bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two- and Four-Subtest Short Forms of the WAIS–R: A Comparative Validity Study with a Normal Sample
Authors: Thompson Anthony , Plumridge Susan
Published: August 2011

Short forms of WAIS–R using selected subtests were investigated with 80 university student volunteers. The short forms included Silverstein's (1982) two- and four-subtest short forms and the quick two- and four-subtest short forms of Kaufman, Ishikuma, and Kaufman-Packer (1991). The accuracy of short-form IQ estimates were compared for the short form administered first followed by the remaining subtests and the short form included in a standard full administration. Specific validity criteria were mean IQ difference, correlation between IQ scores, accuracy relative to the 95% confidence limits for Full Scale IQ, and correspondence between IQ categorizations. The results supported the concurrent validity of the four-subtest short forms. Just as importantly, the results confirm a 1986 study by Thompson, Howard, and Anderson which drew attention to some subtest short forms performing differently as discrete entities than when embedded in full administrations. The results of this study reiterate this concern for Silverstein's short form using two subtests but not for either of the short forms using four subtests.
Effect of Target's Sex on Manipulations of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Authors: Johanson John C.
Published: August 2011

Rosenthal and Jacobson outlined the results of their research concerning the Pygmalion phenomenon in 1968. Since that time, research in the field of the Pygmalion effect and, more generally, self-fulfilling prophecy has flourished. The process of self-fulfilling prophecy involves a target individual interpreting a source individual's often nonverbal expectations, internalizing those expectations, and then behaving in accordance with those expectations. Some have suggested that female targets are less likely than male targets to be influenced by such treatments despite the fact that females are generally superior at nonverbal decoding of other's expectations. Other research has shown, however, that female targets are less confident of their interpretation of nonverbal cues and are less likely to conform blindly to other's expectations than are male targets This paper reports a test of the hypothesis that female targets require a source of greater credibility than males to elicit a self-fulfilling prophecy effect. 100 undergraduate volunteers completed a mock predictive test of analytic abilities, and each received uniformly positive feedback concerning his performance. Each then competed against a computer at a simulated card game to provide another measure of analytic abilities. The game score and time on task indicated that female targets, unlike males, performed better at the card game when they were led to believe that the predictive test was constructed by a highly credible individual than by a less credible one.
Reply to Tucker: Defending Early IQ Researchers
Authors: Weyher Harry F.
Published: August 2011

This replies to Tucker's “Correcting the Corrections” in which he criticizes three early IQ researchers as being anti-Semitic but does not cite any relevant evidence. A full list of grants made by The Pioneer Fund prior to 1971 is provided at Tucker's request.
Ethnic Similarities and Differences in the Association of Emotional Autonomy and Adolescent Outcomes: Comparing Euro-American and Asian-American Adolescents
Authors: Chen Zeng-Yin
Published: August 2011

This study has conducted an ethnic comparison on the strength of the association between Individuation, a subscale from the Emotional Autonomy construct presented originally by Steinberg and Silverberg in 1986, and adolescent outcomes in terms of self-esteem and susceptibility to negative peer pressure. Consistent with what was expected, the association between Individuation and lowered self-esteem was more salient among 287 Asian-American adolescent boys than among 1,353 Euro-American adolescent boys. Contrary to what was hypothesized, the association between Individuation and susceptibility to negative peer pressure was more pronounced among 1,573 Euro-American adolescent girls than among 292 Asian-American adolescent girls.
Self-Concept in Terms of Astrological Sun-Sign Traits
Authors: Van Rooij Jan J. F.
Published: August 2011

In this study 308 women and 114 men (mean age was 25.6 yr.) indicated how well 96 personality traits applied to them. The traits were chosen from astrological literature to represent astrological sun-signs (eight traits for 12 signs). To give some examples, a trait for Aries was Impulsive, for Taurus Conservative, for Gemini Versatile, and so on. It was hypothesized that subjects would describe themselves in terms of those traits that pertained to their sun-sign. This result was found, but only for subjects who had some astrological knowledge. This finding may be accounted for by a process of self-attribution, wherein astrological knowledge may affect a person's self-concept.
Correlates of Preferences for Personal Names with the Neo Five-Factor Inventory
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

In a study of the relationship between liking of personal names and personality factors, 98 college students responded to the NEO Five-factor Inventory and rated how much they liked 60 different male and 60 different female names on 7-point Likert scales. Each list consisted of equal numbers of common, less common, dated, and rare names. Over-all, common names were preferred to less common, dated, and rare names; less common names were preferred to dated and rare names; and rare names were least preferred of all. Persons who scored higher in Extraversion or Agreeableness tended to report liking more personal names. Higher Agreeableness or Extraversion scores were associated with stronger preferences for both common or less common names but not for dated or rare names. This latter relationship was observed for male and female personal names separately, as well as over-all.
Zen and Happiness
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 69 undergraduates, a Taoist orientation was associated with less depression and hopelessness.
Level of Work and Felt Fair Pay: An Examination of Two of Jaques' Constructs of Equitable Payments
Authors: Carraher Shawn M. , Chait Herschel
Published: August 2011

