bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’accès aux fonds contemporains des archives nationales de Tunisie : un état des lieux
Authors: Hamouda Houda Ben
Published: July 2014

Depuis l’effondrement du régime autoritaire de Ben Ali, les références à l’histoire nationale, et particulièrement à la période contemporaine, sont très présentes dans le débat public en Tunisie et appellent à des relectures du passé. Cet intérêt pour l’histoire et ce besoin de la repenser posent la question de l’accès aux sources. L’ouverture récente des archives publiques contemporaines ne semble guère susciter de curiosité dans la période de transition actuelle, si l’on excepte les archives policières et judiciaires et les documents susceptibles de permettre de disqualifier les adversaires politiques. Le rapide état des lieux des archives nationales contemporaines tunisiennes que nous proposons voudrait favoriser le nécessaire renouvellement de l’historiographie de la Tunisie contemporaine.
L’identité amazighe aux Canaries : l’historiographie des origines
Authors: Ramos-Martín Josué
Published: July 2014

Les habitants des îles Canaries, non loin des côtes africaines, ont toujours eu une place, plus ou moins importante selon les époques, au sein des discours sur l’histoire et l’identité berbère. Peu de recherches ont cependant approfondi les raisons et les modalités de ce lien. Cet article tente d’analyser comment l’historiographie des époques les plus reculées du passé canarien a inclus les Berbères (ou Amazighs) dans ce récit sur les origines. Nous décrirons dans un premier temps la genèse de ce processus historiographique et son développement chronologique. Nous analyserons ensuite plus en détail l’articulation des différents discours (avec leurs propres catégories et théories) afin de comprendre comment ils ont donné un sens à cette appartenance et quels ont été leurs effets sur la construction de l’identité canarienne.
Fille d’Octobre. Générations, engagement et histoire
Authors: Rahal Malika
Published: July 2014

Cet article a d’abord été publié comme un post sur le carnet de recherches Textures du temps. Il prend donc d’une réaction à chaud, et propose une réflexion d’ego-histoire. Affirmant son appartenance à la génération d’Octobre 1988 (date des émeutes de la jeunesse en Algérie), l’auteur réfléchit également sur le rapport des différentes générations d’Algériens aux grands événements de l’histoire contemporaine mais aussi à la possibilité d’appartenir à des générations algériennes dans le contexte de l’émigration.
GM-CSF–Neuroantigen Fusion Proteins Reverse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Mediate Tolerogenic Activity in Adjuvant-Primed Environments: Association with Inflammation-Dependent, Inhibitory Antigen Presentation
Authors: Islam S. M. Touhidul , Curtis Alan D. , Taslim Najla , Wilkinson Daniel S. , Mannie Mark D.
Published: July 2014

Single-chain fusion proteins comprised of GM-CSF and neuroantigen (NAg) are potent, NAg-specific inhibitors of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). An important question was whether GMCSF-NAg tolerogenic vaccines retained inhibitory activity within inflammatory environments or were contingent upon steady-state conditions. GM-CSF fused to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein MOG35–55 peptide (GMCSF-MOG) reversed established paralytic disease in both passive and active models of EAE in C57BL/6 mice. The fusion protein also reversed EAE in CD4-deficient and B cell–deficient mice. Notably, GMCSF-MOG inhibited EAE when coinjected adjacent to the MOG35–55/CFA emulsion. GMCSF-MOG also retained dominant inhibitory activity when directly emulsified with MOG35–55 in the CFA emulsion in both C57BL/6 or B cell–deficient models of EAE. Likewise, when combined with proteolipid protein 139–151 in CFA, GM-CSF fused to proteolipid protein 139–151 peptide inhibited EAE in SJL mice. When deliberately emulsified in CFA with the NAg, GMCSF-NAg inhibited EAE even though NAg was present at >30-fold molar excess. In vitro studies revealed that the GM-CSF domain of GMCSF-MOG stimulated growth and differentiation of inflammatory dendritic cells (DC) and simultaneously targeted the MOG35–55 domain for enhanced presentation by these DC. These inflammatory DC presented MOG35–55 to MOG-specific T cells by an inhibitory mechanism that was mediated in part by IFN-γ signaling and NO production. In conclusion, GMCSF-NAg was tolerogenic in CFA-primed proinflammatory environments by a mechanism associated with targeted Ag presentation by inflammatory DC and an inhibitory IFN-γ/NO pathway. The inhibitory activity of GMCSF-NAg in CFA-primed lymphatics distinguishes GMCSF-NAg fusion proteins as a unique class of inflammation-dependent tolerogens that are mechanistically distinct from naked peptide or protein-based tolerogens.
Neutrophils Mediate Blood–Spinal Cord Barrier Disruption in Demyelinating Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Authors: Aubé Benoit , Lévesque Sébastien A. , Paré Alexandre , Chamma Émilie , Kébir Hania , Gorina Roser , Lécuyer Marc-André , Alvarez Jorge I. , De Koninck Yves , Engelhardt Britta , Prat Alexandre , Côté Daniel , Lacroix Steve
Published: July 2014

