bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cohen and Natorp’s Philosophy of Religion: the Argument about the Boundary of Reason
Authors: Belov V. N.
Published: October 2020

The philosophy of religion as presented by Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp, the founders and main representatives of the Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism, is an important and at the same time controversial part of their philosophical systems. The discussion around the problems of religion began within the Marburg School and still continues among those who study that School. The reason for this is that “fitting” philosophical thinking about the phenomenon of religion into the classical triad of any system of philosophy, i. e. effectively formulating that phenomenon in logical concepts, ethical postulates and aesthetic principles touched the very foundations of that system. Drawing mainly on the rough notes and correspondence of Cohen and Natorp I argue that, in spite of internal and quite important differences over the problems of religion and its place in philosophical constructions, Cohen and Natorp, first, retained their commitment to critical idealism and remained loyal to their philosophical school to the end and, second, followed the principle of mutual respect, preserving their professional and human sympathy for each other. Besides, I substantiate my assertion that Marburg Neo-Kantians had different concepts of the special place of religion in the system of philosophy. The specific nature of this difference warrants the discussion not only of the boundary of reason and rationality but adds new dimensions to that boundary, filling it with content and thus broadening the very sphere of critical idealism. In the course of the discussion of the problems of religion, Paul Natorp (in a more immediate and extended fashion) and Hermann Cohen (largely potentially) stake a claim to projects for the serious transformation of philosophy which they tried to implement in their later works.
Educação e Design Participativo
Authors: Garcia Maria Carolina , Smith-Masis Michael , Cabral Alexandra
Published: October 2020

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Hypercalcemia and Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Rare and Life-Threatening Effects of Lithium Intoxication
Authors: De Falco Arturo , Lieto Maria , Scarano Valentina , Spitaleri Daniele , Palma Vincenzo
Published: October 2020

Lithium is the most effective therapy for bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. Despite its efficacy, lithium has a narrow therapeutic index and adverse effects are frequent. Lithium intoxication (LI) generally affects brain, but less frequently can affect kidneys, thyroid, and parathyroid.Here, we report the case of a patient with lithium neurotoxic effects complicated by parathyroid and renal adverse effects. The patient was a 52-year-old woman treated with lithium, who was recently diagnosed with hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism.She was admitted for severe agitation, confusion, and diffuse tremor. Despite serum lithium and calcium normalization, laboratory tests revealed a life-threatening hypernatremia caused by nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Hemodialysis was started, but after the first treatment the patient died for cardiac arrest.Neurological symptoms of LI may occur even if the dosage is close to the normal therapeutic range. Hypercalcemia and NDI are rare, but should be promptly diagnosed and treated. In case of poor clinical outcome, hemodialysis should be performed independently of lithium serum level.
A condição universitária e a vivência parental
Authors: Serrati Moreno Carolina , Duarte Giovanna Maria , Mazo D'Affonseca Sabrina
Published: October 2020

A vivência de universitários com filhos é muito complexa pela união de dois processos com demandas específicas e difíceis de serem conciliadas. Todavia, vários jovens passam por essa situação e lidam com isso de diversas formas possíveis de acordo com as suas prioridades. Nota-se que alguns fatores como gênero e rede de apoio modificam como a experiência acontece, ditando a quantidade de responsabilidades e a autopercepção dessas pessoas como estudantes e como pais. Com base nesses fatores, o objetivo deste estudo foi de compreender as vivências e o envolvimento parental de jovens universitários da graduação que possuem filhos. A pesquisa foi realizada de forma qualitativa e transversal, com quatro graduandos (dois pais e duas mães) de uma universidade do interior do estado de São Paulo, com idade entre 18 e 29 anos, que conviviam com os filhos. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados um formulário online de inscrição, produção de fotografias sobre o cotidiano, e uma entrevista individual semiestruturada. Todos os diálogos que emergiram no trabalho de campo foram gravados e, posteriormente, submetidos ao processo de transcrição na íntegra, com a interpretação dos mesmos sendo realizada através da análise de conteúdo temática de Bardin. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a importância de rede de apoio para que os jovens consigam lidar com as demandas da paternidade/maternidade e acadêmicas. Além disso, foi demonstrada a importância do oferecimento de apoio institucional da universidade, principalmente com vaga em creches de universidades, para os filhos de todos os alunos.
Adesão ao pós-operatório em cirurgia bariátrica: Análise sistemática da literatura brasileira
Authors: Bulgarelli Guadanhim Gonçalves Sara Juliana , Kohlsdorf Marina , Perez-Nebra Amália Raquel
Published: October 2020

Adesão aos cuidados refere-se a um comportamento consonante com a abordagem, o tipo de tratamento proposto pela equipe de saúde. O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática das publicações entre 2009 e 2018, visando a tipificação de eixos da adesão aos cuidados após a cirurgia bariátrica e a verificação de eixos pouco ou nada explorados. Foi realizada busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados: Scielo, Lilacs, Bireme/BVS, Pepsic e Psycinfo, além de busca não sistemática em revistas nacionais indexadas no Portal Capes e busca no Google Scholar e rede de Internet, incluindo-se a busca em teses e dissertações. Foram analisados 27 trabalhos e os resultados indicaram aumento dos trabalhos publicados nos dois últimos anos, predominância de relatos de pesquisa caracterizados por metodologia transversal, delineamento descritivo/exploratório, uso de análise quantitativa, aplicação de questionário sociodemográfico e análise dos prontuários dos pacientes. As amostras pesquisadas incluíram em sua totalidade os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. A adesão nutricional foi mais verificada (n=19), seguida da adesão ao acompanhamento psicológico (n=8). Dessa forma, destaca-se a importância de mais estudos em caráter qualitativo e que focalizem temas pouco investigados, que possam contribuir de forma relevante para a compreensão sobre quais elementos estão funcionalmente envolvidos na adesão aos cuidados após a realização da cirurgia bariátrica.
Personalidade e bem-estar subjetivo: o papel mediador do coping através de ouvir música
Authors: Ganem Addisseny De Carvalho , Paiva Tamyres Tomaz , Pimentel Carlos Eduardo , Cavalcanti Jaqueline Gomes , Santos Isabella Leandra Silva
Published: October 2020

