bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Actual pinching and suffering’: Estate Responses to Poverty in Sutherland, 1845–86
Authors: Tindley Annie
Published: November 2011

Despite the period after the Great Highland Famine being labelled by some historians as a period of relative prosperity for the crofting and cottar community of north-west Sutherland, poverty and occasional destitution remained the norm. This article examines the structural causes and social consequences of this recurring pattern, principally from the perspective of the owners and managers of the Sutherland estate. The views of those factors ‘on the ground’ revolved around the organisation of immediate assistance for the people, as well as a fear of a ‘dependency’ culture being the permanent result of landlord charitable aid. These views clashed with those of the estate commissioner and ducal family, who were concerned with their public image, especially in the wake of unfavourable comment on the clearances. These contrasting views were further complicated by contemporary debates about charity and Poor Law reform which, although often metropolitan in focus, had a direct impact on the Sutherland estate's response to destitution in the mid-nineteenth century.
Managing Decline: The Case of Jute
Authors: Tomlinson Jim
Published: November 2011

The decline of Dundee's jute industry is used here to throw fresh light on the much broader discussion of the ‘management of decline’ of the great staple industries – a key part of the historical political economy of twentieth-century Britain. The competitive pressures on jute are analysed, and the ways in which the industry responded to these. There is a particular focus on government-industry relations around the issue of protection, but also assessment of the overall employers’ response to market pressures. The experience of jute is compared with that of cotton, its closest comparator. The article suggests that decline was managed with some success until the 1970s, but that thereafter changes in the policy environment coupled with technological change led to the jute industry's rapid demise.
Introduction: The Illusion of Transparency
Authors: Beasley Rebecca , Bullock Philip Ross
Published: November 2011

The impact of Russian literature on British literature in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has long been considered through the prism of its single most energetic translator, Constance Garnett. Arguing that Garnett's project to translate nearly the entire canon of Russian realist fiction was shaped by a wider commitment to domesticating fluency, this introduction suggests ways in which current interest in translators, intermediaries, critics, and institutions can challenge this illusion of transparency, and offer a more variegated account of the multiple processes and ideologies of translation and reception that were at work in Britain at the turn of the century.
Samuel Solomonovich Koteliansky and British Modernism
Authors: Davison-Pégon Claire
Published: November 2011

This article examines S. S. Koteliansky as cultural mediator involved not only in the translation of Russian classics, but in strategic marketing ploys and post-revolutionary activism, shaping the cultural attitudes of early twentieth-century London. It starts from his networks in Whitehall, Westminster, and Bloomsbury, before appraising the tactics of enjoining writers to translate and publish the texts he was bringing to Britain. It then turns to the poetics of co-authored translations. Brief extracts from ‘Stavrogin's Confession’, the suppressed chapters of Dostoevsky's The Possessed, translated in 1922 in collaboration with Virginia Woolf, reveal a distinctly modernist attention to voice.
Output Feedback Dissipation Control for the Power-Level of Modular High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors
Authors: Dong Zhe
Published: November 2011

Because of its strong inherent safety features and the high outlet temperature, the modular high temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor (MHTGR) is the chosen technology for a new generation of nuclear power plants. Such power plants are being considered for industrial applications with a wide range of power levels, thus power-level regulation is very important for their efficient and stable operation. Exploiting the large scale asymptotic closed-loop stability provided by nonlinear controllers, a nonlinear power-level regulator is presented in this paper that is based upon both the techniques of feedback dissipation and well-established backstepping. The virtue of this control strategy, i.e., the ability of globally asymptotic stabilization, is that it takes advantage of the inherent zero-state detectability property of the MHTGR dynamics. Moreover, this newly built power-level regulator is also robust towards modeling uncertainty in the control rod dynamics. If modeling uncertainty of the control rod dynamics is small enough to be omitted, then this control law can be simplified to a classical proportional feedback controller. The comparison of the control performance between the newly-built power controller and the simplified controller is also given through numerical study and theoretical analysis.
Drug-Eluting Intraocular Lenses
Authors: González-Chomón Clara , Concheiro Angel , Alvarez-Lorenzo Carmen
Published: November 2011

Notable advances in materials science and in surgical techniques make the management of cataract by replacement of the opaque crystalline with an intraocular lens (IOL), one of the most cost-effective interventions in current healthcare. The usefulness and safety of IOLs can be enhanced if they are endowed with the ability to load and to sustain drug release in the implantation site. Drug-eluting IOLs can prevent infections and untoward reactions of eye tissues (which lead to opacification) and also can act as drug depots for treatment of several other ocular pathologies. Such a myriad of therapeutic possibilities has prompted the design of drug-IOL combination products. Several approaches are under study, namely combination of the IOL with an insert in a single device, soaking in drug solutions, impregnation using supercritical fluids, coating with drug/polymer layers, and covalent grafting of the drug. The advantages/limitations of each technique are discussed in the present review on selected examples. Although more in vivo data are required, the information already available proves the interest of some approaches in ocular therapeutics.
Effects of Lycium Barbarum Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts on High-Fat-Diet Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Liver Tissue
Authors: Cui BoKang , Liu Su , Lin XiaoJun , Wang Jun , Li ShuHong , Wang QiBo , Li ShengPing
Published: November 2011