Using two samples of public sector employees ( n = 152), two constructs of Jaques' theory of equitable payment were examined. Analysis supported Jaques' proposition that amount of work is predictive of actual pay. Also, Jaques' construct, felt fair pay, was stable over 3 mo. Areas for research are suggested.
Specific Intervention for Multiplication Skill with Learning-Disabled Students
Authors: Huang Jianyi , Chao Li
Published: August 2011

A multiple baseline design was used to assess the intervention of individual tutoring to help two learning-disabled students (15 and 16 years old) improve their multiplication of 1 -digit numbers over nine days of 10-min. instruction. Observation or visual analysis indicated 40 to 50% improvement after the intervention, and a nonparametric test of randomization showed that the students' improvement was retained during the 2-wk. follow-up.
Development and Validation of an Inventory to Measure Satisfaction of Users of Family Medicine Clinics in Mexico
Authors: García-Peña Ma. del Carmen , Hernández-Leyva Blanca , Anzures-Carro Ricardo , Reyes-Frausto Sandra
Published: August 2011

The object of this study was to construct and validate an inventory to measure the satisfaction of users of Family Medicine Clinics. The satisfaction construct was theoretically developed, then the semantic network technique was applied to write 45 items with a dichotomized response. The scale was validated for 4,134 users. Cronbach coefficient alpha was .78. In a factor analysis, 8 factors were obtained, which explained 43.3% of the variance. The content of the first factor referred to the Family Physician dimension, Factors 3, 4, and 5 to the Family Medicine Clinic, and Factors 2, 6, 7, and 8 to Other Services of the Clinic. The questionnaire is being integrated to the Quality of Care Evaluation System to assess satisfaction of users. It may be useful in other venues to assess cultural and organizational aspects of satisfaction with health care.
Environmental and Possible Genetic Contributions to Character Dimensions of Personality
Authors: Ono Yutaka , Yoshimura Kimio , Mizushima Hiroko , Manki Hiroshi , Yagi Gohei , Kanba Shigenobu , Nathan Jeffery , Asai Masahiro
Published: August 2011

The relationship between dimensions of personality characteristics and the perceived rearing attitude of parents in the Japanese population were investigated. The scores on a measure of perceived parental attitude of 153 normal female students, measured on the Parker Parental Bonding Instrument, were correlated with personality features from the Japanese version of the Cloninger Temperament and Character Inventory. Self-directedness, especially the subclasses of Responsibility vs Blaming and Congruent Second Nature vs Incongruent Habits, was significantly related to high scores on Maternal Care and low scores on Maternal Overprotection. The subscale of Self-acceptance vs Self-striving correlated only with low scores on Maternal Overprotection. Paternal Care was only related to the total scale scores on Self-directedness. Results suggest that some personality traits may be related to the perceived attitudes of parents, especially of the mother, during childhood.
Parents' Involvement with Schools in a Mexican Border Town
Authors: Sanchez Virginia V. , Lopez Linda C.
Published: August 2011

6 kindergarten, 13 elementary, and 7 secondary teachers in a Mexican border town were surveyed to examine parental involvement with schools. Most teachers indicated parents of their students helped with their child's school work, volunteered, raised money, and attended school functions as well as parent-teacher conferences. Serving as room mother was more frequently reported by kindergarten than elementary teachers and by more elementary than secondary teachers as an activity in which their students' parents engaged.
Relationship between Perceived Problem-Solving and Career Maturity: Implications for Minority and Disadvantaged Premedical Students
Authors: Henry Paul
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between career maturity of minority and disadvantaged premedical students and their self-appraised problem-solving. 83 students enrolled in a special program took the Medical Career Development Inventory and the Problem-solving Inventory one week apart. Pearson product-moment correlations and a stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated a significant relationship between scores for the students' appraisal of their problem-solving and their career maturity. Implications for intervention strategies for the present population are discussed.
Prevalence of Malingering in Suicidal Psychiatric Inpatients: A Replication
Authors: Rissmiller David A. , Steer Robert A. , Friedman Michael , Demercurio Robert
Published: August 2011

The MMPI–2, L, F, and K validity scales were administered to 21 (42%) suicide attempters and 29 (58%) ideators who had been hospitalized as being at risk for committing suicide. These inpatients were also asked to rate anonymously how much they had “exaggerated on purpose or lied about being suicidal to a staff member” during their current hospitalizations. The three MMPI–2 validity scores of the inpatients were not associated with self-reported malingering, and 6 (12%) of the inpatients reported malingering. This rate was comparable to the 10% rate which had previously been found by Rissmiller, et al. in 1998.
Sex Differences in Science Achievement across Ten Academic Years among High School Students in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Hassan Mohammed M. , Khalifa Amna
Published: August 2011

