bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Sonography in the Diagnosis of Retained Products of Conception
Authors: Sadan Oscar , Golan Abraham , Girtler Ofer , Lurie Samuel , Debby Abraham , Sagiv Ron , Evron Shmuel , Glezerman Marek
Published: January 2017

Objective. To present our experience with clinical and sonographic diagnosis of retained products of conception and to evaluate its correlation with histopathologic findings. Methods. This was a retrospective study on 156 patients admitted for retained products of conception. Women were referred because of 1 or more of the following: abdominal pain, bleeding, and fever. The status of the cervix was evaluated by bimanual examination. The diagnosis of retained products of conception was made when a sonographic finding of hyperechoic or hypoechoic material was seen in any part of the uterine cavity or the presence of a thickened endometrial stripe greater than 8 mm and an irregular interface between the endometrium and myometrium was found. One hundred twenty‐one women (77.6%) were admitted after dilation and curettage for abortion, and 35 (22.4%) were admitted after spontaneous labor. Results. Histopathologic reports confirmed the diagnosis of retained products of conception in 86 (71%) of 121 women in the postabortion group and in 17 (48.5%) of 35 women in the postpartum group. The overall false‐positive rate for sonographic diagnosis was 34%. For women after abortion and after delivery, the false‐positive rates were 28.9% and 51.5%, respectively. Conclusions. Reliance on common signs and symptoms to diagnose retained products of conception as well as the use of sonography is associated with an unacceptably high false‐positive rate, mainly after delivery. A more conservative approach to the treatment of retained products of conception is suggested.
Residents Should Not Independently Perform Focused Abdominal Sonography for Trauma After 10 Training Examinations
Authors: Jang Timothy , Sineff Sanford , Naunheim Rosanne , Aubin Chandra
Published: January 2017

Objectives. To assess whether 10 focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) examinations could be used as a minimum standard for training, as suggested previously. Methods. This was a retrospective review of patients with abdominal trauma who underwent resident‐performed FAST examinations before surgical or Department of Radiology evaluation. Results. Six hundred ninety‐eight patients were examined by resident‐performed FAST followed by reference standard evaluations. Four hundred twelve patients were evaluated by residents who previously performed 10 FAST examinations; 154 were evaluated by 29 residents performing their 11th through 30th examinations; and 258 were evaluated by 10 residents performing their 31st and subsequent examinations. The results of resident‐performed FAST for intraperitoneal free fluid were as follows: 11 to 20 examinations—sensitivity, 73.9% (95% confidence interval, 51.3%–88.9%); specificity, 98.8% (92.5%–99.9%); true‐positive findings, 17; true‐negative, 81; false‐positive, 1; false‐negative, 6; total patients, 105; 21 to 30 examinations—sensitivity, 100% (73.2%–100%); specificity, 97.1% (83.3%–99.9%); true‐positive, 14; true‐negative, 34; false‐positive, 1; false‐negative, 0; total patients, 49; 31 and more examinations—sensitivity, 94.8% (88.6%–97.9%); specificity, 98.6% (94.5%–99.8%); true‐positive, 110; true‐negative, 140; false‐positive, 2; false‐negative, 6; total patients, 258. Conclusions. The suggestion that 10 examinations could be used as a minimum standard for training in FAST examinations was not validated.
Polyorchidism
Authors: Amodio John B. , Maybody Majid , Slowotsky Christya , Fried Karen , Foresto Christopher
Published: January 2017

Objective. To describe the embryologic, clinical, sonographic, and magnetic resonance imaging features of polyorchidism and to review the literature on similar cases. Methods. Over a 5‐year period, we encountered 3 patients who were found to have polyorchidism on scrotal sonography. All 3 patients had a painless scrotal mass. Two patients also had magnetic resonance imaging of the scrotum, and the results were correlated with the sonograms. We also performed a literature search for other reports of polyorchidism. Results. One patient had 2 right testicles and a single left testicle. The second patient had 3 left testicles and 1 right testicle. In the third patient, who had 2 left testicles and 1 right testicle, microlithiasis was found in all 3 testes. The supernumerary testes were within the scrotum in all cases. All testicles were identified by sonography. Magnetic resonance imaging in 2 cases provided confirmatory data regarding the presence of an extra testicle but did not add other relevant information. Conservative treatment was chosen in all cases. Conclusions. Polyorchidism is a rare congenital anomaly. There are characteristic sonographic features of polyorchidism, and the diagnosis is often made on the basis of sonography. Magnetic resonance imaging can be used for confirmation but may be more helpful in cases complicated by cryptorchism or neoplasia. Conservative treatment is advised in uncomplicated cases.
The Accreditation of Ultrasound Practices
Authors: Abuhamad Alfred Z. , Benacerraf Beryl R. , Woletz Paula , Burke Bonnie L.
Published: January 2017

