bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How the Drive for Coherence Brings Down Utopias
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

In chapter 5, I linked the appearance of centralized bureaucracy to the appearance of writing and to the emergence of our ancestors’ grasp of the value of— and, indeed, often the necessity for—the use of the coherence strategy in making judgments when no empirical criterion is available. That link between government and coherence indicates that coherence competence goes beyond narrative and mathematics and takes us into social arrangements and politics, and thus to coherence societies. Strong coherence societies are (or were) commonly known as totalitarian societies because totalitarian describes a society in which every aspect must fit together in what is intended to be a coherent whole.
Analysis: Seeking Rationality the Hard Way
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

When those requesting your judgment want to know why your judgment is what it is, they will be demanding justification for your judgment. If you are using the correspondence strategy, where judgments are tested against an empirical criterion, you can reply, “Look at my record; it shows that I am right 85% of the time. That is better than any other judgment system you can find.” Thus, because you had empirical criteria for your judgments, you had the luxury of being able to measure the accuracy of your judgment directly.
Killers of Conviction Groups, Ideology, and Extraordinary Human Evil
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

What about the men who perpetrated the slaughter at Sand Creek? Was it their membership in a collective, the Third Colorado Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, that best accounts for their active and willing participation in the atrocities? Or was it their membership in an even larger collective, the American culture, steeped in an extraordinary ideological hatred against Indians, which made them unusually fit to perpetrate extraordinary evil? This chapter will examine both of these possible explanations: the extraordinary nature of the collective and the influence of an extraordinary ideology.
The “Mad Nazi” Psychopathology, Personality, and Extraordinary Human Evil
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

Following their ideology of pan-Turkism, Enver, Talaat, and Jemal set in motion the systematic destruction of the Armenian population. These genocidal plans of the Young Turks were implemented by thou sands of commanders, leaders, officers, and rank-and-file soldiers in Ottoman and Turkish military and paramilitary forces.
Psychological Construction of the “Other” Social Death of the Victims
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

It. col. dave grossman, in his On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, examines the killing process at different points along the distance spectrum-from maximum range to hand-to hand combat. He argues that maximum-range killing-defined as a range at which the killer is unable to perceive his individual victims without using some form of mechanical assistance-carries with it a group absolution, mechanical distance, and physical distance that facilitates killing. In his re search, he has “not found one single instance of individuals who have refused to kill the enemy under these circumstances [maximum range], nor ... a single instance of psychiatric trauma associated with this type of killing.” As the range between perpetrator and victim decreases, however, killing be comes increasingly difficult—becoming most difficult in edged-weapons and hand-to-hand combat range.
The Noose Tightens
Authors: Keegan Kyle , Moss Howard B
Published: November 2023

When I think now about the early days of my heroin use (something I try not to do too often), it seems like it all happened only yesterday—the memories are that clear. At twenty I was already traveling regularly into Manhattan to buy the drug. I was sniffing two to three bags a day, and this had been going on for about a month and a half. But then something changed. On one particular trip to the city with three other users, I was feeling a little under the weather—a bit of a chill, a few stomach cramps, and a persistent feeling of sadness and aloneness. I figured I was coming down with a cold. The chills grew worse, and then came the cold sweats, not unbearable but quite uncomfortable. And then it happened. We bought the drugs and quickly sniffed. All of a sudden, it was as if someone had breathed life into me, replenished my spirit, my vitality. Immediately my symptoms were gone.
Probability And Related Concepts
Authors: Wilcox Rand R
Published: November 2023

As indicated in chapters 1 and 3, one of the main goals is to cover basic methods that are aimed at making inferences about a population of individuals or things based on a sample or subset of the population that is available. Basic probability plays a key role when addressing this issue. This chapter covers the fundamentals of probability and some related concepts that will be needed.
Sampling Distributions
Authors: Wilcox Rand R
Published: November 2023

The notion of a sampling distribution is perhaps easiest to explain and illustrate when working with the binomial distribution. But first the binomial distribution is described in a slightly different manner, and the notion of random sampling needs to be made more precise.
Multiple Comparisons
Authors: Wilcox Rand R
Published: November 2023

There is, however, a technical issue that needs to be taken into account. Suppose there are no differences among the groups, in which case none of the six null hypotheses just listed should be rejected. To keep things simple for the moment, assume all four groups have normal distributions with equal variances, in which case Student’s t-test in chapter 9 provides exact control over the probability of a Type I error when testing any single hypothesis.
Rank-Based And Nonparametric Methods
Authors: Wilcox Rand R
Published: November 2023

