bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistence to rainwashing of DDT wettable powders
Authors: Phillips F. T. , Gillham E. M.
Published: November 2006

The amounts of DDT removed by ‘rainwashing’ deposits of wettable powders on glass or cotton leaf surfaces were greatly diminished if the powders were formulated with amine stearates. The age and the density of the deposit affected retention to a lesser degree. Rates of loss by ‘rainwashing’ the deposits from both types of surface could be described in general terms by double exponential equations.

The initial rate at which DDT penetrated into cotton leaves, but not the amount that penetrated after several weeks in the laboratory at 20°c, was influenced by the presence of amine stearates in the formulation (which formed stearic acid in the deposits). The proportional amounts, and the total amounts, of DDT that penetrated from these unweathered deposits depended on the deposit density.
Laboratory purification of fenitrothion
Authors: Kovačičová J. , Masud Zafar , Bátora V. , Kováč J. , Truchlik Š.
Published: November 2006

A simple method for laboratory purification of fenitrothion technical concentrates for analytical purposes is described. The method is based on the differential rate of alkaline hydrolysis of fenitrothion, its S‐methyl isomer and corresponding oxygen analogue. The volatile impurities are removed by counter‐current steam distillation.
Behaviour of phosphamidon within the young almond fruit, and action of translocated phosphamidon and monocrotophos on the egg and the young larva of the almond wasp, Eurytoma amygdali
Authors: Plaut H. N.
Published: November 2006

The use of systemic insecticides to control the egg or the young larva of the almond wasp, Eurytoma amygdali, within the nucellus of the young almond fruit was examined. Phosphamidon was found to leave low, but very persistent residues in the seed, and rather high and persistent residues in the pericarp of the fruit.

Phosphamidon and monocrotophos were applied as sprays at three different phenological dates. They did not prevent hatching. 0.03% Phosphamidon was effective in killing the larvae when applied after about 66% had hatched, but had little or no effect when applied earlier, when only 12% of the eggs had hatched, or later, 2 weeks after termination of hatch. 0.06% Phosphamidon was effective when applied at 12% hatch, but not when applied 2 weeks after the termination of hatch. 0.08% Monocrotophos was particularly effective at both application times.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds IV.—Essential features for insecticidal activity in chrysanthemates and related cyclopropane esters
Authors: Barlow F. , Elliott M. , Farnham A. W. , Hadaway A. B. , Janes N. F. , Needham P. H. , Wickham J. C.
Published: November 2006

A range of 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl cyclopropane carboxylates and other esters are evaluated against house‐flies, mustard beetles and two mosquito species. The results show the importance for activity of a gem‐dimethyl group on the cyclopropane ring and that substitutions at C3 give wide variations in insecticidal activity and marked species specificity. Some of the compounds had considerable knockdown activity against houseflies, but the structural requirements for this type of action differ markedly from those for kill.
A possible biochemical mode of action of the fasciolicides nitroxynil, hexachlorophene and oxyclozanide
Authors: Corbett J. R. , Goose J.
Published: November 2006

The commercial fasciolicides nitroxynil, hexachlorophene and oxyclozanide have the following minimum uncoupling concentrations when tested with rat liver mitochondria by an oxygen electrode assay: 27‐33 μ, 0.6‐0.8 μ and 0.3‐0.4 μM, respectively. The compounds stimulated the rate of oxygen uptake of intact flukes in Warburg flasks 20‐40% over the untreated rate at 10‐100 μ, 1‐10 μM and 0.1‐1 μM, respectively. Apparent death (i.e. lack of movement after 24 h exposure) was caused by 170‐350 μM, 3.5‐7 μm and 3.5‐7 μM, respectively. The approximate correlation between the concentrations necessary to cause uncoupling in isolated mitochondria, stimulation of oxygen uptake by whole flukes, and apparent death, suggest that the fasciolicidal effect of all three compounds may be due to uncoupling.
Biocidal activities of some heterocyclic organotin sulphides
Authors: Ison R. R. , Newbold G. T. , Saggers D. T.
Published: November 2006

A series of trialkyl‐ and triaryltin heterocyclic sulphides were prepared and tested for pesticidal activity In general the tripropyl‐ and tributyltin derivatives possessed the highest potencies but the heterocyclic moiety had little effect on activities.
Application of carbon disulphide evolution method for the differentiation of bisdithiocarbamates from methyldithiocarbamates
Authors: Ghezzo Floriano , Magos L.
Published: November 2006

The carbon disulphide evolution method is suitable for establishing the group specificity of an unknown dithiocarbamate fungicide. At 55°C methyldithiocarbamates release all their as CS2 whether hydrolysed in sulphuric acid or acetic acid solution, whereas the liberation of CS2 from bisdithiocarbamates in sulphuric acid is at least 2–5 times as high as in acetic acid.
Mercury content of some foodstuffs of vegetable origin
Authors: Lee D. F. , Thomas B. , Roughan J. A. , Watters E. D.
Published: November 2006

An analytical method and results are given for the determination of total mercury residues in: Brussels sprouts; cabbages, heading broccoli and kale; potatoes; apples; carrots; imported tomatoes; tinned tomatoes, tomato juices and purees; rice; sugar. Residues in the 146 samples were in the range <0.001 to 0.010 parts/million, the mean being 0.0027 parts/million.
Availability of atrazine to plants in different soils
Authors: Walker A.
Published: November 2006

