bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solubilization of lymphocyte and thymocyte antigens by a reversible chemical modification
Authors: Eshhar Z. , Gafni Mira , Givol D. , Sela M.
Published: February 2007

Antigenic components of the particulate subcellular fraction from either rat thymocytes or lymph node lymphocytes can be obtained in a soluble form by reacting the membrane fraction with citraconic anhydride. As a result of citraconylation, 60–70 % of the proteins became soluble under physiological conditions and this soluble material was antigenically almost inactive. However, after decitraconylation at pH 5 and room temperature, the soluble protein possessed antigenic activity (10–20 % of the original antigenic potency of the lymphocytes) as tested by inhibition of the cytotoxic effect of heterologous anti‐lymphocyte serum on lymphocytes and by other assays. The soluble antigenic components thus obtained from rat thymocytes induced the formation of anti‐thymocyte serum when injected into rabbits. This antiserum was found to be active against thymocytes in the cytotoxic and opsonization assays and to suppress the rejection of skin allografts.
Stimulation of humoral antibody formation by polyanions. I. The effect of polyacrylic acid on the primary immune response in mice immunized with sheep red blood cells
Authors: Diamantstein T. , Wagner B. , Beyse Inge , Odenwald Maria V. , Schulz Gisela
Published: February 2007

The effect of a polyanion, polyacrylic acid, on the primary immune response in mice inoculated with sheep red blood cells was investigated. Polyacrylic acid caused early appearence and enhancement of 19 S and 7 S plaque‐forming cell response in mice from 48 h to 10 days after antigen inoculation. Hemolytic antibody titers confirm these results. The degree of the stimulation of the immune response by PAAC was dependent on the antigen and PAAC doses and their routes of administration. The polyanion also increased the background of 19 S plaque‐forming cells in nonimmunized mice and the serum γ‐globulin levels. The effects of polyacrylic acid and the effects caused by natural or synthetic polynucleotides and pyrancopolymer on immune response suggest that the polyanionic structure common to these substances may be responsible for their stimulating activity.
Stimulation of humoral antibody formation by polyanions. II. The influence of sulfate esters of polymers on the immune response in mice
Authors: Diamantstein T. , Wagner B. , Beyse Inge , Odenwald Maria V. , Schulz Gisela
Published: February 2007

Dextran sulfate enhanced immune response in mice immunized with sheep red blood cells. This stimulation took place only when dextran sulfate was given close to the time of antigen injection. Dextran sulfate injected one day prior or one hour after antigen inoculation was ineffective. The degree of stimulation of immune response by dextran sulfate depends on the polyanion doses and on antigen doses used. Maximum stimulation of immune response could be noticed when 500 μg dextran sulfate was injected one hour prior to inoculation of a suboptimal antigen dose, both dextran sulfate and 2 × 106 sheep red blood cells given via the same route intraperitoneally. However, significant stimulation of immune response also took place when dextran sulfate and antigen were given by different routes. Dextran has no effect on immune response, whereas DEAE‐dextran inhibits immune response in mice immunized with suboptimal antigen doses. Results obtained by these experiments clearly demonstrate that the polyanionic structure of polymers is a requirement for their adjuvant activity.
Activation of immunological memory cells in vitro
Authors: Bösing‐Schneider Rita , Weiler Ivan Jeanne
Published: February 2007

Peritoneal cell populations from NMRI mice injected three times intraperitoneally with sheep red blood cells do not contain a significant number of plaque‐forming cells to sheep red blood cells. However, plaque‐forming cells do arise in such populations 3–5 days after transfer into tissue culture. The in vitro activation of these cells into antibody‐producing cells occurs without further exposure to the antigen. The culture system contained, in addition to the peritoneal cells, irradiated spleen cells from non‐immunized animals which were shown not to respond when cultured alone. The peritoneal cells as well as non‐producing spleen cells could be activated in vitro at varying times after the last stimulation of the donor animal up to a period of several weeks. These observations suggest that there is a compartment of resting memory cells whose activation is not dependent on the addition of antigen.
Antibodies against polyalanyl determinants attached to negatively or positively charged carriers
Authors: Licht A. , Schechter Bilha , Sela M.
Published: February 2007

Polyalanyl determinants, when attached to acidic or basic carriers, provoke a specific anti‐polyalanyl antibody population, the majority of which possesses an electrical charge which is inversely related to that of the carrier. The alanine chains in the immunogens form complete determinants and the contribution of the carrier to the specificity of the antibodies is minimal. The anti‐polyalanyl antibodies, when fractionated into a more acidic and a more basic fraction, possess similar properties of their combining sites, as judged from hapten inhibition and equilibrium dialysis studies. Thus, the specificity of the antibodies and the combining site features are determined by the hapten determinants, whereas the net charge of the antibodies is determined by the net charge of the immunogen. The difference in the net electrical charge of the antibodies may reflect differences in areas of the molecule other than the combining site. A comparison of anti‐polyalanyl antibodies obtained with different carriers has shown that the specificity and size of the combining sites are similar regardless of the nature of the carrier molecule, whereas different affinities of the antibodies are obtained with different immunogens.
Studies on the induction of immunological tolerance. The inhibition of toleranceinduction by antiserum: split tolerance and the time‐course of tolerance induction
Authors: Taussig M. J.
Published: February 2007

The induction of immunological unresponsiveness to rabbit IgG has been studied in BALB/c mice. Single injections of 100 μg or more of centrifuged IgG produced unresponsiveness to the whole molecule. However, with 10 μg rabbit IgG, animals were rendered unresponsive to the Fab antigens, but remained responsive to the Fc antigens on challenge. Such a state is termed “split tolerance”.

