bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Olhares sobre a hidreletricidade e o processo de licenciamento no Brasil
Authors: Piagentini Priscilla Melleiro , Benassi Roseli Frederigi , Penteado Cláudio Luis Camargo
Published: December 2014

A hidreletricidade desempenha papel estratégico na política energética brasileira e mundial. Apesar de vantagens como custo competitivo e caráter renovável e pouco poluente, os impactos negativos comprometem sua expansão. A dimensão do empreendimento, dos impactos e do número de atores envolvidos se traduz em conflitos cada vez mais frequentes e de difícil equacionamento. O artigo apresenta os pontos de vista de atores envolvidos no processo de licenciamento ambiental hidrelétrico brasileiro, colhidos mediante aplicação de questionários. Conclui-se que, mesmo com os avanços, ainda há uma imaturidade social destacada por uma visão segmentada, onde prevalecem interesses individuais e grupais, o que não descarta que uma visão sistêmica e equânime seja estabelecida.
A tecnologia social como alternativa para a reorientação da economia
Authors: Garcia Sylvia Gemignani
Published: December 2014

Este artigo, para expor a perspectiva da tecnologia social enquanto experimentação de formas alternativas de trocas econômicas e relações políticas, divide-se em duas seções. A primeira aborda a problemática moderna em torno da relação entre conhecimento científico e organização social, destacando, de um lado, as perspectivas críticas que investigam os condicionantes sociais e históricos dos padrões cognitivos dominantes e, de outro, as políticas científicas e tecnológicas que propõem e promovem a redefinição da atividade científica em termos de desempenho econômico. À luz desse cenário, a segunda seção situa a criação da Rede de Tecnologia Social no Brasil para discutir, a partir da definição de tecnologia social de Renato Dagnino, algumas dificuldades e certos limites das possibilidades cognitivas e políticas da concepção e da prática de uma "tecnologia social". A exposição enfatiza a natureza social dos obstáculos que se opõem a essas possibilidades alternativas.
Sobre a viagem de Enrico Fermi ao Brasil em 1934
Authors: Caruso Francisco , Marques Adílio Jorge
Published: December 2014

Enrico Fermi foi um dos maiores físicos do século passado. Em 1934, fez uma série de palestras no Brasil. Convidado por Theodoro Ramos para trabalhar em São Paulo, preferiu trabalhar nos Estados Unidos a partir de 1938. No entanto, indicou Gleb Wataghin - a quem Cesar Lattes se referia como "pai" da Física brasileira - para vir em seu lugar. Wataghin fez história no Brasil, tornando-se um dos primeiros catedráticos da futura Universidade de São Paulo. Assim, Fermi, além de ser um nome importante para a História das Ciências, ao indicar Wataghin, acabou deixando indelével marca na criação e institucionalização da pesquisa científica nacional. Apesar disso, sabe-se muito pouco sobre a viagem de Fermi ao Brasil. Esse trabalho reconstitui da forma mais ampla possível os passos do famoso físico italiano em nossas terras.
Avaliação comparativa dos sintomas da síndrome de burnout em professores de escolas públicas e privadas
Authors: Esteves-Ferreira Alberto Abrantes , Santos Douglas Elias , Rigolon Rafael Gustavo
Published: December 2014

Atualmente, observa-se em parte dos docentes em exercício um sentimento de desmotivação em relação à sua profissão. Frequente entre os educadores, a síndrome de burnout caracteriza-se pela perda do sentimento de realização no trabalho, com produtividade diminuída. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a presença dos sintomas dessa síndrome entre profissionais do ensino público e privado no município de Viçosa/MG, de modo que se identificasse qual grupo estaria mais predisposto a desenvolvê-la. Os dados obtidos não permitem quantificar se os docentes apresentam a síndrome de burnout, mas é possível inferir que docentes de instituições públicas apresentam características que os tornam mais propensos a manifestar tal síndrome, quando comparados aos profissionais que atuam no ensino privado.
Changes in the profile of speech-language therapists from Paraná and Santa Catarina from 2000 to 2011
Authors: Berberian Ana Paula , Ribas Angela , Massi Giselle , Marques Jair Mendes , Serratto Maria Regina Franke , Guarinello Ana Cristina
Published: December 2014

Purpose Comparative analysis of the profile of speech-language therapists that work in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina in 2000 and 2011. Methods application of a questionnaire that considered the following variables: identification of data, undergraduates and graduates, professional aspects. The responses obtained in 2000 and 2011 were compared by means of the difference of proportions test, with a significance level of 5%. Results The comparison of the data has shown that: the number of speech-language therapists in the jurisdiction of the Board tripled; the profile was unchanged with regard to gender; however, there was a 10-year increase in average and maximum age; the majority of respondents in 2000 and in 2011 completed the undergraduate course in the jurisdiction of the Board; a larger migration of professionals from the capitals to other cities in the two states; significant increase of graduates in specialization courses; significant differences in employment and the type of institution in which they work; a decrease in the number of freelance professionals and an increase in the number of speech-language therapists that work in public institutions. Conclusion There were changes in the profile of speech-language therapists that work in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina from 2000 to 2011, especially in terms of specialization levels and actions primarily developed inside private institutions that work with clinical and rehabilitative actions for public health, and educational institutions that work with prevention and promotion.
The Occurrence of Female-to-Male Partner Violence Among Male Intimate Partner Violence Offenders Mandated to Treatment: A Brief Research Report
Authors: Crane Cory A. , Hawes Samuel W. , Mandel Dolores L. , Easton Caroline J.
Published: December 2014

