bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hinton and the Origins of Disjunctivism
Authors: Snowdon Paul F
Published: July 2024

This chapter investigates the central argument of Hinton’s book Experiences. Hinton is credited with being the originator of disjunctivism, but his own writings are neglected. It is suggested that the idea of disjunctivism pre-dates Hinton’s writings, but his achievement was being the first to focus on perception-illusion disjunctions, and to employ that kind of statement in an argument against a certain view of experience. It is argued that his account of them is not open to some objections that have been brought in the past, but it remains, in some respects, questionable. His main employment of them in an argument against the common element hypothesis is also questionable, but it is argued that he is right to object to that hypothesis on one central conception of it. It is hard to determine what his attitude is to that hypothesis on another conception, and that uncertainty represents the main mystery about his view.
Strawson on the Concept of Perception
Authors: Snowdon Paul F
Published: July 2024

Following a brief tribute to Strawson’s contributions as an undergraduate tutor, it is argued that Strawson’s support for the causal analysis of the concept of perception is subject to objections and that an alternative way of thinking is available. On Strawson’s view, it is a conceptual truth that if a subject perceives an object then that object is producing an effect in the subject. Strawson attempts to defend this view both by elucidating the causal entailments said to obtain as a matter of necessity and by offering an explanation, or rationale, for why this is the case. Neither effort is found to be convincing. An alternative proposal is sketched—according to which if a subject (S) perceives an object (O) then S ipso facto stands in a relation to O which enables S to think about O in a distinctive, demonstrative way—and some effort is made to relate this approach to a functionalist theory of mind.
Some Key Terminology and Distinctions. The Prospects for an Analysis of Emotions in Terms of Other Intentional States
Authors: Pearson Giles
Published: July 2024

This chapter first explains some terminology and distinctions that it will be helpful to employ throughout the book. In particular, it explains what is meant by ‘intentional states apprehending objects of emotion’ by unpacking the notions of ‘an intentional state’ (and its ‘content’, ‘attitude’, and ‘object’) and ‘objects of emotion’ (formal/evaluative and particular objects), and specifying what is intended by referring to the former as ‘apprehending’ the latter. This conceptual framework is a helpful tool to employ in examining Aristotle’s views, but the chapter also provides, in a preliminary way, some reasons for thinking that it may not be anachronistic to use it. Finally, the general idea that it is legitimate to attempt (as Aristotle does) to analyse emotions in terms of other intentional states is defended against a recent objection to this approach in current discussions. The chapter argues that such analyses are still very much on the table.
Some Other (Putative) Links between Emotions and Desires
Authors: Pearson Giles
Published: July 2024

This chapter considers what else (besides anger) might be thought to favour the view that Aristotle thinks emotions themselves involve desires. The following are examined: (1) the suggestion that in his discussion of motives for action in Rhetoric I.10, he treats emotions generally as types of desire; (2) the fact that in some of his definitions of emotions he characterizes particular emotions not just as ‘distresses’ but as ‘disturbances’ (tarachai); (3) Aristotle’s understanding of fear’s role in courage and its related vices; and (4) the fact that in Rhetoric II.4 he defines feeling-friendly-towards (to philein) as a kind of desire, and that, by implication, its contrary, hating (to misein), would also be such. The chapter argues that while Aristotle palpably holds that desires and emotions link up in important ways, none of the above considerations undermines the idea that he has a clear-cut notion of emotions as representational pleasures/distresses alone.
Some Problematic Cases and the Supplements in the EE Specification of the Emotions
Authors: Pearson Giles
Published: July 2024

This chapter considers some tricky cases for any interpretation of Aristotle’s account of emotions. In particular, it addresses: (1) what Aristotle intends by defining ‘favour’ (as in ‘giving a favour’) in Rhetoric II.7; (2) his account of confidence in Rhetoric II.5; and (3) a series of ‘opposites’ he specifies for various emotions; e.g. being-mild-mannered (op. anger) and shamelessness (op. shame). It is argued that some of these are representational hedonic states, as per the core analysis. But with some opposites Aristotle instead appears to be characterizing a specific privation of some determinate representational pleasure/distress. The chapter relates this to Aristotle’s general specification of emotions in Eudemian Ethics II.2, which has several novel supplements, and suggests, on its basis, that he might have both narrow and broad notions of ‘emotion’, with the latter including such privations. It is also argued that his view can deal with some (putative) knock-down objections that have been levelled against hedonic views.
Catalogue of Aristotle’s Emotions as Representational Pleasures or Distresses
Authors: Pearson Giles
Published: July 2024

To close the book, a Catalogue of Aristotle’s emotions as representational pleasures or distresses is provided. The goal is specifically to chart the representational pleasures and distresses that Aristotle links to the various states he discusses or mentions in connection with particular emotions. To keep the chapter within sensible bounds, some criteria for inclusion are invoked. The Catalogue includes the states that are discussed in the Rhetoric II catalogue of individual emotions, including their ‘opposites’, and also the emotions discussed at the start of Rhetoric II.9. In addition, it also addresses any other states which are referred to on the lists of emotions in Nicomachean Ethics II.5 (1105b21–3), Eudemian Ethics II.2 (1220b12–14), and De anima I.1 (403a16–18). But that is where the line is drawn. As it is, there are twenty-one entries in the pantheon and some of these will end up covering more than one emotion.
A Double Life
Authors: Ungvary David
Published: July 2024

