bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of applying a diabetes risk score in primary care on change in physical activity: a pragmatic cluster randomised trial
Authors: Seidel-Jacobs Esther , Kohl Fiona , Tamayo Miguel , Rosenbauer Joachim , Schulze Matthias B. , Kuss Oliver , Rathmann Wolfgang
Published: May 2022

Aim

There is little evidence of the impact of diabetes risk scores on individual diabetes risk factors, motivation for behaviour changes and mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of applying a noninvasive diabetes risk score in primary care as component of routine health checks on physical activity and secondary outcomes.

Methods

Cluster randomised trial, in which primary care physicians (PCPs), randomised (1:1) by minimisation, enrolled participants with statutory health insurance without known diabetes, ≥ 35 years of age with a body mass index ≥ 27.0 kg/m2. The German Diabetes Risk Score was applied as add-on to the standard routine health check, conducted in the controls. Primary outcome was the difference in participants’ physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) after 12 months. Secondary outcomes included body mass index, perceived health, anxiety, depression, and motivation for lifestyle change. Analysis was by intention-to-treat principle using mixed models.

Results

36 PCPs were randomised; remaining 30 PCPs (intervention: n = 16; control: n = 14) recruited 315 participants (intervention: n = 153; controls: n = 162). A slight increase in physical activity was observed in the intervention group with an adjusted mean change of 388 (95% confidence interval: − 235; 1011) metabolic equivalents minutes per week. There were no relevant changes in secondary outcomes.

Conclusions

The application of a noninvasive diabetes risk score alone is not effective in promoting physical activity in primary care.

Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03234322, registration date: July 31, 2017).
Online k-taxi via Double Coverage and time-reverse primal-dual
Authors: Buchbinder Niv , Coester Christian , Naor Joseph
Published: May 2022

We consider the online k-taxi problem, a generalization of the k-server problem, in which k servers are located in a metric space. A sequence of requests is revealed one by one, where each request is a pair of two points, representing the start and destination of a travel request by a passenger. The goal is to serve all requests while minimizing the distance traveled without carrying a passenger. We show that the classic Double Coverage algorithm has competitive ratio $$2^k-1$$

2
k

-
1

on HSTs, matching a recent lower bound for deterministic algorithms. For bounded depth HSTs, the competitive ratio turns out to be much better and we obtain tight bounds. When the depth is $$d\ll k$$

d
≪
k

, these bounds are approximately $$k^d/d!$$

k
d

/
d
!

. By standard embedding results, we obtain a randomized algorithm for arbitrary n-point metrics with (polynomial) competitive ratio $$O(k^c\Delta ^{1/c}\log _{\Delta } n)$$

O
(

k
c

Δ

1
/
c

log
Δ

n
)

, where $$\Delta $$
Δ
is the aspect ratio and $$c\ge 1$$

c
≥
1

is an arbitrary positive integer constant. The previous known bound was $$O(2^k\log n)$$

O
(

2
k

log
n
)

. For general (weighted) tree metrics, we prove the competitive ratio of Double Coverage to be $$\Theta (k^d)$$

Θ
(

k
d

)

for any fixed depth d, and in contrast to HSTs it is not bounded by $$2^k-1$$

2
k

-
1

. We obtain our results by a dual fitting analysis where the dual solution is constructed step-by-step backwards in time. Unlike the forward-time approach typical of online primal-dual analyses, this allows us to combine information from both the past and the future when assigning dual variables. We believe this method can also be useful for other problems. Using this technique, we also provide a dual fitting proof of the k-competitiveness of Double Coverage for the k-server problem on trees.
Characterization of a New Zinc Fixed-Point Cell for ITS-90 Realization
Authors: Lopardo G. , Dematteis R. , Steur P. P. M.
Published: May 2022

A new zinc fixed-point cell for the dissemination of International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) was realized at the Italian National Metrological Institute (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, INRiM). This paper presents the results of its characterization, including fabrication details. In particular, immersion effects and influences of impurities on the freezing point of zinc were studied. The new open-type cell was prepared using a high purity sample, chemically analyzed, and the depression of the fixed-point temperature was calculated using the method of Sum of Individual Estimates (SIE). The new cell presents a smaller freezing point depression compared with the national reference for which the Overall Maximum Estimate (OME) method was applied. This behavior was confirmed also by the direct comparison of the two cells. These results provide confidence on the agreement between the experimental comparison and the SIE/OME evaluation. Finally, the improvement of the new zinc cell is reflected also in a lower uncertainty budget for the fixed-point realization.
COVID-19 and corticosteroids: a narrative review
Authors: El-Saber Batiha Gaber , Al-Gareeb Ali I. , Saad Hebatallah M. , Al-kuraishy Hayder M.
Published: May 2022

