bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COGNITIVE ABILITIES OF MALTREATED CHILDREN
Authors: Viezel Kathleen D. , Freer Benjamin D. , Lowell Ari , Castillo Jenean A.
Published: November 2014

School psychologists should be aware of developmental risk factors for children who have been abused or neglected. The present study used the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition to examine the cognitive abilities of 120 children in foster care subsequent to maltreatment. Results indicated that, compared to a demographically matched comparison group, the children who experienced maltreatment had lower full‐scale intelligence quotients and profile analysis uncovered potential strengths and weaknesses. The perceptual reasoning and working memory abilities of the maltreated group were commensurate with those of the comparison group. Conversely, the overall verbal comprehension and processing speed abilities of the maltreated children were significantly lower than the control group. At the subtest level, the children who experienced maltreatment had lower Vocabulary, Comprehension, and Coding scores. To address the paucity of information in the literature about children who have been neglected, follow‐up analyses were conducted for children who were neglected, but not abused. Results indicated a similar, but not identical, pattern of findings. Implications and recommendations for school psychologists are discussed.
Accuracy of first‐trimester ultrasound in diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy prior to visualization of the yolk sac: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Richardson A. , Gallos I. , Dobson S. , Campbell B. K. , Coomarasamy A. , Raine‐Fenning N.
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in predicting the location of an intrauterine pregnancy before visualization of the yolk sac is possible.

Methods

This was a systematic review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement and registered with PROSPERO. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library for relevant citations. Studies were selected in a two‐stage process and their data extracted by two reviewers. Accuracy measures were calculated for each ultrasound sign, i.e. gestational sac, double decidual sac sign, intradecidual sign, chorionic rim sign and yolk sac. Individual study estimates were plotted in summary receiver–operating characteristics curves and forest plots for examination of heterogeneity. The quality of included studies was assessed.

Results

Seventeen studies including 2564 women were selected from 19 959 potential papers. Following meta‐analysis, the presence of a gestational sac on ultrasound examination was found to predict an intrauterine pregnancy with a sensitivity of 52.8% (95% CI, 38.2–66.9%) and specificity of 97.6% (95% CI, 94.3–99.0%). The corresponding performance of the double decidual sac sign, intradecidual sign, chorionic rim sign and yolk sac were: 81.8% (95% CI, 68.1–90.4%) and 97.3% (95% CI, 76.1–99.8%); 66.1% (95% CI, 58.9–72.8%) and 100% (95% CI, 91.0–100%); 79.9% (95% CI, 73.0–85.7%) and 97.1% (95% CI, 89.9–99.6%); and 42.2% (95% CI, 27.7–57.9%) and 100% (95% CI, 54.1–100%), respectively.

Conclusion

Visualization of a gestational sac, double decidual sac sign, intradecidual sign or chorionic rim sign increases the probability of an intrauterine pregnancy but is not as accurate for diagnosis as the detection of the yolk sac. However, the findings were limited by the small number and poor quality of the studies included and heterogeneity in the index test and reference standard. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Chromosomal microarray in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency
Authors: Lund I. C. B. , Christensen R. , Petersen O. B. , Vogel I. , Vestergaard E. M.
Published: November 2014

Objective

To assess the clinical value of using high‐resolution chromosomal microarray (CMA) for the examination of genomic imbalances in prenatal uncultured chorionic villus samples from fetuses with increased nuchal translucency (NT) and a normal quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF‐PCR) result, in a clinical setting in which more than 95% of pregnant women receive first‐trimester combined screening.

Methods

From January 2013 to July 2014, we included 132 chorionic villus samples from consecutive ongoing pregnancies, with fetal NT ≥ 3.5  mm at 11–13 weeks' gestation, from obstetric units (publicly funded healthcare) in Central and North Denmark Regions. DNA was extracted directly from the samples and examined with QF‐PCR (n = 132) and 180 kb oligonucleotide array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (n =  94).

Results

In 38 cases, aneuploidies for chromosomes 18, 21 or X, or triploidy, were detected by QF‐PCR. Among the 94 cases with a normal QF‐PCR result, we detected pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) by CMA in 12 fetuses (12.8% (95% CI, 7.5–21.0%)). In an additional three (3.2%) cases, CNVs with uncertain clinical significance were detected.

Conclusion

CMA is a valuable diagnostic technique in pregnancies with isolated fetal NT ≥ 3.5 mm. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A review and classification of analytical methods for climate change adaptation
Authors: Hinkel Jochen , Bisaro Alexander
Published: November 2014

The exchange of coherent arguments about methods applied in the field of climate change adaptation is challenging due to the growing diversity of analytical methods applied from natural science and social science. This is further complicated by the abstract and ambiguous terms, such as vulnerability and adaptive capacity, employed in the literature and the inadequate consideration given to the wider array of social science methods that are being applied now that adaptation has become a practical necessity. To address these limitations, a review and novel classification of vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation methods is presented. Methods are classified based on goals addressed, thematic clusters of variables involved, and underlying theoretical assumptions. On the top‐level, methods are distinguished into impact analysis, behavior analysis, institutional analysis, and decision analysis methods. The first three branches are further classified according to descriptive, explanatory, and predictive goals, as well as theoretical assumptions. For each type, empirical conditions of applicability and examples from the literature are presented. While this classification can only be partial due to the ever growing methodological diversity in the field of climate change adaptation, we provide a more rigorous basis for the coherent exchange of methodological arguments and thereby hope to foster the interdisciplinary dialog needed to advance the field. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:171–188. doi: 10.1002/wcc.322

