bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Language Use in International Research: A Citation Analysis
Authors: GARFIELD EUGENE , WELLJAMS-DOROF ALFRED
Published: March 2007

The fact that English is the internationally accepted language of research communication raises the issue of a language barrier in two senses. First, those whose native language is not English risk being unaware of—and overlooked by—mainstream international research unless they learn to read, write, and publish in English. Second, native English-speaking researchers risk being ignorant of significant findings reported in foreign languages, especially the Japanese and Russian literature, unless they become proficient in at least one other language. The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) data base is used to answer three basic questions bearing on this issue: (1) who writes in what languages; (2) who cites what languages; and (3) who cites what nations.
Foreign Language Acquisition in European Management Education
Authors: CRANE ROBERT
Published: March 2007

This article deals with trends in language use in European management education, both current and long-term. Beginning with a survey of the history of management education in Europe, the article traces the explosive growth of the management education field in Europe in the last few years. The relative importance of language acquisition in European—as opposed to American—management studies is also noted. The differences in the type and degree of integration of language learning in business education between various countries and institutions were brought out through a 1985 conference held on the topic in Lyons, France. Through a survey of 14 European countries carried out in November 1989, the author ascertained that the integration of the two fields had progressed dramatically since 1985. The business and language faculties in many European business schools are melding as the former retrain to teach in foreign languages and the latter to teach business-related subjects. One language—English—has assumed continentwide dominance in management education. Thanks to faculty retraining, a new diversity can now be found in European business curricula.
Sweden: Secure Neutrality
Authors: SUNDELIUS BENGT
Published: March 2007

Sweden's recent record of peaceful external relations is often contrasted with the costly and, in the end, futile attempts during earlier centuries to play power politics through wars and alliances. This experience has served to underline the importance of national defense for a credible neutrality posture. Defense expenditures are considerable. The comprehensive nature of national defense and the economic dimension of security have been stressed. Sweden shares strong economic links with the Western economies. As a result of affluence throughout the postwar era and the recognition of the importance of the Western economic channels for this prosperity, official neutrality has interfered only marginally with the private pursuit of commerce and finance. This liberal attitude toward international exchanges has included items of strategic significance, such as advanced technology, arms, and ammunition. Sweden shares with other Nordic nations an inclination for marked visibility in global issues and arenas, hoping to promote international change both in North-South issues and in East-West negotiations. The classic definition of the Swedish foreign policy doctine is freedom from alliances in peace aiming for neutrality in war.
Distance Education and Foreign Languages
Authors: LAMBERT RICHARD D.
Published: March 2007

Distance education in foreign languages in the United States has grown in a piecemeal, uncoordinated fashion, and it remains marginal to both distance education more generally and to the bulk of foreign language instruction throughout the country. One handicap, arising from very limited demand in business for foreign language skills, is the lack of the innovative development in the corporate sector of the kind that advances other distance learning. A major national need for adult-oriented, individual language-learning facilities remains unmet, particularly materials and facilities for remediation and maintenance of decaying language skills. Within the formal education system, distance education reaches a small fraction of all language learners and has less impact on current instructional practice than might be expected. To remedy this situation, attention must be given to upper-level skill instruction, the production of flexible modules of less than full course length, extension into the less commonly taught languages, the provision of opportunities for interactions rich in cultural context, and the adoption of a common research agenda.
Conflict Research and Resolution: Cyprus
Authors: ROTHMAN JAY
Published: March 2007

As the Cold War recedes and Europe moves into a new union, protracted ethnic conflicts raging around the world pose a major challenge to forging a more peaceful world order in the waning years of the twentieth century. The serious and fresh attention given to these conflicts may also provide valuable conceptual and practical tools for conflict management. This article describes a methodology used for conflict resolution training and intervention in the context of protracted ethnic conflicts, and its application to the Cyprus conflict as a vehicle for research. The methodology suggests that it may be fruitful if parties in conflict, or examinations of conflict, were able to systematically develop a variety of different ways of analyzing the conflict and posing solutions to it. Three different lenses for conflict analysis and management are suggested: adversarial, reflexive, and integrative.
Consequences of the Changing Sexual Division of Labor
Authors: MILES IAN
Published: March 2007