The concentrations of atrazine in the shoots of wheat plants growing in 12 different soils were directly proportional to the soil solution concentrations of herbicide estimated from slurry adsorption measurements. There was a marked discrepancy between the total uptake of herbicide and the amount theoretically supplied by mass‐flow in response to transpiration. This discrepancy was less when plants were grown in nutrient solutions. In an experiment with one soil only, the half‐life of atrazine was 22 days and when the solution concentration in this soil was corrected for this change, a much closer prediction of atrazine uptake could be obtained. The ways in which interactions between adsorption, breakdown and transpiration rates may affect herbicide toxicity under field conditions are discussed.
Imidazoles III. Pesticidal screening of some substituted 1‐hydroxyimidazoles
Authors: Allan G. G. , Chopra C. S. , Mattila T.
Published: November 2006

The screening of 30 substituted 1‐hydroxyimidazoles as herbicides, anthelmintics, insecticides, bacteriostats, fungicides, coccidiostats and nematocides disclosed a broad spectrum of biological activity in all but two compounds. The most pesticidally active imidazoles carried an interdiazal benzenoid or heterocyclic aromatic ring substituent with a phenolic or potentially phenolic group attached thereto.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain. Pesticide residues in raspberries and strawberries
Authors: Findlay Elizabeth
Published: November 2006

Over the period 1968/70 147 samples of raspberries and 124 samples of strawberries were analysed for organochlorine insecticide residues. DDT was found in 30% of the samples but only one sample contained as much as 1.4 parts/million. No residues were detected in the raspberries during the last year of the survey which coincided with the discontinued use of DDT on this crop. 184 of the above samples were also analysed for residues of organophosphorus insecticides and the fungicide dichlofluanid. Malathion was found in one sample of raspberries. Approximately 40% of the strawberries contained detectable amounts of dichlofluanid and its metabolite with combined residues ranging from 0.1 to 7.5 parts/million. Only two samples of raspberries contained residues of either dichlofluanid or its metabolite. It is considered that the residues of these various pesticides should not present a hazard to consumers.
The breakdown of [14C]monocrotophos insecticide on maize, cabbage and apple
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Wright A. N.
Published: November 2006

The breakdown of 14C‐labelled monocrotophos (dimethyl 3‐hydroxy‐N‐methyl‐cis‐crotonamide phosphate) on the foliage of maize, cabbage and apple and on apple fruit has been studied. The breakdown products were mainly hydrophilic compounds such as (II) and probably dimethyl phosphate. Other breakdown products were (III), (IV) (free and conjugated), (VI) and (IX).

In maize and apple (IV) was conjugated with sugars other than ß‐D‐glucose and a polar component, possibly a conjugate, was present in cabbage but this may not have been derived from (IV)magnified image.
Observations on the physiological basis for the selectivity of morfamquat to graminaceous plants
Authors: Brian R. C.
Published: November 2006

The bipyridylium herbicide morfamquat damages dicotyledon plants in a similar way to paraquat but unlike paraquat, has little activity on Gramineae such as cocksfoot, wheat and maize.

Results are presented which show that this selective action is not due to differences in the amounts of chemical taken up by treated leaves of susceptible and resistant plants or to differences in the degree of movement in plants.

Freeze‐thaw experiments show that the plasmalemma and tonoplast membranes of sensitive and resistant weeds are less permeable to morfamquat than to paraquat. Whilst this could account for differences in activity of the two herbicides on cocksfoot, further evidence is given which shows that selectivity is not due to differences in morfamquat movement from free space to cytoplasm. Differential movement from cytoplasm into the chloroplasts of resistant and susceptible species may be the basis of the selective action, but several other mechanisms of selectivity are also mentioned.
Residues of organochlorine pesticides in broilers from feed fortified with known levels of these compounds
Authors: De Vos R. H. , Bouwman J. , Engel A. B.
Published: November 2006

p, p'‐DDT, HEOD, endrin, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene and lindane were fed in combination to day‐old broiler chickens at levels of 0.05, 0.15 and 0.30 part/million in the feed, for a period of about 7 weeks. Birds were killed at regular intervals and samples of abdominal fat and other tissues examined for residues of the chlorinated pesticides by gas‐liquid chromatography. The lipid content of each sample was determined and the residue levels calculated for the whole tissue and also for the fat contained in the sample.

At the end of the 7 weeks (when in practice broilers are slaughtered) residues were highest for heptachlor epoxide, followed by hexachlorobenzene, HEOD, DDT (total), endrin, and lindane. Heptachlor epoxide residue levels in fat were 13 times the levels in the feed, for lindane the ratio was 3.3. Fat residues of each pesticide reached a plateau level relatively quickly, and these levels were proportional to the fortification rates in the feed. HEOD and p, p'‐DDT alone were fed to separate groups of birds. No differences in residue build‐up of these compounds were found between these groups and the groups that had received these compounds in combination with the other pesticides.