Nonparametric and rank-based methods provide yet another approach to comparing groups and studying associations. Generally, they provide a different and potentially useful perspective regarding how groups compare and how variables are related. This chapter introduces some classic, well-known methods and some recent advances and insights are covered as well.
Introduced Species, Commerce, and Land Use Change
Authors: Collins James P , Crump Martha L
Published: November 2023

Humans influence Earth’s environment in so many ways that it would be surprising if we had no role in amphibian population changes. It is easy to assume that the influence is negative, and there is evidence for that, but the story is more complex than just saying people are bad for frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. After all, while the ranges and population sizes of some amphibian species are decreasing, others are increasing. A change in land use that is unfavorable to one taxon may favor another and allow it to increase. Exotic species also can increase in population size and distribution in new habitats. Humans have a role in causing both kinds of change, and if we want a complete explanation for why there is a global concern about amphibians, we have to understand why some species are increasing even as others decrease.

Environmental changes cascade through ecosystems like a chain reaction with complex, nonlinear interactions. We are changing our environment in major ways and quickly—more quickly than the time scales on which many organisms, except those with short generation times, can respond evolutionarily. A slow evolutionary response time increases the chances of extinction, because organisms cannot adapt to the new conditions. We change habitats both locally and regionally, and, at least since the Industrial Revolution, we have changed our environment at a global scale.
Getting Around: Spatial Cognition
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J
Published: November 2023

Limpets are small mollusks that live on coastal rocks where they are exposed to the air at low tide. As it grows, each limpet erodes a scar on the rock that matches the irregular outline of its shell. By clinging tightly to this spot during low tide, the limpet can protect itself from dehydration (and from predators, as anyone who has tried to pry one loose can testify), but to find food it must forage over the rock while the water is high (Cook et al. 1969). Many mobile animals face the same problem as the limpet: food and other resources are separated from places of refuge, and the animal has to be able to travel between them without getting lost. There is a premium on making this trip efficiently rather than wandering at random until the goal is found, which in the limpet’s case might be too late to prevent drying out.
Assessing Cases of School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A
Published: November 2023

Olivia is a 9-year-old student in fourth grade who, since the beginning of September, often cries before entering school and is sometimes taken home by her parents. On days she does attend school, Olivia is frequently late to class or cries loudly in her classroom. Her teacher complains that Olivia’s sobbing becomes disruptive to the point that she must sit outside the classroom. Olivia commonly asks to go to the bathroom or nurse’s office or to call her mother. She says she does not like school but cannot identify anything in particular that upsets her while there.
Memory
Authors: Edelman Shimon
Published: November 2023

Unlike patterns of dry ink on paper, of cuneiform indentations on a clay tablet, or of magnetic flux frozen into the surface of a computer disk, memories that reside in a living brain have a life of their own. Some will hover sombrely in the shadows, waiting to snap back at the slightest provocation; some will wander off when set free, never to be heard of again; some will come and go at your bidding; and some will lie low and ignore attempted recall, only to emerge triumphantly when least expected. Shedding light on the secret life of memories is central to the understanding of cognition because memory occupies such a prominent place in the theory of computation. As you may recall from Chapter 2, a memory “tape” is one of the two functional components of the universal abstract model of digital computation, the Turing Machine, the other one being a table that maps combinations of internal states and inputs (tape symbols) onto successor states and outputs (tape symbols). Strip a Turing Machine of its tape, and you are left with a memory-less automaton, which knows what state it is in, but not, for example, how it got there. Behaviorally, such a system is clump of hard-wired slavish reflexes, a circuit that is doomed for all eternity to retrace the same set of tracks through the space of input-state-output combinations.
Imagine
Authors: Edelman Shimon
Published: November 2023

The understanding of the computational nature of Self and consciousness that we have gained so far raises two related questions that must be resolved before our quest for self-knowledge, now in its tenth chapter, is fulfilled. If the Self is a shifting skein of computational processes, and if consciousness is a virtual reality simulation that falls for its own tricks, in what sense, if any, are humans free, and by what ethical standards, if any, should their behavior be judged? The forthcoming answers — that we are as free as we feel to be, and that good and evil are what they have ever been — will perhaps not surprise you, but seeing how they connect to computational cognitive science may. The issue of freedom arises at this point in our inquiry as a direct consequence of the demystification of the phenomenal Self.
The Mind in the Act of Finding
Authors: Edelman Shimon
Published: November 2023