Little is known about the perceived perpetration of female-to-male intimate partner violence by victims of male offenders mandated to treatment. Sixty-eight male perpetrators of partner violence completed measures of dyadic violent and aggressive responding at intake and at a 12-week follow-up. Approximately 20% of male offenders reported partner violence perpetration and 30% reported victimization with bidirectional violence as the most common configuration of couple violence. Maladaptive responses to conflict were prevalent across partners. Significant and highly correlated reductions in aversive behaviors were detected across the assessment period for both males and their female partners. Results are interpreted within the context of motivational models of female-to-male partner violence and current treatment approaches.
Comparison of pharmacokinetics and milk elimination of flunixin in healthy cows and cows with mastitis
Authors: Kissell Lindsey W. , Leavens Teresa L. , Baynes Ronald E. , Riviere Jim E. , Smith Geof W.
Published: December 2014

Objective—To determine whether pharmacokinetics and milk elimination of flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin differed between healthy and mastitic cows.

Design—Prospective controlled clinical trial.

Animals—20 lactating Holstein cows.

Procedures—Cows with mastitis and matched control cows received flunixin IV, ceftiofur IM, and cephapirin or ceftiofur, intramammary. Blood samples were collected before (time 0) and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 36 hours after flunixin administration. Composite milk samples were collected at 0, 2, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 hours. Plasma and milk samples were analyzed by use of ultra–high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection.

Results—For flunixin in plasma samples, differences in area under the concentration-time curve and clearance were detected between groups. Differences in flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin concentrations in milk were detected at various time points. At 36 hours after flunixin administration (milk withdrawal time), 8 cows with mastitis had 5-hydroxy flunixin concentrations higher than the tolerance limit (ie, residues). Flunixin residues persisted in milk up to 60 hours after administration in 3 of 10 mastitic cows.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pharmacokinetics and elimination of flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin in milk differed between mastitic and healthy cows, resulting in violative residues. This may partially explain the high number of flunixin residues reported in beef and dairy cattle. This study also raised questions as to whether healthy animals should be used when determining withdrawal times for meat and milk.
B-Lynch Transverse Compression Suture for PPH Placenta Previa Bleeding
Authors: B-Lynch C , Meyer K K , Javaid T A
Published: December 2014

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a serious condition. Fourteen million cases of PPH occur worldwide each year.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11723
Turner’s Syndrome in Adulthood and Cytogenetics
Authors: Hossain F , Nahar K N , Mahmoud S , Islam F A , Begum N , Akhter P
Published: December 2014

Aims: Turner’s syndrome is a chronic disease of chromosomal aberration. The purpose of the study was to find out the accurate identification of cell line, which is critical for cytogenetic studies, genetic counseling, phenotypic studies carried out with few reconstructive procedures to plan future sexual and reproductive life. Methods: This study design was a prospective hospital based clinical study. In this study, ninety six patients were studied with secondary sex characters with relevant ultrasonogram findings and hormonal assay who underwent karyotyping in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka for a study period of ten years from October 1997 to October 2007. Results: Among 96 patients, 62.5 % of the patients were from 15-18 years. Four girls who were less than 15 years came with Turner’s and testicular stigmata. Twenty women aged more than 26 years presented with coital problems.  Around 72.9% had no secondary sexual character, 20.83% had normal female type of secondary sex character, and 6.25% had virilizing type of secondary sexual character. Karyotyping of the cases revealed 72.9% (n = 70) had 45XO pattern, which belong to the Turner's stigmata and correlated well with the hormone profile. Whereas, 20.83% (n = 20) had 46XX pattern and 6.25% (n = 6) had 46XY pattern with testicular feminization syndrome with inguinal testis. Conclusions: About 60% of cases were in the 15-18 years age group. Most of the patients presented with no secondary sexual characteristics. 45XO chromosomal pattern was the most common presenting in 72.9% cases. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11744
Microalbuminuria as a Predictor of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
Authors: Kour G , Kour S
Published: December 2014

Aims: This study was done to find out predictive value of   microalbuminuria between 24-34 weeks of gestation in the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension, maternal and fetal complications. Methods: Urinary microalbuminuria was measured by turbidometry in 200 normo-tensive women between 24-34 weeks of gestation. Microalbuminuria was defined as a value of ≥ 20 mg albumin per gram of creatinine in a spot sample of urine. The women were divided into two groups as microalbuminuria positive and microalbuminuria negative. They were followed up to delivery and were evaluated for the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension, maternal and fetal complications. Results: Out of 200 women microalbuminuria was positive in 32 (16%) patients.  Sixteen (50%) in the microalbuminuria group developed hypertension as compared to seven (4.1%) in the microalbuminuria negative group (p<0.0001). Also 13 (40%) in the microalbuminuria positive group developed a maternal complication as compared to 11 (6.5%) in the microalbuminuria negative group (p<0.0001). Nineteen women (59%) in the microalbuminuria group had a fetal complication as compared to 10 women (5.9%) in the microalbuminuria negative group (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Presence of urinary microalbuminuria between 24-34 weeks of gestation can predict development of pregnancy-induced hypertension, maternal and fetal complications. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11761
Profile of Caesarean Section in Kirtipur Hospital
Authors: Pradhan P , Shrestha S , Rajbhandari P K , Dangal G
Published: December 2014

