bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of endophyte alkaloids in perennial ryegrass using near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Soto‐Barajas Milton C , Zabalgogeazcoa Iñigo , González‐Martin Inmaculada , Vázquez‐de‐Aldana Beatriz R
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used in forage quality control because it is faster, cleaner and less expensive than conventional chemical procedures. In Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), one of the most important forage grasses, the infection by asymptomatic Epichloë fungal endophytes alters the plant nutritional quality due to the production of alkaloids. In this research, we developed a rapid method based on NIRS to detect and quantify endophyte alkaloids (peramine, lolitrem B and ergovaline) using a heterogeneous set of L. perenne plants obtained from wild grasslands and cultivars.

RESULTS

NIR spectra from dried grass samples were recorded and classified according to the absence or presence of alkaloids, based on reference methods. The best discriminant equations for detection of alkaloids classified correctly 94.4%, 87.5% and 92.9% of plants containing peramine, lolitrem B and ergovaline, respectively. The quantitative NIR equations obtained by modified partial least squares (MPLS) algorithm had coefficients of correlation of 0.93, 0.41, and 0.76 for peramine, lolitrem B and ergovaline respectively.

CONCLUSION

NIRS is a suitable tool for qualitative analysis of endophyte alkaloids in grasses and for the accurate quantification of peramine and ergovaline. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Urine biomarkers of acute kidney injury in noncritically ill, hospitalized children treated with chemotherapy
Authors: Sterling Maya , Al‐Ismaili Zubaida , McMahon Kelly R. , Piccioni Melissa , Pizzi Michael , Mottes Theresa , Lands Larry C. , Abish Sharon , Fleming Adam J. , Bennett Michael R. , Palijan Ana , Devarajan Prasad , Goldstein Stuart L. , O'Brien Maureen M. , Zappitelli Michael
Published: April 2017

Background

Cisplatin (Cis), carboplatin (Carb), and ifosfamide (Ifos) are common nephrotoxic chemotherapies. Biomarkers of tubular injury may allow for early acute kidney injury (AKI) diagnosis.

Procedure

We performed a two‐center (Canada, United States) pilot study to prospectively measure serum creatinine (SCr), urine neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL), and interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) in children receiving Cis/Carb (27 episodes), Ifos (30 episodes), and in 15 hospitalized, nonchemotherapy patients. We defined AKI using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) definition. We compared postchemotherapy infusion NGAL and IL‐18 concentrations (immediate postdose to 3 days later) to pre‐infusion concentrations. We calculated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for postinfusion biomarkers to discriminate for AKI.

Results

Prechemotherapy infusion NGAL and IL‐18 concentrations were not higher than nonchemotherapy control concentrations. Increasing chemotherapy dose was associated with increasing postinfusion (0–4 hr after infusion) NGAL (P < 0.05). Post‐Ifos, immediate postdose, and daily postdose NGAL and IL‐18 were significantly higher than pre‐infusion biomarker concentrations (P < 0.05), during AKI episodes. NGAL and IL‐18 did not rise significantly after Cis–Carb infusion, relative to predose concentrations (P > 0.05). NGAL and IL‐18 measured immediately after Ifos infusion discriminated for AKI with AUCs is 0.80 (standard error = 0.13) and 0.73 (standard error = 0.16), respectively. NGAL and IL‐18 were not diagnostic of Cis–Carb‐associated AKI. When AUCs were adjusted for age, all biomarker AUCs (Cis–Carb and Ifos) improved.

Conclusion

Urine NGAL and IL‐18 show promise as early AKI diagnostic tests in children treated with ifosfamide and may have a potential role in drug toxicity monitoring.
Pressurized Nozzle‐Based Solvent/Anti‐Solvent Process for Making Ultrafine ϵ‐CL‐20 Explosive
Authors: Gupta Shallu , Kumar Pal Dinesh , Sharma Sandeep , Kaur Gurvinder , Agarwal Arun , Lata Prem
Published: April 2017

CL‐20 explosive is one of the most recent and powerful explosives. It has very high potential in futuristic applications but at present it has limitations of sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Among the four different polymorphs (α, β, γ, and ϵ), ϵ‐polymorph has better stability and shock/detonics properties. However, preparation of pure ϵ‐polymorph is a challenging task particularly in terms of repeatability and polymorphism. In our research work, pressurized nozzle based solvent/anti‐solvent process (PNSAP) was developed for the preparation of ultrafine ϵ‐CL‐20 explosives with high repeatability, purity, and yield. To get ultrafine particle size, shape, distribution and yield, various process parameters/ variables such as solvent type, anti‐solvent type, dosing rate, stirring rate, ultra‐sonication, and temperature were identified and prioritized using the weighted average method of Analytical Network Process (ANP) techniques. It was observed that ultrafine ϵ‐CL‐20 particle size in the range of 2 to 3 μm can be obtained using this process. The ϵ‐polymorph was confirmed by FT‐IR characterization. The main feature of this PNSAP process is that it is a laboratory scale table‐top pilot plant which is simple, cost‐effective, safe and repeatable for continuous batch production of ultrafine ϵ‐CL‐20 at the rate of 100 grams per hour.
Test of the no‐signaling principle in the Hensen loophole‐free CHSH experiment
Authors: Adenier Guillaume , Khrennikov Andrei Yu.
Published: April 2017

