bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical and asymptotic results on the linear
stability of a thin film spreading down a slope of
small inclination
Authors: MÜNCH A. , WAGNER B. A.
Published: July 2002

We model a thin liquid film moving down a slope using the lubrication approximation with
a slip condition. The travelling-wave solution is derived for small inclination angle α, using
singular perturbation methods, and compared to the numerical solution. For the linear
stability analysis we combine numerical methods with the long-wave approximation and
find a small but finite critical α* below which the flow remains linearly stable to spanwise
perturbations. This is contrasted with the vanishing of the hump of the travelling-wave
solution. Finally, the prevailing linear stability of the travelling-wave at small inclination
angles is compared with recent related results using a precursor model. Here, though, a
strong dependence on the magnitude of the contact angle is found, which we think has not
been observed before.
A study of evaluation order semantics in expressions with side effects
Authors: PAPASPYROU NIKOLAOS S. , MAĆOš DRAGAN
Published: July 2002

The presence of side effects in even a very simple language of expressions gives rise to a
number of semantic questions. The issue of evaluation order becomes a crucial one and,
unless a specific order is enforced, the language becomes non-deterministic. In this paper we
study the denotational semantics of such a language under a variety of possible evaluation
strategies, from simpler to more complex, concluding with unspecified evaluation order,
unspecified order of side effects and the mechanism of sequence points that is particular
to the ANSI C programming language. In doing so, we adopt a dialect of Haskell as a
metalanguage, instead of mathematical notation, and use monads and monad transformers
to improve modularity. In this way, only small modifications are required for each transition.
The result is a better understanding of different evaluation strategies and a unified way of
specifying their semantics. Furthermore, a significant step is achieved towards a complete and
accurate semantics for ANSI C.
Efficient graph algorithms using lazy monolithic arrays
Authors: JOHNSSON THOMAS
Published: July 2002

Many, perhaps even most, algorithms that involve data structures
are traditionally
expressed by incremental updates of the data structures. In functional
languages,
however, incremental updates are usually both clumsy and inefficient, especially

when the data structure is an array.

In functional languages, we instead prefer to express such array algorithms
using
monolithic arrays – wholesale creation of the final answer
– both for succinctness of
expression, efficiency (only one array created) and (sometimes) implicit
parallelism.
The ease with which the solution can be reformulated of course depends
on the
problem, and varies from trivial (e.g. matrix multiplication), to challenging
(e.g.
solving linear equation systems using Gauss elimination, which in fact
can be done
by creating only two arrays, recursively defined, of which one is the answer).
Other
problems have been notoriously resistant to attack; these usually involve
some
unpredictable processing order of the elements. One such problem is graph
marking,
i.e. marking the nodes reachable from a set of roots. Hitherto, no functional
method
has been known except emulating the traditional imperative solution (King
&
Launchbury, 1995; Launchbury & Peyton Jones, 1995).

The contribution of this paper is to show how this problem, and some
related
ones, can be solved using a novel array creation primitive, lazier than
previous ones.
Parallelizing functional programs by generalization
Authors: GESER ALFONS , GORLATCH SERGEI
Published: July 2002

List homomorphisms are functions that are parallelizable using the divide-and-conquer
paradigm. We study the problem of finding homomorphic representations of functions in
the Bird–Meertens constructive theory of lists, by means of term rewriting and theorem
proving techniques. A previous work proved that to each pair
of leftward and rightward
sequential representations of a function, based on cons- and snoc-lists, respectively, there
is also a representation as a homomorphism. Our contribution is a mechanizable method
to extract the homomorphism representation from a pair of sequential representations. The
method is decomposed to a generalization problem and an inductive claim, both solvable by
term rewriting techniques. To solve the former we present a sound generalization procedure
which yields the required representation, and terminates under reasonable assumptions. The
inductive claim is provable automatically. We illustrate the method and the procedure by the
systematic parallelization of the scan-function (parallel prefix) and of the maximum
segment sum problem.
Type-checking injective pure type systems
Authors: BARTHE GILLES
Published: July 2002

Injective pure type systems form a large class of pure type systems for which one can
compute by purely syntactic means two sorts elmt(Γ[mid ]M) and
sort(Γ[mid ]M), where Γ is a pseudo-context and M is a
pseudo-term, and such that for every sort s,

formula here

By eliminating the problematic clause in the (abstraction) rule in favor of constraints over
elmt(.[mid ].) and sort(.[mid ].), we provide a sound and complete type-checking algorithm for
injective pure type systems. In addition, we prove expansion postponement for a variant of
injective pure type systems where the problematic clause in the (abstraction) rule is replaced
in favor of constraints over elmt(.[mid ].) and sort(.[mid ].).
Contribution of neuroimaging to the differential diagnosis of dementias and other late life
psychiatric disorders
Authors: Förstl H. , Hentschel F.
Published: July 2002

Introduction

This is a review of recent and clinically relevant work on neuroimaging and its contribution to the diagnosis of neurodegenerative or other neurological and psychiatric diseases in older patients. Earlier research has been summarized in our previous review. We include publications on cranial computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), electroencephalo-graphy (EEG), and on other methods.
Foot care: who cares?
Authors: Gilbert N , Galloway T , Green R
Published: July 2002

