bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining the L-band amplitude scintillation index from Swarm faceplate plasma measurements
Authors: Imam Rayan , Spogli Luca , Alfonsi Lucilla , Cesaroni Claudio , Jin Yaqi , Clausen Lasse , Wood Alan , Miloch Wojciech
Published: February 2023

The 16 Hz plasma density measurements provided by the high-resolution faceplate onboard Swarm satellites can be utilized to reconstruct the one-dimensional spectral slope (p) of the power spectrum of the plasma density irregularity. The 16 Hz sampling rate at Swarm orbital features (speed of ~7.5 km/s on quasi-polar orbits) allows modelling spatial scales of about 500 m along the flight trajectory, which are slightly above the first Fresnel zone, the upper limit of the scale sizes of the irregularities causing scintillation on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals. The p-value is a key parameter in estimating the scintillation strength and thus a Swarm ionospheric scintillation (SWIS) proxy is investigated. Such approach, once consolidated, will benefit the scientific community in studying, monitoring and modelling the small-scale irregularities; specially in contexts where ground based GNSS scintillation monitoring is not available, for example over the oceans.In this work, p-value from Swarm, combined with the reconstruction of the irregularity layer , are ingested to compute the amplitude scintillation index (S4) using Rino’s theory of weak scattering. In this work, the model formulation and sample results of S4 estimation from Swarm are demonstrated. Results of validating SWIS S4 against S4 from ground based GNSS scintillation for selected key ionospheric sectors are also shown. The results demonstrate that the model can capture the amplitude scintillation index inflation both at low and high latitudes, demonstrating the capability of detecting the equatorial and the (rare) polar amplitude scintillation from Swarm measurements. 
Origin and characteristics of the gold-bearing quartz carbonate veins in Şirindere area, Aydın (Western Turkiye): Implication for fluid inclusion data
Authors: Bayram Hatice Nur , Kumral Mustafa , Bakkalbasi Ali Erdem , Kaya Mustafa , Abdelnasser Amr
Published: February 2023

Fluid inclusion analyses were performed on the gold-bearing quartz carbonate veins in order to pinpoint the source of the gold-bearing fluids and the temperature of the mineralizing systems to better comprehend the genesis of the gold mineralization at the Şirindere area (Aydın, Western Turkiye). The Şirindere area is geologically a part of the Menderes Massif metamorphic complex. It is made up of Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic mica schists of Selimiye Formation and metagranite/gneiss which are is overlain by Permo-Carboniferous phyllite, marble, and quartzite of Göktepe Formation and Mesozoic marbles of Milas Marble. The gold-bearing quartz carbonate veins are hosted in the mica schists of Selimiye Formation occurred within the fault and shear zone trended N-S having locally boudinage forms parallel to the direction of foliation of the mica schist. Wall-rock alterations are mainly silicification and sericitization with carbonatization and subordinate amount of the chloritization. The ore minerals in the auriferous quartz veins include pyrite and hematite with free native gold which has Au contents up to 7.4 ppm. According to fluid inclusion data from the gold-bearing quartz carbonate vein, the Şirindere gold mineralization formed from aqueous-carbonic ore fluids having a metamorphic source. These fluids are characterized by low CO2 content having low to medium salinity (0.88-23.89 wt.% NaCl equivalent) formed at temperatures ranging from 178.7 to 322.5°C with an average of 277.3°C. Therefore, the gold-forming processes in the Şirindere area are nearly identical to those in mesozonal orogenic gold deposits. Keywords: Fluid inclusion data, gold-bearing quartz carbonate vein, Menderes Massif, Şirindere(Aydın,Turkiye)
Mechanical and Total Pressure Statistics in Vlasov-Maxwell Plasmas
Authors: Adhikari Subash , Cassak Paul A. , Parashar Tulasi N. , Matthaeus William H. , Shay Michael A.
Published: February 2023

Pressure is an important parameter in plasma turbulence. Historically, pressure fluctuations have been studied extensively via density in the nearly incompressible (NI) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) framework1-3. However, the statistics of mechanical and total pressure in kinetic plasmas have not been explored much. In this study, we examine the statistics of mechanical and total pressure using a 2.5D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation of plasma turbulence4. As turbulence is fully developed in the system, it is found that the magnetic and thermal pressure display a negative correlation keeping the total pressure about constant, consistent with MHD behavior. This negative correlation is observed locally in regions near the current sheets and justified by the nature of the joint probability distribution of the two5. Further, pressure spectra are calculated for magnetic, thermal and total pressure. The thermal and magnetic pressure spectra exhibit a slope of -5/3 in the inertial range, while the total pressure spectrum exhibits a slope of -7/3 in agreement with hydrodynamic scaling, influenced by the cross-spectral contribution of the individual pressures. Finally, the implications of the local structures of pressure to intermittency are discussed using probability distribution functions and scale dependent kurtosis.1. Montgomery, D., Brown M. R., and Matthaeus W. H. "Density fluctuation spectra in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence"JGR: Space Physics A1 (1987): 282-284.2. Matthaeus, W. H., Brown M. R., "Nearly incompressible magnetohydrodynamics at low Mach number"The Physics of Fluids 12 (1988): 3634-3644.3. Matthaeus, W. H., et al. "Nearly incompressible magnetohydrodynamics, pseudosound, and solar wind fluctuations" JGR: Space Physics A4 (1991): 5421-5435.4. Adhikari, S., et al. "Energy transfer in reconnection and turbulence" Physical Review E 6 (2021): 065206.5. Adhikari S., et al. “Statistics of Total Pressure in Kinetic Plasma Turbulence" ESS Open Archive (2023).
The Divergent Futures of Greenland Surface Mass Balance Estimates from Different Regional Climate Models
Authors: Glaude Quentin , Noel Brice , Olesen Martin , Boberg Fredrik , van den Broeke Michiel , Mottram Ruth , Fettweis Xavier
Published: February 2023