This article is categorized under:

Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation
Protecting the vulnerable victim in criminal injuries matters
Authors: Guthrie Robert
Published: November 2014

Each year large numbers of persons sustain serious injury as a consequence of criminal behaviours. All Australian jurisdictions provide systems of compensation to those harmed in this way. In many instances assessors of compensation have to consider not simply the appropriate and fair amount of compensation but how a person will be affected by the payment of compensation. Often those applicants apply through their guardians or a public trustee, although many applicants apply in person. This paper examines the use of legislative provisions, rules regulations and practices in the various Australian jurisdictions in relation to how vulnerable criminal injuries applicants may be protected once an award of compensation is made in their favour. Most jurisdictions provide for a mechanism by which compensation awarded may be held in trust in the event that the compensation assessor considers that the applicant may be unable to manage her or his financial affairs and where it would be in the best interests of the applicant. When considering what is in the best interests of the applicant the assessor will have regard to the manner in which the inability to manage financial matters has arisen either as a consequence of the offence the subject of the application, pre-exiting mental health issues, substance addiction and abuse or vulnerability to exploitation by family members or close associates. This paper explores what factors are taken into account by assessors in the absence of and pursuant to legislative directions. It considers how the approach may vary across jurisdictions and creative approaches to protection vulnerable criminally injured persons.
The Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder: System Architecture and Specifications of the Boolardy Engineering Test Array
Authors: Hotan A. W. , Bunton J. D. , Harvey-Smith L. , Humphreys B. , Jeffs B. D. , Shimwell T. , Tuthill J. , Voronkov M. , Allen G. , Amy S. , Ardern K. , Axtens P. , Ball L. , Bannister K. , Barker S. , Bateman T. , Beresford R. , Bock D. , Bolton R. , Bowen M. , Boyle B. , Braun R. , Broadhurst S. , Brodrick D. , Brooks K. , Brothers M. , Brown A. , Cantrall C. , Carrad G. , Chapman J. , Cheng W. , Chippendale A. , Chung Y. , Cooray F. , Cornwell T. , Davis E. , de Souza L. , DeBoer D. , Diamond P. , Edwards P. , Ekers R. , Feain I. , Ferris D. , Forsyth R. , Gough R. , Grancea A. , Gupta N. , Guzman J. C. , Hampson G. , Haskins C. , Hay S. , Hayman D. , Hoyle S. , Jacka C. , Jackson C. , Jackson S. , Jeganathan K. , Johnston S. , Joseph J. , Kendall R. , Kesteven M. , Kiraly D. , Koribalski B. , Leach M. , Lenc E. , Lensson E. , Li L. , Mackay S. , Macleod A. , Maher T. , Marquarding M. , McClure-Griffiths N. , McConnell D. , Mickle S. , Mirtschin P. , Norris R. , Neuhold S. , Ng A. , O’Sullivan J. , Pathikulangara J. , Pearce S. , Phillips C. , Qiao R. Y. , Reynolds J. E. , Rispler A. , Roberts P. , Roxby D. , Schinckel A. , Shaw R. , Shields M. , Storey M. , Sweetnam T. , Troup E. , Turner B. , Tzioumis A. , Westmeier T. , Whiting M. , Wilson C. , Wilson T. , Wormnes K. , Wu X.
Published: November 2014

This paper describes the system architecture of a newly constructed radio telescope – the Boolardy engineering test array, which is a prototype of the Australian square kilometre array pathfinder telescope. Phased array feed technology is used to form multiple simultaneous beams per antenna, providing astronomers with unprecedented survey speed. The test array described here is a six-antenna interferometer, fitted with prototype signal processing hardware capable of forming at least nine dual-polarisation beams simultaneously, allowing several square degrees to be imaged in a single pointed observation. The main purpose of the test array is to develop beamforming and wide-field calibration methods for use with the full telescope, but it will also be capable of limited early science demonstrations.
Curcuma oil attenuates accelerated atherosclerosis and macrophage foam-cell formation by modulating genes involved in plaque stability, lipid homeostasis and inflammation
Authors: Singh Vishal , Rana Minakshi , Jain Manish , Singh Niharika , Naqvi Arshi , Malasoni Richa , Dwivedi Anil Kumar , Dikshit Madhu , Barthwal Manoj Kumar
Published: November 2014