Objective. To determine the effectiveness of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) accreditation program in improving compliance with standards and guidelines for the performance of obstetric and gynecologic ultrasound examinations. Methods. Scores of case studies of accreditation applications were compared with their respective scores at the time of reaccreditation 3 years later. To account for the element of time, scores of applications that recently completed first‐time accreditation were also compared as a control group. Results. Individual obstetric case studies, as well as the average of all obstetric and gynecologic case studies, showed highly significant improvement with the reaccreditation application when compared with the initial accreditation application 3 years earlier (all P < .001). The proportion of practices successfully meeting obstetric and gynecologic AIUM accreditation requirements improved significantly with reaccreditation (obstetric, 57.3% for accreditation compared with 86.6% for reaccreditation; gynecologic, 60% for accreditation compared with 91.9% for reaccreditation; P < .001). Furthermore, reaccreditation scores were significantly higher than scores of recent first‐time applications for obstetric case studies as well as scores of the average of obstetric and gynecologic case studies (all P < .05). Conclusions. Our study confirms that practices that sought and received ultrasound accreditation were able to improve the scores of case studies and compliance with published minimum standards and guidelines for the performance of obstetric and gynecologic ultrasound examinations when reevaluated 3 years after the initial application scores. This improvement should translate into an enhancement of the quality of ultrasound practice.
Three‐Dimensional Ultrasonography of the Fetal Vermis at 18 to 26 Weeks' Gestation
Authors: Zalel Yaron , Yagel Simcha , Achiron Reuven , Kivilevich Zvi , Gindes Liat
Published: January 2017

Objective. The purpose of this study was to establish the normality of the fetal vermis, ie, the time of appearance of the primary fissure, as well as its measurements between 18 and 26 weeks' gestation, using 3‐dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. Methods. A prospective cross‐sectional study of normal singleton pregnancies was conducted. Examinations were performed with high‐resolution transabdominal ultrasonography using the axial plane in 173 fetuses between 18 and 26 weeks' gestation. Postprocessing measurements of the fetal vermis were done with 4‐dimensional software using static volume contrast imaging and tomographic ultrasound imaging in the C‐plane. Detection of the primary fissure was evaluated in all cases, and the time of appearance was documented. Results. Adequate vermis measurements were obtained in 173 fetuses. Vermian length as a function of gestational age was expressed by regression equations, and the correlation coefficients were found to be highly statistically significant (P < .001). The normal mean ± 2 SD for each gestational week was defined. The primary fissure was observed at 24 weeks' gestation in all cases, at 22 weeks in 94% of cases, and as early as 18 weeks in 40%. Conclusions. This 3D study documents the appearance of the primary fissure and presents the normal range of vermian measurements, confirming normal development of the fetal vermis starting as early as 18 weeks' gestation. It also shows an easy method for visualizing the vermis with 3D ultrasonography at every gestational week regardless of fetal presentation.
Sonographic Measurements of the Thymus in Male and Female Fetuses
Authors: De Leon-Luis Juan , Gámez Francisco , Pintado Pilar , Antolin Eugenia , Pérez Ricardo , Ortiz-Quintana Luis , Santolaya-Forgas Joaquin
Published: January 2017

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the size of the thymus is different in male and female fetuses. Methods. In this prospective study, the transverse diameter and perimeter of the thymus were measured in healthy fetuses between 24 and 37 weeks' gestation. The means of the study variables from male and female fetuses were compared by the Student t test, and the relationships between the transverse diameter and perimeter of the thymus and gestational age and other common fetal biometric parameters were determined by linear regression modeling. Results. No differences were noted between male and female fetuses for the means of the study variables. After the relationship between the transverse diameter and perimeter of the thymus and gestational age was confirmed (R2 = 0.8 and 0.75, respectively; both P < .01), the 95% confidence interval–predicted changes were calculated, and the scatterplots of the measurements suggested that sex did not affect the size of the thymus. Bland‐Altman plots were used to analyze intraobserver variability and showed good agreement for both of these thymic measurements for male and female fetuses. Conclusions. These results suggest that fetal sex does not affect the size of the thymus and, together with previous reports, support the hypothesis that a quantitative reduction in fetal thymus size could serve as an indirect marker of abnormal thymopoiesis and congenital thymic insufficiency.
Three‐Dimensional Sonographic Characteristics of Deep Endometriosis
Authors: Guerriero Stefano , Alcázar Juan Luis , Ajossa Silvia , Pilloni Monica , Melis Gian Benedetto
Published: January 2017

Objective. The purpose of this presentation is to investigate the potential role of 3‐dimensional (3D) sonography in the assessment of deep endometriosis. Methods. Cases of deep endometriosis are presented to illustrate the spectrum of appearances obtained with 3D sonography. In addition, we evaluate the possible role of other functions included in 3D equipment, such as the niche mode and tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI). Results. Three‐dimensional image rendering could allow a good analysis of the endometriotic nodule; in fact, in all presented cases, this reconstruction seems to clearly show the irregular shapes and borders of the lesions. This technique allows unrestricted access to an infinite number of viewing planes, which can be very useful for correctly locating lesions within the pelvis and evaluating the relationship with other organs. The stored 3D volumes can be reassessed and compared by the same or different examiners over time. This characteristic may be relevant for monitoring the effect of medical therapies over time. In the niche mode, sonographic imaging is represented as a “cut‐open” view of the internal aspect of the nodule and its surrounding tissue. This additional function, which is associated with TUI, could be particularly useful for evaluation of the extension of a nodule in the rectovaginal septum, the depth of infiltration, and the relationship with the rectosigmoid junction or ureter. Conclusions. In the near future, 3D sonography in deep infiltrating endometriosis could be an interesting mode of research with positive effects in everyday clinical practice.
Feasibility of 3‐Dimensional Sonographic Examination of the Fetal Secondary Palate During the Second‐Trimester Anatomy Scan
Authors: Sepulveda Waldo , Wong Amy E. , Castro Francella , Adiego Begoña , Martinez-Ten Pilar
Published: January 2017

Objectives

To determine the feasibility of obtaining adequate 3‐dimensional (3D) data sets to examine the fetal secondary palate during the second‐trimester anatomy scan.

