bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaporation and Soil Surface Resistance of the Water Storage Pit Irrigation Trees in the Loess Plateau
Authors: Meng Wei , Sun Xihuan , Ma Juanjuan , Guo Xianghong , Zheng Lijian
Published: March 2019

As an important step for formulating a water-saving agricultural strategy, it is essential to make quantitative calculations for orchard soil evaporation and confirm its inner mechanism, so as to reduce ineffective water consumption and improve the utilization efficiency of water resources. To reveal the effect of water storage pits under water storage pit irrigation conditions in orchard soil evaporation, micro-lysimeters were used to measure the soil evaporation in two different forms (soil surface evaporation and pit wall evaporation) under diverse irrigation systems using water storage pit irrigation in the apple growth period of 2018. To calculate the orchard soil evaporation of water storage pit irrigation, the pit irrigation coefficient was introduced and a model was constructed. To illustrate the inner mechanism of orchard soil evaporation, the soil surface resistance under water storage pit irrigation conditions was analyzed and calculated quantitatively. The results show that: (1) introducing the pit irrigation coefficient can boost the calculation precision of the orchard soil evaporation under water storage pit irrigation conditions; (2) when applying the soil evaporation of the water storage pit irrigation model for calculation of the orchard soil evaporation, R 2 can reach 0.92; and (3) the mechanisms of the two orchard soil evaporation forms under water storage pit irrigation are very different. When soil surface evaporation and pit wall evaporation were calculated by the soil surface resistance of water storage pit irrigation model, R 2 values were 0.95 and 0.96, respectively.
PARAMETERS OF ERYTHROPOIESIS AND CYTOARCHITECTONICS OF CIRCULATING ERYTHROCYTES IN RAT WITH ASCITES OVARIAN TUMOR
Authors: Gening T.P. , Fedotova A.Yu. , Dolgova D.R. , Abakumova T.V.
Published: March 2019

Developing neoplasm can affect the erythropoiesis of the tumor-bearer. It is found out that the degree and nature of such effect depend on tumor biological characteristics. The purpose of the study is to examine erythrocyte morphometric parameters and erythropoiesis change in tumor-bearing animals under neoplastic process development. Materials and Methods. Peripheral blood of experimental animals was used as trial material. Blood sampling was carried out during stationary (n=64) and terminal (n=64) tumor growth phases. Healthy adult rats (n=62) composed the control group. To assess erythropoiesis, the authors determined erythrocyte content, hemoglobin level, reticulocyte count, and erythropoietin concentration in the peripheral blood of tumor-bearing animals. Cytoarchitectonics was studied using atomic force microscopy. Results. Significant reduction in the number of red blood cells and decrease in hemoglobin level was established. The erythropoietin level in blood plasma increased during the stationary phase as well as the number of reticulocytes in blood during all periods of tumor growth. Erythrocyte cytoarchitectonics changed: echinocytes prevailed in the stationary phase (52%), spherocytes – in the terminal phase (50.8 %). Conclusion. The data obtained suggest that, on the background of intense erythropoiesis, the number of erythrocytes in peripheral blood falls, the hemoglobin level decreases, there is some change in cytoarchitectonics, which may indicate a toxic effect of the tumor on the hematopoietic system. Keywords: erythrocytes, erythropoietin, ovarian ascites tumor.
SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF DIFFERENT PROTOCOLS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY RHYTHMIC TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION
Authors: Bakulin I.S. , Poydasheva A.G. , Lagoda D.Yu. , Evdokimov K.M. , Zabirova A.Kh. , Suponeva N.A. , Piradov M.A.
Published: March 2019

Rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive method for brain stimulation, widely used in the treatment of various diseases and in research. In this regard, the problems of rTMS safety and tolerability are becoming especially relevant. Most studies describe only serious side effects of rTMS, which, in fact, are extremely rare. Other side effects which affect rTMS tolerability have been studied to a much lesser extent. The objective of the study is to examine all side effects which occur during and after rTMS sessions through prospective open observation of patients and healthy volunteers. Materials and Methods. Using standardized questionnaires, the authors analyzed the incidence of side effects during high-frequency rTMS and within 24 hours after the procedure in 51 patients with various diseases of the nervous system and in 11 healthy volunteers. Results. The overall frequency of side effects was 59.5 % during stimulation and 50.2 % within 24 hours after the procedure. Serious side effects, which led to cessation of stimulation were recorded in 5 % of cases (n=3). They were associated with the syncope development (n=1) and severe headache (n=2). During rTMS, the most frequent manifestations of side effects were drowsiness (30.4 %), headache (25.8 %) and facial muscle contraction (14.7 %). Twenty-four hours after rTMS the most common manifestations were headache (15.7 %), mood changes (10.2 %) and mental alertness problems (9.4 %). It was found out, that headache was statistically more frequent at the beginning of the rTMS course. During rTMS, headache is often not so heavy and it is usually throbbing. However, within 24 hours after stimulation headache is usually moderate, pressing or dull. Conclusion. The obtained data confirm the importance of using standardized questionnaires for studying side effects and developing methods for their prevention and relief. Keywords: transcranial magnetic stimulation, non-invasive brain stimulation, safety, tolerance, side effects, headache, syncope.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FREE RADICAL LIPID PEROXIDATION AND ITS CONNECTION WITH IRON EXCHANGE IN EXPERIMENTAL HEPATITIS THERAPY
Authors: Pudovkin N.A. , Barkova D.A.
Published: March 2019