In the present study, the anti-atherosclerotic effect and the underlying mechanism of curcuma oil (C. oil), a lipophilic fraction from turmeric (Curcuma longaL.), was evaluated in a hamster model of accelerated atherosclerosis and in THP-1 macrophages. Male golden Syrian hamsters were subjected to partial carotid ligation (PCL) or FeCl3-induced arterial oxidative injury (Ox-injury) after 1 week of treatment with a high-cholesterol (HC) diet or HC diet plus C. oil (100 and 300 mg/kg, orally). Hamsters fed with the HC diet were analysed at 1, 3 and 5 weeks following carotid injury. The HC diet plus C. oil-fed group was analysed at 5 weeks. In hyperlipidaemic hamsters with PCL or Ox-injury, C. oil (300 mg/kg) reduced elevated plasma and aortic lipid levels, arterial macrophage accumulation, and stenosis when compared with those subjected to arterial injury alone. Similarly, elevated mRNA transcripts of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2),MMP-9, cluster of differentiation 45 (CD45),TNF-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ),IL-1βandIL-6were reduced in atherosclerotic arteries, while those of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) andIL-10were increased after the C. oil treatment (300 mg/kg). The treatment with C. oil prevented HC diet- and oxidised LDL (OxLDL)-induced lipid accumulation, decreased the mRNA expression ofCD68andCD36, and increased the mRNA expression ofPPARα,LXRα,ABCA1andABCG1in both hyperlipidaemic hamster-derived peritoneal and THP-1 macrophages. The administration of C. oil suppressed the mRNA expression ofTNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6andIFN-γand increased the expression ofTGF-βin peritoneal macrophages. In THP-1 macrophages, C. oil supplementation prevented OxLDL-induced production ofTNF-αandIL-1βand increased the levels ofTGF-β. The present study shows that C. oil attenuates arterial injury-induced accelerated atherosclerosis, inflammation and macrophage foam-cell formation.
Effects of psyllium on LDL-cholesterol concentrations in Brazilian children and adolescents: a randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel clinical trial
Authors: Ribas Simone Augusta , Cunha Diana Barbosa , Sichieri Rosely , Santana da Silva Luiz Carlos
Published: November 2014

The present study investigated the LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering effects of psyllium in Brazilian dyslipidaemic children and adolescents. A total of fifty-one individuals (6–19 years) with mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolaemia were evaluated by conducting a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel clinical trial. Over an 8-week trial period, the participants were randomly allocated to one of two groups (control:n25 and psyllium:n26) using a computer-generated random number sequence. Fasting blood samples, dietary records and anthropometric data were collected. Both groups were treated with the National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet for 6 weeks before randomisation. After this run-in period, a daily supplement of 7·0 g psyllium was given to the intervention group, while an equivalent amount of cellulose was given to the control group. Statistically significant changes between the control and intervention groups over time were observed for total cholesterol (7·7 %; − 0·39 mmol/l;P= 0·003) and LDL-C (10·7 %; − 0·36 mmol/l;P= 0·01). None of the participants reported any aversion to the smell, taste, appearance or texture of psyllium. No serious adverse effects were reported during the study. In addition to causing a significant reduction in LDL-C concentrations, psyllium therapy was found to be both safe and acceptable for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemic children and adolescents.
COMPARISON OF INFERENTIAL METHODS IN PARTIALLY IDENTIFIED MODELS IN TERMS OF ERROR IN COVERAGE PROBABILITY
Authors: Bugni Federico A.
Published: November 2014

This paper considers the problem of coverage of the elements of the identified set in a class of partially identified econometric models with a prespecified probability. In order to conduct inference in partially identified econometric models defined by moment (in)equalities, the literature has proposed three methods: bootstrap, subsampling, and asymptotic approximation. The objective of this paper is to compare these methods in terms of the rate at which they achieve the desired coverage level, i.e., in terms of the rate at which theerror in the coverage probability(ECP) converges to zero.

Under certain conditions, we show that the ECP of the bootstrap and the ECP of the asymptotic approximation converge to zero at the same rate, which is a faster rate than that of the ECP of subsampling methods. As a consequence, under these conditions, the bootstrap and the asymptotic approximation produce inference that is more precise than subsampling. A Monte Carlo simulation study confirms that these results are relevant in finite samples.
Virtually Expert: Modes of Environmental Computer Simulation Modeling
Authors: Landström Catharina , Whatmore Sarah J.
Published: November 2014

Argument

This paper challenges three assumptions common in the literature on expertise: that expertise is linearly derived from scientific knowledge; that experts always align with the established institutional order; and that expertise is a property acquired by individuals. We criticize these ideas by juxtaposing three distinct expert practices involved with flood risk management in England. Virtual engineering is associated with commercial consultancy and relies on standardized software packages to assess local flood inundation. Mathematical experimentation refers to academic scientists creating new digital renderings of the physical dynamics of flooding. Participatory modeling denotes research projects that aim to transform the relationships between experts and local communities. Focusing on different modes of modeling we contribute an analysis of how particular models articulate with specific politics of knowledge as experts form relationships with flood risk management actors. Our empirical study also shows how models can contribute to re-distribution of expertise in local flood risk management.
A Dictionary without Definitions: Romanticist Science in the Production and Presentation of the Grimm Brothers’ German Dictionary, 1838–1863
Authors: Kistner Kelly
Published: November 2014

