bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The smart city and the containment of informality: The case of Dubai
Authors: Breslow Harris
Published: March 2020

I argue that Dubai’s smart city project, ‘Smart Dubai’, is a response to the following priorities: (i) the furtherance of the city’s scale-making project and worlding strategies, through the propagation of the smart city imaginary and the buildout of a smart city infrastructure modelled after those in the global north and west and used to compete for members of the creative class and other high-value residents; (ii) a project to enlarge the scope of Dubai’s economy of flow. Dubai in particular, and the UAE in general, have long articulated a political economic project based on the creation of a political economy that positions the country as a regional hub within the global political economy of flow; and (iii) the containment of urban informality, which in Dubai is understood as both a disciplinary problem and an existential challenge to what is still, at heart, a rentier economy.
Some Notes on the use of Two Personality Tests with Visually Handicapped Students
Authors: Scholl Geraldine
Published: March 2020

From our experience the tape recorder seems to be a very satisfactory method for administering personality tests to blind and partially blind students. The students feel more free in answering question of a personal nature and they can do the test without assistance.

One disadvantage in using this method of having students sort cards into different boxes is that the student's responses to specific questions are lost once the test is scored. However, in cases of doubt where the examiner wishes to have a permanent record of the responses, he may record them on an answer sheet in the usual manner from the cards the student has sorted. In our experience, we have not felt the need for preserving the responses to questions in this manner.

We would like to use these personality tests on a greater number of students before drawing any definite conclusions. However, on the basis of results obtained so far, it would seem that the Bell Adjustment Inventory is better adapted for blind and partially sighted students. The medians for both boys and girls fall within the normal or average range for the four areas tested. The medians for both boys and girls obtained on the B1-N Scale of the Bernreuter are within the average range but the medians obtained from the B2-S and the B4-D Scales of the Bernreuter are lower than should be expected. There is also a more normal curve of distribution of scores obtained from the Bell than from the Bernreuter.

The Bell Adjustment Inventory is longer, having 140 questions as compared with 125 on the Bernreuter. However, the Bell is easier and quicker to score.

In general we have been satisfied with the results obtained from these two personality tests administered on the tape recorder. We are now using this method for other tests of personality as well as for some occupational interest tests and aptitude tests.
Exceptional Children Develop through
Authors: Roderick Martha M.
Published: March 2020

In Evans School, exceptional boys and girls associate with typical children, yet have the skilled teachers and special facilities needed to meet their special requirements. Art experiences play an important part in helping them make a creative adjustment to life.
Vermont Pilot Study on Industrial Homework
Authors: Townsend M. Roberta
Published: March 2020

The Pilot Study here described is a direct outgrowth of the Workshop on Industrial Homework (representing thirty-one states) held in Washington, D. C., in March 1954, under the joint sponsorship of the American Foundation for the Blind, National Industries for the Blind, and the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation. At the close of these sessions, the sponsoring agencies were asked to activate the findings of the workshop through a demonstration pilot study preferably in a rural location. It was also stipulated that such a study be integrated so as to serve all disabilities.

At the request of the Department of Welfare, Division of Services for the Blind, and the Department of Education, Division of Vocational Rehabilitation, of the State of Vermont, the AFB and NIB consented to sponsor the pilot study of industrial homework in that state, in conjunction with the OVR, and carried it through as here set forth.
I. The Segregated Setting: Positive Values and Problems
Authors: Kerina Jane Miller
Published: March 2020

The first two articles under this head outline positive values and problems in segregated and non-segregated settings, respectively, in early childhood education. The third article deals with two tendencies in parents and teachers that complicate the choice of setting. These papers were presented in February at the Third Institute of the Social Service and Groupwork and Recreation Departments of the New York Guild for the Jewish Blind.

Summary

In the segregated nursery school setting the blind child can learn at his own speed and in an atmosphere of understanding of his particular needs to begin to master the elements of his environment and thereby achieve a feeling of accomplishment. Within this setting this child can grow into an awareness of himself as a person of value and also begin to become aware of his limitations among others similarly limited. He becomes increasingly secure in personal relationships and if he has been treated honestly he will certainly have the ability to move without undue fear into the sighted or integrated setting.