This study investigated sex differences in science achievement at the final high school level and changes in these differences for students across ten academic years. 1,000 boys and 1,000 girls majoring in science (mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, and geology), 100 boys and 100 girls for each academic year were randomly drawn from the Ministry of Education's examination reports. The result, in general, indicates that girls scored higher on final examinations. Across years these differences favored girls. The results were discussed in the light of social, psychological, educational, and biological factors.
Social Skills are Associated with Satisfaction in Close Relationships
Authors: Flora Jeanne , Segrin Chris
Published: August 2011

66 dating and 65 married couples completed measures of their social skills and their relationship satisfaction. Participants' social skills were positively associated with their own relational satisfaction. Males' social skills were also associated with their partners' relationship satisfaction.
Vocal Expression of Anger and Cardiovascular Reactivity within Dyadic Interactions
Authors: Sargent Carrie Ann , Flora Stephen R. , Williams Stacey L.
Published: August 2011

This experiment was conducted to examine whether the vocal expression of anger correlated with cardiovascular reactivity within dyadic interactions. Participants selected three social issues on which they had a strong opinion and, with a confederate who opposed their views, debated these opinions in each of the three vocal styles. The three vocal styles were (1) Anger-out during which they described their view in a loud, fast voice, (2) Mood-incongruent during which they described their view in a soft, slow voice, and (3) Anger-in during which they listened to the confederate oppose their view and only responded from a list of neutral phrases given to them. Cardiovascular reactivity measures (heart rate and blood pressure) were taken during the initial baseline and the three expression of anger conditions. Both the anger-out and mood-incongruent vocal styles significantly correlated with systolic blood pressure and heart-rate reactivity measures. The disparity between the results of this experiment and previous ones on anger and cardiovascular response may be related to differences in the method of anger-arousal (memory-evoked versus dyadic interactions). Results are discussed in terms of similarities to active and passive coping and defensiveness.
Age-Related Comparisons for Ethnic Identity by Japanese and Americans
Authors: Nishikawa Aki , Balz Chad G. , Ferrari Joseph R.
Published: August 2011

131 young and 93 older Japanese and 121 young Americans completed measures of cultural individualism–collectivism and locus of control Men reported a higher mean score on internal locus of control than women. Americans had a higher mean on individualism and Japanese on collectivism. There was no effect for age-related differences in cultural identity or locus of control.
Optimism and Grade Expectancies
Authors: Stoecker Jaimily A.
Published: August 2011

Researchers have speculated that people's optimism should be associated with their expectations of how they will perform in academic classes. The present study focused on the relationship between college students' optimism and their expectations of how they would perform in an hypothetical university course. Participants were 44 students in introductory psychology. Optimism was measured using the 1994 Revised Life Orientation Test of Carver, Scheier, and Bridges. Students were asked to complete the test, give their cumulative grade-point averages, and predict grades they thought they would receive based on hypothetical course outlines. Planned hierarchical regression, controlling for grade-point average, indicated no relationship between optimism scores and expected grades. There was, however, a correlation between grade expectancies and cumulative grade-point average, suggesting that, in this context, the Revised Life Orientation Test seemed to be measuring students' expectations of how they would perform in the hypothetical course based on their performance in previous courses.
Research Productivity in the Areas of Child Abuse and Domestic Violence
Authors: Gordon Randall A. , Holmes Merry , Maly Cristine
Published: August 2011

Research productivity in the areas of child abuse and domestic violence was reviewed for the years 1990–1996 by examining articles published in Child Abuse and Neglect, the Journal of Family Violence, and the Journal of Interpersonal Violence. To examine productivity across institutions, quantification of productivity was based on ordinal position of authorship as previously used. Productivity across these three journals was also summed based on the 1987 composite productivity index formula of Howard, et al., and the data were compared with a productivity assessment based on a search process in the PsycLIT database. Rank-order correlations between the raw productivity total, the composite measure, and productivity based on first-authored publications in PsycLIT were all significant. The findings suggest that the composite measure represents a good estimate of productivity across the three journals and that publication in these three journals provides a good representation of research in the general areas of child abuse and domestic and interpersonal violence. The findings, along with implications regarding the relative utility of such information for selection of graduate programs that have a strong research focus on child abuse or domestic violence, are discussed.
Comparison of Swedish and American Preschool Children's Attitudes toward Elderly Persons
Authors: Williams Sue W. , Blunk Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2011

Attitudes toward elderly persons were examined for 40 4- and 5-yr.-old children, 20 from Sweden and 20 from the United States, enrolled in full-day preschool programs. Subjects were matched for age, socioeconomic status, and parents' age and marital status. One-half of each group were male and one-half were female. The Social Attitude Scale of Ageist Prejudice was used to assess children's attitudes toward elderly persons. One-way analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in scores between the groups.
Professional Isolation and Occupational Stress in Teachers
Authors: Dussault Marc , Deaudelin Colette , Royer Nicole , Loiselle Jean
Published: August 2011