It has been reported that corticosteroid therapy was effective in the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and recently in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs that mitigate the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 and other viral pneumonia, despite a reduction of viral clearance; corticosteroids inhibit the development of cytokine storm and multi-organ damage. The risk–benefit ratio should be assessed for critical COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, corticosteroid therapy is an effective way in the management of COVID-19, it reduces the risk of complications primarily acute lung injury and the development of ARDS. Besides, corticosteroid therapy mainly dexamethasone and methylprednisolone are effective in reducing the severity of COVID-19 and associated comorbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Ameliorated Iron Accumulation and Apoptosis and Promoted Neuronal Regeneration and Memory/Cognitive Functions in the Hippocampus Induced by Exposure to a Chronic High-Altitude Hypoxia Environment
Authors: Chen Chen , Li Bo , Chen Haotian , Qin Yuhui , Cheng Junying , He Bo , Wan Yixuan , Zhu Dongyong , Gao Fabao
Published: May 2022

We aimed to explore the protective effects and potential treatment mechanism of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in an animal model of chronic exposure in a natural high-altitude hypoxia (HAH) environment. Behavioral alterations were assessed with the Morris water maze test. Iron accumulation in the hippocampus was detected by using DAB enhanced Perls’ staining, MRI, qPCR and colorimetry, respectively. Oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, MDA), apoptosis (Caspase-3), and neural regeneration (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) were detected by using ELISA and western blotting. Neural ultrastructural changes were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that learning and memory performance of rats decreased when exposure to HAH environment. It was followed by iron accumulation, dysfunctional iron metabolism, reduced BDNF and the upregulation of MDA and Caspase-3. TEM confirmed the ultrastructural changes in neurons and mitochondria. EGCG reduced HAH-induced cognitive impairment, iron deposition, oxidative stress, and apoptosis and promoted neuronal regeneration against chronic HAH-mediated neural injury.
Dynamic response and chaotic behavior of a controllable flexible robot
Authors: Ban Caixia , Cai Ganwei , Wei Wei , Peng Sixu
Published: May 2022

Flexible robots with controllable mechanisms have advantages over common tandem robots in vibration magnitude, residual vibration time, working speed, and efficiency. However, abnormal vibration can sometimes occur, affecting their operation. Traditionally only simple mechanisms are considered in studying abnormal vibration, omitting reference to important chaotic phenomena caused by the flexibility of the mechanism rod. In order to better understand the causes of abnormal vibration, our work takes a controllable flexible robot with a complex series-parallel mechanism as a research object and uses a combination of Lagrangian and finite element methods to establish its nonlinear elastic dynamics. The effectiveness of the model is verified by comparing the calculated frequency with the frequency measured in a test. The time-domain diagram, phase diagram, Poincaré map, maximum Lyapunov exponent, and bifurcation diagram of the elastic motion of the robot wrist are studied, and the chaotic phenomena in the system are identified through the phase diagram, Poincaré map, the maximum Lyapunov exponent, and the bifurcation diagram. The relationship between the parameters of the robot motion and the maximum Lyapunov exponent is discussed, including trajectory angular speed and radius. The results show that chaotic behavior exists in the controllable flexible robot and that trajectory angular speed and radius all have an influence on the chaotic motion. Our work provides a theoretical basis for further research on the control and optimal design of flexible robot mechanisms.
Eat AND Study but Wii OR Ski! Differentiating Between ‘Basic’ and ‘Non-basic’ Dimensions in a Multidimensional Index
Authors: Krishnakumar Jaya , Biggeri Mario , Vincenzo Mauro
Published: May 2022

Measuring and monitoring multidimensional wellbeing have become central issues in international policy debates in recent years. Interpreting heterogeneity in achievement levels across dimensions in terms of individual freedom of choice, and arguing that the degree of substitutability should not only depend on this variation, but also on the typology of dimensions, we propose a Generalized Multidimensional Synthetic index that introduces several layers of flexibility in the aggregation methodology. We classify dimensions into different groups, for example basic and non-basic, and allow for varying substitutability rates within as well as between groups. After examining the theoretical properties of the new index, we perform simulation experiments which highlight the salient features of our index compared to other frequently used indices.
Distributional anchor regression
Authors: Kook Lucas , Sick Beate , Bühlmann Peter
Published: May 2022

Prediction models often fail if train and test data do not stem from the same distribution. Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization to unseen, perturbed test data is a desirable but difficult-to-achieve property for prediction models and in general requires strong assumptions on the data generating process (DGP). In a causally inspired perspective on OOD generalization, the test data arise from a specific class of interventions on exogenous random variables of the DGP, called anchors. Anchor regression models, introduced by Rothenhäusler et al. (J R Stat Soc Ser B 83(2):215–246, 2021.10.1111/rssb.12398), protect against distributional shifts in the test data by employing causal regularization. However, so far anchor regression has only been used with a squared-error loss which is inapplicable to common responses such as censored continuous or ordinal data. Here, we propose a distributional version of anchor regression which generalizes the method to potentially censored responses with at least an ordered sample space. To this end, we combine a flexible class of parametric transformation models for distributional regression with an appropriate causal regularizer under a more general notion of residuals. In an exemplary application and several simulation scenarios we demonstrate the extent to which OOD generalization is possible.
Dispositional realism without dispositional essences
Authors: Tugby Matthew
Published: May 2022