Aims: This study was done to find out the incidence and outcome of caesarean sections done at Kirtipur Hospital. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted from 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2013. Case files of 660 patients who underwent caesarean section for various indications were analyzed for incidence, indication of caesarean section, booking status, parity, and maternal and fetal outcomes. Results: Out of 1295 deliveries, 50.9% (n=660) had caesarean section. Most of the caesarean section was done for fetal distress (40.2%; n=265) and on account of previous history of caesarean section (13.5%; n=89). Majority of caesarean section (44.4%, n=293) was done in age group of 25-29 years. Among them, 65.9% (n=435) were nulliparous. There were 35.3% (n=563) booked cases. Emergency caesarean sections were performed in 62.4% (n=412) cases. Maternal morbidity was less (7.2%, n=48). Conclusions: The study showed high rate of caesarean section. The most common indication was fetal distress. Post-operative complications and fetal outcome were within acceptable range. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11763
Community Based Study of Socio-demographic Determinants of Low Birth Weight Baby in Rural Area of Western Maharashtra
Authors: Avachat S S , Phalke V D , Kambale S V
Published: December 2014

Aims: There is only marginal reduction in proportion of low birth weight babies during last fifteen years. Birth weight is influenced by number of social, economic and demographic factors. The present study was conducted in a rural community to estimate the magnitude of low birth weight and to study the associated sociodemographic factors. Methods: A cross sectional community based study was conducted in six randomly selected villages. Six hundred and fifty two under five children were randomly selected from these villages and data was collected by interviewing mothers of thesechildren with the help of predesigned questionnaire. Information pertaining to age, economic status of mother, antenatal care, birth spacing was collected and significance of these determinants was obtained by appropriate statistical tests. Results: The proportion of low birth weight babies in present study, conducted in a rural community was 18.1%. Significantly large proportion of low birth weight children were born to mothers belonging to lower socioeconomic status and lower educational status. 51% babies were born to mothers with age below 20 years and 25% babies were born with birth interval less than two years. Conclusions: Maternal age, socioeconomic status, antenatal care and short birth spacing are the significant maternal determinants of the birth weight of the baby. Interventions relating to these determinants can reduce the problem of low birth weight in rural area DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11771
Ectopic Pregnancy and Tubal Abortion
Authors: Madu A E , Guirguis M
Published: December 2014

AbstractDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11773
Comparative Analysis of Power Plant Options for Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
Authors: Li Mengying , Lior Noam
Published: December 2014

Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) extract heat from underground hot dry rock (HDR) by first fracturing the HDR and then circulating a geofluid (typically water) into it and bringing the heated geofluid to a power plant to generate electricity. This study focuses on analysis, examination, and comparison of leading geothermal power plant configurations with a geofluid temperature from 200 to 800 °C, and also analyzes the embodied energy of EGS surface power plants. The power generation analysis is focused on flash type cycles for using subcritical geofluid (<374 °C) and expansion type cycles for using supercritical geofluid (>374 °C). Key findings of this study include: (i) double-flash plants have 24.3%–29.0% higher geofluid effectiveness than single-flash ones, and 3%–10% lower specific embodied energy; (ii) the expansion type plants have geofluid effectiveness > 750 kJ/kg, significantly higher than flash type plants (geofluid effectiveness < 300 kJ/kg) and the specific embodied energy is lower; (iii) to increase the turbine outlet vapor fraction from 0.75 to 0.90, we include superheating by geofluid but that reduces the geofluid effectiveness by 28.3%; (iv) for geofluid temperatures above 650 °C, double-expansion plants have a 2% higher geofluid effectiveness and 5%–8% lower specific embodied energy than single-expansion ones.
The Culture of Endings
Authors: Dobrez Livio
Published: December 2014

This article analyses the cultural state of mind characteristic of historical periods at some kind of endpoint: the end of a world or even of the world or, most hypothetically, of the universe. This is the idea of Last Days. In order to contextualize it, it is necessary to consider varying conceptions of temporality: a hunter-gatherer model, models of cyclical time and of linear time. At least in the West, this last may be understood as a product of Judaeo-Christian thinking, of which the article gives an account focussed on the motifs of eschatology, apocalypse and messianism. Finally the article proposes that the present moment in history, characterized as “Post-Modernity”, may readily be read as a time of endings, perhaps even of a conclusive end.
ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN DIFFERENT BODY TISSUES OF GIBEL CARP 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑜 SEPARATELY EXPOSED TO A MODEL MIXTURE (CU, ZN, NI, CR, PB, CD) AND NICKEL
Authors: SVECEVIČIUS Gintaras , IDZELIS Raimondas Leopoldas , MOCKUTĖ Eglė
Published: December 2014