The trend of women's entering parts of the labor market that were traditionally male dominated is common across most Western industrialized economies. It looks set to continue, with more role models available for girls and more financial and educational resources released that women can use to improve their circumstances. Though some prejudices will be dispelled by the performance of competent women workers, some men will seek to contain women's activities, on account of threats to their power and prestige in both home and work life. Women will still have to battle to realize the opportunities that are presented—as well as coping with, or transforming, the double burden of housework and formal employment. The ensuing conflicts are liable to intensify the critique of traditional concepts of masculinity and femininity. Suppressed grievances and insecurities are liable to come to light. This ferment has the potential to increase social justice—in family life, formal work, and more broadly—but this outcome cannot be taken for granted.
The Strategic Impact of Hemispheric Free Trade
Authors: BAILEY NORMAN A. , PERRY WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

Among the most original foreign policy departures of the Bush administration has been the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative. This initiative is also the first indication of a return by the United States to a hemispheric foreign policy orientation since the end of the Cold War. At the same time, an overwhelmingly democratic and market-oriented Latin America is a newly appropriate partner for the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative. The future of both sides lies in a strategic partnership between them.
Fisher Kings and Public Places: The Old New Age in the 1990s
Authors: ALBANESE CATHERINE L.
Published: March 2007

The New Age is best seen as a new spirituality with pervasive ties to a large general American culture rather than as a narrowly defined movement with mostly theosophical roots. In fact, the New Age is an expression of American nature religion, intimately tied to a nineteenth-century past that blurred distinctions between spirit and matter. This nature religion carries considerable moral weight and, especially with its emphasis on healing as reconciliation, contains a social ethic. It also reveals ties to Protestant America by pointing toward evangelical ideas of disharmony and sin and by the ambiguities of its millennial preoccupation. Finally, its social ethic means a willingness to engage in public discourse on themes of environmentalism and related concerns. Thus the new spirituality demonstrates an ease in the “naked public square,” which Christianity and civil religion have not been able to inhabit comfortably in our time.
Impact of Social Movements on European Party Systems
Authors: ROHRSCHNEIDER ROBERT
Published: March 2007

The evolution of new social movements in Western Europe creates several problems for established political parties. New social movements demand programmatic changes, green parties attract voters who previously supported established parties, and movement activists prefer decentralized party organizations. This article analyzes the success of established parties in coping with these programmatic, electoral, and organizational challenges. The article concludes that while established parties increasingly meet the programmatic and electoral challenge, they are less successful in meeting the organizational demands of new social movements.
Planning Foreign Language Teaching in a Small Country
Authors: VAN ELS THEO J. M.
Published: March 2007

Policymaking in the field of foreign language teaching has not been given much thought so far. Discussions of policy decisions, therefore, tend to be confused. In this article, a number of fundamental issues regarding planning foreign language teaching on a national level are dealt with. They relate to the levels at which policy decisions may be taken, but in particular to such issues as the role of needs; the choice of which languages to offer and which to learn; and the special role of different educational levels. Examples are drawn from the recent Dutch National Action Programme on Foreign Languages. Insight is also given into how this program was developed and is being implemented at the moment.
Can Liberal States Control Unwanted Migration?
Authors: FREEMAN GARY P.
Published: March 2007

The commonly held view that liberal democracies cannot effectively control unwanted migration is unwarranted despite the intensification of migration pressures in recent years. To develop a more accurate position built on less sweeping generalizations, I disaggregate migration policy into four parts: managing legal immigration, controlling illegal migration, administering temporary worker programs, and processing asylum seekers and refugees. A review of the experiences of the liberal democracies with each of these migration challenges indicates that although there are numerous instances of policy failure, there is also considerable capacity to regulate migration. I argue that this capacity is certainly growing, not declining, over time, that some states possess more capacity than others, that the control capacities of particular states vary substantially across the four areas, and that these capacities fluctuate periodically in conjunction with contingent cycles of salience and effort.
Helping Migrants to Stay at Home
Authors: BÖHNING W. R.
Published: March 2007

The relatively new but growing phenomenon of international migration pressure is documented and explained by reference to the widening income and trade gap between middle-income emigration and high-income immigration countries as well as by reference to the crucial role of networks. The three main international instruments for helping emigration countries to generate employment and income faster than in the past are then reviewed—trade expansion, foreign direct investment, and official development assistance. Trade is shown to have bypassed most emigration countries; growing protectionism does not augur well for the future. Foreign direct investment, similarly, has mostly taken the form of an exchange between rich countries or of inflows into Pacific Rim countries. Official development assistance is increasingly looked at as an option to be exploited for the purpose of reducing migration pressure. There are problems, of course, and little besides lip-service to date. An International Labour Office initiative to have emigration countries, immigration countries, and multilateral organizations collaborate is a promising approach to mobilizing increasingly scarce aid funds.
Community Organizations and Crime
Authors: BENNETT SUSAN F.
Published: March 2007

