bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral health in 5‐year‐old Swedish children
Authors: Holm A.‐K.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to investigate the oral health of a group of 5‐year‐old children who had previously been examined in this respect at 3 and 4 years of age. The results were compared with those in an aged‐matched reference group. The study included examination of caries and gingivitis, occlusion, presence of lactobacilli and C. albicans in plaque samples, flow rate, pH and buffer effect of stimulated saliva, and certain data on past prophylaxis and oral habits. Caries was found in 76 % of the children in the study group (S‐group) and in 78% in the reference group (R‐group). No significant differences were found in caries or gingival indices, in oral habits or prophylactic measures between the two groups. Buffer effect and pH of stimulated saliva were negatively correlated with deft and deft. Lactobacilli were demonstrated in 37 % and C. albicans in 12 % of the plaque samples. Various sucking habits were still present in 25 % of the S‐group and 22 % of the R‐group. Forty‐nine and 46 % respectively had been given a daily supply of fluoride tablets by their parents for at least 2 years.
Dental mutilations among villagers in Central Java and Bali
Authors: Pindborg J. J. , Möller I. J. , Effendi I.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT In Central Java and on the island of Bali 779 and 437 villagers respectively were examined for dental mutilations. In Java 81.1 % of the males and 99.2 % of the females showed dental mutilations in the form of grinding the incisal and vestibular surfaces of the maxillary incisors and canines. In Bali, the figure for males was 91.3 % and for females 96.6 %. In Java as well as on the island of Bali most of the mutilations had been subjected to artificial staining. The authors have found a relief in the temple of Borobudur, built about 800 A. D., possibly depicting the performance of a dental mutilation.
Effect of mouth rinsing and toothbrushing with fluoride solutions on caries among Norwegian schoolchildren
Authors: Birkeland J. M. , Jorkjend L.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The caries experience and the plaque and gingival conditions of 14‐year‐old children participating in fortnightly fluoride (0.2% NaF) mouth rinsing (88 subjects) were compared with observations in children performing supervised toothbrushing with a fluoride (0.5% NaF) solution 4–5 times per year (n= 90). Most of the children, 84 and 90% respectively, had participated in these programs for the previous 6 years. Caries was assessed only on radiographs. The mean number of decayed surfaces was 5.8 (s.d. = 4.1, n= 88) and 5.4 (s.d. = 4.1, n= 90). The mean numbers of decayed and filled surfaces were 19.3 ± 9.2 and 27.9 ± 10.2 for subjects with rinsing or brushing. This significant difference could not be ascribed to sex, social class, years of residence in the towns, number of dentists performing the previous treatments, toothbrushing habits, use of fluorides at home, or amount of plaque. All children had gingivitis. There were no differences in the mean number of Plaque Index score 2 or the number of Gingival Index score 2 between the children with the different preventive programs. The girls ‘oral hygiene was better than the boys’, but the gingival conditions were the same. Sex, social class, and toothbrushing techniques tended to have a slight influence on the amount of plaque.
Dental status and treatment needs among institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway
Authors: Svatun Bjarne , Helöe Leif Arne
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Dental status and treatment needs were studied in a random sample comprising 353 mentally subnormal persons. The sample was drawn to represent institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway aged 5–45. The overall dental health was poor, primarily due to inadequate and fragmentary treatment facilities. Whereas the dental condition of children below 15 years of age was acceptable, as measured by the DMFT index, tooth loss increased rapidly with advancing age. Nearly every second dentulous person needed some conservation, and every tenth needed extraction of one or more teeth. One‐third of the patients needed treatment requiring general anesthesia. It was concluded that a new system for the investigation of treatment requirements should be developed. This system must be based on diagnostic and social criteria, and should serve as a guideline for the planning and delivery of dental services to the various subgroups of mentally subnormal persons.
The influence of examination on the assessment of the intra‐examiner error by using the Plaque and Gingival Index systems
Authors: Birkeland J. M. , Jorkjend L.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The plaque situation on 48 surfaces in 31 children 13 years of age was assessed. A re‐examination within 2 hours indicated a significant increase in the number of 0 Plaque Index scores. Following paired comparison of each of the 48 areas, 22% of the surfaces were found to have changed score. Significantly more scores indicating improvement of the plaque situation were found at the second examination. A re‐examination of plaque on consecutive days in a similar group of children showed no significant changes. Re‐examination of the gingival conditions within 2 hours indicated a significant increase in the number of scores of 2 and this was confirmed by the paired comparison on the 48 surfaces. The findings indicate systematic errors rather than intra‐examiner inconsistency.
A longitudinal study of dental health in Swedish children aged 3–5 years
Authors: Holm A.‐K.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT This paper presents data concerning caries, gingivitis, interdental spacing, occlusion and oral habits obtained in a longitudinal investigation of 177 children at the ages of 3, 4 and 5 years. It was found that between 3 and 5 years of age, deft increased from 2.01 to 4.05 and defs from 2.69 to 5.98. The occlusal surfaces of the primary second molars and the occlusal and distal surfaces of the primary first molars were the ones most often affected. The mean Gingival Index decreased from 3 to 5 years (P < 0.05) and also the number of children with a score of 2 from 4 to 5 years (P < 0.05). The sagittal and transversal relationship between the jaws remained unchanged in most of the children, while the vertical relationship varied with changes in sucking habits. Dummy sucking was initially more than three times as common as finger sucking, but decreased markedly with increasing age. The children with the habit of finger sucking tended to keep this habit. Nocturnal grinding of the teeth was reported by the parents of 13 % of the children. Dental treatment was needed by 61 % at the age of 3, by 71 % at the age of 4 and by 68 % at the age of 5, as they had caries and/or gingivitis with a gingival score of 2. Furthermore, there was a need for orthodontic supervision including treatment. Caries prophylactic treatment was necessary in all age groups.
A method for defining the level of periodontal treatment need in a population of 15‐year‐old schoolchildren
Authors: Lennon M. A. , Davies R. M.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT In a public dental service with scarce resources, the presence of gingivitis in teenage children cannot necessarily be considered as indicating treatment need. However, it is suggested that early bone loss may be an important indication for treatment in teenage children and the aim of the present study was to determine whether the presence of early bone loss in 622 15‐year‐old children assessed by the measurement of loss of attachment could be predicted from more readily identifiable factors such as gingival bleeding or sub‐gingival calculus. However, such screening tests will make errors by including “healthy subjects” or excluding “diseased subjects”. The acceptable balance of these two kinds of error is a public health decision, a decision which may be affected by a number of variables, including the public's and profession's attitudes to the disease, the effectiveness of available treatments and the resources available.
Caries preventive effect of a fluoride‐containing varnish (Duraphat®) after 1 year's study
Authors: Koch Göran , Petersson Lars G.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The caries prophylactic effect of semi‐annual applications of a fluoride‐containing varnish (Duraphat®) was tested in 121 15‐year‐old children. The children were divided into a test (60 subjects) and a control group (61 subjects). The teeth of the children in the test group were coated with the fluoride varnish at the beginning of the experimental period and again 6 months later. A clinical and radiographic examination of all children was performed immediately prior to the first application of varnish and 1 year later. The mean caries increment was 0.9 new DMFS in the test group and 4.0 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant at the 0.1 % level. The caries prophylactic effect on different tooth surfaces was statistically significant both on proximal and on occlusal surfaces at the 0.1 % level. Analyzing the material with respect to the caries prophylactic effect against the background of caries prevalence at the start of the investigation showed a better effect in the group of children with low and medium initial DMFS values.
Variables and criteria in prevalence studies of dental anomalies of number, form and size
Authors: Brook A. H.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Prevalence studies of dental anomalies of number, form and size have varied greatly in their findings. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate from published studies the effect of variables in sampling techniques and examination methods and to suggest diagnostic criteria. In sampling the ethnic background, the sex distribution, age and derivation of the group studied are shown to be important, but the consumption of near optimum concentrations of fluoride in drinking water does not appear to influence findings. For the examination, a dental history is important and full radiographic coverage essential. Findings should be recorded separately for each dentition, while these anomalies should be studied as a group rather than singly. Diagnostic criteria are proposed for supernumerary teeth, hypodontia, invaginated teeth, double teeth, megadontia and microdontia.
Prevalence of malocclusion in young Finnish Skolt‐Lapps
Authors: Ingervall Bengt , Hedegaard Björn
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Two hundred Skolt Lapps aged 8 to 16 years were examined for malocclusion with the aid of intraoral radiography and dental casts. The frequency of loss of permanent teeth was high, particularly of the first molars. Also, many teeth were severely defective because of caries. Hypodontia was very common. The frequency of tipped and rotated teeth was high, probably as a consequence of the frequent loss of neighboring teeth. Space and occlusal anomalies were roughly as common as in urbanized Swedish and Danish materials. The need for orthodontic treatment, judged on a 5‐grade scale by one examiner, was found to be greater than in Swedish materials.
Children's drawings about dentistry
Authors: Taylor David , Roth Genevieve , Mayberry William
Published: May 2006