Foot disorders are common in elderly people and lead to significant difficulties in the form of immobility, pain and gait imbalance. Neuropathic changes associated with systemic disease, such as diabetes, carries the potential for ulcer development leading to possible foot or lower limb amputation. The role of the podiatric surgeon and the podiatrist/chiropodist in the prevention of foot problems in elderly patients is an important and often neglected element of health care for this group. Foot care is at present provided by podiatrists/chiropodists, nurses, orthotists, general practitioners, rheumatologists, geriatricians, casualty specialists, orthopaedic surgeons and podiatric surgeons. Sadly, foot care provision by these professionals is poorly co-ordinated. In most cases this is the result of the general lack of knowledge most professions have about the role of others; however, in at least one instance (orthopaedics), the issue is one of professional rivalry.
Anti-dementia drugs: what difference do they make?
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2002

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a treatable disorder. Two classes of anti-dementia agents have emerged in the recent past: anti-oxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors. A recent study showed that the anti-oxidants alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) and selegiline slowed the progress of AD. Patients treated with either agent alone or with both agents in combination progressed to end-point more slowly than patients on placebo. Patients on placebo reached one of the end-points - death, nursing home placement, progression to severe AD, or significant loss of activities of daily living - in approximately 400 days, whereas patients on active agent required approximately 600 days to reach the same end-points. Both these agents have anti-oxidant properties; selegiline is a monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor that reduces free radical generation and alpha tocopherol has free radical capture capabilities. These agents are applied to patients in mild or moderate phases of AD, where slowing the progression of the illness and maintenance of patients at higher levels of function are the principal goals. Slowing the progression of the disease in more advanced phases of the illness may be less desirable.
Does French have a relative past tense?
Authors: Salkie Raphael
Published: July 2002

Some recent work on French tenses has proposed a new analysis of the difference between the imperfect and the passé simple/passé composé. The imperfect is said to be a relative or anaphoric tense, while the PS/PC are absolute or deictic tenses. A number of studies have argued against the more widely accepted analysis which sees the difference between these tenses in terms of aspect. This paper argues that the new analysis is fundamentally incorrect as an account of the meaning of the French past tenses, although it has brought to light a range of phenomena which need to be included in a full account of the behaviour of the tenses in discourse. I argue that an enriched version of the traditional analysis can account for all the relevant data.
Préfixes et suffixes: du sens aux catégories
Authors: Corbin Danielle
Published: July 2002

On oppose d'ordinaire les propriétés des préfixes et des suffixes dans les langues indo-européennes en termes de différence de capacité catégorisatrice: contrairement aux suffixes, les préfixes sont réputés ne pas permettre de construire des unités appartenant à des catégories lexicales différentes de celle de leur base; en conséquence, ils n'auraient qu'un rôle sémantique dans les mots construits. On conviendra d'appeler conception dominante cette mise en corrélation de la capacité catégorisatrice des affixes et de leur nature positionnelle. Cette idée reçue se répète à l'envi dans les grammaires, ouvrages de vulgarisation, dictionnaires ou travaux plus théoriques. Sous sa forme dure, elle distingue strictement les deux classes, baptisant “exceptions” les affixes récalcitrants (cf., par exemple, en grammaire générative, Williams, 1981, père du principe de la “tête à droite” selon laquelle, à l'image de ce qui se passe en syntaxe, le constituant de droite (base, ou suffixe assimilé à une catégorie majeure) transmettrait notamment sa catégorie aux mots construits); dans une version plus douce, elle admet que la différence puisse ne pas être aussi tranchée, ce qui se traduit, en grammaire générative, par des tentatives de substitution au principe rigide de la “tête à droite” de principes plus relatifs, mais qui ne changent au fond pas grand chose.
Waterfowl and flood extent in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands of north-east Nigeria
Authors: Polet Gert
Published: July 2002

The Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in north-east Nigeria are of international importance for resident and migratory Anatidae but the construction of large dams upstream seriously threatens their continued existence. An analysis of waterfowl census data collected over the period 1988 to 1998 inclusive demonstrated that the extent of flooding had no effect on the species richness of waterfowl but had a significant impact on total numbers. White-faced Whistling Duck Dendrocygna viduata and Garganey Anas querquedula in particular respond to changes in flood extent. The present practice of releasing water from upstream reservoirs should therefore be continued.
Molecular systematics of New Zealand Cyanoramphus parakeets: conservation of Orange-fronted and Forbes' Parakeets
Authors: Boon W. M. , Kearvell J. C. , Daugherty C. H. , Chambers G. K.
Published: July 2002

The controversy that presently surrounds the taxonomy of the Orange-fronted Cyanoramphus malherbi and Forbes' C. forbesi Parakeets has important implications for the conservation of both birds. Both taxa are critically endangered, but consensus regarding their specific status has not yet been achieved. We present mitochondrial DNA sequences for the cytochrome b gene and the control region from 17 Cyanoramphus parakeets representing nine populations and six taxa together with field observations of courtship and breeding behaviour in a sympatric population of Orange-fronted and Yellow-crowned Parakeets C. auriceps. Field data support species status of the Orange-fronted Parakeet under the Biological Species Concept. Phylogenetic analyses of our DNA sequence data support earlier hypotheses based on allozyme data that both Orange-fronted and Forbes' Parakeets represent distinct species under four species concepts and indicate that high conservation priority is warranted for both taxa.
Effects of forest fragmentation on birds of the cerrado region, Brazil
Authors: MARINI MIGUEL Â.
Published: July 2002