Argument

Between 1838 and 1863 the Grimm brothers led a collaborative research project to create a new kind of dictionary documenting the history of the German language. They imagined the work would present a scientific account of linguistic cohesiveness and strengthen German unity. However, their dictionary volumes (most of which were arranged and written by Jacob Grimm) would be variously criticized for their idiosyncratic character and ultimately seen as a poor, and even prejudicial, piece of scholarship. This paper argues that such criticisms may reflect a misunderstanding of the dictionary. I claim it can be best understood as an artifact of romanticist science and its epistemological privileging of subjective perception coupled with a deeply-held faith in inter-subjective congruence. Thus situated, it is a rare and detailed case of Romantic ideas and ideals applied to the scientific study of social artifacts. Moreover, the dictionary's organization, reception, and legacy provide insights into the changing landscape of scientific practice in Germany, showcasing the difficulties of implementing a romanticist vision of science amidst widening gaps between the public and professionals, generalists and specialists.
A new Antarctic Peninsula glacier basin inventory and observed area changes since the 1940s
Authors: Cook A.J. , Vaughan D.G. , Luckman A.J. , Murray T.
Published: November 2014

Glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula have recently shown changes in extent, velocity and thickness, yet there is little quantification of change in the mass balance of individual glaciers or the processes controlling changes in extent. Here a high-resolution digital elevation model and a semi-automated drainage basin delineation method have been used to define glacier systems between 63°S–70°S on the mainland and surrounding islands, resulting in an inventory of 1590 glacier basins. Of these, 860 are marine-terminating glaciers whose ice fronts can be defined at specific epochs since the 1940s. These ice front positions were digitized up to 2010 and the areas for all individual glacier basins were calculated. Glaciological characteristics, such as geometry, slope and altitudes, were attributed to each glacier, thus providing a new resource for glacier morphological analyses. Our results indicate that 90% of the 860 glaciers have reduced in area since the earliest recorded date. A north–south gradient of increasing ice loss is clear, as is distinct behaviour on the east and west coasts. The area lost varies considerably between glacier types, with correlations apparent with glacier shape, slope and frontal-type. Temporal trends indicate a uniform retreat since the 1970s, with a period of small re-advance in the late 1990s.
Selective erosion beneath the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet during LGM retreat
Authors: Golledge Nicholas R.
Published: November 2014

In mountainous terrain, the relationship between ice sheet dynamics and basal topography is complex, with each component influencing the other. This paper investigates how the last glacial maximum Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet might have modified its bed both at maximum extent and during progressive grounding line retreat. Focussing on the Marguerite Trough Ice Stream we then examine the degree to which basal topographical conditions affected the rate of ocean-forced recession. Zones of peak subglacial erosion are preferentially located in areas of convergent flow and where horizontal strain rates are highest. During ice sheet retreat, potential erosion rates increase in these areas, but the foci remain fixed. This leads to selective and progressive deepening of subglacial basins. As grounding lines migrate landward, faster retreat tends to occur over subglacial basins, especially if flow is divergent, whereas slower retreat takes place on sloping beds and where the geometry of the outlet allows convergent flow and a non-negative flux balance. In conclusion the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet selectively erodes its bed beneath linear outlets and, over successive glacial cycles, progressive deepening of subglacial basins may bring about non-linear retreat of the ice sheet margin.
Shifts in microphytoplankton species and cell size at Admiralty Bay, Antarctica
Authors: Kienteca Lange Priscila , Rivera Tenenbaum Denise , Maria Tavano Virgínia , Paranhos Rodolfo , De Siqueira Campos Lucia
Published: November 2014

Phytoplankton (>15 µm) was investigated in three shallow coastal areas at Admiralty Bay (AB) between the summers of 2002–03 and 2008–09. Phytoplankton abundance was low (103cells l-1) and, over time, the prevailing cell size decreased due to a shift in phytoplankton dominant species from diatoms to dinoflagellates.In situand remote sensing data showed that oscillations in sea surface temperature, precipitation, ice formation/melting, irradiance (cloud cover) and bottom circulation (indexed by the Antarctic Oscillation Index; AAO) were shown to govern the structure of the phytoplankton. Under negative AAO, diatoms prevailed, with the dominance of large (>80 µm) benthic diatoms (e.g.Corethron pennatumandNavicula directa) in periods of low production (102cells l-1in 2002–03), and medium-sized (31–80 µm) centrics (e.g.Thalassiosiraspp. andStellarima microtrias) when the abundance was higher (104cells l-1in 2003–04). Conversely, positive AAO led to the co-dominance of dinoflagellates and planktonic diatoms (e.g.Pseudo-nitzschiaspp.) in the summers of 2007–08 and 2008–09. These results suggest that the AAO can be a good predictor of phytoplankton in coastal areas around the western Antarctic Peninsula, and may help our understanding of changes in other trophic levels of the food web.
Elastic director vibrations in nematic liquid crystals
Authors: TURZI STEFANO S.
Published: November 2014

