bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pyramiding of insecticidal compounds for control of the cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus F.)
Authors: Tarver Matthew R , Shade Richard E , Shukle Richard H , Moar William J , Muir William M , Murdock Larry M , Pittendrigh Barry R
Published: March 2007

The cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus F.) (Chrysomelidae: Bruchini) is a major pest of stored cowpea grain. With limited available technologies for controlling the bruchid, transgenic cowpeas with bruchid resistance genes engineered into them could become the next management tools. An investigation was made of two different sets of potential transgenic insecticidal compounds using an artificial seed system: (i) CIP‐PH‐BT‐J and recombinant egg white avidin, and (ii) avidin and wheat α‐amylase inhibitor. CIP‐PH‐BT‐J (0.1%; 1000 mg kg−1) and recombinant egg white avidin (0.006%; 60 mg kg−1) incorporated separately into artificial seeds caused 98.2 and 99% larval mortality rates respectively. Combining CIP‐PH‐BT‐J and avidin in the same artificial seed provided additional mortality compared with each factor incorporated singly; no insects survived in seeds with the combined toxins. Similarly, when avidin and wheat α‐amylase inhibitor (αAI) (1%; 10 g kg−1) were incorporated separately into artificial seeds, this caused 99.8 and 98% mortality respectively. However, in combination, avidin and αAI did not increase mortality, but they did cause a significant increase in developmental time of the cowpea bruchids. These results emphasize that the joint action of potential insecticidal compounds cannot be predicted from results obtained separately for each compound, and they suggest potential transgenes for further consideration. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of enzyme inhibitors on enhanced carbofuran metabolism in treated soil
Authors: Talebi Khalil , Walker Colin H.
Published: March 2007

The rate of loss of [14C]carbofuran, and the rate of formation of metabolites from it, were studied in a ‘treated’ soil, in which the insecticide was rapidly degraded. Metabolic inhibitors were added to the soil to study their effects upon these processes. The organophosphorus compounds paraoxon, chlorfenvinphos, and disulfoton, which, in their active forms, are inhibitors of ‘B’ esterases, all caused a temporary reduction of the rate of loss of carbofuran from the soil. However, within a period of 3–21 days, depending on the compound, the soil recovered its ability to break down carbofuran rapidly. The incorporation of both piperonyl butoxide (an inhibitor of oxidations catalysed by monooxygenases which contain cytochrome P450) and paraoxon into soil reduced the rate of loss to a greater extent and over a longer period than was found with paraoxon alone. Where soils were treated with paraoxon alone, or with paraoxon plus piperonyl butoxide, larger quantities of the primary oxidative metabolites 3‐keto‐carbofuran (< 4.1% of applied carbofuran) and 3‐hydroxy‐carbofuran (< 1.2% of applied carbofuran) were found than in control soils in which the corresponding values were < 0.54% and < 0.43% respectively.

The results were consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of microbial enzymes was the main reason for the stabilization of carbofuran in this soil following treatment with these compounds. The evidence suggested that esterase hydrolysis provided a major rate of breakdown, whilst oxidative metabolism provided a minor one. The higher levels of oxidative metabolites in soils treated with paraoxon and paraoxon plus piperonyl butoxide were thought to be due to the inhibition of their further metabolism. The possible use of certain of these compounds as ‘extenders’ for carbofuran in problem soils is discussed.
Absorption, translocation and metabolism of the herbicide naproanilide in tobacco
Authors: Wang Yei‐Shung , Hwang Kuan‐Liang , Chen Yuh‐Lin
Published: March 2007

Naproanilide [2‐(2‐naphthyloxy)propionanilide] has a high activity against dicotyledonous weeds in rice fields, but is very safe to rice. This study was designed to clarify the absorption and translocation of radiolabelled naproanilide in tobacco plants and the metabolism in tobacco callus. The results indicated that naproanilide is translocated easily to the upper part of tobacco plants. Distribution of radioactivity in tobacco plants at the 7th day was shown to be 0.88, 0.24 and 0.03%, and at the 14th day 1.71, 1.86 and 2.32% of the total activities of [14C]naproanilide in root, stem and leaf, respectively. When compared to earlier results obtained with rice, the translocation rate in tobacco is much higher and might therefore contribute a possible mechanism of herbicidal selectivity. Metabolites including NOP [2‐(2‐naphthyloxy)propionic acid], NOPM [methyl 2‐(2‐naphthyloxy)propionate], 2‐naphthol, 2,3‐naphthalenediol, 2,6‐naphthalenediol, 2,7‐naphthalenediol and 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone were identified in tobacco callus by co‐chromatography.
House fly head GABA‐gated chloride channel: [3 H] α‐Endosulfan binding in relation to polychlorocycloalkane insecticide action
Authors: Cole Loretta M. , Saleh Mahmoud A. , Casida John E.
Published: March 2007