Bird surveys were conducted through observations and mist-netting in six forest fragments in the cerrado region of
central Brazil, to evaluate the effects of fragmentation on bird species richness and community composition. Smaller
forest fragments had fewer species than larger fragments. The proportion of species in most foraging guilds did not
change with forest size, except for that of granivores, which decreased as fragment size increased. The proportion of
forest-dependent species increased significantly with increasing fragment size while that of semi-dependent species
significantly decreased. Forest-dependent endemic birds, however, were not area sensitive, but appeared to be partially
dependent on the flooded forests of the region. Conservation policies for the region should conserve both large and
small forest fragments urgently, and flooded forests especially.
A uniform approach to domain theory in realizability models
Authors: LONGLEY JOHN R. , SIMPSON ALEX K.
Published: July 2002

We propose a uniform way of isolating a subcategory of predomains
within the category of
modest sets determined by a partial combinatory algebra (PCA). Given a
divergence on a
PCA (which determines a notion of partiality), we identify a candidate
category of
predomains, the well-complete objects. We show that,
whenever a single strong completeness
axiom holds, the category satisfies appropriate closure properties.
We consider a range of
examples of PCAs with associated divergences and show that in each
case the axiom does
hold. These examples encompass models allowing a ‘parallel’
style of computation (for
example, by interleaving), as well as models that seemingly allow only
‘sequential’
computation, such as those based on term-models for the lambda-calculus.
Thus, our
approach provides a uniform approach to domain theory across a wide
class of realizability
models. We compare our treatment with previous approaches to domain theory
in
realizability models. It appears that no other approach applies across
such a wide range of models.
On the existence of n but not n + 1 easy combinators
Authors: STATMAN RICK
Published: July 2002

Recall that M is easy if it is consistent with every combinator.
We say that M is m-easy if
there is no proof with < m + 1 steps that M is inconsistent
with any combinator. Obviously,
if M is easy, it is m-easy for each m. Here we
shall show that for infinitely many m there are
m but not m + 1 easy terms.
PHYLOGENY OF HEDYCHIUM AND RELATED GENERA (ZINGIBERACEAE) BASED ON ITS SEQUENCE DATA
Authors: WOOD T. H. , WHITTEN W. M. , WILLIAMS N. H.
Published: July 2002

The phylogeny of Hedychium J. Koenig was estimated using sequence data of internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1, ITS2) and 5.8S nuclear ribosomal DNA. Sequences were determined for 29 taxa, one interspecific hybrid of Hedychium and one species in each of 16 other genera of Zingiberaceae representing tribes Hedychieae, Globbeae, Zingibereae and Alpinieae. Cladistic analysis of these data strongly supports the monophyly of Hedychium, but relationships to other genera are poorly supported. Within Hedychium, four major clades are moderately supported. These clades are also distinguishable on the basis of number of flowers per bract and distribution. Stahlianthus, Curcuma, and Hitchenia also form a strongly supported clade. Based on this limited sample, the currently defined tribes of Zingiberoideae are not monophyletic. The Asiatic genera form a monophyletic group within this broadly defined Hedychieae. The taxonomy and biogeography of Hedychium are reviewed.
Response to “Giving ‘Moral Distress’ a
Voice: Ethical Concerns Among Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Personnel” by Pam Hefferman and Steve Heilig and
“Neonatal Viability in the 1990s: Held Hostage by
Technology” by Jonathan Muraskas et al. (CQ Vol 8,
No 2)
Authors: Catlin Anita J. , Carter Brian S.
Published: July 2002

The Spring 1999 issue of Cambridge Quarterly
(Volume 8, Number 2) adds to the growing body of academic
inquiry into the goals of neonatal intensive care practices.
Muraskas and colleagues thoughtfully presented the possibility
of nontreatment for neonates born at or under 24 weeks
gestation. Jain, Thomasma, and Ragas explained that quality
of future life must not be ignored in clinical deliberation.
And Hefferman and Heilig described once again the dilemmas
nurses face when caring for potentially devastated neonates
kept alive by technology. These authors take brave steps
by publicly questioning the trend of intensive medical
support for most every American-born product of conception.
But many questions addressing the goals of neonatal intensive
care remain, and few authors have actually tried to distill
these goals.
Physician-Assisted Suicide: Where to Draw the Line?
Authors: YOUNG ERNLÉ W.D.
Published: July 2002

In brief compass, I will touch on three of the central
ethical and public policy issues that divide those who
are opposed to physician-assisted dying from those who
are supportive of this practice. These are: (1) the moral
distinction (if any) between actively hastening death
and passively allowing to die; (2) how to interpret the
Hippocratic tradition in medicine with respect to physician-assisted
death; and (3) whether physician-assisted suicide can be
effectively regulated. I shall summarize the arguments
pro and con with respect to each issue,
and also indicate my own position.
Cosmetic Surgery and the Internal Morality of Medicine
Authors: MILLER FRANKLIN G. , BRODY HOWARD , CHUNG KEVIN C.
Published: July 2002