O presente estudo objetivou analisar se o coping através de ouvir música é capaz de mediar a relação entre personalidade e o bem estar subjetivo. Contou-se com a participação de 255 estudantes universitários, com idade média de 25,1 anos (DP = 7,49), majoritariamente do sexo feminino (71,4%). Foram utilizadas quatro escalas: a Escala Reduzida de Avaliação da Personalidade, a Escala de Coping através de Ouvir Música, a Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (EAPN), e Escala de Satisfação com a Vida (ESV). Os resultados indicaram que dependendo da organização da personalidade do sujeito, ele será capaz de reconduzir suas experiências a partir das suas estratégias de enfrentamento, diante das situações e com isso sentirá ou mais afetos positivos ou negativos. Ademais, o coping serviu como mediador da relação entre personalidade e os afetos, mostrando-se como um elemento crucial para promoção do bem-estar do indivíduo.
Habilidades preditoras da Compreensão Leitora de diferentes gêneros textuais
Authors: Kruszielski Leandro , Guimarães Sandra Regina Kirchner
Published: October 2020

O estudo objetivou investigar semelhanças/diferenças de habilidades preditoras da compreensão de texto narrativo e histórias em quadrinhos. Participaram da pesquisa 78 alunos de 4º e 5º anos do Ensino Fundamental de escolas públicas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Cloze, Fluência Semântica, Fluência Fonológica, Dígitos, Cubos de Corsi, Vocabulário (WISC-III), Vocabulário de Figuras USP e Nomeação Seriada Rápida. Os resultados mostraram como preditores para a Compreensão do texto exclusivamente verbal o desempenho na Nomeação Seriada Rápida de Letras e o desempenho no Vocabulário por Figuras USP. Os preditores para a Compreensão da História em Quadrinhos foram o desempenho na Nomeação Seriada Rápida de Letras, o desempenho no Vocabulário por Figuras USP e desempenho na ordem inversa do Dígitos.
Myogenin is an essential regulator of adult myofibre growth and muscle stem cell homeostasis
Authors: Ganassi Massimo , Badodi Sara , Wanders Kees , Zammit Peter S , Hughes Simon M
Published: October 2020

Growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle fibres depend on coordinated activation and return to quiescence of resident muscle stem cells (MuSCs). The transcription factor Myogenin (Myog) regulates myocyte fusion during development, but its role in adult myogenesis remains unclear. In contrast to mice,myog-/-zebrafish are viable, but have hypotrophic muscles. By isolating adult myofibres with associated MuSCs, we found thatmyog-/-myofibres have severely reduced nuclear number, but increased myonuclear domain size. Expression of fusogenic genes is decreased, Pax7 upregulated, MuSCs are fivefold more numerous and mis-positioned throughout the length ofmyog-/-myofibres instead of localising at myofibre ends as in wild-type. Loss of Myog dysregulates mTORC1 signalling, resulting in an ‘alerted’ state of MuSCs, which display precocious activation and faster cell cycle entry ex vivo, concomitant withmyodupregulation. Thus, beyond controlling myocyte fusion, Myog influences the MuSC:niche relationship, demonstrating a multi-level contribution to muscle homeostasis throughout life.
Nowoczesna technologia sprzymierzeńcem w nauce języka obcego: kurs Olive Green
Authors: Mróz Anna
Published: October 2020

Przedmiotem artykułu jest wykorzystanie kursu Olive Green do samodzielnej nauki słownictwa w języku obcym. Można go uznać za innowacyjne narzędzie, ponieważ jednocześnie jest filmem interaktywnym, grą oraz platformą e-learningową. Wspomniane elementy nie były dostępne wcześniej dostępne na taką skalę w innych interaktywnych kursach językowych. We wstępie odniesiono się do zjawiska rozwoju technologicznego i jego wpływu na dziedzinę edukacji. Następnie omówiono powody istotności uczenia się słownictwa. W głównej części artykułu została przedstawiona analiza kursu Olive Green. Omówiono pokrótce program SuperMemo, który jest jednym z komponentów wspominanego narzędzia. W dalszej części dokonano analizy takich aspektów, jak funkcjonalność, interaktywności i gamifikacja w kursie. Kolejno omówiono sposoby samodzielnej nauki słownictwa przy wykorzystaniu różnych elementów kursu. Dokonano analizy przydatności list ze słownictwem, MemoKart, napisów w filmie interaktywnym oraz pozostałych ćwiczeń leksykalnych. Uwzględniono również sposoby, w jaki kurs umożliwia weryfikację i przetwarzanie nowo poznanego słownictwa. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono zalety wykorzystania kursu Olive Green do nauki słownictwa w języku obcym.
Iris sanguinea is conspecific with I. sibirica (Iridaceae) according to morphology and plastid DNA sequence data
Authors: Boltenkov Eugeny , Artyukova Elena , Kozyrenko Marina , Erst Andrey , Trias-Blasi Anna
Published: October 2020

