bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Violent Conflict and Forced Displacement in the Horn of Africa: Government and Donor Policies and Programs in Search of Durable Solutions
Authors:   World Bank, Colletta Nat J.
Published: March 2022

The Horn of Africa (HOA) is currently engulfed in entangling and shifting cross border conflict, resulting in at least four major forced displacement situations. These conflicts emanate mainly from the Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia and Eritrea and involve large numbers of refugees as well as internally displaced persons (IDPs). Globally, there are an estimated 54.7 million displaced persons. More than a quarter (27%) of the globally displaced, are in Sub-Saharan Africa, with about 8.7 million or over half (58%) of those in the HOA. On the one hand, forced displacement in the Horn places additional stresses on already weak local and national institutions and marginalized, underserved host communities. Services are often perceived to only benefit the displaced as opposed to receptor communities leading to envy and local conflict. On the other hand, displaced persons also have skills and assets that could be harnessed and utilized to benefit the local economy in pursuit of durable solutions. The complex cultural, social, and political nature of the region is compounded by an ongoing set of development challenges, including: demographic shifts; imbalanced service provision; the threat of pandemic diseases; and increasing contestation over scarce natural resources, especially water and grazing areas. This article examines the underlying drivers of violent conflict, the impact on both the displaced and the receptor host communities, and the effectiveness of government and donor policies and programs. The research methodology included a literature review, field-based participant observations, and a series of in-depth key informant and focal group interviews in HOA refugee camps, host communities and major cities. The search for a new paradigm shift from care and maintenance to resilience and self-reliance is underway. Given the now â€œprotractedâ€ nature of the displacement, the old encampment humanitarian approaches of care and maintenance are now giving way to a rethink from a development perspective by governments and donors alike. Finally, from a prevention perspective, stemming forced migration at its source by improving security, governance, and livelihood opportunities in countries of origin are key to managing the displacement challenge. Regional integrated area development can convert fragile border areas which now serve as shock absorbers for conflicts within these fragile states to prosperous change agents opening avenues of cross border trade and development
The Role of Trust and Migrant Investments in Diaspora Homeland Development Relations
Authors:   University of Ghana, Kandilige Leander
Published: March 2022

Research into the role of diaspora communities in origin countriesâ€™ development is a growing phenomenon. However, there is little understanding of the role of trust in mediating transnational relationships between migrants and recipients of remittances (non-migrants, members of migrant households and community leaders). Using a case study methodology, mixed methods and a comparative approach â€“ in-depth interviews with 40 key informants (20 in the UK and 20 in Ghana), 120 questionnaires administered in the UK and 346 questionnaires administered in Ghana â€“ this paper examines differing conceptualisations of trust among â€˜development partnersâ€™ in the process of negotiating as well as implementing migrant-funded development projects. It also examines the nature of investments of migrants in the origin country. Migrant respondents are from the Kwahuman Traditional Area and the Upper East Region of Ghana. Ghana is used as a case study to examine this phenomenon both from the perspective of the migrant and that of the origin country partners. Narratives by migrants are examined in order to unearth factors that inform their decision-making and the approaches they adopt to ensure accountability.
Attitude, Risk Perception and Readiness of Ethiopian Potential Migrants and Returnees Towards Unsafe Migration
Authors:   Addis Ababa University, Minaye Abebaw , Zeleke Waganesh A. ,   Duquesne University
Published: March 2022

In Ethiopia, where there is high prevalence of migration to the Middle East and Europe, a multitude of studies have focused on the relationships between the role of smugglers, push and pull factors, and illegal migration. However, only a fraction of studies have examined the context from the individual and collective mind-set perspective. The process of the decision to migrate may be influenced by individualsâ€™ beliefs about illegal migration. This study examined the attitudes, levels of readiness and risk perceptions of potential and returnee migrants towards illegal migration to the Middle East. Survey data were collected from 1,726 Ethiopian returnee (n=991) and potential migrants (n=735). Results indicated that here was a significant difference between potential and returnee migrants in holding a positive attitude towards unsafe and illegal migration, t (1260) =-8.474, p=0.000.
Refugee Entrepreneurial Economies in Urban South Africa
Authors:   Balsillie School of International Affairs, Crush Jonathan , Tawodzera Godfrey ,   University of Limpopo, McCordic Cameron ,   Balsillie School of International Affairs, Ramachandran Sujata , Tengeh Robertson ,   Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Published: March 2022

The case-study literature on refugees and asylum-seekers in South Africa is dominated by an overwhelming focus on the problems they face and their marginalised existence, reinforcing an image of victimhood, exploitation and vulnerability. In this paper, we seek to broaden the image of refugees and their economic impacts beyond a narrow focus on their marginal status and vulnerable position. They are viewed here as dynamic agents with skills and capabilities who can play an integral role in transforming local settings and contributing to economic development. This paper presents and discusses the results of a survey of over 1,000 refugee informal business-owners in Cape Town and small-town Limpopo.
La secuencia didáctica como estrategia pedagógica para abordar la oralidad a través de la atención visual
Authors: Ballén Parada Kelly Johanna , López Calderón Gina Magali , Mora Galeano Martha Isabel
Published: March 2022