The purpose of the work is to study the processes of free radical lipid peroxidation, antioxidant system activity and their connection with the iron metabolism in white rats with experimental hepatitis, and after the use of hepatoprotectors. Materials and Methods. Studies were conducted on white Wistar rats: body weight – 180–200 g, age – 3 months. “Berlition” and “Legalon M” were administered intramuscularly, 0.2 ml per animal once a day (30 days). The authors registered the content of malonic dialdehyde (MDA), diene conjugates, catalase activity, serum iron level, total and unsaturated iron binding capacity. Results. In experimental animals, the level of diene conjugates increased 1.8 times if compared with healthy ones. After the administration of “Legalon M” and “Berlition”, the concentration of diene conjugates decreased by 58.6 % (by half) compared with the experimental animals. It was established that the malondialdehyde content significantly increased in all tissues. After the administration of “Legalon M” and “Berlition”, the malondialdehyde content decreased in the liver, lungs and muscle tissues. In the tissues of the intestine and in the blood serum, MDA level resolved to that of healthy animals. In experimental animals, catalase activity increased significantly if compared with healthy ones. After “Legalon M” and “Berlition” administration there was a decrease in enzyme activity in all body tissues. In animals with experimental hepatitis, there was a failure of iron metabolism in the body. The authors observed activation of iron metabolism in the body after drug administration to rats with experimental hepatitis. Conclusions. “Ligalon M” and “Berlition” have an antioxidant effect and stimulate iron metabolism. Keywords: hepatitis, antioxidants, free radicals, malonic dialdehyde, catalase, diene conjugates, iron metabolism, transferrin, lipids.
INHIBIN A AND HUMAN β-CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN AS PREDICTORS OF EARLY PRE-ECLAMPSIA AT 16–18 WEEKS OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Belotserkovtseva L.D. , Kovalenko L.V. , Telitsyn D.P.
Published: March 2019

The aim of the study was to examine the levels of human β-chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and inhibin A, as prognostic criteria for the development of early pre-eclampsia at 16–18 weeks of pregnancy. Materials and Methods. The prospective study included 60 patients with singlet pregnancies who underwent their first prenatal screening at 11–13 weeks. The patients were selected from 300 patients using continuous sampling method. According to the gestation course and outcome, the patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 included 45 women with uncomplicated birth, group 2 consisted of 15 women with pre-eclampsia which developed before the 34th week. Based on calculations of the individual pre-eclampsia risks up to the 34th week of pregnancy according to the results of Astraia program (>1:300), women at 16–18 weeks of pregnancy underwent additional examination to determine inhibin A and β-hCG. Results. In both groups, burdened obstetric and somatic anamnesis prevailed. Uterus fibroids and cervical ectopia were significantly more common in women with pre-eclampsia, developed up to the 34th week of pregnancy. Moreover, the threatened miscarriage prevailed in the second trimester. In the group with pre-eclampsia developed up to the 34th week, β-hCG and inhibin A values were, respectively, >35 ng/ml and >260 pg/ml. The indicators were significantly higher than in the uncomplicated birth group. Conclusions. The individual risk of preeclampsia calculated according to the Astraia program up to the 34th week of pregnancy (>1:300) and elevated levels of inhibin A and β-hCG can be considered the predictors of the early pre-eclampsia development. Keywords: early pre-eclampsia, inhibin A, human β-chorionic gonadotropin.
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLORECTAL CANCER IN PATIENTS WITH EGFR-SIGNALING PATHWAY GENE MUTATIONS
Authors: Bogomolova I.A. , Antoneeva I.I. , Dolgova D.R.
Published: March 2019

KRAS, NRAS, BRAF mutations are associated with an unfavorable prognosis for colorectal cancer (CRC). At the same time, there is no single point of view on disease development during adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT). Objective. The authors aimed at studying KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations in the tumor and their influence on the clinical characteristics of colorectal cancer development. Materials and Methods. Paraffin blocks of the primary CRC tumor (n=37) were used as the material for the study. Using genomic DNA, isolated from the primary tumor, real-time PCR was used to determine the most common mutations in CRC: KRAS gene (exon 2, codon region 12–13), NRAS gene (exon 3, codon region 61), B6F V600E gene. Results. The results of genotyping of DNA samples isolated from the primary CRC tumor paraffin blocks showed that BRAF gene mutations were detected in 8.2 % of cases, NRAS gene mutations were detected in 5.4 % of cases, and KRAS gene mutations were detected in 37.8 % of cases. The authors didn’t reveal any dependencies of the mutation distribution on patients’ gender and age. The examined mutations were more common in adenocarcinomas of high and moderate degrees of differentiation. The relapse-free period after ACT in patients with identified KRAS, NRAS, BRAF gene mutations is significantly less than in those without mutations. Conclusion. The findings suggest that EGFR signaling pathway mutations (KRAS, NRAS and BRAF) increase the risk of disease recurrence and are an unfavorable prognostic factor. Keywords: colorectal cancer, NRAS, KRAS, BRAF mutations, adjuvant chemotherapy.
100th Anniversary of the Journal «Vestnik statistiki»
Authors: Eliseeva Irina I. , Dmitriev Anton L.
Published: March 2019