Tolerance induction could be prevented by anti ‐IgG serum administered either one day before or up to 4 days after injection of tolerogen. Therefore the induction of tolerance requires the presence of antigen for approximately 4 days.

Using an antiserum directed against part of the IgG molecule only (anti‐Fab), a determinant‐specific inhibition of tolerance induction could be obtained when the antiserum was given 1 – 4 days after the tolerogen. Thus split tolerance was again obtained, this time with the animals tolerant only to Fc and responsive to Fab.

A possible interpretation of split tolerance is that it involves tolerance of bone marrow‐derived cells.
Antibody isoelectric spectra. Analysis of the heterogeneity of antibody molecules in serum by isoelectric focusing in gel and specific detection with hapten
Authors: Williamson A. R.
Published: February 2007

Analytical isoelectric focusing in thin layers of polyacrylamide gel was shown by Awdeh, Williamson & Askonas (Nature 1968. 219: 66) to be capable of resolving a specifically purified antibody into a pattern of discrete bands; this has been called the antibody isoelectric spectrum. The usefulness of this method has been extended by employing radioactive hapten to visualize the isoelectric spectrum of anti‐hapten antibodies present in sera. Samples of immune serum are focused, usually using pH 5–8 range Ampholine. Labeled hapten is applied to the surface of the thin layer gel and allowed to combine with focused antibodies; after fixation of the antibody‐hapten complexes, and washing to remove excess hapten, the gel is air dried and a radioautograph taken on X‐ray film. This visualization technique has been shown to be highly specific for antibody against the developing hapten. The sensitivity of detection of antibody is primarily limited only by the specific activity of the radioactive hapten. The visualization of anti‐DNP spectra is described and the extension of the method to other antibodies is discussed. An interpretation of the isoelectric spectrum of antibody present in serum in terms of the number of different antibodies originally synthesized by the animal is presented.
A method for quantitative determination of cellular immunoglobulins by enzyme‐labeled antibodies
Authors: Avrameas S. , Guilbert Brigitte
Published: February 2007

A method is described which uses peroxidase‐labeled antibody for the measurement of rat IgG antigenic determinants present on the surface of rat lymphoid cells. With this method it was possible to calculate that each lymphoid cell carrying IgG possesses approximately 224 000 IgG antigenic determinants on its surface. The method gave reproducible results with different preparations of peroxidase‐labeled antibody.
Inhibition of macrophage spreading by upernatants of antigen‐stimulated sensitized lymphocytes
Authors: Dekaris D. , Smerdel S. , Veselić Blanka
Published: February 2007

The supernatant of sensitized lymphocytes stimulated with antigen inhibits the spreading of allogeneic peritoneal macrophages in guinea pig. The inhibition is most pronounced after 2–6 h of incubation of the macrophages with the supernatant. The results suggest that, upon contact with antigen, sensitized lymphocytes release a soluble factor(s) inhibiting spreading of macrophages in delayed hypersensitivity.
Anti‐hapten response in vitro. Affinity differences in precursors of anti‐hapten antibody‐producing cells
Authors: Pasanen V. J. , Virolainen M.
Published: February 2007

To study affinity differences in precursors of anti‐hapten antibody‐forming cells, an anti‐hapten response was induced in mouse spleen cell cultures. The response was measured as specific high and low affinity plaque‐forming cells. Selective inhibition of high affinity response was achieved both by free hapten, and by removal of high affinity precursor cells as rosette‐forming cells.

The data suggest a clonal predetermination of specific precursor cells to different affinity classes.
Cytophilic antibody and the regulation of the immune response
Authors: Ptak W. , Pryjma J.
Published: February 2007

It has been demonstrated that the immunogenicity of the macrophage‐associated antigen (sheep red blood cells) in mice, as evaluated in hemolytic plaque test, can be effectively suppressed by means of the coating of peritoneal macrophages by specific cytophilic antibody. Further it has been shown that only spleen cells of mice given antigen i. v. at day –1 before transfer, and not on day –4 or –10, can induce the immune response in syngeneic recipients. On the contrary, spleen cells of –1, –4 or –10 day donors trypsinized before transfer were able to elicit in recipients immune response. This effect was due to transferred immunogen and not due to the different distribution of trypsinized cells or the transfer of committed lymphocytes. The possibility that the cessation of the immune response in vivo despite persisting immunogen is in consequence of the cytophilic antibody on the surface of antigen‐storing cells is discussed.
Cross‐reacting anti‐pepsin and anti‐pepsinogen antisera
Authors: Bustin M. , Conway‐Jacobs A.
Published: February 2007

Immunization by multiple intradermal injections of rabbits with pepsin and pepsinogen elicited a large amount of antibodies against these proteins. The antibodies were highly cross‐reactive even at pH 7.4 as measured by precipitin and direct binding techniques. The degree of cross‐reactivity was reduced after passage of the antisera through Sepharose columns containing covalently bound heterologous antigen.