Heavy metals (HMs) are common persistent pollutants of aquatic ecosystems, which have a property to migrate and accumulate in water organisms. Little information has been compiled on HM accumulation and the interactions between them in fish exposed to their mixtures at environmentally-relevant concentrations. The aim of the present study was to determine accumulation patterns of Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd in the muscle, gills and liver of Gibel carp after 14-day exposure to HM model mixture (HMMM) and to Ni separately, at concentrations corresponding to Lithuanian inland water standards (Cu-0.01; Zn-0.1; Ni-0.01; Cr-0.01; Pb-0.005; Cd-0.005 mg/l, respectively). Laboratory tests were conducted on adult Gibel carp under semi-static conditions. The amounts of HMs in the water and body tissues were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Heavy metal accumulation order in body tissues of Gibel carp was as follows: muscle > gills > liver. The highest amounts found were of Zn (15.2 mg kg), while the lowest of Cd (0.012 mg/kg). In the muscle and gills, HMs were accumulated in the following order: Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd, while in the liver: Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd. Meanwhile, the Ni concentration in HMMM-exposed fish liver and gills were significantly higher than in Ni-exposed fish. Data obtained showed that HM accumulation in Gibel carp body tissues was metal and tissue specific, i.e. different tissues showed a different capacity for accumulating HMs. Metals in mixture promoted Ni accumulation in test fish gills and liver under different experimental conditions due to the synergistic effects among them. Although the HM content in Gibel carp different body tissues increased in all cases (average of 49 to 224%) they did not exceed Maximum-Permissible-Amounts (MPA) indicated in the Lithuanian Hygiene Standard.
EFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH ON A WAVY LAMELLAR PLATE-TYPE BIOFILTER WITH A CAPILLARY SYSTEM FOR THE HUMIDIFICATION OF THE PACKING MATERIAL APPLYING INTROINDUCED MICROORGANISMS
Authors: MAČAITIS Kęstutis , MISEVIČIUS Antonas , PAŠKEVIČIUS Algimantas , RAUDONIENĖ Vita , REPEČKIENĖ Jūratė
Published: December 2014

To conduct research, a new generation plate-type air treatment biofilter for removing gaseous pollutants from air has been applied under laboratory conditions. A distinguishing feature of the packing material of the biofilter includes wavy lamellar polymer plates placed to each other and producing a capillary effect of humidification. While having such an arrangement, wavy lamellar plates also have rather wide spacing (6 mm), and therefore the employment of the structure of the plate-type packing material decreases the aerodynamic resistance of the device. A wavy porous plate is made of a polymer plate that ensures stiffness. Both sides of the wavy lamellar polymer plate have attached steam exploded birch fiber pellets under which, to increase plate capillarity, not-woven caulking material is put. This technological decision allows effectively enhancing the durability of the biopacking material. The work presents the results of research on the efficiency of the biodestruction process of acetone, xylene and ammonia. With reference to the conducted investigation, the high efficiency of air treatment and microbiological activity has been established. When pollutant gases (acetone, xylene and ammonia), under a velocity of 0.08 m s–1, passed through the biopacking material, microbiological activity in the material reached on average 1×108 cfu/cm2, and air treatment efficiency made 90.7%.
Les élites administratives en Espagne : vieilles inerties et nouveaux défis
Authors: Alba Tercedor Carlos
Published: December 2014

Résumé  Les élites administratives en Espagne constituent une véritable force politique qui a survécu aux changements de régime. Les corps d’élite, en particulier, peuvent s’appuyer sur leur polyvalence comme sur leurs réseaux familiaux pour contrôler la vie administrative et politique. C’est ainsi que la période de la transition démocratique, à partir de 1975, a laissé intactes les structures de l’élite administrative. Celle‑ci constitue le principal vivier du personnel politique sous les divers gouvernements de l’ère démocratique. Par ailleurs, les emplois supérieurs sont fortement politisés et cette politisation s’est maintenue sous les gouvernements socialistes comme sous les gouvernements de droite. Cette politisation caractérise également les administrations des Communautés autonomes. La séparation entre les élites administratives et les élites politiques ne s’est jamais effectuée en Espagne, ce qui compromet toute tentative de réforme de la gestion publique.
À la fois pilote et victime de l'austérité ? Les transformations de l'administration de l'Union européenne sous l'effet de la crise economique et financière
Authors: Georgakakis Didier
Published: December 2014