The total amounts of each pesticide in the tissues were reduced when the meat was fried, probably by loss of fat during preparation and frying. For p, p'‐DDT and heptachlor epoxide also smaller residue were observed in the remaining fat after frying.
Factors affecting the activities of nitrophenol fungicides IV. The influence of hydrogen bonding
Authors: Clifford D. R. , Fieldgate Diana M. , Watkins D. A. M.
Published: November 2006

The control of powdery mildew on marrows (caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea) achieved with 4‐(1‐substituted alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenols, 2‐(1‐substituted alkyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenols, 4‐(1‐substituted alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenyl crotonates, cycloalkyldinitrophenols, 2‐cyclohexyl‐halogeno‐nitrophenols and 4‐cyclohexyl‐2‐substituted‐6‐nitrophenols is discussed. Certain combinations of partition and intra‐ and intermolecular hydrogen bonding capacities lead to vapour phase and/or zonal activity or to penetration of the leaf surface followed by possible translocation, phytotoxicity or translaminar activity. The capacity of the phenol to hydrogen bond to the leaf cuticular waxes has a considerable influence upon the fate of these materials when used as foliar fungicides.
The fate of the molluscicide N‐tritylmorpholine following its use on pastures for the control of liver fluke
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Wright A. N. , Bosio P. , McGill A. E. J. , Robinson J.
Published: November 2006

The molluscicide N‐tritylmorpholine (FRESCON,

FRESCON is a Shell trade mark.

trifenmorph) is used for the control of the intermediate snail hosts of fascioliasis in livestock. Laboratory and field studies have been undertaken to establish the fate of the compound following its use on pasture.

Radiochemical techniques have been used under laboratory conditions to identify the potential degradation products. The major one has been shown to be triphenylcarbinol.

Triphenylcarbinol was detected on pastures treated at 0.4 to 0.5 kg/ha under practical conditions but the residues of it and of the parent molluscicide were generally below 0.3 mg/kg within 8 weeks of the application. On the pasture grass half of the initial deposit of N‐tritylmorpholine was lost within 1 to 3 weeks and on soils it was lost within 1 to 4 weeks.

Residues could not be detected in the tissues of sheep feeding on the treated pasture. Whilst small residues (0.023 mg/kg or less) were detected in the milk of some cows feeding on the pasture soon after application they were absent (below 0.002 mg/kg) in the milk at 10 days or more from treatment.
Insecticidal activity of certain benzodioxolyl carbamates
Authors: Brooker P. J. , Gates P. S. , Gillon J. , Newbold G. T. , Saggers D. T.
Published: November 2006

A series of benzodioxolyl carbamates has been prepared and evaluated in the laboratory for insecticidal activity against a range of ten species. The results indicated that this was optimal with the 4‐benzodioxolyl carbamates with a 2,2‐dialkyl substitution. The most promising of these on the basis of cost‐effectiveness was 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐benzodioxol‐4‐yl methylcarbamate, bendiocarb, which is being developed commercially for the control of household pests.
Studies on granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner
Authors: Ahmed S. M. , Nagamma M. V. , Majumder S. K.
Published: November 2006

Survival of the spores of Bacillus thuringiensis in granular formulations has been tested under storage conditions in the laboratory and also outdoor conditions exposed to weather. The granular formulations were prepared with attapulgite and aqueous and non‐aqueous carriers. The virulence of the spore formulation was tested on Bombyx mori larvae. A 0.4% spore concentration, with an initial count of 64 × 106, gave ultimately 0.3 to 0.4 × 106 viable spores/g of the granule after 248 days of storage in the room. The viable count of spores in the granules exposed to outdoor weather conditions fell rapidly within two days; at the end of 65 days, it was maintained at between 3 × 104 and 12 × 104/g of the granules. Optimum concentrations required in granules for 100% mortality of the test insect was found to be 0.4 × 106 spores/g, at the rate of 50 mg of granules per 85 cm2 of leaf surface. The granular formulation of B. thuringiensis was found to be more virulent than “Thuricide” formulation on B. mori larva.
Structural studies and photochemical re‐arrangement of an animal metabolite of HEOD, the active component of dieldrin
Authors: Baldwin Michael K. , Davis Robin A. , Burns Duncan Thorburn
Published: November 2006

The structure of 9‐hydroxy HEOD was examined by spectroscopic methods and by photolysis. The hydroxyl group was found to be hydrogen bonded to the epoxy group, and the product of photolysis was a hydroxylated analogue of the previously described photoisomer of HEOD.
Degradation of phosphonates II. The influence of the O‐alkyl group on the breakdown of some O‐alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates in wheat plants
Authors: Howells David J. , Hambrook Joy L. , Utley David , Woodage Janice
Published: November 2006

The fate of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate and cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate in wheat plants has been studied. Using wheat grown in hydroponic culture and applying the compounds via the culture solution, it has been shown that both compounds are rapidly hydrolysed within the plants. Only one of the resulting hydrolysis products, cyclohexyl hydrogen methylphosphonate, was degraded further to methylphosphonic acid: no further degradation of isopropyl hydrogen methylphosphonate was observed. The effects of the nature of the O‐alkyl group on the degradation of O‐alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates in wheat plants are discussed briefly.
Processes affecting herbicide action in soil
Authors: Osgerby J. M.
Published: November 2006

The main processes which affect herbicide action in soil are considered to be the extent to which the herbicide is adsorbed by soil particles, the rate of absorption of the herbicide solution by plant roots and the rate at which the herbicide is lost from the soil by decomposition, evaporation or leaching. An attempt is made to show how these factors are interrelated and the possible use of mathematical models to optimise the performance of herbicides is briefly discussed.
Rapid semiquantitative estimation of benzene hexachloride by micro‐t.l.c.
Authors: Visweswariah K. , Jayaram M.
Published: November 2006

The relationship between the spot concentration and the resolution of different components in commercial hexachlorocyclohexane with micro‐ and macro‐thin layer chromatography has been studied. Of the different spot concentrations investigated, only 0.025 μg on micro‐t.l.c. and 1.0 μg on macro‐t.l.c. gave two clear spots which can be made use of for the rapid semiquantitative estimation of benzene hexachloride in insecticide formulations. The application of this technique has been further investigated on different commercial benzene hexachloride dust formulations and the error ranged between 2 and 5%.
New nitrogen‐containing herbicides
Authors: Baskakov Yu. A.
Published: November 2006

Acylhydroxylamines have attracted general attention following the successful development of the highly‐efficient linuron group herbicides1 and a search for new herbicides from among this class of compounds has led to the development of three new groups of herbicides2‐7.