This study attempts to use [3H] α‐endosulfan to examine directly the binding site(s) for cyclodienes, lindane and toxaphene (collectively referred to as the polychlorocycloalkane or PCCA insecticides) in the 4‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐gated chloride channel. [3H] α‐Endosulfan was prepared by reduction of hexachloronorbornenedicarboxylic anhydride with sodium borotritide, then coupling the labelled alcohol with thionyl chloride followed by HPLC purification (35 Ci mmol−1, > 99% radiochemical purity). This new candidate radioligand readily partitions into lipid membranes and undergoes indiscriminate adsorption to surfaces resulting in high levels of non‐specific binding. This makes it very difficult to differentiate the small portion of specific binding at the site relevant to toxic action. This problem was partially circumvented by incubating [3H] α‐endosulfan (0.1 nM) with house‐fly head membranes (0.2 mg protein) for 70 min at 22°C giving 23 (±4)% specific binding (40 fmol mg−1 protein) determined as the difference between the radioligand alone and on preincubation for 15 min with unlabelled α‐endosulfan (final concentration 100 nM). This procedure is not appropriate for determination of saturation isotherms and standard binding kinetics. However, the effectiveness of 16 PCCAs (also at 100 nM final concentration) in blocking the specific binding of [3H] α‐endosulfan is generally consistent with their relative potencies as inhibitors of 4‐[3H] propyl‐1‐(4‐ethynylphenyl)‐2,6,7‐trioxabicyclo[2.2.2] octane ([3H]EBOB) binding suggesting that the binding site for both [3H]α‐endosulfan and the PCCAs is part of the GABA‐gated chloride channel. Insecticidal channel blockers of other types (e.g. picrotoxinin, trioxabicyclooctanes, a dithiane, and phenylpyrazoles) and GABA are poor inhibitors of [3H] α‐endosulfan binding relative to their potencies as inhibitors of [3H] EBOB binding. It therefore appears that the PCCAs compete directly for the [3H] α‐endosulfan site, whereas the other channel blockers bind with different inhibition kinetics or at a site more closely coupled to the EBOB than the α‐endosulfan binding domain.
Pensée 1
Authors: OWEN ROGER
Published: March 2007

Ever since the great wave of European overseas colonization in the late 19th century, the notion of “imperialism” and the promotion of imperial projects has been a highly political one. Use of the term has been prompted for specific historical reasons and, usually, in response to debates which have arisen as a result of particular acts of imperial expansion. On some occasions, and generally when debates have been particularly intense, it has also encouraged the development of general theories designed to explain not just the drive for empire but also the dynamics of a world system in which an unequal distribution of economic and military power leads some nations to create empires based on the domination and control of others.
Pensée 2
Authors: THOMPSON ELIZABETH F.
Published: March 2007

Given limits of time and space, I offer here an appraisal of what I see to be an important new trend: a number of scholars across disciplines and generations have taken what we have learned from the era of deconstructionist cultural analysis in the past twenty-five years and inaugurated an era of “reconstruction.” Some have moved beyond the “cultural turn” to consider how cultural forms of power interact with other forms of power—social, economic, political. They are finding new answers to the question, “How did colonialism matter?” Others have taken the next step, to reconstruct a new language of historical analysis free from Eurocentric assumptions of difference and superiority.
Human–robot interaction via voice-controllable intelligent user interface
Authors: Medicherla Harsha , Sekmen Ali
Published: March 2007

An understanding of how humans and robots can successfully interact to accomplish specific tasks is crucial in creating more sophisticated robots that may eventually become an integral part of human societies. A social robot needs to be able to learn the preferences and capabilities of the people with whom it interacts so that it can adapt its behaviors for more efficient and friendly interaction. Advances in human– computer interaction technologies have been widely used in improving human–robot interaction (HRI). It is now possible to interact with robots via natural communication means such as speech. In this paper, an innovative approach for HRI via voice-controllable intelligent user interfaces is described. The design and implementation of such interfaces are described. The traditional approaches for human–robot user interface design are explained and the advantages of the proposed approach are presented. The designed intelligent user interface, which learns user preferences and capabilities in time, can be controlled with voice. The system was successfully implemented and tested on a Pioneer 3-AT mobile robot. 20 participants, who were assessed on spatial reasoning ability, directed the robot in spatial navigation tasks to evaluate the effectiveness of the voice control in HRI. Time to complete the task, number of steps, and errors were collected. Results indicated that spatial reasoning ability and voice-control were reliable predictors of efficiency of robot teleoperation. 75% of the subjects with high spatial reasoning ability preferred using voice-control over manual control. The effect of spatial reasoning ability in teleoperation with voice-control was lower compared to that of manual control.
TWO NEW TAXA OF ORCHIDACEAE FROM CENTRAL NEPAL
Authors: SHAKYA L. R. , SHRESTHA M. R.
Published: March 2007

Eria annapurnensis L.R.Shakya & M.R.Shrestha, a new species, and Gastrochilus calceolaris var. biflora L.R.Shakya & M.R.Shrestha, a new variety (both Orchidaceae), are described and illustrated from Annapurna Conservation Area, Central Nepal.
Training the Trainer
Authors: Gray Karen , Miller Diane , Scott Karen , Stanfield Kate
Published: March 2007

The authors, Karen Gray, Diane Miller, Karen Scott and Kate Stanfield, are experienced legal information professionals who are responsible both for designing and delivering in-house training sessions, and for running the BIALL Training the Trainer seminar for the last three years. The aim of this article is threefold: to explore the rationale for providing training; to examine the groundwork and preparation necessary to create the right training culture; and to offer practical guidance on how to deliver successful training activities.
Bridging the Gap: the Information Skills Training Partnership at Manchester Metropolitan University
Authors: Wakefield Nicola
Published: March 2007

This paper by Nicola Wakefield was presented at the BIALL 2006 Conference in Brighton. The presentation discussed the formation of a working partnership between the School of Law Staff and the Law Library at Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU). The two parties have worked together successfully for many years to embed legal information skills training into all law teaching programmes. The paper looks at how collaboration occurred, what training materials have been developed, working methods, and the reasons for the project's success.
A simple‐physics global circulation model for Venus: Sensitivity assessments of atmospheric superrotation
Authors: Hollingsworth J. L. , Young R. E. , Schubert G. , Covey C. , Grossman A. S.
Published: March 2007