Abstract Drawings about the dentist at work were solicited from 1,101 children in grades 2, 4, 6 and 8 in an urban school district. A system to classify the contents of these drawings was developed. The frequency of various items occurring in the children's drawings was determined. The “typical” or most frequent child's drawing of the dentist at work was described. This drawing contained a normal dental chair, dentist, a patient in the chair and dental cabinetry or furniture. The picture was a very matter‐of‐fact representation. Abnormal or bizarre pictures occurred infrequently. A few children drew pictures that did not relate to dentistry.
Reliability of caries data in three clinical trials
Authors: Rugg‐Gunn A. J. , Downer M. C. , Ashley F. P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The reliability of caries data obtained during three clinical trials is presented. Each of the three trials, conducted by different examiners, lasted 3 years and involved children aged 12 to 15 years. Reliability was quantified in terms of reliability coefficient and error variance, which allowed the effect of error upon the efficiency of each study to be measured. Reliability tended to be reduced when precavitation (initial) lesions were included in the DMFS count, but there was little difference between the reliability coefficients for each of four different surface‐types. Error was more important in 3‐year incremental rather than prevalence data, but nevertheless had a rather small influence upon sample size estimation or confidence limits of percent caries reductions.
Alveolar bone loss in the permanent first molars of Norwegian schoolchildren receiving systematic dental care
Authors: Jorkjend Lars , Birkeland Jan Magne
Published: May 2006