It must be remembered that the segregated setting is not the real world and that the blind child's presence here is temporary and for a special purpose.
III. Denial and Infantilization: Two Pitfalls in the Choice of Setting
Authors: Hulse Wilfred C.
Published: March 2020

It was our intention to present here a few of the observations which we have made in our intensive work with blind young children and their parents. These observations have been amplified and verified by an intensive exchange of self-observations, communicated freely among our staff members. Our observations should not be generalized. We are far from stating: “This is how all parents of blind children react.” There is no such thing as a common or “general” reaction. There are many, and they exist in various degrees. We have singled out two of them, denial and infantilization, and have described experiences from our everyday dealings and from our awareness that in our teamwork of nursery school teachers, social workers, speech teachers, pediatricians, psychologists and psychiatrists, most of our work is devoted not only to blindness but to the reactions which blindness creates in those afflicted by it and those who are close to the upbringing of the blind child.
Reviewing the New Braille Code
Authors: Krebs Bernard M.
Published: March 2020

The following summary is intended to acquaint braille readers and transcribers with the significant changes in the braille system. It does not include all of the major rule changes designed primarily for uniformity of embossing. These may be found in the official code manual, published in braille and inkprint editions by the American Printing House for the Blind, 1839 Frankfort Avenue, Louisville 6, Kentucky.
Teaching Children with Low Vision
Authors: Barraga Natalie Carter
Published: March 2020

The partially sighted children who took part in this experiment had, up to this point, been educated as though they had no vision. This experiment indicated that in a specialized, short-term setting, such children could be helped to more fully utilize their remaining vision than they are in the usual setting for blind children.
Experimental Program for Deviant Blind Children
Authors: Elonen Anna S. , Polzien Margaret
Published: March 2020

The extended study of multiple-handicapped and deviant blind children has shown that if special treatment and care were provided, a surprisingly large percentage of these children could be habilitated sufficiently so that they might enter either day school classes or residential schools. Since the problem of these blind children is still urgent and gives every evidence of continuing to remain so, suggestions for adequately staffed special treatment units as adjuncts to existing state schools have been submitted.

The importance of training and stimulation early, in the crucial stage, has been demonstrated in the dramatic changes possible in the developmental growth of deviant blind children as a result of the experimental summer sessions held at the Michigan School for the Blind.
Anne Sullivan Macy 1866-1936
Authors: Keller Helen , M. R.B.
Published: March 2020

… I rejoice in the appreciation of those who have perceived Annie Sullivan's inventive endeavor to retrieve a life from triple disaster and give it form and comeliness. No slight task this! It was no chance that freed Helen's mind but a prophet's vision and the gift of a born teacher quickening the brain with inner fire.
Visual Impairment is Not Blindness
Authors: Wolf Benjamin
Published: March 2020

□ Visual impairment is not necessarily blindness and the requirements of visually impaired persons are in many ways significantly different from those of blind persons. All too often agencies for the blind have not distinguished between these different requirements in providing services. The essential difference is that blind persons must rely on their other senses in order to function, while partially sighted persons must be helped to use whatever vision they have in coordination with their other senses. In providing services to partially sighted persons, the following basic principles should be considered: 1) Full service requires the cooperation of medical, physical, and behavioral specialists; 2) Services for partially sighted clients should be individualized on the basis of their differences in degree and quality of sight; 3) Whatever vision the client has should be augmented or strengthened through either mechanical or physical means; and 4) Clients should be helped to enhance their perception to its maximum functional potential.
Braille Bookkeeping
Authors: Hallinan Arthur J.
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1,000 words in length.
The Blind Teacher in the Educational Job Market
Authors: Mcgreal Thomas L. , Wiseman Dennis
Published: March 2020

After a brief assessment of the educational job market, the role of agencies for the blind in publicizing the abilities of blind workers to combat stereotypes and negative attitudes is discussed. Specific suggestions for the blind applicant for a teaching position are offered, including obtaining a personal interview, filing application forms and other pertinent data, and preparing for and conducting the interview.
Social and Medical Aspects of the Battered Child with Vision Impairment
Authors: Zadnik Donna
Published: March 2020

Many children may be visually handicapped or blind due to child abuse. This possibility is often unrecognized by agencies and school programs serving visually handicapped and blind children. Workers should be alert to medical conditions and eye disorders that are related to child abuse, the general characteristics of battering parents or caretakers, and legal procedures designed to protect the abused child. Agency and school personnel may best serve families suspected of child abuse by offering immediate, consistent, and continuing emotional support employing a non-judgmental attitude. Close communication and mutual support among various professional workers serving the family are essential. Some experiences in an agency for the blind illustrate the possible tragedy of inadequate awareness of child abuse as well as some practical suggestions for serving the suspected battered child and his family.
The Small Planning Committee: A Tool for Meeting Human Needs
Authors: Boninger Walter B.
Published: March 2020

