bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective Use of GSM for Accurate Positioning
Authors: Curran Ian , Beatty Michael
Published: July 2002

Cellnet/British Telecom (BT) has been active in the area of GPS/GSM location and
application research for over five years. Cellnet/BT have undertaken considerable
development and field trials of various GSM methods for location positioning, which have
resulted in several patent registrations. Recent R&D projects undertaken by the Mobility
engineering team at BT Labs. include MOSA (Mobile Social Alarm) and City Guide using
GPS positioning data to deliver value-added applications and services for both the general
public and business users. A critical factor to the successful development of innovative value-added services is co-operation with partners, to promote and evolve open standards for
GSM location.
Indirect methods for estimating prevalent HIV infections:
adults in England and Wales at the end of 1993
Authors: HUGHES G. , PORTER K. , GILL O. N.
Published: July 2002

Two indirect methods were used to estimate the point prevalence

of HIV infection in England
and Wales at the end of 1993 using data on diagnosed HIV infections, AIDS
cases,
HIV-related deaths and HIV testing behaviour from unlinked anonymous surveys.
The methods
estimated the proportion of all prevalent HIV infections that diagnosed
infections represented.
Most of those exposed to HIV infection through injecting drug use or sexual
intercourse
between men had had their infections diagnosed compared to less than half
of those exposed
through heterosexual intercourse. The total estimated number of prevalent
infections was 22350
for the diagnosis interval method and 20540 for the test history
method, and about 56–57%
of these were in homo/bisexual men. These indirect methods are cheap
and simple applications
of surveillance data which provide estimates that compare favourably with
those produced by
more complex methods.
An outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium DT170 associated
with kebab meat and yoghurt relish
Authors: EVANS M. R. , SALMON R. L. , NEHAUL L. , MABLY S. , WAFFORD L. , NOLAN-FARRELL M. Z. , GARDNER D. , RIBEIRO C. D.
Published: July 2002

During July 1995, an outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium definitive type (DT) 170, an unusual
strain, occurred in South Wales. A case-control study found that illness was associated with
eating kebabs (odds ratio undefined, P=0·002), doner kebabs (odds ratio 7·9, 95% confidence
interval 1·5–20·5, P=0·02) and kebabs with yoghurt based relish (odds ratio undefined,
P=0·009) but not with eating kebabs with mayonnaise-based relish (odds ratio 2·4, 95%
confidence interval 0·4–13·9, P=0·53). Environmental investigations discovered a complex web
of producers and wholesale suppliers. Kebab meat and yoghurt had been supplied to the two
main implicated outlets by a single wholesaler. Samples of raw minced lamb and several
environmental swabs taken at the wholesaler were positive for S. typhimurium DT170. Blood-
stained, unsealed yoghurt pots were observed to be stored under a rack of raw lamb.
Investigators of food poisoning outbreaks linked to takeaway food should consider cross-
contaminated relishes and dressings as well as undercooked meat as potential vehicles of
infection.
Expression of glycine and the glycine transporter Glyt-1
in the developing rat retina
Authors: POW DAVID V. , HENDRICKSON ANITA E.
Published: July 2002

Due to technical difficulties that have since been rectified,
the photomicrographs in this article did not reproduce at the best
resolution possible. Also, Figure 12 has been revised and a
corrected version of the article is reproduced on pp. 1R–9R,
which follows. Cambridge University Press regrets any inconvenience
that this inadvertent error may have caused.
Distribution of terminals from pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus
and synaptic organization in lateralis medialis-suprageniculate nucleus
of cat's thalamus: Anterograde tracing, immunohistochemical studies,
and quantitative analysis
Authors: HOSHINO KAEKO , KATOH YOSHIMITSU Y. , BAI WANZHU , KAIYA TADAYOSHI , NORITA MASAO
Published: July 2002

The cat's lateralis medialis-suprageniculate nuclear
complex (LM-Sg) in the thalamus receives input from various
brain regions such as the superior colliculus, brain stem,
and spinal cord, as well as from visual association cortex.
In a previous study, we demonstrated that LM-Sg receives
cholinergic fibers from the pedunculopontine tegmental
nucleus (PPT) and that cholinergic terminals make synaptic
contacts with the dendrites of glutamatergic projection
neurons and of GABAergic interneurons (Hoshino et al.,
1997). In this study, we investigate the distribution and
the organization of PPT terminals by means of a combined
anterograde tracer (biotinylated dextran amine, BDA) and
immunohistochemical methods. When stained by acetylcholinesterase
(AChE), the LM-Sg is not uniformly immunoreactive, but
rather is patchily labeled and shows a streaming type of
reactivity. The tissue content appears high in enzyme activity
in AChE-positive zones and is much lighter in activity
in AChE-negative zones. We compared the synaptic organization
between AChE-positive and AChE-negative portions of the
LM-Sg in separate groups of electron-microscopic material:
four types of vesicle containing profiles (RS, RL, F1,
and PSD) as well as synaptic glomeruli were observed in
this nucleus. Among these, the PSD profiles were observed
more frequently in AChE-positive portions than in AChE-negative
zones. Furthermore, the number of glomeruli was significantly
higher in AChE-positive than in AChE-negative zones. Following
the injection of BDA into PPT, labeled terminals within
LM-Sg were rather more concentrated in the AChE-positive
portion. Although the majority of PPT terminals made synaptic
contacts with dendrites in the neuropil, a few terminals
were involved in the synaptic glomeruli. The present results
show that the synaptic organization is distinctly different
between the AChE-positive and AChE-negative portions of
LM-Sg. These results suggest that the AChE-positive portions
of LM-Sg are relatively more involved in integrating information
arising from a diverse set of inputs and processing that
information within glomeruli in a complex manner than occurs
in the AChE-negative portion of LM-Sg.
Divergent mechanisms for phototransduction of invertebrate
microvillar photoreceptors
Authors: FEIN ALAN , CAVAR SUSAN
Published: July 2002