Disruption of the blood–brain and blood–spinal cord barriers (BBB and BSCB, respectively) and immune cell infiltration are early pathophysiological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS), its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). However, their contribution to disease initiation and development remains unclear. In this study, we induced EAE in lys-eGFP-ki mice and performed single, nonterminal intravital imaging to investigate BSCB permeability simultaneously with the kinetics of GFP+ myeloid cell infiltration. We observed a loss in BSCB integrity within a day of disease onset, which paralleled the infiltration of GFP+ cells into the CNS and lasted for ∼4 d. Neutrophils accounted for a significant proportion of the circulating and CNS-infiltrating myeloid cells during the preclinical phase of EAE, and their depletion delayed the onset and reduced the severity of EAE while maintaining BSCB integrity. We also show that neutrophils collected from the blood or bone marrow of EAE mice transmigrate more efficiently than do neutrophils of naive animals in a BBB cell culture model. Moreover, using intravital videomicroscopy, we demonstrate that the IL-1R type 1 governs the firm adhesion of neutrophils to the inflamed spinal cord vasculature. Finally, immunostaining of postmortem CNS material obtained from an acutely ill multiple sclerosis patient and two neuromyelitis optica patients revealed instances of infiltrated neutrophils associated with regions of BBB or BSCB leakage. Taken together, our data provide evidence that neutrophils are involved in the initial events that take place during EAE and that they are intimately linked with the status of the BBB/BSCB.
Case Report about Fatal or Near-Fatal Hypersensitivity Reactions to Cetuximab: Anticetuximab IgE as a Valuable Screening Test
Authors: Dupont Benoît , Mariotte Delphine , Moldovan Cristian , Grellard Jean-Michel , Vergnaud Marie-Claude , Laroche Dominique , Gervais Radj
Published: July 2014

Hypersensitivity reactions are a classic side effect of cetuximab. We report the cases of three patients who developed life-threatening hypersensitivity to cetuximab, which could have been predicted by assessing the concentration of serum anticetuximab immunoglobulin (Ig)E. The anti-cetuximab IgE concentration could be an interesting test to predict which patients are at risk of experiencing severe hypersensitivity reactions to cetuximab.
Meio Século de Primavera silenciosa: um livro que mudou o mundo
Authors: Bonzi Ramón Stock
Published: July 2014

O ensaio visa investigar como a obra Primavera silenciosa, de Rachel Carson, tornou-se o livro fundador do movimento ambientalista moderno. Lançada em 1962, a obra é um alerta para os perigos do uso indiscriminado de pesticidas. Embora hoje seja presença obrigatória na bibliografia de referência de disciplinas voltadas ao estudo do meio ambiente, à época de seu lançamento a obra foi duramente combatida e sua autora, desacreditada. Este trabalho procura entender como um livro que destoava tão fortemente do senso comum pôde conquistar legitimidade e transformar-se em um dos produtos culturais mais importantes de nossa época.
Source Water Safety Investigating Unregulated Synthetic Organic Chemicals
Authors: Williams Gordon , Howe Elaine , Owens‐Bennett Emily , Hokanson David , Trussell Rhodes
Published: July 2014

Analytical technology can detect synthetic organic chemicals at increasingly smaller concentrations in our environment. Water utilities must understand the significance and potential health implications of these compounds.
Pipeline Condition‐Assessment Tools Enable Informed Decisions
Authors: Titus Russell G. , Suddard Peter
Published: July 2014

Pipes experience different levels of corrosion as they age, but pipe life isn't an accurate predictor of pipe health. How can utilities get the data they need without breaking the bank or the pipe?
Ongoing Improvements, New Technologies Lead to System Success
Authors: Munn Vincent
Published: July 2014

Florida's Palm Beach County Water Treatment Plant 9 has transitioned from a 30‐year‐old lime plant to the largest nanofiltration water treatment facility in the United States.
Agencias de Medios en un nuevo entorno comunicacional. Factor humano.
Authors: Gutiérrez Vigara José Carlos
Published: July 2014

Artículo de la sección Tribuna: investigación y profesión.
El diseño de la comunicación transmediática
Authors: Redigolo Martin
Published: July 2014

La tecnología es algo fascinante. Nos permite crear, consumir, optimizar e innovar. La tecnología hoy día es omnipresente. La respiramos. Formamos una red con ella. Ya no deberíamos hablar del Internet of Things, sino del Internet of Humans and Things. Los seres humanos y la tecnología se han fusionado. Forman un rizoma a través del cual la información fluye y las comunicaciones se expanden. Comunicaciones que son diálogos, mensajes comerciales, claims de marcas, anuncios o historias que pueden tener su origen en 735 puntos diferentes. Puntos que a su vez son nodos conectados a todo el resto de nodos. En un momento cuando el usuario tiene aquellos nodos a su disponsición para buscar, recibir o consumir información y las marcas o agencias los tienen para empezar una comunicación, una historia o un diálogo, el storytelling realmente es transmediático y hay que entenderlo como un stream continuo. Una corriente de información que requiere cada vez más conocimiento técnico de todos los elementos involucrados y conectados, pero siempre, y más importante aún, la visión centrada en el usuario que reaccionará a nuestro mensaje en base a sus valores, entorno, cultura, mindset, momento y lugar único. Porque todo mensaje emitido por nosotros como marcas, diseñadores, narradores (storytellers) o programadores a través de esa red humano-tecnológica tendrá un efecto y seremos nosotros los responsables de sus consecuencias.
La educación audiovisual y la creación de prosumidores mediáticos. Estudio de caso
Authors: Andreu-Sánchez Celia , Martín-Pascual Miguel Ángel
Published: July 2014

