bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the occurrence of ocean sunfish Mola mola and slender sunfish Ranzania laevis in the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Dulčić J. , Beg Paklar G. , Grbec B. , Morović M. , Matić F. , Lipej L.
Published: May 2007

Presence and habitat preference of two pelagic fish species—Mola mola and Ranzania laevis—are investigated
from all available records obtained in the Adriatic from 1781 up to today. Absence of systematic
investigations is overcome by relating their occurrences to the long-term meteorological and oceanographic
data sets representing local conditions and processes. Seasonal and interannual distributions of
these two species are significantly different and point to a possible different causes of their appearance.
On the seasonal scale almost all findings of M. mola, with only a few exceptions, are from the warm part
of the year, whereas R. laevis is appearing throughout the year with the highest number of individuals in
December. Analysis of the interannual meteorological and oceanographic conditions indicates that occurrence
of M. mola coincides with the sea warming, whereas the oceanographic conditions favourable for
appearance of R. laevis are more complex and could be related to the abrupt change in the large scale
atmospheric conditions. Changeable atmospheric conditions coincided with increased productivity in the
Adriatic and increased number of zooplankton and small pelagic fish, which are the main food for R. laevis.
The diet of pelagic loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) off the Balearic archipelago (western Mediterranean): relevance of long-line baits
Authors: Revelles M. , Cardona L. , Aguilar A. , Fernández G.
Published: May 2007

Gut content and stable isotope analyses were used to investigate the feeding habits of loggerhead sea
turtles (Caretta caretta) inhabiting the Balearic archipelago. Turtles caught in the pelagic realm (δ13C:
-16.0±0.6‰ and δ15N: 8.5±0.9‰) and turtles caught on the continental shelf (δ13C: -16.7±0.6‰
and δ15N: 8.4±1.3‰) did not differ in their isotopic signatures, suggesting that their diets include the same
prey types. A mixing model revealed that for the turtles here analysed, squid and the jellyfish
Cotylorhiza tuberculata were the most relevant prey, although stomach contents analysis revealed that carnivorous
jellyplankton, neuston, fish and other cephalopods were also consumed. Gut content analysis also
indicated that most of the prey identified, including all fish and most cephalopods, were of pelagic origin.
Thus, loggerhead sea turtles inhabiting central regions of the western Mediterranean appear to seldom
exploit benthic prey, even while on the continental shelf.
Differential distribution within longline transects of loggerhead turtles and swordfish captured by the Spanish Mediterranean surface longline fishery
Authors: Báez José C. , Real Raimundo , Camiñas Juan A.
Published: May 2007

Surface longline targeting mainly swordfish is considered a major threat for loggerhead turtle populations
in the western Mediterranean Sea. For this reason, it is necessary to analyse the relationship between
the characteristics of longline sets and loggerhead turtle by-catch. The objective of this study is to look for
differential spatial distribution of loggerhead turtle and swordfish captures along the longline to gain
insights that might be useful to diminish unintended, incidental catch of turtles without affecting the
captures of the target species.

Longlines are divided into transects separated by two consecutives buoys. During the 1999 fishing period
of the traditional (without roller) Spanish surface drifting longline fleet (August to November), 59 technically
homogeneous fishing operations, composed of 23 sections each, were observed. Chi-square test was
used to compare loggerhead turtle and swordfish distributions among transects with those expected at
random. Significant differences were obtained only for loggerhead turtles, with 93% of the specimens
caught in the second half of the longline transects, which were retrieved from the sea during daytime.
Significant differences were not found for the swordfish along the whole longline or for loggerhead turtle
captures retrieved during daytime. We conclude that swordfish captures are independent of retrieval time
whereas the incidental catch of loggerhead turtles occurs mainly during daytime, probably because
loggerhead turtles use vision to locate baits.
Prochlorococcus-like populations detected by flow cytometry in the fresh and brackish waters of the Changjiang Estuary
Authors: Shang X. , Zhang L.H. , Zhang J.
Published: May 2007

Pico-size cells with a red fluorescence signature similar to marine free-living prochlorophytes have been
detected by flow cytometry throughout the fresh and brackish waters of the Changjiang Estuary in August
2005. These cells could be discriminated from Synechococcus by their lack of orange (phycoerythrin) fluorescence,
from Prochlorococcus by their larger side light scatter, and from picoeukaryotes by their smaller side
light scatter and much lower red (chlorophyll) fluorescence. The maximum abundances of these
Prochlorococcus-like particles reached 3×104 cells ml-1 in the low salinity zone upriver and declined rapidly
seaward. While Synechococcus was scarce and Prochlorococcus vanished in the brackish regions, the
Prochlorococcus-like cells overnumbered the picoeukaryotes and became the predominant pico-size auto-
fluorescing particles there, implying they might play an important role in this estuarine ecosystem and
worthy of further investigation.
Reproductive biology of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in two contrasting habitats of northern Tunisia (south-east Mediterranean)
Authors: Sellem Fériel , Guillou Monique
Published: May 2007