Methods

During a 3‐month period, 3D data sets of the fetal secondary palate were obtained from consecutive women undergoing routine second‐trimester scans. Only structurally normal singleton fetuses with a normal upper lip on 2‐dimensional (2D) sonography were included. Three‐dimensional data sets were obtained using a mechanical transducer with a 45° sweep and the same settings as for the standard 2D scan, ideally when the fetus was facing the transducer, with mild extension of the head, and the ultrasound beams projecting caudally to cranially to avoid shadowing from the primary palate or mandible. No additional scanning time was allocated for examination of the palate. Acquired 3D data sets were analyzed offline using dedicated software, and the secondary palate was assessed using the “flipped face” technique.

Results

Ninety‐seven women met entry criteria and underwent second‐trimester scans at a median gestational age of 22 completed weeks (range, 18–23 weeks). In 13 (13.4%) cases, it was not possible to obtain a midsagittal view of the face for capturing 3D volume data sets due to fetal position. Additional factors limiting visualization were shadowing from the primary palate in fetuses with flexion of the head in 30 (30.9%) cases, interposition of, or shadowing from, fetal arms or legs in 11 (11.3%), inability to reproduce a true midsagittal plane in 8 (8.2%), and poor image quality in 1 (1%). Therefore, it was only possible to assess the secondary palate in 34 (35.1%) cases.

Conclusions

It is not feasible to obtain adequate 3D data sets for offline analysis of the fetal secondary palate in almost two‐thirds of second‐trimester fetuses during the routine scan. However, suboptimal visualization is primarily due to factors related to fetal position rather than equipment or image quality. This finding suggests that a dedicated scan, during which adequate time can be devoted to obtaining a satisfactory position in which the fetal face can be evaluated, may be warranted in high‐risk cases.
Ultrasound‐Mediated Nail Drug Delivery System
Authors: Abadi Danielle , Zderic Vesna
Published: January 2017

A novel ultrasound‐mediated drug delivery system has been developed for treatment of a nail fungal disorder (onychomycosis) by improving delivery to the nail bed using ultrasound to increase the permeability of the nail. The slip‐in device consists of ultrasound transducers and drug delivery compartments above each toenail. The device is connected to a computer, where a software interface allows users to select their preferred course of treatment. In in vitro testing, canine nails were exposed to 3 energy levels (acoustic power of 1.2 W and exposure durations of 30, 60, and 120 seconds). A stereo ‐microscope was used to determine how much of a drug‐mimicking compound was delivered through the nail layers by measuring brightness on the cross section of each nail tested at each condition, where brightness level decreases coincide with increases in permeability. Each of the 3 energy levels tested showed statistical significance when compared to the control (P < .05) with a permeability factor of 1.3 after 30 seconds of exposure, 1.3 after 60 seconds, and 1.5 after 120 seconds, where a permeability factor of 1 shows no increase in permeability. Current treatments for onychomycosis include systemic, topical, and surgical. Even when used all together, these treatments typically take a long time to result in nail healing, thus making this ultrasound‐mediated device a promising alternative.
Differences in Sonographic Features of Ruptured and Unruptured Epidermal Cysts
Authors: Yuan Wei-Hsin , Hsu Hui-Chen , Lai Yi-Chen , Chou Yi-Hong , Li Anna Fen-Yau
Published: January 2017

Objectives

This study aimed to report the differences in sonographic features of ruptured and unruptured epidermal cysts.

Methods

We reviewed and analyzed the sonographic features of superficial epidermal cysts of in 2 subgroups of 46 patients: 20 with ruptured cysts and 26 with unruptured cysts. All lesions were diagnosed either by excisional biopsy or by debridement biopsy. Sonographic features used in the analysis included tumor size, location, echo texture, pericystic changes, boundary, and shape on gray scale sonography and lesion vascularity on color Doppler sonography. Pathologic examinations were reviewed with emphasis on differences between ruptured and unruptured epidermal cysts.

Results

Unruptured epidermal cysts showed significantly higher frequencies of an oval shape, presence of a halo, well‐circumscribed boundaries, and lack of blood flow signals (P < .05). In contrast, ruptured cysts usually had a lobulated shape, a slightly poorly defined or poorly defined boundary, the absence of a halo, and intermediate grades of lesion vascularity. The lesion sizes and sonographic features, including dermal attachment, a hypoechoic echo texture, posterior acoustic enhancement, and the presence of intralesional hyperechoic strips and hypoechoic debris, showed no significant differences between the groups (P > .05). In pathologic studies, acute and chronic inflammatory reactions, more prominent microvessels, and abscess formation in the adjacent stromal tissue, the lesions, or both could be detected in the 20 ruptured epidermal cysts but not in the unruptured cysts.

Conclusions

This research shows that recognition of different sonographic features is helpful for differentiating ruptured and unruptured epidermal cysts.
Evaluation of Breast Lesions Using Sonographic Elasticity Imaging
Authors: Barr Richard G. , Destounis Stamatia , Lackey Logan B. , Svensson William E. , Balleyguier Corinne , Smith Carmel
Published: January 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of real‐time compression elasticity imaging in characterizing breast lesions as benign or malignant.