Résumé Les transformations dont l’administration de l’Union européenne a fait l’objet dans la conjoncture de crise économique présentent un tableau nuancé et en rupture avec les représentations les plus communes d’une administration aux manettes (et donc épargnée) ou à l’inverse victime, des politiques d’austérité. Le processus de révision statutaire qui s’est déroulé entre 2010 et 2013 a inclus des mesures d’économie réelles et son issue est longtemps restée incertaine quand bien même elle fut moins radicale que ce que proposait une partie des protagonistes. Sur un autre plan, la conjoncture a renforcé les positions des agents et des services dont la compétence se fonde sur l’expertise économique et financière. En revenant successivement sur ces deux aspects, cet article propose une analyse des effets de la crise sur les administrations qui insiste sur les concurrences dont l’administration de l’UE est l’enjeu et sur leurs conséquences en termes de légitimation ou de délégitimation de ses agents. En pointant l’importance des continuités historiques et des variables socio‑politiques l’article propose l’hypothèse que la crise économique n’est finalement qu’un segment de transformations de plus longue haleine dont l’enjeu consiste notamment dans la remise en cause de l’autonomie relative et des équilibres entre secteurs dépensiers et financiers des administrations.
An Excel-Based Decision Support System for Supply Chain Design and Management of Biofuels
Authors: Acharya Ambarish M. , Gonzales Daniela S. , Eksioglu Sandra D. , Arora Sumesh
Published: December 2014

This article presents a Decision Support System (DSS) to aid managers with supply chain (SC) design and logistics management of biomass-for-biofuel production. These tools play a very important role in efficiently managing biomass-for-biofuel SCs and have the potential to reduce the cost of biofuels. The proposed model coordinates the long-term decisions of designing a SC with the medium term decisions of logistics management. This system has the ability to (a) identify locations and capacities for biorefineries, given the availability of biomass and costs; (b) estimate the minimum cost of delivering biofuels, which include transportation, investment, and processing costs; and (c) perform sensitivity analyses with respect to a number of parameters. Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is used to create the interface of the DSS, and Excel's CPLEX Add-In is used to solve the mathematical models.
Determining factors determinants of bank employees’ reading habits of information security policies
Authors: Allassani William
Published: December 2014

This paper seeks to answer the question ‘What factors determine bank employee reading habits of security policies? Using the chi-square test, this research analyses the reading habits of bank staff to ascertain whether there is significant difference in their reading habits with regards to the following independent variable- gender, the section of bank the employee works (whether department or branch), number of years the staff has worked with the bank and the ownership status of the bank (public, private or foreign owned). In addition, logistic regression was employed to determine the predictors of these reading habits. This paper adopts a quantitative research methodology to study the information security reading habits of 136 Ghanaian bank staff from various banks and concludes that bank staffs working in departments are more likely to regularly read their banks policies than employees working in a branch. This paper also shows that there is statistical significant difference in reading habits with regards to the number of years an employee has worked with the bank. The paper finally shows that there is no statistical significant difference in security reading habits with regards to gender and ownership status of the bank. The logistic regression analysis also reveals that a respondent in a department is 4.4 times more likely to read the security policies relative to those in a branch. The analysis also concludes that , respondents who have worked for less than 5 years were less likely to read the policy relative to those who have worked more than 5 years (OR=.51)
The Relationship between Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Going Concern Evaluation: Evidence from Firms Listed on Amman Stock Exchange
Authors: Zureigat Bilal Nayef , Fadzil Faudziah Hanim , Ismail Syed Soffian Syed
Published: December 2014

This study aims to examine the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms (representative by each of managerial, institutional ownership, board independence and board meeting) and going concern evaluation among Jordanian listed firms. Through using multiple regression analysis, the results of this study illustrates that there is a positive relationship between managerial ownership, board independence and board meeting and going-concern evaluation, while a negative relationship is found with institutional ownership. There are four main hypotheses, two of them which are managerial and institutional ownership are accepted, while board independence and board meeting are not supported. This study shed more light on the importance of complying with the requirements of governance code and instructions by the companies and the need to impose fines or sanctions on non-compliant companies. The results of this study contribute to the creditors’ interest to be more alert to companies which may possess characteristics that contribute in manipulation of future companies.
Estuaries May Face Increased Parasitism as Sea Levels Rise
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: December 2014

Invertebrates in estuaries could be at a greater risk of parasitism as climate change causes sea levels to rise. A new paper published 8 December in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (doi:10.1073/pnas.1416747111) describes how rapid sea level rise in the Holocene affected the population of parasitic flatworms called trematodes.
Research shines light on asthenosphere's contribution to hot spots
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: December 2014

The asthenosphere—the weak, ductile layer that underlies the Earth's crust—may play a larger role in tectonic activities, including those that cause midplate volcanism known as hot spots, than previously thought.
Big Data and Quantifying Variability Top Scientific Trends List
Authors: Till Christy
Published: December 2014

How will big data change the way research is conducted? What kind of impact will an increasing focus on interdisciplinary and transdicisplinary science have on funding and management models? How is the need to quantify variability changing Earth and space sciences? These questions are indicative of just a few of the trends highlighted in a new report by AGU.
Seafloor changes above the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake rupture zone
Authors: Orwig Jessica
Published: December 2014

After a subduction earthquake like the 11 March 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, Earth's crust continues to deform. Scientists have been monitoring this deformation near the earthquake's rupture zone to estimate further seismic hazards.
El Niño fades without westerly wind bursts
Authors: Betz Eric O.
Published: December 2014