Arctic amplification is causing global warming to have a more intense impact on arctic regions, with consequences on the surface mass balance and glacier coverage of Greenland. The glaciers of Greenland are also shrinking, contributing to sea level rise as well. Projecting the future evolution of these changes is crucial for understanding the likely impacts of climate change on sea level rise.In this study, we compared three state-of-the-art Regional Climate Models (RCMs) (MAR, RACMO, and HIRHAM) using a common grid and forcing data from Earth System Models to assess their ability to project future changes in Greenland's surface mass balance up to 2100. We also considered the impact of different Earth System Models and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways.The results of this comparison showed significant differences in the projections produced by these different models, with a factor-2 difference in mass loss between MAR and RACMO on cumulative Surface Mass Balance anomalies. These differences are important as RCMs are often used as inputs for ice sheet models, which are used to make predictions about sea level rise. Furthermore, we aim to investigate the causes of these differences, as understanding them will be key to improving the accuracy of sea level rise projections.The uncertainty of the RCMs projections are translated into uncertainties in Sea-Level-Rise projections. The results presented here open the door for deeper investigations in the climate modeling community and the physical reasons linked to these divergences. Our study highlighted the importance of continued research and development of RCMs to better understand the physics implemented in these models and ultimately improve the accuracy of future sea level rise projections.
Crop Type Mapping Using Self-supervised Transformer with Energy-based Graph Optimization in Data-Poor Regions
Authors: Alwahas Areej , Johansen Kasper , McCabe Matthew
Published: February 2023

Updated crop type information is essential for agricultural monitoring and irrigation management applications. However, despite their importance, crop-type datasets, especially recent in-season data are still unavailable in most of developing countries where food security is a major concern. The lack of information on crop types is due to the limitations of traditional field surveys, which are generally infeasible, expensive, and inconsistent over larger spatial scales. Although remote sensing and machine learning approaches can provide cost-effective solutions for automatic crop-type mapping, huge amounts of high-quality training data are required in order to develop such applications. Therefore, semi-supervised or unsupervised learning methods become a potential solution to overcome the issue of lacking labeled training data. In this work, we explored semi-supervised and self-supervised techniques to map crop types in data-poor regions such as Saudi Arabia. The Self-supervised Transformer with Energy-based Graph Optimization (STEGO) method is a transformer-based segmentation technique that has the capability of both discovering and segmenting objects without the need for labeled data or human intervention. We evaluated the capability of STEGO to classify crop fields using Sentinel2 images. These images consisted of the derived maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the standard deviation of NDVI, and the green chlorophyll vegetation index (GCVI).  The STEGO approach uses a novel contrastive loss that helps to distill pre-trained unsupervised visual features into semantic clusters, which is reported to outperform other unsupervised clustering methods. We set k=5, where k is the number of classes that reflects 4 crop types and a background class. Preliminary results of STEGO applied to small agricultural regions in Aljouf which is located in the north of Saudi Arabia captured the difference between crops when analyzed visually. Furthermore, assigning a crop-type label to each cluster class can be a challenging task. As for now, a brute force approach is followed to find the best assignment, and that is the assignment that provides the best results. As well as referring to previous knowledge of major crops grown in the region of interest, for this region, the major crops were wheat, olives, and tomato, in addition to “other” and “background” classes, which make up the 5 classes. Further work includes quantifying the accuracy of the clustering performance using the mean intersection over union metric (mIoU) and examining the effects of regional and national upscaling on the performance. 
A New Method for Nowcasting Wildfire Risk
Authors: Keeping Theodore , Harrison Sandy , Prentice Iain
Published: February 2023