Dispositional realism, as we shall use the term, is a non-reductive, anti-Humean approach to dispositions which says that natural properties confer certain dispositions as a matter of metaphysical necessity. A strong form of dispositional realism is known as pan-dispositionalism, which is typically interpreted as the view that all natural properties are identical with, or essentially dependent on, dispositions. One of the most serious problems facing pan-dispositionalism is the conceivability objection, and the solution commonly offered by essentialists employs the so-called redescription strategy. In this paper I argue that this orthodox strategy fails in certain cases. This argument, in turn, shows that essentialist forms of dispositional realism are implausible. The discussion points us towards an improved version of dispositional realism. According to this new version, natural properties are not essentially dispositional butnecessarily grounddispositions.
Everyday anxious doubt
Authors: Vazard Juliette
Published: May 2022

In this article I examine the role of anxiety in our motivation to reassess our epistemic states, by taking as a starting point a proposal put forward by Levy (Philosophers' Imprint 16:1–10, 2016), according to which anxiety is responsible for the ruminations and worries about threatening possibilities that we sometimes get caught up into in our everyday life. Levy’s claim is that these irrational persistent thoughts about possible states of affairs are best explained by anxiety, rather than by beliefs, degrees of belief, or other mental states. I will take Levy’s article as a starting point into my study of the role of anxiety in our inclinations to question the epistemic quality of our cognitive states. While I believe that Levy is right in directing our attention to the role of anxiety in these cases, his claim calls for further explanation into the nature of anxiety, and into the mechanisms through which anxiety generates these doubts. Although the relation between anxiety and doubt has already been highlighted (Hookway in: Can J Philos 28:203–225, 1998, Epistemology and emotions, Ashgate Publishing, Hampshire, 2008), there has been little effort to elaborate on the mechanisms through which an affective state like anxiety generates a motivation to reassess our beliefs. This paper is an attempt at providing such an elaboration. Clarifying the role of anxiety in these phenomena will lead me to revise a common assumption about the interactions between anxiety and higher-level cognitive processes, such as the ones involved in representing hypothetical threatening scenarios through mental imagery.
Effectiveness, safety, and healthcare costs associated with rivaroxaban versus warfarin among venous thromboembolism patients with obesity: a real-world study in the United States
Authors: Berger Jeffrey S. , Laliberté François , Kharat Akshay , Lejeune Dominique , Moore Kenneth Todd , Jung Young , Lefebvre Patrick , Ashton Veronica
Published: May 2022

Prior observational studies suggest rivaroxaban is safe and effective among patients with morbid obesity who suffered a venous thromboembolism (VTE) event, but existing data are more limited in the broader population of VTE patients with obesity. This study assessed VTE recurrence, major bleeding, healthcare resource utilization, and healthcare costs among VTE patients with obesity who received rivaroxaban versus warfarin. VTE patients with obesity who initiated rivaroxaban or warfarin after a first VTE (index date) were identified from the IQVIA PharMetrics® Plus database (01/02/2011–09/30/2019). The follow-up period spanned from the index date until health plan disenrollment, end of data availability, cancer diagnosis/treatment, end of the 12 month post-index period, or (for the analysis of major bleeding) anticoagulant discontinuation or switch. Patient characteristics were balanced using inverse probability of treatment weighting. The weighted rivaroxaban (N = 8666) and warfarin cohorts (N = 5946) were well balanced (mean age = 51 years, females = 52%). Over a 9.6 months mean observation period, rivaroxaban users had a significantly lower risk of VTE recurrence [7.0% vs. 8.2%, HR(95% CI) = 0.85(0.75;0.97)] and a similar risk of major bleeding [4.1% vs. 3.6%, HR(95% CI) = 1.11(0.89;1.37)] relative to warfarin users at 12 months. Relative to warfarin users, rivaroxaban users had significantly fewer all-cause outpatient visits [RR(95% CI) = 0.71(0.70;0.74)]. The higher pharmacy costs incurred by rivaroxaban recipients (cost difference = $1252) were offset by lower medical costs (cost difference = − $2515, all p < 0.05) compared with warfarin recipients. Our findings suggest that rivaroxaban is safe and effective versus warfarin, and associated with lower medical costs among VTE patients with obesity.
Long short-term enhanced memory for sequential recommendation
Authors: Duan Jiasheng , Zhang Peng-Fei , Qiu Ruihong , Huang Zi
Published: May 2022