A taxonomic revision of Iris subser. Sibiricae is provided based on morphological and molecular analyses and the study of protologues and original material. Two to three species have been recognized in this subseries by botanists. To address the question of species delimitations and relationships within this group, we analyzed four non-coding regions of plastid DNA (trnS–trnG, trnL–trnF, rps4–trnSGGA, and psbA–trnH) for samples from 26 localities across the distribution ranges of two currently recognized species, I. sanguinea and I. sibirica. Variance analysis, based on nine characters, revealed no separation between taxa. Moreover, no morphological character could be used to define clear boundaries between taxa. Our results strongly support that I. subser. Sibiricae is monotypic and comprises only I. sibirica, instead of two or three species. Iris sibirica is morphologically variable and one of the most widespread Eurasian species of Iridaceae. Previously accepted taxa, I. sanguinea and I. typhifolia, are synonymised with I. sibirica and also two names, I. orientalis and I. sibirica var. haematophylla, which are typified here, are placed in the synonymy of I. sibirica. Information on the distribution of I. sibirica and the main features used to distinguish between I. sibirica and I. subser. Chrysographes species are provided.
Chemical characterization of the soluble polysaccharides of the red alga Acanthophora spicifera from La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, México
Authors: Schnoller Valérie Chantal Gabrielle , Hernández-Carmona Gustavo , Hernández-Garibay Enrique , López-Vivas Juan Manuel , Muñoz-Ochoa Mauricio
Published: October 2020

Acanthophora spicifera is an invasive red alga that was recently detected in La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico, where it has developed into a large biomass. Because it is a new species in the region, the characteristics and properties of the soluble polysaccharides (SPs) that it contains are unknown. To determine the content, chemical composition, and properties of SPs in A. spicifera, monthly samplings were carried out in 2013 at Point Roca Caimancito in La Paz Bay, and native and alkali-treated polysaccharides were extracted and characterized. The alkaline treatment produced lower yields and modified the composition of A. spicifera SPs. The polysaccharides obtained before or after the alkaline treatment had low viscosity and did not have gelling properties. In line with the obtained results, the molar ratio of components (galactose, 3,6-anhydrogalactose, sulfates [Gal:3,6-AG:sulfates]) for native (1.00:0.30:0.23) and alkali-treated (1.00:0.30:0.17) polysaccharides showed that A. spicifera SPs have a lower proportion of sulfates than that in polysaccharides belonging to carrageenans but greater than that in polysaccharides belonging to true agar. The Fourier-transform infrared spectra of SPs showed characteristic signals for sulfated galactans, with the presence of pyruvic acid; after the alkaline treatment, characteristic signals for agar-type polysaccharides (agaroid) were observed. Although A. spicifera polysaccharides have no gelling properties, additional studies are needed to clarify the structure of the SPs it contains to find appropriate uses for this resource.
APRENDIZ-ALTERNATIVA/O: O TIPO DE ESTUDANTE PRODUZIDA/O E DEMANDADA/O EM ESCOLAS ALTERNATIVAS
Authors: Rezende Sales Shirlei , Myrrha Ferreira Lança Paula
Published: October 2020

Este artigo traz parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi entender os modos como três escolas alternativas definem sua oposição a escolas tradicionais. Aqui, analisamos que tipo de aprendiz é demandada/o nessas escolas, utilizando como metodologia a pesquisa documental, em articulação com a análise do discurso de inspiração foucaultiana. As principais referências teóricas foram autoras/es pós-estruturalistas como Foucault e do campo curricular pós-crítico, como Sandra Corazza e Tomaz Tadeu da Silva. Observou-se que nos documentos curriculares das escolas analisadas produz-se uma posição de sujeito que denominamos como aprendiz-alternativa/o, que é condição para que as propostas pedagógicas dessas escolas alternativas se efetivem.
UMA VISÃO SOBRE A CONSTRUÇÃO DIALÓGICA DA IDENTIDADE DO PROFESSOR DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Authors: Vieira Barbosa Isabela , Regina Selpa Heinzle Marcia , Reinert dos Santos Jessica
Published: October 2020

As identidades docentes são campo de grandes pesquisas nos estudos atuais sobre educação. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo busca analisar como os constructos identitários acerca do papel de ser professor de ensino superior ocorrem, através da perspectiva dos docentes que atuam nesse campo profissional. Para atingir o objetivo proposto por este artigo, a geração de dados se deu através da seleção e entrevista de professores universitários que cursam o primeiro ano do curso de Mestrado em Educação em uma universidade particular situada no sul do Brasil através da utilização de técnicas de complemento para a geração dos dados. Após a geração dos dados, realizamos as análises da materialidade linguística tendo como base teórica principal os estudos de Vygotsky (2001), levando em consideração a constituição das identidades que emergem dos relatos dos professores. A análise também se deu através dos estudos identitários (HALL, 2014; WOODWARD, 2014) e sobre a identidade e o fazer docente (GATTI, 1996). Nossos dados apontam que a identidade do professor ocorre nas construções diárias que enfrenta na profissão docente, além de trazer consigo suas experiências prévias vividas na esfera familiar, ou até mesmo escolar, nos tempos em que era aluno. É possível observar através das entrevistas, as marcas deixadas pelo ensino ao longo de todos os anos acadêmicos, das influências prévias, das vivências familiares e extracurriculares.
ДОЛГОВЫЕ ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬСТВА И ВЕКСЕЛЯ В ПРАКТИКЕ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЗАЙМОВ АНГЛИЙСКОЙ КОРОНЫ В СЕРЕДИНЕ XVI ВЕКА, "Средние века"
Authors: Александрова Мария Александровна
Published: October 2020