This chapter offers an interpretation of Paulinus of Pella’s Eucharisticos Deo sub ephemeridis meae textu, composed at Marseille around the year 460. The text’s first-person autobiographical narrative details Paulinus’s downfall as an Aquitanian aristocrat during barbarian invasions, but culminates in his deliverance from financial hardship in old age. Critics continue to debate the main argument of the Eucharisticos: whether it records a private prayer, or stages a failed aristocrat’s attempt to salvage his public reputation. This chapter attempts to resolve these disputes—and to work through the ambiguities of Paulinus’s “double life” as both proud nobleman and penitent convert—by resetting the Eucharisticos within the competitive world of southern Gallic asceticism. In this context, Paulinus’s endeavor to retell his life as prayer appears especially controversial. In the struggle to define Christian sanctity, questions of how to pray were among the most contentious. By reshaping his lay aristocratic life into versified thanksgiving, Paulinus offered a tendentious solution to these problems. He combined formal strategies of poetic prayer and Christian self-writing pioneered by Ausonius and Augustine, and yet challenged contemporary teachings on the nature of Christian prayer and holiness issued by ascetic experts like Cassian and Salvian.
The participation of foreign counsel in Nigeria-seated arbitration proceedings
Authors: Nweke-Eze Stanley U
Published: July 2024

With the growing reliance on arbitration as a mechanism for settling commercial disputes in Nigeria, the question of whether foreign counsel can represent parties in arbitration proceedings seated in Nigeria where the Arbitration and Mediation Act 2023 (‘AMA’) is adopted as the lex arbitri has become a focal point of legal discourse. This article explores the contrasting legal positions under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1988 (‘ACA’) and the newly enacted AMA. By examining the contrasting provisions of the ACA and the AMA, and their (potential) impact on arbitration proceedings and outcomes, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of the evolving dynamics within Nigeria’s arbitration sphere and provides insights for practitioners, scholars, and policymakers alike.
Sulfonate-functionalized covalent organic frameworks for capacitive deionization
Authors: Jiang Dong , Xu Xingtao , Bando Yoshio , Alshehri Saad M , Eguchi Miharu , Asahi Toru , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: July 2024

Capacitive deionization is an efficient and cost-effective technology for ion removal from brackish water. Here, we demonstrate a sulfonate-functionalized covalent organic framework as a novel faradaic cathode material for capacitive deionization applications. Due to its orderly arranged adsorption units in the covalent organic framework, the resulting covalent organic framework demonstrates a superior sodium cations removal capacity of 19.56 mg g−1 and a maximum desalination rate of 3.15 mg g−1 s−1 in a 500 ppm NaCl solution at 1.2 V.
Black phosphorus quantum dots functionalized with photochromic poly(vinylspiropyran)-grafted polydopamine for transient digital-type memristors
Authors: Zhao Zemiao , Che Qiang , Chen Qian , Wang Kexin , Zhao Kejia , Zhang Chenjian , He Haidong , Wang Xinzhu , Chen Yu
Published: July 2024

The covalent functionalization of black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) with organic species or polymers will inevitably change or damage their electronic structure and intrinsic structure. To address this problem and explore the application of BPQDs in transient digital-type memristors, a polydopamine (PDA) thin film is first synthesized in situ onto the surface of BPQDs to produce a donor–acceptor-type BPQDs@PDA composite that is directly used to react with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide to give BPQDs@PDA-Br. By using BPQDs@PDA-Br as an atom transfer radical polymerization agent, a large number of polyvinylspiropyran (PSP) chains are in situ grown from the PDA surface to yield BPQDs@PDA-PSP. Upon ultraviolet (UV)–visible light illumination, the 2 isomers of the spiropyran (ring-closed spiropyran form and ring-opened merocyanine) in the PSP moieties will interconvert into each other rapidly. As expected, the as-fabricated indium tin oxide (ITO)/BPQDs@PDA-PSP/ITO device exhibits typical nonvolatile digital-type memristive performance under visible irradiation, with a small turn-on voltage of −1.52 V, a turn-off voltage of +1.16 V, and an ON/OFF ratio current ratio of 1.02 × 104. Upon UV illumination, the information stored in the device is quickly and completely erased within 6 s. By utilizing a simple memristor-based convolutional neural network, one can easily realize handwritten digit recognition. After 10 epochs of training, numeral recognition accuracy can reach up to 96.21%.
Vitamin D therapy in chronic kidney disease: a critical appraisal of clinical trial evidence
Authors: Yeung Wing-Chi G , Toussaint Nigel D , Badve Sunil V
Published: July 2024

In people with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the physiology of vitamin D is altered and leads to abnormalities in bone and mineral metabolism which contribute to CKD mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Observational studies show an association between vitamin D deficiency and increased risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease and fracture in CKD. Although vitamin D therapy is widely prescribed in people with CKD, clinical trials to date have failed to demonstrate a clear benefit of either nutritional vitamin D supplementation or active vitamin D therapy in improving clinical outcomes in CKD. This review provides an updated critical analysis of recent trial evidence on vitamin D therapy in people with CKD.
Can novice teachers detect AI-generated texts in EFL writing?
Authors: De Wilde Vanessa
Published: July 2024

