bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LANDSLIDE MAPPING WITH THE CP1 PLOTTER
Authors: Lo C. P.
Published: July 2010

The CP1 plotter has been employed to produce, from low altitude aerial photography, a detailed map at a scale of 1: 1000 of a major landslide which occurred in an urban area of Hong Kong with extreme relief differences. Geomorphological features of the landslide could be interpreted easily from the aerial photographs and shown on the map which provided an accurate record of the disaster. Experiments with computer mapping of the landslide using a limited number of height points obtained by the CP1 plotter have also been carried out and the results indicated that useful data could be obtained rapidly to meet urgent needs for the preliminary stage of investigation and the planning of reconstruction works after the disaster.

A partir d'une couverture aérienne à faible altitude, on a restitué au CP1 et à l'échelle du 1: 1000 une carte détaillée d'un important glissement de terrain survenu à Hong Kong et présentant d'extrêmes variations de relief. Les caractéristiques géomorphologiques du glissement aisément perçues sur les photos aériennes ont été reportées sur la carte. On a mené d'autre part des essais de cartographie numérique à partir de semis produits par le CP1, qui prouvent qu'on peut ainsi obtenir rapidement des données utiles aux enquêtes et mise sur pied des travaux de reconstruction.

Der CP1 Plotter wurde zur Herstellung einer detaillierten Karte im Massstab 1: 1000 nach Luftbildern aus geringer Flughöhe verwendet, um einen grösseren Erdrutsch mit extremen Höhenunterschieden im Stadtgebiet von Honkong zu kartieren. Die geomorphologischen Erscheinungen des Erdrutsches konnten leicht an Hand der Luftbilder interpretiert und auf der Karte dargestellt werden, die eine genaue Aufzeichnung der Katastrophe vermittelte. Es wurden auch Versuche mit einer rechnergesteuerten Kartierung des Erdrutsches mit Hilfe einer begrenzten Menge von Höhenpunkten, die mit dem CP1 Plotter gemessen wurden, durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse besagten, dass dadurch wichtige Daten schnell ermittelt werden können, um dringende Anforderungen für eine vorläufige Einschätzung sowie die Planung des Wiederauf baus nach dem Unglück zu befriedigen.
FILM TRIALS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR FORESTRY IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA
Authors: Spencer R. D.
Published: July 2010

Stimulated by promising overseas results with colour aerial photography and encouraged by its potential for solving local problems, the Forests Commission, Victoria, embarked on a series of trials with colour photography in 1965. Early results showed great promise and resulted in further work. This paper describes the methods and results of 70 mm and 35 mm trials concerned with the evaluation of various photographic films. An important aim of the study was to build up a working knowledge of the techniques of using aerial films other than conventional panchromatic black and white and to assess their value under Australian conditions.

Stimulés par les résultats obtenus outre‐mer en matière de photo aérienne en couleur, et disposant d'un potentiel adéquat, le Forests Commission, Victoria a entrepris en 1965 une série d'essais, dès le départ très encourageants. On décrit ici les essais d'évaluation de différents types de film (70 mm et 35 mm); le but était de se familiariser avec la couleur et d'en étudier les conditions d'emploi sous les latitudes australiennes.

Angeregt durch erfolgversprechende Ergebnisse mit Farbluftbildern in Übersee und ermutigt durch die Möglichkeiten zur Lösung lokaler Probleme unternahm die Forstkommission in Viktoria (Australien) eine Reihe von Versuchen mit Farbaufnahmen im Jahre 1965. Diese Versuche erwiesen sich vielversprechend und wurden fortgesetzt. Im Artikel werden die Verfahren und Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit 70 mm und 35 mm Aufnahmen zur Bewertung verschiedener photographischer Materialien beschrieben. Ein wichtiges Ziel der Untersuchung war das Erlangen von Kenntnissen über die Verfahren zur Verwendung nichtkonventioneller panchromatischer Schwarz‐Weiss‐Filme und deren Bewertung unter australischen Bedingungen.
THE USE OF A NON‐METRIC CAMERA FOR VERY SHORT RANGE DENTAL STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Adams L. P.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes the modification, calibration and testing of a non‐metric Linhof Technika View camera for use in the stereophotogrammetric mapping and analysis of dental features. The importance of correcting for errors of convergence in very short range stereophotogrammetry is stressed.

On décrit les modification, étalonnage et test d'une chambre non métrique Linhof‐Technika en vue de photogrammétrie dentaire; on insiste sur la nécessité qu'il y a de corriger l'erreur de convergence pour de telles études.

Beschreibung des Umbaus, der Kalibrierung und der Testung einer nichtmetrischen Linhof‐Technika‐Kamera für die stereophotogrammetrische Kartierung und Analyse von Zahnstrukturen. Betonung der Bedeutung der Korrektur von Konvergenzfehlern bei der Nahphotogrammetrie mit sehr geringen Aufnahmeentfernungen.
EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH ASPECTS OF NON‐METRIC, CLOSE RANGE ANALOGUE PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Welch R. , Dikkers K.
Published: July 2010

A close range photogrammetric system, developed around a 35 mm Pentax camera fitted with a wide angle lens (f = 21 mm) and an early Zeiss wide angle multiplex, has proved useful for both instruction and research. Student exercises involve all phases of photogrammetry, from establishing ground control to plotting, and permit the integration of useful statistical routines for data analysis. Research applications have centred on the topographic mapping of microscale landforms at scales of 1: 1 to 1: 10 with accuracies of ± 1 mm to ± 5 mm.

