bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of Body Mass and Volume of Distribution to the Estimated Uncertainty Associated with the Widmark Equation
Authors: Maskell Peter D. , Cooper Gail A. A.
Published: May 2020

The Widmark equation is used forensically for the determination of the amount of ethanol (alcohol) that may have been consumed and also to determine the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of an individual at a specific time. It is important to be able to estimate the uncertainty associated with Widmark equations. To date, there has been no detailed determination of contribution to the final uncertainty of Widmark calculations of the volume of distribution of ethanol (Vd), using anthropometric equations, or the contribution of an individual’s body mass. Using published data, published literature, and freedom of information data, we determined that the variability (%CV) associated with Vd was ~10% (Watson et al. and Forrest anthropometric equations) and that the %CV associated with estimated body mass was ~15% compared to ~3% when body mass was directly measured. These data allow an estimation of the overall uncertainty of Widmark calculations using general error propagation. The estimated total uncertainty for BAC calculations increased from ~11% (volume consumed) and ~22% (BAC) to ~19% (volume consumed) and ~37% (BAC) when using measured body mass compared to estimated body mass. These results demonstrate that forensic practitioners should be mindful of the increase in estimated uncertainty in calculated Widmark equation results when estimated body mass is used rather than measured body mass. These data further improve the knowledge around the uncertainty of results calculated with the Widmark equation.
Characterization of sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) in cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Xu Wei , Zhang Huijie , Liao Yalin , Papanicolaou Alexie
Published: May 2020

Sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) play a critical role in insect chemosensory system. Previously, three SNMPs were identified, characterized and functionally investigated in a lepidopteran model insect, Bombyx mori. However, whether these results are consistent across other lepidopteran species are unknown. Here genome and transcriptome data analysis, expression profiling, quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) and the yeast hybridization system were utilized to examine snmp genes of Helicoverpa armigera, one of the most destructive lepidopteran pests in cropping areas. In silico expression and qRT‐PCR analyses showed that, just as the B. mori snmp genes, H. armigera snmp1 (Harmsnmp1) is specifically expressed in adult antennae. Harmsnmp2 is broadly expressed in multiple tissues including adult antennae, tarsi, larval antennae and mouthparts. Harmsnmp3 is specifically expressed in larval midguts. Further RNAseq analysis suggested that the expression levels of Harmsnmp2 and Harmsnmp3 differed significantly depending on the plant species on which the larvae fed, indicating they may be involved in plant‐feeding behaviours. Yeast hybridization results revealed a protein–protein interaction between HarmSNMP1 and the sex pheromone receptor, HarmOR13. This study demonstrated that SNMPs may share same functions and mechanisms in different lepidopteran species, which improved our understanding of insect snmp genes and their functions in lepidopterans.
Effects of diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol from peanut oil and coconut oil on lipid metabolism in mice
Authors: Lu Han , Guo Tingting , Fan Yawei , Deng Zeyuan , Luo Ting , Li Hongyan
Published: May 2020

Different chain lengths diacylglycerols (DAG) (long‐ and medium‐chain) were synthesized from peanut and coconut oils. The effects of DAG with different chain lengths on body fat, blood lipids, and lipid metabolism‐related enzymes in the liver and adipose tissue of C57BL/6J mice were investigated. Compared to peanut and coconut oils containing triacylglycerol (TAG), DAG‐rich oils can significantly reduce the body weight, kidney weight, serum triglyceride (TG) content, hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS), and Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) enzyme levels (p < 0.05) in C57BL/6J mice. Therefore, the effect of coconut oil DAG on improving body fat metabolism was probably due to the impact of DAG. Meanwhile, the body weight and serum TG content in coconut oil DAG group were lower than those in peanut oil DAG group. In addition, the spleen weight, hepatic ACC, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzymes in coconut oil DAG group (0.07 ± 0.01 g, 2.08 ± 0.42 ng/mg pro, and 18.44 ± 5.23 ng/mg pro, respectively) were significantly lower than those in peanut oil DAG group. Although coconut oil DAG and peanut oil DAG have different fatty acid compositions, their effects on lipid metabolism showed no significant changes. Coconut oil DAG (peanut oil DAG) showed the improved lipid metabolism than that of coconut oil (peanut oil), which was probably due to the effect of DAG.

Practical Application

Peanut and coconut oils are common edible oils. The oil containing DAG synthesized decreased the body weight and lipid accumulation in mice. Coconut oil is rich in medium‐chain fatty acids, while peanut oil mainly consists of long‐chain fatty acids. Due to the different contents of fatty acids, the synthesized structural lipids have different effects on lipid metabolism. Medium‐chain triglycerides were considered as agents to alleviate obesity.
Increased placental macrophages and a pro‐inflammatory profile in placentas and maternal serum in infants with a decreased growth rate in the third trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Sharps Megan C. , Baker Bernadette C. , Guevara Tatiana , Bischof Helen , Jones Rebecca L. , Greenwood Susan L. , Heazell Alexander E. P.
Published: May 2020

Problem

There is growing evidence for the role of placental inflammation in the pathophysiology of pregnancy complications including fetal growth restriction (FGR). This study aimed to characterize the inflammatory profile in the maternal circulation and the placenta of infants who were growth restricted and those that were small for gestational age (SGA).