A 3D global circulation model is adapted to the atmosphere of Venus to explore the nature of the planet's atmospheric superrotation. The model employs the full meteorological primitive equations and simplified forms for diabatic and other nonconservative forcings. It is therefore economical for performing very long simulations. To assess circulation equilibration and the occurrence of atmospheric superrotation, the climate model is run for 10,000–20,000 day integrations at 4° × 5° latitude‐longitude horizontal resolution, and 56 vertical levels (denoted L56). The sensitivity of these simulations to imposed Venus‐like diabatic heating rates, momentum dissipation rates, and various other key parameters (e.g., near‐surface momentum drag), in addition to model configuration (e.g., low versus high vertical domain and number of atmospheric levels), is examined. We find equatorial superrotation in several of our numerical experiments, but the magnitude of superrotation is often less than observed. Further, the meridional structure of the mean zonal overturning (i.e., Hadley circulation) can consist of numerous cells which are symmetric about the equator and whose depth scale appears sensitive to the number of vertical layers imposed in the model atmosphere. We find that when realistic diabatic heating is imposed in the lowest several scales heights, only extremely weak atmospheric superrotation results.
Cross sections for the ionization continuum of H2 in the 15.3–17.2eV energy range
Authors: Glass-Maujean M. , Klumpp S. , Werner L. , Ehresmann A. , Schmoranzer H.
Published: March 2007

The absolute values for the cross sections of the ionization continuum of H2 had been measured at low energy (15.3–17.2eV) Both absorption and ionization spectra were simultaneously recorded with linear response and absolute values, using a 10m normal incidence monochromator installed on a synchrotron undulator beamline. The vibrational thresholds can be clearly seen as steps in the experimental data. The agreement between experimental values and theoretical ones is very good except around the first and second vibrational thresholds where the experimental data exceed the theoretical ones.
Voltage assisted magnetic switching in Co50Fe50 interdigitated electrodes on piezoelectric substrates
Authors: Boukari H. , Cavaco C. , Eyckmans W. , Lagae L. , Borghs G.
Published: March 2007

We report on the properties of 10 nm thick Co50Fe50 interdigitated electrodes deposited on lead zirconate titanate (PZT) substrates to achieve low power dynamic tuning of magnetic properties. The actuation of this combination relies on magnetoelectric coupling through the shear mode deformation of the PZT: numerical simulations confirmed that both uniaxial tensile and compressive strain can be achieved either by applying a bias voltage on the appropriate set of electrodes or by reversing the polarity of the bias voltage. Reversible electric field induced changes in the coercive field of more than 10% and a 0.08% change in the resistance were obtained for an applied electrical field of 5 kV/cm.
Finite element modeling of indentation-induced superelastic effect using a three-dimensional constitutive model for shape memory materials with plasticity
Authors: Zhang Yijun , Cheng Yang-Tse , Grummon David S.
Published: March 2007

Indentation-induced shape memory and superelastic effects are recently discovered thermo-mechanical behaviors that may find important applications in many areas of science and engineering. Theoretical understanding of these phenomena is challenging because both martensitic phase transformation and slip plasticity exist under complex contact loading conditions. In this paper, we develop a three-dimensional constitutive model of shape memory alloys with plasticity. Spherical indentation-induced superelasticity in a NiTi shape memory alloy was simulated and compared to experimental results on load-displacement curves and recovery ratios. We show that shallow indents have complete recovery upon unloading, where the size of the phase transformation region is about two times the contact radius. Deep indents have only partial recovery when plastic deformation becomes more prevalent in the indent-affected zone.
The effect of stationary ultraviolet excitation on the optical properties of electrochemically self-assembled semiconductor nanowires
Authors: Katkar Rajesh A. , Tait Gregory B.
Published: March 2007

The optical behavior of electrochemically self-assembled nanowire arrays excited by stationary ultraviolet light is investigated. The wires are fabricated by electrodepositing CdS, ZnO, and ZnSe in anodic porous alumina templates with 50, 25, and 10nm diameter pores. We have developed a theoretical model to calculate nanowire permittivity, refractive index, and absorption coefficient under such stationary excitation. This model is incorporated in an electromagnetic wave simulation to obtain the optical response of the array of wires. The behavior is also investigated experimentally using a pump-probe excitation scheme in an optical interferometer. We report a strong nonmonotonic optical activity as a function of wire diameter in the nanowire arrays. This result implies a sharp increase in the optically pumped change in refractive index and permittivity in narrower nanowires.
Chemical reaction rates using the semiclassical Van Vleck initial value representation
Authors: Venkataraman Charulatha , Miller William H.
Published: March 2007

A semiclassical initial value representation formulation using the Van Vleck [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 14, 178 (1928)] propagator has been used to calculate the flux correlation function and thereby reaction rate constants. This Van Vleck formulation of the flux-flux correlation function is computationally as simple as the classical Wigner [Trans. Faraday Soc. 34, 29 (1938)] model. However, unlike the latter, it has the ability to capture quantum interference/coherence effects. Classical trajectories are evolved starting from the dividing surface that separates reactants and products, and are evolved negatively in time. This formulation has been tested on model problems ranging from the Eckart barrier, double well to the collinear H+H2.
Analysis of spatial coherence of organic light-emitting devices through investigation of interference effects observed in top-emitting devices
Authors: Hill Duncan , Leo Karl , He Gufeng , Huang Qiang
Published: March 2007

Interference effects in top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) containing an air gap of 15μm are studied over a range of angles in order to obtain information about the spatial coherence properties. The devices display effects similar to a Fabry-Pérot Étalon illuminated by a source with a broad spectral range, but the interference effects diminish rapidly with angle, which is inexplicable with simple thin film optics. The results suggest that this effect is due to the spatial coherence of the OLED. From an analysis of the interference pattern a number of device parameters can also be determined.
Effects of Al content on the electrical properties of LaxAlyOz films grown on TiN substrate by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Kim Su Young , Kwon Hyuk , Jo Sang Jin , Ha Jeong Sook , Park Won Tae , Kang Dong Kyun , Kim Byong-Ho
Published: March 2007