Wildfire risk prediction relies on the often-heuristic assessment of diverse fire potential indices, fuel maps, fire weather indices and prior fire activity data. Here we present a model nowcasting daily wildfire genesis probability and expected wildfire sizes in the contiguous US.Predictors were selected and developed to account for climate, vegetation, topographic and human effects on wildfire genesis. Climate factors are represented by multiple fuel wetting and drying processes at daily to seasonal-scale antecedences, snowpack, and wind. We use GPP to predict fuel mass and recent growth, and dominant vegetation type. Human factors include population, landscape accessibility and ignition sources such as powerlines.The first stage of the model predicts wildfire genesis probability as a zero-inflated process with an explicit probability of fire preclusion, whilst the second stage models fire sizes according to a generalised extreme value distribution. Nonlinear effects are accounted for via global optimisation for the domain for which each variable drives changes in fire genesis behaviour and the appropriate variable transform.The model has good predictive and explanatory power, as shown by various performance metrics and the meaningful nonlinear relationships identified in the optimisation process. We show that this method can resolve seasonal wildfire risk dynamics well over smaller ecoregions than the observational record permits, allowing us to quantify the extent to which fire risk is determined by seasonal-scale versus daily-scale effects.
Legacy scientific ocean drilling data suggest that subsurface heat and salts cause exceptionally limited methane hydrate stability in the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Corradin Cristina , Camerlenghi Angelo , Tinivella Umberta , Giustiniani Michela , Bertoni Claudia
Published: February 2023

The knowledge of the global reservoir of submarine gas hydrates is of great relevance for understanding global climate dynamics, submarine geohazards, and unconventional hydrocarbon energy resources. Methane hydrate formation and preservation is favored by high pressure and low geothermal gradient and this leads the reservoir to be hosted mostly in cold passive continental margins. Several studies describe the Mediterranean basin's potential to host a Methane hydrate reservoir. However, in spite of the ample evidence of subsurface hydrocarbons, especially biogenic methane, widespread evidence of gas hydrate either from samples or seismic data is missing.  We modeled the theoretical Mediterranean distribution of methane hydrate stability field below the seafloor and in the water column using available geological information provided by 44 Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) boreholes, measured geothermal gradients, and thermohaline characteristics of the water masses from CMEMS (Copernicus Marine services). We find that the pervasive presence of high-salinity waters in sediments, coupled with the uniquely warm and salty water column, limits the thickness of the theoretical methane hydrate stability zone in the subsurface and deepens its top surface. Because of the homogeneous characteristics of water masses, the top surface in the Mediterranean sea lays uniformly from 1163 to 1391 mbsl, much deeper than the oceanic basins where it lays around 300 - 500 mbsl. The theoretical distribution of methane hydrates coincides well with the distribution of shallow, low-permeability Messinian salt deposits, further limiting the formation of pervasive gas hydrate fronts and controlling their distribution due to the prevention of upward hydrocarbon gas migration. We conclude that the Mediterranean Basin, hosting the youngest salt giant on Earth, is not prone to the widespread formation and preservation of gas hydrates in the subsurface and that the gas hydrate potential of salt-bearing rifted continental margins may be considerably decreased by the presence of subsurface brines. This study was entirely conducted using data (stratigraphy, pore water salinity, and where available downhole temperature measurements) obtained with scientific ocean drilling, thus demonstrating the importance of the legacy data as a source of quality information even decades after their acquisition.
Towards Bayesian Full-Waveform Source Inversion using Simulation-Based Inference
Authors: Saoulis Alex , Ferreira Ana , Joachimi Benjamin , Spurio Mancini Alessio , Piras Davide
Published: February 2023

Bayesian inference provides a pathway toward accurate predictions of source parameters (e.g., location and moment tensor), along with principled, well-calibrated uncertainty estimates. Unfortunately, standard Bayesian inference techniques can often require O(105) simulations per full waveform inversion, making the method infeasible when studying large numbers of events due to the high computational cost of seismological forward modelling. Machine Learning (ML) has emerged as a promising solution to this issue, with recent work demonstrating that ML-based emulators of the physics simulation can be used as rapid-executing surrogates of the forward model in the Bayesian inference workflow. It has been demonstrated that such models, in conjunction with an assumed likelihood model (e.g. Gaussian), can be used to efficiently perform Bayesian posterior inference over seismological source parameters. This work explores an extension to the above method, often referred to as “likelihood-free” or “simulation-based” inference, which removes any assumptions about the likelihood model. This approach leverages a class of neural networks known as Neural Density Estimators (NDEs) to estimate the likelihood density directly given some representation of the observables. To simplify training of these NDEs, a compression technique that can reduce the observables (i.e., full seismograms) into a small set of parameters is required. This work investigates “classical” and ML-based compression techniques for creating a reduced dimension representation. It then demonstrates simulation-based inference on the problem of source location inversion applied to synthetic examples based on a recent seismic swarm on the São Jorge island in the Azores. Comparisons between the proposed approach and other inversion techniques are also presented.
PFAS transport through quasi-saturated porous media: Laboratory experiments and mixture effects
Authors: Mumford Kevin G. , Abraham Justine E.F. , Patch David J. , Kibbey Tohren C.G. , Weber Kela P.
Published: February 2023