Феномен английских королевских займов у иностранных купцов на Антверпенской бирже с 1544 по 1574 г. широко известен в литературе. Однако до сих пор не прояснен вопрос, как именно эти займы оформлялись. В данной статье предпринимается попытка на основе переписки Томаса Грэшема (ок. 1518-1579), английского королевского финансового агента в Нидерландах в 1550-1560-е годы, реконструировать практику использования разных финансовых инструментов, таких как долговые обязательства и векселя, в сделках по королевским займам. Кроме того, в статье прослеживается, каким образом в литературе утвердилось мнение, - ошибочное, как показывает реконструкция заемных практик английской короны, - что королевские займы в середине XVI в. представляли собой обменные операции.
ДВЕ «ОДИНАКОВЫЕ» ФРАЙБУРЕСКИЕ ХАРТИИ 1275 КОДА: CUI BONO?, "Средние века"
Authors: Блохин Павел Александрович
Published: October 2020

В июле 1275 г. во Фрайбурге были созданы два проекта городских хартий. В обоих текстах автором назван граф Эгон II Фрайбург (1271-1316). Однако документы не тождественны друг другу. Тексты имеют разную орфографию, один из проектов меньше по объему. Пространный проект был опубликован в 1828 г., краткий -в 1995 г. Издатель краткого проекта Марита Блаттманн предположила, что этот проект был составлен первым. Согласно ее гипотезе, текст представили графу, но тот отправил его «на доработку». Однако и новый, дополненный, проект был отклонен. Классический юридический принцип «cui Ьоио » позволяет увидеть тех, кому было выгодно появление новой хартии. Проекты 1275 г. продолжают традицию городских хартий, издававшихся герцогами из рода Церингенов. Однако в начале XIII в., когда власть над Фрайбургом от герцогов перешла графам, ситуация изменилась. Первому графу Эгону I (1218- 1237) горожане навязали свою хартию - «Родель», или «Штадтродель», ограничивавшую законодательную инициативу сеньора. Для графа Эгона II создание новой хартии было средством упрочить его власть над городом. Анализ обоих проектов хартии позволяет заметить конфликт в городской среде. В 1248 г., во время восстания против городской элиты, был создан «Младший» Совет 24-х, контролировавший основной, «Старший» Совет. В проектах хартии 1275 г. о новом органе власти почти не упоминается. И если инициатива создания новой хартии исходила от графа, то он выглядит очевидным союзником городского патрициата, пострадавшего после восстания 1248 г. Средним слоям города было не выгодно появление новой хартии. Проекты хартий 1275 г. были составлены в период, когда властные органы, «Старший» и «Младший» Советы, и сеньор города, а также стоявшие за каждым из них социальные силы, боролись за преобладание на политической арене Фрайбурга. И ни одна из этих сил в это время не имела превосходства над другими.
«БРЮС» ДЖОНА БАРБОРА: ПОЭЗИЯ И ИСТОРИЯ, "Средние века"
Authors: Федосов Дмитрий Геннадьевич
Published: October 2020

Джон Барбор (ок. 1320-1395) по праву признан основоположником литературы на шотландском языке (Scots). Его монументальная поэма «Брюс» - и стихотворный роман, и биография короля Скоттов Роберта I, и историческая хроника, ставшая национальным эпосом Шотландии. В статье дается краткий обзор сохранившихся сведений о Барборе и основных особенностей его труда. В приложении - впервые издаваемый русский перевод начала поэмы (пролог, первая книга и завязка второй, в целом 822 стиха), с комментарием.
МАРТИНА ЛИИ В ИЗОБРАЖЕНИИ И ТЕКСТЕ: ОЧЕРКИ О СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫХ РУКОПИСЯХ / ред. И. Кармасси и X. Хайтцманн. Висбаден: Харрассовиц Ферлаг, 2019. 252 с, "Средние века"
Authors: Сидоров Александр Иванович
Published: October 2020

Статья представляет собой рецензию на коллективную монографию, посвященную одной из важнейших проблем современной медиевистики, а именно изучению читательских практик и культуре бытования текста чрез призму аннотаций и глосс, оставленных читателями на полях рукописей и ранних печатных книг.
ЗАПЕЧАТЛЕВШИЕ ИСТОРИЮ: ВИЗАНТИЙСКИЕ И РУССКИЕ ПЕЧАТИ ИЗ ЧАСТНЫХ СОБРАНИЙ: КАТАЛОГ ВЫСТАВКИ / составители - ответственные редакторы М.Н. Бутырский, И.А. Орецкая. М.: Центральный музей древнерусской культуры и искусства имени Андрея Рублева, 2018. 68 с.: ил
Authors: Чхаидзе Виктор Николаевич
Published: October 2020

Рецензия содержит анализ и оценку каталога выставки, прошедшей в октябре-декабре 2018 г. в Москве. Выставка была посвящена византийским и русским печатям V-XIV вв. из частных собраний.
The Senior Military Officer as a Veteran in Transition: Opportunities for Adult Learning and Bridging the Military–Civilian Divide
Authors: Biniecki Susan M. Yelich , Berg Paul
Published: October 2020