Un système mis au point pour la photogrammétrie à courte distance, et dont les éléments essentiels sont une chambre Pentax (f = 21 mm) et un Zeiss grand angle multiplex, a fait la preuve de son utilité tant pour l'instruction que pour la recherche. Les exercices proposés aux étudiants comportent toutes les phases réelles, depuis l'établissement d'un canevas d'appui jusqu'à la restitution. Les applications à la recherche sont centrées sur la cartographie des microreliefs à des échelles variant de 1: 1 à 1: 10 avec des exactitudes variant de ± 1 mm à± 5 mm.

Ein Aufnahme‐ und Auswertesystem zur Nahphotogrammetrie, bestehend aus einer 35 mm Pentax Kamera, die mit einem Weitwinkelobjektiv (f= 21 mm) ausgerüstet war, und ein alter Weitwinkel‐Multiplex von Zeiss haben sich bei der Ausbildung und Forschung als nützlich erwiesen. Bei den studentischen Übungen werden alle Phasen der Auswertung von der Passpunktbestimmung im Gelände bis zur Stereokartierung erfasst, wobei es auch möglich ist, statistische Tests zur Datenanalyse einzubeziehen. Die Forschungsarbeiten konzentrierten sich auf die Herstellung topographischer Karten von kleinmassstäbigen Geländeformen in den Massstäben 1: 1 bis 1: 10 mit Genauigkeiten von ± 1 mm bis ± 5 mm.
USE OF THE LINOSCAN 204D IMAGE GENERATOR IN REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS
Authors: Neilson P. J.
Published: July 2010

This article provides a brief description of the functions and capabilities of an image generating system developed by Linotype‐Paul Limited for the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.

Cet article donne une courte description des fonctions et des possibilités d'un système generateur d'images developpé par Linotype‐Paul Limited pour Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.

Kurze Beschreibung der Funktionen und Fähigkeiten eines bilderzeugenden Systems, das bei der Linotype‐Paul Limited für das Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough entwickelt wurde.
THE REFLEX PLOTTERS: MEASUREMENT WITHOUT PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Scott P. J.
Published: July 2010

Two complementary measuring instruments are described which use a very simple principle and which take three dimensional measurements or plots directly from small objects. The first instrument can achieve accuracies of ± 0·3 mm on objects whose largest dimension is 300 mm. The second can achieve ± 0·02 mm on objects smaller than a 25 mm cube.

On présente deux instruments de mesure complémentaires el de principe très simple permettant de relever dans l'espace des coordonnées sur de petits objets, le premier avec une exactitude de ± 0.3 mm sur des objets de dimension inférieure à 300 mm, le second avec une exactitude de ± 0.02 mm sur des objets de dimension inférieure à 25 mm.

Beschreibung von zwei Zusatzmessgeräten, die auf einem sehr einfachen Prinzip beruhen und mit denen dreidimensionale Messungen oder Auswertungen von kleinen Objekten direkt durchgeführt werden konnen. Mil dem ersten Gerät kann eine Genauigkeit von ± 0,3 mm bei maximalen Objekt abmessungen von 300 mm und mit dem zweiten von ± 0,02 mm bein Objekten, die kleiner als ein 25 mm‐Kubus sind, erreicht werden.
A PHOTOGRAMMETRIC URBAN INFORMATION SYSTEM USING THE CPl PLOTTER
Authors: Lo C. P.
Published: July 2010

An urban information system for the handling and analysis of urban data extracted from aerial photographs by means of the Cartographic Engineering CP1 plotter is described. With reference to two study areas in North Kowloon, Hong Kong, the simplicity, flexibility, speed of production and accuracy of the system is demonstrated. The conclusion is reached that the system can be further improved to serve the needs of urban planners and researchers who have a special interest in photogrammetry.

On décrit un système d'extraction de données urbaines basé sur l'emploi des clichés aériens et du restituteur CP1. Deux essais ont été menes sur l'aire de North Kowloon (Hong Kong) prouvant la simplicité, la flexibilité, la vitesse et l'exactitude du procédé.

Beschreibung eines städtischen Informationssystems zur Gewinnung und Analyse von Daten, die aus Luftbildern mit Hilfe des CP1‐Plotters von Cartographic Engineering gevonnen wurden. Demonstration der Einfachheit, Flexibilität, Schnelligkeit und Genauigkeit dieses Systems an Hand von 2 Testgebieten in North Kowloon in Honkong. Als Schlussfolgerung ergibt sich, dass das System weiter verbessert werden kann, um die Anforderungen von Stadtplanern und Wissenschaftlern zu erfüen, die ihr Interesse an der Photogrammetrie bekundet haben.
THE COMPUTATION OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY BUTE AERIAL TRIANGULATION USING XYZBLC
Authors: Cooper M. A. R.
Published: July 2010

Some aspects of the XYZBLC suite of programs for aerial triangulation are described. The Ordnance Survey Bute block of photography at a scale of 1: 24000 is computed by independent models using XYZBLC. Three of the strips in the block are treated as a test block and are computed with different configurations of control. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the usefulness of height control doublets and other dense control configurations.