The first issue of the journal «Vestnik statistiki» («Bulletin of Statistics») came out 100 years ago. It was in print till 1929 and then from 1949 to1993. Its successor «Voprosy statistiki» has been published since 1994. This article covers the journal’s contents in its first decade. The author focuses on academic articles on statistical methodology and overviews articles addressing applied state statistics. The importance of interaction and collaboration between statisticians from the central office of the Central Statistical Board and statistical offices «in the field» is stressed. During that time the journal continued to publish translations of foreign articles along with detailed reviews of translations of books by foreign authors. The article draws attention to the formation of industrial and energy statistics, as well as the development of balance sheet and, above all, questions of the methodology and practice related to the Balance of the National Economy. Examples of delivering innovation in statistical observation - using aerial photography for the needs of agricultural statistics, are put forward. Criticism against state statisticsopenedwhen Vladimir Lenin was the Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars, which led to the gradual abolition of the analytical functions of statistics, ignoring the variation of indicators and replacing statistics with the «national economic accounting». As a result, in 1929 the publication of the journal «Vestnik statistiki» was suspended.
Statistics as an Indicator of Maturity of the Authority
Authors: Karmanov M. V.
Published: March 2019

The author explores the nature of criticism levelled against official Russian statistics. The article reveals the objective reasons behind specific problems associated with collecting primary data. It also demonstrates that cheap political chicanery of some members of the opposition or individual members of the scientific community who bash to attract attention to themselves and with that detriment of the objective need to understand the questions that the general public has for authority.

Another aspect of this issue is that often unsubstantiated and unsupported statements referring to Rosstat’s almost deliberate falsifications and misstatements of the real situation deflect attention away from actual problems of statistics’ independence, its organizational and financial support from the state. The author concludes that any allegations against the current system of state statistics severely dent the credibility of the government, that with its own hands preordain financial capacity of statistics and its limits of independence. Therefore, the way authority treat statistics serves as an indicator of its maturity, whereas statistics with its assessments and evaluations should come as close to the truth no matter how unpleasant. So, the heading is a refrain of the whole paper: statistics as amarkof maturity of the authority.
Étude pétrographique de deux dolérites (ophites) à pigeonite et olivine des Pyrénées-Occidentales
Authors: Fonteilles Michel , Muffat Serge
Published: March 2019

Deux dolérites du Trias des Pyrénées occidentales présentent une minéralogie typiquement tholéïtique caractérisée par la présence d'olivine, d'augite, de pigeonite et de plagioclase très zoné avec parfois un peu de micropegmatite. Tous ces minéraux ont été analysés à l'aide de la microsonde qui a permis de préciser de façon plus détaillée que de coutume la complexité des associations minérales et des zonations, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les pyroxènes. L'ordre de cristallisation est discuté.

La composition chimique de ces deux roches est celle d'un basalte initial tholéïtique. Le problème d'un éventuel métamorphisme subi par les dolérites triasiques pyrénéennes est brièvement évoqué.
Einige syntaxregeln zur beschreibung sogenannter koordinativer verknüpf ungen mit en, want, maar und echter im niederlandischen
Authors: Thümmel Wolf
Published: March 2019

Cet article traite de la syntaxe des "conjonctions de coordination" en (et), want, (car), maar (mais) et echter (cependant). L'examen, sur la base d'exemples attestés, des régularités distributionnelles et de la relation d'incidence des expressions introduites par ces "conjonctions" entre elles et avec des modaux comme waarschijnlijk (vraisemblablement), zonder twijfel (sans aucun doute) etc. amène à proposer une syntaxe de constituants où ces 4 "conjonctions de coordination" sont ramenées à 5 catégories différentes, et où les constructions "coordonnées" en question sont décrites à l'aide de 5 règles bien distinctes : il n'est donc pas empiriquement justifié de considérer que ces lexèmes que l'on appelle traditionnellement "conjonctions de coordination" constituent en néerlandais une classe syntaxiquement homogène et de vouloir les décrire ensemble p. ex. à l'aide d'un schéma de régles.
En guise d'introduction aux recherches de M. Bierwisch et M. Reis sur le sémantique et le conceptuel
Authors: Poitou Jacques
Published: March 2019

The author underlines some major aspects of Bierwisch's approach and of the dicussion it gives rise to.
L'"Organisme" au 19ème siècle en Allemagne : Becker et Trendelenburg
Authors: Grumbach Éric
Published: March 2019

L'une des conceptions majeures de la langue au cours du 19ème siècle est celle qui considère la langue comme un organisme. Mais la conception organique diffère d'une école à l'autre. Chez Ferdinand Becker, ce concept correspond à une construction logique au sens des catégories aristotéliciennes. Conception identique chez le philosophe Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg.
Linguistique et psychologie vers 1900 : le concept de 'phrase' chez Wilhelm Wundt et Hermann Paul
Authors: Thümmel Wolf
Published: March 2019

Wundt et Paul , deux éminents chercheurs allemands, tentèrent vers 1900, chacun à sa façon, de jeter un pont entre la linguistique et la psychologie. Tous deux peuvent être considérés comme représentants de ce qu'en linguistique on appelle (au moins depuis Bloomfield 1933) le 'mentalisme'. Cet article est une présentation des principales idées qu'ils ont développées sur la formation de la phrase. L'analyse des textes pertinents révèle que l'approche de Wundt est plus subtile et peut-être plus intéressante pour la recherche actuelle que celle de Paul. Certains des jugements portés sur Wundt par des auteurs récents sont critiqués comme en désaccord avec les définitions et les raisonnements de Wundt.
Auto-interruptions et reprises
Authors: Coste Daniel
Published: March 2019