The reproductive strategies of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, were studied in the Bay of Tunis.
Samples were collected monthly, from September 1993 to August 1995, in two sites which differ in their
marine vegetation and their exposure to wave action. Histological examination demonstrated a cycle of
gametogenesis with six reproductive stages and a main breeding period occurring between April and
June. Gonad indices varied between sites and years, the sheltered site presenting a higher investment in
reproduction.This difference was essentially induced by the largest sea urchins (above 40 mm in diameter).
Repletion indices showed a clear pattern without difference between sites and years. The sea urchin
increase in feeding activity was controlled by the need to allocate nutrient to the gonad during the
mature stage. But the gonad investment was not correlated with the intensity of food intake. Hydrodynamic
conditions might play a key role in diverting energy to the maintenance in an exposed
environment at the expense of reproduction.
Biological observations on lamnoid sharks (Lamniformes) caught by fisheries in eastern Indonesia
Authors: White William T.
Published: May 2007

Fish landing site surveys in eastern Indonesia, conducted between April 2001 and March 2006, recorded
seven species of lamnoid sharks (order Lamniformes) belonging to four families. Of these, Alopiidae were
most abundant in the landings, with Alopias pelagicus contributing ~13% to the total biomass of all sharks
recorded. Single specimens of both Carcharias taurus and Odontaspis ferox represent the first confirmed
records of these two odontaspid species from Indonesian waters. The length at first maturity (L50) of
females and males of Alopias pelagicus were 2853 and 2468 mm total length (TL), respectively, and size at
birth was 1300–1440 mm TL. Pregnant females of both A. pelagicus and A. superciliosus had litters of only
two embryos (one per uterus) that were confirmed to be oophagous, but not adelphophagous. Females and
males of Pseudocarcharias kamoharai matured at 870–1030 and ~725 mm TL, respectively, and size at birth
was 360–450 mm TL. Pregnant females contained four embryos (two per uterus) which were oophagous,
but unlikely to be adelphophagous. Males of Isurus oxyrinchus and I. paucus matured at ~1860 and 2050–
2281 mm TL, respectively. These are the first biological data reported on lamnoid sharks in Indonesian
waters.
Incidence of scabies in Belgium
Authors: LAPEERE H. , NAEYAERT J.-M. , De WEERT J. , De MAESENEER J. , BROCHEZ L.
Published: May 2007

A prospective survey on scabies in Ghent, Belgium was performed in 2004. Sixty-four individual cases were reported, corresponding to a crude incidence rate of 28/100 000 inhabitants. The incidence was higher in the elderly (51/100 000 in persons aged >75 years) and a higher incidence was also found in immigrants (88/100 000). More than 40% of the registered scabies patients had symptoms for more than 4 weeks at the time of presentation. In 54% of the consultations, the patient had already consulted a physician for his/her skin problem. Of this group, 44% had not yet received any scabicidal treatment, indicating that scabies was not yet diagnosed or that an inappropriate treatment was prescribed. The observations suggest that the diagnosis and/or treatment of scabies in this region can still be improved.
Composers' Voices from Ives to Ellington: An Oral History of American Music. By Vivian Perlis and Libby Van Cleve. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005.
Authors: Green Edward
Published: May 2007

This is the inaugural volume of a series of four designed to give a vivid and rounded sense of the vibrant energy that impelled American twentieth-century music. A must-read for anyone who cares about the foundations of that music, Composers' Voices from Ives to Ellington: An Oral History of American Music contains a series of transcriptions from interviews housed at Yale University in their archives of the oral history of American music (OHAM). These interviews were conducted either directly with those composers—Ives, Eubie Blake, Copland, Gershwin, Cowell, Varèse, Ellington, and others—who collectively shaped our nation's music in the first decades of the twentieth century or with others who knew them firsthand. The latter range from persons we might expect (fellow musicians, family members, and business associates) to those who leap from the page as wonderful surprises—for example, Ives's barber! Rarely have five hundred pages of musicological text contained such richness of information combined with such liveliness of presentation. So candid are these interviews, so electric in rhythm, preserving the “jumpiness” of live speech, that it is hard to put the book down.
RECORDING REVIEWS
Authors: Williams William H. A.
Published: May 2007

McNally's Row of Flats: Irish American Songs of Old New York by Harrigan and Braham. By Mick Moloney. McNally's Row of Flats. Are you There Moriarity. The Regular Army-O. Patrick's Day Parade. Danny by my Side. Get Up Jack John Sit Down. Dad's Dinner Pail. Never Take the Horseshoe From the Door. I Never Drink Behind the Bar. The Babies on Our Block. The Mulligan Guard. Old Boss Barry. Such an Education Has My Mary Ann. Maggie Murphy's Home. Compass 4426, 2006.
Ärgerregulierung bei Jungen mit ADHS
Authors: Bonekamp Eva , von Salisch Maria
Published: May 2007