This study evaluated the protective effects of aqueous extract of Lycium barbarum (LBAE) and ethanol extract of Lycium barbarum (LBEE) on blood lipid levels, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and liver tissue antioxidant enzyme activities in rats fed a high fat diet (HF). The rats were randomly divided into seven groups of ten rats each and fed a different diet for eight weeks as follows: One group (NC group) was fed a standard diet, one group was fed a high-fat diet (HF group), one group was fed a high-fat diet and orally fed with 20 mg/kg b.w. simvastatin (HF + simvastatin group), and the other group was fed the high fat diet and orally fed with 50 mg/kg b.w. or 100 mg/kg b.w. LBAE (HF + LBAE), or 50 mg/kg b.w. or 100 mg/kg b.w. LBEE (HF + LBEE), respectively. After eight weeks, the HF diet caused deleterious metabolic effects. Rats fed the HF diet alone showed increased hepatocellular enzyme activities in plasma, a significant decline in antioxidant enzyme activities, and elevated liver lipid peroxidation indices. LBAE and LBEE administration significantly reduced liver damage and oxidative changes, and brought back the antioxidants and lipids towards normal levels. These data suggest that these antioxidants protect against toxicity parameters in HF rats.
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Novel Sulfone Derivatives Containing 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Moieties
Authors: Xu Weiming , He Jiang , He Ming , Han Feifei , Chen Xuehai , Pan Zhaoxi , Wang Jian , Tong Maoguo
Published: November 2011

A series of new sulfone compounds containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties were synthesized. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic data (IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR) and elemental analyses. Antifungal tests indicated that all the title compounds exhibited good antifungal activities against eight kinds of plant pathogenic fungi, and some showed superiority over the commercial fungicide hymexazol. Among them, compounds 5d, 5e, 5f, and 5i showed prominent activity against B. cinerea, with determined EC50 values of 5.21 μg/mL, 8.25 µg/mL, 8.03 µg/mL, and 21.00 µg/mL, respectively. The present work demonstrates that sulfone derivatives such as 5d containing a 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety can be used as possible lead compounds for the development of potential agrochemicals.
Berberine and Itraconazole Are not Synergistic in Vitro against Aspergillus fumigatus Isolated from Clinical Patients
Authors: Lei Gao , Dan He , Jinhua Liu , Wei Yan , Song Gao , Li Wang
Published: November 2011

The incidence of Aspergillus fumigatus infections has become more frequent as a consequence of widespread immunosuppression. At present, the number of available antifungal agents in the clinic is limited, and most of them, such as itraconazole (ICZ), are toxic and show resistance. Berberine (BER) is a plant alkaloid used in the clinic mainly for alimentary infections. We have used BER and ICZ to measure in vitro resistance in A. fumigatus isolated from clinical patients. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranges of BER and ICZ were 4–256 and 0.031–0.250 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, against A. fumigatus IFM 40808 strain, the MIC50 values of BER and ICZ were 8 and 0.125 μg/mL. Using this strain, we compared the giant colonies with or without BER, and concluded that BER could restrain A. fumigatus mycelial growth and conidial pigment production. Combinations of the two drugs were also tested by the checkerboard assay to identify any functional interactions between them. Thirty-two out of 42 isolates had FICI values > 4.0, indicating that two drugs were mutually antagonistic. In conclusion, it is not advised that BER and ICZ be used in the clinic at the same time. Our results indicated that BER may inhibit A. fumigatus through the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, like ICZ.
One-Dimensional Helical Homochiral Metal-Organic Framework Built from 2,2′-Dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl-3,3′-dicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Tanaka Koichi , Kikumoto Yuki , Shiro Motoo
Published: November 2011

A homochiral metal-organic framework (MOF) based on enantiopure (R)-2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl-3,3′-dicarboxylic acid was synthesized. X-ray crystal diffraction studies revealed that the MOF adopts a one-dimensional infinite right-handed helical tubular structure along the a-axis, which serves as a host for the inclusion of guest dimethylformamide (DMF) molecules.
A Mobile Ferromagnetic Shape Detection Sensor Using a Hall Sensor Array and Magnetic Imaging
Authors: Misron Norhisam , Shin Ng Wei , Shafie Suhaidi , Marhaban Mohd Hamiruce , Mailah Nashiren Farzilah
Published: November 2011