Sequential recommendation is a stream of studies on recommender systems, which focuses on predicting the next item a user interacts with by modeling the dynamic sequence of user-item interactions. Since being born to explore the dynamic tendency of variable-length temporal sequence, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have been paid much attention in this area. However, the inherent defects caused by the network structure of RNNs have limited their applications in sequential recommendation, which are mainly shown on two factors: RNNs tend to make point-wise predictions and ignore the collective dependencies because the temporal relationships between items change monotonically; RNNs are likely to forget the essential information during processing long sequences. To solve these problems, researchers have done much work to enhance the memory mechanism of RNNs. However, although previous RNN-based methods have achieved promising performance by taking advantage of external knowledge with other advanced techniques, the improvement of the intrinsic property of existing RNNs has not been explored, which is still challenging. Therefore, in this work, we propose a novel architecture based on Long Short-Term Memories (LSTMs), a broadly-used variant of RNNs, specific for sequential recommendation, called Long Short-Term enhanced Memory (LSTeM), which boosts the memory mechanism of original LSTMs in two ways. Firstly, we design a new structure of gates in LSTMs by introducing a “Q-K-V” triplet, a mechanism to accurately and properly model the correlation between the current item and the user’s historical behaviors at each time step. Secondly, we propose a “recover gate” to remedy the inadequacy of memory caused by the forgetting mechanism, which works with a dynamic global memory embedding. Extensive experiments have demonstrated that LSTeM achieves comparable performance to the state-of-the-art methods on the challenging datasets for sequential recommendation.
Role of zinc as an essential microelement for algal growth and concerns about its potential environmental risks
Authors: El-Agawany Nagwa I. , Kaamoush Mona I. A.
Published: May 2022

This work aims to measure the role of zinc as an essential micronutrient for algal growth and the effect of using different concentrations of this heavy metal on growth and essential metabolites of Dunaliella tertiolecta. The EC50 obtained was around 15 mg/l. The results obtained proved that lower concentrations of the element increased growth and the content of the measured metabolites (photosynthesis pigments, fatty acids, and protein) but with different responses. The increase in content of these metabolic products with low concentrations of the tested heavy metal may be attributed to inhibition to these metabolites’ export out of cells by heavy metals. The obtained infrared peaks of the major cell constituents of the treated cells revealed the emergence of new peaks and the removal of others, indicating changes in cell constituents due to changing zinc concentrations.
Industry 4.0 real-world testing of dynamic organizational life cycle assessment (O-LCA) of a ceramic tile manufacturer
Authors: Cucchi Marco , Volpi Lucrezia , Ferrari Anna Maria , García-Muiña Fernando E. , Settembre-Blundo Davide
Published: May 2022

In manufacturing, Industry 4.0 operating models enable greener technologies. Thanks to digital technologies, environmental sustainability and organizational competitiveness are mutually reinforcing. The challenge for manufacturing organizations is to understand and quantify the magnitude of this synergistic action, and the holistic perspective of life cycle assessment tools may be a solution to the problem. Organizational Life Cycle Assessment (O-LCA) unlike Product Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is still an under-researched methodology with few applications in manufacturing contexts. This paper aims to fill this gap by implementing and validating O-LCA in the case of an Italian ceramic tile manufacturer. Following the O-LCA guidelines and exploiting Industry 4.0 technologies to perform the inventory analysis, the environmental assessment was conducted in three different plants, comparing the sum of the partial impact results with the overall results scaled to the whole organization. The experimental results demonstrated the validity of the organizational approach as an appropriate methodological option to obtain relevant information on environmental performance that, being based on empirical evidence, better support decision-making processes. Furthermore, the study provides empirical evidence of how Industry 4.0 is an enabler not only for the adoption of greener technologies, but especially for facilitating the organizational environmental impact assessment that is the necessary condition in order to set up and maintain greener manufacturing contexts.
Exploring data-driven service innovation—aligning perspectives in research and practice
Authors: Schymanietz Martin , Jonas Julia M. , Möslein Kathrin M.
Published: May 2022

Data collected from interconnected devices offer wide-ranging opportunities for data-driven service innovation that delivers additional or new value to organizations’ customers and clients. While previous studies have focused on traditional service innovation and servitization, few scholarly works have examined the influence of data on these two concepts. With the aim of deepening the understanding of data as a key resource for service innovation and overcoming challenges for a broader application, this study combines a systematic literature review and expert interviews. This study (a) synthesizes the various existing definitions of a data-driven service, (b) investigates attributes of data-driven service innovation, and (c) explores the corresponding organizational capabilities. The goal is to examine the repercussions of data utilization for service provision. The findings indicate that the use of data makes service innovation more complex. Data add new attributes, including a data-oriented culture; issues of data access, data ownership, privacy, and standardization; as well as the potential for new revenue models. The paper contributes to current discussions by providing an aligned perspective of theory and practice in data-driven service innovation and recommending that managers implement a culture and strategy that embraces the specifics of data usage.
Regression markets and application to energy forecasting
Authors: Pinson Pierre , Han Liyang , Kazempour Jalal
Published: May 2022