The effects of Al content on the electrical properties of LaxAlyOz films grown on TiN substrate by atomic layer deposition technique were investigated. With increasing Al content, the leakage current characteristics improved, but the dielectric constant became smaller. Postannealing of the films at temperatures up to 500°C reduced the leakage current density due to thermal stabilization by the addition of Al. For the 25-nm-thick La2.4AlO3.3 film, the authors obtained a dielectric constant of 22 and a leakage current density of 10−7A∕cm2 at 1V after postannealing at 450°C, which gives an equivalent oxide thickness of 3.8nm.
Optical cooling of a micromirror of wavelength size
Authors: Favero I. , Metzger C. , Camerer S. , König D. , Lorenz H. , Kotthaus J. P. , Karrai K.
Published: March 2007

The authors report on the passive optical cooling of the Brownian motion of a cantilever suspended micromirror. They show that laser cooling is possible for a mirror of size in the range of the diffraction limit (at λ=1.3μm). This represents the tiniest mirror optically cooled so far, with a mass of 11.3pg, more than four orders of magnitude lighter than current mirrors used in cavity cooling. The reciprocal effect of cooling is also investigated and opens the way to the optical excitation of megahertz vibrational modes under continuous wave laser illumination.
Synchrotron x-ray study of polycrystalline wurtzite Zn1−xMgxO (⩽x⩽0.15): Evolution of crystal structure and polarization
Authors: Kim Young-Il , Page Katharine , Seshadri Ram
Published: March 2007

The effect of Mg substitution on the crystal structure of wurtzite ZnO is presented based on synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies of polycrystalline Zn1−xMgxO (⩽x⩽0.15). Increase in Mg concentration results in pronounced c-axis compression of the hexagonal lattice, and in diminution of the off-center cation displacement within each tetrahedral ZnO4 unit. Going from ZnO to Zn0.85Mg0.15O, significant changes in the ionic polarization are observed (−5.6to−4.8μC∕cm2), despite only subtle increments in the cell volume (∼0.03%) and the ab-area dimension (∼0.1%).
Low temperature (<400°C) Al2O3 ultrathin gate dielectrics prepared by shadow evaporation of aluminum followed by nitric acid oxidation
Authors: Chiang Jung-Chin , Hwu Jenn-Gwo
Published: March 2007

A cost-effective method of shadow evaporation of aluminum is adopted to prepare ultrathin aluminum film. The formation of different thicknesses of aluminum film on one wafer was demonstrated. The mask sheltered the wafer from the pure aluminum source to achieve ultrathin aluminum film. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) was obtained by nitric acid oxidation of the evaporated aluminum directly at room temperature. In this work, the leakage current in the sample of equivalent oxide thickness of 2nm is one order of magnitude reduction in comparison with that in the conventional thermal SiO2 sample and the charge trapping phenomenon is not obvious.
Synthesis and photoexcited charge carrier dynamics of β-FeOOH nanorods
Authors: Joly Alan G. , Xiong Gang , Wang Chongmin , McCready David E. , Beck Kenneth M. , Hess Wayne P.
Published: March 2007

β - Fe O O H nanorods of dimensions of 15nm diameter and 200nm length were prepared by aqueous synthesis. Charge carrier dynamics following femtosecond excitation display three time scales. The first is a subpicosecond decay of initially excited carriers to the band edge followed by trapping or nonradiative decay within 2ps. The trapped electrons and holes persist for significantly longer times (at least tens of picoseconds), similar to previous results from α-Fe2O3 materials. The short carrier lifetimes in these materials are attributed to fast trapping to Fe d-d and midgap states.
All-optical analysis of carrier and spin relaxation in InGaAs∕GaAs saturable-absorber structures
Authors: Aleksiejunas Ramunas , Kadys Arunas , Jarasiunas Kestutis , Saas Florian , Griebner Uwe , Tomm Jens W.
Published: March 2007

Results of an all-optical analysis of basic semiconductor parameters such as carrier mobilities, lifetimes, and electron spin relaxation time of implanted In0.25Ga0.75As∕GaAs multiple quantum well saturable-absorber structures for the 1060nm spectral range are presented. These parameters are determined in a wide range of optical excitation, even at the practical operation point of such devices. This is accomplished by the application of polarization-resolved pump-probe and four-wave-mixing spectroscopies. The all-optical approach allows the determination of mobilities and spin relaxation time from the same experiments and points to the D’yakonov-Perel mechanism to govern the electron spin relaxation at room temperature.
Haplotype structure and selection of the MDM2 oncogene in humans
Authors: Atwal Gurinder Singh , Bond Gareth L. , Metsuyanim Sally , Papa Moshe , Friedman Eitan , Distelman-Menachem Tal , Ben Asher Edna , Lancet Doron , Ross David A. , Sninsky John , White Tomas J. , Levine Arnold J. , Yarden Ronit
Published: March 2007