The cross‐reactivity between pepsin and pepsinogen was quantitated by several methods: (a) by precipitin reaction, (b) by measuring the amount of antibodies obtained after passing sera on Sepharose columns to which the heterologous antigen was covalently bound, (c) by measuring the inhibition of the binding of 125I‐labeled antigen to antisera by unlabeled antigens and (d) by measuring the amount of heterologous 125I‐labeled antigen which could be added to an antiserum already saturated with the homologous 125I‐labeled antigen.

The results indicated that anti‐pepsinogen antisera contained a class of antibodies which could only bind pepsin and not the homologous antigen, pepsinogen. These results suggest that in rabbits immunized with pepsinogen, antibodies were produced against determinants which are not present in native pepsinogen.
Stimulation of humoral antibody formation by polyanions. IV. The effects of dextran sulfate on the kinetics of secondary immune response in mice
Authors: Diamantstein T. , Wagner B. , Odenwald Maria V. , Schulz Gisela
Published: February 2007

Dextran sulfate enhances secondary immune response as well as primary immune response in mice primed and challenged with suboptimal doses of sheep red blood cells. Enhancement of primary response by dextran sulfate did not diminish secondary responses towards suboptimal antigen dose. However, in mice primed and challenged with an optimal antigen dose and injected at the time of priming with dextran sulfate, immunological memory seems to be increased. In primary as well as in secondary response the number of both 19 S and 7 S PFC were increased.
Stimulation of humoral antibody formation by polyanions. V. Relationship between enhancement of sheep red blood cell uptake by the spleen and adjuvant action of dextran sulfate
Authors: Diamantstein T. , Meinhold H. , Wagner B.
Published: February 2007

The effect of a polyanion, dextran sulfate, on the uptake of 51Cr‐labeled sheep red blood cells (51Cr‐SRBC) by the spleen of mice was investigated. Enhancement of 51Cr‐SRBC uptake by the spleen could only be detected under the conditions which had previously been detected as requirement for the adjuvant action of dextran sulfate. Plaque‐forming cell (PFC) values assayed in the spleen of mice injected with dextran sulfate and graded amounts of SRBC were compared with PFC values of controls and PFC values calculated from effective antigen amounts, i. e. total radioactivity measured in the spleen of dextran sulfate‐treated animals. PFC values assayed were found to correlate with the PFC values calculated. The possible significance of increased antigen uptake by the spleen for the mechanism of adjuvant action of polyanions has been discussed.
Quantitative studies on antigenic recognition. III. Nonspecific inhibition of the recognition process
Authors: Ramseier H.
Published: February 2007

Attempts were undertaken to evaluate the inhibitory effect of various agents on the process of recognition of transplantation antigens by lymphoid cells from normal mice, rats and Syrian hamsters. These effects were measured by estimating quantitatively a product of antigenic recognition (PAR) present in supernatants of mixed spleen cell cultures in which either the recognizing (parental strain aggressor) cell partner or the recognized ( F1 hybrid target) cell partner was treated prior to cocultivation. The inhibitory agents used were heat, trypsin, ALS and rabbit anti‐PAR antisera. Heat inactivation of cells resulted in inhibition of the process and affected both partners of cell mixtures. All other agents failed t o harm antigens on F1 target cells but neutralized the recognizing potential of aggressor cells. In this respect, trypsin inhibited both mouse and rat aggressor cells to about equal extents. Anti‐lymphocyte serum failed to show strain and even species specificity. Sera prepared against PAR also displayed no strain specificity but revealed species specificity.
Quantitative studies on antigenic recognition. IV. Specific inhibition of the recognition process by alloantisera
Authors: Ramseier H. , Lindenmann J.
Published: February 2007

In mixed spleen cell cultures in which one partner was of parental strain origin and capable of recognizing transplantation antigens of the other partner, which was of a corresponding F1 hybrid origin, recognition of antigens was revealed by the elaboration of a product of antigenic recognition (PAR) in culture super‐natants. Recognition of antigens could be blocked by neutralizing them with alloantisera obtained from animals that had rejected allogeneic skin grafts. Inhibition was highly specific in that serum treatment of F1 hybrid cells blocked only one or the other of the two antigenic specificities present. In none of the situations tested did these alloantisera interfere with recognition when used to treat parental strain cells. It could also be shown that putative neutralization of antigens on parental strain aggressor cells did not affect their ability to recognize.

As revealed by inhibitory titers, alloantisera were of different strengths. Activity could be demonstrated in sera of highly incompatible strain combinations of rats and mice, but also in those of Syrian hamsters. Furthermore, alloantibody activities were shown to be present in sera of mice following rejection of non‐H‐2 different skin grafts and even in an antiserum resulting from the weak H‐Y determined incompatibility.
Functional maturation of mouse thymic lymphocytes
Authors: Mosier D. , Cantor H.
Published: February 2007

The ability of CBA lymphoid cells to react to CB A × C57BL/6 cells was assessed in a one‐way mixed lymphocyte response. Reactive cells in CBA spleen were sensitive to anti‐Θ in vitro and anti‐lymphocyte serum in vivo. Although thymus cells were not reactive, the hydrocortisone‐resistant fraction contained substantial reactivity, similar to that found in the periphery. However, when either hydrocortisone‐resistant or normal thymocytes were adoptively transferred to irradiated syngeneic hosts, no mixed lymphocyte reaction activity appeared for the first 4–5 days in contrast to the immediate appearance of activity in the lymph node‐restored hosts. One interpretation of these findings is that the thymus contains two corticosteroid‐resistant subpopulations, one a non‐reactive precursor that matures in the periphery in transfer experiments, and one a reactive T cell which has already matured in the thymus.
Differential migration of helper and precursor spleen cells following immunization
Authors: Cantor H.
Published: February 2007