We analyze the data from the loophole‐free CHSH experiment performed by Hensen et al., and show that it is actually not exempt of an important loophole. By increasing the size of the sample of event‐ready detections, one can exhibit in the experimental data a violation of the no‐signaling principle with a statistical significance at least similar to that of the reported violation of the CHSH inequality, if not stronger.
RF loss mechanisms in GaN‐based high‐electron‐mobility‐transistor on silicon: Role of an inversion channel at the AlN/Si interface
Authors: Luong Tien Tung , Lumbantoruan Franky , Chen Yen‐Yu , Ho Yen‐Teng , Weng You‐Chen , Lin Yueh‐Chin , Chang Shane , Chang Edward‐Yi
Published: April 2017

One of the epitaxial issues pertaining to the growth of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on Si is the decrease of parasitic losses that can adversely impact the RF device performances. We characterized the microwave losses in coplanar waveguides (CPWs) on GaN‐based high‐electron‐mobility‐transistors (HEMTs) and their buffer layers on Silicon substrate, up to 40 GHz. The RF losses depend not only on the crystalline quality but also on the residual tensile stress in AlN buffer, as well as its thickness. The mechanism of interfacial lossy channel induced by the piezoelectric field is discussed. Adopting a thin high‐low‐high temperature (HLH) AlN buffer can help to reduce the tensile stress leading to a reduction of RF losses. We suggest that a thinner p‐type AlN and/or p‐AlGaN‐on‐thin AlN near the interface can suppress the electron interfacial lossy channel, which helps the GaN‐HEMT‐on‐HR Si to remain in a high frequency range and at high‐temperature operation.
Origin of high hole concentrations in Mg‐doped GaN films
Authors: Fischer A. M. , Wang S. , Ponce F. A. , Gunning B. P. , Fabien C. A. M. , Doolittle W. A.
Published: April 2017

The origin for high hole concentration in Mg‐doped GaN films grown by metal‐modulated epitaxy has been explored. We observe a Mg acceptor band characterized by a broad emission without phonon replicas and a high energy tail that overlaps with the valence band of GaN, giving rise to a reduced effective Mg activation energy. We attribute the high hole concentrations to the reduction of compensating nitrogen vacancy concentration and to effectively dispersed Mg atoms, which are incorporated into the lattice as single substitutional atoms. This has been achieved by a low temperature growth, a decrease in the III/V ratio, and a planar growth interface that results from the layer‐by‐layer approach using the metal‐modulated epitaxial technique.
Solid‐Liquid Interface Based Biphasic Reaction for Nanomaterial Preparation: Bundled CuO Nanorods as an Example and Their Outstanding Photocatalytic Efficiencies
Authors: Lee Kuan‐Ting , Chen Yu‐An , Lu Shih‐Yuan
Published: April 2017

For the first time, a novel environmentally friendly solid‐liquid interface based biphasic reaction process for preparation of nanostructured oxide materials was developed. The process was demonstrated to produce bundled CuO nanorods, which were further shown to be an outstanding catalyst for sun‐light assisted heterogeneous Fenton processes for degradation of RhB, a model recalcitrant organic pollutant.
Scope and Limitations of the Domino Vinylogous Aldol/oxa‐Michael Reaction
Authors: Geiger Larissa , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan
Published: April 2017

The asymmetric, atom economic reaction of salicylaldehydes with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes in the presence of an organocatalyst leads to chiral tricyclic chromanes. In this report, the first exploration of heteroatom‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes is demonstrated: We present the investigation of the enantioselective domino vinylogous aldol/oxa‐Michael reaction in respect to its scope and limitations. The chiral chromanes arriving from this reaction are highly functionalized and are versatile synthetic intermediates that can further be converted into the respective tetrahydroxanthones with functionalities on the C‐4a position. A new synthetic route to a methyl ester on this position is developed starting with a p‐methoxyphenyl protected alcohol.
Administrative Claims Data Versus Augmented Pregnancy Data for the Study of Pharmaceutical Treatments in Pregnancy
Authors: Andrade Susan E. , Bérard Anick , Nordeng Hedvig M.E. , Wood Mollie E. , van Gelder Marleen M.H.J. , Toh Sengwee
Published: April 2017

Purpose of Review

Administrative claims databases, which collect reimbursement-related information generated from healthcare encounters, are increasingly used to evaluate medication safety in pregnancy. We reviewed the strengths and limitations of claims-only databases and how other data sources may be used to improve the accuracy and completeness of information critical for studying medication safety in pregnancy.