Retiring senior military officers (SMO) are a specific group of adult learners in role transition. SMOs have the shared experience of high‐level leadership roles, senior managerial experiences, and military rank. They experience some similar transition challenges as other military affiliated learners, such as military–civilian culture; however, in their military roles, these individuals are in powerful roles of command, often in high stress to include life and death combat situations. Therefore, the SMO adult learner transitioning into post‐retirement, second career work experiences has important context changes to explore. Those context changes include integrated ways of moving among levels of novice to expert in organizational structure, ethos, international experience, and managing and leading in crisis. Through reciprocal learning programs, hiring organizations and SMOs have an opportunity to make headway into bridging the military–civilian divide.
Embedding Evaluation Into a Military Veteran Entrepreneurial Training Program
Authors: Cumberland Denise M. , Peake Whitney , Kerrick Sharon , Tapolsky Mary
Published: October 2020

The aim of this chapter is to examine an entrepreneurial training program using a theoretical foundation to assess pedagogical and programmatic outcomes. First, the chapter begins by reviewing military veteran entrepreneurship. Next, key constructs previously shown to impact entrepreneurial capabilities and intentions are reviewed. Subsequently, the case used in this study of an entrepreneurial education program is shared, along with how the program impacted a cohort of military veterans. Finally, we provide a discussion about how these results should influence thinking about entrepreneurial training programs for veterans.
The Veteran Employees: Recruitment, Career Development, Engagement, and Job Satisfaction of Veterans Transitioning to the Civilian Workforce
Authors: Hunter‐Johnson Yvonne , Niu Yuanlu , Smith Sharlene , Whitaker Brandi , Wells Rehshetta , Charkasova Aynur
Published: October 2020

The transitioning of veterans, specifically as mature workers, from the military world to the civilian world, and by extension, the civilian workforce is the ultimate career transition. Despite their motivation and resilience, veterans still encounter a multiplicity of challenges when transitioning to the civilian workforce, which quite often has a rippling impact on their attainment of employment, career development, employee engagement, and job satisfaction within the civilian sector. On this premise, the purpose of this conceptual paper is two‐fold: (a) discuss veterans’ career transitional challenges as civilian employees, specifically, recruitment, career development, engagement, and job satisfaction, and (b) from a Human Resource Development perspective, provide strategies, interventions, and/or best practices for recruiting, developing, engaging, and satisfying the veteran employee in the civilian workforce.
The effects of collaboration and punishment on prospective memory performance in a group setting
Authors: Altgassen Mareike , Cohen Anna‐Lisa , Jansen Michelle G.
Published: October 2020

Remembering to perform a delayed intention is termed prospective memory (PM). Often delayed intentions are shared by more than one person; however, there is a dearth of studies examining PM in social settings. We aimed to investigate whether the potential consequences of one's behavior across diverse group settings influence PM performance in event‐ and time‐based tasks. A total of 207 participants were randomly allocated to either an individual, collaborative, or collaborative plus penalty motivation condition and were tested in a 2‐ or 3‐person setting. For the time‐based PM task, participants responded less timely in the individual motivation condition, whereas there was no difference between the collaborative motivation conditions. No significant effects were found for motivation condition on the event‐based task or for group size on PM performance. Analyses of ongoing task performance revealed that participants' attention allocation policies change depending on how individuals prioritize the ongoing and PM tasks.
Effect of Carbon in Severe Plastically Deformed Metals
Authors: Bachmaier Andrea , Pippan Reinhard , Renk Oliver
Published: October 2020

In the last decades severe plastic deformation techniques have gained increasing interest as they allow the production of bulk nanostructured materials with superior mechanical and functional properties. However, because of mechanically induced grain boundary migration, the achievable grain size reduction is not indefinite but tends to stagnate once sufficient strain has been applied. Consequently, addition of solute elements or second phase particles offers the possibility to access the true nanocrystalline regime. Due to their low solubility and high mobility, interstitial elements are extremely effective at subduing boundary migration. Herein the effect of carbon on grain refinement and the resulting mechanical properties are summarized. As carbon may not only be added as graphite but could also be introduced in other forms or as allotropes such as nanotubes, nanodiamonds, or carbides, the respective advantages and problems associated with it are the center of discussion. Independent of the strategy used, strength levels hardly achievable with other alloying elements can be obtained. Moreover, as carbon does not have a negative effect on grain boundary cohesion, despite the enormous strength levels even ductility and toughness can be widely maintained.
Defect Engineering in Lead Zirconate Titanate Ferroelectric Ceramic for Enhanced Electromechanical Transducer Efficiency
Authors: Li Zhao , Thong Hao‐Cheng , Zhang Yun‐Fan , Xu Ze , Zhou Zhen , Liu Yi‐Xuan , Cheng Yue‐Yu‐Shan , Wang Shi‐Hong , Zhao Chunlin , Chen Feng , Bi Ke , Han Bing , Wang Ke
Published: October 2020

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)‐based piezoelectric ceramics are important functional materials for various electromechanical applications, including sensors, actuators, and transducers. High piezoelectric coefficient and mechanical quality factor are essential for the resonant piezoelectric application. However, since these properties are often inversely proportional, simultaneously high performances are hard to achieve, consequently, a wide range of applications are strongly restricted. In the present study, exceptionally well‐balanced performances are achieved in PZT‐based ceramics via innovative defect engineering, which involves multi‐scale coordination among defect dipole, domain‐wall density, and grain boundary. These materials are superior to many state‐of‐the‐art commercial counterparts, which can potentially satisfy high‐end requirements for advanced electromechanical applications, such as energy harvesting, structural health monitoring, robotic sensors, and actuator.
Highly Tunable Thiol‐Ene Photoresins for Volumetric Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Cook Caitlyn C. , Fong Erika J. , Schwartz Johanna J. , Porcincula Dominique H. , Kaczmarek Allison C. , Oakdale James S. , Moran Bryan D. , Champley Kyle M. , Rackson Charles M. , Muralidharan Archish , McLeod Robert R. , Shusteff Maxim
Published: October 2020