La Web 2.0 ofrece tecnologías que permiten a sus consumidores convertirse en prosumidores, consumidores de los productos generados por ellos mismos. En el marco de esta cultura participativa, muchos creadores profesionales de contenidos audiovisuales no están teniendo en cuenta la posibilidad de que sus consumidores se conviertan efectivamente en prosumidores, formando parte del propio proceso de producción audiovisual. Se presenta un estudio de caso basado en el trabajo de los alumnos de la asignatura «Tendencias del audiovisual contemporáneo» de 2º Grado de Publicidad y Relaciones Públicas de la Universitat de Girona. Los alumnos tuvieron que crear proyectos audiovisuales transmedia dirigidos a una audiencia de prosumidores que modificaron el contenido de los proyectos interactivamente. Con el objetivo de realizar un aprendizaje profundo de las tendencias audiovisuales actuales, se utilizó una metodología innovadora: hacer que el estudiante se dirija a un prosumidor mediático. Su alfabetización digital progresó con el uso de las herramientas en un entorno real. Los alumnos crearon proyectos audiovisuales con emisión transmedia y ampliaron su conocimiento de las tendencias audiovisuales de los prosumidores de los medios. El rol de los alumnos como creadores de contenidos dirigidos a prosumidores mediáticos provocó un alto grado de implicación en la creación audiovisual, en su aprendizaje y en el enriquecimiento de las experiencias de los usuarios. Los alumnos mostraron su interés con el contenido y el planteamiento docente de la asignatura.
Pratiques déclarées d’adaptation de l’enseignement en contexte d’inclusion d’élèves de deuxième cycle du secondaire ayant une dyslexie
Authors: Denis Constance , Lison Christelle , Lépine Martin
Published: July 2014

Au Québec, dans l’enseignement secondaire, l’inclusion d’élèves de deuxième cycle ayant une dyslexie dans les classes ordinaires est obligatoire. Neuf enseignants de français du deuxième cycle du secondaire ont été interrogés afin de 1) décrire, selon eux, ce qu’est la dyslexie et 2) identifier les pratiques déclarées d’adaptation de l’enseignement en contexte d’inclusion d’élèves de deuxième cycle du secondaire ayant une dyslexie. L’analyse des données obtenues lors d’entretiens semi-dirigés démontre que, chez ces enseignants, la définition de la dyslexie demeure parfois floue et nécessite un approfondissement. Par contre, les gestes d’adaptation sont variés et nombreux. Par ailleurs, certains enseignants perçoivent l’inclusion négativement, entre autres parce qu’ils disent manquer de formation et de soutien pour réussir cette inclusion.
A Descriptive Profile of Physical Education Teachers and Programs in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Randall Lynn , Robinson Daniel Bruce , Fletcher Tim
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this research was to investigate the extent to which quality physical education is currently being taught in Atlantic Canada. We used survey methods to generate descriptive data indicating: (a) the backgrounds of those who teach physical education and (b) what is being taught in physical education. Our findings suggest physical education is taught by a group of mostly-white teachers with varying qualifications, interests, and experiences in teaching the subject. Further, sport experiences tend to dominate the subject matter that students engage with, at the expense of dance and gymnastics. Although some physical education programs could arguably be classified as being of a sound quality according to the national subject association, we contend that more needs to be done to present the subject as a diverse enterprise, both in terms of who teaches and what is taught in physical education.
Les étudiants « sans tâche » d’enseignement en formation à l’enseignement professionnel : un phénomène nouveau et unique
Authors: Tardif Marc , Deschenaux Frédéric
Published: July 2014

Les programmes québécois de formation à l’enseignement professionnel permettent, depuis 2003, l’accès à la formation universitaire aux étudiants sans tâche (ST) d’enseignement. Cet article vise à dresser un portrait inédit de ces futurs enseignants par l’analyse des données recueillies à l’aide d’un sondage en ligne auprès de 709 étudiants, dont 102 ST. Ces résultats révèlent la présence plus importante des étudiants ST dans un nombre restreint de secteurs de formation. Aussi, cette contribution discute des choix, des stratégies et des contraintes avec lesquels ces nouveaux étudiants doivent composer au coeur de leur bifurcation professionnelle.
Supporting Educational Success for Aboriginal Students: Identifying key influences
Authors: Whitley Jessica
Published: July 2014

The academic difficulties experienced by many Aboriginal (First Nations, Métis, Inuit) students in Canada have been well-documented. Indicators such as school persistence and post-secondary enrollment are typically far lower for Aboriginal students as a group compared to non-Aboriginal students. Identifying facilitators of success is key to improving the academic experiences of Aboriginal students. Accordingly, the objective of the current study was to identify influential factors related to the educational success of Aboriginal students, from the perspective of students and teachers, through the lens of Bronfenbrenner’s (1995) “Bioecological Model.” The insights of participants spoke to the importance of relationships, self-concept and academic expectations, the relevance of the school curriculum, and academic aspirations as factors influencing educational success.
The Road to Culturally Relevant Pedagogy: Expatriate teachers' pedagogical practices in the cultural context of Saudi Arabian higher education
Authors: Hamdan Alghamdi Amani K.
Published: July 2014

This case study explored the need for culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP) in Saudi Arabian higher education, especially when students have a cultural background that differs from that of their instructor. The study documented how expatriate teachers structured their pedagogical practices in the Saudi Arabian context. It examined how these university teachers attempted to proactively accommodate students’ needs, prior experiences and performance, and how they promoted academic progress while teaching in a different culture. Six themes were revealed: (1) the challenges of constructivism in the Saudi Arabian context; (2) linking pedagogy to the lives of Saudi students; (3) alternating and adjusting teaching to address student needs; (4) connecting with students’; (5) discrepancies in teachers’ beliefs; and (6) teachers’ assumptions and expectations about knowledge. It is argued that CRP offers opportunities for better learning experiences for Saudi students. Through CRP, learning can be made more meaningful and can help in the development of a positive student identity. Some pedagogical strategies are offered to help teachers implement CRP.
Drama and Theatre Education in Canada: A snapshot
Authors: Carter Mindy R.
Published: July 2014