The introduction of generative artificial intelligence (AI) to the wider public could have a huge impact on EFL learning and teaching. Researchers have voiced concerns that learners might lean too much on technology. Previous studies have investigated the use of AI tools in L2 writing with various populations and found that it was difficult for teachers to detect use of AI and that teachers mainly relied on linguistic strategies to detect AI-generated texts. This paper reports on a qualitative study that investigated whether novice English teachers were able to detect AI-generated writing and which strategies they used to do this. The results show that some novice teachers are quite good at detecting AI-generated texts, while others proved to have more difficulties. The teachers used both linguistic and content-related strategies to detect AI-generated writing. The results point towards the value of including this topic in teaching methodology courses in (initial) teacher training programmes.
Tryptophan transport gene inactivation promotes the development of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli
Authors: Hou Beibei , Song Jianxiao , Wang Huan , Ye Nan , Wang Rui-Wu
Published: July 2024

Indole serves as a signaling molecule that could regulate different bacterial physiological processes, including antibiotic resistance through biofilm formation and drug efflux pump activity. In Escherichia coli, indole is produced through the tryptophan pathway, which involves three permeases (Mtr, AroP, and TnaB) that can transport the amino acid tryptophan. Although these permeases play distinct roles in the secretion of indole biosynthesis, their impact on multidrug resistance mediated by indole remaines unclear. This study was designed to investigate the connection between the tryptophan transport system and antibiotic resistance by constructing seven gene deletion mutants from E. coli MG1655 (wild type). Our result showed that deletion of the aroP or tnaB gene led to increased antibiotic resistance as evaluated by MICs for different antibiotics. Efflux activity test results revealed that the increased antibiotic resistance was related with the AcrAB-Tolc drug efflux pump in the mutants. The transcriptome analysis further demonstrated that decreased susceptibility to kanamycin and ampicillin in E. coli was accompanied by reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and decreased motility. These findings highlight the substantial influence of the tryptophan transport system on antibiotic resistance in E. coli, which is crucial for developing strategies against antibiotic resistance in bacterial infections.
ADR-2 regulates fertility and oocyte fate in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Erdmann Emily A , Forbes Melanie , Becker Margaret , Perez Sarina , Hundley Heather A
Published: July 2024

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play essential roles in coordinating germline gene expression and development in all organisms. Here, we report that loss of ADR-2, a member of the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA family of RBPs and the sole adenosine-to-inosine RNA-editing enzyme in Caenorhabditis elegans, can improve fertility in multiple genetic backgrounds. First, we show that loss of RNA editing by ADR-2 restores normal embryo production to subfertile animals that transgenically express a vitellogenin (yolk protein) fusion to green fluorescent protein. Using this phenotype, a high-throughput screen was designed to identify RBPs that when depleted yield synthetic phenotypes with loss of adr-2. The screen uncovered a genetic interaction between ADR-2 and SQD-1, a member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein family of RBPs. Microscopy, reproductive assays, and high-throughput sequencing reveal that sqd-1 is essential for the onset of oogenesis and oogenic gene expression in young adult animals and that loss of adr-2 can counteract the effects of loss of sqd-1 on gene expression and rescue the switch from spermatogenesis to oogenesis. Together, these data demonstrate that ADR-2 can contribute to the suppression of fertility and suggest novel roles for both RNA editing–dependent and RNA editing–independent mechanisms in regulating embryogenesis.
High Healthcare Costs in Childhood Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Development of a Prediction Model Using Linked Clinical and Health Administrative Data
Authors: Kuenzig M Ellen , Walters Thomas D , Mack David R , Griffiths Anne M , Duchen Raquel , Bernstein Charles N , Kaplan Gilaad G , Otley Anthony R , El-Matary Wael , Yu Winnie , Wang Xuesong , Guan Jun , Crowley Eileen , Sherlock Mary , Carman Nicholas , Fung Stephen G , Benchimol Eric I
Published: July 2024

Background

The incidence of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the costs of caring for individuals with IBD are both increasing. We calculated the direct healthcare costs of pediatric IBD in the first year after diagnosis and developed a model to predict children who would have high costs (top 25th percentile).

Methods

Using data from the Canadian Children IBD Network inception cohort (≤16 years of age, diagnosed between 2013 and 2019) deterministically linked to health administrative data from Ontario, Canada, we estimated direct healthcare and medication costs accrued between 31 and 365 days after diagnosis. Candidate predictors included age at diagnosis, sex, rural/urban residence location, distance to pediatric center, neighborhood income quintile, IBD type, initial therapy, disease activity, diagnostic delay, health services utilization or surgery around diagnosis, regular primary care provider, and receipt of mental health care. Logistic regression with stepwise elimination was used for model building; 5-fold nested cross-validation optimized and improved model accuracy while limiting overfitting.

Results

The mean cost among 487 children with IBD was CA$15 168 ± 15 305. Initial treatment (anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy, aminosalicylates, or systemic steroids), having a mental health care encounter, undergoing surgery, emergency department visit at diagnosis, sex, and age were predictors of increased costs, while having a regular primary care provider was a predictor of decreased costs. The C-statistic for our model was 0.71.