Recently Biscari, DiCarlo and Turzi [Anisotropic wave propagation in nematic liquid crystals, Soft Matter 10, 8296–8307.] proposed a theory for nematoacustics which models nematic liquid crystals as nematic elastomers with molecular relaxation. Here, we extend the analysis of this theory to account for the director motion possibly induced by the propagation of a sound wave. We find that the director vibration is related to the - usually small - anisotropy of the molecular distribution, thus providing a justification to the relative high ultrasonic intensities required to observe non-negligible acousto-optic responses.
Positive predicate structures for continuous data
Authors: KOROVINA MARGARITA , KUDINOV OLEG
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we develop a general framework for continuous data representations using positive predicate structures. We first show that basic principles of Σ-definability which are used to investigate computability, i.e., existence of a universal Σ-predicate and an algorithmic characterization of Σ-definability hold on all predicate structures without equality. Then we introduce positive predicate structures and show connections between these structures and effectively enumerable topological spaces. These links allow us to study computability over continuous data using logical and topological tools.
The Use of FAST Scan by Paramedics in Mass-casualty Incidents: A Simulation Study
Authors: West Brian , Cusser J. Andrew , Etengoff Stuart , Landsgaard Hank , LaBond Virginia
Published: November 2014

Introduction

The Focused Abdominal Sonography in Trauma (FAST) scan is used to detect free fluid in the peritoneal cavity, or pericardium, to quickly assess for injuries needing immediate surgical intervention. Mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) are settings where paramedics must make triage decisions in minutes. The Simple Triage and Rapid Transport (START) system is used to prioritize transport. The FAST scan can be added to the triage of critical patients, and may aid in triage.

Methods

This was a single-blinded, randomized control trial. Ten paramedics with field experience were trained with an ultrasound machine in the performance of the FAST scan. Two weeks were allowed to pass before testing to simulate the time between training of standard procedures and their implementation. On test day, five peritoneal dialysis patients with instilled dialysis fluid and five matched control patients were placed in a room in a random order where the paramedics performed FAST scans on each patient. The paramedics were assessed by declaring positive or negative for each evaluation, as well as being timed for the total exercise.

Results

Of the ninety tests (one paramedic dropped out due to family emergency), the paramedics had a mean accuracy of 60% and median of 62% (range 40%-80%). There was a statistically significant higher false-positive rate of 59% than false-negative rate of 41% (P < .01). Sensitivity was 67% with a specificity of 56%. Average time taken was 1,218 seconds (121.8 seconds per patient) with a range of 735-1,701 seconds and a median of 1,108 seconds.

Conclusion

In this simulation study, paramedics had difficulty performing FAST scans with a high degree of accuracy. However, they were more apt to call a patient positive, limiting the likelihood for false-negative triage.

WestB, CusserJA, EtengoffS, LandsgaardH, LaBondV. The use of FAST scan by paramedics in mass-casualty incidents: a simulation study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):1-4.
Do Desenho e do Som: Harmonising screen scores and listening
Authors: Lopes Filipe
Published: November 2014

Do Desenho e do Som is a software application that creates graphical screen scores in real time. Fascinated by the theoretical discussions concerning improvisation, composition and real-time composition, the author endeavours to conceive an interactive environment to induce controlled improvisation contexts, using real-time scores. Do Desenho e do Som makes use of real-time screen scores to facilitate the communication of formalised musical ideas, which due to their ambiguous graphical nature create an interesting interaction between a composer, an assistant and performers. It also grants a real-time control over form as the notation, and consequently the music, unfolds at runtime. With a focus on the underlying importance of listening, the author based this article on his own experience designing the Do Desenho e do Som software and using it for composition.
GNMISS: A scoring system for Internet2 electroacoustic music
Authors: Whalley Ian
Published: November 2014

The ‘comprovisation’ (Dudas 2010) of electroacoustic music in an affective manner through Internet2, using a directed dramaturgy approach, poses unique scoring problems. Building on prior work (Whalley 2009, 2012c), GNMISS (Graphic Networked Music Interactive Scoring System) was developed to address this. The system has four visual layers that illustrate the structure of works, represented on a circle with parts for each player. One layer maps emotions to colours based on associated words as a primary basis for gesture and timbre representation. A second layer gives musical motives and frequency information for participants to follow. A third allows for more detailed indications of gesture and sound archetypes through representative symbols. Finally, an inside layer represents macro key centres. For timing, the circle score turns in clock time with the current playing position always at noon, and a central metronome shows speed independent of clock time. Technically, client programs sit on distributed machines across the Internet, with data being coordinated by an OSC Server. Distributed scores can be built by a composer or by a team, and all content can be altered simultaneously across client machines. Two works are discussed as initial examples of its implementation:Sensai na ChikaiandSymbolAct.
Generative Music for Live Performance: Experiences with real-time notation
Authors: Eigenfeldt Arne
Published: November 2014

Notation is the traditional method for composers to specify detailed relationships between musical events. However, the conventions under which the tradition evolved – controlled relationships between two or more human performers – were intended for situations apart from those found in electroacoustic music. Many composers of electroacoustic music have adopted the tradition for mixed media works that use live performers, and new customs have appeared that address issues in coordinating performers with electroacoustic elements. The author presents generative music as one method of avoiding the fixedness of tape music: coupled with real-time notation for live performers, generative music is described as a continuation of research into expressive performance within electroacoustic music by incorporating instrumentalists rather than synthetic output. Real-time score generation is described as a final goal of a generative system, and two recent works are presented as examples of the difficulties of real-time notation.
Tower of London: Planning Development in Children from 6 to 13 Years of Age
Authors: Injoque-Ricle Irene , Barreyro Juan Pablo , Calero Alejandra , Burin Débora Inés
Published: November 2014