Abstract A distance exceeding 2 mm from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone was observed on the proximal surfaces of the first molars of proportionally more 15‐year‐olds (101 subjects) than 13‐year‐olds (99 subjects). The measurements were performed on bitewing radiographs, and the methodologic error amounted to 3%. Recordings in excess of 2 mm were most frequent (0.27 and 0.23) for the distal surfaces of the maxillary molars.
Periodontal condition in Turkish recruits
Authors: Bayirli Gündüz Sekip , Curilović Zvonimir
Published: May 2006

Abstract The periodontal condition of 300 Turkish troops was investigated using the modified Ramfjord Periodontal Disease Index. In addition, the gingival condition, presence and quantity of plaque and calculus, location and depth of periodontal pockets, tooth mobility, presence and severity of wear facets, diastema magnitude and the DMFT Index were determined. The average PDI was 3.8. Nearly 98 of the recruits suffered from gingivitis, 68% of whom exhibited moderate to severe inflammation without involvement of deeper structures. Moderate plaque accumulation and heavy calculus deposits were observed. An average DMFT of 5.09 was found. Little correlation was found between the relatively low DMFT rate and the Plaque Index.
Dental visits, teeth remaining, and prosthetic appliances in a Norwegian urban population
Authors: Hansen B. Frode , Johansen Jan R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Of a random sample (177 persons) of 35‐year‐old Oslo citizens, 117 subjects (66.1 %) attended a dental examination. Questionnaires were returned by mail from 28 of the non‐respondents. The most common reason for not attending was “difficulty in finding time for an appointment.” About 89% of the respondents had visited a dentist regularly. Regular dental care seemed to be more common among people with a high level of education than among those with a low level of education. The most common treatment performed at the last dental visit was filling of cavities. The mean number of remaining teeth was 25.7. Females in the lower educational group had significantly less teeth than those in the higher educational group. No subjects were totally edentulous, but five persons had one edentulous jaw. Nine full or partial dentures were found. Twelve percent of the subjects had one or more fixed bridges, and 29.9% of the persons had one or more crown restorations. There seemed to be no differences between the sexes or educational levels in this respect.
Retention and effectiveness of a chemically polymerized pit and fissure sealant after 12 months
Authors: Thylstrup A. , Poulsen S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the retention and effectiveness of a bis‐GMA type of fissure sealant which polymerizes after conventional mixing of the two catalyst/activator components (Concise Enamel Bond System®). Unilateral sealing of homologous pairs of permanent first molars was carried out by a dental hygienist. Of the 451 sealed sites sealant was present in 73%, partly missing in 8%, and completely missing in 18% after 1 year. The effectiveness of the treatment in preventing occlusal caries was highly significant and the caries reduction was found to be about 70%. A strong relationship between status of sealant and occlusal decay was demonstrated. The shortcomings of the half‐mouth design when evaluating sealants as a caries‐preventive measure in public dental health programs are discussed.
Associations between the total fluoride content of dental plaque and individual caries experience in Australian children
Authors: Agus Helen M. , Schamschula R. G. , Barmes D. E. , Bunzel M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Individual caries experience (DMFT) and the total fluoride content of dental plaque were determined for 72 schoolchildren, aged 9.7–13.0 years, lifelong residents in one of three New South Wales towns, where the fluoride levels of the reticulated water supplies were: Katoomba, < 0.1 parts/106; Sydney, 1.0 parts/106 for 4 years; and Yass, 1.0 parts/106 for 16 years, prior to sampling. The mean fluoride content of plaque in Sydney (22.6, s.d. =± 16.8 parts/106) and Yass (25.6, s.d. =± 16.4 parts/106) differed significantly (t = 2.27, P < 0.05 and t = 3.30, P < 0.02, respectively) from that in Katoomba (13.5, s.d. =± 8.3 parts/106). Significant inverse associations were demonstrated between total plaque fluoride and individual caries experience (DMFT) in Sydney (r =−0.45, P < 0.025) and overall (r =−0.28, P < 0.010). Inverse trends were established between plaque quantity (dry weight of plaque collected) and fluoride levels. No associations could be demonstrated between fluoride treatment (dentifrice, tablets or topical application) and plaque fluoride, DMFT or plaque quantity.
Effect on caries experience of lifetime residents after 10 years of fluoridation in Townsville, Australia
Authors: Videroni W. , Sternberg G. S. , Davues G. N.
Published: May 2006