The Present book, from which I am about to step back, is a snapshot of cognitive science caught in the act of fulfilling its quest — finding out how the mind works. This brief concluding chapter revisits the origins of the quest, reaffirms its key achievements, and looks at the prospects for the immediate future. It then coasts to a stop at a natural conceptual barrier — one formed by an impending technological development which, for reasons that will become clear soon, constitutes a horizon beyond which principled forecasting is impossible. The explanatory achievement of cognitive science may be compared to that of another discipline whose subject matter has been in humanity’s plain sight since immemorial times, yet remained a mystery until a few decades ago: astrophysics. Two hundred years ago, with the subatomic structure of matter still unknown, physics lacked the very CONCEPTS in terms of which the nuclear reactions that occur over the life cycle of a star are described. Over the course of the 20th century, the principles of stellar nucleosynthesis came to be understood to a sufficient degree so as to make it, in broad outline, into high-school textbooks.
Decisions: Social Intelligence in the World
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L .
Published: November 2023

A 3-year-old boy climbed the fence surrounding the enclosure for the great apes in the Chicago zoo and fell some 20 feet onto the concrete below, rendering him unconscious. The lowland gorilla Binti Jua picked up the boy and sat gently cradling him for a while. She then carried him back to an entrance to the enclosure and continued walking with her 17-month-old baby on her back, as if nothing had happened. The boy eventually recovered fully.

Binti Jua quickly became a minor celebrity, and some politicians used her actions as an example of the altruism needed in society. If such moral behavior can be exhibited by a gorilla, then why is it so difficult to find in humans? However, some scientists argued that Binti Jua learned this behavior from humans in the first place, as she had been raised by humans and had used a doll to practice her maternal skills. For them, Binti Jua’s behavior was not a moral act, but solely a symptom of confused maternal instinct.
Stimulants: Pain and Pleasure, Food and Drugs
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L .
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers those plant-based stimulants that people have used to help them through their humdrum existence. Tea, coffee, tobacco, and alcohol are just some of the many stimulants that are desired and consumed daily around the globe, even though most of us know that excessive use easily leads to abuse and addiction. The brain is central in this abuse and addiction, and we now know that the brain activity that corresponds to stimulants is remarkably similar to that which corresponds to food and sex.

In this chapter, we also investigate how other cultures use stimulants that our culture classifies as illegal. In this context, it is worth noting that the current state of affairs came about mostly through accidents of history—so it might be worth rethinking the status quo. But let us start with pleasure.
The Background Story
Authors: Lezine Dequincy A , Brent David
Published: November 2023

Every crisis has a background story. Whether in therapy or on the written page, I often find it hard to revisit everything that led up to my suicidal crisis. The negative parts of my past come to mind relatively easily, but they are difficult to think about for long, and to be honest, I procrastinated writing this chapter for that very reason. Many experiences in my past remain painful to me still; I cannot tell them in a linear way as a result. Then Dr. Brent asked about my early positive experiences, and I realized that I had neglected to consider them when initially planning this book. This oversight was interesting, perhaps the result of focusing so much on a subject, suicide, that by its very nature is bleak. Stepping back a bit, though, I can recall much that was positive in my past, and I believe it is important that I not forget that here. Nor should I forget to mention the extent to which certain traits in my being— strengths of personality, if you will—helped me to navigate the world I knew as a child and the world I’ve come to know as an adult. In short, while you need to know what set the stage for my crisis, I also want to introduce you to aspects of my life that, in time, set the stage for my recovery. Perhaps as you read my story, you will take the time not just to focus on your own painful memories, but also to remember your own strengths and positive experiences. Your recovery depends in part on embracing those as well.
Preexposure to the Unconditioned Stimulus in Nausea-Based Aversion Learning
Authors: Hall Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Learned flavor aversion is a familiar and widespread phenomenon. Every year I conduct an informal poll of my undergraduate students, asking how many have, at some time, developed an aversion to a particular food (or drink). They respond readily (they apparently have the concept of an acquired aversion prior to any formal teaching on the topic), and each year about 50% of the class report an aversion—usually to a specific alcoholic drink, and often with a vivid report of the specific episode of overindulgence and its immediate consequence.
Representation-Mediated Food Aversions
Authors: Holland Peter C , Wheeler Daniel S
Published: November 2023

In most mammals, pairing a flavored food with gastrointestinal malaise results in the subsequent avoidance and reduction of consumption of that food (e.g., Garcia & Kimeldorf, 1957). Although there is substantial evidence that such flavor aversion learning shares many features with other examples of associative learning, most researchers agree that it reflects a privileged system with impressive capabilities and unique specializations. For example, in rats, flavor aversions may be learned even when the flavor and illness experiences are separated by hours, and illness-induced aversions are much more readily acquired to flavor cues than to auditory, visual, or olfactory stimuli. Nevertheless, research conducted in the late 1970s and early 1980s suggested that these exteroceptive cues may gain access to this privileged system in rats through associative learning. We found that pairing auditory, visual, and olfactory cues with flavored foods endowed those cues with the ability to substitute for their flavor referents not only in the control of action but also in the acquisition of new learning about those flavors. For example, Holland (1981) found that rats would acquire an aversion to a flavored food if they were made ill after presentations of an auditory cue that, days before, had been paired with that food.
Chemical Aversion Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Revusky Sam
Published: November 2023