Methods

A cohort of 578 women scheduled for sonographically guided biopsy of breast lesions were recruited from 6 sites under an Institutional Review Board–approved protocol. All participants received an elastogram, which displayed both the B‐mode and elasticity images in real time. The longest dimensions of the lesion on the B‐mode and elasticity imaging were measured. An elasticity imaging/B‐mode ratio of at least 1.0 was considered positive for malignant lesions. The reference standard was based on biopsy.

Results

A total of 635 lesions were imaged and biopsied. There were 222 (35%) malignant or borderline lesions and 413 (65%) benign lesions. The benign lesions were either cystic (145 [35%]) or solid (268 [65%]). Of the 222 malignant lesions, 219 had an elasticity imaging/B‐mode ratio of at least 1.0. Of the 413 benign lesions, 361 had an elasticity imaging/B‐mode ratio less than 1.0. These results corresponded to overall sensitivity of 98.6% and overall specificity of 87.4%. Individual site sensitivities ranged from 96.7% to 100% whereas specificities ranged from 66.7% to 95.4%.

Conclusions

Elasticity imaging has high sensitivity in characterizing malignant lesions of the breast. Variability in specificity between sites and sonographers is possibly due to individual technique differences in performing elastography and measuring lesions. Further work in standardizing the technique is required.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF LIME ADDITIONS ON SUGARCANE YIELD AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN NORTH QUEENSLAND
Authors: NOBLE A. D. , HURNEY A. P.
Published: July 2002

In many highly weathered soils of the humid tropics, crop exploitation of the subsoil environment is limited through acid soil infertility. Since the use of mechanical profile modification is often prohibitive, surface incorporation of soil amendments is often the only means available to rectify this problem. A field trial was established with sugarcane on a strongly Acidic Dystrophic Brown Dermosol (Oxic Humitropept) in 1978 to evaluate the effects of surface incorporated lime additions on yield and performance of sugarcane. Eighteen years after the establishment of this trial, significant responses in cane yield were still evident following a single application of 5 t lime ha−1 made in 1978, as well as repeated applications of 5 t ha−1 on three occasions over the past 18 years. Progressive reductions in exchangeable acidity were accompanied by increases in subsoil Ca2+ and Mg2+. Soil pH increased significantly to a depth of 100 cm, this being attributed to the formation of ion pairs with NO3 in the surface soil, the subsequent leaching of these complexes and the differential uptake of NO3 at depth by roots. The results from this long-term study indicate that surface incorporation of lime is an economically viable approach to the remediation of subsoil acidity on soils such as those studied, namely, those with a low inherent cation exchange capacity and anion exchange capacity.
EFFECTS OF WINDBREAK SPECIES AND MULCHING ON WIND EROSION AND MILLET YIELD IN THE SAHEL
Authors: MICHELS K. , LAMERS J. P. A. , BUERKERT A.
Published: July 2002

In an on-station agroforestry experiment conducted in south-west Niger, the effects of seven windbreak species and of a soil mulch made from crop residue on wind erosion and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) production were monitored. Within a distance of 20 m, strips of the perennial grass, Andropogon gayanus, reduced total annual soil flux by 6–55% and hedges of Bauhinia rufescens 2 m in height reduced soil flux by 47–77% compared with unsheltered control plots. No significant overall windbreak effect on millet stover and grain yields was found. In contrast, erosion reduction and yield increases due to mulch application were highly significant. Soil mulch is a promising alternative to complex windbreak–millet cropping systems in regions where direct economic benefits for farmers are not ensured by windbreaks.
High-resolution quantitative trait locus mapping for body weight in mice by recombinant progeny testing
Authors: LIU XIAOJUN , OLIVER FIONA , BROWN STEVE D. M. , DENNY PAUL , KEIGHTLEY PETER D.
Published: July 2002

A major obstacle to the positional cloning of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) lies in resolving genetic
factors whose allelic effects are blurred by environmental and background genetic variation. We
investigate a fine-mapping approach that combines the use of an interval-specific congenic strain
with progeny testing of recombinants for markers flanking a QTL. We apply the approach to map
a murine QTL with an approximately 20% effect on growth rate by progeny testing 39
recombinants in a 12 cM region of the X chromosome. We use a likelihood analysis in an attempt
to maximize the information on QTL map location and effect. The major X-linked effect is
mapped to an approximately 2 cM region flanked by markers about 5 cM apart, outside which
LOD support for the QTL drops extremely steeply by about 80. Nearly unambiguous assignment
of the QTL genotypic state is obtained for each recombinant. The resolution of individual
recombinants in the region is therefore sufficiently high to facilitate the positional cloning of the
locus, although progress has been hampered because the genomic region containing the QTL
shows an exceptionally low level of polymorphism in comparison with recent studies.
Mapping quantitative trait loci for body weight on the X

chromosome in mice. I. Analysis of a reciprocal F2 population
Authors: RANCE KELLIE A. , HILL WILLIAM G. , KEIGHTLEY PETER D.
Published: July 2002

Evidence of a large sex-linked effect accounting for 25% of the

divergence between mouse lines

selected for body weight has been described previously. A marker-based
study

was undertaken to

determine the number and map positions of the putative X-linked quantitative

trait loci (QTLs).