This paper presents a Mobile Hall Sensor Array system for the shape detection of ferromagnetic materials that are embedded in walls or floors. The operation of the Mobile Hall Sensor Array system is based on the principle of magnetic flux leakage to describe the shape of the ferromagnetic material. Two permanent magnets are used to generate the magnetic flux flow. The distribution of magnetic flux is perturbed as the ferromagnetic material is brought near the permanent magnets and the changes in magnetic flux distribution are detected by the 1-D array of the Hall sensor array setup. The process for magnetic imaging of the magnetic flux distribution is done by a signal processing unit before it displays the real time images using a netbook. A signal processing application software is developed for the 1-D Hall sensor array signal acquisition and processing to construct a 2-D array matrix. The processed 1-D Hall sensor array signals are later used to construct the magnetic image of ferromagnetic material based on the voltage signal and the magnetic flux distribution. The experimental results illustrate how the shape of specimens such as square, round and triangle shapes is determined through magnetic images based on the voltage signal and magnetic flux distribution of the specimen. In addition, the magnetic images of actual ferromagnetic objects are also illustrated to prove the functionality of Mobile Hall Sensor Array system for actual shape detection. The results prove that the Mobile Hall Sensor Array system is able to perform magnetic imaging in identifying various ferromagnetic materials.
Viruses Infecting Reptiles
Authors: Marschang Rachel E.
Published: November 2011

A large number of viruses have been described in many different reptiles. These viruses include arboviruses that primarily infect mammals or birds as well as viruses that are specific for reptiles. Interest in arboviruses infecting reptiles has mainly focused on the role reptiles may play in the epidemiology of these viruses, especially over winter. Interest in reptile specific viruses has concentrated on both their importance for reptile medicine as well as virus taxonomy and evolution. The impact of many viral infections on reptile health is not known. Koch’s postulates have only been fulfilled for a limited number of reptilian viruses. As diagnostic testing becomes more sensitive, multiple infections with various viruses and other infectious agents are also being detected. In most cases the interactions between these different agents are not known. This review provides an update on viruses described in reptiles, the animal species in which they have been detected, and what is known about their taxonomic positions.
La fonction cryptique du langage
Authors: Decrosse Anne
Published: November 2011

On s'interroge principalement dans ce papier de travail sur les actions possibles au niveau des modèles linguistique et sémiotiques, et sur leur zone d'interférence.

En définissant la langue, à partir des apports récents de la sociolinguistique et de la pragmatique, comme un système où l'invariant est la variation, et, où le sens est un acte en situation, on souhaite développer un domaine d'étude sur les relations entre le travail du signe et la sémiose langue/ langage /monde. Dans cette perspective le concept de Fonction Cryptique du Langage permet de formaliser comme un dispositif socio-historique les opérations énonciatives (de l'appareil formel de l' énonciation, mais aussi des autres niveaux linguistiques) organisant sens et référence.
Racisme et démographie
Authors: Achard Pierre
Published: November 2011

Achard Pierre, "Racism and Demography".

The enonciative and argumentative analysis of an article by A. Sauvy on racism evinces certain forms of racist-inclined expressions in the discourse on demography.

Demographical reasonings make sense only the standpoint of a nationalistic position where the right of citizenship is always essentialized. Of which grammatical relationships in the text (we-they) are the most direct expression. The use of demography by the media tends to accentuate tendencies which are already present in the field-subject itself.
Ce que disent les anthroponymes peuls
Authors: Kintz Danièle
Published: November 2011

Kintz Danièle, "What do individual Fulani names tell us ?"

Fulany people possess several names each, never less than two of them and, sometimes, even more than six. This paper gives an approach to the way names successively surround each individual and, mainly, it describes the information they contain. The use of individual names is restricted by prohibitions that are significant of social relationships. Dealing with these prohibitions is considered to be a social skill.
De la capture des images
Authors: Mouillaud Maurice
Published: November 2011

Mouillaud Maurice, "On the capture of images".

In December of 1985, two events (an Underground strike and an attempted escape) were brought together by the Press, by using the same word "otage" ("hostage"). The paper studies how showing and concealing play a role in the event, through the use of images in news. Whereas the strike is an action which makes visible what is usually hidden (the drivers), what is in fact shown is the mob of users, who are submitted to it ("hostages") become visible as pedestrians. As for the attempted escape from Nantes Courtroom, the accused who took their judges as hostages, become masters of the images - and this reveals that images are always allied to a viewpoint. The circulation of the term "hostage" between the two events plays in turn a role as an image.
La diglossie immergée : représentations alternatives du répertoire linguistique chez les Yakoma de Bangui
Authors: Wald Paul
Published: November 2011

Wald Paul, 'Diglossia in situation : duality of representations of the linguistic repertory of the Bangui Yakona'

Diglossia is distinct from bilingualism because of the fact that the relation of precedence is established between ways of speaking which are related for the speaker. It accounts for the delimitation of the varieties in a repertory that the speakers may conceive either as unitary or as dual, both positions being socially motivated. So, the situation of the Yakoma who are urbanized in Bangui, and whose language is at the origin of the urban vernacular (Sango) may be considered by the speakers either as belonging to an unitary model or as bilingualism. The role played by vernacular code-mixing and by functional alternation for the models of representation will be emphasized.
Langage et idéologie
Authors: Thompson John B.
Published: November 2011