Quelques aspects de l'ensemble XYZBLC de logiciels d'aérotriangulation sont décrits. Le bloc Bute de l'Ordnance Survey, composé de photographies à l'échelle du 1: 24000, a été calculé par modèles indépendants avec les logiciels XYZBLC. On a considéré trois des bandes du bloc comme formant un bloc d'essai et on les a calculées avec diverses combinaisons de canevas de points d'appui. On en tire des conclusions quant à l'utilité des doublets de points d'appui altimétriques et de diverses autres configurations denses de canevas d'appui.

Beschreibung einiger Aspekte des XYZBLC‐Programmsystems zur Aero‐triangulation. Ein Block des Ordnance Survey im Bildmassstab 1: 24000 wurde damit nach der Methode der unabhängigen Modelle berechnet. Drei der Streifen des Blocks wurden als Testblock behandelt und mit verschiedenen Passpunktanordnungen berechnet. Es werden Schlussfolgerungen in bezug auf die Nützlichkeit von Zwillingspunkten zur Höhenorientierung und andere dichte Passpunktanordnungen gezogen.
THE USE OF SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR FOR MAPPING
Authors: Dowman I. J. , Morris A. H.
Published: July 2010

There is a growing interest in the potential of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for mapping and for gathering intelligence for map revision. This paper first gives a simple guide to the characteristics of SAR and then describes a study carried out to investigate the geometric properties of the imagery and the information content which is of interest for topographic mapping and the production of large scale plans. The conclusions cautiously indicate a potential although better quality images are required and more information must be known about the optimum conditions which should obtain when the data are recorded.

On assiste à un intérét croissant envers le radar à ouverture synthétique (SAR) et ses possibilityés pour la cartographie et pour la collecte de renseignements utiles à la révision. Ce texte commence par donner un simple rappel des caractéristiques de ces radars pour décrire ensuite une étude effectuée sur le contenu informatif et les proprietyés géométriques de l'imagerie radar, qui intèresse la cartographie topographique et la confection de plans à grande échelle.

Les conclusions font prudemment état d'une potentialité mais soulignent qu'il faudrait disposer d'images de meilleure qualityé et avoir davantage d'informations sur les conditions optimales à respecter lors de l'enregistrement des données.

Es besteht zunehmendes Interesse an den Möglichkeiten von Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur (SAR) zur Kartenherstellung und Erfassung von Daten zur Laufendhaltung. Zunächst wird im Artikel eine einfache Einführung in die SAR‐Charakteristika gegeben. Dann erfolgt eine Beschreibung eines Versuches zur Untersuchung der geometrischen Eigenschaften und des Informationsgehalts, der von Interesse für die Herstellung topographischer und grossmassstäbiger Karten ist. Vorsichtige Schlussfolgerungen ergeben Möglichkeiten zur Verwendung solcher Informationen, wobeijedoch eine bessere Bildqualität zu fordern ist. Auch müssen noch mehr Kenntnisse über die optimalen Bedingungen bezüglich der Datenregistrierung bestehen.
APPLICATION OF THE WILDMAP SYSTEM IN A PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Byrne S. T. , Neill L.
Published: July 2010

A brief account of the background which influenced B.K.S. Surveys Limited to introduce an integrated digital mapping package is presented, followed by an outline of the features of the Wildmap system. The specific photogrammetric hardware configuration and production procedure adopted by B.K.S. are also described.

Cet article donne un rapide compte‐rendu des conditions environnantes qui ont conduit la Société B.K.S. Surveys Limited à se doter d'un ensemble intégré de cartographie numérique. II fournit également un aperçu des caractéristiques du système Wildmap et une description de la configuration particulière du matériel photogrammétrique et de la méthodologie adoptée en production par B.K.S.

Kurze Darstellung von Hintergrundinformationen, die B.K.S. Surveys Ltd. bei der Einführung eines integrierten Programmpakets zur digitalen Kartenherstellung beeinflussten und Skizzierung der Grundzüge des Wildmap‐Systems. Ausserdem werden die spezielle photogrammetrische Hardware und die bei B.K.S. angewandte Technologie beschrieben.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL MAPPING SYSTEM
Authors: Storey P.
Published: July 2010

Observations are made which reflect the ideas behind and experiences gained in the development of a digital mapping system at Clyde Surveys Limited since late 1979. The paper emphasises increased operator responsibility, describes the use of voice recognition equipment and suggests a need for more widespread understanding of digital techniques at all levels of photogrammetric map production.

Cet article se fait l'écho des idées qui sous‐tendent le système de cartographie numérique de la Clyde Surveys Limited et fournit des informations sur l'expérience acquise dans son développement depuis la fin 1979. On y met en relief l'accroissement de responsabilité des opérateurs, et l'on y décrit l'emploi des dispositifs de reconnaissance de la parole. Il serait souhaitable d'obtenir une plus large acceptation des techniques numériques dans toutes les phases de la production des cartes par voie photogrammétrique.