Understanding how per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are transported is critical to site characterization, monitoring, risk assessment, and remediation planning.  This includes an understanding of PFAS retention and release at air-water interfaces.  These interfaces exist throughout the vadose zone, but can also exist as trapped air bubbles created by water table fluctuations, recharge, and biogenic gas production.  In addition to being directly applicable to transport through trapped gas zones at PFAS-impacted sites, laboratory experiments using emplaced trapped gas (quasi-saturated conditions) provide a controlled method to investigate PFAS behavior, including the effects of different PFAS, concentrations, and mixtures. In this study, a series of laboratory experiments was conducted using one-dimensional sand-packed columns (20 cm × 7 cm dia.).  Trapped air was emplaced by sequential drainage and imbibition to create quasi-saturated conditions.  Each experiment included separate injections of non-reactive tracer (NaCl) and PFAS solutions through both water-saturated and quasi-saturated columns.  A clean, low organic carbon sand was used to eliminate solid-phase sorption (verified through comparison of non-reactive tracer and PFAS breakthrough in the water-saturated columns) and to isolate the effect of air-water interfaces.  Experiments were conducted using single-component solutions of PFOA, PFOS and 6:2 FTS, as well as mixtures of those PFAS, at concentrations of 0.1-1 mg/L.  Experiments were also conducted using diluted aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) solutions.  Measured retardation factors in triplicate experiments were used to estimate air-water partitioning coefficients.The results showed that PFAS breakthrough was significantly delayed in the presence of trapped air bubbles.  Breakthrough delay was greater for PFOS than for PFOA or 6:2 FTS, and was greater for lower PFAS concentrations, for the range of concentrations used in these experiments.  For PFAS mixtures, differences in retention were sufficient to completely separate breakthrough (i.e., PFOA and 6:2 FTS achieved complete breakthrough prior to any PFOS arrival) even over short (20 cm) distances.  However, the behavior of each PFAS tested was altered by the presence of other PFAS, with PFOA and 6:2 FTS experiencing earlier breakthrough at higher concentrations (concentration overshoot) in the presence of PFOS.  Mixture effects were also observed for branched and linear PFOS isomers, and for AFFF solutions, which was further complicated by the presence of hydrocarbon surfactants.  The experimental results will be presented along with numerical simulations of PFAS transport subject to air-water partitioning, both to interpret the behavior of PFAS mixtures in experimental systems and to explore the implications of mixture transport in more complex field scenarios.
Plume: A Plugin Mechanism for Numerical Weather Prediction Models
Authors: Bonanni Antonino , Hawkes James , Quintino Tiago
Published: February 2023

Plume (Plugin Mechanism) is a plugin system for Numerical Weather Prediction models (NWP) developed by ECMWF as part of the EU Destination Earth initiative. Plume loads plugins at runtime and lets them access model data in memory, through a well-defined interface. Plume plugins offer scientists and third-parties a controlled and flexible execution environment which allows them to easily extend specific functionalities of the model. Plume complements a collection of ECMWF tools that address the demand for scalability, given the very high resolution of the upcoming Destination Earth digital twins (DT) and the continuous increases in resolution of ECMWF's operational forecasts. 

Examples of plugin applications include regional sub-models, light-weight data extraction and analysis and even machine learning algorithms. Building these applications as plugins with direct access to in-memory model data, rather than as separate applications coupled via the IO system, creates a more efficient and scalable system for very-high resolution forecasts. Plume is designed to allow coupling of plugins to different NWP models, including ECMWF's IFS, using a common interface for NWP data (Atlas). Plume is primarily written in C++, but supports plugins written in C++ and Fortran.  

This presentation focuses on Plume architecture, implementation and initial interface design. Some plugin examples are used to demonstrate how Plume can access and interact with the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) and extend some specific functionalities. 
Modeling the water balance of transboundary aquifers for assessing groundwater flow along the Latvia-Estonia national border
Authors: Hunt Marlen , Borozdins Dāvis , Marandi Andres , Männik Magdaleena , Demidko Jekaterina , Valters Krišjānis , Bikše Jānis , Popovs Konrāds , Retiķe Inga , Hints Liina
Published: February 2023