Although not a panacea, community organizations have particular strengths that they bring to crime prevention: generating and sustaining participation, generating a broader understanding of community crime, developing programs that address broader social causes of crime, and forming partnerships for community policing. Questions about the efficacy of community-based crime prevention programs may be due to several limitations of prior evaluations. First they fail to acknowledge the fluid and political planning process of community organizations, which results in changing goals and objectives. Second, the need of community organizations to balance the production of outcomes and the process of developing activists makes it difficult to assess their accomplishments. Third, the emphasis on outcomes forces organizations to shorten the necessary social learning process, undermissing the programs' effectiveness. Finally, the evaluations' conceptual model ignores the political and institutional dimensions of communities and assumes only one means of producing safe communities.
Issue Flexibility in Negotiating Internal War
Authors: JENSEN LLOYD
Published: March 2007

Showing flexibility by being willing to add and subtract issues in an effort to find a solution to internal militarized disputes can be vital to success. Examples drawn from recent negotiations involving Angola, Cambodia, El Salvador, Mozambique, and the former Yugoslavia provide a number of lessons concerning the manipulation of issues and how that might facilitate agreement or make it less likely. In some instances, these involve certain dilemmas, since subtracting issues may help agreement, but the resulting agreement may not mean much; efforts to punish perpetrators of violence on the other side will impede negotiations, but failure to do so may undermine popular support for the agreement; and regionalizing the negotiation may bring in other parties and issues, allowing more tradeoffs, but can delay the negotiation by adding complexity.
Dual Prosecutions: A Model for Concurrent Federal Jurisdiction
Authors: LITMAN HARRY , GREENBERG MARK D.
Published: March 2007

Examination of the federal government's policy on dual prosecutions has important implications for the debate over the federalization of crime. In response to concerns about the increasing federalization of crime, commentators frequently propose principles to restrict federal criminal jurisdiction. The U.S. Department of Justice's Petite Policy attends to similar concerns in one narrow context by establishing a strong presumption against federal reprosecution of a defendant already prosecuted by a state for the same conduct. The workings of the policy demonstrate that the problems that critics of federalization seek to solve with legislative restrictions can be solved at the level of prosecution policy. This approach, in contrast to legislative restrictions, ensures the possibility of a federal prosecution in exceptional cases that uncontroversially warrant federal involvement to vindicate important national interests. That insight points the way to a model of the role of the federal government in criminal law areas generally regulated by the states.
Globalization and Urban Economic Change
Authors: KNOX PAUL L.
Published: March 2007

The reorganization of global space that has been set in motion over the past quarter century by processes of international economic change has had some important consequences for North American cities. Traditionally, cities' economic functions have been to organize and facilitate production and distribution within local, regional, and national spaces. Increasingly, these functions are being eclipsed by cities' roles as nodal points in global commodity chains. In this context, a few cities have acquired world city status because of their involvement in linking and shaping whole complexes of commodity chains. In most other cities, the globalizing world economy can be seen in the changes of economic fortune attached to the ebbs and flows of foreign direct investment, imports, and exports, and in the local economic restructuring and spatial reorganization driven by a new international division of labor.
Globalization, Immigration, and Changing Social Relations in U.S. Cities
Authors: LAWS GLENDA
Published: March 2007

The current process of globalization, with deep historical roots, has had a significant impact on social problems in U.S. cities. My focus is the links between globalization, immigration, and urban social relations. At the heart of this linkage is an economic restructuring across societies and in the U.S. city that has potent social consequences for immigrant populations. Such people, induced to migrate by changing economic circumstances, find growing ghettoization, isolation, and cultural antipathies in their new settings. In the new globality, immigrant populations are commonly fingered as the other, the invading and ominous people threatening time-tested social norms and economic principles.
Chicago's New Immigrants, Indigenous Poor, and Edge Cities
Authors: GREENE RICHARD P.
Published: March 2007

The settlement pattern of new immigrants in the Chicago urban region diverges significantly from previous immigration periods, when employment was concentrated in the urban core. In recent decades, the rate of employment decentralization in the Chicago area has accelerated, giving rise to edge cities, which are acquiring an increasing share of the region's total employment. As a result, the new immigrants are in a far more favorable geographic position than the region's indigenous poor to compete in the local unskilled labor market. Meanwhile, with the absence of new immigrants settling the region's traditional port-of-entry neighborhoods, thus not replacing the exiting middle class, large sections of Chicago's urban core are being bypassed, further isolating the indigenous poor from the economic mainstream.
The Mismanagement of Environmental Conflicts
Authors: CSUTORA MARIA
Published: March 2007