Es erfolgen Mitteilungen über Grundgedanken und Erfahrungen, die bei der Entwicklung eines digitalen Kartiersystems bei Clyde Surveys Ltd. seit Ende 1979 gesammelt wurden. Im Artikel wird die gesliegene Verantwortung des Auswerters hervorgehoben, es erfolgt die Beschreibung einer Ausrüstung zur Erkennung gesprochener Worte und es wird die Notwendigkeit für ein besseres Verständnis digitaler Verfahren auf allen Ebenen der photogrammetrischen Kartenherstellung betont.
A SIMPLE SYSTEM FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING IN SHALLOW WATER
Authors: Fryer J. G.
Published: July 2010

A photogrammetric system that is suitable for shallow water detailed mapping at scales from 1:50 to 1:500 for coastal and harbour engineering projects is described. The results from tests using automatic 35 mm Canon cameras on an elevated platform to determine the accuracy of planimetric and depth co‐ordinates are presented. The economic benefits of stereophotography through shallow water rather than underwater photography are discussed.
DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION: PERFORMANCE AND POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Ackermann F.
Published: July 2010

A procedure for digital image correlation is described which is based on least squares window matching. The immediate aim is high precision parallax assessment, point transfer, and point measurement. Experiments and theory have confirmed the high accuracy potential of the method. By implementation of charge coupled device (CCD) video cameras in an analytical plotter, an experimental hardware and software configuration has been established with which the operational on line application of digital image correlation for conventional photogrammetric measuring tasks can be tested. First results of calibration and performance of the system are presented. They allow optimistic conclusions as to the further development and practical application of digital image processing in photogrammetry.
METRIC CAMERA DATA: ASSESSMENT AND POTENTIAL USE AT L'INSTITUT GÉOGRAPHIQUE NATIONAL
Authors: Ducher G.
Published: July 2010

A short review is given of the involvement of the Institut Géographique National (IGN) in the European Space Agency Spacelab Metric Camera (MC) experiment. IGN has participated in this project from the early stages of its preparation in 1974. The assessment of MC data has been carried out for both metric and thematic purposes. Using a Matra Traster analytical plotter, a contoured map of Carpentras. included in the European standard test site of Marseille, has been prepared at a scale of 1:100 000 with 100 m and 50 m contour intervals. Preliminary comparison of this map with the topographic data base shows a height accuracy of about 30 m. Orthophotographs have been produced of the same area, at 1:100000 scale and at 1:250000 scale. showing good agreement with the basic line map.

An infrared colour pseudo‐orthophotograph has been produced for Khartoum (assuming that the ground was flat) and a space map of a desert area of Algeria has been printed at 1:200000 scale, allowing a good comparison with the drainage shown on the existing line map.

Interpretation of the MC photography has also been assessed and compared with conventional IGN aerial photography taken over the European standard test site. Due to the low sun elevation and the apparent image motion which affected the MC photography, the result is not as good as was expected. Some linear features of 6m width are visible (for example, roads and hedges) but for positive identification a width of 18m is necessary. It is difficult to determine the extent of cities and land parcels less than 40 × 40m are not visible. However, the MC data can be used for checking and revising some features of small scale maps (smaller than 1:100000). Two experiments have been performed in thematic interpretation, one concerned with land use and the other with forest mapping.

Some improvements of the MC are suggested in order to satisfy the major requirements of users while the possibilities of topographic mapping from these data are summarised.
THE HYDROGRAPHIC APPLICATION OF SPACELAB PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Kilbride A. R.
Published: July 2010

Metric Camera photography has been examined by the Hydrographic Department to assess its potential in nautical chart compilation and revision. Some interesting benefits are reported in the positioning and delineation of offshore features.
DIGITAL MAPPING: SOME COMMERCIAL EXPERIENCES
Authors: Byrne S. T.
Published: July 2010

Following the installation of the Wildmap digital mapping system, B.K.S. Surveys Ltd. has successfully completed a number of digital mapping projects in Europe, the Middle East and the United States. As a result of experience gained through meeting clients’requirements, carrying out market research and making in house developments the company has updated its original conceptual approach to digital mapping to meet current demands for a land information system. At present B.K.S. is involved in creating a database that is composed of utility, cadastral and topographical data designed for both graphical output and digital processing for resource planning.
DEVELOPMENTS WITH THE COBLO BLOCK ADJUSTMENT PROGRAM
Authors: Juliá J. E.
Published: July 2010

In spite of the striking progress in block adjustment techniques, it is widely assumed that their application continues to be out of reach for a large part of the photogrammetric community that cannot afford expensive computer systems. The COBLO program performs rigorous block adjustment with models and can be implemented even on inexpensive microcomputers. The first COBLO versions are in operation in several places in South America and Europe and the latest versions, which are considerably more efficient, are now being introduced. This paper describes the main features of different COBLO versions and presents the experience of some users.
INTEGRATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC, REMOTE SENSING AND DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES FOR MAPPING APPLICATIONS
Authors: Welch R. A.
Published: July 2010

The availability of data in digital formats, the rapid evolution of computer systems and the increased demands for cartographic databases are causing photogrammetrists to consider ways of integrating photogrammetric, remote sensing and database technologies. Examples are presented involving the use of aerial photographs and satellite images in combination with geographical information systems and image processing techniques to assess soil erosion, growth of aquatic vegetation and to enhance satellite images for the compilation or revision of map products.
SPOT DATA EVALUATION AND USE AT INSTITUT GÉOGRAPHIQUE NATIONAL, FRANCE
Authors: Foin P.
Published: July 2010

Since the launch of SPOT, Institut Géographique National, France has carried out several investigations concerned with in‐flight evaluation, research operations and the setting up of production flowlines. The aims of assistance to data bank establishment, revision of existing maps and image map and thematic map production have now been achieved for the most part. Some procedures are already operational, including image product making, photogrammetry on SPOT images, classifications on image processing systems, manual information retrieval and image map production. Moreover, various research operations are virtually complete, including automatic correlation, composite processes between aerial photographs and SPOT images, quite promising mathematical morphology associated with expert systems for retrieving linear or complex textured (built up area) elements, and manual cartography on image processing system. These results confirm the great benefits of SPOT system capabilities and the characteristics of flexibility, accuracy and reliability.