This “Note from the Field” provides an overview of what is happening in K to University drama and theatre education across Canada. In addition to this snapshot I offer some considerations for extending this discipline and its potential impact on curriculum, policy and practice.
European heatwave in July 2006: Observations and modeling showing how local processes amplify conducive large‐scale conditions
Authors: Chiriaco Marjolaine , Bastin Sophie , Yiou Pascal , Haeffelin Martial , Dupont Jean‐Charles , Stéfanon Marc
Published: July 2014

July 2006 was particularly warm in Europe. The consistency of this kind of anomaly with large‐scale circulation conditions or local processes is a key issue for regional climate evolution. Using observations from space and ground‐based observatory, together with simulations from regional model, shows that two concomitant but disconnected drivers explain this heatwave. The first driver corresponds to large‐scale conditions (specific atmospheric condition with advection of continental air favoring clear sky). The second condition relates to local processes (dry soil, amplifying surface temperature in heatwave for first 5 days, and making this event warm enough to induce a monthly mean anomaly). This large‐scale event is studied at a site in northern France, where comprehensive observation data carefully reanalyzed are available. A regional model is able to produce the amplitude of the event, for both temperature and cloud large‐scale anomalies. Coupling model and observations allow discriminating the surface contribution to the temperature anomaly.
All‐Natural Oil‐Filled Microcapsules from Water‐Insoluble Proteins
Authors: Filippidi Emmanouela , Patel Ashok R. , Bouwens Elisabeth C. M. , Voudouris Panayiotis , Velikov Krassimir P.
Published: July 2014

The formation and characterization of a novel class of all‐natural digestible microcapsules containing a liquid lipid core encapsulated by a water‐insoluble protein shell with tunable thickness is demonstrated. As an example of a water‐insoluble protein, zein is used—the protein of corn—which is an attractive biomaterial from a sustainable source. The microcapsules are prepared by a direct and simple method, based on the precipitation of protein from the continuous phase of an oil‐in‐(water/ethanol) emulsion onto the oil droplets without the need of any surfactant. The shell thickness can be controlled by the amount of precipitated protein. An in vitro digestion assay is performed to study the lipid hydrolysis and biodegradability. The rate of lipid hydrolysis and release of fatty acids are highly dependent on the protein shell thickness. All‐natural edible microcapsules with controlled degradation under gastrointestinal conditions can enable new applications for oral delivery systems. They may further be used as a model system for controlled release studies of lipophilic compounds and could promote the sustainable use of underutilized water insoluble proteins as functional biomaterials.
A Multistep Photothermic‐Driven Drug Release System Using Wire‐Framed Au Nanobundles
Authors: Bang Doyeon , Lee Taeksu , Choi Jihye , Park Yeonji , Kim Eunkyoung , Huh Yong‐Min , Haam Seungjoo
Published: July 2014

Here, wire‐framed Au nanobundles (WNBs), which consist of randomly oriented and mutually connected Au wires to form a bundle shape, are synthesized. In contrast to conventional nanoparticles (spheres, rods, cubes, and stars), which exhibit nanostructure only on the surface, cross‐sectional view image shows that WNBs have nanostructures in a whole volume. By using this specific property of WNBs, an externally controllable multistep photothermic‐driven drug release (PDR) system is demonstrated for in vivo cancer treatment. In contrast to conventional nanoparticles that encapsulate a drug on their surface, WNBs preserve the drug payload in the overall inner volume, providing a drug loading capacity sufficient for cancer therapy. An improved in vivo therapeutic efficacy of PDR therapy is also demonstrated by delivering sufficient amount of drugs to the target tumor region.
The genetics of hemoglobin A2 regulation in sickle cell anemia
Authors: Griffin Paula J. , Sebastiani Paola , Edward Heather , Baldwin Clinton T. , Gladwin Mark T. , Gordeuk Victor R. , Chui David H.K. , Steinberg Martin H.
Published: July 2014

Hemoglobin A2, a tetramer of α‐ and δ‐globin chains, comprises less than 3% of total hemoglobin in normal adults. In northern Europeans, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HBS1L‐MYB locus on chromosome 6q and the HBB cluster on chromosome 11p were associated with HbA2 levels. We examined the genetic basis of HbA2 variability in sickle cell anemia using genome‐wide association studies. HbA2 levels were associated with SNPs in the HBS1L‐MYB interval and SNPs in BCL11A. These effects are mediated by the association of these loci with γ‐globin gene expression and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels. The association of polymorphisms downstream of the β‐globin gene (HBB) cluster on chromosome 11 with HbA2 was not mediated by HbF. In sickle cell anemia, levels of HbA2 appear to be modulated by trans‐acting genes that affect HBG expression and perhaps also elements within the β‐globin gene cluster. HbA2 is expressed pancellularly and can inhibit HbS polymerization. It remains to be seen if genetic regulators of HbA2 can be exploited for therapeutic purposes. Am. J. Hematol. 89:1019–1023, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct Asymmetric anti‐Mannich‐Type Reactions Catalyzed by Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives
Authors: Jin Ying , Chen Di , Zhang Xiu Rong
Published: July 2014