Abstract An oral health survey was conducted in‐the tropical city of Townsville 10 years after its water supply was fluoridated to a level of 0.7 parts/108. The results of the calibration of examiners prior to the survey are presented. Checks on the consistency and comparability of the results obtained by each examiner during the survey show that the results are reliable and reproducible. Dental caries experience of both primary and permanent teeth was found to be significantly lower in Townsville than in 16 non‐fluoridated towns. Comparisons are also made between the prevalence of caries in Townsville and four naturally fluoridated towns.
A community health center dental program in Boston, U. S. A.
Authors: Gluck George M. , Jong Anthony
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT In 1970, a community‐based and federally funded dental program was established in Boston. The multiple objectives of this program included the following: provision of dental treatment; education of schoolchildren in dental health; support for community measures of prevention such as water fluoridation; support of job training programs in dental assisting for community residents; employment of community people; and sensitization and training in community health for dental students and auxiliaries. The program provided a number of dental services at a reasonable benefit‐cost ratio of 0.87. Other endeavors included the development of a dental health program with community schools and the involvement of dental students in the delivery of care and in screening for children with dental treatment needs.
Caries experience as predictor for caries incidence
Authors: Birkeland J. M. , Broch L. , Jorkjend L.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The caries increment (filled surfaces) from the ages 7 to 15 years were compared in children with three or fewer (low prevalence group) or eight or more filled surfaces (high prevalence group) at the age of 8. The children participated in a fortnightly fluoride mouthrinsing program (10 ml of 0.2% NaF). Following 8 years of dental treatment and caries prophylaxis, the caries increments were 11.4 (s.d. = 7.7, n= 23 subjects) and 17.1 (s.d. = 9.6, n= 39 subjects) surfaces, i.e. significantly different (t= 2.376). Significantly (t= 4.034) more fillings had been required in the high than in tthe low prevalence group (31.1 ± 17.1 vs. 15.5 ± 9.6). The “risk group” could be identified at the ages of 7 to 8 by high caries prevalence and high ratio fillings/caries increment. Social class and number of teeth accounted more for the initial caries prevalence than for the caries increment. Correlation analyses revealed a significant, but not strong (r = 0.50), association between caries prevalence at the age of 7 and increment of fillings.
A 3‐year clinical trial of the effect on dental caries of a dentifrice containing 2% sodium monofluorophosphate
Authors: James P. M. C. , Anderson R. J. , Beal J. F. , Bradnock G.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT A clinical trial of a dentifrice containing 2 % sodium monofluorophosphate was carried out on 782 schoolchildren in Shropshire, England. After 3 years, a reduction of 23.8 % was found in the DMFS increment obtained from clinical examination. The reduction was 38.8 % using radiographs. The children were divided into three groups according to baseline DMFS. Those with a “medium” caries experience were found to benefit most from using the dentifrice. There was a difference in the effect on individual tooth sites; the approximal surfaces of the posterior teeth received the most benefit and the occlusal surfaces the least.
Tentative analysis of the efficiency of fissure sealant in a public program in London
Authors: Burt Brian A.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT A tentative analysis was made of the efficiency of allocating resources to fissure scaling, rather than to restorative care, in a public dental program. Data for the study were taken from a 2‐year clinical trial in London. The analysis is necessarily tentative because the clinical trial employed the half‐mouth design, which does not represent a true‐life situation. Over the 2 years of the study, it was found that sealing the population of study teeth took from 24.9% to 33.8% more time than treating the lesions which developed in the control teeth would have. Reasons are given why this finding cannot be accepted as conclusive; rather, it is presented to raise questions and to stimulate additional studies into the efficiency of preventive programs. Guidelines for such studies, which should be conducted in different populations with varying caries prevalence, are suggested.
Dental caries prevalence in 5‐year‐old children in Barnsley Area, England
Authors: Clerehugh Anthony
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT It is important that baseline studies of dental caries prevalence are available prior to the introduction of community water fluoridation. This survey was carried out during the winter of 1975/76 in the low‐fluoride Barnsley Area (F = 0.1 parts/106). Caries prevalence is in accord with that of other low‐fluoride areas. The mean dmf was 4.5. For the group of children with rampant denial caries, the mean dmf value was much greater (11.3).
Prevalence of upper lip posture and incisor overjet
Authors: Haynes S.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT 1,159 children (612 girls and 547 boys) aged 11–12 years were examined to determine the range and mean overjet values in four defined upper lip‐maxillary central incisor relationships. No clinically significant differences were found on comparison of the data relative to each upper lip position. The findings suggest that upper lip posture is adaptive to the maxillary central incisor angulation and that the upper lip musculature is unlikely to influence the development of the incisor occlusion.
Social sciences research: ethical and policy implications
Authors: Cohen Lois K.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Ethical issues are raised about the conduct of social research in the dental field particularly with respect to the use of survey methodology and aggregated data. Problems associated with respondent identifiers, open‐ended and probing questioning, privacy of subject‐matter, community contamination and burden, group stereotyping, knowledge of law violations, misuse of data banks, re‐use of data, effects of disclosure, and referral for treatment are discussed. The natural and the contrived social experiments are reviewed as well as the issue of needed research on the effects of regulation on science and on the protection of privacy.
Behavioral science research: ethical and policy implications
Authors: Corah Norman L.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Problems centered about protection of human subjects in behavioral science research are discussed. Difficulties in obtaining truly informed consent are noted. It is concluded that the risks involved to subjects are minimal in this field of research. The use of deception in psychological research is discussed along with the necessity of appropriately debriefing the subject. The use of institutional committees to protect subjects' rights is contrasted with the bureaucratic review processes of the government. It is concluded that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the local institutional review process is likely to induce greater cooperation from investigators in protecting subjects' rights.
Community dentistry: developmental discussion approach
Authors: Robinson Emerson
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT In 1960, Blackerhy asked the question “Why not a department of social dentistry?”. Since that time most of the dental schools in the United States have made some attempt at establishing such a department. Various names were given to these departments, but the one that appears to be in the forefront is the Department of Community Dentistry. Since that time each school with such a department has strived to develop various innovative methods of teaching community dentistry to its students. When the amount of time is taken into consideration, unlike the biological and clinical sciences, time allotted to community dentistry is minimal. However, at The University of Michigan students spend 232 hours in community dentistry, which necessitates development of creative teaching techniques to maintain their interest. This paper discusses one such technique which has proven to be successful over the past 3 years. Emphasis is placed on utilizing a modified method of the developmental discussion approach in teaching a course in community dentistry to 3rd‐year dental students.
Etiological factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Browne R. M. , Camsey M. C. , Waterhouse J. A. H. , Manning G. L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A retrospective survey of 75 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (ICD Nos. 143, 144, 145) resident in the County Borough of Stoke‐on‐Trent, England, and 150 controls has been carried out by interview. The controls were matched for age, sex, occupation and place of residence. There was no difference in the prevalence or duration of denture wearing, although male controls had their dentures remade more frequently. Male patients practised oral hygiene procedures less frequently when they had their own teeth than controls. Habitual beer–drinking was more common and greater quantities were drunk by male patients than controls. Habitual cigarette smoking was less and pipe smoking greater among male patients than controls. Tobacco chewing, which was restricted to miners, was equally common (45 %) in the two groups. Among miners, the combined habit of tobacco chewing and pipe smoking was more common among patients (100%) than among controls (25%).
Clinical trial in mentally retarded of chlorhexidine dental gel: bacteriology
Authors: Gallagher I. H. C. , Cutress T. W.
Published: May 2006