The warm and wet winter of 1997 brought California floods, Florida tornadoes, and an ice storm in the American northeast, prompting climatologists to dub it the El Niño of the century. Earlier this year, climate scientists thought the coming winter might bring similar extremes, as equatorial Pacific Ocean conditions resembled those seen in early 1997. However, the signals weakened by summer, and the El Niño predictions were downgraded. Menkes et al. used simulations to examine the differences between the two years.
Variability of stratospheric mean age of air and of the local effects of residual circulation and eddy mixing
Authors: Ploeger F. , Riese M. , Haenel F. , Konopka P. , Müller R. , Stiller G.
Published: December 2014

We analyze the variability of mean age of air (AoA) and of the local effects of the stratospheric residual circulation and eddy mixing on AoA within the framework of the isentropic zonal mean continuity equation. AoA for the period 1988–2013 has been simulated with the Lagrangian chemistry transport model CLaMS driven by ERA‐Interim winds and diabatic heating rates. Model simulated AoA in the lower stratosphere shows good agreement with both in situ observations and satellite observations from Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding, even regarding interannual variability and changes during the last decade. The interannual variability throughout the lower stratosphere is largely affected by the quasi‐biennial‐oscillation‐induced circulation and mixing anomalies, with year‐to‐year AoA changes of about 0.5 years. The decadal 2002–2012 change shows decreasing AoA in the lowest stratosphere, below about 450 K. Above, AoA increases in the Northern Hemisphere and decreases in the Southern Hemisphere. Mixing appears to be crucial for understanding AoA variability, with local AoA changes resulting from a close balance between residual circulation and mixing effects. Locally, mixing increases AoA at low latitudes (40°S–40°N) and decreases AoA at higher latitudes. Strongest mixing occurs below about 500 K, consistent with the separation between shallow and deep circulation branches. The effect of mixing integrated along the air parcel path, however, significantly increases AoA globally, except in the polar lower stratosphere. Changes of local effects of residual circulation and mixing during the last decade are supportive of a strengthening shallow circulation branch in the lowest stratosphere and a southward shifting circulation pattern above.
Laser 3D Printing with Sub‐Microscale Resolution of Porous Elastomeric Scaffolds for Supporting Human Bone Stem Cells
Authors: Petrochenko Peter E. , Torgersen Jan , Gruber Peter , Hicks Lucas A. , Zheng Jiwen , Kumar Girish , Narayan Roger J. , Goering Peter L. , Liska Robert , Stampfl Jürgen , Ovsianikov Aleksandr
Published: December 2014

A reproducible method is needed to fabricate 3D scaffold constructs that results in periodic and uniform structures with precise control at sub‐micrometer and micrometer length scales. In this study, fabrication of scaffolds by two‐photon polymerization (2PP) of a biodegradable urethane and acrylate‐based photoelastomer is demonstrated. This material supports 2PP processing with sub‐micrometer spatial resolution. The high photoreactivity of the biophotoelastomer permits 2PP processing at a scanning speed of 1000 mm s−1, facilitating rapid fabrication of relatively large structures (>5 mm3). These structures are custom printed for in vitro assay screening in 96‐well plates and are sufficiently flexible to enable facile handling and transplantation. These results indicate that stable scaffolds with porosities of greater than 60% can be produced using 2PP. Human bone marrow stromal cells grown on 3D scaffolds exhibit increased growth and proliferation compared to smooth 2D scaffold controls. 3D scaffolds adsorb larger amounts of protein than smooth 2D scaffolds due to their larger surface area; the scaffolds also allow cells to attach in multiple planes and to completely infiltrate the porous scaffolds. The flexible photoelastomer material is biocompatible in vitro and is associated with facile handling, making it a viable candidate for further study of complex 3D‐printed scaffolds.
Stereoselective Mannich Reaction of S‐Phenyl Thioesters Catalyzed by Bifunctional Organocatalysts
Authors: Guang Jie , Larson Ariel J. , Zhao John C.‐G.
Published: December 2014

A highly stereoselective Mannich reaction of S‐phenyl thioesters was achieved by using bifunctional thiourea catalysts. Using a quinine‐derived C6′‐urea catalyst, the direct Mannich products of N‐tosyl imines and S‐phenyl thioesters were obtained in high yields and excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.

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Histidine‐Containing Peptide Catalysts Developed by a Facile Library Screening Method
Authors: Akagawa Kengo , Sakai Nobutaka , Kudo Kazuaki
Published: December 2014

Although peptide catalysts have a high potential for the use as organocatalysts, the optimization of peptide sequences is laborious and time‐consuming. To address this issue, a facile screening method for finding efficient aminocatalysts from a peptide library has been developed. In the screening for the Michael addition of a malonate to an enal, a dye‐labeled product is immobilized on resin‐bound peptides through reductive amination to visualize active catalysts. This procedure allows for the monitoring of the reactivity of entire peptides without modifying the resin beads beforehand. Peptides containing histidine at an appropriate position were identified by this method. A novel function of the histidyl residue, which enhances the binding of a substrate to the catalyst by capturing an iminium intermediate, was indicated.
Copper Nanoparticles Catalyzed Se(Te)Se(Te) Bond Activation: A Straightforward Route Towards Unsymmetrical Organochalcogenides from Boronic Acids
Authors: Mohan Balaji , Yoon Chohye , Jang Seongwan , Park Kang Hyun
Published: December 2014