The Photogrammetric Society and the Remote Sensing Society held a one‐day symposium at Burlington House, London on 11th November, 1987. The SPOT (Système Probatoire d'observation de la Terre) satellite had then been operational for 18 months and many organisations had been working with the data. This symposium reviewed the operation of the satellite and studies which had been carried out for mapping and for thematic applications. Six of the symposium papers are published here. It is expected that other papers from the symposium will be published in the International Journal of Remote Sensing.
MAP REVISION FROM STEREO‐ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Ali M. J. , Dowman I. J.
Published: July 2010

Map revision is now recognised as the major problem facing mapping organisations in developed countries and to a lesser extent in developing countries. This paper explores the long established, but little used, method of employing stereo‐orthophotographs, in conjunction with two instruments. The Ross Stereo‐orthophoto Plotter was developed specially for this purpose and the Cartographic Engineering CPI stereoplotter has been modified. A description is given of the techniques used to test the accuracy and efficiency of using stereo‐orthophotographs for map revision at large and medium scales. Results indicate that the method is viable.
FUTURE TRENDS IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Gugan D. J.
Published: July 2010

Forecasts are prone to error and forecasters are always liable to criticism. The author has been brave enough to attempt to predict some future trends in photogrammetry.
THE CURRENT INVOLVEMENT OF IGN IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Ducher G.
Published: July 2010

A review of some recent activities undertaken by the Institut Géographique National, France (IGN) in photogrammetry is given in this paper, especially with regard to digital and space data processing, assessment of SPOT images and the development of new instruments and experimental map products. The main topics considered can be divided into three groups: aerial surveying, digital photogrammetry and space photogrammetry (including the possibility of further planetary missions).
STEREOSCOPIC SUPERIMPOSITION
Authors: K)uml;lbl O.
Published: July 2010

The replacement of the graphical map by geographic information systems has modified the requirements in photogrammetric data acquisition. An important element in this context is the possibility of superimposing a digital map into the oculars of photogrammetric measuring systems. The Institute of Photogrammetry, at EPF‐Lausanne, in collaboration with the Institute of Micro‐Informatics and Wild Heerbrugg Ltd., has developed a device for stereoscopic superimposition which is integrated into the photogrammetric measuring system of the Wild S9‐AP. The technical requirements of a stereoscopic superimposition system concerning image quality and scrolling are discussed, followed by a description of the technical implementation and the functioning of the superimposition system. Finally, the operation of the System 9‐AP and various applications are presented.
CONSIDERATIONS OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL FORMAT AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Graham R. W. , Tthomson G. H.
Published: July 2010

Following the success of the symposium held by the Photogrammetric Society on 31st March, 1987, a second one‐day symposium was convened to give further support to the rapidly growing interest in the development of small format photography for aerial survey. This was held at Burlington House, London on 1st November, 1988. Over 70 people attended. Six of the papers are reproduced here, dealing with a range of topics including specifications for and navigation of small format aerial photography, the creation of digital terrain models from 35 mm photography, wildlife surveys in the Arctic and survey photography from model aircraft and tethered balloons.
ARCHITECTURE AND COMPONENTS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC WORKSTATIONS
Authors: Bonjour J.‐D. , Newby P. R. T.
Published: July 2010

Several generations of photogrammetric workstations have followed one another since the analytical plotter was developed at the beginning of the 1960s. The outcome of this evolution, resulting from important developments in mini‐ and microcomputers, is illustrated today by more and more powerful photogrammetric workstations based on distributed processing architecture. This paper introduces present day architectures, as well as hardware and software aspects of the various components of these systems including graphics workstation, real time processor, superimposition system, correlation system and special input/output devices. Finally, an attempt is made to outline the prospects for further evolution.
REAL TIME THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING
Authors: Forrest A. K.
Published: July 2010

An account is given of the importance of photogrammetric techniques in industrial three dimensional problems and the way in which obtaining data in this environment differs from the more common applications. Possible system arrangements are discussed. The particular choice at Imperial College and the resulting system speed and accuracy are presented.
DANISH EXPERIENCES IN GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Brande‐Lavridsen O.
Published: July 2010

Many organisations are today working at establishing information systems and quite a few exist already. When it comes to geographical information systems (GIS), the geographical reference will soon be solved. All new mapping in Denmark is digital and in 1992–93 the country will have complete coverage. In addition, many public registers are already computerised. A lot of other information sources, like utility networks, are still to be converted.

As these developments are in the hands of many different organisations, both private and governmental, this paper will deal with the efforts made to co‐ordinate various activities in a strongly competitive world.

