bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Market Availability of Selective Post-emergence Herbicides for Major Food Crops in the Haut-Sassandra Region, Central-western Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Arsène Gué , Moussa Sylla , Souleymane Diomandé , Karidia Traoré
Published: December 2024

Weed control in crops is increasingly done by the chemical method in the Haut-Sassandra region. However, farmers in this region often struggle to obtain selective post-emergence herbicides for certain food crops. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the availability of selective post-emergence herbicides of the main food crops of this region markets with a view to providing necessary information to effective weed management and ensure food security. In this context, a survey was conducted among 104 managers of phytosanitary product stores in the region. At the end of the investigations, 41, 34, 2, 5 and 4 trade names of selective post-emergence herbicides of rice, maize, cassava, yam and plantain were observed, respectively. The relative frequencies of these main food crops selective post-emergene were 92,00 %, 92,00 %, 5,00 %, 3,75 % and 1,75 %, respectively, on the regional market. They were divided into 9, 3, 2, 3 and 2 active ingredients, respectively. Selective post-emergence herbicides for rice and maize have been observed on the markets of the four departments of the region and the selective cassava herbicides in Daloa only. As for the selective post-mergence herbicides of yam and plantain, they were noted in Vavoua and Daloa. To effectively manage weeds in their crops, yam, cassava and plantain producers in the departments of Issia and Zoukougbeu and cassava growers in Vavoua can stock up on selective post-emergence herbicides in Daloa. They can also use selective pre-emergence herbicides for their crops or adopt stale seed bed.
Site‐Specific Requirements for
pT
and
pN
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Brierley James D. , Lee Anne , van Eycken Elisabeth
Published: September 2019

The chapter adds to the general rules of TNM system in Explanatory Notes – General. The minimal number of lymph nodes per site is tabulated with corresponding staging recommendations. Importance of removed and examined lymph nodes is briefly discussed. Required examination methods are given for head and neck tumours, digestive system tumours, lung and pleural tumours, skin tumours, breast tumours, gynaecological and urological tumours, adrenal tumours, ophthalmic tumours, and Hodgkin/non‐Hodgkin lymphomas, among others.
New
TNM
Classifications Recommended for Testing and Other Classifications
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Brierley James D. , Lee Anne , van Eycken Elisabeth
Published: September 2019

New TNM classifications are proposed that need testing by institutions on a large number of patients. Specific issues on non‐upper aerodigestive tract mucosal melanoma and primary liver carcinoma in infants and children are discussed along with the classification of regional lymph nodes. Primary cutaneous B‐cell/T‐cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukaemia are also discussed.
Platinum Porous Nanosheets with High Surface Distortion and Pt Utilization for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Catalysis
Authors: Feng Yonggang , Huang Bolong , Yang Chengyong , Shao Qi , Huang Xiaoqing
Published: September 2019

Unlike the well‐established shape/composition control, surface distortion is a newly emerged yet largely unexplored nanosurface engineering for boosting electrocatalysis. Tapping into the novel electrocatalysts for taking full use of the distortion effect is therefore of importance but remains a formidable challenge. Here, an approach to designing highly distorted porous Pt nanosheets (NSs) by electrochemical erosion of ultrathin PtTe2 NSs is reported. The inherent ultrathin feature and massive leaching of Te have conspired to produce a highly distorted structure. As a result, the generated Pt NSs exhibit a much‐enhanced oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mass and specific activity of 2.07 A mgPt−1 and 3.1 mA cm−2 at 0.90 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, 9.8 and 10.7 times higher than those of commercial Pt/C. The highly distorted Pt NSs can endure 30 000 cycles with negligible activity decay and structure variation. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the electrochemical corrosion induced nanopores, boundaries, and vacancies consist of Pt sites with substantially low coordination numbers deviating from the one of pristine Pt (111) surface. These Pt sites actively act as electron‐depleting centers for highly efficient electron transfer toward the adsorbing O‐species. This study opens a new design for fully using the distortion effect to promote ORR performance and beyond.
CXCR4‐Enriched Nano‐Trap Targeting CXCL12 in Lung for Early Prevention and Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Wang Zhaohui , Ma Yi , Wang Han , Wang Fang , Xu Tian , Gu Yueqing
Published: September 2019

Breast cancer metastasis is strongly correlated with CXCR4‐CXCL12 axis, in which the CXCR4 positive cancer cells are recruited to target organs rich in CXCL12. Although various agents have been developed to inhibit CXCR4, few strategies are reported for targeting and perturbation of CXCL12 to control breast cancer metastasis. Inspired by the increasing popularity of cell membrane (CM)‐derived therapeutics, herein, CXCR4‐enriched 4T1 CMs loaded with copper‐indium‐sulfide quantum dots (QDs) nanoparticles are employed as Nano‐trap to occupy CXCL12 and block breast cancer lung metastasis. CMs fused onto QDs cores faithfully inherit CXCR4 expression of the source cells. CXCR4‐upregulated Nano‐trap binds CXCL12 protein more efficiently than the CXCR4‐silenced counterparts, which effectively abrogate CXCL12‐mediated cancer cell invasion in vitro. In vivo fluorescent imaging reveals preferential distribution of Nano‐trap in lungs with abundant CXCL12 expression. Further interrogation of the in vivo efficacy finds lung metastasis is successfully delayed in breast cancer models pre‐injected with Nano‐trap, which reduces CXCL12 exposure in lung. For the already formed lung metastasis, Nano‐trap can alleviate hypoxia by regulating alpha‐smooth muscle actin, thus improving photodynamic therapy in the metastatic tumor. This proof‐of‐concept study sheds light on exploiting more functionalities of CM proteins for metastasis management.
Enabling Full Conversion Reaction with High Reversibility to Approach Theoretical Capacity for Sodium Storage
Authors: Fang Libin , Wang Caiyun , Huangfu Leilei , Bahlawane Naoufal , Tian He , Lu Yunhao , Pan Hongge , Yan Mi , Jiang Yinzhu
Published: September 2019