La théorie de l'idéologie est l'objet d'un regain d'intérêt, tant du fait de l'existence d'un courant critique du marxisme traditionnel que d'un courant de pensée qui redonne au langage une place centrale dans la vie sociale. La critique de l'approche traditionnelle de l'idéologie ne doit cependant pas conduire à abandonner la notion, ni à lui retirer sa valence critique. L'auteur propose de définir l'idéologie comme ce qui, dans l'usage du langage, soutient les rapports de domination. Après avoir rejeté trois conceptions "fallacieuses" de l'idéologie (système discret de croyances, ciment social et pure illusion), il montre ce qu'une telle définition implique à l'égard des approches socio-historique, formelle ou discursive, et narrative. Il conclut en montrant en quoi une composante herméneutique, interprétative et justificative, est indispensable.
L'interprétation de la violence. Une analyse du discours sur les troubles sociaux au Royaume-Uni : le cas de Handsworth, Birmingham, 1985
Authors: Gaffney John
Published: November 2011

Gaffney John, "Interpreting violence. Discourse analysis on social troubles in the U.K.: the Handsworth (Birainghai) case, 1985".

The 1985 racial riots in Handsworth have been discoursively treated at many institutional levels : government, the left, press, police, social workers. Examining in detail the discourses of these institutional poles enables one to show what logic they use in front of events whose main actors remain silent. The government ducks behind a crime interpretation, which would make the police central to the issue, whereas the left insists upon a social interpretation (unemployment) without directly tackling the problem of racism. The press deals with the event as a series. What is common to all those discoursive stands is attributing political significance to acts which are not discourse in political terms.
Comment dire "vert" en yakoma ? Note sur la détermination discursive des terminologies de couleur
Authors: Wald Paul
Published: November 2011

Walo Paul, 'Saying "green" in yakoma ? On the discourse determination of colour terminology'.

One difficulty with an etnolinguistics enquiry about colour naming is setting up the semantics status of certain labellings. Thus the compound ngu-ngunza (water-manioc leaf) could be taken as a colour-term ("green") once a closed terminology -of which it would be one element- be established. Contrarywise, one can argue such a syntagm is produced by the very conditions of the ethnological survey (identifying a colour sample). A more detailed analyzis of the during-the-enquiry discourse shows both the instability of the motivated semantic unity, or contrarywise, aiming at a virtually closed terminology, can be manipulated during the enquiry and depend upon categorization cognitive operations.
Nous et les autres : la gestion des appartenances dans un témoignage
Authors: Girin Jacques
Published: November 2011

Girin Jacques - "We and the others : managing belongings in a testimony".

For 18 and a half minutes, a trade union militant who has been asked to describe her situation at work, uses 80 times the pronoun nous and 67 times "on". What is referred to by these "nous" is subject to great variation during the testimony. In this study, the viewpoint of the hearer is first adopted, and hypotheses about his way of making sense with what he hears are proposed. One can then analyse the dynamics of the positionning of the speaker in relation to the "nous" he uses (groups of belonging or social groups with more of less fuzzy boundaries). In particular, this gives us the possibility of isolating sequences in which the witness, from a stable position, builds up a "narrative" in which inter-crossings are used for answering the question of "description" asked of her.
Une question sociosémiotique : l'état imaginaire des sciences
Authors: Decrusse Anne , Natali Jean-Paul
Published: November 2011

La mise en musée de la science pose un certain nombre de problèmes, liés à la vulgarisation. La sémiologie des média s'est déjà intéressée spécifiquement à la diffusion scientifique (revues de vulgarisation et expositions scientifiques). L'article a pour objet d'informer des développements récents de cette réflexion avec la constitution d'un groupe de recherches sociosémiotique sur le domaine "science et société". Il présente le programme de travail et les premiers résultats de la réflexion de ce groupe, notamment en ce qui conceme le transcodage sémiotique des champs scientifiques aux champs de la vulgarisation. Sont également abordés les rapports du champ historique et social des sciences à la production des concepts et le rapport entre la culture, la divulgation scientifique en général, et les musées en particulier.
La création de polices de caractères spécifiques
Authors: Césari Bernard , Virolle-Souibès Marie
Published: November 2011

Césari Bernard et Marie Virolle-Souibès - "Creating a specific typeface".

Current progress of desktop publishing gives us the opportunity of implementing some specific softwares and of using them to create at low price high quality fonts in order to print such idioms which, up to now, had not beea We did that for Dialectal Arabic and Berber, for the journal 'Littérature orale arabo-berbère'. This kind of work is opening interesting perspectives for transcription of oral languages, such as Africans, but when making these fonts, it is important to consider what kind of use will be made of them (scientific publication or media). One has also to examine whether these transcriptions are easy to read, what are the scientifical hypotheses of the editors, and what kind of normative effects it can have.
Aspects socio-cognitifs du langage : quelques hypothèses
Authors: Bautier Elisabeth
Published: November 2011

Bautier Elisabeth - "Sociocognitive aspects of language : a few hypotheses".