Since the 1970s, it has become solidly established that CTA (conditioned taste aversion) is, by far, the most potent type of learning. CTAs occur when an animal tastes something, becomes sick through some external means (e.g., injection of a toxin), and then avoids substances with that taste. In the chemical aversion treatment (CAT) of alcoholism in the 1930s, a CTA method was used to induce aversions to the flavors of alcoholic beverages in order to facilitate abstinence from alcohol. Because I want to explore the relationship between CAT and sub-human CTA experimentation, the term “CTA” will be used here to refer to subhuman experimental procedures unless otherwise indicated by the context. Also, although CAT is a behavioral intervention, I will not refer to it as such here because I want to contrast it with other types ofbehavioral interventions to treat alcoholism.
Positive Ethics
Authors: Bush Shane S
Published: November 2023

In the tradition of remedial ethics, ‘‘disciplinary codes represent only the ethical ‘floor’ or minimum standards to which psychologists should adhere’’ (Knapp & VandeCreek, 2006, p. 9). ‘‘Ethics should focus not only on how a few psychologists harm patients but also on how all psychologists can do better at helping them’’ (Knapp & VandeCreek, 2006, p. 10). Positive ethics represents a shift away from remedial ethics to a voluntary commitment to pursuing ethical ideals, motivated by deeply held moral principles. Rather than neuropsychologists simply doing the minimum that is necessary to avoid accusations of ethical misconduct, a positive ethics approach emphasizes the importance of aspiring to the highest principles of ethical practice. Positive ethics is proactive, requiring practitioners to take steps to promote exemplary behavior throughout their professional activities and careers, not just when faced with ethical challenges.
Record Keeping and Fees
Authors: Bush Shane S
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses the ethical issues associated with the creation and management of records and financial practices. Because of their unique issues, record keeping and financial matters are addressed separately. Appropriate record keeping benefits neuropsychologists and clients. Accurate and complete documentation of neuropsychological services serves several purposes. Such documentation (1) communicates neuropsychological evaluation results or neuropsychological status as evident during treatment; (2) facilitates the provision of on going treatment by describing treatment plans, services provided, and patient progress; (3) facilitates the provision of subsequent services by the same clinician or another practitioner at a later time; and (4) allows reviewers to determine whether the services provided were appropriate and opinions generated were valid. In addition, appropriate documentation is typically required for third-party reimbursement. For these reasons, accurate and complete documentation of neuropsychological services is essential for ethical and legal practice. For a reviewer to determine accuracy and completeness, records must be clearly identified as the product of the treating or examining neuropsychologist and must be legible.
Assessment
Authors: Bush Shane S
Published: November 2023

In terms of hours spent per week, assessment is by far the primary professional activity of clinical neuropsychologists (Sweet, Grote, & van Gorp, 2002). As a result, it seems reasonable to expect that neuropsychologists will most likely encounter ethical challenges in the context of assessment-related activities, either their own or those of colleagues. As Fisher and colleagues (2002) stated, ‘‘the very breadth and diversity that result in the richness of neuropsychological practice often leads to disagreements, conflicts, and uncertainties regarding optimal practice activities’’ (p. 3). In striving to avoid ethical misconduct and achieve high standards of ethical practice, neuropsychologists must familiarize themselves with the ethical challenges associated with test selection, use, and interpretation (Anderson & Palozzi, 2002; Fisher, Johnson-Greene, & Barth, 2002; McSweeny & Naugle, 2002; Thompson, 2002) and attempt to anticipate the unique aspects of such challenges in different practice contexts.
Advances in MTBI Research Methodologies
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

Traditional research paradigms to study MTBI have been hampered by a number of practical and methodological limitations, particularly when it comes to executing prospective studies of acute TBI. Until recently, there were limited data from prospective, controlled studies of mild TBI. Furthermore, findings from these studies are difficult to interpret based on methods that include varied injury definitions and criteria, small sample sizes with lack of adequate control groups, lack of standardized assessment of acute symptoms and cognitive functioning, limited objective follow-up assessment at varied intervals, and varied measures used to assess eventual recovery and outcome. For instance, in the case of motor vehicle crashes, falls, assaults, or other external causes of TBI, there is often not an eye-witness account of the injury itself or the patient’s acute injury characteristics (e.g., period of unconsciousness, PTA) to better establish MTBI-defining criteria. Inherently, there is limited reliability of information from patients who were rendered un- conscious for an undetermined period of time or are still in the throws of PTA at the point of initial critical care. Worse yet, many MTBI patients who seek no medical follow-up after their injury are never accrued into formal research studies.
Neurophysiology of MTBI: The Neurometabolic Cascade
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