O‐Acyl‐N‐carboalkoxy‐N‐arylhydroxylamines (acylates).

N‐Carbamoyl‐N‐arylhydroxylamines (e.g. meturine).

Hydroxylamino derivatives of s‐triazine.
Determination of residues arising from fumigation practice
Authors: Heuser Stanley G. B.
Published: November 2006

Ways are described in which multiple residues of fumigants can occur in practice as a result of disinfestation procedures. Developments in multi‐detection methods for fumigants and their reaction products are surveyed and some possible artefacts indicated. Current experimental work on amino‐acid alkylation reactions and the prospects for newer instrumentation and methods are reviewed.
The effect of organophosphorus compounds and oxime carbamates on the potato cyst nematode Heterodera rostochiensis woll
Authors: Hague Nigel G. M. , Pain Brian F.
Published: November 2006

The effect of organophosphate and oxime carbamates on the potato cyst nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis was investigated. Although aldicarb slightly delayed emergence of second stage larvae, none of the chemicals decreased total hatch.

Aldicarb had a marked effect on second stage larvae in soil which was subsequently reflected in root invasion counts.

Comparisons between the initial and final populations (multiplication rate) of the potato cyst nematode are very useful for determining the efficacy of treatment. The evidence from these experiments suggests that organophosphoros compounds and oxime carbamates, although “systemic”, act against plant parasitic nematodes in the soil phase of the life cycle and not in the plant.
Chemical control of cattle ticks—resistance problems
Authors: Harrison Ian R. , Palmer Bryan H. , Wilmshurst Eric C.
Published: November 2006

Chemical control, by dipping or spraying infested cattle with ixodicidal compounds, is the only practicable method of dealing with the cattle tick problem in the short term.

Widespread exposure to ixodicidal compounds, often at subeffective concentrations, has resulted in the selection of resistant strains from tick populations.

A situation has now been reached where cattle ticks in widely separated parts of the world have shown a capacity to develop resistance to most of the currently available chemical classes of ixodicide. There is a very real probability that these resistant strains will eventually replace susceptible tick populations, particularly in those areas where the cattle tick problem is already most acute. Research and development of new chemical groups of compounds with high ixodicidal activity and low mammalian toxicity is a matter of some urgency.

In this review, the biological background of the tick problem is outlined. A brief history of the development of tick resistance to arsenic, organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate compounds is given. Reference is made to the underlying biochemical mechanisms involved. Some of the human factors affecting the development of tick resistance are examined and future prospects are assessed.
The anatomy of the leaf surface: The first line of defence
Authors: Juniper Barrie E. , Cox Guy C.
Published: November 2006

The epidermis and its cuticle are the first line of defence of the plant against a hostile environment. They reduce desiccation, the assaults of pathogens and insects and, more recently, the attacks of toxic sprays and aerial pollution.

All aerial surfaces of a plant have a cuticle and there may sometimes be found internal cuticles as well. The epidermal cell/cuticle sandwich is as diverse in structure, dimensions and chemistry as the plants on which it is found.

Examples of many of these diverse structures are described and illustrated and their possible roles discussed.
The chemical environment of leaf surfaces with special reference to spore germination of pathogenic fungi
Authors: Blakeman J. Peter
Published: November 2006

The release of diffusible substances from plant leaves, fungal spores or from pollen into water droplets on the surface of leaves is discussed in relation to (1) direct and indirect effects on spores of pathogens and (2) the effect on the growth of saprophytic micro‐organisms. Evidence suggests that competition for nutrients in droplets on leaves may limit germination of spores of some pathogens. Modification of the chemical environment of leaf surfaces by saprophytic micro‐organisms is discussed in relation to lytic enzyme and antibiotic production, cuticle degradation, production of growth substances and fixation of nitrogen.

Examples are given of the effect on pathogenic fungi of diffusible toxins from leaves and inhibitors associated with surface wax. Treatments of leaves that remove or reduce surface wax can result in a stimulation of spore germination of some pathogenic fungi. The possible occurrence of phytoalexins on leaf surfaces prior to entry of pathogens into leaves is discussed in relation to differences in host‐pathogen interaction.
Effects of atmospheric pollution on leaf surface microflora
Authors: Saunders Peter J. W.
Published: November 2006

This review of the effects of atmospheric pollution on leaf surface microflora commences with a brief look at the various pollutants and their dynamics, deposition and behaviour on the leaf surface. The indirect and direct effects of pollution on the microflora are then discussed. Considerable attention is paid to sulphur dioxide, especially to its effects as a gaseous pollutant and in solution on the leaf surface where it exhibits selective toxicity to individual members of the microflora.
Determination of dimetridazole in pig tissue I. Method
Authors: Parnell Michael J.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the determination of dimetridazole (1,2‐dimethyl‐5‐nitroimidazole) in pig tissues. The final estimation is made by direct current polarography.
A chromogenic column for determining phosphine in air
Authors: Muthu M. , Majumder S. K.
Published: November 2006

A 1% solution of mercuric chloride in 0.1% cresol red in ethanol, impregnated onto celite and filled into a glass tube [17.8 cm × 0.2 cm (i.d.)] could accurately determine even 0.06 μg phosphine in air. The samples were injected quickly through a rubber septum cap on the glass tubes under low suction. A red coloured band developed instantaneously, the length being proportional to the concentration of phosphine. A calibration curve was prepared with known concentrations of phosphine. The concentrations present in a fumigation chamber were determined and compared with concurrent chemical analysis. There was close agreement between the two methods.