Conversion‐type electrode materials are emerging as promising candidates for high‐energy rechargeable batteries, owing to their substantially higher theoretical capacity relative to intercalation‐based materials. Nevertheless, the full benefit from conversion‐type electrode materials remains out of reach in sodium‐ion batteries, due to the inadequate conversion reaction toward sodium and the poor reversibility during desodiation. Here, a full conversion reaction with high reversibility is demonstrated through promoting the initial sodium intercalation and subsequent reconversion kinetics by transition metal doping. The doping‐induced lowering of the sodium intercalation energy in thermodynamics effectively drives the full conversion reaction, while the metal transition of the doped element enhances reconversion kinetics in achieving high reversibility. The obtained results open a new avenue for the development of high‐performance conversion‐type electrodes and provide a novel understanding of the conversion reaction mechanism.
Electrodeposited PEDOT:Nafion Composite for Neural Recording and Stimulation
Authors: Carli Stefano , Bianchi Michele , Zucchini Elena , Di Lauro Michele , Prato Mirko , Murgia Mauro , Fadiga Luciano , Biscarini Fabio
Published: September 2019

Microelectrode arrays are used for recording and stimulation in neurosciences both in vitro and in vivo. The electrodeposition of conductive polymers, such as poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), is widely adopted to improve both the in vivo recording and the charge injection limit of metallic microelectrodes. The workhorse of conductive polymers in the neurosciences is PEDOT:PSS, where PSS represents polystyrene‐sulfonate. In this paper, the counterion is the fluorinated polymer Nafion, so the composite PEDOT:Nafion is deposited onto a flexible neural microelectrode array. PEDOT:Nafion coated electrodes exhibit comparable in vivo recording capability to the reference PEDOT:PSS, providing a large signal‐to‐noise ratio in a murine animal model. Importantly, PEDOT:Nafion exhibits a minimized polarization during electrical stimulation, thereby resulting in an improved charge injection limit equal to 4.4 mC cm−2, almost 80% larger than the 2.5 mC cm−2 that is observed for PEDOT:PSS.
A Highly Emissive Surface Layer in Mixed‐Halide Multication Perovskites
Authors: Andaji‐Garmaroudi Zahra , Abdi‐Jalebi Mojtaba , Guo Dengyang , Macpherson Stuart , Sadhanala Aditya , Tennyson Elizabeth M. , Ruggeri Edoardo , Anaya Miguel , Galkowski Krzysztof , Shivanna Ravichandran , Lohmann Kilian , Frohna Kyle , Mackowski Sebastian , Savenije Tom J. , Friend Richard H. , Stranks Samuel D.
Published: September 2019

Mixed‐halide lead perovskites have attracted significant attention in the field of photovoltaics and other optoelectronic applications due to their promising bandgap tunability and device performance. Here, the changes in photoluminescence and photoconductance of solution‐processed triple‐cation mixed‐halide (Cs0.06MA0.15FA0.79)Pb(Br0.4I0.6)3 perovskite films (MA: methylammonium, FA: formamidinium) are studied under solar‐equivalent illumination. It is found that the illumination leads to localized surface sites of iodide‐rich perovskite intermixed with passivating PbI2 material. Time‐ and spectrally resolved photoluminescence measurements reveal that photoexcited charges efficiently transfer to the passivated iodide‐rich perovskite surface layer, leading to high local carrier densities on these sites. The carriers on this surface layer therefore recombine with a high radiative efficiency, with the photoluminescence quantum efficiency of the film under solar excitation densities increasing from 3% to over 45%. At higher excitation densities, nonradiative Auger recombination starts to dominate due to the extremely high concentration of charges on the surface layer. This work reveals new insight into phase segregation of mixed‐halide mixed‐cation perovskites, as well as routes to highly luminescent films by controlling charge density and transfer in novel device structures.
In Situ Grown Monolayer N‐Doped Graphene on CdS Hollow Spheres with Seamless Contact for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Bie Chuanbiao , Zhu Bicheng , Xu Feiyan , Zhang Liuyang , Yu Jiaguo
Published: September 2019