Conclusions

The cost of caring for children with IBD in the first year after diagnosis is immense and can be predicted based on characteristics at diagnosis. Efforts that mitigate rising costs without compromising quality of care are needed.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in Severe Peristomal Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Authors: Farkas Bernadett , Ivány Emese , Bálint Anita , Bacsur Peter , Molnár Tamás , Farkas Klaudia
Published: July 2024

Lay Summary

In this case of a young female, ulcerations around the ileostoma appeared after colectomy and were thought to be due to surgical site infection. Given inadequate treatment, an extensive defect of the abdominal wall developed. Peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum was diagnosed, for which ustekinumab was given successfully.
Plasma Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Progression to Active Tuberculosis in Household Contacts of Patients With Tuberculosis
Authors: Rajamanickam Anuradha , Ann Daniel Evangeline , Dasan Bindu , Thiruvengadam Kannan , Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini , Gaikwad Sanjay , Pattabiraman Sathyamurthi , Bhanu Brindha , Sivaprakasam Amsaveni , Kulkarni Vandana , Karyakarte Rajesh , Paradkar Mandar , Shivakumar Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra , Mave Vidya , Gupta Amita , Hanna Luke Elizabeth , Babu Subash
Published: July 2024

Background

The progression from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to active tuberculosis disease varies among individuals, and identifying biomarkers to predict progression is crucial for guiding interventions. In this study, we aimed to determine plasma immune biomarker profiles in healthy household contacts of index patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, who either progressed to tuberculosis or remained as nonprogressors.

Methods

A cohort of household contacts of adults with pulmonary tuberculosis was enrolled, consisting of 15 contacts who progressed to tuberculosis disease and 15 nonprogressors. Plasma samples were collected at baseline, 4 months, and 12 months to identify predictive tuberculosis progression markers.

Results

Our findings revealed that individuals in the progressor group exhibited significantly decreased levels of interferon (IFN) γ, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 2, IL-1α, IL-1β, and 17A, and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) at baseline, month 4, and month 12. In contrast, the progressor group displayed significantly elevated levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, interleukin 6 and 12, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and 33 (IL-33), CCL2, CCL11, CXCL8, CXCL10, CX3CL1, vascular endothelial growth factor, granzyme B, and programmed death ligand -1 compared to the nonprogressor group at baseline, months 4 and 12. Receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC) identified IFN-γ, GM-CSF, IL-1Ra, CCL2, and CXCL10 as the most promising predictive markers, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of ≥90. Furthermore, combinatorial analysis demonstrated that GM-CSF, CXCL10, and IL-1Ra, when used in combination, exhibited high accuracy in predicting progression to active tuberculosis disease.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that a specific set of plasma biomarkers, GM-CSF, CXCL10, and IL-1Ra, can effectively identify household contacts at significant risk of developing tuberculosis disease. These findings have important implications for early intervention and preventive strategies in tuberculosis-endemic regions.
Silicon supplementation can reduce infestation by azalea lace bug-(Hemiptera: Tingidae)
Authors: Graham Katerina Velasco , Janasov Eric G , Paul Ryan L , Scagel Carolyn F , Lee Jana C
Published: July 2024

The azalea lace bug (ALB), Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), is a pest of azaleas and rhododendrons. The application of silicon (Si) to plants has been shown to accumulate in other plants and enhance defense to other plant pests. We evaluated whether Si applications decreased ALB infestation on rhododendron leaves and increased Si accumulation in leaves. Potted plants were treated with 4 or 8 weekly applications of calcium silicate and calcium carbonate (calcium control, Ca) via foliar or soil application. In 3 out of 4 choice studies, plants treated with calcium silicate or calcium carbonate had less frass deposition and oviposition by ALB compared to controls, but treated plants did not consistently have fewer ALB adults. Leaf damage was quantified in one study and leaves with more frass as an indicator of feeding had more visible damage. In no-choice studies, there were no differences between treatments in one study, but oviposition was greater on foliar/soil Si-treated plants than controls in another study. Since rhododendron aphids (Illinoia lambersi) appeared in the greenhouse during or after studies, we compared their colonization on previously treated rhododendrons. Infestation of new leaf rosettes or random leaves by I. lambersi was lower on plants sprayed with foliar silicon or calcium applied via soil in 2 studies. Treated rhododendrons did not accumulate extra Si or Ca in leaves compared to controls. In general, silicon or calcium application protected rhododendrons from ALB oviposition and aphid colonization in free-choice conditions, and may be part of an integrated pest management program.
2D acoustic equation prestack reverse-time migration based on an optimized combined compact difference scheme
Authors: Yang Dan , Wang Yong , Gui Zhixian , Chen Zhili , Huang Jiaxin
Published: July 2024