L'article, à partir d'une enquête en cours, présente diverses pistes de travail pour l'étude des auto-interruptions et reprises ou inachèvements d'énoncés dans la production orale de témoins à qui on demande de s'exprimer librement sur des thèmes généraux. Différents types de ruptures sont distingués, leur relation avec les contraintes grammaticales est soulignée et des différenciations possibles entre groupes de témoins sont indiquées.
Caractéristiques intonatives et syntaxiques des incises
Authors: Delomier Dominique , Morel Mary-Annick
Published: March 2019

L'étude repose sur un corpus de deux cent dix énoncés qui ont été extraits d'enregistrements transcrits provenant de différentes situations d'oral. Ils ont été sélectionnés pour leurs propriétés intonatives et prosodiques communes, qui s'organisent en un faisceau de traits conjoints, appelé "intonation d'incise", ce qui a permis de les segmenter en trois parties [E1-E2-E3]. Cet article a pour objet de présenter la structure de chacun des trois segments, les marques syntaxiques et lexicales spécifiques de ce type d'énoncé et les particularités du réseau anaphorique qui s'établit entre les trois segments. Les observations faites tendent à prouver que E2 est situé à un niveau énonciatif distinct de celui de E1 et E3.
La semi-interprétativité dans les transcriptions en "analyse conversationnelle" et pragmatique linguistique : travaux américains et allemands
Authors: Welke Dieter
Published: March 2019

Cet article discute certains aspects théoriques et méthodologiques de la transcription scientifique de l'interaction verbale. Il essaie de préciser le statut de la transcription en "analyse conversationnelle" et en pragmatique linguistique. Ensuite il traite de manière critique quelques problèmes fondamentaux soulevés par les systèmes de transcription récents, notamment celui de la semi-interprétativité.
Une modalité des interactions verbales : fiction dans la conversation
Authors: Bange Pierre
Published: March 2019

L'auteur fait apparaitre l'existence de séquences de fiction dans les conversations. Il montre que la construction d'un contexte fictionnel est le mécanisme de mise en oeuvre des "jeux symboliques" (Piaget). La fiction est donc liée à un mode de signification métaphorique. En dehors des formes ludiques transmises, les plaisanteries improvisées jouent un rôle au plan de la constitution des relations dans les interactions.
La linguistique de Philipp Wegener -Une théorie du dialogue
Authors: Nerlich Brigitte
Published: March 2019

The work of Wegener (1885 ; 1920) is studied as a contribution to speech act theory. Wegener analyses from a fonctionalist point of view the comprehension of speech acts (especially the "order") in typical situations. He stresses as well the importance of dialogue for the fonctioning and the evolution of language.
Incidence de la machine sur le comportement langagier : sur l'exemple de demandes d'horaire SNCF
Authors: Luzzati Daniel
Published: March 2019

À partir d'un corpus de 125 demandes d'horaire SNCF énoncées par un même correspondant tout d'abord face à une opératrice, puis face à une machine présumée, on s'est efforcé d'apprécier l'incidence de l'introduction de la machine sur le comportement langagier des locuteurs. En sa présence, les requêtes sont plus complètes, plus concises et plus stables. On constate par ailleurs une dépersonnalisation ainsi qu'une évolution du repérage spatio-temporel. À partir d'un analyseur adapté au traitement d'énoncés non normés comme les énoncés oraux, on s'efforce ensuite d'évaluer l'incidence de l'introduction de la machine sur un traitement automatique. Le taux d'erreur passe ainsi de 1,8 % avec les énoncés produits face à la machine présumée, à 4,2 % avec les énoncés produits face à l'opératrice.
Autographie du nom propre. Du nom propre signé à la signature du nom propre
Authors: de Mourgues Nicole
Published: March 2019

Ce travail propose une réflexion sur le concept de signature en peinture et au cinéma, deux espaces où se mêlent à l'occasion du visible et du lisible (graphique). A partir de cette notion de "livisibilité" il s'agit d'étudier l'enjeu signataire en faisant l'hypothèse , d'une part , que le nom propre a un contenu sémantique spécifique et, d'autre part, que l'acte signataire s'inscrit dans une problématique de la traduction. Une signature, qui signifie à la fois disparition, effacement et continuité, voire éternité, n'est pas seulement une trace, un reste du nom propre de l'artiste, c'est l'ensemble de l'oeuvre qui elle-même n'est rien d'autre qu'un déploiement, une traduction du nom propre.
Les proto-termes dans les variantes d'écriture
Authors: Lebrave Jean-Louis
Published: March 2019