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is an effective way to simultaneously mitigate the greenhouse effect and the energy crisis. Herein, CdS hollow spheres, on which monolayer nitrogen‐doped graphene is in situ grown by chemical vapor deposition, are applied for realizing effective photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The constructed photocatalyst possesses a hollow interior for strengthening light absorption, a thin shell for shortening the electron migration distance, tight adhesion for facilitating separation and transfer of carriers, and a monolayer nitrogen‐doped graphene surface for adsorbing and activating CO2 molecules. Achieving seamless contact between a photocatalyst and a cocatalyst, which provides a pollution‐free and large‐area transport interface for carriers, is an effective strategy for improving the photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. Therefore, the yield of CO and CH4, as dominating products, can be increased by four and five times than that of pristine CdS hollow spheres, respectively. This work emphasizes the importance of contact interface regulation between the photocatalyst and the cocatalyst and provides new ideas for the seamless and large‐area contact of heterojunctions.
A Probiotic Spore‐Based Oral Autonomous Nanoparticles Generator for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Song Qingling , Zheng Cuixia , Jia Jiajia , Zhao Hongjuan , Feng Qianhua , Zhang Hongling , Wang Lei , Zhang Zhenzhong , Zhang Yun
Published: September 2019

Spores, the dormant life forms of probiotics, can germinate to metabolically active vegetative cells with the disintegration of their hydrophobic protein coat in the intestinal microenvironment, which provides the possibility for the formation of nanoparticles (NPs) in vivo. Inspired by the natural physiological process of spores, herein, an oral autonomous NPs generator is developed to overcome the spatially variable gastrointestinal tract environment and multibiological barriers. Spores modified with deoxycholic acid (DA) and loaded with chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin and sorafenib, DOX/SOR) serve as an autonomous production line of NPs, which can efficaciously protect the drugs passing through the rugged environment of the stomach and furthermore can be transported to the intestinal environment and colonized rapidly. Subsequently, the DOX/SOR/Spore‐DA NPs are produced by the autonomous NPs generator in the intestinal regions based on the disintegrated hydrophobic protein and the hydrophilic DA, and they can efficiently penetrate the epithelial cells via the bile acid pathway, increasing basolateral drug release. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm that this biological nanogenerator can autonomously produce substantial NPs in the intestine, providing a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
Tandem Transformation of Aldoximes to N‐Methylated Amides Using Methanol
Authors: Paul Bhaskar , Maji Milan , Panja Dibyajyoti , Kundu Sabuj
Published: September 2019

Tandem conversion of aldoximes to N‐methylated amides with methanol in presence of a single Ru(II) catalyst is accomplished through the Ru(II)‐mediated rearrangement followed by the reductive N‐methylation. Employing this protocol, several aldoximes were directly transformed to the N‐methylated amides using methanol. Kinetic experiments with H218O advocated that the aldoxime is acted as the nucleophile during the aldoxime to amide rearrangement process. Involvement of nitrile intermediate during this transformation is realized from the kinetic study.

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Comprehensive Investigation on the Thermoelectric Properties of p‐Type PbTe‐PbSe‐PbS Alloys
Authors: Qin Bingchao , Hu Xuegao , Zhang Yang , Wu Haijun , Pennycook Stephen. J. , Zhao Li‐Dong
Published: September 2019

Solid solution alloying is one of the quite powerful approaches to enhance thermoelectric performance because it can simultaneously optimize electrical and thermal transport properties. Herein, a comprehensive investigation on p‐type PbTe‐PbSe‐PbS alloys is reported, in which the carrier concentration is fixed with 2 mol% Na doping. High thermoelectric performance is achieved via synergistically tuning carrier concentration, manipulating electronic band structure, introducing nanostructures, and separating phases. Thus, a high ZT value ≈1.9 is obtained in (PbTe)1−x(PbSe)x alloys, which show both higher Seebeck coefficients and lower lattice thermal conductivities contributed from enlarging band effective mass and scattering phonons, respectively. The obtained results are well confirmed by microstructure characterizations and theoretical calculations based on the single parabolic band (SPB) model and Callaway model. Besides, ZT values ≈1.8 and 1.2 are achieved in (PbTe)1−x(PbS)x and (PbSe)1−x(PbS)x alloys, respectively. Based on the obtained thermoelectric performance from the selected compositions between two or three end‐members (PbTe, PbSe, and PbS), the thermoelectric performance distribution maps for the PbTe‐PbSe‐PbS alloys are established. This comprehensive investigation can provide the performance prediction on any composition within the performance maps of (PbTe)1−x−y(PbSe)x(PbS)y alloys.
Ischemic stroke in children and young adults with sickle cell disease in the post‐STOP era
Authors: Kwiatkowski Janet L. , Voeks Jenifer H. , Kanter Julie , Fullerton Heather J. , Debenham Ellen , Brown Lynette , Adams Robert J. ,   for the Post‐STOP Study Group
Published: September 2019

The Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP) and Optimizing Primary Stroke Prevention in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP 2) trials established routine transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) screening, with indefinite chronic red cell transfusions (CRCT) for children with abnormal TCD as standard of care. Implementation failures and limitations to the STOP protocol may contribute to continued ischemic stroke occurrence. In the “Post‐STOP” study, we sought to assess the impact of the STOP protocol on the incidence of ischemic stroke in a multicenter cohort of former STOP and/or STOP 2 trial participants. A central team abstracted data for 2851 (74%) of the 3835 children who took part in STOP and/or STOP 2. Data included TCD and neuroimaging results, treatment, laboratory data, and detailed clinical information pertaining to the stroke. Two stroke neurologists independently confirmed each stroke using pre‐specified imaging and clinical criteria and came to consensus. Among the 2808 patients who were stroke‐free at the start of Post‐STOP with available follow‐up, the incidence of first ischemic stroke was 0.24 per 100 patient‐years (95% CI, 0.18, 0.31), with a mean (SD) duration of follow‐up of 9.1 (3.4) [median 10.3, range (0‐15.4)] years. Most (63%) strokes occurred in patients in whom the STOP protocol had not been properly implemented, either failure to screen appropriately with TCD (38%) or failure to transfuse adequately patients with abnormal TCD (25%). This study shows that substantial opportunities for ischemic stroke prevention remain by more complete implementation of the STOP Protocol.
Lithium‐Schwefel‐Batterien mit Magerelektrolyt: Herausforderungen und Perspektiven
Authors: Zhao Meng , Li Bo‐Quan , Peng Hong‐Jie , Yuan Hong , Wei Jun‐Yu , Huang Jia‐Qi
Published: September 2019