Method of study

Placental villous tissue and maternal serum were obtained from pregnancies where infants were SGA at birth or who had a decreasing growth rate (≥25 centiles) across the third trimester. Immunohistochemical and histological analyses of placental samples were conducted for macrophage number, alongside vascular and cell turnover analysis. Inflammatory profile was analyzed in maternal and placental compartments via ELISAs and multiplex assays.

Results

There were significantly more CD163+ macrophages in placentas of infants with a decreased growth rate compared to controls, but not in SGA infants (median 8.6/ nuclei vs 3.8 and 2.9, P = .008 and P = .003, respectively). Uric acid (P = .0007) and IL‐8 (P = .0008) were increased in placentas, and S100A8 (P < .0002) was increased in maternal serum of infants with decreased growth rate. No changes in the maternal serum or placental lysates of SGA infants were observed.

Conclusion

The evidence of an altered inflammatory profile in infants with a decreasing growth rate, but not in those that were born SGA, provides further evidence that inflammation plays a role in true FGR. It remains unclear whether the increased placental macrophages occur as a direct result, or as a consequence of the pro‐inflammatory environment observed in fetal growth restriction.
Impact of vitamin D deficiency on mouse sperm structure and function
Authors: Shahreza Fatemeh Dehghan , Hajian Mehdi , Gharagozloo Parvis , Drevet Joël R. , Nasr‐Esfahani Mohammad Hossein
Published: May 2020

Background

In rodents and humans, vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is associated with altered sperm structure and function (primarily decreased motility and morphological abnormalities) that are primarily attributed to VDD‐induced hypocalcemia. However, it is suspected that VDD has much more drastic effects on mammalian spermatozoa.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to illustrate that VDD, depending on its severity and duration, can alter sperm nuclear integrity and can also lead to the loss of spermatozoa's ability to support embryonic development.

Materials and methods

A mouse model of induced VDD combining the action of a vitamin D‐deficient diet, UV exposure limitation, and paricalcitol injections; a vitamin D2 analog that catabolizes endogenous vitamin D by increasing the expression of CYP24A, a member of the cytochrome P450 family, has been used to create different grades of VDD.

Results

We show that the most significant sperm defect recorded concerns the integrity of the paternal nucleus, which is both decondensed and fragmented in moderate‐to‐severe VDD situations. Consistent with the known consequences of fertilization with DNA‐damaged spermatozoa, we show that paternal VDD decreases the ability of spermatozoa to optimally support fertilization and embryonic development.

Discussion and Conclusion

Given the worldwide high prevalence of VDD in humans, and although obtained in an animal model, the data presented here suggest that subfertile/infertile males may benefit from VDD testing and that attempts to correct serum vitamin D levels could be considered prior to conception, either naturally or through ART.
How will increasing surgical volume affect mortality in the Pacific, Papua New Guinea and Timor Leste?
Authors: Nagra Sonal , Kaur Balbindar , Singh Sheetal , Tangi Viliame , Mccaig Eddie , Stupart Douglas , Moore Eileen M. , Meara John G. , Guest Glenn D. , Watters David A.
Published: May 2020

Background

Nine South Pacific nations, Papua New Guinea and Timor Leste, have collaborated to report and publish their surgical metrics as recommended by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS). Currently, these countries experience about 750 postoperative deaths per year, representing 1% of crude mortality in the region. Given that more than 400 000 annual procedures are needed in the nine nations to reach the LCoGS target of 5000/100 000, we aimed to calculate the potential contribution of perioperative mortality to national mortality where these procedures are performed.

Methods

We utilized reported surgical metrics with current rates for surgical volume (SV) and perioperative mortality (POMR), as well as World Bank/WHO mortality statistics, to predict the likely impact of surgical scale‐up to recommended targets by 2030. We tested correlations between SV and POMR in countries from our region using Pearson's r statistic. Funnel plots were used to evaluate the dataset for outliers.

Results

Surgical scale up would result in perioperative mortality contributing on average to 3.3% of all national crude mortality. This prediction assumes POMR stays the same, which is challenging to predict. In our region countries that achieved the LCoGS target (n = 5) had a lower POMR than countries that did not (n = 8).

Conclusions

Surgical volumes in the South Pacific region must increase to meet the LCoGS target. Postoperative mortality as a proportion of all mortality may increase with the surgical scale up, however, the overall number of premature deaths is expected to reduce with better access to timely and safe surgical care.
Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 535 cases of COVID‐19 in Wuhan, China: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Chen Liwen , Deng Chaohua , Chen Xuhui , Zhang Xian , Chen Bo , Yu Huimin , Qin Yuanjun , Xiao Ke , Zhang Hong , Sun Xufang
Published: May 2020

Purpose

To investigate the ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 patients caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 in Wuhan, China.

Methods

A total of 535 COVID‐19 patients were recruited at Mobile Cabin Hospital and Tongji Hospital. Information on demographic characteristics, exposure history, ocular symptoms, eye drop medication, eye protections, chronic eye diseases, systemic concomitant symptoms, radiologic findings and SARS‐CoV‐2 detection in nasopharyngeal swabs by real‐time PCR was collected from questionnaires and electronic medical records.

