazquez S. , Castro E. , Climent M. A. , Gallardo E. , Gonzalez-Billalabeitia E. , Lorente D. , Maroto J. P. , Arranz J. A.
Published: February 2021

The treatment of advanced prostate cancer has evolved due to recent advances in molecular research and new drug development. Dynamic aberrations in the androgen receptor, DNA repair genes, PTEN-PI3K, and other pathways drive the behavior of advanced prostate cancer allowing a better selection of therapies in each patient. Tumor testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 is recommended for patients with metastatic prostate cancer, also considering a broad panel to guide decisions and genetic counseling. In symptomatic metastatic patients, castration should be stared to palliate symptoms and prolong survival. In high-risk or high-volume metastatic hormone-naïve patients, castration should be combined with docetaxel, abiraterone, enzalutamide or apalutamide. Radiotherapy to the primary tumor combined with systemic therapy is recommended in low-volume mHNPC patients. In patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant tumors, risk stratification can define the frequency of imaging. Adding enzalutamide, darolutamide or apalutamide to these patients prolongs metastasis-free and overall survival, but potential adverse events need to be taken into consideration. The choice of docetaxel, abiraterone or enzalutamide for treating metastatic castration-resistant patients depends on previous therapies, with cabazitaxel being also recommended after docetaxel. Olaparib is recommended in BRCA1/BRCA2 mutated castration-resistant patients after progression on at least one new hormonal therapy. Aggressive variants of prostate cancer respond to platinum-based chemotherapy. To optimize treatment efficiency, oncologists should incorporate all of these advances into an overall therapeutic strategy.
Writing Competences in Norwegian Vocational Education and Training: - How Students and Apprentices Express their Professional Competences
Authors: Hellne-Halvorsen Ellen Beate , Lahn Leif Christian , Nore Hæge
Published: February 2021

This article analyzes the writing competence of Norwegian students and apprentices in three professions: Healthcare, industrial mechanics and electricians. The research forms part of a large-scale assessment project in vocational education and training (VET). A subset of 108 written test-answers were subjected to an explorative analysis focusing on generic and professional writing competencies. A more text-based and trans-contextual working life for many professions requires not only profession-specific communicative competency, but also a stronger engagement in generic literacy practices. The need for written communication with customers, clients and colleagues across workplaces and countries has increased and the use of understandable language when communicating with non-peers is required. In the study, we found that the generic writing competency declined during apprenticeship, but on the other hand that the use of professional-specific terminology increased. We also found that writing competence seemed to be contextualized according to different traditions, text cultures and discourses across the three professions. The article questions the prevalence of text-based examinations in VET and analytical categories for measuring writing competence that do not take into account a multimodal character of professional communication.
Zur gesellschaftlichen Akzeptanz von einmaligen Vermögensabgaben
Authors: Loretz Simon , Stadelmann David
Published: February 2021

Die Bewältigung der COVID-19 Krise verursacht erhebliche fiskalische Kosten. Um diese Budgetdefizite zu schließen, werden mitunter auch in Deutschland einmalige Steuern auf größere Vermögen gefordert. Vergangene Erfahrungen mit einmaligen Vermögensabgaben beziehen sich oft auf außergewöhnliche Nach-Kriegssituationen. Die finanziellen und gesellschaftlichen Ergebnisse solcher Abgaben waren bestenfalls gemischt. Über die breite, gesellschaftliche und politische Akzeptanz von einmaligen Vermögensabgaben ist wenig bekannt. Wir betrachten den einzigartigen, historischen Fall einer Volksabstimmung zu einer einmaligen Vermögensabgabe. Die überwältigende Ablehnung einer hohen einmaligen Vermögensabgabe in einem demokratischen Land legt nahe, dass die Bevölkerung von den Argumenten der Gegner, allen voran die Unmöglichkeit ihre Einmaligkeit zu garantieren, überzeugt wurden.
Grundsätzlich bereit, aber doch nicht dabei – Eine Analyse der Mitarbeitsbereitschaft in Parteien anhand des Civic Voluntarism Models
Authors: Borucki Isabelle , Masch Lena , Jakobs Simon
Published: February 2021

Wer sind die Menschen, die sich eine Parteimitgliedschaft vorstellen können, aber nicht beitreten? Mit den Datensätzen der Allgemeinen Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften (ALLBUS) der Jahre 2008 und 2018 liegen nunmehr größere, öffentliche und vor allem repräsentative Studien vor, die den Willen zu einer Parteiaktivität ermitteln. Mithilfe dieser Daten wird analysiert, inwieweit sozio-demografische Ressourcen, Motivation, Selbstwirksamkeit und die Einbindung in soziale Netzwerke mit dem Willen, aktiv in Parteien mitzuarbeiten, zusammenhängen. Logistische Regressionsmodelle zeigen nur einen geringen Einfluss soziodemographischer Faktoren. Allerdings sind politische Einstellungen wie beispielsweise das Vertrauen in Parteien relevant. Dies gilt vor allem für die ostdeutschen Bundesländer. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass das Civic Voluntarism Model neben einer Vielzahl von Beteiligungsformen auch – zumindest teilweise – dazu geeignet ist, eine beabsichtigte Parteiaktivität zu erklären.
Colorimetric Determination of Chloridion in Domestic Water Based on the Wavelength Shift of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals via Halide Exchange
Authors: Huang Guo-Bin , Guo Zhi-Yong , Ye Ting-Xiu , Zhang Chen , Zhou Yan-Mei , Yao Qiu-Hong , Chen Xi
Published: February 2021

Cubic phase CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) was prepared by a high-temperature hot-injection method. The high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of as-prepared CsPbBr3 PNCs was 87%, which can be used for the determination of chloridion in domestic water samples based on their wavelength-shift characteristics via halide exchange. The proposal approach for the determination of chloridion reveals a linear correlation ranged from 10 to 200 μM of the chloridion concentration and the wavelength shift of CsPbBr3 PNCs with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.9956. The as-mentioned method reveals neglectable responses towards those co-existing ions in the water aside from chloridion, due to the quick exchange between Cl and Br and the outstanding color change caused by wavelength shift. The strategy has been applied to the determination of chloridion in water samples with the recoveries of 98.9–104.2% and the limit of detection (LOD) of 4 μM. These results show that the suggested approach is promising for the development of novel fluorescence detection for chloridion in water.
Monetary War and Peace
Authors: Harris Max
Published: February 2021

The international monetary system imploded during the Great Depression. As the conventional narrative goes, the collapse of the gold standard and the rise of competitive devaluation sparked a monetary war that sundered the system, darkened the decade, and still serves as a warning to policymakers today. But this familiar tale is only half the story. With the Tripartite Agreement of 1936, Britain, America, and France united to end their monetary war and make peace. This agreement articulated a new vision, one in which the democracies promised to consult on exchange rate policy and uphold a liberal international system - at the very time fascist forces sought to destroy it. Max Harris explores this little-known but path-breaking and successful effort to revolutionize monetary relations, tracing the evolution of the monetary system in the twilight years before the Second World War and demonstrating that this history is not one solely of despair.
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycle threshold and Clostridioides difficile infection outcomes
Authors: Choi Byungwoo , Wong Ken Koon , Dunn Aaron N. , Butler Robert , Fraser Thomas G. , Procop Gary W. , Richter Sandra S. , Isada Carlos M. , Deshpande Abhishek
Published: February 2021

Objective:

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) causes significant morbidity and mortality; however, the diagnosis of CDI remains controversial. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the association of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycle threshold (Ct) values with CDI disease severity, recurrence, and mortality among adult patients with CDI.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

Single tertiary-care hospital.

Patients:

Adult patients diagnosed with hospital-onset, healthcare facility–associated CDI from June 2014 to September 2015.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective chart review of included patients. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression methods were used to evaluate the association between Ct values and CDI severity, 8-week recurrence, and 30-day mortality.