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between professional isolation of teachers and their occupational stress. A systematic random sample of 1,110 teachers in Quebec were administered French Canadian versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale and Teacher Stress Inventory. Analysis gave, as expected, a positive and significant correlation between isolation and occupational stress. This highlights the importance of looking for ways to reduce professional isolation of teachers.
Least Absolute Regression Residuals: Analyses of Randomized Designs
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

Residuals obtained from least sum of absolute deviations regression are analyzed by a procedure consistent with Euclidean geometry. Applications to one-way randomized designs, one-way randomized designs with a covariate, and factorial designs are illustrated and evaluated.
Effects of Familial Pain Models on Daily Pain Indices and Performance during the Cold Pressor Task
Authors: Zeichner Amos , Widner Sabina , Loftin Michael , Panopoulos Georgia , Allen Joseph
Published: August 2011

To understand better the role of pain history in current response to pain episodes, this research examined pain-related indices from the patient's family of origin and their relationships to the patient's coping with acute pain. Participants were 42 healthy men and women who provided information about their own and their family's pain history and then were administered a cold pressor task. High frequency of family pain modeling was associated with higher frequency of current pain episodes, more types of pain, greater intensity, and also lower physiological arousal and subjective pain ratings during the cold pressor. The findings underscore the relationships between familial pain modeling and current pain-related functioning.
Motivation and Future Temporal Orientation: A Test of the Self-Handicapping Hypothesis
Authors: Lennings C. J.
Published: August 2011

Self-handicapping motivation refers to the likelihood a person will project personal ambition into the future, make a pessimistic judgement, and then mobilise effort in the present to avoid an anticipated negative outcome. It should, therefore, be a correlate of future time perspective. This study showed for a sample of 120 first-year students that, whilst future time perspective did strongly predict scores on a measure of self-handicapping motivation, neither variable was a useful predictor of outcome.
Human-Dog Interactions in a Guide-Dog Training Program
Authors: Koda Naoko , Shimoju Sadakazu
Published: August 2011

We analyzed dyadic interactions between 12 neutered dogs (6 females and 6 males) and 44 humans (20 women, 14 men, and 10 girls) who were unfamiliar with each other. We also examined the effect of sex differences in dogs and humans as well as age differences in humans on human-dog interactions in a guide-dog turning program. Female dogs more actively regulated their distance from humans than male dogs. Dogs made contact with women more frequently than with men, and men nude contact with dogs more frequently than women. Girls initiated interactions with dogs more frequently than women; girls formed reciprocal interactions with dogs less frequently than women.
Brief Bipolar Markers for the Five Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Shafer Alan B.
Published: August 2011

The initial development of a brief 30-item bipolar rating scale designed to measure the Five Factor Model of personality is presented. This scale assesses Factor V as a variant of Openness rather than Intellect. Factor analyses across five samples (Total N = 898) indicated that the trait-term pairs used to construct the scales exhibited relatively high univocal factor loadings ( M = .62, SD=.13) and acceptable values of internal consistency ( M α=.79, SD= 07)
Public Displays of Affection among Asian and Latino Heterosexual Couples
Authors: Regan Pamela C. , Jerry Darell , Narvaez Marysia , Johnson Donelle
Published: August 2011

The present study used naturalistic observation to investigate whether public touching behavior differs as a function of the interactants' race or ethnicity. Heterosexual dyads (22 Asian, 22 Latino; average age = 24 years) were observed while walking through the campus of a large western university. Some support was found for the notion that interactants from “contact” cultures, e.g., Latin America, are more contact-prone than those from “noncontact” cultures, e.g., Asia. Specifically, Latino male–female dyads were more likely to embrace while walking in public than Asian male–female dyads.
Differentiation of Self, Need Fulfillment, and Psychological Well-Being in Married Men
Authors: Bohlander Robert W.
Published: August 2011

The contributions of differentiation of self and need fulfillment within the marital relationship to the experience of psychological well-being were examined in a sample of 95 married men. Differentiation of self, interactional-emotional need fulfillment, and sexual need fulfillment were each associated with higher scores on psychological well-being. Perceived interactional-emotional need fulfillment was identified as the most important predictor of well-being, followed by differentiation of self, and then perceived sexual need fulfillment. Regression analysis indicated that collectively these variables accounted for a significant proportion (27%) of the variance in well-being within the sample. Men who perceived their marital partners to be meeting their interactional, emotional, and sexual needs and who are able to maintain interdependent relationships with their partners were more likely to experience positive mental health. The results point to the importance of attending to issues of self-differentiation and perceived need fulfillment within the context of the marital relationship to facilitate psychological health in men.
Assessing the Learning Processes of Mexican and Euro-American Students
Authors: Watkins David , Sethi Renuka
Published: August 2011