Energiespeicher finden als wichtige Transformationstechnologie zur kohlenstoffarmen Wirtschaft und nachhaltigen Energieversorgung große Beachtung. Außerordentlich vielversprechend ist hierbei die Lithium‐Schwefel‐Batterie aufgrund ihrer hohen theoretischen Energiedichte. Trotz immenser Fortschritte in den vergangenen Jahren liegt ihre tatsächliche Energiedichte jedoch noch weit unterhalb einer Praxistauglichkeit. Da die Elektrochemie des Schwefels stark von einer Fest/flüssig/fest‐Phasenumwandlung abhängt, spielt die Menge des Elektrolyten für die praktisch erreichbare Leistungsfähigkeit von Li‐S‐Zellen eine wesentliche Rolle. Um den Vorteil der hohen Energiedichte nutzen zu können, muss die Li‐S‐Batterie ein möglichst kleines Elektrolytvolumen mit niedrigem Elektrolyt/Schwefel‐Verhältnis aufweisen. Unter solchen Bedingungen lässt sich eine akzeptable elektrochemische Leistung in Kinetik, Entladekapazität, Coulomb‐Wirkungsgrad und Zyklenfestigkeit jedoch nur sehr schwer erreichen, insbesondere wenn die Kathode einen hohen Schwefelgehalt aufweisen soll. In diesem Aufsatz wird dargestellt, welchen Einfluss das Elektrolyt/Schwefel‐Verhältnis auf die erreichbare Energiedichte und Kosten von Li‐S‐Batterien hat. Für beide elektrochemische Prozesse des Schwefels, Löse‐Abscheide‐ und Festphasenumwandlung, werden Herausforderungen und neueste Entwicklungen beschrieben. Abschließend werden Perspektiven in der Entwicklung von zukünftigen Li‐S‐Magerelektrolyt‐Batterien vorgestellt.
Copper‐Catalyzed Triboration: Straightforward, Atom‐Economical Synthesis of 1,1,1‐Triborylalkanes from Terminal Alkynes and HBpin
Authors: Liu Xiaocui , Ming Wenbo , Zhang Yixiao , Friedrich Alexandra , Marder Todd B.
Published: September 2019

A convenient and efficient one‐step synthesis of 1,1,1‐triborylalkanes was achieved via sequential dehydrogenative borylation and double hydroborations of terminal alkynes with HBpin (HBpin=pinacolborane) catalyzed by inexpensive and readily available Cu(OAc)2. This process proceeds under mild conditions, furnishing 1,1,1‐tris(boronates) with wide substrate scope, excellent selectivity, and good functional‐group tolerance, and is applicable to gram‐scale synthesis without loss of yield. The 1,1,1‐triborylalkanes can be used in the preparation of α‐vinylboronates and borylated cyclic compounds, which are valuable but previously rare compounds. Different alkyl groups can be introduced stepwise via base‐mediated deborylative alkylation to produce racemic tertiary alkyl boronates, which can be readily transformed into useful tertiary alcohols.
Effect of atomic oxygen on corrosion and friction and wear behavior of polyimide composites
Authors: Duan Chunjian , He Ren , Li Song , Yang Rui , Shao Mingchao , Yang Zenghui , Zhang Nan , Yuan Ping , Wang Tingmei , Wang Qihua
Published: September 2019

Thermosetting polyimide (TPI) composite with better wear resistance and lower friction was obtained with various functional fillers after a high–low temperature cycle test. Nevertheless, taking into consideration of harsh space condition, the friction and wear behavior of TPI composite were also explored after atomic oxygen (AO) irradiation. It reveals that TPI composite behaves excellent properties against AO mainly attributed to g‐C3N4 with more negative electronegativity N than carbon atom. Moreover, the mechanism of friction and wear demonstrated that degradation caused by AO led to TPI composite surface with special “carpet‐like” morphology and this resulted into lubrication failure, especially when temperature was increased from 200 °C to 350 °C. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48441.
Experimental investigation of mechanical, thermal, and flame‐retardant property of polyamide 6/phenoxyphosphazene fibers
Authors: Di Youbo , Wu Xing , Zhao Zhou , Wang Wei
Published: September 2019