As there is a distinct difference between large scale and small scale GIS activities, this paper will deal mainly with large scale GIS, as should be the case when considering GIS and photogrammetry.
THE IGN (FRANCE) TOPOGRAPHIC DATABASE
Authors: Faad C.
Published: July 2010

The French topographic database is a three dimensional database whose content is very near to that of the IGN 1:25 000 scale maps. It has a metric accuracy and is designed to have three aims (maps at scales of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 and the topographic part of the cadastral map at 1:5000 scale, providing located structured data). The structure, including topology information, is described. The process of data capture is based on photogrammetry and field completion. Experiments concerned with revision are being made in order to define the methodology precisely.
A RELATIVE ORIENTATION FOR MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: King B. A.
Published: July 2010

Relative orientations of eight stereomodels of a motor vehicle accident scene taken with stereometric cameras were made on an Adam Technology MPS‐2 microphotogrammetric system. The most consistent results for the relative orientations were achieved with 12 pass points—six around the extremities and six in the centre of the format. Systematic errors in the direction normal to the photography were detected. Two methods to correct these errors were investigated—scaling of the camera base and computing a camera convergence correction. The best results were achieved with the convergence correction.
THE TOMB OF CHRIST, JERUSALEM: A PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY
Authors: Biddle M. , Cooper M. A. R. , Robson S.
Published: July 2010

Following a brief historical review of the background to this survey of the Tomb of Christ, Jerusalem, some details of the procedures adopted during the 1989 and 1990 site visits are described. Computations and photogrammetry following the 1989 site visit are summarised and illustrated. Some preliminary results of the 1990 control survey computations of quasi‐sequential least squares estimates are given.

Après avoir fourni un bref aperçu historique des conditions dans lesquelles s'est effectué le relevé du Tombeau du Christ, à Jérusalem, les auteurs donnent quelques détails sur les procédés utilisés lors des visites sur le site en 1989 et en 1990. Un résumé accompagnéďillustrations décrit les travaux de calculs et de photogrammétrie qui ont suivi la visite du site en 1989. Quant à celle de 1990, on peut y trouver quelques résultats préliminaires des calculs sur le levé de contrôle, avec des évaluations issues des moindres carrés.

Nach einem kurzen historischen Überblick über die Vorgeschichte dieser Vermessung des Grabes von Christi in Jerusalem werden einige Einzelheiten der 1989 und 1990 während der Besuche vor Ort angewandten Verfahren beschrieben. Die im Anschluβ an die örtlichen Arbeiten im Jahre 1989 durchgeführten Berechnungen und photogrammetrischen Auswertungen werden zusammengefaβt und dargestellt. Schlieβlich werden einige vorläufige Ergebnisse der 1990 erfolgten Berechnungen zur Paβpunktbestimmung mittels quasi‐sequentieller Schätzungen nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate mitgeteilt.
THE 1987–1989 SCOTTISH NATIONAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INITIATIVE
Authors: Kirby R. P.
Published: July 2010

In 1987, the Scottish Office commissioned vertical aerial photography for the whole of Scotland at 1:24 000 scale. The paper describes the need for this national coverage, the physical and economic constraints and the acquisition of the photographs. The principal use of the photography, as a database for measuring land cover change in Scotland, is summarised and numerous other projects are also described.

Le Bureau des Affaires Écossaises a commandé en 1987 une couverture photographique aérienne verticale au 1:24000 sur ľensemble de ľÉcosse. On présente dans cet article les besoins qui ont motivé cette couverture, les contraintes économiques el physiques correspondantes et le déroulement de sa saisie. On donne un aperçu de la principale utilisation de ces photographies, destiniées à constituter une base de données pour la détermination des modifications intervenues en Écosse dans ľoccupation du sol; de nombreux autres projets sont également mentionées.

Im Jahre 1987 gab das Scottish Office Auftrag zur Luftbildaufnahme im Maβstab 1:24000 von ganz Schottland. Im Artikel werden die Notwendigkeit für diese vollständige nationale Bedeckung, für die physikalischen und ökonomischen Zwangsbedingungen und für die Beschaffung der Fotos beschrieben. Die prinzipielle Nutzung der Fotografie als Datenbasis zur Bestimmung der Landnutzungsänderung in Schottland wird hervorgehoben und zahlreiche andere Projekte werden ebenso beschrieben.
MAPPING THE BRITISH ANTARCTIC TERRITORY USING A 70 MM RECONNAISSANCE CAMERA AND SATELLITE IMAGERY
Authors: Thomson J. W. , Thomson M. R. A. , Norms G. N.
Published: July 2010

A technique for preparing simple, large scale maps of remote and poorly surveyed areas is described, whereby semicontrolled aerial photograph print laydowns are superimposed on enlarged satellite imagery.

On décrit une technique permettant de réaliser des cartes à grande échelle, simples, sur des régions lointaines et mal cartographiées: elle consiste à superposer des photomoisai'ques aériennes à des agrandissements ďimages‐satellite.

Beschreibung eines Verfahrens zur Herstellung einfacher groβmaβ‐stäbiger Karten von entlegenen, nur gering vermessenen Gebieten, wobei paβpunktmäβig gering gestützte Luftbildverbände vergröβerten Satelliten‐bildern überlagert werden.
EXPERIENCES IN CALIBRATING SMALL FORMAT CAMERAS
Authors: Burnside C. D. , Marshall H. P.
Published: July 2010

With the wider use of small format cameras for photogrammetric purposes and the requirement of companies to maintain a high level of quality assurance, there has been an increasing demand for the calibration and re‐calibration of metric, semimetric and non‐metric cameras. University College London has developed a technique for calibrating a range of small format cameras and this paper details the methods used and summarises the results obtained.

Au fur et à mesure que se répand ľemploi ďappareils à petit format dans les applications photogramétriques et que les entreprises demandent le maintien ďun haut niveau de qualityé, on assiste à des exigences accrues pour ľetalonnage et le ré‐étalonnage des chambres métriques, quasi‐métriques et non métriques.