Executive Function is a multidimensional construct that includes a wide range of cognitive abilities that allow solving goal-directed behaviors efficiently. Its development begins in early childhood and continues through adolescence. A key aspect of Executive Function is planning, defined as the capacity to generate and organize the necessary step sequence to carry out a goal-directed behavior. The aim of this study was to assess the development of planning in children. The Tower of London task was used in 270 children aged 6, 8, 11, and 13 years. The results showed that the time required to generate and organize the plan to solve a goal-directed problem increases as the difficulty of the problem increases, and that older children need less time to solve problems with a certain level of difficulty than younger children F(15, 1330) = 8.787; MSE = 1.441; p < .01; η2 =.090. These results are in line with the findings that planning develops through childhood and even during the first years of adolescence.
Essen und Trinken vor der Narkose – nüchtern betrachtet!
Authors: Schmitz Achim , Schmidt Alexander R.
Published: November 2014

Präoperative Nüchternheit wird bei Wahleingriffen in Anästhesie zur Minimierung des Risikos einer perioperativen pulmonalen Aspiration angestrebt. Aktuelle, auf Evidenz und Expertenmeinung basierende Richtlinien empfehlen zwei, vier und sechs Stunden Karenz für klare Flüssigkeiten, Muttermilch und leichte Mahlzeiten/nicht-klare Flüssigkeiten, um neben der Sicherheit auch Wohlbefinden und Homöostase des Patienten zu gewährleisten. Prolongierte Nüchternheit wird in der klinischen Routine beobachtet, hat aber keine Vorteile und sollte daher vermieden werden. Zustände mit verzögerter Magenentleerung beeinflussen die Festlegung der Nüchternzeit und Anästhesietechnik. Eine sichere Anästhesietechnik ist grundsätzlich wichtig, da die Magenentleerung variabel ist und das Einhalten der Nüchternzeiten keinen völlig entleerten Magen garantiert.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) mediates influenza H7N9 virus-induced acute lung injury
Authors: Yang Penghui , Gu Hongjing , Zhao Zhongpeng , Wang Wei , Cao Bin , Lai Chengcai , Yang Xiaolan , Zhang LiangYan , Duan Yueqiang , Zhang Shaogeng , Chen Weiwen , Zhen Wenbo , Cai Maosheng , Penninger Josef M. , Jiang Chengyu , Wang Xiliang
Published: November 2014

Since March 2013, the emergence of an avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus has raised concern in China. Although most infections resulted in respiratory illness, some severe cases resulted in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a severe form of acute lung injury (ALI) that further contributes to morbidity. To date, no effective drugs that improve the clinical outcome of influenza A (H7N9) virus-infected patients have been identified. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 are involved in several pathologies such as cardiovascular functions, renal disease and acute lung injury. In the current study, we report that ACE2 could mediate the severe acute lung injury induced by influenza A (H7N9) virus infection in an experimental mouse model. Moreover, ACE2 deficiency worsened the disease pathogenesis markedly, mainly by targeting the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1). The current findings demonstrate that ACE2 plays a critical role in influenza A (H7N9) virus-induced acute lung injury and suggest that might be a useful potential therapeutic target for future influenza A (H7N9) outbreaks.
Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignocellulose-Derived Platform Molecules
Authors: Hengst Konstantin , Schubert Martin , Kleist Wolfgang , Grunwaldt Jan-Dierk
Published: November 2014

This chapter addresses the hydrodeoxygenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid for the production of chemicals, synthetic fuels and fuel additives. The reaction pathways for the conversion of these platform chemicals are discussed through the perspective of the effective H/C ratio concept. Even for these rather simple platform molecules, the reaction network is very complex, and apart from higher reaction rates especially the selectivity towards the desired molecules, such as 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan, γ-valerolactone, is an important aspect. A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms accounting for the product distributions is identified as one of the future challenges. In situ spectroscopic methods, such as operando EXAFS and ATR-IR, are presented as powerful tools for the clarification of these mechanisms.
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils
Authors: Philippaerts An , Jacobs Pierre , Sels Bert
Published: November 2014

Partial and full hydrogenation of vegetable oils are extremely important for the food and chemical industries. The selectivity of the catalytic process determines the chemical and physical properties of the hydrogenated products, defining the application potential, and therefore the product value. In the partial hydrogenation, the conversion of unstable polyunsaturated fatty acids into more stable monounsaturated fatty acids is highly desired, without a significant increase in the content of saturated fatty acids. Nowadays, the challenge is the control of the cis/trans isomerization, occurring as a side reaction of the hydrogenation process, since trans fatty acids are suspected of increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Accordingly, in many countries, there are specific regulations banning the use of trans fats in food products. Since catalyst properties largely influence hydrogenation selectivity and formation of trans isomers, catalyst development is crucial in providing products showing superior functionality, i.e. good stability, suitable physical properties, and low levels of trans isomers.
Hydrogenolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Carbon Monoxide or Formate in Pressurized Hot Water
Authors: Schuchardt Ulf , Gallo Jean Marcel R.
Published: November 2014