The physiology of concussion (i.e., MTBI) has been nicely delineated by several scientific breakthroughs in the past decade, work that has been summarized in great detail as part of several recent reviews. In brief, scientific advances have overhauled theories of the pathophysiology underlying all forms of neuronal injury, including MTBI. Historically, it was often assumed that the clinical manifestation of signs and symptoms following MTBI was due to destruction or sheering of neuronal axons. Therein lies the confusion that the underlying neurophysiology of MTBI is exclusively ‘‘diffuse axonal injury’’ (DAI). An extensive body of work over the past three decades, however, demonstrates that most of the pathophysiology of MTBI renders neurons dysfunctional, but not destroyed.
Neuropsychological Recovery
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

The topic of long-term cognitive recovery after MTBI not only has garnered the most attention from clinicians and researchers over the past decade but also has generated the overwhelming majority of clinical studies. For many reasons, it makes sense that neuropsychologists have been at the forefront of this movement and made an unparalleled contribution to advancing the science of MTBI. First, MTBI, more than any other clinical entity, is by its very nature a neuropsychological construct. That is, the scientific evidence clearly indicates the pathophysiology of MTBI as a neurologic injury, but clinical studies also clearly illustrate the influence of psychological factors in predicting long-term outcome after MTBI. Based on their understanding of both neurologic and psychological principles, it could be argued that neuropsychologists are uniquely suited to wear both hats in researching and clinically managing MTBI.
Functional Outcome After MTBI
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

As noted in part one, the total cost and societal impact of TBI are substantial. In more severe forms of TBI, the resulting impact on the patient’s academic, vocational, social, and overall independent functioning can be devastating. In moderate and severe TBI, acute injury severity (measured by LOC, PTA, GCS, etc.) is the single strongest predictor of functional outcome.
The New Executive Brain
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

Elkhonon Goldberg’s groundbreaking The Executive Brain was a classic of scientific writing, revealing how the frontal lobes command the most human parts of the mind. Now he offers a completely new book, providing fresh, iconoclastic ideas about the relationship between the brain and the mind. In The New Executive Brain, Goldberg paints a sweeping panorama of cutting-edge thinking in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology, one that ranges far beyond the frontal lobes. Drawing on the latest discoveries, and developing complex scientific ideas and relating them to real life through many fascinating case studies and anecdotes, the author explores how the brain engages in complex decision-making; how it deals with novelty and ambiguity; and how it addresses moral choices. At every step, Goldberg challenges entrenched assumptions. For example, we know that the left hemisphere of the brain is the seat of language--but Goldberg argues that language may not be the central adaptation of the left hemisphere. Apes lack language, yet many also show evidence of asymmetric hemispheric development. Goldberg also finds that a complex interaction between the frontal lobes and the amygdale--between a recently evolved and a much older part of the brain--controls emotion, as conscious thoughts meet automatic impulses. The author illustrates this observation with a personal example: the difficulty he experienced when trying to pick up a baby alligator he knew to be harmless, as his amygdala battled his effort to extend his hand. In the years since the original Executive Brain, Goldberg has remained at the front of his field, constantly challenging orthodoxy. In this revised and expanded edition, he affirms his place as one of our most creative and insightful scientists, offering lucid writing and bold, paradigm-shifting ideas.
The Brain’s Chief Executive:
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

They arrive at work in limousines with smoked-glass windows; they ride to the top floors of the corporate headquarters in private elevators; their salaries are beyond the average person’s imagination. An informal survey suggests that they are, on average, a few inches taller than the rest of us. Cloaked in mystique and regarded with awe, they are the chief executive officers—the CEO’s of America.

Up the street from the soaring midtown Manhattan corporate headquarters, at Carnegie Hall, a disheveled conductor rehearses his orchestra. A few blocks south, off Broadway, an exasperated stage director tries to get actors to grasp his interpretation of a famous play. They would seem to have little in common with the corporate baron, but they perform similar functions. To a naive observer, the CEO does not manufacture the company’s product, just as the conductor does not make music, and the director does not act. Yet they direct the actions of those who manufacture the product, play the music, or perform on stage. Without them there would be no product, no concert, no show.
When the Leader is Wounded
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

The definition of disease changes over time. Classic neuropsychology was concerned with the effects of brain lesions (bullet wounds, strokes, and tumors) on cognition. This was the knowledge base on which our understanding of brain function was built. Gradually, the scope of neuropsychology has expanded, and today there are more neuropsychologists employed in psychiatric and geriatric settings than on traditional neurology services.