A series of cinchona alkaloid derivatives were used to catalyze the asymmetric anti‐Mannich‐type reaction of 3‐methyl‐2‐oxindole with N‐tosyl aryl aldimines. The resulting anti‐3,3‐disubstituted 2‐oxindole products were obtained in good yields (up to 92%) with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (anti/syn up to 97:3 and 91% ee). Chirality 26:801–805, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Climate warming decreases the survival of the little auk (Alle alle), a highArctic avian predator
Authors: Hovinen Johanna E. H. , Welcker Jorg , Descamps Sébastien , Strøm Hallvard , Jerstad Kurt , Berge Jørgen , Steen Harald
Published: July 2014

Delayed maturity, low fecundity, and high adult survival are traits typical for species with a long‐life expectancy. For such species, even a small change in adult survival can strongly affect the population dynamics and viability. We examined the effects of both regional and local climatic variability on adult survival of the little auk, a long‐lived and numerous Arctic seabird species. We conducted a mark‐resighting study for a period of 8 years (2006‐2013) simultaneously at three little auk breeding sites that are influenced by the West Spitsbergen Current, which is the main carrier of warm, Atlantic water into the Arctic. We found that the survival of adult little auks was negatively correlated with both the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and local summer sea surface temperature (SST), with a time lag of 2 and 1 year, respectively. The effects ofNAOandSSTwere likely mediated through a change in food quality and/or availability: (1) reproduction, growth, and development of ArcticCalanuscopepods, the main prey of little auks, are negatively influenced by a reduction in sea ice, reduced ice algal production, and an earlier but shorter lasting spring bloom, all of which result from an increasedNAO; (2) a high sea surface temperature shortens the reproductive period of ArcticCalanus, decreasing the number of eggs produced. A synchronous variation in survival rates at the different colonies indicates that climatic forcing was similar throughout the study area. Our findings suggest that a predicted warmer climate in the Arctic will negatively affect the population dynamics of the little auk, a high Arctic avian predator.
Long‐term HPV type‐specific risks of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial lesions: A 14‐year follow‐up of a randomized primary HPV screening trial
Authors: Smelov Vitaly , Elfström K. Miriam , Johansson Anna L.V. , Eklund Carina , Naucler Pontus , Arnheim‐Dahlström Lisen , Dillner Joakim
Published: July 2014

Quantitative knowledge of the long‐term human papillomavirus (HPV) type‐specific risks for high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias Grades 2 and 3 (CIN2 and CIN3) is useful for estimating the effect of elimination of specific HPV types and clinical benefits of screening for specific HPV types. We estimated HPV type‐specific risks for CIN2 and CIN3 using a randomized primary HPV screening trial followed up for 14.6 years using comprehensive, nationwide registers. Poisson regression estimated cumulative incidences, population attributable proportions (PAR) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of high‐grade lesions by baseline HPV type, with censoring at date of first CIN2/3 or last registered cytology. Multivariate analysis adjusted for coinfections. IRRs were highest during the first screening round, but continued to be high throughout follow‐up (IRRs for CIN3 associated with high‐risk (HR) HPV positivity were 226.9, 49.3, 17.7 and 10.3 during the first, second and third screening round and for >9 years of follow‐up, respectively). Increased long‐term risks were found particularly for HPV Types 16, 18 and 31 and for CIN3+ risks. HPV16/18/31/33 had 14‐year cumulative incidences for CIN3+ above 28%, HPV35/45/52/58 had 14 year risks between 14% and 18% and HPV39/51/56/59/66/68 had risks <10%. HPV16 contributed to the greatest proportion of CIN2+ (first round PAR 36%), followed by Types 31, 52, 45 and 58 (7–11%). HPV16/18/31/33/45/52/58 together contributed 73.9% of CIN2+ lesions and all HR types contributed 86.9%. In summary, we found substantial differences in risks for CIN2 and CIN3 between different oncogenic HPV types. These differences may be relevant for both clinical management and design of preventive strategies.
Dual Thermo‐ and pH‐Responsive Zwitterionic Sulfobataine Copolymers for Oral Delivery System
Authors: Chen Ching‐Yi , Wang Hsiang‐Ling
Published: July 2014

A novel oral delivery system consisting of thermoresponsive zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) and pH‐responsive poly(2‐(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDPA) is synthesized via free radical polymerization. This copolymer can self‐aggregate into nanoparticles via electrostatic attraction between ammonium cation and sulfo‐anion of PSBMA and successfully encapsulate anticancer drug, curcumin (CUR), with highest loading content of 2.6% in the P(SBMA‐co‐DPA) nanoparticles. The stimuli‐responsive phase transition behaviors of P(SBMA‐co‐DPA) copolymers at different pH buffer solution show pH‐dependent upper critical solution temperature (UCST) attributed to the influence of protonation/deprotonation of the pH‐responsive DPA segments. Through the delicate adjustment of the PSBMA/PDPA molar ratios, the stimuli‐responsive phase transition could be suitable for physiological environment. The kinetic drug release profiles demonstrate that P(SBMA‐co‐DPA) nanoparticles have the potential as oral delivery carriers due to their effective release of entrapped drugs in the stimulated intestinal fluid and preventing the deterioration of drug in stimulated gastric fluid.