Immunization with bovine serum albumin (BSA) results in a population of “helper” cells, as well as antibody‐forming cell precursors (AFCP). Helper cells may assist AFCP to make antibody directed at some determinant on the protein molecule, including artifically added haptens. When spleen cells containing both these cell populations were passaged into irradiated recipients, the lymph node‐seeking cells were found to be enriched in “helper” activity and depleted of AFCP activity. This difference in the migratory properties of “helper” cells and AFCP may be exploited t o achieve relatively pure populations of “helper” cells.
Formation of lymphoid cells from local precursors in irradiated mouse omenta
Authors: Holub M. , Hajdu I. , Trebichavský I. , Jaroišková Lydie
Published: February 2007

Heteroplastic formation of lymphoid cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells) is described in the omenta of supralethally irradiated mice. Such local lymphocytopoiesis also occurs in omenta in diffusion chambers, under conditions in which immigration of mobile precursors is excluded. By autoradiography the direct descendants of the primitive mesenchymal cells (transitional cells) are found to start the wave of proliferation of the lymphocytopoiesis. In electron microscopy transitional stages between the tissue‐bound mesenchymal cells and lymphoid cells are observed.

It is concluded that the undifferentiated, dormant, relatively radioresistant mesenchymal cells (found mainly in perivascular locations) must be included into the stem cell pool.
A new differentiation antigen of plasma cells
Authors: Takahashi T. , Old L. J. , Hsu C.‐J. , Boyse E. A.
Published: February 2007

A cell‐surface differentiation antigen of mouse Ig‐secreting cells, MSPCA (Mouse‐specific plasma cell antigen), is identified by rabbit antiserum to mouse myeloma MOPC‐104E (which secretes λμ) or myeloma MPC‐67 (which secretes Kα); these two antisera contained little or no anti‐Ig antibody.

Although a11 5 mouse myelomas tested were MSPCA+, rabbit antisera to one of them, myeloma MOPC‐7OA, contained anti‐Ig antibody and little or no anti‐MSPCA. This myeloma differs from myelomas MOPC‐104E and MPC‐67 in that the Ig components it makes, Kγ1, are readily demonstrable on the cell surface.

These results suggest that rabbits immunized with myeloma cells may respond by producing preferentially either anti‐MSPCA or anti‐Ig antibody, depending on the surface Ig‐phenotype of the myeIoma used for immunization.
Bone marrow origin of complement‐receptor lymphocytes
Authors: Dukor P. , Bianco C. , Nussenzweig V.
Published: February 2007

Substantial regeneration of complement‐receptor lymphocytes (CRL) took place in lymph nodes of adult thymectomized whole‐body X‐irradiated mice reconstituted with semi‐allogeneic (F1) bone marrow. In the presence of complement, alloantisera directed against the transplanted bone marrow killed more than 95% of the lymphoid cells of such chimeras. Moreover, lymph node cell suspensions and lymphoid tissue sections of neonatally thymectomized or adult thymectomized, irradiated and marrow‐grafted mice contained an increased proportion of CRL. The results concur to establish proof that CRL are of extrathymic, bone marrow origin.
Correlation between the immune response to an enzyme and histocompatibility type in rats
Authors: Würzburg U.
Published: February 2007

Immune responsiveness to porcine lactic dehydrogenase in rats is linked to the H‐1 histocompatibility locus. Within 15 strains, 4 low‐responding strains were found, which were all homozygous for H‐1a. All other strains, including heterozygous animals carrying the H‐1a allele, were high responders. One of the high‐responding strains possesses the same known H‐1 specificities as the low‐responding strains except three, which the low responders carry in addition.
Cell‐mediated immune response in vitro: Independent differentiation of thymocytes into cytotoxic lymphocytes
Authors: Wagner H.
Published: February 2007

Differentiation of dispersed mouse thymus cells into cytotoxic lymphocytes has been shown for the first time to occur in an in vitro allograft system. It is concluded that the generation of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity is a T cell phenomenon with no thymus‐bone marrow synergism being required.
T and B rosette‐forming cells
Authors: Wilson J. D. , Miller A. P.
Published: February 2007

Three separate techniques were used to demonstrate B and T cells forming rosettes in unimmunized and immunized mice:

anti‐Θ serum and brain‐absorbed anti‐Θ serum as control,

anti‐H‐2 serum in neonatally thymectomized mice reconstituted with semiallogeneic thymus cells,

radioiodinated anti‐immunoglobulin serum to demonstrate surface immuno‐globulins on rosette‐forming cells (RFC).