Volumetric additive manufacturing (VAM) forms complete 3D objects in a single photocuring operation without layering defects, enabling 3D printed polymer parts with mechanical properties similar to their bulk material counterparts. This study presents the first report of VAM‐printed thiol‐ene resins. With well‐ordered molecular networks, thiol‐ene chemistry accesses polymer materials with a wide range of mechanical properties, moving VAM beyond the limitations of commonly used acrylate formulations. Since free‐radical thiol‐ene polymerization is not inhibited by oxygen, the nonlinear threshold response required in VAM is introduced by incorporating 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) as a radical scavenger. Tuning of the reaction kinetics is accomplished by balancing inhibitor and initiator content. Coupling this with quantitative measurements of the absorbed volumetric optical dose allows control of polymer conversion and gelation during printing. Importantly, this work thereby establishes the first comprehensive framework for spatial–temporal control over volumetric energy distribution, demonstrating structures 3D printed in thiol‐ene resin by means of tomographic volumetric VAM. Mechanical characterization of this thiol‐ene system, with varied ratios of isocyanurate and triethylene glycol monomers, reveals highly tunable mechanical response far more versatile than identical acrylate‐based resins. This broadens the range of materials and properties available for VAM, taking another step toward high‐performance printed polymers.
Exploiting Unique Alignment of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles, Mild Hyperthermia, and Controlled Intrinsic Cobalt Toxicity for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Balakrishnan Preethi Bala , Silvestri Niccolò , Fernandez‐Cabada Tamara , Marinaro Federica , Fernandes Soraia , Fiorito Sergio , Miscuglio Mario , Serantes David , Ruta Sergiu , Livesey Karen , Hovorka Ondrej , Chantrell Roy , Pellegrino Teresa
Published: October 2020

Nanoparticle‐based magnetic hyperthermia is a well‐known thermal therapy platform studied to treat solid tumors, but its use for monotherapy is limited due to incomplete tumor eradication at hyperthermia temperature (45 °C). It is often combined with chemotherapy for obtaining a more effective therapeutic outcome. Cubic‐shaped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (Co–Fe NCs) serve as magnetic hyperthermia agents and as a cytotoxic agent due to the known cobalt ion toxicity, allowing the achievement of both heat and cytotoxic effects from a single platform. In addition to this advantage, Co–Fe NCs have the unique ability to form growing chains under an alternating magnetic field (AMF). This unique chain formation, along with the mild hyperthermia and intrinsic cobalt toxicity, leads to complete tumor regression and improved overall survival in an in vivo murine xenograft model, all under clinically approved AMF conditions. Numerical calculations identify magnetic anisotropy as the main Co–Fe NCs’ feature to generate such chain formations. This novel combination therapy can improve the effects of magnetic hyperthermia, inaugurating investigation of mechanical behaviors of nanoparticles under AMF, as a new avenue for cancer therapy.
Adaptive Spiral Diffractive Lenses—Lenses With a Twist
Authors: Geday Morten Andreas , Caño‐García Manuel , Otón José Manuel , Quintana Xabier
Published: October 2020

A new concept of thin, flat, transparent variable lenses with unprecedented performance in terms of active diameter and focal distance range is presented. The diffractive lens consists of two cascaded variable liquid crystal‐based spiral diffractive lenses. Changing concertedly the topological charge changes the focal length with no mechanical motion. The implemented lens has a focal range from –2 to +2 diopters, an active diameter of 25 mm, a low operating voltage (<10 V), and a fill factor of 98%. These characteristics are unique in planar tunable lenses, opening for applications ranging from human vision correction to space applications.
Systems with greater perenniality and crop diversity enhance soil biological health
Authors: Sprunger Christine D. , Martin Tvisha , Mann Meredith
Published: October 2020

Soil health has received heightened interest because of its association with long‐term agricultural sustainability and ecological benefits, including soil carbon (C) accumulation. We examined the effects of crop diversity and perenniality on soil biological health and assessed impacts on mineralization and C stabilization processes across 10 systems including four no‐till annual row crops, two monoculture perennials, and four polyculture perennials. Crop diversity increased soil biological health in both annual and perennial systems. Rotated annuals with a cover crop increased permanganate oxidizable C (POXC) and soil organic matter relative to continuous corn (Zea mays L.). Perennial polycultures also had 88% and 23% greater mineralizable C relative to the annual and monoculture perennial systems, respectively. All polyculture perennials had significantly greater POXC relative to switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and annual systems, with the exception of restored prairie. Of the systems assessed in this study, incorporating perennial polycultures into rotations is the most effective way to increase soil biological health and enhance C stabilization.
Advanced Wearable Thermocells for Body Heat Harvesting
Authors: Liu Yuqing , Zhang Shuai , Zhou Yuetong , Buckingham Mark A. , Aldous Leigh , Sherrell Peter C. , Wallace Gordon G. , Ryder Gregory , Faisal Shaikh , Officer David L. , Beirne Stephen , Chen Jun
Published: October 2020