Este artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación “Secuencia didáctica basada en la atención visual para abordar la oralidad en grado primero”, que se enmarca en el enfoque cualitativo de tipo Investigación Acción (IA), la cual se desarrolló en tres fases importantes: la primera, selección de muestra de la población y la caracterización de estudiantes de la Institución Educativa Distrital Sierra Morena; la segunda, establecimiento de categorías que permitieron relacionar la realidad observada con campos de la investigación: oralidad y atención visual; y, en tercer lugar, el diseño de la secuencia didáctica “El baúl que habla y encanta”, como resultado obtenido dentro de la investigación y que permitió llegar a las conclusiones de tipo reflexivo frente a las prácticas pedagógicas. Lo anterior da respuesta a la pregunta de la investigación planteada: ¿Qué estrategia pedagógica permite abordar la oralidad desde la atención visual?
Prácticas juveniles en la comunicación audiovisual: más allá de las aulas
Authors: Lacasa Pilar
Published: March 2022

Las prácticas juveniles están asociadas a contextos sociales y culturales muy específicos. Este trabajo se sitúa en el entorno de las sociedades occidentales, europeas o americanas. Los grupos que viven allí se definen, sin duda, por rasgos específicos, pero también por otros que tienen en común, especialmente el hecho de participar de un universo global mediado por instrumentos digitales, donde prima la movilidad y la rapidez en la comunicación. Reflexionaré sobre ello en estas páginas: mostraré primero qué significa vivir en una sociedad móvil y, a continuación, me detendré en las oportunidades educativas que ello ofrece fuera de las aulas: por ejemplo, la manera en que, en los entornos comunicativos que allí se generan, la gente joven puede aprender a construir historias o a pensar científicamente; también a desarrollar lenguajes multimodales y, finalmente, a tomar conciencia de que viven en comunidades en las que se comparten valores.
Audacious Searching of Spanish Mothers
Authors: Escudero Carolina
Published: March 2022

Throughout the dictatorship in Spain, many strategies were used to manipulate and silence mothers’ voices. During this period (1940-1975) and also in later times of democracy, a total of 300,000 babies were stolen (Anadir, 2011).

Currently, family organizations are looking for their children, stolen between 1940 and 1999. Their calls for memory, justice and reparation found a space for action in social media as the campaigns “We Are Looking for You” (2017, 2018), where they could their search after surviving obstetric violence and stigmatization. Transcending these deeds from a space of action, the precepts proposed by Frankl –on accepting pain, taking responsibility for what they feel in order to give meaning to the tragedy– are observed. Through this ethnographic study, carried out during the recording of two social media campaigns, we will endeavor to confirm the following hypothesis:  their active participation in the campaigns, the members of SOS Stolen Babies of Catalonia are developing the virtue of audacity. This audacity is linked to Frankl’s theory of assuming suffering, asserting destiny and taking a stand before it (1987). This study used participant observation and interviews of the 20 families belonging to the  Catalan organization.
Handlungsstrategien von Unternehmen und Beschäftigten in Zeiten von Corona
Authors: Guhlemann Kerstin , Georg Arno , Ketzmerick Thomas
Published: March 2022

Die heterogenen Veränderungen der Arbeitsbedingungen durch die Pandemiesituation verlangen nicht nur den Beschäftigten neue Fähigkeiten zur Selbstorganisation ihres Gesundheitsschutzes und eine neue Bereitschaft zur Partizipation an der Herstellung gesunder und sicherer Arbeitsbedingungen ab, sondern stellen auch die Arbeitsschutzakteure vor neue Herausforderungen. Diese Herausforderungen treffen auf bestehende Probleme des Arbeitsschutzsystems, besonders beim Umgang mit Arbeit außerhalb des Ortes Betrieb und dem Umgang mit psychischen Belastungen, die im Zuge der Pandemie an Bedeutung gewinnen. Gleichzeitig lagen mit der Infektionsgefahr durch Covid-19 in der Pandemie dringliche Probleme vor, deren schnelle Bearbeitung neue Strategien und Lösungen erforderte. Expert:innen gehen davon aus, dass die aktuelle Situation langfristige Veränderungen der Arbeitswelt angestoßen hat und keine einfache Rückkehr zu einem Zustand vor der Pandemie erfolgen wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund verfolgt der Artikel die Frage, wie im Zusammenspiel der Ebenen Arbeitsschutz, Betrieb (Compliance) und Beschäftigte (Akzeptanz) gesunde und sichere Arbeitsbedingungen hergestellt und erhalten werden können. Zur Bearbeitung kommt eine Methodentriangulation zum Einsatz, die die Ergebnisse einer explorativen Befragung (n = 40) verschiedener Arbeitsschutzakteure mit einer Online-Befragung von Interessenvertretungen (n = 1600) verzahnt, um neue Erkenntnisse für die Gestaltung eines postpandemischen Arbeitsschutzes zu gewinnen.
Interessenpolitik in der Corona-Krise
Authors: González Beatriz Casas , Detje Richard , Dunkel Wolfgang , Kratzer Nick , Sauer Dieter
Published: March 2022