The analysis of the speech productions of youths with training difficulties intends to evince the different aspects of language functioning where can appear the social belonging of both speaker and speech (lexical and syntactic encoding, placing within interaction, discursive behaviours...). « Social inscribing » does not mean only what would be dealt with by a socio-linguistics type analysis. It also involves taking into account such elements as can correspond to certain cognitive working types when they underly language using in a given situation and the relationship to that last. Modes of cognitive funtioning and relationship to language are built up in the characteristics of socialization and social identity construction The first part deals with recent work in sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics that can justify our analysis hypotheses.
Le positivisme implicite de l'analyse ethnométhodologique de la conversation
Authors: Flader Dieter , Von Trotha Thilo
Published: November 2011

Flader, Dieter et Thilo Von Trotha - "The implicit positivism in the ethnomethodological analysis of conversation".

The ethnomethodological analysis of conversation must be understood on the basis of its phenomenologie sources, i.e. A. Schütz's work. The authors examine in turn the concepts of comprehensive sociology, the way they are modified by ethnomethodology, and how such transformations reintroduce a positivist dimension. Such an approach, because of transfers from subject to social interaction in Schütz's constitution analysis tends to overlook the existence of linguistic and social interpretation instruments, because of a theory of knowledge based on facts being transparent. The paper is then turned towards conversation analysis within an institutional framework, this from a critical point of view.
La sémantique en construction
Authors: Dittmar Norbert
Published: November 2011

Dlttmar, Nobert - "Emerging semantics".

This article summarises and evaluates recent semantic descriptions of learning a second language. It gives evidence to a functional and cross-linguistic approach on the basis of longitudinal data in the domain of locality. Special attention is paid to the role of protosemantics in the learning process specifying the pragmatic conditions of the acquisition of semantic primitives. The transition from non-analyzed formula (stereotypes) to the emergence of grammatical patterns is shown in details for the linguistic precursors of modality and the field of causative verbs. The dynamics of learning is explained by the hypothesis of continuity.
La Suisse : un laboratoire pour l'étude de la dynamique des langues en contact
Authors: Lüdi Georges , Py Bernard
Published: November 2011

Lüdi, Georges et Bernard Py - "Switzerland: a laboratory for studying the dynamics of language contact".

Switzerland is often said to be a quadrilingual country. Four languages are officially recognized on their territory, and delimit four monolingual aereas. But this theoretical situation is rather far from reality, due to three phenomena: foreign migration ; dialectal situation of languages within their own area (especially the german area) ; internal migration and domination between languages. An inventory of these problems shows that Switzerland is an interesting case for studying language contact, and is an introduction for the two more specific enquiries published infra.
Scolarisation et bilingualité en contexte africain : un défi ?
Authors: Da Silveira Yvonne I. , Hamers Josiane F.
Published: November 2011

Partant des recherches sur le développement bilingue, nous avons analysé certaines dimensions socio-psychologiques du développement langagier de l'élève fon de Cotonou et leurs relations avec la réussite scolaire. Deux ensembles de variables ont été retenus : celles ayant trait aux influences du milieu social et celles ayant trait aux caractéristiques de l'élève. Des mesures appropriées ont été prises auprès de 75 élèves fons de 6e année primaire de milieu populaire. Les résultats appuient l'hypothèse d'interdépendance langagière dans le développement bilingue mais démontrent également la spécificité de cette interdépendance dans un milieu diglossique de l'Afrique francophone.
L'image de la femme à travers les caractères chinois
Authors: Niederer Barbara
Published: November 2011

Niederer, Barbara - « The image of woman through Chinese characters ».

The graphical analysis of the Chinese characters has served as a means to transmit dominant ideologies in traditional China for almost two thousand years. The example chosen in this article can illustrate the implied social aspects particularly well: the character designating "woman", as well as the characters which include the "woman"- character as a semantic key. The present article is written in order to be accessible for readers with little or no knowledge of written Chinese.
La mise en mots du réfèrent dans la construction de l'opinion publique : les questions en question
Authors: Richard-Zappella Jeannine
Published: November 2011

Une sociolinguistique de l'opinion demande d'analyser le processus depuis la question jusqu'au discours de reformulation. A partir de trois sondages sur le « bombardement par les USA de deux villes de Lybie », réalisés par trois mandeurs différents, immédiatement après l'événement, on étudie la structure casuelle (Ch. Fillmore) du questionnement, et le rôle de la mise en mots du réfèrent. On décrit les nominations et les schémas d'action, ce qui met en évidence leur rôle dans l'obtention des réponses et donc dans la construction de l'opinion publique. Ainsi, la présentation par les médias du sondage d'opinion comme une donnée sociale cache-telle souvent une production de la donnée qui est ensuite commentée.
Secrets de bouchers et Largonji actuel des Louchébèm
Authors: Mandelbaum-Reiner Françoise
Published: November 2011

Mandelbaum-Reiner Françoise - "Butchers' secrets and actual largonji des louchébèm".