Cosmetic surgery is a fast-growing medical practice.
In 1997 surgeons in the United States performed the four
most common cosmetic procedures—liposuction, breast
augmentation, eyelid surgery, and facelift—443,728
times, an increase of 150% over the comparable total for
1992. Estimated total expenditures for cosmetic surgery
range from $1 to $2 billion. As managed care cuts into
physicians' income and autonomy, cosmetic surgery,
which is not covered by health insurance, offers a
financially attractive medical specialty.
Response to Special Section: Cloning: Technology, Policy,
and Ethics (CQ Vol 7, No 2)
Authors: Koch Tom , Rowell Mary
Published: July 2002

A recent issue of Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare
Ethics provides a fascinating look into the uncertainties
surrounding the subject of human cloning. As Nelkin and
Lindee point out, for example, the popular assumption is
that this technology will lead to individual immortality.
“Again and again media stories predict that cloning
will allow the resurrection of the dead … life everlasting
for the deserving.” This is not an attitude reserved
to popular imagination, however. As John Harris noted in
his contribution, for example, even the World Health Organization
(WHO) “considers the use of cloning for the replication
of human individuals to be ethically unacceptable.”
From the Editors
Authors: Thomasma David C. , Kushner Thomasine , Heilig Steve
Published: July 2002

The exact numbers are not known and likely never
will be, but somewhere between one-third and two-thirds
of all “naturally” fertilized human eggs never
develop into anything most people would recognize as human.
In fact, the majority of those never-known pre-embryos
come and go before their brief existence is even known
to the woman who hosts them—she is most likely to
experience only a late menstrual period, or more likely,
nothing at all. For whatever reasons, spontaneous “wastage”
of early fertilized eggs is extremely (to many people,
astonishingly) common. But this is human biology, and maybe
natural selection, in action. It just happens. There is
little or no element of “choice” involved,
and thus little controversy attached to this biological
phenomenon.
From Pittsburgh to Cleveland: NHBD Controversies and Bioethics
Authors: AGICH GEORGE J.
Published: July 2002

In March 1997, 60 Minutes, a nationally
syndicated news magazine program, featured a story in which
it was claimed that The Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF)
had in place a non-heart-beating donor (NHBD) protocol
that involved killing patients for their organs. These
charges were brought by a philosopher from a local university.
A student who worked at LifeBanc, the northeastern Ohio
organ procurement agency where the organ donation protocol
originated, was given the protocol by LifeBanc with the
understanding that it was to be used in class; the student
and professor charged that the protocol involved killing
patients for their organs. These claims were advanced without
noting that the protocol was a draft that was being reviewed
and revised and had not been implemented.
Dominating a Family of Graphs with Small Connected Subgraphs
Authors: CARO YAIR , YUSTER RAPHAEL
Published: July 2002

Let F = {G1, …, Gt}
be a family of n-vertex graphs defined on the same vertex-set V, and
let k be a positive integer. A subset of vertices D ⊂ V is
called an (F, k)-core if, for each v ∈ V and for each
i = 1, …, t, there are at least k neighbours of v
in Gi that belong to
D. The subset D is called a connected (F, k)-core
if the subgraph induced by D in each Gi
is connected. Let δi be the minimum degree of Gi
and let δ(F) = minti=1δi. Clearly, an
(F, k)-core exists if and only if δ(F) [ges ] k,
and a connected (F, k)-core exists if and only if
δ(F) [ges ] k and each Gi is connected.
Let c(k, F) and cc(k, F)
be the minimum size of an (F, k)-core and a connected (F, k)-core,
respectively. The following asymptotic results are proved for every
t < ln ln δ and k < √lnδ:

formula here

The results are asymptotically tight for infinitely many families F. The results unify and
extend related results on dominating sets, strong dominating sets and connected dominating
sets.
Excluding Minors in Nonplanar Graphs of Girth at Least Five
Authors: THOMAS ROBIN , McDONALD THOMSON JAN
Published: July 2002

A graph G is quasi 4-connected if it is simple, 3-connected, has at least five
vertices, and for every partition (A, B, C) of V(G) either
[mid ]C[mid ] [ges ] 4, or G has an edge with one end in A
and the other end in B, or one of A,B has at most one vertex. We show that any quasi
4-connected nonplanar graph with minimum degree at least three and no cycle of length
less than five has a minor isomorphic to P−10, the Petersen graph with one edge deleted. We
deduce the following weakening of Tutte's Four Flow Conjecture: every 2-edge-connected
graph with no minor isomorphic to P−10 has a nowhere-zero 4-flow. This extends a result
of Kilakos and Shepherd who proved the same for 3-regular graphs.
From GEM back to Dirichlet via Hoppe's Urn
Authors: HIRTH ULRICH MARTIN
Published: July 2002

In generalisation of the beta law obtained under the
GEM/Poisson–Dirichlet distribution
in Hirth [12] we undertake here an analogous construction which
results in the Dirichlet
law. Our proof makes use of Hoppe's Pólya-like urn model in
population genetics.
Zeros of Reliability Polynomials and f-vectors of Matroids
Authors: WAGNER DAVID G.
Published: July 2002