Thermoelectrochemical cells (thermocells) designed for harvesting human body heat can provide constant power output for wearable electronics, supplementing state‐of‐the‐art flexible power storage and conversion solutions. However, a systematic investigation into the optimization of wearable thermocells is lacking, especially with regard to device design, n‐type electrolytes, and electrode/electrolyte integration. Here, a n‐type gel electrolyte: polyvinyl alcohol‐FeCl2/3 with outstanding flexibility and elasticity and exceptional electrolyte/electrode integration into a 3D porous poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT/PSS) electrode, is produced via an in situ chemical crosslinking method. The integrated n‐type cell shows excellent seebeck coefficients (0.85 mV K−1) and output current density (1.74 A m−2 K−1) that are comparable with an optimized p‐type cell consisting of a carboxymethylcellulose‐K3/4Fe(CN)6 electrolyte with a 3D PEDOT/PSS‐edge functionalized graphene/carbon nanotube electrode (−1.22 mV K−1 and 1.85 A m−2 K−1). The equivalent performance of the n‐type and p‐type cells enables the effective series connection of up to 18 pairs of p–n cells that combines to give an output voltage of 0.34 V (∆T = 10 K). This in‐series device is fabricated into a proof‐of‐concept watch strap, which can harvest body heat, charge supercapacitor (up to 470 mF) as well as illuminate a green light emitting diode, demonstrating the practical applications.
A partnership to build scientific capacity of Rwanda's future conservationists: The Memoirs Program
Authors: Eckardt Winnie , Tuyisingize Deogratias , van der Hoek Yntze , Tolbert Sarah , Stoinski Tara S. , Ndagijimana Felix , Kaplin Beth A. , Mudakikwa Antoine , Lukas Kristen
Published: October 2020

The future of primates depends on conservationists in primate range countries having the education and opportunities needed to facilitate conservation efforts. However, most primates are found in countries where conservation is underfunded. Rwanda is home to 14 primate species, with three being listed as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Their remaining native habitats are scarce, highly fragmented, and surrounded by high human densities. Lacking education opportunities and the loss of qualified individuals following decades of political instability created a need for well‐trained conservationists to tackle conservation challenges in Rwanda. The Memoirs Program, a science capacity‐building partnership between Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund (DFGF), University of Rwanda (UR), the Rwanda Development Board, and Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, aims to train the next generation of Rwandan conservationists. Annually, the Memoirs Program provides 10–12 top students from the UR Conservation Biology undergraduate program the opportunity to conduct senior research projects (Memoirs) at DFGF addressing conservation issues in and around Rwanda's protected areas. Students receive one‐on‐one supervision by DFGF scientists and affiliates to supplement UR mentorship, along with targeted teaching modules that reinforce and complement UR curricula. In continuation of the Memoirs Program, participants are offered professional development, employment opportunities, and support to publish their research in peer‐reviewed journals. Since inception of the Program in 2003, 123 students have participated with 83% being employed or pursuing higher education degrees in conservation‐related fields in Rwanda and the region. Pre‐ and post‐training comparison of oral presentation skills, one of the teaching modules, involving 22 students demonstrated increased post‐training performance. The Memoirs Program represents an effective partnership between the government, an international conservation non‐governmental organization, and a public higher‐learning institution in a developing country to support high‐performing students to become tomorrow's conservation leaders. This model could be replicated within Rwanda and in other regions of the world.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Ester Synthesis from Organic Halides through Incorporation of Oxygen Atoms from Air
Authors: Tan Hui , Wang Shen‐An , Yan Zixi , Liu Jianzhong , Wei Jialiang , Song Song , Jiao Ning
Published: October 2020

Oxygenation reactions with molecular oxygen (O2) as the oxygen source provides a green and straightforward strategy for the construction of O‐containing compounds. Demonstrated here is a novel N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed oxidative transformation of simple and readily available organic halides into valuable esters through the incorporation of O‐atoms from O2. Mechanistic studies prove that the deoxy Breslow intermediate generated in situ is oxidized to a Breslow intermediate for further transformation by this oxidative protocol. This method broadens the field of NHC catalysis and promotes oxygenation reactions with O2.
Vorhersage stickstoffbasierter Verbindungsklassen: Guanidinate TCN3 (T=V, Nb, Ta) und Orthonitridocarbonate T′2CN4 (T′=Ti, Zr, Hf) von Übergangsmetallen
Authors: Luo Dongbao , Qiao Xianji , Dronskowski Richard
Published: October 2020

Wegen der einzigartigen Fähigkeit des Kohlenstoffs, verschiedenste sp‐Hybridisierungen oder Orbitalmischungen auszubilden, kann er in unterschiedlichen komplexen Anionen wie der bekannten Carbodiimideinheit NCN2−, dem bis dato unbekannten CN35−‐Guanidinatanion und dem ebenso neuartigen CN48−‐Orthonitridocarbonat (onc) vorliegen und insofern das Feld bekannter stickstoffbasierter Festkörperverbindungen erweitern. Die beiden letztgenannten komplexen Anionen, bislang noch unbekannt, wurden von uns mittels voraussetzungsfreier Struktursuchverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer Chemie modelliert, so dass wir hier die Existenz der ersten bei Normaldruck mechanisch stabilen wasserstofffreien Guanidinate TCN3 (T=V, Nb, Ta) und Orthonitridocarbonate T′2CN4 (T′=Ti, Zr, Hf) vorhersagen; die letztgenannte Anionenklasse dürfte in festen Lösungen mit den stöchiometrisch gleichen Nitridocarbodiimiden und Nitridoguanidinaten koexistieren. Zudem schlagen wir thermodynamisch günstige exotherme Reaktionen als Richtschnur für ihre Synthesen vor und legen nahe, dass der Zerfall dieser neuen Verbindungen aufgrund vermutlich hoher kinetischer Barrieren (Aufbrechen der C‐N‐Bindung) und durchaus erheblicher Madelungenergien, die die stark geladenen komplexen Ionen stabilisieren, unwahrscheinlich ist. Während chemische Bindungsanalysen eine kovalentere Bindungssituation im neu entdeckten CN48−‐Anion im Vergleich zu NCN2− und CN35− bei artverwandten Verbindungen aufdecken, deuten weitere elektronentheoretische Befunde dieser onc‐Phasen denkbare Anwendungen hinsichtlich ihrer physikochemischen Eigenschaften in den Bereichen der photoelektrochemischen Wasserspaltung sowie der nichtlinearen Optik an.
Kontrolle des intramolekularen Förster‐Resonanzenergietransfers und der Singulettspaltung in einem Subporphyrazin‐Pentacen‐Konjugat mittels Lösungsmittelpolarität
Authors: Guzmán David , Papadopoulos Ilias , Lavarda Giulia , Rami Parisa R. , Tykwinski Rik R. , Rodríguez‐Morgade M. Salomé , Guldi Dirk M. , Torres Tomás
Published: October 2020