Results

Of 535 patients, 27 patients (5.0%) presented with conjunctival congestion and 4 patients had conjunctival congestion as the initial symptom. The average duration of conjunctival congestion was 5.9 ± 4.5 days (mean [SD]). The other ocular symptoms, including increased conjunctival secretion, ocular pain, photophobia, dry eye and tearing, were also found in patients with conjunctival congestion. Notably, hand–eye contact was independently correlated with conjunctival congestion in COVID‐19 patients. We also found that some COVID‐19 patients had chronic eye diseases, including conjunctivitis (33, 6.2%), xerophthalmia (24, 4.5%) and keratitis (14, 2.6%). Similar to the published studies, the most common clinical symptoms were fever, cough and fatigue. A total of 343 patients (64.1%) had positive SARS‐CoV‐2 detection in nasopharyngeal swabs.

Conclusions

Conjunctival congestion is one of the COVID‐19‐related ocular symptoms, which could occur as the initial symptoms. Frequent hand–eye contact may be the risk factor for conjunctival congestion in COVID‐19 patients. Screening of patients with conjunctival congestion by ophthalmologists is advocated during the outbreak of COVID‐19. It is essential to provide eye‐care equipment and strengthen education on eye protection.
Fasting with adrenal insufficiency: Practical guidance for healthcare professionals managing patients on steroids during Ramadan
Authors: Hussain Sufyan , Hussain Shazia , Mohammed Ruzwan , Meeran Karim , Ghouri Nazim
Published: May 2020

There are limited recommendations for fasting in many chronic diseases such as adrenal insufficiency (AI). Research in such situations highlights potential for complications and need for education for patients with AI undertaking fasting during Ramadan. This article aimed to provide up‐to‐date guidance for healthcare professionals to educate, discuss and manage patients with AI who are considering fasting in Ramadan and is religiously compatible. Latest guidance on this topic and the evidence base for steroid dosing are reviewed and discussed. Risk stratification for patients with AI and optimal strategies for management, including steroid dosing, are detailed. Our review highlights that patients with AI wishing to fast should undergo a thorough risk assessment ideally several months before Ramadan. ‘High risk’ and ‘Very high risk’ patients should be encouraged to explore alternative options to fasting discussed below. Prior to the commencement of Ramadan, all patients must receive up‐to‐date education on sick day rules, instructions on when to terminate their fast or abstain from fasting, carry steroid warning information and must have a valid intramuscular (IM) hydrocortisone pack and know how to administer this. Switching patients with AI desiring to fast from multiple daily hydrocortisone replacement to prednisolone 5 mg once daily at dawn (during Suhoor or Sehri) is recommended and discussed. Patients on fludrocortisone for AI should be advised to take their total dose at dawn. We provide practically relevant case‐based scenarios to help with the application of this guidance. Future efforts need to focus on healthcare professional awareness and further research in this setting.
TNF‐α/HMGB1 inflammation signalling pathway regulates pyroptosis during liver failure and acute kidney injury
Authors: Wang Yao , Zhang Haiyue , Chen Qian , Jiao Fangzhou , Shi Chunxia , Pei Maohua , Lv Jian , Zhang Hong , Wang Luwen , Gong Zuojiong
Published: May 2020

Objective

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of acute liver failure (ALF). Pyroptosis is a necrosis type related to inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the role of TNF‐α/HMGB1 pathway in pyroptosis during ALF and AKI.

Methods

An ALF and AKI mouse model was generated using LPS/D‐Gal, and a TNF‐α inhibitor, CC‐5013, was used to treat the mice. THP‐1 cells were induced to differentiate into M1 macrophages, then challenged with either CC‐5013 or an HMGB1 inhibitor, glycyrrhizin. pLVX‐mCMVZsGreen‐PGK‐Puros plasmids containing TNF‐α wild‐type (WT), mutation A94T of TNF‐α and mutation P84L of TNF‐α were transfected into M1 macrophages.

Results

Treatment with CC‐5013 decreased the activation of TNF‐α/HMGB1 pathway and pyroptosis in the treated mice and cells compared with the control mice and cells. CC‐5013 also ameliorated liver and kidney pathological changes and improved liver and renal functions in treated mice, and the number of M1 macrophages in the liver and kidney tissues also decreased. The activation of TNF‐α/HMGB1 pathway and pyroptosis increased in the M1 macrophage group compared with the normal group. Similarly, the activation of TNF‐α/HMGB1 pathway and pyroptosis in the LPS + WT group also increased. By contrast, the activation of the TNF‐α/HMGB1 pathway and pyroptosis decreased in the LPS + A94T and LPS + P84L groups. Moreover, glycyrrhizin inhibited pyroptosis.

Conclusion

The TNF‐α/HMGB1 inflammation signalling pathway plays an important role in pyroptosis during ALF and AKI.
Machine learning to quantify habitual physical activity in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Goodlich Benjamin I , Armstrong Ellen L , Horan Sean A , Baque Emmah , Carty Christopher P , Ahmadi Matthew N , Trost Stewart G
Published: May 2020

Aim

To investigate whether activity‐monitors and machine learning models could provide accurate information about physical activity performed by children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) who use mobility aids for ambulation.

Method

Eleven participants (mean age 11y [SD 3y]; six females, five males) classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels III and IV, completed six physical activity trials wearing a tri‐axial accelerometer on the wrist, hip, and thigh. Trials included supine rest, upper‐limb task, walking, wheelchair propulsion, and cycling. Three supervised learning algorithms (decision tree, support vector machine [SVM], random forest) were trained on features in the raw‐acceleration signal. Model‐performance was evaluated using leave‐one‐subject‐out cross‐validation accuracy.