In this study, flame‐retardant polyamide 6 (PA6) fibers incorporated with hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCP) were prepared by melt spinning. The effects of HPCP on the mechanical, thermal, and flame‐retardant property of PA6 fibers were investigated. The results indicated that PA6 fibers containing less than 15 wt % of HPCP possessed acceptable spinnability. HPCP resulted in a slight decrease in tensile strength and tensile modulus, however, an enhancement of the flexibility. Thermal decomposition temperature of PA6 fibers reduced about 22 °C but the residue at 800 °C increased. At the loading of 10 wt %, PA6 fibers reached a limiting oxygen index value of 28.6% and had no smoldering time in the vertical oriented burning. Residue analysis by Fourier‐transform infrared and scanning electron microscope revealed that a condensed phase mechanism was involved in the decomposition of PA6/HPCP system. Pyrolysis‐gas chromatography–mass spectrometry results demonstrated that HPCP not affected the composition of the pyrolysis gases, but mainly intensified the effusion of nonflammable gases, which is positive to flame retardancy. Therefore, the PA6/HPCP composite fibers would get access to satisfactory applications as flame‐retardant materials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48458.
Use of state‐space modelling to identify ecological covariates associated with trends in pinniped demography
Authors: Caillat Marjolaine , Cordes Line , Thompson Paul , Matthiopoulos Jason , Smout Sophie
Published: September 2019

Identifying and understanding ecological drivers that influence wildlife populations is challenging but critical for conservation. This typically requires integrating long‐term data on both the population and potential drivers within statistical models that are suitable for analysing these complex relationships. State‐space models offer one method for integrating such data. Once implemented within a Bayesian framework, these analyses can control for multifactorial influences on populations, allowing one to extract otherwise undetectable correlations between the environment and the underlying, inferred demography.

In the Moray Firth, Scotland, harbour seals have been counted annually for 30 years (1988–2018). A Bayesian state‐space model was used to explore whether patterns in vital rates were correlated to changes in prey abundance, inter‐specific competition (grey seal abundance), environmental variables [the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and sea‐surface temperature], or level of biotoxins (saxitoxin and domoic acid) in the Moray Firth waters.

The credible interval of the posterior distributions of three of these covariate coefficients (sandeel proxy, NAO and grey seal abundance) suggested that there was a relationship between those covariates and vital rates. Both the sandeel proxy and NAO showed a positive correlation with fecundity, whereas grey seal abundance had a negative impact on pup survival.

This work demonstrates how an integrated state‐space modelling approach can bring together diverse data sets and point to important interactions with prey, and with other predators in the system. This suggests that the wider‐scale management of UK harbour seal populations with their contrasting temporal trends needs to account for variation in the marine ecosystem at appropriate spatial scales, in line with current policy concerning spatial planning in the marine environment.
Site fidelity and movement patterns of short‐finned pilot whales within the Canary Islands: Evidence for resident and transient populations
Authors: Servidio Antonella , Pérez‐Gil Enrique , Pérez‐Gil Mónica , Cañadas Ana , Hammond Philip S. , Martín Vidal
Published: September 2019

The geographic location and oceanographic, physical, and chemical water properties make the Canary Islands one of the planet's biodiversity hotspots. The short‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) is one of the archipelago's most commonly encountered species and is potentially vulnerable to a range of anthropogenic pressures, including habitat degradation, acoustic pollution, fishing, whale‐watching operations, and shipping. Assessment of impact has not been possible because of a lack of even basic information about occurrence and distribution.

Spatial and temporal distributions, ranging behaviour, and residence patterns of short‐finned pilot whales were explored for the first time using survey and photo‐identification data collected in the Canary Islands between 1999 and 2012. In total, 1,081 pilot whale sightings were recorded during 70,620 km of search effort over 1,782 survey days.

Pilot whales were detected year round and distributed non‐uniformly within the archipelago, with greater densities concentrated in patchy areas mainly on the leeward side of the main islands. In total, 1,320 well‐marked individuals were identified, which exhibited a large degree of variability in site fidelity.

Different but not isolated subpopulations of pilot whales that share ranges and maintain social interactions were apparently present in the Canary Islands. Strong evidence of an island‐associated subpopulation was found, with a group of 50 ‘core resident’ individuals associated particularly with Tenerife. There were also ‘transient’ individuals or temporary migrants, which, probably driven by inter‐ and intra‐specific competition, may travel long distances whilst using the archipelago as part of a larger range.

These findings fill a major gap in the knowledge of this species’ occurrence, distribution, movements, and site fidelity in the archipelago and provide much needed data to allow the initiation of informed conservation assessments and management actions.
Fine‐scale population structure and connectivity of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in European waters and implications for conservation
Authors: Nykänen Milaja , Louis Marie , Dillane Eileen , Alfonsi Eric , Berrow Simon , O'Brien Joanne , Brownlow Andrew , Covelo Pablo , Dabin Willy , Deaville Rob , de Stephanis Renaud , Gally François , Gauffier Pauline , Ingram Simon N. , Lucas Tamara , Mirimin Luca , Penrose Rod , Rogan Emer , Silva Mónica A. , Simon‐Bouhet Benoit , Gaggiotti Oscar E.
Published: September 2019

Protecting species often involves the designation of protected areas, wherein suitable management strategies are applied either at the taxon or ecosystem level. Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) have been created in European waters under the Habitats Directive to protect bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, which forms two ecotypes, pelagic and coastal.

The SACs have been designated in coastal waters based on photo‐identification studies that have indicated that bottlenose dolphins have relatively high site fidelity. However, individuals can carry out long‐distance movements, which suggests potential for demographic connectivity between the SACs as well as with other areas.