Coordinating transboundary aquifer management is becoming increasingly important worldwide to minimize adverse transboundary impacts. Moreover, the global trend of groundwater consumption is increasing, and groundwater abstraction exceeds sustainable limits in many parts of the world. To avoid future international disputes and maximize the rational and equitable use of common transboundary aquifers, it is imperative to accurately and comprehensively assess groundwater resources' development potential in these aquifers.As part of this study, a transient hydrogeological model using MODFLOW-NWT was developed to assess the changes in groundwater balance and groundwater flow in the transboundary area between Estonia and Latvia in northeast Europe. The model consists of eleven layers that discretize four main aquifers (Quaternary aquifer, Upper-Devonian aquifer, Upper-Middle-Devonian aquifer, and Lower-Middle-Devonian-Silurian aquifer) and represents an area of 45 000 km2. The cell size of the model varies from 0.25 to 1.00 km. The model was used to simulate three scenarios: (1) the base case scenario, which involved no abstraction, (2) the current abstraction, and (3) the maximum abstraction allowed. A detailed water balance for eight transboundary groundwater bodies for all three scenarios was calculated to assess water balance changes and groundwater flow along the national border.Model results indicate that the groundwater balance between groundwater bodies remained the same in Simulations 1 (base case scenario) and 2 (current water extraction), which indicates that the existing water extraction in the territory does not significantly affect the transboundary groundwater flow. Some minor changes were observed in Simulation 3 (maximum water abstraction rates), mostly in the Upper-Devonian groundwater bodies. However, significant changes in cross-border groundwater flow patterns were not expected even with the maximum possible water abstraction.The study has been founded by Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway through the EEA and Norway Grants Fund for Regional Cooperation project No.2018-1-0137 “EU-WATERRES: EU-integrated management system of cross-border groundwater resources and anthropogenic hazards”.
A thermodynamical study of dry air intrusion activity over India during dry phases of summer monsoon in CMIP6 models
Authors: Singh Rahul , Sandeep Sukumaran
Published: February 2023

It has been argued in recent studies that the source of dry air originating over the desert regions of the West Asia i.e. Middle East intrudes over the continental India during the boreal summer resulting in more prolonged dry spells over India. Singh and Sandeep (2021, Clim Dyn) showed the existence of a huge reservoir of moist deficit air over the northern Arabian Sea at 850-hPa. In addition to this, it has been argued that low level jet undergo weakening and broadening prior to monsoon break phase in feedback to an increased barotropic instability. Furthermore, the monsoon low-level jet which transports the moisture to the continental landmass in the active phase acts as a main carrier in transporting this dry air towards the continental India during the break phase of the summer monsoon. In order to investigate the thermodynamic effects of dry air intrusion activity during dry phases of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM), isentropic analysis is performed on climate models simulations of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Here, we analyze the specific humidity and wind fields at 316 K isentropic level. The negative specific humidity anomalies of multi models average (MMA) signifies the pattern of dry air advection which shows that a large fraction of the moisture deficit is being transported to the continental India from the northern Arabian Sea, and only a small contribution comes from West Asia. The lead-lag composites of anomalous wind vectors and relative vorticity of MMA at 316 K isentrope clearly show a weakening of the monsoon circulation associated with the break conditions. The anomalous anti-cyclonic circulation pattern propagates westwards from the Bay of Bengal which is a well known feature of the monsoon break spells.  KEYWORDS: Low level jet; Dry air intrusion; Indian Summer Monsoon 
A laser pistonphone designed for absolute calibration of infrasound sensors from 10 mHz up to 20 Hz
Authors: Rodrigues Dominique , Vincent Paul , Barham Richard , Larsonnier Franck
Published: February 2023

Demand for calibration at infrasonic frequencies has emerged. It is supported by earth monitoring issues and particularly by the Comprehensive nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), which provides a global international coverage for nuclear testing ban, and requires for the IMS (International Monitoring System). In the presentation, a new laser pistonphone design is presented with the objective of establishing primary standards for sound pressure at very low frequencies down to 10 mHz. The piston is a modified accessorized loudspeaker driver whose diameter is equal to the diameter of the front pistonphone cavity. The volume velocity of the piston is measured through a laser interferometer and it was designed to have an upper frequency limit of 20 Hz, to overlap with the reciprocity method of calibration. Particular attention has been given with the-sealing to avoid the pressure leakage loss. The dimensions of the front cavity were designed to allow the calibration of a large variety of sensors, including microphones, barometers, manometers and microbarometers. Examples of calibrations for several sensors are presented with the uncertainty. Finally, the metrological performance of the laser pistonphone is demonstrated by comparing the calibration results with those obtained with alternative methods.
On the Response of North Atlantic Extratropical Cyclones to North America Cold Air Outbreaks
Authors: Leeding Richard , Messori Gabriele , Riboldi Jacopo
Published: February 2023