Results

Cross‐validation accuracy for the single‐placement models ranged from 59% to 79%, with the best performance achieved by the random forest wrist model (79%). Combining features from two or more accelerometer placements significantly improved classification accuracy. The random forest wrist and hip model achieved an overall accuracy of 92%, while the SVM wrist, hip, and thigh model achieved an overall accuracy of 90%.

Interpretation

Models trained on features in the raw‐acceleration signal may provide accurate recognition of clinically relevant physical activity behaviours in children and adolescents with CP who use mobility aids for ambulation in a controlled setting.

What this paper adds

Machine learning may assist clinicians in evaluating the efficacy of surgical and therapy‐based interventions.

Machine learning may help researchers better understand the short‐ and long‐term benefits of physical activity for children with more severe motor impairments.
Perfect timing: Mobile brain/body imaging scaffolds the 4E‐cognition research program
Authors: Parada Francisco J. , Rossi Alejandra
Published: May 2020

Recent technological advancements encompassed under the Mobile Brain/Body Imaging (MoBI) framework have produced exciting new experimental results linking mind, brain and behaviour. Nevertheless, novel hypotheses, measures and experimental paradigms are needed in order to tackle MoBI’s ultimate goal: to model and understand cognition, behaviour and experience as it emerges and unfolds unto and from the world. Such a goal is not completely novel or unique to the MoBI framework; it is at the core of a long‐standing scientific and philosophical challenge. The ages‐long debate revolves around the role of the body and the world on the emergence of the mind. Considering this, the present work has two goals. Our first goal is to briefly summarize some of the main ideas encompassed by the materialist/naturalist view of cognition as a complex emergent phenomenon. Our second and main goal is to argue that thanks to both MoBI and recent theoretical advances encompassed under the 4E‐Cognition banner, theory and methodology might be finally synchronized, giving way to a revitalized form of emergentism, which lays new grounds for the understanding of cognitive phenomena. Finally, we offer the reader what we consider to be the main objective for the MoBI/4E framework and the understanding of the functional role of brain/body/world couplings in the emergence of cognition.
The rapid Bethesda assay is equivalent to the standard Bethesda assay for detection of factor IX inhibitors in patients with severe haemophilia B
Authors: Sahud Mervyn , Zhukov Olga , Naides Stanley J. , Serrano Cynthia , Wong Edward , Dlott Jeffrey , Racke Frederick
Published: May 2020

Introduction

The time‐dependent nature of factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitors is well described, and the standard FVIII Bethesda assay used to measure inhibitors incorporates a 2‐hour incubation. Despite case reports and reviews describing the immediate‐acting nature of factor IX (FIX) inhibitors, many coagulation laboratories continue to use a traditional prolonged incubation for FIX Bethesda assays. To our knowledge, a comprehensive evaluation of the FIX Bethesda assay without incubation has not been reported.

Aim

The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of a rapid FIX Bethesda (ie no incubation) compared with the standard Bethesda assay (2‐hour incubation).

Methods

The analysis used a Bethesda assay configured for either immediate testing or a 2‐hour incubation. Samples from 14 haemophilia B patients with inhibitors and 9 non‐human controls were tested.

Results

The two assays yielded similar performance overall. The average per cent difference in inhibitor titre between the rapid and standard FIX Bethesda assay was −3% (range −15% to +13%; P = .175) for patient samples and −2% (range −17% to +14%; P = .376) for controls.

Conclusion

The rapid Bethesda assay showed good agreement with the standard Bethesda assay for determination of inhibitor levels in patients with severe haemophilia B. The rapid assay allows for faster assessment of inhibitors in patients with severe haemophilia B and has the potential to improve the ability of the coagulation laboratory to perform testing from a logistical viewpoint. Further studies involving larger numbers of patients would be important to confirm our findings.
Evaluating the profile of myofibrillar proteins and its relationship with tenderness among five styles of dry‐cured hams
Authors: Zhou Yang , Wang Ying , He Jun , Pan Daodong , Wang Hongfei , Cao Jinxuan
Published: May 2020

In order to investigate the relationship between profile of myofibrillar proteins and tenderness among 2 kinds of Chinese hams (Jinhua and Xuanwei) and 3 kinds of European hams (Iberian, Serrano and Parma), shear force, myofibril fragmentation index (MFI), SDS‐PAGE, carbonyls content and Raman spectroscopy were investigated. The shear force and salt content of Chinese hams were significantly higher than that of European hams, while moisture content was lower than that of European hams (p < 0.05). MFI values and SDS‐PAGE profile revealed that the degradation of myofibrillar proteins in Chinese hams was lower than in European hams. In addition, Chinese hams showed significantly higher carbonyls content and β‐sheet content compared with European hams, indicated that proteins aggregation intensively inhibited the degradation of myofibrillar proteins in Chinese hams. These results indicated that the higher shear force in Chinese style hams could be attributed to the lower moisture content and limited proteolysis.
Improving storage property of wheat bran by steam explosion
Authors: Kong Feng , Wang Lan , Chen Hongzhang , Zhao Xuan
Published: May 2020