Recently, it was reported that the polyunsaturated fatty
acids (PUFAs), arachidonic acid (AA) and linolenic acid
(LNA), activate the light-sensitive channels in Drosophila
photoreceptors (Chyb et al. 1999). We have examined whether
these PUFAs activate the light-sensitive channels in Limulus
ventral photoreceptors. We find that, whether applied from
the outside or injected into a Limulus ventral
photoreceptor, either AA or LNA fails to activate the light-sensitive
channels. Moreover, the synthetic diacylglycerol analog,
1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, also fails to activate the
light-sensitive channels. We suggest that these findings
require us to rethink our view about the generality of
the process of phototransduction in invertebrate microvillar
photoreceptors. We propose that the photoreceptors of Drosophila
and Limulus evolved to utilize different branches
of the phosphoinositide pathway for phototransduction:
those of Limulus evolved to utilize IP3-mediated
calcium release while those of Drosophila evolved
to utilize diacylglycerol and it's downstream products.
GABA and GABAA receptor antagonists alter developing
cone photoreceptor development in neonatal rabbit retina
Authors: HUANG BO , MITCHELL CHERYL K. , REDBURN-JOHNSON DIANNA A.
Published: July 2002

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been established as
an important developmental signal in a number of regions
of the central nervous system (CNS), including retina.
Our previous studies have shown that GABAergic horizontal
cells act as the initial synaptic target for developing
cone photoreceptors in neonatal rabbit retina. Since intraocular
injections of the GABAA receptor antagonists,
picrotoxin or bicuculline, disrupt cone synaptogenesis
in vivo, GABA released from horizontal cells may
provide a necessary signal for cone axon growth and/or
synapse formation. In the current report, we have used
cultured retinal explants to examine the effects of GABAA
receptor antagonists on other aspects of developing cones.
These include the distribution pattern of cone cell bodies
across the outer surface of the retina and the expression
of GABAA receptors within both cone cell bodies
and axonal processes. Peanut agglutinin (PNA), a plant
lectin that specifically labels cone plasma membrane and
extracellular matrix, was used to monitor cone development,
and a GABAA receptor antibody against the β2/3
subunits of the protein was used to label GABAA
receptors. Results showed that cones maintained in the
explant culture express GABAA receptors in a
temporal and spatial pattern similar to that observed in
vivo, namely a low expression of receptors on cone
cell bodies at postnatal day 1 (P1), peaking around P3
and diminishing by P7. Neonatal retinal explants exposed
to the GABAA receptor antagonists, bicuculline
(10 μM) or SR95531 (5 μM), for 24 h in culture
showed disruption of the normal distribution of cone cell
bodies. When GABA (100 μM) was added along with either
antagonist, cone cell bodies appeared normal. Neither bicuculline
nor SR95531 alone had any effect on the general morphology
of other retinal layers, suggesting that these GABAA
receptor antagonists at the concentrations used were not
acting as nonspecific disruption agents. The effects of
GABA antagonists were confined to the first week after
birth with no disruption seen in P9 or adult explant cultures.
These data provide a direct demonstration of the necessity
for GABAergic input to cones during active synaptogenesis.
As we have previously shown, GABAA receptor
activation causes a substantial increase in intracellular
calcium concentrations in cones and thereby could provide
a mechanism by which GABA regulates cone maturation.
Cortical area V4 is critical for certain texture discriminations,
but this effect is not dependent on attention
Authors: MERIGAN WILLIAM H.
Published: July 2002

This study examined the question of which features of
a complex grouping discrimination make it vulnerable to
permanent elimination by V4 lesions. We first verified
that the line element grouping discrimination, which we
previously reported to be devastated by V4 lesions, was
similarly affected in the monkeys of this study. The permanence
of the deficit was established by mapping its visual field
distribution and then testing this discrimination for an
extended period at a locus on the border of the deficit.
Also, a staircase procedure was used to provide the monkey
with within session instruction in the grouping discrimination,
but this did not improve V4 lesion performance. Grouping
was then compared with several discriminations that shared
some features with it, but which were found not to be permanently
eliminated by V4 lesions. This comparison suggested that
grouping (rather than segmentation or response to a single
element) was one feature that made the discrimination vulnerable,
a second was the similarity in shape of the texture elements
to be grouped. Finally, we tested visual crowding, a property
of peripheral vision that is thought to reflect neuronal
interactions early in visual cortex, possibly in area V1,
and found no effect of V4 lesions. A control experiment
with human observers tested whether the elimination of
grouping by V4 lesions might be due to an alteration of
attention, but found no evidence to support this hypothesis.
These results show that severe disruption of texture discriminations
by V4 lesions depends on both the nature of the discrimination
and the type of texture elements involved, but does not
necessarily involve the disruption of attention.
Response latencies of cells in the cat's lateral geniculate
nucleus are less variable during burst than tonic firing
Authors: GUIDO W. , SHERMAN S. MURRAY
Published: July 2002