During the Communist regime, companies' conflicts with the public were hidden. The public did not have the right to express their objection. Recent Hungarian law, however, supports people's right to influence decisions that have an impact on their lives, but attitudes change slowly. In this article, I show the typical methods of companies' mismanagement of environmental conflicts. The first part of the article concentrates on strategic issues, and the second one emphasizes mistakes in communication with local communities. There are signs that Hungarian companies have already started to learn their lesson, but they also need help to face the new situation of the post-Communist era. Conflict theory and conflict resolution techniques may help them to deal with communication problems and to reach win-win solutions. Although not unknown, facilitation is not a common technique in Hungary yet. This means that there is potential for its development.
Democratization and Conflicts in Russia and the Newly Independent States
Authors: MIRIMANOVA NATALIA
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the relationship between conflicts and democratization processes in Russia and the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. The severe interethnic and political conflicts that marked the beginning of the era of democratization in the former Soviet Union still have not been resolved. These ongoing conflicts inhibit democratic reforms. States have neither the resources nor the will to promote the peaceful resolution of these conflicts. Nongovernmental, cooperative conflict resolution may provide some assistance in handling conflicts in the post-Soviet context. Drawing on her significant experience working in cross-cultural conflicts, the author provides illustrations of practical applications of conflict analysis and resolution skills and processes. Finally, in concluding the article, the author explores the connection between civil society building and peaceful conflict resolution.
The Economic Impacts of Casino Gambling at the State and Local Levels
Authors: GAZEL RICARDO
Published: March 2007

This article describes and discusses the components of an economic impact analysis of casino gambling in state and local economies. The article focuses on the positive and negative economic impacts of casino gambling and how large these impacts are likely to be in specific old and new gambling jurisdictions. An emphasis is given to the consequences of market structures used by specific jurisdictions in issuing gambling licenses. The article suggests that monopolistic and oligopolistic market structures are, in general, the major reasons for economic losses for state and local economies when they legalize casino gambling.
8. Legal Sanctions in Legislative Policy-Making
Authors: Sands C. Dallas
Published: March 2007

Analysis of sanctions aimed at diagnosing the nature of the prob lem that is encountered in the effort to effect changes by law has satisfactorily identified alternative control devices available. But the problem of the capabilities of various available control devices has been slighted as much by behavioral science as by the legal pro fession. The Association of American Law Schools will hold a Round Table Council on Legislation to attend to the improvement of insights and methods for designing legislative remedies, through joint con sideration by social scientists and the legal profession.
Cross-Cultural Study of Council-Manager Government
Authors: Villanueva Alfredo B.
Published: March 2007

A note on the cross-cultural adaptability of municipal council-manager gov ernment, suggesting several avenues for research.
A "Constitution" for Professional Associations
Authors: Hoffman Donald
Published: March 2007

This piece was not secretly microfilmed from the confidential files of a pro fessional association, but is a tongue-in-cheek attempt to reconcile preaching and practice in the external and internal rules of professional organizations. If a constitution carried prescriptions based on all the important behaviors of the group, it might read like this.
Applying Wargaming to the Cold War
Authors: Price Maurice T.
Published: March 2007

We must realize, as the U.S.S.R. has long since realized, that the cold war involves the use of all social forces as weapons and weapon systems. The tech niques of wargaming as conducted by military officers and "political gaming," carried out by social scientists, should be combined for the gaming of cold war instruments and programs. Such gaming, as outlined here, would contribute to the theory, testing and planning of cold war weapon systems.
Ethics, Social Science, and
Authors: Leys Wayne A. R.
Published: March 2007

Philosopher and author of Ethics for Policy Decisions, as well as Graduate Dean at Roose velt University, the author is well-known for his studies of ethics in relation to social action. He has recently directed a project on the meaning of the "public interest." Dr. Leys dis cusses the rather confused patterns of scientific thought and political agitation on the "conflict of interest." At intervals, he will pursue in the pages of ABS the solution of a number of related problems of social science, ethics, and public policy.
Occupational Prestige in Santiago de Chile
Authors: Carter Roy E. , Sepulveda Orlando
Published: March 2007

This article* reports on a sample survey in which Chileans rated the relative prestige of 16 occupations. The results are compared with the findings of similar studies in both more and less developed nations. Professor Carter is director of the Communications Research Division, University of Minnesota. Professor Sepúlveda is the director of the Institute of Sociology, University of Chile and currently lecturer in Sociology at the University of Minnesota.
A Humanistic Technology
Authors: Rickover Hyman G.
Published: March 2007