Aufgrund seiner komplementären Absorptionen im Bereich von 450 bis 600 nm wurde ein energiespendendes Hexaarylsubporphyrazin an ein Pentacendimer gebunden, das hauptsächlich als Energieakzeptor und sekundär als Singulettspaltungsaktivierer fungiert. Im entsprechenden Konjugat ist der effiziente intramolekulare Förster‐Resonanzenergietransfer (i‐FRET) der Modus Operandi zur Energieübertragung vom Subporphyrazin auf das Pentacendimer. Beim Energietransfer unterliegt das Pentacendimer einer intramolekularen Singulettspaltung (intramolecular singlet fission, i‐SF), das heißt, der angeregte Singulettzustand wird über einen Zwischenzustand in ein Paar korrelierter Triplettzustände umgewandelt. Die solvatochrome Fluoreszenz des Subporphyrazins ist ein Schlüsselmerkmal dieses Systems und weist in polaren Medien eine Rotverschiebung von bis zu 20 nm auf. Das Lösungsmittel wird daher verwendet, um die spektrale Überlappung zwischen der Fluoreszenz von Subporphyrazin und der Absorption des Pentacendimers zu modulieren, welches einerseits die Förster‐Geschwindigkeitskonstante und andererseits die Triplettquantenausbeute steuert. Die optimale spektrale Überlappung wird in Xylol erzielt, was zu einer Förster‐Geschwindigkeitskonstante von 3.52×1011 s−1 und einer Triplettquantenausbeute von 171 % ±10 % führt. Kurz gesagt, die Abhängigkeit der Lösungsmittelpolarität, die ein einzigartiges Merkmal von Subporphyrazinen ist, ist entscheidend für die Anpassung der spektralen Überlappung, die Gewährleistung einer beträchtlichen Förster‐Geschwindigkeitskonstante und die Maximierung der Triplettquantenausbeuten. Diese Optimierung kann in einzigartiger Weise erreicht werden, ohne dass eine synthetische Modifikation des Subporphyrazindonors erforderlich ist.
Engineering Atomically Dispersed FeN4 Active Sites for CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Mohd Adli Nadia , Shan Weitao , Hwang Sooyeon , Samarakoon Widitha , Karakalos Stavros , Li Yi , Cullen David A. , Su Dong , Feng Zhenxing , Wang Guofeng , Wu Gang
Published: October 2020

Atomically dispersed FeN4 active sites have exhibited exceptional catalytic activity and selectivity for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to CO. However, the understanding behind the intrinsic and morphological factors contributing to the catalytic properties of FeN4 sites is still lacking. By using a Fe‐N‐C model catalyst derived from the ZIF‐8, we deconvoluted three key morphological and structural elements of FeN4 sites, including particle sizes of catalysts, Fe content, and Fe−N bond structures. Their respective impacts on the CO2RR were comprehensively elucidated. Engineering the particle size and Fe doping is critical to control extrinsic morphological factors of FeN4 sites for optimal porosity, electrochemically active surface areas, and the graphitization of the carbon support. In contrast, the intrinsic activity of FeN4 sites was only tunable by varying thermal activation temperatures during the formation of FeN4 sites, which impacted the length of the Fe−N bonds and the local strains. The structural evolution of Fe−N bonds was examined at the atomic level. First‐principles calculations further elucidated the origin of intrinsic activity improvement associated with the optimal local strain of the Fe−N bond.
Molecular Machine Learning: The Future of Synthetic Chemistry?
Authors: Pflüger Philipp M. , Glorius Frank
Published: October 2020

During the last decade, modern machine learning has found its way into synthetic chemistry. Some long‐standing challenges, such as computer‐aided synthesis planning (CASP), have been successfully addressed, while other issues have barely been touched. This Viewpoint poses the question of whether current trends can persist in the long term and identifies factors that may lead to an (un)productive development. Thereby, specific risks of molecular machine learning (MML) are discussed. Furthermore, possible sustainable developments are suggested, such as explainable artificial intelligence (exAI) for synthetic chemistry. This Viewpoint will illuminate chances for possible newcomers and aims to guide the community into a discussion about current as well as future trends.
Light‐Promoted Organic Transformations Utilizing Carbon‐Based Gas Molecules as Feedstocks
Authors: Cai Bin , Cheo Han Wen , Liu Tao , Wu Jie
Published: October 2020

Carbon‐based gas molecules are readily available feedstocks and are widely used in industry as building blocks or fuels. However, their application in the synthesis of fine chemicals has been hampered due to operational complexity, poor reaction efficiency and selectivity. Recent development of photoredox‐promoted transformations using such gaseous reagents has received considerable attention from the synthetic community. In this review, efforts in developing light‐promoted organic transformations using carbon‐based natural gases as C1 or C2 feedstocks and to overcome the associated challenges are briefly summarized.