On a mis au point àľUniversity College de Londres une méthode pour étalonner toute une gamme ďappareils à petit format; on présente celle‐ci en détail dans cet article en résumant les résultats obtenus.

Mit der breiteren Nutzung von Kleinformat‐Kameras für photogram‐metrische Zwecke und der Forderung von Betrieben nach einem hohen Qualitätssicherungs‐niveau haben sich gesteigerte Anforderungen an die Kalibrierung und Rekalibrierung von Meβkammern, Teilmeβkammern und Nichtmeβkammern ergeben. Am University College in London wurde ein Verfahren zur Kalibrierung einer Reihe von Kleinformatkameras entwickelt, und in diesem Artikel werden die Methoden im Detail dargestellt und die erhaltenen Ergebnisse zusammengefaβt.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE FEASIBILITY OF USING A LOW COST DECCA NAVIGATOR FOR VERTICAL AERIAL BLOCK PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Ekin W. H.
Published: July 2010

An investigation has been made into the feasibility of using a low cost Decca navigation receiver for vertical aerial block photography. The latest generation of low cost Decca receivers, manufactured by Philips, represents a substantial advance, but while the marine version, type APN Mark 4, has sufficiently high resolution to be of use, it fails at light aircraft speeds. The aeronautical version works well at light aircraft speeds but its resolution is not sufficiently high. However, the Mark 5 marine version has now been developed and initial airborne trials have proved very satisfactory.

On a effectué une recherche sur la possibilitéď utiliser un récepteur de navigation Decca bon marché pour la saisie de blocs de photographies aériennes verticales. Les récepteurs bon marché Decca de la dernière génération, construits par Philips, constituent un progrès considérable; mais si la version marine, modèle APN‐Mark 4, a une résolution suffisamment grande pour un tel emploi, elle n‘est pas adaptéà la vitesse ď un vecteur aérien même léger. En revanche la version aérienne fonctionne bien à la vitesse des avions légers, mais sa résolution n'est pas suffisante. II semble toutefois que la nouvelle version marine Mark 5 qui vient ďêtre développé, ait subi avec succès ses premiers essais aériens.

Zur Nutzbarkeit eines preiswerten Decca‐Navigationsempfängers für die Aufnahme von Luftbildblöcken wurden Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die neueste Generation billiger Decca‐Empfänger von Philips stellt einen substantiellen Fortschritt dar, aber während die marine Version vom Typ APN Mark 4 eine genügend hohe Auflösungfür die Anwendung hat, versagt sie bei Geschwindigkeiten leichter Flugzeuge.

Die aeronautische Version arbeitet gut bei Geschwindigkeiten von Leichtflugzeugen, aber ihre Auflösung ist nicht ausreichend. Jetzt wird aber die marine Version Mark 5 entwickelt, und erste Luftversuche haben sich als sehr zufriedenstellend erwiesen.
The frequency of early, spontaneous miscarriage associated with the leu33pro polymorphism of Glycoprotein IIIa: A pilot study
Authors: LAMBRINOUDAKI Irene , ARMENI Eleni , KAPAROS George J. , CHRISTODOULAKOS George E. , SERGENTANIS Theodor N. , ALEXANDROU Andreas , CREATSA Maria , KOUSKOUNI Evangelia
Published: July 2010

Background: Inherited thrombophilia is associated with both poor obstetrical outcomes and increased cardiovascular risk later in life. In fact, a personal history of spontaneous miscarriage is reported to increase the risk of subsequent ischaemic heart disease.

Aims: This pilot study aims to evaluate the association between genetic polymorphism‐related increased risk of arterial thrombosis and the history of spontaneous miscarriage early in pregnancy, among healthy postmenopausal women.

Methods: The following polymorphisms were assessed in 84 healthy post‐menopausal women: Glycoprotein IIIa leu33pro, Apolipoprotein E2/E3/E4, Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, Apolipoprotein B arg3500gln, Paraoxonase 1 gln182arg, Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 4G/5G, Cholesterol‐7α‐hydroxylase and Cholesterol ester transfer protein (ΤaqIB) B1/B2. The association between the polymorphisms and history of spontaneous pregnancy loss was evaluated.

Results: The frequency of the PLA2allele of glycoprotein IIIa was significantly higher in women who experienced spontaneous miscarriage when compared with controls (P = 0.033). Glycoprotein IIIa leu33pro polymorphism correlated positively with the frequency of spontaneous miscarriage (P = 0.027). Among women reporting miscarriage, 55.6% were heterozygous compared with 44.4% who were wild type. We found no significant association between any of the other polymorphisms and spontaneous pregnancy loss.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that Glycoprotein IIIa leu33pro polymorphism is associated with early, spontaneous miscarriage. The causative role of this polymorphism as a risk factor of pregnancy loss needs further investigation by prospective studies.
Summary of an International Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Usage
Authors: Hedberg Hollis D.
Published: July 2010

International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification [Report No. 7b; editor H. D. Hedberg]: Summary of an International Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Usage. Boreas, Vol. 1, pp. 213–239. Oslo, 1st September, 1972. [Co‐published with Lethaia, Vol. 5, pp. 297–323].