An often overlooked aspect of services to older blind persons, and others as well, is satisfying their psychogenic needs: recognition, usefulness, new experiences, companionship, sense of belonging, self-esteem, etc. The small planning committee is a tool through which these needs are met. The membership of the larger group is divided into a number of small groups which each take responsibility for planning and implementing the program of one of the club's monthly meetings, rather than having staff and volunteers do everything for them. Guidelines and suggestions are provided for assigning members to groups, conducting planning meetings (chaired by a volunteer), the kinds of problems with which the group can deal, and the implementation by them of their solutions. The many advantages accruing from the use of this approach are also discussed.
The Accountability of Nonprofit Institutions in a Free Society
Authors: Davison Owen R.
Published: March 2020

During the last decade, there has been an increasing demand from the government, clients, certifying bodies, and the contributing public for human service agencies to provide full information about their finances, operation, and services. For such accountability to be both accurate and meaningful, the agency must be organized along sound administrative and managerial lines and must operate according to the standards established within each operational area (accounting, fund-raising, public relations, etc.). The credibility, and thus the survival, of the agency is at stake. In addition, the ability of the agency to improve its services is enhanced by the constant internal monitoring and evaluation that must be carried out if an agency is seeking to be truly accountable.
Running Free: The use of a “Running Cable” with Blind Adolescents who Function on a Retarded Level
Authors: Stephens Roberta
Published: March 2020

A technique for teaching blind adolescents who function on a retarded level to run independently with minimal supervision is described. A “running cable” has been constructed using two telephone poles 38 yards apart with two cables stretched between them. The youngsters hold on to a strap connected to the cable by an inverted pulley. They learn to run at full speed using the strap as a guide. The cable has been found to be a useful aid for exercise, for ambulation problems, and for allowing for the release of excess energy in a constructive manner.
Assessing the Readiness of Blind Persons for Vocational Placement
Authors: Wilson Edouard L.
Published: March 2020

The relationship of work to the needs—especially psychological—of clients is explored. It is concluded that full evaluation and testing of the individual should he used to develop a specific rehabilitation program for him. Such a program might include intensive training and counseling, as in the case of most congenitally blind high school graduates, preparatory to placement or placement early in the program where the role played by work itself is an important part of the person's rehabilitation. The problem of individuals with unrealistic vocational goals is also discussed.
Professionalism in Mobility
Authors: Corbett Michael P.
Published: March 2020

To increase the professionalism of mobility instructors and to improve practice, the following areas need to be considered and discussed more fully than they have in the past: a forum for dialogue and dissemination of information, a central resource for information, public relations materials explaining cane mobility, a means of identifying the professional, liability of the instructor, greater attention to clients’ individual differences and keeping practice up to date, interpersonal aspects of instruction, and professional responsibility.
Management by Objectives: A Tool for Management
Authors: Register Joe S.
Published: March 2020

This approach to management involves specific techniques for identifying goals and establishing a process for achieving them. The training of staff who are to work within a management by objectives scheme includes the development of a training manual and sessions to teach the necessary skills. Examples of a statement of objectives and of a support plan are included.
A Handbell Choir for Blind Students
Authors: Lewis Mary Francis
Published: March 2020

Handbell ringing can be an enjoyable and educational experience for blind and visually handicapped students. Ringers should learn their parts from printed music or from braille music prepared according to the system of notation suggested here. The best ringers, those who read well, should be placed in the treble area, where music is most complex. Each ringer should be assigned a frequently rung bell and an infrequently rung bell so that he can easily ring with one hand and read with the other. Thus, handbell choirs composed of blind and visually handicapped ringers can be independently functioning units and can ring a number of pieces.
The Classroom Application of Behavior Modification Principles for Multiply Handicapped Blind Students
Authors: Gallagher Patricia A. , Heim Ruth E.
Published: March 2020

Three studies of multiply handicapped blind students enrolled in a special class located in a residential school for visually handicapped children are reported. The application of behavior modification techniques was designed to help the students: a) decrease bickering comments and acquire positive social comments; b) increase independent seat work responses including braille word writing, placement of pegs in a peg board, and placement of cubes in a cubarithm, and c) learn a mobility skill. In each case the subjects were successful in changing responses in their behavioral repertoire when a behavior modification program was implemented.
Your Local Service Center
Authors: Winkley William M.
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350–1000 words in length.
Through Art to Affect: Blind Children Express Their Feelings
Authors: Rubin Judith A.
Published: March 2020

This article describes the feelings and fantasies expressed in and through art by multiply handicapped, visually impaired children. Issues dealt with include the intensity of the children's need for freedom of movement and expression; their wishes, fears, and anger about such themes as injury, rivalry, uniqueness, and blindness. Some conditions which facilitate such affective expression are also noted.
Patients’ Expectations in a Residential Rehabilitation Center
Authors: Needham Walter E. , De L'Aune William R. , Fry Gilbert W.
Published: March 2020