We examine the characteristics of North Atlantic extratropical cyclones in ERA5 data during cold air outbreaks over continental North America. Previous research has established a statistical link between occurrences of North American cold air outbreaks and an increased frequency of extreme wet and windy conditions over Europe. The theoretical understanding of cyclogenesis suggests that greater numbers of extratropical cyclones will be generated in the North Atlantic, resulting from an enhanced temperature difference between the North American continent and the Gulf Stream during cold air outbreaks. Our analysis finds that counts of extratropical cyclones in the North  Atlantic storm track are no greater, or even less than climatology during periods with cold air outbreaks. We instead find anomalous jet stream activity associated with the cold air outbreaks. The jet stream acts to focus extratropical cyclones to a specific region of the North  Atlantic, depending on the regional extent of the cold air outbreak, resulting in significantly higher extratropical cyclone counts for that specific region. The regions found to be experiencing higher counts of extratropical cyclones align with previously established geographical dependencies between co-occurrences of North American cold air outbreaks and wet and windy extremes over Europe. We also find that cold air outbreaks associated with an anomalously strengthened jet result in a general increase in the strength of the extratropical cyclones reaching Europe, whilst a more equatorward-displaced jet, with lower maximum speed, results in more persistent extratropical cyclones over southern Europe. 
Estimation of regional heat flux based on borehole temperatures acquired during logging while tripping with the sea floor drill rig MARUM-MeBo2
Authors: Freudenthal Tim , Villinger Heinrich , Riedel Michael , Pape Thomas
Published: February 2023

Borehole temperature measurements can be easily conducted  at the end of a drilling operation during trip out of the drill string (logging while tripping) without the need for additional operational time. After the final drilling depth was reached, an autonomous borehole logging tool including a temperature sensor is placed at the lower end of the drill string with the sensor part having passed the drill bit and sticking out in the open borehole between bottom of the borehole and drill bit. During trip out the logging tool is hooked up together with the drill string inside the borehole and measures the fluid temperature within the borehole. Stationary phases occur at regular intervals during disconnecting drill rods from the drill string. The analysis of the borehole temperatures during these stationary phases allow the investigation of changes of borehole temperatures with depth and with time. These temperature changes are a function of the geothermal gradient and the perturbation of the temperature field by the drilling action. Here we present results of a pilot study (Freudenthal et al., 2022) based on borehole temperature measurements acquired with the sea floor drill rig MARUM-MeBo200. By modeling the temperature evolution from the start of the drilling operation on, it is possible to analyze the impact of the drilling perturbation on the temperature field and to conclude on the regional heat flux. References:Freudenthal, T., Villinger, H., Riedel, M., and Pape, T. (2022) Heat flux estimation from borehole temperatures acquired during logging while tripping: a case study with the sea floor drill rig MARUM-MeBo. Marine Geophysical Research 43:37. doi: 10.1007/s11001-022-09500-
Identifying burnt areas and flood monitoring based on multi-spectral passive and microwave active remote sensing in tropical peatlands.
Authors: Mleczko Magdalena , Anderson Karen , Hollaar Teuntje , Gallego-Sala Angela , Belcher Claire , Harrison Mark Edward , Page Susan , Nasir Darmae , Kusin Kitso , Nomeritae Nomeritae , Ade Arianto Rahmad
Published: February 2023

Destabilisation of hydrological conditions and associated fire occurrence are the most significant barriers hindering degraded tropical peatland revegetation. For this reason, the monitoring of fires and hydrological conditions is crucial for guiding drained tropical peatland restoration. One of the best tools for large-scale monitoring of the natural environment, especially when access and in situ information are limited, is satellite remote sensing, and fusion of active and passive remote sensing data can provide new insights into dynamic systems such as peatlands. There is usually a relationship between automation, complexity and processing time leading to variations in the method's effectiveness, including reliability and accuracy. The main goal of this work was to develop a rapid method for ease of use by non-specialist users, which has capability to deliver reliable results describing the mapping of the burnt and flooded areas. In this case, two types of data, from multi-spectral passive and microwave active remote sensing sensors, were combined to monitor fires and floods in a 5,000 km² area of tropical peatland of varying land use and level of degradation in Central Kalimantan. Both imaging techniques provide different information. The vegetation index of the differenced Normalised Burn Ratio (dNBR), calculated based on Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 data, delivers information for mapping burned areas. The backscattering coefficient from Sentinel-1 data can identify permanent and ephemeral water bodies. These methods were effective for detection of burnt areas and water bodies, but there were limitations of the passive sensors' image availability due to cloud cover. In addition, using dNBR and backscattering coefficient separately in some cases caused false positive results (e.g. burnt areas classified as water bodies, or burnt areas detected in the main river bed). The fusion of two data sources increased fire and flood mapping accuracy by eliminating misclassification errors, compared to using them separately, thus indicating their strong complementarity. This combined method allowed analysis of the history of fires and flooding in 2015-2022, and the relationship between these; preliminary results to be presented.
A new generation UV-VIS TROPOMI Aerosol Algorithm
Authors: Torres Omar , Ahn Changwoo , Jethva Hiren , Kayetha Vinay , Loyola Diego
Published: February 2023