Der Beitrag beleuchtet die Rolle der Mitbestimmung in der Ausnahmesituation der Pandemie. Anhand von exemplarischen Befunden aus drei Handlungsfeldern – der Entwicklung und Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zum Infektionsschutz, der Stabilisierung der Beschäftigung sowie der Verlagerung von Arbeit ins Homeoffice – wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob die Beteiligung am betrieblichen Krisenmanagement zu einer Stärkung oder Schwächung der Interessenvertretung führt. Die Befunde zeigen eine aktive und häufig auch als erfolgreich wahrgenommene Betriebsratsarbeit, sie zeigen aber auch erhebliche Branchenunterschiede, fortgesetzte Spaltungstendenzen und erweiterte Beteiligungsoptionen, denen die Verankerung in der Mitbestimmung fehlt. Dies deutet auf Pfadabhängigkeiten einer Mitbestimmung im Krisenmodus hin.
Immersion corrosion behavior and electrochemical performance of laser cladded Ni60–CeO2 coatings in 5% NaCl solution
Authors: Chao Zhang , Dejun Kong
Published: March 2022

Ni60 coatings with the CeO2 mass fractions of 3%, 6%, and 9% were prepared on S355 steel. The microstructure and phases of obtained coatings were analyzed using an ultradepth of field microscope (UDFM) and X–ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The effects of CeO2 mass fraction on the immersion corrosion behaviors and electrochemical performances of Ni60–CeO2 coatings in 5% NaCl solution were investigated. The results show that the immersion corrosion rates of Ni60–3%CeO2, –6%CeO2 and –9%CeO2 coatings are 37.1, 24.3 and 49.2 μm/year, respectively, in which the immersion corrosion resistance of Ni60–6%CeO2 coating is the best among the three kinds of coatings. The polarization resistances of Ni60–3%CeO2, –6%CeO2, and –9%CeO2 coatings are 169,867, 228,568, and 51,276 Ω⋅cm2, respectively, and the corresponding charge transfer resistances are 2.66 × 105, 6.68 × 105, and 6.40 × 105 Ω⋅cm2, respectively, showing that the Ni60–6%CeO2 coating presents the best electrochemical corrosion resistance in 5% NaCl solution.
DETERMINANTS OF CASH HOLDINGS: EVIDENCE FROM BALKAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Vuković Bojana , Mijić Kristina , Jakšić Dejan , Saković Dušan
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this paper is to identify the determinants and indicate their impact on the company’s cash holdings in the wholesale industry in ten Balkan countries. Effective cash holdings management is key to any company’s healthy and smooth business operation, so comprehending and analyzing the relationship between the company’s internal determinants and cash holdings is vital. The sample used for this work included 106 companies, whose operations were studied over a four-year period (2014–2017), using the panel data model with fixed effects. The obtained results showed that three of the five observed variables (size, leverage, non-cash liquid assets, profitability and asset tangibility) have a statistically significant impact on the company’s cash holdings. It was determined that larger wholesale companies generally hold less cash, primarily due to more favorable external sources of financing, thus, financially stronger wholesale companies on the Balkans are likely to hold less cash. Only by practicing adequate inventory management and receivables collection policy can wholesale companies ensure effective working capital, leading to the fact that more profitable wholesale companies hold more cash. The realized profit of wholesale companies is used to increase liquidity as well as to stimulate business growth and development. The research results revealed that, in order to achieve an optimal cash holdings level, the observed wholesale companies in Balkan countries tend to constantly balance between profitability and liquidity. This paper contributes to improving the liquidity of wholesale companies in Balkan countries. It also offers wholesale companies assistance in establishing and maintaining an optimal cash holdings policy in order to reduce the potential risk of financial distress enable them to take advantage of all investment alternatives to maximize profit. All stakeholders will benefit from the developed model with significant determinants of the cash holdings policy along with the findings of this paper, especially when making decisions related to the cash holdings policy of wholesale companies and improving the overall business efficiency.
The Quest for Sustainable Tourism in Nepal
Authors: Nepal Sanjay K.
Published: March 2022

Long a prime destination for mountaineers and trekkers, Nepal has struggled to develop a tourism industry that is economically and environmentally sustainable. After becoming a draw for hippies in the late 1960s, the country never managed to reorient itself away from budget travelers and toward higher-value services that would make the most of its natural and cultural attractions, as its neighbor Bhutan has done. The COVID-19 pandemic is the third major interruption to tourism in recent years, after a decade-long civil war and the 2015 earthquake. It could be a chance to finally put the industry on a more sustainable path.
Pakistan’s Fragmented Megacity
Authors: Khan Nichola
Published: March 2022

A new book by a journalist follows five interlocutors through Karachi’s recent history of rapid expansion, corruption, violence, and civil society efforts.
Representación semántica de la oposición naturaleza-cultura en la Relación de Pedro Hernández Paniagua
Authors: Rodas Bazán Dany
Published: March 2022

Las crónicas de las guerras civiles del Perú  representaron dos procesos determinantes del siglo XVI: las luchas entre conquistadores y la insurgencia de los encomenderos. Una de estas crónicas fue la Relación de Pedro Hernández Paniagua, la cual describe estratégicamente la oposición naturaleza-cultura, asignada al héroe de su informe (el mismo autor) y a su oponente, el tirano rebelde Gonzalo Pizarro. Recurriendo  a la semiótica del discurso, buscamos describir la organización semántica de esta oposición, en función de la descripción de la lucha entre un héroe sui generis (anciano, pero muy inteligente) y un oponente alejado de la cultura escrita, y próximo a la barbarie.
Articulación entre memoria y olvido ejercida como herramienta de resguardo: aproximación a la novela Abril Rojo (2006) de Santiago Roncagliolo
Authors: Sánchez Echevarría Keren Heiddy
Published: March 2022