"Humanistically viewed, technology is not an end in itself but a means to an end, the end being determined by man." So says Admiral Rickover in this speech which he gave at George town University's Symposium on Cybernetics and Society, November, 1964.
Machine Retrieval of Biographical Data
Authors: Beck Carl , Stewart Douglas K.
Published: March 2007

Extensive biographical information on Eastern European political elites was organized in an inverted file format to facilitate computer retrieval of specified elite subsets. Carl Beck is Professor of Political Science at the University of Pittsburgh, where Douglas Stewart is an Instructor in the Department of Sociology.
Networks and Circles in the Production of Culture
Authors: Kadushin Charles
Published: March 2007

Kadushin uses network analysis to show the distinctive structure of intellectual, scientific, and artistic circles. These circles of creators are contrasted with the utilitarian production networks which transfer creations into consumables.
Searching for Surrender
Authors: Westley Frances R.
Published: March 2007

The Catholic Charismatic Renewal movement is thefocus of thispaper, which offers an insightful analysis of one group's attempt to become glossolalic. Special attention is given to the crucial role of leadership and the reaction of external church authorities.
The Ideal Candidate
Authors: TRENT JUDITH S. , MONGEAU PAUL A. , TRENT JIMMIE D. , KENDALL KATHLEEN E. , CUSHING RONALD B.
Published: March 2007

The view of image as a transaction between what a candidate does and the evaluative response that voters have to it creates at least three critical questions as yet unanswered in the literature of political communication. First, although the power of the media to affect the success or failure of political campaigns and candidates has been demonstrated by researchers and is popularly believed, do the views of individual media members regarding the qualities necessary for presidential candidates differ significantly from those of the electorate? Second, although voters share many beliefs about the personal qualities that presidential candidates ought to possess, do these attributes vary from presidential election to election? Finally, although voter assessment of a candidate's image is a major determinant of voter behavior and voters have a mental picture of an ideal candidate that they use to evaluate actual candidates, do the evaluative dimensions differ by party affiliation? The answers to these questions were determined from the results of a survey of 236 professional journalists covering and 444 voting citizens attending presidential rallies in New Hampshire in 1988 and 1992.
Organizational Structures
Authors: MARSDEN PETER V. , COOK CYNTHIA R. , KALLEBERG ARNE L.
Published: March 2007

Measures of coordination and control techniques—including structural complexity, formalization, decentralization, and firm internal labor markets—are related to one another in theoretically anticipated ways for the diverse set of establishments in the National Organizations Study. Quite strong differences in structure between large and small organizations persist even after statistical adjustments for effects of contextual features, including auspices, environmental complexity, the presence of unions, and branch/subsidiary status. There are appreciable differences, net of size and complexity, in formalization and decentralization between public-sector, nonprofit, and private for-profit establishments. Branch/subsidiary establishments display higher levels of formalization and centralization than do comparable independent workplaces. The end of this article identifies five common profiles of coordination/control strategies. Two of these are variations on simple structure used predominantly in small, independent firms. The other three are varieties of bureaucracy found in large nonunionized, large unionized, and small branch establishments.
The Impact of Bell Curve Ideology on African American Public Policy
Authors: WALTERS RONALD
Published: March 2007

This work analyzes the public policy focus of The Bell Curve, suggesting that the objective of the authors in attempting to empirically validate the theorized intellectual inferiority of African Americans is to substantiate their unworthiness for governmental support in the form of such programs as affirmative action. Drawing on previous research related to the American eugenics movement and the biological inferiority ideologies of the Nazi era, I draw parallels to modern attempts by those involved in a current “White nationalists” movement to engage in racial scapegoating and to discipline the distributive functions of government in ways that disempower those they consider to be members of “unworthy” populations. I conclude that this course will logically result in increased social/racial tensions, leading perhaps to a renewal of racial violence.
Mormonism, Americanism, and Mexico
Authors: REYES ANTONIO LARA
Published: March 2007

The continuing spread throughout the world of religions that have strong ties to the United States has been much remarked upon, particularly in the case of Protestantism in Latin America, but analysis is still somewhat neglected as far as scholars are concerned. The influence that Mormonism with its “theology of Americanism” has had in Mexico through the years provides an introduction to the subject of the influence overseas of “American Religions.”
Paternalism and the Narcotics Industry
Authors: SALGADO ENRIQUE
Published: March 2007