The three methods gave very consistent results. More than 80% of background RFC were B cells; after priming with sheep red blood cells the proportion of T RFC rose to 40 – 50% by days 6 – 10, and then declined.
Allotypic suppression of adult mouse spleen cells: Cell differentiation, class restriction and allotypic exclusion
Authors: Anderson H. R.
Published: February 2007

Allotypic suppression of adult mouse spleen cells has been investigated by treating the cells with anti‐allotype serum directed against the Ig‐1 specificities of the γG2a immunoglobulin class. Suppression of precursor, memory and primed cells in the anti‐sheep red blood cell response, assayed in terms of the number of plaque‐forming cells producing γM, γG1 and γG2b immunoglobulins has been investigated. The results are discussed in terms of the stage of differentiation of cells when class restriction and allotypic exclusion occurs. It is concluded that γM or γG commitment occurs at an early precursor stage, and that γG class and allotype restriction occurs sometime after contact of precursor cells with antigen.
Solubilization and partial purification of lymphocyte specific antigens in the chicken
Authors: Malchow D. , Droege W. , Strominger J. L.
Published: February 2007

Four different lymphocyte antigens were solubilized from chickens homozygous at the B locus. The antigens were identified by immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit anti‐lymphocyte sera.

1. A bursa‐specific cell surface antigen was extracted with 3 M potassium chloride and partially purified. The antigen was excluded from Sephadex G‐200 gels, was heat labile and was a potent immunogen. The antigen could be detected on all bursa cells by immunofluorescence but not on thymus, spleen or blood lymphocytes. The findings do not exclude, however, the possibility that a small number of lymphocytes (e.g. plasma cells) possess the antigen.

2. A thymus‐specific antigen was obtained by papain treatment of thymus cells. It migrated cathodically in immunoelectrophoresis.

3. A surface antigen which was specific for lymphocytes from both central lymphoid organs (thymus and bursa) was solubilized by pestle homogenization.

4. A fourth lymphocyte surface antigen was present on lymphocytes from blood, spleen, bursa and thymus. It was best solubilized by 3 M potassium chloride extraction and did not migrate under the conditions of immunoelectrophoresis.

Studies did not reveal a stable antigenic marker with specificity for thymus or bursa cells and their progeny in the peripheral lymphocyte pool.
Macrophage‐mediated cytotoxicity against allogeneic target cells in vitro
Authors: Lohmann‐Matthes Marie‐Luise , Schipper H. , Fisher H.
Published: February 2007

A system is described in which monolayers of sensitized peritoneal macrophages destroy allogeneic target cells in vitro. The cytotoxic effect is measured by 51Cr release from labeled mastocytoma target cells. Different methods were applied to rule out any lymphocyte contamination. Stainings at different stages of the reaction excluded phagocytosis of target cells.

At a ratio of 20 macrophages to 1 target cell destruction is complete after 24 h.

Macrophages reacted to multiple challenges by repeated lysis of the target cells.

Macrophages treated with trypsin lost their cytotoxicity but regained cytotoxic capacity 48 h after treatment. By labeling the sensitized macrophages with 51Cr it was shown that they keep full viability during the cytotoxic action.
The role of T cells and adjuvant in the immune response of mice to foreign erythrocytes
Authors: Dresser D. W.
Published: February 2007

The splenic response of CBA mice, deprived of thymus‐derived cells (T cells), to the injection of different doses of sheep erythrocytes, has been compared to that obtained in control mice which possess T cells. The effect of pertussis injected with the antigen was measured in both groups of mice in terms of the number of plaque‐forming cells (PFC) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) of the five main immunoglobulin classes of mice. The following conclusions have been reached:

Increasing the antigen concentration does not overcome the depression in the immune response resulting from an absence of T cells; consequently this evidence is incompatible with the role of T cells being solely one of concentration of antigen to B cells.

As the antigen dose is increased, the direct effect of adjuvant on B cells is also increased, whereas it is argued that an inverse relationship exists for the effect of adjuvant on T cells in the antigen dose range used here.

The lower the concentration of antigen, the greater is the dependence of the adjuvant effect of pertussis on the presence of T cells. This is far apparent for γM‐PFC than for non‐γM‐PFC.

A significant proportion of γM‐PFC are produced from precursor cells, which do not appear to require T cells for their differentiation into antibodyforming cells.

It is possible that adjuvant and T cells stimulate B cells in a similar way. Previously published evidence, which was thought to support the antigen‐concentration hypothesis of T cell action, may have been an artefact due to the direct action of adjuvant (or adjuvant‐like properties of the antigen preparation itself) on B cells binding antigen.

An effect consisting of an impaired γGl response is described in fetal liver reconstituted and one‐year old normal mice. The effect is independent of irradiation received during reconstitution and may be due to a partial deficiency of T cells in old age.
Effect of non‐ionic polymers on radioallergoimmunosorbent reactions
Authors: Ceska M. , Varga J. M.
Published: February 2007

The effect of polyethylene glycol on the solid phase radioimmunoassay procedure for the estimation of reagins was studied. The enhanced uptake of specific anti‐IgE antibodies to either sorbent‐allergen‐IgE‐ or sorbent‐antiallergen‐allergen‐IgE‐complex in the presence of polyethylene glycol was observed.
Modification of antibodies. I. The effect of the new modifying agent, dodecylsuccinic anhydride, on properties of IgG immunoglobulins
Authors: Starościk Krystyna , Lisowski J.
Published: February 2007

A new reagent, dodecylsuccinic anhydride, was introduced for modification of proteins, The modification can be carried out under very mild conditions at room temperature, pH 8.4.