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Bacterial Cellulose Nanopaper as Reinforcement for Polylactide Composites: Renewable Thermoplastic NanoPaPreg
Authors: Montrikittiphant Thanit , Tang Min , Lee Koon‐Yang , Williams Charlotte K. , Bismarck Alexander
Published: July 2014

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is often regarded as a prime candidate nano‐reinforcement for the production of renewable nanocomposites. However, the mechanical performance of most BC nanocomposites is often inferior compared with commercially available polylactide (PLLA). Here, the manufacturing concept of paper‐based laminates is used, i.e., “PaPreg,” to produce BC nanopaper reinforced PLLA, which has been called “nanoPaPreg” by the authors. It is demon­strated that high‐performance nanoPaPreg (vf = 65 vol%) with a tensile modulus and strength of 6.9 ± 0.5 GPa and 125 ± 10 MPa, respectively, can be fabricated. It is also shown that the tensile properties of nanoPaPreg are predominantly governed by the mechanical performance of BC nanopaper instead of the individual BC nanofibers, due to difficulties impregnating the dense nanofibrous BC network.

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Influence of crystal field excitations on thermal and electrical resistivity of normal rare‐earth metals
Authors: Durczewski K. , Gajek Z. , Mucha J.
Published: July 2014

A simple formula describing the influence of the crystalline electric field free‐ion excitations on the temperature dependence of the contribution of the s–f scattering to the thermal resistivity of normal rare‐earth metals is presented. The corresponding formula for the electrical resistivity is also given and compared to the one being currently used. Theoretical electron–phonon scattering contributions derived in earlier papers and constant impurity scattering contributions are added to the derived s–f contribution formulae in order to fit the total electrical and thermal resistivity represented as functions of the temperature to experimental dependences on the temperature for DyIn and in this way to manifest applicability of the derived formulae to real materials.
Modelling of Fault Detection and Diagnostics for Hybrid Bus Using Chain Graph Models
Authors: Flaccadoro Diana , Cervellera Cristiano , Bosia Giorgio , Riccomagno Eva
Published: July 2014

Graphical models are statistical models supported on a graph structure: nodes represent random variables, and missing edges represent probabilistic relationship of conditional independence. This makes them suited to model the behavior of complex systems that are difficult to model through mathematical equations. In this work, this possibility is exploited in a context of diagnostics and fault detection. Specifically, the fault detection problem is reduced to the evaluation of a conditional probability. The relevant conditional distribution is derived from the analysis of a suitable graphical model taking advantage of the so‐called Markov properties.

As a case study, we consider diagnostics of a hybrid bus, characterized by the combined use of a diesel engine and an electrical engine. The aim of the study is to verify the correct operation of the electrical system, in particular the status of the battery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
E‐correlator: an entropy‐based alert correlation system
Authors: GhasemiGol Mohammad , Ghaemi‐Bafghi Abbas
Published: July 2014

With the rapid size and complexity growth of computer networks, network supervisors are now facing a new problem, which is to analyze and manage the large amounts of security alerts that can be generated by security devices. Alert correlation systems attempt to solve this problem by finding the similarity and causality relationships between raw alerts and providing high‐level view of the network under surveillance. Several alert correlation methods have been proposed recently to detect known attack scenarios. This paper focuses on how to develop an intrusion‐alert correlation system according to the information existed in the raw alerts without using any predefined knowledge. For this purpose, first, we define the concept of alert partial entropy to find the alert clusters with the same information. Then, we represent the alert clusters by an intelligible notation called hyper‐alerts. The network supervisor can reduce the number of hyper‐alerts based on the principle of maximum entropy or by using the concept of hyper‐alerts partial entropy. For more visualization, we define the hyper‐alerts graph, which provides a global view of intrusion alerts. Our results show that the proposed entropy‐based alert correlation system (E‐correlator) can simplify the analysis of large number of alerts. We achieved the promising reduction ratio of 99.98% in LLS_DDOS_1.0 attack scenario in DARPA2000 dataset while the constructed hyper‐alerts have enough information to discover the attacker, the victim, and the attack scenario. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of codon-optimized E. coli signal peptides on recombinant Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase periplasmic localization, yield and activity
Authors: Samant Shalaka , Gupta Gunja , Karthikeyan Subbulakshmi , Haq Saiful F , Nair Ayyappan , Sambasivam Ganesh , Sukumaran Sunilkumar
Published: July 2014

Recombinant proteins can be targeted to the Escherichia coli periplasm by fusing them to signal peptides. The popular pET vectors facilitate fusion of target proteins to the PelB signal. A systematic comparison of the PelB signal with native E. coli signal peptides for recombinant protein expression and periplasmic localization is not reported. We chose the Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase (MA), an industrial enzyme widely used in the baking and brewing industry, as a model protein and analyzed the competence of seven, codon-optimized, E. coli signal sequences to translocate MA to the E. coli periplasm compared to PelB. MA fusions to three of the signals facilitated enhanced periplasmic localization of MA compared to the PelB fusion. Interestingly, these three fusions showed greatly improved MA yields and between 18- and 50-fold improved amylase activities compared to the PelB fusion. Previously, non-optimal codon usage in native E. coli signal peptide sequences has been reported to be important for protein stability and activity. Our results suggest that E. coli signal peptides with optimal codon usage could also be beneficial for heterologous protein secretion to the periplasm. Moreover, such fusions could even enhance activity rather than diminish it. This effect, to our knowledge has not been previously documented. In addition, the seven vector platform reported here could also be used as a screen to identify the best signal peptide partner for other recombinant targets of interest.
Heavy oils, principally long-chain n-alkanes secreted by Aureobasidium pullulans var. melanogenum strain P5 isolated from mangrove system
Authors: Liu Yuan-Yuan , Chi Zhe , Wang Zhi-Peng , Liu Guang-Lei , Chi Zhen-Ming
Published: July 2014