Results:

Among 318 included patients, 51% were male and the mean age was 62 years; ~32% of the patients developed severe CDI and 11% developed severe–complicated CDI. The 30-day all-cause mortality rate was 11% and the 8-week recurrence rate was 9.5%. The overall mean Ct value was 32.9 (range, 23–40). Multivariable analyses showed that lower values of PCR Ct were associated with increased odds of 30-day morality (odds ratio [OR] 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72–0.96) but were not independently associated with CDI severity (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.90–1.09) or recurrence (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.77–1.00).

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that PCR Ct values at the time of diagnosis may have a limited predictive value and utility in clinical decision making for inpatients with CDI. Larger, prospective studies across different patient populations are needed to confirm our findings.
Large-scale screening for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among healthcare workers: Prevalence and risk factors for asymptomatic and pauci-symptomatic carriers, with emphasis on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
Authors: Rajme-López Sandra , González-Lara María F. , Ortiz-Brizuela Edgar , Román-Montes Carla M. , Santiago-Cruz Janet , Mendoza-Rojas Miguel Ángel , Méndez-Ramos Steven , Tamez-Torres Karla M. , Pérez-García Esteban , Martínez-Guerra Bernardo Alfonso , Cervantes-Villar Luz Elena , Ramos-Cervantes Pilar , Ibarra-González Violeta , Kershenobich-Stalnikowitz David , Sifuentes-Osornio José , Ruíz-Palacios Guillermo M. , Ponce-de-León Alfredo
Published: February 2021

Healthcare workers (HCWs) not fulfilling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case definition underwent severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) screening. Risk of exposure, adherence to personal protective equipment (PPE), and symptoms were assessed. In total, 2,000 HCWs were screened: 5.5% were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). There were no differences in PPE use between SARS-CoV-2–positive and –negative HCWs (adherence, >90%). Nursing and kitchen staff were independently associated with positive SARS-CoV-2 results.
PLATAEA ON THE PYRE: ANAXAGORAS A 44 AND THUCYDIDES 2.77
Authors: Kingsley K. Scarlett
Published: February 2021

The army along with Xerxes passed through Boeotia. It burned the cities of the Thespians, which they had abandoned in favour of the Peloponnese, and Plataea as well … The army burned Thespiae and Plataea after learning from the Thebans that they had not medized. (Hdt. 8.50.2)
Patient Compensation Funds: Legislative Responses to the Medical Malpractice Crisis
Authors: Schrero Elizabeth D.
Published: February 2021

Fifteen states have created Patient Compensation Funds in response to the increased cost and reduced availability of medical malpractice insurance associated with the so-called “medical malpractice crisis.” Patient Compensation Fund statutes limit health care providers’ liability to a specified amount, and establish state-administered funds to compensate victorious malpractice plaintiffs for damage awards in excess of that amount.

This Note examines the Patient Compensation Fund mechanism, evaluates its effectiveness as a compensation system for malpractice victims, and recommends particular provisions that might enhance its effectiveness. The Note concludes that the Patient Compensation Fund mechanism is an effective means of increasing the availability and of reducing the cost of medical malpractice insurance, and should be adopted by other states experiencing a “medical malpractice crisis.”
Liability for Personal Injuries Caused by Defective Medical Computer Programs
Authors: Brannigan Vincent M. , Dayhoff Ruth E.
Published: February 2021

During the past ten years, the use of computer programs in medicine has become increasingly prevalent. As these programs proliferate, however, their potential to injure patients also increases. Although the question of liability for personal injuries caused by defective medical computer programs has not been addressed by the courts, it is inevitable that this question will arise in a judicial forum.

In this Article, the authors examine the questions a court will face when addressing this novel cause of action. They attempt to resolve some of these questions by exploring the relevant characteristics of medical computer programs and examining their relationship to the tort law doctrines of negligence and strict products liability. The authors conclude that medical computer programs will be treated as products by the courts, subjecting their manufacturers to strict liability in tort for any defects in the program that cause injury. As a result, the authors contend, hospitals are likely to face a new source of liability for patient injuries if, under the particular circumstances, they are deemed to be the manufacturer or the distributor of a medical computer program that causes an injury.