As models, ovine anti‐Staphylococcal IgG1 immunoglobulins and rabbit antitrinitrophenyl (TNP) IgG2 immunoglobulins were used. Depending on the molar ratio of the reagent to the total content of free amino groups, various degrees of substitution could be achieved. The modified preparations had a stronger tendency for aggregation and had more unfolded structure than the unmodified immunoglobulins. The resistance to proteolytic enzymes was lower and more proteolytic fragments were obtained after modification. The modification did not change the activity of rabbit anti‐TNP immunoglobulins and, in the case of ovine anti‐Staphylococcal immunoglobulins, the activity was even higher. The results showed that dodecylsuccinic anhydride could be useful for studies of the role of hydrophobic bonds, and for the relationship between structure and activity of proteins.
Lymphocyte reactivity in vitro. VI. Specificity of target cell destruction following in vitro sensitization in mixed leukocyte cultures
Authors: Solliday Susan , Bach F. H.
Published: February 2007

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were “sensitized” in vitro in one‐way mixed leukocyte cultures to one of three lymphoblastoid cell lines or t o normal allogeneic peripheral blood leukocytes. The sensitized cells were tested for their ability to destroy 51 Cr‐labeled lymphoblastoid target cells which were either isogeneic or allogeneic with the sensitizing cells. The results obtained show that cells sensitized to one cell line or to cells of one individual are subsequently more cytotoxic to target cells from that same individual than to other allogeneic target cells, establishing specificity of destruction in this system. In some combinations significant cytotoxicity is seen when the sensitizing cells and the target cells are allogeneic. It is not clear whether in this system this represents a non‐specific component of destruction or whether this is due to antigenic sharing or cross‐reactivity.
Chemistry and biology of the anaphylatoxin related serum peptide system. I. Purification, crystallization and properties of classical anaphylatoxin from rat serum
Authors: Wissler J. H.
Published: February 2007

Classical anaphylatoxin, which causes histamine liberation and lethal anaphylatoxin shock in the guinea pig, was purified from dextran‐treated rat serum leading to a 5000‐fold increase in specific activity. It was crystallized in a molecular homogenous state. Rat anaphylatoxin consists of one peptide unit with a molecular weight of 9500, as determined by gel chromatography.

First, evidence is presented that the anaphylatoxin‐forming contact reaction of normal, fresh serum with hydrophilic, insoluble substances of high molecular weight, e.g. dextran, yeast or antigen‐antibody complexes, does not lead to a stable anaphylatoxin molecule exclusively, but to a group of peptides of similar physicochemical behavior. Only one of these peptides displays anaphylatoxin activity. The lack of significant chemotactic activity for neutrophil leucocytes is characteristic for this crystallized classical anaphylatoxin. This indicates that anaphylatoxin and chemotactic activities are two different biological principles.
Induction of T cell tolerance in agammaglobulinemic chickens
Authors: Rouse B. T. , Warner N. L.
Published: February 2007

Immunological tolerance to histocompatibility antigens as assessed by skin grafts and graft‐versus‐host reactions, was induced in hormonally bursectomized chickens that could not form antibody responses or even synthesize immunoglobulins. This demonstrates that the induction of allograft tolerance does not require the essential participation of a suppressive humoral antibody.
Requirement for adherent cells in the primary and secondary immune response in vitro
Authors: Sjöberg Olof , Andersson Jan , Möller Göran
Published: February 2007

Treatment of spleen cells with iron powder, followed by removal of the iron with a magnet, was found to be a simple and reliable method for obtaining a pópulation of non‐adherent cells, which does not give an antibody response against heterologous red cells in vitro.

It was possible to reconstitute the antibody response to 40 ‐ 90% of that obtained with untreated cells by addition of irradiated or non‐irradiated adherent spleen cells. The secondary response was also depressed by treatment with iron and it could be completely reconstituted with adherent cells from normal mice.

Removal of adherent cells also caused a depression of spontaneous cell proliferation, which could be reconstituted by addition of adherent cells. Comparative kinetic studies on cell proliferation and antibody response indicated that the adherent cells are necessary for a normal cell proliferation and that they do not act by breaking down the antigen. This conclusion was further supported by the finding that an immune response against a soluble sheep red cell antigen was also dependent on adherent cells.
Cellular heterogeneity in the thymus. II. Distribution patterns of different lymphocyte populations in chickens
Authors: Droege W. , Maichow D. , Strominger J. L.
Published: February 2007

Lymphocyte preparations from chicken blood, spleen, bursa, as well as fractionated thymus cell preparations, were labeled in vitro with 51Cr and reinjected into various groups of recipients. The relative distribution patterns of labeled cells in numerous recipient organs remained practically unchanged after different time intervals, but were significantly different for the various cell preparations.

The distribution patterns provided additional evidence for the existence of different lymphocyte subpopulations in the thymus of young chickens, one of which is bursa‐dependent. Thymus cell preparations fractionated by differential centrifugation showed significant differences in their accumulation in the spleen and liver. The analogous lymphocyte preparations from neonatally bursectomized birds showed no such differences. Cells from 6‐month old donors gave results similar to those obtained with cells from young bursectomized birds, suggesting that the bursa‐dependent subpopulation in the thymus disappears after involution of the bursa.