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Wie reagieren Jungen mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS), wenn sie sich über ihren Freund ärgern? Aufgrund der Impulsivität und der Probleme mit der Aufmerksamkeitslenkung wäre zu erwarten, dass sie ihren Ärger schneller in direktes Konfrontieren des Freundes umsetzen und seltener eine ruhige Aussprache suchen, den eigenen Anspruch zurücknehmen oder sich vom Ärgergeschehen distanzieren. Methodik: Es wurden 23 Jungen mit ADHS ohne komorbide Störung des Sozialverhaltens im Alter von 8 bis 13 Jahren mit einer altersentsprechenden Kontrollstichprobe verglichen. Zur Erfassung des Umgangs mit Ärger wurde der Fragebogen zu kindlichen Ärgerregulierungsstrategien (KÄRST, von Salisch & Pfeiffer, 1998 ) verwendet. Ergebnisse: Im Selbstbericht zeigte sich entgegen der Erwartung kein signifikanter Unterschied in den konfrontierenden und schädigenden Strategien. Jungen mit ADHS berichteten jedoch hypothesenkonform signifikant seltener als Jungen der Kontrollgruppe, dass sie distanzierende Strategien verwenden. Auch das Erklären und die Zurücknahme des eigenen Anspruchs wurden von Jungen mit ADHS seltener angegeben. Schlussfolgerungen: Jungen mit ADHS schätzen ihren Einsatz von Ärgerregulierungsstrategien, die eine gute Impulskontrolle voraussetzen, als geringer ein. Im Selbstbericht über das Ausleben des aggressiven Ärgerimpulses zeigte sich hingegen kein Unterschied zwischen Jungen mit und ohne ADHS. Der Grund könnte darin liegen, dass Jungen mit ADHS (ohne komorbider Störung des Sozialverhaltens) in ihrer impulsiven Ärgerreaktionen nicht die Absicht haben, ihrem Freund längerfristig zu schaden und ihr Verhalten daher nicht als aggressiv beurteilen.
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE)
Authors: McEwen Alfred S. , Eliason Eric M. , Bergstrom James W. , Bridges Nathan T. , Hansen Candice J. , Delamere W. Alan , Grant John A. , Gulick Virginia C. , Herkenhoff Kenneth E. , Keszthelyi Laszlo , Kirk Randolph L. , Mellon Michael T. , Squyres Steven W. , Thomas Nicolas , Weitz Catherine M.
Published: May 2007

The HiRISE camera features a 0.5 m diameter primary mirror, 12 m effective focal length, and a focal plane system that can acquire images containing up to 28 Gb (gigabits) of data in as little as 6 seconds. HiRISE will provide detailed images (0.25 to 1.3 m/pixel) covering ∼1% of the Martian surface during the 2‐year Primary Science Phase (PSP) beginning November 2006. Most images will include color data covering 20% of the potential field of view. A top priority is to acquire ∼1000 stereo pairs and apply precision geometric corrections to enable topographic measurements to better than 25 cm vertical precision. We expect to return more than 12 Tb of HiRISE data during the 2‐year PSP, and use pixel binning, conversion from 14 to 8 bit values, and a lossless compression system to increase coverage. HiRISE images are acquired via 14 CCD detectors, each with 2 output channels, and with multiple choices for pixel binning and number of Time Delay and Integration lines. HiRISE will support Mars exploration by locating and characterizing past, present, and future landing sites, unsuccessful landing sites, and past and potentially future rover traverses. We will investigate cratering, volcanism, tectonism, hydrology, sedimentary processes, stratigraphy, aeolian processes, mass wasting, landscape evolution, seasonal processes, climate change, spectrophotometry, glacial and periglacial processes, polar geology, and regolith properties. An Internet Web site (HiWeb) will enable anyone in the world to suggest HiRISE targets on Mars and to easily locate, view, and download HiRISE data products.
Environmental turbulent mixing controls on air‐water gas exchange in marine and aquatic systems
Authors: Zappa Christopher J. , McGillis Wade R. , Raymond Peter A. , Edson James B. , Hintsa Eric J. , Zemmelink Hendrik J. , Dacey John W. H. , Ho David T.
Published: May 2007

Air‐water gas transfer influences CO2 and other climatically important trace gas fluxes on regional and global scales, yet the magnitude of the transfer is not well known. Widely used models of gas exchange rates are based on empirical relationships linked to wind speed, even though physical processes other than wind are known to play important roles. Here the first field investigations are described supporting a new mechanistic model based on surface water turbulence that predicts gas exchange for a range of aquatic and marine processes. Findings indicate that the gas transfer rate varies linearly with the turbulent dissipation rate to the power in a range of systems with different types of forcing ‐ in the coastal ocean, in a macro‐tidal river estuary, in a large tidal freshwater river, and in a model (i.e., artificial) ocean. These results have important implications for understanding carbon cycling.
Interannual variations of the Indonesian throughflow
Authors: Potemra James T. , Schneider Niklas
Published: May 2007

The relationship of Indonesian throughflow (ITF) transport to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated. Seasonal anomalies of ITF transport are found to be forced by anomalous local, alongshore (South Java) wind as well as by anomalous winds in the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans. Ocean stratification, set up by surface freshwater fluxes and the ITF, partitions the anomalous forcing onto two separate layers in the ITF region, a near surface layer (approximately the upper 100 m) and a thermocline layer (approximately 100–500 m). Interannual anomalies in alongshore South Java winds and equatorial Indian Ocean winds cause changes in upper ocean ITF transport, while divergent winds over the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans control thermocline layer transport anomalies. Interannual periods when the total depth‐integrated transport is most weak occur when there are anomalous westerlies in the equatorial Pacific, anomalous easterlies in the equatorial Indian Ocean (resulting in reduced thermocline level transport), and anomalous westerlies along the coast of southern Java (causing reduced upper ocean transport). Such conditions are found when there are cold sea surface temperature anomalies in the Indonesian Seas as well as the equatorial Indian Ocean, and thus are not strictly related to ENSO variability. Interannual variations in the ITF therefore are controlled by interannual variability associated with ENSO as well as by interannual variability in the Indian Ocean.
Rock abundance on Mars from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer
Authors: Nowicki S. A. , Christensen P. R.
Published: May 2007