Blind persons entering a rehabilitation center have a variety of unexpressed or unacknowledged expectations. They may, for example, view it as a source of blind skills and adjustment training, an extended family, the Land of Oz, a place of blind certification, a sanctuary, a crystal ball, a hospital, a resort, a purgatory, or an optical and electronic aids supermarket. While expectations and needs may change during the course of rehabilitation, it is suggested that therapists nevertheless be especially sensitive to their patients’ expressed desires and deal with them in a constructive manner within the program's resources. It is recommended that centers consider broadening the scope of activities within the limits of their philosophy and capabilities so that their efforts will fulfill more realistic and positive expectations and therefore produce a greater degree of patient satisfaction.
Programmed Instruction in Orientation and Mobility for Multiply Impaired Blind Children
Authors: Harley Randall K. , Wood Thomas A. , Merbler John B.
Published: March 2020

In a pilot study made to determine the feasibility of programmed instruction in orientation and mobility with teachers of multiply impaired blind children, a scale was developed to identify skills needed for the development of a systematic program of instruction. Programmatic instruction was developed for each identified skill and field-tested by five teachers of multiply impaired blind children during a 15-week period. Results showing significant gains in performance scores for a group of six multiply impaired blind children led to the conclusion that programmed instruction in orientation and mobility was of value. A need for further research was indicated.
Travel in Adverse Weather Using Electronic Mobility Guidance Devices
Authors: Farmer Leicester W.
Published: March 2020

After a discussion of the required characteristics of an ideal aid, four electronic mobility guidance devices–the Mowat Sonar Sensor, the Russell E Model Pathsounder, the Bionic C-5 Laser Cane, and the Mark II Binaural Sensory Aid-are described in detail. Training in the use of these secondary devices is based on a high level of skill with the long cane or the dog guide. Intensive training in a broad variety of settings and under varying conditions is necessary if the devices are to be a genuine help to the user. The experiences of two users in snowy weather are recounted.
Assessment of Blind Students’ Conceptual Understanding
Authors: Wardell Kent Tyler
Published: March 2020

Responses to a questionnaire sent to teachers of the blind demonstrated the need for a method for assessing blind students’ conceptual understanding. Assessment should encompass verbalization of the concept, performance or demonstration of the concept, and application of the concept to the environment. An assessment chart enables the teacher to draw a deficiency profile and develop remediation in that area.
Games for the Development of Pre-Orientation and Mobility Skills
Authors: Spittler Margaret
Published: March 2020

Twelve games useful in teaching children-nursery school to junior high-the basic concepts and skills necessary for mastering the techniques of orientation and mobility are fully described. They include What's Your Name?, The Rabbit and the Fox, Simon Says, Hide V Seek, The Game of War, In and Out the Windows, Relay Races, Hokey Pokey, Hit the Bucket, Over-Under Relays, Donkey Dodge Ball, and Call Ball.
Prerecorded Instructions for Teaching Food Preparation Skills
Authors: Fuller Gloria J. , Hillier Elizabeth , Mckinney Florence , Pestle Ruth
Published: March 2020

This article fully describes the selection of ingredient measurement as the specific skill to be taught, preparation of a script, pretesting, review by experts, recording on a cassette tape, and testing the tape with five blind students in a school for the blind. The result of this pilot study was that it was found that some blind students can indeed learn through the use of prerecorded instructions. Specific tips and recommendations for the preparation of prerecorded instructional tapes are presented.
Increased Field Accessibility through Prismatically Displaced Images
Authors: Finn William A. , Gadbaw Patricia D. , Kevorkian Gregory A. , De L'Aune William R.
Published: March 2020

The Low Vision Clinic at the Veteran Administration's Eastern Blind Rehabilitation Center is using Fresnel press-on prism lenses to aid veterans with extremely restricted visual fields. These prisms optically move objects from areas of visual field loss to areas of useful vision, thereby making objects with a potential hazard more visually accessible. Some of the dynamics involved in the placement of the prisms, training, and adjustment of the client to these lenses are described.
The Braille Code, Extending the Use of Braille, and the Improvement of Reading Skills
Authors: Douce J. L. , Tobin M. J.
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1000 words in length.
Drama: A Means of Self-Expression for the Visually Impaired Child
Authors: Aach Susan
Published: March 2020

Drama can be used as a tool for helping blind children to express feelings and fantasies about their visual impairment. Excerpts from sessions conducted with one child are used in this article to illustrate the role of drama therapy in the dynamic process of identifying and working through feelings about visual loss, and opening the way for self-acceptance.
The Impact of Significant Adults’ Expectations on the Life Style of Visually Impaired Children
Authors: Mayadas Nazneen S. , Duehn Wayne D.
Published: March 2020