An unexpected finding was the rather large accumulation of blood lymphocytes in the thymus of the recipients. This observation stands in contrast to the concept of a blood‐thymus barrier.
Glomerular basement membrane‐reactive antibodies in anti‐lymphocyte sera: in vitro and in vivo characteristics
Authors: Feltkamp‐Vroom Thea M. , Balner H.
Published: February 2007

Twenty‐four anti‐human lymphocyte globulin preparations were examined for the presence of glomerular basement membrane‐reactive antibodies by means of one in vivo method and two in vitro tests. This seemed of importance, as it has been shown that these antibodies fix along the glomerular basement membrane and may thus cause glomerulonephritis. The anti‐lymphocyte globulins were prepared by immunizing horses with human lymphoid cells from thymus, thoracic duct, lymphoid cell cultures, blood, tonsil and a mixture of lymphoid tissues. Contamination with glomerular basement membrane‐reactive antibodies occurred only when lymphoid cells from thymus, tonsil or from a mixture of lymphoid tissues were used for immunization. It seems to depend on the care with which the isolation of lymphoid cells is performed, whether glomerular basement membrane‐reactive antibodies will occur. The glomerular basement membrane‐reactive antibodies are directed against common antigenic determinants shared by basement membrane, collagen and reticulin. A horse anti‐human thymocyte globulin preparation, containing glomerular basement membrane‐reactive antibodies in low titer (1:320), was tested in vivo in monkeys and chimpanzees during prolonged treatment (6 weeks). This did not lead to a glomerulonephritis caused by a linear fixation of GBM‐reactive antibodies along the glomerular basement membrane. Only slight‐to‐moderate signs of immune complex nephritis were seen in some of these primates immediately after the 6 weeks treatment, which appeared to be completely reversible in the monkeys within a period of 4 weeks.
The role of a carrier‐determinant and T cells in the induction of liver‐specific autoantibodies in the mouse
Authors: Iverson G. M. , Lindenmann J.
Published: February 2007

The immune response of inbred mice to a water‐soluble liver extract (F‐antigen) from certain allogenic strains of inbred mice is shown to be thymus‐dependent. Mice do not produce any detectable anti‐liver antibody (anti‐F) if they are first rendered tolerant to the histocompatibility antigens carried by the F‐antigen donor. On the other hand, tolerant mice do produce anti‐F if injected with F‐antigen from a donor with a different set of histocompatibility antigens to which they have been rendered tolerant. Breeding experiments show that H‐2 histocompatibility antigens segregate independently of their ability to respond to a given F‐antigen.

An analogy is drawn between this system and the well‐defined hapten‐protein carrier system. The results are discussed in terms of T and B cells in the immune response to F‐antigen in particular, and self‐tolerance in general.
HL‐A antiqens on man‐mouse hybrid cells
Authors: Kano K. , Knowles Barbara B. , Koprowski H. , Milgrom F.
Published: February 2007

Cultures of hybrid cells produced by fusion of human peripheral leukocytes with murine cell cultures were studied by means of mixed agglutination tests. All three hybrids studied contain human species‐specific antigens. HL‐A antigens corresponding to the phenotype of the leukocyte donor were demonstrated in two hybrids. With one of these hybrids, cloning experiments were performed. Five of six clones contained HL‐A antigen controlled by one haplotype. In the remaining clone, which did not have human species‐specific antigens, no HL‐A antigens were detected. The third hybrid contained human alloantigens, but none of the HL‐A antigens detected on the donor leukocytes.
Cell interactions in the immune response in vitro. I. Metabolic activities of T cells in a collaborative antibody response
Authors: Feldmann Marc , Basten A.
Published: February 2007

Cell collaboration between thymus‐derived (T) and non‐thymus‐derived (B) lymphocytes in induction of the response to SRC was investigated in an in vitro test system. Different populations of T cells were found to vary in helper activity depending on their degree of differentiation following exposure to antigen. Activated thymus cells obtained from the spleen of irradiated mice injected with syngeneic thymocytes and SRC proved the most effective, followed by primed T cells and then unprimed T cells. The interaction between T cells and B cells as measured here was specific for both classes of lymphocytes.

The mechanism of T cell action in the collaborative response was analyzed by treating these populations of T cells with agents which became firmly cell bound and could selectively inhibit different aspects of cell metabolism. Mitomycin C was chosen as an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and cell division, actzinomycin D to interfere with RNA synthesis, and antimycin A to block protein synthesis. To exclude significant leakage of inhibitor from T cells to B cells, cultures were stimulated with DNP‐POL, which immunizes B cells directly, as well as with SRC. The development of a normal anti‐DNP response in all cases was confirmation of the integrity of B cell function.