Recent Findings

Research on medication safety in pregnancy requires information on pregnancy episodes, mother-infant linkage, medication exposure, gestational age, maternal and birth outcomes, confounding factors, and (in some studies) long-term follow-up data. Claims data reliably identifies live births and possibly other pregnancies. It allows mother-infant linkage and has prospectively collected prescription medication information. Its diagnosis and procedure information allows estimation of gestational age. It captures maternal medical conditions but generally has incomplete data on reproductive and lifestyle factors. It has information on certain, typically short-term maternal and infant outcomes that may require chart review confirmation. Other data sources including electronic health records and birth registries can augment claims data or be analyzed alone. Interviews, surveys, or biological samples provide additional information. Nationwide and regional birth and pregnancy registries, such as those in several European and North American countries, generally contain more complete information essential for pregnancy research compared to claims-only databases.

Claims data offers several advantages in medication safety in pregnancy research. Its limitations can be partially addressed by linking it with other data sources or supplementing with primary data collection. Rigorous assessment of data quality and completeness is recommended regardless of data sources.
“Our” brand's failure leads to “their” product derogation
Authors: Chae Boyoun (Grace) , Dahl Darren W. , Zhu Rui (Juliet)
Published: April 2017

This research examines when and how consumers' product attitudes and their subsequent word‐of‐mouth behaviors are impacted by negative information about a brand that is associated with their social group. We find that negative information about an in‐group brand threatens the in‐group members' social identity, which in turn results in derogation of the threatening out‐group's product. Importantly, we identify that the communication source of the negative information determines whether a threat to social identity will be realized. The out‐group product derogation effect is observed only when the communication of the negative information comes from an out‐group (vs. in‐group) source. Finally, we provide evidence for our proposed mechanism by showing that a group affirmation exercise mitigates the out‐group product derogation effect we have identified.
Compensation for Expropriations in a World of Investment Treaties: Beyond the Lawful/Unlawful Distinction
Authors: Ratner Steven R.
Published: April 2017

For much of the last century, global actors have sparred over the international legal rules governing the compensation a state should pay a foreign investor when it expropriates the latter's property. The competing claims have had many dimensions, including the content of customary international law and the line between bona fide regulations and expropriations. In the modern age of international investment agreements (IIAs), a debate continues over another key issue: When a state expropriates a foreign investment in violation of an IIA, where should a tribunal look for the standard of compensation—to the amount the treaty requires the state to pay when it expropriates, or to an external standard for violations of international law generally? Each is alluring to a tribunal for its legal visibility—one spelled out in the very text under examination, and one stemming from a venerable international court case. But they may point to significantly different results for the investor and the host state. And investor-state tribunals remain wildly inconsistent, even incoherent, in their choice and use of those standards. It remains a significant source of disagreement in contemporary investor-state arbitration.
“Dark Money” and “Dirty Politics”: Are anonymous ads more negative?
Authors: Chand Daniel E.
Published: April 2017

Many scholars have studied the use of negative advertising in campaigns and what motivates candidates and groups to run negative ads. Recent elections, however, have seen a dramatic increase in advertising by outside groups, particularly by so-called “dark-money” organizations, which do not disclose their donor information. This study questions whether dark-money groups are more likely to engage in negative advertising. By examining the more than 13,000 outside-group expenditures from the 2010 through the 2014 congressional elections, it finds that outside groups are, indeed, more likely to use negative ads when they conceal their donor information. Additionally, while liberal and conservative groups are roughly equally likely to use negative ads, conservative groups are most likely to use anonymously funded negative advertisements. This could be, at least in part, due to the support conservative groups receive from organized businesses, which generally seek to conceal their political activities from public scrutiny.
Earthquakes, Fuel Crisis, Power Outages, and Health Care in Nepal: Implications for the Future
Authors: Adhikari Bipin , Mishra Shiva Raj , Babu Marahatta Sujan , Kaehler Nils , Paudel Kumar , Adhikari Janak , Raut Shristi
Published: April 2017

Earthquakes are a major natural calamity with pervasive effects on human life and nature. Similar effects are mimicked by man-made disasters such as fuel crises and power outages in developing countries. Natural and man-made disasters can cause intangible human suffering and often leave scars of lifelong psychosocial damage. Lessons from these disasters are frequently not implemented. The main objective of this study was to review the effects of the 2015 earthquakes, fuel crisis, and power outages on the health services of Nepal and formulate recommendations for the future. The impacts of earthquakes on health can be divided into immediate, intermediate, and long-term effects. Power outages and fuel crises have health hazards at all stages. It is imperative to understand the temporal effects of earthquakes, because the major needs soon after the earthquake (emergency care) are vastly different from long-term needs such as rehabilitation and psychosocial support. In Nepal, the inadequate and nearly nonexistent specialized health care at the peripheral level claimed many lives during the earthquakes and left many people disproportionately injured. Preemptive strategies such as mobile critical care units at primary health centers, intensive care training for health workers, and alternative plans for emergency care must be prioritized. Similarly, infrastructural damage led to poor sanitation, and alternative plans for temporary settlements (water supply, food, settlements logistics, space for temporary settlements) must be in place where the danger of disease outbreak is imminent. While much of these strategies are implementable and are often set as priorities, long-term effects of earthquakes such as physical and psychosocial supports are often overlooked. The burden of psychosocial stresses, including depression and physical disabilities, needs to be prioritized by facilitating human resources for mental health care and rehabilitation. In addition, inclusion of mental health and rehabilitation facilities in government health care services of Nepal needs to be prioritized. Similarly, power outages and fuel crises affect health care disproportionately. In the current context where permanent solutions may not be possible, mitigating health hazards, especially cold chain maintenance for essential medicines and continuation of life-saving procedures, are mandatory and policies to regulate all health care services must be undertaken. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:625–632)
Growth dynamics of turbulent spots in plane Couette flow
Authors: Couliou Marie , Monchaux Romain
Published: April 2017