Les processus de production textuelle révèlent l'existence de lexèmes ayant des caractéristiques linguistiques et des propriétés spécifiques, qu'on propose d'appeler proto-termes. Du point de vue linguistique, ces lexèmes peuvent être considérés comme les représentants abstraits d'une classe de lexèmes ; du point de vue de la genèse du texte, ils jouent à la fois le rôle d'instanciation provisoire au cours du processus d'écriture - notamment comme solution temporaire à une difficulté rencontrée par le scripteur - et de marqueur pour un travail d'élaboration sémantique qui fera l'objet d'une opération de réécriture ultérieure. A ce titre, ils permettent de mieux comprendre l'imbrication entre la construction des représentations mentales et l'élaboration des séquences linguistiques qui constituent le texte.
Cohésion et déplacements dans des dialogues enfants-adultes ou de quelques façons dont se dessinent les figures des sujets dans les dialogues
Authors: François Frédéric
Published: March 2019

A partir de la comparaison de deux dialogues entre enfants jeunes (petite section de maternelle) et avec leur maîtresse sur un même thème, on cherche à définir les places des sujets par les modes d'enchaînement de leurs répliques. Plus que sur la cohérence du texte, on met l'accent sur le rôle des déplacements et en particulier des changements de genres et de mondes qui font l'épaisseur ou l'intérêt du texte.
Écrire au quotidien. Réflexions à partir d'une enquête en usine
Authors: Häcki Buhofer Annelies
Published: March 2019

L'oral est considéré depuis toujours comme spontané et improvisé tandis que l'écrit apparaît comme planifié. Notre notion de l'écrit est partiellement surannée. J'ai mené des investigations concernant l'écriture professionnelle quotidienne dans une entreprise de fabrication.

Selon l'opinion et l'estimation de ceux qui sont concernés directement l'écriture se trouve dans une position forte, à savoir par des produits écrits en dehors du domaine des textes explicites.

Mots-clés : Écriture ; Enquête en usine ; Analphabétisme ; Attitude ; Caractéristiques de ce qui est écrit au quotidien.
L'acquisition vue dans la perspective de l'interaction
Authors: Py Bernard
Published: March 2019

Les théories de l'acquisition des langues secondes postulent l'existence d'opérations fondamentales qui mettent en évidence une certaine autonomie cognitive de l'apprenant. Par ailleurs, les analyses d'interactions exolingues entre locuteurs natifs et alloglottes ont décrit des stratégies conversationnelles centrées autour de l'asymétrie des connaissances linguistiques et des places énonciatives, ainsi que de la collaboration. Un couplage de ces deux domaines permet de mieux comprendre comment - selon l'adage bien connu - on apprend une langue en communiquant.

Mots-clés : Interlangue ; Conversation : exolinguisme ; Donnée

d'information ; Prise d'information ; contrat didactique ; Collaboration ; Formulation.
De l'adjectif : lecture d'une grammaire
Authors: Delesalle Simone
Published: March 2019

On se propose ici d'étudier le traitement d'une partie du discours, l'adjectif, dans une grammaire scolaire des années 50. Ce texte nous a paru exemplaire en ce qu'il révèle, dans son souci même d'exhaustivité et de cohérence, les problèmes que pose cette catégorie, qu'il s'agisse de sa définition, de son extension, de sa nature ou de ses fonctions.

Mots-clés : Partie du discours ; Adjectif ; Epithète ; Attribut ; Groupe de nom ; Groupe de verbe ; Catégorie ; Fonction.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF GRAIN DRYING
Authors: Čiegis R. , Leonavičiene T. , Skakauskas V. , Suboč O.
Published: March 2019

In this paper we consider the mathematical model which describes the grain drying process. The air and grain moisture and temperature are described by a system of PDE. A finite difference scheme is proposed for finding a numerical solution. The convergence of the discrete solution is proved for a simplified model, when the temperature is assumed to be given a priori. Results of numerical experiments are presented.
AN UNSTEADY ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR TWO‐LAYERED 2D MODEL OF PULSATILE FLOW THROUGH STENOSED ARTERIES
Authors: Mandal P. K.
Published: March 2019

The effects of red cell concentration and peripheral layer viscosity on physiological characteristics of pulsatile flow in presence of mild stenosis are investigated. The flowing blood is represented by a two‐fluid model, consisting of a core region of suspension of all the erythrocytes assumed to be non‐Newtonian (inhomogeneous Newtonian) and a peripheral plasma layer free from cells of any kind as a Newtonian fluid. In the realm of the flow characteristics of blood the viscosity is taken to be a function of hematocrit in a manner that it varies radially only in the central core characterising its non‐Newtonian behaviour while it remains constant in the plasma region. The arterial wall motion and its effect on local fluid mechanics is also incorporated in the present theoretical study. Finite difference scheme has been used to solve the unsteady Navier‐Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates assuming axial symmetry under laminar conditions, so that the problem effectively becomes two‐dimensional. The nonlinear terms appearing in the Navier‐Stokes equations governing blood flow are accounted for. Finally, the numerical illustration presented at the end of the paper provides an effective measure of the flux, the resistive impedance and the wall shear stress quantitatively in order to validate the applicability of the present model.
Mapping the Magnetic Field of Flare Coronal Loops
Authors: Kuridze D. , Mathioudakis M. , Morgan H. , Oliver R. , Kleint L. , Zaqarashvili T. V. , Reid A. , Koza J. , Löfdahl M. G. , Hillberg T. , Kukhianidze V. , Hanslmeier A.
Published: March 2019