A highly porous copper metal–organic framework, [Cu3(BTC)2] (BTC=benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate) was synthesized and used as a precursor for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (NPs) and characterized by several techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX and BET measurements. The as‐synthesized copper nanoparticles were immobilized onto activated charcoal (AC) by means of ultrasonication at room temperature without any pretreatment. The Cu NPs/AC was employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for the cross‐coupling of diphenyl diselenide and boronic acids to form diphenyl selenides through SeSe bond activation under ligand‐, base‐, and additive‐free conditions. The copper NPs/AC, which combines the architecture of MOFs and the high surface area of charcoal, could be an efficient heterogeneous catalytic system that is compatible with a variety of substituents on diphenyl selenides. Its promising catalytic activity relative to that of other homogeneous systems and low catalyst loading for the synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl selenides is an important application in the area of nanocatalysis. The Cu NPs/AC catalyst, which exhibits excellent catalytic activity and remarkable tolerance to a wide variety of substituents, led to Se sp3‐, sp2‐, and sp‐carbon bond formation by using DMSO as a solvent and atmospheric air as oxidant. This approach can also be extended to the preparation of unsymmetrical organotelluride derivatives.
Alternative Spring Break at the Savannah College of Art and Design: Engaging Art and Design Students in Community Service
Authors: Hoey J. Joseph , Feld‐Gore Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2014

This chapter describes the impact of an alternative spring break program on students at the Savannah College of Art and Design over a set of years as well as its effectiveness as a service‐learning tool.
Polymeric microparticles for fenretinide administration
Authors: Esposito Elisabetta , Cortesi Rita
Published: December 2014

This study describes the production and characterization of biocompatible and biodegradable microparticles containing fenretinide (4HPR), designed for subcutaneous administration. The influence of type of polymer and production parameters was studied on microparticle characteristics and 4HPR release modality. Microparticles were made using solvent evaporation procedure and different polymers, such as polymethacrylates (Eudragit RS 100) and polyesters, namely poly(DL‐lactide), DL‐PLA, poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) 50:50, DL‐PLGA 50:50 and poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) 75:25, DL‐PLGA 75:25. 4HPR was encapsulated in polyester microparticles with efficiency values above 88% w/w. In order to compare degradation characteristics of DL‐PLA, DL‐PLGA 50:50 and DL‐PLGA 75:25 microparticles, in vitro degradation experiments simulating in vivo condition were carried out up to 30 days. Only DL‐PLGA 50:50 microparticles showed significant changes in their morphology, whereas DL‐PLA and DL‐PLGA 75:25 remained almost intact after the same period of time. This different degradability is attributable both to polymer type and molecular weight. In vitro release experiments performed by dialysis method and HPLC, demonstrated that 4HPR is slowly released from microparticles. In particular the slowest kinetic was obtained by DL‐PLGA 50:50. Moreover 4HPR chemical stability in microparticles was studied, demonstrating that DL‐PLA microparticles maintained in the light at room temperature retained 100% of the 4HPR titer even after 3 months. At last the effect on cell growth of 4HPR containing microparticles have been tested on in vitro cultured erythroleukemia K‐562 cells. The obtained data indicate that DL‐PLGA 50:50 microparticles are able to almost double the efficacy of 4HPR, with respect to the free drug.
Crystallization Behavior of Copolyesterurethanes Containing Different Weight Contents of Crystallizable Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Segments
Authors: Jiang Yi , Fang Liang , Kratz Karl , Lendlein Andreas
Published: December 2014

Multiblock copolymers composed of crystallizable poly(ω‐pentadecalactone) (PPDL) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) segments, which are linked via an aliphatic urethane unit, named PDLCL, have been recently introduced as temperature‐memory materials. In this work, we studied the effect of different PCL weight content on the crystallization behavior of both PCL and PPDL domains in PDLCLs by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy (OM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results demonstrated that the nucleation mechanism of PCL crystals, the crystallization and melting temperatures of PCL domains, as well as their crystal morphology and size were found to change with varying composition, i.e., PCL weight content.
Linking regional variation of epibiotic bacterial diversity and trophic ecology in a new species of Kiwaidae (Decapoda, Anomura) from East Scotia Ridge (Antarctica) hydrothermal vents
Authors: Zwirglmaier Katrin , Reid William D. K. , Heywood Jane , Sweeting Christopher J. , Wigham Benjamin D. , Polunin Nicholas V. C. , Hawkes Jeff A. , Connelly Douglas P. , Pearce David , Linse Katrin
Published: December 2014