An F2 population was generated from a reciprocal F1

between an inbred low line derived from the

low selection line and the high selection line. To enable inference of

marker-associated QTL effects

on the X chromosome, an analytical technique was developed based on

the multiple regression

method of Haley and Knott. The analysis of data on 10 week weight

indicated a single QTL of

large effect situated at about 23 cM from the proximal end of the

chromosome, with a peak LOD

score of 24·4. The likelihood curve showed a single well-defined

peak, and gave a 95% confidence

interval for the QTL location of 8 cM. The estimates for the additive

genotypic effects in males

and females (half the differences between hemizygous males and between

homozygous females)

were 2·6 g in both cases, or 17% and 20% of the 10 week body weight
in

males and females

respectively. Dominance effects in the females were found to be non-significant.

No significant X-linked effect on carcass fat percentage was detected,
but

a single X-linked QTL appears to explain

almost the entire X-linked body weight effect.
Predicting long-term response to selection
Authors: REEVE JEFF P.
Published: July 2002

Lande's equation for predicting the response of trait means to a shift in optimal trait values is
tested using a stochastic simulation model. The simulated population is finite, and each individual
has a finite number of loci. Therefore, selection may cause allele frequencies and distributions to
change over time. Since the equation assumes constant genetic parameters, the degree to which
such allelic changes affect predictions can be examined. Predictions are based only on information
available at generation zero of directional selection. The quality of the predictions depends on the
nature of allelic distributions in the original population. If allelic effects are approximately
normally distributed, as assumed in Lande's Gaussian approximation to the continuum-of-alleles
model, the predictions are very accurate, despite small changes in the G matrix. If allelic effects
have a leptokurtic distribution, as is likely in Turelli's ‘house-of-cards’ approximation, the
equation underestimates the rate of response and correlated response, and overestimates the time
required for the trait means to reach their equilibrium values. Models with biallelic loci have limits
as to the amount of trait divergence possible, since only two allelic values are available at each of
a finite set of loci. If the new optimal trait values lie within these limits, predictions are good. if
not, singularity in the G matrix results in suboptimal equilibria, despite the presence of genetic
variance for each individual trait.
Thrust dissection control of deep-water clastic
dispersal patterns in the Klematia–Paramythia foreland
basin, western Greece
Authors: AVRAMIDIS PAVLOS , ZELILIDIS ABRAHAM , KONTOPOULOS NIKOLAOS
Published: July 2002

The Klematia–Paramythia basin is an internal part of the middle Ionian zone of the
Hellenide orogen in western Greece. It consists of Middle Eocene to Late Miocene turbidites, up to
3300 m thick, which were deposited in a series of submarine fans. Field studies suggest that the configuration
and the depositional environments of the basin were affected by two tectonic phases. During
the first tectonic phase, in Middle Eocene to Late Oligocene times, a foreland basin was formed west of
the Pindos Thrust front. During the second tectonic phase, in the Early Miocene, the Ionian zone (a
part of the foreland basin) was subdivided by internal thrusting into three sub-basins (internal, middle
and external) and changed to a complex type foreland basin. Comparison of the type and facies associations
of the turbidite deposits that accumulated within the basin suggests that these two tectonic
phases had a significant effect on sedimentary dispersal patterns. During the first tectonic phase in the
Klematia–Paramythia basin (when it was part of the foreland basin), fine-grained turbidites, up to
1050 m thick, accumulated on the distal part of a submarine fan. The lower part (900 m thick) of these
deposits consists of thin to thick interbedded sandstone/mudstone beds which are interpreted as lobes
and lobe-fringe (outer-fan) deposits. The upper parts (150 m thick) of these deposits are composed of
very thin to thin siltstone/mudstone beds, representing a basin plain environment. During the second
tectonic phase, sediments up to 2260 m thick were deposited in the Klematia–Paramythia basin. These
deposits are interpreted as lobes and lobe-fringe (outer-fan) fine-grained turbidites in the central part
of the basin, channel and interchannel deposits (inner-fan) in some areas of the periphery of the basin,
and shelf deposits in the northern and southern terminations of the basin.
Evidence of crustal contamination of mafic rocks associated with rapakivi rocks: an example from the Nordingrå complex, Central Sweden
Authors: LINDH ANDERS , ANDERSSON ULF BERTIL , LUNDQVIST THOMAS , CLAESSON STEFAN
Published: July 2002

Gabbro and leucogabbro are volumetrically important rocks in the Nordingrå rapakivi
complex, East Central Sweden. Plagioclase, ortho- and clinopyroxenes, and olivine dominate the gabbro.
Perthitic orthoclase and quartz are interstitial in relation to the major minerals. The present work
is based on 232 major-element and a large number of trace element analyses together with 15 whole
rock Sm–Nd isotope analyses of the Nordingrå gabbroic rocks. εNd(T) values are negative, −1.1 to −3.2;
the most negative values come from the gabbro. Most rocks are enriched in iron, some extremely
enriched; none represent primitive mantle melts. The range of Mg-numbers is the same in the gabbro
and the leucogabbro. Plots of the Ni-content vs. the Mg-number are scattered, but there is a positive
correlation between these two parameters. The primary mantle-normalized ratios between similar
trace elements are normally strongly different from one. Values larger as well as smaller than one are
found for the same ratio in different rocks. The rare earth elements are only weakly fractionated with
small Eu anomalies, negative for the gabbros and positive for the leucogabbros. The primary magma of
the Nordingrå gabbro-anorthosite is thought to have been derived from a mildly depleted mantle
source. Variations in the degree of partial melting of a reasonably homogeneous enriched mantle do
not explain the observed chemical evolution. Crystal differentiation can account for some geochemical
features, especially the Fe-enrichment. Crustal contamination is required by other characteristics as,
for example, the negative εNd(T) values and the irregular and sometimes high primary-mantle normalized
incompatible trace-element ratios. Al-rich relic material from the formation of the rapakivi granite
melt is another source of assimilation. Most probably contaminants are heterogeneous, including
undepleted crust (represented, for example, by early Svecofennian and Archaean granitoids), depleted
crust (restitic after rapakivi magma extraction), and to some degree the associated rapakivi magma
itself. Significant parts of this crust should be Archaean in age.
The genesis of the Llanrwst and Llanfair veinfields, North
Wales: evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes
Authors: HAGGERTY R. , BOTTRELL S. H.
Published: July 2002