For a finite multigraph G, the reliability function of
G is the probability RG(q) that if each
edge of G is deleted independently with probability q
then the remaining edges of G induce
a connected spanning subgraph of G; this is a polynomial function
of q. In 1992, Brown and Colbourn conjectured that, for any connected
multigraph G, if q ∈ [Copf ] is such that
RG(q) = 0 then
[mid ]q[mid ] [les ] 1. We verify that this conjectured property
of RG(q) holds if G is
a series-parallel network. The proof is by an application of the Hermite–Biehler theorem
and development of a theory of higher-order interlacing for polynomials with only real
nonpositive zeros. We conclude by establishing some new inequalities which are satisfied by
the f-vector of any matroid without coloops, and by discussing some stronger inequalities
which would follow (in the cographic case) from the Brown–Colbourn conjecture, and are
hence true for cographic matroids of series-parallel networks.
VISUAL LABOR: RUSKIN’S RADICAL REALISM
Authors: Levine Caroline
Published: July 2002

CRITICS HAVE BEEN COMPLAINING about Ruskin’s inconsistencies since the 1840s. In 1856, Elizabeth Rigby wrote contemptuously of Ruskin’s “crochety contradictions and peevish paradoxes” (187). Marshall Mather lamented in 1897 that the critic’s “so-called inconsistencies roused the laughter and sneer of superficial readers” (xi). By 1933, R. H. Wilenski simply affirmed that “Ruskin’s art criticism . . . is an appalling muddle” (192). And in our own time, scholars as various as John Rosenberg, Elizabeth Helsinger, and Gary Wihl have pointed not so much to the connections as to the shifts, gaps, and breaks that interrupt the succession of Ruskin’s first nine major volumes — Modern Painters, The Seven Lamps of Architecture, and The Stones of Venice.1
Performance of the ECMWF model in forecasting the tracks of tropical cyclones in the South China Sea and parts of the western North Pacific
Authors: Lam C C
Published: July 2002

The performance of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Forecasts model in forecasting the tracks of tropical cyclones in the South China Sea and parts of the western North Pacific for the years 1991–8 was assessed using 2.5° resolution data transmitted operationally over the WMO Global Telecommunication System. Minimum mean sea level pressure centres were used to identify and track the positions of tropical cyclones, and in 1998 the positions of the centre of maximum 850 hPa relative vorticity were also used. The model's performance was compared with that of subjective forecasts made by the Hong Kong Observatory and with no‐skill forecasts as represented by a climatology‐persistence method in the 1990s. Significant improvements in the model forecasting of tropical cyclone tracks were identified towards the end of that period. The model mean forecast errors for 24‐hour, 48‐hour and 72‐hour positions were 215 km, 340 km and 453 km in the early 1990s (1991–3) respectively, compared with 155 km, 244 km and 292 km in the late 1990s (1996–8). Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Implementing and using finite automata toolkits
Authors: WATSON BRUCE W.
Published: July 2002

Finite automata and various extensions of them, such as transducers,
are used in areas as
diverse as compilers, spelling checking, natural language grammar checking,
communication
protocol design, digital circuit simulation, digital flight control,
speech recognition and synthesis, genetic sequencing, and Java program
verification. Unfortunately, as the number of
applications has grown, so has the variety of implementations and
implementation techniques.
Typically, programmers will be confused enough to resort to their
text books for the most
elementary algorithms. Recently, advances have been made in
taxonomizing algorithms for
constructing and minimizing automata and in evaluating various
implementation strategies
Watson 1995. Armed with this, a number of general-purpose toolkits
have been developed
at universities and companies. One of these, FIRE Lite, was developed
at the Eindhoven
University of Technology, while its commercial successor, FIRE
Engine II, has been developed
at Ribbit Software Systems Inc. Both of these toolkits provide
implementations of all of the
known algorithms for constructing automata from regular expressions,
and all of the known
algorithms for minimizing deterministic finite automata. While the two
toolkits have a great
deal in common, we will concentrate on the structure and use of
the noncommercial FIRE
Lite. The prototype version of FIRE Lite was designed with compilers
in mind. More recently, computation linguists and communications protocol
designers have become interested
in using the toolkit. This has led to the development of a much more
general interface to
FIRE Lite, including the support of both Mealy and Moore regular
transducers. While such
a toolkit may appear extremely complex, there are only a few choices
to be made. We also
consider a ‘recipe’ for making good use of the toolkits.
Lastly, we consider the future of FIRE
Lite. While FIRE Engine II has obvious commercial value, we are
committed to maintaining
a version which is freely available for academic use.
Finite state segmentation of discourse into clauses
Authors: EJERHED EVA
Published: July 2002

The paper presents background and motivation for a processing model
that segments discourse
into units that are simple, non-nested clauses, prior to the recognition
of clause internal phrasal
constituents, and experimental results in support of this model. One
set of results is derived
from a statistical reanalysis of the Swedish empirical data in
Strangert, Ejerhed and Huber
1993 concerning the linguistic structure of major prosodic units. The
other set of results is
derived from experiments in segmenting part of speech annotated Swedish
text corpora into
clauses, using a new clause segmentation algorithm. The clause segmented
corpus data is taken from the Stockholm Umeå Corpus (SUC), 1 M words
of Swedish
texts from different
genres, part of speech annotated by hand, and from the Umeå corpus
DAGENS INDUSTRI
1993 (DI93), 5 M words of Swedish financial newspaper text, processed by
fully automatic
means consisting of tokenizing, lexical analysis, and probabilistic POS
tagging. The results of
these two experiments show that the proposed clause segmentation
algorithm is 96% correct
when applied to manually tagged text, and 91% correct when applied
to probabilistically tagged text.
Negative seizures
Authors: MEADOR KIMFORD J. , MOSER ERIC
Published: July 2002