Examines the behavior performance of blind persons in view of the role expectations of significant others. The findings suggest that there is a correlation between the expectations of significant others and the “blind role” assumed by blind persons. However, it was also found that in many circumstances blind persons act in accordance with accepted social norms due to broader societal conditioning or because of their own self-expectations.
An Electronically Generated Audio Display for the Blind
Authors: Fish Raymond M. , Fish Ronald C.
Published: March 2020

The development of a system capable of generating sequences of sounds describing patterns which can be interpreted by the user with as little as 35 minutes’ training has possible application as a computer graphics terminal for the blind. The generating display system is described and results tabulated on experimental testing of eight subjects’ ability to identify specific patterns.
The Exploration of a “Tactile Aesthetic”
Authors: Rubin Judith A.
Published: March 2020

To investigate whether blind children have a “tactile aesthetic” qualitatively different from that of their sighted and partially sighted peers, a group of scrap wood sculptures created by blind, partially sighted, and sighted children were presented to judges who were children also blind, partially sighted, and sighted. The study suggested not a lack of aesthetic sensitivity in the blind, but rather a different aesthetic influenced as much by associative response to shape, form, structure, and stability relating to the individual's life experiences as by any “objective” standard of formal beauty. The potential usefulness of tactual stimuli for projective testing was implied, as well as a suggestion for modification in attitude and perception by sighted individuals who teach or present art to blind children.
Effectiveness of Calculator Instructional Materials: A Pilot Study
Authors: Luxton Karen , Spungin Susan Jay
Published: March 2020

An informal pilot study was run to assess the appropriateness of existing instructional materials for three calculators designed for use by blind and visually handicapped persons. Fifteen subjects ages 15 to 21 from two schools for the blind in New York City were involved in the study. In the short time available to them the students were able to use the existing cassette manuals to learn the use of the three different calculators. A number of questions arose concerning the nature of the learning method and gave rise to some suggestions for future development of training materials.
Simulation of Visual Impairments as a Training Technique
Authors: Morris Ouida Fae
Published: March 2020

In order to give teachers and mobility specialists a more realistic and empathic understanding of visual loss, instructors at Boston College included in their courses a period of wearing goggles that simulated various visual impairments. Near vision activities were provided for students in each of four different settings: classroom, science laboratory, kitchen, and workshop.
Evaluating and Stimulating Vision in the Multiply Impaired
Authors: Jose Randall T. , Smith Audrey J. , Shane Karen G.
Published: March 2020

Describes techniques for evaluating a multiply impaired child's functional level of vision and gives a sequence of vision stimulation for those children found to have vision. Stresses the importance of creativity and flexibility on the part of the teacher and underscores the need for piecing together whatever functional information the child may reveal to various individuals, including parent, educator, and doctor.
Mobility Follow-Up Survey: Who Travels and Where Do They Go?
Authors: Gillman Arthur E. , Simon Ellen Perlman
Published: March 2020

Discusses the second phase of a research project—a telephone follow-up interview—to study 83 former clients of a mobility training program at the New York Association for the Blind. The aim was to determine where and how often clients travel after training and which demographic characteristics and life events affect frequency of travel. It was found that clients who traveled often were younger (under age 25), women, had experienced little stress or change, needed no help when traveling or used a dog guide, and had become blind at a younger age. A surprising finding was the lack of association between instructors’ ratings of clients’ ability to travel at exit from the program and frequency of travel.
Effect of Auditory Interference on Memory of Haptic Perceptions
Authors: Anater Paul F.
Published: March 2020

The effect of auditory interference on the processing of haptic information by visually impaired students was the focus of the research described in this article. It was assumed that as the auditory interference approximated the verbalized activity of the haptic task, accuracy of recall would decline. The level of accuracy achieved in the recall of the arrangement, texture, and geometric shape of the object, comprised the data base for this evaluation. It was found that haptic information is processed independently of any type of auditory interference, haptic recall is time dependent, and delayed recall is significantly more accurate than immediate recall of the geometric arrangement. These results were not found when an identical task was presented to blindfolded students.
Teaching Employers how to Communicate with Deaf Multiply Handicapped Persons
Authors: Dormady Blanche
Published: March 2020

An account of a one-day brainstorming meeting to acquaint potential employers with the special needs of deaf-blind multiply handicapped people and to open up communication among employers, handicapped people, and professionals working with the handicapped.
Heart Rate as an Objective Measure of Stress in Mobility
Authors: Tanaka Ichiro , Murakami Takuma , Shimizu Osamu
Published: March 2020