A 1:3 and 1:6 mixture of phosphine and ammonia produced two bands, a yellow ammonia band preceding the red phosphine band. However, ammonia interfered with the proper development of the phosphine band.
Pest and disease control in blackcurrants and apples by the use of overhead irrigation sprinklers
Authors: Herrington Pamela J. , Morgan Norman G.
Published: November 2006

In field experiments on the effectiveness of overhead irrigation spraying of crop protection chemicals, an oscillating bar sprinkler was compared with hand spraying in post‐harvest applications of protective fungicides mancozeb (0.096% a.i.) with zineb (0.022% a.i.) for the control of blackcurrant leaf spot, Pseudopeziza ribis. Twin‐jet rotating sprinkler nozzles were compared with conventional automatic spraying of Cox's Orange Pippin apple trees in the application of a malathion emulsion (0.125% a.i.) for the control of apple‐grass aphid, Rhopalosiphum insertum and also in applications of pre‐blossom dodine emulsion (0.03% a.i.) and post‐blossom captan suspension (0.09% a.i.) for control of apple scab, Venturia inaequalis. All applications were made at a nominal rate of 2250 litres/ha (200 gal/acre).

On blackcurrants, the hand spraying gave much better control of leaf spot and was shown by fluorescent tracer assessment to give more cover on the lower surfaces of the leaves than the sprinkler.

On apple, the rotating sprinklers gave almost as good control of apple‐grass aphid and apple scab as the conventional automatic spraying. The malathion deposit levels, determined by g.l.c., on the flower trusses were also comparable, though the liquid volume distribution from the irrigation nozzles was uneven.
Synthesis and insecticidal properties of some 2‐substituted‐3‐oxo‐4‐halo‐5(2H)‐pyridazinyl phosphorus esters
Authors: Konečný Václav
Published: November 2006

A series of novel esters of organophosphorus compounds were prepared from 2‐substituted‐4‐halo‐5‐hydroxy‐3(2H)‐pyridazinone and their insecticidal effects were studied. Many of the compounds prepared showed insecticidal and acaricidal contact activity.
Quick estimation of dieldrin in fresh cotton‐leaf samples
Authors: Phillips Fred T. , Sethi Gulshar R. , Kavadia Virendra S.
Published: November 2006

Hexane was the most convenient extraction solvent. Consistent recoveries of 80% dieldrin were obtained after cold grinding with 10 mi hexane/g of leaf for 5 min. After filtering, solutions did not require a “clean‐up” before g.l.c. analysis, provided they were not concentrated further. Radioactive dieldrin in such extracts could be directly counted with a simple scintillation apparatus if pre‐treated with acidified potassium permanganate solution to eliminate the colour‐quenching effect and stored in the dark for 24 h to allow phosphorescence from some leaf materials to decay.

Extractions using other solvents would need a “clean‐up” procedure before g.l.c. analysis, but radioactive dieldrin in hexane‐isopropanol extracts could be quickly estimated by simple scintillation counting after decolorisation with sodium hypochlorite and storage in the dark for 24 h.
New compounds active against resistant cattle ticks (Boophilus spp.): Relationship between structure and activity within the group of cyclic amidines
Authors: Enders Edgar , Stendel Wilhelm , Wollweber Hartmund
Published: November 2006

A series of cyclic amidines is described, many of which are highly active against resistant cattle ticks, Boophilus spp. The preferred compound is clenpyrin, 1‐butyl‐2‐(3,4‐dichlorphenylimino)pyrrolidine which paralyses the cattle ticks and inhibits their egg‐production.
Selectivity and mode of action of ethyl (±)‐2‐(N‐benzoyl‐3,4‐dichloroamiino)propionate in the control of Arena fatua in cereals
Authors: Jeffcoat Brian , Harries W. Norton
Published: November 2006

The activity of foliar applications of ethyl (±)‐2‐(N‐benzoyl‐3,4‐dichloroanilino)—propionate(benzoylprop‐ethyl)to oat was dependent upon its degradation to the biologically active acid (benzoylprop). The acid, unlike benzoylprop‐ethyl, showed some movement via the phloem from the foliage to the stem where it inhibited stem elongation through an effect on cell expansion. The resulting stunted wild plants oat were unable to compete successfully with the cereal crop.

Selectivity of the herbicide was dependent on its relative rate of de‐esterification, and the subsequent detoxication of the acid to inactive conjugates. De‐esterification was fastest in oat and slowest in wheat. The rate of detoxication in wheat prevented the accumulation of the acid to phytotoxic levels but in oat, although the rate of detoxication was higher, it failed to prevent the occurrence of phytotoxic levels of benzoylprop. In barley de‐esterification was slower than in oat, and detoxication again failed to prevent some accumulation of the acid.
1,3,5‐Triazapenta‐1,4‐dienes: Chemical aspects of a new group of pesticides
Authors: Harrison Ian R. , Kozlik Antonin , McCarthy John F. , Palmer Bryan H. , Wakerley Stanley B. , Watkins T. Iswel , Weighton D. Michael
Published: November 2006

1,3,5‐Triazapenta‐1,4‐dienes of formula ArNCHN(R)CHNAr′, are a new group of biologically active compounds. Various general methods for their preparation are described and their physical and chemical properties, including stability over range of pHs, are discussed. The unsymmetrical 1,3,5‐triaza‐penta‐1,4‐dienes(Ar≠Ar′) are unstable; insolution, particularly, they equilibrate to the corresponding stable symmetrical analogues.