Here, we report on the unique observation of flaring coronal loops at the solar limb using high-resolution imaging spectropolarimetry from the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope. The vantage position, orientation, and nature of the chromospheric material that filled the flare loops allowed us to determine their magnetic field with unprecedented accuracy using the weak-field approximation method. Our analysis reveals coronal magnetic field strengths as high as 350 G at heights up to 25 Mm above the solar limb. These measurements are substantially higher than a number of previous estimates and may have considerable implications for our current understanding of the extended solar atmosphere.
Statistics of Coronal Dimmings Associated with Coronal Mass Ejections. II. Relationship between Coronal Dimmings and Their Associated CMEs
Authors: Dissauer K. , Veronig A. M. , Temmer M. , Podladchikova T.
Published: March 2019

We present a statistical study of 62 coronal dimming events associated with Earth-directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs) during the quasi-quadrature period of STEREO and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). This unique setting allows us to study both phenomena in great detail and compare characteristic quantities statistically. Coronal dimmings are observed on-disk by the SDO/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, while the CME kinematics during the impulsive acceleration phase is studied close to the limb with STEREO/EUVI and COR, minimizing projection effects. The dimming area, its total unsigned magnetic flux, and its total brightness, reflecting properties of the total dimming region at its final extent, show the highest correlations with the CME mass (c ∼ 0.6–0.7). Their corresponding time derivatives, describing the dynamics of the dimming evolution, show the strongest correlations with the CME peak velocity (c ∼ 0.6). The highest correlation of c = 0.68 ± 0.08 is found with the mean intensity of dimmings, indicating that the lower the CME starts in the corona, the faster it propagates. No significant correlation between dimming parameters and the CME acceleration was found. However, for events where high-cadence STEREO observations were available, the mean unsigned magnetic field density in the dimming regions tends to be positively correlated with the CME peak acceleration (c = 0.42 ± 0.20). This suggests that stronger magnetic fields result in higher Lorentz forces providing stronger driving force for the CME acceleration. Specific coronal dimming parameters correlate with both CME and flare quantities providing further evidence for the flare-CME feedback relationship. For events in which the CME occurs together with a flare, coronal dimmings statistically reflect the properties of both phenomena.
What Is Inside Matters: Simulated Green Valley Galaxies Have too Centrally Concentrated Star Formation
Authors: Starkenburg Tjitske K. , Tonnesen Stephanie , Kopenhafer Claire
Published: March 2019

In spatially resolved galaxy observations, star formation rate (SFR) radial profiles are found to correlate with total specific SFRs. A central depletion in star formation is thought to correlate with the globally depressed SFRs of, for example, galaxies within the Green Valley (GV). We present, for the first time, radial specific SFR profiles for a statistical sample of simulated galaxies from the Illustris and EAGLE large cosmological simulations. For galaxies on the star-forming sequence, simulated specific SFR profiles are in reasonable agreement with observations. However, both galaxy samples show centrally concentrated star formation for galaxies in the GV at all galaxy stellar masses, suggesting that quenching occurs from the outside-in, in strong conflict with observations of inside-out quenching. This difference between simulations and observations may be due to resolution issues and/or possible failures in the star formation and feedback implementation in current large-scale cosmological simulations. We conclude that the distribution of star formation within galaxies is a strong additional constraint for simulations and models, in particular, related to the quenching of star formation.
Multiple Outbursts of Asteroid (6478) Gault*
Authors: Ye 叶泉 Quanzhi 志 , Kelley Michael S. P. , Bodewits Dennis , Bolin Bryce , Jones Lynne , Lin 林忠 Zhong-Yi 義 , Bellm Eric C. , Dekany Richard , Duev Dmitry A. , Groom Steven , Helou George , Kulkarni Shrinivas R. , Kupfer Thomas , Masci Frank J. , Prince Thomas A. , Soumagnac Maayane T.
Published: March 2019

Main-belt asteroid (6478) Gault unexpectedly sprouted two tails in late 2018 and early 2019, identifying it as a new active asteroid. Here we present observations obtained by the 1.2 m Zwicky Transient Facility survey telescope that provide detailed time-series coverage of the onset and evolution of Gault’s activity. Gault exhibited two brightening events, with the first one starting on 2018 October 18 ± 5 days and a second one starting on 2018 December 24 ± 1 days. The amounts of mass released are 2 × 107 kg and 1 × 106 kg, respectively. Based on photometric measurements, each event persisted for about a month. Gault’s color has not changed appreciably over time, with a pre-outburst color of g
PS1 − r
PS1 = 0.50 ± 0.04 and g
PS1 − r
PS1 = 0.46 ± 0.04 during the two outbursts. Simulations of dust dynamics shows that the ejecta consists of dust grains of up to 10 μm in size that are ejected at low velocities below

regardless of particle sizes. This is consistent with non-sublimation-driven ejection events. The size distribution of the dust exhibits a broken power law, with particles at 10–20 μm following a power law of −2.5 to −3.0, while larger particles follow a steeper slope of −4.0. The derived properties can be explained by either rotational excitation of the nucleus or a merger of a near-contact binary, with the latter scenario to be statistically more likely.
Health care-associated infection surveillance: A prospective study of a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Kilic Atila , Okulu Emel , Kocabas Bilge Aldemir , Alan Serdar , Cakir Ufuk , Yildiz Duran , Kahvecioglu Dilek , Akin Ilke Mungan , Erdeve Omer , Arsan Saadet , Ince Erdal , Atasay Begum
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Health care-associated infection (HCAI) is a serious problem of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) which is related to morbidity, mortality and increased cost of medical care. This study aimed to determine the incidence of HCAI in a tertiary NICU and identify the risk factors.