We experimentally and numerically investigate the temporal aspects of turbulent spots spreading in a plane Couette flow for transitional Reynolds numbers between 300 and 450. Spot growth rate, spot advection rate and large-scale flow intensity are measured as a function of time and Reynolds number. All these quantities show similar dynamics clarifying the role played by large-scale flows in the advection of the turbulent spot. The contributions of each possible growth mechanism, that is, growth induced by large-scale advection or growth by destabilization, are discussed for the different stages of the spot growth. A scenario that gathers all these elements is providing a better understanding of the growth dynamics of turbulent spots in plane Couette flow that should possibly apply to other extended shear flows.
Dispersion of solute released from a sphere flowing in a microchannel
Authors: Gekle Stephan
Published: April 2017

A solute is released from the surface of a sphere flowing freely in a cylindrical channel mimicking a modern drug delivery agent in a blood vessel. The solute then disperses by the combined action of advection and diffusion. We consider reflecting boundary conditions on the sphere and absorbing boundary conditions on the channel surface mimicking a biochemical reaction between the drug and endothelial cells on the vessel surface. The drug is released either instantaneously or continuously in time. The two key observables are the mean residence time in the flow before the drug is absorbed and the width over which it is spread on the vessel surface upon reaction. We numerically solve the Fokker–Planck equation for the time-dependent substance concentration combined with an analytical solution of the flow field. As expected, we find that the presence of the sphere leads to a substantial reduction in mean residence time and reaction width. Surprisingly, however, even in the limit of very large Péclet numbers (high velocities) the sphere-free case is not generally recovered. This observation can be attributed mainly to the small, but non-negligible radial flow component induced by the moving sphere. We further identify a strong influence of the release position which sharply separates two qualitatively different regimes. If the release position is between $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{0}=0$ (front) and a critical $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{c}$ the substance is quickly advected away from the sphere and its overall behaviour is similar to free diffusion in an empty channel. For release between $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{c}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{0}=\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}$ (tail), on the other hand, the substance is pushed towards the sphere leading to behaviour reminiscent of confined diffusion between two infinitely long cylinders. The critical position $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{c}$ is generally smaller than $\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2$ which would correspond to an equatorial release position.
Identifying patterns and drivers of coral diversity in the Central Indo-Pacific marine biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Mihaljević Morana , Korpanty Chelsea , Renema Willem , Welsh Kevin , Pandolfi John M.
Published: April 2017

Biodiversity hotspots are increasingly recognized as areas of high taxonomic and functional diversity. These hotspots are dynamic and shift geographically over time in response to environmental change. To identify drivers of the origin, evolution, and persistence of diversity hotspots, we investigated the diversity patterns of reef-building corals (Scleractinia) in the Central Indo-Pacific, a marine biodiversity hotspot for the last 25 Myr. We used the scleractinian fossil record (based on literature and a newly acquired fossil collection) to examine the taxonomic and functional diversity of corals from the Eocene to Pliocene. Our data identify potential drivers of coral diversity through time (and space) in the Central Indo-Pacific by constraining the timing of taxonomic turnover events and correlating them with known environmental changes. Increases in taxonomic diversity, high origination rates, and changes in abundance of functional character states indicate that the origin of the Central Indo-Pacific hotspot occurred during the Oligocene, initially through proliferation of pre-existing taxa and then by origination of new taxa. In contrast to taxonomic diversity, overall functional diversity of Central Indo-Pacific reef-building corals remained constant from the Eocene to the Pliocene. Our results identify global sea level as a main driver of diversity increase that, together with local tectonics, regulates availability of suitable habitats. Moreover, marine biodiversity hotspots develop from both the accumulation of taxa from older biodiversity hotspots and origination of new taxa. Our study demonstrates the utility of a combined literature-based and new collection approach for gaining new insights into the timing, drivers, and development of tropical biodiversity hotspots.
Commonwealth or Empire?
Authors: MacKenzie Norman
Published: April 2017

“The group of self-governing communities composed of Great Britain and the Dominions, are autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations.”—From the Imperial Conference Report of 1926.
Title to Confiscated Foreign Property and Public International Law
Authors: Seidl-Hohenveldern Ignaz
Published: April 2017

In a recent well-documented article Domke has criticized this writer for not having cited a single case for a proposition contained in the writer’s book, Internationales Konfiskations- und Enteignungsrecht.
Public Report of the Advisory Committee on “Foreign Relations,” 1961
Authors: Goodrich Leland M.
Published: April 2017