Energy forecasting has attracted enormous attention over the last few decades, with novel proposals related to the use of heterogeneous data sources, probabilistic forecasting, online learning, etc. A key aspect that emerged is that learning and forecasting may highly benefit from distributed data, though not only in the geographical sense. That is, various agents collect and own data that may be useful to others. In contrast to recent proposals that look into distributed and privacy-preserving learning (incentive-free), we explore here a framework called regression markets. There, agents aiming to improve their forecasts post a regression task, for which other agents may contribute by sharing their data for their features and get monetarily rewarded for it. The market design is for regression models that are linear in their parameters, and possibly separable, with estimation performed based on either batch or online learning. Both in-sample and out-of-sample aspects are considered, with markets for fitting models in-sample, and then for improving genuine forecasts out-of-sample. Such regression markets rely on recent concepts within interpretability of machine learning approaches and cooperative game theory, with Shapley additive explanations. Besides introducing the market design and proving its desirable properties, application results are shown based on simulation studies (to highlight the salient features of the proposal) and with real-world case studies.
Extending a Hand: Corruption and Solidarity with the Less Privileged Domestically and Beyond
Authors: Malmberg Fredrik G.
Published: May 2022

Social cohesion, often operationalized using measures of generalized social trust, has received enormous amounts of attention in previous scholarly work. However, another dimension of this broad phenomenon, norms of social solidarity, has meanwhile largely been overlooked in previous research. This study analyzes the association between micro-perceptions of corruption and solidarity with the less privileged both domestically and beyond, and how this association might vary across different societies with different types and forms of corruption. The data come from ISSP Citizenship II and include 33 countries, analyzed with multilevel regression models. The results show that the link between individual corruption perceptions and global solidarity varies so that it is comparatively weak and positive in contexts judged as more corrupt according to the Corruption Perception Index, while it is strong and negative in contexts judged by experts as relatively corruption free. For domestic solidarity, in turn, there is some evidence of a comparatively weak positive association but no significant contextual variations.
Patiëntgerapporteerde uitkomsten van transgender mannen na genitale genderbevestigende chirurgie met versus zonder plasbuisverlenging
Authors: van Leeuwen Joost W. , de Rooij Freek P. W. , Bouman Mark-Bram , Pigot Garry L. S.
Published: May 2022

Samenvatting

In dit onderzoek is een vergelijking gemaakt tussen patiëntgerapporteerde uitkomsten (PRO’s) van transgender mannen na genitale genderbevestigende chirurgie (gGBC) met versus zonder plasbuisverlenging. Tevens is gezocht naar voorspellers van postoperatieve patiënttevredenheid. Hiertoe is een niet-gevalideerde vragenlijst verstuurd naar transgender mannen ≥ 1 jaar na gGBC. Vergelijking vond plaats op groepsniveau. Voorspellers van postoperatieve patiënttevredenheid zijn onderzocht door middel van lineaire regressieanalyse. Er zijn geen significante verschillen gevonden in PRO’s. Het merendeel van de deelnemers was (zeer) tevreden met hun leven (75%), het uiterlijk van de neofallus (66%), plassen (59%), het effect op hun mannelijkheid (82%) en het resultaat in vergelijking met de verwachtingen (61%). De mate waarin de deelnemers tevreden waren met het uiterlijk van de neofallus (p < 0,001) en de mictie (p = 0,02) was positief geassocieerd met de patiënttevredenheid tijdens de follow-up. Er werden geen verschillen gevonden in PRO’s na gGBC met of zonder plasbuisverlenging. De tevredenheid met het uiterlijk van de neofallus en de mictie waren positief geassocieerd met postoperatieve patiënttevredenheid.
Comprehensive Analysis of Ubiquitously Expressed Genes in Humans from a Data-Driven Perspective
Authors: Gu Jianlei , Dai Jiawei , Lu Hui , Zhao Hongyu
Published: May 2022

Comprehensive characterization of spatial and temporal gene expression patterns in humans is critical for uncovering the regulatory codes of the human genome and understanding the molecular mechanisms of human diseases. Ubiquitously expressed genes (UEGs) refer to the genes expressed across a majority of, if not all, phenotypic and physiological conditions of an organism. It is known that many human genes are broadly expressed across tissues. However, most previous UEG studies have only focused on providing a list of UEGs without capturing their global expression patterns, thus limiting the potential use of UEG information. In this study, we proposed a novel data-driven framework to leverage the extensive collection of ∼ 40,000 human transcriptomes to derive a list of UEGs and their corresponding global expression patterns, which offers a valuable resource to further characterize human transcriptome. Our results suggest that about half (12,234; 49.01%) of the human genes are expressed in at least 80% of human transcriptomes, and the median size of the human transcriptome is 16,342 genes (65.44%). Through gene clustering, we identified a set of UEGs, named LoVarUEGs, which have stable expression across human transcriptomes and can be used as internal reference genes for expression measurement. To further demonstrate the usefulness of this resource, we evaluated the global expression patterns for 16 previously predicted disallowed genes in islet beta cells and found that seven of these genes showed relatively more varied expression patterns, suggesting that the repression of these genes may not be unique to islet beta cells.
The History of the Fujiwara House
Authors: Bauer Mikaël
Published: May 2022