Methodology: This prospective cohort study was conducted between July 1, 2011 and June 30, 2012. All newborns admitted to the NICU except for those who died or were discharged within 48 hours after admission were included. The definitions of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were used to diagnose specific types of infections. The incidence, causative organisms, risk factors and mortality of HCAIs were evaluated.

Results: Among 352 newborns, a total of 60 HCAI episodes were evaluated in 37 (10.5%) of the patients over 5,212 patient-days. The overall incidence of HCAI was 17%, and the rate was 11.5/1,000 patient-days. Blood stream infection (BSI) was the most common HCAI (n = 42, 70%). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, the presence of a central venous catheter/umbilical catheter (CVC/UC), the presence of a urinary catheter, and gestational age (< 32 weeks of gestation) were identified as significant independent risk factors. Gram-negative pathogens were the most common isolates. The overall mortality rate was 4%. The HCAI-related mortality rate was 10.8%.

Conclusions: Patient care quality can be improved with surveillance of HCAI. The incidence and rate of HCAI in our NICU were found to be higher than international reports with a direct impact on mortality of preterm infants.
Impact of PCV7 vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial resistance among children in Turkey
Authors: Kaya Gursoy Basak , Beyazova Ufuk , Oguz Melahat Melek , Demirel Filiz , Ozkan Secil , Sultan Nedim , Nar Otgun Selin
Published: March 2019

Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the effects of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and antibiotic resistance in children in a well-child clinic in a tertiary children’s hospital in Turkey.

Methodology: We collected nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens from 557 two-month-old babies before vaccination. After the study population had received PCV7, NP samples were obtained from 135 babies. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and serotyping were performed.

Results: S. pneumoniae colonized in 48 (8.6%) of the 557 two-month-old babies before vaccination. The follow-up cohort consisted of 135 subjects. The prevalence of PCV7 strain decreased from 33.3% to 19.3% after vaccination. However, non-PCV7 types increased from 66.6% to 80.6% (p = 0.02). Of PCV7 serotypes, 19F was the most frequent serotype before and after vaccination. There was an increase in 6A and 15 of non-PCV7 serotypes after vaccination. Penicillin non-susceptible increased from 56.3% to 80.6% after vaccination (p =0.03). Serotypes 14, 18C, 9V and 6B, which were identified before vaccination, never colonized afterwards. Number of siblings and having sibling with older age of five were determined to be significant effective factors for SP colonization presence after vaccination and antibiotic use was negatively associated with pneumococcal carriage but associated with penicillin non-susceptibility.