abstract A dental gel containing 1 % chlorhexidine was applied daily to the teeth of mentally retarded patients for a period of 6 months. Although possible antimicrobial effects were noted, the gel had no practical value in reducing the numbers of different plaque bacteria. It is suggested that the lack of effect may be due to changes in susceptibility of the oral flora surviving in the mouth, allowing subsequent recolonization of the teeth.
WHO activities in oral epidemiology
Authors: Barmes D. E. , Infirri J. Sardo
Published: May 2006

abstract Standard methods to facilitate the collection of data on a global basis have been developed by WHO. Data collection in accordance with criteria proposed by WHO began in 1969 from existing sources and was subsequently supplemented by new data collected using the standard methods. Associated with these methods developments, a WHO Global Oral Epidemiology program was begun with the objective of facilitating comparison of data and their use in planning, replanning, and evaluating oral health services according to needs and economic possibilities. That program provides an orderly storage and retrieval system and a visual representation of contrasts in prevalence of those oral diseases which are among the most common known to man. In selecting data for inclusion in the WHO oral epidemiology data bank, a liberal policy has been pursued to make maximum use of available material. The system of classification allows for data retrieval at various levels and for specific ages. Data on caries are available for 95 countries and on periodontal diseases for 50 countries.
Epidemiology of dental caries in the premolar and second molar teeth of Scottish children in relation to pits and fissures
Authors: Lewis D. W. , Hargreaves J. A.
Published: May 2006

abstract To evaluate the potential benefits from elimination of dental caries in the fissures of teeth, surface patterns of decay were calculated for all surfaces of the premolar and second molar teeth of 98 children followed longitudinally for 5 years, between ages 11 and 15 years. Tooth eruption and susceptibility were also examined in relation to the administration of sealant programs. The children who were part of the control group of a fluoride dentifrice study on the Scottish Isle of Lewis, had low exposure to fluorides, high caries attack and very low restorative treatment levels; so true surface caries distribution was not masked. Variation in tooth eruption and susceptibility suggested that semiannual applications of preventive agents at each year age 10 through 15 might be required. Using hypothetical percentage reductions, the substantial potential benefits for caries control of the early use of completely retained occlusal, as well as buccal and lingual (molars), fissure sealants are conclusively demonstrated. However, improvements in the present technology of fissure sealants and their application are apparently required if these benefits are to be etended to large groups of children.
Medical history of children undergoing dental treatment in Ireland
Authors: LeMasney J. F.
Published: May 2006