We measured the variability in latency of the first
spike seen in cells of the cat's lateral geniculate
nucleus following the onset of a visual stimulus. We found
that, in each of the 11 cells tested, this variability
was significantly lower during burst than during tonic
firing. We suggest that this difference confers an advantage
in signal detection during burst compared to tonic firing.
This complements other reported advantages of burst firing
for signal detection seen in signal-to-noise ratios and
in the ability to efficiently drive postsynaptic cells.
Stimulus features eliciting visual responses from neurons
in the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali in pigeons
Authors: FU YU-XI , XIAO QUAN , GAO HONG-FENG , WANG SHU-RONG
Published: July 2002

The purpose of the present study was to find out
what particular stimulus features, in addition to the direction
and velocity of motion, specifically activate neurons in
the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (nLM) in pigeons.
Visual responses of 60 nLM cells to a variety of computer-generated
stimuli were extracellularly recorded and quantitatively
analyzed. Ten recording sites were histologically verified
to be localized within nLM with cobalt sulfide markings.
It was shown that the pigeon nLM cells were specifically
sensitive to the leading edge moving at the optimal velocity
in the preferred direction through their excitatory receptive
fields (ERFs). Generally speaking, nLM cells preferred
black edges to white ones. However, this preference cannot
be explained by OFF-responses to a light spot. The edge
sharpness was also an essential factor influencing the
responsive strength, with blurred edges producing little
or no visual responses at all. These neurons vigorously
responded to black edge orientated perpendicular to, and
moved in, the preferred direction; the magnitude of visual
responses was reduced with changing orientation. The spatial
summation occurred in all neurons tested, characterized
by the finding that neuronal firings increased as the leading
edge was lengthened until saturation was reached. On the
other hand, it appeared that nLM neurons could not detect
any differences in the shape and area of stimuli with an
identical edge. These data suggested that feature extraction
characteristics of nLM neurons may be specialized for detecting
optokinetic stimuli, but not for realizing pattern recognition.
This seems to be at least one of the reasons why large-field
gratings or random-dot patterns have been used to study
visual responses of accessory optic neurons and optokinetic
nystagmus, because many high-contrast edges in these stimuli
can activate a neuron to periodically discharge, or groups
of neurons to simultaneously fire to elicit optokinetic
reflex.
Non-monotonic contrast behavior in directionally selective
ganglion cells and evidence for its dependence on their
GABAergic input
Authors: MERWINE DAVID K. , GRZYWACZ NORBERTO M. , TJEPKES DARREL S. , AMTHOR FRANKLIN R.
Published: July 2002

We serendipitously discovered that the preferred-direction
responses of ON–OFF directionally selective (DS)
ganglion cells in the rabbit retina fall as a function
of contrast when the contrast of a moving bar exceeds about
100%. Null-direction responses did not fall for contrasts
up to 400%. Because the non-monotonic (rise-then-fall)
behavior as a function of contrast occurred only for preferred-direction
responses, it must depend on the mechanism of directional
selectivity. It became thus of interest to investigate
how this non-monotonicity depends on the major synapses
involved in directional selectivity. Blockades of nicotinic
acetylcholine (ACh) and NMDA glutamate receptors reduced
responses without eliminating preferred-response non-monotonicity.
Blocking GABAergic inhibition, however, did eliminate non-monotonicity.
These results pose a difficult puzzle, since in the accompanying
paper (Grzywacz et al., 1998), we showed that residual
responses under combined nicotinic and NMDA blockades are
not statistically significantly directionally selective.
How is it possible that null-direction GABAergic inhibition
affects non-nicotinic-non-NMDA residual responses without
generating directional selectivity? This may happen if
there exists an asymmetric GABAergic input to distal dendrites
of the DS cell while the excitatory, non-nicotinic-non-NMDA
input is to proximal dendrites. In support of this hypothesis,
bath-applied GABA reduces responses to exogenous ACh under
synaptic block, providing for the first time in the rabbit's
retina, direct evidence of GABA receptors on DS cells.
Cone receptor variations and their functional consequences
in two species of hamster
Authors: CALDERONE JACK B. , JACOBS GERALD H.
Published: July 2002

Results from earlier experiments indicate that
different species of rodent vary both in the number of
cone types found in their retinas and in the spectral sensitivities
of the cone pigments. These features have now been examined
in two types of hamster commonly used for research purposes:
Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
and Siberian dwarf hamsters (Phodopus sungorus).
Electroretinogram (ERG) flicker photometry, behavioral
discrimination tasks, and opsin antibody labeling were
used to investigate hamster photoreceptors and their visual
consequences. Results from the three approaches support
the following conclusions: (1) The retinas of both species
have an abundant population of rods containing a photopigment
with peak sensitivity of about 498–500 nm; (2) Siberian
dwarf hamsters have two classes of cone: one with maximum
sensitivity in the ultraviolet (c. 360 nm), the other with
peak sensitivity closely similar to that of its rod; and
(3) Syrian golden hamsters have a class of cone with peak
sensitivity at about 506 nm, but they lack a second cone
type. Implications of these alternative arrangements are
discussed.
Erratum: Temporal and spatial patterns of opsin gene expression
in the zebrafish (Danio rerio): Corrections with
additions
Authors: SCHMITT ELLEN A. , HYATT GEORGE A. , DOWLING JOHN E.
Published: July 2002