The MDM2 protein is an ubiquitin ligase that plays a critical role in regulating the levels and activity of the p53 protein, which is a central tumor suppressor. A SNP in the human MDM2 gene (SNP309 T/G) occurs at frequencies dependent on demographic history and has been shown to have important differential effects on the activity of the MDM2 and p53 proteins and to associate with altered risk for the development of several cancers. In this report, the haplotype structure of the MDM2 gene is determined by using 14 different SNPs across the gene from three different population samples: Caucasians, African Americans, and the Ashkenazi Jewish ethnic group. The results presented in this report indicate that there is a substantially reduced variability of the deleterious SNP309 G allele haplotype in all three populations studied, whereas multiple common T allele haplotypes were found in all three populations. This observation, coupled with the relatively high frequency of the G allele haplotype in both and Caucasian and Ashkenazi Jewish population data sets, suggests that this haplotype could have undergone a recent positive selection sweep. An entropy-based selection test is presented that explicitly takes into account the correlations between different SNPs, and the analysis of MDM2 reveals a significant departure from the standard assumptions of selective neutrality.
p53-dependent integration of telomere and growth factor deprivation signals
Authors: Beliveau Alain , Bassett Ekaterina , Lo Alvin T. , Garbe James , Rubio Miguel A. , Bissell Mina J. , Campisi Judith , Yaswen Paul
Published: March 2007

Ectopically expressed hTERT enables p16
INK4A
(−) human mammary epithelial cells to proliferate in the absence of growth factors, a finding that has led to the hypothesis that hTERT has growth regulatory properties independent of its role in telomere maintenance. We now show that telomerase can alter the growth properties of cells indirectly through its role in telomere maintenance, without altering growth stimulatory pathways. We find that telomere dysfunction, indicated by 53BP1/phosphorylated histone H2AX foci at chromosome ends, is present in robustly proliferating human mammary epithelial cells long before senescence. These foci correlate with increased levels of active p53. Ectopic expression of hTERT reduces the number of foci and the level of active p53, thereby decreasing sensitivity to growth factor depletion, which independently activates p53. The continuous presence of hTERT is not necessary for this effect, indicating that telomere maintenance, rather than the presence of the enzyme itself, is responsible for the increased ability to proliferate in the absence of growth factors. Our findings provide a previously unrecognized mechanistic explanation for the observation that ectopically expressed hTERT conveys growth advantages to cells, without having to postulate nontelomeric functions for the enzyme.
Novel sex pheromone desaturases in the genomes of corn borers generated through gene duplication and retroposon fusion
Authors: Xue Bingye , Rooney Alejandro P. , Kajikawa Masaki , Okada Norihiro , Roelofs Wendell L.
Published: March 2007

The biosynthesis of female moth sex pheromone blends is controlled by a number of different enzymes, many of which are encoded by members of multigene families. One such multigene family, the acyl-CoA desaturases, is composed of certain genes that function as key players in moth sex pheromone biosynthesis. Although much is known regarding the function of some of these genes, very little is known regarding how novel genes have evolved within this family and how this might impact the establishment of new sex pheromone blends within a species. We have discovered that several cryptic Δ11 and Δ14 desaturase genes exist in the genomes of the European and Asian corn borers (Ostrinia nubilalisandOstrinia furnacalis, respectively). Furthermore, an entirely novel class of desaturase gene has arisen in theOstrinialineage and is derived from duplication of the Δ11 desaturase gene and subsequent fusion with a retroposon. Interestingly, the genes have been maintained over relatively long evolutionary time periods in corn borer genomes, and they have not been recognizably pseudogenized, suggesting that they maintain functional integrity. The existence of cryptic desaturase genes in moth genomes indicates that the evolution of moth sex pheromone desaturases in general is much more complex than previously recognized.
The Nestin progenitor lineage is the compartment of origin for pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Carrière Catherine , Seeley Elliott S. , Goetze Tobias , Longnecker Daniel S. , Korc Murray
Published: March 2007

To determine the cell compartment in which initial oncogenic mutations occur in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we generated a mouse model in which endogenous expression of mutated Kras (Kras
G12D
) was initially directed to a population of pancreatic exocrine progenitors characterized by the expression of Nestin. Targeting of oncogenic Kras to such a restricted cell compartment was sufficient for the formation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs), putative precursors to PDAC. PanINs appeared with the same grade and frequency as observed when Kras
G12D
was targeted to the whole pancreas by a Pdx1-driven Cre recombinase strategy. Thus, the Nestin cell lineage is highly responsive to Kras oncogenic activation and may represent the elusive progenitor population in which PDAC arises.
The evolutionary history of human DNA transposons: Evidence for intense activity in the primate lineage
Authors: Pace John K. , Feschotte Cédric
Published: March 2007

Class 2, or DNA transposons, make up ∼3% of the human genome, yet the evolutionary history of these elements has been largely overlooked and remains poorly understood. Here we carried out the first comprehensive analysis of the activity of human DNA transposons over the course of primate evolution using three independent computational methods. First, we conducted an exhaustive search for human DNA transposons nested within L1 and Alu elements known to be primate specific. Second, we assessed the presence/absence of 794 human DNA transposons at orthologous positions in 10 mammalian species using sequence data generated by The ENCODE Project. These two approaches, which do not rely upon sequence divergence, allowed us to classify DNA transposons into three different categories: anthropoid specific (40–63 My), primate specific (64–80 My), and eutherian wide (81–150 My). Finally, we used this data to calculate the substitution rates of DNA transposons for each category and refine the age of each family based on the average percent divergence of individual copies to their consensus. Based on these combined methods, we can confidently estimate that at least 40 human DNA transposon families, representing ∼98,000 elements (∼33 Mb) in the human genome, have been active in the primate lineage. There was a cessation in the transpositional activity of DNA transposons during the later phase of the primate radiation, with no evidence of elements younger than ∼37 My. This data points to intense activity of DNA transposons during the mammalian radiation and early primate evolution, followed, apparently, by their mass extinction in an anthropoid primate ancestor.
3-(4-Bromophenyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline
Authors: Guo Huan-Mei , Jian Fang-Fang , Xiao Hai-Lian , Sun Xiao-Zheng , Li Yu-Feng
Published: March 2007