At its fourth meeting in November, 1960, the Committee had recognized that Foreign Relations was “faced with a crisis of major proportions.” Taking note of “the fantastic expansion of materials in the archives of the State Department during the war and post-war years, an expansion which reflects the enlarged role of the United States in world affairs,”
Fellowship Awards
Authors: E. H. F.
Published: April 2017

Research fellowships for studies on the legal aspects of space activities have been awarded by the American Society of International Law to the following applicants: Spencer M. Beresford of Bethesda, Maryland, David M. Leive of Chevy Chase, Maryland, Robert D. Crane of Vienna, Virginia, and Stephen Gorove of Akron, Ohio.
The Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence
Authors: Fifield Russell H.
Published: April 2017

On October 1, 1957, the General Assembly of the United Nations decided without objection to inscribe on the agenda of its twelfth session a proposal of the Soviet Union requesting a declaration relative to the principles of peaceful co-existence.
A Seventeenth Century Problem in the Application of Prohibition Laws to Foreign Diplomats
Authors: Feller A. H.
Published: April 2017

While the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act were in force there was much debate on the question as to whether international law required that foreign diplomats be exempt from their operation. Administrative regulations provided for such exemption, but an interesting article by Mr. Lawrence Preuss argued forcibly that no such exemption was required. The matter has become wholly academic now, although it might become practical again should Congress ever reenact a prohibition law for the District of Columbia. None the less, it may be instructive to call attention to what seems to be the only direct precedent in international practice, a precedent which has apparently remained buried until now.
The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: Some Perspectives
Authors: Clark Roger
Published: April 2017

I shall examine the Trust Territory from four overlapping perspectives: as part of the Pacific; in light of the concept of self-determination; in light of American “security interests”; and a final one I shall call epis-temology. This last has to do with what the people want and how we know.
The Applicability of the Principle of Self-Determination to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Authors: Wilson James M. , Calderón-Cruz Angel , Tarkong John
Published: April 2017

There can be no doubt that the principle of self-determination is applicable to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. The UN Charter applies it. The United States as administering authority under its 1947 trusteeship agreement with the Security Council has explicitly and repeatedly recognized its applicability. The real question is precisely what elements of the principle are applicable, how they are to be applied, and within what framework.
An Overview of Salt I
Authors: Rhinelander John B.
Published: April 2017

Salt deals with strategic objectives and doctrine, weapons systems, evolving technology, and is discussed in esoteric terminology. Decisions, however, are made by political leaders in the United States and the USSR in political contexts. Of the four agreements concluded at SALT I, the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty is clearly the most important. Odier agreements are the Interim Agreement on Limitation of Strategic Offensive Systems; the Accident Measures Agreement; and the revised Hot Line Agreement.
Remarks by Walter Glass
Authors: Glass Walter , Lawry Patricia O.
Published: April 2017

I shall discuss some of the practical legal problems we have encountered in our efforts to trade with the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries. I should like to say at the outset that ever since I began to work in this field in 1964, the U.S. Government has been very helpful. Within the framework of congressional export policy, the Department of Commerce has always endeavored to make allowance for the needs of the American businessman. The State Department has also been helpful; I recall in particular a really first-rate briefing by our embassy in Bucharest when East-West trade was a very new subject.
Remarks by James Nevins Hyde:
Authors: Hyde James Nevins
Published: April 2017

Transnational law includes municipal law, public international law, and conflicts, including some attention to comparative law. For example, the international arbitration between the Arabian-American Oil Company and the Government of Saudi Arabia required George Sauser-Hall, the arbitrator, to weigh all of these variables. When you consider working in this field you should realize that you are concerned with politics, economics, and different bodies of law and also with great areas of uncertainty. I suppose that the current ITT case with $92 millions of investment insurance is a good example of the uncertainty when a political and legal situation gets mixed up.
Remarks by John F. Scott
Authors: Scott John F.
Published: April 2017

I think I am the only current “international organization man” on this roundtable. Into my few minutes I will therefore attempt to squeeze a brief sketch of the lawyer in an international organization, more particularly the United Nations where all my practical experience has been.
Remarks by Tom J. Farer
Authors: Farer Tom J.
Published: April 2017

I take great pleasure in welcoming you to the Society’s Annual Dinner. The fact that we are all here tonight is a kind of collective rejection of the view a cynical friend of mine suggested the other day: that the practice of international law is analogous to rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic.
Come Together, Right Now/Over Me, Over You, Over Us
Authors: Fleischer Georgette
Published: April 2017

In the wake of a U.S. presidential election that will send Donald J. Trump, besmircher of the New York skyline and riverfront, to Washington D.C., I hope I can be forgiven for waxing nostalgic over a different “flat top” with “joo joo eyeballs”—one who, unlike the current orangey combed-over bogey, imagined himself in a funky self-parody “grooving up slowly.” In a 1972 New York performance of the song recorded a day after the first moonwalk in July 1969, John Lennon flirted with his audience and quite possibly his wife: “Come Together, Right Now/ Over Me, Over You, Over There” as he turned and the camera cut to Yoko Ono on keyboard. How about Over Us?
Coinductive predicates and final sequences in a fibration
Authors: HASUO ICHIRO , KATAOKA TOSHIKI , CHO KENTA
Published: April 2017