We analyzed the diversity of bacterial epibionts and trophic ecology of a new species of Kiwa yeti crab discovered at two hydrothermal vent fields (E2 and E9) on the East Scotia Ridge (ESR) in the Southern Ocean using a combination of 454 pyrosequencing, Sanger sequencing, and stable isotope analysis. The Kiwa epibiont communities were dominated by Epsilon‐ and Gammaproteobacteria. About 454 sequencing of the epibionts on 15 individual Kiwa specimen revealed large regional differences between the two hydrothermal vent fields: at E2, the bacterial community on the Kiwa ventral setae was dominated (up to 75%) by Gammaproteobacteria, whereas at E9 Epsilonproteobacteria dominated (up to 98%). Carbon stable isotope analysis of both Kiwa and the bacterial epibionts also showed distinct differences between E2 and E9 in mean and variability. Both stable isotope and sequence data suggest a dominance of different carbon fixation pathways of the epibiont communities at the two vent fields. At E2, epibionts were putatively fixing carbon via the Calvin‐Benson‐Bassham and reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, while at E9 the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle dominated. Co‐varying epibiont diversity and isotope values at E2 and E9 also present further support for the hypothesis that epibionts serve as a food source for Kiwa.
A Probable Case of Thalassemia Intermedia from Tell Masaikh, Syria
Authors: Tomczyk J. , Palczewski P. , Mańkowska‐Pliszka H. , Płoszaj T. , Jędrychowska‐Dańska K. , Witas H. W.
Published: December 2014

In this report, we describe the first potential case of hereditary anaemia from the Middle Euphrates valley (Syria). The skeletal changes identified in the studied specimen were consistent with marrow hyperplasia, and the distribution, especially the involvement of the facial bones, the sternum and ribs, was suggestive of thalassemia. The identified haplotype indicates M4b1 haplogroup suggesting that the analysed specimen was either a newcomer from Asia or a descendent of Asian origin in the maternal line, most likely from the Indian Peninsula where characteristic mutations of mtDNA can be identified today. The genetic data might explain a case of thalassemia in the Syrian lower Euphrates valley. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomics equipped with multiplexing toward ultra high throughput
Authors: Kim Min‐Sik
Published: December 2014

MS‐based quantitative proteomics is a powerful technology to study virtually almost all biological and clinical samples. Although it has been known to be a high‐throughput method, an MS analysis of a higher number of samples remains to be challenging practically and economically. In this issue, the use of multiplexing strategy for quantitative analysis of proteomes and phosphoproteomes has been demonstrated by Paulo et al. (Proteomics 2015, 15, 462–473) to better understand in vivo effects of two small molecule inhibitors on a mouse model. Within the short period of drug treatment, it has been found that the protein alteration is minimal in three tissues tested, whereas the phosphorylation level was widely altered.
An algorithm for estimating surface normal from its boundary curves
Authors: Park Jisoon , Kim Taewon , Baek Seung-Yeob , Lee Kunwoo
Published: December 2014

Recently, along with the improvements of geometry modeling methods using sketch-based interface, there have been a lot of developments in research about generating surface model from 3D curves. However, surfacing a 3D curve network remains an ambiguous problem due to the lack of geometric information. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for estimating the normal vectors of the 3D curves which accord closely with user intent. Bending energy is defined by utilizing RMF(Rotation-Minimizing Frame) of 3D curve, and we estimated this minimal energy frame as the one that accords design intent. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated with surface model creation of various curve networks. The algorithm of estimating geometric information in 3D curves which is proposed in this paper can be utilized to extract new information in the sketch-based modeling process. Also, a new framework of 3D modeling can be expected through the fusion between curve network and surface creating algorithm.
Mixing in internally heated natural convection flow and scaling for a quasi-steady boundary layer
Authors: Hattori Tae , Patterson John C. , Lei Chengwang
Published: December 2014

This study considers the natural convection flow in a water body subjected to heating by solar radiation. The investigation into this type of natural convection flow has been motivated by the fact that it is known to play a crucial role in the daytime heat and mass transfer in shallow regions of natural water reservoirs and lakes, with a resultant impact on biological activity. An analytical solution for temperature in such an internally heated system shows that the temperature stratification consists of an upper stable stratification and a lower unstable stratification. One of the important consequences of such a nonlinear temperature stratification is the limitation of the mixing driven by rising thermal plumes with the penetration length scale of the plumes determining the lower mixed layer thickness. A theoretical analysis conducted in the present study suggests that in relatively deep waters, the lower mixed layer thickness is equal to the attenuation length of the radiation, which has important implications for water quality, including the transport of pollutants and nutrients in the water body. Scalings are also obtained for the quasi-steady boundary layer. The theoretical analysis is validated against numerical simulations.
Studying Your Own Country: Social Scientific Knowledge for Our Times and Places
Authors: Noël Alain
Published: December 2014

Political science is both a generalizing and an anchored, nationally defined, discipline. Too often, the first perspective tends to crowd out the latter, because it appears more prestigious, objective, or scientific. Behind the international/national dichotomy, there are indeed rival conceptions of social science and important ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions. This article discusses these assumptions and stresses the critical contribution of idiographic, single-outcome studies, the importance of producing relevant, usable knowledge and the distinctive implications of studying one's own country, where a scholar is also a citizen, involved in more encompassing national conversations. The aim is not to reject the generalizing, international perspective, or even the comparative approach, but rather to reaffirm the importance of maintaining as well, and in fact celebrating, the production of social scientific knowledge directly relevant for our own times and places.