Nighttime infrared spectral observations returned from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) are well suited for determining the subpixel abundance of rocks on the surface of Mars. The algorithm used here determines both the areal fraction of rocky material and the thermal inertia of the fine‐grained nonrock component present on the surface. Rock is defined as any surface material that has a thermal inertia ≥1250 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2. This can be bedrock, boulders, indurated sediments, or a combination of these on a surface mixed with finer‐grained materials. Over 4.9 million observations were compiled to produce the 8 pixels per degree global rock abundance and fine‐component inertia maps. Total coverage is ∼45% of the planet between latitudes −60 and 60. Less than 1% of the planet has rock abundances greater than 50%, and ∼7% of the mapped surface has greater than 30% rocks. Rocky regions on Mars correspond primarily to the high‐inertia surfaces observed in thermal inertia data sets. The fine‐component inertia data set is used to identify high‐inertia exposures that contain few rocks and more homogeneous materials.
Barchan dune mobility in Mauritania related to dune and interdune sand fluxes
Authors: Ould Ahmedou D. , Ould Mahfoudh A. , Dupont P. , Ould El Moctar A. , Valance A. , Rasmussen K. R.
Published: May 2007

We present a 1 year study of 50 dunes in a small field of barchan dunes in Mauritania. We documented the morphological evolution of the dunes and their migration rates and measured at 10 min intervals the interdune sand transport, the wind strength, and its direction for the same interval of time. The dune heights H0 range between 2 and 5 m, and their celerity c is found to be well approximated by the standard migration law: c = Q0/H0, with Q0 ≈ 50 m3/m yr. From both the interdune sand flux and the migration rate of the dunes we were able to estimate the spatially averaged sand flux at the dune crest as well as the bulk sand flux associated with the mass of sand transported by the dune. We found that the sand flux at the crest was about 3 times greater than the interdune mass transport rate, whereas the bulk sand flux was surprisingly of the same order as the interdune flux. Moreover, we analyzed carefully the interdune sand transport data, which can be well described by the Sorensen law. The cumulative mass of sand transported during moderate wind events within 1 year was much greater than that transported during strong wind events.
Late Cretaceous shortening and early Tertiary shearing in the central Sierra Madre del Sur, southern Mexico: Insights into the evolution of the Caribbean–North American plate interaction
Authors: Cerca Mariano , Ferrari Luca , López‐Martínez Margarita , Martiny Barbara , Iriondo Alexander
Published: May 2007

A wide region in the central part of the Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS), southern Mexico, records two deformational phases between the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary. The first is a progressive approximately E‐W shortening phase that spans from the Coniacian to earliest Paleocene and involves deformation of Cretaceous marine sedimentary units. The second phase corresponds to Paleocene to early Eocene deformation that also affects continental sediments and is characterized by gentle folding and counterclockwise rotation of previous shortening structures associated with strike‐slip faulting. Here we present geologic, geochronologic, and structural data of two key areas of the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Guerrero‐Morelos Platform (GMP), and the Huajuapan‐Tamazulapan area in western Oaxaca to describe the geometry, kinematics, and timing of the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary deformation. Two regional magmatic episodes constrain the deformational history: (1) the first between the Maastrichtian and the Paleocene (68–57 Ma) documents the end of Late Cretaceous shortening in the GMP; and (2) the second between the late Eocene and early Oligocene (37–29 Ma) has a more regional distribution. The time and space analysis of deformation and magmatism in southern Mexico led us to exclude flat subduction or collision of the Guerrero terrane to the west as the cause for Late Cretaceous shortening in the GMP. Considering the similarity in the time and style of deformation with that of the northern Chortis block, we favor an interpretation in which the tectonic evolution of the central and eastern SMS is the result of progressive interaction of the Caribbean plate with the southernmost edge of North America since the Late Cretaceous.
A framework for classifying and comparing distributed hillslope and catchment hydrologic models
Authors: Kampf Stephanie K. , Burges Stephen J.
Published: May 2007

The term distributed model is widely applied to describe hydrologic models that can simulate broad classes of pathways of water through space, e.g., overland flow, saturated groundwater flow, and/or unsaturated flow in the vadose zone. Because existing distributed modeling approaches differ substantially from one another, we present a common framework from which to compare the many existing hillslope‐ and catchment‐scale models. To provide a context for understanding the structure of the current generation of distributed models, we briefly review the history of hydrologic modeling. We define relevant modeling terms and describe common physical, analytical, and empirical approaches for representing hydrologic processes in the subsurface, surface, atmosphere, and biosphere. We then introduce criteria for classifying existing distributed models based on the nature of their process representation, solution scheme, coupling between the surface and subsurface, and treatment of space and time. On the basis of these criteria we describe 19 representative distributed models and discuss how process, scale, solution, and logistical considerations can be incorporated into model selection and application.
Transition from diluted magnetic insulator to semiconductor in Co-doped ZnO transparent oxide
Authors: Song C. , Liu X. J. , Geng K. W. , Zeng F. , Pan F. , He B. , Wei S. Q.
Published: May 2007