Coinductive predicates express persisting ‘safety’ specifications of transition systems. Previous observations by Hermida and Jacobs identify coinductive predicates as suitable final coalgebras in afibration– a categorical abstraction of predicate logic. In this paper, we follow the spirit of a seminal work by Worrell and study final sequences in a fibration. Our main contribution is to identify some categorical ‘size restriction’ axioms that guarantee stabilization of final sequences after ω steps. In its course, we develop a relevant categorical infrastructure that relates fibrations and locally presentable categories, a combination that does not seem to be studied a lot. The genericity of our fibrational framework can be exploited for binary relations (i.e. the logic of ‘binary predicates’) for which a coinductive predicate is bisimilarity, constructive logics (where interests are growing in coinductive predicates) and logics for name-passing processes.
Child-targeted fast-food television advertising exposure is linked with fast-food intake among pre-school children
Authors: Dalton Madeline A , Longacre Meghan R , Drake Keith M , Cleveland Lauren P , Harris Jennifer L , Hendricks Kristy , Titus Linda J
Published: April 2017

Objective

To determine whether exposure to child-targeted fast-food (FF) television (TV) advertising is associated with children’s FF intake in a non-experimental setting.

Design

Cross-sectional survey conducted April–December 2013. Parents reported their pre-school child’s TV viewing time, channels watched and past-week FF consumption. Responses were combined with a list of FF commercials (ads) aired on children’s TV channels during the same period to calculate children’s exposure to child-targeted TV ads for the following chain FF restaurants: McDonald’s, Subway and Wendy’s (MSW).

Setting

Paediatric and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinics in New Hampshire, USA.

Subjects

Parents (n 548) with a child of pre-school age.

Results

Children’s mean age was 4·4 years; 43·2 % ate MSW in the past week. Among the 40·8 % exposed to MSW ads, 23·3 % had low, 34·2 % moderate and 42·5 % high exposure. McDonald’s accounted for over 70 % of children’s MSW ad exposure and consumption. Children’s MSW consumption was significantly associated with their ad exposure, but not overall TV viewing time. After adjusting for demographics, socio-economic status and other screen time, moderate MSW ad exposure was associated with a 31 % (95 % CI 1·12, 1·53) increase and high MSW ad exposure with a 26 % (95 % CI 1·13, 1·41) increase in the likelihood of consuming MSW in the past week. Further adjustment for parent FF consumption did not change the findings substantially.

Conclusions

Exposure to child-targeted FF TV advertising is positively associated with FF consumption among children of pre-school age, highlighting the vulnerability of young children to persuasive advertising and supporting recommendations to limit child-directed FF marketing.
Establishing inherent uncertainty in the shifts determined by volumetric imaging
Authors: Giri Upendra Kumar , Pradhan Anirudh
Published: April 2017

Objective

This study was conducted for establishing inherent uncertainty in the shift determination by X-ray volumetric imaging (XVI) and calculating margins due to this inherent uncertainty using van Herk formula.

Material and methods

The study was performed on the XVI which was cone-beam computed tomography integrated with the Elekta AxesseTM linear accelerator machine having six degree of freedom enabled HexaPOD couch. Penta-Guide phantom was used for inherent translational and rotational shift determination by repeated imaging. The process was repeated 20 times a day without moving the phantom for 30 consecutive working days. The measured shifts were used for margins calculation using van Herk formula.

Results

The mean standard deviations were calculated as 0·05, 0·05, 0·06 mm in the three translational (x, y and z) and 0·05°, 0·05°, 0·05° in the three rotational axes (about x, y, z). Paired sample t-test was performed between the mean values of translational shifts (x, y, z) and rotational shifts. The systematic errors were found to be 0·03, 0·04 and 0·03 mm while the random errors were 0·05, 0·06 and 0·06 mm in the lateral, cranio-caudal and anterio-posterior directions, respectively. For the rotational shifts, the systematic errors were 0·02, 0·03 and 0·03 and the random errors were 0·06, 0·05 and 0·05 in the pitch, roll and yaw directions, respectively.

Conclusion

Our study concluded that there was an inherent uncertainty associated with the XVI tools, on the basis of these six-dimensional shifts, margins were calculated and recorded as a baseline for the quality assurance (QA) programme for XVI imaging tools by checking its reproducibility once in a year or after any major maintenance in hardware or upgradation in software. Although the shift determined was of the order of submillimetre order, still that shift had great significance for the image quality control of the XVI tools. Every departments practicing quality radiotherapy with such imaging tools should establish their own baseline value of inherent shifts and margins during the commissioning and must use an important QA protocol for the tools.
The Interface between Neighbors at a Time of State Transition: The Thick Border of the Bolsheviks (1917–1924)
Authors: Dullin Sabine
Published: April 2017