Negative phenomena can occur with seizures, but some
ictal negative manifestations are rare and may lead to
misdiagnosis. A patient series is presented with unusual
ictal negative phenomena: neglect syndrome, catastrophic
depression, apraxia, aphasia, amnesia, homonomous hemianopsia,
and hemiparesis. One had repeated episodes with PLEDs but
no parenchymal lesions. Clinicians should consider seizures
in the setting of unexplained deficits, even if there are
no positive ictal phenomena. (JINS, 2000, 6,
731–733.)
Improved measure of the contribution of cultivated forests to national income and wealth in South Africa
Authors: HASSAN RASHID M.
Published: July 2002

An environmental accounting approach is adopted to adjust current measures of national income and net savings in SA for the value of net accumulation in timber and carbon stocks as well as for the value of water abstraction externality of cultivated forests. Results indicated that the said values missing from current measures of income and capital formation are substantial, amounting to about 0.6 per cent of NNP, on average over the study period. Potential VAD lost to agriculture due to water abstraction by cultivated forests was estimated at R104 million per annum, on average since 1981. This estimate, however, did not account for the social costs associated with potential losses of environmental services from affected ecosystems.
Soil degradation and economic development in Ghana
Authors: ALFSEN KNUT H. , BYE TORSTEIN , GLOMSRØD SOLVEIG , WIIG HENRIK
Published: July 2002

Soil erosion and soil mining are important environmental problems in many developing countries and may represent a considerable drag on economic development. The cost of soil degradation depends, however, not only on the productivity effects it has on agricultural growth, but also on how the agricultural sectors are linked to the rest of the economy. This article describes an integrated economy–soil-productivity model for Ghana, and through several simulated scenarios we calculate the drag on the Ghanaian economy of soil mining and erosion, and illustrate the effects of different policies aiming at a reduction in these environmental problems.
Transition to markets and the environment: Effects of the change in the composition of manufacturing output
Authors: VUKINA TOMISLAV , BEGHIN JOHN C. , SOLAKOGLU EBRU G.
Published: July 2002

The paper measures the changes in environmental quality that occurred in the early years of economic transition for 12 former centrally planned economies using the information on 13 pollution effluents in the manufacturing sector and the energy intensity of the value added. For the manufacturing sector, the change in the pollution is separated into scale and composition effects. Pollution decreases substantially in most countries because of large decreases in aggregate manufacturing activity. The composition effect is more diverse depending on the effluent type and country. We examine the reduced form relationship between composition effects coupled with the energy intensity rate of change and the extent of policy reforms. The results indicate a strong relationship between environmental improvement and price liberalization, trade and foreign exchange reforms, enterprise restructuring, and privatization reforms. In addition, the amplification of the environmental regulatory regime causes a shift towards a less-polluting allocation of resources.
TIME-SERIES MODEL WITH PERIODIC STOCHASTIC REGIME
SWITCHING
Authors: Ghysels Eric
Published: July 2002

We present a class of stochastic regime-switching models.
The time-series models may have periodic transition probabilities and
the drifts may be seasonal. In the latter case, the model exhibits
seasonal dummy variation that may change with the regime. The
processes entail nontrivial interactions between so-called business
and seasonal cycles. We discuss the stochastic properties as well as
their relationship with periodic ARMA processes. Estimation and
testing are also discussed in detail.
STABILIZING MACROECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS IN THE EMU
Authors: Aarle Bas Van
Published: July 2002

Macroeconomic performance in the Economic and Monetary union
(EMU) will be impaired if national fiscal policy flexibility
and monetary flexibility of the ECB is
limited, goods markets adjust
sluggishly, labor mobility is low, and automatic
stabilization from
federal taxes and government spending is low. This paper analyzes the
stabilization of output fluctuations induced by symmetric and
asymmetric
macroeconomic shocks in the EMU. It is shown how national
fiscal flexibility and flexibility of the monetary policy of the ECB
can stabilize fluctuations of the average EU business cycle that are
generated by symmetric shocks. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how,
under EMU, national fiscal flexibility and a system of fiscal
transfers are able to stabilize differences in national business
cycles that are generated by asymmetric shocks.
GENETIC ALGORITHM LEARNING TO CHOOSE AND USE INFORMATION
Authors: Routledge Bryan R.
Published: July 2002

A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to model learning in a financial model similar to the Grossman–Stiglitz model. Individuals need to learn how to use a signal, how to make an inference about a signal from a market-clearing price, and whether or not a signal is worth acquiring. We provide examples in which the GA does and does not converge to the rational expectations equilibrium. Similar to earlier results, the behavior depends heavily on the rate of experimentation or mutation in the GA and the size of the risky-asset supply noise in the economy.
Modeling Multiple Regimes in the Business Cycle
Authors: Dijk Dick van , Franses Philip Hans
Published: July 2002