En este artículo llevaremos a cabo el análisis de la novela Abril rojo (2006) de Santiago Roncagliolo. Nuestro estudio versará en la dinámica existente entre la memoria y el olvido, en cómo estos aspectos juegan en sintonía para ocultar, aislar o relegar hechos sumiéndolos en una neblina que no permite al resto de individuos advertirlos; a su vez, respecto a la memoria, distinguimos cómo se trae a la luz incidentes separados que conceden solo una parte de la historia, evidentemente, la fracción conveniente. En dicho sentido, a través de este estudio, observaremos cómo la narrativa de Roncagliolo inscrita en un formato de investigación nos abre camino a una serie de mecanismos de resguardo utilizados por el Estado y por sujetos comunes como el fiscal Chacaltama para apoderarse de los sucesos pasados y seleccionar cuáles se exponen como hechos históricos, protegiendo así su propia imagen y de la institución representada.
KONSEP KEPEMIMPINAN DALAM ISLAM
Authors: Kurniawan Kurniawan , Putra Defri Nof , Zikri Afdal , Mukhtar AH Nurkamelia
Published: March 2022

Kepemimpinan adalah seseorang yang dapat mempengaruhi, mendorong, mengajak, menuntun, menggerakkan orang lain agar menerima pengaruh sesuatu yang dapat membantu pencapaian tujuan tertentu. Kepemimpinan pada hakikatnya berhubungan dengan tenaga manusia atau kelompok yang terorganisasi, dan sebagai satu kekuatan atau potensi. Salah satu pedoman itu adalah kewajiban manusia untuk mentaati segala yang diperintahkan untuk kehidupan yang lebih baik dan menjauhi segala larangan untuk menghindari diri dari perbuatan tercela. Dalam perjalanan dinamika kehidupan manusia, ternyata manusia tidak bisa hidup sendiri, manusia membutuhkan seorang pemimpin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis bagaimana konsep kepemimpinan dalam Islam, memahami apa itu kepemimpinan, kepemimpinan dalam Islam, dan apa urgensi seorang pemimpin dalam lembaga pendidikan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan (library research), dalam penganalisisan data model metode ini menggunakan model analisis deskriptif. Sebagai sumber informasi yaitu; buku-buku ilmiah, laporan penelitian, karangan-karangan ilmiah dan jurnal-jurnal. Dari hasil penelitian ini, dapat dijelaskan bahwa konsep kepemimpinan dalam Islam, merupakan cara pandang yang menjadi dasar landasan pemikiran dalam berperan menjadi seorang pemimpin. Adapun konsep yang dimiliki oleh ajaran Islam dalam memandang kepemimpinan, kepemimpinan dalam Islam mencakup beberapa Aspek yaitu; aspek pengaruh, aspek kerohanian, dan aspek karakteristik.
PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN KEPALA SEKOLAH DAN MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA GURU
Authors: Harmendi Muhammad , Lian Bukman , Wardarita Ratu
Published: March 2022

This study aims to determine the effect of principal leadership style and work motivation on teacher performance of Muhammadiyah junior high schools and islamic junior high school in Palembang City. This research is a quantitative research. The subjects of this study were the principal and teachers. Data collection methods using questionnaires and documentation. Test instrument using validity test and reliability test. Data analysis used descriptive and inferential data analysis techniques. The results showed: (1)  the leadership style of the principal has a significant effect on the performance of teachers SMP and MTS Muhammadiyah in Palembang City; (2) work motivation has a significant effect on the performance of teachers SMP and MTS Muhammadiyah in Palembang City. (3) the principal’s leadership style and  work motivation jointly influence the performance of teachers SMP and MTS Muhammadiyah in Palembang City.
MANAJEMEN SARANA DAN PRASARANA DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA (SMP) NEGERI 4 PARIAMAN
Authors: Asneli Asneli , Zulmuqim Zulmuqim , Nini Nini , Sriwahyuni Eci
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the management of facilities and infrastructure in improving learning outcomes of Islamic religious education. This study used descriptive qualitative method. With data collection techniques from observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques in this study are data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study are; 1) By making a work plan every year such as the procurement of books. Both student books, teacher handbooks and other supports or references; 2) The benefits of learning infrastructure are able to create a conducive, safe, and learning atmosphere for students and teachers; 3) Supervision of facilities and infrastructure to improve learning outcomes is carried out regularly and which infrastructure needs to be repaired or how to improve it.
THE STUDY ON CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN ENGLISH	TEACHING AND LEARNING	PROCESS AT VIII 2 GRADE MTsN 2 SOLOK	SELETAN
Authors: Kasih Putri Mulya , Kustati Martin , Al-Azmi Hidayat
Published: March 2022

This research aims to determine the types of code switching and code mixing used by teachers in schools. This study uses descriptive qualitative research. In data analysis, researchers used instruments such as observation, interview and recording. The population of this study is the teacher and students of class VIII 2 MTsN 2 Solok Selatan. The results of the investigation is about how there are two language in the bilingual class : Indonesian as the main language and English as an additional language. The researchers found that there of code switching carried out by English teacher in the classroom according to theory, namely the type of Tag switching , Intra-Sentential switching and Inter-Sentential switching. According to the theory, the code mixing is divided into three types according to theory, Insertion, Alternation and Congruent Lexicalization. In research results , code switching often use intra sentential switching, and code mixing which is often used in the classroom is alternation. The conclusion of this discussion is that code switching and code mixing
Plasmon Wave Propagation Property of Metal Wedge Plasmonic Waveguides Covered by a Protective Oxide Layer
Authors: Thuy Vu Thi Ngoc , Hoang Chu Manh
Published: March 2022

Guiding plasmon waves is based on dielectric/metal interfaces. The wedge-shaped interface shows an excellent capacity in the tight lightwave confinement at deep-subwavelength propagation mode size. Several types of metals have also been investigated for guiding plasmon waves. Among them, the Ag metal shows a plasmon wave guiding ability superior to other metals, however, it is sensitive to the operating medium and is easily oxidized. To overcome these drawbacks, the Ag wedge covered by a protective thin oxide layer is proposed. Numerically investigated results show that the propagation length of the Ag wedge covered by a protective thin silicon dioxide layer can be enhanced by a factor of 7.5 while its figure of merit is at least 1.7 times larger than that of the Au wedge waveguide. The advantage of the proposed interface is potential for developing plasmonic waveguide components.
The Role of Russian Entrepreneurs in the Creation of Crimean Resorts in the Late 19th — Early 20th Centuries (with Reference to Simeiz and Gurzuf)
Authors:   V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia, Borschik Natalia D.
Published: March 2022

This study aims to trace the main stages of the construction of resort villages on the southern coast of Crimea between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and their specifics and evaluate the contribution of Russian entrepreneurs to the development of resort business in Crimea. Based on the body of sources kept in the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea, it is established that the leading role in the formation and prosperity of the most popular Crimean resorts, Simeiz and Gurzuf, belongs to famous Russian entrepreneurs, i.e. representatives of the Maltsov dynasty and P. I. Gubonin, respectively. Thanks to their efforts and investments, once deserted and abandoned areas became villages with a developed infrastructure comfortable for living. Also, the involvement of a wide range of professionals in the construction of villages, such as architects, engineers, builders, managers, gardeners, etc. can be considered key to the successful functioning of resorts. The author singles out features of new places of rest: Simeiz developed because of individual development in accordance with the owners’ tastes, and Gurzuf became a model of hotel business of the time. The author concludes that with the help of a flexible pricing policy, hotels, guesthouses, and cottages became available to wealthy visitors not only of noble origin. In its turn, the public vacationing in Crimea enthusiastically got acquainted with local attractions, which became the basis for the formation of the tourism industry in the region. Crimea ceased to be an elitist place of rest for the royalty and persons close to them at the turn of the twentieth century and turned into the “Russian Riviera”, a popular resort in Russia, whose progressive development was interrupted by the events of October 1917 and the subsequent Civil War.
On the Typology of Writers’ Letters to the Editor in the Early 20th Century: Answers to Readers, Critics, and Opponents
Authors:   A. M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the RAS (IWL RAS), Moscow, Andrushchenko Elena A.
Published: March 2022

Based on the analysis of little-known and forgotten letters of Russian writers, most of them introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time, this article clarifies the existing perceptions of various types of letters to the editor. The purpose of the work is to identify and describe cases of changing conventions between the writer, the critic, and the reader in the early twentieth century. The notice form of the letter, traditionally used to notify readers of ongoing rearrangements in editorial boards or groups, as well as the writer’s membership in a particular literary publication, remained unchanged. Conversely, the writer’s letter as a response to a reader, a critic, or an opponent were forms influenced by a new sociocultural situation, characterised by an increasing number of printed publications and the appearance of a new type of reader and critic. The article establishes that, when replying to a reader, a social or political opponent via a newspaper, the writer turned his response into a public statement, expressed in accordance with their reputation and social stance. The writer’s reply to an opponent often took the form of an open letter and became an instance of civic action. As a response to a critic, the writer’s letter to the editor indicated his refusal to regard the critic as an authoritative participant of the literary process, one equal in status to the writer. When addressing the reader through the medium of a newspaper, the writer discussed the factual aspect of the critic’s statement, not their opinion of the writer’s work, thus emphasising the insignificance of their role. A response to a critic the writer found authoritative instead took the form of an article, or a column. Writers’ letters to the editor of the early twentieth century reflect contradictory phenomena in the literary process, caused by the emergence of mass readership and a reconsideration of the terms set between it, the writer and the critic.
Categories of Space and Time in the Christian Supertext of the Explanatory Dictionary
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia, Mikhailova Julia N.
Published: March 2022