With the addition of a contextualized introduction, here is the first annotated translation of the eighth-century clan history Tōshi Kaden or The History of the Fujiwara House. Hitherto, scholars have focused on the more famous eighth-century imperial histories Nihon Shoki and Kojiki, but other sources such as the History of the Fujiwara House provide a narrative that complements or deviates from the official histories. The book was written to provide students and researchers with additional material to reconsider the political and intellectual currents of seventh- and eighth-century Japan and, in addition, reveal further insight into the career and motivations of its controversial author, the courtier Fujiwara no Nakamaro.
The Rhetorical Arts in Late Antique and Early Medieval Ireland
Authors: Stone Brian James
Published: May 2022

This book represents the first study of the art of rhetoric in medieval Ireland, a culture often neglected by medieval rhetorical studies. In a series of three case studies, Brian James Stone traces the textual transmission of rhetorical theories and practices from the late Roman period to those early Irish monastic communities who would not only preserve and pass on the light of learning, but adapt an ancient tradition to their own cultural needs, contributing to the history of rhetoric in important ways. The manuscript tradition of early Ireland, which gave us the largest body of vernacular literature in the medieval period and is already appreciated for its literary contributions, is also a site of rhetorical innovation and creative practice.
Aspect ratio-dependent hysteresis response of a heavy inverted flag
Authors: Ojo Oluwafemi , Wang Yu-Cheng , Erturk Alper , Shoele Kourosh
Published: May 2022

The bistable fluttering response of heavy inverted flags with different aspect ratios (

$AR$

) is investigated to determine how the vortical structures affect the intermittent vibration response of the flag. A heavy inverted flag in a uniform flow may exhibit several response modes; amongst them are three major modes that occur over an extended velocity range: stationary, large-scale periodic oscillation and one-sided deflected modes. Significant hysteretic bistability is observed at the transition between these modes for all

$AR$

, which is notably different from the conventional flag vibration with a fixed leading edge and free trailing edge where no hysteresis is observed at the lower

$AR$

limit (

$AR<1$

). The difference is associated with the distinct roles of vortices around the flag. Experiments with flags made of spring steel are conducted in a wind tunnel, where the flow speed is steadily increased and later decreased to obtain different oscillatory modes of the heavy inverted flags. The experimental results are used to validate the numerical model of the same problem. It is found that different critical velocities exist for increasing and decreasing flow velocities, and there is a sustained hysteresis for all

$AR$

controlled by the initiation threshold and growth of the leading-edge and side-edge vortices. The effect of the vortices in the bistable oscillation regime is quantified by formulating a modal force partitioning approach. It is shown that

$AR$

can significantly alter the static and dynamic vortex interaction with the flexible plate, thereby changing the flag's hysteresis behaviour and bistable response.
The good side of authoritarian leaders: leader in the eyes of the subordinates
Authors: Asad Hajra , Butt Arif Nazir , Malik Abdur Rahman
Published: May 2022

Although subordinate's perception of authoritarian leadership is viewed derogatively in the leadership literature, limited studies still claim that it can positively influence subordinate's performance. Drawing from the attribution theory, we hypothesize and demonstrate that subordinate's perception of authoritarian leadership can have a positive, indirect effect on subordinate task performance through the subordinate-attributed performance promotion motive, but only when the subordinate's perception of leader's expert power is high. We found support for our hypothesized model using multisource data collected from 246 subordinates and 76 supervisors from 11 different private sector organizations in Pakistan.
Daily v. weekly oral vitamin D3 therapy for nutritional rickets in Indian children: a randomised controlled open-label trial
Authors: Dabas Aashima , Dabas Vineet , Dabla Pradeep Kumar , Marwaha Raman Kumar , Yadav Sangeeta , Bharadwaj Madhavi , Tyagi Vernika , Agrawal Shipra
Published: May 2022

The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of daily v. weekly oral vitamin D3 therapy in radiological healing of nutritional rickets. Children 6 months to 12 years (n 132) diagnosed with nutritional rickets were randomised into three groups (n 44): group A – 2000 IU daily vitamin D3 for 12 weeks, B – 60 000 IU weekly for 3 weeks, C – 60 000 IU weekly for 6 weeks. Serum calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), parathyroid hormone and X-ray score were estimated at baseline and 12 weeks (endline). The proportion of children who achieved complete radiological healing at endline was compared between three groups by χ2 and delta change in laboratory parameters by ANOVA (parametric data) or Kruskal Wallis test (non-parametric data), respectively. Baseline 25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/ml was seen in 119 (90·2 %), hyperparathyroidism in 90 (68·8 %) and hypocalcaemia in 96 (72·7 %). A total of 120/132 children completed the study. Complete radiological healing seen in 30 (75 %) in group A, 23 (60·5 %) in group B and 26 (61·9 %) in group C; P = 0·15, with comparable endline X-ray scores; P = 0·31. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) delta X-ray score (baseline–endline) was 7 (4,9), 5 (2·25, 6) and 6 (4,7) in groups A, B and C, respectively; P = 0·019. Median (IQR) 25(OH)D endline levels in groups A, B and C were 50·0 (26·5, 66·5), 42·1 (28·4, 54·4) and 53·5 (33·7, 71·2) ng/ml, respectively; P = 0·045. Radiological scores were comparable at endline among daily and weekly vitamin D groups with greater change from baseline in daily supplemented group.
The Overturning ofRoe v. Wade: Are Abortion Rights in Canada Vulnerable?
Authors: Macfarlane Emmett
Published: May 2022