In this study, the yeast strain P5 isolated from a mangrove system was identified to be a strain of Aureobasidium pullulans var. melanogenum and was found to be able to secrete a large amount of heavy oil into medium. After optimization of the medium for heavy oil production and cell growth by the yeast strain P5, it was found that 120.0 g/l of glucose and 0.1 % corn steep liquor were the most suitable for heavy oil production. During 10-l fermentation, the yeast strain P5 produced 32.5 g/l of heavy oil and cell mass was 23.0 g/l within 168 h. The secreted heavy oils contained 66.15 % of the long-chain n-alkanes and 26.4 % of the fatty acids, whereas the compositions of the fatty acids in the yeast cells were only C16:0 (21.2 %), C16:1(2.8 %), C18:0 (2.9 %), C18:1 (39.8 %), and C18:2 (33.3 %). We think that the secreted heavy oils may be used as a new source of petroleum in marine environments. This is the first report of yeast cells which can secrete the long-chain n-alkanes.
Lipid Emulsions Differentially Affect LPS‐Induced Acute Monocytes Inflammation: In Vitro Effects on Membrane Remodeling and Cell Viability
Authors: Boisramé‐Helms Julie , Delabranche Xavier , Klymchenko Andrey , Drai Jocelyne , Blond Emilie , Zobairi Fatiha , Mely Yves , Hasselmann Michel , Toti Florence , Meziani Ferhat
Published: July 2014

The aim of this study was to assess how lipid emulsions for parenteral nutrition affect lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced acute monocyte inflammation in vitro. An 18 h long LPS induced human monocyte leukemia cell stimulation was performed and the cell‐growth medium was supplemented with three different industrial lipid emulsions: Intralipid®, containing long‐chain triglycerides (LCT—soybean oil); Medialipid®, containing LCT (soybean oil) and medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT—coconut oil); and SMOFlipid®, containing LCT, MCT, omega‐9 and ‐3 (soybean, coconut, olive and fish oils). Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by Trypan blue exclusion and flow cytometry respectively. Monocyte composition and membrane remodeling were studied using gas chromatography and NR12S staining. Microparticles released in supernatant were measured by prothrombinase assay. After LPS challenge, both cellular necrosis and apoptosis were increased (threefold and twofold respectively) and microparticle release was enhanced (sevenfold) after supplementation with Medialipid® compared to Intralipid®, SMOFlipid® and monocytes in the standard medium. The monocytes differentially incorporated fatty acids after lipid emulsion challenge. Finally, lipid‐treated cells displayed microparticles characterized by disrupted membrane lipid order, reflecting lipid remodeling of the parental cell plasma membrane. Our data suggest that lipid emulsions differentially alter cell viability, monocyte composition and thereby microparticle release. While MCT have deleterious effects, we have shown that parenteral nutrition emulsion containing LCT or LCT and MCT associated to n‐3 and n‐9 fatty acids have no effect on endotoxin‐induced cell death and inflammation.
Emerging lessons from the FIGO LOGIC initiative on maternal death and near‐miss reviews
Authors: Lewis Gwyneth
Published: July 2014

This short paper describes some early findings from an overview of the maternal death or severe morbidity “near‐miss” reviews that have been undertaken to improve clinical care by the eight societies participating in the FIGO Leadership in Obstetrics and Gynecology for Impact and Change (LOGIC) Initiative in Maternal and Newborn Health aimed at strengthening the role of professional obstetric associations. While it is expected that each will publish its own report, generalizable lessons emerged and valuable solutions were implemented that will help others planning such reviews and audits in future.
A novel perovskite based catalyst with high selectivity and activity for partial oxidation of methane for fuel cell applications
Authors: Staniforth J. , Evans S. E. , Good O. J. , Darton R. J. , Ormerod R. M.
Published: July 2014

The introduction of nickel into a strontium zirconate perovskite converts the reforming characteristics from one of limited activity and total oxidation to one of high activity and selectivity for partial oxidation.
Form factor of pNIPAM microgels in overpacked states
Authors: Gasser U. , Hyatt J. S. , Lietor-Santos J.-J. , Herman E. S. , Lyon L. A. , Fernandez-Nieves A.
Published: July 2014

We study the form factor of thermoresponsive microgels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) at high generalized volume fractions, ζ, where the particles must shrink or interpenetrate to fit into the available space. Small-angle neutron scattering with contrast matching techniques is used to determine the particle form factor. We find that the particle size is constant up to a volume fraction roughly between random close packing and space filling. Beyond this point, the particle size decreases with increasing particle concentration; this decrease is found to occur with little interpenetration. Noteworthily, the suspensions remain liquid-like for ζ larger than 1, emphasizing the importance of particle softness in determining suspension behavior.
Low energy positron interactions with uracil—Total scattering, positronium formation, and differential elastic scattering cross sections
Authors: Anderson E. K. , Boadle R. A. , Machacek J. R. , Chiari L. , Makochekanwa C. , Buckman S. J. , Brunger M. J. , Garcia G. , Blanco F. , Ingolfsson O. , Sullivan J. P.
Published: July 2014