Mitomycin treatment (40 μg/ml) of normal T cells or T cells from mice primed to SRC at least four weeks previously markedly reduced helper activity. In contrast, activated T cells which had recently divided in response to antigen and were enriched for specific antigen reactive cells were resistant to mitomycin; thus effective collaboration with B cells could take place in the absence of further differentiation and division by T cells. All T cell populations, whether normal, primed or activated, were sensitive to treatment with actinomycin D at a concentration of 0.1 μg/ml, or 10−5 M antimycin A. Taken together, these experiments suggest that T cells divide and differentiate over a period of approximately 48 h in vitro. During this time antibody production by B cells is initiated by a process requiring active RNA and protein synthesis in T cells.
Activation of B lymphocytes by locally concentrated concanavalin A
Authors: Andersson J. , Edelman G. M. , Möller G. , Sjöberg O.
Published: February 2007

B lymphocytes are not stimulated by soluble concanavalin A (Con A). However, Con A cross‐linked at the bottom of tissue culture petri dishes could activate DNA synthesis in B cells. Addition of free Con A to such cultures inhibited the proliferative response to insoluble Con A. T lymphocytes were not activated by locally concentrated Con A, although they responded to soluble Con A. In the presence of both soluble and cross‐linked Con A there was a shift in the dose response curve to soluble Con A, the magnitude of which varied with the concentration of cross‐linked Con A.
Helper activity of histocompatibility antigens on cell‐mediated immunity
Authors: Di Marco A. T. , Franceschi C. , Prodi G.
Published: February 2007

Attempts have been made to provoke a cell‐mediated response toward nonimmunogenic antigens by the provision of additional histoincompatibilities on the same cell.

An immunological response has been obtained in a skin grafting system, the male‐to‐female combination in Lewis (L) inbred rats in which non‐reaction has always been observed, by sensitizing L female hosts with (F344 x Lewis)F1 male skin grafts. A premature break of the tolerance induced in L rats to F344 antigens was also obtained by sensitizing tolerant recipients with (F344 x Bf)F1 homograft.

This hybrid's helper effect, which also occurs when the provision of weak histoincompatibilities is tested, requires the involved antigens to be present on the same cell, and the recipients to be capable of reacting against helping antigens.
The binding of human lgG subclasses to human monocytes
Authors: Hay F. C. , Torrigiani G. , Roitt I. M.
Published: February 2007

The direct binding of human IgG subclasses to human monocytes has been measured by autoradiography using radiolabeled myeloma proteins. Only IgGl and IgG3 were found to bind strongly to the monocyte surface. This binding could be inhibited both by fresh human serum and by soluble immune complexes.
The Zipp assay: A method for enumerating cells producing anti‐phage antibody
Authors: Tao T.‐W. , Dresser D. W.
Published: February 2007

A cellular assay enumerating cells producing antibodies against Φ × 174 is described. Antibody‐forming cells are represented by zones of inhibited phage plaques (Zipp) in a background of confluent phage plaques. The number of Zipp‐forming cells (ZFC) is proportional to the number of immune lymphoid cells used, and the ZFC count bears a relationship to the humoral antibody level analogous to that seen with PFC and serum hemolysin titers. Primary and secondary responses in terms of the development of ZFC and of humoral antibody levels to Φ × 174 in CBA/JAX mice and in sheep are reported.
Recognition of conjugated and native peptide determinants. I. Conformational and sequential specificities of rabbit antibodies versus tobacco mosaic virus
Authors: Anderer F. A. , Ströbel G.
Published: February 2007

The presence of antibodies with sequential specificity versus C‐terminal peptides of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) protein in antisera obtained by immunization with intact TMV particles was established. The ratio of sequential antibodies to antibodies with conformational specificity was in the range of 10−4 ‐ 10−5. Sequential antibodies were found to belong predominantly to the 19 S immunoglobulin class. When immunization was performed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant, the ratio of antibody titers changed in favor of sequence specific antibodies and the class distribution of antibodies with sequential specificity was altered in favor of 7 S antibodies.
Stimulation of anti‐hapten response by heterologous protein devoid of hapten
Authors: Bustin M. , Tarrab Rebecca , Straus‐bauch P. H. , Sulica A. , Sela M.
Published: February 2007

Rabbits were immunized with dinitrophenylated proteins. Injections with heterologous proteins were given 11 to 25 days after the primary injection. Spleen cell suspensions from the immunized animals were exposed to either (a) the original antigen, (b) the carrier protein of the original antigen (c) the heterologous protein used for the second injection, and (d) the heterologous protein after it was dinitrophenylated. In all the experiments a significant increase in the anti‐dinitrophenyl response was obtained, whereas no such response was obtained with proteins (or their dinitrophenylated derivatives) to which the animals were not previously exposed. The results suggest that the anti‐hapten response can be significantly augmented by immunization with heterologous hapten‐devoid proteins.
Studies on the immune response of the Numigall, a hybrid of domestic cock and guinea hen
Authors: Oriol R. , Rochas Suzanne , Barbier Yolaine , Mouton Denise , Stiffel Claude , Biozzi G.
Published: February 2007

Immunization of the Numigall with sheep red blood cells or dinitrophenylated, bovine γ‐globulin induced an immune response, similar to that of both parental species in terms of circulating antibodies and rosette‐forming cells.

The main class of normal 7 S immunoglobulins of the three avian species was found to be identical with regard to electrophoretic migration, gel filtration and amount of 125I fixed by both heavy and light chains. The results are compatible with a four chain molecule consisting of two heavy (68 000 daltons) and two light (20 000 daltons) chains.

The avian molecules migrated faster in electrophoresis and came out earlier in gel filtration than human IgG. The molecular weight difference was mainly due to the heavy chains.

A rabbit anti‐human IgG serum demonstrated antigenic cross‐reactions with the main class of avian 7 S immunoglobulins at the level of their separated heavy and light chains.

The cross‐reactions were mainly located in the Fab fragment and very little cross‐reactivity could be attributed to the Fc region of the molecule.