In the title structure, C21H16BrClN2, the pyrazoline ring is approximately coplanar with the N-substituted phenyl ring. The dihedral angles formed by the pyrazoline ring with the 4-chlorophenyl and 4-bromophenyl rings are 78.82 and 10.9°, respectively.
N-[(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetyl]-N′-(dimethoxythiophosphinoyl)hydrazine
Authors: Zhang Hui-Rong , Peng Hao , He Hong-Wu
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C10H13Cl2O4PS, all bond lengths and angles are normal. The P atom is in a distorted tetrahedral configuration. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains running along the b axis.
Diaqua(5-methylpyrazine-2-carboxylato-κ2
N,O)zinc(II)
Authors: Fan Guang , Chen San-Ping , Gao Sheng-Li
Published: March 2007

In the title complex, [Zn(C6H5N2O2)2(H2O)2], the Zn2+ cation lies on an inversion centre and the coordination geometry is distorted octahedral, with two N atoms and two O atoms from the 5-methylpyrazine-2-carboxylate ligand in the equatorial plane. The two remaining coordination sites are occupied by two water molecules. The crystal structure is stabilized by a network of O—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions, forming a two-dimensional supramolecular structure.
(2S,3S)-Diethyl 2,3-O-benzylidenetartrate
Authors: Jiang Jian , Pan Yong , Wang De-Cai , Ou-yang Ping-Kai
Published: March 2007

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C15H18O6, contains two crystallographically independent molecules. There are intramolecular and intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions.
Diaquabis(5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylato)cobalt(II)
Authors: Ding Liang , Zuo Jun-Hui , Liu Chong-Bo , Deng Rui-Hong , Wen Hui-Liang
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, [Co(C10H7NO2)2(H2O)2], the CoII ion lies on an inversion centre. It has a distorted octahedral geometry and is coordinated by two N,O-bidentate 5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate ligands and two water molecules. Intermolecular O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds link molecules into layers parallel to the (010) plane.
1-(4-Aminophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanone
Authors: Li Zong-Sheng , Chai Jian-She
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C14H12N2O3, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 86.13 (15)°. Intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds [N...O = 2.886 (3) Å and N—H...O = 174 (3)°] between the NH2 and C=O groups link the molecules into a one-dimensional ribbon augmented by secondary N—H...O interactions [N...O = 3.105 (4) Å and N—H...O = 154 (3)°] involving NH2 and NO2 groups. Adjacent chains are linked via π–π interactions.
[2-Carboxy-4-(4-carboxy-3-carboxylatobenzoyl)benzoato]bis(1,10-phenanthroline)cobalt(II) monohydrate
Authors: Lin Zhen , Zhong Yu-Jiao , Wang Mei-Xiang , Huang Jin-Feng , Dai Yu-Mei
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, [Co(C12H8N2)2(C17H8O9)]·H2O, the Co atom is octahedrally coordinated by four N atoms from two 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligands and two O atoms from the 2-carboxy-4-(4-carboxy-3-carboxylatobenzoyl)benzoate ligand. O...H...O hydrogen bonds link this discrete structure into a one-dimensional chain.
[N-(Phosphonomethyl)ethylammonio]methylphosphonate
Authors: Ying Shao-Ming , Lin Jun-Yue , Zhou Guang-Pei , Luo Qiu-Yan , Wu Jian-Hong
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C5H15NO6P2, exists as a zwitterion. The N atom of the amino group is protonated and one of the phosphonic acid groups is deprotonated. The molecules form hydrogen-bonded (202) layers.
1-[1-(2-Chlorophenyl)ethylidene]thiosemicarbazide
Authors: Wang Jian-Gang , Jian Fang-Fang , Ren Xiao-Yan , Kan Shi-Hong
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C9H10CIN3S, was prepared by the reaction of thiosemicarbazide with 1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethanone at room temperature. The packing is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked into two-dimensional layers by intermolecular N—H...S hydrogen-bonding interactions.
{2-[3-(Dimethylammonio)propyliminomethyl]-6-methoxyphenolato}diisothiocyanatozinc(II) chloroform solvate
Authors: Zhang Qi-Wei , Wang Gui-Xian
Published: March 2007

The Zn atom in the title compound, [Zn(NCS)2(C13H20N2O2)]·CHCl3, is coordinated by two N atoms of two isothiocyanate ligands, and an O and an imine N atom from the neutral Schiff base ligand 2-[3-(dimethylammonio)propyliminomethyl]-6-methoxyphenolate, in a distorted tetrahedral geometry.
Dibromo{4-chloro-2-[(2-diethylaminoethylimino)methyl]phenolato}zinc(II)
Authors: Wei Yi-Jun , Wang Feng-Wu , Zhu Qi-Yong
Published: March 2007

The title compound, [ZnBr2(C13H19ClN2O)], is a mononuclear Schiff base zinc(II) complex. The Zn atom in the compound is four-coordinated by one imine N and one phenolate O atom of the Schiff base ligand and by two terminal bromide anions in a tetrahedral geometry. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked through intermolecular N—H...O and C—H...Br hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to the bc plane.
4-(2-Methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)morpholine-3,5-dione
Authors: Bhuiyan M. Delower H. , Jensen Paul , Turner Peter , Try Andrew C.
Published: March 2007

The crystal structure of the title compound, C11H10N2O6, is stabilized by C—H...π interactions.
N′-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide monohydrate
Authors: Shi Xue-Fang , He Lei , Ma Guo-Zhun , Yuan Cui-Cui
Published: March 2007