Reverse-time migration (RTM) is widely regarded as one of the most accurate migration methods available today. A crucial step in RTM involves extending seismic wavefields forward and backward. Compared to the conventional central finite-difference (CFD) scheme, the combined compact difference (CCD) scheme offers several advantages, including a shorter difference operator and the suppression of numerical dispersion under coarse grids. These attributes conserve memory and enhance effectiveness while maintaining the same level of differential precision. In this article, we begin with the five-point eighth-order CCD scheme and utilize the least squares method and Lagrange multiplier method to optimize the difference coefficients. This optimization is guided by the concept of dispersion-relation-preserving (DRP). The result is the acquisition of an optimized combined compact difference (OCCD) scheme, further enhancing the ability to suppress numerical dispersion. We thoroughly compare and analyze dispersion relationships and stability conditions. In addition, we examine several crucial steps in the RTM of the second-order acoustic wave equation. These steps include absorption boundary conditions, boundary storage strategy, and Poynting vector imaging conditions. Finally, we apply both the CCD and OCCD schemes in the RTM of the layered model, graben model, and SEG/EAGE salt model. We compare these results with those obtained from CFD's RTM. Numerical findings demonstrate that, in contrast to the CFD scheme, the CCD scheme effectively suppresses numerical dispersion and enhances imaging accuracy. Moreover, the optimized OCCD scheme further improves the ability to suppress numerical dispersion and can obtain better imaging results, which is an effective RTM method suitable for coarse grid conditions.
(1021) EARLY VS DELAYED INSERTION OF PENILE PROSTHESIS IN PATIENTS WITH REFRACTORY PRIAPISM: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Elmarasi Mohamed , Alsaeedi Dr Ahmad , Elmakaty Ibrahim , Elsayed Basel , Khalil Dr Ibrahim A , Aldeeb Dr Maya , Khalafalla Dr Kareim , Al Kubaisi Dr Khalid , Arafa Dr Mohamed , Majzoub Dr Ahmad
Published: July 2024

Objectives

To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes associated with early versus delayed PP implantation in individuals with priapism-induced erectile dysfunction (ED).

Methods

We included studies that focused on refractory priapism leading to ED and its management with PP implantation. We assessed cohort study bias with the risk of bias tool and case series bias with the modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a fixed-effect model.

Results

We included nine studies, comprising four cohort studies and five case series, involving a combined total of 278 patients. Total complications were higher in the delayed group (OR 4.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.77 to 6.26). Fibrosis was significantly more pronounced in the delayed PP group, with an OR of 118.18 (95%CI 20.06 to 696.32). The odds of erosion, infections, and penile injury did not show statistically significant differences between the two groups (OR 2.52; 95%CI 0.67 to 9.49), (OR 0.89; 95%CI 0.38 to 2.10), and (OR 1.83; 95%CI 0.79 to 4.26), respectively. Patients' satisfaction resulted in a pooled OR of 0.15 (95%CI 0.04 to 0.49) in favor of the early PP insertion group.

Conclusions

The results from this study favor an early (within 30 days) approach to ED following ischemic priapism. However, it is important to consider patients’ preferences, values, and psychological factors to make an informed decision.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors of this paper declare no conflict of interests associated with this research.
Risk of new tumor, carotid stenosis, and stroke after stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary tumor: A multicenter study of 2254 patients with imaging follow-up
Authors: Dumot Chloe , Mantziaris Georgios , Dayawansa Sam , Brantley Carson , Lee Cheng-Chia , Yang Huai-Che , Peker Selcuk , Samanci Yavuz , Mathieu David , Tourigny Jean-Nicolas , Martinez Moreno Nuria , Martinez Alvarez Roberto , Chytka Thomas , Liscak Roman , Speckter Herwin , Lazo Erwin , Brito Anderson , Picozzi Piero , Franzini Andrea , Alzate Juan , Mashiach Elad , Bernstein Kenneth , Kondziolka Douglas , Tripathi Manjul , Bowden Greg N , Warnick Ronald E , Sheehan Darrah , Sheehan Kimball , Fuentes Angelica , Jane John A , Vance Mary Lee , Sheehan Jason P
Published: July 2024

Background

A higher risk of secondary brain tumor, carotid stenosis, and stroke has been reported after conventional sella irradiation for pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET). Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), which is a more focused approach, is now increasingly used instead. The aim was to assess the risk of secondary brain tumor, carotid stenosis/occlusion, and stroke after SRS.

Methods

In this multicentric retrospective study, 2254 patients with PitNET were studied, 1377 in the exposed group, and 877 in the control group.

Results

There were 9840.1 patient-years at risk for the SRS and 5266.5 for the control group. The 15-year cumulative probability of secondary intracranial tumor was 2.3% (95% CI: 0.5%, 4.1%) for SRS and 3.7% (95% CI: 0%, 8.7%) for the control group (P = .6), with an incidence rate of 1.32 per 1000 and 0.95 per 1000, respectively. SRS was not associated with an increased risk of tumorigenesis when stratified by age (HR: 1.59 [95% CI: 0.57, 4.47], Pp = .38). The 15-year probability of new carotid stenosis/occlusion was 0.9% (95% CI: 0.2, 1.6) in the SRS and 2% (95% CI: 0, 4.4) in the control group (P = .8). The 15-year probability of stroke was 2.6% (95% CI: 0.6%, 4.6%) in the SRS and 11.1% (95% CI: 6%, 15.9%) in the control group (P < .001). In Cox multivariate analysis stratified by age, SRS (HR 1.85 [95% CI:0.64, 5.35], P = .26) was not associated with risk of new stroke.