Steam explosion (SE) was exploited for stabilizing wheat bran (WB), and its effects on nutrients retention of WB were investigated. Result showed that SE could effectively inactivate lipase and peroxidase of WB at 0.8 MPa (170 °C) for 5 min while lipid and protein were not loss. Total flavonoids, phenolics contents, soluble dietary fibre content and DPPH radical scavenging activity in WB after SE increased by 198%, 83%, 27% and 21% respectively compared with those after conventional thermal sterilization (0.1 MPa (121 °C) for 20 min), while fatty acid value and peroxide value and insoluble dietary fibre content deceased by 21%, 75% and 24%, respectively. SE inhibited hydrolysis rancidity of wheat bran and reconstituted whole wheat flour (wholemeal) in the accelerated storage test. Therefore, SE may be a new efficient technology that could stabilize cereal bran and further promote its products development.
Epimerisation and hydrolysis of catechins under ultrasonic treatment
Authors: Zhu Yuchen , Zhang Jie , Chen Fang , Hu Xiaosong , Xu Duoxia , Cao Yanping
Published: May 2020

This study investigated the influence of ultrasonic treatments on the chemical conversions of catechins. Ultrasound treatments significantly enhanced the epimerisation and the hydrolysis of catechins in both the catechins solution and the tea extract solution. Catechins are more stable in the tea extract solution compared to the catechins solution. The conversion of catechins induced by ultrasound can be controlled by temperature and pH. Regard to the pyrogallol‐type catechins, both the epimerisation and the hydrolysis were enhanced at the higher temperatures (60 and 70 °C) and the acidic condition (pH 6). The epimerisation and the hydrolysis of (‐)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) improved by 47% and 18%, respectively, when the temperature rose from 50 to 70 °C. Compared to pH 8, the epimerisation and the hydrolysis of EGCG at pH 6 improved by 27% and 39%, respectively. This study can be utilised to develop appropriate ultrasound‐assisted method to produce particular catechin monomers.
Impact of suicide on health professionals in psychiatric care mental healthcare professionals' perceptions of suicide during ongoing psychiatric care and its impacts on their continued care work
Authors: Rytterström Patrik , Ovox Säidi Margot , Wärdig Rikard , Hultsjö Sally
Published: May 2020

People who attempt suicide as well as those who actually take their own life often have communicated their suicidal thoughts and feelings to healthcare professionals in some form. Suicidality is one of the most challenging caring situations and the impacts of suicide care affect both the professional and personal lives of healthcare professionals. This study investigates how mental health professionals perceive suicide while providing psychiatric care and how this perception impacts their continued care work. This qualitative exploratory study includes 19 mental health professionals in psychiatry who had provided care for patients who had taken their own life. Analysis followed the principle of phenomenography. The findings reveal that these healthcare professionals experienced an internal conflict that affected them both personally and professionally. In response to these conflicts, the healthcare professionals developed strategies that involved a safety zone and increased vigilance. Those who were able to commute and balance a safe spot and learning to be more vigilant seem to have developed as a result of patient's suicide. These findings have the potential to help establish a post‐suicide caring process where healthcare professionals learn to make better suicide assessments, become more open to talking about death with patients, and develop a humbler approach to understanding a patient's suicide.
Is there an association between viral load, CD4 count, WHO staging, and dental caries in HIV‐positive children?
Authors: Yengopal Veerasamy , Ayodeji Esan Temitope , Joosab Zorayda
Published: May 2020

Background

Few studies have investigated an association between CD4 counts, viral load (VL), WHO staging, and caries among HIV‐positive (HIV+) children on HAART therapy (>12 months).

Aim

To determine the strength of association between CD4 counts, WHO staging, VL, and dental caries.

Design

This cross‐sectional analytical study comprised of 355 HIV + children, aged 4‐12 years, attending a hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. Demographic and clinical data such as decayed (d,D), missing (m,M), filled teeth (f,F) [dmft/DMFT], CD4 counts, and WHO staging were collected. Correlation and regression analyses were done to test for associations.

Results

Caries prevalence for this cohort of children was 57%. The dmft score for the primary dentition was 4.36 (SD 4.87) and DMFT for secondary dentition was 0.58 (SD 1.49). Pearson's correlation analyses showed significant association between VL and CD4 count (P = .003) and VL and WHO stage (P = .007). Weak associations were noted between caries (d, D) and VL, CD4 count, and WHO stage of disease for correlation and regression analyses.

Conclusion

There appears to be no substantial evidence of any significant association between the presence of caries among HIV + children and CD4 counts, viral load, and WHO clinical stage of the disease.
Long non‐coding RNA SNGH7 Is activated by SP1 and exerts oncogenic properties by interacting with EZH2 in ovarian cancer
Authors: Bai Zhuanli , Wu YinYing , Bai Shuheng , Yan Yanli , Kang Haojing , Ma Wen , Zhang Jiangzhou , Gao Ying , Hui Beina , Ma Hailin , Li Rong , Zhang Xiaozhi , Ren Juan
Published: May 2020