This article examines religious terminology (religious vocabulary recorded in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language) from the standpoint of the categorial-textual approach. The methodological basis of the research proceeds from the fact that religionyms as a system-structural integrity form a special kind of supertext in the explanatory dictionary, which is organised by universal text categories based on their thematic unity. The article analyses the textual categories of space and time which structure the supertext. The study aims to identify the specificity of categories, which are peculiar to the Christian worldview and are reflected in the explanatory dictionary. The study mostly employs the categorial-textual analysis method and techniques of the component and contextual analysis methods. The most important conclusions drawn are that the spatial category of the supertext of religionyms includes objective and conceptual spaces. Objective space is based on the hierarchical dichotomy of “the earthly” and “the heavenly”. Earthly space is structured as a field where the core is the temple, the prototypical place, the nearest periphery is the place in the temple and near the temple, while the far periphery is the territory united by Christianity. Heavenly space is a linear vertical structure with the poles in the form of heaven and hell. Conceptual space can be represented as an “inverted cone” where the concrete turns into the abstract and opens into general cultural space. The Chronos of religious discourse represents the dichotomy “the temporal” vs “the eternal”. The category of temporality in the supertext of religious names is represented by objective time existing both in profane and sacred manifestations. The general conclusion is that the types of space and time in the Christian explanatory dictionary supertext do not contradict the chronotope of religious texts. The study refers to examples from the following explanatory dictionaries: The Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov (1953); The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova (1994); and The Dictionary of the Russian Language edited by A. P. Evgenyeva (1985–1988).
Taxis in Text Structure (Based on B. Pasternak’s Letters from Tula)
Authors:   Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets, Grudeva Elena V. , Solovyova Svetlana A. ,   Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets
Published: March 2022

This article is devoted to the problem of analysing the taxis as a text category in the structure of a consistent montage text. The research refers to Letters from Tula (1918), a novel by B. Pasternak. The choice of the text is due to the specifics of its structure. In a montage text, the functional-semantic category of the taxis reflects the author’s idea of the temporal correlation of actions within the framework of an integral period, a temporal frame. Its boundaries are determined by the perceiver. The main methods of linguistic analysis in the article are the descriptive, analytical, and interpretive. The connection between the taxis category and the idea of a semantic plurality of situations appears in the structure of the montage text. Their immersion in a single temporal frame and the system of syntactic means and connections allows them to overcome the simultaneity of the text. Special attention is paid to the system of syntactic means of taxis implementation. This approach makes it possible to reveal the features of the spatio-temporal organisation of the text and discover the principles of compatibility of the components of the text, and their conditionality. The system of grammatical means reflects the conjugation of actions and the intentionality of taxis meanings. In the structure of the text, taxis relations arise between juxtaposed and distantly located fragments of the text connected only by the framework of a common period. Simultaneity becomes the predominant type of the relationship. The system of grammatical means of taxis organisation made up by the unity of aspectual semantics, the parallelism of syntactic structures, and various types of syntactic repetitions becomes a factor that makes it possible to combine parallel developing thematic lines and different ways of narration in the text to show the process of perceptual activity, drawing the reader’s attention to several simultaneously comprehended events as an integrated fragment of reality and stabilising the space of the montage text. The connection between the taxis and the subject’s point of view organises the connections between the subjective and the objective, the figurative and the logical and strengthens the intentionality of taxis semantics, one of whose functions is the organisation of the reading strategy.
The Method of Probabilistic Forecasting as a Tool of the Psycholinguistic Analysis of a Creolised Text: The Perception of Social Advertising Codes
Authors:   Ural State Pedagogical University, Ekaterinburg, Gridina Tatiana A. , Konovalova Nadezhda I. ,   Ural State Pedagogical University, Ekaterinburg,   Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Published: March 2022

This article verifies the congruence of the verbal and nonverbal codes of social advertising in terms of the expression of the transmitted idea, which makes it possible to adequately restore the lacunarised text (with the slogan excluded while preserving the visual sequence). It is proved that in the process of interpretation of the general idea of the restored advertising slogan, both universal and nationally specific aspects of the verbal embodiment of the perceptual image represented by the nonverbal component are revealed. The authors single out factors contributing to the perception of the meanings of social advertising: the commonality of value presuppositions, the linguo-pragmatic orientation of the advertising text (the significance of information for the addressee), the suggestive nature of the polymodal complex (the emotional power of the visual series and its auditory accompaniment in the form of music and voice in the video advertising). The article characterises strategies for filling text gaps, i.e. stereotypical (using ready-made verbal clichés, including common advertising slogans of a typical syntactic structure) and creative (using word-making innovations, metaphors, figurative comparisons, phraseological precedents, quotes, and figures of expressive syntax). A special aspect of the analysis of the experimental material is the national and cultural specificity of the associative thinking of the respondents: the Russian-speaking participants of the experiment — when perceiving Chinese advertising, and the Chinese participants of the experiment — when translating the content of the restored slogan of Chinese advertising into Russian.
20th Century as Perceived by a Hungarian Left Intellectual. Review of: Krausz, T. (2020). Sud’ba idei v istorii SSSR i posle… [The Fate of Ideas in the History of the USSR and after…]. Moscow: Akvilon. 332 p.
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia, Antoshin Alexey V.
Published: March 2022