abstract A simple medical history questionnaire suitable for filling in at home by the parents of children about to undergo a school dental inspection is described. Information on the medical status of 2,542 primary schoolchildren between the ages of 4 and 14 years as obtained by the use of this questionnaire is presented. The number of children giving one or more positive replies to the 10 questions on the list was 401. This was 15.8% of the total number investigated. The question on heart defects was answered positively for 2.8% of the children, while nearly 1% were said to be allergic to penicillin.
Conceptions of Finnish people about the etiology and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disorders
Authors: Markkula Jaakko , Murtomaa Heikki , Ainamo Jukka
Published: May 2006

abstract Conceptions among the general public in Finland regarding the etiology and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disorders were surveyed in two interviews in 1971 and 1972. Both population samples interviewed comprised about 1,000 persons aged 15 years and over. Inadequate oral hygiene was the most common (65%) possible cause chosen by I he subjects among the causes of dental caries. Only 44% of the interviewees considered sugar to be a cause of caries. Thorough cleaning of the teeth (83%) and dentist's check‐ups twice a year (67%) were the factors most frequently chosen in caries prevention. Avoidance of sugar (56%) ranked as the third in frequency. As regards symptoms of periodontal disorders, tender gingiva, gingival bleeding, and loosening of the teeth were correctly suggested as symptoms by 62, 61 and 45%, respectively. Poor oral hygiene (77%) was the cause of gingivitis most commonly chosen by the interviewees, while simultaneous systemic disease (37%) was considered more important than, for example, dental calculus (31%). As regards treatment of periodontal disorders, careful toothcleaning (73%) received most support. However, this factor was closely followed by misconceptions regarding the supposed advantageous value of drugs and rinses (50%), chewing of fibrous foods (45%), and vitamin therapy (38%).
Prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth of white and black schoolchildren in Brazil
Authors: Moreira Ben‐Hur Wey , Vieira Sonia
Published: May 2006

abstract The authors studied the prevalence of dental caries in white and black schoolchildren of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The Student t‐test, applied to the coefficient of prevalence of caries, revealed means significantly greater at the 5 % level in whites than in blacks in the following groups: 7 years, both sexes; 8 years, both sexes; 9 years, males; 10 years, both sexes; 11 years, males.
Caries experience in a Norwegian urban population
Authors: Hansen B. Frode
Published: May 2006

abstract DMF teeth were recorded in a random sample of 117 35‐year‐old citizens of Oslo. The mean number of DMF teeth was 25.7, reflecting a high caries experience in the population surveyed. The mean number of decayed teeth was 5.1, the majority being due to recurrent carious lesions. Only 61.2% of the total number of posterior carious teeth were observed clinically. The remaining lesions (38.8%) were diagnosed on bitewing radiographs. The mean number of missing teeth in the sample was 6.3, while the mean number of filled teeth was 18.9. This indicates that the subjects have had access to regular dental treatment. Females in the lower educational group had significantly more missing teeth and fewer filled teeth than females in the higher educational group. Similar differences could not be detected in males.
A computerized system for the evaluation of community dental programs
Authors: Leverett Dennis H. , Handelman Stanley L. , Iker Hdoward P.
Published: May 2006

abstract This paper reports on a relatively uncomplicated and inexpensive computerized system for prospective evaluation of clinical dental programs from the point of view of effectiveness and efficiency. Availability of this system does away with some high start‐up costs. Three forms of input data, new case information, examination findings and operative procedure information, are regularly collected on data sheets and specially designed Port‐a‐punch® IBM cards. Easily interpreted output tables are generated monthly on such variables as completed cases according to treatment series and clinician, number of various procedures performed by clinicians, etc. Productivity is measured, in part, by application of monetary constants to procedure data. This paper describes the computer programs used, the cost of setting up and operating the system (which is within the budgetary constraints of most small, publicly funded programs) and the benefits that can be derived from the use of such a system. The system provides prompt feedback of relevant administrative data, thus allowing for relatively quick response to problems. Use of the system reduces clerical needs to a minimum and the program can easily be implemented on any except the very smallest digital computer.
Tooth survivial in institutionalized elderly Cape Coloreds from the Cape Peninsula of South Africa
Authors: van Wyk G. W. , Farman A. G. , Staz J.
Published: May 2006