Conclusions

No increased risk of long-term secondary brain tumor, new stenosis or occlusion, and stroke was demonstrated in the SRS group compared to the control in this study with imaging surveillance.
From Confidence to Convenience: Changes in Voting Systems, Donald Trump, and Voter Confidence
Authors: Carter Luke , Gruwell Ashlan , Monson J Quin , Patterson Kelly D
Published: July 2024

A growing body of research indicates that voters’ perceptions of the electoral system change when the means of administering elections change. As some electoral jurisdictions have moved to systems designed to increase voter convenience, little is known about whether convenience is achieved at the expense of confidence. Utah’s rollout of Vote by Mail (VBM) occurred county by county across five federal elections, and the three most populous counties adopted all VBM elections successively in 2014, 2016, and 2018. This meaningful variance in voter experience with VBM allows us to model the relationship between experience with VBM and voter confidence. We find that the switch to a more convenient system of voting came at the expense of diminished confidence in the voting process. However, experience with VBM is positively related to confidence such that the loss in confidence can be recouped over time. To capture this dynamic relative to other factors, we also estimate the effects of partisanship and the messages of political elites. In the aftermath of the 2020 election, the effect of partisanship on voter confidence changed compared to just two years earlier. Elite messages appear to be especially negative for Trump voters after 2020. More experience with VBM acts as a bulwark against those negative messages, almost completely attenuating the negative effects of Trump’s fraud claims among his voters with the highest levels of VBM experience.
Respiratory syncytial virus-associated pneumonia in primary care in Malawi
Authors: Davy Kimberly , Koskinas Elena , Watson Chris , Ledwidge Mark , Mbakaya Balwani , Chisale Master , Gallagher Joe
Published: July 2024

Objective

To identify the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in a cohort of children under 5 years of age with World Health Organization (WHO)-defined pneumonia and the factors associated with developing severe RSV-associated community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in primary care in a single centre in Northern Malawi.

Methods

The BIOmarkers TO diagnose PnEumonia (BIOTOPE) study was a prospective cohort study conducted from March to June 2016 that took place in a primary care centre in Northern Malawi. Data from this study was used to identify the characteristics of children under 5 years of age who presented with RSV and WHO-defined CAP. Means, standard deviations, medians and ranges were calculated for continuous variables. A univariate logistic regression was performed to examine the potential predictor variables.

Results

Four hundred and ninety-four infants presented with CAP and were eligible for inclusion in the study; RSV infection was detected in 205 (41.6%) of the infants. Eight factors were associated with increased risk for RSV CAP in the univariate model: age, born at term, presenting for care in June, crowded living environment, not being exclusively breastfed, not having received zinc or vitamin A supplementation in the last six months. Infants with RSV were more likely to have an oxygen saturation ≤92% compared to infants with other causes of pneumonia and more likely to have severe pneumonia as defined by the WHO.

Conclusion

This study supports that RSV-associated CAP is linked to modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors; further research is indicated to determine which interventions would be most impactful. Developing and implementing an infant or maternal vaccine could be a cost-effective way to prevent RSV-associated CAP and mortality in developing nations. More research is needed to understand seasonal patterns of CAP and research over extended periods can offer valuable insights on host, environmental and pathogen-specific factors that contribute to RSV-associated CAP.
Emerging concepts of migrasome: An up‐and‐coming organelle from biology to the clinic
Authors: Jiao Lin , Luo Xinyi , Xu Yixin , Sun Ting , Lei Xinxing , Song Xingbo , Ying Binwu
Published: July 2024

Since the migrasome concept was first proposed in 2015, extensive research has been conducted on these novel organelles, which grow on retracted fibers at the posterior end of migrating cells. Recently, molecular markers, biological functions, and clinical values based on the initial formation mechanism of migrasomes have emerged. Additionally, researchers are recognizing the significant role that migrasomes play in the pathological and diagnostic processes of clinical diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the biology and clinical application of migrasomes and provide a comprehensive view of the prospective challenges surrounding their clinical application.
National basketball association slam dunk contest participation does not lead to increased injury risk or adversely affect player performance
Authors: Sobol Garret L. , Rosenberg Samuel I. , Baker Hayden P. , Dayton Steven R. , Plantz Mark A. , Tjong Vehniah K.
Published: July 2024

Background:

The National Basketball Association (NBA) Slam Dunk Contest has declined in popularity in recent years, in large part due to a lack of star-player participation relative to the NBA All Star Game. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the effect of NBA Slam Dunk Contest participation on subsequent injury risk and player performance.

Methods:

Participants from twenty NBA Slam Dunk Contests (2000-2019) were identified and matched to a control group consisting of same-year All-Star Game players. Injury data and performance data concerning all major offensive and defensive statistical categories was obtained from publicly available databases. Injury rates and season-long statistical performances were compared between groups both before and after the All-Star Game/Dunk Contest. Logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for injury in the second portion of the NBA season.

Results:

There were 88 players in each group. Injury rates in the second portion of the season were not statistically different between the groups. The dunk contest group did not demonstrate a statistical decline in any of the second half performance metrics. When compared to the control group, no statistically significant second-half differences were noted other than a slight increase in points-per-minute in the dunk contest group (5.6%±20.3% vs. 0.0%±15.8% P=0.04).