Conclusions: Nasopharyngeal carriage rate of S. pneumoniae dropped after PCV7 vaccination, and replacement by NVT pneumococci were also observed. Risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage included household crowding and having a sibling age five years or older. Penicillin non-susceptibility increased in both VT and NVT strains.
Psoriasis Features in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Napolitano Maddalena , Testa Anna , Ferrillo Maria , Villani Alessia , Balato Nicola , Megna Matteo , Nardone Olga Maria , Fabbrocini Gabriella , Castiglione Fabiana
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) share common pathways based on immune dysregulation with an important role of tumour necrosis factor-α and Th17 cells, as well as the genetic background. Several studies showed an increased prevalence of psoriasis in IBD patients. However, data regarding psoriasis features in IBD patients are still lacking.
AIM: We aimed to conduct an observational study to assess psoriasis clinical features and its severity in a group of patients with IBD.
METHODS: Dermatological assessment was performed consecutively in 200 IBD patients (123 with CD and 77 with UC) attending the IBD Care Centre of Gastroenterology at the University of Naples Federico II from 2015 to 2016.
RESULTS: A group of 32 from 200 IBD patients (16%) had a familiar history positive for psoriasis, whereas, medical history and dermatologic examination revealed that 18 (9%) IBD patients were affected by psoriasis: 11 out of these 18 subjects (61.2%) had CD, and 7 had UC (38.2%); no significant differences were found between CD and UC groups. Concerning psoriasis severity, the mean psoriasis area severity index score was 3.7.
CONCLUSION: This one-year retrospective study showed that psoriasis and IBD both require the use of immunosuppressive drugs so; we can count on a better treatment outcome for both diseases.
Retrospective Analysis of Skin Toxicity in Patients under Anti-EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Our Experience in Lung Cancer
Authors: Annunziata Maria Carmela , Ferrillo Maria , Cinelli Eleonora , Panariello Luigia , Rocco Danilo , Fabbrocini Gabriella
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been introduced for the treatment of lung cancer, improving progression-free survival, objective response rate, and quality of life. However, TKIs can lead to cutaneous toxicities, including papulopustular rash, xerosis, paronychia with/without pyogenic granulomas, scalp disorders, facial hair and/or eyelash growth.
AIM: In this study, we describe retrospectively all cases of mucocutaneous side effects in patients with lung cancer under TKIs referring to our outpatient for the skin care of oncological patients.
METHODS: We included patients referring from January 2016 to January 2018 affected by lung cancer and under TKIs. We collected data about the clinical exam, clinical photography, dermoscopy, histology and direct microscopic examination for each patient and we performed retrospectively descriptive analyses to assess whether a specific TKIs is linked significantly to particular cutaneous toxicity.
RESULTS: The majority of skin toxicities were due to afatinib, and the most common skin reaction was rash. We selected 60 patients with skin reactions, treated by TKIs for lung cancer. The majority of skin toxicities were due to afatinib (47/102 adverse reactions) and erlotinib (39/102). The most common skin reaction was rash (63% of patients), followed by xerosis (30%) and granulomas (30%). There was no significant relationship between a specific type of cutaneous reaction and specific EGFRi except for granulomas, developed more frequently in patients under afatinib (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Most of our patients (63%) developed a cutaneous rash under TKIs. Most commonly afatinib was the drug involved, although it wasn’t the most used EGFRi. Moreover, we noticed a significant correlation between afatinib therapy and appearance of granulomas.
Genital-Sparing Cystectomy versus Standard Urethral-Sparing Cystectomy Followed with Orthotopic Neobladder in Women with Bladder Cancer: Incidence and Causes of Hypercontinence with an Ultrastructure Study of Urethral Smooth Muscles
Authors: Wishahi Mohamed , Ismail Mohamed A. , Elganzoury Hossam , Elkholy Amr , Nour Hani H. , Zayed Ahmed S. , Eldahshan Samir
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer in women is an indication for radical cystectomy (RC) when the tumour is confined muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) of T2 N0M0, or high risk progressive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Radical cystectomy is either genital-sparing cystectomy (GSC) or standard urethra-sparing cystectomy (USC) that is followed with orthotopic ileal neobladder (ONB). Post-operative chronic retention “Hypercontinence” had been reported in different series following URS or GSC and ONB. In long-term follow-up, we evaluated the functional outcome of women who developed hypercontinence after USC or GSC and ONB.
AIM: An ultrastructure study of female urethral smooth muscle was done to elucidate the underlying causes of hypercontinence.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study was conducted on 71 women who underwent RC and ONB, 45women had undergone USC, and 26 women had GSC, follow-up ranged from 5 to 15 years. Ultrastructure studies were done on 5 urethral biopsy specimens from 5 women who had hypercontinence, and 4 biopsies were from a normal control.
RESULTS: Follow-up showed that women who had undergone USC and ONB, 28.88% developed hypercontinence, where in the series of GSC and ONB three women out of 26 developed hypercontinence (7.80%). Three women who had hypercontinence following USC and ONB, they developed stones in the ileal pouch. Ultrastructure study of urethral smooth muscles in women who had hypercontinence showed organized collagen fibrils, absent myelin sheath, and non-detected lymphatic vessels. Normal urethra showed collagen fibrils within the interstitial matrix, preserved myelin sheath of nerve fibres, the presence of lymphatic vessels in the matrix.
CONCLUSION: The present study shoes that GSC with ONB leads to the minimal incidence of hypercontinence (7.80%), while standard USC lead to higher incidence (28.88%). Ultrastructure changes of the female urethra who had hypercontinence were fibrotic changes, loss of myelin sheath and minimal vascularity, their findings explains the underlying cause of hypercontinence and support the technique of GSC rather than the standard USC.
Procalcitonin and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Early Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections after Bronchoscopy
Authors: Farrokhpour Mohsen , Kiani Arda , Mortaz Esmaeil , Taghavi Kimia , Farahbod Amir Masoud , Fakharian Atefeh , Kazempour-Dizaji Mehdi , Abedini Atefeh
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) guided bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) remains as the chief diagnostic tool in respiratory disorders. 1.2-16% of patients frequently experience fever after bronchoscopy. To exclude the need for multiple antibiotic prescribing in patients with post-bronchoscopy fever, the presence of the self-limiting inflammatory responses should be excluded.
AIM: The current study was conducted to test the serum of patients undergoing bronchoscopy for some proinflammatory cytokines including Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-ɑ), Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the value of Procalcitonin (PCT).
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Current case-control study was conducted at the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease in Iran. Nineteen patients (48.72%) that attended with a reasonable sign for a diagnostic bronchoscopy from January 2016 to December 2017 were included in the case group. The control group consisted of 20 patients who underwent a simple bronchoscopy and without FOB-BAL. The laboratory findings for PCT concentrations and cytokine levels in the three serum samples (before FOB-BAL (t0), after 6 hr. (t1), and at 24 hr. past (t2) FOB-BAL) were compared between two groups.
RESULTS: The frequency of post-bronchoscopy fever was 5.12, and the prevalence of post-bronchoscopy infectious fever was 2.56%. PCT level was considerably higher in the patient with a confirmed bacterial infection when compared to other participants (p-value < 0. 05). Interestingly, IL-8 level in the bacterial infection proven fever patient was higher than in other patients (p < 0.001). IL-8 levels displayed a specificity of 72.7% and a sensitivity of 100%, at the threshold point of 5.820 pg/ml. PCT levels had a specificity of 84% and a sensitivity of 81%, at the threshold point of 0.5 ng/ml.
CONCLUSION: The present findings show that in patients with fever after bronchoscopy, PCT levels and IL-8 levels are valuable indicators for antibiotic therapy, proving adequate proof for bacterial infection. The current findings also illustrate that to monitor the serum levels of PCT and proinflammatory cytokines in the patients undergoing FOB-BAL, the best time is the 24-hour postoperative bronchoscopy.