Connectivity can be studied using genetic markers. Previous studies on the species in this area used different sets of genetic markers and therefore inference on the fine‐scale population structure and demographic connectivity has not yet been made at a large scale. A common set of microsatellite markers was used in this study to provide the first comprehensive estimate of genetic structure of bottlenose dolphins in European Atlantic waters.

As in previous studies, a high level of genetic differentiation was found between coastal and pelagic populations. Genetic structure was defined at an unprecedented fine‐scale level for coastal dolphins, leading to identification of five distinct coastal populations inhabiting the following areas: Shannon estuary, west coast of Ireland, English Channel, coastal Galicia, east coast of Scotland and Wales/west Scotland. Demographic connectivity was very low among most populations with <10% migration rate, suggesting no demographic coupling among them. Each local population should therefore be monitored separately.

The results of this study have the potential to be used to identify management units for bottlenose dolphins in this region and thus offer a significant contribution to the conservation of the species in European Atlantic waters. Future studies should prioritize obtaining biopsies from free‐living dolphins from areas where only samples from stranded animals were available, i.e. Wales, west Scotland and Galicia, in order to reduce uncertainty caused by sample origin doubt, as well as from areas not included in this study (e.g. Iroise Sea, France). Furthermore, future management strategies should include monitoring local population dynamics and could also consider other options, such as population viability analysis or the incorporation of genetic data with ecological data (e.g. stable isotope analysis) in the designation of management units.
H∞ switching fuzzy control of solar power generation systems with asymmetric input constraint
Authors: Nasri Mohamed , Saifia Dounia , Chadli Mohammed , Labiod Salim
Published: September 2019

This paper aims at presenting a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller for photovoltaic (PV) systems subject to asymmetric input constraint. Indeed, the output voltage of the DC‐DC converter used for adjusting the photovoltaic output power can be controlled by means of variation of duty ratio limited between 1 and 0. The control design goal is to improve the efficiency of PV systems under asymmetric saturation of duty ratio. To achieve this goal, first, a Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) fuzzy model is used to represent the nonlinear behavior of the PV system. A T–S reference model is employed to give the ideal state direction which must be followed. To achieve a good steady state tracking, the integral of the state tracking error is used to define an extended system state vector. Second, the input characteristic is partitioned into several regions. In each region, the asymmetric saturation function can be considered as a symmetric saturation function. Furthermore, H∞ stabilization conditions for the resulting switching fuzzy control of the PV system under actuator saturation are formulated in term of linear matrix inequalities (LMI) using the Lyapunov approach. Simulation results are exhibited to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.
Prenatal treatment path for angelman syndrome and other neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Zylka Mark J.
Published: September 2019

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutation or deletion of the maternally inheritedUBE3Aallele. These pathogenic mutations lead to loss of maternalUBE3Aexpression in neurons. Antisense oligonucleotides and gene therapies are in development, which activate the intact but epigenetically silenced paternalUBE3Aallele. Preclinical studies indicate that treating during the prenatal period could greatly reduce the severity of symptoms or prevent AS from developing. Genetic tests can detect the chromosome 15q11‐q13 deletion that is the most common cause of AS. New, highly sensitive noninvasive prenatal tests that take advantage of single‐cell genome sequencing technologies are expected to enter the clinic in the coming years and make early genetic diagnosis of AS more common. Efforts are needed to identify fetuses and newborns with maternal 15q11‐q13 deletions and to phenotype these babies relative to neurotypical controls. Clinical and parent observations suggest AS symptoms are detectable in infants, including reports of problems with feeding and motor function. Quantitative phenotypes in the 0‐ to 1‐year age range will permit a more rapid assessment of efficacy when future treatments are administered prenatally or shortly after birth. Although prenatal therapies are currently not available for AS, prenatal testing combined with prenatal treatment has the potential to revolutionize how clinicians detect and treat babies before they are symptomatic. This pioneering prenatal treatment path for AS will lay the foundation for treating other syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders.Autism Res2020, 13: 11–17. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay summary

Prenatal treatment could benefit expectant parents whose babies test positive for the chromosome microdeletion that causes Angelman syndrome (AS). Prenatal treatment is predicted to have better outcomes than treating after symptoms develop and may even prevent AS altogether. This approach could generally be applied to the treatment of other syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders.
Systematic Investigation into the Differences in the (+) APPI Efficiencies of Positional (Ortho, Meta, and Para) Isomers
Authors: Ahmed Arif , Islam Syful , Solihat Nissa Nurfajrin , Acter Thamina , Kim Sunghwan
Published: September 2019

Understanding the underlying principle behind the ionization technique is important for improving the sensitivity and selectivity of mass spectrometry (MS), and analyte–solvent interactions are important factors that affect the ionization process. In this study, analyte–solvent interactions were investigated using a series of ortho, meta, and para isomers, (+) APPI‐MS, and computational chemistry. Experimental results reveal that isomers can have vastly different ionization efficiencies, despite their identical elemental formulas and functional groups. To better understand the reasons behind these observations, various analyte–solvent radical‐ion complexes were investigated by quantum mechanical techniques, and the factors that contribute to the differences in the ion‐formation behavior of these compounds were thoroughly investigated.
The emotional psychologist: A qualitative investigation of norms, dilemmas, and contradictions in accounts of practice
Authors: Van Der Merwe Helen , Wetherell Margaret
Published: September 2019