Structure‐activity relationships in laboratory tests against Boophilus microplus and Tetranychus urticae are discussed. Problems in the synthesis of ring‐[14C]‐amitraz,b [1,5‐di‐(2,4‐dimethylphenyl)‐3‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazapenta‐l,4‐diene], an active member of the group, are outlined.
Survey of pesticide usage in crops grown for processing
Authors: Gair Robert , Sly John M. A.
Published: November 2006

The usage of pesticides on crops grown mostly for processing is reviewed. Topics presented include: the relative costs of production, the extent of usage of pesticides and the reasons for their use, regional differences and changes in usage, the methods of application, the frequency of application and the growers' assessment of the success of the treatments. Examples of problems in attaining the desirable degree of control are given.
The estimation of surface residues of benomyl on treated bananas
Authors: Cox John , Donegan Lawrence , Pinegar John A.
Published: November 2006

A simple rinsing technique for the extraction of benomyl residues present on the skin of bananas, a microbiological assay and a u.v. spectrophotometric assay for its estimation are described. Use of these in a persistence study with benomyl on bananas showed good recovery by both methods. Preliminary work on plantation‐treated bananas revealed that the benomyl was persisting unchanged and not decomposing to any appreciable extent during ripening and storage of the fruit.
The weathering of ant baits containing aldrin, dieldrin and meirx in trinidad
Authors: Phillips Fred T.
Published: November 2006

Sufficinent amounts of insecticide remained in baits to be effecitive against ants over the period when baits retained their attractiveness. Aldrin was lost at similar rates from waterproofed and non‐waterproofed baits, but the former had advantages over the latter. Dieldrin and mirex were lost at slower ratesthan aldrin, and insecticide losses were governed by temperature and not by rainfall.
Inhibitors of cyclodiene epoxide ring hydrating enzymes of the blowfly, Calliphova erythvocephala
Authors: Brooks Gerald T.
Published: November 2006

A cyclodiene epoxide notable for its susceptibility to enzymic epoxide ring hydration in living organisms has been used to investigate potential inhibitors of the enzyme involved (epoxide hydrase), which is mainly microsomal, but distinct from the microsomal oxidases. Compounds with varying degrees of inhibitory efficiency include insect hormone analogues containing epoxide rings, certain other epoxides, methylenedioxybenzene‐derived insecticide synergists, tri‐o‐cresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate and the microsomal oxidase inhibitor SKF 525A. The simple epoxides 1,l,l‐trichloro‐2,3‐epoxy‐propane and l,2‐epoxy‐l,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene are the best inhibitors of this enzyme in blowfly pupal homogenates.
An evaluation of impregnated respirator canister carbons for phosphine removal from air
Authors: Muthu M. , Krishnamurthy T. S. , Majumder S. K.
Published: November 2006

The following gas mask canister carbon fillings were evaluated in laboratory and man tests against phosphine which is finding favour as a fumigant for food stuffs: activated carbons impregnated with (1) copper sulphate, (2) potassium dichromate and silver chromate, (3) copper carbonate, potassium chromate and silver chromate and (4) potassium permanganate.

Impregnation with copper sulphate (12% w/w) proved to be effective and economical. A cumulative service time of 5.2 mg h/litre was obtained in the laboratory tests at 1.7 mg/litre phosphine in air and 3.1 mg h/litre at 0.2‐1.5 mg/litre phosphine in the man tests.
The rapid determination of atrazine residues in soil using infrared spectrophotometry
Authors: Glennie‐Holmes Malcolm
Published: November 2006

A rapid method for the determination of atrazine (2‐chloro‐6‐ethy!amino‐4‐isopropylamino‐l,3,5‐triazine) residues in soil is presented. The method, which is particularly suited to laboratory studies of leaching or degradation, has the advantage of rapid throughput as it requires no clean‐up steps. Interference by different soil types, however, prevents its use in normal soil residue assays.
Triazolines VII. Results of screening l,5‐diaryl‐Δ2‐l,2,3‐triazolines for pesticidal properties
Authors: Kadaba Pankaja K.
Published: November 2006

Twenty‐one l,5‐diaryl‐δ2‐l,2,3‐triazolines were screened for the first time for pesticidal properties—insecticidal, fungicidal, bactericidal and virucidal. Five of the compounds showed some fungicidal activity, and 13 exhibited low level insecticidal activity, mostly toward the Mexican bean beetle.
Analytical method for residues of bromoxynil octanoate and bromoxynil in soil
Authors: Crouch Robert V. , Pullin Eileen M.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the analysis of bromoxynil and its octanoate in soil. The sample is extracted with ammoniacal methanol which, on standing, converts any octanoate present to bromoxynil. Diazomethane converts this to bromoxynil methyl ether which is estimated by g.l.c. Additional clean‐up may be effected by t.l.c. With a 40 g sample the method can detect 0.05 mg/kg. Recoveries are better than 80 % down to 0.1 mg/kg and about 55 % at the limit of detection (0.05 mg/kg).
The use of the analogue computer in pesticide research
Authors: Osgerby John M.
Published: November 2006

The basic components of a general‐purpose analogue computer are described in terms of their operational functions. Their use in pesticide research has been extremely limited but such examples as exist are reviewed.