The expansion of neuropsychology reflects the expansion of the definition of brain disease. This, in turn, is a consequence of our society becoming more enlightened, more affluent, and, our occasional misgivings notwithstanding, on the whole more humane. In the old days, it was considered normal that by a certain age people would start “losing their marbles.” Today we know that this is not part of normal aging but rather a consequence of distinct brain disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. In the old days, a poor learner was scolded by his parents, and an unruly pupil was flogged. Today we know about learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder.
Introduction to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N
Published: November 2023

Hathaway and McKinley (1940, 1943) originally developed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) as a diagnostic aid for use in medical and psychiatric screening. In their original work, they used a method of scale construction referred to as the empirical scale development, or criterion-referenced strategy, to develop the MMPI clinical scales (see Butcher, 2000b). The items making up the clinical scales were selected with assurance that each item on a given scale actually predicted the criterion or membership in a clinical group. For example, in the development of Scale 2, the Depression scale, responses of patients who were clinically depressed were contrasted with those of a group of “normal” individuals. The items that empirically differentiated the groups became the Depression scale; and the individuals who had received high scores on this scale displayed symptoms found in the reference group of depressed patients. The test authors provided a set of appropriate norms for the basic MMPI scales to enable test users to compare a particular patient’s scores with responses of a large group of “normal” individuals.
The Problem of Conjecture
Authors: Ferguson Niall
Published: November 2023

It is now nearly six years since President Bush promulgated what has become known as “the Bush doctrine.” The seminal document, published above the president’s signature twelve months after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and titled National Security Strategy of the United States of America, argued that because “deliverable weapons of mass destruction in the hands of a terror network or murderous dictator … constitute as grave a threat as can be imagined,” the president as commander in chief should, at his discretion, “act preemptively” to forestall or prevent any such threat. “As a matter of common sense and self-defense,” the president stated, the United States would “act against such emerging threats before they are fully formed” and before they reached America’s borders.
Olfaction and Its Pleasures: Human Neuroimaging Perspectives
Authors: Gottfried Jay A
Published: November 2023

I like to think that the editors of this book made a highly calculated decision to insert this chapter on smell immediately following “On the Nature and Function of Pleasure” (Frijda, Chapter 6, this volume) and “The Dialectics of Pleasure” (Cabanac, Chapter 7, this volume). After all, the sense of smell has long played a critical role in hedonic experience, emotion, and behavior. Indeed, the emotional potency of smell can be traced back to unicellular organisms swimming the seas many hundred-millions of years ago.
Helping the Child With Language and Information Processing Issues:Getting to Work When a Youngster Struggles to Understand and Be Understood
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

When children struggle to understand the world around them, or to let others know what they feel and think, we may see signs of withdrawal, frustration, or anxiety. The first step in helping these youngsters is to figure out what elements of information processing are problematic. Then we offer scaffolding to promote skill building in areas of difficulty. Understanding the three part nature of language processing explored in Chapter 2 and the elements of information processing covered in Chapter 3—and consulting language or neurodevelopmental specialists when needed—allows us to get specific before getting to work with these kids.
The Library of Babel
Authors: Bloch William Goldbloom
Published: November 2023

The universe (which others call the Library) is composed of an indefinite, perhaps infinite number of hexagonal galleries. In the center of each gallery is a ventilation shaft, bounded by a low railing. From any hexagon one can see the floors above and below—one after another, endlessly. The arrangement of the galleries is always the same: Twenty bookshelves, five to each side, line four of the hexagon’s six sides; the height of the bookshelves, floor to ceiling, is hardly greater than the height of a normal librarian.
The influence of a nonlinear convection term in singular elliptic problems
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters we discussed the existence, the bifurcation, and the stability of classical solutions for elliptic problems involving smooth or singular nonlinearities.
The Politics of Segregation in Post-Reconstruction America
Authors: King Desmond
Published: November 2023