Focusing on the European margins of the former Russian Empire as it was reinvented by the Soviets and drawing on the central and local archives of the former Soviet Union, this article uncovers a particular construction of territorial sovereignty that emerged from interactions between countries that were both new and ideologically hostile to one another. It shows that although Soviet authorities adapted to the rules of negotiation necessary for the “co-construction” of a frontier, they gradually managed to affirm an exclusive sovereignty over the territory. The thick border that evolved between mutually suspicious neighbors, especially through the creation of buffer zones, was subsequently institutionalized and appropriated by the Soviets in order to control interactions and border crossings. This analysis of everyday life in these border zones offers new perspectives for a transnational history of the state.
The Local Spaces of Statebuilding: The Case of Albania (1920–1939)
Authors: Clayer Nathalie
Published: April 2017

Drawing on studies that envisage the local as a site where nation-state building and the affirmation of sovereignty are produced rather than simply reproduced, this article proposes to shift the focus to the local level. By exploring the case of school policies in interwar Albania, at the very heart of the assertion of the new state’s sovereignty, it studies the control of local space as the locus of these processes. More specifically, it focuses on the power relations surrounding the role of religion in school space, state appropriation of school buildings structuring religious spaces, and the effect of the inscription of actors involved in these negotiations—be they agents of these policies or not—into social spaces.
You Said “Capital”? Extending the Notion of Capital, Interrogating Inequalities and Dominant Powers
Authors: Thévenot Laurent
Published: April 2017

Capital in the Twenty-First Century is based on the author’s choices concerning the definition of capital, the inequalities of its distribution, and the social state policies he recommends to address them. In line with Thomas Piketty’s proposal to encourage a dialogue between economics and the other social sciences, this article sheds light on the implications of those choices. It traces the political genealogy of “human” and “intellectual” capital, and the subsequent development of other capital-variables used to measure different types of inequality and to evaluate the policies designed to cope with them. Differentiating the modes—which are not exclusively market-orientated—of investing in and valorizing these various types of capital, it clarifies the kind of power associated with each, its claim to legitimacy despite the inequalities it causes, and the domination it exercises. This calls into question the delimitation that Piketty has chosen for a basic set of capital-goods that are used in very different ways, along with his understanding and evaluation of them according to market valuation alone.
History: Between Teaching and Research
Authors: Anheim Étienne , Girault Bénédicte
Published: April 2017

In France, the links between the teaching of history in secondary schools and historical research in universities, higher education institutes, and the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) often seem tenuous. Evocations of these links usually boil down to debates about updating school curricula, invocations—often with ulterior political motives—of the teaching profession’s unity in spite of obvious differences and inequalities, or, on the contrary, denunciations of an objective that is idealistic, if not demagogical and senseless. In such a context, it might seem odd to devote a dossier to this question in an international academic journal. Indeed, this choice provoked vigorous debate within the editorial board of the Annales, especially since the dossier has the peculiarity of drawing on direct experience by giving a voice to secondary-school teachers and teacher trainers rather than specialized academic researchers.
Historical Apprenticeship and the Historian’s Craft A Competency-Based Pathway
Authors: Berthon-Dumurgier Alexandre
Published: April 2017

A skills-based approach encourages us to see learning as a journey between the simplest and the most elaborate level of competence, which can be developed over a whole lifetime. Teachers in a middle school in Vitry-sur-Seine (to the south of Paris) have developed a competency-based approach to history that focuses on the key techniques of professional historians, including developing hypotheses by analyzing sets of documents and writing historical narratives. The link between “academic history” and “school history” strengthens students’ learning.
From Didactics to the Epistemology of History A Shared Reflexivity
Authors: Girault Bénédicte
Published: April 2017

Behind the complex issue of the relationship between the professionalization of teacher training and the spaces where academic and disciplinary knowledge is produced lie questions about the very nature of historical research. This paper suggests that the reflexive practices of professional historians and of those who teach history can be a meeting ground for scientific, didactic, and pedagogical questions that concern secondary schools and universities alike. In terms of the training of future history teachers, this implies combining the acquisition of historical knowledge and a personal, hands-on experience of researching and writing history from the very beginning of the learning process.
E-story, or the New Hollywood Myth
Authors: Moatti Claudia
Published: April 2017

David Armitage and Jo Guldi’s History Manifesto has sparked an important debate in the United States. This article criticizes three specific aspects of their work. First, it takes issue with their description of a “moral crisis” of history, which they postulate without any discussion of serious epistemological and political issues. Second, it calls into question their enthusiasm for technological solutions, an ideological stance highlighted by their call for a return to long-term history and large-scale syntheses relying on the crunching of vast quantities of digitized data. Finally, it interrogates their conception of the utility of history, a notion that reveals serious confusion between research, teaching, and popularization and supports their unquestioning acceptance of the direction taken by institutions of higher learning. Although the scientism and positivism expressed in their manifesto illuminate their lack of attention to, and perhaps simply awareness of, the slow construction and transmission of accumulated knowledge, they do reflect the prevailing intellectual nonchalance and philosophical regression. The authors’ vision would see the replacement of “history” by “e-story,” the dissolution of historicity and scholarly critique and their substitution by techno-chronology and marketing.
Pulmonary delivery of triptolide-loaded liposomes decorated with anti-carbonic anhydrase IX antibody for lung cancer therapy
Authors: Lin Congcong , Wong Blenda Chi Kwan , Chen Hubiao , Bian Zhaoxiang , Zhang Ge , Zhang Xue , Kashif Riaz Muhammad , Tyagi Deependra , Lin Ge , Zhang Yanbo , Wang Jinjin , Lu Aiping , Yang Zhijun
Published: April 2017