Examples of the use of analogue computers are given. These include the simulation of single and consecutive first‐order reactions, the sorption‐desorption processes affecting the availability of pesticides in soils, diffusion and leaching in soils and the build‐up of residues in soils following repeated annual applications to the soil surface.
A colorimetric method for the determination of eight carbamate insecticide residues
Authors: Ramasamy Murugesu
Published: November 2006

A simple, quick and reliable method is described for the colorimetric estimation of residues of eight carbamate insecticides. The method is applicable to carbamates which on hydrolysis yield phenols with free para‐positions suitable for coupling with a diazo reagent to yield coloured solutions. Optimum conditions for the development and measurement of the colour are described. Analytical data including graphs and some results from mud‐bricks and cloth are presented to show the wide applicability of the method.
Concentration‐time relationships for methyl isothiocyanate in soil after injection of metham‐sodium
Authors: Leistra Minze , Smelt Johan H. , Nollen Harry M.
Published: November 2006

Soil fumigation with metham‐sodium in the field was studied in detail by characterising soil and climatic conditions, and by measuring concentrations of methyl isothiocyanate. The effectiveness of two dosages in two contrasting soil profiles was compared on the basis of computed concentration‐time products for methyl isothiocyanate in the water phase. Under wet conditions, the vapour diffusion of methyl isothiocyanate was very slow and resulted in an irregular distribution in the soil. Showers further decreased effectiveness in the upper part of the soil. A dried top layer was unfavourable for the concentration‐time product near to the surface. Diffusion of methyl isothiocyanate to depths greater than about 30 cm was very slow.
Soil fumigation with dichloropropene and metham‐sodium: Effect of soil cultivations on dose pattern
Authors: Smelt Johan H. , Leistra Minze , Sprong Marinus C. , Nollen Harry M.
Published: November 2006

In field trials, loamy soils were fumigated by injecting dichloropropene and metham‐sodium with a horizontal‐blade injector. Concentrations of cis‐ and trans‐1,3‐dichloropropene, and of methyl isothiocyanate were measured. The influence of different methods of tillage on fumigation effectiveness was compared by computing concentration‐time products at the various depths in the soil. With a fine‐structured top layer, there was no clear beneficial effect of shallow or deep rotary tillage before injection. If a dense top layer was not rotary‐tilled beforehand, deep and wide cracks were formed during injection. Shallow or deep rotary tillage both left loose cereal stubble mixed in the surface layer, which was difficult to finish off. Concentration‐time products could be substantially increased by finishing off the soil surface better after injection.
The fate of dinobuton and dinoseb on growing apples
Authors: Hawkins David R. , Saggers Valerie H.
Published: November 2006

After topical application of dinobuton or dinoseb to apple fruits approximately 75% and 72% respectively of the applied material was lost after 28 days. From apples treated with dinobuton the unchanged compound was the major component present up until 8 days but at later times the amounts of polar transformation products and water‐soluble compounds predominated. Only small amounts of dinoseb were found at all times. A similar pattern of results was obtained from apples treated with dinoseb. The maximum amounts of material absorbed through the fruit skin were 3% from dinobuton‐treated apples and 7% from dinoseb‐treated applies.
The gas‐liquid chromatographic determination of prothoate and the corresponding phosphorothioate residues in fruit
Authors: Bazzi Brunetto , Abbruzzese Luigi , Galluzzi Guglielmo , Nesti Vinicio
Published: November 2006

The fruit was macerated in acetone and the extract cleaned up by liquid‐liquid partition. Prothoate and its phosphorothioate were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography with thermionic detection. Recoveries were 78‐100 % at 0.05 mg/ kg for apples, grapes, peaches and oranges and did not critically depend on the stage of ripeness of the fruit.
Determination of diquat residues in rape seeds
Authors: Åkerblom Malin
Published: November 2006

A method for the determination of diquat residues in rape seeds has been developed. It is based on the original procedure of Calderbank, Morgan and Yuen1 as modified by Kirsten2 for diquat residues in potato tubers, which includes acid hydrolysis, ion exchange clean‐up, colour formation and spectrophotometry. When applied to rape seeds the background was too high. Ion pair extraction with bromthymol blue in dichloromethane removed most interfering substances. Measurement of absorbance at three wavelengths 10 nm apart increased the specificity further.

Because of varying recoveries from rape seeds (range 35‐60%) in the procedure isotope dilution analysis was applied to each sample. The limit of detectability at 40‐50 % recovery in a 20 g sample is 0.07 mg/kg and in a 50 g sample 0.03 mg/kg. The application to field trials is illustrated.
The effect of seven substituted urea herbicides on the soil microflora
Authors: Grossbard Erna , Marsh John A. P.
Published: November 2006

Chloroxuron, diuron, fluometuron, metobromuron and monuron added to soil at 500 parts/million a.i. on a dry weight basis caused an initial stimulation of CO2 production, followed by indications of inhibition. Nitrification was clearly inhibited, particularly by monuron and metobromuron.

Metoxuron at 5 and 50 parts/million a.i. had no effect on CO2 output and nitrification, but at 500 parts/million a.i. both were greatly reduced. Numbers of fungal propagules were temporarily lower at 50 parts/million a.i., and severely curtailed at 500 parts/million a.i. but total counts of bacterial propagules were greatly increased.