Six published reports (and some 40 circulars) of the International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification (ISSC) constitute the principal bases for the initial edition of an International Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Usage. The published reports on Lithostratigraphic Units, Biostratigraphic Units, Chronostratigraphic Units, and Stratotypes are advance chapters of the Guide. The following Summary, which with the preceding Introduction will form the first chapter of the completed Guide, provides a concise and condensed statement of principles, definitions, and proposed rules, which are elaborated in more detail in the published reports and individual chapters of the Guide.
Pleistocene ‘periglacial’ phenomena in southern Africa
Authors: BUTZER KARL W.
Published: July 2010

True ‘periglacial’ forms and deposits of late (and middle) Pleistocene age can be recognized in the Drakensberg and the adjacent parts of the Cape Province in the latitudinal zone 28° 30′‐31°20′ S; lower limits in the eastern Cape and Natal appear to lie near 1500–1800 m, rising from southwest to northeast, and at 2600 m in Lesotho. Significant nivation in the Drakensberg is also indicated, but at higher elevations. Alleged ‘periglacial’ phenomena in Rhodesia, the Transvaal, the Cape Folded Ranges and their coastal margin are not acceptable as such and include no evidence for cryonival or geliflual proceses. Nonetheless, there is bonafide evidence for several phases of accelerated Pleistocene frost‐weathering, including sections of the Cape Coast that experience next to no frost today and would require a winter temperature depression of at least 10° C. It cannot be disputed that southern Africa has experienced cold, glacial‐age climates, but there is a serious problem about many of the geomorphological observations or their interpretation.
Aspects of the Weichselian chronology in central East Greenland
Authors: HJORT SVEND FUNDER AND CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2010

From central East Greenland, C14 ages between 19,500 > 40,000 years B.P. have been obtained for six samples of marine bivalve shells. The ages seem to be consistent with geological observations and form the basis for a tentative chronology for the Weichselian ice age in the region. It appears that the maximum glaciation during Weichselian times was attained more than 40,000 years ago, and that since then ice‐free areas have existed. This assumption agrees with evidence of botanical refugia in the region, and the restricted glacier activity especially during the Upper Pleniglacial (ca. 30,000–15,000 years B.P.) is explained by a reduced supply of moisture. A comparison with evidence from other parts of Greenland indicates that different glacial histories can be expected for different sectors of the Greenland Inland Ice.
Carbon isotope variations and fractionation corrections in 14C dating
Authors: OLSSON INGRID U. , OSADEBE FRANCIS A. N.
Published: July 2010

The formulas for correcting 14C measurements are explained. The expected ranges of the δ13C values for some types of samples are given. It is pointed out that the corrections are approximate because of the choice of correction formula, and that all samples arc normalized to wood samples instead of to carbon dioxide of the air. Some results from the Uppsala laboratory for plant materials and carbonates are given.
Thermokarst — a mechanism of de‐icing ice‐cored moraines
Authors: HEALY TERRY R.
Published: July 2010

Thermokarst features occur widely in the younger ice‐cored moraines and kame terraces in the Dry Valleys region of Victoria Land, Antarctica Common forms are melt dolines, caves, natural bridges, and subsurface. flow. Such features typically develop in stagnant glacial ice with a low material exchange.

The development of a thermokarst cave system near the Taylor Glacier during the southern summer of 1973–74 is described, and the role of the thermokarst process in land‐form development in the Dry Valleys area is discussed.
Glacial activity in New Zealand near the Pleistocene‐Holocene boundary in the light of new radiocarbon dates
Authors: BURROWS COLIN J. , CHINN TREVOR , KELLY MICHAEL
Published: July 2010

Burrows, C. J., Chinn, T. & Kelly, M. 1976 08 01: Glacial activity in New Zealand near the Pleistocene‐Holocene boundary in the light of new radiocarbon dates.

Although glaciers in New Zealand were diminishing from the late Pleistocene onwards, there remained an extensive ice cover, greater than at present, well into early Holocene. The Birch Hill advances are dated to just before the Pleistocene‐Holocene boundary at 10,000 B.P., and at least two lesser advances are recognised, at 9000 B.P. and 8000 B.P. A general parallel with northern hemisphere glacial activity is drawn.
Till body morphology and structure related to glacier flow
Authors: SHAW JOHN
Published: July 2010

Tills are described which occur in ridges and mounds arranged both parallel and transverse to the flow direction of the depositing glacier. Field localities are drawn from the English Midlands, Western Canada, and South Victoria Land, Antarctica. The tills retain textural and structural properties associated with glacial transport, and have suffered a minimum of redistribution suhsequent to their release from glacier ice. It is shown that ridges and mounds cannot he explained in terms of preferential till accretion. An alternative mechanism is presented in which form and structurc are a result of redistribution of debris in transport by secondary flows in ice.

Flutings are longitudinal forms which are related to helicoidal flow cells. Fabric distributions, patterns of till thickness, and internal structure support the helicoidal flow hypothesis.

Debris entrainment by Antarctic cold‐based glaciers is explained by consideration of the morphology and sedimentology of the ice margin and the pattern of glacier flow. Deposition by sublimation and melt‐out produces an upwards succession of (1) undisturbed proglacial deposits; (2) a complex of poorly sorted flow deposits intercalated with sorted and stratified water‐lain deposits; (3) foliated till with sub‐horizantal jointing and isolated clasts. A section shobbing this succession is described from Taylor Valley, Antarctica.

Transverse asymmetric ridges are related to till stacking by over‐folding in the marginal compressive zone of cold‐based glaciers. Plastic deformation of the debris‐laden ice may be enhanced by incorporated salts. The folding process is illustrated by structures within Taylor glacier, and is used to explain Pleistocene landforms and structures in Shropshirc, England and Taylor Valley, Antarctica.