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H13N3O3·H2O, contains one molecule of N′-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide and one solvent water molecule. The crystal packing is stabilized by O—H...N and O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
2-Methylpropan-2-aminium O-methyl {1-[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetoxy]ethyl}phosphonate acetone solvate
Authors: Peng Hao , He Hong-Wu
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C4H12N+·C11H12Cl2O6P−·C3H6O, all bond lengths and angles are normal. Three ammonium H atoms participate in N—H...O hydrogen bonds, which stabilize the crystal packing along with weak intermolecular C—H...O interactions.
Methyl 2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetate
Authors: Nawaz Hamid , Khawar Rauf M. , Fuma Yasuhiro , Ebihara Masahiro , Badshah Amin
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C15H13Cl2NO2, exhibits intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the amino N and methoxy O atoms, and no intermolecular hydrogen bonding, contrary to previous studies. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 74.99 (7)°.
1-(3-Bromo-2-thienyl)-3-(4-butoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Butcher Ray J. , Yathirajan H. S. , Ashalatha B. V. , Narayana B. , Sarojini B. K.
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C17H17BrO2S, forms centrosymmetric dimers linked by weak C—H...O hydrogen bonding generating an R
2(10) ring. The dihedral angle between the thienyl and benzene rings is 5.79 (10)°.
Short N...O hydrogen bonds in the 1:1 adduct of 4,4′-bipyridyl and oxalic acid
Authors: Cowan John A. , Howard Judith A. K. , Puschmann Horst , Williams Ian D.
Published: March 2007

Oxalic acid, C2O4H2, and 4,4′-bipyridyl, C10H8N2, crystallize in a 1:1 ratio. The asymmetric unit consists of one oxalic acid (OXA) molecule and one 4,4'bipyridyl (BPY) molecule in general positions, together with one half-OXA molecule and one half-BPY molecule; the latter two molecules are centrosymmetric. The molecules are linked in two parallel independent chains by strong O—H...N hydrogen bonds. In one chain there is one independent O—H...N hydrogen bond [N...O = 2.557 (3) Å] and the molecules lie on centres of symmetry and are therefore constrained to have planar central portions. The second chain contains two independent O—H...N hydrogen bonds [O...N = 2.549 (3) and 2.581 (3) Å] and both molecules are twisted about their central bonds.
tert-Butyl 3a-chloro-2-methylperhydro-2,6a-epoxyoxireno[e]isoindole-5-carboxylate
Authors: Koşar Başak , Karaarslan Muhsin , Yıldız Yaşar Kemal , Demircan Aydın , Büyükgüngör Orhan
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C14H20ClNO4, the molecules are linked only by weak van der Waals interactions, and the three five-membered rings adopt envelope conformations.
N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-N′-(3-pyridyl)urea monohydrate
Authors: Huang Xiaojuan , Liang Jianjun , Xia Yazhao , Wu Biao , Yang Xiao-Juan
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C14H15N3O·H2O, the water molecule bridges three organic molecules via four intermolecular hydrogen bonds, leading to supramolecular tapes that are further cross-linked to form layers.
5-[(4-Methylphenyl)methyl]benzene-1,2,4-tricarbonitrile
Authors: Lu Zhi-Feng , Xu Jian-Hua , Teh Jeannie Bee-Jan , Fun Hoong-Kun
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C17H11N3, the dihedral angle between the tolyl and tricyanophenyl rings is 81.1 (1)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak C—H...N hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions.
Di-μ-azido-κ4
N:N-bis{(azido-κN)[N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl-κN)ethylamine]manganese(II)}
Authors: Qian Jing , Gu Wu , Yan Shi-Ping , Liao Dai-Zheng , Cheng Peng
Published: March 2007

The title compound, [Mn2(N3)4(C14H17N3)2], comprises two [Mn(bpea)(N3)]+ fragments [where bpea is the tridentate ligand N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylamine] bridged by two azide anions to form a centrosymmetric dinuclear complex. The coordination environment around the MnII atoms is distorted octahedral.
syn-2,4-Bis(4-methoxybenzylidene)-trans-1,3-dithexyl-2,4-diaza-1,3-diboracyclobutane
Authors: Lesley M. J. G. , Pineau M. R. , Nelson D. M. , Crundwell G.
Published: March 2007

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C28H44B2N2O2, the square-planar B2N2 ring is slightly puckered. One of the thexyl groups exhibits disorder over two positions. The site occupancies for the disordered thexyl groups refined to 0.611 (4) and 0.389 (4).
Dichloro[tris(3-methyl-5-phenylpyrazol-1-yl)methane]copper(II) acetonitrile hemisolvate
Authors: He Hong-Shan , Ng Seik Weng
Published: March 2007

In the title complex, [CuCl2(C31H28N6)]·0.5C2H3N, the Cu2+ atom is coordinated in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry by three N atoms from the pyrazolyl groups of the tripodal ligand, and by two chloride anions.
Poly[[tetraaqua-μ2-oxalato-bis(μ3-pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylato-κ4
O,O′:O′′:O′′′)diyttrium(III)] trihydrate]
Authors: Dong Bao-Xia , Peng Jun
Published: March 2007

The title yttrium(III) coordination polymer, {[Y2(C7H3NO4)2(C2O4)(H2O)4]·3H2O}
n
, has a pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylate (PDC) and oxalate (ox) bridged layer-type structure. The central yttrium ion exhibits a distorted dodecahedral configuration, coordinated by eight O atoms from three PDC ligands, one ox ligand and two uncoordinated water molecules. The ox ligand lies on a center of inversion.
Bis(1H-imidazole-κN
3)bis(4-methylbenzoato-κO)zinc(II) 4-methylbenzoic acid disolvate
Authors: Gu Chang-Sheng , Hao Xiao-Min , Song Wen-Dong , Yan Jian-Bin
Published: March 2007