The revelation, via a leaked draft, that the Supreme Court of the United States was going to overturn the landmark decision inRoe v. Wade(1973) sparked immediate questions about whether a similar retrenchment of abortion rights could occur in Canada. Key legal, structural, and political cultural factors mitigate the forces of American-style erosion of norms on the Supreme Court of Canada and in our broader politics surrounding abortion rights. Despite this generally optimistic comparative context, complacency about the status of abortion rights in Canada would be unwise. This short Currents article canvasses factors crucial for not only preserving the policy status quo in criminal law (that is, the absence of criminal law abortion regulation in Canada), but also for advancing the scope of abortion rights in the positive sense, as serious barriers to access persist at the provincial level.
Women and the History of Samuel Pepys's Diary
Authors: Loveman Kate
Published: May 2022

Through focusing on the lives of women, this article examines silences and obfuscations in Samuel Pepys's diary and in the histories we tell about this most famous of Restoration sources. It begins by considering how the ways we read the diary today remain influenced by Pepys's decisions when preserving his papers. While his diary has increasingly been studied for what it reveals about early modern sex and/or women's lives, historians have faced difficulties in assessing and representing this content, partly because of measures devised by Pepys. Knowledge of his methods, together with close reading, can help us attend to what this source omits and elides. Historiography has often followed Pepys's lead when discussing his diary's sexual content, and it has also followed his lead in researching his kin. His father's family has been tracked over generations; meanwhile, basic facts about his mother and her family have remained unknown. The article traces Pepys's maternal kin, comparing new evidence with the diary's representation of social status and kinship networks. Pepys's diary is a vital source on the seventeenth century, but fully exploiting that source requires factoring in Pepys's methods of writing and preservation, and attending to what has gone unwritten.
Local gyrokinetic collisional theory of the ion-temperature gradient mode
Authors: Frei B.J. , Hoffmann A.C.D. , Ricci P.
Published: May 2022

We present a study of the linear properties of the ion-temperature gradient (ITG) modes with collisions modelled for the first time by the linearized gyrokinetic (GK) Coulomb collision operator (Freiet al.,J. Plasma Phys., vol. 87, issue 5, 2021, 905870501) in the local limit. The study is based on a Hermite–Laguerre polynomial expansion of the perturbed ion distribution function applied to the linearized GK Boltzmann equation, yielding a hierarchy of coupled equations for the expansion coefficients, referred to as gyromoments. We explore the collisionless and high-collisional limits of the gyromoment hierarchy analytically. Parameter scans revealing the dependence of the ITG growth rate on the collisionality modelled using the GK Coulomb operator are reported, showing strong damping at small scales as the collisionality increases and, therefore, the need for a steeper gradient for the ITG onset at high collisionality to overcome the finite Larmor radius (FLR) collisional stabilization. The predictions on the ITG growth rate by the GK Coulomb operator are compared with other collision operator models, such as the Sugama, the Dougherty, as well as the momentum-conserving pitch-angle scattering and the Hirshman–Sigmar–Clarke collision operators derived for the first time in terms of gyromoments. The importance of FLR terms in the collision operators is pointed out by the appearance of a short wavelength ITG branch when collisional FLR terms are neglected, this branch being completely suppressed by FLR collisional effects. Energy diffusion is shown to be important at high collisionality and at small scale lengths. Among the GK collision operators considered in this work, the GK Sugama collision operator yields, in general, the smallest deviation compared with the GK Coulomb collision operator, while the largest deviations are found with the GK Dougherty operator. Convergence studies of the gyromoment method are reported and show that the drifts associated with the gradient and curvature of the magnetic field increase the required number of gyromoments at low collisionality. Nevertheless, the low number of gyromoments necessary for convergence at high collisionality constitutes an attractive numerical and analytical feature of the gyromoment approach to study the plasma dynamics in the boundary of fusion devices.
Spectral and temporal properties of Estonian palatalization
Authors: Malmi Anton , Lippus Pärtel , Meister Einar
Published: May 2022