Epitaxial growth of Co-doped ZnO films has been prepared on Al2O3 (001) substrate by an efficient and low cost method, i.e., direct current reactive magnetron cosputtering. The correlation among local Co structure and magnetic, electric, and optical properties of Co:ZnO films has been carefully studied. Taking advantage of decreasing the oxygen partial pressure, we have demonstrated the transition from diluted magnetic insulators (DMIs) to semiconductors (DMSs) in Zn0.96Co0.04O films. Full multiple-scattering ab initio calculations of Co K-edge x-ray-absorption near-edge structure clearly provide a structure fingerprint to determine Co2+ replacing Zn2+ and a slight dissimilarity of local Co structure between DMIs and DMSs. Co:ZnO insulating films exhibiting more robust room temperature ferromagnetism than semiconducting films reveal that structure defects are seen to be responsible for the ferromagnetic ordering in Co:ZnO transparent oxide. Furthermore, optical transmittance measurements show a large redshift instead of Burstein-Moss effect (blueshift) from DMIs to DMSs. The present result reveals the good potential for its applications in magnetic transparent electrodes, such as magnetic metal-insulator-semiconductor diodes.
Hydrogen-bonded OH stretching modes of methanol clusters: A combined IR and Raman isotopomer study
Authors: Larsen R. Wugt , Zielke Philipp , Suhm Martin A.
Published: May 2007

A comprehensive study of the OH and OD stretching fundamentals in clusters of methanol and its isotopomers CH3OD, CD3OH, and CD3OD provides detailed insights into the hydrogen-bond mediated coupling as a function of cluster size. The combination of infrared and Raman supersonic jet spectroscopy enables the observation and assignment of all hydrogen-bonded OH stretching modes of isolated methanol trimer and methanol tetramer. A consistent explanation for the spectral complexity observed more than a decade ago in methanol trimer in terms of low-frequency methyl umbrella motions is provided. Previous explanations based on cluster isomerism or anharmonic resonances are ruled out by dedicated jet experiments. The first experimental lower bound for concerted quadruple proton transfer in S4 symmetric methanol tetramer is derived and compared with theoretical predictions. The observed isotope effects offer insights into the anharmonicity of the localized OH bond. The performance of harmonic B3LYP and MP2 calculations in predicting hydrogen-bond-induced spectral shifts and couplings is investigated.
Transport with reversed shear in the National Spherical Torus Experiment
Authors: Levinton F. M. , Yuh H. , Bell M. G. , Bell R. E. , Delgado-Aparicio L. , Finkenthal M. , Fredrickson E. D. , Gates D. A. , Kaye S. M. , LeBlanc B. P. , Maingi R. , Menard J. E. , Mikkelsen D. , Mueller D. , Raman R. , Rewoldt G. , Sabbagh S. A. , Stutman D. , Tritz K. , Wang W.
Published: May 2007

In the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) [M. Ono et al., Nucl. Fusion 40, 557 (2000)], plasmas with strongly reversed magnetic shear, s≡(r∕q)(dq∕dr)<0, in the plasma core exhibit a marked improvement in electron confinement compared to otherwise similar plasmas with positive or only weakly reversed magnetic shear. The q profile itself is determined by the early evolution of the plasma current, the plasma cross section, and the neutral-beam heating power. In the region of shear reversal, the electron thermal diffusivity can be significantly reduced. Detailed experimental investigation of this phenomenon has been made possible by the successful development of a motional Stark effect (MSE) polarimetry diagnostic suitable for the low magnetic field in NSTX, typically 0.35–0.55T. Measurements of the electron and ion temperature, density, and plasma toroidal rotation profiles are also available with high spatial and temporal resolution for analysis of the plasma transport properties.
Microscopic aspects of the variations in the retention times of dynamic random access memory
Authors: Tuttle Blair R. , Meade Roy
Published: May 2007

The authors have examined the retention time of memory bits. Silicon dangling bond defects are shown to be consistent with retention time observations. Interactions between hydrogen and silicon dangling bond defect complexes are calculated for several model cases using first-principles density functional theory. Variable retention time is explained in terms of hydrogen interacting with a silicon dangling bond defect at the Si–SiO2 interface.
Compatibility between methanol and water in the three-dimensional cage formation of large-sized protonated methanol-water mixed clusters
Authors: Suhara Ken-ichiro , Fujii Asuka , Mizuse Kenta , Mikami Naohiko , Kuo Jer-Lai
Published: May 2007

Infrared spectra of large-sized protonated methanol-water mixed clusters, H+(MeOH)m(H2O)n (m=1–4, n=4–22), were measured in the OH stretch region. The free OH stretch bands of the water moiety converged to a single peak due to the three-coordinated sites at the sizes of m+n=21, which is the magic number of the protonated water cluster. This is a spectroscopic signature for the formation of the three-dimensional cage structure in the mixed cluster, and it demonstrates the compatibility of a small number of methanol molecules with water in the hydrogen-bonded cage formation. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to examine the relative stability and structures of selected isomers of the mixed clusters. The calculation results supported the microscopic compatibility of methanol and water in the hydrogen-bonded cage development. The authors also found that in the magic number clusters, the surface protonated sites are energetically favored over their internal counterparts and the excess proton prefers to take the form of H3O+ despite the fact that the proton affinity of methanol is greater than that of water.
Covariant formulation of the governing equations of continuum mechanics in an Eulerian description
Authors: Schöberl Markus , Schlacher Kurt
Published: May 2007