Analysis of the responses of 221 Mexican American and 473 Euro-American secondary school students to the Learning Process Questionnaire of Biggs showed that responses of both groups were of moderate reliability and supported the scale's within- and between-construct validity. However, the means indicated the presence of a response set which raises questions about the validity of cross-cultural comparisons of scores with these ethnic groups.
The Personal Characteristics of Effective Counselors: What 10 Experts Think
Authors: Pope Verl T. , Kline William B.
Published: August 2011

The counseling professional has called for the use of personal characteristics to be used for admissions to counseling programs as well as in the evaluation of counseling students. 10 expert counselors ranked 22 personality characteristics of potential students for importance and responsiveness to training. The most important include empathy, acceptance, and warmth, while the least important include resourcefulness, sympathy and sociability.
Development and Validation of a Situational Social Avoidance Scale
Authors: Ishiyama F. Ishu
Published: August 2011

A 15-item self-report Situational Social Avoidance scale was developed and validated. Two samples of university students (total N = 407) provided data, evidencing high internal consistency (α=.89 for Sample 1, α = .92 for Sample 2) and test-retest reliability of .86 ( n = 65) over a 6.5-wk. interval. A factor-analysis yielded an interpretable 3-factor solution with three domains of social avoidance, (a) social performance, (b) socializing, and (c) self-assertion. Sample 2 showed a significant sex difference, with 138 women scoring higher, especially in the self-assertion and social performance domains. The scale had high positive correlations (from .60 to .78) with four frequently used social anxiety scales, and meaningful correlations with depression ( r = .36), self-esteem ( r = −.49), and self-critical cognition ( r = .50). Differential correlations were found between the scale's three factor-based subscales and the other social anxiety scales, suggesting different situational properties of the latter scales. Research implications and clinical use of the scale are discussed.
Mexican-American Male Batterers on the MCMI—III
Authors: Sugihara Yoko , Warner Judith A.
Published: August 2011

This study examined personality characteristics of Mexican-American male batterers. 60 Mexican-American male batterers ( M = 33.6 yr.) in the court system in South Texas took the MCMI–III and their MCMI–III scores were compared with the scores of a community sample of 45 Mexican-American individuals ( M=30.4 yr.). The batterers frequently scored higher than the nonbatterers on the Avoidant and Passive-Aggressive scales, while nonbatterers frequently scored higher on the Histrionic scale. The batterers scored significantly higher on 18 out of 24 MCMI–III scales, while nonbatterers scored significantly higher on two scales.
Tolerance and Racial Identity among Foreign Sojourners: Testing the Contact Hypothesis
Authors: Merkwan Joel V. , Smith Timothy B.
Published: August 2011

Tolerance and racial identity among 27 young adults traveling abroad were assessed prior to departure and upon their return 2 mo. later. Pretest attitudes did not change over time and were strongly predictive of posttest attitudes. The contact hypothesis of interracial relations was not supported.
Relationship of Arithmetic Problem Solving and Reflective—Impulsive Cognitive Styles in Third-Grade Students
Authors: Navarro Jose I. , Aguilar Manuel , Alcalde Concha , Howell Richard
Published: August 2011

Different individuals approach mathematical problems in a variety of ways, with these different approaches also reflected in over-all cognitive styles. This investigation had two purposes, first, to determine whether good and poor arithmetic problem solvers differ substantially in cognitive style, and second, to determine whether the students, after training in techniques of solving arithmetic problems, improve their performance with no significant change in cognitive style. A total of 98 third graders participated (mean age 8.1 yr.; 50 boys, 48 girls). The Matching Familiar Figure Test was used to classify the students by cognitive style as either Reflective or Impulsive. Students also were given training with different problem-solving exercises for different arithmetic problems. The training program in problem-solving strategies did not improve performance on arithmetic problems for Reflective students; however, Impulsive students' performance did improve after training.
Social Interests and Eysenck's Personality Dimensions
Authors: Maltby John , Macaskill Ann , Day Liza , Garner Iain
Published: August 2011

The relationship between Adler's concept of social interest and Eysenck's personality dimensions was investigated among 224 English undergraduates (85 men and 139 women). The present study links Adlerian and Eysenckian theories by finding that scores on the Social Interest Scale are significantly negatively associated with scores on Psychoticism and Neuroticism.
Factors in Clients' Selection of Mental Health Providers
Authors: Eells Gregory T. , Fuqua Dale R. , Boswell Donald L.
Published: August 2011

The present study was designed to identify factors people consider when selecting a mental health provider. Participants were 303 customers in a shopping mall. They responded to a questionnaire of three sections, demographic information, a test of knowledge of mental health provider's qualifications and training, and 21 items rated on importance in such selection. Responses to the 21 items were subjected to a principal components factor analysis. The factor scores were then used in a series of analyses to examine their relation with other variables. A decision-making model for choosing a mental health provider is proposed.
Social Acceptability of Paranormal and Religious Beliefs
Authors: Dudley R. Thomas
Published: August 2011

30 male and 30 female college students were asked to rate the social acceptability of paranormal and religious beliefs. A modified version of Tobacyk's 1988 revised Paranormal Belief Scale was used. Participants rated religious belief as more socially acceptable than paranormal belief.
Who Has No Regrets?
Authors: Baum Steven K.
Published: August 2011

50 older adults were interviewed with respect to identifying past regrets. Subjects resided in nursing homes and in the community. 21 subjects reported not having any regrets, and 83% of these resided in nursing homes. The findings are discussed in terms of processes of disengagement, life review, and coming to terms with life.
Differential Treatment in Academia: Do Female Faculty Report being Treated Differently by Students Than Male Faculty?
Authors: Heckert Teresa M. , White Kayla , Gulinson Amy M. , Schnarre Rebecca K. , Gannon Linda B. , Schneider Sandra K.
Published: August 2011

Faculty members (123 men, 79 women) were asked about behaviors of students which could indicate a lack of respect for a teacher, such as challenging grades, calling the professor at home, and sexual propositions. Female faculty reported being more likely than male faculty to believe they had been treated differently because of their sex. Male faculty reported being more likely than female faculty to be called Doctor by students meeting them for the first time.
Answering Two Criticisms of Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Leventhal Les
Published: August 2011

Two generations of methodologists have criticized hypothesis testing by claiming that most point null hypotheses are false and that hypothesis tests do not provide the probability that the null hypothesis is true. These criticisms are answered. (1) The point-null criticism, if correct, undermines only the traditional two-tailed test, not the one-tailed test or the little-known directional two-tailed test. The directional two-tailed test is the only hypothesis test that, properly used, provides for deciding the direction of a parameter, that is, deciding whether a parameter is positive or negative or whether it falls above or below some interesting nonzero value. The point-null criticism becomes unimportant if we replace traditional one- and two-tailed tests with the directional two-tailed test, a replacement already recommended for most purposes by previous writers. (2) If one interprets probability as a relative frequency, as most textbooks do, then the concept of probability cannot meaningfully be attached to the truth of an hypothesis; hence, it is meaningless to ask for the probability that the null is true. (3) Hypothesis tests provide the next best thing, namely, a relative frequency probability that the decision about the statistical hypotheses is correct. Two arguments are offered.
Rape and Physical Attractiveness: Judgments concerning Likelihood of Victimization
Authors: DeJong William
Published: August 2011

Subjects in two studies were shown portraits of 32 young women who varied widely in physical attractiveness. Subjects were told that half of these women had been victims of a crime and half had not. Their job was to sort the portraits correctly into those two categories. In both studies, attractive women were more often categorized as victims of rape. In Study 2, attractive women were not more likely to be categorized as having been beaten and robbed. Correlation analyses showed that the association between physical attractiveness and presumed criminal victimization was significantly higher for rape than for being beaten and robbed.
Materialism and the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Sharpe J. Patrick , Ramanaiah Nerella V.
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that High and Low Materialism groups have different personality profiles was tested with 280 introductory psychology students (135 men and 145 women) who completed the Belk Materialism Scale and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory for partial course credit. Results of discriminant function analysis supported the hypothesis, indicating that groups High and Low in Materialism had significantly different personality profiles and that the standard discriminant function coefficients were substantial (>.30): for Neuroticism −.59, Agreeableness .53, and Openness .32.
Teachers' Attitudes, Felt Competence, and Need of Support for Implementation of Inclusive Educational Programs
Authors: Everington Caroline , Stevens Brenda , Winters Victoria Renner
Published: August 2011

To examine possible trends in teachers' attitudes, Felt competence, and need for support for inclusion in special education, a questionnaire was given to 108 teachers from three school districts. While respondents expressed positive attitudes, each district differed by the amount of involvement in inclusion programs. Teachers' competence ratings were highest on items related to working with colleagues and parents, knowledge of students' characteristics, and strategies in evaluation. The teachers' most important needs involved class size, administrative support, extra personnel, and preparation time. Items related to education, on the job training (inservice), and college coursework were rated lowest. There was a significant difference in attitude between those teachers who had previous experience with disabilities and those who did not. In addition, a strong positive relationship was found between attitudes and felt competence. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Nonuniform Distribution of the Ecliptical Longitudes of Sun and Moon at the Birthdays of Top Scientists
Authors: Verhulst Jos
Published: August 2011

The distribution of the ecliptical longitudes of sun and moon at the dates of birth of top scientists is not uniform, as would be expected from an astronomical viewpoint. The size of the effect is much larger than seasonal fluctuations in the birth distributions for the general population or for eminent people.
The Role of Social Desirability, Negative Affectivity, and Female Reproductive System Symptoms in Differences in Reporting Symptoms by Men and Women
Authors: Sheridan Charles L. , Mulhern Moira A. , Martin Dawn
Published: August 2011

52 women and 38 men completed the Inventory of Health Status, Version 2, a measure of somatic health, and the Cornell Medical Index which provided separate scores for somatic and emotional health. The Personal Style Inventory was given, from which measures of Social Desirability and Negative Affectivity were utilized. Multiple regressions were done separately with scores on the Inventory of Health Status and the Cornell Emotional component, and scores on Social Desirability, Negative Affectivity, and sex as predictors. Scores on Social Desirability and Negative Affectivity were forced into the equation first. For the Inventory of Health Status, sex alone contributed significantly to the final equation. For scores on the Cornell Index's emotional component both sex and scores on negative affectivity had significant beta weights. Analysis of items from the Inventory of Health Status was done to examine the role of symptoms pertaining to women's reproductive system, and almost all the items that differed by sex were either clearly or possibly specific female reproductive items, e.g., “Abnormal menstruation.” Similar analyses were not possible for the organic component of the Cornell Index, which has different items for reproductive systems of men and women. The complexity of the female reproductive system may play a central role in sex differences in symptom reporting and perhaps of emotional distress, but other interpretations are discussed.
Narrative Approach, Medicine and Psychotherapy
Authors: Rabin Stanley , Maoz Benjamin
Published: August 2011

The roles of storytelling in medicine and clinical psychology are briefly outlined.
Family as a Factor in Delinquency
Authors: Fleener Fran T.
Published: August 2011

50 adjudicated delinquents were given academic and psychological tests and a self-report of delinquency according to the learning disability/delinquency study of the National Criminal Justice Service of 1980. 31 learning disabled delinquents were identified. The test of proportions compared learning disabilities in delinquent ( n = 31) and nondelinquent (ns = 24 and 43) samples. The Mann-Whitney U test compared the reported number of categories of delinquent behavior in the three groups. A typical delinquent of this rural area tends to be a white male with average or above intelligence and a learning disability. His family is large; his parents are divorced. He comes from a poorer economic and cultural background. A dysfunctional family can be a center wherein delinquency grows; on the other hand, a strong family can nurture and protect when peers and school fail.
Psychiatric Emergency Rates during the Christmas Season in the Years 1991 to 1997
Authors: Velamoor Varadaraj R. , Cernovsky Zack Z. , Voruganti Lakshmi P.
Published: August 2011

We compared the number of psychiatric admissions from the emergency room during the Christmas season, defined as the rate for the month of December, with those in other months. The psychiatric emergency rates were recorded for each month over six consecutive years, 1991 to 1997. The average number of emergency patients in none of the 12 months differed significantly from any of the remaining months (ANOVA, p > .05). Our data and those of other authors do not support the clinical lore that Christmas season is associated with higher rate of psychiatric emergencies
Do Students of Noncollege-Educated Parents Achieve Less Academically Than Students of College-Educated Parents?
Authors: Zalaquett Carlos P.
Published: August 2011

The ethnicity, grade point average (GPA), and retention characteristics of 202 students whose parents never attended college, 244 students whose parents had some college experience, and 394 students whose parents graduated from college were examined. Analysis showed that a significantly higher percentage of minority students were first-generation students. No significant differences were found between the GPA and retention rates of first-generation students and those of the other two.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in a Population of Rural Children in South Africa
Authors: Peltzer Karl
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to identify exposure to experiences such as violence and the consequences for health in children in a rural South African community. The stratified random sample included 148 children below 17 yr., which comprised 68 (46%) boys and 80 (54%) girls in the age range of 6 to 16 years ( M = 12.1 yr., SD = 3.1). Their ethnicity was Northern Sotho. The interviews included the Children's Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Inventory and the Reporting Questionnaire for Children. The experiences could be grouped into either traumatic or other events. 99 (67%) had directly or vicariously experienced a traumatic event which included witnessing someone killed or seriously injured, serious accident, violent or very unexpected death or suicide of loved one, sexual abuse or rape of relative or friend, violent crime, child abuse, and other life-threatening situations. Scores on the Children's Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Inventory of 17 (8.4%) fulfilled the criterion for posttraumatic stress disorder. 71% had more than one score and 53% had more than four scores on the Reporting Questionnaire for Children. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were significantly related to age and experiences such as those mentioned above.
Relationship between Eysenck's Measure of Psychoticism and Scores on the Environmental Deprivation Scale with Convicted Felons
Authors: Rider Cecilia Y. , Chubick Jennifer D. , Witherspoon Arnold D.
Published: August 2011

23 parolees and 8 probationers were administered the Environmental Deprivation Scale interview and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised. Scores on each scale, different in method and design, have been correlated with antisocial behavior. The scores on both measures were compared and a significant correlation of .51 found between the scores on the Environmental Deprivation Scale and the Psychoticism scale on Eysenck's questionnaire. Also, a negative correlation of .34 was found between scores on the Environmental Deprivation Scale and the Extraversion scale on Eysenck's questionnaire, but none for either scale and time spent in prison. A stronger assessment of clients for guiding intervention seems needed. Limitations include lack of control for education, age, and ethnicity.
An Examination of the Dimensionality of the Vengeance Scale in an Entrepreneurial Multinational Organization
Authors: Carraher Shawn M. , Michael Kenneth W.
Published: August 2011

Using a sample of 222 customer service representatives in a large entrepreneurial multinational financial services organization, we examined the dimensionality of the 1992 Vengeance Scale of Stuckless and Goranson. With the use of exploratory principal components analysis, a directly computed parallel analysis criterion, and holdings significant at the .30 level, a one-dimensional solution was adequate for the 20-item scale, and all items loaded on the first dimension.
On Cultural Similarities in Attitudes toward Eating of Women Students in Pennsylvania and South Korea
Authors: Lippincott Joseph A. , Hwang Hyoun-Sun
Published: August 2011

This study compared attitudes toward eating among 226 women undergraduates at universities in Pennsylvania and South Korea. Analysis indicated that both groups ( ns = 111 and 115, respectively) had similar percentages (21% and 18%, respectively) of respondents with scores suggesting symptomatology of eating disorders. Mean differences between groups on the Eating Attitudes Test-26 were not significant. Implications for research are discussed.
Accurate Knowledge about Suicide
Authors: Knight Matthew T. D. , Furnham Adrian F. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Accurate knowledge about suicide among 150 English students was not associated with age, sex, personality, or attitudes toward suicide.
Relation between Preference for Solitude Scale and Social Functioning
Authors: Waskowic Tracey , Cramer Kenneth M.
Published: August 2011

The present study evaluated the hypothesis that those who prefer solitude should perceive social isolation as a positive experience. 391 university students volunteered to complete the Preference for Solitude Scale and a battery of social adjustment (e.g., Gough Creativity, Life Satisfaction, and Rosenberg Self-esteem) and maladjustment scales, e.g., Fenigstein Social Anxiety, Spielberger State Anxiety, and Social Isolation. Results provided partial support with correlations for solitude with social anxiety, social loneliness, and alienation but not with several other measures of social functioning
Psychological Variables Associated with Adolescents' Identification with Significant Groups
Authors: Sotelo María José
Published: August 2011

This research describes associations of identification of 300 adolescents with significant group concepts and variables correlated with their development such as self-esteem, cognitive moral reasoning, and self-perceptions of personality.
Holding Emotional and Linguistic Rulers up to the Poetry of Robert Frost
Authors: Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

The words in a large and representative sample of Robert Frost's poetry were compared with information in several data bases which provided estimates of the poetry's pleasantness, arousal, emotionality, imagery, and linguistic complexity. Findings confirmed that Frost's poetry was linguistically simple and emotionally restrained in comparison to that of his cohort. They also highlighted the increasing variability in Frost's poetry across time and its decreasing imagery Frost's poetry was more restrained than that of his male cohort but similar to the poetry of his female cohort in its linguistic simplicity. Frost's acknowledged death poems were in fact quite pleasant and passive in emotional tone.
Testing for True Score Differences Using the Confidence Interval Method
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

A formula for using confidence intervals in testing statistical significance between two test scores is presented.
Beliefs in the Paranormal: Age and Sex Differences among Elderly Persons and Undergraduate Students
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Tipton Steven M. , Rowe Jennifer L.
Published: August 2011

Beliefs in the paranormal were rated stronger in younger as compared to elderly adults by Emmons and Sobal in 1981, and sex correlates of paranormal beliefs appeared to be stronger in women than in men by Irwin in 1994. This research studied possible linkages between age and sex with a comparative analysis between results of Vitulli and Luper's 1998 survey among undergraduate students and data from elderly men ( M = 72 yr., SD = 9.2, n = 21) and women ( M = 69.3 yr., SD = 7.7, n = 55). Crawford and Christensen's 1995 12-item Extrasensory Perception Survey was administered to elderly persons living in apartment complexes and private homes, participating in activities in a recreation center, or attending a continuing-education seminar. A 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance from responses on the 12-item survey showed that undergraduate men and elderly women had the highest ratings on paranormal beliefs. The self-selecting characteristics of a segment of the elderly sample led to a post hoc univariate analysis of variance by partitioning that sample into those who were attending a continuing-education seminar versus all other elderly persons. Sum-mated ratings (total scores) for this survey showed main effects for these subsamples and for sex. Sex and age differences were discussed in the context of the hypothesis of social marginality.