abstract An investigation has been conducted in order to assess the oral health status and need for dental treatment among Cape Coloreds resident in homes for the aged in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. Tooth loss was greater in females than in males (P < 0.002) but a statistically significantly greater proportion of surviving teeth were grossly carious in men than in women (P < 0.002). More teeth had survived in the mandible than in the maxilla (P < 0.002) and proportionately more teeth were grossly carious in the maxilla than in the mandible (P < 0.002). The distribution pattern of the remaining dentition according to tooth type was similar for both jaws, the canines being the most persistent teeth.
Relationship between sociomedical factors and TMJ‐symptoms in Norwegians with Myofascial Pain‐Dysfunction Syndrome
Authors: Helöe Berit , Helöe Leif Arne , Heiberg Astrid
Published: May 2006

abstract The relationship between background characteristics, stress, reported symptoms and clinical findings was studied in a group comprising 333 patients with Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPD). Three‐quarters of this clientele were women, most of them of young or middle age. The stressors most frequently reported were pressed working conditions, anxiety and frustration deriving from disease, and family problems. Of the symptoms, pain was reported by 78 % of the patients, clicking by 53 %, limitation of movement by 44 % and feeling of stiffness and fatigue of masticatory muscles by 41 %. Significant correlations were found between a number of variables, of which the close relationship between perceived pressors and muscle groups painful to palpation was considered to be of paramount importance. The data were combined into a hypothetic model postulating causal relations. The model was intended for testing and modification in coming studies.
Caries experience and oral cleanliness of 3‐ and 4‐year‐old children from deprived and non‐deprived areas in Edinburgh, Scotland
Authors: Sutcliffe Philip
Published: May 2006

abstract Caries experience and oral cleanliness were measured in 1,453 3‐ and 4‐year‐old Edinburgh nursery schoolchildren living in areas of multiple urban deprivation and of non‐deprivation in the city of Edinburgh. Children with poor oral cleanliness had a mean dmf value of 3.6 teeth compared with 1.6 teeth in those with good oral cleanliness. The greatest relative increases in caries experience were seen in the incisor and canine teeth and upon the occlusal and approximal surfaces. Children living in deprived city areas had a mean dmf value of 3.0 teeth compared with 2.0 teeth in those from non‐deprived areas. This difference in caries experience was partially accounted for by the different standards of oral cleanliness found between the deprived and non‐deprived areas. In the deprived areas there was a trend towards a high caries experience which was independent of the standard of oral cleanliness. The children were in considerable need of dental care. Only 23 % of dmf teeth had been either extracted or restored.
Study of a fissure sealant in mentally retarded Canadian children
Authors: Richardson B. A. , Smith D. C. , Hargreaves J. A.
Published: May 2006

abstract The occlusal fissure of 812 permanent and primary posterior teeth of 160 retarded children were sealed with a fluid resin which was polymerized with an ultra‐violet lamp. A half mouth technique was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the sealant in the prevention of fissure caries. The 1st year, the sealant was retained intact on 73 % of the permanent teeth and on 64 % of the primary teeth. After 2 years, the sealant was retained intact on 61 % of the permanent teeth and on 40 % of the primary teeth. The retention of the fissure sealant was better on premolars than molars both in the 1st and in the 2nd year. A single application of the fissure sealant was effective in reducing fissure caries up to 2 years.
Pilot study on dental erosion in a Norwegian electrolytic zinc factory
Authors: Skogedal O. , Silness J. , Tangerud T. , Laegreid O. , Gilhuus‐Moe O.
Published: May 2006

abstract In 12 workers in a Norwegian factory using electrolytic methods to extract zinc, a relationship was found to exist between degree of erosion, number of teeth affected and the length of service. The prevalence of caries, abrasion and attrition was not higher than in comparable population groups. The correlation between diagnosis of erosion based on clinical examination, and diagnosis based on evaluation of color slides was good.
Oral conditions and need for dental treatment in an elderly population in Northern Norway
Authors: Rise Jostein , Helöe Leif Arne
Published: May 2006

abstract Oral conditions and dental treatment needs were investigated in a group of persons aged 65–79. A sample comprising 280 persons was drawn systematically to cover all persons in this age category living in the county of Troms in Norway. 241 persons attended, leaving a participation‐rate of 86. The participants were examined mainly in their homes by dentists in graduate training. Sixteen percent of the group were in constant need of assistance or care due to a poor general state of health. In all, 80% were edentulous: 72% of the men and 87% of the women. Ninety‐two percent wore removable dentures, 5% had natural teeth only, and 14% had natural teeth combined with a denture. Furthermore, 4% had neither teeth nor dentures, while dentures in both jaws were found in 66%. The “objective” treatment needs were extensive and had mainly accumulated due to neglected care. Forty percent of the total group needed new complete dentures and 20% a more comprehensive correction of their dentures. By contrast only 30% intended to seek treatment in the near future. There seemed to be a definite need for a dental program to overcome or reduce the economic and other situational barriers.
Comparison of blind and non‐blind assessments of occlusal sealant retention
Authors: Horowitz Herschel S. , Poulsen Sven
Published: May 2006