The narcotics problem, which involves the United States and Mexico, can be approached effectively by using a line of analysis concerning paternalism, statism, and Mexico's national security. The subject is an ever-growing aspect of United States-Mexican relations and a challenge that threatens both countries.
Redefining Tenure
Authors: LESLIE DAVID W.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the problems that confront academe and suggests that faculty work has changed so profoundly in recent years that tenure is no longer sufficient and/or necessary. The author argues that intellectual freedom and accountability are competing demands that must be met simultaneously. He reviews the problems that exist, how tenure exacerbates those problems, and how an expanded faculty career profile might be one way to solve some of the vexing problems that confront colleges and universities.
Systematics and CSR
Authors: Mitnick Barry M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the theoretical status of the three CSR models of William C. Frederick. Using the method of systematics, it disaggregates the elements of the three models and suggests one integrative means of re-sorting them. The article argues the need to develop a theoretical logic to understand behavior in this area and supplies one in the form of the beginnings of an explicit theory of normative referencing. The processes of normative referencing, including normative selection, normative commitment, normative instruction, normative implementation, normative administration, normative outcomes production, normative accounting, and normative adjustment are described.
Some Determinants of Student Corporate Social Responsibility Orientation
Authors: Burton Brian K. , HEGARTY W. HARVEY
Published: March 2007

This study examines the effect of gender, Machiavellian orientation, and socially desirable reporting on the respondent’s orientation toward corporate social responsibility. A sample of 219 undergraduate students from a Midwestern university exhibited differences in orientation across gender and degree of Machiavellian orientation. Social desirability had a minimal effect on the responses.
“Seek and Ye Shall Find!”
Authors: KNILL CHRISTOPH , LENSCHOW ANDREA
Published: March 2007

Two theoretical schools—rationalist and constructivist approaches—dominate the literature on policy and institutional change. They tend to focus the debate on the ontological understanding of human behavior and hence the logic behind change. The authors note that another dimension of change—namely, its scope—is treated unsatisfactorily in the literature due to a neglect of the level of abstraction used as a point of departure by different studies. Hence, the literature is littered with “false debates” couched in the language of ontological disagreement. A regrouping of the literature into structure- and agency-based approaches will help to take for more systematic account of the levels of abstraction problem and therefore the varying measuring rods applied to assess the scope of change. The authors' analytical focus runs orthogonal to the question of ontology and complements the dominant debate by allowing for a separation of different analytical dimensions in the study of political change.
Effects of Government Characteristics on Fiscal Deficits in 18 Oecd Countries, 1961-1994
Authors: SAKAMOTO TAKAYUKI
Published: March 2007

Political economists studying industrialized countries have claimed that certain institutional characteristics of governments—such as majority status, the number of parties in government, and stability—affect levels of public deficits. They have specifically argued that weak/unstable governments produce higher deficits than strong/stable ones. The author tests the validity of such claims by examining empirical data from 18 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries between 1961 and 1994. It is shown that evidence does not support the “deficit-prone weak governments” thesis. If anything, there is some evidence to suggest that deficits are lower under what political economists call “weak/unstable governments,” such as minority governments, coalition governments, or less durable governments. It is further shown that there is extremely limited evidence to support another line of argument: that the strength/stability of governments does not necessarily create deficits but does affect the nature of adjustment paths to economic shocks and that weak/unstable governments are less capable of reducing deficits once they are created or the economy gets thrown off track.
Political Intolerance and the Structure of Mass Attitudes
Authors: SULLIVAN JOHN L. , SHAMIR MICHAL , ROBERTS NIGEL S. , WALSH PATRICK
Published: March 2007

This article examines the patterns of tolerance and intolerance characterizing the publics of three countries: Israel, New Zealand, and the United States. Beyond the level of tolerance, we study the extent to which the tolerant and intolerant segments of each nation's population are intense in their attitudes, and their degree of agreement about the targets of their intolerance. We find the United States to be characterized by a pattern of “pluralistic intolerance,” Israel by “focused intolerance,” and New Zealand by “pluralistic tolerance.” We then explore the potential of translating these attitudes into intolerant actions and conclude that, given this structure of public opinion, this potential is highest in Israel and lowest in New Zealand.
The Forms and Processes of War Diffusion
Authors: STARR HARVEY , MOST BENJAMIN A.
Published: March 2007