Hydrogenolysis of biomass in pressurized hot water leads to high conversions and high oil yields, when CO/base or formate is used as a reducing and deoxygenating agent instead of molecular hydrogen. At 573 K, the formation of hydrogen is very low, allowing an efficient utilization of the formate species in the hydrogenolysis process. From sugarcane bagasse or hydrolytic lignin, oil yields exceeding 65% are obtained. From cellulose, oil yields of 40 to 50% are often achieved. In addition to oils, CO2 and water are also formed as major products. The oils contain typically 15 to 20% oxygen, and thus need further upgrading to be used as liquid fuels. In this chapter, the mechanisms proposed for the single role of pressurized hot water in combination with formate species in biomass liquefaction are discussed in detail.
Algorithm for improving SNR using high voltage and differential Manchester code for capacitive touch screen panel
Authors: Ma Hyunggun , Heo Sanghyun , Kim Jae Joon , Bien Franklin
Published: November 2014

An algorithm for a capacitive touch screen panel that can make the sum of the signal into ‘0’ for the use of high voltage is presented. The differential Manchester code is combined with the Walsh‐Hadamard code to generate an input coded signal. Owing to the property of the differential Manchester code, the Moore‐Penrose pseudoinverse matrix is employed to decode‐mutual capacitance from the received signal. As only the variation between the un‐touch and touch condition is detected at the receiver, a high‐voltage input coded signal is used. Unlike a normal touch system, the decoded sensing capacitance in the proposed algorithm does not have an absolute value. Positive decoded capacitance is the un‐touch condition and negative decoded capacitance is the touch condition. The simulated signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the proposed algorithm is 27.9 dB, which is 8.26 dB higher than SNR in not return to zero (NRZ).
Very simple 2.45/3.5/5.8 GHz triple‐band circularly polarised printed monopole antenna with bandwidth enhancement
Authors: Hoang The Viet , Park Hyun Chang
Published: November 2014

A very simple triple‐band circularly polarised printed monopole antenna with bandwidth enhancement for 2.45/5.8 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) and 3.5 GHz worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications is presented. The circular polarisation characteristic at the WiMAX band was obtained by an inverted‐U‐shaped radiator rotated by 45° around the horizontal axis. To create the upper circular polarisation mode at the 5.8 GHz WLAN band, an I‐shaped strip was added on the right side of the radiator. Finally, by attaching an inverted‐L‐shaped strip at the end of the I‐shaped strip, the lower circular polarisation characteristic at the 2.45 GHz WLAN band was achieved. The proposed antenna is excited by a simple 50 Ω microstrip feed line using a transformer for impedance matching. The measured −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 450 MHz (2.35–2.8 GHz) and 4.1 GHz (3.3–7.4 GHz) and the measured 3 dB axial‐ratio bandwidth reaches 12% (2.35–2.65 GHz), 10% (3.3–3.65 GHz) and 4.4% (5.6–5.85 GHz).
Real‐time synchronisation method in multi‐robot system
Authors: Choi Taeyong , Do Hyunmin , Park Dongil , Park Chanhun , Kyung Jinho
Published: November 2014

There is an increasing need for manufacturing systems to produce batches in small quantities. Such manufacturing systems are significantly difficult to develop with conventional automation equipment. Recently, several research groups have applied industrial dual‐arm robots to cell production lines. A synchronisation method for robots is necessary for the cell production process when robots work in a shared workspace. Conventional automation factories do not need this method because the main control system operates all machines or robots. However, the intended application for the developed robot is in small manufacturing environments which cannot install an expensive main control system. An inexpensive and high‐performance method with a simple digital in/out channel using EtherCAT is proposed. The developed method was validated for practical use on a cell production line.
Automatic frequency tuning wireless charging system for enhancement of efficiency
Authors: Kar D.P. , Nayak P.P. , Bhuyan S. , Panda S.K.
Published: November 2014

An automatic frequency‐tuned wireless charging system is proposed and successfully demonstrated to enhance the power transfer efficiency for different vertical spacings between the charging coils in the presence of proximal metallic objects. The frequency characteristics of wireless power transfer efficiency have been investigated through simulation and experimental measurements. It has been observed that the resonance‐based wireless charging system is very sensitive to the imperfect positioning of charging coils and nearby metallic objects. At the operating frequency, the power transfer efficiency of the charging system reduces drastically. However, by allowing the transmitting frequency to adapt to the position of the coils and metallic objects through the automatic frequency‐tuned system, the deteriorated power transfer efficiency is further improved.
Analysis of optical waveguide discontinuities using Denman‐Beavers iterative scheme
Authors: Wu Shengbao , Xiao Jinbiao , Sun Xiaohan
Published: November 2014

A new approach for solving the optical waveguide discontinuity problems is proposed, where the field‐based operator techniques are employed. Instead of using Padé approximation, the square roots of the characteristic matrices are approximated by the Denman‐Beavers iterative scheme with a branch‐cut rotation in the complex plane. Numerical results show that the present scheme is more accurate and stable than the widely used Padé approximation.
Microfluidic chip with interdigitated ultra‐microelectrode array for total phosphorus detection
Authors: Bai Yin , Tong Jianhua , Sun Jizhou , Li Yang , Bian Chao , Xia Shanhong
Published: November 2014