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators or a range of diseases and chronic conditions such as cancers, but how they function in the context of ovarian cancer (OC) is poorly understood. The Coding‐Potential Assessment Tool was used to assess the likely protein‐coding potential of SNHG7. SNHG7 expression was elevated in ovarian tumour tissues measured by qRT‐PCR. The online database JASPAR was used to predict the transcription factors binding to SNHG7. Twenty‐four‐well Transwell plates were used for invasion assays. RNA immunoprecipitation was performed to determine RNA‐protein associations. EdU assay was introduced to detect cell proliferation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed to confirm the directly interaction between DNA and protein. We discovered that in the context of OC there is a significant up‐regulation of the lncRNA SNHG7. Knocking down this lncRNA disrupted both OC cell invasion and proliferation, while its overexpression had the opposite effect. SP1 binding sites were present in the SNHG7 promoter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) confirmed direct SP1 binding to this region, activating SNHG7 transcription. We found that at a mechanistic level in OC cells, KLF2 is a probable SNHG7 target, as we found that SHNCCC16 directly interacts with EZH2 and thus represses KLF2 expression. In summary, this research demonstrates that lncRNA SNHG7 is an SP1‐activated molecule that contributes to OC progression by providing a scaffold whereby EZH2 can repress KLF2 expression.
A large familial cluster and sporadic cases of frontal fibrosing alopecia in Brazil reinforce known human leucocyte antigen (HLA) associations and indicate new HLA susceptibility haplotypes
Authors: Ramos P.M. , Garbers L.E.F.M. , Silva N.S.B. , Castro C.F.B. , Andrade H.S. , Souza A.S. , Castelli E.C. , Miot H.A.
Published: May 2020

Background

Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a lymphocytic scarring alopecia whose worldwide incidence is rising. Environmental triggers combined with genetic predisposition represent one of the current hypotheses in FFA aetiology. Familial clusters are opportunities to investigate the genetic basis of diseases.

Objectives

Assess human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genetic variability in a Brazilian sample of a large familial cluster (six sisters and one daughter) with FFA, unnafected familiar members and sporadic cases of FFA.

Methods

We addressed the HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C, HLA‐G and HLA‐E genetic variability in this family and in seven sporadic FFA cases, comparing allele frequencies with those reported for the São Paulo State from Brazil.

Results

Two susceptibility haplotypes, C*17:01:01:02/B*42:01:01:01 and C*07:02:01:03/B*07:02:01:01, were identified among familial cases and also in sporadic cases. The first haplotype is rare among Brazilians, and it was not previously reported as being associated with FFA. Both alleles were found in some different unaffected familiars, what emphasizes the role of environmental triggers in disease development. HLA‐A, HLA‐G and HLA‐E genes were not associated to familiar nor FFA sporadic cases.

Conclusion

The identification of susceptibility haplotypes in FFA reinforces the genetic predisposition to the disease.
Truncal acne, what do we know?
Authors: Poli F. , Auffret N. , Leccia M.‐T. , Claudel J.‐P. , Dréno B.
Published: May 2020

Truncal acne is frequently overlooked in dermatological practice, even though it may result in scars and impact on self‐esteem and body image. Therefore, it is important to identify the disease early in order to initiate treatment in time and, thus, to prevent it from worsening and resulting in physical and psychological sequelae. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of what is currently known about truncal acne, its prevalence, aetiology and physiopathology, how its severity is currently evaluated, how to differentiate it from other skin afflictions and current treatment options. A review of literature considering the issue of truncal acne published up to 2019 and available from PubMed was conducted, and in total, 76 articles were selected from PubMed. Currently, only little information about truncal acne is available. Considered as having the same pathophysiology as facial acne, the clinical picture and treatment response seem to differ. Specific acne severity grading systems and quality of life questionnaires as well as a specific treatment algorithm are still lacking. Filling this gap should allow clinicians to assess truncal acne in the best possible way, choosing suitable treatment options, helping patients to improve treatment adherence and quality of life and finally allowing a better management of truncal acne. In conclusion, more knowledge is required to treat more efficiently truncal acne.
Evaluation of safety and efficacy of booster injections of hyaluronic acid in improving the facial skin quality
Authors: Ayatollahi Azin , Firooz Alireza , Samadi Aniseh
Published: May 2020

Background

Skin boosting with small particles of hyaluronic acid (HA) is a new method of skin rejuvenation.

Aim

Here, we aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of booster injections of noncross‐linked HA in improving the facial skin quality.

Methods

A total of 20 men and women age 40.15 ± 6.63 years were treated with 3 injections of noncross‐linked HA (1‐2 mL) with intervals of 3 weeks. Skin hydration and elasticity parameters were evaluated before intervention and 1 week and 4 months later. Facial skin improvement also evaluated using physician's global assessment score (PGA).

Results

Skin hydration increased 1 week and 4 months after last treatment, (P > .05). Skin firmness (R0) reduced significantly at week 1 and month 4 (P‐value = .01 and .00). Skin‐tiring effect/fatigue (R3) showed significant decrease at week 1 and month 4 (P‐value = .01 and .00, respectively). Four months after last treatment skin gross elasticity (R2) and net elasticity (R5) also increased significantly (P‐value = .00). Physician's global assessment 1 week and 4 months after last treatment were 2.33 ± 0.76 and 1.35 ± 0.49 out of 4, respectively. Adverse effects were mostly transient and mild in severity.