abstract A comparison, was made of scoring the retention status of BIS‐GMA occlusal sealants 5 years after they had been placed, according to a non‐blind and blind method of identification of teeth that had been sealed. Subjects were 175 children ages 15–18. One examiner made all the assessments. Retention of sealant was classified as all present, partly missing or all missing. There was 90.5 % complete agreement between non‐blind and blind examinations in scoring the retention status of 893 occlusal sites. Essentially no difference in agreement was found between sites on maxillary and mandibular teeth nor according to sites in specific teeth. There was only a slight tendency to classify more sites as having sealant present at the non‐blind examinations than at the blind examinations, 56.7% and 55.1%, respectively. These findings would seem to indicate that whether examinations are done blindly or non‐blindly is of minor importance in making an accurate assessment of sealant retention.
Release of fluoride from fluoride‐containing chewing gum
Authors: Bruun Carsten , Givskov Helga
Published: May 2006

abstract The release of fluoride from fluoride‐containing chewing gum and the fluoride concentration in whole saliva was measured at different intervals after the start of the chewing procedures. The residual fluoride contents were 78, 32, and 6 % of the initial 0.25 mg in the gum after chewing for 2, 5, and 10 min, respectively. When chewing for 10 min, the salivary fluoride increased from 0.05 to 11.7 and 15.3 parts/106 after 2 and 5 min, respectively, followed by a fall to 3.9 parts/106 after 10 min. Concentrations exceeding the preintake level were still recorded 60 min after the start of the chewing.
Covariance analysis (for comparison of caries increments) in clinical trials of caries‐prophylactic agents
Authors: Worthington Helen V. , O'Mullane D. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The validity of the assumptions of linearity, parallelism and homogeneity underlying the use of covariance analysis were tested using data from two 3‐year clinical trials of caries‐prophylactic agents in which over 900 children aged 11–12 years participated. Three covariables were used; initial DMFS (IDMFS), initial surfaces at risk (ISAR) and IDMFS × ISAR/IDMFS + ISAR. For all three covariables the assumptions of linearity and parallelism could not be rejected. However, wide departures from the assumption of homogeneity were found, and it was concluded that analysis of covariance was not appropriate for comparing the caries increments investigated.
Patterns of sugar consumption in early infancy
Authors: King Jennifer M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A study is described in which patterns of sugar consumption in early infancy have been investigated in a rural area in Britain. A representative group of 94 mothers of first babies aged 8–11 months answered questions on the introduction of various foods and drinks containing sugar to their babies' diet. A diet sheet was completed in order to estimate the frequency of sugar consumption on the previous day for both the mother and her child. The findings show that babies received sweet items on an average of 4.3 separate occasions and that 77% of the meals and snacks given to babies contained sugar. The study describes some of the specific ways in which sugar is first introduced and concludes that the frequency of sugar consumption is high, even in the 1st year of life.
An epidemiologic survey of periodontal disease in Dutch adults
Authors: Plasschaert A. J. M. , Folmer T. , van den Heuvel J. L. M. , Jansen J. , van Opijnen L. , Wouters S. L. J.
Published: May 2006

abstract An epidemiologic survey was carried out to assess the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in randomly selected samples of employed populations in the Netherlands. Of the 1,337 persons examined by five examiners, 19.8 % were edentulous; 61 % of dentate persons had intense gingivitis in an average of 2.4 segments of their mouths; 53 % had pockets of 3–6 mm and a further 10.1 % had pockets of greater than 6 mm. The prevalence of gingivitis and pocketing increased with increasing age and decreasing levels of education. As no measures of predicting compliance were used and because treatment philosophies differ, no reasonable assessment of treatment needs could be made.
Periodontal disease and oral hygiene in Israeli youth (14–17 years of age)
Authors: Anaise Joseph Z.
Published: May 2006

abstract The purpose of the present study was to obtain current information regarding periodontal disease, and oral hygiene status. The survey was conducted in Israel among 9th–12th grade students, 14–17 years of age. A total of 1,320 schoolchildren were examined. During the examination only periodontal status and oral hygiene were checked. Periodontal status was recorded according to Russell's Periodontal Index (PI). Oral cleanliness was assessed according to Greene & Vermillion's Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI‐S). The mean PI found was 0.22. The results indicated an increase in the mean PI with age. No difference was found in average PI values between girls and boys. On the other hand, significantly lower mean OHI‐S values were recorded for girls as compared with boys in the total study population and within the different age groups. Mean OHI‐S decreased with age, indicating improvement.
Need of orthodontic treatment in 7‐year‐old Finnish children
Authors: Heikinheimo Kaisa
Published: May 2006

abstract The purpose of the Investigation was to determine the need of orthodontic treatment in 7‐year‐old Finnish children. The series consisted of 200 Finnish children, 100 girls and 100 boys. With regard to the main lines of occlusion a close agreement was observed between I the prevalence of malocclusion in this and other Scandinavian series. The need of orthodontic treatment was assessed using a treatment scale for the age group concerned. No treatment was required in 42% of the children, while 23.5% were in immediate need of orthodontic treatment. In 34.5% it was considered necessary to follow the occlusal development.