Although the psychologist's own emotional management is an integral part of psychological therapy, it is often assumed rather than discussed; the “feeling rules” for the profession are unarticulated. This research explores psychologists' accounts of emoting within the therapeutic relationship to explore the profession's norms and expectations for emotional expression and to look critically at their function. We use the affective practice theory of emotion to consider how emotions come to be patterned within the frames set by the occupational identity of the psychologist. Through analysing transcripts from interviews with practicing psychologists, we produce accounts of three interpretative repertoires and associated subject positions. We consider how psychologists have come to construct their emotions in dilemmatic ways and how this construction of emotions is part of what demarcates them as a social group.
Rheological properties of toasted bread using a modified American Association of Cereal Chemists method to determine compressive force values
Authors: Sato Yukinori
Published: September 2019

Background and objectives

Using a modified American Association of Cereal Chemists parameter for white bread crumb, CFV20, toasted bread firmness was investigated according to color changes on the surface of toasted bread.

Findings

The L* value decreased significantly with toasting level, compared with changes in both a* and b*. To characterize the relationship between color and the rheological properties of the bread surface, a rheological parameter for bread surface was proposed, Sin, which represents the slope of the force plotted against the plunger distance at a depth of <1 mm below the surface of the bread. The Sin value of the toasted bread corresponded well with toasting level and CFV20 when toasted at low levels, suggesting that the surface firmness reflects the inner firmness of the toasted bread. A tactility sensory evaluation also supported the change in the CFV20 of toasted bread. In addition, the sensory evaluation values did not seem to be intimately influenced by the panel number, at least between n = 5 and n = 12. The rheological property CFV20 increased with decreasing L*. Therefore, L* seems to be a simple tool for measuring the rheological properties of the inner toasted bread.

Conclusions

Color determination using the L* value of the toasted bread surface can be used to estimate the inner firmness of the bread.

Significance and novelty

The texture of toasted bread has not been reported. The parameter Sin was proposed as a rheological parameter representing the surface of toasted bread. The firmness of toasted bread according to the change in surface color was investigated in this study.
Micro‐ and Nanoscopic Imaging of Enzymatic Electrodes: A Review
Authors: Zigah Dodzi , Lojou Elisabeth , de Poulpiquet Anne
Published: September 2019

Redox enzymes, which catalyze electron transfer reactions in living organisms, can be used as selective and sensitive bioreceptors in biosensors, or as efficient catalysts in biofuel cells. In these bioelectrochemical devices, the enzymes are immobilized at a conductive surface, the electrode, with which they must be able to exchange electrons. Different physicochemical methods have been coupled to electrochemistry to characterize the enzyme‐modified electrochemical interface. In this Review, we summarize most efforts performed to investigate the enzymatic electrodes at the micro‐ and even nanoscale, thanks to microscopy techniques. Contrary to electrochemistry, which gives only a global information about all processes occurring at the electrode surface, microscopy offers a spatial resolution. Several techniques have been implemented; mostly scanning probe microscopies like atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and scanning electrochemical microscopy, but also scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. These studies demonstrate that various information can be obtained thanks to microscopy at different scales. Electrode imaging has been performed to confirm the presence of enzymes, to quantify and localize the biomolecules, but also to evaluate the morphology of immobilized enzymes, their possible conformation changes upon turnover, and their orientation at the electrode surface. Local redox activity has also been imaged and kinetics has been resolved.
Time‐Dependent Differential and Integral Quantum Yields for Wavelength‐Dependent [4+4] Photocycloadditions
Authors: Kislyak Anastasia , Frisch Hendrik , Gernhardt Marvin , Van Steenberge Paul H. M. , D'hooge Dagmar R. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: September 2019

The [4+4] photocycloaddition of anthracene is one of most relevant photoreactions and is widely applied in materials science, as it allows to remote‐control soft matter material properties by irradiation. However, highly energetic UV irradiation is commonly applied, which limits its application. Herein, the wavelength dependence of the photodimerization of anthracene is assessed for the first time, revealing that the reaction is induced just as effectively with mild visible light (410 nm). To fully establish [4+4] cycloadditions within defined chemical environments, a conceptual framework for the solution kinetics of the photo‐dimerization up to long reaction times is established by developing a novel photoreaction rate law that is dependent on individual rate coefficients of the key reaction steps. These coefficients can be determined based on low conversion photochemical experiments. Both differential and integral quantum yields can subsequently be predicted that are strongly time‐dependent, highlighting the need for a detailed reaction pathway analysis. The presented approach simplifies a complex photochemical scenario, making the photochemical anthracene dimerization, or potentially any other photochemical dimerization, amenable to a time‐dependent understanding at the elementary reaction level.
Diabetes in relation to Barrett’s esophagus and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus: A pooled study from the International Barrett’s and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium
Authors: Petrick Jessica L. , Li Nan , Anderson Lesley A. , Bernstein Leslie , Corley Douglas A. , El Serag Hashem B. , Hardikar Sheetal , Liao Linda M. , Liu Geoffrey , Murray Liam J. , Rubenstein Joel H. , Schneider Jennifer L. , Shaheen Nicholas J. , Thrift Aaron P. , van den Brandt Piet A. , Vaughan Thomas L. , Whiteman David C. , Wu Anna H. , Zhao Wei K. , Gammon Marilie D. , Cook Michael B.
Published: September 2019

Background

Diabetes is positively associated with various cancers, but its relationship with tumors of the esophagus/esophagogastric junction remains unclear.