Linuron had an inhibitory effect on CO2 evolution at 500 parts/million a.i. but this varied in extent and duration; some reduction was also found at 50 parts/ million a.i. At 500 parts/million a.i. there was no effect on mineralisation of N but in soil supplemented with ammonium sulphate nitrification was reduced. Changes in microbial equilibrium occurred, but were less marked than with metoxuron. Cellulose decomposition was also reduced. Small amounts of 3,4dichloroaniline were found in linuron‐treated soils, but microbial activities were not affected when 5 parts/million 3,4‐dichloroaniline was added to the soil. However, at 140 parts/million microbial activities were affected adversely, but in a different pattern to that for linuron; nitrification was severely reduced, but numbers of fungal propagules were hardly affected, suggesting that the effects observed in linuron‐treated soil were not due to this metabolite.
The synthesis and fungicidal activity of derivatives of o‐ and p‐Cyclohexylphenyl phosphorodichloridates and dichloridophosphorothioates
Authors: Cremlyn Richard J. W. , David Joseph , Kishore Nand
Published: November 2006

The synthesis of o‐ and p‐cyclohexyphenyl phosphorodichloridates and dichloridophosphorothioates and their conversion into the corresponding dimethyl phosphates, phosphorodihydrazides, and phosphorodihydrazones, is discussed. o‐ and p‐Cyclohexylphenyl N‐phenylphosphoramidic chlorides were converted to the hydrazide and the O‐methyl ester. The phosphorodichloridates were converted to the dihydrogen phosphates, but the dichloridophosphorothioates could not be hydrolysed in an analogous manner. Structure‐activity relationships have been briefly discussed; the most active compound was o‐cyclohexylphenyl O‐methyl phosphoroisopropylidene hydrazone.
The adsorption of benzoic acid and some of its chlorine‐substituted derivatives at an alkane/water interface
Authors: Kennedy Colin D.
Published: November 2006

Interfacial tensions of aqueous solutions of the sodium salts of benzoic acid, and of its 2‐chloro‐, 3‐chloro‐, 4‐chloro‐, 2,6‐dichloro‐, 3,5‐dichloro‐, 2,4‐dichloro‐, 3,4‐dichloro‐, and 2,3,6‐trichloro‐ substituted derivatives and also of cyclohexane‐carboxylic acid were determined over a range of concentrations at 25 °C by the drop‐volume method. Dissociation constants were determined, for those acids where literature values were not available, by a spectrophotometric technique.

The Gibbs adsorption isotherm was used to calculate surface excess data from the interfacial tension results, assuming that the adsorbed species were (a) the sodium salts of the acids and (b) the undissociated acids. For all the benzoic acids examined, but not for cyclohexane‐carboxylic acid, the surface excess attained a constant maximum value at the higher concentrations of the sodium salts used. A comparison of the areas/molecule, calculated from the surface excess values for saturated surface layers, with molecular areas estimated from Catalin molecular models, indicates that only the undissociated acid is adsorbed, the plane of the aromatic ring being approximately normal to the plane of the interface.

By making the reasonable assumption that the bulk of the surface excess is contained in a monolayer at the alkane/water interface, values of the standard free energy of adsorption have been calculated. The invariance of these values with changing concentrations in the bulk phase has provided corroborative evidence for the adsorption of the undissociated acid and not the sodium salt at the interface.

The relative lipophilic surface affinities depend upon the number and position of the substituted chlorine atoms. Substitution of chlorine in the 2‐position confers greatest affinity for a surface lipophilic site while substitution in the 4‐position confers the least.

By calculating the relative mole fractions of the undissociated acid molecules at the alkane/water interface for solutions of the same salt concentration and bulk pH it has been shown that the rates of penetration of benzoic acid‐type herbicides into leaf discs of Phaseolus vulgaris in the dark are related to the mole fraction of the undissociated acids at the lipophilic leaf surface/water interface.

There is also some correlation between the plant growth‐regulating activities of the acids and the standard free energies of adsorption at the alkane/water interface, suggesting that adsorption onto a lipophilic site of action may be important with this group of growth‐regulating compounds.
Cockroach control in sewers in Singapore using bioresmethrin and piperonyl butoxide as a thermal fog
Authors: Chadwick Peter R. , Shaw Robert D.
Published: November 2006

Cockroaches have considerable importance as vectors of disease. In tropical areas, large populations of Periplaneta americana may be found in sewers and the refuse chutes of large apartment blocks. These cockroach populations are not accessible to residual insecticide treatment with sprays but may be controlled with thermal fogs of pyrethroids. An experiment on the use of bioresmethrin (5‐benzyI‐3‐furyimethyl‐(+)‐trans chrysanthemate) as 0.15% and 0.25% w/v solutions with equal amounts of synergist in kerosene discharged from a TIFA fog generator was made at Toa Payoh in Singapore. Effective control was obtained with 0.15% bioresmethrin plus 0.55% piperonyl butoxide in kerosene blown into the sewers and waste chutes initially, at four weeks, at eight weeks later and then followed by treatment every two months.
Esterase‐inhibiting photo‐oxidation products from the organophosphorus insecticide pyrimithate
Authors: Machin Antony F. , Mundy Dennis E. , Quick Michael P. , Janes Norman F.
Published: November 2006

Pyrimithate (2‐dimethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐yl diethyl phosphorothio‐nate) decomposes when exposed to u.v. light in the presence of air to a complex mixture of products, some of which inhibit esterases directly or indirectly. Separation of the mixture by thin‐layer and liquid chromatography gave five pure components in sufficient quantity for spectroscopic identification. A sixth was tentatively identified. The structures (II‐VII) show that oxidative attack occurs at the dimethylamino group and at the sulphur atom.