Describes a study that investigated whether heart rate is an objective measure of psychological stress in blind people while walking. The heart rates of 12 blind, partially blind, and sighted subjects were compared when the subjects traveled unguided and guided on a simple and a complex route. The heart rates of subjects who were experienced and inexperienced in travel and of those who were familiar and unfamiliar with the routes were also compared. The effect on the heart rate of critical events during the route were investigated. It was found that the heart rates of blind and partially sighted subjects were significantly higher on the unguided than on the guided route. Lack of familiarity with a route, lack of travel experience, and the complexity of a route were found to increase psychological stress and hence increase the heart rate.
The Kurzweil Reading Machine: False Hopes and Realistic Expectations
Authors: Selvin Hanan C.
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350–1000 words in length.
Long Distance Teacher Education
Authors: Fae Morris Ouida
Published: March 2020

The University of South Carolina used an educational television format for an introductory braille course to reach a population of teachers scattered throughout the state. Results indicate that this format is a viable alternative to on-campus sessions. Three major components of the course were fifteen weekly television class sessions, five Saturday class sessions, and mastery testing on six unit tests. This article reports on the television course, how it was structured, the reactions of students and professor, and its feasibility for use in the future.
Development of Piagetian Reasoning in Congenitally Blind Children
Authors: Stephens Beth , Grube Carl
Published: March 2020

Reports two phases of a research study that, through use of Piagetian reasoning assessments, provided evidence of significant delays in the cognitive development of congenitally blind subjects in comparison to development in sighted subjects. Following this finding, an attempt was made to ameloriate these deficits through a training program that provided reasoning activities geared to the needs of individual congenitally blind subjects. The results indicated that after provision of developmentally appropriate experiences in reasoning, the performance of the blind subjects was equivalent to that of the sighted subjects.
SCUBA Diving for Blind and Visually Impaired People
Authors: Candela Anthony R.
Published: March 2020

An orientation to SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) diving as a leisure and career activity, by a trained SCUBA diver who is severely visually impaired. Provides a detailed description of the factors involved in underwater activity at depth and discusses the multifaceted underwater experience and the requisite skills and adaptations necessary for blind and visually impaired divers to function adequately with SCUBA.
A Comparison of Two Sets of Nonbraille Elevator Symbols
Authors: Liddicoat Catherine M. , Meyers Lawrence S. , Lozano Eugene
Published: March 2020

Abstract: Two sets of nonbraille elevator symbols were compared to determine which set would be most appropriate for visually impaired and blind users of public elevators in California. One set was designed under the sponsorship of the California Alliance of Blind Students (CABS); the other was designed by the National Elevator Industry, Inc. (NEII). Both contained symbols for the “open door,” “close door,” and “emergency stop” commands on an elevator operating panel. After learning the symbols, 62 visually handicapped volunteers deciphered the symbols in a series of random trials. The results indicated that the CABS symbols could be identified more rapidly and accurately than the NEII symbols.
The Development of Object Play and Classificatory Skills in a Blind Child
Authors: Gerhardt Julie B.
Published: March 2020

Two aspects of the cognitive development of a 14-to-18-month-old blind child are reported: the development of procedures for the intentional control of objects and the development of certain classificatory skills. The longitudinal data revealed two developmental processes. The first is that a blind baby learns to control objects by devising a strategy involving the simultaneous use of two objects, one in each hand. In addition, since the child showed no preference for sound-making objects, it is argued that manual control is essential for the development of information about objects. The second is a trend in the development of classification, from grouping objects according to their differences to grouping objects based on their similarities. It was found that development of classification in the blind child paralleled that of sighted children studied in other research, with blind children displaying only a slight developmental lag.
Videotaping a Legally Blind Child's Typical School Day
Authors: Hall Candace Catlin , Huwiler Paul
Published: March 2020

An account of a shared experience in producing a videotaped minidocumentary on a day in the life of a legally blind child who uses residual vision. This type of project, in which the needs and abilities of visually limited children are illustrated, can be replicated at little cost and with great benefit in educational programs for awareness.
The Male Ego in the Training Kitchen
Authors: Utrup Robert G.
Published: March 2020

Cultural stereotypes, fear of failure and defensiveness all make cooking training more difficult for men than for women. The author examines the problems and suggests teaching methods to help alleviate these problems. He also discusses the sometimes tricky process of introducing the man's new skills into his home life.
Rehabilitation and Visual Impairment: A Human System
Authors: Vander Kolk Charles J.
Published: March 2020