The aim of this paper is to describe and compare the spectral and temporal properties of Estonian palatalized and non-palatalized consonants /l n s t/ and the vowels that precede them. Acoustic recordings of 43 native Estonian subjects producing word pairs where palatalization differentiated meaning were analyzed in this study. We offer a new perspective on how palatalization is realized by employing a dynamic analysis of the formant trajectories in order to objectively quantify how far the scope of palatalization reaches in the preceding vowel. Results showed that, as in other languages, the most persisting correlate of Estonian palatalization is the rise in F2 in the preceding vowel, where the values are almost always higher already from the beginning. F2 values are higher for /l/ and lower for /n/. The COG (center of gravity) of /s/ is lower in the beginning but rises in the middle. The COG of the burst of /t/ is lower in the onset. As expected, the duration of the vowels preceding consonants is longer, presumably because of the palatalization gesture, but the duration of the consonants does not show a systematic pattern with palatalization.
A skeptical reflection: Contextualizing police shooting decisions with skin-tone
Authors: Blake David M.
Published: May 2022

This commentary expands the discussion of Cesario's Missing Forces Flaw by identifying and discussing variables that influence police shooting decisions but are often absent from bias-based research. Additionally, the closing identifies novel recommendations for future contextually related research.
The internal validity obsession
Authors: Mitchell Gregory , Tetlock Philip E.
Published: May 2022

Until social psychology devotes as much attention to construct and external validity as it does to internal validity, the field will continue to produce theories that fail to replicate in the field and cannot be used to meliorate social problems.
Practical consequences of flawed social psychological research on bias
Authors: Arkes Hal R.
Published: May 2022

The flaws in social psychological research pointed out by Cesario have societal costs. These include ignoring crucial base rates thereby degrading the effectiveness of policy decisions, generalizing the conclusions derived from experiments on non-professionals thereby distorting the public's view of professional law enforcement personnel, questionable accusations of racism, and mis-attributions of the causes of racial differences in behavior.
The missing consequences: A fourth flaw of experiments
Authors: Biggs Adam Thomas
Published: May 2022

Decisions are affected by the potential consequences as much as any factor during the decision-making process. This prospective influence represents another flaw overlooked by most experiments that raises questions about the use of certain laboratory paradigms. Lethal force encounters are a prime example of this problem, where negative consequences of slow decisions and wrong decisions should be considered alongside behavior.
Accuracy in social judgment does not exclude the potential for bias
Authors: Freeman Jonathan B. , Johnson Kerri L. , Stroessner Steven J.
Published: May 2022

Cesario claims that all bias research tells us is that people “end up using the information they have come to learn as being probabilistically accurate in their daily lives” (sect. 5, para. 4). We expose Cesario's flawed assumptions about the relationship between accuracy and bias. Through statistical simulations and empirical work, we show that even probabilistically accurate responses are regularly accompanied by bias.
Developmental research assessing bias would benefit from naturalistic observation data
Authors: Rennels Jennifer L. , Insouvanh Kindy
Published: May 2022

Cesario's critiques and suggestions for redesigning social psychology experiments echo Dahl's (2017) call for developmental researchers to use experimental and naturalistic methods in a complementary manner for understanding children's development. We provide examples of how naturalistic observations can rectify Cesario's missing flaws for developmental studies investigating children's social biases and help researchers derive theories they can then experimentally test.
Culturally fluent real-world disparities can blind us to bias: Experiments using a cultural lens can help
Authors: Oyserman Daphna , Jeon Amabel Youngbin
Published: May 2022

Culture provides people with rich, detailed, implicit, and explicit knowledge about associations (what goes together) and contingencies (how situations are likely to unfold). These culture-based expectations allow people to get through their days without much systematic reasoning. Experimental designs that unpack these situated effects of culture on thinking, feeling, and doing can advance bias research and direct policy and intervention.
Understanding causal mechanisms in the study of group bias
Authors: Duell Dominik , Landa Dimitri
Published: May 2022

Causal mechanisms' portability and their predictions in sometimes counterfactual settings point to the value of studies with details of interactions and/or convenience samples that depart from those in the proximate contexts of the phenomena of interest. The proper role of such contexts must be construed within an explanatory framework attentive to the nature and properties of relevant causal mechanisms.
The unbearable limitations of solo science: Team science as a path for more rigorous and relevant research
Authors: Ledgerwood Alison , Pickett Cynthia , Navarro Danielle , Remedios Jessica D. , Lewis Neil A.
Published: May 2022

Both early social psychologists and the modern, interdisciplinary scientific community have advocated for diverse team science. We echo this call and describe three common pitfalls of solo science illustrated by the target article. We discuss how a collaborative and inclusive approach to science can both help researchers avoid these pitfalls and pave the way for more rigorous and relevant research.
Cesario's framework for understanding group disparities is radically incomplete
Authors: Weaving Morgan , Fine Cordelia
Published: May 2022

Cesario argues that experimental studies of bias tell us little about why group disparities exist. We argue that Cesario's alternative approach implicitly frames understanding of group disparities as a false binary between “bias” and “group differences.” This, we suggest, will contribute little to our understanding of the complex dynamics that produce group disparities, and risks inappropriately rationalizing them.