The NASA S5P-TROPOMI (Sentinel 5 Precursor-Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument) aerosol algorithm (N-TropOMAER) extends the continuous 17-year record of near UV aerosol properties started by the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) in 2005.  Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA) for clear sky conditions and above-cloud aerosol optical depth (ACAOD) are retrieved.  In this presentation we will describe a second-generation UV-VIS algorithm that includes retrieval capability in the visible, and derivation of aerosol layer height (ALH) using TROPOMI O2B band observations. We will also discuss recent theoretical advances that allow extending retrieved aerosol absorption information in the ultraviolet to the visible. Initial results and comparison to other satellite and ground-based observations will be presented.
Organic trace gases collected using the Whole Air Sampler over North America (summer 2021, 2022), in the UTLS region, targeting deep convective regions
Authors: Smith Katie , Atlas Elliot , Bui Paul , Daube Bruce , Donnelly Stephen , Moore Fred , Hall Bradley , Hintsa Eric , Hendershot Roger , Lueb Rich , Pittman Jasna , Pope Leslie , Schauffler Sue , Smith Jessica , Treadaway Victoria , Wofsy Steven
Published: February 2023

Whole Air Samples (WAS) were collected as part of the Dynamics and Chemistry of the Summer Stratosphere (DCOTSS) field campaign in the Upper Troposphere-Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) region during Summer 2021 and 2022. Grid-Rad and satellite imagery were used to identify regions of overshooting convection, and areas with outflow from the overshooting were targeted by the DCOTSS aircraft using trajectory models and in-situ measurements. Because a wide range of trace gases with different atmospheric lifetimes and sources are measured, WAS can provide insight into the processes that influence trace gas composition of the UTLS over North America. We investigate the tropospheric tracer relationships within and around these deep convective regions to determine the extent of penetration of tropospheric gases into the lower stratosphere (LS). Compounds such as ethane and ethyne with short (< 6 months) tropospheric lifetimes do not reach the LS without rapid transport from deep convection, and we observe cases where these gases are elevated above stratospheric background, typically well correlated with other tropospheric tracers (e.g. CO).  However, the relationship between enhanced water vapor from overshooting convection and tropospheric tracers is more complex. Further, we show that ratios between different trace gas species can help identify and distinguish air mass types (e.g., biomass burning, oil and gas production, urban influence, etc.). Finally, we determine the Cl- and Br- halogen budgets for 2021 and 2022 stratosphere over N. America and the contribution of very-short-lived organic halogen species.
Faraday cup instruments for solar wind and interplanetary dust monitoring
Authors: Kononov Oleksii , Pavlů Jiří , Ďurovcová Tereza , Šafránková Jana , Němeček Zdeněk , Přech Lubomír
Published: February 2023

Importance of solar wind monitoring for space weather applications increases with expansion of power networks and oils or gas pipelines to larger geomagnetic latitudes and development of new communication networks. Instruments based on Faraday cups are an ideal solution for these purposes because they are robust and their light weight and low power consumption facilitate their applications for a small spacecraft. Another important feature of Faraday cups is their capability of detection of impacts of interplanetary dust. Such instruments are currently a part of two planned ESA missions that will be briefly introduced. In the core of contribution, we describe the preliminary instrument design and concentrate on most important technical aspects of their development including a computer modeling of the most important parts of detectors. Among others, we present the effects of the grid geometry on the detector capability to determine the plasma velocity vector and temperature and search for optimum detector configuration for small spacecraft missions. We also discuss the data strategy allowing maximum scientific income with limited spacecraft telemetry.
Data journals induce culture change in earth sciences
Authors: Carlson David , Pfeiffenberger Hans , Elger Kirsten
Published: February 2023

Science changes direction, practice and impact when researchers discover tangible rewards. Policy organizations, funding agencies and educational institutions might wish otherwise but long experience suggests that new incentive structures, better recognition of engagement, and cultural change emerge bottom-up, not top-down. For these reasons, recent emergence of data journals issuing valid credit for data providers accompanied by guidance and assurance for data users promote rapid positive change in data sharing and impact. In Earth System Science Data (ESSD), a ‘new’ (since 2009) Copernicus journal (and, likewise, in Scientific Data by Springer/Nature since 2014 and in a few other recent journals), authors experience widespread, often unanticipated, impact of their data through use, and re-use and citation. Meanwhile, journalists discover, and appreciate, reliability and utility of data publications, particularly for climate, biodiversity or public health data products that update on regular (e.g. annual) bases. With care and cooperation, ESSD publications on topics such as agricultural or woodfire emissions, population, global carbon, methane or energy budgets, or regional pipeline capabilities: a) feed and support ‘front-page’ articles in BBC, Washington Post and other nationally- and internationally-prominent news sources; b) develop useful options for essential planetary monitoring (e.g. as components incorporated into UNFCCC’s proposed Global Stocktake); and c) demonstrate science - via normal steps of scrutiny and revision - engaged with urgent social issues. Through familiar but innovative mechanisms researchers gain validation and certification of data (for citation credit!), ensure wide re-use throughout broad research communities, and often achieve substantial public impact. These new mechanisms signal a positive change in the culture of our science. 
Climate controlled erosion during the Late Triassic rapid exhumation of the ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks in the Dabie Mountains
Authors: Yang Jianghai , Li Haibo , Zhou Yinsheng , Liu Ao , Cheng Liang
Published: February 2023