We present the balance relations for a continuum in the Eulerian formulation in a pure covariant fashion. Based on the analysis of nonrelativistic particle mechanics, we adapt the covariant description to the case of a continuum. The use of the covariant Nijenhuis differential as well as the splitting of the vertical configuration bundle are the key objects that allow a coordinate-free representation. We state the balance equations such that they are valid, also when time variant transformations are applied, which leads to a nontrivial space-time connection and a metric which explicitly depends on the time.
Measured radial dependence of the peak sheath voltages present in very high frequency capacitive discharges
Authors: Barnat E. V. , Miller P. A. , Hebner G. A. , Paterson A. M. , Panagopoulos Theodoros , Hammond Edward , Holland J.
Published: May 2007

The radial distribution of the measured voltage drop across a sheath formed between a 300mm electrode and an argon plasma discharge is shown to depend on the excitation radio frequency, under constant power and pressure conditions. At a lower frequency of 13.56MHz, the voltage drop across the sheath is uniform across the 300mm electrode, while at higher frequencies of 60 and 162MHz the voltage drop becomes radially nonuniform. The magnitude and spatial extent of the nonuniformity become greater with increasing frequency.
The rotational spectrum of CN−
Authors: Gottlieb C. A. , Brünken S. , McCarthy M. C. , Thaddeus P.
Published: May 2007

The rotational spectrum of the molecular negative ion CN− has been detected in the laboratory at high resolution. The four lowest transitions were observed in a low pressure glow discharge through C2N2 and N2. Conclusive evidence for the identification was provided by well-resolved nitrogen quadrupole hyperfine structure in the lowest rotational transition, and a measurable Doppler shift owing to ion drift in the positive column of the discharge. Three spectroscopic constants (B, D, and eQq) reproduce the observed spectrum to within one part in 107 or better, allowing the entire rotational spectrum to be calculated well into the far IR to within 1kms−1 in equivalent radial velocity. CN− is an excellent candidate for astronomical detection, because the CN radical is observed in many galactic molecular sources, the electron binding energy of CN− is large, and calculations indicate CN− should be detectable in IRC+10216—the carbon star where C6H− has recently been observed. The fairly high concentration of CN− in the discharge implies that other molecular anions containing the nitrile group may be within reach.
Urban Agriculture as Local Initiative in Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Hampwaye Godfrey , Nel Etienne , Rogerson Christian M
Published: May 2007

The topic of urban agriculture has, for a significant period of time, been recognized as a key facet of urban survival in the cities in the South. While it normally forms part of multilivelihood strategies and its overall significance is the subject of some debate, it nonetheless is an important feature of both urban landscapes and urban survival. This paper examines the current status quo of urban agriculture in Lusaka, the capital of Zambia. Structural adjustment and downscaling of the key copper mining sector seems to have forced more people into various informal survival strategies, including urban agriculture. Despite the apparent growing significance of urban agriculture, as illustrated by significant recent vegetation clearances around the city, official policy remains ambivalent and it has not been adequately supported or catered for in urban planning. While it remains officially illegal, controls are seldom enforced and urban farmers persist with what is a key household survival strategy under trying circumstances.
Depth from Binocular Half-Occlusions in Stereoscopic Images of Natural Scenes
Authors: Wilcox Laurie M , Lakra Deepak C
Published: May 2007

Over the past two decades psychophysical experiments have firmly established that binocular half-occlusions are useful sources of information for the human visual system. The existing literature has focused on simplified stimuli that have no additional cues to depth, apart from stereopsis. From this large body of work we can be confident that the visual system is able to exploit binocular half-occlusions to aid depth perception; however, we do not know if this signal has any influence on perception when observers view complex stereoscopic stimuli with multiple sources of depth information. This issue is addressed here with the use of stereoscopic images of natural scenes, some of which have been digitally altered to manipulate a major half-occlusion signal. Our results show that depth-ordering judgments for these relatively complex stimuli are significantly affected by the nature of the half-occlusion signal, but only when highly textured surfaces are viewed. Under such conditions, the replacement of a binocular half-occlusion with background texture slows reaction time relative to performance when the occluded region is consistent with the foreground object. This result is specific to conditions when the depth ordering is correct (ie not reversed) and depends upon the size of the half-occlusion. The influence of the half-occlusion information in the presence of potent depth cues such as perspective, texture gradient, shading, and interposition is convincing evidence that this information plays a significant role in human depth perception.
Polymerization kinetics of ADP- and ADP-P
i
-actin determined by fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Fujiwara Ikuko , Vavylonis Dimitrios , Pollard Thomas D.
Published: May 2007