The interest in business-cycle asymmetry has been
steadily increasing over the past 15 years. Most research has focused on
the different behavior of macroeconomic variables during expansions and
contractions, which by now is well documented. Recent evidence suggests that
such a two-phase characterization of the business cycle might be too
restrictive. In particular, it might be worthwhile to decompose the recovery
phase in a high-growth phase (immediately following the trough of a cycle)
and a subsequent moderate-growth phase. The issue of
multiple regimes in the business cycle is addressed using
smooth-transition autoregressive (STAR) models. A possible
limitation of STAR models as they currently are used is that essentially
they deal with only two regimes. We propose a generalization of the STAR
model such that more than two regimes can be accommodated.
It is demonstrated
that the class of multiple-regime STAR (MRSTAR) models can be
obtained from the two-regime model in a simple way.
The main properties of the MRSTAR model and several issues that are
relevant for empirical specification are discussed in detail.
In particular, a Lagrange multiplier-type test is derived that can be
used to determine the appropriate number of regimes. A limited
simulation study indicates its practical usefulness.
Application of the new model class to U.S. real GNP provides evidence in
favor of the existence of multiple business-cycle phases.
More on interlingual homograph recognition: language intermixing versus explicitness of instruction
Authors: Dijkstra Ton , De Bruijn Ellen , Schriefers Herbert , Ten Brinke Sjoerd
Published: July 2002

We contrasted the effect of instruction-induced expectancies and language intermixing in an English lexical decision task performed by Dutch–English bilinguals. At the start of the experiment, participants were instructed to respond to interlingual homographs and exclusively English words by giving a “yes” response, and to English non-words and exclusively Dutch words by giving a “no” response. In the first part of the experiment the stimulus list did not contain any Dutch words. In the second part of the experiment, Dutch items were introduced. No significant differences were found between interlingual homographs and controls in the first part of the experiment, while strong inhibition effects were obtained for interlingual homographs in the second part. These results indicate that language intermixing rather than instruction-based expectancies drives the bilingual partipants' performance. Consequences for current views on bilingual word recognition are discussed.
Feeding dragons in Komodo National Park: a tourism tool with conservation complications
Authors: Walpole Matthew J.
Published: July 2002

Large carnivores are key visitor attractions in protected areas, but are difficult to see. Thus, supplementary feeding is sometimes used to attract them to viewing sites. Such intervention is contentious but its effects have rarely been examined. This paper analyses a case study of supplementary feeding in Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Using data from daily and annual Komodo dragon censuses, feeding records and financial accounts, the effects of feeding and its cessation on dragon numbers, tourist viewing opportunities and local community benefits were examined. Regular feeding caused dragon numbers to increase at the feeding site, but not year‐round. Cessation of feeding caused numbers to decline again to natural levels. However, tourists were less likely to see dragons at the feeding site after cessation, and local community revenues declined with the loss of a market for goats. Solutions lie in finding less intrusive means for tourists to view dragons, and enabling local people to become involved in tourism through training, recruitment and the development of alternative markets.
Role of Bak in UV-induced apoptosis in skin cancer and abrogation by HPV E6 proteins
Authors: Jackson Sarah , Harwood Catherine , Thomas Miranda , Banks Lawrence , Storey Alan
Published: July 2002

Ultraviolet B (UVB) damage is recognized as the most important etiological factor in the development of skin cancer. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) have also been implicated in the disease, although the mechanism of action of these viruses remains unknown. We present evidence here that Bak protein is involved in signaling apoptosis in the skin in response to UVB damage, and that cutaneous HPV E6 proteins target and abrogate Bak function by promoting its proteolytic degradation both in vitro and in regenerated epithelium. Additionally, HPV positive skin cancers had undetectable levels of Bak in contrast to HPV negative cancers, which expressed Bak. This study supports a link between the virus and UVB in the induction of HPV-associated skin cancer and reveals a survival mechanism of virally infected cells.
Pax6 activity in the lens primordium is required for lens formation and for correct placement of a single retina in the eye
Authors: Ashery-Padan Ruth , Marquardt Till , Zhou Xunlei , Gruss Peter
Published: July 2002

The Pax6 transcription factor plays a key role in ocular development of vertebrates and invertebrates. Homozygosity of the Pax6 null mutation in human and mice results in arrest of optic vesicle development and failure to initiate lens formation. This phenotype obscures the understanding of autonomous function of Pax6 in these tissue components and during later developmental stages. We employed the Cre/loxP approach to inactivate Pax6 specifically in the eye surface ectoderm concomitantly with lens induction. Although lens induction occurred in the mutant, as indicated by Sox2up-regulation in the surface ectoderm, further development of the lens was arrested. Hence, Pax6 activity was found to be essential in the specified ectoderm for lens placode formation. Furthermore, this mutant model allowed us for the first time to address in vivo the development of a completely normal retina in the absence of early lens structures. Remarkably, several independent, fully differentiated neuroretinas developed in a single optic vesicle in the absence of a lens, demonstrating that the developing lens is not necessary to instruct the differentiation of the neuroretina but is, rather, required for the correct placement of a single retina in the eye.
FtsK functions in the processing of a Holliday junction intermediate during bacterial chromosome segregation
Authors: Barre François-Xavier , Aroyo Mira , Colloms Sean D. , Helfrich Annett , Cornet François , Sherratt David J.
Published: July 2002