The Llanrwst Pb–Zn veinfield occupies fractures in an
Ordovician volcano-sedimentary sequence, with three separate
mineralizing events (M1, M2 and M3).
The Llanfair Pb–Zn–Cu veinfield consists of sporadic
mineralization in Silurian sediments. Fluid inclusion data from both
veinfields indicate mineralization took place from
CaCl2-bearing brines, up to 26 wt % NaCl equivalent,
between 125 and 190 °C with cooler (< 100 °C), more dilute
fluids associated with later thrusting at Llanrwst. Sulphur at both
veinfields was derived during the main phases of sulphide
precipitation from the host rocks, with paragenetically late
sulphides and sulphates deriving sulphur from 34S-enriched
surface waters. Carbon and oxygen isotopic data on vein carbonates
shows that both deposits formed from waters that had undergone
extensive water–rock interaction. Carbon was derived from at
least two sources: marine carbonate dominated at Llanfair, whereas
organic matter in the host rocks was more significant at Llanrwst.
These data indicate that the veins formed from evolved brines which
migrated along fault systems to the loci of deposition during a phase
of extensional tectonics in late Devonian to Tournasian
times.
Crustal structure at the Trans-European Suture Zone in

northwest Poland based on gravity data
Authors: KRÓLIKOWSKI C. , PETECKI Z.
Published: July 2002

A new gravity model of the crustal structure of the Trans-European

Suture Zone in the northwestern

Poland has been constructed. The Bouguer anomaly map, obtained after stripping

off the three-dimensional

gravity effect of the sedimentary cover down to the Zechstein formations,
is

characterized by a 50 mGal

gravity anomaly. We have assumed that the short-wavelength components derive

from upper crustal intrusions

and the long-wavelength components reflect crustal thickness and lateral

heterogeneity which are strongly supported

by the new seismic data along the LT-7 geotraverse. Quantitative modelling
of

gravity data along three

profiles crossing the area indicate the presence of anomalous masses within

the Lower Palaeozoic sequence,

mainly along the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone. Two of the profiles crossing
the

long-wavelength ‘stripped’ gravity

high suggest the existence of a zone of 35 km crust above a dense upper
mantle

along the Teisseyre-Tornquist

Zone. The extent of the zone can be determined based on the Bouguer anomalies

interpretation.
Late Miocene–Pleistocene tectono-sedimentary evolution and
subsidence history of the central Betic Cordillera (Spain):
a case study in the Guadix intramontane basin
Authors: SORIA J. M. , VISERAS C. , FERNÁNDEZ J.
Published: July 2002

The Guadix Basin became established as an intramontane basin in

the central sector of the
Betic Cordillera at the beginning of Late Miocene time. Its geodynamic

evolution starts with a unit of
Tortonian marine sediments and is completed by a unit of Late
Turolian–Pleistocene continental sediments.
In the two units, six depositional sequences have been differentiated
whose boundaries, in most
cases, coincide with tectonic events. Geohistorical diagrams show the
results of quantitative analyses
of subsidence in the northern sector of the basin and permit correlation

of the main events with significant
changes in the history of subsidence and uplift. A period of strong subsidence
occurred at the
beginning of Tortonian time causing the formation of a marine basin
800 m deep. The mid- and end-Tortonian
tectonic events involved periods of uplift leading to shallowing in
the basin. After continentalization
at the end of the Tortonian, the basin was uplifted continuously from Late
Turolian to Late
Pleistocene times, finally accumulating sediments at a height of 1000 m.
Stable carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of the upper
Visingsö Group (early Neoproterozoic), southern Sweden
Authors: SAMUELSSON JOAKIM , STRAUSS HARALD
Published: July 2002

A newly measured and sampled section in the upper part of the early
Neoproterozoic
Visingsö Group, south central Sweden, has been investigated for its
stable carbon and oxygen isotope
geochemistry. The 30 m-thick succession crops out on the southeastern shore
of Lake Vättern, close to
the village of Boeryd, and consists mainly of black mudstones with carbonate
lenses, some of which
have been dolomitized. High H/C ratios of the kerogen preserved in
the investigated succession indicate
that organic carbon generally is well preserved. The observed δ13Corg
values are comparable to
previously observed Neoproterozoic organic carbon values, with the exception
of a few exceptionally 13C-depleted kerogens, with
δ13Corg[ges ]−41.1 ‰. The latter
are interpreted to be the result of fermentative
bacterial reworking of sedimentary organic matter. The Boeryd carbonates
display an unusual
array of heavy δ18O values (with
δ18O[les ]+3.3 ‰) that are interpreted as reflecting
deposition in an
arid climate. Geochemical data indicate that the carbonates have been diagenetically
altered, but only
to a limited extent, and a range of δ13Ccarb
values from
+2.4 to +4.7 ‰ appears to be representative of
the primary seawater composition for the time of deposition of the upper
Visingsö unit. Positive
carbonate isotope values are typical for lower Neoproterozoic, pre-Varangerian
successions elsewhere.
The C isotope values obtained from the Boeryd section, although not conclusive
by themselves, are
consistent with the formerly biostratigraphically and radiometrically inferred
early Neoproterozoic
age for the upper Visingsö Group.
The use of magnetic susceptibility and trace element
geochemistry for the correlation of fine-grained siliciclastic
sequences: a Late Llandovery example from northwest England
Authors: ENGLISH L. T. P.
Published: July 2002

High-resolution lithological and magnetic susceptibility logs were made of two sections of
the Upper Llandovery Browgill Formation in northwest England: Stockdale Beck, the type section of
the Browgill Formation, and Spengill. The Browgill Formation is composed of fine-grained deep
marine siliciclastics, which can be divided broadly into two facies: a homogeneous grey mudstone,
deposited under oxygenated bottom-water conditions, and subordinate beds of laminated, graptolite-bearing
black mudstone deposited under low bottom-water oxygen levels. The latter facies is often
partially or fully diagenetically altered to chlorite nodules, occasionally with manganese carbonate
nucleii. Magnetic susceptibility logs are shown to reflect variations in the illite–chlorite ratio of the
clay mineralogy. Chlorite is a paramagnetic mineral, so the bands of chlorite nodules produce magnetic
susceptibility highs. Correlation demonstrates that diagenetically altered beds of laminated black
mudstone are continuous between the two sections, now situated 32 km apart. This lateral continuity
would favour pelagic fallout in preference to gravity flow as a depositional model for both facies. A
correlated sequence within the turriculatus Biozone is 3.8 times thicker at Spengill than at Stockdale
Beck, probably reflecting variations in sediment accumulation rates. Correlation also identifies significant
non-sequences in both sections: at least 47% of the turriculatus Biozone (including maximus Sub-biozone)
is missing at Stockdale Beck and at least 77% of the crispus Biozone is missing at Spengill.
The identification of non-sequences may be of value for refining graptolite biostratigraphy.
Detrital chromian spinels in Rhenohercynian greywackes and
sandstones (Givetian–Visean, Variscides, Germany) as
indicators of ultramafic source rocks
Authors: GANSSLOSER MARTIN
Published: July 2002

More than 75% of heavy mineral spectra of Rhenohercynian greywackes from the Harz
Mountains (Famennian–Visean), the Werra greywacke (Frasnian–Famennian) and the Rhenish Slate
Mountains (Frasnian–Visean) contain small amounts of detrital chromian spinels. Similar grains have
also been proven in sandstones of the Givetian Stiege beds (East Harz nappe). These sandstones are
derived from the area of the Mid German Crystalline Rise, which is commonly interpreted as the
source area of the Rhenohercynian greywackes. Microprobe analyses have revealed mainly a picotite
composition. Presumable source rocks were chiefly Alpine-type peridotites. Due to the onset of spinel
sedimentation in Givetian times, these peridotites must be at least partly of pre-Givetian age, and are
assumed to be linked to Cadomian subduction. Potential source rocks are not exposed in the present
outcrops of the Mid German Crystalline Rise nor in the Rhenohercynian zone or the Northern
Phyllite zone, which implies that the presumed mafic to ultramafic lithologies were completely eroded
and/or downfaulted during later stages of the Variscan orogeny.
U–Pb dating of the Verkniy Ufaley intrusion, middle Urals,
Russia: a minimum age for subduction and amphibolite facies
overprint of the East European continental margin
Authors: HETZEL RALF , ROMER ROLF L.
Published: July 2002

The Palaeozoic Uralian orogen formed by accretion of
island arcs and microcontinents along the eastern margin of
the East European platform. In the middle Urals, a promontory
of the East European platform, the Ufaley Complex
experienced eclogite facies conditions followed by an amphibolite
facies overprint. The Verkniy Ufaley intrusion crosscuts
the amphibolite facies foliation in the East Ufaley
Complex and thus postdates the two metamorphic events. A
concordant U–Pb age of 316±1 Ma obtained on magmatic
titanite dates the intrusion of the pluton and provides a
minimum age for subduction and subsequent amphibolite
facies metamorphism of the East European continental
margin. Zircon yields discordant age data that reflect the
involvement of Proterozoic crustal sources.
Gorenstein quotients by principal ideals of
free Koszul homology
Authors: SOTO JOSÉ J.
M.
Published: July 2002

Let A be a
noetherian local ring, x a non-unit element of A,
B=A/(x). Let E be the Koszul complex associated to an
arbitrary set of generators of the ideal (x) of A. Assume that
H1(E) is a free B-module. Then A
is Gorenstein if and only if B is
also.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 13H10, 13D03.
THE KING, THE ABBESS, AND THE GARDENER: SOME SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY FRENCH AND SWEDISH REPUTATIONS
Authors: METTAM ROGER
Published: July 2002

Angélique Arnauld. By Fabian Gastellier. Paris: Fayard, 1998. Pp. 505. ISBN 2-213-60043-0. FF 170.

The world of André Le Nôtre. By Thierry Mariage, translated by Graham Larkin. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. Pp. xv+144. ISBN 0-8122-3468-5. £26.00.

Charles XI and Swedish absolutism. By Anthony F. Upton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. xxiv+281. ISBN 0-521-57390-4. £35.00.
THE ROAD TO THE CIVIL WAR: SOCIAL
CONFLICT AND MASS POLITICS IN SPAIN,
1898–1936
Authors: SALVADÓ FRANCISCO J. ROMERO
Published: July 2002

The end of the Spanish empire, 1898–1923. By Sebastian Balfour.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp. xi+269. ISBN 0-19-820507-4. £35.00.

From mobilization to civil war: the politics of polarization in the
Spanish city of Gijón, 1900–1937.
By Pamela Beth Radcliff. Cambridge: University Press, 1997. Pp. xviii+354.
ISBN 0-521-562139. £40.00.
JONATHAN N. LIPMAN, Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China, Studies on Ethnic Groups in China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997). Pp. 302. $22.50 paper.
Authors: Barfield Thomas
Published: July 2002

Chinese Muslims, known today as the Hui and during the 19th century as Dungans, present a particular problem for a historian. Why should Chinese-speaking believers in Islam constitute a separate ethnic group when believers in other religions of foreign origin (Buddhism and Christianity, for example) do not? Did Chinese Muslims have a common history across China, or has one been created for them because they are now labeled an ethnic minority group (minzou) in the People's Republic of China? Jonathan Lipman begins his history by challenging the whole notion of the “Hui” as an ethnic group, which he argues in his Introduction has been taken as an unproblematic category by both Chinese and Western scholars. Lipman prefers the term “Sino-Muslim” to “Hui” to emphasize the reality that these Muslims are and have been Chinese in culture for centuries and to distinguish them from non–Chinese-speaking Muslim groups in China.
Influence of dietary energy and nutrient concentration
on the growth of body weight and of carcass
components of broiler chickens
Authors: WISEMAN J. , LEWIS C. E.
Published: July 2002

The influence of dietary nutrient concentration on performance
and the growth of fat depots, breast
meat and leg muscles was examined in five groups of male broiler chickens
fed ad libitum with
combinations of high (H), commercial (C) or low (L) energy and nutrient
concentration in starter and
finisher diets. Diets were changed from starter to finisher at 3 weeks
of age giving 200 birds on each
of five treatments: HH, HL, CC, LH and LL. Ten birds per treatment were
slaughtered at weekly
intervals from 0 to 70 days. Five of these were dissected into component
lean tissues of breast muscles
(white meat) and thigh+leg muscles (dark meat) and fat depots, and the
other five carcasses were
minced for chemical analyses. Data were analysed by fitting Gompertz functions
to each component.

Analysis of body weight, carcass components and feed intake revealed
that at 70 days birds on LH
approached similar liveweights to those on HH with lower overall food intakes,
comparable feed
conversion ratios but slightly greater fat depots. The HL birds had less
fat but achieved specific
weights over longer periods of time with greater feed intakes and poorer
feed conversion ratios.
Content of white and dark meat was always greater in HH birds, with differences
between treatments
being greater for white meat.

Decisions on which conditions are most appropriate will be influenced
by time taken to reach
specific liveweights if whole birds are marketed, or the rate of growth
of individual portions if further
processing is considered, together with feed conversion efficiency and
the relative costs of diets
varying in energy and nutrient concentration.
SURNAME AND CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN JAPAN
Authors: IMAIZUMI YOKO , KANEKO RYUICHI
Published: July 2002

A survey of consanguineous marriages in Japan was conducted on 1 September 1983, by questionnaires. The total number of couples surveyed was 9225. They were chosen from six widely different areas and the inbreeding coefficients from isonymy and pedigrees were estimated for each area. Random inbreeding remained constant with the marriage year whereas total (F) and non-random (Fn) inbreeding from isonymy and inbreeding from pedigrees (α) decreased with the marriage year in each area. Estimates of genetic microdifferentiation from surnames were obtained; estimates of the reduced variance indicated low microdifferentiation (0·000014-0·000081) in five areas and a higher value in Fukue City (0·0004). The ratio of FST (the average within-group a priori kinship) to α-value ranged from 0·42 in Kawanishi City to 3·9 in Minobu-Cho.
Capillary electrophoresis characterization of the casein fraction of
cheeses made from cows', ewes' and goats' milks
Authors: MOLINA ELENA , DE FRUTOS MERCEDES , RAMOS MERCEDES
Published: July 2002

Casein fractions and their breakdown products in Iberico-type cheeses
made from the milk of cows, ewes or goats were analysed by capillary electrophoresis
in order to characterize them. The actions of plasmin and chymosin on caseins were
evaluated by comparing the electropherograms of caseins from milk and from cheese,
both with and without treatment with plasmin. Characteristic capillary electrophoresis
patterns were obtained for cheeses made from the milk of each of the three
species, and the main components were identified. Caprine para-κ-casein and bovine
β-caseins, eluting at the first and at the last part of the electropherogram
respectively, were found to be indicative of the presence of the milks of these species.