Soon after Woodrow Wilson entered the White House in 1913, the Acting Secretary of the Treasury, J. S. Williams, prepared a memorandum about the department’s Bureau of Engraving and Printing, reporting his ‘pleasure of going through the Bureau last evening between 7 and 8’. He noted an arrangement, however, in the ‘sizing department’ disturbing to his sensibilities: ‘young white women and colored women were working together side by side and opposite each other. At one end of the machine would be a young white girl and opposite a colored girl.’ Williams reprimanded the Bureau’s Director for tolerating such proximity of the races: ‘I feel sure that this must go against the grain of the white women.
Working in a Federal Agency: Social Ostracism and Discrimination
Authors: King Desmond
Published: November 2023

IN 1937 the Department of Commerce requested a ‘colored messenger’ for its statistical department. It hired a Black worker who held not only a bachelor’s degree but also a law degree from Howard University. The messenger was engaged in moving large ledger volumes between rooms, as he explained to a hearing of the FEPC: my duties were ... I came in the mornings and dusted off the desk of the Chief of the division; I usually went down and got the mail, and I opened that and put it on the desk of the secretary of the Chief of the division; and for the rest of the time I ran such errands as were assigned me.
Serving Time with the Government: Federal Penitentiaries
Authors: King Desmond
Published: November 2023

Prisons are often considered to be instances of ‘total institutions’ in Erving Goffman’s famous sense. Such a characterization was formulated by one warden in the Federal prison system in 1947: ‘inmates are enclosed in a prescribed physical area. They must have close contact with the same individuals day after day-persons not of their own choice. They must work with the same men, sleep in the same dormitory or cell house with the same men, eat with the same men and even during recreation associate with the same men. They cannot escape from this situation even for a day.’
Globules, Granules, And Fibers
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

At the end of the Renaissance, with the decline of the Aristotelian cardio-centrism, the brain became, in accordance with the Hippocratic/Galenic tradition, the organ recognized as the seat of psychic functions. In 1664, the English physician Thomas Willis, to whom we owe the introduction of the term neurology, described, in his Cerebri Anatome, a number of brain structures including the corpus striatum, the mammillary bodies, and the thalamus, distin- guishing between gray matter and white matter. Nevertheless, knowledge of the brain’s microscopic anatomy developed slowly and with difficulty.
The Professor Is In Love
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

On 5 February 1876 in the Anatomical Amphitheater of our University, I initiated, with an opening lecture, the regular course of Histology that I then continued without interruption. I closed the opening lecture of that course affirming that I would be faithful to the banner carrying the motto “Work, unrelenting work!” [1] More than forty years later, Golgi remembered with these words the beginning of his academic career at Pavia as Professore Straordinario of histology. In the same year Augusto Tamburini was appointed to the professorship left vacant by Lombroso, and Arrigo Tamassia took over the professorship of legal medicine.
A Duel For Anna Kuliscioff
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of 1886 a most remarkable medical student joined the Laboratory of General Pathology to conduct research on the etiology of puerperal fever (post-partum septicoemia).
Working Unto Death
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

The last years of Golgi’s life were set in a period of dramatic events for Italy and Europe. On June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Este and his morganatic wife, the Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg, were assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo. After a century of optimistic faith in technical, scientific, and moral progress, Europe plunged into the abyss of World War I, a war that was expected to be over in a few months and instead lasted four years, decimating the youth of the continent.
The Young and the Not-So-Restless Voters
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R
Published: November 2023

Throughout this book we have emphasized continuity and stability in elections as we consider some of the more hyperbolic claims about phenomena such as swing voting and the gender gap. But what can we say about change? Are there foreseeable changes on the political horizon that may shift the partisan balance of power in future elections? This chapter focuses on young voters and specifically considers whether the current crop will change the dynamics of American politics by adding age-distinctive opinions and party preferences to the mix on election day. Popular wisdom about young voters falls into two broad categories; one has to do with turnout (and that given the right candidate or issues, they can be mobilized in much greater numbers) and the other has to do with their liberal views and presumed future allegiance to the Democrats. We are less sure of these “facts” than are many consultants and reporters. Our expectations are straightforward. We believe that the “millenials” (also called “Generation Y”) are somewhat more liberal and pro-Democratic than their predecessors. Like generations before them, the key issues and leaders of the contemporary period have left a significant imprint on their political preferences.
The Partisan Bias of Turnout
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R
Published: November 2023