The molecular structure of the title compound, [Zn(C8H7O2)2(C7H6N2)2]·2C8H8O2, is composed of a mononuclear ZnII complex, which possesses twofold rotation symmetry, and two uncoordinated 4-methylbenzoic acid molecules. The ZnII atom displays a four-coordinate distorted tetrahedral configuration, formed by two carboxylate O atoms of two monodentate 4-methylbenzoate ligands and two N atoms of two benzimidazole molecules. In the crystal structure, complex molecules are linked by the 4-methylbenzoic acid molecules via N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, giving rise to the formation of a supramolecular structure.
catena-Poly[[(2,2′-bipyridine-κ2
N,N′)manganese(II)]-μ-3,5-dinitro-2-oxidobenzoato-κ4
O,O′:O′,O
2]
Authors: Song Wen-Dong , Guo Xian-Xia , Rong-Fa Guo
Published: March 2007

In the title complex, [Mn(C7H2N2O7)(C10H8N2)]
n
, the MnII atom has a distorted octahedral coordination geometry, defined by two N atoms from the 2,2′-bipyridine ligand and four O atoms from two 3,5-dinitrosalicylate dianions. One carboxylate O atom acts as a bridge between adjacent metal centres to form a one-dimensional chain. The Mn...Mn distance is 4.315 (6) Å. The crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen interactions.
X-ray powder diffraction study of LiCrP2O7
Authors: Ivashkevich Ludmila S. , Selevich Kirill A. , Lesnikovich Anatoly I. , Selevich Anatoly F.
Published: March 2007

The monoclinic crystal structure of lithium chromium(III) diphosphate, LiCrP2O7, isotypic with other members of the series LiM
IIIP2O7 (M
III = Mn, Fe, V, Mo, Sc and In), was refined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data using the Rietveld method. The Cr3+ cation is bonded to six O atoms from five diphosphate anions to form a distorted octahedron. Links between the bent diphosphate anions and the Cr3+ cations result in a three-dimensional network, with tunnels filled by the Li+ cations in a considerably distorted tetrahedral environment of O atoms.
trans-Diaquabis(N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine)zinc(II) naphthalene-2,6-disulfonate
Authors: Lian Zhao-Xun , Li Hao-Hong
Published: March 2007

The title compound, [Zn(C4H12N2)2(H2O)2](C10H6O6S2), is a salt, with both cation and anion having inversion symmetry. A network of N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds helps to establish the layered crystal packing.
1-(3-Chlorobenzoyl)-3-methyl-3-phenylthiourea
Authors: Khawar Rauf M. , Badshah Amin , Bolte Michael , Ahmad Imtiaz
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C15H13ClN2OS, the geometric parameters do not show unusual features. There are three molecules in the asymmetric unit. The molecules are linked by N—H...S hydrogen bonds to form dimers.
Dichloro{2-[(2-isopropylaminoethylimino)methyl]-4-nitrophenolato}zinc(II)
Authors: Wang Shou-Xing
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, [ZnCl2(C12H17N3O3)], a mononuclear Schiff base zinc(II) complex, the Zn atom is tetrahedrally coordinated by one imine N atom and one phenolate O-atom of the Schiff base ligand and by two terminal chloride anions. In the crystal structure, symmetry-related molecules are linked through intermolecular N—H...Cl, N—H...O and C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming chains running parallel to the b axis.
1-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanone
Authors: Tao Xiao , Yuan Lin , Zhang Xiao-Qing , Jing Chen , Wang Jin-Tang
Published: March 2007

In the molecule of the title compound, C10H7F2N3O, the dihedral angle between the planar rings is 84.00 (4)°. Intermolecular C—H...N hydrogen bonds link the molecules and may be effective in stabilizing the crystal structure.
Diethyl 3,3-dihydroxy-3,3′-(p-phenylene)diprop-2-enoate
Authors: Mei Guang-Quan , Huang Ke-Long
Published: March 2007

The title molecule, C16H18O6, lies on a crystallographic inversion centre which is located at the centre of the benzene ring. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the methyl 3-hydroxyacrylate unit is 13.74 (6)°. Intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds are observed.
rac-4-Methoxy-6-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-2-pyrone
Authors: De Simone C. A. , Souza L. C. de , Imbroisi D. de O. , Oliveira J. F. T. , Pereira M. A.
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C12H12O3, the heterocyclic ring adopts a half-chair conformation. C–H...O hydrogen bonds form a three-dimensional network.
Bis{μ-N-[(N,N-dimethylamino)dimethylsilyl]-2,6-dimethylanilido}lithium(I)
Authors: Ren Guang-Ming , Shang Dong-Lin , Guo Jian-Ping
Published: March 2007

The dimeric lithium amide, [Li2(C12H21N2Si)2], exhibits a four-rung ladder core of Li—N and Si—N bonds.
2-Hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-one monohydrate
Authors: Samas Brian , Groendyke Todd , Blackburn Anthony C , Godrej Delara B
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C11H15O4P·H2O, commonly called (S)-phencyphos monohydrate, belongs to a class of phosphorinanes. Molecules form a hydrogen-bond network of corrugated ribbons.
Bis(diethylenetriamine-κ3
N)copper(II) bis(sulfadiazinate)
Authors: Hossain G. M. Golzar , Amoroso A. J.
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, [Cu(C4H13N3)2](C10H9N4O2S)2, the Cu atom (site symmetry \overline{1}) displays a Jahn–Teller distorted octahedral CuN6 geometry arising from the two tridentate diethylenetriamine ligands. The cation and anion interact by way of N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds.