bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Production-Supply System with Uncertain Demand, Nonlinear Lead Time and Allowable Shortages
Authors: Tahmasebi Hengameh , Yu Junfang , Sarker Bhaba R.
Published: December 2012

A supply chain consisting of a single-supplier and a single-buyer is modeled and compared in two different modes: non-coordinated and coordinated. The model is established based on the fact that the demand is uncertain and shortages are considered as lost sales. The buyer’s order lead time is a nonlinear function of the buyer’s order size and the number of shipments from the supplier. Quantity discount offers are used as a tool to achieve the coordination between both parties. In non-coordinated mode the total annual profits of both parties are maximized using partial derivative and a lower and an upper bound are obtained for the supplier’s wholesale price. For the coordinated mode total annual profit of the whole supply chain system is maximized using partial derivatives and coordination may increase the total annual profit of the whole system is mathematically proved. In order to encourage the both parties to coordinate, a fair profit-sharing method is proposed based on the total costs that each party incurs. The supplier’s wholesale price is evaluated such that coordination seems appealing and profitable for both parties.
Enabling Virtual Knowledge Networks for Human Rights Monitoring for People with Disabilities
Authors: El Morr Christo , Dinca-Panaitescu Mihaela , Rioux Marcia , Subercaze Julien , Maret Pierre , Bogdan Natalia
Published: December 2012

Holistic disability rights monitoring is an imperative approach to permit translation of rights on paper into rights in reality for people with disabilities. However, evidence-based knowledge produced through such a holistic monitoring approach has to be accessible to a broad range of stakeholders, e.g., groups such as: researchers, representatives of disability community, people with disabilities, media, policy makers, and the general public. Besides, the collected evidence should contribute to building capacity within disability community around human rights questions. This article explains the design process of a Virtual Knowledge Network (VKN) as an operational tool to support mobilization and dissemination of evidence-based knowledge produced by the Disability Rights Promotion International Canada (DRPI-Canada) project. This VKN is embedded in the more general framework of DRPI, grounded in a human rights approach to disability that acknowledges the importance of creating knowledgeable communities in order to make the disability rights monitoring efforts sustainable.
Using Social Networks to Solve Crimes
Authors: Dingli Alexiei
Published: December 2012

In this paper, the author investigates the use of the popular Social Networking Site (SNS) Facebook to solve crimes. In particular, the author uses car thefts as a case study. When a car owner discovers that his or her vehicle has been stolen, every means helps to recover the vehicle. Reporting the incident immediately to the police is obligatory, but alerting his or her network of friends on a social networking site about the misfortune could prove useful. In particular, the authors look into a real case study. This report answers several questions, such as: How useful can these sites be to help an owner recover the vehicle? How far can an appeal reach? What type of feedback do users send? The author analyzes how people create the appeal in Facebook and what information is shared.
Wildlife-associated zoonotic diseases in some southern African countries in relation to game meat safety: A review
Authors: Bekker Johan L. , Hoffman Louw C. , Jooste Piet J.
Published: December 2012

With on-going changes in land use practices from conventional livestock farming to commercial, wildlife-based activities, the interface or interaction between livestock and wildlife is increasing. As part of the wildlife-based activities of ecotourism, breeding and hunting, game farmers are also exploring the utilisation of meat from hunted or harvested game. The expanding interface or increased interaction between livestock and wildlife increases the risk of disease incidence and the emergence of new diseases or the re-emergence of previously diagnosed diseases. The risk is not only related to domestic and wild animal health, but also to the occupational hazards that it poses to animal handlers and the consumers of game meat. This review endeavours to highlight the role that game plays in the spreading of zoonotic diseases to other animals and humans. Examples of zoonotic diseases that have occurred in wild animals in the past, their relevance and risk have been summarised and should function as a quick reference guide for wildlife veterinarians, ecologists, farmers, hunters, slaughter staff, processors and public health professionals.
Excavating memories: A retrospective analysis of mathematics teachers’ foregrounds
Authors: Amin Nyna
Published: December 2012

This article offers a retrospective analysis of mathematics teachers’ experiences as learners in school to examine their foregrounds. Based on Skovsmose’s notion, foregrounds are perceptions of possibilities, impossibilities, hope and despair made by an individual whose life chances are compromised by socio-political adversities and economic deprivation. Since foregrounds are imagined it is not possible to be certain about how the future is realised without engaging in a longitudinal study spanning decades. One way to attempt to do so is through memory work, that is, by excavating the memories of persons who are already living in their foreground. Three mathematics teachers were recruited through snowball sampling to share their memories of teachers of mathematics, learning mathematics in schools and how they envisioned the future. The analysis revealed how exposure to mathematics teaching and learning when they were learners is implicated in shaping the foregrounds of teachers, and the ways in which teacher foregrounds are connected to personal and national development. The participants’ narratives confirmed that, although a foreground is shaped by prevailing conditions, a view to a viable future requires an optimism that goes beyond present situations.
An investigation of career change using a narrative and story-telling inquiry
Authors: Chinyamurindi Willie T.
Published: December 2012

Orientation: The role of the career change experience has been investigated in this research. Understanding career change will assist with organisational interventions for the support and retention of employees.Research purpose: The study explores the factors that influence career change amongst a sample of distance learners.Motivation for the study: Distance learning is becoming popular in South Africa as individuals can work and learn simultaneously. Some people use distance learning to facilitate career change.Research design, approach and method: A narrative and storytelling inquiry was used. Data was obtained through unstructured interviews by purposive sampling.Main findings: Sources of career change included personal growth and ambition, and structural changes in relation to current work. The career change experience was found through participants’ stories and narratives to influence individual well-being. Finally, distance learning was favoured as a vehicle for career change for its flexibility and low cost.Practical/managerial implications: Organisations will benefit from an understanding of employee career change experiences as identified in this study. Arising from this, support and retention interventions can be put in place.Contribution/value-add: The research study shifts attention to career change as part of the career decision-making process. This focus is an emerging area of inquiry in the careers literature. This adds to the body of knowledge by identifying, in a South African context, the factors influencing career change and the impact of this on the individual. Interventions for individuals and organisations are suggested.
Tuberculose péritonéale révélée par un tableau d’urgence chirurgicale
Authors: Lahmiri Maria , Errabih Ikram , Tamzaourte M. , Krami Hayat Ennoufous , Benzzoubeir Nadia , Ouazzani Laziza , Ouazzani Houria
Published: December 2012

La tuberculose, malgré sa prévention, reste une affection répandue au Maroc. Bien que rares, les formes pseudo chirurgicales notamment la péritonite sont dues essentiellement au retard diagnostique. Nous rapportons le cas d’une patiente de 30 ans, admise dans un tableau de péritonite. L’exploration chirurgicale a permis d’évoquer le diagnostic de péritonite tuberculeuse dès l’examen macroscopique (granulations péritonéales), diagnostic confirmé par l’analyse histologique. L’évolution a été favorable après traitement antibiotique. Cette observation a l’intérêt de souligner que la péritonite, qui est une complication rare de la tuberculose péritonéale, pose des problèmes de diagnostic positif et différentiel. Si le traitement repose sur une quadrithérapie antituberculeuse, le recours à la chirurgie est parfois nécessaire et doit être envisagé en temps utile.
Reduction of discrete interval system using clustering of poles with Padé approximation: a computer-aided approach
Authors: Singh V.P. , Chandra D
Published: December 2012

This paper presents a method for the order reduction of discrete interval systems using pole-clustering method along with Padé approximation technique. For a given discrete high-order interval system (HOIS), the denominator of the reduced-order interval model (ROIM) is obtained by pole-clustering while the numerator is obtained by minimizing errors between first r time moments of the HOIS to those of its ROIM where r is the order of ROIM. Inverse distance measure (IDM) criterion is used for clustering of poles of HOIS whereas the time moments of HOIS (or ROIM) are obtained without inverting the denominator of transfer function and presented in generalized form. The error function which is weighted squared sum of errors between first r time moments of HOIS and those of its ROIM is carried out by the algorithm due to Luus-Jaakola. The distinctive feature of this method is that the numerator coefficients are treated free in the process of minimization. A numerical example is given to illustrate the procedure.Keywords: Discrete interval system; Inverse distance measure; Kharitonov polynomials; Model reduction; Padé approximation; Pole-clustering method
Intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the MLT zonal wind over Kolhapur (16.8° N) and Tirunelveli (8.7° N)
Authors: Rokade M. V. , Kondala Rao R. , Nikte S. S. , Ghodpage R. N. , Patil P. T. , Sharma A. K. , Gurubaran S.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Simultaneous observations of the mean zonal winds at 88 km obtained by the medium-frequency (MF) radars at Kolhapur (16.8° N, 74.2° E) and Tirunelveli (8.7° N, 77.8° E) have been used to study the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the MLT region. The influences of the intraseasonal variations in the lower tropospheric convective activity associated with the Madden-Julian oscillations on the latitudinal behavior of intraseasonal oscillations (ISO) of the zonal winds in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) have been studied. The ISO activity in the lower tropospheric convective activity is examined by employing outgoing long wave radiation (OLR) as a proxy for deep convective activity occurring in the tropical lower atmosphere. The ISO activity in the zonal wind over TIR is more correlated with that in the convective activity compared to the ISO over KOL. The latitudinal and temporal variabilities of the ISO in MLT zonal winds are explained in terms of the intraseasonal variabilities in the convective activity.
Utopic Pedagogies: Alternatives to Degenerate Architecture
Authors: Coleman Nathaniel
Published: December 2012

Although Utopia makes reasonably frequent appearances within humanities and social science teaching, it remains at the far periphery of architecture education. Thus, any essay proposing the relevance of utopic pedagogies for architecture education, and its subsequent professional practice, must come to terms with the strange absence of Utopia from the heart of the curriculum (and from the concerns of most architecture students, educators, and practitioners). With the pervasive omission of Utopia in mind, in this article I will first offer an overview of how and why Utopia has become anathema for architecture education (no doubt associated with the failures of orthodox modern architecture during the post–World War II years and the explanation of this failure as down to Utopia), followed by counterexamples drawn from my own teaching, in which Utopia is as much the subject as the object of architecture and urban design education, in equal measure for history, theory, and design. If the postmodern conviction in architecture is that Utopia equals totalitarianism and defeat, my argument is that without Utopia, architecture and urban design have no vocation other than to adorn capital and its processes (which of course explains its disappearance: Neoliberalism confirms Utopia's irrelevance, or does it?).
Fear and the Spiritual Realism of Octavia Butler's Earthseed
Authors: Jos Philip H.
Published: December 2012

A crumbling social order where violence and cruelty spring from fear is the predominant dystopian condition. The emergence of intolerant religious movements in response, movements that promise deliverance but bring new forms of authoritarian rule, is also a staple of the dystopian novel. What is rare is to imagine an alternative religious response to fear and alienation. This is perhaps the most important achievement of Octavia Butler's Parable series and one that is often overlooked. Butler's Earthseed is neither a comforting palliative for pain and uncertainty nor a political tool to manufacture workable consensus. Rather, it is a coherent, nondogmatic belief system that reflects many of the essential assumptions and tenets of alternative understandings of Christianity as outlined by writers and theologians such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Marcus Borg, Elaine Pagels, and Parker Palmer.
Synergistic Effect of KI on Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel by Polynuclear Schiff Base in Sulphuric Acid
Authors: Shaju K. S. , Thomas K. Joby , Raphael Vinod P. , Paul Aby
Published: December 2012

Synergistic effect of KI on the corrosion inhibition efficiency of polynuclear Schiff base, anthracene-9(10H)-one-3-aminopropanoic acid (A9O3AP), on mild steel (MS) in 0.5 M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated using weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization studies. The results show that inhibition efficiencies on MS increase with increase in concentration of the inhibitor and enhancement in inhibition efficiency was observed on addition of potassium iodide due to synergism. The adsorptions, of inhibitor and inhibitor + KI on the surfaces of the corroding metal obey Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, respectively. Polarization studies revealed that A9O3AP acts as a mixed type inhibitor. Thermodynamic parameters (; ) were calculated using the adsorption isotherms. A probable synergismtic mechanism is proposed.
Multithreshold MOS Current Mode Logic Based Asynchronous Pipeline Circuits
Authors: Gupta Kirti , Pandey Neeta , Gupta Maneesha
Published: December 2012

Multithreshold MOS Current Mode Logic (MCML) implementation of asynchronous pipeline circuits, namely, a C-element and a double-edge triggered flip-flop is proposed. These circuits use multiple-threshold MOS transistors for reducing power consumption. The proposed circuits are implemented and simulated in PSPICE using TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology parameters. The performance of the proposed circuits is compared with the conventional MCML circuits. The results indicate that the proposed circuits reduce the power consumption by 21 percent in comparison to the conventional ones. To demonstrate the functionality of the proposed circuits, an asynchronous FIFO has also been implemented.
Evaluation of Nurses’ Perceptions on Providing Patient Decision Support with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Pyl Nicole , Menard Prudy
Published: December 2012

The decision whether to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a decision in which the personal values of the patient must be considered along with information about the risks and benefits of the treatment. A decision aid can be used to provide patient decision support to a patient who is seriously ill and needs to consider CPR options. The goal of this project was to identify the barriers and facilitators to using a CPR decision aid, through evaluating nursing perceptions on providing patient decision support. Using a needs assessment, it was determined that implementing a patient decision aid for CPR status in the Acute Monitor Area (AMA) of The Ottawa Hospital would be an excellent quality improvement project. The nurses who chose to participate were given an education session regarding patient decision support. Questionnaires were distributed to evaluate their views of patient decision support and decision aids before and after the education session and implementation of the CPR decision aid. Questionnaire results did not indicate a significant change between before or after education session and decision aid implementation. Qualitative reports did indicate that nurses generally have positive attitudes toward patient decision support and decision aids. The nurses identified specific barriers and facilitators in their commentaries. This clinically relevant data supports the idea that patient decision support should be integrated into daily nursing practice.
Stochastic Comparisons of Order Statistics and Spacings: A Review
Authors: Kochar Subhash
Published: December 2012

We review some of the recent developments in the area of stochastic comparisons of order statistics and sample spacings. We consider the cases when the parent observations are identically as well as nonidentically distributed. But most of the time we will be assuming that the observations are independent. The case of independent exponentials with unequal scale parameters as well as the proportional hazard rate model is discussed in detail.
In Their Blooming Sixties: Aging as Awakening in Amanda Cross’ The Imperfect Spy and The Puzzled Heart
Authors: Domínguez-Rué Emma
Published: December 2012

Although the writer and Columbia professor Carolyn Gold Heilbrun (1926-2003) is more widely known for her best-selling mystery novels, published under the pseudonym of Amanda Cross, she also authored remarkable pieces of non-fiction in which she asserted her long-standing commitment to feminism, while she also challenged established notions on women and aging and advocated for a reassessment of those negative views. Taking her essays in feminism and literary criticism as a basis and two of her later novels as substantiation to my argument, this paper will try to illustrate the ways in which the aging female characters in her Kate Fansler series became an instrument to reach a mass audience of readers who might not have read her non-fiction but who were perhaps finding it difficult to reach fulfillment as women under patriarchy, especially upon reaching middle age. My aim is to reveal the ways in which Heilbrun’s seemingly more superficial and much more commercial mystery novels as Amanda Cross were used a catalyst that informed her feminist principles while vindicating the need to rethink about issues concerning the cultural and literary representations of mature women.
Truth and the Novel
Authors: Moos Merilyn
Published: December 2012

It was not till late middle age that I finally found out about my family’s past. My parents had hidden it with reason. I had been aware that ours was a particularly small family, but my father had told me - and it was a legend I embraced eagerly - that he had fled Nazi Germany because of his radical theatre activities, walking his way from Berlin to France. From Paris, my parents had come to London. It was when my mother, already in her 90s, went into hospital, that I got hold of their old letters and documents. The first letters I found lying on the table in the downstairs room, as if she had wanted me to read them. Grey bits of paper, thin as tissue, all crumpled up together, all in German. And so began my adventures into the tunnel of the past.
Rewriting history
Authors: Varga Zoltán
Published: December 2012

The paper tries to analyse how the irruption of history was transformed into an artistic and intellectual challenge in the autobiographical works of Sándor Márai. Márai who started to keep his diary in 1943 inspired by his readings of the diaries of André Gide sought to construct an authentic space of presence, safe from historical time and from the discourses of public opinion, in order to devote himself to researching the singularity of his existence and his “lived time”. But the programme of his diary was progressively changed: although Márai had started recording his daily observations and reflections with a similar detachment from public affairs as Gide, during the course of the war, his diary became more and more determined by public discourses. The Hungarian writer shifted his perspective from the individual to the collective, the aphoristic discourse giving way to passionate accusations. His reflection, which earlier belonged to the order of cognition, turned later into the order of ethic, in a mixture of moral reflection, political commitment, expression, and performative verbal action. But the overshadowing of the aesthetic experience of the world during the chaotic years of his intellectual and artistic confusion also had its dangers, namely the incursion of semi-public political and ideological discourses in Márai’s wartime diaries. In the reformulation of his wartime experiences thirty years later – in the Memoir of Hungary – Márai succeeded in finding a new artistic form to represent his past. The complexity of narrative structures and temporal composition, the dramatic and metaphorical correlation of the changing social, national and psychological components of identity represented in the Memoir of Hungary creates a particular literary (aesthetic) effect, which in turn intensifies our reading experience and encourages the reader to go beyond the ideological constructions of official historical writing.
Aspects of the theory of Dionysius the Areopagite concerning the Divine Processions as generating principles of the cosmos
Authors: Terezis Christos ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: December 2012

In this study we attempt to present the argumentation through which Dionysius the Areopagite constructs his theory concerning the processions – powers – capacities of the supreme Principle, the One or the Good, in order to distinguish it from the multitude of produced beings. His main aim, in our opinion, is to avoid pantheism. With reference both to what the Areopagite has borrowed from the Neoplatonic philosophy, and to the distance he moves away from it, we approach views which have been formulated by other scholars, mainly by O. Semmelroth, E. Corsini and S. Gersh. Our purpose is to show that the processions consist in the projection of the One for the creation of the natural world and that, at the same time, they are not ontologically inferior to its hypostasis.
Teofilo d’Antiochia, Ad Autolycum 1, 4
Authors: Gili Luca ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: December 2012

In this paper the author demonstrates that Teophilus of Antioch had the pseudo-Platonic dialogue Alcibiades I in mind when he wrote the apologetic treatise Ad Autolycum. It is worth noting that this implicit reference occurs in the context of Teophilus’s description of the soul’s ascent to God.
Una recente traduzione del De civitate dei
Authors: Grossi Vittorino ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: December 2012

This note highlights the difficulties of reading the vocabulary of the De civitate Dei and makes annotations to the introduction of the new Italian translation of the De civitate, edited by Domenico Marafioti with an extensive introduction and notes: Sant’Agostino, La città di Dio, a cura di Domenico Marafioti, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milano 2011 (Oscar Grandi Classici), 1632 pagine. ISBN 978-88-04-60888-2.
N-Acetylglucosamine Functions in Cell Signaling
Authors: Konopka James B.
Published: December 2012

The amino sugar N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is well known for the important structural roles that it plays at the cell surface. It is a key component of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan, fungal cell wall chitin, and the extracellular matrix of animal cells. Interestingly, recent studies have also identified new roles for GlcNAc in cell signaling. For example, GlcNAc stimulates the human fungal pathogenCandida albicansto undergo changes in morphogenesis and expression of virulence genes. PathogenicE. coliresponds to GlcNAc by altering the expression of fimbriae and CURLI fibers that promote biofilm formation and GlcNAc stimulates soil bacteria to undergo changes in morphogenesis and production of antibiotics. Studies with animal cells have revealed that GlcNAc influences cell signaling through the posttranslational modification of proteins by glycosylation. O-linked attachment of GlcNAc to Ser and Thr residues regulates a variety of intracellular proteins, including transcription factors such as NFκB, c-myc, and p53. In addition, the specificity of Notch family receptors for different ligands is altered by GlcNAc attachment to fucose residues in the extracellular domain. GlcNAc also impacts signal transduction by altering the degree of branching of N-linked glycans, which influences cell surface signaling proteins. These emerging roles of GlcNAc as an activator and mediator of cellular signaling in fungi, animals, and bacteria will be the focus of this paper.
Invisibilisation de la souffrance au travail des patients en psychiatrie et psychiatrisation du social
Authors: Salah-Eddine Laïla
Published: December 2012

Alors même que la souffrance au travail est une thématique qui a connu un gain de visibilité ces dernières années, une observation participante menée au sein d’un centre d’accueil et de crise (CAC) a permis de mettre au jour des processus d’invisibilisation de la souffrance au travail des patients, ce qui nous amène à discuter la thèse de la psychiatrisation du social comme phénomène explicatif de cette invisibilisation et à mettre en relief l’intérêt de raisonner en termes de segments professionnels en concurrence et parfois en conflit, plutôt qu’en termes de groupes professionnels, pour mieux comprendre la genèse et le déploiement de ces processus.
Nouvelle normativité sociale et déficience intellectuelle : l’impasse pénale
Authors: Ouellet Guillaume , Morin Daphné , Mercier Céline , Crocker Anne
Published: December 2012

Le mouvement de désinstitutionalisation des personnes ayant une déficience intellectuelle (DI) s’est accompagné d’un discours politique prônant leur intégration sociale dans une société juste et inclusive. Toutefois, comme en témoigne la présence de ces personnes dans le système pénal, la participation à la vie en communauté ne va pas de soi. Qu’advient-il alors de l’idéal de justice et d’intégration des personnes vivant avec un handicap mental ? Le système pénal peut-il servir de levier d’adaptation et assurer la réinsertion sociale d’individus au double statut de « citoyen à part entière » et de « personne vulnérable » ? En s’appuyant sur des résultats de recherche d’un projet réalisé en milieu carcéral québécois, l’article propose une réflexion théorique autour de l’intervention pénale auprès des personnes ayant une DI.
« Une vie qui est ailleurs. » Une sociologie des troubles mentaux à travers le parcours d’un adolescent d’origine chinoise à Paris
Authors: Wang Simeng
Published: December 2012

Partant d’un travail de terrain mené au sujet des problématiques de santé mentale parmi les migrants chinois à Paris, l’article se focalise sur la trajectoire de Laurent, dix-sept ans, fils de migrants chinois, diagnostiqué comme « autiste » depuis son enfance et pris en charge par de multiples acteurs institutionnels. L’auteure analyse différentes scènes sociales sur lesquelles l’adolescent se positionne (le niveau familial et institutionnel) afin de comprendre l’évolution des troubles de l’enquêté, les transformations des soins qu’il reçoit, et de mettre en exergue les enjeux spécifiques liés à son statut d’adolescent de la « deuxième génération ».
Marathon, battle of
Authors: Krentz Peter
Published: December 2012

In 490bcethe Athenians and the Plataians defeated the Persians at Marathon, a plain on the northeast coast of Attica. The Persian expedition had six hundred triremes, cavalry, and eighteen to twenty‐four thousand infantry archers. Under the command of Datis the Mede, the Persians took Naxos, the other Cyclades Islands, and Eretria. The Athenians sent perhaps fifteen or sixteen thousand men to meet them at Marathon. No more than one thousand Plataians arrived to help; a religious festival delayed the spartans.
Meletos
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia
Published: December 2012

Meletos was an Athenian statesman in the late fifth or early fourth centurybce.
Neapolis, Thrace
Authors: Psoma Selene
Published: December 2012

Neapolis (or Nea Polis,“New City”) was located at the northernmost point of the Strymonic Gulf, at the site of modern Kavala.
Nearchos
Authors: Baynham Elizabeth
Published: December 2012

Nearchos, son of Androtimos of Crete (Arr.Anab. 3.6.5;Ind. 18.4.10;SIG3266.1–2), Alexander III, The Great's admiral and boyhood friend, was also one of the important eyewitness historians of Alexander's campaigns, and his work (not extant), tentatively titled in modern times, by Jacoby (FGrH133 F 1),Paraplous (Circumnavigation) of India, was used extensively by Arrian, especially in hisIndica, and by Strabo.
Nomophylakes
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia
Published: December 2012

Nomophylakes
(”guardians of the laws”) was the name given to a body of magistrates attested in Athens and elsewhere.
Pella
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: December 2012

Pella, northwest of the Thermaic Gulf and on a branch of the Loudias River, superseded Aigai (Vergina) as the capital of Macedonia in 399
bce
.
Perinthos
Authors: Sayar Mustafa Hamdi
Published: December 2012

Colonists from the island of Samos founded Perinthos (modern Marmara Ereğlisi) in 602 Bce. Around 570/60 the people of Perinthos engaged in war with the Megarians, who had built the cities of Byzantium and Selymbria to the east of Perinthos; they were fighting for their commercial interests. Paionians coming from the region of the Strymon River captured Perinthos during the sixth century. In 511 the Persian King Darius I, during his futile campaign against the Scythians, succeeded in seizing the city, although not without suffering heavy casualties during a long siege led by his general Megabazos.
Philomelos
Authors: McInerney Jeremy
Published: December 2012

Philomelos, a powerful Phokian general, came to prominence in 357bce, when the Delphic Amphictyony imposed a fine on the Phokians for cultivating portions of Apollo's sacred land.
Phokion
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia
Published: December 2012

Phokion (402/1–318
bce
) was an Athenian general and politician, son of Phokos, possibly of the deme of Potamioi. He was
bouleutes
(member of the Council) in 336/35. A disciple of Plato'S Academy , he was on friendly terms with Chabrias and Xenocrates. The main sources on him are Diodorus Of Sicily, Books 16–18; Cornelius Nepos,
Phocion
(no. 19 in his
Lives of eminent commanders
); and Plutarch'S
Life of Phocion
.
Phormisios
Authors: Keim Benjamin
Published: December 2012

Phormisios was a moderate Athenian politician active during the late fifth and early fourth centurybce.
Pnyx
Authors: Richardson M. B.
Published: December 2012

The Pnyx, at Athens, is the middle of three low hills that range north/south, immediately west of the Acropolis.
Poletai
Authors: Papazarkadas Nikolaos
Published: December 2012

The
poletai
(“sellers”) were an Athenian annual board of ten financial magistrates, tribally alloted, whose office was thought to have already been in place in Solonian Athens ([Arist.]
Ath. Pol
. 7.3).
Polis
Authors: Rhodes P.J. , Ager Sheila L.
Published: December 2012

During the Archaic and Classical periods, thepolis(“city‐state”) became the characteristic, though not the universal, primary political unit of the Greeks, and the unit on which their political philosophy was based.
Salamis, island and battle of
Authors: Taylor Martha C.
Published: December 2012

Salamis is an island in the Saronic gulf closing the bay of Eleusis to the south.
Sparta
Authors: Jensen Sean R. , Figueira Thomas J.
Published: December 2012

Sparta, or Lakedaimon, was for at least two centuries the dominant Polis of mainland Greece.
Themistokles
Authors: Bolmarcich Sarah
Published: December 2012

Themistokles (ca. 524/3–ca. 460/59
BCE
) was the most important political figure at Athens during the Persian wars. The sources for Themistokles’ life include his near‐contemporary Herodotus and Thucydides, as well as Plutarch's
Life
of him, written six centuries later. Herodotus and Thucydides are laudatory, especially praising Themistokles’ native intelligence and wisdom; Plutarch, on the other hand, criticizes him as power‐hungry and ruthless.
Thucydides
Authors: Kallet Lisa
Published: December 2012

Thucydides, an Athenian, composed the history of the Peloponnesian War fought by Athens and Sparta and their respective allies from 431 to 404BCE.
Timoleon
Authors: Vido Stefania De
Published: December 2012

Timoleon, son of Timainetos (Diod. Sic. 16.65.2, 90.1; cf. Plut.
Tim
. 3.2; 39.5), a Corinthian aristocrat, was a protagonist on the Sicilian and Syracusan scene in the second half of the fourth century
BCE
.
Treaties, Archaic and Classical Greece
Authors: Ager Sheila L.
Published: December 2012

International relations in Archaic and Classical Greece featured a complex network of interstate diplomacy and treaty relations.
Tribute Lists, Athenian
Authors: Papazarkadas Nikolaos
Published: December 2012

“Tribute lists” is a misnomer traditionally applied to the lapidary records of the first fruits (one‐sixtieth, or “one mina per talent”) of the yearly Tribute (
phoros
) offered to Athena by members of the Delian League.
Apollodoros, son of Pasion
Authors: Shipton Kirsty M. W.
Published: December 2012

Apollodoros (ca. 394‐post‐late 340sbce) was the elder son of the banker Pasion and author of six speeches preserved in the Demosthenic corpus. They give a vivid picture of a wealthy first‐generation Athenian citizen anxious to distance himself from his servile origins by gaining prominence in public life.
Apologists
Authors: Hauck Robert J.
Published: December 2012

Ranging from a practicing philosopher in Rome to a North African rhetorician, the apologists were a collection of second‐ and third century Christian writers who attempted to defend Christianity in a period of persecution and to articulate its harmony with, or superiority to, Hellenistic thought and culture.
Chrematistike
Authors: Schaps David M.
Published: December 2012

Chrematizowas the classical verb for “making money,” and one who did so was achrematistes; philosophers used the termchrematistike (techne)to designate business pursued for profit. It is noteworthy that they conceived of no other method for supplying a community's needs.
Economic theory
Authors: Conison Alex
Published: December 2012

Economic theory describes a set of models developed by economists in order to understand people's decision‐making processes. Fundamentally, economic theory is devoted to analyzing how people allocate their scarce resources to maximize their utility. This contrasts with anthropological and sociological models of human behavior, which generally ask why certain resources are valued more than others. A familiarity with economic thought is a useful tool for historians.
Emmer
Authors: Carlà Filippo
Published: December 2012

Emmer (Greek
zeia
or
olyra
, Latin
far
), a kind of wheat, was cultivated in Mesopotamia by the seventh millennium
BCE
, and during the sixth millennium became the main cereal crop in that region.
Eranos
Authors: Tiersch Claudia
Published: December 2012

The term
eranos
denotes service done on the basis of reciprocity and mutual aid in different forms.
Glass, Greece and Rome
Authors: Lauwers Veerle
Published: December 2012

On typo‐chronological grounds glass can roughly be divided into several groups. First, small receptacles for precious liquids were made in core‐formed glass in Mesopotamia, Egypt and later, in other places in the Mediterranean (Syro‐Palestine, Cyprus, Italy, Greece), from the second half of the second millennium
BCE
onwards into the early imperial period, with the most considerable output dating to between the mid‐sixth century and the early to mid‐first century
BCE
.
Grain supply and trade
Authors: Lemak Joseph
Published: December 2012

Grain was of vital importance to the ancient Mediterranean world. Not only did grain provide the majority of the caloric food intake for the inhabitants of the entire ancient Mediterranean basin, but it has been estimated that up to 75 percent of the average ancient Mediterranean diet was made up of cereals.
Hunting, Greece and Rome
Authors: Carlà Filippo
Published: December 2012

Hunting, a widespread activity in Greece and Rome, had many aims.
Spices
Authors: Wiesehofer Josef
Published: December 2012

Today, spices are defined as parts of wild and garden plants that are used as spicing or taste‐giving ingredients in the preparation of all kinds of food and drinks because of their natural flavoring and odor content, but also for the preservation of food and liquids (cf. for antiquity: ColumellaRust. 12.8.1).
Tabularium
Authors: Meyers Rachel
Published: December 2012

The
Tabularium
, a building designed to hold tablets (
tabulae
), is traditionally located between the two summits of the Capitoline hill on the western end of the Forum Romanum.
Vicus
Authors: Goodman Penelope J.
Published: December 2012

The Latin word vicus denotes a community larger than a single household, but smaller than acity.
Silver
Authors: Brown Heather
Published: December 2012

Silver (Ag,argentum) is a soft, precious metal admired for its brilliant luster.
Blemmyes
Authors: Dijkstra Jitse H.F.
Published: December 2012

Blemmyes is the ethnic name of an ensemble of tribes who originated in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea, and who are known for raiding the Nile Valley on several occasions in the Roman period and Late Antiquity.
Akribeia
Authors: Longley Georgina M.
Published: December 2012

Akribeiameans “accuracy” or “exactness.”
Causation, historical
Authors: Walter Uwe
Published: December 2012

In Greek historiography, causation posed a significant problem, to which a variety of – at times very complex – solutions were found.
Claudius Quadrigarius, Quintus
Authors: Forsythe Gary
Published: December 2012

Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius, author of a Roman history in Latin, flourished during the first quarter of the first century
BCE
.
Cornelius Nepos
Authors: Serrati John
Published: December 2012

Cornelius Nepos (ca. 100–24BCE) was a Roman author of the late republican period. He is primarily known for his biographies of Greek, Roman, and Carthaginian personalities. Originally from Gallia Cisalpina, he was well known in Rome's literary circles; he wrote large biographies of his friends Cicero and Titus Pomponius Atticus, of which only the latter survives. Another friend, Catullus, dedicated verses to him.
Digressions
Authors: Walter Uwe
Published: December 2012

Digression (
parekbasis
–
excursus
,
egressio
,
excursio
,
digressus
) generally denotes a closed piece of writing, embedded in a greater narrative or argument.
Politeiai
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia
Published: December 2012

The term
Politeia
is first attested in Herodotus and is widely employed in the historical and political prose of the second half of the fifth century
BCE
.
Argeads
Authors: Psoma Selene
Published: December 2012

In ancient literary sources, the term Argeads denotes the royal house of Macedonia down to Alexander IV and refers to their origins in Argos.The term Temenids is also used to emphasize their descent from Temenos, king of Argos.
Aristophanes of Byzantium
Authors: Petrovic Ivana
Published: December 2012

Aristophanes of Byzantium (ca. 265–190 or 257–180BCE) was Eratosthenes' successor as the head of the (Alexandrian library)and one of the most prominent and influential philologists of the ancient world. Born in Byzantium, he moved to Alexandria, where he was taught by the leading scholars. Some sources list Dionysios Iambos, Euphronios, and Machon as his teachers; others list Zenodotos of Ephesos, Callimachus, and Eratosthenes. His own student, Aristarchus of Samos, was equally prominent, and since Aristarchus tended to agree with Aristophanes, the work of the pupil can be used to provide insight into the editing and exegetical methods of his teacher Aristophanes.
Demetrios I (Seleucid king)
Authors: Iossif Panagiotis P.
Published: December 2012

Demetrios I (ca. 186 – 150BCE), son of Seleukos IV Philopator and Laodike, became king in 162. In ca. 177, Demetrios had replaced his uncle Antiochos IV Epiphanes as a hostage in Rome in order to fulfill the terms of the Treaty of Apamea (App.Syr. 47).
Demochares of Athens
Authors: Muccioli Federicomaria
Published: December 2012

Athenian democratic statesman, orator and historian, nephew and political heir of Demosthenes.
League of Islanders (Nesiotic League)
Authors: Koehn Clemens
Published: December 2012

The League of Islanders was a federation of Aegean islands in the Hellenistic period, epigraphically attested askoinon ton nesiotonorhoi nesiotai.
SeleukosIIIKeraunos
Authors: Heller André
Published: December 2012

Seleukos III Keraunos, son of king Seleukos II Kallinikos and his wife Laodike.
Milo, Titus Annius
Authors: Clark Anna J.
Published: December 2012

Member of a prominent family from Lanuvium, tribune in 57BCE, and opponent of Clodius (seeClodius Pulcher, Publius), Milo worked with Sestius for Cicero's recall from exile.
Seneca the Younger (Lucius Annaeus Seneca)
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L. E.
Published: December 2012

Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (ca. 4BCE–65CE) is one of the foremost exponents of imperial Stoicism.
Terence (Publius Terentius Afer)
Authors: Brown Peter G. McC.
Published: December 2012

Terence (ca. 185–159BCE) was the leading comic playwright of his generation at Rome and with Plautus one of the founding fathers of European comic drama, being much imitated by authors such as Molière.
Sulpicia, Augustan poet
Authors: MacRae Duncan
Published: December 2012

Sulpicia was an elegiac poet of the Augustan period and one of the few female writers in Latin whose work survives.
Agrippa
I
Authors: Schwartz Daniel R.
Published: December 2012

Agrippa I (ca.11/10
BCE
–43/44
CE
), king of various parts of Palestine from 37
CE
until his death, was the grandson of Herod the Great and his Hasmonean wife, Mariamne.
Archelaos, son of Herod
Authors: Curran John
Published: December 2012

“Herod” Archelaos lived about 27
BCE
to 30s
CE
, and was ethnarch of Judaea, Samaria, and Idumaea (4–6
CE
).
Astrology, Jewish
Authors: Leicht Reimund
Published: December 2012

The belief in the influence of the stars on man's fate and his ability to predict future events through the observation of the heavens, which was a dominant feature of Mesopotamian and later Egyptian cultures, has left only dim echoes in biblical literature (e.g., Amos 5:26; Isa 47:12–13; Jer 10:2).
Babatha
Authors: Rotman Youval
Published: December 2012

In 1961, an expedition of the Israel Exploration Society, led by Yigal Yadin, discovered in the cave known as “The Cave of the Letters” in Nahal Hever in the Judaean desert, a leather pouch containing thirty‐five juridical documents which belonged to a Jewish woman named Babatha from the period just prior to the Bar Kokhba revolt.
Balsam
Authors: Hartmann Andreas
Published: December 2012

Balsam, an aromatic resin, probably from the
Balsamodendron opobalsamum/gileadensis
, is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as a perfume and drug. It was an important commodity for trade (Ezek 27:17; Jerome
Comm. Ezech
. 8.27). The origin of the balsam tree from southwestern Arabia is reflected in Jewish tradition (1 Kings 10:2; Joseph
AJ
8.174).
Calendar, Jewish
Authors: Stern Sacha
Published: December 2012

“Jewish” calendars are best defined in terms of their common, main function in antiquity, that is, determining the dates of biblical and other Jewish festivals. The use of distinctly Jewish calendars for more general purposes, for example, for dating inscriptions and documents, seems always to have been restricted to the Jews of Judaea/Palestine (Stern 2001: 24–7).
Coinage, Jewish
Authors: Dombrowski Justin
Published: December 2012

“Jewish coinage” typically refers to coins minted in Palestine under Jewish authorities, and/or bearing certain linguistic or iconographic characteristics.
Community Rule, the (Dead Sea Scrolls)
Authors: Dimant Devorah
Published: December 2012

TheCommunity Ruleis a compilation of regulations and instructions for the community, a genre distinctive of the literature produced by the Qumran group.
Enoch, Books of (1, 2, 3 Enoch)
Authors: Ben‐Dov Jonathan
Published: December 2012

Enoch (HebrewHanokh) is a biblical patriarch whose literary figure was developed in Jewish apocalyptic sources and accepted as a central source of revelation in early Christian traditions, in Islam, Gnosticism, and medieval Jewish sources.
Epistle of Jeremiah
Authors: Henze Matthias
Published: December 2012

The Epistle of Jeremiah (Epistula Ieremiae) is a Jewish tractate warning the readers against the folly of worshipping idols.
Exodus, Jewish and Egyptian stories about
Authors: Bloch René
Published: December 2012

The biblical story of the Israelites' departure from Pharaonic Egypt to the land of Canaan marks the beginning of Israel as a distinct nation.
Galilee
Authors: Babkina Svetlana V.
Published: December 2012

The region known as Galilee is in the northern part of Israel, bordered by the Litani river in the north, the Jezreel Valley in the south, the Jordan River and the Sea of Galilee in the east, and the Mediterranean Sea in the west.
Ioppa/Jaffo
Authors: Klein Konstantin M.
Published: December 2012

Ioppa (Joppa, today a part of Tel Aviv‐Jafo) is a harbor city in Palestine, whose port has been in use since the Bronze Age.
Jeremiah
Authors: Cogan Mordechai
Published: December 2012

Jeremiah, son of Hilkiah, was a Judaean prophet who descended from a priestly family from Anathoth, a village north of Jerusalem.
Jericho
Authors: Cline Eric H.
Published: December 2012

Jericho is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, mainly because of the perennial water sources that have flowed for millennia.
Johanan, Rabbi
Authors: Kalmin Richard
Published: December 2012

Rabbi Johanan lived in Tiberias, a Galilean city with a relatively large rabbinic population. He has aptly been described as the most prominent Palestinian Amora who ever lived (Hyman 1910: 653). The most obvious proof of this claim is the fact that he is mentioned more frequently in classical rabbinic literature than any other Palestinian Amora. In fact, Talmudic sources suggest that the Palestinian rabbinic community in the late third and early fourth centuries consisted primarily of the circle of Johanan's colleagues and students.
Jonathan Maccabaeus
Authors: Bernhardt Johannes C.
Published: December 2012

Jonathan was the fifth and youngest son of Mattathias and a member of the priestly family of the Hasmoneans. The main sources for his life and career are 1 Maccabees and Flavius Josephus (seeMaccabees, Books of; Josephus), which give a rather sober portrait of him, echoing that of the biblical judges (1 Macc 9:73).
Judeo‐Greek Literature
Authors: Gruen Erich S.
Published: December 2012

Translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek began in the third centuryBCE.