We used fluorescence microscopy to determine how polymerization of Mg-ADP-actin depends on the concentration of phosphate. From the dependence of the elongation rate on the actin concentration and direct observations of depolymerizing filaments, we measured the polymerization rate constants of ADP-actin and ADP-P
i
-actin. Saturating phosphate reduces the critical concentration for polymerization of Mg-ADP-actin from 1.8 to 0.06 μM almost entirely by reducing the dissociation rate constants at both ends. Saturating phosphate increases the barbed end association rate constant of Mg-ADP-actin 15%, but this value is still threefold less than that of ATP-actin. Thus, ATP hydrolysis without phosphate dissociation must change the conformation of polymerized actin. Analysis of depolymerization experiments in the presence of phosphate suggests that phosphate dissociation near the terminal subunits is much faster than in the interior. Remarkably, 10 times more phosphate is required to slow the depolymerization of the pointed end than the barbed end, suggesting a weak affinity of phosphate near the pointed end. Our observations of single actin filaments provide clues about the origins of the difference in the critical concentration at the two ends of actin filaments in the presence of ATP.
Oncogenic inhibition by a deleted in liver cancer gene requires cooperation between tensin binding and Rho-specific GTPase-activating protein activities
Authors: Qian Xiaolan , Li Guorong , Asmussen Holly K. , Asnaghi Laura , Vass William C. , Braverman Richard , Yamada Kenneth M. , Popescu Nicholas C. , Papageorge Alex G. , Lowy Douglas R.
Published: May 2007

The three deleted in liver cancer genes (DLC1–3) encode Rho-GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs) whose expression is frequently down-regulated or silenced in a variety of human malignancies. The RhoGAP activity is required for full DLC-dependent tumor suppressor activity. Here we report that DLC1 and DLC3 bind to human tensin1 and its chicken homolog. The binding has been mapped to the tensin Src homology 2 (SH2) and phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains at the C terminus of tensin proteins. Distinct DLC1 sequences are required for SH2 and PTB binding. DCL binding to both domains is constitutive under basal conditions. The SH2 binding depends on a tyrosine in DCL1 (Y442) but is phosphotyrosine-independent, a highly unusual feature for SH2 binding. DLC1 competed with the binding of other proteins to the tensin C terminus, including β3-integrin binding to the PTB domain. Point mutation of a critical tyrosine residue (Y442F) in DLC1 rendered the protein deficient for binding the tensin SH2 domain and binding full-length tensin. The Y442F protein was diffusely cytoplasmic, in contrast to the localization of wild-type DLC1 to focal adhesions, but it retained the ability to reduce the intracellular levels of Rho-GTP. The Y442F mutant displayed markedly reduced biological activity, as did a mutant that was RhoGAP-deficient. The results suggest that DLC1 is a multifunctional protein whose biological activity depends on cooperation between its tensin binding and RhoGAP activities, although neither activity depends on the other.
Disruptive mitochondrial DNA mutations in complex I subunits are markers of oncocytic phenotype in thyroid tumors
Authors: Gasparre Giuseppe , Porcelli Anna Maria , Bonora Elena , Pennisi Lucia Fiammetta , Toller Matteo , Iommarini Luisa , Ghelli Anna , Moretti Massimo , Betts Christine M. , Martinelli Giuseppe Nicola , Ceroni Alberto Rinaldi , Curcio Francesco , Carelli Valerio , Rugolo Michela , Tallini Giovanni , Romeo Giovanni
Published: May 2007

Oncocytic tumors are a distinctive class of proliferative lesions composed of cells with a striking degree of mitochondrial hyperplasia that are particularly frequent in the thyroid gland. To understand whether specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are associated with the accumulation of mitochondria, we sequenced the entire mtDNA in 50 oncocytic lesions (45 thyroid tumors of epithelial cell derivation and 5 mitochondrion-rich breast tumors) and 52 control cases (21 nononcocytic thyroid tumors, 15 breast carcinomas, and 16 gliomas) by using recently developed technology that allows specific and reliable amplification of the whole mtDNA with quick mutation scanning. Thirteen oncocytic lesions (26%) presented disruptive mutations (nonsense or frameshift), whereas only two samples (3.8%) presented such mutations in the nononcocytic control group. In one case with multiple thyroid nodules analyzed separately, a disruptive mutation was found in the only nodule with oncocytic features. In one of the five mitochondrion-rich breast tumors, a disruptive mutation was identified. All disruptive mutations were found in complex I subunit genes, and the association between these mutations and the oncocytic phenotype was statistically significant (
P
= 0.001). To study the pathogenicity of these mitochondrial mutations, primary cultures from oncocytic tumors and corresponding normal tissues were established. Electron microscopy and biochemical and molecular analyses showed that primary cultures derived from tumors bearing disruptive mutations failed to maintain the mutations and the oncocytic phenotype. We conclude that disruptive mutations in complex I subunits are markers of thyroid oncocytic tumors.
It is time to move: linking flight and foraging behaviour in a diving bird
Authors: Pelletier David , Guillemette Magella , Grandbois Jean-Marc , Butler Patrick J
Published: May 2007

Although the adaptive value of flight may seem obvious, it is the most difficult behaviour of birds to monitor. Here, we describe a technique to quantify the frequency and the duration of flights over several months by implanting a data logger that records heart rate (fH), hydrostatic pressure (diving depth) and the body angle of a large sea duck species, the common eider (Somateria mollissima). According to the meanfHrecorded during flight and the parameters recorded to identify thefHflight signature, we were able to identify all flights performed by 13 individuals during eight months. We cumulated local flight time (outside migrations) and found that activity occurs primarily during dawn and morning and that flying activities are strongly related to diving activities (Pearson'sr=0.88, permutation testp<0.001). This relationship was interpreted as a consequence of living in a dynamic environment where sea currents move the ducks away from the food patches. We believe that the technique described here will open new avenues of investigation in the adaptive value of flight.
Participation costs dismiss the advantage of heterogeneous networks in evolution of cooperation
Authors: Masuda Naoki
Published: May 2007