The fabrication and characterisation of an integrated microfluidic chip for phosphate detection are described. A micro three‐electrode‐system embedded in a microfluidic channel was used for the analysis of samples. Working electrodes and counter electrodes were arranged as an interdigitated array to increase the current response. Owing to the nonlinear diffusion effect of ultra‐microelectrodes and the high generation‐collection mode of interdigitated electrode arrays, the current density and sensitivity of phosphate detection were improved effectively compared with normal disk microelectrodes. The current density sensitivity for phosphate detection is −0.00537 μA/mm2 ·(μmol/l)−1, which is three times that of the disk microelectrode. The current density was averagely 6.5 times that of the disk microelectrode. The microfluidic chip was then used for total phosphorus (TP) detection. The TP detection results showed good consistency with nominal values of standard solutions.
Change in the magnetic structure of (Bi,Sm)FeO3 thin films at the morphotropic phase boundary probed by neutron diffraction
Authors: Maruyama Shingo , Anbusathaiah Varatharajan , Fennell Amy , Enderle Mechthild , Takeuchi Ichiro , Ratcliff William D.
Published: November 2014

We report on the evolution of the magnetic structure of BiFeO3 thin films grown on SrTiO3 substrates as a function of Sm doping. We determined the magnetic structure using neutron diffraction. We found that as Sm increases, the magnetic structure evolves from a cycloid to a G-type antiferromagnet at the morphotropic phase boundary, where there is a large piezoelectric response due to an electric-field induced structural transition. The occurrence of the magnetic structural transition at the morphotropic phase boundary offers another route towards room temperature multiferroic devices.
Hexatic phase and cluster crystals of two-dimensional GEM4 spheres
Authors: Prestipino Santi , Saija Franz
Published: November 2014

Two-dimensional crystals of classical particles are very peculiar in that melting may occur in two steps, in a continuous fashion, via an intermediate hexatic fluid phase exhibiting quasi-long-range orientational order. On the other hand, three-dimensional spheres repelling each other through a fast-decaying bounded potential of generalized-exponential shape (GEM4 potential) can undergo freezing into cluster crystals, allowing for more that one particle per lattice site. We hereby study the combined effect of low spatial dimensionality and extreme potential softness, by investigating the phase behavior of the two-dimensional (2D) GEM4 system. Using a combination of density-functional theory and numerical free-energy calculations, we show that the 2D GEM4 system displays one ordinary and several cluster triangular-crystal phases, and that only the ordinary crystal first melts into a hexatic phase. Upon heating, the difference between the various cluster crystals fades away, eventually leaving a single undifferentiated cluster phase with a pressure-modulated site occupancy.
Structural and optical properties of AgAlTe2 layers grown on sapphire substrates by closed space sublimation method
Authors: Uruno A. , Usui A. , Kobayashi M.
Published: November 2014

AgAlTe2 layers were grown on a- and c-plane sapphire substrates using a closed space sublimation method. Grown layers were confirmed to be single phase layers of AgAlTe2 by X-ray diffraction. AgAlTe2 layers were grown to have a strong preference for the (112) orientation on both kinds of substrates. The variation in the orientation of grown layers was analyzed in detail using the X-ray diffraction pole figure measurement, which revealed that the AgAlTe2 had a preferential epitaxial relationship with the c-plane sapphire substrate. The atomic arrangement between the (112) AgAlTe2 layer and sapphire substrates was compared. It was considered that the high order of the lattice arrangement symmetry probably effectively accommodated the lattice mismatch. The optical properties of the grown layer were also evaluated by transmittance measurements. The bandgap energy was found to be around 2.3 eV, which was in agreement with the theoretical bandgap energy of AgAlTe2.
Note: Development of high speed confocal 3D profilometer
Authors: Ang Kar Tien , Fang Zhong Ping , Tay Arthur
Published: November 2014

A high-speed confocal 3D profilometer based on the chromatic confocal technology and spinning Nipkow disk technique has been developed and tested. It can measure a whole surface topography by taking only one image that requires less than 0.3 s. Surface height information is retrieved based on the ratios of red, green, and blue color information. A new vector projection technique has developed to enhance the vertical resolution of the measurement. The measurement accuracy of the prototype system has been verified via different test samples.
Equivalence of optical and electrical noise equivalent power of hybrid NbTiN-Al microwave kinetic inductance detectors
Authors: Janssen R. M. J. , Endo A. , de Visser P. J. , Klapwijk T. M. , Baselmans J. J. A.
Published: November 2014

We have measured and compared the response of hybrid NbTiN-Al Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) to changes in bath temperature and illumination by sub-mm radiation. We show that these two stimulants have an equivalent effect on the resonance feature of hybrid MKIDs. We determine an electrical noise equivalent power (NEP) from the measured temperature responsivity, quasiparticle recombination time, superconducting transition temperature, and noise spectrum, all of which can be measured in a dark environment. For the two hybrid NbTiN-Al MKIDs studied in detail, the electrical NEP is within a factor of two of the optical NEP, which is measured directly using a blackbody source.