Climatic effects on erosion is usually covered up by tectonics and not well understood in active mountains. The Dabie Mountains in central China evolved from a collisional orogen between North China and South China with development of Triassic ultrahigh pressure metamorphic (UHPM) rocks. In the Late Triassic these UHPM rocks experienced a rapid cooling after peak metamorphism and has been linked to compressional uplift during the collisional orogenesis. During this period, the climate changed from arid-semi arid to humid in the northern South China. This climate change is clearly recorded in the Late Triassic successions of upper Puqi and Jigongshan formations in the Huangshi Basin to the south of the Dabie Mountains. Combining tuff zircon U-Pb dating and magneto-stratigraphy, the upper Puqi Formation with arid climate was constrained in the early Norian (~228−221 Ma) with the overlying Jigonghsan Formation with humid climate in the late Rhaetian according to youngest detrital zircon ages. Detrital zircon and rutile U-Pb ages were combined with paleocurrents and sandstone petrography to determine the sedimentary provenance. For the upper Puqi Formation the deposited sediments were likely recycled from the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Dabie Mountains. However, the Jiligang Formation has sediment mainly derived from the middle Neoproterozoic and late Paleoproterozoic basement rocks in the northern South China and Dabie Mountains. This rapid shift in provenance is associated with and plausibly resulted from the Late Triassic climate change, which may force rapid erosion in the southern Dabie Mountains. The deposition of the upper Puqi Formation was temporally overlapping with the rapid cooling and tectonic uplift of the Dabie Mountains, but there were no large changes in sedimentary provenance. This observation suggests low erosion rates in active mountains under a under an arid-semi arid climate.
Contrasting effects of increase in water and nutrients availability on soil respiration and soil nitric and nitrous oxide emissions in desert.
Authors: Gelfand Ilya , Osei-Yeboah Martha
Published: February 2023

Soil microbial processes in drylands are limited by multiple abiotic factors, the most important being water and macronutrients (nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)). Understanding of relative importance of different abiotic factors for soil microbial processes is important because drylands are important regulators of global carbon (C) cycle and there is close connection between water, N, and C cycles. To assess how soil activity is affected by removing multiple nutrient limitations and manipulating water availability we conducted a short-term, multifactorial field experiment. We manipulated water, N, and P availability by application of the nutrients and water in the field. We evaluated how soil respiration, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide emissions responded to increasing water, N and P availability individually and interactively in the Negev Desert. We hypothesized that neither water nor nutrient addition alone will enhance the activity of desert soils. On the other hand, removing multiple limitations will accelerate soil nutrient cycling. Further we hypothesized that acceleration of soil nutrient cycling will be reflected in high soil emissions of N2O, NO, and CO2 as proxies for the N cycle and respiration, respectively. We found that increasing water availability in desert soils significantly accelerated soil respiration rates but not the N cycle. Nitrogen availability affected soil NO production but not soil respiration. Soil emissions of N2O were unaffected by neither water nor nutrients additions. Phosphorus additions had no effect on soil microbial activity either alone or synergistically together with N and water.
Estimation of the parameters of a lunar ellipsoid of revolution based on GRAIL selenoid data and Fibonacci mesh
Authors: Cziráki Kamilla , Timár Gábor
Published: February 2023

Because the Moon is much less flattened than the Earth, most lunar GIS applications use a spherical datum. However, nowadays, with the renaissance of lunar missions approaching, it seems worthwhile to define an ellipsoid of revolution that better fits the lunar gravity potential surface. The main long-term benefit of this might be to make the lunar adaptation of methods already implemented in terrestrial GNSS, gravimetry and GPS applications easier and somewhat more accurate.In our work, we used a 660th degree and order potential surface called GRGM 1200A Lunar Geoid, developed in the frame of the GRAIL project. Samples were taken from the potential surface along a mesh that represents equal area pieces of the surface. The method of point grid selection was provided by a relatively simple Fibonacci sphere. We tried Fibonacci spheres with 100, 1000, 3000, 5000, 10000 and 100000 points and also separately examined the effect of rotating the network by length for a given number of points on the estimated parameters, but these differences was only noticeable for the lower resolution networks.We estimated the best-fitting rotation ellipsoid semi-major axis and flatness data for the selenoid undulation values at the network points, which were obtained for a=1,737,576.6 m and f=0.000305. This parameter pair is already obtained for a 10000 point grid, while the case of reducing the points of the equidistant grid to 3000 does not cause a deviation in the axis data of more than 10 centimetres. As expected, the absolute value of the selenoid undulations has decreased compared to the values taken with respect to the spherical basal surface, with maxima exceeding +400 m still being found for Mare Serenitatis and Mare Imbrium, and the largest negative values for South Pole Aitken and Mare Orientale.Supported by the ÚNKP-22-6 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund.