bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The correlation between the intake of lutein, lycopene and β-carotene from vegetables and fruits, and blood plasma concentrations in a group of women aged 50-65 years in the UK
Authors: Scott K. John , Thurnham David I , Hart David J , Bingham Sheila A , Day Ken
Published: June 2005

The correlations between the mean of 4 d weighed intakes of lutein, lycopene and βcarotene and mean plasma concentations during each of the four Seasons were lutein r 0·64, lycopene r 0·47 and βcarotene r 0·45. Intake was not significantly correlated with plasma concentrations during every seasonal time-point. There was a significantly higher intake of lutein during the spring compared with summer and autumn, lycopene intake was significantly higher during the summer and autumn and there were no significant seasonal differences in β-carotene intake. There were, however, significant seasonal differences in plasma carotenoid concentrations, the highest levels occumng between May and October. There were large inter- and intra-individual variations in intake and plasma concentrations of carotenoids. BMI was inversely correlated with plasma βcarotene (r-0·41). The findings suggest that plasma carotenoid concentrations are indicative of dietary intake, but the large intra-individual variation in plasma concentrations indicates that any assessment of longer-term status from data at any one time-point should be treated with caution.
The contribution of breakfast to the diets of a sample of 136 primary-schoolchildren in Edinburgh
Authors: Ruxton C. H. S. , O'sullivan K. R. , Kirk T. R. , Beltons N. R.
Published: June 2005

The contribution of breakfast to mean daily energy and nutrient intakes was investigated in a sample of 7-8-year-old children recruited by letter from five Scottish schools. After eighteen families dropped out of the study and three dietary records were discarded, thefinal sample numbered 136 (51%). Dietary data were collected using the 7 d weighed inventory, while a questionnaire was used to classify children into manual or non-manual social class groups. Mean daily energy intakes were close to estimated average requirements (Department of Health, 1991), while intakes of most micronutrients were in excess of reference nutrient intakes (RNI; Department of Health, 1991). The most popular breakfast consumed by the children was oneincluding a ready-to-eat breakfast cereal (RTEBC). Differences in macronutrient content were seen between breakfasts of boys and girls, while manual-social-class children ate breakfasts which were lower in energy, NSP and certain micronutrients than those of non-manual-class children. Breakfast contributed 14% of energy and 9-36% of micronutrient intakes to the overall diets.Breakfasts including RTEBC contributed significantly more energy and nutrients than other types of breakfast. Children who ate RTEBC nearly every day had overall diets which had a highernutrient density and were lower in fat than those of children who ate RTEBC less frequently ornot at all. Intakes of most micronutrients were above tbe RNI in both these groups, with the exception of folate, Fe and vitamin A, which were below the RNI for those consuming RTEBC infrequently. However, the type of breakfast eaten did not appear to influence energy and nutrient intakes at other meals during the day.Nevertheless, it was concluded that breakfast, particularly one containing RTEBC, had a strong influence on the daily energy and nutrient intakes of 7-8-year-old children, particularly by reducing the proportion of energy from fat.
Comparison of short- and long-term effects of different dietary fats on the hepatic uptake and metabolism of chylomicron remnants in rats
Authors: Lambert Marc S. , Avella Michael A. , Botham Kathleen M. , Mayes Peter A.
Published: June 2005

The uptake and metabolism of [14C]oleate-labelled chylomicron remnants derived from olive oil, maize oil, palm oil, fish oil or butter fat was investigated using perfused livers from rats fed on the corresponding fat-supplemented diet (providing 40 % of the dietary energy) or a low-fat diet for 21 d. The percentage of added [14C]oleate-labelled remnant removed from the perfusate was similar for livers from rats fed on the fat-supplemented diets irrespective of the type of fat fed, whereas livers from rats fed on the low-fat diet removed more labelled fish oil and butter fat remnants than olive, maize or palm oil remnants. Following hepatic uptake in the fat-supplemented groups, the oxidation of [14C]oleate-labelled remnant lipid from maize oil, fish oil, and butter fat remnants was greater than that of the lipids from olive and palm oil remnants, although only the oxidation of lipids from maize and palm oil remnants was increased by prior fat-supplementation of the diet. In addition, the livers from rats fed on the fish-oil-supplemented diet incorporated more [14C]oleate-labelled remnant lipid into phospholipid compared with the livers from rats fed on the other fat-supplemented diets or the low-fat diets. These investigations show that both prior fat feeding and the composition of the fat fed, as well as the fatty acid composition of the chylomicron remnant particles themselves, influence the uptake and metabolism of chylomicron remnants by the liver.
The determinants of iron status in early pregnancy
Authors: Robinson Siân , Godfrey Keith , Denne Jonathan , Cox Vanessa
Published: June 2005

In pregnancy, the additional demands for Fe are thought to be met principally through increased maternal dietary Fe absorption and by mobilization of maternal Fe stores. In a general population sample of 576 women we examined the maternal and dietary characteristics which influenced Fe stores (assessed by serum ferritin concentration) in early pregnancy. The effects of these characteristics on two measures of functional Fe status (mean cell volume and haemoglobin concentration) were also considered. Serum ferritin concentrations were lower in multiparous women (P< 0.0001) and in those with a lower BMI (P= 0.01), and rose with increasing alcohol intake (P< 0.0001). Ferritin concentrations fell with increasing Ca intake (P< 0.0001); the proportion of women with serum ferritin values ≤ 12 μg/l rose from 14% of the women in the lowest quarter of Ca intake to 29% of the women in the highest quarter. Mean cell volume and haemoglobin concentration were not related to Ca intake in early pregnancy. Although Ca added to test-meals reduces Fe absorption, long-term Ca supplementation has not been shown to lower plasma ferritin concentration, suggesting that high habitual Ca intakes would be unlikely to influence Fe status in non-pregnant individuals. Our findings show that in early pregnancy there is an association between high dietary Ca intake and lower Fe stores. This effect of Ca on one aspect of Fe status may result from its influence on Fe bioavailability.
The interaction between nutritional status and growth hormone in young cattle: differential responsiveness of fat and protein metabolism
Authors: Dawson Janet M. , Greathead Henry M. R. , Craigon Jim , Hachey David L. , Reeds Peter J. , Pell Jennifer M. , Buttery Peter J.
Published: June 2005

The effect of dietary intake level on in vivo plasma leucine and plasma palmitate flux rates and on the response to a bolus injection of bovine growth hormone (GH) was investigated in six young steers. Animals were fed on a pelleted diet of dried grass–barley (0.7:0.3, w/w) in quantities sufficient to supply 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4 or 2.65 × maintenance energy requirement, offered in hourly portions. Continuous intravenous infusions of [1-13C]leucine or [1-13C]palmi-tate were used to determine the flux of amino acid and fatty acid through the plasma pool before, immediately (1–3 h) after and 22–24 h after a subcutaneous injection of bovine GH (0.55 mg/kg body weight). Hourly blood samples were taken for 27 h to monitor the temporal responses of circulating hormones and metabolites following GH administration. The animal on the lowest plane of nutrition had elevated plasma GH and reduced insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations compared with those fed on higher intake levels. Plasma leucine flux and leucine concentration increased with intake while palmitate flux and plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were inversely related to intake. Leucine flux rate decreased in the animals fed on the two highest intake levels in response to GH 22–24 h after administration, but plasma leucine concentrations were reduced in all animals at this time. Only the animal fed on the lowest intake level showed an immediate response to GH (within 3 h of administration) with increased palmitate flux and plasma NEFA concentrations but a lipolytic response was apparent in other animals 22–24 h post-administration although the magnitude of the response was markedly reduced at high intakes. We conclude that lipid and protein metabolism are differentially responsive to GH and nutritional status.
Purification and Characterization of Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase from Maize/Potato Mosaics
Authors: Boehlein Susan K. , Sewell Aileen K. , Cross Joanna , Stewart Jon D. , Hannah L. Curtis
Published: June 2005

Adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) catalyzes a rate-limiting step in starch biosynthesis. The reaction produces ADP-glucose and pyrophosphate from glucose-1-P and ATP. Investigations from a number of laboratories have shown that alterations in allosteric properties as well as heat stability of this enzyme have dramatic positive effects on starch synthesis in the potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber and seeds of important cereals. Here, we report the characterization of purified recombinant mosaic AGPases derived from protein motifs normally expressed in the maize (Zea mays) endosperm and the potato tuber. These exhibit properties that should be advantageous when expressed in plants. We also present an in-depth characterization of the kinetic and allosteric properties of these purified recombinant AGPases. These data point to previously unrecognized roles for known allosteric effectors.
Gene Expression Profiles of Blumeria graminis Indicate Dynamic Changes to Primary Metabolism during Development of an Obligate Biotrophic Pathogen
Authors: Both Maike , Csukai Michael , Stumpf Michael P.H. , Spanu Pietro D.
Published: June 2005

cDNA microarrays of Blumeria graminis f sp hordei transcript profiles during the asexual development cycle reveal the dynamics of global gene expression as the fungus germinates, penetrates, feeds on its host, and produces masses of conidia for dispersal. The expression profiles of genes encoding enzymes involved in primary metabolism show that there is a striking degree of coordinate regulation of some of the genes in the same pathway. In one example, genes encoding several glycolytic enzymes are significantly upregulated as mature appressoria form and also in infected epidermis, which contain fungal haustoria. In another example, mRNAs for lipid degrading enzymes are initially expressed at high levels in the conidia and the early germination stages and decrease significantly later. We discuss these results and draw inferences on the metabolic status of this obligate biotrophic fungus as it infects its host and completes its life cycle.
Integrating knowledge management technologies in organizational business processes: getting real time enterprises to deliver real business performance
Authors: Malhotra Yogesh
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To provide executives and scholars with pragmatic understanding about integrating knowledge management strategy and technologies in business processes for successful performance.

Design/methodology/approach

A comprehensive review of theory, research, and practices on knowledge management develops a framework that contrasts existing technology‐push models with proposed strategy‐pull models. The framework explains how the “critical gaps” between technology inputs, related knowledge processes, and business performance outcomes can be bridged for the two types of models. Illustrative case studies of real‐time enterprise (RTE) business model designs for both successful and unsuccessful companies are used to provide real world understanding of the proposed framework.

Findings

Suggests superiority of strategy‐pull models made feasible by new “plug‐and‐play” information and communication technologies over the traditional technology‐push models. Critical importance of strategic execution in guiding the design of enterprise knowledge processes as well as selection and implementation of related technologies is explained.

Research limitations/implications

Given the limited number of cases, the framework is based on real world evidence about companies most popularized for real time technologies by some technology analysts. This limited sample helps understand the caveats in analysts' advice by highlighting the critical importance of strategic execution over selection of specific technologies. However, the framework needs to be tested with multiple enterprises to determine the contingencies that may be relevant to its application.

Originality/value

The first comprehensive analysis relating knowledge management and its integration into enterprise business processes for achieving agility and adaptability often associated with the “real time enterprise” business models. It constitutes critical knowledge for organizations that must depend on information and communication technologies for increasing strategic agility and adaptability.
Understanding computer‐mediated interorganizational collaboration: a model and framework
Authors: Chi Lei , Holsapple Clyde W.
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To develop a process model of interorganizational systems (IOS) collaboration and systematic framework for understanding and classifying IOS technologies for interorganizational collaboration.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper synthesizes relevant concepts and findings in the IOS, economics, and management literature. It also presents empirical examples to illustrate key issues, practices, and solutions involved in IOS collaboration.

Findings

An integrative model of IOS collaboration is introduced and knowledge sharing, participative decision making, and conflict governance identified as three behavioral process elements underlying effective interorganizational collaboration. Extending Kumar and van Dissel's IOS framework to directly recognize these elements, a more complete collaboration‐oriented framework for characterizing key elements of interorganizational collaboration and classifying IOS technologies is developed.

Research limitations/implications

This paper brings together diverse ideas into a systematic view of collaboration via interorganizational systems. It contributes to a deeper, fuller understanding of issues involved in achieving collaborative advantage with IOS technologies. The paper also identifies factors and relationships that researchers should consider in designing empirical studies, posing hypotheses about collaboration via IOS, and analyzing results.

Practical implications

The model and framework can serve as a check‐list of considerations that need to be dealt with by leaders of collaboration‐oriented IOS initiatives. The IOS framework and technology classification may also suggest ways in which IT vendors might provide better technological solutions, services, and software for interorganizational collaboration.

Originality/value

This new IOS collaboration model and framework provide more complete and useful guidance for researchers, educators, and practitioners.
Linking social network analysis with the analytic hierarchy process for knowledge mapping in organizations
Authors: Liebowitz Jay
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To provide an interesting approach for determining interval measures, through the analytic hierarchy process, for integration with social network analysis for knowledge mapping in organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to develop improved organizational and business processes through knowledge management, a knowledge audit should be conducted to better understand the knowledge flows in the organization. An important technique to visualize these knowledge flows is the use of a knowledge map. Social network analysis can be applied to develop this knowledge map. Interval measures should be used in the social network analysis in order to determine the strength of the connections between individuals or departments in the organization. This paper applies the analytic hierarchy process to develop these interval measures, and integrates the values within the social network analysis to produce a meaningful knowledge map.

Findings

The analytic hierarchy process, when coupled with social network analysis, can be a useful technique for developing interval measures for knowledge‐mapping purposes.

Research limitations/implications

The analytic hierarchy process may become tedious and arduous for use in large social network maps. More research needs to be conducted in this area for scalability.

Practical implications

As social network analysis is gaining more prominence in the knowledge management community, the analytic hierarchy process may be able to provide more valuable measures to determine the strengths of relationships between actors than simply using ordinal numbers.

Originality/value

Coupling the analytic hierarchy process with social network analysis provides a novel approach for future knowledge‐mapping activities.
Knowledge management systems: finding a way with technology
Authors: Edwards John S. , Shaw Duncan , Collier Paul M.
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To consider the role of technology in knowledge management in organizations, both actual and desired.

Design/methodology/approach

Facilitated, computer‐supported group workshops were conducted with 78 people from ten different organizations. The objective of each workshop was to review the current state of knowledge management in that organization and develop an action plan for the future.

Findings

Only three organizations had adopted a strongly technology‐based “solution” to knowledge management problems, and these followed three substantially different routes. There was a clear emphasis on the use of general information technology tools to support knowledge management activities, rather than the use of tools specific to knowledge management.

Research limitations/implications

Further research is needed to help organizations make best use of generally available software such as intranets and e‐mail for knowledge management. Many issues, especially human, relate to the implementation of any technology. Participation was restricted to organizations that wished to produce an action plan for knowledge management. The findings may therefore represent only “average” organizations, not the very best practice.

Practical implications

Each organization must resolve four tensions: between the quantity and quality of information/knowledge, between centralized and decentralized organization, between head office and organizational knowledge, and between “push” and “pull” processes.

Originality/value

Although it is the group rather than an individual that determines what counts as knowledge, hardly any previous studies of knowledge management have collected data in a group context.
The role of IT in KM: where are we now and where are we heading?
Authors: Tsui Eric
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To provide a summary of the major trends in the evolution of knowledge management (KM) technologies in the last five years.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing from a range of literature published in the academic and industry arenas including the articles accepted in the special issue, the author also applied his own personal experience and practice knowledge in the field to summarize the three major trends in the use of KM technologies for the workplace and individual knowledge workers.

Findings

First, KM is becoming more and more process‐centric and relevant technologies are gradually being aligned to support process‐based KM activities. Second, there is the emergence of personal networks and applications. Third, knowledge sharing and capturing are becoming more instantaneous (i.e. on‐demand and just‐in‐time).

Practical implications

KM is becoming more and more just‐in‐time. Large‐scale KM programmes still prevail but, in future, the technical infrastructure and information content of these programmes also need to support ad hoc, spontaneous but intensive intra‐ and inter‐organizational collaborations.

Originality/value

While most articles on KM technologies tend to focus on individual technique(s)/system(s), this paper provides a succinct and high‐level summary of the evolution of KM technologies from a commercial and practical perspective.
The micropolitics of quality
Authors: Morley Louise
Published: June 2005

This paper discusses how the audit culture has impacted on UK academics in terms of professional identities, priorities and social relations. Micropolitics, performativity, psychic economy and the changing political economy of higher education are some of the theoretical tools used to offer some explanatory power for the range of engagements with quality assurance. Questions are raised about the polysemic discourse of quality and how it has been subjected to multiple interpretations. For example, there are those members of the academy who see it as a major form of modernisation and student empowerment, while others see it as a form of symbolic violence. Specific attention is paid to peer review, impact studies, gendered power relations, productivity measures and whether quality intersects with equality in the academy. The paper concludes with calls to consider what the gestalt is of higher education.
To Laputa and back: a missing chapter of Gulliver's Travels To the memory of Edward Said, citizen‐scholar
Authors: Suvin Darko
Published: June 2005

The article is divided into three parts. Part 1, 'Entering Laputa in the winter of our discontent', deals with general presuppositions, including those on intellectuals in Post‐Fordism and as members of de facto English departments. Part 2, 'Visiting the word‐machine', deals with some aporias of literary and English studies. Part 3, 'How to leave Laputa', asks what might be some components of our agenda today. It includes a plea for English studies as an independent, international field of inquiry and teaching, and discusses some possible orientations for us.
Centennial odysseys: longest way round
Authors: Wood Michael
Published: June 2005

This essay explores the questions about the writing of fiction and the use of metaphor posed by J. M. Coetzee's 2003 work Elizabeth Costello, and finds an answer to these eloquent and disturbing queries in Mr Bloom's reflections on the beach and in the cemetery, instances of Joyce's acceptance of the radical presence of the figurative at the heart of the real.
Ranking Football Players
Authors: McHale Ian , Scarf Phil
Published: June 2005

The Actim index is the official player rating system of the Barclays Premiership, which was introduced for the 2004–2005 football season. It was devised by Ian McHale and Phil Scarf for the Press Association in partnership with the Premier League and Football Data Co. Here they describe the development of the index and take a look at player performance this season.
RPI: A Really Profligate Index?
Authors: Whelan Shane
Published: June 2005

High on the list of the top 10 most important statistics in any country must be the consumer (or retail) prices index. So it is not surprising to find that enormous effort goes into its calculation. But is this effort justified? Looking at lessons from history, Shane Whelan argues that, on the contrary, the index is profligately overengineered.
Synthesis and Quality
Authors: Nelder John
Published: June 2005

By combining a keen interest in agriculture and natural science with his ability as a mathematician, John Nelder has enjoyed a long and distinguished career as an agricultural statistician. In conversation with Helen Joyce, he offers a personal view of the world of statistics and his own contributions to it.
Frequency-dependent baroreflex modulation of blood pressure and heart rate variability in conscious mice
Authors: Fazan Rubens , de Oliveira Mauro , Dias da Silva Valdo José , Joaquim Luis Fernando , Montano Nicola , Porta Alberto , Chapleau Mark W. , Salgado Helio C.
Published: June 2005

The goal of this study was to determine the baroreflex influence on systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and pulse interval (PI) variability in conscious mice. SAP and PI were measured in C57Bl/6J mice subjected to sinoaortic deafferentation (SAD, n = 21) or sham surgery ( n = 20). Average SAP and PI did not differ in SAD or control mice. In contrast, SAP variance was enhanced (21 ± 4 vs. 9.5 ± 1 mmHg2) and PI variance reduced (8.8 ± 2 vs. 26 ± 6 ms2) in SAD vs. control mice. High-frequency (HF: 1–5 Hz) SAP variability quantified by spectral analysis was greater in SAD (8.5 ± 2.0 mmHg2) compared with control (2.5 ± 0.2 mmHg2) mice, whereas low-frequency (LF: 0.1–1 Hz) SAP variability did not differ between the groups. Conversely, LF PI variability was markedly reduced in SAD mice (0.5 ± 0.1 vs. 10.8 ± 3.4 ms2). LF oscillations in SAP and PI were coherent in control mice (coherence = 0.68 ± 0.05), with changes in SAP leading changes in PI (phase = −1.41 ± 0.06 radians), but were not coherent in SAD mice (coherence = 0.08 ± 0.03). Blockade of parasympathetic drive with atropine decreased average PI, PI variance, and LF and HF PI variability in control ( n = 10) but had no effect in SAD ( n = 6) mice. In control mice, blockade of sympathetic cardiac receptors with propranolol increased average PI and decreased PI variance and LF PI variability ( n = 6). In SAD mice, propranolol increased average PI ( n = 6). In conclusion, baroreflex modulation of PI contributes to LF, but not HF PI variability, and is mediated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic drives in conscious mice.
Effect of Hydrothermal Shock Cycles on Shear Strength of Glass Fiber-polyester Composites
Authors: Ray B. C.
Published: June 2005

Degradation of glass fiber-reinforced polyester composite by hydrothermal shock cycles is studied experimentally. The interface/interphase in glass fiber composites is assumed to be a polymer film, thus, it may be susceptible to perish through environmental shock. Glass fibers of 55, 60, and 65 wt% are used to fabricate polyester matrix polymer composites. The test specimens are first treated in a water bath of 50 C for 30 min and then immediately immersed in another water bath at 100 C for the same time. The treatment is repeated for different cycles. The short beam shear (SBS) test is performed at room temperature on the conditioned samples for two different crosshead speeds (2 and 50 mm/min). The objective of the experiment is to assess the deteriorative effect of hydrothermal shock on the interfacial bonding of varied weight fraction constituents in the composite. The fiber-matrix interfacial damage is reflected in the three-point SBS test. The fall in shear values is observed to be 19-27%, depending on the volume fraction of constituents. The variation in loading speeds is taken into consideration for the assessment of interlaminar shear strength (ILSS).
Stability of Laminated Composite Pretwisted Cantilever Panels
Authors: Sahu S. K. , Asha A. V. , Mishra R. N.
Published: June 2005

This article deals with the stability analysis of angle-ply laminated composite twisted panels using the finite element method. Here, a eight-noded isoparametric quadratic shell element is used to develop the finite element procedure. To investigate the vibration and stability behavior of twisted panels, the effect of various geometrical parameters like angle of twist, aspect ratio, lamination parameters, shallowness ratio, etc. are studied. The influence of various parameters on the vibration and stability characteristics of twisted panels have been examined. Numerical results are presented to show the effects of pretwist angles, geometry, and lamination details on the stability characteristics of twisted plates.
Processing of Cellulose Nanofiber-reinforced Composites
Authors: Bhatnagar A. , Sain M.
Published: June 2005

Cellulose nanofibers are obtained from various sources such as flax bast fibers, hemp fibers, kraft pulp, and rutabaga, by chemical treatments followed by innovative mechanical techniques. The nanofibers thus obtained have diameters between 5 and 60 nm. The ultrastructure of cellulose nanofibers is investigated by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The cellulose nanofibers are also characterized in terms of crystallinity. Reinforced composite films comprising 90% polyvinyl alcohol and 10% nanofibers are also prepared. The comparison of the mechanical properties of these composites with those of pure PVA confirmed the superiority of the former.
Machining of Fiber-reinforced Thermoplastics: Influence of Feed and Drill Size on Thrust Force and Torque during Drilling
Authors: Mohan N. S. , Ramachandra A. , Kulkarni S. M.
Published: June 2005

Polymer-based composite materials possess superior properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio, stiffness-to-weight ratio, and good corrosive resistance and therefore, are preferred for high-performance applications such as in the aerospace, defense, and sport goods industries. Drilling is one of the indispensable methods for building products with composite panels. Drilling tests have been conducted on glass fiber-reinforced plastic composite GFRP laminates using an instrumented CNC milling center. Machining parameters such as drill size, feed rate, and cutting speed have been observed for damage-free drilling of GFRP materials. A series of drilling experiments have been conducted on glass fiber-reinforced polyester laminates and the responses experienced such as thrust force and torque as functions of feed rate and drill size have been characterized to develop a semiempirical relationship which correlated well with an established model in terms of cutting parameters. Results indicated that experimental values correlated better with the model of thrust for 6 mm drill size than for 10 mm and torque correlated better for lower feed ranges than for the higher feed ranges.
Essential Skills for Novice Structural Family Therapists: A Delphi Study of Experienced Practitioners’ Perspectives
Authors: Doerries Denyse B. , Foster Victoria A.
Published: June 2005

The considerable number of essential skills identified in the literature creates a challenge for family therapist instructors and supervisors who must develop a coherent curriculum for clinical training and supervision. This study used a modified Delphi method to obtain a consensus from experienced structural family therapists concerning the most essential skills needed by novice structural family therapists. The therapists concluded that relational skills are of primary importance to establish a therapeutic relationship that would facilitate the structural interventions. A critical component of the relational factor was the ability of the novice therapist to provide a vision of hope to clients and establish expectancy for change. The study provides an added dimension to understanding the essential training needs of novice structural family therapists from the practitioner’s perspective and brings research in essential skills for novice therapists closer to actual clinical practice. Implications for further research and clinical training are discussed.
Enhancing Marital Sexuality
Authors: Joanning Harvey , Keoughan Patricia
Published: June 2005

This article outlines a sexual enrichment process for couples desiring to improve their sex lives or as a precursor for couples seeking sex therapy. The first part of the article focuses on assessing couple relationships to determine if sex therapy or sexual enrichment is appropriate. The second part describes a program based on Masters and Johnson’s Sensate Focus exercises and is designed to enhance sensuality and enrich sexual behavior. The final section explores common sexual myths that affect couples’sexual experiences.
The Seven Methods of Encouragement for Couples
Authors: Eckstein Daniel , Cooke Phyliss
Published: June 2005

In this article, the authors introduce seven specific methods of encouragement based on interviews of more than 1,000 people. Examples of the seven methods of encouragement are provided. Couples are invited to interview each other regarding who encouraged them and how they were encouraged using a suggested format developed by the coauthors along with John Jones. Some representative examples of interviews of the seven methods of encouragement are presented. Implications and applications for the couple conclude the article.
Global Equivalence for Heat-Conducting Bodies with Fading Memory
Authors: Montanaro A.
Published: June 2005

We study the notion of global physical equivalence between two heat-conducting deformable simple bodies with fading memory. For heat-conducting elastic bodies and heat-conducting rigid bodies this equivalence has been treated in previous works by the writer.

It is understood in the sense that there exists a suitable bijective correspondence k between the bodies B and B′ such that any global thermokinetic process for B is admissible (in the sense of Coleman and Noll) if and only if its k-corresponding for B′ also is admissible. Here we extend the notion of global equivalence to all heat-conducting simple bodies with fading memory; we also give a definition of global equivalence which is properly weaker in all the cases considered above. Then we establish some conditions on the response functionals of B and B′ which are necessary and sufficient for these bodies to be globally equivalent in each one of the two senses. This theorem extends the ones mentioned above for heat-conducting elastic bodies and heat-conducting rigid bodies presented in previous works of the author. Lastly, we introduce the notion of entropy-equivalence for the response functionals of the heat flux in bodies that are globally equivalent. Then we characterize the class of all simple bodies that are globally equivalent to B in the cases where the heat flux response functionals of these bodies are entropy-equivalent or not, respectively, to the heat flux response functional of B. These characterizations put in evidence the existence of globally equivalent bodies whose heat fluxes are not entropy-equivalent.
Generalized Stress Concentration Factors
Authors: Segev R.
Published: June 2005

The classical stress concentration factor is regarded as the ratio between the maximal value of the stress in a body and the maximal value of the applied force for a given distribution of material properties. An optimal stress concentration factor is defined as the lowest stress concentration factor if we allow any stress field that is in equilibrium with the given load. The generalized stress concentration factor, a purely geometric property of a body, is the maximal optimal stress concentration factor for any applied force. We show that the generalized stress concentration factor is equal to the norm of an extension mapping of Sobolev functions.
Mesoelastic Deformation with Strain Singularities
Authors: Steinberg Lev
Published: June 2005

We study material deformations of polycrystals, rocks and other elastic materials that display different types of imperfections with a typical size of 1 μm. Stress-strain relationships of these materials depend on the processing history and exhibit common behavior, including nonlinearity, hysteresis, etc. We focus our study on the continuous distribution of singularities in the strain field, which we describe in terms of surface densities and fluxes. We define the mass mesodensity tensor and deduce the constitutive relationships between the strain singularity current and the linear mesomomentum. Based on the modification of Peach-Koehler formula we consider the constitutive relation between the line mesostress tensor and the strain singularities density. These constitutive relationships allow us to model stresses in mesoelastic materials.
Influence of Initial Discontinuities on Relatively Undistorted Progressive Pulses in Inhomogeneous Elastic Bodies
Authors: Bloom Frederick
Published: June 2005

The evolution of relatively undistorted progressing pulses in inhomogeneous elastic bodies is studied under the assumption that the wave is propagating into a homogeneous rest state and evolves from a disturbance which carries discontinuities of order two and higher in the space–time derivatives of the displacement field. An expression is obtained for the acceleration which is valid at the advancing wavefront, as well as on wavelets behind the lead characteristic; this expression reflects the influence of all initial discontinuities.
Some Remarks on Kinematic Modeling of Limiting Chain Extensibility
Authors: Murphy Jeremiah G.
Published: June 2005

A kinematic model is proposed for materials whose polymeric molecular chains have a maximum achievable length. A widely used model for this effect which imposes a bound on the first strain invariant is examined and is shown that the difference between the models can be up to 23% for a limiting stretch value proposed in the literature. The closeness of fit is also examined for other limiting stretch values. A family of approximations is introduced and shown to converge to the proposed model. Convergence is shown to be fast for an important limiting stretch value.
New Results on the Poisson Ratio Behavior in Matrix-Inclusion Planar Composites
Authors: Vigdergauz S.
Published: June 2005

This study is motivated by a consistent set of numerical and experimental observations reported in various papers on the effective Poisson ratio (EPR) of 2D granular structures. Here, we uniformly explain them with the novel closed-form expression for EPR obtained as a rational function in the matrix Poisson ratio and the easily computable inverses to the effective bulk and shear moduli. Particularly, the EPR of a perforated plate is proved to be independent of the matrix Young modulus. On this basis, the existence of the EPR fixed points is studied both analytically and numerically. Finally, some numerical example are given for illustration. The proposed approach is based on using the complex-valued Kolosov–Muskhelishvili potentials which perform well in plane elasticity.
Propagation of Attenuated Waves Along an Edge of a Cubic Crystal Subject to Initial Electro-mechanical Fields
Authors: Simionescu-Panait Olivian
Published: June 2005

In this paper we investigate the conditions of propagation of attenuated waves in cubic crystals subject to initial deformation and electric fields. The analysis is extended to all symmetry classes belonging to the cubic system, exhibiting, or not, the piezoelectric effect. We show the influence of the electrostrictive and piezoelectric effects on attenuated wave propagation in such media. We derive the velocities of propagation and the attenuation coefficients in closed-form, and we analyze the influence of the initial fields on the wave polarization in the case of propagation along a cube edge. In this case, for particular choices of the initial electric field, we derive approximate expressions for the solutions.
Expression of human AID in yeast induces mutations in context similar to the context of somatic hypermutation at G-C pairs in immunoglobulin genes
Authors: Mayorov Vladimir I , Rogozin Igor B , Adkison Linda R , Frahm Christin , Kunkel Thomas A , Pavlov Youri I
Published: June 2005

Background

Antibody genes are diversified by somatic hypermutation (SHM), gene conversion and class-switch recombination. All three processes are initiated by the activation-induced deaminase (AID). According to a DNA deamination model of SHM, AID converts cytosine to uracil in DNA sequences. The initial deamination of cytosine leads to mutation and recombination in pathways involving replication, DNA mismatch repair and possibly base excision repair. The DNA sequence context of mutation hotspots at G-C pairs during SHM is DGYW/WRCH (G-C is a hotspot position, R = A/G, Y = T/C, W = A/T, D = A/G/T).

Results

To investigate the mechanisms of AID-induced mutagenesis in a model system, we studied the genetic consequences of AID expression in yeast. We constructed a yeast vector with an artificially synthesized humanAIDgene insert using codons common to highly expressed yeast genes. We found that expression of the artificialhAIDScgene was moderately mutagenic in a wild-type strain and highly mutagenic in anung1uracil-DNA glycosylase-deficient strain. A majority of mutations were at G-C pairs. In theung1strain, C-G to T-A transitions were found almost exclusively, while a mixture of transitions with 12% transversions was characteristic in the wild-type strain. In theung1strain mutations that could have originated from deamination of the transcribed stand were found more frequently. In the wild-type strain, the strand bias was reversed. DGYW/WRCH motifs were preferential sites of mutations.

Conclusion

The results are consistent with the hypothesis that AID-mediated deamination of DNA is a major cause of mutations at G-C base pairs in immunoglobulin genes during SHM. The sequence contexts of mutations in yeast induced by AID and those of somatic mutations at G-C pairs in immunoglobulin genes are significantly similar. This indicates that the intrinsic substrate specificity of AID itself is a primary determinant of mutational hotspots at G-C base pairs during SHM.
Attending to form and meaning: the experience of adult distance learners of French, German and Spanish
Authors: Murphy Linda
Published: June 2005

The relationship between attention to linguistic form and accuracy or to meaning and fluency in language learning has been explored by language learning researchers for many years. They point to the potential difficulties for learners in attending to form and meaning at the same time and the importance of exposure to meaningful target language communication outside the classroom for ‘noticing’ forms made salient during instruction. These issues have rarely been considered in a distance-learning context. This paper examines whether part-time distance learners, studying with the UK Open University, engage in such meaningful communication beyond their course of study and how they do this, whether they focus on form or meaning during this activity and the impact it has on their studies. It also explores whether students attend equally to form and meaning when completing assignments as intended by the course teams. The paper concludes by considering the implications of the findings from this investigation for distance language course and assessment design.
Flexible Client-Driven In-Home Case Management: An Option to Consider
Authors: McWilliam Carol L. , Stewart Moira , Vingilis Evelyn , Hoch Jeffrey , Ward-Griffin Catherine , Donner Allan , Browne Gina , Coyte Peter , Anderson Karen
Published: June 2005

Changes in health services and care needs have created high demand for case management of in-home services. To address this challenge, several models of case management have been used. Evaluations to date suggest that clients need different approaches for different circumstances at different times to optimize cost-effectiveness. Accordingly, one Canadian home care program adopted flexible client-driven case management, engaging clients as partners in flexibly selecting either an integrated team, consumer-managed or brokerage model of case management in keeping with their preferences and abilities. Using an exploratory, multimeasure quasi-experimental design, a generic model of program evaluation, and both quantitative and qualitative methods, researchers identified challenges in implementing this intervention, policy impediments the clients characteristically in each of the three case management models, and client, provider, and caregiver outcomes of flexible, client-driven care. While further longitudinal investigation is needed, findings suggest several important considerations for those interested in this option for care management. Alternative case management models do attract different client groups, and having a choice does not alter care costs or outcomes. Flexible client-driven case management may be experienced positively by case managers and other providers.
Community Case Management: A Strategy to Improve Access to Medical Care in Uninsured Populations
Authors: Wetta-Hall Ruth , Berry Mark , Ablah Elizabeth , Gillispie Jacki M. , Stepp-Cornelius Linda K.
Published: June 2005

Case management is a rapidly growing strategy to help vulnerable populations access the health care they need in a fragmented U.S. service delivery system. A number of lessons can be learned from the successes and challenges of a developing, hospital-based, community-focused case management group in Sedgwick County, Kansas. The Community Case Management program has a case management team based at each of four hospitals. Each team has a social worker and a nurse, whose main goal is to help the uninsured find a primary health care home. This dynamic combination has several benefits. Each team member brings a vital skill set in helping the clients change behavior and access the care and support they need. Also, the nurse-social worker team concept creates a synergy in which team members support each other and create the best solution to their clients’ needs.
From margin to mainstream to collaboration: Regarding public issues
Authors: Knox Alan B.
Published: June 2005

Collaboration across the domains of continuing education and organizations advance civil society to address public issues.
Extension of the Performance of Aluminium‐Copper Alloys by Spray Forming
Authors: Schimanski K. , Schulz A. , Vetter H. , Bauckhage K. , Mayr P.
Published: June 2005

Spray formed binary alloys AlCu10, AlCu17 and AlCu24 have been investigated in view of their density, microstructure and forming performance. The forming properties have been determined by means of plasto‐dilatometry. With higher copper contents the resistance against deformation increases, but sufficient deformation at elevated temperatures is still possible. Microstructural investigations explain the dependence of the deformation resistance upon the degree of dispersion of the Al2Cu‐phase.
The neweasyFoam‐Process and Mechanical Properties of Foam‐Coating‐Sandwiches
Authors: Maurer M. , Zhao L. , Lugscheider E.
Published: June 2005

Coated aluminium foams were heat treated. The influence on the mechanical properties was investigated. In order to produce cost‐efficient foam sandwiches, the foaming and coating processes were modified and the neweasyFoam‐process was developed. It consists of coating foamable semi‐finished parts before inductive foaming. This process allows a fast and continuous production of long foam sandwiches. No expensive moulds are needed.
Significant Improvement in Room Temperature Ductility of NiAl by Cr‐Ce Complexes
Authors: Chen W. , Hines J.R. , Wang Y.
Published: June 2005

Significant improvement in room temperature ductility of the conventionally cast NiAl alloy was achieved by adding less than 3 at% of Cr and a trace amount of Ce. This improvement has also accompanied with a minor reduction in strength. It was found that the solubility of both the Cr and Ce was increased by their co‐presence in NiAl, which was believed to be a result of forming Cr‐Ce complexes in NiAl.
Meso/Macroporous Carbon Monoliths from Polymeric Foams
Authors: Alvarez S. , Esquena J. , Solans C. , Fuertes A.B.
Published: June 2005

The authors present a novel route for the preparation of monolithic carbons with a meso/macroporous structure by templating mesostructured silica monoliths prepared by using macroporous polystyrene foams as structure scaffolds. The carbon skeletal of these materials shows a well‐developed and well‐structured porosity made up of mesopores and a very large surface area and a high pore volume.
Learning with METIS: An Interactive Learning Software for Materials Science
Authors: Büscher M. , Gottstein G.
Published: June 2005

METIS – a multimedia learning environment for materials science is presented. It comprises simulations with free adjustable parameters and is available on the www. This e‐learning tool is intended to facilitate an understanding of complex microstructural phenomena by visualization of microstructural evolution and its relation to properties.