This article presents an analysis of a collection of studies by Tamбs Krausz, a famous Hungarian historian, professor at the Eцtvцs Loránd University of Budapest. The collection contains articles by the scholar for the period between 1980 and 2020. The Review highlights the key topics of the articles presented in the collection: the history of the Russian Revolution, the Second World War, and the role of the Hungarian troops in it, youth movements in Europe and the world in the 1960s–1970s, and the crisis and collapse of the USSR. The review proves that the key processes of the world’s development in the twentieth century are assessed by Tamбs Krausz through the prism of his worldview, from the standpoint of a left-wing intellectual who was formed in the atmosphere of socialist Hungary, where the degree of spiritual freedom was higher than in the Soviet Union. The Hungarian historian critically assesses both the experience of the USSR in the 1940s–1980s and the current situation in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The review substantiates the conclusion that, according to Tamás Krausz, the socialist experiment was an attempt to implement an alternative variant of the development of society, and to ensure compliance with the principles of social justice.
Image SPAM Detection Using ML and DL Techniques
Authors: Abuzaid Nawal
Published: March 2022

Abstract Since e-mail is one of the most common places to send messages, spammers have, in recent years, targeted it as a preferred way of distributing undesired messages (spam) to several users to spread viruses, cause destruction, and obtain user's information. Spam images are considered one of the known spam types. The spammer processes images and changes their characteristics, especially background colour, font type, or adding artefacts to the images to spread spam. In this paper, we proposed a spam detection model using Several ML (Random-Forest (RF), Decision-Tree (DT), KNearest Neighbor (KNN), Support-Vector Machine (SVM), NaïveBays (NB), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)). Several experiments evaluate the efficiency and performance of the (ML) algorithms for spam detection. Using the Image Spam Hunter Dataset extracted from real spam e-mails, the proposed model achieved over 99% accuracy on spam image detection. Keywords: SPAM, Machine Learning, Image Classification, Feature Extraction, Deep Learning.
A Recruitment Big Data Approach to interplay of the Target Drugs
Authors: Alzyadat Wael , Muhairat Mohammad , Alhroob Aysh , Rawashdeh Thamer
Published: March 2022

Abstract The various model that has been used to predict, datamining, and information retrieval are useful to use through the traditional database, due to big data the prediction should derive in a different role that conduct the hidden structure data based on a stability scale to allow discovering accrue unsupervised drug data. Especially, the drug data must be understandable to analysts. Following this approach, conduct the stability drug data through computation methods are quality measurements, preprocess data, k-mean cluster, and decision tree. This approach seeks to identify the data by two dimensions (vertically and horizontally), which extrapolations, compilation, and interpretation values of the dataset while considering individual attributes. A comparison with clusters defines the set for features using balance value by K-mean algorithm to determine the k clusters that consider the set of features based on two values 0 and 1, which given the discernible between dependent and independent class target, and pinpoint the relationship among them. Keywords: Big Data, Discretize, k-mean cluster Stability, Target drug
Systematics ofVignasubgenusLasiospron(Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Phaseolinae)
Authors: Delgado-Salinas Alfonso , Lavin Matt , Snak Cristiane , Lewis Gwilym P.
Published: March 2022

Abstract—A taxonomic treatment is herein provided for the six primarily Neotropical species ofVignasubg.Lasiospron. This subgenus is distinguished, in part, by its close relationship with Old WorldVignaspecies, but rather than having an Old WorldVignafloral asymmetry where distal floral parts can have a right-hand curvature (from a face-view perspective), distal parts ofVignasubg.Lasiospronflowers, like those of American Phaseolinae, curve to the left. Our proposed taxonomy reflects published phylogenetic analyses that resolve theVignasubg.Lasiospronspecies in a subclade of the primarily Old World clade of species ofVignasensu stricto.Vignasubg.Lasiospronis therefore distinctive in having a primarily neotropical distribution. Three of the sixVignasubg.Lasiospronspecies have an amphi-Atlantic distribution, which we suggest was achieved naturally by the ability of these species to disperse and colonize coastal habitats. Nomenclatural and taxonomic synonyms are reported, along with species descriptions and the biogeographical, genetic, and morphological evidence that argues for each of the sixVignasubg.Lasiospronspecies fitting a unified species concept.
Eriocaulon benedictum and E. naviculum (Eriocaulaceae): Two New Species from the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Ribeiro de Oliveira Adriana Luiza , Costa Filipe Gomes Cardoso Machado da , Rosa Priscila Oliveira , Faria Jair Eustáquio Quintino , Barnes Proença Carolyn Elinore
Published: March 2022