For most of the twentieth century, questions of voter turnout received great rhetorical attention but relatively small effort from political campaigns. In presidential elections, when campaigning was at its most energetic, candidates spent the bulk of their resources to influence the direction of the vote with campaign ads. Campaigns behaved as though turnout would rise to a predictable level and that the best way to win elections was to “improve” the vote share among expected voters. To be sure, ads sometimes urged viewers to vote and some fraction of those contacted on behalf of a candidate or party were subjected to little more than a “get-to-the-polls-on-election-day” message. On balance, however, campaign ads attempted to persuade voters of the superior merit of one of the candidates and get-out-the-vote (GOTV) efforts were focused on personal contacts during which a likely voter (and supporter) was urged to vote and offered assistance to get to the polls.
Emotions in Child Psychotherapy
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Emotions are the common ground of child psychotherapy and a therapist's essential means of communication with children. Improved emotional resilience must be the shared therapeutic goal of all those who work with children and families. In Emotions in Child Psychotherapy, Kenneth Barish presents an integrative framework for child therapy, based on a contemporary understanding of the child's emotional experience. Barish begins with a concise review of recent advances in the psychology and neuroscience of emotions and an analysis of several emotions-interest, shame and pride, anxiety, anger, and sadness-that are essential, but often underappreciated, in therapeutic work with children. Offering an emotion-based perspective on optimal and pathological development in childhood, Barish argues that in pathological development, negative emotions have become malignant and children are locked in vicious cycles of interaction that perpetuate defiance and withdrawal. Based on these principles, Barish presents a comprehensive model for therapeutic work with children and families. He demonstrates how a systematic focus on the child's emotions provides new understandings of all phases of the therapeutic process and effective means of solving persistent clinical problems: how to engage more children in treatment, mitigate the child's resistance, and provide the kind of understanding to children that promotes openness, initiative, and pro-social character development. Finally, Barish offers a set of active therapeutic strategies that will help repair family relationships damaged by frequent anger and resentment, as well as specific techniques to help parents resolve many of the most common challenges of childrearing. Emotions in Child Psychotherapy includes extensive clinical illustrations and addresses many of the problems faced, at some time, by every child therapist. Both richly informative and highly practical, this book will be value to all students of child therapy and to practicing clinicians of differing theoretical orientations.
Psychopathology in Childhood: Malignant and Reparative Processes
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Each of the theories reviewed in the previous chapter highlights an important dimension of pathological development and describes aspects of the complex phenomenology of childhood behavioral and emotional disturbance. Affect dysregulation; inflexible and coercive parent-child interactions; escalation processes; pessimism; impairment of executive functions and lack of social problem-solving skills; all-or-nothing beliefs; restrictive modes of relating; experiences of fragmentation; “silenced” emotions; and emotional conflict are all readily observable in clinical practice with children and families. Often, several of these processes are apparent in a single family.
Therapeutic Engagement
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

All effective clinical work with children begins with the engagement of the child in a process of open communication—therapeutic play or talk. The child therapist’s first task is therefore to cultivate a way of being with children—and with each individual child—that facilitates the child’s expression of emotion, in his own individual style. With some children, engagement is a relatively simple matter. These children are eager to talk; the therapist’s sympathetic interest and attentiveness are all that is necessary. But for many children—to varying degrees, anxious, angry, or withdrawn—more active participation by the therapist is required. This aspect of the therapeutic process is generally referred to as establishing rapport with the child and then, a therapeutic alliance—some mutual understanding of the nature of the child’s difficulties and some common purpose. And, of course, it is important, crucially important, to allay a child’s initial anxieties and put him at ease. But more than rapport and more than establishing an alliance are involved in this process.
Child Psychotherapy as a Socializing Process I: Moral Development
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

For many children, especially those who present with impulsive or oppositional behavior, but often for withdrawn and anxious children as well, the child therapist has an inevitable, often explicit, socializing role. These children need to learn to control their aggression, to play by the rules, and to be able to make and keep friends. Perhaps the majority of children referred for psychotherapy require some improved socialization—improved behavioral control or improved peer relationships. Many of these children are sociable and engage easily with adults. In their homes, however, they are “noncompliant,” unable to wait, and make frequent, insistent demands. Often, they do not play well with their peers. They may “overreact” with prolonged crying or anger when they are frustrated or disappointed, or when their feelings are hurt; or quit when things do not go their way; or disguise their anxiety and shame with bravado and braggadocio. They often prefer to play with younger children (or sometimes with older children from whom they more willingly accept an assigned role) and their circle of friends contracts. Regardless of diagnosis, children who are unable to sustain friendships or who evoke frequent critical reactions from parents, teachers, and peers, are at high risk for increasingly severe emotional and behavioral problems in later childhood and adolescence.
Bayesian Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason
Published: November 2023

3.1. A Variation

Version Two: As before, Monty shows you three identical doors. One contains a car, the other two contain goats. You choose one of the doors but do not open it. This time, however, Monty does not know the location of the car. He randomly chooses one of the two doors different from your selection and opens it. The door turns out to conceal a goat. He now gives you the options either of sticking with your original door or switching to the other one. What should you do?