As part of an ongoing project, we have investigated the existence of conflict diffusion in the post-World War II international system. The initial systemwide tests of our Warring Border Nation model of positive spatial diffusion were replicated successfully in a study of conflict in the African region that appeared in this journal. Although both the systemwide and African regional studies demonstrated the existence of conflict diffusion, the present article begins to specify exactly which processes are operative by unpacking the earlier results and their attendant methodologies. To describe what positive spatial diffusion looks like in Africa—the states for which it holds and the conditions under which it does so—we present a series of analyses that exclusively utilize the variables that are central to the argument: borders, types of borders, and factors related to the “treatment” of having a Warring Border Nation.
Market Reform and Collective Action in China
Authors: ROSS LESTER
Published: March 2007

Although it is universally agreed that socialist political economy fails to satisfy the demand for private goods, it is often assumed that socialist states are superior providers of public goods by virtue of the public ownership of property and appeals to altruistic impulses. This article reviews social choice and game theoretic approaches to collective action, and concludes to the contrary that in China such institutions have been counterproductive. By contrast, it is argued that the self-interested, market-oriented reforms introduced since the death of Mao can actually enhance collective action, provided that the regime assures social stability and the enforcement of property rights.
New Players in an Old Game
Authors: RABINOWITZ GEORGE , MACDONALD STUART ELAINE , LISTHAUG OLA
Published: March 2007

This article compares two spatial models of party competition: (a) the traditional proximity model and (b) the directional model of voter choice. The article first lays out the differences between the two models in multiparty systems. The traditional proximity model makes no clear prediction about the spatial structure of political parties; the directional model predicts that optimal placement for parties will be along the circumference of a circle at a moderate distance from the center. Both theories have implications for overtime strategy and the success of new political parties. Traditional proximity theory emphasizes movement toward a location with high density of voters, while directional theory emphasizes the importance of a distinct directional strategy. The authors examine the Norwegian political system from 1969-1985 and the Swedish system from 1979-1982 and find the directional theory more strongly supported.
The Heresthetics of Coup Making
Authors: COHEN YOUSSEF
Published: March 2007

Heresthetics is a term coined by Riker to refer to the stratagems used by politicians to manipulate the structure of a decision-making situation. The object of such manipulation is to force one's opponents into a choice of alternatives such that, whichever alternative is chosen, the opponents will lose. The main argument of this article is that military coups and regimes are largely the outcomes of successful heresthetical maneuvers. In this article my argument is applied to the emergence of the Brazilian military regime of 1964. But the argument should apply more widely. At the very least, this preliminary exercise should stimulate more research on the strategic maneuvers that engender military regimes and other forms of political change. By investigating the relationship between heresthetics and regime change this article also shows how social choice theory and game theory can be used to complement and enrich current explanations of political change.
Electoral Systems and Institutional Choice
Authors: BRADY DAVID , MO JONGRYN
Published: March 2007

This article shows how the ruling party of Korea, the DJP, chose and implemented a strategy to win the 13th National Assembly election of 1988 and explains why that strategy failed. In addition, this election is analyzed in a more general context. The authors find, for example that the preference of a party over electoral systems is determined by the spatial distribution of its votes and that the choice of an electoral system is the outcome of a bargaining process among the parties. In the context of democratization, the Korean experience shows that the democratic reform policies of an authoritarian government are shaped by the interplay between the ruling party's desire to create a political system wherein they maintain power and the constraints to create a system that would channel the opposition's activities into electoral or institutional outlets.
The Nature of Political Support and Legitimacy in Spain
Authors: McDONOUGH PETER , BARNES SAMUEL H. , PINA ANTONIO LÓPEZ
Published: March 2007

Drawing on data from four national surveys conducted in Spain since 1978, this article evaluates a theory of political legitimacy that incorporates three elements. The first takes into account the fact that, in instances of regime change, ordinary citizens can meaningfully compare democratic and antidemocratic political systems. The second element considers the content of interregime comparison, in particular, standards of economic growth and social equity. Third, the phenomenon of trust in private and public domains is brought into play for the purpose of specifying a distinctively democratic type of political legitimacy. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the model are discussed, with special reference to its utility in situations where regime transitions are not involved, and where the focus is on mass as well as elite politics.
The Path to European Integration
Authors: PIERSON PAUL
Published: March 2007