Conclusion

Booster therapy with HA is a safe and well‐tolerated procedure, and results in improvement in skin elasticity and relative increase in skin hydration.
Morphological and molecular identification of Colletotrichum siamense, a novel leaf pathogen associated with Sterculia lanceolata recorded in China
Authors: Zhang Yaowen , Long Di , Wang Jiawen , Li Qiqin , Wang Zhongwen , Lin Wei , Yuan Gaoqing
Published: May 2020

Sterculia lanceolata, an important tropical woody plant, has high ornamental and medicinal value. To our knowledge, only brown root disease in this plant has been reported. In Nanning, Guangxi, China, an outbreak of leaf blight disease was observed on S. lanceolata in June 2019, with the leaf infection rate ranging from 80% to 100%. The disease seriously affected the leaves of trees and caused economic loss. Eight isolates were recovered from the infected leaves of different trees, and the pathogenicity was then determined by the methods of mycelial disc and conidial suspension, fulfilling Koch's postulates. According to the morphological and molecular biological characteristics of isolates, the pathogen causing leaf blight on S. lanceolata was identified as Colletotrichum siamense. Accurate identification of the pathogen provides a reliable basis for the control of the disease.
In vitro efficacy and pharmacodynamic profiles of four polyether ionophores against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus spp.
Authors: Hickey Elizabeth E. , Page Stephen W. , Trott Darren J.
Published: May 2020

The objective of this study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and pharmacodynamic profiles of four ionophores (lasalocid, monensin, narasin and salinomycin) against staphylococcal isolates from clinical cases of human and veterinary staphylococcal infections, and to determine the effect of methicillin resistance on the antimicrobial activity of ionophores. Broth microdilution MIC testing was used to determine antimicrobial activity against 156 staphylococcal isolates of human and veterinary origin. Pharmacodynamic profiles were examined using time‐kill kinetics profiles against an ATCC type strain of Staphylococcus aureus and a clinical isolate of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. All tests were performed in accordance with CLSI guidelines. All four ionophores demonstrated antimicrobial activity against methicillin‐resistant staphylococci at concentrations similar to those observed for methicillin‐susceptible isolates of the same species. Testing of human and veterinary MRSA isolates also showed that MIC values were not influenced by the host origin of the isolates. Pharmacodynamic profiles were similar for both isolates tested across all four ionophores, with similar reductions in viable cell counts being observed over an 18‐ to 24‐hr period. Lasalocid, monensin, narasin and salinomycin all demonstrated antimicrobial activity against staphylococcal isolates of human and veterinary origins, with activity being unaffected by methicillin resistance status, although some Staphylococcus species‐specific effects were observed that require further investigation.
Trait‐based aerial dispersal of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Chaudhary V. Bala , Nolimal Sarah , Sosa‐Hernández Moisés A. , Egan Cameron , Kastens Jude
Published: May 2020

Dispersal is a key process driving local‐scale community assembly and global‐scale biogeography of plant symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities. A trait‐based approach could improve predictions regarding how AM fungal aerial dispersal varies by species.

We conducted month‐long collections of aerial AM fungi for 12 consecutive months in an urban mesic environment at heights of 20 m. We measured morphological functional traits of collected spores and assessed aerial AM fungal community structure both morphologically and with high‐throughput sequencing.

Large numbers of AM fungal spores were present in the air over the course of 1 yr, and these spores exhibited traits that facilitate aerial dispersal. Measured aerial spores were smaller than average for Glomeromycotinan fungi. Trait‐based predictions indicate that nearly one third of described species from diverse genera demonstrate the potential for aerial dispersal. Diversity of aerial AM fungi was relatively high (20 spore species and 17 virtual taxa), and both spore abundance and community structure shifted temporally.

The prevalence of aerial dispersal in AM fungi is perhaps greater than previously indicated, and a hypothesized model of AM fungal aerial dispersal mechanisms is presented. Anthropogenic soil impacts may liberate AM fungal propagules initiating the dispersal of ruderal species.
A saline contrast‐enhanced echocardiography‐guided approach to cryoballoon ablation
Authors: Kanda Takashi , Masuda Masaharu , Kurata Naoya , Asai Mitsutoshi , Iida Osamu , Okamoto Shin , Ishihara Takayuki , Nanto Kiyonori , Tsujimura Takuya , Okuno Shota , Matsuda Yasuhiro , Hata Yosuke , Mano Toshiaki
Published: May 2020

Background

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) with a cryoballoon usually uses iodinated contrast medium for confirmation of venous occlusion. We hypothesized that an alternative to angiography with iodinated contrast, saline bolus‐enhanced echocardiography with the microbubbles formed in situ, could be used to assess venous occlusion. We sought to assess the efficacy and safety of the contrast‐enhanced intracardiac echocardiographic (ICE) approach.

Methods

Thirty‐four consecutive patients without iodine sensitivity or renal insufficiency were studied to assess the accuracy of ICE‐guided PV occlusion underwent both angiographic guidance and ICE guidance (validation group). Twenty consecutive patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) and contraindications to iodinated contrast medium (ICE‐guided group) underwent PV occlusion and ablation with ICE guidance alone. Procedural results and clinical outcomes were compared with those of 245 control patients undergoing PVI by the conventional angiographic method (control group).