We report here a reexamination of the developmental
expression of cone opsins in the zebrafish retina. The
red- and blue-sensitive opsins appear at 51 h postfertilization
(hpf) whereas ultraviolet (UV) opsin is not seen until
after 55 hpf. More cells show red cone opsin expression
than blue at 51 and 55 hpf, indicating the sequence of
cone opsin expression in zebrafish is first red, then blue,
and finally UV. Curiously, morphological development of
the cones is in reverse order; UV cones appear quite mature
by day 6–7 postfertilization (pf), but morphologically,
red cones do not appear adult-like until 15–20 days
pf.
Numerical solution of Hele-Shaw flows
driven by a quadrupole
Authors: KELLY E. D. , HINCH E. J.
Published: July 2002

A blob of viscous Newtonian fluid is
surrounded by inviscid fluid and sandwiched in the
narrow gap between two plane parallel surfaces, so that
initially its plan view occupies a simply
connected domain. Recently Entov, Etingoff & Kleinbock
(1993) produced some steady-state
solutions for the blob placed in a quadrupole driven flow,
and including the effects of surface
tension. Here a numerical solution of the time-dependent
problem using a Boundary Integral
algorithm finds that for low values of the flow rate
there exist two solutions. We find that
one, which is close in shape to a circle, is stable,
while the other, more deformed equilibrium,
is unstable. The analysis also reveals that for certain
flow strengths stable non-convex shapes
also exist. If the flow strength is too large no
stable equilibrium is possible.
A theory of classes: proofs and models
Authors: HILKEN BARNABY P. , RYDEHEARD DAVID E.
Published: July 2002

We investigate the proof structure and models of theories of classes,
where classes are
‘collections’ of entities. The theories are weaker than set
theories and arise from a study of
type classes in programming languages, as well as from comprehension schemata
in
categories. We introduce two languages of proofs: one a simple type theory
and
the other involving proof environments for storing and retrieving proofs.
The
relationship between
these languages is defined in terms of a normalisation result for proofs.
We use
this result to
define a categorical semantics for classes and establish its coherence.
Finally,
we show how
the formal systems relate to type classes in programming languages.
An enrichment theorem for an axiomatisation of
categories of domains and continuous functions
Authors: FIORE MARCELO P.
Published: July 2002

Domain-theoretic categories are axiomatised by means of
categorical
non-order-theoretic
requirements on a cartesian closed category equipped with a commutative
monad.
In this
paper we prove an enrichment theorem showing that every axiomatic
domain-theoretic
category can be endowed with an intensional notion of approximation,
the
path relation, with respect to which the category Cpo-enriches.

Our analysis suggests more liberal notions of domains. In particular,
we
present a category
where the path order is not ω-complete, but in which
the constructions of domain theory
(such as, for example, the existence of uniform fixed-point
operators and the solution of domain equations) are available.
Proof-theoretic foundations for the design of actor systems
Authors: DUARTE CARLOS H. C.
Published: July 2002

The pioneering work of Hewitt and Baker on the foundations of concurrency during the
seventies has inspired the development of the actor model as a promising object-based
framework for understanding open distributed systems. So far, theoretical research on actors
has focused on identifying the basic primitives of the model and on characterising the
operational behaviour of distributed programming languages in terms of actor components.
In this paper, we show that the actor model can also be used as a faithful basis for
rigorously designing open distributed systems. We argue that a proof-theoretic approach is
better suited to this purpose. An abstract-data-type-like axiomatisation of the actor
primitives is proposed to support composing and reasoning from specifications of actor
communities within a temporal logical system.
Unique decomposition categories, Geometry of Interaction and combinatory logic
Authors: HAGHVERDI ESFANDIAR
Published: July 2002

In another paper (Abramsky et al. 1999), we have developed Abramsky's analysis of
Girard's Geometry of Interaction programme in detail. In this paper, our goal is to study the
data ow based computational aspects of that analysis. We introduce unique decomposition
categories that provide a suitable categorical framework for such computational analysis.
The current study also serves to establish connections with the work on proof nets and
paths by Girard and Danos and Regnier in this categorical setting. The latter goal is
partially achieved here by the presentation of categorical models for dynamic algebras.
Consultation and Discussion with Other Physicians in Cases
of Requests for Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Refused by Family
Physicians
Authors: ONWUTEAKA-PHILIPSEN BREGJE D. , VAN DER WAL GERRIT , WIGERSMA LODE
Published: July 2002

In the Netherlands, in 1995 approximately 9700 people
explicitly requested euthanasia or assisted suicide (EAS),
and EAS was performed approximately 3600 times (2.7% of
all deaths). The most important reasons for not performing
EAS when requested by a patient were that the patient died
before EAS was performed, or that the physician refused the
request.
Bioethics in Eastern Europe: A Difficult Birth
Authors: PRODANOV VASSIL
Published: July 2002

Bioethics as it stands today is a typically American
product, but whether it can be spread across the globe
as easily as Coca-Cola remains to be seen. Historically,
we can observe that the internationalization of bioethics
has taken place in a form of concentric waves beginning
in the United States and encompassing increasingly new
territories having older roots. Born in the 1960s, bioethics
as the study of ethical issues in life sciences began to
permeate the Anglo-Saxon world. Ten years later it penetrated
countries with developed liberal democratic traditions
and remnants of the different Protestant attitudes to life
where issues such as patients' rights, abortion, euthanasia,
eugenics quickly started to appear frequently in newspapers,
magazines, and on television. Then in the '80s the
bioethics wave swept into the European community, and by
the end of the '80s and early '90s bioethics
advanced timidly into Eastern Europe. Because the difficult
birth of bioethics in Eastern Europe is not widely known,
the purpose here is to provide a perspective of that development,
including its struggle with a totalitarian legacy, as well as to
offer some comments as to how current cultural gaps between East
and West, and especially between the Western and Orthodox worlds,
might be bridged.
Response to Special Section: “Cloning: Technology,
Policy, and Ethics” (CQ Vol 7, No 2)
Authors: Häyry Matti
Published: July 2002

The idea of cloning adult human beings often gives
rise to objections involving mad dictators producing copies
of themselves, or deranged billionaires who want to live
forever. But what about situations where we can more readily
understand and accept the reasons for creating a clone?
Consider, for instance, the case of parents who have simultaneously
lost their newly born child and found out that
they cannot have any more children of their own by other
known methods. Would it be wrong of them to want a new
child, a genetic copy of the lost infant, if the child
were healthy and could only be produced by cloning the
infant who no longer lives? And would it be wrong of genetic
engineers to assist them?
Commentary
Authors: Rhodes Rosamond
Published: July 2002

This tragic case raises two important ethical issues.
One is the obvious problem of just allocation of scarce
transplant organs. The other is the less obvious problem
of the healthcare team's feelings of commitment to
their patient. Together they present an unusual conflict
for bioethics.
Fate of genetically marked mitochondrial DNA from spermatocytes microinjected
into mouse zygotes
Authors: Cummins James M. , Kishikawa Hidefumi , Mehmet Denise , Yanagimachi Ryuzo
Published: July 2002

Cytoplasts from single spermatocytes of NZB/BinJ mice were
separated from the nuclei and individually microinjected into B6D2F1 (C57BL/6 × DNBA/2J)
hybrid embryos at the pronuclear stage (20 h after hCG injection). Of 363 zygotes injected, 311 (86%)
survived and developed. From these experiments, we transferred 222 embryos into 20 pseudopregnant
recipients. Eighteen (90%) became pregnant and 82 pups were born (37% of transfers). Mitochondrial DNA
(mt DNA) from the NZB/BinJ strain lacks a RsaI restriction site and can thus be distinguished from
the host embryo following PCR amplification. We were unable to detect the transferred mtDNA in
blastocysts on day 4–5 after injection. Nor could we detect NZB/BinJ mtDNA in placentae, nor
in tissues from mice born to host mothers following the transfer of blastocysts that developed from
injected zygotes. Rejection of paternal mitochondria by the embryo normally occurs at the 4- to 8-cell
stage in mice and is apparently dependent on mutual recognition between the mitochondria and the
nuclear genome. We conclude that this mechanism has probably already developed by the time the germ
cells have become committed to meiosis.
MANUFACTURING ACCIDENT: INDUSTRIALISM AND THE WORKER’S BODY IN EARLY VICTORIAN FICTION
Authors: Sanders Mike
Published: July 2002

I refer to the health of millions who spend their lives in manufactories. . . I ask if these millions enjoy that vigour of body which is ever a direct good, and without which all other advantages are comparatively worthless? (The Effects of Arts, Trades, and Professions, and of civic states and habits of living, on health andlongevity, C. Turner Thackrah)

[Factory reformers] wrote in the newspapers, and circulated pamphlets - they petitioned Parliament - exhibited diseased and crippled objects in London - and made such an impression on the public mind, that their measures were carried in the House of Commons almost by acclamation, notwithstanding the testimony of facts of a directly contrary nature. (Exposition of the Factory Question)

THIS ARTICLE SEEKS to explore the significance of the injured working-class body in debates about the nature and meaning of industrial capitalism in the first half of the nineteenth century.1 It will argue that a growing awareness that the comforts of middle-class existence depended on processes that maimed working-class lives was profoundly unsettling to the bourgeois conscience as it threatened one of its most important narratives of legitimation. Finally, it will trace the emergence of the “accident” (as both concept and fictional trope) as a response to and resolution of this ideological crisis.
LEAVING “THE TRIBAL DUCKPOND”: AMY LEVY, JEWISH SELF-HATRED, AND JEWISH IDENTITY
Authors: Beckman Linda Hunt
Published: July 2002

IN 1861 AMY LEVY was born into a middle-class Anglo-Jewish family with deep roots in England, and was part of the first generation of women at Cambridge University. Her life was marked by the opportunities and predicaments of Anglo-Jews at a pivotal moment in their history. Receiving full political rights in 1858, two years before Levy was born, England’s Jews attained positions of status in the late-Victorian period and became integrated into the fabric of British society. Todd Endelman, however, like other commentators on Anglo-Jewry in this period, gives the British a mixed evaluation on their treatment of the Jews. Tolerant in many ways, England was “hostile to the notion of cultural diversity. Circles and institutions quite willing to tolerate Jews as intimate associates were not willing to endorse the perpetuation of a separate Jewish culture or to see any value in the customs or beliefs of the Jewish religion” (209).
High-Throughput Plasmid Purification for Capillary Sequencing
Authors: Elkin Christopher J. , Richardson Paul M. , Fourcade H. Matthew , Hammon Nancy M. , Pollard Martin J. , Predki Paul F. , Glavina Tijana , Hawkins Trevor L.
Published: July 2002

The need for expeditious and inexpensive methods for high-throughput DNA sequencing has been highlighted by the accelerated pace of genome DNA sequencing over the past year. At the Joint Genome Institute, the throughput in terms of high-quality bases per day has increased over 20-fold during the past 18 mo, reaching an average of 18.3 millionPhred 20 bases per day. To support this unprecedented scaleup, we developed an inexpensive automated method for the isolation and purification of double-stranded plasmid DNA clones for sequencing that is tailored to meet the more stringent needs of the newer capillary electrophoresis DNA sequencing machines. The protocol is based on the magnetic bead method of solid phase reversible immobilization that has been automated by using a CRS-based robotic system. The method described here has enabled us to meet our increases in production while reducing labor and materials costs significantly.
Construction of a Linkage Map of the Medaka (Oryzias latipes) and Mapping of the Da Mutant Locus Defective in Dorsoventral Patterning
Authors: Ohtsuka Masato , Makino Satoshi , Yoda Kinya , Wada Hironori , Naruse Kiyoshi , Mitani Hiroshi , Shima Akihiro , Ozato Kenjiro , Kimura Minoru , Inoko Hidetoshi
Published: July 2002

Double anal fin (Da) is a medaka with an autosomal semidominant mutation that causes mirror image duplication of the ventral region concentrating on the caudal region. The chromosomal location of the Da gene and its sequence have remained unknown. We constructed a medaka linkage map as a first step to approach positional cloning of the gene. The segregation analysis was performed on the basis of genetic recombination during female meiosis using 134 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, 13 sequence-tagged sites (STSs), 15 polymorphic sequences from known genes, and the Da gene. One hundred forty-six markers from the above markers segregated into 26 linkage groups. The size of the genome was estimated to be 1776 cM in length. We identified four syntenic regions between medaka and zebrafish (and human) by mapping the known genes and found one of them to be located in close proximity to theDa gene. By mapping the region surrounding the Dagene in high resolution, two markers were detected flanking theDa gene at 0.32 and 0.80 cM. The detected markers providing a vital clue to initiate chromosome walking will lead us to the definite location of the Da gene.
Regulation of Tomato Fruit Polygalacturonase mRNA Accumulation by Ethylene: A Re-Examination1
Authors: Sitrit Yaron , Bennett Alan B.
Published: July 2002

Polygalacturonase (PG) is the major enzyme responsible for pectin disassembly in ripening fruit. Despite extensive research on the factors regulating PG gene expression in fruit, there is conflicting evidence regarding the role of ethylene in mediating its expression. Transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits in which endogenous ethylene production was suppressed by the expression of an antisense 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase gene were used to re-examine the role of ethylene in regulating the accumulation of PG mRNA, enzyme activity, and protein during fruit ripening. Treatment of transgenic antisense ACC synthase mature green fruit with ethylene at concentrations as low as 0.1 to 1 μL/L for 24 h induced PG mRNA accumulation, and this accumulation was higher at concentrations of ethylene up to 100 μL/L. Neither PG enzyme activity nor PG protein accumulated during this 24-h period of ethylene treatment, indicating that translation lags at least 24 h behind the accumulation of PG mRNA, even at high ethylene concentrations. When examined at concentrations of 10 μL/L, PG mRNA accumulated within 6 h of ethylene treatment, indicating that the PG gene responds rapidly to ethylene. Treatment of transgenic tomato fruit with a low level of ethylene (0.1 μL/L) for up to 6 d induced levels of PG mRNA, enzyme activity, and protein after 6 d, which were comparable to levels observed in ripening wild-type fruit. A similar level of internal ethylene (0.15 μL/L) was measured in transgenic antisense ACC synthase fruit that were held for 28 d after harvest. In these fruit PG mRNA, enzyme activity, and protein were detected. Collectively, these results suggest that PG mRNA accumulation is ethylene regulated, and that the low threshold levels of ethylene required to promote PG mRNA accumulation may be exceeded, even in transgenic antisense ACC synthase tomato fruit.
Fucosyltransferase and the Biosynthesis of Storage and Structural Xyloglucan in Developing Nasturtium Fruits
Authors: Desveaux Darrell , Faik Ahmed , Maclachlan Gordon
Published: July 2002