The rehabilitation of visually impaired persons can be conceptualized by a human systems approach. This paper explains seven levels of human systems, related key factors, and 10 assumptions that lead to high standards for rehabilitation workers and organizations. The concepts are applied to work with clients and use in rehabilitation agencies.
Issues and Ideas: Organization, Administration and Supervision
Authors: Miller Irving
Published: March 2020

This article discusses the basic characteristics of organization, administration, supervision and specific problems of human service organizations, and relates them to the concept of power. It illustrates the use of power by lower status workers to control their superiors. In addition, it presents some pedagogical concepts that have influenced the way supervisors train workers. The author proposes an integration of the two models of supervision so that the administrative and teaching functions will both be served.
From Service Provider to Administrator
Authors: Morrison Mary
Published: March 2020

This article sheds some light on the difficulties and delights of the transition from being a service provider to being an administrator. The author points out the different responsibilities, tasks, skills, and feelings she experienced in learning how to be an agency director.
The Agency Administrator's Role in Meeting the Needs of the Multiply Handicapped Blind Client
Authors: Pre Elly Du
Published: March 2020

Administrators of agencies serving the blind have the chief responsibility for enabling their staffs to serve multiply handicapped clients. Administrators set the tone of the agency, breathing life into service philosophies: on a practical level, they can use personnel practices, staff development resources and case management techniques to insure implementation of sound, individualized service to clients.
How-Tos of Financial Management
Authors: Kokenge Carolyn
Published: March 2020

A review of the basics of financial management of an organization. The author explains what appears on each balance sheet, what figures should be reconciled by the agency director, and the advantages of a regular CPA audit.
Foundations for Building More Effective Governing Boards
Authors: Scholl Geraldine T.
Published: March 2020

A summary of suggestions for recruitment, selection, and training of board members so their skills can be more effectively used in the agency's or school's operation.
A Survey of Teacher Training Programs
Authors: Gruman Dena
Published: March 2020

Graduate and undergraduate university programs preparing teachers of blind and visually handicapped children were surveyed. Predicted effects of reduced federal funding are reported.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Programs for the Visually Impaired: One State's Approach
Authors: Hodges Harold L.
Published: March 2020

The method and results of a state approach to determining the effectiveness of programs for the visually impaired are presented. The plan was designed to generate data on students’ academic achievement; proficiency in mobility; social integration; participation in regular education and in extracurricular, nonacademic, and vocational activities; and the satisfaction of parents and students with the programs. Although the plan was developed to produce data for planning at the state level, it can be used for evaluating local and regional programs.
Low Vision Clinical Services in a Rural Area: An Outreach Model for School-Age Children
Authors: Lubke Cindy , Corn Anne L.
Published: March 2020

Clinical low vision services are a vital related service for students with low vision. A rationale and a model are offered for the delivery of services through a regional Education Service Center in a sparsely populated area of Texas. Optical aids and vision stimulation programs were provided for students who could benefit from them.
Cassette Braille: A New Communication Tool for Blind People
Authors: Doorlag Deanne M. , Doorlag Donald H.
Published: March 2020

Describes how the San Diego Unified School District implemented and evaluated the use of cassette braille. Preliminary data indicate that! students using cassette braille were able to read and write at a faster rate than when they used paper braille. The equipment (VersaBraille) was found to operate quietly and easily, and to facilitate the storage, editing, retrieval, and interpretation of information. Users found the equipment to be easier to operate than the mechanical brailler. Limited amounts of available recorded material, initial cost, sensitivity to breakage, and weight might be considered problem areas with the VersaBraille system. Users (students, teachers, braille typists) rated the system positively, and maintained their interest in continuing to work with the equipment.
Magnification in Low Vision Aids Made Simple
Authors: Brilliant Richard
Published: March 2020

Explains the four basic types of magnification available to people with low vision and describes some optical aids.
Lives Without, Lives Within: Autobiographies of Blind Women and Men
Authors: Adrienne  , Sacks Lawrence H.
Published: March 2020

Examines the autobiographies of 25 blind and visually impaired women and men and assesses the influence of gender upon disability. The authors examine how these authors’ lives exemplify the roles of ideal woman or man and disabled person in society and how their views about themselves and the world compare with those of other marginal people who have revealed themselves in autobiographical form.
Finding a Way through the Rough Years: How Blind Girls Survive Adolescence
Authors: Kent Deborah
Published: March 2020

The author looks back on her own adolescence and that of seven other women to give some impressions of the feelings and experiences of blind teenage girls and of their special problems with peers, dating, fashion, and makeup.
Role Models for High-Achieving Visually Impaired Women
Authors: Pfanstiehl Margaret Rockwell
Published: March 2020