Conclusions:

Participation in the NBA Slam Dunk Contest did not lead to an increased risk for injury or a decline in statistical production when compared to All-Star game players.
Autologous Cultured Tissue Engineering Epidermal Sheet Transplantation to Treat Vitiligo of the Hands
Authors: Lu Haowei , Wang Xuchao , Chen Shujun , Lin Jinran , Wu Wenyu , Li Jian
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND

Despite numerous therapeutic modalities for vitiligo, their efficacy varies. Managing vitiligo affecting the hands poses a particularly intricate challenge, with outcomes trailing those in other anatomical regions.

OBJECTIVE

Assess the determinants influencing the efficacy and safety of autocultured tissue engineering epidermal sheets transplantation in treating hand vitiligo, observed over a 6-month follow-up period.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 33 patients who underwent treatment for hand vitiligo using autocultured tissue engineering epidermal sheets transplantation. Repigmentation extent was evaluated by 2 dermatologists.

RESULTS

The cohort comprised 33 patients, including 24 males and 9 females, with an average age of 26.91 ± 9.24 years (range: 10–49 years). The mean duration of the disease was 11.61 ± 7.83 years (range: 1.5–34 years). Vitiligo lesion stability ranged from 6 months to 4 years, with an average duration of stability calculated at 1.715 ± 1 year. After 6 months, 75.8% (25/33) of patients exhibited a favorable response, with 39.4% (13/33) showing complete or near-complete repigmentation. No adverse events, such as infections or scar formation, were recorded.

CONCLUSION

The authors' investigation suggests that autocultured tissue engineering epidermal sheets transplantation is a highly effective and safe therapeutic approach for hand vitiligo, offering a promising treatment avenue.
Sicca syndrome post-COVID-19 infection: a case report
Authors: Dumirieh Sumaya , Al lahham Leen , Tarcha Raghad , Hoha Ghofran , Hamsho Suaad , Kudsi Maysoun
Published: July 2024

Introduction and importance:

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a post-acute syndrome that can persist for a prolonged period.

Case presentation:

The authors’ case reported a 31-years-old male presented with the sensation of sand in his eyes and a dry mouth for 3 months after infection with COVID-19 confirmed by nasopharyngeal swab 3 months ago. Laboratory tests including immunological profile were normal. Schirmer’s test was positive. He was treated with artificial tears with corticosteroid drops and water drinking. Within 15 days he noticed an improvement in his sicca symptoms.

Clinical discussion:

The post-acute COVID-19 syndrome can persist for a longer duration than expected, even after the acute onset of the disease. Some patients may experience ocular and oral symptoms such as dry mouth, dysgeusia, and dry eye diseases. The pathophysiology of these symptoms may be related to viral pathophysiologic changes, immunologic aberrations, and inflammatory reactions that destroy the tissue of salivary glands. Additionally, there is evidence of elevated autoantibodies in post-COVID-19 patients. Future studies are needed to understand the sequela of this infection.

Conclusion:

What makes this case special is the combination of dry eyes and dry mouth with a negative immunological profile in a young patient who had COVID without severe symptoms.
Increased Microvascular Filtration and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D associated with Changed Lymphatic Vessel Morphology in Breast Cancer Treated Patients
Authors: Johannessen Andreas L. , Alstrup Mathias , Hjortdal Vibeke E. , Palmfeldt Johan , Offersen Birgitte V. , Mohanakumar Sheyanth
Published: July 2024

Background:

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and inflammatory cytokines are indicated to be implicated in lymphedema development. We aimed to describe changes in microvascular filtration and VEGFs in a patient cohort vulnerable to breast cancer–related lymphedema development correlated with data on lymphatic morphology and function.

Methods:

Consecutive node-positive breast cancer patients operated in the axilla and evaluated approximately 12 months after adjuvant locoregional radiotherapy were studied. Capillary filtration rate (CFR) and isovolumetric pressure of the arms were measured by strain gauge plethysmography, and 13 blood proteins were quantified by Luminex and Elisa technology in 28 patients and 18 healthy controls.

Results:

The CFR was reduced in both arms from baseline to 1-year follow-up (ipsilateral: P = 0.016 and contralateral: P = 0.001). When stratifying lymphatic complications (morphologic abnormalities and/or breast cancer–related lymphedema), CFR reached a lower steady-state in the arms with normal morphology (I:P = 0.013 and C:P = 0.013) whereas the ipsilateral arm with lymphatic complications remained unchanged (P = 0.457). In patients with lymphatic abnormal vessels, the levels of VEGF-D were 86% higher than in patients with normal lymphatic vessels (P = 0.042), whereas levels of VEGFR-3 were 64% higher (P = 0.016).

Conclusions:

Through one year of follow-up, CFR did not decrease in the lymphatic complicated treated arms as observed in noncomplicated treated arms. The patients had increased levels of VEGF-D and VEGFR-3. This correlation suggests that VEGF plays a role in the appearance of subcutaneous abnormal lymphatic vessels in the treated arms, which also maintain a fluid filtration/drainage mismatch up to one year after breast cancer treatment.
Effect of Belin-Ambrósio deviation index on 2-year refractive outcomes of PRK
Authors: Shams Seyyed Saeed , Hassanzadeh Samira , Zarei-Ghanavati Mehran , Ravanshad Yalda , Sadeghi Javad , Ziaei Mohammed , Zarei-Ghanavati Siamak
Published: July 2024

Purpose:

To assess the effect of preoperative Belin-Ambrósio deviation (BAD-D) index on 2-year visual, refractive, and tomographic outcomes, as well as the efficacy and safety of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery.