Abstract— Two new species of Eriocaulon (Eriocaulaceae) from the Brazilian Cerrado are described and illustrated. Eriocaulon benedictum, found in the Tocantins River Basin and Plate River Basin has a vegetative morphology similar to Eriocaulon
aquatile and E. modestum due to the submerged life form with submerged leaves and long scapes surpassing the water column, but differs from both by the presence of a submerged stem with spiral leaves (vs. a rhizome with rosulate leaves), obtrullate floral bracts (vs. oblong floral
bracts in E. aquatile or obovate in E. modestum), and band shaped projections on the seeds (vs. post shaped projections on E. modestum or projections absent in E. aquatile). Eriocaulon naviculum, found in the Araguaia River Basin, an emergent species,
has a floral morphology similar to E. altogibbosum and E. gibbosum due to the presence of gibbous sepals in the pistillate flowers, but differs from both by the grey trichomes on the leaf sheath (vs. translucent trichomes in the latter species), slightly sinuous scapes (vs. straight
scapes in the latter species), membranous, gibbous swelling in the sepals of the pistillate flowers (vs. incrassate gibbous swelling in the latter species), and seeds without projections with a rough lumen (vs. seeds without projections with a smooth lumen in E. gibbosum or seeds with
band-like projections in E. altogibbosum). Detailed descriptions, including anatomical and seed data, illustrations, and maps of occurrence are presented for the new species, as are data on the ecology, geographic distribution, and risk assessments. An updated key for Eriocaulon
species from the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin is also provided.
Two New Species of PurpleCalibrachoa(Solanaceae) from Southern Brazil Grasslands Revealed by Molecular and Morphological Data
Authors: Stehmann João Renato , Mäder Geraldo , Freitas Loreta Brandão de
Published: March 2022

Abstract—We describe two new species ofCalibrachoa(Solanaceae) from southern Brazil grasslands. The new species were first detected by molecular data, and later corroborated by morphological traits and field observations. Both species are erect shrubs with showy purple corollas. The main distinctive morphological traits are the marked dark purple ring contrasting with the yellow corolla throat and the lobed stigma inC. atropurpurea,and the long androecium reaching the distal part of the corolla tube and the connivent anthers inC. synanthera. A key for the species with purple flowers from the Rio Grande do Sul Brazilian State, where the species were found, is given.Keywords—Calibrachoasubg.Stimomphis, Rio Grande do Sul, subtropical grasslands, taxonomy
Morphological Diversity and Taxonomic Importance of Fruits and Seeds of the Genus Spigelia (Loganiaceae) in Mexico
Authors: Islas-Hernández C. Sofia , Alvarado-Cárdenas Leonardo O. , Rosell Julieta A. , Ochoterena Helga , Villaseñor José Luis
Published: March 2022

Abstract— The genus Spigelia (Loganiaceae) is a Neotropical genus that includes more than 80 species distributed from the United States to Argentina. Systematic studies of the group have rarely considered the carpological characters, so their taxonomic importance
has not been analyzed in detail. The aim of this study is to analyze the morphological characteristics of these organs to provide more information for a better species separation and for a more robust infra-generic classification. We provide a detailed description of Spigelia fruits
and seeds of the Mexican species since the country represents one of its main centers of diversification. Fruits and seed samples from 54 individuals across 14 species were measured and photographed to describe each one, maintaining as much detail as possible. With the morphological matrix
a DFA, PCA, and a dendrogram using the NJ method was performed. The fruits and seeds of the Mexican Spigelia species proved to be taxonomically useful, allowing the differentiation of four main clusters of species separated by the size of the analyzed structures in the three analyses
(DFA, PCA, NJ). The results show the variation in size and shape of the structures analyzed, which shows the taxonomic importance of fruits and seeds of the genus Spigelia. Our work represents an advance in the detailed knowledge of structures, which are rarely considered in the descriptions,
and which allows us to have a separation of species. A taxonomic treatment and photographs of the fruits and seeds are also included.
On Graphic Scholarship: A Conversation with Nick Sousanis
Authors: Sohini Kay
Published: March 2022

Nick Sousanis is the author of Unflattening, one of the first doctoral dissertations to be drawn as a comic and subsequently published by Harvard University Press in 2015. Unflattening has arguably inspired a generation of dissertations that use comics as a medium, including my own “Drawing Unbelonging” (Sohini, forthcoming). In this interview, I talked to Nick about comics as scholarship, using visual metaphors, illustrative versus generative images, and what to read when struck by the dreaded creator’s block.
The Occurrence and Genesis of Silicified Coals in Tanjung Redeb, Embalut, and Loa Kulu, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Widayat Agus Haris , Anggayana Komang , Indriati Teti , Al Hakim Andy Yahya , Dwiantoro Mulyono , Furqany Miqdam , Rifaldi Mirza Dian
Published: March 2022

DOI:10.17014/ijog.9.1.27-43The occurrence and genesis of silicified coals in Tanjung Redeb, Embalut, and Loa Kulu have been described and reconstructed by means of petrography and geochemistry. The silicified coals are black, hard, and contain dispersed fine-grained silica minerals. Silica (SiO2) contents vary from 58 to 76%, and LOI (mostly represents organic matter) ranges from 23 to 40% of the bulk silicified coal samples based on the ICP-INAA analysis. Microscopic examination shows the presence of quartz, chalcedony, and amorphous opal. Silicification occurs both as layers and nodules within the coal seams. The layer type is usually thin layers (<25 cm) near the top and bottom of the seams, and they can spread horizontally up to 3 m. Nodules occur randomly in the coal seams having a diameter from several centimeters to 1 m. Further microscopic investigation shows that preserved cellular structure is more commonly observed in the layered silicified coal samples. This may suggest that the layered silicification occurred relatively early in the coal seam diagenesis, while the nodule silicification took place during later diagenesis. The coexistence of silica polymorphs in some samples may indicate the presence of multiple silicification stages during coalification.