In bacteria with circular chromosomes, homologous recombination can generate chromosome dimers that cannot be segregated to daughter cells at cell division. Xer site-specific recombination at dif, a 28-bp site located in the replication terminus region of the chromosome, converts dimers to monomers through the sequential action of the XerC and XerD recombinases. Chromosome dimer resolution requires that dif is positioned correctly in the chromosome, and the activity of FtsK, a septum-located protein that coordinates cell division with chromosome segregation. Here, we show that cycles of XerC-mediated strand exchanges form and resolve Holliday junction intermediates back to substrate irrespective of whether conditions support a complete recombination reaction. The C-terminal domain of FtsK is sufficient to activate the exchange of the second pair of strands by XerD, allowing both intra- and intermolecular recombination reactions to go to completion. Proper positioning of dif in the chromosome and of FtsK at the septum is required to sense the multimeric state of newly replicated chromosomes and restrict complete Xer reactions to dimeric chromosomes.
A mutation in the Gsk3–binding domain of zebrafish Masterblind/Axin1 leads to a fate transformation of telencephalon and eyes to diencephalon
Authors: Heisenberg Carl-Philipp , Houart Corinne , Take-uchi Masaya , Rauch Gerd-Jörg , Young Neville , Coutinho Pedro , Masai Ichiro , Caneparo Luca , Concha Miguel L. , Geisler Robert , Dale Trevor C. , Wilson Stephen W. , Stemple Derek L.
Published: July 2002

Zebrafish embryos homozygous for the masterblind(mbl) mutation exhibit a striking phenotype in which the eyes and telencephalon are reduced or absent and diencephalic fates expand to the front of the brain. Here we show that mbl−/−embryos carry an amino-acid change at a conserved site in the Wnt pathway scaffolding protein, Axin1. The amino-acid substitution present in the mbl allele abolishes the binding of Axin to Gsk3 and affects Tcf-dependent transcription. Therefore, Gsk3 activity may be decreased in mbl−/− embryos and in support of this possibility, overexpression of either wild-type Axin1 or Gsk3β can restore eye and telencephalic fates to mbl−/−embryos. Our data reveal a crucial role for Axin1-dependent inhibition of the Wnt pathway in the early regional subdivision of the anterior neural plate into telencephalic, diencephalic, and eye-forming territories.
Direct protein–protein interaction between the intracellular domain of TRA-2 and the transcription factor TRA-1A modulates feminizing activity in C. elegans
Authors: Lum David H. , Kuwabara Patricia E. , Zarkower David , Spence Andrew M.
Published: July 2002

In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the zinc finger transcriptional regulator TRA-1A directs XX somatic cells to adopt female fates. The membrane protein TRA-2A indirectly activates TRA-1A by binding and inhibiting a masculinizing protein, FEM-3. Here we report that a part of the intracellular domain of TRA-2A, distinct from the FEM-3 binding region, directly binds TRA-1A. Overproduction of this TRA-1A-binding region has tra-1-dependent feminizing activity in somatic tissues, indicating that the interaction enhances TRA-1A activity. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show thattra-2(mx) mutations, which weakly masculinize somatic tissues, disrupt the TRA-2/TRA-1A interaction. Paradoxically,tra-2(mx) mutations feminize the XX germ line, as do tra-1 mutations mapping to the TRA-2 binding domain. We propose that these mutations render tra-2 insensitive to a negative regulator in the XX germ line, and we speculate that this regulator targets the TRA-2/TRA-1 complex. The intracellular domain of TRA-2A is likely to be produced as a soluble protein in vivo through proteolytic cleavage of TRA-2A or through translation of anXX germ line-specific mRNA. We further show that tagged derivatives of the intracellular domain of TRA-2 localize to the nucleus, supporting the hypothesis that this domain is capable of modulating TRA-1A activity in a manner reminiscent of Notch and Su(H).
SOCS1 deficiency results in accelerated mammary gland development and rescues lactation in prolactin receptor–deficient mice
Authors: Lindeman Geoffrey J. , Wittlin Sergio , Lada Hania , Naylor Matthew J. , Santamaria Margaret , Zhang Jian-Guo , Starr Robyn , Hilton Douglas J. , Alexander Warren S. , Ormandy Christopher J. , Visvader Jane
Published: July 2002

Prolactin is essential for proliferation and differentiation of the developing mammary gland. We have explored a role for Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 (SOCS1) as a modulator of the prolactin response using mice deficient in SOCS1, which were rescued from neonatal death by deletion of the Interferon gamma (IFNγ) gene. SOCS1−/−/IFNγ−/− mice exhibited accelerated lobuloalveolar development in the mammary gland during late pregnancy and precocious lactation. Significantly, the lactogenic defect in prolactin receptor heterozygous females could be rescued by deletion of a single SOCS1 allele. These findings establish a role for SOCS1 as a negative regulator of prolactin signaling and suggest that SOCS1 is required for the prevention of lactation prior to parturition.