Setting:

Eye clinic, Mashhad, Iran.

Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Methods:

This study included 66 patients (66 eyes) who underwent PRK surgery, with a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. Participants were divided into 2 groups: preoperative BAD-D ≥1.60 (high BAD-D) and preoperative BAD-D <1.60 (low BAD-D). Preoperative and postoperative visual, refractive, and tomographic parameters were evaluated, and the efficacy and safety of the procedure were compared between groups.

Results:

66 patients with a mean age of 35.50 ± 8.21 years (range 22 to 55 years) were included. Postoperatively, the mean spherical equivalent (SE) of refractive error was +0.32 ± 0.65 diopters (D) in the high BAD-D group and +0.18 ± 0.66 D in the low BAD-D group (P = .40). In addition, at 2 years of follow-up, the mean uncorrected distance visual acuity was 0.98 ± 0.07 in the high BAD-D group and 0.97 ± 0.08 in the low BAD-D group (P = .905). Among the postoperative tomographic parameters, front elevation thickness, maximum Ambrósio relational thickness, astigmatism, and central corneal thickness were significantly different between the 2 groups (all, P < .05). At the 2-year follow-up, the mean Safety Index was 1.02 ± 0.04, and 1.01 ± 0.04 in high and low BAD-D groups, respectively (P = .37), and the mean Efficacy Index was 0.99 ± 0.07 and 0.98 ± 0.06 in high and low BAD-D groups, respectively (P = .40).

Conclusions:

The preoperative BAD-D index does not predict postoperative visual, refractive, and tomographic outcomes in patients with low-to-moderate myopia. However, in patients with normal preoperative BAD-D values, higher agreement was expected between the attempted and achieved SE.
Clinical Nurse Peer Review
Authors: Ethington Stacie J. , Edwards Jacquelynn M. , Reames Christina D.
Published: July 2024

Clinical peer review is a strategy that engages nurses in elevating not only the safety of patients but also their influence on practice. There is little guidance in the literature about how to operationalize peer review in a way that promotes just culture. In a postpandemic era, where nurse engagement and retention are low, this article describes how to implement and measure the impact of clinical peer review on practice trends and empower nurses to influence system-wide change.
Improving Data-Driven Decision Making for Primary Prevention: Providing Data Interpretation Resources to Schools and Communities in Colorado
Authors: Wright-Kelly Erin , MacFarland Andrew , Fine Emily , Morgan Marc , Brooks-Russell Ashley
Published: July 2024

Communities are increasingly interested in primary prevention efforts to reduce health inequities. However, few communities can access local data on social determinants of health and many do not have the skills or training to interpret data to inform decision making on appropriate strategies that impact social determinants of health. A population-based youth health survey administered to middle and high school students, such as exists in most states in the United States, can assess health behaviors and risk and protective factors. The schools and school districts that participate are provided with reports of results and data interpretation resources that support their understanding of risk and protective factors to inform local decision making and action. Other states can similarly provide local data and resources on risk and protective factors to help communities collaborate on primary prevention efforts that achieve health equity.
Advancing Preservation Rhinoplasty: The J-Suture Technique for Refining the Middle Third of the Nose
Authors: Levy Jerry , Mathieu Olivier , Cetrulo Curtis L. , Lellouch Alexandre G. , Dogan Teoman
Published: July 2024

This article introduces a novel technique for refining the middle third of the nose in preservation rhinoplasty, adhering to the principles established by Teoman Dogan. The technique, applicable through both open and closed approaches, maintains the integrity of the nasal dorsum. The J-suture technique is particularly significant for addressing the widening of the middle third of the nose, a common issue in preservation rhinoplasty. This technique uses an absorbable percutaneous suture, allowing for the approximation of the upper lateral cartilages and thus thinning of the middle third of the nose. The authors discuss the technical aspects and advantages of the J-suture, emphasizing its simplicity, predictability, reproducibility, and ease of execution. The technique, requiring minimal training, can be adopted by any surgeon practicing preservation rhinoplasty. The J-suture represents a significant advancement in preservation rhinoplasty, providing a practical solution for enhancing nasal aesthetics, minimizing surgical trauma, and promoting patient well-being.
Pitanguy Ligament Preservation in Structural Precision Rhinoplasty
Authors: Lisiecki Jeffrey , Chiodo Michael , Novak Matthew , Cotofana Sebastian , Rohrich Rod J.
Published: July 2024

The Pitanguy ligament is a crucial structure in nasal tip support and in maintaining the integrity of the soft-tissue envelope of the nose. In this cadaveric study, the authors dissected out the Pitanguy ligament on a series of fresh human cadaver specimens to elucidate the structure of the ligament and its fate in open rhinoplasty. The Pitanguy ligament can act as a tethering force to the nasal tip when reshaping the nasal tip. Release of the Pitanguy ligament alleviated downward tension on the nasal tip, and tip shaping to a more appropriate position demonstrated that this ligament was displaced from its ideal position. In patients seeking rhinoplasty, this structure may require release and reconstruction to successfully alter tip position and avoid supratip deformity.