Paris butchers are still using, along with common French, an ancient professional slang call largonji du louchébèm, in order to mask secrets from their customers. Based on written sources and oral data, the multidimensionnal function of this double object (slang and referential) is studied using the points of view that delimit it : sociological (limited group of initiates, everybody and some experts), linguistic (history, status, use and morphological procedure of oral deformation of French popular lexical units), psychological (defensive function of separation and orificial process of retention and incontinence of secret), social images referring to the mysteries of the rear butchery.
La magie étymologique
Authors: Kabakova Galina
Published: November 2011

L'article contribue à la "réhabilitation" de l'étymologie populaire, procédé linguistique, voire cognitif de grande importance. L'analyse de son mécanisme et de ses fonctions (explicative, generative) est faite à partir du vocabulaire spécifique du calendrier traditionnel des Roumains. L'interaction permanente de la langue et des réalités quotidiennes et rituelles s'avère surtout nécessaire en cas de rencontre de cultures différentes. A travers la magie étymologique s'effectue alors la traduction de fond d'une langue en une autre (interprétation des emprunts), d'un langage en un autre (parole et geste).
Notes sur peuchère ou le rôle de l'imaginaire dans l'évolution des langues en Provence (compléments à l'article « Le complexe de Tante Portal » de Philippe Rousselot paru dans Langage et Société n° 58)
Authors: Blanchet Philippe
Published: November 2011

Blanchet, Philippe - Remarks on "Peuchère" or the role of the imaginary in the evolution of languages in Provence (additions to the article 11 Aunt Portal's complex".

Rousselot looks at the effect of the idealization of the norm in the shift to French by the South-Eastern bourgeoisie ("portalism"). This analysis must be tempered by saying that adapting the lexical items of Provençal to regional French can be explained by other mechanisms and this is also true of other processes (the "accent"). On the other hand, idealization of the Occitan norm ("à la française") and systematization of the regional French (Francitan), has hardly spread in Provence where regional French has taken on great importance as a vehicle of identity and prestige, while provençal is resisting the force of a coercitive norm.
Qui parle, et pourquoi ? A propos de la dimension symbolique des conduites langagières
Authors: Colletta Jean-Marc
Published: November 2011

Les approches de l'interaction verbale en France et en Suisse, si diverses soient-elles, sont plutôt à visée théorique et proposent une vision essentiellement rationnaliste (importance du paradigme cognitiviste) des conduites langagières. Plusieurs questions se posent pourtant lorsqu'on étudie les échanges langagiers : outre la prise en compte du matériau para et non-verbal, comment rendre compte de la valeur symbolique des usages langagiers ? Comment articuler la description linguistique et discursive des discours à des considérations psycho-sociales ? Quel regard porter sur l'expérience intra et intersubjective du locuteur ? Si on ne veut pas ramener la langue, dans son utilisation en contexte, à un simple outil de transmission de l'expérience et d'action sociale, ce sont à ces questions qu'il faut répondre. Le présent article propose quelques éléments de réponse.
Bilinguisme et biculturalisme : les Français de la côte ouest des États-Unis
Authors: Lindenfeld Jacqueline
Published: November 2011

Jacqueline Lindenfeld - Bilingualism and biculturalism : the French on the West Coast of the United States.

This article deals with French immigration in the United States and the current situation of West Coast French individuals from a linguistic and cultural point of view. The analysis, which is at a preliminary stage, is based on field data collected in California and Oregon in 1993 and 1994. Particular attention is given to differences beteween urban and (semi-)rural settings on the West Coast of the United States regarding the maintenance of the French language and the French tradition.
L'intégration scolaire des enfants déficients à l'école primaire ordinaire : une analyse sociologique
Authors: Zaffran Joël
Published: November 2011

Zaffran, Joël - The school integration of retarded children in run-of-the-mill primary schools : a sociological analysis.

The social logic underlying the thinking of certain adults participating in a project of school integration (directors, teachers and parents) are studied through non-directive interviews treated by quantitative lexcicometric analysis. The results are : 1° a bipolar professional world : the most official elements of school integration make up the Directors' pole ; the Teachers' pole is made up of items symbolizing the relationship of pupils to school learning ; 2° a family world, bipolar too but whose finality is one of normalisation through schooling : at one end, the parents who count on school integration to include their child in the social network ; at the other, those who consider their child to be like everyone else and look to schools to insure knowledge.
L'Argot ou les mots de la pudeur
Authors: Mandelbaum-Reiner Françoise
Published: November 2011

Françoise Mandelbaum-Reiner Argot, or words of modesty.