Young, developing fruits of nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) accumulate large deposits of nonfucosylated xyloglucan (XG) in periplasmic spaces of cotyledon cells. This “storage” XG can be fucosylated by a nasturtium transferase in vitro, but this does not happen in vivo, even as a transitory signal for secretion. The only XG that is clearly fucosylated in these fruits is the structural fraction (approximately 1% total) that is bound to cellulose in growing primary walls. The two fucosylated subunits that are formed in vitro are identical to those found in structural XG in vivo. The yield of XG-fucosyltransferase activity from membrane fractions is highest per unit fresh weight in the youngest fruits, especially in dissected cotyledons, but declines when storage XG is forming. A block appears to develop in the secretory machinery of young cotyledon cells between sites that galactosylate and those that fucosylate nascent XG. After extensive galactosylation, XG traffic is diverted to the periplasm without fucosylation. The primary walls buried beneath accretions of storage XG eventually swell and lose cohesion, probably because they continue to extend without incorporating components such as fucosylated XG that are needed to maintain wall integrity.
Defoliation Induces Fructan 1-Exohydrolase II in Witloof Chicory Roots. Cloning and Purification of Two Isoforms, Fructan 1-Exohydrolase IIa and Fructan 1-Exohydrolase IIb. Mass Fingerprint of the Fructan 1-Exohydrolase II Enzymes
Authors: Van den Ende Wim , Michiels An , Van Wonterghem Dominik , Clerens Stefan P. , De Roover Joke , Van Laere André J.
Published: July 2002

The cloning of two highly homologous chicory (Cichorium intybus var. foliosum cv Flash) fructan 1-exohydrolase cDNAs (1-FEH IIa and 1-FEH IIb) is described. Both isoenzymes could be purified from forced chicory roots as well as from the etiolated “Belgian endive” leaves where the 1-FEH IIa isoform is present in higher concentrations. Full-length cDNAs were obtained by a combination of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), PCR and 5′- and 3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends using primers based on N-terminal and conserved amino acid sequences. 1-FEH IIa and 1-FEH IIb cDNA-derived amino acid sequences are most homologous to a new group of plant glycosyl hydrolases harboring cell wall-type enzymes with acid isoelectric points. Unlike the observed expression profiles of chicory 1-FEH I, northern analysis revealed that 1-FEH II is expressed when young chicory plants are defoliated, suggesting that this enzyme can be induced at any developmental stage when large energy supplies are necessary (regrowth after defoliation).
The Taguchi loss function
Authors: Lofthouse Thomas
Published: July 2002

Taguchi defines quality in a negative manner as “the loss imparted to society from the time the product is shipped”. Explains the concept and the approach to quality improvement that arises. This approach involves statistical process control and can be daunting but the paper stresses and makes clear the underlying conceptual framework of a methodology for quality improvement and process robustness.
Human resource policies for women – a study in Singapore
Authors: Lee Jean S.K. , Pow Jasmine C.L.
Published: July 2002

With the tight labour market in Singapore, greater emphasis needs to be put on increasing the utilisation of the woman work force. Although the concerted efforts by the Government are necessary in increasing the female labour force participation rate, employers should develop their own equal opportunity guidelines and policies, which will provide women with a suitable job and ensure that they remain employed. This research aims to study the existing human resource policies on women in Singapore organisations. A survey was conducted on 100 Singapore‐based organisations to investigate their human resource policies on recruitment and selection, career development, training, compensation, flexible work arrangement and child care arrangements.
Satisfaction level with neighbourhoods in low‐income public housing in Yemen
Authors: Djebarni Ramdane , Al‐Abed Abdullah
Published: July 2002

For the last 20 years, the Yemeni government has been providing housing schemes for low‐income groups. These low‐income housing schemes have not, however, been evaluated. Based on a post‐occupancy evaluation of three low‐income public housing schemes in Sana’a, Yemen, the paper describes the residents’ judgement and assessment of the environment in which they are living. Interviews with 180 occupants revealed that they attach great importance to the level of satisfaction with their neighbourhoods. The most important factor associated with neighbourhood satisfaction was privacy, a reflection of the cultural background in Yemeni society.
Development of special bi‐material elements
Authors: Kah Soh Ai
Published: July 2002

A procedure for developing bi‐material elements, which are able to eliminate the weakness of the conventional finite elements in determining the stress distributions along fibre‐matrix interfaces, has been proposed. The results obtained by these bi‐material elements are in good agreement with the experimental results and are superior to the conventional finite element results. A comparison is made between the proposed approach of improving the interfacial stress calculations and another approach which employs the least square fitting method. The comparison shows that the two approaches provide comparable accuracy but the latter is more difficult to implement.
Modelling the growth of American aggregates based on the metalogistic time function
Authors: Diamantides Nicholas D.
Published: July 2002

A relatively simple function derived from Benouilli’s differential equation and given the class name “metalogistic” is shown to be an efficient descriptor of the dynamics of a number of important American aggregates. These include five demographic, i.e. population, urbanization, immigration, birth‐rate, and death‐rate over the 1820‐1992 time period; and six socio‐economic, that is gross national product, GNP deflator, civilian labour force, unemployment, total energy in BTU, and a surrogate of higher knowledge, these over the 1880‐1992 time period. The descriptor in each case is defined by parameters derived from the data through regression, with model efficacy measured by anR2> 0.90 in almost all cases.
Investigation of pressure fields on clothing presses
Authors: Polinski Zbigniew , Wieczlak Wlodzimierz
Published: July 2002