Real social interactions occur on networks in which each individual is connected to some, but not all, of others. In social dilemma games with a fixed population size, heterogeneity in the number of contacts per player is known to promote evolution of cooperation. Under a common assumption of positively biased pay-off structure, well-connected players earn much by playing frequently, and cooperation once adopted by well-connected players is unbeatable and spreads to others. However, maintaining a social contact can be costly, which would prevent local pay-offs from being positively biased. In replicator-type evolutionary dynamics, it is shown that even a relatively small participation cost extinguishes the merit of heterogeneous networks in terms of cooperation. In this situation, more connected players earn less so that they are no longer spreaders of cooperation. Instead, those with fewer contacts win and guide the evolution. The participation cost, or the baseline pay-off, is irrelevant in homogeneous populations, but is essential for evolutionary games on heterogeneous networks.
Genetically resistant sheep avoid parasites to a greater extent than do susceptible sheep
Authors: Hutchings M.R , Knowler K.J , McAnulty R , McEwan J.C
Published: May 2007

Livestock breeding programmes have created resistant (R) and susceptible (S) sheep that differ in their ability to control parasites through their immune function but potentially also their grazing behaviour (i.e. parasite avoidance). Using the Perendale genetic lines, we tested the hypothesis that R-sheep avoid parasites more effectively, reducing their parasite exposure/challenge, compared with S-sheep. However, in grazing systems, parasite-rich areas are also forage rich, suggesting that parasite avoidance behaviours are associated with nutritional penalties. We first created a naturally heterogeneous sward structure of gaps and tussocks and then used focal behavioural observations to quantify the sward selection of R- and S-sheep. Tussock swards were more nitrogen rich (41%), offered increased forage intake rates (32%) and contained 17 times more parasite larvae than gap swards. All the animals avoided grazing the tussock swards. However, the R-sheep grazed the tussock swards to a lesser degree than the S-sheep. We conclude that selection for genetic resistance has resulted in animals that, despite being well armed to fight parasitism through improved immune function, adopt parasite avoidance strategies with associated nutritional disadvantages. This experiment highlights the role of host behaviour in the control of parasitism and suggests that animals can be bred to avoid disease.
Host community structure and the maintenance of pathogen diversity
Authors: Buckee Caroline , Danon Leon , Gupta Sunetra
Published: May 2007

Community structure has been widely identified as a feature of many real-world networks. It has been shown that the antigenic diversity of a pathogen population can be significantly affected by the contact network of its hosts; however, the effects of community structure have not yet been explored. Here, we examine the congruence between patterns of antigenic diversity in pathogen populations in neighbouring communities, using both a deterministic metapopulation model and individual-based formulations. We show that the spatial differentiation of the pathogen population can only be maintained at levels of coupling far lower than that necessary for the host populations to remain distinct. Therefore, identifiable community structure in host networks may not reflect differentiation of the processes occurring upon them and, conversely, a lack of genetic differentiation between pathogens from different host communities may not reflect strong mixing between them.
Synthesis, crystal structure and biological activity of 2-[2-(quinolin-2-yl)vinyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline and 2-[2-(quinolin-4-yl)vinyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline
Authors: Zeng He-Ping , Wang Ting-Ting , Xu Dan-Feng , Cai Yue-Peng , Chen Dong-Feng
Published: May 2007

Two new isomeric 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives with quinoline groups have been synthesized by Perkin condensation. Their structures were characterized by EI-MS,1H NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and FT–IR spectroscopy; crystal structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. 2-[2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline crystallizes in the tetragonal space groupI41/aand 2-[2-(quinolin-4-yl)vinyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/n. Hydrogen bonds and intermolecular interactions are observed in the compounds and stabilize their structures. The biological activities were investigated by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay and flow cytometry analysis, and the results revealed that the two compounds had effects on the proliferation of rat mesenchymal stem cells.
REW– exit-wave reconstruction and alignments for focus-variation high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images
Authors: Lin F. , Chen Q. , Peng L.-M.
Published: May 2007

A Windows-based computer program has been developed for exit-wave reconstruction and experimental high-resolution transmission electron microscopy image alignment. While the exit-wave reconstruction is performed mainly using the maximum-likelihood method, image alignments may be carried out using several algorithms, including the time-consuming but robust genetic algorithm.
GEST: a program for structure determination from powder diffraction data using a genetic algorithm
Authors: Feng Zhen Jie , Dong Cheng
Published: May 2007

TheGESTsoftware has been developed for the solution of molecular crystal structures from powder diffraction data. In this package, a genetic algorithm is used for global optimization to search for the structural model. For more efficient calculation time, a modified BraggRfactor is used as the evaluation function for the genetic algorithm. Applications of this program for structure determination of molecular crystals from powder diffraction data are demonstrated with known and previously unknown structures. A friendly graphical user interface (GUI) is used to generate the control file and run the program. TheGESTprogram with GUI, for Linux and Windows platforms, is freely available from the authors upon request.