Results

In the validation group, ICE‐guided PV occlusion was as effective as angiography‐guided PV occlusion. In the ICE‐guided group, two patients required touch‐up ablation using a radiofrequency ablation catheter with fluoroscopic guidance. Procedure time, radiation exposure, and requirements for touch‐up ablation were similar between the ICE‐guided group and the control group. In patients requiring only PVI, the ICE‐guided approach involved significantly less radiation exposure than the conventional approach. There was no significant difference in atrial fibrillation (AF)‐free survival rate between the two groups during a follow‐up period of 14 ± 6 months.

Conclusions

An echo‐guided approach using saline infusion was effective in terms of avoidance of iodinated contrast use and radiation exposure.
Becoming an island: Making connections and places through waste mobilities
Authors: Arnall Alex , Kothari Uma
Published: May 2020

Islands, long portrayed in the Western imaginary as remote, static, and bounded entities, have increasingly come to be viewed as places constantly in the making: as connected sites formed by complex and shifting relations and assemblages of people and things. This paper considers the role that waste plays in this process through exploration of how discarded and unwanted matter decays, moves, and comes to rest in relation to a small island in the Maldives. It shows how thinking about the island through waste and its circulation via the actions of human and non‐human agents reveals the ways in which the island is constituted and connected to other places. The paper also examines people's daily, practical engagements with the island's waste, and how these ongoing interactions and encounters shape the ways in which the island is being made, materially and aesthetically. In these ways, we show how thinking through waste contributes to how we understand place‐making and specifically to the making of islandness.
Demographic Characteristics Among Patients With Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Leg
Authors: Rynkiewicz Kelsey M. , Fry Lauren A. , DiStefano Lindsay J.
Published: May 2020

Clinical Scenario: Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a condition related with ischemia of the body’s tissue due to increases in intracompartmental pressures, which involves, among other symptoms, pain with exertion. CECS is often overlooked or misdiagnosed due to an ambiguous presentation. Diagnostic accuracy of CECS and subsequent management can be improved when contributing factors are known. Research is lacking on the type of patient most likely to experience CECS, highlighting the need for identification of common demographic characteristics among affected individuals. Clinical Question: What are the common demographic characteristics among patients exhibiting CECS of the lower leg? Summary of Key Findings: Four studies were identified (1 prospective consecutive study, 2 retrospective reviews, and 1 retrospective cohort study) that examined common characteristics among patients with CECS. Conflicting evidence exists on whether CECS is more commonly seen in men or in women. CECS has often been reported in young, active individuals but may present in older populations as well. Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse, competitive running, and speed skating have been associated with an increased likelihood of CECS development. Clinical Bottom Line: Current evidence has identified commonalities in sex, age, and sport participation as characteristics often present among individuals experiencing lower leg CECS. Other factors, such as overuse, trauma, diabetes, and gait mechanics, have also been identified in association with CECS. Further data through future prospective studies will help confirm the type of patient mostly likely to experience CECS. Strength of Recommendation: Grade B evidence exists that certain sex, age, and sport participation demographic characteristics are common among patients with CECS of the lower leg.
A rapidly deployable individualized system for augmenting ventilator capacity
Authors: Srinivasan Shriya S. , Ramadi Khalil B. , Vicario Francesco , Gwynne Declan , Hayward Alison , Lagier David , Langer Robert , Frassica Joseph J. , Baron Rebecca M. , Traverso Giovanni
Published: May 2020

A system of valves and sensors provides individualized respiratory support for two individuals from one ventilator, with acute testing in pigs.
Human-Simulated Antimicrobial Regimens in Animal Models: Transparency and Validation Are Imperative
Authors: Gill Christian M. , Asempa Tomefa E. , Nicolau David P.
Published: May 2020

Animal infection models are invaluable in optimizing antimicrobial dosage in humans. Utilization of human-simulated regimens (HSRs) in animal models helps to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy at clinically achievable drug concentrations. To that end, pharmacokinetic studies in infected animals and confirmation of the HSR pharmacokinetic profile are essential in evaluating observed versus expected drug concentrations. We present and compare two murine meropenem-vaborbactam HSR profiles, their potential impact on bacterial killing, and clinical translatability.
The Sterol Carrier Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Enhances the Metabolism of Phytosterols by Mycobacterium neoaurum
Authors: Su Liqiu , Xu Shuangping , Shen Yanbing , Xia Menglei , Ren Xiaoxian , Wang Lifang , Shang Zhihua , Wang Min
Published: May 2020

Phytosterols from soybean are low-cost by-products of soybean oil production and, owing to their good bioavailability in mycobacteria, are preferred as the substrates for steroid drug production via biotransformation by
Mycobacterium
. However, the low level of production of steroid hormone drugs due to the low aqueous solubility (below 0.1 mmol/liter) of phytosterols limits the commercial use of sterol-transformed strains. To improve the bioconversion of steroids, cyclodextrins (CDs) are generally used as an effective carrier for the delivery of hydrophobic steroids to the bacterium. CDs improve the biotransformation of steroids due to their effects on steroid solubilization and alterations in cell wall permeability for steroids. However, studies have rarely reported the effects of CDs on cell metabolic pathways related to sterols. In this study, the effects of hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-β-CD) on the expression of enzymes related to steroid catabolic pathways in
Mycobacterium neoaurum
were systematically investigated. These findings will improve our understanding of the complex functions of CDs in the regulation of sterol metabolism and guide the application of CDs to sterol production.