Methods

Data were harmonized across 13 studies in the International Barrett’s and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium, comprising 2309 esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) cases, 1938 esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (EGJA) cases, 1728 Barrett's esophagus (BE) cases, and 16,354 controls. Logistic regression was used to estimate study‐specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for self‐reported diabetes in association with EA, EGJA, and BE. Adjusted ORs were then combined using random‐effects meta‐analysis.

Results

Diabetes was associated with a 34% increased risk of EA (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.80; I2 = 48.8% [where 0% indicates no heterogeneity, and larger values indicate increasing heterogeneity between studies]), 27% for EGJA (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.05‐1.55; I2 = 0.0%), and 30% for EA/EGJA combined (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.06‐1.58; I2 = 34.9%). Regurgitation symptoms modified the diabetes‐EA/EGJA association (P for interaction = .04) with a 63% increased risk among participants with regurgitation (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.19‐2.22), but not among those without regurgitation (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.74‐1.43). No consistent association was found between diabetes and BE.

Conclusions

Diabetes was associated with increased EA and EGJA risk, which was confined to individuals with regurgitation symptoms. Lack of an association between diabetes and BE suggests that diabetes may influence progression of BE to cancer.
Nonradiative Excited‐State Decay via Conical Intersection in Graphene Nanostructures
Authors: Chen Shunwei , Ullah Naeem , Zhao Yanling , Zhang Ruiqin
Published: September 2019

Chemical groups are known to tune the luminescent efficiencies of graphene‐related nanomaterials, but some species, including the epoxide group (−COC−), are suspected to act as emission‐quenching sites. Herein, by performing nonadiabatic excited‐state dynamics simulations, we reveal a fast (within 300 fs) nonradiative excited‐state decay of a graphene epoxide nanostructure from the lowest excited singlet (S1) state to the ground (S0) state via a conical intersection (CI), at which the energy difference between the S1 and S0 states is approximately zero. This CI is induced after breaking one C−O bond at the −COC− moiety during excited‐state structural relaxation. This study ascertains the role of epoxide groups in inducing the nonradiative recombination of the excited electron‐hole, providing important insights into the CI‐promoted nonradiative de‐excitations and the luminescence tuning of relevant materials. In addition, it shows the feasibility of utilizing nonadiabatic excited‐state dynamics simulations to investigate the photophysical processes of the excited states of graphene nanomaterials.
The Catalytic Mechanism of Human Transketolase
Authors: Prejanò Mario , Medina Fabiola Estefany , Fernandes Pedro Alexandrino , Russo Nino , Ramos Maria Joao , Marino Tiziana
Published: September 2019

We have computationally determined the catalytic mechanism of human transketolase (hTK) using a cluster model approach and density functional theory calculations. We were able to determine all the relevant structures, bringing solid evidences to the proposed experimental mechanism, and to add important detail to the structure of the transition states and the energy profile associated with catalysis. Furthermore, we have established the existence of a crucial intermediate of the catalytic cycle, in agreement with experiments. The calculated data brought new insights to hTK′s catalytic mechanism, providing free‐energy values for the chemical reaction, as well as adding atomistic detail to the experimental mechanism.
A Selective Colorimetric and Fluorometric Chemosensor Based on Conjugated Polydiacetylenes for Cadmium Ion Detection
Authors: Pham Thanh Chung , Kim Yong Kyun , Park Jung Bin , Jeon Sumin , Ahn Juhyeon , Yim Yubin , Yoon Juyoung , Lee Songyi
Published: September 2019

In the current study, a polydiacetylene (PDA)‐based sensor, derived from a chelidamic acid‐picolylamine (CP)‐substituted diacetylene monomer, displayed a selective colorimetric and fluorometric change in the presence of cadmium (Cd2+) at pH 7.4. The PDA−CP solutions showed a colorimetric change from blue to violet in response to various amounts of Cd2+. The chemosensor also showed a rapid fluorescence turn‐on response and significant selectivity to Cd2+ compared with other metallic cations. The Cd2+‐selective PDA‐based sensor system facilitated the visual detection of Cd2+ in aqueous solution. The Cd2+ detection limit of PDA−CP was reduced to 1.85×10−5 M.
The perception of corporate social responsibility and employee engagement: Examining the underlying mechanism
Authors: Farrukh Muhammad , Sajid Muhammad , Lee Jason Wai Chow , Shahzad Imran Ahmed
Published: September 2019

Despite the claims that corporate social responsibility (CSR) plays a vital role in employee behavior, the empirical support of these claims is limited especially in the Pakistani context. Thus, this paper aims to fill this gap by investigating the relationship between employees' perception of CSR and employee engagement (EE) in Pakistan. In addition, the present research also looks at the role of gender differences in terms of CSR perception and EE. The data were collected from employees working in different industries of Pakistan, such as manufacturing, banking, electronics, and oil and gas. Structural equation modeling technique was used to test the hypothesized relationships. The results revealed a significant positive impact of CSR perception on EE.

Furthermore, the moderation effect of gender on the CSR‐EE relationship was investigated. The empirical evidence showed a stronger relationship between CSR and women than men. The current study attests the importance of CSR in nurturing employees' positive work behavior. This research suggests the incorporation of CSR in a business to the maximum possible capacity.