Observers of the European Community have criticized “intergovernmentalist” accounts for exaggerating the extent of member-state control over European integration. This article grounds these criticisms in a historical institutionalist analysis, stressing the need to study European integration as a process that unfolds over time. Losses of control result not only from the autonomous actions of supranational organizations, but from member-state preoccupation with short-term concerns, the ubiquity of unintended consequences, and the instability of member-state policy preferences. Once gaps in control emerge, change-resistant decision rules and sunk costs associated with societal adaptations make it difficult for member states to reassert their authority. Brief examination of the evolution of EC social policy suggests the limitations of treating the EC as an instrument facilitating collective action among sovereign states. Rather, integration should be viewed as a path-dependent process producing a fragmented but discernible multitiered European polity.
Political Culture Theory and the Role of Professionals
Authors: MYERS DAVID J. , MARTZ JOHN D.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the political culture literature and follows its admonition to test culturalist ideas in representative ethnographic studies. It is based on public opinion surveys in 1973 and 1987, elite interviews in 1972-1973, and focus groups organized by the authors during 1987. There are three important findings. First, the political culture of professionals in the wake of social discontinuity was fragmented in the aggregate. Fragmentation was not as pronounced as anticipated by culturalist theory. The second finding concerns the internal structure of political culture in which political regimes become consolidated without a great legitimating revolution. The authors detected a strong positive affect for the central institutions underpinning Venezuela's post-1958 regime, highly positive evaluative orientations toward the institutions' governing capabilities, and a positive evaluation of overall regime output. Third, the authors found professional political culture in 1987 supportive of reconciliation democracy; but evaluative orientation toward regime outputs had become negative.
How does Europeanization Produce Domestic Policy Change?
Authors: RADAELLI CLAUDIO M.
Published: March 2007

This article raises the question whether corporate tax policies in Italy and the United Kingdom have been changed by the emergence of an embryonic tax regime at the European Union (EU) level. The author argues that Europeanization can occur both directly, when domestic policy is constrained by the implementation of EU directives, and indirectly, when policy makers conceive of a domestic issue in European frames of references and modify public policy, thus producing policy change. Indirect Europeanization focuses on how European policy paradigms and ideas are transmitted into the national policy process. The author finds evidence of indirect Europeanization for the United Kingdom but not for Italy. Macro-administrative variables and national attitudes do not perform well in the explanation of Europeanization. Insights provided by the literature on knowledge utilization are useful instead: The relationship between European integration and domestic policies appears to be mediated by the cognitive structure of public policy.
Union Power, Policy Making, and Unemployment in Western Europe, 1972-1993
Authors: COMPSTON HUGH
Published: March 2007

Most recent research on the relationship between trade unions and unemployment focuses on the size and structure of trade union movements and argues either that strong unions are bad for unemployment, due to their effect on wages, or that encompassing unions are good for unemployment, because their wage-setting behavior takes economic externalities into account. This article reports the results of testing the more political hypothesis that trade union influence on government economic policy is important in leading to lower unemployment via the implementation by governments of more vigorous anti-unemployment policies than would otherwise be used. A pooled time-series analysis provides support for this theory in revealing that union influence, as indicated by a newly developed measure of union participation in economic policy making, was consistently associated with lower unemployment over a range of 13 West European countries during the period 1972 to 1993.
Adjustment to Stagflation and Neoliberal Reforms in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States
Authors: HIWATARI NOBUHIRO
Published: March 2007

This article explains why the stagflation and neoliberal reforms that reinforced party polarization in the United Kingdom and the United States instead led to party convergence in Japan. In Japan, industry-centered adjustment and bureaucratic coordination distributed the costs of policy changes across societal groups and facilitated party convergence, whereas the lack of such societal and state institutions in the United Kingdom and the United States led to policy changes with polarizing consequences. Focusing on industry-centered adjustment brings the unions back into Japanese politics and provides an alternative to the pluralism-neocorporatism dichotomy of organizing societal interests. Bureaucratic coordination not only includes the opposition in the framework but also provides a more nuanced view than is assumed in the debate over whether the ruling party of the bureaucracy dominates the Japanese state. When combined, these conceptualizations of market and state go a long way toward explaining the dynamics of party competition.
Supranational Activists or Intergovernmental Agents?
Authors: HOOGHE LIESBET
Published: March 2007

Since the inception of the European Community (EC)/European Union (EU), the European Commission has been the engine of European integration, but studies have failed to account for how office holders in the commission conceive authority in the EU. The author explains variation in supranationalist and intergovernmentalist views among top commission officials using 140 interviews and 106 mail questionnaires undertaken between July 1995 and May 1997. Officials' views are greatly influenced by prior state career and previous political socialization, with former state employees and nationals of large, unitary states leaning to intergovernmentalism and those without former state experience and from federal systems to supranationalism. Partial confirmation of a principal-agent logic is found in that officials in powerful commission services favor supranationalism only if prior socialization predisposes them to such views. Thus, the results support socialization theory, but they are inconclusive for principal-agent arguments.