Argot is often conceived as vulgar, associated with swear-words, insults, and other expressions of lowly instincts. But looking more closely at its use shows that, on the contrary, it is often the expression of modesty by ordinary people. First of all, it is not used with everyone ; based on the assumption that the speakers are in league with each other, argot allows them to broach delicate subjects in a private way that excludes third parties, unless they commit some indiscretion. Next, argot is creative, applying understood metaphors which are all the opposite of using the crude "right" terms. Finally, the study shows that argots are all but closed systems, an incessant play on circumventing and reconstructing forms for the greater benefit of sociability.
Langage juridique et discours politique dans les cités grecques de l'Antiquité. Réflexions sur les Lois de Platon
Authors: Bertrand Jean-Marie
Published: November 2011

Platon dans les Lois montre comment doit fonctionner le langage de la cité qu'il prétend construire de telle sorte qu'elle atteigne à la perfection dont il rêve. Il croit que la loi ne peut s'exprimer selon une autre modalité que l'ordre, il sait que l'usage de la persuasion ne peut suffire à procurer au législateur l'obéissance du justiciable. Le discours législatif semble donc servir à manifester l'existence du mal dans le groupe social et non pas à conduire à la vertu. Pour que les paroles prononcées par les citoyens puissent par leur efficace produire à chaque moment de leur énonciation la cité parfaite, le philosophe indique comment doivent fonctionner la censure, le contrôle du vocabulaire, les réseaux diffusant rumeurs et mensonges, quelle doit être par ailleurs la théâtralisation du discours politique.
L'engagement de l'analyste à l'épreuve d'un événement
Authors: Achard Pierre
Published: November 2011

Achard, Pierre - The analyst's personal involvement, to the test of an event.

Seeking to explicitate the general theory connecting the texts in this issue, this paper reconsiders the place of personal involvement in discourse problematics, and in the general epistemology of the human and social sciences. The recent events in Eastern Europe are taken as a test of intelligibility. If discourse theory rests on a principle of distanciation, supposing that texts are treated as "corpus", objects of discourse exist only to the extent that one finds meaning, which supposes a minimal comprehension that can be shared by the reader of die analysis. The discourse analyst is caught up in die various conceptions of die political world (demos and ethnos, Sériot), or considers die texts of colleagues as a corpus to be studied (Newspeak in Poland, Dutka), or is involved in phenomena of staggered reading (editing N. Troubetzkoy's paralinguistic texts, Vâlku-Poustovaia).
Constructions télévisuelles et stéréotype. Sur quelques procédures usuelles d'élaboration des reportages télévisés propres à favoriser les schématisations
Authors: Taranger Marie-Claude
Published: November 2011

A partir de l'examen d'un échantillon de reportages télévisés réalisés par des télévisions françaises entre 1989 et 1995 sur le thème de la "banlieue" et la ville de Marseille, le texte se propose de repérer certains principes de construction courants et d'évaluer leurs parti-pris. Il étudie ainsi par exemple le rôle du recours au terrain, le rapport entre image et parole, la place de la caméra et aboutit à l'hypothèse que les modes d'élaboration du discours télévisuel considéré favorisent sa colonisation par le stéréotype.
Les lettres de réclamation adressées au service de la redevance. Les téléspectateurs et la représentation du service public de l'audiovisuel
Authors: Branca-Rosoff Sonia
Published: November 2011

S. Branca-Rosoff analyse les lettres de réclamation adressées au service de la redevance télévisuelle selon trois points de vue. Après une étude thématique (des valeurs invoquées) elle s'interroge sur le fonctionnement énon- ciatif de cette correspondance adressée à un destinataire "absent". Elle termine en étudiant le double fonctionnement de la lexie "service public" en tant que catégorie du discours.
De la "déformabilité" des notions en discours
Authors: Laurendeau Paul
Published: November 2011

Laurendeau Paul - On the "deformability" of notions in discourse.

When we speak, we manipulate a certain number of socially stabilized notions that pre-exist the exchange. This manipulation tends to prove that these notions can be altered by the unfolding of the discursive exchange per se. We try to demonstrate here that such an alteration of notions in discourse is the rule rather than the exception. Using a corpus of narrations and descriptions in vernacular French from Quebec, we show first that the texts build a schématisation of certain sets of socio-cognitive representations. Simultaneously, the notions on which attention focuses enters into a process of alteration clearly manifested by a series of semantic changes undergone by the lexems marking these notions. That movement of alteration is the diaphore. It manifests itself crucially by the reiteration of the lexemes. We try to emphasize the sociolinguistic determinations that give its existence to the dialectical tension between schématisation and diaphore in spoken discourse.
La communication en langue française
Authors: Balibar Renée
Published: November 2011

En 1369, la création du mot français communication, tout en s'inscrivant dans une langue particulière selon des lois déterminées, et tout en y transmettant scrupuleusement les données d'une culture antérieure, a présenté une pensée neuve de valeur universelle parce qu'elle a librement disposé de l'écriture en son temps. Lorsqu'on situe le néologisme d'Oresme au sein de contextes où il a pris corps, on peut affirmer que les créations verbales, au-delà des affaires de lignées ou d'argent que suggèrent les métaphores de la "parenté" des langues et des "emprunts", manifestent la transcendance du langage humain, capable de manifester conjointement plusieurs appartenances linguistiques, et responsable de l'économie des significations.
Où sont les médias? Analyse sociologique du discours journalistique
Authors: Chanteau Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2011

Chanteau Jean-Pierre - Where are the media ? A sociological study of journalistic discourse.