Presents an original method of measurement of pressures on the working surfaces of clothing presses. It has been found that the mechanical properties of linings have a significant effect on the pressure distribution. Based on theoretical assumptions, a manner of selection of the lining for a technological task has been determined. Results of the experiments have confirmed the correctness of the assumptions made. The pressure distribution charts obtained also permit estimation of the effect of constructional errors of clothing presses on their effectiveness, particularly in the technology of glue joints.
School climate and leadership: research into three secondary
schools
Authors: Dinham Steve , Cairney Trevor , Craigie Doug , Wilson Steve
Published: July 2002

Draws on the findings of a major research project funded by the New
South Wales Department of School Education in Australia which sought to
examine the school‐community interface and communication in government
comprehensive high schools in that state. Data were drawn initially from
nine schools in Western Sydney with three of these schools being the
subject of in‐depth follow‐up study. These studies revealed the
significant role played by senior school executives, particularly the
principal, in the development of communication methods in schools and
their influence on school culture and climate. Examines decision making
and communication methods in the three schools within the context of
each school′s environment and draws implications for school leadership,
staff morale, and staff, student and community attitudes. A key finding
is that there is no “recipe” for success as a principal.
Rather, a contingency approach is advocated whereby individual
principals adopt a personal position across a range of important
considerations, these positions being dependent on contextual and
personal factors. The case studies suggest what these positions could
be.
Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Environmental Parameters and Geometry on Energy Absorption for an Open-type Water-cooled Flat-plate Solar Collector
Authors: Song B. , Inaba H. , Horibe A.
Published: July 2002

A two-dimensional mathematical model was developed for predicting the performance of an open-type water-cooled flat-plate solar collector, and solved numerically through an implicit finite difference method. The effects of various environmental and geometric conditions on energy absorption for the collector were investigated. The results predict that there is an optimum length and tilt angle for the absorbing plate for which the collector could obtain the highest solar energy absorptance. The latent heat flux of water evaporation can be 3 to 15 times larger than the sensible heat flux under normal operating conditions. The wind speed and the inlet water temperature have a large influence on the energy absorption of the collector. The effects of the solar incident flux, the atmospheric humidity and temperature, the absorbing plate tilt angle and length, and the water film thickness on the temperature rise of the water film and/or the absorptance of the collector are clarified. The open-type flat-plate collector is suitable to operate at lower inlet water temperatures and in regions where the local latitude is in the range of 20°N-40°N, and the weather is humid and hot with low winds. [S0199-6231(00)00202-1]
Acceptance Criteria for Offshore Platforms
Authors: Stahl Bernhard , Aune Stig , Gebara Joseph M. , Cornell C. Allin
Published: July 2002

A platform complex in the North Sea is used to illustrate development of reliability acceptance criteria. For platforms in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, reliability acceptance criteria have their basis in progressive collapse limit state requirements and impairment/FAR (fatal accident rate) limits. A number of parallel supporting approaches to developing reliability acceptance are presented. These supporting approaches include economic risk assessment, in particular, the ALARP principle (as low as reasonably practicable), and historically accepted reliability levels associated with prior practices and experiences in various offshore operating arenas. The reliability acceptance criteria are found to be consistent with recommended or implied acceptance criteria in offshore design and assessment practices in other parts of the world. [S0892-7219(00)01003-7]
Fatigue Failure Progression in Ball Bearings
Authors: Kotzalas Michael N. , Harris Tedric A.
Published: July 2002

Typically, the life of a component containing rolling contacts is defined as the time to the initiation of a fatigue spall. Initiation of a spall does not always cause the component to stop performing its designed function. Operating the component past the initiation of a spall increases the heat generation rates and vibrations, eventually leading to total failure. A ball/v-ring test rig was used to initiate and progress spalls on bearing balls where spall progression was measured as a function of time, and vibrations monitored using accelerometers. A spall progression life mathematical model for balls endurance tested in the v-ring rig was created by extending the Ioannides–Harris fatigue life theory. Also, excessive vibratory loading was determined to be the major cause of total component failure.
One-Dimensional Simulations of Jet Fuel Thermal-Oxidative Degradation and Deposit Formation Within Cylindrical Passages
Authors: Ervin J. S. , Zabarnick S. , Williams T. F.
Published: July 2002

Flowing aviation fuel is used as a coolant in military aircraft. Dissolved O2 reacts with the heated fuel to form undesirable surface deposits which disrupt the normal flow. For purposes of aircraft design, it is important to understand and predict jet fuel oxidation and the resulting surface deposition. Detailed multi-dimensional numerical simulations are useful in understanding interactions between the fluid dynamics and fuel chemistry. Unfortunately, the detailed simulation of an entire fuel system is impractical. One-dimensional and lumped parameter models of fluid dynamics and chemistry can provide the simultaneous simulation of all components which comprise a complex fuel system. In this work, a simplified one-dimensional model of jet fuel oxidation and surface deposition within cylindrical passages is developed. Both global and pseudo-detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms are used to model fuel oxidation, while a global chemistry model alone is used to model surface deposition. Dissolved O2 concentration profiles and surface deposition rates are calculated for nearly isothermal and nonisothermal flow conditions. Flowing experiments are performed using straight-run jet fuels, and the predicted dissolved O2 concentrations and surface deposition rates agree reasonably well with measurements over a wide range of temperature and flow conditions. The new model is computationally inexpensive and represents a practical alternative to detailed multi-dimensional calculations of the flow in cylindrical passages. [S0195-0738(00)01204-8]