Antibody-decorated liposomes can facilitate the precise delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the lung by targeting a recognition factor present on the surface of lung tumor cells. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is an enzyme expressed on the surface of lung cancer cells with a restricted expression in normal lungs. Here, we explored the utility of anti-carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) antibody, conjugated to the surface of triptolide (TPL)-loaded liposomes (CA IX-TPL-Lips), to promote the therapeutic effects for lung cancer via pulmonary administration. It was found that the CA IX-TPL-Lips significantly improved the cellular uptake efficiency in both CA IX-positive human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549) and A549 tumor spheroids, resulting in the efficient cell killing compared with free TPL and non-targeted TPL-Lips. In vivo, CA IX-Lips via pulmonary delivery showed specificity and a sustained release property resided up to 96 h in the lung, both of which improved the efficiency of TPL formulations in restraining tumor growth and significantly prolonged the lifespan of mice with orthotopic lung tumors. The results suggest that CA IX-decorated liposomes can potentially be used as an effective therapeutic strategy for lung cancer.
A genome-wide SNP-based genetic map and QTL mapping for agronomic traits in Chinese cabbage
Authors: Huang Li , Yang Yafei , Zhang Fang , Cao Jiashu
Published: April 2017

The aim of this work was to construct a high-resolution genetic map for the dissection of complex morphological and agronomic traits in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. syn. B. campestris). Chinese cabbage, an economically important vegetable, is a good model plant for studies on the evolution of morphologic variation. Herein, two high-generation inbred Chinese cabbage lines, ‘Huangxiaoza’ and ‘Bqq094-11’, were crossed. Then restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) was performed on the parents and 120 F2 individuals. A genetic map containing 711 bins representing 3985 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was constructed. By using WinQTL with composite interval mapping (CIM) and mixed-model based composite interval mapping (MCIM) analysis via QTLNetwork, quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to 16 genetic traits related to plant size, color and leaf characteristics were mapped to 10 linkage groups. The high density genetic map and QTL identified for morphological and agronomic traits lay the groundwork for functional gene mapping, map-based cloning and marker-assisted selection (MAS) in Chinese cabbage.
Zero birefringence films of pullulan ester derivatives
Authors: Danjo Takahiro , Enomoto Yukiko , Shimada Hikaru , Nobukawa Shogo , Yamaguchi Masayuki , Iwata Tadahisa
Published: April 2017

High-performance films with almost zero-birefringence and zero-wavelength dispersion were succeeded to prepare from pullulan esters derivatives (PLEs) without any additives. Optical transmittance analysis, birefringence measurement of PLE cast film and hot stretched films, and infrared dichroism analysis were conducted to characterize optical properties of PLE films comparing with cellulose triacetate which is commercially used as low-birefringence in optical devices. The aims of this study, characterization of optical properties of pullulan esters, can develop a deep understanding of the fundamental knowing and applicability of polysaccharides. Accordingly, authors believe this paper will open the gate for researches in the application of polysaccharides.
Establishment and characterization of an orthotopic patient-derived Group 3 medulloblastoma model for preclinical drug evaluation
Authors: Sandén Emma , Dyberg Cecilia , Krona Cecilia , Gallo-Oller Gabriel , Olsen Thale Kristin , Enríquez Pérez Julio , Wickström Malin , Estekizadeh Atosa , Kool Marcel , Visse Edward , Ekström Tomas J. , Siesjö Peter , Johnsen John Inge , Darabi Anna
Published: April 2017

Medulloblastomas comprise a heterogeneous group of tumours and can be subdivided into four molecular subgroups (WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4) with distinct prognosis, biological behaviour and implications for targeted therapies. Few experimental models exist of the aggressive and poorly characterized Group 3 tumours. In order to establish a reproducible transplantable Group 3 medulloblastoma model for preclinical therapeutic studies, we acquired a patient-derived tumour sphere culture and inoculated low-passage spheres into the cerebellums of NOD-scidmice. Mice developed symptoms of brain tumours with a latency of 17–18 weeks. Neurosphere cultures were re-established and serially transplanted for 3 generations, with a negative correlation between tumour latency and numbers of injected cells. Xenografts replicated the phenotype of the primary tumour, including high degree of clustering in DNA methylation analysis, high proliferation, expression of tumour markers,MYCamplification and elevatedMYCexpression, and sensitivity to theMYCinhibitor JQ1. Xenografts maintained maintained expression of tumour-derived VEGFA and stromal-derived COX-2. VEGFA, COX-2 and c-Myc are highly expressed in Group 3 compared to other medulloblastoma subgroups, suggesting that these molecules are relevant therapeutic targets in Group 3 medulloblastoma.