Measurements of the grand total and total positronium formation cross sections for positron scattering from uracil have been performed for energies between 1 and 180 eV, using a trap-based beam apparatus. Angular, quasi-elastic differential cross section measurements at 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 eV are also presented and discussed. These measurements are compared to existing experimental results and theoretical calculations, including our own calculations using a variant of the independent atom approach.
Depth profile reconstructions of electronic transport properties in H+ MeV-energy ion-implanted n-Si wafers using photocarrier radiometry
Authors: Tai Rui , Wang Chinhua , Hu Jingpei , Mandelis Andreas
Published: July 2014

A depth profiling technique using photocarrier radiometry (PCR) is demonstrated and used for the reconstruction of continuously varying electronic transport properties (carrier lifetime and electronic diffusivity) in the interim region between the ion residence layer and the bulk crystalline layer in H+ implanted semiconductor wafers with high implantation energies (∼MeV). This defect-rich region, which is normally assumed to be part of the homogeneous “substrate” in all existing two- and three-layer models, was sliced into many virtual thin layers along the depth direction so that the continuously and monotonically variable electronic properties across its thickness can be considered uniform within each virtual layer. The depth profile reconstruction of both carrier life time and diffusivity in H+ implanted wafers with several implantation doses (3 × 1014, 3 × 1015, and 3 × 1016 cm−2) and different implantation energies (from 0.75 to 2.0 MeV) is presented. This all-optical PCR method provides a fast non-destructive way of characterizing sub-surface process-induced electronic defect profiles in devices under fabrication at any intermediate stage before final metallization and possibly lead to process correction and optimization well before electrical testing and defect diagnosis becomes possible.
Investigating fusion plasma instabilities in the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak using mega electron volt proton emissions (invited)
Authors: Perez R. V. , Boeglin W. U. , Darrow D. S. , Cecconello M. , Klimek I. , Allan S. Y. , Akers R. J. , Keeling D. L. , McClements K. G. , Scannell R. , Turnyanskiy M. , Angulo A. , Avila P. , Leon O. , Lopez C. , Jones O. M. , Conway N. J. , Michael C. A.
Published: July 2014

The proton detector (PD) measures 3 MeV proton yield distributions from deuterium-deuterium fusion reactions within the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak (MAST). The PD’s compact four-channel system of collimated and individually oriented silicon detectors probes different regions of the plasma, detecting protons (with gyro radii large enough to be unconfined) leaving the plasma on curved trajectories during neutral beam injection. From first PD data obtained during plasma operation in 2013, proton production rates (up to several hundred kHz and 1 ms time resolution) during sawtooth events were compared to the corresponding MAST neutron camera data. Fitted proton emission profiles in the poloidal plane demonstrate the capabilities of this new system.
Faraday-effect polarimeter-interferometer system for current density measurement on EAST
Authors: Liu H. Q. , Jie Y. X. , Ding W. X. , Brower D. L. , Zou Z. Y. , Li W. M. , Wang Z. X. , Qian J. P. , Yang Y. , Zeng L. , Lan T. , Wei X. C. , Li G. S. , Hu L. Q. , Wan B. N.
Published: July 2014

A multichannel far-infrared laser-based POlarimeter-INTerferometer (POINT) system utilizing the three-wave technique is under development for current density and electron density profile measurements in the EAST tokamak. Novel molybdenum retro-reflectors are mounted in the inside wall for the double-pass optical arrangement. A Digital Phase Detector with 250 kHz bandwidth, which will provide real-time Faraday rotation angle and density phase shift output, have been developed for use on the POINT system. Initial calibration indicates the electron line-integrated density resolution is less than 5 × 1016 m−2 (∼2°), and the Faraday rotation angle rms phase noise is <0.1°.
Controllable pneumatic generator based on the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Kim Kyung-Rok , Kim Kyung-Soo , Kim Soohyun
Published: July 2014

This paper presents a novel compact and controllable pneumatic generator that uses hydrogen peroxide decomposition. A fuel micro-injector using a piston-pump mechanism is devised and tested to control the chemical decomposition rate. By controlling the injection rate, the feedback controller maintains the pressure of the gas reservoir at a desired pressure level. Thermodynamic analysis and experiments are performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed pneumatic generator. Using a prototype of the pneumatic generator, it takes 6 s to reach 3.5 bars with a reservoir volume of 200 ml at the room temperature, which is sufficiently rapid and effective to maintain the repetitive lifting of a 1 kg mass.
Design of solid state neutral particle analyzer array for National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade
Authors: Liu D. , Heidbrink W. W. , Tritz K. , Zhu Y. B. , Roquemore A. L. , Medley S. S.
Published: July 2014

A new compact, multi-channel Solid State Neutral Particle Analyzer (SSNPA) diagnostic based on silicon photodiode array has been designed and is being fabricated for the National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade (NSTX-U). The SSNPA system utilizes a set of vertically stacked photodiode arrays in current mode viewing the same plasma region with different filter thickness to obtain fast temporal resolution (∼120 kHz bandwidth) and coarse energy information in three bands of >25 keV, >45 keV, and >65 keV. The SSNPA system consists of 15 radial sightlines that intersect existing on-axis neutral beams at major radii between 90 and 130 cm, 15 tangential sightlines that intersect new off-axis neutral beams at major radii between 120 and 145 cm. These two subsystems aim at separating the response of passing and trapped fast ions. In addition, one photodiode array whose viewing area does not intersect any neutral beams is used to monitor passive signals produced by fast ions that charge exchange with background neutrals.