Role models are an important factor in the motivation to achieve. This account of group discussions with 12 blind and visually impaired women who are highly motivated to achieve and who lead active, productive lives illustrates this point. It elaborates on the characteristics of these successful women and whom they have selected as role models.
Role Model: Creating and Seizing Opportunities
Authors: Gardner Laura
Published: March 2020

A personal biography that begins with youthful denial of visual impairment, followed by travelling episodes to prove independence. With maturity came awareness, acceptance, and enlistment in the struggle to overcome stereotyped attitudes and prejudicial treatment toward visually impaired people.
Career Trends in the 80s
Authors: Rubin Alice Fisher
Published: March 2020

Despite current economic conditions, forecasters predict that the economy will continue to grow and that more jobs will be available in the late 1980s. This article looks at the projected employment trends for the population as a whole and for women—both minority and white. It notes that women will continue to enter the work force in greater numbers and that their occupational distribution will continue to broaden. Thus, job opportunities for women will be more varied, more interesting, and better paying than ever before.
Attitudinal Barriers and Strategies for Overcoming Them
Authors: Dixon Judith M.
Published: March 2020

Women and disabled persons are both stigmatized by today's culture. In the general population, 58 percent of females are in the labor force; among blind or visually impaired persons, only 29 percent of females are employed or looking for work. One factor in this situation is the disincentive to work built into the disability benefit programs, although women are apt to receive a lower level of benefits than men. Other factors are employer attitudes toward blindness, and sex-role stereotyping. Major strategies for overcoming barriers include timely and accurate vocational preparation, assertiveness training, and support networks.
The Wide Angle Mobility Light: An Aid for Night Blindness
Authors: Morrissette Diane L.
Published: March 2020

This descriptive study is based on telephone interviews with 56 people who had obtained a Wide Angle Mobility Light (WAML). Respondents were queried about usage, applications, malfunctions, strengths, and limitations of the aid. The results indicated that the device enabled users to function visually in situations where they normally could not and that training requirements were minimal. Frequency of use and changes in travel patterns and satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the WAML's physical characteristics are described.
Reducing Self-Injurious and Aggressive Behavior in Deaf-Blind Persons through Overcorrection
Authors: Barton Lyle E. , Lagrow Steven J.
Published: March 2020

The self-injurious or aggressive behaviors of three deaf-blind individuals (ages 5, 9, and 21) were reduced through application of overcorrection procedures by both professional and paraprofessional staff. When applied to the 21-year-old's aggressive behavior, her episodes of aggression declined immediately and dramatically, and her self-injurious behavior also declined. During 14 weeks of follow-up, the procedure continued to exert a controlling influence over both behaviors. Overcorrection was equally effective in controlling the self-injurious behavior of the two children.
A Training Program for Clients considering the Use of Bioptic Telescopes for Driving
Authors: Jose Randall T. , Carter Kent , Carter Connie
Published: March 2020

Article outlines a training program for visually impaired adults who are qualified to drive a car while wearing bioptic telescopes. The program is divided into four parts: (1) initial supervised training with bioptics, (2) training with bioptics at home, (3) driving instruction, and (4) special considerations such as exercises on correct use of the rear view and side mirrors.
Use of the CPF™ Lenses for Light Sensitive Individuals
Authors: Hellinger George
Published: March 2020

A special forum fur individuals to respond in detail to material published in the Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1000 words in length.
Fingermath for the Visually Impaired: An Intrasubject Design
Authors: Maddux Cleborne D. , Cates Dennis , Sowell Virginia
Published: March 2020

Fingermath may be an alternative to the abacus for instructing visually handicapped children in mathematics. This article describes a preliminary study conducted with three visually handicapped elementary school children who used the abacus but had never learned fingermath. The results indicated that the transition from one method of computation to the other did not cause confusion and that skill with fingermath can be acquired extremely quickly. Determining the relative efficacy of the two computational methods will require more complex long-term studies.
Talking Typewriter Training Program in a Rehabilitation Setting
Authors: Kupchunas Sue
Published: March 2020

The secretarial field is being inundated with technological devices to increase work productivity. Visually impaired individuals must have access to these devices if they are to compete in the job market. This article outlines the design and implementation of the I.B.M. Memory 100 Audio Unit in an adult rehabilitation setting.
Outreach Teacher Training Programs: Rural Delivery of Services on Site
Authors: Sowell V. , Correa V. , Wardell K.T.
Published: March 2020

The need of rural areas to provide service to students with visual handicaps and other low incidence conditions is extensively documented. Various service delivery models have been developed for meeting these needs; however, the outreach model is a viable approach to providing long-term, responsive, and educationally relevant programs to children in rural areas.