Using content and semiological analysis, the author replaces the power of the media in the realms of economics and politics. The subject at hand is the press coverage of a project for private school reform in France, undertaken by a right-wing government in 1994. A large number of headlines are analysed to show how by proceeding inductively, one can reval the give-and-take between social constraints and autonomy when construc- ting journalistic discourse. Contrary to a commonly held belief, the media are neither a fourth power nor a simple tool for the powerful.
L'organisation séquentielle des ressources linguistiques dans l'élaboration collective des descriptions
Authors: Mondada Lorenza
Published: November 2011

MONDADA Lorenza - Sequential organization of linguistic resources in joint elaboration of descriptions.

This paper concerns the ways that speakers jointly construct their descriptions of facts, events and objects. Analyzing them means studying speech-turns and the specific exploitation of linguistic resources (what we call "Grammar-for-interaction"). Descriptive activity takes shape especially through the joint construction of statements, which allows one to reflect on the way the turns and the "turn constructional units" are organized as units arising from the interactional achievements of the speakers. Several observable cases in point are described, as well as their effects in terms of how the exchange is organized, concentration, help, more or less shared knowledge, agreement and disagreement, or co-belonging of speakers.
Intégration-Exclusion : deux préconstruits ?
Authors: Bolón Pedretti Aima
Published: November 2011

BOLON PEDRETTI Alma - Integration-exclusion : two preconstrued notions ?

Departing from the notion of preconstruction and the workings of nominalization (Sériot 1986), we attempt to bring out the heterogenous quality governing the two forms "exclusion" and "integration". With thid in mind, we trace the limits of their opposition, confront the nominalizations to their underlying verbal forms and compare the ways that "The integration of immigrants" and "European integration" function. At the same time, we pick out and analyze a few examples of how opacifying markers (Authier-Revuz 1995) can question preconstructions. Though the examples come from the daily Le Monde, this study is not intended as an attempt at disarticulating some obvious effects of a discourse which, when all is said and done, is relatively common.
Pseudo five-component synthesis of 2,5-di(hetero)arylthiophenes via a one-pot Sonogashira–Glaser cyclization sequence
Authors: Urselmann Dominik , Antovic Dragutin , Müller Thomas J J
Published: November 2011

Based upon a consecutive one-pot Sonogashira–Glaser coupling–cyclization sequence a variety of 2,5-di(hetero)arylthiophenes were synthesized in moderate to good yields. A single Pd/Cu-catalyst system, without further catalyst addition, and easily available, stable starting materials were used, resulting in a concise and highly efficient route for the synthesis of the title compounds. This novel pseudo five-component synthesis starting from iodo(hetero)arenes is particularly suitable as a direct access to well-defined thiophene oligomers, which are of peculiar interest in materials science.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF CELESTIAL BODIES ON DIFFERENCES IN MEASURED HEIGHT / DANGAUS KŪNŲ ĮTAKOS IŠMATUOTAM AUKŠČIŲ SKIRTUMUI TYRIMAS / АНАЛИЗ ВЛИЯНИЯ НЕБЕСНЫХ ТЕЛ НА ИЗМЕРЕННУЮ РАЗНИЦУ ВЫСОТ
Authors: Popovas Darius
Published: November 2011

Under the effect of celestial bodies, the deflection of vertical induces changes in the levelled height difference. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the produced effect on high-precision levelling data. The article analyses the dependency of lunisolar correction on the lunar phase and azimuth of the levelling line and correction rate of changes. The paper also revises formulas for calculating lunisolar correction derived from using tide generating potential.

Santrauka

Straipsnyje analizuojama vertikalės nuokrypio dėl dangaus kūnų įtaka išmatuotam aukščių skirtumui. Šią įtaką būtina įvertinti apdorojant precizinės niveliacijos matavimų duomenis. Įvertinta potvynio pataisos priklausomumas nuo Mėnulio fazių ir niveliacijos linijos azimuto bei pataisos kitimo greitis. Taikant potvynio potencialo išraišką, gautos patikslintos išmatuoto aukščių skirtumo vertinimo formulės.

Резюме

Под влиянием небесных тел отклонение вертикали вызывает изменения в разнице высот, полученной нивелированием. Необходимо оценить этот эффект в данных высокоточной нивеляции. Были проанали зированы зависимость лунно-солнечных поправок от лунных фаз, азимута линии нивеляций и скорости изменения поправки. Получены уточненные формулы для расчета лунно-солнечной поправки с использованием приливного потенциала.